10.

Functiile preteritului/trecutuluinedefinit/simplu
(The past indefinite/the preterite)
 Preteritul exprima stari sau actiuni trecute, fara o legatura evidenta sau importanta cu
prezentul-(principala deosebire fata de present perfect).
 Functiile principale ale acestuia sunt legate de naratiune-povestirea unor actiuni din trecut
legata de elemente precise de timp sau spetiu (exprimate prin adverbe sau complemente
circumstantiale)
Preteritul explrima in special:
1. Actiuni trecute, incadrate intr-un cadru situational definit, de asemenea stari de domeniul
trecutului, incheiate, fara legatura cu prezentul
e.g. We spoke on the phone yesterday/threee days/a week ago/etc.
2. Actiuni sau stari repetate sau obisnuite in trecut (indicate prin adverbe de frecventa sau de
timp nedefinit) a carur legatura cu prezentul nu este indicata in niciun fel.
E.g. When/As a student, he went to the city library every day.
3. Actiuni trecute, prezentate intr-o succesiune in cadrul unei naratiuni inchegate, referitoare
la o anumita perioada, mai bine sau mai putin bine precizata
Elemente temporale care insotesc mai frecvent preteritul
a. Adverbe sau locutiuni adverbiale acre indica data, anul, etc.
b. Parti ale zilei
c. Zile ale saptamanii
d. Locutiuni adverbiale, care iincep cu cuvantul „last”
e. Locutiuni circumstantiale care se termina in cuvantul „ago” (two minutes ago)
f. Adverbul „when” sau locutiuni circumstantiale cuprinzand acest adverb (at the time
when)
g. Adverbul „then” sau cu locutiuni circumstantiale cupninzand acest adverb
h. Adverbe sau locutiuni indicand durata(during autumn)
i. Adverbe sau locutiuni indicand repetitia (whenever)

Tabelul nr. 25
Preteritul, aspectul comun
Diateza activa Diateza pasiva
Afirmativ
I called/carried I was called/carried
Interogativ
Did I call/carry? Was I called/carried?
Negativ
I did not/ I didn’t call/carry I was not/ I wasn’t called/carried
Interogativ-Negativ
Did I not/I didn’t call/carry? Was I not/I wasn’t called/carried?
11.Functiile preteritului/trecutului progresiv/continuu
(The past continuous)
 Functia de baza: redarea unei actiuni trecute cu caracer efemer, sau in curs de dsfasurare
in momentul cand este intersectata de o alta actiune trecuta
 Legatura cu prezentul este exclusa!!
Trecutul progresiv/preteritul continuu exprima:
1. O actiune in cures de desfasurare la un moment dat precis sau intr-o perioada din trecut
E.g. I was beginning to lose with him
2. O actiune surprinsa in curs de desfasurare sau evolutie de o actiune de care este
intersectata
E.g. A storm was raging when we arrived at the sea-side.
3. In conversatie el poate exprima ulterioritatea fata de o actiune trecua adica un fel de
„near-future-in-the-past”
E.g. He was packing up, for he was leaving for the new joc the next day.
4. In vorbirea indirecta preteritul continuu inlocuieste prezentul continuu in subordonatele
completive directe
E.g. He said: „I am thinking hard, to find an answer.”
He said (thet) he was thinking hard to find an anwe.
5. Functia de „near-future-in-the-past” poate aparea si intr-o completiva directa subordonata
unui timp trecut
E.g. He told me:”I am taking/going to take the first plane for Cluj-Napoca tomorrow
morning”

He told me (that) he was taking/ he was going to take the first plane for Cluj-Napoca the
next morning.

Tabelul nr. 26
Timpul preterit, aspectul continuu
Diateza activa Diateza pasiva
Afirmativ
I was calling/carrying I was being called/carried
Interogativ
Was I callig/carrying? Was I being called/carried?
Negativ
I was not/I wasn’t calling/carrying I was not/I wasn’t being called/ carried
Interogativ-Negativ
 Was I not/ I wasn’t calling/carrying? Was I not/ wasn’t being called/carried?
12. Trecutul nedefinit/preteritul (the preterite of the past tense) si
perfectul compus/prezent (the present perfect)
 The preterite/the past tense arata un moment determinat al actiunii
(precizat prin adverbe de timp precis si locutiunile adverbiale care incep cu „last”
sau se termina cu „ago”)
 Past tense- momentul actiunii este precizat macar odata (de obicei la inceput),
textul este de domeniul unei relatari
 Present pefect- are ca functie principala indicarea anterioritatii actiunii trecute,
fata de momentul prezent, dar fara a se insista asupra localizarii sale in timp si
spatiu. El se foloseste in situatii tipice si intr-o situatie atipica, desi explicabila,
inlocuind viitorul II din romana in secundarele temporale, in cadrul regulilor
corespondentei timpurilor.
a. Situatia/ cazul I: present perfect se foloseste ori de cate ori actiunea nu este localizata in
niciun fel din punct de vedere al timpului, imprejurarilor, etc., interesul concentrandu-se
deci asupra efectuarii sau neefectuarii actiunii in sine.
e.g. Am citit cartea= I have read te book
b. Situatia/cazul II: Cand actiunea inceputa in trecut se continua si in prezent sau se incheie
in acest moment.In acest caz este necesara folosirea aspectului progresiv/continuu
(present perfect continuous)
E.g. How long have you been studying English?
c. Situatia/ Cazul III: Cand actiunea mentionata s-a efectuat in cadrul unui interval de timp
inca neincheiat, care mai continua si in prezent. Aici apar de obicei adverbe sau locutiuni
adverbiale de timp (today, this week, year, etc.)- adica toata seria care incepe cu this.
E.g. I have seen him this week.
d. Situatia/Cazul IV: De asemenea present perfect se foloseste pentru actiunile repetate,
frecvente, obisnuite, care deci se pot intampla in prezent si eventual in viitor. In acest caz
sunt prezentate adverbe de frecventa caȘ often, never, ever, freqently, etc
E.g. I have oftem met him at some exhibition.
e. Situatia/Cazul V: Present perfect este folosit indeobste cand actiunea s-a efectuat foarte
de curand. Se foloseste cu adeverbe de timp recent, mai ales echivalente ale lui de
curand/ in ultima vreme.
E.g. He just come/arrived.
f. Stitatia/Cazul VI: Present perfect se foloseste atunci cand actiunea are rezultate,
consecinte, efecte vizibile, palpabile in prezent.
E.g. I has rained.
g. Situatia/Cazul VII: este o cerinta/rigoare a regulilor corespondentei timpurilor din limba
engleza, fiind insa in concordanta cu functia principala a lui present perfect- de indicare a
anterioritatii fata de prezent.
E.g. I shall/will lend you the book after/when I have read it.
 Tabelul nr. 27

Diateza activa Diateza pasiva

Afirmativ
I have/ I’ve called/ carried
he/she/it has called/carried
Interogativ
Have I called/carried?
Has/ she/it called/carried?
Ngativ
I have not/I haven’t called/carried
Has/she/it has not/hasn’t called/carried
Interogativ-negativ
Have I not/haven’t I called/carried?
Has he/she/it not/hasn’t he/she/it
called/carried?
I have/I’ve been called/carried
he/she/it been called/ carried
Have I been called/carried?
Has he/she/it been called/carried?
I have not/I haven’t been called/carried
He/she/it has not/hasn’t been
called/carried
Have I not/havent I been called/carried?
Has he/she/it not/hasn’t he/she/it been
called/carried?

Tabelul nr. 28
Diateza activa Diateza pasiva
Afirmativ
I have/I’ve been calling/carrying (I have been being called-apare foarte rar)
He/she/it has been calling/carring -
Interogativ
Have I been calling/carrying? -
Has he/she/it calling/carrying? -
Negativ
I have not/I haven’t calling/carring -
He/she/it has not/hasn’t been -
calling/carrying
Interogativ-negativ
Have I/Ihaven’t been calling/carrying? -
Has he/she/it not /hasn’t he/she/it been -
calling/carrying?

Folosirea mai-mult-ca-perfectul (past perfect)

 Functia principala-indicarea unei actiuni sau stari trecute, incheiate inaintea unei
altei actiuni ori a unui moment trecut sau care a durat pana ka inceperea celeilalte
actiuni trecute ori pana la un moment trecut.
e.g. After he had eaten, he went for a walk.
 The Past Perfect Progressive- se foloseste pentru a indica o actiune inceputa
inaintea altei actiuni trecute si inca neterminata, continuand pana in momentul
acela:
e.g. When I arrived at Sinaia, it had been raining for three days.

Tabelul nr. 29
Mai mult ca perfectul, aspect nedefinit
Diateza activa Diateza pasiva
Afirmativ
I had/I’d called/carried I had/I’d been called/carried
Interogativ
Had I called/carried? Had I beeen called/carried?
Negativ
I hadn’t called/carried I hadn’t called/carried
Interogativ-negativ
Had I not/hadn’t I called/carried? Had I not/hadn’t I been called/carried?

Tabelul nr. 30
Mai mult ca perfectul, aspect continuu
Diateza activa Diateza pasiva
Afirmativ
I had/I’d been calling/carrying (I had being called) apare foarte rar
Interogativ
Ha I been calling/carrying? -
Negativ
I had not/I hadn’t calling/carrying -
Interogativ-negativ
Had I not/hadn’t I been -
calling/carrying?