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Le Petit Larousse. Cultura Generala - Francois Reynaert, Vincent Brocvielle
Le Petit Larousse. Cultura Generala - Francois Reynaert, Vincent Brocvielle
IN]]NIA
Id ]VNA]U
SIO]NVUJ
Cuprins
432
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I
Lingvistici si teorie literari / Limbi vii
Existd circa 7 O0O de limbi ,,iki";in arabd, ,,ithnan";in Iingala (limba vorbita .-rt, de pild5, germana, ft :
vorbitein lume, fdrd a pune in Congo),,,mibale", Aga cum am spus, cu cAteva -,. e Asta lnseamna ca '.
Ia socotealS dialectele. exceptii notabile, marea majoritate a hmbilor .. adjectiv, care se acord5 - - . .
europene fac parte din aceastd familie, impar- rdifica dupd functia pe -r :
Cu exceptia limbilor bascd, turc5, maltezd si tita pe ramuri, gi acestea impdrtite, Ia rAndul , -nt sase cazuri principal= .-
a celor din familia fino-ugricd (finlandeza, lor, in subramuri, Sd citdm cAteva asemenea ' acuzativ, genitiv, datir .. .
maghiara, lapona), limbile vorbite in Europa grupuride limbi: : lsc sr un al saptelea lr :r'
apar!in familiei indo-europene, . Limbi celtice: irlandeza, bretonaj -rl unde se aflS cineva/c= .
. Limbi romanice (provenind din latina): por- Ia foarte pulrne cu,'. :
=azd
tugheza, spaniola, castiliana, catalana, france-
z. Familia za, italiana, romAna; , Nominativul este in gen:. :
limbilor indo-europene . Limbi germanice: engleza, olandeza, ger osa pulchra est (,,tt dnc' ' :
in toate regiunile cucerite cu foarte multE numdr de cinci ;i se inva!5 prin cuvinte-tip, Cea . -. .:tr Prrn'*l .:- . -
vreme in urm5, mergAnd din nordul Asiei pana mai faimoasd este prima declinare, modelat5 . . =-, Det . .:.- ='
in vestul Europei? Dar cine erau ei si de ce nu dupd rosa, ,,trandafir"r rosa, rcsa, rcsam, rosae, pec uve l- ,:
reusim sa gasim urme clare ale existentei IorT rosae, rosa, Iar Ia plural: tasae, rosae, rosas,
intrebarea nu 9i-a gasit incd un r5spuns tran rosarum, rosis, rosis, -r :-:::: lUCfUfi
sant si continud sd divizeze speciali;tii Nu este Refrenul a fost psalmodiat vreme de secole . .. ,colo roata . -'
insa nici urmd de indoiala ca asemdndrile intre de generalli intregi de liceeni care se iniJiau - -rradusin::,
diversele ramuri sunt evidente, Sd ludm exem in limba lui Cicero, A devenit atAt de cunoscut ozar
- . -. -,uluL
plul cif rei 2: in francezd, ,,deux"; in englezd, incdt cAntdre{ul belgian Jacques Brel (1929 ., ,l lrrDunr.:--
,,two"; in germand, ,,zwet";in romAnS, ,,doi"; in 1978) i-a dedicat un cAntec, Rosa (,,E cel mai ,:: =trvulesreade...
greaca modernd, ,,dio"; in persanS, ,,d0"; in ben- vechi tango din lume/Pe care capete bElaieiil - ..rI.ale de n
-
gall, ,,doi" Daca inrudirea dintre aceste diverse ingand ca pe-o rima/CAnd inva{5 Ia latind ") ' '.- .nA peCla..
- -.'.
cuvinte nu vd frapeazS, iata cum se spune ,,doi" Pentru lingvi5ti, existenfa acestor decirnari - in lLnorl. :
in cAteva limbi non-indo-europenet in turc5, face din latin5 o limba f lexionarS, asa cum -. .Uf lmUS)- .-. .:
'alsalar8 Paqro^ as 'lod In^llEIqE) aropad 1,,:ugpe" - (sn ur1 ml In^EEIsxe unr eSe '^eteuoxalJ FquJri o q
ourluelsuoJ el ap leura^n3 rs -r11 p n Inloles oat !,,utp" - q y' eurap ou allqull uJ n rJEurllap rolsale eiualsrxe'r1sr
^eluJ -PIEI
u! puro6 ap leredas 'urlupzrE nrradul Inrolrrn -nqarlu! arsardxe o elsa alopad owr qy'lllEC '(,,' puttet e1 pienul pugf/prxu o
']lrpspd ap uELuoU lnuedrul u1 aleluoprJlo -ard ep alepa:ard uo allnu ap'eleriuelsurn:-u IJ/olelPq eleder alEl od/aunltnl
alal uI urind 1a: 'oluolnl olruoyra] aleol u! rolalueualduol Inzpl eosope alsa InArle[{f o rEr.u Ial 3") esoy 'lalugl un lPl
aundurr o arel uEruo6 nrradul rnln:ruralnd rnl Ie r-al naa-l -626T) 1a:g senbre[ uerSlaq 1nl
EqLxrl arapplard nr else e3 arlpSoq rS plue3a1a ",nazauLunc
-unc rnl rS rnlnrezal Ie r-oJ rnlnlezal ixpp r-ES: lnlsounJ op lglE uuanap v 'oral
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alEllEpar ]uns unsrnlsrp rnrpl a1e '( rg 1 Ey lnpoLu a8alaiuJ E^ eaLunl eleo] 'ololu! urE aO aloras ap aurarl lerpoulesd 1sog
'unrlnl alsoJe alaF ,SISOJ
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ardar:4eB lnroqzpt atdsap uJeluaao) rnrpJ ale ur^nl as r rnl puelpE'a^Ilep ]uns'- oaorsu6 'sPsoJ 'aPsoJ 'aeso-r :1ern1d e1 r
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laplauJ Inrolnp'('rg p St-'rtt r 91ar1p:)nr13re,1 pl puglpre 'anrlrueB luns - rag - snag pun:d pleloporx 'areurllop eurrd elsa
1n1aod :uolruls uEur roun EqLxri alsa EUrlEl rS p: '- sr;BsaeJ - JpsapJ Inuud ',,]uns arel Eii,: ea3 'dr1-a1u1nn: urrd gienul as ls
Inlal+ns ]o] ur0" -n]lnl" alEl alal" euuPosulluns aenf ul ]uns olf oluPurllop 'Drlsual
'Pu-Luor u! lrnusrqo rELu",naLx
'nES ,,nou rnlnlallns ",]uns ioa1'EO luns aBnb la rlesaa -urrd 'ere eurlEI El nrlS plepcr
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(,,pulreleqrurl areld ruy) urai
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-uol InzEl (easape reu 1er) alsa lnArlezmf o 'ezauolod 'EuEaurerln 'esnr :a,
'(,,1auueo g'ou1n"),an le:eat8:a:
-rwop 'ruaA :arESarpe e1 alSanras lnArlplof, o loAEurpuels
'(,,sounr; ts]sa Frgepuerl")1sa e;q:1nd esa r41 -re3 'ezepuelo 'eza13ue :alrueu
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Rlrpur arel 'ln^rlelol 'ee1e1deS 1e un rS lsounl :1
rrlSrrnd) ArlplqerS nrlep 'nr1rue8 'Arleznle Ar] eauouosP E^olgl uelD PS'u
-eloA 'Arleurulou :eledrrurrd rrnze: ases 1un5 Inpuer e1 'a1ri:pdru1 ealsalP rs '
'pzer+ u! are o arel ed erirun; pdnp g:ryporu -rpdu1 'arlrlxe+ Rlseale up alre
as (1nnr1ue1sqns nl pprole as orel 'nrlralpe rsl rolrqurl e alelr:oleu ea]Pu 'aI
ArluElsqns orPrarJ Pr EuuEasur Plsv 'a^pis elalel nJ'snds ure unr eSy',,apt
allqull nES euguor'eueuraS 'pp1rd ap '1ur-s Rlrqro^ equrl) ep3ur1 r T l,,ueu{t
!!^ !qurll / prpralll a1;oa1 ri grr1s1n6u11
Lingvisticd gi teorie literari / Limbi vii t'
10
IT
pqull o alsa ra a_rluJ lsaqro^ o rlPlru
'qsrqoF punlS uJ pULunu 'plplgrldurrs -nuol raun ruolrnlol arPl ad eql.url 'Puerlelr nes EZaluEr+ Prollg uq
ra Eaunrsran u! urind Ial 'prelaueld ari
HSIgOl9 V] u! ]Erlur nE IaJ. ]sale ap alaluiLi
-EInlrD ap Pqull 3p Inlor unJe Pleol 'uralSeounr e repeSe lolriqlrsjar
EZal8ua 'S?6T pdnp o-lrnlolul nE arpl
YNr 1V'r rq 'nlpo6 In^f ul rerqBrnlrl ealaiiq
'alrun rolalEls e EaalE ap rodE 'xlx Inl u1 pugd 'Elrsolo; Pra Purlel 'e:io
-olas urp rruEluS ruehl E PlPrpuorx (otpe1 srleBatB) ralsBueB nes (urn,- pqull (A lnloras) sndy ap ueu
Pruoura8aq ap Elnurisns'noJa ]rsEB - ole ln dw os urnluaLun;lsur) ralndtuo:' ( snr t c - erirredsrp pdnp tlnu'alolas 3p
E nu IPapr ]salE 'alsrlueradsa unllal -ua1 sndwes) Surdurer,('tt+l AW-VeZ) uerlE: plerrlrerd rSplnrsounl 'Eurir
rolaseoraunu Epr+od ul 'rornln] auri Iel olp3 rnl e nps (rU p Sg- rll'1 y) eraua5 r. ]glnrlu! Equrrl Ia+]sE llipSGquij
-rEde pa 'rnu-erxru e purgaN'olueladsa EAtlrarn uJ ]ua]srxaur relnqPlo^ un puE-- urp rs nrpa6 Inln^f InusrE:s E
:auadorna-opur alrqiurl urp purua^ord 'rrroda rolrlplrse:au apundser e nrlued e:se=-
ruDPpEr aleo] ne alur^nl ralPl alE 'pld -p3oqLu1 o EZpalalu! nu InuElrlen 'alrlolE,
^ps
-urrs nl pqlurl o ezealua^ur rnuasrE p plenr+o EqLxrl 'rzplse ri 'a1sa eur1el
-elrlPruElS
'lsrJDed rS ]srueun 'zauolod no.r^a purlpl ul 'eunpaplolu! 'npp as arSo1c:
lrpau un '+oqusuPz 'xlx rnlnlolas rS prrueloq urp alr+rlurrls alurulnuop olpol : gs rode 'r1Sargr1 ps lgru! !
alauu El 'ariPlnllD ap Pqrull - e)ue4 alEJ as eSy ':serr; drqr u1 alSasolo; o 'alalE :ueqdosolrqd apuap araa
engurl :Eqere rS Elln] 'EzaluElJ 'Euetl -rue ri e1a1ue1d g:seatunuap RS rs azaupluar'.-
-Ell ulp alur^nJ eauriuol alPl pqurl o ES 'azaselr gs aundord tst (eZZt tOLi au: -rrdxa rS rnrrasrg eut1q rrrl
-erasualsau rolrurlSall re rArldel rrupru uo^ IrEJ zapans InlsrlernlEu pug3 '(:ruqa- ', arsardxa ',,eaur Eurn ut(f -'E
-.
-lnsnu nES JolruErulnsnu re rurlsall lrlrlurns alrruaLxop ur P]uuaJar o alolJS a-::
II^lldPl IS IuEuuelu'rauElaUpaN alunl sELU-Er V ',EaAle EOLITOjA EI ErlS aS 0l ]O] EZpa ",4to(F!pqs
-anesred p5" iwrolloqr4p. t
-lod uJ 'XIX Inlolas ul Eugd n X Inlolas -nsu] orEl a[eJn]eu rrjols/ alE]uaurnuout r-_- -as-rad 'rroaun pSnepe ag
urc 'lnun azaluanur ES ]od rruaueo Inrolnp alsa 'rradLuod pl ap ro+orlsple: 1nd- - alSauau:o als:1" ilsa umupui
'lualsrxa uorpr un rsolo+ E ap lol ul ul ''rH'p 6/ uJ Uoru IS rH p EZ el +nlspu 'ue.r--:
'rlSazalEua rode'rqErE 1a: nrur16) Ialullls e rS rnlnlderp E 'raunrpaL : a$
Inluauror.u turniard Bs
ruauro] nl ElriEEoqu{rs rqelE r^ells ap Pal augLU^Er uerlPg Ial nrurld rnl eqLxrl 'arPLL- - ('r11'f e- SS) nriuog mppod
ruolsnEau ap PlrpugdsEl nlueq pqlurl u! nunle ad 'auedorne rololpls e ayed et= - lsary',,edr1r alSarg-r1' ;ur
o 'rlrqPMS ]rsolo] E-s 'allseou alalrz u! rpLu Eol u1 undur as rS rsarol;uI aurapoLL : '!Ps!
pugd '}sI ap Elu+V ul 'pupslad Eaqlo^ Elnleural allqlull 'lnx Inloras urp pugd;_ - Plflurl E]sEale aJIeluJ-Ps Er
as erpul ul puBd nDollrl/{ In}uauo urp 'plEp rErql pullel u1 rarado e alred o st-, ea)rzralur orPl Pueluor Pf,
'xlx Inlolas u! pugd idPleu eaqlo^ as e-ls (gEST-ggy1) snruserf lsrupLun ale-:, llruuol tr! IaJlsP puBrlur'u
uPrzauopur InSEIadrqlE uJ alelol au Inlrur lnlarl e a:er u3 edlr
-rapou allqull ap 'lllnx uJ'Elr .aJ|Iote)lpyaslge
Inlolas 'rESaeJ rnl arnqule al I ('rH'I
-nlolul r+ e ap alurEu!'Eurlel ]elnI E-l equl'tzpyse # nruolans arer ad alurln3',
^epPgo
Ior ]sale 'PdolnS uJ'alolas ap aualn 'atsa PurleT ]sol ne alunrPz" jlsa PI
'uolPIPr e nrluad 'irile nl aSalailrJ as E "'rNrunl'rnfvgr
niluad lsasolo+ as ajel ap eal alsa plEI
-nrrqa^ Equrl '(,,lrlsaulop" ap") 'alElPUrPlls u! 0lrrpnls nE. .
3 UINI U/NIIV'
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sryn)eutaA Inlsaurlel urp'eleJnleulaA rS-are: rueurl 'r-?Sr-rnluoq rrlrunu-ese ap as .
!l^ lqurll / gJeralrt arroal 16 9:11srl6uL1
Lingvisticd ;i teorie literari ,z Limbi vii Lir
4. ScurtS istorie sunt deja diferite, Serments de Strasbourg secolului XV) si a c5rfiiindeamnl
a limbii franceze jurdmintele de la Strasbourg, 843) - versiunea zare, Ea incepe odatd cu secolul l
cititS soldatilor lui Carol de cdtre Ludovic este sit, vine Malherbe", va scrie Nir
'1636-1711) pentru
Francezii invdJau odinioarS cd strSmo;ii lor astfel prima m5rturie scrisE a francezei vechi, a menfioni
erau ,,galii", Nu se poate spune acela;i lucru strdmoasa foarte indepartata a celei care se acestui mare scriitor (1555-162t
CregtinaJi, fascina{i de mare{ia Romei, eiadop va deveni franceza, Progresele gcolarizdrii, apoi gr
td latrna care, aidoma situatiei din alte tari de Secolul XVI stabilizeazd limba Francisc I incepAnd cu anii 1880 contribu
=i
Iimbd romanicd, evolueazd incetul cu incetul (1494 - domnie l5L5-1547), mare arhitect al :rrea francezei pe tot teritoriul r
spre o limbS aparte, statului monarhic, impune, prin ordonanta de :rai bun5 cunoa$tere generalS ;
in veacul IX, nepotii lui Carol cel Mare Ia Villers-Cotter6ts (153S), ca franceza sd ;niformizarea ortografiei, aceas
(742-Bl4) isi disputa vastul imperlu, Doi f ie folositd in toate actele oficiale Marii poeli
sanctificatd de gcoala republican
dintre ei, Carol cel Plesuv (823 e77) si Ludo- Pierre de Ronsard, Clement Marot si mai ales -inp, toate concurentele francezei
:e teritoriul nalional pAnd in
Joachim Du Bellay (1522-1560) ii dau, prin
vic Germanicul (806-876), se infeleg asupra 191,
moStenirii, Primul va stdp6ni partea de vest operele lor, titlu de noble{e Epoca, impdtimitd :: peiorativ ,,graiuri" (patois), sur
a regatului franc (viitoarea Frantd), celSlalt, de ltaha, centrui Renasterii si al artistilor ei, ::mbdtute: ,,Este interzis si scu
partea de est (viitoarea Germanie), Acordul o imbogdte5te cu numeroase cuvinte venite sa vorbe;ti bretona", se putea ci:
este pecetluit printr un text pe care fiecare din aceastd tard, Prima expansiune colonialS := joacd din Franla de vest. Noua
comandant, pentru a fi bine infeles, il rostes- o trimite in afara Europei, in Canada, in Indla, ::lonial5 rdspAnde5te franceza
ti: in limba soldatilor celuilalt, fiindca limbile Iar dezvoltarea tiparului (inventat Ia mijlocul :: secolul XX, presa, radioul, apoi'
72
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aunrsupdxa EnoN']sol ap eluer3 urp g:eo[ Rleruolol aunrsuedxa Etuud'giEl
=
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rS soI ad rdrnrs ps srz]a]ur alsf" :a]n]pqLL- 'ra rolrlSrlre 1e rS rrralSeuag Ei51
plrturlpdrul'e:od3'aialqou aE n:i.
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alrsolo+ 3re1 'razeruer+ alaluaJnluo: aleol 'du
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--PS
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Lingvistici si teorie literari,z Limbi vii Lir
6. Italiana,
Rloacrrl urrri Cuvirr FRANcEz PRovENtr CuvArr FRANcEz fiica lui Dante
DIN LIMBA POPULARA FoRMAT l,rlr tAnztu
Auscu rrnnE Ecout rn In ascu-ra] Auscurrrn Il luscurrn] ?entru a distinge ceea ce sepa
je o limb5, Iingvistul americar
Cap rlr s Crrprrr { NvrNrnR, SEprrr] Cap rar IrsEn f rrr]
:eich (1894-1969), eminent :
franco normandS, Aceasta devine limba ofrciald manzi care Ie mAncau: beef , veal, pork, mutton. := :are intrati"),
a Curfiisia nobilimii incepAnd din secolulXV ea
pierde teren in fata a ceea ce va deveni engleza, Engleza numdrd
lasandu-iinsa mostenire un num5r considerabil 500 0A0 de cuvinte, fatd de ceJe
de cuvinte, De aceea spunem cE vocabularul 75O 000 din francezd.
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