T H E H I BBE R T L E C T UR E S .

18 8 7 —
Pr o f e s s o r S ay c e L e c t u re s o n t h e R el i g io n of A n c i en t
i
. .

A s sy r a a n d B aby lo n i a. 8 vo . C lo th . 1 05 6d .

1 8 8 6 — Pr o f e s s o r J R h y s , M A L ec u re s o n t h e O r g in an d t i
ii i
. . . .

G ro w o f R el g o n as th
l l u s ra e d b y C e l H e a e nd o m 8 vo C lo t t tic th . . th .

1 05 6d .

18 8 5 .
—
Pr o f e s s o r Pfl e id e r e r . L e c t u r es o n th e I nfl u en c e of th e
A p tl os e Pa u l on p m t f C h i ti ity
t h e D ev e l o en o r s an . 8 C l th
vo . o . 1 05 6d .

18 8 4 —
Pr o f e s s o r A l b e r t R e v il l e L e c t u res o n . th e A n cien t
'
R el g i i o ns o f M ex ic d P o an 8 C l th 6d eru . vo . o . 1 05 .

1 8 8 3 — T h e R e v C h ar l e s B e a r d L e c t u r e s o n t h e R e fo rm a
it
. .
.

ti
o n o f t h e S x ee n C e n u ry in it s R e l a o n t o M o d ern T o u g an d th t ti h ht
Kno w l e d ge 8 v o C lo 1 05 6 d (C ea p E d o n 45 6d)
. . th . . h iti , .

18 8 2 .Pr o f e s s o r K u e n e n
— L e c t u r es o n N a t i o n al R el ig i o n s
i i
.

a n d Un ve rs a l R el g o n s Sv o i
C lo 1 0 5 6d . . th . .

18 8 1 - T W
R h y s D av i d s
. L ect u res o n s om e Po i n t s i n t h e
i
. .
.

H it s o ry o f I n d a n B u d d sm hi . 8 vo . C lo th . 1 05 6d .

18 8 0 .
—
M E I n fl u en ce o f t h e I n s t i t u t i o n s
. rn e s t R en a n . O n th e ,
T h g ht d C lt
ou f R m C h i ti it y an d th D l pm t f u u re o o e on r s an , an e eve o en o
t h C th l ic C h
e ch 8 C l th
a 6d o (C h p E d iti 6d) ur . vo . o . 1 05 . ea o n , 25 .

18 7 9 - P L e P a g e R e n o u f L e c t u r e s o n t h e R el i g i o n o f A n c i en t
d E d i ti
.
. .

E g y pt 8 C l th. 6d zu o n. vo . o . 1 05 .

18 7 8 P ro f e s s o r M a x M u l l e r
.
—
L e c t u r e s o n t h e R el i g i o n s o f .

I di n 8 C l th a 6d . vo . o . 1 05 .

WO RKS PUBL | SH E D BYTH E H I BBE RT T R ST E E S U .

W al l i s —
T he C o sm ol o g y of
t h e R gv e d a : A n E s say By H W i
WA LL I S i
. . .

, M . A .
, G o nv i
l l e a n d C a u s C o l l eg e C a m b r d g e 8 v o C lo 55 , i . . th . .

Po o l e I ll u s t ra t i o n s
—
o f t h e H i s o r y o f M e d ev a l T h o u g h t , i n t i
cc l i tic l P l i tic N ALD
.

t h d p tm e t f T h l gy
e ar en s o eo o an d E e s as a o s By R E GI
L AN P O L
.

M E B lli l C O E , . A .
, a o o l l e ge , O xf d P D L ip i g
or , H . . e z . 8 vo . C l th o .

1 05 6d .

S to k es —
T he O b j e c iv i y t t of T ru th By G E O R G E J S T O KE S, B A ,

d lli t i it
. . . .

S e n o r M o d e rai t or d G an o ld Me a s , T r n y C o l l eg e , D u l bi n, la t e
Hi b b e r T ra v e t l l i g S ch l
n o ar . Sv o . C l th o .
55 .

E v an s —
A n E s s ay o n A s s y r o l o gy i . By G E O R G E E V AN S, M A Hibb t er
Wi th a n i
. .
. ,

Fe l l o w . A s sy r o lo gy T a bl e ti n C u ne fo rm y e i t p . 8 vo . C l th 5o . 5 .

S eth —
T h e D e v el o p m e n t fro m Ka n t t o H e g e l wi h t C h ap t er s
hi l By A N D
.
,
on th e P o so p hy of R e l ig i W S
on RE E T H A s s s an it t to th e
t phy ic E d i b g h U i
.
,

Pro fe s so r of L o gic a nd Me a s s, n ur n v e rs ity . 8 vo . C lo th .

55 .

S ch u r m a n —
Kan t i an E t h i c s a n d t h e E t h i c s o f E v o l u t i o n
it i c S t u d y b y ] G O UL D S C H U R M A N M A
. .

A C r al D sc Pro fe s s o r o f L o g i c ,
.
,

c d i C ll g N t p hy i c c ti S
. .
, .

and M e a s s in A a a o e e, o va S C l th
o a. vo . o .
55 .

M a c an -T h e R e s u r r e c t i o n o f Je s u s C hr i s t A E y n ssa in T re e h
By R E G N A L D W M A A N
. . .

C h pt a e rs . I . C , C h i t C h ch O f r s ur . x o rd 8 vo .

C l th 5 o . 5.

WI L L I A M S N O R GA T E , x4, H enr e i tt S t t C a ree , o ve n t Ga rd e n , L o nd o n ;

an d 20 , So u th F re d e r ic k S t t E d i re e , n bu r gh .
 MR H E RBE RT SPE NC E R S
.
’
WO RKS .

TH E DO C T R INE O F E VO L U T I O N .

I
F R S T PR I N C I PL E S .
7 t h T h o u s an d . 1 65.

PR I N C I P L E S O F B I O L O GY 4t h T h d 2 ol . ou s a n . v s .
345 .

PR I N C I P L E S O F P S Y C H O L O G Y 4t h T h d 2 . o u s an . vol s .
365 .

PR I N C I PL E S O F S O C I O L O G Y V l 1 T hi d E d iti . o . . r on . 215 .

C E R E M O N I A L I N S T I T UT I O N S d Th d 7 .
2n o u s an . 5 .

P O L I T I C A L I N S T I T UT I O N S d Th d . 2n o u san . 1 25 .

I N S T I T UT I O N S d Th o us a n d
SI E
E C L SI A SI I C A L '
. 2n . 8 vo
ot 55 .

T H E DA T A O F E TH IC S . 4t h T hou s an d . 85 .

O T HE R W O R KS .

TH E S UD Y O F S O C I O L O G Y i iti
T
. L bra ry E d on (t h e 9t h ) . 8 vo .

1 05 6

E D UC A T I O N . ot h T h o u s a n d . 65 . A lso ch p E diti
ea on . 1 2th T ho u s an d .

25 6d
E S S A YS . 2 vo l s .
4t h T h o usa n d . 1 65 .

E S S A YS .
(T hi rd S er i es .
) 3rd T h o u s an d . 85 .

T H E MA N vers us T H E ST A T E . In clo th , 2 nd T ho usan d . 25 6d

A l so ch ea p E d iti on, 7 th T h o us a nd . 15.

T H E FA C T O R S O F E VO L U T I O N . C lo th . 25 6d .

MR
’
A L SO . S PE N C E R S

D E SC R I PT I VE S O C I O L O GY,
C O M PI L D E A ND A BS T R A C TE D BY

PR O F . D UN C A N, DR . SC H E PPI G , A ND MR . C O L LIE R .

FO L iO , BO A D R S .

E N G L i S ii

A NC N I E T A ME RIC AN RA C E S

L O W E ST R AC E S, NE GR I T O S,

A FR I C AN R AC E S

A siA T iC R A C E S

A mE RiC A N R AC E S

H E BR E ws AN D Pi i a s
N i C i A Ns

FR E NC H
TH E H I BBE R T L E C T U R E S
,

18 8 6 .
 TH E H I B B E R T L E C T UR E S , 1 886 .

L E C T UR E S

O N TH E

O RI GIN A ND GRO WTH O F RE L I GI O N

A S I L L U ST R A T D E BY

C E L TIC H E A T H E N DO M .

J O H N R H Y S,
F LL
E O WOF JE S US C O LL L A F LL W M
E GE A ND TE E O O F E RI O
‘
N LLCO E GE :

L UN V
,

PR O
0
F E SSO R O F C E TIC YIN TH E I E R SI T F D
O F O X O R .

“ HL L L A MS A ND N O R GA T E

1 4, HE N R I E T T A ST R E E T , C O VE NT GA R DE N LO NDO N ;
,

A ND 20, S O UT H FR E DE R I C K S T R E E T , E DI N BUR GH .

18 8 8 .

[ A l l R ig h ts res er ved ]
 L ND N
O O

PR I N D
TE BY 0 GR E E N A N D SO N,

ND
.

17 8, ST R A .
 PR E FA C E .

TH E SE L e ct ures w ere d elivered in L on don an d h ere in t h e ,

m on t h s of M ay and J une
, 18 8 6 an d it w as i n t en de d t h a t t h ey

s h o u ld ap p ear in t h e bo ok m ark e t so on a ft er So I t a k e t h i s .

O p po rt u n i t
y o f p u bli cl y t h an k i ng t h e H i bb ert T ru s t ees fo r t h eir
fo rbe ara n ce an d o f ex p l a i n i ng t h e cau ses o f t h e d el ay T h e fi rs t
, .

a n d fo re m o s t w as m i o b l l t t h m i t de
y g n ra n ce a, o v e a a s o e ag n u

o f t h e t as k I w a s u n d ert a k in g ; a n d t h i s ig n o ra n ce p u rs u ed me

i n t o t h e arran gem en t of t h e L ect u res s o t h at it h ad t o be ,

s eri o u sly m odi fi ed m o re t h a n o n ce i n t h e co u rs e o f t h e w o rk .

A m o n g o t h er t h in gs I fo u n d it n eces s ary t o m a k e s o m e s o rt o f
,

s u rv e
y O f t h e w h o l e g r o u n d a n d in a w o rd t o ci rcu m n av i at e
, , , g
t h e w h ol e s u bj ect b e fore co mm i t t i n g t o t y p e my id eas a bo u t

a n y p a rt O f it . T h i s l ed t o m y s t u dy i n g m u c h t h at c o u ld n ot
b e i n cl u d ed in t h i s vo l u m e ; I w a s h o w e ver all o w ed t o d eli v er
, ,

t w o l ec t u res b es id es t h e s ix agre ed u p on T h os e t w o a s I co u ld
.
,

n o t e x ect t h e H ibb ert T ru s t ee s t o h a v e t h em p ri n t e d are t o

p ,

fo rm p art o f a volu m e o n t h e A rt h u rian L egen d w h ic h I h op e ,

s oo n t o p u bl i s h ; n o t t o m en t i on t h a t I c o n t e mpl a t e d ev o t i n g a

s ep ara t e v o l u m e s o m e d ay t o t h e D ark D i v i n i ti es o f t h e C e l t s .

I t w as n e cess ary t o g o c areful l y i n t o t h e q u es t i o n s ra i s ed by

t h ese an d k i n dred s u bj ect s a n d it al l req u i red t i m e

,
Bu t I .

may pl ead t h a t t h e h i s t ory o f rel i g i o n h ad n e v er b efo re been

c o m p re h e n s iv el t d i ed f ro m t h e C el t i c p o i n t o f V i e w S carcel
y
y s u .

b
vi PR E FA C E .

a ny i o n ee r c o u ld h av e been s o fe eb l e in h is effo rt s as n ot t o
p
h av e ren d ered mat eri al a id t o a n y o n e w h o c ame a ft er .

T he n e x t c au s e o f d el a y w a s t h e n ece ss i t y I fel t O f w ri t i n g t h e

L ect u res a t a great er l en gt h t h an w ou ld o ccu py s ix h o u rs in t h e

d el i v ery . It h i e fly fro m t h e fact t h at t h e C el t i c l i t era

a ros e c ,

t u r e b e a ri n
g o n t h e hi s t o r
y o f C el t i c a
p g a n i s m i s s o l i t t l e k n o w n

t o t h e v a s t m aj o ri t y o f E n gl i s h readers t h at ac qu a i n t an ce w i t h
,

i t c ou l d n o t b e t a k en for gra n t ed I t rem a i n e d for m e t h erefo re

.
, ,

t o g i v e t h e s u bs t an ce o f t h e s ag a s a n d ep i c t al es in p o i n t a t

a l e ng t h w hi c h h a s c o n s i d erabl y i n creas ed t h e bu l k o f t h i s

v ol u m e . Bu t it a fforded m a n y o p p ort u n i t i es o f m a ki n g c o m
a ri s o n s n ev er m ade b e fore b et w ee n I ri s h an d We l s h m y t h s
p , , ,

co mp ari so n s w hi c h c an n o t b u t b e o f h el p i n an y fu t u re t reat m en t

o f t h e s u bj e ct e v e n t h o u g h s o m e o f t h e m o re a m b i t i o u s t h eo ri es
,

m ay p rov e u n t en able I con sider t h at ev en t a cert a i n t y for

.

s ev eral reas on s s u c h as m y i n n at e li abil i t y t o err a n d t h e d is

, ,

c ov ery o f m o re Gal l o R o m an rem a i n s o n t h e C o n t i n en t

- or t h e ,

u b l i cat i o n of m ore I ri s h m an u s crip t s hi t h ert o c o mp arat iv el

p y
in a cces s i bl e St ill t h e a t t emp t t o dra w a c om p re h en s ive p ict u re
.

o f C el t i c H eat h en dom s e em ed t o b e w o rt h m a k i n g ev en t h o u g h ,

it s h o ul d p rov e n o t hi n g bu t t h at t h ere is a great m ass o f dat a

’
at o n e s s erv i ce T h o s e dat a are n o t it is t ru e s u ch a s t h e
.
, ,

s t u d en t o f Gree k o r L at i n p aga n i s m is w o n t t o h an dl e ; bu t ,

t a ki n g t h em as t h ey O ffered t h em s elves I fou n d t h at far fro m , ,

h av i n g reason s t o c om pla i n o f t h ei r s carci t y t h e sl o w n es s o f my

,

p gro res s w a s a
gg rav a t e d b
y an emba rra s al e r i ch ess e T h is is a l l
.

t h e m ore s t ri k in g as m an y O f my E n gli s h fri en ds w o n d ered a t ,

fi rs t w h at in th e w orld I s h ou ld fi n d t o o ccu p y h al f-a-d oz en

,

L e c t u re s .

H i
av n g t hu s qu an t it y o f t h e m at eri als at my
a ll u ded t o th e

d i sp os al I w ou ld onl y add as t o t h ei r n at u re t h a t a l ar e ro
,
g p ,

po rt i on o f t h em is o f a ph il ol ogical o rd er a n d I fear t h a t I h a ve
 PR E FA C E . vii
not a l w ay s t ak en c are en ou gh t o mak e it as easy t o s ki p t h e
et y mo l og ical p as s ag es a s t h e gen eral read er co u ld w i s h a t a n ,y
ra t e i f u bli s h ers an d rev i ew ers d o n o t l
p g ro ss y e xa
gg at e t h e
e r

re qu i rem en t s o f h is c o m fo rt . Wit h regard t o comp aris on s ex t end

in g b ey o n d t h e C el t ic grou p i t s el f m os t a ss i s t an ce h a s been
,

deriv ed from t h e a n cien t lit erat u re of Scandin av ia Fro m on e .

bran ch O f t h e A ry a n famil y t h e Sl av on ic I h ave b een a l m o s t

, ,

w h ol l y u n abl e t o dra w a n y h el p as I fo u n d t h e ex i s t i ng w o rk s
,

o n t h e s u bj ec t of ol d Sl avo n ic reli i on an d m t h ol o e i t h t
g y gy e r oo

a n t i qu at ed o r t o o bri ef t o c on su l t w i t h adva n t a e
g . T hi s I re gre t

a l l t h e m ore a s I d o n ot b eli ev e t h at m a t eria l s are w an t i n

, g to
illu s t rat e t h e religiou s an d my t h ic asp ect o f Sl av on ic hi st ory .

A ft er t h es e remark s it is n eedl es s t o s ay t h a t I h av e n ot
,

a t t em t ed t o di scu s s t h e earl
p y fort u n es o f C h ris t i an i t y amo ng
t h e C el t s. T h at is a l arge s u bj ect w ort h y o f b ein g t reat ed in a

s ep arat e s eri es o f l e ct u re s by so m e o n e w ell v ers ed in t h e ma s s

o f O l d li t erat u re d evo t ed t o t h e lives o f t h e s a i n t s O f E ri n n a n d

b ot h Brit ain s O f c o u rs e it is n o t p ret en d ed t h at a n y t h in g

.

c on n ect ed w ith t h e h is t ory of reli gion am on g t h e C el t s o r am o n g —

t h e T e u t o n s i f i t c o m es t o t h a t
,
—
c ou ld v i e in p op u l ari ty w i t h
t h e p edigree o f t h e l a s t idol u n e art h ed in t h e E a s t or ev en w i t h
,

’
t h e di s covery o f a n ew w ay o f sp elli n g N eb u c h adn ezz ar s n am e .

S t i l l t h e C el t i c fi eld o f researc h h a s a rap idly grow i n g i n t erest

’
for s chol ars w h o n ow reg ard it as o n e in w h i ch t h e i n ves t i g a t or s
,

l ab ou rs are most cert ain t o be crow n ed w it h bri llian t resu l t s .

T h e great at t ract io n O f C el t ic p h il ol o gy c on s i st s in t h e v ery

‘

fac t t h at every h au l o f t h e n et w it h ou t ex cep t ion b rin gs in a

, ,

rich s oil
p .
’
S o w r o t e a di s t i n g u i s h e d G erm a n s ch ol ar t h e o t h er

d ay ; a n d h is w ords a re t ru e o f C el t ic p h il ol ogy in t h a t w i d er
s en se o f t h e t erm w h i ch w o u ld e m b ra c e n o t o n l y t h e s t u dy o f

C el t i c sp ee c h b u t a l s o o f C el t i c arc h aeol ogy an d hi s t ory O f C el ti c

, ,

rel i io n a n d fol k - l f C l t i m t h a n d s ag a
g or e o ,
e c y .
 PR E FA C E .

Ih av e res erv e d t o th e l a st t h e p l e a s an t t as k O f t h an k i n g t h e
k i n d fri ends w h o h ave giv en me u n s t i n t ed ass i s t an ce in bri n gin g
t h i s v ol u m e t h rou g h t h e press Fo remo s t am o n g t h em s t an ds
.

t h e w el l- k n ow n C el t i c s ch ol ar Whi tl ey St o k es t h rou g h w h os e
, ,

h an ds m ost o f t h e s h eet s h ave p as s ed I am i n debt ed t o h im .

fo r m an y val u a b l e s u gg es t i o n s b u t n ei t h er b e n or an y o n e bu t
m y s el f is resp o n s ib l e for t h e e rrors or b l u n ders w h i ch t h e a ccu
ra t e read er m ay fi n d t h e b o o k t o c on t a i n .

JO H N R H YS .

GWYN VA , O XFO R D ,

C HR I ST MA S E VE , 18 8 7 .
 C O NTE NTS .

L E CT U R E I .

TH E GA UL I SH PA N T H E O N .

PA R T I .

M erc u ry
A p ollo
Mars
PA R T I I . Mars (c on ti n u ed )
J u piter
Mi n erva
D ie
Mi n or D i v i n iti es

L E CT U R E II .

TH E ZE US O F TH E I NSU L A R CE LTS .

PA R T I .

N ua d a of i
t h e S l v er H and

N o den s, N fi d an d L l fid

C orma c ,
C o n ch o b ar
C o n a ire,

T h e Ma c C c an d Merl i n
Merl i n E mry s an d Ma x en

PA RT II C amu l o s C u mall an d w
.
,
v re

S i t es s ac red t o t h e C el tic Z en s
T h e Go d s Mou n ds Fe ti s h es an d S y mb o l s
’
,

T h e Go d o f D ru i d i sm
X CO N T E NT S .

L E CT U R E III .

TH E C UL T UR E H E RO .

Gw y d i on S on of DO n
The C ul t u re H ero a c qu i ri n g c ert ai n A n i mal s fo r Ma n
Poe try asso ci at ed in it s O i g in w ith t h e C u l t u re H ero
r

Gw y d ion an d o th e r N am es O f th e C u l t u re H e o r

Gw y di on c o mp ared w ith Wo d en an d I n d ra

L E CT U R E IV .

C UL T UR E C N I N UE D
TH E H E RO ( O T
) .

Gw y d i on and C airbre
Gw y d i o n an d A it h ern e

Pw y l l an d o th ers v i iti s n
g H ad e s

T he C ul t u re H ero an d t h e N in e-
n
g i ht Week

L E CT U R E V .

TH E S UN H E R O .

PA RT I . L l eu an d L u
g
T h e w i d el yp read C ul t O f L u g
s

C uch l ai s Bi th an d E d u c ti o
u nn
’
r a n

S o m e o f C uch u l a i n n s A d v en t u res
’

C li ch u l ainn an d h is Fo es

PA R T I I . Kul h w ch an d Gw ri o f t h e Go ld en H a r i
C o re a n d D iarmait
’ ’
D iarm ait s H o me an d D u ben s N ame
The C l tic
e S u n -h e ro an d t h e N o rs e Ba l d er

T al ies s in
T h e S t ra tific at i o n O f S ol ar My t h s
 C O NT E NT S . xi

L E CT U R E VI .

GO D S, D E MO N S A N D H E R O E S .

I ri s h My th og raphy on t h e Go d s an d t h ei r Fo es
Gree k an d N orse C o m p i s o n s
ar

T h e D i s t res s O f t h e Go d s an d t h e S u n H ero s A id
’

C el tic A cc ou n t s O f t h e A ry an D el u g e
T h e e a rl i es t C re ed o f t h e C el t s i n ferred

A DD IT IO N S A N D C O R R E CT I O N S
I ND E X O F NA ME S A N D O T H E R \VO R D S
 L E C T URE I .

TH E GA U L I S H PA N T H E O N .

PA R T I .

TH E inh abit an t s of a ncient G au l were th e e a rlies t C e l t s

o f wh o se religi o n we p o ssess an kn o wledge t h e s ou rces
y
O f o u r in fo rm a t i o n are t w o fo ld , n a m e ly t h e t es t im ony o f
,

a nci e nt a u t h ors an d t h at o f v o t ive t a ble t s or o t her e p i

gr aphi c m onu ment s . Of t h e a ncient s w h o t ou ch on

G a u lish religi on C a e s ar, in his a cc ou n t of t h e G allic
,

War, may be regarded as far th e m o s t imp or tan t for ou r

p u rp o se, p ar t ly bec au s e he wr ot e a t a t ime when t h e
pro cess O f a ssimil a t ing th e g o ds of G a u l t o t h o se of I t aly
w a s o nly beginning , an d p ar t ly bec au s e he , w h o w a s
p on t iff at h o me , h a d o pp o rt u ni t ies of u nders tanding like
wis e m u ch a b ou t G au lish religi on , n ot th e le a s t o f whi ch
c onsis t ed in his h aving t h e dru id D ivieiacu s as his con
s t an t c omp ani o n an d in t im at e friend t hr ou gh ou t t h e w ar ;
’
s t ill t her e are m any re a s ons for a ccep t ing C a es ar s a cc o u n t
O f t h e G a u lish p an t h e o n wi t h gre a t c au t i o n His w ords .
,

s o fa r as t h e y be a r on t h e individ u a li t y a n d r e sp e c t iv e

r ank of Wh at he c onsid ered t o be t h e chi e f divini t ies of

l
t h e G a u ls , are t o t h e f o ll o wing e ffe c t : They w orshi p
Merc u ry h e s a ys ab o ve al l o t hers , an d O f him t hey h a ve
, ,

1
B el l u m Ga l l icu m (ed . H )
old er , vi . 17 .

B
2 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT H E O N .

v ery many imag e s Their t ra dit i o ns m ake him th e inven t or

.

o f a ll t h e a r t s a n d t h e p a tr o n o f r oa ds a n d j o u rn e ys a n d ,

t h e y think h i m t h e m o s t p owerfu l in th e m att er o f a c qu ir

ing m on ey an d in t h e t rans ac t i ons o f c ommerce Af t er .

hi m t h e y w orship Ap o ll o M a rs , J u pi t e r an d Minerva
, ,

O f t hese t h e y e nt er t a in m u ch t h e s a m e O pini o n a s ot h e r

n a t i ons na m ely t h at Ap o ll o driv e s a wa y dis ea ses t h at

, , ,

M inerva t ea ch e s t h e el e m en t s o f t h e v a ri ou s t ra d e s an d
a r t s t h a t J u pi t e r r u l e s o v e r t h e sky a n d t h at M a rs h a s
, ,

t h e direc t i on o f wars . Ind ee d it is u su a l for t h e m a s

, ,

s o o n a s t h e y h av e re s olved t o eng a g e in b a tt le t o v ow ,

b efo r eh and t o Mars al l t h e sp oils t h ey ma y t ak e in t h e

w a r ; s o t h e y s a crific e t o him a l l t h e a nim als c ap t u r e d ,

a n d brin g a l l t h e r e s t of t h e b oo t y t o g e t h e r t o o n e sp o t .

In m a ny o f t h e ir ci t i e s , heaps o f t h e s e t hings m ay be
s een pil e d u p in t h e ir s acre d pl a c e s N or d o e s it O ft en .

h app en t h at a nyb o dy s o far disr e gards t h e t ra dit i on a l

c u st o m a s t o dare e i ther t o c onc ea l a n y O f t h e b o ot y at
h om e or c arry awa y an y of t h e b oo t y s et a sid e : in c a s e
su ch a crim e is c o m mitt e d t h e O ffe nd er is t or t u re d an d
,

m o st s e vere ly p u ni sh e d .

’
Su ch is t h e p u rp or t o f C a e s a r s w ords an d it will b e ,

w ell t o s ee h ow far G au lish epigraphy is fou n d t o c orr o

b or at e o r c orrect t hem Unfort u n at ely for t h e stu dy o f
.

C el t ic r eligi on a n d phil ol ogy fe w o f t h e m on u m ent s of

,

G a u l su pply u s wi th inscrip t i ons in t h e n at i on al t ongu e ;

a n d pr o b ably al l o f t h e m wh e t h e r in G au lish o r in L a t in
, ,

d a t e a f t er t h e a dv en t o f t h e R o m an c onqu er o r a n d t h e
ini t i at i on of his p ol icy of a ssimil at ing th e g o ds O f v an
q u i s h ed G au l wi t h t h o s e O f R o me This p o licy t ook a
.

v e ry d efini t e form u nd er Au gu s t u s H e a s p on tzf ex ma x

'

t ma s u ni t e d t h e religi ons of t h e R o m a n w orld b u t th e

;
4 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA N T HE O N .

in ra nk an d forc e d so t o say t o b e c o me m ore or le ss

, ,

R o ma n ; bu t t h ey were n ot b anished or in an y w ay pro

1
scrib ed .

T o c ome t o t h e m onu men t s I m ay say t h a t t hey a re ,

t o b e f o u nd in t h e l o c al m u s e u ms o f Fr a nc e , Swit z erl a nd ,
an d p or t i o ns o f n e ighb o u ring l ands fo rmerly or st ill
o cc u pi e d by t h e C e l t s t h e y a re m or e o v e r nu m er ou s ,

a n d t h e a cc o u n t s o f t h e m are t o b e s ou gh t u p a n d d o wn

t h e v ol u min ou s t rans a c t i o ns o f s o m e sc or e s of pr o vinci a l

s o ci et i es wh os e p u blicat i o ns are n ot a lwa ys e a sy t o con
,

s u l t So I find t h at in t h e abs ence o f a c o mplete c orp u s

.
,

o f t h e a nci e n t inscrip t i o ns o f Fr a nc e I c ann o t d o b et t e r ,

t h an s e t o u t fr o m o n e di st ric t , t h e m onu m ent s O f which ,

a s far a t l e a s t a s c o nc e rns t h e s u bj e c t o f t his l e c t u r e ,
, ,

h av e b e en l a id b e fo r e t h e p u blic in a m a n a ge abl e form

by c o mp et ent arch ae ol o gi s t s T h e dist ric t I h a ve ch o s e n
.

is t h a t which w a s o cc u pi e d in R o man t im e s by t h e G a u li s h
s t at e o f t h e All obr o g e s I t l ay m os tly on th e e a st ern
.

side O f th e Rh on e , s tr e t ching fro m t h at riv er t o t h e Alps ,

a n d fr o m t h e L a k e o f G e n e v a t o t h e I s er e T o t his m u s t .

be a dded a c er t ain t ra c t on t h e ot h er b a nk O f th e Rh o ne
a s a ls o pr ob ably b e l onging t o t h e All o br o g e s a n d c o v e r ,

2
ing a t l ea st m o s t O f th e pr e sen t d ep ar t m en t of t h e Rh o n e .

T h e m et r o p olis of t h e All obr o g e s w a s t h e ci t y of V i e nn a ,

n o w c a ll e d V i e nn e : t h e i r c ou n t ry c o n s is t e d in p a r t o f

s o m e o f th e m o s t f ert il e l and in G au l , an d in p a r t o f v e ry

1
Fo r t h e su bs t ce
an of thes e rem ark s I am i n d ebt ed to an exc el l t
en

ar tic l e by M . Fl o i an
r Val l en t in , e n t it l ed , ,
L es D ieux d e l a Ci t d e
’
e s

A l l o brog es , i n t h e R evu e C l tiq e Vol iv 1 36 e u , . .

—
,
t o w hich I s h l l
a

h a ve f qu en t l y t o refer i thi s l ect u re

re n .

2
V ll e t i ibi d p l see al s o D e j d i s Geograp h ic h is toriqu e et
a n n, . . s ar n ,

a d mi ni tra t ive d e l a Ga u l e roma ine ii 351

s .
,
. .
 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N . 5

m ou n tain ou s regi ons The All obr o ges were Cel t s , th ou gh

.

t he ir n ame me a ns t h o se o f a n o ther m a rch or dis t ric t :

‘ ’

t h e y were s o c all e d d o u b t less by s o m e o f t heir C e l t ic

n e ighb ou rs , bu t t h e n a me which t hey ga ve t hems elves is
u n kn o wn The p e oples on t h e e a st ern b ank of t h e Rh one
.

formed a c onf edera t i o n , at th e he a d of which st oo d t h e

All obr o g e s , s o t h at t h e y m ay be s a id t o h ave h a d th e
c on t r ol of t h e naviga t i o n of t h at river a n d O f t h e imp o r
t a n t t ra ffic c arri e d on by me an s of it The A l l obro g ic .

c onfedera t i on f ormed in it s t u rn a member of t h e l arger

o n e he a ded by t h e A r v ern i
l
L a s t ly , my princip al a u t h o
.

rit ies for t h e inscrip t i ons f ou nd in t h e c oun t ry of t h e

’
All obr o ges are A l l mer s c ollec t i on of t h e inscrip t i ons of
2
Vienne , an d a s u ccinc t a cc ou n t o f th e g o ds O f t h e All o
bro g es by t h e l at e M F l ori a n Val l en tin , on e of t h e bes t
.

kn own arch ae ol o gis t s O f t h e s ou t h of France .

ME R C U R Y
is th e g o d wi th wh o m t h e m o n u men t s lea d on e t o begin ,
an d t h e firs t inscrip t i o n t o which I w o u ld c a ll y ou r a tt en

t i on w a s f ou nd a m ong s om e R o ma n ru ins ne a r t h e vill a ge

of B e a u cr o iss an t in t h e d ep a r t men t o f t h e Is e re , a n d it is

sa id t o h ave re a d : Merc u ri o Au g(u st o ) A rt a io S a cr(u m )

S x (t u s ) Geminiu s C u p itu s, ex v ot e
e 3 The pl a ce of fi n d .

ing is rec orded t o h ave b een once c a ll e d A rtay , t h ou gh

t h e n a me is unkn o wn t here n ow ; bu t t h e n a mes Ar t a s

1
Vall en t in , R ev . Cel tiqu e ,
iv 1, 2
. .

2
I nscrip tio ns a n ti qu es et da M o y en A ge d e Vi enn e en D a up h in e,
c on s i s ti g of s ix
n o ct av e v o l u m es of l e t t er-
p res s d es c ripti o n of th e m,

s u pp l em en t e d b a qu art o on e o f p l at es p u b l i s h ed at Vi en n e in th e
y ,

y ear 18 7 5 .

A ll mer, iij 1 1 2 ; Val l en t in, R ev

. . Cel tiq ue ,
iv 17
. .
6 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA N T HE O N .

an d A rt a cc u r ne a r V i e nn e an d Gren oble
o This h ardly
y .

enables on e h owever, t o decid e wh e th er th e g o d gav e his

,

na m e t o on e o r m o re of t hese pl a c e s or t h e r e verse w a s ,

t h e c a se ; b u t on e is inclined t o t h e former vi e w by t h e
o cc u rr e nce o f A r iio a s t h e n a me O f a g o ddess in an in s crip

1
t i on in t h e m u seu m a t Bern e , for on e can h a rdly be wrong
’
in a ss o ci at ing wi th A rtio s n a me su ch a C el t ic wo rd a s t h e
- ’
W elsh air pl ou gh l and ; w h ence it w ou ld s ee m by n o
‘

m e ans improb abl e t hat M ercurius A r ia ius w as t h e G a ll o

,

R o man t it l e o f t h e g o d c alled M ercurius C u l ior in a n

inscrip t i on fr o m Wiirt emb erg This w o u ld s erv e t o sh o w
2
.

t h at Merc u ry w a s a ss o ci a t ed by t h e G au ls wi t h ag ricu l
t u r e , especi ally pl ou ghing .

The nex t inscrip t i o n t o be ment i oned w a s f ou nd a t

Hi eres , als o in t h e dep art ment O f th e I s ere, an d t h e firs t
p or t i on of it r ea ds : A u g(u st o ) S a cr(u m ) D eo M e rc u ri o
Vict ori M ag n ia cc Veil au n o 3 H er e t h e g o d is s t yl e d
.

‘ ’
Au gu s t, a s in t h e ot h er inst anc e bu t t h e l e ss u su a l ,

epi t het O f vic tor is a dded whi ch is t o b e n ot ic e d a s h e

, ,

w as n o mere M erc u ry in t h e L at in sens e Th en fo ll o w .

in t h e inscrip t i o n t w o w ords O f G au lish o rigin o f which ,

M ag nia co w ou ld s ee m t o be t h e n a m e of a pl a ce, t h o u gh
it mu s t be a dmi t t ed t o l a ck th e su pp or t t o b e exp e ct e d
fro m th e ident ific at i on of it s m o d ern f orm a s th e n am e O f
a sp o t in t h e n e ighb our h oo d T h e o th e r , Veila uno ev e n
.
,

t h o u gh it sh ou ld n ot pr o v e a misre adin g O f VE L L A VN O ,

1 M omms en , I n scripti ones H el veti ca e (in Vol . x . of th e M itth eil u ng en

d er A n tiq . Ges ell sch af t i n Z uric h ), N O . 215 5 R ev . Cel t . iv l oc
. . c it .

2 ’
Brambach C orp us I ns c R h ena n a ru m, N o 1591
s . . .

9
A l l mer, iii 1 91, pl 38 -
. 8 R ev C el t iv 16
. T h ere s e ems t o b e
. . . .

s ome d ou bt a s t o w h et h er Ma n iacc or Macn ia co is th e c o rrec t read i n

g g
A l l mer g i v es b ot h w i t h out remar ki ng on th e d i sc rep an c y .
 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT H E O N . 7

c ann ot bu t b e regarded a s pra c t ic ally iden t ic al wi th it

c o mp are su ch n ames a s C a s sivel l au n o s, which me a n t t h e
king or r u ler O f t h e h anse or l ea gu e , a n d C at u vell au n i o f ,

t h e s a me imp or t a s C at u rig e s ; b o th pe oples being w en t ,

a s it w o u ld s e em , t o b oa s t t h e mselves l ords o f b at t l e o r

w a r- kings I t is a fter t h e an al o gy of su ch c o mp ou nds

.

t h at t h e G a u lish e lemen t in t h e H i e res inscrip t i o n is t o

be re a d ; t h at is t o sa y , it m ak e s on e c o mp ou nd epi t het ,
M ag nia cc vella unos , me a ning , a s it m ay pr ovisi on ally be
- 1

r e ndered , king or r u l er of Mag n ia con or M ag nia cum, in

’
a ll u si o n t o s o me pl a ce wi t h which t h e g o d s n ame w a s

a ss o ci at e d .

B esides t h e t w o foreg o ing inscrip t i ons in h on ou r o f a

dis tinc t ly G au li s h Merc u ry, t her e is m o nu m e nt al evidence
t h at t h e re w e re t emples dedic at e d t o t h e g o d at n o less
- 2
t h a n t wen t y six diff e ren t s p ot s in t h e c ou n t ry of t h e
All o br o g e s S o me o f t h e t we n t y -six v ery p o ssibly b e
.

l o nged t o t h e Grec o -R o m a n Merc u ry o f a n imp ort e d c u l t ;

1
T h e Gau l s , l ik e t h e m o d ern C el t s
bj e c t i o n t o c omp ou n d
,
h ad no O

t erms a d th ey e v en u sed fo rei g n el em e n t s in su ch p l ac e-

,
n n am es a s

C a es a ro d u n u m C aes ar s fo
’
A g s tonemet u m t h e g ro v e O f A u g u s t u s
u u , ,
r

t res s ; an d Ju l io mag u s th e fi el d o f J u l i u s S o me o f t h e i r p erso n al

, .

n a m es w ere q u it e a s l o n g w it n es s C o n c on n et o d u m n o s Veriu g o d u m n o s ,

an d Verca ss iv ell au n os T h es e an d t h e l i k e mu s t h a ve s eem e d c u m

.

b rou s t o t h e R o man s ; an d E n gl i s h m en o f t h e p res en t d ay p ro f s s t o e

b e a mu sed w ith Ge m an c o mp ou n d t erms fo rge tti g t h at th ey a re

r ,
n

u s u all y t h e s h o rt es t w ay o f e xp re s s in g w h at is m e n t an d th t f w a ,
a e

l an gu ag e s fo rm c o mp o u n d s m ore rea d i l y o r co mp lica t el y th an th ei r o w n ,

th ou g h t h e l on ger t erms are n ev er w itt en as s i ngl e w ord s : t ak e fo r

r ,

e x am p l e s u ch i n s t an c es as u n i vers ity ex a mi na ti on s u n i vers ity ex a

, ,
’ ‘

m i at i on -p p e rs L o n d o n Ch a th a m an d D ov er R ail w a y or L o d o n
’ ’
n a n ,
, , ,

Ch ath am an d D ov er R ai l w ay C om p an y I t is o l y an a cci d en t
’
. n

d o u b tl es s an i n s ep arab l e a cci d en t o f p erv ers ity — t h at E ngl i s h gra m

mari an s u su all y c o n c eal t h e fa c t o f t h e c o m p o s iti on .

2
S ee t h em enu merat ed by M Val l en t in in t h e R ev Cel t i v 1 5
. . . . .
8 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT H E O N .

bu t th e m aj orit y may perh aps be a ssu med t o h ave been

t h o se o f t h e n at iv e divini t y .

SO far, t h en , t h e m o nu men t s a gree wi t h t h e p u rp ort

’
o f C aes a r s w o rds in rega rd t o M e rc u ry ; an d if we n ow

o bey o nd t h e b ou nd a ries o f t h e A l l obro g ic st a t e , w e

g
s h a ll find t hem s t r ongly s u pp or t ed b ot h by t h e dis t ribu

t i on O f t h e inscrip t i ons an d t h e nu mb e r of t h e s t a t u e tt e s
O f t h e g od : t h e l att er pr o ve in s o me inst ances of v e ry

c onsid erable met alli c va lu e s u ch , for ex ample, as t h e —

m assive silver Mercu ry d u g u p in t h e gard ens o f t h e

L u x emb o u rg M Gaidoz , in hi s far t o o bri ef a cc ou nt
. .

o f t h e religi o n O f t h e G au ls , spe aks o f t h e u ni ver

s a l it y o f t h e w o rshi p of Merc u ry a m o ng t h e G au ls ,

a n d c alls a tt e nt i o n t o t h e n u mb e r O f pl a ce - na mes which

1
b ear evidence t o it He m ent i o ns t h e foll owing b u t
.
,

t h e lis t migh t be enl arged : M o n t m ercu re , M e rc oeu r,

M ercen ay , M erc oire , M ercois et M ercu er, M ercu rett e, ,

Mercu rey , M erc u rie Mercu ro t M e rc ur y ,

S eve ra l s u ch ,
.

n ames o cc ur on A l l obrog ic gr ou nd, an d t h e d ep art ment

o f t h e Pu d e D O m e , s o n a med fr o m t h e l at e L at in w o rd
y
od iu m, a hill or m ou nt a in c o n t a ins a n o t h e r odium or
p p ,

p gu ,
kn o w n a s t h e Pu
y d e Merc oeu r ; an d t his l a s t d e s ig
n at i on , a cc omm o dat ed t o th e h abit s of a n o ther di al e c t ,
i e lds M o n t mercu re , t h e n a me o f a n o t h e r pl a ce This
y .

’ 2
c ompl et e s M Gaid oz s list , an d I w ou ld c a ll speci al
.

a tt en t i o n t o t h e l a s t t w o as it is n o t ic e d t h a t t h e G au lish

1
E s qu is se d e l a R el ig ion ol es Ga u l o is (Pa ri s , p . 10
.

2 A s o me w h at h ort er
s on e w a s g ven by i M M o w at in t h e R ev
. .

Vol xxix p
h e e h e g i ves a reas on fo r
’
A rch eo l o
g i qu e . . . 34, w r

co n ne cti ng t h e p l a c e-
name Mon t martre w ith t h e
g o d a v i e w al so t ak en ,

by M . Gaidoz .
 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N . 9

Merc u ry greatly a ffec t ed high gr ou nd a n d c onspic u ou s

p o si t i ons Th u s it is s u pp o sed t h at t here w as a t emple
.

dedic at ed t o Mercu ry on M on t m art re : it is kn o w n t h a t

l
he h a d on e on M on t du Ch at ne ar t h e bl u e l ake of t h e ,

B ou rg et , in th e l a nd o f t h e All obr o g e s ; an o t her on M on t

’
de Se ne , in th e C 6t e d O r ; an d a t hird of c onsiderable
imp or t ance on t h e D on on , on e of th e m ore elevat ed
2
heigh t s O f th e V o sges Bu t far t h e m o s t cel ebrat ed
.

o n e rem a ins t o be m en t i o ned : it st o o d on t h e su mmi t

o f t h e Pu
y de D 6m e , in Au vergne , an d it s f o u nd a t i ons

a re s a id t o pr o ve it t o h a ve b een a n ext ensive an d

c o s t ly b u ilding I t w as in fa c t t h e gre at t emple of t h e

.

Arverni ; an d for it w a s prob ably d e st ined t h e c o l o ss al

M ercu ry in br o nze , s t at ed by Pliny in his H is toria
N a tu ra lis , xxxiv 1 8 t o h a ve been ma de by t h e Greek
.
,

a r t is t Z en o do ru s f or t h e G a u lish s t at e o f t h e Arverni It .

st o o d 120 fee t high , an d th e w ork t ook t en ye ars t o

3
a cc o mplish The expense c onnec t e d wit h t h e w orship
.

w a s pr ob ably b o rne by t h e ci t ies of G au l in c o mm o n ,

an d t h e f a me of th e t emple l a s t- c d t o t h e t ime o f Gr e g o ry

o f T o ur s f he rel t es in his H i toria Fra n coru m, i 32,

; o r a s .

h ow it w a s des t r o yed by C h ro cu s, king of th e Al a manni ,

which a cc ording t o t h e hist o ri an h appened in t h e t ime of
4
Va leri a n a n d G alli en A fra gmen t ary inscrip t i on di s
.

c ov er e d ou t h e sp o t h appens t o h a ve b e en s et u p by
cer t ain neg o tia tores or men of b u sin e ss , an d it s erves t o
1
R ev C el t iv 15
. . . .

2
J o l o is ,
l M emo ires su r qu el qu es A
’
n tiqu i tes r ema rqu a bl es du De
p a rte
men t d es Vosg es (Pari s, p . 1 26, & c .

3
R ev . Cel t . iv 15
. an d ii . 426 B u l l et in M o nu men ta l, 18 7 5, p . 55 7,
et s e q .

4
S ee al s o M ow at in t h e R ev A . rch . Vol . xxix . 31
.
10 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA N T HE O N .

sh ow t hat on e o f t h e n ames u nder which th e g o d received

h on ou r th ere, w a s t h at of M erc u riu s A rv ern u s 1 The .

fo c u s of his c u l t h a s t o be s o u gh t in Au v ergn e bu t we ,

find fro m v ot iv e t able t s t ha t he w a s a ls o kn own in B avari a ,

in s ome dist ric t s o f Rh enish Pr u ssi a, an d on t h e b anks

2
O f t h e Me u se in th e N e t h erl ands Wit h t hes e m u s t .

be r anked an inscrip t i o n a t Bit tbu rg, in Rhenish Pru ssi a,

t o D e o Merc u r(i o ) Va s s o cal e ti
— 3
.

Bu t t o u nders tand t h e t erm Va s s o ca l eti, it w ou ld be well

’
t o s t u dy c aref u lly Greg o ry s w o rds in t h e p a ss age a lr e a dy
a ll u d e d t o H e , a n at ive O f A u v e rgne seems t o h a v e
.
,

b e en well a cqu a int e d with th e ru ins on t h e Pu y d e D 6me ,

an d t h e fo ll owing is his a cc o u n t o f t h e m : Ven ien s ver o

[ C h ro cu s
] A rv ern os , del u br u m il l u d , qu o d G a llic a ling u a

Va ss o G al at e v ocan t , in cen dit , diru it a t qu e s u bver t it .

Mir o eni m op ere fa c t u m fu it at qu e fir ma tu m C u i u s p a ries .

d u pl e x e rat ab int u s enim de minu t e l apid e, a foris ver o

,

qu a dris s cu l pt is fabricat u m f u it Ha b u it eni m p a ri e s .

,

ille cra ssit u din em pedes t rig in ta I n trin secu s v er o mar .

m ore a c m u s e o v aria tu m erat Pavimen t u m qu o qu e aed e s .

4
m arm ore st rat u m , d esu p er v er o plu mb o t ec tu m N ow .

1
R ev C el t
. . ii . 426, iv 1 5 3 R ev d es S oc
. . . s a va n tes Vo l . i .

p . 249 .

2
Bra mb ach , N os 25 6, 257, 593, 17 41, 2029 a dd . . p . x xv u

Ku h n
3 ’
s B eit rceg e zu r verg l ei ch en d en Sp ra clifors ch u ng , nj . 16 9
Bram b a ch , N o 8 35 ; R ev A . xxx pp 36 7 36 8 w h e e
. rch . Vol . . .
, ,
r

M M o w a t c orrect s B a mb ach s VA S S O C A L E T I i t o VA ss o oA L E T I
. r In
’ '

n .

t h e s am e artic l e p 36 1 h e g i ve s f c s i m i l es O f t h e rea d i g s o f t h e
, .
,
a n

c orr s p on d i ng form in t h e chi ef man u s cript s o f Grego ry s t e xt

e
’
.

4
Greg orii T u ronens is O p era H is toria Fr a n coru m (c o n t a i n ed i n ,

M o m en t a Germa nia c H is tori ca ) L ib i c 32 w h ere t h e re ad i g

nu , . . .
,
n

p referred by t h e edi tors b egi n s w ith Veniens vero A rvernu s & c b u t , .

,

A I read s A rvern os .
12 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT H E O N .

Va ss o-c ale t ,
’1
or t h e g o d w h o dw el t in t h at t emple Be .

t h at so or n ot , a o -
t e V ss c a le t w as a v e ry r e m arkable
h
t e mpl e ; an d wh a t is s t ill m or e rem a rk abl e perh aps is ,
t h at t h e g od sh ou ld h a v e b e en kn own by t h e n am e of
t his A rv erni an t emple O f his so far a way a s Bit tbu rg
on th eRhine Bu t b e sides t h e fragment ary inscrip t i on
.

a lr e a dy n o t iced a s f o u nd on t h e Pu d e D 6m e, a c o mplet e
y
inscrip t i on h a s b een du g u p t here whi ch su pplies u s wit h
st ill a n ot her w ay of design at ing th e g o d I t is s aid t o .

r e a d : N u m (in i) Au g(u st o ) et D eo Mercu ri o D u m iati,

Mat u tin iu s Vict orin u s D(O n o ) D(e di t ) 2
.

N ow t h e n a me o f t h e m ou n t a in , Pu y de D 6m e, or a s
it is c all e d by t h e inh abi t a nt s of t h e dist rict simply to
D ou m, an d t h e epi t h e t D a mi a s or Du mia t es given t o t h e

g o d w h o se t e mple a d o rned t h e t op o f it ,
c a nn ot well be

1
T hi s is a cc o rd i ti l l O bt ai n in g in Wel s h as w h en w e
n
g to a ru l e s ,

E van O f L on g b ro ok o r T a d u r Pen ll y n T u d o r o f
’
s ay I va n H i rna n t -
, , ,

Pen l ly n in b o th o f w h ich t h e p l a c e -
’
, n ame is t o b e c o n s t ru ed a s a

en iti v e d w h i t c f m t i m b f t h c -en d i n s
g a e n ve a n n s a e o aa e e ore e asne r g
w ere d o pp e d in a bil i n gu al in s c ripti on fro m B ec k n o c k s hi re w hic h
r ,
r ,

read s M cc t re i S a l i cid u i e S t on e o f) M accu t ren i o f S al i id u

(
‘
a u t
n h n ,
c

(R h y s L ectures on Wel h Ph il p T h en a s t o t h e c o m
’
n on , s . .

p ou d Va ss o ca l et o ne h as t o c o m p a e t h e Wel s h t ea t men t of p erman en t

n —
,
r r

e pith et s T h u s w e s ay M a el gwn c h a n M Vau gh an or M t h e L itt l e ’ ‘

. . .
, ,

w hi l e a l it t l e M a el g w n t o w h o m t h e a dj ecti v e w as n ot c o s t a t l y
,
n n

a pp l i ed w ou l d b e M a el w n b ch a n l itt l e M ael g w n Pu t b ac k i n t o
‘ ’
, g y , .

an earl
y fo rm t h e l a tt er w o u l d b e M a g l o eu n os bicca o
, w hil e t h e n s,

fo m er w ou l d be M a gl ocun o-bicca n os an d it is in thi s w ay th at I w ou l d

r

e xp l i n t h e G u l i s h Va ss o-
a ca l et i as a c o m p o u n d in t h e g en iti e c ase
a v .

C o m p are t h e I ri s h g en iti ve n a C ré b-rzia d i in t h e B k of th e D 996 , . un ,

it w as t h e n ame o f t h e k i n g o f U l s t e s p al ac e an d l it e l l y m e n t t h e ’
r ,
ra a

R d Bran ch a d es i gn at i o n h o w ev er O f u n c t a i n c on n o t a ti on
e , , O e
,
er . n

m ay al s o p ro b ab l y c om p are t h e O g mi c g en iti ve N eta -T tren a l ug os w ith ,

i t fo l a t e th an d a neta w hich is in m y o pi n i o n n o t a g en iti v e

r r , .

2
R ev d es S o c s a v Vo l i
. . p 250; R ev Cel t 11 426
. . . . . . . .
 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N . 13

su pp osed u nc onnect ed , an d t h e qu est ion arises a s t o t h e

n at u re of th e c onnec t io n be t w een t hem N ow D O m e or .

D ou m is here pr ob ably a Cel t ic w ord , an d it c ou ld in t h a t

c a se h ar dly be d o u b t ed t h a t it sh oul d be referred t o th e
‘
s ame o rigin a s t h e Irish w ord duma , a t u m u l u s or m ou nd
’1
o f an y kind ; bu t t h e Irish duma me a ns an e arly Cel t ic
-
fo rm , du mj o s or d u i - ’
n , an d t his s t em a u m j o we see m
t o h a v e ex a c t ly in D u mia ti The G au lish w o rd a s appli e d .

t o t h e m ou n t ain may h a ve simply me a n t t h e t op or s u m

m it , in which c a se t h e epi the t o f t h e g od wou ld refe r t o
him a s t h e divini t y o f t h e t op of t h e Pu y b u t other
expl anat i ons a re p o ssibl e, t h ou gh I d o n ot t hink it n e ces
s ary t o de t a in o u wi t h a n ex a min a t i o n of t hem
y .

’
S o m u ch a s to t h e g o d s e pi t h e t s ; bu t n o ne o f t h e
A l l obro g ic m onu ment s seem t o s u pply u s wi t h a n y o f
hi s G a ul ish n ames while a c u ri ou s inscrip t i on referring
,

t o hi m c o mes fr o m Th ornb u ry on t h e S wale in York ,

shire wher e n o na me or epith e t is given : he is described

,

simply a s th e di sc o verer O f r oads an d p at hs The w ords .

u i vi a s e t semi t a s c ommen t u s es t
2
a re : D ec Ther e
q .

is , h o wev er , n o gre at diffic u l t y in ident ifying hi m u nder

a G a u lish n a me He w a s c alled Ogmi o s , or at an y ra t e
.

t h a t w a s on e O f his princip a l n a mes an d u nder t h a t we ,

h ave a very cu ri ou s a cc ou nt of his a t trib u t e s fr o m th e

e n o f L u ci a n a ch a t ty Gr e ek w h o wr ot e a n d t r a v e lled
p , ,

in th e sec ond cen t u ry of ou r era His w ords are t o t h e .

1 - ’
C orma c s Gl os s a ry , t ran s l a t ed b y O D o n ov an an d ed it ed b y S t o k es
’

(C al cu t t a p 40; Mey er s Ven try H a rbou r (O xfo rd , x 87

’
.
, .

O C
’
u rry s
’
M a nners a nd C u s to ms of th e A n c ien t I r is h i pp ,
. . d cx x x vij ,
d cxxxix .

2
T h e Berl i n Co rp us I ns or . L a ti n a ru m, Vo l . vii .
(I ns or B ri t a nni a e
.

L a ti na e, ed it ed by H iibn er), N o 27 1 . .
14 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT H E O N .

fo ll owing efi ect , an d th ou gh t hey t re at him a s H er acl e s ,

ou will a t o nce s ee t h a t he w as n o H er a cl e s in t h e
y
cl assic sense of th at n ame : The C e l t s , he s ays , c a ll
Heracles in t h e l angu ag e O f their c ou n t ry Ogmi o s , a n d
t hey m ake very s t range represen t a t i ons o f t h e g od Wi t h .

t hem he is an e xt rem ely o l d m an , wi t h a b a ld f oreh e a d

an d his few rem a ining h a irs qu i t e gr e y his skin is
;
wrinkl e d an d e mbrowned by t h e su n t o t h at degr e e o f
swar thin e ss whi ch is ch ar act erist ic o f men w h o h a v e gro wn
o l d in a s ea faring life : in f a c t , y ou w o u ld f a ncy him
r at h e r t o b e a Ch ar o n or Jap etu s on e o f t h e dwellers in ,

T a rt a r us or a nyb o dy rath er t h an He racl e s Bu t al th ou gh

,
.

he is of t his d e scrip t i on h e is, n e v ert h e less att ire d l ik e

, ,
’
Hera cl e s, for he h a s on him t h e li on s skin an d he h a s ,

a cl u b in hi s righ t h a nd ; he is d u ly equ ipp e d wi t h a

qu iv er an d his l ef t h and displ a ys a bow s t re tched ou t

,

1
in t h e se r e spec t s he is qu it e H er acles I t st ru ck m e .
,

t h en , t h at t h e C e l t s t oo k su ch lib e r t ies wi th t h e a p
earan ce o f H er a cles in o rd e r t o insu l t t h e g o ds o f t h e
p
Gre eks an d a venge t hems elve s o n h im in t h e ir p a int ing ,

b e c au se h e once m a de a ra id on t h e ir t errit ory, wh e n in

s earch of th e herds o f G e ry on he h ara ssed m os t O f t h e
we st ern pe oples I h ave n ot y et h owe v er, m en t i o n e d
.
,

t h e m o s t whimsic a l p art o f t h e pic t u r e for t his O l d m a n ,

Hera cl e s draws a ft er him a gre at n u mb er of m en b ou nd

by t h e ir e a rs an d t h e b onds a re slend e r c ords wr ou gh t
,

o f g o ld a n d a mb e r like neckl a ces of t h e m o st be au t ifu l

,

mak e ; a n d a l t h ou gh t h e y are dra gg e d on by s u ch w e a k

t i e s , t hey nev e r t ry t o ru n a wa y, t h ou gh th e y c ou ld

1
In f cta ,
’
ip
t h e g o d s e qu m en t sh o w s at th a det ermi n e d t h ad
eff or

b een ma d e t o g e t h im u p in t h e l ass a w ayc ic l .

 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT H E O N . 15

e asily do it ; n or d o t hey a t al l resis t o r s t ru ggle a ga inst

t h em , pl a n t ing t heir f e e t in t h e gr ou nd a n d t hr owin g
t h e ir weigh t b a ck in t h e direc t i o n c on t rary t o t h a t in
which t hey a re being led Q u it e th e reverse : t hey fo ll o w
.

wit h j o yfu l c o u nt ena nce in a merry m oo d, an d pra ising

h i m w h o le a ds t hem , pressing on on e an d a l l , a n d sl a ck
c u ing t heir ch a ins in t he ir e a g e rness t o pr o ceed in fa c t ,

t h e y l ook like men w h o w o u ld be grieved sh ou ld t hey

be s et free Bu t t h a t which seemed t o me t h e m o s t
.

a bs u rd t hing o f a l l I will n o t hesi t a t e a ls o t o t ell ou

y
t h e p a in t er , y o u see , h a d n owhere t o fix t h e ends of t h e
c ords sinc e t h e righ t h and of t h e g o d held t h e cl u b an d
,

his left t h e b o w ; s o h e pierced th e t ip of his t ongu e ,

a n d repres e n t e d t h e pe o ple a s dr awn o n fr o m it an d t h e ,

o d t u rns a smiling c ou n t en a nce t o w ards t h o se wh o m h e

g
is le a ding N e w I s t oo d a l ong t ime l o oking a t t h e se
.

t hings an d w o ndered perp lexed a n d indign a n t

, ,
Bu t a .

c er t a in Celt s t a nding by w h o knew s o met hing ab ou t o u r

,

wa ys, a s he sh owe d by spe aking g o od Gr ee k a man —

w h o w a s qu i t e a phil o s o pher I t a ke it , in l o c a l m a t t e rs
,

s aid t o me S t r anger , I will t e ll y o u t h e secr e t of t h e

,

p a int ing for y o u se e m very mu ch t r o u bl e d a b ou t it We

, .

C el t s d o n o t c onsider th e p ower of speech t o be H e rmes ,

as o u Gr e eks d o , b u t we repr e sen t it by me a ns o f

y
H era cl e s, bec a u se he is mu ch s tr onger t ha n Herm e s .

N or sh ou ld y o u w ond e r a t his being repres e n t ed a s an

O l d m an for t h e p ow e r o f w o rds is w o n t t o sh o w it s per
,

fect ion in th e a g e d ; fo r y ou r p o e t s a re n o d o u b t righ t

when t hey say t h at t h e t h o u gh t s o f y ou ng men t u rn wi t h
every wind , a n d th at a g e h a s s o me thing wis er t o t ell u s
t h an y ou t h And s o it is t h at h o n e y p o u rs fro m t h e
.

t ong u e O f t h a t N es t or of y ou rs , an d t h e Tr oj an o ra t ors
16 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA N T HE O N .

s peak wi th a v o ice o f th e d e lic a cy o f th e lily a v o ice w ell ,

l
c overed , s o t o s ay , wi t h bl oom ; for t h e bl oom o f fl ow ers,
if my memory d o es n ot fa il me , h as t h e t erm lilies appli e d
t o it . SO if t his ol d m an Hera cles , t h e p ower o f spe e ch ,

dr aws men aft er him , t i e d t o his t ongu e by t h e ir ea rs ,

u h ave n o re a s o n t o w o nder , a s ou m u s t be a w a r e of
y o y
t h e cl o se c onnec t i o n be t w e en t h e e ars an d t h e t ongu e .

N or is t here an y in j u ry d one hi m by t hi s l att er being

pierced ; for I remember, s a id h e , le arni ng while a m ong
o u s o me c omic i a mbics t o t h e effec t t h at al l ch at t ering
y ,

f ell ows h a ve t h e t ong u e b ored a t th e t ip In a w ord .

,

we Cel t s are of O pini o n t h at H era cles himsel f perform e d

e v ery t hing by t h e p o w e r o f w o rds , as he w a s a wi se

fell ow, an d t h at m o s t of his c o mp ul si on w a s effe c t ed by

pers u a si on His we ap o ns , I t ake it , are his u tt erances ,
.

wh ich are sh arp an d well -a imed , swift t o pi erce t h e mind

an d u t oo s a t h a t w o rds h a ve wings Th u s fa r t h e
y o y .

Ce lt .

Acc ording t o thi s a cc ou nt , Ogmi o s, or t h e G a u lish

H era cles , w a s t h e p ers onific at i o n o f wh at th e Gr eek s
u nders t o o d by M y s : he w a s t h e o d o f sp e ech a n d a l l
g o

t h at c ond u c e d t o m ake speech a p o we rfu l a g e ncy el o —

u en ce an d wisd o m , t h e cr a f t O f H e rm e s a n d t h e v a ried
q ,

exp erience O f t h e t ra velled ol d man w h o h a d seen ma ny

pe opl e s an d visit e d m any l a nds N ow if we wished t o .

disc o v er t h e e qu iva l ent of O g mj os in t h e l a ngu a ges o f th e

1
I am n ot q u ite s u re th at c omp reh en d thi s al l u s i on t o
I th e
l il y ; b u t he re is t h e or ig i n al for t h o se w h o m ay O bj e c t t o b e i g n l ed
t
a s ray : Ka i O i y pn
’
ot o
‘
ra i 71
'
3V T p ai w v r ij v O n a T ij v A et p t deo v a v dcficda w
' '

T h e Wh o l e
'
A et p i a y dp Ka A eiT a t , c i y e p ép vnp a i , 7 d
' ' '
T w a

p ro l a li a i s N o 7 (pp 23 25 ) in Bek k er s e d iti o n , an d N O 5 5 (pp

.
— .
’
. .

5 98 — ’
600) in D in d o rf s ; e ra t s xt c from it w il l al s o be fou n d in Z eus s s ’

C
Gr a mma tica el tica , e d ed by E it b el pp 1 2 , .
,
.
 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT H E O N . 17

C e lt s of t h e Brit ish Isl ands , we sh ou ld h a ve t o su pp ose

t h e w o rd s u bmi t t e d t o t h e oper a t i on of ph o ne t ic pr o c e sses
s u ggest ed by ot her words in t h e ir respec t ive v o c a b u l aries
t h u s , a cc ording t o Old Irish ph o n o l o gy , t h e w ou ld g o a n d
t h e w ord m u s t app e a r a s Ogm a , a s ind ee d it d o es , while
in Welsh t h e ch a ng e s impli e d w ou ld b e rat her gr ea t e r
t h u s it w o u ld firs t bec o me O g mij os wi t h j , s ou nded lik e
English y in th e w ord y es , li able t o b e m o difi e d in t o d ,
o r t h e s o u nd O f th in t h e English w o rd th is ; m o re o ver ,

t h e c a se - t ermin at i o n m u s t g o , an d if t h e w o rd h app e n e d
t o h a ve s u rvived a m o ng t h e Welsh gl o sses o f t h e 9t h
‘ ’
cen tu ry it w ou ld h a v e be e n fo u nd wri t t e n O g mid or
,

‘ ’
O gm id . The next s t a ge w ou ld be r eprese nt ed wit h m
s o ft en e d t o v an d g t o 9h , s ou nded like 9 in t h e s o fte s t
pr onu ncia t i o n of t h e Germa n w ord s ag en, an d s o o n elid e d
a l t o g e t her, j u s t a s s a en n ot u nfrequ en t ly bec o m e s s a en
’‘

g
in c oll o qu ia l Germ a n , wit h a s li t t l e or l e ss tra c e o f th e
g u t t u ra l c ons on ant lef t a s in t h e English equ iv al ent s ay .

The u se O f th e wo rd is first a t t e s t ed in th e Bla ck B o ok o f

C a rm a rt hen , a Welsh m a nu scrip t of th e 12t h cen t u ry an d ,

t h e sp e lling h a s since t hen v a ried , a cc o rding t o t h e o r t h o

’ ’
graphy a dop t ed , fr o m ou it ow it, oug/ a , ovy d t o ofy a d which
, ,

is th e pr e sen t o r th o gra phy t h e pr o nu ncia t i on b e ing ap

,
‘ ’
pr oxim at ely ov ii d wi t h it s sec o nd v o wel n e arly like a
,

Germ an it T h e e xa ct me ani ng O f t h e w ord in t h e ea rli e s t

.

p a ss age s where it o cc u rs is n ot e a sy t o fix ; bu t t h at o f on e
’
skilled or versed in any t hing , a t e a cher or l e a der w ou ld ,
1 ’
s u i t t hem al l L at er t h e d u t i e s O f a n ov y d w er e s a id t o
.
,

‘ ’
be t o impr o ve an d m u l t iply kn owl e dge ; an d it is n ow th e
n ame of on e o f th e t hree kinds O f gra du a t es or pro fess ors

R hy s pp
1 ’
s L ect u res , . 293— 295 .

C
18 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA N T HE O N .

rec ogniz ed by th e E is t ed v o d, th e oth e r t w o being b ards

an d dr u ids Th u s if I pr e s ent e d mys elf a s a c andid at e
.

for a d e gree wit h o u t h aving an y cl a ims t o be c o nsid er e d

a h ard o r a dr u id , I sh ou ld in c a se I w a s n o t pl u ck e d by ,

t h e pr e siding dr u id an d his b a rdic a ss e ss ors a ss u me t h e ,

‘ ’
d e gr ee of O vy d t o ge ther wi t h a We lsh pr o p er n ame In
,
.

W e lsh t h e e qu ival ent O f t h e G au lish w ord O gmi o s h a s

a lwa ys rem a in e d an a ppell a t iv e b u t n o t s o in Irish wh e r e
; ,

Ogma fig u res a s t h e n a me O f on e o f t h e T u at h a D é Da na nu ,

a s t h e g o ds o f t h e G o id e lic p an t he o n a re c o ll e c t i ve ly

c a ll e d in Irish N or is t his all : h e is sign a liz e d in Irish

.

my th o l o gy a s th e invent o r o f writ ing t h a t is t o s a y o f ,

t h e Og a m a lph ab et ; fo r O gm a b e ing m u ch skill e d in

1
dia l e c t s an d in p o etry , it w as h e w e are t old w h o in , ,

v ent e d th e O ga m t o pr o vid e signs for s e cre t sp ee ch o nly

kn own t o t h e l earn e d an d d e s igne d t o b e k ep t fro m t h e
,

v u lg a r an d p o o r o f t h e n a t i o n T h e m o t ive a tt rib u t e d .

t o O g ma is an inv e n t i o n o f a c omp ara t iv e ly l a t e a g e for ,

t her e w a s n o t hing c ryp t ic a b o u t t h e Og a m a lph ab e t ; b u t

’
t h e a ll u si o n t o Ogma s skill in p o et r y a n d dia l e c t s is
imp ort an t e sp e ci ally a s t h er e w a s n ot o nly a m o d e o f
,

wri t ing c alled Ogam bu t a ls o a kind o f p ed ant ic ,

2
j a rg on which h ere t h at na me N e w Iri s h l e g e nd will .

h a v e it th at th e O ga m w a s so c all e d fr o m t h e n a me o f
O gm a which is e t ym o l o gic ally imp o ssibl e ; s o w e are
,

lef t t o c oncl u d e fro m th e rel a t i o n in which t h e wo rds

M r M A t k i n s o n (qu o ti n g from t h e I ri s h M S c al l e d t h e Boo k o f

1
. . .

Bal ly mo t e), in t h e Kit/cen ny Jo u r na l of t h e R oy a l H is t a n d A rch A s s . . .

of I rel a n d , for 18 7 4, p . 207 s ee al s o my L ect u res o n W . Ph i l . p . 293.

2 ’
O D o n o v an , I ris h Gr a m m a r, p . x l v ii j al s o t h e R ev . C el t . v ii
.

369-7 4, w h ere t h e t t
ru e n a u re o f a l arg e p rt
a of th e O gm ic j a r on
g h as
b een e xp l ai n ed for t h e fi rs t ti me by T h u rn ey sen .
20 1 . TH E GA UL I SH PA N T HE O N .

th e k e t ch O f Ogmi o s a s t h e O l d man H era cl e s O f th e

s

G au l s wh ose t alk a n d rea dy w it ch arm e d his h e ar ers

,
.

’
L u cia n s pic t u re en abl e s on e t o p ortr ay t o o n e s elf t h e
wrink l ed su n -b u rn t fa c e o f th e tr a v ell e d ol d man w h o
, ,

p o u r e d fort h t h e s tre a m of his irr e sis t ibl e e l o qu enc e whil e ,

h is e y e fl a s h e d wi t h d e ligh t an d kindly in t er e s t L u ci a n .

s a ys t h a t h e t u rn e d t o wa rds his willing c a p t iv e s wi t h a

smiling fa c e a n d w e h a ve t h e s a m e t ou ch pr e serv e d in
,

t h e Iri s h l e g e nd wh en it c a lls t h e h er o O g ma Gr ia n
,
1
a inech o r Ogm a o f t h e Shining C o u n t e n a nc e
,
T he .

c o mb ining of t h e a ttrib u t e s o f H era cl e s an d H e rm e s in

o n e p e rs on a g e which p u zzl e d t h e Gr e e k t r a v ell e r w a s
, ,

n o p as sing whim o f t h e G a u ls T h e vi ew t a k e n o f t h e .

o d by t h e C e l t s w a s e v en m o r e c o mp r eh e nsiv e for w e
g ,

find him in Ir el and w ea ring n ot o nly th e ch ar a c t er o f

inv e nt o r of th e Oga m a lph ab et bu t als o t h a t o f champi o n ,

of t h e T u a t h a D é D a n an n .

APO LL O .

This g o d is pl a ced b ef or e u s by Ca e sa r simply in t h e

ch ara ct e r o f a r ep ell er o f dis ea s e s A pp ol l inem mor bos —

d ep ellere- an d n o t in t h a t of t h e s u n -g o d h e w a s b e li e v e d
by t h e Gr eeks t o b e N e verth el es s it will be s ee n a s
.
,

w e p r o c ee d t h at s o m e o f t h e G au li s h divini t i e s e qu a t e d ,

wi t h him o n c ert a in of t h e m on u m ent s of G au l a n d o t h er

p a r t s o f t h e C el tic w o rld app ea r t o l a y a j u st cl a im t o be
,

a a r f u n -
r eg rd e d s fo m s o t h e s g o d B u t t o c o m e t o t h e .

m on u m en t s t h ems elv e s an a l t a r f o u nd a t a pl ac e n ea r
,

An n e cy in H au t e S a vo i e t e s t ifi e s t o t h e w orship o f a
1
The Kilh enn y Jo u rna l fo r 18 7 4 ,
p . 229, an d my L ectu r es o n Wl e sh

Ph il . p 293 w h er I h av e ren d ered

.
,
e Gr ia n-
a inech — l es s c orr ctl y
e ,
as I
now thi nk s u n -f c ed a .
’
 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N . 21

G au lish Ap oll o c alled Virot u t es or Virot fi s The in scrip .

t i o n is imperfe c t a n d n ow re a ds only : A p o ll in i Virot u t i

,
1

T R u t il (iu s ) Bu ricu s We h ave n o fu r ther in form a t i o n

. .

a b ou t t his o d , an d it is u nf o rt u n a t e t h a t t h e in t e rpr e t a
g
t i o n o f his G a u lish n a me or epi t h e t is a m at t er O f m er e
c onj e c t u re I t s e ems h owever pre tt y eviden t t h at it
.
, ,

is a c omp ou nd o f which t h e first p ar t viro m ay be th e

G au lish e qu ivalent of t h e L at in verus W elsh g i oir Irish , ,
‘ ’
f i r ,
t r u e ,
o r e ls e o f L a t in vir,
W e lsh g w r O Irish f ,er
,
.

‘ ’
a m an The pr eferenc e , if giv e n t o t h e l a t t e r w ou ld
.
,

s u ggest t h at t h e epi t h et m ay h av e m ea n t m an -he aling o r

m an -pr o t ec t ing an d t h u s on e migh t be l e d t o exp e c t in
,

t h e sec o nd e l e m e n t of t h e n a m e o f t h e g o d a G a u lish
w ord r el a t ed in p oin t o f origin an d m eaning t o t h e L a t in
‘
tu tor, pr ot ec t o r or defend er bu t t h e v o c a b u l ary O f
m o d ern C el t s fa ils t o render u s an y a id in t his m at te r
a ll t h a t c an b e s a id is t h a t t h e re is n o e vid e nc e t h a t s u ch
,

a w o rd a s w e w a n t did n o t exis t in G a u lish .

Bey ond t h e b ou nd aries O f th e All obro ges , t h e G au lish

Ap oll o app ears t o h a v e b ee n kn own a l l o v er t h e C el t ic
w orld , an d he b ore several n a m e s , o f which t h e m o st
imp ort an t were Map on o s , Grann o s a n d T o u t iOrix Thr e e .

inscrip t i ons in h on ou r of Ap oll o Map on o s h av e b ee n

2

disc over e d in t h e n or th O f Engl a nd a n d in on e o f t h e m , ,

fou nd near Ains t abl e , in C u mb erl and , he is c a lled D eu s

M ap onus , wi th o u t a n y a ll u si on t o Ap oll o F or t u n a t ely .

t h e n a me M ap on oe o ffers n o diffic u l t y : it is t h e s am e
‘
w ord a s th e ol d We lsh map on n ow ma bon b oy or m a le , ,
’
chi ld which o cc u rs for ex a mpl e , in a W e lsh p oe m in
, ,

t h e B ook o f T al ies s in a m an u scri pt o f t h e 1 3th c en t u ry

,

1
R ev . Cel t . i v 25
. .
2
H u b n er,
N os 218 , 332, 1345
. .
22 1 . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT H E O N .

it is t here applied t o th e infant Jesu s in a p a ssage des crib

1
ing th e c o ming O f th e Ma gi t o him at B ethleh e m Thu s .

it s ee ms cert a in t h a t s o me o f t h e Cel t s wo rshi pped an

A p oll o wh o m t h e y described a s an inf ant , an d t his is
b o rne ou t by a grou p O f inscrip t i ons at t h e ot h e r ext remi t y
o f t h e Cel t ic w o rld o f a nt iqu i t y : I a ll u de t o t h e a nci e n t

pr o vinc e o f D aci a , a n d especi ally C arlsb u rg an d it s n e igh

2
b ou rh oo d , in Transylva ni a wh e re we find hi m s t yl e d ,

D eu s B onu s P u er B osp h oru s A p o l lo Py th ius , B on us P u er

P osp h orus or B on us D eus P u er B osp h orus O ur Map on o s .

is in al l pr ob abili t y t h e B onus P uer a tt est ed by t h ese

inscrip t i ons .

We c o me n ow t o th e n am e Gran no s : it o ccu rs in t h e
dist ric t s form erly inh abit ed by B elgic t ribes an d in th e
b a sin of t h e Rhine Grannas is pr ob ably t o be referred
.

‘
t o t h e s a m e origin a s t h e S a nskri t v e rb g h a r, t o g l o w,
‘ ’
b u rn shin e h h rn i h t gl w s u nshin
, g rn a
, g ,
ea ,
o ,
e
,
’ ’
L it h u ani an z eréti, t o gl o w English g lea m in p oint O f
‘
,

form Gra nnos w o u ld ex a c t ly c o rresp ond t o t h e S a nskrit

,

W o rd h -
s a lr dy m n t i n d b t t h f rm r h d
g rn a ea e o e ,
u e o e a

pr ob ably t h e fo rc e of an a dj e c t ive , c onv eying m u ch t h e

‘ - ’
s am e me aning a s t h e p osp horus , ligh t bringing, in th e
Da ci a n inscrip t i o ns N or ind ee d d o es t h e c o rr e sp o nd e nc e
.

b et wee n t h e m en d h ere ; for we find t h at an inscrip t i o n

fr o m t h e n e ighb ou rh o o d O f Ho rb u rg in th e Hau t -Rhin , ,

c a lls t h e g o d A p oll o Gra nna s Mog ounus 3

Bu t th e in t e r
. .

re t a t ion o f t h e w o rd M o ou nu s c o mp e ls m e t o t r o u ble
p g
o u wi t h s om e m ore gl o tt o l o gic a l d e t a ils which I will
y ,

1 ’
S ee S k en e s Fou r A n cien t B oo ks f
o Wl a es , 11 . 174 .

2
T h e B erl in C
or
p us, iii . N os 1 130, 1 132, 1 133, 1 136, 1137 , 1 138
. .

3 Bramb ach , N o 1 915 . .

 1 . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N . 23

p u t as bri e fly p o ssibl e : in t h e first pl a ce we cl ea rly

as ,

h a ve in M og oun us , fro m which is deriv e d by o n e or t w o

fu r th e r st eps t h e well -kn o wn pl a c e -na me M og u n tia cum ,

fro m t h e sh or te r form O f which , M og un tia or M og on tia ,

are derived it s m o dern repr e s e n t a t ives French M ay e nc e ,

an d Germ a n M a inz The origin a l G au lish c o m e s d o u b t l e ss

.

- ’
fro m t h e sa m e s o u rc e a s t h e Irish f or ma ch in cr ea s e
‘
, ,
’
-
tor mag or tor ma ch , - ‘
incre a s e th e act of a dding t o,

L at in mag nus gr eat G erman mog en, ma ch t ; English

' ’

may mig h t an d ma in
,
Bu t w ords of t his o rigin v a ry
.

wid ely in p o in t o f me a ning in t h e diffe r e n t Arya n

l angu a ges an d on e gro u p o f t h e m s u ppli e s e xpr e ssi o n
,

fo r t h e id e a o f a y o u t h w h o is gr o wing o r h a s j u s t
gro w n t o t h e migh t an d vig o u r of m a nh oo d : s o met im e s
a t r a nsi t i o n fr o m t his me a ning t akes pl a c e t o t h a t o f a

b o y o r y ou n g m a n a s a servan t or sl a v e m u ch a s in t h e ,
’
c a s e o f w s bec o ming t h e Fr ench a n d English p ag e
a i tov
,

’
u ng m an
‘
or t h e Welsh w as y o u sed m o s t ly n o w in
g , ,

t h e s ens e O f s e rv a n t The w ords in p o int fr o m th e s t e m

.

’
mag a re s u ch a s t h e G o t hic mag u b oy ma vi (for mag vi )
‘
, , ,

girl t h e ol d Irish mug (genit ive mog a ) serva nt o r ‘

,

- ’
sl a v e W elsh meu dwy , a h e rmit lit er a lly s ervus D ei ;
‘
,
’
C o rnish ma n a l a d or s e rva nt ; Br et o n ma ou ez a
‘
, ,
‘

’
w o man . Kin d r e d w ords are a ls o cep iou s in t h e Ary a n
l angu a g e s of t h e E a st , bu t t heir div e rg ence o f m eanin g
is very rem arkable : t hu s S a nskri t , dwelling o n an ot her
kind of incr ea se O f st reng t h or imp o rt a nc e pre sen t s u s ,
’
wi t h a v o c able mag h a , m ea nin g ‘
a gif t o r r e w a rd an d

mag /i a va n which mea ns fr e ely giving a giv er

,
‘
s a id , ,

esp e ci ally of on e w h o r e wa rds pri e s t s a n d mins t rels wit h

O ff e rings : t h e s a me t w o w o rds e xis t e d als o in Z end ,

b u t in t h a t l a ng u a ge t hey re t a in e d a m or e anci en t
24 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT H E O N .

mean ing ,
mag a sed in th e sens e of size or ma g
b e ing u

n it u d e an d ma a c un in t h a t of a y o u ng m an w h o is
, y
gro wn u p bu t n ot m arri e d, a b a ch el or This brings .

m e b a ck t o M og ounus since mag a va n c orr e sp o nds wi t h ,

it le t t er for le t t er e xc ep t ing only t h e d e cl ensi o n ; an d

t his differ e nce is pr ob a bly d u e t o M og ounus being only
kn ow n t o u s a s u sed in a L a tin inscrip t i on .

Wh at ever m ay b e t h ou ght O f t his c onj e ct ur e th e anal o gy ,

o f t h e w o rds we h ave j u s t ex a mined brin gs u s r o u nd

a g ain t o m u ch t h e s a me ide a which w e f ou nd u nd erlying

t h e w ord M ap on o s n a m e ly , t h at o f a b oy or y ou t h ; an d
,

I h a v e v ery lit t le d ou b t in my mind t hat A p ollo Gra nn us

M og ou nus e xpress e d very cl o s e ly t h e s a m e m e aning which
we f ou nd r end e r e d by t h e words Pu er B osp h orus A p ollo
in t h e D a ci an inscrip t i ons which h a ve alr ea dy be e n r e fe r
red t o As t h e dispenser of light an d warmt h , Ap o ll o
.

m a d e hims el f t h e r ep ell er of disea se an d it is qu i te in ,

k eeping wit h t h is t h at t h e g o d is f oun d t o h a v e b ee n

n ot inf r e qu e n t ly a ss o ci a t ed wi t h sp ot s c e l e br at ed fo r t h e ir

minera l or warm springs , su ch a s A i x -l a -Cha p ell e o r

A a ch en t h e R om an n am e of which w a s Aqu ae Gran n i
,
.

Severa l other pl a ces d eriv e t h e ir n am e fr om him su ch ,

1
a s G raux , in t h e V o sg e s , wh e r e an in scrip t i o n in his
h o n ou r w a s disc ov ered ; a n d a s t h e st r ea m c all e d E au x
2
Grau nn es, which r e ceive s t h e h ot wa t ers of Pl o mbi er e s
in t h e Vo sg e s ; an d a s Gra nheim n e ar M e ng e n in Wii r , ,

t emb e rg a sp o t in o r n ea r which a n o t h er t able t t o Gr a n

,
3

n o s w a s fou nd L a st ly , D i o n C a ssiu s t ells u s, lxxvii 1 5,

. .

1
R ev . Cel t . iv 1 34 ; M em d e l a S oc
.
'

. . roy a l e d es A n tiqu a ires de

Fra n ce v . p xxii
. .

2
R ev . Cel t . iv 1 44
. .
3 T he B erl in C o rp u s, iii . NO . 58 6 1 .
 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N . 25

h ow Grann u s w as inv oked a s t h e equ al of Aesc u l apiu s

a n d S e r a pis by C ar a c a ll a .

Ap oll o Grann os a s a g o d of medicinal springs c ann ot

1
be sever e d fro m t h e Ap o ll o Borv o O f an inscrip t i on a t
B ou rb o nn e -les -B a ins in t h e Hau t e -Marn e , which re a ds
,

D eo A p ol lini B orvoni e t D uman a c, &c The m on u ment s .

sh o w t h e n a me t o h ave h a d severa l fo rms : B orvo an d

B ormo a re s a id t o be a tt es t ed in c e n t ra l F ra nce , B orma nu s
2 ’
in Pro v e nce an d B orma nicus in Sp ain ; while t h e g o d s
,

a ss o ci a t e is in s o m e ins t a nces c all e d B orma n a Thu s t o .

,

r et u rn t o t h e l and of th e All obr o ges , o n e inscrip t i o n a t

Aix -les -B a ins in S a v o ie , h a s b een re a d : O n E p piu s
,
.

C u t icu s B or u (t ) v (ov era t ) s (o l v it ) l (iben s ) m (erit o) ;

.

a n d anoth e r : M L icin (iu s ) R u se B o rm u (t ) v (ov era t )

. .

(
s ol v it
) ( l ib en s
) (
m eri t o
) I n b o t h o f t hese i t. w o u ld be

n at u ra l t o reg a rd B or a n d B orm as st anding for B or

m ano, u nless t h e prefer e nc e were t o be given in on e o r
b ot h t o t h e fem ale divinit y in which c a se t h e fu ll f orm ,

w ou ld be Borman ae For it is c ert a in at an y rat e t h at

.

in a n ot her p ar t of t h e A l l obrog ic l and t his g o dd e ss h ad a

t empl e n a mely , a t S a in t -
, Vu lbaz , f orm erly c a ll e d S a in t
B o urh a z , n ea r B elley , in t h e Ain where a n a lt ar re a ds ,

Borman ae A u g (u st a e ) s a cr (u m ) C apri(i) A t ra t inu s

( ) ( ) () ( ) ( )
e t Sabin ian u s d e s u o d an t
3
The t w o B o rman u s .
,

a n d B orman a were w o rshipped a t Aix - en -D i o is in t h e

, ,

dep a rt ment o f t h e Dr O m e ; while a t Bou rbon -L an cy (Sa 6n e

et- L o ire) t h e p a ir b ore t h e n a mes B ormo an d D a mona , a s
w e ll a s B aruo an d D a mona , a s at B ou rb onne les B a ins - - 4
.

m inera l es d e l a Ga u l e (Pari s,
1 ’ ’
Grepp o s E a ux th erma l es ou

p . 29 .

2
Val l en t in , R ev out iv 446 . . . .
3
I bi d iv 6. 9
. . .

4
Grepp o, p . 56 .
26 1 . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N .

Am ong ot her pl a c e s , t h e g o d h a s l ef t hi s
B ou r na me to
- ’
b on l A r ch a mbau l t O f t h e Alli e r
in t h e d ep art ment ,
,

whenc e t h e B o u rb on s d erive t heirs T h e e xa c t rel ati on .

bet wee n t h e kindr e d forms B oroo an d B ormo, t o g et h er

w it h B orma nus an d B orma na is n ot very cl ear ; bu t it is ,

B orvo , a n d n ot B ormo t h a t is re -ech oe d by t h e Fr e nch

,

B ourbon, B ourbonne an d it is B orvo t h a t h a s it s refl e x

,
’

in t h e v o c a b u lary of t h e C e l t s O f mo dern t imes : I allu d e

t o t h e We lsh berw ,
’ ’
‘
a b o iling , berw i, t o b o il ; I rish
‘

‘ ’
berba im, I b o il c o ok, sm el t which are of t h e s ame
, ,

o rigin a s t h e L a t in fervere an d f ervére

’
‘
t o b o il or t o b e ,
’
b o i l ing h ot I t d o es n o t a ppe a r why t h e G au lish w o rd
.

w as B o rvo r a t h er t h an B ervo bu t t h e r e c an be n o seri ou s ,

d ou b t a s t o t h e cl o se kinshi p o f t h e words m ent i o ne d o r ,

t h e fa c t t h at t h e g o d r e c e ived his n a m e in a ll u si o n t o
t h e h ot springs o ver t h e b u bbling v o l u m e O f which h e
w a s s u pp o s e d t o pr e sid e Wh et her h e w a s origina lly .

id ent ica l wi th t h e G au lish Ap o llo it is imp o ssible t o say ,

b u t ev e n in c a se he w a s h e c o m e s b ef o r e u s in m o st o f
,

t h e inscrip t i ons c onsi de ra bly dis enga g e d fro m t h e G a u lish

Ap oll o as ma y be gat here d fr o m his ha ving a dist inc t
,

a ss o ci at e Borm an a o r Da m on a Bu t o n t h e o th e r h a nd a , ,
.

p assa ge in one of th e P an e gyrics O f E u m eni u s is su pp o s e d

t o r ef er t o t h e h ot springs of B ou rb o n -L a n ey : t h e a u t h o r
w ou ld s e em t o t reat Ap o ll o a s t h e chi ef divi n i t y O f t h e
pl a ce , a n d h e d e scrib e s h im a s p u nishing p erj u ry by
m eans o f th e b o iling st r ea ms t h ou gh t h e m o nu ment s
1
,

fou nd r ef errin g t h e r e t o B orv o or B orm o m ak e n o a llu

’
si on t o Ap oll o s ow n na me .

1
E u men ii P a negy r icus C o ns ta n t in o D i ctus , xxi ,
x x 1j
(in Mi n e s
g
’

Pa t ro l og ia , v ii j see c o l . 637 -
8) Gre pp o , pp . 5 1, 5 2 ; R ev . Cel t . 1V .

144 .
28 1 . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N .

t h at t h e n a me S ir on a r e ferred to t h e go ddes s as on e w h o
w a s held t o be a g e d a n d l o ng -
liv e d This may be c o rr o .

1
b ora t ed by a r el a t e d Iri s h n a m e, Siorn a Sa og h l a ch m en ,

t ion e d in t h e my thic his t o ry o f Ir e l a nd : t h e e pit h et

S a og hl a ch m e ans l o ng- liv e d bu t it w a s pr o b ably a dd e d on
,

a s an af t e r - t h ou ght for S iorna m ay h a v e alr ea dy c onv e y e d

,

t h e s a me m e a ning ; a t a n y r at e S iorna m ay b e r e garde d, ,

a cc o rding t o t h e o rdin a ry r u l e s o f Irish ph o n ol o gy , a s

r epr e s ent ing an early C el tic fo rm Sironj os T h e p ers o n ,

.

c a ll e d Siorna is said t o h a v e b ee n e nga g e d in t h e g o v ern

m ent of Irel a nd fo r a cent ur y an d a h a lf ; an d his ent ir e
life t im e m ay b e r e ck on e d a s c onsid erably l ong er I .

’
v ent u re a cc ordin gly t o r e g ard Siorn a s na me a s gl o ss e d
by Sa o gh l a ch or l ong -live d an d t o t r eat t h e g o ddess,

’
Siron a s n a m e in a simil a r m a nn e r Th u s w e seem t o .

h a v e in t h e C el t ic Ap oll o an d Sir ona th e e ver-y o u ng s u n

o d an d an o l d g o dd e ss : t h e p a ir invi t e c o mp a ris o n wi t h
g
t h e y ou ng Ap o ll o o f t h e Gr eeks an d hi s m o th e r L e t o ;
bu t Gr e ek my th o l o gy sh e ds n o d e ci d ed ligh t on t h e a g e d
n e ss of t h e m ot h e r a s r epre s ent ed by G a u lish rem a ins .

T h e s a me r e m a rk appli e s t o wh at I t ak e t o be t h e e qu i
v al en t s in W e lsh my t h o l o gy, o f which a w o rd m u st n o w

be said ; for it h a s a lre a dy be en m en t i o n e d t h at Map on o s

is in W e lsh ma bon bu t it sh o u ld be a dd e d t h at it als o
o cc u rs a s a p ro p e r n a m e in t h e W e lsh s t ory o f Ku l h w ch

a n d O lwen t o b e m o r e c o rr e c t on e sh o u ld sa y t h a t t h e
; ,

pr op er n a m e w a s M a bon ma b M odran or M ab o n s on of
‘

1
S ee T h e A n na l s o
f th e K ing d o m of I rel a n d [c o m pi l e d ,
in t h e 17 t h
c en t ur
y ,
b y t h e Fo u r M as t ers ,
ited by O D o n o v (s ec n d edi
an d ed
’
an o

ti o n, D ubl i n , a w o k w hich w i l l b i efly b e re f

r ed t o a s t h e
r e rr

‘
Fo u r M as t ers in ’
t h e res t o f t hi s v o l u me] A M 4003 401 9 4020 , . .
, , ,
 1 . TH E C A UL I SH PA NT HE O N . 29

’
M o dron ’
The l at t er w a s t h e m o ther s n ame , an d is a
.

w o rd of t h e s a me o rigin a s t h e L a t in ma trO na t h ou gh it ,
’
w ou ld h a ve s ou nded in e a rly C el t ic ma trbna which a s , ,

t h e n a me o f t h e river in Fr a nc e n ow c a ll e d by a sh o r t ,

e ned fo rm o f t h e w o rd , t h e A l a r m , w a s i t s pr o n u nci a

t i on . O n e c a nn o t h elp s u spec t ing t h at in M a b o n a n d

M o d ron t h e fa t her s n a me is never m ent i o n e d w e h a ve
— n
’ —

’
t h e ex a c t e q u iv a len t s o f Gran n o s an d S ir on a , a n d one s
c u ri o si t y is a t o nce r ou s e d t o inqu ir e wh a t Welsh li t era

t u re h a s t o s ay a b ou t t h e fo rmer We a re h o we ver, .
,

d o o med in p ar t t o disa pp o in t m e nt : t h e few a ll u si o ns t o

M o d ron a re s o O bsc u r e t h a t t h e y h a ve n ot y et s u cc e ed e d
in t ea chi n g u s a ny thing d e fini t e a s t o h er a t trib u t es ; b u t
t h e s t ory o f Ku l h w ch t e lls u s t h e f o ll o wing t hings a b o u t
h er s on H e w a s a gr eat h u n t e r w h o h a d a w o nderfu l
.
,

h o u nd an d r o d e o n a s t e e d swift a s a wa ve o f t h e s ea
,

when h e w a s t hre e nigh t s O l d he w a s s t o l e n fro m be t we en

his m other an d t h e wall , n o on e kn e w whit her : nu mber
less a ges l a t er, it w as a scer ta in e d by Ar th u r t h a t he w a s
in a s to ne pris o n a t Gl o u c e s t er u t t ering h ear tr e nding ,
’
gr oa ns an d u nd e rg oing t rea t ment wi t h which Ap oll o s
b ond a ge in t h e h ou se o f Adm e tu s c ou ld n ot c omp ar e in
s e v e ri t y : Ar t h u r an d his men s u cceeded in r e l ea sing h im

t o eng a ge in t h e my t hic h u n t o f T w rch T rw y t h t h a t

1
c ou ld n ot t ake pl a c e wi t h ou t him : an d l a st ly h e dis t in ,

u is h e d himself by riding in t o t h e wa t ers o f t h e Bris t o l

g
Ch a nn e l a f t er T w rch T r w y t h an d desp o iling h im of o n e
2
o f his t rink e t s .

1
T h e T ex t f
o th e M a bin og ion & c f ro m t h e R ed
, .
, B o ole f
o H erg es t ,

ed it e d by R h y s E v an s (O xf o rd , pp . 1 24, 1 31-2 .
[T hi s te xt
w i ll h e fter b e f Gu es t
’
rea re e rred to as R . B bl
. ah
] s Al a binog io n, ij .

28 7 -8 , 300-1 .

2
R . B Mab
. . p . 141 ; Gu es t, ii 315 . .
30 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA N T HE O N .

The third epi the t o f th e g o d which h as b een ment i oned

w a s t h at o f T ou t iorix , which o cc u rs in a n inscrip t i o n a t
1
Wi e sb ad en c on t a ini ng t h e d a t ives A p ollini T ou tiorig i .

Tha t n eighb ou rh oo d y ou will n o t ic e is a ls o c el ebra t e d

, ,

for it s w at e rs a n d t h e int e res t a t t a ching t o t h e w o rd

,

T o u t iorix is o u t o f a ll pr op o r t i o n t o it s singl e o cc u rrence .

I t can o nly m ean king o f t h e pe opl e , which a s appli e d t o

t h e g o d r e minds o n e of t h e r 61e o f Ap oll o in t h e his t o ry
o f t h e H e ll enic r a c e t h at ga v e him t h e t i t les o f l ea d e r a n d
,

fou nder ipxny ém K n i

— c s,
'

j
r ia r
‘
The n ame T o u t iorix ,
s, O Kt O T r s
'

for which on e w ou ld h a v e e xp e c t e d T o u t orix h a s it s ,

m o d ern r epre s en tat iv e in t h e W elsh T a dri O l d W e lsh ,

T u tri : it is a ls o w ell kn o wn a m o ng T e u t o nic n a t i o ns fr o m

t h e t im e of S t r a b o , w h o gives it a s A 86p 5 whil e By z an ev a ,

t ine au t h ors pr ef erred e sép x or G Séc an d L a t in

ev
; i os eo os

writ e rs s u pply u s wit h T h eodorieus wh ence t h e form ,

u s u a l in Engli s h b oo ks T h eodoric which c o m e s pret t y

, ,

n ea r t h e Angl o -S a x o n sp elling T h eodric T h e c orr e

’
.

Sp on d in g High Germ a n is D ietrich s o w e ll kn o wn a s ,

t h a t o f D i et rich o f B e rn wh er e B e rn is th e G erm a n f or
,

Ve ron a N o w t h e gr eat hist o ric al T eu t on of this n ame

.

w a s a r e m a rk abl e king o f t h e Os t r o g o t hs an d c o nqu er o r ,

o f I t a ly in t h e 5t h c e n t u ry : Ver o n a w a s on e o f his h ea d

qu art ers Bu t it is fo u nd t h at wi t h his hist o ry s o mu ch

.

u nhis t o ric a l m a t t e r h a s b ee n inc o rp or a t ed t h a t m o d ern ,

a u t h o rs u s u a lly dis t ing u ish be t w ee n t h e his t o ric a l ma n

a s The o d o ric t h e G re a t an d a my t hic a l p e rs o n a ge t o

,

wh o m t h e n a me D i et rich v o n B ern is l eft Ma ny at t emp t s .

h av e b e en ma de t o dis en t angl e th e legends fro m t h e hi s

1
Bramb ach , N O . 1529 .
 1. TH E GA UL I SH PA N T HE O N . 31

1
t orical p or t ions o f t h e s tory of t h e Te u t o nic c onqu er or ;
bu t it h a s nev e r been s at isfa c t orily sh o wn why s u ch a n d
su ch my thic s t o ries sh ou ld h a v e att a ched t hemselves t o
t his p a rt ic u l a r m an The inscrip t i o n a llu d e d t o yi elds
.

t h e k ey : t h e hi s t o ric a l Te u t o n h ere on e o f t h e n a m e s o f
t h e G a u lish Ap o ll o, an d t h e ev e nt u a l c onf u si o n o f my t h
a n d his t o ry w a s t h e reby m a de ea sy This is b o rn e ou t .

by t h e genera l similari t y be t ween t h e my thic s ta t e m e n t s

m a d e a b ou t D i et rich a n d w h at is kn o wn in Cel t ic li t e
r a t u re a b o u t Cel t ic su n -g o ds Am ong ot h e r t hings m ay .

be men t io ned his riding lik e M ab on int o t h e s ea af t e r , ,

a n enemy , w h o w a s o nly e n a bled t o esc a pe by t h e in t e r

v en t io n o f a m e rm a id , w h o w a s his anc e s t ress As o n e .

’
O f D i e t rich s s o l a r p e c u li a ri t i e s m a pr o b a bly be m e n
y
t ion e d his bre a t hing fire wh e never h e w a s m a de a ngry ;
an d like m o r e t h a n o n e o f t h e C e l t ic s u n -
,
h er o es h e is ,

m a d e t o figh t wit h gi ant s an d all m a nn e r of wild b ea s t s .

O n e of t h e l o c a lit i e s a ss o ci at ed wi t h his s t o ry is t h e well

kn own D ra ch enf e ls ab o v e B onn n or is it b e sid e t h e m ark
t o m en t i o n t h a t Ver o n a w a s t h e n ame n ot o nly o f a ci t y
2
in I t aly bu t als o o n e o f t h e a ncien t n a mes o f B onn a
, ,

t own which is lik e Wiesb a d e n , si tu at e d in t h e n e igh

,

b ou rh oo d of t h e Rhin e I t h a s p u zzled his t o ri a ns

.

t h a t Th eo d oric t h e gra ndes t figu re in t h e his t o ry of

,

t h e migra t i o n o f t h e Te u t o nic pe oples , sh o u ld a ppe a r

1
O ne o f t h e m os t c t
re e n i
w r t ers on t hi s s u bj ect is Wi l h el m M u ll er ,

in h is M y th o l og ie d er d eu ts ch en H el d ensag e (H e i l b ro n n , pp .

1 48 — 1 8 9 an d a su cci n ct acc ou n t o f t h e o ri g i n a l l it era t u re e m b o dy i g n

th e D i e t ich l eg en d w i ll be fo u n d in K a l Mey er s D ietrich ssa g e (Bas l e

r r
’
,

pp 4 9 .
—
.

2
W M ii l l er p 1 8 6 ; J h rbiic her d es Vereins von A l terth umsf reun
.
, . a

d en im R h ein l a nd e i 1 2— 21 x iij l , .
,
. .
32 1 . TH E GA UL I SH PA N T HE O N .

in th e N ib el u ng e n L ied , gre a t king an d c on n ot as a

eror o n his o w n a cc o u nt , bu t m er ely a s a f a i t hf u l

q u

squ ir e o f t h e t errible At t il a wh o s e e mpire h a d in fa c t ,

1
cru mbl e d in t o d u st b e for e t h e bi rt h O f Th eo d oric But .

fro m t h e my th o l o gic a l p o in t of vi e w t h e su b o rdin a t e ,

p o si t i on a scribed t o The o d o ric is qu it e c orr e ct an d it ,

’
s e rv e s t o sh ow h ow pr o fo u ndly th e m an s his t o ry h a s
been infl u enced by th e l e g end o f th e C e l t ic g o d .

MA R S .

The next g o d t o be m en t i o ned in t h e ord er a d op t e d

by C a e sar is Ma rs ; an d an inscrip t i o n a t Ch ou gny n ea r ,

G e n e va , e qu at e s wi t h him a G au li sh g o d c a ll e d C a t u rix .

I t r e a ds t h u s : M a rt i C a t u r(ig i) s a cr(u m ) p ro s al u t (e ) ,

e t in col u m it at e D Va l erii
( ) Am ()
a ti S
. ex ,
.

N ig rin u s v (o t u m ) s (o l v it ) l (ib en s ) m (e rit o ) 2

This f orm .

’
o f t h e g o d s n a m e is r e nd e r e d c e r t a in by t h a t o f a n i n

scrip t i o n a t S t u t t g ard t in Wii rt e mb erg in which M a r ti ,

? i
C a tu r igi s wr i t t e n in f u ll a n d by a t hi rd ins t a nc e
’
, ,

n am e ly , on e f ou nd in t h e n eighb ou rh o o d of Yv erd o n in
4
Swi t z erl and T h e w o rd C at u rix is a c o mp o u nd m eanin g
.
,

t h e kin g o f w ar or l o rd o f b a tt l e fr o m c a tu which is in , ,
‘ ’ ‘ ’
W el s h ca d an d in Irish oa th a b a tt l e an d ri x a king
, , , , ,

in W elsh rhi an d in Irish ri genit ive rig : t h e c o gna t e s O f ,

b o th wo rds are s o fa mili a r th at I n e ed n o t e nu me ra t e

t h em T h e pl u ral C a tu riges w a s th e well -
. kn own n am e

1
S ee H o dgk n s i ’
I ta l y a nd h er I nva d ers (O xfo r d, i ij 341.

2
R ev . Cel t . iv 10 ;
. Momms en , I ns c . H el vet . N o 7 0 ; A l l m er,
. 1 ij .

25 5 .

3
Bra m b ach , N O . 15 8 8 .

4
D e Bo n s t ett en , R eceuil d A
’ ’
n tigu ites s u iss es (Berne ,
pp . 35, 37 .
 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N . 33

of a G au lish p eo ple ; an d t rans fe rre d t o t h e ir t o wn, it is ,

n o w c o n t in u ed in t h e a bbrevi a t ed f o r m o f C h arg es T he .

T e u t onic n a me of t h e s ame e t y mol o gy w a s c o mm o n a s

t h a t o f a m a n , an d in fa c t is s t ill s o wit ness t h e Angl o
S ax o n H ea d oric th e m o dern Ger man H e drich , an d ot her
,

v ariat i o ns of t h e sa me c o mp ou nd .

An other A l l obro g ic inscrip t i on gives th e G a u lish M ars

an ot h er n am e : a n a l t a r fo u nd a t C u l o z n e ar B ell e y , ,

in t h e dep ar t m e nt o f Ain re a ds : N (u min i ) Au g(u s t o ) ,

D e o M a r t i Se g o mon i D u n at i C a ssi a S a t u rnin a e x v o t (o ) , ,

v (o t u m ) s (o lnit ) l (ib en s ) m(e ri t o ) 1

Se g o m o is kn o wn .

2
t o u s by o t h e r inscrip t i o ns a t Arint h o d in t h e Ju ra a t ,

3 4
C o n t es ne a r N ice , a t L y o ns a n d a t Nu it s in t h e C O t e ,
’ ’
d O r .T h e g o d s n a me is f ou nd a ls o in Ir e l a nd ; for
wi t h t h e w ord net ta (in l at er I rish n a g eni t ive a ia th
i 5
,
‘
o r n ia dh a ch a mpi o n o r
,
it forms th e p er
s on al n ame N etta -S eg a mona s , which ma y b e r e nd e red
’ ’
P rop ug n a toris S eg omon is , (of ) Se g o m o s Ch a mpi on
‘
It .

w a s a kind O f n a m e v ery c ongeni a l t o a nci e nt Irish id e a s ,

6
a n d it o cc u rs in t hr ee dis t inc t Oga m inscrip t i ons in t h e
1
R ev . Cel t . i v 1 1 ; R ev A
. . rch éol ogiqu e ix . 315 .

2
R ev . Cel t . i v 1 1 ; M o n n i er, A n n ua ire d a Ju ra fo r 18 52,
. p l at e 1,
w i h ch I h av e n o t b e en a bl e t o c o n s u l t .

M em de l a S o c d es A d e Fra n c e xx
’
3
. . nt . . 5 8 -9 .

4
Gru t er, l v iii 5 . .

5
R hys , L ec tu res , p . 395 S t o k es , C e l ti c D ec l en s ion , w hich pp eared
a

firs t i n xi o f Be e berger s B eitrcege (GO t tingen

Vol . . zz n
’
,
p 87 . .

6
N ev erth el ess t h e n a me is o t gi v en by Bras h in h is b o ok o n T h e
,
n

O g a m ins c ri bed A l o n u m en t s of th e Ga edh il ; b u t b y c o rre ct l y r d i n g ea

B s h s c o pi es I h ad d e t ect e d it i t h e c as e o f t h e S t d b l l y in sc ip
’
ra n ra a r

ti o n (Brash p 25 4 pl xxx v ) a n d o f o e o f th o s e t A rd mo e (B a h
, .
, .
,
n a r r s ,

p. I n 18 8 3 I h d t h e p l eas u re o f s ee i n g b y i s p ecti o n o f t h e
a ,
n

s t o n es th t my read i gs w ere c o rre ct an d al o o f fi n d i n g N eta s (ey a m)

,
a n ,
s

o na s in an i n s c rip t i o n a t S e s k in an
(Bras h p ,
.

D
34 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA N T HE O N .

c ou n ty of Wa t erford ; it is als o t o be fo u nd in lis t s of

1
t h e e arly kings o f Erinn The e x a c t signific a t i o n o f th e
.

’
g o d s n a m e Seg o mo is n ot e a sy t o fix it m a y h a v e m ea n t
t h e s t r o ng o n e th e h o ld e r o r u ph o ld e r, t h e d e fend e r or
,

pr o te ct or, or else t h e vic t ori o u s on e t h a t o v e rp o wers

an d c o nq u e rs a l l on e c an f e e l c e r t a in ab o u t is that ,

t h e w o rd is d e riv e d fr o m t h e r o o t s eg h o r s ag h ‘
t o h old , ,
’
r e st ra in wi t hs t a nd o v e rp o we r fr o m which s u ch w ords
, , ,
‘ ’ ’
c om e a s th e Greek éxw I h o ld or h a ve é x i xw x pé , ,
'
cr o v,
’
o ,
’
e v s,

an d t h e lik e a ls o t h e G o thic s igis an d th e Germ a n s ieg ,

,
‘ ’
vic t ory I t is cle a r , h o wever t h at su ch a n a me w ou ld
.
,
’

s u it t h e g o d , whe t h er vi e w e d m o r e e s p e ci a lly as t h e chi ef

o f t h e g o ds or a s a migh t y an d vic t o ri ou s w a rri o r .

’
L et u s n o w r et u rn t o Se g o mo s epi t h et B ana tes Here .

a g a in u ncer t a in t y m u st prev a il wh et h e r t h e w ord b e ,

d eriv e d or n o t fr o m th e n a m e of a pl a c e ; b u t n o arch aeol o

gist h as s o far a s I kn ow b e en a bl e t o id en t ify an y pl a c e
, ,

n am e in p o int : s o w e are a t lib er t y t o in t erpr et t h e epi th et

in a n o th er w ay a n d t o r efer it t o t h e s a me o rigin a s t h e
d u n u m, G a u li s h dun on of s u ch n a m e s a s A ug u s tod unu m
,

o r A u tu n a n d L u d unu m o r L g ons This d un is o f t h e

g .

s am e e t ym o l o gy a s t h e fa mili a r Engli s h w ord tow n a n d

a h e dg e o r fi el d -
‘
t h e G e rm an e a un fe nc e b u t it s l o n g
,

v ow e l w a s pr ob ably p ro n o u nc e d a s it is in m o d ern Fr e nch ;

’
f or t h e W e l s h e q u iva l e n t is d in a fort ress o r s t r o n gh o ld
‘
, ,

‘ ’
wh enc e d ina s a fo r tr e ss t own or cit y T h e Iri s h is d un
, ,
.
,

o f t h e s a me m ea ning b u t O f a di ffer e nt d e cl e nsi o n ; b u t

,

1
N ia S eg a m a in i n t h e B o o k of Fen a g h , e d e d by Pro H en n es s y it f.

(D u l n ,bi p
29, a n d s m l y N i a a t
. i p
56 ; t h e F o u r M a s t ers , p .

it
A M 48 8 1, 48 8 7 , 4990, w r e N ia S ed h a m a i n (d a v e ) a n d N ia d h
. . ti
S edh a ma i n (
g e n iti ve) . T he O l d er an d m o re c o rr e ct fo r ms w ould b e,

g eniti v e S eg a mo n or S ey a ma n, d a ti v e S eg a ma in , u nl es s th ere w as an

o pti o l
na 0-s t e m .
36 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N .

e qu ival ent n ot o f th e simpl e r n ou n me aning win d, bu t

,

o f t h e a dj e c t iv e d e n o t ing t h e wind - o d S e ver a l re a s o ns

g .

migh t b e a dd u c e d why t h e wind sh o u l d b e a ss o ci a t e d

wi th t h e w a r- g o d a m o n g o t h e rs i t migh t be s u gg e s t e d
,

t h at a l l vi olen t g a l e s t h a t c o mmit g en e r a l h av o c an d
d e s t r u c t i o n migh t n o t u nn at u r a lly b e r e ferr e d t o t h e
a g ency o f t h e o d o f w ar B t t h wi n d is n o t a lwa y
g u e .

d e st ru c t iv e, n ot alwa ys a dv ers e ; it is s o met im e s t h e fa i r

br eeze for which th e marin er whis t l e s SO it h app ens t h a t .

Vin tio s , a ss o ci at e d wi t h fa ir wind is f o u nd id e nt ifi e d wi t h ,

P o ll u x a g o d pr opi t i ou s t o sa il ors This is a t t es t e d by an

,
.

A l l obro g ic inscrip t i on on an a l t a r a t S e yss e l in H au t e

1
,

S a vo i e r e a din g : D eo Vin t io Poll u ci C n T eren t iu s Bil

, ,
.
,

l o nis fi l (iu s ) T eren t ian u s e x v e t o An ot her, in whi ch

,
.

Vin tiu s st ands a l on e w a s fo u nd in t h e V ign e d es Id o les

, ,

2
n e ar th e c a st l e o f H au t e vill e in t h e s a m e d ep a r t ment a n d ,

r ead s : Au g(u st o ) Vin (t io ) s a cr (u m ) T Va l e riu s ,

.

C risp in u s s a c e r V int i pr ae f(e c tu s ) P a g(i ) D ia(

,

se d e m d a t
( ) T h e n a vig a t i o n O f t h e Rh o n e a t t h e p r e
.

s ent d a y b e gins a t S ey s s el an d in R o m an t im e s t h e ,

m arin ers of t h at rive r fo rm e d a p ow erfu l an d influ ent i a l

b o dy which h a d it s h ea d -qu a r t e rs a t L y ons : on e O l d
3
in s crip t i on d e scrib e s it a s a sp len didiss imu m corp u s It .

is pr ob abl e t h a t t h e g o d Vin t io s h a d m any t e mpl e s an d

a l t ar s in t h a t n e ighb o u rh o o d a n d t h e si t e o f o n e o f t h e m
,

is m ark e d o u t by th e n am e Ve nc e o r V ens b orne by a ,

hill n ea r S eys s e l a t wh o s e fo o t s tan ds n ow a ch ap e l

,

d e dic a t e d t o t h e V i rgin w h o is in grea t e s t ee m a m on g

,

t h e b oat m en of t h e Rh o n e : t h e ir a nc e s t o rs d o u b t l e ss

1
R ev . Cel t . iv 23 ; A l l mer,
. iii . 243 .

2
R ev . C el t ih
. . A l l mer, 11. 345 .
3
R ev . Cel t . iv 24
. .
 I . TH E GA UL I S H PA NT HE O N . 37

w orshipped an d su pplic at ed Vin tios o n th e s ame sp o t .

The c u ri ou s ins t ance w e h ave here O f a G au lish g o d

being, s o t o sa y , split u p in t o t w o L at in o nes t hr o ws ,

s o m e ligh t on t h e t r eat m e n t which t h e G au lish deit i e s

e xp e ri e nced u nd e r t h e infl u ence o f R o me For w e are .

u nd e r n o nec e ssi t y t o s u pp o s e w ith M Vall en t in

- 1
t h at .

t h e G a u lish mind r e g a rd e d t h e Vin t io s at N ice as a sep a

rat e an d dis t inc t deit y fr o m th e S e yssel on e The G au lish .

wind -g o d w a s m ore pr ob ably on e wh e ther th e wind he ,

gran t ed a t a p art icu la r m o m e nt h a pp ened t o be fa ir or

fo u l . There w as a my th ol o gic a l r ea s o n for a ss o ci at ing
t h e wind wi t h t h e Cel t ic w a - o d a s will be seen l a t e r :
r
g ,
henc e t h e diffi cu l ty in rend ering his pers o nalit y in t h e
t erms o f L a t in t h eo l o gy SO l ong a s it w a s a qu e s t i o n
.

o f t h e wind a s a vi o l e nt or m a lign an t a gency , t h e e q u a

t i o n o f Vin t ios wi t h M a rs w o u ld d o u b t l e ss fi t ; bu t when

t h e wind w a s f a v o ur abl e t o t h e m a riner t hen M a rs w a s ,

pr ob ably t h o u ght ou t o f pl a c e which led t o t h e prefer ,

enc e for P o llu x .

The n a mes an d epit he t s b orne by t h e Cel t ic w ar-g o d

bey ond t h e limit s of t h e A l l obro g ic l a nd a re t oo nu m ero u s
t o b e disc u ssed on e by on e h er e an d I will o nly c all y o u r ,

a t t e n t i o n t o a fe w o f t hem S e v e ral inscrip t i o ns in h o n o u r

.

o f M a rs C oeid ius h av e be en fou nd in t his c ou n t ry ; bu t

2

t h e me aning O f t h e w o rd C o cid iu s is u nk n own a s w e ll a s ,

3
t h at o f a r e l a t e d f o rm C ocosu s which a ls o o cc u rs A ,
.

m o r e t ra nsp a ren t epi the t is B ela tu ca dru s given t h e g o d on ,

4
m o nu ment s a ls o fou nd here This is a C e l t ic c o mp o u nd
.

1
R ev . Cel t . iv 25
. .
2
H ub n er, N o s 28 6, 6 43, 8 8 6, 914, 97 7
. .

3
Gaid o z, E s qu is s e, 10 .

1
H ub n e r, N o s 294, 333, 36 9, 7 45, 8 7 3, 934, 935 B el a t u ca d ru s
‘
.
.

en d s w ith a w ord t o b e i den t ifi ed w ith th e Wel s h ca d r,

‘
p ow erful ,
38 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA N T HE O N .

m ea ni ng h ands o m e in t h e sl au gh t e r o r migh ty t o kill .

T h e e pi t he t w a s d o u b tl e ss m ea n t a s a fl at t e ring on e ,

a cc e p t a ble t o t h e g o d in his ch a ra c t e r o f w a rri o r a n d

’
sl au ght ere r of his w o rshipp ers e nemi e s .

T h e n e x t t o b e m ent i o n e d is C a mu l os which I hesi t at e ,

t o c all an epi t h e t a s it is n o t a c o mp ou nd an d p o ssibly ,

’
n o t a n a dj e c t iv e , bu t a n ou n an d on e o f t h e g o d s ,

t
s ro n g , ro b st u Bret o n b eau tifu l fi e mag nifi
ca er, fo rm erl y ca er ,
‘
,
n ,

c en t s o t h e w h ol e w o rd m ea s fi n e o r p o w e f l a t t h e k i n d o f cti o n r u a n

i d ic a t ed by t h e v o c abl e bel a t w hich h as t h e pp ea an c e o f b e i g a

n u, a r n

v e b al n o u
r We hav e t h e s t em bel (mu t a ted i n t o f el a d p ro n o u n c d
n . n e

i n t h e We l s h w o d fo r w r n am el y rh gf l ; it is al s o a d d ed t o
net
) r a , ,
e

oe r, c old t o m ak e oerf el c ol d w ea th e o r c old as p ro du cti e o f

‘
,
’
,
‘
r,
’
v

i n c o v en i e c e a d h arm A ga i w e h ave it in uf el fi e o con fl agra

n n n . n, ,
r r

ti on I i s h éibel l oibel w hich m ean t s p ark fi re o r h eat a d w as

,
’
r ,
’
,
a , ,
n

a pp l i e d fo i s t an c e t o t h e su mm e h ea t t h a t d i v es c ttl e t o s t a d
,
r n ,
r r a n

in p o ol s th e o th el m n t in th es e w o rd s is t h e C l tic refl x o f
er e e e e

t h e fi t s y l l a bl e o f t h e G k d !or o f t h e L a ti I bu ‘ ’
rs ro re e oc n u ,
rn .

I i h s pp l i es u s w ith a s t ron g v e b f om t h e s t em bel as in behl a

r s u r r ,

ort u u s es t p e ih o
’ ’ ’
( f ) m a t hel
‘
r be bel a i erit A
‘ ‘
o - a t ba il
,
t co
, ,
n , ,
r . r

res p o d i g W l s h c o mp ou n d h as y i el d ed a d i vati ve a df eili o t o

n n e er ,
‘

d ec a y o fall i n t o ru i n s
r b u t t h e I i h v erb h ad as i t s b as e bel m ean r s ,

i g t o d ie w h i l e bel a t i m p l i es a d e ri v a ti v e v e b f om a th e m e bel a
‘ ’
n ,
u r r ,

as s o ci a t e d p o b a b l
y w ith a m o d ifi e d m ean i g n a m el y t h e c u s a ti v e
r n , ,
a

on e o f k ill i g o s l ay i g ; a d a
n i s t a c e o f it o cc s in Wel s h in a
r n n n n n ur

p o e m in t h e Bo ok o f T al ie s i w h e e refe en c e is m ade t o t h e c a ttl e o f s n, r r

t h e E gy pti a s k i l l e d b y t h e fifth p l g e o t h e g i ev o u s m u a i s p ok en
n a u r r rr n

of i nt h e B o k o f E x o d s ix 1 o 7 S ee S k e e ii 1 7 1 w h e e t h e
u ,
.
—
. n ,
.
,
r

fo m s ed is bel it w hich w ou l d s eem t o m

r u s ,
h ad b e en k i ll d ean
‘
e .
’

H a i n g fo u n d
v s t ro n g v e rb bel w e o u ht t o b e a b l e t o i d e tif
a
g y it i n ,
n

s o m e o f t h e k i d e d l an u n w t h e A y a n c o m bi a ti o g v b e c o m e s
g g es r a no r n n

b i C el tic w hi l e in t h e T e t o ic l g u g es it w o u l d b e h a d e e d i n t o
n ,
u n an a r n

cw o r g u ; s o w e l o o k i n th e m for a v erb b eg i n n i g w ith g el o cw el n u r

t o c orres p o n d t o o u r C el tic bel a d w e rea d il y fi d it w ith o u t g o i g ,

n n , n

o u t o f thi s c ou n t r o S a x on v e b c wel a n o d ie or p e i s h
’
in th e A l ‘
y g ,
t n - r , r ,

f o m w hich w a s fo rme d a c au s a ti v e ca el ia o ca el i
r t o s l y o r c au s e n r a n,
‘
a

t o p eri s h rep res en t ed b t h e mo dern E n l is h v erb t o k il l

’
, y g .
 1 . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N . 39

pr oper n a mes like Seg om o An inscrip t i on rec ording

,
.

t h e b u ilding of a t emple for M a rs C a mu l u s h a s been m et

1
wi t h in t h e neighb o u rh o o d of D u sseld o rf an d ot hers a re ,

2
kn o wn e lsewhere on t h e C ont in e n t , whil e o n e is preserv e d
3
in a mu s eu m at Gl a sg o w I t is righ t t o s ay t h at m o s t of .

t h e R om a n in scrip t i ons f ou nd in t his isl a nd m ay b e t h e

o u t c o me O f t h e pie t y of c o nt in e n t a l Cel t s s o t h a t t h e g o ds
,

in wh o se h o n ou r t h e y w er e s et u p w ere n ot nec e ssa rily

w o rshi pp e d by t h e n at ives of Bri t a in ; bu t ev en here we
h a v e evid enc e of t h e p op ul a rit y o f C a mu l o s in t h e nam e
o f t h e c api t a l o f t h e Trin o v a n t es which w a s C a m u l o du n on
, ,
’
o r t h e s t r o ngh o ld o f C a m u l o s 4
T h e me a ning of t h e g o d s .

n am e is r e ga rd e d a s u nkn o wn b u t a v e ry s a fe c o nj e c t u re ,

m ay be m a d e o n t h at p oint for t h ou gh t her e is a sc a rci t y

o f Cel t ic w o rds t o e xpl ain it t h e r e can be lit t le d o u b t t h a t
,

it is t o be equ at ed wi t h t h e Old S a x o n h imil an d t h e

Germ a n w ord h immel, he aven or sky which et ym ol o gist s ,

r efer t o a s t e m h em Aryan h a m inf erred t o mea n cu rv

, ,
‘
,
’
ing, v au lt ing or c o v e ring o ver Am ong o t h e r w ords .

fro m t his origin h a ve been r e ck oned t h e Gr eek K udp fi a a

1
Bramb a ch , 16 4 .

2
A t R ome s ee t h e B erl in Corp us , vi . N o 46 . an d a C a m u l o Vi ro
m a nd u o is re p ort ed fro m A u vergn e i n t h e R ev d es S oc . . s av .

i 25 1 .

H b n eru , 1 103 .

4
Wh at is t h e m ean i ng of t h e w ord in t h e p os t-R o man p ers on al
n ames fro m Pemb ro k es hi re an d C a mu l oris C a m l o ig h o
C a m el o rigi , ,
u r ,

f o m A n gl e s ey ? Fo r s o m e n o t es o n th em s e e m y L ec tu res pp 36 4
1
, , .
,

400 T h e n am e C a mu l og en u w hich C a es ar (B el l Ga ll v ii 5 7 5 9
. s, . . .
, ,

6 2) g i v es t h e d efe n d er o f Pa ri s ag a i s t t h e l eg i o s o f R o me w ou l d n n ,

m ean t h e d es c en d an t o f C am u l os an d s i mi l arl y C a mu l ogn a ta

,
.

O n t h e d i ffi cu l t i es O f t hi s e t y m o l ogy see K l uge s E t y m Wo rter

5 ’
.
,

buch d o s d eu tsch en Sp ra ch e, s v
. . H immel .
40 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA N T HE O N .

‘ ’
ny thing c overed or a rched o ver, s u ch a s a vau lt ed
a

ch amb er, a c o v er e d b arge , or a t est er bed ; L a t ca mera , .

‘ ’ ‘ ’
a v au l t , a n a rch a ch a mber a mu ru s , cr ook e d c u rv e d ;
, ; c ,
‘
Zend h a ma ra , a vau l t a girdl e h a ma redh a , th e skul l
,
‘

’
or t h e h ea d , wit h which is c o nnec t ed t h e Gr e ek p éA H p , a ov

‘
t h e c e iling of a r o o m or t h e m a in be a m t h at h ears it ,
’
t h e r oof a h o u se :
,
t his s u pp o ses th e Gre ek n oun t o
st a nd for Kp éh a , an d t o be ident ic al wit h an att est ed
ov

‘
«
p a ep , e xpl a ined t o me a n
é e ov ts t t
,
t h
f ae be a ms or
ox o g

’
t imb er of a h ou se As a pers on al na m e, C a mu l o s h as
.

it s e t ym ol o gic a l equ iva l e nt in l a t er C el t ic in t h at of

C u mall king -warr i o r of Irelan d an d fat her O f t h e gre at
,

Finn , wh o se d o ings o cc u py s o mu ch r oo m in G o ide lic

st ory T h e n ame is t o be c omp a re d in t h e first inst ance
.

wi th t h at of i m or Uranu s an d t h e S anskrit Va r u na s ;
a s

b u t a s t h at O f a Cel t ic M a rs on e sh ou ld u nd ou b t e dly
r e gard it a s a syn onym r at her of th e Greek Zeu s o r
I t a lia n Jo ve, b ot h of whi ch n a mes wer e e xpr e ssive a ls o
o f t h e id ea O f t h e sky o r t h e h e a vens In th e light of thi s
.

e xpl anat i o n it bec o mes in t e lligible h ow t h e Cel t ic M a rs

,

a ss o ci a t ed wi t h t h e sky sh o u ld h a v e t o d o wit h t h e wind

, ,

a s pr o v e d by his G au lish t it le of V in tios an d in a nsw er

t o th e qu e st i o n wh at a g o d t hu s a ss o ci at e d wi t h t h e sky
sh o u ld h a v e t o d o wi t h w ar l e t it for th e pre sent su ffi ce
,

t o s ay t h at t hr ou gh ou t t h e lit erat u r e s o f Gr e ec e an d
R o me, Z eu s or Jo v e w a s t h e su prem e a rbit er of t h e for
t u nes O f w ar I t may be h az a rd ou s p erh a ps t o c o ns t ru e
.

in th e s a me sens e t h e w o rds fro m t h e R ig - Ved a ab ou t

Dy u o r D y au sh p it ar a s a g od of might y w o rks : I r e fer
t o a hymn t o hi s s on Indra, w h o m o s t ly su p e rseded hi m,
an d t h e p a ss a ge is t h u s r e nd e red by Pr o f Max Miill er .

‘
Dy u , th y p a ren t , was repu t ed st r ong , th e m aker of I ndr a
 I . TH E GA UL I S H PA NT HE O N . 41

w as might y in his works ; he (w h o) b e gat th e he avenly

I ndra , armed wi t h th e t h u nderb olt w h o is imm o v eabl e , ,
’1
a s t h e ea r t h , fr o m his se a t Bu t t her e can be n o su ch
.

d ou b t wi th regard t o t h e Teu t oni c T iu , wh o se na me (Angl o

S a x o n T ia , gen T ines O l d H Germa n Z iu , gen Z in es
. . .

’ ’
o l d N o rse T r gen T s
y y )
,
is e t ym o l o gic ally iden t ic al wi t h
.

Z eus an d Dg u , while all th e l i t t le t h at is kn o wn o f hi m

makes him t h e w ar-g o d O f t h e T e u t o ns , b ef ore he w as
s u rp a ssed an d su persed e d by W o den : wi t ness th e n ame
of th e da which Frenchmen d Welshmen c a ll t h e d a
y a n
y
o f M a rs —
English T u es dag , Ger D iens tag , fo rmerly Z ics .

’ '
tag , Old N o rse T g s d ag r an d T g rs dag r T h e only differ .

e nce ,
t hen , be t ween Sky a s t h e w ar - g o d o f t h e e a rly

T e u t ons an d t h at o f th e G au ls , w as t h at t h e l a t te r ch o se
t o render Ze u s , J o ve an d Dy u , by a n ot her w o rd me aning
e qu ally t h e sky or t h e h ea vens a n d t h at w o rd w a s
,

C a mu l os The G au ls st o o d be t ween t h e R om ans an d

.

t h e Te u t ons : ling u ist ic affinit ies c onnec t t h e Cel t ic l an

a ges cl o sely wi t h t h e Ary a n di alec t s of a nci e n t I t a ly ;
g u

b u t since I b e ga n t o writ e t hese lec t u res , I h a ve been

r epe at edly impressed by t h e s triking similarit y bet w een
t h e a ncient t he o l o gies of Celt s an d Te u t o ns , an d we
h a ve here an inst ance in p o int There is , h owev e r .
,

fu rt her evidence t o pr ove bey o nd d ou b t t h e ident it y of

t h e Teu t o nic T iu wi t h t h e Cel t ic w ar- g o d u nder a n ot her

na me t h a n C amu l o s , bu t t h e disc u ssi o n of it mu st be

p o st p oned L et it su ffi ce for t h e present t h at we h a ve
.

disc o vered th e Ju pi t er of t h e Cel t s , an d fou nd t h at

G au l ish t he ol o gy a scrib e d t o him t h e disch a rg e of fu nc

1
Max Mu ll er s L ’
ect ures on th e S cien ce of L a ng u a g es
”
,
ij 47 3
. R ig
Vcd a , iv 17 , 4
. .
42 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA N T HE O N .

t i ons which t h e R o m ans wo u ld h ave rega rd e d a s m or e

pr operly b el onging t o M a rs .

S u ch a g o d a s I h av e allu ded t o mu st h ave once been

t h e gre at es t o f al l t h e C e l t ic g o ds , t h e chief o f t h e Cel t ic
p a nt h e on , a c onj e c t u re which is fa v o u r e d by t h e n at u ra l
in t erpret at i on of s om e of th e at t est e d epit he t s o f th e Cel t ic
1
M a rs T ake , for inst anc e, t h e dat ive R ig is a mo which
.
,

o cc u rs in a n inscrip t i o n fo u nd in t his c o u nt ry , in t h e

c oun ty o f S o mers et T h e w ord seems t o b e a s u perlat ive ,

.

mea ning m o s t r oy al or kingly A s t ill m ore rem arkable .

2
e pi t he t w a s A l biorix a ppli e d t o him in a n inscrip t i o n
,
in a
mu seu m at Avign on T h e c omp ou nd sh ou ld me a n king or .

r u l e r of Albi o, a w o rd which m ay be ident ifie d wi th t h e

’
W e lsh w ord el fy d , u sed by Welsh p o et s in t h e s ense
o f th e w o rld or t h e u niv e rse : s o we m a s u pp o se t h a t
y
A l biorir signified king o f t h e w o rld L a st ly, th e w ar .

’
g o d s a sso ciat e is c a ll e d N e met on a on t h e m o nu m ent s a s , ,

3
f or inst a nc e , on on e a t B at h She h a s b een ident ifi e d .

4
by M Gaido z wi t h N emon , t h e wife a cc o rding t o Irish
.
,

t r di t i o n o f N et t h e w a r- o d o f t h e a nci e n t I r ish A n o
a , g ,
.

t h e r t ra dit i o n, h owe ve r , gives t o t h e l at t er a s his wif e t h e

1
H ub n er, 6 1 .

2
O rell i-
H en z en , Vol iij N o 58 67 ;
. . . J . de Wal ,
M y th ol og i ae S ep
ten tr io n a l is M onu men ta ep ig rap h i ca L a ti n a , No . ccx ci j .
’
L I n s titu t for
1 8 41, p 16 0 . .

3 H ii bn er, 36 .

4
E s qu i s s e, p 10 . b u t t hi s is n ot c erta i n ,
an d th e n am e s eem s t o be
th e s a me th a t w asm ean t b y N i a ma n in t h e Bit
’ ’
. of L eins t er, 8 l h,
p rin t ed in O C u rry s M a nn ers , & c , iij 418 -9
’ ’
The fo me I may s ay
. . . r r,

i p ass i n g is a M S o f t h e 1 2th c e n t u ry an d my ref eren c e is t o t h e

n , .
,

l ith og aph ed fac s i mi l e p u b l i s h ed w i t h an i n t ro du cti o n by Prof A t ki n

r .

s o n D u b l i n 18 8 0
, , .
44 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N .

’
o-
‘
for lett er t o t h e Angl x o n bea du an d t h e N orse b o d ,
Sa
‘ ’
w ar o r b a t t le This v o c a bl e b o th in it s C el t ic an d it s
.
,

T eu t o nic fo rms e nt ers fr e e ly int o t h e c omp o sit i on o f

,

pr op er n am e s of men ; b u t it w ill here su ffi ce t o m en t i o n

t h e B od vog enu s o f a n ot h e r inscrip t i o n I t wo u ld m ea n .

a man d e sc e nd e d fr o m t h e g o dd e ss Bo d v a ; an d m u ch t h e

s a m e m u st h a v e been t h e imp or t o f t h e G a u lish B od

2
vo n a tus , a n a m e t o b e d et e c t ed red u c e d in W e lsh t o
g
B odnod . T h e e qu at i on if w e ll gro u nd e d , of t h e n a me ,

o f t h e G a u lish g o ddess wi t h t h a t o f t h e Irish w ar- fu ry ,

w o u ld imply t h a t h er c u l t w a s wid ely spr ea d, an d t h at

sh e w a s a c o nsid e r a bl e fig u re in t h e C e l t ic p a n t h e o n ,

wh e th er she is t o be iden t ified or n o t wi th t h e M orrigu

o r gr ea t q u een .

L a s t ly, t h e p o e t L u c an m ak e s u s a cqu a in te d wi t h
a n o t h e r imp o r t a nt d e sign at i o n of t h e w a r g o d, in his
w ell known lin e s 1n t h e P h a rs a lia , i 444 &c .
,

E t q u ib u s i mm iti s p l acat ur s an gu i n e d i ro
T e u t a t es , h o rre n s qu e feri s a l t aribu s Kosu s
E t T aran i s S cy t h icae m iti o r D i an ae
’
n on a ra .

’
The n a m e o f th e first O f L t ri a d o cc u rs in an u ca n s

insc rip t i o n fo u nd in H er t fo rdsh ir e, which give s t h e da t ive

M a r ti T o u ta ti, an d o n e c ann ot h elp r e g arding T ou ta tes
2

1
C aes ar B el l Ga l l ii 23
,
. . . .

2
H u b er N O 8 4
n , . A n i c ipti o n fo u n d a t Yo k a d a o th er at
. ns r r ,
n n

ol d C ar l i sle, su g g e t t h e re s p e cti v e s p el l i
s
g s T o t t i (H ii b er E p h emeris
n a n ,

E p ig rap h i ca iii 313 N o 1 8 1) a d T i u ti C cid io (ibi d p 1 28 H b er

, .
,
. n u o . . u n ,

N O 335 ) th e y a e d iffic u l t t o ea d b u t T ut a t i is c o
. r r t n c e d by t h e
,
un e an

n a me T o ta t ig en s b o n e b y a Ga l i h s o l d i er in t h e Coh or tes Vig il es

r u s

a t R o me ev Cel t iii C hi
(R . 2 7 2 .
; B erl in
. o rp s v i w l e T t ti u , . u a

mu s t b e l e ft d ou b t ful th o u g h n o t o l y T ou ta ti bu t al s o T éta t i an d
,
n ,

T il ta ti s eem t o b e p erfe ctl y l eg iti ma t e fo m s H ere it m ay al s o b e r .

men ti on e d th at T o u t a ti d eriv es s o me c on fi rmat i on fro m a mon u men t

 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N . 45

as a m ore u su al G a u lish form t h an t h e T eu ta tes o f th e

bes t m a n u scrip t s o f L u c an The me aning of t h e n a m e .

h a s nev e r been a scert a in e d , bu t t here is n o r o om for d o u b t

a s t o t h e gr o u p O f w o rds t o which it bel o ngs : we h a ve

h a d a cl o s ely kindred elem en t in t h e firs t p a r t o f t h e

c o mp o u nd na me T ou tiorix , an d t h e princip al wo rds in
p o in t in th e C e lt ic l angu a ges o f t h e presen t day are t h e
I rish tua th a t ribe Bre t o n tu d, u se d a s a pl u ra l in th e
‘
,

sens e o f th e English w o rd pe ople ; an d W elsh ta d which ,

h as h a d it s m e a ning shift ed fro m t h at O f a pe o pl e t o it s

c ou nt ry O u t side t h e C el t ic a r ea t h e w o rd a ppe ars in
.

‘
I t aly a s Osc an ta u ta , tou to, an d S abine tou ta , iota a ,

c omm u ni t y : it w as a lso a L it hu a nia n an d a T e u t o nic

wo rd : a s th e l a t t e r it w a s w e ll kn o wn a s t h e t e rm f or
t h e G e rm a n p o lit ic al b o dy c a ll e d t h e D iet an d it yields ,

t h e a dj e c t iv e D eu ts ch o r D u tch me aning t h e vern a c u l a r ,

l a n gu a g e of t h e G e rm a ns a s dis t ingui shed fr o m th e L a t in

f o rmerly pre fe rr e d by sch o l ars an d ped a n t s : t h e Angl o
‘ ’
S a x o n f orm w a s th eod , a p e ople an d a f oreigner o r a lien ,
‘ ’ ’
w as el th eod j u s t a s it is a l rt u d in W e lsh : t h e G o t hic w a s
,
‘ ’ ‘ ’
th inda , Old N o rse t hj éd a p e ople In al l t h e se l an
,
.

g u a ges t h e w ord w a s fe minin e, an d we sh ou ld t h e r efo re

pro b ably be righ t in a ssu ming t h at t h e G au lish w ord fo r
a pe o pl e o r c o mm u ni t y w a s to u ta a d e riv e d fo rm tou gu s

is at t e st ed by on e o f t h e few inscrip t i o ns ex t ant in th e

G a u li sh t ong u e I t w a s fou nd at Va is on , an d is p re
.

at th e ot h er e x t re me O f th e C el tic w o rl d , n a m el y , o n e fo u n d at S e ck a u
i n S t y ri a : s ee t h e B erl in C o rp us , iii . 5320 ; b u t M M o w a t , in
. th e
Bull .E p ig rap h ig ue d e l a Ga u l e, i . 123, rea d s , n ot T o u ta t i ,
b u t T io u ta t i, w hic
h h as a s u s pici o u s b t it M d A rbo is de
l oo k a ou . .
’

J u b ain v ill e is in c l i n ed to co te t M
n s M o w t e ad i n g : s ee h is Cy cl e
. a
’
s r

M y th ol og iqu e irl a n d a is et la n th o/og ie c el ti qu e p 37 8 , . .

46 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N .

serv e d in th e m u s eu m a t Avign o n I t is t o th e fo ll o wing .

e ffe c t E y p p O
e hh
o a os N u vt
-
E d n p
o v eo s r o o v n o v s a vo a rt s
‘
eu o ov t
p a a a

'

O O O W q n
' 1
v a Th at is t o s a y Seg o m aro s (s on ) o f Will o
‘
ro v .
, ,

to u tiu s o f N im e s m a d e Belisa m a t his gro v e

,
I t is n o t .

c ert a in wh e th er to u tius m e ant m er e ly a ci t iz en or s o m e

p u blic O fficia l a m o ng t h e p e o pl e o f N imes P e rh aps t h e .

l att er vi e w is p refera bl e an d I w ou ld su gg e st t h a t ,

T o u t a t e s in a s o m e wh a t simil a r w ay me a n t king We .

2
h a ve a T eu t o nic p a ra llel of t h e sa me e tym ol o gic a l o rigin
’‘ ’
in th e G o thic th iu da ns B a t N ors e t hj éd an n a king
‘
,
aa i e s
, , ,

an d A - S a xo n th eod en which a ls o me an t a king or l ord

.
,

b ot h th e N o rs e an d t h e A -S a x o n w o rds a re fo u nd o nly in .

p o et ry which is an indic at i o n t h a t t h e y are v ery a nci en t

,

f o rm a t i o ns g oing b ack pr ob ably far b ehind t h e t im e o f

,

Ul fi l as a s m ay be sh o wn by a ppr o a ching t h e qu e s t i o n
,

fro m a n ot h er dir e c t i on : t h e wo rd tou ta an d it s c o ng en ers

e n t e red in t o m a ny pr o p e r n a m e s an d wh e n th e R o m a ns ,

h a d t o wri t e t h e s e n a m e s t h e y r epres e nt e d t h e T e u t o nic

d ent a l as t hey did th e G au li sh o n e , a s a simple t : w it
’ ’
n e s s C a e sa r s T eu tones Ammi an u s Marc ellinu s T eu tomeres
, ,
’ ’
E u t ro piu s T eu tobodu s an d Fl o ru s T eu tobo ch u s ,
N o w in .

T eu t on e s o r T eu t on i w e h a v e t h e plu r a l a s giv en by
’ ‘ ’
R om a n a u t h o rs of t h e w o rd t h iu dan s t t d a n n an d ‘
,
‘ ’
t h e o d en ; an d t h a t a p e o pl e sh o u ld h a v e giv e n t h ems e lv e s
s u ch a n a m e a s T eu tones m ea ning kings will s u rp ris e
3
, ,

S t o k es i n Ku h n i ii Bec k e r, ibi d iii

1 ’
s B eitrazg e, . 45 1, . 107 . . 16 2 .

2
A lso a p aral l el o f a i
t ty mol o gic al o i gi n in t h e O l d N r e
d ffe ren e r o s

fg l k ir a,
p oe tic
w o d f or h ing r d e i ve d f o m f ol k ; an d,
t h e d i v ati o n
r r er

o f t h e w o rd h i g it s el f n A n gl o -S x on cy n ing i in p o i n t th o u g h i t
,
a ,
s ,

i n vo l v es s ev e al d iffic u l ti es S e Kl g e s v Ko ig
r . e u , . . n .

3
T h e s i n g u l a o f thi s w o d w o u l d b e t h e T eu toncm w hich H old er
r r ,

h s p f
a d i h is e c t e d iti o n o f t h e Germa n ic t o t h e m ore u s u al
re e rre , n r en ,

T u is con em or T u is t on em .
 1 . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N . 47

n o on e who n o t iced su ch Cel t ic n a mes a s th at o f t h e

h as
R e mi which signified princes ; th o se o f t h e C a tu rig e s an d
,

C a t u v ell au n i me a ning w ar -kings o r b a t t le -

princ e s ; an d
,

t h a t o f th e Bit u rig e s which a c t u a lly me a n t W el th errs ch er

,

o r l o r d s of t h e w orld This expl a n at i o n of t h e origin .

o f t h e m o dern t erm T eu ton ic is d o u b t l e ss o pen t o t h e

o bj e c t i o n o f implying t h a t a n a t u ra l inclin at i o n t o br a g

1
w a s n o t q u i t e c onfin e d t o t h e Cel t .

’
B efo r e lea ving L u can s lines a b ou t t h e G a u lish divi
n it ies it is righ t t o qu o t e t h e fo ll o wing w o rds u s e d by a n
,
‘
a nci e n t sch o li a s t in ref e r e nce t o t h e p a ss a ge : The G a u ls
b eli e ve H es u s t o b e Merc ur y sinc e h e is wo rshipp e d by ,

merch an t s an d T ar anis th e r u ler o f wa rs an d th e gr ea t es t ,

o f t h e c e l e s t i a l g o ds him w h o w a s a cc u s t o m e d f o rmerly t o
,

b e a pp e a s e d wi t h h u m a n liv e s b u t n o w gl a d o f t h o s e o f ,
’2
a nim a ls t o b e J u pi t e r
,
T h e sch o li a s t w a s u t t e rly wr o ng
.

in t h e vi ew h e t o o k o f H esu s , an d n o t mu ch l e ss s o in
id e n t ifying T a ranis wi t h th e R o m an J u pi t e r ; bu t it w a s
pro b ably t h e r e s u l t of n o simil ar bl u nder on his p ar t ,

t h at he repr e s e n t s t h e G au ls a ssigning t o t h e king o f

t heir g o ds t h e s u perin t e ndence o f w a r as his speci a l
pr o vi n c e The chi e f g o d of th e Celt s b efo r e t h e rise o f
.

t h e C e l t ic Merc u ry w a s t h e ir g o d of w ar : h o w t hen , ,

w a s a R o m a n t o e xpr e ss t his i n t erms of L a t in t h eo l o gy ?

1
hich t h e s c an n i n g o f L u can s v ers e w o u l d mak e i t o
T an t a l es , w
’
n

T o t d tes w s a pp a e t l y fo rm ed in t h e s a me w ay as t h e Ga u l i s h D
u ,
a r n a tcs un

a n d D m ia t es al rea d
u
y cit ed t o w hich m ay b e a d d ed B a g i na t es t o be
, ,

m e n ti o e d p s e t l y
n re n .

T h o i g i al n o t e w i l l b e fo n d in Us e n er s L ca ni Com men t a
2 ’
e r n u u

B r ens ia (L e ip s ic
e n p 32 : H es u m M e c u i m cred u n t s i
, .
‘
r r u ,

q u i d em a m er a t o ib s c l it r e t praes id m b l l oru m e t c a e l es t i u m
c r u o u ,
e e

d eo u m m a xi m u m T
r i I o u e m a d u e t u m O l i m h u m an is p l cari
aran n s a

n u c u c ro
’
cap i t ibu s , gau d ere p ec o u m
n r .
48 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA N T HE O N .

To be b oth int elligible a n d appr o ximat ely c orr e c t , he

m u st eit h er s a y t h at , a cc ording t o t h e G a u ls, Ma rs w a s
t h e chi ef o f th e g o ds or els e t h at J u pi t e r w a s t h e g o d
,

o f w ar The l a tt er w a s t h e w ay in which t h e sch oli a st

.

ch o s e t o p u t it an d h e is su pp or t e d by c er ta in s ta t u e s
,

p u rp o r ting t o be t h o se o f a G au lish J u pit e r which repre ,

s ent him a s cl a d lik e a R o m a n wa rri or in a c u ira ss a n d

a a l u d a men t um : o n e s u ch w a s fou nd at Va i s o n whil e
p ,

a n o t h er of c o l o ss a l dim e n s i o ns w a s disc o v e r e d s o m e t en

1
y ea rs a g o at S e gu r et in t h e d ep art m ent o f Vau cl u s e .

1
S ee t h e fi rs t O f M Gaid oz
.
’
s E M y th ol og ie g a u l oise (Pari s ,
t u d es d e
pp . 5 -6 and pl te ;
a al s o M R o ch et in s a rtic l e in t h e M em d o
.
’
.

’
l A ca d . de Va u cl u s e, 18 8 3, pp . 18 4— 1 8 9, w hich I h a ve n o t b een abl e
to c ons ul t .
 L E C T UR E I .

TH E GA U L I S H PA NTHE O N .

PA R T II .

MA R S f
oon tin ueo
fl .

A L L t h e fa c t s be aring on th e his t ory o f th e G au lish

w a r- g o d c o nspir e t o pr o ve t h a t he w a s o nc e t h e s u pr e me

divini t y o f t h e Cel t ic r a c e ; an d t h ou gh it is fo u nd co n
veul en t t o t erm hi m briefly t h e Cel t ic Ze u s or J u pit er ,

it w oul d be m o re c orrec t t o sp e ak O f h im in t erms o f

R o man t he o l o gy a s a Ma rs -J u pit er Bu t t h e fa c t of h is
.

’
o cc u pying only t h e t hird p o si t i o n o f h o n o u r in C a es a r s

t ime is w e ight y evidence t o t h e gre at pr o gress in t h e

,

a r t s o f pe a c e an d t h e ir id e a s o f a se t t led m o de o f lif e

which t h e C ont inent al C e l t s h a d m a de since t h e t ime o f

t heir c o nq u ering t h o se p o rt i o ns o f E u r op e which t h e y
inh abi t e d when t h e y bec a me s u bj ec t t o R o m e The ol d
.

o d a ss o ci a t ed wi t h t h e sky w a s e clipsed by t h e y ou ng e r
g
g o ds , t h e G au lish M erc ur y an d t h e G a u lish Ap oll o , j u st
a s even be fo re t h e Wickin g peri o d T yr h a d b e en c a s t

in t o th e c old sh a de by t h e ru d e gl o ries o f Wo d en a ,

y o u nger g o d o f a m any -sided ch ar a c t e r Bu t t h ere w ere

.

’
a b u nd a n t t ra ces in C a es ar s t ime o f t h e p a s t gr e a t n e s s

o f T e u ta t es na a s l a t e a s t h at o f L u c a n in t h e firs t
, y
cent u ry , u nless I am mis t aken in r e g arding t h e fa c t of
E
50 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N .

hi s giving T o u t a t es t h e fir st pl a ce in th e lines qu ot ed t o
ou a s n o mere a cciden t The m o s t imp o r t an t evidence ,
y .

’
h owever , is t o be fou nd in C a e s ar s wo rds , which I t a ke
‘
t h e libert y o f bringin g u nder y o u r n o t ic e a g a in : Wi t h
’
regard t o M ars h e s a ys, it is u su al for th e G au ls a s
, ,

s oon a s t hey ha v e res olve d t o e nga ge in b at tle , t o v o w

be foreh and t o hi m a l l th e sp o ils t h e y may t ak e in t h e
w ar ; s o t hey s a crifice t o hi m a l l th e a nim als c ap t u red ,

a n d t h e y bring a ll t h e re s t o f t h e b o ot y t o ge t h e r t o o n e

Sp o t . I n m a ny o f t heir cit i e s h eaps of t hese t hin gs may

,

b e seen piled u p in t h e ir s a cr e d pl a ces N or d o e s i t

.

o ft en h appen t h a t a nyb o dy s o far disreg a rds t h e t ra di

t ion al c u s t o m as t o d ar e ei t h e r t o hide an y O f t h e b oot y a t

h o me or t o c arry an y a wa y t h at h a s been set a sid e : in
c a se s u ch a crime is c o mmi t t ed , t h e O ffe nd e r is t o rt u red
’
an d m o st sev e rely p u nish e d The m eaning o f t hese
’
w o rds is qu it e cl ear : t h e g o d s a id an d symp at hy n a y his ,

a c t iv e c o -o p e r at i o n were t o be enga g e d by giving him

,

t h e sp o ils which his w orshippers t o ok fro m t heir e nemi e s ,

a n d he w h o fa il e d t o giv e t h e d his d u e w a s h e ld t o
g o

bring t h e divine displea su re on t h e st at e , which th e

crimina l t her eby rendered liable t o de fe at an d ra va ge
in o t her w o rds he b e c ame g u il t y o f t h e m o s t h e inou s
,

crim e p o ssible against t h e c ommu nit y .

Pl ent y o f p a ra ll els m ay d ou b t less be fo u nd a m on g

, ,

o th e r a ncien t n at i o ns bu t I will o nly c all y ou r a t t e n t i o n

,

t o t h e fa mili a r c a s e o f t h e Ja h v eh o f t h e H ebrews a s fu lly

d e scribed in t h e B ook o f J o sh u a We r ea d in t h e 7 t h
.

ch a p t er t h at J o shu a, in his dis t re ss a t finding his m en

d efea t e d in th e ir a t t ack on a sm all t own c a ll e d Ai w a s ,

‘
a dd re ss e d by t h e L o rd in t h e fo ll o wi n g w o rds : Isra e l
h at h sinned ; y ea, t h ey h ave even t ransgressed my c o ve
52 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N .

h ea p of st ones, u n t o t his da y ; an d t h e L ord t u rned fr o m

t h e fi erc en es s o f his a ng e r Wh er e fo r e th e n a me o f t h a t
.

’
pl a c e w a s c all e d T h e Va ll ey o f t or u nt o t his day
, , .

’
Th u s fa r o f Acha n s high t r ea s on : whe t h er th e Ga u ls
w o u ld h av e inv o lv e d al l t h e memb ers o f his fa mily in
his t erribl e de a th , on e c ann ot s ay ; bu t it is cl ea r t h a t
t h ey w oul d h av e reg a rd e d his t r a nsgr e ssi o n in e x a c tly
’
t h e s a m e ligh t as t h e H e br e ws did ; an d C a es a r s w o rds
s u gge s t t h e infer e nce th a t ev en in his t ime , wh e n t h e
w a r- o d h a d b ee n s u rp a ssed in p o p u l a r est e em by t h e
g
m ore g e nia l divinit ies of t ra d e an d h ea l t h , t h e f o rm e r
s t ill rem a in e d t h e g o d o f t h e s t a t e in a s e ns e in which

n o o t h e r c o u ld w e ll h a v e b ee n I t m a y help u s t o u nd e r
.

s t a nd t h e scr u p u l o u s reg a rd for t h e righ t s of t h e g o d o f

w ar e nt er ta ined by t h e G a u ls t h e H ebrews an d o t h e r ,

n a t i ons of a nt iqu i t y , if we l oo k for a m o ment a t th e

t ra c e s of t his fe eling which m a nif e s t t h e mselv e s a m o ng
t h e civiliz e d n at i o ns of m o dern t im e s : I n ee d o nly a ll u d e
t o t h e sin ging of s ol e mn T e B ea ms a f t e r vic t ory , o r t o
‘
o u r pr a ying in t his c o u nt ry t h at o ur Q u e e n m ay be
’
s t re ng th en e d t o va nqu ish a n d o v erc o m e al l h er e n e mi e s ,

a n d t o o u r a d o rning o u r c a t h e dr a ls wi t h t h e t at t e r e d

‘ ’
fl a gs of t h e f o r eigner Th at th e L ord is a ma n o f w ar
.

is a s ent iment by n o m eans c o nfined t o t h e S ong o f

M o s e s : it is fo u nd t o b e s t ill a n a t u ra l on e ; a n d I n ee d
’
o nly remind y o u o f t h e p oe t W o rd s w o r t h s o d e fo r t h e

English t ha nk s giving on t h e m o rning of th e 1 8 th da y

o f J a n u ary , 1 8 1 6, an d m ore esp e ci ally t h e foll owi n g

lines :
T he
‘
fi erc e t o rn ad o sl eep s w ithi n T h y c ou rt s
H e h e s t h e w ord h e fl ies
ar —

A n d n av i es p eri s h in t h ei r p ort s
 1 . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N . 53

For T h ou art an gry w ith t hi n e i

e n em e s

Fo r t h ese , an d fo r o ur erro rs ,

A nd s ns i
th a t p a i n t th e i r t erro rs ,

We h o w o u r h ead s b efo e T h ee ; an d w e l aud

r

A n d m agn ify T h y n ame A l m i g ht y Go d ! ,

Bu t T h y m os t d rea de d i n s t ru men t ,

I nw o rk i g o u t a p u e i n t en t
n r ,

I s m an a r ay d fo m u t u al s l au g h t er
— ’
r r .

Ye a C a age is T h y d a g ht er
,
rn u

T h ou cl o t h s t t h e w ic k ed i th ei d a l i n g m ai l
’
n r zz ,

A n d b y T h y j u s t p erm i ss i o n th ey p rev a i l ;
T hi n e a m f o m p e i l gu ard s t h e c o a s t s
r r r

O f th em w h o in T h y l aw d el i g ht
T h y p es en c e t rn s t h e s c al e o f d o u btf l fi gh t
r u u ,

T rem e d o u s Go d o f b a t tl es L o rd o f h os t s
n

I amqui t e a wa re t h a t t h e s e u t t e ranc e s h a v e been m a de

t h e s u bj e c t o f sever e cri t icism ; b u t h a s an y on e ever
s h own t h a t t h e y d o n ot a cc u r at e ly p or t ra y t h e p u bli c

f ee ling in t his c ou nt ry a t t h e t im e ? For t h e p ar o chi a l

pic t u r e of th e Almigh t y t h e y exp o s e t o o u r vi e w , th e
p o e t dr ew n o t s o mu ch o n his o w n im a gin a t i o n a s on
t h at of a w a r- w ea ri e d pe ople an d t h e p a in t s w e r e mixed
,

by t h e c onfid ent h and of a s elf -c o mm ending Ph a ris aism .

Th at th e a nci ent C el t s an d T e u t o ns sh o u ld h a v e a gr ee d
a t on e t ime in m a king t heir w ar - o d t h e ir gr ea t e s t divi
g
n it o r t h e ir gr ea t es t divini t y a w ar- o d n e ed t h en
y , g , , ,

a s t o nish n o on e w h o will be a r in mind t h e ever present -

t endency o f t h e ir d e scend a n t s t o t re at in m u ch t h e s a m e
w ay a Go d wh o m t h e y r e g a rd a s infini t ely gre a t e r .

There are r ea s ons , h owev e r , for t hinkin g t h a t t h e w ar

li ke a t t rib u t es o f t heir w ar-g o d n e v e r led t h e a ncient
C e l t s wh o lly t o f o rge t t h e o th e r a spec t s of his being,
t h ou gh it is n o t t o be d e ni e d t h a t a s l o ng a s t h e y r e t a in e d ,

t h e o rigin a l h a bi t s o f t h e Ary a n wa rri o r, t h e m a r t i a l

qu ali t i e s of t h e ir s u pr e me divini t y w ou ld be likely t o

54 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA N T HE O N .

r ct u ndu e emph a sis ; an d t his s t at e o f t hings a mong

at t a

t hem c on t in u ed pr o b ably a c o nsidera ble t im e a ft e r a m o r e

s e t t l e d m o d e of l ife in a m o re g e ni a l clim a t e h a d s e t t h e

Greek mind at lib er t y fr e ely t o d ev e l o p t h e m any -sid e d

ch ara c t e r o f th e H ellenic g o d ident ified wi t h t h e h eav ens ,

w h o a s t h e Zeu s p o rt ra y e d by a few m a s t e rly t ou ch es

,

in t h e Odyssey , may saf ely be regarded as t h e grande st

pr o d u ct of he athen t he ol o gy .

J U PI T E R .

An inscrip t i on fro m M o rest el , near L a T ou r - du - Pin ,

in t h e dep art m e nt of th e Is ere, re a ds : I ovi Bag in a t i ,

C o rint h u s N ig idi A el ian i ex v ot (o ) 1

Unf o rt u nat ely .

t h e e pi t he t B ag zna tes , which ma y or may n ot b e t o pic al

'

is of u nk n own ori g in ; bu t c o mp a re th e Zend bag fia ,

‘ ’
an d t h e 0 B u lg ari an l e it o f t h e s a me me a ning
2
g o d , g , . .

We are n o b et ter off in t h e c a se of ou r next inscript i o n ,

disc o v ered on a sma ll a l t a r a t Vi enne : D eo Su cel l o ,
C elli a I u c un d(a ) v (o t u m ) s (ol v it ) l (ib en s ) m (erit o ) 3
The .

4
dat ive is likewise writ t en S ucel l o on a s t o ne fou nd at
Yv erdu n in S wi t zerl a nd T h e n am e of th e g o d o ccu rs .

a ls o on a s ilver ring f o u nd at Yo rk a n d inscrib e d wi t h

h D 5
t e w o rds eo S c l
u e o These inscrip t i ons ident ify t h e .

o d wi t h n o R o m a n divi ni t y bu t t h a t h a s a t l a st b ee n
g ;
1
R ev C el t iv 21 ; A ll m er, iij 197
. . . . .

2
B a g zna tes a dm i t s al s o o f b e in g d eri v ed
fro m t h e s ame root as t h e
'

L at i n w ord f a g u s an d in th at c ase o n e m ig ht c o m p are t h e D o d o n i an

,

s e e O v erb eck s Gr iech is ch e Ku ns tm th o l o ze

’ ’

Z b; or b
‘
e
ny i g t
o va o : y g ,

i 4
. What d id t h e Ph ry g i an epithet o f Z bs B y i s mean ?
. e a a o
‘

3
R ev . C el t iv 1 3; A l l mer, ij 454
. . . .

4
R ev . C el t iv 14 ; Momms en , I nsc H
. . . el v. N o 140 . .

5
H iibn er, E p h emerzs E p igrap h ica , iij 313 (No 18 1) 5 R ev C el t
'

. .
. .

iv . 446 .
 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N . 55

c ompensat ed for by t h e disc overy of a st one at Ma inz

rea ding : I (ovi ) o(p t im o) m(axim o ) Su ca el o, In
spi t e of t h e v ari at i o ns in t h e spellin g th e s ame divini t y ,

is prob ably me ant in al l t hese in st ances , an d he is iden

t ifi e d by t h e M a inz m o n u men t wit h Ju pi t er .

I t is n e edl e ss t o a dd t h at t hes e d at a d o n ot en able

u s t o g u ess in wh at respec t Ba g in a t e s an d t h e o t her g o d

were su pp o sed t o resem ble t h e R o man Ju pit er ; n or is

it by an y me a n s cle ar h ow C a es ar fixed on t h e f o u r th

g o d in his lis t ,
t h e fou rt h in t h e o rd e r o f imp o r t a nce

a n d p o p u l a ri t y fr o m t h e G au lish p o in t o f view , as t h e

on e t o be pl a ced o ver a g a ins t J u pi t er I t h a s s o me .

t imes been s u pp o sed t h at t h e t hu nderb o l t mu st h a ve

been t h e decisive a tt rib u t e ; bu t M Gaidoz re a s oning 2
. r

fr o m th e m onu ment s c o mb a t s t h at view, an d righ t ly

p o int s o u t t h a t C a es ar c onfined himself t o t h e w ords ,
I ovem zmp erzu m ca eles tium l enere, whi ch t el l u s n o t hing
' '

direc t ab ou t t h e t hu nderb o lt M Gaid oz , w h o h a s wri t t en . .

at gr e at leng t h on t h e G au lish Go d o f t h e Sun an d t h e

S ymb ol ism o f th e Wheel , regards J u pi t er o riginally a s

t h e g o d o f ligh t p a r ex cell ence, an d a s h aving bec o m e by
an exp ansi o n of hi s a t t rib u t es t h e g o d o f t h e sky o r t h e

he avens H e ent er t ains t h e s a me ide a of th e G au lish

.

o d r e presen t ed wi t h a wheel in hi s h a nd while he r e

g ,

g ards t h e t hu nderb olt a s a R o m a n a ccess ory , th e G au lish

s y mb o l for t h u nder being u nd o u b t e dl y t h e h a mmer , a s
3
a m o ng t h e Te u t o ns His c o ncl u si o ns , t hen , a re t h a t t h e
.

wheel r epresen t s t h e su n ; t h at t h e G a u lish g o d wit h

E p 105 ; Ja h r bzl ch er d es Verezns vo n A l terth u ms
’
1
Gaid o z ,
'

tu d es , .

l xxi v p 18 9 B u ll ép zgr d e l a Ga u l e,
’

f re un d en im R h eznl a nd e
'

. . . .

iij. p 1 54 ; iv
. . p . 200 .

2
E tu d es, p 96 . .
3 1h . pp . 93, 96 .
56 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N .

t he wheel wh o m h e ident ifi e s wi t h th e fou r th g o d in

,
’
C ae sa r s list , w a s th e g o d of t h e su n ; an d t h at th e R o m ans ,
’
h aving n o sp e ci a l g o d o f t h e su n t ill a ft e r C a e s ar s t im e ,

1
t h e l att e r c ou ld n o t a v o id ident ifying him wi t h J u p it er .

T hi s vi e w deserves t o b e c aref u lly st u di e d an d m ay be ,

e xpec t e d t o l e a d t o a b e t t e r u nd e rs t a nding o f th e o rigin a l

n at u re of t h e chief g o d o f t h e e arly Arya ns , bu t 1 a m

inclin e d t o d ou b t it s a pplic abilit y t o G au lish my th o l o gy
s o l a t e a s t h e t ime o f C a e s a r On th e o th e r h and , it ca n
.

sc arcely be d eni e d t ha t a R o m an mu st h a ve alwa ys be e n

r ea dy t o id e nt ify wi th Ju pit e r an y G a u lish g o d a ss o ciat e d
wi t h t h e phen o m en on of t hu nd er, h o we v e r symb oliz e d .

Bu t n o on e h a s m ore a cc u r a t ely es t imat ed t h e v a l u e o f

s u ch id e nt ific at i o n t h a n M Gaid oz : h e t ells u s for inst anc e
.
, ,

t h a t it w o u ld n ot b e m a de u nder t h e influ e nc e of s cien

t ifi c c omp a ris ons t h at it w as n o t wri t ers like M a cr o bi u s

t h at s aw it d on e , bu t C a e s a r , t h e s o ldi e rs an d t h e R o m an
c ol onist s in G au l t h at it t o o k pl a ce a s th e r e sul t of r ep or t s
which c ou ld d o j u st ice onl y t o o n e of t h e a tt rib u t e s of t h e
g o d c oncern e d ; t h at it m ay h a ve be e n b a s e d e ven o n a cci
d ent al r e s e mbl anc e s ; an d t h at , in a w o rd, t h e G au lish
r eligio n a s kn own t o u s is a p a limps e s t , in which t h e new
writ ing a ll o ws is ola t ed w ords of t h e o lder h and t o be
r ea d bu t n ot mu ch m or e
,
2
L at er in sp eaking of t h e
.
,

wh o l e p a ssa ge d e v o t ed t o th e G au lish g o ds by C aes ar ,

M Ga id oz u rg e s t h e s a m e v i ew in w ords t o whi ch I
.

c o u ld n o t d o j u st ic e wi th ou t qu ot in g t h e m v e rb at im : 3

‘ ’
En v ou l a nt j u g e r l a my t h o l o gi e g aul o is e d a p res ce
’
t e x t e , j e me s u is d it pl u s d u n e f o is qu e n ou s é t i on s
'

d ans l a sit u at i o n des su lt anes d E g y p te av e c l e s l e co n s de

’

1
E tu d es , p . 98 .
2
1b . p . 90
.
3 1b
. p .
‘

91
.
 1 . TH E GA UL I SH PA N T HE O N . 57

’
m u siqu e de F e licien D avid C était au C a ire , en 1 8 34, .

p endant u n v o y a ge qu e d ou z e s a in t -sim oni e ns fa is aient

e n Ori e n t L e vice - ro i d e m a nd a a F e licien D a vid de
‘

d onner d e s l e con s de m u siqu e a s e e femm e s m ais p ou r

o bs e rver les c o nve n a nces m u s u lm a nes , F e licien D a vid

d e v ai t d onner l e s l e con s au x eu nu qu es qui les a u ra ient

’
t ra nsmis e s e t répé t é e s e ns u i t e a u x s u l t an e s 1
’
In spi t e o f C a es a r s w ords , t h e n , I c ann ot h e lp re
garding t h e G au lish g o d wh o m he equ at ed wi t h Ju pit e r
a s far fr o m p o ss e ssing t h e i m p o r t a nce o r r a nk which t h at

e q u at i o n w o u ld s u gges t n or is it impr o b a bl e a ft e r a l l
; , ,

t h at t h e phen o m e n o n o f t h u nder w as t r ea t ed as on e of
t h e f o rms of his a c t ivi t y ; an d a t t his p o int s o me t hing
mu s t b e s a id o n t h a t s u bj e c t T h e Welsh w o rd fo r
.

t hu nder is ta rc m, which e n ables u s t o id e n t ify s e vera l

d -
n mes in nci n t inscrip t i ns O n e o f t hem w a s
g o a a e o .

T a ra nu cus on a m o n u m e nt fr o m Da lm a t i a, whi ch r e a ds
I o vi T aran u c o, Arri a S u cc e ssa v(ot u m ) s(ol vit ) : an o 1

t h e r w as t h e r e l at e d fo rm T a ra nu cu us a tt e s t ed by t w o
inscrip t i o ns on t h e b anks of t h e Rhine , n e it h e r o f
2

which a ll u des t o Ju pit er by t h at a pp ell at i on , n or ind e ed

ne e d t h e y b e su pp o s e d t o h a v e m e an t him B ot h n a mes .

s e e m t o b e derived fr o m a simpler o n e , T a ra nus , b o rne

by a divini t y id en t ifi e d wi t h t hu nd er ; an d T a ra nu c
u us in G a u lish T a ra n u cu os is f o rmed lik e t h e G a u lish
, ,
’
p at r o nymics O pp za m cu os , s on of O pp ian o s , an d T ou tis
‘
' '

‘
’
s on o f T o u t iss o s
‘
s zeu os , Tr eat ed a n al o g ou sly , w e h ave
.

t o int e rpr et T a ra nu cu os a s me a ning t h e Son of T a ra na s ,

or Th u nder . A c u ri ou s inscrip t i o n f o u nd a t Vi e nn e,

1
B erl in C o rp u s , iii . N o 28 04 ; R ev
. . Cel t . v . 38 5
.

2
Bramb a ch , 1 5 8 9, 18 12 ; R ev . Cel t . v . 38 6 .
58 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N .

th e ncient capit a l o f th e All obr oges, ident ifies J u pit er

a

wit h hi s t hu nder an d l ightni ng, since it r ea ds : I o vi

Fu l g uri F u l mi ni 1
S t ill m ore imp o rta nt is on e fou nd at
.

Chest er ma ny years a g o , an d n ow pr e served in th e Ash

m ol ean Mu s eu m a t O xf o rd : it b e gins wit h a dedic a
t i o n I (o vi ) O (p t im o ) M (a xim o ) T a n a r o
,
2
The Vienn e .

inscrip t i on may p erh aps be o f Cel t ic o rigin , bu t I d o u bt

t h e C el t icit y of t h e o t her : it sh ou ld r at h e r be r e g a rd e d
a s a m o n u ment of t h e pi e t y of a Germ a n in t h e a rmy

a t Chest er in t h e ye a r 1 54 t o which it bel o ngs T o .

,

b e gin wi th, t here can be n o gra v e d o u b t a s t o t h e

ident it y r ou ghly spe aking, of T an aro wit h th e English
,

w o rd th under, for t h e Angl o - S a x o n t/zunor, g en thunres , .

Germ an donn er (for an o ld e r dona r), an d t h e na me of th e

’ ’
N o rse g o d Th or , n om T /zorr, gen l ors , fr o m a s t e m . .

tizeur T o h a ve id e n t ified t h e g o d wi t h his t h u nder

c ann o t have been great ly at variance wi t h t h e h abit s o f
t h ou ght a scrib e d t o t h e G e rm ans o f an e a rlier t ime , at
’
a n y r a t e if on e were t o be g u ided by C a es a r s st at em e nt ,

vi 21 , a s t o t heir p o sit ivism : D eovum numero eos s olos

.

du cun t, ques eernu n t et quoru m ap er te op zbu s j u vun tur, S al em

'

et V u l ca num et L una m In an y c a s e , th e evid ence o f th e

.

na me l or m ay be r e lied on .

1
A llm er, ij . p . 426 ; R ev C el t . . iv 21,
. v . 38 3, w h ere it is g iv en as

I . 0 M Fu l g u ri, & c
. . .

2
H ub n er, N o . 1 68 . S i n c e w ri t i n g t h e
b ov e I h av e fou n d tha t a

M Gaid o E tu d es d e M y t h g a l p 97 su g ges ts t h e s am e i d ea as
. z, . u . .
,

I d o as t o t h e n at i o n al ity o f t h e i s c ripti on : I h av e ag a i n e x a mi ne d
n

t h e s t o n e an d I am o b l i g e d t o a d m i t th a t t h e read i n g o f t h e g o d s
’
,

n a me is d o u b t ful bu t o n e t hin g is c ert a i n n am el y th a t i t w as n ev er , ,

T a r a no a s s o me w i ll h ave it th at is ou t o f t h e q u es ti o n
,
T h e al ter .

n a ti v e read i n
g w hi ch t h e p esen t s t a t e o f t h e s t on e w ou l d su gges t
r

w oul d be s o me th i n g l ik e I N N A R O w i t h NN conj oin t .

60 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N .

th e Cel t ic Zeu s w as , I t ake it , th e great est of t hem ; bu t

,

t h e h a mm e r - g o d w a s a ls o o n e o f t h e n u mber , an d it is

he t h at w e app ear t o h ave in t h e f ou rt h G a u lish g o d in

C ae s ar s e nu mera t i o n Bu t th e fa c t of his c alling h im
’
.

J u pit er an d o f th e D almat ian dedic at i o n t o Jova T a ranueo

b el ong t o t h e misle a ding id ent ific at i ons s o felicit ou sly
e s t im a t e d at t h e ir pr o p e r v a l u e by M Gai d oz H a d we
. .

m or e in fo rmat i o n ab ou t th e G a u lish h a mm er -g o d, w e
sh ou ld pr ob ably find him r e s e mbling Th or st ill m ore
1
s t rik ingly . We are t old o f th e l at t er t h a t he w a s
a l e ss c ompl ex divinit y t h an W o den , t h at h e h a d a
w ell -mark e d a n d individ u a l ch ara c t er, t ha t h e w a s e v er
a ss o ci a t ed wi t h E a r t h wh o se s on h e w a s , a n d wh o se
,

pr o u dest dist inc t i o n w a s t o be c all e d t h e m oth e r of Th or .

H e fig u res a s t h e fri end o f m an ; he w a s t h e hu sb and

’
m a n s g o d wh o s e wrat h an d a ng e r w er e e v e r direc t e d
,

a g a in s t t h e e vil p ow e rs t h a t inj u r e m o r t als : his b ol t

d e st r o yed th e fo ul thick bligh t s t h a t b e tra y e d th e pre
s e nc e o f t h e wicked o n e s , a n d sm o t e t hr ou gh t h e h u ge

cl ou d -m ass e s th at se e med t o b e cr u shing th e e a rt h L a s t ly , .

h e w a s t h e h u sb a nd of t h e g o ld e n -h a ir e d g o dd e ss Sif, in
wh o m on e rec ogniz e s t h e c orn -fi el d divini t y of C eres .

A g o o d dea l o f this d e scrip t i o n o f Th o r w o u ld pr o b ably

h av e appli e d equ ally w ell t o his G au lish c o u nt erp art ,
a n d th e n a m e o r t i t l e I a m inclined t o id e n t ify wi t h t h e
’
l at t e r is t h a t o f t h e sec ond g o d in L u can s t ri a d T o .

b e gin wi t h it s fo rm an d pr o nu ncia t i o n , it is t o b e o bs e rv e d
’
t h at t h e p oe t s v e rs e requ ir e s t h e firs t s y ll abl e t o be c on
s idere d l o ng , while s ome o f t h e m a n u scrip t s re a d E s ne

wi t h ou t t h e a spira t e , an d a s t h e re is n o re a s on t o s u pp o se
,

1
By Vig fus s on an d Pow el l in t h eir C o rp u s Poeticum B orea l e,
 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N . 61

th e w ord in its G au lish f o rm t o h ave h ad a righ t t o it ,

E s us may be t a k e n a s a m o r e c o rrec t spelling This is .

pr o ved by on e of th e inscrip t io ns on an a l t a r d u g u p at
N 6 t re - Da me in P a ris , wh e re we h a ve n ou ns of t h e s e c ond
‘ ’
d e clensi o n wr it t e n w i t h 0, su ch as ta rvos b u ll , an d ,

C ernu nn os , t h e n a me of a n ot h e r G a u li sh g o d , while t h e
o n e which here c o ncerns u s d u ly a ppe a rs a s E s us o f t h e

U decl en si on T h e f a c t st r o ngly c orr o b o r a t es t h e vi e w

.

o f Pic t e t a n d o t hers w h o c onnec t E s us wi t h t h e S a nskri t

asu s- “
t h e br e at h o f li fe lif e b ot h a s a f o rce an d a s a
, ,
’ - ‘
c ondit i o n ; Zend unku s , a l ord or m a st er a ls o w orld ,
’ ‘ ’
a n d pl a ce gener a lly , d n/zva , o ne s o w n s e lf or individ u a l

exis t enc e t h e s ou l Old N o rs e ds s g eni t iv e ds a r plu ra l

, , ,

g o ds gen erally , bu t m o r e e speci ally th e o ld e r gr o u p

'

ces zr,
’
o f N o rs e divini t ies t o which m a y be a dded t h e An gl o
,
’ ’
S a x o n g eni t iv e pl u ra l es u, o f g o ds .

This id e nt ific a t i o n is of grea t in t eres t , an d I vent u re

t o ment i o n o n e or t w o p ar t ic u l a rs o f a n a t u re t o c o n fir m
it : t h e N o rse w o rd p o in t s t o an o rigin a l n o min a t ive
a ns u - s , t h e f o rm e r exist enc e o f which is c o u n t en a nc e d
’ 1
’

by J ordan is allu si o n t o t h e t it le o f A ns zs , which t h e

G oths ga ve t o th e d e ifi e d h e roe s o f t h e ir r a ce On t h e .

o t h e r h a nd S a nskr i t a n d Z e nd give evid e nce o nly t o a

,

we aken e d f o rm , a s u -s an d it is wit h t his ra t her t h a n

,

wi t h a ns u -s t h at E sus s e e ms t o g o in so far a s c o n ,

cerns it s ph o n o l o gy For t h e C e l t ic l a ng u a ges n o t

.
,

u nfr e qu en t ly s e t t ing o u t wi t h t h e c o mbin a t i o n es , c o r

r e sp o nding t o a s in S a nskrit m o dified it by eliding ,

t h e sibil a nt an d m akin g t h e v o w e l in t o t, which in W e lsh

m o st ly represen t s a v o wel et ym ol o gic ally l ong t h e st a g e s
w o u ld s ee m t o b e és, e z , i z I , i a s in t h e Irish s l ur o r
, ,

1
Jo rd a n is cl e O rig in e A ct ibu s g ue Geta rum (e d H . o ld er
) , cap . 13, p 1 8
. .
62 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA N T HE O N .

’‘
fi ur,
‘
sist erWelsh c h w io r c h w io r d,
y
‘
sis t ers S an

-
sk rit s va s d r a s , t h e s a me ; or W e lsh tet, n o w ta t,
‘
h ou ses ’
,

teg es -a ) of t h e s a me f ormat i o n a s t h e Gre e k

'

for teg z
- ’
éy s or éy s , a r oo f a h o u se, pl u r a l
( ) A
‘ éy éy n
o r o T o
,
o r ea r .

’
c ording t o thi s c onj e c tu re , th e G a u lish g o d s n a me may
h a v e b e en pr o n ou nced E z us T h e w o rd is n o t known t o .

su rvive in t h e m o dern l angu age s of th e Cel t s a s an inde

p e nd e nt n a m e bu t Welsh h a s a r e markabl e d e rivat ive
,

-
fro m it For j u st a s S anskrit a su s yi elds a s um s , living,
.
- ‘

spiri tu a l , sa id e speci ally of t h e go ds of Va ru n a, an d of ,

t h e sky ; an y spirit or n on - m at eria l b e ing of an evil

’ - ‘
n at u r e an d t h e Z en d a nnu or d lzu yields a ll ure s , l ord
,

a s in A nuvo M d e ddo, Old P e rsi a n A u m ma e dd

’ ‘
or ru l e r, ,

t h e O rmuz d of Milt o n s gre at epic , so t h e G a u lish E s u -

’
s

may be rega rded a s h aving giv e n rise t o a d e riva t iv e

-s , which m a be d e t e c t e d in t h e We lsh a w ord
esu ro
y
me ani ng l o rd or ru ler, bu t s eld o m appli e d t o an y on e
bu t Go d T h e t e r m h a s been redu c e d t o a m o n o syllabl e
.

pro n ou nc e d yov, wit h a semi-v owe l ini t i a l indic ating, if

‘

t his e qu at i o n b e well f ou nded , t h at t h e firs t o f t h e t hre e

syllabl e s which o rigin a lly m a de u p t h e w ord w as n ot
a ccen t e d by t h e a nci e nt C e l t s A simil a r r e m ark appli e s .

t o an ot her t it l e of Go d in W e lsh n a m ely , I én, whi ch is ,

of t h e s a m e o rigin an d m e a ning as I o r, an d r e minds o n e

‘

‘ ’
o f t h e Old N o rse dsy nj a a g o dd e ss ,
.

We may , t hen , gu e ss t h e Ga u l ish divinit y s name t o ’

h ave me a nt l ord ru l e r or g o d ; b u t why sh ou ld t h e h a m

,
’
mer e r h a ve been c all e d l o rd or g o d K éfi xfi ? For t h e ar o v

pres e nt l et it s u fii ce t hat I cit e t h e ana l o gy of Th o r , a s he

1
lik ewis e w a s t re at e d a s th e l ord or Ans e p a r ex cell ence .

1 Vigfu s s o n Po w ell , C orp u s Po et B orea l e, ij 46 4 ; .l eas y . C b

Vig fu ss o n, I cel a nd ic-
’
E ng lis h D ie 8 v a ss, w . is t h e N o rs e form
. . hich .
 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA N T HE O N . 63

’ ‘ ’
T h e t erm s An s e, th e Anse of t h e C ou ntry , an d t h e ‘

’
a lmigh t y Anse , a lways re fer , we a re t o ld , t o Th o r in

t h e Old N o rse c armin a o f oat hs an d v o ws : t h e S wedish

’
wo rd (is/ca , light nin g, t hu nder, is expl ained t o me a n
‘

t h e c areering of t h e An s e ; an d t h e fir s t syll a ble of s u c h

pr oper n a mes a s N o rse A sl eik r, A n gl o S ax o n O sl ac ,
‘ ’ - ‘ ’

N o rse A sm od r, Angl o S a x o n O s m od , an d N o rse A s

‘ ’ - ‘ ’ ‘

bi 6rn A ngl o S a x o n O sbeorn , m od E nglish Osb orne

’
,
- ‘ ’ ‘ ’
.
,

referred t o Th or, a s es u pr ob ably did t o his Celt ic c ou nt e r

1 ‘
p ar t in G a u lish pr oper n a mes like E s un er tus , p o ssess e d
’ ‘ ’
o f t h e migh t o f E s u s E s ug enus , o ffspring of E su s a n d
, ,

‘
n o t ably E s ug enoner tus , which m u s t h a ve me a n t end o wed
’
wit h t h e might of a descend a nt o f E su s, a t erm su g
g e s t iv e o f a cl a ss o r gr ou p o f E su g en i b u t whe t h e r
,

men o r g o ds mu st remain u ndecided , t h o u gh t h e singul ar

is f ou nd t o a ssu me myt h ol o gica l imp or t ance in it s c on
t in u a t ors in I rish an d Welsh r o m anc e , where we d e t ec t
2
'

it in E og a n an d O w ezn respec t ively I t is u ncert ain .

whet her t h e G aul ish pe ople o f t h e E su vii or E su bii men

t ion e d by C a es ar, ii 34, iii 7 , v 24, me a n t by so c alling
. . .

t hemselv e s t o cl a im d e scent fro m Bs u s , since t h e n a me

may simply be derived fr o m cs us a s a c o mm o n n ou n ,

m eaning a l ord or r u ler in which c a se it w ou ld signify ,

1
H ub n er, N o 1 334, .
61
; M omms en , I nsar H el v N o 8 0 . . . .

2
I n l i vin g C el tic th e s of E su g en m u st , a cc o rd in g to an al o g y , be
d ro pp ed , an d E b e c omes in I ri s h E oga n n o w w ritt en E ogh a
u g en ,
n,

o w i n g t o t h e s h ifti g o f t h e a cc en t fo r w ard l ea v i ng t h e v o w el o f t h e
n

l a s t s y l l ab l e n eu t ral w hi l e in e arl y B y th o n ic t h e rev e s e w as m o re

,
r r

n ea l y t h e c a se an d E ug en w a s m ad e t h e b as i s o f a d eri v a ti v e E u g en
r ,

h c W h f an d Yw ezu o f w hich t h e
’

h l m t E
'

] os, w e n e t e e s o r s E ug e n u ezn , ,

c ol l o qu i al fo rm w as O wein n o w red u c e d t o O wen : c o m p are Wel s h

,

by w y d l ife c o l l o q i al l y p ro n o u n c d bo wg/ d a n d t h e l i k e T h e o l d es t
‘ ’
, ,
u e , .

s p e ll i n g a pp ears t o h av e b e e n E gez w hich w as L a ti ni zed as E ug e ius

'

u n, n ,

j us t as A n gl o -I ri s h E ogh a ns cal l t h ems el ves E ugenes .

64 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N .

th e l ordly princely o r r u ling ra c e an d s u pply an o ther

, ,

ins tanc e o f t h e bra g u nderly ing na mes o f a t ype a lrea dy

p oint ed ou t .

N ow where t h e n a me E s us o cc u rs , it s t a nds writ t en

o ver a fig u re o f t h e g o d which h a s been c a refu lly s t u died
,
1
by a dist ing u ished French arch aeol o gist , M R ob t M o wat . . .

He d e scrib e s th e h a s - r eli e f a s repres e nt ing th e g o d cl a d

in a sh ort t u nic t u cked r ou nd his wa ist s o a s n o t t o im
,

p e de t h e fre e a c t i o n of th e b o dy H e brandishes a squ are .

,

sh ort -h a ft ed a x e wit h whi ch h e is fe lling or l opping a t re e

, ,

t h e l a nce - lik e form of t h e l ea ves of which sh o w it t o be

a will o w s u ch a s m u s t h a ve gr own in a b u nd a nc e on t h e

b ank s an d isl a nds of t h e S eine M M o wat cl a sses this . .

figu re wi th t h e br onze im a g e s an d ba s-relie fs of t h e g o d

known by his L at in n a m e a s Silva nu s O ther repre .

s en t a t ion s m ak e him h o ld in o n e h a nd a br a nch which

’
he h a s j u st c u t off a tr e e wi th a wo o dman s bill while ,

a g rea t m a ny m o n u m e nt s give him a s hi s a tt rib u t e s a

h a mm e r an d a g o bl et ; bu t in s ome inst ances t h e g o ble t

is abs e nt , while in o th ers t h e h ammer h as small e r h am
m ers g row m g a s it w e re ou t of it in t r e e- like fa shi o n
2
a r e m a rk a bl e s e c1m en o f t his kind h a s be e n disc o v e r e d
p
a t Vi e nne T h e g obl e t a n d h a mm e r s o m et im e s a cc om
.

p any d e dic a t i o ns t o Silvanu s by name ; bu t t h e v a ria t i ons

ar e t oo n u m e r ou s t o b e e nu m e r a t e d O n e of t h e m o s t .

rem ark abl e is an a l tar at L y o ns , which brings t h e h a mm e r

an d t h e billh o o k t o g e t h e r : it sh o ws t h e g o d u sing a
billh o ok wit h his righ t h and an d s u pp ort ing hims e lf

1
Bull . E p ig r i . . 6 2— 68 .

2
Fi g u re d an d d es c rib e d by M A . t
n a ol e d e Barth el emy , in t h e M u s ée
p M el us zne,
’ ’

A rch eo l o
g igu e, ij . . 8; an d in col . 353 : s ee al so

Gaid oz s E tu d es , p
’
. 88 .
 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT H E O N . 65

with th e ot her on a h a mmer wi th a l ong h andle , while

t h e g oble t s t ands a t hi s fee t .

The re a s oning of M Mo wat lea ve s on e in n o d ou b t

.

t h a t t h e G a u ls id e n t ified E s u s wit h t h e R o m a n g o d
S ilvanu s w h o presided o ver w o o dl a nds cle a rings an d
, ,

’
ga rdens , t o get her wit h t h e sh epherds in t ere s t s Bu t .

on e gr ou p o f t hi s cl a ss of im a ges h a s been t h e s u bj ec t

o f a n ot her a t t rib u t i o n which h a s t h e weigh t y a u t h o ri t y

,

o f M Gaid oz an d M C erqu an d : t hey see in th e per

1
. .

s oma ge wit h th e h am mer an d g oble t t h e g o d o f t hu nder,

wh o se n a me t hey t ake T a ra nis t o h a ve been , an d on e
o f th e bes t pres e rved specim e ns is a br o nz e im a ge fo u nd

a t Pr ém ea u l x in t h e C 6t e d O r - ’
I t is described as 2
.

r epresent ing a be ard e d fig u re h olding a cu p in his righ t

h and , while t h e ot her gra sps th e h a ndle of a h ammer
which s t ands t a ller t ha n his o w n pers on His dre ss con .

sis t s o f a sh o r t t u nic an d s o me kind o f cl o s e ly fi t t ing

t r o u sers : his wa is t is pr o vi d e d wit h a t hick girdle , which

o e
n migh t be t emp t e d t o c o mp a re wi t h Th o r ’
s s o -
c a lled
bel t o f st reng th The Chest er dedic at i o n t o t h e G e rm an
.

t hu nd e r -g o d sh o ws n o t ra c e o f t h e h a mmer, bu t o nly
a g o bl et o n on e side o f t h e inscrip t i o n a n d wh at appe a rs

t o h a ve b e en a r o se o n th e o th e r : t h e m o nu m en t is
u nfo rt un at ely in a v e ry b a d s t at e of pres e rv a t i on T he .

m u seu ms o f t h e o u a -
L vre , S in t Germ a in , L y o ns a n d Avi
gn on , sa ys M Mo wat , c o nt a in m ore t ha n a sc or e o f ima ges
.

1
Gaid oz, E s qu iss e, pp i .
,
11 ; C erqu an d, R ev C el t. . v . 38 6.

2
By A d e Barth el emy , R ev Cel t i 1— 8 w h ere t h e at temp t is
'

. . . .
,

m a d e t o p o v e t h e p e rso n ag e m ean t t o h av e b een D is Pa ter ; b u t t h at

r

i s n o l o n g er t h e w a y t o l ook a t t h e qu es ti o n s i n c e M M o w a t h as , .

s u cc e e d e d in s h o w i g t h a t t h e i n fe n al d e ity is t o b e i d e n t ifi ed w it h
n r

t h e Gau l i s h C ern u n n o s as w i ll b e s h o w n l at er
,
.

F
 66 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA N T HE O N .

of th e s ame t yp e a s t h at of Prémeau l x ; m o re o v er he ,

s t a t es t h at on e w a s disc o ver e d a t M e t z , a n d t h at a ring

f ou nd at Vend eu il -C aply (Oise) h as t h e sa me ima ge cu t

on it . Th e se s erv e t o sh o w t h at th e c u lt o f th e g o d in
qu e st i on w a s n o t c onfine d t o t h e s ou t h of G au l .

M M owat a ss o cia t e s al l t h e se wi t h E su s a s Silvanu s , an d

.

a dds t o t h e m a rem a rk a ble a l t ar fr o m Ob e r - Se eb a ch , ne ar

S t ra sb ou rg which r epr e s e n t s t h e g o d su pp or t ing himself
,

wi th his right h and on a h a mmer wit h a l o ng h andl e a n d

h o lding a cyl in dric al v ase in t h e ot h er, whil e t o th e left
a t his fee t is seen a d o g , t h e h a bit u a l c o mp a ni o n of Sil

1
v anu s, a n d on t h e righ t a fem a le figu re in a l o ng r o be
,

w it h h er h and o n a c ornu c o pi a In t h e n e x t pl a ce he .

c alls at t ent i o n t o an inscrip t i o n f ou nd at C arlsb u rg in

Tran s ylva ni a , which r ea ds : Silva n o Do m T e rra e M a t ri , .

2
H ercu l i, S a cru m B oth M M o wa t an d M Ga id oz s e em
. . .

t o be in t h e m a in righ t , an d th e s o l u t i o n of t h e diffi c u l t y
is t o b e s ou gh t in t h e ch ar a c t e r of t h e G au lish g o d , w h o
w a s in all pr ob abilit y , lik e Th o r n ot o nly t h e h amm e rer ,

b u t a ls o t h e fri end o f t h e fa rm e r on e m o st l ab ori ou s p ar t ,

o f wh o s e w o rk c o nsist ed in c u t t ing d o wn t h e w oo ds a n d

for e st s t h at c o nfin e d t h e d o ma in of t h e a nci ent pl o u gh

an d h o e : p e rh a ps it w ou ld b e m o r e c o rr e c t t o reg a rd h i m

a s a rm e d wit h t h e t hu nd erb o l t or h a mm e r a s b e ing an d ,

1
A cc o d i g t o M A d e Ba th el emy t h e d o g h as three h ead s so
r n . . r , ,

t h a t h e t e t s it as a C erb e u s (R ev Cel t i
r a an d t h e s a me V i e w is
r . . .

a d o pt e d by M Fl o e t (R ev A rch 18 8 5 v
. u s A n en grav i g o f
. .
, . n

th e a l t ar w i ll b e f ou d i n t h e R ev A rch 18 7 9 x x x vij
n p l xii an d
. .
, . .
,

a n o th er in a p rev i o s v o l u me 18 54 w h e re M Ch ard i n al so g i ves t h e

u , , .

d og th e e h ead s p 310
r , . .

B ll p ig d e l a Ga u l e i 6 5 ; B e li n C orp u s iij 1 1 5 2 w h ere

’
2 r
u . e .
,
.
, .
,

M o m ms e n gg es t s th a t t h e s e c o n d w ord w a s m ean t t o b e d omes tico

su

b u t t h e rea d i ng o f t h e l ett ers ori g i n al l y w ri t t en is di ffi c u l t .

68 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N .

st e a ds on th e Rom a n W a ll , an d is n ot ewo rt hy t h at it
it
w a s s e t u p by t h e pr e fe c t o f a c oh o rt of T u n g ria n s ; b u t

t h e f a c t d o es n ot pr o ve t h e g o d t o h ave b een T e u t onic

w i t n e ss t h e G e rm ans w h o h o n o u r e d t h e Cel t ic g o d

Map o n os in an inscrip t i o n a t Ains t a bl e n ear A rmth w ait e :

t h o se a ncien t warri o rs c o u ld h a ve t au gh t a less o n in
r e ligi ou s t olera t i on t o s om e of t h e fan a t ics o f t h e T e u tonic
ra ce a t t h e pr e sent day .

An ot h e r inst anc e sh o wing h ow an ot h e r G a u lish g o d

w a s , s o t o s ay , split u p in t o t w o R o m a n on es , w a s br o u gh t

u nder y o ur att ent i o n in t h e c a se o f Vin t io s ; an d it is n o t

imp o ssible t h at Herc u l e s in t h e C a rlsb u rg inscrip t i o n w a s

m ea nt t o st a nd fo r C a mu l o s T ou t at es or Se g om o , th e
, ,

st r ong g o d e qu at ed wi t h M ars, in which c a se, S ilva nus

T erra M a ter an d H ercu l es , w ou ld be vir
’
t u al l y L u ca n s t ri a d wi t h t h e o rd e r ch a nged B e t h at a s
.

it m a y t h e a n a l o gy of t h e t re a t m ent of Vin t io s m ay I
, ,

t hink be c arri e d fu r t her, an d I sh ou ld be in clin e d on

,

I t a lia n gr ou nd t o e qu at e E s u s n o t only wit h Silvan u s ,

bu t a ls o wit h th e a gric u l t u ra l g o d S a t u rn , wh o se ol d
‘
w orld ch ara ct eris t ics r e mind o n e of Th o r a s t h e ol d
’
Anse . All u si o n h a s b een m a d e t o t h e t wof o ld ch a
’
ract er o f Th o r a s a t hun d e rer a n d t h e f a rm e r s friend
,

a n d simil a rly t o E s u s b t t his m p ssibly b

; u a
y o e an

inex a c t w ay o f d e scribing hi m, sinc e it wou ld p erhaps

be pr ef erable a s a l rea dy su gge s t ed, t o r e gard him a s
,

a rm e d wi t h t h e h a mm e r in c o ns e qu e nc e an d by r e a s o n o f
’
h is being l oo k e d t o a s t h e fa rm er s fri e nd an d pr o t e c t o r ,
h is t hu nder being his me a ns o f va nqu ishing t h e e vil
’
p owers c onst it u t ing th e fa rm er s f o e s This w ou ld l e av e
.

u s fr ee t o s u pp o se t h a t t h u nd e r an d ligh t ning o rigin a lly

a n d n at u ra lly bel onged t o t h e divini t y a ss o ci a t e d wi t h

 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA N T HE O N . 69

the sky , th e divinit y wi th wh o m t h e G au ls c on t in u ed t o

c onnec t t h e wind, a n d t o wh o m a L a t in inscrip t i o n give s
t h e n a me o f M a rs Vzn tzus Bu t t h e g o d here in qu es t i on
' '

w as a ss o ci at ed pr o b a bly n ot s o m u ch wi t h th e sk y a s

wit h th e e a rt h ; an d h e nce it is t h at s o me of his a ttri

b u t es are c omm on t o him an d t h e divinit y of t h e e art h
p a r ex cel len ce
,
t h e G a u lish Pl u t o : s o m u ch s o
,
in fa ct
,

t h at M A de B a rt h e l e my h a s t ried t o pr o v e t h a t t h e
. .
1

o d lik ened by o t h e rs t o S ilv a n u s sh o u ld be rec o gnized

g
a s t h e G au lish D l s P a ter o f wh o m C a e s a r sp ea ks
'

S o me .

wh at t h e s a me O pini o n h as since t hen be e n a d vo c at ed by

2
a n ot h e r dis t ing u ish e d F rench a rch aeo l o gis t M Fl o u e s t ,
. .

H e ta k e s a vi e w which se e ms t o me t o be m ore in h a rm o ny
wi t h t h e r apid a dva nce m a d e by G au lish a rch aeol o gy
wi thi n r e c e nt ye ars in his c ou nt ry n a mely , t h at t h e ,

id en t ific at i o ns s u gg e st ed by th e o th e r wri t ers men t i o n e d

a re fr o m t h e n at u r e o f G au lish t he ol o gy in a gr eat
, ,

m e a s u r e c o mp at ibl e wi t h o n e an ot her .

’
L u c a n e E s u s is n ot t o be disp os e d of wi t h ou t n ot icing
his T a ra nis S o me of th e m an u scrip t s re a d T a rana s, an d
.

t h e s a m e f o rm migh t be i nf erred fr o m T a ra nu cu s an d
T a ra nu cnus a lre a dy men t i o ned ; bu t t h e exist ence of T a
ra nu s h a s rec e n t ly been pl a ced bey o nd d o u b t by t h e

3
disc o very in t h e s ou t h of Fra nce o f a G a u lish inscrip t i o n
1
R ev . Cel t i 1 —8 . .
2
R ev A rch v
. 7 — 30. . . .

3
I o w e my i n form at i o n t o t h e ki d n ess o f D r St ok es w h o s t a t es
n .
,

th at t h e i n s c rip t i on I al l u d e t o in t h e te xt w as d is c ov ered a t O rg o in n,

t h e Bo u ch es d u R h 6ne T h e Bry th on ic w o rd fo r th un d er is t a ra n
.
,

mas cu l i n e in Bret o n a n d fem i n in e i n We l s h T hi s t a ra n d oes n o t .

c orres p on d d e cl en s i on all y t o T a ra n is b ut it may e ith er t o ta ra n as o f

,

t h e U d e c l en s i o n o r e l s e t o fo rm s o f t h e 0 d e c l en s i o n s u ch a s t a ra nos
, ,

(m as c ) o r ta ra no n
. w ith w hich t h e Go i d el ic o n e s ag re e n a m el y , ,

I ris h torunn t h und er Sc Gael ic to r unn t h e s a me T hes e l as t l an

,
‘
. r ,
.

g uage s h ad al s o t o irn o r t a trn o f a d i fferen t d ec l en s i o n o f w hich m ore

, , ,
 70 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT H E O N .

in which it s d at ive , T p o f t h e U d e clensi o n, o cc u rsa a vo o v

a s th e n a m e o f a divini t y I sh ou ld , h o wev e r, h es it at e .

’
t o s u bs t it u t e T a ra na s for T a ra nis in L u c a n e verse a s I ,

b eli e v e b ot h t o h ave been rea l n ames of a divini t y a ss o

1
c ia t e d wi t h t h u nd e r O n e o r b ot h wer e a ls o pr ob ably
.

t h e G a u lish for t h u nd e r i t self, a n d c a r e fu l st u dy of t h e

c o gnat e C el t ic w o rds inclin e s me t o r e ga rd T ara nis o r ,

T a ran u s n ot as a g o d bu t a s a g o dd e ss , which is c o u n
,
’
t en an c e d by L u c an e verse in t h a t it ins t i t u t e s a c om
p aris o n wit h a Di a na (p The c o rresp o nding G oid eli c .

f orm appears in an O gmic inscrip t i o n on a re m a rk able

st on e at B allycro va ne n ea r a b end of th e l ong sea -arm ,

c all e d K e nmare River in t h e w e st of th e c ou nt y of C ork , .

2
I t r ea ds

Ma q i De c c e d da s A w i T o r a n i as .

M o nu ment s c o mmem o ra t ive of pers ons s t yl e d Ma c D ece t

h av e b een f ou nd n ot o nly in Mu nst er bu t a ls o in th e c o u nt y ,

of Kild a r e in Angl e s ey an d even in D evo n A cc t is a

, .

g eni t ive like t h e L a t in fi lz (for an d t h e n o min a t ive

'

plu ral w o u ld , as in L at in , b e of t h e s a m e form ; fu rther,

A cc t T ora nza s , o r b e tt e r A cct T ora nj a s (wit h y
'

Eng y in .

y ) w ou ld s u bj e c t t o t h e kn own l a ws o f Irish ph o n ol o gy ,
es , ,

h a ve t o b e c om e in l a t e r t imes C t T o rn a a n d t h e n a me ,

w a s b o rne by a p e opl e so - c all e d in th e c o u nt y o f Kerry ,

an o n . The res t of th e d ifferen c e b e t w een t o i u an d t or u n is p aral l
r n el e d

by t h e I ri s h t a rn , ‘
i ron w hich t ak es al s o t h e form of i a ra n o f
,
’
n, th e
s am e m an ie n
g .

1
S ee al s o C er
qu an d , R ev . Cel t . v . 38 1-
8 ; Mo w a t , B u l l . E p ly i. . 1 23 9 .

2
I e xa mi n ed it in 18 8 3, b u t c ou l d n o t feel qu it e c ert ai n w h eth er
T o ra m as b ett er read i ng t h ou gh I w as i n cl i n ed
'

T u ra nza s w as t h e
'

or ,

t o th e fo r mer .
 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N . 71

’
in a distric t where Abbey O D orney h as perpetu at ed
t h e a ncient design at i o n ; while a cer t a in fa mily c alled
O C u irres , c onnec t ed wi t h t h e b ar ony of Kerry currih y
’

in t h e c ou nt y o f C ork , are als o s t yled C la nn T orna,

’ 1
‘
Children of T o ran is , in a n ol d p o em , an d t h e n a me
seems t o h a ve b e en prett y wid ely spre a d in t h e king
2
d o m of M u ns t er The geni t ive T ora nj as implies a
.

’
n o minat ive T ara nis , differing only in it s 0 fr o m L u c an e
T ara n is , which wi th it s a is pr o b a bly l e ss o rigin a l
t h a n t h e I rish on e N o w t h e l at e r f o rm which T ara nis
.

s h ou ld t a ke in I rish w o u ld be T o irn , a n d t h a t is a ls o

t h e n o mina t ive which sh o u ld h a ve a s it s g e nit ive T orna .

Bu t j u st a s t h e Welsh w o rd g wy n t, c o rresp onding e t y

m ol og ical l y t o Vin tios t h e n a me o f t h e G au lish g o d ,

a ss o ci a t ed wi t h t h e wind , h a s l o s t al l reference t o t h e

di vini t y , a n d bec o m e simply a m a scu line n ou n m e a ning

w in d , s o T oirn, t h e Irish eq u iv a lent of t h e o lder T aranis ,

G au lish T a ra nis, h a s ce a sed t o be a pr oper n ou n , an d

‘
c ome d o w n t o m o dern t imes in t h e signific a t i o n o f a

gr eat n o ise or t hu nder an d it is n ot ewo rt hy t h at it is

3
feminine .

1 By O H u idh rin
’
: s ee T he T op og rap h ica l Poems , ed i t ed by O ’
D on o
v an (D u b l i n , p 1 02 an d n o te l xi v .
,

2
T h ere w as a l so a p oet c al l ed T o rn a s u pp ose d by so m e t o h av e l i v e d
in t h e 4th c en t u ry an d it h a s b ec o m e u s u al t o t ra c e t h e U i T o n a t o
,
r

h im as t h e i r an c e s t o r T hi s is p ro b a b l y an error d a ti n g f o m t h e ti me
. r

w h en a n o m i n ati v e T orn a w ou l d b e T orna al so in t h e g e n i t i v e ; t h e

fo m er w ou l d p resu pp o se an earl y T o ra nj o-s an adj e cti v al fo rm of t h e

r
,

s a me o ri i n as t h e w o rd s h ere in u es ti o n bu t p aral l el w ith s u ch L at i n

g q ,

formati on s a s Jovi a s M a rti ns Ven eria an d t h e l ik e H ow ev er it

, , ,
.
,

w ou l d m at t er l ittl e h e re if o n e w e e fo rc e d t o s u pp o s e s o m e o f t h e r

T o rn a fa m i l i es d es c en d e d fro m t h e p o e t al l u de d t o t h e res t m ay s t i l l b e
reg ard ed as d eri v i th e i r n a m e f o m T o rn a
n t h e g e iti v e o f T ora nj as n
g r .

O R eil l y s I rish -E ng D ic t s v
’ ’
3
s e e a l s o Fo l ey s E ngl ish -
’
. . . I ris h
.

D iet . 8 . v . th u n d er .
72 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT H E O N .

Ind u ced by t hese an d t h e like c onsid e rat i ons t o r e ga rd

T a ra n is a s t h e n a m e of a g o ddess , I c an of c ou rse n ot
iden t ify h er wi th T aran u cos o r T ara n u cn o s Th e se n a mes .

I sh oul d r e gard ra th e r a s bel ongin g t o Es n e, an d b orne

by him a s t h e wi e ld e r o f th e h a mmer or t hu nderb o lt .

T a ranis wou ld t hen t ake her n atu ral pl a ce by his sid e

a s his a ss o ci a t e ; a n d t h e mist ake which t his w a y o f
,

l o oking at t h e qu est i o n w ou ld s u pp o se t h e a nci ent

sch o li a st t o h a v e c o mmi t t ed wh e n he m a d e T a ra nis int o a
G a u lish J u pi te r (p . b e c omes e a sily int elligibl e Bu t .

Z e u s w a s n ot t h e o nly wi e ld e r of t h e t hu nd erb ol t e v e n
in Gr eek my th ol o gy ; b o t h Here an d At hene c ou ld o n
o cc a si o n m ak e u s e o f t h a t dr e a d missil e ; an d e v e n

Typh o is kn own t o h a ve h andled it , t h ou gh n ot wi t h

s ign a l s u cc e ss . Th at t h e ancest ors o f t h e Welsh o nce
a ss o ci a t ed t h u nder a nd ligh t ni ng wit h a g o ddess as w e ll

a s wi t h a ,
g o d ,
is r e nd e r e d fa irly c e r t a in by t h e f a c t t h at

o n e o f th e t e rms fo r a t h u nd e rb ol t is C are G th u l ies

y y y r e ,

t h e S t on e of t h e Sh e - d em on Bu t wh e n we c o me t o
.

t h e qu e s t i on o f t h e a t t rib u t es o f T ar anis , w e are emb ar

ra ss e d by a l a ck o f i nf o rm at i o n t h n a l o gy h o w e v e r,
; e a ,

o f Th o r helps o n e t o fo rm a c o nsis t en t t he ory Fo r,

.

a s in his c a s e
,
it m a
y b e s u pp o s e d t h a t t h e a ss o ci at e

o f E s u s w a s e i ther t h e E a r t h in t h e ch a ra c t er o f his

m o t her o r e ls e , m o re pr o b ably , s om e p ers oni fic at i o n o f

,
’
t h e s a me o rigin bu t c o nc e iv e d m o r e lik e Th or s wife Sif,
,

t h e Sc an din a vi a n C e res o f t h e y ell ow c orn - fi el d .

I f t h en , t h e id ea h as a ny t hing in it s fa v o u r t h a t E s u s
, ,

a n d likewise Th o r w as pr o vid e d by a nci e n t im a gin a t i o n

—

wit h t hu nder a s a me ans o f d e fending his friend t h e sh ep

h erd an d fa rm e r, it wou ld be n at u ra l a ls o t h a t his a ss o ci at e
sh o u ld p o ss e ss t h e s ame me ans of r epellin g t h e p owers
 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT H E O N . 73

of e vil t h a t att ack e d th e cr ops ; an d it m ay here be men

t ion e d in a n t icip a t i on of t h e rem a rks t o be m a de on Irish
,

myt h ol o gy l a t er in t h e s e l e c tu res t h a t it repr e sent s t h e ,

co m - fi el d a s t h e ch o sen b at tl e -gr ou nd wher e th e p owers

fa v ou rable t o m a n m a ke w ar o n t h o se ot her p o wers t h a t
w ou ld blight his cr ops an d bl a s t t h e fru i t s of h is l ab ou r .

Po ssibly o n e w ou ld n ot be far wr o ng in su pp o sing Ar t i c

t o h a ve b e en t h e c o mp ani on divini t y of E su s an d T a ra nis ,

o n e o f h er n am e s The g o dd e ss Ar t i c h as a lre a dy b e en
.

n ot iced a s bea ring a na me kindred wit h t h e epit h et A r ta ius

o f a n A ll obro g ic Merc ur y
(p a n d o f t h e s a me o rigin .

a s t h e English E a r th t h e Te u t o nic divini t y wh o m T a ci t u s

, ,

in th e Germania , ca p xl c alls M a mmun E r tha m, T erra m .

,
‘

M a trem Bu t t h e n a me A rt io refe rs esp e ci ally t o pl ou gh

’
.

ing, a n d t h e ba s -re li ef a cc omp anying th e inscrip t i on o n th e

s t a t u e at Berne r epresen t s t h e g o dd e ss st anding r o b e d
a n d h o lding a p a t er a in h er righ t h and a n d fr u i t in t h e

left while cl o se by st and an oak an d an al t ar l o a ded wi t h

,

1
fru it s .

MI NE R VA .

C a esar in his t oo brief list o f t h e divinit ies worshipp e d

,

by t h e G a u ls g iv e s t h e l a st pl a ce t o Minerva, t o wh o m
,

h e s t a t es t h at t h e y a scribed th e ini t i a t i o n of t h e v ari ou s

t r a d e s an d a r t s Wh at G au lish g o ddess h e h a d in vi e w it
.

is imp o ssibl e t o say an d t h e l a nd o f th e All obr o ges se e ms

,

t o yield n o inscrip t i o n id e n t ifying an y G au lish divi n i t y

w i t h t h e R o m a n Min e rva Bu t on e fou nd a t S a in t B e r t r a nd
.

d e C o min g e s , in t h e Hau t e G a r onn e m e n t i o ns a t empl e o f ,

1
Mo mm s en ,
I ns or H . el v. N o 21 5, w h ere t h e
. i n s c rip t i on is rea d
D ea e A rt io n i L ic in ia S a bin ill a .
74 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT H E O N .

Minerva Bel isam a ; an d we have t h e s a me n a me in it s 1

G au lish form of t h e d a t iv e c ase, B h n p , in t h e Va iso n e a a c

inscrip t i on (p which c o mmem orat e s t h e m aking of

.

a gr o v e fo r t h e g o ddess by Se g om aros A t ra ce of t h e .

’
g o dd e ss n ame is t o be det ect ed in t h e c o gn o m e n re a d
2
Beli smiu s in a R o m a n inscrip t i o n at C arl eon on th e U sk ;
a n d P t o l e my gives a riv e r o n t h e w e s t c o a s t of Bri t a in

t h e n a m e B lt w p : it w a s pr ob ably t h e Ribble C omp are

f
e o a .

t h e c a s e o f t h e D ee , w hi ch t h e Welsh alwa ys r e ga rd e d
a s a g o dd e ss , in al l pr o b ab ili t y a g o ddess of de at h an d

w ar .

W e re on e t o be gu id e d by th e app a r e nt simil arit y of

t h e n a m e B el is a ma t o t h e fi rs t e lem ent in t h at of t h e

g o d B e l a t u ca d ro s ,
o n e migh t be led t o s u pp o se t h a t
’
Bel is ama s c h ief c oncern w a s w ar, a n d t h at she o nly
r e s e mbl e d Min erva a s a w ar-g o ddess bu t it mu st b e
’
a dmi tt e d t h at C a e s ar s w o rds I ll inerva m op era m a tque —

a r tificioru m in i tia tra dere- a ffo rd n o gr ou nd fo r su pp o sing w

t h at it w a s an y su ch a m art i a l Min erv a h e h a d in vi e w .

F ur t her, if w e o nly t u rn t o Irish lit era tu re , we t her e find

t r a c e s o f ex a c t ly s u ch a Cel t ic g o dd e ss a s he t oo bri e fly
m e nt i o ns : a n a rt icle in t h e I rish Gl o ss ary c alled a ft e r ,

t h e n a me of C orm a c king -bish op o f C a shel in t h e 9th ,

c ent u ry t ells u s th at t h ere w a s a g o dd e ss c all e d Brigi t ,

,

p oe t e ss a n d s eere ss w orshipp e d by t h e p o et s of a nci en t

,

Erinn ; t h at sh e w a s d a u ght er of t h e Irish g o d kn own

1
O rell i, 1431, 1969 . i t o an overs i gh t
T he two i
e n t r es see m, o w n g

o f t h e e d i tor s t o re p res e n t o n e an d t h e s am e i s c ipti o n

’
,
n r .

2
H ub er N o 97 n , B el is m iu s is t h e rea d i g a d o pt ed by H u b n er
. . n
,

b u t it i n o t a t al l c ert a i : s ee L e e s I c a S i l u ru m pp 1 9 21 p l
’
s n s —
, .
, .

v iii 1 w h ere h e read

.
, B el is imnu s Wh at on e w oul d exp ec t is B el i
s .

sa mius , Bel isemius o r e v en Bel isi mius .

76 1 . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N .

a w ord of u nkn o wn m eaning In Brig in do we h ave t h e .

n ame o f a divi ni ty prob ably t h e G au lish c oun t erp art o f

Brigit .

If on e may t ru st t h e se c onj e c tu re s , we h ave before u s

t ra ces o f a g o dd e ss wh o se c u l t w a s pra c t ised in G au l , in
Bri ta in an d in t h e sist e r isl and, on e wh o se attrib u t e s ,

s o fa r as w e kn o w a nyt hi ng a b ou t t h e m , fa v ou r t h e c o n

j ect u r e t h a t she w a s t h e Cel t ic divinit y m e n t i o n e d by

C ae sar T o t h e threefo ld n am e h e re a scribed h er by w ay

.

o f c o nj e c t u re sh o u ld b e a dd e d t h a t Brigi t w a s a ls o c a ll e d
,

1
B rig ; in fa c t , t his l a s t s e ems t o h av e been a fa v our i t e
Irish n am e for g eniu s pers onified : t hu s t her e w a s a Br ig
2
Bre th ach wh o s e e pi t h et m ea nt j u dicia l , r e l at ing t o v er
,

dic t s or t h e giving o f j u dgmen t ; whil e a mythic p o et an d

chi e f j u dg e o f U lst er c all e d S ench a h a d a d au ght er Br ig ,
’
wh o s e b u siness it w as t o crit icize an d c orrect h er fa th er s
e rr ors : t his Eg eri a cl o s e ly r e s e mbles , it will be s een ,

o n e of t h e Brigi t s d a u gh t e rs o f t h e D a gd a In bri ef, .

t h e w o rd brig m ea n t in Irish pre -e min e nt p ower or infl u

e nc e , a u t h o ri t y or high es t ee m whil e W e lsh h a s red u ced
;
‘ ’
t h e w ord t o bri r e n o wn or high est im at i o n ,
Am ong .

o t h e r w ords r el a t e d t o t h e n a m e s h e re in qu e s t i o n m a y

b e m e n t i o n e d t h e W e lsh w ord hra in t, for an earl i er breint ,

s t ill ea rli e r bry eint which als o o ccu rs an d r epres ent s a s

, , ,

it is a f e minin e an a nci e n t Bry th onic fo rm br ig a n tj a ,

,

id ent ic al wi t h t h at of th e go ddess Brigan t ia of th e in scrip

t i o ns T h e W e lsh bra in t m e a ns pr e r o g at iv e or privil e g e
.
,

w hich , inv o lving t h e ide a o f p o wer n o t sh ared in by

1 i n s ta c e i n t h e Britis h Mu seu m M S H arl 5 28 0 fol 6 8 a

Fo r n ,
.
, .
, . .

S e e S l l i v an s n o t e p cl xxi o f t h e i t ro d u ct ory v ol m e t o O C u rry s

2 ’ ’ ’
u ,
. n u

M a n ers & c O C u y s M S Ma t p 46 Win d is h s I ri ch e T a- ’

’ ’
n , . rr . . ta . c s e ,

p 266
. A B ri g Briug u id is al l u d ed to in t h e S an ch a s M dr i 144 - . ., .
 1 TH E GA UL I SH PA N T HE O N 77
‘

. .

al l , agrees well en ou gh wi th t h e meaning here s u ggest e d

for B riga n tia The n a me of th e Brigant es w a s d ou b tles s
.

o f t h e s a me o rigin , a s w a s a ls o t h e o l d C o rnish a dj e c t ive

‘ ’
hren ty n or bry n ty n, n oble free , a w ord repr e s e n t e d in
,
~

‘ ’
W elsh by brenh in, king f or an o ld e r breenh in, which ,

1
w ou ld imply an e arly form briga n tinos T h e id ea ori .

g in all
y expressed by a ll t hese w o rds w a s t h a t of p o w e r

o r gr ea t ness o f s o me kind whence t h e d e riva t iv e o n e s

,

o f fre e d o m , n obili t y , a u t h o ri t y a n d prer o g a t ive ; an d s o

,

fa r a s we can j u dge h er n a mes of t his o rigin c orr e c t ly

,

described t h e g o ddess in wh o m t h e p o wer o f init i a t ing

an d t ea ching t h e a r t s w a s s u pp o sed t o reside , t h e Minerv a

o f t h e Cel t s .

Drs .

Ca es ar , in his brief list of t h e g o ds worshipped by t h e

G au ls, m a kes n o a ll u s i o n t o Dis ; bu t in a su bs e qu e n t
p a ssa ge he s ta t es, vi 18 , t h at t h e y b el ieved t h emselv e s
.

descended fr o m D is P a ter, a d o c t rine which , a cc ording

t o him , t h e dru ids h a d t au gh t t hem For t his re a s o n .

a ls o t hey me a su red t h e l apse o f t ime n o t by d a ys b u t

by nigh t s an d c alcu l at e d th e d at es of t h e ir birt hd ays

, ,

t o g e t her wi t h t h e begin nings of t h e ir m on t hs an d ye a rs ,

in su ch a w ay a s t o m ake th e nigh t preced e th e d a y .

I t is rem a rka ble t h a t t h e t e rri t o ry of t h e All obr o ges

is n ot kn o wn t o s u pply a single inscrip t i o n equ a t ing
an G au lish g o d wi t h D is an d s o fa r i t w o u ld seem
y ,
’
a s t h ou gh o n e migh t c o ns t r u e C a es a r s silenc e int o e v i

d ence t h a t th e G au lish Dis w as n o t w o rshipp e d Th a t .

’
w o u ld h o we v e r, be an e rr or , an d C a e s ar s t r ea t ment o f
,

hi m is p erh aps t o be a scribed t o t h e R o m a n v ie w o f Dis

a s a s o mbr e an d inex o r abl e d e i t y h on ou r e d on t h e c o a s t s

1
S ee Cel t . B r ita in 2
,
p . 28 2 .
78 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N .

of th e Medit errane an wi t h c omp arat ively few alt ars : be

t h at as it m ay ,
Fre nch arch aeol o gy h a s s u cc ee d e d in iden
t ify in g t h e G a u lish g o d, an d in sh o wing at t h e s a me t ime
t h at his c u l t h a d v e ry firm h o ld on t h e G a u lish mind M . .

M owat is a ga in ou r gui de t o t h e int erpret a t i on of a n ot h e r

1

o f t h e e a rly G a ll o -
R o m a n a l t ars d u g u p in P aris , n am ely ,
o n e wi t h t h e fig u re o f t h e g o d s u rm o u n t e d by his n a me ,

which in it s p erf e ct st at e is kno wn t o h a ve rea d C arn a n

nos a kindr e d f o rm of which o cc u rs on a w ax t able t a t
,

Pest h in a ment i o n o f a f u nera ry c oll eg e h o lding it s

m e et ings in th e t emple of a Jup iter C ernenu s 2
I n t his .

l a st on e c ann o t help r e c o gnizing a ch th oni an divini t y

c o rr e sp on di ng t o t h e Jup iter S tyy ius of t h e R o m ans The .

f o r m C ernunnos an d t h e L at iniz e d on e C ernenus c ont a in

t h e c o mm o n s t em cern which may be a ss u med t o be o f
t h e s a me o rigin a s t h e n at ive w o rds for t h e G au lish h orn
3
o r t ru mpe t v a ri o u sly giv e n by Gre e k writ ers
i

,
as p s o vo v

an d d £ t h e We lsh a n d Irish f o r m is corn, of t h e s a m e

vv

et ym ol o gy an d me ani ng a s t h e L at in cornu English ,

h orn H ow t his na m e su i t s t h e g o d , a gl anc e a t th e

.

P a ris alt ar su fli ces t o expl a in ; for u ndern eat h th e w o rd

C ernunnos is t o b e s ee n b e ard e d an d cl ot hed , a cent ra l ,
4
figu r e wh o se forehea d is a d o rn e d wit h th e t w o h o rns
of a sta g fro m ea ch of which h angs a t o rqu e
,
The .

1 B u ll . E p ig r . d e l a Ga u l e, i . 1 11— 11 6 .

2
Ibi d p . . 1 13 O ral l i-H en zen , N o 608 7 B
. . Corp us , Vol . iii p . . 926 .

5
i
3 t
H es y ch iu s , Ko p vo v 7 1 V G o h rr i y y a‘
. Fa h dr a i an d E u s t at h iu s

(L e ip s ic ,
ad H o meri I l . 1 1 39, 5 7 Ka w
p g .

4
With i s h d i v i iti es of thi s k i n d M d A rb o is d e Ju bai
t h e Ga u l n .
’
n

v i l l e w o u l d c o mp Cy c l e My th p 38 4 an I is h B u a ra i ech w hic h
are , . .
,
r n ,

h e ren d e s a l a fi g u e d e v ach e
r t h e p ers on so c all ed is s ai d t o h av e
r

b een t h e fa ther of Bal or .

 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N .
79

m onu ment is u nfo rtu n a t ely in a ba d s tat e of preserva

t i o n ; b u t t h e he a d an d sh ou lders are on s u ch a l a rge
s c a le a s c omp a red wi t h t h e o t her fig u res o n t h e s a me

bl o ck , t hat t h e g o d c a nno t h ave been represent ed a s

s t a ndin g or even a s si t t ing on a r a is e d s e a t : in fa c t
1
t here is n o a l t ern at ive bu t t o s u pp o se , wit h M M o wa t , .

t h at t h e g od w as se a t e d cr o ss - legg e d on th e gr ou nd like ,

B u ddh a Grant e d t h a t p o st u re, w e are a t o nce led t o

.

c onnec t t h e wh o le figu r e w i t h cer t a in well - kn own scu l p a

t u res represent ing a h orne d, squ at t ing divini t y s u ch a s ,

2
t h o se f ou nd at R h e ims , a t S a in t e s , t h e chief t own o f
Ch a r e nt e -I nférieu r e , an d a t Vend oeu vres -en -Brenne T h e .

l a st , whi ch is preserv e d at Chat eau r ou x , in t h e dep ar t

ment of th e I ndre repres ent s t h e g o d h o lding a fo l l is or
,

s a ck in his l ap an d on ei ther side t here s t a nd t w o fig u res

,

o f a dimin u t ive Geni u s , wi t h t heir fe e t pl a nt ed on th e

c o ils of a serp ent , while e a ch gra sps wi th o n e h a nd eit her

h orn of th e cent ra l pers o na ge : t h e ot her h and of t h e o n e
Geni u s h o lds a t o rqu e , an d t h at o f his fell o w a p u rse A .

c on t ig u ou s fa ce o f t h e bl o ck sh o ws an A p ol lo C ith a roedus
s it t in g in th e p o s t u re ill u s t r at ed by a c o l o ss a l s t at u e o f

3 4
him at E n t ra in, in t h e N i evre T h e Rh e ims m onu ment .

1
Bu l l . E p ig r i. . 1 11-2 .

l es T ria d es g a u l o is es is t h e titl e o f a n a b l e
2 ’
L A u t el d e S a in tes et

an d c o pi ou s l
y i l l u s t ra t ed a cc o u n t o f t h e m o s t i m p ort an t m o nu me n t s
rep res e n ti n t h e Ga u l i s h Pl u t o , b t h e w l l -k n o w n k e ep er o f t h e
g y e

mu s e u m S a i n t -Germ ai n , M A l e x Bert ra n d , in t h e R ev u e A
’
at . . r ch eo l o

g i que for 18 8 0 f h ere mo re es p e ci all y t o t h e o ffp i t pu bl i s h ed

I re er r n ,

in Pari s in 18 8 0 s ee pp 1 7 38 ; al so t h e R ev A rc h fo r 18 8 2 x l iij
.
, , . .
, ,

p 322 an d p l at e ix
.
, .

B u ll E p ig r ibi d al so L es A n ti qu it és d E n tra in b y M d e Vill e

2 ’
. .
. .
,

fos se w hich I h av e n o t b een ab l t o c o u l t

, e ns .

4
B ull E p ig r ibi d
. Bert ran d pp 7 8
. .
,
.
, .
80 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA N T HE O N .

r epresent s th e h o rned g o d squ at t ing o n a s eat be t we en

Ap oll o an d Merc u ry w h o h a ve t o st a n d : in th e b e nd o f
,

his lef t arm which res t s on his kn e e , C ern u nn os h olds a

,

b ag , fro m which h e p our s f o rt h a pr o fu si o n o f a c o rns or

- 1
be e ch ma st which h e h e lps o u t wi th his righ t hand ;
,

t hey dro p d o wn b e t we e n a n ox an d a st a g fig u r e d bel o w ,

in an at t i tu d e o f at t ent i on ; w hil e a ra t h a s b een c a rve d

’
a b o ve t h e g o d s h e a d o n t h e t ymp a n u m o f t h e p e dim e n t ,

a d et a il t h o u gh t t o be o f signific anc e , seeing t h at it is an

a ni m a l dw e lling u nd e rgr ou nd .

2
L a st ly t h e bl o ck fr o m S a int es h as t h e u nu s u a l fe at u re
,

o f displ ay ing t w o gr ou ps c a rv e d b a ck t o b a ck o n o pp o sit e

fa c e s o f t h e s t one In b ot h c a ses th e squ att ing g o d h o lds

.

a t o rqu e in his righ t h and an d in t h e o t h e r a p ur se or

ba g , which is s u pp or t ed on his kn ee He appea rs t o be .

C ern u nn o s t h ou gh t h e h orns are n o l onger t h ere t o pr ove

,

his id e nt it y a s th e m o nu m e nt is imp erfe c t

,
In t h e .
,

princip a l h as -re li e f his a sso ci a t e si t s on a se at near him

, ,

wit h a c ornu c opia r e s t ing on h er l e ft arm, while a li tt l e

fem ale divinit y st ands cl o s e t o h er T h e b a s -r eli ef o n .

t h e o pp o si t e f a ce o f t h e bl o ck sh o ws t h e g o d squ a t t ing
o n a b a se o rn a men t e d wi t h t w o b u cra ni a : t o t h e l e ft o n
,

a b a se wi t h a single b u cr a ni u m , s t a nds a n a k e d g o d , w h o

s u pp or t s hi ms e lf on a cl u b ; a n d on th e righ t on a b a se ,

dev o id of orn a men t st a nds a g o dd e ss in a l ong r o b e I t

, .

is t o be n ot e d t h at t h e squ att ing at t it u d e of th e g o d in

t hes e inst anc e s h a s b ee n obs e r ve d a ls o in t h e c a s e o f
a li t t l e br o nze fig u re disc ov e r e d a t Au t u n n o w in t h e ,

1 Bertran d , p7 , pl xi
. Wh y M Mo w a t regards th e c o n t en ts o f
. . .

t h e b ag w hich t h e g o d em pti es as pi ec es o f mo n ey (B u l l E p ig r i 1 12) . . .

I d o n ot e x act l y u n d ers an d t .

2
Bull . E p ig r . ibi d .
 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT H E O N . 81

m u se u m a t S a int -G e rma in an d in t h at o f cert a in G au lish ,

c oins o n o n e side o f which is s e en a squ att ing fig u re

,

1
h oldin g a t o rqu e in it s righ t h a nd .

S u ch a re s o m e o f th e princip a l d at a for ou r p u rp o se ,

a n d fr o m t hem I inf e r t h a t lik e Dis an d Pl u t o Cer , ,

n u nn o s w a s t h e g o d o f t h e d e a d o r t h e ne t her w o rld .

As a c or oll ary w e m ay reg ard al l t hre e a s t h e g o ds of

,

rich e s o r t h e l o rds o f t h e m e ta llic we al t h of t h e w orld

t his r ole o f t h e cl a ssic a l d e i t i e s is in d ic a t e d by t h e ir
-
n a m e s Thu s Pl u t o in Greek I I A t w is d eriv e d fr o m o v v
, ,
.

’
M t e
‘
rosw ea l t h j u st a s D is g eni t iv e Dit is is su pp o sed
, , , ,
‘
t o be a c on t r a c t i o n o f dives g en divitis w e a l t hy t h ou gh ,
.
,

t h e n a m e C ern u n n o s did n o t a t l e a s t direc t ly , c o n n o t c ,

we a l t h o f a n y kind t h e a t t rib u t e s of t h e g o d s u ch a s
, ,

t h e m oney - ba g a n d t h e t orqu e s, t h a n which n o symb o ls

m o r e e xpr e ssiv e o f we a l t h wer e kn o wn t o t h e G au ls ,

a mply m a de u p fo r it ; it a pp ea rs t h e y a ls o c o nv e y e d

m u ch t h e s a m e m eaning t o th e minds of t h e Germa ns a n d

2
t h e R o m a ns .

Th ere a re at l ea st t w o qu e s t i o ns which will h a ve o ccu r

red t o y ou resp e c t ing t h e G au lish Dis : why he squ a tt ed

1
I t is th men ti on i g as b eari g on t h e q ues ti o n o f th e d is t ribu
w or n ,
n

ti o o f t h e s t a t u es o f t h e g d th a t a m ti l at e d o n e o f h im w as dis
n o ,
u

c ov ered in t h e d e p rt me t o f t h e Puy d e D 6m e in th e y ar 18 33 if
a n e

n o t ag a i l o s t it s h o u l d b e n o w in t h e m s eu m a t C l erm o t
n ,
I owe u n .

t hi s i n fo rma ti on t o a n o tic e b y M Gaid o in t h R ev A rch fo 1 8 8 0 . z e . . r ,

iv 299 301
.
—
S ee al s o t h e R ev A rch fo r 18 8 2 x l iij 1 25 w h ere t h
. . .
,
.
,
e

w i d e d i t ib u ti o n o f t h e t ic e ph al h as i n d u c e d M Mo w a t t o d c l a e fo r
s r r . e r

t h e i m p ro b ab l e h y p o th es i s th a t it w as a ft er all b u t t h e R o m a J a n u s
,
n

m o r or l e s c o m p l e t el y n t u al i e d in G l
e s a r z au .

2
M o w at B l l E p iy r d e l Ga u l e i 1 1 4-5 w h e e h e g i v es b e i d es
,
u . . a ,
.
,
r ,
s

o th e rau th o iti e D io d S ic u l s v 27 ; Pl i n y H is t N a t x x x iij 10

r s, u , .
, . .
,
. .

an d o th ers al s o s un d c o i n s an d i s c ripti o n s
r n
y .

G
82 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N .

an d why he h a d h orns M M o wat wou ld answe r th e . .

first by sh owing t h a t t h e squ a t t ing p o sit i o n w a s fa mili ar

1
t o t h e G a u ls a s p ro v e d by m o r e th a n on e anci e n t au t h o r ;
,

wh enc e it w as t h at t h e y t h o u gh t pr oper t o giv e s o m e

o f t h e ir g o ds a n d especi a lly t h e o n e wh o m t h e y r e g arded
,

a s t h e ir u niv e rs a l p a r e n t an a t t i tu d e which w a s fa mili a r

,

t o t h e m an d ch a r a c t eris t ic o f t h e ir ra c e ; s o th e y a ls o
r e pr e s ent e d hi m w earing t h e s ay um o ther g o ds migh t
t a k e t o R om a n wa ys b u t h e m u s t rem a in t r u e t o ol d
,

fa shi on e d G au l Wi t h r e gard t o th e h orns t h e s a me

.
,

a rch aeo l o gis t w o u ld a cc o u n t fo r t h e m by s u gg e st ing t h a t

t h e A m al th ean h o rn h a d in t h e f orm of a c o rnu c opi a , ,

s ingle or d ou ble , e verywhere b e c o m e t h e e mbl e m o f a b u n

d ance a n d f ur t her t ha t t h e G au ls were in t h e h abit o f

,

2
u sing t h e c o rn u c o pi a as a n o rn a m e nt fo r t h e he a d N ei .

t h er a nsw e r can b e s a id t o g o fa r e n o u gh , for it s e ems

prob a bl e t h a t b ot h t h e squ a tt ing p o s tu r e an d th e h orns
h a d a my t h o l o gic a l signific a t i o n r e a ch ing b a ck b e y o nd t h e
his t o ry o f t h e C e l t s a s a dis t inc t bra nch of t h e Arya n
f a mily t h ou gh we m ay n e v er b e abl e t o find ou t it s
,

pr e cis e m eaning .

F or tu nat ely t h er e r e m ains o n e s ou rc e o f ligh t on t h e

g en e sis a n d hist ory of C ern u n n os which n o on e, s o far
a s I kn o w, h a s t ried n a m e ly Te u t onic an d esp e ci a lly
, ,

N orse my t h ol o gy A t t h e ve ry t hr e sh old o f t h e l at t er,

.

’
o n e s e y e s ligh t a t o nc e on an a nci e n t g o d He imdal , ,

t h e a llu si o ns t o wh o m are , s o t o s ay s o sc a n t y t h a t ,

N o rse st u dent s h a ve n e v e r b e en abl e t o d r a w a c o mpl et e

o r c o nsis t e n t pic t u re of him This g o d is bri efly d e scrib e d .

1
S t rab o , iv 4, . a; D io d S ic . . v . 28 .

2
B ull . E p igr d e l a C . a u l e, i . 1 15 ; D io d Sic
. . v . 30 .
84 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA N T HE O N .

’
t h at o n e of He imd al s earli er o cc u p a t i ons w a s t o sit a t t h e
e n t ranc e t o t h e n e t h e r w o rld which p o si t i o n b e s id e s p ar t ly
, ,

a cc ou n t ing fo r h is r e p u t a t i o n a s t h e m o s t s t u pid o f t h e

g o ds might l e git imat ely be c o mp are d wi t h t h e squ att ing o f

,

C ern u nn o s : Pl u t o a ls o sat b u t it is s a id t o h a v e been o n

,

a t h ro n e o f s u lph u r He imda l w a s a st u d -end owe d g o d

.
,

w i t h t ee t h o f g o ld which cl e a rly inv o lv e s an all u s i o n t o

,

t h e m e ta llic w e a l t h o f t h e e ar th so p o in t e dly symb o liz e d

in t h e r epr e s ent at i ons of C ern u nn o s Th e y we re b ot h .

in al l p rob abili t y a ls o t h e gu a rdians o f t rea su r e ; an d it

is in t his c a p a cit y d o u bt l e ss th at H eimd a l fou ght wi t h
, ,

L o ki in his at t emp t t o st eal t h e Bris in g a neckl a c e which ,

w a s t h e pr op ert y o f t h e g o dd e s s Fr e ij a Bu t y ou will .

p erh aps a sk wh et h er th e fa c t t h at H e imd a l w a s c all e d

t h e whi t e s t of t h e An s e s d o es n o t o v e r t hr o w al l t h e s e
S p e c u l a t i ons . On t h e c o nt ra ry if w e e xa m in e W e l sh
,

li t eratu r e w e find t h e king of t h e fa iri e s an d t h e hu nt s

,

m an w h o f e t ch e s t o his a b o d e t h e s o u ls o f t h e d e c ea s e d ,
n a m e d Gwy n t ha t is t o s ay Wh ite
,
.

I t is kn o wn t h a t t h e r u lin g fa m ili e s a m o ng b ot h C e l t s
a n d T e u t o ns cl a im e d d e sc e nt fr o m p a r t ic u l a r g o ds a fa c t ,

’
s e e mingly c o n t r a dic t ory o f C a e s a r s s t a t e m en t t h a t t h e

G a u ls b eliev e d t h ems e lv e s t h e d es c e nd a nt s o f t h eir n a t iv e

D is ; bu t , a s in t h e c a se o f H e imd al w h o w a s r e ck on e d ,

by t h e N ors em e n t o b e t h e fa th e r o f a l l cl a ss e s of m en ,

kings an d th ralls a like t h e t w o vi ews w er e in a m ann e r

,

c o n s ist ent t h e sp e ci a l d es c ent o f t h e h ea ds o f p art ic u l a r

,

f a mili e s fro m p art ic u l ar d ei t i e s b e in g n o t s o mu ch c o nt ra

dic t e d a s c o v er e d by t h e g enera l d e s c ent fro m t h e g o d
o f t h e n et h e r w o rld T h e n o t i o n t h at t h e i r Pl u t o w a s
.

r e ck o n e d by t h e Gau ls t h e f ans et origo o f al l t hings t h e ,

’
g o ds incl u ded is c o u n t en anced by C ae sar s w o rds , which
,
 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA N T HE O N . 85

c o nnec t e d wit h t h e g o d th e G au lish h abi t of reck oning

t h e ni gh t b ef o re t h e d a y ; b u t pr e c e dence w a s a ls o given
t h e nigh t by t h e a nci e n t G er m a ns a s we are e xpressly ,

t o ld by T a ci t u s in his Germa n ia , c ap xi ; an d t h e y did . .

s o m o s t likely fo r t h e s a m e r e a s o n a s t h e C e l t s , w h o

c onsid e red night an d deat h t o h a ve exi st ed b e fo re light

a n d li fe . Thi s w ou ld expl a in t h e m y t h d e scribing h o w
H e imd a l w as in th e beginning of d a ys b orn of nine gia nt
m a idens nin e sist ers or nin e m o t h e rs in wh o m w e m ay
, ,

s ee a r e fer ence t o a n o n a ry week : t hu s H e imd a l pr o ves

t o be t h e fir s t o ffspring of t ime .

His n am e m u st h ave be e n epi t he t ic ; b u t he h a d o ther

n am es , which , t o ge t h e r wi t h his bl a s t -h o rn , r e mind o n e
o f th e h o rn e d C ern u nn o s : I a ll u d e t o H a l l in sk i d i an d

H e im d ali, b o t h of which are s a id t o me a n a ra m which ,

s u gg e st s t h at H e imd a l w a s o rigin ally r ep re s ent e d a s a ra m .

Th at h e w a s h o rned is impli e d lik e wis e by a c u ri ou s t erm

’ ‘ ’
in N o rse p oe t ry for a m a n s he a d , n a m e ly , H e imda l s
1
s w o rd Gre t t i t h e S tr o ng s o spe a ks o f h is o w n h ea d a n d ,

it c a ll e d fo r t h t h e e xpl an a t i o n t h at H e imd a l h a d s o m e t ime

-
or o t h e r fou gh t in S a ms o n lik e fa shi o n wi t h s o m e b o dy s
’

he a d a s his w ea p on ; bu t a s it is n ot c all e d a cl u b o r
h a mmer bu t hj orr, whi ch me a nt a sw ord , a ls o a missile
‘’

w e ap on a n d even a shi e ld it is highly pr ob able t h a t t h e

, ,

o rigin a l my t h r e pr e s e n t e d him a s figh t ing wi t h n o h e a d

b u t his o w n t h e h o rns on which s e rved him for sw o rd ,

,

s p e a r a n d shi e ld a ll a t o nc e A p rop os o f Heimda l a s a

.

ra m t h e fa c t sh o u ld p e rh a ps b e men t i o n e d t h a t t h e Cel t ic
,

Plu t o an d his a ss o ci a t e fr e qu en tly h av e a s on e o f t heir

’ 2
a t t rib u t e s a s e rp e n t or t w o wi t h a r a m s he a d .

1
C
o rp u s Po et . Be r . ij . 1 14 .
2
Bert ran d, pp . 10, 28 — 31 .
 86 1 . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N .

O n Rh e ims m onu ment C ern u n n os h a s b el ow him

th e ,

a s w e h a v e a lr ea dy s ee n , a s t a g an d a n o x , whil e t h e

S ain t es m onu ment h as on it s ev era l bu cra ni a : b ot h s t a g

a n d o x w e r e pr o b a bly anim a ls s a cred t o t h e g o d an d I ,

a m inclined t o s e e a r e ference t o him in t h e b u ll rep r e

-
s en t e d on th e w e st ern fa c e of t h e G a ll o R o m an a l tar in 1

’
P a ris I t b ears n o g o d s im a ge o r n a me bu t t h e figu re
.
,

o f a b u ll wi t h t hre e cr anes s t a nding o n him on e o n ,

,

his he a d on e on his wit hers , a n d a t hi rd o n his ru mp

, ,

2
while ab ov e are t o b e r ea d T A R VO S T R I GA R A N VS , which ’ °

‘ -
d ou b t less m ea n a t hr ee cra n e d b u ll ’
T h e b e a s t c a nn o t .

b e r e ga rd e d a s e x a c t ly r e pre s e nt ing t h e g o d a s he is ,

3
a d o rn e d wi t h a d ors ua le, whi ch m a rks him o u t a s a vic t im

t o b e s a crifi ced : t h e cr anes wer e pr ob ably view e d in t h e

s a m e ligh t , bu t it is righ t t o a dd t h at t h e ir nu mb e r w a s
presu m ably n ot a m at t er o f a ccid ent ; for t h e id ea of a
t ri a d a pp ea rs t o h a ve pl a y e d a s imp o rt ant a r i fle in a nci en t
4
G a u l a s in Ir el a nd an d Wa l e s N o w wit h r e sp e ct t o .

J u pi t er t h e b u ll an d t h e birds o cc u py o n t h e bl o ck
,

exa c t ly t h e pl a c e w hich t hey sh ou ld in c a se t hey r ef erre d

t o C ern un n o s ; an d t h e r ea s o n why his vic t ims t ak e u p
t h e r oo m wh er e h is ow n fig u r e migh t b e e xp e c t e d i s ,

pr ob ably t o be s ou gh t in s o me r eligi ou s scru pl e o r

a r t is t ic difficu l t y which pr e v ent e d th e sc u lp t o r fro m
p o r t ra ying t his g o d w h o w as s o u nlike t h e ot h e rs a s ,

1
I t is t h e ith th e n ame d fi gu e o f Bs s on it s n o rth n
on e w an r u er

fa c w hi l e it s p i n cip al fac e l o ok i g t o w rd s t h e eas t b ea s t h e fi g e

e, r n a r ur

a d n ame o f I ovrs
n an d t h e so u th e n on e th o se o f VO L C A s
, : s ee t h e
r

B l l E p ig
u . i pp 60 6 1 68
r. . .
, ,
.

S e e S t ok es s re ad i g in t h e A ca d emy fo r S e pt 25 18 8 6 p 210 a
2 ’
n .
, , . .

T hi s al s o is a d i s c o e y o f M M o w a t s ibi d pp 68
3 ’
v r 70 .
,
. .
—
.

4
Be t an d pp 20 33-9
r r ,
.
,
.
88 1 . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT H E O N .

w orld , s ave wh en he sh ook hims elf an d pr o d u c e d ea r th

k s S ch a pi e c e o f c sm g ny w o u ld n ot be w i t h o u t
q u a e . u o o o

a p a r a ll e l e ls e wh e r e an d it c a l l s t o mind s u ch a G au li s h
,

pr op er n am e a s Urog enoner tus which m ay be in t erpr e t e d

1
,

t o m e a n a man e nd ow e d wi t h o r p o s s e ss e d o f t h e might o f
‘

’
a n Uro en t h at is of a d e sc e nd ant o f Uru s which p o ssibly
g , , ,

m eant m o r e t h a n t h e m e r e b ea st d e scrib e d by C a e s a r a s
living in t h e gr eat for e st s o f G erm any Ha ving d u e .

’
r e gard h o we ve r t o t h e g o d s c o nn e c t i o n o r id ent it y
, ,

w i t h t h e ea r t h t h a t is t o say wi t h t h e s o lid gr o u nd o n e
, ,

sh ou ld rat h e r s u pp o s e t h e h o rns wit h which th e g o d ,

w a s e nd o w e d t o be t h e my t hic a l e xp o n e nt s o f t h e hills
,

an d m ou n t a ins which di v e rsify t h e s u r fa c e o f t h e gl o b e .

Aft e r t his digressi on , l e t u s ret u rn t o t h e d a ta pro

v id e d u s by Fr ench a rc h mo l o : t h e m on u m e n t s I h a v e
gy
describ e d a s s o ci at e wit h C ern u n n o s c ert a in o t her an d
y o un ge r g o ds w h o cl u s t er r ou nd him lik e children by
t h e sid e o f t h e ir fat h e r Am ong o t h er s w e h a v e fou nd
.

A p o ll o a n d M e rc u ry in his c o mp a ny an d t h er e w o u ld ,

b e n o diffic u l t y in e xpl a ining t his grou ping Thu s t h e .

G au lish Ap o ll o w a s e sp e ci a lly c onn e ct e d wi th a n d w o r ,

shipp e d n ea r t h e min er a l springs o f t h e c ou n t ry t h o s e

, ,

p er enni a l s o u rc e s o f h eal t h which p o u re d f ort h t h e ir

invig o r at ing v o lu m e fr o m t h e d eep r ea l m of C e rn u n n o s ;
a n d a s t o Merc u ry w h o w a s a m ong o t h e r t hi n gs th e
, , ,

g eni u s o f c o mm e rc e an d m on ey -m aking m u ch o f h is ,

s t o ck in t ra d e, s o t o say b el onge d t o t h e s a me ch t h oni a n

,

d e i t y a s t h e own er an d di sp en s e r of t h e m et a llic w ea l t h
o f t h e w o rld . An o ther of t h e fig u re s a s so ci a t ed wi th
C ern u n n o s is repr e s en t e d wi t h a cl u b which if m ea n t , ,

Gl u ck Kel t is ch en N a men, p
1 ’
s . 97 .
 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT H E O N . 89

for H e ra cl e s w o u ld remind on e o f th e Gr ee k my t h
a ,

which m ak e s t h e g o d o f t h a t n a m e a ssis t At l a s in b earing

t h e b ur d e n o f t h e s u perinc u mb en t w o rld ; b u t it mu s t b e
c o nfessed t h at th e gro u pin gs a ll u ded t o are o p e n t o t h e
s u spici o n of h aving b e en m a d e in s o me m ea su r e u nd e r
t h e i n fl u e nce o f cl a ssic a l ide a s , incl u ding p o ssibly t h a t of
t h e Gre ek m ys t e ries .

Ther e r e m a ins t h e a ss o ci at e o f C ern u n n o s on th e S a in t es

m on u men t wh e re sh e is r e pr e s en t e d si t t ing in t h e o rdin ary
,

w a y ne ar t o t h e cr o ss - legge d g o d : sh e h a s a c ornu c opi a ,

which impli e s t h at sh e w a s reg ard e d t h er e a s a b enign a nt

g o dd e ss ; b u t b e y o nd t h a t on e kn o ws n ot hing a b ou t h er , ,

n o t e v e n wh e t h e r sh e sh o u ld b e r e g a rd e d a s id e n t ic a l

wi t h t h e g o ddess st a nding on t h e o th e r fa c e o f th e s t o n e .

Bu t wi t h on e or b o th o f t h e s e g o dd e ss e s m a y p e rh ap s b e
c omp ared a divini t y t h a t fig u r e s in t h e Irish an d W elsh
p e digre es of t h e g o ds H er I rish n a m e w a s D anu o r .

D o n u geni t ive D an a n n or D o n ann (a ls o wri t t e n wi t h n d

,
1

f o r n n) Sh e is t re a t e d a s a g o dd e ss p a r ex cel lence in
.
,

Irish dea o f which t h e geni t iv e h a d va ri ou s f o rms , su ch

,

So t h e I rish g o ds , w h o
’ ’ ’ ’
as d e dee d ei d ea an d d u e
, , ,
.

are r e ck o ned h e r d e scen d a n t s a r e pr o misc u o u sly c a ll e d

,
’ ’
T u a th a D e D a na n n ‘
t h e Trib e s o f (t h e ) G o dd e ss Da n u
, ,
’
’
T u a th D ea or D ei t h e Tribe of (th e ) G o dd e ss , an d Fir
’
‘
,
’
th e Men o f (t h e ) G o ddess I n W elsh h er n am e
’
‘
D ea ,
.

t akes t h e fo rm D 6n an d t h e g o ds desc e nd e d fr o m h e r ,

are a cc o rdi n gly c a ll e d t h e C h ildr e n o f D 6n T h e m o re .

imp o r t an t of t hem will c ome u nd er ou r n o t ic e a s we g o

1
T he c o n s on an t a l d e c l en s i o n w as al w a y s l i abl e t o b e p l a c ed s o
re ,

we h av e D o n a n d an d D an an u u s ed in t h e n om n a i ti ve ,
w h en c e a n e w

g en iti v e, D a n a i nn e, w as s om e ti mes m ad e .
’
S ee O D o n o v a n
’
s n ot e
,
Fo ur
. Ma s ters , A M 345 0 (i . . . p . A D . . 1 1 24 (ij . p .
90 1 . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N .

on : t h ey Gwydi on s on o f D 6n , Gil vaeth w y s on of

ar e

D 6n , Am a et h o n s on o f D 6n Go v y n io n o r, a s h e is m ore ,

u s u ally c all e d Go v an n on s on of D 6n , th e smi th , wh o s e

,

n a me is et ym ol o gic ally e qu iv a l ent t o Goibniu , g eni t ive

Goibnenn t h a t o f t h e smit h o f t h e T u a t h a D é Danan u ,
,

an d A ran ro d or Ari a nrh o d , d a u gh t e r o f D 6n .

Th e ir fa t h e r is n ot u su a lly m ent i o n e d bu t Ar ia nrh o d is ,

c all e d d au ght er o f B eli in t h e We lsh T ria d s (i 40 ii 5)

l
. .
,
’
wh ence it m ay b e inferr e d t h a t B eli w a s r e cko n e d D 6n s
h u sb a nd H e is u su ally c all e d Beli t h e Gr ea t son of
.
,

M y n o g an , an d his n a m e fig u r e s a s t h a t o f th e king of t h e
2

Bry t h ons in t h e g old e n a g e o f t heir my t hic hist ory I t is .

a ls o d o u b t less t o b e iden t ified wi t h t h a t o f Bile , fa t h e r o f

3
Mil e an d of m o st o f th e hu m an inh abi t ant s o f Irel and a s
dist ingu ish e d fr o m g o ds an d dem ons Bu t Bil e is fabled .

t o h av e b een king o f S p a in s o t h a t his desc e ndan t s are ,

d e scrib e d inva ding Ir e l and fr o m Sp a in : wh a t c ou ld t h a t

mea n ? N ow visit s by t h e h er o es of t h e Bryt h o ns t o Ha d e s
a re a s w e sh a ll s e e in a l a t e r lec t u r e s o m et im e s rep re
, ,

sent e d a s m a de t o Ir el and an d t h e h er oe s of Irel and s et t ing ,

ou t for a simil a r d e s t in a t i o n a re c o nv e rs e ly s a id t o c o me

t o Bri ta in Bu t in s o m e ins t a nces Sp a in a ppe a rs t o h a ve

.

been su bs t i tu t e d for H a d e s Thu s a my t hic d og forming .

a t errib l e C e rb er u s killed by t h e s u n - h er o C uchu l a inn is

1
T he re eren f ce is t o t h e T r ad s i i th e i p b l i s hed
u in th ree v ers on s n

M y y ia n A ch a i ol og y of Wa l es (L o nd o
v r r Vol ij pp 1 22 n, . . .
—
.

Vers i o n ij is f o m t h e R ed B ook of H erg est an d h as b een p u b l i s h ed

. r ,

by m e in t h e C y mm r d or Vo l i ij 52 6 1 it n o w fo rms an app en d i x
o ,
. .
—

t o t h e R B M a bi og io
. . pp 297 — 309 n n, . .

2
N en n i u s c al l s h im B l l i u s s o n o f M in o can n u s an d mak e s h im
e n , ,

ki n g o f B ita i in t h e ti me o f C a es ar w ith w h o m h e fi gh t s : s ee San

r n ,

M te s N n i us 5 Gi l d a s pp 40 1
ar
’
en ( ,
.
—

3
Bit of L eins ter 4 a a n d l s ew h ere
.
, ,
e .
92 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N .

‘ ’ ‘
d w ina n, t ab e sc ere , dwindle pine O ld N o rs e d vin a , to ,
’
a w ay, S an skri t d h va n t o be hidden t o g o ou t or be
‘
, ,
’ ’
e x t ing u i s h e d hidd en d a rk a n d a s a n eu t e r
‘
dh vdn ta , , , ,
‘
n o u n d arkn e ss p o ssibly a ls o th e G re ek w o rd O d ,
va r o s

’
‘
d eath O n th e o t h e r h a nd t h e C e l t ic n a m e s are n o t
.
,
‘
t o b e s e v er e d fr o m t h e W e lsh w o rd dy n , a h u m a n b e ing
’
or m a n in t h e s en s e of h omo n o t o f vir Irish d u ine o f t h e
, ,

s am e m eani ng b o t h o f which p o s tu l a t e an e arly f or m ,

1
d onyos m e a ning li t e ra lly an d e t ym ol o gic a lly a O n é : t o
,
v r s

t h e e a rly C el t a s t o t h e Gr eek m a n w a s a m o rt al a s dis

, , ,

t in g u ish e d fr o m t h e imm or t a l g o d s a n d t h e a nc e s t o rs w h o
h a d t ak e n t h e ir d ep a r t u r e t o t h e Pl a in o f Pl e a su r e in t h e
o t h e r w orld wh e r e d e a t h w a s u n kn o wn .

A w o rd m u s t n o w be d e v ot e d t o t h e p o sit i on o f t h e
g o dd e ss a s r e g ards h er c ons or t : C ern u nn o s w a s t h e
1 T hi s
ty m l o gy w g g t e d t o D r S t o k es w h o h as app rov d o f
e o as s u es .
,
e

it a d expl i d by m s o f it in h is C l tic D l en ion p 37 t h e

n a ne e an , e ec s , .
,

i g l ity f a I i s h d i m ak i g d o i i i t h p l l t h fo m
rre u ar o n r u ne n
’
n n e u ra e r e r,

a cc di g t o h i
or n l c om f om a o xy to e d / d a d t h e l att f o m
s ru e, es r n n un ,
n er r

a p a o xy t
r e du yo T h e W l s h d y p o s t l a t s t h e l tt ; b t w e h av e
on n e n u e a er u

a t c o f t h e fo m er in a d y d f m w hich w s s o me ti m s fo m d a ‘ ’
ra e r ne ,
ro a e r e

p l u l dy n d o w ritten d y t o i th Bl c k Bk (Sk e ij 29 l i e 1
ra e n,
’
ne n n e a . n e, .
,
n

a d d y ed
n i t h e Bk o f T l i
n on i (S k n ij 196 l i e 10) T h e C el tic. a es s n en e , .
,
n ,
.

ro o t b i g d w a d n t h e ev ol u ti o n o f d o i i f o m it h as it s p
'
e n o n r va ll el , n r ara

i O l d I i s h céi c fi v e f m a b s e c res p on d i g t t h L ti n g u i g e
’
n r , ,
ro a or n o e a n u .

T h W l s h d y n is n o w m c li e
e e d a fe m i i n e d y es w om h as as u n ,
an n n ,
an ,
’

b ee m d f r it b u t s o c e t l y th a t it is n o t y e t a b o o k -w o d b u t
n a e o ,
re n r

i t h e Mi d d l e A g
n d y w s o ft u s ed i t h e fe m i i e by t h p o e t s
es n a en n n n e ,

a d it o cc u s o f th t g d r als o i n o l d C i h (s e S t k s s B u n a n ’
n r a en e o rn s e o e e s

M e i eh v s e
r as thi s m ea s th t t h e w d w as i g i nal l y l i k
,
er n a or or ,
e

-
G m69 a a dj cti v d o y os d j a d o j o o f th L a s tl y
y ,
n e
g d se, n , on ,
n n, ree en er .
,

w e e m t o h v a el e m e n t f t h e s a me o i g i n i t h e D o n ta urio o f a
s e a e n o r n s

m g ic s p l l e xt a t in t h e Gau l i s h l g u ag e : s ee S t o k e s C l t D ecl
a e n an s
’
e . .

p 7 8 Fo a d iffe t a cc o t o f t h e o ri g i o f O d
. . r ren s ee B u g m s un n va r o s , r an n
’

Gr u n d riss d er ve rg l eich end en Gra m ma t ik d er in cl oy erma n isch en Sp ra ch en ‘

(S t ras sb u rg , i . 236, 429 b, 1 .

 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT H E O N . 93

gre a t fig u re a cc o rding t o G a u lish ide a s a n d his a s s o ,

ci a t e w a s app a r en t ly o f sma ll er c o ns e qu enc e in t h e ir

sight : did t h e ins u l a r C e l t s r e v e rs e t h e rel a t i ve p o s i
t i o n o f t h e Pl u t onic p a ir ? Wh e n t h e f a c t s a re d u l y
w e igh e d it will b e fo u nd t h a t t h e re is n o evid e nce t o

t h a t e ff e c t This vi e w is c o u n t en a nc e d by t h e a l l b u t
.

c o mpl e t e a bs enc e o f an y s t at e m e n t s a s t o t h e n a t u re or
a t t rib u t e s o f t h e g o dd e ss : sh e l o o ms d a rkly in t h e b a ck

gr ou nd a s th e m ot her of t h e g o ds an d an y f u r ther predi ,

c a t e a b ou t h er is t o b e r ea ch e d o nly a s a m a t t e r o f in fe r
ence T h e pr o min e nc e , on th e o th e r h a nd giv e n t o her
.
,

n a me in c onn e c t i o n wi t h t h o s e o f h er d e sc end an t s is t o be
a cc ou n t e d fo r it s ee ms t o m e a s a s u rviv a l o f t h e c u s t o m
, ,

o f d e scribing p e rs o ns a s t h e childr e n of s u ch an d s u ch

’
a w o m a n wi t h o u t m a king an r e fe r e nc e t o t h e fa t h e r s
, y
n a m e : o t h e r in s t a nc e s o f t h e s a m e kind a re n o t n u mer ou s

in t h e my t h o l o gic a l t al e s o f Wal e s ; th e y a re m or e fr s
1
q u ent ly m et wi t h in t h o s e o f Ir e l a nd ; whil e in Sc ot l and ,

t h a t is t o s a y a m o ng t h e Pic t s it w a s t h e r u l e t h a t t h e
, ,

fa t h e r w a s a bs o l u t e ly o f n o a cc ou nt in t h e s u cc e ssi o n .

T o r et u rn fr o m t hi s digr e ssi o n t o C e rn u n n o s h e h as , ,

s o fa r a s w e h a v e g o n e b ee n t r ea t e d a s a h o rn e d g o d
°

b u t it w ou ld n o t b e righ t t o dismi s s him wi t h ou t c a lling

a t t e n t i o n t o a n o t h e r p e c u li a ri t y o f his fig u r e a s sh o w n
,

by s o m e o f t h e repre s e n ta t i o ns o f him Thu s a s t a t u e tt e .

,

f ou nd a t Au t u n b e sides giving him o n e princip a l fa c e ,

,

h a s on e i t h e r sid e o f t h e h e a d a sp o t a b o ve e a ch o f ,

h is e a rs fa shi o n e d in t o a sm all fa c e ; s o t h at t h e g o d
,

w a s e n abl e d n o t o nly t o l o o k fo rw a rd bu t a ls o t o s e e ,

2
o n b o t h sid e s S o m e m onu m e n t s giv e his t hr e e fa c e s t h e
.

1
S ee St o k es , in t h e R ev C el t
. . v . 362, n ot e 3.
2
Bertran d , pp . 9, 10
.
94 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA N T HE O N .

s ame dim ensi on s whil e o t h ers provid e h i m wi th t hr ee

,
1

2
c ompl e t e h ea ds ; a n d t h e Au tu n figur e c ombin e d a l l his
3
m os t sa li ent a tt rib u t e s t h e h o rns t h e t hr ee f a c e s t h e, , ,

c ro ss -l e gg e d p o st u re t h e t orqu e r ou nd his neck , an d an o

,

h
t e r r e s t ing o n his l a an d s e p a ra t ing t w o ra m -he a d e d
p
4
s e rp en t s . L a s tly t h e t ripl e h ea d w a s s o m et im e s c on
,

s id ere d e n ou gh a n d t h e a r t is t m a d e n o a tt e mp t t o give
,

t h e g o d a b o dy , t h e l o w er p o r t i o n o f t h e bl o ck b e ing
5
u t iliz e d fo r o t h e r p u rp o ses , s u ch a s t h e r epr e s e nt a t i o n
’
o f t h e g o d s a ss o ci a t e s .

N ow t his s t r ang e g o d r e d u ced t o a wo nd e rfu l h ea d , ,

whi ch id en t ifi e s him wi t h Ja n u s t h e R o m an g o d o f begin ,

ning e a n d endings h a s hi s c ou nt erp a r t in We lsh lit e rat u r e

, ,

t h ou gh a t t en t i o n h a s s o fa r a s I c an r e m e mb e r n e ver
, ,

b ee n c all e d t o t h e fa c t : I a llu de t o Bran of wh o m t h e ,

M abin o g i sp eaks which is c a ll e d aft e r th e n a me of his

6
,

si st e r B ranwe n da u gh t er o f L lyr H e is t h ere d e scrib e d

,
.

si tt ing on t h e r o ck o f Harl e ch in M e ri o neth wi t h his ,

c o u r t i e rs a r o u nd him wh en h e d e sc ri e d ships s ailing

,

ra pidly t owa rds t h e la nd : he s ent s om e of his men d own

t o m ee t t h e m a n d t o a sc ert a in t h e b u sin e ss o f t h o se in
t hem . I t t u rn e d ou t t o b e t h e fle e t o f Ma t h ol w ch , a
’
king of Ir el a nd w h o w a s c o m e t o a sk f or Bran s sist e r
,

Bra nwen t o wi fe Br an wi th ou t m o ving fro m hi s s eat

.
,

o n t h e r o ck c o nv erse d wi t h Ma t h ol w ch an d b a de h im
, ,
’
l and ; a f ter d u e d e lib erat i o n t h e l a tt er s r e qu e st w as
gr an t e d a n d h e r et ur n e d t o Ir el and wit h Branw en a s
,

1
Bert ran d , pp . 22-
7 .
2
Ih . p . 23 .

3
The h orn s a re g on e b t t h e s o ck et s remain w i t h,
u , a t ra c e o f i ron
ru s t in th em .

4
Be rt a d pp 9 10
r n , .
5
,
I b pp 24- 6 . . . .

6
R B M a b pp 348 ; Gu es t iij 103 1 29
. . . .
,
.
— .
96 I . TH E GA UL I S H PA NT H E O N .

w as th e g eniu s o f disc ord a n d h e s u cc e e ded in b ri n g ,

ing on a qu a rr e l b et w e e n t h e h o s t s o f B ri ta in an d E rinn ,

a n d in c o nve r t ing t h e sp a ci o u s e dific e in t o a sl au gh t e r

’
h ou s e wh e nc e o nly s e ven o f Bran s m en e sc ap e d a liv e
,
.

T h e wh o l e it m a y b e ob s erv e d in p a ssing i s t h e C e l t ic
, ,

c ou n t e rp art o f t h e great c a rna ge in t h e N ib el u ng e n L i e d

1
a n d t h e d e scrip t i o n o f t h e w a t e r s s ep ar at ing t his c ou n t ry
fr o m Ir el a nd su gge s t s t h a t t h e o rigina l st ory sp ok e of
Ha d e s ra t her t h an Erinn .

As t o B ran hims el f h e r e s c u e d his sist e r bu t r e c e ive d , ,

a p o is o n e d a rr o w in h is f o o t wh e r eu p o n h e o rd e r e d t h e ,

s e ve n s u rviv ors o f his a rmy t o c u t o ff h is h e a d an d t o t ak e

it wi t h t h e m t o t h e ir c o u nt ry H e t old t h e m t h at t h e y .

w ou ld sit l o n g at dinn er a t Ha rl e ch an d find t h e s o ci e t y ,

o f his H e a d a s pl ea s a n t a s it h a d e v e r b ee n t o t h e m wh e n

i t w a s o n h is b o dy Fr o m Harl e ch t h e y w o u ld pr oc ee d
.
,

2
h e s a id t o Gw a l e s t h e isl a nd n ow c all e d Gre sh ol m far
, , ,

o ff t h e c o a s t o f Pembr o k es hir e a n d r e m a in t h e re f e a s t ,

ing in t h e s o cie t y of his H e a d so l on g a s t h e y did n ot

o p e n a c e r t a i n d o o r l o oking t o wa rds C o rnwa ll Onc e .
,

h ow ev er t h ey o p ened t h a t d oo r it w ou ld be t im e for
, ,

t h e m t o s e t o u t for L o nd o n an d t h e re in t h e Whi t e Hill ,

t o b u ry it wi t h it s fa c e t o wa rds Fra nce ; s o l o ng a s t h e

H ea d r e ma ine d u ndis t ur b e d in t h at p o sit i on t his c o u n t ry ,

w o u ld h av e n o thing t o f ea r fro m fo r e ign inva si on .

1
T he t t
xpe i c ed o me d i ffic u l ty in d es c ibi g th em h e
s o ry - e ll er e r en s r n

m ak es B a s r n s hip
i l c o th m th h e s y s th ey w e e b t t w o
’
s sa a r ss e en a r u

ri ve rs c l l e d L h a d A
,
a ch n d h e d i s m i sses th em w ith t h e ig n ifi
n r a an s

c t ma k th t it i i c t h
an re r th e S
a h s m l tip l i e d h is re l m
s s n e en
“
ea a u a s

s ee R B M a b p 35
. . Gu es t iij 1 17 w h e e t h e p s s ag e i g g i o l y
. .
,
.
,
r a s e re us

mi t s ransl t d a e .

L w i M o i C l t i c R em ins e d it d f C mb i n A ch
2 ’
S ee e s rr s th e a e or e a r a r .

A ss o ci t i on by t h e R v D S i l van E va ns (L o nd on
,

a e . p 436
.
, . .
 I . TH E GA UL I S H PA NT H E O N . 97

The Mabin og i rel at es h ow it h app e ned t o th e seven men

a s Br an h a d fo re t o ld t hem ; h o w t h e y s at sev e n y e a rs a t
’
dinn e r a t Harl e ch enj o ying t h e friendly s o ci e t y o f Br an s
H e a d an d t h e s ong of th e B irds of Rhi a nn o n , an d h ow
t h e y enj o yed t hemselves eigh t y y ears in t h e isl and o f
Gw al e s . This p a r t o f th e s t o ry t akes it s n a me fr o m
’
Br an s Urd a wl B enn , t h a t is t o s a y , t h e Venerable or
di gnifi e d H e a d Time w o u ld fa il m e t o disc u ss t h e p ro
.

b abl e ident it y o f t his Ve nerable He a d wi t h th e Uth r B en,

t h e W o nd e rful He a d fo r ming t h e s u bj e c t o f on e o f t h e
,

m o s t my th o l o gic a l p oe ms a scribed t o T al iessin ; an d I 1

w ill cl o se t hese rem a rks wi t h a brief m e nt i o n of wh a t

w ou ld seem t o be an ech o o f t h e C ern u nn o s my t h in
m o dern Wa les L ewi s M orris , a n a nt iqu aria n an d p at ri o t
.

w ell kn o wn in t h e Princip a lit y in th e l a s t c e n tu ry ,

writ ing t o a friend of hi s a b o u t his pr otégé t h e We ls h

p o et Goron w y Ow en c o mpl ains o f t h e u sel e ssn e ss o f
,

giving t hat geniu s o f B ohemi an pr o clivit ies a n y m ore

m on e y , as it s e emed o nly t o sink him de eper in d itfi
cu l t ie s a n d h e u ses t h e w o rds : I t is su rpris ing wh a t
‘
,

c o n fu si on m o n e y will m ake Is it an y w o nder t h a t t h e .

d e vil sh ou ld s it cr o ss -legge d in O g o M a e n C y m w d t o g u a rd
2
t h e t re a s u r e s t h e re Whe t h e r L e wis M orris h a d d el ib e
ra t el m e a n t t o r e pr e sen t t h e devil a s a wellwi s her of man
y
need n ot be seri ou sly disc u ssed : wh a t int erest s u s at t his

1
S k en e, ii . 203-4 .

2
T h e B ry th on fo r 18 61, p 31 2 a , w h ere t h e n am e o f t h e c av e is
.

w ro n gl y p rin t ed a s th at o f M a e n C y mrw d i n s t ea d o f M aen C y mw d ,

fo r w hich i n formati on I a m i d ebt ed t o t h e k i n dn es s of t h e ed it or o f
n

t h e B y th on M r S i l v an E v an s
r , . U f tu t el y n eith er h e n or I can
. n or na ,

fi n d w h ere t h e c av e w a s s it u a t e d b t I h av e i m y chi l d h o d h eard

,
u n o

s i m il ar d s c rip t i on s of t h e d e v il
e th ou g h I can n o l on ger l o c al iz e t h em
,
.

H
98 1 . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N .

p o int is th e fac t t h at th e pic tu r e h e proj ect s of th e devil

r epro d u ces e xa ct ly t w o ch ar a c t erist ics of C ern u nn o s, in
h
t at h e w a s u s pp o sed t o s it cr o ss -l e gg e d g u a rd in g t h e

r s
t ea u e r s in his c v
a e Th a t a divi
.
n i t y like C e rn u nn o s

sh ou ld end his c a reer by b e ing abs orb e d int o t h e in c on

r u ou s ch r c r
a a t e of t h e d e vil s e ems j u s t wh a t o ne migh t
g ,

h a v e e xp e ct ed .

Wi t h t h e aid of th e We lsh inst anc e s on e is enabl e d t o ,

id ent ify t h e Hea d in I r i s h lit era t u r e l ikewise, where it 1 s

’
c all e d t ha t o f L omna Finn s F o o l w h o is t r e at e d a s an
, ,

imb e cil e a n d a s a p oet or pr oph et I a ll u d e t o an a rt icl e

’
in C o rma c s Gl o ssary wh ere v erse s a scrib e d t o L omn a s
’ 1
,

H ea d are qu o te d T h e st o ry st rang e an d o bsc u r e a s it is,

.
,

m ay b ri efly b e s u mm a riz e d t h u s : Finn an d hi s men h a d

s et u p t h e ir h u n t ing - b oot h in T et h ba , An glicized T efi a , a
distric t of c on s id era bl e ext e nt in t h e m o dern c ou nt i e s of
W e s t m eat h an d L o ngfo rd ; an d whi l e Finn w a s b u sy wi t h
t h e ch a s e, L o mna l u rk e d a b ou t h o m e wher e h e c a m e on e ,

d ay a c ro ss C airbre ch a mpi o n o f t h e L u ig ni wi t h th e
, ,
’
L u ig ni an w o ma n w h o w a s Finn s w ife in t h at dis t ric t .

Sh e en t r eat e d L o mna n ot t o t e ll Finn wh a t h e h a d seen ;

b u t u nwilling t o b e a p ar t y t o t h e disgr a cing o f Fi rm ,
h e wr o t e an O g a m c ou ch e d in qu a int m e t aph o rs, which
F inn on his r et u rn did n ot fa il t o int erpret The res ul t .

w a s t h a t C a irbre , c o ming a g a in at t h e s u gg e s t i o n of t h e
’
L u ig n ia n l ady wh en Finn w a s a wa y cu t o ff L o mn a s ,

h ea d an d c arri e d it a wa y wi t h him Finn in th e eveni ng .

f o u nd a h ea dless b o dy in t h e b oot h an d s oon c o nvinc e d

’
hi mself t h at it w a s L o m n a s s o t h e h ou nds were l et l o o s e ,
an d Finn wi t h hi s Fi a nn a s hi s men w e r e c a lled t r a ck e d
, ,

1
S ee pp . 1 29-30 of
’
O D o n o van
’
s t ran sl at ion (ed . S to k es ), s v.
. O re
T rei th .
1 00 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N .

The d e dic at i o n of t h eir ci t i e s w a s a nnu ally c el ebrat e d

by t h e G au ls wi t h lib a t i ons m a d e t o t h e Geniu s o f t h e
pl a c e ; a n d t h e pra c t ic e l a st e d far int o Ch rist ia n t im e s .

T h e na m e s o f s o m e o f t h e s e Genn are kn own s u ch a s ,

N e m au su s , Ve s o n t io a n d Va s io t h e t u t e l ar y divinit i e s ,
1
o f N im e s B es an co n an d Va is o n r e s p e c t iv ely ; b u t t h e
,

A l l ob ro g e s h a v e l eft n o m o nu m e nt s o f grea t in t e r e s t in
t his r e s p e c t H owe v er o n e fro m G e neva ma y b e men
.
,

t io n e d it r e a ds : 2
D eo Invic t o , Geni o L o ci Firm id iu s ,

S e v erinu s mil (e s ) l eg (io n is ) v iiia e A u g (u s t ae) P (i ac ) &c

, ,
.

T h e n a m e o f t h e g o d is n o t giv e n an d a l l w e l earn fr o m ,

t h e insc rip t i o n i s t ha t h e w a s a s s imilat e d wit h D eus S o l

I n vic tus o r Mi t hr a s wh o s e w o rship w a s in t r o d u c e d by
,

t h e R o ma ns a s in s crip t i o ns in va ri ou s pl a c e s in t h e A 110
,

bro g ic l a nd cl e a rly p ro ve .

N ext c o m e t h e m o t h er g o dd e ss e s , w h o are u s u a lly

c all e d in G a u li s h insc rip t i o ns writ t en in L at in M a tra e
, , ,

M a tres o r M a trona e : t h e d at iv e is t h e o nly c a s e t h at

o cc u rs in t h o se o f t h e All o br o g e s an d it is f ou nd t o be
,

ma tris o r ma tra bus 3

fo r which t h e p u r e G a u lish fo rm
,

w ou ld h av e b ee n mdtrebo a s in a v ern a c u l a r in s crip t i o n

,

a t N im e s
4
As figur e d in a nci ent ba s -reli efs t h e M o th ers
.
,

t ake t h e f orm o f t hre e y ou ng w o men o f a b e nev o l e nt

c ou n t enance an d cl a d in l ong r ob e s Th e y a re m o st ly .

r epre s ent e d in a sit t ing p o s t u re , wi t h fr u it on t h eir l a ps

o r o cc a si o n a lly an infa nt o n t h e ir kn e es ; b u t an u nin
, ,

s crib e d a l t a r in t h e mu s eu m o f V i e nn e sh o ws t h e M o t h e r

in t h e middl e s i t t ing wi t h a b a sk et fu ll of fr u i t on h er l ap ,

whi l e h er t w o sist ers s t and by her in l ong r ob e s whi ch

1
R ev . C el t iv 26
. . .
2
Ib . p . 27 .

3
1b . p . 33 .
4
S t ok es , C el t D ecl ens ion, . p . 62 .
 I . TH E GA U L I SH PA N T HE O N . 1 01

c over t h e ir he a ds ; an d a m onu m e nt f ou nd at Me tz repre

s en t s t h e thr e e s t a n di ng an d h olding in t heir h ands fr u it
,

o r fl o wers . T o c o m e b a ck t o t h e l a nd o f t h e All o br o g e s ,

o n e is l e d t o s u pp o s e fr o m t h e nu mb e r o f inscrip t i o n s
,

a n d sc u lp t u res in h o n ou r o f t h e M o t h e rs , t h at t he ir w or

ship w as fa r t h e m o s t p op u l a r t her e an d t h e s a me rem ark ,

w ou ld pr ob ably apply t o th e res t of G au l .

U su ally, bu t n ot a lwa ys t h e y h a ve t h e offici a l t it le o f

,

A ug u s ta e given t hem a s in t h e fo ll o wing inscrip t i o n f o u nd

,

a t S a int e - C o l omb e n ear L y o ns : M at ris Au gu st is C Ti t iu s

, ,
.

1
Se d u l u s e x v o t o And a r em arka ble specime n o n a piece
.

o f s t o ne a t t h e ch u rch o f A o s t e , n ea r L a T ou r -du - Pin in th e

I s e re r e a ds : Ma t ris Au g(u s t i s ) ex s t ip e a nnu a d enario ru m
,
2

xxxv e t d (onis ) Her e it m ay be o bs e rv e d t h at an o ffe r

.

to ry o f o nly t hi r t y -
fi v e den a rii in t h e c o u rs e o f a wh o le
ye a r is pre tt y cle ar e vid enc e t h at t h e fa it hfu l w h o pra o
t ise d t h e c u l t o f t h e M ot h e rs at A o s t e wer e al l p o o r
pe opl e , an d t hat th e service w a s o f t h e simpl e st an d m o s t
ru st ic n at u re One m o re o f t hes e inscrip t i o ns deserve s
.

t o be men t i o n e d , n a m e ly , t h at f o u nd a t Gre n obl e , an d

re a ding, s o far a s it is s t ill legible M a tris N em et ial i(bu s )
3

L u cret ia Q L ib (e r t a )
. Aft e r t h e a na l o gy of o t her
in s t ances N emetia li is t ak e n t o be an a bbr e vi at i o n for
,

N emetia libus , a n d t his l a st h a s fu r th e r be e n s u pp o s e d

t o be a s ort of G a ll o - R o m an e q u iva l ent of t h e o ffici a l
A ug u s tis bu t it is m u ch m ore likely t o be a t o pic a l
epit het r eferring t o s o m e sp ot wh e re t hey h a d a shrine
’
c omp are M a treho N a ma us ica ho t o t h e M o t h e rs of N imes
‘
, ,

an d M a trihu s T r everis ,
’
‘
t o t h e M o t hers o f Tr e v e s Bu t .

if thi s sh ou ld be t h ou gh t an u nsa t isfa ct o ry e xpl an at i on ,

1
R ev C el t iv
. . . p . 30 .
2
Ih . p . 31
.
1 02 1 . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N .

several hers might be e a sily su gges te d : for in stan ce,

ot
‘

N emetia l ibus might me an t hat t h e g o ddesses wer e refe rr e d

t o a s w orshi pped in nnm or gr o ves, a s it w a s n ot u nu s u a l
ve

f or s acred sp ot s t o h a v e a gr o ve o f t rees cl o se by t h e
shrine of t h e presiding di vinit y ; n or w a s it o t h e rwise in
t h e c a se of t h e M ot hers , a s m ay be s e en fr o m an in
scrip t i on fou nd at Mon t erberg , ne a r X ant en , re a din g
M at rib u s Q u a dru bu rg et G eni o L o ci Sep Fl avi u s S e ve
. .

ru s Ve t L eg X G P F V V Templ u m cu m A rb oribu s
. . . . . . . .

c on s tit u it
1
. Bu t a s / m , which we h a ve a lre a dy met
ve
‘
ro v

wi t h in t h e G au lish inscrip t i on fou nd at Va is on , m ay be

regard e d as meaning n ot simply a gr o ve , bu t a s acred
gr o v e an d c onnec t ed wit h t h e We lsh word nyf ed su p
, ,
’
p o s e d t o me an s anc t it y or p u ri t y, it woul d p e rhaps be
‘

right t o rend e r N emetia l ibus by S anc tis , an d t o c omp are

t h e S a n c tis Virg in ibu s of an inscrip t i o n in a c art ou che on
- - -
a br o k e n pill a r a t S a int R o m a in en Ga l , nea r L ons
y
2
.

The s e Virgins pr ob ably bel onged t o mu ch t h e sam e cl a ss

o f di vini t ies a s t h e M a tra e t h e pr ob able re a d ing of t h e
wh o l e inscrip t i o n which is in a ba d st at e , is s a id t o b e
,

S anc t is Virg in ibu s , S a cru m A vitu s (et ) Ca mp ana p osu

c ru n t
.

Chris t iani t y fa iled t o pu t an end t o t h e belief in

t h e s e divin e M ot hers an d V irgins : it w as c ont inu e d
in c onn e ct i o n wi t h benignant fa iri e s an d t h e Ma d o nn a,
wh enc e a cert a in nu mb er of t h e chur ch e s kn own by t h e
n a m e of N o t re -Dame, b u il t on sp ot s wh ere l e gend a ss ert s
ima g e s o f t h e Virgin t o h a ve been mira c u l ou sly disc o
vered Thes e he at hen st at u es are u su ally of woo d, which
.

h as t u rn e d bl a ck in t h e grou nd , whence t h e chap e ls of

1
O rell i, N o 2090. .
2
R ev. Cel t . iv 34
. .
104 1 . TH E GA UL I SH PA N T HE O N .

ow n ersh ip z
’
we h a ve s ame r oo t prob ably in th e
th e
’
English w ord mete, t o m ea su re ; an d on e m ay g o fur
‘

t h er an d p o in t ou t t h at t h e s t e m medio t o f t h e Irish ,

comd ia ,
comde th is pr ob ably t o b e foun d b o dily in t h e
,

An gl o -S ax o n metod which applied o nly t o Go d an d

, ,

in it s N ors e e qu iva l en t a s wh e n in t h e

Vol o sp a m ent i on is m a d e o f a gl ori ou s j u dg e bene at h

‘

’1
t h e e a r th,
s u pp os e d t o b e H e imd al Thes e fa c t s su gge st .

t h at t h e w ord C omedova e w a s appli e d t o a cl a s s of M a trd a

o r D omin a e w h o
,
in t heir c ap a ci t y o f gu ardi ans o f th e
,

w eak a ga inst t h e st r ong we re s u pp o sed t o disch arge t o

,

s o me ext ent t h e fu nc t i o ns of a j u dge or di sp enser of

j u st ic e by a v enging his crimes on t h e wr ong -d o er ; bu t
it wou ld pr ob ably b e a mis t ake t o s u pp o se t hem t o h a v e
p ar tak en t o an y gre at ex t ent of t h e ch ara ct er of t h e
Gre ek E rin n y es .

As t o t h e s e l a st h o w ev er it m ay b e gat h ered fr o m
, ,

l at e r indic a t i ons t h at v u lg ar ima gin at i on p e opl e d al l

C el t ic l ands a t t h e early t im e w e are speaking of wi t h ,

an ind efini t e n u mb e r o f h u r t fu l an d m a lev o l e nt spiri t s

,

g oblins an d o gr e sse s of al l kinds wh o se c u l t o f t err or ,

s eld o m pr ob ably a t t a ine d t o t h e di gni t y of monu m ent a l

r e c ord Bu t a ch a ra c t eris t ic e xcept io n o ccu rs in t his
.

c ou nt ry in t h e c a se of a n inscrip t i on foun d at B e nwell ,

n ear N ewc a s tle on Tyn e : it s br evi t y is rem arkabl e a s ,

t h e wh o l e c onsis t s o f t h e t w o w o rds L a miis T ribu s 2 ‘

To ,

t h e Wi t ch e s Thr e e T h e dev ot ee w h o did n o t wish his ,

n a m e kn ow n m ay h av e be e n a s oldi er fro m t h e C on t i
,

n en t ; b u t th e t hree L a mia e w ere d o u b tl e ss a s Bri t ish a s

h ’
t e Thr e e Wi t ch e s in Sh ak s p ear s M a cb e t h .

1
Corp u s Poet B o r
. . i . 1 93, ii . 6 21 .
2
H u bn e r, N o 507
. .
 1 . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT H E O N . 1 05

I t h as ft en been n ot iced t h at all these di vini t i e s ,

o

whe t her fri endly or u nfri e ndly t o m an , u su ally m u s t e r

in t hrees ; bu t t h e y pr ob ably resembled t h e Geniu s L oci
in being l o c a l an d a tt a ch e d t o p ar t ic u la r sp ot s an d it ,

w ou ld t herefo re n ot be a lways e a sy t o dra w a cle ar line

of d e m arc a t i o n b et ween t hem a n d t h e o t her g o ds a n d

g o ddesses a ss o ci at e d wi t h t h e s alient feat u r e s of a Cel t ic

l andsc ape The nu mber o f t hese min or di vinit ies w a s
.

legi o n ; an d, wit h ou t at t e mp t ing t o dra w a h ard an d

fa s t line bet ween t hem an d t h e gre at er divini t i e s w h o ,

a ls o len t t hemselves t o l o c a liz at i o n on e m a s a t h at

, y y
a m on g t h e fo rmer m u st be incl u d e d t h e spiri t s o f p ar

t icu l ar fo res t s , m oun t a in t ops , r o cks , l akes , riv e r s river ,

s ou rces , an d all springs o f wat er , which h ave in l at e r

t imes been t re at ed a s h ol y w ell s, whe t her in Fra nc e o r
t h e o t her l a nds in h a bi t ed by t h e Cel t s I t h a s been
.

su pp o s e d , an d n o t wi t h ou t r ea s on t h at t hese l andsc ape

,

divini t i e s re -a c t ed p o we rfu lly on t h e p op u l ar im a gin a t i o n

in which t hey h a d t heir exis t e nce by imp art ing t o t h e
,

physic a l su rr ou ndings of t h e Cel t t h e ch a rm of a weird

a n d u nfo rm u l at ed p o e t ry .Bu t wh at r a ce w a s it t h at
ga ve th e Cel t ic l a ndsc ape of a nt iqu it y it s p op u l a t i o n of
spiri t s The C el t ic inv a ders o f A r y a n st o ck br ou ght
t heir g o ds wi t h t hem t o t h e l a nds t hey c onqu ered j u st
a s m u ch a s t h e a nc e s t o rs o f t h e English br o u gh t wi t h

t hem t h e irs t o t h e Chris t i a n l a nd o f R o m a n Bri t a in ; an d

t h e f o rmer c o nt in u ed t o b e in t h e m a in t h e gre a t fig u r e s
o f t h e C e l t ic p a n t he o n u n t il t h a t r u d e e difice cr u mbl e d

t o d u s t u nder t h e a t t a cks o f Chri s t i ani t y ; b u t a s t o t h e

innu m e r abl e divini t i e s a t t a ched , s o t o s ay t o t h e s o il ,,

t h e gre a t m aj ori t y o f t h e m w e r e very p o ssibly t h e cre a

t i o ns o f t h e p e o pl e s here befo re t h e Cel t s In a n y c a se ,
.
1 06 I . TH E GA UL I SH PA NT HE O N .

it is c u ri ou s to observe t hat , while Chris t i a n m1s s1 0n ar1 es

a ppe a r t o h a v e m a d e c o mp a ra t iv e ly sh o rt w o rk o f t h e

grea t er C el t ic g o ds o f Arya n o rigin , th e Chu rch fu lmi

n a t e d in v a m a g a ins t t h e h u mble w o rshi p o f w ell s an d

s t o cks an d st on e s Tha t c . u l t r q ir d
e u e n o e -
w l d efi n e d
l
an d c o s t ly pri es t h oo d whi ch c o ul d b e o v e rt u rn e d o nc e for

al l an d , a li tt le m o d ifi e d it t h r iv e s in s o me C e l t ic l an d s
, ,

t o t hi s d ay . All t hat t h e Ch ur ch c oul d d o w a s to i g n ore

it for a tim e an d ul tim at ely t o as simil a t e it : t o e ffec t
,

it s an nihil a ti on ha s a lwa ys b ee n bey o nd h er p o wer We .

h a v e a g o o d p a rall el in m o dern Gr ee c e o f whi ch it ,

1 ‘
h a s b ee n w e ll sai d t h at t h e hi gh g o ds of t h e divin e
'

r a c e o f Achil l e s an d Aga memn on are forg ott en bu t t h e ,

d esc end ant s o f t h e Pen est m th e villains o f Th e s saly st ill

, ,

dr ea d t h e b e ings o f t h e p op u l ar cr e ed t h e N er e ids t h e , ,
’
Cycl op e s an d t h e L ami a
,
T h e gr eate r divin i t ies of t h e
.

C el t s w er e u n d ou b t edly A r y an ; bu t t o wh at ex te nt th e
m o t l e y m ob of l e ss er g o ds an d g o dd e ss e s w ere lik ewis e
Ary a n is a qu e st i o n t h at mu st rem a in u n answ ered u n t il , ,

a t an
y r a te t,
h e e t hn o l o gis t t h e a rch a
e o l o,
gis t an d t h e

hi st o ri an h a ve su cc ee d e d in pl a cing b e for e u s in a clea rer

light t h an h a s y et b e en d on e t h e r 6l e pl a y e d by t h o se
,

a nci e n t p eopl e s w h o o cc u pied t h e west o f E u r op e b e fo re

t h e C e l t s fir s t b eh eld t h e A t l a nt ic or appr oa ched t h e

su nny sh o r e s of t h e M e di te rrane an .

1
By A n drew L an
g in h is Cust om a nd M yt h , p . 1 78 .
1 08 11 . TH E ZE U S or

’
be fo u nd in th e sens at i on o f t h e Infini t e , which Infinit e
‘

w e ca n kn o w a s t h e Ind efi ni t e o nl y or a s t h e p a rt i a lly
‘
,
’ ’
d efin ed For c ou ld we d efin e it all , he go es on t o say ,
.
‘

‘
it w ou ld c ea s e t o b e t h e Infini t e , it w ou ld ce a s e t o b e
t h e Unk n own , it wo u ld ce a se t o b e t h e Inc o nceiv a ble o r
’ ’
th e D ivin e . Any thing t h en , which sur p a sse s m an s
,
’
c o mpr eh ensi on an d m an s p ow er wou ld s ee m t o b e frau gh t
wi t h r e ligi ou s g erms Th u s whil e t her e r ema ins a n y
.

t hi n g u nkn own , t h ere is r o o m f or th e r e ligi ou s germ

t o d e v el op a fa c t whi ch m en o f li tt le f a i t h nev e r
,

t h o r ou ghly r e a lize ; b u t it mu st be a dmitt e d t h a t every

a d di t i o n t o o u r kn o wl e d ge an d m ea ns o f u nd erst a nding

t h e u niverse t ends h o w e v e r insignific a nt it m ay b e , t o

, ,

n arrow th e d om ain of wh at p a sse s fo r r e ligi on ‘

We .

’ 1
h av e lived sa ys Dr Tyl o r in a work which fo rms
,
.
,
‘
an a cc ou n t o f t h e gen e sis o f r eligi o n , t o s e e t h e t im e
wh en m en shrink fr o m a ddre ssing e ve n t o S u pre me
’

D e i t y t h e ol d c u s t o m a ry r a in -
pray e rs ; for th e r ainfall
is p assing fr o m th e r e gio n o f t h e su p ern at u ral , t o j o in
’
t h e t id e s a n d s ea s ons in th e re alm of physic a l sci e nce .

C onversely if w e l ook b a ck in t h e dire c t io n of t h e e arly

,

hist ory o f m an w e h av e t o ackn o wl e dge t h at t h e p ro vinc e

,

o f pra y e r w a s c o nsid e r ably l a rg e r an d wid e r fo rm e rly

t h an it is n ow ; t h at is t o s ay , m a ny t hings which s e em
t o u s t o h av e n ot hi ng in p ar t ic u l ar t o d o wi t h religi on ,
wo r e an e ss ent ia lly r eligi ou s a sp e c t in t h e e y e s of o ur
p a ga n anc e st ors an d right ly s o if w e c on s id er t h e e xt ent
, ,

o f t h e ir ign o ranc e o f t h e n a t u r e of t h e w o rld a r o u nd

t h em . Bu t it w ou ld b e a t v ari ance wi t h al l t h at is
kn o wn t o u s a b ou t n at i o ns in a l ow s t at e of civiliz at i on ,

1
Pr imiti ve Cu l tu re ii
, . 26 1.
 TH E I N SUL A R OE L Ts . 109

to a scribe t o th e Arya ns be fo r e their sep ara ti on , or d u ring

-
wh at is s o m e t ime s c a lled t h e ir p ro e thn ic p e ri o d an y ,

a ppr oa ch t o a h a bi t of s t riving a f t e r t h e infini t e o r ev e n

o f c o nsci o u sly c o n t empl a t ing it w u ld a nyb o dy

; n or o p ro

b a bly be pr ep a r e d t o m a int a in su ch an O pin i o n .

I t is, h o w e ver, n ot t o b e d enied t h a t t hey h a ve n o t

u nfrequ e n t ly b e en cr e di t e d wi t h a t h eo l o gy fa r t o o a d

v an c e d fo r t hem , an d t his err o r w a s a v e ry n a t u r a l o n e

t h e disc o very t h at c er t a in l ang u a g e s sp oken by n a t i ons

dwelling in d iffe r ent l ands b e t w ee n t h e G anges an d t h e
L o ir e f o rmed on e fa mily of sp e ech , t o which t h e n a m e
Arya n is giv e n , w a s fo ll o wed by t h e id e nt ific a t i o n of a
c onsid e rabl e v o c ab u l a ry whi ch t h ey p o ss e ssed in c o mm o n ,

a n d a m o ng t h e m o s t int e res t ing w o rds in t h a t c o mm o n

v o c ab u l a ry w er e t h e pr ot ot yp e s of th e fo ll owing : S a nskri t
‘ ’
D y a us , H eav e n or Sky , a n d Dy a us hp i ta r, Sky o r H e a ‘

v en a s F a t her Gre ek 2 59 Z b w jp v o c at ive Z fi m i p ;

61 , e ; a rr ,
e re

L a t i n D iesp iter or Jup iter g en Jovis ; N o rs e T yr ; O H

,
. . .

G e rma n Z iu A -Sa xo n T iu , whence t h e m o dern Engli s h

,
‘
.

T ues day . I t w a s in fe rr e d fr o m t hese w o rds an d kin dr e d

o nes t h a t t h e pro - e t hnic Ary a ns w e re f a mili a r wi t h t h e

idea o f a F at her Hea v e n or Sky which w as pr ob ably righ t ;

,

bu t t her e w a s a st r ong t emp t a t i o n t o l o o k a t t h a t e a rly

F at h e r Sky m ore or less t hr ou gh t h e c o l ou ring m e di u m
o f t h e m o s t el e v a t ed r e pr e s e n t a t i ons o f him in l a t e r t im e s ,

na m ely a s t h e Ze u s an d J o v e of t h e b e s t a spec t s of Gre ek

,

a n d L a t in reli gi o n I t w ou ld be t edi o u s t o e n u mer a t e

.

o n e by on e t h e my th o l o gis t s an d o t h e r wri t e rs w h o g a ve

w a y t o t h at t e mp t a t i o n S u ffice it t o m e nt i o n t h e m o s t
.

insignific ant o f t h e l a tt e r : in a li t t le b o o k p u bli shed by

1

1
L e c tu res on Wl e sh Ph il ol og y , p . 10
.
1 10 11 . TH E ZE US OF

me s ome t en years a g o w ords t o t h e fo ll o wing effec t

,

- ’
w e re u sed : T h e pro e thn i c Aryan s id ea s of r e ligi o n an d
m orals ca n o nly be gu e ss e d an d h ow m any g o ds he h a d,
,

it is imp o ssibl e t o s a y . I t is, h o wev e r , c e rt a in t h at h e

w orshi pp e d one ab o v e all ot h e rs if o t h ers he h a d , an d
,

t h at h e sp ok e of hi m in t e rms e xpr e ssive a t o nc e o f t h e

ligh t of day an d of t h e wid e exp a nse of t h e sky whi ch ,

l ooke d d own u p on hi m wh e re ver h e r o a me d T hi s m ay .

h a ve be en merely his w a y o f saying t h a t his gre at H ea

ven -fa th er w as th e g o d of light , an d t h at he w a s present
ev erywh er e .

S o I w a s l e d t o t hi nk t hen ; bu t I sh ou ld n ow s ay t h at
t h o s e w o rds which are perh a ps m or e fa ul t y in wh at t hey
,

imply t ha n wh at t h ey di r e c t ly expr e ss , a re pit ched in

far t o o hi gh a k ey . For if t h e Arya ns in qu es t i o n h a d
a t t a in e d t o t h e id e a of s o t r a nsc e nd e nt a o d a s t hi s w ou ld
g
s u gge st t h er e woul d b e a diffi c u l t y in u nderst a ndi ng
,

h o w a s t h e Dy a u s o f S a nskri t li t era t ur e , he sh o u ld h ave

,

b e c o m e c o mp ara t iv ely a l a y figu r e t ha t a s T iu h e sh ou l d

,

h a ve b e en su p ers e d e d by W o de n an d Th o r a mo ng t h e
T eu t ons, an d t ha t a m ong t h e G au ls his pre -emin ence
sh oul d a t a n y t im e h a ve b een t hr eat e n e d by a M erc u ry .

Thi s w ou ld l ook s o m ewh a t lik e a reve rsi o n of t h e gre at

l aw o f e v olu t i on a s eri ou s a rg u ment a ga ins t an y t he o ry
,

o f r e ligi o n or my t h o l o gy So we c ann ot d o b e t t e r t h an
.

g o b a ck t o find wh e t h e r o ur t o o h a s t ily fo rmed n o t i o ns o f

t h e F a t h e r Sky of t h e pro -e t hnic Ary ans will n ot a dmi t o f

rev rs ron .

T h e t a sk h a s been rend er e d c omp arat ive ly ea sy by t h e

l ab ou rs o f t h e st u d en t o f ant hr op ol o gy : t ha t sci enc e o f
man is n ot qu i t e n e w b u t t h e c u n a b u l a o f t h e Ary a n
,

w ere t h ou gh t t o o sa cre d t o be h andle d by th e an thr op o

112 11 . TH E Z E US OF

which b ot h she an d t h ey r e s ent e d The childre n con .

spir e d a ga ins t th eir fa th er, a n d t h e ir m o t h er a s s i s te d t h em

by pr o du cing ir on wi th whi ch she b a de t h e m a v enge ,

t h eir wr o ngs Bu t fea r f e ll on t he m al l e xcep t Cr o n u s ,

.

’
w h o d et e rmi n e d t o d e liver h i s m ot h e r fr o m H e a v e n s

embra c e s ; s o wh e n t h e lat t e r w a s am or ou sly appro a ching

his wife fro m a dis tanc e t h eir s on Cr o n u s, arme d wit h a ,

sickl e o f iro n or st eel mu t il a t e d him Thu s th e we dd e d ,

.

p a ir H eaven a n d E a rth w ere pra c t ic a lly di vo rc e d bu t

, , ,

O c eanu s cl u ng t o his fa t h e r e v e r a ft er t h e sh a m ef u l t re at
m ent which t h e l at t er h a d u nderg one .

1
T h e Chin e se likewise p o ss e ss t h e my t h ; an d it is
kn own t o va ri o u s p e opl e s o f t h e P a cific incl u ding t h e ,

M a ori wh o se v ersi o n is in t h e high e s t degre e int erest ing

,

o n a cc ou nt o f it s cl o s e r e s e mbl a nce e ve n in d e t a ils to , ,

t h e Gr ee k on e ; b u t I m u s t b e c o nt ent t o p a ss o ver t hem

in sil enc e giving y o u t h e st ory a l one a s r epr o d u c e d by
,
2 ‘
Mr L a ng : . In t h e b e ginning t h e Hea ven Rangi a n d , , ,

t h e E ar th P ap a , w e r e t h e fa t h e r an d m ot h er o f a l l t hings
,
.

In t h e se days th e H e a v e n l a y u p o n t h e E ar th, an d al l
w a s d arkness Th e y h ad n e ve r be e n sep ara t e d H ea ve n
. .

a n d E ar t h h a d childr e n w h o gr e w u a n d liv e d i n t his

p ,

t hick nigh t an d t h e y w e r e u nh appy b e c a u s e t h e y c o ul d

,

n ot s e e B e t wee n t h e b o di e s o f t he ir p a r ent s t h e y w ere

.

impris on e d an d t h er e w a s n o light T h e n ames of t h e

, .

1
L an
g, p . 50 ; Pa u t h ier, L i vres sa r s c é d e l O rien t
’
(Par is ,

p . 19 .

2
L an
g, ppi ves as h is au th oriti es T ayl o r s N ew Z ea l a d
. 45-6, w h o g
’
n ,

pp 1 18 12 1 w h e e t h e s to ry is g i v en w ith m o d e t i l an d Bas tia

.
—
,
r re a ,
n,

D i h il ige S a g e d er Po l y n es i
e e pp 36 39 a dd i g th a t a c o w d o f
er , .
—
,
n r

si m il m y th s i o n e o f w hic h a s p e t s eve s H ea v en an d E a th
ar , n er n r r ,

are p ri n t ed in T u rn er s S a moa s ee more e p eci al l y pp 198 292 300

’
s . .
, ,
 TH E I N SUL A R OE L Ts . 1 13

c h ildren , were T u ma t u en g a , Ta ne -Mah u t a , T u t en g a n ah au

a n d s o me o thers . So t h e y al l c ons u l t ed a s t o wh a t s h oul d
‘
be d one wit h t heir p arent s , Rangi an d Pa p a S h all we
.

’ ‘ ’
sl a y t hem , or sh a ll we sep arat e t hem ? Go t o , s a id
‘
T u mat u en g a , l e t u s sl a y t hem
’
.
‘
N o cried T a ne -
’
,
Ma
h Ut a, l e t u s r ath e r sep a rat e t hem
‘
L et on e g o u pwa rds
.
,

an d bec ome a s t ra nger t o u s ; l et t h e o t her rem a in bel o w ,

an d be a p a ren t t o u s.
’
Only T a whiri - M at ea (th e wind )
h ad pi t y o n his ow n fat her an d m ot her Th e n t h e fru it
.

g o ds an d t h e w ar -g o d, an d t h e s ea g o d (for all t h e
,

children of P ap a an d R a ngi were g o ds ) t ried t o r e nd

t heir p ren t s s nd r L a s t r o s t h f res t - o d cr u el
a a u e . e e o g ,

T u t en g an ah a u . He severed t h e sinews which u nit e d

H eav e n an d E ar th , R angi a n d P a p a Then h e p u shed .

h ard wi t h his h ea d an d fe e t Then wa iled H ea v e n an d

.

‘
excl a imed E ar th , Where fore t his mu rder ? Why t his
gre at sin ? Why d e st ro y u s ? Wh y s ep ara t e u s Bu t
T a ne p u shed an d p u shed : R angi w a s driv e n fa r a wa y
int o t h e a ir They bec a me visible , w h o h a d hit her t o been
.

’
c once a led be t ween th e h oll o ws of t heir p aren t s bre a st s :
Only t h e s t o rm -g o d diff e red fr o m his br ethr e n : he a r o s e
a n d f o ll o wed his fa t her , R a ngi , an d a b o de wi t h him in
’
t h e o p e n Sp a c e s o f t h e sky .

Th e re is n o r e a s on t o su pp o se t h at t h e Ma ori b orr owed

t heir my t h fr o m t h e Greeks , or t h e Gr ee ks fr o m t h e
M a ori : t h e simil ari t y is t o be t ra ced ei t h e r t o a c omm o n
o rigin or a s m o s t wri t ers o f t h e presen t d a s e em in
, , y
c l in e d t o s u pp o se t o t h e in d ep e nden t w o rkings o f t h e
,

h u m an mind u nder simil ar circu ms ta nces The Greek .

my t h , which dist r e ss e d t h o u gh t fu l a n d pi ou s minds lik e

t h a t o f S o cr at e s , w a s a s u rviv a l lik e t h e o t h e r sc a nd a l ou s
,

t a les ab ou t t h e g o ds , fr o m th e t ime when t h e ances t ors

1 14 11 . TH E mm or

of th e Greeks were s av age s like t h e M a ori ; an d it s origin

is t o be s o u gh t in t h e animi sm s o ch a ra c t eris t ic o f t h e
s avage min d , t h at is t o s a y , it s t end ency t o end o w t h e
su n ,
t h e m oo n t h e sky, or an y f e at u r e o f t h e physic a l
,

w orld a dmit ting o f b e ing re a dily individ u a liz e d wit h a ,

1
s ou l an d a b ody wit h p a r t s a n d p a ssi ons like t h e ir o w n
, ,
.

In t h e ins t ance in qu e st i on th e Arya n anc e s t ors o f Gr e eks

,

a n d Hind u s a re fo u nd t o h a v e b ee n a t o n e wi t h t h o s e o f

t h e Chin e s e a n d t h e P o lyn e si ans o f l a t e r t im e s in m aking ,

o f t h e sky an d t h e e a r t h a w e dded c o u pl e o f s a v a g e s lik e

t hems elv e s ; an d t o t h e s a v a ge ide a t his w ou ld b e n o

m ere m e t a ph o r or simil e for th e childish simplici t y o f
,

his mind is s u ch as t o b e r e alized by u s o nly wi t h gr e at

diffi c u l t y Bu t t h e e ffort t o d o s o in t h e inst ance which
.

m or e e sp e cia lly c o nc e rns u s j u st n ow will s erv e t o c o rrec t ,

t h e vi e ws w e h a d fo rm e d o f t h e F a t h e r Sky o f t h e e arly
Arya ns by t aking u p t h e s t u dy o f t h e my t h a t t h e
wr ong en d .

Am ong th e Aryan n at i ons, h owe ve r, th e Greeks wer e

n ot sing u l a r in p o ss e ssing t h e my t h h ere in qu es t i o n : it

w a s kn own in a m o difi e d fo rm t o t h e Hind u s a n d it is ,

t o b e f o u nd in t h e N o rs e Edd a ; while in t h e ligh t o f

t h e s e kindr e d li t er a t u r e s it is p o ssible t o d et e c t tr a c e s
o f it in C e l t ic In S anskri t t h e g o d kn o wn by th e n a m e
.
,

o f D y a u s a w o rd id e n t ic a l wi t h on e o f t h e n a m e s o f t h e
,

Sky o r t h e Heavens , is u su ally r eferr e d t o in c o mp a ny

wi th P ri t hivi or E a r th which we re once j o in e d a n d
, , ,

s bs q en tly s ep r t e d fr o m o n e a n o th e r
u e u a a 2
T h e N o rs e
v e rsi o n is, h o we v e r, m o re explici t ; an d inst ea d of a

1 ’
T y l e r s P rim . Cu l t . 1 28 4— 292,
. et p as i m
s .

2
Mu i r s S ansk rit T ex ts,
’
v . 23
.
11 6 11 . TH E ZE Us or

th e h oll ows of th e ea r th T h e English w ord s hy c on .

v e y e d a simil a r m e a ning , since it is t r a c e d b a ck t o t h e

Sc andin avia n o ri gi n fro m which is derived t h e O l d N ors e

’
‘ ’
sh a cl o u d
y ,
.

The sec ond p art of th e Cro nu s my t h rel at e s h ow Cr onu s ,

a fr a id o f his o w n o ffs pring u sed t o d e st r o y t h e m by ,

swall owing t h e m at their bir th an d h ow t h e y o u n ge st of ,

t h em Z eu s e sc ap e d an d gr e w u p h o w h e b a ni sh e d his
, , ,

fa ther Cr o n u s a n d b e c am e t h e chi ef of t h e go ds N o w .

his Gr eek n a me 2 5 h a s it s ex a c t e t ym o l o gic al c o un t e r 61 9

p ar t a s a lr ea dy m ent i on e d , in t h at o f t h e R om a n J o ve
, ,

o f t h e T eu t o nic T iu an d o f t h e Hind u D y a u s Bu t t his .

gro u p of words c ont a ins a g o o d m any f o rms ; an d, a s it is

e xp e di e n t n o t t o c o nf o u nd t h e m , t h e y m a b e a rra ng e d
y
1
a s fo ll o ws u nd e r t heir r e s p e c t iv e s t e ms

1 Diu , dia u d iau z S anskri t dy a us m as an d fe m

.
,
—
,
. .

’
‘
h eav en sk y d ay t h e g o d D yau s (a s in D y a u s h -p ita r),
, , ,

v oc dy du s i e d idu s
.
(
n o m dy au s i e d idu s
) ( .
). ins t r d iva ,
. . .
,
.
,

d a t dy a ve a n d d ive gen dy os a n d diva s d u a l dy d vd a n d

.
,
.
,

dy a vi pl n o m dy ava s a cc dy un , ins t r dy u bh is
,
. . Gre ek ,
. .

n om 2 5 Z fi gen A é L in
. v oc 6 1 9,
(f or A f é
); . a t J
e ou , o r . i s c s

Ji2(- -S a x o n T iu ’ ’

p i ter
) g en D iovis Jovis
,
A .
g en T i w as , .
,
.

‘ ’
in T iwes daey T u e sda y ; 0 H Ger Z in g en Z iwes
,
. . .
,
.

’ ’ ’ ’
O N o r s e T y r g e n T y s a s in T y s d ay r
.
,
‘
T u e sd ay , a ce .
, ,
.

2 ‘ ’ ’
an d d a t T y ; W e lsh d a w
. a
g , o d G o d d ieu
(a s in , ,

-
tri d ieu ‘ ’
t hr e e d ays ) an d d ieu oe d , d a ys
‘ ’
.
,

1
T h es e be
tic l e e chie fly mean t fo r referen c e s o t h e
num re d ar s ar
,

g en eral re d m a
y p a ss th e m b
a er
y an d resu m e h i p e u sal at p 1 18 s r . .

2
T h e O l d W l h d iu i C o m c s Gl o s y a d i t h e J ven cu s Co d x
e s ,
n r a
’
s ar n n u e

(see S t ok es i Ku h n s B ei trceg e i v 407 n l y d i ffe s p o b a b l p

’
n
y i n s el , . o r r

l i g f o m d a w w hich is w ritt e n d uu an d d v in t h e Bl ac k Bo ok w hi l e
n r , u ,

t h e w o rd for d ay cit ed in N o 2 o cc u rs as d y v i D y v M erch ir

, on .
,
n
,
‘
 TH E I N SULA R CE LT S . 1 17

‘ ’
2 Di v o
.
— neu t he a ven day
Sk r d iva , . in n a h ta n .
, ,
a s

- -
(
”

d iva m, by night an d by d a y
‘
Gr e ek V 8 2 f or 8 f
) € 09 c os
,

a t n o on -
in t h e O pen a ir L at in bi du um, t h e Sp a ce o f‘
,

’ -
t w o d ays , tri duu m, ‘
t h e sp a ce of t hree d a ys Welsh
dy w a dverbi a l , a s in h e d y w
,
- ‘ - ’
t o d ay , dy w L la n (n o w ,
’
D y w llu n an d ev e n D wy l l un ) on M o nd a y , an d dy w I a u ,

n ow in N W a l e s D ifia an d
’ ’
(
‘
. o n Th u rsd a y .

’
3 Di ve s
. Sk r divus a ma s a n d ne u t he a v e n d a y
— ‘
.
,
. .
, ,

fr o m a s t em diva s ; Gre e k 8 fo r Sf s in t S w é , c alm , ‘ 1a i e e Le s

’ t 8 ém
sh e l t ered , p tea é i s u s e d a s c o mp
e o s,an d s u p o f
e t o r a ro , . .

658 9 10 - .
-
L at D ies p iter (fo r D ives p iter ) J u pi t e r ‘ ’
.
,

4 Di vi o , di vi a
. Skr d ivy a , ‘
h eav e nly divin e
— .
,

Gre ek 8 2 9 (for Sf ws ) of t h e s a m e me aning ; L at d io (for

0 c
,
.

’
divio) in s u b dio ‘
u nder t h e o pen sky ,
.

’
5 D év o , d éva z Sk r deva , g o dlike divine , ma s a
.
— ‘
.
,
.

‘ ’ ‘ ’
g o d L at d ivus , g.o dlike c o nt r a c t e d in t o d ens
,
a o
g , d ,

like o leum fo r o livum L i t hu ani an dbva s Go d G au lish- ‘ ‘

, ,

d evo - s in s u ch n a mes a s D évo -

‘
n ata wi t h which c o mp a r e
, g ,
’
s u ch Gre ek n a mes a s A y é n ; Irish did , a g o d Go d ‘ co v s
, ,

gen dei (for devi) ; Welsh doiu , d u iu (n ow d wyf or d wy )

.
’

’ ‘ ’
a s in Gw a s D u iu a m a n s n a me m e a ning ,
G o d s serva nt ,

d wy wo l d wyj b l ‘ ’ -
divin e , an d meu dwy , a hermi t li t e
‘ ’
, , ,
‘ ’
r ally S ervu s D ei .

‘
6 D évi a :
. Sk r d evi , a g o ddess
— .
‘
L i t h di ve, a g o d .

’
dess ; Welsh doiu o r du iu (n o w dwyf an d m o s t ly dwy )
-
a s in D u br D u in, D yf rd wyf o r D yfrd w ,
‘
t h e riv e r D ee
y ,

Wed n es d a
’
y , an d D y o I ev, on T u rs d ay
‘
h ’
(Sk en e, 11 . T h e d iph t h o n g
mo in p b b
d a w is ro a l y t o b e o m ared ith th at in u wd p o rri dg e c p w ,
‘
,
’

B e t on an I i s h i th
a ll o f t h e s me o i i n as t h e L a ti n j zl s b o th
‘ ’
r r a r r
, g , , ,

S k y u y a u ti d a w s h ar ess es c o n n e ct s o r m ix s L i t h j a v t i aq ua m
’
r.
, ,
r , n ,
e ,
.
,

fe rvid a m s u p ra in fu n d ere L e t t j a ut t o s t i r d ou g h o r s o u p
’ ‘ ’
. .
, ,
1 18 11 . TH E ZE US or

’
‘
li t erally th e Wa t er o f t h e G oddess Irish de, a g od
‘

’
’ 1 ’ ’
dess g en dee dei de, dea , da e acc d e
,
.
'

,
’

, ,
. .

7 M ore dis t an t ly r el a t ed b u t s t ill of th e s ame o rigin

.

a re s u ch w ords a s t h e L a t in dies ,
‘
a day Welsh d y d ,

t h e s ame ; I rish in diu - ‘ -

t o d ay
’
,
.

N o w t h e qu es t i o n m u s t s ooner or l a t er pr e sen t i t self ,

wh a t did th e w ords Z eu s , Dyau s a n d t h e ir c ongen e rs , ,

o rigin a lly me a n ? T w o a nswe rs a t l ea st a re given , o f

which th e on e is t h at t h e y m ea nt t h e h ea ve n s o r th e sky
,
.

The o th er vi ew is t h a t t h e t ru e r m eaning o f th e wo rd
‘
D y au s , for ins t a nce w o u ld be t h e bright or t h e shin in g ,
’ ‘
on e ,
sin c e it is d eriv e d fro m t h e r o ot div or dy u t o shin e , ,
’
t o l igh t e n ; an d t h a t it w a s t his a c t ivit y of shining an d
ill u min a t ing t h e world which w as emb odied in t h e n a me .

T hi s is c orr ob ora t ed in th e m a in by th e r e c ent r e s ea rch e s

o f M Ga id o z , w h o finds t h a t t h e wh e e l -
. s ymb o l is t o be
2
u nd e rst o o d a s an im a ge o f t h e s u n , a n d t h a t t h e wa rri o r

like J u pit er t h at is t h e G au l ish g od wh om I sh ou ld t r eat

—

a s a R o m a n M a rs a n d J u pi t e r in on e w a s o rigin a lly t h e —

g o d o f t h e su n , w h o by e x t ensi o n bec a me t h a t o f t h e

he a v ens, an d ot h erwise a cqu ire d a t t rib u t e s which m ad e

t h e a ncient R om a ns r e g ard him a s t h e ir g oo d F a t h e r in
3
H ea ven Bu t his n a me , which h as b e en int erpr et e d t o
.

m e an t h e shi ning or bright on e h as n ot inva ri ably c ea s e d ,

t o b e an a ppell at ive Thu s in O l d N or s e wh ere it w a s .

,

T yr it w a s by n o m eans c o nfined t o him : it r e ma in e d

,

m ore o r less of a n app ell at ive a s may be inferr e d fro m ,

- 4 ‘
c omp ou nds su ch a s S ig ty r t h e g o d of vic t o ry which ’ '

, ,

1
O f th es e d e an d ,
’
d ei a re al so u n o rt u n a el f
y t fo rms of t h e g en iti ve
o f t h e m s c u l i n e d ia
‘ ’
a , go d .

2
E t d es p 8u , . .
3 lb . p . 93 .
4
Corp us Poet Ba r 1 5 0, 7 9
. . . .
1 20 II . TH E Z E US or

o pening ch ap t ers of wh at h a s been u su ally rega rd e d a s

t h e early hi s t ory o f th e Bri t ish Isl e s This is e speci ally .

t h e c a se wi th Ir e l and an d t h er e w e m ee t wi t h t h e
,

divinit y we are in qu e st of, be aring th e Irish n a me o f

N u a da geni t iv e N u a da t an d a c t ing a s t h e king o f a
, ,

my thic a l c ol ony t h at t ook p o ss e s s io n o f Erinn in v e ry

’
e arly t im e s : it is c om m only know n a s T u a th a D e D a na nn
p fo rming a gr ou p m a de u g ds od
( .
p o f t h e o a nd
g
d ess es b eli e ved in by t h e a nci e n t G o id el T h e ol de s t .

a cc o u n t o f t heir o rigin t e lls u s t h a t t h e y c a me fr o m H e a

1
ven ; bu t a s t h e C e l t ic mind w as in t h e h abit o f re g ard
2
ing darkn e ss a n d d eat h a s prec e ding ligh t an d life th e ,

inva d ers fro m H e a v en are s a id t o h a ve f ou nd t h e isl and

a lr e a dy p e opl e d by a r a c e c a ll e d t h e Fir B o lg or Ba
g M e n ,

t o g et h er wit h t heir hid e ou s an d h o rrid alli e s Th e se were .

in d u e t im e att a cked an d d e fe at ed by th e n ew -c o mers ; bu t

in on e of th e c o nflic t s N u a da king o f th e l a t t er h a d his
, , ,

right arm cu t o ff, which w a s al l t h e m o re seri o u s a s ,

it c ons t i tu t e d a bl e mish inc o mp at ibl e wi t h t h e G o id e lic

id ea of a kin g So he h a d t o r e t ir e fr o m t h e kingship ;
.

b u t a cl ev er m an a t his c ou r t m a d e him a silver h a nd ,

whi ch an o th er p erfec t e d so t h at it w a s finally end ow e d
wi th m ot i on in e v ery j o int, wi th th e res u l t t ha t N u a d a ,
a ft er a re t ir e m e nt o f s e ven ye a rs w a s a ll o wed t o resu m e
,

t h e o ffic e o f king a n d w a s fr o m t h a t t im e fo rt h kn own

,

a s N u a da A r etldm t h at is t o s a N u a da o f t h e Silver
y , y,
Hand .

Wi t h t his m ay b e c omp ar e d th e fol l owing st ory o f T iu

t h e T yr o f Old N ors e li t e ra t u r e : L oki w a s t h e fa t h e r of m is
r

’
chi ef a n d o f a br o o d of m onst ers o f which F e nri s W o lf ,

1
Bk .
f th e D u n, 1 6 b
o .
2
C o mp are C aes ar s’
w o rds , v i 1 8
. .
 TH E I N SUL A R OE LT S . 1 21

w as on e . This l at t er h ad esc aped killing at t h e h a nds of

t h e Anses bec au se t hey were l ot h t o p oll u t e t hem wi t h his
bl o o d ; bu t he w a s fo u nd t o gr o w s o fa s t , an d th e t hing
foreb o ded o f him wer e of s u ch a t e rrible n a t u r e t h a t t hey ,

bec ame al a rmed a n d pr o c e eded t o t ie th e W o lf ; bu t he

sh ook o ff t h e b o nds wi t h e a se Th e y t h e n h a d a m a gic
.

r o pe ma de , which t h e W olf, s u spec t ing t re a ch e ry , w ou ld

n o t l e t t h e m fa s t e n him wi t h , t ill on e o f t heir n u mb e r
’
bec ame b ail by pl a cing his h a nd in t h e be a s t s m ou t h
whils t he w as be ing b o u nd T yr w as t h e brave on e w h o
.

c am e forward t o d o s o , an d t h e b o nds pr o ving e ffe c t ive ,

’
t h e W o l f bit o ff t h e g o d s h a nd on t h e sp o t ; n or d o w e
re a d o f his being pr o vided wit h an a rt ifici a l h and a s w a s ,

t h e c a se wi th t h e Irish N u a da , or o f his b e ing h ea l e d a s ,

t h e c orresp onding Greek s t ory which describ e s t h e c onflic t

bet ween Zeu s an d his m ons t e r a nt a g o n ist Typh o w o u ld
1
su gges t For Z eu s af t er plying Typh o wit h hi s t h u n d er
.
,

b ol t wi t h ou t th e desired res u l t , enga ged him a t cl o s e

qu ar ters wi th a sickle , which Typh o wr e st e d fro m t h e g o d
an d u sed a g a ins t him : it w a s t hen t h at Z eu s l o s t t h e u se

n o t o nly o f on e h a nd b u t o f b o t h , fo r his f o e c u t o u t t h e

t end ons of his h ands an d feet a n d c a rri e d him a wa y on his

sh ou lders , a helpless m a ss t o be t hro wn int o a c a ve while
, ,

t h e mu scles were hi dden a w a y in t h e ch arge of a dr a g o n .

H ermes, h owever, c a me , a n d wi t h his u su al cleverness

s tole t hem an d res t ored t hem t o t heir pr oper pl a ces in t h e
’
g o d s fra me , w h o then rec o ver e d his s t r en g th an d a t l a s t
o verc a me Typh o . The s t ories y ou will see difi er c on
, ,

s id era bl b u t t hey a re su ffi ci e n t ly simil a r t o m ake it in

y ,

t h e highes t d e gre e pr o b able t h a t t h e I rish N u a da is t o be

1
S ee A p ol l o do rus i , . 6, 3 .
1 22 II . TH E ZE U S or

equ a ted wi th T iu an d Zeu s : in ot h er wo rds N u a da may ,

s afely be r egarded a s a C el t ic Z e u s or J u pit er .

A dd t o t his t h at in c a s e a g o d h a s s e veral n a m e s t h e i r ,

exist ence t ends t o l ea d him t o b e r e ga rd e d a s s o m any

dis t inc t divini t i e s , an d t his t endency can bey o nd d ou b t
b e pro v e d in th e his t ory o f N u ad a : for b e sides t h e
N u a da t o wh o m my r e m a rks w e r e t hu s far int end e d
t o apply , Irish l e g end a ry hi s t ory h a d o t h e r N u a d a s t o
Sh o w s u ch a s N u a da D ery o r t h e R e d ; b u t wh a t pr o ves
, ,

his virt u a l iden t it y wi th t h e C el t ic M ars -Ju pi t e r is th e ,

f a c t t h at t h e s un h er o E o g an Mér (p 91 ) is c all e d M oy
,
.

’ ’
N u a da t 1 ‘
,
N u a da s Sl a ve Th e n t h e re w a s als o a N u a da
.

Finnf dil an d a N u a da N ach t N ow N u a d a of t h e Silv e r .

Hand is s aid t o h av e l and e d in Erinn A M 3303, . .

whil e N u ada Finn fail is ma d e t o begin his re ign A M . .

41 99 an d N u ad a N ech t is c o nn e c t e d wi th L einst er in
,

A M 508 9
. . So disp o s e d t h e y w oul d s e e m t o h a ve
.
,

be en pl ac e d a t a safe dis tanc e fro m on e a n oth er ; bu t

t h e a rt ifici a l n at u re o f t h e a rra ng e ment be t ra ys it self in
v a riou s ways : thu s it can h ardly be an accid ent t h at th e
king w h o s u persed e d N u ada o f t h e Silver Han d, whe n h e
l o s t his n at u ral h and, sh o u ld h a v e b o rne th e s a me u n u su a l
n a m e Br e s a s t h e o n e w h o s u cce e d e d N u a da Fin n fail
,

2
s o me 900 y ea rs l at e r B u t l et u s t ry t o f o rce t h e
.

v o c abl e s Finn fail an d N ech t t o discl o s e t h e ir hist o ry .

The l at t er l o oks a s if it h a d a d erivat ive in th e w e ll -kn o wn

n ame N e ch t a o r N ech t an b orne , a m ong o th ers, by a ,

r e mark abl e king of t h e Pic t s of Sc otl and at t h e b e gin

n ing of t h e 8 t h c e nt u ry , a n d by th e my t hic o wner o f

1
O C
’ ’
u rry s l lI a gh L ea na , pp . 2— 5, al so p . xxn .

2
T h e Fo u r M as ters, A . M 3304, 4238
. .
1 24 II . TH E ZE U S OF

signific at i on , in wh ich c a se N ua du Finnf dil sh ou ld be

r end ered N u ada o f t h e Whi t e L igh t This w ou ld fi t .

s t ill bett er a s on e o f t h e n am e s of a g o d o f th e o rigi n

which I h a ve vent u red t o a scribe t o N u ada o f th e Silve r
H and t h at is t o sa y , t o a d ivini t y o f th e su n an d o f ligh t
,
.

T h e e pit h et appe a rs a s an ind ep e nd e n t n a me in th e c a se

’
o f a pl a c e c a ll e d A th Fin n fd il o r F in n fa l s F o rd ,
t h e si t e
,
’
o f which is n ot e x a c t ly kn o w n ; bu t Pr o f O C u rry gu e ss e d .

it t o h av e b ee n s o m ewh er e n o t fa r fr o m B ey E ire or
1
,

L i t tl e Erinn an isl et in t h e bay o f W exford n ow kn own

, ,

a s Begg e r Isl and bu t a nci e n t ly c all e d a cc o rding t o t h e

y , ,

s a m e a u t h ori ty I nis Fail o r t h e I sl and o f Fal Mo re

, ,
.

u s u ally t h e d e sign a t i o n I nis Fd l r e fe rs t o Ir e l a nd i t s e lf ,

which w a s a ls o s om etime s t erm e d M ag Fail 2 ‘

F al s’
,
’
Pl a in or Fi eld In t h e se in s t anc e s 1 t ake Foil an d Finn
.

f a l t o b e n a mes o f t h e g o d ; n or is it o t h e r t h a n n a t u ra l

t h at t h e c ou nt ry sh o u ld b e c all e d t h e isl and or t h e

pl a in of it s chi e f g o d e sp e ci ally if it be correc t t o regard
,

h im a s o rigin a lly t h e g o d o f t h e s u n a n d o f ligh t A t .

t h e s a m e t ime his own ing o r i nh abi t ing a n i s le t o n

t h e e a s t c oa s t s u ch a s t h e o n e ne ar W e xf o rd b e c om e s
, ,

int elligibl e : fro m c ert a in p oint s on th e m a inl and t h e ,

s u n migh t be fa nci e d t o c o mmence hi s d a ily j ou rn e ys

fro m a s e a - girt isl e ; an d t h e c o mpl em en t of t h at fancy

1
In a no e t t o h is te xt o f an an ci en t p oem c o tai n i g an n n al l u s o ni in
p o i t M S hI t pp 48 0-1
n , . a . .
, w h e e h h as h ad p i n t e d A th
F in F d i l r e r n ,

t h e f i r (o r w hit e ) Fo rd o f Fal
’ ’
‘
a I n i is fi nd f il (Bk of L ein te 8 a )
. n a . s r,

m a s in t h e f i r I s l d o f Fal b t w ere o n e t o read Fin df a i l i t

e n
‘
a an ,
’
u
,

w o u l d b e i n t h e I s l an d O f Fin n fal
‘ ’
.

2
B k of t h e D n p 1 31 w h ere Fa i l is on c e w ri t t en f a il a n d o c e
. u , .
, n

f d il b t t o as s o nat b o th ti mes w ith m i r m a g ni T h e pa

’ ’
‘
u e a ss a
,
g s , . e

w i l l b e fo n d i n Win d is c h s I risch e T ex te pp 1 32-

’ ’
u 3 a n d in O C u y , .
, rr ,
 TH E I N SUL A R
‘

OE LT S . 1 25

w ou ld be t o c all th at sp ot a ft er hi m t h e I sle o f Fal I t .

is n ee dl e ss t o say m o re a t presen t o n this s u bj e c t a s t h e ,

disc u ssi on o f th e my ths a ss o ci a t ed wi t h t h e n a m e o f

Merlin will a fford u s a n O pp or tu ni t y o f l o oking at it fro m
a n o t her p o int o f view .

N O DE N S ,
N UD A N D L L UD .

’
T he g o d s Irish n am e N u a d a a ssu m e s on Bryt h o nic
gr ou nd t h e fo rm o f N odens , geni t ive N oden tis , t o b e
fo u nd in L a t in inscrip t i o ns , o f which m o re a n o n O ne .

o f t h e f o rms in wh ich t his s u rvives in W e lsh li t erat u r e

‘ ’
is Nfi d , b u t t h e my t hic p e rs o n a ge o f t h a t n ame is n o t
kn own a s t h e su bj ec t o f an y s to ry lik e t h a t of N u a da ,
a n d t h e m o r e c o mple t e c o u n t e rp ar t o f N u a d a is t o b e

rec o gni z e d in a my thic al Welsh king c alled L l ud ,

L l a w ere in t , o r L l fi d o f t h e Silv e r H and wh e r e w e ,

d e t e c t t h e s t o ry in qu est i o n c o mpr e ssed int o th e e pithet

L la w erein t o r Silv e r -
,
h anded I t is imp o rt a n t t o observ e
.

t h at t h e el e men t s o f t h e c omp ou nd a re diffe ren t ly a r

r ang e d in t h e t w o l an g u a g e s : in Irish , an a ppr oa ch is
m a d e a s it we r e t o A ry en ted M a nu b u t in We lsh ra ther
, , ,

t o M a nn A rg en tea . N o w t h e n a me L l ud L l a w erein t ,
’
u t b a ck t o it s ea rly fo rm w o u ld b e L bd ens L dm a r en t os
p , y y ,

in w hi ch on e c o u ld n o t help rec o gnizing a m o dific at i o n

o f N bd en s L dma ry en tj os , s u bj e c t e d t o t h e infl u e nc e o f

t h e a n a l o gy of pers o n a l n a m e s wi t h a lli t e r a t iv e epi t h e t s .

Thu s for t h e Irish N a d da an d t h e inscrip t i on al N od ens

, ,

W el s h h as t h anks t o a lli t er at i on t h e t w o n a mes N 6 6

, ,

a n d L l ud . This l at t e r is w e ll kn o wn in E n glish in
’ ‘ ’
t h e n a m e o f King L u d an d fr o m t h e s am e L l u d or
‘
, ,

ra t her it s a nt e c e d e n t L odens c o m e L o th a s an d t h e L o th
,

o r L o t o f t h e Ar th u ri a n r o m ances .
1 26 II . TH E ZE U S or

A few w ords m u s t n o w be s aid of th e w o rship of

N o den s in R oma n t imes The remains o f his t emple .

h av e been fou nd a t L ydne y on t h e west ern b ank o f ,

1
t h e Sev ern in t h e t erri t ory of t h e ancien t Silu r e s
,
One .

inscrip t i o n t here c alls him D evo N oden ti in t h e d at ive ,

c a s e while an o ther r ea ds D M N odon ti, an d a t hir d

,
. . .

D eo N u den te M M o re o ver th e m o sa ic fl o or o f his

.
,

t empl e is s aid t o Sh o w b e sid e s a va ri et y of figu res , a n ,

i n scrip t i on which w ou ld s ee m t o h ave c o mm e nc e d wit h

D M . . bu t it is u n fo r tu n at e t h at n owher e h a s t h e w ord
.

r epr e sent e d by t h e M be e n f ou nd wri tt en in fu ll : t h e

c on s e qu enc e is , t h a t it h a s be e n differe nt ly t reat e d s o m e ,

making it int o ma x imo or may no, an d o t h ers int o M a r ti .

The f orm er is n o t du ly su pp or t e d by t h e a na l o gy o f
o t h e r R om a n inscrip t i o ns whil e t h e l a t t e r , whi ch is t h e,

2
o n e s u gg e s t e d by Dr H ii bn er t h e edit o r o f t h e Pru ssi a n
.
,
’
Ac a d emy s v ol u m e o f L at in inscrip t i o ns o ccu rring in t his
c ou nt ry is pr ob ably th e c o rrec t on e
,
.

Bu t t h ou gh it is right t o r e ga rd th e S il u ria n g o d a s a
M ars , m ost o f t h e rema ins of an t iqu it y c onn e ct e d wi t h
his t empl e m ake h im a s ort o f N ep t u ne T h e fo ll owing .

a re w o rt hy o f n ot ic e : t h e m o s a ic fl o or displ a y e d n o t onl y

t h e inscrip t i o n a ll u d e d t o bu t als o r ep re s en t at i o ns o f ,

s ea -s e rp en t s or t h e mi a cc omp anying Gla u c u s in Gre ek

r ea

my th ol ogy an d fish e s su pp osed t o s tand for t h e salm o n

,

1
T he w h o l e h as b een d es c rib e d in
titl ed R oma n A n ti a v ol u me en ,

q it i
u a t L y d n ey Pa rk Gl o u ce ter h ir e
es b ei n g a p os th u mou s w o k o f
,
s s ,
r

t h e R ev Wi ll i a m H il ey Ba th u rs t M A
. w ith N o t es by C W Ki g , . .
, . . n ,

M A (L o d o n
. . pp v ii 1 27 cr o ct av o w ith n u merou s pl a te
n , .
, ,
.
,
s .

2
N 1 37 os 141 : s ee a l
.
—p p er by t h e s a m s ch ol a o t h e
so a a e r n

S ct ary o f N o den s i n t h e Ja h r bu ch d es Vereins j itr A l ter th u msfor

an u

s ch u ng i m R h einl a nd e l x v ii pp 29 46 , . .
—
.
1 28 II . TH E ZE US OF

c omple t eness N o w n o thing h ardly is kn own o f N u d

.

e xc ep t t h at a Welsh T ri a d s t yles h im on e o f t h e Thr e e

1
Gen er ou s Her o es o f th e Isl e of Brit a in , an d t h at , a cc o rd
2
ing t o an o ther Tri a d he h a d a herd o f c a t t l e c o nsis ting,

o f n o less t h a n milch -c o ws a s t o which it c ann ot ,

be c o nsid er e d cer ta in , whet her or n o t th e y sh ou ld be in

’
t erpre t e d t o m e an t h e m o ns t e rs of t h e d ee p ; bu t N u d s
g en er o sit y is d ou b t l e s s t o b e a dd e d t o t h e at t ribu t es of
t h e g o d a s r epr e s e n t e d a t L y d n ey N o r is it impr ob a ble .

t h at t h e n a m e N odou s r ef e rred origin a lly t o t h a t qu ali t y ,

t h o u gh it w ou ld s e e m as if it w e re t o b e in t e rpr e t e d t h e ‘

’
rich or w eal t hy g o d ; bu t I sh ou ld pre fer s u pp o s ing it
3

t o h a v e h a d t h e c a u s a t ive m eaning o f on e w h o e n a bl e d
o t hers t o e nj o y rich e s an d w e a l th e sp e ci ally in t h e m a t t e r ,

o f c a t t le on e, in fa c t w h o w a s s u pp o sed t o be t h e giv e r
—
,

o f we a l t h wh e nce his t r a di t i o n a l ch a r a c t er for g e ner o si t y

, .

Bu t al l t his mu s t b e c o n s id e re d highly c o nj e c t u ra l u nt il
a r e l a t e d C e l t ic w o rd is id en t ifi e d .

T h e o t h er n a m e r epr e s e n t ing t h at o f N odens in We l sh ,

‘ ’
a s a lr e a dy s t a t e d
, is
L l fid wi t h which , or an e a rli e r ,

f o rm o f it su ch a s L odens , sh ou ld be c onnec t ed t h e
,
‘

1
i . 32 : iii . 30 .
2
iii . 85 .

3
i a p art icipl e b el o ng i ng t o a s tro g o r p ri m i t i ve
N od ens l o ok s l k e n

ve b r b t n o v e b th t w u l d s ti fy t h e c o n d iti o n s h pp en s t b e
,
u r a o a s a o

k o w t o me in C el tic ; t h e T
n n t n ic l g u ag h o w ev er s pp l y o eu o an es , ,
u n e,

a s w i l l be at o c e re c o i n
ed i t h G m - i -
g n e e r n z
an g e n essen g no
e g e o en , ss , —
n ss ,

t o e a t d i k enj y o r h v e t h e u s e o f Go thic n i u ta n na t n u t u m
,
r n ,
o ,
a ,
’
u
, , ,

o f m u ch t h e sam e m ean i n as w t h c l w ith t h A l -S a x n

g a s e as e a so , e
g o n o

yo t ; a n d amo g t h e r l t ed n o n s m ay b
’ ’
e t a n an d t h e N o s e
n o r n a n e a u e

m e ti o e d t h e N s e n a u t a h ea d o f c ttl
n n or h o n e d b as t E g l i s h
,
‘
a e, a r e
’
n
,

e t o f t h e s a m e m ean i w hi l e t ide
g ; a l s o Ge m an n ut
‘
'

n a n u se r ze,
, ou s

t h area o f t h e T eu to n ic l an u a s w e h av e a L ith u a i an n a u d a m ea n
e
g g e n
,

i g u s e p ro fit p ro c eed s h a rv es t p osses s i on s or p ro ert

n , , , p y g en eral l y
, .
 TH E I N S UL A R OE LTS . 1 29

L ot h or L ot of r o m anc e s which m ake th e pers o n

th e ,

s o c a ll e d king o f L o d ones ia o r t h e L o t hi a ns , o f t h e

O rkn e ys an d o f L o ch l an n I n a l l t hese he is m or e or
.

l e ss a sso ci at e d wi t h t h e s ea ; a n d even t h e Welsh t ale ,

b ea rin g his n ame in it s fo rm o f L l fi d gives him a fleet ,

.

B u t o n t h e wh ole t h e W e lsh h ave b e en in t h e h a bi t o f

rega rding h im ra ther a s a g fea t an d t h riving king o f t heir
a nc e s t o rs a s o n e w h o d e li ve r e d his s u bj e c t s fr o m t hre e
,

o r m o re dire sc o u rg e s t o which t h e y w e re s u bj ec t , an d

a s t h e h e r o wh o m G e o ff rey m a kes th e b u ild e r o f t h e w alls

’
o f L o nd o n The a ss o ci a t i o n o f L l ud or King L u d a s ‘
.
,

he h a s c o me t o be c alled in English , wit h L o nd on , is

a pp a ren t ly fo u nded on a cer t a in a m ou n t o f fa c t : o n e o f

’
t h e W e l s h n a m e s for L o nd o n is C a er L ud or L u d s F o r t ,

a n d if t his is o pen t o t h e s u spici o n o f h a ving be e n s u

g
g e st e d firs t by Ge o ffre y t h at can h a rdly b e su pp o s ed
,

p o s s ible in t h e c a s e o f t h e English n ame of L udg a te Hill .

The pr ob abili t y is t h a t a s a t e mpl e on a hi ll n e ar t h e

,

S e v ern a s s o cia t ed him wi t h t h a t riv e r in t h e w e st , s o a

s t ill m o re a mbi t i o u s t e mple o n a hill c onnec t e d him wi t h
t h e Th am e s in t h e e a s t a n d a s an a ggressiv e creed c a n

h ardly sign alize it s c o nqu e st s m ore e ffe c t u ally t h a n by

a ppr o pri a t ing t h e f a n e s o f t h e r e t r ea t ing fa i t h n o si t e
,

c ou ld b e g u e ss e d wi t h m o r e pr ob a bilit y t o h a ve be e n
s a cred t o t h e C e l tic Ze u s t h a n th e emin e nc e on whic h
’
t h e d o me o f St P au l s n ow re ars it s m a gnificen t f orm
. .

The Irish N u a da w a s t h e s ame s ort of g o d a s his W e lsh

n am e s ake : h e w a s king of t h e T u at h a D é D a n an n an d
t h e ir l e a d e r in w ar When t h e B o yn e is c a lled t h e fo re
.

’
a rm o f N u a d a s wif e t h a t q u e en w o u ld s e em t o be a
,

p ers onific at i on o f t h e l and o f Erinn ; b u t it is n ot clea r

whe th e r N u a da a s her c o n s o r t is to be r e garded as g o d
, ,

x
1 30 II . TH E ZE U S or

of th e in cu mbent air or of t h e su rr ou nding sea or e ls e a s ,

t h e g o d o f light , fro m wh o m t h e c ou nt ry d e riv e d it s n a m e

o f t h e Isl a nd o r Pl a in o f Fal As c omp ared wi t h L l fi d
.
,

di s t ing u ished a t m o st a s a king an d h er o on l a nd an d a

wa rri o r a t s ea N u a da w a s Spli t in t o n o less t h en t hree
,

p ers ona g e s on e o f wh o m w a s N u a d a of t h e Silv er Hand

, ,

t h e m a r t i a l king an d a n o t h e r N u a da Fin n fail g o d o f ligh t

, ,

an d o f t h e he a v e ns wh il e w e h a v e a t hird in N u a da
,

N e ch t wh o s e c onnec t i o n wi t h t h e w o rld o f w at ers h a s

,

a l re a dy b e e n hin t e d a t ; Th u s i t a pp ea rs t h a t t h e m y t h o

l o gy of t h e C e lt s w a s a ssu ming a d ep art m e nt a l form a s

far a s r e g a rd e d t h e ir chi e f divini t y , ou t of wh o s e wid e
‘

ch a ra c t e r t h e y specializ e d a wa rlik e Posid on or N ep t u n e ,

wi t h a t end e ncy t o m ak e t ha t e l e m en t pre d ominat e This .

Sp e ci a lizing pr e su m a bly b e ga n b e fo r e t h e C e l t s divid e d

“

t hems e lv e s in to G a ll o -
Bry t h ons an d G o id els or s ett l e d in
t h e Bri t ish Isl e s ; f o r it is n o t impr o b a ble t h a t s o me o f
t h e m a cc u s t o m e d t h e ms e lv e s t o a sea faring lif e l o ng b e f o re
t h e t im e wh e n t h e y b e g a n t o cr o ss in s u ffici e nt n u mb ers t o
c onqu er t h e s e isla nds fr o m t h e ir a nci e n t inh a bi t ant s a n d
v e ry l o ng b efo re t h e P arisii s e n t a c o l ony d o wn t h e S ein e !
,

t o se ek a h o me on t h e o t h e r sid e o f t h e Hu mb e r B u ti .

(
N o d en s t h e C el t ic Zeu s w a s n ot simply a N e p t u n e o r a
, ,

Po sid o n , in his c onn e c t i o n wi t h t h e s ea : h e w a s a ls o a

,
Mars , a s t h e insc rip t i on s a t L ydn ey t e s t ify Th a t t h er .

C el t s o f Bri ta in s h o u ld h a ve b een incline d t o t ra nsfor m

t h e ir Z eu s in t o a m a rin e M a rs a t s o ea rly a d at e is a
rem arka bl e fa c t : it l ends fre s h signific a nc e t o th e w ords
1
o f Po mp o n iu s M e l a wh e n he spe aks of t h e t w o gi a nt s
e p onymo u s of Bri t a in a n d Ir el a nd w h o fou gh t wi t h t h e
,

pp 50-
1 ’
Part h ey s ed . . 1 .
1 32 II . TH E ZE U S or

or H A o t r wv
,
as ss o ciaa t ed wi t h we
g od a l th c oames t o ,

t hat of Z s t WA
e C S
1
Simila rly wi t h r e ga rd t o t h e sea ,
O
’
O LO
'

Z eu s is s o m e t imes sp ok en o f int erfering wit h it an d 2

,
’

Po s id on o cc a s i o n a lly b ea rs t h e d e sign at i o n o f Z t E d)u s ; e s v o

b u t t h e o rigin a l id en t i t y o f Pos id on wi t h Z eu s is e ve n
m or e s t rikingly sh own in t h e c a se o f Z b; t p , or th e e o to s

giver o f t h e fa ir winds d e s ire d by t h e m arin er H is .

t e mpl e w a s n o t u nfr e qu e n t ly b u il t on a h e a dl and l o oking

o v e r t h e s e a ; s o m e wh a t lik e t h a t o f N o d e n s a s r e g a rds

t h e e s t u a ry o f t h e S e v e rn A c e l ebra t e d ima ge o f t h e .

h ea dla nd Z eu s, t h e c o nt r o ll e r of wind an d w ea ther w a s ,

br o u gh t fro m M a c e d o n t o t h e C api t o l in R o m e wh er e ,

3
it w a s kn o wn as J u pi t e r Imperat o r H ere sh ou ld a ls o .

b e m e nt i o ned Z t s dw fl fip , or th e Z eu s w h o pr o t e c t e d
e o ar tos

’
t h e v o ya g e r s l andings I t is t h u s cl e a r t h at t h e p ro
.

v inc e s o f Z e u s an d Pos id on c a nn o t b e wh o lly s e p a r a t e d ,

a n d t h e y b e t ra y t r a c e s o f a s t a g e w h e n a w e ll - d efi n e d
d ep ar t m ent o f a c t ivi t y h a d n o t a s y et b een ent ru st e d
4
t o t h e l a tt e r g o d M u ch th e s a m e r e m ark appli e s in
.

t h e c a se o f s o m e o f t h e s o ns o f Z e u s wh o s e fu nc t i o n s ,

o rigin a lly b e l ong e d t o a n u ndi ffe r e n t i a t e d Ze u s Fo r .

inst anc e Ar e s l o oks like a p ers on alit y d e v el op e d ou t of

,
’
t h e warlik e a s pec t of Z eu s s ch ara c t e r , sinc e his a t t ri
b u t e s c o incid e m o st ly wi t h t h o s e o f Z b; dp z This w a s e e os.
,
’
h ow e ver o nly o n e o f Z e u s s epi t h e t s which h a d r e ga rd
,

t o him a s a g o d o f w ar : a s l e a d e r h e w a s Z t s dy j wp ; e
‘
rr
‘

a s p o ss es s e d o f gr e a t s t r e ng t h h e w a s E fiéw ; a s a helper os

’
in t h e c onflic t h e w a s E j s ; an d a s giv er o f t ri u mph r v cn o

T p m z s n o t t o men t i on t h e f a c t t h a t t h e Z eu s o f t h e
o o
,

1
Prell e r s Gr M y t h ol
’
. .
(thi rd e d .
) i . 1 17 .

2 Ih . i . 1 23, no e t 5 .
3
Ih . i . 1 26 .

4
Pau l y , iv 58 8 . .
 TH E I N SUL A R OE L TS . 1 33

C a ri ans w as equ ipped wi t h a b a tt le -ax e an d cl a d in t h e

1
c o mpl et e a rm ou r o f a h o plit e which c alls t o mind t h e
,

f h -
Z e s o t e G ls t heir Ma rs J u pi t e r a s on e migh t v en
u au , ,

t u r e t o t erm him (p . I t is needl e ss t o s a y t h a t t h e

R o m an M a rs w a s in n o sens e a m e r e c o unt e rp a rt o f t h e
Gre ek Ar e s , b u t ra th e r a s o r t of du plic a t e o f Ju pi t er ,

o wing h is exis t e nce a l o ngsid e o f t h e gr e a t e r g o d t o t h e

c o mp o sit e ch ar a c t er of t h e a ncient R o man c o mmu ni t y .

M a rs sh ared wit h J u pi t er t h e t i t l e o f f at her , a n d su ch

e pi t h e t s a s L ou ce t iu s or brigh t , whi l e t h e chi e f h o n ou r s

o f a s u cc e ssf u l c a mp a ign b e l o ng e d t o J u pi t e r a l o ne : t h e

sp o l ia Op ima w e re his an d M a rs c a m e o nly s e c o nd

,
Bu t .

s
to te a p g in o n Gr e ek gr o nd t h e e -
cl a ssic Z e s wi t h
a u
, p r u
,

wh o m on e sh ou ld c o mp ar e t h e N o d en s o f t h e e a rliest C e l t ic
p e ri o d , may be d e scrib e d in a lm o st t h e s ame t erms whic h
w e r e u sed o f t h e l at t e r : he w a s s o v er e ign o f g o ds an d
men t h e giver of w ea l t h a n d pr o sp erit y , t h e su pr e m e
,

a rbi t e r o f t h e f o r t u n e s O f w ar an d l o rd b o t h o f l a nd a n d
,

By wh at s t ep s t h e Zeu s o f t h e C el t s c am e t o be
‘

s ea.

esp e cially a ss o ci at ed wit h th e se a by s o me o f t heir n u m

h er, wi l l appe a r m ore cle a rly in a l a t er p o r t i o n of t his
lec tu re .

C O R MA C , C O NA I R E , C O N C H O BA R .

Th ou gh N u a da u nder his v ari ou s n a m es h a s de t a ined

u s l o ng he is by n o me a ns t h e o nly repr e sent at ive in
,

I rish li t erat u re o f t h e M a rs -J u pi t er o f t h e Cel t s As on e .

o f t h e m o s t r e m ark a ble pers o n a g e s o f t his o rigin ma be

y ,

m e nt i o ned C o rm a c ma c Airt gr a nds on o f C o nn t h e H u n

,

-
dr d fi gh t er : he is r e ga rded as h a ving r e ign e d a t T a ra
e

in th e t hird cen t u ry , an d his s t o ry m a y c ont a in s o m e

Pre ll e r s Gr M y th 1 1 11-12
1 ’
. . . .
1 34 II . TH E Z E US or

sligh t admix t u re of his t ory His r e ign is r epresent ed a s .

1
o n e of r e m a rk a bl e pr o speri t y an d h e himself a s e xceed ,

ing al l his pre d e c e ss o rs in m a gnific enc e mu n ifi cen ce

‘
, ,
’2
wisd o m a n d l ea rning a s als o in mili t ary a chi ev e m e n t s
,
.

S o gr eat w a s h is r ep u t a t i o n for l e g a l kn owl e dg e t h at a ,

w e ll -kn own b o o k o f Iri s h l aw h a s b e en a tt rib u t e d t o

3
hi m O n e v ersi o n o f his his t o ry a s king o f Erinn repre
.

s e n t s him d r iven fr o m his t hr on e by an en e my c a ll e d

F erg u s t h e Bl a ck -t oo t h e d bu t e n abl e d a ft erwa rds lik e , ,

4
N u a da t o r e c o v e r t h e s o v e r e ignt y
,
An o t h er, h o wev er .
,

5
f ou nd in an old er m an u scrip t , bu t n o t n e c e ss a rily an o ld e r
a cc o u n t d e scrib e s his c o u r t a t T a r a inv a d e d by a ch a m
,

pi o n c a ll e d A e ng u s of t h e P o is o n e d Sp ear wh o s e bro th e r ,
’
h a d l o s t his d au gh t e r t o a s on of C orm a c s c a lled C el l a ch .

Aeng u s sl e w C el l ach bet ween his f a t h er an d t h e wa ll ,

’
an d in s o d o ing u t o u t o n e of t h e king s e yes This
p .

Aengu s w a s a Plu t onic prince a ss o ci at ed wit h a hi st oric a l

pe opl e c all e d t h e D eisi which pr ob ably m ea ns t hat h e ,

w as a g o d sp e ci a lly w o r shipp e d by t h em Be t h a t a s it .

m a y , his d ee d o f vi o l enc e is r epres ent e d a s th e b eginning

o f a r e v o l t a g a ins t C o rm a c In t h e w ar which foll owed .
,

A engu s f ell a t t h e he a d of t h e D e isi , w h o w er e t hen

’
d riv e n o u t o f t h e ir l and by C o rm a c s s o n C airbre an d his
s o ns O n t h e o t h er h and C orm a c hims elf h a d t o qu i t
.
,

t h e o ffice of king on l o sing his ey e s o t h a t h e liv e d s o m e ,

t im e in t h e n e ighb o u rh o o d o f T a r a a n d h elp e d hi s s o n

1
in h is M a nn ers , & c
’
T h e Bk .
f
o B a l l y mo te, qu o t e d by O C u rry .
,

ij . 18 .

2
O C
’
u rry , ibid .

3
T h e Bo o k o f A ca i l l , fo rmi n
g Vol iij . . of t h e S enrh u s M or ; s ee a l s o
’
O C urr ,
y ij 27
. .

4
O C
’
-
y, j
i 5
u rr 1 39
. 40 . T h e Bk . o f th e D u n, 5 3b, 5 4a .
1 36 . II . TH E ZE U S or t

C o n a ire his h ands is o n e o f t h e Cel t ic rend e rings of

at

t h e s t o ry which in it s Gr e ek f orm d e scribes t h e t rea t m e n t

o f Ze u s by Typh o .

In a n o th e r cycle of st ori e s , which may be c a lled U l t o

ni an , t h e C e l t ic Z eu s finds hi s r epre s ent a t iv e in C o nch ob ar
m a c N e s s a , or C o n o r s on o f N e ss a king o f U ls t er , w h o ,

c ann ot be dismiss e d q u it e s o bri efly as t h e o t h ers As .

’
in C o rm a c s c a s e a highly c ol o u r e d pic tu re is dr awn
,

o f his r e ign which t h e E u h em e rist s sy nchro niz e wi t h

,
’
t h e t im e o f Chris t b o ldly fixing t h e U l t o ni a n king s
,

1
de at h o n t h e d a y o f th e C ru cifi x ion His d e at h w a s .

o cc a si o n e d by a b a ll wi t h which h e h ad b e e n w o u nd e d
,

in t h e sku ll y ears b efo re a n d which t h e su rg e ons o f t h e

,

c ou rt h a d n e v e r ven t u r e d t o ex t ra c t : it h a d b ee n m a d e ,

a cc o rding t o a s a v a g e pra c t ice o f t h e br a ins o f a fa ll e n ,

foe c a lled M es g eg ra , by mixing i t wit h lim e Th e re w a s .

a pr o ph e cy t h a t M es e ra w o u ld a v eng e hims e lf o n t h e
g g
’
U l t o n ians a n d a ch ampi o n of C on ch obar s e n e mi e s c all e d
, ,

C et h a ving su rr e p t it i o usly g ot p o ss e ssi o n o f t h e b all t h u s

,

m a d e of M e s g eg ra s bra in fo u nd an o pp or tu nit y o f hu rl
’
,
’
ing it at t h e U l t o nia n king s h ea d w it h t h e res u l t a lre a dy ,

ment i on e d B o t h C et a n d Mesg e g ra b e l onge d t o t h e

.

my t h o l o gic al p a rt y o f d arkn e ss an d d eat h an d h ere w e ,

h a ve t h e m h e lping t o pr o du ce an U lt o ni a n p a ra ll el t o
C o rm a c l o sing o n e o f his e y e s an d N u a da on e of his h and s , ,
’
e sp e ci a lly a s t h e b all w a s in C o n ch o ba r s h ea d fo r y e a rs

b efo re it c au s e d his d ea th an d p ar tly dis abl e d him a l l ,

t h a t t im e as h e h a d t o a bs t ain fr o m a l l vi o l e n t e x e rci s e
,

1
T hi s p art o f t h e s t o h i
y a n d w a t m m ed a e l y o l l o w s w l l b e o u n d
r i t f i f
ma ri ze d in O C u rry s ll/I S M a t
’
p
’
sum 27 5 , & c
. S ee a l s o t h e o rig in a l,
. . .

p i t d (f m t h e Bk
r n e ro .
f
o L ei ns ter, 1 23b— 1 24 b) w ith a l iteral t ran s l a~
ti on pp 636 643
, .
—
.
 TH E I N SUL A R CE LT S . 1 37

or excit ement Bu t t h e e arly his t ory of C o nch ob a r is

.

s t ill m o r e int e re s t ing a s it c o nt a ins on e o f t h e G o id elic

,

v e r s i o ns o f t h e st o ry which in it s Gre ek fo rm r el a t es
h ow Cr o n u s w a s driven fr o m p o wer by his s o n Z e u s .

’ ’
C o n ch ob a r s m o t h er s n a me w as N ess a a f t e r w h o m h e ,

w a s c all e d C o nc h o b a r m a c N e ss a She w a s a wa rlik e

.

v ir a g o wi t h a s t ra ng e his t o ry b u t w h o t h e f at h e r w a s
;
is n ot qu i t e c er t a in : a cc o rding t o s o me a cc o u n t s h e w a s ,

a gre a t U ls t er dru id or m a gici a n c a ll e d C a t h b a d

; b ut

a cc o rding t o o t hers ,
h e w a s a m o n a rch c all e d Fa ch t n a
Fat h a ch or t h e P o e t ic w h o di e d wh e n C onch o b a r w a s
,

a child . The king o f U ls t e r at t h e t ime F e rg u s ma c ,

R éig fell p a ssi o n a t e ly in l o ve wi t h N e ss a a n d m a d e

, ,

pr o p o s als o f m arria ge t o h er ; bu t Sh e w o u ld onl y li s t en

t o him on t h e c o ndit i o n t h a t he sh o u ld h a nd o v e r t o h er
b oy C o nch ob a r t h e s o v e r e ign ty o f U ls t e r f o r t h e sp a ce
of on e y ear . F erg u s c o n s en t e d an d N e s s a m a de t hings
,

s o pl ea s a n t fo r t h e U l s t er n o bl e s d u ri n g t h e y ea r t h a t a t ,

it s cl o s e t h e y d e clined t o r e st or e F e rg u s t o t h e kingship .

'

He t h e r eu p o n m a d e w a r on C on ch o b ar bu t a s he ,

pr oved u nsu cc e ssfu l he h a d t o s u bmit H e r e m a in e d

.

s om e ye a rs in Ul s t er in th e c o u rs e o f which C onch ob a r
,

m arri e d a d au gh t er o f t h e king w h o r e igned o v e r Erinn

a t T a ra . She b o r e t h e n a m e o f M e db an d sh e h a d a will
,

of h er o w n f b c ming s n t ir d f C nch b r h left

; o r
,
e o oo e o o o a
,
s e

him , a n d w e r ea d o f h e r a f t e rwa rds a s t h e wife o f a p rinc e

c a ll e d A il il l Th e y a re s t yl e d r e sp e c t iv ely king an d qu e e n
. .

o f C o nn a u gh t . As t o Fe rg u s h e u n d er t oo k t o rec o ncil e
,

C o nch ob a r t o t h e r e t u rn o f c er ta in e xil e s kn o wn as t h e
S on s o f Us n ech wh o s e m isfo rt u n e s fo rm t h e su bj e c t o f a
,

w e ll - kn own Irish t a le ; b u t C onch ob a r b eh a vi n g t r ench

er o u sl t o w ards t h e m Ferg u s a n d a l l his f oll o w e rs wen t
y ,
1 38 II . TH E ZE U S or

in t o e xil e ; an d h ere it m a y be m ent i o ned in p a ssing t h at

F erg u s h a d s o m e t ime b e fo r e d ep ar t ing fro m Uls t e r a c t e d
, ,

a s fo s t e r -
fa t h er a n d t u t o r t o t h e s on o f a sist e r of C o nch o
’
b ar s : t his w a s C uch u l a inn w h o a s t h e gr ea t e s t o f t h e , ,

s ol a r h e r oe s o f t h e U l t o ni a n cycl e w ill h a v e t o b e r ef e rr e d ,

t o r ep e a t e dly a s we g o o n F ergu s an d his a dh ere n t s .

,

whil e in exil e we re h o spit ably rec e ived by A i l il l an d

,

Me db .

This c o mpl e t e s t h e p art o f t h e st o ry which is here

in p o in t an d it r e qu ire s on e o r t w o r e marks In t h e
, .

firs t pla c e, A il il l h a s vari ou s d e sc ent s a scrib e d him or ,

e lse M e d b m u s t h a v e m a r ri e d t w o A il il l s in s u cc e ssi o n
,

which is t h e view s o m et im e s a d op t e d ; bu t t h at is of n o
grea t c o ns e qu en ce T h e n a m e A ilil l s e e ms t o be t h e
.

’
Irish e qu ival en t o f t h e We lsh elly ll , an elf or d em on
‘
,

a n d M e db s A il il l b e l o ngs t o a r a c e which is a lwa ys fo u nd

’

ranged a gain st t h e T u at h a D é D an ann 1

M e db h ers el f, .

mar ri e d firs t t o C o nch o b a r an d t h e n t o A ilill is t o be ,

cl a ssed wi t h wh at I may , in d efau l t o f a bet t er t erm ,

d e sign at e g oddess e s o f t h e da wn an d d u sk w h o are foun d ,

a t o n e t ime c o n s o r t ing wi t h brigh t b e ings a n d a t an o t her

wi th da rk o n e s Th e y a l s o c omm o nly a s s o ci at e t hems e lves

.

wi t h wa t er ; t hu s Me db a f t er t h e d eat h o f h er h u sb an d ,

A i lil l a t th e h a nds o f an Uls t e r h er o c all e d C o n a ll C e rn a ch ,

o n e o f t h e s o l a r h e r o es o f t h e Ul t o ni a n cycl e o f s t o ri e s ,

dwelt in an isl and in L o ch R ee on t h e e a s t side o f which ,

1
I t is r ig ht h o w ,
th a t a n A il il l Fi n d A il il l t h e White
e v er, to s ay ,

or F ir b el o ng s t o t h e O pp o s it e rac e as h is w ife E l i d is is c i d a w y
’
a , ,
a arr e a

b y F rg u s at t h e en d o f a s e i
e ,
o f t ag ic e v e t s fo m i n g t h e su bj c t
r es r n r e

of a w ll - k n o w n s t o y i t o d ct ory t o t h e pic t l e o f t h e T din O f

e r n r u e a ,

w hich m o r an o n
’
S ee t h e Bk of L e ins t er 247 a — 248 a a l s o O C u r y s
’
e . .
,
r

M a ers & c iii 338 -9

nn ,
.
, . .
1 40 II . TH E ZE U S or

Given C o nch ob a r king o f th e U l t oni ans his ru n away ,

wife qu een o f C onn au gh t an d t h e exil e F erg u s enj o y ing ,

m o r e t h a n h o s pi ta li t y a t h er c ou r t , w e h a v e t h e r e l a t ive
p o si t i ons o f s o me of t h e princip a l f orc e s m ars h all e d in
t h e gre a t es t e pic s t o ry o f t h e Iri s h t h at which t hei r ,

li t era ry men m o s t endeav ou r e d t o e l a b o rat e I t pu rp ort s .

t o d e scribe t h e e ven t s o f an e xp e di t i o n by A il il l an d
M e d b wi t h t h e ir n u m er o u s alli e s t o t h e kingd o m o f
, ,

Ul s t e r Th eir chi e f o bj e c t is s aid t o h a v e b e en t h e p o s

.

s e ssi o n of a m a rv ell o u s b u ll c all e d t h e Bl a ck o f C ria il n g e , ,

fro m th e dist ric t in which h e gra z e d C ua ilng e is in .

m o d ern Irish C u a ily h e Angliciz e d C ooley t h e n a me of a , ,

m ou nt a in o u s p art of t h e c ou n t y o f L o u t h a nci en t Ul s t e r
1

e x t e n de d t o t h e B o yn e an d s o m et ime s even fu r t h e r s o u t h
,

2
wards T h e st o ry s e rves a s t h e c ent re a r ou nd which ot her
.

s t o ri e s cl u s t er an d th e wh ol e is k n own a s t h e T ain o r
,
‘ ’
D riving o f t h e Kin e o f C o ol e y 3
A ilil l an d M e db m a d e .

u s e o f F e rg u s o n t h e T d in a s t h e c a p t a in o f t h e v a ngu a rd

o f t h e ir a rmy h e b e ing a cqu a in t ed wi t h t h e dis t ric t t h e y

,

w i s h e d t o r ea ch ; an d t h e y a rrived t h ere d u ring t h e cou

4
va de o f t h e U l t o ni a ns wh e n n o ne o f t heir h e r o e s c ou ld ,

s t ir e xc ep t ing C uchu l a inn , w h o a cc o rdingly h a d t o fac e

,

1
Bk . of R igh ts, p . 21, O D o n o van
’ ’
s n o te.

2 ’
O C u rry s
’
M S Mat . . p . 26 9 .

3
I t is c al l e d in I is h
r T eiin B 6 C ua i l n g e, or s i m p l y in T n l iterall y ai ,

‘
th e D r i vi n g c a ttl e in qu es ti o
’
a w ay o f th e n. T h e f r g m en t o f t h e
a

t l i t h e B k of t h e D u n o cc u pi es fo l 5 5 a
a e n . 8 2 b a d i t h e B k of .
—
,
n n .

L ei s t er it t k es u p m u ch m o
n a s p ac e n m ly fol 5 3b— 104 b b u t re ,
a e , .
,

n e ith er is th t c m p l e t e F r fere c e s t o o th er m anu s c ript s f it

a o . or e n o ,

a n al y s s a d b s t a ct s s ee M d A b o is d e J u b i v il l s E
’ ’ ’
e n a r ,
a i d un C a t . r a n e ss a

l og e d e l a L i t t é r t ép iq d e l I l n d e (Pa i s pp 214 216 ’

u a u re ue r a r —
. .
,

an a cc o n t o f thi s s t ra g e c u s t o m
’
c T y l e s R es ea rch es i t o
4
F or u n ,
se r n

t h e E rl y H i t ry f M
a k ind pp 28 9 297
s o o an , .
— .
 TH E I N SUL A R .
ORE TS . 1 41

th e inva d e rs single -h a nd e d The princip a l p a r t o f t h e .

T ain d escrib e s t h e a s to u n ding fe a t s o f v al ou r p e rformed

by him, an d it f o rms t h e Irish c ou nt erp art t o th e Greek
s t o ry o f H eracles defending t h e g o ds of Olymp u s by
d e spa t ching t heir f o es for t h e m wi t h his invincibl e a rr o ws .

C onch ob a r t h o u gh h e sh owed himself c a p a ble o n o cc a

,

si ons of being lik e Ze u s u nscr u p u l o u s a n d cr u el is

, , ,

d e s crib e d a s an ex e mpl a ry king o f t h e h e r o ic peri o d .

H is p a l a ce w as c onsid e re d a m o d e l o f m a gnificenc e a n d
c o mfo r t a v iew , h o wever t o be a ccep t ed in a s t ric t ly
—
,

r el a t ive s e ns e a s ma y be in ferred fr o m th e fa c t t h at t h e
,

S le e ping a rra ng e men t s fo r t h e king an d his a d u l t sis t er

D e ch t ere discl o s e t h e m o s t a wkwa rd fe a t u r e o f m o der n

- 1 ’
o v e r cr o wding The king s o w n life a t h o me sh aped
.

i t s el f in t o a r ou t in e which divid e d t h e d ay -tim e int o t hre e

2
p a r ts ; an d his a dmi ni s t ra t i o n o f his kingd o m is t r ea t ed
a s a p a t t e rn o f wh a t kingly r u le sh o u ld be H e is e v e n .

r e pr e s e nt e d a s a ref ormer o f t h e a dminis t ra t i on of j u s t ic e ,

in t h at he h a d pu t an e n d t o t h e excl u sive righ t o f

t h e p oe t - se ers t o give j u dgm en t T h e chi e f seer o f .

3
U ls t e r h a d di e d s o g o es t h e s to ry a n d t h e s u cces
, ,

si o n t o his o ffice w a s c o n t e s t ed by his s on a n d an o ld e r

m an o f th e s a me pr o fe ssi o n : t h e t w o a rg u ed t heir cl aims
a t gre a t leng t h wi t h m u ch e l o qu e nce a n d even s e t t l e d ,

t h e c a se t o t heir o w n s a t isf a c t i o n ; bu t t h e king a n d

his n obl e s u nd ers t oo d n a u gh t o f t h e ir a bst r u s e a n d
o bsc u re l angu a ge t h a t wh e n it w a s o v e r t h e f o rm e r
; s o ,

d et e rmin e d , wi t h a p ard o na bl e w eakn e s s for wh at he

1
Bk . o f t h e D u n , 1 28 b ; Win di ch s
’
s I ris ch e T ex te, p . 1 39
.

2 Bk . o f t h e D u n, 59 a .

I t w il l b e fou n d M S Ma t pp 45-6, 38 3,
’ ’
3
in O C u rry s . . . an d in h is
M a n ners & c , iij
, . . 31 6 .
1 42 ZE US
"

II . TH E or

c ou ld u nd er s t an d , t h a t th e s ee rs a n d p oet s Sh ou ld n o
l onge r a rro ga t e t o t h ems e lv e s t h e righ t t o a dmini s t er
’
j u s t ice C onch obar s t im e w a s on e of gr eat pr o sp eri t y
.

for his pe opl e , an d he is hims elf s t yl e d C a th bua d a ch o r ,

1
vic t ori ou s in w ar t h ou gh h e is m o re t h a n o nc e fou n d ,

o verc o m e by h i s e n e mi e s lik e Z eu s by Typh o Thu s ,

.

o n o n e o cc as i o n a b a t t l e t o ok pl a ce b e t we e n t h e Ul t o

2
ni a n s a n d a princ e c a ll e d E o a n m a c D u rt h a ch t
g w h o ,
’
m o r e t h a n o nce in C onch obar s hi s t o ry app ears a s t h e
r epr e s en t at ive o f d arkn e ss an d t re a c h ery : t h e Ul t o nia ns
w ere b ea t e n, C o nch ob a r w a s left o n t h e fi eld an d nigh t ,
’
s u p erven e d T h e king s life w a s o nly s a ve d by t h e
.

c o ming of C l ich u l a in n w h o f ou nd him exh au st e d a n d ,

a lm o s t wh olly c o v e r e d o v e r wi t h e a rt h H e du g h im .

out pr o cu r e d foo d for h im an d t ook him h o m e t o t h e

,

c o u rt O n a no th e r o cc as i on t h e Ul t o nia ns w ere p u rs u ing

3
.

A il il l an d M e db wi t h t h e ir f o rc e s when A il ill s ch a ri ot eer

’
, ,

c a ll e d Ferl o g a c o nc e al e d him s elf in t h e he a t h er wh enc e

, ,
’
h e spr a ng on C on ch o ba r s ch a ri o t an d s e ized h o ld of t h e
’
king s n e ck fro m b ehind ; n o r did h e l oo se n his gra sp
u n t il t h e l a t t e r h a d pr o mi s ed t o r a ns o m hims e l f Wh en .

Ferl o g a sp e cified h is d em a nd it pr o v e d t o b e m e r e ly t h at ,

C o nch ob ar sh ou ld t ak e him t o his c a pit a l a n d bid t h e u n

1
Bk . o f t h e D a n, 128 b al s o l 24a , w h ere t h e I ri h w ord o cc u rs
s

a bb rev i a t ed in t h e M S . to ea ch , fi t xp l i
rs e a ne d by Z i m m er in h is
Kel t is ch e Stu d ien (Berl i n , 1 38 -
. 9 .

2
D u r th a ch t, fo r w hich D a i rt h ech t a al s o o cc u rs ( ee Wi d i s ch s
s n , .

is p ro b a bl y ig i as t h e red
of the s am e o r n u pl ic t e d ru th th a ig d p er
a o e ,
e

Gra m C l t p 448 (i c o e ct l y d cel b v it t p

’
d id it , . e . . n rr ren dere e ra a .

d S tok Goi d eli ca pp 4 1 4 s o th a t M a c D t h ch t w o l d s em

’
an es , .
,
ur a u e

t o h av e h a d m u ch t h e s ame m e i g as t h me o f o th r ch a a ct e r an n e na an e r

o f t h e s me c l s s I m e n M a c C u ill S o n o f Perd iti o n o r D e s t u cti o

’
a a a ,
r n .

3
Bk .
f
o t h e D u n, 5 9b, 60a .
144 II . TH E ZE US or

Irish pedigree s which are h ere qu it e in p o in t as t h ey

, ,

m ake b o t h C o n ch ob a rs g ra nds o ns o f o n e a n d t h e s a m e
R o ss t h e R e d 1
C o nch o ba r w as d ou b t l e ss n o t a m a n ;
.

his S l st er Dech t ere t h e m o th er o f C li ch u l ain n is c all e d , ,

2
a g o ddess ; a n d th e scrib e o f a n o l d s t o ry in t h e Boo k o f

t h e Du n is o blig e d in s pit e o f his E u hem e ri s m t o r e m a rk

, ,

3
i n p a ss i n g th a t C o nch ob a r w a s a d ia ta lma id e or t e rr e s ,

t ri a l g o d o f t h e U l t o n i a ns of his t im e
,
H e is in Sh or t .
, ,

t o b e r e g ard e d a s h o lding in t h e Ult o ni a n cycl e a pl a c e , ,

a n a l o g o u s t o t h a t o f N u a d a a n d L l ud in t h e cycles t o

which t h e y b e l ong .

TH E MA C 00 A ND ME R L I N .

In r e spec t o f his p art ia lly a ckn owledged divini t y ,

C o nch o b ar d ifi ers fr o m C o rm a c ma c Airt w h o is t r ea t e d ,

t hr ou gh ou t a s a mere m an T h e n e x t t o be m en t i o n e d .

4
is A engu s w h o on t h e o t h er h and is n ev e r t r eat e d a s
, , ,

a hi s t o ric a l ch a r a c t e r : h e is d e sc rib e d a s s o n o f t h e
god
c a lled D a gd a t h e G re a t a n d t h e g o ddess B o ann fr o m 5
, ,

1
T h e F ou r M a s t ers h a d c o u rage t o mak e C o ch o b a m c n ot th e n r a

N e s a a hi s t ric l ch
s ct e b u t th y c ll t h e o th r C o n ch o ba th e o n
o a ara r, e a e r s

Fi t h e Po e t r S eer (A M i w h o m w e see m
’
o f Finn Fil e, nn o . . n

t o h av e t h s a m e s o n o f R o s s t h e R ed th a t is c al l e d F ch t n a t h e
e a

Po tic as t h e rep u t ed f th e o f C o ch o b ar ma N es a
e , a r n c s .

2
B k of L ei s t r 123b w h e e C ri h u l ai n i c a ll ed me d ea d ech t ir i
. n e , ,
r c n s ,
’
of
( th e ) s on o f
(t h e ) g o dd ess D e ch t ire .

3
Bk .
f
o th e D u n , l O l b F l ed B r icrenn, in Wi n d isch s
’
I r T ex te,
.

p . 25 9 .

4
H ere, a s el s e w h ere t h ere
i c ul ty as t o w hich fo rm of
,
is s o me d ffi
t h e n a me t o ch o o e : t h e mo d e rn I ri s h s p el l i g is A o ng h s w hi l e
s n u ,

A eng s is ol d e r ; b u t o ld r s ti ll i O
u g w hil e O i g s o r O i g
e s s en us , n u , n us ,

w o u ld b e t h e o l d e s t t o b e fo u n d in m a n u s c ript s .

5
B o n a l so Bo a nd g e iti v e B o i ne o r Bo ind e w as t h e na m e o f
an , ,
n n ,

t h e l d y p u s u e d by t h e Bo y e : see p 123
a r n . .
 TH E I N SUL A R O E L TS . 145

w h o m th e river B oyne t a k e s it s n am e The y o u nger g o d .

,

fu lly describ e d w a s Aengu s s on o f t h e (t w o ) Y o u ng

‘
,
’1
O nes .Wh at t hi s ex a c t ly m e an t is n o t cl ear ; for t h ou gh
his p aren t s a s imm or ta ls migh t perh a ps b e regard e d a s
e v e r y o u ng n o ref e rence is m a d e
,
s o far a s I kn o w t o , ,

t h e y o u t hfu ln e ss o f ei t her : o n t h e c o n t r a ry t h e Da gd a ,

is r epr e sen t ed b o t h a s o l d an d o l d -fa shi o n e d , fond of

p orridge , an d gen era lly a g oo d su bj e c t fo r c o mic trea t
m en t 2
.Aeng u s is a ls o c alled I n M a c C c t h e Y o u ng
‘
,
’ ‘ ’
S o n , p o ssibly t h e Y o u ng F e ll o w , which is in h arm o ny
w i t h t h e s t ories e x t a n t a b o u t his y o u t hfu l be au t y a n d

p ers on al attra c t i o ns ; a s for ex a mple when h e once o n a , ,

t im e a pp e a r e d t o king C orm a c an d g a v e him pr o phe t ic

a nswers t o his q u e s t i o ns a b o u t t h e fu t u r e : o n t h a t o cc a

si on h e c arried a m u sic al ins t ru m e n t an d h e is u s u ally ,

describ e d mu ch d e v ot e d t o m u sic of a n irresis t i ble n at u re .

T h e Ma c O c s fo s t er -
’
fa th e r w a s Mid e r , king o f t h e F a iries ,

wh o se wi fe w a s E t ain , a n o th e r d a wn -go dd e ss ; b u t a
3
fra g ment ary st ory r epres e nt s a riva l o f h ers su cceeding
by h er wil e s a n d m a gic ar t s in s e vering h er fr o m Mid e r .

When h er h u s b and l o st her she w a s fo u nd in grea t ,

mis ery by t h e Ma c C c, w h o h a d her cl a d in p u rpl e an d

pl a ced in a gl ass y ria na n o r s u n -b o w e r where sh e fe d o n ,

fra gra nc e an d t h e bl o o m o f o d orif e r o u s fl owers One o f .

t h e m o s t c u ri o u s t hi ngs in t his very c u ri o u s s t o ry is t h e

1
In I i s h O e g us ma c i nd C c o merel y M c i d C c a m w hich
r n ,
r a n ,
na e

p ro b ab l y b el o n g ed t o a l o s t p ed ig ree o f t h e g o d d iffe i g f m t h e o n e ,
r n ro

o d i a i l y g i ve
r n r n .

S ee t h e B iti h M u s e u m M S H a l 5 28 0 f l 6 6 b ; l s o D r S u l
r s . r .
,
o . a .

l iv e n i n t o d ct o y vo l u me t o O C u ry s M a nners & pp d cxxxix

’ ’ ’
s r u r r ,
c .
, ,
.

dc
3
Bk .
f
o th e D a n, p . 1 29 ; 1Vi nd ns c h , p p 130— . 132 .
 1 46 II . TH E ZE US or

s ta t e ment , th at , when th e Ma c C c t ra velled , he c arri e d th e

gl a ss y ria na n ab ou t wit h him , an d slep t in it a t night
in o rd e r t o a t t end on E t ain whil e a wa it ing t h e r e tu rn
’
o f her f orm e r h ea l t h a n d vig ou r Onc e m o re E t ain s .

riv a l su cce e d e d in s ep a ra t in g h er fr o m h er pr ot ec t or an d
in r e d u cing h e r t o a c ondit i on o f grea t wr et ch e dn e ss ,

pri or t o h er en t ering on a n e w s t at e o f e xist enc e The .

r 61e o f pr o t ec t ing a d a wn - g o ddess is a scrib e d t o t h e Mac

C 0 in a n o th e r s t ory wh er e sh e a pp ears u nd er th e n am e
1
,

o f Gra in n e d au gh t er of C o rm a c ma c Airt , a n d t h e Mac

,

C 0 is c all e d A engu s Grainn e d e clin e s t o w e d Finn

.
,

t h e c o u nt erp art o f t h e W elsh g o d G w yn king o f t h e ,

f a iri e s an d th e d ea d ; b u t sh e e l o p e s wi t h D ia rmait ,
’
a s o l a r her o w h o w a s A eng u s fo s t e r -s on ; an d wh e n
D ia rmait an d Grainn e fou nd t hems elv e s h ard pr e ssed by
F inn a n d his m en in p u rsu it A e ngu s r epe at e dly a id ed ,

t h e m by t hr o wing his m a gic m a n t l e a r o u nd Gra in ne an d

c arrying h er a wa y u n ob s erv e d by Finn H ere th e ma n tle .

a ns w e rs t h e p u rp o s e o f t h e m o r e c u mbr ou s gl a ss ria na n
y .

T h e l a t t e r h o w e ver is o f p rI m e I mp or t a nc e fr o m a
, ,

my th ol o gic a l p o int o f vi e w a s it s eems t o be a s ort o f

,

pic t u r e o f t h e e xp anse o f th e he a v ens l it u p by th e light

o f th e su n an d in t h e Mac C c g ing b t wi t h t his
; ,
o a ou

gl a ss s tr u c t u r e we h a ve a r epres en ta t i o n of t h e Ary a n
,

Z eu s in his o rigina l ch ara c t e r o f g o d o f t h e s u n an d

d ayligh t N o w if t h e Ma c C 0 be r e g a rd e d a s a Go i
.

d e lic Z e u s t h e D a g da sh o u ld be a Cr o nu s an d th a t is
, ,

c o rr ob ora t e d by t h e p e c u lia r r el at i o ns in which t h e t w o

I ri s h g o ds are pl a c e d wit h r e g ard t o o n e a n oth er For .

1
T h e Pu rsu i t o f D ia rm u id a nd Gra inn e, a l re a d y all u d e d to : s ee

t p
n o e, . 1 35 .
148 11 . TH E ZE US or

pl a c e be tween t hem at T aill t in n Sit u at ed b et ween K e lls ,

a n d N a v a n in t h e pr e s e n t c o u n t y o f Me a t h 1
The g o ds .
,

d ef ea t ed w i thdr e w fr o m t h e k en o f th e inva d ers f o rming

, ,

t h e ms elve s int o an invisibl e w orld o f t h e ir o w n Th e y .

r et r ea t e d in t o t h e hills an d m ou nds o f E rinn ; s o t ra di t i o n

a ss o ci a t e s t h e m e sp e ci a lly wi t h t h e b u ri a l m o u nds a n d

c e me t eri e s of t h e c ou nt ry A v ery r em ark abl e gr o u p o f .

t h e s e d o t t h e b anks o f t h e B o yn e : t a k e for e x a mpl e t h e , ,

b u ri a l r e ma ins o f N e w g ran g e in M eat h ; of Kn ow th nea r , ,

Sl an e in t h e s a m e c o u n t y a n d o nly s ep ar at e d by t h e
, ,

riv er fro m th e a nci e n t c em e t ery of R o s n a Righ ; o f D ow th ,

n ea r D r o gh e da ; a n d o f D r o gh e da i t s elf al l o f which —

a pp ea r t o h a v e b e e n pl u nd e r e d by t h e N o rs e m e n in t h e

2
nint h c ent u ry Add t o t h e s e t h e Br u gh o f t h e B o yn e
.
,

t h e h o m e o f t h e D a g d a which h e l o s t t o his cra f t y son ,

t h e M a c C c kn o wn t h e nc ef o rt h a s t h e A e ngu s o f t h e
,

3
Bru gh E u h em eri s t ic t ra dit i o n c a me t o r epr e s ent t h e
.

D a gd a an d his s o ns a s b u ri e d t here an d p o int e d t o t h e ,

S id o r F a i ry M o u nd , o f t h e Bru gh a s c o v e rin g t heir

, ,

r e s t ing -pl a c e .

T h e o ld e r a cc ou nt , h o w e ver which r el a t e s h o w t h e ,

M ac C c g ot p o ss e ssi o n of it s ay s n ot hing a b ou t it a s ,

a c e m e t ery
; in f act it d e scrib e s it a s an a dmir abl e

pl a c e m or e a cc u rat ely sp e aking a s an a dmirabl e l and , a

,

1
F our M a s ters A M 3500 , . .
,
ed .
’
s n o t e, p . 22 .

2
Ih A . . D 8 61,
. e d s n o es
.
’
t .

3
Ih A . . M 345 0
.
,
t
t i e s R ou nd T ow ers of I rel a nd in t h e
no e Pe r
’
,

sa cti o s o f t h e R A c a d m y xx 100-1 a l so O C I ri s h ’
T ran n .
y iij e ,
. u rr , .

1 22 362
, I t m ay h e
. b e e xp l i ed th a t t h e w o rd br g h i o l d r
re a n ,
u ,
n e

s p lli
g bru g o br u d is u u l l y t ra n sl a t e d a p al a c e
‘ ’
e n r , T h e o e in s a . n

que s ti o n w a s o n t h e Bo y ne a t B r o a d Boy n e Bri dg e n ear S l an e in t h e

-
, , ,

c ou n ty o f Meath .
 TH E I N SUL A R CE LT S . 1 49

1
t erm which bet rays t h e u su al iden t ifi c ation of th e fa i ry
m ou nd wi t h t h e n e t h e r w orld t o which it f ormed t h e
ent ra nce Admirabl e it s a ys , is t h at l and ; there are
.
,

t hr e e t rees t h e re always be a ring fr u i t ; t here is o n e

pig t h ere a lwa ys a live , a n d a n o ther pig a lways r eady
c o ok e d ; an d t h er e is a v e ss e l there fu ll of excell e n t al e 2
.

N o b o dy w h o is fa mili ar wi t h t h e li t era t u re o f a nci ent

Erinn r e qui r e s t o b e t old t h at t his d e s cript i on is an
expr e ssi o n o f t h e o l d Iri s h id ea of t h e L a nd o f th e Bl e ss ed .

So t h e my t h pl a cing t h e D a gd a a t t h e he a d o f t h e d ep ar t ed ,

simply h appy on fru it an d p ork an d a l e is t h e c o u n ,

:

t erp art , an d a very a nci e nt o n e o f t h e Gre ek s t ory o f ,

Cr o n u s v a nqu i s hed an d driv en fro m p ow e r wa nd ering

, ,

t o t h e Isles o f t h e Bless e d t h e re t o r e ign o v e r t h e m an d ,

Sh ar e t h e fu nc t i o ns o f Rh a d a m a n t hu s T h e Iri s h ide a of .

t h e Da gd a a s a G o i de lic Cro n u s , r u ling o ver an Elysi u m

wi t h which a s ep u lchra l m o u nd w a s a ss o ci a t ed n ay even ,

c onfo u nded c ont rib u t e d p o ssibly t o t h e fo rm at i on o f t h e

,

s t ory th a t a ll t h e T u at h a D é D a n anu b eat e n in b at t l e , ,

w i t hdrew in t o t h e hills an d m ou n ds of Erinn ; b u t b e

t h a t a s it m a y t his l a t t e r b e lief in it s t u rn pu t an en d t o
,
’
t h e sing u l a ri t y o f t h e D a gd a s p o si t i o n by m aking t h a t
o f t h e o t her g o ds m u ch lik e his F u r th e r , t h e t ra nsfe r .

e nc e t o his n e w sphere in E rinn o f t h e inciden t o f his

r epl a cem e n t by his son , h a d th e my t h ol o gic ally s t ra n g e

effec t o f m ak ing int o a king o f t h e de a d in n eth e r d u sk
t h e Ma c C c, w h o sh o u ld h a v e been t h e y o u t hfu l Z e u s o f

h h el p e d b y c o n fo u n d i n g bru g , a s a pp l i e d t o t h e Ma c O c s
1 ’
It w as e re

h o u s e (Bk th e D u n , 5 1 b), w ith s o m e fo rm o f bru ig , fo r an e arl i e r

‘ ’
.
f
o

m ru ig (
s ee NVin d is ch , s v . .
) of th e s a me or igi n as ish M a
th e E n
gl r ch es ,

Ger m a rk ,
. Wl h e s bro , a l an d o r d i s t rict Ga u l i s h A ll o brog es (p
,
’
.

2
Bk .
f
o L eins ter, 246 a .
 1 50 II . TH E ZE U S or

th e G oid elic w orld rej o icing in th e t ransl u cent exp anse

,

o f t h e h ea vens a s his crys t a l b o w e r .

A s o mewh at simil a r l o c alizing o f my t hic p e rs on ages is

o bs e rv a ble in c o nn e c t i o n wi t h t h e a nci e n t s t o n e S t r o ng

h olds of t h e w e st O n e o f t h e m o st r em a rk abl e st ands

.

in t h e i s l and o f Ara nn o ff t h e c oast o f G a lwa y : it is ,

n o t kn o wn wh e n or by wh o m it s cycl o p ea n w a lls w e r e

b u il t bu t it is c a ll e d D u n A eng u s a ft er an A engu s s on
, ,

o f Um ér
1
a f a th e r o th e rwis e o bsc u r e
,
N o w we r ea d .

o f a l a dy c a ll e d M a is t iu , d au gh t er t o t hi s A engu s a c t ing ,

2
a s embr o id e r e s s t o t h e o t h e r A e ngu s ; an d it is by n o
’
m ea ns impr o b a bl e t h at t h e Da gd a s Son of th e on e s e t o f
s t o ries w a s Um ér s So n o f th e ot h er wh ence it wo u ld
’
,
’
fo ll o w t h a t A en g u s s dau gh t er w h o e mb ro id ere d f or h i m
’
m igh t b e r e g a rd e d a s c orr e sp onding t o Ze u s s d au gh t e r
A t h ene w h o e xc e lled in th e sa m e kind o f w ork T h e
,
.

s t o ry of A engu s s on o f Um ér a ss o ci at e s him wi t h a
, ,

m y thic p e opl e c a lled t h e Fir B o lg an d bring s him an d ,

t h e O l anu UmO ir fr o m Sc ot l and ; t h e y o b t a in e d l and in

3

M eat h fr o m t h e king of E rinn bu t finding his y ok e t o o ,

h eavy , t h ey e sc ap e d t o t h e w e st w h e n A e n gu s a n d his ,

h ou s eh old s et t l e d in Arann T h e m eaning o f t his my t h .

will re a dily b e s een by c o mp a ring it wi t h it s We l s h

c o u nt erp art t o whi ch we are n o w c o ming Bu t b ef o re
,
.

dismissing t h e M a c C c it m ay b e w orth whil e m e nt i onin g

,

1 ’
O C u rr
y
’
s M a n ners, & c , ij 122, iij 5, 7 4, 1 22
. . . an d th ere app ea rs

to h av e b een a t al e , n o w u n k n ow n , a bou t t h e D es tru cti on of D un C en

g us a (in m o d ern r s I ih
D un A o ng h u is ), t h e Fo rt ress of A en
gu s : s ee

. .
’
J
M d A d e ub ain vil l e s E s s a i d u n a ta l og u e, p 244
’ ’
C . .

2
Bk . of L c
e a n, fol 233a , b, q u o t ed b y O C
.
’
u rr i
y j 1 22
i , . .

3
S o me m o re f
re eren es c to A en g u s a n d th e o th er s on s of U mo r i
w ll

be fo un d in O ’
D on ovan
’
t
s no e t o th e F o ur M a s ters, A D 1599 ( . . p .

an d
’
O C urry s
’
B a t tl e o f M a g/i L ea na , p . 15 7 .
1 52 II . TH E ZE US or

1
v ersi ons o f t h e s t ory So a dis t inc t i on o f p ers ons h as
.

b een s o m et imes m a de a cc o rding t o which t h e re w a s a,

proph et M erlin a n d a princ e Emrys : e v e n t his w a s n o t

f o und s u ffici e n t fo r s o me h av e s u bdivid e d M erlin int o
,

t hr e e t o w it M e rlin A mbros iu s M erlin Ua l ed om u s an d

'

, , , ,
’

M e rlin Sy l va tzcu s In ord er t o a ppr o a ch t h e origin a l con

.

c ep t io n o u r c o u rs e is cl ea r : w e m u s t giv e a l l t h e a t t rib u t e s

o f Emry s an d t h e M e rlins t o o n e M e rlin Emry s ; b u t t his

is o nly t h e oret ic a lly cl ea r a s th e pr o c e s s is dist u rb e d by

,

t h e his t oric a l e l e m en t in t r o d u c e d in t h e p e rs o n o f A u r eli u s

Ambro si u s w h o m ay p o s sibly b e r e ga rd e d a s in a s ens e
,

r e sp o nsibl e fo r s o m e o f t h e chi e f diffic u l t ies in o u r w a

y ,

l o ok e d a t fro m a my th o l o gic al p o int of Vi ew We s h o u ld .

,

h o we ve r n o t be far wr o ng in t r eat ing M e rlin Emrys a s

,

a n a d u mb ra t i o n of a p ers o n a g e w h o w a s a t o nce a king

a i d w a rri o r a g re at m a gici an an d pr o ph e t in a w ord a

'

, ,

Z e u s of B ry th onic p a gan i s m .

Bu t if M e rlin Emrys be a Bry t h o nic Z e u s t h e n ,

V o rt ig ern o u gh t t o b e a Bryt h o nic Cr o nu s an d t his

i s t o s a y t h e l e a st o f it in h a rm o ny wi t h t h e e vid e nc e
, ,

o f Vo rt i ern s n a m e
’
g which m ea ns a s u pr e m e l ord o r
,

o v er - king c o rr es p onding t o t h e p o si t i on o f C ron u s b efor e

,

h e w a s driv e n fr o m p o w e r The Ma c (3 0 is r e p re s e n t e d
.

’
a s t h e D a gd a s s o n which c a nn o t b e p ar a ll e l e d by an of
, y
’
t h e a cc o u n t s of M e rlin Emry s bir t h ; b u t t his m a y b e
o n e o f t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e dis t u rbing infl u ence o f t h e

his t o ric al e l e m ent O n a third p o int w e are m ore fo r

.

t u n a t e : t h e D a gd a a n d Cr o n u s s u ppl a n t e d by t h e i r ,

r e sp e c t ive s ons , g o t o pr e sid e o v e r t h e d ep a r te d ; a n d

t h e p a rall e l ex t ends t o V o rt ig ern Fo r when l e a ving .
,

S uch Geoffrey pp
1 ’
as s, . 90— 101
.
 TH E I N SUL A R CE LT S . 1 53

his kingd o m t o M e rlin Emrys , he pr o ce e d e d t o t h e

n ort h a p ar t of t h e isl and su pp o sed a t on e t ime t o
,

h a v e be e n t h e a b o d e o f t h e d e a d a n o t i o n a t t e s t e d ,

by s o l a t e a n a u t h o r a s t h e Gre ek wri t er Pr o c o pi u s
in t h e 6th c ent u ry F u rt h e r t h e dist ric t in t h e n or t h .
,

1
t o which Vo r t ig e rn is m a de t o g o is c alled Gwy nnw es z
'
'
,

a d e riv a t iv e u sed pr o b a bly as t h e pl u r a l o f Gwy nw a s ,

which w o u ld m ean t h e Whi t e or Blissfu l Ab o d e T h e .

’ 2
c o mp ou n d a n alysed int o Gwa s Gwy n of th e s a m e
, ,

me a ning o cc u rs in a n ot h e r st o ry, which represen t s a

,

s ol ar h er o , c alled C a sw all a w n s on of B eli go ing in ,

p u rs u it of his mist ress , Ffi fi r d au gh te r of My g n a ch t h e

D warf, w h o w a s c a rried a wa y by t h e R o m ans , a cc o rdi n g
t o on e a cc o u n t t o R o m e a n d a cc o rding t o an ot h e r t o ,

Gw a s g w y n He r e c o v er e d h er a fte r a g reat b att l e wi t h

.

t h e R o m ans w h o t o a v e ng e t h e ir d e fe at a f t erw ards

, , ,

3
inv a d e d Brit a in u nd er J u l i u s C a e s ar a n o t her r ef erenc e
’
t o t h e s a me my thic expedi t i o n o f C a sw al l a w n s m ak e s
4
hi m an d his h o s t se t t le p e rm a n e nt ly in Gw a s g w y n .

N o w C a s w a l l a w n b e l ongs t o Welsh my t h ol o gy b u t hi ,

n a m e h a pp e ns t o be t h e s a m e a s t h at o f t h e hi s t o ric a l
’
m an C as s iv ell au nu s of C a e s a r s n arra t ive , an d Gw a sg wg/ n,

1
S an -M art e , in h is Gil d a s p 5 5 ad o pt s t h e read i n g et N en niu s , .
,

Ga w me i b u t th e e a e d i vers e o th ers a l l c on s i s t en t w ith an o i g i n al

s ,
r r r

G ennu es si w h ich m ay a l s o h av e h ad t h e s h o rt en e d fo rm Gu n u es sz
'

u ,
n .

2
C o mp re t h e u s e o f g wa s in s p eaki n g o f a n a b o d e o r m an s i o n in
a

H ea en in t h e Bk o f T l ie s s in S k en e ij 1 10 s ee al so p 1 1 a b o v e
v . a , ,
. . .

P o b b l y t h e Gwy meu ry c o f t h e Wel s h v e s i o n o f Geo ff ey ij 194 b

r a s r r ,
.
,

d e i v e s it s g wy s f o m a v e y d i ff ren t o ri g i n a s t h e L a ti n v ers i on h as
r r r e ,

We t ima ia p 5 7 a n d We t ma rza l a d a p 6 6
s r , .
‘
, s
’

n , . .

T h e T ria d s i 5 3 7 7 u 58 iii 1 02 : s e e a l s o S an -Mart e s

3 ’
, .
, , .
, .

Ge ffrey p 25 3 n o t e
o , .
, .

4
1b i 40 ii 5. .
, . .
1 54 11 . TH E ZE US or

in t h e st o ri e s ment i oned o rigin ally me an t Gw a s Gwy n the

, ,

Whi t e M a n s i on t h e my thi c a l a b o d e of t h e h appy d ea d ;

,

b u t it w a s mi s in t erpr e t e d t o r ef er t o G a sc o ny , which
1
c a me t o b e kn own in Welsh a s Gw a sg wy n I t is t o t his —
.

my thic l a nd o f t h e Whi t e M ansi on or Blissfu l Ab o d e ,

- ’
whi th er t h e su n g o d s brid e h a d be e n hu rri e d awa y by a
riva l t h a t t h e b o y M e rlin Emrys dro ve t h e a ge d an d
,

u x o ri o u s m o n a rch o nce c orr e c t ly s tyl e d V or t igern or

s u pr eme king .

I t m ay h e re b e rem a rked t h a t Vo r t ig e rn r e s embled

Cr on u s m o re cl o s ely in p o int o f ch ara c t e r t h an did t h e
D a gd a , wh o s e n a me a pp ea rs t o st a nd fo r a n ea rlier D ay a
‘ ’2
d évos , m e a ning t h e g o o d g od in referenc e pr ob ably t o
,

t h e g o o dn at u red disp o si t i o n u s u a lly a scrib e d h i m in his

l a st sph er e of a c t ivit y ; bu t n o d e scrip t i o n o f t h e c orre
s p on din g p o rt i o n o f Vo rt ig ern s c a r e er h a s r ea ch e d u s
’
,

whil e w e kn o w t h at previ ou s t o his expu lsi o n fro m his

r eal m hi s r ep u t a t i o n f or cru el t y an d t rea ch ery w as s u ch
t h a t he w a s h a t e d of his s u bj e c t s The cro wn ing crim e .

o f his r e ign w a s hi s a lli a nc e wi t h t h e en e mi e s o f his

c ou nt ry a n d his m arrying R h on w en 3 ‘ -
Whi t e m an e ’
,
,

d au gh t er of on e of t h e ir t w o l ea d ers known by t h e simi ,

l a rl y e qu in e n a m e s H e ngis t an d H o rs a
,
This h a s t o .

s om e e x t ent t o be regard e d a s his t o ry , for t h e c onfou nd

ing o f Au re liu s Ambr o si u s w h o w a s pr ob ably e nga ge d ,

in O pp o sing G erm an inva si o ns , wi th a myt hic Ambr o siu s

1
Gw a sg wy n al s o m ean t in W l h a ki
e s n d of h ors e for w hich Gas c on y
w as fo me rl y
r fa mou s .

2
Fo r D a g d a t h e d ec o m p o u n d ed D a g a n al s o o cc u rs s ee t h e B ic.
f
o

L ein s ter, 245 b .

3
T he fo rm R owen , or R o wen na , w a s o b t ai n e d by a v er
y e as
y m is
i
read n g o f R éu ezm, or R on u ei m, Ge o ffrey , p p 8 4, 8 6 . .
1 56 11 . TH E mm or

th e rea s on why M erlin ent ere d t h e Gl a ss H ou s e w as i n

o rd e r t o pl e a s e his l e m a n This t alli e s wit h t h e a cc oun t
.
,
’
in t h e r om anc e s of M erlin s fin a l disappe a ra nc e t h e p er
,

s on wh o m M erlin l o v e d is c a ll e d t h e L a dy o f t h e L ak e , t o

wh o m h e is r epr e s ent ed a s di s cl o sing th e s e cr et s o f his

m a gic art ; bu t sh e w o u ld n o t re s t sa t i s fi e d u n t il sh e h a d
t h e m e ans of d et a ining him f o r e v erm o r e M erlin m u st.

t e a ch h er h ow sh e migh t imp r is o n a m an by ench an t

ment al on e in a t ou r wi t h -o u t e n wall e s, or wi t h -c u t e
‘

’
en
y cl o s u re . H e u nd e rs t a ndi n g wh a t i t m ea n t d e clin e d
, ,

for a while t o c ons e nt ; b u t h er winning wa ys pro v e d

irre sist ibl e fo r h e sh o we d h er at l engt h h o w t o m a k e
,

’
a pl a ce fe ir e a n d co u en abl e , s o c on t riv e d by a rt an d
‘

by cun ning t h at it migh t n e v e r b e u nd o n e a n d t h a t h e ,

’
a n d sh e
‘
sh o u ld b e t h er e in j oy an d in s ol a c e So o n e .

d ay wh e n t h e y w e r e g o ing h a nd in h a nd thr o u gh t h e
f or e s t of Brécil ien t h e y f ou nd a bu s sh t h a t w a s f e i re
,
‘

’
a n d high o f whi t e h a w th o rn e f u ll o f fi ou r e s an d b e n ea t h
,

t h a t b u sh t h e y s a t t h e m d o wn in t h e sh a d e H e f ell a s l eep .

’
wit h his h e a d on th e l a dy s l ap ; bu t a s s oo n a s sh e fo u nd
him fa st a s l e e p , sh e aro s e a n d ga v e e ffe c t t o t h e fe at
‘
o f m a gic s h e h a d l ea rn e d : s h e m a d e a c ern e wi t h hir
wy p m l e a l l a -
b o u t e t h e b u s sh a n d a l l a -b o u t e M e rlin , an d
b e -g a n hir en ch au n t e men tz s o ch e a s M erlin h a dd e hir
t au gh t , an d m a d e t h e c e rne ix t ym e s a n d ix t ym e s hir ,
’
en ch a u n t e m en t e s .Wh e n h e wok e h e l o ok e d a r o u nd
an d b m s em e d h e w a s in t h e fe ire s t t ou r o f t h e w orl d e
‘
y ,
’
a n d t h e m o s t e s tr ong e H e c ou ld n o t iss u e t h e nc e b u t
.
,
'

t h e L a dy o f t h e L ak e pr o mis e d t o sp en d th e gr e at e r p a r t

ke pt th i r c u ri o s iti es t o b e s een by e v ryb o dy

e e , but n ot ha d l ed ; an d
n

it is p ro b bl e My dd i n w h o is sai d t o l i ve in it
a r , ,
w as t h e k eep er o f th ei r
mu seu m a t th a t ti m e .
’
 TH E I N S UL A R CE LT S . 1 57

of e very day wi th him a s she c ou ld g o in an d ou t a t will ,

.

l
S u ch is a s u mm ary o f t h e s to ry , t o which sh ou ld be
’
a dd e d t h at when Merlin h a d b e en miss e d a t Ar t h u r s

c ou r t a n d seve ra l knigh t s h ad g one in se a rch o f him on e ,

o f t hem , as h e w a s p a ssing t hr o u gh t h e f o r e s t o f Brécil ie n ,

he ard a gro aning cl os e by him ; s o he l o oked u p an d

an d n o th in e h e sa u gh u t a s i t b a dd e ben a
‘
d o wn , g b ,
’
s m o k e o f m s te in t h e eyre t h a t m y gh t n ot p a ss e o u t e
y .

M e rlin t hen sp e aking ou t o f t h e sm oke of mis t t o t h e

,

knigh t , e xpl a ined t o him h ow he c ame t o b e t h u s imp ri

so n e d , a ddi ng t h a t n o o n e s ho u ld a n m o r e a ddr e ss hi m
y ,

sa ve his mis tress a l o ne , sinc e th e knight w ou ld nev e r b e

2
a bl e t o find t h e sp ot a ga in An o t her st o ry pl a ces t h e .

’
s c e n e in a n o t her fo res t L a s tly M e rlin s pris o n is re pre .
,

s e n t ed a s a sep u lchr e o f m a rv e ll o u s b ea u t y in which his ,

3
l e ma n h as by ma gic art s e n t o mb e d him a live , a vi e w
pa r t ial ly r efl ec t e d by ol d W e lsh p o et ry in t h at it m ak e s
‘ ’
Merlin t h e m an w h o sp eaks fr o m t h e gra ve , wh ere h e
is c o nsu l t e d wi t h d e fe re nc e an d resp e c t by Gw en d y d ,

w h o is m o r eo ver n o t a ss o ci a t e d wi t h his in t e rm e n t : t hey

, ,

4
a ddress o n e a n o t her a s br o t h e r an d sis t e r which rec a lls
,

t h e ro m an ce t h at r epr es en t s th e L a dy o f t h e L a ke a lways
a virgin as r e g a rded t h e ench a n t e r w h o d o t e d on h er
, ,

ch rms Acc o r d ing t o a n o t h e r l e g end of Bret on o rigin

a 5
,
.
,

S ee t h e E i h T x t S o ci e ty s e d i t io n o f ill erli n (1 8 6 5
arl y E n
gl s e
’

pp 68 0-1 an d S ou th ey s I t ro d t o h is ed o f Ky g A rth r &

.
’
n . . n u ,
c .
'

(L o n d o n ,
pp x l v x l viij qu o ted in Gu es t s M a b i 216 218
.
—
,
’
. .
—
.

E E n g T S o ci e t y s M rl in pp 6 92-3 S o u th e y s I t o d p x l v iij
2 ’ ’
. . . e . n r . . .
,

S o u th ey s n o t es t o h is Ky g A r th u r ij 46 3 46 8 Gu es t i 219
3 ’
—
n , .
,
. .

4
R d B k of H erges t s ee S k en e ij 234 an d i 46 2 47 8 et seq
e oo , , .
,
.
— .

S o u th ey s I t ro d p l viij w h ere h e refe s t o A

5 ’
n . . x e Pl u mp t re as
,
r nn

h is a th o rity
u H e m e an t I fi n d h er N a r a t i ve f a T h ree Yea rs
.
, ,
r o
’

R e id en ce i n Fra nc e 850 (L o n d o
s ,
iij 18 7 . n, . .
1 58 II . TH E ZE Us or

his mist ress ch o se t o e ncl o s e him in a t ree b u t n ob o dy ,

kn ows wh ere t h ou gh it is s o m et imes s u rmise d t o h a v e

,

b een on a li t t l e isla nd o ff t h e Bee du R az , c alled S e in ,

,

which is fabl e d t o h ave b e en a ls o t h e sc e ne of his bir th .

’
T ennys on describes M erlin s pris on a s
‘
a n o ak , s o h oll o w h u g e an d o l d

I t l ook d
’
a t o w e r o f ru in d ’
m as o n w o rk .
’

This d e vi a t e s great ly fr o m t h e o riginal my t h bu t it ,

r e ta ins on e imp ort a nt fe a tu re : it m ak e s M e rlin imm ort al .

H e m a
y pin e a wa y lik e Ti t h o n u s bu t h e is a
g o d 1
w h o , ,

c ann o t die ; his living spirit a bid e s wit h his d e a d b o dy ,

a n i d ea which Ari o s t o e xpress e s wi t h gh a st ly vividn e ss

in t h e w ords
‘
C ol co po r m ort o il i
v vo s pi to al b erga
r .

Simil arly t h e fa c t of t h e L a dy of t h e L ak e being

,

r epres ent e d c o ming ev ery da y t o s ol a ce Merlin in his

l o n elin e ss is in t h o ro u gh h a rm ony wit h t h e my t h e
,

l o gic a l n o t i o n t h at m a d e t h e d a wn -g o dd e ss s o met imes

a lly hers e lf wi t h t h e s u n - o d an d s o m e t im e s wi t h o n e o f
g
his du sky riva l s T h e s a m e r e m a rk a ppli e s wi t h e v e n
.
‘

’
m or e fo rc e t o t h e d e scrip t i o ns o f M erlin s a b o d e a s a
h o u s e o f gla ss , a s a b u sh of whit e t h o rns l a d e n wit h
bl o o m , a s a s o rt o f sm ok e of mist in t h e a ir or a s a cl o s‘
,

n o t h e r o f Ire n n e s tiel l , n e t y mbir n e of st on , bu t

, ,

of t h e a ire wi t h -
c u t e eny o t h ir t h in g e be e n ch a un t e

ment e s o s t r ong e t h at it ma y ne u e r b e vn -don while th e

,
’3
w orl de e nd u r e t h Th e s e pic t u res vie wi t h on e an o th er
.

1
Is it p o s ibl e th a t w e o w e Me l i n s n a m e o r s u
s r
’
rn a me of A m bros iu s
t o s o m e p e d an t w h o h ad M erl i n s d i v i ity i v i e w ?
’
n n

2
O l a nd o Fu rios o c an t o iij 11 ; Gu es t i 219
r , .
, . .

3
JlI erl in p 6 93
, . .
1 60 II . TH E Z E US or

ME R L I N E MR YS A ND MA XE N .

This is al l c orr ob o ra t e d by th e na m e o f M erlin which ,

is in W elsh My rd y n an d by it s a ss oci at i o n wi t h C ar ,

m a rth en , in W e lsh C a e r Vyr d in ,

‘ ’ ‘
My rd in s C a er o r
’

’
F o r t re s s O n t h e o t h er h a nd it is a m at t e r o f n o
.
,

d ou b t t h at h er e Myr d in is t h e regu l a r a n d c orr e c t f o rm

o f t h e a nci e n t Bry t h o nic n a me of t h e pl a c e n a m ely , ,

M oridzt non which m ea n t a s ea -fo r t an d c orrec tly d e scrib e d

‘

, ,

t h e sp o t in t h a t it is r e a ch e d by t h e t ides in t h e T o wy
,
.

Thu s w e h a ve M y r d in a s th e na me of t h e ench a nt er a n d
a s t h at o f t h e t o wn , which is t o b e e xpl a in e d by a n a cci

d e nt of Welsh my c o nj e c t u r e b e ing t h at t h e t w o n a m e s
,

wer e dis t ing u ish e d in an ea rli er s t ag e o f t h e l angu a g e

, ,

by a diffe r ence o f t ermin a t i o n We h ave o nly t o t ak e .

M oridunon a s giv e n by P t ol emy an d t o s u pp o s e a

1
,

d eriv at ive of a c o mm o n form m a d e fr o m it a n d w e ,

h a ve M oria unyos which might m ea n him o f M oridunon

’ 2 ‘
,

-
o r t h e se a fo r t
’
Ta ke n in r e ferenc e t o C a rmarth en
.
,

it w ou ld e xpl a in t h e l e g e nd which m ak e s t h e pr o ph et
a n a t iv e u nd er p e c u li a r ci rc u ms t a nc e s
,
o f t h a t t o wn ; ,

b u t t ak e n in c o nn e c t i o n wi t h his my t hic h o m e a n d pri s on ,

it s u i t s his ab o d e in B a rds ey or t h e Arm o ric i s l e o f

S ein wh er e h e w a s als o b eli ev e d t o h a v e b e en b orn ;
,

1
Geog r ap /zi a , C Mull er (P i s
ed . l ib ij cap 3
.

(i p ar , . . .
,
12 . .

A s th e m e o f a o th e r t o w s o th o r ea t o f t h e S ev e
na n ea it rea d s
n u s rn s ,

i n t h e A n t o i n e Iti n erary M o id
n o a n d A f a rid o an d Pa rt h e
y p ri n ts
r un un ,

M u rid no s ee h is e d pp 231 234

u . .
,
.

2 A s a p l l el t o M o id unyos h o rt e d i n t o M y d i
ara r I m ay m en ti o n
s ne
‘
r n,
’

t h e G ul is h
a U US (p
T O O w hich w e h ve i W l s h in t h
T LO . pith e t a n e e e

of M a c e o f Gerei n t a n d E n id
g an
ort T d i n t h e m u
(R B M l) p p
ro n . . a . .

26 1 28 6,
M o rg a t w as t h g ea t ph y ici n of A th u s c ou rt e n r s an r r
’
ca

t al h av e o ri g i n al ly me an t a p u b l ic l ee ch or t h e m e d ici n e m an o f t h e
u

t te i
s a
 TH E I N SUL A R OE L TS . 1 61

an d a s ped an try h a s h adh a nd in n a ming him , we m ay

a

r end er M erlina s A mbros iu s in t o English a s t h e D ivin e

‘

’
o r Imm o r t a l One o f t h e S t r o ngh o ld o f t h e Sea C ar .

mart h en ent ers in t o a n o ther leg end which r epresent s t h a t

t o wn b u il t by a princess c alled Elen L iiy d a w g o r El en ,

Mis tress of a H o s t : t h at is bu t a n o ther w ay of d e scribing

t h e L a dy o f t h e L ake c o ns t r u c t ing a h ou se o f gl a ss or
’
s ome s t ill m ore pell u cid m at eri a l t o be M erlin s pris on .

I t is a ls o r e m a rk a bl e t h at Elen is r e present ed a s c au sing

t o be b u il t t h e highes t f ort ress in Arv o n wher e in w e ,

se e m t o h a ve a ref er ence t o D in a s E m rys , t h e sp ot fro m

which M erlin Emrys exp elled Vo rt igern .

The Elen I h a v e r e fe rr e d t o is a p ers on a ge o f n o

mer ely incid en t a l int eres t , an d her s t o ry is e ss e n t i a l t o
t h e t h e ory o f t h e i d en t i t y of Aeng u s t h e M a c do wi t h
o u r M e rlin Emrys The n a me El e n s t ill b el ongs t o
.

my th ol o gy in Wa l e s t hu s in Arv o n for ins tanc e Aria n , ,

rh o d (p 90) is s a id t o h a v e h a d t hr e e sis t e rs w h o lived

.

wit h her in her c a s t l e in th e s ea They were n a med Gw en .

o r Gw en n a n , M a ela n an d E len a l l a pp e a r like Ar i a n

,

rh o d t o h a ve b el o ng e d t o t h e cl a ss o f g o dd e sses a ss o
,

c iat e d wi t h t h e d a wn So a ls o wi th a n El e n s a id by
.

Ge o ffr e y t o h av e b e en r avished o n M o n t St Mich e l by .

t h e Sp a ni s h gi an t t o wh o m a p a ssing refer e nce h a s

a lre a dy b ee n m a d e
(p Th
. at inciden t is t o be

int erpr et ed t o m e a n t h e d awn p a ssing in t o t h e gl o aming ,

an d fin ally l o sing i t s e lf in t h e d a rkn e ss o f nigh t a vi e w

,

c orr ob o ra t e d by t h e fa c t t h at she is t r ea t ed a s sis t e r o f

1
S e e my F a iry T a l es in t h e C y mmro d o r, v i 16 2-3 I n A rv o n t h e . .

m y thic n a m e E l en b e c o mes , a cc o rd i n g t o ru l e, E l a n w hi l e t h e ord i n a ry

n a me E ll en , m u ch u d in Wa l es is p o n o n c ed in A vo n E l i n
se ,
r u r , w h en
o f w hich it is a s h o rt en ed form i n o t p re ferred
’
e v er E l ino r, ,
s .

M
1 62 11 . TH E mm or

’
a s ol ar knight of Ar thu r s c ou rt c all e d H ow el : t his ,
1

l a s t n ame mea ns able t o see o r e a sy t o be se en t h at is ,

t o s ay , c onspic u o u s , a fi tt ing designa t i on , which e ver

m ea ning y ou t ak e fo r a su n h ero B u t t o r e t u rn t o
, .

El e n L ii y d aw g : sh e is t h e h er oine of an ol d Welsh s a ga
kn own as t h e D re a m of Ma xe n t h e Gw l e dig T he .

2
fo ll o wing is a n abs t ra c t of it : Ma x e n w a s e mp er or o f —

R o me an d t h e h ands o me st o f men a s w ell a s t h e wis e s t , ,

wi t h wh o m n o ne o f his pr e d e c e ss ors migh t c o mp a r e .

O n e d ay he an d his c o u r t i e rs w e n t fo r th t o h u n t a n d in ,

t h e c o u rse o f t h e da y h e s a t himself d o wn t o r e s t whil e ,

his ch a mb erl a ins pr ot e c t e d him fr o m t h e sc orching ra ys

o f t h e s u n wi t h t h e ir shi elds B en e at h th at sh el t e r .

h e slep t , an d he dre a m t t h a t he w a s t ra velling o v e r

hi ll an d d a l e a cr o ss rich l a nds a n d fi n e c o u nt ri e s u n t il
,

a t l e ng t h he r ea ch e d a s e a - c oa st Then he cr o sse d t h e .

s ea in a m a gnificent ship a n d l a nd e d in a gr ea t ci t y in

a n isl a nd which he t ra v e rs e d fr o m t h e on e sh o r e t ill h e

,

w a s in sigh t o f t h e o t h e r : t here w e find him in a dis t ric t

r em a rka bl e fo r it s pre cipi tou s m ou nt a ins an d l o ft y cliffs ,

fr o m which h e c o u ld d e scry an isl e in fron t of him , s u r

r o u nd e d by t h e s ea H e st ay e d n ot his c ou rse u nt il
.

h e r e a ched t h e m ou t h of a riv e r wh e re h e fo u nd a c a s t l e ,

w i t h o p e n g a t es H e w a lk e d in an d t h e re b eh eld a
.
,

fa ir h all b u ilt o f s t on e s pr e ci o u s an d brillia nt an d r oo fe d ,

wi th shingl e s o f g o ld T o p a ss by a grea t d eal m o r e .

g old an d silv er a n d o t her pre ci ou s t hings, M a x en fou nd

1
H o w el c o ll o qu i al p ron u n ci a ti on o f w h at w ou ld in b ook
is t h e ,

Wel sh b e H y wel c omp a e th e n o te o n Gwein p 63

,
r ,
. .

1"
R B M a l) pp 8 2 92 ; Gu es t iij 27 6 290 ; b t I h av e a l s o
. . . .
—
,
.
— u

m d e u s e o f a c o p y b y M r J Gw e n og vry n E v an s of t h e f agmen t in
a . . r

t h e H eng w rt M S n u mb e re d 5 4
. .
1 64 11 . TH E ZE U S or

o ft en a s th e m aiden slep t , wh o m he beheld in his dr ea ms .

Wh e n h e w a s a wak e sh e w a s n ot pres en t t o him n o r ,

h a d he a n y ide a wh e r e in t h e w o rld sh e w a s This w e n t

. .

on t ill a t l a s t o n e o f his n o bl e s c o n t riv e d t o l e t h im

kn o w t h at his c o nd u c t in n e gl e c t ing his m en an d his

,

d u t i e s w a s t h e c a u s e of growing disc o nt ent Th er e u p o n .

h e s u mm o ned b ef o r e him t h e wis e men of R o m e a n d

t o ld t h e m t h e s t at e of mind in which h e w a s Th e ir .

a dvic e w a s t h a t messeng e rs sh o u ld be s en t on a t hr ee

’
y ears qu e s t t o t h e t hree p art s o f th e w o rld as t h e y ,

c a lc u l a t e d t h at t h e expec tat i o n of g oo d n ews wo u ld h e lp

t o s u s t a in him . B u t a t t h e end of t h e fir st y e a r t h e
m ess engers re t u rn e d u ns u cc e ssfu l which m a d e M a x en ,

s a d ; s o o t her messeng e rs w e re sen t f o rt h t o s earch

a n o t h e r t hi rd o f t h e w o rld They r e tu rned at t h e en d
.

o f t h e ir y ea r ,
like t h e o th ers u ns u cc e ssf u l
,
M a x en .
,

n o w in desp a ir t o ok t h e a dvic e o f o n e o f h is c o u r t i e rs
,

a n d r e s o r t e d t o t h e f o r e s t wh e r e h e h a d firs t d re a mt o f

t h e m a id e n Wh e n t h e gl a d e w a s r e a ch e d h e w a s a bl e t o
.
,

give his m e ss e ng e rs a s t a r t in t h e right direct i on Th e y .

We n t on a n d on id en t ifying t h e c ou nt ry th e y t rav er s e d
,
’
wi t h t h e e mpero r s d e scrip t i on of hi s m a rch d ay by d a y ,
u n t il a t l a st t h e y r ea ch e d t h e ru gg e d dis t ric t o f Sn o wd o n ,

a n d b eh e ld M o n a lying in fr o n t o f t h e m fl a t in t h e s ea .

Th ey pr o c ee d e d a li t t l e fu rt h e r an d e nt er e d a c a s t l e
wh ere C arnarv o n n ow st ands a n d t h ere b eh eld t h e h all
,

r oofe d wi t h g o ld : t hey wa lked in an d fou nd Kyn an an d

A de o n pl a ying a t ch e ss whil e t h e ir f a t her E u da v s o n
, ,

o f Kara d a w g s a t in hi s ch a ir o f iv o ry , wi t h his d au gh t er
,

El e n s e at e d n ea r him Th e y s a lu t ed h er a s e mpr es s o f
.

R o m e a n d pr o c ee d e d t o expl a in t h e m ea ning o f an a ct
,

sh e de e m e d so s t r an g e S he list ened c ou rt e ou sly , bu t

.
 TH E I N SUL A R CE LT S . 1 65

d e clined t o g o wi t h t hem , t hinking it m o re appr opri a t e

t h a t t h e emp e r o r sh o u ld c o m e in pers o n t o fe t ch her .

In du e t ime he re a ched Brit a in , which h e c onq u ered

fr o m Beli t h e Gre at an d his s ons ; t h en h e pr o c ee d e d
t o visi t El e n a n d h er fa t her , an d it w a s d u ring his s t a y
her e af t er t h e m arri a ge t h a t El en h a d C arm ar the n b u ilt
, ,

a n d t h e s t r ongh o ld in E r ri T h e s t ory a dds a rl c o n

y .

t o t h e m bu t dis t ing u ishes t h e u nn a m e d Sn owd o n ci t y

,

a s t h e fa v o u ri t e a b o d e o f her an d her h u sb a nd T he .

next t hing sh e u nd ert o ok w a s t o empl o y t h e h o st s at her

c omm a nd in t h e c ons t r u c t i on of r o a ds be t we e n t h e t hre e
t o wns , whi ch she h a d c au s e d t o be b u il t in p a r t p aymen t
o f her m a iden - fee Bu t M a xen r e ma ined here s o m a ny
.

y ea rs t h a t t h e R o m ans m a d e an emp e r or in his s t ea d .

S o a t leng t h he a n d El e n an d her t w o br ot h ers an d

,

t h e ir h o s t s , s et o u t for R o m e , which t h e y h a d t o besieg e

an d t a k e by s t o rm .M a x e n w a s n ow r e ins t at e d in p o w e r ,

a n d he a ll o wed his br o t h e rs - in -l a w a n d t h e ir h o s t s t o
s et tle wherev e r t h e y ch o se ; s o A d eon an d his men
c a me b a ck t o Bri ta in while Kyn an an d his r e d u ced
,

Bri t ta ny an d se tt led t here .

S u ch is a s u mm ary of t his c u ri ou s st ory , which s ou nds

fa r t oo n at ive t o h a ve o rigin ally h a d a R o m an emper o r
fo r it s h er o . Wh o s e pl a c e t hen , h as M a xen u s u rp e d in
,

it y ou m ay a sk
,
. I h ave n o hesit at i o n in su ggest ing t h a t
it w a s t h a t of Emrys , an d I t hink I ca n a ssign a t l e a s t
o n e o f t h e re a s o ns why M a xen t h e Gw led iq t o o k t h e

pl a c e o f Emrys t h e Gw ledig The her o in e is c all e d El en

.

L ii y d a w g t h a t is El e n m is t ress an d o wn e r o f a h o s t
, , ,

o r t h e Elen w h o m a d e e xp e di t i o ns wi t h a h o s t ; b u t I

t ake her h o s t t o h a ve been o f a my t hic al n at u re , an d t h e

1 64 II . TH E ZE US or

o ft en a s th e m aiden sl ep t wh o m he beheld in his dre a m s

,
.

Wh e n h e w a s a wake Sh e w a s n o t pr e s en t t o him n o r ,

h ad he an y ide a wh e r e in t h e w o rld s h e w a s This w e n t

. .

on t ill a t l a s t on e o f his n o bl e s c o n t riv e d t o l et h im

kn o w t h a t his c o nd u ct in n eglec t ing his men an d his

,

d u t i e s w a s t h e c a u s e of growing disc on t e nt Th er e u p o n.

he s u mm o n e d before him t h e wis e m en of R o me a n d

t o ld t h e m t h e s t at e of mind in which h e w as Th e ir .

a dvice w a s t h a t m e ss e ng e rs sh o u ld b e s en t on a t hr ee
’
ye a rs qu e s t t o t h e t hree p ar t s of th e w orld a s t h e y ,

c alc u l at e d t h at t h e e xp e c t a t i on o f g o o d n ews w ou ld h e lp
t o s u s t a in him . Bu t a t t h e en d o f t h e first y ea r t h e
m e ss e ng ers r e t u rn e d u ns u cc e ssf u l which m a d e M a x en
,

s a d ; s o o t h e r m e ss e ng e rs w e r e s e n t f o r t h t o s e a rch

a n o t h e r t hird o f t h e w o rld They r e t u rned at t h e en d

.

o f t heir y ea r , lik e t h e o t hers u ns u cc e ssf u l

,
M a x en
.
,

n o w in d e sp a ir t o o k t h e a dvic e o f o n e o f his c o u r t i e rs
,

an d r e s o r t e d t o t h e f o r e s t wh e r e h e h a d firs t dr ea m t o f

t h e m a id e n Wh en t h e gl a d e w as r e a ch e d , h e w a s a bl e t o
.

give his m e ssenge rs a s t ar t in t h e right dire ct i o n Th e y .

w e n t o n an d on id en t ifyi n g t h e c ou nt ry th e y t ra v er s e d
,
’
wi t h t h e e mp er o r s d e scrip t i on of his m a rch day by d a y ,
u n t il a t l a s t t h e y re a ch e d t h e r u gg e d dis t ric t o f Sn o wd o n ,

an d b eh e ld M o n a lyi n g in fr o n t o f t h e m fl a t in t h e s ea .

Th ey pr o c ee d e d a li t t l e fu rt her an d e n t er e d a c a s t l e
w h e r e C arn arv o n n ow s t a nds , a n d t h e r e b eh e ld t h e h a ll
r oofe d wit h g o ld : t h ey wa lked in an d fou nd Kyn an a n d
Adc o n pl a ying a t ch e ss whil e t h e ir father E u dav s o n
, ,

o f Kara d a w g s a t in hi s ch a ir o f iv o ry wi t h his d au gh t e r
, ,

El e n s eat e d n ea r him Th e y s a lu t e d h er a s e mpr e ss o f

.

Ro me an d pr o c ee ded t o expl a in t h e m eani n g o f an a ct

,

Sh e deem e d s o s t r ange . S he lis t ened c ou rt e ou sly , bu t

 1 66 11 . TH E ZE U S or

1
Triads t re at it a s on e of th e Three Silver Ho st s led ou t
’
of Bri t a in , le a ving it a prey t o it s fo e s : in fa c t E l en s ,
’
h o st is vir tu ally t o be equ at e d wit h St Ursu l a s ho st o f .

virgins wh o m t h e E uh e m erist s wish t o t re at a s

,

brides in t ended for Maximu s an d his m en Th e se virgins .

m a y be c omp ar e d wi t h t h e sm aller su i t e of t h e h er o in e
o f a n Irish r o m a nce t o be ment i oned sh o r t ly b u t fo r
;
t h o se w h o t ried t o t ra nsl at e my t h int o hi s t ory t h e y ,

w ere h o s t s o f arm e d men ; so it bec a m e necessa ry t o fa ce

t h e qu e st i on , w h o t h e t yra nt w a s w h o led t h o se t r oo ps
a br o a d a n d t h e ch o ice v e ry n a t u r ally fe ll on M a xim u s
, ,

t h e M a xen o f t h e W e lsh D r ea m wit h which y ou a re n o w

a cqu a in t e d 2
For his t o ry spe aks of his rev o l t in Brit a in
.
,

o f his l a nding on t h e c on t inent wi t h t h e t r 0 0ps he c ou ld

m u s t er her e of his su ccess in a cqu iring p o ss e ssi o n of

,

G a u l an d Sp ain , of t h e flight an d de a th of t h e Emperor

Grat ia n in t h e ye ar 38 3 This I t ake it , t o geth e r wi t h .
,

n at i on a l v ani t y w as t h e c au s e t hat l e d t o t h e s u bs t it u t i o n
,

o f M a xen for Emrys a n d it s u ppli e s t h e key t o a p u zzl e

,
3
in t h e N enn ian Gene al o gi e s which make Maxen d e scend ,

fro m C onst a nt in e t h e Gr ea t : t his w as b e c au s e Emrys is

c omm only represent e d a s t h e s on of C onst ant in e .

1 i . 40 = 1j . 5 .

S ee Gibb o n
’
2
s D ecl i ne a nd Fa l l f
o th e R oma n E mp i re (L o n d on ,

iij 35 8.
—
36 2 . Gibb o n is s eld o m d e t ect e d na ppi n
g , b u t I c an n o t
h el p fi n d i n g s o mew h at t oo mu ch o f t h e m y th i h is n s t a t e me n t a b o u t

M ax i mu s (p th at t h e y ou th of t h e i sl an d c ro w d ed t o h is s t d d
.
‘
an ar ,

an d h e i n v ad ed G u l w ith a fl ee t an d arm w hich w ere l o n ft e rw ard s

a y g a

e mem b e red as t h e em i
r
g a ti on o f a c o n s i dera bl e p art o f th e Briti s h
r

a ti o n
’
n .

3
T h e Briti s h Mu s eu m M S H arl 38 59 fol 1935 s ee al s o t h e
. .
,
. :

A nna l C a mbria Pre fa c e p x

es z
, ,
. .
 TH E I N SUL A R CE LT S . 1 67

n arrat or o f t h e Dre am o f M ax e n remarks in c o n

T he ,

n e c t ion wi t h t h e men t i o n o f El e n o rd e ring t h e r oa ds t o

b e m a d e fr o m on e t o wn t o a n o t h e r t h a t t h e y wer e t h ere ,

f ore c all e d t h e r o ads o f El e n L ii y d aw g : t his is s t ill t h e

c a s e a s it is n ot u n u su al t o find a m o u n t ain t ra ck in
,

Wa l e s t ermed Efor d El en , E l en s R oa d or S arn El en

‘ ’ ’ 1
, ,

‘ ’ ’
E l en s C a u s e wa y ; an d t h er e is a c e r ta in p o et ic p ro
riet in a ss o ci a t ing t h e primi t ive p at hs a n d r o a ds o f t h e
p y
c ou n t ry wi t h t his v a gran t g o dd e ss o f d a wn an d d u sk .

’
Simila rly, N enn iu s a cc ou nt o f th e Brit ish au xili aries o f
M a xim u s h a s a my t hic t o ne ab ou t it , which is w o rt h
‘ ’ ‘
no t icing The sev e nt h empero r he s ays w h o r e ign e d
.
, ,

in Brit a in w a s M ax imian u s th e man w h o w e nt wi t h a l l

2
,

t h e s oldi e rs o f t h e Bry t h ons fr o m Bri t a in a n d kill e d ,

Grat i an king o f t h e R o ma ns ; an d h e h e ld t h e g o v ern

m ent o f t h e wh o le of E u r0p e , an d w ou ld n o t all o w t h e
s oldi e rs w h o h a d g o ne wi t h him t o r et u rn t o B rit a in t o
t heir wiv e s , t heir childr e n a n d t heir p o ssessi o ns ; b u t he
g a ve t hem nu mer ou s t ra c t s of c ou nt ry fr om t h e l ake on
t h e t op o f M ons Jams a s fa r as t h e ci t y which is c a lled
'

1
O ur ch arl at a ns p ret en d ,
of c ou
th at it is H el en a n d n o t E len rs e, .

A t C rn arv o n t h e H el en m a n i a is s o c u t e th a t a p l a c e n o t fa o ff
a a ,
r ,

c ll e d Co ed A l n ev er s i c e t h e 1 4th c en t u y (R B M a l) p
a u n ru n s r . . . .

t h e ri s k o f h av in g it s n a me p erm an en t l y t ran s m og ifi ed i n t o C oed r

H el en .

(p
c all ed h ere Max en
2 is
S e e N enn iu s a nd Gild a s, 27 . w ou r

M x imi n u s w hil e M axi mu s is t h e n am e g i ven h is p re d ec es s or T h ere

a a ,
.

i s c o n s i d erab l e c on fus i on a s t o t h es e n am es an d t h e s h o rt en e d f orm ,

M a xen p o i n t s th ou g h s o mew h at i rr g u l arl y t o a M a x enti s as i ts

,
e ,
a

s t artin g- p o i n t bu t in t h e N e n ia Ge n e l o gy I h v e j u s t referred t
n n a a o,

I read t h e M S bb ev i a ti o as M a x im w hich p o i n ts u n m i s tak ab l y

. a r n ,

t o a M a x imu s Bu t n e ith er M x en n o r A f a r im b e it n o tic ed is t o

. a , ,

b e t rea t ed a s a g enu i n e Wel s h form : b o th c o me fro m p edan t s and

a re fa u l t
y in p o i n t o f ph o no l ogy .
1 68 11 . TH E ZE US or

C i
an t u c an
g d as far as Uruc O c/zicl ien t, t h at
is t o s ay t h e ,

West ern M o u nd These are t h e Arm oric Bry t h o ns , a n d

.

’
t hey h a ve n e v e r re tu rned hi th er t o t his d ay T he .

C umu lu s O cciden ta lis a ll u ded t o s ou nds my t hic en ou gh t o

fig u re in t h e s ame s or t o f st ori e s a s th e fo r e st of Br écil ien
o r t h e isl e of S e in ; n ot t o m e n t i o n t h a t t h e ch o ic e o f

Brit t any as t h e s eat o f th e disch arged a u xilia ri e s m ay

h av e b een fro m t h e first dict a t ed a t l e a st in p art by , ,

1
myt h ol o gy For t h e We lsh fo r Brittany is L ly da w a
.
,

n a m e which m ay h ave o riginally m e an t an a b o d e of th e

d ea d a ligh t in which a lm o st an y l and sit u at e d o n t h e
,

o th e r sh o r e w o u ld se e m t o h a ve a ppe ared t o t h e Cel t s o f

a n t iqu i t y .

Be t h at a s it m ay I h a ve t ri e d t o r e ins t at e Emrys o r
,

M y rd in Emry s in t h e pl a ce u s ur p e d by M a x e n Fro m .

t his it w ou ld fo ll o w a m o ng o t her t hings t h a t he w a s t h e

, ,

c onqu er or o f t his c ou nt ry fr o m t h e cht h oni an divini t y

B eli t h e Gr ea t which d eriv e s u nexp e ct e d c o nfirm a t i o n
,

fro m a hit h ert o u n expl a in e d Tria d , i 1 , which st at e s t h at .

’
Bri t ain s firs t n ame befo re it w a s inh abi t e d w a s Cl a s
, ,

My rd in , o r M erlin s Cl o s e
’
In this Tri a d which m u s t .
,

b e t h e e ch o of an a nci ent n o t i o n t h e p ell u cid w alls ,

c o nfining M erlin b e c o m e by a t ou ch of t h e p e ncil o f t h e

,

my t hic mu s e c c -e xt e nsiv e wi t h t h e u t m o st limit s o f o u r

,

isl and h o m e H er e m a y b e c o mp a r e d Erinn wh e n c a ll e d

.

t h e Isl a nd o f Fail , which s u gg e s t s t h e p o ssibili t y t h a t t h e

‘ ’ ‘ ’
d ou ble me aning of wall an d light a t t a ching t o it s
Welsh equ ival ent g w a w l (pp 1 2 3-4) h a s h elp e d t o giv e .

t h e Merlin my t h t h e f or m in which w e kn o w it Bu t l e t .

1
O n e of t arn s o n S n ow d on s ev ral o f w hich h e v e y u n c y
th e ,
e av r an n

a ss o ci a ti o s
n i c l l d L l y n L l y d a w o r t h e L ak e of L ly d aw
,
s a e , Wh at .

c an t h e m ean i ng o f t h e n ame h a ve b een ?

1 70 11 . TH E ZE U S or

of Erinn he migh t send wo rd t o B o db th e R e d king o f

, ,

t h e fa iri e s of M u ns t er t o u s e his gre a t kn o wl e dg e o f t h e

,

fa iry s et t l e men t s of Erinn t o disc over t h e m a iden t hat

h au nt ed t h e Ma c O c s dr ea ms Aengu s h a d n o w b een
’
.

ill t w o y ea rs , an d B o db requ ired a ye ar for th e s earch ,

b u t he pr o v e d su ccessf u l b ef o re t h e ye ar w a s o u t ; s o
h e c am e wit h t h e news t o t h e Da gda an d t ook t h e Ma c
C 0 t o s ee if he c ou ld r e c o gniz e th e la dy T h e Mac C c .

did s o t h e m om en t he d e scri e d h er am ong her t hric e fift y

,

m a iden c o mp ani o ns Th e se , we are t o ld w e re j o in e d t w o

.
,

a n d t w o t o g et h e r by S ilver ch a ins , an d t h e ir mis t r e ss

t o wer e d he a d an d sh o u ld ers ab o v e t h e res t H er n a me

.

w a s C a erab ar, o r m o r e Sh or t ly C a er, d a u gh t er o f E t a l

A n bu al , of t h e fa iry se tt lement o f H am a n in t h e l and of
C onn au gh t S he w o re a S ilver c oll a r r o u nd her neck an d
.

a ch a in o f b u rni shed g o ld Aeng u s w as grieved t h a t he

.

h a d no t t h e p o we r t o t ake her a wa y ; s o h e re t u rn e d
h o m e an d th e D a gda w as a dvised t o seek th e aid of A il il l
,

a n d M e d b t h e king a n d q u een o f t h e w e s t e rn kingd o m

, .

’
Bu t C a er s fa t h e r d e clining t o a ns w e r t h e su mm ons
t h at he sh ou ld app e a r b e fore t h e m, an a t t a ck w a s m a de
o n his residence , when h e hims elf w a s t aken a n d br o u gh t

b e fore A il il l a n d Me db He t h e n expl a in e d t o t h e m
.

t h a t h e h a d n o p ower o v e r his d au gh t e r w h o wi th h e r
,

c o mp ani ons ch ang e d t h e ir forms e v e ry o t h er y ea r in t o

t h o se of birds . In fa c t , h e a dd e d t h at on t h e first d a y
o f t h e e ns u ing win t e r t h e y w o u ld a pp e ar a s 1 50 swa ns

o n L och bel d ra ccon oceru it c l ia c/z o r t h e L ak e o f

, ( )
t h e
’
m o u ths o f (th e ) Dra g ons ne ar C l iach s Cr owd P ea c e
,
.

w a s a cc o rdingly m a d e wi t h E t a l a n d A e ng u s b e t o o k
,

him t o t h e sh ore of t h e l ake o n t h e d ay m ent i oned .

R e c ognizing Ca e r in t h e form of a swan h e c all e d t o her

,
 TH E I N SUL A R OE L TS . 17 1

an d
‘
s aid , C o me t o Sp eak t o me, C a er Wh o c alls m e ? .
’ ‘ ’

‘ ’ ‘
w a s t h e reply Aengu s c alls t h e e , he s aid
. I will .

’
c o me , s a id Sh e, pro vid e d I ob t a in t hat t h ou w il t o n th y
‘

’ ‘ ’
h on ou r m ake for t h e l ake af t er me I will , s aid he . .

She a cc ordingly c a me t o him , wher e u p o n he pl a ced his

t w o h a nds on her ; t hen t hey flew off in t h e fo rm of a p a ir
o f swa ns an d t hey wen t t hrice r o u nd t h e l a ke They .

a f t erw a rds t o ok t heir fli gh t t o t h e Bru gh o f t h e B o yne ,

wher e t h e y m a de su ch ench an t ing mu sic t h at it pl u nged

everyb o dy in a de ep Sleep which l a st ed t hree d ays an d ,

t hre e nigh t s C a er rem ained at t h e Bru gh of t h e B oy ne

a s t h e Ma c O c S c ons o r t
’
.

Her e m u st be a dded on e or t w o ex tra c t s fr o m t h e

Irish m anu scrip t , of t h e 14t h cen t u ry , c a lled th e S p e ckled
’ ’
B o ok : t h e first ru ns , in t h e w o rds o f O C u rry s t ran sl a
1
t i o n , a s fo ll o ws : “
I t is in t h e reign o f F l a nn C in a id lz
a t t h e R owing -
[
‘
G
'

zna clz, or t h e v o r a ci ou s t h whe el ,

a n d t h e Br o o m o u t o f Fun d id an d t h e Fiery B o l t sh a ll
, ,

c ome C lia ch w a s th e h arper of S mirdu blz M a c S ma il

.
’

king of t h e t hr ee R o sses of S lia blz B dn [in C o nn a cht] .

C l ia cli set o u t on o n e o cc a si o n t o seek t h e h a nd in m ar

ria e of on e o f t h e d au gh t ers o f B od /i l k B er , o f t h e
g g
[ f a iry
] p a l a ce o f Fem/zen in Tippera ry
[ ] H e c o n t in u ed .

a wh o le ye a r pl a ying his h arp , o n t h e o u t sid e o f t h e

p al ace , wi th ou t being able t o a ppro a ch n ea re r t o Bo d h bh ,

s o g re at w a s hi s
[ necr ]
om an t ic p o wer ; n o r did he m ake

1
T hei t al ic s an d t h e p aren th es es a e O C urry s w h o se en d e i g
r
’ ’
,
r r n ,

th gh o t q u it e a cc u t e o r w ith o u t o e b l l w i ll d o fo r my p r
ou n ra n
‘
u ,
’
u

p e s e h is M S M a teria l s pp 426-7 6 32-3 a d t h e o ri gi n al in t h e

os e .
, .
, ,
n

L eba r B recc o r S p ec kl e d Bo o k fo l 242 5 t h e re f ren c e is t o t h e

,
. : e

l ith ograph ed f ac s i m i l e p u b l i s h e d by t h e R I ri s h A ca d em v Du b l i n .
,

18 7 6 . S ee al s o t h e B15 .
f
o L e ins t er, l 6 9a .
1 72 II . TH E ZE U S or

an
y impressi o n o n t h e d a u gh t er H o w ever he c
. o n t in u e d ,

t o pl a y on u nt il t h e gr o u nd b u rs t u nder his fee t an d ,

t h e l ake which is on t h e t op o f t h e m ou nt a in spra ng u p

’ ’
”
i n t h e Sp o t : t h a t is L oclz B el S ea d O n e of t h e pr e vi o u s
.

n a mes o f t h e l ake wa s L oclz Gre tta Glid e/z o r th e L ak e o f ,

’ ’
C l ia ch s H a rps , a s O C u rry r e nd e rs it ; b u t t h e in stru
m e n t w a s a cr o wd n ot a h a rp , an d it s b u lging sh ap e m a y
,

h a ve h elp e d t o give a p a rt o f a hill a highly d e scrip t ive

n ame . The p a ssa ge g oe s on a s foll ows t o expl a in t h e na m e
L o ch Bél S ea d °

C aera bar boet/z t h e d au gh t er of E ta l ,

A n bu a il o f t h e fa iry m a n s i ons of C o nn a ch t w a s a b eau t ifu l ,

an d p o w e rf u lly gift e d m a iden Sh e h a d t hr ee t im e s fift y

.

l a di e s in h er t ra in Th ey were all t ra nsf orm e d e v ery

.

1
ea r in t o t hr e t im s fif t y b t if l birds d r s t r d
y e e e a u u a n e o e ,

t o t h e ir n a t u ra l sh a p e t h e n e x t y ea r These birds w ere .

ch a in e d in c o u pl e s by ch a ins o f silv e r O n e bird a m ong .

’
t h e m w a s t h e m o s t b e au t ifu l o f t h e w orld s birds h a ving ,

a n e ckl a c e o f red g o ld o n h e r n e ck wi t h t hr ee t im e s fif t y
,

ch a ins d ep e nding fr o m it e a ch ch a in t ermin at ing in a

,

b all of g o ld D u ring t h e ir t ra nsform at i on int o birds

.
,

t h e y a lwa ys r e m a in e d on L o ch Uro t ta Ul ia ciz [t h at is th e ,

’
L a ke o f O lia clz s Harps] wh er e fo r e t h e pe opl e w h o s aw
,
‘
t hem w ere in t h e h abi t of s a ying : M any is th e S ee d
[ t h a t is,
a gem a j e we l
,
o r o t h e r pr e ci ou s a r t icl e
, ] a t
’
t h e m o u t h o f L o ch C ro tt a t his d ay And h enc e it .

is c all e d L o ch Bél S e a d [or t h e L ak e of th e J ewe l

M o u t h] I t w a s c all e d a ls o L ee/z B el D rag a in [or t h e
.
’

- ’
D ra g o n M o u t h L ak e] ; b e c au s e T ern ég s nu r s e c a u gh t
a fi e ry dr a g o n in t h e Sh ap e o f a s a lm o n a n d St Fu rs a .
,
’ ’
ind u c e d h er t o t h ro w it int o L O G/Z B el S ea d And it is .

1
T he or i g i n al mean s ‘
c
e ve ry s e o n d y ear .
’
174 II . TH E ZE US OF

su gge st s i t self na m e ly wh at int erpre tat i o n on e is t o

, ,

u t o n t h e pres e nc e o f t h e a tt end a nt m a idens , whe t h e r

p
o f C a er or Elen S o me , h a ving regard t o t h e nu mb e r
.

’
o f St Ursu l a s c o mp a ni ons w ou ld s ay t h at t hey mea n
.
,

t h e s t arry h o s t o f h e a v e n which g o e s a wa y , s o t o s ay , ,

wit h t h e d awn an d app ea rs a ga in wit h th e d u sk Bu t .

a n ot her hyp o t hesis is p o ssibl e a n d I v e n t u re t o Ske t ch ,

it chiefly a s a me an s of c o nnec t ing cer t a in f a c t s which

,

a re n o t a l t o ge t h e r irr e lev a n t I t is t o t h e effe c t t h at t h e

.

c o mp ani ons of Urs u l a might be r e gard e d a s a n

exa ggerat i on o f a far small er nu mber an d t h at t h o s e ,

m aking u p th e latt er might be r e ckon e d th e pries t ess e s

in at t end ance on t h e d a w n -g o dd e ss h erself t h e c o ns or t ,

o f t h e g o d represent e d in t h e M e rlin s t ory a s impris oned .

The a tt endant d a msels might t hen be c omp ar e d wit h

t h e virgin pries t esses o f t h e isle of S e in describ e d by ,

Mel a a s c ap able of t aking a n y anim al f orm t h e y ch o s e .

I n t h e c ase of C a er an d h er t ra in th e form pr e ferr e d

seems t o h a ve been th at of swa ns , while in o th er c a ses
t h e y are m o st ly described m o r e v a gu ely a s birds , a s wh e n
t h e g o ddess D ech t ere is m ent i o ned esc a ping t o g et h e r ,
’
wit h her fif t y m a iden c o mp anions fro m her broth er s ,

u t t a t o -
c o r in h f rm ; bu t t h e c o u pling ch ains of silv e r 1

o r g o ld are s eld o m w a n t ing T h e c orr e sp o nding W e lsh .

su p erst i t i on prefers t h e g oo se t o t h e swa n an d m akes a n ,

’
a ppr oa ch t o Mel a s d e scrip t i on o f t h e m a id e n pri e s t e ss e s

o f S ein in t h a t it t re a t s t h o se w h o a ss u me t h e a nserine
,
2
fo r m a s wi t ch e s This d at es fr o m re m o t e ant iqu it y a s
.
,

1
Wi d i ch pp 136-7 143-4 207
S ee n s , .
, , .

I t k t h e f ol l o w i g f m t h e M S
2
a e n f a Wel s h e
ro . o ss a
y on th e fo l k
lo re f Co vo s hi
arn ar w itten by M E L l y d J o
re , r n r . . o n es , of D in o rw ig ,
for a c omp t i t i o a t t h e E is te d vo d h l d at C a n a von in
e n e r r A ug u s t, 1 8 8 0,
 1 45
p

TH E I N SUL A R CE LT S .

it r ea dily expl a ins why t h e fle s h of t h e g o os e w as t ap u

’
t o t h e Bry t h o ns of C a es a r s t ime : l ep orem et g a ll ina m c l
u ns erem us ta re f a s n on p u ta n t N or is it i rrel e v a n t t o
g .

’
a dd t h at t h e g o o se w a s s a cred in a ncien t R o m e t o J u pi t er s
,

c ons o r t J u n o .

a nd p ri n t ed i c
s n e in t h e A m eric an n ew s p a p er c al l ed t h e D ry ch :
‘
It
w a s an e v il o m en ,
’
he s ay s ,
‘
to s ee g ee s e on a l ak e i h
at n g t ; th o s e
l i k e w i se mu s t b e w itch es , p e ci
an d e s c as e t h e ti me w as
all y i n t h e fi st r

T h u s d ay n i g ht o f t h e l u ar m o n th
r n My w ife h as al s o a
.
’
d isti c t
n

rec o ll e cti o n o f t h e s m e b e l i e f p rev a i l i n g in A rv o n w h en s h e w as a

a

chi l d an d o f t h e i m p o rt an c e a tta ch ed t o t h e fi rs t T h u rs day n i gh t (o f

,

th e mo o n ) . T hi s is a l l t h e m o re d es erv i g o f m en t i o n p erh ap s as n , ,

T h u s d ay is in Wel s h D y d I au t h a t is t o say Jeu d i o r J o v e s D ay

’ ’
r , .
,
 LE C T UR E I I .

TH E ZE U S O F TH E I N SU L A R C E L T S .

PA R T II .

C A MUL o s , C UMA L L A ND N WYVR E .

L E T me n ow t ou ch qu est i on which o u gh t perh ap s

on a

t o h a v e b e e n d e a l t wi t h a t a n e a rli e r s t a g e : h ow c ou ld
t h e Arya n J u pi t er h av e a cqu ir e d t h e c o mpreh ensiv e c h a
ra c t er which h a s j u s t b ee n a scribed in t h e e a rly St a g e s
,

o f t heir his t o ry t o N o d en s t o g e ther wi t h t h e o t h e r C e l t ic

,
,

go ds t o be id ent ifi e d wit h hi m an d t o Z eu s ? I t h a s n o t
, ,

s o fa r a s I kn ow , b e e n minu t e ly s t u di e d fr o m t his p o in t

o f vi e w ; b u t M Ga id o z h a s d e v o t e d t o t h e R o m a n J u pi t e r
.

s o m e g e n e r a l r e m arks which are highly re leva nt a n d

,

d e s erving o f b e ing give n at great e r l e ngt h t h an w a s d on e

in t h e p a ssing ref erence a lrea dy m a d e t o t h e m (p .

1
Acc o rding t o him t h e g o d o f ligh t an d th e s u n b e c am e
,

t h e g o d of t h e he a v e ns by e xt e nsi o n an d he p o int s o u t ,

c e r t a in t ra ces of a n a nci ent n o t i o n which a scrib e d t h e

pheno m en on o f t hu nd er t o th e su n : m o r e c orre c t ly sp eak
in g , t h e ligh tning ma y h a v e be en r e p re s en t e d a s a sp a r k
f ro m t h e fi ery b o dy o f t h e s u n ; bu t t h e g o d t h at o cc a
s io n e d t h e ligh t ning migh t a ls o b e s a id t o c au s e b o t h

t h e t h u nd e r an d t h e ra in t h a t u s u a lly fo ll ow e d : in fa c t ,

1
E t ud es, pp 8 8 — 90, 93
. .
178 11 . TH E ZE U S or

a m arit im e l and t his c ou ld n o t fa il t o pr e s en t i t s el f in a

st ill m ore vivid ligh t : h e w oul d b e se e n t o ri s e fr o m t h e
o ce an in t h e m o rning t o c a reer o v e r t h e wa v e s an d t o

d ea l S lau gh t e r a m ong his en e mi e s t h e Sh a des o f nigh t

,

an d t h e cl ou ds t h a t w o u ld hide his fa c e fr o m m an ; whi l e

a t t h e en d o f t h e d a t h e c o nv e rs e ph e n o m e n o n w o u ld
y
pre s ent i t s elf in t h e splend ou rs o f his s ett ing in th e
bill o ws of th e west .

All t hese r e marks m u st be t ak e n for wh at t hey are

wo r th a s an a tt emp t t o Sh o w h o w it is c onc e ivabl e th a t
,

a divini t y o rigin a lly a d f ligh t a n d t h e s u n sh o u ld

g o o

c o me by d e g re e s t o ha ve t h e ch ara c t er o f a R o m a n J u pit er
o r o f a C e l t ic N o d en s .T h e t h eo ry o f t h e e x t ensi o n
wh ereby a divinit y o rigina lly a s u n -g o d b e c a m e a l s o t h a t
o f t h e h e a v e ns h a s , a s a lr ea dy expl a in e d it s e t ym o l o gic a l
, ,

c o mpl ement in th e int e rpre t at io n o f his n am e Z eu s or

Jo ve a s t h e Brigh t o r Shining O n e t o g e t h e r wi t h t h e
,

fa c t t h a t t h e w ord r e m a in e d a ls o an a pp ell at iv e a pplic abl e

t o t h e sky or t h e op e n a ir N o w , t h ou gh t h e C e l t ic
.

o d is n ot kn o wn t o u s u nder a n f rm o f t his n a m e o f
g y o

d ou bl e imp o r t w e s e e m t o d e t e c t him u nde r n am e s o f

,

o t h e r o rigin bu t a gr e e ing wi t h t h a t o f Z eus or Jo ve 1 n

,

c o nn o t ing Sk y o r a t mo s ph ere ; one Sh ou ld rat h e r s ay t h at

sky or a t m o spher e is o t h erwise t h eir o nly signific a t i on .

T o o n e o r t w o o f t hem I w o u ld n o w c a ll y ou r a t t e n t i o n
t h e m o s t imp o r t a n t is t h e C a mu l u s o f th e in s c rip t i o ns
a ll u d e d t o in t h e fi rs t l e c t u re In C a mu l us in e arly
.
—

C el t ic pr ob ably C a mu los w e s ee m t o h a v e a s w a s then

—
,

s u gge s t e d t h e C elt ic e qu ival en t of th e G er ma n I nmni el

'

a n d it s c o ng e n e rs ; t h e Irish f o rm w a s C u ma ll t h e n am e ,

o f t h e fa t h e r o f Finn , w h o fills a gre a t pl ac e in Iri s h

 TH E I N SUL A R CE LT S . 170

leg end s u a lly c a ll e d Finn ma c C u ma ill or Fin n

an d is u ,

-
s o n o f C u ma l l : t h e l a t t e r w a s t h e king wa rri o r o f Erinn
1
.

N ow t h e n a me o f on e of t h e W e lsh e q u iva len t s of Finn

mac C u ma il l is Gwyn ma b N6 6 or G w yn s on of N fi d ,

a n d in b o t h j in n a n d w n we h a ve t h e o rdin a ry w o rd s
g y
for whi t e o r fa ir an d b ot h pers o n a ges s o c a lled w er e
,

c el ebra t e d a s gre at hu nt ers while Gwyn is u s u ally kn own ,

t o t h e W e lsh a s t h e ki ng o f t h e F a iri e s an d t h e o t her

w orld gen erally The design at i o ns Finn mac C u maill an d
.

Gwyn mab N ud wou ld seem t o o pp ose C u mal l an d N fi d ‘

t o o r equ a t e t h e m wi t h , o n e an o t her
,
.

F u rt her , t h e st ory of Ku l h w ch a n d O lwen m ent i ons

G w yn s on o f N ud wi t h tw o o th e r Gwyns c alled re sp e c ,

t iv el y t h e son of E sn i an d th e s on of w v re ;
2
bu t t h e
c o mp o sit i on o f t h e lis t s of n a mes in t h a t piece is su ch as
t o a ll o w o f o ur s u pp o sing Gwyn so n o f N fi d , an d Gwyn
s on o f
w vre t o h a ve b e en re a lly o nly o n e : E s n i is a
,

n a m e o t h e r w ise u nk n o wn t o me b u t N an/ ure is t h e Wels h

fo r t h e a t m o sph e re o r t h e sp a ce in which t h e cl ou ds
,

fl o at a b o ve t h e e a rt h ; an d in t h e designat i on Gwyn s on
of
w v re w e s e em t o h a ve t h e e x a c t rendering of Finn
,

s on o f C u m a l l T h e s t o ry a ls o a ss o ci at es wit h Gwyn son

.

of w v re a c e r t a in Ffl a m an a l) w
3
,
ure wh o se nam e ,

w ou ld me a n Fl a me s on o f At m o spher e : he is pr ob ably
t o be id e n t ified wi t h t h e p e rs on a g e o th er w ise c a lled in
t h e s a me s t o ry Fj l ew du r Ffl a m Wl edic o r Prince Ffl eu d u r
4
,

1
S e e Fo tlza C a tlt a C n u ch a in t h e R ev . C el t . ij 8 9
. Bi t .
f
o th e D a n ,
42 a .

2
R . B . Mo b . p . 106 : L ady Ch arl o tt e G u es t
’
s ed iti o n om its t h em
t w o Gw y n s b o th in t h e t xt a n d t h e t a n s l t i o n
e r a s ec ij 205, 259
. .

3
R B . . M a b p 107 ; G es t ij 26 1
. . u , . .

4
R . B . M b p 106 ; Gu es t ij 25 9
a . .
, . .

N 2
18 0 11 . TH E ZE U S or

Ffl am, ls o Ffl eudor ma b N a] or Ffl eu dor s on of Na v ;

an d a
1
;

whi le t h e Tria ds (i 15 ij 26 iij 1 14) see m t o sp e a k . . .

o f t h e s a m e pers o n a ge a s Ffl eu d u r Ffl am s on o f G o d o ;

bu t C ode is n o t kn own t o h a ve an y ot her m eaning t h an t h a t

o f a c o v e r sh e l t e r or r oo f , a n d in t his kind o f w o rd u s e d ,

a s a pr o p er n a m e we s ee m t o h ave a syn o nym o f

, w v re

or Sky in t h e s e nse o f O t p é a n d Va r u n a
w v re is av s .

a ls o m e n t i o ned in a n o t h e r Tri a d
(i 4 0 ij which . .

a ll u d e s t o an e xpedit i o n t o G a u l u nd e r t h e le a d e rship o f

Gw en w y n w y n an d Gw a n ar s o ns o f L l iaw s on of w v re ,

a n d o f Ar i a nrh o d t h e ir m o t h e r Wi t h th e ref er enc e t o .

Ffl e u d or s on o f N a v m ay b e m e n t i o n e d an a ll u si o n in ,
2
t h e s a me st o ry t o a Gw en w y n w y n s on of N a w t o be ,

c orre c t e d d ou b tl e ss int o N a n for t her e is a t hird p a ssa g e

’
in p oin t which d e scrib e s Gw en w y n w y n a s Art h u r s r/zy s w r
’ 3
o r h u n t sm an a n d c a ll s h i m t h e s on o f N e w G ss ei nn
, y ,

‘ ’
which m eans fi rs t or o rigina l l o rd Thu s it is n o t .

i mpr o b abl e t h a t in Spi t e o f t h e L l ia w o r L lia w s of t h e

Tri a d s w v re w a s t h e sa m e p ers ona ge w h o is h e re
,

c a ll e d N a n G s s euin
y .

I t is h o wev e r, a m att er o f s o m e d o u b t whe t her t h e

,

w
’

n a mes N a e Gy ss evzn a n d ure or Godo refe rr e d t o t h e

C e l t ic Z eu s in t h e first ins t a nc e , a n d n o t rat h e r t o a for

g ot t en Ura nu s or H y m i wh o s e n ame a ls o m ean t t h e sky , ,

c o n s id er e d a s a c o ver a d a rk ening c o ver (p T h e s ame

, .

d o u b t wou ld like wise a t t a ch t o t h e anci e nt n am e C a mu los

a n d t h e I rish C u ma l l On t h e ot h er h and , it is n o t t o
.

b e b e li e ved t h at a c o smic gi a n t s u bj e c t ed t o t h e t r e a t men t

1
R . B M a l). . p . 110; Gu es t , ij 265 . . T h e MS . read s fi e nd o r .

2
R . B Mab . . p . 107 ; Gu es t , ij . 259 : t h e M S h as
. na é, Whi l e th e
o th e r, R . B . M a l) . p . 1 10, is na f .

3
R . B ZlI a b
. . p . 108 ; Gu es t, ij 262 . .
1 82 II . TH E ZE US or

SI T E S S A C R E D To TH E C E LT I C Z E U S .

By w ay of rec apitu l at ing t h e bu rd en of t hese l a st

r e marks , on e m ay on t h e wh ole say that t h e su pr e m e
g o d of t h e a nci e n t Ary a ns w a s o rigin a lly d e sign at e d ,

n o t t h e Sky o r He a ven b u t t h e Brigh t B e ing , a n a me

,

kn o w n in Gr eek a s Z t g enit ive A é an d it s c o nge n ers

e s, t s,
,

which , while rec alling t h e id ea of sky h ea ven or at mo ,

sph e r e r e ferred t o him in t h e first ins t anc e a s t h e grea t

‘
, , ,

l ig h t an d su n o f t h e w orld o f t h e early Ary a ns (p .

This h a rm onizes wi t h t h e fa c t t h at Zeu s w a s r epresen t e d

a s h au nt ing t h e e l e va t e d p o in t s o f t h e c o u n t ri e s i nh a bi t e d

by t h e H ellenic ra ce wh eth e r o n e r e gard t h e high e st

,

grou nd in Greek cit i e s, which w as u su ally crowned wi t h

his t emple , o r th e l oft i e st m ou nt a ins in t h e ir l ands t h e ,

s u mmit s of which were a ls o s a cred t o him I t migh t .

,

h owev e r , be u rged th a t it w a s bu t n at u ra l for t h e high

e st eem in which t h e g o d w a s h e ld t o find it s e xpr e ssi o n

in th e pl a cing of his im age or fa ne on a sit e physic a lly

high , an d e specia lly in t h e c a se o f him wh o m t h e w o r
shipper t h ou gh t s u pre me I t might b e a dded in t h e
.

s a m e dire c t i on t h at t his hau n t ing t h e h eigh t s w a s n o t

p e cu li ar t o him or an y sp e ci al kind o f divinit y s ee ing ,

t h at t h e W e lsh g o d of t h e d ea d Gwyn ab N fi d displ ay e d

, ,

t h e s a m e pr e dil e c t i o n for high gr o u nd a n d t h at in G a u l

,

a
g o d o f a v e ry di ffe r e n t n a t u r e t h e G au lish Merc u ry
, ,

h a d his t e mples cr owning t h e Pu y de D ém e t h e D on o n ,

a n d o t her e l e v at i ons in t h a t c ou nt ry S t ill it ma y be

.

d ou b t ed wh eth er t his w ay of l oo king a t th e ma t t er c ou ld

l ea d u s t o t h e t ru e an d origin al r ea s o n for a ss o ci at ing
Z eu s wit h t h e m ou nta in -tops an d th e p u r e e th e r in which
h e w a s s u pp o s e d t o d we ll in h is cc l c s tial ci t y on th e
 TH E I N S UL A R CE LT S . 183

s u mmi t o f O lymp u s in Th e ssaly t h a t l a n d which w a s ,

t h e h o m e o f t h e Gre eks b e fo re t hey S pr ea d f u r ther s ou t h

’
wa rds T h e ch o ice o f t h e g o d s s e at o f s u p e ri orit y o v e r
.
,

l o oking t h e l andsc ape b e l o w wo u ld c e rta inly seem t o ,

h a v e been dic t at ed a t le a st in p ar t , by his s ol a r o rigin

,

an d c onn e c t i o n wi t h t h e sky There on t h e m ou n ta in .

t 0p h e w a s s u pp o s e d t o r u le t h e w ea t her : t h e r e t h e
cl ou ds ga thered t hemselv e s t o ge t her b e fo r e m aking t h eir
d e sc e nt o n t h e pla ins bel ow ; t h e nce th e fl a sh e s of t h e
’
g o d s ligh tning b u rs t f or th a t o n e t ime , an d t hi ther t h e
mist s migh t be se e n a t a n o ther l azily creeping S u ch .

wer e t h e phen o mena which t h e ancient Greeks a ss o ci a t e d

wi t h Ze u s, a n d a richly my t hic a l p o em in t h e W e lsh
l a ngu a g e refers t o t h e Cel t ic Zeu s as t h e bl az e r o f t h e
-
m ou n t ain t op 1
.

F u r th e r t h e views of t h e Greeks an d th e Cel t s a s t o

,

t h e m e t h o d of pr o c u ring r a in fr o m t h e g o d, when t h e
e a rt h s u ffered fr o m excessive drou gh t will be seen fro m ,

t h e fo ll o wing ins t a nces t o h a ve c o incid e d t o a rem ark able

ex t en t : I allu de t o t h e L y caean m ou nt a in in Arc a di a t h e ,

t op o f which w a s s a cred t o Ze u s a n d s t oo d s o high t h at

t h e gr e a t er p ar t o f t h e Pel op onnese w a s t o be seen fr o m
2
it. N ow t here w a s a st ory c u rrent t o t h e effe c t t h a t
it w as on t h at Pel op o nn e si a n h e igh t t h a t t h e g o d h a d
spen t h is chi ldh o o d an d t h at o nce in t im e s in t h e dis tan t
,

p a st an Ar c adi a n king h a d t her e s a crificed his child o n

’
his al ta r Wi thin t h e s a cr e d e ncl o su r e th e g o d s pr es ence
.

w a s a lwa ys b elieved t o Shine s o t h a t n ot hing t here c o u ld

c as t a sha d o w , a n d on th e s a m e m ou n t ain t h e re b u bbl e d

1
Bk .
f
o T a l i es s i n , x l v iij : s ee S k e n e, ij 203
. .

2 ’
T eu bn c r s Pa us a nias ( ed . S c h u b e rt ), ij 1 5 3 (A
. c c
r a d i a , v ii
j . 38 ,
184 .
II . TH E ZE U S or

a sacred spring t o which t h e pri e st w en t in t imes o f gre at

d r ou gh t t o pro c u re r a in This h e effe c t ed by t ou chin g .

t h e wa t e r in t h e h o ly w e ll wit h a branch of o ak ; a v a p ou r
w o ul d t hen b e s ee n t o a ri s e fr o m it an d g o on fo rming t ill

t h e c ou n t ry r o u nd h a d be e n bl e ssed wi t h t h e wish e d -for

1
sh owers T h e me ans a d o p t e d t o g e t t h e g o d t o gra n t
.

ra in w e re b o rro we d fr o m th e a rs e n al o f a nci en t m a gic ,

w hich r e li e d t o a gr eat e x t e nt on a s o r t o f a ss o ci a t i on o f

i dea s s ol emn mimicry o f t h e a c t i o n wish e d for b e ing

,

r e g ard e d a s fo rcing t h e g o d wh o m t h e wo rshipper int end e d

t o influ ence t o p u t fo r t h t h e a c t ivit y d e sir e d
,
.

Wi t h t h e sa cred Ar c a di a n well I w ou ld n o w c o mpar e

a Br e t o n o n e t o which r e c o u rse is b a d wi t h t h e s a m e

o bj ec t : I allu d e t o t h e F ou nt a in o f Baran t on in t h e
fo rest of Brécil ien , s o f am ou s in t h e r om anc e s Thi th er .

t h e p e ople o f t h e c o u nt ry r e s o rt e d in t h e e arly Middl e

Ages ; wh e n t hey want e d r a in , t h e y w ou ld t ak e u p
t h e t a nk ard a lways a t h a nd an d t hr o w s ome o f t h e
wa t er fr o m t h e Spring o n a Sl ab ne a r it Ra in w ou ld .

2
t h e n fall in ab u nd a nce a n d on e r o m anc e r m ak e s t his ,

t h e m ea ns of bringing on a t e rrific s t o r m o f t h u nd e r a n d
light ning N o w t h e wa t er on t h e brink o f which fa iries
.
,

l o v e d t o disp o r t t h e ms e lve s iss u e d n ea r t h e p erro n o r ,

t o mb in which M e rlin h a d been inc a rc e ra t e d an d t h e ,

3
wh o l e w as o v ersh a do w e d by a migh t y t r ee This is al l .

t h e m ore t o t h e p o in t sinc e t h e e nch an t e r a s t h e y o u t h

,

M erlin Ambr o siu s exp elling t h e o l d d u k e Vo r t igern fr o m

1 ‘ ’
T eu b n er s Pa u s a nia s, ij 152 (A . c
r a d i ca , v ii
j . 38 , 4)
’
Prel l er s Gr .

11/ g
. m i .
3
. 100-2 .

2
H u on de M ery (ed T arbé R h ei ms .
, ,
pp . 126-7 , q u ot ed in
G u es t s M a b i
’
. . 220 .

3
Gu est
’
s Mab . n o t e, i . 219— 224 .
 18 6 II . TH E ZE US or

d o n ia n l ake In t his s am e l ak e ther e is a ro w o f s t epping

.

s t o ne s e xt ending in t o it ; an d if an y o n e st eps o n t h e s t on e s
a n d t hr o ws w a t e r s o a s t o w e t t h e fur t h e s t s t on e of t h e

s e ri e s whi ch is c a ll e d t h e R e d Al t a r it is bu t a ch a nc e
, ,

t h a t y o u d o n ot g e t ra in b e f o r e nigh t ev e n wh e n it is ,
’
h o t we at h e r . This h elps u s t o u nd ers tand t h e ot h e rs ;
f or t h e f a c t of t h e fu rt h e s t s t o ne being c alled th e R e d
Al tar, ev en s u pp o sing it t o h av e b ee n n at u rally re d ,

w hich is n o t s u gg e s t e d l e a ves u s t h e w ord a l l a w r,

,

’
‘
a l tar ,
which c a nno t be expl a ined e xc ep t on t h e su pp o
s it ion ,
t h at t h e sl a b in t h e o t her s t o ri e s w a s o rigin ally
an a l ta r on which t o s a crifice t o t h e g o d Wh at th e .

s acrific e s c o nsist e d of, w e c a nn o t t e ll ; bu t it is n o t impro

b a bl e t h at th e vic t ims were no w a n d t hen hu ma n e spe ,

c ia l l in t im e s o f gr ea t dis t r e ss or n a t i on a l c a l a mi t y : in
y
’
t h e C e l t ic ins t a nc e s t h e wa t er w a s t hr o wn on th e g o d s
,

a l t a r inst ea d o f b e ing t o u ch e d wi t h t h e s a cr e d t wig o f

o a k a s in Arc a dia , when r a in w a s t h e obj e c t o f th e c e r e

m ony .

One a t l ea st o f t hese s a cred sp ot s ret a ins t o t his da y

s o m e o f it s a nci ent pr e st ig e , n a m ely t h e F ou nt a in o f ,

Bara n t on : it is t ru e t h at it is n o l o ng e r r e ga rd e d wi t h
t h e a w e which m a de o n e o f t h e r o m a nc ers sp ea k of it a s
l a p erill eu s e fon ta ine 1
’
f or o wing t o it s min e ra l n a t u re
,
'

a n d t h e b u bbling o f it s wa t e r wh e n a b it of ir o n o r c o pp e r

is t hr own int o it , li tt l e children a m u s e t h e mselve s w e ,

a re t o ld by M d e Vil l e m a r qu é by dr o pping pins in t o it

.
, ,

w hils t a ddressing it in t h e m o s t fa mili a r m a nn e r , R is done ,

fon ta ine de B erendou Bu t it s t ill ret a ins it s plu via l

.

imp ortanc e ; for in s ea so ns o f dr ou ght t h e inha bi ta nt s

1
Gu es t
’
s Ma b . n o t e, i . 220 .
 TH E I N SUL A R CE LT S . 18 7

of th es u rro u nding p a rish e s w e a re t old g o t o it in p ro , ,

c e s si o n, he a ded by t h e ir fi ve gre a t b a nn ers a n d t h e ir

pri e s t s ringing bells a n d ch an t ing ps a lms On arrivin g , .

t h e r e c t o r o f t he c a n t o n dips t h e f oo t of t h e cr o ss in t h e
‘

w at er an d it is s u re t o ra in wi thin a we ek s t im e This
,
’ 1
.

i n g eni o u s c o mpro mise be tween Chris t an d M erlin h a s

prob a bly n o e xa c t p a rallel in t his c o u nt ry : we h a v e n o
b a nn e r e d pr o cessi ons t o t h e temenos o f an e fl e t e Ju pit er
We h a v e r a in - prayers ins t ea d .

Th ere is an Irish t a l e which is wo r th ci t ing here a s it ,

gives a s o m ewh a t d et ail e d a cc ou nt o f a sp o t s a cred t o a

d t o b e iden t ifi e d pr ob a bly wi t h t h e s u bj ec t o f t his
g o ,

l e c t u r e I t r e l a t e s t o a n a dve nt u re which h a pp en e d t o
.

D iarma it or D erm o t , a well - kn own her o of G o idelic

r om ance , of wh o m m u ch is s a id in Irish l e g end an d
r o m a nce D iarm a it an d Finn m a c C u maill o nce on
.

’
a t im e s et o u t in s e a rch o f c e r ta in of t h e la tt e r s
men w h o h a d b een c arried a wa y by a wiz a rd chief ,

a n d t hey s a iled t o ge t her t o wa rds t h e wes t t ill t h e y

c a me ne a r a s t e ep cliff which s e emed t o re a ch t o t h e

cl ou ds L ea ving F inn a n d his p ar ty bel o w, Dia rm a it
.

u nder t o o k t o climb t h e cli ff an d se a rch t h e isl a nd an d

,

a f t er incr e dible perils a n d e x e r t i o ns he f o u nd himse l f o n

“ ”
t h e t op He n ow l ooked inl and
. t o give t h e s t o ry in —

2
t h e w o rds o f D r J o y ce an d s aw a be a u t if u l c o u n t ry
.

S pre a d o u t befo r e him — a l o vely fl o wery pl a in s tra igh t ,

i n fron t b ordered wi t h ple a s a n t hills an d sh a d e d wi t h

, ,

1
lb . i . 225, w he re L ad
y Ch . Gu es t q u o t e s fro m Vi ll e ma rqu é s
’

ch arm i n g a cc o u t n o f h is Vi s ite au T o m bea n al e M erl i n, in t h e R evu e

( l e P a ris , Vol . xli . pp . 47 — 5 8 .

2
O ld Cel tic R o ma n ces , t ra ns l a ted f ro m t h e Ga el i c (L o n do n ,
p p 24G
.
18 8 II . TH E ZE US or

gro v e s of ma ny kinds of t ree s I t w a s en ou gh t o b a ni sh

.

’
a l l c a r e an d s a dn e ss fr o m o n e s he a r t t o vi e w t his c o u n t r y ,

a n d t o lis t e n t o t h e wa rbling o f t h e birds t h e h u mming ,

o f t h e bees a m ong t h e fl o w e rs t h e ru s t ling o f t h e wind

,

t hr ou gh t h e t re e s an d t h e pl ea s a n t v o ic e s o f t h e s t rea ms
,

a n d w a t erfa lls .Making n o d el a y Dia rm ait s et o u t t o ,

walk a cr o ss th e pla in H e h a d n o t b een l o ng wa lki n g

.

wh en he s a w right befo re him , a great t r ee l ad e n wi t h

,

fru it overt opping al l th e o ther t ree s of t h e pla in I t

,
-
.

w a s s u rr o u nded a t a li t t l e dis t a nc e by a circl e o f pill ar

s t o n e s ; an d on e s t o ne t a ll er t ha n t h e ot h e rs st o o d in
, ,

t h e c e n t r e ne a r t h e t r ee Besid e t his pill ar-

. st o n e w a s a
s pring w e ll wi t h a l a rg e , r ou nd p o o l a s cl ea r a s crys t a l
,

a n d t h e w a t e r b u bbled u p in t h e c e nt re a n d fl o we d ,

a wa y t o wa rds t h e middl e o f t h e pl a in in a sl e nder s t re a m .

D ia rma it w a s gla d when h e s a w t h e well ; for he w a s h o t

an d t hirs t y a ft e r climbing u p th e cli ff H e s t o o p e d
‘

d own t o t a ke a drink ; bu t befo r e his lips t ou ch e d t h e

wat er h e h ea rd t h e h ea vy t re a d of a b o dy o f wa rri o rs
, ,

a n d t h e l ou d cl a nk o f a rms , a s if a wh o l e h o s t w e re c o m

in g s tra igh t d own o n him H e spra ng t o his f eet a n d

.

l o oked r ou nd ; b u t t h e n o is e c ea sed in an inst a nt , an d h e

c ou ld see n othing Af t e r a li tt le whil e he st o ope d a ga in
.

t o drink ; an d a ga in , b efo r e h e h a d w e t t e d his lip s h e ,

hea rd t h e v ery s a me s ou nds, n ea r er an d l o u d er t ha n

b e fo re A s e c ond t ime he le aped t o his feet ; an d st ill
.

h e s aw n o on e H e kn ew n o t wh at t o t hink of t his ;
.

an d a s h e s t oo d w ond ering an d p e rplexed h e h app ened ,

t o c a s t his eyes o n t h e t a ll pill ar -s t o ne t h at s t o o d on t h e

b rink of t h e w ell ; an d h e saw on it s t op a la rg e b ea u t ifu l ,

d rink ing-h orn cha sed wit h g ol d an d e na mell e d wit h

,
’
preci ou s st on e s ‘
.N o w su r ely s a id D iarma it ,
‘
I hav e ,
 1 90 II . TH E ZE U S or

’
D ia rma it s S word a n d wit h a gr ea t b ou nd l e ap e d in t o t h e
,

w el l : d o wn h e we nt l ea ving his ant a g o nist wo nd ering

,

a t his disa pp ea ra nc e an d sm ar t ing fro m his w o u nds .

D ia rm ait t h e n w a lk e d t o wa rds t h e e n d o f a gr eat f o r e st

t h a t s t ret ch e d fro m t h e m o u n t a in t o t h e pl a in an d e spy , ,

in g a h erd of sp e ckl e d d e er h e kill e d on e of t h e m ; t h e n

,
’
h e l it a fire a n d c o ok e d a p art o f t h e d eer s fl e sh which , ,

t o g e t h e r wit h s o m e dr au ght s o f cl e a r wa t e r fr o m t h e
d rinking -h o rn f o rm e d h is su pp er H e sl ep t s ou ndly , an d
,
.

h i s br e a kfa s t w a s o f t h e s a m e d e scrip t i o n a s his pr e vi o u s

m ea l When h e h a d d o n e h e w e nt t o t h e w e ll a n d f ou nd
.
,

t h e g ru ag a ch t h er e a wa i t in g him : h e w a s m or e wr o th
t h a n t h e firs t d ay a s h e n ow c o mpl a in e d t h a t D iarm a it
,

h a d hun t e d on hi s l and an d kill e d s o m e of his speckl e d

d e er ; s o t h e y fou gh t a s b efo r e an d wit h t h e sa me resu l t ,

t h at t h e g ru ag a clz dis appe a r e d a t d u sk int o t h e w e ll .

Thi s sc en e r ep eat e d it s elf e a ch da y t ill t h e e v ening o f

t h e f ou r th wh e n D iar ma it finding hi s a nt a g o nis t dra w
, ,

ing t o wa rds t h e w ell t hr e w his a rms r oun d him an d b o t h

, ,

s ank int o th e w ell A t l engt h t h ey r ea ch e d t h e b o t t o m

.

in T ir f a T enn, or t h e L a nd b en eat h t h e Bill o w , an d t h e

ru a a ch dis eng a ging hi ms e lf l e ft D ia rm a it a l o ne in a
g g , ,

s trang e l and where h ow e v e r h e fell in wit h t h e g ru a

, , ,

’
a ch s br o t h e r w h o c o mpl a in e d t h a t h e h a d b ee n d is in
g ,

h erit e d by t h e g ru ag a eh o r t h e Knight of t h e F o u nt a in
,

a s h e c a ll e d h im So Diarm a it a lli e d hims elf wit h t h e

.

fo rmer , an d t h ey m a d e w ar on t h e Knight o f t h e F o u n
t a in w h o w a s u l t im a t e ly r ou t ed an d sl a in by t h e her o of
,

t h e t al e .

A st ory o f which Dia rma it w a s a princip a l figu r e

r e qu ire d him o f c o u rse t o b e vic t o ri ou s in hi s c o nt es t s ,

a n d t hi s a ppli e d wi t h sp e ci a l f o rc e t o on e in which t h e
 TH E I N SUL A R CE LTs . 1 01

r o m an c e r c ou ld m a k e his h e ro righ t a wrong O n t h e .

o t h e r h a nd t h e Knigh t o f t h e F o u n t a in t aking p o ss e s si o n
,
’
o f his br o t h e r s kingd o m is t o be rega rd e d a s a versi o n

o f t h e di s i n heri t a nce o f t h e D a gd a by his s on t h e Ma c

C c a n d t h e s t o ry c o mes pre t t y n ear a W elsh on e t h e ,

h e ro o f which is c a ll e d Pw y l l w h o is m a d e a s r ela t e d, ,

1
in t h e Ma bin o gi o n t o rid Ara wn Hea d o f Ha d e s of a
,

t r o u bl e s o me n e ighb o u r This l a s t w o u ld s ee m pra c t ic a lly

.

a n a l o g o u s t o t h e Knigh t o f t h e F o u n t a in in t h e Irish s t o ry ,

a n d h e b o re t h e n a me H a ug a n o r S u mmer - whi t e w hich ,

m a y be vi e we d a s a c o rr ob o ra t i o n o f t h e c o nj ec tu r e h er e
o ffe r e d. In t h e t ree an d t h e sa cred spring on e c ann o t
h elp rec o gnizin g a n ea rly sp e cim en of t h e h o ly wells s t ill
s o n u m e r o u s in Ir e l a nd ; a n d a s t o t h e richly a d o rn e d

h o rn which in t h e s t o ry o f Dia rma it t ak e s t h e pl a c e o f

,

t h e silve r t a nk a rd in t h a t o f O w ein , w e h a ve a r e f e renc e

t o t h e c u s t o m o f pr o vidin g wells pr o b a bly o nly h o ly ,
’
o nes ,
wi t h v e ss els m ent i on e d in C o rm a c s Gl o ssa ry .

’
2
Fr o m a n a rt icle t h e re dev o t e d t o t h e w ord a na we le a rn ,

t h a t it w a s t h e n a m e fo r sm a ll v e s sels a t t h e w ells u nd e r
‘ ’
t h e s t ric t l a ws t h at t h e y w e r e m o s t u s u a lly of silve r
,

an d in t e nd e d f or t h e w e a ry t o drink fr o m a n d t h a t t h e y
,

s erve d th e kings of t h e c o u nt ry a s a t e st o f t h e respec t

in which t h e l a w o f t h e l a nd w a s h e ld Thi s a ll u si o n t o .

t h e we a ry drinking an d t h e kings t e s t ing t h e ir s u bj e c t s

d a t e s pr ob a bly f ro m a t im e wh e n t h e o rigin a l s ignific a t i o n
o f t h e v e ss e ls h a d b e e n f o rg o t t e n : it w a s d o u b t l e ss o f a

r e ligi o u s n a t u re .

T h e circl e o f pill a r - s t ones in t h e s a cred i sl and inv ad e d

1
R . B Ma b . . pp . 1 — 7 ; Gu es t , i . 37 — 46 .

T h e S to k iti o n p
2 ’
O
es - D o n o va n ed , . 7 .
1 92 II . TH E ZE U S or

by D iarma it may in th e ligh t of ot h er a ll u s i o ns b e in

, ,

f erre d t o h av e r epr e s e nt e d th e g o ds h o nou re d t h ere .

1
Thu s a cc ording t o G e off re y o f M o nm ou t h M e rlin on
, , ,

b eing a sk e d t o a ssist wit h his a dvi c e in t h e ma t t er o f

b u il din g S t o n eh enge s a id t h a t t h e b e s t t hing t o d o
,

w o u ld b e t o bring t o t his c ou nt ry t h e pilla r -s t o n e s c a ll e d

t h e Ch o ir o f t h e Gi a n t s t ha t s t oo d o n a sp ot in Ir e l a nd ,

d e scrib e d in t h e L a t in t e x t a s Kill a ra u s M ons an d t o s e t ,

t h e m u p h er e in t h e ord e r in which t h e y s t o o d t h ere .

’
Wit h t h e ench ant er s m arvell o u s a id t h a t w a s d o n e an d , ,

S t o n eh eng e c a m e s oo n in t o b eing This st o ry pr o v e s .

,

a m o ng o t h e r in t e r e s t ing t hi ngs t h a t f o rm e rly a circl e o f ,

s t o n e s lik e t h at o f S t o n eh enge or lik e a p o r t i on o f it w a s ,

w ell kn o wn t o e xis t in Ir el and ; an d it s si t e can ha rdly

h a v e b e en o t her t han th e Hill of Usn ech which pla ys a ,

grea t r C l e in Irish l e g end I t st o o d in th e p a rish of .

2
Kill a r e in t h e b a rony of Ra t hc o nra t h in t h e c o u n t y o f
, ,

W e st m ea t h Giral d u s C a mbren sis Sp ea king o f t h e fi ve

.
,

pr o vinc e s int o which Ire l and u s e d t o b e divid e d wh en ,

M ea t h w a s r e ck on e d on e o f th e m u se s t h e fo ll owing ,

wo rds wi t h reg ard t o t h e Hill of Usn ech : E t ea m ‘

v a cu a m in v en ie n t e s
[ H ib ern ia m
] in q u inq u e p o r t i o n e s ,

ae qu a l e s in t e r s e di vis eru n t : u a ru m c a pi t a in l a id c
q p
u o d a m c o n v en iu n t a p u d M e di a m j u x t a c a s t ru m d e Kil a ir
q ,

u i l apis e t u mbilic u s H ib ern iae d icit u r q u a si in m e dic

q ,
’3
e t m e d it u ll io t e rrm p os it u s T h e s t o n e is d e scrib e d a s .

S an s-M art e s pp 1 08 -
’
1 ed . . 9, 361 .

2
Fou r itor s n o te
M a s ters , A D 5 07 , . . ed
’
.

3
T op og ap h ia H i bernice D i s t iij c 4 Gi ald us hi ms el f re c o gn i e d
r ,
. . . . r z

n c o nne cti o b e t w een t h e s t o n e a d t h e Gi a t s Ch i r : in fact h e

’
o n n n o ,

Sp k i a n o th e r p as s age D i s t ij 18 o f t h e l tter a d t h t y
ea s n ,
. . 0 .
,
a n e s or

a b o t Me rl i n re m o v n g i t t o thi s c o u n t y
u i an d s t a t es th a t it w as i n r ,
1 94 II . TH E ZE U S or

pro ve t o th e pe opl e th a t it w a s n ot divine I t is n o t .

impr ob abl e t h a t m a ny of t h e st o n e cir cl e s on e mee t s wit h

in t hi s c o u n try w er e simil a rly s a cr e d an d u sed at t im e s ,

f or s o m e s u ch a p u rp o s e a s t h at specifi e d in t h e c a s e o f
t h e a ll e g e d pr o t o t yp e o f S t o n e h enge .

We c a nn ot l ea ve t his p oint wit h ou t all u ding t o th e

qu e st i on wh o s e t e mpl e S to n eh enge w a s or wh o s e it
, ,

c hi e fly w a s Aft e r giving it a l l t h e at t ent i on I can I

.
,

h a ve c o me t o th e c oncl u si on t h a t w e c ann ot d o b et t er
t h a n f o ll o w t h e St o ry o f Geofl re y which m ak e s S t o n e ,

h enge th e w ork of Merlin Emrys c o mma nd e d by an o t h e r ,

Emrys wh ich I in t erpr et t o m ea n t ha t t h e te mpl e b el o nge d

,

t o t h e C el t ic Z eu s wh o s e l a t e r l e g e nd a ry s e lf w e ha v e
,

in Merlin I t wo u ld be in va in t o l o ok for an y dir e c t

.

a rgu men t f or o r a ga in s t s u ch an hyp o t h e sis : o n e c a n

o nly s a y t h a t it s u i t s t h e fa c t s o f t h e c a s e an d h elps t o ,

u nd ers t a nd o t h e rs o f a s o m e wh a t simil a r n a t u r e Wh a t .

s or t o f a t e mpl e c o u ld h a v e b een m o r e a ppr opria te fo r

t h e prim a ry g od o f ligh t an d of t h e l u min o u s he a v ens
a a u e -
t h n a sp ci o s p n a ir e ncl o s u r e of a circ u l a r form lik e
o ,

S t o n eh eng e ? N o r d o I s e e an y o bj e c t i on t o t h e ol d id ea
t h a t S t on e h enge w a s t h e o rigin a l o f t h e f a m o u s t e mpl e
o f Ap o ll o in t h e i s l a nd o f t h e Hyp e rb o r e a ns t h e s t o ries ,

a b ou t which w e r e b a s e d in t h e fir s t ins t a nc e m o s t lik e ly

’ 1
o n t h e j o u rn a l o f Py t h ea s t ra v els In Spi t e o f t h e .

fa b u l o u s el e m en t int r o d u c e d on e c ann o t help s e e ing t ha t

,

t h e n o r t h ern isl a nd which w a s a s l a rg e a s Sicily a n d

,

si t u a t e d o pp o si te t h e m ou t h of a migh t y river mu s t ha v e ,

1
T he v ers o ni h ere chi efl y f
re e rre d t o is th a t to be fo u n d in t h e
Bibl i o t h eca of D io d o ru s S ic ul u s , ij . cap . 47 , wh e re H e c a t aeu s o f A bd e ra

t
i s qu o ed as o n e o f t h e w r e r s a u it ’
th o iti es
r . S ee a ls o E lto n
’
s O rigi n s
of E n l is h H is t o r ,
g y 8 8 ,
pp
-9 426 . .
 TH E I N SUL A R CE LT S . 1 05

b ee n Bri ta in The inh abi tant s we a re t old were m u c h

.
, ,

d ev o t e d t o th e wo rship o f Ap o ll o whence it w a s inf erre d

,

t h a t hi s m o ther L a t o n a w as a n a t iv e o f th e isl a nd : it
c on ta in e d a m agnific e nt t e mple fo r h er s on an d a circ u l a r ,

s hrin e wh o s e w a lls wer e a d o rn e d wi t h v o t iv e o ffe ring s .

F u r th er t h e kings o f t h e ci t y c on t a ining th e t empl e

,

a n d t h e o verseers o f t h e l a t t er were t h e Bore ad s w h o

,

t o o k u p t h e g o vernmen t in s u ccessi on , a cc ording t o t hei r

t ribes T h e ci t iz ens ga ve t h e mselves u p t o m u sic , h a rping
.

a n d ch a n t ing in h o n o u r o f t h e Su n - o d w h o w as e very
g ,

nin et e en th ye ar wo n t hims elf t o appe a r ab o u t t h e t im e

o f t h e v e rn a l eq u in o x an d t o o o n h a rping a n d d a ncing
, g
in t h e sky u n t il t h e ri s ing o f t h e Pl e ia d e s T o int erpr e t .

t his in c onn e c t i o n wi t h S t o neh eng e we a re n o t oblig e d

,

t o l a y a n y s t r e ss on t h e g u e ss which r e c o gnized in t h e
B o re a d a e t h e C e l t ic b ards ; a n d w e ha v e o nly t o s u bst i t u t e
for Ap o ll o a n a t ive divini t y of ligh t N o on e w o u ld fi t
.

b e tt er t h a n t h e C e l t ic Ze u s ; n or is it lik ely t o h a ve b een

a n a cciden t t h a t his t e mple sh ou ld b e wi t h o u t a r o o f it
h a d pr o b ably b e en t h ou gh t appr o pri a t e t h a t it sh ou l d
’
re c e iv e u nre s tra ined t h e ra ys of t h e g o d s pres ence , an d
s ta nd a s a R o m a n migh t li t era lly sa y , s u b Jove
,
.

Af t er a l l it is a m a t t e r of n o gr ea t imp or t a nc e whe t h e r
,

S t onehenge w a s or w a s n o t t h e Hyp erb ore an t e mpl e

a b ou t which t h e Gr e e k wri t e rs o f a n t iqu i t y r o m a nced

f o r t h e re w e r e in t h e Bri t ish Isl a nds o t h er s t o ne cir cl e s

whi ch w o u ld s u i t t h e s t o ry n ea rly a s well I n ee d n o t .

m ent i on inst a nces st ill in exis t enc e ; b u t I wish t o c all

y o u r a t t ent i o n fo r a m o m en t t o a t e mpl e e l s ewh er e which ,

is only k n o wn t o u s fro m th e p a g e s of a n t iq u i t y All u s i on .

h a s b e e n m a d e t o th e Br e t o n i s l e o f S e in (p 1 58 ) a s o n e .

’
o f th e sc e nes o f Merlin s bir t h an d o f his impris o nmen t a t

0 2
1 96 II . TH E ZE U S or

th e l a st ; bu t th e my th o l o gic a l rep u t at i on o f t h e sp o t is o f
n o m o dern d a t e fo r Po mp on iu s Mel a , w h o c a lls t h e isl and
,
‘
Sena sp eaks of it a s foll ows : S ena in th e Brit annic
, ,

S e a o pp o si t e t h e c oa s t of th e O sismi, is fa m ou s for it s
,

o ra cl e o f a G a u lish g o d , wh o s e pri e s t esses living in t h e ,

h olin e ss of perp et u a l virginit y a re s a id t o b e nin e in ,

nu mb er Th ey c al l t h e m Gal l izen a e an d t h e y b eli e ve

.
,

t h e m t o be end owed wi th ex t ra ordin ary gif t s t o r ou s e ,

t h e sea an d t h e wind by t h e ir inc a nt a t i ons t o t u r n t h e m ,

s e lves int o wh a t s o e v er a nimal f o rm t h ey may ch oo s e t o ,

c ur e di s ea s e s which a m ong o t hers a re inc u r abl e t o kn o w ,

what is t o c o me an d t o fo re t e ll it They are , h o wev er .

,

d e vot ed t o t h e servic e of vo ya g ers only w h o h a ve s et ou t

’1
o n n o o t her e rra nd t h an t o c o ns u l t t hem M el a s a ys .

’
n ot hing ab ou t t h e divinit y s t empl e ; bu t al l th e i sl ands
o n t h e c o a s t o f Bri t t a ny h a d t h e ir religi ou s a ss o ci a t i ons ,

a n d o n e o f t h e s e sp ot s m o re t o t h e s o u t h t h an S e in w a s
, ,

Sp o k e n o f by P o sid o ni u s a Gr e ek w h o t ra v e ll e d in t h e
,

firs t c entu ry B C S t rab o an d o t hers w h o m a de u se of

. .

his n arra t ive Spe ak o f it a s p o sse ssed by t h e w o m en o f

2
t h e N a mni tes wh o se n am e p ro b ably s u rviv e s in tha t of
,

N an tes on th e L o ir e Th e s e N a mni t e wo men are repre

.

s ent e d a s pri e st esses of a g od wh o m a nci ent a u t h ors id en

t ifi e d wi t h B a cchu s on a cc o u n t s o l e ly a s it w ou ld s e e m
, , ,

o f t h e n o isy an d o rgi a s t ic n a t u r e o f t h e c u l t t o which

1
D e C h oro g rap h i a , ed . Part h ey , iij . ca p . 6 . b es tT he MS S . rea d

Ga l l izen a s vo ca n t, w hich on e is t e mpt ed t o e men d a t e i n t o Ga l l i S ena s

va ca n t ; it is o p en t o
bu t d ou bt .

2
T h e rea d i n gs o f thi s na me v ary : Mei n e k e in h is e d iti on of S tra bo ,
e t/ a im s ; w hil e D i o n s i u s Pe rie et e s ,
’
i v 4, 6,
. rea d s rc fw E u ad w
y vw
y g
M er s Geog Gr M i nores , ij l i n e 5 7 1, h as
’
O r bis D es crip tio ( ii ll . . .

A nv rr c€w v b u t it is hi gh l y p ro b a b l e t h a t t h e p e op l e
’
dy a v w v mea n t
‘

w ere t h o s e w h o m C aesar, iij 9, c all s N a nzn i tes . .

1 98 II . TH E ZE U S or

su pp o sed o t her t ha n t h a t o f th e gr eat p G h et M e rlin w h o ,

’
pr oph e sied fr o m his pris o n t o th e knigh t fr om Ar thu r s
c ou r t (p .

I t is w or thy o f n ot e t h at t his kind o f p a ga nism di e d

h ard in t h e isl ands on t h e Arm oric c oa s t : in fa c t it ,

l a st ed in spit e o f Chu rch an d S t at e d own t o t h e t ime of

, ,
’
t h e N orsem en s r a v a g e s For t h e E ddie p o ems c all e d t h e .

H el g i L a ys which Dr Vigfu ss on h a s Sh o wn t o r e fer,

,
.

1
a m o ng ot h e r l o c a li t ies t o t h e isl a nd o f G u erns e y
,
a ll u d e ,

t o su ch S ibyls a s Mel a m en t i o ns In t h e fl y t in g in o n e .

o f t h e s e l a ys , on e o f t h e ch a r a c t e rs t au n t s a n o t her in

2
w o rds which h a ve be en r end ered a s fo ll ows
T h ou w ert iby l in Gu ern s ey
a s ,

D e c ei t fu l h ag s etti ng l i es t o g e th e
’
,
r
.

They are a ls o c alled Bearsark brid e s in H l ess ey , w h o

‘ ’

’
inj u red th e r o ver s b o at an d were repres ent ed by him ,
’3
as
‘
h ardly w o m en Bu t ot h e r p a ss ag e s in t h e H el g i
.

L ays d e scribe t h e m very di fferent ly as m yst e ri ou s ha l f

‘

hu man h alf -su p ern at u ra l Wal cy rie s riding t hrou gh t h e ,

a ir in gr o u ps of nin e a c t ing a s g u a rdi a n - a ngels t o s a il ors

, ,

w h o c o m e t o h ea l w ou nd e d wickings an d w h o h ave th e ,

kn owl e dge of dr eams t h e p ower of s t illing as well a s o f

,
’4
ra ising t empes t s S u ch n o t i ons a s t h e s e a re dist ribu t ed
.

5
by t h e m od ern C e lt b et we en m erma ids w h o h ave m o s t ,

o f t h e ch a r a c t eris t ics o f t h e H el i S ibyls an d wi t ch e s ,

g ,

w h o, a s pic t u r e d by W e lsh s u p ers t i t i o n s t r ongly r e mind ,

S ee Vigfu ss o n (O xford
1 ’
an d Po w e l l s S igf red -A rmin i us , 85 0 .
,

pp . 28 — 36 .

2
Ih . p . 32 .
3
Corp us Poet B o r
. . i . 121
.

4
S igf red -
A r min iu s , &c . p 33. .

5
Fo r so me Wel h i d e
s as a b o u t m erma i d s ,
s ee my Fa iry T a l es in t h e
C y mm rod o r, v . 8 6— 92, 1 19 .
 TH E I N SUL A R CE LT S . 1 99

on e o f nin e pri e s t e ss e s of S ein in th e p ag e s o f M el a

th e .

T h e wi t ch can n o t o nly r a is e s t o rms a n d c a u s e d i s e a se ,

b u t a ls o r e v e rs e b o t h pr o c e ss e s ; an d s h e is a ls o rem ark
a bl e o n a cc o u n t o f h er c a p a ci t y t o t a k e o t h e r fo rms t h a n

h er o w n t h e fa v o u ri t e on e b e ing t h a t o f t h e h a re
,
T he .

fa c u l t y o f t u rning o n e s e lf in t o a h ar e a t will is r e g ard e d a s

h er e di ta ry in c e rta in fa milies in Wa l e s ; bu t it is c on
1

fin ed a s t h e t h e ory her e s u gges t e d w o u ld l ea d on e t o

,

expec t t o t h e w o men of th o se fa milies n one of t heir ma l e

, ,

r el a t ive s b e ing ever s u pp o s e d c ap abl e o f a n y su ch a ch ange

The wi t ch -h ar e difl ers in severa l respec t s
’

o f t h e ir n a t u re .

fro m an o rdinary h are : a m ong o t her t hings it c ann o t be ,

s u ccessfu lly h u n t ed exc ep t wi t h a j et bl a ck gr e yh ou nd

wi th ou t a whi t e h a ir in his c oa t The bl a ckness of t h e .

h ou nd is su gg e s t ive an d s t ill m ore s o is t h e lep o rine for m

,

s el e c t e d by t h e wi t ch , for t h e h ar e s t ands fo rem o s t a m ong

2
t h e a nim als wh o se flesh w a s a cc o rdin g t o C a e sa r t a b o o ed , ,

by t h e C el t s of t his c ou nt ry in his da y P e rh aps on e .

w o u ld n o t be wr ong in rega rding it a s an anim a l s acr e d

t o t h e C e l t ic Ze u s o r t o his a ss o ci at e ; a n d it w o u ld b e
in h arm ony wi t h th e a cc ou n t given by D io C a ssiu s o f 3

B ou dicc a qu e en o f t h e Be s ni w h o, whil e exh or t ing her

, ,

s u bj ec t s t o rise a ga ins t t h e r u le o f R o me l e t l oo se a ,

1
My n u rseb el o n ged t o o e o f th es e fam i l i es a d w a s s u pp o ed t o
n ,
n s

p o s s es s it s h ered ita y ch a ract e i s tic s ; bu t in my b oy h o o d few p p l e

r r eo

o f m y a c qu a i n t a n c e i C ard iga s hi e b el i eved in thi s s p e s ti t i n i t

n n r u r o :

w as o n l y a s o rt o f j k e T h ere is h o w ev er a v al l ey in t h n e i g h
o .
, ,
e

b o u rh o o d o f S n o w d o n w hith er I h a ve b een w a n e d n o t t o g o t o q es
,
r u

ti o n t h e i h abita t s on t h e s u bj e ct o f w itch -h a s Fo c e rt ai n o th er
n n re . r

s u p e s titi o s a b o u t t h
r n h re s ee E l to n pp 297 -8 d Pe n nan t s T o u s
e a , , .
,
an
’
r

in W l es (C arn a rvo n
a i ij 164 , . .

2
Bel l . Ga l l . v . 12 .

a u ch n it z
3
H is to ria R o ma na (T l x ij N ero , 6 ,
. s .
200 II . TH E ZE US or

h a re , an d g o ddess A n drast e a s s oon a s sh e

t h ank e d t h e
s a w t h e c ou rse t a ken by t h e frigh t en e d be a s t t o b e o n e

o f g oo d o men : t h e a ddress p u t in t o h er m o u t h fu r t h e r

1
repr e s ent s her pra ying t o A n d ra s t e for vict ory, s a lva t i o n
a n d lib er t y N othi ng is ot h erwise kn o wn o f t his g o dd e ss ;
.

s o t h a t we are a t libert y pr o visi o n a lly t o reg ard her n a m e

a s on e o f t h o se b o rne by t h e a ss o ciat e of t h e Cel t ic Z eu s

as g o d o f w ar an d vic t o ry .

Aft er t his digressi on I wish t o re tu rn t o th e qu es t i on

,

o f s t o n e circl e s a n d t o c a ll y o u r a tt e n t i o n t o a G o id e lic
,

inst ance which sh o ws a c e rta in a dva nce in p o int of art .

In t his th e r u d e s t o nes giv e w ay t o im a g e s m ore or l e ss

, ,

richly a d orned of t h e g o ds t h e y wer e su pp osed t o repre

,

s e nt . In t h e Trip a rt it e L if e of St P a t rick , o n e re ads a s .

“
f oll ows : Thereaft er went P a t rick o ver t h e wat er t o
Mag Sl e ch t , a pl a ce wher e in w as t h e chi e f id o l o f Ir e l and ,

t o w it , Genn C ru aich c o ver e d wi t h g o ld an d silver an d

, ,

t w e lve o t h e r id ols ab o u t it , c o ver e d wi t h bra ss Wh e n .

P at rick s aw th e id o l fro m th e wa t er wh o s e n a me is
u -
G t a rd (i e el e v a t e d it s v o ic e ) a n d when h e dre w
h . .

’
nigh u n t o th e id ol he ra ised his h and t o p u t Jesu s
,

cr ozie r u p o n it a n d did n ot re a ch [it] bu t it b o w e d w e st ,

wa rds t o t u rn on it s right sid e for it s fa c e w a s fr o m t h e ,

s ou t h , t o w it t o T a ra And t h e t ra ce o f th e cr ozi er
,
.

a bid e s on it s l e f t sid e s t ill an d

y e t t h e cr o zi e r m o v e d
,
’
n o t fr o m P a t rick s h a nd And t h e ear th swa ll o we d t h e
.

t welve o t h e r im a ges a s far a s t heir hea ds , a n d t hey are

1
O n if cu l ti es of i d en tify i g t hi s n ame w i t h t h e modern Wel s h
t h e d fi n

A n d ra s , p on ou n c ed A nd ros in A rv on a n d A gl es ey s ee t h e R ev D
r n , . .

S il v a n E vans s
’
D ictiona ry o
f th e Wle sh L a ng u a g e, s v . . A n d ra s an d

A nras .
202 II . TH E ZE U S or

1
of childre n an d o f their fl o ck s in order t o s e c u re
t h e ir ,

p o we r an d p ea c e in a ll t heir t ribes an d t o o b t a in milk ,

a n d c o rn fo r t h e s u pp o r t o f t heir f a milies The pl a ce , .

Ma g Sl e ch t , w a s , w e are t old s o c a ll e d fr o m t h e kne eli ng ,

an d o t her m o re vi o l e nt a c t s o f a d o r a t i on t hr o u gh which

2
t h e p eo pl e w e nt b e for e t h e g o d : it is a scert a ined t o
h a ve be e n n ea r t h e villa ge of B allym a ga u ra n , in t h e
b ar ony of T u l l yh aw , in t h e c ou nt y of C a van ; an d St .

P a t rick is s aid t o ha v e b u il t t here a chu rch c all e d D omb

n a ch M or
3
t h e n a m e o f which is w or t h a p a ssing r em a rk
,
.

‘ ’ ’
The a dj e c t iv e mor gre a t w as a dded t o dist ingu ish it, ,

fr o m o t her ch u rches c all e d D omhn a ch : t his w ord is n o

4
o t h e r t h a n t h e L a t in do minicu m ‘
a ch u rch o r e dific e ,
’
sa cred t o t h e L ord b orr owed an d it can hardly b e , ,

regarded a s an a ccid ent t h at th e e dific e t o su persede t h e

s a nc tu a ry of t h e chi ef of t h e G o id elic p ant he on Sh ou ld
h a v e been c a ll e d a ft e r t h e L ord an d Hea d of t h e Chr ist i an
r eligi on I t w o u ld , h o we ver b e h az ard ou s t o c onclu de
.
,

a s m u ch reg arding a l l t h e l o c a li t i e s in Ir e l and n o w

m ark e d by chu rch e s b earing t his n ame of D o mhna ch 5

.

i
Be t hat a s t m y , t h r is
a e e o n r c rd pl c na m e
e o a a e -

w hich bears e vidence t o t h e w o rship o f t h e h ea t h en g o d

in th e c ent re of ancient Brit a in For if w e t u rn t h e .

O C o n o r s B i bl io th ec a M a n us crip ta S to w ens is (Bu c k i n g h am,

’ ’
1

i . 40-1, an d h is R eru m H i bern i ca ru m S crip tores (Bu c k i n g h am,

Vol I (p rol eg
. . . i ) pp xxii xxiii ;
. .
,
al s o th e Fou r M a s ters , A M 365 6,
. .

no e t ’
by O D o n o v an an d M d A rb o is d e
.
’
J u ba in v il l e, l oc
. ci t .

2
F ou r M a s ters , ibi d .
3
Fo u r M a s t ers , ibi d .

4
D omh na ch h as al s o b e c o me th e reg u l ar w ord for S u n day , t h at is
D ay , Fren ch D im a n ch e
’ ’
D ies D omini cu s , th e L ord s .

5
N 0 l ess th a t w en ty s u ch fi g ure in th e i n d ex t o
n The M a rty rol ogy of
D oneg a l (D u bl i n ,
 TH E I N S UL A R CE LT S .

’
Irish C e nn C ru a ich Chi e f o f th e M o u nd int o it s e t y m o
,
‘
,

1
l o gic a l eq u ival en t s in m o d e rn W e lsh w e h av e P en C rn
, ,

which w a s wri tt en f o rmerly P enn C ru c while a t a mu ch ,

e a rli e r d a t e wh e n t h e l an g u a g e s t ill r e t a in e d it s c a se
,

e ndings it m u s t h av e h a d th e fo rm P ennos C ruci o r

, ,
2
e l se t h a t o f a c o mp o u nd P cnnocruci This l a s t a s .
,

t h e b a sis of a n a dj e c t ive r e l a t ing t o t h e g o d s o -c a ll ed ,

w ou ld yield t h e f orms P ennocrq o-s , P ennocrucya P en ,

n ocru cy o - n a n d t h e l a s t men t i o ned , t h e n eu t er , a c t u a lly

o cc ur s n a mely L at iniz e d in t o P ennocruciu m, which w o u ld

, ,

a cc ordingly seem t o h a ve m e a n t a pl a ce a ss o ci a t e d wi t h

t h e g o d w h o w a s c alled Chi e f o f t h e M ou nd t h a t is t o ,

sa a S p o t d e v o t ed t o his w o rship The s t a t i o n c a ll e d

y, .

3
P ennocru eiuni in t h e I t inera ry of An t oninu s h a s be e n
v a ri ou sly id e n t ified wit h S t re tt o n an d P e nkridge in ,

S t a ff ordshire ; a n d th e n a m e P enkridg e, wri t t e n P encr i/f ,

1
T hi s w ou l d in i t s t u rn it
t ran s l a ti o s acc ord i n g a s o ne
ad m of two n ,

t o ok p en t o mean t h e t o p o r en d (in t h e ph y s ic al s en se) o f t h e m o u d n ,

o r el s e t h e t o p in t h e m e t ph o ic al s e s e o f h e a d o r chi ef
,
a r an d so f r n a

as I k n o w Pen C rag o r Pen cru g as a m o d ern We l s h p l a c e-n ame m ean s

,

n o thi n g m o re th an t h e T o
p o f t h e M o un d t h e Mo u n d s E n d o r t h e l i k e
’
, , .

2
T hi s c o m p o u n d is l i k e Va s so ca l et i ( ee n o t e p e xc ep t th a t s , .

t h e q u a l ify i g el em en t is a g en iti v e n d n o t an a dj e cti ve ; b u t thi s

n a

w ay o f c o m p o u d i n g w o rd s w ou ld s ee m t o h a v e fa ll en e l y o u t o f
n ar

fashi o n b o th in Wel s h an d i I ri h w h ere w e sh o l d o th e w i s e h av

n s ,
u r e

h d C enn C h ru ich a d n o t Ce u C u a ich

a a ,
n N t (-T t en l g os ) h s
n r . e a r a u a

b en m en ti on ed a t p 1 2 b u t c o i d erab l e i rregu l a it y p ev i l s w ith

e .
,
ns r r a

re g a d t o it s l a t er e q u i v a l en t n o m n ia g e
r n ia d
, fo i t c i n
.
,
n .
,
as, r n s an e,

t h c as e o f t h e n a m e C a ir bre N i a -
e
f er C ai bre Ch a m pi o o f M fo r
,
r n en

t h e n o m i n ati v e n i is fo u n d u s ed fo r t h e c r d e fo m w hich s h o u l d b e
a u r ,

n ia d : th u s in t w o p as s ge s cit ed i O C a
y M S M t pp 507 5 13 n
’
u rr
’
s . a . .
, ,

Ni - f er h as t o b e c o s t ru ed as a gen iti v e w h i l e t h e Bk of L ei ns t
a n ,
. er,

16 1 b h as N i -
, f er as a d a ti ve
a .

3
Parth ey an d Pi n der s ed iti o n pp 224 368
’
, .
, .
204 II . TH E ZE U S or

in an eigh t h cent u ry ch ar t er of E th il h eard of Wess ex ,

1

is bey o nd a ll d ou b t a c ont inu a t i o n of t h at in th e I t in e ra ry .

Th at h o we ver, d oes n ot qu it e decide t h e qu est i o n of sit e

, ,

a s t here m a h a v e b ee n n o t a few l o c alit ies en t it led t o

y
t h e s a me in t eres t ing appellat i on .

’
TH E G OD S M O UNDS, FE T I SHE S A ND S YMBO L S .

Wh at ,it m ay n o w b e a sked , ca n h a ve b ee n t h e m ea n
ing o f c a lling t h e g o d by a n ame signifying t h e Chi e f o f

th e M ou nd ? T h e answe r mu st d e p end a go o d de a l on
what w a s me ant by t h e w ord which I h a v e t h u s far
‘ ’
rend ered m o u nd N o w t h e Irish wo rd cru a ch migh t
.

m ea n a h ea p of a nyt hing a n d it is at t est e d in th e m or e

,

res tric t e d s ense of a rick o f h ay or t h e lik e ; t h e Welsh

cru a dmi t s o f m u ch t h e s a me u s e b u t it is e speci a lly
g ,

e mpl o yed in t h e c a se o f a r t ifici a l m ou nds or t u mu li ; a n d

s o it app ea rs in a gr e a t m a ny n a m e s o f pl a c e s , s u ch a s

t h at o f C rag n el, Anglicized C richh ow el , t h e na m e o f

a vill a g e n e a r Aberga ve nny an d th e n dg rug , which ,

s e ems t o h a ve m ea nt t h e B u ri a l M ou nd : t h e t own s o
c a lled is in Flin t shire an d it is fou nd f orm erly na m e d
,

M ons A l tu s m o dern English M o l d L et u s n ow l o ok

2
,
.

a t s o m e o f t h e syn o nym ou s t erms : on e o f t hes e is tommen

,

u s u a l in N o r t h Wa l e s an d w e ll k n o wn a s a pplied t o a
,

t u mu l u s a t B a la , which serv e d t ill l a t ely a s t h e r a llyin g

p oin t o f t h e gre at O p e n -air s ervices o f t h e Ca lvinis t ic
M e t h o dist s ; b u t a m or e pro mising word is g ors e d , which
while et ymo l o gic ally m ea ning an y high s tat i o n or p o si t i on ,

1
Kembl e s Cod ex D ip lo ma tic s N o l xx v i
’
u , . .

2
T h e feat u re s o c al l ed is s a i d by Pe n a t t o b e p artl y n a tu l a
n n ra n d
p artly artifici l s ee h is T o urs in Wa l es (C arn arvo n
a i 35 6 , . .
206 II . TH E ZE U S or

his t ory Irel a nd a n d t o b e t o ld th e length o f his reign

of ,

a n d t h e n a mes o f his s u ccess ors f or m a ny cen t u ri e s a ft e r

wards This s t on e , o f which s ome thing mu st n ow b e

.

s a id w a s t h e s o -
c a lled L ia Fail o r S t o n e o f F il l a nd
, , ,

Irish l e gend spe aks of it a s o n e of t h e fo u r preci ou s

t hings br ou gh t t o Ir e l a nd by t h e T u at h a D é Da n a an : i t
w a s on e o f it s pr o p er t i e s t h a t , w h e r e ver it w as t a k e n a ,

G o idel o f Mil e sia n descent , like C onn w ou ld b e s o v ere ig n ,

1
t h e r e , a n d at T a ra it g a ve a scr ea m u nd e r e v e ry king
wh o m it r e c o gniz e d in t h e s o v e re ignt y Fr o m t h e p o s .

s e ssi o n of th e warlik e d e s c end ant s o f C o nn it is s u pp os e d ,

2
by s o me t o h a ve b een t ra c e d t o Sc o n e t h e c apit a l o f ,

t h e kingd o m o f Alb a n wh e re Edwa rd I f o u nd it in ,

.

s u ch es t ee m t hat he t h ou gh t it w or t h his whil e t o h av e

3
it br o u gh t t o t h e Eng l ish c apit a l ; an d t h e s t o n e fr o m
Sc o n e is b eli e v e d a s y ou kn ow t o be n ow in th e C o r o
, ,

na t i on cha ir a t W e s t minst e r Abb ey Bu t it s r e m o va l .

t o Engl a nd w a s n o t t h e e n d of t h e b e li efs a t t a ch e d t o it ;
in fa ct , Iri s h an d Sc o t ch his t o ri a ns s a w t h e m v erifi e d
a n e w wh e n t h e t hr o n e o f Engl and c a m e t o be o cc u pi e d

by t h e S tu ar t s, w h o w er e s u pp o s e d t o b e d e sc e nd e d fr o m
G o id e lic a nces t o rs o f Mil e sian ra ce In t h e n am e of t h e .

L ia Fail s o m et im e s c all e d th e S t o n e o f D e s t iny t h e wo rd

, ,

F él is pr ob a bly t o b e t r e at e d a s in t h e c a se o f I nis E d it
’
‘
t h e I s l a nd o f Fal , wh e re I t ak e t h e w o rd t o h a v e m ea n t
light an d t o h a ve r eferred t o t h e g o d in his early id en ti
,

fi ca t io n wi t h t h e s u n In ot h e r w o rds t h e L ia F ai l
.
,

u b l in, pp
1 I ris h N en n ius (D . 200-1 .

2
C C
’
u rr
y w as n ot o n e o f th e m s ee h is M S Ma t . . p . 48 0 .

3
Ke atin g s H is tory of I rel a nd (D u b l i n ,
’
p . 7 ; S k en e s
’
Ch r o n.

f th e Pic ts a nd S co ts pp MS
’ ’
o ,
. 196-7 ,
266, 28 0, 333, 335 ; O C u rr
y s .

M a t pp 618 — 6 21
. . .
 TH E I N SUL A R CE LT S . 207

w as a f e t ish c o nnec t ed wi t h his wo rship ; a n d h o wev e r

o n e l ooks a t it o n e c a nn o t r e g a rd it a s S ing u l a r in t h e
,

r eligi o u s world o f t h e Ary ans Wi t ness t h e s t on e S w a l .

l o we d by Cr o nu s u nd e r t h e impr e ssi on t h a t it w as his

child Z e u s an d s et u p a f t erwards by t h e l a t t er a t D elphi
,
.

” 1
“
I t w a s n ot a l a rg e s t o n e s a ys Andrew L ang in t er , ,

a w it an d t h e D el p h ia n s u s e d
“
p r e t in
g P a u s a ni a s w h o s , ,

a i i
t o n o int t wi t h o l a d wr p t p in w o l
n a i u o o n e a -
f s d a ys
t .

” “
All Greek t emples he g o e s on t o s ay h a d t h e ir fe t is h
, ,
”
s t ones a n d ea ch s t o n e h a d it s l e g e nd
,
.

Bu t n o t o nly w as t h e Irish fe t ish c a lled th e S t one o f

Fal bu t it w a s fir s t he ard o f in Erinn a t T ema ir Fa il 2 ’

, ,
’
t h e T e ma ir o f Fal t h a t is t o s a y t h e a nci e nt c api t al
‘
, , ,

t h e si t e o f w hich is kn o wn a s T a ra Hill in t h e pres e n t ,

c o u n t y o f M e at h Th e r e were in Irel and sev era l o ther

.

pl a c e s c all e d T ema ir g eni t ive T emra ch (An gliciz e d T a ra )

, ,

a n d t h e n a me m a b e g u e ss e d t o h a v e h a d s o me s u ch
y
sign ific at i on a s t h a t o f a h eigh t o r an a cr op o lis ; b u t t h e
T ara p a r ex cel lence m ay be a ssu med t o h a ve be en o n e o f
t h e o ldes t an d m o s t imp or t a n t cent res o f t h e wa rlik e
C el t s w h o c o nqu er e d t h e c o u nt ry , a n d it w o u ld n ot b e
su rprising if it h a d o ccu rred t o t h e m t o c all it af te r t h ei r
chi e f divini ty w h o w a s b o t h g o d of w ar an d o f ligh t a n d
, ,

o n e o f wh o s e n a m e s rec a lling hi m in t h e l a tt e r ch a r a c t er
, ,

w a s a s it is h e r e c o n t en d e d t h e F il l in q u es t i o n
,
T ema ir ,
.

’ ’
Fail or F al s T a ra , w o u ld t h u s h a ve m ean t F al s Hil l o r
,

H eigh t ; an d on e may c o mp a re t h e c a s e o f a warlike

p eopl e o f t his c ou n try w h o c a ll e d th e ir c a pi ta l C a mu lo
,

1
C u s to m a nd M y th , p . 5 2 ; Pa u s an i as , x . 24 .

2
O C
’
y, M S M a t
u rr . . p . 47 9 ; B o o t O
f R ig h ts ( ed .
’
O D o n ov an ), p . 56 ;
B o o le c
o na g h
(e d H . e n n ess
y ) pp
,
. 322-
3 .
208 II . TH E ZE US or

d u non or Acr op olis o f C a m u l o s wit h t h e n a m e o f

th e ,
’
which t h a t of F al s T ara m ay p erh a ps , my th o l o gic a lly
sp ea king be equ at ed
, .

Th e s e sc at t er e d fa c t s, which I h ave t ried t o c onn e c t

wit h on e a n o th er n ot o nly su gge st t h at N u a da Fin n fail
, ,

o r t h e G o id e lic N o d en s w a s t h e s a m e divini t y a s F al l
, ,

a n d t h e l at t er a s C enn C ru a ich b u t t h e y f u r ther g o t o

pr o v e a c onne c t i o n b et wee n his c u l t an d t h e high pl a c e s ,

which wh eth e r a r t ificia l or na t u ra l a gre e s o far a s co n

, , ,

c erns th e o bj e c t in vi ew, wi t h t h e selec t io n in Gree c e

an d R o m e o f e l e v a t e d p o si t i o ns fo r t h e t e mple o f Z eu s

a n d J u pi t er I t w ou ld a gr e e even m o re cl o s ely wi t h t h e
.

c u s t o m s t ill pra c t ised by t h e P a rli a ment o f t h e Isl e o f

,

Man of pr o mu lga t ing t h e l a ws m a de by it fro m an

,

a rt ifici a l m o u nd c a ll e d t h e Tynwa ld , which w a s d o ne a t

Mids u mmer u nd e r t h e O l d S t yl e bu t n o w on t h e 5t h o f
,

J u ly , a d at e o f n o ins t it u t i o na l S ignific a nc e I t is in .

t his ligh t p e rh a ps , t ha t o n e sh o u ld chi efly r e g a rd t h e

,
‘ ’
cru a ch or g o r se d s a cred t o t h e C e l t ic
g o d an d his a ss e s
s o rs : in o t h e r words t h e Irish p rob ably a ssembl e d o n
,

Ma g Sl e ch t , for e x a mpl e , n ot o nly t o w o rship C en n

C ru a ich bu t a ls o t o h o ld t heir c our t s u nd e r t h e s a nc t i o n
,
’
o f t h e chi e f o f t h e n a t i o n s g o ds mu ch a s t h e English
,

H o u se of L ords p a ys h o ma ge t o Chris t i anit y by op ening

it s pr o c e edings wi t h a p u blic pra y e r Bu t o n e ne e d n o t
.

l ea ve C el t ic groun d t o l o ok fo r an instanc e m ore p a ga n

a n d fa r m o re in p o in t : I a ll u de t o t h e g o r s e d o r c o u r t

u nd e r t h e a u t h o ri t y o f which t h e E is t e d vo d is h e ld a s

a s o r t o f s e ssi o n a s it s n a m e indic a t e s for l e t t ers a n d

, ,

m u sic The g ors e d is h e ld in t h e o pen air a circl e o f

.
,

s t o n e s b eing form e d wi th a s t on e bigg er t ha n th e o t h e rs

,

in t h e middl e ; th e pr oc eedi n gs are o pe ned wi th pray e r

210 II . TH E ZE US or

pr ob ably early in th e fo rm in which w e h a ve it th e fa c t ,

o f t h e ir c on t a ining n o thing dis t inc t iv e ly Chri s t i a n is a l l

t h e m o re r e m a rk a ble an d it fa v ou rs t h e b e li e f in t h e
,

a n t iqu i t y o f t h e ir o rigin .

I m ay e xpl a in t h a t in t h e rem a rks t o which t h e n am e

C enn C ru aich h a s h er e given ris e , t h e C e l t ic Z eu s or
Ma rs -J u pi t er h a s b e en r e ga rded as st anding before u s in
his chara c t er of a g o d of ligh t a n d t h e s u n b u t t h at a t a ,

v ery e a rly s t a ge in his his t o ry his a t t rib u t e s e xp a nd e d ,

t hemselves t o s u ch a n e x t e nt t h a t h e c e a s e d t o b e in an y
very s tric t s ense of t h e t erm a s u n -g o d : o t h er s u n -g o ds
o f a fa r S impl e r an d n arr o w e r n a t u r e gr e w u p a n d o n e ,

o f t h e m a pp e a rs in t h e s t o ry o f C o nn a n d t h e S t on e o f

Fal . For a t t h e s a me t im e t h at t h e n a m e Fal s ee ms t o

h av e r eferre d t o t h e m o r e a nci en t g o d o f ligh t th e fa i ry ,

prince (p 205) w h o discl o s e d t h e fu t u r e hi st ory o f his

.

1
c ou nt ry t o C onn is st at e d t o h av e be en c a ll ed L u g w h o ,

as a s u n - g o d o cc u pi e s a di s t ing u ish e d pl a c e in I r ish l e g e nd .

Wh e n t h e c o nn e c t i on o f t h e ot h e r g o d wi t h ligh t h a d be e n
fo rgo tt en , t h e na m e of L u g a s a s u n -g o d w a s s t ill fa milia r ,

a n d t h e s t o ry sh ap e d i t s elf a cc o rdingly .

T h e o bs erva t i o ns m a d e in r e fe r e nce t o t h e t erm Fal a s

a n a me o f t h e g o d w ou ld b e inc o mpl e t e wi t h o u t s o m e

a ll u si o n t o t h e my t hic a l cre a t i o n kn o wn a s R o th Fail ,

’ ’
o r F al s Whe e l an d R o th R a ma ch
,
o r t h e Wh ee l wi t h ,

2
P a ddles I t is s aid t o ha ve b een m a d e by Sim o n M a g u s
.
,

1
O C
’
u rry s
’
M S Ma t
. . p . 6 18 , w h ere t h e
ci en t t e xt c al l h im Dug an s

E dl en d w as h is m o th e r s n a me
’
ma c E d l en d mic [ ic] T igh ernm a is
s . .

C C u ry in h is M S Fl a t pp 38 5 401-3 423 s p ea k s o f it as
2 ’
r . . .
, , ,

R o w i g Wh eel an d a t p 428 h e c all s it O r Wh eel

’
al s o a n
‘ ‘
a n . a ,

w hich is l i k ew i s e c o r e c t en o g h s i n c e rdm a ch m e n s
r u p o v i d ed w i th
,
a r

w hich s i g n i fi e d b o t h c ars an d s h ov el s or s p a d es (t h e C y mmrod or

’ ’
ra ma , ,
 TH E I N SUL A R CE LT S . 21 1

ass ste d by Mo g Ru i th a c e l ebra t ed Irish dr u id fr o m

i ,

t h e i s l a nd o f V a l e ncia w h o h a ving le a rned a l l t h e , ,

dru idism or m agic t h at c ou ld b e le a rn e d in t h e s e i s l and s ,

w en t wi th his d au gh t er t o t a ke l e ss ons fro m Sim on

M a gu s in wh o s e c on t e s t wi t h St P et er h e is r epre s en t e d
,
.

t aking a p a r t The Wh eel w a s t o en able Si mon t o sa il

.

in t h e a ir ; b u t it met wit h an a ccid ent a n d Me g R u ith s ’

,

d a u gh t er br ou ght c er tain fra gment s o f it t o Ir el and o n e ,

f
o which s h e e a o r a -
fix d s th e r ck o pill r s t on e o f Gu am
ch o il l a pl a c e n ea r Tipp e ra ry
,
t h e n a m e o f which h a s ,

been Angliciz e d int o C leg h ile T h e st o n e w a s beli e v e d .

t o pr o d u c e blindness if l o o k e d a t an d d ea t h if t o u ched 1
,
.

Bu t t h ere w er e o t h e r v e rsi o ns whi ch m a de t h e c o ming

o f t h e Wh e e l a gr ea t c a l a mi t y n o t onl y t o Ir e l a nd b u t , ,

t o a gr eat p o r t i o n o f t h e wes t of E u r op e : it bec a me a

r e c ogniz e d el em ent in s o -c a lled proph e ci e s o f c a l a mi t i e s
t o o v e rc o m e Erinn Th u s in on e c all e d t h e Ecs t a sy o f St
. .

M oling t h e Wh e el is r epr e sen t ed a s d e s t ine d t o c om e

,

f oll o we d by a dre a dfu l sc o u rge which w a s t o d e s tr o y

t hree - fou rt hs of t h e pe ople a s far a s th e Tyrrhene Sea
e reign o f a king Fl a nn Gin a ch o f Du rl a s
( p in h 2
. t .

An o th e r ext ra va gant pr oph e cy v a inly a t t rib u t ed t o St , .

C o l u mb a, m a de t h e Wh eel in t o an en orm ou s ship c on

t a ining a fa b u l o u s n u mb e r o f wa rri o r s an d s a iling o v e r ,

s ea an d l and wi t h e qu al e a s e ; b u t it w a s fa t ed t o b e

vij . 65 S en ch us iij . 204, an d th e f c i mp l i e d

re ere n e 111

th e cti v e mu s t h ave b een t o t h e p add l es o r fl o

ad e j a t-
b o ard o f an u n d e r
s

s h o t w a t er- w h ee l .

1
O C
’
r
y A I
ur S M a t,pp 40 23 ; I .i h N n i
. s pp 26 4 -5 (a l o
. r s en u , . s

e d it o r s n o t e w ith re fere c s t o D ual d M c Fi b is M S i t h e L ib o f

’ ’
n e a r s . n .

t h e R o y l I ri s h A ca d e my an d t o t h e B k of L eca n fo l 133) S to k es
a , .
, .

O D o n o v an e d o f C o rma c p 7 4
’
. . .
,

O C u r y M S Ma t pp 402-3
’
2
r , . . . . .

r 2
21 2 II . TH E ZE U S or

wrecke d on t h e pill a r -st o ne o f C l eg h il e a n d t h e warri ors ,

w ou ld all b e cu t o ff in t h e r e ign o f Fl ann C io th a ch 1

.

Fo r a re a s on n ot a ssign e d C l e g h il e a pp ears t o h a v e b e e n ,

fix e d u p o n a s th e t erminu s for t h e c o u rse o f t h e Wh e e l ,

which is c a ll e d in su ch l e gends t h e R o th R ama ch b u t

t h e a ll u si on t o C l e gh il e e na bl e s on e t o r e c o gniz e a re fe r
’
e nc e t o t h e s a me t h ing in C o rm a c s Gl o ss a ry n a m e ly , ,

un d e r t h e w o rd Foi which is e xpl a in e d t o h a v e m ean t ,

’
t h e pl a c e c a lled C n am ch o il l , C l e g h il e
‘
So far a s it c a n .

b e t ra nsl a t e d wi t h ou t c ont e xt a s it s t ands , t h e p a ssa g e

r epres ent s t h e dru id Mo g R u i th s aying t h a t so m eb o dy o r
s o m et hi ng w o u ld p erish b e c a u s e t h e R o th Fail w ou ld
c om e a s far a s t h e king o f D u rl a s w e st o f Fo i i e w e s t ,
. .

o f C n am ch o ill
2
I a m n ot a wa re t h at t h e Wh e el is c a ll e d
.

R o th Fail a nywh e re e ls e ; t h e p a ss a g e in t h e Gl o ss a ry ,

h ow e v er , pr o v e s t h e id ent it y o f t h e R o th Fail wit h t h e

R o th R ama ch .

Bu t wh at y ou will a sk d o es all this m ea n a n d esp e

, , ,

c iall t h e int r o d u c t i o n o f Sim o n M a g u s ? T h e a pp ea r

y
a nc e o f Sim o n on Cel t ic gr o u nd is n o t v e ry diffic u l t t o

1 ’
O C u rry , l oc . ci t .

2
S ee t h e t - ’
S o k es O D o n o v an p 7 4 an d S tok es O l d e d . of C orma c, .
,
’

I ri h Gl os a ries p 20 w h e e t h e p as s ag w hich is p tl y L a ti n an d
s s , .
,
r e, ar

p a tl y I i h e d s Item M og R u ith p eribit q o d R o th Fail p e v em t

r r s ,
r a u r e

d ice s c i D u l u is fi d ia Fo i i i H e e di en re f s
’
n or r C n am ch ail ln r . . ar . r c s er

t o t h e s en t en c e b eg i i n g w ith p erihit w hich is u s d i I ri s h fas hi o fo r

nn ,
e n n

p eri turu m e e a d t h e w h o l e is in t o d u c e d a s n i n s t a c e o f t h e o cc u r
ss ,
n r a n

ren e o f t h e n am e Fo i I t r s l t e cc o rdi n gl y : A l M og R ith s ay i g

an a a
‘
so
q . u n ,

th t it (h o sh e) w ill p eri s h b ec au se R o th F il w i ll c o me t o t h e k i g
a e r a
’
n

o f fa i D u l a s T h u rl es e s t o f Fo i th t is w es t o f C n amch o il l
’
r r
[ ] w T h e ,
a , .

p l a c e c all ed T hu rl s is n o t w s t o f C l gh il e th o ug h th e k i ng o f T h u l s
e e e , r e

may at a n y g i v en ti me h av e b een ; D rl a s w s h o w ever n o t an n u u a , ,

c o mmon p l ac e-n ame s o it is n o t c erta i n t h at th e on e n o w c all ed T h u rl es

,

w as i n t en d ed .
214 II . TH E ZE U S or

to c ome fr om th e E a s t o n on e o f th e m ot iv el e ss w and er
1
ings so c o mm on in t h e l e g end a ry hist ory of Ir el and .

N o w t h e pr opheci e s a b o u t t h e Wh ee l app ea r t o h a v e
c onsist e d p ar t ly of an a ncient Irish b eli e f in a myt hic
Wheel an d a my thic ship an d p a r t ly o f Ch rist i an t a l e s
2
,

a b ou t Sim o n M a gu s s u ch a s t h e o n e a b o u t his flying in ,

t h e air, or a scending like Elij ah in a fi ery ch ari o t in ,

3
o rder t o S h o w his s u peri o ri t y o v e r P et e r a n d P au l ; bu t
hi s bri ef a eri a l su cc e ss c o nt r a st s m o st m ark e dly wit h t h e
ea se wit h which Irish dru ids an d Me g Ru i t h in p a r t i ,

onl a r a r e d e scrib e d s o a rin g in

, th e a ir by m ea ns of a
4
simpl e p a ir o f wings pu t on or o ff at pl ea sur e like an ,

o rdin a ry a r t icl e o f dr e ss So here n o r oo m is l ef t for .

t h e cl u msy e xp e di en t o f a wh eel an d w e h a v e t o l o ok ,

for t h a t in a n o t her dir e c t i on t h e on e , in fa c t indic at e d —

,

by t h e n ame R o th Fail which may b e rend er e d th e ,

Whe el o f L ight , an d r e gard e d a s pr o b ably r e ferring

in t h e fir st inst an ce t o t h e disk o f t h e su n : I s aid in ‘
,
’ ’
t h e firs t in s t anc e a s o n e h a s o nly t o gl anc e a t M Ga idoZ s
,
.

a cc ou nt o f t h e symb o lism of t h e wh e el t o s ee h o w c a p a bl e

it w a s of m o dific a t i on , a s for e x a mpl e wh e n it t o ok , ,

t h e f o rm o f a w inged disk or even o f a cr o ss 5

The .

imp or t ance at ta ched t o t h e pl ace c alled C n amch oil l ,

’
‘
C l eg h il e which t ra nsl a t e d wo u ld m ea n t h e F o re st of
,

1
Bk .
f
o t h e D un , p . 16 5 Kea ti ng s ’
H is t . o f I rel a n d , pp . 90-7 .

2
M el us ine, ij 134, 159 ; Gaid o z E .
,
tu d es, pp . 99, 100 .

n M i g u e s P a tro l og i a , v 8 27 b
3 ’
A r no biu s, ij ( i . 12 S t A m ros e , . .

H exa em . iv . 8 (Mi gn e , x iv 205 ) M a xi mu s T au ri n e n s i s , H omi l l xxii

. . .

ci (Mi gn e l v ii 405-
6, 48 8 - th oriti es ’
.
, . 90) an d fo r m ore au ,
see H erz o g s

R ea l -
E n cy k l op a d ie, s v . . S imon , Vo l . x iv . 252 .

4
O C
’
urry s
’
M a nn ers, 85 0 . ii . 214, 215 .

3
E t u d es , pp . 49, 6 8 , p ass i m .
 TH E I N SUL A E CE LT S . 21 5

( )
t h e B ones or B on e -wo o d is n o t t o be u nd erst o o d ,

wi th o u t a mpl er d a t a t h a n w e h a v e ; bu t it l o oks a s th ou gh
t h e sp o t h a d b ee n a n o t h er Ma g Sl ech t a d o rn e d wi t h
a n o t h e r an d r u d e r figu re o f C e nn C ru a ich c o v er e d wi t h ,

g old a n d cr e di t e d wi th gl ory e xp o s e d t o n o vu lga r gaz e

bu t fenc e d a r o u nd by t h e s oli t u d e o f a s a c re d fo r e s t lik e ,

o n e which fig u r e s in t h e his t ory o f a nci e n t Pr u s s i a

1
.

L a s t ly w e h a v e a n ot h er pr oof o f t h e e xis t enc e in

,

a n ci e n t Ir e l a nd o f a wh e e l my t h in t h e n a m e M e R u it h
g
o f t h e dr u id inv o lved in t h e s t o ri e s o cc u pying o u r a tt en

t i o n a t pr e s en t I t m ea n t S er vu s R o ta e or t h e Sl a v e o f
.
,

t h e Wh e el an d m o s t pr o b a bly o f n o o t her wh ee l t h a n
,

t h e on e h ere in qu e s t i o n t h e R o th F u l l o r Wh e e l o f ,

L igh t P e r s onal n a m e s f orm e d in t his a n aly t ic fa shi o n

.
,

s o fa mili a r t o Semi t ic sch o l ars in s u ch in s t a nc e s a s A bd iel ,

’ ‘ ’
‘
Serv a n t o f El A bd a lla h S e rva nt o f All ah an d t h e
, , ,

like a re n ot u nu su al in Irish an d t h e y n o t u nfr e qu ent ly

,

inv o lv e a g o d s n a m e, a s in t h e c a s e o f M eg N ua da t
’
,
‘
S ervus N od en tis an d M eg N eil or Sl a v e o f N ét t hi s
’ ’

, ,

l ast b e ing a n a m e o f t h e G o idelic g o d of w a r a s w e are ,

’ 2
t o ld in C o rm a c s Gl o ss a ry T h e h a bi t o f fo rming p ro p e r .

n a m e s o f m en in t his w a is pr b a bly o f p re - C e l t ic o rigin

y o

in Ir el and ; b u t it w a s c on t inu e d in Chr is t i an t im es wi t h

’
t h e a id o f t h e w o rds ma el ‘
b ald t ons u r e d a n d g il le , , , ,
‘ -
b oy s erv an t b o y ’
as in M a elp a dra ic r end e r e d in t o
, , ,

3
L a t in a s C a l vus P a tricii or t h e T ons u r e d Sl a ve o f P at rick
, ,

s t ill cu rrent a s M u lp a trick M a elmuiri Jlf a ria nus o r

‘ ’
, ,

’
t h e T o ns u r e d Sl a v e o f M a ry ; an d Gil l ecris t ‘
Ch ri s t s ,
’
S erv a n t c u r ta il e d in t o Gil ch ris t ; Gil l eeo nzd ed
,
‘
S er vus ,

1
Vo i g t s Ges ch ich te P reu
’
s s en s
(Be rl i n , i . 5 99— 6 14 .

2
S t ok eS O D o n ~
’
. s v
. . N ei l , p . 1 22 .

3
N i g ra, R el ig u ie Cel t ich e ,
p . 19 R hys, C lt
e . Br ita i n , pp . 7 3, 26 2 .
21 6 II . TH E ZE U S or

’
D oni in i, or th e
S ervant o f t h e L o rd an d m any m or e ,
.

Sh ou ld t h e se gu e ss e s prove well f ou nd e d it w ou ld f oll o w ,

t h at t h e R o th F ail h a d a well -d e fi n e d pl a c e in Irish t h e o

l o gy l ong befor e an y s u ch a n am e a s t h a t of M o g Ru i t h
c ou ld h a v e c o m e int o e xist enc e ; an d it is als o t o b e
o bserved t h at t h e a tt e mp t t o r epl a c e it s n a m e R o th F hit
,

by a l at er d e signat io n m eaning t h e R o wing o r P a ddle

Wheel c orr ob orat e s s o far a s it g o e s t h e O pini o n h e r e
, , ,

a dv a nced a s t o t h e r e l a t ive a n t iqu i t y o f t h e belief in t h e

Wh e el .

T H E GO D or D R U I DI SM .

Ref e renc e h a s been m ade in t his lect u re several t im e s

t o a t r e e o v e rsh a d o wing t h e s a cr e d w e ll o f t h e g o d an d ,

t o t h e S l a b h a rd by O th e rs might b e a dd e d ; an d I
.

w o u ld c a ll y ou r a t t ent i o n t o th e we ll -kno wn t yp e o f Irish

h o ly -w ell o v ersh a d o we d by a t ree wh o s e branch e s are
l o ad e d wi t h s u ch v ot ive o fferings as bit s o f cl o t h ; n o t t o
m ent i o n t h at at th e sp o t wher e t h e pi ou s visit o r t h e r e
m ake s h is cr o s s a re t o b e fou nd o ther gift s c ont aining ,

a m o ng t h e m , a s I h a ve s e en m or e t h a n o nc e , c o ins o f t h e

p re se nt d ay T h e pl a cing o f o fferings , h o we ver h u mbl e

.
,

a m ong t h e bra nch e s of t h e t r e e h a d pr o b a bly t h e s a m e

m ea ning a s th e h anging u p in t h e lik e m a nner by t h e

a nci en t G a u ls an d G e rm ans o f t h e h e a ds o f t h e a nim a ls

s acrificed t o t h e g o ds The s u bj e c t h a s b e en t r eat ed in

.

his t h or ou gh w ay by J a c ob Grimm in his well kno wn -

w ork on T eu t onic My th o l o gy where h e h a s bro u gh t t o ge
,

t h er m any a ll u si ons t o t h e t r ee s m a rking t h e h oly pl a c e s

o f his r a ce in ol d t im e s
1
Esp e cia lly d e s er ving of m en
.

t e -
t i o n is t h e ev ergre e n t r e e wi h wid spr ea ding bra nch e s

1
D eu ts ch e M g t h “
. i . 5 3— 7 1 .
21 8 II . TH E ZE U S or

th e o ak s e ems t o su gg e s t i t s elf ; bu t if w e g o b a ck t o
t h e a nci e nt G au ls t h e ir p refe r e nce fo r it is pl a c e d b ey o nd
,

a l l d ou b t. Wi t n e ss Pliny s w ell -kn o wn a cc ou nt o f t h e

’

d ru ids in his N a tu ra l H is to ry xvi 95 ; t h e wh o l e p a s

,
.

s a g e is so m u ch t o t h e p o in t t h a t I c a nn o t h e lp qu ot ing

it at f u ll l engt h : N o r is th e a dmir a t i o n of G a u lish l a n d s

in t his m at t e r t o b e p a sse d o v er in sil enc e : t h e dru ids ,

f or s o t h e y c a ll t h e ir m a gici a n s h a v e n o t hing which

,

t h ey h o ld m o re s a cr e d t h a n t h e mis t l e t oe a n d t h e t r e e
o n which it gr o ws pr o vid e d o nly it b e an o ak
, [ rohu r
] .

Bu t a p ar t fr o m t h a t t h e y s e l e c t gr o v e s o f o a k an d t h e y
, ,

p erfo rm n o s a cre d ri t e wi t h o u t l ea v e s fr o m t h a t t re e s o ,

t h at t h e dr u ids m ay b e r e g a rd e d a s e v e n d e riving fr o m it
t h e ir n a m e int erp re t e d a s Gr e ek Fo r t h ey b eli ev e wh at
.

e v e r gr o ws on t h e s e t re e s t o b e a c t u a lly sen t fr o m he a v e n ,

a n d t o f o rm a m ark in e a ch inst a nce o f a t r e e s e lec t e d

by th e g o d hi m s el f That is h o we ve r v e ry ra r ely t o
.
, ,

be me t wit h , an d wh e n it is f o u nd it is s o u gh t wi t h
mu ch r e ligi ou s c erem o ny Th e y d o t his especia lly a t
.

t h e t im e o f t h e six t h m o o n , t h e l u min a ry which m arks

t h e b e ginn ing o f t h eir m o n t hs a n d t h e ir y ea rs , an d a ft e r
t h e t ree h a s p a ss e d t h e t hirt i e t h y ea r of it s a g e bec a u s e ,

o f it s h a ving e v e n t h e n pl e n t y o f vig o u r t h ou gh n o t ,

h alf t h e siz e t o which it m a y gr ow Addressing it in .

t heir la ng u a g e a s t h e un ivers a l h e al er an d t a king c a r e t o ,

h a v e sa crifices an d b anqu et s pr ep ared wi t h t h e c orr e c t

c erem o ny b en ea th t h e t r ee t h ey bring t o t h e sp o t t w o
,

whi t e b u lls wh o se h o rns h a ve n e ver b e en b ou nd befo r e

,
.

The priest , cl a d in a whi t e r obe climbs t h e t ree , a n d ,

wit h a gold en sickle c u t s th e mis t l e t o e : it is c au gh t in

a whi t e cl o th . Th en at leng th t h ey s a crifice t h e vic t ims ,

wi t h a pr ayer t h at g o d ma y m ake his o w n gift ben efi t

 TH E I N S UL A R OE LTS . 2 19

th o se t o wh o m h e h a s gi v e n it Th ey b eli e v e th a t d ri n k .

ing o f a p o t i o n pr ep a r e d fro m it giv e s fe c u ndi t y t o b a rr e n

a nim a ls a n d t h a t it is a r e m e dy a g a ins t a l l p o i s o n
”
.
,

Add t o t hi s imp or ta n t p a ssa g e t h e s t a t emen t o f M axi

m u s T y riu s t o t h e e ffe c t t h a t t h e C e l t s w o rshipp e d Z e u s ,

iy k n o r im a g e o f t h e
’
an d t h at t h e C e l t ic od w a s a
c a
g
a

1
l o ft y o ak a n d t h at t h e n a m e o f t h e G al a t i a n pl a ce
,

2
o f a ss e mbly in Asi a Min o r a s giv e n by S t ra b o , w as ,

p éer o v
h o r t h e s a cr e d O a k -gr o ve T h e w o rds o f M a xi .

mu s T y riu s migh t a cc ording t o J a c o b Grimm , h av e b ee n

,

a ppli e d t o t h e Te u t o ns als o an d al l n a t i ons o rigin ally

3
rel at e d t o t h e m ; he e s t abli shes hi s O pini on a s r egards
t h e f orm e r an d bri efly a ll u d e s t o s o m e o f t h e l a t t e r an d
, ,
-

a m ong t h e m t o t h e L i t h u a ni a n br a nch a s r e pr e s e n t e d

by t h e a nci ent inh abi t an t s o f Pru ss ia Th e ir pl a c e o f .

gr ea t e s t h oliness w a s a sp o t c all e d R e m o ve in a m ea d o w ,

wh er e a high an d migh t y o ak a fi o rd e d sh e l ter a ga ins t

rain an d t h e he at o f t h e su mmer s u n H er e in nich e s .
,

c u t in t h e s a cr e d t ree wer e pl a c e d im a ges o f t h e ir t hr e e

,

princip a l g o ds, an d of t hes e t h e chief w a s pl a c e d in t h e

middl e bet w e en t h e t w o o t h ers His n a m e w a s Perk u n os .
,

a n d he w a s reck o n e d t h e d f t h d r f r in d
g o o un e o a a n , ,

o t her a t m o spheric phen o men a He w a s a ls o t h e giv e r .

o f h ea l t h an d t h e h e lper o f t h o se w h o s u ffe r e d fr o m

dis ea se The wa t er of t h e l akes held sa cred t o him w a s

.

c on sidere d t o p o ss e ss rem e di a l virt u es a n d s o wer e t h e ,

a s h e s o f t h e perp e t u a l fire k e p t u b e f o re t h e s a cr e d o ak
p .

T h e pries t w h o h a ppen e d t o l et t h a t fi re g o ou t a t on e d
f or his n e gligenc e wi t h hi s l if e an d t h e s a crific e s m a d e ,

1
D i s s ert . v ii j (R eis k e s e d i
.
’
. .

2
Me in ek e s ’
(T eu b n er) e d iti on ,
xii . 5, 1 (Vo l . ii p
. .

3
D eu ts ch e M y th ‘
. i . 55 et s eq .
220 II . TH E ZE U S or

t o Perk u n o s his t w o a ss e ss o rs n o t u nf requ en tl v c on

an d

1
sis t e d o f hu m an vic t ims N o w Pe rk u n o s w a s u nd e r
.
,

sligh t ly m o difi e d fo rms of t h e n a m e , w orshipp e d by all

t h e L i t u -Sl a vic n a t i o ns an d it w o u ld b e in t er e s t ing t o
,

a s c e r t a in his e x a c t m y t h o l o gic a l p o s i t i o n bu t t h a t is n o t
,

a v e ry e a sy m a t t e r Grimm s a w in t h e n am e Perk u n o s
.

a fo rm r el a t e d t o t h e N o rs e F O r n n g eni t iv e F O r v in s
j gy j g ,

o f t h e s a m e o rigin a s t h e G o t hic
‘
f g ,
a i r u n i m ou n t a in ,

Angl o -S a x o n fi rg en o f t h e s a m e m eaning ; an d h e h a s
s u gg e s t e d t h e p o ssibilit y t ha t Fylirgg nn w a s an a nci e n t
'

n a m e for Th or wh o m it wo u ld s u i t w ell en ou gh a s a
,

t h u nd e r e r t o b e d e sign a t e d a g o d o f t h e m ou nt a ins o r
dwell er o n t h e h eigh t s ; o r els e t hat t h e G o ths m ay
’
h ave pr e fe rr e d it in t h e fo rm o f Fa irg un eis t o Th o r s
, ,

m or e u su a l d e sign a t i on Bu t on t h e o th er h and t h e
.
, ,

T eu t o nic g o d c or re sp onding t o Z eu s h a d e v e n m o r e right

t o be c a ll e d t h e g o d o f t h e m o u nt a in -t ops Ma y n o t .

t h e righ t s o l u t i o n b e t h a t P erk un os an d it s c ong en e rs

r epre s ent t h e G ot hic n a m e o f Th o r b o rr o we d an d give n ,

by t h e L it u -Sl a v e s t o a g o d o f t h e ir ow n w h o w a s t h e ,

c o u nt erp a rt of Z eu s ra t h er t h a n o f Th o r , t h ou gh re s em
bling th e la tt er in his h aving t h e att rib u t e of t hu nd e r ?
Tha t b orro wing by s o m eb o dy t oo k pl a c e in th e ma tt er
o f t h e n a m e is pr o v e d by t h e r e l a t e d w o rd P or u ini ci t e d
g ,

by Grimm a s t h e na m e o f t h e M o rdvini a n t h u nd er g o d - 2
.

Th er e h a ve a ls o b ee n fu til e a tt emp t s t o c o nn e c t th e na m e
o f Perk un o s wi t h t h at o f t h e Hind u g o d o f ra in a n d

t hu nd e r P a rj an y a w h o wou ld s ee m t o h a ve be en a f o rm
, ,
3
o r a sp e c t of Dy au s wh o se s o n he w a s s o m et im e s c a ll e d
,
.

1
Vo i g t
,
i . 58 2 . i 1 43 : s ee al s o i ij 6 4
2
Ih . . . .

3
Fo a c o m p e h en s i v e a cc ou n t o f Pa j an y a s e e an artic l e by Bu h l er
r r r ,

Be f y s O ri n t u nd O ccid en t i 2 14-
’
in n e e 29 , . .
222 II . TH E ZE U S or

if I a m n ot mist aken be en sc ep t ic wit h rega rd t o t his

,

e t ym ol o gy n ot so m u ch on ph on ol o gic a l gr ou nds a s fr o m
,

fa iling exa ct ly t o s e e h ow t h e oa k c ou ld h a v e give n it s

n am e t o su ch a fa m o u s orga niz at i o n a s t h e dru idic on e
mu st b e a dmi t t e d t o h ave b e en Bu t t h e p a ra ll els j u s t.

indic at e d a s Sh o wing th e imp ort anc e of t h e sa cr e d t re e

in t h e w orship of Z e u s an d th e g o ds r ep re s ent ing hi m
a m o ng n a t i ons o t h e r t h a n t h e Gr e e k o n e h e lp t o thr ow ,

s o m e ligh t on t his p o int Acc or di ng t o t h e e t ym ol o gy

.

h e re allu d e d t o t h e dr u ids wo u ld b e t h e pri e s t s o f th e

,

o d a ss o ci at e d o r id e n t ifi e d wit h t h e o ak ; t h a t is
g a s ,

w e a re t o ld t h e g o d w h o s ee m e d t o t h o s e w h o w e r e
,

fa milia r wi t h t h e p a g an t h e o l o gy of th e Gr e eks t o st and ,

in t h e s am e p o s i t i o n in G a u lish t h e o l o gy t h at Z e u s did
in th e fo rm e r .

This h a rm o niz e s t h o rou ghly wit h al l t h at is kn o wn

a b ou t t h e d ru ids O n t h e o n e h and Z eu s w as t h e s o u rc e
.
,

1
o f a l l divin a t i o n t h e r u s t ling o f t h e wind in t h e l ea v e s
o f t h e s a c re d o a ks a t D o d o n a t h e v o ic e s of t h e d o ves
, ,

an d t h e b u bbling o f t h e spring n ea r t h e s a cred o ak , w e r e

a l l h e ld t o b e o r a c u l a r ; a n d e v e n in t h e c a s e o f t h e c e l e

bra t e d o ra cl e o f t h e Py thia n Ap o ll o a t D e lphi t h e l at t er ,

w as n o m o r e t h a n t h e p 15 § n o r m o u t hpi e c e s o t o s ay
7r 0< 7 7 s
, ,

o f Ze u s . O n t h e o t her h a nd on e m ay su m u p t h e im,

pre ssi o ns of a nci ent a u th o rs a s t o th e dr u ids by d es crib

ing t h e m a s ma gicia ns w h o w er e m e dicin e -m en , pri e st s ,

a n d t ea chers o f t h e y o u ng This a pplies m ore e speci ally

.

t o G au l , b u t t h e ir ch ara c t e ris t ics a pp e a r t o h a ve be e n

mu ch t h e s a m e in Ir e la nd in b ot h t hey were a b o ve —

’
a l l t hings m a gici a ns ; fo r w e h a v e Plin y s expr e ss s t a t e

R ea l -
1 ’
Prell er in Pau ly s E n cy k l . s v
. . Jup iter, iv 6 04
. .
 TH E I N SUL A R OE L TS . 223

m en t t h at n am e which t h e G au ls g a ve t h e ir ma gi
th e
c ian s w a s t h a t o f dr u i ds ; a n d Irish li t era t u re t ea ches u s

1
t h e lik e l e ss o n as t o t h e kindred Iri s h t erm a s a lr ea dy ,

i n s t anc e d in th e c a s e o f Sim o n M a g u s c a ll e d in Iri s h ,

S imo n D ru i Bu t l e t u s ex a mine t h e dr u i d s a li t t l e m or e
.

cl o s ely on Irish gr oun d N ow C uchu l ainn wh o s e na m e

.
,

h a s a lr e a dy b ee n m en t i oned (p w a s ed u c a t e d a t t h e
.

sch o o l o f which C a th ba d a dr u id w a s t h e m a s t er ; bu t
’
wh a t t h e l at t er s t ea chin g m o st ly c o nsist e d o f w e kn o w
n o t ; incid en t a lly w e find t h a t h e t o ld his p u pils o f l u cky

a n d u nl u cky d a ys One m orning for in s ta nc e h e in

.
, ,

f o rm e d a n e ld e r p u pil t h a t t h e da y t hen b eginning w ou ld

b e a l u cky o n e f or a ny b o dy w h o sh o u ld t ak e a rms o n it
for t h e fir s t t im e which C rich u l a in n o v e rb e a rin g a t onc e
, ,

c a rri e d o u t t o th e s u rpri s e o f his t ea ch er an d t h e king

, ,

2
b o th o f w h o m h e o u t wi tt e d in t h e m at t er T o b e a bl e .

t o m ake t h e d e cl a ra t i o n a scribed t o t h e dr u id w o u ld s ee m
t o imply t h at h e b e g a n t h e d ay wi t h a u g u ry o r s om e
o t h e r kind o f divin a t i o n Yea rs l a t er wh en C uch u l a inn
.
,

w a s a sk e d a s t o his e d u c a t i o n he is r epr e sen t ed e n u m e,

ra t ing a m ong t h e a dv a nt a ge s h e h a d enj o y e d t h a t o f ,

h a ving b e en t a u gh t by C a t h ba d t h e dru id which h a d , ,

h e s a id m a d e him a m a s t e r of inqu iry in t h e a r t s o f

,

t h e g o d o f dr u idism o r m a gic a n d r e nd er e d h im skil l e d ,

in al l t h a t w a s e xc ell e n t in visi o ns Wi t h r e g ard t o .

t his l at t e r s ta t e m en t s u fli c e it t o s a y t h a t t h e dru ids

,

w ere a lwa ys r ea dy t o in t erpr e t a dre am which w a s pro ,

b ably d o n e a cc o rding t o c an o ns t h e y h a d e l a b ora t e d for

t h e ir u s e .Wh a t int ere s t s on e m os t is t h e re ma rka bl e ,

1
Cel t i c B rita in "
,
pp . 7 1-2 .

2
Bo o k f
o t h e D a n, 6 l a, 6 1 5; B o o k f
o L e ins te r, 6 45 — 6 5 5 .
224 II . TH E ZE U S O F

’ ‘
a llu si o n c o nt ain e d in th e t e rm de druidech ta , of th e g o d
’
o f dru idism ,
which d ou b t l e ss m ea n t t h e divini t y wit h
wh o m t h e dr u ids a s ma gicia ns h a d t o do, an d wit h wh o s e
a id t h e y pra c t ised t h e ir m a gic a l a r t s We are u nfor .

t u n at el y n o t t o ld t h e n am e o f t h e g o d ; bu t it is n at u ra l
t o s u pp o s e t h a t it w a s t h e chi e f of t h e G o id elic p a nt h eon ,

a n d t his is pr a c t ic a lly s e t t l e d by t h e kind o f m ir a cl e s

which th e dr u ids are u s u a lly r epr e sent e d a s able t o per

fo rm wi t h m o st su cc e ss in th e ir c o mp et it ion wi th t h e
,

e a rly s a in t s e nga g e d in t h e t a sk o f Ch ris t i anizing Ir el a nd .

Thes e mira cl e s m ay b e described a s m o st ly a t m o sph eric

c onsist ing o f su ch feats a s bringing on a h eavy sn o w ,

p alp able d arkness , or a gr eat st orm su ch a s th e on e by ,

’

me ans o f which a dr u id t ri e d t o efl e ct t h e shipwr e ck o f

1
St C ol u mb a on L o ch N ess in Sc ot l a nd
. T h e r e a s on I .
,

may o bs erv e in p a ssi n g why t h e dr u ids are su ch f a mili ar

,

figu re s in Irish li t era t u r e a t an y ra t e a s c omp are d wi th

,
’
t h e lit e ra t u r e s of Wa l e s an d Brit t any is t h at t h e G o id e l s ,

fa it h in d ru idism w a s n e v er s u ddenly u nd ermin e d ; fo r

in t h e s a int s h e o nly saw m or e p o werf u l d ru ids t h a n
t h o s e h e h a d pr e vi o u s ly kn own an d Chris t t oo k t h e p o si
,
’ ’
2
t i o n in his e y e s o f t h e dr u id é xn Irish dru idism
xa r e o v

a bs o rb e d a c ert ain a m ou n t o f Ch r is t i a n it y an d it w ou ld
;
b e a pr obl e m o f c onsid era bl e diffi c u l t y t o fix on t h e p o in t
where it c e a s e d t o b e dru idism an d fr o m which o nwards ,

it c o u ld b e s a id t o be Chris t i ani t y in an y r e s t ric t ed s e ns e

o f t h a t t e rm .

Th ou gh dru idism is far h ard er t o disc over in t h e o ld es t

lit erat u r e of t h e We lsh it is p o ssible t h ere t o r e c ogniz e
,

1 ’
R ee ves A d amn an
’
s Vi ta S C ol u m bus ij 34 (pp 148
.
, . .

S ee R ee ves
’
t
no e on M a g i, ibi d pp 7 3-4 . . .
226 II . TH E ZE U S or

’
th e kind c ou ld rend er j u s t ice t o M at h s g o o d qu a lit ies,
a m ong which t h e Ma bin o i en a bl e s o n e t o r e c o gniz e a
g
c alm a n d c o mpl et e fre ed o m fr o m t h e f e elings o f j e al ou s y
an d r e v e nge a n d a s u pr e me r e g a rd l a cking in M e rlin
—
,

a n d t h e M ac C c f or j u s t ice a n d right , l ea ding h im

—

t o p un ish t h e wr o ng - d e er an d ind emnify t h e inj u r e d

wit h a cer tain ty of p o wer an d p u rp o s e n o on e d u rs t
1
O pp o s e .For va ri ou s r e a s o ns it is n o t pr e t end e d t h at
M at h c ou ld c omp are wit h t h e Z e u s o f t h e O dys s e y a t
his b e st ; b u t he may be dist inc t ly pro n ou nced t h e high
e s t id e al , a s r e g ards t h e s e ns e o f j u s t ic e a n d e qu i t y t h a t ,

c an be a ss o ci at ed wi t h t h e he a t hen elemen t in W e l s h

lit era tu re .

Sinc e Celt s an d Teu t ons ha ve be e n rep eat e dly c om

p a r e d wi th on e a n ot h er in t h e s e l e c t u r e s th e su bj e c t o f ,

dr u idism may be su pp o s e d t o o ffer an invi t ing o cca si o n

t o d o s o o nc e m or e ; b u t t h e r e s u l t pr o ves in s o m e m e a
s u r e n o t s o m u ch a simil a ri t y as a c o n t ra s t an d t h a t a ,

c o n t ra s t which m ay b e sa id t o m aint a in it s elf t o a c ert ain

ex t en t t o t his v ery d ay T h e C e lt s h a d t h e ir dru ids t o
.

att e nd t o r e ligi o u s m att ers an d e v e n a g o o d d ea l m o r e ,

w hil e t h e T eu t ons h a d n o s u ch a highly dev e l o p e d o rd e r

o f m en I t is t ru e t h e T e u t ons h a d t h e ir pri e s t s a n d
.

e v e n t h e ir pri e s t e ss e s
; b u t r e ligi ou s f u nc t i o ns w er e it ,

may b e s u pp o s e d n ot s o excl u siv ely disch a rg e d by t h e m

,

a s by t h e dru ids a m o ng t heir n e ighb o u rs T h e T eu t o nic .

chi efs an d kings c ou ld on o cc a si on a ct a lso a s pri e st s .

T a ke for exa mpl e , t h e N o rs em e n a s l at e a s t h e t im e o f

,

King H acon in t h e t ent h cent u ry : t h e y h ad pri e s t s t o

t ak e ch a rg e o f t h e t empl e s , bu t an y f a mily o r individ u a l

1
lb . p ass i m ,
bu t s ee m ore es p eci al ly pp . 6 5, 67 ; Gu es t, ilj 227 , 230
. .
 TH E I N SUL A R CE LT S . 227

migh t h ave a high pl a ce for th e g o ds a n d a t th e gre a t ,

f e st ivals h e w h o m ade th e fe a s t an d w a s chi e f h a d t o

1
h a ll o w th e t oa s t an d all t h e m ea t of t h e sa crifi ce, a s t a t e
o f p a r t i a l ind ependence of a pries t ly o rder pr ob a bly

n o t t o be f ou nd where t h e dru id w a s in p o wer a m ong

t h e Cel t s The s a me c omp ara t ive ind ependence of t h e

.

hi erarchy o f t h e R o ma n Chu rch w a s n o inc o nsiderable

fa c t or in bringing a b ou t th e Pr ot est an t secessi o n in Ger
m any ; while in Engl a nd t h e King w as a lways very sen
s it iv e in r e sp e c t of an y p ap a l int e rf erence , an d m a d e
hi mself in t h e p ers o n of t h e sec ond T u d o r fo rm a lly t h e
H ea d of t h e Chu rch wi t hin t h e r ea lm ; s o ou r Qu een is
a t t his m o men t d e cl a red s u preme o v e r a ll Bri t ish c our t s ,

n o t o nly civil b u t e cclesi a s t ic a l ; a n d a c t ing t hr o u gh her

,

M inis t ers , Sh e a pp o in t s t o t h e highest ofli ces in t h e

Chu rch That is t h e on e S ide o f t h e pic t ur e , wi t h t h e
.

Q u e en hea d of on e of t h e t w o Chu rch e s r e c o gnized by

t h e S ta t e ; while t h e ot h e r sid e displ a ys t h e Cel t in a
S t at e of chr on ic rev o l t fr o m b ot h t h e S ta t e Chu rches , an d
in t h e a t t i tu d e eit her of an a dh eren t of t h e Chu rch o f
R o me , a s in Ir el and , or o f a diss e n t er a s in C o rnwall , ,

Wal e s an d th e G a elic di stric t s of S c ot l and .

S u ch a diff erence o f t emper is o ft en regret t ed bu t ,

n ob o dy c an d eny it s exist ence ; an d wh a t ev e r expl an a t i on

o f de t a ils t h e his t o r y o f m a ny c e n t u ri e s h a s t o o fl er t h e ,

c o n t ra s t ma y be s a id t o b e a s gre a t n ow a s it w a s in t h e
t im e o f J u liu s C a es a r Bu t eviden t as is it s p ersis t enc e
.
,

it s o rigin is by n o m e a ns e a sy t o define O n th e o n e .

h and it m a y b e s a id t h a t t h e Cel t s w h o d eliv er e d r eli

, ,

g i ou s m a t t ers o v e r t o t heir dru ids t h a t is ,

t o,
t heir

1
Vigfus s on an d Po w el l i n t h e Co rp us i , . 404, 407 .

e 2
228 II . TH E ZE U S or

m a gicia ns an d medicin e -m en a c t ing a s pri e st s sh owe d ,

t h e ms elv e s pr oner t o s u p erst it i o n an d l en t t h e ms elv e s

m or e r ea dily t o spirit u a l t hra ld o m bu t on t h e ot h e r ,

h and s o m e of th e m o d e rn s tu d ent s o f inst it u t i o ns w ou ld

,

pr o b ably t ell u s t hat a c ommu ni t y wh er e th e chi efs dis

ch a rg e d b oth civil an d r e ligi ou s fu n c t i ons w a s on a
l o wer lev el of civiliz at i o n an d c u lt u r e t h a n on e in which
t h e y b el onged r e sp e c t iv e ly t o di ffe r en t p e rs o ns This.

might be sa id d ou b t l e ss t o a pply t o t h e C el t s an d t h e
’
T eu t o ns of C a e s ar s t ime sinc e t h e f orm er were m or e
,

a dv a nc e d in c u l t u r e t h a n t h e l at t er o wing
,
if t o n o thing
,

e ls e , t o t h e ir s t a nding in cl o s e r c onn e ct i o n wi t h th e
c ent r e s o f M e dit erra n ea n civiliz at i o n In anci ent R o me
.
,

t h e differ en t i at i o n a ll u d e d t o w a s gr ea t ly a dv a nc e d by
t h e ab o li t i o n o f t h e o ffi c e o f king a n d t h e t ra nsfere nc e o f
hi s civil fu nc t i o ns t o t h e c o ns u ls , his r eligi o u s d u t i es
b eing l ef t t o on e w h o c ont inu e d t o b e c a ll e d king t h at ,

is t o say t h e R ex S a crorum T h e T e u t onic n at i o n s

,
.

might p erh a ps , h av e in t h e ir ow n w ay an d t h e ir o w n t im e
,

e ffe c t e d a c o mp l e t e di ffe r e n t i a t i o n o f s t at e an d r eligi o n ;

b u t t h e f a c t t h a t t h e y h av e n o t g o n e f u r t h e r t h a n t h e y
h a v e in t h at dir e ct i on w o u ld s e e m t o b e s om eh o w con
,

n e ct e d wit h t h e s t at e o f p o lit ic a l d e v e l o pm e n t t h e y h a d

r ea ch e d wh e n t h e ir ins t it u t i ons c a m e u nd er t h e influ ence

o f Chris t i a ni t y ; an d t h e ir c o mp a r a t iv e ind ep end e nc e o f a

pri e st h oo d h a ving b e e n th en a s it w er e, st ere o typ e d

, ,

ma y b e t ak e n a s t h e his t o ric a l a n t e ced e nt o f t h e wh o l e

s om e in t ol e ranc e t h e y h av e on m any su bs e qu ent o cc a si o n s
e vinced in th e m a t t er o f pri e s t ly r u l e .

This m ann er of r ea s oning w ou ld h o w ever pr e su pp o s e

, ,

C el t s an d Teu t o ns t o b e o f th e sa m e ra c e which wo u ld ,

b e d ou b t l e ss t ru e of th e ir c omm o n o rigin in s o far a s t h e y

230 II . TH E ZE US or

b ett er kn own as Pel agiu s a n d t h at of t h e G allic Celt

,

Vo l tair e , on e of t h e fou nd ers of freedo m o f t h ou gh t an d

o f t h e fo rer unn ers o f t h e R e v o l u t i o n in Fra nce to
; o r
,

c o me t o ou r own day , t ake th at of Ren an , t han w h o m n o

on e can be s a id t o writ e wit h wider symp at hies an d m o re

fa scinat i on o f fra nk ness a s rega rd s m at t ers of religio n

a n d t he ol o gy wh a t ever
, y ou m a
y t hink o f t h e c o rrec t nes s

o f hi s views or be f ou nd t o dw e ll wit h m o re fo n dn ess on

,

hi s C e lt ic origin an d Bre t o n b oyh oo d .

Th e s e are aft er all , y ou m igh t say , bu t individ u al c a ses,

which is n ot t o be deni e d Bu t I c ou ld , if t ime a ll o we d ,
.

pr o du c e a l arg er t h ou gh hu mbler wit n e ss fro m my nat ive

c ou nt y of C ardigan : I a ll u de t o a sm all c o mmu n i t y
which h a s b e en in exist enc e t h ere for th e l a st c ent ur y
an d a qu ar t er o r m ore There in an a gric u lt ural t ra ct
.

b e twe e n t h e rivers Aer o n an d T eiv i, t h e o r di n a ry beli efs

o f Trinit a ri a n Chris t i a ns h a v e p a ssed int o t h o se kn ow n

a s U ni t ari an. N ow it is b e li e ved by t h e inh abit a nt s of

t h e c ou n t ry r o u nd t his Bl a ck Sp ot a s t h e y c a ll it , t hat
,

Unit aria n t he ol o gy c an h av e n o a t t ra ct i o n for t h e reli

gi ons mi nd : st ill t h at t he ol o gy h a s de eply an d firmly
t ak e n r o ot t h ere . The Bla ck Sp ot is a qu i et ru ra l dis
t rict wi t h ou t a t ow n o r eve n a vill age of an y l arge size .

The sma ll fa rm ers an d farm -l ab ou rers of L landyssu l ,

t h ou ght f u l an d in t elligent m en a s t hey are , c a nn o t in
an sense be r e ck o ned Ren a ns or Vo l t aires ; a n d th e
y
qu e st i on inevit ably t hru st s it self u p on u s, why sh oul d a .

c reed believed t o have n o ch arm for th e m ass of men ,

a n d views v erging if I a m n ot mist ak e n , on ex t reme
,

scep t icism , exercise a d e cid e d sway over t heir minds ?

L et t h o se a nswer wh o believe t h e C e l t essent i ally a
su pers ti t i ou s fanat ic Of th e merit s or demerit s of Uni
.
 TH E I N SULA R CE LT S . 231

tarian is m I s ay of c ou rse n ot hing les t t h e C alvinism o f

,

my early t ra ining sh ou ld pr o ve t o h a v e ma de me inc a

p ah l e o f forming an imp art ia l est ima t e ; a n d I n ee d sc arc ely
a d d t h a t I a m qu i t e willing t o l e a ve t h e c o n flic t o f t h e
,

cr e e ds t o be d e cid e d by t h e ine x orable l o gic o f n at u ra l

s el e c t i on , fee ling c onfident a s I d o , t h at t h e fi t t e s t of
,

t h e m an d b e s t c a lc u l at ed t o meet t h e wa n t s of man will

su rvive .

I t is righ t , h owever t o s ay t h at we a re n ot c o mp elled

,

t o a cc ou n t for t h e fa c t t h a t drui dism se e ms t o h a ve

,

b een m o s t fl ou rishing in th e west ern p a r t s of t h e Cel t ic

’
w orld of C a e s ar s t im e wh olly by p o st u l a t ing a mix t u re
,

o f ra ce t o whi ch it m a y h a v e b ee n m o r e c o ng e ni a l t h a n

t o t h e t h or o u ghbr e d Ar ya n Cel t : t h e expl a n at i on m ay

p art ly b e t h a t in t h e m or e pro gressive p a rt s of s ou thern
,

G au l t h e neighb ou rh o o d of t h e Rh on e a n d t h e R o m a n
,

pr ovi nce t h e p almy d ays of dr u idism wer e ev e n t hen

,

o ver . In Irel and for inst ance dr u idi sm a n d th e kingship

, ,

w ent h and in h a nd ; n or is it impr ob a ble t h at it w a s th e

s a me in G au l , SO that when t h e o n e fell , th e o ther s u ffere d
t o s o me e x t e n t lik e wise I t w o u ld t h u s seem pr ob a ble
.

t h a t dr u idi sm h ad here an d t here b e g u n t o l o se a g o o d

de al of it s p o we r a n d infl u ence du rin g t h e revo lu t i o ns ,

whi ch h a d r e su l t ed in th e a b o li t i on o f t h e ancient kin g

ship in m o s t of t h e m ore imp o rt an t G au lish c o mmu ni t ies
ment i oned by C a es a r This wou ld be t h e p o li t ic a l side
.

o f t h e qu e s t i o n b u t it h a d a ls o a m ore p u r e ly reli gi ou s
;
a sp e c t , an d t her e w a s a c au se a t w o rk t h e a c t i o n o f whi ch

c a nn ot have t end e d t o t h e gre at er gl o ry o f dru idism :

I a llu de t o t h e ch ang e which m u st h a ve c ome o ver
G au lish p a ganis m s om e t ime or o th er an d t h e o u t wa rd ,

e ff e c t of whi ch w as t o m ak e th e G a u lish Merc u ry o r

232 II . TH E ZE US or

c u l tu re -g od pra c t ic al ly th e h ea d an d chief o f th e G au lish

p ant he on Here a ga in it is wo rt h t h e whil e t o c o mp ar e
.
, ,

C e lt s an d Teu t o ns t o get h er : in t h e n e xt lect u re it will

be at t e mp t e d t o sh o w t h at t h e Teu t oni c c ou nt erp art of
t h e Gau lish M e rcu ry an d c u l t u r e - g o d w a s W o d e n ; an d

it is int erest ing t o find t hat in t his m at t er b ot h fa mili e s

o f na t i o ns a s r epresent ed by t h e Gau l S an d t h e N o rsemen
,

r e sp e ct iv e ly , pro ceeded on th e s ame lin e s , in t hat t h e y

m a d e th e c u ltu re h e r o p a ram ou nt o ver t h e ol d g o ds .

Even in th e far e a st , t h e sa m e t hing is t o b e n ot ic e d in

t h e c a se o f In dr a b e c o min g t h e h ea d of t h e Hind u
p ant he on an d a s it is pu t in t h e Rig Ve da s ending t h e
, , ,

-
( )
1
o t her g o ds a w a y like S hrivell e d u p o l d men I t is .

r a t if ing t o c o me u p o n s u ch t r a c e s of pr o gress in t h e
g y
t h e ol o gy of ou r e a rly ances t o rs wh e t h e r Cel t s or T eu t ons ;
,

a n d s t ill m o r e s o t o t hi nk t h a t in t h e pr a c t ice o f t h e ir

heat h e n religi o n it me ant t h e e st ablishm ent pr ob ably , ,

o f a mild e r w o rship m aking in s o me sm all d e gr e e for

,

hu mani t y an d gr e at e r r e ga rd for hu m an lif e T h e o ld e r .

c u l t of t h e divini ty t hat w a s p a r ex cellen ce t h e g o d of

dru idism, wi t h it s dir e s t h o rrors , w ou ld pr ob ably h a ve
l ef t in t h e h ands of t h e dr u ids d e sp ot ic p ower , which t h e
spre a d of th e w orship o f t h e C u lt u re h ero or Man -g od
m ay b e su pp o sed t o h a ve indir e c t ly t e nd e d t o lessen .

Th at is , h owev er , bu t an infe rence an d th e dat a o nly ,

a m o u n t t o neg a t ive evidence t o t h e eff e c t , t h at t h e s a cri

fi ce o f hu m an vic t ims t o t h e G au lish M erc u ry is u nkn own ,

whi l e t h e c ont rary is th e c a se a s r e gards t h e older divi
n it ie s T e u t a t e s E su s an d T a r anis T h i s w o u ld s e em l ike
.
, ,

wis e t o apply t o t h e S c andin avia n Wo den a s c ontra st e d ,

1
Max Mil ll er s H ib L
’
. ect ures , p . 28 0 .
234 II . TH E ZE U S O F TH E I N SUL A R CE LT S .

religi o n lik e m o s t other ancien t c u l t s , t ook n o sm all

,

d elight in spit e of th e r e fo rming v o ice o f an Isaia h I t .

is be tt er h owever, t o a bid e o n t h e safe r grou nd o f con

,

fr on t ing on e Arya n religi on wit h a n ot h er ; an d in thi s

inst anc e on e m ay c ontr a st t h e dire ct i o n which pr o gress
t o o k in t h e t he ol o gy of ou r a nces t o rs wi t h t h at which it
f oll o wed in Gr ee ce an d I t aly wh ere Z eu s or J ove , et he
,

r eal iz e d a n d e xp a nded lik e his n am e sake th e h ea vens,

w a s abl e t o h o ld his o w n , t h ou gh it m u s t be c onf essed

t h at he c a m e ne a r h a ving a f o rmida ble riv a l , n o t in a ny

on e of t h e o lder divinit i e s bu t in Her a cl e s , a o d wh o m
, g
Gre ek t h eo l o gy r e ga rd e d a s by birt h a m ort a l In t hi s .

m a t t e r at l e a st C e l t s , T eu t o ns an d Hind u s t ak e a r e sp e c t
,

a ble p o si t i o n in t h e c o mp a ris o n wit h Gr e eks an d R o m a ns ,

wh e n , u nlike th e l att er, s o m e of t h e m pr o c ee d e d t o r aise

t o t h e high e s t seat in t h e ir p ant h e o n t h e repres en t at ive
’
o f t h e int e ll e c t u a l a spec t o f m a n s n a t u re , an d t h e e xp o

n ent , h o wev e r narr o w an d ina d e qu at e of th e s triving o f

,

h u m an re a s on t o c onqu er all t hi ngs an d su rm ou nt a l l

diffi cu lt ies by dint of geniu s an d persist ent effor t .
 L E C T U R E III .

TH E C U L T U RE H E RO .

TH Egreat d ifficu l t y in st u dy ing t h e reli gi on an d

my th ol o gy of t h e anci ent C el t s, is t o bridge o v e r t h e
g u l f o f a g e s dividing th e lit era tu re o f t h e C e l t ic nat i ons
o f t h e presen t d a fr o m t h e n a rr a t ive o f t h e wri t e rs o f
y
a n t iqu i t y a n d t h e t es t im ony of t h e s t ones . Bu t t h at a
few slender lines of c onnec t i on can be t hr own a cro ss,
h as been sh own in t h e c a s e of N o d en s a n d I n ow p ro
p o s e t o m ake a simi l a r a t t emp t in t h at of a very di fferent
figu re in t h e Celt ic p ant he on I t is b u t sp aringly t h at
.

t h e li t er at u re of t h e G o id e l spe a ks o f a g o d or g o ddess a s
s u ch an d t his a pplies st ill m ore emph at ic al ly t o t h at of
,

t h e Bry t h on That is , h o wever, b u t an a ccid e n t of t h e

.

mediu m , s o t o say , t hr ou gh whi ch ou r inf o rm at ion ab ou t

C e l t ic p a ganism h as rea ched u s : t h e g o ds h ave in ft h e ,

c our se of t h e t ra nsmission of t h e legends ab ou t t he m

t hr o u gh Chris t i an ch a nn e ls , been red u ced t o t h e s t at u s
o f m e n pl aying p ar t s m ore or l e ss her o ic in a myt hi c
, ,

his t o ry So it is o nly by c arefu l c o mp a ris on t h at on e is

.

e n a bl e d t o fin d t h a t s u ch an d s u ch a h e r o O f o ur s t o ries

w a s in t h e p a g a n p e ri o d , s u ch a n d s u ch a g o d
, . L e t me
c a ll y o u r a tt ent i o n t o o n e o f t h e k ind, w h o , in t h e
M abin o gi on b ea rs t h e n a m e
,
236 III . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

G WYDI O N SO N or DON .

H e is int imat e ly a ss o cia t ed wi t h t h e dist ric t in N o rt h

1
Wa l e s , whi ch is s o mewhat l oo s ely t erm e d Arv on In .

’
o rder t o pl a ce Gwydi o n s ch a ra c t er in a cle a r l igh t , I

v ent u re t o give y ou an abst ra c t of on e or t w o c onn e c t e d

t a l e s ab ou t him c o nt ained in t h e Mabin o g i, b earing t h e
,
2
na me of his u ncle an d t u t or M ath , w h o w as m en t i on e d
in t h e l a st lect u r e (p a s h a ving his he a d -
. qu a r te rs
in t h e A rv on ian dis trict wi th which th e na me of Gwydi o n
w a s als o c o nn e c t e d The first st o ry r e l at es h ow Gwydi o n
.

t hric e t hwart e d hi s mis t r e ss Ari anrh o d wi t h r e ga rd t o

, ,

a s on o f t h e irs wh o m sh e wished t o dis o wn Gwydio n .

h a d t h e b oy r ear e d a t D ina s B inits a t own or f o rt r e ss ‘

n o w repr e s e nt ed by a h u g e m ou nd, in t o which t h e se a ,

n o t far fr o m t h e w e st e rn e n t r a nc e int o t h e M e na i S t r a i t s
,

is fa st ea t ing it s w a y : t h e S it e s e e ms t o h a v e been t u rne d

t o u se by t h e R o m ans Bu t b e t h a t a s it may , a Sh o r t dis
.

t a nc e t h enc e on e is sh o wn a sp o t wh er e t h e wa v e s break
,

o n a r o ck visible o nly a t l o w wa t e r I t is t h e s u pp o s e d .

’
r em a ins of Ca er Ari anr h o d or Aria nrho d s C a st l e, which
,

l o c al l egend affi rms t o h a ve su bside d owing t o t h e wicke d

n e ss of it s o cc u p a n t s We ll, Gwydi on on e day t o ok his
.

b o y wit h him t o visit hi s m ot h er w h o h a d n o t s e en him ,

sinc e his bir th ; Sh e w a s disgu st ed t o fin d t hat hi s fat her

h a d h ad hi m re a r e d , as sh e w as d e sir ou s of p a ss ing for a
virt u ou s m aid : s o Sh e l a id t h e boy u n d e r a dest iny t h at
h e w a s nev e r t o h ave a n a m e t ill sh e ga ve him on e her

1
I t is t h ec o u n try l o o k i n g t o w ard s th e s ea b e t w een t h e C o w y an dn

t h e Biv l Mo u n t a i ns ,
or th e R i v al s ,
as t h ey a e s o m e ti m es c all e d b
r
y
E n
gli s h men b u t t h e c oas t from t h e C o n w y t o Ban g o o th ereab ou t s
r r

u se d t o b e c al l ed A ll ech w e d a n d n o t i n cl u d ed i n
r ,
A rvon .

2
R B M a h pp 7 0 8 1 ; Gu es t iij 233-5 1
. . . .
—
,
. .
238 III . TH E C ULT U R E HE R O .

(ll aw g fl e s
y ) t h e l i on wren (fl ew ) i
Gwydi on
h t t h e .

qui ckly d e cla r e d himself pl ea s e d wit h her u t t eranc e , a n d

’
s aid t h at t h e b oy s nam e sh o ul d t h encef ort h be L l e w
’
L l aw gy ffe s O f c ou rse Ari a nrh o d s d aint y f o ot w a s l e f t
.

u nme a s u r e d , while t h e ship an d it s bel o ngings re t u rn e d

int o t heir f o rmer el e m ent s Arianrh o d w a s wr o t h bey o nd

.

mea su r e an d l a id th e b oy u nd e r a n ot her d e st iny , n am ely ,

,

t h at he w a s never t o we a r arms t ill she pu t t h e m o n him

wit h h er ow n h ands His fat h er d e cl are d t h at it wou ld
.

n o t a v a il h er ; s o when he fo u nd y o u ng L l e w begin

ning t o bec ome an idler for wa nt of arms , he t o ok h i m

o u t s o me dis t a nce ; a n d t h e n t hey c a me b a ck on h o rs e

b ack in t h e gu is e of b ards fr o m S ou t h Wa les Th e y .

’
a nn ou nced t h e mselv e s at Ari a nrh o d s g at e , an d w e r e

a dmi tt e d t o rec e ive t h e m o s t he a r t y welc ome an d g o o d

che er In th e eveni ng, when eat ing w a s o ver, Ari anrh o d

.

c o nv e rs e d wit h Gwydi o n r e spec t ing s t o ry an d his t o ry

t h e Mabin o g i a dds , And h e , Gwydi o n , w a s a g oo d h is

‘

’
t ori an . Wh en it w a s t im e, t h ey went t o sl ee p ; bu t
G w ydi on g ot u p v ery early in th e m orning an d b et o ok
him t o his m a gic ar t s By da ybr eak th e wh ole c ou nt ry
.

s id e w a s in c o mm o t i on ; an d it w a s n ot l o ng e r e Ari a n
’
rh o d an d h er h andma id kn o ck e d at Gwydi on s d oo r ,

which w a s O p en e d by t h e y ou nger b a rd : she h a d c o m e

t o t e ll t h e m in wh at a plight t h e y w e r e , a s t h e s ea c ou ld
n o t b e se e n for ships a n d a s inv a d e rs w e r e l a nding in
,

al l dir e c t i o ns Gwydio n t old h er t o ha ve t h e gat e s o f

.

t h e c a s t le sec ure d , an d t o bring arms for him an d his

f ell o w-b a rd Tha t w a s d o ne a t o nce ; a n d whil e t h e
.

Ga u l i s h I n i gu s, L ug o res it p ro bab l y m ean t l i ght, f

a n d re e rred to th e
su n -
go d .
 III . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 239

h andmaid helped Gwy di on t o pu t o n his a rms Ari anrh o d ,

hers elf p u t a rms on th e y ou nger m an When s h e h a d .

d on e Gwydi o n a sk e d if his fr i e nd h ad been c ompl et ely

,

e qu ipp e d ; she a nsw e red t h a t h e h a d , wh e re u p o n s h e

w a s t o ld t h a t t h e re w ou ld b e n o fu r ther need o f t h e

a rms S inc e t h e h o s t ile flee t an d f o rces h a d dis a ppe a r e d .

,

H er a nger t hen w a s gre at er t h a n t h e o t her t ime ; an d she

l a id th e b oy u nder a n o t her des t iny t o t h e effe c t t h a t h e ,

sh oul d h ave n o wife o f t h e ra ce t h e n inh a bit ing t h e e a r th .

Gwydi on went a wa y s om ewh at disc o ncer t ed a t t hi s an d ,

j ou rneyed t o his u ncle , t h e m a st er m a gici a n M at h , c o m

pl a ining bitt erly o f Ar i anrh o d They res o lved t o fa shi o n .

’
a w o m a n o u t of fl o wers t o be L l e w s wif e : t hey c a ll e d

1
her Bl odeu e d , a na me which me ant fl o wers in a c oll e e
t ive sense S he w a s t h e fa irest of t h e w o m en o f h er
.

t ime ; n or w a s she less fa i thl e ss t h a n t h e m o s t n o t ori o u s

of t h o se u t iliz e d by p o e t s t o p o in t a m o ra l o r a d o rn a n

epic She fell in l o ve wi t h an o t h er prince w h o a dvi s e d

.
,

her t o a scer tain fro m L lew in wh at w ay he c ou ld be

kil l e d S he f oun d ou t a t l engt h t ha t it c o u ld only be
.

d on e if a b at h were m a de for him b ene a t h a t h a t ch e d ro o f

in t h e O pen air an d if h e s too d wi t h on e f o o t o n t h e S id e
,

o f t h e b a t h an d t h e o t her on t h e b a ck o f a h e - g o a t : if
he w e re w ou nded in t h a t p o si t i on it w ou ld be his d ea th , .

1
A no th er a cc ou n t
igi n is g i v en by t h e p o e t D ab Gw i ly m
of h er or .
,

w h o m ak e s h e d au g ht er o f M arch ab M e i ch ion
r s ee p o e m c l xxxiii r .

p 36 5 o f t h e (L o d o ) ed iti on of 1 7 8 9 S h e is m ore c o mm o l y c l l d
. n n . n a e

Bl o d e u w e d w hich m ay b e e xp l a i d a s A n t h O -e i d es o Fl o w e -l i k e
, ne r r

thi s as th e mo e gen eral ly i n t el l i g ib l e is p o b ab l y t h e l t e r o f t h e t w o

,
r ,
r a .

T h e n m e t rans l t e d is th a t o f Ffl fir C as w l l a w s l c ma n (p 1 5 3)
’
a a a n .
,

b u t w h e th er Ffl l r d i re ct l y rep es e t s fi fi o w e b l s m or ’
‘
‘
z
, fl d i r n os , r s, r, os o ,

Fl d t h e n me o f an It l i an g o d d e s o f
ra , a b tte r m o l s th an Bl o deu e d
a s no e ra
,

is n o t e as y t o d eci d e as fl i r o cc u rs in t h e s e s e o f bl o o m
,
a n .
240 III . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

By simu l a t ing inn o cen t c ur io sit y an d c onc e rn for his

s afet y, sh e su cc ee ded in persu a ding him t o g o t o t h e
b a t h an d pl a c e hims e lf in th e peril o u s p o si t io n , wh e n
h er p a ra m ou r lying in wa it c a s t a spe a r a t him , t h e
, ,

hea d o f which rem a ine d in his b o dy, where u p o n L l e w

u t t ered an u ne a r thly cry an d flew o ff in t h e f o rm o f an

e a gle When G w ydi o n he ard o f it, his grief w a s in con

.

s o lable , an d h e wa ndered al l o ve r th e c o u nt ry for m any

a we a ry d a
y in se a rch o f his s o n A t l e ng th h e c a m e
.

t o a pl a c e ne a r t h e L ak e s o f N a n t ll e wh e re he s aw in ,

t h e branches o f an oak a wr et ched e agl e , wh o se fl e s h

k ep t fa lling fr o m him t o th e gr ou nd H e gu essed t h a t .

it w a s L lew, a n d s ang an eng ly n t o him , wher eu p o n t h e

e a gle descended t o a l o wer bra nch : he sa ng a sec ond
en ly n a n d a t hird wi t h t h e r e su l t t h at t h e bird a ligh t e d
g , ,

a t l a s t on his l a p H e t ou ched L lew wit h his wa nd , when

.

h e a ssu m e d his fo rm e r sh a pe , exc ep t ing t h a t t h er e w a s

n ot hing of hi m l e ft bu t skin a n d b ones Wh en L l ew .

r e c o v er e d , Gwydi on an d h e pr o c ee d e d t o a v enge h is
wr ongs : his mu rd erer h a d t o pl a ce hims elf in t h e p o si t i o n
in which L l e w w a s wh e n he w a s kill e d ; a n d s o Goron w y
’
Pevr fo r t h at w a s t h e n ame o f Bl o de u e cl s p a ra m o u r
‘

, ,
’
di e d by L l e w s u n e rring sp ear whil e sh e hers elf w as
,

s u bj e c t e d t o a t erribl e p u nishm ent by Gwydi o n w h o ,

o ver t o o k her a s s h e w a s m aking for t h e r e c e ss e s o f a

d ark l ak e . I t is kn o wn , h o we ve r t h at t h e re o nc e ,

e xis t e d a n ot h e r a n d o ld e r v ersi o n o f t h e s t o ry which ,

pl a c e d t h e sc ene in th e ski e s , an d c onn e c t e d th e st ar s in

t h e Mi l ky Wa y wit h Gwydi o n s h u rried p u rs u i t o f t h e
’

1
erring wife The m ore c omm on a cc ou nt , given in t h e
.

S ee L ew i s Mo rri s Cel t ic R ema in p

1 ’
s, . 231, s v
. . Gwy d io n .
242 III . TH E C UL T U R E H E R O .

incl u ding th e c ou n t i e s o f P e mbr o k e an d p art s o f t h o se

o f C ardig an an d C a rm a r t h en u s e d t o be c a ll e d D y v e d
, ,

fr o m it s anci e nt inh abi ta nt s t h e D em et ae N ow it h a d .

’
c o m e t o Gwydi o n s kn owl edge t h at t h e king of Dy v e d ,

w h o w a s c a ll e d Pry d eri, s on of Pw y l l H ea d o f H a d e s ,

h a d b e en pr e s en t ed fr o m Ha d e s wi t h a sp e ci e s o f a ni
m a ls neve r b efor e m et wi th in t his c o u n t ry n a m ely , ,

h o beu t h at is t o say swin e ; an d Gwydi o n r e s o lv e d t o

, ,

bring s om e o f t h e m in t o Gw y n e d or his o w n Ve ned o t i a n

c ou nt ry , in N o r th Wa l e s H e s e t ou t a cc o rdingly t o
.
, ,

a sk fo r s o me o f t h e swin e ; bu t h e did n o t e xp e c t his

e rr and t o be an e a sy o n e H e h a d h o w e v e r f u ll co n fi
.
, ,

d enc e in his ow n p ow ers ; for wh e n M at h hin t e d t h at h e

might be r e fu s e d t h e swin e, his a nswer w as I a m n ot ‘
,

a b a d h a nd a t a b a rg a in : I sh a ll n o t c o m e wi t h o u t th e
’
swin e . So h e a n d e l e v e n f o ll o w e rs a l l di s g u is e d a s ,

b ard s fr o m N ort h Wa l e s pr e s ent e d t h e ms elv e s in d u e

,

t im e a t th e c o u r t o f Pry d eri on t h e b a nks o f t h e r iv er

,

T e iv i . Th e y m et wit h an e xc ell ent r e c ep t i on ; a n d o n

t h e ev e ning of t h e firs t d a y Pry d eri su gg e s t e d t h a t ,
’
on e o f t h e y ou ng m en in Gwydi o n s s u i t e sh o u ld t e ll a

t ale or r el a t e a his t o ry I u s e b o t h w or d s b e c au s e t h e
—
,

M abin o g i t ou ch e d by n o nic e discriminat i o n b orn o f

,

t h e b o lder wisd o m o f a l a t er a g e m ak e s n o di st inc t i o n ,

b et w een s t ory an d hi s t o ry b e t we en st o ry -tell ers a n d

,
1
hi s t oria ns Gwydi o n r epli e d in t h e fo ll owing w o rds
.

‘
I t is a c u s t o m o f o ur s t h at t h e chi e f pr o f e ssi on a l o f
t h e c o mp any sh ou ld r e ci t e t h e firs t nigh t w e c ome t o a

1
T hi s w i l l ,
h o w ever s c arc el y b e tr at ed as i rref ag b l e ev i d c of
,
e r a en e

an ti q it
u
y by a n y o n e w h o h as th ou g h t f t h e n m b r o f t h e t i es
o u e s or

w hich hi s t ori s s ti l l al l o w t o c o
an t as hi s t o y Mo re th an o n e i s t c e
un r . n an

h as b een n o tic e d i th ese l ect u res

n .
 III . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 243

’ ’
grea t m an s h ou se : I will t ell a s t o ry willingly T he
. .

Ma bin o g i t h ere u p o n r e m a rks a s fo ll o w s : N o w Gwydi o n

‘

w a s t h e b e s t s t ory -t ell e r in t h e w o rld an d h e e n t e r t a in e d

t h e c o u r t t h a t n igh t wi t h a m u sing en t ert a in ment s a n d

his t o ry s o t ha t h e w a s a dmire d of e v eryb o dy in t h e c ou rt
, ,
’
a n d so t h a t Pr d eri w a s d e ligh t e d t o c o nv e rs e wi th him
y .

By an d by wh en Gwydi o n h a d ch a rm e d t h e king wi t h
,

his e l o qu ence h e s aid he wo nd ered wh et her a n o th e r

,

w o u ld be lik ely t o t ra ns a c t his b u sin e ss wi t h him b e tt e r

t h a n h e sh ou ld hims elf t o which t h e king r epli e d t h a t it
, ,

w a s n ot a t a l l pr o b a bl e a dding w o rds t o t h e e fi e ct t h a t
, ,

his w a s an e xc ell en t t ong u e Pry d eri o n b e ing t o ld

.
,
’
G w ydi on s erra nd s aid t h at h e w a s b o u nd by a n engag e
,

men t wi th his p e o pl e t o p a r t wi t h n on e of th e swin e

u n t il t h e y h a d br e d d ou ble t heir n u mb e r in his kingd o m .

G w ydi on a sked hi m n ot t o give him a refu sa l t h a t ev e

ning ; an d r et ir e d u ns u cc e ssfu l bu t n o t dish e ar t en e d By .

t h e m o rning Gwydi on pr o d u c e d by m a gic t w e lv e s t eeds

, ,

fi tt e d o u t wi t h s a ddles an d bridl e s m ou nt e d wit h g old

wher e v er ir o n migh t h a ve b ee n e xp e c t e d , an d t we lv e
e t bl a ck whi t e -
j br e a s t e d gr e yh ou nds wi t h c o ll a rs a n d

l ea sh e s su ch a s n o on e c ou ld t ell t h a t t h ey w ere n o t
,

lik e wise m a de o f g o ld These Gwydi on o ffere d t o Pry d er i

.

in exch ang e for s o m e o f his swine u rging t h at h e w o u ld

,

be t hereby freed fr o m his eng a gem ent t o his c o u n try

n e i t her t o s ell n or t o gi ve t h e swine a wa y for n o t hing .

Pry d eri an d his n obl e s wer e t e mp t e d by t h e spl end ou r

o f t h e gift an d G w di o n s e t o ff wi t h t h e swine a s h u r
, y
ri e dl a s h e c o u ld fo r t h e ch a rm w o u ld o nly l a s t t w en t y
y ,

four h o u rs wh en t h e h ors e s an d t h e h o u n ds w o u ld a ga in
,

b e c o m e th e f u ngu s o u t o f which t h ey h a d b een m a d e .

Gwydi o n a n d his men b a r ely s u cc e ed e d in re a c h ing t h e

R 2
244 III . TH E C UL T U R E H E R O .

s t r ongh olds of Arv on ere Pry deri an d his a rmy ar riv e d

in p u rsu i t o f th e m ; bu t t h e w a r t h a t ensu e d pr o v e d
m o st dis a str o u s t o th e D em et ian s, an d t h o s e of t h e m
w h o r e ga in e d t h e ir c o u nt ry r et u rn e d wi t h ou t t h e ir a rms

an d wi t h o u t t h e ir king w h o w a s sl a in by Gwydi o n in
,

sin gle c o mb a t at t h e f ord c a ll e d t h e Vel enry d b et ween ,

1
P o rt m ad o c a n d Ma en T w ro g : in fa ct Ma en T w rog is ,

m ent i on e d a s t h e sp ot wh er e he w a s b u ri e d .

’
N o w Gwydi o n s o b t a inin g s o m e of t h e swin e of t h e
H ea d o f Ha d e s is a ll u d e d t o in t h e B ook of T a l ie s sin a 2
,

m a n u scrip t of t h e t hir t eent h c en tu ry in a m ann er imply ,

ing t h at it w a s c onsid er e d a grea t a chi e v em en t on h is

p a rt ; an d t h e st ory mu s t h ave form e d p art o f a tra d it i o n
pr et endin g t o t ra ce s o m e o r al l of t h e d o m e st ic ani mals
t o Ha d e s wh ence t hey were bro u gh t by fr a u d o r f o rc e
,

by th e b en efa c t or o f t h e h u m a n r a c e Bu t t h e st ory o f .

t h e swin e d o e s n o t s ta nd a l o n e : in t h e gr e at c o ll e c t i o n
o f W elsh m a n u scrip t s p u blish e d by O w e n J o n e s M
( y y )
v r

an d his fri e nds u nd e r t h e t i t l e o f t h e M v ria n A r ch a ie

, g g
l og g of W a l es
,
o n t h e fi r st d a
y o f t hi s c en t u ry a f ew ,

ve rs e s o cc u r i 1 6 7 which a re at trib u t e d t o Gwydi on

,
.
, ,

a n d t h e y a re pr e fa c e d in w o rds t o t h e f o ll o wing e ff e c t

“
Th e se are t h e eng ly ns su ng on t h e o cc asi on of t h e b att l e
of G o d e n which o th ers c a ll t h e batt l e o f A ch ren I t
,
.

w a s f o u gh t on a cc o u n t of a whi t e r oe b u ck a n d a p u ppy ,

which w ere o f Ha d e s A ma th a on s on o f D O n h a d —

c au ght t h em Th er efo r e A mat h a on s on o f D O n f o u gh t

.

wit h Arawn king o f Ha d e s an d t her e w a s in t h e ,

eng a gem e nt
[ ]
on t h e sid e o f Ha d e s a m an w h o c o u ld n o t

1
R . B M a l)
. . p . 64, w he re th e M S h as T y u a wc
. i n s t ea d of T y rg a wc,
so p ri n t ed i n Gu e s t
’
s M a b ilj 1 96. . .

2
S k en e, ij 15 8 . .
246 III . TH E C UL T U R E H E R O .

bu t t h e int r od u ct i on of th e l apwing is r e markabl e Bu t .

t o c a ll t h e b a tt l e a friv o l ou s on e S h ows , a s r e g ard e d

fro m my p oint of Vi ew, t h at t h e o rigina l a cc ou nt o f it
h a d b een fo rg o tt e n ; an d t h e l a pwing m a y h a v e b ee n
t hr o wn in by w a y of emph a siz in g t h e friv o lit y a ll u d e d
to . P o ssibly o n e Sh ou ld t ak e a di fi eren t vi e w, an d
r e gard th e l a pwing c a lled in Welsh corn icy l l, fr o m
,
‘ ’
c orn a h o rn a s s a cr e d t o or in s o m e w a a s s o ci a t e d
, y ,

wit h t h e t err en e g od wh o m t h e G au ls r e pr e s ent e d wi th

, ,

t h e ant l ers of a s t a g ; an d t h e s a m e m a y h a v e b een t h e

c a u s e p a rt ly or wh o lly o f int ro du cing h ere an a nima l of

, ,

t h e d eer kind B u t t h at d o e s n ot t ou ch th e st a t em ent

.

in t h e Mabin og i of M at h t h a t b ef or e Pry d eri h a d swin e

,

s ent him fro m Ha des n one h a d ev er b e en he ard of h ere

,

b ef o r e .

I t is w o r t h while n o t icing t h at t h e pig is b eliev e d t o

h a v e b een on e o f t h e first a nim als t o b e d o m e st ic at e d ,

t h e firs t o f al l b e ing pr ob a bly t h e d o g ; an d t h e s t ory of

t h e l at t e r is t o be f ou nd a t l engt h in I r ish lit era t u r e ,

wit h t h e imp ort ant su bst it u t i o n of Albi on for Ha d e s an d

’ 1
l apd o g for d o g : t h u s in C o rm a c s Gl o ssary w e r e a d t h at
in t h e t im e o f C airbre Mu se n o l apd o g h ad c om e int o
“

t h e l a nd o f Erinn a n d t h e Bri t o ns c o mm and e d t h at n o

,

l apd o g sh o u ld b e given t o t h e G a el on s o licit at i o n or

by fr ee will , for gra tit u d e o r fri endshi p N ow a t t his .

t im e t h e l a w a m o ng t h e Bri t ons w a s E very crimina l f or ,

h is crime s u ch a s brea k s th e l a w Th er e w a s a b ea u t ifu l l ap .

d o g in t h e p o ssessi on o f a fri end o f C airbre Mu se in

B ri t a in , an d C airbre g o t it from him [t hu s] Onc e a s .

C a irbre (went ) t o his h ou se h e w a s m a d e welc o m e t o ,

St ok pp
’
1
O D o no van ,
es - . 1 11-1 2, s v
. . JII u g -ei me .
 III . TH E C ULT U R E H E RO . 2 47

e v ery thing sa v e t h e l apd o g C a irb re Mu s e h a d a w o n .

d e rf u l Sk en e a r o u nd t h e h aft wh er eo f w a s a d ornm en t o f
,

silv er a n d g o ld I t w a s a pre ci o u s j e we l C a irbre p u t

. .

m u ch gre as e a b o u t it an d r u bbed fa t m e a t t o it s h af t ,

a n d a ft e rwa rds l e ft it b e f o re t h e l apd o g The l a pd o g .

b eg a n a n d c o n t in u ed t o gn aw t h e h a ft t ill m o rning an d ,

h u rt t h e kn ife so t h at it w a s n o t b e a u t if u l O n t h e
,
.

m o r ro w C a irbre m a de grea t c ompl a in t o f t his an d w a s ,

s orry fo r it an d d e manded j u s tic e for it o f his fri end

,
.

‘ ’
Th a t is fa ir ind ee d : I will p ay for t h e t r e sp a ss s a id
, ,

he ‘ ‘ ’
. I will n o t t ake a u gh t s ays C a irbre s a v e wh a t , ,

i s in t h e l aw of B ri t a in n a m e ly every a n ima l f or h is
, ,
’
cr ime . The l apd o g w a s t h er ef o r e giv en t o C a irb re a n d ,

t h e n a m e i e JlI ug -eime sl a v e o f a h a f t ] cl u ng t o it ,
[
’
. .
,
’
fro m may a sl a v e [an d em a
‘ ‘
b e c a u s e it w a s
giv en o n a cc ou nt o f t h e s k e ne T h e l apd o g (b e ing a .

bi t ch ) w a s t h e n wi t h y o u ng A il il l Fl a nn t h e L i tt le .

w a s t h e n king o ver M u ns t e r an d C orm a c gra nds o n of , ,

C onn a t T a ra ; an d t h e t hr ee t o ok t o wr an glin g an d t o
, ,

d em a nd an d c o n t end for t h e l apd o g ; an d t h e w ay in

which t h e m att er w a s s et t l e d b et ween t h e thr e e o f t h e m
w a s t his t h a t t h e d o g s h o u ld a bid e f or a c e rt a in t ime in
,

t h e h o u s e o f e a ch T h e d o g a ft erwa rds li t t e r e d an d
.
,

e a ch o f t h e m t o o k a f h li t t r d in t hi wis e
p p
u o er e a n s ,
”
d es cends e v ery l a pd o g in I rel a nd s t ill T h e Iri s h s u b .

s t it u t ion f o r s u ch I t a k e it t o b e o f l a pd o g fo r d o an d
, g , ,

B ri t a in for th e S id or F a iry -l a nd in th i s t a l e g o b o th , ,

t o s h o w t h a t t h e o rigin a l signi fic a t i o n o f t h e s t o ry h a d
’
b e e n f org o t te n bu t o th er t ra c e s o f t h e Go id e l s ind eb t e d
n es s t o t h e t er re n e p o we r s are t o be f o u n d in t h e s t o ry
o f E ch a id A ire m or E o ch t h e Pl o u ghm a n which c a n n o t
y , , ,

h owever, b e g one in t o a t t hi s p o in t .
248 I II . TH E C UL T U R E H E R O .

To ret u rn t o t h e b att le of Go d eu ; it is on e fr e qu ently

m en t i o n e d in We lsh p o et ry e sp e ci ally in t h e B oo k o f ,

T a l ie s s in
. T h e p o et pr et ends t o h a v e b e e n p re s e n t at
a l l t h e gr ea t e v e n t s which h a v e t a k e n pl a c e fr o m t h e

1
b e ginning of t h e w o rld an d h e s a ys in P o e m xiv t hat
,
.

h e w a s wi t h L lew a n d Gwydi on in t h e b a t t l e in q u e st i o n ;
b u t in a n ot h e r p o e m u su ally kn o wn by t h e t it l e o f t h e
,

2
H arry in g s o f Ha d e s t h e p o e t s p eaks o f hims e lf a e c o m
,

p a nying Ar th u r on b oa rd his ship Pry dw en t o a v a ri et y

o f pl a c e s
— m o r e c orre c t ly sp eaking p erh aps t o o n e an d , ,

t h e s a m e my t hic a l r e gi o n sp o k e n o f u nd e r a v a ri e t y o f
n am e s. H ere w e h ave t h e e xpl o it s o f Gwydi o n a n d
Art hu r o v erl appin g : t h u s on e o f t h e e xp e dit i ons w a s t o
C a er Wy dy r, or Gla ss F o r t re ss a n d t o a C a er O ch ren or , ,

C a s t le o f O c h ren in which w e ha v e a n a me t o b e i den t i

,

fi e d pr ob a bly wit h t h e A ch ren a lr ea dy m ent i o n e d (p 245) .

in fa c t th e a llu si o n seems t o be t o t h e s a m e b a tt l e in
,
’
which Gwydi o n is s a id t o h a v e gu ess e d B ran s n am e .

T h e p o em o p ens wit h t h e u s u a l t rib u t e t o Chris t i ani t y ,

which n ot u nfr e qu ent ly b egins an d ends t h e W e l s h p oe ms

m o s t r e pl e t e wit h h ea t hen l o r e a n d t h en it pl u ng e s i n t o ,

wh at pr ov e s t o b e a r e fer enc e t o Gw ydi o n an d Ar t hu r .

T h e firs t s t anz a is t o t h e f o ll o wing e ff e c t

T he L ord , I a d o rep ri n c el y s o verei gn

h im, ,

Wh o s e s w y is v er earth s s t d e xt e d ed
a o
’
ran n .

S t ou t w a s t h p ri on o f Gw e ir in C aer S i d i
e s ,

T h o u g h t h e m es s en g er f Pw y l l an d P y d eri
r o r

B fore h im o o n e e t ered th e e i t o
e n n r n .

T h e h ea v y d a k ch i n h el d t h e fa ithfu l y o u th
r a ,

A n d w hi l e H el l w a s s p o i l ed h e g i ev o u s l y s a ,
r n
g,
A n d th e c eforth ti ll d o o m h e
n ma i n s a b rd re a .

1
S k e n e, i . 154 .

2
Po e m xxx . : see Sk en e, ij 1 8 1 . .
2 50 111 . TH E C UL T U R E H E R O .

1
th e s ame ma nu scrip t , wh er e ,
in st ea d O f Gw eir s on of
’

f Gezrg/ oedfl
’

Gezr
'

Gw ezry oed , w e r ea d s on O an d t h e p rO
b a bl e id ent it y O f C re ir wit h Gwydi o n will a ppea r wh en
t h e e t ym o l o gy of th e l a t t er n a me c o m e s t O be disc u ssed
l a t er .

PO E T R Y A S SO C I A T E D IN ITs O R I GI N WI T H TH E CUL T U R E
HE R O .

O ne m o s t r em arka bl e t hings in t h e T al iessin

O f th e
p oe m j u s t cit e d is th e st at e m ent t h at in c ons e qu enc e
, ,

O f wh at h e w e nt t hr o u gh in hi s c ap t ivi t y , C eir sh o u ld r

for e v e r c o nt inu e a b a rd o r p o e t ; b u t t ra c e s O f a s o m e
w h at simil ar n o t i o n m ee t o n e in t h e o nce p r e va l e n t
b eli ef t h a t if a m a n sp en t a night on t h e M eri on et h
,

m o u nt a in wh ere t h e gia nt I d rys w a s t h o u ght t O h a ve

,

T ri a d s, ij 7 ; R B . p 300 . . Mab . . .

T h e d iff
2
c e is O f i m p o t c e an d t h e read i g Geir is s u pp o t ed
eren r an ,
n r

b y t h o th e ve sio s T i d
er
( ir5 0 i ij 6 1) i w hich t h e n ame i m
n r a s, .
,
. n s en

t i ed
on T h e g n i n e es s O f t h e l att er h as in i t s fa v ou t h e fa ct th t
. e u n r a

they s y o thi g a b ou t A rth u w hi l e th y d es c ib e t h p s o n ge

a n n r, e r e er a

h re i q es ti on s C ei s o O f Gei y on l o rd O f G iriony d a l o c al ity

e n u a r r n r , e ,

w h o s e n am e su v i v e in cO n e tiO n w ith t h e L ak e O f Gei ie y d

r s n c r n ,

w h o s e w a t e s fall fro m Gw y d i o n s c o u n t ry i n t o t h e C o n w y a l ittl e

’
r

b el o w L l an rw s t T h s t h e a l i er T i d i t h e R ed Bo o k a d al l t h e
. u e r r a n n

o th e p u b l i sh ed v e i o s O f t h e T i d s read Gea w hi l e th e l at e T i d
r rs n r a r, r r a

i t h e R e d Bo o k an d t h e v ers in t h e T a l ies s i p o e m w hich m ay b e

n e n ,

r ga d e d as O f a b o t t h e sa m e a g e p o b a b l y as t h e p o ti o n O f t h e R ed
e r u ,
r , r

Bo o k i n w hich t h e T i a d s o cc u r g i v e u s Gw ei w hich th e is t O be
r ,
r : n

r eg a d ed a s h v i g t h e p i or c l i m ?
r a n T h e p o b abi l ity is d ci d edl y in
r a r e

f v ou o f Gei r w hich as m ean i g w ord an d o th e w i s e u n k n o w n as

a r , ,
n
‘
,
’
r

a p o p er n a m e m ay re d i l y b e s u pp os e d t o h av e b en rep l a c e d by t h e
r ,
a e

b tt e k n o w n p ers o n al n m e Gw ei ; I s h o l d h o w ev er o t d i s c ard
e r a r u , ,
n

t h e l at t e b u t a th er eg ard b o th Gei r an d Gw eir as re f

r, r r in g tO t h e err

s am e . Gei ry o ed w a s p ro o u n c e d s i n m o d rn Wel s h Gei ioe d

n ,
a e r
,

s i mi l l y t h e Gw ei y oed O f t h e T ri ad s w a s Gw e i io e d
ar r A dd t o thi s r .

th a t t h e O l d forms Gweir an d Geir b ec ome l ater Gwa zr an d Ga zr ’ ’

.
 11 1 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 25 1

his se at , on e w ou ld descend in t h e m orning a

ca d er or

h a rd or a m a dm a n ; w hi le o n S n o wd on t h e pl a c e t O p ass
t h e nigh t wi t h a view t O t h e s a me r e s u l t w a s t h e h o ll o w
u nd e rn e a t h t h e h u ge bl o ck c a ll e d t h e Bl a ck S t o ne O f

t h e Ar d u n ear t h e Bl a ck T a rn O f t h e Ar d u I t is s o m e
,
.

t im e s a ss u med t h a t t h e e xp o s u re c hi efly c ons t i t u t e d t h e

o rd ea l , bu t t h a t vi e w is u n t e na ble in t h e c a se O f t h e

l a t t er shel t ered p o si t i o n ; while t h e dism a l t a rn O f t h e

Ar d u w a s fo rm erly b e li e ved t O be h aun t e d by a ra c e O f
1 2 ‘ ’
fa i ri e s an d t h e w o rd Ar d u
,
bl a ck , fo u nd elsewh ere ,

a ppli e d t o t h e t errene o d s u gg e s t s t h at t h e h a rdship

g ,

c o nsis t e d in p assing a n igh t in t h e s o ciet y O f him an d

h is fa iri e s Th e s e l a s t r e g ard e d fr o m t h e p op u l a r p o int
.
,

o f vi e w m ay be s a id t O d eligh t chiefly in m u sic a n d

,

d a ncin g, while inst ances are als o ment i o n e d O f t heir

e xpressing t h e mselv e s in v e rse an d O f t h e ir j o ining t O

3
s ing s t anz a s O f p oe t ry in a s o rt O f ch o r u s Bu t in Irish .

li t era t u re p oet ry is even m or e explicit ly a ss ocia t e d wi t h

,

t h e m a s for e x a mple , in a c u ri ou s s t ory p u blished by

, ,
’ 4
C C urry , t O t h e f o ll o wing e ff e c t : “
Finn O bs e rved a
’
fa v our it e wa rri o r O f his c omp a ny n a m e d Ca el O N eamh ,

a in ,
c o ming t owards him an d wh e n he h a d c o me t o ,
’
Finn s pre s enc e he a sk e d him wh er e he h ad c o m e fr om
, .

C a e l a nsw er e d t h at he h a d c o m e fro m Br u gh in th e n or t h
(t h a t is t h e f a iry m a nsi o n O f Br u gh
,
on t h e B o yn e
) .

1
R h y s in t h e C y mmro d o r, iv 1 8 0 . .

2
Boo k O
f T a l ies s in , p oem x l v ii j (Sk en e ij
.
,
.

3
R h y s i n t h e C y mm ro d o r, v . 1 27 .

4
AI S . Al at . pp 308 -9 :
. th e p o em f
re e rre d t o is t ra n s l a t ed at pp .

309-1 1 , and t h e I i h t e xt
r s an d th e res t O f th e t
s or ,
y f o m th e
r Boo k o
f
L is mo re, fo l 206 b . . . a, is g i ven at pp . 5 94-7 .
252 1 11 . TH E C ULT UR E H E R O .

Wh a t w a s y o u r b u sin e ss t h er e ? s aid Finn T O sp eak .

t O my nu rs e M u irn , t h e d a u gh t er O f D e rg , s a id C a el
, .

Ab o u t wh at ? s aid Fin n C o ncerning Cr e d e t h e d au ght er

.
,

o f C a irbr e king O f K erry [ Uza m zlqke L ua clzm ] sa id

‘

, ,

C a el D O y ou kn o w sa id Finn t h a t sh e is t h e gr eat e st
.
, ,

d e c e iv er [fl irt , c o qu e t t e] a m ong al l t h e wo men O f Erinn ;

t h a t t h e r e is sc arc ely a pr e ci ou s g e m in all Erinn t h at
s h e h a s n o t O b t a in e d a s a t o k e n O f l o v e ; a n d t h a t sh e

h a s n o t y e t a cc ep t e d t h e h a nd O f a n y O f h e r a dmir e rs ?
I k n e w it s a id C a e l ; bu t do y o u k n ew t h e c ondi t i ons
,

o n wh ich s h e w o u ld a cc e p t a h u sb a nd ? I d o , s a id Finn

wh oe v er is s o gift ed in t h e art O f p o e t ry a s t o wri t e a

p o e m d e scrip t iv e O f h er ma nsi o n an d it s rich fur nit u re ,

will r e c e ive h er h and C ee d s aid C a e l ; I h a v e wi t h

. r
,

t h e ai d O f my n u rs e c o mp o s e d s u ch a p o e m ; an d if y ou
w ill a cc o mp a ny m e I will n o w r ep a ir t o h er c ou r t a n d
,
”
pr e s ent it t O h er Th e y w ent t her e a n d t h e s e qu e l
.
,
’
r el at e s t h a t Cre de w as s o ch a rm e d wi t h C a el s g eni u s
t h a t sh e g a ve him her h a nd an d l e ft O ff her life O f
flir tat i on .

’
C C u rry a ls o giv e s t h e s u bst a nce O f a st ory which
’
may be r e gard e d a s t h e Irish p a ra ll e l t O Gw eir s cap
t iv it y O f which W e lsh li t er at ur e t e lls u s s o lit t l e : it
,

e v e n r e l a t e s wh a t h a pp e n e d t O t h e c a p t iv e ; o r t o b e m o re ,

a cc u r a t e,
t h e m eaning O f t h e o rigin a l incident h a ving
b e en cl ean fo rgo t t en n o c a p t ive or pris on er fig u re s in
,
’ ’
O C u rry s versi on b u t only a p o e t w h o fa il e d t o m ee t
,

w i t h d u e h o spi t ali t y I t will b e rem e mb ere d t h a t N u a da

.

O f t h e Silv e r H a nd h ad l o s t his h a nd a n d arm in a c on

fl ict wi t h t h e myt hic ra c e O f t h e Fir B o lg or t h e Ba g

m en a n d t h at on a cc ou nt O f t h a t bl e mi s h h e h ad t o giv e
,

u his t hr o n e when it w a s t a k e n p o ss e ssi o n O f b v B s ro

p ,
254 1 11 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

were defe a t ed a n d t h eir gr eat c ap t ains kill e d SO g oe s .

’
t h e s t o ry a s rel at e d by C C u rry , an d n o on e kn e w Iri s h
lit e rat u r e b et t e r t ha n he , bu t on e can n o l o nge r fo ll o w
him in t r ea t ing t his a s hist o ry Wi th ou t t h e aid h ow
.
,

e v e r O f t h e me a gr e a llu si o ns in Welsh p o e t ry an d pr o s e
, ,

w e sh ou ld h a v e b ee n g rO p in g a b ou t in va in for th e me a n

ing O f su ch a my th Gwydi on a s Gw eir, l et u s s ay

.
, ,

g oes t O C ae r Sidi bene at h t h e wav e s o f th e s ea , an d

C a irbre visi t s t h e c ou rt O f t h e F o m o ri an king Br e s O f ,

su bm a rin e o rigin . T h e W e lsh h e r o b e c o m e s a h ard

o rigin a lly t h e s t o ry m a d e him pr o b ably t h e firs t b a rd O f

W elsh leg end a s t h e r e su l t O f th e t re at m ent dea l t ou t t o

him t h ere ; whil e C a irbre giv e s u tt er ance t o t h e fi r st
s at ir e c o mp o s e d in Erinn , which c o m e s t o t h e sa me
t hing a s t h e first c fi ort O f t h e C e l t ic m u s e w a s p re
,

s u ma bl y O f t h e n at u r e O f a m a gic sp ell which a cc o r ding , ,

t O Iri s h beli ef w a s i rre s is t ibl e an d pr o du c t iv e a m ong

, , ,

o t h e r e ff e c t s
,
O f imm e di a t e bl o t ch e s o n t h e f a c e O f h im

a g a ins t wh o m it w a s p r on o u nc e d : in t his inst ance it w a s

t h e mea ns O f hu rri e dly driving fr o m his t hr on e t h e

F o m ori an , wh o s e t r ea t m ent O f C a irbre is t O b e a scrib e d
’
t o j e al ou sy r a t h e r t h a n c o n t e mp t fo r t h e p o e t s ar t ; f or
Br e s is d o u b t l e ss t O b e id e n t ifi e d wit h t h e p e rs on a g e O f
t h at n a m e s a id t o b e t h e son of Brigit g o dd e s s O f p oet ry
l
p an d O f E l a t h a n king o f t h e Fo m eri In b oth
( . .

v ersi ons t h e individ u a l e ffort s O f t h e m an O f p o et ry w a s

fo ll o we d by t h e c o ming O f his fri ends t o h arry H a d e s , ,

a cc o rding t O t h e W e l s h a cc o u nt an d t o o v e r t hr o w t h e
,

F e mori a cc ording t O t h e Irish o n e

,
Wi t h C airbre .
,

p oe t an d s at irist is d ou b t less t O b e id ent ified a C a irbre

,

1
Bk . of L eins ter, 18 7 c
.
 1 11 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 255

kn o wn a s th e p o ss e ss or O f a w o nd e rf u l cr owd o r C e l t ic
b anj o in which t h e re w a s a s -
e c a ll e d ch o rd o f s ci e nc e
, ,
’
which t u ned by C a irb re s h and l eft him in ign o ranc e
, ,

o f n o secr e t fr o m t h e rising O f t h e s u n t h a t d a y t o t h e
1
s e t t ing t her e o f : his cr o wd t o ld him ev ery thing O ne .

m ay f ur t h er v e n t u re t o iden t ify wi th C a irb re p oe t a n d ,

m u s ici an C a irbre t h e fa t h e r O f t h e p o e t ic l a dy Cred e

, , ,

t o wh o m a ll u s i o n h a s j u s t be e n m a d e As Gwydi o n w as .

king of a p ar t of Wa l e s s o t hi s C airbre w a s k ing o f ,

K e rry ; an d a b o ve al l is h e pr o b ably t o b e iden t ifi e d

wi t h C a irbre M u se w h o figu re s in t h e s t o ry o f t h e D o g
,

a n d t h e Sk en e in which we f o u nd a p a ra ll e l t o G w ydi o n
,

ch ea t ing Pry d eri s on o f P w y l l Hea d O f H a d e s in t h e ,

m a t t er O f his s win e Th a t t hi s C a irbre c orr e sp ond s t o .

Gwy d i o n an d ma y e v e n b e equ a t e d wi t h him will a pp e a r ,

s t ill m or e pr ob a bl e wh e n w e c o m e t o c omp a re t h eir

famili e s wi th o n e an o th er Su fli c e it for t h e pr e sen t t o .

say t h a t m a ny M u n s t e r h ou s e s t r a c e d t h e ir d e s c en t
,

b a ck t o C a irbre M u s e an d t h at m any dis tric t s in t h e ,

s ou t h -wes t o f Irel and are c a ll e d a ft er his n am e or s o m e

2
o n e o f his v ari o u s s u rn a mes t o t hi s d ay N o r l a s tly .
, ,

is t h e C a irbre w h o w a s men t i oned in t h e s t ory o f

’
L emn a s H ea d (p 98 ) t o be ov e rl o ok e d ; fo r his r el a t i ons
.

wit h t h e L u ig n ian wif e o f Finn s eem bey o nd d o u b t t o

JV
1 ’ ’
O C u rry s I a nn ers , & c iij 25 0-1 . . .

2 ’
O D o n o v an , B o ok f R ig h ts,
o pp
42, 45, 48 , 8 3 ; F o u r A l a s / 07 s ,
.
'

A D 1 6 5 , 18 6
. . . The n a m e C a irb re , C a irp re , C o ir ri a n d C o r ri, fo r
p p
it is f
p e ll ed i th
oun d th S n ces e a n d o e r w a s , w as n o t a n u n o m m o n
y
o n e ; b u t it ty mo l gy i O b s c o i it e v i d t w h e th e r it w
s e o s in u re , n r s en as

us b f e it w as g i v n t o t h c t p t f Gw y d i o
e e or e I n \ Vel s h it e oun er ar o n .

w as C rbrc w hich o cc u s in t h e B l c k B o k
o , s ee S k e ne ij 29 r a o , . .
256 1 11 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

fo rm p ar t of an O ld er an d m ore c ompl et e a cc ou n t O f th e
c u l t u r e h ere .

T o r e tu rn t o t h e W elsh p o em on t h e h arrying o f H a d e s ,

a m o ng t h e t hings w hi ch t h e sp o il e rs f o u nd t h e r e w a s t h e

c au ldro n o f t h e Hea d o f Ha d e s ; an d w e are t old O f it

t h a t it h a d a ridg e o f p e arls r o u nd it s brim t h at v o ices ,

issu e d fr o m it , t h a t it w a s k ep t b o iling by t h e br eat h of

nin e m a id ens an d t h at it w a s a d iscrimin a t ing vess el
, ,

which w ou ld n o t c o ok fo od for a c owa rd a p e cu li a ri t y t o ,

be c o mp ar e d wit h t h e kn a ck o f refu s ing t o c o ok d u ring

t h e n arr at i o n of an u n t ru e s t o ry which w a s su pp o s e d t o ,

ch ara c t eriz e t h e f o o d in th e fa i ry p a l a c e o f Man ann an ma c

1
L ir T h e inva d ers l e ft t h e c au ldr on in t h e h ands O f on e
.

o f t h e ir n u mb e r fo r it w a s in a ll pr o b a bili t y t h e chi e f
,

o bj e c t o f t h e ir inc u rsi o n in t o t h e r e a lm o f H a d e s All .

t his w ou ld h a v e b ee n v e ry p u zzling h a d n o t W e l s h li t er a
t u r e pr e s erv e d o t h e r r e fere nc e s t o t h e m ys t eri ou s v e s s e l .

T h e M a bin o g i of Bra nw e n sp e a ks o f a c au ldr o n which

2

a gi an t c a ll e d L l a s s ar h a d br o u gh t u p o u t o f a l ak e in

Ire l and an d giv e n t o Bran son O f L lyr : on e of it s p ro

p er t i es w as t h a t a d ea d w arri o r t hr o w n in t o it w o u ld b e
,

a live an d well by t h e n e x t m orning b u t u n a bl e t o sp ea k ,

.

This w a s a u se it w a s p u t t o in t h e w a r which Bran

w age d l a t e r in Ir el and a n d on a cc ou n t of t his p rop er t y
,

whi ch it w a s su pp o s e d t o h a v e it is o cc a si o na lly r ef err e d ,

3
t o as P a ir B a dem, or t h e C a u ldr o n o f R e g e n e ra t i o n
’

N ow t h e n a m e s b o t h o f B ran an d L l a s s ar c o nn e c t t h e
c au ldr on wi t h H a d e s a n d o n Iri s h gr ou n d w e m eet wit h
,

1
ss i a m c S o c T ra ns iij 221-9
'

O . . . .

2
R . B Mob
. . pp . 31-2, 39, 40 ; Gu es t , iij 1 1 0-1, 1 23-
4 . .

3
D . ab Gw i ly m , p oem cx x x v ii j (L
. o n d on , 1 7 8 9, p .
258 111 . TH E C UL T UR E H E R O .

h ave t aken n o mea n p ar t in it : he b oa st s t o th e f oll owing

1
e ffec t
I am n o t a man n ot to s ngi
I h ave s u n g s i n c e I w as l ittl e
I s an g in t h e b a ttl e O f Go d eu O f t h e fol i age ,

I n fro n t O f Brit ain s g w l ed ig

’
.

I pi erc e d in th ei r m i d s t t h e ch argers
O f t h e fl ee ts O f
I pi erc e d t h e b eas t o f t h e g reat gem ,

Which h ad a h u d red h ead s n ,

A n d a form i da b l e b at al lio n
Un d er t h e roo t O f it s t o n gu e .

A n o th er b at al li on th ere is
I t h e b a ck O f it s h ea d
n .

A g a pi g b l a ck t o d
n a

T h e e is w ith a h u d ed c l aw s
r n r .

A c res t ed s n ak e o f m an y c o l o u rs
A h u n d red so u l s b y ea s o n O f s in r

A re t o rm en t e d in it s fl es h .

I h a v e b e e n in t h e fo rt O f N ev e n h y r
Wh ere h u rri ed grass an d t rees
T h ere men O f art s m a d e mu s ic ,

T h ere m en O f b a tt l e ma d e h a s t e .

A resu e cti o n for t h e Bry t h o n s

rr

Was m ad e b y Gw y d i o n
T h e y h a d c l l d o N eivo n
a e n ,

O n Chri s t f om r

T o t h e e d H e m i g ht res c u e t h em
n ,

T h e S u p rem e w h o h ad ma d e th em .

T O th e m t h e L o d res p o d e d r n

Bo th in w ord s a n d in t h e el em en t s
‘
Fas hi o n k i n gl y t ees r

I n t o h os t s u n de h is l ead r ,

A n d f u s t a t e Peblic
r r

O f t h e i g n o b l e fi g ht h an d t o h an d .

The r ef ere nce t o a p e rso n c alled Pebl ic is O bscu r e t o

me ; b u t b e sid e s th e exp e dient O f c onv ert ing a fo rest wit h ,

1
S k e n e, ij 138 , . an d i 27 7 -
. 8 .
 111 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . . . O 9

i ts v a ri ou s kinds of t re e s shr u bs a n d g ra sses in to a n

, ,

a rmy by e nch a n t men t we h a ve a r e fe r e nce pr o b ably in

, ,

t h e res u rr e c t i o n e ffe c t ed fo r th e Bry th ons by Gwydi on ,

’
t o his h a ving sec u r e d t h e H e a d of Ha d e s C a u ldr o n o f
R eg en era t i on an d t o it s u s e by Gwydi on t o resu sci t a t e
,

his fall en fri ends Befo re t h e p o e t m ak e s t h e t re e s begi n

.

t o figh t wi t h t h e a ld e r f o r e m o s t in t h e fr a y h e ind u lg e s
, ,

in s om e sc o re o f lines which are t O O o bsc u re for m e t o

O ff er ou a t ransl a t i o n : t his is t h e m o re u nf or t u n a t e a s
y
h e in tr o d u ces a w o m a n in t o his n arr at iv e an d her in t e r ,

v en t ion a s I l earn fr o m o t her s o u rc e s w a s pr o b ably o f

, ,

t h e essenc e of t h e s t o ry Bu t a m or e t ra nsp ar en t re fer

.

ence t o her will be f ou nd in t h e Irish p o em which is

n e w t o b e in t r o d u ced f or c o mp a ris o n wi t h t h e W e lsh

on e . St P a t rick t rying t o c onver t L oeg a ire ma c N eill

.
, ,

king O f Ir el a nd w a s t o ld by t h e l a tt er t ha t he w ou ld
,

n o t believ e u nless h e c all e d u p C uch u l a inn fr o m t h e

d ea d : t his w a s d on e b u t t h e u nwilling c onver t cherished

,

d o u b t s as t o his iden t i t y , an d s a id t h a t he m u s t spe a k t o

him ; s o C uchu l a inn w a s c all e d u p a ga in an d he impr o ved ,

t h e o pp or t u ni t y t o bid t h e king b e lieve in Go d a n d

St P a t rick ; b u t s a id t h at c u ri ou s king if it be C l i ch u
.
, ,

l a inn l et him disc ou rse O f his gr e at de e ds

,
I sh o u ld .

pr e mise t h at C li ch u l a in n w a s t h e m os t cel ebrat ed O f t h e

her oes kn own t o Irish s t ory, bu t t h at he d o es n ot co r
r e sp ond ex a c t ly t O G wydio n , a s he c o mbines r ou ghly ,

sp eaki ng t h e r ole in I rish s t o ry which sh ou ld a nswer t o

,

t h at b ot h o f Gwydi o n a n d of his s on L l e w in Wel s h Bu t .

m o re of t his elsewhere : for t h e pres en t l e t it s u ffic e t O

’
s a y t h a t C ri ch ul a inn c o mpli e d wi t h t h e king s wish a n d ,

t h e p o em p u t int o his m o u t h describ e s a m on g o t her ,

t hings his e xp e di t i o n t o t h e s t r ongh old o f S c at h in t h e

, ,

s2
26 0 1 11 . TH E C UL T UR E H E R O .

l a nd of S c at h : th e t e rm S c ath means sh a d o w or sh a d e ,

and is of th e sam e o rigin as t h e English w ord H is .

1
s t o ry r u ns t h u s

A j ou rn ey I m ad e 0 L o egai e ,
r ,

When I w en t t o t h e l an d o f S c t h a

T h ere w as t h e fo rt o f S c a th w ith it s l ook o f i ron

I l ai d h an d s u p o n it .

S ev e n w all s th ere w ere aro u n d t hi s cit y

H a t e fu l w as it s s t o g h o l d r n

A n i ro n p al i s ad e th ere w as o n each w a ll ,

O n w hich s e v en h e d s w ere bi d i n g a

D oors O f i ro n th ere w ere on ev ery s i d e

N O s eri o u s d e fen c e s aga i n s t w o men .

I s t u c k th em w ith m y fo o t
r ,

S O th at th ey fel l i n t o fr gm en t s a .

A pit th ere w a s i t h e fo rt n ,

T h a t b el o ng e d t o t h e k i n g as th ey say ,

T e n s erp e t s b u rs t fo th
n r

O ve r it s b ri m 2 i t w as a d eed
—

T h ereu p on I ran a t th em ,

T h o u g h t h e th o n g w as h u g e
r ,

A n d re d u c e d th e m t O b it s
'

Be t w ee my t w o fi s t s
n .

T h e e w as a h o u e fu ll o f t o a ds
r s ,

T h a t w e e l et l o os e u p o n u s
r ,

S h arp an d b e ak e d b e as ts
T h a t c l av e t o m y s o u t n .

Ugl y d rago n -lik e m o ns ters

Were s en t agai n s t u s

1
T h e t ext cc u pi es fo l i os 1 13 11 5 in t h e Book of th e D a n a d i t
o —
,
n

h as b een p u b l i s h e d w ith a t an s l a ti o n n d n o t es b y M O B i e C ro w
’
,
r a ,
r . e rn ,

i t h e Jo rn l of th e Kil k e n / A rch S ci ety f o r 1 8 7 0-1 pp 37 1— 448

n u a n g . o ,
. .

I mp ort a t c o cti o n s w i ll b e fou d in S t o k es R ma rks n th e C l tic

n rre n
’
e o e

A d d i t ions t o Cu t i us Gr eek E ty mo l ogy & c (C al c u tt a pp 55-7

’
r , .
,
. .

2
S o mew h a t s i mi l ar a d ven t u res are rel a t ed o f C on n a ll Ge n ach in r

t h e s t o y c all e d T oii B o F ci ich

’
r n ee t h e B k of L
r in ter 25 2 a a d s . e s , ,
n

t h w h ol s t o ry as p u b l i s h d w ith a t n s l ti o n b y O Bei n e C o w in
’
e e e ra a r r

t h e R I r A c a d e my s I rish M S S e i es i 1 36 — 1 7 1
’
. . . r ,
. .
2 62 111 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

th e crew , as t hey w ou ld s ay , o f on e b oat t h at esc aped .

1
Acc ording t o Keat ing , w h o wr ot e his His t ory O f Irel and
o u t O f m a t e ri als s u ch a s were a ccessible in t h at c ou n t ry

in his t im e cer t a in o f t h e Fomori c all e d M ore an d

,

C on ain g h eld Ir el and u nder a griev ou s t rib u t e : t hey

2

h a d b u il t t hems elves a s t r ongh old c all e d T or Gen ain g ,

’ ’
‘
C on ain g s T o wer in T orin is, or T o wer Isl and n ow
, ,

b et ter kn own a s T ory Isl and off th e c oa st O f D on e ga l ; ,

a n d t h a t Sp o t served t hem as a r e ndezv o u s for t h e ir pred a

t o ry fl e e t s A t leng t h t h e childr e n o f N e m e d w h o were

.
,

t h e n t h e inh abi t a nt s O f Irel and m u st ered a rm e d ,

men by s ea , wit h a s m any by l and , an d su cce e d e d in

’
d e mo lishing C on ain g s T o w e r an d sl aying it s own er ;
bu t M ore arri ving w it h r e in fo rc e ment s a n ot her b a t t le ,

e nsu ed in which t h e c omb at ant s b u sied in t h e fra y ,

, ,

a ll o wed th e s e a t o o v e rwhelm t hem s o c o mpl e t e ly t h a t

on t h e F o m o ri an sid e o nl y M o r e an d a fe w fo ll o w e rs

e sc a ped while t h e su rviving childr e n of N em e d c on

,

sist ed O f only t hir t y st r o ng men t h e cre w o f a single ,

b oat One of t h e chi ef men of th e t h ir t y is m e nt i o ned a s

.

b earing t h e na me I obat h s on O f Beo th ach , w h o sh o u ld be

t h e c o u nt e rp ar t o f C uchu l a inn or m ore likely of Gwydi o n ,

bu t n ot hing is kn o wn f u rt h e r ab o u t him exc ep t t h at he ,

is r epr e sent ed a s being grands on O f a fa ith or ra tes c alled

3 The F u r M a s e rs u nder o o k in h ir A
I arbh oin el . o t t t e nn a l s

o
f th e K in
g d om of I rel a n d t o d a t e t h e e ven t t h e y c a ll t h e

’
D em o lit i o n of C on an n s T o w e r a n d t o fix o n t h e ye ar ,

1
Pp 8 7 — 91
. .

2
H e is al so c al l ed C ona n n or C o n a nd , as in t h e Bk .
f
o L eins ter,
1 27 a.

3
A lso c all ed (in th e gen i t ive) I ardon el n amel y in t h e Bk of th e , , .

D a n , fo l . 1 6 b w h ere h o w ev er t h e n ame O f I o ba th is n o t m en ti o n ed
, , ,
.
 1 11 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 26 3

306 6 A . M . m o s t c u ri ou s a cc o u nt o f t his my thic

Bu t t h e
e v e n t o cc ur s in t h e s t o ries a ss o ci a t e d wi t h t h e n a me O f

N e n n iu s .The wh ole p a ra graph in p o in t is w o r th ci t ing,

a s it e n u m e r at es bri e fly t h e legend a ry c o l oniz a t i ons O f

Erinn beginni ng wi th th e c u s t oma ry B art h ol o mew wh o se

, ,

n a m e in t his c onnec t i o n h a s a lways elici t ed m or e q u es

t i o ns t h a n a nswers A ft er hi m c o mes N e med an d his
.

ra c e a n d t h e n t h e t hr ee s ons o f t h e M iles H isp a nia e,

,

wh enc e t h e s e -c a ll e d Mil e si an Irish ; a n d it is by t his

’
ra ce , an d n ot by t h e children O f N e med t h a t C o nain g s
T o wer w a s dest ro yed a cc ording t o N en n iu s His w ords
,
.

a re t o t h e f oll o wing e fl e c t :

“
L a t es t O f a l l c a me t h e Sc ott i fro m t h e c oa s t s of Sp a in
t o Erinn ; b u t t h e firs t t o c o me w a s Ba r t h o l o m a e u s wi t h ,

a t h ou s a nd f o ll o wers b ot h men an d w o men an d t h e y

, ,

incre a s e d t o fo u r t h o u sand s o u ls ; an d a m or t ali t y c am e

u p o n t h e m in which t hey a l l peri s hed in o n e w e ek s o
,

t h at n ot ev e n a singl e o n e o f t h e m rem a in e d The sec o nd .

t O c om e t o Erinn w as N im et h s on O f a cer t a in Agn o m en ,

,

w h o is s a id t o h ave b e en on s ea for a ye a r an d a h alf ,

a n d t o h a v e a t l a s t m a de l a nd in Erinn , wh e n his ships

h a d be e n wrecked : he rem a ined t here for m any y e a rs ,

b u t t aking a g ain t o t h e se a wi th his m en he r e turn e d ,

t o Sp a in Aft erwards c ame th e t hree s ons o f a c er ta in

.

s oldi er fro m Sp ain h a ving wi t h t hem t hir t y k eel s an d

,

t heir t h irt y c ons or t s in e a ch ke el an d t h e y a b o d e t h ere

,

for t h e sp a ce O f o n e ye a r Af t erwa rds t h e y b eh eld a

.

gl a ss t owe r in t h e middle O f t h e s ea a n d t h e y u s e d t o ,

s e e m en o n t h e t o w e r t o wh o m t h e y s o u gh t t o sp e a k ,
,

bu t t hey never u sed t o b e a nswered ; s o wi t h on e a cc o rd

t h e y h a s t ened t o a tt a ck t h e t ower wi t h al l t heir k e els,

a n d all t heir w o men e xc ep t on e k e el which s u ffered

,
26 4 1 11 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

fr o m shipwreck an d in which t h ere wer e t hi rt y m en an d

,

a s m any w o m e n N o w t h e ot her v e ss els s a iled t o t h e

.

a t ta ck o n t h e t o wer a n d whil s t al l wer e s t e pping on

,

t h e sh ore a r ou nd t h e t o wer t h e s e a o v e rwh elm e d t h e m

, ,

s o t h at t h e y wer e dr o wn e d N ot on e O f t h e m e s c ap e d ;
.

a n d it is fr o m t h e f a mily in t h e k ee l l e f t behind o n

a cc ou nt O f it s h a ving b ee n wr e cked t h e wh o l e of Erinn

,
” 1
h a s been fill e d wi t h p eopl e t o t his da y .

The m or e a t al e o f t his kind is t o u ch e d u p by his t orians

t h e less it app ea rs wh a t is c all e d a c o ck - an d - b u ll st ory
‘
,

a n d t h e r e c a n b e n o d o u b t t h a t o n t h e wh o l e t h e C l i eh u
, ,

l a in n v e rs e s c o me mu ch n e a r e r t h e o rigin a l t h a n t h e pr o s e
v e rsi ons m ent i o n e d S t ill t h at a ss o ci at e d wit h t h e n am e
.

O f N enn iu s s u pplies t w o m o s t imp o r t an t o missi o ns in t h e

fo rmer : it c alls t h e st r ongh o ld a gl a ss t owe r which w a s ,

d o u b tl e ss t h e gl a ss f ort t o which T al ie s sin e xt ends

’
Arth u r s fa m e ; an d in t h e n e xt pl a ce it st at e s t h a t t h e
gu ardia ns O f t h e gl a ss t o wer w o u ld n o t a nsw er t h e
’
Mil e si ans which h a s a ls o it s c ou nt erp art in T al ies sin s
,

2
w ords , when he s ays
Bey o n d t h e Gl as s Fo rt , A rt hu r s ’
v al o u r they h ad n o t s een

T h ree s c ore h u n d ed s s t o o d o n t h e w al l
r

I t w as h ard t o c on v erse w ith th e i r w a tch man ’

.

Wh at , it may be a sked is th e m eaning O f s tori e s like

,

t hese ab o u t exp e di t i ons in t o a c ou nt ry in or bene a t h t h e

s e a t o s t ea l t h e c au ldr o n O f t h e king , t o c a rry a w a y t h e

c o ws t h at su ppli e d milk for it a n d t h e o ther t rea sur es ,

t o b e fou nd t here ? L et it su fli c e for t h e pre s e n t t h a t I

sh ou ld s o mewh at va gu ely indic at e t h eir o rigin The C el t s .
,

1
Fo r t h e i gi
or l,
na see -
San Marte s N enn ius et Gil d a s ,
’
13 (pp 34.

2
Fo r t h e t ex t ,
s ee S k en e, ii . 18 2 .
26 6 1 11 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

an d wind o ws w er e m ade fa st an d t h e dwelling w as ,

a b a nd o n e d , a s her d ea t h h a d m a de it t a p u Bu t a day .

o r t w o a f t e r , Te Wh a rew era wi t h s o me o t hers p a ddling

in a can o e ne ar t h e pl a ce at early m orning saw a figu re

o n t h e sh o re beck o ning t o t h e m I t w a s t h e a u nt c o me
.

t o li fe a ga in, bu t weak a n d c old an d fa mished Wh e n .

su ffici e nt ly res to red by t heir t imely h elp , sh e t old her

s t o ry L eaving h er b o dy her spirit h a d t aken fligh t
.
,

t o wa rd t h e N o rt h C a p e an d a rriv e d a t t h e ent ra nce of

,

R eig n a .There h oldin g on by t h e st em O f t h e cr e eping

,

a ke a ke - pl ant , sh e d e sc end e d t h e precipic e an d fou nd ,

hers elf on t h e s a ndy b ea ch O f a riv e r L o oking r ou nd , .

sh e e spi e d in t h e dis t a nce an e n o r mo u s bird , t a ll e r t h a n

a m an , c o ming t o wa rds her wi t h r a pid s t rides This t er .

ribl e O bj ect s o fright en e d her, t h a t h er firs t t h ou gh t w as

t o t ry t o ret u rn u p t h e s t eep cli ff ; b u t seei n g an O l d m an
p a ddling a sm all c an o e t o wards her she ran t o m e et hi m ,
an d s o esc a ped t h e bird When sh e h a d been safely
.

f erri e d acr o ss sh e a sk e d th e O l d Ch a r on ment i oning t h e

, ,

n a m e o f h er fa mily wher e t h e spir it s o f h er kindre d dwel t

,
.

F oll o w ing t h e p at h t h e O l d man p o in t e d ou t sh e w a s ,

s u rprised t o find it j u s t su ch a p at h a s she h a d b e en u s e d

t o on ear t h ; t h e a sp e c t of t h e c ou nt ry , t h e t rees , shr u bs ,
a n d pl a n t s w e re a l l fa mili a r t o h er She rea ched t h e
.

v ill a g e an d a m o ng t h e cr o wd a ss e mbl e d t here she f ou nd

,

her fat h er an d m any n e ar r el a t i ons ; t hey sa l u t ed her,

a n d welc o m e d h er wi t h t h e w a iling ch an t which M a o ris

a lwa ys a ddress t o pe ople m e t a f t er l ong a bsenc e Bu t .

w hen her fa t her h ad a sked a b ou t his livi n g r e l at iv e s ,

a n d especi a lly a b ou t her o w n child , h e t o ld her she

m u st g o b a ck t o earth for n o on e w a s l e ft t o t ake c a re

,

O f h is gr a ndchild .By his orders she refu sed t o t ou ch

 1 11 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 26 7

th e fo o d t h at t h e de a d pe o pl e O ffer e d h er an d in spi t e O f ,

t h e ir eff or t s t o de t a in her , h er f at her g o t h er s a fe ly in t o

t h e c an o e , cr o ssed wi t h her , an d p ar t ing g a ve h er fr o m
u nd e r his c l oak t w o en o rm o u s sw ee t p o t at o es t O pl a n t at
’
h o me for his grandchild s e speci a l e at ing Bu t a s she .

b e gan t o climb t h e precipice a ga in t w o p u rsu ing infant ,

spiri t s p u ll e d her b a ck an d she o nly e sc ap e d by flinging

,

t h e r oo t s a t t hem which t hey s t o pped t o e a t whil e sh e

, ,

s ea l e d t h e r o ck by h e lp O f t h e a ke a ke - s t em t ill she ,

r ea ch e d t h e e ar th an d fl e w b a ck t o where sh e h ad left
h er b o dy .

S O m u ch for t h e M aori s t o ry ; b u t t h e j eal ou sy of th e

p owers bel o w is s om et imes g et o ver a s in t h e c a se O f ,

a m o rt a l w h o h a s been o f service t o a fa i ry an d h as a s ,

a r e c o mpence s o me O f hi s t r ea s u re giv e n t o him ; an d

t her e a re a s w e n ee d sc a rc e ly sa y s o me imp o r t a nt my t hs
, , ,

Welsh an d Irish which r epres ent th e h er o e s of t hem

,

c onferring a ben e fi t on on e O f th e p owers of H a des, an d

c o ming a way wit h g o o dwill fr o m t h a t c ou nt ry an d in ,

p o ssessi on of s ome O f it s t re a su re an d we a l th Bu t t hey .

m u s t be p a ss e d by , a s I h ave n ot y et d one wi t h t h e
c a u ldr o n st ories especially t h o s e whi ch give it a spiri t u a l
,

o r in t ellec t u a l a spec t Welsh li t era tu re h as pres e rved

.

s ome refer ences in p o int su ch a s on e in a T alie s s in

,

1
p o em t o t h e e ff ec t t h at t hr e e m u ses h a d emerg e d fr o m
’
Gi a n t O g yrven s c a u ldr o n Bu t O g y rv en s ee ms t O b e
.

’
o n e O f t h e n a m e s o f t h e t errene d t h at O rv en s
g o s o gy ,

c au ldr o n s h ou ld b e n o o t her prob a bly t h a n t h a t which

w e h av e f o u nd a scrib e d t o t h e H ea d O f H a d e s F u r ther .
,

by an ot her kind o f t r ea t men t t h e e l e m en t s O f p oet ry a n d

,

1
S k en e , ij . 1 5 6, i . 260 .
26 8 1 11 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

kn o wl e dg e c a me t o be t h e mselves c a ll e d ogy rvens which ,

a ppli e d a m o ng o t h er t hings t o t h e le t t e rs o f t h e a lph a b e t

, , ,

a s will b e s ee n fr o m t h e f o ll o wing e x t r a c t fr o m a m an u

scrip t su pp o s e d t o d at e fro m t h e en d o f t h e fif t eent h

c ent u ry : T h e t hree el e m ent s o f a l e t te r are
“
sinc e
it is o f t h e pres enc e o f o n e or o t h e r of t h e t hr e e a l ett er c on
si s t s ; t h ey are t hre e b ea ms O f light an d it is o f t h e m are ,

f ormed th e six te en o g y r ven s t ha t is th e sixt e en let t ers , ,

.

Th ere bel o ng als o t o a n o t h e r art s ev en [sc o r e] an d s ev e n

o rv e n s which a re n o o t her t h a n t h e symb o ls of t h e
gy ,

rank of th e s e v e n sc ore an d s e v e n words in t h e p arent a ge

o f t h e W e lsh l a n g u a g e , a n d it is fr o m t h e m a ll o t h e r
” 1
w o rds are d eriv e d As t o t h e I . t h e y f o rm t h e
c o mp o nent p a rt s of su ch l et t ers a s t h o s e of t h e Oga m ,
t h e W e lsh b ardic l ett ers an d t h e Ru nic a lph a be t s which , ,

w er e ma d e u p of s t ra igh t lines fitt e d for c u tt ing on slips

o f w o o d ; b u t m ore O bsc u ri t y s u rr o u nds t h e s e v e n sc o re

an d s e ven o rv en s a ll u ded t o t h y wer e pr o b a bly n o t

gy ; e

v e ry d e finit ely fix e d in p o int of nu mb e r a n d t h e y a re ,

d ou bt less t o b e id ent ified wit h th e e xa c t ly s e ve n sc o r e

‘ ’
o rv en s s a id t o b e in a w en p o e sy o r m u s e This
gy ,
.

s ta t em en t , in a c o nt e xt c onn e c t ing t h e o g y rv en s wi t h
2
H a d e s o ccu rs in a n ot h er T al ie s sin p o em , which while
, ,

O bsc u r e t hr ou gh o u t a n d rel a t ing in p a rt pr o b a bly t o

a lch e my , b e a rs t h e c u ri ou s t it le of A ng ar Kyfy n d a w t ,

o r S t e a m o f C o mbin at i on a n d c o n t a ins a r ef e r e nc e t o
,

c au ldr o ns ma d e t o b oil wit h ou t t h e a id Of fi re Tre at ed .

a s a p ers on a li t y , O g y r ven a pp ea rs a s t h e fa t her o f p o e t ry

t hu s Ky n d el w a p o et of th e t we lf t h cen tu ry , c a lls himself

,

1
Ibi d ij . . 324 (n ot e by Mr S i l v an E
. v an s
) ; R y h
s, L ec tu res o n Wl
e sh

. Ph d pp 302
. .
— 305 .

2
S k e n e , ij 1 32 . .
27 0 11 1 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

GWYD I O N A ND O T H E R NA ME S O F TH E CULT UR E HE R O .

Ev e n T al ie s sin t h e m o st extra va gan t in his pr et ensions

,

o f a ll Cel t ic b a rds a ckn owledg e d on e w h o t o ok prec e denc e

,

o v e r him , a n d t h at w a s Gw e ir wh o m we h a v e f o u nd ,

c a ll e d a ls o C reir an d wh o m T al iessin is m a de t o describ e

,

a s t h e firs t t o g o in t o C a e r Sidi wh er e h e u nd e rwe n t ,

c ap t ivit y which res u l ted in hi s b e ing a b ard for ev e r

a f t e rw a rds The n a m e C re ir h a s b een pr o visio nally cla im e d
.

’
a s o n e o f Gwy di o n s an d h e is n o w t o b e c o nsid ere d
,

u nd e r a n o t h e r a n d a t hird n a m e A lin e o cc u rs in a .

1
T a l iessin p o e m wh e r e Gwydi on is c a ll e d Gwy dion S een
tew dor, wh e r e S eon tew dor is pr ob ably t o be t a k e n a s
s tanding in gra mma t ica l app o sit i o n t o Gwy dion T o dis .

p o s e O f tew dor, su ffi c e it t o s ay t h at in t h e W elsh o rt h o

gra phy O f t h e pre s ent d ay it w ou ld b e writt en tew ddor ,

m ea nin g lit era lly t hick -d o o r bu t u s e d p o et ic a lly h e re in ,

t h e s e nse of s t ou t d e fe nce o r s t rong pr ot e c t i o n : t h a t is

t o sa y , t h e p o e t r e g a rd e d Se en a s a s t r o ng pr o t e c t i o n or
o n e t h a t ga v e it , an d t h e w o rd is a ppli e d in a n o t h e r o f

2
t hese p o ems t o t h e g w l ediq C u n e d a Bu t ou r in t er e s t .

cent re s in th e v o c able Seen it o cc u rs a ls o in an ot h e r

3
p o em wh ere ment i o n is ma de of t h e pla ne t s in t h e fo l
,

l owing verses
S e ith y s sy d
s ere n . Seven th ere
s t ars are

0 s e it h n aw n d o fy d . O f t h e s ev e n gift s o f t h e L o rd

S ee n s y w e d y d . S e n t h e phi l oso ph er
e ,

H e k n o w s th eir n a t u re
’ ’
A w y r e u d efn y d . .

Her e Se en is s e en in t h e ch a ra ct er of a phil o s opher or

man of sci enc e w h o kn o ws th e na t u re o r su bs ta nc e lit e
, ,

1
S kein , ij . 199 .
2
Ih . i
j . 201 .
3 Ih . i
j . 162 .
 1 11 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 27 1

r ally t h e t imbering or m a t eria l of t h e pla n et s T h e n ex t

,
.

r efe re nc e t o be m en t i on e d is t o a T al iess in p o e m c a lled

t h e A l e S ong wher e w e h a v e t h e f oll o wing c ou ple t
1
,

E f k y rch k erd o ry on .
‘
It th ey s ee k , th e ti s ts
ar

S t a t el y
’ ’
S e sy be rw S e o n . O f S e S ee n t h e .

The b ards h a v e s u ffe r e d en orm ou sly fro m t hi rst for a g e s

u nn u mb e r e d ,
an d t h e pr o n o u n h e re pr o b a bly s t a nds fo r

t h e cmrn o r al e t hey d e sir e d ; b u t t h e p a ss a g e is in t e r e s t

ing a s pro misc u ou sly describing p o e t s an d mu sici a ns of a ll
descrip t i ons a s t h e a r t is t s o f Se Se en , an d a s r e c o rding
t h e simpler f orm of t h e n a me Se en : c o mp ar e N a e N eivion ,

M a rch M eirch ion an d t h e lik e n ot forg et t ing an ins t anc e

,

in t h e c a se O f t h e v ery g o d in qu es t i on n a m ely t h a t O f , ,
2
Gil/y d Gwy d ion t o b e m en t i o n e d pre s en t ly
,
.

Th er e w a s a pl a c e in N o r t h Wa l e s c a ll e d C a e r S eo n
’
o r Seio n t h a t is t o s a y Seo n s T o wn o r F o r t r e s s a n d it
, , ,

w a s pro b a bly n o o t her t h a n t h a t which t h e R o m ans

c a ll e d Seg o n t iu m, t h e sit e of which is n o w o cc u pi e d
by t h e t ow n O f Ca rn a rv o n T hi s a pp ea rs fro m a p o e m
.

prin t ed in t h e My vy ria n A rch a iology of Wa les , i 47 6 .

,

a n d s u pp o s e d t o d a t e fr o m t h e t hir t een t h c e n t ur y or t h e

e arlier p art of t h e su cc ee d ing o n e I t a ll u d e s t o Ma el g w n .

an d hi s c ou r t c o min g fr o m
‘
Tir Mab D O n Du e d or t h e ’
,

sid e O f t h e Son of D 6n s L a nd wh e r eby Mon a w a s me a n t

’
, ,

t o C a er S eio n ; an d t h e s t o ry g oe s t h a t Ma el g w n , w h o
t o ok a deligh t in f o m e nt ing t h e n at u r a l riva lry exis t ing
be t w een t h e p o et s a n d t h e mu sici ans o f hi s c o u r t o rd ere d ,

t h e m a l l t o swim a cr o ss which th e y did wi t h t h e r e s u l t

, ,

o f r e ndering t h e s t rings o n whi ch t h e l a tt e r d ep e n d e d

1
S k en e, ij 16 7
. .

2
C o mp o u n d forms al s o o cc u r,
n a m el y , in C y n wy d C y n wy d io n .
27 2 111 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

f or t h e ffe c t o f t h e ir art u s el e ss t o t h e m t o t h e great

e ,

s at isfa c t i o n O f t h e p o et s w h o c ou ld s ing a s w ell a s ev er ,

wh en o nc e t h e y g ot on l and N O o t h er p a r t of t h e M en a i .

w ou ld su i t t h e s t ory s o w ell a s t h at n ear C arna rvon .

1
F u rth er a di al o g u e is given in t h e Bl a ck B oo k bet we en
,

T a l iessin an d th e l o rd o f t h e D ina s or s t r ongh o ld t h e ,

rema ins o f which giv e it s n am e t o a ra ilwa y -st a t i o n

b et ween C arna rv o n an d Din a s D in li e or t h e F o rt ress o f ,

L l e w an d Gwydi on T al ies s in is a sk e d th e wh enc e an d .

whi t h er o f his j ou rn e y ; t o which h e is m a d e t o reply ,

a s it s t a nds in t his m a n u scrip t of t h e t w elft h cen t u ry

,

t h at he w a s c o ming fr o m C a er Se en fr o m figh t ing wi t h

’
J e ws an d t h at h e w as g o ing t o L l e w an d Gwydi o n s
,

T own T h e r e fer e nc e t o t h e J e ws is pr o b ably t h e r e su l t

.

’
o f s o m eb o dy s mist aking C a er Seen f or Si o n or J e ru s a l e m

t h e p o e m in it s origina l f orm h a d pr ob a bly n o r ef er e nc e

t o t h e J e ws a n d C a er See n d ou b t l e s s m ea nt Se g on t iu m
,
.

S e S een or S cion p o int b a ck t o s t e m s S eg a n d S eg on a n d

, ,

2
t h ere is li t t l e r oo m for d o u b t t h a t t h e n a m e Se g on t iu m

1 S k en e , ij 5 7 . .

2
Bes i d es t h eWel s h n am e Ca e S een an d t h e o th er w hich w e k n o w r ,

o n ly i it s L a ti fo rm O f S g o ti m thi s l as t w s n a t u a l i ed i n Wel s h
n n e n u , a r z ,

p ro b a b l y at an earl y d a t e s S g ei t w h en c e C i S g in t i t h e B iti s h
,
a e n ,
a r e e n r

M u s m M S H rl 38 5 9 f l l 95 a it is a l o m en ti o ed by N en i u s
eu . a .
,
o . s n n .

S eg ei t is re g l a l y fo m e d f o m S eg o t i m a d is
n u r r l s o eg u l a l y r n u ,
n a r r

re d u c e d i l t e Wel h i n t o S i t an d S ei
n a r s w hich o cc u a t h e n ame e n n, rs s

O f t h e r i ver w s hi g t h b se o f E d w ard s C as tl e a t C a n arv o it s ’

a n e a r n,

m th b i g t m d A b r S ei
ou e n er an d t h
e to w n K e A ber S i i n
e n, e a r e n,

M a mea s D re m (R B M a b pp f ct thi s vo c bl e in on e
’
a . I . . . n a , a

o f it s f ms is i n d i s p
or a b l e t o t h e e xp l a ti o n o f th e n am e C a n
en s na r arv o n

it sel f w hich is i n W l s h Ca er yn A rfo mean i g l it ally a c as t l e in

,
e n, n er ,

n th e c as t l k
’
A r vo n , n ot e ve i A vo b u t t h k y is n o t fa t o e n r n e e r s ee

t h e fu l l n a m e o cc u s in t h e M a binog i of B ra n wen (R B A l a b p 34)

r . . . .

t h e C s tl e O f S el u t in A rvo n
’
as K S int in
‘
a er S i t yn A
e n on o rv ,
r a . e
27 4 111 . TH E C ULT U R E HE R O .

ident ifying wit h H erc u les t hat is t o sa y s o far as on e

, ,

m ay sp e a k o f id e n t ific a t i o n a t all in s u ch a c a s e H e .

w a s y o u will r e m e mber c a ll e d Ogmi o s an d a cc o rding

, , , ,
’
t o L u ci a n s a cc ou nt o f him , h e w a s t h e p e rs o nific a t i o n o f
sp ee ch an d al l t h a t c ond u c e d t o m ak e sp e e ch a p o werfu l
a g e ncy b u t we f o u nd re a s o ns for id e nt ifying him a l s o
;
wi t h H erm e s an d M erc u ry, an d m or eo v e r wi t h t h e deo ,

u i via s et s emi ta s commen ta s es t His c ou n t e rp a rt in

q .

I ri s h w a s p oint e d ou t in t h at of Ogma (p th e .

inv ent o r o f a kind of l earn e d j arg o n a n d O f a kind o f

writ ing b ot h O f which w e re indifferent ly c all e d 09a m
,
.

On t h e o t h er h and t h e W e lsh w or d c o rr e sp onding et y

,

m ol o g ica l l y t o O g mios an d O g ma is ov y d which h a s

, ,

rema in e d an a pp ella t ive m eaning a le a d er or t each e r

,

( p. a n d t h e W e lsh a n d Iri s h a cc ou n t s o f t h e o rigin

o f writ ing a re a cc ordingly n o t t h e s a me Th e y m ay , .

h ow ev e r b e rega rd e d a s s u ppl e m e nt ing o n e an ot h er

,
.

Thu s t h e t erm ogy rven for a l et t e r o f t h e a lpha b et c o n

n ect s wri t ing wi t h t h e t e rr e n e g o d bu t wit h ou t t e lling
,

u s t hr o u gh wh o s e ins t ru m e n t a li t y t h e kn o wl e dg e o f t h e

art O f wr i t ing w a s fi rs t br ou ght fr o m hi m t o m an T he .

Iri s h l e gend on t h e o th er h and , m ake s t h e divin e o v y d

,

o r O gm a t h e inv e nt or o f wri t ing ; bu t it d o es n ot l e t u s

int o t h e s ecre t O f t h e origin O f his kn o wl e dg e exc ep t ,

indire c t ly by m aking h im t h e s on o f El a tha king of t h e

F e m ori o r dwell ers o f t h e w o rld b en eat h t h e s ea ; an d
,

t o t his pl a cing o f C w y dion o v e r a ga ins t O gma a s s u b

r

s t a n t ia l l y t h e s a me p ers o n t h e my t hic p e di g r ee s o pp o s e
,

n o s eri o u s O bs t a cl e . For Gwydi o n is c a ll e d s on of D O n ,

an d h e r h u sb a nd is inf err e d t o h a ve b e e n B el i t h e G rea t

,

t h e g o d o f d eat h a n d d a rkn e s s (pp 90 s o th a t h e re

.

B el i fills t h e pl a ce a scribed in Irish t o Elath a , a n d D O E

 1 11 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 27 5

t hat scrib e d t o Brigi t m o t her O f Bres an d g o dd e s s o f

a ,

p o e try (p a ll t hings being s u pp o s e d t o deriv e t h e i r

.

o rig in fr o m t h e p o w e rs o f t h e ne t h e r w o rld , t h e a rt s

a n d sci e nc e s incl u ded T h e s t ory a b ou t El a th a in tr o .

’
d u c in g hi ms el f t o her w h o w a s t o be Bres s m ot her is ,

t h a t h e c a m e o u t o f t h e s ea whi t her h e r e t u rn e d h a ving , ,

left h er a ring which he h a d on his h a nd ; an d Br e s

t heir s on when driv e n fr o m h is t hr o n e by N u a da o n his
,

re t u rn t o p ower wi t h a silve r h a nd (p w a s p rO .

v id ed wi t h t h e ring an d en a bl e d by me ans O f it t o m ak e ,

his w a y t o th e fa iry l and inh abi t e d by t h e F e m ori, whe re .

h e f o u nd his fa t h e r an d his p eo ple h o lding a gr ea t a ssem

bly on Ma g M or or t h e Grea t Pl ain on e O f t h e na m e s , ,

c o mm only a ss o ci a t e d wi t h t h e ge o graphy O f t h e ne th er
’
wo rld Bre s s b u siness w a s t o e nlis t t h e Fem ori on his
.

1
side aga ins t t h e T u ath a D é Dan a nu This s t ory h a s .

’
b een r e d u ced t o s ob e r his t o ry by Pro f O C u rry an d .

o t hers b t I wi s h t o p o in t o u t befo re pr o ce e ding fu r

; u
’
t h er t h a t as O g y rven s n am e c a m e in Welsh t o me a n
,

a l e t t e r o f t h e a lph a be t a n d o t her elemen t s s o that o f ,

El a tha is f ou nd u sed as a n appell at ive in t h e sense o f

sci ence art or a r t is t ic w ork esp e ci ally li t erary c o mp o si
, ,

2
t i o ns N or did t his s t a nd a l o n e in Irish ; fo r o n e fin d s
.

t h at a cer t a in kind o f p oe t ic c o mp o si t i o n w a s c all e d e ta n ,

which is h omeph on ou s wi t h t h e n ame of th e p o et ess E tan ,

1
Gi v e n at l e n g th in t h e Briti s h Mu s eu m M S H . a rl . 5 28 0, fo l .

fo r O C
’
u rry s
’
v e rs o n i of it ,
s ee th e p as sa
g es in h is M S . l ll a t .

pp 24
.8 -
9, a l re a d
y f
re erre d to at p . 25 3 .

2
Fo r f
re e re n ce s , s ee \Vin d is ch
’
s c
I r is h e T ex te, p . 5 2 1, s v . . el a t h a

S t o k es
’
s C a l end a r o f O eng us , p cc l i
. v also
’
dA . de J u b a in v i ll e s
’
Cy cl e

di g/ t it . p . 306 . T he w o rd s ee ms t o h a ve b ee n de l c i ne d in t w o w ay s ,
E l a t h a , g en E ta l /t a n, . an d E l a th a n, g e n E ta l /l a in . .
27 6 1 11 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

t o be id en t ified , pr ob ably , wit h Brigit g o dd e ss o f p o et ry ,

C a irbre t h e fir s t s a t iris t in Erinn , is di s t ing u i sh e d a s

,

s on o f E t a n T h e n a m e E l a th a o r E l a th a n for b ot h
.
,

fo rms o cc u r may p o ssibly h a v e r e ferr e d t o e l o qu enc e

,

an d wisd o m ; an d in t h a t c a s e t h e p e rs o n a g e s o c a ll e d

ma y b e c o mp a r e d wi t h t h e king of Ha d e s u nd er his
W e lsh n am e o f Ar awn which like wis e r ef err e d t o spe e ch ,

an d wisd o m The Welsh Arawn is s t yl e d on e O f th e

.

’ 1
Three c ou ns elling Kni gh t s o f Art h u r s C o u r t , an d is
p o ssibly t o b e r e c ognized u nd e r t h e slight ly differen t
n a m e A l aw n , giv e n t o o n e o f t h e t hr e e o rigin a t ors O f
2
b ardi s m .

’
Gwydi on s n am e m u st n ex t b e c o nsidere d : it can only
be deriv e d fr o m a ro o t of t h e f o rm c it r o t o r vet ; an d ,

O f t h e s e t h e only on e f o u nd t o s a t i s fy a l l th e c o ndi t i o ns is

ve t which in O l d W e lsh m u s t b e c o me
, [g j hw e li abl e t o b e

r e du c e d in th e l at er s t a ge s of t h e l a ngu a ge t o Lg j w ed a s
'

3
,

1 T ri a d s, i 86 iij . 1 16 .

2
T ri a d s , J 5 8 ; I ol o
H . M SS . pp . 48 , 428 . The o th er n am e ,
A ra wn ,

is d eri v e d f ro m t h e sa m e Wel h t erm a ra ith an o rati s o u r e asc th e s ,

‘
on

o r s p e ch e p e s e n t d i n I ri s h b
y a i ech t or o irech t w hic h
’
a wo d
e ,
r r r e r ,

b ears t h e s c o d a y s i g ific ti o n o f a a ss emb l y : I ri s h p bl ic m e t

e n r n a n u e

i n g pp a t o h av e n ev r l ac k ed o a to y n d d cl m ati o n S ee fo r
s a e r e r r a e a .
,

i n s t an c O C u y s M n e s & c ij 20 5 3 a d M S M a t pp 38 3-4
e,
’
rr
’
a n r , . .
, ,
n . . .
,

w he e r f ren c s a e m ad e t o a su it p l ead ed b e for t h e k i ng o f U l s t er

re e e r e

i n s u ch l o q u en t an d u n i n t el l i g ib l e l an g age th a t h e d e p ri ve d t h e p o e t s
e u

O f th i i g ht t o b e t h e exp ou n d ers O f t h e l aw s O f t h e real m a s they

e r r ,

h ad b e ti l l th e
en n .

n a n i t h c en t u y man u s c rip t en e ij 2) w e m ee t w ith a w ord

3 I n
( S k r , .

o f t hi s orig i w ritten g a e t id p ro n o u c e d g w e t id w hich m ean t e ith er

n ,
n
,

u th Wa l s a v e rb
’ ’ ’
a d i S
a sa
y or a s y e r a
o , g we y d (for g wed y d )
n n e

t o s ay is m ch u s e d t ak e fo r i s t an c e g w ecl d ic
’ ‘
gw ed wch d i it
‘
,
u : ,
n , c e
, ,

d ixi Bu t i N o th Wal es an d g en e l l y in W l h l it e a tu re
’
g w ed a i s, . n r ra e s r

t h e p feren c e is g i v en t o th e s me v erb w ith t h e p re fix d y fo r a n

re a
,

O l d er d o t h e C el tic e qu i val en t O f th e E n gl i s h t o
, T h us d y wed y d .
27 8 11 1 . TH E C ULT UR E H E R O .

p l ifi e d by g w aw d a We lsh t erm for p o et ry, bu t n ew ,

r e st ric t e d t o s at ire an d s a rc a sm Am ong t h e c o gnat e .

w ords ma y be m ent ion e d t h e Irish faith a pro ph et or

‘
,

’ ‘ ’
p o et , L at in vates Old N o rse O d r mind s ou l s ong ; , , , ,

a ls o O d enn or O d inn , English Wo den , an d w ood ,

’
‘
ma d ,
’
G erma n w a th ra g e ,
.

The appe ara nce in cl o se c onnec t ion of words rel at ing

t o p o et ry an d pr oph e cy on t h e on e h a nd , an d t o m a dn e ss
a n d p o ssessi o n on t h e o t her is j u st what w ou ld b e ,

e xpec t e d by t h e s t u d e n t o f a nt hr o p o l o gy f a mili a r wit h

a p ro ph e t o r p o e t t w hich t h e Wel s h h as n o e t y m ol og ic al equ i val en t

,
’
o ,

s i n c e it w o u l d h v e s ou n d e d g w a w t g w a wd l i k e t h e w o d m e a i g
a a , ,
r n n

s a ti re b u t it e xi s t e d in Gau l i s h an d w as p ro b ab l y w d t is or vd t is as ,

S t b o iv 4
ra h as pl a c e d on re c o rd t h e n o m i n ati v e p l u ra l i t h e form o f
, .
, 4, n

o fid s r et N O W L a ti n th o u g h n o t p o s sess i n g e x a c t p aral l el s in su ch
.
,

erb al fo rms as v5ni o ven i o r d g o eg i m a tch es f ai th an d w d tis e x a ct l y

‘

v , , , ,

in v o w el an d d ec l en s i o n w ith it s n ou n d tes a p o et an d p ro ph e t
‘ ’
v ,
.

T h e fol l o w i g cl as s ific at i on w i l l en d er i t el l i g ib l e at a gl c e w h a t I
n r n an

m ean t h e hy p o th e tic al fo m s h av e an a s t e i s k p e fix ed t o th e m
— r r r

1 S t em s w ith e o f t h e c o s o n a t al d e c l s i o : I i s h F eth i
.
, Feth enn ;
n n en n r ,
*
a,
*

Wel s h Gwy d Gw y d ion ; L a ti n Veti o Vetio is 2 S tems w ith a

, , , ,
n . .

( )
l O f t h e 0 d e c l e s i o n : I r f d th l ea i n g W ne l s h g zva w d p o em .
,
‘
rn , ,
‘
,

s ti e t
* ’
L at vd t a m va t i cina m e Germ an i s w th
a r .
) t h ra ge og e a , ,

th er w ith t h e adj e cti v e w hich w as in Go thi c vod s S a w fén ,

’

,
‘
at o evo s ,

A dd t o th e e t h e O N ors O d - m a d f an tic A -S a x o
’
S g a n d is / io
er e . s . e r, ,
r . n

M o d E g l i s h w oo d ; Bro ad S c o tch w a d o r w a th m ad
’
wed m ad,
‘
. n ,
‘
,

d i s t ract ed (2) O f t h e I d e cl en s i on I r f a ith p o t Gau l i s h

’ ’
‘
. .
,
e

w atis p o e t L at vd tes p o e t O N o rs e O d ge itiv e O d ar m in d

'

‘
, .
, .
~
r, n , ,

w it so u l s e s e s pi rit s on g p o e t ry
(3) D eri v a ti ves O f t h e 0 d eel en
’
n
, , , , , .

s i o n : I E l a th a n (a form o f t h e n ame o f t h e Fomo i an k i n g h u s b an d

r. r ,

o f t h e g o dd e ss O f p o e t ry ) in c as e it b e fo E l - fl ith a n (w ith cl of t h e , r

am e o i g i n a s eo l in eo l a s k n o w l ed g e t h e v o w el v ari at i on b e in g ‘ ’
s r , ,

p o du c ed by t h e a cc en t as in beoth a l ife gen itiv e beth a d ) Wel h

r , ,
‘
,
’
s

Gwo d a n ; L at vd t a nus O N ors e O d en - g iti v e O d en -s A S a

*
*
n, en — x
. .
, . .

Wed en g en Wo d en-es p erp e tu at ed in Wed ne -day T h e rel at i o n

, .
, s .

b t w een Gwy d ion an d Wo d e d id n o t es c ap e Gri mm s ee h is D eu ts ch e

e n

M y th pp x x iij 124 296 342

.
4
.
, , , .
 1 11 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 27 9

th e h abi t s o f n a t i o n s w h o are won t t o r e gard idi o ts an d

m a ni a cs a s inspir e d pers ons a vi e w which can a ls o b e ,

s t u d i e d n e w an d th en in o u r o w n c o u n t ry In th e c a s e .

o f t h e C e l t s we s ee t his ide a in t h e s u p ers t i t i o n a s t o

t h e h a rdship which a m an sh o u ld u nderg o o n C a der

Idris or Sn owd on in ord e r t o be in spired a s a b ard ; bu t
h e migh t b e c o m e a m a dm an t h a t is t o say t h e inspira , ,

t i o n migh t pr o ve diff eren t fr o m t h at o f t h e b ard Per .

h aps t h e dis t inc ti on is n ot O l d en ou gh t o be c o nsid ere d ;

a t an r a t e we h a v e an ins t a nce O f t h e idi o t O f t h e f a mily
y ,

pla ying t h e p ar t o f a pr oph et in th e Irish s t ory c o nce rning

1
t h e f o rm at i o n of L ou gh N e a g h M or eo v er t h e id ea o f .
,

inspired r aving is fa milia r t o t h e r ea d er o f t h e cl a s s ics

t a ke for e x a mpl e, t h e Sibyl wh o m V e rg il in t h e E n e id
,

c a lls a s a n etiss ima va tes an d o f wh o m he giv e s an u n ,

l o vely pic t u re, vi 46 5 1 .

—

C ui tal i a fan ti
A n e t fo res su bito n on v u l t u s , n o n c ol o r u u s n ,

N on co mt ae m au sere c o m ae ; s ed p e ct u s an h l u m e ,

E t bi e fe a c rda t u me t m aj o rqu e v id eri

ra r o n ,

N cc m e t a l e s en an s a fii at a es t n u m in e q u an d o
r
’
Ja m p ro pio re d e i .

And a lit t le l a t er vi ,
. 77— 8 0
A t Ph oeb i n o n d um p a tie ns, imman is in w h o

Ba cch a tu r t
v a es , m ag n u m s i p ect o pos s it
re

E x cu s s is s e d eu m t a to
n ma g i s i ll e f t ig a t
a

O s rabid u m , f e ra c o rda d o man s , fi n g it q u e p re men d o .

’

TO r e tu rn t o t h e w ords which I h a ve b e g u n t o disc u ss ,

t h e id ea u nd e rly ing t h e m a l l w a s t h a t o f s a ying o r u t t er

ing a n d sec o nd a rily p erh aps o f s inging ch a n t ing or
, ,

m u t t ering whe th e r a s a p o e t o r a s a ra ving m a dma n SO

,
.

’
a Gw d io n m igh t b e re n d e i e d S a
n y y O f S a ying o r Sa
y ,

1
B ook o f t h e D a n, 39 b ; J yco
’
e s O ld Cel tic R o ma nces , pp . 100-1 .
28 0 11 1 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

s on o f S aying, wit h whi ch his n a m e, Geir s on of Geiry o e d ,

p is p a lp a bly id e n t ic a l a s it m ea ns W o rd s on o f
( . 2 5 0) ,

W o rds ; bu t if a n a me r el a t ing t o his p o we r of u t t eranc e

a n d e l o qu e nc e ,
a n d a m o u nt ing t o c a lling him va tes o r

pr ophet , b e c am e Gwydi on , it c ou ld s u rpris e n ob o dy if

t h e s a m e kind o f n a m e wer e f ou nd given t o on e o f t h e m

w h o were r e ck on e d re -
emin e n t in t his respec t n amely
p , ,

t h e m y t hic b e ings O f t h e n e th e r w orld S u ch a n am e

.

w e s ee m t o h a ve in fa c t , in t h a t O f t h e king of t h e
,

Fom o ri c all e d E l a th an , which , a cc ording t o t h e s u rmis e s

,

a lr ea dy m a d e ,
c o nvey e d pro b a bly s o m e s u ch an id ea a s
t h at O f sp eaking v a t icin a t ing o r s oo t hsa y ing an d migh t
, ,

b e c omp ar e d t o a c er t a in e x t ent wi t h t h at O f t h e mu ch
s aying c onn o t ed by t h e Greek n a m e H h fi j mp o In f act
c o s.
,

t h e Cycl ops , se - c a ll e d, m ay b e r e gard e d a s a being here

in p o int since Gwydi on an d Wo d en b ea r a st riking
,

r e s embl a nce t o Odyss eu s ; a n d t h ou gh t h e vi e w h ere

s u gg e st e d O f th e ch ara c t e r O f P olyph e mu s h a d prob ably
c ea s ed t o b e fa milia r t o t h e Gr e ek mind b e fo re t h e
O dyss ey w as c o mp o sed , st ill t h at m o st ch arming of e pics
s a ys e n ou gh a b ou t him an d his c o u nt ry t o l ea ve on e in
n o d o u b t t h a t in P o lyph e m u s w e h a ve a t l e a st in p o in t
,

o f o rigin o n e o f t h e p o t en t a t e s o f t h e n et h e r w o rld
,
All .

a b o u t his wisd o m an d kn o wledg e h a d b e e n f o rg o tt e n , an d

t h e onl y r e minisc e nc e o f t h at a sp e c t of his ch ara c t er is t o

be f ou nd in th e r et en t i o n o f t h e na me P o lyph e mu s or th e
M u ch -s aying I t is h ardly n e c e ss a ry t o r e m ark t hat t o
.

a p eo pl e in a l o w s t a g e o f c u l t u r e s u ch a n a me w ou ld

m e a n very m u ch m o re tha n it w ou ld t o u s ; t hey wo u ld

n o t b e inclin e d qu i t e s o m u ch t o c o n t ra s t w o rds wi t h

t hings a s t o reg a rd t hem a s being t h e ms e lv e s t hings ;

an d t h e a n t i t hesis s o t ri t e a n d s t e rile in s u ch au th ors of
,
28 2 1 11 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

H era cl e s were perform e d by th e ch arm O f speech rat h e r

t h a n by t h e f o rce O f arms Bu t we s e em t o b e a g a in l e d .

b a ck t o t h e l att e r by t h e n a me Gw eir which we fou nd

a l t e rn a t ing wi t h Geir ; fo r it pr ob ably m ea n t m a nly : a t

an r a t e t h a t is t h e n at u r a l infer enc e fr o m t h e fa c t t h at
y ,

it is a d e riv at ive fr o m a n e arli e r form of g w r, t h e W e lsh

e qu iva len t in s e nse a n d e t ym o l o gy o f t h e O l d Irish
f er
a n d t h e L at in vir An ot her o f his n a m e s o f t his ori gin
.

is pro b ably t o be de t ect e d in Gwren whi ch me ans a gr e a t ,

m an or h ere , an d is giv e n a s t h e n a m e O f t h e t hir d o f t h e

1
t hre e o rigin at ors O f b a rdism .

G WYDI O N C O MPA R E D WI T H W O DE N A ND IN DR A .

If it w ere a sk e d why t h e for e g o ing n ames sh ou ld be

a ssu med t o h a ve r e fe rr e d t o o n e an d t h e s a me p e rs o n or

ch ara c t er, it might be answered t h a t t h ere is n o a pri ori

O bj ec t i o n t o c o ns t r u in g t hem in t h e c o n t r ary s e nse , sinc e ,

on t h e o n e h a nd , a my thi c a l p ers o n a g e m ay u nd e r '

fa vo u rabl e circu mst anc e s a tt ra ct t al e s origina lly s a id O f

1
S ee t h e T ri a d s, iij 58 Wel s h g wr s tan d s fo r an earl i r gw er
. . e ,

w hich w ith t h e I i s h f er p o i t s t o an e rl y
,
r ,
m i n a ti ve véros g e i
n a no ,
n

tiv e v ri rep r s en t ed in I i s h O gm ic i n s c ipti o s by viri l t e I i h

e ,
e r r n ,
a r r s

fir . I G u l i s h an adj cti ve ve g es w a s fo rm ed f o m ver b u t t h e

n a e r r

s e m i v o w el c au s e d i t t o ass m e t h e fo rm vir io
—
a s in Vor to -
u vi i i s, e r a s, . e .

so n o f Veret o eros
( v W l s h Gw a red w r S l va t o
e
) c omp e Vi tzes ,
‘
a r
’
ar n

(Wel s h gw yn t w i n d ) f m ve t os Wel h c ou l d h o w ev er h av e
’
,
ro n . s , ,

o th er fo rm s an d ve g es m i g ht
,
ith er b ec om e veirj os w hich w o ul d b e
r e ,

ou r Gw i o r vi j o s
e r, w hich w o l d n o w b
r , Gw y r ; in o e in t a c u e n s n e

b o th fo rms h app n t o o cc u r ; I re fer t o a my thic p ers on ge m e ti o n ed

e a n

in t h e T i a d (i 30
r s ij 5 6. iij 1 01 ) as D ll w y D l l b
. a d D ll
. a r a en n a

w i r D ll b en n o t t o m en t i on a t hi d d e ri va ti v e D all w aran al s o a pp l i ed
e a ,
r

t o h im : t h e fo rmer t w o n am es w o u l d i th e i earl y forms be D a l l o n r

verg es D l l e ennos
p a w hich w ou l d s,
e em t o m ea n B l i n d -h ead (s o ) f n o

Bl i n d -m an .
 1 11 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 28 3

a n o t her while on t h e o th er t h e a cqu isi t i o n by him o f

, , ,

s e v er a l n ames wou ld t end t o spli t him u p in t o a s m a ny

individ u a ls S o me re a s o ns h av e a lrea dy be en given fo r
.

l o o king a t t h e We l s h n a m e s r e ferr e d t o fr o m t h e l a t t e r
p oint o f view ra t her t h an fr o m t h e fo rm e r ; bu t t h ere is
a m o r e c o mpr eh e nsiv e o n e an d t h a t is t h e a rg u m e n t t o ,

b e deriv e d fr o m a c o mp a ris o n wi t h t h e m y t h ol o gy o f
o t her br a nch e s o f t h e Ary a n fa mily t h at Gwydi o n o r , ,

wh at eve r n a m e y o u ch o o s e t O giv e him w a s a c o mpl et e ,

an d c o mplex ch a r a c t e r fa mili a r t o o ur r e m o t e a nces t o rs ,

b e fore t hey c ou ld a s y et be c all e d C el t s or b e fo re t h ose ,

o f t h e Engli s h c ou ld be c a ll e d Te u t o ns t h a t is t o s a y , a t ,

a t im e wh e n t h e Ary a ns h a d n o t p a ssed ou t o f t heir p rO

c t h n ic p e ri o d For ou r imm e di a t e p urp o ses t h e qu es t i o n

.

red u c e s i t s elf t o t hat O f t h e iden t ific at i o n o f Gwydi o n

wi t h t h e W o den of Teu t onic pe oples The n a m e Wo d en .

1
is re ferred t o t h e s a me o rigin as t h e L a t in w o rd va tes
by Fick Vigf u s s on an d o t hers ; fu rt her , it is imp ossible
,
’
t o s e v e r t h e Irish faith , a pr o ph e t or p o e t fr o m va tes on
‘
,

t h e o n e h and a n d fr o m t h e We lsh g w a w d
,
‘
p o et ry p o e m , , ,
’
s at ire , on t h e o t h er ; an d wi t h a l l t hr e e t h e na me o f
t h e Welsh Gwy di o n is pr ob ably cl o sely c onn e c t ed It .

rem a in s , t h en t o be se e n h ow far th e l e ge nds a b ou t

,

Gwydi o n a n d W o den c o incide on p art ic u l ar p oin t s, su ch

2
a s t h e f o l l o wing

i Th e ir fa mily r el at i ons
. .

’
1 Gwydi on s m o t h e r w as D O D O f wh om v e ry li t t le is
.
,

By Fic k in h is Ve rg l eic h en d es
1
o r t er bu ch d er i n d o g erma n is ch en W
r n
"
Sp a c e , iij 308 , a n d b y Vig fu s so n in t h e Co rp us Po e t B o rea l e,
h . .

i civ ; s ee al so th e A c a d emy for Ja n 18 8 5, p 46

. . . .

2
xc u
E rs u s i . 2, in t h e Co p u s
r Po et B o rea l e,
. i . civ , ij . 45 8 -
63 th e
r e fere c s n e a re, w he re n o t s p ecifi e d , to th a t e xc u rs u s .
28 4 1 11 . TH E C UL T U R E H E R O .

kn own an d his fa t- ,
h e r is in fe rr e d t o h a ve be e n B eli o f ,

wh o m n ea rly a s li t t l e c an b e s aid t o be kn o wn .

W o d en w a s t h e s on o f Be stl a an d Bor, st ill less kn own

a s t o t h e i r o rigin .

2 Gwydi o n h a d a mis t ress c all e d Ari anrh o d wh o s e

.
,

n a m e m ea nt Silv e r -wh eel : sh e dwe l t in h er c a st l e in

t h e s ea Sh e r e m ain e d a m a id e n an d wi sh e d t o p a ss
.

fo r a virgin whenc e h er indigna t i o n at finding h er s on

,

living .

W o d en (a s Gy l fe ) h a d a lem a n c all e d Gefjon a w o rd ,

whi ch o cc u rs a s a n a m e for t h e s ea a n d sh e h a d a s s o ci a t e d ,
’
‘ 1
wit h h er a di l i p r ed u l t o b e int erpr et e d a l ta s re ta la s o r
,

- ’
d e ep sinking wh ee l : sh e l e d a m a id en s life lik e Ari a nrh o d ,

an d s h e ch a ng e d in t o o x e n t h e s o ns sh e b o r e W o d e n .

3 Gwydi o n h a d a s on L l e w wh o s e d e a t h w a s n o l e ss
.
,

’
p e c u lia r t h an t ha t of W o d en s s on B ald er ; a n d t h e gri e f
’
o f Gwydi o n w a s v ery gr e a t lik e W o den s : b o t h fa t h e rs
,

w and er e d far a n d wid e u nt il t h e y di s c o v e re d ea ch his

s on w h o w a s a f t e rwa rds t o b e r e c a ll e d t o t his lif e
,
.

ij Th e ir ch a ra c t er a s warri ors
. .

Gwydi on w a s a su cc e s sfu l ge n eral ; b e w a s H era cl e s ,

‘ ’
an d h e w a s See n o r S e g o n t h e v ict o riou s z h e fo u gh t
a singl e c o mb a t wi t h fa t a l e ffe c t t o his a dv e rs a ry wh o ,
’
w a s h o w e v e r , s a id t o h av e be e n o v erc o m e by Gwydi o n s
,

m a gic .

W o den w a s c a ll e d sir e o r l o rd O f h o st s l ord o f sp e ars , ,

fa th e r O f vic t o ry o r b at t l e, an d he w a s t h e wi e ld e r O f t h e
m a gic sp ea r Gun gnir .

iij Th e ir cre at iv e p o we r
. .

Gwydi o n , w i t h t h e aid o f his u ncl e M at h , m a d e a b ean

t if u l w o ma n o u t o f fl o wer s .

1 Corp us Po et B er ij 8
. . . .
28 6 11 1 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

pri va t i o n an d p a in o f l ong f as t ings an d s t ra nge pen anc e s

, ,

in o rd e r t o g et hi s wisd o m : a cc ording t o a no t h er a cc ou nt ,

h e pl e dg e d on e o f hi s e yes t o S e kk -mimi t h e Gi an t o f ,

t h e Ab y ss for a drau ght o f t h e deep w ell O f wisd o m

,

p oetr y is t h e bill ows O f Wo d e n s bre ast an d th e st re a m

‘ ’ ’ ‘

-
O f t h e lip be a rd o f W o d e n
’
.

5 G w ydi o n e at s an d drink s wit h Ari anrh o d , an d t h e y

.

c onvers e O f st o ri e s an d hist ori e s in h er c a st le , n ew ridden

o v e r by t h e bill o ws o f t h e Irish Sea .

Wo den an d S aga t h e s eere ss drink j o y ou sly o u t O f

g o ld en c u ps at h er ab o de of S u nk -b ench o ve r whi ch th e ,

1
c old wa v e s ev e r mu rm u r .

’
6 Gwydi o n s fa v o u rit e disgu ise w a s t o t a k e t h e f orm
.

o f a b a rd for which he w a s fi tt e d a s b e ing t h e b e s t

,

his t o ria n or st o ry -tell e r in t h e wo rld .

W o d en figu res in st ory a s a c owl e d on e -eyed l o ng , ,

b eard e d O l d sa ge, w h o t ells kin g Olaf t ales o f d ays l ong

go n e by .

v Th e ir Pro met h ea n mi le
. .

1 Gwydi o n wit h hi s br o t her Am a e t h o n t h e fa rm e r

.
, ,

pr o cu re s fro m t h e p o we rs t erren e t h e a nim a ls u sef u l t o

man s u ch a s t h e d og t h e pig an d ot h ers
, , , .

N O c orr e sp o nding my t h a b o u t W o d e n s ee ms t o be
ex t a nt .

2 Gwydi o n a n d his fri ends h a rry Ha des in o rder t o

.

’
s e c u r e it s king s c a u ldro n which w a s o n e o f t h e my s t ic
,

v e ss els ou t o f which v o ic e s iss u ed a n d t h e inspirat io n O f

wi s d o m an d p oe t ry .

’
O n e o f Wo d e n s m o s t s t riking a dven tu r e s w a s his
j ou rn e y in qu es t of t h e h o ly drau gh t fro m gi ant Su p

1
Vig fu ss o n an d Po w el l , C o rp us Poet Borea l e, . i . 70
.
 111 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 28 7

’
t u ng s d au gh ter : t h e dr au gh t w a s o t herwis e c a lled t h e
’ ’
D w a rfs C u p t h e D wa rfs Ship a n d o t her c u ri ou s n a m e s
, ,

symb o lic o f t h ou gh t wisd om , an d especially t h e inspira

,

t i o n o f p o e t ry .

3 Gwydi on o b t a ined t h e b oons which he c on fe rr e d

.

on m a n m o s t ly by f o rc e o r by cr a f t fr o m t h e p o w e rs

t err e n e wi t h wh o m he d e al t in a n u t t erly u nscr u p u l ou s

,

fa shi on .

Wo den pro cu red th e preci ou s drau ght which w a s t o

be a gif t an d j oy for m en by wiline ss Ul yss e s -lik e ,

p a t ience an d eve n p erj u ry a s w hen he bec a me t h e

, ,

g u ilef u l l ov e r o f Gu n dfl e d d au gh t er o f Su p t u n g t h e,

gia nt , w h o o wn e d t h e h o ly d rink in o rder t o s t ea l t h e ,

1
l t t er which h e did s u ccessf u lly
a
, .

Fr o m t hese an d simil ar i t ems O f a gre emen t be t w e en

t heir s t ori e s t o g e ther wi t h t h e cl o s e kinship O f t h e ir
,

n a m e s on e se e ms t o be fu lly wa rra nt e d in r e ga rding

,

Gwy di on an d Wo den resp e c t ively a s Cel t ic an d Te u t onic

repr esent a t iv e s o f o n e an d t h e s a m e h ere bel onging t o ,

a t ime a n t eri o r t o t h e sep a ra t i o n o f t h e C e l t s an d t h e

Te u t o ns I t h a s a lre a dy be en hin t e d h ow Gwy di on a s

.

Ogmi o s w a s b ot h He ra cl e s a n d H e rmes when t ransl a te d

in t o a cl a ssic a l form ; while Vig fu s s on an d P o w ell h a v e
s u ggest e d c omp aris ons be t ween W o d en an d b ot h Ul yss e s
a n d Pr o me t h e u s 2 a n d t h e y a re u nd ou b t e dly well w ar
,

ra nt e d in so d o ing Pr o m ethe u s o n t h e o n e h a nd , g e t s
.
,

fi re fo r t h e c o m fo r t o f m an ; whil e o n t h e o t h e r G w ydi o n , ,

pr o c u r e s c er tain br e eds of anim als for his u s e a s well a s ,

t h e gif t o f p o e t ry an d wi s d o m f or t h e b e n efi t o f his mind

a n d W o d e n u nd e rg oe s ind e scrib a bl e d a ng e r an d h a rdship

1
C or p us Po et Bo rea l e,
. i . 23 .
2
lb . i . C iv , ij 460
. .
28 8 111 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

in o rder t o s e cu re a dra u gh t of th e pr e ci ou s drink N or .

d o e s th e p ara ll e l en d t h ere or wit h t h e f a c t tha t in a l l

,

t hr e e c a s e s t h e b e n e fa c t o r o f m a n h a d t o u nderg o dire
p u ni shment for wh a t h e h a d d o ne I t ext ends t o det a ils ; .

fo r Pr o m e t heu s like W o d e n an d Gwydi on cr ea t e d hu m a n

, ,

b e ings an d it w a s o nly wi t h t h e f ri endly a id O f At h en e

,

t h a t h e g ot a ccess t o h e a ven t o s t ea l t h e fi re h e c onf err e d

on t h em .And in spi t e o f th e highly r e sp e c ta bl e ch a
ra c t er u s u a lly a scrib e d t o t h e gr e y - e y e d g o ddess th e ,

sc a nd a l fo u nd it s w ay in t o Gr eek li t era t u re t h a t Pro ,

’
m et h eu s r e l a t i ons wit h her w ere s o m ewh a t like t h o s e O f
W o d en wit h Gu n dfl e d a n d t h at it w a s f o r his a mou rs
,

wi th t h e divin e spinst e r t h at he w a s so t erribly p u nish e d

1
by her fa ther Z eu s H e re h o w e ver t h e simil arit y is
.
, ,

s o m e wh at m o re c o nc e n trat e d t h a n b e t wee n Gwydi on ,

W o d en an d Ulyss e s , wh er e it is fo u nd t o ex t end t o t h e
g e n era l ch ara c t er of t h e chief figu r e s in t h e s t ori e s an d t o
s o me o f t h e incid e n t s a ss o ciat e d wit h t h e m a s for e x a m , ,

l e t h e t a l e of U lyss e s visi t ing t h e isl a nd O f P o lyph e m u s

p ,

a n d his j o ur ney t o t h e n e t her w o rld Bu t in a l l prO .

bab il it y t h e p ar all e l a pp ear e d st ill m o r e s t riking t o t h e

p a gans of I t aly an d Gree c e in t h e first an d sec ond cen
t u ries t his a t an y r at e is t h e in fe r enc e I sh o u ld dra w
, ,

fro m a p assa ge in th e t hird ch a pt er o f t h e G erm ani a o f

T a cit u s , in which h e s t a t e s t h a t t h e G e rm ans h a d t ra di
t i ons ab o u t a H e rc u l e s O f t h e i r O w n wh o m t h e y hymn e d ,

a b o v e al l ot her migh t y men o f v a l o u r in t h e s o ngs which

t h e y u s e d t o sing wh e n a b ou t t o eng a g e in b at t le , a n d
t h a t it w a s t h e n o t i o n of s o m e, t h a t U lyss e s , b orn e in ,

t h e c o u rs e O f t h e wa nd e rings a scrib e d t o him in s t o ry ,

S ee t h e S ch ol i as t p o l l o n i us 1 249 ; S erv i u s , C o m in
’
1
on A A rg . ij . .

Verg il E cl
. . vi
. 42
.
290 111 . TH E C UL T U R E H E R O .

O f t h e st u dent of e arly hi s t o ry of a gre a t ra ce Wit h

th e
regard t o t h e a lt a r b earing t h e n a m e s o f Ulys s e s an d his
fa th e r L a er t e s , which gives t h e st ory t h e a ir o f t h e e x a c t
ness t h at pro ves t O O mu ch it is t O b e O bs erv e d t h at t h e
,

w o rds O f Ta cit u s d o n ot c o mp el u s t o s u pp o s e t h a t h is
in fo rm ant m en t i o n e d t h e n a m e L a ert e s or h a d e v e r h eard
’
it : t his m ay b e o f t h e wri t er s o w n su pplying Bu t
.

’
e ven gra n t ing th at T a cit u s s i nf o rma n t a s s e r t e d t h at h e

h ad wi t h his ow n e yes r ea d t h e n a m e s of b ot h Ulyss e s

an d L a er t e s on an a l t a r in t h e Rhi n e - l and , s u ch a s t at e
m en t w ou ld n ot in t h e l e a st s u rpris e a n y on e w h o is
fa milia r wit h th e s t a rt ling r e s u l t s O b t ain e d by u n tra in e d
or c a r e less re a ders fr o m a ncien t b u t int e lligibl e in scrip

t i o ns O f t h e m o st c o mm onpl a ce kind ; a n d i t w ou ld s t ill

b e e vid enc e t o t h e o cc u rrence t h er e O f a l t ars d e dic at e d
t o a g o d w h o r e s e mbl e d U lysses I t is c onsid e r ably m ore
.

d ifli cu l t t o u nd e rs t a nd th e m e nt i o n o f Gr e e k inscrip t i o ns
on t h e c o nfin e s O f G e rm a ny a n d R a e t i a a s it
,
c an

h ardly be su pp o s e d t o r e fer t o an o cc a si ona l t o mb

s t on e r a ised o v e r a Gr e ek s e rving in t h e l e gi ons o f R o me ;
whil e epigr a phy h a s n o thing m or e n e arly in p o in t t o
sh o w t h a n t h e inscrip t i ons in s ou t hern G au l c omp o s e d
in t h e G a u lish l angu a g e b u t writt en in Gr eek let t ers .

SO it w o u ld se e m a s t h o u gh T a ci t u s o r h is inf o rm a nt
h a d t o a cert a in e x t en t c o nf ou nd e d G a u lish an d Gr e ek .

Wi t h r ega rd t o Wo den an d his C el t ic c ou nt erp ar t, it

w o u ld pro b ably h ave be e n s o m e wh at h ard t o dra w a
sh arp line be t we en t h e m , a s t hey m ay h av e b e en w or
s hipped u nder pra c t ic a lly id e nt ic a l n a m e s in t h e dis t ric t s

wh ere G erma ny an d G au l were c o nt ermin ou s : t hu s th e

Ga u lish n a m e prev a iling t h er e ma y h a v e b een t h e o n e
c orresp onding t o We lsh S e or S een, th e S ilchest er S a eg en
 111 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 291

to which t h e T eu to nic l ang ua ges w ou ld answer wi t h a

’
n a me b e ginn ing wi t h Se g a s in t h os e O f Armin i u s
fa mily s u ch a s S eg imundus S eg es tis a n d th e lik e his
, , ,

o w n n a me b e ing p o ssibly a n e a rly fo rm O f t h a t which

is n o w wri t t en in Germ a n S iegfried In s u ch a c a s e th e .

S egi n o mencl a t u r e o f t h e r u ling Cheru sci m a y p e rh a p s , ,

h a ve h ad r ef erenc e n ot s o m u ch t o s ieg o r vic t ory in t h e

a bs tr a c t as tO a ,g o d be a ring a n a m e d erived fr o m his

1
a t trib u t es a s a vic t o r .

I t is n ee dless t o say t h at Hera cles Odysse u s an d ,

Pr o me th eu s , by n o mea ns exh au st t h e lis t o f Gr e e k

e qu iv a l en t s s o t o sa y t o Gwydi o n -W o d en ; w e h a ve
, ,

a n o th e r in Orph eu s wi t h his m a rv e ll ou s m u sic

,
his vi s i t —

t o H a d e s an d his a l l bu t s u cc e ssf ul a t t emp t t o rec o v e r

his E u ry d ic e a re well kno w n S t ill m ore s t riking is .

t h e liken e ss b e t w ee n Ja s o n a n d W o d en a s a n y on e m ay ,

p erc e iv e w h o will t a k e t h e t rou bl e t o s t u dy t o g et her t h e

s t o ry o f J a s on wi t h M e d ea a n d t h a t O f W o den wi t h
,

Gu n d fl e d ; a ls o t h e w a y he disp o sed o f t h e ir o n wa rri ors

t h a t spra ng fro m t h e gr ou nd in a f o rmid able crO p a s ,

c o mp ared wi t h t h e expedie n t a d op t e d by W o den t o g et

rid o f t h e nin e h a y -m owing sl aves of t h e gi an t Su pt u n g ,

1
S e l in u s m e n ti o n s
C al ed o i a o r t h e n o rth o f thi s i sl an d as a d i s t n t
n a

c oas t v i s it ed by t h e w a d eri ng fi gu e o f Ul y s s es P rim f a c ie th er i

n r . a e s

n o thi ng i m p ba b l e in t h e n o ti o n i m p l i ed th a t R o man s w h o h ad v i it d
ro , s e

t h e n o rth o f Brit a i n h ad fo u n d w o s hipp e d th ere a h o o r o d w h r er

g o

re m i d e d th e m o f U l s s e s
n
y b u t t h e w o rd s O f S e l i u s l o s e m o s t o f th e i n r

w ei g ht f o m th e f ct th a t h e re a d ed U l ss e s v i s it a s d e m o n s t r t ed
’
r a r
g y a

b y t h e o cc u ren c e th re O f an a l t ar d e d ic a t ed t o h im in G eek w riti

r e r n
g .

T h e p ass ag l o ok s l i k e n i n a cc u ra t an d c o fu s e d re p o d u cti o n o f t h
e a e n r e

w o d s in t h e G m
r i a ; b u t b e th t as it may th e e is h a d ly r m
er an ,
a , r i oo

t o d o bt th t t an g s f o m t h e M e d it e r a e n fo u n d i n v o u i n
u a s r er r r n a
g e

C el tic a d T eu t o n ic l an d t h e c ul t O f a go d i w h o m th ey s om eti mes

n s ,
n

rec og n i z ed H e rc u l es o r H e rac l es d s o m e ti m es U l y s ses o r O dy s s u s

,
an e .

U 2
292 111 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

w hen he w as pl ot t ing t o g et a drau ght O f t h e preci ou s

m ea d O f which t h e l a tt er w a s th e o wn e r J a s on a t t h e .
,

bidding of M e de a , t hr e w a s t on e a m ong t h e a rm e d s ons of

’
t h e dra g on s t ee th an d t hey f ou gh t for it,
n ob o dy t ells —

’
u s why u n t il t h e y a ll f e ll by on e a n o t her s h ands ; w hil e
—

in t h e c ase O f W o d en t h e st one w a s a ma rv ell o u s h on e ,

’
wi t h which h e h a d sh arp e n e d t h e scy th e s O f Su pt u n g s
m en wit h su ch sa t isfa c t ory r e s u l t s t h a t ea ch of t h e m
w a s a nxi o u s t O p o ss e ss s u ch a t re a su re an d W o d en , ,

c o ns e nt ing t o p a rt wit h it , t hr e w it u p in t o t h e air ,

wh ereu p on a scra mbl e f oll o we d in whi ch e a ch O f t h e

’ 1
m o w ers swu ng his scyt h e a b o u t h is f ell o w s n e ck The .

J as on myt h an d t h o se which my t h ol o gist s a re w ont t o

c onn e c t wit h it bring u s fa c e t o fa c e wi t h a m o s t fa sci
na t ing an d d ifli cu l t qu e s t i o n o f origin ; bu t w e may
2

p a s s it by for t h e pr e s ent an d pr o c ee d t o inqu ire wh e th er

t h e r e ligi o n an d my t h ol o gy o f an y o t h er Ary a n p eo ple
a ffo rd a n kind o f p r ll l t Gwydi n n d W o d en
y a a e o o a .

Wi t h o u t mu ch t ro u bl e w e c o m e a cr o ss wh a t w e wa nt in
S a nskrit lit erat u r e T h e g od t o wh o m I wish t o dir e c t
.

y o u r sp e cia l at t e nt i o n is Indra : it is n e edl e ss h ere t o

t r ou ble y ou wi t h e x t ra ct s fr o m t h e Rig- V e d a sp eak ing ,

o f him a s a s u pr e m e divini t y o f t h e Indi an p a n t h eo n ;

it is n e vert h e less n ot e w o r t hy t h at Indra w a s n o t s u p

p osed t O be on e O f t h e u ncr ea t ed g o ds bu t on e w h o h a d ,

be en b orn o n e w h o h a d O b t a in e d his p o sit i on by s a crific e

,

a n d pr ay e r Ve dic sch ol a rs are w o n t t o t ake for grant e d

.

t h a t Indra w a s, lik e m o s t O f t h e a nci e n t g o ds of t h e

V e d a s a p ers onific at i o n O f s om et hing in n a t u re ; t h ey
,

1
Vig fu s s on an d Po w ell , i . 46 5 .

2
See L an
g
’
s ch apter on A f a r—tra vel l ed T a l e in h is C us to m a nd M y th ,
pp . 87 s eq .
294 111 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

of defence, an d he is a c a stle, j u st as Gwydi on w as a 1

t hick d o o r O f pr ot ec t i on .

2 Wi t h r e ga rd t o wisd o m an d p oe t ry he is t h e m o s t
.

2 3
sa ga ci o u s O f t h e wis e an d t h e m o s t skill e d in s ong ; he
4
is c alled an O l d fr iend O f t h e p oet s, an d h e is n ot u n fre
qu ent ly a ss o ciat ed wi t h an a nci ent r a ce O f sing ers kn own
5
by t h e n am e of A n g ira s ; h e h as a ssu med t h e inspira
6
t i on of pr ophet s an d he ca n t ak e all f o rms t hr ou gh his
,

m g ic p ower ; l a s t ly h e gives his fri ends fa it hf u l g u i

a 7
,

8
d ance like Ogmi o s or M erc u ry
,
.

3 D a yligh t a n d r a in a re a m o ng t h e chi e f b o on s con

.

ferr e d on m an by Indra ; s o h e is d e scrib e d a s r e c o v ering

9
fro m t h e dark p o w e rs t h e d a wns an d t h e r a ins , which
10
in S anskri t phra se o l o gy a re c a lled t h e c ows in ot h e r
t erms , h e is s a id t o spli t open t h e sides O f t h e m ou n t a in
ino rd e r t o bring f o rt h t h e c o ws fr o m t heir s t o ne pris on ,

t o o v e r t hr ow t h e m o u nt a in or t o diss olve it fo r t h e s a me
11
p u rp o s e I t is righ t h o wever , t o c a ll a t t e nt i o n t o t h e
.
,

S e e R ig -Ved a , v iij 6 9, 7 ; al s o p 18 8 O f t h e Jou rn a l of t h e A me

1 . .

r i c a n O ri en ta l S oci et y f or 18 8 2 5, in w hich a l o n g an d e l ab o ra t e p a p er

h as b een p u bl i s h ed o n I d a in th e R ig Ved a by D r n r , . E . D Perry

. .

2
Pe ry p 196 (R ig-Ved a x 1 12
r , .
,
.
,

-Ved a i 1 00
3 Ib
( g
R i .
,
.
,

4
I h p 18 8 (R ig-Ved a v i 1 8 5 v i 21 5
. .
,
.
, , . .
,

5
Bergaign e i 15 0 (R ig-Ved a x 1 08 ,
. ij 1 7 5 , .
, .
,
1 8 3; Perry , pp .

1 40-1 (R ig -Ved a i 6 2 3 i 8 3 4 iv 1 6 , .
, , .
, , .
,

6
Perry p 1 96 (R ig-Ved a iij 36
,
.
, .
,

7 -Ved a , iij 5 3, 8 , vi 47 ,
Ih .
(R ig . .

3
Ib . p . 18 9 (R ig-Ved a , v . 31,
9 Berg aig n e , 1 . pp . x v i, x iii
v .
1°
I h ij 17 9
. .

11
I h ij 18 0 (Big
. . Ved a , v . 30, 4, vi . 1 7 , 5, vi . 43, 3, v nj . 45, 30,
x . 1 1 2, 8 )
 1 11 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 295

fa c t t h a t Indra is n o t s aid t O rain in t h e sense in which

1
P a rj a ny a or Z eu s an d J u pi t er w ere s a id t o ra in ; an d
, ,

t h e e t ym ol o gy which w a s s u pp o s e d t O pr ov e his n a m e t o
h av e m a d e h im a pl u vi a l divini ty h a s been su per s e d e d
2
by a b e t t er o n e which h as n o thing t o do wi t h r a in .

’
Bu t t o re t ur n t o I ndra s gift s , it is n o t t o b e s u pp o s e d
t h a t t h e c o ws he a cqu ired fo r his w o rshipp e rs w e re
a lwa ys O f t h e n a t u re her e s u gges t e d ; for h e is c e lebr a t ed

in s om e O f t h e hymns a s t h e giver of c ows h ors e s a n d ,

w o m en O n e of t h e chi ef diffe r e nc e s bet ween I ndra an d

3
.

Gwydi o n WO d en is t h a t Indra s o t h e r b o ons h ave t o be

- ’ ’

c on s t an t ly c onqu er e d a fre sh fr o m t h e p owers of d arkn e ss ,

w h o a s O f t en c a rry t hem a w a y In t h e c a se o f ligh t fo r .

,

e x a mpl e t h e c onfli c t r ep ea t s it s el f ev e ry da y a s it is
, ,

Indra w h o brings t h e d aw n b a ck an d m ak e s t h e s u n
4
ris e This nec e ssa ry in t e rven t io n o f Indra t o m ak e t h e
.

s u n rise r e c a ll s t h e h a bi t which E u r op ea ns a scrib e t o t h e ,

P u ebl o Indians , of s e nding t h e ir s u n -pries t t o s al u t e t h e

-
m o rning s t a r an d t h e d awn , an d t O g et t h e su n u p an ,

even t n ot expec t ed t o h app e n in c a se he be n o t d u ly

inv ok e d 5 And it is a well -kn own fa c t t h at th e Az t e cs
.

1
Berg a ign e , ij 18 4-5 . .

2
S ee Bez z en berg er i n hi s B eit rceg e, i . 342, w h ere h e p o i n ts ou t th e
c o rres p o n d en c e b e t w een S an s k rit in d ra Z e d ,
n a nd ra i( nd ra) ,
an d th e
T eu t ic s t e m ( n tra fro m w hich h e d e i v es O
on a r . H . Ge r. a n tri s c, en t r i sc,
‘
a n t iq u u s , v e t u s t u s M H . . Ger . en t r is ch , O ld U pp e r Ger D i al e ct s
.

en ter isch , h eu er s el ts m H e w o u ld t ac e t h e s t em
enzeris ch ,
‘
un ge ,
a .
’
r

s g e t e d t o a s i m p l er o n e p o s t u l a t d b h A Sa x o w o d c t
- ‘
u
g s
y t e a e . n r u ,

g i t an d t h e O H Ger a dj ec t i ve en l is e a nd isc O f t h e s a m e m ean i g

’
an , . n
. .
, ,

a s a n t r is c .

3 Be rga ig n e, ij . 17 7 -9 (R ig Ved a , iv 17 , 16 . s a ep e
) .

lb 1 . . p . x v i, ij 1 8 7 -8
. .

5
B T y l e r t el l s m e t h at h e h as w it n es se d thi s c erem o n y a t
Dr E . . .

Z uni ; bu t h e ad ds th at u n ti l o n e h as go t an ex ac t t ran sl ati o n o f t h e

296 1 11 . TH E C ULT UR E HE R O .

t h ou gh t t h at t h e rising of th e su n at th e end O f th e cycl e

which t h ey c all e d t h e She af of Years w a s a n o pen qu es
t i o n s o t hey pr o ce e ded by m ea ns of hu m an s a c r ific e t o
’
p e rsu a de hi m t o d o s o a s b e fore Indra s princip a l wea p on
1
.

in al l his c o nflic t s wi t h t h e d ark p o wers is his t hu nd er

2
b o l t bu t h e is a ls o very ma t erially a ided by his w or
,
’ 3
shipp ers pra yers an d in s o m e of his m o st difficu l t,

u nder t akings he h a s a ss o ci a t e d wi t h him Br a hm a n a sp at i ,

4 5
t h e l ord o f pra yer an d likewise t h e A n ira s
g ,
H e .

’ 6
bre aks O pen t h e enemie s ga t e s by t h e sp ell O f s o ng ; an d
’
t h e imp o rt anc e O f t h e w o rshi pp e r s p ra yers t o t h e Hin d u
o d in his c o nflic t s wi t h t h e d ark p o w e rs is t h e Hind u
g
e qu iv alen t t o t h e A éy e l o qu e nc e a n d wisd o m which
o s,
,

e na bl e t h e G au lish O gmi o s t o a cc omplish t h e l ab o u rs o f

H era cl e s .

4 An ot h e r O f t h e things which Indr a a cqu ir e s by

.

c onqu est fro m t h e d ark p owers is t h e s om a th e drink 7

,

o f t h e g o ds , which in S a nskri t li t e ra t u re h o lds a pl a c e

simil a r t o n e c t a r a n d a mb ro sia in Gr eek my th ol o gy I t .

is a s ort O f wa t er of lif e which a m ong m any o t h e r w on , ,

d erfu l qu a li t ies b e l o nging t o it m ak e s t h e sick w ell an d ,

8
gives t h e blind his sight ; it pr ol ongs li fe an d is a m ea ns
o f r ej u v en e sc e nc e g e n e r a lly which c alls t o mind t h e ,

p ra
y er fo r mu l ae, it w o u l d be u n sa fe t o say th at t h e p ro c e ed i n
g is e x a ctl y
wha t s t ran g ers h av e s u pp o s ed it t o b e .

Ban c ro ft s N a tive R a ces

’
1 o f th e Pa cifi c S t a tes (L on do n , iij .

393-6 .

2
Perry , p 1 38 (R ig-Ved a v
.
, . 31, 4, 3
Berga ig n e, ij 235 .
‘

4
Pe rry , pp 1 6 5-6 (R ig-Ved a
.
,
v ii j . 8 5,
5
lb . pp . 1 41, 143 (R ig-Ved a , iv 1 6, .

6
Be rg aig n e, ij 31 2 (R ig -Ved a , . vi . 35,
l b ij 1 95
. .
( g
R i -Ved a
,
i . 32, 1 2, iij 36, 8 iij 44, 5, . . . vi . 44,
3 lb . i . 15 2 (R ig -Ved a , v ii j . 6 1, 1 7, v iij 6 8 ,
.
298 1 11 . TH E C UL T U R E HE R O .

d u c t t owards his u ncle M at h an d his virgin fo oth ol der,

’
in t hat t h e lat t er is ou t ra g e d by on e of Gwydi o n s
’ 1
brot h ers wi t h Gwydi on s a c t ive int ervent i on A n ot her .

’
a cc ou n t ma kes Indr a s m ot her giv e him t h e s oma t o

2
drink, wh er ein on e m a y p erh a ps see a fa int c orresp ond
e nc e b e t w e en t h e s t o ry O f Wo d e n an d Gu n dfl e d a t t h e

- ’
m ea d gi an t s h o u s e Bu t a far cl o ser p a rallel is t o b e
.

3
d et ec t e d in a st ory in t h e Ra m ay an a , rel at ing h ow
I ndra a s s u m e d t h e ga rb of his t u t o r an d s e d u ced t h e
’
l a t t e r s wif e for which h e c u rs e d Indra t o u nd ergo , n ot
,

t h e a g onies O f Pr o m e t h e u s b u t a n a m e l e ss p u nishmen t
,

t o b e c o mp ar e d r at h e r wi t h t h a t inflic t e d on Gwydi o n
by M ath I t is righ t t o s a y t h at t h e p o e t o f t h e R a m a
.

a n a simply m akes Ind ra r e v o l t ingly l e wd , an d kn o ws

y
o f n o p a lli a t i o n for his crim e s u ch a s t h a t s u gg e s t ed by

t h e m o t ive of Wo d en in his c ond u c t t o wards Gu n dfl e d

bu t ap a rt fr o m t his st o ry , o n e may be s a id t o find in
,

a l l t hr e e c a s e s of Gwydi o n , Wo den an d Ind ra t h e s a m e ,

r e mark abl e u nscr u p u l ou sness wi t h re gard t o t h e ot h e r

p o wers w h o are t rea t e d a s t h e a va rici ou s a n d j ea l o u s
,

o wners o f b o o ns which t h e y wish t o k eep t o t h e ms e lv e s .

I n N o rse p oet ry t h e st ea ling o f t h e pr e ci ou s m ea d is

Spiri t u aliz e d in t o a s t o ry of t h e o rigi n O f p o et ry a n d

wisd om , an d t h e We lsh t ra dit i on m ake s t h e c a u ldr o n

o f t h e H ea d of H a d e s a v e ss e l wh e nc e t h e m u ses an d

t h eir inspira t i o n a sc end ; whil e Vedic li t era t u re clings

r at h e r t o t h e m or e o rigina l ide a of an int o xic at ing drink ,
’
i n t h a t it l o ves t o d w e ll on I ndra s excessiv e fo ndness O f

1
R . B M a l)
. . pp . 63-
5 Gu es t , iij 224-7
. .

Berg aig n e, ij 16 5, iij 58 -Ved a ii 48

2
. .
( g
R i , j ,
. 104 .

3
R a ma y a na , ed . A . v on S ch l egel (Bonn , 18 29, Boo k i ch ap
. .

x l viij .
 1 11 . TH E C ULT U R E HE RO . 299

s om a, an d on it s p ower t o st imu l at e an d s treng then him

t o figh t t h e p o wers O f d a rkn e s s He is a cc o rdingly .

ent r ea t ed wi th pra yerf u l vehemence t o m ake himself

t ip s y o n s om a an d wi t h t h e t a s t e ch a ra c t eris t ic O f t h e
1
, ,

h y mnin g sa g e s O f th e Rig -Ved a , he is even t e rmed a

2
c a sk of s om a .

3
5 Indra is th e giver o f w o men a n d he pr o vides a n
.
,

‘
a ged friend o f hi s wi t h a y o u ng wi fe M o r e o ve r h e .
,

rej u ven at es O l d maids , a n d resc u es fr o m d eat h t h e child

5

O f t h e m a iden w h o h a d fr o m sh a m e d o ne a wa y wi t h i t ,

6
a n d which t h e a n t s were gn a wing a c u ri o u s p a r a ll e l t o ,
’
Gwydi on s pro vid ing hi s son L l e w wit h a wife an d ,

e speci a lly t o his s a ving his l ife a t hi s bir t h an d re a ring

him t o t h e int ense disgu s t of his m aid en m ot h e r Aria n ,

rh od .

6 I ndra is s omet imes s a id t o be t h e fa ther of b ot h

.

7
t h e Sun an d t h e D a wn , while t h e Sun is a ls o t r e a t ed
a s t h e h u sb a nd a n d l o ver O f t h e D a wn
8
Bu t I ndra .

is m ore t h a n once describ e d m a king w ar on t h e Da w n ,

'

w h o is t hen c alled a wicked w o m an ; he ch a ses her ,

a n d wi t h his t h u nderb o l t sm a shes h er ch a ri o t , whi ch

remains wreck e d ne ar on e O f t h e rivers O f He av e n an d ,

sh e herself r u shes he a dl ong fr o m t h e heigh t O f t h a t

r ea lm 9 The me aning of al l t his is n ot c onsid e r e d v ery

.

1
Perry , p . 16 5 .
2
Ih . p . 1 7 3 (R ig-Ved a , vi
. 6 9,
3
1b . p . 18 7 ( g
R i -Ved a iv 1 7
, , .

4
Ih . p . 1 8 9 (R ig-Ved a , i . 5 1,
5
lb . p . 1 90 (R ig-Ved a , iv 19, .

-Ved a i 1 5 7 iv 1 9
( g j
6
lb . R i , , , ,
.

7 Berg a ign e, ij 18 8 , 1 91 (R ig -Ved a , iij 31, 15, iij 32,

. . .

8 I h ij 2 (R ig -Ved a ,
. . i . 92, 1 1, i . 115, 2, j
vi . 7 6, 14 .

9 1b ij 192, 1 93 (R ig
. . Ved a , iv 30, 8 — 11 ; als o ij 15 6,
. .
,
x . 7 3, 6,
x . l 38 , 5 )
300 1 11 . TH E C ULT UR E H E R O .

1
cl ea r, bu t a reference t o t h e sl o wness O f t h e Dawn is
su pp o s e d t o s u pply t h e k ey t o it : in o t her w o rds , t h e
D a wn w a s d a llying t oo l o ng wi t h on e O f t h e p ow ers of
nigh t an int erpr et a t i on which is fa vou r e d by t h e fa ct
,

t h a t t h e v e rses pr e ceding o n e O f t h e p a ss a g e s in qu e s t i o n
m ent i on Ind ra t a king t h e Su n fr o m t h e m in o rder t h at h e
m igh t be s een o f m en 2
If t his Vi e w be a ppro xim at ely
.

c o rrec t w e h a v e in it a r e m arkabl e p arall el t o t h e st ory

,

- ’
O f Bl o d e u e d : L l e w t h e s u n g o d w a s Gwydi o n s son an d ,

G w y di o n h a d cr ea t e d Bl o de u e d , a pers o nific at i o n o f t h e
’
D a wn an d t h e Gl ea ming t o b e his s o n s wif e ; b u t o n e
,

d a y wh e n L l e w w a s a wa y , his wife w a s vi s i t e d in t h e
ev ening by a st rang e r w h o m a d e l ove t o h er an d wit h
,
’
wh o m sh e c o mp a ss e d h er h u sb and s d ea t h This w a s .

f oll ow e d a s y ou will r e memb er, by Gwydi on bringing

,

L l ew b a ck t o t his life t O a v eng e his s u ff erings The .

wick e d w o m a n fl ed in t err or befo r e Gwydi on u nt il h er ,

m a id e ns f ell int o a l ake an d sh e h ers el f w a s c o nv er t e d

’
by t h e t ou ch of Gwydi o n s wand int o an o w l ; bu t
3
a cc o rding t o a n o t h er s t o ry t h e on e h e r e in p o int it
, ,

w a s a cr o ss t h e h ea v ens t h a t Gwydi o n ch a s e d h er wh e n ,

he l e ft t h e l a ndm arks o f t h e Milky Way t o indic a t e t h e

c ou rs e O f his m a rch wh e n he w a s enga g e d in t h e p u rsu it .

S u ch a re s o m e O f t h e p o int s o f simil arit y b et ween

Indra an d Gwydi o n -Wo d en ; an d s o me O f t h e diff erenc e s
b et ween t h e ir s t ori e s h a v e a lso be e n indic at ed t h e re cu r
’
r enc e o f Indra s h elp t o m an is , a s a lr eady s u gg e s t e d ,
n o t e mph a siz e d in t h e c a s e o f his E u r op ea n c o u n t e rp ar t ;

a n d t h e pr ay e rs O f his w o rshippers s t a nd in his c a s e in

1 Berg aig n e, ij 1 93 (R ig Ved a , ij 1 5, 6,

. . v . 7 9,
2
I h ij 192 (R ig Ved a , i v 30, 3
. . .

3
M orri s ’
Cel tic R ema ins p ,
. 231, s v . . Gwy d ion .
302 1 11 . TH E C UL T U R E HE R O .

‘
T h e se t i pi d the O
d rau gh s ns re e,
‘
D ich h b a en di es e T ra n k e, d ie se

l o rd o f th b e th w
rav e ig ese ere v o u r, Kra ft ig er,
th ese l ib tia i b ttl
o n s, w he f
n a es , n or di e S o m a
’
s d ich b erau s ch t , O Fu rs t ,

the sa k e f th e p t th
O ifi oe ,
e sacr cer, Vrit rak am p f,
th ou t
s ru c k t d w ir e i tibl y t
es o n r s s en A l s d u d em S an g er, d er di e S t reu

th ou san d f
s O mi en e e s.
’
b it t ere e e,

ze h t d F i
n a u s en e n de s chl u gest O h ne

Wi d t d ers an .
’

T heinfer ence t o be dra wn fro m t h e f or e g o ing c om

p a ris ons is t h at t h e Ary an n at i ons b efore t h e ir s ep arat i on
,

ch e rish e d a b eli ef in a h er o or g od t o wh o m t h e y o wed a l l

t h e ir c o mfo r t s in li fe : it w a s h e t h a t m a d e t h e Su n shine
a n d t h e D a wn k e ep her t ime ; a n d i t w a s t o him t h e y

l o ok e d for t h e we at h er t h ey wa nt e d The first br ee ds .

o f a nim a ls u s ef u l t o m a n wh et her d o m e st ic or wild , ,

w er e b eli ev e d t o h a v e be en O b ta in e d by him t hr ou gh
cr a ft o r vi o lenc e fr o m th e j e al ou s p o wers w h o wish e d t o
k ee p t h e m fr o m th e h Um a n r ace Th e y t ra c e d pr ob ably .

t o t h e s a me o rigin t h e fi re t h a t s e rved t o c o ok t h e ir f oo d ,

an d t h e in t o xic a t ing d rink wh i ch t hey k n e w a s a s t imu

l a nt a n d a so u rc e o f inspira t i o n Bu t t h e ir b en efa ct o r .

w a s b e li e ve d t o h a v e u nderg o ne u nsp ea k able h ardship in

his qu e s t O f t h e b o ons h e c on ferr e d on t h e ir kin an d ,

t h at fo r a t im e t h e j e a l ou s p o wers w e re a bl e t o wr ea k
t h e ir wra t h on him for his g oo dwill t o m an I t w as .

pr ob ably t his g oo dwill th at c onst i t u t e d t h e g ra va m en o f

his crime , an d n o t t h e craf t y an d u nscru p u l ou s w a y in
which h e h a d g on e t o wo rk ; for t ha t w a s c a lc u l a t e d in
cer ta in s t ages of civiliz a t i o n t o c a ll f or th a dmira t i on
ra t her t ha n t h e c o n t rary whil e t h e h abi t o f imagining ,

b ot h g o ds an d d e m ons t O be j ea l ou s o f t h e h u man ra c e
is fa mili ar t o al l in th e lit erat u r e s of va ri ou s anci e nt
n a t i o ns Am ong o th e rs t h at O f t h e Gre eks h a s a l re a dy
.
,

been a ll u ded t o in t his c on nec t i on m ore t han o nce bu t

 1 11 . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 303

n owher e p erh a ps is t h e cri m in a li ty o f h u m an pr o gre ss

, ,

m o r e o s t en t a t i o u s ly r e c o gniz e d t h a n in t h e L a t in cl a s s ics .

Wi t n es s t h e qu a in t c o ns e rva t ism a scribed by H o ra c e t o

t h e g o ds Od e s i 3 wh er e it is hin t e d t h a t h e w h o firs t
, ,
.
,

e n t r u s t ed h i s fra il b a rk t o t h e w a ves c o mmi t t e d a sin

a ga ins t t heir m aj e s t y t h a t t h e y h a d m ea n t t h e s ea t o
,

k eep m en a p ar t a n d n o t t o be a highwa y O f in t erc o u rse :

N equ icqu am d eu s ab s cid it

Pru d en s O c ea no d i ss o ci abi l i
T e rras , s i t a men i m pia e
N o n t an g en d a ra est t ran s iliu n t va da .
’

Bu t I m ay be ch arged wi th f org et t ing t h e m o st r e ma rk

a bl e p a r all e l O f a ll t o w it t h a t in t h e H ebr e w Scrip t u r e s
,
, ,

wh er e ins t e a d o f t h e in t oxic a t ing s oma or t h e drau gh t

, ,

fro m t h e deep w e ll o f w i s d o m or t h e c a u ldr o n O f ,

sci enc e a n d r e g e n era t i on we are t old O f a t r e e wi t h a

,

kn owl edg e-giving cr o p o f fo rbidden fr u i t wh er e o f it w a s ,

a crim e fo r man t o t a s t e whi l e h e w h o ind u c e d him t o

,

c ommi t it is r epr e sent ed a s a r ep t il e a s a serpen t t o

, ,

h a v e hi s h ea d bru i s e d This w ou ld h owe v e r inv o lve

.
, ,

t h e disc u ssi o n o f S e mi t ic qu e s t i o ns t h e s et t ling of which ,

is neither wi t hin my c ompet ence n or in a n y w a y e ss en

t i al t o t h e u nd ers t a nding o f t h e his t o ry O f A ry an r eligi o n .

L e t it su fli ce t h at t h e c o u rs e o f t h at his t o ry is in t e lligibl e
in i t s elf ; th a t it is on t h e wh o l e a his t ory o f pr o gre ss ;
, ,

a n d t h a t s o fa r a s w e h a v e be e n a bl e t o s t u dy i t in t h e s e
,

l e c t u res it m a y bri efly b e su mm e d u p t h u s : s o m e o f t h e

,

C el t s O f an t iqu i t y a s a ls o o f t h e T eu t ons a n d t h e Hi nd u s
, ,

a v e n g e d t h e m s e lv e s in t h e ir o w n t im e o n t h e n a rr o wn e ss
’
O f t h e divine cr e a t u r e s o f t he ir anc e s t ors im a gin a t i o n by
304 1 11 . TH E C ULT UR E H E R O .

t hr u s t ing t hem a sid e t o m ak e r o o m a t th e he a d of their

r e sp e c t ive p ant h eo ns for Ogmi o s an d Gwydi on , for W o d en
a n d Indr a a s divini t i e s m o r e a dequ a t e ly represen t at iv e
,

o f m an a n d t h e a spir at i ons of his being .

 306 I V
. TH E C ULT U R E HE R O .

a l a dy t O act a s his f o ot -h o ld e r, an d she mu st be a virgin .

T hi s O ffi c e w as fill e d by a m o s t l o ve ly da ms e l wh o se na m e
Wa s Goew yn ; bu t whil e M at h w a s a wa y in t h e w ar wi t h
t h e m e n o f Dy v e d (p sh e w a s o u t r a g e d by Gil
.

’
v a eth w y s on of D en wi t h his br o t h er Gwydi on s c on
,

n iv an ee M ath , wh o s e c o ndu c t is a lwa ys repr e s en t e d a s

.

j u s t an d right e ou s, ind e mnifi e d Go ew y n by m aking h er

his qu een, while h e p u nish e d Gwydi o n a n d his brot h er
by ch anging t hem int o d eer , wild b ears an d w o lv e s ,

forms which t h e y h a d for t hre e su cc e ssive y e ars Wh e n .

t h e t erm of t h e ir p u ni shm e nt w a s c o mpl e t e d , M at h

ch ang e d t h e m b a ck int o t h e ir o w n sh ap e s an d a dmi t t e d ,

t hem a g a in t o his c o u rt He n e xt a sk e d Gwydi on t o

.

r e c o mm e nd hi m a du ly qu a lifi e d f oot -h old er a n d Gwydi on ,

br ou ght his ow n mis tr e ss t o M at h n am ely Ari anr h o d , , ,

’
d a u gh t er O f M at h s sis t e r D O D wh e r eu p o n M at h a ddr e ss e d
,
‘ ’
h er a s fo ll o ws : H a d a ms el , art t h o u t h e m a id en ?
,
‘
I
’
kn ow n o t , L o rd , o t h e r t ha n t h at I a m w a s t h e r eply ; ,

a t which M at h t o o k u p his m a gic w a nd an d b ent it

,
‘
s aying S t ep o v e r t his a n d I s ha ll kn o w if t h ou art
, ,
’
t h e m aid e n .Th a t I o u gh t t o s t at e, is L a dy Ch arl ot t e
,
’ 1
G u e st s t ransl at i o n ; b u t t o d o j u st ic e t o t h e s ens e of t h e
2
o rigin a l o n e h a s t o s u bs t i t u t e b ot h t im e s for t h e w o rds
,
‘ ’ ‘ ’
t h e m a id en , t h e w ords a virgin T o c on t in u e t h e s t o ry
.
,
’
A r ia nrh o d c ompli e d wi th M at h s requ e s t an d l ef t b ehind ,

her a fi n e ch u bby y ell ow -h aire d b o y , at wh o s e scre a ming

,

she ma d e for th e d o o r n ea r which sh e l ef t a sma ll er f o rm

,

bu t b e fo r e a nyb o dy c au gh t a s e c ond sigh t o f th e l att er,

Gwydi on h a d wrapp e d it in a sh eet of s at in , an d c on
c eal e d it in a ch e s t a t t h e f o ot O f his b e d M at h t o ok .

Gues t s M a b ilj 231 R B Ma b p

1 ’ 2
. . . . . . . 68 .
 IV . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 307

th e ch u bby b oy an d h ad him chris t en e d ; bu t n o s o on er

w a s h e chris t en e d , t h e s t o ry g o e s o n t o s a y t h a n h e ,

m a d e for th e s ea ; a n d n o s o on e r w a s he in t h e s ea t h a n
he a cqu ire d th e n at ur e t h er eo f for h e swa m a s w ell a s ,

t h e b e s t fish in it s wa t ers wheref o re h e w a s c a lled Dyl a n ,

s on o f t h e Wa v e : n o w a v e ever br oke u nd e r hi m The .

r es t o f his s t ory is c o mpressed int o t h e sin gle s t at e m en t

t h a t h is d ea th w a s c au s e d by a bl o w d eal t by his u ncl e
t h e smi th Gov an n o n s on o f D 6n
,
T O r e t ur n t o G w y di on : .

h e h ea rd o n e m orning a s h e l ay a wake in his bed a l o w

s o u nd iss u ing fr om th e chest a t th e fo ot of it ; g et t ing
u p q u ickly he O pen e d t h e ch e st , an d, a s he did s o h e
, ,

t h e re b eh eld a li t t l e b oy sw a ying his arms ab ou t fro m

t h e f o lds o f t h e s a t in shee t an d sc a tt ering it H e t o ok .

t h e child in his arms a n d m a de for a t o wn wh e re he ,

kn e w of a n u rs e a n d enga g e d her The boy w a s in .

her ch a rge for a y ear , in th e c ou rse of which he a t ta ined

t o s u ch a siz e a s w o u ld h a ve been s u rprising even if h e
h a d been t w o ye ars O l d ; an d in th e s e c o nd ye a r he w a s
a big l a d a ble t o c o m e t o t h e c ou r t by hims e lf Gwydi o n .

t o ok n o t ic e o f him an d t h e b o y bec a me f en d er O f him

,

t h a n O f a nyb o dy else He w a s a f t erwa rds bro u gh t u p

.

1
a t t h e c ou r t u n t il he w a s fo u r ; an d at t h a t a e it w o u ld
g
h a ve been a w o nd e r, t h e s t ory t ells u s , t O find a b oy O f
e igh t a s big a s he w a s O n e d a y , when h e w as o u t .

’
w alking wi t h his fa th er, t h e l a t t er t ook him t o Aria nrh o d s
c a s tl e Wh a t t hen h app ened o wing t o h er disg u st a t
.
,

1 A t fi r t i ght thi s l o ok s as if it me n t M ath s c o u t in t h e n i g h

s s a
’
r e

b o h d o f t h C n w y b u t t h d ift o f t h
ur oo e o t o y is b t u d t d
, e r e s r es n ers o o

by supp i g t h c u t mea t t h a e b e Gw y d i
os n e o r ow n c u t
n o v e n on s
’
o r ,

w hich w s p b b l y t D i D i l tc t C a S (p I t w as ‘
a ro a a n as n or a er ee n .

d o u bt l ss s o me p l c e n e er t o C e A i
e a h o d t h an Math s c ou rt
ar a r r an r
’
.

x 2
308 Iv . TH E C UL T U R E H E R O .

finding h er child a liv e h a s b een t o ld els e w h ere (p 236 ) ,

.

b u t she is n o t r ep re s e n t e d a s m aking an y a ll u si o n t o his

br o th er w h o h a d m a d e t h e s ea his h abit a t
,
.

’
S u ch is th e s t o ry O f L l ew s bir th an d e a rly y ears a s ,

giv en in t h e M a b in o g i o f M at h a b Ma t h on w y wh er e ,

a l o n e it o cc u rs ; an d it p u t s u s in a p o si t i o n t o d o j u s t ic e

t o t h e p a ra ll el b e t we en Gwydi o n an d C a irbr e M u s e t o g e ,

t h e r wi t h t h e o t h er C a irbre s wh o s e id en t i t y wi t h him h a s
b een su gg e s t e d For C a irbre Mu s e lik e Gwydi on h a d
.
, ,

t w o s o ns by h is s i s t er H er n a m e w a s D u b en an d t h eirs .
,

w e re C o re a n d C orm a c re s p e c t iv e ly T h e childre n w ere .

t win s an d t h e s t o ry o f t h e ir bir t h is n o l e ss s t ra n g e t ha n
,

t h a t o f D yl a n an d L l e w f o r on e O f t h e m w a s f ou n d t o ,
’
h a v e nipp e d O ff h is br o t h er s e ar s b ef or e his bi rt h T h e .

crim e O f t h e i r p ar ent s c a u s e d t h e c ro ps t o fa il wh ich , ,

a cc o rding t o t h e id ea p re v a l e n t in a nci e n t Ir e l a nd w a s
,
1
it s n a t u r a l re s u l t a n d C airbre w a s o blig e d t O c on f e ss his
,

gu il t t o t h e n obl e s of his re a lm w h o wh e n t h e child re n , ,

1
R h y s , C el ti c B ri t a i n , p . 64 ; b u t t o t h e re ere nf c es th e re
g i v en
m ay b e a dd e d t r c s O f t h e me b l i f m o g t h e W l h T a k
a e sa e e a n e s . e, fo r
i ta c e t h e
ns n ,
f ll w i g c u pl t f o m p o ph cy o f v l d ay s in
o o n o e r a r e e 1
,
th e
1 2t h c en t u ry M S c all d t h Bl ck B o le of Ca rma rth en
. e e a o

‘
A n bi t ui bl u i tin et a h i r d iev .

’
A r i ev en t oi r ed w i f ru g th eu .

W h all h a e y e rs an d l o g d ay s
e s v a n

With fal e k i gs (a d ) f i l i g f u it-c ro p s s n n a n r .

’

T h e s e c o n d a d es t s o n a e m d ti o s g g t e d b y t h e m e t re a d
’
n r n en a n u es n
,

if o o m it it t h e r d e i g w i l l b With f l s e k i g (c u ses ) O f
ne en r n e,
‘
a n s a

fai l i g f u t c r p as t h e g m m tic l el ati o O f t h e w o ds m i g ht th n

n r t —
o s
,
’
ra a a r n r e

b e ep r e t ed th s :
re s With f l s k i g o f w it h ri g O f fru its T h
n u
‘
a e n s e n .
’
e

o i i al is
r
g n
g i v en (w ith a s eri o u s m i s p i n t ) b y S k en e ij 23 an d t ran s r , .
,

l a t e d i 48 5 s fo l l o w s
, .
,
a

T o u s th ere w i l l b e y ears an d l o n g d ay s ,

A n d i i qu it o u s ru l e s an d t h e b l a ti n g O f fru it
n r , s .
’
310 N . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

C airbre, wh o m Irish hist orian s t re at as dis t inc t fro m

C airbre Mu se, in ord er t o e n able t h e re a d e r t o s e e t h a t
t h e y are mis t aken , an d t h at t h e t w o C airbre s were
o rigin ally o n e a n d t h e s a me ch ar a c t er Th e re a re sev e ra l .

1
imp ortan t rea s ons for giving th e st ory a s t here rel at ed
it is p ar t of a l o nger t r a c t c o nc e rni ng an Irish t ri a d o f
m en s a id t o h a v e sp oken a s s o o n a s t h e y w ere b o rn .

T h e on e here in p o int w a s c alled M or ann s on O f C airbre

C in nch ait T h e fo ll owing is t h e re a s o n w h y he sp o ke
.

a l l t h e O ffspring o f t h e privileg e d cl a sses in Eri nn were

kill e d by t h e C a irbre a llu ded t o ; fo r he b el onged t o t h e

P ea sa nt Tribes an d h e s e iz e d t h e s overeignt y O f Erinn
,

by force And his reign w a s ba d ; for t h e c orn w ou ld

.

h av e only on e gra in in ea ch ear, t h e h o lly bu t on e

b erry , an d t h e o ak b u t on e a c orn in his t ime Thr e e .

s ons w er e b orn t o t his C a irb re , an d t h e y [or r ather t w o

of t h em
] w ere dr o wn e d t o g e t her by his o rders
; f o r i t
a pp e a r e d t h a t t h e y w e r e m o nst e rs b e c a u s e t h e y wer e
,

b orn h elm et ed T h e sa m e t hing w a s a tt e mp t e d in th e

.

’
ca se o f t h e t hird s on : t w o o f t h e king s m en w e r e
’
ch a rged t o g o wit h him t o t hr ow him int o th e bill ow s
m ou ths Bu t a s s o on a s t h e y c a st t h e b oy fro m t hem
.

int o t h e s e a t h e bill o w br oke his h elmet , s o t h at t h e y

,

b eh eld his fa c e on it s ridge I t is t hen he sp ok e sa ying , .

,
‘ ’
R ou gh is wa ve They h a st en e d t o him a n d lift e d him
.

‘ ’ ‘ ’
D n o t l ift me
‘
u
p . O ,
s a id h e : C o ld is wind Wh a t .

’
sh all we d o wit h t h e b o y ? s a id on e of t h e m en ‘
We .

’ ‘
sh a ll d o t hu s s a id t h e o t her w e sh all l ea ve him in a
,
’
b ox o n t h e t o p of t h e s t o ne O f t h e smit h s d oo r t h a t is —

Pro f A tk i n s o n i
1 ’
B io. e f L ei ns ter l 26 b , s ee al s o . s an a l y s s O f th e
t al e in t h e I ntro d u c t i on p , . 31 .
 I V . TH E C ULT U RE HE R O . 31 1

M ’
’
t ren s
,
th esmi th o f th e king an d we sh a ll k e ep wa tch
—

’
o v e r t h e child t o s ee wh et h e r t h e smi t h will t a k e t o it .

Wh en t h e l a t t er c a m e f o rth fr o m his h o u se h e s a w t h e
child in t h e b ox , an d h e pr o c ee d e d t o c arry it in t o t h e
’
h ou s e .
‘
L igh t a c andle , wif e s a id h e t h at t his find I
‘
, ,
’
h a v e m a d e m ay be s e en A c a ndl e w a s t hen b ro u gh t
.

him an d t h e n M orann [ sp eaking fo r t h e third t im e]

,
‘ ’
s a id , B righ t is c a ndl e The child w a s br ou gh t u p by
.

M ee n a s his ow n T h e t w o men af o r e s a id h o w e v e r ,
.
,

kn e w t h a t it w a s n ot his Onc e on a t im e a ft erwa rds ,

.

C a irbre we n t t o drink beer in M O en s h ou se a n d j u s t

’
,

wh en t h e y fou nd t h e drinki ng m o st a gre eabl e , t h e child

’ ‘
w en t fr o m l ap t o l a p u n t il h e wen t on C a irbre s The
’
l a d t a k e s t o me : wh o s e is t h e b oy ? s a id C a irb re wi t h ,
’ ’
a he a vy sigh The child s m o ther t h at is C a irb re s wi fe ,
.
, ,
‘ ’
he av e d a n o t h er sigh Wh a t is t h e m a tt e r wi t h y ou s a id
.
,
‘
M e en ; is it envy t h at s e iz e s y o u ? Th ou gh t h e b oy be
d ear t o m e an d t h ou gh h e be my s on , I h a d r a th er h e
,

wer e y ou rs on a cc ou n t of t h e l o v e y ou b ea r m e , an d
,
’ ‘
bec au s e y o u h a ve ne e d O f him Th at , h ow ever , d o es
’ ’
n o t h elp u s s a id C a irbre
,
G o o d n ow s aid t h e t w o
.
,

-
m en a fo re m en t i o n e d ; t h e rewa rd o f o n e w h o w ou ld
‘

’
bring th ee a child like t h at w o u ld be g oo d ‘
Th a t it .

’
w oul d b e s a id C a irbre ; I sh ou ld giv e him it s weigh t in
,

silv e r an d o n e -t h ird it s weigh t in g o ld ; b u t it is u s el e ss

‘ ’
t o t a lk , a s y o u a re bu t u t t ering idl e w o rds Bu t a s .

’
w e a re on t his s u bj e c t O f t h e b oy s a id t h e t w o m en
, ,
‘ ’
l e t t h e b arg a in b e m a d e binding o n t h e e T h e b a rg a in .

is a cc ordingly b ou nd o n him , an d n o s o on e r w a s t h at
d on e t h a n t h e t w o men w en t t o him a n d pl a c e d t h e b o y
in hi s b o s o m ; th ey pr o ved t o him t h a t h e w a s his .

‘ ’
Th a t is th e b oy , s aid t h e y , wh om w e t ook fro m t h ee
‘
312 I V . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

’ ‘
to be dro wned an d we did s o a n d s o wi t h him
,
All .

’
t h a t is t r u e s a id th e smith I t is t h eref o re t h e b oy
,
.

w a s c a ll e d t h e s o n o f M O en ; a n d t hes e are t h e t hr e e fir s t
s en t e nces t h a t M o rann sp ok e imm e diat ely aft er his birt h ,
n am ely R ou gh is w av e C old is wind , a n d B righ t is
, ,

c andl e M o rann a ft erwards t o ok t h e O ffic e o f chi e f j u dge

.

o f Erin n , an d his f a t h e r C a irbr e died And h e s ent his .

1
s on t o Fera da ch Finn Fe ch t n a ch , in th e l and O f Alb an ,

t o invi t e him t o t h e s o v e r eignt y of Erin n ; f or h e h a d fl e d

b e fo re C airbre o v er t h e s ea t o e sc a p e d ea th a t hi s ha nds .

’
H e c a m e a t M o ra nn s invi t a t i o n a n d t o ok t h e s ov e r e ignt y
o f E rin , whil e M o ra nn o cc u pied t h e O ffi ce o f chi e f br e h on

o r j u dg e .

H er e t h e st o ry abru p t ly ends , owing t o t h e l o ss of a

l ea f in t h e m anu scrip t Bu t els ewh er e th e P e a sant Trib e s
.

are repres e nt e d invi t ing a ll t h e n obl e s o f Erinn t o a gr e a t

b a nqu et a t which t h e y mu rd e r t h e m an d m a k e C a irbre

,

t h e ir king : th e sc en e is a ss o ci a t e d wi t h M a g C rO o r t h e ,

Fi eld o f Bl o o d nea r Kn o ck ma a in t h e c o u nt y o f Ga lwa y

, , ,

an d t h e wh o l e is u s u a lly r e g a rd e d a s th e e ch o O f a gr e a t

p o lit ic al r e v o lu t i on in Ir el a nd d u ring th e firs t d e c a d e s O f

t h e Chris t i a n e ra F u rt her th e a t t emp t t o c o nv ert t h e
.
,

my t h int o hist o ry h a s l ong sinc e b ee n mu ch a ggra va t ed

by a n ot i o n t h at w e h a ve t h e A t ecot t i O f t h e R o ma n
hi s t o ry o f Bri ta i n in t h e P ea s an t Trib e s o f Erinn bec au s e ,

t h e Irish which t h a t t erm is m e a nt t o r e nd er w a s A ith eeh

2
T u a th a .Bu t th e s t ory a dmi t s O f a v e ry diffe r ent int er
r e t a t ion : C a irbre a s we t a ke it w a s o rigin a lly on e o f
p , ,

1
E l sew h e re d es c rib ed as o n e O f th e h ero es O f Ul ts er s ee O C
’ ’
u rry s

M a nn ers & e i ij 95
, . . .

2
S ee t h e Fo u r M a s t ers, A D 9, 10 . .
, al so 14 an d
’
O D o n o v an
’
t ;
s n o es

l i k ew i s e t h e ed i t or s ’
I nt ro du c t i on t o O ’
pp xxi v— xxxi
’
C u rry s I ll a nners , . .
314 IV
. TH E C ULT U R E HE R O .

h owever it is th e r epre sen t at ives of d arkness that are

,

pic tu r e d a s d eformed a b ou t t h e he a d an d e ars , a s in

t h e c a se o f C ore an d t h e dr own e d br ot h ers of M o r ann ,

t o g et h e r wi t h m any o t h ers Th e re wou ld be n ot hing

.

su rprising in m aking C a irbre th e C u l t u r e H ere a s o n of

d a rk p a r e nt s j u s t as G w ydi on is s on O f D O n , t h e g o ddess
,

o f d ea t h
( p . an d t his w ou ld e xpl a in t h e u se o f t h e

g eni t iv e in C a irbre C inn ch a it, which w o u ld me a n t h at

C airb re w a s t h e s on of C ennea it, j u st a s t h e s on O f Du b e n
is bri e fly c alled C ore D u ihne This view d erives s o me
.

c onfirm at i o n fro m th e princip a l name in th e foll o wing

s t o ry : t h e o rigina l , O f which it is a n a bst ra c t , h a s t h e

int er e st of being o n e wri t te n d o wn in T o ry Isl and in

’
1 8 35 by t h e Irish sch o l ar an d a nt iqu ary O D onov a n
, ,
’
fro m t h e dict a t i o n of Sha ne O D u g an , wh o se a ncest or s
’ 1
a r e s a id t o h a v e b e en living t here in St C ol u mb a s t im e :
.

In d a ys of y ore t h e re w e r e t hre e br ot h ers c a ll e d G a vid a ,

Ma c Sa mt h a inn an d Ma c Kin eel y living on t h e c oa st o f

,

D o n e ga l , O pp o sit e T o ry Isl and , which w a s s o c a ll e d fr o m

it s tors o r pr o minen t r o cks G avida w a s a dist in g u ish e d
.

smit h w h o h a d his f o rg e a t Dru mn at inn e (F ir e- ridg e ),

wh il e M ac Ki n eel y w as l ord of t h e dist rict a r ou nd , c o m
prising wh a t is n ow t h e p arish e s O f R at h -Finan a n d
T u l l a gh ob eg l y an d he p o ss e ss e d s u ch a v a l u a bl e gre y
,

cow t h a t a t t emp t s w er e a lwa ys being m a d e t o s t e a l h er

fr o m him A t t h e sa me t ime T o ry Island w a s t h e h ea d

.

qu a rt ers of a n ot ori ou s r obb er c all e d Bal er, w h o h a d on e

e e in t h e mi ddl e o f his f o rehe a d an d a n o t her in t h e b ack
y
o f his h ea d t his l a t t e r by it s fo u l dis t or t ed l o o ks an d
; ,

it s v e n o m ou s r a ys an d gl a nces , w ou ld s trike o n e d e a d , s o

1
T h e Fou r M a s ters , A . M 3330, ed i t o r s
.
’
no e t (i . 18
 IV
. TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 31 5

he u sed t o c over it u nl e ss h e wished t O pe tr ify his fe es ;

a n d ev e n t o t his d a y a n e vil o r o v e rl o oking e y e is c a ll e d
’
by t h e Irish B al or s eye Onc e on a t im e his dru id
.

r e ve aled t o Bal er t h at he sh ou ld die by t h e h a nds o f a

grands o n O f his ; an d a s h e h a d only o n e child a y o u ng ,

d au gh t er c alled E t h n ea h e m a de su re aga ins t an y f u t u re

,

d ang e r by h a ving her shu t u p on a l o fty a n d a lm os t

in acc e ssibl e h e ight c a lled T or M o re , or t h e big t or, a t t h e
e a s t e rn ex t r e mi t y O f t h e isl a nd Ther e she w a s g u ard e d
.

by t welv e m at r ons w h o wer e n ever t o m ent i on t h e o t h e r

,

s e x t o h er . Bal er wen t on wi t h his r o bberi e s , an d h e

w a s clev e r e n ou gh a t l a s t t o s t e al Ma c Kin e el y s gr e y
’

c ow . H e t r an s f o rm e d hims el f for t h e p u rp o se in t o a red

h ea ded l a d an d t old Ma c Samt h a inn w h o h app ened t o
, ,

b e h o lding t h e grey c ow by a h a l t e r , t h a t he h a d ever

h eard his br ot hers a t t h e f org e a gr e ein g t o u s e his s t e e l
fo r t h e ir o w n sw ords , where u p o n M ac Sam th a in n a sked
t h e f o xy l a d t o t a k e t h e h a l t e r , while he w e n t t o t h e
f org e in a t ow ering p a ssi on T h e nex t sigh t Ma c Kin e el y
.

h a d O f his c ow w as t o s e e her wi t h Ba l er in t h e middle

O f t h e s o u nd . M ac Kin e el y le arnt fr o m a dr u id t h a t
t h e c ow c o u ld n ot be r e c o v e red t ill Bal er h a d b een
k ill e d a s he w ou ld in o rd e r t o keep her, nev e r sh u t
, ,

t h e b a s ilisk ey e ; bu t M a c Kin eel y h a d a f a iry f riend

w h o t o ld him h o w Bal er w a s t o b e br o u gh t t o his fa ll .

T hi s l a dy c alled Biro g e O f t h e M ou nt a in t o ok Ma c
, ,

Kin eel y dr ess e d a s a w o m a n thr ou gh t h e a ir t o t h e T o r

M o r e a n d a sked shel t er fo r a l a dy sh e h a d j u s t r e sc u e d
,

fr o m t h e h a nds of a cr u e l t y ra n t T h e t w e lv e m at r ons
.

c ou ld n ot thin k o f dis obliging t h e b an s h e e , a n d sh e in

h er t u rn p u t t hem all t O sl eep a s fa iri e s can ; bu t wh en
t hey w o ke t hey f ou nd t h at Biro g e a n d h er pr o t égé e
316 Iv . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

were g o n e T h e m at ro ns t ri e d t o p ersu a d e t h eir wa rd

.

t h a t it w a s bu t a dr e a m ; bu t t h e f a ir E th n ea kn e w
b et t er an d in du e t im e sh e ga v e birt h t o t hr ee b o ys
,

t o g eth e r
. Bal er w a s f u ri o u s o n finding t his o u t an d ,

h a d t h e th r ee b o ys wrapp e d in a sh e et a n d s ent ou t t o
b e dr o wn e d in a c e r ta in whi rlp ool which h e indic a t e d ;
bu t b efo r e t h e b oat h a d r ea ch e d t h e sp o t t h e pin fell ou t,

o f t h e sh ee t an d t h e e ld e s t - b orn b aby t u mbl e d i nt o t h e

,

s ea. T h e t w o o t h ers w e r e t ak e n t o t h e whirlp o o l whil e ,

t h e pr e vi ou s on e w a s pick e d u p by t h e b a nshe e a n d
t a ken t o it s f a th er Ma c Kin e el y a n d h e g a v e it t o his
,

br o t h e r G a vid a t o f o st er an d bring u p a smit h a gr ea t ,

pr o fe s si on in t h o se d ays Ba l er fi n ding ou t t h at M a c
.
,

Kin e el y w a s t h e fa th e r of his gra ndchildr en w h o h e , ,

w as pl ea s e d t o t hi nk w er e all t hr e e a t t h e b o t t o m o f t h e
,

s e a cr o ss e d wi t h a p a r t y o f his f o ll o wers t o t h e m a inl a nd ,

,

a n d t o ok Ma c Kin eel o u t t o a l a rg e whi t e s t o n e a n d

y ,

t her eo n ch o pp e d his h e a d O ff T h e wa r m bl oo d g u sh e d
.

for th an d p en e t ra t e d t h e whi t e s t on e t o it s v ery c e nt re ;

a n d t h e r e it r e m a ins t o sp ea k o f t h e cr u e l d ee d a n d t o

give it s n a m e o f C l eeh C h in nf h a ol a idh , Kin e el y s S t o ne

‘ ’ ’
,

t o a dis t ric t c o mprising t w o p arishes B a l o r pu rsu e d his

.

lif e o f d epr e d at i o n m o re b o ldly th a n befo r e ; b u t in t h e

c o u rs e o f y ea rs L u g for th at w a s t h e n am e o f t h e s on o f
, ,

M a c Kin eel y a n d E t h n ea gr e w u p t o b e a m o s t e xc e ll ent

,

smi th a n d t o l earn his o w n hist ory : he w a s o b s erv e d t O

g aze fre qu ent ly at t h e bl o o d -re d v e ins in th e whit e s t o n e ,

a n d t o b e s u bj e c t t o fi t s O f s u ll e nn e ss a n d gl oo m H e .

bid e d his o pp or tu nit y for Bal er w a s a g a i n 1n th e h abi t

,
’ ’
o f fr e qu en t ing Ga v ida s f o rg e ; a n d o n e d ay , wh e n L u g s

u ncl e w a s a b s en t Bal e r c a me an d w a s f o o lish e n ou gh t o

,

b o ast of his vic t ory O ver Mac Kineel y y ears before L u g .

31 8 IV . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

w ag t o s ee r an d p o et , t o see if t h e l at t er c o u ld find wh o se
a

it w a s an d t h a t by a pr o cess O f divin at i o n fa mili a r t o him

, , ,

h e disc o v er e d t h at it w a s t h e sk u ll O f t h e d og imp or t e d
by C airbre Th at t h e s e er sh o u ld h ave been n o ot her
.

t h an M ee n s on o f E t a n , l ooks qu i t e an a ccident In .

r ea lit y it w a s prob ably n othi ng O f t h e kind , an d it j u st

’
serv e s t o sh o w h o w th e l e g ends c en tring a r o u nd C a irbre s
n a me mu s t h a v e o rigin ally h a ng e d t o g et h er This is n ot .

’
a l l ; f or t h e f a t h e r s n a me in t h e o n e s t o ry w a s C a irbr e

C inn ch a it o r C (s on ) o f C a t s H ea d whil e in t h e o t h er h e
’
.
, ,

w a s M a e Kin eelg 1 ’
or So n O f W o lf s H ea d ,
This p ara ll el .

b et we e n C enn -ca it an d C enn - f a el a d or Kineel

y c a n h a rdly

b e c onsid e r e d an a ccid e nt a l c o incid e nc e of n o signific a nc e ,

bu t r at h e r a r e s u l t of th e origin a l id e n t it y of t h e t w o
t ales ; an d it may be s u rmis e d t h a t in an old e r v ersi o n o f
t h e D o n e ga l o n e , M ac Kin eel y s f u ll n a m e w a s C a rp ri
’

ma c C innf a ela d , or C ma c Kin eel y . .

L o o k e d a t fr o m a n o th e r p oin t of view Ma c Kin e el y ,

a n d his br ot h e r G a vid a j u s t e x a c t ly m at ch Gwydi o n an d

his b rot h e r Gov ann on Gwydi on w a s t h e princip a l ch a .

ra ct er a n d f a t h e r o f L l e w s o Ma c Kin eel w a s l o rd o f
y
t h e c ou n t ry r ou nd his h o m e an d f at h er o f L u g w h o will ,

2
be sh own l at er t o h a ve b e en t h e c ou n t erp ar t of L 1ew in

1
I n l at er I ish
th o g aph y Mac C i n fh aol adh t h e S on O f
r or r ,
n ,
‘

C e f h a o l a d h o r as it w s w ritt e in m e d i aeval I ri s h C en f l a d
’
nn a n n ae
, , , ,

w hich m ea t F u el s H ea d ; b u t f a el is e xp l a i n e d t o s i g ify a w o l f R e
’
n n , v .

C l t iv 415 T h at f a l a d w as t h e ge iti ve o f f del is p v ed by t h e

e . . .
’
e n ro

o cc u en c e O f t h e a cc u s a ti v e as f o l a id in S t o k es
rr Win d is ch s I r ’
e
’
.

T ex t i pp 45 11 4 C en ca i t o cc u s i d ep en d e t l y in C l o ch an Ch inn
e, . .
,
. n r n n

ch it w h ere t h e Gi ll a D ck er l n d s J o y c e pp 27 2 417
a ,
a a , , .
, .

2
T a ti g t h e We l s h B l i as t h e c o so t O f D 6n (p
re n e a d n r . n

reg ard i g I ri s h B a l er a s w el l as I ri s h Bil e as e ty mol og ic al l y rel a t e d

n
 IV . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 31 9

m ore th an o n e r e sp e c t Gov an n on or Gov y nn ion a s h e .

,

is al s o c alled w a s t h e gre at smit h o f We l s h s t o ry , an d

,

w e h a ve his c o u n t erp a r t in G a vid a w h o w ou ld pr o b ably , ,

h a d w e g o t t h e my t h in an a nci e n t f orm h ave a ppe a red ,

u nd e r t h e n a m e G o i bni u g eni tiv e Go ibn en n , t h e e x a c t ,

e q u iva l e n t o f t h e W e l s h Go v y n ion an d t h e n a m e o f t h e ,

gre a t smi t h o f t h e T u a th a D é D an ann Bu t in fa c t it .

wo u ld be m ore a cc u r a t e t o sa y t h a t his n ame d o es o ccu r

in t h e s t ory ; for t h o u gh t h e c o w is s aid t o h a ve been
M a c Kin eel y s it s n a m e a s giv e n t o O D on o va n w a s
’
,
’
, ,

C l a s C a ivlen which h e righ t ly c orr e c t s in t o C l a s C a ivu ca

, ,

‘
t h a t is in l a t er Irish sp elling C l a s C a ibh nenn,
,
G e ib ,
’
ni u s Gr ey or B rindl e d pra c t ic a lly t hen t h e , ,

l e g end giv e s t h e smi th t w o n a mes on e t h e dir e c t r ep re —

s e n t a t iv e o f t h e a nci e n t Goibniu an d t h e o t h e r Ga vida , , ,

o f a m o re O bsc u r e o rigin L a s tly Am ae th on t h e C u l .

, ,

t u r e H e r o o f W e lsh a gric u l t u r e migh t a t fir s t sigh t s ee m ,

t o b e h er e d u ly repre s en t ed by M a c Sa mt h ain n w h o t a k e s ,

ch arg e o f Ma c Kin eel y s cow whil e t h e l a t t er s t eps in t o his

’

’
bro t h er s f o rg e Bu t a s we h a v e n o f u r ther info rm at i o n
.

a b ou t Ma c Sa mth a in n t h e p a r a llel m u s t be a ckn o wledg e d

,

t o B e l i, w e m ay p u t t h e p ed i grees of L l ew an d L u
g s i d e by s i d e as

fo ll ow s
D en (w ife O f Bel i ) . C e it h l e n n (w ife O f Ba l er),

A i h o d (m i s t res s
r an r O f Gw y d i o n E it h n e (m i s t res s of M a c Kin eel y
b o th e o f Go an
r r v n o n t h e s m ith
) . b o th er
r of Ga v i d a t h e s m i th ) .

L l ew (t h e S ol a r H ero
) . L u
g (t h e S o l ar H e ro
) .

C e it h l en n, o f w hich
i ti ve s h o u l d be C ith l iu (f r n l d er
th e n om n a e o a O

C il h i
e g C
n u,i t h ) w
en s p
. o s ibel y a o th e n a m e o f D un n o D
ne n n ,
a s n r r o n a,

W l h D 6 ; a d i t i p b b l y ft h r th t I n i C eith l e o r G it h
e s 11 n s ro a a er e a s n n, e

l i u s I l th t i E i k i ll e t o w n o L g h E rn e h as b een c al led ;
’
s e, a s, nn s n, a n ou ,

b u t s ee M d A d Ju bain v ill e s Cy c l e p 222

’ ’
. . e ,
. .
320 I V . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

t o b e, t o sa
y t h e l e a st o f it , v e ry f a in t ly dra wn ; a n d it

is p ossibl e t h at we sh ou ld r a th er r e c o gniz e in M ac Sa m
’
t h a inn t h e h erdsma n s d o g ; for th e n a m e se ems t o cl a im
’
kinship wit h t h e Irish w o rd s a mth a ch a h a ft or hi l t ‘
, ,
‘ ’
a ls o an ax e wi t h a l ong h a ndl e ; s o t h a t on e ma ro
y p
‘ ’
b ably t ransl a t e it t h e B oy of t h e Ha ft a n d c o mp a re t h e ,

n a m e of t h e d o g int r o du c e d t o Erinn by C a irbre Mu s e s ’

craft which w a s M ug ezme or t h e Sl a v e o f t h e Ha f t

,
- ‘ ’
,
.

The s t ory a s y o u will r e m e mb er e xpl a ins h ow t h e d o g

, ,
’
c am e , in a cqu iring it int o C a irbre s p o ss e ssi o n (p ,
.

T h e c o incid enc e is s o s triking t h a t I c a nn o t h elp t hinki n g

t h a t w e h a v e h er e t r a c e s of a n o t h er v e rs i o n o f t h e s t ory o f
C a irbre Mu s e an d t h e d o g h e imp or t e d int o E rinn The .

O l d on e s o m e wh a t p e rv e rsely , m a kes t h e a nim a l in t o a

,

l a pd o g ; whil e th e m o d ern st o ry is pro b ably m or e fa it h

fu l t o t h e o rigin a l in t h a t it s u gg e st s a d og u sefu l t o t h e
1
h erdsm a n .

Fro m t h e f or e g o ing s t ori e s an d t h o se men t i on e d in

1
T he n am e xpl a i n s h ow in ti me t h e s to y -t l l e s
M a c Sa m t h ain n e r e r

o t i t o t h e w ay o f i n t e p e t i n g it t o m e n a m a
n a b ro th e
r r in f ct a n, r
g a

t o M ac Ki el y as t h e s m e w h t i d efi it e s i g ific ti o n o f t h w o rd
ne ,
o a n n n a e

ma c w a s f v u ab l e t o t h e erro r Fo th ou g h it i s c o mmon l y re d ed
a o r . r n er

i n p e d i g e es it m e an s o m ore th an b oy a d t h e g iti v fo l
’ ’
so n r ,
n ,
n en e

l o w i g it n e e d b e n o p a e n t s n a me : th u s a s t d n t w a s c ll e d M a c
’
n r u e a

Bo y o f R d i g ; a d th O l d n ame M a c N
‘ ’
L eg i nd ,
w as a
ea n e n e re n ,
au ,

w hich A d a m a ( Vi t a S C l m ba e n n d R ee v s Prcef p ij 9) . d ed
o u ,
e . e , . . . ren er

Fil iu s N a vi b u t it m a t m o e e l y B y O f t h e S hip o S hip -b o y

’
s, e n r n ar o r .

S ti l l m o e t o t h e p o i t i t h e a me f D ia m it s fa v o it e h ou n d M c
’
r n s n o r a ur ,
a

S o n o f t h e H a el b u t it w o l d b e m o e ‘ ’
a n C h u i ll u all y re d
,
ed su n er z ,
u r

e x a ct l y B y o f t h e H a el i n s pit e o f w hich t h e p o n u n u s e d fo t h e
’
o z ,
r o r

e v o cab l a C e l tic
’
n a me is s i sh e rs it ij 43 T h f h
‘
(P,
u u
y O , t .
,
u r e

l a g ag s w i l l b e s e ch d i v a i fo a w o d f o s on o d au g ht e
n u e ar e sn n r r r r r a

d i s ti g u i s h d f o m b oy
n e g i rl a f ct O f
r l ittl e n ega ti v e i mp o t c e
or ,
a no r an

wh w i g h e d al o g w ith C a es ar s u gl y a cc ou n t o f t h e m é ag e o f t h e
’
en e n n

a ci en t B it on s
n
( r v .
322 I V . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

driv en westwards t o t h e isl a nds incl u ding Ara nn The 1

.

t hird br ot h er is c a ll e d C a irb re R ig fo t a , w h o is d e scrib e d

2
a s a ssis t ing his br o t h e rs t o a v e ng e t h e ir f a t h e r b t h
; u e
‘
is chi e fly kn own as t h e anc e s t o r O f t h e D d l R ia da t h e ,
’
divisi o n o r t ribe of Ria d a b et t er kn own a s th e D al ria d ,

Sc ot s of An t rim an d Al b an R ia da an d R igf o ta b eing t h e ,

s a m e n a m e, which Bmd a wr ot e R eu da 3
Th e s e t hr e e .

C a irbre s are u su a lly m e n t i o n e d t o g et h er a s t h e s o ns of

C o n a ire ; b u t s o m et imes a fou r t h C airbre Baiscin n is
4
, ,

a dd e d t o t h e m a n d fr o m him w e r e s u pp o s e d t o b e d e riv e d
;
t h e C o rc o Ba is cin n a p eo pl e in t h e s ou t h - we s t of t h e p re
,

5
s en t c ou nt y O f Cla r e P ro b ably C a irbre king o f K erry .
,

a n d fa t h e r o f t h e p o e t e ss Cr e d e p sh o u ld be a dd e d
( .

t o o u r C a irbre s ; an d id e n t ific at i on wi t h t h e C u l t u r e H e r o
h a s b ee n s u gges t e d in t h e c a s e o f t h e h a rpist C airbre ,

w h o h a d t h e se - c all e d ch ord o f kn owl e dge in his lyr e

e m ea ning a ls o o f t h e r e ign of t h e t yr a nt
(p . T h
Br e s t h e F o m o ri an b e ing dis tu rbed by t h e C airbre w h o
1
S ee a p oem by M ac L i ag i n t h e Bk . o f L eins ter, 152 a , 1 525, and

M a nn ers , & c ij 1 22-3

’ ’
O C u rry s . . .

2
Bk . o f th e D u n , 5 4 a .

2
H isto ri a E ccl es ia s ti ca , i
it e ev i d e t w h e th er
. 1, w h ere it is n ot qu n

Baed a l e ft o u t t h e c o s o n an t s gf as b i n g b o th i
n t ev en in h is ti m e e s l en ,

o r u b e q e t e ty m o l
s s u ni s t s h v e th u s t th em i t
o w d w h ere th
y
a r n o a or e
g
h a d n o b s i n es s u C i b e R ig fo t a w o u l d m ean C i b e o f t h e l o g
. a r r a r r n

el l e o r f e-arm b u t thi s
or ,
p el l i g d o es n o t pp a t o o cc u r in c on n e cti o
s n a e r n

w ith t h e am e o f t h e D a l ria d S c o t s
n .

4
B t th ere w e e d o u bt l ess p l en ty O f a cc o u t s i c o s i s t en t w ith t h i s
u r n n n .

Fo r i s t an c e C ai b re N i fe i m a d e s o o f R e s R a d o R t h e R d
n ,
r a r s n u ,
r . e ,

a d b o th e t o A il il l t h e h u s b a d o f M db a d t o Fi m o f A ili
n r r s ee n e ,
n r nn

t h p a s g es cit e d i O C u y s M S l V I a t pp 48 3 5 1 3 5 15 ; al s o t h e
’ ’
e s a n rr . . .
, ,

p ed ig es i t h e B k of L ei te fo l 311 a
re n . ns r, . .

O D o o v an s n o t e t O t h e B k of R igh ts p 48 an d t o t h e T op o
5 ’ ’
n .
,
.
,

grap h i ca l Po ems p l xxi n o t e 61 6, .

,
.
 Iv . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 323

c o mp os e d firs t s at ire in Erinn h a s been indic at e d

th e
I n o w only r e m a ins t o b e s a id t h a t t h e gr e a t
(p . t
C u l t u re Hero w h o b ore t h e n a me o f C a irbre w a s d o u b t
l e ss pl a c e d O n a level wi t h t h e g o ds an d t his seems t o ,

b e t h e m ea ning of t h e fa c t t h a t C a irbre o cc u rs in a tri a d

1
o f t h e p oet s o f t h e T u a t h a D e D a n a n u This is br ou gh t .

in t o s t il l gr ea t er r eli ef in a p o e t ic v ersi o n o f an o at h in
t h e e pic s t o ry of t h e T ain (p 1 40) as t old in t h e B ook of .

L eins ter wh ere M e d b is r epresent ed u rg ing a fa m o u s

,

ch a mpi o n c a ll e d Fer-dia d t o u nd ert ake a d u e l aga inst

h er migh t y en e my C ri ch u l ainn Fer-di a d wishin g t o .
,

f e e l cer tain t h a t Me db s pr o mises w ou ld b e fa i thf u lly

’

k ep t t o hi s ra c e in c a s e h e f ell in t h e c o nt e st sa ys t h a t ,

it is n o t e n ou gh for him t o h a v e t h e pl e dg ing by su n an d

m o on by ea rt h an d s ea which s e ems t o h av e c o nst i t u t e d
, ,

t h e o rdin a ry o a t h ; h e m u st h a v e t h e fu lfilmen t b ou n d
o n s ix s u re t i e s a n d n o l e ss : t h e qu een c oncedes it re a dil y

2
in t h e f oll o win g o rd er
C id d o mn a l n a ch arp a t . T h ou g h it b e D o mn al in h is ch ari o t ,

n a n i am an an a irg n e O r N fam an o f n o b l e s l au g ht er ,

g id ia t l u cht n a b ai rdd n e T h o th ey b e t h fo lk o f t h e b a d i s m
’
e r ,

ro t fiat s u g id a cht T h o u s h l t h av e th em n o t w ith s t an d i n g

a .

fo n as c l a tt ar m o ran d . T hi n e (s h all b e ) a b o d o M o an n n r n,

m a d a ill l a tt I f th o u w o u l d s t h av e i t s fu l fi l m e t
’
a ch o m all n ,

n ais c c a rp ri min m an an d . Bi n d C i bre t h e s m o o th o f Man

a r

isnais c ar d a mac c . A n d bi n d o u r t w o s on s .

Wh ich O f th e s ons of Medb t h e t w o were t o wh om

a ll u s i o n is m a d e it w oul d p erh a ps b e diffic u l t t o s a y
, ,

a s she h a d m a ny ; b u t C a irb r e an d M o r a nn c o m e b e f o r e

t h em an d a f te r t h e m or e dr ea d divini t i e s o f t h e d ee p
,

an d of d e a t h w h o a cc o rding t O t h e C e l t ic n o t i o n w e r e
, , ,

1 M a c Firbis qu o t e d by O C ,
’
u rry , pp . 21 7 , 5 7 3 .

2 ’
Bk .
f
o L e
ins l er, O C urry , iij . 418 9 .

Y 2
324 Iv . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

th e p at r on s of p o et ry an d b ardism Why C a irbre sh ou ld .

h er e be c all e d sm o ot h is n ot v ery cle ar, u nl e ss it b e in

r e f e r enc e t o hi s m a nn ers an d Sp e ech s u pp o s ing t hem t o
,

h a v e b een su ch a s t h o s e O f Gwydi o n wo u ld l ea d o n e t o
1
e xp e c t T h e O bscu rit y of t h e a ll u si o ns is a m att er o f
.

n o gr e a t imp o r t a nc e n d wh at o n e h a s r a t h e r t o n o t ic e
; a

is t h a t t h e n am e s O f M o rann an d C a irbre g o t o g et h er in
,

t h e o at h j u s t a s t h o s e o f L l e w an d Gwydi o n a re in sepa
,

ra bl e in We lsh lit era t u re N ay on e m a y g o fu r th er an d .

,

p oint a s will b e d o n e l at er , t o dist inc t t ra c e s o f th e t w o

,

c orre sp o nding divinit i e s in t h e a nci ent inscrip t i o n s o f

G au l an d t h e C e l t ic p ort i o n of t h e Ib eri an p enin s u l a .

G WYDI O N A ND A I T H E R NE .

next gr ou p o f t al e s t o b e m ent i on e d giv e s u s fo r

T he ,

c o mp a ris o n wit h Gwydi o n an d o th er s a r em ark abl e Ul t o ,

ni a n p o et c a ll e d A i t h e rn e w h o b e l o ng e d t o C o nch ob a r ,
’
m ac N e ss a s c ou r t a t a t im e wh e n t h e U l t o ni a ns are
r ep res en t e d enj oying su ch pr o sp erit y a n d p o wer t h at
t h ey w ere o cc a s i o n a lly mu ch p u zzl e d h o w t o fin d an
e xc u s e fo r inv a ding a n d pl u nd e ring t h e ir n e ighb ou rs ;

b u t , wh e n n o o th er m e a ns o f f o m ent ing a r e s p e c t a bl e
qu a rr e l c o u ld be f o u n d t h e p o e t s an d b ards migh t b e ,
”
sa f e ly e n t ru s t e d t o d o t h e w o rk
; f o r
“
it w a s c u s t o m ary ,
’ ’ 2
t o q u ot e P r o f O C ur ry s w o rds . f or dis t ingu ish e d p o et s ,

an d b a rds
( w h o w er e a l s o t h e phil o s o ph ers l a wy e rs , ,

1
T h e l o c al
f c is s ti l l m o re O b s c
re e ren s i n ce b s i d e th e I sl e o f
e u re , ,
e s

M ana d a d i s t ict o f Man i

n S c o t l a d w hich is p a t l y
r n p e e n t d by n ,
r re r s e

C l ac k m a th e e w s a D ri n Ma a
an n n, r o r Fo t O f M n
a s o mew h re u nn, r a ,
e

i n t h t e it o y O f Fe mo y in t h e c o ty O f C o k s ee O D v ’
e rr r r un r : on o an ,

T p og p h ica l Poems pp 102-3 n o t es 5 44-6 5 an d t h e Bk of R ig h ts

o ra ,
.
, .
,

p 8 2 o te
.
,
n .

2
L t es o n t h e M S M a teri a l s of A ncien t I rish H istory p 265
ec ur .
, . .
326 Iv . TH E C ULT UR E HE R O .

th e wner h a d m o st n ee d of it hims elf N o t d aring t o

o .

r efu se h e pres ent e d it in a w ay t h at pro v e d inst a nt ly

,

f a t al t o t h e re cipi ent ; b u t even so it h a st en e d C rich u ,

’
l a inn s fa ll N e w C o nch ob a r ch o s e a s his e m i s sa ry t o
.

pick qu a rr els wi th hi s n e ighb ou rs t h e p o et A i t h ern e ,

w h o is r epr e sen t e d a s n ot o ri ou sly t h e m o s t u nr ea s on a bl e

an d a v a rici ou s O f m en b t it is t be r m mb r d t h t
; u o e e e e a

his st ory t r eat e d of c ou rse a s a n arra t i o n of fa ct s c o me s

, , , ,

t o u s fr o m t h e B ook of L eins ter wri t t en by t h e scrib e s ,

O f t h e h er e di t a ry fe e s o f Ulst e r SO it h a s t o b e dis .

’
c o u nt e d v ery c o nsid erably in s o far a s r e gards t h e p o et s
privat e ch ara c t er ; an d I t hink y o u will a s w e pr o ce e d , ,

s e e t h a t it d o e s n o t b e l ong t o hist o ry b u t t h at C o nch o b ar ,

a n d A i t h ern e are Irish r e fl e xes of M at h a n d Gwy di o n

,

when t h e l at t er (pp 243-6) g ot p o ss e ssi o n by s t eal t h or

.

c u nning o f c er t a in a nim als fr o m Ha d e s .

Ha ving pr e mis e d t his mu ch , on e may pr o c ee d t o make

’ 1
a n a bs t r a c t o f A it h ern e s s t o ry He fir st ma d e f or t h e .

n o rt hern p a rt of C o nnau gh t wh ere n ot hing is rec orded ,

o f him H e t h en pr o c e e d e d t o t h e c our t O f a king c a ll e d

.

E ch a id m ac L u ch t ai n e a r t h e Sh ann o n ,
This king w a s .

on e - ey e d s o th e only gift t h a t wou ld s at isfy A ith ern e

’
w a s t h e king s e y e , a n d t h e l a tt er p u lling it o u t a t o nce , ,

g ave it him His s erva nt t h en l ed t h e king t o t h e b ank

.

o f t h e l a k e t h at w a s h a rd by a n d t h e r e in he w a s h e d t h e ,

bl oo d fr o m his fa c e H ence t h e l ak e, so g o e s th e st ory ,

.

w as n a m e d L och D erg d eirc

2 - ’
or R e d eye s L a ke In .
,

c o nsid era t i on of th e v alu e E ch aid at ta ch e d t o his h onou r ,

1
Bk .
f
o L eins ter, 114 b— 1 17 a s ee th e w h ol e s tory ,
ed it ed w i t h a

tra ns a l ti on
by S t o k es in t h e R ev Cel t v iij 47 63
,
. . .
—
.

2
I t is n o w m o e b ri fl y c al l ed L o ch D erg an d i t is s itu at ed ab o v e
r e ,

Ki l l al oe on t h e S h an n o n .
 N . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 327

in th at h e ga ve hi s o nly ey e t o s ave it He a ven is s a id t o ,

h a v e giv e n him t h enc efo rt h t w o e y e s in s t ea d o f t h e on e

h e h a d p a r t e d wi t h H e is m or e o ver m e n t i oned a s on e
.
, ,

O f t h e g re at j u dg e s O f e a rly Ir e l a nd ; an d if o n e is righ t

in trea t ing t his t ra gic s t ory a s h aving b een dis t or t e d by

t h e qu a si -his t or ic a l t r e at m e n t it m e t a t t h e h a nds o f t h e
e u h e m e ri s t s o f L e i n s t e r t h e r e is n o diffic u l t y in s e e ing
,

t h at w e h a v e in t his E ch aid s o m e su ch a r e pr e s e n ta t iv e ,

for e x a mpl e o f t h e w o rld o f d a rkn e ss an d d e a t h a s B al e r

,

o f t h e Evil E e an d o n e o f his n a mes m a y be inf e rr e d

y ,

t o h a v e been D erg d erc or H e O f t h e R e d E y e wh o se

, ,

a b o d e w a s a s s o ci a t e d wi t h t h e l ak e L o oking a t it in t his.

ligh t an d pr e su ming th e symp a thy o f t h e Iri sh n a rra t o r

,

t o h a ve b e en fo r t h e r ea so n ah e a dy s u gg e s t e d tr a n s f e rr e d
, ,

t o t h e wr ong sid e on e ma y r e g a rd his s t o ry a s a bl u rred

,

v ersi on O f t h e sa me o rigina l , whi ch in th e ing eni o u s h ands ,

o f t h e p oe t o f t h e O dyss e y sp e aks of Odyss eu s blinding

,

t h e singl e e y e o f P olyph e mu s .

Fr o m t h e Sh ann o n , A it h ern e makes his w ay t o t h e

c o u r t of T ig ern a king o f Mu nst er wher e h e insist s on a
, ,

m o nst r ou s dem and O f a differe nt n at u r e Th ence h e pro .

c e e d s t o S o u t h L e ins t e r wh e re h e w a s me t by t h e king
,

a n d t h e n obl e s O f t h e c o u n t ry w h o o ffe r e d t o giv e h i m

,

t h e m o s t h ands o me pr e s en t s pr o vid e d o nly h e a bs t a in e d

,

fro m en t ering t h e ir t erri t o ry ; bu t h e p a id n o h ee d t O

t h e ir r e qu e s t. Wh en in t h e c ou rs e o f his pro gr es s h e
, ,

s a t wi t h t h e king a n d his n o bl e s in a n a ss e mbly a t a

pl ac e c a lled A r d Bres t in e n ea r T u ll o w in t h e c o u n t y O f
, ,

C a rl o w h e s a id t h a t t h e only t hin g t h a t w o ul d s a t isfy

,

him w a s t o h a ve t h e fin e s t t rea su r e t h er e Th e y c o u ld .

n o t divine wh a t it w a s a n d th e ir di s t r e s s w a s e xc e e dingly
,

grea t ; b u t a n a ccid en t deliv e r e d th e m o u t O f th e ir s tra i t s ,

328 IV
. TH E C ULT UR E H E R O .

for t here ch anced t o be , on t h e ou t skirt s of th e mu l t it u d e,

a y o u ng m an sh o wing O ff his h o rs e n d in wheeling
; a
’
r ou nd , th e a nima l s hind h o o fs c a s t a big s o d int o t h e a ir ,
’
which c a m e d o wn on t h e king s l ap B efo r e anyb o dy .

els e c ou ld l o ok a t it he e spi e d in it a br oo ch c o nt a ining

, , ,

a s t h e s t ory h a s it n o less t h a n fo u rsc o r e o u nc e s O f red

, .

g o ld He b a de A it h ern e g u ess wh at he h a d in his l ap ,

.

t o which t h e p o et pr o mp t ly r epli e d in rhym e t h at h e ,

h a d t h e bre e ch t h a t h a d s e rv e d t o f a st en M a ine ma c Du r
’
t h a ch t s cl oak a dding t h at t his w a s t h e v e ry t hing he
,
’
w a nt e d a s Ma ine w a s his m o ther s br ot h e r, an d it w a s he
,

t h a t h a d b u ri e d t h e bre e ch t h e r e aft e r t h e d ef eat an d

S l au gh t e r O f t h e U l t o ni a ns by t h e m en O f L e ins t e r in a

b a tt l e on t h at sp o t N ew wit h rega rd t o th i s st ory , it

.

is t o be O bserved , in th e first pla ce , t h a t t h e n a m e of t h e

king O f S ou t h L e inst er w a s F e rgu s Fa irg e, t h at is t o
s a y , Fergu s Oc e a n o r o f t h e
( ) Oc ea n which s u fli c ien t l
, y
e xpl a ins his n on - hi st oric a l ch a ra ct e r ; for n ot o nly d oe s
t h e n ame Ferg u s t a k e u s b a ck t o F e rg u s Mac R oig

( p. b u t t h e w o rld o f w at ers a n d t h a t O f d a rkn e ss

a re persis t ent ly a ss o ci a t ed wi t h o n e a n o t h e r in C e l t ic

1
my th o l o gy ; an d it l ooks n a tur a l t o find t h a t L u g aid
w a s his s on , w h o , s o far a s c o nc erns t h e S o l ar H er o , is

t h e p ers o nific at i o n O f d a rkn e ss an d e vil Bu t we are n ot

.

a l t o g et h e r l eft t o rely o n t h e se indic a t i o ns a s t o t h e r ea l

’
sc en e O f t h e st ory , n am ely Ha d e s ; for in Ma in e s bro o ch
’
w e h a v e a c ou nt erp art of W o d e n s ring , D ra up nir O r
‘

D r opp e r which a s will b e m en t i o ned when we c om e t o

, ,

sp eak m or e in d et a il O f t h e s t o ry of t h e su mm e r Su n - g o d,
’
h e pl a c e d on B ald e r s fu n era l pile , wh er eby it fo u nd it s

1 ’
O C urry , pp . 46 5, 47 2
.
330 Iv . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

is t o be regarded a s a s u n -
an d t h e L eins t er king s
h er o ’
,

n a me w a s Me s g egra m a c Dat h e t h at he w a s t h e o wn e r ,

O f a f a b u l ou s pig an d his br o t h e r M e s ro id a O f a kind O f

,

C erberu s which c ann o t b e discu ssed at t his p o in t Th e re

,
.

is n othi ng hist oric a l ab ou t t h e m an d if on e wa sh ou t t h e ,

c o l o u rin g given t o t h e s t ory by th e L ein st er st ory -t ell ers ,

we h ave t h e ou t lin e s l eft u s of a pict u r e which w a s

o rigin ally t h at o f t h e c onfli c t s O f t h e C u l t ur e H e r o a n d

his fri e nds wi th t h e p o w ers of d arkn e ss ; bu t it m u s t b e

c onfess e d it can only be re c o gnized in th e light r efl e c t e d
on it by t h e c o gn a t e pic t u r e s O f Gwydi o n a n d W o d e n .

I t may s ee m s tr a ng e t h at n ot o nly C o nn au gh t an d t h e
w est sh ou ld be m a de t o st and for Ha des bu t a ls o L e inst e r ,
.

This l a tt er app ears , h owe v er, t o h a v e be e n s o t re at e d in

o t her s t o ries as ma be seen fr o m t h e r e l at i o ns b et wee n
y ,

t h e Ul t o ni a n c ourt a t E ma in M a ch a an d t h e L eins t e r
c ou r t at Na a s on t h e L ifl ey a s for ex a mpl e in t h e , ,

s t o ry o f C onch ob ar an d Me db, in whi ch N a a s is m a de

t h e he a d - qu art ers O f A il il l , wh o se wife M e db b e c a m e
a ft er des ert ing C o nch o b a r h er f o rmer h u sb a nd
,
A il il l .

is s o t o say , di vid e d bet we en C onn au ght an d L einst e r

,

a ft er his m arri a ge wit h Me db , w h o p o ss e ss e d C onn au gh t

1
a s her inheri t a nce fr o m h er m ot her I t is fr o m t h e ir .

c apit al in t h e we st t h at A il ill an d Me db s et o u t on t h e
’
T ain (p . bu t t h e f ormer s p or t i o n o f t h e a rmy o n
t h a t o cc a si o n c o nsis t e d o f a f o rc e fr o m L einst e r c a ll e d
t h e Ga iliein wh o se s u p e ri o ri t y o ver t h e r e s t O f t h e t r oops
,

1
Bk .
f L
o eins ter, 535 ; O C
’
u rry , p
he i r c apital i t h e w es t
. 28 2 . T n

w a s C u a ch an A i a p l ac e n ear Bel an ag are i n t h e c ou ty o f R o sco m

r , ,
n

mo n,w h ere t h e re m a i n o f t h e ea th en fort s d i s ti g i s hi g t h e s it e g o

s r n u n

b y t h e a m e o f Bat h C rog h an : s ee t h e Bk of R ig h ts O D o n o van s

’ ’
n .
,

n o t e p 20
, . .
 IV
. TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 331

’
SO exci t ed his wife s j eal o u sy t h a t she wished t o h av e
t h e m a l l m a ss a cre d : ins t ea d o f t h a t she w a s h owev e r , ,

o nly a ll o wed t o h a ve t h e m di spersed a m o ng t h e o t h e r

b a t all io n s 1
T h e n a rra t ive p e rmi t s it t o b e seen t h a t t h e
.

s u p eri o ri t y O f t h e Gail iéin is m er ely an in t erpret at i o n O f

2
t h e m a gic ar t s a scrib e d t o t hem ; a n d t his is in h arm ony
wi t h t h e fa c t t ha t Irish legend m akes t h e Ga il iéin a p a rt
o f a n e a rly in v a si o n o f Erinn t o wh o se sh ar e L eins t e r
,

f ell wh ere t h ey r anged t h emselves a lwa ys a ga inst t h e

,

T u a th a D e D a n ann or t h e r a ce O f t h e g o ds
,
Simil a rly .
,

L e ins t er, n o l e ss t h a n C onn a u gh t an d t h e wes t , appea rs

t o r epr e s e n t Ha des in t h e s t o ry o f A it h ern e .

’
This vi e w of A ith ern e s d o ings is n ot a li tt l e co u n t e
n an ce d by a s t ra nge s t o ry t o ld in t h e B ook of L eins ter
’
a b o u t A i t h e rn e s n o t o ri ou s ch u r l ishn e ss In t h a t m a nu .

3
scrip t it fo ll ows t h o se O f whi ch an abs tra c t h a s j u s t been
giv en , an d it is s o c u ri ou s t ha t I ven t u re t o give a
li t era l t ransl at i o n of it a s f oll ows : A it h ern e t h e I m
“

o t n a t e s o n O f Ferch ert n e he is t h m o s t in h o sp i
p r u
, ,
e

t a ble m an t h at dwel t in Erin n H e went t o Mid er of.

Bri L eit h an d t ook th e cranes o f deni al an d churlishn ess

a w a y fr o m him s u rr ep t i t i ou sly t h at is wi t h a view t o
; ,

r efu s al an d chu rlishness , t h at n o man o f t h e men O f

Erinn sh ou ld visi t his h ou s e for h o spita li t y or m endi
‘ ’
c an cy . D O n o t c o me , n ot c om e , s ays t h e firs t cr a ne .

’
‘
Ge t a wa y , s a ys h er m at e ‘
E J
G O p a s t t h e h ou s e
. p ast ,
’
t h e h ou s e , s ays t h e t hir d cran e Any m an o f t h e m en O f .

E rin n w h o sh ou ld s ee t hem w oul d n o t b et ak e hi ms el f t o

1
Bk .
f
o th e D a n , 5 6 5, 5 8 a ; s ee al s o
’
O C
’
u rry s re mark s o n th e m in
h is A l a n n ers , & c ij 25 9-6 1
. . .

2 3
Bk .
f th e D a n
o , 57 a . ll7 a, 1 17 b.
332 N . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

his enga gem ent t o fight th at d ay H e (A ith ern e) n e v er .

d e v ou r e d hi s fu ll m ea l in a pl a ce wh er e o n e sh ou ld s ee
him He pr o c e ed e d t h erefo r e, [on e d a y ] t o t ak e wit h
.
,

him a c o oked pig an d a p ot O f m ea d in o rd er t h at h e ,

might ea t his fill al l a l on e And h e s et in ord er b efo r e .

him t h e pig a n d t h e p ot O f m ea d , wh en h e b eheld a m an

’
c o ming t o wards him ‘
Th ou w o u ldst d o [it] a ll a l on e ,

s aid th e s t r ang er , whils t h e t ook th e pig a n d t h e p o t

’
a wa y fr o m him
‘
Wh at is th y n a me ? s a id A it h ern e
. .

‘ ’
N ot hing v ery gra nd , s a id he
‘
S eth er . eth er . o th er . s el e . d el e d reng gerce
. .

’
m ec g er l us ce g er g er. . d i r d i r is s ed m o a i nms e .

S e tb o r, e th er, o th e r, s el e, d el e, d ren g g erc e,

S o n O f Gerl u s ce, s h arp s h arp , ri g h t ri g ht , that is m y n a me .

A ith ern e neit h er g o t t h e pig n or w as he abl e t o m ake

rhym e s t o t h e s a t ire I t is e vid ent th at it w a s on e c o m e
.

fr o m Go d t o t ak e a wa y th e pig ; for A it h ern e w a s n ot

”
s t ingy fr o m t h at h ou r fort h .

Fr o m t his lit t le st ory on e m ay ga ther, a m ong other

t h ings t h at A it h e rn e u n able t o m a st e r o n t h e sp u r o f
, ,

t h e m o m e nt m et ric a l skill e n ou gh t o m a nip u l at e t h e n a m e

O f t h e a ng e l in p o ssessi o n o f t h e pig an d t h e p o t O f m e a d ,

w a s p o w e rl e ss t o c u rs e him : it h a d t o be d o n e a cc o rding
t o t h e r u l e s o f t h e p o e t ic art an d t h e f orm o f w o rds w a s ,

o f c o u rs e a l l -imp or tant Bu t l et u s c o me t o t h e birds.

A i t h ern e g ot t h e m f or t h e p u rp o ses o f d e ni a l a n d s t ingi

n e ss crimes t re at ed in a v ersi on o f t h e V i s i o n O f A d a mn an
,

a s ch a ra c t erist ic O f a very b a d cl a ss O f men w h o u nd er g o

,
‘
p u nishm e nt in Hell in th e c omp any of t hieves an d li ars ,
a n d f o lk o f t r e a ch e ry a n d bl a sph e my a n d r o bb e rs a n d , ,

r a id ers an d fa lse -j u dging br eh ons an d f o lk of c ont ent io n ,

, ,

a n d wi t ch e s an d sl anderers men w h o m a rk t h e mselv e s

, ,
334 Iv . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

t o be m ore ex a c t t h e We lsh versi o n m ay h a ve c ompress e d

,

in to a t ri a d t h e s t o ri e s o f s e vera l t heft s fr o m Ha des s o ,

t h a t o n e w oul d be l eft t o c o mp a re t h e bird a l o ne wi t h t h e

cra n e s O f t h e Irish t a l e O n e O f t h e a cc ou nt s O f Art hu r
.

killi ng t h e inf erna l giant r e siding on M o nt S Mich el .

( p . r epr e s e n t s t hree b a l e fu l birds t u rni n g his spi t s

for t h e gi a n t ; b u t a n o t her m akes t h e m int o t hr e e m a id e ns

1
f o rc e d t o c ook for him O n e is t e mp t e d t o in t erpret t h e
.

a ss o ci a t i o n O f t h e t hr e e wi t h t h e t e rr e ne p o w e rs a s a

r eference t o t heir s u pp o s e d wisdo m an d kn o wl e dg e ex

t ending o v e r t im e in it s t hre e divisi o ns O f fu t u r e , pr e s en t
‘ ’‘ ’ ‘ ’ ’
an d p a s t ; an d t h e c o m e g o an d p a st O f th e cra n e s
,

cri e s re a dily l e nd t hems elv e s t o su ch an e xpl a nat i on .

We might p erh aps g o s o far a s t o bring t h e t hre e maidens

int o c o mp aris on wit h t h e N o rns or t hre e we ird sist e rs of
N o rse my th ol o gy an d ev en wit h other t h r e es in ou r
,

myt h o l o gies Be t h a t as it m ay , on e m ay v en tu re t o
.

’
hint t h a t t h e s t ory of A ith ern e s t ea lin g Mid e r s cra n e s
w a s t h e e ch o O f a m o re a nci ent s t o ry wi t h a far d eep e r

m eaning ; on e in fa c t which r epre s ent e d him pr o c u ring

, ,

kn o wl e dge an d wi sd o m fr o m t h e p o wers o f t h e n et h e r
world by st ea l th Bu t t h e L e ins t e r e u h e m e rist w a s
.

b ou nd s o t o s a y , t o c o ns tr u e e v ery thing rela t ing t o

,

A it h ern e in p ej orem p ar tem .

You m igh t n o w b e l eft t o t hin k t h e b e st of A i th ern e

in his r eform e d ch ara c t er ; bu t o n e c ann ot dismiss him
wit h ou t giving th e t a le O f his d eat h Irish st o ry .

S ee T h o rn t o n M orte A g T e xt
1 ’
s r th a re, e d . b y Pe rry fo r t h e E . E n .

S o ci e t y p 31 l i e 1029 : T h re bal efu l l e ‘

(L o n d on , .
,
n b ird ez h is
b o ch e th ey tu rn e a d Wri gh t s M a l org 1 17 6-7 : T h ee d am s l s
r z n
’
, .
‘
r o e

t u i n g th ree bro ch es w he eon w as b ro a ch ed t w el ve y o u n g chil d re

rn r n

l a t e b o rn e li k e y o u n g bi rd s ’
.
,
 IV
. TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 335

r epr esen t s Conch ob a r m arrying several t im e s (p .

1n d o n e o f t h e l a di e s giv e n t o him a s c o ns o r t w a s c a ll e d

D e rd riu wh o s e n a me M a cphers o n h as m a de in t o D art h u l a

,
.

H e r b ir t h h a d b e en a t t end e d wi th pr oph e cies t h at Sh e

wo u ld ha ve a s om e wh a t H el e n -like his t ory ; s o s o m e o f
C o n ch obar s n o bl e s a dvised t h a t t h e ill -st a rred child
’

s h o u ld n o t h e r ea r e d b t t h e king w ou ld h a ve n o ne o f
; u

t h a t a dvice a n d he o rd er e d r a t h e r t h a t sh e sh o u ld be
,

br o u gh t u p t o be his o w n wif e SO wh e n sh e h a d gr o wn .

u
p y o u ng w o m an O f u ns u rp a ssed be au t y t h e king t o ok
a
,

h er t o wi fe Bu t she f e ll in l o v e wi t h on e O f th e s o ns
.

o f Usn ech an d t h e y
, t o a v o id t h e wra t h O f C o nch o b a r
, ,

t o o k h er ou t o f his kingd o m ; b u t when t h e y h a d b ee n

y ea rs in exile in di ffer ent p ar t s o f Erinn an d l a s t ly in ,

B ri ta in t h e y l o ng e d t o re t u rn t o t h e ir c o u n t ry a n d
, ,

F e rg u s ma c R oig u nd ert oo k on t heir b eh a lf t o c o ncilia t e

t h e king a n d he t h o u gh t t h a t he h ad s u cc e eded (p
,
.

b u t n o s o o ner h a d t h e s o ns o f Usn e ch re a ch e d E m a in
t h an t h e y were cru elly mu rd ered by E o g an m a c D u rth a ch t ,

which he did a s t h e price of p ea ce wi th C onch ob a r .

F ergu s hims e lf l ef t Ul s t e r t o g o a s a n e xil e t o C o nna u gh t ,

whil e C o nch ob ar O b ta in e d p oss e ssi o n of De rdr iu f or t h e

s e c ond t im e t h ou gh he kn e w t h a t Sh e by t h a t t im e h a t e d
,

him wi th a ll her h ea rt O n e d ay it en t er e d his h e a d

.

t o a s k h er wh o m she m o s t h a t e d t o s ee T h e answ e r .

’ ‘ ’
w as ,
‘
Th ee an d E o g a n ma c D urth a ch t G o o d s aid
.
,
’
t h e ki n g ‘
,
t h ou sh a l t b e a y e a r wi t h E o g an Th en h e .

t o ok h er o u t in his ch a ri o t in o rd e r t o h a nd h e r o ve r t o
t h e l a t t e r ; b u t on t h e w a y s h e p u t an e n d t o h erself in
t h e m o s t t ra gic m an n e r 1
C o nch o b ar a f t e r t h a t even t w a s
.

1
Wi nd i s ch pp ,
. 8 1-2
.
336 IV . TH E C UL T UR E HE R O .

O bs erve d t o be s ad an d a s earch w a s a cc ordingly m a de for

,

a b e a u t ifu l m aiden t o t a ke t h e pl a ce O f t h e u n fo r t u n a t e

D erdriu S u ch a o n e w a s fou nd , an d m arri e d by t h e

.

king wi th du e s ol e mnit y an d st at e H er na me w a s L u a in .
,

a n d t w o s o ns o f A it h ern e w h o lik e t heir f a th e r, w er e

, ,

p o et s c a me t o h er t o se ek t h e rich present s it w a s u s u a l
,

t o giv e t o m en O f t h e ir pr o fe ssi o n ; b u t on s ee ing h er

t hey f e ll in l o v e wi t h h er a n d a s sh e w o u ld l e nd n o ,

c ar t o t heir p a ssi o n
,
t h e y ,
t o g e t her wi t h t h e ir fat h e r

A ith ern e , sa t iriz e d her so vir u l ent ly t h at h er fa c e b e c a m e

c o v ered wit h bl o t ch e s a s th e r e su l t o f t h e ir p ot ent inc a n
,
’
t at io n s T h is drov e h er b a ck dist ra c t e d t O h er fa th er s
.

h o u se , wh ere sh e di e d of gri ef T h e m en o f Uls t e r a t .

,

t h e in s t igat i o n of t h e king w h o w a s fu ri ou s a t wh at h ad ,

b een d on e by t h e p o e t s killed A it h ern e wi th his wh o l e

,

fa mily , an d l e ve ll e d his h ou s e wi th th e grou nd S u ch is .

’ 1
t h e s t o ry of A it h ern e s end ; a n d it c o m e s v e ry cl o s e t o
t h a t o f Gwydi o n a n d Go e w y n (p 305) in t h e Wel s h .

M abin og i o f M at h H ere C o nch ob ar t h o u gh n o t p er

.
,

t ray e d so n oble a ch ara c t e r t ak e s t h e pl a c e of M ath an d , ,

’
t h e fo rm e r s y o u ng an d be au t i fu l wif e t h a t O f Goe w y n ,

M at h s virgin foo t -h o ld e r Bu t inst ea d of A ith ern e an d

’
.

his t w o s o ns we h a v e in t h e Wel sh t a l e Gwydi o n an d

,

his brot h er Gil v a et h w y w h o h a d a p a ssi on fo r Goew y n

, ,

an d w a s e n a bl e d by t h e sch e ming O f Gwydi o n t o e x e c u t e

hi s p u rp o se In t h e nex t pl a c e , M at h marri e s t h e ou t
.

r a ge d Goew y n Lu a in is m ar ri e d e arli er in t h e Iri sh

—

s e qu ence an d h e t h en pr o c e eds t o p u nish Gwy di on a n d

—

his br ot h e r wh er e on e n ot ic e s t h at t h e eu h e m erist h a s l a id
,

1 ’
O C u rr
y
’
s M a nners , & c iij 37 3-4,
. . w h ere he b ases h is s u m m a y r

on ig i nal in t h e Bk of B ll y m ote
th e or . a an d a n o th er D u b l i n m an u

s c ipt w hich u n fort u n a t el

r
y I h av e n ot y e t s e en .
338 Iv . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

fa v our th e desirabili t y O f k e eping t h e m wi th t h ose which

t h e y o th erwis e m o s t cl o s e ly r e s e mbl e a n d o f fa cilit a t ing ,

r e fer enc e t o t h e m l at er a s o cc a si on may a rise O n e m a y .

b egin wit h t h e st ory o f Pw y l l Princ e O f D y v e d o t h e r‘

,
’
wis e kn o wn a s Pw y l r H e a d o f Ha d e s w h o h a s hit h er to ,

b een t r eat e d excl u siv ely in t h e l att er c ap a ci t y He f orms .

1
t h e s u bj e c t of o n e o f our W elsh s t o ri e s bu t it is t oo ,

l o ng t o b e r epro du c e d h ere wo rd for wo rd T h e f oll ow .

ing e x tra c t will s u ffi c e f or t h e pr e s ent p ur p o se Pw y li .

s e t o u t on e d a y fr o m his c ou r t a t Arb e r t h n e a r t h e T e iv i , ,

t o hu nt in t h e v all ey of t h e O nch a t rib u t a ry o f t h e ,

T e iv i, whi ch divid e s P e mbr ok e shir e fr o m C a rm a rt h e n

Shire . Wh en t h e m orning O f th e f oll owing d ay w a s st ill
y ou ng t h e h orn w a s bl own an d t h e d o gs w er e l et l o o s e
,

un d e r t h e w o o d which fill e d t h e C fi ch va ll e y an d Pw li
y , ,

f o ll o wing a ft er t h e m s o o n f ou nd hims elf s ep a ra t e d fro m

,

his fri ends Pr e s ent ly h e h ea rd a p a ck t h a t w a s n ot his

.

c oming t owa rds him , a n d j u st a s his o w n d o gs w er e

r e a ching an O p en pl a c e in t h e f or e s t h e b eh e ld a s t a g ,

b ef o re t h e st range p a ck an d t h e y m et him an d in p a s s
, ,

ing t hr e w him d own Aft er h e h a d g o t on his f e e t a ga in

.

a n d w o nd e r e d fo r a n ins t a n t a t t h e c o l ou r o f t h e h ou nds

t h a t h a d j u s t g o n e p a s t h e w e nt af t er t h e m a n d c a m e
, ,

u p wi t h t h e m j u s t a s t h e y h a d kill e d t h e s t a g H e t h en .

pro c ee d e d t o dr ive t h e m a wa y an d t o l u re his o w n d o gs ,

t o t h e s t a g ; b u t whils t he w a s t h u s eng a g e d t h e o wn e r ,

O f t h e s t ra nge p a ck a rriv e d on a big h o rs e o f a di s m a l

’
grey c ol ou r : h e h a d a hu nt sma n s h orn h anging fr o m his
n e ck an d h e w a s cl a d in a h u n t ing -dre ss of a kind of
,
’
gr e y cl ot h .
‘
Ah , prince , sa id h e I kn ow w h o t h o u
‘
,

1
R . B
. M a l) . pp . 1 -25 ; Gu es t , iij 37— 7 1 . .
 Iv . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 339

’ ‘ ’
a rt
,
I will n ot s a l u t e t h ee
an d In t h a t c a s e s a id .
,
’ ’ ‘
I w y l r p e rh aps t h y digni ty is s u ch t h a t t h o u sh o u ld s t
,
’ ‘
n ot .
‘
By my fa i th , s a id h e it is n ot t h e digni ty O f my
,
’ ‘ ’ ’
r ank t h at prev en t s me Ah princ e , s a id Pw y rl , wh a t
.
‘
,
’ ’
e lse ?
‘
By my fa i th , s a id h e it is t h y b ad m ann e rs
‘
,
’ ‘
a n d u ngen t l e m a nly c o nd u c t Wha t u ng ent l e m anly
.

’ ’ ‘
c o nd u c t princ e s a id Pw y l r h a s t t h ou seen m e g u il t y
, , ,
’ ‘
of ? I h a ve n ev e r se e n a ma n g u il ty O f m ore u nge nt l e
m anly c o ndu c t t h an t o drive awa y fro m t h e s ta g t h e d o gs
t h a t h ad kill e d him an d t o l u re t h y o w n d o gs t o him
,
’ ‘
t h at , s a id he , I c a ll u ng en t l e m anly c ond u c t ; an d t h o u gh
I a venge myself n o t o n t h e e by my fa i t h I sh a ll c a u s e ,
’
t h e e disg ra ce ex c e e d in g t h e v a l u e O f a h u ndr e d s t a g s .

’ ‘
‘
Ah prince s a id Pw y tt, if I ha v e d one w r ong I will
, ,

-
p u rch a se t h y g oo d wil l ’ ‘ ’
In wh at w a y s a id h e wil t
.
‘
, ,
’ ‘ ’ ‘
t h o u p u rch a s e it ? Acc ording t o t h y rank s a id Pw y rt ,
’ ‘ ’ ‘
‘
I kn o w n ot w h o t h o u a rt I a m s a id he , a cr own e d
.
,
’ ‘ ’
king in t h e c ou n try fr o m which I c o m e L ord s a id .
,

Pwy tt , g o o d d ay t O thee a n d wh a t c o u n t ry is it fro m

,

’ ’ ‘
whi ch t h ou c om e st ? ‘
Fro m Ha d e s s a id he ; I a m ,
’ ‘ ’
Ara wn king O f Ha des L ord , s a id Pw y tl h ow ca n
‘
,

-
I o b t a in th y g oo d will ‘ ’
This is h ow t h ou sh al t s a id ,
‘
Arawn O n e wh o se t errit o ry is o v e r a g a ins t mine is

a lwa ys m aking w a r on me a n d t h a t is H a v a n a ki n g
, g ,

o f Ha d e s In r et u rn for ridding me O f t h a t sc o urg e

.
,

which t h o u c a ns t ea sily do sh al t t h ou h a v e my g o o d,
’ ’
will .
‘
Th a t will I d o gl a dly , s a id Pw y tt ; an d d o ‘

’ ‘
t h ou t ell me in wh at w a y I m a y s u cce e d I will m ake .

’
a s t r ong c o v e n a n t , s a id Ar awn
‘
wi t h t he e ; an d t his is ,

wh a t I sh a ll d o : I sh all s et t hee in my pl a c e in Had es ,

an d give t he e t h e m o s t b ea u t ifu l w o m a n t h o u h a s t ever

se en t o sl e ep wi th t hee every nigh t Th o u sh al t h a ve .

2 2
340 Iv . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

my form an d sh ap e so th a t n o v a l e t , n o O ffi c e r or a n y
, ,

b o dy els e w h o h a s ev er b ee n in my s u i te sh ou ld kn o w ,
’ ‘
t h a t it is n ot I Th a t s a id h e , is t o l a st t ill t his t ime
.
,

-
t O m orr o w t welv e m o n t h wh e n t his sp o t is t o b e o u r
,

-
m e et ing pl a c e ’ ‘
.
’
Bu t , s a id Pw y tt ‘
t h o u gh I r e m a in ,

t her e a y e a r wh a t cert a in t y h a ve I of e ng a ging him t h e n

,
’ ‘ ’
sp eak e st O f ? This night t we lv e m on th s a id Ara wn , ,
‘
I h a ve an app o in t me nt t o m eet him in t h e f ord ; b e
t h o u t h e re in my f orm an d fr o m on e bl o w t h ou sh o u ld s t
,

giv e h e will n o t r e c o v er ; an d th o u gh h e sh o u ld a sk
,

t h ee t o give hi m a n o t h e r bl o w, giv e it n o t h o w e v er m u ch ,

h e ma y impl o re t hee : n o m at t e r h o w m any I sh ou ld

’
giv e him h e w o u ld be a s we ll a s e v e r t h e n e xt m orning
,
.

Af t er t his a rrang e m ent b e tw e en t h e t w o Arawn sh o w e d ,

Pw y li th e w ay t o his c o u rt in Ha d e s an d t h e n h a st e n e d
’
,
’
in Pw y fl s f or m t o Arb er t h t o ru l e o v e r D y v e d Pw y li .

w a s s u cc e ssf u l in his d o ings : h e g av e H av g an his m o r ta l

w o u nd an d a nn e x e d his kingd o m t o t h a t of Ar a wn
, ,

who m h e t h en h a s t en e d t o m e et in t h e gl a d e in t h e
v a ll ey O f t h e C uch Pw y l l re tu rn e d t O his kingdo m t o
.
‘

find t h a t it h a d b e en g ov ern e d b ett er t han u s u a l t h at

’
y e ar .Ar awn lik ewis e w a s pl ea s e d wi t h wh a t Pw y l r
h a d d o ne an d t o find t h a t n o t e v e n t h e qu ee n h a d dis
,

c over e d his a bs enc e t h ou gh sh e u nin t en t i on a lly l et h im

,

kn o w t h at sh e c ou ld n ot u nd e rs t and why h e h a d s l ep t
ev e ry nigh t d u ring t h e y ear wi t h his fa c e t u rn e d a wa y
t o ward s t h e o u t sid e of t h e b e d Ara wn t h en t old her a l l
.

a b o u t his a bs e nc e a n d b o t h w o nd er e d gr ea t ly a t t h e
,

1
e xc e eding fi d e lit
y wi t h which Pw y li h a d k e p t his c o v e

1
T hi s is q ai tl y p u t i t h e o i g i l bu t w ith o u t t h e sl i g ht e t
u n n r na , s

i m p o p i ty O f s p e ch ; n d as t h e w h o l e s t o ry t
r r e e a o n it I c t u rn s ,
an n o

i m it at e L ady Charl o tt e Gu es t w h en sh e o mits it i n to te in h er tr s . an ~

342 Iv . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

’
The fir st t o cla im o u r a tt ent i on rel a t e s t o C ri ch u l a in n s

r e l at i ons wi t h L abraid O f t h e Swift Ha nd on t h e Sw o rd ,

’
1
king o f an Irish Ha d e s or Elysiu m His wife s na me is .

given a s L ib an, an d she h a d a sist er F and w h o h a d b e en ,

d e s ert e d by h er h u sb and M anann an mac L ir F and fell .

in l o ve wit h C ri ch u l a in n on a cc ou nt o f his fa m e , an d she

a n d h er sis t e r t h e qu een t ri e d t o ind u ce C ri ch u l ainn t o
’
v i s i t t hem in L ab raid s Isle ; b u t it w as a ll in v a in u n t il ,

L a bra id a ppe al e d t o him t o c o m e o n a cert a in d a y t o his

a id a g a ins t his en e mi e s t h e chi e f of wh o m a re c a ll e d
,

Scn a ch t h e D em oni a c E ch a id O f E 01, an d E o g an O f I n b er :

,

a t l a s t C ri ch u l a inn w a s ind u ced t o drive f o r th I n his

scy t h e d cha ri o t t o t h e a ssist a nce O f L abraid C ri ch u l ain n .

,
’
wh e n h e a rrived in L abraid s kingd om , wou ld h av e m a d e
sh or t w ork O f th e enemy if L abraid himself h a d n ot ,

int erv en e d t o p u t a st o p t o th e sl au ght er bu t fo r n o m or e ,

e vid e nt re a s o n t h a n t h at it w a s f o rbidden Pw fl t o inflic t

y
m o r e t h an on e bl o w o n H a vg an Ju s t a s Ara wn pr o mi s e d .

Pw y tl t h e h a nds o m e st w o m a n h e h a d e ver s een a s his

c ons o r t , s o t h e r e wa rd h eld o u t t o C rich u l ainn for d e s c end
in g t o a ssis t L abraid w a s t h e h and o f his sist er-
2
in -
l aw
F a nd w h o in c o nsequ e nce c a m e away wi t h C rich u l ainn
,

t o Erinn T h e n e xt s t o ry t o b e m e nt i o n e d r el a t es a l s o
.

t o C ri ch u l ain n visi t ing Ha d e s bu t it difl ers fro m t h e ,

f o re g o ing in sev era l imp or t ant respect s b e sid e s in t ro du c ,

3
ing u s t o a n ot h e r se t O f n am e s I t is t o t h e effe ct th at .

1
The t
s ory is p ri n t ed in Wi n d is ch s
’
I r is ch e T ex te, pp . 205— 227 ,
f om
r t h e Bk .
f
o th e D u n, pp . 43 — 5 0 : for O C
’
u rry s
’
t rans l at i on ,
s ee

t h e A tl a n t is fo r 1 8 5 8 .

2
Wi nd i ch s , I r T ex ts ,
. p . 209 .

3
i
I t w l l be fou n d a cc o mp a i ed w i th a t ran
,
n sl a ti o n i n to Ge ma r n, in
S tok es Win di ch s I ris ch e T caste (L eip s ic
s
’
,
pp 17 3 209
.
—
.
 Iv . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 343

a princ e of th e H y -Man y in C o nn au gh t h a ving b e en ,

t ri u mphed o v e r by C ri ch u l a inn l e f t t o t h e l at t er a s a s o r t
,
’
O f a s o u v e ni r o f hims elf a
‘
d e s t iny t ha t h e C rich u l a inn
, ,

sh o u ld enj o y n o re s t o r pe a ce t ill h e disc o vere d wh a t h a d

t a k e n t h e t hre e S o ns o f D O e l D orm a i t o u t o f t heir c o u n t ry .

C rich u l a in n c o u ld find n o on e a t t h e c ou r t o f C o nch o b a r

t o a ns w e r t his s t ra ng e q u e s t i on which m a de him u t t e rly
,

-
r e s t l e ss an d pr o ve d w ell nigh fa t a l t o t h e king of Alb a n s ’
,

s on . Thi s prince w a s a ccident ally m et by C rich u l a in n a s

h e w a s l a nding t o pr o c e ed on b u siness t o t h e king o f
’
U l s t er s c ou r t : a mis t ake m a de by him br o u gh t on h im
’
C ri ch u l a in n s f u ry bu t he cra ved for m ercy which h e
, ,

o b t a ined wi t h t h e q u e s t i on wh e t h e r he kn e w wh a t h a d
,

ta k e n t h e S o ns o f D O e l D erm ait o u t of t h e ir c o u n t ry .

T h e prince r eplied t h a t h e c o u ld n o t t ell b u t t h a t if ,

C rich u l a inn w ou ld st e p in t o hi s b oat he w ou ld s e t it s a iling

t o wa rds a l and wh er e he sh ou ld g e t t h e mys t ery cl ea r e d
u
p. This w a s a gre e d t o an d C ri ch u l a in n t oo k wi th hi m
,

t w o fri e nds L u g a id an d L o e g , whi l e h e g a ve t h e k ing

,
’
O f Alb an s s o n his li t t le sp ea r wi t h an o g a m on it which
,

h e cu t fo r him a t t h e t ime : h e w a s t o t a ke i t wi t h h im
’
a n d t o se a t hims el f in C ri ch u l a in n s se a t a t t h e c ou r t

O f Uls t e r a n d we h e a r n o m o re a b o u t him
,
T h e b o at .

bro u gh t C rich u l a in n t o t h e n eighb ou rh o o d o f Ha d e s t o a ,

v ery beau t ifu l isl and s u rr ou nded by a w all o f silve r an d

a p a lis a d e o f br o nz e .H ere C rich u l ain n w as h ear t ily
w e lc o med o n a cc ou n t o f his friends L u g aid a n d L o e g .

In a nswer t o his qu e s t i o n a b o u t th e S ons of D O el D er

m a i t h e w a s t o ld h e Sh ou ld pr e sen t ly find it a l l o u t
, ,

a s h e w o ul d be direc t e d t o t h e n e x t isl a nd which w a s

,

inh abi t ed by t h e d a u gh t er o f D O c l D erma it an d h e r

h u sb and : th e n a me o f t h e f ormer w as A ch t l ann a n d O f ,
344 Iv . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

th e l at t er C on dl a C o e l C orrba cc When t h e y re a ch e d
.

t his sec ond isl a nd t h e y f ou nd C on dl a lying a cr o ss it fr o m

,

e a st t owes t a n d s e nding a m igh t y wa v e o v e r t h e fa ce O f

,

t h e d e ep every t ime he br ea t h e d A ch tl an n a cc o mp ani e d

.

C ri ch ul ain n an d his fri ends t o a t hird isla n d wh e r e t hey

,

w e re t o find t h e S o ns o f D O el D ermait This at l a st w as

.

H a d e s an d it s ee ms t o h a ve b e en r u l e d by t w o gia n t s
, ,

c a ll e d resp e c t iv ely C o irpre C u n da il , br ot h er t o th e Chil

d r e n o f D O el D ermait s fa ther , an d E ch a id Gl a s or
’

t h e Gr e y : t h e s e t w o w e re a lwa ys a t w ar wi t h o n e
a n oth er ,
lik e Ara wn an d H a v g an in t h e Mabin ogi o f
’
Pw y tt O n his w ay t o C o irpr e s c ou r t , C ri ch u l ain n w a s s o
.

irrit at e d by t h e imp ert inence o f on e O f his dru dg e s th a t

it dr o v e him t o c o mmi t an a ct O f vi o l e nce ; an d t h e news
o f it m a d e C oirp re ch all eng e C ri ch u l a inn t o figh t , which

t h e y did t h e rest O f t h e d a y A t l a st t h e gi a n t w a s
.

c o mpell e d t o su rrender, an d he h o spit ably ent ert a in e d

C l i ch u l ain n t h at nigh t , l e nding him his d au gh t e r a n d
r e l at ing t h e his t o ry of t h e Childr en of D O el D erma it .

O n t h e m orr o w C oirpre w a s ch a ll enged t o d o b att l e wi t h

E ch a id Gl a s h i s h o s t il e n e ighb ou r ; s o h e an d C ri ch u l a in n
,

pr o c ee d e d t o a pl a c e of t o rt u r e c all e d t h e Gl en an d it ,

w a s n ot l ong ere C ri ch u l ain n e ng a ged E ch aid I t w as so

.

diffi cu l t h o wever, t o r ea ch his p ers on t h a t C ri ch u l ain n

,

h a d t o p e rch hims e lf on t h e brim o f his shi e ld whence ,

E ch aid r e pe a t e dly bl e w him O ff in t o t h e s ea A t l a st

.

C ri ch u l ain n bet h o u gh t him O f a n expedi e n t wh ereby h e

w a s w ou nd e d fr o m a b o ve a n d ins t a nt ly kill e d N O s oon e r
.

h a d t his be en d on e t h a n t h e t hre e S o ns o f D oe l D erma it ,

a n d t h e o t her wr et ched cr ea t u r e s k e p t in b o nd a ge by

E ch a i d Gl as fl o cke d t o ge t h e r t o b a t h e in his bl o o d
, ,

wh er e u p o n t hey were he aled o f a ll t h e ir a ilment s an d

346 Iv . TH E C ULT U R E HE R O .

t ha t ferri e d p a sseng ers a cr o ss t o L abraid s I sle F u r th er , ’

.

’
t h e a ll u si o n t o C ri ch u l ainn s finding his r at i ons s erv e d a s
u s u al a t t h e c ou r t s e ems t o me an t h a t his se a t h a d b ee n
,

o cc u pi e d d ur ing t h e d ays of his absence in qu e s t of t h e

S ons O f D éel D ermait an d t h e s t ory O f Pw y tl su gge st s

t h e expl an at i o n t h at it h a d b e en all t h e whil e fill e d by
’
t h e s on O f t h e ki n g O f Alb an as C ri ch u l ain n s s u bs t i t u t e ,

b earing th e pers o n al s embl ance of C ri ch u l ainn s o co m

p l e t el
y t h a t t h e a bs e nce O f t h e re a l C uch u l a inn w a s n ot

d isc o vered by his c o mra des : t his w as pr ob ably th e vir tu e

O f t h e o g a m which C li ch u l a inn wr ot e o n t h e li t t le sp ea r
’
t h e princ e w a s t o c a rry wi t h hi m t o C on ch ob ar s c ou rt a t
E m a in .That t h e ta le w a s a t on e t ime m or e e xplicit
’ ’
w i t h reg ard t o C Utch u l ain n s s u bs t it u t e is rend e red c er t a in ,

by t h e t e rms in which he ord ered t h e prince fr o m Alb a n

t o g o t O t h e c ou rt : t h e y are t o t h e effe c t t h at he w a s t o g o
’
a n d o cc u py C l i ch u l a inn s se a t a t E ma in M a ch a t ill he
’
ret u rned 1
Fina lly a s t o t h e g eo graphy O f C rich u l ainn s
.
,

v oy a g e, t h e t w o first isla nds he r ea ch e s are n o t e x a c t ly

H a d e s, bu t t hey are nea r it , especially t h e on e o ccu pi e d
by C C C orrba cc an d A ch tl ann his wi fe ; for n o t o nly
. .

d o e s t his l a t t er n a m e b e t ra y it s e lf by it s lik e n e ss t o T a li e s
’ 2
sin s O ch ren an d t h e A ch r en wi t h which t h e l a tt e r h a s

1
Wi d i ch g iv s th em th s E i h o r bi im h id h i-e i d E m i
n s e u : r c c o s u s n d n

h f ch co i
a a d t
rr s , l t M h dich
an f bi d
ran s a es , e m i mac au ,
s a ss s an e ne

S it e i E m i M ch a i t d as d a k m m t (pp 17 8
z n a n a s , s B t I a n o s .
,
u

t k e th em l it l l y t o m
a eraA ri o th t t h e n b e i n m y s eat at
ean ,
‘
s e, s a

E m i M ch a u ti l I c o me
’
a n a n .

2
T hi s w o l d q i u s t o c orr c t t h e s p ell i g A
u re u re h t l a nn t o A ccl a nn ;
e n c

p ibl y h o w v e t h e I i h n m is t o be t t d a c o ct d t h e
os s ,
e r, r s a e rea e s rre an as

eq i v l t f w h t pp a s i t h e t o y O f K l h w ch a d O l w
u a en o a a e r n s r u n en as

A th l m (f
e e A th l n
or s i d t o h ave fo ll ow d T w ch T w y th i t
e e a th e e r r n o

s ea to be ve h a d o f a ft erw ard s : s ee t h e R B M l
ne r e r pp 125 141 . . a ) . .
,
.
 Iv . TH E C UL T U R E HE R O . 347

r dy be en c omp a r e d (p
a l ea bu t C orrb a cc is un m is .

t a h a bly t o b e id en t ifi e d wi t h W e lsh Ky rva ch t h e s o ns o f ,

G w a w rd u r Ky r va ch fr o m t h e c onfin e s o f H e ll b e ing 1

a m ong t h e s t r a ng e p e rs o n a ges en u mer a t ed in t h e s t o ry o f

Ku lh w ch a n d O lwen .

A ll th e visi t s o f C ri ch u l a in n t o Ha d e s were n o t o f t h e
s a m e d e scrip t i o n a s th e on e j u st m en t i o n e d In t h e o n e .

pr e vi o u sly de ta iled h e pr o ceeded m ore lik e Gwydi o n t h a n

’
Pwy tt a n d o b t a ined t h e king s c a u l dr o n fr o m t h e h a nd o f
,
’
t h e king s d au gh t e r T h e s a me p o em (p 261 ) fr o m which . .

t h a t w a s t aken a ls o r el a t e s h o w he inv a ded a n d c onqu e r e d

L och l an n l a ying it u nder a h ea vy t rib u t e of g o ld a n d
,

silv e r Bu t a l l t h e se t a l e s a gree in m aking t h e visi t or

.

t o H a d e s O b ta in , whe ther by f o rce o r fri e ndship , s o m e

wh at O f t h e pr o per ty O f t h e p ow ers o f t ha t c o u n t ry There .

a re , h o wev e r o t h e r t a l e s which diff e r in t h e ir t r ea t men t

,

o f t his m at t e r, e speci a lly a Welsh o n e which m a k e s t h e

inva der of Ha des kill its king a n d m a rry his wid o w I .

a ll u de t o t h e s t ory o f O w ein s on of U ri e n This I mu s t .

n ow in t r o d u c e
,
in order p ar t ly t o be a ble t o refer t o it
l a t er an d p ar t ly t o c o mp a r e it wi t h th e s t o ry O f D ia r
m a i t s expedit i o n t o Tir fa T enn or t h e L and b en ea t h t h e ,

Bill o w, a n d a ls o t o S h o w h ow it a grees in s o m e r e sp e c t s
’ ’
w i t h t h e s t ory O f C uch u l a inn s qu e s t of D O el D e rm a it s
2
t hree S ons The fo ll o wing is an abs t ra c t O f it
.

Ke i s on o f Ky n y r, O w e in son of Uri en Ky n on s on o f ,

Kl y d n o a n d o t h ers o f t h e knigh t s of Ar t hu r s c o u r t wer e

,
’
,

si t t ing t o g e ther a t C arl e e n wh en it b e c a m e Kyn on s t u rn

’
,

t o e n t e r ta in his c o mr a d e s wi t h a s t o ry SO h e r e l a t e d .

1
R . B JII a b
. . p . 1 06 ; Gu es t ij
, . 25 9 .

2
R . B hf a b pp
. . . 1 6 2-92 ; for L ad
y Ch arl o tt e Gue s t
’
s t ran s l a ti on ,

s ee h e r Il l a /1 39 — 8 4. i . .
348 IV
. TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

on e a b ou t hims e lf sh o wing h ow h e , when y ou n g an d

,

c u ri ou s, c a me a cr o ss a fi n e vall e y wit h a st at ely c a st le

in it where h e w as h o spi t a bly received
,
Wh e n he
.

h a d been r e freshed wi t h foo d an d drink , his h o s t m a d e

t h e u s u a l inqu iries ; an d h e w a s t o ld by Ky n en t h at h e
w a s a knigh t t ra v e lling in qu es t O f a dv e n t u r e wh e r e ,

u p o n his h o s t s a id he c oul d t e ll him wh e r e h e m igh t

find m or e t ha n en o u gh, bu t t h at h e sh ou ld be s orry t o

b e t h e m ea ns o f bringing him in t o t r ou ble This o nly .

m a de Ky n on m ore c u ri ou s an d r e st l e ss A t l a st h is h os t
.

w a s pr e va il e d u p o n t o giv e him pr oper dir e c t i o ns h o w t o

find t h e pl a ce he h a d in Vi e w, which h e did by t elling
him t o g o int o t h e fo res t he h ad c om e throu gh th e p re
v io u s d a , an d t o pr o c e ed u n t il he f o u nd a bra nch r o a d o n
y
”
h is righ t “
.
“
F o ll ow th a t ro a d , s a id h e, u n t il t h ou c o m e st
t O a l arge o pen fi eld wi t h a m o u nd o n it wi th a big bl a ck
m an n o sm a ll e r t h a n t w o of t h e men of t his w o rld , si t t ing
,

on th e t o
p o f t h e m o u nd H e h
. a s b u t on e f o o t a n d o nly ,

o n e eye in t h e c e n t r e o f his f o reh ea d ; a n d h e h a s an ir o n

s ta ff which , a s t h ou wil t perc e iv e t here is n o c ou pl e O f

,

m en in t h e w o rld w h o w ou ld n o t find it a l o a d He .

is n ot u nkind t h ou gh he is u gly ; h e is t h e ke eper o f

,

t h a t fo r e s t a n d t h o u wil t s ee a t h o u s and wild b ea s t s

,

g ra zing a r o u nd him Ask him th e w ay t hence

. an d

h e will p o int ou t t o t h e e t h e roa d t o t a ke s o a s t o find

wha t t h ou a rt in qu e st of ”
E a rly on t h e m orro w Ky n on
.

s e t o u t o n his j o u rney a n d he f o u nd t h e Bl a ck M an j u st
,

a s his h o s t h ad t o ld him excep t t h a t h e se e m e d t o be far

,

bigge r an d t h a t t h e wild animals ar ou nd him appeared

,

t o be t hree t imes a s m any a s h e h ad been t o ld : b e

gu e s s e d a ls o t ha t t h e ir o n ro d wou ld b e a l oa d fo r f ou r
w arri ors, an d n ot t w o a s he h ad been given t o u nd ers ta nd .
350 Iv . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

t h ou h a st never he a rd in th y c ou nt ry s u ch g oo d mu sic
a s t hey will m a ke
; bu t wh e n t h e m u sic is m o s t e n t e r

t a ining t h ou wi l t h ea r a sighing an d a w ailing c o ming

,

a l on g t h e v a ll e y t o wa rds t h e e Th ere u p on t h o u wilt

.

beh old on a j et -bl a ck charger a knight cl a d in j et -bl a ck

s at in wit h a fl a g o f je t -bl a ck silk on hi s Spe a r m aking
, ,

for t h e e a s fa s t as he can In c a s e t h ou fl ees t h e will

.
,

o v e r t ak e t h ee ; a n d in c a se t h ou a w ait e s t him h e will le a ve ,

t hee a p e d e s t ri a n inst ea d o f a rid er Sh ou ldst t h en n o t

.

fi n d t r ou bl e t h e re t h ou ne e des t n o t se ek a n y a s l o ng a s
,

t h o u lives t The st ory g o es on t o r el at e h o w all h ap

p ened t o Ky u e n j u st a s th e Bla ck W oo dward h a d t old
him an d h o w t h e knight o v e rt hr e w him an d t o ok awa y
,

his h o rse : he h a d t o t ru dge b a ck on f oot a s best he

c ou ld p a st th e Bla ck Wo o dward wh o s e m o ck ery ma d e ,

him al l bu t mel t wit h sh a me ; an d wh e n h e finish e d th e

st o ry at Art hu r s c ou r t , Ky n on w a s willing t o a dmi t
’

t h a t n o m an e ver c o nfess e d t o a m or e sh a m e f u l e dv en
t ure ; b u t it s t irr e d u p O w ein s on O f Uri e n t o s e ek t h e
pl a ce an d t o t ry a du el wi th th e Bl a ck Knight of th e
,

F ou nt a in SO it w a s n ot l ong ere h e st o l e awa y fro m

.

Arthu r s c ou r t , an d t oo k th e p at h d e scrib e d by Ky n o n :
’

in d u e t im e h e r ea ch e d t h e f o u nta in an d th e Bla ck ,

Knigh t c am e f ort h in his a ng er an d fou gh t wi t h O w ein ;

bu t ere l o ng h e p e rceiv e d t h at h e h a d r e ceiv e d a m or t a l
w ou nd fr o m O w ein an d he t u rned an d fl e d t owa rds his
,

c a s t l e O w e in p u rsu ed so cl o s ely , th a t while th e o wn er

.
,

w a s a d mi t t e d , h e fo u nd himsel f c a u gh t b e t w ee n t w o

h ea vy d o ors on e O f which w a s l et d o wn b ehin d h im s o

, ,

t h at it c u t his h o rs e in t w o cl o se t o his sp u rs Whil e in .

t hi s ev il pligh t h e s aw t hr o u gh a crevic e an au b u rn
,

h a ire d c u rly -h ea d e d ma id en , wit h a dia d e m O f g old on

,
 Iv . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 35 1

h er he a d c oming t o wa rds t h e ga t e : Sh e a sked him t o

,

o p en it , which he s a id h e Sh o u ld b e o nly t o gl a d t o d o

if he c ou ld The la dy w a s a d ea r friend O f t h e Bla ck

.

’
Knigh t s wi fe an d her n a me w as E lu n et sh or t ened
, ,
’
a lw a ys in t his t a le t o L u ne t , Tennys o n s L yne t t e in his

Idylls O f t h e King We are n ot t old h ow she kn e w

.

O w e in bu t in t h e c o nvers a t i o n which ensu ed she e x

,

pressed t h e high e s t O pini o n O f his gall a nt ry , a n d ga ve

’
him a s or t of Gyg e s ring t o m ak e him invisibl e an d t o ,
’
en able him t o g et fr e e when th e Bl a ck Knigh t s m en sh ou ld
c ome t o fe t ch him for exec u t i on H e u s e d it a s h e w a s .

direc t e d a n d L u net kep t him in c onc ea lmen t u n t il t h e

,

Bl a ck Kni gh t h a d e xpire d an d his f u neral w as o v er N o w .

’
t h e h olding of t h e Bl a ck Knigh t s d omini o ns depend e d
on s u ccessf u lly h o l d ing t h e F o u n t a in an d n o o n e c ou ld
,
’
d o t h a t b u t on e o f Ar t h u r s knigh t s ; so L u n e t p re
’
t e nded t O g o t o Ar th u r s c o u r t an d in d u e t im e t o r e t u r n
wi th on e o f t hem The wid o w a t onc e de t ec t e d t h a t
.

nei ther L u ne t n or O w ein h a d t ra v elled far th a t d a y an d ,

she elici t ed t h e c onfessi o n fr o m her fri end t h a t O w ein

w a s t h e m an w h o h a d killed t h e Bl a ck Kn igh t o f t h e

F o u n ta in I t w as t hen u rg e d t h a t O w ein w a s o f a ll m en
.

t h e m o s t fi t t e d t o h o ld t h e F o u n t a in , a n d n o l ens ve lens
s h e h a d t o give him her h and He s t ay e d t h e re wi t h
.

’
her t hree y ears By t h at t im e Ar thu r s l onging fo r
.
,

O w e in h a d gr own so gri e v o u s t h a t h e an d his knigh t s

s et o u t in q u es t o f O w e in S u sp e c t ing t h a t it w a s
.

Ky n on s s t ory t h a t h a d l e d him t o l ea ve t h e c ou r t t h e y
’
,

c a m e t o t h e F ou n t a in ; an d in t ime th ey fo u nd O w ein
ou t,
a n d w e r e fea s t e d by him f o r t hre e m on t hs a t his

c a s t l e Th e n Ar t h u r d ep a r t e d a n d s en t t o a sk t h e L a dy
.
,
’
of t h e F ou n t a in , O w e in s w ife if she w o u ld p e r mi t h im
,
352 IV . TH E C UL T U R E H E R O .

t o t ake O w ein wi th him in ord e r t o Sh o w him for t hree

m o n ths t o t h e n o bl e s of Bri t a in Mu ch a ga inst her will
.
,

sh e g a ve h er p e rmis s i o n ; b u t O w ein fin di n g hims e lf o nc e

,

m o re a m ong his fe ll o ws forg et his wife a n d rema in e d

, ,

t h er e , n o t t hree m on t hs bu t t hree y ea rs u nt il in fa c t a
, , , ,

st ra nge m a id en on a h ors e c ap a riso ned wit h g old , r o de on e

,
’
day in t o t h e h a ll o f Art h u r s c ou r t She w ent right u p
.

t o O w e in an d t o o k a wa y th e ring t h at w a s on his h and ,

‘
s aying Thu s is d on e t o a d e c e iv er , a fa lse t ra i t or fo r a
, ,
’
disgra ce t o th y bea rd S he t h e n r o d e a way an d h is
.
,
’
fo rme r a dve nt u r e c am e b a ck t o O w ein s mind This m a d e .

him sa d an d h e l eft th e s o ci e t y of m en t o liv e wi t h w ild

,

b ea st s ; bu t it wou ld t ake me t oo l on g t o r e l at e h ow h e
w a s res t or e d t o his f o rmer li f e h ow h e rescu ed a li o n
,

fr o m a s erp e n t an d h ow th e fo rm er f o ll ow e d him e v e r
,

a ft e r a s his f a i t hf u l a lly A t l a st L u n e t br o u ght O w e in

.

b a ck t o his wife , t h e L a dy of t h e F o u nt a in ; an d when

’
he c a me a way h e br ou gh t her wi t h him t o Art hu r s
c ou r t a n d sh e w a s his wife a s l on g a s sh e live d SO
,
.

e nds t h e t a le ; b u t it rec o mm e nc e s by t e lling u s h o w

O w ein o n e d ay w en t t o t h e c a st l e o f a r o bber knigh t

c all e d t h e D u T ra ws or t h e Perv erse Bl a ck O n e T h e
, .

o wner w a s a t t h e t im e n o t in his c a s t l e ; an d O w e in f o u n d

t here t went y - fou r O f t h e fin e st w o m en on e h a d e v er se en ,

b u t t h e y w e re in r a gs a n d e xt r e m e wr et ch e dn es s Th e y .

h a d c o m e t here t h ey s a id ea ch wit h h er h u sb a nd a n d
, , ,

a t firs t t h e y w e r e h o spi t a b l y a n d kindly t r ea t e d bu t ,

l a t er they were m a d e dru nk a n d st ripp e d O f t heir cl o th

ing o f t h e ir g old an d of t heir silv er ; whil e th e ir h u s
, ,

b a nds w er e mu rd ere d an d t h e ir h ors e s t ak e n a way .

Th e y p o int ed o u t t o him wh ere t h e c orps e s of t h e ir

hu sbands a n d ma ny ot hers were h eaped t o g eth er ; a n d
354 Iv . TH E C UL T U R E H E R O .

of D oe l D ermait The l a tt er pr ob ably r epresent a s al

.
,

r ea dy su gge s te d th e t rip art i t e d ay O f th e a nci ent G o id els

,

in W elsh t h e y are t hre e bro t h ers sl ain e very day by

1
t h e A va nc of t h e L ak e a n d br o u gh t t o l if e a ga in d u r
,

ing th e night ; whil e we rec o gniz e t h e m in a l at e r for m

in t h e impri s on e d l a di e s r el ea s e d by O w ein wh o s e n u m ,

b er t wen t y -
,
fou r can h a rdly be mist aken a s r el at ing t o
,

t h e h o u rs of t h e d ay viewed as a lwa ys p a s s ing a wa y

,

int o th e world of O blivi o n an d d arkn e ss If on e w er e t o .

pr e ss t h e s t ory of Pw y l t an d Ar a wn a s a p arall el t hr ou gh
‘

o u t o n e w o u ld h a v e t O s e t th e P e rv e rs e Bl a ck R o bber

o v e r a g a in s t H a v g a n o r S u m m
,

er -whi t e which fo rms a ,

diffic u l t y Th ere is a ls o an o th e r difl eren ce n a m ely

.
, ,

t h a t Pw y tl wins his t i t l e of H e a d of Ha d e s in a fri endly

w ay while O w ein g e t s p o ss e s s i o n O f t h e Bl a ck Knigh t of
,
’
t h e F ou nt a in s d o mini o ns b y killing him a n d m arrying
his wid o w T h e Bl a ck Kni gh t w a s pr ob a bly n o o ther
.

t h a n Ar a wn ; for w e d et e c t a r e f e r e nc e t o t his t rans a c t i on

in t h e p a g e s of G e offrey o f M o nm ou th , wh e n h e rep re
sen t s Arawn su cc e ed e d by O w ein in t h e kingship of
2
Alb an or Scot l an d z it is n e edl e ss h ere t o dw ell on t h e
a nci e n t id ea which m a d e O f t h e n o r t h e rn p a r t o f t his

i sl an d a s ort O f Ha d e s an d ab o d e of t h e d ep a r te d .

’
T h e m e aning t o be a t t a ch e d t o O w ein s r el e a sing t h e
- ’
t w en t y f o u r l a di e s a n d C ri ch u l a in n s bri n ging b a ck t o
,

t h e ir c o u n t ry t h e t hr ee S o ns o f D ee l D er ma it t o g e t h e r ,

wi t h t h e lib era t i o n a n d h ea ling o f a swa r m of o t h e r

c ap t ives a t his c o ming t o th e d o mini o ns O f E ch aid Gl a s ,

h a s j u s t b ee n s u gg e s t e d T h e s a m e kind O f liber a t i o n
.

1
R . B M a b p p 223-6 ; Gu es
. . . t i
, . 342-6 .

xi . 1, w h ere A ra w n is c al l ed A u
g u s el us ; s ee al s o Myv A. rch .
 IV
. TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 355

of c ap t i ve s w ill be fo u nd t o figu re a l s o in t h e Art h u ri a n

1

r o manc e s in va ri ou s f orms a s for exa mple in t h e , , ,

’
a cc o u n t O f A r t h u r s in t erven t i o n be t w een Gwyn a n d
Gw y th ur a n d it fo rms a fea t u re O f t h e s t o ry which
’
b e gins wi t h Diarma it s vi s i t t o th e L and bene a t h t h e
Bill ow an d which w a s br ou gh t u nder y ou r n o t ice in
,

t h e firs t l e c tu re (p Th a t n a rr at ive ends wi t h a n

.

( )
a cc o u n t o f b o t h Finn a s C u l t u r e H e r o an d D orm a i t a s
(
S un H er o ) sa iling t o wa rds t h e wes t t o r e c o ver t heir fri ends
t h at h ad been c arri e d a wa y by a f a iry gi a n t on t h e sh a rp
ridged b a ck of his m o nst er s t eed The re alms O f F a e ry .

a n d t h e o t h e r w o rld g e ner a lly h a d a v a rie t y o f n a m es in

I ri sh l e g end ; b u t t h e isle in which Firm an d Dia rma it

fo u nd t h eir friends is c all e d t h e L and O f Pro mise ; an d
,

a n o t her o f t h e n a m e s b e l o ngin g t o t h e s a m e my t hic

g e o graphy w a s t h at o f L och l a n n which , lik e t h e W elsh ,

L l y ch l y n b efo r e it c a m e t o me a n t h e h o m e o f t h e N o rs e
,

m en d en o t e d a mys t e ri o u s c o u n t ry in t h e l o chs o r t h e
,

s ea . I men t i o n t his bec a u se I wish t o cl o se t his gro u p

,

o f t a l e s wi th a n o t h e r a b o u t D iarma it : it rel a t e s h o w h e

a t t a cked a gi a n t w h o w a s t h e g u a rdi a n o f t h e b e rri e s o f

a c e rt a in divine r o wa n o r qu icken - t r e e w hich grew in

t h e mids t o f a w oo d wh erein n o o n e d u rs t h u n t c al l e d
, ,

D u bh ro s o r Bl a ck F o res t in th e c ou n try of t h e Hy Fia ch

, ,

ra ch in t h e pr e s ent c ou nt y O f Sli g o b u t t h o u gh t h e scen e

,

is l a id t hi s t ime wit hi n Erinn i t s elf, t h e gia n t w a s O f L o ch

l ann an d hi s n a m e w a s Searbh an which m ay be in t er
, ,

p re t e d t o me a n t h e Bi tt e r o r S o u r One T h e s t o ry is t o .

1
h p e t o re t u rn t o thi s in my t rea t m e t O f th e A th u ri a n L eg
I o n r en d
fo r t h e p e e t it w il l s u ffic e t o re f r t o M Gas t o n Pa ris a l l us i o n
’
r s n e . to

t h e c a pti ves in t h e R oma n ia x ij 47 6-

,
7 47 9 , .
, .

2 A 2
35 6 Iv . TH E C ULT U R E HE R O .

1
th e f oll o wing effe ct Once on a t im e t h e T u ath a D é
z

D a nann pl a yed a g a m e of hu rl e y a g ainst t h e Fén i on

t h e pl a in n e a r t h e L ak e of L ein o f t h e Cr o ok e d T eet h ,

t h at is t o s ay , t h e L ak e s O f Kill arn e y T h e game w a s .

c o nt inu e d t hr ee d ays a n d t hree nigh t s wit h ou t e i th er

sid e su cc ee ding in winning a singl e g oa l fr o m t h e ot h er ;
a n d wh e n t h e T u at h a D é D a n ann s a w t h a t t h e y c ou ld

n o t pr e v a il t h e y w e n t a wa y an d j ou rneyed n o r t hwa rds

,

in a b o dy Th eir foo d d u ring t h e c ont e st an d du ring t h e ir

.

j o u rne y a ft erwa rds c onsis t e d O f crimso n nu t s a rb u t u s ,

a ppl e s a n d sc a rl e t qu ick e n - b erri e s which t hey h a d br o u ght ,

fro m t h e L a nd of Pr o mi s e Th e s e frui t s w ere gif te d wit h

.

m a ny s e cr et vi rt u e s an d t h e ir owne rs w e re c arefu l t h a t
,

n e it h e r a ppl e n or n u t sh o u ld t ou ch th e s o il o f Erinn ;
b u t in p a ssing t hr o u gh D u bh r o s t h e y dr o pp e d a qu ick e n
b erry wit h ou t O bs erving it Fr o m t h e b erry t h er e gr e w .

u a t re e which h d t h e vir t e s o f t h q ick n -

t r ee gro w
p a u e u e

ing in f a iry -l and , for a l l t h e b erri e s o n it h a d m a ny

virt u e s : e v ery o n e of t h e m h a d in it th e exhil ara ti o n O f
win e an d t h e s at is fying O f o l d m ea d an d wh o e v e r sh ou ld
e a t t h r ee o f t he m w o u ld t h o u gh h e h a d c o mpl e t ed his
, ,

h u ndr e d t h y ea r r et u rn t o th e a g e of t hir t y
, .

Wh en t h e T u a th a D é D a n an n h ea rd o f t ha t t r ee in
D u bh ros an d O f it s m a ny vir t u e s t h e y wish e d n o b o dy ,

b u t t h e ms e lv e s t o e a t o f t h e fr u it ; so t h e y s e n t Se arbh a n
o f L o ch l ann t o g u ard it t h a t n o man migh t a ppr o a ch
,

t h e t r ee Searbh an w a s a gi ant o f t h e r a c e o f t h e wick e d

.

C a in ; h e w a s b u rly an d st r ong wit h hea vy b on e s a , ,

l a rg e t hick n o s e, cro ok e d t e et h an d a singl e br o a d fi ery ,

1
P u rsu i t f
e D ia rmu id , Sec ij . . 1 1, 13— 18 I h av e freel y u s ed in
t hi s ab s t act
r Dr . J yc
o e s
’
w o rd i n
g in h is O l d Cel t . R om pp 31 3
. .
— 322 .
358 Iv . TH E C ULT U R E HE R O .

gian t wi th his o w n cl u b an d t aking a qu ant i t y of th e for

,

bidd en b erri e s t o his wi fe an d t o c e rt a in o t h ers w h o h a d

a sked fo r s o m e S u ch is t h e s t o ry O f t h e berries in which
.
,

t h e bri ef a ll u si o n t o t h e crims o n nu t s fo rming p a rt o f t h e

fo o d of t h e T u a th a D é Dan ann s e ems t O r efer t o t h e ,

s a me myst e ri o u s fr u it t h at u s e d t o fall f ro m t h e nin e

h az els in to th e s e cr et well an d t o be d ev o u r e d by t h e
S alm on O f Kn o wledg e, t o b e m ent i on e d in a l at er l e ct u re .

A t t his p o int w e are n o t s o m u ch in t e r e s t e d in t h e

crims on n u t s a s in th e sc arl et b erri e s o f t h e fairy ro wan
b o t h kinds O f fru i t f orm e d p art O f th e sus t e n anc e O f t h e
g o ds a cc o rding t o G o id elic n ot i o ns ; an d t h e d es crip t io n
,

which h a s been qu ot e d of t h e berri e s m akes t h e m a s ort

o f C e l t ic c ou n t erp a r t t o t h e s o m a -
pl a nt of Hind u my th e
‘ ’
l o gy . I sa id Cel t ic b u t it w ou ld p e rh aps be m ore
,
‘
a cc u r a t e t o sa C e l t ic an d T e u t o nic f or n o t o nly t h e
y
C el t s bu t s o me als o of t h e Teu t o ns h a ve b e en in t h e
, ,

h a bit O f a t ta ching gr ea t imp o rt anc e t o t h e r o wan or r o a n

t re e , an d r e g a rding it a s a pr e s e rvat iv e a ga ins t t h e
ma ligna nt infl u enc e o f wi t ch e s an d a l l t hings u nc a nny .

1
T h e English n a m e app e ars t o b e o f Sc andin a vi an o rigi n ,

t h e Old N o rs e b e ing rey nir D a nish renne Sw e dish re nn

' ‘’

, ,

an d t h e o l d N ors e m en t r ea t e d t h e t r e e a s h o ly a n d s a cr e d

t o Th o r t o wh o m it w a s fabl e d t o h av e be e n O f gr eat
,

s ervic e when h e cl u t ched it s b ranch e s onc e o n a t ime in

1
T he ro w an is al s o c al l e d m ou n t a i n-
th o gh it is n o k i n d o f
as h , u

as h ; a n d as t o it s o th e r n a m e th e e is a l a ck O f e v i d en c e th a t t h e
,
r

q u ic k e o r q
n u ic k b eam o f O l d E gl i s h m ean t t h e row an T h e W l h
- n . e s

fo r ro w an is in b o ok s cerd d in s i n gu l ar cerd d i nen ; b u t t h e p ro n u n ci a

,

ti on fami l i a t o me is c erd in cerd in en an d e ven c ordingen ; an d t h e

r , ,

b rri es are call ed in Wel s h c i af ol T h e I ri s h n a me o f t h e tree is

e r .

c a erth a n w hich c orr s p o d s in it c n so an t s t o cerd i n n o t t o cerd d i

n, e n s o n , n ,
:

b u t t h e e ty m ol ogy O f th ese w ord s O ffe rs mo re t h an on e d i ffi c u l ty .

 Iv . T HE C ULT U R E H E R O . 35 9

cr o ssing a s tre am M o re o v e r th e Swe d e o f m o d ern t im es

.
,

b eli ev e s t h e r o wan a s af e g u a rd a ga ins t wi t chcra ft an d ,

lik e s t o h a v e o n b o a rd his Ship s o m e t hing or o th er ma d e

o f it s w o o d t o pr o t e c t him a g a ins t t e mpes t s a n d t h e
,

1
d e m ons o f t h e wa t e r world All t his only r end ers m or e .

c o n s pic u o u s th e q u e s t i o n of t h e o rigin o f t h e imp orta nce

a n d s a c re dn e ss O f t h e row a n : I m e n t i o n it in t h e h o p e

t h a t s o m eb o dy e ls e ma y a nsw e r it , for I d o n o t pr e t e nd
t o be abl e t o d O s o or t O r e g a rd t h e E d d ie expl an a t i o n t o
, ,

which a ll u si o n h a s b e en m a d e as giving u s th e r ea l k ey ,
.

P o s s ibly th e in a cc e s sibl e r o cks o n which t h e t re e is n ot

u nfre qu en t ly fou nd t o gr o w a n d t h e c o nspic u o u s c o l o u r ,

o f it s b erri e s m a h a v e c o u n t ed for s o m e t hing

; b t t h a t
y ,
u

s om e thing f alls d e cid e dly sh o r t o f a s ol u t i o n o f t h e q u e s

t i on One kind o f answ er t h a t w ou ld m e et t h e c a s e
.
,

pr o vid e d it be c ou nt en a nc e d by fa c t s m ay b e bri efly ,

indic a t e d n a m ely , t h a t t h e b erri e s O f t h e r o w a n w e r e

,

u s e d in s o m e e a rly peri o d in t h e b r ewing o f a n in t o x ica t

in g drink or be tt e r s t ill of t h e first int o xic a t ing drink

, , ,

e ver kn o wn t o t h e T e u t O - C e l t ic Arya ns S u ch a u s e .

w ou ld render th e b eli e f in t el ligibl e , t h a t t h e y form e d

p ar t o f t h e s u st en anc e o f th e g o ds an d t h a t t h e l a t t er ,

k ep t th em j eal ou sly for t h e ms elv e s u n t il t h e y wer e b affled

in th eir p u rp o se by s o m e b en efa c t o r o f m an w h o pl a ced
t h e m wi thin t h e r ea ch of his r a c e I t is n e edl e ss t o .

r ep ea t h er e t h e s o m ewh at p a rall el c onj e c t u r e s (p .

t h a t t h e m a ny vir t u e s a scrib e d t o t h e s o m a in Hind u

r e ligi o n an d t h e N o rs e a cc o u n t of t h e a cqu isi t i on for ma n
,

o f t h e g if t O f p o e t ry by W o d e n a g re e in p os t u l a t in g
,

a s t h e ir u l t im a t e e xpl a n a t i o n s o m e kind o f f o o d o r d rink

S e e Gri m m c My th Vig fuss o n s I c el a nd ic

1 ’ 1 ’
D eu ts h e ij 1016 ; and
‘
s . . .

E g D ie
n . . 8 . v . re ni r
y .
360 Iv . TH E C ULT U R E HE R O .

c alc u l at ed to int oxic at e an d e x hil ara t e t h o se w h o p art o ok

of it .

TH E CULT U R E HE R O A ND T H E N 1N E -
NI GHT WE E K .

A ll u si o n h as m or e t h an o nc e b e en m a d e t o an anci ent
S a

r e ck onin g O f nin e night s t o a w eek, a wo rd m u st n ow b e

s a id in expl a n at i o n O f t h at t e rm The C e lt s r e ck on e d .

D is t h e fat her O f al l , an d reg a rd e d d arkn e ss an d d e at h

a s t a king prec e d e nc e o v e r ligh t a n d lif e o in t h e ir
; s

c o mp u t a t i o n O f t ime t h ey b e ga n wi th nigh t an d win

1
t er an d n ot wi t h d a yligh t a n d s u mm er
,
T h e Te u t ons .

r e ckon e d simil a rly , a n d pr ob ably for th e s ame m y t h e

2
l o gic a l r ea s on In a nci e nt I t a ly w e h a ve a t ra ce O f t h e
.

s a me id ea in t h e R o m a n h a bi t O f c o nsidering t h e c a l e nds

O f e very m o n t h s a cr e d t o J a nu s o n e o f t h e u nd o u b t e d
,

c ou n t e rp art s O f t h e C el t ic Dis ; a n d e sp e ci ally w a s t his t h e

c a s e wi t h t h e wint er m o n t h c a ll e d a f te r Ja nu s of which ,

t h e c a l ends an d t h e nint h d ay t h at is t o s a y , t h e fi r s t ,

d a y of t h e t w o fir s t nin e - night weeks of Ja nu a ry we re ,

s a cre d t O t h at g o d F u rt h er w e kn o w t h at t h e C el t s mu s t
.
,

h a v e f o rm e rly reck on e d n o t o nly t h e nigh t wit h which

t h e w ee k or a n y p e ri o d b e g a n bu t als o t h e nigh t wi t h ,

which it end e d Wit n e ss su ch C e l t ic t e rms a s t h e We l s h

.

‘ ’ ‘
w ord wg thnes , a week, which lit erally me a ns an e ight

1
T hi s is
p ro b abl y t h e k ey t o re c k o i g y ea s as w i t e o f w hich n n r n rs ,

w e h a e i s t an c es i
v n M ed Wel s h l it e a t e as w h e Ku l h w ch s h o s
n . r ur ,
n
’
r e

i d es c ib e d as fou r w i ters O ld (R B M a b p T h e h a bi t
‘ ’
s r n . . . .

a pp e ars t o h a v e b ee al so E gl i s h an d Go thi c n o t t o m en t i on th at it
n n ,

is Ic el an d ic t o thi s d a y .

2
T h e w ord s o f T a ci t u s in h is Germa n ia ch a p t er xi a re w o t h
, , .
,
r

qu o ti g : N ee d ieru m n u mera m u t n os sed n e ct iu m co mp u ta n t si c

n , , ,

c o ns t i tu u n t
,
s ic cc n d icun t note d ucere d iem u id etu r .
362 Iv . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

1
is xpl ined by m eans
e a Bryt h nic w ord of t h e o neui tieu ,

which w ou ld , in m o d ern Welsh be new idia u, th e pl ura l ,

’
o f n ew id
‘
,
ch a ng e ,
e xch a nge ,
b a r t er This l a s t is in .

it s t u rn d e riv e d like t h e L at in t erm j u s t m e nt i on e d ,

,

fr o m th e nint h nu meral , which is writ t en in m o d ern

Br et on an d Welsh n a e an d n a w r e sp e c t iv e ly I t w ou ld”
.

t h u s s ee m t h at w e h a ve t ra ces h e re of m a rket s or fa irs

on t h e nin t h d a a s a n ins t i t u t i o n c o mm o n t o t h e C e l t s
y
a n d t h e I t a li a ns o f a nt iq u i t y .

I t might h o we ver b e obj e c t e d t h at t h e Bry t h o ns h a d

, ,

merely a d o p t e d it fr o m th e R o ma ns ; b u t o v er an d ab o v e ,

t his t h e r e is Irish e vid e nce t o which t h e O bj e c t i o n will

,

n o t a pply f or t h e Irish t erm e t ym o l o gic ally e qu iv al e n t t o

,
2
n un din ee o cc u rs in t h e f o rm ne in den o r n een den expl a ined ,

3
t o h a ve me ant an a ss e mbly , an d a c o mp ou nd a rd —neend en,
‘ ’
a gr e a t lit erally a high a ssembly, wi t h which co m
— ‘

‘ ’
p are t h e t erm high fest ival in English Wh et h e r t h e .

a ss e mbli e s t o which t his t e rm w o u ld a pply r e c u rr e d re g u

l arl y , an d wh a t t h e int e rv a l m igh t b e I kn o w n o t ; b u t ,

w e h a v e pr a c t ic a lly ir re fra gabl e e vid e nc e t h a t t h e simpl e

t e rm n eind en m ean t j u s t h a lf t h e d u r a t i o n of t h e nin e

1
It o cc u rs i n t h e Bo dl e y M S A u nt F iv 32, fo l 7 5, . . . . amon g th e
Gl os s es on hich
E u ty ch i u s , w c t ra th er th an
are n o w re k o n e d O l d Bre o n

o ld W l s h s ee S t o k s e d iti o o f th em in t h e T r
’
e e n
(
s of t h e L o d o
) an . n n

Ph i l S ociety fo r 18 60 1
.
- p 233 a l so,
t h e Gra
. m C el t i c a
2
p 1054 .
,
. .

S e e O D av oren s Gl o s s y in S t o k es T h ee I ri h Gl oss a ies (L o d o n

2 ’ ’ ’
ar r s r n ,

p 1 08 al s o t h e Ber ich te d er K S a h s Ges l l s ch af t d er Wissen

. . c . e

- s t Cl a s se) 1 8 8 4 p h e e Wi n d i s ch h as re n
s ch af ten
(Ph il H i . 3 3 6 w , , .
,
r

d e ed C el tic s ch o l ars t h e s erv ic e o f p u b l i s hi g (w ith a t an sl a ti o ) t w o

r n r n

v ers i o ns O f t h e s t o y a cc o n ti n g fo r t h e U l t on i an cou va d e
r u .

3
S u ch is t h e m ean i n g in a l i n e in t h e Bk of th e D n 8 1 b w h ere . u , ,

éi d in s e ems t o mean t h e o en a ek or fai r at w hich t h e m en O f Ul s t er

'
i n n n

u s d t o me e t
e .
 IV . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 36 3

nigh t week , t h a t is t o s ay fi v e nigh t s an d fo u r d ay s , ,

1
w hich is giv e n a s t h e l e ng t h o f t h e U l t o ni a n c ou va d e .

This w a s c a ll e d ces s n einden Ul a d which , if w e c a ll ,

’
( )
‘
ne ind en a week w ou ld m ea n t h e U ls t er m e n s sickn ess
,
’
o r indisp o si t i o n o f a w e ek , or a s o n e w o u ld p u t it in ,
’ ’
English t h e Uls t er men s we e k of sickness ; a n d it
,
‘

w a s m o re bri efly t erm e d e i th e r ces s ne inden, (t h e ) sickn e ss

‘

’ ’ ’
( )
‘
( )
o f th e w ee k t h a t is t o s a
y ,
t h e w e e k s sickness or , ,

’ ’
n e in den Ul a d
‘
t h e U l t o ni a ns w e e k
,
a t e rm h o wever —
, ,

2
which did n ot n e c e ss a rily ref er t o t h e cou va de I t is .

n o t cle a r t o me wh a t t h e o rigin a l me aning of t h e w o rd

n e inden w a s wh et her a he t er o gen e ou s nin e c o nsis t ing o f

,

five nigh t s an d f ou r d ays or a u nif orm reck onin g s a y , ,

o n e o f nin e n igh t s In t h e l at t er c a s e, on e might b e.

t emp t e d t o r e g a rd t h e w o rd a s t h e L a t in n unch nee b or

3
r o w e d ; bu t in a n y c a s e t h e Irish c ou ld n o t b e s a id t o
h a ve b o rr o w e d a ny t hing b ey o nd t h e w ord in a smu ch a s t h e ,

r e ck o ning by nines w as cl ea rly m o re in v o g u e in Ir el and

t h a n in I t a ly a s re pr e s en t ed in t h e cl a ssics In fa c t t h e .
,

fa vo u rit e expr e ssi o n for a sm a ll nu mb er of d ays in Irish

1
Wi n d i s ch pp 342 344 347 339 w h e e it is s t at ed th t
,
ibid . .
, , , ,
r a

the i d en l s t d e ith r fi v e d ay s a n d fo u n ig h t s o r f u d y s a d
ne n a e e r ,
o r a n

fi e i ght s
v n T h n a rra t o o f t h e fi t v e s i n (B k of L ins t
. e r 125 b) rs r o . e er ,

w as in d o u bt ; a d th t o f t h e o th er (B iti h M u eu m M S H
n a l r s s . ar .

5 28 0) o mitt ed al t o g e th er t h e ri g ht rec k o i ng n m el y fo u d ay s a d n ,
a ,
r n

fi e n i ght s
v T h e o l d a cc o u t w as d ou bt l ess fi v e i g ht a d fo r d y s
. n n s n u a

b u t t h e l t er s c rib s f i l i g t o s ee w h y t h e n i g ht s s h l d b m ti o n d
a e ,
a n ou e en e

fi t m y r ad il y be s u pp s e d t o h a ve i t ro d uc ed t h e l t e rn ati v e ex
rs ,
a e o n a

p l na ti o n
a .

2
N d en Ul a d is a pp l i e d for i n s t an c id i g i to th e
'

o zn to th e ,
e, ra n n

o th r p r
e i c es w hich w as arr ged at a fe t g i
ov n , t C o ch b r a n d an as ve n o n o a

h is b ra v es b y o e f th e i n u m b n c al l d B i iu : s e S t o k es an d
o r er e r cr e

“H d i h s I i ch e T / c pp 1 7 4 18 8
’
u sc r s ex , . .
,

3
Wi nd is ch ibid p 336 i i n c l i d t o thi s vi ew
, . .
, s ne .
364 I V
. TH E C ULT UR E H E R O .

lit erat u re is ex a c tly th e l engt h o f t h e nin e -nigh t w e ek

’ ’
t h e t e r m u s e d b e ing n oni na g e ni t ive f e mini n e n oma id e
’

, ,

( ) h
‘ ‘
t e nin t h a s in co s en d noma ide t ill t h e e n d
,

e end o f t h e nin e -
’
()
o f a nin t h t,
h a t is t o s a
y t o t h ,
nigh t
week This is c ont in u e d in We lsh wi t h t h e inc o rr e ct
.

s u bst itu t i on o f d a y for nigh t fo r t h e fa v ou ri t e We l sh

,

p eri o d is n a n; diwrnod, or n in e d a ys ; a s in fa c t it is in
c ert a in c a ses in English likewis e a s wh en on e sp eaks o f,
‘ ’ ’
th e nine d a ys w o nd e r Fr om t his p o int of vi e w t h e
.
,

G ermans a re m or e c orr e c t wit h th e sp a c e of a ch t tag s , or

e igh t d a ys t o which t hey c o ll o qu i a lly give a decided
,

preferenc e .

Wh at , it may be a sked in p a ssing , sh ou ld h ave l e d

a nyb o dy t o fix o n a w e ek of nine nigh t s an d e igh t d a ys

a s a u ni t o f t ime ? I t w o u ld be u s e l e ss t o d e m and an
a nsw e r fr o m t h e m o o n a n d on e sh o u ld r a t h e r l o ok a t t h e
,

fi ng ers o n o n e s h ands : t h e h a lf of a nin e -nigh t we ek

’

w ou ld b e th e Iri s h n ein den of fi v e ni ght s an d fo u r d a ys ;

t h a t is t o s ay , a h a nd o f night s , if y o u r e ck o n t h e n igh t s
a l on e a s t h e a nci e n t C e l t s mu s t h a ve d o ne ; a n d j u s t
,

a s a t hird in m u sic a dd e d t o a n ot h e r t hird yi e lds n o t a

sixt h bu t a fifth , s o t w o ha nds of night s r e du c e d t o o n e

s u m m a k e n o t t en nigh t s b u t nine Bu t why t h e t w o
.

h a nds sh o u ld h av e b een pr ef erred a s a u ni t t o t h e single

h a nd , I c a nn o t sa y t h ou gh it m ay be g u e s s e d t h a t t h e
,

l a t t er w a s t oo sh o rt a r e ck o ning t o b e a s u s efu l a s t h e
l ong e r o n e T h e nin e -night r e cko ning o f e ight d ays t o
.

t h e w eek c ou ld n ot , o f c ou rs e , be m a d e in an y w ay t o
c o incide wi t h t h e m ont hs a s m ea su red by th e m oon ; bu t
t h at c ann ot b e u rg e d as an O bj ec t i o n In fa c t t h e m ore
.
,

h op el e ss t h e discrep ancy appeared , t h e m or e r oo m it g a ve

fo r th e in t erf e rence of t h e pr ofess i on a l man , one of t h e
36 6 Iv . TH E C ULT UR E HE R O .

’
m at ched in t h e I rish leg end o f A ith ern e by M a in e s go ld
bro o ch Bu t t h at is n ot all ; for Drau pn ir w a s sa id t o
.

dr o p e igh t rings like i t self e very n in t h n igh t an d t his , ,

in t erpr et ed in reference t o t h e nine -nigh t w eek m eans ,

t h at t h e ni nt h nigh t w as r e g a rded a s c o n t a in ing t h e o th e r

e igh t : it w a s t h e limi t an d b o u nd a ry so t o sa y , o f t h a t
,

sp ac e o f t ime .

This id ea is r efl e ct e d in a rem ark a bl e w ay in Iri s h

my th ol o gy , a s will b e se en fro m t h e fo ll owing d et ails .

Wh en Christ i an missi on a ri e s m a d e th e Iri s h fa mili ar wi t h

t h e E a s t e rn w eek of seven d a ys , t h e y t au ght t hem it s
L a t in na m e s ep tini a na a n d t his w ord t rea t e d by t h e ,

I rish in t h e ir o w n w ay b e c ame s ech tma in , g eni t ive s ech t ,

ma ine a w ord se e mingly b e ginning wi t h s ech i t h e I rish

—
,

for s ep teni or s e ven an d s u gg e st ing t h e refo r e , t h e qu es, ,

t i on ‘
s e v en of wh a t ? The a nswe r w a s S ach t M a ini
,
’
,

s ev en p ers o ns be aring t h e n ame M a ine o r Ma ne 1

H ow . .

t h e y c a m e t o a cqu ire t h e p ers on a l f o rm will a pp ea r p re

s en t l y ; bu t wh at t h e M a ini w e r e pic tur e d t o be in Iri s h

myt ho l o gy we l ea rn fr o m t h e fa c t t ha t t h e singl e o n e
,

in t h e s t o ry o f A it h ern e is t erm e d s o n o f D u rth a ch t ,

1
fi rs t i d ea o f thi s t rea t me t I am i d e bt ed t o M Pl u mm er
Fo r t h e n n r
. .

I u s e M a i e o r M n e in t h e s i gu l r a d Ma i n i o r Man i in t h e
n a n a ,
n

p l u ral T h e form er rhy mes w ith ba il i in t h e T ri be a nd Cu s tom of

. s s

t h e H y -M a y e d O D o o v a (D u b l i p 1 35 an d i t h e Bk of
’
n , . n n n, . n .

L ei s t r 256 a w ith t h e s a m e w o d w ritt e b l i w hich

n e , ,
o w mean s r n a ,
n

a p l ace b u t o i g i n al ly an e c l o s d p l a c e as in t h e b ll y o f A n gl o
’ ’
,
r n e ,
a

I ri s h l o c al n am es l ik e B l ly mo t e Ball y a da ms d man y m ore I t is

a , ,
an .

a l oan - w ord n o t t o b e s ev ered f o m t h e E g l i s h ba i l ey a s in t h e O l d

r n ,

B i l ey o r Vetu s B a l l iu m o f Yo k as w l l as L o d o
a , , I t w a s i n t ro
r e n n .

d u c d (p ro b ab l y b y t h e N orman s ) t o S o u t h W l es a d i u s d t o thi s
e a ,
n s e

d y in Gl m o g an i t h e fo m beil i for t h e e c l o su re a t t h e b ack o f a

a a r n r n

f m-h o u s e S ee D u C an ge u d er B l l iu m t o w hich h e g i v es th ee
ar . n a ,
r

m ean n i g p p g
o u s : acu l i‘
S p ci r s eu l o c u s p al i s mu n it u s e t ci rc um
n e es ,

s ept u s 3 a l s o c u s t od i a career qu i a l o cu s mu n itu s

’ ’
.
, ,
 Iv . TH E C ULT UR E H E R O . 36 7

wh o se n ame we h a ve alre a dy m et wi th (p an d t h a t .

t h e gr ou p is u s u a lly t re at ed a s t h e O ffspring o f A il il l a n d
M e db Acc o rdingly t h e br ot hers a lwa ys figh t a ga ins t
.
,

-
t h e s u n her o C fi ch u l a inn o n t h e T ain 1
Simil arly in .
,

a n o t her s t o ry t h a t o f t h e d ea t h o f C on aire M or (p
,
.

t h e y figu r e a s t h e h au gh t ies t o f th e e xil e s f o ll o wing t h e

l ea d o f th e cycl ops I n g c él on th e o cc a si o n o f his l a nding
2
in Erinn in t h e nigh t Wh il e th e L at in wo rd s ep tini a na
.
,

a n d t h e Irish s ech tnza in m a de o u t o f it s ee m e d t o fix t h e ,

n u mb er of t h e Ma ini a t seven, t h e e arly Chris t ians o f

Ir el and mu st h av e t rea t ed t h e n e w w eek a f te r t h e a n a
l o gy O f th e o l d ; t h at is t o s a y t h ey r e cko n e d it n o t a s , ,

s ev en d a ys bu t a s eigh t nigh t s a s t h e W e l s h h a ve a ls o
, ,

d on e ; an d t h e di s cr ep a ncy arising fr o m t h e h a bi t of
sp eaking o f sev en M a in i wh e n t hey reck o n e d t he m eigh t
, ,

h as l e d t o c u ri ou s r e s u l t s ; for ins t a nc e in t h e B oo]: of ,

th e D a n The scrib e of t h a t m a nu scrip t at t h e b e gin

.
,

n ing o f t h e t w e lf t h c e n t u ry o r a li t t le e a rli e r c an h a v e ,

h a d n o id e a t h a t t h e M a ini h a d a ny t hing t o d o wi t h t h e
week ; bu t h e giv e s u s m or e o r less fa i thf u lly t h e s t ori e s
, ,

o f pr e vi ou s g e n er a t i o ns when t h a t m u s t h a ve b e e n n o

s e cr et T h e f o ll o wing are t h e M a ini in t h e o rder a n d

.

wi t h th e s u rna mes giv e n t o t h e m by him in t h e T ain

( )
l JPI a ine M a th renza il o r M lik e his M o t her ;
, ( )
2 M .a ine

A th rema il o r M lik e his F at h e r ; (3) M a in e M o ry o r o r

’

,
.
,

M v ery D u t ifu l ; (4) M a in e M ny er or M li ttl e D u t i

.
,
.

’
fu l ; (5 ) flf a in e nzo E p er t or M gr e a t e r t h a n S a id ; ,
.

1
S e e t h e T ai n , p a s s i m ; b u t t h e l i s t of th e Ma i n i o cc u rs n e ar th e
b eg i nn i n g , Bit of th e D a n,
.

2
T he y
s ort is c
a l l e d T o a il B r a d e n D a D e rg a ,
g or t h e D es tructi o n o f
t h
t h e H o s e l o f D a D e rg a, w e re C o n a ire l o d g e d on th e n i g ht o f h is

i ic
m u rde r ; t h e l is t o f t h e Ma n o m es , i bid 8 4 b . .
36 8 I V . TH E C ULT UR E H E R O .

M a ine M ils eo tha ch , -

( ) ( )
1
6 or M . of H o ney bl o o m ; 7
M a ine A nd oe, t h e mea ning of wh o se s u rna m e I c ann ot
’

find ; (8 ) M a in e eo tay eib Ule, o r M t h a t c on t a ins t h e m .

All . This l a st na m e h a s c a lled for th fr o m t h e scrib e of

t h e T ain t h e expl an a t i o n t h a t t h e M a in e b ea ring it p ar
t ook o f t h e fo rm of hi s m ot her M e db a n d of his fat h er
A il il l t o g et h e r wit h t h e n o bilit y an d digni t y of b ot h
,

c ombined in his ow n p ers on ; bu t it fa ils t o m eet t h e

w ords u s e d which a re t o t h e e ffe c t t h at t h e la st M a in e
,

c ont a in e d or c o mpr eh end e d al l th e ot h ers One c a nn ot .

’
h elp s e e ing in it a c a se c orresp onding t o t hat o f W o d e n s
ring whi ch dr o pp e d e igh t ot hers like it s elf : t h e l a st
,

Ma ine c on ta in s al l t h e o th ers, a s being t h e b ou nd ary an d

limit wi t hin which t h e we ek w a s c o mpris e d The o nly .

o t h e r M a ine c a lling for a r e m a rk is t h a t c a lled M a ine an d

E p er t which I in t erpr e t , wit h s o me d iflid en ce , t o h a v e

,

m ea nt a Ma in e t h at w as gr eat er t h a n w a s sa id or gr eat er ,

t h a n u tt erin g t h e n a m e w o u ld imply ; t his is fa v ou r e d by

it s b e ing s et in t h e fift h pl a c e f or th e fift h night w o u ld
j u s t m ark th e en d o f t h e firs t n ein den or h alf of t h e ,

nin e -night w eek ; an d in r e garding t h e we ek a s m a d e

’
o f t w o n oina ens t his fif t h nigh t w o u ld h a v e t o b e
u
p ,
2
r e ck on e d t wice o ver n a m ely a s t h e end o f t h e on e
, ,

n e in den an d t h e b e ginning o f t h e o t h e r Th a t I t hink .

, ,

is t h e e xpl an at i o n of t h e d e scrip t i o n of t his middle M a in e .

1
T he c ib e i den tifi ed N o s 5 n d 6 ; b u t t h e gro u p re mai s eig h t
s r . a n

i t h e B d e al so in S t o k e s
n ra n, Wi d isch s I r T ex te I I ij 225 w h ere
n
’
.
, . .
,

M il sco th a ch is M il bel H o n e y -m o u th
,
.
’

2
T hi s is t h e s o rt o f re ck o n i g p ro b a b l y w hich a pp l i e d by t h
n , , ,
e

G eek s t o t h e l as t d ay O f t h e m o n th ga ve i s e t o t h e t erm 3 ) m l é
r ,
r 11 7 v a ,

‘
O ld n d new
a C om p are t h e I i s h fu l l w eek b e tw e en t w o a ig e o r
.
’
r
‘ ’

,
’

t ermi i (l ) in S t ok es Windisch s I r T ex te I I ij 21 1 219

n ,
’
.
, . .
,
.
37 0 I V . TH E C UL T U R E H E R O .

’
th e r e a d e r t o c o ns t ru e mo ep er t t o m ea n th a t t his Ma ine
w a s on e o ver an d a b o v e t h e pr o per r e ck o ning of s ech t (or
sev e n ) M a ini wi t h which he h a d b e gu n t h e a ll u si on t o
,

1
t hem If t h at w as his id ea I sh ou ld be inclin e d t o
.
,
’
t hi nk t h at he w a s mis t ak en , an d t h a t M a in e m o E p ert s
na m e is t o b e expl a in e d by r efe r enc e t o t h e ni ne -nigh t
week an d t h e h abit o f re ck oning it a s t w o noincl ens or
,

-
h a lf we eks of fi v e n ight s e a ch 2
.

The Welsh t r eat m en t of t h e n ew w e ek cl o sely r e s e m

bl e d t ha t a lre ady m en t i o n e d a s Irish ; bu t a s t h e W e lsh
did n ot b orr o w th e L a t in t erm t h ey c a ll e d it wy thnos , ,
’
(
‘
t h at is t o s ay peri o d of e igh t nigh t s This w eek o f
a
) ,
.

n o mina lly e ight night s an d sev en da ys migh t be s a id t o

c onsist o f sev e n an d a h a lf d ay s , in o u r sens e of th e w o rd
da y o f t w e nt y - fo u r h ou rs ; a n d in t his f o rm w e h a v e a
m o st r e ma rka bl e r ef er enc e t o it in o n e of t h e Wel s h
Tri a d s which I mu st n ow m ent i o n a s it incid en t a lly
, ,

d i s cl o s e s a t ra c e o f t h e o ld e r w eek T h e t ri a d in qu e s t i on .
,

i 93 ij 11 sp eaks o f t h e Three H o rs e -l oa ds o f t h e Isl e

.
z .
,

o f Bri t a in o n e o f which it d e sc r ib e s a s b o rn e by D u M o ro
3
,

or t h e Bl a ck o f M o r o t h e h o rs e of E l id y r M w y n va w r , ,

1
T hi s , h o w ev e c o u l dr, n ot be sa id of th e s r c ib e of i
t h e T a n in t h e
m e n ti on s , 55 a , M an e C l as t,
’
Bk .
f
o L ei ns ter, who at o n d a m o ep ert

t ho ug h h is g rou p c o n s i s t s , o w i n g p ro b ab l y t o h is c arel es s n es s, o f o nl
y
s ix , n o m en ti on b e i n g m a d e o f M A n d oe o r M M il s co t h ach . . .

2
Po s s ib l y o th e r n n es i in I ri s h
i m i l rl y expl in d my th s a re t o be s a a e

by m e ns o f t h e a ci en t w ek s u ch as t h e n i n e ch a i o t s al w ay s req i red
an e ,
r u

b y M e d b on t h e T ai n (Bk f t h e D a n 5 6 b) a d t h e n i e d o o rs o f . o , ,
n n

t h e p al a c c al l ed Bru d e D a D erg a (ib 91 h) in w hich C o ai e w s

e n .
,
n r a

sl in a I t m y l i k e w i s e b e th a t t h e fo u r w i g e d k i s ses o f A e g u th a t
. a n n s,

h au t ed t h e y o u th s o f E ri n n (p
n w e e bu t t h e fou r i n t e v al s o f
. r r

d ay l i g ht in t h e Go i d el ic h al f-w e k e .

3
I t h e R ed B ook v e rs i o n (s ee R B M a b p
n thi s h o rse is . . . .

c al l e d D u y Moro c a th e Bl ack O n e o f t h e S ea s bu t t h e O l der an d

,
‘
 I V. TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 37 1

s a id t o h ave c arried s ev e n an d a h a l f p e rs ons on his b a ck

fr o m Penll e ch in t h e N o rt h t o P enll e ch in M o na : t h e y
w ere t o w it E l idy r an d his wi fe E u rg c in ; G w yn d a
, ,

Gy u e d or Whi t e t h e g o o d D rink-
,
m a t e a n d G w yn d a ,

a d e sign a t i o n o f d o u b t f u l in t e rpr e t a t i o n ; M y
l
R e im a t ,

n a ch N aw m on E l idy r s c o u ns ell or ; Pe t ry l ew Vy n e s t y r
’
, ,

his cu p -b ea rer ; A ran u a g y l his s erva n t ; an d A l bein w y n , ,

’
his c ook w h o swa m wi th h is h a nds on t h e h ors e s cru pp e r :
,

it w a s he t h a t w a s r e ck o ned t h e h a lf -
m an in t h e l oa d .

I t w ou ld t ak e t o o mu ch o f o ur t im e t o disc u ss all t h e
qu es t i ons which t his c u rio u s p a ss a ge su gg e s t s a n d I ,

sh a ll o nly m ak e a rem ark on o n e o r t w o o f t h e n a m e s .

P etry l ew Vy n es ty r me a n s a m inis t e r o r s e rv a n t wh o s e
n a m e w a s Pe t ry l e w a n d t his l a s t migh t be in t erpr e t e d ,
2
t o m e an him o f t h e fou r ligh t s Pe t ry l e w w a s t h e r e fo r e .

t h e fif t h nigh t in t h e r e ck oning t h a t is t o s a y t h e l a s t , ,

nigh t o f t h e firs t n e in den o r h a lf -w eek a s t h at w o u ld be ,

t h e on e pr e c e d e d by fo u r in t ervals o f d a yligh t T h e c o o k .

reck o ned a s t h e h a lf -p ers on w a s t h e nigh t wi t h which

t h e we e k b e g an t h ou gh t h e t ri a d in it s pr e s en t f or m
,

c on t empl a t es t his a s o cc u pying t h e l a s t pla c e ; o rigin ally ,

l es s t ran s p a ren t n am e is 0 16 I lf o ro , as in t h e o l d es t c o py O f t h e T r ad s i
(H eng wr t A I S 54,. p . or D u fil l l o ro
a rch r O er u ed a n c,
' ‘
Bl a c lc, t h e
H o rs e of M o ro O erv e d a w c , in t h e
’
s ort
y of Ku l h w ch (R . B . fil ed ) .

p . h e re t h e i d er o f t h e b ea s t is o th e r th an Gw y n b N ad
w r n o a .

T h e Wel h M o o hf o ro ed an d t h e F e ch ill o o f a e p b a b l y n m
s r , ,
r n r s, r ro a es

o f t h e s m e m y thic p l a c
a as t h e I i s h J lI r i w he ce th e T u t h Dé
e r f
n a s, n a a

D a nu b ro g ht t h e U n d ry C a u ld o n O f t h e D ag d (p
an u t h e n a me r a .

M r if b o rn e by a d i s t ict i n t h e o th g i v e t o U ri n al s o b el o n gs
. u e , r n r ,
n e ,

h e e as I h O p e t o s ho w in my A t h ri n L g d
r , r u a e en .

g es s it t o s t a nd for a n O ld r rea d i g Ke im t t h e n me w o u l d
1 I a
u e n a

t h e n m ea n G t h e g o o d C o m ra d e
’
. .

2
Pet y l ew is t h e rea d i g o f t h e R ed Boo k ; m os t o f t h e o th er MS S
r n .

h ave P ryd el a w Pry d el w o r th e l i k e w hich I c an n o t exp l ai n

, , , .

2 13 2
37 2 I V
. TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

h o we v er t h at pl a c e mu s t ha v e b ee n r e s erved for an ot her

,
.

N o l e ss t h a n t hr e e o f t h e n a m e s s e e m t o r e fe r t o t h e
nigh t s o f t h e w eek a s t h e t im e fo r ea t ing an d c a r ou sin g ;
b u t on e s e ems t o r e flec t th e id e a t h at nigh t c o ols t h e
h e a d an d giv e s r o o m for d elib era t i on an d g oo d c ou nse l
I a ll u d e t o My n a ch N a wmon, wh ere My na ch is t h e Wel sh
’
an d N a w mon is a w or d p a r t ly d eriv e d fro m
‘
f or m onk ,
‘ ’
n a w , t h e W e lsh for nine ; whil e t h e r em a ind er of t h e
w ord N a wmon ch all eng e s c omp a ris o n wit h t h e Irish M a in e ,

s o t h a t N a w m on migh t b e in t e rp r et e d t o m ea n a M a in e

w h o w a s in s o m e w ay nin e or p o s s e ss e d of s o m e n in el y
a t t rib u t e This it will b e se en t ak e s u s b a ck b ey o nd
.
, ,

t h e s even an d a h a lf o f t h e l a t e r w e e k t o t h e n in en e s s ,

s o t o s a y o f t h e m o r e a nci e n t o n e
,
T h e Chri s t i a n w eek .

a s a p e ri o d o f eigh t nigh t s is a ls o repres e n t e d in t h e

Ar thu ri an r oma nc e s , n a m ely by t h e eight o ffi cers of ,

’
A r th u r s c ou r t w h o a c t e d a s hi s p o rt e rs a n d wa t chm e n
t h e y are s a id t o h a v e divid e d t h e y e a r b e t we en t h e m an d ,

s ev e n of t h e m s erv e d a s t h e su b o rdina t e s of o n e of t h e ir
n u mb e r w h o b or e a n a m e which s u gge st s c o mp aris on
,

b et wee n him an d t h e Ma ine t ha t c ont a in e d t h e o t h ers ,

’
for h e w a s Gl ew lwy a Ga va el va wr, Br a ve Gr e y o f t h e
‘

’1
Gr ea t Grip .

S O C el t ic my t h ol o gy pr o b a bly indu lg e d in a t w o -fo ld

t r e a t m en t o f t h e a nci en t w eek : it w a s m a d e eit h e r t h e
b a sis o f nin e dist inc t p ers on ifi ca t ion s o f a m o r e or l e s s u n i
f o rm ch ara c t er o r e ls e of a singl e p ers o nific a t i o n wi t h t h e
,

a t t rib u t e o f nin e in s o m e w a a tt a ching t o it O f th e

y .

f ormer on e may give a s an ins t anc e th e nin e p o rt ers a t

,

1
R B Mah
. . . p . t
245 ; Gu es , ij 6 ; b u t i n t w o o t er a s s ag e s (R B
. h p . .

Mab pp. . t
103, 138 ; G u es , ij 25 4, 31 2) h e an d h is mak e o n l y fi v e,
.

re p se n ti
re n
g t h e a l - h f
w ee k.
37 4 Iv . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

a s tat ement th a t he w as th e first king o f Erinn t o h ave

t o rqu es o f g o ld ma de for w e arin g r ou nd t h e n e ck which ,

1
is in Iri sh ni nin in t hi s ref erence t o t h e go ld t orq u e s
,
°

o r c o ll a r s, w e h a v e pr ob a bly t h e e ch o o f a my t h lik e t h a t
’
o f M a ine ma c D u rth ach t s br oo ch Fu rt h e r Ma ine Mor .
,

- 2
w a s t h e my t hic a nces t o r of t h e H y M a ny , wh o se prince

w a s c au ght by C rich u l ainn on wh o m h e a v enge d himself ,

by a dj u ring him t o find wh at h a d h a pp ened t o th e S ons

o f D O el D er ma it , a qu e s t which inv o lv e d t h e s u n - h e ro in
’
a v isi t t o t h e o t h e r w o rld The n a m e O f C uch u l a inn s .

c ap t ive w a s E ch aid R ond or E of (th e ) Ch a ins s o c alled ,

.
,

fro m a s even -o u nc e ch a in or t hre a d of go ld which f o rmed

-
p a rt of his h ea d g e ar 3
This m a y b e r egard e d as a n other
.

o f t h e t rea su r e s a ss o ci at e d wi t h t h e M a ini : we h a ve t h u s

n o l e ss t h a n t hr ee a br oo ch a t o rqu e , an d a ch a in a l l
, , ,

p erh aps o rigina lly ch ara c t eriz e d by t h e nu mber nin e in

t h e t al e s t o which t hey b e l o ng e d One m or e M a ine may .

b e m e nt i o n e d : h e is c a ll e d Ma in e s on o f N i all o f t h e
4
N in e Ho s t a g e s N ia ll is fabl e d t o h av e r e igned o v er
.

I rel and in th e fift h c en t u ry o f o u r era an d t o h a v e co n ,

qu er e d Brit ain Fra nc e an d o t h e r l ands s o his is a grea t

,

n a m e in I rish p e digr e e s bu t it is pro b ably a l t o g ether ,

-
my thic an d t o b e e qu at e d w ith t h a t o f t h e W elsh N eo l 5
, .

1
S ee O C
’
u rr
y , i ij 8 4, 17 8 ,
. and t h e F o u r bl a s ters , A . M 38 68 38 7 2
.
, .

2
T h a t is t o
y , t h e Ui M a i n i, or D es
sa c e d an t s o f M i e w h e t er
n a n ,
os

rit o r h
y m ay , ro u g l y s eak n g, b e s a d t o p i i hav e c on s i s t ed o f t h e c ou n ti es
o f Gal w ay an d R os o mm o n c .

3
S t ok es Wi n disch s
’
I r . T ex te, pp . 17 7, 1 92 O C
’
u rry , iij . 106 .

4 ’
O C urr
y
’
s M a nn ers, & c ij 1 6 1 . . .

Fu l l y d es c rib ed h e is N ee l ey n C re e, w hich s eem s t o m ean ‘

N eol
b efore t h e C ru cifixi o n p ers on s o c al l ed is s p ok en o f a s t h e fat h er
th e
sa i d t o h av e l i ed for th re e
of l a dy , E fi y l w ,
a
g en e a ti ons
v S ee t h e r .

s t or
y o f Ku l h wch , R B rll a b p 1 13; Gu e s t ij 212
. . . .
, . .
 Iv . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O . 37 5

A t an r a t e his n a m e l o oks lik e e vid e nce o f t h e t w o

y
t r e a t m en t s o f th e nine - nigh t week ; f or t h e n in e h o s ta g e s
’
s erving a s N i all s di s t inc t io n p o ssibly r efe rr e d t o t h e
nine nigh t s of t h e ancien t we ek whil e t hey m ay be su p ,
’
p o s e d als o represen t e d in t h e single pers on o f N i a ll s s on
M a in e .

En ou gh h as n o w been s a id t o s u ggest th at t h e p arall e l

’
her e li e s b et ween Wo d en s ring an d t h e g old br o o ch ,

t o rq u e or ch a in o f M a ine an d t h e q u es t i o n t hen a ris e s

, ,

wh at M a ine him s elf w a s a s a my t h ol ogic a l being I t h a s .

a h ea d be e n sh o wn t h a t his n a me w a s a ss o ci a t ed wi t h
~

y
d a rkn e s s a n d nigh t L e t u s n o w se e wh a t fr e sh ligh t
.

c an b e t hr o w n o n his ch a ra c t er by a f u r t h e r s t u dy O f h i s

n ame T o begin , t h e w ord M a ine M a ne o r fil a n i is b o dily

.
, ,

id en t ic a l wi t h t h e M eny w o f W e lsh li t e ra t u re The .

’
p e rs on s o c a ll e d b el ong e d t o Ar th u r s c ou r t b u t his ,

ch ara c t er is in n o wis e t h ereby d e fin e d a s it is o n e o f t h e ,

p e c u li ari t ies o f Art hu r t h a t he dr aws his men fro m a ll

t h e Bry t h onic cycles o f my t h o l o gy ; bu t M en y w e ven in
’
Ar th u r s service preserved a ch ara c t er an d r 61e c orre
sp e nding cl os e ly t o t h a t which migh t be a scribed t o t h e
Irish Ma ine a s a p ers o nific at i o n of d a rkn e ss an d nigh t .

’
Th u s we re a d t h at a p art y o f Ar th u r s m en s t a r t ing o n a
d ang er ou s qu est w er e o rd ered by him t o be a cc omp ani e d
by M en y w in ord e r t h at in c a s e t h e y c a m e t o a h ea t h e n
, ,

l and Men y w migh t ea s t gl a m ou r a n d m a gic o v e r h is c om

,

p ani ons s o t h at they migh t be se en o f n ob o dy while t hey

,

s a w e veryb o dy
1
M en y w is c all e d t h e s o n o f T e irg w a e d
.
,

a f e minine c omp o u nd m e a ning H e r o f t h e Thr e e Sh ou t s

,

in which we h av e a reference t o t h e t ripl e divisi on of th e

1
R . B nl a b
. . p . 1 1 45 ; Gu es t , ij 27 1-2
. .
37 6 Iv . TH E C UL T U R E HE R O .

wo rking p or t i on of t h e day (p o r e lse perh a ps o f .

, ,

t ime in t o pre sen t p a s t an d fu t u r e ,

This l o oks a t fi rst .

s igh t lik e a r e v e rs a l o f t h e C e l t ic h a bi t o f giving d a rkn e s s

pr e ced enc e o ver ligh t a n d da y ; bu t h a d we t h e my th in

it s o rigin a l c o mpl et eness , w e sh oul d pr ob ably find t hat
T e irg w ae d h a d a s her hu sb a nd an d fa t her o f M en y w a
r epr e sen t a t iv e in s o me fo rm or o t her o f d a rkn e ss al l ,

r ef e re nce t o him being o mit t e d in fa v ou r of t h e mat r o

n mic s tyl e o f n a ming ce rt a in o f t h e O ld e s t C e l t ic divi
y
1
n it ie s A l l t his is c orr ob or a t ed by th e Tri a d s t r ea t ing
.

M en y w a s on e o f t h e t hr ee chi ef m a gici ans an d gla mo u r

m en of t h e Isle of Brit a in .

I t w a s s u gges t ed t h at t h e men in t h e W e lsh N a wmon

w a s o f t h e s a m e o rigin a s t h e Irish n a m e M a ine a n d ,

t h a t is d o u b t l e ss right , s o t h a t My na ch N a wmon m a y b e
2
r e nd e r e d t h e M o nk of t h e N ine Tricks ; for Irish pr o ves
’
t h e e xist e nc e o f a C e lt ic w o rd men, a t rick , fro m which
‘

‘
w a s d erived a n Irish a dj e c t ive mona ch o r ma na ch t ricky ,
’
o r d o dgy This w a s a ppli e d t o a n ot o ri o u s F o m o ria n
.

c a ll e d Forg al l M o n a ch or Fo rg all th e Tricky , w h o w as an

,

a d e p t a t m a gic a n d sh a p e - shif t ing In ha rm ony wi th a .

v ery wid e -sp re a d kind of my t h h e l o st his lif e in t rying ,

t o pr e v e nt C ri ch u l ain n fr o m c a rr y ing a wa y his d au gh t er

t o b e his wife The W elsh w ord my na a/y c orre sp on ding
.

t o nzon a eh h o wev e r , m e a ns a c o u r t eo u s or p oli t e p e rs o n ;

,

t h e diffe r e nce o f m ea ning l o oks wid e , b u t it is p ar t ly t o

b e e xpl a in e d by t h e fa c t t h at t h e Welsh li t e rat u r e o f t h e
Middl e Ages t r eat s c ou rt e ou sn e ss or g o o d bree ding a s
1
i . 31, 32, 33, ij 20, iij 90
. . .

2
S o me of th e T r i ad i
vers o n s h av e N a w m o d , w hich w o u l d mean ,
‘
O f i
n ne mo d es or fo r ms .
’
i m p s s ib l e th a t t h e
I t is n ot o ig i n al
or w as
M y n a u g N e wmon, w it h t h e my n a wy e xp l a i n e d b el o w .
37 8 Iv . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

serve d n ot only— p erh aps n ot ch iefl y t o repr e sent t h e —

n ine nigh t s o f t h e week o r even t h e d a wns or d u sk s

,

o f t h e s a me , s o m u ch a s t h a t whi ch a ll o w e d o f b e in
g
m ea s u re d by t h e limit s of t h e we ek, t hat is t o sa y , t ha t
me ta ph oric al kind o f sp ace which we c all t ime , a n d t ime
f or t h e m o s t p a r t c o n t e mpl a t ed a s t h e bringe r of b oon s
a n d t h e t e a ch e r o f wisd o m I t w a s a s ort of At h en e.

wi t h nin e fo rms of be au t y ; s o in th e U l t o nia n cycl e o f

I rish t ales she is t h e d au gh t e r of king C o nch o b ar an d ,

1
kn own a s F e del m o f t h e N ine F o rms w h o will c o m e ,

u nder o u r n ot ic e l a t e r as she w h o s e nds h er h andm a id t o

c o mfo r t C uchu l a inn a t night a n d t o giv e hi m hi s b at h in

2
c o ncealm en t In W elsh , t h e nin e f o rms o f t h e myt hic
.

b ea u t y h a ve been efi ac ed by th e bl a nching ha nd of O bli

vi o n ; bu t on e rec ogn izes her p ers on in th e L a dy of t h e
’
F ou nt ain w h o bec o mes O w ein s wife a ft er h e r h a ndm a id ,

L u net h ad re sc u e d h im fr o m de at h by giving him a

Gy g e an ring t o c o nce a l hi m fro m his enemies In t h e .

c a se o f Fe d el m , t h e r e f e r e nc e t o th e nin e nigh t s of t h e

we ek is inv olved in th e ni n e forms of her b ea u t y an d in ,

t h a t o f L u n et t h e y are symb o liz ed by t h e ring which

m ak e s it s p o ss e ss o r invisibl e wh e n e ver he pl e a s e s T he .

rest of t h e p arallel is st ill mo re obvi ou s for L u n et is ,

d e scrib e d n ot onl y giving O w ein r e fu ge a n d fo o d bu t ,

a ls o a dminis t e ring t o him s u ch s e rvic e s a s t h a t O f wa shing

3
his h ea d an d sh aving his be ard s o m ewh at in t h e sa me ,

w ay t h at At hen e is r epr e sen t e d we a ving a p epl o s for h er

fav o ur it e He ra cles or c au sing springs of wa rm wat er t o
,

1
S o me of th e s p el l in gs s u gg es t
‘
N ine H ear s t ’
rat h er t h an ‘
N i ne
’
Fo rms .

2
Bk .
f
o t h e D a n, 5 7 a ; Bk . o f L eins ter , 58 a .

3
R . B . Ma b . pp . 1 7 3-6 ; Gues t, i . 5 5-9 .
 Iv . TH E C UL T U R E HE R O . 37 9

g u sh fo r th fr o m t h e gr ou nd t o s u pply him at th e e n d o f
1
t h e d ay wi th a r e freshing b a t h The ring a ss o ci at ed
.

wi t h L u ne t bec o mes in s om e s t ories a wheel a s , f or ,

’
ins ta nc e in t h a t fro m which Gwydi on s mis t re ss w a s
,

c all e d Arianrh o d , or She of t h e S ilve r Wheel ; an d t h e

s a m e c onc ep t io n pr ob a bly en t ered int o th e s t ory which
’
m a d e C uch u l a inn s sis t er D e ch t ere t h e ch ari ot eer of h er
bro ther, king C onch ob ar ; whil e in N orse lit erat u re w e
’
me et wi t h it in t h e O bsc u rely men t i oned deep wheel o f
‘

Ge fj on (p .

In t hese g o ddesses an d ot hers like t hem , s u ch a s Du ben

’
t h e m ot her o f C a irbre s children (p we seem t o
.

h a v e a gro u p of th e my thic b e ings l oo s ely c a ll e d d a wn

g o dd e sses ; bu t t h e l oc at i on of s o m e of t h e Cel t ic ones
h ere in qu es t i on , o n an isl and or p enins u la t owa rds th e
w e s t w ou ld s u gges t t h at t h e y at le a s t w ou ld b e a s cor
,

re c t l design a t e d d u sk -g o dd e sses N e i t her d u sk h ow

y .
,

e v e r, n or d a wn c an help u s s o m u ch t o u nders t and t heir

n a tu r e as t h e ir c o nnec t i on wit h t h e a ncient we ek an d al l

it c onn o t ed . This gives , a m ong ot her t hi ngs a v e ry ,

pregn ant m e aning t o t h e int ima t e rel at i ons bet we en t hem

a n d t h e C ul t u re Her o wh o m t h e m o s t imp o rt a n t versi o ns
,

o f t h e my t h t r eat as t h e fa th e r by t h e m o f t h e Sun H e r o ,

a n d s o me t imes o f a n o t h e r bir t h r e presen t ing d a rkn e s s

a n d n igh t . I t m ay perh aps seem a t firs t sigh t s o m ewh a t

d a ring t o pl ac e At hen e in t h e c at e gory of g o dd e ss e s o f
t h e kind h ere disc u ssed ; bu t I w ou ld g o f u r th e r , an d a dd
t h a t t h e n ame o f A t h ene s I t a li a n c ou n t e rp a r t M iner va
’

o r a s it is l e ss u su a lly wri t t en
, ,
M enerva , bring s u s b a ck

a g a in t o t h e gr o u p o f n a mes which h a ve b e e n a lr e a dy

1 ’ 3
Pre l l e r s Gr. l
rI
y th o l og ie , ij . 16 1.
380 Iv . TH E C ULT U R E HE R O .

t o u ched u p on ; fo r M enerva
is s u pp o sed t o r epr e sent an
e a rly M enez ea , d e rived fro m t h e s a me s t e m men es , which ,
‘
w e h a v e in t h e Gr e ek p é s, geni t iv e Mé S, mind s pi ri t
‘
vo vo v
, ,
’
c ou ra ge , S anskri t ni an a s , geni t iv e ma nas a s , of mu ch t h e
s a me m eaning Bu t su ch a n a me a s M enez va wou ld ha ve
.

t o b e c a me M enena in t h e e arly his t ory o f t h e C e l t ic l a n

g u a ges s t ill living ; an d fro m t h at n ame w ou ld be f orm e d
a n a dj e c t iv e M en eej os
,
M en ev a
y , M e n eny o n
‘
r el a t ing t o ,

M eneva or t h e C e l t ic M inerva ; b u t in l at er W e l s h al l
’
,

t h e se w o u ld b e cu t d own t o M eny a or My ny w T h e on e .

r epre senting t h e m a scul ine M enenj os is m o st ly wri tt e n

M eny w or M enw an d is t h e na m e which h a s b een equ a t e d
,

wi t h t h e Irish n a m e M a in e ; whi l e t h e feminin e w ou ld

se e m t o h a ve been pr e served u ncu r ta iled a s M en enia t o ,
’
p a ss for th e L at in na me of St D avid s wh ence a ls o t h e .
,

lf enemens is whi l e in Welsh it h a s m o s t ly b ee n

1
'

a dj e c t iv e Z .
,

t re a t e d a s My ny w o r M eny a 2
This indir e c t e vid en ce t o .

a g o ddess o f t h e n a me M en ena c o rr e sp ondin g t o t h at

,

o f Minerv a in L a t in w o u ld me an t h a t t h e dis t ri c t a r ou nd
,
’
St D a vid s t h e w e s t ern p o si t i o n O f which n ea r t h e s e a
.
,

fi ts in wi th ot her in s t ances , w as c all e d af t er t his C e l t ic

Min e rv a an d t reat e d p erh a ps a s in s o m e s ens e o r o th e r
,

pecu li arly hers This a llu si o n t o Minerva will h av e pro

.

1
M enee iens i n m ep is cop o in t h e L ife o f S t D av i d w itten b y R h yg y .
,
r

v arch a rch u s in t h e t w el fth c e t u ry s ee t h e L ine of th e C m

(R ic e m ) n s a

bro-B ri t S S (L l an d o v e y
. . p 1 21 r , . .

2
T hi s is a tt es t e d by t h e Wel s h n a m e o f O l d My y w (a ch u rch i n n

t h e n ei g hb o u rh o o d o f A b era eron in C a rd i g a s hi r ) w hich c all e d H n

,
n e , ,
e

F y w j u s t l i k e t h e w o rd s h en f e y w
en , n O l d w om c o i d e bly
n ,
‘
a an ,
’
ns ra

e x e ci s e s t h e p o p u l ar-
r e ty m o l o g y m a n e s p e ci al l y w h e n h e t ak es it i , n

c o j un cti n w ith t h e n a me o f a ch u ch o n t h e o th e r s i d e o f t h e T e i i
n o r v ,

c l l ed E gl w y s Wrw w hich c o ul d n o t h el p s t i k i ng h im as mean i ng t h e

a
,
r

M l Ch u ch
a e r .
’
38 2 IV . TH E C ULT U R E H E R O .

disc u ss e d a t length an d I will only a dd a w ord a s t o an

,

a pp a r e n t discrep a ncy b e t we en t h e C e l t ic an d N orse my t hs

a b ou t t h e we ek : t h e g o ld ring in t h e l a t t er bel o ngs t o

t h e C u l tu re Go d W o d en a n d it is t o him t h at it is br ou gh t
,

b a ck fr o m t h e Hell -impris oned B ald e r by H erm o d r a f t er ,

1
he h a d t ravell e d nin e nigh t s in th e d a rk t o find his
’
br oth er B a ld er s pl a c e of c onfin e ment ; wherea s in t h e
I rish t al e th e g old br oo ch is t reat e d as t h e pr opert y o f a
very different kind of b e ing Ma in e s on of Du rth a ch t ,
.

On t h e o t h e r h and it is A ith ern e, a likeness, h owe ver

,

di s t o r t e d , O f t h e C u l t u re Her o t h at r e c o vers p o ss e s s i o n
,

o f it in t h e Irish v ersi o n o f t h e my t h a n d brings it b a ck ,

t o U ls t e r ; s o t h a t t h e t w o a cc o u n t s m ay be s a id t o
a m o u n t t o t h e s a me t hing in a sm u ch a s t hey b o t h a ss o ci at e
,

t h e w eek an d t h e a l t ern a t i o n o f da y an d n igh t wi t h t h e

a c t i o n o f t h e C u l t u re H er e In Hindu my t h o l o gy Indra
.
,

is r epr e s e nt e d as d aily enga g e d in bringing b a ck t h e s u n

an d t h e d awn s o a s t o b e s ee n o f men : it is his r e g u l a r

w ork Bu t t his v ery primit ive n o t i on is n o t c onspic u ou s

.

in C el t ic or in N ors e my th ol o gy ; it is neve r th el e ss th er e ,

bu t b u ri e d b e n ea t h t h e débris of s u ndry m et aph o rs a n d

symb olisms an d it is t o be e xt ric a t e d only a s a m at t e r
of inf erenc e o r in t e rpr e t a t i o n Ev e n so it is v alu a ble a s
.
,

it s e rv e s t o s t re ngt h e n a t it s we ak e st p o in t t h e p a ra ll el t o
be drawn bet we e n Indra in t h e E a s t an d Gwydi o n -W o d en
in th e Wes t .

1
S imrock
’
s E dd a , p . 318 .
 LE C T U R E V .

TH E S UN H E RO .

PA R T I .

L LE U A ND L UG .

F R E QUE NT a llu si o ns h a ve a lre a dy been m a d e t o L le w

L l a w g y fl e s a n d in fa c t , m o s t o f his s t o ry h as been r e pr o
, ,

d u ce d : it h a s a ls o been hin t ed t h at in h im w e h a v e a
n a t u re my t h a b ou t ligh t I t is h o wev er of c api t a l
.
, ,

imp or ta nc e in d ea ling wi t h t h e s ol a r m y th ol o gy of t h e
C e l t s , an d e sp e ci a lly of t h e W e lsh t o b e ar in mind t h a t
,

t h e n at ur e my t h did n ot preven t t h e S ol a r Her o fr o m

b eing r e ga rded as p ar t ly of hu m a n desc en t ; a di ffer en t
a cc ou n t is s o me t imes implied in Welsh s t ories , b u t t his

is far t h e m o s t f ert il e an d it t ak e s u s b a ck t o a pre -C e l t ic

,

a n d Ary a n s t a ge o f c u l t u re , when it w a s p o ssible for t h e

ma gici an an d m e dicine - man of t h e t ribe t o cl a im t h e s u n

a s his O ff s pring . SO w e migh t h er e c a ll him th e S u n
m an w er e it n o t m ore in h a rm o ny wi t h c u s t o m t o sp ea k
,

o f t h e Sun - o d or S o l a r H ere In o rd e r t o e s t ablish t h e s e

g .

vi ews we h a v e n o w t o e x a min e m o re cl o sely th e li t era t u re

,

r el a t ing t o L lew a n d w e m a y b e g in wi t h th e s t range

,

st o ry o f hi s bir th (p . which n e ed n ot be r ep ea t e d .

’
O n e of t h e firs t t hings in it t o s t rike on e is y oun g L l e w s
r apid gr ow th ; an d th e vig ou r wi t h which he sc a t t e r e d
38 4 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

th e shee t in which he h ad b e en wr apped , invi t es c o mp a

ris on wi th t h e d e scrip t i o n o f t h e infa nt Ap o ll o, wh o m t h e
g o dd e ss e s present b a thed in a cryst a l s t re a m of wa t e r a s
s oon a s h e le ap e d t o life They next pro c ee ded t o wr ap
.

him in a whi t e r obe fine an d n e wly wr ou gh t a n d t o

, ,

pl a ce a go lden b and rou nd his b ody , whil e on e of t h e ir

nu mber t ou ched hi s lips wi t h nec t ar an d a mbro sia N o .

s o oner h a d h e ta st e d of t h e f oo d O f t h e imm or tals , t h a n h e

b u rst t h e b onds of his swa ddling cl ot h e s an d wa lked fo rth
in t h e f u lne ss o f his divini t y, whil e D el o s rej oic e d an d
1
bl o o m e d a t his birth The s a me s ort of pre c o ci ou s gr o wt h
.

a s in t h e c a se o f L l e w is a scrib e d t o o t h e r C e l t ic p e rs o ni

fi ca t ion s of th e Su n - g o d, bu t n o less
,
be i t n o t iced ,
t o

ers o n ifi ca t ion s o f d a rkness

p .

O n e migh t pr ob a bly regard t h e a cc ou nt (p 240) o f .

’
L l e w s d eat h on th e side o f his b at h a s re ferring origin
a lly t o t h e s u n s et t ing in t h e s e a ; b u t t h e r e is n o o cc a

si on t o l ay gre at st re ss on t h at a s w e h a ve wha t se ems

,

t o b e b e tt e r e vid e nc e o f t h e n a t u r e my t h in t h e m a rri a g e
o f Bl o d eu e d t o L l e w Sh e w a s n o t of t h e r a c e o f m en ,
.

b u t cr ea t e d fr o m fl o wers by Gwydi o n wi t h t h e aid of t h e ,

m a st er m agicia n M at h : sh e w a s a s dist ingu ish e d for h er

b eau ty a s h er cl a ssic a l c ou nt erp a rt ro sy -fi n g ere d E o s
, .

T h e d a wn r epres en t s t h e t r a nsi t i o n fr o m t h e d a rkn e ss o f

nigh t t o t h e ligh t o f day s o t ha t , pict u r e d by t h e pri mi
,

t iv e mind a s a l o ve ly d a ms el , she w ou ld be r e g a rd e d a s
dividing h er l o ve be t we en th e Su n -g o d an d th e princ e s
o f d a rkness in t h e my t h o l o gic a l sens e o f t h e t erm This .

is wh at we find in t h e s t ory of Bl o deu e d : L lew g oe s

1
S ee t h e H ic
o mer H y m n t o A p oll o (in D ido t
’
s H omeri C ar mi na ci
C y cl i E p i c i R el iqn i ee), l i n es 119— 139 .
38 6 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

h abi t of d o ing m o st t hings for h im I f it sh o u ld h ere be .

o bj e c t e d t h at whil e Indra brings t h e sun b a ck e v e ry

,

d a y , Gwy d i o n is o nly ma d e t o bring L l ew b a ck o nc e ,

our a nswer w o u ld b e t h a t t his h a s a lre a dy b ee n m et at ,

,

l ea s t in p art an d t h at n o w it s fo rc e m a y be s t ill f u rt h e r
,

br ok e n For t o b e gin on Irish gr ou nd w e t h ere find

.
, ,

s t ori e s which m en t i o n sev era l births o f t h e Su n -g o d t h a t ,

- ’ -
is t o say , th e Su n g o d s fath er a n d t h e Su n g o d s s on m a y’

b oth b e t erm e d Su n -g o ds a s w e ll a s h e This a gr e es w e ll .

en ou gh wit h a n id ea which s ee ms t o h a v e o nc e b een pre v a

l ent in Irel a nd t h at an a nc e s t o r might r et u rn in t h e p ers o n
,

o f o n e o f his d e sc e nd a n t s So far as I kn o w t h e a nci e n t .

,

Bry t h ons were l e ss fa milia r wi th t h e id ea o f a s eries of

Sun - g o ds t h a n t h a t of a grou p o f t h em ; n o t t o ment i o n
t h at t h e y are fou nd t o h a ve less dw el t on t h e a n t ag o ni s m
be t we en d ay an d nigh t t h a n t h a t b e t we en t h e su mm e r
a n d t h e win t er ; b u t W e lsh my t h o l o gy is n e v er t h e l e ss
’
n o t wh o lly wi t h o u t a s o r t o f a n a l o gu e t o Ind ra s d a ily

expl o it in bringing b a ck t h e su n ; fo r L lew h a d a t win

br o t h e r w h o r ea ch e d su dd e n m at u ri t y an d r u sh e d O ff
int o t h e sea T h e n a t u re o f t h a t e l em ent b ec a m e his ;
.

h e swa m a b ou t in it like a fish an d n e v e r did a w a v e ,

br e ak b ene at h him wh e nc e his n a m e D yl a n s on o f t h e,

Bill o w He fell by t h e Sp e a r of t h e C u l tu r e H er o G ov a n
.

’
n o n Gwydi o n s b r o t h e r t h e smi th ; a n d his d ee d c a m e t o
,

1
b e r e c o rd e d in a t ri a d a s o n e o f t h e Thr ee n e fa ri o u s Bl o ws
o f t h e I s l e o f Bri t a in A p a t h e t ic t o u ch a ss o ci at e d wit h
.
,

2
t h e m u s e of T a l ie s s in in t r o d u c e s an ZE s ch y l ea n ch oru s,

o f o u t r a g e d sp e c t a t o rs c o nsi s t i n g ,

1
R . B . Ma b p 68 ; . . Gu es t , i ij 201 ; b u t. it is n ot to be fo u n d in th e
i
o rd n ary l i s t s o f t i ad s r .

2
Po em x l ii
j . : s ee S k ene, ij 1 99 . .
 v . TH E S UN HE R O . 38 7

O f th e W v of E i
a e r nn , o f Ma n ,
and of th e No r th ,

o f B it i of c om h s ts fo u rth ’1
A nd el as th e
r a n, y o , .

Nay , cc o rding t o a n o ther u t t era nce o f t h e s a me p o e t

a ,
2

t h e wild w a ves when t hey d a sh a g a ins t t h e Sh o re a re

ch a fi ng t o a veng e th e de a t h o f Dyl an An o ther vi e w n o .

l e ss r o man t ic is t h e o n e s t ill kn o wn in th e Va le of t h e
C onwy t ha t t h e n ois e of t h e wa ves cr owding in t o t h a t
,

rive r is n ou gh t b u t t h e dying gro a ns o f Dyl an S t ra ng e .

a s it ma seem a n d in spi t e o f t h e M a bin o i d e scribi n g

y , g
Dyl an a s a big yell o w- h a ir e d b o y t h e s tu dy o f I ri s h ,

p ara ll els l ea v e s o n e in n o d ou b t t h a t Dyl a n r epre s e n t s

d a rkn e ss t h e d arkn e ss t h a t hies a wa y t o l u rk in t h e s e a
, ,

s o t h a t his n a m e o f Dyl a n h a s bec o m e a syn o nym f or t h a t

o f t h e O c ea n Bu t h o w it m a y b e a sked c a m e t h e s y m
.
, ,

p a t hy o f t h e p o e t t o b e e nli s t e d o n t h e wro ng S id e a n d ,
’
Go va n n on s d e ed t o b e e xecra t e d ? Th a t is a q u e s t i o n
’
whi ch is n ot e a s y t o a nswer t o o ne s o w n s a t isfa c t i o n ,

a n d t h e b e s t t hing t o d o is t o p o in t o u t t h e p a ra ll e l s t o ry

in I rish I t o cc u rs in t h a t o f t h e w ar b et w e e n t h e
.

3
T u a th a D é Dan ann an d t h e Fo mo ri : wh e n t h e b a t t l e
o f Ma
g T )
u r ed p 25 3 h a d b e e n g o ing o n f o r s o m e t im e
( .
,

t h e Fo m o ri w o nd e r e d h ow t h e T u a t h a D e c on t in u e d t o
be s u ppli e d wi t h a rms ; in o rder t h eref o r e t o find t hi s , ,

o u t an d t o pr o c u re o t her inf o rma t i o n a b ou t t h e e n e my ,

t hey sen t on e o f t h e ir y o u ng h er o es t o visi t him T he .

1
A I ri s h i n s t an c e o f t h e w av es o f t h e m el ch o ly m i b e w i l
n an a n
’
a

i g a d e ath o cc u rs in t h e Bk of L ei ns ter 1 8 6 a ; s e e al s o t h e e d i t o r s
'

n .
,

I t o d p 47 a
n r . . .

2
Poe m ix : s e e S k e e ij 1 45 . n , . .

2
T h e M S I h a e c o n s u l t e d is i n t h e B iti s h Mu s e u m an d is n u m
. v r ,

b e red H l 5 28 0 t h e p o ti o n o f t h s t ry h ere in p o in t o cc u s t
ar . : r e o r a

fo l i o 68 a (5 7 a o f an O ld er p g i g ) a n .

2 C 2
38 8 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

one ch o sen bel onged by r a c e p ar tly t o t h e F e m ori an d

p ar tly t o t h e T u a th a D é ; h e w a s son of Br e s t h e Fom o
ria n an d Brig d au gh t er o f t h e Da gd a o n e of th e l e a d e rs
o f t h e T u a t h a D é in t h e w ar H e w a s c a lled R u a d an
.
,

a n d h e r e a dily g ot a cc e ss t o t h e c a mp o f t h e T u at h a D é

a n d visi t e d t h e f o rg e wh er e h e f o u nd t h e ir smit h G o ibni u

, ,

wh o s e n am e m ak e s in t h e genit iv e c a s e Goibn enn t h e ,

e t ym o l o gic a n d in fl ect io n al e qu iv a l e n t o f t h e W e lsh Go va n

n on ; h e t h e n giv e s t h e Fem o ri a fu ll a cc ou nt o f t h e
c el e rit y wi th which G o ibni u an d his f ell o w -art ifi cers
d e sp at ch e d t h e ir wo rk T h e Fo mori s end Bu a d en b a ck
.

w i t h o rd e rs t o ki ll t h e smi t h ; SO R u a d an a sks G o ibni u

t o m ak e him a sp e a r , an d t h e s mi t h c ompli e s R u a d én .

r e c e iv e s t h e Spe a r d u ly fini sh e d ; bu t j u st a s h e w a s st a r t
ing t o g o a wa y h e su d d enly t u rn e d r ou nd an d hur l e d his
,

n ew sp e a r a t it s m a k e r G o ibniu w a s wo u nd e d b u t n o t s o ,

a s t o pr e v e n t his t hr o wing t h e sp ea r b a ck a t Bu a d en in

s u ch a w a y t h at it sp e d righ t t hr o u gh him ; R u a dén w a s

n e ver t h el e ss abl e t o r ea ch his friends wh e n h e fe ll d e a d ,
’
a t his f at h e r s f e e t in t h e a ss e mbly o f t h e F e m o ri His .

m ot h er Brig c o m e s an d m ak e s for h er s on a l ou d l a m en
t a t i e n which is Sp e ci ally d e sc rib e d a s b e ginning wit h a
,

scr ea m an d e ndi n g wi t h a wa il ; for it w a s t h en w e are ,

t old t h at wa iling an d scr e a ming w er e h ea rd in Erin n fo r

,
1
t h e firs t t im e S u ch is t h e st o ry of R u a d an ; an d t h e
.

wa il a n d scr ea m s o emph a siz e d in it r e fe r t o t h e el a ,

b o rat e k e ening or pecu lia r an d fa r-rea chin g cry which

‘
,

u s e d t o b e r a is e d on t h e o cc a si o n of a d eat h in t h e fa mily

1
H a rl . 5 28 0, fo l 6 8 a
T ic Br ie 7 caines am a r bn a d
. : eg h is ar t és
‘

g o il is fo d eo g Go n a d an d s in ro cl o s g e l 7 eg em art o s anerin n I S Si d in
a n r ich s i n ro a iric fe it & c
p .
390 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

th e I ndr a -like rep e t i t i on of ’

Gov ann on s
int erference ,

which m ak e s D yl an di e e very day an d a s o ft en pl u nges

t h e symp a t hizi n g bill ows in l ou d gri e f Bu t t h e d e f e a t
.

’
o f d a rkn e ss m eans t h e vic t o ry o f t h e s u n s ligh t ; s o t h e

s t ory o f Dyl a n in it s m o st m o d ern ech o m ay b e s a id t o

, ,
’
giv e t h e c ont e st t h at i t era t i o n which Gwydi o n s a c t i on in
b ri n ging L l e w b a ck t o lif e a sec ond t im e fa ils t o e xpr e ss .

This l ea ds u s r ou nd t o wh e r e w e w ere b e fo re s et t ing

o u t o n t his di gressi o n ; w e w e r e t h e n o cc u pi e d wi t h t h e

s t o ry o f L l e w an d w e m u st n o w say s o m et hing of his

,

I ri sh c ou nt erp a rt wh o m it is imp os s ibl e n ot t o rec o gniz e

,

in L u g L am -fa d a o r L of th e L ong -h a nd t h ou gh t h e
,
.
,

s t o ri e s a b ou t t h e t w o s e ld o m c o incide ; b u t t h a t is o wing

in a gre at m ea su r e t o t h e imp ort a n t diff erenc e of t re at

m ent which l et s L u g a ct f or h imself inst e a d of u nd e r
,

t h e ae gis o f his fa t h e r a s is m o s t ly t h e c a s e wi t h L lew

,
.

’
T h e D o n e g a l s t o ry o f L u g s birt h is p e rh aps t h e on e t h at
c o m e s n ea re s t t o t h at of L l ew : a cc o rding t o t h e f o rmer h e
w a s a s it will b e r e m e mb er e d (p
,
t h e son o f M a c
.

Kin eel y a n d E t h n ea a n a m e m o re c o rr e ct ly wri t t en E t hn e

,

wi th a g eni t iv e E th nenn als o writ t e n E thlenn (o r E th l en d )

,

S O t h at L u
g is n o t u nfr e q u e n t ly c a ll e d L u
g m ac E t h l en n ,
’
wi t h th e u su a l pr e dil e c t i o n fo r t h e m o th e r s n a me Bu t .

’
t h e r e i s a n o t h e r a cc o u n t o f L u g s o rigin , which giv e s

him for fa t h e r on e w h o w ou ld s e e m t o h av e b ee n hims elf

a p ers onifi ca t i o n o f t h e s u n His n a m e w a s C ian which
.
,

a pp ea rs t o b e n o o t h e r w o rd t h a n t h e Irish a dj e c t ive

‘ ’
e ia n
,
far, dis t ant , rem ot e : in t h a t c a s e t h e fi t n e ss o f
t h e n a me n ee ds n o rem ark , t h e Su n - g o d being n o t u nf re

qu ent ly repr e sent ed a s c oming fro m a fa r O n th e s u bj e c t .

’
o f C ia n s id e n t i t y t here wer e di ffe r e n t O pini o ns on e o f ,

which m ak e s him s on of Di a n C e ch t , a n d says , c ont r ary

 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 391

t o th e m o dern v e r s i on t h a t B a l er b e tro th e d his da u gh t e r

,

t o t h e l a t t e r d u ring a t r u c e b et we e n t h e Fo m ori a n d t h e
’
T u a t h a D e D an a n u 1 An ot her s t ory m ak e s L u g s fa t h e r
.

C ian t h e s on o f o n e C a in t e a n a me which ma y be id en
2
,

t ifi e d wi th t h a t in s t o ries which m en t i on a C ian s on o f

A il il l A u l o m ; fo r C a in ta me an t a s a t iris t an d A il il l w a s
3
,

r epr e s en t e d as a p o e t th er e being in fa c t p o e ms ex t-an t , , ,

4
which are a scribed t o him H e w a s h owever, m o re .
,

t h an a p o et or s a t iris t being a f o rm a s t h e n ame w ou ld , ,

indic a te o f t h e C el t ic Dis o r g o d O f d a rkn e ss an d d eat h

, ,
.

H is e pi the t of A u l o m o r O l o m li t era lly m ea n t e ar b a re

‘ - ’
,

which is e xpl a ined by a s to ry r el a t ing h ow o n a N o v e mb e r

e v e o n e o f t h e T u a t h a D é D a n an n g o dd e ss e s s t ripp e d t h e

skin an d t h e fl es h c o mpl et ely o ff on e o f his e ar s le a ving ,

him e v er af t er u nd er t h a t bl e mish which she is s aid t o ,

h a ve inflic t ed o n him in re ta li at i on for inj u ry a n d o u t

5
ra g e On t h e o th er h a nd h e w a s p o ss e ss e d o f a pr o j ec t
.
,

ing t e e th t h e ven o m fr o m which w a s irr e si s t ibl e a n d h e

, ,

is s a id t o h a v e t r e ach er ou sly pl ant ed it in t h e ch eck o f a

-
s t ep son o f his wh en h e appr o a ch e d t o bid him farewell : 6
,

A il ill kn e w it w o u ld kill him wi thin nine d ays which ,

w a s his wi s h .

’
A i l ill s wif e w a s c a ll e d Sa db an d she w a s a dr u idess ,

1
H arl . MS . 528 0, fo l . 6 3a . I n th e same M S 19 a .
,
an d in t h e
Bk .
f o
g i
th e D a n , 1 24b, L
s a ll e d s o n o f o n n s o u
n o f Ec n e — L u
g C th
p i
m c C u ind mi c E t h l c n d a e d g re e o e rw s e u n k n o w n t o m e : o s s
—
th i p i
h c
b l y , o w e ve r, C u i n d a m e i n as C ui nn a n d as a m s a k e fo r Ge n e, t h e it
g e n o f C i a n T en E
. n e w o u ld b e m o
. h th
er o f O ia n a n d g ra n d m o er th th
of L ug .

2
A t l a n t is , iv 1 6 9 ; . J oy c ’
e s O ld Cel t ic R o ma n ces , p . 43 .

2 ’
C C u rr i
y j , . 139, 1 49 ; Fo u r A l a s t ers , A D 241 . . .

57-
’
4
O C u rry , ij . 8 .
5
Bk .
f
o L e ins ter, 28 8 a .

6
l b 291 17 , 292a ; t h e Bo dl e y
. MS L . a nd . 6 10, fo l 95 02 .
392 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

given t o p o et ry an d divinat i on , t h at is t o sa y , she w as a

l ady of th e s a m e cl a ss a s Ari a nrh o d , w h o w a s a ls o a s er
1
cer e ss . As Sh e w a s on e da y S i tt ing by h er h u sband in
his ch a ri ot t h ey p a ssed u nd er a t h orn which h a d a g oo d
,

cro p o f sl o es o n it : sh e wished t o eat o f t hem, an d A ilill

S h o ok t h e br a nch int o t h e ch a ri ot s o t h at s h e h a d a s
,

m any a s she l iked Th e y r et u rn e d h o me an d Sh e ga v e

.
,

bir t h t o C ian a sm o ot h f a ir lu st y son bu t h e h a d t h e

, , ,

p e c u li ari t y t h at a s or t of ridg e o f skin or c au l e x t e nded

o ver his h e a d fr o m e ar t o ear an d a s h e gr e w t h at e x cres
, ,

c enc e a ls o gr e w So wh en he bec a m e a m an , h e did n ot

.

s u ffer t h o se w h o sh ave d him t o live t o div u lg e t h e s e cr et .

A t l e ng t h he h a d a b arb er w h o c ame t o his w o rk prep a r e d

for him a n d t old him s o
,
He u ndid th e c o vering o f
.

’
Ci a n e h ea d an d p e rc e iv e d t h e r ea s on why he h a d his
,

b arb ers kill e d ; th e n he ripped u p t h e abn o rm al Skin o n

his h ea d wh e r eu p o n there l eap e d ou t a w orm, which
,

sp rang qu ickly t o t h e t op of t h e h o u s e, an d su bs e qu en t ly
t wist e d i t s elf a b ou t t h e p o in t o f his spe a r T h e b arb e r .

an d A ilill wished t o h av e it kill e d a t o nce bu t Sa d b

, ,

fea ring l e s t C ian w a s fa t ed t o h a v e t h e s a m e sp an o f life

a s t h e w o rm pr e v a iled on h er h u sb and t o h a v e a pl a c e
,

m a d e for it wh ere it sh o u ld b e s u pplied wit h pl ent y t o

,
’
e at. T h e w o rm t h e n , like F enri s W olf, grew a p a c e an d ,

it s h ou s e h a d t o b e e nl a rg e d for it ; by t h e en d o f t h e
ye a r it h a d a hu ndr e d h ea ds ea ch of which w o u ld h a v e
,

swa ll o w e d a warri or wi t h his arms an d all S u ch w a s it s .

v e ra c it a n d th e r a v a g e s it beg a n t o c o mmi t t h at it cr ea t e d
y ,
’
c ons t ern a t i on , an d A i l ill ob t ained Sa db s c onsent t o kill
t h e m ons t er ; s o t h e wh ole pl a c e w a s s et on fi re , in t h e

1 S ee t h e T al iess in p oe m ,
NO . 1 6 ; S k e n e, ij . 159
.
394 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

w as permi tt e d t o ch ange hims elf b a ck in t o t h e hu m an

fo rm , wh en he in v a in r ep eat e d his previ ou s r e qu e s t .

Th en he t old his fe es t h at h e h a d ou t w it t ed t hem , a s t h e y

w o u ld n ow h a ve t o pa y t h e eric for killin g a m an an d
n o t a b e a s t a dding t h at t heir a rms w ou ld b e tr a y t h e deed
,

t o his s on L u g Bu t Bri a n s a id t h a t t hey w o u ld u se n o

.

a rms , s o t h e y beg a n s t oning C ian u n t il t h e y h a d r e d u c e d

his b o dy t o a cru shed m ass Wh en t h ey pr o c ee d e d t o .

b u ry it , t h e eart h w ou ld n o t ret ain it ; t hey t ried it Six

t imes a n d t h e e art h c a s t it u p e a ch t ime ; bu t wh e n it
,

w a s b u ri e d t h e sevent h t im e , it w as n o t c a s t u p Ci en .

t o ld Bri a n b efo r e h e died t h at t h e re nev e r h ad b ee n sl a in ,

a n d n e v e r w o u ld b e sl a in a nyb o dy for wh o m a gr e a t er ,

eric wou ld h a v e t o b e p a id t h an for him : it t u rned ou t

s o ; for L u g disc ov e red th e m u rd e r e rs , an d c u nn i ngly

imp o s e d on t h e m, wi th t h e appro va l of t h e T u ath a D é

Da nan n , an e ric which l o o ked a t rifl e , bu t w a s s oo n fo u nd
t o inv o lv e t h e s ons o f T u irenn in a dv e nt u res o f u nh ea rd
o f t o il an d d a ng e r a t t h e cl o se o f which t h e y di e d mis e
,

r abl o f t h e ir w o u nds T h e t a le is on e o f t h e m o s t
y .

1 2
fa m ou s in Irish li t erat ur e ; bu t an ot h er a cc ou nt m ak e s
L u g Sl a y th e t hre e wi th his ow n h a nd in Man b ey ond
t h e Sea Bria n a n d his br o th ers are s om e t im e s c all e d
.

3
o r t h e t hre e g o ds of d a n t h a t is t o s ay o f
’
tri d ee d ana , ,

pr ofessi on a l skill or t al ent , a s t h e t erm cl an is c omm o nly

1
I t is k n o w n as h of th e Chi ld ren o f T u iren an d w i ll be
t h e D e at n,

fo u n d ed it ed ,
w ith an E g l i s h t ran s l a ti o n by O C r y in t h e A tl a t is
n
’
u r ,
n ,

Vo l i v 159, & c ; s ee al so an E gl i s h v ers i o n in J oy c e s O l d Cel ti c

’
. . . n

R oma nces , pp . 37 — 96 .

2
O nl f o m a ve se
y k n o w n t o me r r
qu o t ed by Keat i n g , p . 1 22 .

Bk f L ei s t er 1 0a ; Kea ti g p c omp are Corma c s

3 ’
. o n ,
n , . 1 22 Gl oss ary ,
t h e S t ok es -
O D on o van e d p 1 45
’
. . .
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 395

in t e rpre t ed ; b u t th ou gh Bri a n is r epr e sen t e d a s a v ali a n t

wa r ri o r an d skilled a s dr u id a n d p o et , o n e fa ils t o se e
why h e a n d his br o thers sh oul d be a ssign e d a pl a ce o f
-e min enc e in t his respec t a b o v e m any o t h ers o f t h e
p r o

T u a t h a D é D an ann ; an d I sh ou ld b e inclined t h e refo re

t o giv e t h e w ord d an in c o nnec t i o n wi t h t h e f o rmer it s
, ,

1
o t h e r m ea ning o f des t iny or fa t e a n d t o r e g a rd t h e ,
’
b ro th ers wh o se nu mber t hree reminds on e o f Mid e r s
,

t hr e e birds an d t heir c o gn a t e s (p a s t h e m e ss e ng e rs .

o f fa t e a n d d e a t h This w o u ld expl a in why t h e y are

.

a ls o f ou nd m en t i o n e d a s t h e t hree s o ns o f D a n u th e ,

g o dd e ss o f d ea t h fr o m wh o m th e T u a th a D é w e r e c ol
,

l e c t iv el y s o c a lled Th e y a re s o me t imes f u r t h e r m a de t o
.

be p a r ex cell ence t h e t hr ee g o ds of t h e T u a th a D é, a n d
2
t o give t h a t gr ou p it s c o mm on n a me wh er ea s t h e r61e ,

a scribed t h e m in t h e s t o ri e s ex t a n t fa il c o mpl e t e ly t o

j u st ify su ch a di s t inc t i on : t his applies t o Brian even

wh e n d u e a cc ou n t is t a k e n o f t h e wo nd erfu l fe a t s a t tri
b u t ed t o him a s a warri o r enga ged in pr o c u ring th e eric ,

h e h a d t o p ay L u g ; an d a s t o hi s br ot h ers t hey are ,

a s s o cia t ed wi t h him m o s t ly a s d u mmies M o re ov er, n o .

t r a ce of a n y s u ch pre - emin e nce a s t h a t here su gge st e d

c a n b e d e t e c t e d in t h e o ld e s t s t o ry kn o wn t o u s t o men t i o n

Bria n n am ely t h a t of C rich u l ain n w ooing Em e r d a u gh t e r

, ,

o f t h e F o m o ri a n chief Fo r a l l M o n a ch Th r e Bri a n is
g ,
e .

1
A s, i s t a c e in t h e Bk of th e D a 39a : b éi i d a n d O i b
fo r n n , . n,
‘
n

or b a d o gahai l T h e Wel s h fo rm is d a w n t al e n t ge i u s a d m
.
’
,
‘
,
n ,
’
n co

m o l y t h e g ift o f o ra t o y T h e W lsh d I ri s h w o ds a re n ea l y
‘ ’
u r . e an r r

r l t ed t o t h e L
e a tin d o m ; a n d i t is n eed l es t o s ay th a t t h e n am e o f
a na s

t h e g o dd es s D g e iti v e D
a na , n
a nu h as o thi g t o d o w ith th e m
an ,
n n ,

th u g h so m e thi g a pp o achi n g t o a c o fu s i o f th es e w o d s m y b e
o n r n on r a

fo u d e v i d en c ed i c nj ect u e rep a t ed by K e a ti ng p 122

n n a o r e ,
. .

S ee t hi s v i e w q u o t e d by Kea ti g p 120 n ,
. .
396 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

1
c ou pled wit h B al or a s on e of th e st ou t henchmen o f
Forg a l l , an d we h a ve t o r e ga rd him like Ba l e r a s a , ,

F o m oria n bu t a s a messenger of fa t e a n d de a t h it w a s ,

n at ura l t o a ss o ci at e him wi th Danu in h er ch ar a ct er of

g o dd e ss of d ea th , an d it w a s als o n at u ra l t hat t h ere
s h o u ld b e h o s t ili t y be t w ee n him an d L u g , w h o p u nish e d

h im for t h e d ea t h of his f at her C ian

_
2
.

T h e e ric imp o sed by L u g on t h e t hre e br o th ers co m

el l e d t h e m t o pr o c u r e for him c er t a in fa b u l ou s we ap ons ,
p
which h e sh o u ld r e qu ire in a gre at b a t t l e for which h e
w a s b u sily pr ep a ring T h e s t o ry eu h e m eriz e s th e c onflict
.

int o a n imp or tant hi s toric a l s tr u ggle ; bu t in r ea lit y t h e

a n t a g o nis t ic p a r t i e s w e r e t h e p o w ers o f e vil an d d arkness

u nd e r t h e n a me o f t h e Fo m ori o r t h e dw ell e rs in t h e s ea ,
,

a n d t h e T u a th a D é D ana nn u nd e r t h e r u l e o f N u a d a of

t h e S ilv e r Ha nd , wh o s e c onn e c t i ons w ere of a very dif

feren t kind His su bj ec t s were u nd er t rib u t e t o t h e
.

F e mori w h o o ppre ss e d th e m in v ari ou s wa ys , u nt il t h e

,

h er o L u g su ccessfu lly l e d hi s h o s t t o t h e ir a t t a ck Bu t .

on e d a pr e vi o u s t o t h a t ev e n t t h e T t h a D e D an an u
y ,
u a

h app ened t o be h o lding an a ss embly wh en t hey b eh eld ,

c o ming t o wa rds t h e m L u g an d hi s fo ll o wers This is th e .

d e scrip t i o n giv e n o f t h e m : O n e y o u ng man c a m e in th e

“

1
Bk . o f h ere t h ey are c all ed B i o n 7 Bo l o
th e D a n , 1 23a , w
‘
r r
.
’

2
A di fferen t acc ou n t fro m t h e fo eg o i n g o f t h e d ea th o f C ian w as
r

k ow n t o t h e Fo r M a s ters w h o s ay th t h e fel l in t h e y ear 241 a t

n u ,
a

t h e Batt l e o f S a mh ai w hich t h e l earn e d e d it o r O D o n o v an w o u l d

’
n,

i d e tify w ith a C n o c -S a mk h a n ear B u ree in t h e c o u n ty O f L i meric k

n r

b u t thi s is qu it e c o n s i s t en t w ith t h e m o re u su l m ean i g o f S a mh a i n

a n

a t h e I i s h n am e fo r N o v emb er-
s r ev e A S am h a i n b a tt l e w ou l d p o i n t
.

t o a ti m e n o t o i o u sl y i n au s pici o u s t o C el tic s ol ar h ero es a n d su ch a

r ,

c n flict m igh t ob vi ousl y rage at more th an on e Sp o t an d in m ore th an

o

o e s to
n r
y .
398 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

on e of t h e t r ea s u r e s of th e T
is it u at h a D é Dan ann ; n or

n e c e ssa ry t o p o in t o u t t h e p a ra ll elism b e t we en his sl a ying

’
o f Ba l e r a n d L l e w s t ran sfi x in his riv a l by a c a st o f his
g
s pe a r which an in t ervening r o ck w a s n ot en o u gh t o s t e
, p
in it s fa t a l c ou rse .

B e fo r e pro ce e ding fu r ther it will b e we ll t o say s o me ,

t hin g a b ou t t h e n a m e s L l e w a n d L u g T h e f o rm e r is .

in p o int O f s ou nd t h e s ame w o rd a s t h e W elsh for l ie n ;

b u t on l o o kin g cl o s e ly in t o t h e p a ss a ges wh e r e t h e n a m e o f
t h e Su n -g o d o cc u rs it pr ov e s t o h a v e b ee n o rigina lly n ot
,

1
L l e w bu t L 1eu ; bu t a s m e di ae va l Sp elling did n o t al
ways c ar efu lly di s t ing u i s h t h e s o u n d s o f u w an d a, it is ,

o nly t h e a ss o n a nces an d rhymes t h at c an be t h o r ou ghly

d e cisiv e in t hi s m at t e r A c o u ple o f s u ch ins tanc e s o ccu r

.

2
in a p oe m in t h e B o ok of T al ie s s in ; on t h e o t h er h and ,

t h e M ab in o g i of M at h h a s a lwa ys L lew e xc e p t in o n e ,

3
r e m arkabl e pl a c e I t will be r e m e mb e r e d t h a t wh e n
.

Gwy di o n su sp e c t e d t h at he h a d f ou nd L lew in t h e fo r m
o f a w ou nd e d an d wr e t ch e d e a gl e o n t h e t op o f a n oa k

t r e e h e s a ng t hr e e vers e s o f p oet ry t o him , a t ea ch o f

,

which t h e ea gl e d e sc end e d a li t tl e s o t ha t a t l a st h e l et ,
’
him s el f d ow n on Gwydio n s l ap , t o b e cha ng e d by t h e

1
T h e d i fferen c e o f s ou n d a m o u n t s t o t hi s : t h e em in L l ew is s ou n d e d

i
l ke It al i an cu in E u rop a , an d h at l i k e C o c k y o w in
s om e w ne
‘
down
t ow n ; w hi l e t h e
’
en i n L l eu c o s i s ts app ro xi ma t el y o f German
n e fo l
l o w e d by Germ an
2
S k en e, ij . 1 58 , w h ere th e i n s ta n c es a re l l eu , gy nh eu , an d l ie u ,
k a d en . I h av e
t i t h e s ame v o l m e a i ci i
n o ed n p u n n de s v e l l ev a t 31, .

w hi l e p assag e s a t pp 1 7 6 190 21 1 m ak e fo r L l eu o l l eu
.
, , ,
r .

3
B t it is w o rth y o f n o t e t h a t w h e e t h e s c ib e fi rs t c am e a c ro ss
u r r

th e m e h e b eg a n t o w rit e l i e u th o g h h e e d e d by m ak i g it i n t o
na ,
u n n

ll 6 th t is t o y L l ew S o o e may i fer th a t t h e M S b fo
°

e ,
a sa , . n h im n . e re

r a d e ith er [ ten o r l l eo : s ee R B M a b p 7 1 an d e d s no t e p 31 2
’
e . . . . . .
, .
,
 v . TH E S UN HE R O . 399

t ou ch his wand in t o his f o rmer Sh ape N ow th e scrib e

of .

o f t h e Mab in o g i giv e s t h e se vers e s in a v e ry c o nfu s e d

o r th o gr a phy , cle a rly l ea ving it t o b e s e en a s he d o es ,

a ls o in o t h e r p ar t s o f t h e t al e t h a t h e w a s c o pying fr o m ,

a n O ld m a nu scrip t which he did n o t a lwa ys u nders t and .

Wh e n r e s t o r e d t o wh a t m u s t h a ve a ppro xim at e ly b e en
t h e ir o rigin a l f o rm t h e y r e q u ir e u s t o r e a d n ot L lew b u t
,

L l eu , an d t hey w oul d t hen ru n s o mewh a t a s fo ll o ws : 1

1 .

D ar dy f y
a rw n g d eu l y n n , A gro w s b e t w een t w o l ak es
n o ak

Go rd u fry ch aw
yr a
gl y n n Bl a c k a n d s p ec k l e d are S k y a n d gl en
O ni d y w et t a f i eu , I f my s p eech b e n o t u n t ru e,
E u l o d eu L l e u p an y w h y n n . H ere are t h e m em b ers of L l eu .

2 .

D ar d y f y n ard fae s
a
’

A n o ak p l o gh ed fi el d
g ro w s in a u

N is g w l y ch g w l a w n is mw y R a i n w e t s it n o t n r h e t m el t s it m o e o a r

t a w d t es N inc s c o re p a g s h a ve b e e d red n e n n u

N aw u
g e in an ge rd a e r es b th I n i t s t o p by L l e u L l a w g y tfes .

Yn y b l a en L l eu L l a w gyffes

3 .

D ar a d y f d au an w aeret A n oa b el o w t h e s l o p e
k gro w s
M ire iu m e d r i m ’
i w el e t A fa i hit th a t I S h u l d s e e h im
r o

O ni d y w ett af i eu I f m y S p e e ch b e n o t u n t ru e ,

L l eu w i ll c o m e t o my l ap
’
E f dy d a w L l e u i m h a rfl e t
‘

1
T h e m an u s c ript read s :
‘
D ar d y f y r6 n g d eu l e n n g o rd u w ry ch
a .

aw
y r a gl e n o n y d y w e t a f. eu i o ulodeu ll e 6 p an y 6 h y mn.
’ ‘
D ar a .

d y t y n a rd u ae s n y s g 61y eh g l a 6 n y s m 6 y t a 6 d n a 6 u g e in an ge rd
. . .

a b o rt h e s
yn y l aen l l e 6 l l a 6 gy ffes
.
’
b
‘
D ar a d y t d an an w ae re t . .

m irein m e d a r y m y w e o n y d y w e d af ef t
dy d a 6 l l e 6 y in h a rffe t
.
’
i . .

S e e t h e R B Ill a b pp 7 8 -9 L cn f r l y a d g l n f g l y S h w
. . . . . n o nn , n e or nn , o

t h s m e f s hi o n o f p el l i g s R es fo R h y o
e a a a hi h l y o r
S
g me t ed
n a r s n na n

c os s at L l an t w it w hich can h a dl y be l t er th n t h 1 l t h c t u ry
r , r a a e en

ip t i e B it Ch i t i a) N o 63 d VVe t w o o d s
’ ’
s e H
e b e u I n rs n s cr on s r . r s an , .
,
an s

L p id i m l V l l i
a ar u p 1 1 pl te 5 T h e
a of o l de
ee , . fo r l t e r ,
a . on n o u, a

m re u s ll y w itt e n l d eu l i mb s m e mb m u s t d a t if
’
e l o d eu
‘
u o ua r ae o e rs , e,
, , ,

my t s l ti n b e
ra n ai g ht f o m t h e p l l i g f O ld W l h in th e t ech n ic al
o r ,
r S e n o
'

e s

s en s e o f t h e t erm l e t u s s a o f t h e 9t h or l 0t h c e n t ury
y , .
400 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

T he pl a ce referre d t o in t hese verses w as b ey o nd d ou b t

h ard by t h e deu -ly nn o r t w o l ak e s n ea r B al a D e u l y n , in
,

t h e va lley of N ant l l e in C arna rv o nshir e The ol d p ro

‘

’
n u n cia t ion o f t h e n a me N a n t h e w a s N an t li eu m e a ning
,

N a n t- L l eu , th e Va ll e y or Gl enn of L l eu ; bu t wh e n it
c a m e t o be pr ono u nc e d a s a S ingle w ord a cc ent ed on t h e
fir s t syll able , t h e u w a s li a ble t o b e dr opped O fi , as in
‘ ’
o t h e r w o rds : c o mp a re bore fo r boreu , m orning an d y el e ,
’
for y elen, a leech ; b u t we n e ed n o t r e ly on t h is a l o n e ,
for t h er e is e vid enc e r ea dy t o h a nd in o n e o f t h e Ver s e s
o f t h e Gr a ves , which , red u ced t o a c o nsis t en t spelling ,

1
r u ns t hu s :
Y be d y n g orth ir N an t fi eu T h e g rav e in t h e u pl an d o f N an t li e,
Ni wy r n eb i
g y n n c d fe u N o b o dy k n o w s it s p ro p e rt i es
M ab o n fab M o dro n gl eu I t is Mab on ’
s, th e sw ift s on o f Mod ron .

The scribe o f th e Mabin o g i m ake s th e vall e y c alled a ft e r

‘ ’ ’
L l eu in t o Na nt y L l ew, t h e L i o n s Glen a s h e w a s l e d ,
’
t o d o s o by his h abi t o f m aking L l eu s n a me in t o L l e w ,

a n d c o nfirm e d in his err o r by misint erpr et ing t h e N a n tl l ev

o r N a n t ll en o f t h e m a nu scrip t h e h a d b e f ore him This .

incid ent ally pro v e s t hat h e h a d n o p e rs ona l a cqu a int a nc e

wit h th e neighb ou rh o o d of Sn owd o n ; an d t h e s a me wa nt
o f f a mili a ri t y wi t h N o r t h Wa l e s is s u gg e s t e d by his O nc e

m aking int o C y nw a el t h e Ff e s t ini o g river C yn v a el , n o w

c all e d th e Ky n v al in M eri onet h ,
2
Fr o m t h e s am e l a ck
.

3
o f a cqu a in t anc e wit h t h e di s t ric t , h e wr o t e a ls o D in l l e f
‘

1
Pu b l i s h ed in t h e M y vy ria n A rch . of W l es a , Vol . i . 7 8 , w h ere
p ri n t ed a s foll o w s
‘
Y Be d y n go rth ir N an l l au
N y n y r n eb y gy n n e dd feu
M ab o n v ab Me d rou gl au .
’

2
R . B . M ab
. p . 74
.
3
R . B Mab . . p . 71 .
402 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

kn o ll grey r o ck wi th a cl e ft in it I n t h e cl eft t h ere

a .

1
w a s a serp ent a n d cl o s e by a p u re whi t e li o n t h a t wi s h e d
,

t o p a ss , b u t t h e s e rp e nt w o u ld d a rt a t him t o bi t e him .

O w e in j u dging t h e li o n t h e n o bl e r a nim al , a ppr o a ched ,

,

a n d qu ickly c u t t h e r e p t il e in t w o wi t h his sw o rd wher e ,

u p o n t h e li o n f o ll o w e d him , a s it were a gr e yh ou nd A t .

t h e a ppr oa ch o f night t h e grat efu l b ea st w e n t o u t t o

hu nt for him an d br ou gh t b a ck a fi n e r o eb u ck whi ch
, ,

O w ein c o o k e d an d d u ly divid e d b e t w ee n him an d t h e

li o n Wh e n e v er O w e in fo u ght a ft erwa rds an d w a s lik e ly
.

t o b e h a rd pr e ssed , t h e li o n w ou ld c o m e t o his r e scu e

a n d kill his a n t a g onis t s : n othing c o u ld pre vent him .

O n o n e o cc a si on he w a s sh u t u p wit hin t h e high wa lls

o f a c a s t l e , w h il e O w e in w a s t o figh t a d u el o u t side wi t h

a bru t a l gi an t w h o d e v ou r e d men an d w o men ; bu t i t

w a s n o t l o ng ere t h e li o n g o t o n t h e b a t t l e m ent s an d ,
’
le ap e d d o wn t o de al O w ein s a n t a go nist a fat a l w ou nd .

An ot h er t im e t h e li o n w a s c onfin e d in a s t o n e pris o n ,
whil e O w ein fou ght a ga ins t t w o m en w h o w er e like ly t o
giv e him t r ou bl e a n d t h e b ea st n e v er r e st e d t ill h e forc e d
,

2
his w ay ou t an d kill e d b o th S o m e w o u ld s ay t h at t h e
.

li on w a s a pr op er r epr e s ent a t iv e of t h e s u n a n d t h e s e rp en t ,

o f d a rkn e ss , which m a y d o for c ou nt ri e s wh e r e t h e l ien

is a t h o me ; b u t t h a t t h e Welsh t a l e sh o u ld h av e fix e d
o n t h a t p a r t ic u l a r br u t e f orm is d u e p a r t ly if n ot wh o lly , , ,

‘ ’
t o t h e n a me L lew an d it s o rdin a ry m ea ning of li on .

1
S ee t h e R . B . Ma b . p . 18 6, w h ere
th at t h e M S it w i ll be s een .

c al l s t h e l i o n p rd p u el y b l ack bu t t h e ol d er M S c al l ed R h y
u u,
‘
r .
,

d erch s Whit e Bo o k (in t h e H en g w rt C o l l ec t i o n ) c ol 234 c al l s t h e

’
,
.
,

b eas t p réy n o r p u rel y w hite w hich is my th ol og ic all y d ou btl ess mo e

u , ,
r

c o ect
rr .

2
R B M a b pp 18 6 191 ; Gu es t i 7 5 — 8 1
. . . .
—
, . .
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 403
0 )

T he s t o ry Sh ap e d a cc ordingly re a ch e d th e C o n t inen t
, , ,

a n d w a s el a b o ra t e d in t o a r o m a nce c a ll e d t h e Ch e v a li e r

a u L i o n t h e o lde s t e di t i o n o f which is a scrib e d t o Chr e s

,

t i e n d e Tr oy e s w h o liv e d in t h e t w e lf t h c e n t u ry : it h e
,

c a m e p op u l ar al s o in Germ a ny an d re a ch e d Sc andin a vi a
,
.

Why a wild b eas t o f an y kind Sh o u ld h a v e b e e n intr o

d u ce d in t o t h e s t ory o f O w ein , esp e ci a lly a s it w o u ld
s e e m t o dis tu rb th e symm e t ry o f t h e my t h is a q u e s t i o n
,

o f s o m e diffic u l t y re a ching bey o nd t h e infl u enc e o f t h e

,

n ame L lew Fo r a l i t t le b e fore O w e in c a me a cr o ss t h e

.

whi t e li on he h a d b ee n a v o iding t h e h a u n t s o f men a n d

,

livi n g wi t h wild b ea st s H e h a d in fa ct been like o n e

.

o f t h e m an d his b o dy h a d b e c o m e c o ver e d wi t h h a ir like

,

t h e irs
. N o w t his is an incid e n t which h a s it s p a ra ll e l in
t h e m a dn e ss o f C rich u l a inn an d in t h e pr e t end e d d u mb
,

ness o f Pe re d ur wh en h e a v o ids t h e ab o deS O f Chris t ia ns ;

a n d i t b e l o ngs t o t h e h ere a s a f or m o f t h e S u n - o d s o
g ,

t h a t t o in t r o d u ce t h e Su n -g o d in t h e f o rm o f a wild b ea s t

a s w e ll w ou ld s e em t o b e d e trap T o this it migh t p er .

h aps be a nswer e d t ha t it is u seless t o e xp e c t t h or ou gh

,

c onsis t ency in su ch m a t t ers ; a n d on e migh t e ve n q u o t e

a s a ki nd o f p a ra ll e l t h e c a s e t o b e m e n t i o n e d l a t e r o f
, ,

a h o rs e o f t h e Irish S u n H e r o C on a ll C ern ach f oll o w

, ,

ing him t o figh t wit h his t ee t h o n b eh alf o f his m a s te r .

Bu t p o ssibly t h e s t o ry of O i a n o ff ers a be t t er p a ra ll e l ,

wh e n it r epr e sent s him t aking a dva n ta g e o f s o m e swin e

he sa w n o t far o ff o n t h e pl a in t o ch ang e hims el f t o t h e
,

f orm t h a t w a s th e ir s ; a n d t h e st o ry o f O w e in s eem s t o u s
t o s u gg e s t t h a t o rigin ally it m a d e O w e in hims elf b e c o m e
a b e a s t a n d n o t simply v e ry lik e on e
,
T h e s trang e n e s s .

o f a s t o ry r epr e s e n t ing t h e s am e individ u a l a s a knigh t

a n d a s a wild b ea s t s u cc e s siv e ly w ou ld b e e l imin a t ed by

,

2 n 2
404 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

pl a cing t h e be a st by t h e sid e o f th e knight a s his c om

p a ni o n an d a lly Add t o t hese s u ndry p o in t s o f c on tac t
.

b et w een t h e s t ori e s m en t i oned th e v ers e cit e d a s pl a cing

,

t h e gr a v e o f M ab o n t h e W el s h equ iv al e nt of t h e Ap oll o
,

M a p on o s of t h e C el t s of a nt iqu i t y (pp 21, 27- . 9) a t

’
N an t l re wh ere L l eu w a s a t l a s t disc o v e red by Gwydi on
, ,

a n d on e will h a rdly b e a bl e t o a v o id c o ncl u ding t h a t w e ,

here h a ve r el at e d s t o ries h a nd e d d o wn t o u s in a fra g

,

m ent a ry f orm which l ea v e s it imp ossible t o a sc er ta in in

wha t e xa ct w a y t h ey w er e r el a t e d t o o n e an o th er A t .

t h e p o int which w e h a v e r e a ch e d on e o f t h e chi ef t hings

,

wa n t ing is e vid e nc e t h at O w ein w a s a t an y t im e c alled

L l ew o r L l eu We h a v e e vid enc e, on t h e o ther h a nd
.
,

t h a t L l eu w a s r epr e s en t e d a s a wild b ea s t ; in fa c t t h a t ,

is th e o n ly f orm wit h which h e is inv e st e d by t h e folk -l o re

o f m o d ern Sn o wd o ni a . T h e f o ll o wing is t h e s u bs t anc e
o f wh a t I h a v e b ee n a bl e t o l ea rn a b o u t him

T h e r oa d fr o m C a rn arv o n t o t h e r o m a n t ic vill a ge of
B e d g el ert p a ss e s pr et t y cl o s e t o a l ak e c a lled L ly n y
Ga d a ir t h e L ak e o f t h e S ea t ; an d t h ere is a s t o ry cu r
,

r ent in t h at p art o f t h e c o u n t ry t h a t a l ong whi l e a g o a

li tt le kn oll b et ween t h e l ake a n d t h e r o a d w a s t h e s e a t o f
a s t r a ng e b ea s t c a ll e d t h e A a rw ry ehy n o r t h e G o ld -
,
b rist l e
in f a c t t h e n a m e o f t h e l ak e in fu ll is e xpl a in e d t o h a v e
,
‘
b e e n L ly n C a da ir y r A a rwry ehy n t h e L a k e of t h e G o ld
,
’ ’
bris t l e s Seat . H e is s a id t o h a v e b e e n in fo rm s o m e
wh a t like an e x ; bu t he w a s c o v ere d wi th g o ld br ist l e s ,

a n d h e a ppe a r e d on e m a ss o f brilli an t g o ld s o t h a t wh e n
,

t h e s u n sh on e on h im n ob o dy c o u ld l o ok a t him O ne
.

’
d a y h ow e v e r a h u n t er s h o u nds ch a sing t h e re d d e e r
, , , ,

c am e a c ro ss G o ld -bri s t l e an d p u rs u e d him a c ro s s t h ro u gh
t h e p a ss c all e d D rw s y C o ed , whic h o p ens in t o t h e
406 v . TH E SUN HE RO .

m ou t h of t h e L l y vni is t h e hu ge a r t ificia l m ou nd c alled

’
D in a s Din rl e which d at e s pr ob ably b e f o r e t h e R o m a n
,

o cc u p a t i on t h e R o m ans b e ing s u pp o s e d t o h a v e m a de
,

u s e o f it I t s fu t u r e se ems t o b e gr a du a l d e m o li t i o n by
.

t h e wa ves o f t h e Irish Sea u nl e ss it is t o e xp eri enc e t h e ,

s t ill w o rse m isf or t u n e of b e ing d e s e crat e d by t h e b u ild ers

of so - c a lled w a t e ring -pl a c e s I t w a s a t D ina s D in rl e ’
.

t h a t L leu sp en t a p a r t o f his b oy h oo d ; an d in a p o e m in
t h e Bl a ck B ook o f C a rm ar t h e n (p 27 2) it is c all e d ca er .

l ee a y w idion , or t h e F or t r e ss o f L l eu a n d Gwydi on
1 .

T h e pr e s ent n a m e D in a s D in fi e is t au t o l o gic al an d m e a ns
, , ,
’ ’ ‘
lit erally t h e Cit y o f L l eu s T own ; t h e w o rd d in, a
‘

’
t o wn or fo r t r e ss , h a ving b e c o m e O bs ol et e h a s h er e b ee n ,

e xpl a ined by pr efi x in g it s syn o nym ou s d e riv at iv e d ina s ,

’2
‘
a t o w n o r ci t y The r ea s ons for g o ing int o t h e s e
.

d et ails will a pp ea r presen t ly ; s u ffice it for t h e pr e se nt

t o r e c a ll t h e s t at em e nt t h a t Din l l e s t a nds f or an o ld e r
‘

’ ’ ’
D in rl eu d er iv e d fr o m L l eu s n a m e an d m ea ning L l eu s ,

t o wn This is pr o v e d by va ri ou s fa c t s ; a m o ng o t h ers
.
,
’
it is indirec t ly pr o ved by t h e D in rl e f of th e scrib e of t h e
M abin o g i of M ath , a s a lr ea dy hint e d ; als o by o n e of t h e
S t anz a s o f th e Graves , which pl a c e s th e grave of Gwydi on

1
Sk en e , ij 5 7 . .

2
O th er O l d h av e o cc as i on al l y b e en t reat ed in t h e s am e w ay
n am es

thu s t h e w o d tref t o w n is s o me ti mes s b s tit t e d for d i as i t h e

r ,
‘
,
’
u u n, n

c as e o f D inmeirch io n w hich h as b c o m T e mei chi on n e S t A ph

,
e e r
’
r ,
ar . sa

i t h e Val e o f C l w y d
n an d s i m i l a l y t h e m thic t o w
y o f A ri an h o d is
r n r

n o l o n g er s p o k en o f in A rv o n a s C a er A r ia
’ ’ ’
h od b u t as T re Ga r A n nr ,

t h re d S ee t h e C y mmro d or v i 1 6 3 w h e e o th er forms a e al s o m en
.
,
.
,
r r

A n th rod s t a d s fo t h e l att er p art o f A ri a n rh od w ith a t h

’
t io ed
n : n r ,

i s t ed b e tw en n — rh as in p enrh y n cy nrh on p o ou n c ed p nth ry n

n er , , ,
r n e

an d cy n th ro i N Wal es w hil e i S W l es th y b ec o m e p cnd ry n a n d

n n .
,
n . a e

cy d n ro n For t h e c as e f C arma rth en s ee p 16 0

. o , . .
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 407

’’
in M o rva Dinfl eu o r th e Ma rsh o f D in rreu Bu t w e ,
1 .

h a v e e vid enc e t h at t h e sh or t er f orm D in tl e w a s a l s o

u s e d esp e ci a lly in t h e sp ok e n l a ng u a ges a s e a rly a s t h e
, ,

2
t hir t e e n t h c en t u ry I t is in t er e s t ing t o a dd t h at t h ere
.

w a s a n o ther Din li e, c all e d in t h e R e d B o ok wher e it is ,

m e n t i o n e d D in fl e Ureconn , whi ch me a n t t h e U ric o ni a n

,
3

o r Wr ekin D in tl e in th e pres ent c oun t y o f S al op ; t h e

,

l onger na me served t o dist ing u ish it fr om t h e o n e in

Arv on .

S u ch are s o me O f t h e fa c t s c onnec t ed wi th t h e his t o ry

o f t h e n a m e L l ew which h a s been t r a c e d t o t h e O lder
,

fo rm L l eu T h e next s t ep is t o a scert a in h o w t his l a t t er

.

s tand s wi th rega rd t o t h e Irish L ay , geni t ive L oy a .

En ou gh is kn own o f th e l a ws of ph on ol o gy ob t a ining in
t h e W e lsh an d Irish l ang u a g e s respec t iv e ly t o l ea ve u s ,

pra c t ic ally in n o d o u b t a s t o t h e id en t i ty of t h e t w o
4
na m e s Tr e a t ing L l eu a n d L ay h e nc e for t h a s on e an d
.

1
T h e l i n es in
p o i t w i l l be fo u n d p in t ed in t h e M y oy i a n A rch of
n r r .

Wa l s i 7 8 bu t a s t h ey th ere s t an d th ey l o o k e xc eed i n gl y c o r u pt
e , .
,
r ,

D in li u h av i n g b ee n p ri n t ed D in l l en w hich ca n o l y b e e xp l a i n ed as
‘

e ,
n

h er s gges t ed
e u .

2
Fo t h e n a m e o cc u s w ith E n g l i s h i h l fo r W l h 11 in t h e R ec ord
r r e s

of C m ro on R ec o rd O ffic e w h ere t h e Vi l l a d e D y n th l e o cc u rs
a
( e ,

m o r th an o n c e pp 20 2 1 22 24
e , .
, , , .

2
R ed B ook co l 1047 ; S k en e ij 28 8 ; R h y s Cel ti c B r it a i
, .
2
p 314 , .
,
n ,
. .

1
T h ere are o th er i s t n c es o f I i s h g o r 09 b ei g r p e en t e d by
“
n a r u n e r s

c u in m ed i aev al We l s h s u ch a s t h e c as e o f t h e Wel h w o rd m n (in

,
s e

a h ermit l i t eral ly s er vu s D ei ) as c o m p a d w ith t h e I i h

’
m -d wy
eu ,
‘
,
re r s

m g g en iti v e m g a
u , a s l av e C o mp are al so t h e L ati n p g il l a res
e ,
‘
.
’
u ,

w iti g t ab l e t s w hic h i el d e d O l d Wel h p o l to r a w os s i n p g il

’
r n
y , g l g s u —
r, a

l
a re m p a g i n m (S t o k e s C a p l l a Gl o s s es i Kil l n s B i t g v ij
a
’
e n i
’
e rrc e, .

t og e th er w ith p e l l a é w hich o cc u rs i a p o m in t h e Bk of T l ic in
u r, n e . a ss

i t h e s e nse o f b o o k s (S k ene ij O l d W l s h 0g s e e m t o
‘ ’
n I ,
. n e ,
s

h ave o cc a i o nal l y b een th u s mad e i n to o n (l a t r n an d o n) mu ch in

s e a
408 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

t he same n ame we h av e nex t t o t ry t o a scer ta in it s o ri

,

in al me ani ng I t is u nf o r t u n a t e t h at Irish li t e ra tu re is
g .

n o t kn o wn t o Sh e d an ligh t on t his p o in t , e xc ep t ing

y
1
t h at on e v o c a b u l a ry giv e s it a s mea ning a h ere ; t h a t ,

h owever , l o oks t oo m u ch lik e a m ere gu ess b a sed on t h e

st o ri e s ab ou t L u g So we h ave t o fall b a ck on W elsh ,.

w hich s u ppli e s r el at e d f o rms in t h e w ords lleu a d - ‘

a ,
’ - -
l u min ary a m o on ; l leu f er (als o ll eu er), a l u mina ry , ‘
,

a ligh t ;
’ -
l l ew y eh ‘
a ligh t o r light ing ;
’ -
l l ewy ch u, t o‘
, ,
’
shin e N a y , ll eu i t s elf o cc u rs a s a n app ell at ive me anin g
.

2
light as, fo r ex a mpl e in th e B o ok o f An eu rin a m anu
, , ,

scrip t su pp o s e d t o be of th e t hir t e ent h or t h e b e ginning

o f t h e fo u r t een t h cent ur y where we m eet wi t h t h e t e rm ,

l len ba bir u sed o f r u sh - ,

ligh t s or th e light deriv e d fro m
t h e r u shes u sed for ligh t ing which a re in m o d ern We lsh ,

3
c all e d n a biey r i
The t erm l leu ba bir a ls o o ccu rs in a
.

p oe m a scrib e d t o Ky n d el w a p o et o f t h e t welf th
4
,

c ent ur y ; bu t t h e fa c t t h at w e have t o g o s o far b a ck for

in st anc e s o f th e w o rd l leu an d t h en o nly t o find it in th e ,

singl e c o mbin at i o n l leu ba bir, o nly s erv e s t o Sh o w t h at it

th e sa me th at E n gl i s h h as m ad e s or ow t al l o w mor o w o u t
w ay r ,
’
,
r ,
’

o f o l d er fo ms c o es p o d i g t o t h e Ge man s o r
r rr
g t l g a n d m org en
n n r ,
a —
.

Fo r m o e a b o t t h e ph o o l ogy o f t h e ch a n g e in q u es ti o n s ee my L ct
r u n
, e .

o n W l s h Ph il pp 6 6 6 7 412
2
e . .
, , .

O D av o en in S t o k es T h ree I ris h Gl ss a ries p 1 03 O R e ill y s

1 ’ ’ ’ ’
r o , . .

D icti on ary g i v es L ogh t h e m ean i ng s o f Go d fi e e th ere al s pi rit s a ‘

,
r ,
,

l o os i g d i s ol v in g u n ty i n g
’
n ,
s , .

2
S k en e, ij 6 6 . .

3 T he ru s h
p eel ed al most c om pl et el y an d th en d ipp ed in t al l o w
is ,

an d thi s fo rm s a c o mmo n m ean s o f l i g hti g u s tic h o m es in Wal es n r .

4
S ee t h e R ed B ook c o l s 11 65-9 t h e p o em h as b een p u b l i s h ed by
, .

m in t h e M n tg omerys h ire Col l ections i ssu d by t h e Po w y s-

e o l an d C l u b e
,

V l xi p 1 7 1-8 s e e m o e es p eci ally pp 17 1 17 7

o . . . r .
, .
410 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

fa ir of T ail l t in a f ortnight before L amm a s an d a for tnigh t

,

a ft e r in imi t a t i o n o f t h e g a mes c a ll e d O lympic an d it is

, ;
fr om t his c omm em orat i o n which Lu gh m a d e, t h at th e n a me
L u g n as a dh is giv en t o t h e fir s t d ay o r c a l e nds o f A u g u st ,
’ ” 1
t h at is t o sa y , L u g h s n as a dh or c o mmem or at i on This .

’
is in h a rm ony wi t h wh at is bri efly sa id in C o rm a c s Gl o s
s ary : L l i g n as ad, i e a c o mmem orat in g ga me or fair ,
. .

t heret o is t h e n a m e n a s a d i e a fes t iva l or g a me o f L u gh

,
. .

m a c E thne or E th l en n , w h ich w a s celebr at ed by hi m in

” 2
t h e b e ginning o f a u t u mn .

Th e se p a ssa g e s d o n ot qu it e s a tisfa c t orily expl a in th e

me ani ng o f th e wo rd n a ss a d ; bu t l e t t h at p a ss for th e pre
’
s ent an d l et u s a dd t h a t O C u rry in ment i oning t his l e gend
,

s ays t h at L u g b u ried his nu rse in a pl a in in t h e pr e s ent

b arony of Kells in t h e c ou nt y o f Me a t h ; t hat h e r a ised
,

o v e r h er a l a rge a r t i fi ci a l hill or sep u lchr a l m o u nd , which

remains t o thi s day ; t h at he ord e red t h er e a c ommem ora

t iv e fe s t iv al , wi t h g a m es an d sp or t s af t er t h e fa shi o n of
o t h e r c o u n t ri e s t o b e held in h er h o n ou r f or ever, an d t h a t
,
3
t h e y w er e c o nt inu ed d o wn t o t h e nint h c ent u ry The .

g a m e s allu de d t o c onsist e d of a v a ri et y of m anly sp ort s

a n d c o n t es t s , bu t o n e o f t heir chi e f ch ar a c t e ris t ics w a s

h ors e -r a cing which r eminds on e of th e ra cing n ea r th e

,
1
t o mb of P a t r o cl u s fo r which Achill e s pr o vided rich prizes
‘
.
,

A fa ir which app ears t o h a ve b ee n o f t h e s ame nat u re

u s e d t o be held on th e c a lends o f Au g u s t als o a t Cr u a ch a n ,

a pl a ce m e n t i on e d in c o nn e c t i o n wi t h A il il l an d Me d b

( p. b u t li t t l e is kn o wn a b o u t t h e fa ir t her e A .

1
H ea t in g , pp . 1 26-9 .

2
Co rmac
’
s Gl os s a ry (S t ok es -
O
’
D on o v an p . 99 .

3
M a n n ers , & c ij 1 48 ; M S M a t . . . . p . 28 7 .

4
I l ia d , x x ii j . 255— 27 0 .
 v . TH E S UN HE R O . 41 1

t hird fa ir h eld t ri ennia lly a t C a rman n o w c a ll e d

w as ,

V Vex ford ; a n d it s t im e w a s likewis e t h e firs t d a y o f

A u g u s t T h e s t ories ab ou t it s inst i tu t i on v ary c on s id er
.

a bly a n d o fi er s o m e diffic u l t y o f in t e rpre t a t i o n in a s fa r

,
1
a s r e g a rds t h e ir my th ol o gic a l me ani ng ; b u t , lik e t h e
T a il l t in fa ir it is r epres e n t e d a s c omm em o ra t iv e of a
,

d e c e a s e d p ers on an d a s h avin g been es ta bli s hed a ft e r t h e

,

d em o ns of bligh t a n d bl a s t h a d b e en o v e rc o m e I t w a s .

c on s id ered an in s t it u t i on o f gr ea t imp o rt anc e an d a m ong ,

t h e blessin gs pr o mis e d t o t h e men o f L eins t e r fro m h o ld

ing it a n d d u ly c el ebra t ing t h e es t ablish e d g a m e s wer e ,

plen t y of c orn fr u i t an d milk , a b u nd ance of fi sh in t h eir

,

l ak e s an d riv e rs d o m e s t ic pr o speri t y an d imm u ni t y fr o m

, ,

t h e y ok e o f an y o t h er pr o vinc e On t h e o ther h a nd t h e
.
,

e vils t o fo ll o w fr o m t h e neglec t of t his ins t i t u t i o n w e r e t o

b e f a il u re an d early greyn e ss on t hem an d t heir king s .

I t is n o t v e ry e vid en t why t h e s t ori e s a b o u t th e in

s t it u t ion o f t hese f a irs Sh o u ld giv e t h e m a fu ner ea l
in t erpret a t i on ; bu t it is wo rt h whil e men t i on in g t h a t
b ot h T a il l t in an d Cru a ch an are men t i o n e d a s a m ong
- 2
t h e chi ef b u ri a l pl a ces in p a g a n Erinn ; a n d C a rma n is
3
a ls o a ll u ded t o as a c e me t ery M or e o ver L u g as we
.
, ,

h a ve a l re a dy seen (p w a s, wh e n h e c a me s u pp o s e d
.
,

t o a rrive fr o m t h e o t her w orld , an d t o be f o l l o wed by a

fa iry tra in c onsi s t ing of t h e s ons of Ma n ann an m ac L ir .

We c o me n ex t t o t h e a ss ocia t i on of Lu g s n a m e w i th t h e
’

fa ir ; fo r t his t h er e w a s a sp e ci a l r e a s on : it h a s a lr ea dy
b e en s t a t e d th a t t h e L u g na s sa d c orr e sp o n d e d in t h e c a l en
d a r t o t h e E n glish L a mm a s a w o rd which w a s in A
—
.

S a x o n h laf ma s s e t h at is l oa f -m a s s or bre a d -m a s s so
’
, , ,

38 — 47 , iij 5 27 -
’
1
S ee O C u rry , ij . 47 ;
. a l so B it .
of L e i ns te r, 2 15 .

3
Bk . of th e D a n , 38 b, 39 a , 5 l a . B lv .
f
o L e in s te r, 2 15 0 .
412 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

n a med as a m a ss or fe a st of t ha nksgivin g for t h e fi rst

- ‘
fr u i t s of t h e c o rn ha rv e s t Th at fea s t s eems t o h a v e .

be en obs erv e d wi t h br ea d o f new whea t, an d t h e r e fo re in

s om e p ar t s of Engl a nd an d e v e n in s o m e n e ar O xf ord,
,

t h e t e n ant s are b o u nd t o bring in wh ea t of t h at y ea r t o

’
t h eir l ord , on or b ef ore t h e firs t of Au g u s t a da y o t her ,
1
wis e c a ll e d th e Gu le o f A u g u s t In Germ any a l oa f of .
,
’
brea d h a d t o b e giv en t o t h e sheph erd w h o kep t o n e s
2
c at t l e T h e Ch u rch h a s a ssigned t h e day t o St P e t er
. .

a d Vinc u l a , which s u ppli e s n o k e t o t h e ch o ice o f t h e

y
d a y in T eu t onic l a nds a s a s or t of fea st of fi rs t - fru it s
S O w e s ee m t o be a t lib er t y t o r e g a rd t h e l a t t e r a s h a ving

c ome d o wn fro m p a ga n t im e s whi ch en abl e s u s t o u n ,

d ers t an d t h e Irish a cc ou nt of t h e inst i t u t i o n of t h e fa irs

a n d me et ings held on t h a t d a Th u s if we in t t h
y g o o e .

st ory o f th e fa ir of C a rm an , w e are lef t in n o d ou bt a s t o

t h e ch a ra c t e r o f t h e my t hic beings wh o s e p o wer h a d b e en
br ou gh t t o an en d at t h e ti m e d e dic a t e d t o t h a t fa ir
t h e y m a y be s a id t o h av e r epr e s en t e d t h e blight ing
.

chills an d fo gs t hat a ss ert t h e ir b a nefu l influ ence o n th e

’
farm er s cr ops T o o v erc o m e t h e s e an d o th e r hu rtfu l
.

f orc es o f th e s am e kind , th e pr ol ong e d presence of th e

S u n -g o d w a s e ssent i a l , in o rd er t o bring t h e c o rn t o
m a tu rit y Why L u g sh ou ld have m a de t h e fea s t for
.

T a il l tin d oes n ot a t firs t S igh t a pp ear ; bu t l e t u s s ee

wh at can b e m a de o u t of her She is St ra ng ely d e scrib e d 3 .

1
T hi s is t h e su b s t an ce of a p a t o f a n o t e by T ho s
r . H earn e in h is
ed iti o n of R o bert of Gl ou ces ter s
’
Ch ron i l (O xfo d 17
c es r ,
p . 67 9 .

’
2
S ee L eo s A ny el s d ch s isch es Gl oss a r (H all e, S . v . h l df meess e,
c ol . 5 43 .

3
I n t h e Bo ok of L eins ter, 9a , 200b, w hich is foll ow ed in t hi s m at
t e r by Kea ti ng .
414 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

gre en p a st u r e s gr ow an d t h e l a t t er a s o cc u pying th e ,

fo re m o s t pl a c e a t th e P an at h en aea j u st a s T a ill t iu did ,

a t t h e L u g n ass a d t h er e b e ing r ea s o ns t o b e m ent i o n e d

, ,

la t er why on e sh ou ld id ent ify t h e C el t ic an d t h e Gr eek

,

f ea st s wit h on e a n ot her S u ch lin e s of diffe rence a s t h at .

d ra wn b et w een Aphr o di t e an d A t h en e o r b e t we e n e i th er ,

a n d s u ch a g o dd e ss fo r e x ampl e a s r o s -
y fin g ere d E os
, , ,

is very ru dim ent ary in C el t ic ; a n d in t h at r e sp e ct C el t ic

myt h ol o gy a pp ea r s t o ha ve r e t a in e d a m o re a nci ent a n d
ru dim ent a ry fo rm .

In t h e a b o v e -m ent i on e d st ori e s t h e L u g na ss a d f ea st s ,

a n d fa irs ar e d e s crib e d a s e s t a bli s h e d in h o n o u r o f t h e

d ea d on e by L u g him s elf an d t h e o t h e r by t h e T u a th a
,

D é D a na nu Bu t t h er e is a diff er e nt a cc ou n t in on e of
.

t h e m a n u scrip t s t ill r e c ent ly in t h e p o ss e s si o n of L o rd

A s hb u rnh a m wh ere on e m e et s wi t h an inst anc e of t h o s e
,

qu a int e xpla na t i o ns o f pl a c e -na m e s s o ch a ra c t e rist ic of

o l d I r i s h li t e r a t u r e I t is t o t h e f o ll o wing e ff e ct : The
“
.

R e fu s e o f t h e Gre a t F e a st which I m en t io n e d t h at is ,

1
T a illn e I t is h e r e t h a t L u g Scim a ig pr o c ee d e d t o m a ke
.

t h e gr ea t fea s t for L u g m a c E t h l enn for his e nt ert a in

m ent a f t er th e b a tt l e of Ma g T u re d for t his w a s his
w e ddin g o f t h e kingshi p S inc e t h e T u ath a D é Da n ann ,

m a d e t h e a f o r e s a id L u g kin g a ft e r t h e d ea t h of N u a da .

As t o t h e pl a c e wh er e t h e r efu s e w a s t hro wn a grea t ,

1
S cim a ig l o o k s l k e t h e g en v e i iti o f a w ord s ci ma ch ; b u t in t h e
M S H a rl 528 0, fo l 2l b, i t is w r
. . . itte n s ci m a ig , w ith a m rk O f a un

de fi c on t ra c t i on o v er t h e m A n o th er fo rm
ned . o ccurs in th e B k .
f
o

L ei t er w hich i d tifi s thi s L u g w ith L u g m ac E t h l en n :

ns ,
en e s ee l l b
a d th e t o
n
p m a g i n w hich h s t h e fo l l o w i n g v erses
r ,
a

Ge m it m a c in d agd ae d e ag og i l u g scic m aing e

r a r e a n .

b ab a b ro i n for s i m ig afl ith ech a h o ll th ir

ar n a a c a .

‘
Fo S i m aig i gl o ssed i fo r b ru m a i c
r n
’
s
‘
g . .
 v . TH E S UN HE R O . 41 5

kn oll w a s ma d e o f it : t his w a s [t h enc ef or th] it s n a m e ,

t h e Kn o ll of t h e Grea t F ea s t or t h e R e fu s e o f t h e Gr ea t ,

B anqu et t ha t is t o say , T a il l n e a t th e pr e s ent d ay

,
” 1
,
.

’
T h e w a y in which L u g s p e rs o n a li t y is d ou bl e d in this
s t o ry is r em arkabl e ; an d it is p o ssible t ha t in t h e v o c abl e
T a il ln e we h a ve a n a m e n ea rly rel a t e d t o t h at o f T a ill
2
t in ; whil e t h e f e s t ivi t i e s o f t h e L u gn a s sa d are pr ob a bly
r eferr e d t o in t h e a ll u si o n t o t h e grea t fea st ma d e by
L u g for L u g a s a r ew a rd for hi s vic t o ry o ver th e p o w e rs
o f d a rk ness in t h e gr ea t my t hic a l b a t t l e o f Ma T u re d
g .

F u rt h er t h e ment i o n o f h is a ssu mp t i o n o f s o v e re ign t y

,

a s hi s a ct o f w e dding or m a rry t h e kingd om is

n
c u ri ou s an d l ea ds t o a f u r th e r e x a min at i o n o f t h e t erm
,

L u g n a s s a d I t is pr ob abl e t h a t n a ss a d did n o t me an e i t h e r
.

a c o mm e m o r a t i o n o r a f e s t iv a l a s migh t b e g a t h e r e d fr o m
,

K ea t in g a n d C o rm a c , sinc e it is a w ord of t h e s a me o rigin

a s t h e L a t in n ex u s
‘
a t ying o r bin ding t o ge th e r a l e ga l
, ,
’3
o blig a t i on M o r e ov er a c omp ou nd a r-n a s s is u sed m o re
.
,

1
T h e m a n u s c ript is now in t h e l ib rary of th e R . Iih
r s A c ad e m
y,
c l ass e d D iv 2 ; a n d th e p ass ag e h e re t a s l a t e d o cc u s o n f l i o
, . r n r o 8 2 h,
w hich h a s b een ki n dl y re ad for m e b y Pro f A tk i n s on : I h a ve al . so

c o ns ul t ed t h e B iti s h M seu m C o d e x al ea dy refe d t o a s H a l ei

r u r rre r an

5 28 0 a n d es p eci a l l y p ag e 21 b
, T h e fo m er rea d s t a ll i an d t i l l i
. r u a n ,

t h e l a tt er t il e a n d t a il l ne a n am e w hich l o o k s l i k e a d e i v a ti v e f m
a n ,
r ro

T i ll t i
a u, gen iti v e T a ill ten as it a d m it s o f b e i ng t ea t e d a s a c u ta i l e d
,
r r

form o f T il l t ea n .

2
B s i d es t h e p l ac e c al l e d T a ill e a d t h e T a ill t in w h e e acc o rd i g
e n ,
n r ,
n

t o t h Bk of L i t e 9a L u g s fo s t e r- m th er l i v e d t h e f t ai d t o
’
e . e ns r, o o re s s
, ,

h av e b een c l e r d by h er w s c l l e d C il l C d th e s it u ti
a e a af w hic h a a n, a on o

s e e ms t o b e d e fi e d b T h e e is a C a T il io r T e lin
y 200b n . r u n e n, o e

H ar b o in D o eg l an d S t ra g f d L o u g h is L ch Cu n ; but s ee
u r, n a , n or o a

S t o k es 1Vi d is h ij pp 242 248

n c , . .
, .

2
T h e L a ti n t e rm w as a m t i m p o rt n t o n e a n d w e h a v e a I ri s h
os a ,
n

w o rd o f k i n d red o ri g i n in t h e n o u n a a d u s e d in t h e s en s e o f a l eg l n s u ,
a
41 6 v . TH E SUN HE RO .

t ha n nce in th e Ashb u rn h a m m a nu scrip t j u s t a llu d e d

o
’
t o , in t h e s e ns e of be t r ot hin g O n e s d a u ght e r o r giving ,
1
her a way by s ol e mn c o nt ra c t t o a hu sb and ; a n d la st ly ,

a p a r t icipi a l f o rm n a ss a o cc u rs o f a girl w h o h a s b e e n

2
pro mis e d or b et ro th e d t o a h u sb and Th e s e fa c t s , an d .

’
t h e c u ri o u s a llu si o n t o L u g s w e dding t h e kingd o m g o ,

- ’
t o p r ove t h at t h e t er m L uy na s s a d origina lly me a nt L u g s
w e dding or m a rria g e , an d t hat t his w a s on e of th e chi ef
t hings t h e f e s t ivi t i e s on t h at d ay were mea nt t o c all t o
mind .

We h av e t ra ces of t his ide a in a s t range st ory t o 3

which a llu si o n h a s a lr e ady be e n m a d e (p C o nn .

t h e Hu ndre d - fi gh t er a n d hi s dr u id wer e o n e da y o v er

s ancti o n i ,
n a vers e in t h e B ook f
o th e D un, l l 8 b, w hich t rea ts t h e
d ea th o f L g aire M ac N e l l as a u n s m en i p ih t fo r h is v i ol ti n g an o a th
'
oe a

he h ad s w o rn b y t h e su n a n d t h e mo on an d t h e el e men t s

L o eg ai re m ac N éill d i e d b e i d e C ass e gre n

s —
e i s t h e l an d
Go d
’
s el e m e n s t by h im p l edg ed b ro u gh t t h e c
en o u n er o f t d ea th on

i g
th e k n

I n t h e b a tt l e o f A t h D ara t h e S w ift w as L o eg ai e t k e so n o f N i al l ; r a n,

T h e j u s t s an cti o o f Go d s l em en t s th a t is w h a t k il l ed L o eg aire
’ ”
n e , .

T h e t ra ct in w hich it o cc u s h as ec en t l y b e e p u b l i s h ed by t h e R e v
r r n .

Cha l es Pl u mm e i t h e R ev Cel t v i 1 6 3 A d iffe t v e s i o in

r r n . . . . ren r n,

w hich t h e w o rd in q u ti o n d o es n o t o cc is t o b e f u d in t h e Bk
es u r, o n .

of L ei ns t er 43a (s ee al s o A t k i s n s I t ro d c t i o n p th ese ’
,
I n o n u , . n

w o d s t h e o i g i al m ea i n g o f a t y i n g o r bin d i g is i v ol v e d b u t it
r r n n n n ,

h s a d d e d t o i t t h e i de o f w h at m ak es t h e o b l iga ti o n effecti v e o
a a r

a v e n ge t h e v i ol a ti on o f it
s .

1
Fol 8 3h : arn ai ai s d e u il e d o feraib re mib s iu m h e h a d b e t ro th e d
. s e ,

a ll th es e t o h u s b an d b efo e th em a d f th er o s ar ais ia u n
r n ur n —
n r i

Fo g a l l a n i ng in d o n ri Fo g al l th en b et ro th e d t h e g i l t o t h e k i g
’
r n ,
r r n .

2
S e e t h e Bk of L ei s ter 92 a : Ba n ass a d am s a in d ing en tit n a i r
. n ,

ch éin th a t g i l h as b e en b e t o th e d to me l o n g go
,
‘
r r a .
’

E d it ed w ith a tran sl a t i o n in O C urry s M S M a t pp 618 - 22 from

3 ’ ’
. .
,
.

th e B iti h M s eu m M S H a rl 5 28 0
r s u . . .
41 8 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

th e int e rpre tat i on here su gge s t e d of t h e t erm L ug nas s a d

is in t h e ma in c orrec t ; an d it a gr ee s wi t h t h e fa c t t h at
’
a ft e r L u g s de at h for e u h e m erized g ods mu s t die t h e
— —

h u sb and of Erinn is repres ent e d b earing t h e Significa nt

n ame of M a c Greine, o r t h e Son of th e Su n N or is e vi 1
.

d ence of a m ore indir e ct n a t u re a lt o get her want ing for ,

if th e L u g na s sa d r e c all e d t h e m arria ge of L u g it m igh t ,

a ls o b e e xp e c t e d t o h a v e b ee n c onsidered an a u spici o u s

t im e for t h e ir o w n m a rri a g e s by his w orshipp e rs This .

’
is b orn e ou t by t ra dit i on D r O D on o v an a ft er briefly . .
,

d e scribing t h e p o sit i o n of T a il l tin or T el t ow n , g o e s on

t o s ay t h a t t h ere w er e in hi s d ay vivid t ra di t i ons o f
t h e L u g n a s sa d e x t ant in t h e c ou n t ry , a n d t h at T el t ow n
Wa s , t ill r e cent ly , res or t e d t o by th e m en o f M ea t h for
hu rling wr e st ling an d o t h er m anly sp o r t s This is n o t
, ,
.

‘
a l l fo r
,
t o t h e l eft o f t h e r o a d , a s y o u g o fro m Ke lls t o
’
D on a gh p a t rick t h er e is h e a dds , a h oll o w c a lled L ay
,
‘
,

a n A on a i h i e t h e H o ll o w o f t h e F a ir wh e r e a cc o r ding
y , . .
, ,
’2
t o t r a di t i o n m a rri a g e s w er e s ol e mniz ed in p a g a n t im e s
,
.

T o s u m u p t h e se r e m a rks : th e L a mm a s fa irs an d m ee t
ings forming t h e L u g n a ssa d in anci ent Ir ela nd , m a rk e d
’
t h e vic t o ri o u s cl o s e o f t h e s u n s c ont e s t wi t h t h e p o we rs
o f d a rkn e ss a n d de a t h , wh e n t h e w a rm t h an d ligh t o f
’
t h a t l u min a ry s r a ys , a f t er r o u t ing t h e c o l d s an d bligh t s ,

w ere fa s t bringing t h e cr ops t o m a tu rit y : t his m or e ,

my th o l o gic a ll y express e d , w as r epre s ent e d a s th e fina l

1
Bk . of L eins ter, l 0a Keat i n g ,
p . 1 30-1 .

2
T h e Fo ur M a s ters , A M 337 0, . . no e t . Perh ap s t h e m arri ages at th e
L u g n a ss ad fo ll o w e d a s e aso n o f n o m arry i ng : in S c o t l an d at l e as t t h e
m on th of May w as a cl os e ti me in thi s
p e ct s ee T h o s S t eph en sre s : .
’

God o d in (p u b l i h esd b y t h e C y m m o d o rio n

) pp 1 2
r5-6 w h ere h e u o t es
q , .
,

T h o ma s d e Qu i n c ey in H ogg s I ns tru c tor for J u l y 18 52 p 293

’
.
, , .
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 419

c ru shi n g Fem ori an d Fir Bel g t h e de a th o f t h e ir king

of ,

a n d t h e n u llif ying o f t h e ir m a lign a n t sp ells a n d a s th e ,

t ri u mph an t r e t u rn o f L u g wi t h pe a c e an d pl e n t y t o m arry
th e m a id e n Erinn a n d t o enj o y a w e ll -earn e d b a nqu e t ,

a t which t h e fa iry h o s t o f de a d a nc e s t o rs w a s pr o b a bly

n o t fo rg o t t en Ma rria ges we re s ol emniz e d on t h e a u sp i

.

ci o ns o cc a si on ; an d n o princ e w h o fa il e d t o b e pr e s ent
o n t h e l a st da
y o f t h e fa ir d u rs t l ook f o rw ard t o pr o sp e ri t y

1
d u ring t h e c o ming ye ar The L u g na ss a d w a s t h e gr ea t
.

event o f th e su mm e r h alf O f t h e ye a r which ex t end e d ,

fro m t h e ca l ends o f May t o t h e c alends of Win t er T h e .

C el t ic y ea r w a s m ore t h e rm o me t ric t h a n a s t r on omic a l ,

a n d t h e L u g n a ssa d w as s o t o sa i t s s u mm e r s ols t ic e
y , , ,

wh er ea s th e l o ng e s t d ay w a s s o far as I ha ve been abl e ,

t o disc o ver o f n o Sp e ci a l a cc ou n t
,
.

We h a ve n ot y et d on e wi t h t h e na me o f L u g an d L le u
t h e geni t ive o f t h e former is L o g a , so it is kn o wn f ro m
t h e a n al o gy o f o t her w o rds t h a t if L u g wer e pu t b a ck in t o
it s G a u lish f o rm w e Sh ou ld h a ve a n oun of t h e u d eel en
,

si o n m aking in t h e n omin at ive S ing u l ar L uy u s an d in ,

t h e geni t ive L uy ovos , wi t h a n o min at ive p l u ra l L uy o ees .

I t requ ir e s n o gre a t s t re t ch o f im a gin a t i o n t o see a l s o

t h at we h a ve t h e s a me w o rd in t h e G a u lish n a me which
h as b e c ome in Fr e nch L y ons ; in L a t in au th ors it is
u s u ally L u d u nu m b t t h r is h w v r vid nc which
y ; u e e o e e e e e , ,

pl a ces it b ey ond d ou b t t h at t h e o ld er G all o -R om a n fo r m

w a s I / uy u d a nu m t h a t is t o s a , in G au lish L u g u d fi n on
2
, y
o r L u u d o u n on which w ld me n t h t o wn o f L u
g ,o u a e
g .

(qu o ti n g M S pp
1 ’
O C u rr
y . H a rl . . 6 18 , 6 20 .

2
S ee al s o D io C as s i u s x l v i
, . 50 : 7 5 o y
’
d
o rv o v vo v
R E V O vo na o d év
v fiv 8 2 A c ti
y do v vo v xa lt o éne vo v : s ee al s o t h e Be rl i n Co p us r I ns cr
. ij .

291 2
3235, iij 5 8 32, . v . 8 7 5, 7 213, vi j .

2 E 2
420 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

M o re over th e G au lish c omp ou nd is ma d e u p of th e s elf

,

S a m e e l e m e n t s which w e h a v e in D in - l i e u bu t t his l a t t e r ,

n o t b e ing a c o mp ou nd w ou ld be li t e ra lly r e pres e n t e d in

,
’
G au lish by D unon L ug ones , or L l eu s T own I t is highly .

pr ob able h o we v er t h a t it w a s ob t a in e d by an alysing t h e
, ,

c o mp ou nd n a m e which may be su pp o s e d t o h ave b een

1
,

t h e o rigin al in t his c ou nt ry a s w e ll a s in G a u l N ow .

L y o ns w a s n ot t h e o nly L u g d u n u m f or t h ere w as on e in ,

t h e Pyr en ee s dis t ing u ish e d a s L ny du na m C ono en a ru m

, ,

n o w c a ll e d S a in t -Bert rand d e C o mminges in t h e d ep a rt ,

m en t O f th e Ha u t e G a r onn e mor eo v er, L ao n t h e chief ,

2
t o wn o f t h e d ep ar t ment of t h e Aisn e b o r e t his n a m e ; ,

a n d s o a s is g e n e r a lly kn own did L e yd e n o n t h e Rhin e in

, ,

Ho ll and for P t o l e my in his G e o graphy giv e s it s ol d n am e

,

3
as o yé w
e L o ok a t t h e p o si t i o ns o f t hes e pl a c e s on
o o v.

t h e m ap a n d t ak e in t o a cc o u n t t h o s e o f Din li eu in A r v o n ,
,

a n d D in il e in t h e Wr ekin dis t ric t in Shr o pshir e a ls o t h e ,

pl a c e s wh er e t h e L u g n a s sa d we r e c e l ebrat e d in Ire l and ,

an d o u will r e a dily a dmi t t h a t t h e n a m e L u g u s L u g o r
y ,

L l eu w as t h a t o f a divini t y wh o s e c u l t w a s pra c t is e d by
,

a l l pr o b ably o f t h e C e l t s b o t h o n t h e C o nt in e n t an d in

t h e s e isl ands In fa c t t o g o m or e int o d e t ail , it m a y be

.
,

inferred t h a t th e Iri s h L u g nas sa d h a d it s c ou n te rp ar t a t

on e a t l e a s t o f t h e L u gd u n a o f t h e C o n t in e n t n a m ely , ,

t h e s ou t h ernm o s t ci t y of t h a t n a m e on t h e Rh o n e ; f o r it ,

1
A p c i t o w hich L g s n ame e t s in t h e Bk of th e D a n
l a e-n am e n u
’
n er .
,

8 2 a is (i t h e d a ti ve) M o d a i b L og a w hic h is th ere e xp l i n ed t o b e

,
n ,
a

t h e sa me as t h e c o m p o u n d L u g mo d .

or thi s I a m i n d ebt e d t o my l earn e d c o ll eag u e t h e R eg i u s Pro

2 F
,

fes s or o f H i s t o ry a t O xford w h o h as d i re ct e d my tt en t i on t o G eg o ry
,
a r

of T o u rs , H is t F ra n coru m, . vi . 4 .

3
T ra c es of a fifth L gd u u m in d o c u men ts b el o n g in g
u n , t o th e ch u rch
of L Mans, e m en ti o n ed in t h e R ev Cel t v i
e ar
j 399 . . . .
422 v . TH E S UN HE R O .

t h at is t o say , t h e firs t S u nd ay in that m ont h Fo r t hen .

cr owds o f p e opl e e arly in t h e m orni ng m a d e t heir w ay

u t h e m oun t a ins c a lled t h e B ea c o ns b o t h fr o m t h e sid e
p ,

o f C a rm a r th e nshir e a n d Gl a m o rg an : t h e ir d e st in a t i o n
u sed t o b e t h e n e ighb ou rh o o d o f t h e L i tt l e Van L ak e ,

o u t o f wh o s e w a t e rs t h e y exp e c t e d in t h e c o u rs e o f t h e

d a y t o s ee th e L a dy o f t h e L ake m ak e her m o m ent a ry

a pp ea r a nc e . A simil ar shift ing fro m th e first of Au g u s t
t o t h e firs t S u nd a y in t h at m o nt h h a s I ima gin e t a k e n , ,

pl a ce in t h e Isl e o f Ma n For t h ou gh t h e s ol s t ic e u s e d
.

t o b e in c o ns e qu enc e pro b ably o f Sc a ndin a vi a n infl u e nc e

, ,

t h e d ay o f ins t i t u t i on al signific a nce in t h e M a nx su mm e r ,

e nqu iri e s I h a ve m a d e in di ffe r e n t p ar t s o f t h e isl and g o

t o sh ow t h a t middl e - a g e d p e o ple n o w living r e memb e r ,

t h at wh e n t h e y w er e childr e n t heir p arent s u s e d t o a sc end

t h e m ou n t a ins very e arly on t h e firs t S u n d a y in Au g u s t

( Old S t yl e
) a n d t h a t in s o m e dis t ric t s a t l ea s t t h e y w e re
,

w o nt t o bring h o m e b ot t l e s fu ll o f wat er fro m wells n ot e d

for t h e ir he a ling vir t u e s In a wo rd t h e m e m o ry o f
.
,

living M a nxm en r e t a ins e n o u gh t o sh o w t h at t h e d ay

w as o nc e o f gr e at imp o r tanc e t h ou gh I h a ve n o t b e e n
,

a ble t o find a ny t hing t o c o nnec t it s a ss o ci a t i o ns wi t h

L u g a n d t h e L u g n a s s a d e xc ep t t h e n a me L /zu cmy s for t h e

first d a y of Au gu s t The st ory o f t h e L a dy o f t h e L i tt l e
.

Van L ake wh o m t h e W e lsh pilgrims u s e d t ill r e cently

,

1
t o g o f o r t h t o s e e is t o o l o ng t o b e giv e n her e a n d a l s o
, ,

t o o m o dern in t h e f orm w e h a ve it t o cle a r u p t h e d e t a ils

, ,

o f t h e my t h o f which it f orms a p a r t S u ffice it t o s ay .

t h a t she m ay be reg ard e d as bel onging t o t h e n u mer o u s

1
T h e w h ol e is g i v en a s t h e fi rs t of my Wl h e s Fa i ry T a l es in t h e
C y m mro d o r, i v 1 6 3 — l 7 9 ; bu t
. s e e al s o v i . 203-4 .
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 423

cl a ss O f d a wn- g o dd e ss e s th at sh e wedd e d a h u sb and in ,

t h e dis t ric t an d t h a t a f t e r a t ime sh e l ef t b o t h him an d

,

h e r childre n N o w an d t h e n h o wever s h e r e t u rn e d t o
.
, ,

c o nv e rse wi th th e l a t t er e sp e ci ally th e e ldes t O f t h em a , ,

y o u th n am e d R h iw atl on wh o m she c a re fu lly inst r u c te d ,

a s t o t h e vir t u es o f a l l kinds O f herbs He af t erwa rds .

proved t h e fo u nd er O f a fa m ou s fa mily O f physici ans wh o se ,

d e sc end an t s a re wid ely sprea d in S o u th Wa l e s The Phy .

s ician s O f My d va i a s t h e y w e r e c a ll e d w e r e h is t o ric a l
, , ,

a n d a tt a ch e d t o t h e princ e ly h o u se O f D in ev or b t t h i
; u e r

a nc e s t o r w a s O f my thic d e sc e n t a n d his n a me e n abl e s ,

o n e t o id en t ify him in t h e W e lsh Tri a ds where h e is ,

c alled R h iw a fl on O f t h e Br o o m -yell o w ) Ha ir a n d in ,

v e s t e d wi t h a s ol a r ch arac t er : a m ong o ther t hing s he is ,

cl a ss e d wi th t w o o t h er s ol ar hero es a s b eing like t h e m , ,

fa m ou s for his in t im a t e kn owl e dge O f t h e n a t u re O f al l

ma t eri a l t hings 1
I t is imp o ssibl e t o sa y h o w far t h e
.

o rigin a l myt h a gr e e d wi t h t h a t o f L u b u t t h e o n e t hing

g ,
’
y e arly l ooked fo r w as th e a pp e ara nce O f R h iw a fl on s
m ot her , t h e L a dy O f th e L ak e : sh e o cc u pied on t h e Welsh
h olida y th e p o si t ion a ssigned t o T a ill t iu a t t h e L u g nas s a d ,
a n d t o A t hen e a t t h e P a n at hen ae a F u r th e r t h e gr ea t .
,

1
S ee T r ia d s , i . 10 c o m p a re i 22 i ij 28
ij . 21 6 iij 7 0,
. an d . .
,

al s o i 49 . ij 43 iij 27 w hich g o t o p o v e th t o u R h i w a fi o n is
. .
,
r a r

t o be i d tifi ed w ith R h iw a ll s n O f U i e
en O th e p sag s i n on o r n . r as e

Wel h l it at u e s u ch as T ind i 5 2 s u gg es t th at t h e L ady O f t h e

s er r , r .
,

Van L k e s a m e w s M o d o n d au g ht e r f A v a fi ch an d th a t m g
’
a n a r O a ,
a on

h e chi l d e n a e t o b e e c k o n e d n o t o n l y R h i w li o b u t al
r r r r t h e s olar a n so

h roes M b o a d O w ein w ith t h e l tt er s t w i -s i s t e Mo rv u d U i en

e a n n , a
’
n r . r ,

t h fa th er is d ci d ed l y t o b e c l as e d a m
e , e
g t h e d k d i i n iti e s ; a n d t h is
s on ar v

e xp l i w h y a fte r h
a ns l v
, h d l o g w o o d t h L a d y th t w
er o er w on ta n e e a as

to ro w o n t h e L itt l e Va n L ak i n a g o ld en b o t t h e ma i ag e d id e t a ,
rr no

t ak e p l ac e ti ll N ew -y ear s -eve th t is t o s y t h e mi dd l e O f w i t e :
’
,
a a ,
n r

$ 00 t h e C y m mro d o r, iv . 1 7 8 -9 .
424 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

imp ortance onc e a tt a ching t o L a mm a s a m ong t h e W e l sh ,

a dmi t s O f a n o t h e r kind O f pr o o f n a m ely , t h e fa ct for , ,

s u ch it se e ms t o be , t h at t h e W e lsh t erm in t h e m o dified ,

f o rm O f Gu l u A ug us ta, p a ss e d int o t h e L at init y O f t h e

1
Chro nicl e s a n d e v en int o a s ta tu t e O f Edwa rd III
,
2
.

T h e wid ely spr ea d O bs e rva nce O f t h e fe s t iv a l of A u gu s t u s

w ou ld b e s at isfa c t orily a cc ou nt e d fo r on t h e s u pp o sit i on ,
t h at it w as a grea t C e l t ic fe a s t c ont in u e d u nd e r a n ew
na me .

I t mu s t by n o m eans be s u pp o sed t h at t h e w o rship O f

t h e Su n -g o d her e in qu e s t i o n r e s t s on inf e r e n t i a l e vid e nc e

a l on e O f t h e kind j u s t indic a t e d f o r pr oo f o f a m o re
,

dir e c t n at u r e is n ot al t o g e th er want ing Wi t n e ss t h e .

f o ll o wing L at in inscrip t i o n fro m t h e a nci e n t Sp anish

t o wn O f Ux a m a , a C e l t ic n a me n ow ch ang e d int o O sm a :
L u
g ovibu s s a cru m, L . L . Ureico C ol l eg io S u torum cl cl . .
3

This s ee ms t o t ell u s t h at a m an wh o s e n am e w a s L L . .

U re ic o b u il t a t empl e for th e L u g ov es an d m a de a pre s e nt

O f it t o a c o ll e g e o f c obbl e rs which a t o nc e r a is e s s e v e ra l ,

qu e st i ons su ch a s why L ug o uibu s an d n ot L ug ovi an d

, , ,

why a c o ll e g e O f c o bblers ? why sh o u ld th e y h a v e h a d

ch a rg e O f t h e t e mpl e ? I t is a far cry fr o m Sp a in t o
Sn o wd on b u t I kn o w of n o m eans O f answeri n g t h e s e
,

qu e s t i o ns exc ep t t h o se pr ovided by t h e Mabin og i O f Mat h ,

1
A n n a l es C a m bri ce
(t h iti o n
e R o ll s p 109 (A D ed ,
. . .

s v g l a w h e e h e e fers t o a s t a t u t e O f E d w
2
S ee D u can g e, . . u ,
r d III
r ar .

a . 31, c . 1 4, an d q u o t es th e e fro m : A u era gi u m a es tiu a l e fi eri d ebet

r

i n ter H o ke d a i et gu l a m A u g u s ti .

3
T h e Berl i n Corp us I ns cr L . H isp a n i a ru m, ij N O
at . . . 28 18 . The
wr it er i n t h e R ev . C el t cite s Pl i n y s
, vi j . 399, a l rea d y referred t o ,
’

H is t . N a t iii 4 1 1 a s p ro v i ng U am a t o h a v e b een a C el tic city

. .
, ,
x

b el on
g i g t o t h e A reva ci
n A s t o t h e n ame Ux a ma s ee my Cel t i .
,
c

B r il u iu p 28 0
2
, . .
426 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

’ ’
regarded t h e sun n ot as Wo d en s O ffspring , bu t a s Wo den s
,

ey e. Th at t h e plu ra l L ug oves w as n ot e xcept i ona l or

p e cu li ar t o t h e inscrip t i on ment i o n e d , is n ot t o be su p
p os e d : t h ere are t w o r ea s o ns for t hink in g th e c on tra ry .

In t h e first pl a c e t h ere is a no th e r inscrip t i o n which r ea ds

,

L ug oves in l a rg e br onz e m aj u sc u l e s on an ep is t y liu m o f

‘
whit e ma rble f ou nd a t Av ench e s in Swi tz erl a nd , an d a s ,

t h e l e g end c onsist s s o l e ly O f t hi s w ord t h e n a me O f t h e ,

L ug oves m u s t h a v e b ee n v ery fa mili a r t o G au lish e a rs .

In th e n e xt pla c e th e inclu si on O f t h e t w o u nd er on e
,

n a m e l ooks lik e th e b e gin nin g O f a pro c e ss O f ru nning th e

cha ra ct er an d p ers on ali t y O f t h e fat h e r an d t h e s on int o
o n e wi t h t h at O f th e l a t t e r on t h e wh o l e pr e va ili ng ; t hi s
,

is th e c a s e with n early al l t h e Irish st o ries a b ou t th e Su n

g o d
,
w hi l e t h at o f Gwydi o n an d L le u is t h e o nl y on e in

W elsh which ke eps t h e m w e ll ap a rt The dist in ct i on is .

a sm a ll on e b u t it is O f gr eat imp o rt a nce wh e n L l eu is

,

c o mp ar e d wit h t h e Irish s u n -h er o es T h e f orm er d o e s .

n e xt t o n othing for hi ms e lf since ne arly ev eryt hing is

,

d o n e for hi m by Gwydio n an d B a lder is t re at e d m u ch

in t h e s a m e w ay by his p a r ent s On t h e ot h er h and th e
.
,

wily shrewdn e ss whi ch t h e We lsh st ory a scrib e s t o t h e

fat her is p a ss e d on by th e Irish on e t o his s on L u g whil e ,

t h e fa t h e r pra c t ic a lly dis app ears ; an d a l t o g et h e r a vi e w

whi ch m a d e th e s un a p ers on with a fa th er w h o t o ok c a r e
o f hi m , l ooks a v e ry primi t ive on e, an d t h e exist enc e O f

su ch a fat her m u st h a v e at t ime s b een very pr e ca ri ou s

a n d li a bl e t o e ffa c e men t by t h e t r anscendent ch ar a c t er O f

his O ffspring w h o a bs o rb e d his chi ef at trib u t e s Th er e

,
.

w ou ld m ore over be a not h er t end ency t o bring th e t w o

, ,

1
M o mms en ’
s I ns crij ) H
. el vei . NO . 16 1 .
 v . TH E S UN HE R O . 427

m or e cl o s ely t og e th er arising fro m t h e wisd o m an d kn o w

,

l edg e a scribed t o t h e Su n -g o d, a s t h e resu l t pr e s u m ably

o f h is p o si t i on a n d m u ch t ra v e lling ; s o far a s t his w ou ld

i t w o ld t end t o inv e s t him wi t h t h e s a me clev e rn e s s

g o,
u

a s his fa t her t h e H e rm e s or C u l t u re Her o O f t h e r a c e

,
.

S o me Iri s h s t ori e s ill u s trat e t his t o a ni ce t y in t h e c a s e

1

O f L ug wh o m t hey s u rna me t h e I li l tinuclz o r him O f

, ,

m a ny g if t s an d O f m any pr ofe ssi o ns Th u s wh e n L u g .

,

c o ming fro m a dis ta nc e O ffers t h e T u a th a D é Dan an n ,

hi s a id a g a ins t t h e P o m o ri at t h e b a t t le t h a t w a s g o ing
t o b e f ou gh t on t h e Pl a in O f T ured , he w a s a sk e d on ,

pr e s ent ing himself a t t h e ga t e s w h o he w as wh er eu p o n , ,

L u g repli e d t h a t h e w a s a g o o d c a rpen t e r The p ort e r .

a nsw e r e d t h a t t h e y h a d a g oo d c a rpen t e r , so t h a t t h e y

h a d n o need O f hi m Then L u g s a id he w a s an exc ell en t

.

smi th , t o whi ch th e s am e r eply w a s giv e n He t h e n .

w ent thro u gh a la rg e nu mber O f pr ofe ssi ons incl u ding ,

t h o s e O f s o ldier h arpis t p oet his t ori a n an d j u risc onsu l t

, , , ,

m a gici an physici an , cu p-
,
b ea r e r , w o rk e r in br onz e an d t h e
pr e ci ou s m et als ; bu t he a lways h ad t h e s ame kind O f
a nsw e r u n t il he t o ld t h e p or t e r t o a sk N u a d a t h e kin g if
,

he h a d a man w h o c ou ld exercise a l l t h e s e profe ssi ons

a n d t ra d e s wi t h equ a l skill T h e k ing w a s onl y t o o .

d eligh t ed t o enga ge s u ch a on e an d L u g ere l ong p ro ,

’
c e ed e d t o p a ss u nder revi e w a ll t h e ki n g s m e n o f Skill ,

a n d t o a scer t a in wh a t service e ach c o u ld r e nd e r in t h e

2
s t ru ggl e t h a t w a s t o t ake pl a ce wi t h t h e Fo m o ri H ad .

w e n o o th er a cc o u n t O f L u g w e s h o u ld h a v e c e r t a inly h a d ,

1
S u ch as th a t o f t h e Chi ld re n o f T u ire n n a l re a d
y me n ti o n ed .

2
O C
’
u rry , ij . 248 -5 0 ,
iij . 42-3 ; D A
’
rb o is d e Ju b a in v i ll e , E l u cl es s ur

l e D ro il c el tiq ue
,
pp . 8 5-
6 ; al s o th e sa me s ch o l ar s Cy cl e
’
M y th . pp .

1 7 6 -7 .
428 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

to l ook at him a s an Irish M ercu ry : we sh ou ld b e wr ong ,

n o d ou b t a s a wid e r vi e w O f his ch a ra c t er s e rv e s t o Sh o w
, ,

b u t t hi s hel ps u s t o s e e h ow it w a s p o ssible t o c a ll f at he r
a n d s on by t h e o n e n a me O f L u o v e s
g .

B ef ore l ea ving t his p ar t O f t h e su bj e ct , a w ord m ore

h a s t o b e s a id O f t h e n a m e L u g d u n u m, an d t h e v ari ou s
w ays in which it h a s been expl a in e d (I ) T h e ps eu d o .

Pl u t a rch D e F l umim bu s sp eaks O f it in t h e se w ords

'

Th ere li e s cl o se by it [namely, t h e river Arar] a m ou n

t a in c a ll e d L u g du n o s, an d it h a d it s na m e ch ang e d fro m
t h e f o ll o wing c au s e : M om aro s an d A t ep om aro s h a vin g
b een driv en fro m t h e g o v ernm en t by Ses ero n is wish e d ,

t o f ou nd a ci t y u p o n this hill a cc o rding t o th e direc t i on ,

a n d su dd e nly , while t h e f oun d a t i o ns were b e in d
g g
u ,

t h ere a ppe ared r a v ens fl u t t e ring a b ou t an d t h e y fil l e d ,

t h e t rees a ll r o u nd N e w M o m aro s w a s skilled in a u gu ry,

.

a n d n a med t h e ci t y L u d u n o n ; fo r in t h e ir idi o m t h e y
g
c a ll a r a v e n A fiy , an d an emin enc e t h e y c a ll S fi
o os as o vo v
,

Kl it oph o n arrat e s in t h e 1 3th b o ok O f his F ou ndat i ons ” 1

.

M ou nt ain or hill may d o a s t h e t ransla t i on O f th e s o rt of

t o wn o r a cr op o lis which t h e G au ls c a ll e d d emon bu t t h a t
t hey h a d a w o rd l ug os m eaning a r a v en , is a s t at e ment ,

which th e v o c ab u l a ri e s O f t h e C e l t ic l angu a ge s s e em t o
2
l ea ve op e n t o d ou b t : it w a s m o s t lik ely a gu es s f ou nd e d
o n t h e a ll e ged a pp e a r a nc e O f t h e r a vens d u ring t h e f o u nd

1
Pl u ta rcl z, ed . D ub n er (Pari s , 18 5 5 ), Vo l . vp . . 8 5 (Pseu d o-
p l u ta rclcea
d e F l uv iis , vi . 4) s e e al s o M ul l er s (D i d o t ) Fra g H
’
. is t Gr i v
. . . p . 367 .

2
T he n eares t w o rd k now n t o th e al l e
g ed l u g os , a ra v en ,
’
w o ul d be
th e I ish
r l u ck , ‘
a mou se l u g l i a th , ‘
g rey as a m o u s e , B k of L ei ns ter,
’
.

l 20a l och run a , ‘

d ark c t
s e re s ,
’
so ren d ere d in t h e S o k e s O D o n o v an
- ’
t
C o rm a c, p . 100, w h ere l o ch d u b is al so t ra n s l a e d t ‘
a ll bl c ka Wl h e s ,

[ ff/ fl , sh
’
o r fi el d -mo u s e
‘
a re w l l yg o d en , ‘
a mouse ; l l yg l i w, ‘
O f th e
c o lo ur O f a mo u s e .
’
430 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

e nemies inf err e d his h a ving hims elf c ome ; an d Gr eek

my t h o l o gy r epres ent s Ap oll o o cc a si on a lly a tt ended by a
1
r av en a s in t h e st o ry o f C or onis
,
.

F r o m t h e s e p ara ll e l inst anc e s it w ou ld s ee m t h at t h e

o n e O f t h e L u g o v e s t o wh o m t h e r a v e ns s t ric t ly bel o ng e d

w a s L u g u s , an d t h a t fi t s in wi t h t h e s t o ry O f t h e fou ndin g

O f t h e L y o ns L ug d un u m An ot h er c o nj e c tu re is p ossibl e
.

a s t o t h e L u ov e s n a m ely t h a t t h e y w e r e L u g u s wi t h
g , ,

o n e o r m or e s o l a r br o t h e rs lik e hi ms e lf a n d n ot his fa t h e r ,
.

Th ere w ou ld be n o l a ck O f p a ra ll e l insta nc e s : wit n e ss

’
t h e t hr ee c o mra d e s a t Ar t hu r s c o u r t n a m e ly , Pere d u r , ,

O w e in a n d Gw a lchm a i ; or t h e t hr ee U lt oni a ns on e O f ,
’
wh o m C o n all C ern ach , a v eng e s C uchu l a inn s d ea th wh il e
, ,

t h e t hird L oe g air e h a s n o v e ry dis t inc t rO l e a ssign e d

, ,

him Simil arly , in N orse my th ol o gy B a ld e r h ad s e ve r a l

.
,

br ot h ers on e O f wh o m visi t e d him in Hell , a n d a thi rd

,

a v e ng e d his d ea t h ; e v e n in Gre e k we h a v e s o m et hing O f

t h e s a me kind in t h e pr e s e nc e t o g et h er o f Ap o ll o a n d
H era cl e s wh o s e disp u t e s remind o n e O f t h e rivalry b e
,
’
t w e e n C i i ch u l a inn C o n a ll an d L o e g a ir e , which w a s m a d e
,
’
t h e su bj e c t o f an el ab o ra t e t a l e e nt i t l e d Bricriu s B a nq u e t .

M ore weight at t a ches here , h oweve r t o t h e f a c t t h at ,

n e it her L leu n or L u g is a ss o ci at e d wi t h a br ot h er O f a
n at u r e simil a r t o his o w n ; t h e fo rm er h a d a n e lder bro
t h e r D yl an w h o hi e d a wa y t o t h e s ea a s s o o n a s h e w a s
,

christ en e d ; an d t h e l att er h ad t w o brot h ers w h o wer e

dr opped int o t h e s ea n ever m o re t O b e h eard O f wh enc e
, ,

it m ay b e i nf e rr e d t ha t t hey wer e m o r e lik e D yl an t h a n

Ll eu O n t h e wh o l e t h en it s ee ms m or e pr ob abl e t h a t
.
, ,

1
O v id s’
M eta m orp h os es ij 542, ,
. w h ere th e rav en s
’
O ffi ciou s n ess re

mi nds one O p l ay ed in th e h a ml et s
f t h e rel e of Gl amorg an by Bl o d eu e d
a s an o w l s ee p 241 a b ove
.
, .
 v . TH E S UN HE R O . 431

th e L u
g G au li s h r eligi on c o nsis t e d o f L u g u s an d
o v es o f
h is fa th e r wh a te v e r t h e n a m e m ay h ave been which t h e
,

l a t t er b ore in th at c onnec t i on .

’
C i i O H UL A I N N s BI RT H A ND E DU C A T I O N .

Re fer enc e h a s m or e t ha n onc e b een m ade in t his c ou rse

’
t o t h e U l t o ni a n h e r o C i i ch u l a inn ; it is n ow t ime t o sp ea k
O f him m o r e in de t a il Irish li t era t u r e pr e s erv e s t ra ces O f
.

a b el i ef in t h e re- a pp e a r a nc e O f a n a nces t o r in t h e p e rs o n

O f a d e scend a n t : in o t her w o rds t h e s a m e pers o n o r s o u l ,

migh t b e e xp e c t e d t o a ppe ar s u ccessiv ely in di ff er en t

b o di e s ; a n d in n o c a se c ou ld t hi s s ee m m o r e na t u ra l t h a n
i n t h a t O f t h e Su n - g o d w h o c o ns t a n t ly d e sc e nds t o t h e

w o rld O f t h e dea d a n d a s O f t en e m erges fr o m it N o w .

L u g s eld o m a pp ea rs in t h e U l t oni a n s a g a s ; bu t in o n e
O f t h e m h e pl a ces hims e lf m o re t h a n o nce on t h e w a t
y o

b e re - b orn a n d m or e t h a n o nce t h e m o t h e r is D e ch t ere

,

S is t e r t o kin g C o nch o b a r I t is h a rdly n e c e s s ary t o sa y

.

’
t ha t t h e a cc o u nt s O f C uch u l a inn s bir t h a re very c o nfu s e d
a n d inc onsis t e n t This is d u e p a r t ly t o his being t r ea t e d
.

a s t h e s on o f L u g in t h e o rdin a ry w a O f n a t u r e wh e n h e
y ,
’ 1
is c a ll e d L u g s l a d an d his sp e cia l n u rs e ling an d p a rt ly
t o hi s b e ing reg a rd e d a s L u g hims e l f re - app ea ring in t h e

fl e sh aft er s ev era l m ore or less un s u ccessfu l an d O bsc u r e

inc a rna t i o ns 2
O n e o f t h e s e m a de t h e n o bl e s O f Uls t e r
.

l ook wi t h a wkwa rd su spici on a t C onch ob a r a s t h e u n ,

’
ma rri e d D ech t ere a c t e d a s her br o th er s ch a ri o t e e r an d 3

1
m L og a
’

Bk .
f
o L e ins t er , l l 9 a , g e in L og o .
( vo c .
) 123b, s a zn a l t ra .

2
W
Vin d i s ch , p . p 138
139 5) an d .

3
S h e is c a l l d h i s a r a ch a i o t ee r i t h e Blc of t h D u n ; b u t t h e’
e r n e
, , .

E g e t o M S s ay s th t s h e s a t in h is ch i o t d
r n . a it l th a t i t a
y ar o ru z, s o s
,

t o d i v e o r g u i d e t h e h o rs es t h e ve rb i m p l i e d i r im w hich \Vin
‘ ’ ’
r s a ,
432 v . TH E S UN HE R O .

S har e d his o rdina ry sleeping a cc omm o da t i on : c omp are th e

fa c t t h a t Gre ek my th ol o gy t re a t ed H er e as S ist e r t o Z eu s ,

an d a ls o t h e Gre e k legend which m a de Ze u s t h e f a t her

o f H e r a cl e s .

’
T h e O ld e st a cc ou n t w e h a ve O f C l ich u l ain n s bir t h
o cc u rs in t h e el e v e nt h - c en t u ry man u scrip t c a ll e d t h e
B o o/f of tlze D un bu t a simil a r versi o n is fo u nd in a
2 ’
la t er on e w hich a dds t o th e s t ory O f t h e h er o s birt h
,

t h e mys t eri o u s r e m ark t h a t h e w a s t h e n, a s it w o u ld

3
s e em a b o y O f thr e e whi ch pro ba bly r efers t o his siz e
, ,

a n d s t r eng t h : c o mp a r e t h e r a pid gr o w t h O f L l e u
(p .

N e i t h er s t ory m ent io ns his m ot h e r t a king an y p ar t in

bringing u p t h e boy bu t t h ey sp ea k O f a not her O f t h e
,
’
king s sis t ers w h o w a s c a ll e d Finn ch o em s e tt ing h er
, ,

a ffe c t i o n a t o nc e o n li tt le Set a n t a for t h a t w a s o n e O f t h e ,

’
b oy s na mes : h e w a s t h e sa me t o h er Sh e sa id , a s h er ,

o w n son C o n a ll C ern a ch a n d t h e king rem a rk e d t h a t

,

t h ere w a s li t t l e fo r h er t o ch oo s e b e t we e n h er ow n s on
’
an d h er o wn S ist e r s s o n I t is n ot hin t e d t h a t D ech t er e
.

dis o wn e d h er chi ld in t his st ory bu t it d e s crib e s h er s o m e , ,

t ime b ef o r e hi s bir th t rying t o p a ss O ff for wh a t sh e n o

,

m or e w a s t h a n Ar ianrh o d wh e n sh e h ad t h e a u d a cit y t o
a pp e a r as c a ndid a t e f or t h e O ffi c e O f foo t -
h o ld e r t O ki n g
M at h (p T h e p a rall e l be t wee n D e ch t ere an d Aria n
.

d i s ch xp l ai s as ich b e fah re (das mee ) ru d r bu t t h e o i gi n l

‘ ’
e n r ,
e e, r a

si ificna ti o n mu st h av e b ee n w i d e s e e Wi n d i s ch pp 136 139

r
g , .
,
.

1 Fo l i o 1 28 it is i n c omp l et e an d t h e fragm e t h as b een p u b l i s h ed n

,

i Win dis ch s I r is ch e T ex te pp 136 1 41

’ —
n ,
. .

2
N a me l y t h e B iti s h M u s eu m M S E g rton 17 8 2 fol 152 w hic h
,
r . e , , .
,

i a ss i g ed t o t h e fif t een t h c en tu ry an d p u b l is h ed w ith t h e o th er by
s n ,

“ in d is ch
T
.

3
Wi n d i s ch p ,
. 141 .
434 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

th e gu is e O f birds d eva s t at e d E ma in as th ey wi s h e d t o ,

bring C onch o b ar an d his m en t o t h e ir h abit a t i on D ech .

t e r e t h e n g a ve t h e visi t o r a p u rpl e m an t l e wi t h wh ich ,

h e re t u rn e d t o his fri ends ; b u t h e b e ing Bricriu t h e ,

U lt oni a n geni u s O f m ischi e f an d disc ord o nly t old t h e m ,

t h a t h e h a d f o u nd a fi n e h o u s e ; n or did h e fa il t o dw e ll
on t h e s u p eri o r a pp ea ra nc e O f it s o wn e r an d e sp e ci a lly

t h e b eau t y O f hi s c o ns or t C onch ob a r r ea soning in t h e

.
,
‘
w a y n at u ra l t o kings a n d princ e s s a id : Tha t f e ll o w is
,

o n e O f my m e n h e is in my l and l t his wife c o me to

; e

-
m e t o nigh t ’
B u t n o s oon er h a d Sh e b e e n br ou gh t t h a n
.

s h e g a v e it t o be u nd ers t o o d t h a t sh e h a d b e e n o v e r t ak e n

by t h e t hr o e s of childbir th wh er eu p o n s h e w a s a ll o w e d
,

t o d ep a r t T h e king an d his men in d u e t ime w e nt t o

.

sl eep an d wh en t h ey wok e in t h e m orning wh a t w a s

, ,

t h e ir s u rprise t o find t h e ms e lv e s a l o ne u nd e r th e cl ea r
sk o f he a v e n I T h e f a iry h o u s es an d t h e ir fa iry inm a t e s
y
h a d a l l dis a pp ea r e d a n d a l l t h e y h a d l ef t b e hin d t h e m
,

- ’
w a s a fine b a by b o y in t h e king s br o g u e T h e b a by is .

h a nd e d o v er a s in t h e o t h e r v ersi ons t o t h e c are O f t h e

, ,
’
king s S ist er Finn ch o em w h o s e em s n o w t o h a v e b e en
,

his ch a rio teer b u t wh en Sh e e xpr e ss e s h er a ffe ct i o n

for t h e b a by it is Bricriu an d n ot C o nch o b a r w h o is
, , ,

m a d e t o sa y t h at s h e h a d lit t l e t o ch o o s e b et w e en h er
’
o w n so n an d h er o w n S is t er s s on H e t h e n r el at e s a l l
.

’
t h a t h e h a d l ea rnt t h e pr e vi ou s d a y a b o u t D ech t ere s
e s c a p a de which sh o u ld b e c o mp a r e d wi t h t h e s t o ry O f
,

Ca er (p . Wh a t h a d n ow b e c om e O f D ech t ere h ow ,

e v er ,
w e a re n o t t o ld ; bu t h er d e sert ing h er s on in
1
t h e m ann er d e scribed is n ot t h e o nly p a ra ll e l b et we e n

1
I t is r i ght t o sa
y th at t h e s t ry O f t h e T ai in t h e B k
o n .
f
o th e D un
mak e s h is f th a er a n d m o th er rea r h im d u i g h is fi s t y ea
r n r rs a t a p l ac e
 v . TH E S UN H E RO . 435

h er and Ari an rh o d ; fo r b e s id e s h er w i s h t o p a s s fo r a
, .

’
m a id en a s a lrea dy m en t i o n ed s h e h ad b e e n h er bro th er s ,

cha ri o t e er a circ u m s t a nc e in w hich w e h a v e t h e I ri s h

,
’
e q u iv a l en t O f Ari a nrh o d s n a m e which m e a n t h e r O f t h e ,

’
Silve r Wh ee l an d O f Wo d en s l em an Gefjon O f t h e d iup
,

r o d u l or d e eply pl o u ghing whe e l m e nt i one d in a p re ,

v io u s l e c t u re p
( .

L u g re - b o rn is b e st kn o wn a s C uch u l a inn a n d t h e ,

pl a c e t h e l a tt e r o cc u pies in Irish l eg end j u st ifi e s ou r

d ev o t ing s o m e O f o u r sp a c e t o him : h e h a s t h e a ddi t i o n a l
a t t ra c t i o n t h a t wh a t is s a id o f him m a in s o me ins t a nc e s
y , ,

b e rega rded as sa id O f L u g w h o h a s a lr e a dy o cc u pi e d ,

o u r a t t ent ion C uch u l a inn t h en is t h e s u n b u t th e

.
, , ,

s u n a s a pers o n a n d as a p e r s o n a b o u t wh o m a m a s s O f
,

s t o ri e s h a ve ga t h e r ed s o m e O f which prob a bly n ev er ,

h a d an y r ef e r e nc e t o t h e s u n SO it is in v a in t o s e a rch .

fo r a s o l a r k e y t o a l l t h e li t e ra t u r e a b o u t him s o m e ti m e s
h e is m e re ly an e x a gg era t e d w a rri o r an d a di s t o r t e d
man ; s o m e t imes his s o l a r n a t u re b ea ms for t h u n mis t a k
a bly b e t w ee n t h e s o m e wh a t u nwi e ldy a t t rib u t e s wi t h

which h e h as b een inve s t e d wit h u t t er disre ga rd t o c on

sis te ncy or t h e genera l e ffe c t Th e re is pro b ably n ot hing .

u s u a lly c o nsid e r e d ess e n t i a l t o a s o l a r my t h which c o u ld

n o t b e f o u nd in t h e v a ri o u s s t o ri e s a b o u t C l ich u l a inn a s ,

ma y b e s ee n fr o m t h e foll ow in g t hings c o ll e c t e d a t
ra nd o m fr o m a m o ng t h e m .

Af t er th e c u ri ou s a cc o u n t s r e l a t iv e t o his bir th t h e ,

in t h e Pl ai n O f M u rt h e m n e b ut t h e p assag e i n q u es ti o n, fo l 5 04 , g v e s
. i
th e na me O f ne ith er p a re n t :
‘
A l t a s o m em ol Fe rg u s l a ma t h u ir 7 l a
a t h a ir o c o n d d a irggd ig im ma ig m u rt/t e mn e
’
Ve ri l y h e
’
. w a s rc a w d,
sai d F rg u
e s,
‘
by h is mo th e r an d h is fa t her a t t h e R e d- h o us e ( l ) i n the
Pl a i n O f M u
’
rt h e m n e .
436 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

n ext t hing t o b e n ot ic e d is his ra pid gro w th an d pr e c o ci ou s

m anh oo d Wh e n he is o nly fi v e he s et s O ff t o E m a in an d
.
,

o v e rc o m e s a l l t h e U l t o ni a n y o u t hs a t t h e ir g a m e s in t h e

-
pl a y fi eld 1
Wh en h e is s ev e n h e l ong s for a wa rri or s
.
’

a rms ; bu t a t t h a t a e h e c o u ld o nly e t t h e m by a t rick

g g ,

which h e e xpl a ined a s a mi s un d erst anding O f t h e wo rds

2
O f t h e dr u id w h o w as his t u t o r Thi s r e min ds on e O f .

’
L l e u t h o u gh t h e O bs t a cl e in C uch u l a inn s w ay w a s n o t
,

lik e t ha t which Ari a nrh o d h a d pr ep ared for L l eu Arm s .

t h en h e g ot n a m e ly fr o m t h e kin g w h o w a s ind u c e d
, , ,

e ven t o l e nd him h i s o w n w ar - ch a ri o t : h e n e xt b a d e his

-
c o m ra d es in t h e pl a y fi el d a di e u an d c o mp ell e d t h e king s ’
,
’
ch a ri ot e er t o drive him a cr o ss t h e b ord er in t o an en e my s
l a nd where h e p erf o rme d w o nd ers O f v al o u r He a t
,
.

’
l eng th r et u rn e d wit h his f oe s h ea ds in his ch ari ot a ,

swift -f o o te d st a g b et w e en it s hind Sh af t s an d a s t ring O f ,

wild birds flu t t ering ab o ve his h ea d a s t h e t rophies O f ,

3
h is a chi e v e m ent s in w a r an d his fl e e t n e ss in t h e ch as e ,
’ ’
t o which n o d ee r s fo ot n o bi rd s wing w as e q u a l , ,

o t h e r e xpl o i t s o f his childh o o d migh t b e a dd e d As h e .

’
rapidly gr e w t o m o r e t h a n a m a n s s t r eng th h e di e d ,

y o u ng t h ou gh n ot t O O y o u ng p erh a ps t o h a v e b e c o m e
, , ,

b eard e d bu t it w a s a su bj e c t o f r ep ea t e d r e m ark t ha t h e
,

r e ma in e d b ea rdl ess S o me t im e s when wa rri ors w o u ld

.
,

d e clin e t o figh t wit h s u ch a s tripling h e w o u ld p u t on a ,

b eard o r pick u p a h a ndf u l O f gra ss a n d sing a ch a rm

,
‘

o ver it which w o u ld c o nv e r t it in t o a h e a rd f or him f or

,

4 ’
th e t im e C uchu la inn s beardl e s sn e ss r eminds on e o f t h e
.

y o u t hfu l Ap oll o an d st ands in c o ntra st t o th e c onv en t i on al

,

1
Bk .
f th e Du n
o ,
p . 59.
2
Ih . p . 61 .

3 l b 6l . a— 6 3a .
4
I h 6 96, 7 2 b, 7 46
. .
438 v . TH E SUN HE RO .

r e ferred t o t h e da ys O f th e we ek respec t iv ely a s t h e thre e ,

c o l ou rs O f his ha ir p o ssibly did t o t h e thr ee p a rt s O f t h e

d a y And a r e fe re nc e t o t h e a ppea ra nce O f t h e s u n sh o r n
.

O f his ra ys m a h a ve b e e n o rigin a lly in v o lv e d in t h e

y
’
fa ncy which m a de C i ich u l ain n s h a ir g et a bs orb e d int o
his b o dy, l ea ving a bl o o d -re d drop marking t h e pl a c e O f
ea ch individ u a l h a ir wh e n he w as enga g e d in an y gr e a t
,

phy s ic a l eff o r t 1
This w a s h o w e v er, only a s ma ll p a rt O f
.
,

t h e dis t o rt i o n which h e u nd e r w e nt wh e n he w a s h a rd
p re ss e d in b a ttle : h e prep a r e d hi ms elf for a ct i on a ft er
sl ee p or illn e ss by dra wing his h a nd o v e r his fa ce which ,

h a d t h e effe c t O f m a king him re d a l l o v e r a n d O f dr iving ,

2
his l et h argy fr o m him ; b u t when he g o t t h oro u ghly
a ngry wi t h hi s a n t a g o nis t s t h e c a lves O f his l e gs w o u ld
,

t w is t r ou nd t ill t h e y w e re wh er e his shins sh o u ld h a v e

’
been ; his m ou t h bec a me l a rge e n o u gh t o c o nt a in a m an s
h ea d ; his liv er an d his lu ngs c o u ld b e s e en swinging in
his t hro at an d m ou th ; e v e ry h a ir on h is bo dy b e c am e a s
s h a rp as a t h o rn a n d a d r o p O f bl oo d or a Sp a rk O f fi re
,

s t o o d on e a ch ; o n e O f his e y e s b e c a m e a s sm a ll a s a
’
n ee dl e s or e lse it s a nk b a ck in t o h is he a d fu rt her t h a n
,

a her o n c ou ld h a v e r ea ch e d wi t h it s b ea k whi l e t h e o t h er
,

pr ot ru d e d it s elf t o a c o rr e s p onding l eng th These con .

t ort i o u s w on for him t h e nickn a m e O f t h e R ia s ta r th a , or

t h e D is t o r t ed O n e ; b u t it w a s giv e n him by t h e m en o f

d i s ch , p . w as p rob abl y t h e or igi n al n u mb er, c orres p on d in g t o t h e

ei ght d ay s O f t h e p aga n w eek I t w ou l d n ot .
, p erh ap s b e refi n i ng t oo
,

mu ch t o regard t h e fou r d i mp l es a s referri n g t o t h e fou r day s o f t h e

n in d en or h al f-
e w ee k .

1
Wi n di s ch p 26 5 ; al so Bk of th e D u n 5 9a 7 2a
, . .
, , .

Wi n di ch pp 212 216 ; Bit f th e Du n 7 8 b

s
, .
,
. o
, .
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 439

C o n n a u gh t in th e w e s t wh e rea s t h e c o u rt e sa n s O f U l s t e r
.

,
1
,

l o o king a t it in a diffe re n t ligh t inflic t e d o n t h e ms elv es , ,

by w a y O f l ov e fo r him o n e O f t h e s o -c a lled Thre e ,

Bl e mi s hes O f t h e Wo men O f Ul s te r which w er e a s fo l ,

’
l w s Ev e ry Ul t oni a n l a dy w h o l o ved C i i ch u l a in n m a d e
o .

h e rs elf blind O f o n e e y e wh en c onv ersing wi t h him ;

e v e ry o n e w h o l o v e d C o n a ll C e rn a ch w h o w a s cr o s s - ey e d , ,

a pp ea re d t o s qu in t an d ev e ry o n e w h o l o v e d t h e s t u t t e r

in g U l t o ni a n h e r o C os cra id M e nn M a ch a l a id h er spe e ch
, ,

2
u nd e r a n imp e dimen t a l l t hr ee ins t a nc e s o f v e ry e a rn e s t
—

fl a t t ery which o n e ca n h o w e ver e a s ily u nd e rs tand by

, , ,

s t u dying c a s e s O f a c u t e l oy al t y in t his c o u nt ry N ow .

’
wh en C i i ch u l a in n w a s di s t or t ed wi t h a ng er a n d b a t t l e
3
f u ry h e b e c a me gigant ic in siz e a n d m a d e n o d is t in c
, ,

t i o n b e t ween fri e nds an d f o es b u t f e ll e d a l l bef o r e a n d ,

b ehind e qu a lly ; s o it w a s highly d ang er o u s t o s t op hi m

fro m figh t ing t il l he f e l t t ha t h e h a d e n ou gh an d wh en ,

h e s t o pp e d it w a s r e qu isi t e t o h a ve t hr ee b a t hs r e a dy
for him O f c o ld wa t e r : t h e firs t h e pl u ng e d in t o w o u ld
ins t a nt ly b o il o v er an d t h e sec o nd wo u ld be t o o h ot for
,

a nyb o dy e ls e t o be a r while t h e t hird a l o ne w o u ld b e o f ,

c ongeni a l t emp erat u re Whet her t hi s h a s an y ref erenc e

4
.

’
t o s ol a r he a t o r n o t t h e s a me p e c u lia ri t y O f C uch u l a inn s
,

is d es crib e d in an ot h er w a y : d u rin g h a rd w ea t h e r he
w ou ld s it d o wn wit h t h e sn o w re a chi ng t o his girdl e an d

1
Bk . o f t h e D a n , 59 a , 7 2 a , an d 7 9 b, w h e re a re m a rk a b l p as s a
e g e

o cc u rs a bou t h is l g ‘
i hts (s co im W l s h
’
,
e y s
g yfa irzt ) a nd
‘
h is l i eav ies
’

(t ro mma , Y
Vel s h af u , l i v e ) T a u ca ta r
r
’
—
' ’
a s co i m7 a t ro mm a c o mba t
’
ar
’

’
o r e t el a ig i n a bél 7 i n a bra g it .

2
Wi d i s ch pp
n , . 206-7 ; al s o S t o k e s , R ev . Cel t . v ii j . 61 .

’
3
B it .
f
o L e ins ter, 86h ; O C u rr
y , i ij . 448 -9 .

4
\Vin d is ch , p . 220 ; Bk . o f th e D u n , 6 3a , 7 2a .
440 v . TH E S UN HE R O .

c a s t O ff his cl o th e s incl u ding his u nder -cl o t hing wh er e

, ,

u p o n t h e h ea t o f hi s b o dy w o u ld m el t t h e sn o w fo r a
’ l
m a n s c u bi t al l r ou nd him .

’
C i i ch u l a in n w a s u nriv a ll e d in al l f ea t s O f a rms a n d
s kill wh et her h e h a ndl e d his o w n w ea p ons or p erf o rm e d
,
2
t ricks wi t h t h e ne e dles O f t h e a s t o nish e d l a di e s O f a
’
king s c ou r t I t is diffic u l t t o u nd ers ta nd th e l angu a ge
.

’
in which t h e list o f C l ich u l ainn s f eat s is c ou ch e d bu t ,

s u ch a n a m e as t h e a ppl e - f eat w o u ld s e em t o su gg e st t h a t
’
s o m e O f t h e m w e re O f t h e n a t u r e O f a j u ggl e r s t ricks .

O t h ers , h o we v er w e re d ou b t l e ss O f a m ore s e ri ou s
,

n at u r e a s h e O ft en br o u gh t t h e m int o pl a y in his d u els

,

wit h his fo e s Bu t perh a ps t h e m o st rem ark abl e t hing

.
'

’
a b o u t t h e m is t h a t when C uich u l ain n went fo r t h in his

ch a ri ot h e u s e d t o pra c t is e t hem ab o ve t h e h o rs e s a b o v e
, ,

3
his he a d an d th at O f his ch ari o t eer If a b asis for t his .

fa ncy is t o b e s ou gh t in nat u r e it mu st b e th e ov er ,
’ ’
p o we rn pla y o f th e s u n s rays blinding on e s a t t emp t s
’
t o gaz e a t it s midd a y o rb C uchu l a inn s a gili t y an d .

s t r e ng th w e r e s u ch t h at h a rdly an kind O f w a lls c o u ld

y
4
c onfin e him h o wever high t hey might be
,
His m o s t .

u su al m o d e O f figh t ing w a s t o hu rl his spe a r a t his

a n t a g onis t o r a s t o n e fr o m his sling , whi ch h e did wi t h

fa t a l p re cisi o n e v e n a t an incr e di bl e dist a nc e ; b u t in

1
Bk .
f
o th e D u n , 6 8 a , 7 1 a ; b u t t h e B k .
f
o L eins ter , 7 0 5, m ak es
the sn o w m e l t fo r thi rty fee t a ll ro u n d h im , w hich is m o re l i k e t h e
e xt rav a a n
g ce t o be exp e c t ed .

2
Wi n d i s ch p 28 6 , . Bk .
f
o th e D u n , 108 b .

3
Bk .
f
o t h e Da n , 7 3a , 1 226 ; B k .
f L ein s ter, 1 20a ;
o an d th e s t ory

p u bl i s h ed by C ro w e p 37 9 al so
in t h e Kil k enn y Jou rna l fo r 18 7 0, .

t h e Bk .
f the
o D n a ,
w h re t h e n u m b er O f t h e f t s ri s s t o
e ea e

t w e ty -s e ve
n n . For m o re referen c es s ee Wi n d i s ch s v cl es s p 426
, , . .
, . .

4
\Vin d i s ch , p 299
. .
442 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

d i t ch e s for a Thu s C iich u l ainn is o n on e o cc a

for t ress .

si o n m a d e t o describe a h eavy c ou rs e O f t his kind ro u nd

t h e c amp O f his e n e mies an d t o ex t emp o riz e a bl o ck a de
,

in t his w ay t o d el ay t h e ir march u nt il his fri ends Sh ou ld

1
a rrive o n t h e sc e n e .

L a st ly C uchu l a inn w as dis t in gui sh e d for hi s g oo d

,

sens e an d wisd o m , for t h e swe et n e ss O f his speech , an d

fo r m a ny e xc e llenc e s or c a p a cit i e s in which h e s u rp a ss e d
his c o nt e mp o ra ri e s : a m o ng o t h ers are m ent i o n e d his
su p e ri o rit y in t h e m att er O f int elligence, pr oph e cy ch e ss ,

pl aying , a n d abilit y t o t ell at a gl a nc e t h e n u mber O f

’
m en in a n e nemy s c a mp 2
In fa c t t w o O f t h e t hree
.
,

cl e v e r e s t cou n t in g s O f t his kind whi ch Irish m e m ory

“

h anded d own in t h e f orm O f a t ri a d w ere a scri b e d t o ,

'
3
L u g an d C t i ch u l ainn r e spec t ively Bu t th e p a rallel .

e x t ends mu ch f u r t h e r t h a n t his inst a nc e w o u ld h a ve led

o n e t o e xp e c t ; for j u st as L u g exc e lled a l l t h e p rofes

s ion al men o f t h e T u a t h a D é D an ann b e c a u s e h e kn e w

’
a ll t h e ir pr o f e ssi o ns hi mself SO C Uich u l a in n wh en he
, ,
4
describ e d hims elf t o t h e l a dy h e w oo e d t o b e his wife ,
w a s m a de t o s ay t h a t he yi e lded su peri o ri t y t o t h e king

a l o n e t h a t he s u rp a ssed a ll t h e n o bl e s o f U lst e r bec a u s e

,

h e h a d le a rned al l t h at e a ch O f t hem h a d t O t e a ch in his

o w n pr o fessi o n For besid e s wh at app er t a in e d t o w ar
.

an d v a l ou r , he p o ssessed wisd o m in lega l a n d t rib a l

ma t t e rs , an d he r e vis e d t h e j u dgmen t s of t h e Ul t o ni ans ;

he c ou ld t ake a p a rt in t h e a dminist ra t iv e work o f t h e
’
king s realm ; he h a d a cqu ired a l l t h a t t h e chief fi le or
1 2 3
Bk .
f
o t h e D u n , 8 0a , 8 06 . l b 1 21 6
. . I b 58 a
. .

1
‘
The w h ol e is t o b e fou n d in t h e s to ry O f t h e Wo oi g o f E me n r,

e s p e ci a ll o f l i l 23 — 1 24b a n d s o me O f t h e t e xt u a l d i ffi c u l ti e s
y n o o s a ;
m y be d i p o s ed O f by c o mp ari n g w i t h it Wi n d i s ch pp 1 41-2
a s ,
. .
 v . TH E S UN HE R O . 443

S ee r h ad to imp a r t ; an d t h e chi ef dru id h a d for h is ,

’
m o t h e r s sa k e m a d e h im a pr o fici en t sch o l a r in t h e a r t s
,

o f th e
g o d O f dr u idism
(p s o t h a t he w a s fi t t o .

-
t ak e p a r t in t h e visi o n f ea s t 1
This is b orn e o u t by o th e r .

’
p a r t s o f t h e s t o ry O f C i i ch u l ain n : t hu s o n o n e o cc a si o n
2
h e is m a d e t o d eliver himself O f an el a b or a t e ch a rg e t o
h is f ri end L u g a id w h o h a d been ch o sen king O f Ir el a nd
, ,

t e lling him h o w he w a s t o c o nd u c t hims e lf in t h at O ffi c e ;

a n d if w e t u rn t O a n o t her fi e ld o f h is a cq u ir e men t s w e
,

find him m or e t h a n o nc e wri t ing o ga ms O f p o t en t m a gic ,

which t hro wn in t h e w a y O f t h e a dv ancing h o s t s O f his

en emi e s seri o u sly emb a rr a ssed an d d el a yed t h e ir m arch
3
o n t h e T ain The s u peri o ri t y which h e cl a im e d o ver
.

t h e n obles o f his c o u nt ry he a scrib e d t o h is h a ving be e n

e d u c a t ed by e v ery on e O f t h e m whe t h er c ap ta in o r ,

ch ari o t e er , wh e th e r king or O ll av e so h e h e ld him

s e lf b o u nd t o t h e m a ll by t h e t i e s O f f o s t e ra g e an d ,

h e a veng e d t h e wr o ng s o f t h e m a ll wi t h ou t dis t inc t i o n .

’
‘
Ve rily it is t herefo re he s ays in c o ncl u d ing his acc ou n t ,

O f himself t o Emer , I w a s c al led by L u g

‘
fro m
t h e swift j o u rney O f D e ch t ere t o t h e h ou se O f t h e gr e a t
’4
man o f t h e Br u gh This in it s w a y reminds on e O f t h e
rO l e which Ap oll o pl a yed in t h e p o li t ics a n d his t o ry o f
’
Greece , n ot t o ment i on t h e p ara llel be t we en D e ch t ere s
fligh t wi th her fif t y m a idens t o th e Bru gh o f t h e B o yn e
1
T he w o rd s in p oi tn a re — c o id
a a m fi s s id fo ch ma irc hi ce rd a ib dé
d ru id e ch t a c on id a m e o l a ch .
hi feb ib fis s (Bk of th e D
a . . a n, l 24 h ) . I
t ak e fi ss . to t
s an d fo r fi s si ( = fes s i
) c o m p a re t h e t a r bf e s, or b u l l-feas t ,

in Wi n d i sch pp 212-3 ,
. .

2
Wi n di s ch pp 213 4 -
,
3
B k of th e D n 5 7
. . 5 7 b 63b . a ,
a, , .

4
I t is s o I v en t u re t o t ran sl a t e t h e w o rds 1 24 b I s se em d o m im ,
— r r

a rt s a 6 l u m c cu i d m a ic e t h l en d d iech t ra d i an d ect iri co t e ch

a n
g g
m b u irr in b r g S e p 391 a b o v e
o a . e .
, .
444 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

an d wand erings O f L et o b efo r e giving bir th t o Ap oll o

th e
b u t fa r t h e m o s t ins t r u c t iv e c omp aris o ns a re t o be ma d e
be tw e en C uchu l ainn an d Her a cl e s , a s will b e se e n l at er .

’ ’
S O ME OF C ti O H UL A i NN s ADVE NT U R E S .

Thu s far th e r ea d e r h a s h a d pr e s ent e d t o hi m a

’ ’
n u mb e r O f misc el lan eo u s p a rt icu l ars ab ou t C i i ch u l a in n s
p ers on an d a t t rib u t e s ; l et u s n o w s ay s o m et hing m o r e
a b o u t his a c t i o ns a n d t h e f e e s h e h a d t o f a c e Of t h e s e .

l a st t h o s e w h o cl a im th e first pl a ce a re A ilill an d M e db
, ,

t h e king an d qu e e n O f C onn a u ght w h o h a v e b een m en ,

t ion e d on pr e vi ou s o cc a si o ns a s h a s a ls o t h e i r fa m ou s
,

e xp e di t i o n c all e d t h e T ain t o U l st er a n d e sp e ci ally

, , ,

t o t h e Pl a in O f Mu rth em n e or t h e dist ric t which w a s

,
’
in C uch u l a inn s sp e ci al ch a rge A il il l m a y bri e fly b e
.

t reat e d a s on e O f t h e r epr e s ent a t iv e s O f d a rkn e ss whil e ,

’
his qu een w h o h a d b een C on ch ob ar s wife b el ongs t o t h e
, ,

a mbig u ou s g o dd e ss e s O f d a wn an d d u sk fou nd a lli e d a t

O n e t im e wi t h ligh t a n d a t a n o t h e r wi t h d a rkn e ss SO .

M e db did n ot a lwa ys Sh o w h ers el f h o st il e t o C i i ch u l a in n ;

’

in fa c t l a t e r ins t anc e s are m ent i o n e d O f h er displ aying

,

c o nsid e r abl e p art i alit y fo r him ; an d when h e h app en e d

t o c o m e on b u sin e ss t o h er c o u r t a t Cru a ch an s h e w ou ld ,

t r eat him wi th m o r e t h an h o spi t a li t y in t h e s e ns e giv e n

t h a t w ord by t h e civiliz e d n at i o ns O f o u r d ay I t w as .

o n t h e T ain Sh e fi rst h ear d O f him wh e n his w o ndr o u s ,

d e e ds O f va l ou r w ere d a ily brou gh t h o m e t o h er by t h e

fa ll O f t h e gre a t ch a mpi ons O f t h e west wh o m s h e s en t ,

f or th on e af ter a n ot h er t o d u e l wi t h him A t lengt h .

his pr ol o ng e d a t t e mp t t o ke ep t h e inva ders fro m th e

w e s t a t b ay pr o v e d t o o m u ch for him an d on e da y wh e n ,

h e w a s w orn o u t by fa t ig u e an d sl e eplessn e ss , his ch a

 446 v . TH E S UN HE RO .

th e h o u s e O f a gr ea t smi th c all e d C u l an n w h o li ve d n o t ,

o nly by his a rt O f w o rking in m e t a ls bu t a ls o by t h e ,

wea l t h which pr ophecy a n d divin at i o n br o u gh t in Wh e n .

t h e king an d his men h a d a rriv e d , C u l an n a sk e d t h e m if

t h e ir n u mb e r w a s c o mpl et e an d t h e king fo rg e t t ing t h e
, ,

b oy t h a t w a s t o fo ll o w a nswe r e d in t h e affi rm a t iv e
,
.

C u l ann expl a in e d t h a t he a sk e d t h e qu e s t i o n b e c au s e
when his gat es w er e s h u t in t h e e v ening h e u sed t o l e t
l o o se a t e rribl e w ar-h o u nd which h e h a d O b t a ined fro m
,

Sp a in t o g uard his ch a tt els an d fl o cks d u ring t h e nigh t .

SO it w a s d o n e t h e n ; b u t pr e s ent ly t h e b o y Set an t a c a m e
a l o ng ,
a m u sing himself wi t h his h u rlb a t a n d b a ll a s

1
w a s his w o nt H e w a s h ardly a wa r e O f t h e d o g b a rk
.

ing b e fo re it w a s a t him ; b u t h e ma d e sh ort wo rk O f

t h e br u t e t h o u gh n o t wit h o u t r ou sing t h e U l t o ni a ns t o
,

h o rr or a t th e ir o v e rsigh t for t h e y h a d n o d ou b t in t h e ir
,

m inds t h a t t h e b oy h a d b een t o rn t o piec e s T h e ga t es .

w er e thrown o p en a n d t h e b o y w a s fo u nd u nh a rm e d
, ,

wi t h t h e d o g lying d e a d at his fee t L ik e th e re s t C u l an n .

,
’
w elc o m e d him for his m ot h e r s s ak e as h e s a id b u t h e
, , ,

c ou ld n ot h e lp expr e ssing his r e gre t a t t h e d ea t h O f h is

h ou nd ; for h e d e cl a re d t h at his l o sing t h e gu ardi a n O f h is
h o u s e a n d his ch at t els m a d e his h o m e a d e s o la t i o n L i t t l e .

Set a n t a w h o c o u ld n o t s e e why s o mu ch fu ss sh ou ld b e
,

m a d e a b o u t t h e d o g b a d e th e smit h h a v e n o c a re a s h e
, ,

w ou ld hims elf gu ard a l l his prop ert y o n t h e Pl a in O f

Mu rth em n e t ill h e h a d a gro wn-u p do g O f t h e sa m e br e e d .

This w a s th e tra ct b e tw ee n C u ail g n e or C o o l e y an d t h e

riv e r B o yn e an d he w a s s u bsequ en t ly iden t ified wi th
,

i t ; s o t h at h e is fo u nd c a lled , fo r in s t anc e t h e Rid e r O f ,

1 -6 1 a 63a — 6 4 6
Bk o
f t h e D a n, 6 0a Bl f
o L e in s t er,
'

. .
, .
 v . TH E S UN HE RO . 447

Mu rth e mn e ’
Wa rri o r a n d th e P ri n c e o f
s Pl a iii , 1
or th e
it ; a n d h e d ef ended it m o r e s t re n u o u sly t h a n an y o th e r
di s t ric t a ga ins t th e ra va ge s o f th e We s t e rn h o s t s Wh e n .

’
Se t a n ta O ffe r e d t o wa t ch C u l an n s c a t tl e an d o th e r p ro
p er ty t h e dr u id pr e s en t e xcl a im e d t h a t t his sh o u ld
,

h enc e fo r th be his n a m e C ii-C h u l a in n t h a t is t o sa y , , ,

’
C u l a n n s H o u nd S u ch is t h e O ld a cc o u n t O f t h e w a y
.

in which li t tl e Setan t a O b t a in e d t h e na m e by which h e

is b e s t kn o w n ; bu t wh en t his t a le O f t h e killing O f
’
C u l a n n s d og c o mes t o be c o mp ar e d wi t h o t hers in p oin t ,

it is fo u nd t h a t C u l an n m u s t h a v e o rigin a lly b e en a f o r m
O f t h e divini t y O f t h e o t h e r w o rld an d t h a t his t e rribl e ,
2
h ou nd m a y d o u b t less be c o mp ar e d wi th t h e Cerb e ru s O f
Gr e ek m y th o l o gy T h e s u n a s a pers o n m ak e s w a r o n .

t h e p o w e r s r epr e sen t ing d arkness an d th e incl e mency O f

n a t u re bu t wi th t h e s e l a s t w o u ld n at u rally be a ss oci a te d
e vil O f a l l d e scrip t i o n incl u ding d ea t h t h e gr ea t e s t O f a l l , ,

ill s : t h e s e t h e n are t h e d e m o ns a n d m o ns t er s u nd er ,
’
t h e ir m a ny n a m e s wi th whic h C i i ch u l a in n r epe a t edly ,

figh t s Bu t n on e O f t h e m c an wit hs t and him an d his

.
,

wa rfa re wi t h t h e m is bri efly d e scribed in th e words

Pro u d is h e an d h au ht
g y , o f v al o u r su b l i me ,

“
Y
es t o t h e dem on s p
h e u rs u e s

Wi d i ch pp
1
n s ,
. 216, 221 .

2
T he I i h i ch u, a n d «tr m ea n s s l a ug ht er O f k i nd, i n c l ud i
'

r s s a r- an y n
g
f c l gh t hi m s el f c al l e d J rch u
’
O o u rs e s a u er in w a r ; an d C i i c h u l ai n n is .

E m ua , or t h e S l au g ht e -h o u n d
r O f E m a in , i n t h e B k . o f L e in s t e r, 8 7 I) ,
p ri t n ed by C C
’
u rr
y ,
iij . 45 2 . Bu t w hi l e c i
re a ll n g t h e d ogs t i d ra n e

fo r hich
w ar w i p rt ed by t h e G
u s e d t o be m m o au s l fr o B it i n (S t b o
r a ra ,

i v5 . it i t o be n tic d th t t h s t o y i t h e Bk f th e D m k s
,
s o e a e r n . o un a e

t h e s mith d g n i m p o rt e d e f o m S p a i n a n m e s o m e ti m
’
s o a u d on r ,
a es se

i t e d f th t f H d (pp 90
ns a o a O a es .

3 T hi s I t k t b t h e e ns e o f a v e s e i
a e o t h Bk f th D
e t8 h
s r n e o e u n,
.
,

w hich re a d s i t h e fa c s i m i l e : u al l ch u a brech ard l ag O l in i g fri

n a a r
448 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

famili a r sigh t O f t h e s u n risi n g an d se tt ing is t h e

T he
k ey t o s e v e ra l t hings in t h e C uch u l a inn l e g e nd For .

ins ta nc e h e is d e scribed go ing awa y fro m his p o st in

,

t h e e ve ning t o visit on e w h o p re p a re s f or h im a b a t h
1
bef ore h e qu it s h e r in t h e morning ; a n d an ot her t im e
on e O f his en e mi e s finds him b a t hing in a river e arly a t

2
t h e br e a k O f da y Bu t th e rising O f t h e su n o u t o f t h e
.

s ea in t h e m o rni ng d o e s n ot a pp e a r t o h a v e h a d a ny t hing

lik e t h e e ffe c t of s u ns et on t h e p o pu l a r ima gin at i on ,

which is t o be t ra ced in th e C i ich u l a inn l e ge nd in t h e

st o ri e s O f hi s vi s it s t o th e o t h e r wo rld e sp e ci ally in q u e st ,

3 ’
O f a wi fe T h e m a id e n s n a m e w a s Em er d a u ght e r o f
.

Forg a ll M o n a ch (p w h o liv e d in a pl a ce c a ll e d .

4
L u g l och t a L o ga e xpl a in e d t o me a n th e G a rd e ns O f L u g
, ,

a n ot h e r n a m e f or t h e w o rld wh enc e L u g u s e d t o c o m e
,
’
a n d t h e d e scrip t i o n o f E m e r s r e l a t iv e s q u i t e b ea rs t his

o u t a s Sh e c a lls h e r s e lf d a u gh t e r o f t h e C o a l -
,
fa ced King ?

S ia b ru s e (Wi d i s ch p n , . 221, p i ts r n sé ). It s h ou l d be t
re s o re d th us

Ua l l a ch u a brech a r d a g a l , m a iry f ri Si a bru s ech et h a r T h e re v . io p us

l i n e— fol a fo t a
BrO en an fl an d l a t o eb cra u d co ma rd a d e — is m o re d fi if c l t u ,

b u t it s h o u l d p b b l y en d w it h cra ud o r d ro a ech r a n d c mp a e Wi n d i ch
o r s ,

p 26 3 l i n es 14 an d 16
.
,
.

2
1
Bk . o
f th e D a n , 5 7 a , 58 a . I h 6 36 . .

3
The t
s o ry is k n o w n as th e Wo o i n
g of E m er it is t o b e f oun d in
a fragm e y s t at e in t h e Bk of th e D n 12l a 127 6 Fo t h
n ta r . a ,
— . r e

p o ti o s O f t h e n ar ati e o t t o b e fo d the e I h a e m ad e u se o f t h
r n r v n un r , v e

A s hb h m man c ipt al ady re fe ed t o as u m b e e d D iv 2 in

u rn a us r re rr n r ,
.
,

t h e l ib a y o f t h e R I r A c ad
r r . . .

4
T h e d a ti v e L g l ch t a ib is gl o ss ed in t h e B k of th e D u
u o 1 23 . n, a,

b y g rt a ih g rd en s
o d t h e L og a a dd ed is p e h p s ed u nd an t a t h
,
a an r a r ,
s e

n am e w o u ld s e m t o b e c o m p l e t e e ith er as I / ug l och t i b o
e L ch ta i b a r o

L og a I t is n o t t o b e d e i e d h w e v er th a t it is p o s ibl t o g iv j
.
g n ,
o ,
s e e t u

a d i ff en t xp l ana ti on i n thi s m e
er e na .

5
I g n rig i h is g t
n e w i t h g a rt a gl o ss ed e inech
r r a ce i bi d 1 23a
ar a,
, ,
’
. .
450 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

Alba n fo r an isl and t O t h e ea st O f it wh ere a g o dd e ss live d ,

w h o b o r e t h e n a m e O f Sc at h ach , which m ea ns S h a d owy

or Sh a dy : sh e a pp ea rs t o h a v e b e en t h e s a m e w h o

w a s n a m e d Bu ana n n an d d e scribed a s t h e n u rse o f t h e

,
1
h e r o es O f Irish myt h ol o gy C uch u la inn h ad n ot go n e
.

far wh e n his c o mp a ni o ns res o lved t o t u rn b a ck ; a n d h e

fel t d ej e c t e d an d u nc er t a in a s t o t h e dire c t i on t o t a ke ,

when a s t ra ng e b ea s t c a me a n d t ook him on it s b a ck .

Thu s h e t ra vell e d for f o u r d ays a t th e en d O f which t h e ,

kind b ea st p u t him d o wn in a n inh abi t e d isl a nd wh er e ,

h e r e c e ive d f o o d a n d drink fr o m a m a id e n h e h a d m e t
b efo re He als o f ell in wi th a c er ta in E ch aid Bairch e
.
,
’
w h o dir e c t e d him on his w ay t o S c at h a ch s c ou r t Cu .

ch u l a in n h a d t o cr o ss t h e pl a in h e s aid which h e s aw , ,

b ef or e him on e -h alf o f which wa s s o c o ld t ha t th e t ra

,
’
v el l er s f ee t w o u ld cl e a v e t o t h e gr ou nd a n d t h e o t h e r ,

h a lf h a d th e p e c u li arit y t ha t th e gr o u nd c a st him on t h e
p o in t s O f t h e sp ea r -like gra ss which gr ew ou t O f it ; bu t
t h e fri endly s t ra nger g a v e him a wh e e l a n d an a ppl e ,

which he w a s t o f o ll o w a cros s th e t w o disma l t ra c t s

2
r e sp e ct ively H e w a s t h en t o cr o ss a p eril ou s gl en
.
,

which w a s a t erri ble gu lf wit h n o bridg e bu t a sl e nd e r

c ord st r et ch e d a cr o ss it fro m o n e cliff t o t h e O pp o si t e on e
an d t his w a s n o t al l f or a t t h e en d h e w a s t o enc o u n t e r
,

t h e d e m o ns an d ph ant o ms s e n t by Fo rg a l l M o na ch t o

S ee t h e S t Corma c p C o mp a
1 ’
o k es -O D on o v an ed . of , . 17 . re al s o
’
t h e w o rd s ac s cat h a ig b h u ad aig bh u a n an d in t h e Bk .
f
o L ein st er,

t
8 8 a , q u o ed in O C u rry s M a n n ers , & c
’ ’
. i ij 45 4-5,
. an d ren d ered
‘
Wit h
ift
S cath ach , t h e g e d Bu an an d
’
.

2
T h e s t o ry o cc u pi es fol 8 2 c a d t h e fo ll o w i ng o n es in t h e A s hb rn
.
,
n u

h am M S an d t h e c uri o u s p ass ag e a b ou t t h e w h eel an d t h e a pp l e w i l l

.
, ,

b f u nd at 8 3a w hi l e t h e H a rl MS 5 28 0 h as it a t 326
e o , . . .
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 45 1

‘ ’
w ork h is d e s tr u c t i on He cro ssed t ha t bridg e o f d rea d .
,
’
h ow e v e r in Spi t e O f t h em , an d f ou nd himsel f in Sc at h a ch s
,

I s l e ; t h ere we r e m ore O bs t a cles t o b e o verc o m e b ef o re

’
r ea ching Sc ath a ch s ab o d e bu t he s u rm ou n t e d t h e m als o , ,

incl u ding a bridg e t ha t w a s l ow a t b ot h ends high in ,

t h e middl e an d s o c ons t ru c t ed t h at when a m an s t epp e d

, ,

o n t h e on e end t h e o t h e r e n d w o u ld ris e a l o f t , a n d h e
,

w o u ld be t hr o wn d ow n He w a s re c e ive d wi t h su rpri s e .

by Scath ach an d wi t h a rdent l o v e by h er d a u gh t e r

,

Uat h a ch w h o ins t r u c t ed him h ow t o fo rc e h er m ot h e r

,

t o t ea ch him There is a g en era l simil a ri t y be tween t his

.

’
j ou rney a n d th e v o y a g e which C i i ch u l a inn u nd ert oo k
in qu e s t O f th e s o ns O f Do el D erma it a s t o ry n ow ,

fa milia r t o y ou ; an d th e p a rallel ex t ends eve n t o t h e

’
int ernal aff a irs O f Scath a ch s c ou n t ry We rea d t h a t .

Scat h a ch w a s ch all e nged t o b a t tle by a n o th er qu e en O f

’
Ha des nam e d A ife an d s omet imes c a ll e d Sc at h ach s ,

d a u gh ter T h e figh t ing t ook pl a c e in p ar t on t h e c o rd

.

’
an d C i i ch u l a in n d u els o n it wi t h
1
o ver t h e P e ril ou s Gl e n ,
’
A if e an d su cce e ds in c a rrying h er a w a y t o Scath a eh s
,

c amp wh e r e sh e is c o mp e lled t o giv e h o s ta g e s t o Scath a ch

,
.

’
N ow Scat h a ch s a b o de w a s t h e l a nd O f de a t h ; an d t h e
a ccess e s t o it a re v a ri ou sly d e scrib e d .

Bu t b ef o r e pr o ce e ding f u r t her l e t u s rec u r fo r a m o m en t ,

1
T he I ih
r s m e is g l en n ng a i bt h ech , w hich app ears a l s o i n t h e
na

Vi s i o n o f A d a mn an
(W i n d is c h s I ris ch e T ex te , p
’
as d o es a l s o .

t h e Vici o u s Bri d g e (ih . p

p l c d a c o ss t h Gl en d c ll d
. but a e r e ,
an a e

d ro ich et a na l ta o r C l iff B i d g w hich O C u ry (ij i fl c ed p ’

r e, r . n uen rO
,

b ab l y by a s l i ght l y d iff e n t re ad i g c l l t h e B id g O f t h e Pu pi l I
er n ,
a s r e s.

m en ti o n th e as i s t c s O f I ri h my th l o gy w o k e d i n t o t h e re l i g i o u s
se n an e s o r

t al e s O f th e c o v rt d I i h n T h e i d ea O f f t u e p u n i s h m e t is i n t
e e r s . u r n ro

d uc ed a d h l l fi e l ibe lly b o rr w d f o m Ch i ti an so u rc e bu t t h e
,
n e - r ra o e r r s s
,

p g n geo gra phy o f H ad es rema i s l itt l e ch a nged

a a n .

0
a -G 9-
J a J
450 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

Alba n for an isl and t o t h e ea st of it wh er e a g o dd e ss liv e d ,

w h o b or e t h e n a me o f Sc at h a ch which m ea ns Sh a d o wy ,

o r Sh a dy : Sh e a pp ea rs t o h a ve b ee n t h e s am e w h o
w as n a med Bu an a n n an d described a s t h e n u rs e o f t h e
,
1
h ero e s O f Irish my t h ol o gy C uchu l a inn h a d n ot g on e .

far wh e n his c o mp a ni o ns r e s o lv e d t o t u rn b a ck a n d he
fe lt dej ec t e d a n d u ncer t ain a s t o th e direc t i on t o t ake ,

wh en a s t rang e b ea s t c a m e an d t o ok him on it s b a ck .

Thu s h e t ra vell e d for f o u r d a ys a t t h e end O f which t h e ,

kind b ea s t p u t him d ow n in an inh a bi t e d i sl and wh ere ,

h e rec e ive d f o o d an d drink fr o m a m a iden h e h a d m e t

be fo r e H e als o f ell in wi th a c er ta in E ch aid Ba irch e
.
,
’
w h o direc t ed him o n his w ay t o S c at h a ch s c o u r t C li .

ch u l a in n h a d t o cr o ss t h e pl a in , he s a id which h e s aw ,

b ef ore him on e -h alf O f which wa s s o c o ld t ha t th e t ra

,
’
v el l er s f ee t w ou ld cle a ve t o t h e gr ou nd a n d t h e o t h e r ,

h a lf h a d th e p e c u li arit y t ha t th e gr ou nd c a st hi m on th e
p o int s o f t h e spea r -like gra ss which gr e w ou t O f it ; bu t
t h e fri endly s t ra ng e r ga ve him a wh eel an d an a ppl e ,

which h e w a s t o f o ll o w a cr o s s th e t w o disma l t ra c t s
2
r e spect ively H e w a s t h e n t o cr o ss a p e ril o u s gl en
.
,

which w a s a t erribl e gu lf wi t h n o bridg e bu t a sl e nd e r

c ord st ret ch e d a cro ss it fro m on e cli ff t o t h e O pp o si t e on e
a n d t his w a s n o t al l f o r a t t h e e n d h e w as t o e nc o u n t er
,

t h e d e m o ns a n d ph ant o ms s e n t by Fo rg a l l M o n a ch t o

S ee t h e S t o k Corma c p C omp
1 ’
es -O D o n o v an ed . O f ,
. 17 . are al s o
’
t h e w o rd s ac sc at h a ig b h u ad a ig b h u an an d in t h e Bk .
f
o L einster,

8 8 a , q u o t ed in O C u rry s M
’ ’
a nn ers , &c . i ij 45 4-
.5, an d ren d ere d
‘
Wit h
S ca th ach , t h e g ift e d Bu an an d
’
.

2
T he t
s o ry o cc u pi es fo l 8 2 c a d t h e fo ll o w i g o n s i t h e A hb urn
.
,
n n e n s

h am M S .
,
a n d t h e c u i o u s p as sa g e
r b ou t t h e w h e el d t h e a pp l w i l l
a an e,

be f o u nd a t 8 3a w hi l e t h e H a rl M S 5 28 0 h as it a t 32 6
, . . .
45 2 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

t o th e dism al pl ain cr o ss e d by C uchu l a inn foll o wing for

a whil e a mys t e ri o u s wh ee l
. a n d fo r a n o t h er whi l e a n ,

e q u ally my s t eri o u s a ppl e Why th e s t o ry sh ou ld h a v e.

b oth a wh ee l an d an a ppl e d oe s n o t app ear a s th e t w o ,

wou ld s ee m t o su gg e st on e an d t h e s a m e in t erpret at i on ;
b u t b e fore c oming t o t h a t I wish t o p o in t ou t t h a t t h e ,

a ppl e is r epl a c e d in o th e r s t o ries by t h e b a ll wit h which

C uch u l a inn wh en h e w a s a child u s e d t o pl a y a so rt O f

, ,

s oli t ary h u rl ey or g o lf a s h e w ent his wa ys I t w a s t h u s .

,

wh e n only fi v e y ea rs O l d h e l eft h is h o m e o n th e Pl a in ,

o f M ur th e mn e a n d cr o s s e d t h e m oun t a ins t o E m ain

1
an d ,

- ’
it w as SO h e w a s pr o c e e ding t o wa r d s C u l a nn t h e Smi t h s
’
s t rongh old wh en h e p erc e iv e d th e l a t t er s Sp ani sh h o u nd
,

m aking for him an d kill e d t h e m ons t er ,

Th ere is a .

2 ’
m o re c u ri o u s inst anc e s t ill : y ou ng C uch u l a inn s s l u m
b ers d u rs t n o t b e di st u rb e d SO he w a s on e da y l e ft S l e ep ,

ing in -d oo rs a t E main , wh en a b at t l e w a s ra ging b e tw e en

t h e h e r o e s o f Uls t e r an d E o g an m a c D u rt h ach t wh o s e ,

n a me h a s a lr ea dy b een m en t io n e d (pp 1 42, th e .

vic t o ry f ell t o t h e sh a r e O f t h e l a t t er an d C o nch oba r ,

a n d o t hers O f t h e Ul t o ni a ns w er e l ef t on t h e b a tt l e -
fi el d .

Wh en t h e w o u nd e d su rviv ors r ea ch e d E m a in , it w a s
night a n d a lr ea dy d a rk bu t t h e l a m ent at i o n an d t u m u l t
,

e lici t e d by t h e ir a rriv a l m a de C uchu l a inn wak e : h e

a sk e d a t o nc e wh er e t h e king w a s a n d , a s n ob o dy c o u ld ,

t e ll h e r u sh e d O ff t o t h e s cen e o f t h e sl a u gh t e r ; bu t n o
,

s o on er h a d h e r ea ch e d it t h an h e w a s a ssa il e d by on e O f
t h e dem o ns rev e lling t h er e a n d h e w o u ld h a ve s u c ,

e M O rr ig u
c u mb e d h a d n o t t h e B o db
(p t h p er .
,

1
Bk .
f
o t h e D a n, 5 9 a , an d Bk .
f
o L eins t er, 6 2a , w h ere t h e ball is
d es c rib e d as b ei ng O f s i l v er .

2
l b 5 9 6, 6 0a
. .
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 453

h aps ,
nd er a n o th er n a me an d in t h e f o rm O f a kind o f
u

h O O d ie cri e d o u t in a n u pbra iding t o n e

,
‘
Ba d m a t eri a ls,
’
O f a h er e a re t h e se t h e r e u nd e r t h e f e e t O f ph an t o m s .

’
C i i ch u l a in n s tu ng by t h at t a u n t g o t u p a ga in , an d
, ,

s t ru ck O ff t h e he a d O f his gh o s t -fo e wi th h is h u rl
ba t . Th en h e dr o v e t h e b all b efore him o v e r th e fi eld
‘
a n d sh ou t e d Is my fat h er C onch ob a r on t his fi e ld O f
,

? ’
sl au gh te r T h e l a t t er a nsw e r e d t h a t h e w a s a n d C iich u ,

l a inn c a m e an d fo u nd h im al l b u t wh olly b u ri e d wi t h
e ar th o v e r hi m on a lm o s t e very sid e H e e xt ric a t e d
.

him , a n d fou nd t h a t he w ou ld liv e if he c o u ld g et him

s om e foo d which h e h a s t ened t o pr o c u r e : h e t hen t o ok
,

C o nch ob a r t o E m a in whi ther he c a rri e d a t t h e s am e

,
’
t im e a w ou nd e d s on O f C on ch ob a r s o n hi s sh o u ld ers .

’
H ow t h e l at te r h a d g ot in t o t h e p o s i t i o n C i i ch u l ain n fo u nd
h im in w e a re n o t t old bu t it reminds o n e O f t h e dism a l
, ,
’
pl a in t o which t h e t ravell er s f eet w o u ld cl ea v e ; fu rt h e r ,
’ ’
C i i ch u l a inn s c o ming w a s S O l a t e t h a t t h e nigh t w a s t h e n
d a rk an d it l o oks a s t h o u gh t h e n a rra t o r o u gh t t o h a v e
,

t o ld u s t h at t h e b a ll he sent o ver t h e fi e ld w a s l u min o u s ,

a n d t h a t it w a s by m eans O f it an d n o t by c a lling o u t
, ,

t h at he f ou nd t h e king in t h e e a r t h : a s it s ta nds , t h e
n a rra t iv e is n ot v e ry in t elligible Wh a t e v e r t h e r ea s on
.

for t h at m ay b e t her e can be li tt l e d ou b t t h a t w e h a v e

,

t ra c e s h er e O f a primi t ive a n d fo rg o tt en my t h w hich

r epr e s en t ed t h e su n a s an appl e or b all , a f t e r which a n
i nfa n t gi an t u sed t o ru n d a ily a cr o ss t h e s k y ; an d th e
o t h e r f o rm t h a t O f a wh e e l given t o t h a t h e a v enly b o dy
, , ,

is o f ev en great e r my th o l o gic al in t e re s t a s it O ff ers a n ,

Iri s h ins tanc e O f a symb o lism t h e s ol a r o rigin O f which

, ,

a s m e n t i on e d on a n o t h e r o cc a si o n p
( h a s b e en l a t e ly
.

di s c u ssed by M Gaid oz . .
454 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

’
L et c o me b ack t o C uchu la inn s t ra ining in
u s n ow
’
Sc at h a ch s Isl and : he went t her e wh e n he w a s o nly six
1
ye ars O l d, an d r etu rned a s s o on a s h e h ad l ea rn e d al l
t h at c ou ld b e t au gh t hi m t h er e Bu t th e d et a ils O f his .

j o u rn e y h o m ewa rds are n ot given ; we are h o wev er , ,

t o ld t h at on his w ay h e visi t ed t h e c ou rt o f R e d ki ng O f ,

t h e Isles ; bu t t her e m u s t h a v e b een a s t o ry or st ories

2

r epr e s e nt ing h im c o ming t o Erinn , on t his or s o me ot her

o cc a si o n dire c t fro m Brit a in al ong a m ore s ou therly
,

r o u t e and I m u st n ow bri efly expl a in why I t hin k t his

,

d e s erving o f m ent i on The Su n -g o d is a grea t t ra v ell e r

.

t h u s L u g for e x a mple a rriv e s fr o m a di st a nc e t o h elp

, ,

t h e T u at h a D é D a n aa n , an d C on a ll C ern a ch h as t o b e
3
s ou ght for in fo reign l a nds L ik e t h em , C uchul ainn .

t ra vels t oo M ore o v e r, t h e re w a s a rem a rk abl e diffe rence

.

o f r a ce , t o be n o t iced l a t er bet w e en h im an d th e o t h e r ,

h er oe s O f th e U lt onia n cycle On t h e other h and h e .

,

h a d t h e ch arg e O f a Sp e ci a l dis t ric t c o nsis t ing O f t h e Pla in

O f M ur t h e mn e which r ou ghly spe a king m ea n t t h e level
,
, ,

p o r t i on of t h e m o d ern c ou nt y O f L ou t h In c a s e , t h en h e .
,

w a s a t an y t im e r e pres en t e d t o c o m e t o his fa v ou ri t e

h a u nt s fr o m a n ot h er la nd , wh at l a nd c ou ld m ore n a t u
ra lly h a ve be e n r e garded t h e on e he j o u rneyed fro m
t h an t h e n ear e s t p art O f Bri t a in lying in t h e s ame l a t i
t u de ? This w o u ld be th e c oa st fr o m th e M ers ey t o

f
1
Bk . o th e D un, 5 8 6 .

2
Ih . cc ord i ng t o O C u rry p 28 0 h e ret urn ed by w ay O f
126 a : a
’
, .
,

C an tire an d t h e i sl an d o f R a th l i n.

3
S e e t h e B k of L eins ter 17 1 6 w h ere b es i d es S c y t hi
.
,
D a ci a
, ,
a, ,

Go t h ia & c w e h a ve t h e rem a rk ab l e w o rd s
,
.
, i rich ib l éo d iis in i s ib c a n

c ad d 7 in in s ib in t h e t e rit o ri es O f L ew i s in t h e I s l a d s o f C a t
‘
r ,
n

an d in th e I sl an d s of O rk n ey
45 6 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

sist er .I n th e p u rsui t whi ch t ook pl a ce on th e p ar t O f

1

’
Fo rg al l s men he p erf orm e d a l l t h e deeds o f v a l ou r h e
,

h ad pr evi o u sly b oa s t ed hims elf c ap a bl e O f t o Eme r N ow .

sh e ,
t h ou gh t h e child o f a d u sky ki ng w as herself a ,

p erfe ct b eau t y an d end owed wi t h all t h e a cc omplishm en t s

,

O f a s u p e ri o r l a dy T h e wh o le pic t u r e is dra wn on t h e
.

lines of t h e n at u re my t h c o nn e c ting t h e Su n wit h t h e

D awn : t h e l a t t e r t h ou gh t h e d au ght er O f d arkness is
, ,

- ’
b ea u t ifu l , a n d sh e is t h e Su n go d s wif e T h e s ame id ea .

is br ou gh t int o r e li ef a ls o in an Ic el andic st o ry fou nd in

a m a n u scrip t O f t h e fif t ee n t h c e n t u ry b u t e vid en t ly m a d e
,
’
u o f O l d m at er i a ls I t r e l a t es h o w o n e O f king O l a f s
p .

m en la nd e d in t h e fa iry r ea l m o f Go d mu n dr His n am e .

w a s Th ors t einn an d he h a d m et wi t h ot h e r s t ra ng e a d v en
,

t u r e s in on e O f which h e h a d pr o c u r e d a m o ng div ers e

, ,

a r t icles o f gre at vir t u e a sm a ll s t o n e which when con

, ,

c e al e d in his h a nd w o u ld m a ke h im invi s ibl e t o o t hers

,
.

F a lling in wi t h Go d mu n dr an d t w o of his m en on e da y ,

h e w a s qu e s t i on e d a s t o w h o h e w a s an d h a ving d u ly ,
’
a nswered he in hi s t u rn inqu ir e d a ft er Go d mu n dr s
,

his tory , wh e n Go d mu n dr t old him th at h e w a s t hen on a

d ang e r ou s j o u rney t o t h e c ou rt O f a n e ighb ou ring king
c a ll e d Geirroed r w h o cl aime d him a s his t rib u tary , an d
,
’
w h o h ad c a u sed t h e de at h of Go d mun dr s f a t h er wh e n
’
h e l a s t wen t t o Ge irr oed r s c our t t o p a y him his t rib u t e .

Th orst einn express e d a desir e t o a cc omp any Go d mu n dr,

b u t t h e l a t t er w h o w a s a gi an t w a s a m u s e d a t t h e sma ll
, ,

1
H bro u ght w ith th em th e i r t w o erre O f gol d an d s il ver w hich
e ,

w o u l d s ee m t o h av e m ean t th e i r t w o b u d en s in all u s i o p o ss ibl y t o

r ,
n

th e i p ers on al o n men ts : t h e w o rd s in t h e A s hb u r h a m MS 8 46
r r a n .
,

a pp e a c n a d ib n er ib d i or th c ’
t o be
r o
7 a rca t arn d e y re all E l
,
en

L u y d g s S i l ver H os t (p
’
o .
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 457

s t a t u re O f Th ors t e inn t h ou gh for a man he w a s a p ers o n

,

o f a v e ry p o werf u l fr a m e Wh en , h owev er h e s a id t h at
.
,

h e h a d a w a y O f m aking himself invisible Go d mu n d r ,

c ons en ted t o t ake him wi t h h im an d Th ors t einn pr ov e d ,

t h e m e ans O f rendering Go d mu n d r an d h i s men vic t o rs

in a l l t h e c on t e s t s in whi ch Geirroed r m a de t h e m enga g e .

Finally Th o rs t einn killed Geirroed r a n d en abl e d Go d

,

mu n dr t o ann ex his kingd o m ; he a ls o fou nd hi ms el f a wif e

t here c alled Go d rii n d au gh t er O f Ag d i w h o is d e scrib e d
, ,

- ’
a s t h e m o s t dem o n like O f Geirroe d r s e a rls : a m o ng o t h e r

t hings h e h ad cl a w - lik e h ands a n d a da rk c ompl e xi on T h e .

m aid w a s h owever b ea u t if u l an d he br o u gh t her an d

, , ,
’
h er t re a s u r e s t o king Ol a f s c ou r t where Sh e w a s wedd e d ,

t o Th ors t einn . Old N o rse t a les m ake Go d mu n dr th e

1
k ing O f a Te u t onic Elysi u m an d repr e s e n t him a s a v e ry
,

gr e at pers ona g e ; bu t t h e I cel andic s t ory giv e s h im an

a n t a g o nis t ic n e ighb o u r o v e r wh o m h e is m a de t o t ri u mph
,

by t h e a id O f a s t rang e r w h o, l ooked at in t h e light O f

,

o ur Cel t ic s t o ri e s s h o u ld be t h e C u l t u re Her o , o r h is
,

s on t h e S o l a r Her o T h e l at t er w ou ld seem bes t t o s u i t

.

t h e s t ory O f Th ors t einn w h o, bringing Gu d rii n a w a y

,

wi t h him t o be his wife , c ann ot help reminding o n e a lit t l e

’
O f C i i ch u l a in n c a rrying a w a y his bride fr o m her fa t h e r ,

t h e c oa l - fa ced king Forg al l A S t o t h e rest th e c onqu e s t

.
,

O f Geirroed r a n d t h e a nn ex a t i o n O f his r ealm t o Go d

mu n dr s r e c a ll t h e a ssis t anc e given by Pw t o Ar awn

’

king O f Ha des (p . whi le t h e s t o n e which render e d

Th orst e inn invisibl e ch allenge s c o mp a ris on wi t h t h e ring
u s e d wi t h t h e s a m e e ff e c t by O w e in ab U ri e n (p .

R afu C o p en h agen i
’
1 s F o rn a ld a r S o g u r ( ,
. 411 ; an d th e
F o rma nna C p h
S ag e r ( o e n ag en , iij 17 5— 198 ,
. a pp en d ix .
45 8 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

I n a wor d, t h e Th orst einn st ory , t h ou gh n o t c orr e sp ond

ing t hr ou gh an d t hrou gh t o an y O f th e C el t ic o n e s ,

sh ows a general simil arit y t o t h e m , which g o es t o f o rm

e vid e nc e O f a n ot i o n o nce c o mm o n t o C e l t s an d T eu t ons

a s t o t h e ne t h e r w o rld d t h t lines f t h at n o t i o n
; a n e ou O

a re pr o b a bly t o b e r a nked a m o ng t h e a nci e n t id e a s O f t h e

Aryan fa mily 1
.

T O r e t u rn t o C uch u l a inn , it is righ t t o a dd t h at s o me

O f t h e s t o ri e s giv e his wi fe a n a me o t her t h a n Emer
,
2
n a m e ly E t hn e I n g u ba i wh ere in we h a v e a discrep a ncy , ,

pr ob ably n o t t o b e g o t o v er by s aying t h at t h e s e w er e
t w o n a m e s b orne by on e a n d t h e s a m e p ers on Fo r it .

m a y b e t h at t h e my t h pic t u r e d t h e Da wn n ot a s on e bu t
a s m a ny , t o all O f wh o m t h e Su n - o d m a de l o v e in t h e
g
c ou rse O f th e t hree h u ndred an d m o re d ays O f th e y ea r .

Am o ng t h o se m ent i o n e d as his wives or lema ns m ay be

inclu d e d n ot only Emer an d E th n e bu t als o Uat h a ch ,

an d A ife h e se e ms a s we S h a ll s ee pr e s e n t ly t o
; na
y , , ,

h av e h a d a ls o l o ve s O f a s o m ewh at d ifl eren t d e scrip t i o n ,

r efl e c t ing th e sp arkling O f th e d ew -dr op in t h e rays o f
t h e s un ; bu t h e d e clin e s t o h a v e a ny t hing t o sa y t o
D o rn O l l a t h e big -fi st e d d au ght e r O f D o mn al l : she w as t oo
,

hid eou s an d she b e c a m e his impl a c a bl e f o e

,
.

’ ’
An other t ale O f C Uich u l ainn s d o ings in t h e w orld O f
3

d a rkn e ss an d d eat h mu st n ow b e bri efly m ent i o n e d a s it ,

1
O n t h e q ues ti o n O f th e rel a ti o n O f t h e T h o rs t e i nn t
s or
y to o ther
T e u t on ic i
s t o r es , s ee R . H e in z el , Ueber d ie N ibel u ngensa g e (Vi en n a,
h ere a great v ari ety O f referen c es are g i ven : s ee al s o C erqu an d s
w
’

T a a n is et T h or in t h e R ev Cel t v i 420
r . . . .

A s in t h e fi rs t p art O f t h e s t o ry o f Cuch u l a inn s S i k -bed

2 ’
c .

3
Bk of th e D a n 43a
. 5 06 Wi n d i s ch pp 205 227 ; al s o p u b
,
—
,
.
—

l i h ed w ith a t ran sl a ti on by O C u rry i n t h e A tl a n tis i 37 0— 392

s , , ,
.
,

ij . 98 — 124 .
460 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

gr e en an d t h e o ther in red c ame u p t o him : th e on e in

,

green smiled a t him an d s t r u ck him a bl ow wit h a whip ,

t h e on e in r e d did t h e s a m e t hing , an d t his h o rs e - whip
ping O f t h e hero went o n t ill he w a s n early dea d His .

fri ends c a me an d wo u ld h a ve wak e d him h a d n o t on e of ,

t h e m s u gg e s t e d t h at he w a s pr ob ably dr ea ming SO t h e y ,

w ere c ar efu l n ot t o distu rb his n ap Wh en at l engt h .

h e w ok e, h e w ou ld t ell t h e m n ot hing an d h e b a d e t he m ,

pl a c e him in his bed This all t o ok pl a ce o n th e eve O f

.

N o v e mb e r wh en t h e C e l t ic y ea r b e gins wi th t h e a se e n
,

d en ey O f t h e p owers O f darkn e ss Wh e n C uchu l a inn.

h a d l a in in his b e d sp ea king t o n ob o dy for ne arly a y ea r,

, ,

a n d t h e Ul t o ni an n o bles an d his wife h a pp e ned t o be

a r ou nd him s o me o n t h e bed an d t h e o t h e rs cl os e by
, ,

t h e y s u dd e nly fou nd a st r anger s e at ed on t h e S ide o f t h e

bed . H e sa id he h a d c o m e t o sp ea k t o C uchu l a inn an d ,

h e s ang a s o ng in which he info rm e d him t h a t he h a d

c ome fro m his sis t er F a nd an d his Sist er L ib a n t o t ell
him t h at t h e y w ou ld s o o n hea l him if t h ey were a ll ow e d .

F a nd he sa id h a d c o nc e iv e d great l o ve fo r him a n d
, , ,

w ou ld giv e hi m her h and if h e only visi t ed her l and ,

an d t r e a t him t o plent y O f S ilver a n d g old t o g et h e r ,

wi t h m u ch wine t o drink She w ou ld m ore over , s end

.
,

h er sis t er L ib a n on N o vember - e v e t o he a l him Aft e r .

h a ving a dded t h a t his ow n n ame w a s A en g u s , br o th e r

t o F a nd an d L ib a n he dis a pp e a r e d a s mys t e ri ou sly a s
,

h e h a d c o me . C uch u l a inn t h en sat u p in hi s b e d an d

t o ld hi s friends al l ab o u t th e dr ea m which h a d m a d e
him ill : he w as a dvis e d t o g o t o t h e Sp ot wh ere it '

o cc u rr e d t o hi m t w e lv e m on ths pr e vi o u sly f o r s u ch a re ,

t h e requ irem e n t s O f t h e fa iry reck oning O f t ime H e .

did S O , an d he beheld th e w o man in green c omin g ,

 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 461

t o w ards him : he r epro a ched h er for wh a t Sh e h a d d on e ,

a n d s h e e xpl ain e d t h a t s h e an d her sis t e r h a d c o m e n o t ,

t o h arm him b u t t o se ek his l o v e : F a nd she s a id h a d

, , ,

b ee n f ors ak e n by Ma n ann an ma c L ir a n d h a d s et h e r ,
’
he ar t on him C i i ch u l a in n ; m or e o v e r sh e h a d a me s
, ,

s a g e n ow f ro m h er o wn hu sb a nd L ab ra id O f t h e S w if t,

Ha nd o n t h e S w ord , t o t h e c fl ec t t h at h e w ou ld gi ve
’
him F a nd t o wi fe for on e d ay s a ssis ta nce a ga inst his
’
e nemies . C i i ch u l a in n o bj ec t e d t h at he w a s n o t w e ll
eno u gh t o fight ; b u t h e w a s ind u ced t o send L o e g his
ch ari o tee r wi t h L ib an t o se e t h e mys t eri ou s l and t o which
h e w a s invi t e d .L o e g a f t er c onversing wi t h F a nd a n d
,

L ab raid O f t h e Swift H and o n t h e S w o rd r e t u rn e d wi th ,

a gl o wing a cc o u n t O f wh a t h e h a d s e e n This revive d .

t h e dr oo ping spiri t s O f his m a s t e r , w h o p a ss e d his h and

o ver his fa c e an d r api dl y r e c o v e red his s t r e ng th Even .

’ ’
t h en h e w o u ld n o t g o t o L abra id s Isle on a w o m a n s
invi ta t i on , a n d L o eg h a d t o visi t it a ga in an d a s s u r e h im
t h a t L abra id w a s imp at ien t ly e xpec t ing him for t h e
w a r t h a t w a s a b ou t t o be w a g e d Th e n a t leng th he
.

went thi th er in his ch ari o t an d f ou gh t H e a b o d e th ere .

a m on t h wi t h F a nd , an d wh e n he l ef t h er he m a de a n

a pp o int m e nt t o m e e t her at I Mr C inn T ra ch ta or t h e ,

Yew at th e S t ra nd s End , t h e Sp o t a cc o rding t o O C u rry

’ ’
, ,

1
w h ere N e wry n ow s t a nds This c a me t o t h e ea rs o f
.

'
’
Em er C i i ch u l a inn s w e dd e d wif e an d Sh e wi t h t h e l a di e s
, , ,

O f Uls t er r e p a ir e d t h e re pr o vid e d wi t h sh a rp knives t o S l a y

, ,

F a nd A t o u ching scen e fo ll o ws in which Em e r rec ov e rs

.
,
’
C i i ch u l a in n s l o v e an d F a nd b eh o lds hers elf ab ou t t o be
'

forsak en wh ere u p on s h e b e gins t o bewa il th e h a ppy d a ys

,

1
A tl a n t is , Vo l ij
. . p . 1 15 .
 462 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

sh e h ad
spen t wit h h er hu sb a nd M an ann an mac L ir
in h er b o w e r a t D an I n bir, or th e F or t O f th e Est u ary .

’
N ay , F a nd s p o si t i o n in t h e u nequ al c onflic t wi th t h e
l a di e s O f Ulst e r bec am e kn o wn t o Manann an th e Shap e ,

shift ing Son O f t h e Sea, an d he h a st ened o v e r t h e pl a in

t o h er r e sc u e ‘
Wh at is t hat there ? inqu ired C i i ch u
.
’ ’

’ ‘
l ainn ‘
Tha t , s aid L o e g is F and g o in g a wa y wi t h
.
,

M a nann an m a c L ir b e c au s e sh e w a s n ot plea sing t o

,
’
t h ee A t t h e se w o rds C uchu l a inn w e nt ou t O f his mind
.
,

an d l e a p e d t h e t h r ee high l eaps an d t h e t hr ee s o u t hern

2
l eaps O f L u a ch air H e r e m a ined a l o ng t im e wi t h ou t
.

f o o d an d wit h ou t drink , wa nd ering on th e m ou nt a ins

an d S l ee ping nigh t ly o n t h e r oa d O f Mid l u a ch a ir Em e r .

w en t t o c o nsu l t t h e king ab ou t him an d it w a s r e s olv e d ,

t o s end t h e p o e t s t h e pr o f e ssi o n al men an d t h e dr u ids

,

o f U l s t er t o seek him an d bring him h o m e t o E main

, .

H e w ou ld h a v e Sl ain t h e m bu t t h e y ch an t e d sp ells O f ,

dru idism a ga inst him wh ereby t h e y w er e en abl e d t o l a y

,

h o ld O f his a rms an d legs Wh en he h a d rec over e d h is .

sens e s a lit tl e h e a sked for drink an d t h ey gave him a

, ,

drink O f fo rget fu lne ss which m a d e him f o rg et F and an d

,

a l l his a dv e n t u r e s : a s Emer w as n o t in a m u ch b e t t e r

st a t e o f mind th e sa me drink w a s a ls o a dminist er e d t o

,

h er ; a n d M a n ann an h a d S h aken his cl oa k b et we en F a nd

a n d C uch u l a inn t h a t t h e y migh t n e ver m ee t a g a in .

This st o ry O f C Uich u l ainn s Sick -bed c alls fo r on e

’ ’

1
T h e l ea p s f
re e rre d t o w ere p l a c es c al l ed
hich L ei m C on c u l a inn , w

w e re n o t u n c o mm o n in I el an d : SO w as L a p l ac e w h ere
‘
a ch i
r u a r,

rus h s f req e t e no g h a nd is in fa ct SO s ti l l ne h
’
e
g row ,
u n u T
,
h o ,
e , . e er

i q u es ti o n is p l c e d by O C u ry s o u th O f E m i w ith t h e
’
n a r o ad o f a n, r

M id l u a h a i f om E main t o T ara p ass i ng t h ro u g h it s ee th e A tl a n ti

c r r s,

ij p 1 22
. . .
46 4 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

h ad been m arri e d to gre at se a -

g o d M a n ann an m a c
th e
L ir at t h e Dun O f th e Est u a ry, a n d t h e w o o ing O f
C l i ch u l a in n by her is t h e sp a rkli n g O f t h e p e ll u cid dr o p
’
in t h e s u n s r a ys wh e n he h a s rea ched t h e d ark pla c e s
o f t h e e a rt h b u t t h a t w a s t o l a s t o nly f or a t im e an d
; ,

F and re tu rns t o her form e r l o ve ; th a t is t o say t h e ,

crys ta l drop is fin ally c a rried b a ck t o t h e o cean Th e se .

pret t y myt h -pic t u r e s m ay d at e fro m a lm o st an y a g e in

t h e his t o ry O f an ima gina t iv e ra c e ; bu t it is pr o b a bly a
t o u ch by t h e h a nd O f h o ary a nt iqu i t y a l o n e t h at r epre
s e n t s t h e Su n - g o d g o n e m a d an d o nly rec a ll e d t o t h e,
’
w ays in which h e sh ou ld g o by t h e king s ma gicians an d
m e dicine -m en .

1
An o th e r t al e pr o ved by t h e n a m e s inv o lv e d t o b el ong
,

t o t h e s a m e cl a ss m u s t n ow b e bri e fly a dd e d : it rel a t e s
,
’
h o w C l ich u l ainn on his w ay b a ck fro m Scath ach s c ou nt ry
, ,

c am e o n N o v e mber -ev e t o a cit y wh o se princ e c a ll e d ,

’
R u a a o r R e d , king O f t h e Isles , h a d b e en o blig e d t o
e xp o s e his d au gh t e r a s t rib u t e t o t h e Fo m ori t hr ee o f
,

wh o m w ere t o c o me fr o m t h eir dist a nt i sl ands t o c arry

her a wa y fr o m t h e s t ra nd , where Sh e s a t a l one a wa it ing
t h e ir dr ea d e d arriv a l H er fat her pr o mis e d h er t o wife
.

t o a n y ma n w h o w ou ld r e sc u e her an d C i i ch u l a in n h e a r ,

ing O f it a wa i t e d t h e Fo mori an d kille d t h e m wher e fo re

, ,

h e w as e nt it l e d t o t h e h a nd O f t h e d a u gh t e r O f t h e king ;
s o t h e king t o ld him t o t a ke h er H e e xc u s e d hims elf .
,

a n d t o ld t h e m a id e n t o c o m e a ft e r him t o Erinn in t w e lv e
’ 2
m o nt hs t im e bu t h e f o rg ot t o fix t h e pl a c e O f t heir m eet
,

1
Bk . of th e D a n , l 26 a ; t h e A s hb u rn h a m M S (D iv 2 in
. . . th e
l ib ra ry O f th e R I . . 8 46 an d th e Bk . o f L eins ter, 125 a , 1 25 6 .

2
A t thi s p o i n t t h e Bk of th e D n b eak s O ff w ith o u t g i i g t h e
. u r v n

i
g rl
’
s na me b u t it c al l s h er fa th er R u a d o r R ed k i ng O f t h I sl es ;
, ,
e
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 46 5

ing . On h o w e ver which h ad b een app oin t e d

t h e da y , , ,
’
C i i ch u l a in n h a pp e n e d t o be c ar e ering wi t h a fr i end n ea r
L o ch C u an b e tt e r kn own a s S t rang fo rd L o u gh , wh e n t h e y
1
,

b e h eld on t h e wa te r t w o swa ns j o in e d t o g et her by a cha in

’
o f g o ld C i i ch u l a inn c a s t a s t o n e a t t hem fr o m his S li n g
.
,

which w o u nd e d o n e of them On h a s t ening t o th e s t rand .

,

t h ey fo u nd t h er e n o t t w o sw a ns , b u t t w o O f t h e fin e s t
,

w o m en th e y h a d ever seen D erborg ail l for th a t w a s t h e .

,

n a me o f t h e m a id r e sc u e d by C uch u l a inn expl a ined w h o ,

she w a s an d h o w Sh e a n d h er h andm a id h ad c o me a cc o rd
,

ing t o his o rd e r t h o u gh h e h ad n o w w o u nd e d h er wi t h a
,
’
s to ne which w a s l o dged in h er side C i i ch u l a inn w a s .

very s orry fo r wh a t h e h a d ra shly d one a n d pro c e e d e d ,

t o s u ck t h e s t on e ou t O f t h e w ou nd wi t h t h e bl oo d a r ou nd

it H e a ft erwa rds g av e h er t o wif e t o L u g a id his gre a t e s t

.
,

fri end a s he d e cl ared th at on e wh o se sid e he h a d s u ck e d

,

c o u ld n ot be his o wn wif e a t o u ch o f refin e m ent o v erc a s t ,

wi th gl o o m by t h e s e qu el which r el a t e s h ow D e rborg a il l ,

w a s s a va g e ly m u t il at e d by t h e w o men O f U ls t er u nd e r

v ery p e c u li ar circ u ms ta nc e s an d h ow her d eath w a s ,

’
grimly aveng e d on t h e m by t h e enra ged C i i ch u l a in n .

2 ’
N ow o ne v e r s i o n o f D erb or a ill s
g s t o ry m a k e s h e r

d a u gh t er t o Forg all king O f L och l an n , which me an t a

c ou nt ry in or bene at h a l o ch or t h e s ea , t h e h o m e in fa c t

at th e s am e ti m e th e A s hb u rn h am i
v ers o n , 8 46, s pe ak s o f h er as th e
d au g t e r h O f R u ad , a n d as D erb o rg a il l by n am e .

1
T h e Bk . o f L e ins ter b eg i ns t he t
s o ry a t thi s p o i n t by i n tro du ci ng
D erb o rg a il l i n l o v e w ith C l ich u l a in n on a cc o u t O f h is f m e t h e t o ck
n a ,
s

exc u e p u t i t o t h e mo u ths o f all

s n l o v e-s ic k ma i d en s w h o ta k e t h e

i iti ti v e i n I ri h t al es
n a s .

2
T h e o n e rel a t ed in th e Bk of L eins ter .
,
1 25 6 .

2 H
46 6 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

O f t h e Fo mori, wh o s e king is sa id t o h av e b een T e th ra ,

1
u ncl e t o Fo rg a l l M u ch c onsis t ency h ow e ve r, is n ot t o
.
,
’
b e l ooked fo r in t h e s e m a t t e rs ; n or is Fo rg al l s c onn e c t i o n
wit h L o ch l an n c ont ra dic t e d by th e si t u a t i on O f L u g l o ch t a
’
L o ga , where C uchu l a inn finds Fo rg al l s s t r ongh o ld an d
his d au ght er Em er ; for, a cc ording t o an o th e r a cc ou nt ,

t h e r e sid e nce O f Forg all w a s in t h e sid e O f L u s ca , a n a m e

which m eans a c a v e an d is b orne by a pla c e in th e p re
,

2
s ent c ou n t y O f D u blin which is p e rh aps n ot t O O far fr o m
,

c s
t h e oa t fo r t e S h n - o d t o s ee m t o e m e rg e fr o m t h e
u
g
dire c t i o n O f it ; n ot t o m ent i on t ha t th e P o m ori t h ou gh ,

b el onging t o t h e world O f wa t ers m a y be e nc ou nt ere d ,

a nywh e r e u nd e rgr ou nd ev e n wh er e t h e s e a is fa r a wa y
,

we ma y c omp ar e Undin e an d h er kinsm en w h o h a d a cc ess ,

t o t his w orld wher e ver t h e re w a s a st r e a m or a w e ll .

Acc o rding t o on e O f t h e f o r eg o ing a cc o u n t s Derb org a ill ,

’
w as ab o u t t o b e given a w a y t o t h e Fo m ori h er fa t h er s ,

fe e s an d o ppress o rs ; whil e a cc o rding t o t h e o t h er, s h e w a s

t h e d au gh t er O f a king O f t h e Po m o ri w h o, w e m a y inf e r , ,

wish e d t o b e st o w h er on on e O f his o w n ra c e wh en sh e ,

s e t o u t t o C uchu l a inn T h e differ enc e a m o u nt s t o lit t l e

.
,

an d t h e d a msel is t o be r e g a rd e d a s b eh a vin g in t h e

sa m e w a y a s a g o dd e ss O f d awn an d d u sk Sh e migh t .
,

f u r t h er, b e sa id t o c o mbine in h er o w n p erso n t h e c h a

rac t e ris t ic s t o a cert a in e xt en t o f Em e r an d F a nd ; b u t
, ,

t his r e qu ires t o be e xpl a in e d wi t h refe renc e t o h er n am e

D erb org aill m o r e fa mili ar t o m o st O f y ou in it s Sc ot ch
,

fo rm O f D ervorg il d I t is in t erpret e d in t h e B ook O f

.

1
Bk .
f th e D u n
o ,
1 23a ; an d th e Stow e M S 8 26 . .

2 ’
O D o n ovan ’
s B a ttl e f M a gh
o R a th , p . 5 2, n ot e .
46 8 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

Why b o th st o ri e s sh ou ld t rea t th e liqu id el e ment as a

t ear I c ann ot sa y : a m o d e rn au t h o r w ou ld in su ch a c a s e
prob ably pr efe r sp ea kin g O f th e dro p O f rain or dew, an d
it is c onc e ivable t h at t h e T e a rs of Forg a ll king O f L o ch
l ann w er e in ancient Erinn t h e myt hic defini t i on of ra in
1
or d ew ; bu t I mu s t c o nfe ss c o mple t e ign or a nce O f an y
fa c t s t h at w ou ld s erve t o c ou nt ena nce su ch a view .

C ii O H UL A I N N A N D H i s FO E S .

The epic t a l e O f t h e Tain inv o lv e s C i ich u l ainn in a

qu arr e l wit h a g o dd e ss O f a d ifl eren t d e scrip t i o n fr o m
th o s e hi t h ert o m e n t i o n e d : I m ea n t h e MO rrig u or
,

Grea t Qu een O f t h e Ma rs -Ju pit er O f t h e G o id els (p .

Acc o rding t o t h e B ook of th e D a n it h appene d o n e ,

’
d ay d u ring C l ich u l ainn s d e f e nc e o f Uls t er a ga ins t t h e
f o rces O f A il il l an d Medb fro m t h e w est t ha t th e M orrigu ,

pr e s ente d hers elf t o him in th e f o rm O f a d ams el O f

h ighly dis t ingu ish e d a pp e ar anc e cl a d in a dr e ss O f al l
,

c ol o u rs ‘
Wh o art t h ou ? inqu ire d C iich u l ain n I am
.
’ ‘
.

’
t h e d au ght er O f B u a n t h e king s aid Sh e ; I a m c om e
‘
,

t o t h e e ; I h a v e l o v e d t he e on a cc ou n t O f t h y f am e an d ,
’
I h av e brou gh t wi th me my t r ea s ure s a n d my h erds .

‘ ’ ‘
N o t g o od , ind e ed s a id he
,
is t h e t im e O f t h y c o ming
,
2
t o u s : is n o t t h e bl o o m O f o u r ba d ? N ot .

e a sy t h en , for me is it t o a rrang e a m e et ing wi th a

,
’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’
w o m a n , s aid he whil e I am in t his st ru ggle
,
I Sh all .
,
‘ ’
sa id she , b e O f a ssist anc e t o t h e e in it Th ereu p on h e .

1
C o mp are t h e O ld N o rs e d e fi itio n O f d ew in t h e Corp us Poet B or
n . .

i 63 R i me-man e is t h e h orse c all ed w hich d aw s t h e n i ght f o m

. :
“
, r r

e as t o v er t h e b l es s ed Po w e sr E ve y mo rn i ng t h e foam d o p s f o m
. r r r

h is mo u th ; h en c t h e d ew i t h e v al l ey s
e n .
”

2
T h e w o rd a inmgo rti used h ere 7 4a is O b s c u re t o me
, ,
.
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 46 9

g a v e her a n ins u l t ing r eply , whi ch m a d e her c o mpl et ely

‘
ch ang e her t on e, an d s a y : I t will be h ard fo r th ee whe n
I Sha ll c o m e a ga ins t t he e enga ge d in figh t ing wi t h t h e
m en O f Erinn : I Sh a ll c o me in t h e f o rm O f an eel b ene a t h
’
t h y fe e t a t t h e f o rd , SO t h a t t h ou wil t s t u mble a n d fa ll .

‘
Tha t s trike s me a s a m ore l ikely form for t he e t ha n
’ ’
t h at O f a king s d au gh t er ; b u t I sh a ll he a dded , s e iz e ‘
,

t h ee in my h and , c au sing t h y ribs t o br e ak an d t h ou ,

wil t be su bj e c t t o t h at blemish t ill I pron ou nce sent ence

’ ‘ ’
o f blessing on t hee I sh a ll , s a id she , in t h e fo rm O f
‘
.

-
a gr e y sh e w o lf dr ive t h e c at t le t o t h e fo rd a g a ins t t he e
’
, .

‘ ’ ‘
I Sh all c a s t a s t on e s a id h e a t t hee fr o m my sling,
, ,

a n d sm a sh one o f t h e y e s in t h he ad an d t h ou wil t
y y ;
be u nd er tha t blemish t ill I pron ou nce sent enc e O f bl e ss
’ ‘ ’ ‘
ing on th e e I sh all c om e , s a id Sh e, t o the e in t h e
.

fo rm O f a h ornless re d h e if er a t t h e he a d O f t h e h erd , SO t h at
t h e y will r ou t t h e e a t t h e mires at t h e f ords a n d a t t h e ,
’
p ools a n d t h o u wil t n ot perceive me mee t ing t hee
,
‘
I .

’
s h al l
‘
s a id he fli ng a st o ne a t t hee , a n d bre ak on e o f
, ,
1
t h y legs u nder t hee , an d t h o u wil t be u nder t h at bl e mish
’2
t ill I pr o n o u nce s ent ence O f blessing on t hee Thereu p on .

she left hi m for a while ; bu t , a cc o rding t o her t hr ea t,

she r eturn e d on e da y wh en he w as e nga ged in s ingle
c o mb a t wi t h a formid abl e fe e ; an d in th e fo rm o f an eel , ,

s h e g a v e t hree t wis t s r ou nd his fee t s o t h at he f e ll at

,

f u ll l engt h a cr o ss th e fo rd : pres ent ly h e g o t u p an d

seized th e e el in his h and , SO t h at h er ribs br ok e wi t hin

1
I am n o t s u re w h e th er thi s be c orre c t :
I ris h in t h e Bk of th e .

th e D 7 46 is
an, c omm ema d o fe r a
. , g fot bu t w h n i t is d es c rib ed
ra e

d o n e t 7 7 a w e h ave ger g ara i n s te a d O f f erg a ra w hich is p erh aps

a ,
’
,

t o b e rea d in to f erg a ra T h e n o m s ing o cc u rs as f er g a ire a t 7 7 6

. . . .

I bi d 7 1 a 7 46
.
, .
47 0 v . TH E S UN HE R O .

h er. The n o ise O f th e s t rokes de a lt by C uchu l ainn an d

hi s a nt ag onist a t on e a n ot her in th e fo rd w a s su ch a s
’
t o frigh t en th e west ern army s fl o cks an d herds , s o t h at
t h e l at t er broke l o o se a n d ru shed ea s t wa rds a cr o ss t h e
c a mp wi t h t h e t ent s on t heir h orns : this w a s th e MO rrigu s’

O pp o rt u nit y , so she c a me in t h e for m O f a she - wol f an d

dr o ve th e c a t t le in t h e ot her direc t i on d own u p o n C uchu
l ainn , where u p on he c a st a s t one fro m his sli ng a s h e ,

h a d pr o mised , an d sm a shed her eye Aft e rwa rds sh e

.

c a me d own on t h e fo rd in th e f orm O f th e h ornl e ss red

h e if er a t t h e hea d O f th e herd , an d w a s l a m e d by C uchu
1
l ain n , a s h e h a d f o re t old The M orrigu h ad n ow t o
.

b et hi nk herself h ow sh e might be h ea l e d O f her t ripl e

bl e mish for wou nds inflic t e d by C uchu l ainn c ou ld n o t
,

be healed wi th ou t hi s o w n int ervent i on One day , as .

C uchul ainn felt t hirs ty a ft er th e performanc e o f a fa b u l ou s

fea t O f va l ou r a ga ins t th e t roops of t h e west t h e Mdrri g u ,
'

pre s ent e d herself t o him in th e gu is e O f an O l d wo m an,

l a m e an d blin d of on e ey e , e nga ged in mil king a t h ree
t e a t ed cow. H e a sk e d h e r for a dr ink , an d sh e ga ve h im
t h e milkin g O f t h e first t e at , where u p o n he wish e d her th e
bl e ssing O f go ds an d n ot -go ds an d she w a s h ea led O f on e
,

O f h er w ou nds . H e a sk e d her a ga in for milk, which she

ga ve him fro m t h e s e c o nd t ea t , an d he r ep eat e d t h e
bl e ssing, at which an ot h er of her w ou nds w a s healed .

H e h a d lik ewise t h e mi l k O f th e t hird t e a t , an d on hi s

pr on ou ncing hi s bl e ssing on h er a thir d t im e, she w a s
ma d e wh ol e , whereu p o n she r e minded him t h at h e h ad
s a id t h at he w o u ld nev e r he a l her
‘
H a d I only kn own
.

’ ‘
it w a s t h o u s a id he , I sh o u ld n e ver h a ve he aled t hee
,

1
Bk .
f
o th e D a n, 7 6 6, 77 a .
47 2 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

p a rley t ook pl a c e fo ll o w e d by a pr o t ra c t ed d u el , re su l t ing

,

in C on a ll sl a ying L u g a id, w h o su rr end er e d t o him b ot h

hi s r ealm an d his he a d In t his Singu la r c omb at C ona ll .

h a d t h e a id of his h ors e a be a s t s a id t o h a v e been pro ,

’
v i d e d wi t h a d o g s h e a d in o rder t o a id his m a s t e r in h is

b a tt l e s ; s o wh en C on all h ad b e en b ou nd by L u g aid t o
figh t wit h o nly on e h and a s th e l att er h a d l o st on e O f ,
’
his ha nds t ha t d ay C on all s c a nin e h ors e t o ok p art in t h e
,
’
c onflic t by bit ing a pi e ce o u t of L u g a id s sid e which ,

1
r end ere d t h e r e st O f t h e fight ea sy for his ant a gonist .

This it will b e se en fo rms a re m ark abl e p arall el t o

, ,
’
O w ein ab Uri e n s li on a ssi st ing him in his d u e ls on m or e
’
t h a n on e o cc a si o n (p Bu t t o ret u rn t o C i i ch u l a in n
.

his sl a yer w a s L u g aid , a s h a s j u st b een s aid an d he ,

is so imp ort a n t a ch a ra c t er t h at his hist ory m u st h e re b e

d et a iled a t s o me l e ngt h He is u s u ally c a ll e d L u g aid .

Ri ab n D erg or L O f th e Red S tripes , r epres ent e d a s

,
.

’
C uch u l a inn s speci al fri end or e ls e a s his f o s t er -s on a n d ,

e v e n a s his o w n s on H e is v a ri ou sly kn o wn as Z ag a ia
.

’
ma c C onroi, ‘
L . s on O f C uroi, an d L . ma c na T ri C o n , 2

’
‘
L . so n O f th e
Three C il s or H ou nds an d h e is p o ssibly , ,
’
t o be a ls o id ent ified wi t h L u g aid ma c C on or L H ou nd s ,
.

1
Bk .
f
o L eins ter, 1 226 .

T h es e pp os ed (C p h av e b een
’
2
are s u C u rry , . 47 9) t o C l ich u l a in n ,
C o n all C i iro i, t h e g en i t i v es
’

C ern ach and O f th e n a mes b e in g C on

cu l ain n , C on a il l an d C on -rO i res p e cti v el y . C i t-

ro t or C i t-r u t (w ith or

w ith ou t t h e m ar k O f l en g th on th e d iphth o g) n s ee ms w ell a tt es ted

(B k . o f th e D a n , 6 l a, 6 9 a , 7 1 6 ; Bk . of L eins ter , 31 6, bu t
it mu s t h av e al s o h ad t h e form
iti ve o ccu rs in th e C i t-ri , as t h e g en
fo m C onu -
r r i in a n ci en t o g am o n a s t o n e i h is d i s t ict thi s p ro nu n n r :

i t io n is aga in app o xi mat e d i n t h e A gl o -I i s h Ca h er C o ree w hich

c a r n r n ,

l t e I i s h a u t h ors so met i mes w ri t e Ca th a ir C h onra i or ev e n Ca th a ir

a r

C h o nrigh .
 v . TH E S UN HE R O . 47 3

So n , wh o se s t ory h ow e v e r di ff ers very wid e ly fro m t h e

, ,

o t h e r s o wing it m ay b e a t l e a s t in p a r t , t o r a ci a l r e a s o n s
, , ,
.

I t is a ls o c onc e iv a ble t h a t M a c C on o r M a c n a T ri C o n
o rigin a lly m ean t m e rely Him o f t h e H ou nd or o f t h e Thr e e ,

H ou nds in r eference t o a Simple or t riple Cerb er u s a s

,

c o mp a ni o n o f t h e Pl u t o nic d e i t y : Gwyn ab N ud h a d
lik ewi s e b ot h a h ors e an d a h oun d O f a f ormid abl e kind .

N o w t h e m ot her of L u g aid o f t h e Thr ee Hou nds w a s ,

a cc o rding t o on e a cc ou n t , Bl ath n a t , w i fe O f C i i rO i m a c
'

D a ire a gr e a t ma gicia n a ss o ci at e d wi t h t h e m ou n t a in
,

rang e of Slieve Mis in Kerry, wh ere his s t r ongh old h a s

giv en a l oft y heigh t b et ween Tra l ee an d D ingl e it s n ame
’ ’
C i iro i s F or t ress , Anglicized C a h er
'
‘
o f C a th a ir C h on ro i ,
’
C onree . N ow Bl ath na t s n ame , derived fr o m l lath ,
’ ’
‘
bl oom , r eminds on e O f t ha t O f Bl o deu e d fr om 6l oa eu , ,
’
‘
fl o wers , a n d sh e is h erself repr e s en t e d a s u nfa i th fu l a
’
wif e t o C i i rO i a s Bl o d eu e d w as t o L l eu (p for she .

is n o t onl y s aid t o h av e l o ved o t hers, bu t a t ra gic t a l e

’
r e l a t e s h ow she bec am e C l ich u l ainn s wife aft er h e h a d
’
sl a in C i i roi wi t h her aid C l i ch u l ain n an d t w o o th e r
.

’
Ul t oni ans h a d p aid a fri endly visi t t o C i i ro i a t his a b o de
’
in t h e w e s t ; an d C i i ch u l ain n , whe th er t h en or l a t er we
a re n ot t o ld fo un d o pp o r t u ni t y O f c o ming t o a t r ea cher
,

o u s u nd e rs t a nding wi t h Bl at h n a t SO a t th e t im e fix e d
.

u p o n by her n a m e ly N o vember -
’

, ,
e v e C i i c h u l ain n an d his
,

f o ll o wers s t at i on e d t hems elves at t h e b o tt o m O f t h e hill

’ ’
w at ching th e s t r ea m t h a t c a m e d own p a s t C i iro i s fo r t ;
n o r h a d t hey t o w a i t l o ng b e f o re t h e y O bs erved it s w a t e rs

t u rning whi t e : it w a s t h e S ign a l giv e n by Bl at h n at for ,

’
Sh e h a d a gr ee d t o e mp t y t h e milk O f Mid e r s t hr e e c o ws
’
fro m Mider s c au ldr on in t o t h e s tre a m , which h a s e v e r
47 4 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

sinc e be e n c all e d t h e F in n gh l ais or Whit e Br ook T he .

1

’
s e qu e l w a s t h at C uchul a inn en t er e d C iirO i s f o rt u n op
p o s e d an d sle w it s o wn er w h o ha pp en e d t o be a sl ee p
, ,
’
wit h his h ea d on Bl ath n a t s l ap C uchul ainn t o ok a wa y .

Bl at h n at , wit h t h e fa m o u s c o ws an d c a u ldr on ; bu t h e
w a s n ot l o ng t o h a v e p o ssessi o n O f hi s n ew wife for ,
’
C uro i s p o e t an d h arp e r c a ll e d Ferceirt n e r e s o lved t o , ,
’
a v enge his m a s t e r ; S O h e p a id a visi t t o C Ui ch u l a in n a n d

Bl at h n a t in U lst er wh e r e he w a s gl a dly received by

,

t h e m ; bu t o n e day , wh e n t h e Ul t onia n n o bles h app e n e d

t o b e a t a sp ot b o rd e ring on a hi gh cliff, Ferceirt n e
s u dd enly cl a sp e d his a rms rou nd Bl at h n at an d flin ging ,

hims elf wit h her o v r e t h e f

cli f, t h y di e d t o get h er
e 2
.

T hi s S t o ry may perha ps b e r e ga rded a s present ing th e

d ifli cu l t y , t h at th e t r ea chery m ore u su a lly ch ara c t eri s t ic
o f t h e d a rk p o wers is h e re a scribed t o t h e S u n -h ero ,

s o mewh a t a s if L leu a n d Goron w y h a d ch a ng e d pl a c e s

’
in th e st ory O f Bl o d eu e d s infid e lit y ; bu t it is imp o ssibl e
t o m ake C uch u l a inn o n e O f t h e d a rk b e ings a m ong ,

1
Bk .
f
o L ein s ter , 1 69 6 . Wh t p a as s es as C iiroi s
’
c ai rn is k no w n on

th e s h ou l d er O f t h e m ou n t ai ; bu t n o remai n s O f h is ca th ir o r fort
n a

h av e ev er b een fo u n d n d O C u rry (iij ,

a l o o k i g fo r t h e rema in s
’
. n

o f w al l s w o u l d n o t i d en tify it w ith t h e h e i g h t n o w c l l ed C a h er C o u s e
,
a r

w hich O D o n ov an fo u n d t o b e n o w al l b u t a n a t u al l e d e O f ro ck s
’
g , r

M a g h R a th n o te p I n 18 8 3 I t a v el l e d p as t t h e
(B a tt l e of , , .
,
r

fo o t o f t h e mou n t ai n t o D i ngl e an d re t u rn ed t h e s ame w ay bu t , ,

fa i l e d b o th ti mes t o g et g o o d v i w o f t h
a e t o p o n a cc ou n teo f t h e m is t ,

w hich s eem e d t o ren d er it a fi t ti g a b o d e fo a g o d res emb l i n g t h e n r

Wel s h Gw y n ab N ii d o r th e Man x Ma n an n an .

2
With t h e e xc epti on O f a s h ort p arag aph in th e Bk of L eins ter r .
,

169 6 t h e au th o r is i d ebte d fo r t hi s s t o y t o O C u rry ij 97 iij

’
n r ,
.
,
. .

7 9-8 2 a n d Kea ti n g s H is tory of I rel a n d (O C o n n o r s cd D u b l i

’ ’ ’
n,
, .
,

pp 220-5 th ey d i ffer h ow ever in d ta i l

.
, ,
e .
47 6 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

w as to ha v e O f t h e pl un der th e j e we l tha t ple a sed h im

’
best They brou gh t a wa y fro m Mid e r s c a st l e Mid er s
.
’

d au ght er Bl at h n a t , a s Sh e w a s a da ms el O f e xce e ding

’
b eau ty ; a ls o Mid e r s Three C ows an d his C au ldr on, which
w er e O bj e ct s O f specia l va l u e a n d virt u es When t hey .

c a me t o t h e divisi on of t h e sp o ils, t h e m ean -l ooking man

in gr ey w h o h a d l ed th e vic t ori ou s a ssa u lt sa id t h a t t h e
, ,

j ewel he ch o se w a s Bl ath n a t , wh o m he t ook t o hi ms e lf .

C l i ch u l a in n c o mpl a in e d t h at he h a d d e ceived t hem, as

h e h a d o nly specifi e d a j e wel , whi ch h e insis t ed on int er

p re t in
g in n o m e t a ph oric a l s e nse
; bu t by mea ns O f h is

m a gic t h e m an in gre y m ana ged t o c arry t h e girl a wa y

,

u n o bserv e d C uchu l a inn p u rsu e d , a n d t h e disp u t e c ame

.

t o be se t t l e d by a d u el on t h e sp ot , in which C uch u l a inn

w as s o t h or ou ghly v a nqu ished t h at C uroi l eft him on
t h e field b ou nd h a nd a n d fo ot , a ft e r h av ing cu t O ff h is
l ong ha ir, which f o rced C l ich u l a inn t o hi de hims elf for
1

a wh o l e ye a r in th e wilds O f Uls t e r, whil e C uro i c a rr ie d

a w a y t o his s t r o ngh o ld O f C a her C on ree bo th Bl at h n at

’ 2
a n d h er f a t h e r s c o ws an d c au ldr o n This st o ry s eems .

t o mix u p t w o t hings , t h e first O f whi ch w a s t h e c arrying

a wa y O f t h e Three C o ws an d t h e C au ldr o n O f t h e ki ng

O f t h e fa iry isl a nd O f whi ch a very d ifl eren t versi o n

,
’
repr e sent s it a s C i ich u l ainn s own d o ing (p N ow .

3
F a lga is v ari ou sly su pp o sed t o h a ve b een t h e Isle
o f Man o r I ns i Ga ll , t h a t is t o say , t h e Wes t ern Isles ;
’
b u t , a cc ording t o C o rm a c s Gl o ss ary , t h e c o ws , which

1
T h a t w as n ot all , for t h e Bk . of L eins ter, 1 6 9 6, a dd s th e w o rd s
d iarfu mal t ( . i d iarch o mmil ) cacc
. n amb é m o ac h e n d .

2
O C
’
u rry , iij 8 1
.
’
O C
’
on n o r s K eat i ng , l oc . ci t .

’
an d a gl o ss Fa lg a in t h e Bk
3
S ee O C u rry , iij 8 0,
. on .
f
o L eins ter,
1 6 96 .
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 47 7

we re whi t e c a ttle wi th red e ars , bel o nged n o t t o Mid er , ,

b u t t o a n o ther king O f t h e o th e r w o rld w h o w a s c a ll e d ,

E ch a id E ch bél or E H o rse - m ou th H e liv e d in Alb a n

,
. .
,

a n d his c o ws u s e d t o c om e t o gr aze in D a l ria d a o n a h ea d ,

1
l and n o w c al led Isl a nd Ma g e e in Ant rim wher e th e y
, , ,

w ere a ppr opria t e d by C rich u l a inn an d his men fr o m ,

wh o m th e y we re then s t o l en by C iirO i an d c a rried a wa y

’
whi th e r C i i ch u l a inn knew n o t This it will b e se e n is .
, ,

a G o id e lic versi o n O f t h e s t ory O f C a c u s s t e a ling fr o m

Herc u les s ome O f t h e hei fers h e h a d t ak e n fro m G ery o n .

’
The o t h e r t hing c onf u se d wi t h th e s t o ry O f E ch a id s C o w s
w as t h at O f t h e c on t es t for t h e d au gh t e r O f Mid e r king

o f t h e f a iries This l att e r st o ry t aken by i t s elf is t ran s

.

p a r en t en o u gh : it is d e v o t e d t o t h e diffe r e nt s ta g es in
t h e u s u a l c onflic t b et w e en t h e r e pr e sen t a t iv e o f ligh t an d
d arkn ess for th e d awn -g o dd e ss : in th e firs t enga g e m en t
t h e f o rm e r is v anq u ish e d an d cr o pp e d O f h is l o ng y e ll o w
h a ir where u p on his re tir e m en t t ak e s pl ac e for a t ime j u s t
, ,

a s h e wi t hdra ws dis t r a u gh t fr o m t h e h au n t s o f m en , wh e n

F and is t ak en a wa y fro m him by M an ann an t h e o th e r ,

grea t m a gici a n O f Irish s t o ry A t t h e n ext s t a g e t h e .

Su n - g o d s u cceeds in disp o sing O f C i iro i a n d c a rrying

a wa y his wi fe t o his o w n h o m e ; b u t t h e p o w ers O f d a rk

n e ss ga in p o ssessi on O f h er once m ore for t h a t is p ro ,

b ably t h e m e a ning o f h er b ein g b o rn e a wa y o ve r t h e cliff .

Acc ording t o t h e se s t o ries L u g a id w a s t h e s on O f t h e ,

T he St Co p
1 ’
o k es -O D o n o v an rm a c, . 72 ; also th e F o u r df a s t e rs ,
A . M .
’
28 5 9, O D o n o v a n
’
t
s n o es i, t . I n t h e Bk .
f
o L e ins ter th es e c o ws

a re c al l
in t h e g e n iti v e , n a t r i n e rc ( i h é) iu c h n a ,
ed
‘
. .
’
an d ‘
n a n c rc

n iuc h na , a n d t h e s a m e w o rd I n c /m a , sa i d th ere t o be a p ro p er n m
’
a e,

o cc u a l so
rs in C o rma c s ’
ar tic l e ; but I h a ve s ee n no e xp l a na ti n o o f
t h e t erm .
47 8 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

u n fa i thfu l Bl éth n a t ; bu t t h ere se e m t o h ave be en pl ent y

O f d iffe ren t a cc ou n t s O f hi s p ar e n t a g e in which o t her se t s ,

1
O f n a mes fig u r e an d o n e f t h e m is in t e r e s t ing a s a n
; O

ins ta nc e t o a cert ain e xt ent O f a ss o ci at ing wi th da rkne ss

, ,

a n d d ea t h t h e id ea s o f g u il t a n d depr a vit y M e db qu e en .
,

O f t h e We s t h a d t w o sis t ers c a ll e d r e sp e c t ively C l o th ru

, ,

an d E th n e Ua th a ch or E t h e H orrible Th ey h a d thre e ,
. .

brot h ers c a ll e d n a tri Finn E r ma , or t h e Thr ee Whi t e

,

Ones o f E m ain Why t hey w er e so c a lled is a qu est i on .

o f t h e s a m e kind a s why t h e c o rr e sp o nding W e lsh n a m e

sh ou ld h ave b een b orn e by a g o d o f d ea t h like Gwyn

a b N ud ; h e w a s h owever o nly on e a cc ording t o t h e , , ,

st o ry o f Ku l h w ch O f t hree Gwyns , w h o are p ossibly

2
,

t o be e qu at ed wi t h t h e t hr ee Finns O f E ma in T h e indi .

v id u a l n a mes O f t h e s e l a s t wer e Bres , N ar a n d L o t h u r ,

which on e m igh t p erh a ps r end e r Wa r Sha me an d He ll 3

,
.

N o w L u g aid is c o nsid ere d th e s on O f t his Evil Tria d

4
a n d C l o t h ru or t h e H o rribl e E t hn e T h e s t o ry O f h is .

1
Bk .
f
o L eins ter, 1 246 .

2
R . B Mab . . p
h e e th ey are c all ed Gw y n son O f E s i Gw y n
. 1 06 , w r n ,

Gu es t s t e xt an d t ra ns l a ti o
’
so O f N w y v re an d G w y n s on o f N fi d
n ,
n,

ij 205 25 9 u n a cc o un t a b l y o m it t h e t w o fi rs t Gw y n s
.
, ,
.

N a m ean s s h am e an d S h amefu l t h e p l u al o f bres o cc u rs as

3 ‘ ’ ‘
r r

bressa m ea i g b a ttl es s ee S t o k e s Ca l e d a r of O e g s Pro l 7 4 ;

‘ ’
,
n n n n u , .

q t G C p 7 8 2 w ith t h e s en se O f
2
a d lo
n t h r is u o e d i n
a t h e r l t ica . e , .
,

a l e eus c a na li
,
it s eems t o b e d eri ved f o m l o th m ean i g co n m
s : r ,
n
‘
e u ,

L ern a (Gr Cel t p (Win d is ch s I r T ex te S v p

’ 2 ’ ’
i ll fi t is
. . . e .
, . . .

p a l s a n d h el l (S t o k es G id el i ca p L ét h ar or L o th o
’ 2 ‘ ’ ’
a d
‘
n u o , . r,

L ét h air w as al s o t h e n am e O f M e d b s h e d s man o n t h e T ai n Bk
’
ge n. , r , .

f
o th e D u n , 6 5 a .

4
A cc o rd i n g t o t h e Bk .
f
o L eins ter, 1 246, t h e m o th er w as C l o th ru ,
who b e came C o n ch o b ar s w ife
ft er h er S i s ter Medb h ad l eft h im b u t ’
a

O C u r y ij 290 fo ll o w i ng p o b ab l y o th er v e s i o n s O f t h e s t o ry m ak s
’
r , . r r e
,

E th e t h k i g s w ife
n T h e n me E th n e Ua t h a ch o cc u rs al s o in t h e
e n . a

st y f t h e D ei i s e t h e Bk of t h e D
or O 54 s : e . a n, a .
48 0 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

a s Sh e expl a ined t o him t h at C iich u l ain n w a s t o be h er

hu sb a nd , wh o m L u g aid , a cc ording t o t his e u hem eriz e d
1
p a ss a ge , did n ot wish t o anger O n Welsh gr o u nd th e
.

p o ss e ssi o n O f t h e brid e w ou ld in b ot h c a ses ha ve only

b e e n s ett l e d as th e r e su l t O f a b a tt le b e tween t h e
riva l su i t ors an d th e fri endship an d mu t u a l r ega rd
,

a scribed t o C uch u l a inn a n d L u a id is p e c u li a rly Irish

g .

’
I t a rises fr o m t h e st ory O f C l i ch u l ain n s s o j ou rn in
’ ’
Scat h a ch s Isl e a s Scath aeh s p u pil , t h at is t o say a s h er ,

-
fo s t e r s o ; bu t Scat c
n h a h h a -
d ot h er f o st er s o ns w h o w e re ,

a cc o rdingly C Ui ch u l a inn s f o s t e r -
’ ’
br o t he rs t h e re T he .

- 2
f o s t e r br ot h er w a s a cc ording t o C elt ic ide a s o n e s ’
, ,

fri e nd p a r ex cel lence an d t his is th e origin O f C uch u l a inn

,
’ ’
a n d L u g a id s fri e ndship for L u g a id w a s C uchu l a inn s
,

f o st e r-br o ther in Scath a ch s Isl e ; an d th e sa m e r e ma rk

’

a ppli e s t o t h e o t hers w h o w e re t heir f e ll o w - pu pils t here ,

s ev era l O f wh om , incl u ding t w o c a lled Fer Ba eth an d

Fer Di a d r e sp e ct iv ely , were ind u c e d by M e d b m u ch ,

a g a ins t t heir incl in a t i o n t o figh t wi t h C uchu l a inn o n

,

t h e T ain . In t h e ir c as e t heir fo rm er fri endship wi t h

’
C i i ch u l ainn serv e s t o d eep e n t h e t ra gic t on e o f t h e s t ory .

The m o st f ormidabl e O f all th e O l d fri ends O f C l i ch u l a in n

w a s Fe r D i a d , an d t h e d u e l b et w ee n t hem l a s t e d a n ein d en
o r f o u r d a ys ; t h e di a l o gu es pr e c e ding e a ch c o nflic t t u rn

m o st ly on t h e fri e ndly r el a t i ons bet w e en t h e hero e s

1
S ee t h e S t ow e M S .
(R Ic a d e my D i v
. . A fo l 8 36 w hich
, . . .
,

m a i t i n s t h e c o n s i s ten c y o f t h e s t o y it el t es b y n o t am i g L u g a id
n a r r a n n

a mo g C uch u l a i n n s fell o w p u pi l s in S cat h a ch s I s l e

’ ’
n — s ee 8 3a .

2
T h e w o rd d e n o ti n g thi s rel at i o n w as in I i s h com a l ta w hich is as
r
,

if o h ad in L ti a w ord com-a l t-i us mean i g rea ed t oge th er w ith

ne a n ,
n r .
’

a d S O is t h e Wel s h e u i v al en t c
n
q yf a il l t o r cyf a il l t h e o n l y t erm in t h e
,

l a n gu g e fo r fri e n d
a
‘
.
’
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 48 1

’ ’
when t og e th er in I s l e a n d t hey h av e b e en
Sc i i t h a ch s ,
’
e l a b o r a t e d wi t h c on s id erabl e c a r e whil e C l ich u l a in n s ,

g ri e f wh en his fri end a n d a n t a g onis t f ell on th e fo u rt h

d ay is v e ry t ou ching Fe r D i a d it m a y be e xpl a in e d
.
, ,
’
w a s a ma t ch fo r C i i ch u l ain n s o l o ng a s t hey fou gh t wi t h

t h e s a m e w ea p o ns b u t C i ich u l a in n a t l a s t c all e d f o r t h e
,

C a i B o lg a which h e a lw a ys h e ld in r e s erve This w a s

’
.
,

a missil e which he dir e c t e d t h a t t ime by m ea ns O f h is

f e e t fr o m t h e wa t er in th e ford u pwa rds int o his an t a g o

,
’ 1
nis t s b o dy an d it pr o ved a t o nce fa t a l
,
Wh at thi s .

s t ra nge we ap o n ma y h a ve been in a c t u a l w a r on e c a n n o t ,

e x a c t ly sa y ; b u t my t h o l o gic a lly S pe aking t h e direc t i o n

, ,

o f it fr o m t h e wa t e r u pwa rds w o u ld s ee m t o indic a t e a s

it s in t erpre ta t i on t h e a pp ea ra nce O f t h e s u n a s seen f ro m

t h e Pl a in O f M u rth em n e when ri s ing ou t O f t h e s e a t o
pi erc e wi t h his rays t h e cl o u ds a b ove In an o th e r .

’
ins t anc e th e Ga i Bolg a is bro u gh t d own o n t h e h ea d O f
’
C i ich u l ain n s a n ta g o ni s t wi t h th e e ffe c t o f cru shing him 2
,
’
which wo u ld seem t o r e fer t o t h e a c t i o n O f t h e su n s ra y s
o n t h e cl ou ds bel o w fr o m hi s p o si t i o n o n high in t h e

he a v ens .

I t will n o w be re a dily u nders t oo d h ow it c a m e a b o u t

t h a t Irish my t h o l o gy c o u ld t re a t t h e Su n - g o d a n d c e r t ai n

O f t h e d a rk b e ings a s a t t im e s his b o s o m fri e nds ; a n d

a ls o h o w s o m e O f t h e m h a d never t h e l e ss t o figh t wi t h

hi m a n d fa ll by his h and L u g a id w a s o n e O f t his cl a ss

.
,

b u t t h e e u h em erism O f Irish ta l e s in t h e form w e h a ve ,

t h em h a s t ri e d h a rd t O k ee p L u g a id a s t h e fri end O f
,

C iich u l a inn di s t inc t fr o m L u g a id a s his m o r t a l e nemy ;

1
Fo r t h e w h o l e s ort y , or ig i n al t e xt an d t ran s l ati on ,
s ee
’
O C urry , i ij .

41 4— 463 .

2
S to k es Wi d i ch
'

n s ,
I r T ex te
.
, pp . 18 4, 206 .

2 1
48 2 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

an d on e of th e resu l t s is, t h at we c ann ot wi t h o u r imp er ,

fe et kn owl e dg e O f Irish li t eratur e , t ra ce h o w t h e s t ory

o rigin a lly d e scrib e d L u g a id bec o ming h o s t ile t o C l i ch u

l a inn . I t is o t h erwis e wi t h t h e c orr e sp o nding T eu t onic

’
s t o ry O f Bry nhi ld w oo ed t o b e G u n th er s wife by Si eg
fri e d w h o s ome t im e a ft erwa rds falls th e vic t im O f a fo u l
,
’
mu rd er p erp e t rat ed wi t h G u nt h e r s a id ; for th e narra
’
t iv e t ri e s t o a cc o u nt fo r t h e ch a ng e in G u n th e r s feelin gs
1
t owa rds his fri e nd a n d ben efa c t o r Bu t in t h e c a s e O f .

C l i ch u l a inn an d L u g aid we h a ve t o m a k e a sprin g s o t o ,

s ay fr o m t h e t end e rn e ss O f t h e ir fri e ndship in t o t h e t hick

,

O f t h e ir d ea dly feu d wh e n th e brav e s O f Ulst er w ere

,

a g a in in t heir c o u v a d e , an d t h e ir l a nd w a s d e va s t a t e d by

t h e ir e n e mies fr o m t h e o t h e r pr o vinc e s O f Erinn Fo r .

t hey we re t his t ime u nd e r t h e le a d ership , n o t O f A il il l

an d M ed b, b u t O f L u g aid an d his fri e nd Erc king O f
’
L eins t er, a id e d by c u nning m a gicia ns c a ll e d C al at i n an d
’ ’
h is S o ns w h o h a d a ls o a s s is t e d C Uich u l ain n s fe es on t h e
,
2
T ain . T h e s e qu e l h as a lrea dy b een bri e fly r e l a t e d h o w ,

C i i ch u l ainn t rying t o m a ke h e a d a ga inst t h e m f e ll by

, ,

t h e h a nd o f L u g a id N o w t h e s t ories which t re at L u g a id
.

’
a s C uch u l ai nn s friend d o n o t p e rmit t h e f ormer t o b e

s een in his ch a ra c t er O f a p ers onific a t io n o f d arkn e ss an d

d eat h , O f evil b ot h physic a l an d m ora l This h a s t o b e .

ga th er e d ind irec t ly f ro m su ch fa c t s a s t h e f oll owing .

’
T h e fl ag st on e s O f L u g a id s c ou r t u nder which hi s b o dy ,

w a s s a id t o b e b u ri e d , a ppe a r t o h a ve be e n S O w ell kn o wn
t o Irish f o lk - l ore a s t o ha ve e lici t e d an e xpl an at i on which
int erpr et e d t h e m t o m ea n bl u shes an d disgra c e, o r els e

1
C xs
o
’
T a l es o f t h e T eu to n i cL a nd s , pp . 96— 106
.

2
Bk . o f L eins ter, 119a — 1206 al so 93a .
48 4 v . TH E S UN HE RO .

s et ou t on t h e t ra ckvic t o ri o u s m en O f L einst er
of th e ,

w h o on r ea ching t heir ow n c ou n t ry disb a nd e d , l ea ving

, ,

t h e king an d his ch ari o t e er a l on e T h e l a t t e r c a me t o t h e .

riv er L iffey a n d a s th e king l ook e d a t t h e wa t er h e sa w

,
’
fl oat i n g d o w n t h e s t r ea m a n u t a s big a s a m an s h ea d :
h e a ligh t e d t o pick it ou t o f t h e wa t e r wh e n his ch ari o t eer ,

h app en e d t o n ap a n d t o h a v e a di s tu rbing dr ea m Wh e n .

h e w o k e h e t h o u gh t t h e king h a d ea t e n t h e wh o l e k e rn el ,
’
S O h e c u t O ff t h e king s h a nd wi t h h a lf t h e k e rn e l i n it
;
b u t o n disc o v e ring his mis ta k e h e d ro v e hi s s w o rd
, ,

t hr o u gh his o w n b o dy This w a s n o t all f or n ow C o n a ll

.
,

C ern a ch a rriv e d o n t h e sc e n e ; a n d t h e king w o u ld n ot

1
figh t u nl e ss C on a ll h a d on e O f his ha nds t i e d S O t h at ,

t h e y migh t b e m o re fa irly m a t ch e d Th a t w a s d on e .
,

an d t h e y redd e ned t h e L ifl e wi h h e ir bl oo d
'

y t t ; b ut

C ona ll pre va il e d an d c arri e d t h e h ea d O f his opp on e nt

,

a wa y wi t h h im : t h e s a m e s t o ry is rel a t e d o f it wh e n
’
l a id d o wn on a s t on e a s O f L u g a id s On his w a y b a ck .

t o w a r ds t h e b o rd ers O f his ow n c o u n t ry C o n all a ccid e n ta lly ,

m et B u a n M e s g eg ra s wif e g o ing h o m e wi t h h er s u i t e
,
’
, .

‘ ’
Wh o s e a rt t h e n 0 w o m a n ? s a id C on a ll I a m t h e wif e
,
‘
.

O f king M e s g e g ra
’
s a id s h e Th ou h a s t b een o rd ere d t o
‘
.
,

c o m e wi t h m e s a id C on a ll Wh o h a s o rd er e d it ? s a id
’
,
‘
.
’

t h e qu e en ‘
M es g eg ra a nsw er e d C o nall
.
’
,
‘
Ha s t th en .

’ ‘
br o u gh t a t oke n ? a sk e d B u a n H er e a re his ch a ri o t .

’ ‘ ’ ‘
a n d h is h o rs e s s a id C o na ll M any , s a id Sh e are t h e y
,
.
,
’ ‘ ’
t o wh o m h e m ak e s pr e s e n t s H e re is his h ea d t h en .
,
’
s a id C o na ll ‘
I a m n o w fr e e s a id Sh e Th ere u p on
.
,
.

’
t h e king s h ea d w a s s ee n t o ch a n g e c o l o u r re d an d p a l e ,
‘ ’
whi t e al t e rnat e ly Wh at a ils t h e h ea d ? s a id C on a ll
. .

1
C om p are L an c el o t fi g hti n g w ith on e h an d , in W ight
r
’
s M a l o ry
(L o n d o n ,
iij . 26 3 .
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 48 5

’
‘
I kn o w s a id sh e ; it is t h e w o rd s th a t p as s e d b e
,
‘

t w e e n him an d A it h ern e : h e s a id t h a t n o m a n O f t h e
Ul t o n i an s sh o u ld c a rry m e a w a y I t is t h e c o nflic t o n
.

a cc o u n t O f wh a t h e t h e n s a id t h a t is wh a t a il s t h e
,

’ ’
h ea d .
‘
C o m e t h e n t o m e t o my ch a ri o t s a id C o n all ,
.

’ ’
‘
Wa i t s aid B u an for m e t o b ewa il my h u sb a nd Sh e
,
‘
,
.

t h e n ra is e d h er cry o f l a m e n t a t i o n s o t h a t it w a s h ea rd
a s far a s T a ra a n d A il l en : a ft e r t h a t Sh e t hr e w her s elf

h ea dl ong a n d di e d on t h e sp ot H er gr a ve is on t h e .

’
r o a d a n d it is c all e d B u an s Haz el f ro m t h e t re e which
,

1
gr ows t hr o u gh it Ap a r t fr o m t his inciden t which
.

r e c alls t h e d eat h o f A cal l t h e s t o ry O f C o n all figh t ing

,

wi th M es g e gra in th e L ifl ey is SO lik e t h a t O f h is o v er
t aki n g L u g a id in t h e s a me riv e r t h a t w e m ay t r e a t them
,

a s r e f e rr in g t o t h e s a m e my t hic e v e n t a n d r e g a rd L u a id
g ,

a n d M e s e ra a s vir tu ally o n e an d t h e s a m e my t hic b e ing

g g .

This is c o u nt en anc e d by t h e a ll u si o n t o M e s g eg ra in
’ ’ 2
E m er s l a m e n t a t i on o v e r h er h u s b a nd s d e a t h .

1
Bk .
f
o L ei ns t er, 1 1 6 6, 1 1 7 a ; S t o k es , R ev . C
el t . v ii
j . 47 — 63 .

2
Bk .
f
o L ei ns ter, 1 1 6 a — 1 17 a , l 22a — 122 6, an d 1236 .
 LE C T UR E V

TH E S UN H E RO .

PA R T II .

KUL c H A ND GWE I O F TH E G O LDE N HA I R .

UP t o t his p o int we h ave vari ou s f orms o f th e u sed th e

- ’
Su n g o d s n a m e L lew , L l eu L u g a n d Lu gu s a s ou r
, , ,

fi n g e r- p o st s ; bu t we ha v e n ow t o p a ss from t h e range O f
t heir gu id anc e t o c onsid e r s o m e o t h e r v e rsi ons O f t h e
s o l a r my t h We m ay begin wi t h on e O f t h o se c onn e c t ed
.

wi t h t h e Art h u ria n l e gend bu t n ot s o cl o s ely c onn e ct ed,

wit h it a s n o t t o be r ea dily t re at e d by it s elf : I me an

t h e s t o ry O f Ku l h w ch an d O lwen 1
N ow Ku l h w ch s ’
.

m o th er s n a m e w a s Gol eu d y d , L ight -
’ ‘
a s-da y or D ay
’
bright , an d Sh e w as d au ght er t o a princ e c a ll e d A n l aw d ,
’
w h o w a s a ls o t h e fa t h e r O f E ig r or Igra yn e Ar t hu r s ,

m o th er 2
. His fat her s na m e is g iven a s Kil y d , which
’

m e a nt a c o mp ani on , fello w, an d p erh aps a h u sb and ; an d , ,

his gra ndfat h e r s n a m e is r epr e s ent ed a s being Kel y d on

’

Wl edig , which might p o ssibly be regarded as meani ng

Ma b pp 1 43 ; Gues t s M a 6 ij
1 ’
R . B . . . 100— . . 247— 318 .

2
R . B . M a b pp
100, 102, 1 06 ; Gu es t, ij 1 98 , 25 2, 25 8 ; al s o
. . .

B ru t T y s i l io i n t h e M y e A rch ij 28 9, w h ere Big r is s ai d t o h av e

. . .

b een d augh t er O f A ml a éd ol ed ic .
48 8 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

O lwen , an d t h e fat h er s aid t h at n o thin g w as ea sier if

h e w o u ld onl y g o t o t h e c ou r t of his c ou sin Ar t h ur an d ,

f o ll ow hi s instru c t i ons : t hese w ere t h at h e sh ou ld a sk,

Ar th u r t o cu t his h air an d, when it w as d o ne t hat

, ,

h e sh oul d dem and O l w en a s his ky va rws or b oon ; for

t h e c e rem ony of h a ir - c u t ting by t h e king m eant his m ak
ing h i m on e o f his m en , an d his a cqu iring t h e right t o
d e m a nd a b oo n of his l ord Ku lh w ch c o mpli e d , an d.

w ent t o t h e c ou r t of Ar thur w h o t o ok hi s g old e n sciss o rs

,

a n d c u t Ku lh w ch s h a ir wher eby he disc o v e red t h a t h e

’

w a s of his kin ; s o h e m a d e him t ell him w h o h e w a s .

Ku lh w ch a s ins t ru c t e d by his fa t h e r a sk e d a s h is b o on
, ,

t h a t h e sh ou ld h a ve Olw e n t o wife Art hu r h a d n o .

o bj e c t i on ; bu t n e i t h e r h e n or his kni gh t s h a d e v e r he ard

o f Olw e n an d , t h ou gh t h e y w e r e by n o me a ns u n u s e d t o
,

t r a v e l t h e y h ad n ot t h e rem ot e st id ea wh er e Ysp y d a d en s
’
,

a b o de might b e . When a c o nsid e rabl e t im e h a d b een

v a inly sp e nt in t h e s ea rch a n d Ku l h w ch w a s beginning
,

t o gr u mbl e t h a t he w a s s t ill wi t h ou t his b o o n h e w a s ch a l ,

l e ng e d t o g o hims e lf on t h e s ea rch wi th a sma ll p ar t y o f

’
Art h u r s k nigh t s s e l e c t e d wi t h special r ef erence t o t heir
,

s kill in s u ch u nd e r t a kings H e a cc o rdingly w e nt wi t h

.

t h e m , an d it w a s n o t l o ng ere t h e y a rriv e d nea r a gre at

s t ro ngh o ld on t h e w a t o which t hey c a m e a cr o ss an
, y
e ndl e ss fl o ck o f sh e ep wa t ch e d by a sh epherd s i t t ing on
,

t h e t op of a m ou nd . H e w a s a r e m a rka bl e p e rs o n cl a d
in skins an d h e k ep t a t his sid e a sh a ggy m a st ifi bigger
,

t h a n a s t alli o n nin e w int ers O l d ; n or w a s it his h abi t

t o l o s e e v e n a l a mbkin fr o m t h e fl o ck or t o a ll ow an y ,

b o dy t o p a ss t h a t w ay u nh arm e d ; n a y t h e pla in w a s ,

c o ver e d wi t h t r ee -st u mps an d cl u mps th e gre en of wh ich ,

h ad been sc or ch ed awa y t o t h e ve ry s o il by t h e bre a th of

 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 48 0

1
his n o s t rils Gw rh y r Gw al s ta w t I e ith o e d w h o kn ew
.
,

a l l l a ng u a g e s e ven t h o s e o f s o me o f t h e a nim a ls
,
w as ,

a sk e d t o a ddr e s s t h e shepherd on beh a lf o f t h e p a r t y ; b u t

h e pro t e s t ed t h a t h e w a s u nder n o obliga t i o n t o g o a s t ep

fu r th e r t ha n t h e o th ers ; s o t h ey a ll a dva nc e d t o g e th e r ,

an d t h e m o re f e a rlessly a s t h e ir m agici a n M e n w s on o f
y
T e irg w a e d s treng t h ened t heir fa iling c ou r a ge wi th t h e
,

a s s u r a nc e t h a t h e h a d l a id t h e m a s t i ff u nder a sp e ll which

r end ere d him h a rmless T h e sh epherd t old t h e m t h a t he .

w as C u s t en n in b ro t h e r t o Ys p y d a d en , wh o s e c a s t l e t h e y
,

s o u gh t an d c ou ld n ow s e e n o t far o ff ; b u t on l e arni n g
wh at t heir b u sin e ss w as he t ried t o pers u a de t hem t o g o ,

b a ck t h e w a y t h e y h a d c o me a s n o on e w h o w ent o n s u ch ,

a n e rr a nd t o Ys
’
d a d en s c a s t l e w a s e v e r kn own t o re t u rn
py .

Th ey w ou ld n o t list en a n d Ku l h w ch a s h e t o o k l e a ve , , ,

g a v e C u s t enn i n a ring of g old ; b u t it w o u ld n ot g o on

an on e o f his fing e rs s o he u t it in o n e o f hi s gl o ves
y , p ,

a n d when he re a ch e d h o me h e h anded it t o h i s wif e .

1
T he n ame
(R . B . Mab . pp . 1 15, 1 26, 1 29, 137 , 26 5 ) m ean s
Gw rh y r, I t e rp re t er o f L g ag es t h e w o rd Gw a l t a w t w hich o cc u rs
n an u , s ,

w ritt e al s o in o th e r w a y s m os t l y l es s c o r e ct
n
(R B M a b pp 11 2 , r . . . .
,

b i g t h e A -S x o n w ea l h s téd a i n t erp et er T h e o lde t

e n . a ,
‘
n r .
’
s

l Ve l s h fo rm s ee ms t o b e g w a l to t in R h o ab w y s D rea m (R B Bl h
’
s
'
n . . a .

p . a s t o ry in a s o me w h a t o l d e h a d th an t h e o th er R d B k r n e oo

o n es t w hich t h e p ag e refe ren c e s h av e j u t b een g i e

o T h e I is h s v n . r

e t m o l o ic l e u i v al en t o f t h e n a m e Gw rh r w s F
y g q a
y gh o i b o e (i a er r, rn n

i t of D ia m m d a n d Gra inn e i l o Joy c e s O l d

’
Th P
'

e urs u r 17 ; , . a s

C l t R m a n ces p
e . o by t h e S t e t o r f Fi n s p t y w h o s e e v y
,
. n o n
’
ar ,
er

s ho u t w a au d ib l e o v th ree c an t ed s Gw rh y a d F gl r a re p o '

s er r . r n er zo z r

b b ly d i v ed f o m t h e C el tic ro o t g a r o y
a er r t o c al l a d the r e r,
‘
,
’
n

m ea i ng o f t h e We l s h n a m s gg es t s a ti m e w h e n t h e h e a l d h d
n e u r a

t o s h o u t f o m t h e a d an c ed p o s t o f h is o w n m en t o th a t o f t h e n e m y
r v e .

A d d t o thi s th t A rth u c o u rt h ad t h e ervic es o f a n o t h acc m p l i h d

’
a rs s er o s e

i n t erp et er o f h u m n p e ch in a p s n c l l ed K d y i eit h R B M a b
r a s e er o a a r , . . .

p 160 ; Gu e t ij 4 1 7
. s , . .
490 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

This ga ve h er o cc a si on t o e x t ra c t fro m h im all th e news

a b ou t Ku l h w ch an d his p a rt y , when C u st en n in s a id sh e

w ou ld see t h em very sh ort ly Sh e w a s filled wi t h t w o

.

f e elings on e of jo y a t th e c o ming of Ku l h w ch wh o se
, ,

m o t h er she st at ed t o h a ve b e en her sis t er ; an d t h e o t her

o f s a dness a t t h e t h ou gh t t h a t t h e y ou t h w a s n o t likely

t o esc a pe a liv e fr o m Ysp y d a d en s ha nds

’ ’
C u st enn in s
.

w ife w a s a fi t c ons ort f or t h at migh t y herdsm a n , an d at

t h e c o ming o f Ku lh w ch she r u sh e d o v erj oyed by t heir

,

appr o a ch , t o embra ce him ; bu t Kei w h o as t h e l ea der of

,

t h e p a r t y h a d his ey e s O p en , a dr o i t ly re a ched her a

-
b u ndl e of fi re w oo d h e f ou nd cl o se by : t h e wo ma n s f ond ’

h u gging inst ant ly redu ced it t o t h e dimensi ons of a

’ ‘
withy .
‘
Ah , l ady s a id Kei , h a d it been I t h at we r e
,

s o squ e e zed , n ob o dy e lse w ou ld e ver h a ve a ch a nce o f

’ ’
l o ving m e . In t h e c ou rs e o f t h e ir st ay at C u st ennin s
h ou s e she ope ned a st one chest n e ar t h e firepl a ce an d
, ,

o u t c a m e a yell o w - h a ir e d c u rly -he a d e d y ou th This she

,
.
,

s a id , w a s t h e onl y on e l e ft of h er t went y- fou r s ons w h o ,

w er e on e by on e d e st r oy e d by Yspy d a d en an d sh e h a d n o
,

h op e of his esc a ping an y m or e t ha n his br ot hers ; b u t Kei

a dvis e d her t o l et t his h er s u rviving s on cling t o hi m

a n d his fri e nds . She t h en pra yed t h e m n ot t o g o t o Ysp y

d a den : t h e y w ou ld n ot b e dissu a ded , bu t w o u ld wa it u nt il
O lwe n h e rs elf a rriv e d , for t h e y h a d l ea rned th at it w a s
her h abit t o c om e t o wa sh h ers elf eve ry S at u rda y at
’
C u st enn in s h ou s e wher e sh e an d her m a id a lwa ys lef t
,

behind t hem all t heir rings an d j ewels Then foll ows a .

cu ri ou s d e scrip t i o n of Olwen , in which it is st a t e d a m on g ,

o t her t hin gs t h at h er h a ir w a s y e ll ower t h a n t h e fl o w e r

,

o f t h e br o o m an d her skin whi t e r t h a n t h e f o a m of t h e

,

bill o w t h at wh er e v er she t r o d ther e sprang u p fou r whit e

492 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

of his he a d : th at ann oy e d him r a ther m ore t h an t h e

w ou ndings on th e pr evi ou s d ays s o on t h e fou r t h d ay h e
t h o u gh t it pr op er t o sit d o wn wi t h his w o u ld - b e s on -in
l aw a n d g o in to d e t a ils He s t ip u l at e d t ha t Ku l h w ch
.

w a s t o h av e Olwen t o wif e pr o vid e d h e c ou ld fu lfil

c er ta in c ondit i o ns which h e n am e d : thes e l a st inv o lv e d

s o m a ny app a ren t imp o s s ibili t i e s a n d t h e in t erv e nt i o n o f

s o m a ny my t hic h e r oe s t h a t t h e ir chi e f in t er e s t m a be
, y
s a id t o c o nsist in th e ir fo rming a c at al o gu e o f t h e su bj e c t s
o f s o m any t a l e s ,
m o s t of which h a v e be en l o st Wit h .

t h e a id o f Ar t hu r an d his m en Ku l h w ch pr o c u r e s al l t h e
,

imp o s sibilit i e s ; Ysp y d a d en s c a st l e is s t orm e d by G or en ,

’

t h e o nly on e s u rviving of C u s t en n in s t w ent y -

’
f ou r s ons ;
t h e gi ant h ims elf lik e Forg al l o n a simil a r o cc a si o n , l o ses
,

h is l if e ; an d t h e m a rri a ge o f Olw en is c o ns u mm at ed .

This t ale which I h a ve be en c o mp ell e d t o a bri dg e v ery

,

c onsid erably c ont a ins a nu mb er o f t hings o f int erest t o

,

t h e s t u dent o f my t h o l o gy ; bu t I n e ed o nly a ll u d e t o
o n e or t w o o f t h e m T h e cl o v e r -bl o ss o ms t h a t we re
.

’
wo nt t o spring u p in O lwen s t ra ck r e c all th e r o s e s t h at
’
gr ew wher e Aphr o dit e t ro d an d t h e form er s gi an t,
’
fat h er s n a m e Ysp y d a den m eaning h aw th o rn reminds
’
,
‘
,

o n e o f t h e t h orn o f win t e r t h e pricki n g o f which m a kes

,

Sig rdrifa f a ll a sl eep , an d o f t h e mist l et oe which t hr o wn ,

by his blind bro t h er giv e s B a ld er his fa ta l wou nd ;

,

b u t t h e s t o ry of Ku l h w ch is t o b e r e a d bri efly in t h e
’
N o rs e L ay o f Sk irn i which r el a t e s h ow Gerd r Gy mir s
,

d au ght e r w a s s u cc e ssfu lly w ooe d o t f r h e -

l v smitt e n
o e

F rey by his m e ss eng er ; h ow t h e l at t er h a d a sk e d of t h e

’
sheph erd t h at s at on th e h owe wat ching a l l th e wa ys
‘
,

which h e sh o u ld t ak e in ord e r t o visit Ger d r in spit e of

’
h er fa t h e r s h ou nds ; an d h o w t h e sh eph erd t h o u gh t him a
 v . TH E S UN HE R O . 493

f ey p ers o n o r a gh o s t t o think o f a t t emp t ing s u ch a thing .

1

S t ill m o r e t o o u r p u rp o s e is it t o n o t ic e t h e p a ra ll e l b et w e e n
Ku l h w ch a n d C rich u l a inn exc ep t ing a l w ays a difi eren c e
, ,

a lr e a dy in d ic a t e d b e t we e n t h e f o rm e r a n d L l eu n a m ely , ,

t h a t whil e C rich u l a inn d o e s alm o s t ev e ry thing for hims elf ,

Ku lh w ch a chi e v e s a l l h e d oe s by obliging o t h ers t o t o il

f or him : t h e only t ime h e is d e scrib e d a c t ing o f his
o w n ini t i a t iv e is wh e n h e r e ceives Ys p y d a d e n s p o is o n e d
’

j a v elin an d s ends it b a ck wi t h th e gr ea te st pr e ci s i o n
’
t hro u gh t h e appl e o f t h e gi a n t s eye which a s it decid e d , ,

Ys py d a de n t o c o me t o t erms wi th Ku lh w ch f orms t h e ,

t u rning -p o in t o f t h e s t ory an d invi t e s c o mp a ris on wi t h

,
’
L l e u s o n e h u rl of his s p ea r wh en he t ra nsfixed his fo e .

T h e p a ra ll e l is s t ill f u r t h e r pr e tty cl o se : Ku lh w ch w a s
b orn in a h o vel bel o nging t o a swin eh e rd or in a s t y ,

u s e d by his pigs a s C rich u l a inn , a cc o rding t o s o m e o f

,

t h e a cc ou n t s w as b o rn in t h e b o t hi e o f t h e m an in
,

t h e Bru gh o f t h e B oyn e B o t h w er e o f n obl e bl o o d a n d

.
,

g re w t o b e gr ea t ly a dmired on a cc o u nt o f t h eir pers on a l

ch arms ; Ku lh w ch h a d s o fa r a s we are a llo we d t o j u dg e
, ,

t h e s a me u n e rring h and t h a t ch ar a c t erized C l ich u l a in u

’
in t h e u s e o f his spe a r ; C uch u l a inn s m arrying w a s a
m a t t er o f grea t imp ort a nce t o th e n o bles o f U lst er an d ,

s o w a s t h e m a rri a g e o f Ku lh w ch on e o f gre a t in t e r e s t a —

’
f o rc e d in teres t it is t ru e t o t h e knigh t s o f Ar th u r s
,
—

c ou r t. Th e ir r e spec t iv e brides were si mil a r a n d t his ,

’
e x t e nds t o t h e di ffi c u l t y o f visi t ing t h e m Of th e brid es .

m o t h ers w e re a d n o thing ; bu t t h e g e n e ra l r e s e mbla nc e

b e tw een t h e ir fa t h ers Fo rg a l l a n d Ysp y d a d en is t o o
o bvi ou s t o need disc u ssi o n in d e t a il an d b o t h l o s e t h e ir ,

1
C a m us Poet B or. . i . Ill-
7 .
494 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

li ves wh e n th e ir d a u gh t ers m arry Bu t I p ass o ver t his .

t o m ake a r e m ark o r t w o o n t h e m o t hers o f t h e h e r o e s

resp e ct iv ely N ow Ku l h w ch s m oth e r w a s d au gh t er o f
.
’

A n l a w d Wl e dig or Prince A n l a w d of wh o m w e kn o w ,

n o t hin g a n d Sh e w a s sist er t o t h e wif e of C u st en n in ,

,

br other an d h erdsm a n t o Yspy d a d en : h er ow n na m e

w as G o l e u d d o L igh t -a s -
D a an d h er sis t e r w as th e
y ,
r
y ,

m ot h e r o f t h e t we nt y-f o ur y ou ths sl a in al l bu t on e by
Ysp y d a den . T h e nu mb e r t wen t y - fou r p o int s pr ett y
cl ea rly , in my O pini on, t o t h e t wen t y -fo u r h ou rs o f t h e
d ay an d we equ at e t h e t went y -
,
fou r s on s o f C u st enn in
wit h t h e t w ent y -fo u r l a dies liberat ed fro m t h e s tr ong
h o ld of t h e P ervers e Bl a ck Knight by O w ein ab Uri en 1
.

This l a st d e scrip t i on of t hem as impris oned l a dies is m ore

in h a rm o ny wit h Gre ek myt h ol o gy , which a ls o m a d e
’
t h e m s u ch an d c all e d t hem t h e H ou rs k ee pers o f h ea v e n s ,

cl ou d -ga t e an d minist ers o f t h e g o ds I t is n o t lik ely .

t h at t w e n t y - fou r w a s t h e o rigina l nu mb er in Welsh

my t h ol o gy ; an d t h e I rish st ory of th e t hr ee S ons of D ee l
D erm ait O pp o s e s t o it t h o se t hree a n d t h e ir sist e r The .

l att er, wh o m I t ake t o r epr e s en t night w a s n ot br o u gh t ,

b a ck by C uchu l a inn w h o r ele a s e d her t hr ee br ot h e rs

,

fr o m c a p t ivi t y , j u s t a s Ku l h w ch w a s t h e m e a ns of sa ving
’
t h e life of th e o nly s u rviving s on o f his a un t s t w o d oz e n
chil dr en w h o t hu s liv e d t o s ee th e w e dding of Ku lh w ch
,

a n d Olwen , t h a t is t o sa , t h e t im e when t h e s u n w a s
y
a b o u t t o rise t o ill u min e t h e w o rld for a n o t h e r d a y T he .

Irish my t h w a s c onsist ent in n ot m aking C uchu l a inn

bring b a ck t h e h o u rs of da rkness, b u t o nly t h o s e of light ;
an d t h e fixing t h e ir n u mber a s t hr e e r e f e rs pr o b a bly t o

1
R . B . Ma b . pp . 1 91-2 ; Gues t, i . 8 2-3
.
496 v . TH E S UN HE R O .

which c ann ot b e regar de d a s an o bj e c tion in a n at u r e

my t h o f t h e kind in qu e s t i on h ere H o wev er , I a m dis .

p o s e d on t h e wh ol e, t o s u pp o s e t h e gl oa ming or d u s k t o
,
.

su i t ou r t a l e s b e tt e r t h at ligh t which for s om e t im e

—
,

a f t er t h e su n hims elf h a s s u nk o u t o f sigh t c o n t in u e s t o

,

illu min e t h e ski e s in t h e se l at i t u d e s an d t o t ip t h e m o u n ,

t a ins a n d t h e cl o u ds wi t h c o l o u rs which a re n o w a n d
t hen of ind e scrib abl e b ea u t y O u t o f t h at bl aze o f d e.

p art ing light t h e Su n is o bscu re ly b orn d u ring th e h our s

o f d a rkn e ss t o b e gin hi s c ar e e r a n e w ; b u t b e f ore h e

h a s m a de l o ve t o t h e r o sy - fin g ere d M o rn h e h as l o s t his ,

m o th e r This hyp ot hesis w ou ld h e lp u s t o a ssign a p os

.

’ ’
sibl e me aning t o C uchu la inn s m o th er s n am e by r eferring
it t o her as t h e d a wn or b et t e r, p erh aps a s t h e gl oam ing
, ,
.

The st ory of h er esc ap e fr o m E m ain t o th e fairy h ou s e

t o giv e bir t h t o her s on d u ring t h e nigh t which w a s s o ,

a rra ng e d by L u t h a t t h e inf a n t sh o u ld be br o u gh t u p
g
by t h e n obl e s of t h e U lt oni a n c our t n ee d n o t b e fur th e r ,

g o n e int o a s a p arallel t o t h e m a d wa nd erings o f Gol eu d y d

a n d t h e bringing h o m e o f h er s o n by t h e swin eh e rd t o
’
his m a st er s c ou r t ; an d I wish t o d w ell only on h er
n am e a s s u gg e st in g h o w t o e xpl a in t ha t o f t h e g o dd es s
‘ ’
D ech t ere T h e W e lsh w o rd d y d
. d ay , which en t e rs ,

int o th e c omp o si t i on of Ku lh w ch s m o t h er s n am e is
’ ’
,

n o t t o b e f o u nd in t h at o f D ech t ere bu t h er na m e h a s
a p a r t i a l r e s e mbl a nc e t o t h e Engli s h w o rd in i t s ol d f o rm

o f d ceg : t h e kind red Germ a n w o rd tag s t ill re t a ins t h e

g u t t u ra l This brings o e t o
. n a e -
gr ou p of w ll kn own
wo rds which incl ine me t o c onsid er th e n a me D ecb tere
1

S an sk rit d a h , bu rn b u rn t L ith u a n ian d eg I b r

’ ‘ ’
1
,
d ag d h a , ‘
u, u n,

d egt z,
’
‘
b
to u rn , d eg t w s n -
’
, d eg ta -
s u b urn t d es t o y ed by fi r d g
,
‘
,
r e,
’
a a

w ea th er h arves t -ti me h arves t O Pruss i an d g7 s u mmer ;

‘
'
‘
h ot , , . a / 7s ,
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 497

to b el ong s a m e my thic a l c at e g ory a s t h at o f

to th e
Gol e u d y d a n d t o r e fe r t o t h e g o ddess a s t h e m o th e r
,

o f t h e bl a zing sun , or e ls e m o re pr oba bly t o h er a s a , ,

p e rs oni fic a t i on o f t h e ligh t t ha t o v ersprea ds th e Sk y

b e fo re t h e su n app ears a b o ve t h e h oriz on or a f t e r h e h a s ,

j u s t s unk belo w it Origina lly , h owe ver it may h a ve .

,

a ll u d e d m o re p a rt ic u l a rly t o t h e h o t d a ys of s u mm e r ;

for my t hs a b o u t t h e sun m ay h ave t o d o w i t h th e s e a s ons

o f t h e y ea r a s well as wi t h t h e l andm a rks wi thin t h e

n arr ow e r sp ac e o f a d a y I t is u nf or t u n a t e t h a t cl a s s ic a l .

sch o l ars h a v e n o thing c er t a in t o s ay a s t o t h e m e an ing

’
o f t h e n a m e o f Ap o ll o s m o t her L e t o o r L a t o n a , in wh o m

we u nd o u b t e dly h a ve o n e o f t h e Hell enic c ou n t erp ar t s o f

t h e C e l t ic fig u r e s which w e h a ve b ee n t rying t o e x a min e .

In t h e f or eg o ing s t ories t h e Su n -g o d is a s a r u l e n o t , ,

br o u gh t u p by his m ot h er, a n d in t h e nex t t o be men

t ion e d t h e s ep a r a t i o n b e t ween m o t her a n d son is br o u gh t
a b o u t in a r e m a rk a bl e w a The f o ll o wing is t h e p u rp o r t
y .

o f t h e t a le
1 - ’
l§ w y tl Prince o f D y v ed h a d t ak e n t o wife

0 N o rs e d a g -r, Go thic d a ga -s , German ta g

. H a v i ng go t . th u s fa r, on e

a t o n c e re c o n i ze s t h e e q u i v a l en t o f S a ns k rit d a g d h or of t he L ith
g .

d eg t in t h e Wel h w ord go d a ith f rmerl y go d eith o r g o d eit h (fo r

s ,
o u

an e arl
y C el tic w o -
d ext a bl e e s p e ci ll y t h e b u rn i g o f a p l c
‘
az , a n a e

o v err u n w ith b rak es b us h w o o d o r fu r e S i m i l l y Gl o d ai t h t h ’

,
r z . ar ,
e

n am e o f a p l a c e n ear L l an d u d o is p o ba b l t o be a n a l y s e d i t o Gl
n n o
y ,
r

d a it h a d i n t e p ret e d as t h e p l a c e for b u i g {110 o r ch rc al i t

n r rn n a o :

is s p l l d Gl d ey th in t h e R ec rd of C r a o
e e a p 1 I t m ay b e o a n rv n , . . co n

j ec tu red th a t w e h av e t h e l e men t d e th d eg/ ti o r d ft/L in a

'

e u z ,
t a no n

ed eit h o r w hich o cc u rs i n t h e p ro b b l e s e se o f b e s c o ch er r ‘
, a n u rn r, r o

b l a er in t h e Bk of T l ies s in (S k e ij
z ,
’
. a a n d ed it / o w ith u t en ,
. e z r o

t h e p re fi x w ou l d b d e tl o f p o s ib ly m u ch t h e s m e m e a n i g
’

e z zo r, d s a n ,
an

i n v ol vi ng a b s e c o es po n d i g t o th a t fro m w h ich D e h te e h as b n
a rr n c r ee

d e ri v e d by a d d i g t h e j a t ermi na ti o n
n Wi n d is ch p 138 g i ves nc e .
,
.
, O

t h S h te r fo m D e t r
'

e or r c z .

1
R B fif d b pp 17
. . 25 ; Gu es t iij 5 9 7 1
. .
—
, .
— .

2 K
498 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

Rhiann on d au gh t er o f H y veid th e O l d an d when t h ey ,

h a d liv e d t o g e t h er t w o ye a rs wi t h o u t a n y iss u e th e n obl e s ,

o f t h e l a nd b e ga n in t h e t hird y e ar t o d e m a nd t h a t h e

sh ou ld ch o o se an o t h er wife t ha t h e migh t h av e a n h eir .

H e p e rsu a d e d t h e m t o wa i t a n ot h e r y e a r in t h e c ou rs e ,

o f which a s on w a s b o rn t o Rhi a nn o n Bu t t h e nigh t

.

h e w a s b orn his m ot h e r sl ep t an d s o did t h e S ix

,

nur s e s w h o h a d b ee n e nga g e d t o wat ch an d wh e n ,

t h e y w ok e in t h e m orning t h e b o y w a s n o wh er e t o b e
f o u nd for it w a s t h e e v e o f t h e C a l e nds of M ay wh en
, ,

all e vil spiri t s an d u nc anny t hings r oa m at l arg e .

T h e n ur s e s t o a v o id b e ing b u rnt a liv e f or t h e ir n e gli

,

g enc e c o nspir e d t o sw ea r t hat Rhi ann o n h ad dev o u r e d

,

her son , s o t h e y smea r e d h er fa ce wit h t h e bl o o d o f s o m e

p u ppi e s they fou nd in th e h ou s e This c o u ld n o t b e
.

c o nc eal e d an d it went f or th t o t h e c ou n try t hat Rhia nn on

,

h a d dest r o ye d her o w n b a by , an d t h e n obl e s a g a in

’
want e d Pw y l r t o p u t her a wa y ; bu t h e r epli e d t h at
t h e y c ou ld n ot d e m a nd t his , u nl e ss Sh e c o nt inu e d wi t h
o u t o fi s pr in g ,
which w a s n o t t h e c a s e an d t h at if sh e
,

h a d d o ne wr ong she sh o u ld b e p u ni sh e d Rhi ann o n .

sen t for d o c t ors an d wis e m en so t ha t ra t h e r t h a n con

,

t e nd wi t h t h e lying nu rs e s s h e m igh t u nd erg o p en a nc e .

T h e p en anc e fix e d w a s t h a t Sh e sh oul d rema in for s e v e n

,

y ears si tt ing da ily by t h e h o rs e -bl o ck ne ar t h e gat e t ha t ,

sh e sh o u ld t e ll h er s t o ry t o e v e ry o n e w h o c a m e or w a s

t h o u gh t by her t o be ign o r ant o f it a n d t ha t sh e w a s t o

,

o ff e r t o a l l g u e s t s an d s t ra ng e rs t o c a rry ea ch o f t h e m

on h er b a ck t o t h e h a ll : it w a s o f c ou rs e a r a r e t hing
, ,

for a nyb o dy t o a cc ep t su ch a n o ffe r This w a s a t a pl a c e

.

c a ll e d Arb erth in t h e pre s ent c ou nt y of C a rdigan wh e re

, ,

Pw y lf h eld his c ou r t . A t t h at t im e , N e t h e r Gwe n t ,

 5 00 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

Gw ri Gw al l t H '

u rin G old en Ha ir, for

,
or Gw ri of th e
wh a t h air h e h a d w a s a s y ell o w a s g o ld Before h e w as .

a y ea r O l d h e c o u ld w a lk vig o r o u sly , a n d h e w a s bigge r

t h a n a n v t hre e -y e a r -o l d child t h o u gh it were g oo d o f

g rowt h an d st at u r e ; an d in his s e c o nd y ea r h e w a s a s
big a n d s tr ong a s a child of six E re h e w a s f u lly f ou r .

h e w o u ld c o n t e nd wi t h t h e s erv a n t s t o b e l e t t o t ak e t h e
’
h ors e s t o wa t er, an d T ey rn on a t his wif e s su gge st i on , ,

h a d t h e c o l t o f t h e s a m e a g e wi t h t h e b oy br o k e n in for
h im t o b e his ow n In t h e m ean t im e t h e n e ws ab o u t
.
,

Rhi ann on r- ea ch e d T e rn on , an d h e h a d b e gu n t o scru t iniz e

y
’ ’
t h e b oy s l ooks , fo r h e h a d f orm e rly b e e n on e o f Pw y fl f

m en ; a n d h e c a m e t o th e c oncl u si o n t h a t t h e l a d w a s
’
e x a c t ly lik e Pw lf t h at in f a c t h e m u st b e Rhi a nn o n s
y ,

l o st child Aft er c onsu lt ing his wif e a n d a gr ee ing wi t h

.

h er t h at it w o u ld b e t h e right t hing t o r e s t o r e him an d

r el ea s e his m ot h er fr o m h er pena nc e , he t o ok him t o
Arb ert h Wh en t hey a rriv e d , Rhia n n o n o ffer e d t o ca rry
.

t h e m t o t h e h a ll which t h e y v e ry n a tu ra lly d e clin e d ;

,

b u t in t h e c ou rs e of t h e f ea s t t h a t w a s g o ing o n , T ey rn on
ga v e t h e hist ory of t h e boy a n d f o ll ow e d it u p wi t h a n ,

a pp eal t o a ll t h o s e pr e s e n t t o s a y wh et h e r t h e y did n o t
’
t hink he w a s Pw y fl s s on : n ob o dy h a d an y d ou b t in his
mind on t h e m att er ; a n d Rhia nn o n obs erv e d th at if t h at
’
w ere t r u e, she wo u ld b e rid o f her p ry dem (th e W elsh
‘ ’
for a nxi e ty ) L a dy , s a id Pen daran Dy v e d on e o f th e
.
,
‘
chi e f n obl e s pr e sent , w ell ha s t t h o u n am e d t h y s on

l ows ‘
th ey c au s ed th e b oy t o be b apti ed an d t h e c eremon y
an d z ,

w as p erfo me d th ere H o w thi s v e y b l d s t a t em e t c o u l d h av e b e en

’
r . r a n

e xt ra ct e d f o m t h e Wel s h w ord s I d o n o t
r
qu it e u n d ers t an d : th y e e ar ,
‘
Pe i a w n aet h an t be dy d y a 6 y mab o r b edy d aw n ei t y n a
r s ee t h e

R B fV
. I u b p 21
. . . .
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 501

Pry d eri, an d Pry d eri s on o f He a d o f H a des is th e

Pw y tl
’ ‘ ’
n a m e t h a t s u i t s him b e s t C o nsid e r s a id Rhi a nn on
.
,

‘
wh e th er his o w n n a m e be n o t m o r e s u i t abl e t o him .

’
‘
Wh a t is t h e n a m e ? s a id Pen daran ‘
O wri of t h e .

’
Go ld e n Ha ir is t h e n ame w e g a v e him s a id T e y rn on ,
.

’ ‘ ’ ‘
‘
Pry d e ri s aid Pen da ra n , sh all be his n a m e
,
I t is .

’ ’
b e s t s a id Pw y tl t o t ake t h e b oy s n a me fro m t h e word
, ,
‘

’
his m oth e r u t t ered when she g o t j o yfu l t idin gs o f him .

This w as a gre e d u p on an d T ey rn on w a s t h ank e d for his

,

beh a vi ou r in t h e m a tt e r an d offere d pres en t s o f al l k inds

t o c arry awa y . Pry d eri w a s given o v e r t o Pen dara n
D y v e d t o b e ed u c a t ed In t h e c o u rse of yea rs 1?w
.

di e d ; Pry d eri s u cc e ed e d him an d ch o se a s his wif e ,

Kicva d au gh t er of Gwyn Goh oy w , s on of Gl oy w Wa rl t

,
’

l y d an s on o f Prince C a sn ar o f t h e n obilit y o f t h is isl a nd

,
.

S o e nds t his bra nch o f t h e M abin o g i .

’
C o n s id erabl e c ompli c a t io n a ris e s out o f Pw y rl an d
’
Pry d eri s r el a t i ons wi t h Ha des a n d, s o far a s c oncerns ,

t h e pres e nt s t ory , w e h a v e t o di s t ing u ish be t w e en Pw y fl

Prince of Dy v e d an d Pw y fl Hea d o f H a des an d be t ween ,

O wri o f t h e G o ld en Ha ir an d Pry d e ri son of Pw y fl

H ea d of Ha des In Gwri we h a ve a s o rt o f p arall e l t o
.

’
C rich u l a in n a n d L le u Gwr i s r apid gr o w t h r e c a lls b o t h
.

L l eu an d C rich u l a inn in c omm o n wi t h wh o m h e w a s

,

a ls o rem a rk able for his g o lden h a ir We c ann o t c o mp ar e

.

’
h is lif e wi t h C uch u l a inn s a s n o a c t i o n of his is d e scrib e d
,
’
b e sides his t aking hi s fa t her s h orses t o drink which ,
’
r eminds on e o f Sh ak sp ear s cl a ssic pic tu re of Ph oeb u s
wa t ering his s t eeds T h e a ll u si o n a ls o t o t h e c ol t b o rn
.

’
a t t h e t im e o f Gw ri s ow n bir t h deserv e s sp e ci a l n o t ice ,

as it h a s it s c o u n t erp a r t in t h e s t o ry o f o ne o f t h e o b s c u re

inc arn at i ons of L u g be fore h e w a s b orn Set an ta or C uch u

5 02 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

l ain n . It
is t o th e eff e c t t hat when C onch ob a r an d 1

his p ar t y , incl u ding his ch ari o te er D e ch t ere wer e e v e r ,

t aken in t h e fa iry neighb ou rh o o d of t h e Bru gh of t h e

B oyne, t hey c a me a cro ss a s o li tary new h ou s e t here th e ,

o wn e r of whi ch b a de t hem en t e r They hesit at ed b ot h .

,

on a cc ou n t o f t h e sm a llness o f t h e b u ilding an d o f it s

pr ob able la ck of pr ovisi ons an d sle eping a cc o mm o d at i on

in , h o weve r, t hey went , an d t h ey h a d n ot been t here l o ng
2
when t h ey su ddenly e spi e d a kit ch en d o or In du e .

t im e t h e y h a d f oo d an d drink of t h e m o s t v a ri e d an d
l u x u ri ou s descript i o n br ou ght t hem an d t h e y h a d never, ,

t h e y t h ou ght fou nd t hemselv e s b e tt er s erv e d Bu t

, .

wh en t hey h a d bec o me merry an d rat her m ore t h e ir ,

h o st inf o rmed th e m t hat his wif e in t h e k i t chen w as

o v e r t aken by t h e p a ins o f childbir t h D ech t ere wen t t o .

her , an d a b oy w a s b orn at t h e s ame t ime t hat a m a re ,

a t t h e d o o r g a ve bir t h t o t w o c o l t s In t h e m orning t h e .

Ult o ni a n p a rt y f ou nd t h e ms elve s a l one in t h e o p en a ir

wit h t h e ir h orses , t h e b aby an d t h e t w o c ol t s T h e .

c o l t s w e r e k ep t a s a present for t h e b a by an d t h e la t t e r ,

w a s rea red by D ech t ere for s o m e t im e ; bu t o n e day t h e

child fell ill an d di e d t o h er pr o fou nd grief ; bu t for th e
,

next a va ta r o f L u g D ech t ere f ou nd h e rs elf ch o sen t o be

,

t h e m ot her , a s sh e w a s inf o rmed by him in a drea m ,

when h e t o ok t h e opp o rtu nit y a ls o o f ch arging her t o

keep t h e c o l t s for t h e b o y t h at w a s t o b e b orn a n d t o b e
c alled Setan t a The c o incidence is n o t seri ou sly l e ssened
.

by th e c o lt s being t w o in t h e on e s t ory an d only o ne in

1
Wi d i ch pp
n s , . 138 —40, from E gerto n , 1 7 8 2, an d t h e Bk . o
f th e
D u n , l 28 a , 128 0 .

2
Wi n d isc h
’
s t a l mz
'

(. i . t a rst a ) f l u is t o b e
'

c o rrect ed i n t o t a l mid u

(73 i a rsi n), p . 1 37 ; see Bit . of th e D an, 128 a .

504 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

e yes Af t er d oing t his, Aeng u s a n d C ore esc ap e d an d

.
,

t h e l at t er fr e ed hims elf fr o m hi s p o si t i on a s a h o s t a g e .

A w a r ensu e d which is r e gard e d a s th e b e ginning o f

,

t h e gre at m o vemen t of t h e t rib e s o f L e ins t e r u s u a lly

kn o wn a s t h e Exp u l s i on of t h e D e isi , s o me o f wh o m
c am e as far as Dyv e d in t h e s ou t h -wes t c orn er o f Wa l e s,
,

a n d se t t l e d t h e r e Bu t t h e s t o ry o f C ore m ak e s him a f t e r
.
,
’
Aeng u s d eath a cc o mp a ny an o th er b a nd o f t h e e xiles on
,
’
s ea a n d s a il w e s t wa rds u n t il t hey c a m e t o B O i s Isl a nd
,

( p . t o which t h e n a rra t o r a t t his p o int gives t h e

’
' ’
’ '

n a m e o f T ech n D uznd za r nE rznn or D o nn s Hou s e b ehind ,

I rel and Wh e n C ore sa w t h e isl and wh e re h e h a d be e n

.

r eare d , h e a sked hi s c omp a ni o ns t o s t ay wit h him t h ere ;

bu t his s t o ry go e s n o fur t h e r e xcep t t o s t a t e in a g e ner a l,

w ay t h a t h e rem a ined in t h e s ou t h o f Ir e l a nd His .

’
m ot h er s n am e a s a lrea dy ment i o n e d (p
, w a s D u ben , .

g eni t iv e D u ibn i or D u ibn e s o he is u s u ally kn own a s ,

’
O orc D u ibne, or D u b en s Cr opp e d One I t is cl ear a t a .

’
gl ance t ha t D u b en s t win s ons C ore an d C orm a c are t o
- ’
b e c o mp a r e d w ith Ari a nrh o d s childr en D yl a n a n d L leu ,
an d t h a t t h e y m a b e t a k e n t o r e pr e s e n t d arkness a n d
y
ligh t resp e c t iv e ly O f C orm a c h owe ver next t o n o thing
.
, ,

is sa id b u t w e are l ef t t o su pp o s e t h at he w as h and e d
,

o v e r a t his bi rt h t o t h e n o bl e s o f M u ns t e r t o be b u rnt .

B ut C o re in wh o m t h e in t erest o f t h e s t o ry c e nt r e s ,
,

cl early l ends himself t o a c o mp a ris o n wi t h Dyl a n ; for

a s D yl a n hi e s a wa y t o th e s e a a s s o o n a s h e is chris t e ned ,

s o C ore is t aken a s s o o n a s he is b o rn t o a li t t l e isl a nd

in t h e A tl ant ic , an d in th e c ou rse of hi s l at e r wa nd erings

h e w elc om e s t h e sight o f it o nce m ore an d d e sire s t o
r e m ain on it This it is ne e dless t o sa y is in ke eping
,
.
, ,

wi th th e sys t ema tic a ss o ci at i on of t h e w orld of wat ers

 v . TH E SUN HE RO . 5 05

wi th t h at o f d arkness a s s u gges t ed m ore th a n o nce ,

a lr ea dy F u r th er t h e id en t ific a t i o n here s u gges t ed o f C ore

.
,

wi t h d a rkn e ss h a s in it s fa v ou r t h e imp o rta nt evid ence

o f t h e s t o ry h o w his br o t h e r depriv e d him o f o n e o f his

e a rs Th at seems in s o m e w a y t o t ypify t h e a c t i o n o f
.

t h e s u n o n t h e d a rk sh a d e s of nigh t , a n d it is imp o ssibl e

t o a v o id se e ing t h a t it refers t o t h e s a m e a t t rib u t e o f t h e
d a rk being a s t h a t which g a ve A il il l A u l om or A B a r e ,
.

e a r his s u rn a m e p
, ( F u r t her C o rc D u ib n e m a
.
y be ,

sh o wn , in a ro u nd -ab ou t w a y , t o h a ve h a d an ot her n a m e,
‘ ’
D onn, br own or d a rk Fo r C orc h a d a fa m ou s s on c a lled .

’
D iarma it O Duibn e , or D gra nds on of D u b e n Bu t t h e . .

a cc o u n t s giv e n o f his p a r e n t a ge v a ry s o me c allin g his ,

father C ore, an d s o me o t hers n ot t o say m o st o thers , ,

1
b e ing wo nt t o give him t h e n ame D o nn ; bu t t here w a s
pr ob ably n o c o n t ra dic t i on bet we e n t h em , as his name
ma y be infe rred t o h a ve been in f u ll C orc D o nn , or t h e
Br own Cr o pped One This w ou ld ex a c t ly expl a in why .

’
Bdi s Isle , wher e C o rc w as re ared for t h e firs t ye a r o f
his l ife a ppe a rs in t h e s a me s t ory u nder t h e m ore u su al
,
’
n ame of Donn s Ho u s e b ehind Irel and Of c ou rse D onn .

1
The s t o ry of fath er D on n ;
T h e Pu rsu i t al w ay s c al ls D iarmait
’
s

b u t t h e e d it o r qu o t es a t s o me l en g th ij 8 4 92 a p oem w hich h e , .
—
,

thi k s t h e p o d u cti o n o f s om e Mun s t er p oe t o f t h e thi rteen th o r t h e

n r

fo ll o w i g c en t y a n d in thi s t h e fat h er is c all ed C o re an d t h e

n ur ,

g ra nd fath er C a irb re (ij 8 5 T hi s can h ard l y b e a l a t e i v en ti o n

.
,
n ,

as t h e m o d e r t e d e cy s eems t o h av e b een t o i gn o re th e C o re an d
n n n

D u b e l eg e d in f v ou r o f a p e d i g ree su ch a s th a t q u o t ed by t h e e d it o r
n n a

j 93 fro m O Fl a h erty s O g yg i iij 6 9 ma k in g D i

’ ’
of The P s it i ur u , .
, a, .
, ar

m a it s o n o f D o n n s on o f D u ibn e s o o f Fo t h a d & c
, Bu t t h e v a l u e ,
n , .

o f a p e d i g re e w hich t re t s D u i lme as a m an s n a me is n o t ver

y g rea t
’
a . .

D o n n h o w e v er is D ia ma it s fa th e r th ro u gh o u t T h e Pu rs u it : t h e w o rd
’
, ,
r

m an s d a k o r b o w n n d is p o s s ib l y t o b e regard ed a s a s u rn a me o r
e r r ,
a

an o th e r n a me o f b th C o re n d D i rm ait o a a .
506 v . TH E SUN HE RO .

in his c onn e c t i on wi t h that sp ot in th e s ea w as th e su b

j e c t of a n o t h e r s t ory of a di ff e ren t kind : h e w a s , it is

s a id , t h e king an d l ea d e r of th e Milesi ans wh en t h e y

a rrived t o inv a d e Ir e l a nd b u t he h a ppened t o be dr o wn e d
,

nea r th e sp ot, which th e p ea sa nt s are s t ill s a id t o c a ll

’
D onn s H o u se Tha t t h e cr opp e d king of d a rkn e s s
.

sh ou ld be t h e fat her of th e s ol a r h er o Diarmait is in n o

w a y s u rprising as it a m o u n t s pr ob ably t o n ot m u ch
,

m ore t ha n a n ot her w ay of s a ying t h at t h e d a rkness of

ni gh t pr e cedes t h e ligh t o f d ay ; a n d t h e w a y in which

his m o t h er is d e scrib e d su gge st s a dawn g o dd e ss a sso

cia t e d wi t h t h e L iffe y ; fo r she is c all e d C roch n u it ,

da u gh t e r of C urra ch L ife, th at is t o say of th e Pla in of

'
,

t h e L iff e y , t h e u n encl o sed p o rt i on of whi ch is n ow kn own

1
a s t h e C u rra gh of Kild a re .

I t w ou ld t ake u p t oo m u ch of ou r sp a ce t o ex amin e
’
t h e m a ny a dve n t u res a ss o ci at ed wit h Diarmait s n a m e
’
I can only give y ou here t h e s t o ry o f Diarma it s d eat h
2
a s briefly a s p o ssibl e Aft er Grainn e, w h o h ad b een
.

p ro mised t o Finn , h ad c omp ell e d Dia rmait t o el op e

wit h h er, an d Finn h a d given u p his at t e mp t t o r e c o ve r
her or t o p u nish her h u sb and , pe a ce w a s ma de b et ween
Diarma it an d Finn , w h o never theless rema in e d ever
’
j eal ou s of Diarmait When y ea rs h a d el apsed , th e l a tt e r s
.

wife an d d au ght er h a d a fea s t m a d e for Finn an d his

f oll o wers , an d it happened whilst Fin n w a s t h e ir gu est
t h at Diarmait w a s on e nigh t wa ked by t h e v o ice of a
h ou nd H e marvell e d at t hat , an d w ou ld h av e g ot u p t o
.

1
T h e Pu rs u i t, ij .
- ’
t ’
39 ; S o k es O D on ovan s Co rmac , pp . 43, 128 ;
t h e Fo u r M a s ters, A D 1 234,. . ed it or s
’
n o t e, iij 27 2
. .

2
T h e P u rs u i t, ij . 36, & c ; . J oy c e ’
s O ld Cel t . R oma n ces , pp .

332 — 350 .
508 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

’
Aengu s st eward A S a m a tt er o f fa v ou r an d c onsiderabl e
.

a
p y ,
it w as c o nceded t o R oc t h a t his b o
y t h o u gh a ,

pl e b e ian Sh o u ld b e re ared a s t h e pl ayf ell ow an d fo st er

,

bro ther of Diarmait Bu t on e e vening, when Aengu s h a d

.

’
D iarma it s fa t h e r an d Finn st aying at his h ou se t h e ,
’
f o rm e r s j eal ous y w as mu ch r ou s e d by t h e a tt ent i on
’
w hich he s aw s o me o f A e ng u s m en p aying t o t h e s on o f
’
t h e s t eward pr e s ent ly t w o of Finn s d o gs f e ll t o figh t ing ,
when th e w eaker m e mb ers o f th e h o u se h old su ddenly
’
ru sh e d a wa y, an d t h e s t eward s s on ran for shel te r
’
b et ween t h e kn ee s of D iarmait s fat her, w h o gave h im
’
a squ e ez e which killed him The s teward s gri ef w a s
.

gr eat , an d he wou ld take n o eric bu t t h at D iarma it

s h o u ld be pl a ced b e t ween his kne e s ; b u t being u n able t o
’
e t t h a t a n d h a ving le a rnt s o me t hing o f hi s m a st er s a rt
g , ,

he f et ch e d a ma gic wand , an d wit h it s t r u ck t h e c orps e

o f hi s child s o t h at it w a s t r a ns fo rmed in t o a gr e y
,

cr opp e d pig B efo re t h e b oar h a d h ad t im e t o ru sh ou t ,

.

R o c pr o n ou nced an inc a n ta t i o n o v er hi m a cc o rding t o ,

which he w a s t o ha ve t h e sa me sp a n of lif e a s Diarmait ,

w h o w a s h o wever, t o fa ll by him
,
I t w a s t h en a s
.
,

Diarmait w a s n ow t o ld t h a t t h e g ess a wer e l a id o n h im

,

by his fo st er-fa th e r Ae ngu s t h at h e w a s neve r t o hu n t a

pig Finn t herefo re , a dvised Diarmait a ga in t o m ove
.
,

a wa y fr o m t h e kn o ll wh e r e t h e y st o o d t a lking t o ge t h e r b u t ,

h e w a s n ot t o be frigh t en e d So Finn lef t him , an d r ef u s e d

.

’
e ven t o le a ve him his d o g Br an t o e nc ou r a g e D iar mait s .

’ ‘
‘
By my h o nou r, s aid Diarmait , it is t o kill me th at
t h o u h a st m a de t his h u n t O Finn ; a n d if it be her e t h at
,
’
I a m fat ed t o die, I h a v e n o p o we r t o Shu n it Pr e sen t ly .

t h e b o ar c a m e a n d inflic t e d a fa t a l w ou nd o n D ia rma it
,

b efore t h e m onst er himself perish ed Acc ording t o

.
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 5 09

a n o ther a cc ou n t , s a id t o be t h e on e n ow c u rren t a m ong

1 D ia rm ai
t h e p e a s a n t ry
,
t kill e d a n d fl a y e d t h e b oa r
wi th o u t r e ceiving an y h arm : t hen Finn a sked him t o
m ea sur e t h e hide whi ch he did by p a cing it ; bu t n o t
,

b e ing s a t isfi ed he a sked him t o p a ce it a ga in , which

,

h e did , wa lking a ga ins t t h e lie o f t h e bris t l e s s o t h a t ,

h e h a d o n e o f his fee t pricked by a ven o m ou s bris t l e ,

which c au s e d his d ea th in a very sh or t t ime In eit her .

c a se , Finn a n d his men h ad a rriv e d on t h e sp ot befor e

Diarm ait w a s g o n e ; an d Finn is describ ed bi tt erly s aying
t o him t h at he w a s only s o rry t h a t t h e w o m e n o f Eri nn
w er e n ot t her e t o s e e t h e p ale fa ce of th e d arling t hey
h ad s o m u ch l o ved Bu t D ia rmait a sked Finn t o f e t ch
.

hi m s o me wat e r, t h at he migh t drink fr o m t h e p alms o f

his h ands ; for Finn when he ob t a ined his p ower o f
,

divin at i on, h ad it a ls o gr an t ed him t h at wh o s o ever drank

wa t er fro m t h e p alms of h i s h ands sh ou ld a t o nc e b e
c u r e d of a l l w ou nds an d disea ses Finn s a id t h at Diarma it
.

di d n ot d e s erv e it o f hi m, wh e re u p o n D iarma it pr oved

’
t h at he did by r e c a lling t o Finn s m e m ory t h e v a ri o u s
o cc a si o ns on which h e h a d resc u ed Finn fr o m t h e h ands

of his enemies . Then Finn s a id t here w a s n o w at er t o

be f ou nd t h er e which D iarm ait Sh owed t o be u n t ru e at
, ,

t h e s a me t ime t h a t he p oin t ed ou t a spring o nly nine

p a c e s fr o m wh er e h e s t o o d Finn w as very u nwillin g
.

bu t he w a s t hre a t ened by O s s in an d t h e ot h e r F eni ans ,

w h o l o v e d Diarmait m o re t h a n Finn : s o he wen t t o fe t ch

wat er bu t on his w a y b a ck h e t h ou gh t o f Gra inn e, an d
,

spil t it : h e w a s forc e d m u ch a ga inst his will t o g o a

'

, ,

s e c ond t im e, bu t t h e resu l t w a s simil a r O s s in an d t h e .

1
N o t e 8 3 t o t h e P ursu it, l J . p . 81
.
5 10 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

F e nians grew fu ri ou s an d he s et ou t t h e third t im e bu t

,

wh en he c a m e wit h t h e wa t e r it w a s t o o l at e : Diarma it
,
’
h a d e xpir e d . Gra in n e s gri ef when she h ea rd o f it w as
n o less pr o fo u nd an d fr an t ic t h a n t h a t of Aphr o di t e wh e n

h er d arling Ad o nis w a s kill e d by t h e b oar h e w a s hu n t ing ,

a p a r a ll e l which migh t b e fo ll o wed f u r th e r T o r et u rn

.

t o Finn : h e w a s wily e n ou gh t o ind u c e Gra in n e a t l as t

t o b e c o me his wife , an d t o m ak e u se o f h er t o o b t a in
p ea c e fr o m t h e S ons o f D iarm ait wh en he h a d fou nd t h at
t hey c ou ld n o t b e r e sist e d in a rms a n d t h at t h e y h a d
,
’
m ea n t t o a v e ng e on him t h e ir fa t h e r s d eat h L a st ly , as .

s oon a s Aengu s D iarmait s fo s t e r -fa t h e r b e c a me a wa r e o f

,
’
,

it he c a m e t o fe t ch his b o dy : t h a t nigh t , he s a id , w a s
,

t h e firs t s inc e his f o s t e r - s on w a s bu t nine m o n t hs o l d

t ha t h e h a d n ot wa t ch e d o ver him an d pr ot ec t ed h im
’
a ga inst his fo e s . H e w a s n ot pr ep a red for Finn s t reach
er a s he h a d m a d e p e a ce b e t we e n t hem N ow h e
y ,
.

’
c arri e d a way Diarmait s b o dy t o t h e Bru gh of t h e B oyn e ,

s a ying t h at t h ou gh h e c o u ld n ot c all him b a ck t o t his

life h e w ou ld p u t a s ou l in him , so t h at he migh t con
,

v e rs e wit h him d a ily .

So ends t his st ory , an d it is sc arcely nec e ss a ry a f t er ,

t h e rem a rks m a d e o n t h e s u bj e c t o n div e rs e pr e vi ou s

o cc a s i o ns t o s ay t h a t it all r e pr e s e n t s t h e v arying f o rt u n e s
,

o f t h e s t r u ggl e b et ween t h e Su n -h e ro an d his d ark a nt a

o n is t fo r a g o dd e ss o f t h e u s u a l t ype w h o is repres e n t e d
g ,

first be tr o thed t o Finn , t hen e l o ping wi t h Diarma it an d ,

’
a ft e r his de a t h b e c o ming Finn s wi fe lik e wis e I t may .

h er e b e n ot e d a s t o h er n a m e, t ha t Gra inne implies s om e

su ch a n e a rly f orm Granuj a , t h e cl o se rel at i o nship o f
which t o t h at o f Gra nn os of th e Ap o ll o Gran nu s o f th e
’
C el t s of a nt iqu i t y c ann ot b e mist aken Finn s ch ara c t er
.
512 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

wi t h t heir f oll owers , t o fet ch it on a given d ay T h e .

U l t oni ans c a m e ; s o did th e men of C onnau ght ; an d

e i t h e r c o mp any w a s s u rpris e d t o me e t t h e o t h e r a t Ma c
’
D at h O s g a t e He we lc om e d al l an d killed th e great
.
,

swine t o fea st t hem : by t his t ime it s st oma ch a l on e

w ou ld h av e b een a l oa d for nin e men N o s oo ner w a s .

t h e b a nqu et r e a dy t h a n t h e qu es t i on a r o se w h o w a s t o
c arve t h e c ol o ssa l c a rca se ; an d t h ey pro ce e d e d t o d e cid e
it a cc o rding t o t h e m eri t s o f t h e men of Ulst er a n d
C o nn a u gh t in th e ra ids which ea ch h a d m a d e in t o t h e
O n e a f t er a n ot h e r o f t h e w o u ld -
’
o t h e r s c o u n t ry . be
c a rve rs h a d t o give w a y t o s omeb o dy wh o s e cl a i m w a s
su p eri or t o his , u nt il a t l ength it l o ok e d a s if t h e C on
nau ght bra ve n a med C ét m ac Ma g a ch w a s t o be t h e man ;
b u t a t t h e l a st m o ment C o n all C ern ach r u sh e d in t o t h e
r oo m C ét , w h o r e c o gniz e d in him a formid abl e riv al
.
,

b u t kn e w n o t wh at b u sin e ss h a d m a de him l a t e , a ddre ss e d

1
him in w ords t o t h e fo ll o wing e ffe ct :
W l com C ll h t f t e e e on a ,
ea r o s on ,

Fi erc e gl o w o f L u g , s h ee n o f ice ,
R u dd y fo rc e o f w ra th in a h ero s b reas t 2
’

C ov ered w ith s ca rs a n d v icto y r

ag a i s t
’ ’
Fin n ch o em s s on I s ee
3 n me .

1
Fo r t h e text ,
s ee Wi n d i s ch p 96 , .
, &c .
, an d fo r an a bs tract of th e
s t ory , s ee O C
’
u rr
y
’
s M S M a t p 48 6
. . .
, no e t ; al s o hi s B a ttl e f M agh
o

L ena , p . 14, no e t .

2
T he I ri s h f och i ch
i n vol i n g ci ch u su all y s ign ify in g
I t reat as v ,
a

b reas t o p ap ; bu t I h ave b een i fl u en c ed in th e tran sl at i on by t h e

r n

Wel s h eq i v al en t cig mea i n g i mpl y fl es h : s o f och i ch w o u l d m an

u ,
n s e

b en ea th t h e b reas t o r b e e th t h e fl es h i t h e s ens e o f in t h e b o dy
n a ,
’
n
‘

or pe so Perh a p s L ug s h ou ld h ere b e trea t ed as l ug a d ren d e e d

’
r of n .
,
n r

l ig ht
‘ ’
.

3
T h e t e x t Bk of L eins ter 1 1 36 h as a d co ms a w hich I d o n o t
, .
, , ,

u nd s t nd so I
er a
h av e t reat ed it as a d cims a or a d ci ims a
, .
 v . TH E S UN HE RO . 5 13

C on all r epli e d in t h e s a m e wild s t ra in a n d b a d e t t ‘‘

’
l e a v e t h e c a r ve r s pl a c e which t h e l a t t e r did s u ll en ly , ,

r e marking t h a t C o n all w o u ld n o t c a rve h a d his br o th e r

’
A n l u an b een pr e s en t
‘
Bu t h e is pr e s en t r ej o in e d t h e
.
,
’
imp e tu o u s C ona ll p u lling A n l u a n s hea d fro m his girdl e
,

a n d h ur ling it a t C ét Aft er t his C on a ll b eg an t o divi de

.
,

t h e swin e a m o ng his fri ends a n d by t h e t ime h e h a d ,

’
finish e d h e h a d hims elf e a t e n t h e nin e m e n s b u rd en .

A S t o t h e wa rri o rs o f C o nn au gh t , t h er e w a s l e ft for t h e m
o nly t h e t w o f o r e fe e t o f t h e a nim a l which t hey did n o t ,

c on s id er qu i t e en ou gh Th en fo ll o wed a pr o mi s c u ou s .

fi gh t in which M e s ro i da l e t his fi e rc e C erb e r u s t ak e a

,

p a r t : o n t h e wh ol e t h e m en o f t h e W e s t g o t t h e w o r s t
,

o f it a n d t h e p ur s u i t o f t h e m b e g a n , in t h e c ou r s e o f
,

which t h e Ferl o g a incid en t h app en ed (p Thi s s t ory .

is cl early an o th er v ersi o n o f t h e vic t ory o f t h e Su n -g o d ,

a n d t h e r e m a rk a bl e fea t u r e o f it is t h a t C o n all C ern a ch ,

t h a t is t o s a y in t erms b o rr o w e d fr o m o t h er s t ories ,
’
C l ich u l a inn s a v eng e r sl a y e r o f A il il l 1
of C ru a ch an
, ,

an d b eh ea d e r o f M e s ro ida s br o t her M e s g e g ra
’
(p .

is t h e on e p ermi t t e d t o divid e t h e c arc a s e o f M e sroid a s ’

swin e a n d a ls o m ore t h a n all o th ers t o d e v o u r it : h e is

, , ,

-
a r ex cel l ence t h e a v e nging Su n h e r o
2
p .

T h e p orcin e r epr e s e n t at i o n o f d arkn e s s w a s n o t p e c u li a r

t o t h e a nci en t Irish ; t ra c e s o f t h e s a m e s o rt o f n a t u re
my t h a re t o be fo u nd als o in Wales ; for t o r e t u rn t o

1 ’
O C u rry , ij 291
. .

2
pict u re o f man n ers I l ea t h e s t o ry t o t ell it s o w n t al e i t
A s a ,
ve

is i thi s re p e ct o e o f t h e m s t t i k i g w ithi n t h e w h o l
n s n ng o f s r n e ra e o

I is h l i t ra t u e ; a n d t h i ci d t h b e n t e t d by P o f Zi mm er
r e r e n en as e r a e r .

i n h is Kel t S t u di en , ij 18 9— 193;
. . al s o by M D u v a n in t h e R e v A
. . rch .

v ii j . 336 .
 5 14 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

D ia rmait , it is imp o r tant t o n o t ice t h e t im e o f his d eat h .

I t t ook pl a c e on t h e l a st nigh t o f t h e y e a r or on t h e m orn

ing foll owin g N o w a s t h e C e l t s w er e in t h e h abit for
.

m erly o f c o u nt ing wi n t ers an d o f giving pr e c e d enc e in ,

t h eir r e ck on ing t o n igh t a n d win t er o v e r d a y an d s u mm er

( p . I S h ou ld a rgu e t h a t t h e l a s t d a
y o f t h e y ea r
’
in t h e Irish st o ry o f Diarmait s d ea t h m ea nt th e ev e o f
N o v e mber o r All -h a ll o we e n t h e night b e fo r e t h e Irish ,

S a mh a in a n d kn o wn in W e lsh a s N os Ga l a u -
, g a eaf, o r

t h e N igh t o f t h e Wint e r C a l e nds Bu t t h e re is n o .

o cc a si o n t o r e st o n t his a l o ne a s w e h a v e t h e e vid e nc e ,
’
o f C o rm a c s Gl o ss a ry t h a t t h e m o n t h b e f o r e t h e b e m m n
g g
o f win t e r w a s t h e l a st m o n t h
1
; s o t h a t t h e fir st d a y of
t h e firs t m o nt h o f wint e r w a s a ls o t h e firs t d a y o f th e
y ear ; an d t h at a cc ording t o t h e anci ent Irish it w a s t h e ,

2
pr op er t im e for pr oph e cy an d t h e u n ve iling of mys t eri e s ,

whil e in Wa l e s it w a s n o t u nu su al wit hin a lm o s t r e c ent

t im e s for w o m e n t o c ongr e g a t e o n t h a t n igh t in t h e
p arish ch u rch e s t o l ea rn t h eir o w n fort u n e f ro m t h e fl a m e
o f t h e c a ndl e e a ch h e ld in h er h a nd an d t o h ea r t h e ,

n am e s or s ee t h e c o ffins o f t h e p a rishi on ers dest in e d t o

die in t h e e ns u in g t we lve m on th : it s o m e t im e s h app en e d
T hi s is cc ept ed Int cti on t o th e Bk of
1 ’
a b y O D o n ov an in h is ro d u .

R igh ts , p . l v ; bu t in S t ok es s T h ’
ree I rish Gl os sa r ies p 20 p re c e d e c e
,
.
,
n

i s g i v en t o an o th er M S w hich . rea d s : Fo g am u r i d o n m is d e rid is

. .

a i u m i s i n fo amu r i fo gh a m i g aeth 7 m u r, & c T hi s is ren d ered

g . . . . .

as fol l o w s ’
in O D o n o v an
’
s t ran sl a ti on , p 7 4 : F og a mu r it is a n am e
‘
.

for t h e l as t m on th i n t h e au t u m n , & c ; bu t t h e I ri s h , w hich h a s

’
.

b een t amp e e d w ith by s o meb o dy w h o d id n o t u d er t a d t h e a ci e t

r n s n n n

re ck o i g o l y m ean s as it s t a d fo t h e l as t m o th is it am e i
‘
n n ,
n ,
n s, r n a n n

t h e a t u mn I S h o u l d p ro p o e t o m e d t h e o ri g i l v e y l i g ht l y
’
u . s n na r s

th u s : Fog a mu r i d o mis d e id i ain m i i fo g m r i fogh m & c

. . n r s ns n a u . . a , .

F g a mu r (t o w it ) fo t h e l s t m o th th a t is a am e 850
‘ ’
o ,
r a n n , .

fe w i n s t a c e s s ee O C urry p 28 4 an d iij 201 et s eq

2 F ’
o r a n , , .
,
. .
5 16 v . TH E S UN HE R O .

This v ersi on which c o m e s v ery n e ar th e English sa ying

, ,

’
‘
t h e d e vil t ak e t h e hi n dm o s t an d m ea ns t h a t o rigin a lly
,

on e o f t h e c o mp a ny b e c a m e a vic t im in r e a l ea rn e s t is ,

c u rrent in C arn arv on shire wh er e allu s io ns t o t h e c u t t y

,

bl a ck s o w are s t ill o cc a si on ally m a d e t o frigh t en childr en .

In t h e u pp e r p ar t of th e va l e of t h e D e e, th e d o gg ere l
t ak e s t h e f o ll owing f orm
c h (i n g w t a A c u tty b l ack s ow
A r b o b c a m fa, O n e v e y s ti l e
r ,

Yn ny du a ch a rd io S pi i g n d c ard i g
nn n a n

E ch N ov emb e r ev e
’ ’
Bo b n os G l an ga ea . a - .

H er e a st il e t ak e s t h e pl a c e of th e cr o ss -r o a ds which are ,

ap t t o fig u r e in English f o lk - l ore an d w e ha v e it a ga in in
t h e c orr e sp o nding b u t l e ss sp e cific rhym e fro m my n at iv e
p art of n ort h C ardinganshire , which r u ns t h u s
’
N o s Gal a n g aea
- O n N o v em b e r ev e
—

Bw ba ch ar b ob ca mfa . A b og i e on e v ery s til e .

Add t o t his t h a t t h e Sc ot ch G a els h a v e form e d fr o m t h e

- ’
w o rd S a mh a in A l l h all ows a d eriva t iv e S a mh cma ch
‘
, , ,

m ea ning an All -h all o ws d e m o n o r g o blin s u pp o s e d t o ,

1
s t e al b a bi e s a s w ell a s p erp e t ra t e o th er a t ro cit i e s t h en .

N o w th e Irish s t o ry m ak e s it cl ea r wh a t a l l t his m e a ns ,

a n d why t h e nigh t in qu e s t i o n w a s r e g a rd e d a s t h e

s at u r nalia o f al l t h a t w a s hid eou s a n d u nc a nny in t h e

w orld o f spiri t s I t h a d b ee n fix e d u p o n a s t h e t im e
.

o f a l l o t h e rs wh e n t h e Su n - g o d wh o s e p o w e r h a d b ee n
,

gra du ally fa lling o ff sinc e t h e gr ea t fe a st a ss o ci at e d wi t h

h im o n t h e fi rs t o f Au g u s t s u cc u mb e d t o his e n e mi e s
,

t h e p o w e rs o f d a rkn e s s a n d wint e r I t w a s t h e i r fi rs t .

1 T h e C y m mro d or, v i 1 7 6-7 : s ee a l s o t h e fi rs t n u m b er o f t h e S co t t is h

.

C el t i c R evi ew , w h ere o n e s h o u l d rea d s a mh a na eh fo r l a mh a na ch in t h e

i t ro d uct o
n ry re mark s .
 v . TH E S UN HE R O . 5 17

h o u r o f tri u mph a fte r a n int erva l of s u bj e c t i on a n d th e ,

p op u l a r ima gin a t i o n pic t ur e d t h e m s t alki n g abr o a d wi th

m o r e t h an o rdin a ry in s o l enc e a n d a ggre s s iv e n e ss ; a n d if ,

it c o me s t o givi n g in divid u a li t y a n d fo rm t o t h e d efo rm

i t y o f d arkn e ss t o d es cribe it as a s o w , bl a ck o r g ri s ly
, ,

wi th n e i th er e a rs n or t a il is n o t p erh aps v e ry r ea dily ,

1
s u rpa s s e d a s an in s tanc e o f im a gina t ive a p t i tu d e .

O u t s id e C e l t ic we h a v e p a ra ll e ls in t h e N o rse smi t h
Vo l u n dr (p 38 1 ) a n d t h e G e rm an Wi el and bu t wi t h
.
,

t h e de fo rmi t y r e d u c e d wi t hin t h e n a rr o w limi t s o f l a m e

n e ss So a l s o in t h e c a s e o f t h e G re ek g o d H eph ae s t u s
.
,

w h o w a s h o w e v e r t h e fa th e r o f t h e dra g o n f o r m of
, ,

E rich th on iu s o n e of t h e ea rly kings o f A t h ens H ep h aes

,
.

t u s a n d A t h en e w e r e cl o s e ly a s s o ci a t e d in t h e u gly s t ory
o f his o rigin an d in t h e pi o u s c u l t o f which t h e y w e r e

b o th t h e obj e c t s in At t ic a O n t h e C el t ic S id e t h e .
,

l a t t er a sso cia t i o n r e c a lls t h e Iri s h my thic m agicia n

M o g R u i t h a n d his d au gh t er T l a ch t g a (p wh o s e .

n a m e is c onn e ct e d indir e ct ly it is t ru e wi t h t h e , , ,

a nn u a l dis t rib u t i o n o f fi r e t o t h e h e a r th s o f Erinn a t

S amh a in or t h e firs t of N o v e mber For a t A t hens .

t h at w a s t h e t ime o f t h e C h al c eia an a ncien t f e a s t in ,

h o n ou r o f H eph ae s t u s a n d At hen e t h e e xa c t d a t e being ,

th e é n
’
o f t h e m on t h o f P an ep s ion t h a t is a pp ro x i
’
i Ka
v ve a
y ,

m at ely t h e l a s t da y o f Oc t o b e r This f ea s t w a s pre c e d e d .

,

imm edi a t e ly pr e c e d ed a s it is su pp o s e d by th e Ap atu ri a

, , ,

which w a s t h e m eet ing -t i me o f t h e phr a tri ac or t h e

t rib e s b ot h a t A t h ens a n d in m o s t o f t h e I o ni a n co mm u
,

1
l Vit h t h eW l h i s t c s al e d y m n ti o ed s h o u l d
e s n an e r a e n al s o be g ed
ra n

t h e g ri m l y b o a all b l c k i n a c l o u d e n by A rth u
’
r a i se r n a d re am , a n d
i t p et d t o re f t o t h e S p a i s h g i t (p 334) h e w as
n er r e er n an . to c
o ve r o m e

s ec Ma l o ry i 17 3- 4 a n d Ge ff ey x 3
, .
,
o r , . .
5 18 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

n it ie s . It
l a s t ed seve ral d a ys an d w a s p ar tly dev ot ed ,

t o civic b u sin e ss , s u ch a s th e a d o p t ing o f n e w m e mb e rs

int o th e t rib e s an d m o re esp e ci a lly t o t h e r e gist ering,
,

su bj e c t t o cl o se scru t iny , o f t h e n a mes of all t h e l eg it i

m a t e c hi ldre n b o rn d u ring t h e y ea r t h en e ndin g Wh e n .

t h e s a crificin g a n d f e a s t ing on t h e l a s t d a y w e re o v e r,
’
t h e childr en s fa t hers a n d o t h e r r e pr e s e n t a t iv e s of t h e
t rib e s wen t f o r th in a pr o c e ssi o n aft e r light ing t h e ir ,

t o rch e s at t h e s t a t e h ear t h Th e n t h e C h al ceia bega n .

w i t h a t orchlight r a c e eng a g e d in by t h e y ou nger men ;

a n d a l t o g e t h e r t h e p a r t pl a y e d by t h e t o rch in t h e d o ings

in h o n ou r o f H eph ae s tu s on t h o s e f e st iv e d ays is very

n ot ic eabl e T h e n ear e st Celt ic p arall e l is t o be f ou nd in
.

t h e ra cin g a wa y fr o m t h e b o nfires in W a les an d t h e d is

t ribu tion of fre sh fi re in Ir e l a nd ; b u t it is t o b e a dd e d
t h a t t h e S a mh a in f e a s t in t h e l at t er c ou nt ry w a s , like t h e
Greek Ap a t u ri a p ar tly devo t e d t o bu sin e ss, n am ely, t o
,

a p u blic scru t iny o f t h e t ro phies which t h e Iri s h bra v e s

cl a im e d t o h av e w on d u ring t h e y ea r t h en e nding ; ot h er
w is e t h e fea st which o cc u pi e d n o t o n ly S am a in or t h e
, ,

first of N ovemb e r, bu t als o t h e t hr ee d ays befo re an d

t h e t hree d a ys a ft er it w a s giv e n u p t o t h e u su a l g a m e s
,

a n d t h e f a i r t o pl e a s u re an d a m u s e m en t t o e a t ing an d
, ,

b a nqu et ing 1
Ha ving digr e ss e d s o far I can h ardly
.
,

1
S ee Wi d i ch
n s ,
I risch e T ex te, p . 205, an d S t o k es in t h e R ev C el t . .

b u t for d et a i l s bo t p t ri a an d ’
v . 231 a u th e A a u C h al ce ia , s ee Prell e r s
Gr . M y th . i . 1 46-7 A . M o m msen ’
s H eo r to l og i e, pp . 302-17 , a l so

t abl e i ;
. an d D aremb erg an d
’
S ag l io s Di ct . . d es A n t iq g recqu es et
.

ro m a in es a ri s , al s o c
(P s v . . A p a tu r i a an d C h a l ceia , a l en d r i er,

w h ere it is s h ow n in c o n n e cti on w ith t h e Ma c d o n i an c al en d ar excl u

,
e ,

s iv el y a d o pt e d ith m o d ific a ti on s ) in t h e E as t th a t t h e y ear w as

(w ,

t t ed in more than o n e reck o n in g as b eg in n i g w ith w ha t w e s hou l d

rea n

c al l t h e en d o f O c t ob er o r th e b eg i nn i ng o f N o vemb er s ee es p eci al ly
pp 8 29b, 8 31 5
. .
520 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

his sl ayin g t h e dra g on Py th o ; bu t it h a d an ot h er fea tu re

w hich e nc o u ra g e s o n e t o e qu at e it wi t h t h e G o id elic f ea s t

in spi t e o f t h e discr e pa ncy o f d at e , n am ely t h a t it w a s ,

c onsid er e d th e r e g u l ar o cc a si on for a ll kinds of pu rifi ca

t i o n in o rd er t o pr e s erv e t h e ci t y fr o m pl a g u e an d p e s t i
l enc e Am ong t h e p e c u liar ri t e s t h at ch ara c t e riz ed it
.

w a s t h e l e a ding a b o u t o f t w o a d u l t p e rs o ns a s it w e r e ,

s c a p e g o a t s e xc ep t ing t h a t a t t h e e n d t h e y w e r e s a crific e d
,

a n d b u rn t s o t h at t h e ir a s h e s migh t b e di s p ers e d
,
Wi t h .

’
t his m ay b e c o mp a r e d C o rm a c s a cc ou nt o f t h e anci e nt
Bel t a in e when h e s a ys t h a t it w a s s o c a ll e d fr o m t w o
,

fire s which t h e dru ids o f Erinn u s e d t o m ak e wi t h gr e a t

inc a nt a t i ons an d c at t l e, h e a dds u s e d t o b e br ou gh t t o ,

t h o se fir e s an d driv e n b et w ee n t h e m as a s a f e gu ard
a g a ins t t h e dis e a s e s o f t h e y e a r T h e r e gr et abl e brevi t y .

o f C o rm a c is m a d e l e ss s e ri o u s by wh a t is kn o wn o f t h e

pr a c t ic e s c o nn e c t ed wit h th e First of Ma y in Sc ot l and ;

S inc e w e cl e a rly l ea rn f ro m t h e m h o w o n e m an o rigin a lly

b e c a m e a vict im for his c o mp a ni o ns an d h ow t h e s el e c ,

t i on w a s made t h e y did n o t ch oo s e him fo r his u glin e ss ,

1
a s t h e a nci e n t Gr eeks s ee m t o h a v e d o ne T h e p a ra ll e l .

which h as b een r o u ghly dra wn h er e b et ween t h e C e lt ic

a n d t h e Greek c a l e nd a r s u gg e s t s t h at a t on e t ime t h e

Gr eeks r e g ard e d t h e ol d y ea r a s ending wi t h t h e Ap at u ri a,

a n d t h e n ew o n e b e ginning wi t h t h e C h a l ceia in h o n o u r

1
A s t o t h e T h arg el ia an d D el i a , s ee Prel l er, i . 209-10, an d A . M o mm
pp 41 4-
C o m c s s ta t emen t w i l l b e fo n d in t h e S tok es
’
s en , . 25 ; r a u

O D n ov an e d iti o pp 1 9 23 bu t fo an acc o u t o f t h e S c o tch

’
o n, .
,
r n

Bel tain e s ee S ir J o h S i c l a i r s S ta t is t ica l A cco n t of S c o t l a nd Vo l

’
,
n n u , .

xi p 6 20 al s o Pe nn a t T o ur in S c o tl a n d in 17 69 (3 d ed Wa ri n g
. . n
’
s r .
,
r

to n, i 97 18 6 291 ; S t eph en s God o d in pp 124-6 ; a n d a

.
, ,
’ ’
, . n

i t e es tin g mo n ograph o n t h e s u bj e ct by D r Murray in t h e N ew

n r .

E n gl i s h D iet . s . v. B el ta n e .
 v . TH E S UN HE R O . 5 21

O Heph ae s tu s on t h e 3m K i é o f Py an ep s io n L a s tly
f a v a .
,

a y e a r which w a s c o mm o n t o C e l t s wi t h G re ek s is n o t

u nlik e ly t o h a ve o nc e b e en c o m mo n t o t he m wi t h s o m e

o r a l l o f t h e o t her br a nches o f t h e Ar y a n f a mily .

’ ’
D I A R MA I T S H O ME A ND D U DE N S NA ME .

Af te r t hi s digr e ssi on I mu s t n o w r et u rn t o D iarma it ,

a n d C ore sinc e t h e r e m a rks a lre a dy m a d e o n t h e m w o u ld

,

b e inc o mpl e t e wi t h ou t d e v o t ing s o m e li t t l e sp a c e t o t h e

’
n am e of t h e l a tt er s m o th er I t is given in t h e B o ok o f .

1
t h e Dun a s D u ibind in t h e a cc u s a t ive which migh t a s , ,

n d an d n n h a v e in t h a t m a nu sc r ip t m u ch t h e s a m e v al u e ,

b e wri t t e n D uibinn w e r e it n o t m or e pr ob able t h a t it

,
2
o u gh t t o be c o rrec t e d in t o D u ibin a s t h e g e ni t iv e t h e r e ,

giv e n is B a ihni m or e n orm ally writt e n D u ibne in m o d ern

, ,

S p elling D u ihh n e This h elps t o fix t h e declensi on o f t h e

.

n a m e in Old Iri sh an d w e m ay t r eat it a s n om D uben, ,

.

en D u ibne d a t ive an d a cc u s a t iv e D u bin b u t it s e ld o m

g .
,

o cc u rs exc ep t in t h e geni t ive which is c o mm o n e n o u gh ; ,

fo r t her e w a s n ot o nly C orc Du ibn e bu t als o a p e opl e ,

3
c alled C orco D u ibne a n am e Angliciz ed in t o C orcag u in ny ,

1
fac s i m i l e pp 5 3b 54a
S ee t h e , .
, .

2
T hi s agrees w ith t h e form u s ed by Ke a ti g n amel y D u ibh in n , , ,

w hich h e w o u l d p o b b l y u se b o th as ac e an d n o m o s e d iti o n
’ ’
r a O Co . . nn r ,

p 27 3 I t is n ot d i ffi c u l t t o s ee h ow t h e m i s t ak e w o u l d a ri s e if w
. .
,
e

su pp o e t h e s c ib e t o h v e c o n v ert ed n u i n t o n d an d t o h av e fou nd
s r a ,

D i bi n ing in co a i i
u n D d au g ht er o f
n r w ritt e n o r s p a c ed i n ex act l y
,
‘
.

i t h e c o p y b e fo re h im
n .

3
Wh a t rel ati n if a y t h e w o d c orco or corc a b ears t o C o rc
o ,
n ,
r
’
s

n m e I a m u n abl e t o s a
a , y ; b u t h e e a re a fe w n o t es b a i g o th m r e r n n e .

C e ma k es i
or t h e g en iti ve C iro a d t h e l o rd o f a t
n it o ry c al l d
a ,
n err e

M s c raig h e afte r C airb e M u s e C rc s fa th er u s e d in t h e el e ve th

u , r , o
’
, n

c en t u ry t o g i v e hi ms el f t h e n me O C i o r C o rc D e c en d an t vic a
’
u rc ,
’
s s :
‘
e

rers u o ne of t h e d i s t ricts c al l d Mu scra ig h c w as d i s ti n g u i s h ed l a t er

, e
522 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

in t h at of a b ar ony S i t u a t e d o n t h e D ingl e penins u l a in

K erry Bu t t h e d e sc e nd ant s o f D u b en w er e a t on e t im e
.

mu ch m o re wid ely sprea d, an d t h e isl a nd of Val ent ia is

o u a l D
f nd c l ed a irbhre of th e U i D u ibn e, or t h e D 1
.

’ ’
o f D u b en s D e sc e n da n t s an d a cc o rding t o O D on o v an
; , ,

t h e princip a l fa mili e s o f t h e C o rc o D u ibn e which wer e ,

’
t h e Ui Fa il bh e or O Fa l v y s , t h e Ui S eag h a or
’
O Sh ea s ,
an d t h e Ui C ong a il e w ere in p o ssessi o n
or O C ’
on n ell s ,

of th e f oll owing la nds sh o rt ly b e for e th e English inva

’ ’
si o n : t h e O Fal vy s o f ,
C orc a u inn
g y ; t h e O Sh ea s ,
o f t h e

t errit ory of Ui R a th a ch ,
n ow c a ll e d t h e B a r o ny of Iv e ra gh ,

as C o rc s ,
’
n am el y , th e b aron y of C l an w i l l i a m in c ou ty T ipp e n rar
y .

S ee t h e F o u r M a s t ers , A D 1 043, 1 044, 1100, 1503 . . . C u irc is w r itt en

Qu irk in E ngl i s h , w hi l e in I ri s h it w as C ci a tt s t ed by anearl y ur ,
e

o g a m in t h e n ei g hb o u rh o o d o f D i gl e A s t o corco o r corca t h e n .
,

d a ti v e p l r l 6 na C orca ibh f om t h e C o ca is g iv e i t h e B oo k of ’
u a ,
r r ,
n n

R igh t p 97 a n d t h e g en itiv e p l ur l n a (g C ore o f t h e C o rc p 104 ‘ ’

s, .
,
a ,
a, .
,

i re fe en c e p o ss ib l y as O D on o v an s u gg es t s t o c l ans c al l ed C o rc a
’
n r , ,

A ch l a n C orc a Fi t i an d C o c M o g b a a p l u al C i is t ea t e d in
n ,
r r r a r u rc r

t h e s a m e w ay as m ea i n g t h e C c a i n a n o t e b y P o f H en e s sy t o
n or r . n

hi s e d iti on o f t h e B o ok of Fe a g h pp 30 31 bu t th s e l as t s ee m t o n , .
,
e

h av e b ee s o t ermed as t h e d es c e d an t s o f a C ore Fe d o it s on o f
n n r

Fe gu s a d t h e t erm m i g ht b e E n gl i s h d T h e l ate
’
r ,
n t h e C o cs e
‘
r .

t en d e cy w as v ery d e ci d ed l y t o p e fe corca t o corco a s i n C orca g i n g

n r r ,
u n

a d C o k a ree a b aro y i
n r t h e c o n t y o f Wes t m ea th su pp os ed t o b e
,
n n u ,

t h e t ib e-n am e g i v e in A d mn a s Vi t a S C ol u m bce as Ko rk u ret i

’
r n a n .

ee v es s e d iti o n p o I a m o n t h e w h ol e i c l i e d t o s ee i n
’
( R S , . n n

k ork u an d corco a w ord l i k e t h e O l d I ri s h m o cu mo co o r m u co (t ea t e d ,

r

l a t er as m a ccu an d e v en m a c- ) t o w hic h S t o k es i Ku h n s B eit ceg e

’
u , ,
n r ,

i 345 w o u l d g i v e t h e s e e o f g ran d s o n o d s c e n d n t
.
,
ns I t e n t e ed r e a . r

w ith a c o l l e cti v e m ean i n g i t o c l an - n a m es s u ch as M o c u D l o n M o c u

n ,
—
a ,

S a il n i an d M o c u - Ba ti r L a ti i e d g en s B n tir
n ,
s e e al s o n zth e ‘
u a

re mark s o n t h e w ord i n R h y s L ee on W pp 407- 41 2

2 ’
el h Ph il . s . .
,

b u t c an c el t h e s u gg es ti o n th ere m ad e t h a t t h e w o rd i n v o l v es u a o 0 r ,

g r a d
n so n P er h ap s n e
. ith
’
er co r co n o r m u co is a w o rd o f C e l tic o i g i n r .

T h e Bit of R ig h ts O D o n ov an s n o te p 47
1 ’ ’
.
, , . .
5 24 v HE R O
‘

. TH E SUN .

I a ll u d e t o li e s in a disu s e d b u ria l -pl a c e c all e d B a llin

t a gg a r t n ea r D ingl e in t h e b a r o ny o f C orco D u ibne or
, ,

C orca g u in n y an d it re ads : M a q i I a rip i M a q i M o cc o i

,

D ov vin ia s t h a t is t o s ay (T h e G ra v e or t h e S t o n e ) o f
‘

M a c Erp s on of D o vvin a s D e sc end ant M oc co D ovvinia s

1
,
’
.

w a s pr ob ably t h e s t a nding d e sign a t i o n o f t h e h ea d o f t h e

cla n t o which Ma c E rp b el o ng e d an d wi t h it may b e ,

c o mp ar e d t h e fa shion in u s e n ow o f sp ea king o f th e
’ ’
O D on o g h u e o r t h e O C on or D o nn , m ea ning r e sp e c t iv e ly
t h e D e sc e nd a nt of D on ch a d h an d o f C o nch o b a r In an y .

c a s e t h e p e digr e e impli e d in t h e inscrip t i on is ma d e t o

,

en d wi t h t h e dis t a nt a nc e st r e ss wh o s e n a m e in t h e g e ni

t ive is giv e n a s D o vvin ia s T h e fina l sibil a nt w a s v e ry .

pr e c a ri ou s e ven in early Irish , an d n o t ra ce o f it o cc u rs

in t h e oth er inscrip t i o n t o be m e nt i on ed This l at t e r .

o cc u rs on a s t o ne in t h e s a me neighb o u rh o o d which ,

s t a nds on a sm all he a dl and n ea r D u nm ore H ea d in a wild

si t u at io n a rgu ing n o l a ck o f sent iment on t h e p a rt of
hi m w h o ch o se t h e si t e t h e l e g end is t h e f o ll owing

E r c Ma qv i Ma qv i E r c i a s

M O Do v i n i a

1
T hi s is a
g u ess b u t E rp w o ul d b e t h e n a me w h os e g en iti ve o cc u rs
as (H )i rp in th e Bo d l ey M S L a u d 6 10 s e e fo l 95 52, w h e re w e read
. . .

of a mo l mc H irp , w h o w as b u ri ed w ith L u gaid mac C o n in Cu il

C a th

m B ro ch ol l , s om ew h ere in S ou th M u n s t er T h e n am e o cc u rs in t h e
~
.

W l h T i d i 40 = ij 5 a t h a t of e L l y d w g w h o bt i
e s r a s, . .
,
s u a ,
o a n ed a

v t h o t f m th Wel h by o t w itti g th m i ith m tic H

as s ro e s u n e n ar e . e w as

p ibl y Pict th e m E p w b o
os s a by s e
nal p e r as rn e vera e rs o n s a l so

i N
n l it
ors e t e ee t h C p P t Bor i 51 5 6 5 8 l o ij
era u r s e or us oe . . .
, , ,
a s . 2, 6,
wh e er p oe t E p L j u t an di is men ti on ed
a r .
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 525

W e ar eh ere m et by a di ffi c u l ty a s t o wh e th e r Mo D o vinia .

is t o b e c o ns t r u e d wi t h t h e l e g end o n th e o th e r edg e o f
t h e s t o ne or by i t s el f a s t h e wri t ing is n ot c on t in u o u s ,
.

On t h e wh ol e I a m inclin e d t o t h e former vi e w an d t o ,

r end e r t h e inscrip t i o n t h u s : (T h e Grave o r S t on e ) o f

‘

Erc s on o f th e Son o f E rca (d au gh t e r o r d es c end ant ) o f

,
1
,

M oD o v in a I t is p o ssibl e t h at a w o rd m ean ing d au gh t er

’
.

o r d e sc e nd a n t h a s b e en e fi a ce d by t h e w ea ther b e f o r e

M o D ovinia on t h e righ t -h and edge of t h e s t on e ; bu t

t h a t is n o t ess e n t i al n or w o u ld t h e c o ns t r u c t i o n in t h e
,

a bs e nc e o f it b e m o r e a br u p t t h a n in t h e c a se o f C ore
’
D uibne or D u b en s C orc in t h e B oo k o f t h e D u n
,
I ,
.

h a v e h ow e v e r f a iled t o d e t e c t an y m o r e t ra c e s o f wri t ing

, ,

2
o n t h a t p ar t o f t h e a ngl e b u t t h e exis t enc e on t h e s t o n e ,

o f t his li t t l e w o rd mo, t o b e id e n t ifi e d p o ssibly wi t h Iri s h

’
mo my is on e o f it s p e c u li ari t i e s I t m a rks t h e my t hic
‘
,
.

a nc e s t r e ss a s t h e o bj e c t o f speci a l e nd ea rm e n t a n d r e sp e c t ,

pr ob ably o f divin e r e v erence T h e s a m e t hi n g o cc u r s in .

t h e c a s e o f o t h e r s u ch myt hic a l pers o n a g e s a s A ilil l A u l o m

or O l o m o is s o m e t im e s c a ll e d A i lil l MO
(p w h .

-
h au l u m an d in t h a t o f Mo F e bis wh o s e s o ns w e re M o g
3
, ,

1
E r ca w ould be t h e ea rl
y n om na i ti v e f e mi n i ne c o rres p o d i n
g t o th e
n

g en iti e E c a s o f t h e i ns c ripti o
v r i O e re a d s o f C l a c n . n nn E rc i, s o - all ed
fro m th ei r m o th er in S c o tl a d s e e t h e B k of F na gh pp 330-1
,
n . e , . .

1
I t is ri g ht t o s ay th a t M Bra h p 1 7 9 o m it s t h e p a tic l e m o r r . s , .
,
r o

m u fo th v o w el is n o t c e t i
—
r e ft q o ti g an i cc a t e re d i g r a n— a er u n na ur a n

o f M r “ i n d e l e s ; w hi l i n h is p s th m o u s l
y p u b l i h ed w k o n O g h a m
T ’
. e o u s or

Ins c i p t ions
r S i S Fe g u s on w h o s e
,
r c t d a th I d eep l d ep l o
. r , ,
re en e y re

c ll s (p 41) t h e s c i g h e e i qu e ti o n ch act rs n o t n o w l eg ib l e
a . or n s r n s
‘
ar e

b u t t h e x m i a ti
e f t h e t o n e by my w ife a n d my l f u n d
a n on o m o re
s se ,
er

f u b l e ci c u ms t c e in t h
a vo ra r m m r o f 18 8 3 l e d u s t o t h e u n e
an s, e su e , x

c t d c o n c l u s i o n w hich h s j u t b en s t t ed
pe e a s e a .

3
F r hf h o l m se e t h e Bo dl ey M S L
o au u d 6 1 0 w h ere w h
, e . au .
,
e av

A il il l A l o h a u l u m, 94 b2, 95 a 1, A il ell a M o h a u l u im , 95 b1, hf oh a ul u m

r
0 26 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

Rui t h , men t i oned previ o u s o cc asi o ns (p an d

on .

L O O h M or on e of t h e m o st f ormid abl e f oe s kill e d by

,
’
C ii ch u l ainn on t h e T ain T h e p a ga n formu l a w a s con .

t inn e d by t h e Irish in t h e n am e s o f t h e ir s a int s in Chris

t i a n t im e s as f or e x a mpl e in M o -G o b n a l t M o -
B i oc an d
, , , , ,

d oz ens o f o thers In po in t o f e t ym ol o gy D u ben is o bsc u re

1
.
,

a n d n o t impr o b ably o f I v e rn ian o rigin ; bu t i t is ex c ep

t io n al t h at t h e a of t h e o gmic fo rm D ooinia or D ovvin ia s

Sh o u ld h a v e be e n r e t a in e d writ t e n 6 in t h e l a t e r f o rms , , ,

a s t h e g e n e r a l r u l e w o u ld r e qu ir e it s c o mpl e t e dis a pp ea r

a nc e
2
If y ou will l o o k a t t h e map y o u will o bserv e t h at
.
,

al o n e , 946 2
,
p res en t ed by an w ith
M oh a u l u im gen 95 a .
2
t h e h is re s

a d o t w hich i s l i a b l e t o b e fo g o tt en b y t h e s c ib
,
a s h a pp en s o c e o r r e, n n

95 a w h ere al s o M o l u ig id o cc u rs a ppl i e d t o a L u g aid i d en tic al p o b ab l y

1
, ,
r

i n p o i n t o f o ri g i w ith t h e s l ay er o f C uch u l a in n
n A s t o M o-F bi . e s,

e D u n 7 4 w h ere Fe bi s o F e m i s is s a i d t o h a v
s ee t h e B it f t h . o , ,
r e

b een t h e m o th er s n ame b t t h e Fo r M a s t ers mak e M o f bis a ma

’
u u e n,

a d d a t e h is d ea th A M
n 37 5 1 th o u g h th ey m n ti o n h is s o n M og
. .
,
e

R u ith en ga g e d in w ar A M 35 7 9 o r 1 7 2 y ea s earl i er A l l u s i on t
. .
,
r . s o

M af mi w il l b e fou n d al s o in t h e B it of L eins te 15 6 1 9 a a n d
e s . r, , ,

M of emis in O C ’
u rr
y
’
s M a nn ers ij 9 ,
. .

1
S ee t h e in dex to th e M a r ty ro l ogy of D o n eg a l (D u b l i n , an d

S t ok es Ca l en d a r of O e g us p c c ciij
’
n ,
. x .

s rig ht t o s ay th a t t h e e x a ct s o u n d m ean t t o b e re p es e t e d b y
2 It i r n

o n is n o t k n o w n if it b e t ak en t o h av e d i ff ere d fro m t h e o d i na y
,
r r

p o w e r o f a s in gl e 5 T h e i rregu l a r t en ti o o f t h e c o o an t m ay
. r e n ns n

b e s u pp o s e d b as ed o n s o me p ec u l i arity o f d i al e ct c on n ct ed w ith e

M u n s te ; an d an i mp o rt an t p aral l el w hich c o u n t en c es thi s v i e w

r ,
an ,

o ff rs it s el f i n t h e n a m e E ber o f t h e m y thic a c es t o
e o r e p o n y mo u s n r

h ero o f th e I vern ian p o p u l a ti on s o f t h e s o th o f I el an d es p ci all y u r ,

e

M u n s t er T h e n a me is o th erw i s e red u c e d t o I er E r a n d I r w hich is

.
, ,

t h e o n e u su all y p re ferred as th a t o f t h e a c es t o r o f t h e I v er ian n n

e l e m e t in U l s t er : t h e fo m
n e p res e n t e d in c o mm o n by E ber a d t h e
r r n

s h o t er n a mes m u s t h a ve b e en in ea rl y I ri s h I ucros o r E veros

r E b . er

is al s o w ritt en E mer w hich c o mes d o w n fro m a ti me w h e b o th (7

,
n

a d m h e e a s w el l a s t h e b i n D ben D ibn e w e e
n r , o u n de d Ie u ,
u ,
r s r . r

is n o t o ften t o be met w ith b u t it o cc u rs fo r i n s t an c e in t h e Bk of , , , .

528 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

t h a t t h e re w a s di st ant t im e wh en religi on a n d m y th o
a

l o gy were at o n e a s t o t h e chara ct er o f s u ch divini t i e s a s

D u b e n a n d Ari a nrh o d Ev e n L u g aid app ears t o h a v e.

be en o nc e t h e o bj e c t o f wo rship : y o u may t ak e th e na m e
Mo - L u g aid a s e vid enc e an d n ot e t h e fa c t t h a t t h e a nci en t
,
‘ ’
cent res of Iri s h p a ga nism l ef t wa st e wi th ou t a d orat i on , ,
’ 1
a re c o mp a r e d t o t h e si t e of L u g a id s h ou s e .

In c onn e ct i o n wit h my at t empt t o sh o w t h at Diarm ait ,

C ore an d D u b en w er e in t im a t ely a s s o ci a t e d wi th K e rry ,

it is w o r t h whil e t o o bs e rve t h a t t h e inh a bi t ant s o f t h a t

p ar t o f Ir el and w er e pr ob ably a m ong t h e l ea st pu r ely
C el t ic an d t h e m o s t t h or o u ghly I v e rn ian in t h e isl a nd .

Th ou gh n o thing c onspic u ou sly different fro m t h e l e g ends

o f o t h e r dist ric t s s e e ms t o ch ar a c t e rize t h o se o f K erry ,

it is n ot imp o ssibl e t h a t a cl o s er e x a min a t i o n of t h e m

w ou ld r e su l t in t h e disc o v e ry o f n on -C el t ic t ra it s Th at .

'

is, p erh a ps t h e light in which o n e sh o u ld r e gard t h e

,

a t t rib u t i o n t o D ia rm a it o f a m o l e d e scrib e d a s a l o v e ,

sp ot o n his fa c e a n d c u rly h a ir on his h ea d o f a du sky

, ,

bl a ck c o l o u r t h e I v ern ia n ra ce b e ing a s it is s u pp o s e d
2
, , ,

i t s elf of a d ark c o mpl exi on .

b es i d es w hit e it m ay m a res p e cted h ol y f l icit s b l es ed

‘
,
’
e n , ,
e ou ,
s ,
’

w ith a v i e ty o f n u a n c s w hich n o s i n gl e E gl i s h w o d w ill c o v y

ar e n r n e

th u s t h e p t s s p eak o f D uw g wyn h o l y o b l es sed Go d

oe d ef w e ,
‘
r ,
’
an n n,

t h e b l e e d o r b l i s sf l h e v e w hi l e th e i r l m an s h a e n t f eq en t l y
‘ ’
ss u a n, e v o un r u

b ee ad d ess ed b y th e m as f g ng n w en my h eav l y m a i d a d m y
n r ,
en n

f ther u s ed t o c al l h is es p ect e d s t p -m o th er ma m wen a t e m i

a r e ,
r n

c o m mon u s e i p art s o f Mid -Wal s a d b e t en d e ed by t h e F en ch

n e ,
n s r r r

bel l e m er T h ese a d t h e l i k e u s es o f t h e a dj e cti ve ar p aral l el d by

e . n e e

t h e L ith u an i a t re tm en t o f ba l t a s w hit e s ee N ess el m an n s D iet ‘ ’

n a , .

p 319
. .

1
S t o k es Ca l end a r of O engu s Prol og l i n e s 205 8
, ,
. .

2
S ee T h e P rs u i t i 5 a n d pp 6 1-2 al s o t h e p o em re fer e d t o in
u , .
,
. r

my n o t e p 504 w hich s e e ms t o g i ve C o rc o r D iarm ait t h e epi t h e t

, .
,
 v . TH E SUN H E RO . 52 9

TH E C E LT I C SUN HE R O A ND T H E N O R SE B A L DE R .

is pr op o s e d a t this p o int t o giv e y ou t h e m ea ns o f

It
c omp a ri n g t h e s t ory of t h e Su n - g o d o f t h e C e l t s wi t h t h a t
o f B a ld e r The l a t te r a s giv e n in O l d N o rse li t era t u r e
.
, ,

1
is a ppr oxim a t e ly a s f o ll o ws :
B a lder w a s on e o f th e s ons o f W o d e n an d Frigg : h o
w as t h e bes t o f t h e Anses a n d pr a is e d of t h e m a l l H e .

w a s s o fa ir o f fa ce a n d s o brigh t t h a t r a ys o f Shining

ligh t issu ed fr o m his b o dy T h e whi t e st of al l pl a n t s .

’
w a s c o mp a r e d t o B a ld e r s br o w an d kn o wn by t h a t n a m e ,

2
whence a n id ea ma y b e f o rm e d sa ys o n e au t h o r of t h e , ,

be au t y o f h is h a ir an d o f his b o dy He w a s n o t only .

t h e whi t e s t t h e swe e t es t - sp ok e n an d t h e mildes t o f a l l

,

t h e An s e s bu t it w a s a pr oper t y o f his n a t u r e t h a t h e
,

c ou ld n o t g o wr o ng in his j u dgment s He dwe l t in .

a pla c e in h ea ven c a ll e d Br e i d ablik or Br oa d -gleam ,

t h e m o s t bl e ssed o f a l l l a nds wh e re n o u gh t u ncl ea n or ,

a cc u rs e d c o u ld a bid e Bu t o nc e o n a t ime B a lder beg a n .

d o nn , ‘
b ro w n or da rk ,
’
i
j . 8 5 ; bu t t h e w o rd s are s e p ara t ed by th e
ar t ific e o r t h e s t ra its o f t h e p o e t an d t h e e d ito r d if , ,
t ak i ng a v i e w
f r n t fro m m i n e t rea t s D o n n a s a s ep ar t e n a me ij 8 9
e e , T he c n a ,
. . o

j t e th a t D iarmait is t o b e re c k o n ed as b el o g i n g t o t h e I v ern ia
ec u r n ns,

i i s o m e m e s u re c o ro b o ra t d by t h e f ct th t hith e t o n o s u cc ess f l
s n a r e a a r u

a tt e m pt h as b e e n m d e t o e xp l a i n h is n a m e as C e l tic
a a d th a t t h e ,
n

sa m re m rk a pp l i e s t o th a t o f D u b en
e a .

1
T h e s u rc e s w hich I h a v e c o n s l t e d a re t h e fo ll o w i g t h e P s e
o u n ro

E d d a i n E dd a S o o is S t l c i (C p n h g e n rr n i 90-2 102 104 ur c o e a n, .

, , ,

1 7 2-8 6 Vig fu o n Po w e ll Co p ss P t B o r i 6 9 7 1 104 108 ,

r us oe . . .
, , , ,

1 14 18 1-3 1 97 201 5 7 4-5 ij 23 6 23-4 6 28 637 6 41-8 ; S i mro c k

, , , , , .
, , , , ,

.D ie E d d a (S t u ttg art pp 292 3 295-6 299 316-20

, .
-
, , , .

2
Wh at p l n t o fl o w er h e refe r d t o is n o t q u it e c e t ai n th e c t l a
a r r e r o u

f o t i
ed pya, th m i d
re o r u m an d t
ru h e ey e b
- ri g ht o r u ph ras
no
y are me n ,
e ,

t io n ed in Vig t uss o n s I c l n d ic D ic t i a ry s v B a l d
'
’
e a on , . . r
.

C )
\l
5 30 v . TH E S UN HE R O .

to be disqu i et ed by dr ea ms o f ill - o m en an d wh e n he t o ld

t h e Ans e s of it t h e y t ook c ou nsel t o g e t h e r h ow t o ens u re

,

his saf e t y T h e r e s u l t o f t h eir d elib era t i o n w a s , t h at

.

W o d e n went d own t o t h e ne t h e r w orld t o c on su l t a

d ea d S ibyl ab o u t t h e drea ms t h at h au n t e d B a ld e r a n d
F rigg w h o dw el t in a h ou s e c a ll e d F ens a lir or t h e Ha ll
,

o f t h e Fen s e n t t o m ak e a l l t hings sw ea r t h a t t h e y w o u ld
,

n o t h u rt h er b e l o v e d s on B a ld e r : t h e o at h w as e x a c t e d

fro m fi re a n d wat er fro m ir on an d a l l m et als fr o m

, ,

s t o nes a n d e a r t h , fro m t h e t r e e s o f t h e f o r e s t f ro m d is ,

e a s e s an d p o i s ons fro m fou r -f oo te d be a st s a n d fr o m birds

,

a n d s e rp e n t s t h e mis t l e t oe a l o n e w a s de em e d by Fr igg
t o o y ou ng a t hing t o b e a s k e d t o swe a r Bu t L oki t h e .
,

brewe r o f mischi ef an d t h e sire of a b e s t ia l t ri a d c on s ist ing

o f t h e Fen ri W o l f t h e L evi at h a n of t h e d eep , a n d Hell
,

t h e wit ch o f N iflh eim or t h e H o me of Fo g w a s by n o ,

me ans pl ea s e d t o s e e t h at B a ld er c o u ld n ot be h u rt lik e
o t h e rs ; s o on e da y wh e n t h e Anses w e r e a m u sing t h e m

s elv e s by t hr owing t h e ir sp ea rs an d a rr o ws a t B alder ,

sinc e t h e y kn ew t h e y c o u ld n ot hu r t him , L oki w en t dis ,

g u is e d a s an o ld w o man t o wh ere Frigg liv e d in t h e Hall

,

o f th e Fe n Wh en t h e h a g w a s a sked wha t t h e Ans e s

.

wer e d o ing sh e r eplied t h at t hey w er e t hr owing mi s sil e s

,

a t B a ld e r a n d she inqu ir e d if it w as t ru e t h a t n o t hing

,

w ou ld hu r t hi m Frigg answe red t h at e v eryt hing h a d

.

be e n b ou nd by oa th n ot t o h u r t him except t h e mist l et oe .

On h ea ring t his L oki fou nd e xc u s e t o d ep a rt , an d wen t

,

t o t h e sp o t where Frigg s a id t h e pl a nt c a ll e d mis t l e t o e

grew a lit t l e t o t h e e a s t o f VVa l h al l a ; an d he br ou gh t a
,

t wig of it t o wher e H od r s t o o d in t h e o u t skirt s of t h e

a ss e mbly ; fo r t h a t w a s t h e n a m e o f a blind g o d o f gre a t

s tr ength L oki asked H o d r why he did n ot j o in t h e

.
5 32 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

gian t s an d rim e -o gr e s V eng ea nce w a s wre aked on

.

t h e sl a y e r o f B a lder ; for W o d en w a s t o ld wh en h e
w ent t o t h e sibyl a b ou t th e dr ea ms t h a t h au n t e d hi s
s on,
t h a t H o d r b ea ring t h e f a t a l bra nch w ou ld b e his
d ea t h b u t t h a t W o d en s son Va li b o rn of Vrin d r in t h e
,
’
,

H a lls of th e We s t w ou ld a v enge his bro th er wh en h e

,

w a s o nly on e nigh t o l d ;
‘
H e sh a ll n e i th e r wa sh hi s
’
h a nds w as t h e r eply n or c o mb his h a ir t ill he h a s
,
‘
, ,
’
b o rn e t h e mu rd er e r o f B a ld er t o t h e f u n er al fi re S u ch .

’
w a s t h e h o rr o r in which B a ld er s m u rd er w a s h e ld a m on g

t h e Ans e s t h a t t h e y n e v e r wish e d t o h e a r t h e n a m e o f
H od r e ver m ent i on e d a ft er w a rds T h e v eng ea nc e in
.

fl ict e d on L o ki w a s v e ry t erribl e : wh en h e saw h o w a ngry

t h e Ans e s w e r e a t wh at b e h a d d o n e h e fl e d an d fin a lly
, ,

s o u gh t r e fu g e in t h e f o rm of a sa lm on in a wat e rfall ;
b u t t h e A ns e s m a de a n e t a n d c au gh t him Th ey t h e n .

t o o k him int o a c a v e wh e r e t h e y l e ft him b o u nd wi t h

,

b ond s of ir o n on thr e e j a gg e d pi e c e s of ro ck on e u nd er ,

his sh o u ld ers on e u nd er h is l o ins an d t h e t hird u nd er

, ,

h is kn e e - j o int s whil e a t er ribl e s erp en t h angs o ve r his

,
’
b o dy dist illi n g v e n o m in his fa c e L oki s wi fe s t a nds by
.

wi t h a c u p t o r e c e iv e t h e v en o m an d wh en it is fu ll sh e
,

e mp t i e s it ; b u t whil e s h e is d o ing t h a t t h e v e n o m dr ips

,
’
on L o ki s f a c e a n d t h e n h e wri t h e s c a u sing wh a t m en c all
,

e a r t hqu ak e s ; an d t his g oe s o n t ill t h e d oo m o f th e g o ds .

Th a t is on e a cc oun t ; bu t a n o t h er m ak e s L oki b efor e his ,

d oo m appe a r a m o ng t h e Anses t o b andy w ords wi t h

,

t h e m a n d even t o b oa s t t o Frigg t h at h e w as t h e c au se
,

why B ald e r n o l ong er ro d e in t o t h e h all H e is t h en .

r emind e d by W o d en th at h e h a d al rea dy u nd erg on e dis

ra c e e igh t win t e rs u nd ern ea th t h e ear t h in t h e fo rm o f a
g
w om an an d milkma id an d a n o ther o f t h e Anses t old hi m
,
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 5 33

t h a t t h ey were ab ou t t o bind him on swo rds wi th t h e

i n t e s t in e s o f his rim e -c o ld son , t h e p u nishm en t a lr ea dy
m en t i o ned ; for t h e int es tin e s t u rned int o b onds o f ir o n .

H e t h e n l e ft t h e Ans e s a s he w a s t hr e at en e d by Th o r o f ,

w h o m h e w e n t in b o dily f ea r As t o H erm dd r h e p u rsu e d

.
,

h is j ou rn e y for nin e n igh t s wi th o u t in t erru p t i o n t hr o u gh

gl e ns d eep an d d ark t ill h e c a m e t o t h e riv e r c all e d GiO l l
,

o r Y e ll wh e n h e w a s qu e s t i o n e d a s t o his e rra nd by t h e
,

f h -
m a id w h o h a d ch rge o t e Y ll bridg e O n h e r o d e u n t il
a e .

’
h e c ame t o t h e f e nc e o f H e ll s a b o de which his h o rs e ,

cl e a re d a t fu ll sp eed an d on ent erin g th e h all h e f ou nd his

,

b ro th er B a ld er s ea t ed in t h e pl a c e o f h o n ou r H e a b o de .

wi th him t h a t nigh t a n d in t h e m o rning h e a sked H ell

,

t o l e t him rid e h o m e wi t h him t o t h e Ans e s H e u rg e d.

h er t o c o nsid e r t h e gri ef which ev e ry b o dy a n d ev e ry thi n g

fel t a ft e r B ald er ; t o which she r epli e d t h at sh e w o u ld
u t it t o t h e t e s t by l e t t ing him g o if e v e ry t hing a nim a t e
p
a n d in anim a t e wep t fo r him an d by d e t a ining him if an y
,

b o dy o r a ny thing d e clin e d t o d o s o H e rm O d r w a s a ec o m
.

a n ie d t o t h e g a t e by B a ld er w h o g a v e him t h e g o ld ring
p ,

D r o pp e r t o t ak e t o W o d e n a s a t oken whi le N a nn a g a ve
,

him a m an t l e an d o th e r gift s fo r Frigg an d a g old ring ,

’
f or F u ll a Frigg s m a id a n d c o nfid a n t e
,
Wi t h t h e s e p re
.

s en t s H er mdd r r ea ch e d h o m e t o ann ou nc e t o t h e An s e s
,

t h e a nsw e r which H ell h a d giv e n t o his r e q u e s t Me s .

s e n g ers w e r e a t o nc e s e n t fo r th t o t h e w o rld t o bid a l l

’
b e w e ep Wo d en s s on ou t o f t h e p o w er o f H e ll This w a s .

d on e by al l by m en a n d anim a ls by e ar th an d s t o n e s by
, , ,

t r e e s an d by al l m e tals a s y o u h a v e d o u b t l e s s s een t h e s e
,

t hing s we ep s a ys t h e Pr o s e Edd a , wh e n th ey p a ss fr o m
,

f ros t t o wa rm th ; b u t a s t h e m e ss eng e rs w e r e o n t h e ir
w a y h o me af t er disch a rg ing t h e ir d u t y , t h e y ch anced t o
5 34 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

c ome a cr o ss a c a v e o cc u pi e d by a gi a nt e ss c all e d Th o kk ,

wh o m t hey o rd er e d t o j o in in t h e w e e ping for B a ld er wit h

‘
t h e r e s t ; b u t h er a nswer w a s Th okk will w eep dry —

’
t ears at B a lder s bal efi re Wh at h ave I t o d o wi t h t h e
.

Son o f Man qu ick or de a d ? L et Hell ke ep wh at she

’1
h olds .

T h e o gress w as s u spect ed o f b e ing L oki in disgu ise ;

for t his h appen e d befo r e his p u nishment h a d o v er tak e n
’
him Bu t b e t h at a s it m a y , t h e re fu sal pr e v e nt e d Ba ld er s
.

r et u rn j u st t h en R etu rn , h ow ev e r he did a t t h e prop er

.
,

t im e ; for t h e s t ory w o ul d b e inc o mpl et e wi t h ou t t h e

pr oph e cy pu t in t o t h e m o u t h o f t h e t hi rd an d l a st sibyl
o f t h e Vol o sp a, t o t h e f o ll o wi n g effec t :
“
I b eh o ld E ar th
ris e a ga in wi th it s e vergre en f or e st s ou t of t h e d e ep ; t h e
wat e rs fall in rapids a b ove h ov ers t h e e a gl e , t h at fisher
o f t h e fa lls T h e Anses me e t in I d a -
. pl a in ; t hey talk of
t h e migh t y E ar t h - s e rp e nt , an d remember t h e gr ea t d e crees
an d t h e a nci e n t mys t e ries of Fimbu l - ty There sh a ll be .

fou nd in t h e gr a ss w o nd erfu l g o ld e n t a bl e s , t h e ir o w n
in da ys of y or e T h e fi elds u ns own sh all yield t h e ir
.

increa s e All s o rro ws sh a ll b e he al e d B ald e r Sha ll c o me

. .

’
b a ck B ald e r an d H ed r sh a ll dwell in Wo den s m ansi ons
'

o f bl i ss l n t h e h oly pl a c e s o f t h e blessed g o ds Th e n .
,

sh all H os ni ch o o s e t h e r o ds o f divinat i o n a righ t an d th e ,

s o ns of t h e Twin- bret hren sh all inh a bit th e wi de world

o f t h e winds . I see a h all bright er t h an th e su n ,

shingl e d wit h g old st anding on Gem-

,
l ea T h e right eou s .

”
sh all dwe ll t h erein a n d li ve in bliss for ev e r L a st ly .
,

B a ld er h a d a son c alled Fors eti m eaning a j u dge , an d he ,

dwelt in h eaven in a h ou se c alled Glitnir or t h e Gli st en er,

1
Co rp u s Po et Bo r
. . i . 126 .
5 36 v . TH E S UN HE RO .

t han t h e C el t ic r epr e sent at iv e s o f th e su n sinc e h e is ,

b orn in t h e Ha lls o f t h e We st du ring t h e nigh t an d ris es ,

in t h e m orni ng t o c onqu e r t h e p o wer o f d a rkne ss t o

whi ch B ald er h a d su ccu mb e d These less ill u s tri o u s .

br oth e rs of his h a ve t h e ir c ou nt erp art s in C e lt ic , n ot s o

’
m u ch p erh aps in L u g s m ore obscu re inc arnat i ons , a s in
’
C irch u l ain n s c o mra d e s a n d riva ls , L o e g aire a n d C on all ,

t h e l att e r o f wh o m , s e c o nd o nly t o C uchu l ainn hi ms elf

in v a l ou r su rvived t o b e t h e a v enger o f his d eat h
,
.

I t is r e m a rk abl e t h a t B ald er h a s a dwelling -pl a ce

in th e h eav ens an d t his s eems t o r efer t o t h e a rc tic
,

s u mm er wh en t h e su n pr o l ongs his st a y ab o v e t h e h ori

,

z on T h e p e nd a nt t o t h e pic t u r e w ou ld n a t u r a lly b e his

.

st a ying a s l o ng in t h e n et her wo rld A t leng th a g enera l .

w eeping for B ald e r t ak e s pl a c e a t end er t ou ch which —

t h e writ er of t h e Pr o se Edd a se e ms t o h a v e c o rr e c t ly
int erpret ed by a r efer enc e t o t h e t ea rs a s it w e r e wit h , ,

which m o st obj e ct s are b e d e wed when warme r w eath e r

’
f oll o ws a h a rd fr o s t O f c o u rs e Fr igg s m e sseng ers w h o
.
,

a re t h e u nn a m e d s u ns o f t h e d a ys b et we e n win t e r a n d

s u mm e r c a n wi t h t h e ir incr ea sin g wa rm t h m ak e m o s t
,
1
t hings w e ep b u t n o t t h e o gress Th o kk w h o dw ells in a
,

c av e p e n et ra t e d n e i t h er by t h e light of day n or by t h e
fro s t o f win t er a n d her t earl e ssness is art i st ic ally m a d e
,
’
t h e o bs t a cl e t o B a ld e r s r et u rn In o th er words it w a s .
,

st ill t o o s o o n ; bu t in d u e t im e h e fails n o t t o c om e b a ck ,
a n d t h e n f o ll o w t h e h a ppy re s u l t s d e scribed by t h e sib y l .

T h e l at t er m ak e s hi s m u rd erer H O d r be his br ot h e r

1 T h e g i an t es s is
p ro b abl y n o t t o b e regard ed a s a fo rm o f L o ki ,

b t ra th er a s a p e s o ific a ti on o f fa t e o r d s ti y ; n d I s u g ge s t w ith
u r n e n a

(l iffid en ce th a t h er am is o f t h e s m o i g i
n e a t h We l s h tg gh ed
a e r n s e n ,

d ti y I ri s h t oc a d s e e N i g ra s R el iqu i e Cel ti ch e p 43
’ ’
‘
es n , ,
. .
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 5 37

an d c om e b a ck wi th h im ; for t h e N o rs e n a t u r e my t h
pic t u r e d d a rkn e s s a s brot h er t o ligh t , a n d de a t h a s fol
l o wing in t h e t ra ck o f li fe ; b u t t h e t ou ching pic t u re
o f t h e m u rd e r e d a n d his mm d erer re t ur ning t o ge t h e r
'

t o live in pe a ce a n d a mi t y in t h e n ew order o f t hings ,

b e t ra ys t h e infl u enc e of t h e n ot i on t h at t h e st o ry o f
’ ’
B a ld er s d eat h w a s a s ort o f a cc ou nt o f Ab e l s an d t h e
firs t frat ricide As t o H od r he w a s a blind g o d o f gre a t
.
,

migh t ; a n d t aken in c onj u nc t i o n wi th t hese t w o a ttri

b u t es, his n a m e H o d r g eni t ive Ha d a r, is a rem ark able
,

on e , a s it is t h e s a m e w o rd which w e h a ve in t h e
- ‘ ’
Angl o S a x o n h ea d u w ar or b a t t le als o in Irish an d
, ,

W e l s h oa th an d odd respec t iv ely o f th e s a m e me aning .

F ro m t hi s it s e ems t o f oll ow t h at h e w a s chi efly a p er

s o n ifi ca t io n o f pr o m isc u ou s de a t h su ch a s wo u ld be s u g
,

g e s t e d t o t h e primi t iv e m ind by t h e s t a r t ling incident s

o f b a tt l e
,
in whi ch it w a s frequ en t ly t h o u gh t t h a t t h e
wr ong man fell whil e h e w h o o u gh t t o s u ccu mb e sc a ped ;
,

a n d wi t h t hi s a gr e es t h e fa c t a ls o t h at t her e w a s a f e mi

n ine H O d w h o w a s a V a lkyri a or ch o o s e r o f th e sl a in .
,
’
This appr oa ch t o a bl ending in t h e g o d H O d r s p ers o n o f
Ma rs an d Plu t o h a s it s p ar a llels in Cel t ic my ths wh er e ,

t h e g o d o f d ea t h a lwa ys pr e s ent in t h e b at t l e -fi e l d, m ay
,

b e e a sily mis t aken for a g o d o f b a tt le in t h e pr o p er sens e

1
o f th e w o rd : wi t n e ss fo r e x a mpl e a p o e m in t h e Bl a ck
, ,

B o ok o f C arm a r then where Gwyn ab N fi d is ma de t o

,

e n u m e r a t e t h e gre a t b a t t l e s in which he h a d b ee n pr e s e n t
;
b u t Gwyn is n o t s o mu ch a w a r- g o d as a
g o d o f t h e d e a d
an d king o f t h e ot her w o rld w h o f e tches t h e fa llen t o
,

h is o w n re alm .

1
S k en e , ij 54, 5 5
. .
538 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

The st ory of B alder in t h e o nly f orm we h a ve it, ,

ma k e s H fi d r t h e inn o cen t sl a y e r of t h at g o d, by giving

t h e g eniu s o f mischief which gu id e s him in his a c t a
s ep a rat e p e rs on ali t y bearing th e dist inct n a me of L oki ;
a n d it m u st h a ve b een a ni ce qu e st i o n w h o m u rd e r e d

B alder ; for it migh t be argu e d t h a t it w a s n ot H od r a s ,

he c ou ld n ot see , an d t h at it w as n ot L oki a s he did n o t ,

t hr o w t h e fa t a l t wig N o rs e l aw w ou ld t reat him a s

.

mu rdered by t h e m b oth , by H od r a s th e ha nd -b an i , or
t h e on e wh o s e h a nd c o mmi t t ed t h e d e ed an d by L oki ,

a s t h e r ad -b ani, o r t h e on e w h o c ont riv e d it Bu t w h o .

slew C uch u l ainn ? The s t ories va ry ; for w e f ou nd on e

1
s t at ing t h at it w a s Erc an d on e t h at it w a s L u g aid a
, ,

discr ep ancy which o n e might be at firs t inclined t o pu t

d o wn t o t h e c are l e ssness of Irish s t ory -tellers ; bu t t h e
N o rse t a l e a ll ows on e t o s u pp o se t h at it is t o be t ra c e d
t o a d ifi eren t o rigin ; an d t h e Irish a cc ou nt s as t h e y
s t a nd are b e st expl ained on t h e t he ory t h at t h e y were
b o t h his Slay ers 2
N ow Erc an d L u g aid a pp e ar in t h e m
.

a s w a rri o rs , b u t t h e r e is n o m o r e re a s o n t o r e g ard t hem

a s o rigin ally a n d e ss e nt i a lly w ar- go ds t ha n in t h e c a s e

o f H o d r an d L o ki , t h ou gh Erc at l ea st c ame s o o ner o r

l a ter t o be invest e d pr ob ably wi t h t h at ch ar a c t er, a vi e w —

which deriv e s indir e ct c orrob orat i on fro m t h e fa ct t h a t

Irish h a gi ol o gy m a kes a saint b ea ring t h e n a me o f E rc
3
res e mble St M art in an a ssimil a t i on which I sh o u ld
.
,

t ra c e t o a pro b a ble equ iva l enc e of t h e n ames Erc an d

M ars I sh ou ld , t h er e fore , v e n t u re t o r e gard th e Erc
.

1
S ee t h e B it .
f
o B a l l y mo te, qu o t ed by O C
’
u rry , pp . 5 1 3-
4.

The i
v ew o f O C
’
u rry at p . 507 , w h ere h e tri es t o d er ive it fro m
T ige rn ach .

3
llI a rt .
f
o D o n eg a l (D u b l i n , pp . 292-3 .
5 40 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

an d L ki n dre d n a m e s ; bu t t hat w ou ld b e h a z a rd ous

ok i a s
‘

T h e fo rm er mak e s in th e g enit iv e L ug d ech , which in it s

e arly f orm in O g a m is fo u nd v a ri ou sly wri t t e n L ug u d ecca s

1 which yi lds t h e cru d e fo rm L u u d ec t o

a n d L ug u d eca , e g ,

r
b e t eat e d pr b bly s a c o mp o u nd L u u - d ec m ea ni n g
o a a g ,

o n e w h o h a d s om e t hing t o d o wi t h L ug o r l ug ; t h is

c ann o t h o w e v e r , b e d e fined s o l ong a s t h e significa t i o n

,

o f t h e s e c o nd e l e m e n t is u nkn o wn P ro visi on ally p er .

‘
h aps on e might r e ga rd it a s e qu iva l ent t o L u g Sl ay e r, - ’

2
o r p o s s ibly th e d a rken e r , c o nqu er o r o r d e v ou r e r o f l ug

in t h e s ens e o f ligh t I t m igh t be obj e c t e d t h at L u g aid

.

is n o t ma d e in Iri sh s t ory t o kill L u g , bu t C l i ch u l a in n

t h at h o w e ver d o e s n o t m u ch m a t t e r , a s C uchu l a inn is
, ,

a n a v a t ar of L u g o r t h e l a t t e r in a n o t h e r fo rm H ad .

m o r e Irish myt hs b een pr e serv e d , an d in a m or e anci ent

f orm , on e might e xp e ct t o find t ha t L u gaid w a s in t h e
fi rst in s t anc e m a t ch e d wi t h L u g an d n ot wit h C d ch u
l ain n As it is w e a re o nly t o ld t h at L u g w a s sl a in by
.
,

M a c C u il l 3 wh s
o e n a m e b e ing in t erpr et e d s ee ms t o me a n
,

t h e Son o f D e s t ru c t i o n which w o u ld a ls o e x a c t ly s u i t,

L u g aid t h e L o ki o f G o id elic my t h o l o gy
,
T h e na m e .

o f L u g a id w a s h o wev er n ot c onfin e d t o Ir el and ; f or

, ,

wh er e v er th e Sun -g o d r oam e d, t h er e his m ort a l foe m u st

a ls o c o me in his t im e ; an d a s w e f o u nd t r a c e s o f t h e

1
The t
s o n e s are at A Wa t erf rd : I
r d mo re a n d Kil gro vane in co . o

e x a m i ed n b o th
in 18 8 3 b u t s e Bras h pp 247 25 7 p l xxx v i e ,
.
, , . .

2
Wh at t h e o ri g i al fi gu re may h av e b e it w o l d be h a d t o g ess
n e n, u r u

w ith n y c e t a i ty
a bu t c o mp a e t h e o l d T e t o n ic i d ea th t a e cl ip s e
r n r u a n

o f th e s w a s o w i g t o h is b ei n g s w al l o w e d b y a c l e ti al b eas t o f
un n e s

p y an d s ee an i n ge i o s pict u re o f t h e s c e n e in Yo k Po w el l s O l d
re ,
n u r
’

S to ies f o m B ri ti h H is t o y (L on d on
r r s p 11 r , . .

3
I t a d mit s h o w ever of b ei n g al s o t ran s l at ed t h e S o n o f (t h e )
, ,
‘

’
H a z el .
 v . TH E S UN HE R O . 5 41

cu l t m ong t h e C e l t s o f t h e C on t in en t s o als o
of Lu g us a ,

h is a dv e rs a ry m u s t h a v e fig u r e d in t h e ir b e li e fs In .

fa c t o n e finds in t h e c ou n t ry of t h e G a u lish A r e v a c i o f
,

Sp a in t h e L a t iniz e d f or m o f a n a m e pra c t ic ally id en t ic a l

wi th t h a t o f L u g a id : I a llu de t o an inscrip t i o n f o u nd
a t t h e A re v a c ian ci t y o f S e g o vi a , giving a m o ng o th e r ,

pr op e r n a m e s t ha t o f a c er ta in L ug ua dicu s wh o se s o n
1
, ,

Va l eriu s Ann o a s w e l earn fro m t h e m onu m en t w a s , ,

a n a t iv e o f a n o th er t o wn o f t h e A re v a c i n a m e ly Osm a , ,

t h e a nci e n t Ux a ma an d t h e v e ry pl a c e wh e re an o t h e r
inscrip t i o n a s a lr ea dy m en t i oned (p ,
c onn e c t s t h e .

c u l t o f th e L u g o v es wi th a t empl e s u p erin te nd e d by a
c oll e g e o f c obbl e rs O n e o r t w o min o r p o in t s h a v e s t ill .

t o b e n o t ic e d very bri e fly The r el a t i o nship b e twe e n .

L u g a n d C l ich u l a in n is n o t wi t h ou t it s p a ra ll e l in t h e
s t o ry of B a ld e r , w h o h a d a s on F o r s et i o r J u dg e a n o t h e r ,

1
My a tt en ti on w as c al l ed t o thi s by a p rag ph in t h e R e C l t a ra v . e .

vi j . 399 bu t t h e i c ripti o n w i ll b fo u d gi en by H u b e in Vo l
ns e n v n r .

ij . of t h e B erl in Co p us N o 27 32 a s fol l o w s Val eri o A n n [o ] i

r , .
, n

L u g u ad ici f(i l i o ) Ux [a m (en s i] [

a n n o ru
( m] xxv s o d a l es
[ (acie n d u n i
f
]
(
c uraru n t ) t . O ne m i g ht be
e m pt e d t o e xp l a i n t h e I i s h L g ude t ak e r u c n

t o m e an t h e bit er o r t eare r o f L u g i re feren c e t o s o m e su ch a

‘ ’
al on e, ,
n

s t o y as th a t o f t h e Bo
r o f Ben n Gu lb ain k i l l i g D iarma it ar o r as t h e n ,

Wel h o n e th a t gav e L l eu th e b r t e f rm o f t h e A r wry ch g/ n o Go l d

'

s u o u r

b i s tl p ev i ou s t o h is b ei g k i l l ed by t h e h u n t er s h ou d s : c o mp r
r e r n
’
n a e

t h e s c o n d el men t d c w ith s u ch w o d a s Gre e k d m I bit

’
e e e a d r s y , e, n

t h e G thic t hj n o t o t ea b u t if L g d c an d L g ua d ic s a e t o
u a ,
‘
r u u e u u r

b e t k n t g th e a o n e is l d t
e o s u g es t t h e p o s s ibi l it
e
g r,
y th a t th e e i o or

n l n mi ti - iti ’

g i a e w as L o g d d i
nar o L v g
- de a nd th
g e u
n ve L
u
g r u u a r, e u u

s y i el d i g i l y I i s h L g u d éc s l t er L u ig d ech c o m p are
’ ’
ad ec a ,
n n e ar r u ca ,
a :

s u ch w o rd s s I i s h be l h lif iti a s e v i d e n c e th a t t h e
’
ve b th
‘
a
g e r l o u, e, n e ar ,

a cc t w as at o n e ti me mo v ab l e in I i h With a d ec I k n o w o f n o
en r s .

C el tic w o d t o c o mp e u l s it p o s ib l y b t h e I ri h a d ig i g ht
r ar ,
n es s e s d ,
‘
n ,
’

o r a id h o f t h e s a me m ean i n g b u t s t a n d i ng for a n ea rl y fe m i n i e
c e , n

d eri a ti v e a d ccy u
v .
5 42 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

edit i on , s o t o s ay , of hims elf for B ald er a ls o w as a n

,

u n e rring j u dg e .A t first sight it l ooks a li t t le c aprici ou s

t o m ak e t h e s u n a j u dge ; bu t fro m t h e p o int of vi e w of
t h o s e wh o s e ima gina t i o n g a v e t h e my t h it s f o rm , n o t hing
perh aps c ou ld h a v e b een m or e na t u r a l ; for if t h e Su n
o d w a s t o b e r e ga rded a s a j u dg e a t al l an d ev e ry —
g
grea t prince h a d t o giv e j u dgm ent on al l s or t s of o cc a
si o ns h e mu st exc el in t ha t c a p a ci t y fo r th e p o sit i o n
—
,

of v a n t a g e o cc u pi e d by h im w o u ld m a k e him imp ar t i a l ,

a n d f or t h e dw e ll e rs in t h e f ar N o r t h p a t i e n t t o lis t e n
, ,

a ll t h e liv e l o ng d a y t o a ll c o mers a t t h e s a m e t im e t h a t
,

h e s a w al l t h at w e nt o n in t h e world b e l o w This e xc e l .

l enc e a s a j u dge wit h o u t h owev e r l a ying t o o mu ch

,

e mph a sis o n t h e h abi t o f si tt ing l o ng t o h e a r s u i t s p ro ,

b ably a ch a ra c t erist ic t o be t ra c e d o nly t o t h e sl o wn es s

o f t h e su mmer su n in t h e a rc t ic r e gi o ns b el o ng e d a ls o ,

t o L u g w h o is d e scrib e d a s j u risc o ns u l t a n d hi s t ori an

, ,

a n d m o r e especi a lly t o h is s o n C uch u l a inn w h o b o a s t e d ,

t o Em e r t h a t b e r e vis e d t h e v e rdic t s o f t h e Ul t oni a n

br eh o ns wh er eby h e c onst i t u t e d hims elf a s o rt of c o u rt
,

o f a pp e a l in his o w n pers o n ; a n d in t his c o nn e c t i o n it is

wo rt h th e whil e t o m e n t i on h ow t h e c onqu e st of Erinn

by t h e Mile s ia ns br o u gh t wit h it th e r epl a cing of M a c
Greine or So n o f t h e Su n , by A morg en o f t h e Whit e
’

Kne e (p . w h o h a s t h e c o mbin e d fu nct i ons of a j u st

j u dge , of p o et an d of his t o rian or st ory -teller a scrib e d
t o him ; bu t it is in t h e p ers o n o f M o e n (p 311 ) t h a t .

th e C l
e t ic -
Su n g o d is b ef ore al l t hings a j u dge , t h a t he
is n e it her king n or wa rri or , bu t a great br eh o n a l one .

These rema rks on t h e p ara ll e lism be t we en t h e C e l tic

S un - g o d an d B a ld e r w o u ld b e inc o mple t e wi th ou t a w o rd
’
r e spect ing t h e l a t ter s m ot her Frigg Sh e is prove d by
.
544 v . TH E SUN HE RO .

as th e B o ok of T al ies sin Th o se p o ems r eprese nt a sch o o l

.

o f W e lsh b ardi s m bu t we kn ow in r ea li t y n o t hing a b o u t

,

t h e ir au t h or ship ; an d t h e p e rs o na li t y of T al ie ss in is as
my thi c a s t h a t of Gwydi o n an d M erlin b o t h o f wh o m ,

h a ve a ls o be en t r ea t e d a s t h e a u th ors o f Welsh vers e .

The n ame , h owev e r, o f T a l iessin vi ewe d in t his ligh t , ,

h as an in t er e s t fa r su rp as sing ev e n t h a t o f Merlin ; t his

will be b e s t u nd ers t o o d wi th th e a id of wh at we r ea d in
-
t h e s o c a ll e d His t ory o f T al iess in 1
Th e r e w e make t h e .

a cqu a int a nc e o f Kerrid w e n wi fe o f T e g id t h e B a ld wh o s e

, ,

p a t rim o ny w as wh er e L lyn T eg id or B a l a L a k e n o w
li e s B e sides ot he r childr en incl u ding a da u ght er w h o
.
,

w a s t h e h a nds o m e s t w o m a n o f her t ime t h e y h a d a ,

s on A v a g d u , w h o w a s t h e u gl ies t man in t h e w o rld ; s o

Kerrid w en t hinking t ha t h e h a d n o ch ance of b e ing

,

t o l e r a t e d a m o ng g ent l e me n u nl e ss h e h a d s o me n obl e
e xc ell e nce or sci e nce u nd e r t oo k wit h t h e a id of t h e
, ,

b o oks of Ffery fi a s Ve rgil t h e magicia n is c a ll e d in

,

W el s h , t o b oil fo r h is b en efi t a c a u ldr o n o f p o esy an d

sci enc e t h a t h e migh t ga in r ep u ta t i o n for his kn o wl e d g e
,

a n d sk ill wi t h r e sp e c t t o f u t u re ev e n t s Sh e pl ac e d a .

blind f ell o w c all e d M ord av an d a c er t ain Gw io n t h e L i t tl e

in ch arg e o f t h e c au ldron , whil e sh e we n t f orth t o gat h e r
h erbs o f vir t u e a cc o rding t o th e h ou rs o f t h e s ta rs an d
t h e dir e c t i o ns o f a s t r o n o my T h e c a u ldr o n w a s t o b o il
.

o n wi t h ou t in t e rru p t i o n fo r a wh o l e y ea r ; bu t b e fo r e t h e

t im e w a s u p t hr e e pr e ci ou s dr ops fr o m t h e c au ldr o n
,
’
fell on o n e o f Gw ion s finge rs an d o n a cc ou nt of t h e ,

sc alding s ens at i o n h e p u t it in hi s m o n t h wh e n h e ,

s u dd enly kne w e very t hing an d ab ove al l t hings t h at ,

Gu es t 321 - 35 6 -6 1 S t eph en
’
1 ’
s M a b iij . . 6, ; s L i tera t u re f
o th e
H g w /y “
,
p . 425 .
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 5 45

he h a d every thing t o fear fro m Kerridw en : s o he fl e d ,

le a vin g th e c a ul dr o n t o b u rs t fro m t h e vir u lence o f it s

c on t en t s Kerrid w en p ur s u e d Gw ion , an d it wen t so
.

h ard wi th him t ha t he h a d t o a ssu me v a ri o u s f orms , b u t

a l w a ys wi t h t h e r e s u l t o f be ing checkm a t ed by h er : a t

la s t beh olding a h eap o f whe a t , he dropp e d int o it in t h e

,

sh a pe of a gra in , whereu p o n she ch anged h erself in t o a

cre s t e d bl ack hen , fou nd him ou t an d dev o u r e d him .

In d u e t ime h e w as b o rn a ga in , an d wi t h s u ch a fa ir fa c e
t h at Kerrid w en his m o t her h ad n o t t h e h ea r t t o d e s t r o y
h i m so Sh e h a d hi m wr a pped in a hid e a n d c a s t in t o
,

t h e s ea ; t h e hid e w as pick e d u p a t Aberd o vey o n on e o f

th e s ta k e s o f Gw y d n o s weir on t h e C a lends O f Ma y
’
,

u nder t h e fo ll o wing circ u ms t a nces I t w as u s u a l t o find .

in t h e w e ir th e va l u e of a h u ndr e d p o u nds every Firs t o f

Ma y , so t h at ye a r Gw y d n o ga ve it t o a h apless s on o f
his c a lled Elphi n w h o a cc ordingly wen t wit h hi s m en t o
,

ex amin e t h e we ir a t t h e pr op e r t im e Their disa pp o in t .

ment w as s o great t ha t o n e o f t hem s a id t o Elphin t h a t

he h a d n e v e r t ill t hen been re ally l u ckless , wh e n he h a d
br oken o ff t h e l u ck of t h e weir Obs e rving t h e h id e .

‘
o n t h e weir, Elphin s a id : This m ay c o nt a in t h e va l u e
’
o f a h u ndred p o u nds The man enga g e d in O p ening it
.

’ ‘
excla im e d on b eh olding a child s f or eh ea d He re is
, ,

a ch a rm ing fo r e he a d
(
1
e t hi m
‘
tal T a l iess in l
’
be ,
sa id Elph in lifting t h e b oy wi t h hi s h a nds a n d
,

b e wa iling his l a ck o f l u ck Pr e sen t ly th e b aby T al ie ss in

.

s ang a p oem t o c ons o le Elphin in his disapp o in tm en t ;

E l ph in s re p l y is ambi gu o us : if rea d l iess in , it m ean s fi n e

1 ’ ‘

fo re h ead , b ut if l ies s in , fi n e p ay w hil e rea d as o n e w o rd , t h e

’ ‘

d i s ti n cti o n w o u l d be l o s t bu t t h e s t o ry as it p ro c e ed s i m p l i es 1d ] ,
‘
p ya or p ro fi t s ee Gu es t , iij 328 , 363
. .

2 N
546 v . TH E SUN HE RO .

’
t his w a s fo ll o w e d sh ort ly aft erwards , t o everyb o dy s
a s t oni shmen t , by t w o m o re p o ems t o which he g a v e

u t t era nce in answe r t o qu est i ons a s t o his previ ou s

e xis t ence an d a s t o his kn o wledg e On t his I n ee d
.

sc arc ely m ake an y r em ark, a s y o u c ann ot fa il t o s ee

a t o nc e h ow cl o s e ly it c o rresp o nds t o t h e s t o ry o f M o e n

picke d u p fro m th e s ea an d h eard t o spe ak t hric e in t h e

firs t h ou rs o f his li fe (p . In th e c a se of L leu an d
Gw ri an d C uchu l a inn th e pr e c o cit y w a s o n e o f gr o wt h
,

ge n e ra lly bu t h ere it is c onfin e d t o sp e e ch an d wisd o m

, .

T h e Firs t o f Ma y mu s t a cc or di ng t o C e lt ic id ea s h a v e
, ,

b een th e righ t s e a s o n for th e bir th of t h e s u mme r Su n

g o d ; an d hi s m o t h e r w h o dr o ps him in t h e s e a a n d g oe s
her w ay is Kerrid w en t h e Minerva o f W e lsh p o e t s : sh e
may pr ob a bly b e r a nked wi t h Aria nrh o d an d Gefjo n .

L e t u s n o w r e t u rn t o t h e st ory of t h e thr ee s t ra y dr op s
’
fro m th e c au ldr on , t o whi ch T a l ies sin s kn o wl e dge of al l
t hings is t ra c e d . Kerrid w en h a d t a ken a s h u s b a nd him
o f B a l a L a k e c a lled T e id in wh o s e b a ldn e s s w e h a ve
g ,

pr ob ably a t o u ch o f th e s a m e kind a s th e cro pp edn ess o f

C ore an d A i l ill A u l o m T h e c on t e nt s o f t h e c a u ldr on h a d
.

b ee n in t end e d by Kerridw en for th e int ell e c tu a l end o w

’
m en t o f T eg id s son A v a g d u wh o se n a me is n o l onge r
,

kn o wn t o t h e Welsh exc ep t a s a syn onym for H ell o r

fo r t h e prince o f da rkn e ss in t h e Chr is t i a n s e nse of th e
,

t erm . T h e legend deriving p o et ry an d kn o wl e dge fr o m

t h e p o w e rs of t h e ne th er w o rld h a d pr ob ably a con
s iderabl e v a rie t y o f f o rms ; a n d t h e s u pp o s e d f a c t o f t h a t

d erivat i on o f t h e mu se is th e key -n o t e t o m u ch t h at is
cha ra c t eri s t ic o f t h e m o s t p e c u li a r p o ems in t h e B oo k o f
T al ie s s in
. For o ur p u rp o s e it m a t t ers li t t le wh at m a n
o r h o w m a ny m en wr o t e t hem or even w h e n t h e y w e re
,
548 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

t rov ersy . On th e o ther h and it is cert a in t hat it la st e d

,

m any c e n t u ri e s a ft er M a el g w n s d e at h ; f or even in t h e
’

f o u r t e ent h cent u ry t h e b a rdic or s e mi -p a ga n sch o ol w a s

su ffici ent ly vig or ou s t o elici t a bi tt e r d enu nci a t i o n fro m
a W e l s h pries t an d p oe t Si 6n K e nt w h o t rea t s it a s
, ,

c onsi s t in g o f t h e Men o f H u wh o s e mu s e w a s t h e geniu s

,

o f lyin g a s dist ing u ish e d fr o m t h e b e t t e r m u s e t h a t w a s

1 ’
o f Chris t . K ent s w ords bri e fly indic a t e wi t h su ffi ci en t
cl ea rn e ss t h e n a t u r e o f th e ch arge which a Chris t i a n
p oet w ou ld bring a ga ins t t h e s e mi -p aga n b a rds o f th e
T a l ie s s in sch o o l . T h e l a t t e r r e t a li a t e in t h e a ss u m e d ,

p ers o n of T al ie ssin by ch a rging t h e ot h ers w it h gr o ss

,

ign ora nce of t h e mys t e ri e s O f b a rdism Th u s T al iessin .

n o w an d t h e n pr o p ou nds t o t hem an d t o t h e m onk s l ong

list s o f qu est i ons , m o st ly of an imp o s s ibl e an d u n a nsw er

a bl e kind b u t a l l a sser t e d t o l ie wi t hin t h e limi t s o f his
,

pers on al kn owl e dg e ; for h e h a s gone t hr ou gh al l s or t s

o f t r a nsf o rm a t i o ns an d h a s in s o m e fo r m o r o t h e r a s si s t ed
,

a t a l l t h e g re a t e v e nt s t hr o u gh which t h e w o rld h a s

p a sse d sinc e it s b e ginn ing H e ch all eng e s t h e m a lso

.

t o pr o ph e sy t o t h e ir p a t ron t h e r e by in t e nding t h e m t o
,

fa th o m t h eir in feri ori t y t o him w h o can t ell al l t h a t is,

t o h appen t ill t h e end o f t h e w orld In a w o rd his pre

.
,

t e nsi o ns are o f t h e m o st e x t ra va g a nt kind , an d c ann ot

w ell h a v e b e en surp a s s e d by t h o s e o f t h e dr u ids in t h e
d a ys o f t h e ir grea t e st p o we r in Erinn an d M on a , or
by t h o s e o f th e b oldest s orcerer a m ong t h e s ava g e s of
m o d e rn t im e s .

’
The o nly pr et ensi ons cl o s ely res embling T al ies sin s ,

an d d e cid e dly o f t h e s ame o rigin a s his kn o wn t o m e in

,

1
S ee t h e or ig in al ,
t
qu o e d
’
in Pu gh e s D i ction a ry, s v
. . H u.
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 5 49

Cel t ic li te ra tu re are t h o se o f A m org en th e s ee r o f t h e

, ,

S o ns of Mile on t h e o cc a si o n o f t h e ir inva di n g Irel a nd

,
1
.

Th ere is, h o we v er a diffe re nc e b e t we en t h e m : wh e n ,

T a l ies s in a ss e r t s t h a t he w a s pr e sen t a t t h e g re at e v e n t s
o f a l l pr e vi o u s a g e s t h a t is a n in t e lligibl e w a y o f ma g,

n if in g his o w n imp or ta nc e ; bu t wh e n h e s t a t e s t h a t h e
y
h a d g o n e t h ro u gh m a ny fo rms a n d s p e cifi e s t h a t he h a d ,

be e n a w ord a b o o k a bridge , a c o ra cle , a S wo rd a dr o p

, , ,

2
in a sh o we r, an d t h e like o n e fa ils t o s e e t h e p o in t ,

o f t h e br a g ; wher ea s A m org en is cl ea r ; f or h e w o u ld n o t
’ ’ ’
s ay ,
‘
I w a s or I h a ve b ee n b u t I a m : t hu s a m ong
‘ ‘
, ,

o t h er thi ngs h e s ays h e is t h e wind an d t h e w a v e a l o ch

, ,

o n t h e pl a in a sp ea r a t e a r o f t h e s u n
,
a n d t h e like , ,
.

S o m e d ou b tless o f t h e a ss er t i o ns he ma k e s o w e t h e ir
, ,

s t rang en e ss t o a primi t ive f o rma t i o n o f pr e dic at e wi t h ou t

t h e a id o f a p a r t icl e c o rr e sp onding t o s u ch a w o rd as
‘ ’3
lik e B u t even all owing fo r t his t h e r e r e m a in s e n ou gh
.
,

t o Sh o w t h a t we h a v e h e r e t o do wi t h t h e s elf - g l o rifi ca t ion

o f t h e chief o f t h e ini t i a t ed wh e t h e r y o u c a ll t h e m b a rds ,

o r s e ers p oe t s o r pr oph e t s ; by me a ns o f his kn o wl e dg e

,

a n d Skill in dr u idism o r m a gic he c an t ak e an fo rm h e

y ,

lik e s a n d c omm and t h e el e m en t s acc o rding t o his will

,
.

I t is in t his ligh t t h a t I w o u ld r e a d a c er ta in cl ass o f

t ran sfo rm a t i ons which T a lie s s in b oa s t s h a ving u nd e r
g o n e As t o his vi s it s t o t h e o th er w o rld h e n o t o nly
.
,

1
Bk .
fL
o eins te r, 12 b T r a ns .
f
o th e O ss ia n i c S o c f r 18 60 v 234
. o , .

M d .
’
A rb o is de J u ba i n v ill e s Cy cl e pp
’
,
. 244-6, w h ere t h e a u th o r d w e ll s

on th e p arall el and th e d iffere c e n .

2
S k e n e, ij 1 37 -44 . .

3
A b l e i n s t an c e o f thi s w ith t h e ab s en c e o f th e d e fi i te
re mark a
,
n

a rtic l e w i ll b e f u n d in t h e p
, m w h e e M i d e d es c ib es h is o w n
o oe r r r

f i ry real m fo r t h e t e xt s ee t h e Bk f th e D a n 131 b an d Win d isch s

a , . o , ,
’

I i c h e T er te pp 132-
r s 3
,
. .
5 50 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

professes t o h ave b e en in C a er S idi an d t h e Gl a ss F ort ress ,

h e n ot o nly b o a s t s h aving t aken p ar t in t h e h a rrying o f
H a d e s ; bu t it is a fa mili ar c ou ntry t o him an d he h a s ,

wit n e ss e d h o w it s inha bit a nt s , wh o m n e it h e r pl a gu e n or

d eat h can rea ch , qu aff a dri nk sweet er t h a n wine fro m
a c o pi o u s f ou n t a in wi t h which t h at s u bm a rine isl e is

bl e st 1
H e kn ows ev e ry dwa rf b e n ea t h t h e o ce an , an d
.

2
h a s obs e r ve d t h e rank a ssign e d t o ea ch This is n ot .

a l l : s o t r u ly is he a h ard t h a t he is rec o gniz e d a s s u ch ,

e v e n in t h e my t hic m o t h e r -
c o u n t ry o f al l b ardism an d
k n o wl e dge ; an d t h a t rec o gnit i on t ak e s th e t angibl e f o rm
o f a b a rdic or pr o f e ss o ri a l ch a ir r e s e rved for hi m in C a e r

3
Sidi, an d for his s u ccess ors in his pr o fe ssi on f or ever .

Bu t he h ad o t her ch a irs on e of which w as c a l l e d t h e Cha ir ,

O f Kerri d w en o f u nc e r t a in l o c a t i o n ; a n d t h e t ri a d is co m

l e t e d by on e b e l o nging t o h im c a lled t h e Ch a ir o f
p
T e y rn on which is p o ssibly t o be l o ok e d for a ls o in t h e
,

dir e ct i o n o f Ca e r Sidi a n d t h e re alm b en ea t h t h e wa ves

o f o c ea n for T ey rn on w a s on e of t h e li e g e s o f Pw
,

H ea d o f Ha d e s a cc o rding t o th e a cc ou nt in t h e Mabinog i
,

c all e d a ft e r his n a m e 4
T h e Ch a irs o f Ke rrid w en an d .

T ey rn o n are t h e s u bj e c t s of t w o p o ems in t h e B oo k of
a lie s s in 5
T .

L et u s n ow ex amine t h e T al iessin legend fr om an ot her

p o in t o f vi e w, an d b egin wit h t h e n a m e This h a s p ro .

1
Bk .
f
o T a l iess in , p oem x iv . Sk en e, ij . 1 55, an d p o em xx x ;
Sk .
fi . 18 1 .

2
Ih p o em v ij S k ij 135 from w hich one may
. . . .
, be f
re erre d al so

t o t h e Bl a c k Bo o k l i n e 4 o f p o em v S k en e ij 7
, .
, , . .

3
I h p oem x iv. Sk ij 15 4- 5 . . . .

4
R B M a b p 22 ; Gu es t iij 6 6
. . . .
, . .

5
S k en e ij 15 5- 7 1 5 8 -9
,
.
, .
552 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

Finn , which is c ont rary t o t h e ordin ary ru le t h a t regenera

1
t i o n is m o re c o mm on in Irish st o ries t h a n in W elsh o n e s .

The discrep ancy is h o we v e r n o t su ch a s t o pr e clu d e our

, ,

c o mp aring Gw ion an d Finn wit h on e an ot h e r In t h e .

firs t pl a ce, Finn w a s t h e chi ef of a band of warri ors c a ll e d

2
t h e Fia nn N ow in t his t erm Fia nn w e h av e a w ord
.

a dmi tt ing o f b e ing equ a t ed le tt er fo r le t t e r wi t h t h e

proper n a me Gw ion, th e me ani ng of which is u nk no wn

in Welsh This a l o ne d o es n o t a m ou nt t o a pro of of
.

t h e id en t it y o f th e n a m e s , b u t it bec o mes an imp o r ta nt

i t e m o f evid enc e wh en b a cked by an u nmistakabl e
p a rall e l be t we e n th e s t ories a bou t Gw ion an d Finn .

H ow Gw ion g o t his kn owledge an d p o w e r of predic t ing

t h e fu t u re by t a s t ing of t h e brew me a nt for a no ther
p ers on, th e hide ou s A va g d u h as a lr ea dy been t old an d ,

it o nly rema ins t o rel at e h ow on t h e ot her side Finn g ot

his wisd o m .

T h e princip al fee s of Finn an d t h e f amily t o whi ch he

b el onge d were c a l l e d Urg ren n s on of L u g aid C o rr, an d G011
‘ - ’
t h e O n e e y e d s on o f M o rn a an d Finn as a boy w as
wi t h difli cul t y hidd e n a wa y fr o m t hem an d t h e ir men I n .

o r der t o c o p e wit h t hem he wen t t o a p o et t o l e arn hi s

,

a rt an d Finn wh o s e n a me w a s D emne Finn t h at is D e mne 3

, , ,

1
T h ou g h Fi n n is n ot sa id t o be b
re- o rn as O s s in , th ere w as an
I ris h s t o ry w hich g ave h im a sec o n d l ife n amel y in , ,
t h e p ers o n o f an
Ul t o i an k i g c l l ed Mo n gan : s ee t h e Bk of th e D u n 133a l 34b
n n a .
,
—

l s o M d A d e Ju ba in v ill e C y cl e pp 336— 343 an d O C u r y iij 17 5

’ ’
a . . r .
,
. .
, , ,

2
A p o et is re p e s en t e d a d d res s i n g t h em as Fr n F in d s ee Bk of
r a : .

L eins ter 296 5 : t h e p oem is qu o t ed b y O C u rry ij 38 5 T h e t erm

’
, , . .

Fi n n o cc u rs as a c oll e cti ve u s e d in t h e fe mi n i n e s in g ul ar w hi l e t h e
a
,

i n d iv i du al m emb ers w ere c all ed in t h e p l u ral Fi a nn a .

3
T h e w o rd l o o k s as if it o u g h t t o b e an a b s t ra c t no un m ean i ng
as s u an c e c ert ai n t
y fro m d emin sure c ert ai n
’ ‘ ’
r , , , ,
.
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 55 3

th e F a ir or Whi t e, t old his t u t o r t h at his n am e w a s

’
D e mne . N o w t h e t u t o r s o w n n a m e w a s als o Finn , m o re
u s u ally c alled Finn E ce s o r Finn th e S ee r T h e b oy .

’
f o u nd t h e s a ge wat ching F ia c s P o o l in t h e B o yne for
t her e w a s a pr oph e cy t h a t Finn w a s t o c a t ch o n e o f t h e
S a lm ons o f Kn o wl edg e an d eat of it , wit h t h e r e s u l t t h a t
h e Sh o u ld n o l o nger b e in ign o ra nc e o f a ny thing he
migh t wish t o kn o w He h a d been wa t ching t h e p o o l
.

h
s ven years , when a t l a st he c au gh t t e l ong expec t e d
e -

fi sh . H e h and e d it t o his p u pil t o c ook, wi t h s t ric t

o r ders n o t t o t a s t e o f it s flesh ; bu t wh e n it w a s br o u gh t

h i m c o oked t h e b oy w as obliged t o c onf ess t h a t he h a d

,

in c ooking th e fish b u rn t hi s t hu mb which h e t hen pu t ,

i n his m ou t h j u s t a s Gw ion did wi th his sc a lded fing e r ;

,

h e w a s nex t ma de t o c on fe ss t h at his n a me w a s Firm ;

a n d his t u t o r p e rc e ivin g t h a t a l l hi s l a b ou r h a d b ee n
,

in v a in , h anded him t h e wh ole s a lm on t o ea t , an d pro

n oun c e d him t h e re a l Finn o f t h e pr o phecy Fr o m t h at .

d ay f o rt h , F inn , wh e never he wa n t e d t o kn o w a ny t hin g,

1
h a d o nly t o p u t his t h u mb in his m ou t h an d chew it .

In ord er t o ma ke y ou fu r t h er a cqu a in ted wi t h t h e s ou rc e

’
o f Finn s kn owledge I c oul d n o t d o be t t er t h a n q u o t e t h e
,
’ ’
f o ll o wing p a ss a ge fro m Pr o f O C u rry s L ec tur es on t h e .

2
M a nn ers an d C u st o ms of t h e Anci e n t Irish , ij 1 43: .

In t h o se very e arly t imes t h ere w a s a cert a in mys t ic al

’
f ou nt a in which w a s c alled C o nnl a s Well , (sit u a t e d , s o

1
T he i g i nal o f th e s t o ry w i l l b e fo un d p u b l i s h ed b y D r K Mey er
or . .

i n t h e R ev Cel t v 201 : s ee al s o pp 197 - 8 ; l ik ew i s e J o y c e s O l d

’
. . . .

C l tic R o ma nces pp 414-5 n o t e 25 w h ere w e are t ol d th a t L inn

e , .
, ,

F éic o r Fiac s Poo l w as n ear t h e v il l age o f S l an e

'
.
, ,

S e e al so t h e S t o k es -O D o n o van ed o f C o rmac p 35 s v C a il l
2 ’
. . .
.
, ,

C r in m on .
5 54 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

fa r as we can ga ther, in L o wer Orm ond ) As t o w h o .

t his C on u l e w a s , fro m wh o m t h e w e ll h a d it s n a me w e ,

a re n ot t old
; b u t t h e w e ll i t s e lf a ppe ars t o h a v e b ee n

r e gard e d as a n ot h e r H elic on by t h e anci e nt Irish p oet s .

Over this well t h ere grew, a cc ording t o t h e l e g end ,

nin e b eau t ifu l mys t ic al ha z e l -t re e s which ann u a lly s ent
,

f ort h t h e ir bl o ss oms an d fru it s simu lt an e ou sly T h e n u t s

.

w er e of t h e rich e st crims on c ol ou r , an d t ee med wi t h th e

kn owl e dge o f all t h at w a s r efin e d in lit erat u r e p o et ry, ,

an d art . N o s o o ner, h o w e v er , w ere t h e b e au t ifu l n u t s

pr o du c e d on t h e t re e s t h an t h ey a lways dro pp e d int o
,

t h e w ell , r a ising by t h e ir fa ll a s u ccessi o n o f shining red

b u bbl e s N ow du ring thi s t im e t h e wat er w a s always
.

f u ll o f s alm on ; an d n o s ooner did t h e b u bbles app ea r

t h an t h e se s alm o n d ar t ed t o t h e s u rfa ce an d ea t th e n u t s ,

a ft e r which t h e y m a de t heir w a
y t o t h e river .T h e

e a t ing o f t h e n u t s pr o d u c e d brilli a n t crims o n sp ot s o n

t h e b e llies of t hes e s a lm o n ; an d t o c at ch an d e a t t hes e

s a lm o n bec a m e an o bj e c t o f m o r e t h a n mer e ga s t r o n o mi c

in t ere st a mong t h o se w h o wer e a nxi ou s t o b e c o m e di s

t in g u ish e d in th e a r t s an d in li t era t u r e wi t h ou t b e ing at
t h e p a ins an d dela y of l ong s t u dy ; for th e fish w a s s u p
p o sed t o h a v e b e c ome fill e d wit h t h e kn owledge which
w a s c ont a in e d in t h e n u t s , which it w a s b eliev e d , w ou ld
,

be t ransferred in fu ll t o t h o s e w h o h a d t h e go o d fo rt u ne
t o c at ch an d e at t h e m S u ch a sa lm on w as, on t h a t
.

‘
a cc ou n t c a lled t h e E 0 Fea s a , or
,
S alm on of Kn owledg e
a n d it is t o s u ch a s alm o n t h a t w e s o me t imes mee t r e fer

e nce a m o ng o u r o l d p o e t s , wh e re , w h e n spe a king o f

o bj e c t s t h e y pre t e nd t o be a b o v e d e scrip t i o n , t hey s a y ,

‘
u nl e ss t h e y h a d e at e n o f t h e s alm o n o f kn o wledg e t h e y

c ou ld n ot do i t The au th or t hen pr o ceeds t o

5 56 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

1 ’
th e B oyne th e fo r mer w a s C We ll , of which t h e on n l a s

p a ra gr aph cit ed sp eaks, a n d a v e rse in t h e B o o k of

L einst e r describes th e t re e o v e rsh a d owing it as a m any ‘

’2
m el o di e d h az el of kn owl e dge ; it a ls o d erives th e na m e
o f t h e Sh a nn on fr o m a l a dy c a ll e d Sinann d au gh t e r o f
,

L o d o n s on of L ir t here being n o river s o c all e d t ill she

,

p resu m e d t o gaze int o th e s a cr e d we ll , when th e wa t e r

su ddenly bu rs t f or th a t t h e insu l t in p u rsu i t of her a n d
dr o wned her : t h at is h ow t h e S h ann on w as fo rm e d an d
n med A simil r s ry in t h e sa m e ma nu scrip t give s
a . a t o 3

t h e lik e a cc o u n t o f t h e c al a mit y which h app e n e d t o a l a dy

c a lled B o ann (pp 123, Sh e h ad been ra sh en ou gh
.

t o visi t t h e s e cr et w e ll , which n ob o dy du rs t d o exc ep t

N e ch t an an d his t h r e e drink- b ea rers a l one t h e inf u ri at e d
s t r e a m p ur s u ed her a cr o ss t h e c o u nt ry a s far a s t h e s ea

a n d dr o wn e d her So w a s f o rmed a n d n a med t h e river

.

B oa nn or B o yne which fil l s a gre a t pl a c e in I rish leg end,

,

a n d is ident ified by t h e wri t er o f t h e s t o ry ref e rr e d t o ,

in s o me mys t eri o u s w a y , wi th o th e r rivers kn own t o

lit erat u re s u ch a s th e Severn , th e Tiber, th e J ordan th e
, ,

E u phrat e s an d t h e Tigris , wh e reby he brin g s t h e Irish

s t r ea m int o c o nnec t i o n wi t h P a ra dis e a n d s a t isfi e s his

wish t o blend th e l e gends of h is o w n c ou nt ry wi t h t h o s e

o f o t h e r n a t i ons An ot her fo rm which th e B oyne s t o ry
.

t o ok w a s t o t h e effe c t t h a t t his m o s t mys t ic of Irish

4
rivers t ra versed th e wh o le w o rld in s e v e n ye a rs .

With th e I rish s o u rce of kn owl e dge , so j e al ou sly

1
S ee O C
’
u rry s
’
M a nners , & c ij 1 44, . . an d c om p are t h e s t ori es of th e
S h an n o n an d t h e Bo y n e in t h e B k .
f
o L ei ns ter, 15 6 a an d 1 91 a .

L eins ter, 15 6 a , l i n e 17
’
2
Bk .
f
o f a il co ll n ecs i ni l ch eol ach .

3
Ih . 191 a .
4 J oy c e , O l d C el t ic R omances, p . 18 8 .
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 5 57

gu a rd e d fr om t h e gaze of w om e n may perh aps b e co m ,

p a re d wh a t is s a id in ol d N ors e li t era t u re r es p e c t ing th e

’
f ou n ta in of W o d en s wi s d o m as d e scribed in t h e p a s sa g e s
,

br ou gh t t o ge th e r by Vig fu ss on an d P o well in their

Vo l osp a Rec on s t ru c t ed t o t h e f o ll owing e ffe c t :
,
“
Wh ere
is t h e chi e f ab o d e or sanc tu ary o f th e g o ds ? I t is a t
t h e Ash Yg g s s te ed wh e re t h e g o ds h e ld t heir c o u r t
’
,

every da y This Ash is t h e grea t e st a n d b e st o f t r e es ;

.

it s limbs S pre a d o ver al l th e w o rld a n d t hr ee r oot s of it ,

s t re t ch a cro ss th e h ea v en , an d h old it u p a n d s t re t ch w on
d erf u l l y far O n e t u rns t owa rds t h e Anses , t h e s e c o nd
.

t o wa rds t h e Rim e - o gres wh e re o nce t h e Y a wning G u lf

,

w a s b u t t h e t hird s t r e t ches o ver Cl ou d -

,
wo rld an d H w er ,

gelm e [C au ldro n -Wh el me r] is u nd e r this r o o t an d Fel on ,

c u tt er [t h e sn ak e] gna w s t h e b o t to m o f t his r oot Bu t .

u nder t h e r oo t t h a t t r ends t o w a rds t h e Rim e - o gres is

’
Mim s B u rn , wh er e in is wisd o m a n d u nd ers ta nding an d ,

h e t h a t o wns t h e b u rn is n a m e d Mim he is fu ll o f kn o w
ledge b e c au s e h e drinks fr o m t h e bro ok ou t o f th e Ye ll
,
” 1
h o rn . Here th e c o mm u nic at i o n wi th t h e wh ol e w o rld ,

w hi ch I rish p a ga nism le av e s t o t h e mys t ic riv e r, is

r epl a ced by t h e migh ty ra mi fica t i o ns of a v a s t w orld

t r e e ; bu t we a re chi efly in t eres ted in t h e p a ss a ge r e pr o
se n t ing Wo d e n s o gr ea t ly c o v e t ing th e w a t er o f wisd o m
t h a t for o n e dra u gh t a l o n e h e pl e dg e d his e y e t o t h e
gi ant w h o own e d it I t is t hu s p u t in Vig fu ss on an d
.

P ow ell s Rec ons t r u c t i o n o f t h e Vol o sp a

’ 2

W ll I e k now , Wo d en ,
w h ere th o u d i ds t hi d e t h i n e ey e ,
in t h e b l es s e d
Burn of M im

1 Vig fu ss o n Po w e ll
’
s C o rp us Po e t B o r
. . ij . 634, w h ere th e c
s o u r es

of th e s e v e ra l p as s a g e s a re i v en
g .

2
Vig fus s o n Po w el l , ibi d p . . 6 23.
558 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

I see a r ver
“

i
p ou ri n g f th a s t eam of l o amy w at er ou t o f t h e p l ed ge
or r

o f t h e L o d o f H o tsr s .

k n o w w h ere H e i md all s H orn is hi d d en u n der t h e s h ad o w y H o l y

’
I
T re e
M im d ri n k s ou t o f c
t h e l an g in g H o rn 9. d ra ugh t of mead ev ery morn
i n g f r om t h e B u r n
”
.

A l l t his gre e s f a irly w ell , d e spit e t h e myt hic t ree o f

a

t h e a ncien t N o rs e m e n b e ing a n a sh wit h t h e anci en t ,

Irish id ea which t ra c e d sci enc e an d wisd o m bey o nd th e

,

S a lm on an d e v e n t h e h o ly wat er in which h e swa m t o

, ,

a Tr ee o f Kn o wl e dge t h a t o v e rsh a d o w e d it s b anks

m or e c orrect ly speaking t o nin e t ree s ; an d t his is t o b e,

sp e ci a lly n ot iced a s it s e ems t o give a clu e t o th e mea n

,

ing The S alm on o f L lyn L l y w h a d m or e t o sa y t h a n

.

’
t h e ot h e r a nci e n t s qu est i o n e d by Ar th u r s m en b e c au s e ,

h e h ad liv e d l o nger in t h e w o rld ; an d h e re pr ob a bly t h e

nine h az els are t o be r e gard e d a s symb olic o f t im e t h e ,

bringe r o f exp eri ence a n d t h e gr eat t ea cher of al l T h e .

f
nu mber nine r e ers here I t ake it , t o t h e nine nigh t -
,

we ek of th e anci e nt s a s it d oe s als o in t h e c a se o f
,

a n ot h e r s our c e o f kn o wl e dg e t h e w o nd e rfu l C a u l dr o n o f
,

t h e He a d o f H a d e s , t h a t w a s k e p t b o iling by t h e br ea t h
o f nin e m a id e ns
(p t h e se a re
. t o b o rr o w o t h e r ,

t e rms t h e N in e M u ses of th e Gr ee k cl a s s ics a n d t h e

, ,

N in e M a id en M ot hers of H e imd al wh o m th e No rsem en ,

o f o l d s o m e t imes rega rd e d a s t h e firs t birt h o f t ime , t h e

father of princes ch u rls an d t hralls a lik e

,
.

We l eft T al ie s sin an d Gw ion placed r e spect ively o ver

a g a inst O ss in an d Finn Bey o nd t h e a cc ou n t o f Gw io n
.

t a st ing o f t h e c on t e nt s of t h e C au ldron of Scienc e s , an d

t h e u n fa iling kn o wl e dg e h e t h e r eby a cqu ir e d of a ll c o m
ing e v ent s t h e r e ferenc e s t o his n ame in We lsh lit erat u re
,

a re s o obsc u r e t h at w e le a rn li tt l e fr o m t hem Th ey .
5 60 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

fairies and th e dem ons of th e spir i t wo rld ; wherea s it is

imp o ssibl e t o id ent ify Gw ion or T alie s sin wit h t h at re
’
el l en t p e rs o n a g e or wi th an t her perh a ps bu t Gw n s
p , y o , , y
d irect ant a g o nis t th e Su n -g od Bri e fly p u t , th e expl ana
,
.

t i on is t h a t t h e Irish h a v e c o nf ou nded t w o Fin ns of t h e

,

m o st inc o mp at ible cha ra c t ers u nd er t h e on e na me Finn .

‘ ’
me ans whit e or fa ir , a s it s We lsh c ou nt e rp a r t n u
me a ns als o whit e b u t wh et her t h e W e lsh ever c a lled
Gw ion by t h e n a m e Gwy n o r Gw ion n u I c ann o t ,

say : if t h e y did t h e y mu st h a ve in t im e dr opp e d it in

,

o rd e r t o a v o id t h e s o r t o f c o nf u si o n which I su pp o s e t o

ha v e a risen on Irish grou nd The proof th a t t his cor

.

re c t l represen t s t h e Irish c a se is t o be fou nd in t h e fa c t

y ,

t h at t h e st o ri e s a b ou t Finn d ivide t hemselv e s in t o t w o

grou ps na mely , (1) t h o se c o nne c t ed wi th a Gw ion -Fin n
,

( or D e imn e F inn , c o rresp o nding t o Gw io n , ) bu t esp e

cia l l y t h a t c o nc e rning his a cqu isi t i o n of t h e p o w e r o f

divina tio n, an d (2) t h o s e rel a t ing t o a Gwyn-Finn (or

Finn E ces, c orr esp onding t o Gwyn ab N ud ) su ch , for ,

e x a mpl e a s t h e l o ng s t o ry o f t h e a n t a g o nism be t we e n
,

Finn a n d Diarmait T h e fri en d ship of t h e l a t t er a s a

.

S o l a r H er o wi t h Finn a s a S ol a r or C u l t u re He ro ,

wo u ld ha v e a n al o gie s o n Irish gr o u nd ; bu t t h e ir m u t u a l
h o s t ili t y at a n o th e r t ime in t heir his t o ry wo u ld b e very
difficu l t, myt h ol o gic a lly spe aking t o expla in : why for
, ,

ins ta nc e sh ou ld Grainn e, w h o w a s betr othed t o Finn

, ,

el ep e wit h Diarmait on t h e nigh t when sh e w a s t o b e

’
w e dd e d t o Finn , an d t h en b e c o m e Finn s wi fe y ea rs l at e r,
a f t er D ia rma it h a d died u nd e r circ um s t a nc e s t h a t pl a c e d

it in Finn s p o wer e a sily t o s a ve his lif e ? Wh y sh ou ld

’

Finn h a v e e mpl oyed in t h e p u rs u i t o f D iarma it divers e

kinds of wi t ches an d u ncanny bea s t s , at t h e s ame t ime
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 561

t h at he f ail e d t o Sh ake t h e fri endship o f his o w n s on

O s s in o r o f his gra nd s o n O sc ar for Diarma it ? As s oo n
a s we t r ea t Finn here as t h e c ou n t erp a r t o f Gwyn , it a l l

bec o mes pl a in a n d finds its p ar all e l pr o d u ced s o mewh at

, ,

in t h e o th er dir e c t i o n it is t r u e , n o t o nly in t h e S t ory

,

a lr ea dy m e n t i o n e d o f L le u an d his wif e Bl o d e u e d b u t in ,

o n e wh e re t h e g o d o f d a rkness a n d d ea th a pp e ars a s

a princip a l u nder t h e very n a me Gwyn which n o w

eng ag e s o u r a t t ent i o n His a nt a g onis t, o cc u pying t h e

.

p o si t i o n c orresp o nding t o t h at o f D ia rmait in t h e Irish

t al e is giv e n t h e n a me O f Gwy th ur va b Greidia w l , which
,

m a y be Englished V ic t or son o f Sc o rch e r , n o t a v e ry

in appr opri at e d esigna t i on for t h e s u mmer s u n ; an d t h e
wh o le epis o d e a s in c orp or at ed in t h e st ory of Ku lh w ch
,
1
,

wh ere al on e it o cc u rs discl oses s u ch a vist a o f a nci ent

,

sa vagery an d e nds wit h s u ch a qu aint a rrangemen t

, ,

t h a t I m ake b old t o q u ot e it a t leng t h a s fo ll o ws “

A ,
—

li tt l e pr e vi ou sly , C reid y l a d , d au gh t er o f L l fi d o f t h e
Silver Ha nd h a d go ne wi th Gw yt h u r ab Greidiaw l
,

b u t b ef o r e he h a d sl ep t wi th her, Gwyn ab N fi d c a me
a n d t o o k her a wa y by f o rce Gw y th u r ga th ered a h o s t
.

to ge t h e r an d c a me t o give b at tle t o Gwyn The l a tt e r .

p re va il e d , an d c a u gh t Gre id ab Eri Gl inn eu eil T aran , ,

Gw rgw st L e dl w m an d Dy v n a rt h his s on H e c a u gh t .

also ab N e th a w c an d w th on t o g e t h e r wi t h ,

Ky l e dr t h e Wild w t h on s s on : he kill e d w th o n
,
’
,

t o ok o u t his he ar t a n d forced Ky l e dr t o ea t his f at her s ’

h ear t : it w a s t heref ore Ky l e dr bec a me wild an d l ef t

t h e a b o d e s o f men This w a s t o ld A r th u r an d he c a me
.
,

t o t h e N or th , s u mm oned Gwyn t o his pr e sence , relea sed

1
R . B hi a b. . p . 134 ; Gu es t , ij 305 . .

2 o
5 62 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

his knigh t s from his pris on, an d ma d e pea ce b et w een

Gwyn an d Gw y th u r Th a t p ea c e w a s m a d e on t hi s wise :
.

’
t h e d a ms e l w a s t o r e m a in at h er fa t h er s h o u se u nt ou ch e d
by e it her p a rt y They w er e t o fight for her on th e
.

C a l ends of May e v ery y ea r t h encefort h t ill t h e Day o f

D o o m , an d he w h o Sh o u ld pr o ve vic t o ri ou s on t h e Da y
”
o f D o o m w a s t o t ake t h e d a m s el t o wif e S u ch is t h e .

st ory , bu t t o discu ss it h er e w o u ld t a k e u p a gr ea t
d eal o f ou r t im e so a rema rk or t w o mu st sufii ce .

’
Th ou gh Gw y th u r s n am e s ee ms t o be t h e W elsh e qu iva
l ent o f t h e L at in w ord vic tor Gw y th u r is n ot e xpr e ssly ,

d e scribed a s vic t ori ou s lik e C o n a ll su rn a m e d Gern a ch or

, ,

t h e Triu mph a nt ; bu t t h e a ct of fight ing o n t h e C a l e nds o f

'

M ay me a nt vict ory fo r him ; an d if w e h a d t h e my t h in

’
a m or e ex t e nded f o rm Gwyn s vic t o ry wo u ld b e fo u nd
,

t o h a ppen at th e beginni ng of win t er In ot her w ords .

,

t h e Su n - g o d sh o u ld r e c o v e r his brid e a t t h e b e ginning o f

su mmer af ter his a nt a g onist h a d ga ined p o ssessi o n o f

h er at t h e b e ginning o f wint er In an anci ent p oe m in .

t h e Bl a ck B o o k of C a rma r t h e n , Gwyn is m a d e t o giv e his

na me a s H ad Gwy n , t h e Whi t e Sp e ll or Whit e Ma gic
‘ ’
,

1
an d t o c a ll hims e lf t h e l o v e r o f C reu rdil a d as th e l ad i
y ,
’
t here c al led The n a m e is t o b e r e c o gniz e d in Sh a k sp ear s
.

C ord el ia , t h ou gh t h e s t o ry , a s it r ea ch e d t h e gr e at d ra ma
t is t , h a d c on fo u nd e d L l ud wi t h L lyr or L e ar w h o als o h a d ,

2
dau gh t ers w h o figu re in Cel t ic r om ance Bu t t h e fa t h e r .

1
S k ene, ij 5 4, w h ere t h e
. i gi n al
or ru n s t hu s
h u d im g el w ire g u i n m ab n u d
‘
.

rt erch c reu rd il ad m e rch l u t

’
g o .

2
For i n st an ce ,
in t h e I i s h t al e
r of th e Chi l dren of L ir, p u b l i sh ed
by O C
’
u rry in t h e A t l a n t is , iv . 1 13- 1 5 7 , an d in J y ce so
’
O ld Cel t ic
R o ma n c es , pp . l -
36 .
564 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

’
gu e ss e d t h a t t h e ing eni ou s w ording o f th e b oy s u tt erance
be t ok e n e d c o ming gr eat n e ss , an d t ha t A it h ern e, w h o
w ou ld pr ob ably be o f t h e s am e opini o n , wo u ld c o me a s ,

h e f ea r e d t o kill t h e b oy in o rd e r t o a v o id t h e ri s e o f a
,

p o s s ibl e rival So it w a s t h ou ght exp e di ent t o t ak e t h e

.

b oy o u t of t h e w ay , a n d his sis t er t o ok him t o t h e s ea

n ea r Sli e v e Mis in th e s o u th , which mu s t m ean e it h e r
t h e Ba y o f D ingl e or of T ral e e in t h e w e s t o f K erry whil e , ,

his fa th er m a d e an e ar th en ima g e o f him which w a s ,

dr e ss e d u p t o c o u n t erf e i t A m o rg en a sl ee p cl o s e t o wh ere
E c c e t w a s a t w o rk I t w a s n o t l o ng ere A ith ern e c a m e
.
,

a s a n t icip a t e d : it w a s o s t e nsibly t o h a v e w o rk d o n e by
’
t h e smit h ; bu t a f t e r r e c e iving fr o m t h e l a tt er s h a nds
a n a x e fi ni sh e d a n d h af t e d h e ga v e a bl o w wi t h it t o t h e
,

su pp o s e d child : t his w a s a ss u m e d t o h a v e kill e d it an d ,

A ith ern e w a s p u rsu e d t o his h o u s e an d t h e n obles o f ,

Uls t e r u nd ert o o k t o fix th e e ric which h e w a s t o p ay t o

t h e smi t h an d t h e l a t t e r s o m an a g e d t h e m a tt e r t h a t
,

A ith ern e w a s b ou nd t o incl u d e in t h e e ric a n e ng a g e m en t

’
t o edu c at e a s on of E cc et s u nt il h e sh ou ld be e qu a l t o t h e
p oet hims elf in his pro f e ssi on Wh en t his h a d r e c eiv e d .

t h e u su a l s anc t i on A m org en w a s fe t ch e d an d d e live r e d

,

t o A it h ern e t o b e br ou gh t u p by him S o oner o r l a te r .

A m org en l o s t his hide o u sn e ss , an d h e even tu ally b e c a m e

t h e chi e f of t h e pr o fe ssi on a l m en o f U ls t e r ; an d wh en
1

1 T h e t al eccu rs at l en gt h i t h e Bk of L ein s ter l l 7 b 1 18 a an d

o n .
, , ,

b ri fly i C o mac s Gl o a ry (S t o k es-O D on ov an e d iti on ) p 8 5 w h e e

e n r
’
ss
’

, .
, r
,

b es i d s o th e d iffe ren c es A m o gen s ag e is a i d t o h av e b ee s even

e r ,
r
’
s n .

T h e n am e o f t h e s m ith v ari es i t h e M S S b et w een B ecet E ch e an d

n .
,
n

E cu l I s h o u l d g u es s t h e c or e ct s p el l i g s t o h av e b een B ecet a d Bocen

r n n
,

c o p o d i g t o p os s ibl e W l s h fo rms A d ga n t a d A d g n t h e l tt e r
rre s n n e n a , a

o f w hich o cc u s as A ty a n in t h e L ives o h C m b -
r
f t e a ro B rit S a in ts .

(L l
a n dov e y r ,
p 88 . .
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 5 05

they c omp et ed for t h e fo s tering o f C rich u l a inn h e is m a d e

t o d e scribe hi ms elf a s fa med for pr o w e ss in a rms a s w ell
1
a s wi s d o m an d e l o qu ence o f speech .

N o w in t h e W e lsh t a le o f T a l ie s s in t h e fa ther o f t h e
2
,

u gly b o
y A v a d u w a s a n o blem a n c a ll e d T o gid t h e B a ld
g
o f Pe n tl n wh o se a b o de w a s wh e re B a l a L ak e n o w li e s
y , ,
’
a n d E cce t s g o rge ou sly dr e ssed d a u gh t er in t h e Iri s h v e r
’
si on is m a t ch e d by T eg id s da u gh t e r C re irw y , w h o w as th e
h ands o mes t w o m an o f her t ime T e g id h a d h o we v e r .
, ,

mo re t h a n on e u gly s on , fo r A v a g d u h a d a br o t h e r c a ll e d
M o rvr an which lit erally me ans a s ea -cr o w o r c o rm or a n t
, .

3
O f h im it is s a id t h a t he h a d th e l u ck t o be on e o f t h e
t hr e e wa rri ors w h o esc aped fr o m t h e B a t t le o f C a ml a n ;
f o r his a pp e ar ance preven t ed a nyb o dy fr o m t ou ching him ,
a s he w a s t a k e n t o be an au xilia ry d e vil fr o m h e ll : he

w a s h a iry al l o ver, lik e a s t ag His br ot h e r A v ag d u .

w a s pr o b a bly s t ill m ore hid e o u s , sinc e we le arn t h a t his

l a ck of p ers ona l a t t ra c t i ons w a s perc ep t ibl e e ven t o his
m o ther Kerridw en w h o a cc o rdingly exer t e d h ers e lf t o
,

bring hi m u p e nd owed wi th t ranscenden t t a lent s I t .

is t o be n o t iced t ha t in t h e I rish ta le t h e m ot h er is
n o t o nce ment i o n e d e v e ry t hing b e ing lef t t o t h e f a t her
,

a n d his d a u gh t er n e i t her o f wh o m d o es a ny t hing in t h e

,

Welsh v ersi on bu t it is s o m e t hin g t o be abl e t o pl a c e

E cce t th e S oot y Smi t h o v e r a g a ins t T o gid t h e B a l d o f ,

wh o m Welsh lit era t u re s a ys li t t l e The firs t p ar t of .

t h e s t ory o f A m e rg e n is j u s t t h e r e v e rs e o f t h at o f L l eu or
C uch u l a inn wi th t h e ir pr e c o ci ou s gr ow th , o r t h a t o f F in ,

1
Wi n d i s ch p 142 , . .

Gu e s t s l il b iij 321 35 6
2 ’
a . .
,
.

3
R B h i b p 108 ; G ues t ij
. . a . .
,
. 26 1 T ria d s , iij 8 3
. .
566 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

w h o w as a r oyal ch ampi o n at th e ag e of nine ; for at th e 1

’
a g e o f seven A m org en w a s, a cc o rding t o one of C o rm a c s
’
versi ons , n o bigger t h an a m a n s fi s t ; an d it c ont ra st s
e qu a lly wi t h t h e s t o ry o f T al iess in an d M aen , w h o w e re

e nd o wed wi t h t h e p ower o f spe e ch fr o m t h e h ou r o f t h e ir

bir th G o ddesses of t h e cl a ss of Ari anrh o d an d Du ben h a d

.

children o f t w o kinds , r e present ing d a rkn e ss an d ligh t

r e sp e c t ively ; an d A m org en sh ou ld be t h e c o u n t erp a r t o f

D yl an an d C ore . In fa ct t h e st ory o f his b e ing t ak en t o

,

t h e s ea w e s t of Kerry c o mp a r e s c ur i ou sly wi t h C o rc t ak e n
o u t o f Erinn t o a n isl et o n t h e s ame c o a s t Wh et h er he .

u nd e rwent , whi l e in t h e wes t , an y ch ange c o rr esp o nding

t o t h at of C ore cle ansed of t h e t a in t o f hi s inces t u ou s

o rigin , we a re n ot t o ld ; n or d o we kn ow h o w or when

he g ot rid of th e indescrib able hide ou sness of hi s p ers on .

The m ore u su al versi ons of t h e my t h w ou ld su ggest t w o

b oys on e a hid e ou s cre at u re like A morg en , an d t h e o ther
,

his br ot h er, chu bby an d xa nth ou s ; for it is n ot t o be

b eli e ved t h at th e st ory gav e an y warrant for t h e change
of t h e o n e ch a r a c t er int o t h e o t h e r .

S o me h elp t o g et o ver t h e diffi c u lt y will be f ou n d in

’
a vi e w which t h e Irish s o me t im e s t o o k o f t h e p o et s ar t ,

n a m ely, when t h e y t reat ed it a s a pers onific at i on at first

repellent , b u t ra di ant at a l at er st a ge an d fair t o b eh old .

Thu s an Irish p o et c alled S ench an w as, a t t h e m om ent of

h is emb arking once on a t ime for t h e Isl e o f Ma n , a sk e d
’
free p a ss age by a y ou t h t o wh o m th e p o e t s r et inu e ga v e
a wide bert h a s s oon a s his requ es t w a s gra n t ed It .

t u rned ou t t h at on all o cc a si o ns wh e n S ench an w a s lik e ly

t o be h ar d p u t t o in m at t ers of skill in his ow n art , t h e

M ag h L pp 68 -7 1
’ ’
1 O C u rr
y s ena , . .
568 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

t h a t is t o W o ndr
sa o u s H ea d- dr a g o n or L e a d e r Thi s
y, .

comp a ris o n is al l t h e m o re r e lev a nt a s Uthr Ben repre

s e n t s himself in t h e T alies s in p o em a s b a rd , h arper ,

pip e r, cr owder in a w ord , seven -s c ore pr o fessi o nals al l

—

in on e, an idea t o be fa in t ly t raced in th e Mabin o g i

o f Br anwen , when it m akes Br an , o n his expedi t i o n t o

I rel and , wa de acr oss wit h th e mu sicians of hi s c ou rt on

his sh ou lders (p an d when it a f t erw a rds r e pr e sen t s
.

’
Bran s hea d , de t a ched fro m his b o dy , ke e ping his men
1
c o mp any for m any y ears O u t side C el t ic lit erat u re on e
.

’
ma y c omp are t h e N o rs e s t ory of Mim s h ea d c o nversing
wi th W o den an d t elling him m any secret s, bu t e speci ally
2

’
t h at of W o den s visi t t o t h e de a d sibyl t o inqu ir e a b ou t
3
t h e f u t u re of his son B alder On t h at o cca si o n Wo d en .

“ ’
ro de t o t h e sp ot where he knew t h e S ibyl s b arrow
st o o d He fell t o ch ant ing t h e m ight y spells t h at m ov e
.

t h e D e a d , t ill she r o se all u n w illing , an d her c orpse

s p oke :
‘
Wh a t m ort al is it , wh o m I kn ow n ot , t h at h at h
p u t me t o t his we a ry j o u rney ? I h a ve been sn o wed on

wi th t h e sno w I h a ve been b eat en wit h th e ra in, I h ave

,
”
been drench e d wi t h th e d ew , l on g h a ve I been de a d .

We c anno t here ent e r f u lly int o t h e qu est i o n of th e

4
a ssimil at i o n o f a divini t y o f d eat h t o a c o rpse b ut
,
’
en ou gh h as been sa id t o expl ain h ow A morg en s s t ory
h a s a p ar allel in t h at of th e Sp iritus P oema tis , an d on t h e
’
W e lsh side we ha ve A m org en s c ou nt erp ar t in A va g d u ,
’
t h ou gh th e prep a r at i on for t h e l at t er s in t ellec t u a l e nd o w
ment is in t erru pt ed in th e st ory of Gwion We ga th e r, .

1
R . B . Ma b . pp . 35, 40-
2 Gu es t , iij 117 , 1 24-8
. .

2
Vigfu s s on Po w el l , Corp us Po et Bo r ij 636
. . . .
3 Ib. i . 18 2 .

4
O ne of t h e Bre t on w ord s fo r d eat h , ar ma ro, is in p oin t , as it
i
l te ral l y m ean s ‘
t h e d ead .
’
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 56 9

’
h o wever , from a bea st of his m other s in on e o f t h e
T a l iess in p o ems th a t it w as s o far res u med t h a t h e w a s
1

e n a bl e d t o be vic t o ri ou s a m o ng hi s b ardic riva ls Bu t I .

a m f o rced t o le a ve u nexpl a ined t h e discrep a ncy t h a t , whil e

’
A m org en s t u t o r A it h ern e is t o be reg arded a s a C u l t u re
H ero I h a ve hesi t at ingly t o t re a t Gw ion a s a f o rm of t h e
,

Su n - g o d A w o rd o
.r t w o m u s t n ow be d e v ot ed t o a n o ther
’
A mo rg en for we fo u nd T al ies sin s ex t raordin ary pre t e n
,

si ons an d t r ans format i ons m a t ch e d in I rish by t h es e o nly

o f A m org en t h e Whi t e - kneed, p o et an d br eh o n o f t h e
Mil e si a n inva ders o f Erinn (p The T u at h a D é .

D an ann o f t h a t t ime are d e scribed a s u nder t h e r u le of

t hr e e chi efs c al led Ma c Gr e ine , ‘
Son of t h e Sun ; M ac
’

C u il l Son of D es tru c t i on a n d Ma c C ech t

‘
, Son of t h e ,

Pl ou gh a t hr e e -fold a rrangement whi ch in s ome me a su re

rec alls th e three dep ar t men t s of Z eu s , Po sid on an d Plu to ,
in Gre ek my th ol o gy Wh en t h e T u a th a D e Dan anu are
.

’
defeat ed by t h e Milesians A irem th e Pl o u ghm a n is
‘
,

m a d e t h e sl a yer o f Ma c C ech t Eb er of Ma c C u ill , an d ,

A m org en of Ma c Gr e ine , wher eby it w a s me a n t t o O pp o se

A m org en , s o t o s ay , t o Ma c Gr e ine ; an d his s ol a r n a t u re
ma y p e rh aps be in fe rr e d fr o m t hi s a s well as fr o m his
e pi th e t He is s a i d t o h ave been an imp a rt ial br eh on
.

2
a n d t o h ave delivered t h e firs t j u dgm e n t in Erinn In .

an
y c a se h e seems t o h a ve h a d n o t hing in c omm on
, ,

e xc ep t his n a me an d t h e a t t rib u t e o f p o e tr y , wi t h t h e

p u pil of A ith ern e The l att er A morg en b el ongs t o t h e

.

U l toni an cycl e an d t h e o t h er o cc u rs in s t ori e s, which ,

,

c o nn e c t e d a s th ey are wi t h t h e s ou th -wes t pl a c e Am or ,

1
No . x vi : s ee S k en e, ij . 15 8 .

2
Bk .
f
o L ei ns ter, 1 2b— 13b M dA .
’
. dc J ubain vil l ’
es Cy c l e pp
, .

242-6 1 .
57 0 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

’
g e n s l anding in Ke rry , an d hi s first b at t le near th e
m ou nt a ins c a lled Sli e ve Mis The n a me A morg en se em s .

t o h a v e lit era lly m eant a w onder- ch ild , an d thi s w ou ld

’
a pply e qu ally w e ll t o E ccet s u gly pr o geny an d t o Am o r

en t h e Whi t e - kn ee d , wh o se pre t ensi ons res e mble t h o se

g
o f T a l ies sin , a n d wh o se bir t h a n d infancy ma y h a v e

f orme d th e bu rden of a s t ory like t hat of T alie ssin One .

m ay here c o mp ar e L u g t ermed p a r ex cell ence t h e child of

vic t ory , which in its t u r n vividly rec a lls th e c areer of
1

t h e n e wly - b orn Ap oll o, m ast er of th e lyre a s well a s of

u nerring a rr ows .

TH E S T R A T I FI C A T I O N or S O L A R MYT H S .

This l e c tu re w ou ld be inc ompl et e wit h ou t s o me a ll u

s i o n t o t h e fa c t t h a t t h ou gh C e l t s an d T eu t o ns a ppe a r
,

t o h ave o rigin a lly h a d t h e s a me n ot i o n o f a Sun - o

g ,d
whi ch w as like wise Aryan , pr ob ably, in t h e wid e st s ens e
o f t h e w o rd ; t h e y h a ve a ls o h a d a h a bit m o r e o r les s

g enera l of t reat ing t h e s u n a s a f e male I h a ve been .

s ea rchi ng in v a in a m ong t h e e ver -growing ma ss of writ

ings o n Arya n myt h ol o gy for a n y cle ar rec o gnit i on of
t his t w o - fold t r eat ment The t he ory I ha ve b ee n fo rc e d .

t o form is, t h at t h e my t hs ab ou t t h e s u n u nd e r s u ch

1
It o cc u rs in t h e Briti s h M u s eu m M S H . a rl . 5 28 0, fol 6 3a .
(52a )
,

as g ein m bu a d a , o r ld chi
ict ory ; an d A morgen n al y s ed may b e
of v a

e xp i w o n d rf u l chi ld an at t e t e d d es c ripti o n
’
l a n e d as g ein n —a mra , ‘
e ,
s

o f a n o t h er p ers o n : s ee Wi n d i s c h p 5 90 s v g ein a d S t ok es T h ree

’
,
.
, . .
,
n

I ri h Gl ossa ri es p l x
s iij ,
Gei n m ak s g ene i t h e g n iti v e an d is a
. xx . n e , .

n e u t er o f t h e s a me o ri i n an d fo ma ti o n a s t h e L a ti n g en u s g en eris
r
g ,

b u t t h e c orres p on d i n g I ri h d e c l en s i o n b ei n g l ittl e u s ed s o m e u n ce
s ,
r

t ai n ty prev a il ed as t o t h e c as e-en d i gs an d t h e n om i n at i v e app ears as

n ,
'

A mo g en e a d A morgin o r A ma i rg i
r n as w ell as A morg en : s ee Wi n
n,

d i s ch p 8 7 0 s v
, .
, . .
57 2 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

th e highest an d l owest p owers of shi ni ng , or th e u tt er

m o st p o l e s of ou r imagin at ion in t h at resp e c t T he .

o t her C e l t s u s e a different w ord , which is c omm o n t o

t h e m wi t h m a ny o ther Ary a n nat i ons : in W e lsh it is

‘ ’
h a u l, su n , f orm e rly h eu l, O C orni sh h ou l , h eu u l, Bre t o n .

’ ’
h eo l : t h e G ot hic w o rd w a s s a uil an d t h e O N ors e s ol, ,
.

whence th e m o dern D anish an d S wedish is s ol a ls o ; t o

t h e s e mu s t be a dded th e L i t h u a ni an s da te (fo r s a u lfa ) an d
t h e L at in s ot Of t h e se w ords th e L at in is ma sc ul ine,
.

t h e G ot hi c neu t er , an d t h e Sc a ndin a via n o n e s f e minine

in fa c t , on e of th e Eddic p o et s sp eaks of m or e t h a n on e
fe ma le su n, a s f oll ows 1 ‘
The Su n [S61] sha ll bea r a
d au gh t er ere t h e W olf des tr o y h er ; t h at m a id sh a ll ride ,
wh e n t h e p o wers h a ve p a ssed a way , al ong t h e p at hs of
’
her m o ther .

I t ma y be rem arked next t h at t h e w ord u sed in t h e

Bryt h onic l angu age s is m a scu line, exclu siv ely m a sc u line
if on e f oll ow t h e dic t i on ari e s ; b u t I have n o d o u b t t h at it
w a s fo rm erly feminin e in t h e m al l , t h ou gh I ca n o nly pro ve
2
it wit h r e ga rd t o We lsh , in which t h e s un is s t ill s o me
t imes sp oken of in t h at gender : I h a ve hea rd it n o w

1 Corp u s Poet B or (Grimn is -Mal ) i 68

. .
, . .

T h at h a u l s u n w a s at o n e ti me fe m i n i n e i t h e l i t erary l an gu ag e
2 ’
, ,
n

is p rov e d b ey o n d d ou bt by a p as s ag e in B ru t y T y wy s og io n an d con ,

t ai e d in man u s c ript s d at i g a s l at e as t h e en d o f th e fo urt een th c e n t u ry

n n .

I n t h e R o ll s e d iti o n (L o d o n 1 8 60) it e a d s n Y y u l 6y dy n h on o
,
r — “
n n

d u 6 C a l an M e i y y mu d a éd y r h e l y l l i6 ac y dy w a 6 t rei n o t e i
‘
s u ,
rn

diffy c . I f h e l h a d b ee m as c l i
”
u w e s h o u ld h av e l i é a d a rn a é
n u n e, n

for ll ié an d ern i A referen c e t o t h e even t o cc u s al s o in t h e M yvy i a n

. r r ,

i ij 5 7 7
. T h e en t ry is u n d er t h e y ear 1 1 8 5 an d it is a p ro p o s o f a n
.
,

e cl ip s e o f t h e s u n A dd t o thi s a c u i o u s p ass age t o o l o g t o q o t e

. r n u ,

w hich o cc u rs in t h e R ed B oo k c o l 5 1 6 l i n es 1 1— 19 , L as tl y D a b
.
,
.
, .

Gw i l y m a d d ress es a p o e m t o t h e s u n as a s h e in t h e c o u rs e o f w hich h e ,

i n v o k es h er s Ymmerod res T é o r th e E mp res s o f Warm We t h er

a
'

s, a .
 v . TH E SUN m an o . 57 3

and th e n in my n a t ive c ou n ty o f C ardigan wh er e o n e ,

ma y a ls o h e a r a riddl e in which t h e s u n a n d t h e m o o n
a re a ll u d e d t o a s a g old - h e a d e d m a id an d a silver -h ea d e d
y o u t h re sp e c t iv ely Engli s hmen o f t h e presen t d ay
.

t hink it s t rang e t h a t t h e Germ a ns w h o u s e t h e s am e ,

wo rd a s th e y d o sh ou ld never th el e ss m ake it a feminin e

,

s om e f o rg e t t ing t h a t t heir o w n a nc e s t o rs did t h e s a m e

,

- ‘ ’
t hing for t h e An gl o S a x o n s zmne
,
su n w a s a lw ays
, ,

f eminine The ch ang e fro m t h at gend e r t o th e m a sc u lin e

.

t o ok pl a ce p o s s ibly u nd e r t h e infl u ence o f L a t in a n d t h e

R o m anc e l ang u a g e s an d in W e lsh u nd e r th e infl u enc e
,

o f L a t in an d English The L a t in s ol as alr e ady s t a t ed

.
, ,

w a s a lwa ys m a sc u lin e an d s o w a s t h e Gr eek fih

’

,
wh e ther o s,

e t ym o l o gic a lly r e l a t e d t o it or n o t whil e S a nskri t n o t

,

o nly c alls t h e s un s ary a an d s ary a, m a sc u lin e a n d fe mi

nin e r e sp e c t ively bu t als o s oa r, ne u t er

,
Add t o t his .

t h e fa c t t h a t t h e o l d Sl a v o nic w o rd w a s als o a n eu t e r
’
s l an zco wi t h which t h e m o dern Sl a v o nic f o rms a gre e
'

.
,

S t ill t h e Sl av e s c a nn ot b e s a id t o h av e n e v e r p er
s on ifi e d t h e s u n for t hey s o me t imes r e g a rd e d t h a t
,

he a v enly b o dy a s a w om a n st epping in t o her b a t h in

t h e e vening an d rising in t h e m orni ng r e freshed a n d
,

p u rified o r e lse a s sinki n g a t night int o t h e a rms of

,

1
her m o ther t h e Sea T o re tu rn t o Cel t ic t h e su n p e r
.
, ,

s on ifi e d u nder t h e Welsh n a me o f H a u l h a s a t ra c e o f ,

my th a ss oci at e d wi t h her in t h e s u pp o si t i on t h a t sh e
en t ers a for tr e ss in t h e ev eni ng : t his be t ra ys i ts e lf in
’

t h e Sn owd oni an t erm fo r s u nse t which is h a u l eg a cra o r , ,

( t h e g oing o f t h e
) S un to
( )
her F o rt ifi ca t ion s B u t th e .

s u n a ppe ar s t o h a v e b ee n t h e s u bj e c t o f a n o t her my t h

1
Max Mull e r s ’
Ch ip s ij
, . 82 .
57 4 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

und er an ot h er Welsh n ame which w a s als o f e minin e ,

na mely , h ua n This o cc ur s in a p o em in t h e B ook of

.

1
T aliess in
N y 6 y r n eb p an ru d ir y b ro n h u an
‘ 1

N o b o dy k n ow s w h ere t h e S u n re d d en s h e r b reast .

The a llu si on w ou ld s ee m t o be t o a ru ddy sun se t bu t ,

it m u s t be a dmi t t ed t o be s om ewh a t o bsc u r e N or is it .

2
v ery e vident wh at th e w ord h uan me ans, bu t it wo u ld
s ee m t o ha ve b een o riginally th e e xp onent of a my th a ss o
c ia t e d wi t h t h e s u n a s a fe m a l e , t h o u gh w e a re l ef t wi t h

o u t t h e m eans o f re a lizing cle a rly wh a t t h a t my t h w a s .

Wh at ever it an d t h at c onn e c t e d wit h t h e w o rd h a a l may

h a ve be en , t h ey g o wi th t h e n a mes of th e l at e r orde r ;
a n d t hes e l a s t , t o g et her wi t h t h e o t h e rs n ot ic e d b e l o ng
,

t o t h e peri o d o f t h e s ep a ra t e exist ence o f t h e n a t i o ns

u sing t h e m , a n d n o t t o t h a t o f t h e u ndivid e d Arya n fa mily .

This m ay be rega rded a s s u fli cien tl y sh o wn by t heir l a ck

o f a gr e em e nt in t h e imp o rt a n t m a t t er of g end e r, an d a ls o

p rob a bly by t h e c o mp arat ively sc a nt y n ou rishm ent which

t h e my th o l o gic a l ivy s o t o sp e ak is f o u nd t o h a ve dra wn
, ,

fr o m t h e m H a d t h e C e lt s , or st ill bet t er t h e G o id elic

.
, ,

C e l t s, b e en a l one in m aking t h e sun f e minine a t a c ert a in

p o int in t heir his t o ry on e wou ld h ave been t e mp t ed t o
,

s e e in t h a t t end e ncy t h e infl u ence o f a n o n -

Ary a n ra ce
c onqu er e d an d a bs orbed by t h e m ; bu t t h e div ergenc e of
g ender p o int e d ou t is n ot s u ch a s t o fa v ou r t hat view
it onl y w arr ant s t h e inf er ence t h at e a ch n at i on a c t e d

1
S k en e, ij 1 34 ( p o em v ij l i n e
. .

2
Po s s ib l y it s i g n ifi e d o n e th a t h o w l s o r b a k s as a h o u d g i v i ng
r n

t o n gu e D ab Gw i l y m t rea ts t h e m oon as t h e h ua n o f t h e n ig ht in
. .

p m ci l i n e 28 p 204 an d an o wl is c al l ed in Wel s h a d ll h n
oe v .
, . . a aa
,

or bl i d h u a n
n .
57 6 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

c a s e is n ot very di s simil a r o n C el t ic grou nd , where t h e

pl ac e o f Ze u s is held in Irish by N u a da, an d t h at of a
su b ordinat e in c omm and of his f orc e s by L u g t h e Su n ,

o d ; o r t a ke a n o t h e r cycl e wi t h C o nch ob a r s t a nding fo r

g ,

Z eu s an d C uchu l a inn for t h e Su n -h ero a y ou th d e v ot e dly

, ,

a t t a ched t o him a s hi s l o rd a n d f o s t er - fa th e r N a y , in .

t h e f orm e r c a s e o n e s ee ms t o d et e c t L u g s t epping in t o
t h e pl a ce O f t h e C e l t ic Zeu s , n a m e ly in t h e legend of
t h e L za Fail o r S t on e O f Fal (pp 206
’

for it s ta t e s , .
,

a m on g o t h e r t hings , t h at it w a s a t T ar a t h e s t o n e h a d

b e en pl a c e d bu t t h at it w a s a t T aill tin it sh ou ld perma

,

n e n t l y rem a in , an d t h a t t h e re t h e m e e t ing - pl ace sh ou ld

b e fo r ga mes a s l ong a s s o ver e ignt y b el ong e d t o T ara 1
.

H o w it g ot t o T a il l tin is r e l at ed briefly in t h e B o ok o f
’
L e ins t e r (9a ), which gives it t h e na m e in Fal l mor o r t h e ‘

’
Grea t Fal a n d expl a ins t h a t it w a s a S t one of Visi o n a t
,

T ara ; bu t it a ls o t erms it an id ol , an d s tat es t h at it s

w elc ome t o C onn (p 205) w a s th e l a s t inst anc e of it s
.

fu nct i o ning a s a n o r a cl e as it s h ear t spra ng ou t of it ,

fro m T a ra a s far a s T a il l t in wh er e it app ea rs t o h av e ,

’
b e en kn o wn a s F al s He art ; an d l a s t ly , it is hint e d t h a t ,
’
t h e r ea l c au se O f t h e id ol s p ower c o ming t o an end w as
t h e bir th of Christ Th at is , d o u b tless a c omp arat iv ely
.
,

l a t e c o mment , an d it is n ee dless t o r ep eat h ow T ail l t in

an d it s gr e at fa ir O f t h e L u g na ss a d (p 41 0) wer e cl o s ely .

id ent ifi e d wi t h L u g ; an d t h e p a ssing o f t h e L ia F ail

fr o m T ara t o T aill tin w ou ld seem t o imply n othing l e ss
’
t h a n t h e e clipsing o f t h e o ld e r g o d s gl ory by t h at O f t h e
ou ng e r Wh e n L u g pr o ph et ic a lly d e cl a r e s t h e d e s
y .

t in i e s O f t h e kingd o m t o C o nn (p h e ma y b e s a id t o .

1 ’
O C u rr
y, qu o ti ng an d t ran s l a ti ng pp
, . 6 18 , 6 20, from th e H a rl .

M S 528 0 in th e Briti s h M u s eum

. .
 v . TH E SUN HE R O . 57 7

u us rp th e fu nc t i ons o f a g o d c o rr e sp onding t o th e W el s h
M e rlin a c t ing in th e c a p a ci t y o f prophe t I t is tru e th a t .

it is w i th N u a da it h as b e e n a t t e mp t ed t o c onnec t t h e
L ia F ail a n d t h a t t h e e t ym o l o gic a l eq u ival e n t of N u a da
,
’
is in We lsh N fi d o r L l ud an d n o t M erlin s n ame O n ,
.

t h e o t her h and sh ou ld N u a da Fl nnf azl pr o ve t o me a n

'

N u a d a o f t h e \Vhi t e F e nc e , o n e w ou ld h a ve t o a dmi t t h e
prob abili t y o f an all u si on in t h e epi th et t o a pell u cid
’
priso n like M erlin s Add t o t his t ha t a p a ssa ge in th e .

Welsh st ory o f Ku lh w ch th e signific a nc e of which h a s ,

b e e n o verl ook e d a ss o cia t e s wi t h L l fi d th e s or t o f impri

,

(
s on men t which h a s in t h e se l e c t u res p 1 5 5 been dwe l t
) .

u p o n in c o nn e c t i o n wi t h M e rl in : it m a k e s M a b o n s on

o f M o d ro n s a when a b o u t t o be rel ea sed by Ar t h u r

y ,

f ro m t h e d un g e o n wher e h e h a d been for a g e s inc arcera t e d

( p . t h a t his c a p t ivi t y w a s m ore gri e v o u s ev e n t h a n

t h a t o f L l fi d of t h e Silver Ha nd a n d o f Gre id s on o f
1 ’
Eri . Th e se t w o wi t h M a h on s , w o u ld seem t o h a v e
,

2
f orm e d a t ria d o f t h e m o st r e marka bl e inc arc erat i o n s
t h e s t o ry -t e ll e r h a d e v e r h ea rd o f an d on e is t e mp t e d t o ,

t r ea t L l fid an d M e rl in as t h e n a m e s of o n e an d t h e s a me
divini ty in t w o dis t inct cycles of s t ories F u r ther Ma b on .
,

is t o be ident ified wit h th e Ap o ll o M ap onos o f th e C el t s

o f a n t iqu i t y
( p an d t h e v a s t d u ra t i o n o f his ca p
.

t iv ity is pr ob ably t o be e xpl a ined by his h a ving t o a

c e rta in e xt ent been a ssi mil at ed t o t h e O ld er g o d t o be
d et ec t e d in Merlin an d L l ud In ot her w ords it is pro .
,

1
R . B . Ma b . p . 1 31 Gu es t , 300-
1 .

2
I t is n ot t o be fou nd in t h e f
or m t o be xp ect ed i t h e ord i n ary
e n

l is ts ; bu t s ee T r ia d i s, . 50 ij 7 , 49
. iij 6 1 in w hich M b o n fi g u s
.
,
a re

w ith L l y r i n s t e a d of L l fid s e e a ls o R . B A l a b pp 300 306 an d t h e

. . .
, ,

C y mm rod or, vi
j . 130 .
57 8 v . TH E SUN HE R O .

b a bly aninstance of t h e C el t ic Ap o ll o taking th e pl a c e

O f t h e C e l t ic Z eu s , a s in t h e c a se o f t h e Irish L u g .

Wh en w e p ass bey ond th e limi t s of C el t ic we m ay ,

su pp o se a displ a c e ment of a s o mewh a t simil a r kind t o h av e

h appen e d wit h reg ard t o th e g o d wh om on e ma y bri efly
d escribe a s t h e Zeu s of t h e Ary a n fa mily g e n e ra lly : h e
w a s a t first pres u m ably t h e g o d o f t h e s u n bu t h e ,

bec ame t h a t o f light an d t h e l u min ou s h ea vens, whil e

a m o ng t h e C e l t s he sh o w e d a t e ndency t o b e c o m e f u rt h e r

m o difi e d int o a di vinit y of th e s ea an d e v en o f t h e n et h e r

w orld L a stly, t h e r e la t ive p o si t i ons o f t his m o s t a nci e nt
.

o f su n - go ds an d of t h e y ou ng er divinit i e s or hero es a ss o
c ia t e d wit h t h e s u n s ee m t o a ffo rd d a t a for fixing t h e

o rder S O t o sa y o f t h e my th o l o gic a l s t ra t ific a t i o n

, ,
Th u s.

by w ay of a pre c ari ou s inf er ence w e p en et rat e t o a prim ary

s ta ge wit h t h e Ary an Z eu s as t h e Su n -g o d o f t h e syst e m ;
,

t h e n we a scend t o a s e c ond ary on e ch ar a c t e riz e d by t h e

,

ris e of su ch y ou ng er g o ds a s Ap o ll o , L u g a n d B a ld er ,

a r o u nd wh o se n am e s my t hs w e r e d e v e l o p e d in m a rv e ll o u s

a b u nd anc e ; l a s t ly we c o me t o a t ert i a ry s t a g e m ark e d

,

by th e sun appe aring va ri ou sly a s h e s h e an d it, s u r

,

r ou nded by n o ab u ndant a cc u mu l a ti o n of my th .
58 0 vr . GO D S , DE M O NS A ND HE R O E S .

my th ol ogy ; b u t in o rd er t o gu ess th e significa t i on o f

t h em it is necess ary t o g o in t o t h e l e g end ary his t o ry
,

O f ea rly Ir e l a nd a t s o m e lengt h T h e o u t lin e s O f i t w e re

.

1
c on t a in e d in th e B o o k of t h e Du n s o t hey d at e n o t ,

l a t er t h an t h e y ea r 1 106 ; s t ill t h e y cl ea rly form a re

d a ct io n a n d r el a t ively a l a t e an d cl u msy on e O f ol d
— —

m a terial s by s o m eb o dy w h o w a s a cqu a in t e d with w h at

p a sse d for hi s t ory a m o ng o t h e rn a t i o ns H e w a s a nxi ou s .
,

for e x a mpl e t o c o nn e c t I rish l e g e nd wi t h t h e Biblic a l

,

a cc o u nt o f N o a h an d his d e sc end a nt s .

SO t h ere h a d b e e n h e s ays fi v e dist inc t inv a si ons o r

, ,

c o l oniz at i ons of Erinn a ft er t h e d e lu g e an d th e fi rst t ook ,

pl a c e u nder th e l e a d er ship o f o n e Pa rth ol on s on O f S era ,

w h o a rrived wi t h t went y - fou r m arri e d p a irs in h is t ra in .

Th e y mu l t ipli e d in t h e l and an d b ec a m e 5000, wh en in

t h e c ou rse of on e w eek t h e y a l l di e d of a pl a gu e e xc ep t ,
’
a S ingle m an d e s t ined t o t ell t h e s t o ry o f his fri e nd s fa t e .

Acc ording t o t h e u s u a l cu s t o m o f t h e Iri sh wh o s e g o o d ,

n at u r e d oe s n o t p ermit t h e m t o a b a nd o n a fa v o u ri t e
p agan t o t h e risk of h ell -fi re h e is m a d e t o su rviv e , ,

a ft er p a ssing thr o u gh m a ny sc en e s a n d ch a ng e s t o b e c o m e ,

a Ch ris t i an an d t h e wh o l e s t o r y is p u t int o his m o u t h ;

,

b u t s o far a s r e ga rds t his p or t i o n O f it t h e gr e a t e s t p u zzl e ,

it c on t a ins is t h e n am e Parth ol on which h a s s o m e t im e s ,

be e n s u pp os e d t o be merely a form O f th e Biblic a l n a m e

B arth ol o mew Giral du s c alls him Barth ol an u s S er e ,
’2
fi l iu s , d e s t irp e Japh et fi l ii N o e T h e nex t t o t a k e .

p o s s e ss i o n of t h e c ou n try w a s on e of t h e s a m e ra ce a s
Pa rt h e l o n : h e w a s c a ll e d N e m e d s on o f A g n o m an an d ,

1
Fa c s i m i l e, pp . 15 a — l 6 b .

2
Gi ral d a s , T ep ograp h za H zberni ca , D i s t iij cap 13 (R oll s ed Vo l
' '

. . . . . . v .

p . 1 40) s ee al s o th e Fo u r M as t ers , A M 2520, n o t e . . .

 VI . GO DS, D E MO NS A ND HE R O E S . 58 1

he r e a ch e d Erinn a f t er s u ffe ring gre a t h a rd ships o n t h e

high s ea s which in t hi s ins ta nce a re m a d e t o incl u d e t h e
,

C a spi a n Wh e n h e l a nd e d in Ire l a nd his p e opl e c onsi s t e d

.
,

o f o nly f o u r m a rri e d p a ir s ; bu t t h e y m u l t iplied u n t il

t h e y w e re n o f e w e r t h a n s u ch p a irs T h e n e x t .

t o c o m e t o t ak e p os s e s s i o n o f t h e i s l a nd w a s o n e S e mi o n
s on o f S t a ria t h a n d fr o m him an d hi s p eo pl e d e s c e nd e d
,

t h e Fir B o lg th e Fir D o mn a nn a n d t h e Ga il iO in O f wh o m
, ,

m o re a n on Th e ir l ea d er is e ls ewhere s o m e t imes c a ll e d
.

Sime o n Bree o r t h e Fr e ckl e d (p a n d t h e inv a si o n .

o f t h e isl a nd u nd e r his c o mm a nd is c o ll e c t ively kn o wn

a s t h a t by t h e Fir B e lg Th es e l a s t s u rvive d t h er e t o
.

fi gh t wi th t h e n e x t c o mers w h o w e r e l e d by Beo t h a ch ,

s on o f I ard o n e l F ai th t h a t is I t h e Va t es o r Seer
,
.

( p . a n d t his w a s t h e r a ce o f t h e T u a th a D é D a n ann ,

wh o s e o rigin is u nkn o wn e xc ep t t ha t t h e l ea rn e d g u e ss , ,

a s t h e wri t e r s a ys t h a t t h e y wer e o f t h e n u mb e r o f t h e
,

e xil e s driven o u t o f h ea ven ; b u t he t r e a t s t h e m a s c on

sis t ing of g o ds an d n o t -g o ds t e r ms which h e pro c e eds t o ,

a pply t o t hem a s h u m a n in h a bi t a n t s o f t h e isl a nd an d ,

t o expl a in t o me a n men in p o li t ic a l a n d pr o f e ssi o n a l

a u t h o ri t y a n d men d e vo t e d t o h u sb a ndry a n d f a rming
,

r es p ec t ively SO h e knew n o m o re t h a n w e wh a t w a s
.

o rigin a lly m e a n t by d e scri bing t h e T u a t h a D é a s g o ds

-
a n d n o t g o ds
1
an d his s t o ry in t h e B o o k o f t h e D u n is
;
bro u gh t t o a n abr u p t cl o s e o wing t o t h e l o s s o f a p ar t o f
t h e m a n u scrip t b u t it is w ell kn o wn fr o m o t h e r s o u rc e s
,

t h a t t h e fift h inva si o n w a s t h a t o f Mil e a n d his s ons .

H is n a me m eans S o ldi e r a n d he is o nc e c all e d gul da m

’

1
I t is ev i d e t ly a n
n O ld f o rm u l a : it cc u rs
O in t h e E h . o f th e D a n ,
7 7 a ; Bit of L ein ster, 9 a a nd i t h as b t ed to me
.
, ee n s u
gg e s
to c o mp a re it W th t h e San s k ri it d ew an d l
ca e va .
5 82 v1 . GO D S, DE MO N S A N D HE R O E S .

miles H a mea s ,
1
' '

zs
p isfor it
fr o m S p a in he is fa bled t o

h ave c o m e, which is t o be regarded a s a w ay of tra cin g

t h e descen t of t h e Mil e sia n Irish fr o m t h e Cel t ic D is
pp -
( . 9 0 1 ,
2 62 Mile is described a s t h e fa t h e r o f
t w o s ons , E re mon an d E ber or Em e r, w h o divide t h e
isl a nd be tween t hem ; an d it is n ot impr ob able t h at
t hey repr e sent t h e Ary a n an d t h e n on - Ary a n el e ment s
respec t iv ely in t h e p op u la ti o n o f ancient Irel and A t .

an r a t e it is o nly wi t h t his fift h inva si o n of t h e c ou nt ry

y
w e b e gin t o h a ve regu la rly t o d o wi t h t h e hu m a n inh a
bit an t s of E rinn ; n ot t h at it by an y me ans fo ll o ws t h a t
fr o m t h e Milesi an se tt l e m e nt f or th th e hi st ory of Ire l and ,
s u ch as it is, c onfines it self t o rea l men an d w om en ; bu t
t h e s t ory O f t h e previ ou s inva si o ns is s c arcely h u m an ,
excep t in t h at it is a pr o du c t O f th e hu m an mind .

Pu t t ing aside , t hen , t h e Milesi an inv a si on , t here rem a in

fo r our c onsiderat i o n f our my thic o n e s n a m e ly , by Pa r ,

t h o l o n, by N emed , by t h e Fir B olg , a n d by t h e T u at h a

D é D ana nu respec t ively N ow when Pa rth ol on an d his
.

p e ople h a d b e en s ome t ime in th e isl and , t hey were

dist u rbed by a ra ce c alled t h e Po m ori u nder th e lea der ,
2
shi p of a gia nt a n d his m ot her, an d t hey h ad a cc ord ing ,

t o s ome au t h ors , a s Ke at in g t e lls u s , b e en living by

fishing an d fow ling 200 ye ars in t h e isl and when t hey
m et wit h Part h ol on an d hi s pe ople A gre at b att l e ere
.

l o ng t o ok pl ace , in which t h e l at t er des t ro y t h e Pom ori ,

bu t n ot S O a s t o preven t ou r he a ring of t hem a ga in
m ore t han o nce I t is of imp ort ance t o n ot ice t h a t
.

t h e Fomori are s a id t o h a ve l anded at Inver D omn an n

S a n Mart e s N en n iu s
- 13 (p
1 ’
et Gil d a s, .

2
Ke a ti n g ,
pp . 68 — 7 1 .
58 4 vr . GO DS, D E MO N S A N D HE R O E S .

f or t hey h ad t o s tr u ggle wi th th e Po mori N emed an d .

hi s s o ns, o n e of wh o m b or e t h e u nu su a l Irish na me of
A r t u r c onqu er e d th e Po m ori in t hre e or f ou r b at t les , in
,

which t h ere f ell of t h e ir l ea ders t w o c alled G ann an d

Gen an n whil e a n ot her c a lled C on ain g (p
,
h aving .

p erf o rm e d grea t fe at s of va l ou r, su rviv e d t o c arry on t h e

1
c ont est . N em e d died , an d th e Po m ori w ere n ow able
t o exercise gre at t yra nny o v e r his p eo pl e ; fo r C on ain g ,
’
fro m wh o m T or C on ain g , or C on ain g s T o wer in T o ry
Isla nd, t o o k it s na me, an d M o re a na me al re a dy fa mili ar
,

t o y o u (p . c oll e c t ed a fl eet , by m eans O f which t h e y

l e vied a hea vy trib u t e in Erinn Thi s c onsist e d in
.

giving t o t h e m every E v e of S a mha in or th e Win t er

C a lends n o l ess t h a n t w o -thi rds of th e chi ldren , of th e
c o rn an d of t h e milk , beside s o ther gri e v ou s exa ct ions
t h a t wer e t o be br ou gh t direct t o T ory I sla nd t o M o re
an d C on ain g .T h e w a rri o rs of th e s ons O f N emed
mu st er e d at lengt h t o fight t h e Po m ori , t o t h e nu mb e r
O f by l a nd a n d a s many by s ea , an d t h e y s u c
’
c e e de d in d e s t r o yin g C on a in s T o w e r a n d in sl a yin g
g ,

C on ain g hi ms elf an d his s ons : t hi s is t h e t ower d e scrib e d

by N en n iu s a s on e of gl a ss in t h e middle of t h e s ea
( p. T h e P o m ori n o w rec e ived r e in fo rcem e nt s c on
,

sis t ing o f a fl eet br ou ght fro m Afr ic a by M o re an d in

t h e b at tl e which ensu ed t h e c o mb at ant s we r e o verwh e lmed
by t h e s ea SO t h at o nly a h and fu l o f th e N emedian s
e sc aped t h e crew O f On e b oa t an d t hree chiefs Af t er
,
.

du e prep a rat i ons t h e se l e ft for th e e a st , le aving t h e ir

kinsmen u nd e r t h e c omplet e t yranny o f th e Fom ori, wi th
M o re a t t h e ir hea d ; bu t t h ere is a n ot her a cc ou nt m or e

1
K eat i n g pp
, . 8 4-7 .
 vr . GO DS , DE MO NS A ND HE RO E S . 58 5

in keeping wi th Irish my th ol ogy , n amely , on e w hich

m ak e s N emed a n d his s o ns le ave E rinn fo r Sp a in , a
na m e here t o be in t erpre t ed t o m ea n th e o ther w orld .

Wh e n th e Fir B olg c ome , we re a d n o thing ab ou t an y

c ollisi on be t wee n t h e m an d t h e Fo m ori : t h e r ea s on will
b e c o me e viden t a s we g o on The fo rmer an d t h e ir
.

a lli e s ar e s a id t o h ave c o me t o I rel a nd u nd e r fi v e le a d ers

c al led Sl ain g e, w h o t ook p o ssessi on o f th e ol d pr o vince

o f L e ins t er fr o m t h e m o u t h o f t h e B o yne t o W a t er fo rd

G ann , w h o h ad S ou th M u n s t er ; Sen ge n n w h o h a d t h e ,

n or th of th e s a me ; Gen ann , w h o h a d C on n au ght ; an d

R u dra ig e, w h o h a d U ls t er The Ga ili O in s et tled in
.

L e in s t er u nder Sl ain g e t h e F ir B olg in th e t w o p a r t s

,

o f M u ns t er ,
an d Fir D omn an n in U ls t er ; a n d a si t e fo r

t h e c api t al of t h e wh o le isl a nd w a s selec t e d a t a sp o t

1
which c a me l at er t o be kn o w n by t h e n a me of T a ra .

The T u ath a D é D an ann c ame t o Irel and nex t , an d t hey

h a d be e n in th e isl a nd s o me t im e b ef ore t hey w e re
a w a re t h at it c o n t a ined an o t her inh a bi t an t s ; bu t a t
y
l ength t hey Sh owed t hemselves t o t h e F ir Bel g an d t h e ,

a cc o un t t hey g a ve of t heir a dven t w a s t h a t t hey h a d

a rrived o n t h e wings o f t h e wind The Fir B olg s en t

.

o n e O f t heir chie fs c a ll e d S reng t o p a rley wi t h t h e

T u ath a D é Da n ann , w h o s e lec t ed on e o f t h e ir n u mber

n a med Bres t o me et him Thr ou gh h im t h ey a sk e d t h e
.

Fir B olg for h al f th e isl a nd a s t h e ir o w n This w a s .

d e clined , an d t h e T u ath a D é Da n an n p o s t e d t hemselves

a t M o u n t Be l a d a n in t h e pr e sen t c ou n t y O f M a y o a n d
g ,

n ea r it t h e y f ou gh t a grea t b a t tl e on a pl a in or field
c a lled Ma g T u re d or Moy t u ra nea r C ong 2
,
I t b ega n .

1 ’
O C urry , p . 244 .
9
l b p 245
. . .
58 6 v1 . GO DS, DE MO NS A ND H E R O E S:

on Mids u mmer -da y , a n d pr o ved di s a st rou s in th e ex

t r e me t o t h e Fir B o lg Their king E ch aid s on of
.

E re w a s p u rsu ed an d killed by t hree men, c all e d

S ons of N emed , on t h e st rand of B allysa dare , wher e a
gre at c airn , ra ised o v e r hi s b o dy , bec a me a well-kn o wn
feat u re in th e t op o graphy of th e neighb ou rh o o d There .

remain e d o f th e Fir B olg o nly S reng wit h t hr ee h u ndr e d

men ; bu t t hey were able t o s e c u re pea ce an d p o ssessi o n
of t h e pr o vince of C o nn au gh t , where d e scend an t s of
1
Sreng were b elieved t o live on a lm o st t o m o d e rn t imes .

In t h e c o u rse of t h e b att l e , S reng cl ove th e shi eld O f

N u a d a, king o f t h e T u ath a D é Dan aan, an d c u t off his arm,
which c o mpell e d him t o give u p hi s offi ce o f king I t .

Wa s t hen ent ru st ed t o Bres , w h o by descent w as c o nn e c t ed

b ot h wi th t h e T u ath a D é Dan ann an d th e F o m ori ans .

Br e s held t h e go vernment for seven y ears, du rin g whi ch

h e m a de himself so u np op u l a r a s t o dr a w on hims el f t h e
fir s t s at ire e v er ma de in I rel and , a s w a s m e nt i oned in
(
a n ot h e r l e c t ur e pp 252 . A t l a s t he w a s o blig e d t o

fl e e t o hi s fa t her E l at h an th e F o m ori a n l ea ving N u a da , ,

w h o h ad m a de hims e lf eligibl e a g a in by h a ving h a d a

S ilv e r h a nd m a de for him t o r e su m e t h e kingly O fli ce
,
.

This br ou ght on a w ar wi t h th e Fomori t h ou gh , a cc ord ,

’
ing t o an ot her a cc ou nt , t h e c au s e w a s Lu g s killing t h e
t ax - c ollect ors O f t h e Pom ori , w h o held th e c ou n t ry u nd e r
2 ’
a gri e v ou s t rib u t e , a n d w h o , a ft er L u g s o nsl a u gh t , sen t

an a rmy u nd e r t h e le a d e rship O f Br e s t o r a v a ge t h e

w est ern p ort i o n of th e isl and , which w a s r u l e d by B o db

t h e R e d s o n O f t h e Da gd a
,
L u g s u ccessf u lly m et Br e s
.

an d f o rc e d him t o m a k e p ea ce as he L u w a s pr ep aring
, , g ,

1 ’
O C u rry , p . 246 .
2
J o y c e, O l d C ol l ie R o ma nces , p . 37
58 8 vr . GO D S, DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S .

t h e tw o my thic b a t tles : scenes of real in t ermen t a re

ca lc u l a t e d t o a tt ra c t ima gina ry b a t t l e s .

Wh en th e Mil esians first a rrive d in th e isl and , th e

T u a th a D é Dan ann were defea t e d in a gr ea t b a t t le a t
T a ill t in or T el t ow n in M ea th , an d t h o s e w h o e sc ap e d
e n t er e d th e hills of Erinn a s a s o r t o f fa iries f o rming a n

invisible world of t heir ow n (p t h ey never figu r e d

.

a f t e rwa rds a s a pe o pl e in t h e hist ory o f t h e c o u n t ry Th e ir .

p owe r, h owever, di d n ot c ome t o a n en d , f or t h ou gh

t h ey ga ve u p t heir p o ss e ssi o n of t h e l a nd , t h e y s t ill h a d
m eans of ma kin g t h eir infl u enc e f el t ; for t h ey pr o c ee d e d
t o r u in t h e c orn an d t h e milk o f t h e Milesi a ns , S O t h at
t h e l att er wer e fo rc e d t o s e ek t h e fri e ndshi p of t h e D a gda ,
w h o t h enc ef o rt h sp ar e d t he m t h e pr o du ce b ot h O f t h e ir

fi e lds a n d t heir d a iri e s I n fa c t , t h e Mil e sia ns we nt st il l

1
.

f ur th e r in t h e ir desir e t o c onciliat e th e T u a th a D é D anann ;

for t h e n obles o f th e f o rm e r w e re w en t a t on e t im e , we
a re t o ld t o bec o m e t h e f o s t er -p a ren t s o f t h e childr e n
,

O f t h e fa iries w h o lived n ea r e s t t o t h e m , in o rd e r t h a t

2
n e i th e r c orn n or milk n or bl o o m sh ou ld be l o st in Erinn .

N o t s o wi t h t h e Fir B olg an d t h e P o mo ri for w e r ea d

o f t h e Milesi a ns ev e ry n o w an d t hen h a ving w a rs wi t h

t h e m ; an d t h e s t ories a b ou t t h e m n ot u nfrequ ent ly

a ss o ci a t e wi t h t h e Fir B olg t e rem ns o t e
h a i f h n o -
n C e l t ic

inh a bit a nt s u nder th e name E rna z, a la t e f o r m of t h e

'

’ ’
m o r e a nci e nt on e of I veraj e or I f p w oze o c.

S u ch is a s om e wh a t int en t i o na lly c o nsis t ent versi o n of

t h e l e g e nd of t h e ea rly inva si o ns of Erinn ; a lit t l e m o re
u se O f s t o ries a v o ided by t h e his t o ri ans , t h o u gh n o m o r e

1
Bk .
f
o L eins t er, p . 245 b .

2
!
I r is h A S S er ies
.
( of t h e Fre e . of th e R . Ir
. i . 169 .
 VI . GO DS , DE M O NS A ND H E RO E S . 58 9

r e m oved fro m t h e d oma in o f re a l his t ory t h an s o m e o f

t h o s e t h e y h a v e in p ar t a ccep t e d w o u ld a t o nc e r e nd e r ,

t h e inc onsis t enci e s an d c o n t r a dic t i ons m u ch m ore gl a ring .

Eve n as I h av e sk e t ch e d th e m t o y ou th e y a re s u ffici en t ly
SO ,
an d in t h a t t h e P o m ori are a m o ng o t her t hings not , ,

m a d e t o figh t a ga ins t t h e Fir B o lg when t hese l a s t c o me

a n d divid e t h e wh o l e isl a nd be t we e n t h e m T h e r ea s o n .

w a s it ne e d h ardly be s a id t h a t t h e n a m e s Fir B olg

, ,

a n d Fo m ori m ea n t h e s a me s o r t o f my t hic beings , which

is c o nfirm e d by t h e ir c omm on h o st ili t y a ga ins t t h e T u a th a

D é Dan ann an d th e Milesi ans Their cl o se kinship .

1
r e s u l t s als o fro m o th er c onsid era t i o ns bu t it mu s t n ot b e ,

1
Su ch fo l l ow i n g : (1) O f t h e fi v e l ead ers o f t h e Fir Bol g
are th e ,

t h re e m y b e sa i d t o h a v e b een Ga n s fo t h e y w ere Gan n S e -g a n

a n ,
r ,
n n

o r O l d Ga n a n d Gen an n o r L ittl e Gan n w hi l e Ga nn an d C en a n n

n, ,

al s o a pp ear Kea ti n g p 8 5 ) as l e ad s o f t h e Fo m o ri in b a tt l es w o n
( , . er

o v er th e m by N e med a d h is S o n s (c o m p are a l s o t h e th ree C e an s i n

n n

S t o k es 85 Wi d i s ch I r T ea te ij 1 22
n ,
A S t o t h e re ma i n i ng t w o
.
'

, .
,

Fir Bo l g l ead e s S l i ge a n d R u d aig e th es e w e e a l s o t h e n am e s o f

r ,
a n r ,
r

s o ns o f P t h l o n a n d R u d aig e w a s i m p o rt an t as a chi e f a n c es t o r o f
ar o ,
r

t h e Pict a n d S c o t s O f U l s t er o r t h e U l s t er m en w h o w ere r c k o n e d
s , e

T u e U l t n i a s an d rep res en t ed t h e a ci en t n o n -C l tic i n h abit t

‘ ’
r o n ,
n e an s .

H e is p ro b b l y t h e sa me w ith R u g raid e g ea t-
a
g an d s o n o f Fo mo r ,
r r ,

p l ac e d l o ng aft erw rds in t h e Fo r M a s te arra gem en t O f t h e

a u rs
’
n

l eg e d ary hi s t o ry o f I el an d A M 498 1 (2) N e x t m y b e m e ti ed

n r , . . . a n on

t h e ci rc u m s t an c th a t o e o f t h l ea d ers o f t h e Fo m o i in t h b tt l e o f
e n e r e a

t h e n o th e n M o y t a w s I d h s n o f t h e g d d ss D o mn
r r ur a at n ec o o e u,

w h os e t v r t h e Fo mo i w ere s a i d t o h av e l a n d e d b e fo e t h e ti m e o f
n e r r

P t h l n (Ke ti ng p 7 0) w hi l e t h e Fi r D o mn an o r Men o f D o m u
ar o o a , . n n

fo med o e f t h e chi e f p eo p l es e g aged i t h e Fir Bo lg i n vas i o n ;

r n o n n

a cc o rd i g t o s o m e v e s i o s o f t h e s t o
n
y t h ey a l so l d e d a t t h e s m e
r n r ,
an a

i nner of t h e go dd es s D o m n u (F ou r Al a s ters , A M . .
( )
3 O n th e
o th h an d
er , i ti me o f N e m ed h ad t o e n c o u t er h im an d
t h e Fe m o r in t h e n

h is s o n as th e i r ene m i es w hi l e th re e m e n c al l e d S s o f N m d w e
s , on e e re

t h e S l y e rs o f E ch a id k i g o f t h e Fir Bo l g a t t h e b a tt l e o f t h s o th n
a ,
n , e u er

Moy t u ra (p ()
4 S
. o me acc o u n t s b ri g Fi r D o mn ann a n d G il iO n n a i
5 90 vr . GO D S , DE M O NS A ND HE R O E S .

pressed t oo h ard ; for Irish lit erat u re n e ver c onsci ou sly

id ent ifies t h e s e Tita ns an d Gi a nt s ; s o t h eir n a me s nev e r

or Gailiuin i n t o I rel an d in t h e t rai n O f L abraid L o gsech a d n ,

n

th es e s t an gers in I i s h g a tl l are s omet i m es m ad e i t o Gall i o r Gau l s

r ,
r ,
n

w hi l e t h e B k of L eins ter 1 5 9 a s p eak s o f th e m

’
(O C u ry ij 256 r , . .
, ,

a s D u b g a ill o r Bl a c k S t ran ers

—
fo l l o w i ng L abraid f o m D en m ark
, g ,
r

T h e fac t h o w ev e is th a t L a b aid s c o m i g w ith

’
u n d er o n e E n o l l r .
,
r, r n

Fir D o m n an n an d Ga iliO in is merel y an o th er v e s i o n o f M o e s a i v al

’
r r rr

w ith a fl ee t fro m A fric a t o a id t h e Fo mo ri in T o y I s l an d : in S h o rt o e r ,

n

w o l d p ro b ab l y n o t b e f r w ron g in t ak i g L a b a id t o h a v e b ee
u a one n r n

o f t h e n m es o f M o e o t h e w i e c all ed M a rgy s t e w a d o f t h e k i n g O f
a r , r s , r

F o mori (B k of L eins ter 1 6 0a ) in Wel s h M a ch (ab M ei ch io n ) w h o

.
, , ,
r r ,

h d a h ors e s ea s (C y mmro d or v i 1 8 1-3) c o m p a e t h e B e t o n s t ory o f

’
a r , . r r

t h e ki ng o f Po t ma rch (R ev Cel t ij r z I n I i s h t h e o w er O f t h e
. . . r , n

e q u i e e a rs u s u al l y b ears t h e n am e o f L ab raid ib ij 1 97
n
( (5) Fo u r . .

o f t h e Po m ori are s a i d t o h av e es c a p e d f om t h e b a tt l e o f t h e n o th e r r rn

M o y t u ra an d t o h av e e m p l o y e d th e m s el v es i ru i i g t h e c o n d n n n r an

m il k t h e fru i t-c o p s a d s ea-p ro d c e o f t h e T u at h a D é D an an

,
r n o e u n n

o f th es e w a s c al l ed R e d g (ib i A S t h e Fo m o ri w ere t h e en e m i es
. .

o f L u g SO t h e Fi Bo l g u d e A ilill o f C ru ch a n w h o w as o n e o f th e m
,
r ,
n r a , ,

w ere a ray ed g a i s t C uch u l a i n -

r a
an d fi n al l y u n d e E re th
n
y t ri u m ph ed
n ,
r e

o v er h im I t is t o b e n o tic e d th a t o n t h e T ai n o e o f t h e fe s k i l l d
. n e e

b y C uch l a in n w as c l l e d M c (Bit of th e D a n 7 0b) ; l o th a t t h e

u a ar .
,
a s

p ers n b e ri g t h e v y u n c o mmo n a me o f R edg w as l i k w i s e in

o a n er n e

e ti u an d o n o n e o cc i o e n g g d b y h im t o c o m p a s t h e
’
A il il l s r n e, as n a e s

a t U l t on i s d a th w h en h e f l l a t t h e l a tt e s h a d e v icti m
’ ’
g r
e an e , t h e r n ,

o f h is o w n s t a t g e m H e is d es c ib e d i t h e B k of th e D n 7 0 b
r a . r n . a , ,

a s A il ill s s ti i s t th a t is t o s y o e w h ose b u s i n ess w as t h e form i d a b l e

’
a r ,
a ,
n

o n e o f p o n ou ci g b l e f l i c a t a ti o n s : it w a s p l
r n n a un ed b n
y A il ill th a t n an

h e s h o u l d i n t o d u c e hi ms el f t o C uch u l a i nn
r d as k h im fo a g ift w ith an r ,

t h e c s t o m a y ch o ic e o f n a m i n g i t thi s tu rn ed o u t t o b e C uch u l a i n s
’

’
u r n

s p e a r o j av e l i n an d th a t in t h e h o u r O f h is g
r ,
t es t s tra it s C uch ul ai n n re a .

sa i d h e h ad m o re n e e d o f it t h an R ed g a d t h a t h e w o u l d g i ve h im ,
n

t reasu e in s t ead N 0 h e w ou l d acc ept n o thi n g b u t t h e j av el i n : O

r .
,
S

C l i ch u l ain n th rew t h e w eap o n a t h im w ith t h e bu t en d fo rem os t a d ,

n

w ith ch fo c e th a t t h e re cipi e t d ec l ared th a t it w as m o re th an

su r n

e ou h of a
n ift as it w e t th ro u g h h is b o d y T h e s ame t a ctic s w e e
n r
g g , .

mpl o y d b y E re an d h is GailiO i o n C uch u l ai s f t l d ay (Bit

’
e e f n nn a a . o

L ei n ter l l 9 a R ev Cel t iij 1 7 8

s , , an d th ou g h h e k i l l ed t h e b o on
. . .
5 92 VI . GO D S, DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S .

king an d b or e h im ou t o f his ch a ri o t an d t hey firs t t o ok ,

his sw ord fro m him Th ey a ft erwards t o ok him a s far .

a s t h e s ea a n d F e rg u s p e rceived t hem wh e n h is f ee t
,

t ou ch e d t h e s ea Wh e r eat he a w oke a n d c a u gh t t hr ee
.

o f t hem t o w it o n e in e a ch o f his t w o h a nds an d on e

, , ,
’
on his bre a s t L ife for life (i e pr ot e c t i on ) s ay t h e y
. . .
,
.

‘ ’
L e t my t hre e wishes (i e ch o ic e s ) be giv en, s a ys F erg u s . . .

‘ ’ ‘
Th o u s ha lt ha ve sa ys th e dwa rf , sa ve t h a t which is,
’
imp o ssible for u s F erg u s r e qu e st e d of him kn o wl edge
.

o f p a ss ing u nd e r l o u ghs an d linns a n d s ea s

‘
Th ou sh a lt .

’ ‘
h a v e , sa ys t h e dwa rf, Sa ve on e which I fo rbid t o t h ee
t h o u sha l t n o t g o u nd er L o u gh R u dra id e [which] is in
’
Th erea ft er th e la eh uzrp (lit t le b o di e s)
'

t hine ow n c ou nt ry .

u t h e rbs int o his ea rs an d he u sed t o o wi t h t h em

p g
u nd e r s ea s O thers say it is t h e dwa rf ga ve his cl oak t o
.

him an d t h at F ergu s u sed t o pu t it on his he a d an d

”
t h u s g o u nder se a s The w ords la eh a zrp an d Za cher
'

zn a pp ea r t o m ea n li t er a lly sm a l l b o d i e s an d t h e w o rd
'

p a ,

h er e rend er e d dw a rf is in t h e Irish a ba e, t h e et ym ol o gic a l

e qu iva l e n t o f t h e W e l s h a va n e, t h e n a m e by which

c ert a in w at e r inh abi ta nt s o f a my thic nat u r e we nt in

W el s h s u ch a s th e a va ne of th e l a ke kill e d by Pere du r
, ,

an d t h a t o t h e r dra gg e d ou t O f t h e C o nwy by E u th e

Migh t y a n d his tw o o x e n : t h e st o ries O f b ot h imply th at

t h e y h a d m o re or l e ss c ompl et ely t h e h u m a n f o rm , an d
”

1
t h at t h e l a t t e r w a s of a l a rg e siz e So m u ch by t h e w a y ; .

I onl y wish e d , h owever, t o p o int o u t t h at th e pr ep o sit i on

in th e f or e go in g ext ra c t r end er e d by w i der is a lways f o,
’ ’

a n d u n der s eas is f o ma zrzh, t h a t is t o s ay , t h e very w o rds

1
S ee R B M a l) . . . pp . 223-
4, 226 ; Gues t , i . 341, 343, 345 ; E va n s
’

D iet .
f
o th e Wel sh L a ng . 8 . V . a cmf
o; T ria d s , i ij 97 . .
 v1 . GO D S , DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S . 5 93

which f o rm t h e k ey t o t h e c o mp o u nd Fomor i for which ,

t h e a dj e c t iv a l f o r m Fe mora l? is a ls o fre q u e n t ly t o b e
m e t wi th I t t h u s a pp ea rs t h a t t h e m o ns t ers s o c alled
.

w e re im a gina ry creat u res o riginally b e li e v e d t o h av e

t h e ir a b o des in o r bene a t h t h e l a k es an d t h e s ea whenc e ,

t h e y p a id u nwelc o m e visi t s t o t h e l a nd The B o o k o f t h e .

D u n s u ppli e s a s wi t h a q u ain t a cc o u n t o f th e b e ginning

1
o f t h e m a n d t h e ir kindr e d The wri t er se t s ou t fr o m
.

t h e in t o xic at i o n o f N o ah an d t h e c u rs e pr on ou nc e d by
him on his s on H a m, w h o in c ons e qu enc e t here o f bec a me ,
’
a s w e are t old , C a in s heir a f t e r t h e d el u g e , s o t h a t fr o m
’

H a m a re d e scended L a eh orp eizn Fomora zy Go borch inn , , ,

a n d e v e ry h u ma n being O f u nsh ap e ly appe a r a nce T he .

t e rm Gob orch in n here in t r o d u ced is s a id t o me a n H o rse

2

’
h ea d ed an d th e m onst ers s o c a lled were otherwise hu m an ,
,

s o t h a t t h e y c o n t r a s t e d c u ri ou sly wi t h t h e cen t au rs o f

Greek my t h ol ogy b u t c orresp o nd e d t o t h e fig u re o f Mid a s

,

wi th his asinine e a rs In t h e s am e cl a ss m u st be pl a c e d
.

a c e r t ain E ch a id E ch ch en n , or E ch a id H o rse - h ea d , king

3
o f Po m o ri ; an d y o u ar e n o w fa mili a r wi t h t h e n a me o f

M ore or Marg g (p in W e lsh M arch a w ord which

.
,

m eans a st e ed o r st alli on His o ther Irish n a m e a pp ears.

to h a ve been L abra id , by which h e g oe s in t h e fa m o u s

l e g end of his equi n e e a rs t o which m a y b e a dd e d t h e ,

f u rther st ory h ow L abraid ch o se t o wi fe t h e d a u gh t e r o f

t h e ki ng o f Fir M orea o r t h e Equ in e M en in t h e w e s t
, ,

1
Bk .
f
o t h e D a n, 2 a ; al s o t h e R ev C el t . . i . 257 , w h ere t h e p ass ag e
h as b een p u b l i s h ed by S to k es .

I t is n o t q u it e c ert a i th a t it s h o ul d no t b e ren d ere d g a t-

’
2
n h e ad c d o .

Co rma c s Gl o a y (S t ok e -O D n o va ed p 8 3) e xp l ai n s tha t ga bu r
’
ss r s
’
o n . .

w a s a go a t w hi l e g o bu r m e a n t a h o rs e
, .

3 T h e Four h f as ters, A M 3520 . . .

2 c
594 VI . GO D S, DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S .

of E rin Th er e is n o r e a s on t o su pp o s e t h a t th e m onst ers

.

in qu e st io n w ere all of t h e s am e form ; an d t h e n a m e

‘ ’ ’
C a iteh euu or C eu n C a i t C at s He a d , h a s a lr ea dy b e en
,

m ent i on e d (p 31 n a m e ly in c onn e c t i on wit h th e A ith ech

.
,

T ua th a a t erm s o m e t im e s r e nd e red P ea s a n t Trib e s an d

,

s o met im e s Ren t -p aying Trib e s n ot t o a dd t hat t h ey ,

h a ve be en ere n ow im a gin e d t o b e t h e A t e co tti O f 1

R o man Brit a in Th e y are in re a li t y t o b e rega rd e d a s

.

b el onging t o t h e s a m e c a t e g o ry a s t h e Fo m ori, an d t h e
t erm a i th eeh s o m et im e s m ea ning a p ea s a n t w a s appli e d t o
, ,

an b o o ri s h ill -n t u r e d ill -
cl a d fe ll o w In t l r l t d
y ,
a a ,
a e e a e .

in th e B ook o f t h e D u n it is u s e d of a hid e o u s bru t al , ,

gia nt w h o c au ght his vic t ims by enve l oping t h e m in a

t hick fo g an d he is in t r o d u c e d at t a cking su cc e ssiv e ly
,

t h e t hr e e S o l a r H e r o es L o e g aire C o n a ll a n d C uchu l a inn

, , ,
2
t h e l a st o f wh o m o verc o m e s him H e is n o t c a ll e d a .

F o m orian , b u t t h e t erm wou ld a pply t o him in m o st

re sp e c t s , an d a m o ng o t h e rs in t h at o f s t at u r e f or I o u gh t
t o h a v e s a id t h a t t h e Po m ori ar e n o rma lly r epr e sent ed
a s gi a n t s In fa ct , t h e singu l ar pr on ou nc e d f o a wr in
.
,

t h e Isl e of M an an d in Sc ot ch G a e lic s o m e wh at simil arly

, ,

t h o u gh wri t t en f omh a ir, f a mh a ir a n d e v e n f og hmh a ir h a s ,

in t h o s e dialec t s r e sp e c t iv ely b e c om e t h e o rdin ary word

for a gi ant : it is t h e o n e which o cc u rs t hr o u gh ou t t h e
- ’
G a elic in t h e well kn own vo l u m e s O f Ca mpb ell s P op u l a r
T al e s o f t h e W e st Highl ands In a st ory a lr ea dy m en .

1
I h av e t i e d in my Cel tic Brita in p 27 9 t o e xp l ai n t hi s n am e ;
r , .
,

b u t w h a t ev er s ch o l a s m ay thi k o f t h r tt e mpt ou cha l t a s as I

n e a ,
r r a n ,

h av e seen m ore th an o n c e o f l t e r p eat th e a b s u rd ol d n o ti on w hich

a ,
e

i d en t i fi es t h e A t eco t t i w i t h t h e A it h ech T u a th a .

2
Fol l 05 a
. Wi d i s ch I r is ch e T ex te pp 27 2-3 357 I t is s i m i
n , , .
, .

l arl y u s ed o f S e arbh a n (pp 35 6- 7 ) in T h e Pu rs u i t ij

. 1 5 17 ,
.
, .
5 96 VI . GO D S, DE M O NS A ND HE R O E S .

L as t ly, t h e Fo mo ri kn o wn t o t h e Irish o f t h e
are

pr e sen t d ay a s I h a v e h a d r e c ent ly o cc a si o n t o l ea rn
,

fr o m a g en t l e m a n living in t h e n e ighb ou rh o o d of Kill

o r l in in t h e c o u n t y o f K e rry When h w d
g ,
e . a s on e a
y
a fe w y e a rs a o e xpl o rin g t h e r e c e ss e s o f a n u nd e rgr o u nd
g
rath ,
h e w as kindly w a rned by on e o f t h e p ea s a n t s t o
b ewar e o f th e Fo m ori or F5w ri a cc o rding t o t h e m o de rn
,

pronu nci a t i o n r ep ea t e d t o m e This w ou ld s u gge s t t h at

.

t h e Fom Ori m a y b e enc ou n t e r e d u nd er gr ou nd a s w e ll

a s u nd e r w a t e r ; b u t I t ak e it t h at t h e m o d e rn id ea s

a b ou t t he m iden t ify t hem t o a c er t a in e xt e nt wi t h t h e

f a iri e s.

Ha ving s aid m o st o f wh at I h a d t o s a y ab ou t t h e
Fom ori, I n ow c o me b a ck t o t h e Fir B o lg an d t h a t ,

ve rsi o n of t h e st o ry ab ou t F ergu s which s a ys t h a t

t h e a ha e g a ve t h e king his cl oak t o p u t r ou nd his
hea d wh e n h e wished t o r oa m in l ak e or s ea Thi s .

is th e shining cap O f s a lm on -skin t hat figu r e s in Irish

t a l e s a b ou t l ak e fa iri e s ; for wh e n on e o f t h e m w a s
c au gh t o n la nd an d r obb e d of h er ca p Sh e c oul d n o t g o ,

b a ck int o th e w o rld o f wa te rs I t figu r e s als o in a .

Welsh t ale wh er e it is de trap a s t h e m o d ern narra t or

, ,

1
kn o ws n o u s e for it I m ent i on t his a s it is p o ssibl e
.

’
t h a t t his cap is t h e e xpl a na t i o n O f th e ho ly ‘
ba g in , ,

t h t r m F i B l sing l r F B l ‘
a B a -m an in
e e r o g, u a er e
g, g
an c a s e it is as g o o d an e xpl a n a t i o n a s t h e o n e u su ally
y
O ffer e d t o t h e e ffe c t t h at t h e Fir B o l g , b e fo r e c o ming t o
,

I rel a nd w er e sl av e s in Gr ee c e wh ere t h ey wer e fo rced

, ,

t o c a rry ea rt h in l e a t h e rn b a gs t o c o ver t h e r o cks in t h a t

c ou n try a p a ss ag e t ak en fr o m o n e O f t h e l eg enda ry ex pl a
,

1
T h e C y mmrod or, v . 8 7—8 , 92-3
.
 VI . GO D S, DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S . 597

n a ti ons n am e of th e Myrmid ons as r e c ord e d by

of th e ,

S t rab o l
Th ey l e ft t h e ir w o rk u nfinish e d , fo r w e a re t old
.

t h a t t h e y fl e d an d c o nv e r t e d t h e ir ho lg a o r b a gs in t o c o ra
,

cl e s in which t h ey v en t u re d on t h e s e a This l a st p a r t
,
.

o f t h e s t o ry is t h e o nly o n e w or th n ot icing an d it m ak e s ,

fo r t h e e xpl a na t i o n which I h a v e s u gg e s t e d : in o t h e r
w o rds t h e l a t t e r w ou ld incl u de it an d rend er it int e l
,

ligibl e T h e c onj ec t u ra l int erpre ta t i on O ffe r e d t o y ou o f

.

2
t h e t erm Fir B olg ma y b e s a id t o deriv e s o m e c on
fi rma t ion fr o m t h e n a m e o f t h e ir a llies th e Fir D o mna n n .

N ow D o mn ann Sh o u ld b e t h e g eni t iv e of a n a me m aking

in th e n o min at iv e D o mn u or D o mna ; an d c o ns t ru ing D é
D o mn an n in t h e s a m e w ay a s D é D an a n n I t a k e D o mn u ,

t o h a v e b ee n t h e n a m e O f a g o ddess an d n o t o f a g o d .

Pu t it b a ck in t o wh a t m u s t h a v e b e en it s e a rly f o rm ,

a nd o u will h ave a n o min a t iv e D u m u n an d a g e ni t iv e

y
D u mn on os implyin g a st e m D u mn on : f o r m f ro m t h e
,

l a t t er a n a dj e c t ive D u m n on ios y o u will t h en h ave a s it s ,

pl u ra l Du mn oni i, t h e a t t e st ed n am e of t w o p eopl e s O f

1
S e e M e in ek e s
’
(T eu b n e r s )
’
ed iti on ,
Bk . v ii j . 6, 16 (p . 5 32)
M vp u t 85va s SE
'
KlU fifi i p i p 67ro v O p l
v '
. i/ a ( an y ( n T r ro vr es
,
’ ’ ’
SE
‘
myv y fiv
‘
m cpép o u i ds w ér p a s zxew ew
py ei v eu 7 029
v T
y
'

e en .
,

dp uyp a m v o x e iv (i b eL O ép e vo c w h it/ Gw ri .

2
F i r B o l g is p
ibl y c o e ct ed w ith t h e s to y o f t h e s ac k s con
o ss nn r

t ai n i n g a m d me f o m w hich D u n b o lg is s pp s d t o h ve d i v d
r e n, r u o e a er e

i t s n a me a d l s o w ith th a t o f t h e S l au g ht er o f t h
,
n a o b l es o f E i n e n r n ,

sa id t h ve b o eff ct d by t h e A it h c h T
a een th a t a p l ac e c ll e d
e e e ua a a

M g i l g r t h B g Pl i n o w c l l d M oy bo lg u c in t h e c o u n ty f
a e o e a a n, a e , o

C va n (Fo r M a t A D
a u O th e p l c - a m e s i vo l i n g t h e
s ers , . m . r a e n n v sa e

v c a b l e o cc u r i
o W l es an d S c t l d T h ei hi t y is o b c u b t
n a o an . r s or s re , u

o ne t l as t o f th e m d a t es fro m t h e R o m n o cc u p ti o
a e n a me l
y Bl a a n, , a

t lm l g i m w i ch m us t h v e m ea n t t h e M l -b ag : it is s pp s e d t
o u
,
n a ea u o o

h v e b ee a t M id d l by Ki k n ea r t h e ri ve r A n n a n s ee my C l t ic
a n e r , : e

B it i
r a pp 26 8 -9 28 0-1
n, .
, .
5 98 VI . GO DS, DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S .

R om an Bri t a in , S itu at e d resp e c t ively by t h e Severn Sea

an d t h e Fir t h o f F o r t h T h e na me m ea nt a p e ople w h o
.

h a d s o m et hing t o d o wi t h D omnu , an d t h at s o methi n g

m ay h a ve b e en a cl a im t o b e t h e d e scend ant s or t h e
’
f a v o u rit e pe opl e of D omn u ; w hile Do mnu s ow n n am e ,

d e rived fr o m t h e s am e ori gin a s t h e C e l t ic w o rds f or

’ 1
‘
d eep pr ob ably m eant th e go dd e ss of th e d eep
,
Th u s .

t w o his t oric a l p eo ples an d on e my t hic h a d t h e ir n a m e s

fr o m t hi s go ddess o f wh o m n o thin g is ot h erwis e kn own
,

e xc ep t t h a t s h e w a s t h e m o t h e r o f I n d ech , o n e o f t h e

l ea d ers of th e Fom ori an d t hat s evera l wat ers we re c all e d

,

a ft e r h er s u ch a s Inver D o mn a nn o r Broa dh av en , in
,

t h e c ou nt y O f Slig o an d M a l ahi de Bay n e ar Du blin

, ,

( p. In t his l a s t resp e c t sh e resembl e d t h e D e c or

A erv en a s she may h a ve d o ne in ot hers likewise

,
.

I t n o w rem a in s t o say a w ord or t w o of t h e GailiO in .

’
Th e y mu st ered a s a p a rt of A il il l s f orc e s on t h e T ain ,
a n d t h e y were s o m u ch s u peri or t o t h e r e s t o f t h e a rmy

in skill an d e sp e cia lly m a gic , th at Me db w a s j eal ou s of

t h e ir r e p u t at i o n an d wished t h e m killed , bu t sh e c o u ld
o nly g et t hem disp e rsed an d inc o rp o ra t ed a m ong t h e

2
o t her ba t a ll ion s I t w a s n ot l ong aft erwa rds e re t h e
.

a rmy s u rr o u nded a h e rd o f n o fe we r t h a n e igh t sc o r e

wild de e r an d t h e y w ou nd e d t hem ; bu t ev e ry on e of
,

t h e deer ex c ep t five c a me wh er e t h e re s t o o d a man o f t h e

Ga il iO in an d t h e rest O f t h e army h a d t o be c o nt ent wi t h
,

3
t h e five a l on e N o r e m a rk is m a d e on t h e incident , bu t
.

it w oul d s e em t o imply t hat t h e Gail iO in h a d a su rp a ssing

r ep u t at i on as m agici ans This, it w ou ld appear, w a s wh at
.

1
Po s s ibl y t h e n ame s h o u l d b e c omp ared rat h er w ith L at . d ominus .

B it . o
f th e Da n, 5 6 b, 57 a .
3
I h 57 a
. .
6 00 VI . GO DS, DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S .

m agici ans of Erinn : t hey were in fa c t mere pers oni fi ca , ,

1
t i ons O f t h e evil p owers o f n at u re Keat ing d e riv e s t h e .

‘ ’
n a me of th e Gail iO in fro m g ate, a spe ar th e a ncien t g a es um, ,

a n d t hi s e t ym o l o gy is t h e e xpl a n a t i o n o f t h e ir n a m e b e ing

r endered Viri A rmoru m in th e I rish versi on of N enn iu s 2

.

F ur ther, t heir fell ow -f or eigners th e L a igh in , wh o s e e xist

ence se ems e nt irely b a s e d on t h e na m e of L einst er for ,

L ag iu - s et r
(in Irish L ag iu o r L a
iq )
h iu h a d a n a pp e l ,

l a t i on of S imila r m e aning a s l ag en mea nt a spear ; bu t

3
,

t h e c o incidenc e which w ou ld ma k e t h e s a m e pr ovince

s u ccessively b ear t w o na mes r e fe rring e qu ally t o Sp ears
an d sp ea rm e n o f fo reign o rigin is a li t t le t oo m u ch t o

p a ss ; b u t L agin , t h e g e nu ine n am e h a s prob ably b een ,

t h e m ea ns O f fixing in c onnec t i o n wi t h L eins t er t h e o t h er

n a m e Gail iO in whi ch may be s a id t o c onsist of an un f or
,

t u nat e c o n trib u t i o n fr o m t h e cl a ssics by a n e arly ped a nt

4
wh o se n a me is d e s ervedly l o st in O blivi on .

1
Pp 100-
1 . .
2
Pp 44-
.5 .
3
Bk .
f
o L einster, p . l 5 9a .

4
O ne ig ht t a ck o f t h e hi s t o y of t h e t e m Gailiéin
is p u t on th e r r r r

i t h e I i s h v ers i on O f N e n i u s (pp 1 30
n r w h ere t h e C u it h n i o r Pict s
n . r

a e t a c e d t o S c y thi a o n t h e s t en g th p a t l y o f t h e s i m i l arit y o f s o u d
r r ,
r r n

b e t w ee S c o t t i a d S cy t hi a an d p artl y o f su ch l i n es in th e Georgic s
n n ,

O f Ve g i l as ij 1 1 4-
r 5 .

A sp ice et e xt rem i s d omit u m cu l t oribu s o rh em

‘
,
’
a s qu e d o mu s A rab u m, p ict o s u e Gel on o s
q .

O r iij 46 1-
. 3

Bi sal t ae qu o m ore s ol en t, a c erqu e Gel on u s ,

Qa um fug i t in R h o d op en, a t qu e in d es ert a Get aru m,
E t l ac p o t a t e qu i n o
c o n cre t u m cu m s an gu n e i .
’

I n t h e N en n ian p as s age Gel o n u s s o n o f H erc u l es b y E chi dn a b ec o me s

,

Gel eO n mac E rco il an d t h e Pict s app ear as h is O ffs p ri n g H av i ng b eg u n

, .

th e i w an d eri gs th ey reach Gau l w h ere th ey b i ld a city c al l ed

r n , ,
u

Pic t av a n o w Pe ic t iers an d in d ue ti me th ey rea ch E i n n l an d i n g a t

, ,
r ,

t h e mo u th o f t h e Sl an e at We xford I r N eu pp 122-3 h
y ( w ere . . .
,
 VI . GO DS, DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S . 6 01

Th o se o f t h e Fir B olg a n d their a llies w h o esc a p e d fr o m

t h e b a t tle o f s o u thern M o y t u ra m a d e t h e ir w a y int o t h e
i s l ands of Ara nn , I s l ay an d R a th l in t h e Wes t ern Isl a nds
1
,

o f Sc o t l a nd a n d m a ny o thers incl u ding a cc o rding t o t h e , ,

H is tor ia B ritton um of N e nn iu s t h e Isle o f Man 2

Th e y ,
.

a re a f t e rwa rds s a id t o h a ve b e en e xp e ll e d t h e isl a nds

by t h e Pic t s wh ereu p on t hey O b t a ined l a nd su bj e c t t o

,

t rib u t e fr o m C airb re Niafer king o f L eins t er ; b u t t h e

t rib u t e dr o v e t h e m t o A il il l an d M e d b in C onn a u gh t ,
a m o v e men t kn o wn a s t h e migr a t i o n O f t h e Childr e n O f

Um ér (p Fr o m Me db t h e y O b t a ined l and s ; a n d
.

n o t a few l o c a l n am e s in t h e w e s t are t ra c e d t o t h em ,

s u ch a s L o ch Cimb e (n ow L o u gh Ha cke t t in t h e c ou n t y
o f G a lw a y
) c a ll e d a f t er on e o f t h e ir chi efs n a med Cimbe
,

L ab ra id L o n g s ech an d h is Ga iliéin are al so s a id to h av e c o me t o l a d n

(F our M as ters , A M 46 5 8 . . O C
’
u rr
y, p . In fact th ey f m t h e
,
or

s am e in v a s i o n ,
an d t his is on e of th e reas ons w h y th e Ga il iéin are

re ck o n ed atho se in I re l an d w h o w ere n ot o f Go i d el ic d es c en t as
mo n g ,

in t h e I i s h N en n i u s (pp
r O n t h e o th er h a d th ey are t rea t e d
. n , ,

i a p as s g e p b l i s h ed in t h e S eneh us M ar i 7 0 as o n e o f th ee chi e f
n a u , .
, r

p e o pl e o f an ci en t E ri n n w hich s eems t o mean th at t h e n am w as

s ,
e

re
g a d ed as m ere l y s y o y m o u s w ith th a t o f L a g i n o r L e in s t er m en
r n n , .

T h e e d it ors o f t h e I i h N e i s h a v e o l y gi v s a t p 1 20 t h e
r s nn u n en u , .
,

fa ul ty fo m G el eo n an d t h e s h ort er o n e Gl eoin bu t at p 130 th e y h a v e

r u , .

t h e eg l r g e iti ve G l eoin (mo re c or e ct l y G l in ) c o e s p o d i n g t o a

’
r u a n e r e eo , rr n

n o m i n a ti ve Gel eo n ; an d as t h e I ri s h fo r t h e c l a s s ic l g e iti v e Gel m

’ ‘

a n o

w s Gel eo in t h e p l u ral G l o m s h o l d y i e ld G l éin H e e h o w ev er

’ ’

a e u e e . r , ,
,

a f l s e et m ol o
g y in t ro d u c e d a g a i s p ea m k i g t h e s p el l i g i n t o
’ ’
‘
a r, a n n
y ,

G il éin o f w hich w e h a v e an al t ern a ti v e s p ell i n g i n Ga iliéiu s eem

a e
, ,

i gl y t h e o l d es t fo rm o cc u rri n g T hi s y i e ld ed a v ari a t w ritte n Ga il i i n ;

n . n u

fu rth er t h e g iti ve o f Ga i l iéin w o ld be Ga il ién w hich h a d a va i t

, en u ,
r an

Ga il i n a l s o w itt e n C l i a ins t r 44 b w h e e
’
a , as in t h e B k
r of L a n, . e e , , r

O C u y p 48 2 l o o s el y exp l a i n s it as an n ci en t n a me O f L e i ns t er ’
’
rr , .
,
a .

1 K a ti pp -
e g 106 8 n , . .

S ee S an - M art e s N enn iu s et Gild a s 14 (p w h ere o n e rea d s

2 ’
.
,

Bu il c a u t cm cu m s u i s t en u it E ubo n ia m i n s u l a m ct a l i as ci rcit er , .
6 02 VI . GO DS, D E MO NS A ND HE R O E S .

C e th airch enn or F o u r-
Cimbe he a ded a n a me whi ch
th e ,

r e minds on e of t h e Fo mori 1
Th eir b et a king t hems e lves
.

t o Me db wh o s e hu sb a nd w a s of t h e Fir B o lg, n ee ds n o
e xpl a n a t i on an d t h e ir fl e eing t o t h e isl a nds is of a pi e ce
,

wi t h th e vi e w t ake n of th e s ea by t h e C el t s, w h o regard e d
t h e isl a nds a s t h e a b o d e s of t h e d ep a r t e d , an d t h e mel a n
ch o l m a in a s t h e l u rkin g -pl ce f d rk ness I t is ls
y a o a a o .

na tu ra l t h at t h e l a st t hi ng h ea rd of t h e ir l ea d ers is t h e ir
su cc u mbing t o t h e S o lar H er o es C l ich u l ainn an d C o nall
Ge rn a ch wi t h t h e ir friends 2
.

L a s t ly , t h e t hre e chi ef ra ces in t h e l e g end ary hist ory

o f a nci e n t Erinn a re very s u mm a rily ch a r a c t erized in a

p oe m t ak en fr om an O l d b ook by D u al d mac Firbis a

3
,

n ot abl e Iri s h a nt iqu ary of th e 1 7 th c e ntur y I t m ak e s th e .

l at e s t c o m ers in t o a n obl e c a s t e O f wa rri ors an d t h e T u a th a ,

D é D a n a nu c onqu er e d by t h e m int o cl e v e r an d a r t is t ic
fr e e m en , while t h e Fir B o lg v a nqu ish e d by t h e T u at h a
D é D a n an u t ake t heir pl a c e s a t t h e b ot t o m O f t h e sc a l e
a s t hr a lls This a t t emp t t o t r eat t h e m a s s o ma ny c a st e s
.

in t h e s o cial syst em of a nci ent Irel and reminds on e in

4
s o me r e sp e c t s o f t h e N orse l a y d e scrip t ive O f t h e w an
d ering Rig su pp o sed t o be He imdal bec o ming th e fa t h e r
, ,

O f e a rls , ch u rls an d t hr a lls r e sp e c t iv e ly Bu t a t l ea s t in .

his t re a t m ent o f t h e T u at h a D é D an an n an d t h e Fir

B olg t h e Irish p oet , wh o e v er h e w a s h a s s t opp e d sh o rt
, ,

o f e ffa cing a l t o g e t her t h e ir my t hic fe a t u re s T h e l in e s f

chi efly in p o int are t o t h e f o ll owing e ffe ct

1
Bk .
f
o L eins ter, l 52a ; K eati ng pp , . 1 06-9 O C
’
u rry , M a nners ,
ij , 1 2 1-
3 .

2
Keat i n g, pp
. 108 -9 ; Bk . of L eins ter, 15 2a .

3
O C
'
u rry , pp . 58 0 an d 21 5-
27 .

4
Co p r us Po et B o r
. . i . 235-
42 .
604 VI . GO D S, DE MO NS AND HE R O E S .

if it
d o e s an y ot her o n a l arg e sc al e which may be ,

do u b t e d For t h e T u at h a D é D an an n c o nt a in a m ong
.

t h e m light an d d a rk divinit i e s an d t h o s e st anding s o m e

,

t im e s in t h e r e l a t i o n o f p a r e nt s a n d O ffspring t o on e
an ot h er S om e m e mb ers O f th e Iri sh p a nt he o n are cru e l
.

a n d r e p e ll e n t ch a r a c t e rs b u t on o cc a si o n t hey m a pr o v e
, y
fri endly Thu s , t h ou gh th e T u ath a D é D an an n u nd er
.

t h e D a gd a are a cc u s e d of bligh t ing t h e c o rn a n d Sp o ilin g

t h e milk O f t h e Mil e sia ns , t h e l at t e r we r e s a i d t o con

ciliat e t h e m S O a s t o m ake t h e m sp a re b o t h farme r an d
Sh e ph e rd This is n o t al l ; f or wh en R e dg an d t h e
.

o t her t hr ee Fo m o ri t h a t h a d esc a p e d fr o m t h e Sl a u gh t e r

o f Mo tu ra w e re e ng a g e d in r u ining t h e c orn t h e milk

y , ,

t h e fru i t -cr o ps an d t h e pr o du ce O f t h e s ea, t hey w e r e

e xp e ll e d t h e c o u n t ry by t h e wily g o ds Mider a n d t h e

Ma c C c, a n d t h e t erribl e g o dd e sses th e B o db an d t h e
MO rrig u ; n ot t o m e n t i o n t h at a s u ccessfu l king s
1 ’

r eign w a s m arke d by g o o d s ea s ons a n d pl e nt if u l cro ps ,

f or t h e r ea s o n t h a t h e f o rced t h e F e m o ri t o a b s t a in fro m
t h e ir r a va ges : t h u s w e r e a d o f t hr e e t ripl e - he a d e d Fo mori
o f v a s t v era c it y s e c u r e d by Mac C ech t s v a l ou r a s h os
’

’
t ages at C on aire s c ourt , t h a t t h e ir kin w o u ld n ot sp oil
2
e it her c o rn o r milk in Erinn a s l ong as C o n aire r e ign e d .

Bu t t o ret u rn t o th e c on t est wi t h R e dg , it is t o b e
o bs e rved t h a t it is l o c a t ed a t a sp ot c all e d Sl emn a
M a ige I t h a , which enabl e s o ne t o id ent ify th e enga gem ent
wit h t h e firs t b a t t l e sa id t o h a v e b e en fou ght in Ir e l and ,

na m ely , t h e o n e in which Parth ol on is repre sent e d

a nnihil a t ing t h e Fo m ori which is by n o m e a n s in co n
,

1
Bk .
f
o F ermo y , 24 b 2, q u o t ed by H e n n es s y in t h e R ev C el t
. . i . 41 .

2
Bk .
f
o th e D a n, 8 9 6, 90a : s ee al s o Cel t ic B r ita in p
, . 64
.
 VI . GO DS , D E MO NS A ND I I E R O E S . 605

s is t en t wi th t h e l a t er his t ory o f t h e Fo m ori if th eir ,

n at u re b e t ak e n int o d u e a cc ou n t Tha t a ls o w a s fo u gh t .

o n S l e m n a M a ig e I t h a which li t er a lly me a ns t h e Sm o o th s
,

o r Cl e a r P a r t s O f t h e Pl a in O f I t h ; a n d o n e o f t h e pl a ins

cl ea r e d in Pa rt h ol o n s t ime w a s a ls o a Ma g n I th a ; in
’

fa c t Ma g n I th a appe ars t o h a ve b ee n n o t a n u nc o mm o n
,

pl a c e -na me in Ir el a nd an d e ve n Sl e mn a M aige I t h a is ,

s a id t o h a ve be e n t h a t of a sp ot ne ar L ou gh S w ill y in
1
t h e c ou n t y o f D o neg a l I th is pr ob a bly t o be r e ga rded .

a s a n a me o f r a ci a l s ig n ifi ca n ce
2
bu t my th o l o gy m a y ,

h a ve h a d s om e thing t o do wi th l o c a t ing it , an d w e h a v e
indirec t e vidence t h a t Ma g n I th a w a s a na me figu ring in
Irish my t hs a s l at e a s t h e a dv en t o f t h e N o rsemen for
t h e E d d ie p o em O f t h e Vol osp a m ak e s t h e Ans e s mee t in
3
t h e Field o f I t h in t h e g o ld e n a g e t o c o me
T he A n s es s h a ll me e t on t h e F el d i O f I th ,
A nd do j u dg m e n t s u n d er th e m g i hty T ree of th e Wo rld .
’

T he N o rse p o e t it is e vid en t ,,
b a dly l earn t his h ad n ot

l e ss o n in Irish my th o l o gy wh e n h e ch o s e a s th e l a s t
m e e t in g -pl a c e o f t h e g o ds t h e sp o t wh er e t h e y h a d b e e n
w on t t o giv e b a tt le t o t h e bligh t ing m onst ers a n d t h e
m a l e v ol en t gia n t s .

O n We lsh gro u nd t h e c on t ra s t b et we e n th e g o ds an d

1
T h e Fo u r hi a s ters , A . M 25 30 .
,
n o e, an d t 25 5 0 .

2
I t h is sa id
I i s h l egen d t o h av e b e en t h e n ame o f an u nc l e o f
in r

M i l e an d h e m ay h a v e b een
, g o d- a c es t o r o f t h e I v e ia s s e m y
a n rn n : e

C l t ic B it i p 268 Wh e th er th e e h as n o t b ee n m c o n fu i o
e r a n, . . r so e s n

w ith t h I i h w o rd i th c o q u it c e t i
‘ ’
e r s
g e n e th o is not
, rn , O e .
,
e r a n . n

m y o w c o n s u l t t h e s t ory o f t h e p l a c e-
a n n a me in t h e Bk of B a l l y mo t e .

( D b l
u i f
n,o l 399 . .

3
C p us Poet B r ij 6 28 ; s ee al s o i 194 201 an d j 6 33 w h ere
or . o . . .
, ,
I .
,

t h N o e is I d a-
e rsv o ll r w h i l e in t h e o th er p as s ag s w
,
h a ve t h e w o ds e e r

a I d a-vel l i
’
.
606 v1 . GO D S, DE M O NS A ND HE R O E S .

th e ill -disp o s e d p owers c o m e s ou t very c l e arly in t h e

st ory of L l ud w h o h a d t o c o nt end wit h t hre e s c ou rge s
1
,

fro m which his r ea lm s u fi ere d One o f t h e m w a s t h e .

ra c e O f th e C oran ian s, w h o w ere SO knowing t h at an y

s o u nd of Speech t h at r ea ched t h e wind w oul d c o m e t o
t h e ir e a rs : SO it w a s h a rd t o o v erc o m e t h e m T o b e rid .

o f t h e m , L l ud w a s a dvis e d t o invi t e t h e m t o a fea s t wi t h

his o w n p eopl e an d t h en t o b e sprinkl e al l pr e s ent wit h

,

wa t er in which a c er ta in in s ect h a d b ee n gr ou nd it h a d
t h e e ffe c t of killing t h e C oran ian s wi t h ou t h a r min g an y
b o dy e ls e I d o n o t pr o fe ss t o u nderst and t h e st ory
.

a b ou t t h e wa t er an d o u r princip a l s o u rc e O f inf o rm a t i o n
,

’
a b o u t t h e C oran ian s is t h e ir n a m e in W e lsh C ora n ia ia
, ,
‘ ’
fro m a singu la r C era n d e riv e d fr o m ebr, a dwa rf T h e ,
.

C oran ia n s w e re in t h e firs t ins ta nc e dwarfs, c o rr e sp o nding

'

t o t h e dimin u t iv e folk call e d in Irish L u ch orp ain , an d

t h e y s u rviv e in W e lsh fo lk - l ore a s a dis t inc t kind of
fa iri e s sign a lized by t h e ir hid eou sn e ss a n d mischiev o u s
2
h a bit s An other sc o u rge which L l ud disp o s e d O f a n d
.
,

- - 3
t h at by a h a nd t o h a nd fi gh t w a s a t hi e ving gia nt w h o ,

spr ea d sir en mu sic an d sl eep a rou nd him an d his o p era

’
t i o ns which c o nsis t e d in c a rrying a wa y L l ud s b a nqu et s
,

in a b a sk et or cr ee l t h a t n e ver se e m e d fu ll H er e w e h a v e .

a F o m o r d e scribed fr o m t h e Welsh p o in t of Vi e w u nl e ss ,

w e sh ou ld r at h e r c a ll him a Fer B o lg an d r e g a rd t h e ,

We lsh b a ske t a s th e c ou nt erp art O f t h e I ri s h b ag or sa ck

in t his inst anc e which w ou ld h a v e t h e a dva nt a ge of
,

1
R . B . Ma b . p . 96 ; Gu es t , iij 311 . .

2
T h e C y mm rod o r, v 55 I t is h o p el es s , so fa r a s I can see , t o
. .

e xp e ct o u r ch arl a t an s t o l e av e o ff i d en tify i n g t h e m y thic C o ran ia n s

w ith t h e hi s t ic or al C orit an i o f R om a n Brit a i n .

3
R . B . M a l) . pp . 94-5, 97 -9 ; Gues t, iij 308 , 312, 31 4-5
. .
6 08 v1 . GO D S, DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S .

fa r t h e English h ave been w ont t o a scrib e t o th e d evil

t h e sh a p e o f a h o rs e I kn o w n o t bu t wi t h reg a rd t o
t h e W e lsh it ma y h e r e b e p o in t ed o u t t h at t hey were
familia r wi t h a fancy of t h at kind, a s in t h e s t ory
a b ou t Pe re d ur t e mp t e d t o m ou nt t h e d e m on - st e e d , an d
in t h e ident i t y o f Br u n d e M o r e is wit h t h e h orse c alled
D u M o r o (p 37 0) in W elsh . S t ill m or e t o th e p oin t is .

t h e s t o ry O f M a rch ab M eirch ion s e qu in e e a rs an d o f

’
,

t h e id ent i t y O f his n am e wit h t h a t of t h e Irish M o re or

Marg g n o t t o ment i o n L abra id w h o h a d t h e sa me p ecu
, ,

lia r e a rs a n d h a d t o wi fe th e dau ght e r of th e king O f Fir

,

M orc a (p N ow M ore it w a s, w h o , a cc ording t o t h e

.

I rish st ory , a ct e d a s chi e f of t h e Po m o ri in l e vy in g

t rib u t e in Irel and fr o m t h e S o ns of N e med c onsis t in g o f ,

t w o- t hirds of t h e ir chil dren an d of t h e pr o d u c e of t h e ir

hu s b andry in th e c o rn -fi el d an d in t h e d a iry This .

a gre e s in s u bs t ance wi t h t h e e ffe c t s of t h e Sh ou t on t h e

Firs t of May , a s described in t h e s t ory O f L l fi d In .

M al e n s M arch we ha ve a specimen O f a m onst er su ch a s

’

w ou ld be in Iri s h an E eh eh enn or H ors e-h ea d , a n d h e is ,

t o b e id e nt ified pr o b ably wi t h E lly ll M a l en , or M a l e n s

’

’ 1
D em o n In an y c a s e Mal en s sc ou rg e h o wever d e sig
.
, ,

1
Fo r M al en
’
s D e mo n , s ee T ri a d s , i . 70 ij 45
. iij 95,
. an d fo r
th e fo re ig n or ig i n M arch M al en ,
O f s ee T ri a d , iij . 11. T h e w o rd
Mal e n Mal aen ,
,
th es e forms o cc u r are v e y
M el en o r M el an for ,
a ll ,
r

O bs cu e b t th ey seem t o rep res en t a fem in i n e t o be regard ed as p o s

r u

s ibl y d eri ve d from t h e s am e o ri g i n a s m a l l o r ma l l t w h o s e m ean i n g ,

c an b e s o m ew h a t m ore n earl y d e fi n e d N o w ma ll b e i g u s e d in . n

th e fe mi n i e b e co mes w ith t h e d e fi ite articl e Y Va l l (w ritten g/ Fa l l

n n ,

m an i n g t h e ev i l o n e) a p e s o n ific a ti on w hich en t ers i n t o t h e t e m

e ,
r r

Pl a nt 3 / F a ll w hich m i
, g ht b e E g l i s h ed by d i s e ard i n
g g t h
n e g e d er r n

i n t o Chi l d en o f B l i l o r t h e d ev i l s i mp s Mo reov er t h e Yell o w

‘
r e a
’
.
’
,

Pl ag e is c al l ed Y Fa l l Fel en th e Y el l o w M a l l al s o Y F a d Fel en
‘ ’
u , , ,

t h e Y ell ow D ea th an d t h e w ord ma l l s om eti m es h as t h e fo rc e

‘
or
 VI . GO DS, D E MO NS A ND HE R O E S . 6 09

n at e d c om e s t o Bri t a in a s a foreign o ppres s i on , j u s t a s

,

M or e is s a id in Irish l e g end t o bring his fl ee t f ro m

Afric a (p th e l a nd p e opled by t h e d e sc end a n t s o f
.

H a m t h e rep u t e d fa t her O f t h e wh ol e br o o d a cc o rdi n g

, ,

t o t h e s t o ry a s m o difi e d t o j o in on t o t h e Bibl e Bu t .

W e l sh li t era t u re h a s pr es erve d n o cl ear an d s weeping

dis t inc t i o n b e t wee n t h e spiri t s o f t h e p a ga n w o rld c o rre ,

spending t o t h e Irish divisi on in t o T u a th a D é on t h e

o n e h a nd a n d P o mo ri a n d Fir B o lg o n t h e o t h e r This .
,

I rish cl as s ific a t i on o th er wis e e xpr e ssed a ss u m e s a q u as i

, ,

his t oric al a sp e c t : t h e Ul t o ni an cycle of s t o ries s u b s t i t u t e

t h e U l to ni a ns u nd e r C o nch ob a r for t h e T u a t h a D é u nd e r
N u a da a n d t h e M en of Erinn t h a t is t o sa y o f L e ins t e r
, , , ,

Mu n st er a n d C o nn au gh t for Fo m ori an d Fir BO l g whil s t , ,

L u g t h e grea t w a rri o r of t h e T u at h a D é h a s his c ou n t e r

, ,
’
p ar t a m ong t h e U l t oni ans in L u g s l at er s elf C uch u l ainn ,
.

T h e ra nging of t h e U l t oni ans or t h e M en o f Uls t e r

a g a ins t t h e Men o f t h e r e s t o f Erinn l o oks like an a n t i ,

c ip a t ion o f t h e his t o ry O f Ir el a nd in l a t e r t imes b ut

;
t h at is a ccid en t a l sinc e th e d is t ric t chi e fly a ss o ci a t e d
,

w i t h t h e U l t oni a n h e r oe s o f Irish e pic t al e s c onsis t s o f a

t ra c t O f c o u n t ry e x t ending fro m bey o nd A r ma gh t o wa rds

of th e j ctiv e evi l o r b d in t h e w i de t s e s e b u t t h e v erb m l l

ad e a s n ,
a u

s t o be s po i l d s a i d o f s u ch a thi
m ea n e , g a s d o u g h w h e n it f i l n a s

t o ri e aft e r it h as b een l ea v e e d
s Fu rth er a It n o t u n f req u e t l y
n .
,
s n

s t an d s fo n O lder al l t w e h av e a l o a fo rm m a l l t i n t h e te rm m we i
r , s

ma ll t t h e ev i l o e o r t h e e v i l g o b l i a n d i n th t o f flf l l t y N o
’
, n n, a a s,

t h e N i g ht M al l t a s o rt o f s h e- d em o n as s o ci at e d w ith t h e c ld m l
‘ ’
, o a a

rio u s f o g s th a t l ie o n m rs h
y l an d s d u i g t h e h o u rs o f t h e i g h t
a r n n .

L a s t l y t h e c o m pou n d t e m m d/ ll a n w t o b l i d w o m w hich l i t
”

, r a a e r n r e s
, ,

y s e em s t o m e a n t h e g o o d M l l i n t h s e s e p m bly o f t h
’
ra l l
‘
a , e n res u a e

h a ml es s l il l l w o u l d s e m i d i ct ly t o p
r a ee th a t Y F l l as t h e
n re ro v a
,
p r , e

s o n ifi ca t ion o f e vi l w as su pp os ed t o t a k e t h e fo rm o f a re pti l e
, .

2 R
6 10 VI . GO D S , DE M O NS A ND HE R O E S .

th e sit e o f D u blin The c oa st fr o m t h e m ou th o f th e

.
1

L i ffe y t o t h a t of t h e N e wry riv e r m ay h a v e b een th e

fi rst p a rt O f Ir el and s et t l e d by C e l t ic inva d ers ; a n d s o
far t h e my t h o l o gic a l d ivisi o n int o Ul t o ni ans an d t h e Men
o f Erinn m a y h a v e h a d a his t o ric a l b a sis This m ay b e .

c o mp ared fr o m t h at p o in t o f Vi ew wi th Welsh lit erat u re

giving Vort ig ern (pp 1 51 -5) a s his a lli e s Pic t s an d Sc o t s
.

a n d S a x o ns .

GR E E K A ND N O R SE C O M PA R I SO NS .

re t ur n t o L l ud t h e O lder fo rm of his n am e w a s
To ,

N fi d t h e e x a c t e qu iv a l e nt O f N o d en s in Irish N u a da ;
, ,

a n d his s u rn a m e w a s L l aw ere in t or Silv e r - h a nd e d , of t h e

s a m e imp o rt a s th e s u rn a m e o f N u a da b u t in t h e c a se
o f N u a d a w e h a v e t h e s t o ry h ow ha ving l o st o n e of his
, ,

h a nds he c a m e t o b e pr o vid e d wit h on e o f silv er (pp 1 20,

,
.

whi l e t h e c orr e sp ondin g W elsh a cc ou nt is n ot

ex t ant H a d it b e en it wo u ld h a v e pr ob a bly b ee n s o m e
.
,

t hing simil a r t o t h e Iri s h v e r s i o n A t an y r at e o n e .

,

c a nn ot h e lp s ee ing t ha t t h e wa rs in which N u a da enga ge d ,

w i t h t h e Fir B o lg an d t h e Fo m o ri h a v e t h e ir W e lsh ,

c ou nt erp art s in t h o s e b et w e en L l ud an d th e sc ou rges

j u s t m ent i on e d t h ou gh th e t r eat m en t of t h e st ory is
,

s om ewh at different In b o t h c a s e s t h e h o s t il e f o rc e s
.

w er e id ent ic al th e b l ight ing f o gs t h e ma lari ou s mist s,

—
,

t h e c old an d s t o rmy winds a n d t h e o t h er h u r t f u l f orc e s of

n at u re If on e wish e s for c omp a ris ons b e y o nd t h e limi t s
.

O f t h e my t h o l o gy O f t h e C e l t ic n a t i o ns o n e h a s o nly t o ,

C o m p are w h at w as sa i d at p 455 res p ecti g C uch u l i n s n m e

1 . n a n
’
a

S t n t a a n d th a t o f t h e B iti s h p o p l e O f t h S et an t ii
e a r A s t O th e
e e .

s ou th e b ou da y o f a n ci e t U l s ter s ee p 140 a b ov e a d O C urry

rn n r n , .
,
n
’
,

p 26 9 al s o th e R ev Cel t v iij 5 2-5

. . . . .
612 VI . GO D S, D E MO NS A ND HE R O E S .

T u a th a D é D a n an n f t er t h e b a tt l e All th is h a s it s
a .

c ou nt erp art i n N or s e lit e ratu re t here is t h e ma st erin g

1

‘
o f t h e p o w e rs o f e vil u nd e r t h e l e a d o f Swa rt t h e Bl a ck
’
O n e a n d O f L oki an d o n t h e o t h e r h and t h e bl a s t o f
, , ,
’
H e imd al s h orn brings t h e Ans e s t o g e t h er : H eimda l
fight s wi t h L oki Fre y wi t h Swa rt Wo d e n wi t h t h e
, ,
’
W ol f w h o swa ll o ws th e g o d b u t t h e l a tt er s s on V id a r
, ,

kil l s t h e Wo lf Th o r sl a ys t h e W o rld -dra g on bu t fa lls

.
,

him s el f fro m th e e ffe c t s o f t h e v e n o m o f t h e s erp en t ;

a n d l a st l T yr figh t s wi t h t h e h o u nd G a rm a n d b oth
y ,

die . Th en Swa rt se t s fi re t o t h e wo rld an d th e t e rribl e ,

fla m e pla ys a g a in st t h e c a n o py o f h ea ven An o th er .

2 “
fra gm e nt which is l e ss a ll e g oric ru ns t h u s T h e su n
shine sh all w a x dark n or sh all an y s u mm e r f o ll o w a n d
, ,

a ll t h e winds sh a ll t ur n t o bligh t ; t h e s ea S h a ll ris e in

t e mp e s t a g a ins t t h e v e ry h ea v e n a nd c o v e r t h e l a nd , an d
t h e sk y sh a ll b e r e n t , an d o u t o f it sh all c o me sn o w
s t o rm s an d migh t y winds I ca n s ee t h e s ea a -fi re an d
.

t h e l a nd in fl a mes , an d e v e ry living t hing sh a ll s u ffe r

”
d e at h wh e n
,
t h e p o w e rs Sh a ll p eri sh .

N e v erthel e ss t her e is t o b e a r e st ora t i o n , for t h e sibyl

s ings t h at a m an a n d a w o m a n will h a ve s u rviv e d f ee ding ,

o n t h e d e w o f t h e m o rning a n d b e c o ming t h e p a r en t s o f
,

a n ew g e n e ra t i o n O f m en ; f o r a ft er t h e fi re o f Swa rt a

3 “
scene f o ll o ws which is d e scribed t hu s I b eh old E a r th
ris e a g a in wit h it s e v ergr e en f o r e s t s ou t of t h e d e ep ;
t h e wa t e rs fa ll in r apids ; a b o ve h o v ers t h e e a gl e t h at ,

fish er o f t h e fa lls T h e Ans e s m eet on I d a-pl a in th e y

.
,

t al k of t h e migh t y E art h -s e rp e nt an d r e m e mb e r t h e ,

1
S ee Vigfu s s o n Po w el l
’
s Corp u s i 1 98 200 ij 6 26 30
,
.
—
,
.
- .

2
I b ij 630
. . .
3 I b i 200-l ; c o mp are al so ij 6 28 -9
. . . .
 VI . GO D S, DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S . 6 13

gr ea t d e cr e e s a n d t h e a nci e n t my s t eri e s o f Fi mb u l -ty

,

( t h e u nk n own Go d
) Th e r e sh a ll b e f o u nd in t h e g ra s s
.

w o n derfu l go ld en t a bl e s [dic e o r dra u gh t s ] t h eir o w n in ,

d ay s O f y o re T h e fi elds u ns own Sh a ll yi e ld t h e ir incre a s e

. .

All s orro ws sh all b e h eal e d B a ld er sh all c o me b a ck . .

’
B a ld e r a n d H o d r sh all dwell in Wo den s m a nsi ons o f bli s s ,

in t h e h o ly pl a ces o f t h e bl e s sed G o ds Th e n sh a l l .

H os ni ch o o se t h e r o ds o f divin a t i o n a rig h t a n d th e s ons ,

O f t h e Twin -bre thren sh a ll inh a bi t t h e wid e wo rld o f t h e

winds I s e e a h a ll brigh t er t ha n t h e s u n shingl e d
, ,

wi t h g old s t anding o n Gem -lea T h e righ t eo u s sh all

,
.

dw e ll t h er e in an d liv e in bli s s for ev er

,
”
.

This y ou will O bserv e , is p o e t ry of n o me a n o rder,

,

a n d it t a k e s t h e f o rm o f a pr oph e cy a b o u t a g o ld e n a e
g
t o c o m e ; in f a c t on e o f t h e S ibyls is m a d e t o r e s u me
,

sil e nc e wi t h a n a ll u si on t o t h e a dve n t o f th e Mes s i ah in

1
w o rds t o t h e f oll owing effe c t :
T h en th ere s h all c o me O n e y et mi gh t i er ,

T h o g h I d a e n o t a m e h im
u r n .

T h re b e bu t f w w h o c n s ee fu rt h er fo rw a d
e e a r

T h an t h e d y w h en Wo d en s h al l m ee t t h e Wo l f
a .

Bu t , in my o pini on th e p a gan o rigin al which s erv e d ,

a s t h e b a sis o f t h e l a ys o f t h e chi e f sibyl w a s a n a t ur e

my th d e s crip t ive O f t h e c onflic t of t h e e l e m e nt s in win t e r

a n d t h e re - a pp ea r a nc e O f t h e s u mm e r s u n in t h e p er s o n

o f B a ld e r w h o is
,
h o w e v er a cc omp ani e d by H o d r ; for
, ,
’
w h e r e t h e s u n s ligh t r ea ch e s t her e d a rkn e ss fo ll o w s in ,

it s t u rn bringing wi t h it t h e a l t e rn a t i o n o f d a y a n d
,

nigh t Bu t h ow y o u will a sk , c a me t hi s N or s e p o e t ry
.
,

t o a s s u m e t h e f orm O f pr o ph e cy ? Thi s t h e Irish s t o ry

1
Vig fusso n Po w el l
’
s C o rp us , Ij . 6 30 .
6 14 VI . GO DS, DE MO NS A ND HE RO E S .

h elps us nders t a nd , for t h e great enc ou nt er b et ween

to u

t h e T u at h a D é Da n a n u an d t h e Fom ori w a s exp e c t e d

b efo r eha nd : of th e t ime an d pl a c e O f it t h e y w er e w ell
a w a re , s o t h a t pr ep a ra t i o ns o f a l l kinds w e re m a d e by

L u g a n d t h e n o bles O f th e T u a t h a D é D a n a nu for a l ong

1
whil e in a dva nce Bu t t his fe a t u re of t h e s t ory is n ot
.

a lwa ys r e pr o d u ced by t h o se in wh o s e h a nds my t hs a re

wr ou ght int o his t oric a l narrat ive, a s it migh t b e fo u nd

h a rd O f expl anat i on Fr o m t h e my t hic p o in t O f Vi e w it
.

is S imple e n ou gh ; for o nc e y ou a dmit t h at it r ef e rs t o a

s t r u ggl e be t we en t h e f o rc e s O f n at u r e which t ake s pl a ce
a nnu a lly n o mys t ery rem a ins or r o o m fo r pr o phecy ,
,

e xcep t in a ssigning t h e d a ys o f it s c o mmencemen t In .

t h e Irish versi o n t his is fixed on t h e la s t day of Oc t ob e r

o r t h e firs t d ay O f N o v e mb e r , an d t her e is a c er ta in

a m o u n t o f fi t ness in t h e Irish d a t e s a t midsu mm e r t h e

T u a th a D é D an an n h a ve a gre at vic t ory o v e r t h e Fir

B olg b u t l at e r, at th e b e ginning o f wint er, t h ey ent er
,

on a c onflic t wi t h t h e Fo mo ri which l a s t s an indefini t e ,

l engt h of t im e an d which is fat al t o m any o f t heir chi efs

, ,

u n t il a t l a s t L u g r u shes int o t h e b a tt l e a n d sl a ys Bal er

o f t h e Evil E y e , which ou gh t t o be t o wa rds t h e begin

ni ng of s u mmer The b at t l e o f F o m ori a n Moy tu ra w a s

.

n o t excl u siv e ly fo u gh t , it o u gh t t o h a ve b e e n e xpl a ine d ,

wit h o rdin ary weap ons of w a r : t hu s , for e xampl e t h e ,

dr u id O f t h e T u a th a D é D an an n enga ge d t o bring d own

in t h e fa ces o f t h e Fo mori t hree Sh o w ers of fi re , an d t h e
D a gd a u nd e r t o ok t o w ork a s m a ny s u ch w onders a s al l
his c o lle ag u e s pu t t o g et h er Bu t t o bring int o r eli ef t h e
.

S imil ari t i e s b e t w e en th e C e l t ic an d N ors e my t hs it is

,

1 ’
S ee C C u rry , p . 249 ; Joy ec, pp . 5 0, 6 2, 8 4, 406.
6 16 VI . GO D S , DE M O NS A ND HE R O E S .

H er o , w h o fa lls killing I n dech whil e N u ad a O f t h e ,

Silver Ha nd is kill e d by Bal er o f th e Evil E y e .

4 Th o r t h e Son o f E a r th sl a ys t h e D ra g o n w al k s
.
,

nin e p a ces an d die s of t h e v e n o m of t h e S erp ent

,
.

E ch aid O l l a th air c a ll e d t h e D a gd a dies O f t h e v e n o m

, ,

O f t h e w o u nd which h e received in figh t ing wi t h C et h l en n

-
t h e h a g wife o f B al e r 1
.

5 Swa rt w as di sp o s e d o f we kn o w n ot h ow , whil e
.

B a ld e r t h e Su n -g o d appea rs a s t h e gr eat figu re an d

inau gu ra t e s a go ld en a g e .

B al o r o f t h e Evil E y e which it w a s de at h t o b eh o ld ,
,

a h
is killed t o w rds t end O f t h e c o nt e st by sling st one
e a -

c a st by L u g int o t h e Evil Eye ; an d L u g a ft e r th e w ar is ,

o v e r , is e l e c t e d king by t h e T u at h a D é D a n a n n : he reigns

pr o sp er ou sly f or m any a l ong y ea r .

This l ast i t e m O f c o mp aris o n re qu ires a r e mark or t w o

S w ar t c arrie s a fi e ry sword , an d he may n a t u ra lly be
s u pp o s e d t o r ep re s e n t t h e da rk t hu nd er -cl ou d fro m which
t h e brigh t light ning fl a sh e s f or t h ; an d t his fi t s t h e c a se
o f Sc a ndin a vi a , wh e re t h e t hu nd e rs t o rms t a k e pl a c e m o s t ly

in win t er I t wou ld n ot be s afe t o g o s o far a s t o s ay

.

t h at t h e fiery sw ord of Swa rt is n ot repr e sent e d in th e

’
c a s e of Bal er ; for t h e l att er s evil ey e m ay b e t rea t e d
a s t h e e qu iv a l e n t When h e wish e d t o m ak e u se of t h e
.

evil e y e , t h e ey elid h a d, a s in t h e c a se o f Yspy d a d en

(
2
p. t o be lif t e d by an a t t end a n t a n d wh e n t h a t w a s ,

d o ne it w a s deat h t o t h o s e w h o s aw it T h e s a me feat u re
,
.

is dimly at te st ed in th e n am e o f Goron w y Pevr (p .

in whic h th e epit h et s ee ms t o r e fe r t o a p e c u lia r gla re of

his eyes L a st ly t h e sil ence o f th e N o rs e p o e m a s t o h ow
.
,

1
T h e Fou r M a s t ers , A M 345 0, . . no e t .

2
T h e Briti s h Museu m MS . H a rl . 5 28 0, fo l 69u (5 8 a )
. .
 VI . GO DS , DE MO NS A ND HE RO E S . 6 17

Swar t w a s c onqu er e d an d h o w B a ld e r c a m e b a ck su gg e s t s ,

t h e q u e s t i o n wh e t her o rigin ally B a ld e r w a s n o t m a d e t o

fini s h th e c o nflic t by killing Swa r t As it is , B a ld er .

a pp ea rs o n t h e sc e ne in t h e m o s t mys t e ri o u s w a b t i t
y; u

w o u ld n ot b e s a fe t o s u pp o s e t ha t t h e N o rs e mvth w a s
e x a c t ly wh a t t h e C e l t ic v e rsi o ns w o ul d s u gges t In .

an c a s e t h e y c o me v e ry ne a r f or t h e l a t t er m e n t i o ns n o
y ,

fe a t of ar ms a scribed t o L le u excep t t h e cr own ing on e O f

sl aying Goron w y by a c a st of his spea r thr ou gh t h e m a ss
o f r o ck b ehind which t h e l a tt e r S h e l t er e d hi m s elf The .

N ors e my th by h a ving s u ch a p a ss a g e w ou ld b ot h a cc ou n t
, ,

fo r t h e dis appe a ra nce O f Swa r t a n d l ea d u p t o t h e s u pre

m a cy O f B a ld er, an d t h at with ou t gr ea tly j a rring wi t h t h e
u s u a l t r e a t men t o f t h e l a tt er a s o n e w h o w a s c a r e d fo r

by o thers especi al ly a s t h e N orse my t h repr e sent s his

,

gre a t fat her at t h e t im e d ea d N ot e in p a ssing t h at we

.

a pp ea r t o h a v e a Gr e ek eq u iv a l e n t in t h e bir t h o f Ap o ll o ,

hi s r a pid gr o wt h , an d his immediat e desp at ch of t h e P y t h o

wi th t h e fi rs t a rr o w disch arged fr o m hi s b ow Bu t t o .

re t u rn t o L l eu an d B alder : t h e pr o t e c t i on a n d gu ardi an
ship O f t hem by t heir respec t ive fat h ers an d fri ends is a
very r e ma rka bl e fe a t u re of b o t h versi ons , c a rryin g o u t
t h e id ea t h at t h e S ol ar H ere w a s t h e y ou t h fu l s on of t h e
C u l tur e Go d ; an d it is n o t wi th o u t it s in t er e s t t o m ent i o n
t h at t h o u gh t his is u s u a lly m u ch obsc u red on Irish
,

grou nd , w her e t h e t w o ch ara c t ers are w on t t o be m erged

in t o t h at O f th e son , on e o f t h e m o s t de ta il e d a cc ou n t s o f
t h e b a t t l e o f M o y t u ra gives d is t inc t e vid enc e t h a t t his
t re a t m en t w as t h e o rigin a l on e in Irish lik ewis e I a ll u de .

1
t o a Bri t ish M u s eu m m anu scrip t which a ft e r giving t h e , ,

1
I t is H a rl . 528 0, re p e t edly cit d in th e l ct u e ; d t h e s t
a e se e r s an or
y
i n q ues ti o n is t h e one d raw n u p o n by O C u rry as q u t ed by me
’
o at
618 VI . GO DS, DE MO N S A ND H E R O E S .

r e fer ences t o L u g su ndry s ol ar t o u ch e s incl u din g am ong ,

’
t h e m an epit h e t me ani ng h a lf crims o n o n a cc ou n t , a s
‘
,
’
it is t her e expl a in e d , o f Lu g s c ol ou r b e ing red fr o m s u n
1
s et t ill m o rn , a n d a ft e r r e l at ing h o w h e h a d be e n t h e

chi ef o rga niz e r of t h e b attl e , st a t e s t hat t h e T u a th a D é

D an a nn r e s o lved t o k e ep him ou t of t h e c o nflic t hims e lf
‘ ’2
O n a cc o u n t O f his c o meliness a m ot iv e which vividly ,

rec a lls t h e c are t ak e n o f B a lder by t h e Anses T h e .

fo rm er c arried t h e ir r e s ol u t i on int o eff e c t by pl a cing L u g

u nd e r a g u a rd o f nine men Wh en h owev er t h e w ar .
, ,

h a d b e en dr a gging on f or an ind e fini t e l e ngt h O f t im e his ,

gu a rd h ad t h e ir at t ent i on dra wn a wa y fr o m L u g an d h e ,

ga ve t h e m t h e slip H e t h e n r o de a way in hi s chari ot , .

a n d a pp e a r e d a t t h e h e a d o f t h e f o rc e s O f t h e T u a t h a D é

D a n a nn exh o r t ing t hem t o d e eds O f v a l ou r ; bu t n o fe at is

,

r ep o rt e d O f hi m t ill he met B a l or O f t h e Evil Eye , when

’
a c o nflic t t ook pl a c e which qu ickly end e d wi t h L u g s sl a y

ing B a l er L u g a ddressed him a s th e m o ns t er O f L u g aid

.
,

a t e rm which brings in t o c u ri ou s r app o rt wi t h on e a n o t h e r

t h e vic t ori ou s an t a g o nis t of t h e Sun - g o d in t h e p e rs o n O f

C uch u l a inn (p an d t h e v a nqu ish e d f e e o f t h e s a me
.

divinit y in t h e pers on of L u g .

p . 25 3 ab o ve H e s ay s p 25 0 th a t h e h ad it c opi ed by h is s on in
.
,
.
,

1 8 5 5 b t th o ug h it is m y th ol og ic all y m o s t c u ri o u s it h as n o t y et b een
u ,

p u bl i h ed w hich is mu ch t o b e regr tt ed M d A d e J u bain vil l e

s ,
e . .
’
.
,

E s s a i d u n C a t p 8 0 as s ig s it t o t h e fift e en th c e t u y
’
. .
,
n n r .

1
Fo l 6 9 b (5 8 b) a l g l etsu a a igh w hich is gl os s e d i d a t h d ero
.
,
u n , . .

n o bi d f a ir of in e g ren i com a id in
u H ere su a n a ig h s h oul d p ro b ab l y b e .

s i a n a ig h fro m s ion d ig it al i s ‘ ’
.
, ,

2
T h e M S rea d s 6 7 a (5 6 a ) a ra eoime w hich m ay b e s u pp os ed t o
.
, , ,

s t a d for a ra eh i m e
n T k n h o w ev er a s it s t an d s it w o u ld p erh ap s
o . a e , , ,

b a d m i s s ib l e t o ren d er it O n a cc o u n t o f th ei r fo n d ess (for h im )

e
‘
n

b u t c ime u s u al l y m eans l o v el i n es s c o mel in es s o r t h e aggregat e qu al iti es

o
, ,

w hich ma k e one p l eas ing t o o t h ers .

620 VI . GO DS, DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S .

b et we en Z eu s a n d Typh o (p w h o is r epres ent e d.

a s a t erribl e m o ns t er b o rn in Cilici a a n d p o ssessed o f a ,

h u m a n h ea d t o ge t h e r wit h a h u ndred dra gon h ea ds an d

,

m a ny o t h e r f ormidabl e fea t ur e s H e l o ok e d fi re fr o m .

his ey e s an d fla me s bl azed f o r th fro m his many m ou t hs ;

n o t t o ment i o n t h a t he w a s f o rm e d on s u ch a sc al e t h at

h e r e a ch e d t h e s t ars on high Fro m t h e firs t h e decl ar e d

.

w ar a ga ins t Z eu s an d t h e g o ds w h o , wh e n t hey s a w h im ,

m aking for Olympu s fl e d in vari o u s br u t e f o rms t o

,

Egyp t Z e u s a l o ne kep t his grou nd a n d hu rl e d hi s

.

t h u nd erb o l t a t Typh o, b u t wit h ou t m u ch effe c t th e

m o nst e r dr o v e hi m t o th e o t her S ide of Syri a, wher e Z eu s
a t t a ck e d him in cl o se c o mb a t wi t h his S ickl e ; b u t he w a s

t a k e n in t h e c o ils of his m u lt if orm foe , w h o snat ch e d th e

sickle ou t of his hands an d wit h it c u t ou t t h e m u scle s
’
o f t h e g o d s h a nds an d fe e t ; t hen he c a rri e d him on h is

sh ou ld ers thr o u gh t h e s ea t o Cilicia in a helpless s tat e

a n d t hr e w him in t o a c a v e a t t h e s a me t ime t h a t he hid
,
’
his m u scl e s awa y in a be ar s skin, which h e s et a dra g on
m a id t o gu ard H erm e s, h owever wit h t h e ru ra l g o d
.
,

ZE g ip an c a m e an d s t o le t h e t e nd ons, which t h e f o r me r
’
fi t t e d b a ck in Z eu s s b ody T h e g od t hen rec o vering h is
.

s t r eng th an d his lib ert y , c a reer e d f or th pres ent ly fro m

Olymp u s in his ch ari o t drawn by winge d ch a rg ers , a n d
b ega n a new t o ply Typh o wi th his light ning whi ch h a d ,

a t l e ng t h t h e e ffe c t O f r e d u cing t h e m o ns t e r t o a sc orched

1
skin .

1
S ee A p o l l o d oru s
’
B i bl io th eca (in West m er
’
an n s S erip tores Poeticce
H is tories Greeci ), i 6 3 ; b u t th ere an er ers i o n o f t h e s t ory o f
.
,
is o th v

t h e t e d o n s o n re c o rd fo r w hich s ee N o n u s D i on y s i a ca i 363 5 34
’ —
n ,
n , .
,

t o t h e ffe ct t h a t Z u s i n h is d i res t ee d w as a i d d b y C a d m u s w h o
e e n e , ,

d i sg u i sed as a s h eph erd ch armed t h e m ons t er w i t h m u s ic an d o bt a i n ed

, ,
 VI . GO DS, DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S . 6 21

Here T y ph o is r epr e s en t e d fi ery lik e Swar t in th e N o rs e

’
l a y an d his e y e s gl a r e fi re which r e mi n ds o n e o f B a l o r s
, ,

e vil e e in t h e I ri s h t a l e S t ill m o r e rem a rk a bl e is t h e

y .

f a c t t h a t H erm e s w h o rest o r e s t o Z eu s t h e u se o f h is
,

h a nds an d f e e t h a s a fa irly e xa c t c o u n t e rp ar t in Di a n
,

C e ch t t h e s kill e d physici a n o f Irish my th o l o gy which

, ,

m ak e s him pr o vide N u a d a w i t h a s ilv e r h a nd o f w o n

d erfu l ing e n u i t y t o r epl a ce t h a t which h e h a d l o s t in t h e
firs t b at t le o f Moy tu ra Th u s Z eu s w h o is foun d t o b e
.
,

r epresen t e d in Irish by N u a d a an d in T e u t o nic by T iu , ,

N orse T yr is o v e rt ak en by m u ch t h e s a m e s ort of mis fo r

,

t u ne as N u a da an d T yr in c a r rying o n m u ch t h e s a m e s o rt
O f s t r u ggl e wi t h t h e s a m e s or t o f a n t a g oni s t s a n d h e g e t s
,

o v e r hi s mis fo r t u ne wi t h t h e a id o f t h e s a me s o r t o f fri e n d

a s N u a d a did T h e c o ncl u si o n s e e ms u n a v o id abl e t h a t

.

t h e c o incid ence is n o t t h e resu l t o f a m ere a ccid en t ; n or

w ou ld it b e t o t h e p o in t for th e s t u d en t o f G re ek li t era t u r e
’
t o t ell u s t h a t t h e s t o ry O f Z e u s c onflic t wi t h Typh o
, ,

o r a t an y r a t e t h e d et a ils j u s t men t i on e d a r e o nly t o be ,

fou nd in t h e wri t ings O f l a t e a u th ors u nl e ss h e c o u ld ,

S h o w t h a t t h o se l at e au th o rs w e r e t h e inv e n t o rs o f th e m
;
for e v e n h a d n o scra p o f Gr e ek li t er a t u re b ee n l o s t t o
t his da y , which is far fr o m b e ing t h e c a s e t h er e is n o ,

re a s on t o su pp o se t h a t all th e a ncien t l e g ends an d f o lk

from h im t h e t en d o n s o f Z eu s o n t h e p re t e n c e o f h i g i g t o u e
, s o n s

t h e m as s t ri gs fo r h is l y re w hi l e in rea l ity h e c r fu l ly p re
n , v d a e s er e

th e m fo t h e g o d s t ri u m ph I t w o u ld t a k e t o o mu ch ti m e h r t o
r
’
. e e

d i c u ss t h e re l ti o b e t w een C a d mu s a d H
s a n m e s o h o w t h l tt r is
n er ,
r e a e

s o m e ti m es c al l ed C d mu s d C a d m il us o r C
a an m il u s (P e ll e i as r r, .

I t i c u i o u th t t h
s r s a m o f t h e l ph b t h e s h l d a pp
e na e a i n thi s
a e er ou ear

c o t e xt j u s t s th t o f O g ma a ci t d w ith w iti g by t h I i h
n a a ,
sso a e r n e r s ,

s h u l d be m e n ti
o e d as th t o f t h e ch m pi o n o f t h e T u a th s D é D a n n n
on a a a

i n t h e s e c o n d b a tt l e o f M o y t u ra w h ere N u a d a fell .
6 22 VI . GO D S, DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S .

l ore O f H ell a s w ere ev e r c ommit t e d t o writ ing Per .

h a ps t h e wo nd e r i n t h e pr e s ent c a s e is t h a t t w o Gr eek
a u t h o rs of a n kind sh o u ld h a ve be e n f oun d disp o s e d t o
y
pla c e on r e c ord a s t ory which represent e d t h e gr ea t r u l e r
o f O lymp u s in a plight t h a n which n o ne c o u ld h a v e been

c onceiv e d a s m o r e u n d ig n ifi ed an d peril o u s .

’
TH E DI ST R E SS O F T H E G O DS A ND T H E SUN H E RO S A ID .

En ou gh h a s n o w p erh aps b e e n s a id t o sh ow t h at t h e
st ories o nc e c u rr ent a m o ng Celt s T eu t ons an d Gr eeks , ,

a b ou t c o n t e s t s be t ween t h e g o ds a n d th e ir m o nst e r a n t a

o n is t s u nd e r t heir v a ri ou s n a m e s a l l repres e n t in t h e ir
g ,

w a y t h e s a m e prim aev a l Arya n my t h ; a n d we m ay s a y ,

t aking t h e exi s t e nce O f t h a t my t h fo r gra nt ed t h at n on e ,

O f t h e s t ori e s e xt an t a m o ng t h e n at i o n s a ll u d e d t o r epr o

d u c e it in it s e nt ire t y : on e giv e s o n e p art an d an ot h er ,

a n o t her while o f s o me p ar t s t h e r e are sev e ra l v a ri an t s

,
n ot

t o men t i o n t h a t t h e u t m o s t fr ee d o m of t re a t men t ma y b e
regard e d a s th e rul e t hr ou gh ou t N o w t h e garbl e d a n d
.

inc o mpl e t e versi ons o f on e branch O f t h e fa mily h elp ,

h ow e ve r t o expl a in t h e equ a lly garbled an d inc omplet e

,

v er s i o ns o f a n ot her bra nch an d th e c omp a ris on e na bl e s

,

o n e a ppr o xim a t ely t o rest o r e t h e o rigin a l L et u s a pply .

t his Vi e w t o th e s t o ry O f t h e c o n t es t be t w ee n t h e Olympic
1
g o ds a n d th e gi an t s Acc ording t o Ap oll o d oru s, t h e
.

chi ef gi an t s w er e P orphyri o an d Alcy o n eu s, w h o w a s

imm or t al S O l ong a s he fou ght o n t h e ear th t h at ga ve him
bir t h . He dr o ve a wa y t h e c a tt l e o f t h e s u n fro m
E ry th ria , an d it h a d b e en f o r e t old t h e g o ds th at n o t on e o f
t h e gi a n t s c ou ld be d e s tr o y e d by t hem , a n d t h a t t h e y c o u ld

1
B i bl io th eca , i . 6, 1.
624 VI . GO DS, DE M O NS A ND HE R O E S .

s t o ry o f Ap oll o d o r u s in which H era cles abid e s m o st

,

s t ric t ly wi thin t h e limit s of his s ol ar ch ara c t er a chi e ving ,

his Vict ory by m eans O f his a rro ws , which m ay be t ak e n

t o r e pr e s e nt t h e r a ys of t h e su n I t f o ll o ws m o r eo v e r
.
, ,

t h a t w e a re c o nfirm e d in t h e O pini o n t h a t t h e c ont es t s

b et we e n t h e g o ds of O lymp u s a n d th e Ti t a ns b et w e en ,

t h e m an d th e gi a nt s an d Typh o, are a l l t o be r e g ard e d

a s clim a t ic o n e s f o u gh t wi t h t h e e vil p o wers o f n a t u re a s
,

t h e re s p e c t iv e s e a s o ns o f t h e y ea r c o m e r ou nd Bu t t o .

r e g ard t h e S ol ar Her o o r Su n -g o d a s th e O ff spring of t h e

C u l tur e H er o b el ongs t o su ch a primi t ive w a y o f l ooking
a t t hings t h a t it wo u ld se e m t o h a v e b e e n a lw a ys li a bl e
,

t o be e ffa c e d . In I rish li t era t u re , for inst a nc e t h e t w o ,

ch ara c t ers a re m o s t frequ ent ly t re at e d Ve ry u n e qu a lly ,

a n d wi t h t h e e ffe c t in t h e per s o n o f D ia rm a it f or e x am pl e
, ,

t h at it is imp o ssibl e a t t im e s t o say whet h e r he sh ou ld be

r e ga rd e d a s t h e S ol a r or as t h e C u lt u r e H er o h e is s o —

like b ot h r oll e d in t o on e I t is fou nd t o b e m u ch t h e

.

s a m e wit h O w ein ab Uri en in We lsh ; bu t C uch u la inn ,

t h ou gh his f at h e r is r e d u c e d n e a rly t o a ciph er r e m a ins ,

d e cid e dly t h e S o l a r H ere a s might b e sa id als o of H era

,

cl e s an d t h e simila ri t y be t ween t h e t w o d o e s n ot en d
h ere a s will b e s een pres ent ly T h e fa th e r o f C uchu l ainn
,
.

is O f n o imp ort anc e a n d n o C u l t u re Her o is pl a c e d in

,

cl o s e r e l a t i o nship t o He ra cl e s in Gre ek exc ept ing Pro ,

m et h eu s r el e a s e d by him fr o m b onds, a n d H erm e s a s s o

c ia t e d wi t h H e r a cl e s a s his pr o t e c t o r .

T h e c o nv erse c a se s ee ms p o s s ibl e where t h e S ol a r

,

H er o is k ept m o r e or l e s s o u t of sight for th e gr ea t er

gl o rific a t i o n of t h e Cu l t u r e H e ro b u t t h e W elsh ins t a nc e
which fi rst su gg e st s i t s elf a s in p o int pro v e s on e x a mi
n a t i o n t o be b u t d o u b tf u lly so : it is t ha t of Pw y ll in
 VI . GO DS , DE M O NS A ND HE RO E S . 6 25

’
th e Ma b ino g i sl aying Arawn s en e my fo r him ; for 1
on

th e wh o l e Pw is sc a rcely t o reg rd e d S in be a a u n - od
g
t h e s a m e s ens e fo r e x a mpl e , a s L u g
,
Perhaps o n e .

m igh t ven t r t o t re t him a s a S n - o d in t h sense in

u e a u
g e

which t h e C el t ic Z eu s h as b een expl a in e d t o h a ve b e en

s ol ar (p o r els e h e ma b e a C u l t u r e Her o I find
.
y .

it h a rd t o d e cid e t h ou gh I a m inclin e d t o t h e fo rm e r
,
’
Vi e w .In ei th e r c a se it is t o be n o t ic e d t hat Pw y tl s
’
a c t i on in sl a yi n g Ara w n s fee is s u bj ec t e d by Ar a wn t o

a r e s tric t i o n whi ch se e ms o nly c ap a bl e o f b e ing a cc o u n t e d

fo r o n t h e s u pp o si t i o n o f it s h a ving o rigin a lly appli e d

’
o nly t o t h e S ol a r H e r o I all u d e t o Pw y lf s b e i n g
.

’
w a rn e d by Ara wn n ot t o dea l t h e la t t e r s e ne my m o re
t h a n o n e bl o w a s t h a t s ingl e bl o w w o u ld be f a t a l t o
,

hi m while w e are left t o inf e r t h a t a sec o nd bl o w

,

w o u ld ha ve m arr e d th e e ff e c t o f t h e firs t I t l o ok s a s .

t h o u gh t h e h abi t o f r e g arding t h e Su n - g o d fini s hing t h e

c o n t est by a singl e e ff or t a s in t h e c a se of L l eu a n d ,

L u g h a d b een g en e ra liz e d int o a r ul e t h a t t h e S u n -g o d

,

w a s b ou nd n e ver t o repe a t t h e bl o w a n d a s t h ou gh t h a t ,

ru l e h a d t hen b ee n s o m ewh at l o o se ly ex t e nd e d t o o th er s .

A t a n y r a t e it w o u ld be h a rd t o e xpl a in h o w a n y s u ch
,

a limi t a t i o n appli e d in t h e fir s t ins t a nc e e i t h e r t o t h e

C u l tu r e Hero or t o t h e M a rs -J u pi t e r o f t h e C el t s O n .

1 Perh a p s t h e t f C d mu s h el pi g Z eu s m i g ht b e cit d h e e
s o ry O a n e r ,

a n d it m ay b e th t t h e c se O f C a d m u s is t o b e r g
a a de d a n o t s o e ar s

u n l i k e th o s e o f Gw y d i on a d Wo d e a s it m i g ht s e e m a t fi
n n t ig h t rs s ,

fo r h e h ad a g d s o n c l l e d P n th eu s w h o s e a m e ec a ll w e e pi g
ra n a e ,
n r s n

S O it is j u s t p s ib l e th a t in P n th eus w e h v e a d im c o u n t erp a rt o f
o s e a

Ba l d e t h e g o d b e w i l e d w ith m a y bitt e t e a s
r, a L as t l y m ay it n t
n r r .
,
o

b e th t t h t m K dp y mj
a e er a s pp l i ed t o H e c l e ref r ed i pit
o e s, a a ra s, e r ,
n s e

o f t h e u su al xp la a ti o n (Prel l c r s Gr M y th ij
e n
’
t a t ra d iti n
. . . o o

rep res en ti n g H e ra c l es a s s o n o r g d n o f t h e C u l t u re H e ro C ad mu s l
ra n so

2 s
626 VI . GO D S, D E MO NS A ND HE R O E S .

th e ot her h and , it
r ea dily a ppli e s t o th e c a s e O f t h e Su n
h ero C l ich u l a inn of wh o m w e r ea d t h a t L abraid o f t h e
,
’
Swift Ha nd on t h e Swo rd h a d l o ng cra ved C uch u l a inn s
a id b u t t h at wh en t h e her o a c t u a lly c a m e , a cc o rding
;
t o an o l d pr oph e cy , an d pr o c e ed e d t o d e a l Sl au gh t er
’
a m o ng his friend s fo e s L abraid b e c a me very a nxi o u s
,

t h a t h e sh ou ld n o t kill t o o m a ny of t h e m : at al l e v ent s ,

n o re a s o n is s u gg e st e d f or his a nxi et y T h e sa me .

id ea is t o b e t ra c e d a ls o in t h e st o ry of Peredu r, b u t
in a s o me wh at diffe r ent f o rm : h e d ea ls t h e wi t ch o f
Gl ou c e st e r j u s t on e bl o w of his sw o rd an d tha t su ffic e s ,
’
t o qu ell t h e wi t ch s c ou r a g e a s Sh e r e c o gniz e s in Pere d u r
,

a m an o f wh o m it h a d b e en pr o ph e si e d t h a t h e sh ou ld

1
c o me an d c onqu er h er an d h er fo rmidabl e S is t ers This .

pro ph e cy is t o be c o mp ar e d wit h t h e fo rekno wl e dg e p o s

sess e d by t h e T u a th a D é D an a nn a s t o t h e fin a l b a t t l e
o f M o y t u ra an d t h e o r a cl e which h a d w arned t h e Olympic
,

g o ds t h at t hey c ou ld o nly c o nqu e r th e Gi ant s wi t h t h e

a id o f a m o r t a l w h o pr o v e d t o b e H e r a cl e s .
,

Thu s far w e ha v e b een l o oking t o wh at e xt ent C el t ic

a n d T e u t o ni c f o rms O f t h e my t h el u cid a t e t h e Gr ee k

v er s i o ns l et u s n ow t u rn r ou nd an d s ee wh at ligh t t h e
l a t t er m ay t hr ow on t h e fo rm er We m ay begin j u st .

wh er e we l eft off, t h at is t o s ay wit h H era cl e s, w h o w a s

o rigin a lly a or m o r t a l b u t bec a me a g o d This
,
.

Sh o rt a n d gen e r a l m e th o d of di s t ing u i s hing b e t w e en

h er oe s a n d g o ds , b e t we e n m en an d t h e imm or tals m u st ,

h a ve o nc e b een a va il abl e in t h e like m anne r a mong b ot h

C elt s an d T eu t ons For a s r e gards th e l at t er s u ffic e
.
, ,

it t o ment i on t h e s t o ry o f Go d mu n d r r ei gni ng o ver t h e

1
R . B . Ma b . pp . 210, 243; Gu es t, i . 323, 37 0 .
628 VI . GO D S , DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S .

th e w eakn e ss which p eri o dic ally afflic t e d th e r e s t O f t h e

Ul t o ni an warri ors t h e king incl u d e d ; an d by dint o f t h e
,

m o st m ar vell ou s f ea t s o f v a l our C l i ch u l ain n k ep t th e

,

wh ol e fo rc e o f t h e en e my a t bay for s om e t ime .

Yo u will p erh a ps t hink it a s tr ang e ly Irish t re a t ment

t o m ak e t h e g o ds l a ng u ish en cou va de whil e m o r t als
w ent fre e ; bu t it mu st be re memb er e d t h at all Irish
my t h o l o gy, an d We l s h als o re a ch e s u s t hr o u gh Chris t ia n
,

ch ann els which u su ally m a ke t h e g o d s in t o m en lia bl e

,

t o d ie lik e o t h e r m en Wi thin th e p a g an peri o d t h er e

.

w a s pr ob a bly n o l a ck o f dis t inc t i o ns b e li e v e d t o e xis t

’
b et ween g o ds an d m en an d t h e id ea of th e f o rmer s
,

d eat hl e ssn e ss , or a t an y ra t e th e mill e nni al d u rat i on O f

t h e ir liv e s mu s t h av e b ee n on e of t h em
,
B u t it is .

r e m arkabl e t h at wh a t in Irish is represent e d a s m e rely

an indi s p o si t i o n a n d in a c t ivi t y o n t h e ir p a r t , a m ou nt s in

t h e N o rs e Edd a t o n ot hing l e ss th a n t h e a c t u a l d e a t h O f
t h e Ans e s a t t h e h a nds of t h e p o wers of evil f o ll o w e d ,

t h o u gh it b e by t h e ir u n e xpl a in e d r et u rn t o life wh e n
a l l ills a re h e a l e d a t t h e c o ming o f B a ld e r Wh et h er we.

c a ll t h e ir ina c t ivit y d ea t h or m er e indisp o sit i o n t h er e w a s ,

a my t h o l o gic a l r ea s o n f or it a s w e sh a ll pr e s e n t ly s ee ;
,

b u t th a t r ea s o n m a y be r e ga rd e d a s h a ving ce a sed t o b e
in t elligibl e a t an e arly da t e l o ng prob ably b efo re an y
,

Arya n wand erer h a d l and e d in t h e s e islands SO t h e .

persist enc e o f t h e m y t h O f which t h e Ul t o ni a n in a c t ivit y

form e d an int egr al p a r t, w ou ld n a t u ra l l y c o me t o b e
int erpre t e d s o on e r o r l at er in th e ligh t of th e o nly c u s to m
t h a t s ee m e d t o m ake it in t elligibl e n a m e ly t h a t of t h e
, ,

c ou va d e T h e e xpl a n a t i o n w a s , it is n ee dl e ss t o s a y ,
.

a m er e exp e di e nt b u t r a t h e r an ing eni o u s o n e t h o u gh

, ,

it pr ov e s , w h en y ou c o me t o exa mine it a li ttle m ore

 VI . GO D S , D E MO NS A ND HE R O E S . 6 29

cl o s ely t o h a v e b een far fr om l arge e n ou gh Fo r in s t an c e

,
.
,

t h e I rish c ou va d e (p 36 3) Sh o u ld l a s t o nly f o u r d a ys
.

a n d fi ve nigh t s a sp a ce O f t ime o u t o f al l pr o p o r t i o n t o
,

t h e in t erva l d u ring which t h e h er oe s of Uls t er l a y h ors

de comba t l ea ving C uch u l a inn a l on e t o fa ce t h e e n e my ;
,

b e sid e s w h o e v er h ea rd o f a c ou va d e t h a t incl u d e d a l l
,

t h e a d u l t m a les o f a wh o l e pr o vinc e a t o n e an d t h e s a me
t im e ? I t did well en o u gh h o w e v e r , t o indic a t e t h e
,

r a dic a l differ enc e o f na t u r e t h a t w a s s u pp o s e d t o exis t

’
b e t we en C uch u l a inn s a n d th a t o f t h e n obl e s o f U ls t e r .

C l ich u l a inn h a d inh eri t e d it fr o m his fa t her , w h o simil a rly

differed fr o m t h e m b e fo re him a n d t his chim e s in e x a c tly
wi th t h e c o ncl u si o n dr awn in t h e s e l e c t u res as t o Gwydi on ,
W o d en an d Indra t h a t t h ey wer e in p o in t O f o rigi n
,
’
h u m an an d n ot divin e I t is t r u e t h a t C rich u l ain n s
,
.

’
f a t h er s imp o r tance is redu ced t o a minimu m ; b u t so fa r
as an di s t inc t iv e ch a r a c t e r is l e f t him it c o I n cid es w e ll
y ,

e n o u gh wi t h t h a t O f Gwydi o n a n d W
'

o d e n : he d e v o t e s his

a t t e n t i o n t o his so n w h o is h o wever t oo s t r o ng -
,
will e d t o
b e ru led by him s o t h a t in t h e l ong ru n t h e f a t her
,
’
b e c omes th e s on s a tt end an t an d m e ss eng e r .

T h e r e s u l t as r e g a rds t h e S o l ar H e r o , is t o pr o ve
,

t h e iden t i t y SO fa r a s id en t i t y ca n b e a ppr o a ch e d in
,

s u ch m at t ers of C d ch u l ainn wi t h H era cl e s I t w o u ld

, .

t a k e t o o m u ch t ime t o p u rs u e t his id ea in t o t h e g e n era l

simil ari t y b et w een cer tain o f th e l a b o u rs o f H e ra cl e s a n d
t h o se O f C d ch u l a inn an d I will o nly c a ll a tt en t i o n t o
,

o n e o r t w o o t h e r p o in t s o f r e s e mbl a nc e Th u s I may
.

O bs e rv e t h a t a s H e ra cl e s w a s p e r s e c u t e d by Her e t h e

s t e rn c o n s o r t o f Z eu s SO t h e M orrig u o r Gr ea t Q u e e n
, ,

o f t h e G o id e lic w ar - o d is d scrib d ff nd d wi t h
g e , e o e e

C rich u l ain n , an d t aking an a c t ive p a r t a g a ins t him a t a

630 VI . GO DS , D E MO NS A ND HE R O E S
.

m omen t when h e w a s a lrea dy f o rmida bly m at ched ; bu t

s h e l ike Here , f ails , an d a pp ears a ft erwa rds rec o ncil e d a n d
,

f ri endly t o him (p . On t h e o t h er h and y ou will ,

rem e mb er t h at t h e grea t fri e nd an d h e lper o f H eracles

w a s t h e gr e y -
e y e d g o dd e ss At hene , d au ght e r O f Z eu s : Sh e

n o t o nly a ided him wh e n he w a s in dire dist r e ss bu t rO

p ,

Vid e d f or his ea se a n d c o mf o r t when he f e l t t ired a n d

w e ari e d af te r his great eff or t s : for e xa mple she wo v e ,

him a spl e ndid pepl o s in which t o l ou ng e wh en h e l a id

a sid e his a rm o u r , an d sh e w o u ld o n o cc a si o n m ak e wa rm

S prings g u sh f ort h fr o m t h e grou nd t o pr o vid e h er

1
fa v ou ri t e h ere wit h a r efreshing b at h N ow t h e c o m
.

pl e ment O f th e r ea s o ning which w ou ld id ent ify 01101111

l ainn wi t h H era cl e s , w o u ld m ake t h e Ul t oni an c o u r t a
c ou n t erp a r t in Irish of Olymp u s in Greek myt h ol o gy , a s
I h a v e a lre a dy t ried t o e xpla in (pp 1 36 . so t h e

Irish c ou nt e rp ar t of At hen e sh ou ld be a d au ght er o f t h e

kin g r endering kindly service t o Cuch u l a inn As a .

m att er of fa c t , it h app ens th at t his p a r t o f t h e myt h h a s

n ot been wh olly bl o tt e d o u t by t h e bl a nching t ou ch o f

t im e : a t a n y rat e , it is j u s t p o ssible t o re a d it in th e
ligh t o f th e Gr e e k idyll C onch ob ar h a d a p a ssing fa ir
.

d au ght er c a ll e d Fed el m o f th e N in e F o rms (p f or .

s h e h a d s o m a ny fa ir a sp e c t s , e a ch O f which w a s m o re

bea u t ifu l , a s w e are t o ld , t ha n t h e o t hers ; an d wh e n

C uch u l a inn h ad a t t h e n e ws of t h e a ppro a ch of t h e
,

enemy fro m t h e west , a dva nc e d w i t h his fa t h e r t o t h e

fr o nt i e r of t h e r e alm , he su dd enly h a st ened awa y in t h e
e v e ning t o a pl a ce o f secr et mee t ing wh ere he kn e w
,

S ee Prel l er s Gr M y th , ij 16 1, 18 9 a l s o h is n o t e (o n t h e fo rmer
1 ’
. .

p age ) o n t h e v ase i nsc rip t i on , i a KA éo vs d n, ‘d i Gel i eb t e d es

. .

H e ra c l es
.
’
6 32 VI . GO DS, DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S .

chara c t er a scrib e d t o th e m f or lying ; bu t t h a t d e s erves

n o s e ri ou s c o nsid e r a t i on an d t h e Cr et a ns in t h e ir mys
,

t o ri e s are su pp o s e d t o h ave repres en t e d t h e g o d g o i n g

t hr o u gh t h e s t a g e s o f his his t o ry every ye a r 1 A lit t l e .

b ey ond t h e limi t s of t h e Gre ek w orld a Simil a r ide a

a ss u m e d a s t ill m o re r e m a rk able f o rm n a m e ly , a m ong
,

t h e Phrygi a ns w h o are s aid by Plu t a rch t o h a ve b eli e ved

,

t h e ir g o d t o sl eep du ring t h e wint er an d r e s u m e his

a c t ivi t y d u ring t h e su mm er The sa m e a u t h o r a ls o
.

st a t e s t h at t h e P aphl a g oni ans w er e O f O pini o n t h a t th e

g o ds were sh u t u p in a pris on d u ring win t e r a n d l et l o o se
2
in s u mmer . Of t h e s e p e oples th e Phrygi ans at l ea st,

a pp ea r t o h a ve b e en A r y a n an d rel at e d by n o me a ns
,

dist a n t ly t o th e Gr e eks ; bu t n ot hing c o u ld resembl e th e

I rish c ou va de of t h e U l t oni a n h er o e s m o re cl o s ely t h an
t h e n o t i o n o f t h e Phrygia n g o d hib e rn a t ing This in it s .

t u rn is n ot t o be s e v e red fr o m t h e dra s t ic a cc ou nt o f t h e
Z eu s O f t h e Gr e ek Olymp u s redu c e d by Typh o t o a sin ew
l e SS m a ss an d t hr own f or a t im e in t o a c a v e in a s t a t e o f
u t t e r h e lpl e ssness .Thu s w e s ee m t o b e dir e c t e d t o th e
n o r th a s t h e o rigin al h o m e o f t h e Arya n n a t i ons ; an d
t h er e a re o t h e r in d ic at i o n s t o t h e s am e e ff e c t , s u ch a s
’
W o d e n s g old ring D rau pn ir, which I ha ve t ak e n (p 36 6) .

t o b e symb o lic of t h e anci e nt e igh t - da y w eek : he pl a ces

’
it o n B a ld er s pil e , a n d wi t h him it dis a ppe a rs f or a while
int o t h e net her w orld, which w ou ld s ee m t o m e an th e
c e ss at i on for a t ime of t h e vicissi t u de of da y an d night ,

a s h a ppens in m idw in t e r wi t hin t h e Arc t ic circle Thi s .

mi g h t be cla im e d a s e xcl u siv e ly Ic el a ndic , bu t n ot if on e

1
Pau l y
’
s R ea l -
E n cy el .
(s . v . Jup it er ), V . 5 97 .

2
D e [ s id e s i O s ir id e (t h e D i d o t ed ) ,
69 .
 VI . GO DS, DE M O NS A ND HE R O E S . 6 33

can sh o w t ra c e s a s I h ave a t t emp t e d (pp 365

, of .

t h e s a me my t h in Irel a nd F u rt h e r a s or t o f c o mpl e
.
,

m en t t o it is s u ppli e d by t h e fa c t t h a t C uch u l a inn t h e

S u n H er o is m a d e t o figh t s e v e ra l d a ys a n d nigh t s wi t h
o u t h a ving a n y sle e p which t h o u gh fix e d a t t h e wr ong
, ,

s ea s o n of t h e y ea r in t h e epic t ale in it s pr e s en t f orm ,

m ay pr o b a bly b e r e ga rd e d a s o rigin ally r e f e rring t o t h e

s u n r e m a ining a b o ve t h e h o riz o n c o n t in u o u sly for severa l

d a ys in su mm e r Tra c e s o f t h e sa m e id ea be t ra y t h e m
.

’
selves in B ald er s s on F o rs e t i or t h e J u dg e w h o a cc o rd , ,
1
in g t o a p a ss a g e in o l d N ors e li t er a t u re S i t s l o ng h ou rs ,

a t his c o u r t se tt ling a l l c au ses in his p al a ce o f Gli t n ir in

t h e skies . Th e se p o in t s a re ment i oned a s p ar t of a

hyp o thesis I h av e been f o rced t o f orm for t h e in t erpre
t a t io n o f cer t a in fe a t u res O f Ar y a n my th ol o gy ; an d t h at
h y p o thesis t o say t h e lea st o f it , will n o t n ow be con
,

s id ere d s o wild a s it w ou ld h a ve been a few ye ars a o

g ;
for t h e rec e nt rese a rches O f t h e s t u dent s of l a ng u a ge a n d
e t hn o l o gy h a v e pr of o u ndly m o difi e d t h e ir views a nd a
,

fe w w ords m u s t a t t his p o in t be dev ot ed t o th e ch a nge

t h a t h a s c ome o ver t h e scene .

Am ong t h e gre at disc o veries of m o dern t imes m u s t

u nd ou b t e dly b e r ank e d th a t o f t h e f a c t t h at S anskri t ,

an d t h e m o r e imp o rt a n t l a ng u a g e s o f E u r op e a r e cl o s e ly

a kin ; b u t t his disc o very w a s a cc o mp a nied by sever a l

e rr o n eo u s a ss u mp t i ons o f fa r- re aching i n fl u ence O n e .

w a s t h a t S anskri t if n o t t h e m o t her o f t h e o t her Ary a n

,

l a n g u a g e s w a s a t a n y r a t e t h e ir eld e s t si s t er ; an d a l t o
,

g e th er t h e imp or t anc e o f S a nskri t u s e d t o be g rea t ly

e x a gg e r a t e d An o ther of t hese a ssu mp t i ons w a s t h a t al l
.

1
Co rp us P o et . Bo r
. i . 71 Si m ro ck , p . 296 .
634 VI . GO D S, DE M O NS A ND HE R O E S .

th e n at i ons spe aking Arya n l angu ages w ere O f th e s a me

r a ce Then we h ave t o a d d t o t h e s e an d th e like a s su mp
.

t i o ns t h e l o ng -
s tanding h abi t of regarding al l t h e n at i ons
O f t h e w e st a s of e a s t ern o rigin Bu t wi t hin r e c e nt
.

y ea rs t h e r u th less h and of crit ica l inqu iry h a s begu n t o

sweep a wa y th e se c obwebs, an d S ansk rit , which will
d ou b t less enj o y t h e rep u t at i on O f a lwa ys b e ing a highly
imp o rt ant an d instru ct ive la ngu a ge h a s s o far l o s t it s
,

e x a gg e r at e d w e igh t t h at Pr o f e ss o r S ayc e b e gins hi s Pre

fa c e (d at ing in N o v e mb e r , 1 8 8 4) t o t h e t hi rd e dit i o n
’
o f hi s
‘
Principles of C o mp ar at ive Phil o l o gy wi th th e
‘
fo ll o wing remarkabl e wo rds : S ince t h e p u blic at i on of
t h e sec ond e di t i on of my wo rk in 1 8 7 5, a rev o l u t i o n
h a s t aken pl a c e in t h e C o mp a ra t ive Phil o l o gy o f t h e
I nd o -E u ropea n l angu a g e s S anskrit h a s b e en d et hr oned
.

fro m th e high pl a ce it o nc e o cc u pi e d a s t h e specia l

repre sent at ive O f t h e Arya n P a r ent -Speech , an d it h as
b e en rec o gnized t h at primi t ive s ou nds a n d f o rms ha v e ,

on t h e wh o l e ,
b e en m o re fa it hfu lly pr e served in t h e
’
la ngu a ge s O f E u r o p e t h a n in t h o s e of Indi a The e thmo
.

l o g is t w aking u p like w ise fr o m t h e d e l u si o n which h e

,

h a d a ll o w e d h is t o o imp et u ou s br ot h er , t h e s tu den t O f
l angu a ge , t o infect him wi th, finds t h at it is ou t of th e
qu e st i o n t o su pp o s e t h e va ri ou s pe oples Sp eaking Ary a n
l a ng u a ges t o be of t h e s a m e ra ce I t t h en r emains t h at
.

w e sh o u ld reg a rd t h e o rigin a l Ary ans a s h a ving spr e a d

t h e ir l ang u a ge an d ins t i t u t i o ns a m o ng o t h e r r a c e s by
c onqu e st , an d t hat t h e vari ou s n at i o ns of t h e w orld
speaking Ary an l a ngu ages a re n ot al l e qu ally Arya n in
p o int of bl o o d : s o t h e qu e s t i on a ris e s, wh at Aryan n at io n
o r n a t i o ns m o st cl o sely r e s e mble t h e o rigin a l s t o ck o f

t h at na m e ? I t is arg u ed wi t h g re at pr ob abili t y , t h at it
636 VI . GO DS, DE M O NS A ND HE R O E S .

t o th e e fl e ct , d e d u ce th e Ind o -E u r ope ans of

th at ‘
to
E u r op e fr o m th e Ind o -E u r ope ans O f Asia in et hn ol o gy , ,

is like deriving t h e rep t iles of Great Bri ta in fr o m t h o se of

’1
Irel and in e rp et ol o gy .

2
Thu s t h e v o ice of recent rese arch 1 s rai sed very
decidedly in fa v ou r of E u r ope t h o u gh t h ere is n o c o m ,

p l e t e u n a nimi t y a s t o th e e x a c t p or t i o n of E u r ope t o

r e ga rd a s t h e ea rly h o me O f t h e Ary ans ; bu t t h e com

p e t it i o n t ends t o lie b e twe en N o rth G erm any an d S ea n
d in a v ia e sp e ci all y t h e s ou t h o f Sw e d en This l a st w o u ld
,
.

pr ob ably d o well en ou gh a s th e c ou nt ry in which t h e

Aryans ma y h ave c ons olidat ed an d organized t hems elves
b efor e b eg inn ing t o send fort h t heir exc ess O f p op u la t i on t o
c onqu er t h e o th er l a nds n ow p o ssessed by n at i ons sp eaking
Arya n l ang u a g e s N or can on e fo rge t t h at all t h e great
.

st at es of m o d ern E u r ope , excep t t h a t O f th e Sick Man ,

t r a c e t h e ir his t ory b a ck t o t h e c o nqu es t s of t h e N orsemen
3
w h o s et ou t fr o m t h e S c an di n avi a n l and whi ch J ordan is
pr o u dly c alls ofi ein a g en tiurn an d vag ina n a tionum Bu t .

I d ou bt wh et h er th e t ea chings o f e v o l u t ion may n o t f orc e

u s t o t r a c e t hem s t ill f u rt her t o wards t h e n o rt h : in an
y
c a s e, th e my th ol ogic al in di c at i ons t o wh ich y ou r a tt ent ion
h a s b e en c a ll e d p o int , if I am n o t mist ak en t o s o me Sp o t
, ,

within t h e Arc t ic Circle , su ch , for e xa mpl e as t h e r e gi on ,

wh er e N orse l egend pl a c e d th e L and O f I mm ort alit y , s o m e

wh ere in th e n or th O f Finl and a n d t h e n e ighb ou rh o o d of

1
L a th am s ’
Germa n ia o f T a ci tus , E p il eg om e n a, p . cx l l j .

2
S ee m o re es p eci all y
Pe n k a s O r ig ines A ria cce, Vi e n n a, 1 8 8 3 ;
’

S ch ra d er s
’
Sp ra ch verg l eich u ng u nd Urg es ch ich te, e n a, 18 8 5 J
i l s er s
’
W
H erk u n ft d er D eu ts ch en, C arl s ru h e ,
18 8 5 an d Pen k a s H
’
erk unft d er
A rier, Vi en n a, 18 8 6 .

(p
3
D e O rig in e A ctibus g u e Geta ru m, ed . H o ld er, c ap . 4 .
 VI . GO DS, DE MO NS A ND HE RO E S . 637

th e Whit e Se a
Th e r e wo u ld , p e rhaps be n o diffic u l t y
.
,

in t h e w ay o f s u pp o sing them t o h a ve t henc e in d u e t im e

d e scend e d in t o Sc a ndin avi a , se t t ling a m o ng o th e r pl a c e s , ,

a t Upsa l a which h a s a l l t h e app ea r a nce o f b e ing a m o s t

,

a nci e n t si t e lying a s it d o es on a pl a in d o t t e d wi t h inn u

,

m era bl e b u ri a l m ou nds of u nkn o wn a n t iqu i t y Thi s y o u .

,

will bea r in mind , h a s t o d o o nly wi th t h e origi n of t h e

ea rly A ran s a n d n ot wi t h t h a t O f t h e h u m a n r a c e g e nc
y ,

r a lly ; bu t it wou ld be n o fa ta l O bj ec t i on t o th e Vi e w h ere

s u gges t e d if it Sh ou ld be u rged t h at t h e myt h ol o gy o f
,

n a t i ons beside t h e Arya ns s u ch a s t h at O f t h e Pap h l a ,

on ian s in c a se o f t h e ir n o t be ing Ary a n p oin t lik e wis e

g , ,

t o t h e n or th ; for it is n ot c o n t e nd e d t h at t h e Ary a ns
ma y be t h e o nly pe opl e of n or t hern o rigin Ind e ed I .
,

m a y a d d t h a t a t he o ry w a s n o t l ong a g o pr op ou nd e d by a
dis t ingu ished French s a v a n t t o t h e effe c t t h at th e en t ire ,

hu m a n ra c e origin at ed o n t h e Sh o res of t h e P o l ar Sea a t

a t im e when t h e r e s t o f t h e n o r thern h e mi s ph e re w a s t o o

1
h o t t o be inh abi t e d by m a n M de S ap or t a for t h a t . .
,
’
is th e learned w ri t er s n ame expl a ins himself in cl ea r ,

an d f orcible t erms
; b u t h o w far his hyp o t h e sis m a
y
s at i s fy th e o th e r s t u d ent s of thi s fa scin at ing s u bj ec t I
c ann ot s a y I t m a y , h o w ev e r b e obs erv e d in p a ssing
.
, ,

t h a t it ne e d n ot disc oncer t e v e n t h e m os t o r th o d o x of
m en for it s u pp o s e s a l l ra ces o f m a nkind t ra c ea bl e t o
,

a single n on - simian o rigin a n d t h e Bibl e lea v e s it an ,

O pen qu es t i o n where ex a c tly an d when t h e G a rd e n o f

Ed e n fl ou rish e d .

1
R evu e d es D en a: M on d es , Vo l l v ij . . h e e pp 8 l 1 19 a
w r .
—
re

d e v o t ed t o tic l tit l ed a i d e S n th ese p a l e o e t h iq u

’
an a r e en ,
‘
Un E ss
y n e

s ee al s o \Va rrc n
’
s Pa ra dis e Fou nd , p u b l i s h ed at Bos t on in t h e U n it ed
S ta t es in 18 8 5 .
 6 38 VI . GO DS, DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S .

’
The g ods wint er indisp o sit i on , ina c t ivi t y or d eat h ,
which led me t o m a ke t his digre ssi on, mu s t n o t be con
fou nded wi t h t heir v o l u nt a ry visit s t o th e n et h e r w o rld .

O f t h e se we h ave an inst ance in th e U l t oni a n cycl e o f

I rish st ories, wh ere C o nch ob ar, w h o here st ands in t h e
p o si t i o n of a Cel t ic Z eu s, g o es w i th hi s men , incl u ding
y ou ng C rich u l a inn t h e Su n -g o d, t o t h e h ou se of C u l a nn
t h e smit h t o b e en t er t a in e d for t h e nigh t (p .

C u l an n is t o be rega rd e d a s on e o f t h e f o rms o f t h e d a rk
divinit y or Dis O f t h e C el t s , an d in Gr eek my t h ol o gy h e
h a s h i s c o u n t e rp a rt in Heph ae st u s, e xc ep t ing t h at o wing ,
’
t o t h e d ep art men t al n a rr o wing of t h e la t t er s ch a ra c t e r
is tics C u l an n w a s s om ewh at wider ; for he w a s n ot o nly
,

smit h, bu t diviner an d pr oph et t h e own er O f h erds a n d ,

fl o cks an d O f a Cerb eru s t h at gu a rded hi s h ou se an d

,

ch a tt els u n t il it w a s kill e d by C l ich u l ainn Tha t C u l ann .

is a f orm of th e d ark divinit y is fa vou red by th e fa c t

t h at hi s n a me h a s s o me t im e s bec o me syn o nym ou s wi t h

t h a t o f t h e d e vil He is s o met im e s a ss o ciat ed w i t h t h e

.

Isl e of M an wh ere h e m a nu fa c t u r e d a swo rd a sp ea r an d

, ,

a shi e ld o f su ch t r ansc e nd e nt e xc e ll e nc e f o r C o nch ob a r

, ,

t h a t he w a s invi t ed by him t o dw e ll in his r e a lm : C u l a n n ,

a cc e p t ing t h e O fl er se t t l e d o n t h e Pl a in of Mu rth e mn e
1
, ,

wh ere t h e s t o ry of t h e T ain repres ent s him living Bu t .

t h a t Pl a i n w a s fabl e d t o h a v e be en form erly si tu at e d

b en ea t h t h e s ea, which reminds on e of th e H o m eric
s t ory ab ou t Heph aest u s w orking for nin e y ea rs b en ea t h
t h e s ea u nkn o w n t o g o ds an d men e xcep t ing E u ryn o m e ,

1
T ra ns . of th e Kilk en n y A rch . 8 00 fo r 18 5 2—3, ij
. . 32-
3 al s o th e
M a nx S o ciety , Vo l . xv . 1 29
.

2
Bk .
f
o th e D a n , 605, 6 1 a ; R . I ri s h A c ad (S t ow e
. M S ) D iv
. . . 2,
fo l 8 l
. o Briti s h M u s e u m M S .
(H a rl . fo l 20b
. .
6 40 VI . GO D S, DE M O NS A ND HE R O E S .

v ersi o n o f t h e my th in qu es t i on is t o be seen in th e
flit t ing o f th e dwell ers of Olymp u s in ord er t o g o an d
enj o y t h eir h e c at o m bs fr o m t ime t o t im e a t th e e ver-l a d en
t a bl e o f t h e d ark E t hi opi a ns Acc ording t o t h e O p eni ng .

p or t i on o f t h e Odyss ey t h e se my thic pe o pl e, wit h t h e ir

,

fa c e s t ann e d by th e sc orching rays of t h e su n , in h abit e d

t h e t w o r e gi ons of t h e w o rld which w ere t h e m o s t dis t ant
fro m o ne a n o t her : t h a t wh er e t h e s u n r o s e in t h e m o rn
ing an d t h a t wh ere h e d e sc end e d in t h e e v ening
A ieio era s , i O t XC G O eda ia ra t , éo- - '
re a m t d vd div,
'
.
x .
p
,

O i p év dva o p évo v oi 8 oiw dv ro s

'
. . .

S u ch my t h r e qu ire s n o expl an at i on ; an d p o ssibly a

a

v e iled r ef erence t o th e T a bl e of t h e E thi opia ns is t o be

de t e c t ed , wi t h an un expla ined ch an ge of sc en e , in t h e
s t o ry of Heph aes tu s limping ab ou t a s cu p -b ea rer t o t h e
g o ds on Olymp u s ; bu t it is perh aps preferabl e t o r egard
t his a s a m e r e pi e ce of l a t e r hu m o u r or e l s e t o c o mp a r e ,

it wi t h t h e c a se of t h e Da gd a a c t ing as chef of t h e ki t ch e n
o f C on a ir e t h e Gre a t , or Gl ew l w d Ga va el va w r d is ch a rg
y
’
ing t h e d u t i e s of chi ef p ort er at Ar t hu r s c ou r t on grea t
1
o cc a si o ns .

I t is n ot evid e n t whe t her th e my t h O f t h e impris on

ment of th e C e l t ic Z eu s , a s in t h e pers o n o f M erlin ,

Sh o u ld b e reck on e d wit h t h a t o f th e in a c t ivi t y or de at h

o f t h e g o ds , or else r a nk e d wit h t h e fli t t ing o f t h e

Olympi ans t o fe a st a t t h e T a ble o f t h e E t hi opi a ns for

in s o m e versi o ns of th e myt h t h e id ea of impris onm en t
is n o t expresse d , t h ou gh it admi t s p erh a ps of b e ing
E n
gl i sh E a g er as th e n a me o f t h e Bore in t h e T re n t a n d o th er A n
g l i an

i
r ve rs ; b u t m o d ern ph o i t
n ol o g s s find a d iffic u l ty in t h e v o w el s .

1
Bk . o f th e D un, 94 ; R . B Mab . . p . 103; Gu es t, ij 254 . s ee al s o

p . 37 2 a b o ve .
 VI . GO DS, DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S . 6 41

d imly inf erred T ak e for ins ta nc e t h e s t o ry o f L a bra id

.
, ,

(p . w h o fr o m his isl a nd h o me r u led o v e r a s o r t o f

m art ia l Elysi u m in which he r e qu ired t h e a id of t h e Su n

,

o d C u ch l inn a g a ins t a p e o ple c a ll e d t h e M e n o f Fidg a

g u a .

1
These w e re fabl e d t o derive th e ir origin fro m Bri ta in ,

which in t his c o n t ext mea ns Ha des (p In t h e .

’
n ex t pl a c e L abra id s wife a n d qu een w a s L ib an in wh o m
, ,

on e r e c o gnizes t h e L a ke L a dy o f t h e M e rlin s t o ry p
( .

L a s t ly L abra id is n ot m ent i o ned a s qu i tt in g his re al m

,

t o Vi s i t t his w o rld bu t his wi fe g o es a n d c o m e s at will

,
.

N o w t h e p a th t o t h e r e gi o n inh abi t e d b ot h by L abra id

an d t h e M e n o f Fi d g e l e d p a s t t w o d ou bl e - h ea d e d s er
pen t s ; a n d when L ib a n fet ch e d t o h e r c ou r t a p ers o n
d e s tin e d t o c o me b a ck a live , she h a d a t t h e d anger o u s Sp ot ,

a ll u d e d t o specially t o pro t ec t h im by t aking h im by

,

t h e sh ou ld ers 2
This is pr ob ably t h e k e y t o t h e s tory
.

’ ’
o f t h e s t r a ng e p u nishmen t s e l e c t ed fo r Pw y r l s qu e e n
Rhi a nn on wh e n Sh e w a s c ondemn e d t o c a rry all visi t ors
,

t o t h e c ou r t on her S h o u ld e rs fr o m t h e h ors e- bl o ck in t o
t h e h a ll (p For t h e r 61e o f Pw y lt H ea d of H a d e s
.

is p erha ps b e s t in t erpre ted a s t h at of a Cel t ic Z eu s in th a t

w orld while Rhiann o n is t o be regarded as a g o ddess
,

wi t h fre e a ccess t o b o t h worlds .

C E LT I C A C C O UN T S OE TH E A R YA N DE LU GE .

T he my thic s t ru ggl e s which led u s a wa y in t o t h e d ig res

si on c o nc erning origins en abl e on e t o s ee t o s o m e e x t en t ,

1
S ee th e B k h ere th ey a re al s o c al l ed T a th Fidge
.
f
o L ein s t e r, l 5a, w u

o r Fid b an d s a i d t o h av e u e d p o i s o n ed w ea p o n s
a, s .

2
Wi d i s ch I ris ch e T ex te pp 2 10 219 1 4
n , 34 l i n es 21
,
.
, , ,

R ev Cel t v 231
. . . .

3
R B M l) pp 20 23 a n d G u es t iij 6 3 6 7 -8
. . a . .
, , ,
.
, .

2 T
6 42 VI . GO D S, DE M O NS A ND HE R O E S .

h ow t o cl a ssify th e p art ies O pp o sed in t h e m : a m o ng ot h er

t hin gs w e are t au gh t t h a t it will n o t a lwa ys d o t o t a ke
,

t h e m a cc ording t o t heir descent since Pr o m e th e u s for

, ,

ex a mple th ou gh t h e s on of a Ti ta n fight s o n t h e sid e o f

, ,

t h e g o ds ; an d w e are f u r ther help e d t o dis t ing u ish t h e

Olympic p ar ty in t o t w o gr ou ps c o nsist ing respec t iv e ly
,

o f t h e g o ds wi t h Z eu s at t h e ir h e a d an d O f t h e her oe s ,

w h o b e g a n t h e ir e xist ence a s m o r t als Wit h o u t att e mp t

.

ing t o pu rs u e t his qu e st i o n o f cla ssific a t i on f u rt h er I ,

n o w wish t o m ake s o m e a ddi t i o n a l c o mp a ris o ns sh o wing

h o w s o me o f t h e princip a l figu r e s in t h e my t h o l o gy O f
t h e Gr ee ks an d o t her Ary a ns h a d t h e ir c ou n t erp a rt s in
t h e t h e o l o gy O f t h e a nci e n t C e lt s Tr ea tin g Z eu s a s t h e
.

c ent ra l figu re in t h e H ell eni c p a nt h eon an d a ssu ming ,

his ident i t y wit h t h e T yr of th e N ors eme n a n d t h e

N u a da o f t h e Irish , l et u s t u rn ou r at t ent i o n t o Cr onu s ,
wh o m Z eu s is r epr e s e nt ed a s h aving su p ers e d e d an d
exp ell e d N ew E a rt h wishing t o be rid o f her hu sb a nd
.

Ura nu s or Sky , inci te d h er s ons t h e Tit ans t o mu t ila t e

hi m b u t t h e y al l hesi t at e d exc ep t t h e y o u n g e s t , w h o
,

is cha ra c t eriz e d a s dy K A mjms or Cr onu s of cro ok e d

v o ,

c ou ns el H e a cc o rdingly acc ep t e d a sha rp sickl e fro m

.

his mo ther an d perp et rat e d t h e d e ed His f a ther Sky .

t h en cu rs e d Cr onu s t o s u ffe r in his t u rn a t t h e h a nds o f

his ow n O ffspring, wh er ef ore Cr onu s t o ok th e s t ra ng e
pr e c a u t i o n O f d ev o u ring t hem a s f a s t a s t h e y w e r e b o rn ;
bu t hi s wif e Rhe a s u cc ee ded in c onc ea ling on e of t h e m
fr o m his v era cit y This w a s Z eu s an d a s s o o n a s h e
.
,

gr e w t o mat u ri t y he d e cl a re d w ar on t h e Ti t ans : pro ving

vic to rio u s , he t hru s t Cr o nu s a n d t h e o th er Ti t a ns int o
T a r ta ru s a cc o rding t o on e a cc o u n t An o ther h ow ev er
, .
, ,

m ak e s th e disp o ssess e d Cr o nu s g o t o t he I sles of t h e /

6 44 VI . GO DS, DE M O NS A ND HE R O E S .

a t tr ib u t e s r em o v e d Be t h at a s it m a y B eli an d Bil e
.
,

w ere d ou b t l e ss fo rms o f t h e D is o f t h e a nci en t C el t s ; b u t

wh en for ins t anc e th e t im e O f B eli is r eferr e d t o in
, ,

W el s h li t era tu re a s th e gold en a g e o f Bry t h onic ind e

en d en ce o n e is ind u c e d t o t hink t h a t v e ry p o ssibly a
p ,

C el t ic c ou nt e rp ar t o f Cr onu s o r S at u rn h a s be e n c on
f ou nd e d a n d id ent ifi e d wit h B eli : t h e a n al o gy O f t h e
c o gn at e my ths w o u ld l ea d u s t o e xp e c t t o find t h e m
cl o s ely a ss o ci a t e d bu t sca rc ely a m alga m a t e d A m or e c o m .

l e t e re pr e s e n t a t iv e h o w e v e r o f C r o n u s o n C e l t ic g ro u nd
p , ,

is t o b e d e t e c t e d in t h e Iri s h D a gd a wh o s e n am e s e e ms
,
’
t o me a n t h e g o o d g o d (p H e is an O l l at h air or
‘
.

Gr eat F a t h er , lik e Cro nu s , an d, lik e him h is ch ara ct er ,

r ea dily len t it s e lf t o c o mic t r ea t m e nt , a s, for inst a nc e ,

in a d e scrip t i o n of his m aking a he a vy m eal of p orridg e ,

of which h e w a s o v e r -f ond like Cronu s a ls o h e w a s ,

d ep riv e d of his h ou s e an d h o m e by his M ac C C or You n g

S on , for t h at , an d n o t N u a d a is t h e n am e in t his c on
,

n e c t ion O f th e c ou n t erp a rt o f y ou ng Z e u s b u t t h e
t ri u mph of his s on is m a d e t h e r e s u l t o f a t rick (p .

an d n o t O f a b a t t l e a s in t h e c a s e o f Cr o n u s In t h e n ex t.

pl a c e h e d u ly c o ncilia t e d is sa id b o th hims elf t o a b st ain

, , , ,

an d t o c au s e t h e o t h e r g o ds t o a bs t a in fr o m bligh t i n g
,

t h e cr ops a n d sp o iling t h e m ilk o f t h e Mil e si a n Iri sh So .

h ere a g a in h e m ay be c o mp a r e d t o Cr onu s an d re ga rd e d ,

a s th e o d t o b e pr o pi t i a t e d by t h e f a rm e r a n d t h e
g
sh eph erd This wou ld na t u ra lly imply th a t h e h a d p o wer
.

t o a c e r t a in e x t e n t o v e r t h e a t m o sph er e ne a r t h e earth ,
which is b orn e o u t by h is pr omi s ing t h a t a t t h e fin a l
b a tt l e of M o y t u ra h e w o u ld hims elf w ork a s m any a t m o J
Sph eric w o nd er s a s a l l t h e d ru id s O f t h e T u a t h a D é D a n an n

p u t t o g e t h er
. Th u s i t w o u ld s e e m t h a t he w a s o n e o f
 VI . GO D S , D E MO NS A ND HE R O E S . 6 45

th e C el tic g o d s w h o h a d t h e th u nderb ol t which G re ek ,

my th ol ogy t ends t o pl a c e a t t h e e xcl u sive di sp o sa l o f

’
Z e u s ; e v en C ronu s influ ence o v e r t h e h a rves t a n d t h e
rip en ing c rO p s wo u ld se e m t o p o s tu l a t e t h e a ssigni n g o f
a c e r t a in a m o un t O f a t m o s ph eric p o w e r t o him a ls o It .

is h o w e v er n o t t o b e d o u b t e d th a t Cr o n u s is l ef t wi th
, ,

c o mp a ra t iv ely li t t l e infl u ence as c o mp ar e d wit h t hi s C el t ic

c oun t erp art o f his for th er e were a s w e sh a ll see s ev era l
, , ,

o th e rs b e l ongi n g t o o t h e r cycl e s o f s a g a s Irish a n d W e lsh .

,

B efo re l ea ving t hi s m en t i o n o f t h e Da gd a it is w or t h ,

whil e p o in t ing o u t his N o rs e equ iva l en t wh o m w e s ee m ,

t o h a v e in Th o r This will app ea r fro m t h e foll owing

.

su mm ary o f Th or s at trib u t e s by Vig fu sson a n d P o w e ll ,

’

in t h e ir C orp us P aetieum B orea le ij 463 ,

Wid e is t h e
.

c ont ra st b e t w e en Wo den an d Th u nd er in t h e l ays o f t h e

e a rlier p oe t s . Th or is a l e ss c o mplex divini t y wi t h a ,

w ell -m arked an d individ u al cha ra c t er ; t h e fri end o f ma n ,

’
t h e h u sb andm an s g o d wh o s e wr a t h an d a nger are ever
,

d ir e c t e d a g a ins t t h e e vil p owers t h a t inj u re m o r t a ls an d

t h e ir p o ss e ssi ons , wh o se b o l t des tro ys t h e f o u l t hick
bligh t s t h at be t ra y t h e pr e senc e o f t h e wicked o nes a n d ,

smi t e s t hr ou gh t h e h u ge cl ou d -ma ss e s th a t s ee m t o be
cr u shing t h e e ar th Th u s w e s e e him ev e r a ss o ci a t ed
.

wi t h E ar th w h o b o re him t o H ea v e n
,
h er p r o u d e s t
t i t l e s a re t h e M o t her o f t h e a t -
Gi n k ill er t h e M o th er o f ,

- ’
t h e Ill d a m s fo e
‘
So a l s o he is h u sb and o f Sif t h e
.
’
,

g o ld en -h a ire d g o dd e s s [t h e C o m -fi el d C eres] ,
The
’
h o m ely fea t u r e s o f Th or s ch a ra c t e r m a rk him o u t for
h u m or o u s t rea t ment a n d t h e an onym ou s A i is tO ph a n es of
,
‘

t h e W e s t a n d Sn o rri hims el f d ea l s o wi t h h im
, , Al on e .

o f a l l t h e g o ds w e fi n d hi s im a g e c a rved o n s t o cks an d

s t ones , a l ong -b ea r d ed fa ce wi th t h e h a mmer h u ng

6 46 VI . GO D S , DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S .

ben ea t h ; an d t h e h amm er i t s elf, a primit ive s t o ne -he a ded

Sh or t - h af t ed inst ru ment is f ou nd s ep ara t ely a s a ch arm
,
.

’ ’ ‘
The Ans e or t h e Go d of t h e c ou n t ry, or t h e Might y
‘
,
‘

’
G od in t h e ol d c a rmin a of oa t hs an d v o ws a lw a ys r efe rs ,

t o Th o r . I t is c u ri ou s t o n o t ic e h ow ill t h e st u rdy
’
f arm er s friend su i t s t h e n ew Wa lhall The p o e t s g et .

o u t o f t h e d ifli cul t by m akin g h im s t a y a wa y fi h t

y g
ing gi ant s ; his u nc ou t h might is sc arc ely nee ded wh en
W o d en h a s a h o st o f ch o s en warri o rs eve r r ea dy t o d efend
”
hims elf an d his fri ends I will o nly a d d t h at t h e w o rd
.

as s o r a nse a s a pplied t o Th or h a s it s et ym ol o gic a l e qu i

, ,

v a l ent as o bs e rve d in a pr e vi ou s l e ct u re (p
,
in t h e .

n a m e E su s o f t h e G au lish g o d, u s u a lly e qu ipped wit h a

l ong -h a ft e d h ammer an d an ax e o r bill wi th which h e ,

is s o m et im e s repr e sent e d l opping t h e branches of a t ree .

T h e id en t it y is , r ou ghly sp ea king f a irly c er t a in ,

.

An ot her p arall el in C e lt ic t o Cro nu s m u st n ow be men

t ion ed , na mely , F e rgu s m ac R O ig wh o s e s t ory b el o ngs ,

t o t h e U lt oni a n cycl e in whi ch t h e pl a ce o cc u pied in

,

Gr eek t h e ol o gy by Z eu s is h e ld by C onch ob a r ma c N e ssa ,

’
king of U lst er T h e l a tt e r s pr e d e cess or in p o wer w a s
.

F e rgu s , an d it w a s bri efly t old in a n ot h er lec tu re (p .

h o w F e rgu s w a s d o ne ou t O f his kingd o m by t h e b oy

C o nch ob ar a ided by his m ot h er N e ss a h ow h e w as b eat en ,

in t h e w ar t h at ensu e d , an d h ow h e went a s an exil e t o

t h e c o u r t O f M e db in C onn au gh t Th ere h e bec a me th e
.

fa th er of s e vera l O f Me db s n u mer ou s O ffs pring an d he

’
,

a c t e d a s on e o f t h e chi ef le a d e rs of A il ill an d M e db s
’

exp e di t io n int o U lst er When t hey rea ched U1st er t h e

.
,

U l t onian braves were in t heir c ou va d e, an d t h e fr on t i er

w as l eft in t h e ch arg e of C ri ch u l a in n an d his fa th e r .

B u t wh e n a t l a s t t h e U l t oni ans c a r e er for t h in t h e ir

6 48 VI . GO D S, DE M O NS A ND HE R O E S .

The a ss oci at i on of Cro nu s wi th th e s ea is n ot mu ch emph a

sized : o n e v ers i o n o f his s t o ry m ak e s h im sa il awa y to th e
I s l e s O f t h e Bl e ss e d , bu t a n ot h er r e pr e s ent s him wand ering
f or a l o ng t ime on s e a a n d a t l a s t a rriving on t h e w e s t
,

c oa st of I t aly , wh enc e h e s a il e d u p th e Tib er as far a s t h e

J an icu l u m, wh ere h e is s a id t o h a v e be e n kindly r e c e iv e d
1
by Janu s w h o liv e d t her e For t h e R om ans id e n t ifi e d
.

Cr onu s , an d d ou b t l e ss on t h e wh ole c orre ct ly , wit h t h eir

o w n S a tu rn H e w a s t h e n b el i ev e d t o h a v e t a u ght J anu s
.

a n d his s u bj e c t s v a r i o u s u s e fu l a rt s s u ch a s t h a t o f s hip ,

b u ilding an d c o ining m on e y , wh ence t h e R o m a n pi e c e s

wit h th e h ea d of Ja nu s on on e sid e an d t h e ship of
S a tu rn on th e o t h e r ; t o which m a y be a dd e d th e fa ct t h at
’
t h e c ell ar bene a t h t h e l at t e r s t emple c a me t o be t h e
t r e a s u ry o f t h e ci t y Ab o ve all S at u rn w a s a ss ocia t ed
.
,

in m any ways wi th a gricu l t u re : t h u s his n ame in it s

o ld e s t form O f S a eturnus app ea rs t o h ave r efe rr e d t o
s o wing an d t h e pra ct ice o f m anur ing th e gro u nd w as
t ra c e d t o him , wh e nc e he d e riv e d s u ch epi t h e t s a s S t er

c u lns , St ercu tu s a n d t h e like M oreo ve r, t h e S a t u rn a lia

.

r e c a ll e d his na m e, an d t h e S at u rni a Re gn a or t h e g old en

a e O f pe a c e an d plent y wh e n he w a s s u pp o s e d t o h a ve
g ,
2
r e igned I t is n o t e a sy t o d e te rmine exa c tly th e e xt ent
.

o f t h e infl u enc e of Gr ee k my t h o l o gy on t h e S at u rn l e g e nd

a n d c u l t b u t I see n o re a s o n t o s u pp o se t h a t t h e h abit
,

o f a ss o ci a t ing him ei th e r wi t h fa rming or shipping w a s

a n imp o r t e d on e .

My o bj ec t in dwelling so l ong on t hi s is n ot t o dra w

a n o t her p a r a ll e l be t we e n Cr o nu s or S a t u rn an d F erg u s

1 Ve rg i l s E ’
n eid , v ii j . 319-5 8 O v id s
’
F a s t i, i . 233-
43, V . 6 25-
8 .

2
Prell er s R om M y th
’
. . pp . 1 6 3, 409 — 4l 5 .
 VI . GO DS, DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S . 6 49

in his c onn e c t i o n wi th th e s ea a s th at w o u ld b e imp o s ,

sibl e fro m th e l ack of d a t a rel a t ive t o t h e l a t t e r I t .

i s n o t s o h o wev e r in t h e c a se o f a n o ther my t hic a l

, ,

p ers o n in wh o m w e h a ve a s I wish n o w t o p oin t o u t a

, , ,

t h i rd r epr e s e n t a t iv e o f Cro n u s n am ely N e m e d w h o h a s , , ,

b e en m e n t i on e d in t h e ea rli er p ort i o n o f this l e c t u re

( p . fr o m which I m u s t n o w rep ea t t w o or t hr ee

r e m arks N e med w a s o n e of th e e arlies t c ol onizers o f

.

E rinn a f ter t h e fl oo d ; h e a n d his fl ee t s et o u t fr o m th e

c a s t ; b u t for wh a t r e a s o n t h e y l e f t t h e ir o w n c ou n t ry we

a re I b el ieve n o wh e r e t old
,
Th ey wander e d a t an y r a t e
,
.
, ,

s o l o ng on s ea a n d s u ff e red s o m u ch fr o m h u ng e r an d
,

t hirs t t h a t o nly a m e re h a ndf u l l anded wi t h N e m e d in

,
’
Erinn N o w N e me d s W e lsh n a mes ak e is, a s alre a dy men
.

t ion e d, N e vy d t h e b u ild e r o f th e ship in which a m an an d

,

a w o m an Dw v a n an d D w v a ch wer e s a v e d wh e n t h e r e s t
y , y ,

o f t h e r a c e w as dr o wned H e it is a ls o t o wh o m W elsh .

p oe try a scribes u nd er t h e kin dr e d n a me o f N ev ,

a s ort
,

o f N o a chi a n r 61e an d h e is likewis e c a ll e d N e iv ion whi ch

,

h a s c o me t o b e t r e at e d as t h e Wel s h fo r N ep t u ne So .

N e m e d an d N evy d t aken t o ge ther f u ll y reflec t t h e n ava l

1
t ou ch in t h e s t ory of Cr o nu s Bu t Cr onu s is represen t e d .

1
Po s s ib l y th ey m i g ht b e sa id t o d o m o re, for w h en on e c o mes to
e x ami n e th e i r n ame th y p rov e t o be d e i a ti v es f o m n em an d
s e or r v r n ev

ne f t h e I i s h a n d \Vel s h e s p cti v l y fo Sk y o r h ea v e n S O th a t th ey
,
r r e e r ,

a pp ear t o h a v e d e c rib ed th e i r b a re s as in s o me w ay c o n e ct ed w it h
s e r n

t h e s k y o r h ea ve in w h a t w a y it w o u ld b e d iffi c u l t t o d eci d e
n : Bu t .

o e n xp l n ti on is read i l y su gges t ed by s u ch G e k w o rd s dp d s
e a a r e s a o v ro

a n d es p e ci al l y i iS w hich re ferred t o t h T it a
av a i, as t h e ff p i g e ns o s r n

0 f 0 1p 69 1 N eva l/ w i l l b e fo u n d in t h
. B l a ck Bk t h e Bk of e .
, .

T al i i a n d t h e R ed Bk (S k en e ij 39 1 47 206
es s n I n t h e thi rd
.
,
.
, , ,

o f th e e p s ag es N ev
s as i s s e e m i gl y u d f th e I i h N m d it n se or r s e e ,
as

b
is ro ug ht i n t c l o s e c o n t a ct wo ith A rd - ev by w hich w as d o u bt l s s n o n, e
6 50 VI . GO DS, DE M O NS A ND HE R O E S .

r e c e ived by Rh a d a m ant hu s in t h e o ther w orld , a n d thi s

a l s o h a s a s or t o f c ou n t e rp a r t in t h e s t o ry ab ou t N e m e d
,

o r, t o be m ore a cc u r a t e , in a s t o ry a b o u t a N e m e d for t h e
s t o ries a s we kn o w t hem a re n ot u s u a lly rega rd e d a s in
an
y w a y c o nnec t ed N o w t h e o n e in p o in t rel a t e s h ow
.

N e med married t h e wid o w O f t h e m u rdered king C on air e ,

t h e Gre a t w h o h as been t r e at ed (p 1 35) a s on e of t h e fo rm s

,
.

o f t h e Cel t ic Z eu s an d h ow N em e d sh e l t e ring t h e mu r
, ,

d er e r I n g c él w a s o v erwh elmed wit h him in th e v e ngeance

,
’
wr eak e d on t h e m by C ona ir e s childr en, th e thr e e C a irbre s .

This I t ake t o be t h e s ame N em e d a s t h e e arly c ol onizer,

different ly t reat ed in a st ory b el onging t o a d ifi eren t
’
cycl e ; an d his m arrying C onaire s wid o w th at is t o say ,

t h e D a wn - g o ddess , m ak e s him int o a g o d O f d arkn e ss , a s

d oe s a ls o his a lli ance wi t h I n g c él ; n or need it o cc a si on
an s u rprise t h at N e med h e re c o mes b ef o re u s m o re a s
y
t h e chief ch ara c t er ins t e a d o f a ppe a ring a s a n e w - c o mer
b efriend e d by t h e cy cl O p s I n g cél (p for s o a ls o .

Cr onu s , received by Rha da mant hu s, t akes rank a s j u dge

m e an t t h e i sl an d O or N s m e d s H e i gh t n o w k n o w n as
f A rd -
N emid ,
’
,

t h e G e at I s l an d n ear C ork (F ou r M a ters A M 28 59 n o t e) : t h e

r ,
s , . .
,

p o et s t h eme w as C ad w all aw n s re tu rn fro m I el an d D ifficu l ty a tta ch es

’ ’
r .

t o N ei vion (al s o N eivon ) fo r t h e Wel s h N o a h is c al l e d in a T r ia d

, ,

i ij 97 N e v y d N av N eiv io n w h ere p o ss ib l y N evy d N av m ay be co m

.
,

p ar d w ith t h e I ri s h N emed ma c N a ma w hich s om e ti mes o cc u r b ut

e ,

it is p ro b a b l y for a n ea l i er N em d N a ma w h e e N a ma m ig ht b e
r e ,
r

reg a d d as o f t h e s am e o ig i n as N av
r e r I n a y c as e N e vy d N av p ro
. n ,

b b l y mean t N t h e L o rd c o mp are Vo rtig ern i n t erp et ed t o m ean

a
‘
.
,
r

a s p e m e l ord (p
u r N eiv ion is d e ri v e d fro m N av an d f orm s a
.
, .

s o t o f e d u p l ic ati o n o f it t o be c om p ared w ith Ma rc h M eir h i on an d

r r . c

t h e l i k e (p . b u t N eivion is al s o s e d al o n e s t h e Wel s h fo r
u a

N e pt e ; an d in t h e p as s g e from t h e Bk of T a l i es s in t ra s l a t ed at
un a . n

p 25 8 b ov e it w o u l d s eem t o h ave m ean t t h e L ord in re feren c e t o

. a ,
‘
,
’

t h e C h ri s t O f t h e l i n e i m me d i a tel y fo l l o w i n g .
6 52 VI . GO D S, DE M O NS A ND HE R O E S .

m ay thi nk t h a t t h er e is g oo d r ea s o n for t h e S ilence t h at , ,

in f a c t , h e h a d n o t hing t o d o wit h t h e s ea B u t t hi s .

w o u ld n ot b e qu it e right , for he is d e scrib e d go ing f ort h

on a m e m o ra bl e o cc a si o n in a b oat t o fish an d o n e o f t h e
,

n a m e s a ppli e d t o him w a s kial a va ldi k ee l -wi eld e r or ’

m a s t er o f th e ship n ot t o men t i on th at he w as inv ok e d

1
,

in p erils a t sea , a n d t h a t on e O f th e c o l oniz ers of Ic el and is

’
r epr e sen t e d c onsu l t ing Th or s o ra cl e a s t o th e sp ot wh er e
2
h e sh o u ld l a nd an d s et t l e Th or h ow ev er w a s n o t t h e .
, ,

o nly T eu t o nic c ou n t e rp a r t o f Cr o n u s ; for a s w a s p o in t e d ,

o u t on a n o t her o cc a si o n Z e u s h as his c ou n t e rp art n ot ,

o nly in T yr, b u t a lso pr ob ably in t h e S w e dish F re y or t h e ,

‘ ’
L ord a n d s o Fr ey s fat h er w ou ld ha v e a s m u ch righ t ,
t o s ay t h e l ea s t of it t o b e s et o ver a ga ins t Cr o nu s an d,

t h e D a gd a a s Th o r This is b o rne ou t by wh at N ors e

.

lit era t u re says O f N io rd r for t h at w a s his n ame Thu s ,

.

N io r d r w h o w a s hims elf o n e o f t h e W a ne s an d n ot O f th e
,

Ans e s, w a s t h e fa t her of Fr ey , w h o is c a ll e d t h e be st
3 us
a m ong t h e Anses j t a s Cr onu s th e Ti tan w a s t h e fath er
,

o f Z eu s t h e g o d N iO r Cl r c a me a m ong t h e Ans e s a s th e
.

h o s ta g e of t h e Wa n es an d in th e D o o m o f th e Age he ,
4
w a s t o r e t u rn t o t h e m b u t t h e Wa n es wer e t h e en e mi e s
O f t h e Ans e s a n d t hey m a d e t h e firs t w a r on t h e m w h e n
,
’
t h ey br ok e int o t h e Anses b u rgh T h e D o o m of t h e A g e .

m ea ns t h e fin al c ont est an d o vert hr o w o f th e Ans e s by

S w ar t an d his a llie s , S O t h at indir e c t ly t h e l a tt er are id en
t ifi e d in a m a nn e r wit h t h e Wa nes w h o in an y c a s e t ake ,

1
Co rp u s Poet Bo r . . i . 222 .

2
S ee Vigfuss on Po w el l
’
s C o rp u s , i . 412, w h e re th ey qu o t e f om r

th e
’ ’
L a nd n a ma B o k a p as s ag e w hich w ill b e fou n d at pp 1 48 - . 9 (iij .

1 4, 1-3) o f t h e fi s t v ol u me
r O f th eir Ic el a d ic O ri g i s
n n .

3
lb . i . 106 .
4
Ih . i . 66 .
 VI . GO DS, DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S . 65 3

up a p o s i t i o n in N o rs e my th o l o gy an al o go u s t o t h at o f
t h e Ti ta n s in Gre e k a n d o f t h e Fir B olg in Iri s h : it
f oll ows t h a t t h e pr e s ence o f N i6rd r for a t im e a m on g
t h e Anses a n d his finally t a king sides wi th t h e W a n es
,

in th e ir w a r a ga ins t t h e Ans e s ma y b e c omp a re d wi t h ,

t h e Ti t an Cr o nu s r u ling o v e r t h e g o ds u n t il h e a n d t h e
o t her Ti t a n s w e r e u t t e rly r o u t e d So m u ch o f t h e d a rk e r .

’
sid e o f N iO rd r s ch a ra c t er ; an d a s t o his c o nn e c t i o n
wi t h t h e s ea an Aris t o ph a nic t o u ch in on e of t h e E d d ie
,

1
p o e ms iden t ifi e s him wi t h it F u rth e r a fra gm e n t o f a .
,
2
l o s t p oe m describes a diffic u l t y b e t w e en N io rcl r a n d his
’

c ons o r t Sk a d i w h o a s a grea t h u nt re ss w a s f o nd o f t h e
,

r o cks an d t h e m o u n t a ins whil e h er h u sb a nd l o ved th e

,

’
A S r e ga rds N iO r d r s a t t i t u d e t o wa rds m an b o t h h e
’

s ea .
,

a n d Frey w ere h e ld t o be t h e giv e r s o f w ea l th

3
an d t h e ,

f a th er is r e f err e d t o in t erms t h at w ou ld h a v e appli e d

e qu a lly t o Th o r a s t h e g u il e l e ss h elp e r o f man ;
4
an d h e
,

w a s inv ok e d a t s ea a s t h e r u ler o f t h e wind an d t h e w a v e s .

T h e o rd er o f t h e t oa s t s a t t h e p u blic f e s t iva ls w a s th a t
’
t h e firs t sh o u ld b e dru nk t o W o d e n : n e x t c a me N i O rd r s
’
t oa s t an d Fr ey s for g o d e as o ns
o s a n d p ea c e 5
L as tly .
,
’
wi t h r e ga rd t o N iO rd r s c u l t , he is repres en t e d a s r u ling
'

’
6
o v e r c o u n t l e s s t e mpl e s a n d h igh pl a c e s ; a n d a t N o at i i n
,

wh er e h e h a d b u il t h im a h a ll , h e h a s a high -timb e r e d
-
a l t a r pl a ce 7.

L e t u s n o w t u rn t o t h e Vedic p a n th e on o f t h e a nci en t
H ind u s , a n d s ee wh a t gre a t fi gu re t h er e t akes u p a p o s i

1 The L ok a -
s en n a : s ee th e C
o rp us i 106
Poet B a r . . . .

2 Co rp us Po e t Bar . .
i . 1 26 ; s ee al o S i m
s c k p 293 ro ,
. .

3 C p Poet B o r i 27 4 1
I h i 7 1 ; S i m ro c k p 293
‘
or us . . . . . .
, . .

5
Co p
r us Po et Bar . . i . 404 .
6
I h i 66 . .
7
lb i . . . 71
.
6 54 VI . GO D S, DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S .

t i on like t h a t o f Cr onu s a n d hi s c ou nt e rp a r t s in t h e th eo
l o gi e s o f th e W e st ern Ary ans One s o o n ligh t s on Ya m a .

as sh owing a c ert a in S imilarit y t o th e ch ara c t er we

are in q u e s t O f H is n am e , a cc ording t o Ve d ic sch olars
.
,
‘
m ea ns a t win he is r epresent e d a s t h e first m an an d ,

2
his sis t er an d wife Ya mi a s th e fir st w oman This .

d ou ble r el at i onship reminds on e o f a r epr o a ch m a d e

3
by L oki t o t h e N o rs e N io rd r N o w Ya m a a s t h e firs t .

4
m an w a s t h e first of t h e d e a d s o h e f u nc t i ons a s t heir ,

l o rd a n d king ; bu t h e is n ot s a t isfie d wit h t h e nu mb e r

o f t h e s u bj e c t s h e h a s He is a cc o rdin gly d e scrib e d .

a c t iv e ly eng a g e d in a dding t o t h e ir n u mb e r ; so h e is n o t

o nly king of t h e d e a d , bu t a ls o d ea t h
5
He is s om et im e s .

repr e s ent e d a s pers on ally fet chi ng t h e de a d or m aking

hims elf t h e t x jb w d -
G
He h a d h owever t w o t erribl e
v on o
'

n
'

s
, ,

h ou nds , describ e d a s gu ardians o f t h e ro a d t o him an d 7

,

s om et imes a s his m ess eng ers wa ndering forth a m ong m en

in qu e st o f t h o se ab o u t t o die 8
The w ay t o Ya m a s ’
.

h o me w a s l o ng an d a c an o e t o cro ss a rive r is m e n
,

t ion e d 9
.H e is s a id in t h e Rig -
Ve da t o h ave cro ss e d
t h e r apid w at e rs t o h a ve sh o wn t h e w a y t o m any, an d
,

t o h a v e firs t kn o wn t h e p a t h t aken by t h e fa t h ers in

10
cr o ssing su bs e qu ent ly T h e pr ot e c t ing a id a ls o o f a .

B 85 R o th Ya ma
’
1
. s D iet . s v . . .

2
Berg aign e
’
s R el i gion
’
Ved iqu e, i . 90 (R ig -Ved a , x . 10,
3Corp us Poet B or i 106 . . . .

4 Zi
m m e s A l tin d is ch es L eben (Berl i n p 421
’
r , . .

Be gaig n e i 8 5 90-2 Zi mm er s A l t in d isch es L eben p

’
5 r ,
.
, , . 422 (R .

Ved ix 1 1 3 8 x 14 1 x 1 6 5
. .
, ,
.
, , .
,

7 I h i 93
6 B r ai
e g g e ibi d
n , (R Ved x 14 1 0
. . . . . .
,

8 Zi
mm e p 4 22
r,
( R V.ed 9 Ih
p 409 (R Ved x . . . . . . . 63,

M ax M ll e L ec t ures ij 5 63 (R Ved x 14 1
’
1° s
u rs , . .
,
. .
6 56 VI . GO D S, DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S .

by dra g on Dah aka T h e end of Yim a rec alls Ad a m

th e .
1

a s t h e firs t of men a n d l o rd o f t h e G a rd e n of Ed e n

t ill h e w a s exp e lled , o wing t o t h e wil e s of t h e s erp e n t ,

a n d b e c a m e s u bj ec t t o d e a t h Wh at m ay b e t h e e x a c t .

r e l a t i o nship b et we en t h e t w o s t ori e s is a qu est i on whi ch

d oe s n ot c onc ern t h e p res ent su bj e c t ; bu t t h e y pr ove
b ey o nd a d o u b t t hat H ebrew an d P ersia n id ea s m u st
h av e s o m e t im e or o th er c o m e in c on tac t wi th o n e
, ,

a n ot h e r All t his h o we v e r l ea v e s u s in c onsid er abl e

.
, ,

u ncer t a in t y a s t o t h e r e l a t iv e p o si t i ons of P fish an an d

’
Ya m a ; bu t t h e fo rm e r a s th e w orld s h erdsm a n w h o
n ever l o s e s a be a st ma y be c o mp are d wi t h Ysp y d a d en s
2 ’

Sh eph e rd
( p an d perh a ps wi t h t h e N o rs e
.
g o d
H e imdal , whil e Y a m a is l e ft u s t o c omp are wi th Cr on u s
’
a n d t h e D a gd a A t an y ra t e , Ya m a s b e ing c onsider e d
.

t h e firs t man t o h a v e di e d c ann ot b e r e ck o ned a s ra dic a lly

dist ing u ishing h im fro m t h e o th er d ark g o ds Fo r th e .

m o del on whi ch t h e y w e re o n e an d al l , fa shi on e d in t h e ,

first inst a nc e by f ea r a n d fancy w a s pr oba bly t h at O f th e

d ea d a nc e st o r a s t h e n at u re o f t h e sa crific e s wi t h which
,

differ ent n at i ons ha ve be e n w ont t o propit i at e t hem w ou ld

se em t o indic at e .

Ha ving t ou ched on Ya m a , t h er e are re a s ons a s will ,

a ppe a r l a t e r why I sh o u ld sa y a l i t t le m o re a b o u t him ,

,

s o I begin wi t h t h e h abi t which S a nskri t my th o l o gy

3 n
h a s o f a ss o ci at ing o t t o s a y c o nf o u nding , Y a m a a n d
,

1 J ti
as
’
s H a n d bu ch d er Z en d sp ra ch e, s . V . Yima .

S ee t h e R ig Ved a , x 1 7 , 3, w h ere L u d w i g h as Vich , th o u g h

2
.

Gras s m an n p re ferre d ein R ei ch : th e o rig i n al is an as h t ap a gu r, w hich B .

R o th ren d er— d er von s ein er H eerd e n i ch ts ver li er t .

3
S e e Max M u ll er s L
’
e c tu res s ij ,
. 5 6 1, w h ere h e q uo tes th e R ig -V d ae ,

x . 1 4, 7 .
 VI . GO DS , DE MO N S A N D HE RO E S . 6 57

Va ru n a wi th on e an o th er This impli e s l o c a t ing b o t h

.

Ya m a a n d Va r u na in th e skies an d it inv olve s a t l ea s t ,

t w o dis t inc t q u es t i ons O ne is t h a t of t h e u s e in S a nskri t

.

li t era t u re o f t h e n ame Va r u n a a s th a t of a grea t g o d,

in s t ea d of l e tt ing it sink in t o c omp arat ive disr ep u t e lik e
Ura nu s This h a s b e en t ou ch e d u p on b e fore (p
. .

’
a n d t h e c a se w a s t fr m W s t rn Ary n s p in t of
p u o a e e a o

Vi e w , a s t h ou gh Va r u n a h a d exch a nged pl a ces wi t h

D ya u s t h e c o u n t e rp ar t e tym o l o gic a lly Spe aking, O f Z e u s

, ,

an d T yr N e i t h er D ya u s h owev er, n or Va ru n a is ou t
.
,

o f pl a ce in t h e Skies ; b u t h o w c o m e s Ya m a t o be t here

h ow c o m e s t h e r u l e r O f t h e d ea d an d hi s s u bj e c t s t o b e
a l o ft an d n o t in s o m e regi o n b el o w ?
,
Th a t is t h e o ther
qu e s t i on I h a d in Vi e w ; bu t I h a ve n o a nswer excep t
t h a t cr e m a t i o n w ou ld s e em n a t u ra lly t o p o in t u pwards ,

an d esp e ci a lly t h e id e a t h a t t h e d ea d v a nished a l o ft wi t h

1
t h e fl a mes o f th e f u n er a l pil e P o ssibly on e ou gh t n ot
.

t o l ea v e a l t o g e t h e r o u t o f t h e r e ck oni ng t h e s u l t rin e ss o f
I ndia n clim at e which m ak e s th e dweller on t h e pl a in
,

sigh for th e hills a n d t h e English O fficia l migra te if h e

, ,

c an t o t h e ir bre e zier heigh t s ev e ry ye a r a s t h e h o t s ea s o n

,

s et s in P erhaps it w a s a ls o p art ly an ide a deriv e d

.

fro m s o m e n o n -Ar ya n ra c e wi th which t h e Ary an c on

q u e ro r O f Indi a c a m e in t o cl o s e c o n t a c t B u t wh a t e v e r.

t h e re a s on m ay h a v e been t her e is n o d enying t h e fa c t

,

t h a t t h e a ri s t o cra t ic a u th o rs o f t h e hymns o f th e Rig

V e d a s et t heir fa c e s a ga ins t t h e id ea of g o ing b el o w a ft e r
d eath S anskri t sch o l ars t ell u s t ha t s ome t im e or o th e r
.
,

a ft e r t h e V e di c p e ri o d Ya m a c a m e t o b e reg a rd e d a s l o rd
,

1
T his w o ul d s ee m t o be M Berga ign e s
.
’
V i ew i
, . 78 9
.

2U
6 58 VI . GO D S, DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S .

and king O f th e dea d in th e ne ther w orld This may be .

1

t r u e in t h e limit e d sense t h a t t h e id e a of Y am a reign

in g o v e r th e de a d in t h e net her w o rld finds n o explicit
e xpr e ssi o n in t h e Rig - Ve da b u t t o c o nvince a st u dent
o f Ary a n my t h o l o gy a s a wh ol e , t h a t s u ch a n ide a o nly

gr e w u p in India p o st eri or t o t h e Vedic t imes, w ou ld ,

it se ems t o me , b e o u t O f t h e qu es t i on ; n or in fa c t , did ,

t h e au t h ors O f t h e Rig s u cce e d in k eeping it wh olly o u t

o f t h e ir hymns Th u s on e of t h e m , sp eaking o f inhu ma
.

t i o n , s a ys t h a t th e t o mb Sh ou ld drip wi t h b u t t e r , in o t h e r
w o rds , t hat it sh ou ld b e w ell su pplied wit h t h e pr op er
f o o d for t h e dea d ; an d an ot h e r bre ath e s a praye r t o
Ya m a t ha t h e an d th e Pit ara s or ancest ors might be
ple a sed t o m ake t h e dw elling of t h e d ea d in t h e t o mb st ea d
fa st 2 Thes e are t ra c e s O f a beli e f which pr ob a bly O b tained
.

a m o ng t h e pe ople at t h e t ime wh e n t h e V edic pri e s t s

l o oked forward t o an Elysiu m on hi gh , whi t h er t h e sm ok e

O f t h e fu nera l pile w a f t e d t h e dec e a sed , wi t h t h e a id o f

t h e fir e - g o d Agni , w h o w a s t h e n a t u r a l o f t hi s
s ys t e m Hence it f oll o w e d t h at t h e s u n w a s c onsid er e d
.

o n e of t h e princip a l a b o d e s o f t h e d e a d , an d t h a t Agni ,

su pp o sed t o d e sc e nd fr o m h ea v e n an d t o t ak e m a nkind

a w ay c a m e t o b e r e gard e d a s int imat ely c onn e c t ed

,
3
wi t h t h e origin of th e hu man ra c e The in compa ti .

b il ity o f t h e t w o vi e ws is pl a c e d in v e ry cl e a r ligh t in
c o nn e c t i o n wit h t h e qu e st i o n whi th er t h o se Pit ara s h a d ,

R o th it
’
1 B . s S a nsk . D i et . s . v . Ya ma :
‘
D ie n ach v ed is c h e Ze
i ht in ih m d en Beh e rs ch r d er T o d ten in d er Un t erw el t
s e r e u nd fass t
s ei n e
’
n N me al s B d n d ig er
a n .

2
Berg aig n e i 7 7 91 (R Ved x 1 8 1 0
, .
,
. . .
,

2 I
b i 8 2-
. 3 (R Ved i 109 7 i 125 6 x 107
. . . .
, , .
, , .
,
6 60 VI . GO DS, DE MO N S A N D HE R O E S .

it s being a ccident ally brou ght t o hi m on e m o rni ng in th e

wat er wit h which he w a s t o wa sh T h e fish a dvised .

Man n t o b u ild hi m an ark ; an d when he ent ered it , a t t h e

c o ming of th e d elu ge, t h e fish u ndert ook t o gu ide th e ark
t o t h e pl a ce where it w a s t o rem ain u nt il t h e wat ers su b
sided Wh e n a t len gt h M anu w a s abl e t o l ea ve th e ark ,
.

he m e dit at ed an d s a crificed t o t h e wat ers p ou ring int o ,

t hem lib a t i ons o f cl a rifi e d b u t t e r milk wh e y an d c ur ds , , ,

’
un t il a t t h e e n d of a y ea r s t ime t h e r e c a m e f o rt h a

l o vely m a id e n , e m erging fr o m t h e midst o f t h e lib at i o ns,

wi th which sh e w as al l dripping Sh e t old Man u t h at .

s h e w a s his d au gh t e r fo r h e Sh e s a id , h a d br o u gh t h er , ,

int o being by hi s pray ers a n d sa crifices of cla rifi e d b u t te r,

mil k , wh ey an d c u rds, which h e h a d t hr own int o th e wa t ers .

’
Sh e w as c a ll e d I d a ; sh e b e c a m e M a nu s wife an d b ore
1
him chil dr en Ma nu , t h ou gh reck on e d a m ong divin e
.

b eings , figu r e s in S a nskrit a s m an p a r ex cel lence, an d he

w a s r e g ard e d a s t h e f a t her o f m en; whi le in Gre ek t h e
2

li tera l na mes ak e o f M a nn S w a s- M im - N ow Min es e s .

w a s t h e myt hic r u l e r an d l e gisl a t o r o f a nci e n t Cret e

d el u g e as a rew ard hich rem i n d s o n e

fo r h is k ind n es s t o t h e fi sh , w
o f W l s h s t o i es a b o u t s t an d d m erm a i d o
e r b e i g h el p d t o t h e s a r e s n n e e

w ar i g t h e fi h e m en w h o S h o w k i d es s t o th e m o f t h
n n s r comi g o f n n e n

S t orms o r l s e l e v i
, g th e i c apt ors pi e c e O f h o mel y a d u se fu l a d v ic e
e a n r a n

se e t h e C y mmro d o r V 1 1 9-20 a d t h e s t ry o f T ib al i , .t h e Kil ,

n o n

k e y A rch S o ci ety s Jo rn a l for 18 5 2-3 p 32 ; M a nx S o c x v 1 29

’
nn . u , . . . .

C o mp a e al s o N o rs e s t o i es t o m ch t h e s am e effe ct a b o u t c apt ed
r r u ur

m erme n an d s e e fo e x am p l e Vig fu ss on
, , Po w el l s Corp u ij 35 9 ;
r ,
’
s, .

al o th e i I cel a n d i c O r ig in i 5 4 (ij 5
s r nd the l
g n d o f H l f in s, . .
,
a e e a

R a f s F o na l d a r S og a r ij 31-3 I t is n e d l s s t o rel t e t h e s t ory o f

’ '

u r e e a
,
. .

Pro te s c au g ht b y M en el au s s e e t h e O d y ssey iv 38 2
u s eq , . .

1
M ax Mul l e r s H is to ry ’
f A
o n ci en t S a ns k ri t L it era t ure (L on d on ,

pp . 425 -27 (C at apa t h ab rat h m an a i

‘

, . 8 . l, l) .

R o th M a nu
2 ’
B . s D iet . s . v. .
 VI . GO DS , DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S . 6 61

he w as a p ot en t at e o f gre a t p o wer, a cq u ir e d by me ans

O f his flee t ; b u t t h o u gh Greek my th o l o gy h a s sev e r a l

d el u ges t o Spe ak o f, it d oe s n o t a ss o cia t e a n y o f t hem wi th

Min es ; it d o e s , h o wev er wi t h D e u c a li on w h o a cc o rdi ng
, , ,

t o s o me a cc ou n t s , w a s s on o f M in es For Ze u s is s a id t o .

h a ve b e c ome s o enra ge d wi th t h e hu ma n ra ce t h a t he
d et e rmin e d t o swe ep it o ff t h e fa ce of th e e a rt h SO .

D eu c a li on w a s w ar ned by Pr o m et he u s wh o se s on h e is ,

s o met imes c a ll e d hence it is t h a t s ome t ake t w o D e n ea

—

li o ns for gra nt e d an d c ou nselled him t o prep a re hims el f

—

by b u il di ng him a n a rk D eu c ali on di d a s h e h a d b ee n
.

a dvised , an d he bec a m e t h e fa th e r of a s on Hell e n t h e ,

ep onym u s O f th e H ell e nic p e ople 1

On th e ot her h and
.
,

t h e s t ory of I d a h a s an u nmis t ak abl e c ou n t e rp ar t in Gr e ek

lit erat u re in t h at o f th e f oa m -b orn Aphr o di t e ; an d from
t h e Hind u versi on , t o g et h e r wi t h th e fat e of t h e N o rs e
H y mi (p . o n e m a y c o ncl u de t h at t h e ch u rning o f

t h e o c ea n whi ch res u l t e d fr o m t h e m u t il at i o n o f U ranu s

an d end e d wi t h t h e ev o l u t i on o f Aphr o di t e w a s p ar t ,

a n d p arc e l o f t h e myt hic ev e n t which Cel t s Te u t o ns an d

,

Hind u s regarded a s a delu ge , t h at whi ch on e m ay bri efly

t erm t h e Ary a n fl oo d N ay , it is by n o m ea ns imp ro
.

b abl e t h a t it is t h e p a rt a scrib e d t o Min e s in a l o s t

Gr e ek s t ory a b o u t t ha t d el u ge s u ch a s hi s m aking a n
,

a rk en t ering it an d w a nder ing in it on t h e fa ce o f t h e

,

d e ep t ill it m oore d i t s el f in Cre t e t h a t formed th e b a sis,

of t h e e u h e m e ris t ic a cc o u n t o f him a s a gr ea t n a v a l

p ot en ta t e L a st ly , a s Cronu s w as s o me t im e s a ss o cia t e d
.

wit h Rh a d a man thu s an d t h e d ep a r te d , s o w a s Min es e v e n

m ore ; for t h e d o u bl e a spec t of t h e p o w ers of t h e o ther

1
A p ol l od o ru s , B ibl ioth eoa , i . 7 1,
. iii . 1 1
. .
6 62 VI . GO DS, DE M O NS A ND HE R O E S .

w orld is reflec t e d in hi s s t ory : Min es w as n ot only

r e ck oned br other t o Rh a d am ant h u s , bu t he bec ame him
‘
self a j u dge O f th e d e ad an ofli ce in which he e nj o yed a
,

r epu t at i on for th e m o st c omplet e imp art ia lit y, where as

he w a s regarded d u ring his lif e in t hi s wo rld a s th e cr u el
t yran t w h o ex a ct ed fro m At hens a t rib u t e of b o ys an d
girls t o be devou red u ndergr o u nd by t h e Min ot au r a ,

m ons t er wi t h a hu ma n b o dy an d a b o vin e head Wi th .

t his Cr et a n F o m o r c o mp a re t h e h o rs e -h ea ded M o re , or
M arch , an d his F o m o ri a n fl eet s, wit h t heir he a d -qu a rt e rs
o n T o ry Isl a nd , ex a ct ing fro m t h e men o f Erinn a t rib u t e

c onsist ing , besides o t her griev ou s ex a c t i ons , O f t w o -

t hird s
o f t heir children every ye ar a s t h e Wint er C alends c a m e

r oun d (p . The st o ry of C rich u l ain n sl a ying t h e

t hree Fomori w h o c a me on N o vember -eve t o c arry a wa y
’
t h e King O f t h e I sl e s d au gh t er (p .red u ces th e
t rib u t e t o a S ingle pers o n , an d forms a c onnec t ing link
bet w een t h e Celt ic ide a of F o m ori an dem ons an d t h e
dra gon of t h e st ories of our chil dh oo d .

L e t u s n ow tak e t h e w o rd s M a nn- s an d M im - s as ou r e

cl u e an d se e if we can ident ify an y o thers here in p o int .

First may be ment ioned Ma ne s or M anis, s a id t o h av e

1
been th e n ame of an ancest ral king of t h e P h rygia ns ;
b u t t h e c onnec t i o n rem a ins d ou bt fu l , an d on e is s a fe r
u nder t h e g u id a nce o f T a cit u s in t h e Germa nia , wher e

he m ent i ons M a nnus a s t h e a ncest or of t h e ancient

Germ ans, a n d a s t h e son of Tent o o r T u isco We are .

n ot t old whe t her he w a s r e ck on e d a gi a n t or a g o d ; bu t

t h e p osit i o n given him in t h e pedigree hardly s u ggest s

t h at he w as r e ga rded a s a mere man ; while he w h o

1 Pl u t arc h , De I s id e et O s irid e, xxiv . i . 1 66 .

6 64 W . GO DS, DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S .

d erives his in it s at t est ed forms o f M an awy d an an d

,

Man ann an , which w oul d seem t o m ark an ep o ch when

he h a d b e c om e fa m ou s in c o nn e c t i o n wi t h t h e Isle of Man .

T h e n a m e Ma na w or Ma n ann , h o wever w a s n o t c onfin e d ,

t o t h e isl and a s it is f ou nd fix e d als o in t h e n e ighb ou r

,

h oo d o f t h e F or th , where it s u rvives in Cla ckma nna n on

t h e n or th an d in Sl ama mmm M oor on t h e s ou t h of t h at
riv er .
1
A S t o M an ann an s at t rib u t e s , n o st ory is kn o wn
’

t o a ss o cia t e him wi t h t h e d e l u ge ; bu t h e w a s r e g ard e d

’
as a o d o f t h e s ea a n d we re a d o f him in C o rma c s
g ,

Gl o ssa ry , a s f oll o ws : M ana nn a n m a c L ir, a c e l eb rat e d

2

merch a nt w h o w a s in t h e Isle of M ann He w a s t h e b e st .

pil ot t h at w a s in t h e w e st of Eu r ope He u sed t o kn o w .

by st u dying t h e he avens [i e u sing th e Sk y ] th e peri o d

. .
,

which wo u ld be th e fine weat her an d t h e b a d weather ,

a n d when e a ch o f t hese t w o t imes w o u ld ch ange Inde .

S c ot i et Brit t on es eu m d eu m v oca veru n t m a ris, et inde

’
fi l iu m m aris e sse dix eru n t i e ma c l zr ‘
'

,
s on O f s e a
. . E t ,
.

”
de n o mine M a nann an t h e Isl e o f Mann d ict u s est To
’
t his eu hem eris t ic a cc ou n t of t h e g o d, O D on ov an h as
“
a dded t h e fo ll o wing n o t e : H e w a s s on o f All ot on e ,

o f t h e T u a t h a D é D an ann chi e fta ins H e w a s ot h e rwis e .

c all ed O rbsen , whence L o ch O rbsen n ow L ou gh C orrib .

H e is s t ill vividly rememb erd int h e m ou nt a in ou s dist ric t

o f D e rry an d D oneg a l an d is s a id t o h a ve an ench a nt e d
,

c a st l e in L ou gh F oyl e Acc ording t o t h e t ra di t i ons in

.

t h e Isle of M an an d t h e E a st ern c ou nt ies O f L eins t er

t hi s fir st man o f Man r olled on t h ree l e gs like a wh e el

M a na g e ; an d Mana wy d an t es tifi es t o a l ong er o n e, Mana wy d , fo r an

e arl
y M a na vé
ja .

1
Cel ti c B rita in p
, . 1 54
.
2
T h e S to k - ’
es O D on o van ed . p . 114 .
 vr . GO DS, DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S . 6 65

”
t hr ou gh th e m i s t in Irish li t era t u r e he fig u re s
. Bu t
m o s t ly a s t h e chi e f o f t h e fa iries in t h e L a nd o f Pr o mise
-
c on t ra d ic
( p . Of c ou rs e his ch a r a c t e r w a s as s e l f
t o ry a s t h at o f Cr o nu s for he appe a rs m o s t ly a s t h e t ricky
,

d ru id o f t h e ot h e r w o rld ; b u t , on t h e o t h e r h and , t hings

’
w e re s o ma na ged a t his c ou rt t ha t n o o n e s fo o d t h ere
w ou ld g et c ooked if, whil e it w a s on t h e fire , one t o ld a
s t ory which w a s u n tru e ; a n d it is t o Man ann an we are
1

perh aps t o a scrib e t h e b a nishmen t of thre e men fro m

f a iry -la nd t o t h e Irish c o u r t of T a ra : t hey wer e we are ,

t old t o r e m a in t h e re for t h e sp a c e of t hr e e reign s a s a

,
2
p u nishm en t for lying o r a c t ing u nj u st ly In th e Welsh .

Mabin og i, be a ring t h e n a me o f Man an n an s c o u n t e rp ar t

’

Man awy d an t h e l att er is n ot mu ch a ss o ci at ed wi t h th e

,
’
s e a , e xc ep t ing perh a ps his s o j o u rn w i t h Br an s He a d in t h e

l onely isl a nd of Gresh ol m (p I t m akes hi m, h o w e ver .

,

3
t ake t o a gric u l tu re , e speci a lly th e gr owing o f whe at ,
whi ch reminds on e O f S at u rn H e is a ls o c alled on e of .

t h e t hre e G o lden C ordwa in e rs of Bri t a in o wing t o his ,

h aving enga ged s u ccessiv ely in th e m aking of s addles ,

S hi e lds an d sh o es , an d t au gh t it t o Pry d eri, s on o f Pw y ll

H ea d of Ha des 4
T hi s may perh aps be s et o ver a g ains t
.

1
Kilkenny S o c 18 52-3, . pp . 32-
4 ; M a n x S oc . xv . 134 .

2
S ee t h e t
s o ry o f B r a den d a D e rga in t h e B k .
f
o th e D u n, 96 a , 6 .

3
R . B di a l)
. . pp . 5 2-
3; Gu es t iij
, . 17 5 .

4
R B M a l) 47 -9, 5 2 ; Gues t, iij 16 7 -9, 1 7 4 ; T ria d s , i 7 7 ij 5 8
. . . . . . .

T h e fi rs t o f th e Ma bi n o g i on p a s s ag es re ferred t o c o n t a i n s a m y thic
a cc o u n t o f t h e o ri g i n O f t h e C el tic a rt o f e n a me ll i n g , fo r s o m e re fe re n c es

to w hich s ee E l t n O i g ins f E g l i h H i to y p 305 T h e g rea t

,
o
’
s r o n s s r , . .

pl a c e g i ven t o c ert i n o f t h e us efu l a rt s i t h e M b in o gi o f Man aw y d an

a n a

i in s o me d eg ee d u e p e rh ap s t o a fal s e e t y m o l o gy as ci ti g w ith h is
s r so a n

n a me t h e Wel s h fo r an a w l w h ich is my na wy d (Bret o n mén a o u ed

, ,
66 6 vi . GO DS, DE MO N S A ND HE R O E S .

S at u rn inst ru ct ing Jan u s in rt s o f b u ilding Sh ip s th e a

an d c o ini ng m o n e y 1
The sinist e r a spec t of M a nann an
.

is sc arc ely refl e ct ed by Manawy d an , w h o is repres ent e d

a s gen t le , scr u p u l ou sly j u s t an d a lwa ys a pe a c e m aker
,

n e i th e r is he described a s a m agici an ; bu t he is m a de
t o b affl e u t t erly on e O f th e gre at es t wiz a rds kn o wn t o
2
Welsh lit era t u re His c onnec t i o n wit h t h e o th e r w orld
.

is t o be inferred , a m ong o ther thin gs , fr o m hi s m arked

3
a t t a chm e nt t o his br ot h e r Br an t h t rren d men
,
e e e g o

t ion e d in t h e firs t l e ct u re (p F u rther M a na wy d an , .

like Cr onu s va gr an t , figu re s a s on e of t h e t hree l andles s

4
m o narch s of Brit a in This descrip t i on o nly c ea s e s t o
.

be a l t o get her applic able t o him wh en , l at e in life h e ,

bec omes t h e hu sb and O f Rhi ann on, wid o w O f Pw y ll Hea d

o f H a des , a n d a ccep t s a s his o w n a dis t ric t in t h e t errit o ry
’
o f Pw y ll s s on an d s u ccess or Pry d eri H ow h e c a me t o be .

wit h ou t l and an d wit h ou t p o wer is p art ially e xpl a ined

in t h e M a bin o gio n : while M a nawy d an w a s away wit h
h is br ot h e r Br an , p o ssessi o n w a s t ak e n of t h e t hr o ne
o f t his c ou nt ry by t h e ir kinsm a n C a s w a fl a w n s on o f Beli

p or C a sw a l l aw n h a d pu t on a m a gic t a rt a n
( . F
t h at m a de him all invisible excep t t h e sword wi t h whi ch

mo d . I ri s h meana dh ) . So o n e s om et i mes fi n d s h im c al l ed M a na wyt

( i h
w t a t n o t s t an d n g i fo r d ), as in t h e Bk s . of A i
n eu r n an d T al ies s in
s ee S k en e, ij 6 3 a n d 1 5 5, in t h e l a t t er o f w hich M an aw y t
. an d Pry deri
are as s ocia t ed w ith C aer S i di (p .

1
Prell er s R O m
’
M y th
?
p 41 1
'

. . .

2
R B M a l) pp 5 3-8 Gu es t iij 1 7 5-8 4
. . . .
,
. .

3
H e a pp ears v ery s p ari ngl y in I ri s h as Man an n an s b rot h er : h e is
’

c all ed Bron t h e s on o f A ll o t t an d bro th er of Man an ann [sic] mac L ir

‘
, , ,

by Bra s h w h o p 210 cit es t h e man u s c rip t Bk of L eca zn

'

, , .
, . .

4
R B M a b p 44 ; Gu es t iij 163 ; T ria d s i 14 ij 35
. . . . iij 38
, .
, . . . .
6 68 vr . GO DS, DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S .

t h e re for thr ee night s , wh e n he fou nd in a y o u th named

G oreu a T h e se u s t o lib era t e hi m 1
O n e c a nn o t , it s ee ms .

t o m e help s ee in g in Man aw y d an s gh a st ly b o ne -
,
’
,
pris on
t h e Welsh c ou nt e rp a r t of t h e ill-fa med l abyrint h m a de in
Cret e in th e r e ign of Min es , an d u s e d fo r t h e r e cep t i on of
t h e b o ys a n d girls des t ined by hi m for t h e de at h - m onst er
a biding in it s rec e ss e s .

You will ha ve O bserv e d t ha t it is v ery h ard t o keep t h e

C el t ic c ongeners of C ro nu s an d Min e s fr o m e ncro aching
on o n e a n o t her Gr e ek a n al o gy h o wev e r helps u s a
.
, ,

li tt le : t hu s, a s c omp ared wit h N em e d, Parth ol en , wh o

Sl e w hi s o w n p ar e n t s , is m o re ex a c t ly Cr on u s t h a n t h e

f ormer c ou ld be s a id t o be On t h e ot her h and b ot h .

,

N evy d an d M a n a wy d an are c o mp ar abl e t o b ot h Cr onu s

a n d Min es Perh aps on e or e ven b oth of t hese t w o l a s t
.

n a me s o riginally bel onge d t o th e g od or d e mon of d ark

ness an d th e o ther wo rld , whither Cr onu s , driv en fr o m
Ol y mp u s re t ired t o reig n A t an y rat e it is pr ob abl e t h a t
,
.
,

t h e s t ru ggle b et ween him an d Z eu s , t h ou gh r a ised t o t h e

dignit y o f a n ar t icle of t h e t h eo gonic fa it h o f t h e Gr eeks,
w a s in it s o rigin a na t u re my t h repr e s en t ing t h e c o mm on
pl a c e c ont es t bet wee n d arkness an d ligh t , a s in t h e c a se
of Ferg u s a n d C onch ob a r .

1
R . B . pp 104 306 ; Gu es t ii 256 ; T ri a d s i 50 ij 49
M a l) . .
, , .
, . . .

T h e earl i es t refere c e t o O et h an d A n n o e t h is o n e in t h e S t a as o f t h e
n nz

Grav es in t h e Bl a ck Bio of Ca rma rth en (Sk en e ij . w h ere t h e ,

.

H ou s e h o l d o f O e t h a d A n n o et h are as c rib e d t h e l on g grav es i

n n

Bu t t h e p assag e ra i s e s a n u m b e r o f qu es ti on s w hich c an n o t
’
Gw an a s .

b e d i s cu ss e d h ere su ffi c e it t o s ay th a t it s Gw an as o u g h t t o b e s o me
w h ere in Go w er a far m ore l i k el y l o c al ity al s o fo r t h e P i s o n o f O t h
,
r e

t h an w h e re t h e I o l o M S S fix it in t h e n e ig hb ou rh o od o f Margam in
.
,

t h e s ame c ou n t y o f Gl amo rg an .
 vr . GO DS, DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S . 669

TH E E A R L IE ST C R E E D O F TH E C E LT S I NFE R R E D .

When th e Ary an l an gu a ges in u s e or o n rec ord h ad

b e en for s ome t im e s u bj ec t ed t o a c o mp a ra t ive s t u dy
a s t o v o c a b ul a ry a n d w o rd - b u ilding a gl o t to l o gist w a s
,

n o w an d t h e n f ou nd t o t ry t h e exp e rim en t o f p u tt ing

a sh o r t fa bl e o r a simple s t o ry b a ck in t o t h e Ary a n p a r e n t

sp e ech inferr e d , an d we migh t a t t his p o in t e ssa y s o me

t hin g a n al o g ou s on t h e my t h o l o gy o f th e e a rly Cel t s
o f pre - his t oric t imes The O bj ec t is t o e n able y ou
.

r ou ghly t o re aliz e wh at s or t o f a m o sa ic t h e bit s I h a v e

h an dl e d in t hes e l e c t u re s w ou ld m ak e , when res tored t o
t h eir pr oper pl a c e s wi t h r e g a rd t o on e a n ot h e r an d t h e
wh o l e d e sign I t is needless t o say t h at t h e diffic u l t y
.

is gr ea t , b o th on a cc ou nt O f t h e l at er m a t eria ls mixed
u
p wi t h t h e o rigin a l pi e ces a n d o f
,
t h e l a c u n ae left by
t h e o rigin a l o n e s which a re s t ill missing ; SO we h a ve t o
shift a s b e s t we ca n by c omp aring an d by b o rr owin g
fr o m c o gn at e s ou rces Bu t in O t her respec t s t h e a id t o
.

be d eriv e d fro m wi th ou t is n ot s o c o nsid era ble a s migh t

b e expec t e d ; f or, t h o u gh Ary a n m y t h o l o gy s t ar te d w e ll
with t h e iden t ific a t i o n o f th e Z eu s of t h e Greeks wi t h
hi s c ong en e rs in t h e myt hs o f t h e o t h e r Ary a n n a t i ons ,

it ca n h ardly b e s a id t o h a ve a s y e t a dva nc e d v e ry m u ch
f u r ther ; i ts att en t i o n h a s O f l a t e been a g o o d d ea l
giv en t o t h e imp ort an t m at t er o f impr oving t h e m eth o ds
a d op t e d an d o f giving t h e ins t r u men t s u s e d m o re pre
,

c is ion. S o th e s u mm a ry I a m n o w g o ing t o giv e y ou is

t o be t ak e n s t ric t ly for wh a t it is a m er e g u e ss
,

In t h e b e ginning E a rt h an d Hea ven w er e grea t w o rld

gi an t s a n d t h ey wer e t h e p ar en t s o f a n u m e r o u s O ffspring ;
,

b u t t h e He av e n in t h o se d a ys l a y u p on t h e E ar th , a n d
67 0 v1 . GO DS, DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S .

t heir chi ldren crowd e d bet ween t hem were u nh appy an d

wi t h ou t li gh t , a s w a s a ls o t h e ir m o ther SO Sh e an d .

t hey t o o k c o u nsel t og et h er a g a inst He av e n , an d on e of his

s ons w h o w a s b o lder t h a n t h e o t hers , u nder t oo k Sh ame
,

fu lly t O mu t ilat e Heaven ; n ay , he a n d hi s bro th ers st ayed

n o t t heir h ands t ill t h e y h a d cu t t h e w o rld - giant t heir
fa t her in t o m any pi e ces . O u t o f his sk u ll t hey m a de
t h e fi rmam en t , an d th e spilling O f t h e bl o o d o f his b o dy
c au s e d a gre at fl o o d whi ch , a s it settl e d in t h e h oll o ws
,

o f t h e e a r t h m a de u p t h e s ea
,
.

S o me of th e ch i ldren of E arth an d H e a ven were b orn

bright b eings or g o ds, wh o m o st ly l o ved t h e ligh t a n d
t h e u pper a ir ; an d s o me were Gi a nt s or Tit ans , w h o w e re
o f a darker an d gl oo mier h u e .These l att er h at ed t h e
g o ds , an d t h e g o ds h at e d t hem The d aring son of E ar t h
.

w h o beg a n t h e m u t il at i o n O f t h e w o rld -
gia nt w a s on e of
t h e Ti t a ns , an d he bec a me t heir king ; bu t t h e g o ds did
n ot wish hi m t o ru le o ver t hem an d t heir ab o d e , S O he

w a s dr iven fr o m his t hr o ne by his y ou nges t s on , w h o w as

b orn a g o d . The king, b eat en in b a t t le , sa il e d a wa y t o
o t her p a r t s O f hi s r eal m ; an d a ft er mu ch wandering on

t h e s ea , he w a s a t l a s t received in t h e c ou nt ry of t h e
h appy d e p a r t e d , whence he w a s a ft e rwards t h o u ght t o
’
bless t h e fa rmer s t o il an d t o h elp m an in ot h e r ways .

When t h e gre at fl o o d c au sed by th e m a ngling of t h e

w orld-giant t ook pla ce, all m en we re dr own e d s ave a
s in gle p a ir s a ved in a shi p . H e w h o m a de an d o wn e d
t h e Shi p w a s n ot a man , n or did t h e g o ds ow n him a s
o n e O f t hem ; bu t h e w a s a Gi a n t or Ti t a n w h o w a s kindly

disp o s e d t owards t h e ra c e an d wh en he h a d s a fely l and e d

t h e m wh ere t h e y w e re t o dwe ll h e went a wa y t o t h e
,

s ame pla ce a s t h e de thr oned king For he w as O f h is .

672 vi . GO DS, DE MO NS A ND HE R O E S .

c ee d e d in th e end in al l th at he s et hi s mind on a chi e vin g ,

a s when , for e x a mple h e che a t e d t h e m o f t h e d o t h t
, g a
’
w a s t o b e t h e h u n t e r s fri e nd an d serv a n t ; a ls o O f t h e
o t h e r a nim a ls he s t o l e fr o m t h e m a s likely t o be of u s e

t o his kin dr ed . I t w a s fr o m t h e s a me n et her c ou nt ry

t h a t he lik e wis e o b t a ined by cra f t an d fa ls eh o o d t h e
st r ong dr ink t h at w a s t o ch ee r man , t o giv e him t h e
d r ea ms o f p o et s a n d t h e visi ons o f pr ophet s These a n d .

o t h e r b o o ns , t oo m any t o n a m e o n e by on e m a d e him ,

very fa m ou s an d bel ov e d , m or e s o in s o me l ands t h an

ev e n t h e king of th e g o ds hi mself .

Thu s far th e su mma ry o f t h e creed O f th e earlie st

C elt s : if a ppr o xima t ely c orrect , it wou ld r e qu ir e sc arc ely
a n y imp or t a n t m o dific at i o n in o rd e r t o apply e qu a lly t o

t h e Ary a ns in th e dis t a nt ep o ch of t h e ir p ro - e thnic u nity .

I t errs m o st ly , perh aps , in n o t le a ving m o re in con sis

t en cie s an d c ont ra dic t i o ns on th e s u rfa c e ; for it is ha rd
’
t o pl a ce o ne s mind on th e l ow lev e l o f t h e inf a nt ile in
t ell ig en ce of a s a v a g e s u ch a s early man m u s t h a v e b een .

Bu t s o me aid t o t h at en d m ay be fou nd in th e p e ru sa l of
Wh at t h e s ava g e s of m o d ern t im e s t hink T h e wid ely .

S pre a d o cc ur r e nce of a s t o ry m ore o r l e ss lik e t h at o f

U ra nu s h a s alrea dy b een allu d e d t o (p 11 4) an d on e .

may a ls o b orro w illu st ra t i o ns fr o m t h e animist ic id ea s

which c er ta in sa va ges h a v e e nt ert a ined of t h e su n t h e ,
“
m oon a n d t h e s tars In ea rly phil o s ophy thr ou gh ou t
.

” 1 “
t h e w o rld,
s ay s Dr Tyl or , th e Su n a n d M o on a re a liv e
.

an d a s it w e r e h u m a n in t h e ir n a t ur e U s u a lly c ont ra st e d
.

a s m a le an d f e m a l e , t hey n e v er t hel e s s diffe r in t h e s e x

a ssign e d t o e a ch , a s w e ll a s in t h e ir r el a t i o ns t o on e

1
Pri mitive Cu l ture 2 i
, . 28 8 .
 vr . GO DS , D E MO NS A ND HE R O E S . 67 0
fl

a n o ther Am ong th e Mbo c o bis O f S ou t h Americ a, t h e

.

M oo n is a man a n d t h e Sun his wife a n d t h e s t o ry is ,

t o ld h ow she o nc e fell d o wn an d an India n p u t her u p

a g a in bu t Sh e fel l a sec o nd t ime a n d s et t h e fo r e s t
,
”
bl azing in a d el u ge o f fire Or t ak e t h e c u ri ou s con .

v e rs a t i o n of s o me Alg onqu in India ns wi th o n e o f t h e

1
J e s i t missi on a ries of t h e s e v e nt eent h c ent u ry
u J e l eu r
’ ’
d e m a ndé d o u v e n o it l E el i s e de L u ne e t de S o l e il
a
y p ;
’ ’
ils m o nt respo n d u qu e l a Lu ne s éclip s oit ou p aro iss o it
’
’

n o ire a c au se qu e ll e t en oit s on fi l s ent re ses bras q u i

, ,
’
e m es ch oit qu e l on n e vis t s a cl a rt é Si l a L u ne a u n
p .

fil s elle es t m ariée , o u l a ét é le u r di s -
’
j O Li d
'

,
e y ea ,
.
,

me diren t -ils l e S oleil est s on m ary , qu i m arch e t ou t l e

,
’ ’ ’
j o u r et e lle t o u t e l a n u ict ; et s il S écl ip s e ou s il
, ,
’ ’ ’ ’
s o b s cu rcit c es t qu il prend au ssi p ar fo is l e fil s q u il a
,

e u de l a L u ne en t re ses br a s O ii y , m ais n y l a L u ne n y .

’
l e S o leil n on t p o int de bra s , leu r di seis j e - T u n as ’
.

’
p o int d espri t ; ils t iennent t ou sieu rs leu rs arcs b andés
d eu an t e ux , v o il a p ou rqu e y leu rs bra s n e pare is s en t
p o int E t s ur qu i ve u lent-
. ils t irer ’
H é qu en s cav on s
n ou s ”
. N ever theless t h e Americ an w h o helped t h e Su n ,

t o her fee t c ou ld sc arcely h o pe t o at ta in to t h e privileged

a u d a ci t y o f t h e dru ids O f a nci e n t Erinn w h o m a in ta in e d
,
2
t h at t hey wer e t h e cr ea t ors of t h e he a vens an d t h e e a rt h .

O n t h e o ther h and h a d t here b e en a missi o n ary t o qu e s

,

t i o n t h e ancien t Ar y ans on t h e diffi c u l t i e s which t h e ir

ide a s of t h e origin O f t hings pr e sent ed t o his m ind h e ,

w o u ld d ou b t l e ss h a ve o f ten r e c e ived in effe c t th e Alg o n

’ ’
qu in r eply H e gu en s a vons n ous 2
, .

1
Ibi d fro m L.
, e c o mmu ic a ti on s in t h e R el a tio ns dea Jes
Je un e s
’
n u it es

d a ns l a N o u v el l e F ra nc e 1 6 34 p 26
, , . .

2 ’
O C u rry , ij 21
. .
674 vr
. GO DS , D E MO NS A ND HE R O E S .

The n ot i o ns which I h av e a scrib e d t o t h e anci en t

Ary ans an d , a m ong t h e m t o t h e ea rli e s t C el t s may b e
, ,

t e rmed cos m e g o n ic or t h eo g o nic b u t n o w o rd h o w e v e r

, ,

c o nv eni ent , mu st be a ll ow e d t o obscu re t h e prob abl e fa ct

t h a t a t on e t im e t h e y formed p ar t a n d p a rc e l O f t h e ir o rdi
n ary b eliefs For wh at m ay s e em t o o n e genera t i o n o f
.

men a mere m a tt er of myt h ol o gy is fre qu ent ly f o un d t o

,

h a ve bel ong e d t o t h e s eri ou s t h e o l o gy o f a previ o u s on e ;

a n d c o nv e rs ely t h o s e wh o m s e n t im e nt pr e ven t s fr o m pl a c
, ,

in g t h e s t ar t ing p o in t of t h e A r y a n fa mily on a l o w l e v e l ,
m u st f o reg o t h e fu ll e nj oymen t of t h e l u xu ry o f c on t em
pl a t ing it s pr ol o ng e d rise su ch a s it is fa it h fully r e gist er e d
,

in t h e arch aeolO g ical r e c ord o f sp e e ch a n d my t h of ru d ely ,

m a d e t o ols , an d ot h er m at erial r em a ins of Arya n h a ndi

wo rk Sci enc e pr ou dly an d j u s t ly m ak e s m u ch of ev ol u
.

t i on in it s m ore visible a spec t s ; b u t e v e n m o re abs orbing

is t h e in t ere s t a t ta ching t o it s su b t l er wo rki ngs in t h e
wo rld o f int ellec t an d m ora ls In ou r Arya n branch o f
.

t h e h u m an fa mily we h a ve f ou nd t ra c e s o f t h e m c ar
ri e d ou t on t h e lin e s o f t h e id ea s of religi o n an d m ora lit y
which f ou nd f av ou r fr o m t im e t o t im e in th e e ye s o f
o u r a nces t o rs , fr o m t h e grey d a wn o f t h e ir p re - hi st o ry
o nwa rds t o o u r o w n era I t r e ma ins for e v e r t ru e
.

t h at t h e pr o per s t u dy of m a nkind is m an ; an d e v e n
e a rly m a n is n o t b e n e a t h c o n t e mp t , esp e ci a lly wh e n h e

pro ve s t o h a ve h a d wi thin him th e makings of a gr ea t

ra c e wit h it s highes t n ot i o ns of d u t y a n d right , an d a l l
,

e ls e t h at is n o bles t in t h e h u m a n s o u l .
676 A DDI T I O NS A ND C O R R E C T O I NS .

Pag e 521 . c i en t y ear comm on t o C el t s an d Greek s

A s t o th e an ,

I h av e n o w t h e a u t h o ri t y o f D r Vig fu s s o n for ad d i ng t h e o l d .

N ors em en T h eir great feas t o c c up i ed t h ree d ay s cal l ed t h e

.

Wi n t er N ig h t s an d began on t h e Sat u rday fall ing o n or b et w een

,

t h e 1 1t h an d t h e 18 th of O feast w as
ct ob er . O ne feat u re of th e
t h e s acri fi ce t o Frey t h e g o d o f goo d s eas o n s ; an d b es i d es t h e
,

t o as t s dru n k t o t h e A n ses as all u ded t o a t p 6 53 ab ov e a fo rma l

, .
,

c o mm em ora t i o n w as m ade o f a l l d eceased frien d s w h o h a d o n e

g
in t o t h e b arro w s d u ri n g t h e y ear : co mp are t h e Wel s h Feas t o f
t h e D e ad p 5 1 5 ,
I t w as t h e t i m e w h en t h e s i by l s eat ed on an
. .
,

e l eva t ed s ea t c h an t ed t h e fort u n es o f t h e c om in e ar : sh e w a s
, g y
c o n s u l t ed o n all ki n d s o f q u es t i o n s bu t esp e c i all y a s t o t h e ,

s eas on s a n d abo v e all as t o t h e w i n t er t h en c o mm en cin g

,
O n .

t h e fi rs t n i g h t t h e Sp iri t s w ere a broad a n d o n e i n st an c e i s ,

re co rded o f a m an b ein g s l a in by t h em o n h is g o i n g o u t t h en bu t
t hi s w a s t h e ni g h t w h en w iz ards s at o u t o f doors w h o w i s h ed t o ,

c o n s u l t t h e d e mon s o f t h e in v i s i bl e w o rld C o mp a re t h e We ls h .

a n d I ri sh b el i efs a n d p ra c t i c e s a l l u d ed t o a t pp 514- 7 Dr . . .

Vigfu s s on t h in k s t h at t h e feas t o f t h e Wi n t er N ig h t s w as t h e
o ri g i n al Y u l e a n d t h a t it m ark ed t h e b eg in n in g o f t h e an c i e n t
,

e a T h e w h o l e q u es t ion i s t o b e t h e s u bj e ct o f an e x cu rs u s in
y .r

Vig fu sson an d Pow ell s fort h co m i n g w ork o n I cel an d i c O ri g i n s

’
.

I t is t o b e n o t ic ed t h at t h e O l d N o rs e y ear ap proach ed t h e a s t ro
n e m ical y ear m o re n earl y t h an t h e C el t ic o n e (p for t h e .

re a s o n p ro babl y t h a t w i n t er
,
an d t h erefo re t h e y ear
,
—
comm eme es —

e arl i er in Scan d i nav i a t h an in t h e c o n t i n en t al cen t re fro m w h i c h

t h e C el t s di s p ers ed t h e ms el v es Vi ce versa t h e A ry an y ear m ay

.
, ,

i f t h e A ry an h o m e w a s at fi rst in t h e far N ort h h av e b een ori g i ,

n al l y as t ro n o m i c al t h e c al en dars o f t h e C elt s a n d o t h er A ry a n
,

n at i o n s h a v i n s u bsequ e n t l d e i t ed fro m it m ore a n d m o re

g y v a

as t h e s e n at i o n s a c qu i red n ew h o m es i n m ore s ou t h ern l a t it u d e s ;

n or is t h e fact t o b e o verl oo k ed t h a t acco rd i n g t o t h e Sy re , ,

M ac edon ian cal en dar an d o t h ers o f k i n dred orig i n t h e y ear ,

O p e n ed w i t h t h e b egi n n i n g o f O ct o ber h o w ever t h at is t o be ,

accou n t e d for .

Pag e 552 : L u gaid C orr (Wi di s c h

n ,
I r G r a m p 1
. 22 ) s h o u l d , . .

my t h o l o gi cally s p eak in g b e ,
iden t i fi ed w it h t h e Slay er o f C uc h u
l a in n . C orr, w h i ch probably m ean t a cran e, reca lls th e c ra n es
 A DD T O I I NS A ND C O R R E C T O I NS . 67 7

at 3 3 1 3 3 3-4 H e s h o u l d e rh a p s , b e fu rt h e r id en ti fi ed w i t h
pp .
, p .
,

t h e L u g a id s on o f I t h w h o g a v e h is n a m e t o t h e K erry l a k e ca l l ed
L oc h L u gd ech ,
b e t t er k n o w n as L o u g h C o rra n e
an d ,
n ea r Wa t er
v il l c . Fo r a re m ark a b l e s t o ry a bo u t h im a n d Fi a l h is w ife , s ee

M dA .
’
. J
C y cl e, p 253 a n d t h e Bic of Ba l /y mote, 396, 40a
de .
,
. .

Pag e 554 : w i t h t h e E 0 Feas a co m pare s t o ri es o f t h e t y p e o f

S i eg fri e d ea t i n g o f t h e h eart o f t h e d rago n Fafn ir .

Pag e 5 7 9 : fo r O ll a t li a r re ad O ll a th a ir .

Pag e 5 8 8 : mo v e th e a ccen t on
’
I m$ep w o i t o w a r ds the en d o f

t h e w o rd , o r e l s e ca n c e l it ,
it s p l a c e is n o t k n o w n
as .

Pag e 6 19 : I s ee n e w t h at t h e c orres p o n d e n ce bet w een t h e

g rea t c o n fl ict s e n t ere d on by Z eus in Gree k my t h ol ogy , a n d by

t h e gods h o l d i ng t h e s a me ran k in t h e o t h er A ry an m y t h ol og i es ,
i
a d m ts o f b e i ng e x p res s ed m ore cl earl y t h an I h av e d on e T h u s .

t h e T i t a n s co n q u ered by Z eu s c o rres p o n d t o t h e C oran ian s d is

p o s ed o f b y L l u d (p a n d t h e .G i an t s q u e l l e d b y t h e g o d s

o f O ly m p u s w i t h t h e a id o f H eracl es t o t h e s co u rge o f t h e Fi rs t

o f M ay t o w hi c h L l fi d t a n en d w hi l e T yph o ev e n t u a l ly
p u , ,

d es t ro y e d by Z eu s h a s h is cou n t erp art in t h e Wi z ard K n i g h t

,

o v erco m e b L l ud i t i t b e n o t ed t h at i n t h e s t o ry o f b o t h
y : s o

T y p h o a n d t h e Wi z ard K n i g h t m u s i c pl ay s a m o s t i m p ort a n t

p a r t .I r i s h a n d N o rs e l i t e ra t u re a g ree h o w e v e r i n
g i vin
g us, ,

a n o t h er a n d
p res u m ably a m ore ori g i n al s e q u e n ce o f t h e co n
, ,

fi ict s T h u s t h e Fir Bolg b eg i n a b at t l e w i t h t h e T u a t h a D é

.

D a n a nn a t M i d s u m m er : t h ey a re b eat en in it a n d t h ey co rre ,

S p e n d t o t h e Wa n es a t w a r w i t h t h e A n ses I n t h e n e x t p l a ce .
,

N u a d a s ri g h t h a n d a n d arm w ere cu t o ff in a d u el w i t h Sre n g

’
,

w hi c h is u s u al l y m ad e a p art o f t h e Fir Bol g w a r ; b u t as t hi s

is re p res en t ed ex t en d i n g o v er a l o n g t i m e t h e en cou n t er o f ,

N u a d a w i t h S ren g is p ro ba b l y t o b e t rea t ed a s a s e p arat e

s t ru g gl e T h e l a t t er w h o s e n a m e Sren g c h all eng es c o m p a ri s o n
.
,

in p o i n t o f o ri gi n a n d m ea n i n g w i t h t h e E n gl i s h w ord s t rong is ,

t o b e s et o v er ag a i n s t t h e Fen ri Wo l f bi t i n g o ff on e o f T yr s
’

h a n d s a n d T y ph o di s abl i n g Z eu s in h is h an ds a n d h is feet T h e
,
.

t hi rd co n t es t w as t h at o f t h e T u a t h a D é D a n a n n w i t h t h e
Fo m ori w h o s u c c eed in s l ay i n g m a n y o f th e fo rm er s l eade rs
’
, ,

a n d are o n ly beat en by t h e arri val of L u

g t h e S un-g o d ,
w h o l
s ay s

Bal er o f t h e E vil E y e an d b egin s h is reig n o f p ro s p er t y i . T he

678 A D DI T I O NS A ND C O R RE C TI O NS .

c orres
po n d n g i N o rs e w ar is t h at in w hi c h S w art il an d th e E v

Broo d a t t a c k an d s l ay t h e A n s es w h o h o w ev er re a pp ear w i t h , , ,
—

t h e a d v en t o f Bal d er T h e s eas on s i m pl i ed by t hi s m ore a n c i en t

.

s e q u en ce o f t h e eve n t s are t h e m id dl e o f s u m m er t h e b eg i n ,

n in o f t h e w i n t er h al f o f t h e y ear a n d t h e b e i n n i n o f t h
g g g e ,

s u mm er h al f S O m id-
. w i n t er i s l e ft w i t h o u t a n y great ev e n t ,

a n d t h i s fal l s in as w i l l h a v e b een s een w i t h t h e s e a s o n w h e n

, ,

Z eu s l an g u i s h es h el p l essl y in a cav e an d N u ad a depri v ed o f h is , ,

ri h t h a n d v a ca t es h is t h ro n e for Bres h is Fo m o ri an s u p l a n t er
g , p , .

A S rep res en t ed i n t h e U l t o n i an cy cl e it w o u l d b e C o n c h ob ar ,

a n d t h e n o b l es o f h is c o u rt en co uva d e H ere al so S h o u l d pro .

b a b l y b e fi x ed t h e gri ev ou s in carc erat i o n o f L l ud re ferred t o in

t h e Wel s h T ri a d s (p a n d h ere p erh ap s w e are t o l o o k fo r
.

t h e rea s o n w h y t h e C el t s h ad n o great feast i n t h e m i dd l e o f

w i n t er S u c h m ay h av e l ik e w i s e b e en t h e cas e w i t h t h e T eu t on s
.

b efo re t h e i r Y u l e w a s s h i ft ed t o t h at s ea s o n L ast l y t h e .
,

d eat h o f N u ad a an d o t h er c h i efs o f t h e T u a t h a D é D an an n
in t h e ba t t l e w i t h th e Fe m ori is t o b e regard ed as a p i e ce o f
e u h em eri s m T reat ed a s hi s t o ri cal p ers o n s t h e T u at h a D é m u s t
.

die s o m e t i m e o r o t h er ; b u t my t h o l og i call y s p ea k i n g t h ey , ,

s h o u ld h a v e s u rv i v ed l ik e t h e o d s o f O l m u s w h en H e ra cl e s
g y p ,

d esp at c h e d t h e Gian t s for t h em .

Pag e 643: b efo re L oeg o n h is w ay w i t h L iban t o t h e o t h er ,

w o rl d , co m es t o t h e t w o s erp e n t s (p . h e is sa id ,
in t h e
a cco u n t in v erse (Wi d i c h n s , p . to h av e s e en Bi l i Bn a d a or

Bi l e of Vi ct ory ,
h os e
w na m e p o s s ib ly m ean t i
v c t or o u s i D ea t h ,
th e s am e Bi l e ,
i n fact , t h at w as m en t i o n ed at pp 90 -1 ab o v e .

as k in g of H a d es u n der t h e n am e o f Sp a i n . Bu t t h e p ro s e p ara
W
p h ra s e ( i n d i sc h p , . w h ic h is p rob a b ly l at er t reat s Bi l i a s ,

t h e I ri s h w o rd bil e, w hi c h ap p ears to h av e s i n i fi ed a n y an cien t

g
t re e gro w in g o v er a h ol y w ellqu es t i o n or in a fort .
’
T hi s ra s e s a i
a s t o t h e rel a t i o n be t w e e n bil e a n d Bi l e a n d s u s t s a n o t h er
gg e ,

t reat m en t o f t h e c hi e f t re e m en t i o n e d a t p 18 8 A c cord i n g t o . .

t h e R B M a l) p 93 it i s d ou b t fu l w h et h er o n e S h o u l d s ay in
. . . .
,

Wel s h Beli (p p 90 or th e Bel i

.
, .

Wit h regard t o R h i an n on I am n ew i n cl i n ed t o iden t i fy h er ,

w i t h t h e m o o n ra t h er t h an w i t h t h e d aw n a n d s im i l arl y in t h e ,

c a s e o f s ev eral o t h ers w h o m I h av e l o o s el t re a t ed a s o dd e sse s

y g
o f d aw n o r d u s k .
68 0 I N DE x .

A l c y o n eu s , 6 22-3 . A ran ro d, 90 s ee A i
r an r hod .

A l g o n q u i n s , t h e, 6 7 3 . A ran u a
g y l , 37 1 .

a ll a w r, 1 8 6 s ee R ed A l t ar . A 191,
ra w n , 333, 339- 42,
A l l -h all o w s , 5 14, 5 16 : s ee Fi rs t of 344-5, 35 4, 45 7 , 6 25 .

N ov . b th
A r er , 205, 338 , 498 , 500 .

A l l m er, M , 5 . . c i
A r ad a , 1 8 3, 1 8 6 .

b
A ll o ro g es , 4, 5, 7 , 9, 21, 25, 58 , ch
A r an , 96 .

7 3, 7 7 , 1 00-1, 149 . ch
ar d , 447 .

t
A ll o , 6 6 4, 6 6 6 . A rd Bres t in e , 327 .

t
a ll u d , 45 . A rd -N e mid , 650 .

a l v eo l u s l ig n eu s , 6 7 . A rd - N ev on , 649 .

th
A ma e on , A m a th aon , 90, 244, ard -n o en d en , 36 2 .

A rd u , 25 1 .

A m al t h e i a , 8 7 . A res , 1 32 .

A m b ros i u s, 151- 2, 1 54, 1 58 , 1 6 1, A rev aci, 424, 541 .

18 4 . A rg et l am, 1 20 s e e N u ad a .

A ml aw d , 48 6 s ee A n l aw d . i h
A r an r o d , 90, 1 6 1, 18 0, 236- 9,
A m e rg en , A m o rg in , 36 5, 542, 549, 28 4-6, 299, 306-7 , 31 9, 37 9,
5 6 3-6, 5 6 8 - 70 . 38 5, 38 9, 392, 406, 425, 432,
A m o rg en e, A mairgin , 57 0 see 435- 6 , 504, 5 27-8 , 5 43, 546,
A m e rg e n . 5 66 .

an a , 19l . i
A r os t o , 158 .

A n h u al , 1 7 0, 1 7 2 : s ee E tal A rl l e ch w e d , 236
‘

. .

A n d O e, 368 - 70 . A rmag , 609 h .

a nd ra , 295 . arn a is ai, 41 6 .

A n d ras , A n d ro s, 200 . A rt a iu s , 5, 6, 7 3 .

A n d ras t e, 200 . A rt as , 5 .

A n giras , 294, 296 . A rt ay , 5, 6 .

a nh u , anh v a, 6 1- 2 . th
A r u r, 29, 91, 1 5 5, 1 6 2, 198 ,
A n l aw d , 48 6, 494 . 248 -9, 26 4, 334, 347 , 35 0- 2,
A n l u an , 5 1 3 . 355, 37 2, 48 6, 48 8 -9, 492-3,
A n n oet h : s ee Q otb .

A n s e , t h e , 6 2- 3, 68 . A rt i e , 6, 7 3 .

A n s es , t h e , 5 29- 34, 5 43, A rv ern i , 5, 9 .

5
5 7, 6 05 6 1 1-2 6 1 5 6 18 -
9, asar, 6 1
, , , .

6 23, 628 , 6 31, 639, 6 46, 652, A sbio rn , 6 3

' '

6 59, 6 63, 6 7 6-7 . A sb u rg, 28 9 .

A n s i s, 61 . A s cibu rgiu m, 28 9 .

a n t ri s c, 295 . A s h , 28 9 .

A p a t u ri a, t h e, 517- A s h Ygg s S t eed, 55 7

’
8 . .

A ph ro d it e, 6 39, 6 6 1 . fisk a, 6 3 .

A p oll o , 2, 3, 20-31, 7 9, 8 0, 8 8 , A s l eik r, 6 3 .

1 94-5, 222, 443- 4, A sm O d r, 63 .

497 , 510, 5 7 0- 1, 5 7 5, 6 17 . as s , 6 1 .

A p oll o doru s , 6 22, 6 24 .

-
dim v, l l .

fir, 6 .
a s u ra- s, 62 .

a ra , 431 .
as u - S, 6 2 .

araco ime, 6 18 .
asy nj a, 6 2 .

a rai th , 27 6 .
a t b ail , 38 .

A ran n , 1 50, 322, 6 01 . a th e l , 38 .

 I N DE X . 68 1

A t eco tt i, 5 94 . Ban g o r, 5 47 .

A t e po maro s , 428 . b a pti s m, Gw ri s , 499 .

A t g a n , 56 4 . Ba ra n t o n , 1 5 9, 18 4, 18 6 .

A thb oy , 5 1 5 . Ba rd s ey , 15 5, 1 5 9, 1 6 0 .

A t h en s , 7 2, 28 8 , 38 1, 4 1 3, 423, Ba rt h él em y , M A d e, 69 . . .

Ba rt h o l a n u s , 5 8 0 .

A t h rem ail , 36 7 , 36 9 s e e Ma i n e . Ba rth o l o m e w , 26 3, 5 80 .

A t h u b o d va , 4 3 . b ea d u , 44 .

A t las , 8 9 . b e bl a , 38 .

A ttic a , 5 1 7 . R é-Gu i l l , 5 7 9 .

A tti l a , 32 . Be d g cl e rt , 1 5 1 .

A u g u s el u s , 35 4 . Beg g ery , 124 .

A u g u s t , 421 2 . b e i l i , 36 6 .

A u g u s t ae, 101 ; s ee M a t re s . Bél D rag a in , 1 7 2 .

A u g u s t e du n u m , 34 . Bél S éa d , 1 7 2 .

A u g u s t o n e m e t u m, 7 . Be l a t u ca d r-o s , - u s , 37 , 7 4, 9 1 .

A u g u s t u s , 2, 421, 424 . Bel g a d an , M o u n t , 58 5 .

a ka 38
, . Bel i , 90-1, 1 5 3, 16 5 , 1 6 8 , 27 4,
A u ra ma z d a, 62 . 28 4, 31 8 -9, 37 7 , 425, 6 43-4,
A u rel i u s , 1 5 1, 1 5 4 s ee A mb ros i u s . 6 5 9, 6 6 6 , 6 7 8 .

A u rw r ch n , 404- 5, 5 41 Bel isa m a , BeA q o a ju a , Bnk q o a p a ,

y y
' '
.

A u t un , 34 . 3, 46 , 7 4, 6 7 5 .

A v ag d u , 544, 5 46, 5 52, 5 65, 5 6 8 . Be l is miu s , 7 4 .

A va ll a ch , 423 . Be l l in u s , 90 .

a va n e, 35 4, 5 92, 5 95 . b el s i t , 38 .

a w e n , 268 . Bel ta in e , 519-20 .

a w i, 7 0 . Ben n Gu l ba in , Ben b u l bin , 5 07 ,

A w s t , 421- 2 . 5 11
.

A zt e cs , t h e , 295 . Beo t h ach , 26 2, 58 1 .

b eo t h u , b e t h a d , 27 8 , 5 41 .

Ba cch u s , 1 96 . b erbaim , 26 .

Ba d b , 43 : s ee Bo d b . Beren d o u , 1 8 6 .

Baed a , 322 . Ber-ge l mir, 6 6 3 .

b agh a, 5 4 . Bern , 30 .

Ba g in a t es , 47 , 5 4 . b e rw , 26 .

b a i ley , 366 . Be s t l a, 28 4 .

b a i l i, b al i , 366 . Bib l e , t h e , 6 09 .

Ba is cin n , 322 s e e C o rc o . b i-d u u m, 11 7 .

Ba l a , 204, 5 44, 5 65 . b fl e , 67 8.

Ba l a D eu l y n ; 400, 405 . Bi l e, 90-1, 318 , 6 43-4, 6 7 8 .

Bi rd s Ba t t l e, t h e , 25 7
’
Bal d e r, 28 4, 328 -9, 38 2, 430, 492, .

5 29- 38 , 5 41- 2, 5 6 8 , 5 7 1, 5 7 8 , Birog e , 315 .

6 13, 6 1 6-8 , 6 23, 625, 6 28 , 6 31, Bit u rige s , 47 .

Bl a c k Kn i g h t , t h e, 1 8 5, 35 0-1,
b al l i u m 366, . 354 .

b lly 36 6
a , . Bl a c k Sa in gl e n d , t h e , 441 .

Ba l l y s a d are, 5 8 6 . Bl ack Wo o d w a rd, t h e, 348 - 50 .

Ba l e r, 7 314-7 , 391, 396- 7 , 41 7 , b l ath , 47 3 .

58 7 , 6 1 1, 6 14-6, 6 1 8 , 6 43, 6 77 . Bl at h n a t , 47 3-4, 47 6, 47 8 .

b al t as, 528 . Bl at o bul g iu m , 5 97 .

68 2 I N DE X .

’
b l o d eu , 47 3 . Brzm , 94-7 , 245, 248 , 256 , 269
Bl o d eu e d 239, 241, 300, 38 4,
, 5 68 , 6 6 5 -6 .

430, 47 3-4, 5 6 1 . Bran w e n , 94-5 , 25 6 , 269,

Bl o d eu w e d , 239 s e e Bl o d eu e d . Brea s , 25 3, 397 : s e e Bres .

Bl o o d y Fo rel a n d , t h e, 31 7 . Bréc il ie n , 1 5 6-7 , 18 4 .

Be au d , Bo a n n , 1 44, 1 6 9, 55 6 . bree n h in , 7 7 s e e bren h in .

Be ar o f Benn Gu l bain , t h e, 507 -8 , i

Bre d a l k , 5 29bi .

5 1 1, 541 . b re in t , 7 6 .

b ed , 44 . bren h in , 7 7 .

Bo d b 43, 452, 6 04 . bren t y n , 7 7 .

Bo d b (m a s ), 1 7 0-1, 5 7 9, 5 8 6 . Bres , 25 2-4, 27 5, 31 7 , 322, 38 8 ,

Bo d n o d , 44 .

Bo d vo g en u s , 44 . Bri L eith , 331 .

Bo d v og n a t u s , 44 . Bri an , 3935 .

b o g i es o n t h e s ti les , 5 16 . Bricriu , 363, 430, 434 .

b o gii , 54 . Bri d e, S t , 7 5 . .

BO i, Bui, 309, 5 04-5 . Bri d g e o f D rea d , t h e, 45 1 .

b o l g, b o l ga, 5 96-7 . Bri dg e t , S t , 7 5 . .

Bol o r, 396 s e e Ba l e r Brig , 7 6, 38 8 s ee Bri it

.
g .

Bol v in n -o , 35 . Bri g an t es, 7 5, 7 7 .

b o n fi res on t h e l st o f Nov , 51 5 . . Bri g an ti a , 7 5 , 7 7

Bo n u s Pu er, 22 . E ri gi n d o , 7 5-6 .

Bo ok , t h e Bl a ck , 406, 5 37 , 5 6 2 . Bri git , 7 4-6, 254, 27 5 .

Bo ok o f t h e D u n , t h e , 468 , 5 25, Brih at i, 7 5 .

5 8 0-1, 5 93-4 . Bri o n , 396 : see Bri an .

Bo o k o f L ein s t e r, t h e, 46 7 , 47 9, 5 5 6 . Bris in ga , 8 3-4 .

Bo o k o f R h y d erch , t h e Whit e, Brit a i n , 90, 6 41 .

402 . Brit t on es, 6 6 4 .

Bo ok o f T al ies s in , t h e, 544, 5 46, bro , 1 49 .

Bro a d - Bo y n e Bri dge, 1 48 .

Ber, 1 15, 28 4 . Bro ad h av en , 5 8 3, 5 98 .

Bo re , t h e, 6 40 . Bro n , 6 6 6 s ee Bri m .

Bo re a d ae, 1 95 . bru d, 148 .

b oreu , b ore, 400 . b rug, 1 48 .

Bo rman a, 25-6 . Bru g : s e e Bru gh .

Bo rma n icu s , 25 . Bru g h , t h e, 148 , 15 1, 17 1, 251,

Bo rm an u s , 25-6 . 4 1 4, 433, 443, 493, 5 02, 5 07 ,
Borm o , 25-6 . 5 10 .

Bo rr i n Brog a, 443 . bru ig , 149 .

Borv o , 25-6 . Bru n d e M o re i s , 6 08 .

Bo u d icc a, 1 99 . b ry ein t , 7 6 .

Bo urb o n - L an ey , 25-6 . Bry n hi ld , 241 .

Bo u rb o n l A rch amb au l t , 26
- ’
. b ry n t y n , 7 7 .

Bo u rb on n e- Ba i n s , 25
l es - . Bu an 48 4- 5 .

Bo n n , 31 . Bu an (ma s ), 46 8 .

Bo u h y , 35 . Bu an an n , 45 0 .

Bo y n e, 1 23, 1 29, 144-5, 433, 443, Bu arain ech , 7 8 .

446, 45 9, 493, 502, 5 07 . Bu d d h a , 7 9 .

b rain t , 7 6 . Bu i l e, 601 .

Bran , 5 08 . b ul l-feas t, th e, 443 .

 68 4 I N DE X .

C ech t , M ac, 5 69, 5 7 9, 6 04 . C namch o il l , 211-2, 214 .

C e i t h l en n , C e t h l e n n , 31 9, 6 16 . C n oc n a fo l a , 317 .

C el l a ch , 134 . C o cidiu s, 37 , 44, 6 7 .

C e n n C ru aich , 200-1, 203, 208 , C o c o s u s , 37 .

C o ed A l un , 1 6 7 .

C en n cait , 310, 313- 4, 318 , 5 94 . C o e rab ar Boe th , 1 7 2 : s e e C aer .

C en n fae l a d , 318 . c O ic , 92 .

C be r eru s , 447 , 47 3, 5 13, 6 38 . c O ict h i es , 36 1

g
c i
erd n , c i
erd n , cerdin en , 35 8
g . c o i mdiu , c o md i u , 103- 4 .

C e res , 6 0, 7 2, 6 45 . co i me, 6 1 8 .

ch
Gern a , 329, 403, 56 2 s ee C o i rp re Gu n d ail , 3445 .

C on all . C e l l , 142 : s ee C u il l .

C e rn e nu s , 7 8 . C oll eg i u m S u t oru m, 424 .

C ern u n n o s , 6 1, 65, 7 8 , 8 0-2, 8 4- 6, C ol u mb a, S t , 211, 224, 314 . .

8 8 -9, 92, 97 8 . C o l u mell a, 67 .

C e rq u an d , M , 6 5 . . c o ma l t a , 48 0 .

c es s n e in d en , 36 3 . C o me d on ae s e e C omed o va e .

C ét , 1 36, 5 12-3 . C o me do v a e, 103 .

Ch i a r o f Kerrid w en , t h e, 5 50 . c o mm e n t u m , 37 7 .

Ch i a r o f T al ie s s in , t h e , 5 5 0 . C on , M ac, 47 2-3, 5 24 .

Ch i a r o f T ey rn o n , t h e, 5 5 0 . C o n ain g, 262-3, 58 4 .

C h a l ce ia ,
t h e ,
5 1 8 -20 . C o n aire, 133, 1 35-6, 305, 321-2,
Ch a i s
r i
, X p t r s , 495, 6 39
c e
'
. 36 7 , 36 9-7 0, 6 04, 6 40 650 , .

xv o s , 6 43 .
C on al l Gern a ch , 138 , 329, 403,
Cha ron , 14 .
430, 432, 47 1-
2, 48 3-
5,
Ch o rges, 33 .
503, 5 1 2-3, 536, 5 39, 5 6 2-3,
Ch res ti en d e T roy es, 403 .
5 94, 6 02 .

C h ro cu s , 9, 10 .
C on all C ore, 309 .

C h u il l , M ac an , 320 .
C on ch o bar m ac N essa, 1 33, 135
c h w i o ry d , 6 2 .
44, 324, 326, 330, 335, 337 ,
C ia n , 390-4, 396, 403, 405 .
343, 345-6, 363, 37 9, 431, 434,
c fcb , 5 1 2 .
444-5 , 449, 45 2-3, 45 9, 502,
C ich ol , 5 8 3 .
5 1 1, 5 7 6, 609, 6 27 , 6 30, 638 -9,
c ig , 5 1 2.
6 46-7 , 6 6 8 , 67 8 .

Cil ici a, 6 20 .
C on ch o b ar of t h e red E y eb row s,
Cim b e, 601-2 .
1 43-4 .

C in n ch ait , 310, 313-4, 318 : s e e C o n co n n e t o d u mn os , 7 .

C en n ca it .
C o n dl a C o el C o rrbacc, 344 .

C io ccal , C io cal , 5 8 3 : s e e C ich ol .

Co g , 58 5
n .

Citharoed u s , A p oll o , 7 9 .
C o n g ail e, Ui ,
5 22 .

C l a c k m an n a n , 324, 6 64 .
C o n n , 1 33, 205-6 , 21 0, 247, 391,

Gl an n E rci , 5 25 .
41 6-7 , 443, 5 7 6 .

C l an w i ll i am, b aro n y o f, 522 .

C on n a u
g , ht 4 39, 5 1 1 ,
5 8 5-6 6 09
, .

C l a s M y rd in , 1 68 C ’
on n e ll s , t h e O , 5 22- 3 .

W
.

ell , 5 53-
’
C l eg h il e, 211-2, 21 4 .
C onnla s 4, 5 56 .

C l iach , 17 0-2 .
C o n or, 1 36 .

C l iff Bri d ge, t h e, 45 1 .

C o n -re i, 47 2 .

C l o ch C h in n fh ao l aid h , 316 .
C o n s ant ti n e , 1 66 .

C l o ch an C h inn ch ait , 318 .

C o n u —ri, 47 2 .

C l o t h ru , 139, 47 8 .
C o n w y , t h e, 38 7, 592, 5 95 .
 I N DE X .

Co 1 40, 446
o l ey , . C rO g H y w e l , 204 .

c O r, c O ra n , 606 . cr u it , 17 0 .

C ora n ian s , t h e , 606 . C ru it h n i, 600 .

C o rb re , 25 5 s ec C a irb re . C i
ua l n g e , C uailg n e , 1 40, 446 .

C o re 30 8 -9 31 4 5 03-5 ,
5 21-3, C O ch , t h e , 338 , 340 .
, , ,

C d c h u l a in n , 90-1, 138 , 140, 1 42-4,

C Fe rd o it , 5 22
o re . 223, 25 9, 26 1-2, 323,
C o rc ag u i n
y o r C o rc ag u in n y , 393, 326 , 342 -7 , 35 3-4, 36 7 , 369,
5 2 1-2 . 37 4, 37 6 , 37 8 -9, 393, 395 , 397 ,
c c c c
or o , o r a , 322, 5 22 . 403, 429 -32, 435-45 , 447 -5 5 ,
C c
o r o Ba is c in n , 322 . 45 7 -6 2, 46 4- 8 , 47 0-7 , 47 9-8 3,
C c
o r o D u ib n e , 5 2 1- 4 . 48 7 , 493-4, 5 01, 5 11, 5 26, 5 36,
C i
o rd el a , 5 6 2 . 5 38 -42, 5 46, 5 6 5, 5 90,
C o rit a n i, 606 . 5 94 -5 , 6 02, 6 10, 6 18 , 6 24,
C o rk aree , a ro n y o f, 5 22 b . 6 26-31, 633, 6 38 , 641, 6 46 -7 ,
C o rm a c
m a c A r , 133-6, 144-6, it 6 5 9, 6 6 2 .

C u h e l y n , 26 9 .

C o ma c s n o f C irb 308 5 6 6
r o a re , ,
. C i
u l rn - Bro c h o ll , 5 24 .

C o rm c s Gl o ssary 7 4 98 47 6 5 14
a
’
, , , , , C u il l , M ac , 540, 5 69, 5 7 9 .

5 20, 5 6 7 . C u i rc , 5 21-2 .

c o rn , 7 8 . C u l a n n , 446-7 , 45 2, 5 1 1, 6 38 9 .

c o rn u , 78 . C t
u l o r, 6 : s ee M e r u r u s c i .

c o ru u c o pia e , 87 . C u mal l , 40, 1 7 8 , 18 0, 1 8 7 .

Co i
430
ro n s , . i
Gu n d a l , 344-5 : s e e C o irp re .

C o rp ri, 313: s ee C a irb re . C u n e d a , 27 0, 5 47 .

C o rr, 5 52, 6 7 6 : s e e L u g a id . C u n o val i, 539 .

C o rrb acc, 344, 346-7 . C ci

u r , 5 22 .

C o s cra id M e n u M as h a , 439 . ch
Gu ra L e, if u rra C
g o f Kil d a re , h
C o t ag eib Ul e , 36 8 -9 . 5 06 .

c o u va d e , t h e , 140, 363, 6 27 - 9, 67 8 . C u-ri, C u-roi , C u-ru i, 47 2-7 , 47 9 .

C raeb-ri i a d i, 12
'

. C y
’
u rr , O , 5 99 .

C re d e , 25 2, 25 5 , 322 . C u s t e nn in , 48 9-90, 494-5 .

C re id y l a d , C re u rd il a d , 5 11, 5 6 1, C w m C a w l w y d , O w l o f, 5 5 5 .

5 63 . c w e l a n , c w ell a n , 38 .

C reirw y , 56 5 . C b
y el e , 3 .

C tre e , 6 6 0- 1 . C c p
y l o es , 106 .

c ria fo l , 35 8 c fa i ll , c fa i ll t , 48 0
’
.
y y .

C rick h o w c l , 204 . c n
y C cro , 37 4 : s ec N e e l .

i
c r n , 201 . cy n rh o n , 406 .

C roch n u it , 5 06-7 . cy n t h ro n : s ec cy n rh on .

C ro m m C ru a ic h , 201 . C y n w a l , 5 39 .

C ro n u s , 1 1 1 -2, 115, 1 37 , 1 39,

1 46-7 , 1 49, 152, 1 5 4- 5, 18 5 , D aci a, 454 .

207 , 6 42- 5 4, 6 5 6, 6 5 9, 6 6 1, D ae d a l u s , 38 1 .

6 63, 6 6 5 -6 , 6 68 . d aeg , 496 .

c p b ck
ro pe d la sow
,
t h e , 5 15 , 5 17 . d ag a s , 497 .

C tt
ro a C l iac h , 1 7 2 . D ag d a , t h e 7 5 -6,, 5 0, 152,
-

c ch
ru a ,
201 . 1 5 4, 1 6 9 -7 0, 1 91, 25 7 , 37 1,
C u ch n A i
r a a , 330, 444, 38 8 , 5 7 9, 5 8 6, 6 04, 6 14, 6 1 6 ,
5 13, 5 90-1 . 6 40, 6 44-5 , 6 47 , 6 5 1-
2, 6 5 5-6 .
 68 6 I N DE x .

d ag i s, 496 . D e mn e, D eimn e, 5 5 2-3, 5 60 .

d ag r, 497 . d e mo n s t e e d , t h e, 607 -8
—
.

D a g o v as us , 11 . D en m ark , 5 90 .

d a b , 496 . d er, d er, 46 7 .

D ah fik a , 6 56 . D e rb org a il l , 46 5-7 , 47 9 .

D a i r, 2 13 . D erd riu , 335-6 .

D a i re, 47 3 . d erg , 1 22 .

D airgg d ig , 435 . D erm o t ; s e e D iarma it .

D a irt h ec h ta , 1 42 . D erry , 6 6 4 .

dam/ w , 5 41 . D erv o rg il d, 466 .

Sofk p v, 46 7 .
D eu c a l i o n , 6 61 .

D al R i a da , 322 . A ev ddp t g, 30 .

D a l l b e n , 28 2 . D e v i l , t h e, 5 1 6, 608 .

d a ll h u a n , 5 7 4 . d eu -l y n n , 400 .

D a li w a ran , 28 2 . d eu s , 1 1 7 .

D a l l w e i r, 28 2 . D eu t s ch , 45 .

Da ll w y r, 28 2 . d ev a , 1 1 7 .

D a mo n a , 25-6 . d ev as, 1 1 7 .

d au , 394- 5 . d ri v e, 1 1 7 .

D a n an u , 8 9 ; s e e D an u .
d evL 11 7 .

D a n u , 8 9, 91, 395 -6, 5 7 9, D ev o N O d en t i, 126 .

d ar, 6 7 5 . D 6v o g n ét a, 117 .

D a v i d , S t , 1 93
. . d e w , 468 .

D av i d s , S t , 38 0
’
. . d h v a n , 92 .

D art h u l a , 335 . d h v fin t a, 92 .

D dt h o, 330, 48 3, 5 1 1-2 . d ia, 1 17 -8 , 1 44 .

d aw n , 395 . D i an C ech t , 38 1, 390, 5 7 9, 621 .

D a w n , t h e, 299, 300, 302, 38 5 D i ana , 44, 7 0 .

D iarm a it, 1 35, 146 , 18 7 -92, 347 ,

D ay o f D o o m , 5 6 2 . 35 5, 35 7 , 5 03, 5 05 -1 1, 5 1 4,
d é, 8 9, 1 18 . 5 28 —9, 56 0-1, 6 24 .

D é D o m n an n , 5 97 . D i e n s t ag , 4 1 .

d ea, 8 9, 144 . d i es , 1 18 .

D éa D o mn u , 58 7 . D ie s p i t er, 1 09, 1 1 7 .

D ea d A n c es t o r t h e , 6 5 6 , .
D i e t , 45 .

D ea th , 47 9, 6 5 9 .
D i e t rich , 30-1 .

D ec e t, 7 0 . d ieu, 1 1 6 .

D e ch t ere, 141, 1 43-4, 1 7 4, 37 9, D i man ch e , 202 .

431-4, 443, 496-7 , 502 .

D i ngl e, 47 3-4, 5 22-4, 564 .

D ee , t h e, 45 5, 5 98 . d i n, 34, 406 .

d ee p w h eel , Gefj o n s , 37 9
’
.
d i n a s, 34, 406 .

d eg u , 496 . D i n as D in li e : s ee D in ll e .

d e ig r, 46 7 . D i n as E mry s , 15 1, 1 6 1, 1 7 3 : s ee
D ei s i, t h e, 134, 321, 47 8 , 504 .
E mry s .

D el i a, 5 20 . d inech , 309 .

D e l o s , 38 4, 515 . d i n cu , 309 .

D el phi , 222 . D in ev o r, 423 .

D e l u g e , t h e A ry a n , 641, 649, 6 60-1 .

D in io ch , 309 .

D e m e l ee, 242 D i n l l e, D in l t eu , 236, 27 2, 307,

‘ '

d e mi n , 5 5 2 . 401, 406-7 , 413, 420 .

 68 8 I N DE X .

D u nb o l g, 5 97 . E c h aid Bairch e, 450 .

D u n mo re H e a d , 5 24 . E ch aid E ch b él , 47 7 .

(l ume n , 34, 4 28 . E ch a id E chch e n , 5 93 .

D u rl a s , 21 1-2 . E ch a id o f E 0 1, 342 .

D u rt h ach t , 142, 328 , 335, 366 E ch aid Fe idl ech , 5 7 9 .

37 3- 4, 38 2 . E c h aid Gl as , 344, 35 3- 4 .

D u tch , 45 . E c h aid m ac L u ch t a i, 326- 7 .

d u w , 1 16, 1 1 9 . E ch aid m ac M aired a , 46 3 .

D u w Gw y n , 528 . E c h aid O l l a t h a ir, 5 7 9, 6 1 6 .

d vin a , 92 . E c h aid B o n d , 37 4 .

d w arfs u n d er t h e s e a 5 5 0 . . E c h aid s on o f E re, 409, 5 8 6, 5 8 9 .

d w i n an , 92 . E chch en , 6 08 : s ee E ch a id E chch e n .

d w i n d l e , 91 . E ch en , 5 64 : s ee Bccen .

d w y f , 1 17 . E chi d n a, 600 .

v ds , 34
’
d w y fo l , 1 1 7 . é
x p .

D w y vach , 6 49 .
'
is xw , 34 .

D w y v a n , 6 49 . Ben], 5 6 4 : see E cce t .

d w y n e, 91 E d ei in , 31 7 : s e e E t ai n
’
.
.

D y au s , 109-1 0, 1 14, 1 1 6 , 1 18 e d e it h or, 497 .

E d e n , t h e Gard en o f, 6 37 , 6 56 .

D y au s h p it ar, 40, 109, 1 1 6 . E d u c , E dl e, 41 7 .

d y d , 118 , 1 7 5 , 496 .
E g l w y s Wrw , 38 0 .

d y fy d , 27 7 . E gy pt, 620 .

D y frd w y f, 1 1 7 .
E ig r, 48 6 .

D y g w y l y M e irw , 5 15, 6 7 6 E i ren e , 495

’
.
.

D y l a n , 307 -8 , 38 6-7 , 38 9-90, 393 E is t e d v o d , t h e, 1 8 , 208 -9 .

E it h n e : s e e E th n e .

d y n , 92, 37 7 . E iv l , 236 .

d y n es , 92 .
E l a th a, E l at h an , 254, 27 4-6, 27 8 ,
d y n et o n , 92 .

D y n t h l e , 407 . E l cm ar, 1 47
Wl h
.

D y n, 40-1 , 1 18 . e l eg y t o C uro i, t h e e s ,
47 5 .

d y v , d y w , 11 6-7 . E l en , 16 1 -4
,

D y v e d , 242, 306, 341, 5 01, 5 04 .

D y vn art h , 5 6 1 . E l era n u s , 201 .

D y v n w a l , 449 . e l fy d , 42 .

d y w a w d , 27 7 . E lid y r, 37 0-1 .

d y w ed y d , 27 6 . E l ij a h , 2 14 .

E l l en , 16 1 .

E a d ao in , 91 : s ee E t ai n . el l y ll , 138 .

E ag er, t h e, 6 40 . Bit y li M al en , 6 08 .

E ag er, 6 39 . E l phi n , 5 45, 547 .

E a rth , 7 2-3, 1 1 1-4, 18 1, 6 45, 669 E l t h eo d , 45 .

70 . E l u n et , 35 1 .

E a rth - s e rp en t , 5 34, 6 12 . E m ain , 330, -6

, 447 , 452-3,
E b er, 526, 58 2 .

E cc en , 5 63 . E m b l a , 28 5 .

E c ce t , 5 63-5, 5 7 0 . E me r 395, 443, 448 , 45 5-6 ,

E ch a id : s e e al s o E o ch aid , E o ch aidh . 458 , 46 1-2, 466, 47 9, 48 5, 5 42 .

E ch a id A ire m, 247 , 5 7 9 . E mer (mas ), 526, 5 8 2 : s ee E ber .

 I N DE X .

E mry s , 5, 16 1, 1 6 5-
15 1- 6 , 16 8 -9, e ta n , 27 5-6 .

E ta l ] , 25 3, 317 -8 .

E n a m e l l i n g , t h e A rt o f, 6 6 5 . E thi pio a n s , t h e , 6 40 .

E t h l e n n , E it h l c n n , 390, 41 0, 4 14,
'
E WSL o s 117
, .

SW) Ka i vea 308 , 5 17 , 5 21

.
'

,
.
443 : s ee
e n g l y n , 240, 244 .
E th n e, 319, 390- 1, 410, 417 .

E n ll i 1 5 5
,
.
E th n e I n g u ba i, 45 8 .

E n u is k il l e n , 31 9 .
E th n e Ua t h a c h , 47 8 .

e n t , e n t is c, 295 .
E th ne w e of if on o ar, 1 39 C ch b .

E 0 Fea s e , 5 5 4, 6 7 7 .
E t h n ea , 315 -6, 390 : s ee E ne th .

E o c h a id : s ee R eh e i d .
E u b o n ia , 6 01 .

E o c h a id h Gh a rbh , 409 .
E u d a v , 164 .

E o ga n , 6 3 .
( O dt e w ds, 1 1 7 .

E og a n ma c D u rth ach t , 1 42, 335, ( O dt ée re o s , 1 17

‘

p .

45 2 . E u g e in , 6 3 .

E o ga n o f I n b e r, 342 . E u g en i us , 6 3 .

E o a n MO r, 9 1, 122 e u l o d e u , 399
g . .

E o g h a n , 63 : s ee E o g an . E u m aeu s , 5 27 .

E e l,
g e n I uil , 342
. . E u m e n iu s , 26 .

e o l u s , 27 8 . E u n o m i a , 495 .

E 0 3, 38 4 . E u ph ra t e s , 5 5 6 .

E p o n a , 27 . E u rg c in , 37 1 .

E r, 5 26 . E u ry n o m e, 6 38 .

E re k i n g o f L e i n s t er, 321, 47 1,
47 9, 48 2- 3, 5 38 - 9, 5 90, 6 31 . Fach t n a , 1 37 , 1 39, 1 44 .

E rc : s e e E ch a id . Ffid Fe l en , y , 6 08 .

e rc h , 48 3 . fael , 318 .

E rc ias 5 24-5
, . Fa e ry , 445 .

Free ], 600 . Fafn i r, 6 7 7 .

Bre me n , 58 2 . f g us , 5 4
a .

E ri, 5 6 1, 5 7 7 . Fa il bh e, ,
522 Ui .

E richth o n i u s , 5 1 7 , 639 . Fa irge , 328 , 335 .

E ri n n , 417 - 9 . Fa irgu n eis , 220 .

E rin n y es , 1 04 . fa i rg u n i, 220 .

E rna, E rna i, 5 27 , 5 8 8 . f ith

a , 26 2, 27 7 - 8 , 28 3 .

E rn o ll , 5 90 . Fal , 123-5, 1 30, 1 68 , 206-8 , 2 10,

E rp , 5 24, 527 . 2 12, 21 4- 6, 5 7 6 .

E rri s , 58 3 . Fa l g a , 47 5-6 .

E rth a m, 7 3 . Fa ll , y , 6 08 -9 .

’
E ry t h ria, 6 22 . Fa l v y s , t h e O , 5 22 .

8 33, 6 1 . Fa n d , 342, 46 0- 4, 466, 46 7 , 47 7 .

E s n i, 1 7 9, 47 8 . fa rma - t yr, 1 19 .

E s s en b erg , 28 9 . f th
ir , 27 7 -8 .

E s u g en on e rt u s , 63 . Fat h ac h , 1 37 , 139, 27 7 .

E s u gen o s , 6 3 . t
Fe a s o f t h e D ead , t h e , 6 7 6 .

E s un ert u s , 6 3 . t
Fe a s o f C l ich u l a in n , t h e , 440 .

Bs u s , 6 1, 63-5, 6 8 , 7 2- 3, 8 6, 232, Fe s , 526 bi .

6 46 . Fe d el m, 37 8 , 630-1 .

E t ai n , 9 1, 145 -6, 31 7 . Fe m s s e e Fe si bi .

E t a l, 1 7 0, 17 2 . Fén i, t h e, 35 7 .

2 r
6 90 I N DE X .

Fe n ri s
’
W lf
,
1o20 -1 392 5 30
, , ,
Fir D ea , 8 9, 5 7 9 .

6 11-2, 67 7 . Fir D o mn ann , 5 8 1, 5 8 9-

90, 5 97 ,
Fe n s a l , Fen s al ir, 5 30, 5 43 .

fe r, fi r, 21, 28 2 . Fir M e rc a , 5 93, 608 .

Fer Ba et h , 48 0 fi rge n , 220

i
. .

Fer D iad , 48 0-1

. . F rs t o f A u g , 5 1 6, 5 1 8 -9 .

Fer T l a ch t g a , 5 15 . Fi rs t o f M ay , 498 -9, 5 1 9-20, 5 45-6,

Fe ra d ach , 312 .

F e rceirt n e, 47 4 . Fi rs t o f N o v , 459-60, 47 3, 5 14, .

Fe rch ert n e, 331 . 58 4, 5 8 7 , 6 1 4 : s ee N o v -e v e . .

f erg ara, 46 9 . Firt ri, C o rc a , 5 22 .

Ferg h oir, 48 9 . Fj O rgy n n , 220 .

Fe rg u s t h e Bl a c k -t o o th ed , 1 34 . Fl an n , 1 7 1, 1 7 3, 211 .

Ferg u s Fairg e , 328 , 6 47 . Fl o o d , t h e s e e D el u g e .

Fe rg u s m ac R O ig , 137 -40, 328 , Fl ou est , M , 69 . .

335, 435, 5 22, 646- 8 , 65 1, 6 5 9, fo , 5 91 -2 .

’
6 68 . fo el aid, 318 .

Fe rg u s an d t h e L u ch o rp ain , 5 91-2, Fog a mu r, 5 14 .

596 . Fo i, 2 12 .

Fe rl o g a , 1 42-3, 5 13 . folk , 46 .

Fe rn a , 393 . Fo m o r, Fe mh air, 5 8 9, 594, 6 06,

ferv ere , 26 . 662 .

Ffe ry l l , 544 Fe m o ri , Fo m ora ig , 25 3-4, 26 2, 27 5 ,

‘
.

Ffl a m , 1 7 9-8 0 . 28 0, 38 7 - 9, 391, 396 -7 , 41 3,

Ffl eu d o r, 1 8 0 . 41 9, 427 , 449, 464, 46 6, 5 7 9,
Ffi e w d u r, 1 7 9 . 58 2, 58 4-91 , 5 93-6, 5 98 , 6 03-5,
Ffi ur, ffi fi r, 1 5 3, 239 . 608 -1 1 , 6 14—5, 6 62, 67 7 - 8 .

Ffo rd E l en , 16 7 . forait h , 27 7 .

Fi ae s P0 01, 5 53
’
. Fo rgal l , 37 6 , 395-6, 416,
Fi a l , 6 7 7 . 45 5 -7 , 46 5-8 , 47 9, 48 7 , 492-3 .

Fi an n , Fra n , 98 -9, 5 52, 5 5 9 . fo rn i a ch , 23 .

Fid b a : s e e Fo rs e ti , 5 34, 5 41, 6 33 .

Fid g a, 6 31, 641 . fes s , 1 1 .

Fi e l d o f I t h , 6 05 s ee I t h . Fo t h a d , 5 05 .

fi l e, 1 44, 442 . Fo u r D i m p l es o f C uch u l a i n n , 437 .

Fl m b u l -t y , 534, 61 3 . Fo u r Ki s s es o f A e n g u s , 37 0 .

fi mm , fi m t , 36 5 . Fo u r T refo i l s o f O l w en , 490- 1 .

Fi n l an d 6 36 ,
. Fra n a n g, 539 .

Fi n n , 40, 98 , 144, 1 46, 1 7 8 , 1 8 1, Freij a, rea d Freyj a .

1 8 7 , 25 1-2, 255, 322, 35 5, 35 7 , Frey , 492, 6 1 2, 6 5 2, 67 6 .

55 2- 3, 5 08 -9, 560, 56 5 . Freyj a, 8 4, 6 19 .

Fi nn E ces , 5 5 3, 5 6 0-1 . Fri d ay , 5 43 .

Fin n c h o e m , 432, 434, 5 1 2, 539 . Frige d aeg, 5 43 .

Fin n fal , 1 22- 4, 1 30, 208 , 5 7 7 . Frigg , 5 29-33, 5 36, 5 42- 3 .

Fin n gh l a is , 47 4 . Fu a d , 441 .

Fir Be l g , 1 20, 1 50, 213, 252-3, Fu l l a, 533 .

27 7 , 321, 409, 41 9, 5 7 9, 5 8 1-2, Fu rs a , 17 2 .

58 5 - 7, fy l k ir, 46 .

609-1 1 , 6 1 4- 5, 6 19, 6 27 , 6 53,

6 5 9, 67 7 .
ga bu r
,
5 93 .
6 92 I N DE X .

Gran ne s , Gran nu s , 3, 21-

2, 24-5, G w e n n an , 1 6 1 .

g w en ria in , 527 .

G ra ti a n , 1 66-7 . Gw en t , N e th er, 498 .

Gran n e s , E au x , 24 . Gw en w y n w y n , 18 0 .

G ra u x , 24. Gw ern a b w y , t h e E a gl e o f, 5 55 .

Gre a t I s l an d , 6 50 . Gw i l y m , D ab , 5 5 5, 57 4
. .

Greg o ry o f T o u rs , 9, 10 . Gw io n , 5 44- 5, 5 5 1 -3, 558 -60,

Greid , 5 6 1, 5 7 7 . 5 8 8 -9.

G reid iaw l , 5 6 1 .
g w i r, 21.

Gréin e, M ac, 418 , 5 42, 5 69, 57 9 .

g w l ed ig , 15 1, 1 6 2, 1 65 .

Gres h o l m, 96, 665 .

g w r ,
2 1 ,
28 2 .

Gre th , 563 . Gw rg w s t , 5 6 1 .

Gre tti , 8 5. Gw rh y r, 48 9 .

Grey o f M a ch a, t h e, 441 . Gw ri, 48 6, 5 00-1, 546 .

g ria n , 5 7 1
. Gw ro n , 28 2 .

Gri en -ain ech , 20 .

g w y d , 27 7 .

g ria n an , 1 45—6 . Gw y d , 27 1, 277 -9 .

g ru a ach , 1 8 9-
g 90 . Gw y d i on , 225, 236 -45, 248 9,
Gu d run , 45 7 . 254- 5, 25 8 -9, 26 2, 27 0-2, 27 4,
Gu ern sey , 1 98 . 27 6 -8 0, 28 3-8 , 291 -4, 297 -9,
Gu es t , L a d y Ch arl o t t e, 306 . 300-1, 304-8 , 313-4, 318 , 321,
g u et id , 27 7 . 324, 326, 330, 333, 336- 7 , 341 ,
Gu l a A u g u s ti , 424 . 347 , 37 9, 38 2, 38 4-6 , 38 9-90,
Gu l e o f A u g us t , 412 . 398 , 404-6 , 425, 5 44, 6 23, 6 29 .

Gu n d fl e d , 28 7 - 8 , 298 , 337 . Gw y d n o, 1 5 5, 545 .

G u n g n ir, 28 4 . Gw y l A w s t , 421 .

Gu n th er, 48 2, 5 11 . Gw y l Fa i r, 421 .

Gu th -a rd , 200 . Gw y l Fih a n g el , 421 .

Gw ai r, 250 : s e e Gw eir . Gw y l I w a n , 421 .

Gw al ch m ai , 430 . Gw y n ab N 6 6 , 8 4, 146, 1 7 9,
Gw al e s , 96-7 . 1 8 1 -2, 35 5 , 37 1, 47 3-4, 47 8 ,
g w al s t a w t , g w al s t o t , 48 9 . 5 1 1, 5 37 , 5 59-6 3 .

G w a n a r, 1 8 0 . Gw y n d a Gy u e d , 37 1 .

Gw an as Gw y r, 668 . Gw y n d a R ei m s t , 37 1 .

g w ara w t , 27 7 . Gw y n Go h o y w , 501 .

g w are d , 27 7 . Gw y n son o f E sn i, 47 8 .

’
g w as , a man , 23 Gw y n s o n O f N w y vre, 47 8
‘
. .

a m an s i o n , 1 1 Gw y nn w es i, 15 3 : s ee We n w as
‘ ’
g w as, . .

G w as D u iu , 1 17 .
g w y n t , 35, 7 1, 28 2 .

G w asg w y n , 1 5 3-4 . G w y s m eu ric, 1 5 3 .

g w a w d ,
2 7 7 -8 28 3
, . Gw y t h u r, 35 5, 511, 561- 2 .

Gy g es ri n g , 37 8
’
g w aw l , 1 23, 1 68 . .

g w e d , 27 6 . Gy l fe , 28 4 .

w e d d 2 7 6 -7 Gy m ir, 492
g y , . .

Gw eir, 249-50, 252, 254, 27 0, 28 2,

28 5 .

Gw ei ry e e d , 249- 50: s ee Geiry oed . H ac e n , 226 .

g w e l ed , 27 7 . H a d e s , 90, 96, 248 , 25 6-7, 26 1,

Gw en , 16 1 . 26 7 , 27 6 , 28 6, 291, 31 3, 326,
G w e n d y d , 157 . 330-1, 333, 337 - 44, 346-7 , 35 4,
 I N DE X . 693

447 , 451, 45 7 , 5 01, H ermO d r, 329,

5 5 0, 6 41, 6 43, 6 5 5, 6 7 8 . H es i o d , 495 .

H a l f, 6 60 . H e s u s , 44, 47 .

h al f-w eek , t h e, 438 . H i l l o f “l a rd , t h e, 5 15 .

H a ll ins k id i, 8 3, 8 5 . h im il , 39 .

H a m, 5 93, 6 09 . hi mm el , 39, 1 7 8 .

h a n d -b a n i , 5 38 . h ir, 27 .

H an g a- t yr, 1 1 9 . H i rp , m a c, 5 24 .

H appy I s l es , t h e, 6 5 9 : s ee I s l es h l éfmte s s e, 41 1 .

o f t h e Bl es s e d H o d , 5 37
'

. .

h are-w itch es , 1 99 . H od r, 5 30-2, 534, 5 37- 9, 6 13 .

H arl e ch , 94, 96- 7 . H oen i, 5 34, 6 13 .

H a rit s , t h e, 495 . h o m e , 92 .

h au l , h eu l , h e u l , 5 7 2 . H o ra c e, 303 .

h au lig aera , 5 7 3 . H o rse, t h e, 495 .

H a v g an , 1 91, 339, 342, 344, 35 4 . h orn , 7 8 .

H ead o f H ad es , 37 3, 5 01, 5 50, 558 , H o rsa , 154 .

66 5-6 s e e Pw y ll . H o u rs , t h e , 494-5 .

H ea d oric , 33 . H o w el , 1 6 2 .

h ea d u , 5 37 . H o w th , 329 .

H ea ve n , 110-3, 18 2, 669- 70 . H 6 , 548 , 5 92, 595 .

H ed rich , 33 . h u an , 5 7 4 .

H e im d a1, H eim d all , H iibn e r, D r , 1 26 . .

6 02, 6 12, 6 5 6 . H fid Gw y n , 5 62 .

H ei mdal i, 8 5 . h u it a i ne, 36 1 .

H e l en , 1 6 7 . h im, 1 1 5 .

H e l g i L ay s , t h e, 198 . h uma , 1 15 .

H el ic o n , 5 5 4 . c h d u g w t a, y r, 5 1 5-6, 6 7 5 .

H e l i o s , 5 03, 5 7 1 . H w erg e l me , 55 7 .

H e l l , 329, 332, 347 , 38 2, 430, H y -Fia c h ra ch , 35 5 .

530-1, 533, 5 35, 5 46, 615 . H y- M an y , 343, 37 4 .

H ell as, 6 22 . H y rro k in, 5 31 .

H ell e n , 66 1 . h yma , 1 15 .

H e m era , 5 7 1 . H y m i, 1 1 5, 18 0- 1, 6 6 1, 6 6 3 .

H en Fen y w , 38 0 . H y p erb o rea n s , t h e, 1 94 .

H e ng i s t , 1 54 . H y p eri o n , 1 11 .

h eel, 57 2 . H y v eid , 498 .

H eph aes t us , 38 1, 5 17 - 8 , 521, 6 38 H y w el , 16 2 .

40 .

H era c l es , 1 4-6, 20, 8 9, 1 41, 225, I ai r, 5 27 .

234, 28 1- 2, 28 4, 28 7 , 291, 296 , iara n n , 7 0 .

37 8 , 432, 444, 47 1, 5 7 5, 6 23-6 , I arbh o in el , 26 2, 6 7 5 : s e e I ard on el .

6 29-30, 67 8 . I arbo n eo il , 6 7 5 .

H e rc u l e s , 66 , 27 3-4, 28 8 -
9, I ard o b a r, 257 .

47 7 , 600 : s ee H e rac l es . I ard o n e l , 5 8 1, 6 7 5 .

H ere, 43, 7 2, 432, 47 1, 6 23, 630, I a ripi, 524 .

6 39 . i aru , 7 0 .

H e ricu s , 429 . I a n , 17 5 .

H erme s , 15, 27 4, 28 7 , 427 , I ba r Ci nn T rach t a, 46 1 .

6 20-1, 624 . I ccav o s , 7 5 .

6 94 I N DE X .

Icht 467
, . Jo rd a n is , 61, 6 36 .

I e ti an Sea , t h e, 46 7 Jo s h u a , 5 0-1 .

I d a, 6 6 0-1 . J ov 2, 40-1, 47 -9, 54-6 , 58 , 6 0,

e,

I d a- p l a i n, 5 34, 6 12 : s ee I th . 7 2, 7 8 , -8 , 1 22, 1 32,

I d a-v ell r, 6 05 : s ee I t h . 17 5-6, 1 7 8 , 1 8 1, 1 95, 234, 295,
I dri s , 250, 27 9, 6 7 5 . 5 6 3, 5 7 5 .

I er, 526 . J i
ev u s , 7 1 .

I g ra y n e, 48 6 . Ju l io m a us , 7
g .

I l d an ach , t h e, 427 . Ju n e , 43, 17 5 .

I n b er, 342 . J pi
u t er, o v s, J i
ove : s ee Jov e , J
I n d ech , 5 8 7 , 5 98 , 6 1 5-6 . Z eu s .

i n- d iu , 11 8 .
j us ,
11 7 .

I n d ra, 40, 18 1, 232, 292-301, 304,

38 2, 38 5-6, 390, 425, 6 23, 6 29 .

i nd ra, 295 .
KG S/i o y evrjs 6 25
‘
, .

I n g c él , 135, 36 7 , 650 .
Ka dy rieit h 48 9 , .

I n i s C eith l e n n , 319 .
Ka /J d a ,
p 3 9 .

I n i s Fai l , 206 .
k am ara, 40 .

I n n y , 1 39 .
k a mare dh a, 40 .

I n s i Gal l , 47 6 .
d v o v,
d vv
f , 78 .

I n v er D o mn ann , 5 8 2, 5 98 . Ka s t or, 57 1 .

I o b at h , 26 2 . Kea ti n g 409 58 2-600 , ,

.

i6n , 6 2 . k een , t h e, 38 8 -
9 .

i 6r, 6 2 . Kei 347 , 490

, .

i6t , 1 1 7 .
Kel y d on , 48 6-7 .

’
I o v ép w 0 t , 58 8 , 6 7 7
. .
Kere digio n 463 , .

I r, 5 26 .
Kerrid w en , 269, 5 44-6, 550, 5 65 .

I sl e o f Man , t h e, 6 63-4 .
Kic va, 5 01 .

I sl es o f t h e Bl essed, t h e, 643, 648 .

Ki l d a re 1 93 ,
.

270 09 , 34 .
Kil g w ri, t h e Bl ack bi rd o f, 5 55 .

i t h , 1 17 .
k i l l , 38 .

it h , et h o , 6 05 .
Kill arau s M ons, 1 92 .

I t h , Ith a , 5 34, 605, 6 12, 631 .

Ki l l are, 1 92-3 .

I u ch air, 393 .
Kil l orgl i n , 5 96 .

I u ch n a , 47 7 .
Kil m a ctran n y , 58 7 .

I u ch arb a, 393 Kil y d , 48 6 .

Kin eel y , Mac, 314-

.

I v erag h , b aron y o f, 522 .

6, 31 8 -9, 390 .

k i n g , 46 .

J h v h 50
a e , .
Ki n s al e, 5 23 .

J i u l m 648
an c u , .
k iO l a v al d i, 6 5 2 .

J y 36 0
an u ar , .
Kp éh e ep o v, 40 .

J s 94 360 648
an u , , , , 666 .
Kn o w t h , 148 .

J p t 14
a e u s, .
Kork u ret i, 522 .

J p h et 5 8 0
a , . Kp dw a , 643 .

J so 291-2
a n, . Kp o vu fiv 6 43 , .

j ant ,1 17 . Kp dvo s 6 43 , .

j au t i, 1 17 . Ku l h w ch , 28 -9, 47 8 , 48 6-
95, 555,
Jes u it M i s s i on ari es , t h e, 67 3 .

Je s u s , 22 . Ky l e d r 5 6 1 ,
.

Jo rd an , t h e , 55 6 . Ky na n , 1 64-5 .
696 I NDE X .

L o ch L u g d ech , 67 7 51 2, 5 1 9, 536, 5 40- 2, 5 7 0-

1,
L éch M or, 526 . 57 8 -
9, 5 8 6-7 , 5 90, 6 1 1, 614,
L o ch T o n d ch u il , 47 1 .

l o ch d u b , 428 . l u g , 5 12, 5 40 .

L o ch l an n , 129, 347 , 35 5-6, 46 5, L u g a id , 328 , 343, 443, 46 5, 47 1-3,

46 7 -8 , 48 7 , 6 1 5 . 477 -8 5, 5 03, 5 28 , 538 - 41, 6 18 .

l o ch run a, 428 . L u g aid C orr, 5 52, 6 7 6 .

L o d o n , 55 6 .
L u g a id m a c C o n , 5 24, 6 7 7 .

L o eg , 343, 441, 461 . L u g aid so n o f I t h , 6 7 7

L o eg a ire Bu a d a ch , 430, 536, 5 94 . l u g b a irt , 429 .

L o eg aire m ac N ei l l , 25 9, 41 6 L u g d u n u m , 34, 419-20, 428 - 30 .

L o gh , 408 , 410 . L u gd u n u m C o n v e n aru m , 420 .

L o k i , 8 3, 1 20, 5 30-2, 534, 536, L u g h , 397 , 409 : s ec L u g .

’
538 -40, 6 1 2, 6 1 5, 6 54 . l u g l i a t h , 428 .

L o mn a, 98 - 9. L u gl o ch t a L o g a, 448 , 466 .

L o n d on , 1 29 . L u g m o d , 420 .

L o rd s -
’
d ay , t h e, 202 . L u g n a s s ad , 409 -1 1, 414 -6, 418 ,
L o t : s ee L o th .

L o t h , L o th u s , 125, 1 29, 5 8 3 . L u
g o v es, 238 , 419, 424-6, 430-1,
L oth ar, L o th o r, L o t h u r, 47 8 . 541 .

L o th i an s , t h e , 129 . L u g u adicu s , 5 41 .

L ou c et iu s , 1 33 . L u g u d ec c as , L u g u d eca, 5 40 .

A o fiy do v vo v, 419 . L u g u s , 2 38 , 41 9-20, 428 - 31, 48 6 .

o y o ndo v vo v, 419-20 . L u n e t , 35 1-2, 37 8 -9 .

L ou g h C o rra n e, 6 7 7 . L u s c a , 466 .

L o u g h C o rrib, 664 . L y caean M o u n t ai n , t h e, 1 8 3 .

L o u g h Fo y l e, 6 64, 6 67 . L y n e tt e, 351 .

L ou g h H a ck e tt , 6 01 . L y o n s , 34, 41 9 .

L o u g h N e a g h , 27 9 463 , . Ma b o n , m ab o n , 21, 28 , 31, 249,

L o u g h R u d raid e , 5 92 . 400, 404, 423, 5 5 5, 5 7 7 , 6 27 .

L o u gh , S t ran g fo rd , 46 5 . mac, 320 .

L o u g h S w il l y , 605 . m a c l eg i n d, 320 .

A o iiy o s, l u g o s , 428 . M a cb eth , 104 .

L ou th , 454 . M a cph erso n , 335 .

L u ach a ir, 46 2 . M a ch a, 330, 441 .

L u a i n , 336-7 . m a cht , 23 .

L u c an , 44-5, 47 , 49, 6 0, 6 8 , 7 0 . M a c ro bi u s , 56 .

L u c d u n u m , 429 : s ee L u g d u nu m . m a ccu , 5 22 .

l u ch , 428. m a d fa li , 609 .

L u c h o rp ain , t h e , 5 91, 606 . m a el , 21 5 .

L u ch u irp, t h e , 5 92 . M a el a n , 1 6 1 .

L u ch t ai, 326 . M ael g w n , 12, 27 1, 5 47 -8 .

L u ci an , 13, 20 . M a el m u iri, 215 .

L u d , 1 29. Mael p ad raic, 215 .

L u d g a t e , 1 29 . Maen Ke t ti , 193 .

L u d i M is cel li, 421 . M aen T w ro g, 244 .

L u g , 143, 210, 237 , 31 6- 9, 38 3, Mag Be l g , 5 97 .

390 -1
,
Mag C ro , 312 .

423, 426-7 , 429-31 , 435, 442-3, Mag n -Ith a, 5 8 3, 605 .

445, 448 , 45 4, 48 6, 496, 5 01- 2, Mag Mor, 27 5 .

 I N DE X . 6 97

M ag S l e ch t 200-2 208 215 , , ,

. M a rch e s t h e 1 49 , , .

M ag T ured 38 7 , 414-5, 5 8 5 ,
sec M a rg a m 6 6 8 , .

M o y t u ra . M a rg g 5 90 5 93 6 08
, , , : s ee Mo re .

m ag a , 24 . Ma ri a n u s 2 15 , .

m a ga v a n , 24 . m a rk , 1 49 .

M ag e e , I s l a n d , 47 7 . M a rn e, 29 .

m a g h a , 23 . MarO , a r, 5 6 8 65 9 , .

m a g h a va n , 23 . m a rri ag es L u g na s s ad , 418 -9
at .

M ag n iac -o 6 , 7 , . Mars , 2, 32-3, 35, 37 , 40-2, 44,

m ag n u s , 23 . 48 , 50, 6 8 -9, 1 30,
ni ag u ,23 . 1 33, 1 8 1, 210, 5 37 -9 .

i
m a n , 23 . J
Mars - u pit e r, 468 , 6 25, 6 31 .

i
M a n e , 328 , 36 6-7 0, 37 2-7 , 38 0, M a rti n , S t , 5 38 . .

38 2 . M a rt ins , 7 1 .

i i
Ma n , t h e , 36 6-7 , 36 9-7 0, 37 3-4 : mart u l u s , 5 9 .

s ee Mai n e . M irth , 225-6, 236, 239, 241, 246,

Ma i n z 23 , . 28 4, 298 , 305 - 8 , 326 , 336, 38 4,
i
m a r, 1 24 . 38 9, 398 , 406, 424, 432, 5 27 .

M a is t iu , 1 5 0 . Ma t h o l w ch , 94-5, 6 19 .

chi
M a l a , 5 35 . Ma t h o n w y , 305 , 5 27 s ee M ath .

hi
M a l a d e Bay , 5 8 3 . M a t h re m ail , 36 7 , 36 9 .

M a l e n, 607 -8 : s e e M ar ch . Ma t rae : s e e
m alt m all t 608 -9
, , . Ma t res, 100-4 .

m al u , 5 9 . Ma t ro na 27 29 , , .

m a m w e n , 528 . M at ro n a 100 , .

m a n , 37 7 . ma v i , 23 .

M a n , 324, 6 01, 6 38 , 664 . ma w , 23 .

Ma n an n ,
663-4 . M ax M ull er, Pro f , 107 .

N ana n u , Dun , 324 . Max e n , 160 16 2 16 4-9 , , .

M a n an n an , 1 47 , 256, 342, 37 7 , Ma xi m 16 7 , 6 7 5 , .

397 , 411, 46 1-2, 46 4, 47 4, 47 7 , M ax im ia n u s 16 7 , .

6 63- 7 . Ma xi mu s , 16 6-7 .

man as , 37 7 , 38 0 . m ay , 23 .

M a na w , 6 6 3-4 . May e n c e 23 , .

M a n aw y d an , 37 7 , 425, 6 63-8 . Ma y o 5 8 3 , .

M an aw y t 6 6 6 ,
. M b o c o b i s , t h e, 6 7 3 .

M a n e : s ee M ai n e . m ea l , 5 9 .

M a n es Man l s 6 6 2
, , . m eal d e , 5 9 .

m a n m a n , 37 7 . me an a dh , 6 6 6 .

M ann u s , 37 7 , 6 6 2 . mean i n g , 37 7 .

M an s , 10, 420 . Me db , 137 -40, 1 42, 1 7 0, 322 -3,

”ci ti n g 37 7 , . 330, 36 7 -9, 46 8 47 5 , ,

M an u , 37 7 , 6 59-60 . 47 8 -8 0, 48 2, 5 11, 5 98 , 6 01,

m a o u ez, 23 .

m a p o n s e e m ab o n . me d i a n t , 103 .

M a po n o s Map o n u s , ,
21, 27 -
8 , 68 , Me d ea, 291- 2 .

404, 5 7 7 s ee A p o ll o . M eirc h io n 239 27 1, 590 6 50 , , ,

M a re 5 90 : s ee M a rgg Mo re
, , .
s e e Ma rch .

M arch 239 27 1 5 90, 6 5 0 6 6 2

, , , , . M e l a 1 30 1 7 4, 196-9
, , .

M arch Mal aen , 607 s e c Ma l en

’
.
y eA o flpo v, 40 .
6 98 I N DE X .

m eli t , 5 9 . M i l e s H isp an iae 26 3 5 8 2 , , .

M el y n gan Gam re 38 5 , . M i l es i an s t h e, 5 06 5 42 5 69 5 7 9,
, , , ,
m e min i, 37 7 . 58 2, 5 8 8 -9, 6 03-4, 6 43-4 .

p é/t o v a , 37 7 . M il s co t h ach , 36 8 -7 0 .

m én a o u e d , 665 . it
M l o n , 47 9 .

M e n a i 405
, . M im , 55 7 -8 , 56 8 .

p ev ea l vw , 37 7 . i
m n d , 37 7 .

M en el au s 6 60 , . M n erv a, M en erv a , 2 3 7 3-5, 7 7 ,

i
M en ev ien s is 38 0 , . 37 7 , 37 9-8 0, 5 46 .

m en m a, 37 7 . Min ger, 36 7 , 36 9 .

p évo s , 37 7 , 38 0 . M in o can n u s , 90 .

m en s , 37 7 . i
M n o s , M t vw s, 37 7 , 660-3, 6 68
’
.

M évr wp, 37 7 . i t
m s t l e o e , t h e , 5 30 .

M en w , 38 0 s ee ith
M ras , 3, 1 00 .

M en y w 37 5-7 , 38 0, 48 9
,
. Mj O l n ir, 5 9, 531, 6 46 .

M erc oeu r 8 , .
m l a t it i, 5 9 .

M erco iray 8 ,
.
m l at ii, 5 9 .

M erc o i re 8 ,
. m l ii n ij , 5 9 .

M erco is et 8 ,
. m e , 5 25 .

M ercu er 8 ,
. M o D o v in ia , 5 24-5 .

M erc uret t e 8 , .
M O E p e rt , 367 -7 0 .

M e rcu rey , 8 . c c
m o e , m o u , m u o , 5 22 c .

M ercu rie 8 ,
. c
M o u -D al on , 5 22 .

M ercu ro t , 8 . c
M o u -R u n t ir, 5 22 .

Merc u ry ,
8 a pl ac e , . c
M o u -S ail n i, 5 22 .

M erc u ry , t h e go d , 1 , 3, 6-9, 35, 47, Mo d aib L o g a, 420 .

49, 7 3, 8 0, 231-2, 27 4, M o d re n , 28 -9, 400, 423, 5 7 7 .

m o el , 449 .

M erl i n ,
125 ,
1 44 ,
1 51 -6 1 1 7 4
, ,
Mo el -m u d , 449 s e e D y v n w al .

18 4, 1 8 7 , 192-5, 225 5 44, MO en , 31 1, 317 —8 , 542, 546, 566 .

5 7 7 , 6 40-1, 6 5 1 , 6 6 7 . M o -Fe s , 525-6 bi .

i
m erm a d s , 1 98 , 66 0 . M e g N éit , 21 5 .

M ers ey , t h e , 45 4-5 . Me g N u ad at , 1 22, 215 .

M esg eg ra, 1 36, 330, 48 3-5, 5 13 . Me g R u , 211 -2, 21 4-6, 38 1,

ith
M es roida, 5 1 1, 5 13 . 5 15, 5 1 7 , 526 .

i h
M es s a , t h e , 6 13 . m og en , 23
’

m e u , 407 . Mo gh a C orc a 5 22
, ,
.

m eu d w y , 23, 117 , 407 . M o g o u n o s M o g o u n u s , 22-4 27

, , .

i
M d as, 593 . M og u n ti a 23 , .

Mid d l eb y K rk , 5 97 i . M o g u n t iacu m 23 , .

i
M d er, 1 45, 331-4, 395, 47 3, 47 5-7 , Mo -h au l u m 5 25-6 , .

M ol d 204 , .

Mid l u ach air 46 2 , . m o l i n a, 5 9 .

M i d s umm er-d ay , 58 6 . M o -l i n g , 211 .

m i g ht , 23 . m ol e, 5 9 .

M il bel , 36 8 . M O -l u ig id , 5 26, 528 .

M i ld e m on , Mil d c m al , 449 s e e M o m aro s , 428 .

D o m n al l . m en , 37 6 .

M i l e, 90-1; 1 47, 31 3, 5 69, 57 9, m o n a ch , m an a ch , 37 6, 395 .

5 8 1-2, 6 03, 6 43 . M on a pia, 663 .

7 00 I N DE X .

N e m e dian s , th e, 58 4 . i
n utan, 128 .

N e me t ial i 101-2 . n ix , 123 .

v eprq ro v, 46, 1 02 v ifw , 1 23

‘
. .

N e m e t o n a , 42 . nj O t a , 128 .

N e mo n , 42 . N o a h , N 0 9, 5 80, 5 93 .

N en n iu s , 15 1, 16 7 , 58 4, 600-1 . N o a t un , 6 5 3 .

N ee l , 37 4 . N o d en s, 1 25 -8 , 130-3, 1 59, 17 6,
n ect a n , 1 28 .

N ep t u n e, 1 23, 1 26-7 , 1 30- 1, 6 49 n e in d en , n o en d en , t h e, 362-5, 368 ,

50 37 0- 1, 438 , 48 0 .

N ere i d s , t h e , 1 06 . N o s Gal an ga ea f, 514- 6 .

N es sa, 135-7 , 143, 324, 6 46 . N O is , mac , 47 9 .

N es t or, 1 5 . n O ma d , 36 4 .

N ét, 42, 21 5 . N o rn s , t h e, 334 .

N e t a- T t ren al u g os , 1 2, 203 . n ou i ti o u , 36 2 .

N e t h aw c , 5 6 1 . b
N o v e m er—ev e, 459-60, 464, 47 3,
n e tt a , n e t a, 33, 203 . 5 07 , 5 14, 5 16, 6 6 2 : s ee F rs t i
N e tt a -S egam o n as , 33-4 . o f Nov .

N ev en h y r, 258 . N u a d a, 119-23, 1 25, 1 29, 1 33,

N e v , 6 49 . 1 35-6, 1 44, 18 1, 208 , 252, 27 5,
N ev y d , 58 3, 6 5 1, 66 3, 6 68 . 38 1, 396 , 414, 427 , 5 7 6 -7 , 5 7 9,
N e w g ran g e, 1 48 . 5 8 6- 7 , 609-11, 6 15 -6, 6 21,
n e w id , 36 2 . 6 42-4 .

N e w ry , 46 1, 610 . N ud , 1 25, 127- 8 , 159, 1 7 9, 18 1,

N ew t o w n H a m il t o n , 441 . 5 5 9-60, 5 6 3, 5 7 7 .

ne xu 415s, . n u n d i n ae, 36 1, 363 .

n i a , 33, 203 . t
N u s , t h e r ms on , 35 6 Ci .

N iad , 321 . t
n u z e, 1 28 .

N ia fer, 321-2, 6 01 .
w t h o n , 56 1 .

i
N al l , 37 4-5, 47 5 . N w y v re, 1 23, 1 7 9-8 0 .

i
N aman , 42, 323 . n y fed , 1 02 .

N ibel u n g e n L ed , t h e, 32, 96 i . N y x , 57 1 .

ic
N k , 1 23 .

n ic e r, 1 23 . O , 522 .

N ifi h eim, 530 . oa th ,
a fo rm of Man x , 36 1 .

n ig im , 1 23 . CO ,
th e Mac, 144-5 0, 1 5 2 1 55 , ,

N imet h , 263 : s ee N em e d . 161, 1 6 9-7 1, 1 8 5 , 191, 225-6,

i
N n e Fo rms , 37 6 , 37 8 . 6 04, 644, 6 47 : s ee A e n g u s .

i t
N n e Ga e s , 37 3 . O cci d e n t al i s , C u mu l u s , 168 .

i
N n e H aze l s , 37 3, 5 54 . O c ea n u s , 111-2 .

i t
N n e H ea r s , 37 8 . O ch id ien t , C ru c, 1 68 .

i t
N n e H o s ag es , 37 4 O ch re n , 248 , 346 s e e A ch ren .

W
.

i i th
N n e m a d e n M o ers , 365, 5 58 . O d en n , O d in n, 27 8 : s ee o d en .

N i n e M a i d en s 37 3 , . O d r, 27 8 .

N i e M u s es 55 8
n , . O d y s s eu s , 28 0, 291, 327 .

N in c- i g ht Week 360 365

n , , . O dy ss ey , t h e, 327 , 527 , 6 40 .

N i n e Po t rs 37 2 r e , . O e nach , 36 2, 369 .

N i e T ic k 37 6
n r s, O en g u s , 1 44 : see A en g u s .

N i e Witch es 37 3 626
.

n , , . o er, 38 .

N iO rd r, 6 5 2-
4, 6 5 9 . o ert el , 38 .
 I N DE X . 7 01

O e ru e d a w c, 37 1 . Pa i r D ad e n i , 25 6 .

O 6 67 -
et h , 8 . Pa n a th en aea , t h e, 414, 423, 5 19 .

o fy d , 1 7 . Pa p a , 1 1 2-3 .

O ga m , 18 -20, 33, 98 , 27 4, 5 23-4 . Para d is e , 5 5 6 .

O g m a , 17 -20, 27 4, 321, 5 7 9, 6 1 1 , Pa ri s ii , 130 .

6 15 , 6 2 1 . Pa rj a n y a , 220, 295 .

i
O g m o s , 1 3, 1 6, 1 8 -9, 27 4, 28 1, Pa rt h o l o ma e us , 26 3 s ec
Pa rt h o l o n , 5 8 0, 5 8 2 5 8 9, 6 04-5, ,

dy ne s 19 , .

O g o Ma en C y mw d 97 , . Pa t ric k , S t , 193, 200-2, 21 3, 215 ,

.

O g y rv en , 26 7 - 9, 27 5 .
25 9 .

o g y rv en s , t h e , 268 , 27 4 . Pa t ro c l u s , 410 .

O i bc ll , 38 .
Pau l , S t , 129 . .

o idh e a m , 19 .
Pe bl ic , 25 8 .

O ing u s , 144 : s e e A e n g us . Pe l ag i a n i s m, 5 47 .

O is s in , O istn , 5 5 1 : s ee O s s l a . Pel ag i u s , 230 .

O l a f, 28 6 , 45 6-7
'

. w ey rra fw 36 5 , .

O l g e n , 245 . Pe n a t es , 3 .

O l la t h air, 6 44 . Pe n ca w r, 37 3 .

O l o m, 39 1, 5 25 : s ee A il il l . Be n da ra n D y v ed , 5 00-1 .

O l w en , 28 , 413, 48 6-8 , 490-2, 494 . Pen k a, D r , 6 36 . .

O l y mp u s , 1 8 3, 6 20, 622, 6 24, 6 40 . Pe n k ri dg e , 203 .

O p p ian icn o s , 5 7 , 7 5 . Pe n ll ech , 37 1 .

O rb s en , 6 64 . l
Pen l y n , 5 65 .

O rk n e y , 45 4 . Pen n C ru c, 203 .

O rmu zd , 6 2 . Pe n n o cru c iu m , 203 .

O rph eu s , 29 1 . p e n rh y n , 406 .

O s b eo rn, 63 . Pe n th eu s , 6 25 .

O s b o rn e , 6 3 .
p en t h ry n , 406 .

O s c a r, 5 6 1 . Pe n zan c e, 5 39 .

O s is m i, 196 . Pe re d u r, 37 3, 403, 430, 5 92, 6 08 ,

O s l ac , 63 . 6 26 .

O s m a, 424, 5 41 . Pe ri l ou s Gl en , t h e, 451 .

O s s in , 5 5 1-2, 55 8 , 56 1 . w ép x o s , 48 3 .

O s m éd , 6 3 . Perk u n o s, 21 9-21 .

0 5 3, e s , 55 1 . Pers e ph o n e, 1 31, 5 63 .

ii
e l c r a s, 27 8 . Pervers e Bl a c k Kn i g ht , t h e, 35 2-4,
e u l o d e u , 399 . 494 .

O fip a v ida s , 6 49‘
.
Pe t e r, S t , 8 3, 2 11, 412
. .

O fip a u is , 40, 6 49 : s ee Pe t ry l e w , 37 1 .

U ran u s . p e u ll a w r, 407 .

o vy d , 17 -
8 , 27 4 .
Ph oeb u s , 127 , 5 01, 6 39 .

(P 54
O w e in , 63, 16 2, 18 5, 1 91, 347 , ay
/ a te s
er , .

350-4, 37 8 , 401 -4, 423, 429 q y o s, 5 4 .

Pic t a v a , 6 00 .

o w l, t h e, 241 . Pict e t , M , 6 1 . .

Pict s , t h e , 6 00-1, 6 10 .

p ab w y r, 408 : s ee li eu . Pit aras , t h e , 6 58 .

p ag e, 23 . Pl a i n o f I t h , t h e , 6 05 .

w a t dt dv, 23 . Pl a nt y Fa l , 608 l .
7 02 I N DE X .

Pl i n y , 9 .
Qu i rk ,
5 22 .

WA O O T O S, 8 1 .

H A O t i I-
mv , 8 1
‘
s e e Pl u t o . .
ra d -b a n i , 5 38 ,

Pl u t a rch , 6 32 . raim , 431 .

Pl u t o , 8 1, 8 3-5, 131, 47 5, 537 , raith , 431 .

R a m ay an a, 298 .

p oc l u m 6 7
u ,
. R a n g i , 1 1 2-3 .

p od ium 8 rath , 205, 5 96

, . .

Po ict iers , 6 00 . Ba t h C rog h a n , 330 .

Po l ar S ea , t h e, 6 37 . R a t h ac h , U
i, 5 22 .

Po ll u x , 36-7 , 5 7 1 . R at h l in I sl an d , 454, 601 .

Po l y ph emu s, 28 0, 28 8 , 327 . ra ud mi, 38 9 .

Porg u in i, 220 . R e d A l t a r, t h e, 18 6 , 233 .

Po rph y ri o , 6 22-3 . R ed Boo k , t h e , 401, 407 .

Po rt z m arch , 5 90 . R e d , Ki n g o f t h e I s l es , 454, 46 4
Pos i d e n , 1 30, 5 69 . s ee B u ad .

Pos p h o ru s, 22, 24 . R s d g , 5 90, 6 04 .

u l l o ra w r, 407 R e i d i -t jf r, 119
‘

p o . .

Po w ell , M r , 8 3, 5 5 7 . . R en an , M , 230 . .

Pra y er, t h e Gors e d , 209 . re ét an , 38 9 .

Prithi vi, 114-5 , 18 1 . R es , 399 .

Pro c o pi u s , 1 53 . Beu d a , 322 .

Pro m e th e u s , 225, 28 7 -8 , 291, 298 , R ex S a c ro ru m, 228 .

re y n i r, 35 8 .

Pro t eu s 6 6 0 , . R h a d a m a n th u s , 149, 6 5 0, 6 61- 2 .

p rull , 5 67 . rh a w d , 27 7 .

p rw y s t l , 56 7 . rh e d - eg , 27 7 .

Pry d el a w , Pry d el w , 37 1 . R h ea , 6 42 .

Pry d e ri, 242-3, 246, 248 -9, 25 5, R h e d y n v re , t h e S t ag o f, 555 .

341, 5 00-1, 6 6 5- 6 . rh i, 32 .

p ry d eri, 500 . R hi an n on , 97 , 498 -501, 641, 6 66 .

Pry d w e n , 248 -9 . R h iw ali o n , 423 .

rh o d e d ig fa rch , 38 5
¢ v XO 7ro n7rcis , t h e , 654, 6 5 8 . .

Pu e bl o I n d i a n s, t h e, 295 . R h o n w e n , 1 54 .

p u g il l are s , 407 . rh y fe l , 38 .

p ur d u , 402 . H , 32 .

p u rw y n, 402 . R iab n- D erg, 47 2 s e e L u g aid .

Pfi s h an , 6 5 5 -6 . R i a d a, 322 .

I my . & R ian g ab ra , 441 .

Pw y ll , 1 91, 242, 248 -9, 25 5, 337 R ias t a rt h a, t h e, 438 .

42, 344, 346 -7 , 35 4, 45 7 , 497-8 , R ibb l e , t h e , 455 .

500-1, 5 50, 6 24-5 , 6 41, 6 6 5-6 . R ig , 8 3, 6 02 .

Py an e ps io n , 5 1 7 , 521 . R ig fo t a, 322 .

th
Py eas , 1 94 . R igis a m o s , 42 .

th
Py o , t h e, 5 20, 6 17 . R ig - Ve d a , t h e , 65 4, 657 -9 .

R i m s —M an e, 468 .

q c
u er u s , 21 7 R i m e-O gre s , t h e, 5 7 7 , 6 15
i
.

ri ng , Wo d e n s : s e e D rau n ir
q u ick en b e rr es , 35 6, 358
’
.
p .

q u i n qu e, 92 . R in g h o r n, t h e, 5 31 .

q u i nz ai n e , 361 . ro b u r, 218 .
7 04 I N DE X .

S et h o r, & c , 332 . . s l ii n ii c e ,
57 3 .

S ev e rn , t h e , 127 , 1 29, 132, 5 5 6 . S mird u bh , 1 7 1 .

S e v iri A u g u s ti , 3 . S n o rri, 6 45 .

S h a k s p e ar, 104, 5 01, 5 6 2 . S n o w d o n , 1 8 5, 199, 25 1, 27 9 .

S h a n n o n , t h e, 55 6 . SO k k- i i
m m , 28 6 .

S h e as , t h e O , 5 22
’
. s o l , s ol , 5 7 2-3 .

S h e ph erd o f Ys p y d ad en , t h e, 48 8 , S e l i nu s , 291 .

6 56. tic
S o l s e , t h e Su mme r, 422 .

Sib y l s ,
5 68 . s o m a, 296- 9 .

S id , 148 , 247 . S o n o f Ma n , 5 34 .

S id e, 16 9 . s o rg , 408 .

i
s eg , 34, 28 1, 291 . s o rro w , 408 .

i fi
S eg r ed , 291, 48 2, 511, 6 7 5 . p i
S a n , 90-1 , 26 3, 409, 41 3, 424,
S if, 60, 7 2, 6 45 . 446- 7 , 5 4 1, 5 8 2, 58 5, 6 43 .

i i
s g s , 34 . p ih i t
S an s G an , t h e , 5 1 7 .

S igrd rifa , 241 . pi it

S r u s Po em at is , 56 7 .

S ig -t yr, 1 18 , 217 . S ren g , 58 5-6 , 5 9 1, 6 1 1 , 6 15 .

i ch t
S l es er, 27 3, 290 . t
S anz as o f t h e Gra ves , t h e, 6 68 .

i
S l van u s , 6 4-5 , 6 7 -9 . S t aria th , 58 1 .

i t
S l ver H os s, t h e , 1 66, 17 3, 45 6 . t
S a rn , 21 3 .

i Wh
S l v er eel , 435 . c é-y o s, 6 2 .

i
S meo n Bree , 213, 5 8 1 . S t ercu l u s , St ercu t u s , 648 : s ee
i i
S mo n D ru , 2 13, 223, 5 99 . S a t u rn .

i
S m o n Ma gu s , 210-4, 223 . S t o n e o f Vi s i on , 57 6 s ee L ia Fa i l .

S in a n n , 55 6 . S t o n e h en g e , 1 92-5 , 197 .

i c i ’
S n l a r s S t a t A ce o f S o t l an d , . . c S ty giu s , 7 8 s ee u pit er, C ern u n J
5 20. n os .

i
s nu m , 67 . S u cel o s , S u cael os , S u ccl l o s , 5 4-5 .

i
s o n , 6 18 . su n , Su n , 299, 300, 5 7 3, 6 5 5,
S i6n Ken , 548 t . 6 7 2- 3 .

S i6n y C y d au , 6 07 . s u n n e, 5 7 3 .

S io rn a, 28 . S u pt u n g , 28 6, 291- 2, 297 .

s i r, 27 . S fi ry a , 5 7 3 .

i
S ro n a , 27 -8 . S ury a, 5 7 3, 655 .

i
s u r, 6 1 . s v a r, 5 7 3 .

S k a di, 65 3 . S w art , 6 1 2, 6 1 5-7 , 6 31,

’
S k irn i s L ay , 492 . 652, 6 7 8 .

y
s k y , s k , 1 16 . S w i n e o f Mac D at h O , t h e, 5 1 1-2 .

S k y , 109-10, 1 1 4, 1 1 6, 18 0, 18 2, Sy l va tic u s , 15 2 see Merl i n .

6 42, 6 7 1 s e e H eaven , ra n u s U . S y ri a, 6 20 .

S l ain g e, 5 8 5, 5 8 9, 5 99 .

S l a m an n an , 6 6 5 . T aci t u s , 8 5 .

S l an e , v i l l ag e o f, 55 3 . t ag , 496- 7 .

S l e ip n i r, 531 . t ahj a n , 5 41 .

S l em na M a i ge Ith a, 5 8 3, 6 04 : s e e t ai l e, 5 51 .

I flL T a il l n e, 414- 5, 5 19 .

S l iab Fu s i t , 441 . T a il l t in , 148 , 409-1 1, 41 5, 418 ,

S l ia b U mor, 58 3 . 5 7 6 , 58 8 .

S l ia b h Ban , 1 7 1 . T a il l t iu , 409, 41 2- 5, 423, 519 .

S l i e v e Mis, 47 3, 564, 5 70 . T ai n , t h e, 1 38 , 1 40, 323, 330, 36 7,

 !
I N DE X .
7
C

36 9-7 0 37 3, 434 443-4, 46 8 ,

, , T ha rg e l i a , 5 19 .

47 5 , 47 8 -9, 48 2, 526, 5 90, 5 98 , T h a rg e l i o n , 5 19-20 .

6 38 . t h eo d , 45 .

t fil t al ies s in , 5 45 . theo d e n , 46 .

t
a l g , 408 . T h e o d o ric , -u s , 30-2 .

T a l ies s in , 21, 38 , 97 , 27 0, 38 6, T h e s eus , 6 68 .

5 43- 5 1, 5 58 -6 0, 56 5-6 , 5 68 - 70 . T h e ti s , 6 39 .

t a ll o w , 408 .
’
O e udep t xo c, 30 .

t a lm a id e , 1 44 . t hi nd a , 45 .

t a l m id u , 5 02 . t h iu d a n s , 46 .

T an a ru s , 5 8 . flU O d , 45 .

T an e - h t
M a u a, 1 1 3 . t h j dd a n n , 46 .

T a ra, 46 2, 47 9, 5 7 6, 6 65 .
O vnr ds , 92, 6 26
‘
.

t a ra n , 6 9 .
T h o k k , 5 34, 5 36 .

T a ra n , 5 6 1 .
T h o r, 5 8 - 6 0, 6 2-3, 6 5-8 , 7 2, 1 10,
i
T a ra n s , 44, 47 , 6 5 , 7 0-3, 232 .
233, 35 8 , 5 31, 6 11-2, 6 45 -7 ,
T ara n u cu s , T a ran u cn u s , 5 7 , 6 0, 6 5 2-3, 6 5 5 .

6 9, 7 2 .
T h o rs n e s s , 233 .

T ara n u s , 5 7 , 6 9, 7 0 .
T h o rs t e i n n , 45 6-8 .

t a rb fe s , 443 .
T h re e Bl e m i s h es o f t h e l t on i an U
i
T a rq u n , 6 7 .
W o m en , t h e , 439 .

t
T a r a ru s , 6 42 .
T h re e Bl o w s , t h e , 38 6 .

t a rv e s , 6 1, 8 6 .
T h re e C a irb res , t h e , 65 0 .

T a w h i I i-Ma ea , 1 13 t .
T h re e c l ev er C o u n t in g s , t h e, 442 .

t e ar, 46 7 .
T h ree C o l o u rs o f C uch u l a i n n s
’

t ch
e ,
t eg , 46 7 .
H a i r, t h e , 437 .

Te ch n- D u in d , 5 04 .
T h ree C o w s o f M i d er, t h e , 47 6 .

T eg id , 5 4 4, 5 46, 5 6 5 .
T h re e C ra n es, t h e , 331, 333-4 .

ré o s , 6 2, 46 7 T h re e D a m o s e l s , t h e , 334
“

y .

i
.

t e i, t a i, 6 2 .
T h re e E x l es f ro m Faery , t h e , 6 65 .

T e irg w ae d , 37 5, 48 9 T h re e Fl a g s t o n es o f L u g a id s C o u rt ,
’
.

T e iv i, 338 , 38 0 .
t h e , 48 3, 5 39 .

t e l e d iw , 5 5 1 T h ree Go d s o f D a n , t h e , 394
’
.
.

T e l es s in , T e l e es s in , T e l y e s s in , 5 5 1 : T h re e g o ld e n C o rd w a i n ers , t h e ,
s e e T a l ie s s i n .

T e l t o w n , 409 s ee T a ill t in . T h Gra c es O f Greec e , t h e , 495

re e .

t ely n , 5 5 1 .
T h
re e h o l
y C l an s , t h e, 5 47 .

T e m a ir Fa l , 207 i .
T h
ree H o rs e -l o a d s , t h e , 37 0 .

T e n n y s o n , 1 5 8 , 35 1 T h
re e H o u n d s o f L u a id s Pe d i re e ,
’
.
g g
T e rn O g , 1 7 2 .
t h e , 47 2-3 .

T e rra , 6 6 , 68 , 7 3 .
T h ree l a n d l es s M o n a rch s , t h e, 66 6
i i
.

T e t h ra , 449 .
T h re e D v is i o ns o f t h e D ay -t m e ,
T e u t a t e s , 44-5 , 232 s e e T o u t a t es . t h e , 495 .

T e u t o , 46 , 66 2 .
T h re e T e a t s O f t h e M O rrlg u s C o w ,
’

T e u t e bo c h u s , 46 . 47 0 .

T e u t o b o d us , 46 .
T h re e w e i rd S i s t e rs , t h e , 334
i
.

T e u t o m e res , 46 .
T h re e w h t e L a d i es , t h e ,
t
T eu o n es , 46 .
T h ree Whit e s o f E m a in , t h e , 47 8 .

T ey rn o n , 499-501 .
th u n d er, T h u n d er, 5 7 -8 , 6 45 s ee
H ai r/ a r e s , 92 . T hor .
7 06 I NDE X .

thun or 58 ,
. t rigaran u s, 8 6 .

T hu l es 212
r , . t r ar e, t h e d ay , 37 5-
ip tit 6 .

T ib al 6 6 0
,
. it
T r o n , 1 27 .

T ib er 5 5 6 6 48
, , . t re ed io g, t h e, 305 .

T ib u l l u s 6 7 ,
. t ro m m a, 439 .

T ig ern a, 327 . t th
ua , 4
5 .

T ig ern m as , 417 . th
T ua D ea , 5 7 9 : see T u ath a D é
T i gr i s , 5 5 6 . D a n an n .

T io u t at es , 44 s ee T eu t a t es . T u a th a D é D an an n , 1 8 , 20,
T ir fa T en n , 1 90, 347 , 35 5 . 1 29, 1 38 , 206, 25 3, 25 7 , 27 5 ,
T i r M ab D 6n , 27 1 . 319, 321, 323, 331 35 6, 35 8 , ,

T irerrill , 5 8 7 . 37 1, 38 7 -8 , 391, 394 -6 , 398 ,

T it an s , t h e, 6 15, 6 19, 6 24, 642, 427 , 442, 45 4, 5 07 ,
5 5 5, 5 6 9, 5 7 9, 58 1-2, 5 8 5-9 1,
T ith o n u s , 1 5 8 . 6 02- 4, 609, 6 11-2, 6 1 4-6, 6 18
T iu , 41, 1 09, 1 15 -6, 611, 6 21
’
s ee T rr
y . T u a t h al T each t ma r, 599 .

t iv ar, 1 19 . t u d , T u d , 45, 1 6 0 .

T l ach tg a , 38 1, 5 1 5, 517 . T u d ri, 30 .

t o c ad , 5 36 . T u es day , 41, 1 1 6 .

t oirn , t a i rn , 69 . T u iren n , 393-4, 427 .

r o o v r t o v s, 1 60 .
T u isco , T u is t o , 46, 6 6 2 s ee T eu to .

T o r C on ai ng , 262, 58 4 .
T u m a t u en g a , 1 13 .

T o r Mo re, 315 .
T u re d , M ag , 427 , 5 8 5, 58 7 : s ee
T e ran ias , 7 0-1 .
M o y t u ra .

T o rini s , 262 .
T u t at es , 44 : s ee T e u t at es .

t érma ch , 23 .
tu t or, 21 .

T o rn a, 7 0-1 .
T u t en g an ah au , 11 3 .

t o ru n n , t o rru n n , 69 .
T v as h t ar, 297 .

T o ry I sl an d, 262, 314, 5 8 4, 590, T w rch T rw y t h , 29, 346 .

6 62 .
T y l e r, D r , 108 , 6 7 2 . .

t 6ta , 45 .
t y n g h e d , 536 .

T o t a t e s , 44 : s e e T eu tat es .
T y n w ald , 208 , 36 1 .

T o ta t ig en s , 44 .
T y ph o , 6 1 9-21,
T o u t a t es , 44-5, 47 49, 50 : s e e
T eu t at es .
T yr, 41, 49, 109, 1 1 5-6 , 1 1 8 -21,
T o u t iorix , 21, 30, 45 . 6 1 1-2, 6 15, 6 1 9, 6 52,
T ou t is s icn os, 5 7 . 657 .

t ou t o, 45 . T y ry a w c, 244 : s ee M ae n T w rog .

t o w n , 34 . T ys d agr, 41 .

T ral e e , 47 3, 5 6 4 .

’ ’
T re Ga r A n t h ro d, 406 . n a, 5 22 .

T re e o f Kn o w l e d g e, 5 5 8 . U s m an , 1 7 0 .

T ree o f t h e Wo rl d , 605 . Ua t h a ch , 45 1, 458 .

T re es , Ba tt l e o f t h e, 25 7 . u fe l , 38 .

T re M e irch io n , 406
’
. Ui Ma n , 37 4 i i .

t re f, 406 . Ul fil as , 46 .

T re n t , 6 40 . U tl s er, 1 40, 439, 442 46 2, 5 1 1,

t ri d e e d an a, 394 . 58 5, 6 09-10 .

t ri -d u u m, 1 17 . U l y sses , 28 7 -91 .
7 08 I N DE X .

52 9 -3 4 , 5 43 ,
5 5 7 ,
5 68 , 6 1 2 -3, Ymi, 11 5 : s ee H y mi .

6 1 5, 6 23, 6 25, 629, 632, 6 45 -6, e 5 24

, .

6 53 .
y s gy fain t , 439 .

W o lf, t h e : s ee Fen ri . Ys py d ad en , 37 3, 48 7 , 48 9-95, 616,

w o o d , 27 8 . 65 6 .

W o rd s w o rth , 5 2 .
y u , 1 17 .

W o rl d -d rago n , t h e , 5 30, 5 34, 6 1 2

s ee L e v i a th a n , E a rth - s erp e n t Z eal a d 543 n ,
.

W
.

o rral l , 555 . Z d l ite t u re

en ra ,
655 .

W rek i n , 407 , 420 . Z e n o d o ru s , 9 .

w u d , w u t h , 27 8 . Z eii, 109, 1 16 .

w u t h , 27 8 . Z eu s , 40-1, 49, 5 4, 60, 7 2, 8 7 , 1 09,

w y b o d , d y n d a ci , 37 7 1 15 -9, 1 21 -33 1 36 1 39

W
.
, , ,

y e , t h e, 499 . 1 41-2, 1 46 -7 , 1 49-5 2, 1 59, 1 7 8 ,

w y t h n o s , 36 0, 37 0 . 18 1-3, 18 5, 1 95 197 , 1 99, 200, ,

21 7 , 220, 225-6, 234, 295, 337 ,

Y ama ,
2 97 ,
654 -6 0 . 432, 527 , 56 3, 5 7 5-6 , 5 7 8 , 6 1 9
Y am i ,
6 54 . 21, 6 25, 6 29-32, 6 38 -42, 6 44- 7,
y ear, t h e elC tic ,
41 9 . 6 52, 6 5 7 , 6 61, 66 7 -
9 .

bi
Yell -r dg e, t h e, 5 33 . Zies t ag , 41 .

Y h
el l - o rn , t h e, 55 7 . Zin , 41, 109, 1 16 .

Yi ma, 6556

SS E 5 t
'
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E D I N BU R GH .

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R l i g i on a d L ite t e in Fr c e
e Ch e p e E d iti o
n ra u r an . a r n . 2 vo l s . C ro :

8 vo 1
‘

Be ard (Rev . Dr . J R ) The A u t obi o graphy of S ata n

. . . Cr own 8v
c l o th . 7S 6.

Bible for Yo u ng P e ople . A Cri t ic al Hist oric al , ,

an d M o ra l H an
b oo k t o t h e O l d a n d N w T es t ame nts By D r H O O R T a nd D J H O O YKA e . . . r. . .

w ith t h e as i s t n c e o f D r KUE N E N s T a n s l a t e d fr m t h e D u tch b y t h e R

a r o e

P H WI C KST E E D
. .

. . Vo l 1 t o I V O ld T es t me t 1 2 2 ; V VI N e w T
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,
a n ,
3 . .
,
r

t a men t 8 8 Map s 6 vo ls C ro w n 8 ve c l o th
, . . 2 .
, .

Bleck (F ) L e c t u re s on th e Ap oc a lyps e Edi ted by T H O SSBA C J

. . .

E d i t e d by t h e R e v D S D A V I D S O N 8v c lo th . r . 108 6
. . e, . .

Vi d e T h eo l og ic al T ra ns l at i on Fu nd L i bra y r .
2 C a ta log ue o
f s ome W or ks

’ ”
P e r fec t L ife wi
“
Ch anning s C o mpl et e W orks ,
I ncl u ding th e ,
a b i e f M e mo i r
r . C en ten ary E d iti on . 8 68 pp . C ro wn 8 vo , l s . cl o th ,

T he s a m e, l a rg e ty p e 4t o c l o th
, , . 7s 6 .

e Hop e s Hu m a n R a ce Herea ft er a
C o bb e (Miss F P ) T h . . of th e ,
H ere . E s s ay s on th e L if e a ft e r D ea th With P f c h i g p c
. a re a e av n s e

f
re eren ce to Mr M i l l s E
.
’
s sa
y on R el ig i o n . S e c o n d E d iti o n . C ro w n 8v
cl o th .

C obb e (Miss F P ) D arwinism in M o r als , . . and

( )
1 3 ot her Essa
(R el i g i o n in Chi l d h oo d U n c o n s ci o u s C ere b ra ti o n , , D rea ms , t h e D ev i l , A u ricu

C on fe i o ss n, &c . 400 pp . 8 vo, c l o th .

(pu b at .

C obb e (Miss F P ) T h e . . Du t i es O f W o m en . A C o ur s e of L ec t u r
d el i v ered in L o n d on an d C l i fto n . S e c o n d E d iti o n . C ro w n 8 ve , c l o th .

C obb e (Miss F P ) T h e P e a k in . . Da rien , an d o t her Riddles O f Li

an d D ea th . C ro wn 8 VO , c l o th . 7s 6 .

C obb e (Miss F P ) A F a i t hless W o rld . . . Wi th Addit io ns and

fa c e 8 v o c l o th
Pre .
, . 2 6

C obb e (Miss F P ) Br ok e n L igh t s . An Inqu iry in t o t h e Pr e se i

. .

C o n d iti o n an d Fu t ure P os p ec ts o f R el ig io u s Fa ith T hi d E d iti on C ro r . r . v

8 v o c l o th
, .

C obbe (Miss F P ) D awning L igh t s . An Inqu iry c onc erning t

. .

S ec u l R es l t s o f t h e N ew R e fo rm a ti o n
ar u 8 ve c l o th .
, .

C obb e (Miss F P ) Al o ne . . t o th e Al on e . Pra y e rs for Theis t s ,

s ev e ral C on t rib u t o rs . T hi rd E d iti o n . C ro w n 8 vo , c l o th gi l t
,
ed
g es .

Da vids (T W Rhys )
. L e c t u re s . on th e O rigin an d Gro w th of Re]
g i on a s il l u s t rat ed b y
, s ome Po i n t s in t h e H i st o r
y of I n d i an Bu ddh is
H ibb ert L e ct u es 18 8 1 r , . 8 vo , cl o th . 103 6 .

E ch o e s of Holy Th ou gh t s : a rrang e d Priv a t e Medit at i ons b e fe

as
a i rs t C om m u n i o n S e c on d E d iti o n
F a a e ev , w ith P ef c e b y t h R J H A M] r

T O N T H O M o f L i v erp ool
. . .

Pri n t ed w ith red l i n es

, C ro w n 8 vo cl o th 2s 6 . .
,
. .

E v o l u t i o n o f Christ i a nit y , T h e By C H A R L E S G I LL S ec o nd Edi t i o . .

w ith D i s s ert a ti on s in a s w e r t o C ritici s m 8 vo c l o th n 1 .

, .

E wald (Pro fe ssor H ) C o mme nt ary on t h e Pr ophet s O f th e Old Te .

t m t
a Ten l t d by t h
. R v J FR E D S M I T H Vol I Yo l A m
ran s a e e e . . . . . . e ,

H o z ea , an d Z ak h ary a ix — xi Vo l I I Yes ay ah , O bady a, M ic ah Vol I ]

. . . . . .

N a h u m, S e p h an y a , H ab aqq u q, Z ak h ary a xii — x iv , Yeremiah Vo l I . . . .

H ez ek iel , Y es ay a x l — l x v i , w ith T ran s l at i on Vol V H agg .

c
a i , Z ak h ary . . . .

J
M al ak i , o na, Baru ch , A pp en d ix an d I n d ex C o m p l e t e in 5 v o l s 8 v . .

c l o th . ea ch 108 6 .

Vi d e T h eol og ic al T ran sl at i on Fu n d L ib rary .

4 C a ta log ue o f s ome W rks o

Knigh t on (VV) S tru ggl e s for L i fe By WI LL I A M KN I GHT O N ,

. . L L D .

Vic e-
Pres d en i t of t h e R oy al S o ci tye of L itera tu re ; A u th or of
“
T he H is to
of C ey l on ,
” “
Fo res t L ife in C ey l on ,
”
&c &c . . 8 ve, cl o th . 1 03 6 .

Ku en en (Dr A ) The R eli gi on of Isra el t o t h e F a ll o f th e J ew is

. .

S ta t e By D r A K U H N E N Pro fes s or o f T h eo l ogy at t h e U n i vers ity L ey d e

. . .
, ,

T ran sl a t ed fro m t h e D u tch by A H M A Y 3 v ol s 8 v0 cl o th 318 6 . . . .

, . .

Vi d e T h eo l o g ic al T ran sl at i o n Fu n d L ib rary .

Ku en en (Profes s or A ) L ec t u r e s on N at i on al R eligi o ns an d Un iv e .

s al R el i g i o n s D el i v ere d in O xfo rd an d L o n d on By A KUE NE N L L D D

. . .
,
. .
, .

Pro fes s or o f T h eol ogy at L ey d en H ibb ert L e ctu res 1 8 8 2 103 6 .

, . .

M a c a n (R eg W ) . . The R e su rr e ct i o n of Je su s Christ . An E SS
in T h reeCh apt ers Pu bl i s h ed for t h e H ibb ert T ru s tees 8 vo cl o th
. .
,
.

M a ck ay (R W ) S ke t ch of th e Rise an d Pr ogress o f C h rist ian it

. .

8 vo c l o t h (pu b at 109 6d )
'

, . . . .

M a r tin eau (R ev . Dr . J am e s ) R eligi on a s a ffe c t e d by M o d ern M a t

rial is m an d, M o d ern Ma teri al i s m it s A tt itu d e t o w ards T h eol ogy . A C rit iq
an d D e fen c e 8 vo . . 2s 6 .

T h e R el a ti on b e t w een E thic s an d R el ig i o n . 8y o .

I d eal S u b s tit u t es for Go d c on s i d ered Svo . .

M ind : a Qu art erly Review of Psych o l o gy an d Phil osophy . C O

t ribu t ion s b y Mr H S p en c er, Pro fess o r Bai n , Mr H en ry S id g w it
. er b ert .

M r S h a d w o rth H H
. o d g so n , Pro fes so r Fl i n t , M r a m es S u l l y , t h e R ev
. o . J . J
Ven n , t h e E d it o r (Pro fessor C ro om R o b ert s o n ), a n d o th ers Vo l s 1 t o X . . .

18 7 6 t o 1 8 8 6, ea ch 1 23 c l o th , 13s 6 d 1 23 p er an n u m, p os t fr
. . . .

Mu ll e r (Pr ofess or M ax ) L e ct u r e s on t h e Origin an d Gr owt h

R el i g i on a s il l u s trat ed by t h e R el i g i o n s o f I n d i a
, H ibb ert L e ctu res 18 .
,

8 VO c l o th , . 1 03 .

O ldenb e rg (Pr o f H ) B u d dh a : his L if e , his D o c t rin e , his Ord . .

T ra n s l a t e d b y WI LL I AM H O E Y M A D L i t M em b er o f t h e R o y al A s i a , . .
, . .
,

S o ci e ty A s i at ic S o ci e t y o f Ben g al & c o f h er M aj es ty s Ben gal Ci vi l S erv i

’
, , .
,

C l o t h g il t , . 1
Peill (Rev G ) The Thr e e -fo ld B a sis of U niversa l R es t i tu t i o
. .

Cro w n 8 v o cl o th , .

Pfl eid erer (O .
) P au linism . An Ess a y t o wa rds t h e Hist ory of t
h
T eol o gy o f Pr m t ve r s an y T ran sl a i ii Ch i ti it . t ed by E . PE T E R S, E s
q . 2 vc

c th
8 vo , l o . 2
i h
V d e T eol og al T ran sl a o n Fu n d L rary ic ti ib .

Pfl eid erer (Pr o fess o r O .

) T h e Phil o s ophy of R eligi o n on t h e Ba
of it s H i s t o ry hi l os o ph y o f R el ig i o n f m S pi o a
. 1 . H i s t o ry of th e P ro n z

t h e p res en t D ay Vol I S pi n o a t o S ch l e i e ma ch er . By P o f so r 0 . . z r . r es

PFL E I D E R E R T an sl at e d by t h e R e v A LL A N ME N ZI E S an d t h e R ev A L
. r . .

S T E WA R T o f D u d e e 8 vo c l o th
, n 108
.
,
. .

Vi d e T h eol og ic al T ransl at i on Fun d L ib rary .

 P u bl ished by Wil li a ms a nd N org a te .

Pfl eid erer (Pr L e c tu res on t h e Influ enc e O f t h e A p os t

o f e ss o r
Pau l o n t h e D evel o p m n t o f Ch i ti an ity T r n s l a t ed by t h e R ev J FR E D E R I e r s a . .

SMI T H
.

H ibb e rt L e ct res 18 8 5
. 8 vo c l o th 10 6 u , .
, . 3.

P o ol e (R eg L an e ) Ill u s tra t i o ns of t h e Hi s t o ry o f Medieva l Th o u gh

.

i n t h e D e p rt me ts O f T h e o l o gy a n d E cc l es i as tic a l Po l itic s 8 vo c l o th l O
‘

a n . . s .
,

Pra t t (Dr H ) N ew Aspec t s o f L ife an d Religi o n

. . 440 p .

C w n 8 ve c l o th
ro , . 7s C .

Pr ot e s t an t C ommen t a ry , A Sh or t , on t h e N ew T e s t a men t , w i
Ge n e ral an d S pe ci a l I n t ro d u cti o n s Fro m t h e Germ an o f H il g en f ld H o l . e ,

m an n L ang Pfl e id e e L ip s ius a n d o th ers

, , T ra ns l a t e d by t h e R v F
r r, , . e . .

J O N E S o f O ld h m 3 vol s 8 vo c l o th
,
a . ea ch 103 6 .
, . .

Vi d e T h eo l o g ic al T ran s l a ti o n Fu n d L ib rary .

R en an (E ) On t h e Infl u enc e of t h e I ns t i tu t i ons , Th ou gh t a I

.

C u l t u e o f R o me o n Ch ri s ti a ity an d t h e D e vel o p me t o f t h e C th e
r n ,
n a

Chu rch By E R N E ST R E N A N Me mbre d c l I ns t it u te T ran s l ated by t h e R t

.
’

C H A R L E S BE A R D o f L i verp oo l H ibb ert L ect ures 18 8 0 8 vo c l o th [C h

, .

, . . e
, , .

E d iti o n 2s 6d ] , . . 1 03 .

R en ou f (P L e Pa ge ) L ec t u res on t h e Origin an d Gr ow t h of Re
.

g i o n as i ll u s tra t ed by t h e R el i g i on o f A n ci en t E gy p t
, H ibb ert L ect ur .

1 8 79 8 vo c l o th
.
, . l Os .

Revill e (Pr o f Albert ) Pr oleg omen a . of th e Hist ory of R el ig ior

By A L BE R T R E V I LL E D D P o f s i C oll ege d e Fra n c e an d H ibb
, .
, r es o r n th e ,

With an I nt rod u c t i on by P
.

L e c t u re 18 8 4 r,T a n s l a t ed fro m t h e Fre n ch

. r .

fes s e r F MA X Mii L L E R 8 ve cl o th
. 108 .
, . .

Vi d e T h eol og ic al T r n s l ati on Fu n d L ib rary a .

R evil l e (Pr o f Albert ) L ec t u res on t h e Origin an d Gr o wt h O f R e

.

g i o n as i l l u s t ra t ed by t h e N a ti ve R el i g i o n s o f Mexic o n d Pe u
, T ans l a t a r . r

by t h e R ev P H WI C KSI E E D M A . .H ibb ert L ect u res 18 8 4 8 v o cl 1 0s

.
' ‘
,
. .
, .
,
. .

R eville (Rev DI A ) The S ong of S ongs c o mm only c alled t

. . .
,
S o n g o f So l o mo n o r t h e C an tic l e C row n 8 v o c l o th
, ls .
,
. .

R e vill e (Rev D r A ) The D evil : his Origin , Gre at ness, an d D ec

. . .

d en c e T ran s l at ed fro m t h e French

. S ec o n d E d iti o n 1 2mo c l o th . .
, .

Rhys (Pr ofess o r J ) L ec t u res on t h e Origin an d Grow th o f R el igi .

as i ll u s t rat e d b
y C e l tic H ea t h en d o m H ibb ert L e c t u re s 18 8 6 8 v o cl 1 03 .
,
.
,
. .

S a mu els on (Ja s Views o f t h e Dei t y , Tra di t i on al an d Scien t ific ;

C on trib u ti on t o t h e S t u d y o f T h eo l og ic al Sci en c e By J AM E S S AM U E LS <

E s q o f t h e M i dd l e T e mp l e Barri s t er a t l a w Fo u n der a d fo rm er E d i t e i
.

, , ,
n

t h e Qu a t erl y J o u rn al o f S ci e n c e
r C ro w n 8 ve c l o th .
, .

S a vag e (Rev M J ) Belie fs a b o u t t h e Bibl e By th e Rev M

. . . . . .

S A V A GE o f t h e U n ity Ch u rch Bo s t o n Mass A u th or o f

, Bel i ef in Go , , ,
“

“
Bel i efs ab o u t Man 3 30 & c 8 vo c l o th ,
”
7s . .
, . .
6 C a ta log ue f
o some Wo r s k

S chu rma n (J -G ) Kant i an E t hics a n d t h e E t hics of Evol u t i on

. . .

C ritic l S t u dy by J GO U L D S C HU R MA N M A D S e Pro fessor o f L o gic a

a , .
,
. . . .
,

M e t a ph y s ic s i n A c ad i a C oll ege N ov a S c o ti a Pu b l i s h e d by t h e H ibb s , .

T ru s t es e Sv e cl o th
.
, .

S et h (A ) T h e D ev el opment fro m Ka nt t o H e g el wi th Ch a p t ers O

.
,
t h e Phi l os o phy o f R el i g i on By A N D R E W S E T H A s s i s t a n t t o t h e P o fes s or
.
,
r

L o g ic an d M e t a phy s ic s E d i n b u rg h Un i v ers ity Pu bl i s h ed by t h e H ibb s

, .

T ru s t ee s 8 v e c l o th
.
, .

S h arp e S ) Hist ory o f t h e Hebrew N a t i o n an d it s L i t era tu re , w i

.

an A pp e d ix o n t h e H e b re w Ch ron ol o
n F o u rth E d i t i o n 48 7 pp 8
g y . . .

cl o th . 7s 6 .

Sh a rp e (S ) Bible The H o ly Bibl e , t ransl at ed by S A M UE L SHA R P

. .

b e i g a R ev i s i o n o f t h e A u th o i ed E gl i s h Vers i o
n Fo th E d iti o o f t r z n n. ur n

O l d T es t a m en t E i ghth E d iti o n o f t h e N ew T es t m en t 8 ve roan 4s 6 a .

, . .

S h arp e (S ) The N ew Test ament

. Tran s l at ed fro m G riesb a ch .

T e xt 1 4th T h o u san d fc a p 8 ve c l o th
.
,
l
. 6 , . s .

S mit h (Rev J Fred ) S t u dies in R e ligi o n u nder Germ a n M a st er

. . .

E ss ay s o n H erd er Go et h e L ess i n g Fran ck an d L an g By t h e R ev J F .

D E R I C K S M I T H o f Man s fi el d
. .
, , , ,

,
C row n 8 ve cl o th .
, .

S p e ncer (Herber t ) W orks T h e D oc t rine of E volu t i on 8 v o, cl ot . .

Fi rs t Pri cip l es S ixt h T h o u san d

n . 1 .

P i n cip l es o f Bi o l o gy
r 2 v ol s . 3 .

Pri n cip l es o f Ps y ch ol ogy Fo u rt h T h ousan d 2 vol s . 3 . .

Pri n cip l es o f S o ci o l o gy Vol I . 2

. .

C e emo n i al I n s t i t ut ion s Pri n cip l es o f So ci o l ogy Vol I I Part 1

r . . . . .

Pol itic al I n st itu ti on s Pri n cip l es o f S o ci o l ogy Vo l I I

. Part I I 1 . . . .

T h e D at a o f E thic s P i n cip l e s o f M o ral ity Fou rt h T h ou s an d

. r Part I . . .

S p encer (Herber t ) The S t u dy o f S o ci ol o gy L ibrary E dit i on (bei .

t h e N i n th ) w ith a Po s t s c ipt , 8 vo c l o th r 1 03 .
, . .

E d u ca t-io n (Ch ea p E d iti o n S ev e n th T h ou s an d 2s , ,

.

E s say s 2 v ol s
. T hi rd E d i t i o . n.

E s s ay s (T hi d S eri s ) T hi rd E d iti o n
r e . .

Sp enc er (Herber t ) The Ma n vers us th e S t at e 13 or on b et t . .

p ap er in c l ot h
, ,
23 .

S p enc e r (Herb er t ) The Phil o s ophy o f M C o mt e R ea s on s for D .

—

s n ti n f it p b i h f C ific ti ci en c es
”
e
g r o m ( R e u l s e d ro m
. T h e l as s a on o f t h e S 8 “
, .

18 64)

S pin oz a . Fo u r
Ess ays , by Pr ofess ors J L A ND , KUN O F I SC HE R .
,
a
d E R N E ST R E N A N E d it d w ith an I t ro du c t i on by
an . e ,
n ,
P
fess o r W K N I GH T of S t A n d e ws
. 8 ve cl o t h , . r .
, .
8 Williams a nd ’
N org a te s P ubliea l iofi s .

Th eo l o gic al Transl at i o n F u nd —
f con tinu ed
j .

A ll n ew S u b s c rib ers may p u rch ase any o f t h e p rev i ou s v o l u mes at 7 3 in s .

103 6d p er v o l u m e
. . .

A s el ec t i o n o f s ix o r m ore vo l u mes from t h e l i st may al s o b e h ad at t h

s c rib e rs p ric e, o r 7 8 p er v o l u m e . .

I n th e Press .

S ch ra der s C u n e iform I n s c rip t i o n s , Vol I I

’
. .

Pfi e id erer s Phi l os o ph y o f R el igi o n , Vo l I I

’
. .

Vickers (J ) The Hi st o ry
.

of H e ro d ; or, An ot her L o ok at a
e me rg n g i fro m T w en ty C t i es en u r of C al u m n
y . 38 8 p p . C ro w n 8 vo, cl

Wh at I h a v e t au gh t my Children . By a M e mber of th e T
Chu ch r . 1 2mo , c l th
o .

Willi ams (Dr R owl and ) The Hebrew Pr ophe t s

,
. . Transl at e d
an d i ll u s t ra ted fo r E n gl i h R ea ders 2 v ol s 8 vo cl o th s . .
, .

Z ell e r (Dr E ) T h e C o n t ent s an d O rigin of t h e Ac t s o f th e

. .

t l es c itic ally i ves tiga ted P e ced ed by D r FR O VE R BE O K S I t o

r n . r
’
n r

t o t h e A ct s o f t h e A p o s t l e s f o m D e Wett e s H an d b oo k
, . .

’
T ran s l a r

J O S E PH D A R E 2 v l 8 v o c l o th
.

. o s .
, .

Vi d e T h eol og ic al T ran sl at i on Fu n d L ib rary ,

PA M PH L E T S .

A t h an as i an C reed T w o Pri z e E ss ay s By C Pea b o dy a n d C S K en n y

. . . . . .

Beard (C ) Will i am E ll ery Ch an n i n g

. I n M e mo ri a m A S erm o n l 2m o . . . .

Beard (C ) T h e Ki n g d o m o f Go d
. A S erm on . .

Beard (C ) T h e H o u s e o f Go d, a n d t w o S erm on s b y R ev R A A rm s t ro n g
. . . . .

Bu t l er s A n al ogy A L ay A rgu me n t By a L an c a s hi re M an u fa ct u re r
’
. .

J
H o pg o o d ( as ) D is es t abl l s h m en t a n d D i s e n d o w men t o f t h e Ch u rch o f E n gl a
.

J
H o p go o d ( a s ) A n A tt e m pt t o D e fi n e n it ari an Ch ri s ti an ity
. U .

H o w e (R e v C ) T h e A th a n a s i an C ree d
. . T w o D i s c ou rs es . .

J e s u s o f N az are th an d h is C o n t em p o ra ri es .

J o u rn ey t o E mmau s By a Mo d ern T rav ell er . .

L i sl e (L ) T h e T w o T es t s : t h e S u p erna t ural C l a i ms of Ch ri s t i an ity t ried

.

O f it s o w n R ul es C l o th . .

Marri age o f C an a, as rea d by a L ay man .

M artin eau (R ev D r ames ) N ew A ffi n it ies of Fai t h ; a Pl ea for free C

. . J
U n i on 1 2m o
M u s t Go d A n n ih i l at e t h e Wick ed ? A R eply t o D r 05 Park er
.

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