H

hm
m
fi
m
T E T s
GA L OG L ANG UA G E .

u
A co p r e

u
en s
iv e g r a

u
a t
ic a l T r ea t
ise

h m
a d a p edt t el f
o s t
i nsr ct
io n -

and p a r t
ic

s
la r l y d es

e r v ic e
igne d

or in bu in e s
s
f
or

s or t
rad e
s
e o fto s
e

hh in
e ng a g e d

te
in G o v e r n

P il i p p in e s
,
en t

m hm
m
CO N ST A N T I N O nE N no vno ,

h
f
or t
w en t
y y e a r s in t
i t
a ely c o nne c ed t wi t t
rad e a nd co er c e

in te se I sla nd s .

M
M
‘
F IR ST
‘
PJ D I L I O N
'
.

(A LL R IG HTS R E S E R V E D. )

l m p r e n ta d e “E L

a n ila ( P .
E R
I )
.
CA N T lL e
”
 T hu e T agalo g Lang a ge .

h hh h
CE

h
FR E F A .

m h
w

u m
m m m u
h
T e gr e a t pr ac t ic a l a d va n t a g e se n j o y e d b y o n e w o s k s

uum
p e a

uh h
a n a t ive l a n g a ge o r d ia le c t o ve r i w o k n o w sn o t a w o rd t

h uh
m
te re d b y th o s e w ith w ho e co e s i n d a i ly c o n t a c t ar e t oo

m
o b vio st q

uh
o re ir e e n t io n T e b e lie f th a t A e r ic a n sw o l o o k

u
.

h
fo rw a r d t o a per a n e n t o r lo n g r e s id e n c e i n th e s e I sla n d s w ill

uu
q

h h
be ic k t e r c e i ve te b e n e fit st b d i d fr k
'

o
p o e e r v e o a n o w

h
le d ge o fte os t w id e ly S p o k e n n a tive la n g a g e i n te Ph ilip

um
h u
p ine s waste in sp ir in g c a se o fte a th o r s n d e rt ak in g th is ’

um m
uu
q

h
w er k ; It is o ffe r e d a s a pr ac t ic al a id t o te a c is it io n o fa

h m
th o r o gh k n o w l e d ge o fte T a g a lo g lan g a ge

m
m u
.

T e e th o d o f in s tr c t io n f o ll o w e d thr o g o t th isw o rk is

m m
u
in ac c o r d a n c e w ith te s y st e w h ic h s st o be e a s ie s tf

umfi
ee or

h
le a r n e r s w a t e v e r th e i r a g ,e t o g r a sp a n e w l a n g a g ,
e n a e ly th a t

u
, ,

h
of e x l a in in g it
p s g r a a t i c al c o n s tr c t i o n a s fa r a s p o s s ib l e i n t e

u
,

h
,

s e phr as e o lo g y a n d o n te s e l in e sa s th e y h a ve b e e n a o

m
m
a a

u
h
c s t ed t o in l e a r n in g th e ir o w n a n d o th e r l a n g a ge s

u
h
o

m u
.

hhm
It w a sa t r st in t e n d ed t o a vo id an y n n ec es sa r y ph il o l o g ic al

u
h mu
in v e s t iga t io n s o r sc ie n t if ic th e o r ie so f te la n g a g e a s b e in g
G

mh
be y o n d te s f r a c t ic a l r a a r , b tw h e n s c h l a n
co
p e o a p

u
g a ge as te T a g a lo g , so d issi il ar in c o n st r e 1 0 11 t

u
h
o

h h
te w e ste r n w o r ld , ist o be co n s id e r e d , s o e s c i e n ti f i c a l

h h
s h o w in g it ed W i t is

m
sp e c lia r c h ar ac t e r c a n h a r d ly b e d i sp e n s

mh h
a sbee n d o n e , t e e x te n t t t

h u
o s o i n e I n t r o d c i o n a n d

u u u
h
,

io n a lly in te t e x t , a i n ly i n te e x p lan a t o ry n o t e s

hm
m
h u m
r d i r y l ss d rt f s p h

m
p e c e n g v n n e e

u
e e o a o c
e a p .
5,
A sitw ill b e d iff ic lta tte o t s et th t t st d t id

m
n e e

m
a e e

u
, .

di ve s t i se l f o fte n o t io n th a t

fi
T aga lo g c a n b e le a r n t

m
o n id e n t ic a ll y te s a e l in es a s o d e r n la n g a ge s

p e r b a 8 , a
pp e a r t o i , a t r s t sig , t t a t t o o c h s
be e n e vo t e d in tisG ra ar t o e x l a n a t io n so f
p th is in d
tatre pet itio n o fa n d f q e n t re f e re nc e t o th e ay , in
“

" ~
re ,
u h
s

h
ot

u
(

mm
e
h
ca e

m
ss

h
u m mu
m
u
p
m
um u
mh
ac c o h
u
u
e

u
h
u
he rs f

u c

ip p i n e s
s c h p ers

h
u
e1

mm
muh
m
h
m
tl it

h
exp o s

h m
u
p

u
h
u
u
u
m
a

u
u
,

m
m
y

1t

hu
,

u
h
h
it i s n o t f
i

m
a

u m
w
u

u
m
h
,

h
u
u
o r co

ll

in
y
t

a t
f o

l
r

'
a
or

g
eM
th

it io n o fE n g l is
M
r e n d e r te sty le so

o l e a r n it

a l
la 1 y w o l d b e a c o p l e t e f

hu
o
o n pr o f e s

o
s
c h il d r e n

ry

g
w

id s
i

a
s
N

s
o

o n sa sw ill pr o b a b l y s
t 1

o w it
a d e
,

w
a

te sa e a n n e r a sc ild 1 e n ar e t a ght R e a so n b e in g t

,
o

i
I

t o fw h o
th e o ry a n d a fr e qe n t r e f e r e n c e t

h
n f a

s
n c

a il 1 e as
n

y
,

l
d
l

i
d

n
II

t a n d itr ig ht ly iso n ly se e in g a n d te a pp a r e n t d e fi c ie n c y is

h
n te d f
,

o r by te n a t r e o f

p e r so n s pr o b a b ly n d e rt a k in g it

ufi uu fi
A s T a g a l o g isn o ta

h a v e te o pp o rt n i ty o f a b e tt e r t e a c h in g d e r iv e d fr o

um u
n a t i v e s i n te

sh o w te f nd a e n t a l pr i n c ip l e ste l a n g a g e r e s
l
h

a
o
a
ffi
r

th

os

th e y l iv e
o th o s
,

d
,
d

h w o r d so r se n t e n c e sc o p l e d t
i
.

e w h a t pr o l ix

c
i
y

t
a

i
Th is if w e n d e r

te la n g a g e a n d te a ge o fte
.

o d e r n la n g a g e a n d n e c e s

sio n a l p rp o s
b tf 01 p
e s0 1 s

e r s o n

g
s
l

e r l e sw h ic h
c ie n t

n
d

o
o

a
d
f

r
e
ti
s
t d y T a ga l o g in te I sla n d s i n

n
.

y
d
e

i
.

1n a t1 e

r
s

o
a

r
1

b
n

o
s

t o fs c h le a r n e 1 sw o ld
a ry

n
t
e t

o th e i1 c o

v
e

It isb e lie ve d th a t
.
,

i c a l r e se a r c h
y

c
P
t
e

a
l ik e

h
a

te
r
i
ch

nt

o r e d ir e c t l y
s
l

e
,

,
,

h
ts po n c o n

m m mm u
,

j o in t ly w ith te pr ac t ic e o f s c h w o r d sa n d id io s a s al e se d

mh h m
mu m
in co o n t o p ic sf o r al l re q i r e e n t so fe ve ry d a y l if e w il l b e st

mm
-

u mm m
u m
u
acco p lish te l e a r n e r s e n d It 1 si n th isw ay th a t te st d e n t
’
.

te t a sk o fc o o n st

h
itt in g te l e s

h
o f a t r e y e a r sf s

fi
or who o

mu m
q

h u m
e o ry is s o d iffi c l t w ill b e a b l e t o ac ir e te l a n g a g e b y e r e ly

um
r e ad in g te g r a ti e t n d it

h h
a r o v e 1 fr o o ti e as e a ne
y

u
ces sar y t o do W h e n a d e qa t e ill str a t io n sh a ve b e e n g ive n o n a

u
.

iv e a sit a y b e i

h
sp e c ia l p o in t ; a r le a s c o r ehe n s e d i at
,
p ,

t f a h e a d in g te r l e

h
el
y f o l l o w s : w h e n e a tt e r i s tr e a t e d o a s

m
,

pr e c e d e sa n d te ill str a t io n s f o llo w

mh u
G
.

r e a t c a r e a sb e e n t ak e n in n o t i n g e ite 1 in te t e xt o r i n

u
hh
,

fo o t n o t e s e v e ry w o r d o f S p a n is h o r igin a n d in t r ac in g itb a c k

u mm u m
,

t o it so rigin a l a n d si p le sp e ll i n g 1 n te l a n g a ge so a st o s ho w

u mh
c le a r ly te c h a n g e n d e r go n e i n it sa d a pt a t io n t o T a g alo g If .

h h
s c h w o r d sa pp e a r c o b in e d w it a n y T a g a l o g s ffix e so r p 1 e f ix e s

u m u u
so a s t o i p a rt so e sp e c ia l se n se te va r i o s e le e n t s h av e

u u u
,

uu h
e a1 a t

h
be e n s e d a n d e xp l a in e d w h e n th is a sb e e n d e e d n ec e s

m
p e

u u
,

B ta b o ve a ll w e h a ve e n d e a vo r e d t

h
sa ry o e xp l a in a sf ll \

u
,

as w e c o ld a 111 a tt e 1 w h ic h it a y b e s a id c o n s t it t e ste v e

m m
, , ,

p ith o fte la n g a g e th a t 1 8 t t 1t c l e sa n d t s

fi
o s a i h e ir e in
,
a
y e p ,

h
a sb e e n f ll y t 1 e at

h
w o r d b il d in g E ve 1 y o n e o fth e ed of

u u
—

u
.

h
b o th a sito c c r s in te 1 s tle sso n s a n d in te c lo sin g p a i t o f

h h
te b o o k w h e n a l l te i p a r t
, in g s en s es a n d c o b in at io n sth e y

h h
a re s s c e pt ib l e o fh a v e b e e n br o g ht t o g e th e r a n d th o r o g h ly

h m
r e c o n sid e r e d

u m u
.

h
‘
id e ste r e a d in g e x e r c is e sg iv e n i n te l a s

h
t thr e e l e sso n s

uh
B es

m
e v e ry o th e r l e s s e i n w h ic h te

m
o n ispr o v id e d w ith a n e x e r c is

u u u
wo r d s a n d p r a s e s g i ve n in s c h le s s o n 0 1 i n te pr ev io so n e s

u
a Ve a f re e l I co n s i d r i n g te tt 1 o ff e r e d f r tr a in
p y a n. e a e o
i ng in s c h e x er c is e s te s t den t s t b e a r in i n d th a t
r e l i i o sto h t s e t e d ab s t c tid e a s 11 for s o l ar e
g g e x c p r,a 1c , g
f

h
hhhh hh
p

m u
°

a1

m uu
u
to fo ur t
e ic s i n
p
I II
c o n ve 1
.

sa tio n h a xe b tl it t
le p lac e in

m
1

u mquu
u
,

ih at o fn a t i ve s a n d th at te
, ex 1 es
p si o n s r eso 1 ed t
t o p , e r il e 01

t t it t

h
s t l a n ge a st hey ay a pp e a r o o r in d s c o n s ,
e h o w e ve r
te c o n v e r sa t io n a l gl o n d w it h t h a t p a rt o fte n a t i ve p o p l a

h mm m
t io n w ith w h ic h os t p ro b a b l y th o se f o r wh o th isw o rk i s

u m m
,

m
,

ave t

hh h
in t e n d e d o de al T e e x e r c is e sa re a r 1 a n ge d i n es t io n s

u
.

w ers f o r te t e ac h e r (ifth e 1 e b e o n e ) a n d te p p i l

h
and an s

u u
h u um
t o e n g a ge in d i a l o g e sa n d te s a y b e e xt e n d e d t

h
a e o s i i

qu

h m m u m
l ar t o p ic so r r e a d a l o d a s a n y t i e s a s a y b e n e c e s sar v t o

u
hh h
f h o l d o fc o 1 se b e w r itt e n

h
ac i re l e nc v T e e x e r c is e ss

m m
.
, ,

w ith o t a n y o th e r a s sis t a n c e t a n te v o c a b l a r y te le sso n s

u u
a n d te is t a k e s a d e sh o l d th e n b e c o rr e c t e d b y c o p ar iso n

m
um
, ,

w ith te k e y w h ic h isg iv e n a t te e n d o fte b o o k

u m m mu
.

h
T e a th o r is h o w e v e r c o n s c io so f a n y i p e r f e c t io n sin

um u u m
uu
, ,

isw o r k b tw h e n itisc o n s id e r e d th a t t h isiste fir st E n g l ish

hh
,

l a ga l o g gr a a r e ve r p b l is h e d a n d th a t te T a ga lo g l a n g a g e
d iff e r sso w id e l y in it

hh
ss tr c t r e a n d id io s fr o all o der n

u
l a n g a g e s te g r e a t d iffi c lt ie st o b e e n c o n t e r e d in c o p il i n g

u uu m u mmu
e ve n te s i pl es t tr e a t ise o fth is k in d w ill b e b e tt e r p e r c e iv e d

u
um u m m
s at t f t t
fi
a n d a pr e c i a t e d
p It 1 h o p e d th h i se ff o rt o e a o 1 w i ll b e

uu m m
q
.

f o nd a s e f l a n d pr o fi t a b le s o rc e f0 1 b e tt e r a li fi e d p e r s o ns

m
t o p r s e te s bj e c t o r e d e e p l y a n d a o re s c ie n t i c a n d

s cces sf l a n n e r a n d th a t
, te w k d e sp it e it
,
si p e rf e c t io n s ,

w ill b e w e lc o e d a n d a ppr e c ia t e d b v A e r ic a n s b o t h in t h e se
I sla n d sa n d a th o e ,
MM
MM
M
M
M
IV .

MM
M
hh
m mh
D U CT

h
IN T R O IO N

fl M
.

mu
h
u
uh u
u m
h
u
hum
tte y d ia l e c t sd e r i ve d fr o te a la v
T a ga lo g i so n e o an

m u
hm u
p o k e n o fw ith o t r e f e r e n c e b e in g

h
l a n g a ge an d c an a r d lv b e s

m
ad e t

h
o te t r n k o r f o w h ic h ito r ig in a l ly s

h h
n t a i n fr o pr n g

m u u
.

a l a y i sn o tte l a n f t

h
g a g e o a n a t io n b o f t r i be s a n d c o

m u
,

n it c a tt t e e a st e r n c o a st o fte B ay o f

h h
i e s w id e ly s e r e d fr o

m u m
B en g a l t o te

u h
a l a y Pe n i n s l a S atr a S n d a Ja va B o r n e o

u
, , , , ,

Ce l e b e s Fl o r e s T i o r te o l c c a sa n d te Ph il ipp in e s

u
h
.
, , ,

i i l a r ity o fte d ia l e c t s s te

h
T e s e d by te in h a b it a n t so f

u m

M
h
t e te a la y a ssp o k e n

h h
a b o ve -
e n t io n e d c o n tr ie sw ith th e ir s

u u
i n te w e s t c o a st o fte a la y Pe n in s l a w a sfi r s t n o t ic e d b y
,

h
E r o p e a n sin te six t e e n th c e n t r y w h e n a ge ll a n s a l a v ii 1

h
’

m m u m
t e r ret t f t

h
p e r w a s f o n d o b e n d e rs t o o d fr o o n e e n d o e a l a v

u u
h
A r c h ip e l a go t o te o th e r

hm u
.

T a ga lo g a s r e c e ive d te i n f l e n c e o fS a n sk r it a n d o fte

u
,

uh
A r a b ic a n d s o e o th e r S e it ic la n g a g e s b t i n a s a ll e r d e gre e
,

th a n te o th e r a la y d ia l e c t s It a s h o w e ve r b e e n in fl e n c e d

u um u
um h
.
, ,

by S p a n ish in a c h l a r ge r pr o
p o rt i o n t a n e ith e r Ja v a n e s e or

h m m
te a la y o fte S t r a it so f a l a c c a h a v e b e e n

h
r e sp e c t iv e ly i n

m
u m m
, ,

e n c e d by D t c h E n lis

h h
g h o r P o rt g e s e

m m
.
,

kr i ti n a n e p o c h

hh
T e e a r l ie s t A r y a n in f l en c e c a e fro San s

uu
n o t e tac c r a t e l y d e t e r t

hh
y i n ed It se e s o b e t e p r e v a i l i n g

m m u u
.

h
h e o ry th a t in igr a n t tr i b e sc o in g f r o id A s s ia s e tt l e d a l o n g
-

te sh o r e sa n d spr e a d th e se l ve so v e r te Pe n in s l a S a tr a

m mu
, ,

Ja v a B o r n e o a n d ( e le b e s b tte ir f r th e r p r o gr e s so ve r te

u um h
l

u m
, ,

h
la n d s o r e t te n o r t a n d e a st a pp e ar st

h
a n y is o o h a ve b e e n

s c o n qe r a b le r a c e s I n o n e w ay o r

u
u hu h
c e c k e d by o l d e r a n d le s .

a n o th e r th e s e tr i b e s s t h a v e a d e te isl a n d o fJa v a th e ir f a

m m
v o r it e a b o d e o r te c o rt o r f o c s fr o w h ic h H i n d is ir

u
r a d ia t e d w ith a f o rc e d e c r e a si n g pr o p o r t io n al ly w ith te d ist a n c e

mh
u
t o te c o n tr ie si t e n d e a vo re d t o re ac h Th isisp ro ve n by te

m u m
.

f a c t o fJ av an e se a v in g b e c o e te r e c i p ie n t o fa la r ge r n

h h h
be r

mh u
m
o fS a n s k r it w o r d sa n d in a gr e a t e r d e gr e e o fp r ity th a n a n y

u
h m m
o th e r d ia l e c t o f a l a d e r iva t io n th e ir n b e r decre as i n g a sw e
y ,

r e c e d e fr o Ja va . F rth e r r e s e ar c h a s t o te co p a r a t iv e

h
b e r o fS a n skr it t e r s p a ssin g in t o Ja va n e se a n d T aga lo g

m
n

h m m
w il l s h o w th a t w ile in te f o r e r te pr o p o rt io n ay b e r a t e d

u u u
a tte e l e ve n e r c e n t it s c a r c e l y r e a c h e si n T a g a l o g o n e a n d a

m
p

u
,

h a lf p e r c e n t o fte w h o le a gg r e g a t e o fw o r d s Th isp e r c e n t ag e

uu u
.
,

as a y n a t r a l ly b e i n f e rr e d i ss , o e w h at b t not ,
c h la r ge r ,

in te s o th e r n Filip ino d i a l e c t s B ic o l a n d B i s , ay a n an d s t ill

o r e i n th o s e s p o k e n in te S l isla n d sa n d in B o r n e o b ty e t
 M
huu h
u uu mm V

h h
.

m m m
o po rt o n i sn o t ch as t

h
te o f th e

h
r i s o co ns t it t e an a co
p y

u m
t

h
os i e l a n g a ge o n t i ss o le a c c o nt
p .

W e s bj o i n a t a b l e o fw o r d so fS a n sk r it o r igin w h ic h a r e

mm
u u
, ,

se o fi n T a ga l o g Th isi s a i n ly d o n e t

h u
a o n g o th e r s ade o

m
.

uu
,

s o w w h a t d e via t io n sb o t h in e a n i n g a n d i n sp e l li n g te w o r d s

m u
,

ave n d e r o n e i n th e ir a d a pt a t i on t o te l a n g a g e a n d a t t e
g ,

sa e t i e t , o in st r c tp p il sa st o te ge n e r a l w a y o fT a ga liz in g

w o r d sw h e n th e y a h a ve r e c o rs e t
o E n g li sh w o r d st
o e xp res s
y
so e n e w id e a a th i n g w h ic h te v c a n n o t h e l p b td o o c
,

c as i o n a l l y i n T a ga l o g

h
.

k r it S ign i f ic a t
Si gn if

u
Sa n s . ic a t i o n . T a ga l o g . io n ,

sk
C
.

a rc o a l .

Pric e

h O re .

h
T in or le a d .

E le p an t .

h u
Pige o n

M
.

h
Sa n d a l wo o d -
.

G as b k in d o fsa f
f

M
a A ro n .

C in t
a S in t
a L o ve .

Wa ll st
ro n g o ld

h
.
,

Bo w , a rr o w .

h
A k in d o fsw o r d

m
.

h
W it s
ne s

m
u m u
h
F
.

l ib e ra t

m m
ed ,

h h h
ree ,

m u u
It sh o l d b e n o t ic e d th a t te v e r y isc e lla n e o sc h a r ac t
er

umm u m um u
o fw o r d s i p o rt e d i n t o T a ga l o g fr o S a n sk rit a n d te a b se n c e

u
s i n c id e n t a l to te e th ic a l a n d r e l igi o s H in d

h
of an y te r

t it t i o n s w i l l t e n d t o p r o v e te s a l l d e gr e e o f in fl e n c e

h
ins

m m
o l d i n g te c h a r a c t t o s o fte

h hh
H in d is a d in er an d c s

u m m
i n h a b it a n t so fth e s e Is l a n d sa tth o se ti es

u
.

96
s

u m u
a

u
in g n e xt t

h
T e in fl ence co o th a t o f S a n s k r it c a e l a t e r

hmmm
w ith te pt io n o fte A r a b sa n d a dd e d a S e it ic e l e e n t t

h
irr o

uum
te l a n g a ge W h ile itp ta st e p t o te f l o w in g i n t o te v e r n a c

h
.

kr it o r ig in it

h
l a r o fa n y n e w t e r so fS a n s

h
h o w e v e r r e t a i n e d

m
, , ,

th o se a l r e a d y in g e n e r a l se , s pp l e e n t in g th e w ith th o s e

u um u
a p pr o p r i a t e t
o te id e a so f a n ew an d o r e a d va n c e d c iv iliz a t io n

u u
,

h
in g t o te

h
a n d a b o v e a l l w ith th o s e relat o a e d a n r e l igio n i n

h
uu u h
tro d c ed t o te p a rt i a l d is p l a c e e n t o fte w o r sh ip o fB d h a

m
.

B tte g r e a t e s t r e vo l t i o n t o te l a n g age c a e t o a lay

1
( ) Sa n sk r itw o rd s a re e retra n s e ra t
l it ed in t o R o an c ts
a ra c e r ,

a sf
ew tde n t
s s w o l d be a c qa in t
e d w i t t e S a n s r ito n e s
k .

2
hM
MM
h
mhuuh
u
h
h h VI

M
.

u
h h
hr o g h te
t i n tr o d t io n o fte A r a b ic c h ar ac t e r in g e n e r a l
c

m m m
L it e r at r e w h ic h i sst ill pr e se r v e d i n te

h
w r it in g esp e c ia l l y i n

u m
u
, ,

uh
,

S tr a it sS e tt le e n t s a n d e l s ew h e re ()1 Th is r l t i d id t

mm
e v o o n n o

m m
.

u
h h
ar i n t o te d iff e r e n t p a rt so f te alay A r c h ip e l a g o a n d

h
t ra ve l f

M
te sa e c a se s w h ic h O pp o se d te a d v a n c e e n t o fH in d is

MM
u
h
in te Ph il ipp in e s b tc h ie fly te s tr o n g c h e c k w h ic h o h a

m
uu h
u
,

h
e d an is e nc o n t e r e d in c o p a r a t iv e l y r e c e n t t i e s o n te

u m
q
u
p a rt o fS p a n ia r d sa ft e r te c o n e st pr e v e n t e d it sa d o pt io n by

m uu
,

te i n h ab it a n t so fte I sla n d s w o c o n t in e d t

h um h
o w r it e in th e ir

m m
,

h
Th isf ac t a n d te i n tr o d c t io n

h
a n c ie n t r d i e n t a ry c h a r a c t e r s

u
.

o fte S p a n is h a l ph a b e t so si p l e a n d r a t io n a l i n st r c t r e

u
, ,

o te a d v a n t a g e o fte l e a r n e r o f T a ga l o g

h
st b e n o t e d t

h u
.

W h il e a st d e n to f a l a y

hh
st d e t e r in e b e f o r e h an d w h e th e r

h mmm
e in t e n d s t or t w r it e te l a n g a ge o r w h e th e r

h uh
o S p e ak o

u m
b o th th in g sa re a i e d a ta n d in te l att e r c a se te d if
,
fi c lty o f ,

o b t a i n in g a n y fl e n c y i n r e a d in g a n e w c h a r a c t e r o ft e n a pp e a r s
so g r e at a s e v e n te d isc o r a g e i

h
fr o a k in g a b e g in n i n g

h
,

te l e a r n e r o fT a t g a l o g w il l e n j o y te 1 11 e n se a d va n t a g e o fl e a r n

hum
a

in g a to n c e b o th te s p e ak in g a n d te w r it in g a n d o n a c c o n t

m u u u
,

o fa f air l y s tr ic t c o rr e sp o n d e n c e b e t w e e n S p a n is h Pr o so d y a n d

u m
h hh
O rth o g r a phy e w il l b e e a s i ly l e d t o w r it e a n y T a g a l o g w o r d e

b e e n pr e vio sl y ac qa in t e d w ith ifitisd ist in c t ly tt e r e d

,

a sn o t

m h u
,

h
t i

m
o

u
.

u
al a y i sn o t

mmu h
T A r ab ic e l e e n t in a c c r a te l y d et e r in a b l e

m
e ,

fo r n e w w o r d sa n d e x pr e s sio n sa r e c o n st an t ly b e in g in tr o d c e d

u u
.

I n T a g alo g h o w eve r , te s a s ad b t l itt l e in fl e n c e a n d

mu
m
, a e

p e rh ap sd o e sn o tn b e r o n e p e r c e n t o fa l l te w o r d s it h a vin g

m u
u
,

b e sid e sp ta st ep t o b y te i n t ro d c t io n o f te S p an ish e l e e n t

M
M M
.

S o e A r a b ic t e r sar e s t i ll p o r i n g i n to te o o r ish d ia l e c t so f

u
in d a n ao a n d S l I s l a n d sw h e r e o ha e d a n r it e spr e v a il y e t

t
o s
o t t
e e x en .

W e s bj o in etofw o r d so fA r a b ic

fi
a s o r ig in ,
s
e d in T a g a l o g .

h
A rabic Sign i ca t
io n T a ga l o g i c at
S ign if io n

m
. . . .

h
uh u
Ne rve B ra i n s .

it

umu
To s c ro s
sl e dge d , -

S b iss
io n , eb e Pa n in gc a y a d
t t

u
f
,
I nki y a d ( s l
t p
e r e e c
d ie n c e i11 gQa y a d
t

u
.

p o s r e in c rc .
)
O pi .

h
q
uu
W in e ,
li or .

N o b ili t
y .

D ll stp id

hh h
, .

( l 00 0 )

h h
h mh hm
T o r el is

m
.

u
f
ro

hh
m u
( )
1

m
a la y , f

e tf
s
rom sc o la r w ill d e r ive
T

w ic
o rt in tis s
e

te w o rd s o f a rsde n
b te s
ke tc
p,e
a re t
c ia ll
a ke n
y
o r e va l a b l e

ra w f

fro t
C
o rd , A b b e
,

e l a
p

t
te r
i
a v re

.
’
l

s
o l o

s
g
and

o
ic

e
a l

o
i

f
n
F
f

t
o r

a x w e ll

e
a

id
ti
on

e
o

a
n

S
.
M
MM
MM
h
VI I

m
.

icat ic at

u
Sign i f

u
A rab ic . io n . T a gal o g . Sign if io n .

u j t
s rin g srin g To a rk o tw it

mH
Sip a t
ea -

m h
.

or r le a li n e .

m
W rit in g W rit
in g .

trat

uu
T o p ro s e T o k n ee l d o w n

h
.

h
t

T u
m u
m T u
T
A en , p e a c e be o
t s

m
S ala an k
t
at

u
a

u
Tm
u
sal io n )
.

y o

u
ro se r s S ala al ro ers
s .

u
m u
J d ge , j d ge en oc o J d ge .

id i t

u
H iy a

h
i y Bl s , a sa ed .

a rr ie d p a r t
y Asa a a rr ie d
p a r t
y

m
.

lt A w fl , d a rk p l a c e

uh
Occ sc ie n c e A li o an .

u
h uhm h
a n d c lo s

um
m
Ch in e se

u
isa n o t
e in t e r c o r s e o fC
e t a dd e d t
r e le eno T a g a l o g thr o g h a l o n g
h in e se w ith n at i ve p e o p le O p in io n s .

u u mm u h
h av e b e e n e x pr e sse d t o te e ff ec t o f a l a y b e in g o f a pr i it i v e

u
h
o n g o l ic o r ig i n . A sf o r T a ga l o g i t ight p e r h a p sb e tr e th a t
,

h
Ch in e se w a ste e a rl ie st in fl e n c e te l a n g a g e o fte a b o r ig in e s

m m m
a n d fir s t se tt l e r s r e c e ive d a n d th at w h ic h i tw a s o l d e d a ft e r ,

y l l a b ic th e r e is n o t

h
fo r a l th o g h a c t a l T a g a l o g i s a i n l y d is s

u u
,

h h h
want in g e vid e n c e o fa o nos sy l l a b ic t e n d e n c y b t i f so t e

m
, ,

h
pr i i t ive Ch in e se e l e e n t a s b e e n so f a r e ith e r a s si il a t e d 0 1 °

m
c o rr pt e d a s t o b e h a r d l y r e c o g n is a b l e i n te l a n g a g e o fa

m m
n o w a d ay s

h
-

u
—

u
.

h u h
il y d e t e r in a b l e p o rt i o n o fC

h
T e e as h in e se isth a t w h ic h

umu u m
as c o e t o T a ga l o g s in c e te d i s c o v e ry a n d f a l l ss h o rt o fte

h h
a o n t th a t o n e w o l d b e l e d t o i n f e r fr o te f a c t o fCh in e se

u
in fl e n c e i n o th e r r e s p ec ts

u
.

h
T h is ay b e d e p art l y t o d i ffi c l t ie so f

umu h
co p e n e tr at io n in

u
q

h
te c a r a c t e r o fte t w o l a n g a g e sa n d t o te c o n es t h av in g

u
g iv e n r i se t o a n e c es sa ry pr e f e r e n c e f o r S p a n is h ; b tc h ie fly t o

m u u
th a t in b r e d d isp o sit io n o n te p a rt o fte Ch in e se r a c e t

mm u hh
o s h t
ac q

h
o th e r s o tfr o a i n t a n c e w ith th e ir n a t i o n a l i n s t it t io n s
a n d r a c ia l c h a r a c t e r i s t ic s a n d t o te n a t r a l r e l c t a n c e o fte

m
I sl a n d e r st o a d o pt te a n n e r sa n d s p e e c h o fa c l a ss o fp e o p l e

mu m h
who th e y saw d e sp ise d a n d h e l d alo o f a n d w h o se r e lig io n

uuu
, ,

pr a c t ic e s a n d e v e n d r e ssin g 0 11 te o th e r h a n d th e y w e r e
, , ,

f o r b idd e n t o i it at e Th s a r a c e o f p e o p l e w o fr o te

um u u
.
, , ,

hm hh
r e o t e st e p o c h h a ve b e e n so w id e ly sc a tt e r e d thr o g h o t te

m
,

A r c h ip e l a go ,
an d in , a n y o th e r r e s p e c t s so c o n n a t r al t o ,

it sn at ive p o p la t io n c o l d o n ly l e a ve b e h in d in te l a n g a g e

u u
, ,

s c h t e r s a sg e n e r ally d e s ig n a t e t h o se t o o l s a n d so r t so ff ood

w h ic h n a t iv e ss o o n a d o pt e d a n d p a rt o o k o f ; o r k i n d r e d n a e s ,

te l a tt e r o st ly c o n fi n e d t o te s e o fa p a rt ic l a r c l a s s of
p e o p l e as sh o w n i n te f o ll o w in g t a b l e
,
.
MM
Cin ese hfi . Sign i ca t
io n . Sign i

m
fi ca t
io n .

h h
Tea

h h
.

S a ll k n if
e .

T o p ro p e l be atby
T o p ro p e l a b e a t
a

m u
b y w ie l d
in g a n e a r a t te st L io lio
-
w ie l d i n g an e ar a t

um m
te st
e rn

h
e rn .

m u
(A lo o s
e ly t
w ist
ed i t f ( Pit f t se r
T p o
T o a r e e

m
ie n tsi a t
re e se d a s w ic f k ie n t
si n v in g a sw ic k f

m
or or co
—

u m
c o co a -
n to il la p s) co a n -
to il la s
p ) .

u m
u
(A k in d o f p a st
e a de
k in d o f C in e s
A
in t So t
e
Tan b —

n o a s le n d e r w o r lik e -
a n j on

h
1 c e ll l

u
f s d f s
o p)
ve r

h
.

or , e o r

(A k in d o f ve r ic e ll i DO

m
1 kl do do
o rt t

m
se d f or a s of s

m
. .

y)
'

p a r

m u
i soan
—
Do . Do . do . do .

(A k in d o fc a k e or re li s
fc a k e t s

u m
A k d
Pa n —

Si t ade o f /i
w i gs i Pa n sit
O

c a lle d
t)

h h h
.

H
81 ,
e c .

Ke y

h h
t

h
se d d is r ic t s sp e c ia l lv b v h i n e se

h
o n lv i n so

m
e ,
e c

m
te ir f
a te r Ft
m
iso r a er .

God o te r te r

u
h
o

mh
.

( G d t t

h h hm
r a n o e r ,
e

A t gra n d o t e r
’
ss i s
tcr a nd ext
n
ens iv e l y
.

a n y o ld w o an )

h
.

m
( T d f t s ’

h
T
e g r a n a e r

I n ko n g
~
e ir gra n d a fte 1 I n gc o n g b r o te r a n d e x ten

siv e ly a n y o l d a n )

h
m hh m hhhh
st
fi
(S i e r i n l aw ;
-
o re
-

Ing s S ist
e r in l a w
p p
r o e r l y ,
t e w ife

o f te tb o r n

hh
e - - -

rs -

h
b r o te r ) .

h
b ro te r , tir d
Sa ko T ir d b ro te r Sa co
5T e

h
—

in a ge .

T t tir d

h
T is
s in
Sa n
i ir d t
sis Sans
i 5 e er

m u
—
c er .

h m m h
mu m
uh
u
As in t e d e l s
as i n th is o t l in e , S p a n is

fi
beene w h ere h

m
i s by f a r te lar ge s t A r y a n e l e e n t in t r o d c e d in T a ga lo g

um u
h
t a t w h ic h s pp l ie s it

h
an d s an y d e c ie n c e s a n d i p a r t s

um
t itit f

h
o s c o p a r a t iv e e f ic i e n c y a n d c o p r e h e n s i ve n e s s

u m u
.

h
T e a b o r igin a l d i a l e c t p r e v io s t o te a d ix t r e o fS p a

u uu m
u m
h is b tte p 0 0 1 v o c a b l a ry o f e n a 1 d ly r a ise d a b o v e

h
n is

h
sa va g e l if e T e p r e l y n a t i ve e le e n t in T a ga lo g pr o f siv e ly

m u
.

u
f r n ish e s a ll te r e isit iv e t e 1 s t o ex 1 es
p q s t e phy s i cal

m
u
o bj e c t s s rr o n d in g e n l e a d in a pr i i t i v e l i f e l n te f o r e s t
g

mmm
an d a l l th a t as t o do w ith th e ir f o o d , d w e l l in gs , a gr i c l t r e ,

fi sh i n g , h n t in g a n d d o e st ic a f f a ir s A s so o n a s te a n a ly sis .

r e a c h e s o r a l i d e a s o r c o n c e pt io n s in sc ie n c e te la c k o fa p
o r ia t e ter s co e n c e st o b e f e lt a n d itw ill b e s e e n th a t
p pr ,
h
m u
hu h
m u hmhu
IX

h u uh
.

u
t ir se ens e it st o b e c o n ve y e d t o te n at ive in d e it e r by
e t a ph o r s a n d r o n d a b o t e xpr e s
-
si o n s o r by h a v in g r e c o r se

uum
t

h
o S p a n is h Hen ce . a n y S p a n ish w o r d s n a lt e r e d o r d ist o r t ,

p a sse d in t o te l a n g a ge t

h h
ed o e xp r e ssth o se t in gs o r id e a s
q
,

h
t a t n a t iv e s w e r e n o ta n d c o l d n o t b e a c a in t e d w ith in

m
q
u u
th e ir iso l at e d c o n d it io n o fl if e b e f o r e te c o n e st Fr o th i s

u u
h u m
.

itw il l e a s ily b e i n f e rr e d th a t a p r e v io s k n o w l e d ge o fS p a n ish

uu u
t a n c e in te st d y o fT a ga l o g n o to n l y o n a c c o n t

h
is o f a s s is

m m
,

of te n h a w o r d s th a t f o n d th e ir w a y in t o te

h
e r o sS p a n is

m m mmuu
la n g a g e , b tc h ie f l y o n a c c o n t o fte o rth o gr a ph ic a l f r a e
h O 11 te o th e r h a n d n a t iv e s p r id e d

h
w h ic h i s w h o l l y S p a n is

m
m
.
,

a n d th e y s t il l , t
o so e e xt e n t p r id e th e se l v e s, o n sin g s c h

u m
,

a n d te b e lie f

hh
S p a n is h t e r sa n d e xp r e ssio n s a s ay b e st c o

m u u
o fth e ir b e i n g c o n v e r s w ith te l a tt e r

h
an t a n d th i s i n a w a
y

m m
u
,

th a t is so e t i e s d e st r c t iv e o fte T a ga l o g sy n t ax

mmmmu m
.

It is n o t h e r e in t e n d e d e it h er t o exh a s t te n ber o f
S p a n is h w o r d s a d e se o fin T a ga l o g o r t o go d e e p e r i n t
o a

hfi
a tt e r th a t i s t r e a t ed o r e a tl e n gt in te p a r t d e v o t ed t o

M
M
G ra a r , w h e r e e ve r y S p a n i sh w o r d a sb e e n n o te d a n d e x l a in
p
ed It is o n ly a s a n ill st r a t io n th a t w e giv e h e r e a f ter a

fi
.

t a b l e o fso e t e r s b o rr o w e d f r o S p a n i sh

h
.

Sp a n i s Sign i ca t
ion T a ga l o g Si gn i ca t
io n

Vi
h
rge n .

u
T

H o ly
e H o l y V i r gi n
G o st
,
V ir ge n .

h h h
A p p le .

To b t
t

m u
.

Il o r e e

h
C
.

( lo g .
( a k in d o f)
s oe

m
w o rn b

h
C ap

hu
j S o e.
l in
.

p p
e o e

L cen tr y ) J
fss t
o te l
C
m
5T
fs s
o n ei ar e
o co n e

t Co
p i sal
i s l
i“ .

p r e .

hmh
P i lo sop
y . Pil o s
o p ia .

s, t b l e r

u
G la s . B as
e o r va e s .

a s
s isa

C
fi
. .

Ca st ila ( o r r.
p ‘
Sp 1 n1ard Q
tio n o f te S p
1n
p
'

Es
1
S p a n i a rd , S p a n l s
c
”
1 o L

oj
1
,
.

a
p . . .

w o rd C asl illn )
’ f
.

H
Pis
es is
os

T
.
,

h h
u
a b a co .

Pa re

m
C
.

mh u hu
ra

u m
.

Pa d ron .

ga
co
l o g
u u
i s u
g th s sk e t c h e d te st r a n g e e l e e n t so fw ic h T a
a d e
a vi n

p it o

n t o fte c h a r ac t e r
n
,
ly r e a i n s f o r s t
o gi v e a br i
a n d p e c l ia r it ie s o fte l a n g a g e
e f a c

.
 h m h hM
Ta g alo g is te

m mm
Th is i s n o to n ac c o

u m u
u
h m
in g r e a t e r n

u m
p

mh
a s te

u
umh
in s

m
l

h
r
at

u
u
T
i

m
o th e r Dm
u
h
o n an d

uh
is
c c io n

h
s
i
th
h
u
hm
umh
m u u
h
h p
n t o fi t
rt a n t d i ale c t o f
o
s b e in g s
s
t i
p o

pr o p o rt io n o fte i n h a b it a n t s in te I sl a n d s f
k e n
t
X:
o

b
e P ilipp in e s

y t
o r B is
e

b e 1 th a n T aga ls; b to n ac c o n t o fT a g a l o g
h a vin g b e c o e pr e d o in a n t a n d b e c o in g

u
l a n g a g e o f te
a t w h ic h

.
os

an
y a v
tr ic t s st so o n l e a r n o n is c o in g t
o re s

il a r ity b e t w e e n T a g a l o g a n d
o
l a r g

o e v e ry d a y
t c lt r e d p a rt o fte w h o l e p o
e r a ge e d c a t e d n a t iv e fr o

a n il a f
es

a y a n sa r e
t

or
,

te o th e r d ia l e c t ssp o k
.

M
m
en a bo t te I sla n d s is s c h a s t o a k e ite asy f o r n a t iv e s

um m hh u
fr o d i ff e r e n t p a rt s t o n d er s t a n d e a c h o th e r by sin g th e ir

u u
r e sp e c t i ve d ia le c t s f or g e n e r a l c o n v e r sa t i o n a l te p ic s T e

u u
.

h
sa e st b e te c a se w ith f o r e ign e r s ifth e y s c c e e d in

u m u
ac
q i r i ng s o e th i n g o r e th a n a s p e rfi c ia l k n o w l e dg e o f t e

hm
l a n g a ge a s th e y c a n sc a r c e ly f a il t o n d e rs tan d an d b e

m
,

t o o d a t e v e ry c o r n e r o fte A r c h ip e l a go

h
n dei s i fth e y s p e ak

u
,

h h
T a ga lo g w ith so e d e g r e e o ffl e n c y

m
.

It w i ll n o ta pp e a r irr e l e v a n t n o w th a t te si ila ry o fte

mh m m m
,

h
It
f lip in o d ia l e c t s i s t o be co n s id e r e d t o s a
y so e th i n g a b o t

m m u u
, b
w h a t itc o n s is t s in a sr e ga r d s T a g a l o g a n d te t w o d ia l e c t s

h m
n e xt t o iti n i p o rt a n c e B i sa y a n a n d B ic o l W h il e te c o n s

m h
, .

t r a c t io n r e a in s te sa e o r n e a r ly te sa e thr o g h o t

m mh m
u
th e a ll o n ly so e w o r d sv a ry fr o o n e t o a n o th e r d i a l e c t a s

um
, ,

i se ve n te c a s e w ith a n o ne of t e d i a l e c t s fr o o n e p l ac e t

m
y o

m
,

u u h h
a n o th e r . In a n y a n in s t a n c e w o r d sth a t a r e r ar e ly ife v e r se d
, , ,

i n o n e d i a l e c t h a ve a g e n e r a l s e in te o th e r w ith te sa e 0 1 °

et

h
a lo g e n e e a n in g ; s o in e st e r so fi d e n t ic a l s i g n i fi c a t io n i n
b o th d ia l e c t s r e t a in in sp e llin g te sa e vo w e l sw h il e o n e o r o r e

m h h
,

r e p l a c e d by o th e 1 s a c c or d in g t

m h
cons o n a n t s v a ry a n d a r e o c e rt

u u
t d y in g th is a ffi n ity a n d i n t

h
a in 1 le s It 1 s by s erc a n ge a b i

u
.

l it o f c e rt a i n c o n s o n a n t s th a t te s c h o l a r w il l b e e n a b l e d t o
y

u
h
n ders t a n d a n y w o r d so fte so th e r n d ia l e c t s A c h a n ge w h ic h .
,

a o n g o th e r s d o e s n o tf a il t
,
o o c c r i s te so ft e n in g o fte
,

Ito f a l a y a n d te s o th e r n d ia l e c t s in t o L o r in t o D f or

T a ga l o g a s se e n in te f o l lo w in g t a b le
,
.

E n gl is . B is
ay an . B ic o l . T a ga l o g .

U a rziy . U a ré . U a la .

p a r igo s .
fr o h
mh
“ an

E n gl is .
y w o rd s are

te f o ll o w i n g t a b le :
B is
ei

ay a n
th e r

.
XI
e u
q
.

al or so si

B ic o l .
m il a 1 a s a

T a gal o g
p p e ar s

MM
hm
humuhm u
u u
A s r e ga r d s te a o n to f e f f o rt n ec es sa ry t q

h
o ac ir e a
k n o w l e d ge o f T a ga l o g th a t w ill b e o f p r a c t ic a l a d v a n t a ge t o

m
te l e a 1 n o 1 it ay b e sa id th at T a ga lo g is a la n g a g e o f

m u u u
w ic h i ti sv e r v e a s y t o le a1 n t o s p e a k a l itt le ; iti s l1 o w e v e 1

u m m
q
m m
, ,

v e i y d iffi c l t t o ac ir e te i d i o s o fn a t iv e s Fa c il ity o fe x

m m
.

u
p r e ssio n a n d te a c c r a t e se o f id i o sc a n o n l y b e a c i1 e d q
uu
by c h pr ac t ic e i n sp e a k in g w ith n a t iv e s Co r r e c t n es sc a n n o t

m
.

u u
b e e n t ir e l y l e a r n tf r o

h h h
g r a a r s a n d i n s t r c t i o n d e r i v e d f r o

u u u u
,

st b e s pp l e e n t e d by c o n st

h h h
bo o ks a n t pr a c t ic e

mm
.

T a ga l o g i s t h o bght t o be a o o r l a n g a ge an d so itis
p

uu
b t n o tp e rh a p s s s pp o se d Th a t

h
o ch s o a s i s ge n e r a l l y

u u m
.

ito f t e n f a il s t o f r n ish 11 s w ith w o r d s f o r abs t1 a c ti d e a s is a

m
d e fi c ie n c y w ic h it a s in c o

uh
o n w it a ll n c l t iv a t e d l a n

m
g a g e s 0 1 1 a t e 1 w ith a l l r a c e s w o h a v e n o t y e t 1 i se n to t e

mu u

M
h e ight o f o 1 c iv ilisat io n a n d d e v e lo p e n t

h m
.

M
T a ga l o g a s c o p a 1 e d w ith ala y an d te o th e 1 d ia l e c t s

h
o f a l a y d e 1 iv a t o1 e f t ct

h
i o n i s a gr e a t d e a l 1 e e in c o n s 1 io n

m m u
an d o re c o n c is e Th is i s p a 1 t ly d e t o te i n fl e n c e o f

m mm
.

S p a n is h , b tc h ie fly t o T a a l o g b e i n g r ic h e r l n s
g en s e o d ify in g

um
al t ic l e s th a n n f th s d i l t s T fl x i b l p w f s h
p a
y o o e a e c . e e e o e 1 o c

h
p a r t ic l e s a n d th e ir a n if o l d co b in a t io n s w ith e a c h o th e 1
e 1 v e d by te l e a r n e 1 if e a i sa t s

h h
st b e c l o s e ly o b s o e

u u
uh
th in g o r e th a n t o c lo t h e E n glish se n t e n c e s w ith T aga lo g

h m
mu
w o rds

u
.

fg r e a t e st d iffi c l t ie s t

h h
O ne o o b e e n c o n t e r e d is p e r h a p s

u u
th a t r e ga r d in g te r ig ht a c c e n t a t io n o fT a g a lo g w o r d s a n d

m
te b e st c o r se t o te s

u u um hh
o b e rec o en d e d t t d e n t in th isr e s

u m uu
e c ti s t b s w t i s pr d t t i
p o o e r v e o n a v e o n o n c e a n a c c e n a e n

u u
,

te r e sp e c t iv e l a c a lit

fi
y .

T e l a c k o f n if o r ity o f e x r e s si o n thr o g h o t te
p

h h
T a ga l o g r e gio n is s c h a s t ak e i t d ifc l t t t e a c h te

mmm u hm
o o

q
m
ia l l a n g a g e w ith o t i p a rt i n g t

m m
c o llo o te l e s s o n te d is

u 1
( )
b titd if
o

f
st
e rs

B ic o l a n d B is
o f te se t
o re fro
er s a re a l s
T
a ga l o g

a y a n , a n d e ve n f ro
o

a la
co

y
t
in c o n s
on

r ct
t o

io n ,
.
te d ia le c to f I l o c o s
ta n te l a t t
er f ro
,
h
um
m hhu
t in c t h
muuumu uh a rk s o fa p a r t
ic
Xl l f
la r l o c a lity T e co ns
.

l a n g a ge a n d te ge n e r a l b o d y o fn vo r d s r e a in s o fc o r se
tr c t io n o fte

mm
, .

te sa e o r n ea rl y te sa e b t in e v e r y Pr o vi n c e o r

m h uh m
,

d iv isio n o fa Pr o v i n c e th e r e a r e p e c l ia r w o r d s a n d e xp r e s

u m h
sio n s a n d va r ia t io n s o f a c c e n t a n d p r o n n c ia t i o n w h i c h

m um
mh
,

u
b e l o n g d ist in c t ive ly t it W o r d s c o t r ic t

h h
o . on in o n e d is
so n d st r a n ge l y in a n o th e r o r it ay b e th e y c o n v e y d if fere n t

mm h
,

u
e a n in g i n te t w o p l a c e s It as b e en o r ai to s pp ly

m
u m uumu
.

u
a w o r k i n w h ic h o n ly s c h ter s as are c o on t o te

um
w h o l e b o d y o fT a ga l o g s p ea k in g p e o p l e a p p e a r a n d te st d e n t

h
fl
u m m
,

r e d o f i s b e in g n te

h
a re s t a s s n d er s t ood e v e ry w h e r e i
y

u m h
if e se o fth e

m hu m
T a ga l o g c o n ity ak e s

m m
.

th a n E r o p e a n s b t th e ir

h
N a t i ve s S p e a k 0 1 e t e rs e ly

u u
,

h
a b r pt se n t e n c e s w h ic h se e r de o wes t e r n e a r s c o n ve x

m
m u
no id e a o f i p o lit e n e ss t o te n a t iv e in d

m
.

h
h
T e w r itt e n l a n g a ge is p o p o s a n d le ss id io

M
o re

m
q
th a n te c o l lo ia l d ia l e c t If , h o w e ve r te s bj e c t

h
a t ic .
,

o fs p e e c h is c a r r ie d a w a y f r o co on t o p ic s t o te 11 t

m
t e r a n c e o fp a s sio n a t e f e e l i n gs te n a t iv e s i a gin a t i ve p o w e r

fiu h
’

u u
,

d isp l a y s it se lf in a n o ve rfl o w in g o f e t a ph o r s r idd le s a n d

m uh
,

u
ig o wn e xp r e s sio n s
q
.

T e a d va n t a ge s t

hhumhmh h
o b e d e r iv e d f r o ac ir i n g a l a n g a g e
so p e c l ia r in c h a r ac t e r w il l b e b e tt e r a pp r e c i a t e d by t ra

m
d e s e n a n d p e o p le fi ll in g o fc i a l d t ie s i n te Ph il ipp i n e s

mh
.

w h e n th e y e r c e i ve t e e as e w ith w h ic h th e y c a n t r a n s act
p
,

th e ir r e sp e c t i v e b sin e ss by d e a l in g d ir e c t ly w ith n a t ive s A .

fo r te s c h o l a r , o v e r a n d a b o ve te e n l a r ge of

u mh
ent in d e

m m u
,

w i ll e n j o y te b e n e fit o fge tt in g d e e p l y i n t o te in n e 1 os t

m u
c h a r a c t e r o fa r a c e o fh b ein gs w h o se p r o c e e d in gs o t

h
an

u
,

d e fy e xp l a n a t io n A n y o th e r st d y w h ic h d o e s n o t

um u h u h h
e r w is e,

m m
.

u
n e c es sa r il y e b o d y th e ir a n n e r o fc a s t in g th o ght s h o w e v e r

u
,

et h n o l o bgic a l i t a y b e w o ld f a l l sh o r t o f te p r p o se

huuh
,

W e a r e n o t i n a p o sit io n t o ak e an
y a th o r it a t i v e

m m
st a t e e n t l o o k i n g f o r w a r d t f r th e r d e v e l o p e n t o f te

h
o a

um m u
la n g a ge o r a s t e r te p o l it ic a l c a n ge i n te I s

h
o l la n d s

m
it s p r o gr e ss; b t if T a ga lo g is t

h
w ill p r o o te cck o

u
e t o b e te v e h ic l e o f te th o ght s o fso a n y il l io n

mh h
c o n t in

m u m
p e o pl e a a g n ifi c e n t f t r e a b e a n t ic i p a t e d fo r it A s
y

mu u
.
,

r e c e pt i vity n o to r igin a l ity

,
i s te
,
a i n f e a t r e o fe v e r y tr ib e

o f te a lay r ac e,
so th e ir l a n g a ge sh o w s th a t c a p ac ity f or

te a b so r pt io n a n d a ssi il a t io n o f f o r e ign e le e n t s w h ic h
as a d e E n g lis h o n e o fte ost e xh a st i ve l a n g a ge se v e r
sp o k e n in te W o r l d .
 H

M
X I

h mh hhhm
h hu
O R TH O G R A PH Y .

u h
u
h u u
T a g al o g is n o w w r itt e n in te R o a n c h a r a c t e r b r o ght

u u m u
te S p a n ish a lph a b e t i n it

h h
o v e r by S p a n ia r d s a n d s a d o pt io n

u
, ,

t s it te p e c l ia r it ie s o fte l a n g a ge

h h
as b ee n o d ifi e d o

u um
.

h
A l th o gh te i n t r o d c t io n o f te S p a n is

h h
h a lph a b e t f lly

mu m u m
s p e r se d e d a n d sw e pt a w a y te a n c ie n t r d i e n t ar y a b o r igi

h m
m
n a l c h ar ac te r te se o f w h ic h is a tpr e se n t th o r o gh ly d is

u
m u u
,

c o n t i n e d i n te I s l a n d s te i n t e r e s t o fte st d e n t

h
a
y b e

m
,

te o d e r n

uh
p r o o t e d by gi vin g i b e f o r e p a ssin g o v e r t o

u m
,

u
o rt o gr a phy o fte l a n g a ge te f o ll o w i n g s ar y a c c o n t

u
,

o fw h a t c h a r ac t e r s te p r i it iv e a l ph a b e t c o n sist e d in a s st il l

M
,

to b e f o n d in s o e E ro p e a n an d a l a y d ic t io n a r ie s .

T e c h ar ac t e r s ade se o f in w r it in g by n a t iv e s p r e
.

v io s t o te a rr iv a l o f S p a n iar d s w e r e se v e n t e e n v iz :
, ,

I N DE PE N DE N T VOWE L SI GN S

A . a. E . e. or I. i .

m
CO N S O NA NT S

h h
H
.

a) t
; c : 31, o
r »

hhh
Ba Ga f
t Daf
t a L af
z

u h h
7

uh
h u hh
h
a Na Pa

m
E ve ry o n e o f th e se c o n so n a n t s c a r r ie d a l o n g w ith itte
in h e r e n t v o w e l so nd o f(a ) ; a t itt l e p l a c e d a b o ve i n d ic a t e d

te so n d o fe —
i th s ,
ba —
111311 , and te sa e d o tp lac e d
 hm
hm u h
h h mh mu
U n de r te c o n so nan t a d e itso n d 071 4171 -
. lO ’t —
’t a n d so
b ,

fo rth fo r te r e st I n d e p e n d e n t vo w e l c h ar ac t e r sw e r e se d o n ly
.

mh m h
w h e n a v o w e l c a e al o n e or t w o v o w e l s c a e t o ge th e r in

h
,

te w o r d t o e xp r e ss te l a s t o f th e in te d iphth o n g a s

h h
, ,

t It ise a sy t

m
f o s

hh
s
t a n c e in "
n at c h
I

or ,
(19 11 0 , o

u
hm
q
u
d e fi c ie n t th issy st e w a st e n t te P o n e t

h
c o nc e iv e ow o r e pr e s i

um u m
of a l l te v o c a b l e s a s s y ll a b le s in te c o p o sit io n o fw h ic h

h
fi
um
, ,

h h
a n in a rt ic l a t e con s o n an t alo n e or t w o o n e a rt ic l a t e a n d

m m
te o th e r n o t e n t e r e d c o ld n o t n d a d e qa t e e a n so fe x
u
, , ,

, ,

e s te r e a d e r s

hm
pr e ssio n in w r it in g Th s in a n y c as in d
’

u u
.
, ,

w a s l e ft t te c o n t e xt w h ic h w o r d o fth o se

h
o c o n j e c t r e fr o

u u u
,

si b l e b y te sa e c h a r a c t e r sw a s e a n t a n d te w o rk
,

e xpr e s ,

uh
o f te w r it e r o ght t o h av e c o n sist e d in is s e l e c t in g s c h

h
v o c ab le s as c o l d le s s e n t a il c o n f se d n e ss th s n a rr o w in g

m
,

te ar tin t o a p r o f e ssio n k e pt by a S p e c ia l r a n k o fp e o p l e

h u
, ,

huum h h
a n d d r a w in g a l i n e ofs e p ar at io n b e t w e e n te sp o k e n a n d
w r itt e n l a n g a g e

u
.

Th is a tt e r o f te pr i it iv e al ph a b e t h av i n g b e e n o t

m
u
h
l in e d w e p a s
,
s o ve r t o te pr a c t ic a l p a r t o f it a n d sin c e ,

S p a n is h O rth o g r a phy a s b e e n so f ar in t r o d c e d i n T a ga l o g

u
,

te f o l l o w in g r e a rk s a s t o te so n d o f v o w e ls S p a n ish ,

fi
co ns o n an t s se d in T a g a l o g a n d c o b in a t io n s w ith e a c h
,

o th e r s h o l d b e l e a r n t by te st d e n t .

h h
Th e r e a r e i n S p an ish a s w e l l a s in E n g lish te ve
,

uh
,

f o llo w in g vo w e ls:

te m fw h ic h c o rr e sp o n d s n e ar l y fte sa

h
s o nd w ith th a t

u
o o e

l e tt e r s in te E n glish w o r d s:

hm mm h
O f
f B IL

h
, ,

u u
h
id e s Y y , w h ic h , w h e n itc o e s a tte e n d is c o n s

h
bes id e r e d

u m
-

uh
a s a vo w el

u u
.

e o fin T a g al o g ; b tte

h
T e s a e v o w e l s ar e ad e s

um
so n d o f A a is in d e p e n d e n t ; th o se o f E e L 1 ; 0 0 a n d

u uhu
- —

u
, ,

U -
ar e , i n te a j o r ity o f c as es re sp e c t iv e l y , fr e e ly e x

u
,

c h a n ge d , t o s it e ph o n y o r te t a s t e o f te sp e a k e r ; so
th a t , pr o p e rl y sp e a k in g , te f n d a e n t al v o w e l so n d s in

m u
T aga l o g ar e o n ly thr e e : A a , P1 U ; 1 15 o r E e h a vin g te
3 - 1
,
-
,
-

b r o a d e xp a n d e d s o n d s l y in g b e t w e e n te vo w e l so n d in

u
“
sh e e p
”
a n d in
“
b ed p a ssin g thr o g h te v o w e l so n d i n
” “ ”
b id an d s o ew h at in fi r st ; 0 0 o r (I n , th o se b e t w e e n
—

“ ”
B al l an d B ll .
h
m
u
hh
bd

it

he
m
cit

u
m
m
u
uu

m
h
m
y
u
y g, ( ”
bi

u
m
m
m
an d b ec o
h
-

um
h
h
h
o th e r ;

é )

in t o

muu m
m
uu mm
u
u
h
u
,

h
m
h
m
h b

es

i n g is n o tso fr e

m h
pr o

m
u
h
mh
n .
e
a
—

“
e é
in s
t
o
—
b

b
an

a n g o r 0 04611 1 )
-

u
hh
w o r d is t

m
”

u
um
fi n g e r s 0 0 is c h

h
u
u
y)
or

o re

in g th a n U ; b ti n c o p o s
p

0, va

9
r
w

o M
o

n
se w

-
an ,

s p r in c ip a l so n d th a t o fea i n

o b e a pp e n d e d by s
i

—
n

e
ce

bt
,
f

so e v e ry d a y f

;
e

1
”

o r e fr e

”
o
al e

q
e
—

I i , v a r ia b l e v o w e l so n d , e x c h a n g e a b l e f
e at

d
o

e s f
n
”

I i , c a n b e f o n d e v e ry w h e r e in w o r d s, b ta tte b e gin n
—

ig)
, (
en t
“
to
as A a and

w i s h ”

s
.

ts
t
7
o

)
l o-
v
“
e
”
;
c

pr
’

e
I
”

r i a b l e v o w e l so n d e x c h a n g e a b l e f
0
so n d in g n e a r l y a s0 i n O ff E x a p l e : 0161 7 19 o r Ut
e t

h h
“
“
”
”

C o

e n t ly

E x a p l e : 0 16 l1 e a d ; O lo a n o r b e tt e r O l e
n
n

;
d
ba bd e , ba ba y e

C
a

et
o
i

w
“

o r E c h a v in g f

It is pr e d o in a n t
o r r e p l a c in g th a t o f E e

0 0 E x a p l e s: I big o r

T
(p r o n

i
pr

th
cc

or
n

at
t
a

it io n w h e n te fi n a l 0 o fa r o o t

,
or

k
.

‘
U

t
n

a i
e
”

fix o i s ge n e r a lly c h a n g e d
XV I

g (

b
o
-

e gin n

“
“

a in l y

pr
f
. o

b ig
n

e
or

,
ba ba y
”
’

,
,

—
(

.
pr o n

.
.

,
ba

-
-

,
bd

—
.

,
-
e

,
,

.
ba

—
.

h
”

h
“
h e a d e d o r b o l st e r

u
.

m u
e xc h a n g e a b le f

h muuh
U v a r i ab le v o w e l s
—

o nd or 0 0 s o n d in g —

in b ll Fe w w o r d sb e gin w ith th isvo w e l ; b ti sfr e qe n t

u
, , ,
“ ”
l ik e .

u
ly et w ith a t te idd le a n d a lto g n o tso ch at te e n d

m
.
, ,

E x a p l e s: Ua la (p r o n O o a lci ) n o th in g ; P t “ ”
Z (p r o n P00
’
/
-
. .

u
, , ,

teé
) “
“
h i t en es s
”
i ti ( pr d a

fi
w ; p c c a o r
p o e c o n p o o c o o o r
p a w c - - -

m
.

m
, ,

o
) t o w ake
”
U g e n e r a l ly r e p l a c e sfi n a l 0 i n r o o t w o r d sw h e n —

m
.

u
,

u
te l a tt e r a r e r e c o p o n d e d by e an s o fa s fx a s said a b o ve

uu u u um
u
.

W h a t is sa id a b o t te in t e r c h a n ge a b il ity o f E a n d I

u
h
,

t n o tb e c o n st r e d t th a t e ith e r o f

h u
0 an d U s o ean

th e h a v e a n e qa l ph o n e t ic v a l e in w r it in g E if w r itt e n

u
.

u
, ,
“ ” “ ”
sh o l d a l w a y s b e p r o n n c e d a s e i n b e d ; I a s 1 in
'

ill ;
“

h
“
0 as 0 1 n
,
r o ll an d U as in b ll Th s n a t i ve s
, , , ,

w h e n th e y w a n t t pr o d c e te v o w e l so n d o f b e d w r it e “ ”

uh
o ,

6 an d s o f o r th f o r te o th e r v o w e l s W h a t is ge n er a l ly in .

u uum u
f e r e n t e sp e c i a ll y in p o l y sy l l a b l e s is t

h
d if

h
,
o pr o n o n c e an d ,

w r it e E o r I O o r U; I a n d U h o w e ve r b e in g p r e va l e n t ;

u
, , ,

b ti f f o n s o ft a s te f te sa k e o f e ph o n y o r t

h
o r r e as or o

m u mu
, ,

s it te p e c l i a r l o c a l an n ers o fs p e a k in g o n e o f th e se ,

it s

u h
i n t e r c h a n ge a b l e s o n d s is pr e f e rr e d h o l d b e w r itt e n

u
,

c o p e o f te

h
a c c o r d i n gl y T e br o a d s vo w e l s o n d s ac c o n t s

m
.

u
f o r th i se xp a n s io n as n o is c o n c e pt io n c an
,
a r is e fr o p ro

o r te o th e r

h h
s

fi
n o n c in g o n e w a th e re b e in g p r o p e r ly p e ak
y

u
, ,

u hm
in g o n l y th r e e vo w e l s o n d s in T a g al o g

m m
u
.

u
,

L o o k in g f rth e r in t o te a tt e r a sc ie n t i c al re s e arc h

h
,

w ill p r o v e th a t n a t iv e sp r o n o n c e te s e c o n d a n d th ir d v o w e l s

mm
in a w a y s h a r in g n e a r ly e qa l ly o fte so n d s in t o w h ic h th e y

u
c a n b e e xp a n d e d so e w h a t a ft e r te a n n e r th a t te vo w e l

uu
,

e i s p r o n n c e d in te E n gl ish w o r d pr e tty f “
o r te f or

er an d ,
so e th in g a s a n i n t e r e d ia t e so n d b e t w e e n 0
“
in ro ll a n d
”
in
“
b ll f or te latt e r ,
 XV II

h
hh
m h
u hh
h
h m m
u
CO N S O N A NT S

h
m
te w o r d

h
a tt e r w h a t p a r t o f

h
B b so n d s a sin E n glish n o
—

, ,

it c o e s i n E x a p l e s: B e t t t ”

h
“
. a
(pr o n b a a b ) c i l d : T a b c i .
-
.

D
, ,

on t

u uh uu u
” ”

h
“ “
( pr ec b a ) f a t n es
-
s ; i b d i b ( p r o n d ec b d e é b ) br e a st -

m m
. . .
, ,

Co a s te p al a t a l so n”d it a s in c art E x a p l e ”s: ”

h
.
,

c a ga t (p r o n i
“
t b i t B d l ( p b l )
“
i
’

,
aa g a n o . e ; c a
-
r o n a
, ce r o n ,
.
-
, ,
“
It t

m h
Pa la ce l (p r o n p a la c é ll) a x e ac
(
-
p ro n c c ci
-
ck
) k n i f e -

muu uu
. .
, ,

Th is l e tt e r in o d e r n S p a n ish w e n c o in g b e f o r e 6 o r 1 , ,

so n d sl i k e E n glish t in th in k

h
n d o ft e x is

h
”

h h h
“

h
No s ch s o ts .

i n T a g a l o g : th s ifa n y S p a n i s h w o r d in w h ic h 0 f l fi ls te

h
,

se o fin T a g a lo g a n d it

h
hh hh
abo ve e n t i o n e d c o n d i t io n s i s
-
ad e

um u
is p r e f e r r e d t e r v e te l e tt e r it s

hh h
o pr e s h o ld b e p r o n o n c e d 3

u
.
,

t an c e C “ ”
t

h
Fo r i n s e bo lla (S
p) n io n i s b p d S b ll
’

o ; o e r o n o n c e e o a

u
t
, , ,

t t t t

h h h
( th t i s s S b ll d b ll s i sh l d
’ '

a o a
y e o a a n n o e -
o a a -
o -

u
—

, , ,

h a v e b e e n ) ; b titis c h b e tt e r t o T a a li z e te w o r d by w r it in g

h h
g

hh h
Sebo y a Si bo y a o r S i b y a (p r o n S e bé y a o r See bO y a Sec - - - -

u
.
, , ,

te la st b e in g te b e st T a ga liz e d a n d pr o n o n c e d o f

h
bo o y a
-

u m
,

te th r e e
fi
u m
.

O w in g t
o te p a l a t a l th is l e tt e r a s b e f o r e so n d w h ic

m
u u u u m
t o te lac k o f x e d n e s s in te

h h
a o or a cons o n an t and

m u m
, , ,

to gr a p y o fte l a n g a g e C is w r itt e n by so e p e o p l e t

u h
o

m
r e p r e se n t te so n d o fqin c o n qe r Th s a ga in

u
,
“ ” “ ”
in e ;

m u u
.
, ,

is w r itt e n by so e ( w in ; b tw e c o n s id e r th i s a n i p r o

m
q
um
o fw r it t t s ed t a in t

fi
p er an n er i n
g a n d i i o n l y e n t i o n o ac

m u
te st d e n t w ith ita n d t t t an d s c h

h
o e n able i o n d ers

u u
d e v ia t i o n w h e n e a n d it s ed i n o th e r b o o k s f or no
y

m
G
u m
,

th in g o fitw il l b e f o n d in th is r a

u h
ar w h e r e a ga in a n d

m m
si il a r a r t ic l a t io n s a r e a l w a y s w r itt e n q
,

hh h
m
.

u
Dd It is n o tso d e n t a l in T a galo g a s it is in E n g lish

h
—
.

u
.

It il d a st b l e th a t o fR w ith w h ic i t

h h
s so n d is so o re s e

m
isi n t e r c h a n ge a b l e in an y c as es Exa p l e s: D gd (pr o n do o gd e ) -

mm mu
.
, , ,
“ ”
b l o o d ; g o n do c o r B n do c (p r o n bo n do c k o r bo o n dec k) “ o n -
'

u
.

r C
,

t a in ; C a at r C a at C t t
”
i d i p é d ab cé r )
p o p r
( r o n a
p a e o p a - -

m
f - -
.
,

br o th e r o r sist e r Dd a tte e n d o fa w o r d

h h
” “
. a
y
—
b e w r it,

t e n d o r r (te t e r in a t io n d b e in g pr e f e r a b l e ) a n d te so n d

h
m mhhmh h
m m
sh a r e s o f b o th l e tt e r s so e w h a t a s i n E n gli sh ; b tin r o o t

mm
,

u
w o r d s i n it i a l d is g e n e r a ll y c h a n ge d in t o il d 1 i n c o p o si '

m
,

h
t io n s w h e r e a n y p a rt ic l e e n d in g in a v o w e l is pr e fix e d ; f or

mmu m
“
in s t a n c e : da ) “ ”
c h ; ca r a i a n in s
,
t e a d o fca da i a n aj o , ,

e is te c a s e a tte e n d w h e n te w r it i n g w ith

h
”
r ity T e s a

u
.
,

h
“ ”
d isp r e f e r r e d a sf r o p i lad o r
p ci lar l c ky ; c a
p a la n if
n st e a d

mu m
at
, ,

o fca a la d a n
p
“
h a pp i n e s s I n
, t e i dd l e o fa r o o t i s o re .

se d th a n w hen a co n s o n an t p r e c e d e s; o n te c o n tr a ry

m
“
i sg e n e r a ll y pr e c e d e d by a v o w e l a n d at e (pr o n
p a n d d ck) d w arf ,
.
—

3 13 , (pr o n se é )
“
t o .d e s tr o y ” -
,
.

G g s -
o n d s a s i n E n g l is
,
h in te w o r d s ge t g r a v e ” “
,
” ”
fi n ge r E x a p l e s: Ga bi (pr o n Ga it6156 ) n ig ht ; p a ged o r
.
,
.
-
h h hm h u h X VI II

h
fi
m
u
u m
pr lt 6 d r i s s d l ( d
'

p e -
g ,
o r ( o n p e 9 o r o e g o
. w e a -
n e e e g p r o n e -

h
”
W y) a k in d o f s

h
“
, g a s i
. n S p a n i s h w o s o n d s. a h a-
r sh , ,

g tt r a l o n e st r o n g e r th a n th a t o fte E n gl i s h It a n d a n o th e r

u
,

u
,

il d a c c o r d in g r e s p ec t iv e l y t o it s c o in g b e f o r e 6 a n d 73 o r

mm hmu u
u mu u
,

t
, ,

n te S p a n i s t

uh u
an o th e r l e tt e r I h s y l l a b l e s 9 11 6
g e a d o e s n o

m
y .
,

so n d a ta l l (1 ) itb e in g o n ly a sig n o fpr o n n c i a t io n in d ic a t in g

u
, ,

t a t g isn o t t o b e p r o n o n c e d g tt r ally b tth a t itso n d sa ste

h h
,
“ ”

u h
sa e l e tt e r in ga t e Th is i s so e t i e sd i sr e ga r d e d in T ag a

m m
.

e p e o p l e w r it in g gia t

uh
lo g s o in s t e a d o fg in t wk)
’

o é (p r o n ge -

u mh
.

u
, ,
“
g o l d ”
e tc N ow i f t e p r o p e r r l e s o fte S p a n is h P ro s o dy

uu
.
, ,

u
are t

h
o b e a pp l ie d h e r e a s e l s e w h e r e in T a a lo g
g g in id s h o l d

m
m
,

t oe w h il e g in t o w h ic h i ste c o rr e c t t e r

h h h
b e pro n o n c ed e -

m
, , ,

tee a s its

h
sh o l d s o n d ger h o l d b e T e st d e n t isw a r n

mu
—

.
,

u
e d th a t te a r t ic l a t i o n s 9 6
“ “ ”
in g e l d e r 9 13 in g ift w ill a l
G
u
t

mh uh h
w a y s b e w r itt e n in t is a a r in d iff e r e n t ly g e e g e o. r

m u m
, ,

g
-
e 9 6 t -
e hyph en b e in g s ed e sp e c ia l l y i n c o p o s i t i o n fo r

u u
, , ,

te sa e p r p o se s a s te in se r t io n o f te a s e xp l a i n e d ,
“

h e r e a ft e r G g w h e n a tte e n d o f a p a r t ic l e sh o ld b e d is
—

u
.
,

t in c t l y pr o n o n c e d in a ve r y il d a n d p a r t ic l a r w a y s o e

m m mu m
b lin g te so n d it a s in te E n g l ish w o r d d ig “

h
w h at r e s

u mm
e

m
n it t

hh h
y H e a r in g i h o w e ve r p ro n o n ced by a n a t iv e w i l l

u
, ,

c o n ve y a b e tt e r id e a o f it s so n d A n y d is r e g ar d o n th is

u
.

ig ht l e a d t c o n c e pt io n s f

h
p o in t o an y is or e d e li an d , ,

h
o fth e p o n d so fde li sw ift

h
“
e gd e li a l th o gh b o th are c o

m m
, ,

h
”

h
n es s d iff e r b r o a d ly in s en s e T o w h at as b e en s a id a b o t

m
.

u
,

te in se rt io n o f a te f o l lo w in g isa n e x c e pt io n W h e n a n y

u h m
.

u
,

p a r t ic l e e n d in g in g is t o b e pr e fix e d t o a r o o t b e gin n in g

u m u
w ith i te e n o t b e in s e r t e d ; b ti n te l a tt e r

h h h
a or a
r

y y

u
,

te g o fte p art ic l e sh o l d b e se p a r a t e d fr o te 13 by

m u hh
c as e

u
,

a hyph e n th s t o d en o te
,
th a t 9 a s te il d s o n d w h ic h

itw o l d h a v e
“ ”
ad b e e n i n se rt e d E x a p l e : I big w ish

m
.
, , ,
“
l o v e ; p e g { big o r p e g ibig (pr o n p e g geé beey ) t
” -
o w is h ” “
t o ,
.
- -
, ,

l o v e ; a n d n o tp e b cé bceg i n te fi r s t o fth e se c a se s T e
”

h
-

m
.

muhuh
e n te r o o t t

h u
hyph e n a
y a ls o b e s ed w h o w h ic h a p a r t ic l e

u m m
e n d in g w ith g i s t o b e p r e fix e d b e g in s w ith te s a e co n

u
,
“ ” “
so n a n t a s i n ge n e w o rk ; p e g ge e d w o rk in g or w h e n 71 - r

mH
, , ,

h
H
sh o l d b e s e p ar a t e d fr o an
y o th er c o n s o n a n t w ith w h ic h

it ight h a v e a d iff e r e n t s o nd as ac é (pr o n o ock ,

-
,
.

“
f a c e d c ci (pr o n do o k d ) p o o r ; o r t
-
“
o i n d ic a t e th a t t wo-

u
.
, ,

con s o n a n t s d 0 n o tf s e in t o e a c h o th e r a si n b le c le c (pr o n ,
-
,
.

h hh
”

h
“
bo o k le ck -
flo w e r .

h h h h
s o n d s e x ac t l y a s in E n g lish E x a p l e s: e le ga

m
’

h
.
,

h
hm u
uu m
mhh
mu
m
T
6

te 11 in ser t e d b et

umhh
( )
1 s s in w ic
e re a re so e ween 9 a n d a n y
ca e
T

uh um h
mu h
m
o f te v o w e l s e o r 13, s t tt

h
o n ds s b

fi
b o i n S p a n i n d i n a g a l o g; e n

m
a

u m
,

te c r e a s o ld b e sed Fo r in s ta n c e , n i ce
”
ea n s w o rd
” i
n Ta

u u u u
.

g a l og: i fa p a r tic l e e n d in
g in g is t o b e p re x e d , (
a s e g i s s o e t i e s )

u
,

t sf or in g 11t e giiice ,
“
to p r o n o n c e (p ro n .e g o o d k e ), t e c r e a is .
— -

n ece s s a ry , f or o te r w i s e te c o o n d re s lt i n
g w o l d b e e
g i ce and
p
'

it s o ld a ve t o be
p r o no n c e d e g g r é k e ,
d e st r c t iv e o f t e s o n d n i ce - -
.
mhu H
h
pr o n h
h
mhM
M
M
h
M u 71e 71 le 71 “
pr ic e
XI X
ke le y
’

(pr 7111 711 1 711 )

2 “
t t

M
-
y, o n
a o p

u
. .
,

t ”

h h
l in e n o d ry r a fi n al c o n so n a n t
—
is n e ve

m
. .
,

h
L l so n d s a s i n E n g lis h E x a p l e s: Lo cso ( p r o n L o c ks0) '
-

u m
. .
, ,

le a p ; t (pr o n t
” “ ” “ ”
j p e le be le be ) o ys t e r ; ce 1 e ba l ’

e -

m
.
, , , ,
“
11 be l ) i
(p r o n ce
. 1 t w n ,

1 11 I t s so n d in T a ga lo g d o e sn o td if fe r fr o th a t w h ic h

u m m m
.

u
h
it a s1 11 E n glis
”

hh u
“
h E x a p le : e e l ( p r o n . e I1 71 e 71 l ) d ear ; —

m
.

u
, ,

s e ld e t (pr o n s e I1 ldI1 111 e t t) th a n k s gé t

“
o 111
-
( p-
r o n g o

u
.
, , , ,
.

n o tN 1 1 i s ge n e r a ll y
“
h n ge r 111 a n d se d b e f o r e I) a n d
t t

h
“ ” “ ”
n r o o t w o rd s : Se b1i rn l sl p
p i o o ; e
p e a , ,
.

h h h
N 11 so n d s a s in E n g l ish E x a p l e szz N ec e o (pr o n 1 1117 1 . .

) s
“
t e a lin g t a n d e (p r o n t d a e 11 (p r o n
’

ce -
o en

u u
. .
, , ,
”

uh
r o ad

mu m
h m
F is a n e x c l s iv e T a ga l o g c o n s o n an t an d a

u u
v e ry p e c l ia r o n e b o th in c h a r a c t e r a n d i n so n d T e la tt e r

m u
.

u
,

u
i s p r o d c e d by e xp e l lin g te b r e a th t o w a r d s te r o o f o fte

h
o th s o th a t a p o r t io n o f te a ir sh o l d c o e f o rth th r o gh te
nos t r il s T e st d e n t sh o ld h a ve itp r o n o n c e d by a n at iv e

m
. .

at
” “ ”

h
“

u h
E x a p le s: Nge y é n (pr o n Nge l1 y é 1 ) n o w p r e se n t ; se n ge —

m
. 1
, , ,
“
f

h
(p r o n s en
g e7 1 ) b r an c h o a tr e e Ng i s n e v e r a t e r i n a l

m
—

u
.
, ,

h
cons o n an t

u
.

u
Ng n g a tte e n d o fa w o r d

fi h h
-
ay b e a p a rt th e r e o f o r a

um
,

M
h um m
e ph o n ic l iga en t ; in e ith e r c a s e b o th le tt e r s h a v e a n a sa l

u
,

so n d 9 h a v in g te il d b ts t ill p e r c e pt ib l e so n d it a s

u u
, ,

in
“
d ig n ity a s a b o ve sa id ; b tif119 b e lo n gst
”
o te w o r d a n d

u
te l a tt e r iss fx e d w ith a n y a d it en t

h h
a b e g in n in g w ith a v o w e l ,

h
11 9 is c h a n g e d i n t o 17 9 a n d te s o n d iste n a s a l o n e p e c l ia r

m m
t o te l a tt e r ; f
“ ” “
o r in s t e ge l
g g d s o nd g
ce e
‘ an c e : o o

u
, , ,
“ ” ”

h
“
l11 19 e 11 g o o d n e ss so n d n e s s Ng a l w a y s c o e s b e f o r e a

m
.
, , ,

h
vo w el .

P p I t a s te s
-
a. e so n d a s i n E n gl ish E x a ple s .

“ “ ”
Pe 1 e (pr o n Pe re ) l ik e p e cp e c (pr o n p e c k p ec k) w in g ;
'

- f -

q
u
. .
, ,

h
t ”

h
“

h
de p (p s
’

r o n d e keép ) o e iz e -

uu u
. .
, ,

P p r e p l a c e sfin a ll S p a n ish w o r d s in w h ic h te l a tt e r

fi
-

m
, ,

te so n d o ffb e in g

h
e n t e r s w h e n th e y h a v e b e e n T a ga l iz e d

u
, ,

fv e ry d ifc l t pr o n n c ia t io n f

h
e xo t ic an d o o r a n a t iv e Th s

u u m
.
,

fo r in st an c e f e 1101
“
favo r ”
i s T a ga l iz e d in t o 11 111101 a n d s o on

u
Qq
.
, , ,

a s t e sa e s o n d a s i n F r e n c h o r i n t e E n g l ish

u
-

u u
w o r d s a n t iq sh o l d a l w a y s b e w r itt e n q
,
“ ”

hh
an d

humh h
e ,
e

(te 11 b e in g s

h h
o n dle s s

h h
) w i th e ith e r 6 o r 1 f o l l o w in g E x a

p l e s: q q ; q
.

t ”

h h
1 le le pr k l l l b i t d ith
’

( e e e e ) a c n e w e

m
n o e a

m
o 1 ,
.
,

fih h hh m h
u
h u
q y

h
a c tta t t t

h
f t t is f

h
( ) T a y w o r d sw e n

fi
1 l n d n l en

m m
e e a e e 1 re a

wr it te n in te R o a n c ar ac t e r a n d ta t te sa e c o n so n a n tn e ver b e in g a

h
of

h
fi
m m
T
m
a b le t o to s

h
n a l le tt t t t n c e l n te l a t t t

hh h hh
s s

fi
a ga l o i d i r i

m
e

m
n p
T
e r 1 11 g c o e a e c e ,
e

t t t t

hu
o nl
y w o r s a d p d t S p n is a l p a b e n d p r so d y o a ga l o g T e a

u
a e e a o .

i p o rt a n ce o f t s t e sn o t s t

um
a p e n d in g
p o a n a l ar l
p y a c c e n e d vo w e l d o ee o -

u
a ve a
pp e a r e d to t e ir in d s n o r t e y se e e d to r e a l ize t e s i p l ic ity
o et
,

r es lt in g f w r it be t et t e a d o f ge n t le be t c t o f

fi
in s
’

ro in g ge n de o c or ,

t
, ,

te d e riva t ive s ce ge n d e e 11 be 10 1 11 t sd o in g a w a y w it o n e o fte gr e a t

, , ,

es
'

, ,
d ifc lt ie s te l an g a ge .
 h
um h uu
( wa dehu
mu
hu h
hu
m,

a tt e n t i o n
(ke y b1 eI1 d e ) w r e c k
p r o

i s p a id t
n

o
.

S p a n is h o rt
-

o gr a
I n in s
p i c
e rt in
-
g t
a l r l e s w h ic h
e 11 d
T
,

a
e
“
XX

m
.

l s b n b i l t p o n ; b to w in g h w v t t s e
g a o g a e e o e e r o e a

m u
, ,

ca s e s a s e xp l a in e d for te is s e o f C an d G an d t o a

d iff e r e n t e p l o y in g o f 0 w h e n l a ga l o g b e ga n t

uh
o b e w r itt e n

m
umu
,

st il l Q a l o n e a n d n o t 011 i s f o n d i n so e a n c i e n t b o o k s

h m
p e r so n s w r it e 01 00 i n st e a d o f011 1 00 a n d

h
an d e ve n now s o e

m u m m
so o n f or a n a l o go s a r t ic l a t io n s a p r a c t ic e w h ic h i s o n n o

m
, ,

h h
s

h
ac c o nt o b e re c o
,
en ded
Q i n e ve r a fi n a l l e tt e r . .

u
R r T e so n d o f th i s c o n so n a n t i s so e w h a t t

h
—
o be

u
.

p ared t th a t o f te sa e in E n gl i sh w h e n itc o e sa t

hmh h
co o

u u
te i dd l e o fa w o r d a s f t a n c e in v e r y ; b t in so ”

h
“
o r in s

u
q
u u
, ,

h a r e s th a t o fD w ith w h ic h itis f r e e n t ly in t e r
,

a r a s its

h
f

h
‘
mu
c a n ge a b l e , te s t d e n t w o ld d o w e ll t o n o t ic e o w i ti s p r o

n o n c e d by n a t iv e s R r isn e v e r f o n d at te b e bgin n in g b ta t

h
—
.

te idd l e o r te e n d o f w o r d s; a tte e n d h o w e v e r a is

h h
’
, ,

r ef e 1 a b le t

uh h
E x p l es 111 e 1 e l113l p 1 a l1 i100l)
’

p o 1 a ( ro n 111 e
p er -

m
—

m
. . .
,

h a p s ; la 0e 1 o r Zd 0e 0l (p 1 o n L 1 0e 1 o r (e ce de) t
” ”

‘
“

h
w a lk ;
’ ’

o -

‘
-
.
, ,

t t t

h
”
f

h hhhh
101 0 p 1 7 ) p i t A s i s i t h b i l i ty

h
( r o n 0 1 0 1 . o o n o ? o r n e r c a n g e a

D se e th is l e tt e r
,

w it

u
.
,

S s a s te so n d o fE n glish 3 in sa e
‘
” “

h
“
es E x a
y
—

m
.
,
”
p l e s: S ig/e (pr o n see y ew ) “
e or ,
s e ; l1 s e 11
-
(p r o n le é s en
) ,
-
,
“
t o le a v e of f ; le ba s (pr o n le 0119 3 ) o t sid e S 3 r e p l a c e sC
” “ ”
’

uu
. .

ufi
, ,

i n te S p a n is h sil l a b l e s 00 01 se 2 0 2 11 (p r o n te y tee te , , , ,
.
, , ,

17100 17100) (pr o n t a s in in a l l S p a n is h w o r d s ad e

M
u m
.
,

se o f in T a ga l o g th is str o n g so n d o f tn o te x i s t in g i n te

mh u
,

l a n g a g e a s a b o ve sa id Oebo lle . a re ,

ep e t

h
T a ga l iz e d i n t o s i b y e 51301 011 s o, 5017 0 81 1000 , , , .

T ts —
o n d s a s i n E n gl is
,
h in t “
ea E x a p l e s: To n e y o r
t f e y (pr o n 15011 1 1 1 o r t
'

z ,
oo .
-
(pr o n gee k 11300 .
-

h
et ( 1 on et

h
“
dead p ) a n(
’

m
u m
.
, ,

Y y a tte b e gin n in g o fa w o r d o r a s
-
,
y ll a b l e a n d b e f o r e a
v o w e l a tte

uh
vo w e l is c o n s
,
id e r e d a s a c o n s o n an t an d as a ,

end It sso n d i s th a t w h ic h it b e a r s i n E n glish in

u
.

“d a
y E x a . p l e s Ye 0e
p (pr o n
y a k 01271 1 )
.
1
“
t o e br a ce d i et
y ” e .
-
,

( p r o n d ee.
y a te )
“
-
th e r ’

e f o r -
e ; b e
y yb e (pr o n b e a c h ’

,
. .

Th is l e tt e r is se d f o r S p a n is h L l a sT a ga l iz e d in cebo lle s1 b11y e

'

, .

Y pr e c e d e d by a c o n s o n an t is n e v e r t o b e f o n d a tte
e n d o f w o rd s

h
.

h m
E S PE CI A L R E ARK .

um u m u
h
m hm
o n s c o n s lt in g Sp a n is T a ga l o g d ic t io n a r ie s
Pe r s -
st be

m m
aw ar e o f te i n d i s cri in a t e se o f so e l e t t ers : E an d I O

mu
,

an d U , C a n d S 0 1 Q, D a n d R , Y a n d I L l a n d ,

an d 9 0 1 Q11 a n d Q l o o k in f r te s e w o r d w r itt e n i n
g 9 g o ,
a , ,

t e v a r io s a n n e r s i n w h ic h itc a n b e , th a t th e y a
y g e t
at itso e wa o r o th e r
y .
 M
XXI

hhh
PR O SO DY

u u u
h h
.

u m
u h h h
A l th o gh S p a n is Pr o s o d y c o ld no tb e s
o f l ly a pp l ie d

u
t o T a ga l o g t i s a s b e e n h o w e v e r do ne in s o fa r a s it s

mu u
,

a pp l ic a t io n is n o t d e s tr c t iv e of te p e c l ia r c h a r ac t e r o fte
l a tt e r T e s t d e n t s w o r k te r e f o r e ,
’
aybe a d va n c e d b y is
q
.
,

r e \ io sl v b i n a i n t e d w i th te f o l lo w in g p roo so d ic a l
g
'

p e a c re
ar k .

m u
CO

h
PO S I T I O N O F S Y L L A B L IS

h
A s y ll a b l e in I a ga lo g ay c o n sis
'
t .

h
O f a sin gl e vo w e l , a s (1 i n 11 011 la to g es s -
, .

O f o n e vo w e l a n d o n e c o n s o n an t or v ic e v e r s a , a s111 , in —

u
” ”
11 1 a , in a bd , l e n gth —

O f o n e vo w e l b e t w e e n t wo c o n s o n an t s a s p e n i n p a n 7110 -

u
, ,

t ”

h
o go p st a ir s .

O f o n e vo w e l a n d t wo co ns o n a n t s pr o v id e d te l a tt e r

m u
,

h
b e n o tf s
”
ib l e in t o e a c h o th e r a s in 11 119 00 111 r ac e , ,
-

”
a n c e sr t y

u m
.

Of one co n so n a n t one vo w e l an d t
wo con so n a n t s n d er

u m m
,

te sa e co ndi t io n s a s a b o v e , as l11zy in 111 9 -

0011, t
o

h
”
w a it po n .

t f te f o r e r

h h
Of co ns t s an d vo w e l ,
'

wo o n an one one o

mm
b e in g a l iqid o n e a s0111 in 11 11 0101 a st o n ish e n t (1 )

u
” ” -
.
, ,

W o r d s c o n si st in g o f t wo s i il a r p o rt io n s a r e e x c e pt e d ,
”
a s in

fi
b la c Za c

fi
—
flo w er

u
,

T e s a e co b in a t io n sas in F f o l lo w e d by a c o n so n a n t

u
, ,

e d n e tf
”
a s 010 1 in (1 11 01111 ( “)
2 -
r e o r s ( s in g e n c l o -

m
,

a k in d o fp l a y
”
s r e ) 01 01 in 31 01 01 w ith p e bb l e s

u
, ,

Of o n e co n s o n an t o ne vo w e l a n d t
, wo co ns o n an t s n d e r

c e r t a in c o n d it io n s t o b e e xp l a i n e d h e r e aft e r a s 1008 in

h
,

(008 0 -
“
t
o
, j p ”
.

uh u m
DI V I S I O N ES

u
OF S Y L L AB L
’

hh h h h
A co ns o n an t be t w e e n t w o vo w e ls j o in s te s e c o n d vo w e l

hh
h
,

s t s f s s f

m
s s s b

u
l l t l h l d p t d p rp

u
( w e c o

h
n e e a v o e o e e a r a e o r o o

u
hm Th
u
hhm m
I n tis te la n g a ge
(1 ) a s b ee n in fl e n ce d b y S p a n is P r o s o dy ,

m u u
q
u
f o r te li id c o n s o nant s w e re f or er ly , a n d a re s t il l , p r o n o n c e d s ep a ra

Cm
u
t el
y b y s
o p p ,
e l s
p i lly b y t o se w o a v e b e e n k e
p t a l o o f fro

u
e o e e e c a
int e w it S p a n ia r d s s, bn eld , isp ro n o n ce d b y te ba a lei a n d

fi
e rc o r s -

uT
.

so f o rt f or s i ila r a r t ic l a t io n s
( )
2 o b i n a ti o n s F a n d G a r e n o t fo n d in t e . r st sy l l a b l e s of
U en
0
r
i n e a g a l o g w o r d s .
h
h
“

m
h
ohh
u
m
p o sit

h ;

u
uh
u

hh
o fte f o r
m u
t e a sp ir at

m
hhm muh
”
b

s o r tn e s

u
m
io n w h e n te a f

h
a

h
a pp l i c a b l e

u u
t a
-
ed s
“
c

a r e e x c e pt e d E x a

”
o

,
il

M
d
.
M
nd of
”

p
D
l
f

i
ix e s 11 1 o r 11 11 o g tt

s ; 1111 0101 c o p l a in t
e ite r t
-
s y

or
l.

e sza 0 11 0
l a

,
b l
“
e scons

n o tc h

,
” “

o d e r i v a t iv e s a n d

w o r d s e n d i n g i n a gr a v e l v a c c e n t e d v o w e l
i st

m
o be s e p a r a te d f o r p rpo s e so f co
c
”
i st
'

i n

01 0 1
g

i n t o w ic h I o r 1 e n t e r s w ith a c o n so n a n t w ith w h ic h e ith e r

er c an b e f s

i n r o o t t a ga lo g w o r d s f
ed a re c o n s

a r ge
”
“
-
o f

id e r e d as a s
,
o

t w
ad
b e p re c e d e d b v
71 a se xp l a in e d f r t e r o n ) E x a rn p le s: A i
o
”
e
qlo
a l
b

in gl e c o n s
.

te p r p o se s o fd iv isio n a s 111 1 011

p
i
o r

n at

Th i si sn o tge n e r a l l y
,

c o n t r a c t io n s o r t
-
t i
i

o ro o t

w e n te l a tt e r
p o sit io n a sa b o ve in d ic a t e d
o ns

ons

o n an t
,

.
.

,
-
,

m
,

t t a k e o t; 1111 1 111 1 c t it ; p e e l 1
” ”

mh
“

h h
“
E x a p l e s: a g la b/ is -
o-
,
-
.
-
1

u
h h
d isp l e a se d

u
When t e bet w e en t w o v o w e ls t

hh h h
wo cons o n an ts c o
’
o e ac ,

E x a p l e s: [ fn i l s t

h
co ns o n a n t is j o i n e d be in
'

vo w e l a o -

mu m m
,

f a il y w a y ; 11 11 1 71111 st il l qie t

m
” ”
-

u
,

s c o n re be t w e e n t
,

W e n t r e e c o n so n a n t w o vo w e l s te t

h
wo

u m
,

t c o n so n a n t s j o i n te fi r s tv o w e l a s in Da 1 1g

h
fir s l e n gt

m
,

m
te t b t te e x t it v o fte l it t

uh h
e a s r e fr o o re l e fi n ge r

u m
str e t c e d o t

m h
e o fth r e e in g b et we e n t

h
T e c as co ns o n an ts c o w o vo w e l s

m
e s a s i n te p r e c e d i n g e x a

h h
o n l y o c c r si n c a s p le w h e n g c o e s

h
a ft e r 1 1 f o l l o w e d by a c o n s o n an t o r in c o b i n a t i o n s i n w h ic
.

h
I e n t e rs f s ed w it so e o t e r c o n so n a n t

m u m
.

u
E ve r y fi n a l c o n so n a n t j o in s te p r e c e d in g vo w e l t

hh
o fo r

m
‘

h m
a s y l l a b l e t e r e w ith

m u
.

E v e r y fi n a l v o w e l t s a c c e n t e d I ) s o l d b e c o n sid e r e d

u m
as s te p r e c e d in g l e tt e r sa n d f o r in g a sy l l a b l e

mh u m
e p ar at e d fr o

u u
by it se lf T isiso fte t o st i p o rt a n c e a s se r v i n g t o d ist in

u m
.

g i sh a n y w o r d s w i c a r e w r itt e n a l i k e a n d o n l y d i ff e r i n

te a”c c e n t Th s 001“101 e a”n s c h ilt ; b tba t£3 111 e a 1”1 s to

.
,
-
“ ”
,
-
,

s ff e r ; 011 801 e an s t o w e t; b t (10 5 3 e an s t o read 6an d

1
- -
, , ,

h h
o te r

h
so o n f or an y wo rds .

m
u h
h u mu um
u u m i n g i n T a ga l o g isp e r a p s t

h
T e os t d iffi c lt t o lay d o w n
p r o p e r r l e so n te a c c e n t a n d th o se f o ll o w b ta v a i n ph a n t o

h
,

eek t e x ac tn ro d e s o fa c c e n ta t i r f

h
w o s o pr e s c r ib e or vo c a

u m
b le s r e ga r d i n g w h ic h e ve n n a t iv e a th o r it i e s a r e n o ta gr e e d

h h
an d o f a v va r y a c c o r d in g t l it

h
w h ic h en n c ia t io n o lo c a v w

T e ( n e to f r rn rs
S lr f r rar s a n ( a 1 1s
1 t s tre n t ro ( s
1 1 1

m u
th is; th e r e a r e w o r d s i n t e ir d ic t io n a r ie s w r itt e n i n a s a n y

u
h m m
m u
a s t r e e d iff e r e n t

hh h u
w ay s

um m m
T e w r itt e n S p a n i sh a c c e n tin d ic a t i v e o fte s y ll a b le po n

u m u
w h ic h a p a rt ic l a r st r e ssis l a id as b e e n so e w h a t i n j
d ic i o s ly a pp l ie d t o T a ga l o g S o e gr a a r ia n s
g.o so f
a r

as t o ad it o f s e v e n d iff e r e n t a n n e r so fa c c e n t a t io n ; s o e ,

f o r ; a n d so e o t e r s, t r e e ; w h ic t e y r e pr e se n tb v ac t e ;
m
m
m
u h
g

h h
m
u
o

h
h
o

h
u
u
d

m h
m
u
uhf
ta oa a n
' “

t
p
“
s
er o n ;
t
r a
”
a b a l in g f n d o r { 11 11 6 11
J a

t
b a ti

‘
‘

h
d l s
’

g o o e l o w r n a l zc e n a g y ; a n a c o n o n o r d a g e r

mm
t
, ,

a [ co t a li ce t t t

h h h
/

na a n a c o r a n a c na n a
g v s o n o r d a g e r

u
,

u
,

ba n do c 111 e n t rn a t t t
“ ” “ ” “
a i1 1 d as ig b d s
’

a n J a n a e
°
oc a a
; /
g a

u m
, ,

o nt a in i s i
g

u
A to r tisso e t i e sa c o n n e c t i v e se d b e t

h
w ee n ca s al c o n

um u
ct o n s a n d te f D

h h
j i
‘ d o l l o w in as in i s
' '

n w o r g a c o p a ro ro e n a

um
, ,

t t t

fl
hh h
s s

h
p ga ca a a cd n ,
a
y g a n r I a l l n o g o e r e b e c a e I a v e

u
, , ,

m
m
”

h
h h h h
b si n e ss
S o e w o r d s n d e r go c e r t a in c o n t rac t io n s o n a c c o n to f

hh h m h

M
m m
b r ie f nes so r e p o n y l n ay a n d at an d ; f “ ”
o r in s t anc e a a
y

m
.

u
, , ,

b e d r o p p e d w e n te w o r d i e d ia t

mh m
e ly r e c e d in g e n d s i n a
p

u m fl

M
vo w e l I fite n d s i n n b o t te n o fte w o r d a n d te a o f
.
,

l iga e n t a v o fte ( e d te f

h
s a s i o n 1 11 s c c as e a v in g
o
pp

m u m
hh
,

u
es t a b l is e d te
p t ti n g o f t e t 0 1
y z r e a i n i n g o f t e li g
-

e n tb e t wee n t a s; (1 ) a s i n ga ta r a o f o r ga b? a t
’

a w o co ,

ni t a n d d ay
”
a n t( a ba n a la n i n s t d f
’

ara o ca r n a ca r a
g g o
/
; e a
‘ , , ,

n a / zga n a tc a ba n a la n a n d v ir te a ba t
“ ”
w is do , S r Pedr o i z , , ,

i n st e a d o f5; Ped r o rn a bn
“ ’
l tt is d b

H
ar rn a a a
J e er g o o .

e a d o ftin a
,

in s t w y rn a a ba
“
t a t i s l ong
”
,

mh h h
h um h
h
R EA l NG and PR O N O U N UI N G E X E R CIS E .

h hh h h
R e a d in g i n T a ga l o g i s te r e f

h h
o re as s i p l e a si n S p a n i s :

u
it e r e ly c o n sis ts in r e a d i n g a n d p r o n o n c in g e ve r y l e t t

mhuuh h
e r (e x

q
mm
c e ta w e n itis in s erted bet t

h
w n d i n v w e ls
p e e n 9 o r a c e r a o

u m
u
as s tat ed) a c c o 1 d in g
, w it te s o n d as sig n e d t o it ,
i n t e

c ap te 1 d e vo t ed t o ( to g1 a p v i n t is w o 1 k .

td e n tb e f t t

u uh uu
T e s o re
p as sin
g b e
y
, o n d o e G 1 a a r ,
s o ld
t t t

h
r o co e n d a s fl l s n f r e go i n g r e rks
y p re
y a e c a e o a

an d t o re ad a n d ro n o n c e c o rr e c tl t e f o l l o w i n g e x e r c is
p y e :

h
T g a a lo ala in g ot
t of t11 gc l a 11

m
g a ng

m
.
-
) ca

Pro a 1 ltIa /tIc in tf

tf lt c a 11 t J a /za
'

(j

u
o nn O

u
(1 n g c
g o
g o
- - - - - -
. ,

G re at in d e e d te o b l 1 ga tio n

uu
h h hh
tin na i b ig at g a l a n g

u hm h
n ab t c c rn e é br at Z s
a lz
’

een rn ri an
y ge e g
- - — - -

o r ( o f s) to lo ve 1n d r ever e (t
o)

tin g
a 1 1 11 5
1 at p ar a n ang

h
rib tin a nt
d at cc n a i
g p ra n a ng
- - - -

h h
ate r
f and te r a c c o r d in g t

m
o r o o

uh u m
u
t u T is w o rk n o tb ein g re f
1)
o te t e a c h in g o f te l a n g a ge

lit
or at
o r v i n k in d we o nfin e o rs e l ve s

s it is a tpr e se n t wr itt e n ; b tth e r e is

tl e d o b tta t T a ga l o g r e q ir e s re f o r a tio n in t ln sa n d so e o th e r p o in t s
a
,
c

mu .
 M
M
M
M
GR A

LE S S O N
AR .

M
FIR S T .

U NA N G PA G A nA L .

hm
fi h h
hu
mhh h
u
TH E A RTIC L E .

mm h h u
h
T de t ni e t
ic l e te in te s in g l a r is e xp re s s e d in T a ga l o g by

u
e ar

m u
h
, ,

h
a ny wh ic h
,
ay be s a id t o sta n d fo r te E n gl is d e fi n it h o g itis
e a r t ic l e t ,

r a th e r a p a rt a n y o te r r e l a t

h
ic l e c a p a bl e o fe xp re s s
in g io n s A n g is s ed

u u
.

tr a c t a n d pr o p e r n o n s o ft

h
o n ly b e fo re c o abs h in gs Pr o pe r n o n s

m
on , ,
.

o f pers t t t t
.

o n s (pers on al na es ) a k e in T a ga l o g c o n r a r
y o e E n g l i s

m
th e ir p ro pe r d e fi n it e a r t ic l e S t A s f
,

o r o te r p ro p e r n o n s n a t

M
ive s

fi
s

u
a ge ,
.
,

s ay : A n g Pa s ig a ng Fi lip in a s a ng
, a y n ila a n g C,
a vi te;
“
T e Pa s ig ,
”“
te ,

Ca V 1t T e 1 n d e n it e a rt
“ ” “ ” “
Ph il ipp in e s a n il a e ic l e a o r a n a y be

m
, ,

e xp r e ss ed i n T a ga l o g by te n e ra l a d j e c t ive “
o ne
”
isd

h m
.
,

m
Ang .

a y r oo n
‘ ? ( i d t i t )

m
g o n r n a e
ca p e e

u
h
gN a s a i y c) b a ga ? ( d e t e r i n a te )

h
I O o po , a y roo n a c o ( i d t )

m
n e
Ye s S ir ,
. .
,
a ve .
Na s a q in p o ( d t )

u m
I
a e

m
. .

hu
h a ve ( so )

m
e a y r oo n

u
.

u m
Sir Po

u
. .

H a ve o any t ?
g o n c a p o n g s b le lo ? 1
( )
I y a a y r o a a

at ba t

h h
Ye s
,
ave a . 00 , a y r oo n a c on g s e la .

H a ve y o y br d ? gN s i e b a g a a n d t in a p y
a c o ?
s I
e a a a y

mm
y o r b re a d a a q in a n g t

uh
Ye a ve 00 , na s in ap a y o.

u u
.
,

hh
u
hh
u u
h uh um
Co b stra c t a n d p r o p e r n o n s o f tin gsin te s
on, a in g l a r p o s e
,

s es s ive p r o n o n s a n d c l a s es s e r vin g a s s b j e c tt o a s en t ence a re ge n ,

e r a ll y pr e c e d e d by te p a rt ic l e o r a r t ic l e a ny

m m u m
.

T e s bj e c t o f a s ent w et he r a n o n o r p ro n o n be

mu m um
ay

u
en c e ”
,

pl a c ed e ite r b e fo re o r a ft
,

e r te v er b itgo ve rn s te o rd e r be in g go v ,

e rn ed by c o n sid e r a t
io n s o fe p o n y
‘
.

ts t st t b t t in at i
a yzo an d ay ( i r o o ) a r e c o n r c e d e w e e n w o n o

hhmh
e o bj e c t
,

ve s . a y ré o n ay b e e d a l o ne
s a g a lw a y sre q ire sso of p o sse ssio n
, ,
f o ll o w in g

1 Co rr up t
io n o fte S p a nis wo rd s
o brero ,
“ at
.
”
M
m
huh
mhhm
ens

u
me,

u
h
h
u
uh
u
h
hm
m
h
u
m To a ve , s an
la ted
a

spe c ifi c o r p a rt ic l a r t in g, itis tr a n s
,
ac t ive
by a y o r a yr é on ( 1 ) If te n o n re fe r s t
is t r a n s
ve

l a te d w it n a a n d te o bj e t
2
rb fo ll o we d by
.o
i
s
n
o
a

ive c a s
t e
e
a no n in an in d e t e r

M
m
e

mu
bl t i f pl ) f t p r s l p w i h is t s bj t

m m mh
(

m m
v o a c e e n o n o r n n n e c

u
a a e o e o a ro o c e

u
h h
in E n gl is , te l it e r a l t l a t io n b e in g y o r b re a d is w it
“ ”
ra n s h e S a is .

h
so e t i es s ed b e fo r e ca y

u
.

h
N e ra l a dj ect ive s a re n o tc o n s id e r e d a s d e t er in a t ive , n le s st he y
th e se l ve s a re o th e rw ise de t

h
er in e d by s o e wo rd a v in g a d e t e r in a t ive
Ex a pl e : a yré on a cé ng da la d ng p a ce , I h a ve t “ ” an

u mhu u h
c h a r a c te r w o n a il s ;

m m

M
.
y
d a la a dn g p a ce a n g n a s a a ga in ,
“
I a ve te t w o n a il s
”
( L i t e r a lly t e

m u u u
.
,

uh h hh
t w o n a il sa r e w it

h
Pr o p e r ly s p e a k in g, te in t e r ro ga t ive s ens e is n o tin d ic a t e d in T a ga
l o g by a n y s ign o r p a r t ic l a r a n n e r o fc o n s tr c t io n ; b t by te e pl o y

mm
mm
ent o f s c h w o r d s a s ba
g , i c ci e t c th e ir s e b e in g o pt io n a l T e

u
a
y , .
,
.

in te rr o ga t ive s ign s ,
t a k e n fr o S p a n i s ,
a r e h o w e v e r ,
l a r ge ly s e d Th ey .

sh o l d b e pl a c e d b o th a t te b e gin n in g a n d a tte e n d o fte se n te n c e T e .

t o n e o fte vo ic e a l o n e , a y so e t i e s a rk te in te rr o ga t io n s ffi c ie n tly

m
.
,

mu La e a s

h
u
La an , T
( ga ); c a rn e ,
( S p a n )
As
in

m
.

r pt

u
As
aca l ( cor io n o f S p a n is w o rd

u
S 11 ga r

h
i )

m m
u
a z z ca r .

W at

u u hm
er T b ig

u
. .

Pa pe r
p a pe r
w r i ing t . S la ta n (T a g ) ; , p a l
p ,
e ( S p a ) .

po n tt S l at

h
wr1 en . .

i o f e (p o ss s
si e) A q in c o

um
ne e v
y or

m
. . .
, , ,

Thy t h in e o r o f te e
, ,

y o rs or o fy o (p o ss) (in te sin g I y o,

mm m
o.

um
,

h
t A ng s ba lelo co o r, an g a q in g s
a

uu
a

m
a
y

h h
.

ba lelo

m
qe
.

t
a bl e A n g la es in g la s

m m
y a co , or, a n g a e a

u
.

s b re a d A ng t iy n g t in ap a y

H
Yo i
( g) in a p a y

m
r n . o , or , a n g .

M
ang s ba lelo co ?

m
t

m
a

u
H s s
q
I

a ve y o ay a ?
( N a a iy o b a g

h
i s b l l 9

m
,
n
a ga n g a a e o

uu
.

O o , p o , na s a ng s b a le l o

m
I yo t a a o

h
Ye s

m
i
.

h
r a ve r a
a q in a n g iy b n g s

m
b a le lo
.
, ,
a

h
.

u
t N s i b a l s ?

u
g o a g a n g a e a o
a ye o yo r a bl e ?
a a y
y n g iy é n g l a es
( o r a a ?

h
I t
ab l e Na s q ang la s
e a co .
in
q

h
hh
a ve y a a
.

ang a in g la e a. s

h
T k in g

m
e . A n g ar i .

h
h
T b is o p A n g o bis S p )

m
p (

m
a n

u
e . o

h
W h at 5 A ? ; 1, 6 b ?

u
. n 0 a n a g a

W h ic h ? w ic h f l b

m
? l ? ?

h
,
o ne g A n ; g a in a g a

W ic t a ve y o

m
f s s 6

m
a ? g A l n g a b a l e l o a n g n a e 1 1 ?

u
hm
t

m
I a ve y a . A ng s a b a le l o c o a n g n a s a a q in .

u u
W ic o ne ? g A n g a l in ? ; g a 1 1 n b a ga ?
tt
,

W a a bl e a ve y o ?
L A n o n g l a e sa a n g n a s a iy o ? .

A n g l a es
a ve y o r t
a o
I ab l e .

A n g iy On g l a es a
ang n a s a a q in
.

W at ? (n o in a tive ) A o ? o b

m
1 n ; g a n a g a

m
. .

m
hhmu h m
,

(1)
ac c o r d in g ly .

(2 ) T
ay

eh an d

S pa n is
a y rdo n

Wo rd s
ay

e a
be

s
ed wi
tt
wr i

t te
en ey

ar ti
a nd

c le .
eg
/r oa n and p ro n o u n ce d
MM fl
S E CO N D LE S S O N .

h
Y CA L A U A N G PA G A R A L .

d is
m
u In
h
h
e x io n or ge n d e

fe a l e , in te c a se o f l iv in g th in gs I n a f
”

s pr ss by ff r tw s s
uu
is n k n o w n in T a ga l o g, a n d te s
f r
t in g ish e d by te a d d it io n o f s c h w o r d s a s la la a i ,
G E N D ER

e x e sa re ge n e r a lly
“ ”
a le ;

t a n c e s, te d ist in c t
e w in s
“
f th r ” d
.
.

ba ba ye ,

“
io n
t
h
m
m m
q
i
d i i i
’

n g e n er e x e e d d i e e n o r d ,
a n a a ,
a e ; n ,
o ~

M
u
er . e c.

Si J an .

S i o rt iz .

m
S i S e no r R o b in s on

fi
.

S i S e no r B r a n a ga n .

h
A n g S e o r B r a n a ga n

h
.

S i Do c t o r

uh
a rt in
Dr t

m m m
.

A n g D o ct
ar
or a rt in

h
. .
.

m m
.

u u
hh h
m mhuC
m
m u
ri st ia n na
q ire te p a rt ic l e S i b e fo r e th e
e s and s rn a es in te l a r a n d n o in a t iv e c a se
s
in g

h
W h en w ith t itl e s th e y a y b e

h
re . s
ed ,

pr ec e d e d by te sa e p a rt ic l e o r by th a t of co on n o n s a c c o r d in g

m
,

to w e te r s t re ss is l a id o n te n a te t itl e

hh
e or on

m
.

h fi u
T e f a ter . Ang a a .

h m
T e o t er . A n g in d .

A n g cap at

u
T e bro t e r . id na la laq i .

T e s is ter . A n g ca pat
id n a b a b a ye ,

El de st b ro t e r (fi rst “?

m
i

l al (c o ll o q ia l s)
.

na e
El d e st sist e r

m
.

y e l d e s t b r o t e r . Si G o y a , S i c aca .
t t Si a t

h
y e l d e s sis e r . e .

y f a th e r Si a a

m
. .

th

h
S i in d

m
y o e

m
r .

u
.

u
co

t o

hu
mh
h
m hm
u
m
u hmu
u
u
T

umhm
e
on n o ns t

a pp e ll a t io n s by

i n te n o in a t ive
S i B a bieca
ar

T e
S to f p r o p e r p e rs
o
t
ic l e onal no ns ay be a ls
o sed be f o r e

in d ic a t e l ivin g b e in gs n iq e in k in d a n d p e rt a in in g
te sp e a ker W h e n a n i a l s a re n a e d a ft e r p e r so n s o r b e a r sp e c ifi c

s o f S i in
.

w ic h th e y a re k n o w n , s c h n o n s a y l ike w ise t a k e S i
Th s, o f a o r se k n o w n a s B a bieca ,
.

r e fe re n c e t
a
y b e sa

p er so n w o is n o ta n in
id ,

mmm
e
. o a
t i at e re l a t io n o f te s p e a k er is o c k e ry .

( )
1 B a ba y e , f a le b e w ri t
t ba bae ba ay t
’

wo an ,, e a
y en ba ba y r, .
 uu
fi m
u
Th o y o (sin g )
H o se

u
,

R ic e e ld fa r
.

u
uu
hu
I c ao c a ; ic ao
B ah a y
B q id o r b
,

q
p o (p o l it
e )

h
-
, .
, ,
ir .

Bo o k

h
. I/ ibro (S p ) .

Po w e r a th o r it
, y . Ca p a n gy a r i an .

Str e n gt
h fo rc e Ca b a gsic a n c a l a ca s

h
,
. an .

Dies (S p ) ; B a th a l a
,

G od .
, ,
Tag ) .

Lea f D a h o n (T ag ) ; p e a s , , (c o rr .

u
.

W o r d oj a ,

h h h
c o, is s
ed l
a o ne and pr e c ed e s te ve r b; ca f o ll o w s it

h
.

h
,

u u
u
hh
u
h h
T e ho s
e o fJ o n . A n c a y J a n g b ah a y .

J o h n s h o se
’
. Ang ba ay ni J an .

T e p o w e r o fG o d . A n g c a p a n gy a ri a n n a n g D io s .

G o d s p o we r Ang s D io s n a c a p a n gy a r i a n
’
. a .

n g d a h o n n a n g l ibr o
T e l e a f o f te b o o k ( A .

h
( Ang s
.

a l ib r o n g d a o n .

h
Bo o k lea f D a h o n l ibr o

m
m m
-
. .

u h h
L o ve S in t a

mmm u
. .

L o vin g part ic ipl e ) Pa g ib ig

m
-
. .

h
o n s in te p o s

h h
Co o n a n d pr o p e r n o n s o fpers s es siv e c a s e a re i

umm m
e d ia t e ly pr e c e de d by te p a rt ic l e s n a n g o r sa n i o r ca y re sp e c t ive ly ;

m m m m
,

t t t

h h
s a and y b e g s e d wh e n e o bj e c o f p o s s e ss1 o n c o e s b e f o r e e

m
m u
p o sse sso r

mu u mm
.

on t b o th ge n de r s te d ist in c t io n in se x is ad e b y

h h
I n n o n sc o

um m
o

u u
q
,

t t

m m hm
a d d in
g la la a i ( a l e ) fo r e a s c l i n e ba b a
y e (f e a l e ) fo r e f e i n i n e

m
.
,

Di es is se d a s a c o no n

m
on

u u
.

C o p o n d n o n s in wh ic h o n e o f te e be r q a l ifi e s te o th e r
, ,

a re
g e n e r a l l y f o r e d in T a g a l o g in a a n n e r c o n tr a ry t o th a t o f E n g l ish ,

v iz :
. by n a in g fir st te pr in c ip a l n o n a n d se c o n d te q a l ifi e r n o ,

l iga e n tb e in g e pl o y e d ifte fir st e b e r e n d s in a c o n so n a n t .

hmum u hh uu
T e p a rt ic l e s s
ed in
D EC L E N S I N S
pl a c e o fa r t
O
ic l e s a re
. 1
( )
d e c l in e d th s:

h
A rt
i cle f or co on , a nd
p ro
p e r no n s oftings i n te s
in g la r .

h
h h
Ang .

m uh
Of Sa , n a ng ; g
"
'

te
11 .

(c o n tr a c t ) (2 )
.

u
.

To te Sa

u
. .

T e Na ng s
a

O bj
.

h
.
,

t I n , by , a tte

h h
ec . C a se or pl a c e . Sa .

I nst
r en t B y , thr o gh , w ith te Nan g

h m
. . .

u
mhh
c as

um
uh
h u
hu u hh
hum
a s in L a in

mh
( 1 ) Fo r a b e e r n d e r s

umm u u
e d ivid e d in o d a t

u u
o te r b o o

p ro sod
y a n d
,
a n d t e
i ve c a s
t
( 2 ) N a n g is c o n t

t e st d e
a

n
bla
ra c e d

s w ill n o tb e f
t
i

k
v
t

i
e
a n d in g o ftis

in t

g
o
c
o

t
a s

b
e
f

e
i
g
s

in
tt
e ( in d ir e c to b j e c t
t
b
S

d
d i
c
v

n d i n tis g r a
c
i

e
d

d
c
e
),
d

in
a

t
a
i

t
n

o
c
e r we co n s

t
c
o

a
s a
lo

f
t

a
i
c

l
v
a
o n r a c io n , a l to
t
s
e
l

e
(
a
.

p
d
n
id e r te E n glis o b j e c t

r
i
d

o
r

n
e

g
c
i
t
n

a r , a s itw ill b e d e s
n
t
s
f

c
o

r
r

i
b

a
e
j

t
e

io
c
e
e

n
n

t
)
t
nt
al

r ct

t
a

lty

e
n
tt

re o f
tw
ive o fte
ive
d a bla t
i ve

it t q
t

.
 m
A rt
icle f or
p ro
p er n o u
n sofp ers
6

o ns, in h
u
te s
ing la r .

u
h
No Si,

m
Of
m
. .

Po ss Ca y i
O
. . .

by w it
,

it tin h et Ca v

M
bj ect sd ivis

h
.
( a ll o ns) . T 0, a , , ,c . .

h
Declension wi t a co on n ea n .

T
Of
h
hh
e. Ang

M
.

te . Sa or nang .

te

h
To
W ea po n S a n d a ta
Ob
'

t T e .
.

N ang ,
s
a .
.

I n , a tte
ec
local .

t
in s B v w it te L

M
. .

Declen si on wi t a
p ro
p er n ea n o f p er o n . s

u
h
Pe t er . S i Pe d r o .

s
Po s Pe t e r s, o fPe t
’
er Ca y i Pe dr o

h
. . .

O bj e c t (a l l it o , et
Pe t e r ; by , t c Pe t

M
. sd ivisio n s) . er . . Ca y Pe d ro .

h
N o tt

h m
tt

M
t ive rb )

h
o a ve ( ac ve ,
no o

p o sse ss; t e r e is (o r a re ) n o t(in Uala

m
. .

d e fi n it e )

uh m
.

a v e (a c t t r

m
s (o r
gl w
o l v e v e rb ) 1
; e e

u
a y r oo n

m m
ay , .

U a l a a c on g l a e s

m
a

m
I a ve n o t a b le
.

Hh u
A c e, i , a l an g l a es
.

a .

h
tte (; U a l a b a ga sa iy o a n g la an

u
H a ve o no t ?
a n gc a t

h
y ea
i?

uh u u m
The r e is so e a lt
s . a
y asi n, a r oo n
y as in .

u
Th e r e is n o s ga r U a l an g a s c a l

u m
. .

hh u h
se

u
e or .

Is the re p a pe r te t a bl ? b
a y r oo n a p p l s l s ?

h
a ny on e g a g g n a e a a e a

Th ere is n o s ga r in te w a t e r U a l an g a s c a l s a t b ig

u
. .

Is t h e r e a n y h o se in te f a r ? g a y b ah a y c a y a sa b q id ?

Th e re is n o n e . . Ua la
’

H a ve y o te l e a f o f te b o o k ? gN a s a iy o b a ga a n g d a o n n a n g l ib r o
?

I h a ve it ‘

h h
a a q in n ga

h
Na s

m
. .

h m
H a ve I a n y b o o k l ea f ? b l b

h
g a r oo n a c on d a o n i r o
?

m
y a g a g

m
-

mu u
u m
mmm uu h
u m mh
h h
w this t s l t s f wh e n
é en a n d a a la ,
’

y a ,
i o an
yed iga e n A o r . a yr

te y c o e b e f o re a pr o n o n te n o in a t ive o fa sen tence te l iga e n t

h
, ,

h
s
s s r t t p If t t e s b e f o r e te l iga ent

m
i i

m
e o v e o n o n e n n a ve c
p
O
a e r o o o .
,

ter

h
’

be l d l Ua la a co ng p a p el
'

ay e p
‘
o v e .
g a
y r o en ca n g
p a
p e .

w ise

m
gl el; a la n g l

u
a y ro e n g

u
c a o i a co ,i e
p a
p p a
p

u
. .
, , ,

Nga , i s a
p a rt ic l e se d in T a ga l o g w ic c a r rie s te se nse
l a r ge l y

u
tc o pl e t e e xp re ssi o n a s in n a sa a q
,

t it a ve itin
“
s os a in n a ; I h

hu h
o g , ,
” T e re is a b so l t I ts o l d b e c a re f lly d is
“ ”
d e e d ; Ua ld ii ga e ly n o n e
,
.

tin g i s e d f r o na .

(1) T e re is n o e q iva le n tin E n glis .

 hh
m uu
l iga
m
W h
t
h
mu h
en
en te
ay i
-
s bj ec tin
h o ld b e
s
a ent
s en ce
;s
1
.

pl a c e d b e t
wee n
co

.
e s b e f o re
No l iga
te
en t
ve r
is
b te
,

s
e d in
ba l
ve r
te

h h
co nt

H h
H
ra r y ca s
e

hH
mh Hh Hhh
m
S E C O ND EXE RCI S E

H H h
u
H
.

hHh
u h
H
m
a ve

h
uuH
h
.

m
m
mH h
a y
a s te
f s
a t er any s
a lt ?

k in g a n y sist er ?
e a s n o ne

e as none
H a ve y o a

a s te
. o t e r ?
b is o p a n y
I

h
br o the r ? e as as Jo hn a ny wat er ? J o h n a s so e w a t er as

m
. .

huh
h o se ? C e r t

hhm
a in ly as a ho s p o we r ? Y e s

H
as G o d any

m m
e a ny e e

uu u u
.
, ,

in d e e d e a s po wer as y o r lo ve a n y f o rc e ? Y e s y l o ve a s

u
.
, ,

fo rc e . asG od l o ve f or an ? Yes G o d ,
a s l o ve for an I s th e r e .

a ny b o o k a ty o r h o se ? Y e s a t y h o se th er e is a b o o k
,
a sy o r .

o th e r s l o ve a n y
’
f o r c e ? Y e s in d e ed W h ic b o o k h a ve y o ? I h a ve
,
.

Pe t er s b o o k W h a t fa r a s y o r fa t e r ? a s te k in g s fa r
’ ’
. e .
 M T H IR D LES S O N .

MM
‘

hh
YCA T LO N G PA G A R A L

h
.

m
‘ mm
m
uum
u
m
um
u m
A d e fi n it u
u
e pl r a l n

h
hhh
h
NU BE R ,

b e r is e xp re sse d in T a ga l o g by te se o fte
A ND TH E A D J ECTI V E .

h
m m m
p a rt ic l e a f i ga or s c c o ll e c t iv e n e r a l a d j e c t ive sa s p d a a , la a t d ila n

uuu u u
, ,

a ll
” So e t i es w t b r i s i d fi i t d sh l d b

u
.
, o e v e r e n e r e a n n e n e a n o e

o w wh e t
,

th f t t xt W th r s th ng t o s h h er s

M
d i i i

h
a e r e r o e c o n e n e n o n
g e e .

g l a r or pl r a l i s e a n t ,
t e n o n a y g e n e r a l l v b e a ss e d to b e in

m
pl r a l o r se d in a n in d e fi n it

m
e s ens e .

u
hh H

M
uu mu
hh
T e (pl ral) . A ng a nga ; ga .
(a bb )
Yo (pl ra l ) y e C a y o; ca yo p o (p o l it e )

u
. .
, ,

T a y8 o ca i, q it a ca ta

m
.
< ,

T ey S il a

u
. .

No H in d i a la

m m
.

M
.
,

No t Di in d i , d il i

u
.
.
,

hhh h
Do t (p r o ib it
ive )

m u
no . . o a g.

Cl o the s D a it

u
. .

Lo o k in g gl a ss -
. S a l a in (n a n g c —
a)

h h
o ney . S a l a p i p il a e ,
.

Unders t a n d in g j dg t B a it c ab a it

m
en an

u
.
,

te

h h
A n yt in g w ic is go o d , ide a
B t (r o o tw o rd )

M
m
.
-
l
f go o d n e ss
.

o .

h h
G oo d ab t i

u
. .

A n y tin g b a d , te id e a o fw ic k e d n e s s S a a (r o o tw o rd )

u
—
. . .

B a d (a d j ) a a s a

uu u
q
. . .

ty , te id e a o fp re t

h
A n yt in g pr e t t in e ss Di it (r o o tw o rd ) -

u
u
q
. . .

Pre t ty a ri it

u
. .

A n yt in g b e a t if l , te id e a o fb e a t
v . G a n d a (ro o t w o r d )
.
-
.

B e a t if l (a d j ) . . a ga n d a.

h
U gly , w ic k e d Pangit , l p it

u u
. .

A n y t in g o l d . T a n d a ( ro o tw o rd ).
-
.

O ld (in a ge ) (a d j ) a t a n da

m
. . .

h
an, p e rso n ,
c re a t re . Ta o .

Do g As

hflmhmmm
. o .

C il d . B at a .

Ca ba y ci (c o rr f ro S p an w o rd

u
ca

uu
H o r se . . .

be lle )
.

I a re Ca b a y o n g b a b a y e
fi
uh
.

J d ic io s, p r d en t
.

a b a it

h h uh
. .

m uh
s
T e l o o k in g gl a ses Ang a ga s al a in

m
-

m
. .

a
no
(1)
se x p la
tb e
_

mms
a
ed
e d in
g
f
a
or
,

t
w ill

isgr a
.
o f
ten be

ar ,
tw it co n tr ac te d in to ga ; b tf
e
e o fte p r e c e din g le s
te se c o nd n o t
"r
s
o r te s
on sc
a e re a s
o ns
c o n tr a c tio n w ill ,
MM
T

h
T
h
h
h
e

h
y
e

e
h
mh
h
uu
huum
h b retren

g
o

o
o

o
en ,

o l d p er s

bea t
d

d
on
te

if l w o
j
.

o r e. s
p e r

.
o

dic io s
)
n s s
,

an .
te

c h il d ;
p e o pl e .
9
A ng

Ang
m
fiu
m
um m
n a b at

m
m
fi
m
am
c ab ay o

m muu
m
A n g t a n on g

m
A ng b a t

mum
d an g t a o

mu
an

a
a
a nga c a p a t

g
t a o
id c o

A n g c ab a y o n g

A n g b ab a y e n g
di ng b a b a y e

mu
m
u
g a a
at

s
a
ga

a n d a an d

ab t

o
.

n
a

g
g
i
.
t
.

i a ng
n g

a a n d d, a n

q
.

r i
itn a a s
.

i
g

t
a
.

ga
.

n
,
,

q .
ab
a e !)

ab a i
t

t
in g
t

mmu
Ang a nga a ri

u
o

q
.

Ang a r iri itn a a s

h m
pr e t
ty d o gs
o
T
q
.

it
e
A ng as arir i
.

ong

q
.

um
A ng a nga a s a r ir i it

m
o ng

q
.

A ng a nga ar i r i itn a as o .

A ng a nga c ab a o n
y g b a b a y e n g p é ~

ngit
T e gly a e r s .

A ng
.

a nga p angit n a cabay o n g b a

ba ye .

h
O ne
T wo
.

h h
.

O ne p e rso n a p e rso n

m h h
.
,

m
T wo c il d r e n

h h
.

mu u u u
mu uuh u m
umh
h
j t ive s a re p tin te pl ra l b y sing te

h
Co on no n s an d ad ec

u
h
p a rt t t c a t e s te r e l at io n o f

uh h
ic l e an e b pl d b w th t w i h i d i

m m
o c n

u
g e a e e e e a c n

m h
,

e a n d te s te n

M
c as no n o r any a ttr ib t e th e r eo f n l es b er is i ,

by a n e r a l a d j e c t N o n s in te vo c a t in a t

h
d ic a ted ive ive c a s e (n o ive

u u
.

it

h
io n d ro p a n g in te pl ra l

h
o fadd re s

h
s) o r in a pp o s

m m h
.

h
,

h
T e a d j e c t ive s f o r e d by a r o o t w o r d a n d te p re fi x

h
als

m
a

u
a y o
-

m
, , ,

t syll a bl e o fte r o o tif s c h

h
b e p tin te pl r a l by re p e a t in g te fi rs

h u h
fi
mh
syll a bl e c o n s is ts o f o n e o r t wo let te r s a n d te fir s t t w o let te r s te re o f

u u u u m
ifitc o n s is ts o f o re te s o f a ga be in g o p t io n a l

m
e

mu
.
,

T e n o in a t iv e c a s e o fte fir s t p e r so n p ro n o n a s t h re e f o r s i n

mm
m um mm m m
u
i q

uh
te pl ra l : t it d Ta y o s h o ld b e se d w e n b o t te sp e a ke r

muu u h
a yo ca , , ,
.
,

te p e r so n a dd r e sse d a r e in c l d ed in te n o t io n ; ca i wh e n o n ly te

uh
and

m
fi ‘
,

p e a k in g t tsa y ;

h
spe a k e r isc o n c e r n e d T s a n A e r ic a n s n a t ive s

m
o a

u
h
.
,

h h
”

h
at o rt a l ; ca in g er i ca n o i t
i
’

la yo ; i w e a re

m
ap
a ga a a p

m
a a ay ,
a , , ,

hh
,

w e a e r ic a n s a re wh it
“

m m
e

u
h
.
,

h
,

ive it e a n s y o

h h
Qa i t ci is e x c l s ive o r d a l ; a s e x c l s (t ) d I

m
o a n

u
, ,

alo ne ; a s d a l itisp o s s es sive w it r e ga r d t o te s p e a k er a n d n o in a tive

u u
,

sp o k e n t o ; itis s

h h
fo r te p e rs e wh a t a s to by

u m
on o e

u
.
,

R o o t is te t e r w ic h d e n o t e s b tte si pl e st id e a o fa t ing

mm um
u m
u
,

m h
a q a l it y o r a n a c t io n a n d w ic r e q ire s so e e l a b o r a t ,
io n t o e xp re s s
te v a r io s r e l at io n s te tin g q a l ity o r a c t io n is c a p a bl e o f T e re a re

ufi
.
, ,

ta nt ive a d j e c t ive a n d ve rb a l ro o t s Root tant

h
s bs sp o s s es in g s b s ive fo rc e ay

u
.
,

t e a n a q a l it y by p re x in g te p a rt ic l e as s e e n in te

m
be

m
a de

m
o a ,

a b o ve in s tan c es t h e y b e in g th sc o n ve rt e d in t o a s a n y a d j ec t ive s R o o t s

u m
u m m
.

h h h
,

h
h a vi n g a n a d j e c t ive f o rc e a y be a nd r a lly xp ss d w i o t

u
g e n e a re e r e e

mm h
, ,

l b t i

u
an

u
y e a o r a o n .

is te p re f ix os t f re q e n tly sed f or a k in g a d j e c t ive s f ro

u
a

u
s bs tant ive r o o t s A d j e c t ives a r e a ls a de fro ve rb a l ro o t s by e

u u
. o

pl o y in g o th e r a ffix esin se ve r a l wa y s t o b e e xpl ai n e d in s b s ,

eq e nt le sso n s .

T e ill s t ra t io n s in te vo c a b l a r y s o w t a ta d j ec t ive sin T a ga l o g

a
y c o e b e f o re o r a ft e r t e n o n s th e y q a l ify .
 It
)

hh u
DE C L E NS I N S O

h
.

h m
T t
i cle in te p l ra l .

u m m
e ar

hmhm m
mm
fi T
Of t
e (pl r a l ) . Ang
Nang
a nga .

sa a nga .

hm
e a g ,
a

T o te Sa a nga .

T e Na n g a nga , s
e a nga .

In , a tfr o
, ,
e c t te
. .

3 Sa a nga .

muh
By , c te
w ith e t ,
. . Na ng a nga .

m u
hh
Declen sie n o fa co on n o n in te p l ra l .

hh
T e
Of t
m
.

e.

u
te

h
To

um m
.

T e

u
.

l o c a l a n d F ro in Ho es
s
O bj
. .
,

ec t
. ca s al
. a te t
,
c te . .

in s t W ith by fr o

uhuh
r , , ,

ental . te

hh
Declen si e n o fa no n in te p l ra l wi t an a d ec j t
i ve

uu
h
mh
O b ie
mh u
“
m
mfi
lo c a l a n d
ca s al
T
Of t
T o te
T e
I n at
,
e.

c te
fr o e t
.
e.
.

gly Na n g, sa .
a

p angit
na
a nga
ga

s
.
s
a o ng

p angit

h
a o

h
.

A
. .
, ,

L in s tr W ith by e t
c
N a ng
t

h uh h h
.
,

e n ta l te
.

h hh
. .

u u u
t
h h hh
hu
hmm
hhm
m uu
o b e re p re sh
Pr o p er

m
to se c o nn ec t
e nt
no

Si , n o twh e n p e r s
s a ve n o p l ra l I tis, o w eve r , a p e c l iar it

ed t
n

o n s b e a rin g te s

o ge te r
e d w it i
a e na e a re

p rin c ip a l p e rso n , te o n e w o is a s h e a d o fte f

w it iso r
in o te r r e s
er
pec t
in t
a

i ate
ea n t
;
.

ily o r a s
y o f T a ga l o g
tatp ro p e r n o n s o fpe r so n s s o l d b e p re c e de d by S in ai, te pl r al o f

m
b
s
t w e

o c ia t
n t
io n i s
re l a t io n s o r w it
s S in a is d ec line d a sf
e

o l lo w s: .
’

Po s s .

O bj e c t (a ll it io n s)
s d ivis .
t

h
m
h
um
dis

uhh
m
els

h
H
h
m
c as

hum
h
mh
u h
u
m
e is
H
u
m
u
h
h
As

e n c es t

m
h
m
u
u
u
u
m
h
u
h
u

h
e n d in gs o r s

m
o e ac

u
e s d e t er

u u
,
-

o re a
a

e p a ra t e

o t er
T E

sb e e n in d ic a t
e d in

T e pr o p e r
YCA A PA T

LIG A

.
M
FO U R T

e n de d t

a tt e r o fpr a c t ic e th a n

in e s wh e th e r th e y s a ll b e
s
E N TS ,

fo r ego in g c h a p t
o

s
e r s te

t in g is e d f ro o th e r a l a y d ia l e c t s by te e pl o y e n t o f c e rta in
p a r tic l es in t
H LE S S O N
NA

A ND T
PA G A R AL

E V E RB TO B E

T a ga l o g l a n g a ge is
l in k w o rd s c l a se s a n d se n
e o f s c h co n n ec t

o f te o r y
ed o r n ot

H e re a fte r w e give s c h e xpl a n a t io n s a s ay b e sef l a ttis st a ge ;

h
,

i ves o r l in k in g p a rt i
as e p ony in any
.

.
,
.

,
-

h
b ttis a t t po rt a n ta n d a b s t r se w e re f e r te st d

h h
e r b e in g b o th s o i

u
u mu u
hh
,

e n tt te sixty n in t h l esso n wh e r e so e f rt

u h
h e r r l e s a r e give n o n

u m
o ,

te s bj e c t

u u h
.

T e ta l re l a t io n b e tw ee n a s b st a n t ive a n d it s q a l ify i n g w o r d

h mm
s o l d b e in d ic a t en t a d d e d t o r f o ll o w in g te fir s

h h
e d by a l iga t w o rd

m m m
o

u
, ,

n le s s te se c o n d b e a o no s yll a bl e A c co rd in g a s te fir st vo ca bl e w e

m
.
,

ter te s b st an t ive o r te Q a l ify i n g w o r d e n d s i n n o n o r t w o d if

u u
e

u
h
, ,

f e r e n tv o w e l s o r a c o n s o n a n t(e xc e p tn ) te l i a
g e n t e pl o y e d s h o l d b e

h m
u
h u
,

h
9 n g o r n a r e sp e c iv e ly E x a pl e s b t a n g a li c e t o r a li ce t n
‘a b a t
e

m
, , :
. a ,

h h
” “ ”
n a g ty b o y ; i y e ng ba a y o r ba a y
' ’

y o r ( sin g ) h o se ; i t
’

i s
ci

m
en
g

u u
e

u
, ,
”
th iso th e r ; iya ng da la d ng libre th o se t
” ” ”
wo b o o k s ; ga n an g t
”

hh h
’

a 6? wh a t

u m u
,

u uh
,
” ”

h
a lin a e c le a r d a
’

m u m m
a ra e n a y

m h
.
,

T e s bj e c t b e ita n o n o r a pro n o n o fa n a c t ive a ffir a t ive s en

u u uuu u
, ,

t e nc e s o l d b e l in k e d t o te ve rb by e a n s o fa y i (1 ) if te s bj ec t

m
-

p r ec e d e s te ve rb ; b tn o twh e n t is o rd e r is in ve rt e d E x a pl e s: A ce i
’

m umuu m
u
.
, ,

p ng a s o
’

c p n g a s ec a c e
'
”
I e n te r e d ”
; a n g i b o n a y n g n i a n g

h
, , ,

uhu h
” ”
te b ir d sin gs

h
n i a n g i bo n

m
.

uu h
,

Tw o c l a s e s h a vin g ta l c o n n ec t io n s o l d l ik e w is l in k e d by

m
e be

u
a
y
-
i E x a pl e : C n d a a li n g s i P e d r o a y a a tis c a
” i f P et e r a r r i ve s

u u
.
, , ,
”
g o a w a y .

hm
ent

h h
A c la s e s e rvin g a ss bj e c t o fa n a c t ive a ff ir a t ive s sho ld

m m
en ce

h hu u
b e l in k e d t o te v e rb in te s wh e n s c c l a se p re c e de s te

h
e w ay

m
a ,

b t o rd in a r ily n o tw en te o r d e r is in ve rt

h
v e rb ed as : a n y p a g i big s

m u
-
, , ,
a ,

Dies a y n a gp ap a p ri sa wi l d o r n a gp a p ap ri se t ,
a é a n g p a g ibig s a D ies —

h
, ,

h
“
t o l o ve G o d e n n o bl e s
” “
ite n n o bl e s a n t o l o ve G o d
”
H o we ve r

m
an

u
or

u
uh h m hu
.
, , ,

te l iga e n t a y b e p re se r ve d e ve n wh e n te s bj ec tfo ll o w s te ve rb

m
u
,

w en f o r te s a k e o f gre a t er e p a sis te v e rb isp rec e d e d by a re l a

t ive pr o no n o r sed in te p a rt ic ip ia l s en s e in T a ga l o g a s : an
y n a gp pa a ,

p a r i sa ta é a y a n g p g ib i g s D i-
s “
wh a t e n n o bl e s a n i s t o l o ve G o d ”

h
a a e

h h
.
,

I n co p o n d a c t e nt e n c e s te p rin c ip a l a n d te s

h hmuhh
i ve s e co nd a r y s ent

m
e n c e a re l in k e d t o eac o t e r by e a n s o fa t t w e n a co n j nc t io n o f
-
,

e
u fi
,
- ~
a auy ,
u
(1) T e s
o r ra
td e n is n o i e d
te r in a a nn e
t t
r
t t
e
a

q
ayi , ( p ro n
-

a lly s a ing r
.

o
a
’-

fb o t s
o
e, cc ) is b y s
o
nd s .
e p r o no nce d
uu uu m
h h
h h
13

h h hh
mm u mu
h
a t a a lci

hh
ca s
e is s
ed , a s: i di ac é n a c a ba ba d s
s a
p g , ,
a c a c é ng s
a la in ,
“ ”
I canno b ec a se I h a ve n o spe c t a c l e s
t re a d ,

u
.

W h e n a n in t e rr o ga t ive w o r d is ed t
s o s ta r ta s en te nc e te ve rb a l ,

l iga e n t is re pl a c e d by te n o in a l o n e wh ic h in t is c a se st a n d sf

u m m
or . , ,

te a r tic l e o r te re l a tive p ro n o n a s: gsineng n“a gn a ca e ? w o “

h h hh
’

m m m
, ,

s i “
wh t l i t e r a lly s s t l
'

b ? d w i

m mu
w

m
g a n o n g a e a o y o o e o o e ,

wh a tis th a t wh ic h y o itb ein g in d iff e re n t t o s a

y s i n o n g o r si n e ,

a ng n a gn d ca e ? a n e ng o r a n d a n y s a bi e ? ; te l a t t e r fo r s a re o w eve r
'

m m
,

pr e f e r a bl e a s b e in g b o th o r e id io a t ic a n d e ph a t ic

m m m m
.

T e l iga e n t s a re n o tge n e r a l ly

h
se d b e fo r e o no s yll a b ic w o r ds o r

u u
e xpl e t ive p a r t ic l e s n o r b e fo r e te p a rt ic l e s s e r vi n g t t a bl ish te r e l a

h
o es

m
,

h
t

h
“
t a n c e : da i tsa ti e t ”

h
io n o f c a s fo r in s i e d a ily w e a r in g a pp a re l ;

m
e

q
, ,

h h
”
t

h
“ at
b i a n o r wo l i 6
la la i a n ba ba e
‘ l l i

m
e an ; a n
y a n g c a o a a n g o r a

u u
, ,

ba ga
’
bl iss th a tis t
"
s l y ”
i t i i P d
“
th is is f P t r

m
o a
y g o r ; o c a n c e r o o r e e

m
uuu m
, , , , , ,

h h
”

h
a nd is f a ily .

T e l iga en t isa l s o d ro pp e d b e f o r e te p o s s es siv e pr o n o n s ifp ta ft e r

m uu m
te n o n sth e y q a l ify a s; sa la p i n iyci ca n iydng sa lap i ; iso r er o n e y “ ”

u
m h
u
h
.
, ,

T e n e ra l a dj ec t ive s d r o p te l iga e n t wh e n th e y c o e b e f o 1 e te

m m m
“ ”
r e st r ic t ive p re fix ca a s in dp a tca t

hh h h h
fo r p e r so ns o n ly
’

m m
a o

u u
.

u
,

No l iga e n t i s s e d b e tw e e n te s bj e c ta n d te v e rb ifte f o r

m
e r is pr e c e d e d by so e n e ga tive o r pr o h ib it ive p a rticl e ; f o r in s t a n c e : Di

u
h
'

a c o c n g a ca i n
“
I d o n o te a t; e a g l a ca d d o n t w a lk ; in di ca i
”
’ “ ” ’
’

u
, ,

hm
w e a r e n o tth ie v e s
“ ’

m
a gn a n a ca e ,

hh
t

hh
T e v e rb a l l iga e n t a
y als o b e d r o pp e d fo r e ph o n y s a k e if e
’

w o r d se r vin g a s te s b j e t e n d s in i Ex A n g p a n t a li n a a t
p i d ;
“
t e ty i n g

mm u
. .

”
r o p e p a rte d .

h
W e h a ve s a id els ew ere th a t te a o fa y a n d a t a y b e d r o pp e d
w e n c o in g a fte r w o rd s e n d in g in a vo we l a n d th a t if t

h
h e y e n d in

u
,

bot h te n a n d te a a y b e d r o pp e d Th is isn o t o we ve r te c a se

m m
n

u
.
, , ,

wh e n a ta n d a y a re fo ll o we d by a o n o syll a b ic w o r d a s f o r in s t in

m
a nce

m u
, , ,

h
”
ca ga li izga n a t s fo r go o d n e s s a n d virt e ; a n g ca lolo a

h
s
'

ca ba n a la n ;

m
a a

u
,

hu mm
e D
“

hh
a
y s i os e s o l i s f or G od

u u
,

T e pr ec e d in g r e a rk s r e f e r t l iga e n t s co n s id e re d a s e ph o n ic

m u
o

u
c h a r a c t e rs ; b t t h e y a y t o o e xp re ss by th e s e l v e s e,
ss e n t i,
a l a n d v e ry
i p o rt an t relat io n s o fo th e r k in d Th s t o be in it s c o p l a t ive se n se .
, , ,

w e n itt a k e s a n o n o r a n a d j e c t ive f o r p re d ic a t e is e xpr e s se d by te

h
,

l iga e n t a y i ; a n d te e n d in gs 9 no o r te p a r tic l e n st
-
and s o , et i es
p ro n o n s a n d c a n n o t te re f o re b e d ro pp e d

m
f o r r e l a t ive

h
.
, ,

m
Na (a n d a n a e o f pl a c e in te l o c a l
abl c as
e)
tt et t
fi
m
T o be o b e in ( i
. .

h
a c n e
N a (a n d a n a d ve rb o fpl a c e )
.
, ,

s ens o ft d w e ll t re s id e t

h h h
e o o o , ,
Na c a y (a n d a n a e o fp e rs o n)
l ive a t t at

mu
nd o ne s s e lf
’
)
.

h
Na c a n e (a n d a c o ll e c t
o

m
ive p ers o nal
.
,

m
.

na e )

u
.

T o b e , (c o p l at

h
ive ve rb ) b a ga g n g n a

h
i n

u u
.
y , , ga .
, , ,
.

A tho e . a s a ba ay sa b ah a y
,
.

A tc rc h Na s si b a a n se si b a

h
. e ,
an .

A ts c oo l . Na s a es c eld S
( p .
) or e c s e la an .

II e re D in i, d ito

m
. .

h
i n d ic a t
in g a pl a c e te

u m
n ea r
T e re
p e r so n sp o k e n to
D iy an .

h
.

in d ic a t
in g a pl a c e f ar away
n
l e re .
f ro b o t h in t e rl o c to rs .
Do o n .

T o be h e re . Na r i n i, ar i to .

T o be t e re ( y o n d e r ) . Na r iy an .

To be t e re ( fa r a w a y ) . Na r oo n .

W e re ? é S aa n ?
M
h h
h h I4

h
e?

H m
1 8 1
W
j 4i5
; N s
a ? aa n ? , gsaa n n a roo n ? .

m
e re g a a n ,
na

l y

h
a re
t

h
(

m
?

m
e

W ’
e re is y e l d e st br o th e r ? gN a sa a n b a ga Si 0 : y a ?

u
.
,

h
is a th o
Na s a b ah a y siy a

m u
.

e e.
S iy a ,1 , n a s b ah a y

m
a

u
.

W h e r e is y o
r o the r ? a S a a n n a r oo n a n g i n a o ?

S e is w it H e n ry N a c a y E n r iq e s iy a

m
m
. .

S e is a tc rch Na s a s i ba h a n s iy a

u
. .

S e is a tDo c o t f a ily s Na c a n a Do c o t
’

u
. .

No tto be at

u h
U a la s a

uu
. .

MM
Na n ay , n an a y , i n a n g ( c o ll o q ia l )

u u
a a.

m m
. .

hh hu u
Pa p a . T a t a , t at a n g, t at a y , t a t ay ( c o ll o q ia l ) . .

I s ity o ? b

u
g I c ao a g a ?
O
m
h ! y e s, itis y o A b aa l, ic ao nga ; ic ao nga p a l a

u
. .

I s y o r p a p a a tte fa r ( o r co n ‘
gN a sa b q id b a ga a n g t at a y o ?

h
No , S ir , e is n o ta tte fa r ,
e Di p o ala s
,
iy a sa b q id n a ,
sa
is in te f o r e st i b tsi y a

u
.
gl a .

m fi b e 3 wh e n e v e r ita s
”
To e rt s
s re s
e nce is t ra n sl a ted b na a n d a no n

o fpl a c e in te l o c a l a bl a t ive c ase , o r by p re x in g n a t

o any w o rd de
ons t rat ive in c h a r a c t e r

u
.

hmh
G in t o,

u
Pi la c

m u u
.

Pa ta li ,
b in a l o n .

B ac a l .

Ca oy or ca v

m
( tte r ) B bo g

m
a

m
u
.

u
B lac

mu
.

S in gs in g

u
m u
.

Pa nl a t , (
T a g ); p l a ( p )
S .

h h
A n g a a c o ,i, a b ti

mu
q
.

ab t i a n g a a c o , (b e t

u
t e r ) a n g a in g

u
fa th e r is go o d

H m
y .

a)

m m m
a

q
.

A ng a in g c a p a t id n a b a b a y e a y

u m u
s
ist isb t if l

h
e r ea
y .
a ga n d a

uu u fi
.

I s is b ro te r b a d ? g a s a a b a g a a n g c a n i y d n g c a
p a tid ?

u
isb ro th e r isb a d , b t in e isgo o d An g c ap at id n iy el ,i , as a a; g n i t

u
q
.
, .

a b a it

h h h
( j d ic i o s) . an g a i ,i,
‘
.

h
I s th e ir r in g a go l d o n e ? g G i n o b a g a a n g c a n i l a n g si n g sin g
?

Ye s, t e ir r in g is a go l d o n e O o , ang s in gsin g n il a, i, g in t

h
é

muu u u
. .

uh
m m
u
h hh hu
p l a a n d a s n o o th e r va l e th a n t
iste

h
W t o b
” o as ser t
'

m u
e n e ve r e co

u u
u h m
so e a t tr ib te o f te n o n
is n o tt r a n s l a t e d in T a ga l o g by a n y spec ifi c

um h
w o rd b tte e a n in g a y be c o n ve y e d in se ve ra l w a y s If a n o n o r a n

mh h um m
.
,

a d j e c t i ve is s e d a ste p r e d ic a t e o fa n o th e r n o n o r p r o n o n itis e n o gh t

m m
o

muh mh mhu
,

in s e rt a y i b e t wee n t e t
—
o in d ic a te te c o p l a A s a y i is n o tge n e ra lly .
—

se d i n in t e r r o ga t ive s en t
e n c e s w e n te s bj e c t c o es a ft e r te ve r b te

u uu
,

r e l a t io n is t e n e xp r e sse d by so e e xpl e t ive o r c o pl e t ive p a r tic l e S o e

u
u u
.

t i e s te l iga e n t s o r te a rra n ge e n to fw o r d sse r ve t o e xp re ss te s a e

re l a t io n o fC o p la a s w e n a re l a t ive p ro n o n is n d e r s
,
t oo d f o r in s ta n ce : ,

a ng ba n a l n a t
“
te virto s a n o r te a n w o isvirto s
“ ”
'

a o , , .
M
M
s
M h
Hu
h
on?

mh
h
h
u
uh
h
h
u
h
Wh
u u
uhh
m
hh
h
um
m
h
m
h
u
e re

h
e isa t

W h e re is o r s

m
u
I s te
m
m
s

u
i
u
s
u
isn o th e re
te

u
.
r

br o t e r s t

m
u
mm
s c h i
c

’
l d
is y o

on ? O r s
e isin te c o n try
,

r e n are
r fa te r ?

h e r e ? y o th e r s br o t
o n t a in o ve r
.
y
F O U RTH EX E RCI S E

ist
rc W h e re
o n is a t

no t

.
t h
f

e re
a t
s
.
e r is
h e ir d a gh t
c h oo l

A re y o r s
a t o
15

e W

I s te c h il d
is
W
h o e I sit e ? It is e I sity o ? ( pl r a l ) I tisn o tw e A re y o th e r s

u
’
t

h e r s a re n o tt
h
.
.

e re a r e t

h er e t
r
.e is
e r ? T e ir d a ght e r is a t
y b r o t
e r e ? No te c h il d

h ey ? Th
.

h e y a r e a tJ o n s
th e r e ? Y e s itis o ve r th e r e I s y o r r in g a go l d
,
.
,
,
e
c h rc h
r

e r sc h i l d r e n th e r e ( y o n d e r ?
’

e y a re a t
)
s

’
’

’
.

h
o n e ? No itis a s il ve r o n e I s y o r t a bl e a w o o d e n o n e ? N o y t a bl e

u
.
, ,

h
is a gl a s s o n e H a v e y o r b is h o p s a n y iro n r in gs? No th ey h a ve n o iro n

m
u
.
,

r in gs; th e y h a ve so e go l d rin gs A re o r l o o k in g gl a sse s a d e o fsil ve r ?

.
-

No S ir th e y a re
, ,
a d e o fg l a s s H a ve y o a n y st e e l b o o k s? No I h a ve
.
,

p a p e r b o o k s H a ve y o r siste r s a n y wo o d p e n s? No t
. h e y h ave n o w o o d
,

pe n s t,
h e y h a ve so e st ee l p e n s H a ve I a n y w o o d e n a t
. ? No I h a ve n o
,

wo o de n a t I h a ve t , wo co t to n o n es .
u
hm u u
h u
u u u h
Y CA L I

DE
M
M
M
FIFT H LES S O N
A NG

O NS T R A T I V E
PA G A R A L

PR ONO
.

U NS
.

M
T e de onstra t ive p ro n o n s in T a ga l o g a r e th o se t
r ea t
ed o fin t is
l e sso n Th e y . ca n be se d e ith e r a sa d j e c t
ive s o r a s tr e pr o n o n s wh e n
;
s e d a s a d j ec t
ive s t
he y ge n e a r lly pr e c e d e te n o n wh ic h th e y q a l ify

u
.

u u
hu
u uu
G in n c a n .

S in lid ( r o o t w o r d , s lir , t
.
“
o sp in-
s
i
n li d , s p n) .

e d ia s ( p) (
S pl l )

m
ra . .

h
,

Ca l a a t i .

M
Ten ed o r (S p ) . .

Balat ( T a )
g ;

m
, c ere
S a p in , (T a g ) ; s a at s ( r r fr o Sp

hmh u
o c o
p . . .

w za p a t
. e
) .

B a l a ib o (T a g ) ; la n a

u u
,

S in t a s (c o r r f ro t) ;

M
’

.
. Sp . W . ci n a ga lon

A n g l pa , a ng sa n gc a l p aa n , sa n g
T e h , (te
E a rt w o rl d ) .

d a igd iga n

mu mmm
.

E a rth ( ,
a t
ter ) . L pa .

L and '

C ati , ca t
ih a n .

mh
B a r il

mmm
.

So e th in g
yth in g , an . Ano an , b al a n g 1i a

hh u m
H a ve y o a n y t h in g? ( g a y r oo n cang ano an ?
g a
y a no an ca ?
I h a ve so e t h in g .
a
y oo n
r
, a
y ano an ac e

N o th in g n o ta n y tin g
, . Ua la .

I h ve n o th in g U a l a. a c on g a n o
'

an

m
a

m
. .

T e c l o th A ng cayo

u
. .

So ap S a bo n (c o rr f ro w o r d j a bo n )

u u
' '

Sp
‘

mm
u
. . .
, .

W h a t (w a tth in g) h a ve o ? gA n c) b a ga a n g s
a

m
11 a
y
I h a ve y o r st e e l p e n A n g iy on g p l a ng p a a l i t a ng na
sa a q in
‘
.

u m
.

W h a t(in d e t) h a ve y o ? .
gA n c
g a y r oo n ca ?
I h a ve so e br e a d ay t in ap a y a c ci

uum u
. .

W in e a n y k in d o f l iq o r
,
. Alac .

C o ffe e Caf f ro f
’ '

. e ca
p e (
c o rr . Sp . ca é) .

uu
S ci (Ch in e s
e)

q
.

Q is
e (c o r r f ro Sp w o rd s)

fi
e e

q
. .

Ang a in g ca n d ele ro (S p )
y c an d e l st
ic k .

A n g c a n d e l e r o c o (T a g ) , s
asa gan ) .
.

S t rin g . L b id , l b ir , t ali .
 m m
mm

M mm
17
t
uu u t y in g p a n t

hh
Pa n a l i (r o o t w o r d , t “
T y in g sr in g a li , a li ‘
- -
.

S o e th in g go o d B a n la n a n g ab t i, a no an ab t i

mu
u
. .

A n yth in g go o d . A n o an ab t i .

Th is . Y a r i , y e r i , itb .

Th a t (th a tn e a r y o )

h
Y y an , y a n

m m
. .

T a t(f a r fr o te in te rl o c t
o rs) Y a on , y o n

m
s
u m
. .

h
Y a r in g l ibr o , y a r in g lib r o n g y a r i ; it

h
é ng
Th isb o o k

h
l ibr o , it on g lib ro n g it

uu
o
.

Th a tt a bl e (n e a r y o ) . . Y y an g l a e s a , iy an g l a e sa n g iy an .

u
Y a on g s i b a h a n , y a on g s
i ba a n g
Th a tc h rc h (f a r away )

u
.

y a o n

m
.

T e n e ighb o r . A n g c a a p id b a a y ( 1 ) .

N e ig b o r s a gc a a p i d b a a
y (tw o )

h
. . .

C ro w n Pot o n g o r p t o n g

h
. .

Pa l a c e Po t as i o (c o rr f ro S p w o r d p a la ci o )

h h
. . . . .

umm u hu u
pa r t ic l e i n pr e fi xe d t

h h
T e o a ro o t b e gin n in g w ith
. a vo w e l o r in s e rt e d

b e tw e e n te fi rst c o n so n a n t a n d vo w e l o fth o se b e gin n in g w ith a c o n so n a n t o r

h
,

h
co ns o n a n t s fo r s a n e w w o r d wh ic h in d ic a t e s te r e s lt o f te a c t io n

u
.
,

Th s fro sa lid t “
o s
”
p in ; sin li l wh a t a s b e e n sp n ” “
te thr e a d ”

uumuu m
e

h
.
, , , ,

S a n g is a c ll e c t ive p a rt ic l e wh ic h ifpr e fix e d t

h
o o a r o o t i n d ic a t ive o f

u
,

e s w ith te s ffix a n te wh o l e c o n t e n t s th e r e o f

h
a d ivis i b l e th in g e x p re s s , , ,
.

h ; sa n gl p cia n te wo rl d a l l te i n h a b i t a n t s th e r e o f
“ ” “ ” “
Th s l p a e a r t

u
h
.
, , , ,

W h e n a y is se d f “
t h a ve it st b e fo ll o w e d by te th i n g
”

uh m
or o

u
uh
u m m
u
po ssesse d

mu u
.

“
No ” in r e s p o n se t o a q es tio n w ith te ve rb t o a ve
”
is ge n e r a lly

hm
,

tr a n sl a t p o n se t t

humu
e d by a la ; i n r e s o o th e r q e s io n s i n d i is ge n e r a lly s ed
’
.
,

Pa n pr e fix e d t o a r o o t i n d ic a t in g a a n a l a c t io n fo r ste in str ent

u
, ,

wh ic h se r ve s t e x e c te it T si la t t“ ” “ ”
o s f ro o wr ite ; p n zila t p e n ; a

u
.
, , ,
”

h
o t
“ i
ta li ,
t ”
ie ; p a na li t
y n g r o pe T e c h a n ge o fs n d tin t o n w il l b e
—
. a

h
,

h
e xpl a in e d in f rth e r l e s s o ns .

h
e i n te vo c a b l a ry

h
T e T a ga l o g d e o n str a t ive pr o n o n s a r e th o s Ya r i

m m m
m
u
.

h
“
o r ye ri a n d i t

h
) s and f or th is; y a ri ye ri is d y in g a w a y a n d b e i n g r a p id

m
—

m u um
ly r e pl a c e d by i t c i é st '
d f “
th t ”
i ti t
’

m m m
n n y ; n n g o
o y a e n a n o r a y a p o

u
—
.
, , ,

m h
a th in ly r p r s ss p t ng o t o bj e c t s
’

g i n g n e a e e o n a d d re e d a n d y a o n y e n o i n i

u
—

f ar awa y fr o b o t in te r l o c to r s T e pl r a l is fo r e d by i e d ia t e ly

mmu h
,

pre c e d in g th e w ith te pl ra l iz in g p a rt ic l e a nge T a ga lo g e pl o y s te

u
.

r e pe titio n o fte d e o n st ra t ive pr o n o n s in te n o in a t ive t

h
o r e n d e r th e

huuh h
ph a tic

m m
e

h m m
.

0a is o n e o fte os ti po r t a n t pr e fix p a rt ic l e s a n d is s e d in s

mm
ev

u m u
,

e ra l w a y s W h e n ca is p re fixe d t o n o n s o r v e rb s d e n o t i n g r e s p ec tive ly
fi u
.
, ,

pe rso n s o r c o ll ec t ive r e c ipr o c a l a c t io n s itd e n o t e s o n e o fte c o rr e sp o n d in g ,

p a r t ie s If te c o p o n d so fo r e d is pr e xe d by a g itis a de pl r a l
.
,

wit o t re q ir in g te e pl o y e n t o f a nga wh ic h c a n o w e ve r b e se d

h
, , , ,

a n d in d ic a t es t wo a tl e a s t o f te p a rtie s .

m u
, ,

Declension ofte de on t
sra t
i ve p ron o n s
.

h
Y r i y e ri

h
a ,
.

mh h h
D in i sa , D it o sa ni b

m
n 1 r1 .

m
.
,

co
u u
(l )
p a n io n
. A
s ip
co po
a n d re
nd
st
ric t
ing
f
ro ap ir t
o j o in
te se n se t
o o ne
”
, ba ay,
a lo n e
“
o
o fte
s
e
” a nd
c o rre sp o
ca,
n d i n g p
p
a
a
r
r
1 e s
ti
in d ic a in gc le
t
t
.

t
P
 hh
h
is
i

mh
To tis Din i sa . Dit sa ) .

D in i sa Dit
t t

u
T is ) s

u
'

.
,
n iri . a ,
ni o
.

u
O bj e c t lo ca l d At i
.

ca sa l
an ,
n ,

po n e tc t1 s
D1n 1 sa Dl t
o Sq

l
. . .
,

t
insr B y w it, ,

( en a tl . etc th is
. .

T H AT . NE

Y y an
AR .

. Ya on .
FA R .

Yo n .

5D 1ya n
I
.
Sa , Do o n sa
t

l
L
,
O O Il
n yan
0 ’ .

nl aon
i .
y .

D iy a n sa , D oo n sa . Niy o o n .

Di
5 y i
z n sa , D oo n sa , Niy o n o r
ni y an . n iy a on . n iv o o n .

U b Je c t
'

Doo n sa

h
h h hh
Niy a on

h
u m
h huuuh
u h
u uhm
te p o sse ssive a n d d ir ec t o bj e c t c a se s te p a r tic l e so wh ic h p rec e
In
( l e s te n o n s f o ll o w s te d e
, o nst ra t ive pr o n o n s te r e a so n b e in g th a t
o te th in g p o in t e d o ta n d n o tt
i tr e fe r s t o te pr o n o T e tw o fo r s
,
,

h
n .

o fte po s se ssive c a s e s h o l d b e se d in te w a y a n d c a se sa lre a d y e xpl a in

or t h o se o fte p erso n a l pr o n o n s

u um
ed f .

m
Th is p er so n Yt on g t a o it on g t a c) i l b (e p a t ic )

m
O
.

m
.
,

f th a tc h il d th a tc h il d s ’
N iy an g b a t a n iy an g b a t a n g iy an

hm m u
, . , .

To or f or t h a tb ish o p D oo n sa o b isp o doo n sa o bisp o n g y o n

m
,

(c ph )

m
.

fl
.

Y t on g af i ga ta o

m
fi
Th e se en ( p e r so n s)
Yt a nga t a n on g i t
.

h
on g
.

m
.

D iy an sa a ga a so n g c a r n e

m
T o e s d o gs ’
ea t .

A n g c a r n e n iy an a nga a s
.

m
o .

T0 or t
f h o se h il d re n D oo n sa a nga b a t a .

or c .

D oo n sa a nga b a t a n g y a on

h h h
.

b o o k s ( bj e c t ) Niy a on a nga l ibr o

h
T se
.

o o
N iy ao n lib ro n g y a on
.

a nga

hu h h
.

m u
m m
u u
h
m
It sh o l d b e n o tic e d ta to w in g t o te in e c t ive c h a r a c te r o fte d e

u
o ns t ive pro n o n s i n t
ra t h e ir d e c l e n sio n te r e l a t io n o fc a se is e xpr e sse d ,

by te pro n o n if itc o e s b efo r e te n o n a n d by te l a t t er ifc o ,

i n g fi rs t Th s th a t b o y s b o o k is r e n d e re d ( g li bro n iya ng bat

.
“
,
” ’
a ,

t
, ,

or ,
a n y li br o n a n g ba t
a w i n a n d s o f o rth f
o r t e.o t
h e r c a s
,e s .

hm
mm
H a ve y o
n o tin g

st l
y
H a ve y o
.

s i
g

l
o l dm
uu
r

ymi bb
s t
o

e e
n

l
?
p e
I
n
h
?
a ve

I
i
h
t
a
n
v
o

e
t
i t
H
n
a

I a ve y go o d silve r p e n W h a th a ve y o ? I a ve n o t in g H a ve y o
e ? I h e yo r s t l
v
t
n
e y
W
FIFTH
o

H
h
a

ic
n

h
y
p
t
e
i
n
n g
h
?
a
E X E RCI S E

ve
I

s
y
a
o
v

p
e

? uu
u u
m
u u
.
.

h
hhh .

y e e o r y ve r p n a v e e p e a v e y o
y o a .
 hhm
u h
h m
uu m
T e fir s

h
m hm
u
a r t ic l e

m
r le , t

m
T

h
m
t t
a ng ;
wo
s
e

a k e s te a r t

m
y
(La

b
f o ll o w in g

ic l e
e
i

i n o c a n n e it
n
s
e d
(
Y CA A N I

d ist
c r i
a s a d j e c t ive s a n d
te
a
S IXT

v e

ay
MNA

I NTE R R O G A TI V E

b
a

e
n
20

H LE S S O N

in t e rr o ga t ive p r o no n s in T a ga l o g :
a re
in t i ), d
pr
g s
i n
PA G A R A L

PR

eceded
?

h e r b e se d a s a n ad j e c t iv e n o r , a s a ge n e ra l
.
,

by te
O NO
.

U NS .
.

hm
fifi

MM
Ang a p a gc a l ac a l , l a l . ( fr o

m
a ga ga c a

T r h a n tte t ra d e s ca la ca t

m
’

e e c ,
an .
, an g co er
ci a n e t ( Sp ) .

m
Ang t a ga Fra n sa , a n g p ra n s é s (c o rr

u
T F re n c h a n .

f
e .

fr o S p w o r d Fr a n ci a a n d ra n c és)
.

‘u
.

U br e ll a . Pay o n g .

Pa n b ca sn a n g p ro n go (T a g ) ; ti ra bns
’

m
m m m
on
C o rk sc r e w . ,

(c o rr fr o . S p w o rd t
. i ra bn o n ) z
’

.
.

C a r pe n t e r . A n lo a g e .

N a il ( ir o n sp ik e )
. . Pa c o .

Ha Pa o c p o c ( r o o t t

u
er

u
.
, p o ep o e , o

B ee r S e r bes a (c o r r f r o S p w o r d cerveza )

m u u
. . . . .

I nk . Ti n t ( p )
S

mm
a . .

H o ney Po l o t p l t

h
. .

h
,

h
W a lk in g st ic k To n gc o d , tn gc o d o r tn gc o r

m
-
. .

Th i bl e . Ded a l (Sp ) . .

N eedl e Ca r ay o

h m u
. .

Pin . As pt le r (c o r r f r o S p w o r d a ile r )
. . t
f .

hm
m
O ra s a n ( c o r r f ro Sp wo rd
’

o ra s a n d
. .

W at an t o d e n o t e te pl a c e w e r e h o rs

m
c .

a re ark e d )

m
.

h
A n g i n glé s a n g t a ga Yn gla t

u m
er
T e E ngl ish a n .

ra

u
,

S ee p ra T ap a ( fr o Sp t op a r , t o
"

u u m
. .
,

h h
tt o n . L a an n a n g t o pa .

B tt e r l a rd ant tc a (c o r r f r o S p wo r d

m m
. .
, .

B tt o n B at on (S p a n is ) o r bi t

h
o n es

m
. .
,

Bed s h e e t q ilt Go o t

m m
-
.
, ,

hh
lw y s p tp

3 m
an ( a
. a o s o n e d ) .

N e ite r

u
H in d i a n in d i

m
no r. a n o r ri n .

h in di h in di n a an
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .

u
Ac e a n , ic ao
Ne ite r
an
I no r y o
.

H in d i a n a c o, ic ao a y , h in di rin
.

s
.

H a ve y o te nee d e l or te
g gNa a iy o b a ga a n g c a r ay o 6 a ng
 M
h
h h h h mu mm
hh
21

m m
te r te te

hh
I a ve n ei n ee d e l no r Uala s a a q in a n
g c a r ay o a n n g

m
,
a

as

h
p i n p i l e r a n

M
. .

\V o (s in g ) S i o ? gs in o b a ga?

hh
.
g n

g S i n o n g a y r o o n ? , g
s i n o n o n ?

m
a g a r o ;

u
W s? y

u
hhh
o a
g s i n o n g a
y ?

m
.

W o a s? gNa s a c a n in o ? (b a a)
g

h
.

hh
K n ife tl a ss It a c , (T a g ) , c c i llo

m
c

m
, .

S i y a i t ?

m
g n o c a a ng a
y a

u
c
W k n if e ?
sa n y

h u
o a

hh
g S i n o n g a y r o o n i t a c ?

u
h
a s te k n i fe ?

h u
W o g N a s a c a n i n o n g i t ?

u
a a c

u
hhh uumuuu
T a s a k n i fe A n g ta o a y a y it a c

m
e an

u u
. .

a s te k n if e t

u
T e an Na s a ta o a n i c
g a

u u
. .

S opo t o r s p t

u
P r se

u
. .

W o a s te p s?
r e (; N a sa c a n in o a n g s p t ?

u
T e wo an a s te p r e. s A n g s p ta y n a s a babaye

h
.

W o a s it
? g N a s a c a n i n o b a ga? (a n g s p t )

mu
.

h
Pe t e r an d Jo hn a ve it Na c a y Pe d r o ,t J n ( g p )
n s t
Or y
c a a a

m
. . .
,

0, (S p ) ; c n (T a g ) (l ittl e s ed )

m m m
. . .

E ith e r f f

m m m
a n

m u
g ag n .

B e it or an an

m u
. . .

E ith e r by n ig t o r by d a y a gn i n sa ga b i, a gn i n sa ara o

u u
. .

E ith e r a th o e o r a tc r c h a gn in a b ah a y
s a gn in s
a si ba h a n

m u u
. .
,

B e it a n o r w o a n . La l a q i an , b aba ye an .

W h a tc o n t ry a n a r e y o ?

u m
T s
a c a ? (b a ga)
W h a tis y o r c o n tr y ? g ga a a n

h
I a a S p a n ia r d T a ga E sp a f za a c o a c o 1 t E s af

m
a za ;
.
; ga p , ,

h
y c o n try is S p a in . Ca st il a a c o; a c o i c a s t
il a

u
.
, ,

Ca st

u
E sp a no l il a ( c o rr fr o Sp

humu m m
S p a n ia r d
. .

w o r d Ca st i lla )

m u
Of w tc o n t r y a re th o s
a e p e o pl e ?
(; T
y
a g a saa

aé n
n c a

?
y a y a o a n ga t a n on g

h
T o se p e o pl e a re Ch in e se . Y a on g a nga ta o a y a n ga in sic .

T o se p e o pl e sc o n t Y a on g a nga t
a n on g y a o 1 t a ga S o n g

m
r y is Ch i n a
’ , ,

s
.

ong

u u
.

G la s s (t bl e r ) V as

h
o

u
. .

R ic e

h
B igas

h h m
. .

ea s r e a b o t

m
G ant 1 125 o fte
a a
j Salo p

m mu m
Pec k E n gl is
. h b sh e l .
.

u
umm u u
u hm
up ar t ic l e a p a g pr e fix e d t
T
te f re q e n t
e o a ve r b a l o r s b s
o r wh a tte r o o t e a n s
ta n t iv e r o o t f o r s
,

t
,

h
a t iv e n o n f ; a n n d e r e sa e co n

u
h
,

h
io n s f o r s a ve r b a l n o n in d ic a t iv e o f wh a ta p e rs

h
d it on ise n ga ge d in

h
,

h
c s t o a rily

m m
.

Ta ga pl a c e d b e f o re s n o r te n a e o fa pl a c e o r c o n t ry d e n o t

h
es

fi
m
u u um h m
,

o r 1 g1 n .

u
t a r o o t de n o t o r te th in g o r p e r s

h
An, o a i xe d e s pl a c e o n o n wh ic h

m h
,

or on w o te a c t io n is a c c o pl is e d

muuum
.

h a ve te n o n

mh
T e fa s h io n is go in g o n so e wh e re a o n g n a t ive s t

u
o

m
s bj e c t o f a n a c t iv e s en t a ga in re pr e s e n te d a t te e n d by te th ir d

mfi u
ence ,

p e rso n pr o n o n A n g t t “
t ”
a s a k n if e ; y a o n g
’

c s d
'

i i

uu
h
a o ay a
y . a y e a n ,

an a t
g a o ng
y aé i a
'

ga i n s
i c si ld
“
th,
o s,
e p e o pl e a re Ch in e se
” T e s t ,
.

d e n t is h e r e by c a t io n e d a ga in s tth is a n n e r o fe xpr e ssio n wh ic a lth o gh ,

n o te n t ir e ly n gr a atic a l s o l d b e s ed s p a r in gly

mm
.
,

Pl u
S in gs uu
B ah a y n a c a o y
in g n a g in t o
a ng p ata li , s
ero
.

S
( p . w o rd a cero

co rr )
 m
h h
mu u
m Co p o nd E n gl is
h no s o n e o fwh ic h e xp r e s
n s
22
e s te a tt e r a h
mh
mm th in g

u
is a de o f a re
, gr a lly
e n e e xpr e s
se d in T a ga l o g by e a n s o fte l iga e n ts

te t pr ec e d in g te att

h
h in g e r a s a b o ve .

h u
s o fw a t
O n e gl a s er . Ysan g va s ong t b ig .

T w o ga n t a s o fric e . Da l a ain g sa l o p b igas na .

m
T e r e l a t io n b e t t in e n ta nd co n t ent

m
s is l ik e w is e xp r e s
sed by

u
w ee n co n e

mh
l i n k in g p a r t

m
h
te ic l e s .

h
m
h m
m
hu h
u
h
Cl o th in g f o r c h i l d re n D a it sa a nga b a t a

uu u
. .

W r it in g t a bl e—

. L a e sa n g s l a t an l a e s a p a gs l a t
a s ,
.

C o p o n d n o n s o n e e b e r o fwh ic de n o t e s te se f or wh ic h
te o th e r is in t e n d e d a r e ge n e r a lly t r a n sl a t e d by in se rtin g te p a r t
,
ic l e
ed a sa t l at
io n o fte p r e p o s it
“
s
a ,w ic is a l s o s ra n s io n f or

u
m hm
Declen sio n ofi nt
er ro ga t
i ve p r o n o ns

mh m
.

m
No W ? (; S in
O f wh
o o

h
.

?
s
s
o
C

h
l o a no gn l n o 7”
W ho s
.

e?
.

O b j e c t (a ll it
sf o r s
) \V o ? gS a c a n in o ?

h
.

fi W
O
t
f w at
?
?
a (;
gS
A
a
n o
'

ga n g
gn
a

a
n

n
d
g
?

ano
?

Fo r o r t
o wh a t? .
gS a an d?
W at ? gS a a n 6 ? , gn a n g ano ?

u
mu
l o c a l a n d I n a te tc , ,
.

b ?
ca s al wh a t?
.
6 ? a no

i n st r B y w ith
en t al et c wh a t
.
? .
, ,
( N a
,
n g an o .

h
h
W h ic h ? g
,
A l i n ? ga n g a l i n ? .

gS a gn a n g l
a in ?

S l in

u
g a a .

S a l in ? l in ?

m
g g

u
a ,
n a n g a .

l o ca l a nd In , a t S a l in

h
,

et
ca sal, c w ic h ? g a

h h h
.

h
t
in sr B y w i th

h
N a 11 n

h
etc ? wh ic ?
t l g a n g

um
. .

en a

h
.

hh h hh
h uu m u u u
ed f t t
‘

S i n o , is s o r p e rs
ons d i s lly pr d d by

m
f
a n n o g e n e r a e c e e e a r

u u
,

t io l e T e sec o n d f o r o f te p o sse ssive c a se s o l d b e se d o n ly w e n

h u u
.

te q e st io n a s n o tb ee n e a r d o r n d e rst o od

u
.

T e pl r a l is f o r e d e it h e r by re pe a t in g te p ro n o n o r by sin g

uu u
h h
te pl ra l iz in g p a rt ic l e b e f o re o r a ft e r te n o n t o wh ic h it a k e s re

fe re n c e , if t he re b e a n y , a s is fr e q e n t ly te c a se wh e n t “
ent

m
”

m
o be ers
in E n gl is t o p ta q e s tio n , a s s o w n in te f o ll o w in g ill s t

m u
ra t io n s:

W (
o pl r a l ) a r e t
h o s
e in ? (w ew a t
e n ? ( p eo pl e ) .
 h h
M
M
W se
gg
u
mu
i gs
p l ra l ) a re to se
23

3 gCa n ic a n in o (1 iy an
) m
mm in gsin
nga s ?

h
a
g

m
Fo r wh ( pl l) S n ic a n in o b a a a é n
o ra a re
(; a c a a nga s

m
g y a ~

th o se h a t
s b a l il o n g y a on

m
(g A n o n on p p l it o?

fi
a
g a e

m
W hat p a p e r sa re th e se ?
l
g A n o n n l ito ?
g
a g 1 1
a a

33ito ?
c

(; anbn 1 s t

m
a g g 1 1
1 1 1 3 .
( o ew a

L i pr o p e r )

mmm m
.

u
( gN a n g a n o g ,
a n on b ah a y it
o ng a
nga ac o n
g it o ?p

m
W h a tk in d fh o se s a r e th e se nai s
l gN
l a n g a n g a a n ong a b h a y it on g

hu
o ,
a nga a co n
g i to (s
? p e wh a t i

m
o .

pr o p e r )

muu
.

{ N a n g a n o n g a nga b ah a y it
o f
a i ga

L p a c o n g ito ?
Sa a nga b ih a y 11 a c ab o y
Of t e wo o d h o s
es ay a l s
o be e d , a lth o
s h
.
(n a n g
tso
,

u fim
g no
.

pr o p e rly )

h m
.

g i n a l in g c a n d e l e r o a n g n a s
A l a i o?
-

y
W h ic h c a n d le st ic k sh a ve y o g a g a a l i n g c a n d e l e r o a ng n a s a i o

mumhm
u
,
y
A l
g in g a n a c a n d e l e ro a n s 1 3
g g n a a 1
) <
A ng s a o b is p o anga c a n d e l e r o a n g
na s a a q in
I h a ve te b ish o p sc a n d le st ic k s ’
.
j A n g a nga c a n d e l e r o n a n g o b isp o a n g .

m m
L n a s a a q i n .

f gS a a l i n a l i n g
-
a n g a a r i L o n

m
g

m
a ,
nga p oto n g n a it o?

h h
Fo r wh ic h k in gsa re th e se c r o w n s? g a a l in g
S a nga h a r i it o n g a nga ,

p oto n g n a it o?
l h r

u u
gS a a n g a a in g a i L o ng a nga

um
L p o t it

hu
o n g n a o ?
T e pos
essiv e c a se w ith gets o l d pr e f e r a bly b e se d in a n sw e r i n g a
q estio n .

A ltn ay s e r ve f o r pe rso ns an d t
h in gs; a n d, on ly f
or th in gs .

u
hh
W o a re y o ? (sin g ) .
gS in o c a ? (b a ga) .

W o a re th e y ?

u
(; S in o s in o (b a ga) s il a?
“
-

Wh a t d o y o w a n t ? (sin g ) g A n o c a ? , ga n o c a b a a?
g

u m
.

W h a ta r e y o do in g h e r e ? S g A a n o c a d it o ? , g
a n o c a d ito ? , gn a g

u
~

h
,

H
2 o r it o ?

m
a a n c a
W a tis isb sin e ssth e r e ? g A a n o s iy ad oo n gn a ga a n o siy ar oo n

u
, ,

W h a t d o y o w ish ?

h
(; A n b n
g i b ig ?

m
o

h
I w ish . Y b ig c o .

Yo s
( g)
in w ish Y b ig

u
o

u
. .

e o r s e W is he s . Y b ig n iy a .

h
W e w ish . Y b ig n a t i n , ib ig n a in .

Yo ( pl r a l ) w is . Y big n i n y o .

h h
T e v w is h . Y b ig n il zi .

mu mm
tg t is s
en s
e , is a p a ssive in va r ia bl e or t
rb f w ish
'

in and ve o

u u
,

t
o des ir e ”

uh
.

N a t ive s a vo id a s h sth e y te pl o y e n t o f t1r d p e r so n

0

c a can e

hmm hh
pr o n o n s in re fe r e n c e t th in gs Th e y r lly r p t t

h
o .
ge n e a e e a e n o n o r

uu
u
(1) I tis a ge n e r a l r le at r e p e it t
io n s o fs y l la b le s ot r w o r d s f
o r v a r io sp r p o s es
in T a g a lo g d o n o t a s
p s b e y o n d r e s p e c t
i ve l y, t e s e c o n d l e tt
e r p r se c o n d s y ll a b l e te a

t
s, c a n ic a n i n o , in se ad o f c a n n o c a n i n o , s c e c a n o 1 s a tre e - s
,
re o f T t l l b l
.
y a e
 h

M
h
mfi
t
ry t t
o cons
te p ro n o
a bn
uh
m
u
u
r c tin

t
i
u mm
u
n.
umu sc
E x a pl e s: g a b t
itis go o d , ” “
cert
a a n n er
24
a

i ba gci a n g li br o ? ,
a in ly , itis ; i n st e a d
st
o re n d e r .
it nnece s
s y t
ar o
is te b o o k go o d ?
o f ab t
s
“
i s
e

i ya
’

h h
ga

H h h h hh
.
,

h
hhhH
H h
uh
h
h
hmh
hh
h
u hh
hh
h
mh
S I XTH E X E RCI S E

h
k in g te gl a ss o r te st
ste T e k in g a s n e ite r te

h H
ee l pe n ?

fi
H
a

m
h
t

h
t

h h h
l ss st l W i h s b i s p ? T b is h p s

mm
n

m
g a n o r e e e p e c .
p e n a e o e o a

h
te n e p e n te st h a ve n e ite r te sto c k in g

h h h h
o c k in g ? Yo

m
a ve y o

u u
.

h
n o r te p i n a s te E n gl is a n te c o rk s c re w ? T e E n gl is a n as

u m
m m
m
.

n e ite r te c o r k s te n e e d l e I s te e rc h a n t e r e ?

h
c re w n o r No

m m
e

m
.

h
,

h h h
is n o t e r e a s te F re n c h a n b ll ? s t y

h
y r e a e a n o o r

m
.

I s te c o rk s c r e w o n te t T e c a rp e n t a s it

h
bre ll a a bl e ? W o

m m
er

m
. .

h h
T e c a r p e n t e r a s n e it h e r te h a

hh
e r n o r te n a i l

h
a s th e ir h a er ?

m m
.

h
W h ic h e rc h a n t a s a n y b ee r ? T e e rc h a n t of t w s t w

m
y o n a o

u u u
hh
g l a sse s o f b e e r W h o se i n k is th a t ? It i s y b r o th e r s W h a t o
’

m
. .

te E n gl is e n ? T e E n gl ish e n a ve so e go o d h o n e y

h
n ey a ve

mm mm
.

W h ic h w a lk in g s t ic k a s y o r o th e r s d a ght e r ? ’
th r s d t ’

u m
y o e a g

m m m
—

w a lk in g st ic k a t a ll s e

h
er as no as er th i bl e e r n ee d l e er

m
—

, , ,

h
i d w h A t e re n s p i n S p in? Y s th r

m
p n a n y a c r e a y e e a e e e a re

u u
. .

h
,

tt I tis ve ry go o d

h
so e Is o n go o d ? W o as y o th e r s b e d
’

um m
.

h
.

h e e t s? Pe t t

h h
s er a s th e Is k f o fi r o n ? s

H
y n i e ade N o i i a d e

h u
.

h
,

ofs te e l Fo r w h ic h p e r s o n is th a t p r s e? Th a tp rse is f s i st

m
or y

u
.

e rs A re y o S p a n ia r d s? Y e s w e a r e S p a n ia r d s W o h a ve

m
y

u
. .
,

h
r ic e ? T e E n gl is h e n h a ve it I s th a t ga n t a y o rs o r y so n s? ’

um u u umu
.

Th a tga n t a is n e it e r y o r s n o r is W h e r e is Jo h n ? Jo h n is n o t

u
.

hu m
h e r e e is e ith e r a tc h r c o r a tsc h o o l I s e n o ta th o e ? e is

u
.
,

at o e W a t is y o r ( p l ) c o n try ?
. . O r c o n try is F r a n c e W ha t .

c o n t ry en a r e th o s e p eo pl e ? Th e y a re f ro th is c o n try A re th o s e .

p eo pl e C i n e se ? Th e y a re n o tCh in e se Th is h o se is n o ta wo o d e n
.

o ne . Th o se l o o k in g gl a sse s a re n o t si l ve r
-
Th e se rin gs a re n o tgo l d
. .

W a t a re y o g e n tl e e n
,
? W e a r e c a r p e n t e r s .
 S EV E NT H LES S O N .

Y CA P IT O N G PA G A R A L .

mh h h h h
PER S O N A L A ND O
P S S E S S I V E PR O N O U N S

h u
.

u mu u hh h mh
D e c l e n sio n s a re given e r e a ft e r o fa l l te T a ga l o g p e r so n a l p ro n o n s

h u
h
wh ic h te p o sse ssive o n e s a r e d r ive d Th a t o fte th ir d p e r so n a s

h h
fr o e

u
.

thr e e d ic t io n s in te pl r a l ; Ta y o Ca i Q i t “

h u u
”
ci o r ca t
ti we T y o is s ed a

u m
u
.
, , ,

wh e n te p e r so n a dd r e sse d is in t e n d e d t o b e in c l d e d C i o n te a

u u
.
,

c o n tr a r y l ik te r o y a l W E in E n gl ish e x c l d e ste p e rso n a d d r e sse d

,
e
“ ”
,

a n d i s th e r e f o r e te c o rr e c tpr o n o n t
o se in pr a y e r s a d d r e ssed t
o te

D e ity Ca t a s v e ry l it tl e se in te n o in a t ive c a se ; itis ra th e r d a l

’

. a

p o sse ssive c a se Q int is a l so se d in th is l a t

,

m
a n d p a r t a k e s o f te .
,

t
er s
ens
e .

Declen sion ofp erso na l p r o n o ts

F I R ST PE R S N O

m
S I NG U LA R .

No
Po s
O s .
.

bj e c t (a l l it
. s d ivisio n s
) .
Aco
A
Sa a
u
qu
q
.

l n , (pr e p ) ;
.

fn .
co ,

m
C O N D P E R SO N

m
SE

uO u
.

No . Th o
O u
u
. Yo . I c ao , (pr e p ) ; ca ,

H
s
Po s f th e e f y o Iy o (pr e p) ; o

O
.
,
,
. .

bj e c t( a l l it
sd ivisio n s) Th e e

h
Yo S a 1y o

H
. . . .
.

mO hhhm
D P E R SO N

H m
T IR

m m
.

m e, s e , it S iy a

mh
o .

uh
. .

Po s
s f i of o fit Ca 1y a (p re p ) ; a
y ,
O er ,
,
.

t
.
,

bj ec t (a ll it io n s)
s d ivis i .
,
e r, 1 . Sa ca y a .

a re
(1 )
p e r o n i
ay s t
s
s fi ed
,
“i ”
a
,
is
s in f
no
a b le s,
t ge n
e c.
e
t
r a l l y a p p lie d t
o in a n i t t
a e in gs,
n le s te la tte r
s
 26

PL U R A L .

hh
F I R ST P E R SO N

mh
.

A B SO L U T E PL U R A L .

u
W e (b o t te spe a k e r sa n d

u u
, ,

No . te p e r so n s sp o k e n to in , Ta y o .

el de d )
Po s
s Of s(o fa ll o f ) s A ti n , (p re
p) ;
O bj
.

t t t

h
ec .
(a l l i s di v isi o n s
) U S . . a a in .

mu u
R EST R I T I C V E PL U R AL .

No
Po s
O bj
s .
.
W e (te

O f s
to not
s s sp o k e n
in c l d e d )
.
p e r o n
.

m
m m
A in , (pr e p ); na in ,

muh
ec t .
(a l l i t
s d i visio n s) U s . . S a a in .

E XC DU A L

u
PL U R A L .

u
L U S IV E

No W e (t an d I a lo ne ) Q it a
Of
. o . .

C a n it a ( pr e p ) ; t
,

H
Po ss s a

O bj , ,
. .

ec t ( a l l its d iv isio n s) . Us . S a c a n it a .

m
A NO T ER D UAL PL U R A L .

O u
No We . . C a ta .

Po ss f s At a, (p r e p ) ; t
a

O
. .
,

bj e c t . al
( l it
s d ivis
io n s
) Us . . S a ata .

m
CO N D PE R SO N

u
SE .

O u
u
No Yo
. (y e ) . . C ayo .

Po ss f yo 1 Y n y o, (p r e p ) ; n in y o stu
(p p )
o

O
. .
,

b j ec t ( a ll it s d ivisio n s) Y o S a in y o

H
. . . .

mh
O m
h
m
T IR D P E R SO N .

u muhmh
No T ey
. . S il a .

f th e Ca n ila, (pre p ) ; la

h
Po ss ni
O
. .
,

bj ec t (a ll it

h
s d ivis T

h
. io n s
) . e . S a c a n il a

m
.

m mh
hhh
Pe r s o nal p ro n o n s l ik e po sse ssive pro n o n s a ve t w o f o r s in te

m u u
h
p o sse ssiv e c a se : a ga i n , iyo , ca n iya , a in , ca n i t
a , i n o , co n i la , a r e pr e o s i t i

m
v
y p e

u
,

th a t ist sa y ; pr e c e d e te ve rb in p a ss ive s en te nce s i t i

m u
o c o o n a n a n
y ,

u
q
, , , ,

na i n , n i n yo , t a , n i la a n d te n o in a t ive it a (a s d a l ) f o ll o w it T e .

no in a t i ve ca is l ik e w is e p ta ft er te v e r b i n ac tiv e s ent ences Qa t td , .

a n d ca t d a re s e d in d is cri in a t
e ly T ey b o t a ve ver y l it t le se in .

te n o in a t ive c a s e .
 um
mh m
Bo tt
Pe a s

To s
To s
To s

h mm
To s
h
u
mm m
le

h
peak
m
m
S e rv a n t

m
u
h
u
.

m
u
a n t , co n t ry

itd o w n
ay , t

fi
pe a k , t

m
.

K in s a n , r e l a t

m uu
Th e r e , th ith e r

m
T o go th e r e , t

o
io n
an

h it e r
o t e ll (s

.
o
.

e t in g)

p ro n o n c e
.
.

.
.

.
9

28

M
Bot e ( c o rr f r o

a gs
.

as

Ca a ga n a c
Doo n
a c a,

A l i l a , lin gco d

.
. Sp
a gb b

U p o o r o p o (r o o t ) ;
S a b i (r o o t ) ; s
.
.

Pa r do n , ( a c t ive a n d p a s

a b i in ( p a s

Csa p (ro o t ) ; a gé sa p (a c t
U ic a (r o o t ) ; a gii ic a
s
.

ive ) (1 )
p
s

( )
a
o (
ive )

c t
a

.
c t
iv e )
i
w o rd
q

ve )
ir

.
.
,
bo t

.
ella )

.
.

h
. . .

G i i ro o t ); g ( t r t d p s
s
g t a o 1 n c o n c e a

g
gi
a

h
k e (so th in g)

h
. .

T o do , o a e

m m u u
. .

h
If p a is pr e fix e d t te v e rb o f o tio n in d ic a t e d

h
o a n a d ve rb o f pl a c e ,

by te a d ve rb is f o r e d ; wh e n p re fix e d t o f pl a c e sa s ho l d

m
o a no n

u m
,

b et te ve rb o f o t io n t o w a r d s th a tpl a c e

h
b e in s e rt e d wee n t o fo r

mm
.

A v e rb a l r o o t o n ly e xpr e s s e s te a b s tr a c t id e a o f te a c t io n a n d

u
H
sh o l d b e a sso c ia t e d t o s p a r t ic l e t e xpr e s s te se v e r a l t e n se s a n d

fi
o e o

e a n in gs i tis c a p a bl e o fi n te a c t ive v o ic e ; in te p a ssive it a y b e

h h
,

p re fix e d by y i o ve r a n d a b o ve o th e r pr e fix e sit a y a d it o f a n d s fx e d

u
u u
—

by i n o r a n a c co r d in g t o te s e et

m
en s

u u
c

mu h
.

uH m
u
Do n o tgo th e re (sin g)

h
o a g c a n g p a r do n

u u
. .

Do

h
(pl r ) o a
g c a y O n g p a r d o n

um u
ab q
. . .

T o go t o te f a r i n t o te c o n try Pa s id

Hu
m m
. .
,

hmm
S itd o w n h e r e (s in g ) D it o c a p o

M
q
. . .

L e tth e not i t t try si l a s b i id

H
g o n o e c o n o a g n g p a a i

u
. .

u
Do n t sa y 1 t(S l g) ong s a b i in
( pr h ib i t i )

m
o ag o n g .

Di o sa b i in (n e ga t ive in c o p o si tio n )

h u m
D o n t d o it(p l r )
’
o a g n in On i

h
y n

h
g g a o

u
h
u
. .

S e is n t y o o th e r i n d i c o in a s iy a

u hh
. .

A r e th e y n o ty o r r e l a t io n s

u
n di n in y o b a ga c a il a?

m u
i a ga n a c s

u
?

u
g

h
.

L e tJ o h n s itd o w n th e r e y

u
U o d i a Si J

u
p n n

h mh
a. .

T e s bj ec tb e itn o n o r pr o n o n o fa n a c t

h
,
iv e s e n t e n c e is p tin ,

te n o in a t ive c a se : ii te se n t e n c e is a p a ssive o n e te s bj e c tsh o l d

m h
'

u
b e p tin te p o s se s siv e c a s e

m
.

In s p it e o fwh a t a s b e e n sa id b e f o r e w ith r e ga r d t o te p o s it io n o f

h uh
te p o st p o sitive fo r o f te p o sse ssive c a se o f p e r so n a l pr o n o n s th e se ,

a re n e ve r t h e l e ss pl a c e d b e f o re te v e rb in se n t e n c e s b e i n n in w i th n
, , g g a

a d v e rb o r a n e ga t iv e p a rt ic l e T e s l s t t

u
b s

h
i i

H
a e a
y a o e e c a e . n n e
r r o ga tiv e s e n te nc e s a s i n :

hh m
,

H h
W h a t e l se s o l d I sa y ? g A o s t s b i i ?

u
n p a a n g c a c n n
o g a

u
Hh
uH
u m
m
hh
h
Y o (s

m
m
u
e and
uu
e an d t

Yo (s
I (b o t
in g) a n d J o n (b o t o fy o )

u m
fi
h e ir o t
in g) a n d t ey
h e r (b o th o fte )
o f s)
C a i n iy a
C ay o i J an .

S il a n a n g c a n i lan g in a
C a y o n il a
’
.

.
.

h h
. .

e and is a s te r S il a n a n g c a n iy an g p a gin é o n

h h h
. .

J e s sa n d l s o ter

u m
a g in d n i J e s s

u u
m h h
-
. .

A lfr e d a n d is c h il d r e n S i A lf r e d o n a n g c a n iy é n g a nga a n a c

u u u u
.

m
.

u u m u
W h en t w o p e rs o n a l pr o no n so r a pr o n o n a n d a n o n
j i i t i

u
o n n n

uu m
a a c v e
se n t e n c e te p e rs o n a l p r o n o n b e its in g l a r o r pl r a l a y b e p tin te

u
, , ,

i n a t ive c a s e a n d i n te pl ra l a n d te n o n o r te o th e r pr o n o n in te

h
no ,

p o sse ssive c a se o fte p r o p e r n b e r

,

T e o rd e r ly a rr a n ge e n t offir st se .

co n d an d t h ird p e r so n sh o l d b e k e pt a sitw o l d b e a f a lt t
,

o s
ay : s i lci o , ,

1) I n T a galo g, in t it
r a ns ive aswe ll asta n sitive Ve rb s ave a pa ssive
r vo ice .
 mm m hhh
uuh
umhmmuu t
29

h
”
fca yo

h
inste a d ’

o i n d ic a t e p e c l ia r ity e x ist s sa
'

o n i ya , e and T

m
y o . e e

m uh u
p a n io n sh ip n o n fo r e d w ith a g is c o pl e d t

h
wh e n a c o ll ec t ive o r co o

um u
a pe r s o nal n a e a g b ein g a l w a y sw it te n o n o fte pr in c ip a l c o rr e sp o n d

m u u
, ,

in g p a rty .

Th e se f o r so fc o n str c t io n p e c l ia r t o T a ga l o g a r e h o w e ve r o b s o le scent

h
a n d b e i n g r e pl a c e d by te o re n a t r a l o n e s o fte w e ste r n l a n g a ge s .

Fr o te d e o n st ra t ive pr o n o n ste f o ll o w in g l a r ge l y s e d a d ve rb s o f

pl a c e a r e d e r ive d :

m u
( in d ic a t in g a pl a c e ve ry
near t o te s

h
pe ke r ) a

u
.

( i n d ic a t i n g a pl a c e e q i

h
d is t a n t fr o b o th in t e r D it o .

lo c t o rs ) .

(i n d ic a t in g a pla c e n e a re r

m
t o te p e r s po ke n t

h h
Th e r e on s D iy an

M
o

u
.

th a n t o te s

h
pe a ke ) r

m
.

( i n d ic a t i n g a pl a c e fa r

fr o b o th in t e rl o c t o r s) .

( o t io n t
o te p l a c e w e

T o go th e r e . re te p e r so n a d d r e sse d Pa r iy an .

st a n d s)

H h Hh h
.

H
uhmmhhhmh
mu H m u
S E V E N TH E X E RCI S E

h
.

u u u u
s th is a n te p e n c il a s itn o t H a ve I te c h o c o l a te

h
? ?

m
a e

u u u u
.

h a ve n e ith e r te c h o c o l a t e n o r te s ga r as f rie n d y o r s t ick ?

uuHm
Yo y .

e as n o t y s t ic k e a s y br e ll a I s yo r h o s e pre tty ? O r

m uu um
.
,

h o se isn o tpr e tty ; b titis go o d W h a t is th a t y o h a ve in y o r h a n d s?

.

\V a tI h a v e in

h
y h a n d s is a p e n c il W h a t is th a t th e y h a ve i n th e i r .

h
fi n ge r s W h a t th e y h a v e in t e ir fi n ge r s a r e r in gs W h a t h a ve I o n

hh
?

uu u
u
.

h hhh
y e y e s? It is s p e c t a c l e s th a t
y o h a v e o n y o r ey es a ve w e any

m m
.

h h
t ee th A ll o f s h a ve t e e th We h a ve a t o n g e Y e s w e

H h
? en
? en

m u
.
, , , , ,

No th e y a r e n o tb e a t if l

h
e s b e a t ifl ?

h
h a ve a t o n g e A r e n a t iv e s n o s ’

u m
. .
,

W h e r e iste girl

h h
A r e th e ir e y e br o w s pr e tty ? Th e ir e y ebr o w s a e pr e tty

h
?

H
r .

T e girl is a th o e W o is te f a th e r o f th is y o n g a n ? T e fa th e r

uh
mu m hu
. .

t t

h
o fth i s y o n t l r b a ke r s s lk s n s h a ve

h h
g a n i s e a i o W o a s e . i ? y o
’
.

te b a k e r s silk W h e r e a re e r c h ic k e n s? e r c h ic k e n s a r e a tte f a r
’

u
. .

W o a s o r fr ie n d s p e n c il s? N o b o d y ’
A re th e y o r f rie n d s? Th e y a re

mm m m
.

o r in t i a t e fr ie n d s W o a s y re l a t io n s c h o c o l a t e ? is fr ie n d as
’

mu
.

itin te tr n k W h e r e is te l a d y s? b a g ? T e l a d y s b a g is n o th e r e

h h h h
’ ’

“h e r e is te c h e st k e y ? T e p e a sa n t a s it W h a t a re th o se b o ttl e s
u
.

m
.

h h
T

mu
—

u
.

a de o f ? Th o se b o ttl e s a r a d e o fgl a s s H ave y o a ny a le serv n t ? a

m
-

m
e

u u u
.

I h a v e n o a l e se r va n t wh a t I h a ve r e t
—

, w o fe a l e s e r va n t s A re yo ra
-
.

r e l a t io n sa tc h r c h ? No r e l a t io n sa r e n o t a tc h r c h th e y a r e i n t o w n
y

um
.
, ,

W h e r e is te c h rc h ? T e c h r c h is o n te o n t a in I s th a t l a d y is

u
.

o th e r ? S e is n o t is o th e r A r e w e go o d fr ie n d s? \V e a r e go o d
fr ie n d s \V o a re y o r fr ie n d s? I h a ve n o f r ie n d s A r e J o h n sre la t
.

lo ns
’
. .

y o r fr ie n d s? Th e y a re y f r ie n d s .
 E IG H T H LE S S O N .

Y CA U A L O N G PA G A R A L .

h h
m u umu
TH E SU B S T A N T I V E

u
.

h uh h
m
S b st a n t ive s a re e ith e r pr i itive o r d e r iv a t ive te f o r e r b e in g th o se

m mu u
,

wh ic h in th e ir o r igin a l sign ifi c a t io n a re s b sta n t ive s A d iffi c l t y w h ic h

u m
.

a tt e n d s te

h
clas sifi c a t io n o fT a ga l o g w o r d s in t o v a r io s p a rt s o f sp e e c h
,

u m
,

a c c o r d in g t o te sy st e a ppl ie d t o E r o p e a n l a n g a ge s c o n sist s in te

m
,

n b e r o fw o r d s wh ic h wh il e y e t n o d ifi e d by p a rt ic l e s a r e e ith e r ve rb

u uu u
, ,

o r s bs t a n t ive a d j e c t ive o r a d v e rb a c c o r d in g t o te c o n t e xt or o r e ge n

h m
, , , ,

a c c o r d in g t part ic l e s wh ic h pr e c e d e o r a r e pr e fix e d t

h
e r a ll y o o th e

m m
.
,

n d e r go e s n o c h a n ge t

h h
T e n o n asa r le o d e n o te n b e r ge n d e r o r

m
, , ,

h
c as e te l a tt e r b e in g e xpr e s se d a s in E n gl is h by pr e p o sit io n s

uu u
.
, , ,

h
A r o o t wh il e s t ill r e t a in in g a c e rt a in pr e d o in a n t c h a r a c t e r wh ic h

h
r e n de r s it t o s o e e x te n t c la s sifi a bl e as n o in a l a d j e c t iv a l v e rb a l e t c

u
,
.
, , , , , ,

e xpr e s se s b tte s i pl e st i d e a o fte th i n g q a l ity o r a c t io n a n d h e n c

m
e

m m u u
m
, ,

t t t t

h h
r lly r q r t f rt p rt l l p

h
g e n e a i e i e s e a s so c i a i o n o c e a in a ic e s o d e v e o

m
-
e

u
,

v ar io s r e l a t io n s te id e a is c a p a b le o f

m
uu
h m m mu
.

T e c o n ge n ia lit y o f th e s e p a rt i c l e s w ith t e l a n g a g e i s s c h a s t o

mu u
a

ca s e s o e ti e s a r o o t h a v i n g a d e fi n ite n o in a l f o rc e t o be c o b in e d w ith
n o n b i l d in g a rt ic l e s t o fo r e ith e r s ec o n d a ry d e r i va t iv e so r s b s t a n t ive
fi u‘ u
- :

m m
.

e r b tl it t l e fr o te o r igin a l e a n in g so e w a t in te

h
t e r s wh ic h d i f

m h u
,

o fte d iff e r e n c e in s
“
anner ig n i c a n c e in th e E n gl is h w o r d s r e c ip r o

u m
m
’

h
,
” “
r e c ipr o c it ” “ ” “ ”
t

m
h
c a t io n y r ec ip r o c a l n e ss ; gra t it d e r t f l ss

m
g a e n e e c

h u
.
, , ,

S bs t a n t ive s i n T a ga l o g a r e f o r ed fr o a ll p a rt s o fsp e e c h b te s

m
mu u u u m
u uu
,

f t

hh
p e c ia l l y r o a d j e c i
f
v e s ( a d j e c t iv a l o r q a l ity r o o t s ) a n d v e rb s

u
.

T e pr e s ent l e sso n isin t en de d t o i ll s tr a te so e o fte c o o nes t wa y s

O
.

t o fo r no ns th e r w a y sa re t o b e f o n d i n f rth e r c h a pt e r s thr o gh o t

h
umu m
.

te gr a a s itw o l d b e in c o n v e n ie n t t
,

ar , o ac q a i n t te p p i l w ith th e

a tt i s s ta ge .

S bs ta n t iv e s s e d in a ge n e r a l s en s e t a k e te a rt ic l e i n T a a lo g
g R i

h
.

A n g ca ya a n a a a a la ng ca bo t
”
c h e s a re e re va n i ty

m
’

o an

h h
. .
,

W e n t( t it

h
h e r) N a p a r Oo n

m
. .

Ca

m
e. n a p a rl n l .

(t t pl ac e wh e r e

h
o e

m
\Ven tt te p e r son a d d re sse d Na p a riy an

m
e re . .

”
ta n d s)
s
We n t ho Na p a s

mh
e. ab a ay .

rk in g pr e se n t

H
T o b e g0 ( a

o t io n t
g o a d is tant N a p a p a ré o n , o r , n a p a ro rOO n

m
t e re
pl a c e )
.

T " b e go in g in to t OW N a p a p asab a y a n , o r , n a p a sasabay a n .

N a p a pa ritc, o r , n a p a r ir it o
T o be in g
.

co 0 11 e re .
Na p a p a r l , o r , n a p a r1 r1n 1 .
 M
u
3l

u
O ld , w o rn o t .

Cr a sh e d br o ke n in t

h
o p ie c e s
, .

E n t ir e wh o le so n d

u
, , .

Ca t .

U n c le .

A nt .

\V i t e th in g .

M
W h it e
B l a c k th in g

m
u
.

B lac k
G r e a t l a rge th in g

u
u
, .

G r e a t l a r ge g r o w n p

uu
, ,
.

G r e a t e x c e ll e n t r e a rk a bl e eo n s

u
, , ,

u
p 1c o s

u m
.

rt

h
Vi o s . Ba n a l

m
.

h lt
u
So n d , ea hy th in g . G a li n g .

h lthy (a d j )

h
So n d , ea a ga li n
g

m u
. . .

\V ise (i d e a. o fw is
d ) o . D nong o r do o ng .

ar t
ino ng or a rO n o n g .

u
VV it

um h
e n ess C a p ti a n

u
.
,

B l ac k n e s
s Ca iti an

u
Ca la qi an
. .

G r e a tn ess, gr o wth

h
.

Ca d a qilaa n
.

G r ea tn e ss, e x c e ll e n c e

fi
u
h u
. .

V irt e Ca b a n a la n

m m fi
. .

s, h e a lt Ca ga li ga n

u
So n d n e s

u
. .

fi fi
\V is do . Ca r n ga n .

A bstr a c tn o n s av fo r ed by p re x in g co and s fx in g an -
an
t te ro o t

m
o .

mmm
u
u
D iv in ity .

h
a n ho o d h a n ity

M
.
,

M
an ho o d asc l in e n e ss

m m m
.

h
,

u m m h
W o a n ho o d

m u m
.

W isd o l e a rn in g (in a c t io n )

u u
.
,

pr e fix p a gca a y l ike w ise fo r a b str a c t n o n s e sp e c ia lly o fc o

T e , ,

en and pr o p e r n o n s o r a d j e c t iv a l r o o t s e xpre ssin g a ttr ib t e s o f in d ,

te n o n s so fo r e d p a rt a k in g o r e o r l e ss o f te ve rb a l c h a r a c t e r

m
.
.

p a n io n co

um
.

fe ll o w p a sse n ge r -

m
.

as sis tant

mm h
.

S q a rr e ll in g p e r s on -

u
,

m
en e y .

c ho o l at

u
s

h
e -

h
.

si il a r c o e q a l

h
.
,

f a c e r e se bl in g

m
-

h
ca e é
p e r so n

m
—

m
.

u u
u
.

mmu uu m
If ca is p r e fix e d t
. o a r o o t d e n o t in g a n d id e a o fa sso c ia t io n fe ll o w

u u
,

s ip r e c ipr o c ity o r l ik e l ih o o d a ve rb l n o n in d ic a t in g o ne fte t l

m m
, ,
a , o a

p a rt ie s is th s f o r e d If t w o o f te t a l a sso c ia t e d p a rt ie s a re t
. o

ean t h l p fix t t rb l lr y f

uu
be s d b d d d

u
a
g o e ,
r e e o e v e a n o n a e a o r e .

T w o c o p a n io n s a gc a s
.a a .

a r r ie d c o p l e (h s b a n d a n d w ife ) .a ga sa a . .

T w o br o th e r so r s is t e rs a gc a a t i d
p . .
MM
h
h mh
32

M
h
Tw o br o te r sin la w

h h
- -
.

m
T wo s ist e r sin l a w

h
- -
.

T w o f rie n ds

u m
u
.

hu
m h
If th ree o r o re o fte c o r resp o n d in g p a rt ie s a r e t o b e e xpr e s se d (t is

M
elect h o l d b e re p e a t e d ifte n o n is

m
a n n e r o fe xpr e s sio n b e i n g s ed ) ca s ,

not d a l in c h a ra c t e r ; a n d te fi r s tsyll a bl e o fte ro o tifitis o n ly fo r e d

m
hm m

MM
w it a g

m
.

m
T re e o r o re br o te r so r sist e rs

u
h
.

m
m m
Th re e o r o r e c o p a n io n s

hhu h hm
.

Thr e e o r o re br o t

m u
h e r sin l a w

u uu
- -
.

T re e o r o re a rrie d co pl e s .

In c o o n n o n s d e n o t in g c o rr e l a t io n o fc o n s a n g in ity o r ta l d e
p e n d e n c e a g ,
i s pr e fix e d to th
, a t o f t e pr in c i p a l c o r r e l a tiv e p a r ty t o e xpr e s
s
is o r er as so c ia t io n w it te s e c o n d a ry c o rr e s p o n d in g p a rty .

h h u
F a th e r a n d so n

m
. a ga a .

o th e r a n d d a gh t er a g in d -

‘
. .

as te r a n d se r va n t a gp a f.i gin é o n .

If o r e th a n o n e o fsec o n d a ry a sso c ia t e d p a rt ie s ar e t

h h
o be e xp r e s
sed ,

te fir st syll a bl e o fte p rin c ip a l o n e sh o l d b e r e p ea te d

uuh h u uh
.

F a th e r a n d c hi l dr e n

u
.

ot h e r a n d c h il d r e n

uH
.

h u
a g isa l s o pr e fix e d t o o n e o fte a s so c ia t e d p a r t ie s w e n itis c o pl e d

hm
h
,

t b tt e n te l a tt e r s h o l d b e p ti n te p o ss

m
o a pr o p e r p e rs o na l n o n ,

m
ssive se

u
h
e ca .

huhfiu u u m
J e s sa n d is o t h er . ag in d n i J e s s
-
.

G e o r ge a n d iss ‘ a i J o r ge

u u u u
on ag a

fi
. .

a ry a n d e r fa t e r a r ia

M
. ag a
-
a ni .

An -
an, ifs fx e d t
o a t
s bsa n t ive ro o t in d ic a t ive o fa na tr a l pr o d c t ,

te fte
pl a ce f o r s e h p ro d c t t b e f o n d , is f o r

u
no n o o ed.

u um
r ic e e ld Pal a y

h h
-
.

c o eo a n t pl a n t a tio n N io g - -

u
.
,

s ga r pl a n t at io n T be -
.
,

m mu h
r H l

u
g a d e n a a an .
,

q a r ry Bat O .
,

If ca isp re fix e d t o t h e se fir std e r iva t ive s te ,

ec o n d d e r iv a t ive
s t s

h h
fo r e d w ill be o re c o ll e c t ive

h
.

u
m
T ra c ta b o w it

m m
n d in g . Pa l a y a n ,

mh h
u u
‘
Do do S a g ii i ga n ,

h
. .

m
s ffix fo r s te w it t

m
T e s
a e pl ac e o fp e rf o r a n ce a s bsa n t ive ro o t
i ply in g a ve rb a l s
ense .

h
Bat b a t ro o

h
-
.
,

C e ll le e p in g c a b e r
s

h
-

m
.
,

D a n c in g b a ll

u
.
,

u
u
u m
m mm
u
mh
u m
Fa ter in l a w o r

u
o te r in l a w B ia n an (l a l a q i o r b a b a y e )
- - - -
. . .

S o n o r d a g t e r in l a w - -
. a n ga n g do do . .

S h o rt , l ittl e , s a ll . a l i it
, nti .

N o bo dy , n o o n e . U ala s in o an ,i , in d i ; isa a 1 a la
.

B ff a l o (a n i a l )
. . C al ab ao , d a la g .
M
M
m
m
Bir d

Na e
fiu
C o pp e r
.

. an s
T g o
N ga l a n p a nga l a n
Ybo n .

mm
u
.
.
,

m
B ro o . U a l i s p a g a l is , .

Fo o t

u
. Pa a .

o t

mm
h . B ib ig

h
.

h
S o eb o dy s b y

H
o e one an
y o d
S in O a n b e l a n g 11 a t

m m
, , , ’

M
1

a n y o n e wh o e ve r w h o s o e ve r
a , o .

m m
.
, ,

A n y a n yth i n g wh a t e ve r wh a t

H
m

M
u
A n o a n a n o an g b aga y
, , ,

so e ve r

u m
, .

M
u u
.

W h ic e v e r wh ic h so e v e r A l in a n a l in a n g b aga v

uu
h
.
, , .

ow ch ? ow a n y ? ( wh e n a

h
,
l l an ? { i l an b a ga?

m
n b e r is in q ir e d a fte r) a .
, ,
.

c h ? (wh e n e a s r e 1 s1 n q 1 r

u u
ow

fiu
.

g G a a n o ?
ed a ft e r ) .

A n in t e rr o ga t iv e pr o n o n f o ll o w e d o r s fx e d l v te a d ve rb is

MM
an
te r e by c o n ve rt ed in to an in d e fi n it
e o ne .

hhuu u
hm H mh
u
m
E I G HTH E X E RCI S E

m u m h
.

m h
uu
Did y o r n c l e go t t

h
t t

h
h e re ? l d i d n th r i i s

uu
y n c e o g o e e n
y a ,

h
Did y o r w if e s fr ie nd c o e h e r ?

uh
w o w e n t th e r e d id n o t c o
’

m
e e e

u
.

h e re e w e n th o e Did A lfre d a n d is a st e r go t

hh h
o y o r ho s e ? T ey

u
.
,

b o th w e n t t o o r ho s e W h e r e a re J o h n s t wo co p a n io n s? T e y w e n t ’

u u
.

in t o to w n Did th e y go th er e ? Y e s th e y w e n t th e re ; b tte thr e e bro th

u
.
,

e r s C z a re c o r in g Did n o tPe t e r a n d is fa the r go t o te c o n try ?

u u
.

M
Pe t e r a n d is f a th e r d id n o tgo t o te c o n t r y th e y we n t t o c h rc h A e

mm
r

u
h
.
,

te w if e a n d te h sb a n d go in g th e r e t o te fo re st ? Th e y a re go in g t

mm hu h
o

u
te to w n I s y o r c l o t

h
t

h
h in g n e w o r o l d ? y c l o th in g i s o l d ( w o r n o )

m u u
. .

Th ey a r e n o tb ro ke n

huuuH
A r e th e ir l o o k in g gl as se s e n t ir e (s o n d ) o r br o k e n ?
-

th e y a re w o r n o t A re y o th e r s s iste r s c a ts wh ite o r bl a c k ? ’ ’

u
y

u
.

o th e r s s is te r sc a t s ar e n e ith e r wh it e n o r b l a c k Is y o r s ist e r s v irt e

H
’ ’ ’

umuu uu
.

r t t r t r t t w f r t

H
g e a ? y s i s e s v ir e i s g e a I s ’
e i sd o o G o d g e a ? T

m
e

m
.
,

w isd o o f Co d a s n o e q a l W o a re w ise ? T e s o n d a e w is I

m m m
e r

m m
u m
. .

te wh ite n e ss o f o r so l s a b e a t if l th in g ? T e wh it e n e sso fo r so l s

H
is a b e a t if l th in g ow a n y fe l l o w p a s se n ge r s a re th e y ? Pe t e r Jo h n

m u
—
.

h
,

and a ry a r e f e ll o w p a s se n ge r s a n y co p a n io n sa re y o ? G eo rge

m
ow

m
-

u
.

an d I a re c o p a n io n s ow an y e n e ie s c e h e r e ? No e n e ie s c a a e

u
.

h h h
h e re . A re a ry a n d y o a l ik e i n f ac e ? Ye s a ry a n d I a re a l ik e in ,

h h
th e y ? Th e y a re t

h
fa c e . ow a n y br o th e r s a r e w o br o th e r s A re y o .

h h h
as er an d s e r va n t ? Y es w e ar e as te r a n d se r va n t A e yo fa th e r r

m
.
,

h h
No w e a r e n o tf a t e r n d so n A re th e y s

h
nd s on ? is t e r sin la w ? Y e s

m
a a .
- -
,
,

h
th e y a r e siste r sin l a w A re th e y fr ie n d s? N o th e y a re n o tfr ie n d s Did

m m m
- -
. .
,

J o h n a n d is br o th e r go in t o te f o r e s t ? J o h n a n d isb r o th e r d id n o tgo

mu
h h
m
in t o te fo re st t h e y a r e a tsc h o o l Did te fa th e r a n d is c h il d r e n c o e

u u u
, . .

h e r e ? T e fa th e r a n d is c h il d re n d id n o tc o e h e r e Did Ja n e a n d e r

uu
hu
h m um
.

o t er t h r ss N J th r w t t C t

m
( ) ? d n v i

m
o o c a a n a n e r o e e o a e

m
g c o e ,
.

h
W o is a th o e ?

h
W h e r e d id l s b ff l r

H
No o n e ? Y ’

m m
n c a o g o o

m
y e

u
h
.

h
n c l e s b ff a l o w e n t in t te fi e l d s Did is b ir d go in t

h
o y o r f a th e r in

H
,

’ -
o

u u
hH
.

l a w s h o se ? No itw e n t in t

h h
s n l aw s W h a t is c o in a de o f
’ ’
o y o n i ?

m
-

u
—
.

h
mh h
,

C o in is a d e o fgo l d sil ve r a n d c o pp e r W h a tis y o r n a e ?

m m
y n a e

u m
.
.
,

is A n t o n y W e r e h a ve y o s r a n t sbr o o ? Y o r s e r v a n t s bro o
’ ’

u m
.
y e v
is n o th e r e I s y o r f o o tw e ll ? . is n o t w e ll W h e r e a r e te te e t h? T . e

t e e t a re in te o th a s a n yb o d y go n e t o Il o il o ? No o n e a sgo n e
.

t e re ow
. c h b re a d as y s is t e r ? A n y br e a d s e a y h a ve is l it t le ,
.

Fo r wh ic an a r e te s e b ir d s ? Fo r wh ic e ve r an .
 M
MM
N INT H LES S ON .

YCA S IYA NA PA G A R A L .

h h
PR O N U N S O

h h
R E L ATI V E

u mum m m h
.

u
mu mh h
m
mmum u u h u l t ive p ro n o n s a sw e ll a s te c o p l a t ive ve rb do n o t e x ist

h h
Tr e re a

hh
, ,

h
in T a ga l o g T e e r e a rr a n ge
. en t o fw o r d s a y d isp e n se w ith th e ; b t
os t fr e q e n tly te a rtic l e a n d te n o in a l liga en t re n d e r te E n gl ish
r e l a tive so e wh a t a ft e r te a n n e r o f E n gl ish whe re itis n d e r sto o d in

m u
u u u
,

phr a se s l ike te a n y o sa w o r is in c l de d in te pr e se n t p a r t
“ ”
ic i pl e

hh
,

te b o y wr it i n g te le tte r et
“ ”
a s wh e n we s ay ,
c .

T e i ll s tr a t io n s in th is l e sso n w ill co n ve y t o te st d e n t f r t he r
i n fo r a t io n o n te s bj e c t

u fi
m
.

S tr ee t , ro a d . L an sa ga n , d aa n .

h
W a y to ro f D aa n

m
, g a r e . .

H igh ro a d Ca rsa da (c o rr fr o S p w o rd ca lza da )

m
. . . .
,

W i ll go o d w ill d is
,
p o sit io n in w a rd L Oo b c a l oo b a n
-
, ,

uu
f ee lin g

u
.
,
.

o ry r e c o ll e c t io n A la a l a

u u m
e

m
. .
,

G r at itd e gra t e f l n e s s o bl iga tio n j U ta n g n a l Oo b (l it d e b t fr o t e ,

.
,
,
h e a rt) ,
.

N o bl e p re c io s d e ar
, ,
ahal . .

R a sc a l i p d e n t fe ll o w c r e l T a p a la s

u m
an

m
. .
, ,

Sto n e . Ba t e .

Head O lO

m
. .

C o sin . Pin s an .

hm
T a ga p a gs a g c o s
i n er o (c o r r fr o S p

u uuu
Co o k , ,
. .

uu
.

w o r d c o c i n er o ) , .

O x o r co w . B a c a (c o rr fr o S p w o r d o a ca ) . .
, .

C n di d a t a pé a ng n i s b a l i a l i n
B t(c o n j nc t io n ) , , , ,
.

tana .

u
.

Ot er
.

. I ba is a .

h
,

A n o th e r o n e o re Is a pa

m m
.
, ,

u
F o re ign e r . T a ga ib dn g l p a i n .

h H
S tr a n ge r . T a ga ib an g b a y a n .

Se a D aga t

m
. .

S e a an T a ga r aga t a gd a d aga t

m m
. .
,

T a gOa n n a n g s l a t( l it id in g p l a c e

u
Po c k e tb o o k p o rf
-

h
o lio
.
- ,

fo r p a pe rs t
.

);
,

m m
c a r er a ,

G a rde n o rc a r d ,
a la
. an an
Pl a n t Ha l a a n p a nani

u
.
,

C o rn G ra in
, . B t il .

G ra nary . T a bobo n g c a al ig , .

Princ ip a l e ad l e a de r
, , G in o b , .
 h
h
I st s

h
h
h
I tis f
u
h h
No itisf

um h
m
,

m
m
m
h
to n e f

mm
um
h
o r t ish o

I st isbr e a d
e

o r th a t o te r , th a t

th a t
o r t a t o th e r

B e f o r e (a d v ) a wh il e a go

u
A ft e rw a r d s by a n d b y

mfi u
f
or

M
fl
.
c h ld
i ?
s
e ?

.
o ve r th e re
'

.
36
(;

t
A

a
n

fi
g a

bn g t
aé n ?

Deo n sa isa
t?) 1 d itO s
a

H in d i , d iy a‘n sa isa
b

in p a y n a it

Ca gin a , n oo n n a
e a, a aya
a av n a

o , d oo n s

ay a
ito b a ga?

a ba t a n g

-
.

M
. .
,

Ca a p o n

m
Yes te r d a y

M
.
.

T e d a y be fo r e y es t
e rd a v . Ca a e a l a a .

S o e d a y s a go Ca a c a il an

mh
. .

J st th is o r n in g b e fo r e in te

u m m
,
or
Ca gin a n g a ga .

n ian g .

\Vh e n gC a ?

M
a n

M
Ca a ca l pr e fix wh ic h in d ic a t
is a pl e sa s
ra an
y p a st d a y s, a s a re
expr e ssed by te ro o t it1s j o e d t o .

h
Thr e e d a y s a go .

T e n d a y s a go

h
m m m
.

hm h u
t h a v in g a sp e c ifi c e xpr e ssio n in T a ga l o g te r e l a t io n o f
“

m
T o be no
t e n se c a n o n ly b e c o n ve y e d by so e a d v e rb o r t e r e xpr e ssive o f t i e

u mm
u u
ifn o to th e r w is te c o n t

M
e in f e r re d fro e xt

M
.

m
“e w e r e y e ste r d a y a tte c o n try Ca a p o i c a i n a ré o n sa b q id

M
r
.
, , ,

W e r e th e y h e re a to r t o w n so e gCa a c a ila i n a r it

u
o b a ga s il a sa a t in

u
Hu m u fi um
g

m u
m
d a y s a go

u
bay a n ?

u
.

C i l a b a a i O
W h e n w a sy o r f a th e r in l a w sf a t g a n a g a n g a n a n n
h e r b 1 a n an l a l a q i n a rOo n sa b ah a y n a n
- -
’ g y g

M
m
a ty o
g g
r so n in l a w s? ’

h
-

o n g la l aq i
—

a n ga n g

m
e w a s th e r e th i s o r n in g Na r co n s iy a c a gin a n g

m
a ga

m
u m
‘
. .

W e re vo e ve r a ry s h o s eh o ld
’

m
A l l b a t
'

2 l a e a a g n 00 n g 11 11 a n a l a P

u u
s e r va n t ?
e

H
.

mm
Y e s I w a s f o r e rly th e 1 r s e r va n t O o a c é i a l i l a n il a n eo n na

h mm
. .
, ,

b e a tc h rc h ? 5" N a r i y a n c a b a g a sa s1 b a a n a a
'
:

u mh
S h a ll y o

u u
aya ?

h h
a
y
-

h
I sh a ll b e th e r e A c o i n a r iy an

um
. a ea , ,
.

e Wll l s a ry s h s ban d S iy a a e a a n g c a y a r ia n g a s
’
o o n be . a a .

u u u
T e pr e c e d in g ill s tr a t io n sa re e re ly ill str a t ive f o r a n y w o r d isc a p a

u
,

b le o f b e in g v e rb a l i z e d in T a ga l o g a n d te s a e e xpr e s sio n s w i ll b e b e t ,

t er co ns tr c t e d by c o n j ga t in g te n o n si n a w a y w ic w ill n o ty e tbe
n de r s to o d a tth is s ta ge .

h
h
h
h
h
H u hh hhH
N I N TH EX E RCI S E
u
u
h
W h o se th e se t re e s?a re
y f a th e r s W h o s e d o s ? f
’

m
y o a
y y a

m
.

te r s W
’
os e c h il d r e n a re th o se ? in e W h ic h g n as e ?

m
e

m m
. .

a s is o w n \Va s y o r w if e o n te s
. tr e e t y e r t erda
y ? S e w a s th e r e

u
h
te d a y b e f o r e y e st e r d a y W a s a n y b o d y 0 11 te r o a d ?

h h
No b o d y w a s o n

uu u m u m u
.

te r o a d as a n a go o d d is p o sit io n t o w a r d sG o d ? Y e s a n a sa go o d

m
.
,

hh h
p o sit io n t o w a r d s G o d W h a t is e o ry ? o ry is a p o w e r o fo r

H
d is

H
e

m u u
.

H a ve w e gr a t it d e t o w a r d o r p a r e n t

h
Y e s w e h a ve gr a t

h h h
s l s? it d e

m
m
o

u uu u
hh h hh
.
,

h
t o w a r d o r p a re n t s A r e n o ble e n r a sc a l s? No b le e n a re n o tr asc a l s

m
.
.

W h a t a ve y o o n y o r h e a d ? W h a t I a v e o n h d is t W ll

m
y e a a a i

u
.

y c o si n so o n b e a co o k? Y o r c o s i n w i ll n o t b e a c o o k b t a t a il o r
t
.

as y o th e r i n la w a n o x ? S -
e -
a s w o o x e n a s t e f o r e ig n e r .

s o e o fth e s e pl a n t s i n is ga r d e n ? No e a s n o ta n f t s b t e
y o e e ,

I s te s
,
a so t e rs . ea l ar e ?
g T e se a is l a r g e W e r e a r e t e s ea en ? .
h
h
h
T

H
g
mh
h
in

h
r
h
h
mm u
m h
fi
a

m hm
e

neck ?

m
n

u
u hm
m
an co
h
u
h
a

u
h
T e a r is
h
u u u
h H
m
r

h
h
h
H
m
h
se a

u
e

o n te h e a d

mh u
h
u
s

h
en

a re

is ga r d e n ?
-

at

is h a ir w a s bl a c k
O n te h e a d

m
.
a re

t
a

e r ic e
tte
e ld s
g

-
a

t o c rac y o fth is to w n a re a tc r c h
W h.

MM
I h a ve n o pl a n t s in is ga r d e n
A re s
.

I s te o rph a n b o y s
in g h e r e y o r br o th e r ?
th o se l e tt e r s f
y br o
37
r de n o fo r n e ighb o r

t
h
T e l e tt e r s f
e
.

e r e a r e te

r
.

is
.

th e ir p o c k e t b o o k s Th e y h a ve n o gr a in W h e re a re y o r gr a n a r ie s?
?

ow

t
a r
.

e
H a ve th e y a n y gr a in in
is

o
t o c r a c y o fth is t o w n

a n y pl a n t s h a ve y o

W a s is h a ir bl a c k
W h e r e a re l o c a t e d te fo r e h e a d te l ip s a n d te

n e
,

h o l de r s o n te h e a d ? No sh o l d e r s a re n o t
-
tro n g o r w e a k ?
,

e is w e a k

g o in g
.

th e r
.
I s th a t
e

o n te
A r
y
?

u hu
o r y o r f a th e r ? or
y f a th e r a r e th o s e

m u
t I s th a t o n e te w o a n wh o

h
a bl e y o l o v e ? T e w o a n wh o I l o v e

u u
.

is y o th e r W at s h a ll I s ay t o y s i s t e r ? T e ll y o r si st e r n o t to

h h
.

t Il l h ll I t ll th to go in t t try D t s th t
’
o i o S a e e o e c o n ? o n a y a

m
g o o

u m m
.

h
.

W h ic h o fth e se t w o b o o k s is f c si n ? T w b k is f y r

m
or y o e n e o o o r o

co s in th is o t e r i s f o r yo r s o n I s th a t b o ttl e f o r th s c h l d
i i ? No it

u
.
, ,

is f or th a t o th e r Did y o go t
. o te ga r d e n b e f o r e ? I d id n o tgo th e r e .

W h e n d id J o h n c o e h e re ? It is s o e d a y s a go th a t Jo h n c a e h e r e .

Did y o r sist e r in l a w s o th e r go i n t o t o w n es t er da y ? S e w e n tt e r e
’
y
- -

te d a y be fo r e y e st e rd a y .
M
T E NT H L ES S O N .

YCA PO U O N G PA G A R A L .

h h
ON I N TE N S I V E S

mm mm h
.

uu
h
I tis t ta t b e sid e s o th e r w a y s o fin t e n sifi c a tio n te re are

M
t

h
be no ed

M
m
o

mm m m mm
,

h h
q it e a n b e r o fw o r d s in T a ga l o g wh ic h a y p r o p e rly b e c a ll e d p a rti

mm u mm
,

c l e s in t t

h
e n de d o i pa rt a n in t e n siv e d egr e e o f se n se t o te pr ec e d in g

u
,

w o r d ; th e se c o rr e sp o n d in g c l o se ly in e a n in g t “

h
” “ ”
c e rt a in ly in d e e d

m
o

h m u
, ,

t e x c e e d in gly a n d si il a r E n gl ish t

h h
“ ” “ ”
os er s th o g so e o fth e a
y

m u
, ,

h
i es nt
et l a ta bl e A o n g t

h
be c o n s id e r e d a s e xpl e t iv e s a n d a r e s o ra n s he

u
.
,

rin o r d in a y be pa r s e d a s te T a ga l o g r e fl e c t iv e pr o n o n te E n gl ish

u u
, ,
“
s e lf
”
a s in s i y a ri n
“
e h i se lf ; e t
’
”
c S a ri li is a l s o s ed s o e wh a t as

u
.
, ,

Ast o te s
“ ”
a r e fl e c t iv e pr o n o n a n d e an s o w n ign i fi c a t io n a n d pl a c e

m
in te s e n t e n c e o fs c in t e n sive s te a t t en t io n o fte s t d e n tis c a ll e d

h
to f r te r e xpl a n a t io n s in tis l e s s

u
on .

u
oon ,
o n th .

Ja n a r y

h
.

F e b r a ry .

m
a rc .

A p ri l .

u
m m
ay .

5
u
31;
1
S
( p a s

m m
u
t
s A gos t

mhh
m
A

h
o

m
g . .

Se p t be r S ep t
i e bre
O e . .

c t o be r O ctbre

u
h
. .

h
No ve b e r . N o vie br e .

Dicig bre

hh u
Dec e b e r

m sfi
. .

h h
Bo t bo
ont of
pg g
gigg z o or an nang a r zo

u u
T e a rc .

rl

u
hhh
Yea r T a on

u mu
q
. .

H ave y o te l e t
te r wh ic h y br o te r g Na s a iy O b a g a a n g s l a t n a n g a in g
ad ? capat id ? o r , n a n a s a a in g c a p a t ir ?
q
t
I h a ve n o tte l e ter w ic h yo Uala s a a q in a n g s 11 1a tn a n g c a p a t id
'

u
br o th e r a d . e , o r, n a n a s a iy en g c a p a t id .

W h ic h h o rse a s e ?
gA l i n g c a b a y o a n g n a s a c a n i y a ?
.

I h a ve th a twh ic t he y ad . A n g c a n i l a a n g ii a s a a q in .

L a n es .

m m
(S p a n ish ) .

Ang m
u u
L ingo (c o rr f ro
lt
i
.

A n g p a g it
S p wo rd ,

a n , p a g it
-
an
.
. .

.
Do in go ) .
T

h
o
h
h
h
u
T e tr
B ra nc h
Co lo r
D a rk

hh h
e

Y e ll o w

u
R ed
IV at
’

m
m m
?,

mu
h
.

u
s rp r ise)

h
h
u
en

W
fr e l a t ive

h
po sse ssive
.
d

.
n

en
.

k o fa t

wh a t t
.
r ee

o nes
ss
o

,
es
o r d is
sio n is
c ri

t e v
in a t i ve s
e r b “
to
en

ea nt

h a
,

v
t
e
”
e
.

e n t e nc e s

r
E
e
.

n g

a
l
i
i

n
sh
in g
p e r
n
so

tr
n

a
a

n
l
sl
p
a
r

t
o

e
n

d
o

a y b e r e n d e r e d in T a a l o

a
n

g
s
s

s
i

e
n

e
g
n
c
by
l
a
a s

b o
M
A ng cat

t
‘
6

v
fi

es

e
e
u
m
ap
A n g po n o
S a ga
C l y
a d il i
a

u
a d il ao

p la
a

y an
.

o
.

.
.
u s
an , h a ng n . a

Hh
hm
in t

h
Inte ns

e nded t

m
ive p a rt ic l e s a r e a lw a y s pl a c e d

m
o in t e n s
ify T e pr in c ip a l a r e :
a ft
e r te w o rd s wh ic h t e y a re

h
.

M
?,
ow ow now ? .
(b a ga? .

fl
Yes in d e e d ; o st c e r a in l v Nga , n a nga , d in , a n din , nga n i
Of
.
, .

r se

mu
’
co A y an o , a ng a ri .
.
y
A l, l A b é !

h
o .
( a

Th e n t ,
e re o f re . Pa l a .

Ca ya b it a t

mh h fi
’

h a ve a n in t e rr o ga t ive s wh a t s
e ns s

u
’

,
ba g ,
a and o e a d ive e a
”
p e rc h a n c e i n E n gl ish

h mh m
.

fi
W y ? isity o ? Y a b a ga?

m
g c o

m m
, ,

It isI y se lf A c o ga

m m
. .

H o wl w a sitte w o e n w o st o l e ? b b y e b a n g n g n

3g
6 a n g a a a g a a a a
,

mm
u uu
Y e s te ve r y w o e n t e s e l ve s 0 0 an g a nga b a b a y e d in o r nga . .

h
, ,

E ve n th e y t
h e se l ve s d id S i la nga a n d in

fi
. .
,

It isy o in d e e d itisy o y o r se l ve s C a y o nga c a y o nga n i

m
. .
, ,

h
I y se lf A c o r in a e o d in a c o ga

u u
. .

h
, ,

Th ey t

h
h e se l ve s S il a ri n s i l a n a nga

u u
h m
m mu
.
.

h
,

mm u
Ca yci be s
e d in s te
e c o n d a ry c l a s
e or s e nt
e n c e a s a c o o r d in a t e

um m
ay

u u
h
Exc e pt in th is c 1 se in t e n sive p a r t ic l e s a re n o t se d

hh
a t ive c o n j n c t io n
‘
s

H
ca .
,

to s t a r ta se n t e n c e Th e y a re t o be p ti e d i a t e ly a f t
e r te o n o s l la

h uh
y

m h
.

b ic pr o n o n s a n d i e d ia t e ly b e fo re te p o ly s yll a b ic o n e s, n le sste la t

um
te r b e in te s
g e n t e n c e in wh ic h c a s e te p a rt ic l e s s ho l d c o e a ft e r the -
.

u
s
asa b i in siy a s q in y a i1 a
il t ta t1 S ay a a ca

i ilit: 1 :
l ’ l
tia ie zg
e

o ri
a rl 3 8 g ,
t t 81 W " “Y

u
m
p a r l o n a p a rl o ay 33 “

mu h
,
v 1
sa b i in s q

m
in

u u
a a
v
.

u
h
s te pl ra l o fnga A ba a is a n in t e rj e c t

h h
N a nga is ge n e r a lly s
ed io n
’
a .

ve ry l a r ge ly in se t o e xpr e s sas to n ish e n t , s rpr ise , et c .

s e d i n a n a ffi r a t ive sens e as a n a lt e r n a t ive c o n j n c

’

u
B a ga , ay be

o te pr e c e d i n
t io n , se r vin g a s e xpl a n a t o ry t w r d s t s i

h
g o r n e n c e n :

h
o e a

m h
,

A n g c a lo l t
ia n l i b a

u
t t t te gl o ry o fG o d n a ng

mu u
B l iss is s
a a , g o r a a g

hu mmuu
a o a y, .

D io s

uu
,
.

m
a y l ik e wis s tio n a l o r d b it a t ive ent
s

hm m
'

e d in c o n di

u
e be
’

B a ga

h
a e nc e ,

t
i b e in g te n a n e xpl e t ive t e r r e n d e r in g te e xpr e s
f
sio n r o n d a n d e p o n l c

Cn nga , i , s ng is in t
a s y

u
e ay O a i en g
If y 0 11 te n l o ve , , y o r p a re n t
s .
a nga a g la n g, o r , c n c a y é

All te se a nd an y o th e r e p a t ic p a r t
ic l e sa r e ve r y la r ge l y s
ed b v
M
M
n a t ive s a n d a c co n tf
wo rds t

u mh
o th e ir

a n is a

m
w o rd pr e c e d in g in a n o ppo sit ive se n se

u
um u
mhm
h
ummu
Tho gh I e v e n I
Th o gh Pe te r c a e h e r e

h m
A lth o gh a
,

a n b e v irt o s

I s i t by c h a n c e th e ir f a t e r th a t
,

a n w o is c o

W a sit
in g h e r e ?
Y e s in d e e d itis e h i s e lf,
u
m
40

u
o r th e ir in n a t e t e n d e n c y t

t o st d e gr e e o f in t e n sity

,
o e xa gge r a t e

po stp o sit ive p a r t ic l e w ic h c ir c sc r ib e s te

.
h
m
.

j
mhh
u
AeO

C
A
a n i l
an

Na p a r i t
Bana l
at
O

n g ‘
n a p a p a r it

b a a

b
l,
s i y
.

a
an

rx ?

n g
a

a
c

(
a

p
y

a
.

Si Pe d r o
a n a n g ta o

zi

l a)
y a on g ta n O n g

.
.

.
s
en s

.
e
an d t
o c ar rv

o f te

m
S
g y i a a g a
How l o w no w th e y the n h e r e A
g y a n O n a r ito n b a s i l a e

m
a re g a a g a

u uu
, , , , , ,

in t o w n ? baya n ?

h h
ost c e rt a in ly ,
O o , nga n i ; c c , nga .

I sth a t tr e ? g T o to O c a y a iy a n ?
n g to to o ’ t ot o O n ga , t o t o o

u
Po
Y e s, i n d ee d , itisa b s te ly t épg
an

mm
ol r e .

uu
h
yo

h
b a gs
t ca na ang n ag

fi
e
W !
y , i si y o .
w o sa y a ?

h m
O fc o r se , itisw e A y a n O , c a i ga

u
. .

M
mmu
t

M
I sth isy o r c h il d ? (; Y O a a a n g p l
a n a c o ?

m
It is y
S i a nga ( a a) p l

M
. .

O l, o w t a ll ! ( A a a l b
,
a a i n g a l q .

I sth a t te sa wo l o ve ? g yY. a n
g b a b a
y e n g i an nga y b a ga a n g
sin isin t
e an yo
a o ?

u
y
S i a r in , (nga ) .

Pit O .

L a b in g d a la é .

Ys an g l in go

h hh
.

uu hm
Hm H
mm
T E NTH E X E RC I S E .

mu H
m m m
W t t r e e is ta t ? T is tr e e is o a k ( e l a n in ) A re it s l e a ve s l a r ge
a
‘

m
. .

h
C e rt a in ly W h o se so n s a r e th e se c h il d re n ? The y a re y

h
a n d be a t if l ?

mmu m
.

h h
s o ns A n d th a t o n e who s e so n is e? e is
y fr ien d s ow an y
’

m m m
. .
,

uh h
o n th s a r e th e r e i n a y e a r ? Th e r e a re tw e l ve o n th s in a y e a r N a e

m um m
.

th e J a n a ry e t c ow a n y d a y s a r e th e r e i n a w e e k ? Th e r e a re

m m u
.
,

S n d a y et

h
s e ve n d a y s in a w e e k N a e th e W hat o n th is th is ?

m
c

u u
. . .
, ,

h e r e in te o n th o f A pr il ? I a n o t

u H h h
T e o n th o fA pr i l A re y o

u u u
.
.

uh h
h e r e in te o n th o fA pr i l I a h e r e in te o n th o fJ ly W he n
’

u u
.
,

h
t

h
t t

h
t

h h
do y o g o o e f a r ? I g (
o w i ll g )
o o e f a r o n Th r s d a y A re y o

u
.

no t

h h h
in t o w n o n T e s d ay ? I a i n t o w n 0 11 S n d a y W h e n d o y o (w ill

m
mm
.

o ) go t a n i l a ? I go t t

h h h h h
a n il a o n S a t rda y I s i h r h

m
o o e g o n g o c c
y

m m
.

e isgo in g t W h a t d a y is th is? (t

h h h
on o n da y ? o c rc o n S n d ay o

m
.

day ) I t i s Fr id a y W h e n d o th e y go t o te ga r de n ? T e y go t o

m
. .

te ga r d e n a tte c o o f te w e e k W a tis te l a st d a y

h h
en ce en t

u
.

i n te T e e n d o f te

h h
o n th ? o n th is W e d n e s d ay W hat o n th

u m
.

h
is a t te e n d o f te y e a r ? a t te o f te

hh
T e o n th end ye a r

m h
W h a t c o l o r is te tr n k o f th a t tre e ? T e c o l o r o fte

h h
is D e c e b e r

u
.

h
tr n k o fth is tr e e is re d I s itn o ty e ll o w ? N o itis br o w n I s te

h
. .

h
,

d a y d a rk ? No itis n o td a r k W h a t d a y is a tte id d l e o fte w e e k

m H
?
.
,

uu h
Th rsd a y is a t te i dd l e o f te w e e k W h a t th e n ? N o th in g a ta l l

u hu
m u
. .

W y l is itth a t th e r e is n o G o d
(

e re on E a rth ? Y e s in d e e d th e r e

u u
, , ,

is o n e G o d h e r e e ve rywh e r e W y l is itte br o th e r o fPe t e r w o w e n t

O
.
,

th e re ? It w a s e h i se l f w o w e n t th e r e W at l a re yo he re ? f
O
.
,

c o rs I a ere Th e n is G o d gr e a t ? f c o rse e is gr e a t Is
O
e ,
.
, ,
.

ityo th e n w o a re t e re ? ,
f c o i se it is I I s ity o y o r se lf w o , .
We n t t

a re.
o

hM
mhm
m
u h
u
A n yb o d y s
hh
uh
u h
m h
a n il a in O c t o b e r ?

O
ayss

u o
.

d o e s n o tgo c h rc h u u
W h e re is G o d ? W h e r e ve r y o
41
I y se lf we n tt e re
.

g o th
I s J o h n a tc h rc h ? A l to gh
. I s th a tt r e ? It is tr e
e

.
r
.

e i s
e
W o st
It w a s te wo e n w o st o l e so e b o o k s A re E r o p e a n swh ite ?
G o d
.

ay
o le a n y b o o ks

W o

b e in t
hl t
s
a
,

y
o wn
s s
o
?
he y
.

e
 M
42
"

h
h
hm
u
uum h
m
u uh h
te

u u h
Tm
no

u
u
h
mhm
m
u m
e n
n .
e ra

C a r d in a l n be r s fr o e l e ve n t
M
MM
Y CA LA B IN G
L
E EV

NU E RAL

l sin T a ga l o g a re
E NT

C A R DI NAL A ND
H
IS A N G
LES S O N

A D J E CTI V E S

O R D I NAL

e x c e e d in g l v
PA G A R A L

NU

si pl e
.

B ER S
.

.
.
.

T e y a lw a y sp re c e d e

h
o n in e t e e n i n c l s ive a r e f o r ed fr o

fi
m m m
te d igit s by pr e c e d in g te l a tte r w ith te p a rt ic l e la bi “ ”

u uh
h
or ; s
e d a s a e

m u
,

c c e fc ie n t lt ip l e s o ft t i ty i l s i h t t r i t i

m
en n n n v a v n n
p o e c e e e e a o
-

u u
.

“
t ”
t w r d f “
t ” “
i s y ” d
“
i ”
l t s
'

e n ; ( ol o n i B B l d i

m
o o p e o r e
o, n a a n a n c o a e c

u
p

umu
,

h
b e in g a l s o se d in s e ve r a l p l a c e s) T e i n t e r e d ia t e n be r s a re fo r e d
.

u u
si p ly by a d d in g te n it s A bo ve
“
h n d re d ” “ z
isin g ( a n ; a n d “

u m um h
a a

m
.
,

to sa n d i szin g li b ; te n be r s pr o c e e d w ith e q a l r e g l a r ity : 32 6

h
” ’

um m
, ,

t
atldn g d a a n , d a la dng p 0 o , t d t
'

i l o cin i
’ ’ ’

l li
’

b
’

a n ; ( a a n g n a r a a n a a
p

m
, ,

na p o ,t i sa

u
. .
,

C e rt a in t e r s f o r hi h n
g b e r s h a ve b e e n b o rr o w e d fr o t e S a n skr it

u uu u m u
l a n g a ge a n d isa ppl ie d t

h
o T a ga l o g , n a e l y : la cs ci ( S a n s k la ks a , . .

hu h uh
and ta , (Sa n s k a ot T e n b e r s r pr e s e n e d by th s w r d s
g a e e e

m
o

m
y o

m
.
,

i n T a ga l o g a r e i s a n g la cs d s a n g la cs
’

a,
“
te n th o s and ;
” ’

is cin g y o t a s a ng
y o t
o ,

uu u
— —

“
“
a h n d r e d th o s t ll

h
and s
'

a n g o o n g,
p y o a o ne i i o n .

T o e xpr e s s a q a n t ity wh ic h a ppr o a c h e s wh a t in E n gl ish is c a ll e d a

m u
r o n d n be r itis so e t i e s c o n ve n ie n t t st a t e te l a tt e r q a l ifi e d by

h h
m h
o

u u
,

te fi g re in wh ic h itis d e fi c ie n t , sin g te wo r d ei ila n g c o la n g, l e ss, “ '

m m m
-

u mu u u
a s is d o n e i n te o l d f a s
“
h io n e d phr a se o r t t f

h
s ave ; -
y s r ip e ss a v e o n e Th s

u
.
,
“
t e a d o fisa n g d a a n siga n a p on o ,t h r ty ht ”
t
'

in s l
’

d d i i
’

m
,
a o o n e n e n n e e g ; e

phr a se c o l n g n a n g d a le d sci da la d ng d a a n , a y b e se d
’ ’

m u mu u
.

T e o r d in a l n be r s a re fo r e d f ro te c a r d in a l s by e a n s o fte

u u
pre fix yea , a s se e n in th is l e sso n .

T e s t d e n t w ill d o w e ll i n try in g t o a c q a in th i se lf w ith S p a n is h

n e ra ls ,
f o r th e y a r e l a r ge ly a d e se o f by n a t iv e s in c o n t in g .
 M
m
m
um
u
44
t

um u
La a n g.

h m u
h
Ys a l a a n g, s a

hmh h
.

h
Da la a l a a n g, d ad a l a a

m m
m mh mm h
.

S a n g p é o l a a n g, s asa n gp é o

u
.

S a n g d aa n l a a n g , sasa n gd aa n .

uu
A b e r a y b e r estr ic te d in se n se in te c o
n o n w a y by te a d ve rb

la a n g o r by r e p e a t in g te fir s
’

tsyll a bl e o r te fir st t w o l e tt e rs t e re o f
ifc o n sistin g o f o r e ta n t wo L ri a n g s o l d b e se d p st po ne d t o te . o

w o r d ita f f ec t

h
s

h
.

m
u
hm
u h
mm
u
hm h
m
Or
u
h
fim d in a l m
u
l sa re f o r e d f ro te c ar d in a l o n e s by p re x in g t
n e ra o te
O R DI NAL NU ER A L S .

h
,

l a tt e r te p a r t ic l e yea te fi rst fo r b e in g so e wh a tirr e g l a r in fo r a t io n

O
.
,

C a r d in a l n e r a l s be gin n in g w ith a d r o p itt o fo r te o r d in a l rd in a l

m
. .

e r a l s a r e ge n e ra lly pr e c e d e d by te a rt
ic l e a s in E n gl is

fi u
n .

u
T o pr ec e d e , t
o go b e fo re . O n e, p a go n a .

T e fi rs t A n g na o n a, a n g

u m
.

T e s eco n d A n g yc a la a

m
. .

h
th ir d c at l o
.
y .

fo r th c ap a t
.
y
fifth l i é

um
.
y c a .

sixth .
y c an i .

se v e n th y c a p it b

u
. .

h
e ig t .
y c a a lo .

n in th y c as i y a

u
. .

MM
t e n th y c as a n gp o o

uuu
. .

e l e v e n th c a l a b in g i s i

m
z
.
y ‘
.

twe lfth l b i d l w

m
n
y c a a
g a a

u
. .

fi
twe n t ie t c a d a l a an g p o o
y

u u
. .

th ir t ie th y cat l on g p o o

u
. .

ft ie th y c a l i a n g p o o

uu
. .

e ighty n i n th —
.
y c a a l o n g p o o ,
t s iy a , .

h n d r e d th y c a s a n g d a an

h
. .

th o sa n d th y c a s a n g l ib o

u
h
. .

h
t

m
e n th o s a n d th s

mu
as l a

m m
.
y c a n g a c .

c at l o n g l ib o n a l o n g d aa n ap t

h
a
y

h
3 843 1rd , ,
.

n a p 6 o ,t ,
t a t l o .

h h
hh
In co pl e x be rso n ly te fi rst a n d o ste b ra c in g o n e iso rd in a lize d
n

in Ta ga l o g c o n t r a ry to te E n gl is p r a c t ic e

u
m h m mm h h
.

h
,

m m uu
T e ve ry fi rst A n g c a o n ao n a a n

u
u u
. .

T e l as t Ang h li

uu
.

h
.

h
T e ve r y l a st An g ca li li a n

fi h h uh
. .

e v e ry fi r st a n w a sA d a ta

m m
T o

m
A n g ca n a n a a ng S i A d an
O
. ay .

h ! y G o d ! I te ve ry l a st A y al D i s l c o, li li a n

u u
h
,
a o ng ; 1 o c o ,
a an g c a

sin n e r s f s
a la n a n

u
i ga

h
. n ang a aca .

hm
mh m m m
hm
b e s p e r la t T a ga l o g by te

m m
tr e
r dina l n e r a ls

m mm
T i vize d in

uu
e ex e o ay

m h h
te r e p e tit io n o fte ro o t a n d by sin g te s ffi x

u m
I n x ca ,
an.

h h
y dj ) , i (fro da i)

m
c (n . a an . a ra . .

V e ry c a gr e a tdeal a gr e a t an y a ra in g a ra i

u
.
, , .
,

a j o r ity te

u
T e t
os ,
. A ng ca ra i an .

A ll . L a ata n g l a a t
, .

S iy a n a s t
o ( c o rr f r o Sp wo r d ,
En o g , . .

.
MM
h
m
m u
u hh
u
45

MM
u u
ta n (a

h h
o re c a rdin a l n b e r fo llo w L a b issa ig itsa

M
in g)
.
,

m m m
.

h
o re t
ha n ht e ig . L a b issa a l o ig itsa , a lo .

u
u
(co p a r a t ive ) La lo l a lo p a

h h m
o re

fi
. .
,

sti ll e ve n Pa (a lw a y sp o stpo ne d )

m
o re

uuu
.

h
.

t“a “

h
.
,

3
A l dl
e n a re n o t v ir to
1 g
a

2
ar a ga
A ll s .

h
l

m m
n

H u
Yo s S iy a n a s b

m
e no i

m
a
y an

m
g .
g a o

m
.

h
L l p taa ssa

H
(; a o ca a ng a c a n iy a 1 g ca ~

A re y o t a ll e r t a n 11 1 8 b r o t e r ? t id n a l a l a q i ?

m m
p a

Ia t a ll e r t a n e . L a l o a c on g a t aa ssa c a n iy a
“
.

pa ng
25
la n g
a ste ir f a t

m
1 ca a y ro o n
5“
a a,
h e r a n y o re c h ic k e n s? ?

m
e a ss till o re . S iy a, i, a y ré o n
p a .

No w (a tp r e s

m m fi um
. en t ) . Nga y é n .

h
So e, ew Y lan
O
. .

ly a f Y lan l a

h
n ew a n g, ii lan

m
. .

h humm m
t Y l k e w is din a l by p re x in g s q t
’

i b d

u
an a
y ,
e e a e o r
y e a a a n zc e i n ,

F re n c h
fifi
.

fi
W h a td a y o fte o n th ist

h
o d v ?
c i l a a r é b a ?

M
H
a a n g a o a
g y n g
—
o n
T o d a y iste th irt e e n th
-
Yc a l a b in g t at l o ga y on

m m
. .

W a t pl a c e ( in o r d e r ) a ve th e y ? (; Y c a i la n b a
g a s
i l a?

mfi mu mmuu h
afiga pr e c e d in g a c a r d in a l n e ra l i p a rt sa se n se o fin d e te r in a t io n

u
.
,

a n y b a gs a v e th e y ? n b y s l a

h
a i ?

u
ow n g a o n g a n n a a c a
g
S o e tw e n ty o f th e a b o t twe n ty a nga d a l a an g p o o

ufi fi
. .

M
M
a
g a a l o ne a n d n o,
t n y a
g c o e
,
s b e fo r e n n s i n t ea pl ra l a ,
o

wh e n th e y a re se d in d e n it e l v o r i n a p a r t i t i ve s ens

u
e .

H
a nga ba av.

a nga ta o .

hh h H h
E L E V E NT EX E RC I S E

H H m
.

h hh h m
Hh u
H
63 -
128 -
2 15 51 9 -
6 31 9 11 25

u
— —

u
. . . . .

h
. .

h H h
81 3 7

m u
.

uh
W h a t is te

H
pr ic e o ft
t c h e e se ? Th ree d o ll a rs an y ho s es as

m
ow a

m
.

h
yo r f

H
a th e r ? as n o n e a s yo r s iste r a n y l o o k in g gl a sse s? S e

m m
e

m
-

u
.

h h
sa l l te r in g s? Th e y h a ve n o ta l l

h
H a ve y o r p a r e n t

hh
a s tw e n ty

m
ow

uu m m m m
. .

a s te br o th e r o fA n th o n y ? A re a l l o f

H
a n y c h il d r e n as s

fi
e e ve n

m u
.

h
t e p re t ty ? Thr e e a re pre tty te o t

u
h e r s gly ow a n y br o th e r s a s

m m m
.

h
,

H h
yo r n c l e ? l s b th s a n y o fth e ale ?

H
w

m m m
n v o are

m
y c e a e r o e r .

Thr e e o fthe a re a l e te o th e rs a re fe a l e

h
as t y

m m
y a n a n .

h h h
,

W e r e a re te t Th e y a re a t

h
t re e s? S e a s so e w o b ro t e r sin la w ?

m
- -

u
.

Ceb ow any w o e n we re t e re y e st e rda y ? A gre a t a n y A re

uu
h h
. .

th e re n o b o o k s a th o e ? W e a ve a n y a th o e

H H
A re th e r e a n y d o gs

m m
.

h h h hh
o ve r th e re ? T e re a re o n l y a f ew ow an y c a ts as y s i ?

m
c o n

m
e

u u
hhH m uh
.

hh
a s o n ly o ne A re t h e re tw e n ty b ird s a ty o r h o se ? Th e re a re o re

u
.

th a n twe n ty IV e r e a re th e y ? Th e y a re o n te b r a n c e so ft re e s W o

u u
. .

to l d y o the re a re a n y c h rc he s in a n ila ? y f r ie n d s t o l d e so .

ow any s o l s a ve w e ? W e a ve o n ly o n e ow a n y fi n ge r s a re

h
h
.

th e re in y o r a n d ? Th e re a re o n ly f o r W e re t e n is te o te r ?

h
.
, ,

W e ll te n te o te r is idd e n
, , ow any t ree s (t r n k s ) a re te re in .

(I ) I n T aga lo g, a s tf
e re o o re e x pla in ed , cap a t
id incl d esb o u t b ro te rsa nd s
isters .
hhh
mm h
hh
mmHm
m h
m
h
hh h
m
46

h h hh h
th isga rd e n Th e re a re a gre a t a n v a ny o f t e h a ve b ra n c he s
fi
?
ow

m u
.

h
a nd an y h a ve n o n e ? T o se n o th a vin g b ra n c e s a re o n ly a f

m
ow ew

u m
u m
u m
.

hh h
W o w a s te fir st a n ? T e fi rst a n w a sA d a A n d te rs tw o a n ?

h m m
.

S e is te fift in

h
W h a t pl a c e in o rd er a s y o r siste r a ts

h H
c ho o l ?

m
E ve

um
u uu
.

be r a ve y o ? I h a v e te 6 38t A re y o n o b le ? I

h
o rde r W ha t n

u u
. .

h
a ni te l a s t o f e n A re a l l e n b a d (w ic k e d ) ? No o n ly so e o f t e

mhh m
mh
u
uh
u
.

H h
,

a re w ic k e d A re a l l w o e n j d ic io s? T e a j o r ity a re j d ic io s H a ve

m
. .

r t t r p s I th s xty s y r f l r

m
y o o e a n e e e n ? a v e o r e a n i I o r ie n d o d e

u
.

th a n is b ro t e r ? e is t a ll e r b t e is n o to l d e r
, H a ve y o still
.

o re so ns ? I h a ve t wo o re . W h a td a y o fte w e e k is t o day ? To
d a y is T e s da y A n d w h a t d a y o fte
. o n th w a s y e s t e rd a y ? Y e ste rd a y
w a s te 2 5t . ow a n y d o ll a r s a ve
y o ? I a ve s o e tir t y d o ll a rs
.
 M
MM
M
T W E FT L H L ES S O N .

YCA LA B IN G DA LA U A N G PA G A R A L

M
u
.

NU ERAL ADJ E CTI V E S ( co n t

in ed ) .

h
h m
u hh
m fi m
m h
m
AD V E R B I A L PA R T IT I V E
,
A ND D I S T R I B UT I V E NU ER ALS .

M
in a ls,
T

ufi te
e a d ve r b ia l n
r st b e in g
e ra l s a re fo r e d by p re x in g a
a lt o ge te r
,
a n d te sec o n d and
to te c a rd
th ir d so e wh a t

m
irr e g lar

u
.

O
um
in s an

m
nce . .

Tw ic e a c a la a

m
. .

Th ric e thre e t
i ,
e s
. a c a it lo ,
Fo r ti e s . a c a ap a t .

F iv e a c a li d

um
.

a c a an i .

a c a p it o

u
.

a c a a lo

m
.

h
acas iy a

h
.

ac a s

H
a n gp o o

u
.

El e ve n a c a l a b in g is i

h
u
m m h
.

N in e te e n a c a l a b in g s iy a

h h h
.

m m
A h n d red ac as a n gd aa n

hmm um m h
.

m
A to s an d ac a s a n gl ib o

fi
.

m
ow any t i e s? o w o ft en ? , g a c a ilan ?

T e re s t ric t io n i n se ns e ay b e a de by re p e a t i n g te rst t wo
i a n a n d te fir s t syll a bl e o f te p a rtic le f o r te o th e rs

m
l e tte r s f or
’

be side s te c o o n way o f s in g ld a n g o r b o t h ld a n g a n g te r

m
e

m
pe t it io n

m u
.

A u m m
O
u
n c e o n ly o n ly o n c e i in s an

h h
. .
,

m m m
Tw ic e o n ly tw ic e
, . a a c a la a .

m
Te n t

m m
i e s o n ly acas

u u
. a n gp o o a .

m m
h n d re d t i e s o n ly ac a s

u u
a a n gd aa n

fi
. .

u mu m
Th e se sa e a d ve rb ia l n e ra l s a re se d in T a ga l o g in so e d ist r ic t

h
s

u
hm
,

t o d e n o te lt ipl ic a t io n te sa e w a y a ste s fx fo l d in E n gl ish ; “ ”

fi m m m
m m
u
u
a la q

h h
“ ”
a ca la z d la lo n
'

i t w o f o l d (d o bly ) gr e a t e r o r l a r ge

m
g

u
—
.
,

m h
s s by s p pl f P r p rly sp k
’

N i

m
l

m u
d ?
’

i ? i

m
g a c l n e o e e o e o r g a c a a n o e e a

u
a a ,

i n g gn a ca i la n e xp re s s
’
e s pa s t ti e a nd p re se n t o r f t r e :

u
,
“
g N a c a i la n c a
’

n g n a c a sa l d ? o w a n y t i e s
,
d id y o c o it { a .
“ ”
i ldn ca n g p a p a r é o n ? ow o ft e n w ill y o go th e re B ases ( c o r r pt
,
.
,
“
S p a n is wo rd f
"
o r e eces ) ( t i e s ) i s so e t i e s sed e l lcin g b a a ? o w . ,
g
,
“ ”
any o w o ft e n ?
 M
M
h h
h mmhuh
m um h
u mfi
DI S T R I B UT I V E A B ST R A C T NU ER ALS .

h h
T s a re f
e e o r e d by re pe a t in g te c a rdin al n l e ra te t
or wo rst

m
svlla b le s te reo f , ifc o n s
isin g o f o re ta n t
t wo , w ito t a n y l iga en t .

m
O ne by o n e Ys a is a

u
ufi m
-

ufi
. .

T wo by t wo t w o a ta t i e , . Da la d a la a
T re e by three t re e a ta t Ta t lo , tat

H
i lo

M
uu
e

u
.
,

Fo r fo r f o r A p a t ap at

m m
.

u h
,

F ive ve ve , Li a l i a .

T en t en t en Sa n gpé o s a n gp o o

u u
.
,
”
D o ze n d o ze n a do ze n La h l l a b in g d a la r-l

u
.

h h uu
,

ow a n y a ta t i e? y l an ? .

Tho sa n d by th o sa n d S a n gl i s a n glib o

m
u m
u
. .

H n d r e d by n d re d . S a n gd a s a n gd aa n .

E ve ry d ay d a ily ,
. Ar a o ara o
. .

E ve ry h o r h o r ly ,
. (D r a so ra s .

E ve ry o n t o nt ly jB o an b o an

u
. .
,

E ve ry y e a r y e a rly T a on t aé n

u u
. .
,

M
E ve ry w ee k w ee klv L in go l ingo

u
. .
,

E ve ry S n d a y . Il l do .

E ve ry T e s day To f
ng rt e s
a .

h h h
E ve ry S a trd a v S ab a d o

h
.

h h hh m
h h
m
VE ALS

m h
PA R T IT I NU ER

m m u
.

hh
uu
uh h
u
hh h
u
h
hh
u
”
T e a lf is e xp re s se d e it e r by a ny ca la a t

m
i , o r ( y yc a la dn g ba l

u u
t t t

h
g , i e f o r e r b e i n g fa r o r e i n se T e o t e r p a r i t i ve n e r a
. l si n e

sin g l a r a r e e xpre s s e d by te o rd in a l s w ith te a rt ic l e , te w o rd ba a g z ,

’

hh u
h h
p o rt e d a tte e n d Fo r te pl ra l , te
“ ” “ ”

M
s a re , io n ; b e in g O pt io n a ll s
y

u
h

M
.

c a rd in a l s a re se d , te par tit ive, i n te n o in a t ive c a s e , a nd t a tin d ic

h h
at ive o fte p a r ts in t o wh ic te n i t y is c o n sid e re d d ivide d , in te p o s

u
h
ses sive , w ith ba a g i f o ll ow in g :

u
h h uh
u u
T e lf A ng c a la a t i, a n g y c a la ra 1 g b a ag i

u
a

u
. .

T th ird A ng y c at l on g ( b a a g i )

hummmh
e

u
H
. .

T e t e nth . A ng y c a sa n gp o o n g b a a g 1 .

o r ts

mm um
Th ree f . Ta tl o na n g ap a t n a b a a g i
T e s e ve n e igh ts . A n g p it o n a ng a lon g b a a g i .

Hu u m m
ow yt
an i e s d id y o co e g N
e re a c a il an a c a il an n a p
-
a r ito c a c a a

y e ste rd a y ? p o n ?
Tw ic e . a c a la a .

a c a ila n b aga n s b a p
o w o ft e n d o e sy o r s t
ise r go t s?
as 5(; g a g i a n g c a a
o
tid o ng b a b a y e ?

h h h
E ve r y S n d a y . L in go l in go .

fi m m
DI S T R I B UT I V E DET E R

h
I NA T E N U ER A L S .

fiufi
T es e a re f
tsyll a bl e f ro
rs
or e

ve
d b y p re
pw a rd s
x in g
.
f
ig o te
t ca rdin a l san d by re pe a t
in g te

O ne t
o e ac o n e , o ne e ac h

u
.

T wo t
o e ve r y o ne .

Th ree
Fo r
 M mm
49

hm
Five t
o e ve ry o ne . T igl ili
f

S ix T iga an i .

S e ve n T igp ip it o

u
.

E ight T ig a n a l d
-
.

h
N in e T igs is

H
iy a

um
.

Ten T igs as a n gp o o

m m
.

h
El e ve n

Hm
T igl a l a b i n g isa .

Tw e l ve T igl a la b in g d a la a

m
A d o ze n T ig is an g d o s en a (c o rr f ro S p d o c en a )

h
-
. .

ow yt
o e ve ry o ne t ow y

h
an

m
an a
,
T
g gi -
n l an

m
e ve ry o ne?
,

m u
w r? P

u
ow?, in an o ?

h
g

h
a anne .a

fim mu u m m u
O W is a re ? d ?

M
g a n

h
,
a

m m m
e r a l s 1n d ic a t

h
ive o fte

u mh m
T ig, ay a ls o co e b e f o re c a rd in a l pl r a l n

u u
fix e d o r st a p e d v a l e o fa th in g , w ith o t a n y r e p e t

h
it io n o fs yll a bl e T s,

u
.

h h h
” t

h
ve d o ll a rsc o in e d p ie c e b e e xpr e s sed , sn la i li i s fift

m m
f
a
y p g g d n
gp o ; e e n

h
ts s
’ ”
t a p , sey on g t igla bzn g li a n g s i o s; a l to g na is o re in
én t se

m u u u
.

e r ve s t s te s a n y tin g o c c r s o r

hmhhhfi h
In s o th e r n p ro v in c e s t ig s o e xp re s eas

M
u
on
is pr o p e r t o be a de : t ig a p o n , t o do s o e th in
g i n t e a f t
e r n o o n
”

u
.

T e d is tr ib t i ve sf or n i t ie so fpr ic e , e a s re , e t c a re f o r e d by p re x .

in g an t te r o o t w o r d o fte st a n d a r d n ity , te fi rst l e t t er o f te

h
o -

r o o t n d e r go in g c h a n ge s a sfo llo w s: If itis a vo w e l o r c , te l astle tte r

o f te p a rt ic l e a n d te fir s t o f te ro o t c h a n ge in t o g If it i s t 8 o r

h
.
,

b th pp If t s th s t l st l tt r f t p t l

u
(I
,
o a re d ro e d i i p, i a n d e
. a e e o e a r ic e

c h a n ge in t o

u
H
fi
.

u
B s e ll C a b an
fi
u
. .

Tw e n ty ts v a l e
ve c e n
’
. C ab a l i .

Tw e n ty v e p o n d sw e ig t A r o ba ( S p a r ro ba ) . .

M
.

O n e o n c e sw e ight o fgo l d ’
. T ah il .

a lf a r e a l S i c olo

m
.
,

O ne re a l ‘ S i c ap a t

u
. .

H a lf a d o ll a r S a l a p i , isang s a l a pi

m
. .

fih
Inc h . r a n d a l i, s a ng d a l i .

H a n d br e a d t e a s re Da n gc a l

u
. .

h
D o ll a r Pis

fi
. o .

F a rth in g t
B el s (c o r r fr o S p w o r d

u
. . .
,

At

h
one b s h el ] he ad a ga b an

u fi
. .

a ga a t i .

25 po nd sw e igh t a ga r o b a

hh
.

h
n c e sgo l d w e ight

m
’
o ne o a n a il .

h a lf rea l a n ic o lo

m
a .

a lf d o ll a r a n a la p f

m
.

o n e re a l a n ic ap a t .

o n e in c h a n a n d a l i, an dal i

h
.

a n d br e a dt a n a n gc a l , a n d a n gc a l

h h
.

o ne d o ll a r . a is o .

fa rtin g

m
a n b e l is

u
h
.

uh
u
h h
T e bo d y . A ng c a t
a o an .

T i e w e a te r o cc a sio n Pa n a on

m
u
O
. .
, ,

p o rtn ity a w a it in g of

m
Ca p a n a o n a n

u
p

Om
,

t t

m
.

p o r n i y .

h
F ine w e a t e r ab t in g p a n a h on

m m m
. .

Ro g we a te r as p a n a h on

m
zi n g

m u u
. a .

A td a w n o r n i n g ; e a r ly

u
,
a ga .
o r n in g ,
To —
o r ro w o r n in g B ca s nang aga .
In te o r n i n g. Se a ga .
 MM
M u
u
50

m
u
u lilit

M
o s
e D aga b

u u
.
.
,

R at D a ga

u
.
.

Lo s C to

um
e . .

Lo se , c r a b lo se . To a .

h
Pig , s w in e . B ab y .

A n a c an , in a i n .

B o a r , w il d b o a r B ab y d a o

Hm
.

a b igay (in d e t
.

M
T o giv e , g iv e g )

mmum mmmh
m m
.

G a ve Na gb igay

H m u
.

T e giv in g . A n g p a gb ib igay .

T o give (s o e th in g ) I b igay (d e t ) .

ow a n y ti e sd id y o g ive b re a d ? g a c a il a n n a b i
g g y a c a n a n g ti n a p y
a ?

h
S e ve n t i e s a c a it o
.
p .

an y a a ti e t t l b

m
ow o b e gi ve n n a i a a b ibi i ?

m
n g n a g a n g p g a g y
z

m
.

F ive a ta t i e . L i a li e .

u
g N s s s i b a a r
Do g
n a a a o
t
a p a a a a a c
o c h r ch r3 da v
e ve 7 ?
0 l1 g
y o

m
r ao

h
a

u
.

J H in d i , n ap ap asasi ba a n ac o i in

H
t

m
No , I go o ch rc h on ly o nc e a wee k .

san l in go l in go

mu u
.

gN a p p
a a r ito s iy a b a ga to i n g V 1 e r
D o e sb e c o e h e re e ve ry Fr id a v ?

h
'

nes ?
.

u m
.

N 0 e c o e sh e r e e ve ry S n d a v H in d i , n a p a p a r it b s iy a l in go l in go

M
H
. .
,

a n y t b e giv e n e a c h T i i l a b i b ib i
?
ow o g g n a g . a n g p ga g a y

m
um
u
.

T w o d o ze n t o e ve ry o n e T iga l a an g d o s ena

fi
. .

h
G i ve (s in g ) o n e b s h e ll p e r h e a d a nga b an a n b
g y g y i a o

m
. .

G iv e (pl r ) 2 5 c e n t sp e r h e a d
. . a ga a t i a n g y b igay n in y o .

h a ll I give t

m
m
ch o n ey l b

h
s T i i a a b ib i a s

H
ow o g g —
n a g a n g y g y c o n g a

e ve r l a pi ?

h
y o n e ?

h
a n ic a a t

h h
G i ve o n e re a l p e r h e a d p a n b
g y g y i a o

m
. .

S h a ll I n o t at t e ra te o f o n e do l

m
i

fi
m
g v e
H b

u
(; i d i a is b ib i a c o ?
la r t g y
n a g a o a n g y

h
o each ?
‘
fiu m
o w iste w e a th e r t o day ? —

g a a n c ) b a ga a n g p a n a h o n g y
a é n ?

u
ab t

h
T e w e a th e r is n e A ng p an a h6 i, i

m m
u u m u
. .
,

I sn o t te w e a th e r r o g ? h b s

h
A o i i d i a a ?

m
g

fi
a

m
n g p a n a n a g a

um
, ,

C e rt a in ly itisr o gh as an g t o t o o

h
a

mu m
q
. .
,

IV e n d o y o go t o Pa r a na q e ? gCa i l an ca p a sa s
a Pa r a a e ?

u
To -
o rr o w o r n in g . B c a sn a n g o a ga .

D o e s y o r f a th e r c o e h e r e in te g
,
A n g a a o b a a i
g , , n ap a p a ri t
o s
e

o r n in g r i n te e ve n in g ? a ga b i ?
a ga 6 s

H
o

In te e v e n in g S a ga b i

h h
.

h
.

h H
u h
h mh h
h h
T W E L FT E X E RCI S E

m m H
.

H m u u
W h ic bo o k h a ve y o ? I h a ve te fir st A n d w e re is te s ec o n d ?
O
uu m
.

a s it n o t c t o be r te n i n th o n th o fte y e a r ?

H h
br th r I s N S i
O O
o r

m m
y o e

m u u u
.
, ,

c t o b e r 1 ste t e n th any t

h
ow i e s did y o r c il d p rl o in n ly o n c e

m u mu
. . .

Did y o r n c l e go thr e e t i e s t o te ga r d e n ? e we n t t o te ga r d e n

u u
H
o n ly o n c e y b k I th by t

H
o w do y o i s? i b

um
g v e o r o o g v e e o n e o n e

u
.
,

s t r i s th th by thr D t s h l ry Th r sd y ?

H
y a e g v e e re e e e o y o g o o c o o e v e a

u m
.

at c h o o l in te

H
I go th e r e e ve ry d a ow a n y h o rs a re y o s o r n in g ?

mum
y

uu
.

h
I st a y th e r e t w o ho rs W h a t d a y o fte w e e k d o y o r c h il d r e n n o tgo

mu
.

h
to sh o o l ? Th e y d o n o tgo t o s c ho o l o n S n d ay s ow a n y pe n s d id

m
c

u
.

h mm
i t ry ? I s p s t ry y

m
y o g v e o e v e o n e g a v e e v e n e n o e v e o n e o w a n .

d id y o sa y ? I d id sa y se ve n p e n s ow ch o n e y do i t

u muu
y o g v e o

u
.

each o f th e ir c h il d r e n ? I give o n e do ll a r e a c h ow c h r ic e d o e s .

th e ir f a th e r give the ? Th e ir f a t h e r give s o n e ga n t a e a c A nd t h e ir .

n c le ? Th e ir n c l e d o es no tgive th e e ve n a f rth in g e a c t h e ir a n t a

i
,

g a v e th e o n ce 2 5 p o n d s w e ig ht e a c W h a t p a r t s is a r a d e o f ? .
l ity b t t e s
hm
uh
t
u
umu
,

d
m
uh
m
e
m
u
mhh
m h
u
o it

m
h
u
s
s b e in g O f q a n t it

h o l d try fi r s o
T

YCA LA B IN G T A T

Th e re a re se ve ral w a y s O f fo r ing te c o pa ra t

uu u
T a ga l o g a c c o rd in g t
u
D E G R EES

CO
M
M
H IR T E E N T

A
OF

P RAT I VE
H
LO N G
C

OF

y q a l it y o r t in g T is l e sso n
tr e a t s o f te o st s a l a n n e r s o f fo r in g te c o p a ra tive O f e q a
t t t b e c o e a c q a i n t e d
O

ive o f e q a l it

w
LE S S O N

E QU

ith
PA RI S

y in

t
A L IT Y

e
PA G A R A L

ON
.
.
.

h
,

o r te p r p o s
‘
fo ll o w in g wo rd s sed f

m fih
e .

h h
Pa r a s in g c a s in g ac a s in g ga ga n ga
, , , , , ,

p are s c a p ar e s , .

Pa r a ni p a r a n g; sin g o r c a sin g , ,

a gc a s in g (p re fix e d t o te r o o t )

u m
. .

G a ( p re fix e d t o te ro o t o fte t h in g
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

n d ca p re x e d t o te r o o t o fte

mu
a ,

L q a l it y ) .

C a p a r a c a p a r is c a p a n t ay a gc a sin g , , ,
.

C a p a r a c a pa re s c a p a n t ay p a ra p a r a , , , ,

a gc a
p a re s
.

Pa r a c o

uqu
q
.

Pa r a n a n g a in g c a p a tid .

Pa r a n iy a

m
.

Pa r a i A lf r e d o

m
.

Pa r a n a n g a in g p in s an .

Pa r a n a n g b a t O, p a r a n g b a t

h
O

m
.

G a it O, ga it o, p ar a n it o .

G a it O g a i t o p a r a n it’
J c a

G a n iy an , ga n é o n , p a r a ni y an , p a r a

m
As t
ha t .

yo n .

a s ta t G a n iy an ga n é o n p a r a n i
a p ara
.

y n n iy O n c a

h
G a n ga n it o, p a ra n it On g af i ga it o

m
.

G a n ga n it

m
O ca
G a n ga n iy an , ga n ga n Oo n

u m
.

m
G a n ga n l y an g é

fi m m
a
g g n a n o n c a
T in ap a y n a c a s in gd a i n a n g al a c .

As b re a d sw in e T in ap a y n a c a p a ris n a n g a l a c a n g

m m
c a .

m u
da i

m
.

a ga it

mm
A ng a c c as in gd a rn i n a n g a
nga p a n lil a t s

fi
, o r, a gc a a r a
p i n g
As an y k n ive sa sp e n s . da i .

An g a nga it ac a t an a l t
g g p
a a n a
agc as in da i
a
y g .
h h
m
m
h h
u um
m
h m h h 53

h h uuu u
u
T
fi u
e p a r a t iv e o fe q a l ity a y b e f o r e d in se ve r a l w a y s in T a ga l o g
co

q a lity is f o r e d e ith e r by p re x in g sin g o r ca sing t o te

.

M
T e c o p a r is on of

r o o t e x p re siv e o fte qa l ity o r by p l a c in g p a ra a ft e r te a d j e c t iv e in f ll ,

w ith te po sse ssive c a se o f te th in g o r p e r so n se r vin g a s st a n d a rd t

h
a

m
,

te e n d

hh
.

uu
S i Pe d r o , i, s in gd no n g (o r c a s in gd
Pe t
er is a sw is sJo n o n g) i J an

m
e a n . .

S i Pe d ro , i , a r lin o n g n a p a r a i J a n .

h
Y t on g c a o y n a it o, i , sin gt igas(o r c ar

h h h
sin gtigas ) b t o

m
t

m
n a n g a
T iswo o d isa s ard a sso n e . 4Y t on g c a b o y n a it o,i , a t igas p a ra
.

m m
n a n g bat O
L

u
h
.

id e a o fa s is t w ith te pre fix a g
fi
If s bl a ge o b e e xpr e sse d , ca s

m
ing

u m
an e

u m
e ise xpr e sse d by s te re pe tio n o fte
it

hm
s en s

hmu h h
ay be ed T e s
. a e s i ng a n d
t syll a bl e
s fte r o o t

mm
r o .

u
R ic h a r d and is f a th e r a re e q a ll v A ng a ga a i R ic a rd o , i , a gc a sin g
w 1s d li n o n g
'

mh m m
. .

S d d t
i a 11i RI

m
(
’

m
l n g n n n g
R ic a rd isa sw is
e a s isf a th e r
o g a a g a

c a rd o
.

u
.

Pa ras ca
p a re s, a gca
p a re s, ay be b e f o r e te a d j e c t ive wh e n b o t
s
ed

m
,

bj e c ts c o p a r e d h a ve be e n pre v io sly e xpr e ssed te p re fix ca i p a r t in g a

m m
o ,

u
fc o

h
p a n io n s ip o r l 1ke ne ss

hh
e ns
s

u fib t
e o

h h
.

u
mh
Ang ai n co a ta n g

m m
st

m
a g a a a n ang a
l
sc h il d re n a ll s
q
’
nc e a
y a re a y sa a nga a in g p i n s
an n, a gc a c a

u
co s1 n s’
.

pa r l e t aa s

u
n a ng .

h h
G a is pr e fix e d t o te i n a t iv e f te w it w ic

u
no o co on no n any

h
t
h in g isc o p a re d , te q l ity t f o ll o w in g pr e fix e d w ith

m
a ro o ca

um h
.

mm u
I ti sa swh it
e a sp a p e r G a papel p ti

h
. ca .

h
o pr e fix e d t
o te p o s te d e o n str a t ive pr o n o

m
G a isa l s sessive c a s
e Of n s ,

h sf o r in g a d ve rb so r a d ve rb ia l e xpre ssio n s; a n d ifte c o p a r l so n i s

h
t

mm
a de

w it 1 ve , te l a tt e r t
h a n a d 3e c t a k e sca .

u
h h
S O , in t is a nn e r ; so , a sth is G a n itO, ga it O

h uh
. .

th a t e r , a st a t

m
S o , in an G a n iy an , ga n é o n
q
. .

l a r ge a sth is G a n it i

u
. o c a la .

A so ld a st a t G a n iy an c a t a n d a

u
. .

h
o te in t
pr e fix e d t
G a isa l s e r ro ga t iv e pr o n o sin te in a t i ve wh e n

u
n no

u
o

te e xte n t o fa q a l ity isin q e st io n

uu u
.

u
um h
wh a t d e gr ee iss v irt o s? s y b l

m m
To e gG a a n O i a c a a n a
?

To wh ic h (wh a t ) d e gr e e isitbe a t if l ? gG a a l f
n c a r i it ?
q
it q
fi
It ispr e tty l ike t a t . G a n iy an c a r i .

h
W he n is pr e fix e d t b iti p a rts a e ns
s f k e ry t
i

u u u
o a ve r e o oc or c
ga

h
t io si it a t io n o fte t
ac 1o n .

A sify o w e re se ll in g y o p re t e n d y o ,
G a n a gh ib il i ca

mm u
a re s e ll in g .

A s if e w e re w e e p in g h a rd
at
G a n a gt a n g1 ss
.

F e ign in g e w a swe e p in g a g r e a td e a l
1y a .

G a n ga ay be e
. l
p yo e d a sp l ra l .

G a n ga ni to .

G a n ga né o n .
’

n 1y z1 n , a n ga
g
Mh
m
hmhm
u m
hmmh m
hh h
54
G a n ga
G a n ga
ni tO ca
n iy an g g
a n a n o o n c a .

M
uh u
u
T p a riso n o fq a n t it y a y b e a d e by e xp re ssin g te t wo o

m
e co

u
hhu u u
t
s p r t n at
f e w it
as h a ca a r es ant a n d te
’

d i i

u
j e c c o a e n e no ve c g p a g p
c a a y

h
,

ro o t Of q ant ity p re fi x e d w it h ca a tte e n d te t ra n sl a t

m
io n b e in g l it e ra lly ,

h ing a re e q a l in q a n t it

h
s c a th in g a n d s c h a t
“ ”

uh h
s si ve c as

m
y T e po s es

u u
e .

o fa p ro pe r no n b s ed f t p ss ss
i e p ro n o n

m m
a
y e o r e o e v

m
.

h um
hm
u m
q t
‘
t

u
b r o te r s ts n y b oo ks Ang in g id a lan g i o

h
a no o a a ca p a ay ga n
y
a ste s

m m m
e c a ra in g i l b ro
q
. .

A ng t in t ta n g

mu
in g a in a
a s y f ate r
a n an g a a
y n c l e a sa s c 1 n k
n a n g a q in a isc a ra

u u
a i
.

a gc a p ar .

h
Ca p a ra ay go v e r n te p o sse ssive c ase o r te n o in a tive O f a co

on no n. Pa ra p a ra -
is ge nera lly s ed t e p l ra t
o d e no t y .

m u

M
h
J ew
el j e we l ry H iy a s a l aj a

um u fi
.
, ,

Co b . S c lay .

Ear . T a i ga .

W o rk G a a, p a g ga a

u
—
. .

h
Ey el a s Pilic a t a

m
. .

W r ist G a l a n g ga l a nga n

m
-

uu
. .

Fl o we r B l a c la c

m
-

h
. .

A n kl e . B o c O n a n g p aa, b OO l .

A r p it Q il iq il i

M
. .

R ic w e a lthy ya

u
,
. a an .

R ic e s we a lth ,
. Caya a na n .

S ta t
e c o n d it
,
io n . L a gay .

I s e w e ll ?
g ab t
i b aga a ng l a gay
-

hh
h
uu
hh
hhHH
hh
h
m um u
h
THIRT E E NTH E X E RCI S E

h m
.

h
h u
W

H
Yo a nd yo we ll
s w ll ?
a sy o r a le co s in a n y

m m m
r on, a re e e a re

u u u
—
.

h Hh
fl o we rs in is ga rde n ? as a n y fl o we rs
Ye s th r

H
S i as e an

mmm m
e r o e
y

u u
.
, ,

h
pl a n t s? Ye s Sir e a so t e r pl a n t s W o h a ve so e o se s? T e we a l

Hmmm
uu
H m m
.
,

h
,

hh h
ty a ve h o se s A e th e d s s i y r t w Y s

H
? S i

u m mm m
r e r a n y g o o o e n o o n e r

u m
.

hh hh
, ,

th e re a re so e go o d ho se s W h a t o re a ve y o ? W e h a ve so e o xe n . .

H a ve y o ch o re o ne y ? y b a ke r a s a g r e a t d e a l o r e a s

m
.

o re pa pe r ? as a s te sa ilo r a s ch c o ffe e a s

m
e e o re

m
.

t ea ? a sa s ch t e a a sc o ffe e a st h is a n a s a ny fr ie n dsa se n e ies?

mu
u m
e

u u
.

h
e r a so fte l a t

h
e a sa s a n y O f te f o r t er H a ve t e y a s a n y sho es

u qu u
u
.

h
a ss to c k in gs? Th e y a ve no s to c k in gs Is y br o t e r s a t a s p re tty ’

u
.

h h
as in e ? Y o r br o t e r s i s a s p r e t ty a s y o rs A re y o a s w ise a s y
’

m
.

h
nc l e ? I a n o tso w ise a s e I s J o h n a s vir to sas y sist e r ? T ey

m
.

h
bo th a re e a l ly virt o s I sta t c ry st a l a sh a r d a sst o n e ? S to n e is n o tso

hhuu u m u
.

h a rd a sth isc ry st a l I siro n a sw it e a ssil ve r ? I ro n isno ta sw ite a ssil ve r

m m
u mHuu
h u m
.

h
.

I sin k a sbl a c k a sth is? s bl k t t f t t l

H
i k is s I s s s s ’

m
y n a a c a a y a e r e e a

Yu
.

h hh
t t

hH
d s l s? B h f ’
q lly d A t s d s s b

h hh hh h
g o o a o r n c e o o e a r e e a g o o re e e o g a e a

u
.

t if l a sth o se ? Th e se a r e n o tso b e a t if l I sb re a d th s a d e ? Ye sin ta t

u u
.
,

T O wh a t d e gre e is y f a t e r o l d ? o r fa t he r is a s O ld as in e
'

uuu
a n n er . .

T o w ic d e gre e is y a n t s s e r v a n t w ic k e d ? e is a s w ic k e d a s a t ie f
’
.

o w p re t ty is y b ird ? It isp re t t y a sa fl o we r I sA n t o ny a sj d ic io sa s .

I ? B o t o fy o a re j d ic io s W ha tdoe s e wis ? e w is e st
. o f e ign a sif
e we re w e e p in g a rd Are tey a s re d asto s e? T e
.
y a re a sred a ste s e .
u
u
y
uu
o
m
m
u
Is y o

umu um
uu
m
nder

in la w
-
m
y
u
m
u
r

mm
j
c io s a s y o r s
e we lr
is
y
te r s

H
’

o r a n kl e sa n d a r

y sh o l de rs

w e ll ? e
.
.

A
p i
re
H
t
m
a s pre c io s a s
ow

s?
C
y
M
M
any

a
y

r z sfa
’
n
s
55
i
co

kl
i
s

ly
d e gr ee a re th e y we a lthy ? Th e y a re w e a l t
w e ll .
t

s
e r

a
’

r
hy
s

i
e
?

ch ?
t
T h
y j

y
ey
e w

f
a k in g
e

.
l

e
r

t
a re
y
bs h a ve y o ? I h a ve t
,
.
i

r
s

y o r c a r a sbl a c k a s y n o se ? It is a s bl a c k a s y o r wr ist W h e re h a v e

u
y
i
n

ch
.
o

r
t

T
p
o
s
wo

it
o
.

s(
wh
p

I s y o r b ro th e r
r

t
e

Is

)
at
‘
 M FO U R T E E N T H LE S S O N

M
.

Y CA LA B IN G N A PA G A R A L

fl
A PA T .

D EG R E ES OF CO PA RI S O N (c o n t
in u ed ) .

huh h
m mh
hm h
P E R IO R I T Y F E R I O R IT Y AT IV E

h
SU IN A N D S U PE R L

m m
u
.
,

M
m u mum
u m m u
T e si pl e s tw a y O f f o r in g te c o p a ra t ive o fs p e r io r it y in T a ga

mm m
lo g is t o p tte o bj e c t w ith wh ic h te c o p a r iso n is a d e in te a bl a

hh u m m
t ive c a se ( l o c a l a bl a t ive ) by te se o fte pre po sit io n s 3 a o r ra y “

h
V irt e

mm um
‘
u
.

” “

h
is o re pr e c i o s th a n r ic h e s , ( g ca ba n a la z a a l sa ca ya a n a n ; Pe te r

m m m
isr ic h e r th a n J o h n , S t ”
f t

h
Ped ro ,i , br th is l l r

m
a n ca y an
a ya y o e r a e

m mm
u
”
th a n I , a n y ca p a t t i s q q
i n ; b titis b o th o re idio a t ic
'

r c o ,i , a la

m
a a

u
m
a nd o re e ph a t ic t o in s e rt te a d ve r b s la lo ,
“
o re st i ll ”
l l

m u
p a, ; o r

mu
a o

u u u
“
o re s t ill ”
b t w t th in s c o p e d w ith t e s n s tr t i

h
a, ; e e e n e g a r a e c o n

u m u
p , c o .

Th s, a n y ca ba n a la la lo ng a a l 3a ca ya a n a n, S t Ped ro ,i a ya a n p a
q q
,

y j
'
an a n d a n y c ti d co la lo
p a n g a la z 8a a i n e xp r e s s b e tt e r t

h
a e
a
p ,

p a r a t iv e o fs p e rio r it y a y l i k e w is t

u
co L a bi sa n d la bi sp a e be s e d in s e ad

h
.

o fla lo Pa is s e d o n ly in c o p a r in g a q a l it y

u
h
. .

(te s b st

M
a n t ive ) s
o re ( an d a t
han La lo t s b st t i
a

s
.

(
.

p a e a n ve ) e

( T e j t a d ec
ive ) .

and
L a l o (te a d j ec t ) .

o re ( an
L a l o p a (te a d j )
(T e ad )
j p
. a sa .

La lo .

La l o
(L p a

h
E r, Pa

u
— -
r
b issa

um m m
fim m
a

u
.

L a b is p a s
J

m
a

h
. .

ld t h a n sil ve r L a l o n g g ii t
O sa p1 l a c

m
o re go i

m
.

L a l o p a n g tb ig se a l a c

m
o r e w a t e r th a n w in e

h h m
. .

u m
T e c o n try e n h a ve o re o x e n th a n A ng a ga a gs as ac a i a e o n la

u
, ,

h
m h
te vill a ge r s

hm H
l o n g b a c a sa a f i ga t a ga b a y a n

h
. .

u
An g a a co i e l l p i

m m
n g

m
o n a o a a
f th as r e b re a d th a n b tt e r

u
iqiy a
, ,

an t
er o
y a
n ap a y s

h
.

h
a

u u u
.

Yc ao i ae o n l a lo p a n g p ila c s

m
o n e y ta n I
a

u
Yo o re
, ,

um u
a ve
a q in
.

m
.

B tte J d ge as o re ta n e ith e r Ng n i ta n g o co ay n
a
e o n p a sa ,

Of s a t i n g 1a a t

hhh u
. .

u
L a lo ng a h a l a n g c ab a n a la n s a caya

m
V 1 rte is o re p re c io sta n w e a l t

u u
ya ana n .

u
.

Si J n a n a i l a l o p a n g b a t a s a a q in o r
J a n e isy o n ge r t
fi
han I .

S i J an a i b a t a pa s a a q in
, ,

.
, ,

, ,

A n g a ga c a p a t id c o n g b a b a y e i d c
s is e rsa re p o o re r ta n t e y
t , ,
y .

a a s a c a n il a p .
M
IM
hh
h h
m m
mmuuh
au
m
u
m
m u
u
m
muu ta n y co sin
s o rt
er .
57
l tp a a c O sa aqin g p in san
a

S iy a i l a l o p a n g c a y o a n g i s
.

M
a ca n i
h a n e r b ro t
isb ro w ne r t

fim m
~
he r

mm
S
id n a l a l a qi
, ,
e .

y an g ca p at .

t t Ang a nga l a l a q i a l ac as p a sa
fi
han wo

fi u
e n a re sro n ge r en.
a ga b a b a y e

h h
.

bea t L a l o p a n g a ga n d aa n g a ga b ab a y e

h h
Wo e n a re o re if l t an en .

m
sa a ga l a l a q i

h
.

m
fim u m u u
m u
h h fi
h
p a ra t in fe r io r it

hh
T ive o f
e co y bo t f o r q a n t ity a n d q a l ity is e n e r a ll
g , y
fo r e d by re ve r sin g te te r s T e a d ve rb scé la ng le ss ; a n d a la yd n in s f
,
“ ” “

u
.

e d in t
,

c ie n t; t
” a
y a l s
o b e s h is r e sp e c t a ss e e n i n e f o ll o w i n p t i

u
g co a r a ve

u
,

se n te n c e s

uu uu
.

It s o l d b e n o t ic e d h o w e ve r th a t ifte n e ga t ive a d ve rb s di i nd ?

m m m
, , ,

a re n o t s a s te f o r c e o fa d ir e c t
ed cé la n g n e ga t ive as dla n g ba i t n “

uu m u m
: r

j d ic io s n o tj d i e 1o s ; c ct
, , ,
” “ ” ”
la ng p i la c pe n n il e ss "

fi
m

M
.
, ,

h mm m
Ang a ga a e r ic a n o i l a lo n g s
i

m
a

fi
m
, ,

N a t ive sa re l e ssin d str io st

an A T a ga l o g o r a n g a nga T a
s

m
e p g
a a

l ga gr i ayn g g p g
, ,

r ic n s l l s i s

m fi
a a o a c a n n a n a e a a
.
g
L

m
e c o

fi
m
.

A n g c ay a a n a n n a n g a ga T a ga l o g

m
N a t ive s we a lt l e ss th a n

m
’
is

m uu mm
a la a s

fi
a
y g n a cay a an a n na n g

u
r ic a n .

a nga a e r ic a n o .

La lo ng a ra i a n g a ga b a b a ye sa

fi f w e r th a n wo a nga l a la q i o r a ng a nga la

M
H
, ,
en a re e en.
la q i c la ng na ng da i sa a ga

m m h
b baye
a .

m
uu
h u
R e l a t io n k in s a n ,
. in lo g, ca a gan a c .

K in d r e d r e l a t io n sh ip,
. Ca a ga n a c a n ,
ca in lo ga n .

C o n sa n g i n e o sr e l a t io n Ca d gO
fi u
. .

R e l a t io n by a ffi n ity . Ca b a la y e .

T e s k ie s H e a ve n IJ é glt

um m u
. .
,

Coal C l in g bat
’

a r bo n na e (T a g )
O
u
. .

Ch a r c o a l l in g

u m
. .

St

h
Biti n

h
ar . .

C st o h a b it te p e r Asal, ga li

m
q
. .
, ,

h
S ic k s i

m
a
.
y a .

h
h
ansa n a s ( c o rr fr o Sp d
w
er 11 a n

u u
A ppl e
. . .

h
h
)
.

za n a

u u
.

Pa in t er I ia t
’
a n i ib o , T
( g )

u h
or a

u
. .

h
Pic t re p a in t in g i a ge
, ,
. L a ra a n .

T e ro o f . A n g b bo n g .

T e r o o f O f te s A ng s b ha y a b n
a b f

u m
a n o r ’

o e .

T e t a t c h in g s tr a w . A n g p a id .

T e t at c h in g s tr a w pl a n t . A n g n ip a , a n g sas .

N p a p l a n t a t ion
i -
. Sas a an .

C r e l b a d te pe re d
,
-
. a b a gsic .

Pra y e r D asa l

h h h
. .

u hh m m
m m
PE R L AT I V E

mh
SU

co
up a
T
r a
s pe rl a t
t
i ve o f s
ive re l a t
e

p e r io r ity
ive d egre e is
,
te w o r d la
fo r
a to r
ed

a ny
in te sa e wa y as te
oth e r c o ple t
ive t
er

in g te s
c lo s ente nc e .
 Mh

h
h
h
m
m
h
h
u
u mh
h
h
m
h
i o s?

h
u
y

u
h
h
u
Extr e

mumu
s
o

m
V e ry ,

m
hm muuhu
n

A bs

h
u
u
h
h
h
m
u
m
u
i

u
mh
m
m
s
ol tm
h
W o are te ric e s

uhm m u u
W h ic o f sis te w ise st

mu
W h ic o ft e

m
u
hm te
is te

o s
t

t
?

os t in d st

e s p e rl a t ive s a r e f o r

sin g so e o f te f o ll o w in g a d ve rb s:

h m
hu
O f th s
e ly
c

.
r
3
(
5

e d in

,
e
g
J
g

(;
(
S
S
A

A
L
i
i

s
l

l
i
n
n

t
f

i
O
o

n
s
a

s
t
s
i
n

a
i
n

xc eed in gly
n

e
o

c
o

l
a
a

i
a

n
a
n

d
n

te w ise r o f s)
i l
g
p
a
g

s
A n g a n ac c o , a n g l a lo s
(L it te
e ve r a l

th o se th ata re si ple in str c tr e a y c o e b e fo re o r a fte r

L a b é a n d la bi e h a ve a s
—
e e,

te w o r d t e y q a l ify ; te c o p o n d o n e s a fte r it
en se o fe x c e ss so e wh a t a s te E n gl ish t
r
n

n
l

tr
a

“
a

o r e o f th e
.
o

.
l

oo
o

”
n
a
a

s
a
g

s
o
li

i
a

v
n
n
o

p g

)
w a v s T e si pl e st is by
a

e
a

r
n
y
sa

s
a
a

a
h
58

sa

ll
l

l
a c a n il a
a
a

3
,
n
h
?
a

a
?

L b a,
.

as a
Di sa p a l a , d i

,
q

.
.

it
, l
m
mm
m

a
m
b is,
t
o t
o O
a a c , d i p a la c
.

.
.

.
.
t

M
aga t
”
t ch ;
”
as i a sens e o fpl e n ty a s wh e n
“
h a r d is se d in E n gl

m
or oo ,

is a d ve rb ia l ly T td is a t r ofas s r a n c e ; te o th e r s a re a d v rb ia l

hmuu
o e e e

h
.

sio n s e a n in g n o tp a l t
e xpr e s
“
rv
” “
n o tc a l c l a b le
,
”
,

d i ha ac
Ba na l si vai . di s a pa l a .

u
d i pa l a e

M
m
S e ise xtr e e ly vi r to s
la b
.

M
a
.

m
—
.

t
otoO

u u
.

l a b is

H
.

G o d ise x t w ise D io sa y t o t o en g

u uu
elv A ng

m
re a n o ng r

h an g a y saqitS i Pe d r o
. .

m u
Pe t e r isv e ry i ll L b

m
-
. .

A c a n ild n g a n a c n a b a b a y e a l b s
d a gh t 5 ng i

h
fi
a

m
y

u
The ir e r isve ry b e a t if l .

nang a n d a
g

m
.

h
5 A ng c a n iy an g p a gi n é o n ay a ba g sic

m
is t e r isve ry
s cr el
q

H
,

it
a
s

u m
a
.

m
na a .

mum u
H e a ve n ise xc e e d in gly h igh Ang l a n git a y a taa sn a d i sa p a l a

h
. .

h
T e k in g sc r o w n isve ry pr e c io
’
s
Ang p ot o n g n a n g H a r i a y a h a l na

h
h a ac

m
di
.

Ang in a a l na d i p a la c

m
st

u u
a ay ang
o ne
y is c h e te e
s ed.
p ri

u
.

m
A n o th e r w a y t o fo r te a bso l t e s pe rl a t ive is by r e pe a t i ng te

m m
ad

hh hh h muu u m
u
j e c t
i ve i n f ll a n d i n s
e rt i n g te pr o p e r l iga e n tb e tw e e n .

m m m
V e ry d. p l an g p la

m u
re a a .

Extre ly bl a c k a it i a it i

u m
e . na .

pl r a l n b e r is f o r e d by e pl o y in g te pl ra l iz ing p a rt ic l e

m
T

m
e

m
f pl e a d j e c t ive s; a n d e ith e r by sin g te p a rt
si ic l e o r by r e p e a t in g te

m
or

uu
fi rst syll a bl e o fte r o o t f o r th o se pr e fix e d by a , .

h u m m m m
s f s l
é ( a nga i d !

fi
p g
a n aa a p g
a n

u
a a a ga
st in d str io s

u
a id s!

m
o
; as f f
s d l !

m um
p a g n a a
p a g n a a a g a

um
V e ry gly d o gs a nga a s o n g p angit n a p a gi t

u u
h h
. .

Ang a nga ab t
in g ab t
in g an

h h
s
an as
xt

m u
T e ly d ppl e s .

t t
e e re go o a
ab b ab b in g
.

A ng in g an

L an as
s

u
.

j t
fi t t t

umu m
a ls s by p t r

m
T e ive s ad ec
a
y o b e p e r l a i v iz e d re e a i n g e o o (o r
te t wo fi rs t syll a bl e sth e r eo f ) a s be in g p re fixe d a nd a n o r a s s fx e d , .

De e p p ro fo n d
,
.

V e r y d e e p d e e pe st stp ro fo n d
, Ca la li la li a n
,
o . .
~
Mm
h
m
re
h
uuh
h
u
u
h
u
u
u
a rd .

uu
u
a ry

h
u
m
mh
h
m
h
mu
u
h
uuu
u
W ic
h
hh
m
h
u
u
e ly in d s

hu
ve r y s

m m
n o tve r y s

u
I s te s
a r e v e ry

v irt o s
u
o

e
fy o r sist e rs is te
is o re b e a t if l ; b tCl a r a is te

u r io s

e a dee p ?

?
.
.

T e s

fa te r
ea
,

.
60

.
o st bea t
os
if l ? J a n e i s b e a t if l
t be a t if l o fte th re e o !
Cl a r a is ve ry be a t if l A re A e r ic a n s ve ry in d str io s? T e y a re e x
t

h h h
t
.

I s h o n e y ve ry sw e e t ? Ye s o n e y is v e ry swe t A re

w a r thy A re y o r e y e l a s es ve ry b l a c k ?
is v ry d e e p
e

sf
a tc l e s
.
,

b ffa lo s gly ? Y e s, in d e e d the y a re e xc ee d in gly gly W a t a n i l is

u h
m
.

w ift ? T e o rse is ve ry sw ift A re b ird s sw ift e r th a t h o r se s? Y e s

b irds a re sw if tr th a n h o r se s A re n a t i ve s ve ry sw a rth y ? No th e y re

w o l e so e T e b ird is a t c h le ss in sw ift n ess I syo r

.

o r virte .
.
,
e .

Th e y a re ve ry bl a k
A re a p p l e s wh o l e s
o e ?
,

T ev
a

c
,

.
 M
M
M
M
MM
E E N T H LE S S O N
FIFT .

YCA LA B IN G L I A N G PA G A R A L .

h h h
‘

h hh h
D I N TI I U V ES.

j ec t i i
It
f ll
h
u
u
d

u m
t
mhm
u
m
i
a

m
m
u
te pr e c e d in g l e sso n th a t te re pe a t in g o fa n a d
ns
s b e e n sa id i n
e rti n g ofte pr o p e r l iga t b tw f r s

m
v e n a n e e n e e e n , o a

k in d o f s p e rl a t i ve W e ll th e n te r e p e a t in g o fte ro o t o fa c po n d

mm
o

m
.
, ,

a d j e c t ive w it o t a n y l iga e n t a k e s te d i in t ive .

u
I dle , l a zy at a ad

m
. .

A l it t l e id l e so e wh a t l a zy at adt ad

m
a a

u m
. .
,

S a v o ry t a st e f l as a ra p

u
. .
,

A l ittl e s a v o ry . as a ra p s a ra p .

So r . aas i .

S o r is h a as i as i

u
. .

S a lt s a lt e d a al a t

u u
. .
,

a ril a t ala t

h
Sa lt ish b r a c k ish

uu
. .
,

R a p id fl e e t a tl in

u m
. .
,

h
o d e r a t e ly s ee d v a tl in tl in
p . .

hh
R o gh n e ve n a as a ng
g p

uu mmm
. .
,

fl
R a th e r r o gh a a s a n gga s a n g
g p p

mmm
. .

I s te De l R o s a r io f il v ss e r va n t a s b l il d l
’
(; ip g
a a a n g a a 1 1 n R

m
a g a a o 1 e

uu
h
in d s tr io s? sa r io
H in d i siy a i a t a rt a r

u
No e is r a th e r l a zy

fi
a a

m
. .
, , , ,

u m
W a t is so r ish ? g A n o b a g a a n g a a s 1 a s1

u u
It i rri a g t dal a n d a n aas

iln
a i
y
gS iIIl
a
Th e se o ra n ge s a re so r ish

u
hh hh
.

Do y o w is t a v e a l ittl e w a t er ? Y b i b a ti t b i ?

m m
o g g o a g n a n g c a n n g g
a p a gc a t
,

I d o n o tw ish t o h a ve a n v be c a s A y ao a c o n a n g t b ig s

m m m m
e ,
a , , ,

itis s a lt ish a la t al t

u u mu
u
a

u
. .

u
T e p re c e d in g is te in e c t
i ve fo r to l e sse n te e a n in g o fa n ad

t b t i cn it l ittle ; b e fo r e o r a fte r te w o rd
“ ” “ ”
ive nt
i s a ll

u
ay
]e c /

m
, , , , ,

l1ke w is be s ed Ca n ti 1s o re se d a s a n a d ve r b

u
e . .

m m h
A l ittl e c o tt o n Ca n t in g b l a c

uu
h h
‘
. .

h
t

m
f
f

m m m
Is 1s l i b ro n g

m
0

l b
’

ia i

h
n n l l O an g
i g
g
A s a ll b o o k g ,

u mu
.

l ll n

hh h
ab t ib t

m u uu m m
Th is ilk is pr e tty go o d It on g ga t a s 11 a it o i i

u u u
. .

m m
Co ns b ade d i i t i by r e pe a t in g te r o o t a nd

m u m
o n no a
y e n ve

s in g te a f f ix a n o r en T e te r th s r e s lt i n g is n o to n ly a d i
.

in t ive n o n b titis t

hm h
o re o ve r a ppl ic a b l e r ic r e p re s e
,
o a ny g p a

t at io n o fte th i n g a n d in any cas e s te s ,

ens e i ,
p a rt e d is o n e o fc o n ,

t e p to r d e risio n o f te o rigin a l e a n in g

uu
.

i ttl e b ir d o r p a in t e d fig re o f a bird

k
I bo n ib o n a n . .

it t o n a bj e c t
le p e r s fe ll o w o r p a in te d T a o t
, ,

ent
a o an
re re s t o n t e re o f n ik in i
.

p a i a , .
MMM h

M
h h h
Hmh m
hh
m u m
Pe tty k i n g r1 ngle a de r o n e w o 111

u
huu mmh umh
a ri a r i a n
,

p la y pe r so n a te s a k in g i
.

MM
m
,

P ys ic ia n pe r s on w o c re s a n ga ga o t( T a g ) ; é d ico

u
.
, , ,

Q ac k e d ic a s
,
te r e di e d ic o
. an .

N s a ni n o b a ga a n g
W O a s a ry s l l t
i
; a a c cay a

um
’ ie p y r k ‘ (
Y

b 9

h
r a e OO
r ia n g l ib r o n g n t i n a d a a la ns?

hmuhm hh
I a ve it Na s a a q in

m mm
. .

C o ll o qia l pr e tty n a e s o fp e r so n s a re l a rge ly in se a o n g n a t ive s ,

a n d a lth o gh in so e c ase s te ,
o r 1 g1 n a l n a e a s b ee n so d isto r t
ed , ,

a s n o tt o pr e se r ve a si n gl e l e tte r o f te si p l e te c o t w a y is
o ne s ,

o w e ve r t o pr o n o n c e te l a st t wo s yll a bl e sa n d t o c a n ge te l a s t vo w e l
to oy f or a le and t o ay f o r fe a l e pe r s ons .

m m h m
h
u u
h m u
m
o no s yll a b ic a nd d y ssy l l a b ic pe rso n a l na e s a re no tge n e ra lly ad e
-

H
di in t iv e s .

h
Th e re th e r s p p le t o r v w a y s o fl e sse n in g te e a n in g o fs b st

m m
a re o an

h
t
ive s o n e o fw ic h esp e c ia lly f o r te a b s tr a c t o n e s 1 8 t
o p re c e d e a nd

m
a
y

M
m
, ,

p o stp o n e di n .

ispr e tty w e ll o f
f S iy a, i ,

m
e . a
y ca y a a na n d in .

y th e r iss light ]3 r e c o ve r in g

u u
o er
A ng a co 1 , a
y c a la c a a n s di n
st re n gt i
.
,

uu
.

rb s a r e ve ry fr e q
Ve en tly di in t
iv iz e d in T a gal o g a s w ill be s
e e n in

eq

m
s bs e n t le s
so ns .

u
uu
B
B

mmm
t

m m
u h
fi
mm
t( p re p )
m
o n ly

u
. La
Bo co r ,
a n g,

t
bo c o r
a gi l ib a n
.

u m
u m
u
. .
,

I h a ve b to n e f rie n d a y ré o n a c é n g is an g c a ib iga n l a a n g

m
u m mm
. .

A ll fth e h e re b t Na p a r it o s il an g l a h a t t a ngi s a a q in

m
o ca e e.

mu
.

Too h t oo c a ny L a b is, l b an g a r a i

m
. .
,

Yo h a ve too c h w in e . Ca y 6 , i , a y ré o n al a e n a l a b is .

Th e y h a ve too a n y bo o ks S il a, i , a
y l b h a n g
-
a ra i n g l ibr o

u
. .

L a ra , p a i n t a (c o r r f ro S p w o rd

m
Pe ppe r

m
. . .

i ien ta )
.

u
.

V in e ga r S ca

m
. .

V e in o r ro o t . U ga t .

Thr o a t L a la nan ( r o o t w o r d ,
la e n—

, t o /

w a ll o w )
s

u
.

h
B ra in s a r ro w p ith U tac

u
. .
, ,

N e r ve s . a nga l it
id .

C o c o a n to il -
L a ngis

u u
mh
. .

Tin aj a l a r ge e a rth e n j a r a b o t 2 0 ga l
,

lo n sin c a p a c ity T a pa y a n
.
.

\Ve ll a n y h o l e d g i n te gro n d t o
,
Bal o n
t t
-

g e a f r e sh w a t e r .
.

S h irt

hh
.

Bea s t a n a ni a l w a t

h
e ve r .

h
,

w o rd
(1)
te
B e it
,

r e pe t it
i n
o nc e
o
f
o r t
a e n i n to
d o e s n o tp a s
a ll , acc o k
n t ta ti n
s be y o n d re spe c t
r e pe a t

ive lv te s
in g
e c o nd
,
u ,
a
le
sy l la b le
tt
e r or s
or

e c o nd
a

sylla b le te re o f .
 Dd

mmu
ea

Pri e s

mu
Pr ie st

u
I p de n c e
.

D e c e a se d pe o p le
t c ra t e pa rso n

T o be l o n g t

uu u
s it t

O r s

H h
o

h
h
o

l ist

h
,

in is
B a by i n f a n t
I p den t

u
,
,

o
t e r o fG o d

t o
.

a gr e e

b e a r to wa rd s
,
.

t
o

o G o d o r bo d y t
t
o
.

,
,

fit t

o e a rth
.

o
C

Ca a la y a n
O 00 1
at

w o rd p d re
.
ay

.
p

n ao o co l ; a n
,
a e (c o r r f r

Ca a lil i n a n g D io s
S a n go l
a h al a y
.

g a t
,

A n g a t in g c alo l é a a y s
in g c
,

a t
S p
63

Mr

a D io s ( d in )

a i
. sa l p a
m
h
fi
u
Na ga
d

h
(
mm m
Pa t a y ,

°
.

na oo co l
11 a

.
a

)
a av

.
.
t

,
r
.

u uu
.

ao
o

, ,
. o

hmmh u
h h
mm u h
FI FTE E N TH E X E RCI S E

u u
h
ow y sh o e s a s y o r w ife ? S e a s o n ly t
an wo W o is l a z y ?

u u
.

T e fe a l e s e r va n t is a l ittl e l a z y W h a t is te os t sa vo ry fr it in T e

mu m uumm
.

Ph il ipp i n e s? T e p in e a ppl e ; b tte b a n a n a is s e wh a t t a s te fl A r

O
-
o e

u u
,

o r a n ge s s r? r a n ge s a re o n ly so r ish I s th is w a te r sa lt w a t e r ? N o

H
o

h
.

mh
,

itis o n ly s a lt is h A re c h ic k e n s fl e e te r th a n he n s? Ch ic k e n s wh il e t e y

m
.

h
,

h
a re s t ill s a ll a re o n ly a l ittl e fl e e t I s th a t a ppl e t a st e f l ? It is r a th e r

mu
.
,

W ill y o h a ve so e b r ea d ? I w ish t Do y o n o t

uh
in s ip id o h a ve s

H
o e

u
m u u
. .

h
wish t o go t o s c ho o l ? I w ish t o go t o c h r c h b t y fr ie n d Fr a n k d o s e

u u u
,

n o t H a ve

h
l f y I h ly l t tl th t

H H
y o a g o o d d e a o o n e ? a ve o n a i e o w i s a

u
. .

ilk ? T is ilk iss o r is h W h a t is th a t p ic t r e ? T a t p ic t re is th a t

u u u
.

a n y fi g r e sin th a t p ic tr e ?

h
o fa b ir d A re t e r e Th isp ic t re a s( b e a r s)

H m H m
.

hh hhh
t we n ty fig r e s I s is br o th e r a phy sic ia n ? is o n ly a q a c k W ha t

m
e

u u m mu
. .

h
is th a t p a in t e d i n t a t p ic t r e ? It is a h o se I s y o r b a k e r we ll ?

m u
H
.

e is s ic k T o wh a t d e gr e e is e s ic k ? e i s pr e tty n e a rly r e c o ve r e d

u m u
. .

Did a l l o fy o go t o c h rc h t

h
h is o r n in g ? Th e y a ll w e n t th e r e b t e

h
.

h
ow a n y G o d s a r e th e r e ? Th e r e is o n ly o n e ow ch o n ey as
.

te pr ie st ? T e p rie st a s t oo ch W h a t is th a ty o h a ve in th a t

m uu
.

b a g ? I tis p a p e r D o e s e w ish t do es no t

h
o h a ve so e v in e ga r ? e

m
.

w ish t

h
o a ve a n y for e as a s o r e thr o a t W h e r e a re r o o t s a n d ve i n s?

u
.
,

R o o t s o f tr e e s a re in te e ar t h ve in s a re t hr o gh o t te b o d y o f

mu h u
,

ani als W h a t a re b ra in s? B ra in s a r e te r o o t s o fn e r ve s I s th e re a n y

u
. .

c o c o a n to il in th a t t i n aj a ? Th e r e is n o n e th is t i n aj a is e pty W h e r e

m
—

u m
.
,

is th e re a n y w a t er ? Th e re is w a t e r in te we ll I s y o r f a th e r d e a d ?

m m m
u
.

Ye s f th r i s d ad W h er e no w t s l s f d ead p e rso n s?

m
a re e o o

m
y a e e

u m
.
,

Tho se o fvir to s pe o pl e a re in H e a ve n th o se o fte w ic k e d a re i n H e ll

m
.
,

W h a t is a p r ie st ? A pr ie stis a in is ter o fG o d W h a t is i p d e n t ? .

Th e re a re a n y a c tio n s th a t a re i p d e n t I s itpr o p e r f or a. an to

ake s h ir ts? No it is p ro pe r f ,
o r wo en A r e be a s t s a n d e n a l ik e ?
.

No b e a s
, t s a n d pe rso n s a r e d iffe re n tbe a st s b e a r t o w a r d s e a r t ,
h en bea r ,

t o w a r ds G o d
m
hh
hm
h u
m
fi
mu
m
hh hmm
Y CA LA B IN G
S IXT

V e rb s in T a ga l o g a r e e ith e r pr i it

m
tho se wh ic h in th e ir o r igin a l sign ifi c a t

u
fr o pr i it ive ve rb s, s b st a n t ive s, a d j e c t

m
m muh m uu
AN I

TH E
64

E E NT H LES S ON

T e d e r iva t ive ve rb s a y b e s b d ivid e d i n t o p r i a r y o r s

M
VERB
N A PA G A R A L

.
.

i ve o r d e r iva t ive ; te f o r e r a re
io n a re ve rb s; te l a tte r a re f o r e d
ive s o r a n y o t
by te a d d itio n o fpre xe s, s ffix e so r bo th ; o r by te in se rt io n o fp a rt
.

h e r p a rt s o fspe e c h
e c o n d a ry a c c o r d in g
ic l e s .

h
to wh e te r te ro o t is c o b in e d w ith o n e o r se ve r a l p a r t

uh
ic l e s .

h h
Pr i it ive v e rb s a r e ge n e r a lly d y s s l l b i i s t t r

mm
y a c n r c e .

h
it i v e a s c d i n , t o e a t; o r in t
“ ”

h
Pri it i ve ve rb s a y b e e ith e r tr a n s ra n

h
sit ot t t a t
“
iv e a s t s l b r an sit i s ns b i t i t

m
g
o , o e ep v e e e a y e g v e n o a n n r a n

h m
sit a by te a ppl ic a t io n o fp a r t

fi
ive ve rb a n d v ic e ve r s ic l e s
g

m
.

h
T o gh te e x a pl e s o fpr i itive ve rb s give n a b o ve a re tr a n sl a t e d

h h
o r te s te E n gl ish in n it ive , t e ir sign ifi c a t io n

h
f a k e o fc o n ve n ie n c e by

fi
m h
T e f a c t is

h h
is n o tn e c e s t

h
s a r ily re n d e r e d by th a t ood th t i

m m m
a e e a n n g

u u
.
,

o fte r a d ic a l o r pr i iti ve is in d e fi n it o r it

m mhuh
e a n d d e p e n d sf s pr e c is s

fi
ign i

m
e

cat io n o n it s po s i t io n (w i th r e s pe c t t o o th e r w o r d s ) i n t e s e n t e n c e o r o n

h
te p a rt ic l e s w ic h a y b e pre fixe d , in se rt e d o r s fxe d t it Th s t

u
o .
,
e

v e rb in it ss i pl e fo r is b e s t c o n sid e r e d a s b e in g in te i p e ra t ive

h h h
p e r so n , th a t b e in g te p a rt o f te ve rb w ic h c a n , in te

h h
o o d, s e co n d

u u u
h
e d w ith o t t

h
a j o r i t o fc a s e s b e e x re s s se o fa p a rt ic l e

M
m m
e
y p

m uum
.
,

h
I ti s n o tpr o p o s te p re se n t , t

h
ed , i n a w o rk l ik e o go d e e ply in t o a

h
sc ie n t i fi c a rr a n ge e n t w ic h , h o w e ve r w e ll s it e d t o te E ro p e a n l a n g a

u
hhu m
t t t

h h

M
s is d pt d w i th l ss pr pr i y lt i d s l i k T l It i s

mm
o e n

m
e
g , a a e e o c v a e e a g a o g

u
o n e

u
u
h
.

uh h
b e l ie ve d th a t p a r a d ig s s o w in g te o st c o o n c h a n ge s o f w ic te

h
mmh h
ve r b a l r o o t is s s c e pt ibl e a n d a n e x a s tive co n side r a tio n o fte p a r t ic l e s

u
td en tt p te a t

h
will b e s ffi c ie n t f o r te s o gra s te r ; b tw e c a n h a r d ly

m h m
p e n se w it i pr e ssin g o n i te i p o rta n c e o f th e se p a r t

h
dis ic l e s i ht

m m
a r g

u
h
,

t a n d in g o fwh ic h w ill give i te a ste ry o fte l a n g a ge

fi
mh
n de r s

u
.

h
ive o fte E n gl is in fi n it i ve , te p r e fixe s a n d

h
T e p a rt ic l e t o , e xpr e s s

h m m h
s f x e s a , a b, ( t d i t d t t i t i s i d w i h

m m m
n

m
e r 6 6 e c a e e r n a o n n g e c

u
.
, , , , , ,

p a n y ve rb s a n d ve rb a l n o n s in E n gl ish , o w e ve r se n se i p a rt

h
in g

m
a cco -

u
th e y a y b e , f a ll f a r s o rt o fte s ign ifi c a n c e o f te T a ga lo g p a r t ic l e s .

Th a tte st d e n t a y h a ve a n ide a o fte o d ify in g p o we r o ft h e se

u
p a r t ic l e s, w e s bj o in a p a ra d ig sh o win g te a n ifo l d e a n i n gste y i p
a rt t o te ve rb a l r o o t (i l , (id e a o f k n o w l e d ge , t e a c h in g) wh ic a s be e n

se l e c ted f o r te p r p o s e .

h
R OO T -
AR AL .

m
SENS E . DE R I V A TI V E . E A NI NG .

u u
Ac t t s ( b j t
1o n
.
on o

t
er , o e c
U ara l . To t
e ac h
)
.

1 ve a c 1 o n .

DO ‘
o n o ne 8 s e lf , (s b j ec t
7

l l e arn t t dy
o s
0

To
t
a ga ra .

ive ac io n ) .
,
MM M
M
MM
M
MM
m
65

M
uum h
PA R T I CL E . D E R I VA T I V E A NI NG

mu
S E NSE . . E .

h
H a b it a l or r
e c e n ar y

h
a c t io n c s
to a ry p e r a ngar a l . To p re ac h

u
.
,

f
or a nce .

u
h
Po t e n t ia l (o bj ec ta c t
io n ) a c a ara l . T o be a b l e t
o t

uu fi
. . aca . e ac .

Do (s bj e c t a c a p a gar a l . std y

hh u
. .

hh
.

Do ( h b ita l a l p re a c

m
a ac ap a g r a

m
. . .

m
Ca sa t
i ve (o b j e c t a gp a ara l o rd e r t e ac
fi
. . a gp a . . .

h
Do (s bj ec t tdy

u u
. . a gp a p a gar a l . le a r n , s
Do ( h b it a gp a p a gara l p re ac

u u
a

u
. . .

Int e rfe re n c e e d d l in g
q e d d l e W 1t t

u
q iara l

M
h
,
a 1 a

h
w it
ea c g
(o bj e c t a c t io n )
. .

q
fi
. . .

DO d o ( s bj e c ta c t) a ip a gara l std y in g

u u
q
. . . . .

Do d o ( ab ip a gar a l pr e a c in g

m
a

h
. . . . .

Cr a vin g (o bj e c t

h
Pa ara l as kf o r t e a c h in g

uuu fi
. . . .

Do ( s bj
. e c t . Pa p a gara l . c ra ve f or s t dy .

Do ( a.b . Pa p a gar a l . as k f o r p re ac in g .

h h
lt it d e (o bj e c t a gs te a c h by a ny

M
s
i iar a l

fi
. . ag . . .

( s bj t a gs ip a gara l l e a rn

h
e c

u
. .

( ab . a gs ip a gar a l . p re a c

h
E a rn e st

h
ne s s (o b j a gp a c a ar a l te a c e a r n estly

m m
a gp a c a . .

h
. .

h
lea r n

h
( s bj a gp a c a p a gar a l

uu m
. .

t ry t

h
ab a gp a c a p a f
igar a l o pre ac we ll

m
( . .

u
V e rb a l no sive o fe ve ry s ad e o f e a n in g
s e xp re s
n ood or t e ns e of ,

wh ic h te ve rb is s s c e ptib l e , a re a l s
o fo r e d by a pply in g te p a r t ic l e sa n d

h
sh o l d b e a d d ed t te pr e c e d in g ve r b s in te sa e w a y a s a b o ve , w it
“

hh
o

te a r t ic l e

h
.

M
h
PA R T I C L E S A L OG CO P O U N DS S I G N I FI CA T I O N

h
. T AG .

h h u
T l e sso n (l o o ke d po n
3
e
Pa g ( p re fix ed ) A n g p a gar a l
a st o te t
.

um
5 e a c e r)
. . .
.

h
DO a n d te re
Do d o (l o o k e d p o n a s

u
h
pe t itio n o fte fi r s tsvl l A n g p a ga ar a l
.

to te p p il )

fi uu
.

a b le o f te ro o t
.

h m h h
.

T e p e rs on t o wh o in s
I

An . (s fxe d ) .

tr ct io n isgive n .

hh
W a t ist a gh t

u
Y

m
. .

h
U ng T e te ac e r

m
. .

m
Pa g (pr e fix e d a n d re pe t
3
i
T e l e a rn in g te s td in g

m
h
A n g p a ga a ra l
.

h
t io n o fte fi rst syll )

u
h
5
. .
,

m h
.

a g. Ang a gara l W h a t l e a rn e d .

m
.

T e p e rs o n o r bo o k f

h h
ro
Pa g ( fix e d a nd ( sf

h
.
p r e
A n g p aga ra la n w o o r w ic l e a r n in g
fixe d )
.

I
fi
.
isd e r ive d .

u m
an.( t fi st
a nds yll a ST t te p ro fe sso r

h
r

fi
e
l a ser ,
Ang
t
a ra e
b le re pe a te d )
a g a . .

fi fi
h
h
,

m
Y p in a g (p re fi x e d a n d re
W t is l re ac h e d te

h
.
a
of te rst sy l

hh
A n g y p l n a ga ara l on
s bj ec t e fa s
.

h
er

u
h
.

fi u fifil l p t t

m h
h
xs

h
le

h
lid
Tl e

h h
gnl étpgé ig
o
Pin a ng, it
pe tio n an d
t vg riig

h
re (
A ng

h
n a ga r san

u
p 1 a g
s fxe d
0

pre ac e d te a d ien c e

m h h h
fifi
.
.
,

u u
t

u
(p fi d t t p i

m
an . re x e o e a r
a ga gara l T e p re ac e r

u
A ng
te a bit a l se n se ) S

uu
c le o f
. .

u
We ig tc o n in e t t s t o e x h a s t t e d e r iv a t ive s o f w i c t e o b
j e c t i ve s bj e c t i v e e tc a c tio n s a re c a p a b l e b t w a t a s a l r e a d y b e e n
t t
. ,

t t
, ,
f
,

g iv e n w ill b e e n o g to c o n v e y t
o t e s d e n a f a i r 1 d e a o e 1 p o r

13
M
a n ce o

w ith

m
t

H
U
u h hh

h
mh
h
u
h
ag

m
b tf

o be e s

h
,

m
f
f

u
o
u mh
mmu
h
s

h
m
h
ew

h
r

fo
m
m
m
u
fth e se

w a rd t

h
v

v
h
m
mh
u
e

e
,

i n te c a s
h
u
h hm
rb

r
p a rt ic l e s a n d t

b a
a

rb

l
li

.
i
a
z

z
l
i

i
i

n
n
.

th e se p a rt ic l e s a n d e pl o y s t
A o ng
e n t ia l

u u
s

g
g

i
tr

ng

in
a n

a
e
s

n
i

n
o

r o o t s w ill en a bl e i t

e
i

i
r
he

n
a
e

t
a ke c l e a r f

h o l d b e fir st c o n sid e r e d
,

ly

lly

ra n
o

s
r

i
r
o

n d ers

o a d e fi n i t e o bj e c t o r w e n r e e c t

e o fi n tr a n s it
t
a

i
n

v
tr

e
s
a

iv e ve rb s in t e n s
o
n

ti
or

e xpr e s

a n y o th e r v e rb a l iz in g p a rt ic l e s te

r
s

v
i

i
t i

ly
,

n
v

v
i

t a n d in gly
.

po n a s b e in g in pro gress o r te ac to fte s bj e c t w ith o t sp e c ia l

,

m
r e fe r e n ce a s t o te o bj e c t

o
ly

l
t

wh
ive n e s
,

n
wh
.

t
e n
.

n te a c t

( O
r
T
y se n
e

s
a
'

e
c

io
66
h a t is b e in g ac q a in te d
s a n v t o gh t s if e k n o w s

fo ll o w in g t r e e d e e e d

t i

n
o n

NJ U G A T I O N
l o
is

s o r r e c ipr o c a l n e s
i ve n e s s is e a n t ,
l

k
o

s
o

s andfl
.

fo
e

r
d

.
,

,
,
.

.
.
,

M
mhm m m
f a c t sh o l d n o tb e lo stsigh to f th a t in pr i it ive verb s in t e ir

h
T e

m
, ,

pr i a ry se n se o r wh e n a sp e c ia l o d ifi c a t io n o fte a c t io n is n o tt

h
,
o be

d e n o t e d te r a d ic a l a l o n e ay s ta n d f o r e ve ry t e n s e ifte l a t t can be

h
er

uh u
, ,

g a th e r e d fr o t e c o n t e xt o r is o th e rw is e i p l ie d by s o e e xpr e ss io n o f

h
ti e I n te c a s o f a d e r iv a t ive ve r b o r wh e n f
o r a pr i it ive o n e a

m
e

h h
.
, ,

d e fi n it e ly s t a t e d t e n se is t e xpr e s s te fo ll o w in g ge n e r a l r l es a re

m
o be ed

h h
,

l a id d o w n a s t o te c o n j ga t io n

m h
.

m
F I R ST I n e ve ry c a s e in w ic h te v e rb a l iz i n g p a rt ic l e b e gin s w ith

h h
.
,

isc h a n ge d i n t o a f o r te pr e s e n t a n d pa s t t e n se s

h u
u
.

S E CO N D In al o s t e ve ry c a se e ith e r te fir st syll a bl e o fte ro o to r

hmu h h h
.
,

te se c o n d o fte p a rt ic l e ifte l a tt e r c o n sist s o f o r e th a n

m
,

m uum
m h m
,

is r e p e a t ed f o r te pr e s e n t a n d f t r e te n s

u
es

u
o ne

h
.
,

u m
T e re no tb e ing tr e a x il ia ry ve rb s in T a ga l o g te te n se s a re a ll

u
h mu
,

ir e t i il at

h
si pl e in str c t r e S o e gr a a r ia n s o w e ve r in a d e s o as s

m m
e

m u
u
.
, ,

te T a ga l o g c o n j ga t io n t o t h a t o fte w e st e r n l a n g a ge s a ve a d o pt e d te

uuh
,

p a rt ic l e a c a it se lf s tr e ve rb a l iz in g o n e w ith te o p t 1 o n a ll
y s e d c o

u
.
, ,

p l e t
i v e p o stp o si t iv e p a rt ic l e 7 1a to e xpr e ss t e p a st c o pl e t e a n d f t r e

m u u
,

co pl e t e t ens es a c h a n gi n g in t o n e w
,
, f o r te p a st p e rfe t a c co rd in g c ,

t o te ge n e r a l r l e a s a b o ve s t,
at ed Th is p a rt ic l e is h e r e r e t
—
. a in e d f or p r

p o se s o fe xp e d ie n c y b tte st d e n t is a l r ea d y in st r c t e d w it h rega rd t o it

h
, s

h
e a n i n g.

h h m
h h
U PA R T I CL F

u u
h
h m h
is to b e c o n j ga t

mh h h
W t
e d by a th is t i l sh l d b

m
u
en a ro o p a r c e o e p r e

m m
,

fi xe d t o te ro o t ifte l a tt e r b e gin s w ith a vo w e l , a n d in s e rt e d b e tw e e n

m u
te fir st c o n so n a n t( o r c o n so n a n t s) a n d te vo w e l ifte r o o t b e gin s w ith

h
a co n s o nan t Th s, te d e fi n it e in fi n it ive a n d i pe r a t i ve o fte ve rb a r e
.

te pre se n t t t

h h
fo r e d T o fo r ens b b tt r n i s pr fix d i

m
e, a e

m
e a g e e o r n

m m u
.
, ,

se rt e d i n te t
a t e d a n d te fir s t syll a bl e o fte ro o t is r e

h h
a n ne r a b o ve s

u u
t

h fi
h
a ed
p e

m
.

T e p a st t

h h
ens e ( p re s
e n t p e rf e c t a n d p a s t i n d e fi n i t e
) i n th is c o n j g a

u u
.

h
t io n , is f o r e d by si ply p re x in g (b e tt e r n a g ) w ith o t r e p e a t in g

m u
fte

h h
te fir st syll a bl e

h
ro o t
fi
m m
o

u
.

T e pl p e rfec tis f o r e d i n te s ppl e t o ry w a y a l re a d y e xpl a in e d o f

h
m uu
mhh h
u
u u
t t t t t
fi
i t ( i th r j i s r t pr fix d w ith

m
x w n

u
m
p r e n g n e o e r o o
. n o e c o ga o n o e o o e e

te p a ssiv e p a rt ic le ) a b e in g o pt io n a lly se d a tte e n d

m uuufi
uu
.
,

T e s i pl e f t r e ( f t r e in d e n i t e t ens e ) i n t isc o n j ga t io n is f o r

u fi
,

e d by e r e ly r e p e a t in g te r st syl l a bl e o fte r o o tw ith o t te p a rt ic l e .

T e c o p o n d f t r e ( f t re p e r t eet te n se ) is f o r e d by p re x in g
o te p l p e r fe c t
.

a t o te ro o t w h a t a sb e e n s ,
a id a st b e ing a l so a ppl ic a b le
 68

h
h u mum
u
h
H
u
l Ac e i n a c a ara l 1 n a c a ar a l a c é
I ad t
a ght .

ng a r a l 11 a , ng a ra l na
Yc ao
T o h a d st
e, s e , itb a d

Yo u , y e

ufi
u
h
tre tt

H
F inde ni e ense .

h u
I h a ll
s te a c h a ar a l a ara l

h
.

Th o w ilt
e s e it w ill

u
, ,

We s a ll
Yo y e, w ill
T ey

h
h h
u m m
h
H
u
i a c a ara l , a c a ar a l 11 06 .
I s a ll h a ve t
a r
i” t a ara l na e d ra l na

h
T o wi l t
e, s e , itw ill

We s a ll

u
m
Yo will

h
mh
h
u h
I p era t
iv e .

h
T e a c h (t o )

u
. .

Le t i it t

m
, e r, ,
e a c .

Le t s
Te ac h (y e ) . .

L e tt e t eac h .
 69

R O OT .

fi
SU LA T w rit in g
,
.

u
m
In nit
iv e

u
.

fi
T o w r it e . S la t .

u
uum
m
ent tt

h
Pres inde ens

H
ni e

u u
e

u
.

I w rit
u i, s n g s la t s s la taeé

m
e .
,
n g .

Th o w r it e st . ca.
e s e itw rit e s ,
. siy a .

ta y o

m
.

ca i .

cayo .

il a
s .

muum
I
t er ectand stinde tt

hh
s enses

H
e en p a i e

u
.

h u
I wr o t e h a ve w rit
te n A c e, i s ng la t s li la tac o

m
,
.
, ,
n g
Tho w ro t est h a st ,
Y c ao ,
e s e it
,
w ro t e a s
,
S iy a,
Tayo
te
iC a y o S
r )
a
C a i ,

u
,

S il a

h
,

u u
ectt
Pl p erf

uum
ens

m
e .

u
h
H h
t la t

u
1 n a c a s la n ac as a c o.
I ad e tte n s ng
,

la tn a , s 11 g 1i la t
Th o h a d st
e, s e , it a d

h u
u
Yo

ufi
ev
, y e

h u
tre tt

h
H
F inde ni e ens

u
e

u
.

uI
T
e,
o

se .
h a ll
s
w ilt
itw ill.
w rite . i s sli l a t
, s s l a t a c o.
 F u
u tre i ndef init
e t
70

ense . (c o n t in u ed )

Yo u , y e
s
h a ll
w il l
wr i t e . 1, u
uu
fl um
s s la t s s la t
t ayo
,
ca

c a yo
i
.

Th e y

h mu mu
Fa t ectt
a re p e rf

u
ense .

u u
h
H
i, s la t s l t o
h a ll
s ay e w ri t
en
ac a , a c a a a

s sri latn a , s s la t n a a c o
c .

ca

e, s e , itw ill

Yo u y e will

m
,

hh
I p e ra t

m
iv e .

u
u
W r ite (th o ) .

Le t i t wr it

h h m
u uh
, er i e .

Le t s

m
h
W r it
e (y e )

h h
.

m
Le tth e

uuum
w rit e .

h u
T e i p r a tiv l a c k s te fi rst pe r so n sin g l a r a n d itr e q ire s te

u fi
e e

p ro n o n s t o b e p ta f te r it

u
.

V e r b a l n o n s a re f o r e d (in ro o t
s ve rb a l ize d w it ) by p r e x in g
ag t t oot T s

h
o e r
p

h
.
,

h
T e t e a c h in g A n g p a gara l

m
h m
. .

h
T e w r it in g A n g p a gs l a t

uu
. .

h
h
hhm
u
uu h
o ne

h
,

u
T

u u m e t ive o o d is in T aga l o g a s in E n gl is e r e ly a sy n ta c t
s bj nc
te c o n j nc t io n o r a n y o te r S p ec ia l p a r t
sin g te
e x p re s ood T e fo ll o w in g t
wo p o s tp osit
,

ic l e a n d n o ta n in fl e c t io n
ive p a rt ic l e s a re a o ng
ic a l
,
,

h hh
.
,

o t e rs te fit t estt s te c o n d it
o e x p re s io n a l (f tr e c o n s eq en t t ens
) a nd

h
,
e

te pa stt

m
en s es .

h
u
u huh
u u uu
S o ld wo ld s ign so fte c o n dit io
2
u m
fi
S a n a d is in
.
,

n al ten se)

hh u u
.

I s o ld l ik e t o t b t I a ve no Ybig c o sa n a i ar a l i t l a

h
eac , g . n a , , , , ,

o ppo rtn it
,

y a con g C
'

. ap a n a o n a n .

um
C i la td is

u
n s iy a i s s t i a y p a ro roo n
If e wo l d w rit e I s l d go te re
3
, ,
c

u
s a n a ac o
.

(
,
) .

T e io n a l p a r t
fo ll o w in g a re l ike w ise c o n d it ic l e s a n d ex p re ssio n s s
ed

in c o n n ec t io n w it te s bj n c t i ve ood .
h
Th
m
uh
u h
hhhhm
uh
h
u h
u h I t d l I
72
s a ll n o t t W h i h is b t
t

m u m m
o a a ve a gr e e a e a c c
g y a . e e r,

to r n or t o w a lk ? T o w a lk is b e t t e r th a n t o r n . W h e n w il l te bish o p
T e b is o p s a rr iva l is o n ly o n c e a y e a r S a ll y o y
’
a r r ive ? .
g o a w a ?
In s p ite o fb a d we a t e r I s a ll go a w a y S h a ll I a l re a d y ”h a ve r e a d w e n
,
.

s n r iv s? Th o gh d o e s n o tc o e I sh a ll r e ad wh t e ve r
y o a r e , ,
a a y
h a ppe n .
f
h
h
h
f

h
m
huhh
m
h
m
m
h
h
u
m
m
m
m
u h
m
h
u h h
T

h
u
m
m
h
h
h
o r te p a s

hm
u
u
s
e eco nd i

s
YCA LA B IN G

po rt
ive vo ic e o fte ve rb
T e f ra e o fte c o n j ga t io n is f
o r te p r e c e d ing, a

h
T e
te fir stsyll a bl e o fte ro o tb e ing re pe a t
a c c o rd in g t o te ge n e r a l r l e
S E V E N T E E N T H LE S S O N

V E R B A L IZI NG PA R TIC L E

a n tve rb a l izin g p a r t

.
ic l e is a y f

o r tis p a r t

isc h a n ge d in t o n f
.

e d in te p re s

A ve rb a l izin g p a r t
.
M
M
P IT O N G PA G A R A L

o r te ac t

ic l e n e a rly te s
o r pr e s

ic l e
e n ta n d p a s
e n ta n d

a sa c o rre s
a

tt
te f t r e
A G PA G

ive , p a y

e ns
e as

p o n d in g
es
—
.

.
.

h h h
o n e , ge n e r a lly b e gin n in g w ith f t p ss i i w ith wh i i t w ill b

u u
p, o r e a v e vo c e c e

h
umu h h
,

a n d p a c o n j ga t io n s a r e e x c e p t
,

a lw a y sc o pl e d in th isgra ed

m m m
ar ; a

u m
.

h
et ho d ssa ke o fn a ca a n d a ca e xp re ssin g te

M
W e a ve a d itt e d f ’

m
or

m
, ,

h
pl p e rf e c t a n d f tr e p e rfe c t te n se s a ca b e in g a l so a n i nde pe nd e n t .

h h
,

ve rb a l iz in g p a rtic l e , a n d itb e in g te r l e t h a t if t w o d iff e re n tp a rt ic l e s

m
h hmh
h u m
u
j o in in c o p o sit io n w ith te sa e r o o t ,
t h a t w h i c i p a r t s t e p r i a r y
s e ns e s o l d b e e xp re s s e d in te p a s sive fo r a ca , t e n , a re n o t t

u m m
na ca o

u
, ,

be p re fixe d t b tt o p a g i n t is a n d te f o ll o w in g c o n j ga t

fi
io n s th s

m m
o ag

u
, ,

a k in g n a ca a g, fo r th o s e t en s e s I n t h is a n d i n t e s i pl e
p a c ap a y

u u
.
,

f tre t e nse re t a in in g te pa r tic l e b e fo r e te r e p e t it io n o f te rs t syll a bl e

u
o f te r oo t , t isa n d a ll te o th e r c o n j ga t io n s d iffe r f ro t h a t o fa .

A p a ra d ig a nd t w o ro o t s c o n j gat e d by s bj o in e d f

h
ag a re or

ill s tra tio n

m m
R OOT

I d e a o f b arte rin g ,
e xc a ngin g co
o d it
ie s

h
.

huu
hh h
PA R A DI G

h
.

m
m m h h
To b y

m
u m
.

Th in g b o g t .

h
o n e y o r tin g w it

H
T e h wh ic s
3
o

u
h h
e tin g is b o g t

u
s u
.

Tb s s t
h ing i s
d
; gigggd gg i
m
t t

u
l lo o e

u
b il ( io n s)

m
an , n a b il an

h
Ang
t

m
. c o n ra c
b

m
u
e

hh h h
B y in g, p rc h a s Pa gb il i

u m
e

u
. .

e w o co ld b A n g n a c a b il i

m
y

h h
. .

e w o p rcy tin gs o r is
ss
a e an
i il i

u mh m
A ng

h
c s t na

m
a rily e n ga ge d in b y in g

m
.

um m
o .

T e p ric e re a s t i e in o r by

m
on ,
or ,

w ic so e ting is o r a s be e n A n g y p in a b ili

fi
.

bo g t .

o nsf
Pe rs ro w o if a ny ,
. A ng a ga p in a b il an.

T e b y in g o f a n y tin gs . A n g p a i ili .
 h h M
M
hm h
74

h
h h
To se ll b il i

h
. ag .

T e th in g A n g y p a gb il i

mmm
u
. .

t o r te pl a c e wh e r e l

h
T e p erson o wh o
A n ” p a gb ”l 1 l1 a n
' ' °
,

te pr ic e
a
an d a ls i
.

o .

huh
W a t a sb ee n in vo l n t a r ily so l d A n g n a y p a gb il i

u
. .

o n e y d r a w n fr o wh a t a sb ee n A n n a a b l l a n

h
T e

u
h
s o ld .
g p g .

Pe r son w ith wh o a p r c h a se a s A n e a b 1l i o
'

b e e n a gr e e d p o n .

T e t w o b a r ga in in g p a r tie s

t
.

Th S t(10 0 k B Li po n o n te se 11e r s A n a a bl a n
g
7

i
g)
.

a .
g p gc .

u
R OOT .

I d e a o fin st
r ct
io n .

CO NJU G A T I O N .

T o le a rn , t tdy ; t
o s o s
el lu
In init f
ive.

a gara l m agb ili .

h
.
,

entinde init
e t

h
ens f

H
Pres e .

u
I le a r n s
e ll Na gaara l , n agb ib ili a c é .

m
.
,

T o t
le a r n e s, se ll e st . ca .

e, s e , it l e a rn s ,
se l l s . iy a
s .

tay o .

ca i .

c ayo .

s il zi . 1

h h
Presen tp f t t f t t

H
er e c a nd p as inde ini e e nses .

I
Th o
e,
u t
le a r n e d s,
,

so
le arn e d
s
l
o

d
l
e
d
s
;
t
s e , itl e a r n e d , so l d ;
;
h
h
a

a
ve

s
as
t
lea r nt ,
so l d . Na gara l , n a gb i l i a c d

h a ve

H
u
Ih
hh
Th o
ad l e a rn t
h a d st
,
o l d Na c a p a ga a l ,
s . f n a c a p a gb il i ; n a gar al n a , n a gb il i n a a c e

ca
.

H
e, s e , it a d na iya
s .

ta y o

h h
h
.

U 77

m
hm
hhuh
h h
hh
m
a cé ,h
u
h
um
mh
m
ay c o
u
uhu
m
mmh
(I )

u
uT e s d e n 1 8 a lr e a d y in sr c e d ta te s b j e c t
e be f

n a gbibi lz
w ic 1 s ,
No t
o n te o te r
'
o f ill 11 t
a nd ,
'

.
t
o re te ve r b , te ve r b a l l iga
t oo
o t te co
c sp a c
t
e w e o n l y
o n e s a n d te
s
e
,

e rt
e n tb e i n g i n s
b

e
os
e i

fo
ta no n or a p ro no n ,
r
t
e d be w e e n :
i n
tid io a ic
te
t
n o d 73
il l st rat
t
, n a ga d r a l
io n ,
t
t
t
t .
 M
M h

M
m
76

m
d iy an
g
m
t a ke t t c o n ve y
To a gd a l a
t
.

o o
d oo n

m
.
,
.

R e itt a n c e t o s end
H t t

u
id , id
.
,

C o n ve y i n g t c o n v ey t a ag a .

O O ts
o o ,
.

r d er t o o rde r
,
. o ,
a go o ts .

S ita t io n t o pl a c e L a gay a gl a gay .

h m
mmu
.
, ,

S o o n , fo rt hw it

uu
h a d a li , p g
a d a c a

fi
. .

A ft e rw a r d s Saca , ea

h h
. a .

to t
o ld yo f ri e n d é S in o b a ga n g n a gs
abi sa iy o n a ang
V w a sslek
it q

m
y o r
ay s

t
c a ib iga 1 , ?
.

h
1y 0 11 g a

u
m
? as.
fi
S
siy a
“
.y

m u
Cn

u u
siy a

u
e i o
A s te a t
s o is te s
er s e r va n t .

r in a n g a
ga a n a n g
l il a .
p a g n o n ,
ay

As i ve s wi ll be
Cn ga a n e ang p g
a b ib i a
g y o ay siy a
c y o g o y o
,
r in b ib ig y an s a i o,
y
-
o r, a ng p g
a
g l v e n
b ib igay s iy o
.
a .

M
S t ill , e v e n , y e t Pa

u
. .

A lr e a d y .

u
No l o n ge r U ala na

mm
. .

h
H a ve y o st ill a gr a n d f a th e r ?
g V r oo n
ay p a p o c a y on g no no ?

u m
.

h
V

N o , S ir , I h a ve n o l o n ge r a gr a n d
H in d i la na

u
a c on g n o n o

h
f a th e r , p o ,
a .

u
.

A n d h a ve f a th r y o st ill a e ?
3 A t a a a
y r oo n a
p p o b a g a c a y o ?

u
, ,

N o S ir n e ith e r h a ve I a f a th e r U a l a p o , a l a r in a c t in g a a

u m
. .
, ,

N e ite r n o te ith e r H in d i r in , a l a r in
q q
. .
,

W y? g B a 11 it? , (;
b a i n (La n e at ?

u
S a p a gc a , t
,

B ec a s
e a t d a i l s e a n g

u
. .
, , ,

H e rb , g ra s
s . D a é .

s
S c iso rs G n t in g, p a n go p it

um
. .

H sk r ic e , -
pad d y . Pal a y .

Pl a te ( s h a ll o w ve sse l ) Pin gan

m
. . .

S e ve r a l few Y ilzin , c a c a n t i

M
. .
,

B a nd ej a d o (c o r r f ro . S p w o rd ba n d cj . . a ,

et

h
L a ns a (c o r r f ro S p la ncet
a )

HHh
'
'

. .

m
uuu u u
h
E X E RCI S E S E V E N TE E N TH

h m
.

m mu
h
Do e s y o r b a k e r b y o r se ll br e a d ? se l ls br e a d b t e b y s

um u
e ,

hh
wo o d D o e sy o r a ste r d o a n y t h in g in a n il a ? e isl e a r n in
g E n g lis h

h
.

Do y o t h in k (in t e n d ) t e tin g t te

h
h
n d t e a c h in g T a ga l o g o gi ve s

um m
i o o

uu u u
.

hh h h
e I h a v e v e ry l ittl e ; b t t

hH
r ? I i th y b a s I d si r

um
p o o g ve e n o o n e e c e ,
e o

h a ve a gr ea t d e a l a n d th e n I w ill give th e br e a d a n d c l o th e s W y d o

m m
.

h
ire t o t The y w is t o go o t

H
d a ghte r i l a w s br o th e r s d e s o go ? ’

m m u
r

m
o

m
— —

b e c a se th e y a re go in g t o t e ir f a t e r t o t a k e o ts

h
e p la te s W he n do

m m
o

um
u
.

te Do c o t f a ily t in k (in te n d ) t Th e y a ll w ill l e a ve t

hh
o l e a ve ? o o r ro w

u uuu
—

u
hh h h
in te a ft e rn o o n f o r t e y w is t o ta k e a wa y h sk r ic e f ro t e i1

Hh m
s

m
o e

m
-
,

o t er s far
’
W h e r e d o y o c a rry a n y o ney I b rin g so e e re ?

mm u u m
.
,

b e c a se I in t e n d t b y s as o n ry h o se s o fit do es

m m m m
ow

u um m
o o e c

u
.

Pe t e r t a k e th e r e ? e d o e s n o tb r in g a n y n o w
“
e a s b ro
g h t a t h o s a n d

h h h
,

d o ll a rss e d a y sa go D o e sy o r n e ighb o r t a k e so e th in g t is c ild r e n ?

mm
o o

u u
.

e t a ke st o th e s e r ic e W y do y o o r d e r J o h n t o go t as se ve ry

m
o o

u
.

S n day ? B ec a s e I re e be r th a t t o go t o ass is a c o a nd ent of

u
G od .W e re d id th e y p t y d ish ? T e y p titin te ga rde n W h a t .

do yo sa y ? Do th a t i e d ia t e ly a nd th e n (a ft e rw a rds) go in t o te
g a r d e n a n d b r in g ( f e tc ) s o e
g r a s s W a t is o ll sa vi n g a b o t J o n s .
’
 u
mm mhhh
mhh
h
m u 77

hh
m m
u
h
h o se l o d ? S e is s a y in g a s te p a re n t s s o te c h il d re n a re Do y o

u
.
, ,

st ill d e sir e t t o se a t o b r in g so e s a il o r s ? I d si t th e t

u
o go e o

u u
e r o g o e r

t a k e so e o n e y t o y f r ie n d s
. H a ve y o st ill a n y f r ie n d s? N o
,
S i
, r

I h a ve ve ry f ew ,
b e c a se te a j o r ity o ft e a re de a d . W h a tis th a t
o h a ve i n y o r and ? It is a p a ir o fs c is so rs H a ve y o a n o te r p a ir ?
y .

No I a ve o n ly a pe n k n if e
,
.
 h m
mh uh mh hmm h
h
YCA LA B IN G
E IG H T E E N T H LE S S O N

V E R B A L IZ I NG PA RTIC L E M
U A L O N G PA G A R A L.

A
.

M
mm m m
T

mm
u p a rt ic l e a (ca a n d a in te p a ssive ) is te a rk o fa ve rb w ic h
e

t at
,

o r c o n d it io n o fb e in g a n d is te re f o r e t

M
e xpr e s s es a s a in ly s ed

m m
e o

u
f o r in t ra n sit iv e ve r b s I n a n y cas es h o we ve r a e xpr e s ses not e re ly

u u u u m
.

h
, , ,

t a te o r c o n d itio n b t a s e ve n a p o sse ssive fo rc e a s in

h
s a b7 i a y

u
a

m u
, ,

a a re tr e a d j ec t

u m u m uuh
“ ” “ ”
l iv in g a vin g l if e ; a n d ence a n y d e r iv a t i ve sw ith ive s

u u u
,

as ,
a rn a n g h a v in g p o sse ssin g w isd o ; b titsh o l d b e c a r e f lly t
,
" ”
, a ke n

in t o a c co n t th a ts c h s at

h
t

h
e o r c o n d it io n o fb e in g a s e xp r e s sed by a

h m
tb e in t o b e a rr iv e d a tby a n y c o n s

h
ic a n d n o to n e t

M
s r in s ,
c io s d e l ib e
ra t e e n d e a vo r o f a n a ge n t O n te o te r

h
h a n d t ra n sit ive ac t io n s wh ic h

u m
u u m m
.
,

h
a re c o n j ga t e d w it h o th e r p a r t ic l e s wh e n d e l ib e r a te o r c o n sc io s a c tso fte

uu u m
a ge n t a re t

h mhmh
o b e e xp r e s sed a y b e c o n j ga t e d by a ifth e y re s lt fro

u m m
,

c h a n ce fo rtity o r by n c o n sc io sn e sso n te p a rto f te a ge n t

mmum
, . 0
,

T e c o n j ga t io n is s i il a r t o th a to f a g b t n a ca a n d a ca in te

u
,

pa stpe rfe c t a rld f tre p e rf ec tt e n se s a re r e pl a c e d by te c o pl e t

'
ive

m
a d ve rb n a a ft er te re s pe c t ive si pl e te n se s a w a y t o deno t e co pl e t e n e ss ,

a nd a tte s e t i e t a vo id a n y is c o n ce pt io n a r isin g f ro te se

M
,
a o ,

o fth o s e p a rt ic l e s 0 11 a c c o n t o f a be in g o ne e fte
,
p a ssive p a rt ic l e s f or g

a ca .

PA R ADI G S.

R OO T

h
.

h m m
t

m
D y in g dead a ay p a t
ay

m
uh
. .
,

m
,

m um
hhh m
T o d ie . a a t ay . .

T e d y in g, d e a t A n g p a gc a a t
ay , a n g c a t

m m
m
. a ay a n .

C a se o r t i e o f A ng y ca at ay
q
. .

mm
An g c a at ayan , ( 1 ) ang l na t
a a
Pl a c ew e re .

y a n

on t
Pe r s o w o o te r sd e a t a ff e c t s
’
. A ng a t a a y an .

To f t 0 prete nd t d 1e o r t
at t
be d eg
e g o o
ay
d .
ag a a a an
y

R OOT .

u u u
S l e e p in g

m
.

uhu m hm
To s l e e p (st a ts) . t
a cilo g
’

T o go t o slee p, t
o sl ee p p r po se ly ,
T olo g
to g o t
o re st .

No te ca er flly te acce n t at
i n;
o ca t
a a ya n , d e at ; ca tydn
a a ,
“
d y in g
p 1a c e
I
h
H
u
h
h
Th o

u
We
he,

Yo , y e

hh
T ey

m h
u
m
m

m
m

m
s e,
w il t
it w ill
s a ll a ve l e pt
d ie d , s . M
M
a a a t
ay na , a o tt
olo g n a

m
Die t

u
,
slee p .
( t o ) . a a t ay ,
a olo g ca.
Let i itd ie , siy a

m ‘ uu
,
e r, .

Let s Stay o

t
.

ca i .

Die ( y o y e ) ca yé

h
. .
, ,

Le tth e silzi

h
.

m
Derba l s

u m m
no n .

fi
hmmh
hu
th is p a rt

m
sf

M
T e ve r a b l no n or ic l e a re ge n e ra lly f o r e d b y p re x in g
h o we ve r a y be a p p l ie d t ro o t

h
t o te r o o t p a g

h h h
a gra o so e s; p a gc a ca is
p , , ,

als o s o eti es s ed .

T e d y in g d e a t A n g p a ge a a t

mu u u u
,
. dy .

S l e e p in g te s é lo g, a n g p a gt
A n g p a gc a t

h
lee p ,
. olo g .

T e s tde n ts o l d j t te fo ll o w in g t
s by sin g te ba l

u
co n ve r

h
ga e ro o ,

p a rt

M
ic l e a .

m
H nge r ,

T irst ,

Fe a r ,

S a e,

C o ld ,

He at

uu
,

Jo y ,

m
s,
Sa d ne s

h
B r n ing, b

m uu
rn ;

It
It
It
s
ee

s
ee

m
uu
m s, ita p p e a rs
sl ike a pe rs on
sa sif e isc o in g
.

. uu
um
umuuu u
T il a a n a qi d fa
T il a ta o s a qi t
,

T il a n a p a p a r it
,
a o
,
.

,
di a ay t
a o .

h
s osiy a

h
ee o n. .

Te a r to tear
,
. G is i, g is i .

C tt o c t Bé t agp é t

u irm
,
. e l, ol .

in t
o p ie c e sa sgl a s
s

t
m
a gb a a g. s
”

bs
i e
To b re a k p li t
s s

mufi
r p n a

u
ti be r .
ag e .

t
o p a rt( a c t ive ) ( s

H m m
T o b re a k , p e k in g t t

h
a
ir a gla go
.

a gp a
fl1 s)

m
..
,
o e .

To e nd . tag f

u
p .

To p ic k p t o nd ,
. a gpolo t .

try t o to in t e nd ,
. a gb e n ta , agac a la, ag t ic a .

T o lo o k for to s ee k ,
. an a p .

Pa t . La n d as.
MM
H
H
G

m
M
h
It
It

h
um
T ra c k,
a n go
a va .

ow

ow

Ato ne

G o od
u
is w a r

m
is c o o l

u u ol
.

d
t ra c e

c
.

a re

d o ll a r
o r n i n g,
.
,

d ay
y
ve sige

is th is s
o

t
t

te y a r d
d
.

f
f?
.
B a c as
a n ga

B a y a ba s
a in it

l
a a

m m
ig,

m
m
m
mu
.

gY lan c a n a n g t
,

t
,
Y

mh
g c ao , i,
g

ong c ay o , i ,
is
.

o s a n g ba ra

wo rd 7 7a )
a ga n d d n a
i n a o
a on ?
.

a y r oo n il an c a an

a gc a r 6 ?
y

(c o r r f
g

ro .
.

.
t
a6 n ?

Sp .
.

m
go o .
g r a o .

G oo d a fte r n o o n , go o d e ve n in g a ga n d an
.
g a
p o n .

G oo d e ve n in g, go o d n ig h t a ga n d an b f
g g a

u
.

h
A tn o o n

h
.

S a t a n gb a l i

u
.

t
.

A id n ig -
ht S a h a t in g ga b i

fiu m
. .

Ba n a n a S ag in g

u fi
. .

F t

u
r i B o ga

m h Ou
u
. .

Ba n a n a p a n t

fi
a io n l t . S a g i ga n .

i o fte p a ne

h u
T e fr t l t re e is
A n g b o ga ng s
tas t fl
zig in g ay s
a a ra p .

m
e

m
.

B a bo o - c a n e . C ao a y a n .

h
R ic e -e a r . ha y .

E ve r y B a a tis a b al a n g is
a

m
o n e , e ac

u
. .
, , ,

mu
Fo r te v e r y re a s
on th a t th ey a r e S a y y
a a a a n p a l a l o

u
h
we a l thy th ey b e h a ve h a ght ily
, a n g c a n ild n g as al . .

A ll e ve ry T a n an d il an pa a d il a d il a n a

m
h m h
. —
, , , ,
.

s t a ng ta
gi
a n k in d g a n gc a a o a n or i ng

uu
A ll

u
, ,
.

m mh
E ve ry k in d o ffr it A n g d il an g b o nga

u
. .

A l l o fth e w it t l

u
Pa a n g i si a

M
e ap
.
p .

h
La a tt a n d n re f e r t o in d ivid a l s n a d i d t t t k s
'

, , g o e i n d P a,a a i g e n e
l
, .

r a lly se d i a r e l a t io n to a n a d j e c t ive

h
.

an ( a l wa y s a f t e r te it

u
Als o l ik e w ise a sw e ll
N a w o rd .

a ffe c t s)
.
, ,

fi
.

Is itl ik e w is e yo w o s o k ? ( Y c a o b a g a n a a n a n g n a g sa l,
ita o r . ,

p e
n a gos ap ?
W e n ( re fe r r in g t o a pa s t t e n se ) N an g

H h h
. . .

hhHuuhhm
m hm
u
u
hm
E I G HT E E NTH E X E RCI S E .

h h
ow I ts
is y o r f r ie n d ?s a s if e w e re sle e p in g, b tI tin k

m
ee e

u u
um u h
isd y in g ad l pt
t is o rn ing w h e n y siste r a r rive d ? No , I
s

u
y o e

uu u
h
.

h
ad n o t tsl p t W t d s s r f d ly s l ee p l k l ik e? A

m
y e e a o a n n o o
e p e r o p o o a

u
.

h h h
pe rso n w o is p ro f o n d ly a sl e e p l o o k s l ike a c ad a ve r W o a o n g y o

m m m u
hm
.

h
No te ve n o n e a o n g s is h n gry , b te ve ryb o d y is th ir s

uh
a r e h n g ry ? ty

um u
.

mh h
W y a re y o r fe a l e n e igh bo rs a f ra id ? The y a re a f ra id , be c a se t e i r

m
fa t e r isve ry sic k a n d th e y fe a r t h a t e a y die W h a t d id y o do t

H
h en ,

hh mh
.

h
t a ty o a re so as a e d ? S ir, I a a sh a e d , be c a se itis o n e o n th

h h u u
u huu
sinc e I we n t t as s I sJ a n e , te t a il o r ss
’
is te r, c o l d ? S e isn o tco l d , s e

m u u
o

u
uhm
.

s st o be c o ld , b t t t y s is w W t e ir c h i l

u
ee a r e

u u
o n e c o n ra r e a r y

u
.

u h u hhh
, ,

d re n gl ad ? T e y a re gl a d , b e c a s e te i r f a th e r t r ie st o c o nd c t te a ll t

u m
o

hu
a n il a I sy o r c ra t
. e s ad ? e is s ad , be c a s e ve ry fe w pe o pl e go t
o

as so n S n d ay s W o se a re te .o s e st h a t b rn a w a y ? T e o se s
t ata re b rn in g be l o n g t o y o r f rie n d , J a n e s n c l e
’
W o t o re a w a y y o r .

s ir t ? No b o d y t o re a w a y y s ir t i t s ee s a s if i t w er e to rn ; b titis

p ie c e s a ll te pl at
,

on l y c t W ill .is a n t b re a k in t o es , g la s
s e s,

b o ttl e s a n d t i na j a s? No , S ir, s e o n ly w is e s t o b re ak te t i n aj a s ,
b t
15
hhh
hmhmh
hhhh
mh h
h Hh 82

u
h
m
tt t b l e a k a l l te o th e r t in gs W y do e s n o tte

h
in k

H
s e d id

M
m m
no o

h m u m
.

te c a n e I ga v e i

h h
se r va n t b r in g ow y e ste r d a y (l a st ) n ight ?

u
e

h
e br o k e te c a n e in t

h
i s a fr a id a n d a s h a ed t e 1 e be c a s o s pl in ts

u m
o co e e

m u m
.
,

h
\V o p a r t th is str in g? J o n s se r 1 a n t e a n t p a r t ed t h a ta n d a n y

h h
’
ed

u m u
u
h
o th e r s tr in gs A re y o e n d i ng s e th in g th e r e ? I a e n d in g s ir t s

H
o

uum
.

and s h o e s W y d o e s n o ty o r so n t a ke t d l s ? d s t

m
p e n e e e e o e n o

m
.

h
w ish e it e r t o p ic k p t e n e e d l e s o r t e a n g o e s D o e s a vi r t o s a n

u
.

h
t to s ee k so e th in g ? A v irt o s t rie st o s e e k te p a th ( te w a y )

m
ry an

t H e a ven I s te w a t e r in te se a w a r o r c o o l 7 T e w a te r in te se a

um
o

m u u u
. .

r f

h
is s e wh a t w a r o l d is a l r e a d y y o ir s t b o r n siste r ? S e passe s
fi
o ow

u
.

a l r e a d y th ir t y six y e a r s W h a tpr ic e isr ic e so l d a ta tp rese n t ? I t1 sso l d

h h h
'

um
.

a t ve d o ll a r s te b s h e l W h a t d o y o sa y t I sa y t

h h h h
o e? o yo g o o d

u m m
u
.

e iti s

h hh h
o r n in g b e c a s o 1 n in g n o w ; wh e n 11 0 0 11 is p a s t I s a ll bid yo

u u
,

d ft r n n a n d th e n wh e n n ig h t e n t e r s I s h ll s a d v e n n

m
g o o a e o o a y g o o e i g

m
,

n t il id n igh t W h ic h d o y
. o ( ons id e r a s te b e s to f a ll fr it s? I
id e r te b a n a n a te b e s tf r it t sa y te

mh
con s ; b s o e p e o p le a n go is

m u u
te b e st o fa ll W a t i ste r ic e pl a n t ? R ic e isa pl a n t th a t a s a n e a r

u
. .

W h a t a s e ve ry an ? E ve ry a n a s is o w n c l o th e s; f o r te W

r e a so n th e y h a ve c l o th e s th e y f n t ,
o te a r th o se o fo th e r p eo p le W ill .

a n d ie ? A ll a n k in d w ill d ie a ll pl a n ts w i ll b e b r n t(fa d e d d r ie d )
, .

a l l te st a r s w ill b e e xt in g is hed .
 entinde t t
e t
84

m
m
Pres ens
I l

h
hmm um
e

m
.

u
iso r a re

mul o ve d by
i
e

th e e
.

,
, y o

er it
.

.
A q in g in iib ig
Y y on g
Ca n iy an g
A t in g
A in g
, i n iibig co .
o.

n iy é

na
a t in
in
.

Y ny f g

fi
n in y o .
Ca n ilé n g

‘
n ilé

hh m
.

Presentp erf
ecta nd p astinde ni ett
enses

u
.

w as,
we re ; a

h
mm
u
m
s, a t
s,
h a ve b e e n l o ve d by
y o
e.
th ee
i
.

,
,

it
Ca
A q
Yy o n g
in g i n ib ig, in ib ig c o

y d ng
.

h
er, .

SA t ing

m
8A i n g
e
y Yny o n g
y o b.

u
t Ca n il an g

hh
97 73
e .

h
m
ec t
Pl p erf tens
e

u
.

m
u
ad be e n l o ved by
y o
i
e.

te e
.

,
,
A q
Yy o n g
in g n a i b ig, in f
b ig n a ; n a ib ig , in ib ig 00

m o
na .

er, Ca n iy an g na n i ya .

it.

H
7) 9,

um
37

u
’7 N

m uuu u
F tre inde
l

tt
ens
i e e .

sh a ll or w ill be l o ve d by e. A q in g b ig in , n b ig in(1 ) co .
th e e ,
Y y on g

m
33 v
3 7 9 11 .

n 79 Ca n iy é n g
A t in g

m
u
A in g

h hhh
y ,
e

uu m h
Y n y ong
y o .

n n th e . Ca n ilan g

guttraul
U is e re in s
( 1)
so n d . I t
er
ay
t
ed f
or
s
al o be
p r o o dsic
w rit
t
a
en
l re a o n
t
s st o
s, iibig ia
-
in d ica t
e
.
t t
a g a s no tte
 hmum umuu
85
'

Fa t ect
a re p erf t
ense .

h
s a ll or w ill
bee n lo v A q in g a ib ig , iib ig in a i big c o , b ig in

m
u
a ve na co n a.
ed by e.

h
do d o do
t
he e ,
IDO
y o .

i ,

Ca n l y a ng

u
77 er , na iy d .

it .

m
.
77 7)

h
33 33 33 $3

h m
a, n

mu u u
I p era t
ive

m m
.

be lo ved by t Y y on g ib ig in , ibig i n

m
ee , y o . o

i ,
e r, it . Ca n iy é n g n iy é .

A in g na in .

A t in g na t
in .

in y o

hmhh
Yn y on g .

Ca n ilan g n il a .

Verba l.

T e st at e o fb e i n g l o v e d ,

o fl o v in g s
o e t in g .
te ac t io n
i
A n g ib ig in u .

OO T

h
R G A NT L

To be re w a rd e d , t
o re w a rd mm s
o e o ne . G a n i in t .

m
I

h
ent tt

hm
Pres inde ens

uu u
i e e .

i s a re re w a rd e d by
mu e

th e e
i
, y o

er , 1
.

t
A q
Y y 6 11 g
Ca n iy é n g
i, g in a ga n t
in g g i n a ga n t i

uu
.
,

m
A in g
’7 73 7) US.
l A in g

hh
77 37
Y yo g

hH h
3? 9)
Ca n ildn g
I I
e nt f t t tt

m
Pres d s i d enses

hm
n

u
p e r ec a p a n e i e

u u
.

mu
t w e r t w e re ; s t
w as,
w a

a ve
s,

b ee n re w a rd ed by
, a

e.
,
a s
A q in g g i n a n t
i , g in a n t
i co .

d o d o d o do do d o te e , y o . Y y ong
l er ) It Ca n iy é n g

uu
77 n 3, 9) ?

At in g
t
,7 7, 73 ? $3
A in g
97 7) 7? 7 ) ’7 Y yo g
7) 3, ?9 1) 5? 3? Ca n ilan g
 hmu um
mu m
h
ad , h a dst b e e n t ‘nt t t

m
t

u
X7 1 i11 Er
na i
ra
7 n r in t i a7 a
s
g a n i co g i n a n i c o
re w a r d e d by j
c
: 7 3 ,
e .

d o do d o d o d o
th ee
o 1i a .

y o .

u
m
,

er, Ca n iy an g ii a ni ya .

1 t .

8 t in a ,

( na in .

“ s
39 71 7: w a

u
u
77 3) 77 7 ) 73 a) 7 9

h m hh
F tre inde init
e t
ense. f

h
mhm
u u
m
s a ll sh a lt , W l ll ’ Wll tb e r e w a r de d A in a a n t
by e .

tho ee y o ,

er 1 t
q
Y y on g
g

Ca ) a n g
g
.
g i

0
i n
2
0
.
g a ga n t
i in

m
l , ,
.

A ti n g
77 77 7 7 77
A il l g
Yn y s

u
u
s yp
C a i: n g

F tre ftt s

hm h
p er e c e n e .

h a ll , sh a lt
s

mqum , 1

h mm
w ill w ilt h a v e
, ,
in g a ga n ti t
i in i 1 a a ga n t
i co t
i in c o 11 a
be e n r e wa r d e d , g g
a a n ,
a
g ga n

m
by e J .

th e e

u
Y y on
g e . e 11 a .

m
,

er, Ca n l y é n g 1 1a l ya .

mm
1 t
‘ o

A t in g

m
uu
55 7) 77
A in g
‘ o

m
3 8 7

Y ny o n g
0 Q

1 11 o 11 1 ’
o
vo .

th e . Ca n l lé n g

h
h hh
I p e ra t

m
ive .

Le t be re w a rde d by t
h ee
mu
u mmm
Yy on g ga n ti in , ga n t
i in

m
.
, y o . o .

i ,
er , it . Ca n iy an g, n iy é
At l ng
5 n at i n
s
.

A g 3 n a in .

Y n y on g in y o .

Ca n ilang n il a .
 M
hh
muh
h m
hHuh
uu hm
h
m u
h uh
u
88

hhH hu
h u
h
t t t t f

h
i ? w l d p p s l i s i i s b d y w l d l d

m
p re ac o e o e r a e n o o e o o e a

t Do y o l ik e t o give a r e l is t o th a t a n go th e r e a t

h h
i o c h rc yo r

uu u
I
.

siste r s t j st a wh il e a n d a lth o g ita ppe a r s a t t

h
a bl e ? s c e n t e d it as ef l
’

m m m
I I

h
itis n o t s w ill n o tt a st

h
o t en e it W h e r e is te c a t wh ic h bo g t

m m u m
.
, ,

h
te d a y b e fo re y e ste rd a y ? S e we n to tb ec a se sc e n te d th a t o se t a t

m Hm
u
t t t t

h hh
i t th t h l wh n w w i d n d l d

u
g o n o a o e e e e r e n e g a r e n a e c a c o n c e a e e r

u u u u
h
e lf i n te 7 7 77 7 777 e s d id te t

h h
s ow a n y ti a id s e r va n t go i t

m m
7 -
p n o e

u u
,

h
ir a d o r t t t t t

h
o loo k f

h
s s s s p l s w th th s

H
or y i e r
’
e c a c e ? S e e n p e r e re e i e

u
.

W y d o y o n o tto c e? Bec a s e it is a b a d c s t t o t o c h p e rs o ns

m m
o

u u
.

uh
W h a t is te se rva n t y o c a ll e d f

u u h m
o r be f o r e d o in g ? e is a lw a y s r n n in g

u
I
u u
,

a bo tte t re e t

hh h h
s s a n d wh e n c a ll f or i e n e ve r c o e s o r l is tens a nd
,

h h
k e d e n e ve r r e pl ie s a ta ll W y th e n d id y o re ce ive

h
a lth o gh e b e as

m m
.
, ,

Hh h
i ? e s ee ed t o b e j d ic io s a n d h o n e s t ; b t e is o n te c o n t r a ry

mu u u
, ,

n a ghty a n d a th ie f W h a t b o o ks a r e th o s e yo r s iste r is r e a d in g ?

m
.
y
sist e r r e a d y o r b oo k s a n d s e is n o w rea d in g in e . W a t o the r bo o k s
will s e re a d t o -
o rro w ? To -
o r ro w s e w ill go o tt o b
y t e b ird s y o

to l d e r a n d s e w ill n o ta rr ive e r e in ti e . W h a t bre a d a s J o n s ’

b ro th e r e a te n ? e at e te b re a d sis te r ga ve i .
 M
TW E N T IE T H LE S S O N .

Y CA DA LA U A N G PO U O N G PA G A R A L

h u
.

mh
PA SS I V E IC t in

m
VO E

m
( ed )

m
con

m
.

u umm m m
Pa g, is te p ro p e r p a s

h h
si ve p a rt ic l e f or a
g Pa g, is h o w e v r d r p

u
e o

mh
.

h h
p e d in o st v rb s n j ga t e d a c t ive ly by a g, te 77 p a ssive fo r of

uu
e c o

m
u
c o n j ga t io n r lly b i to b o th 7 7 and a g a c t i ve p a rt ic l e s

m
g e n e a e n g c o o n .

W h e n p a g is re t a in e d , in c a se s a n d f o r p rpo s es t be e xpl a in e d

u
u fi
o

u
mh
in s b s e q e n t le s s o ns 7 is i n se rt e d b e tw e e n d a , th s f o r i 7

u mu
77 a n n
p g p

uu u
7 7 a g

u
,

fo r p re se n t a nd pa s t te n se s, a n d a fxe d t o te ro o t f o r te i p e r a t ive a n d
si pl e f t re T e fir s
. t syll a bl e o fte r o o t sh o l d b e re p e a t e d in te
re g l a r w a f pr s t d f t t ens es

h
y o r e e n a n r e .

T w o ve r b s o f a g c o n j ga t io n a re s bj o in e d a sa n ill s t r a t io n o fbo th
fo r s o f te p a ssive .

h
u
R OO T .

Pa r t s

u
h a re

u
,
. Ba ag i,

um h
t
T o d isr ib t
e . a gb a ag i .

init
Inf

u
ive .

u mu h
tr ib
T o b e d is te d ( s
o e t
h in g) . Ba ag in in .

hh
Prese ntindef e t
init

u
ense .

is

m or

79
a re t
d isr ib t
e d by e

th e e
i
.

,
y o

er ,
.

it
B in a b a

.
ag i co

h h
77 7 7

h
77 77

u mu u
h
Prese ntp erf
ecta nd p astindef
init
e t
enses .

. was we re ; a s h a ve b e e n d ist
r ib t
e d by

m
t
i
e.

ee ,

,
y o

er,
.

it .
Bin a ag i co .

t
r
hh
uh
h
e re

ct
ed
h
u
hh
h
hmu hm mm
fi m u
is t
o
um
h
Fo r
be a xe d
T e p re p o s
a t t
it
te sa
i ve f
te o n e ad e se
or
f
k e
.
o fe p o ny ,

o
a
tis
s be e n
fin te
ro o

e re
e xa
t

p l
e rt
in s

e i
s7 7

s
s
s p p re s
fa
e d ; s d e n s a re
r o re c o o n
be f
o re

t
7 7 7 , in

t
a ll te
a l r e ad y
t
en ess

in s
 90

h u mh
uhu
ad t
b e e n d isr ib t
e d by e
th ee
. Na b a
f
ag i co b in a ag i co na

MM
,

ufi
u
7 77

sh a ll , w ill t r ib
b e d is u mu um
F

t
e d by
tre

h
m h
h um
inde

th e e
i
e.

,
, y o
ni e

er ,
tt

.
ense

it .
B a ba
.

ag in in co .

ni
o.

ya
a t in
.

na in

u
u
77 77

hh h h
77 77

F tre ftt s

m
p er e c en e

u
.

mh
u u
s a ll
u W 1 11 r1 b t
h a ve b e e n d i st ~

ab a i co , b aba in in
,
ag ag co
ed by e .
.

d o d o do d o do th e e y o
h
.
,

77 77 77 77 77 7 7
l )
e r) 1 t

m
77 77 77 77 77 77

77

h
77 77 77 77 77 7 77

'
77 7 77 77 77 77

uh m
I p era t
iv e.

m u t
b e d isr ib t
ed by th ee
i ,
. Ba ag in in o.

er , it .

T h
e t
sat
e ofb e in g d ist
r ib u t
ed .
Verba l

Ba h
u
.

ag in in .

m
R OO T .

St
e a l i n g, t t
o se al . Nac a o , a gn ac a o .
 M
92

h
h m

M
be sto l e n by t
he e
m
i
u ,
, y o
er,
.

it .
Pa gn a c a o in
ni
na
na in m
o

ya
t
in
.

n in y o .

h
n ilé

M
.

h h h
Verba l.

co
e

rr
uh
u mh
uu
m
T
t
s

hm
at

m mp
es o n h
u d
b e c o n j ga t

T o d re s s t
in
e

g
t
e o fb e in g so le n

t
t
o
st

e d l ik e

o c l o th e
h
s
t
o

e
l
p
d
den
a rt
c

a ba a g
g
o

ic
n
l
j
e
ga

a
te

g
te

T
f o

o
ll
s e
o w
n

a gd a
i
o
n

t
g

it
ve
a
r

r
b
k
.

s
e d
i n

w
t
it
e p a

(p g)
a
’
s s
i

.
ve

s
v
o
o ic

l.
e

d
A n g p a gna c a o in .

m
. .

t
,

T o t e ll to r,
e p o r t to n a r r a t e a g
,
sa l i a . .

To t e ll t o s ay
,
. a gs abi .

T o c a rr y t o c o n ve y a d ala

m
g .

u
.
,

T o e xp la in a gs ays ay a gs a la s a
y y

m m
.
. ,

T o ta ke a wa y . a ga l is .

T o w ra p a gb alo t

h
p . .

T o le nd t o lo a n a gé t ( t n g ) (p a g)
’

an r
,
.
g o a
gp a o a ,
. .

h
T o a cc o p a n y a gs a a (p a g )

m
. . .

V es
se l or s ip o fa ny c ript io n
de s . Sa s a o y an -
.

B a n k , b o r de r . Da la p asig .

B e a c h , s o re . B a y b ay .

Lo n g haba

m
a

u
. .

Short a io l i

u u
. .

Large b ro a d a l ap a d

u
. .
,

W id e e xt e n sive a lo an g

h
q
.

h
.
,

St r a ight na r r o w . a it id , a q ipo t .

h
,

T ight q i po t

hI m h
a

u
s
. .

F ish é

m u
. .

h
m m
R ight ( pl ace ) Gan a n

u
. . .

h
Le ft Cali a
I
.

h
W h a ts a ll say t o Jo hn ? gA n o b a ga a n g s a sa b i in c o c a y J a n ?

u
S a b i in o s a c a n iy a n a t ina ta ag co
c a ll in g f

u
T e ll i a or i .

siy a

u
.

E no g ! S iy a .

It is a l rea d y e n o g . S iy a n a .

E no g ! Do n t spe a k a n y l o n ge r Siy a n a a n g s a l it a
’

h h hh h h
h
. .

H
hhhmmh
H
h h
h
h h
u
hhuh
T W E N TI E TH E X E RCI S E .

h h h
W y do e s n o tte s e re te ve s t a tte

h
a il o r b r in g se ls bo s o re ?

m
g

u
huuh
h h hu
is still t a k in g t e a l o n g te b a n k s o fte Pa sig t and e wi ll no

u
e ,

a r rive t i ll te d a y a ft e r to o rro w o w b ro a d is te p a p e r y o se nt -
.

to te c a rpe n te r s so n ? It is a s b ro a d a s tis I s n o tt a t st ff s o r t
’
.

fo r o n e s ir t ? It is n o t fo r alt ho g itse e ss o r t itisl o n g a n d b ro ad , ,

.

W a tis te w ide sto fa ll t ings? T e w id e st th in g is te se a A re te .

s oe s yo b ro g t t ig t ? T e y a re ve ry t ig tindee d W e re d id y o r
, .
h
h
p

h
y
h
h
h
hh
of
h
H
h
da g

h
o
h
m
h
um
h
er
h
t

u
h
u m
h
um u
u u
h
h
o n te

h m
m
h
h
m
m
nil a ?
h
m
I

h
h
h
’

t
h
h
H
h
h
h
u
u
u
e

b o g t f ro
Pe t e r s tm
.
u
te r p tte t

m um I um
m
th

H
u
is a s

i
u
n
u
mu
m
I
u
m
o

w e t a k e n o tf ro

u u k in
n

s
t

o t a ke t

g ?
t
n o ty e tc l o th e d t e

i
e

en ds i
.

N
b

h
a
w o bo o k s
n k
.
. O n

e r w ill n o ta r ri v e

o
i
th
wh

Pe t e r s h o s

i n
te
g W
.
’
i

\V a tis y o r w is

a t
tese b o o k s
c

W h a t did y o
fe re d te p r aye rs y o th e r t a g t e wh e n

h e?

o ney of

d o

.
’
b
93
‘

o r de re d

o rd e r

MM
er

, t
l e ft a s y o r t a il o r a lr e ad y c l o th e d y o r sist
t
e
o ta k e t

n t il te d a y a ft e r t

e s
h?
t e
y
c
y
p
r
r
a
c

t
w
e
r

h
i

i
a
g

s
ht

s
s
e
h
e

n
o-

.
d
o

i
o
s
r

i
o

to
t
S a n Pe d ro ? S e
e

er s s
’
l
pr a y l a st S n d a y a tc h rc ? I
is th a tw ic h i s o bt a in e d by p r a y in g ? W h a t is o bt a in e d by pra y e r is
H e a ve n W a t d id te phy sic ia n s se rva n t te ll y o r
was a

o r ro w
W e h a ve t a ke n o t te t i be r W t
t
t
o

i
y
g
b
o
o
e

e
ft
o ns

r
r
p
.
?

s
?

c h il d

o th e r ?
.
b e

e
l

W at

W a th a ve

o
e
W
n
s
e n
a

a
tly
t
t
ie

e to l l

a
v
as

t
r
a
e

e
 M
94

uY CA DA LA U A N G
T W E N T Y FIR S T

Po o ;
'
LE S S O N
r; IS A N G PA G AR A L
.

hh mh mhh
m h h
V E RBA L I N STR U E N T A L C A S E

m m u m
.

u
hh
fi
hmm u
h
t te

uh
s vo ic e ss f as s e rb a l

h
T e p a i ve ay a e in y o c e a a
yvo r i

m m
tr e n t a l f o r by p re x in g t te r o o t in te a c o n j ga t io n a n d

h
in s o

u umu um m
,

to te v e rb a l p a rt ic l e in te o th e r s te p a r tic l e i o r y in a l l t e n se s te

m m u
, ,

fir st syll a bl e o fte r o o t b e in g r e p e a te d in te c o o r te pr e s en t

mh
o n w ay f

u u
h
a n d f t r e te n s T e pl p e rf ec t a n d f t r e p e rfe c t t e n s es ay b e fo r

fi
es ed

m mu
.
,

by a d d i n g t o te r e s p e c t ive si pl e o n e s te c o pl e t ive a d ve rb n o r so e

m u
,

ot h e r i p o r t i n g t i e ; b t te s ppl et o ry w a y o f re s p e c t i v e ly p r e x i ng

mm u u
is t

uu m u uh
an or a o b e pr e f e rr e d I n th is l a tt e r c a s e i or
y s h o l d b e i n

u
.

e rt b e tw e e n te sa id p a rt ic l e s a n d te si pl e o r c o p o n d r o o t

h
s ed .

W ith a c e rt a in gr o p o f ve rb s c o pr isi n g th o se wh ic h r e q ir e t wo

m
,

p l e e n t s (s c h a s: t t t

h
o t e ll le n d a n d th o s e e xp r e s

h
o giv e s in g

m
co o

‘
uu u u
, , , ,

ca tt t t t

h h h
any e xp l s ive o r s e r in g a c t io n ( s c h a s o thr o w a w a y o so w e c )

m u m m
.
, , ,

t t

h
y p a s i v e i s se d o f o r a p a s siv e n e a rly a n a l o g s o t a t o f E n g l is h

u
o

u m
.

se d w ith ve rb s n o tin c l d e d in th is gr o p te y p a siv e f o r s

h hu
\Vh e n

mum um m
m u
,

a v o ic e p ec lia r t o T a ga l o g gr a a t ic a lly b t n o tl o ic a l l y
g a p as s i v e I n

u m u
.
, , ,

th e se c a se s y p o in t s o tte in st r e n t w ith wh ic h te d e t e r in a t e t i e

mm m
,

i n wh ic h o r te r e a s o n o r ca s e by w ic h te a c t io n is p e rf o r e d s c h in s

uu
,

t r e n t ti
,
e o r rea s o n be c o in g te gr a a t ic a l s bj e c t o fte s e n ten c e

a nd is p t i n te n o in a t ive e s p e c ia l l y wh e n te se n t e n c e in c l d e s b e sid e s
, ,

a d ir e c t c o ple e n ta n o th e r in d ir ec t e xpr e ssive o fa n y s c h in st

,
r e n te t c .

mu m
u uu
OO T

m
R .

s
S c iso rs, t
o a ke s
e o f sc isso r s . Gro t in g or g n t
in g , g on t
in g .

mu u
I p era t
iv e .

To a ke e of
s (s c h ) s
c iss
o r s . Y go n t
in g .

h
ind e init

mu m
Present e t
ens f

h m
e

mu
ol s
s u m
o rsa re ad e s
e o f by
t
e.

ee ,

i ,
y o

e r,
.

it.
Y g in o go n t
in g co .

ni

na
o

ya
t
in
.

in

fi
na .

nl n y o .

a) n n ll .
 h umm
96

no o n

h
t

h mh
in g t
Ca st tt
o cas o t , , ro w , t
o fl in g . T a po n t ,
ap o n , ag a po n .

init
Inf ive .

tro w n a w a y ; t
t t t

hh h
T o be s b o cas
Yt
ca o e
a po n
, ,

hh
o t ro w a w a y ( s
o e t in g\

m
.

hh hh m
e nt init
indef e t

m
Pres ense .

mu u is, a r e t ro w n by
th ee
i
e,

,
y o

er
°

1t
w
e s e it
'

w e t ro w
It
t o tro w e st
t ro ws
,
itY t
in a t
ro a p o n co

nat
na
o
n iy d
in
in
. .

hh h
n i n y o.

h h
nila

m
h
77 7 7 .

h
H
I
uh
hh
h
t

hu
m
re

m
w ,
was
h a ve tro w n
w e re 7 a
it
s
.
,
a ve b e e n t r o w n by e.

a t a po n co .

h
do , do ; do , do do t ‘
i
ee ,
y o
o.
Th o t re we st ,
a st do do .

g
do ; do , do do i

5
do ,

s e, t re w s do do it

u
e, ,
a . e r, .

do do ; do , do do

u
do a ve do do .

do do ; do , do do y o , y ,
e

Yo do do do do

hhh
y e

hh
.
,

do do ; d o , do do

mhh
do do

mh
u u
ad be e n tro w n by e, I ad tro w n itNay t
a po n . co , y t
in a po n co na .

th e e ,
t o a dst
y o ;

hh
i ,
e,

it s it

m
e r, ; e ,

77 77 77

hhm h h
7 0 71
7 7
e
y 7y 0 1 1 7 y e 77 77 77 7 77

te te y

h uh
, 77 77 77

h
u m
s a ll , w ill be tro w n by I s a ll t ro w it Yt
at

h
e, a po n . co .

te e , y o ; t o ,
w il t e.

e,

se, wi ll
it

we s a ll

7 7 77
 u
u
h hh
97

m F tre p er e c ftt
e nse .

h
s a ll , w ill be e n t ro w n by

h u
a ve
M ay t t t

u m
e.

u
H
3 9 0 “00 p
s a ll h a ve thr o w n it Y a a o n 0 0 n a.
I :

m
.

do , do do do do th e e ,

Th o w il t do do do .
y o .

m m
do , do do do do ,

s e itw ill
er n 1y a , na a
y
.

do do do
.

it
e, ,
.

u
do , do do do do s t
in t
in

u m
. na , na .

sh a ll .
do do do ; i na in na in
do , do do do do
'

m
3
y o ,

Yo , y e w ill do do do .
y o .
S
t
he

h
do , do do do do
i
.

Th e y

h
do do do do

h h
.

m
I p erat

m u
iv e .

Le t o s th ro w n b y t ee , t hr o w it( th o ) .

i er 1 tl e t i e r it thro w it
'

m m
u
.
, , ,

77 77 11 8 7

y o y e ; thr o w it(y e )

u h
.
,

th e le tt he

m
m
,

m
Ro o r .

Ne ws t i i in gs; t o re p o rtt ni
t t
'
o co
Ba a gb a l i a
, ,

c a t e in t
a
e ll ige n c e
,
,

In init
f
iv e

fi
.

To be p o rt e d t
o be i t
ic e o f Y p a gb a li t

m
re , g ve n no . a .

h
h hh
entinde tt

m
Pres ni e ense

m
.

u u
is po rt e d by I r e p o rt it Y p in a gb aba lit

m
a r e re e, a co

u
. .
,

th e e y o t h o re p o r t e st o

m
, ; .

i it s it p t s i a

m
n

u
er , ; e e r e o y

u
,
r ,
.

a t in .

na in
‘

h
h
y o , y ;
e y o , y e in y o .

the t
he y n il é

m
.
,

ent
Pres p f
er e c ta nd p astinde inite t
ense s f .

hh
H h u hh
u
wa s w ere ; a s a ve b e e n r e po rte d by

m
Y p in a gb a lit

u
, , e.
e d it
r e po rte d ; h a ve re p o r t a co
I .

do , do ; do , do do do y o ,
t
he e .

Tho re p o r e d t st h a st ,
do do .

do ;
do , do , do do do i ,
er, it
e s e , itre po rt e d , as do do .

h
do , do ; do , do do do

u m
We do , a ve do do .

do , do ; do , do do do y o , y e .

Yo , ye do , do do do .

do , do ; do , do do do th e .

T ey do , do do do .
 h
h m
h
uh
t

h
ad be e n re po r ed by e. i
Na y p agb a ll t
a c o , y p 1 n a gba 11 t
r e p o r t e d it
a co
ad .
i
do do do

hh
te

H
na .
T o ad st do do .

do do do
na ni ya .

e, s e , it a d do do .

do do do
do do do

u
.

do do do

Yo , y e do do do .

u
do

u
do do

h h
do do do .

m
h h
tre init t

h m
F indef e ense .

muu
s a ll , w ill be r e po rt e d b v
t
hee
i
e ;
,

,
y o ;
e r it ;
I sh a ll re p o rt itY p a gb a b a lit
th
e
o

s
w
e
i
w
lt
il l
a co

n i
o

y
n at
a
in
.

mna
.

in
.

n in y o .

n il a .

m3
t
ense .

w ill h a ve b e e n r e p o rt
m
‘
h a ll , e d by

t
s

h u
e.

u
H
I sh a ll h a ve r e po rte d it .
yp g
a b a b a l i a c o na .

do do do do th ee ,
o ,

Th o w ilt d o do do y o

{it
.

do ,
s e , itw ill
do do
do
do
do
do
do
? }
ni ya
it
e, . na .

h
do , do do do do

u3
h a ll
s do do do

u m
.

do , do do do do y o ,

Yo , y e w ill do do do .
y e.

t
i
do , do do do do e

h
.

Th e y do do do do

hh
.

be t by th ee
re p o r e d
h
m mhu
i
,

tle t i
re p o r tit( t . o

it
)
re p o rtit
. Y p a gb a l it
a m
ya
ni
o.

m
m
er 1 er,
'

. .
_
, ,

n at
5 i n .

na in.

t it(y e )
re p o r . . n in y o.
le tth e r e p o rt it . ni la .
 h hh hhh
1 00

H
h hu
hu
hm
u
h Hm um
u m
m
T W E N T Y FI R S T E X E RCI S E

h h h h
.

hh
uu u
hh m
W a t d id y o c to tt
ha t h irtw it?
s I tito tw it sc isso rs
a ve c

u u
h
.

d o e s te c a r p e n t e r w it a a

h
a k e t a bl e s ? a k e s th e

m
ow e er

u
h
.

h
H a ve y o c tth a tst ff w it sc isso rs? Y e s S ir i tis w it

h h
h s c isso r sth a t

m
uu
h
, ,

I a ve c tit W a t a s y o r sist e r th ro w n a wa y b e fo re in te o r n in g ?

h u
h
.

h h
S e a s th ro w n a w a y e r p en . W y a ss e t ro w n ita wa y B e c a se it

h
w a s a l re a d y w o r n o t \V o ld th e y thr o w a w a y th e ir

h
o ne y a d th e y a n y ?

H
fi
u u h u
.

h
,

N o ifth e y ad a n y t ey wo l d ot t
h ro w ita w a y a ts h a ll I

m
, y o n e n .

th is s ? C a stita w a y W h a tis te n e ws e re in o w n ? Th e y

h
d o w it

u u
.

h
sa y te J d ge w ill a r r i ve t W o re po r t th a tt

h h h
o da y ? E ve ryb o d y

m
ed

m m
o yo

u
-

u u
.

W he n w ill y o r f a th e r i la w re p o r tt is c h il d re n te d ea t o f

fih
sa y s s o

u m
-
o -

W y do y o n o t
.

is s e r va n t ? e w ill re po r t it n e xt S n d a y w is e t o

uu m
.

h h
h yo t

h
d r in k w in e ? I d o n o tw is d r in k w in e b ec a s w ill pe r a p s

fi
o e yo

u u
u hm uh
,

vo it W h a t d id y o vo it y e st e rd a y ? I vo ite d wh a t I a d e at e n W h a t

m u u
. .

w o l d y o r fa t h e r so w in isf a r w e re te we a th e r n e ? I fte we a t e r

u u
,
.

w e r e n e e w o l d so w r ic e W h a tisp ro p aga te d in a l a rge e a s re by

fi
.
,

fi
w ic k e d p e o p l e ? \V ic ke d p e o pl e spr e a d a b o t vic e W h a t d id y o d o w ith
.

te w o o d wh ic h y o r f a r e r se n t y o ? I c a st itin t o te re .W a ta re
y o d o in g te re ? I a st i r r i n
g p t e r.e
 1 01

TW E NTY S E CO N D LE S S O N
‘
.

CA DA LA U A N G

H
Y PO U O , T , DA LA U A N G PA G A R A L .

h h h m
fl
O

uh
m m h
T E V E R BA L L C AL C AS E

m umm
.

h h m
hm
h h h
T p a ssive vo ic e a y l ike w ise a ss e a ve rb a l lo c a l c a se wh ic h so e

m m
e

u
ti e s c o rre sp o n d s t te d a t es t te lec a l a b l a t

h
o ive a n d s
o eti o ive o f

um u u
T is k in d o fp a ssive itw ill b e see n a l so st a n d s so e t i es f o r te

h
no n s

u u
.
, ,

d ire c t o bj e c t of

h
no ns

m m
uu u
.

T e c o n j ga t

h
io n is a d e by s ix in g an or rt a s te c a s e ay

u
u
uh
,

be t o te r o o t o r c o p o n d in a ll te te n se s I n te tr e p a ssive p a rt ic l e is

h h
.
, ,

h
,

p re se rve d t hr o gh o te x c e pt wh e re itis a s f ix t h a tis t a y i n te

h h
f s

m
o

u
h
, , ,

i pl e f tre wh e r e in o r

u uh
i n fi n it ive i p e r a t ive a n d s in is d ro pp e d a n d

mm
, , ,

r e pl a c e d re s pe c t
ive ly by a n o r a n

m
.
,

Se n t e n c e s w ith a v e r b in te l o c a l c a s t
e a r e ge n e r a lly c o n sr ct e d bv

p t t in g te p e rso n o r pl a c e te E n gl ish in d ire c t o bj e c ti n te n o in a

, ,

t ive I n c a se sw e re a n p a ssive st
. an ds fo r te d irec t co pl e e n t te l a t t er ,

s o l d b e p tin te n o in a t ive t oo .

De bt t
o b o rro w
,
.
R OOT

Ot a ng o r it
t a n g, m
u ot
ang.

m ‘ mfi
In init
ive f .

To b o r ro w fro t
o b e b o r r o w e d fro . Ot
a ga n .

h
ent init
e t

mm
indef

m
Pres ense .

mh
h
u u
s, a re b o r ro w e d fi
mfr o by
y
i
e,

te e
o ;
,
I
tho
e,
bo r ro w fro
t
b o r ro w e s
. Y no o t
a ga n co .

e .

e r, s e, b o rr o w s
it it

mu h
we b o r ro w
yo n )
e
y o y
5
.

re ;
77 77
th e ,
te v
 102

h h
h m mm
ent
Pres p f
er e c tand p astindefinite t
enses .

h
fi
hh
H h
w as s b e e n b o rro we d f ro by

m
w
Y no t
e re a a ve e.

u m
.
, ,
a ga n co .
I b o rro w e d ,
a ve b o rro w e d fro .

do , do ;
do , do do do
T o b o rro w e d st,
h a st do do .

d o , do ; d o , do do do i b e r , it
7
,

e s e , b o r ro w e d , a s do do .
y
,

u
do , do ; do , do do do

h
u m
do , a ve do do .

do , d o ; do , do do do vo , y e .

Yo , ye do , do do do .

h
d o , do ; do , do do do he .

T ey

m
do , do do do

m
h
.

h
h m fi ad b e en b o rro w ed f ro by ‘
m
hu
Na o t in o t

h m
e

u
H
af

u
.

a o an co i ga n co ii a .
I ad b o rro w e d f ro

m
O

do do do do t
t ee ,

T o td o
a ds do i yo .
o na .

E
l
do do do do ’

5
s e , it a d
er, na 1
do y

m
e,
it

M
u
do do do do
5 s
i
u m
.

We do do do
do do do do
3 i
y o ,
n vo
Yo , y e do do y e
,

u
u
.

do do do do th e
3 7
.

Th e y d o d o do

mm m
F tre e t
inde init ens f

m
e.

fi
uu
h
hh
h a ll
s . wi ll b e bo r ro we d f ro by I sh a ll b o r ro w fr o
e; . Oot
a ga n co .

th e e th o w ilt

h
o
, o .

y
7

n
er , e s e , itw ill
it
;

mu
we s a ll
1,
3
7
3 7
y o , y e w ill
the th e y

mm
77 7 7

m fi fi
h
h a ll
s ,
w ill h a v e b ee n b o r ro w e d fr o by e,
ao t
a a n c t
a n c a
I s h a ll h a v e b o rr o we d fr o g o ,
oo ga o n .

h
H m
do do do do do

w ilt do do do .

, i
do , do do do do ,

N er, it n a n iy é

os
. .

,
e, itw ill do do do .

. do , do do do do
h a ll
s do do do .
 104

h
hhu
u m h h
fi
ad be e n s f
fe re d a t
by
g

h
Nap a gb a t t

hu m
e.
'

u u
H
a an c o , i b a
'

ad sf
fe re d a t
; p n a g a a n co na

do do do do th e e ,

T o h a d std o do .
y o .

i
do do do do ,

e , s e , ita d do do
e na ni ya .

h
,

it r
.

M
do do do do s
g i
u m
. . .

We ’
do do do .

do do do do
3t i
o
y .

Yo y e do do do y e

u
.

u
.
,

u mh u h
do do do do
2 i
e .

T he y do do do .

F tre inde init

e t
ens f

h m
e.

m
u
hh
h
h a ll
s ,
fe r e d a tby
w ill b e s f e; I s a ll s ffe r a tPa gba b a t
a an co .

th e e 2“
3 Wll t
.
1 0 11 o
7
.
77 77 77 77
y p ;
l ,

77 77
er, e, se w ill
it

u
.

3$ m u
77 77 77 77
we sh a ll

i
r
o

u
u
W 1l l

huu m h h
77 7 7 y o , y e
9 ;
77 7 7 77 77
th e ,
th e y
F tre p e r ec ftt
ense .

h
s a ll , w ill h a ve be e n
s ffe r e d a tby e . a p a gb a a t an co , p g
a b a b a a t an c o 11 3.

e re d a t

u
I sh a ll h a ve s f f

u
'

hhuu
,

H
d o , do d o do do th e e ,

T o w ill d o d o d o y o .

do do do do
na n iy )
s e , it
w ill do it

h
e a ve .

h m
3
do do do do
3 g
u
'

5
W e sh a ll d o do
'

do do d o do
3
y o ,

Y o , y e w ill

fl
do do y e

h h
.

u h
d0 d do
te “

h h
T ey do d o do

mu u
I p era t

m u u
ive .

fi
h
mh m
L et . . be s f
fe red a tby te e ,
s er a t(t ,
o ) . Pagb a t
a an co .
s f t

m
i er 1 t le t i b e r f e r a n iy d.

u u
°

.
, ,

t
in

u
a .

na in .

y o , y ;
e s ff
er a t(y e ) . n in
y o .

t e ; le tte s er a t. n ili ,
o

h
uh
u
ed.

h
mm
t
m
Th e ft t

h
W hat t
m
m
W o nd t

m
m
fiu
T o be

m
mm
t

hm
u
u
S o n g,
m
.

m
h
m
p e rso n
um
o s

T o b e be s

u
T

te a l
,
h
u u uh h
T e th in g o r p e r s

l wo x b e nt

uuuu uu
,

T o e xp e r ie n c e t
m m
e

t o l e n f ro
wh o so e th in g isst o l e n
S e n try ; w a tc h a n t
st de n t s

o wat

o n w a tc he d
T e pl ac e w h e re w a t c h isk e pt s

hu u
.

o n o te t

o b e e xp e r ie n c e d

h
o w o n d (p rp o s

T o b e w o n d e d a tw

t
o s
,

in g
s
in
o o bs
ho

p e r so n fr o
ch t

e ly )
o lo o k

e nt

e r ve

tt b e w o n d

ng
o n 01
rv

.
.

w it
of
,
'

sp e c i c
wh o so
te pl a c e
a
ld

a
,

.
co n

o
j

.
,

.
g

p rp o se
et
h in g
a e

.
1 05

,
7

3
1
M
t te fo ll o w in g r o o t s in te l o c a l p a ssive
Na c a o ,
Pa gn a c a o a n

B a n t ay ,

B a n t a y an

Pa b a n t

Pa g a s

S ga t
an

A it
,

Pa ga it
a an
y
sid
ag

d an
S ga t , s n

an ,
a
1n a gn a c a o

a ga
.

.
.

a gb a n

.
or

it
,
t

p a ge a n t
.
t
.

ay

ba n ta y a n
.

a gc a n a

7
t
an.
.

h
o be s ng or

m m
, .

h h
S a y in g , s S a b i,

h
a
y; o sa y a gsab i

m
. .

T o be s a id a ta de ter in e d pl a c e t
o a

m
or
Pa gs ab i a n

h
so e d e t e r in e d p e r s 6
.

on

m
u
.

W h e r e is y a t ? S f r o sa b a lilo ?

m
i a n a o n a ng co

u
(

mu hu h um
Yt ina p o n c o s a a la a nan , p i n a gta

u u
I thr e w itin to te g a r d e n . p n an co a ng a la a nan , ang a

h
l a a n a n a n g p in a gt a p n a n co .

To w ic h c h il d d id y o gi ve t hat g A l i n g a a a n g b ib t
n ig i an o

hh m
o ney ? y
n i an g s a l a p i n g i an ? y

uu u
I ga v e itt te so n o f o r

h h
o Pe t e r ,
r
S i Pe d o , a n g a n a c n a n g a in g caa

h
n e ighb o r i r b a a , a n g b in ig ian c o
p y

u u u
.

u
.

W h e r e a sy o r d a ght e r b e e n w o n d g S a a n si n o g a ta n a gzi a n g a n a c b ong

u u u
h
e d ?
ba b a y ?

m m
e

u
S s n o tb e e n w o n d e d , b t S iy a 1 h in di s ga t n di b ag

m
e a o n na an, c

u m uu
, , ,

te e r br o t s, sin ga t

uh h
c o n tr a ry , s e w o n d e d he r c an n i ya sa o lo a ng

mu uu
te h e a d c a n iy a n g c a p a t
id l a l aq i

m
on na

m
. .

W ho a re
y o w i t in g t
o ?
r gS i n o b a ga a n g si n s l a t
a n o ?

u
e rs t
trte l e t t S in s la t

h
I a wr it in g o
y an co si in d n a n g t a tl o n g

u
h
o th e r s lat .

T o go p st a ir s P an ic , an ic

m u
. .

h
G r a n d f a th e r No no

m
—
. or n no .

G ra n d s on -
Apo

m
. .

SA p o s t o d (l it
e r a lly , d so n
G r e a tgr a n d s
a gr a n —

on
te k n e e )
-
.

fr o

um
u
.

G r e a tgr e a t gr a n d s S p
A o sa t
a la ( l i t d s

h
an ra n o n
p a c .
g .

on
fro te f o o t pl a n t
— —
.

) —
.

Q ill B a gii is

u
. .

Ca b a b a y a n

u
C o n try an, fe ll o w —
ci t ize n . .

Se ed B in gh i

u
. .

W 1do w er w 1d o w Ba a lo Sl a l aq i .

t
o or
,
.

b a b a y e .

W ir e . Ca a t .

(l ) . Co n tr ac tio n f
Co r r p tio n f
B i n igwi d n ,
ro u
1 0 1n

co n t
mh
m p g
a a s
ira n
S p a n is w o r d c a n t
ra c t
io n o fbi n iga y a n
o r,
.

.
t
o sing
h
m
m
hm
m
h
m
h
mmh
m
r w an

m
o

u
fr o

u u m
mh
Hh
u
m
is e wh o

u mh
u
u
m
h
m
mm
m
m
u
h
H
m
m
H
m
hu
y g

h
b o rr o w e d s

m
h
m
h
o
o

Mro o
T W E N T Y S EC N D EX E RCI S E
Fr o w o d o e s te e r c h a n tb o r ro w is go o ds

uu h m
d s f a n yb
o n e y fr o
d y e b
te b a ke r w ill b o rro w o n e y fr o ?
is n c l e s c a rp e n t e rs
’
ad y o
y s th
o n e o f is c o n try
oe fr
,

a l re a d y
.
en s
o th
o
e r
1 04

O
e
;

e do e s n o t o r

r c h a

e d a y s a go
n ts

e w ill b o rr o w s

b o r ro w e d a n y tin g f ro
b t
o

W o
o e
.

.
,
h e

M
Pe t er wh e n I a rr ive d h e re ? No wh e n y o a rr ive d h e r e I ad n o ty e t

u u u
, ,

b o rr o w e d a n y t h in g fr o Pe te r W ho sh a ll I b o r ro w fr o ? B o r ro w

umu m m
u
.

h
fro y o r a n t W h e r e d id J e s s Chr ist e n d r e a n y h a r d s ip s? It

H
m m m
u m
.

w a s a t o n tC a l va ry wh e r e O r L o r d e n d r e d a n y h a rd s h ip s? S a ll

mh
h t w th y r wh I l

h
i i s r e o ld ? Y s s l

m
y o v p p n g e v a n c e e n y o a e a

m
a e a

m u u
,

h a ve st o o d a n y grieva n c e s w e n I a o ld W o h a ve y o st

hhhhh h
o l e n th is

um
.

h
bo o k f ro ? I sto l e th is b o o k f ro n o b o dy itw a sgiven t e by

fi
o y

h
,

sis ter . o w o ft e n d id y o s te a l a n yth in g fr o y o r p a re n ts? T re e

u uuh
ti es ow c h a ta t i e? Tw ic e t we n ty v e c e n ts a n d o n c e o n e

m
.
,

d o ll a r \V a tis y s is te r in la w w a tc h in g o ve r ? S e is w a t c h in g o ve r

u
- -

m u
.

A n d te s

h h
e r pl a n t s o l d ie r s wh a t d o th ey w a t c h o ve r ? T e y w a t c h

m
.
,

mh
W h a t pl a c e i s te b e a t (c o ve r s) o fJ o h n ?

h h
o ve r t o w n s a n d r o a d s Jo n s ’

m m
.

be a t is te l a r ge br id ge IV a td o y o w ish e t

h h h
o n o te ? I w is y o

u m u u
.

u
t t e a c h in g (sho w in g) t W h a tis it

h h h hh
o n o t e th is I a o yo ? T a t h a pp i

u
.

h
W h a t d id y o w o n d i w ith ?

h h
ne s s h e r e o n E a rth s o o n pas se s a w a y

m m
.

h h
W h e r e d id y o w o n d i ?

h h
I wo n d e d i w ith a k n ife I wo n d e d

m m
.

i n te a r W o w ill sin g t

h h
i o night ? A lfr e d s d a ghte r w ill s in g ’

u u
—

u
.

t in g in h o n o r o f e r f a t

h h
o n ight
-
I n wh o s
. e h o n o r w ill s e s in g ? S e w ill s he r .

o te r l

h h
W h a t d o e ss e sa y ? ( wh a t is e r sa y in g ? ) S e sa y s o T o wh o

m u
.

h
,

d id f a le co s i s th at ? S s id th at t nt \V d id

uum u uuh
y e n a y e a o e r a e re y o

mu
.

thro w te r o tte n wo o d ? T e se a w a s te pl a c e wh e r e I thr ew te r o tt e n

u u u
H
.

w o o d W h e r e d id te se r va n t p tth a t c h e e se T e t a bl e w a s te pl a c e

h H h
'

.
?

e p tit

h
w he r e T o wh o d id th e i r b ro th e r wr it e ? It w a s is c h il d r e n

H
.

mu m h
to wh o e wr o t e T o wh ic h o s e do y o w i s h t o g o p ? I is t o

u
.

y o r ho s e th a t I w il l go p W h a t i s y o r f a t e r s f a t e r ? y fa t ’

u u
.

h e r s f a th e r is y gra n d fa th e r A n d y o r gr a n d fa t
’
. h e r s so n s so n ? e is
’ ’

is gr a n d s on A n d y o r f a th e r s gr a n d s
. on ? e
’
is is gr e a t gr a n d s on —

A n d y o r f a th e r sgr e a t gr a n d s ’
on ? —
e is isgr e a t g re a t gr a n d s on I sy o r — —

fe a l e c o sin st ill a rr ie d ? No s e is a lr e ad y a w id o w
—

,
.
 fih u m
1 08

uh
To s

u
e iz e .

To lc , t
o p rl o in .

V o l n t a ry a c t
so f t io n

m
o .

u
To r n t
o ,aste n .

To leap

m
.

To j p .

To fl e e .

To w a lk .

u m u
To s wi .

To st op

H
.

m
To c ea e . s

u um
P rp o se ly p e rf o r ed ac t s o fp o st r e

um
.

um
t t t

h
To s an d p, o sp r in g o o n e sf e e t
’
T in d ig

u uu u mum
. .

T o l ie d o w n iga

um u
. .

T o le a n o n ilig

u
. .

T o c ro c h , t t
t

m
o b e w ith b p w a r d s T o a r o ks .

T 0 pl a c e o n e sse lf f c e d o w n w a r d s D ap t a o b

u
’

m
a a

h
. .
,

T o pl a c e o n e ss e lf o n o n e s b a c k
’ ’
T i a va

u
h
‘
u
. .

T o pl a c e o n e s s e lf w ith o n e s f a c e
’ ’
)
a pa t

h
l
r

a h ea d t o pl a c e o n e 8 s e lf 1 11 fr o n t o f

u u
.

m
.
,

m
T o pl a c e o n e s s e lf o n o n e ss

uu m u
’

u
1de T a g ilid
’
. .

T e s te a d y pr o gre ss in se lf pro d c in g p gro w in g p ro e sse s ifre p re -

,
-
c ,

s e n t e d a s c o n t in o sa n d n o t in t e r it e n t o r r e c rr in g wh e n t e ir f l l d e ve

u u
,

l o p e n t a s n o ty e tb e e n a c c o pl is he d .

u
h
T o p tf o rth s ho o ts

u
.

m u
T o b e gr o w in g p ( pl a n t s ) . .

To b d .

To spr o t .

At o sph e ric o cc rre n c e s p ro vid e d te r o o t w o rd

,
d o e s no tb e gin in b .

u u
T o b e w in d y , t o be bl o w in g

h
.

T o r a in , to b e r a in in g

h
.

T o th n d e r , t o be t

m
h n d e rin g .

T o l ighte n , t o b e l ight e n i n g .

To s t rik e ( l igh t
e n in g )

h m
.

u H
A str o n o tr a n sit io n s wh e n n o to th e rw ise e xpre sse d a n d te c h a n ge
ic a l

m
is r e pr e sent e d a s go i n g o n r o v id e d te r o o td o e s n o tb e g in w ith b

m h
p

h u
,

u m
T o b e gr o w in g light t o be s n ny U ar a o

m u
. .
,

T o b e gr o w in g l a t e ( t

m m
o t a k e a n a ft e r

u
.

a on
p

u
n o o n l n c eo n )

u
.

m
.

‘
T o b e gr o w in g d a rk ahi

m
G

u
. .

l o ri s e ( te or n t l
ic a t s
~

u u
a y o e r a
S il a n D w.
l a o n sb o d y )
.

mu
.

T o se t t ett

m
o
,
be s in g ( a n y l in o r s

h
h e a ve n ly b o d ie s) t t

u
o l a n c h in t o L o bo g

mm m
o

m
.
, ,

m
d iv e

mu
mm
.

To s et to b e se t
t i n g, t
o ge t(so e

u u
L o no d
,

d ro w ned
.

o ne)

h h
h
T o b e gr o w in g d a rk

h
S ili , d ili

hh h h
. .

h h
T o e c l ip s L i li , l

uhm u
e a o.

h
.

u
(1
m u m
u
i sta tp ar tw
in t
o (J b e f
o re
T e std e n tw ill

a
ic
. o, a,
re
T
ea
t
ai ns a fer t
t
sily
a in g a w a y
s te ro o tf or c nt
te p a r t k
i c le
d la ti s qed la t
tw o rd f
n d e rsa n d
a n d ta t”
t tt
o r a ll t o s
isc
e a e ro o -

.
,
ve r b s
a n ge d
 m uu 1 09

m
u
De st r ct ive in t

fi mm m
e n t io n a l a c t io n s

u
.

m m
u
T o k i ll t o e xt i n g is h P at av

m
u
.
,

T o de s tr o y S ir a

u m
u
. .

To s e t re t t it a rs S on o g

m
o o co on

u
. .
,

T o la y w a s te t o e xt e r in a t e L ip o l

u m
u
. .
,

T o wo n d S iga t

uu m
u
. .

T o p in c h C o ro t

u
. .

m
T o c d ge l

M
. P a lo .

To c a s e t o br e a k in t o p ie ce s

u u u
B as ag . .

pl it t o b r e a k in t
e t

u
To s o ca s o s pl in t s B a l i

m u
. .
,

Cont r o ll a bl e o r n c o n t ro ll a bl e b tc o n sc io ,
sl v p e rfo r ed

o r ga n ic f n c t i o n s a n d l ife s pp o r t in g a c t io ns ,
-
.

a ke w a te r .

g o to s t o o l

u
.

we e p .

so b .

la g h .

sn e e ze .

bl o w o ne
’
s nos
e .

m
ea .

d rin k

u u
.

sp it .

b it e .

w a ll o w
s t
o gl t . l a go c .

h h
,

hmh h

M
h h h h hh
T W E N T Y TH IR D E X E RCI S E

m
u u
.

umuh h m
u
I s t n ie c e

h
W o is gr o w in g
r ic h ? T e e r c h a n t is gr o w in g r ic h e

u
.

fo r n e ighb o r gr o w in g p o o r ? No s e is n o tgr o w in g p o o r s e is gro w

m
o ,
,

h lt y b t h ild s b r t d i si k ss D id t

m
g e a ; e r c a e e n a gg a v a n e r c n e e

m
e .

u
h
stff o f y p a n t a l o o n s b e c o e s h r n k ? No o n te c o n tr a ry it a s b e n

H m h h m
, e
,

str e tc h e d o t at

h
W o is gro w in g o ld ? y f h e r is gr o w in g o ld
?
“

I s

u u
. . .

A n th o n y s s o n gro w in g t a ll ? No e is n o tgr o w in g t a ll b t e is be c o
’

u m
, ,

Did T a ga l s b e c o e w ise r ? No th e y h a v e n o ty e tb e co e

h
tr o n ge r

h
in g s

H m u u
.
,

w is er W h e n w ill th e y b e c o e in d str io s? W h e n th e y w ill b e c o e

m m u
.

h h
w e a lth ie r a s yo r siste r r e c e iv e d a lr e a d y te l e t te r s? S e a s n o t

m
u m
.

t r i d t e l e tt e r s W h a t a re A r i s b y ing? Th e y a r e b y in g

m
v

m
y e ec e e e c a n

h
.

h h
l a n d s W h a t sh a ll I d o ? T a k e so e br e ad a n d go a w a y W h a t d id y o r

m mu mmu
. .

h h
in r e a c h ? e re ac hed s e w in e W o a s b o rr o w e d o n ey ? Th is
fi
o s o

m m
c

u u u
.

o at t a in ? W e sh a ll try t

h
W h a t sh a l l w e t ry t

h h h
an b o rro w e d o n e y o

u m
u
.

h
bt

h h
r ic h e s W h a t d id y o I f o n d so e c e e se \V o

u H
o a in nd ? a re

uu u
. .

t t t D

h h
i n eet ? I a g i n n l e id y c a t c h a ny
y o go g o o g o e e y c o

uu u u
.

h h
W o do s W y

h
e ? I ca g t o n e n tr ie s s e i z e ? Th e y s e i ze th ie ve s

H
o s

m
e

m
. .

h h
d o y o p rl o in o ne y ? I d o n o tste a l itiste se r v a n t w o p r lo in s \V y

u m u m
.
,

h
isy o r d a g t e r r n n in g ? S e isr n n in g b e c a s e s e v is e s t o c a tc a b ir d

u
.

W h a t isth e ir br o th e r d o in g ? e isl e a p in t t W a r e te c h ild r e n

H
g i n o e s e a y

m
u u
h
.

j p in g ? Th e y a r e n o tj p in g tey a r e o n ly w a lk in g ? D o e s te sa il o r k n o w ,

ow t e kn o ws ow t W h e r e iste sto pp in g pl a c e ofy o r

uH hu
o s wi ? o s wi

m m
u m
.

fat e r ? y f a th e r st o p s e r e W y d o y o n o t c e a se s l e e p i ng? B eca s e

u
.

itis e a rly a n d I w e n t t o be d ye s t e r d a y a t id n ight W h a t d id e sa y ? —

.

e s a id r is e fir s t a n d the n p l a c e y o r se lf fa e d o w n w a r d s I s itn o tb et

hu u m h u
,
c .

t e a nd t

h
e r th a t I sho l d pl ac e y se l fo n y b a c k No f a c e he n e

h h h
hh
?
,

o n yo r s id e o w a re a l re a d y te p l a n t s in y o r ga r d e n ? Th e y sh o o t

m m
.

a ce . .
I fw a tc a s e s d e str ct
l ng li n d e l 011 n a ca szra s
o

a s
s
i ba a n
“
te
e a ge n t
i n i a n in a n i a t
e a r t a
t
e
e

d
v
e
e
s
r
tr
b
o y
is c o

un
e d te cuj g a t
e d
rc
b v

q k .

.
hh h h
h h
u
h
mH h
m h 1 10

mh
u
h u
u uhm h hh
and te t re e s a tte b a n k o fte r ive r a re bl o o in g o w w a s te w e a t

m
m u
h h
.

h h h
y e ste rd a y ? Y est itr a in e d t n d e re d l igh t e n ed a n d f

H
e rd a y l a sh e d a n d

u
er , ,

h
, ,

te s n d id n o tsh in e W e re a re y o go in g a tp re s

h h
ent? I a go in g

u m u um
.

h
h o e bec a se itis gro w in g d a rk a n d te o o n w ill n o tsh in e be f o re

h h mm
,

id ig t W y d o e s y o r b ro t he r k ill b ir d s w a ste te pl a n t s w o n d

u m
-

u
.
, ,

sw ine b re a k pl a t esa nd s pl it c a n e s? B e c a se e is c r e l a lth o g e is

u
, ,

c d ge l e d by y f at er . W y is t e c il d c r y i n g ? e w is e s t o a k e

w a ter a n d l oo se isb o d y j st a o e n t e w a sl a g in g wh e n e a t in g a n d
,

d r in k in g a n d s wa ll o w in g f r it s W h a t ist
. o b e do ne ? i sp it
se e ta t te d o g d o e s n o t bit e
 m h
uh h u
m
u hh
u
mum
ummm h
F in a lly b y 1111 a re ve rb a l i e d te a c t in g o f te a ge n t
1 p o n o te rs is z

m u u
, ,

u
o wn o t io n i n a c t io n swh ic h a l t h o gh in t ra n sit i ve a r e c o n sc io sly o r vo l n

m u uu
, ,

ta r il x t ed a n d th os e by wh ic h te a ge n t d r a ws s th i n g t o wa r d s

m
y e e c o e

u u mm
,

h i se lf So g a o t e a n s t o c re ot h e r s ; wh i l e 7 1 rg ga 1110tis t
”
o c rt

m
-
1 .1

m m
.
, ,

la ba s o t sid e ; is t o go o t b t1 11 a gla bcis is te

“ “ “

um uh m u h
” ” ”
o n e ss e lf ; l a a b isfro
’
’
c

u
, ,

d ra w in g o to fs ” “
to go o t isa n a c t io n i n tr a n s
”

mh
e th in g Th o gh i t iv e i n c a

m
o .

ra c t e r it i t s h o w e ve r o fv o l it io n a n d isth e r e fo r e ve rb a l ize d by

M
ad ,
a; a

tis o to s
r, t bl e ; isa n a c ti p o rt in g o tio n a n d o fa n in t ra n sitive k in d ;
”

b tis n o ta v o l n t a ry o n e a n d c a n n o t o n th i s a c c o n t b e ve rb a l iz e d by

m
, ,

U a bo te xpr e s s e s te re a c h in g o fs e th i n g by te a ge n t f o r hi se lf ;

m mu u
o

h
11 1 1 1 .

a a bo tis isr e ac h in g fo r o th e r s
g

u
.

hh m
t a n a bl a t

m
o s e of pl b e tt e r
t

u
Se , a
y i v a c e a
y b e
o r, c o n
j ga e d , ,

by to de n o t e p e r an en t b tn o tt ra n s1t t a y a ta pl a c e

mm um
o ry s

m
u u u
.
,

h
( lo d ise ve rywh e r e o r o n e ve ryt in g A n g D io sa y s n g a s a lai i g it . .

h h
Je s sChr is t isi n H e a ve n S i Je s c r ist o i s ng as a l ang it

mm m
. .
, ,

A e r ic a n s s et tl e d o w n in te P i A n g a nga A e ric a n o l s n g a sa

h mm
u m
lip p in e s Filip in a s

u
. .

mh m hm
te fe

h
Fo r sa k e o p h o n y r o o t s b e n g w ith a o r a
orn y c o n s o n a n t i n

mm u
,

t t t t

h h
e rc a n ge a b l e w ith 111 I
( ) a r e n o c o n j ga t e d b v 1 1 i n e a n n e r h ith e r 111 o

m m
e xp la in e d

m
.

p a ssive o f11111 is c o
T e on to os t ve rb s c o n j ga t e d by y a ,

i n c e te a ge n t b e c o e s p a t ie n t in te gr a a n d te tr a n s

h
s a t ic a l se n s
O
e

u u m mm
c e n d e n ta c t io n c a n n o t go b e y o n d n ly w h e n a g in te n si fi e s te e a n in g

um
u u m u
.

o f te a c t io n v e rb a l iz e d by 1 i n te w a y t o b e e xpl a in e d h e r e a ft e r 1 ,

o r ca s a t ive o r p rp o s e ly d e fi n ed a c t s a re t b e e xpr e s se d p g p i n g

um
o ,
a a
,

m
s h o l d b e se d I ta l so se r ve s f or s o e v e rb s c o n j ga t e d by
. a as , ,
“
tin S ig i fr i ht i ”

uu u m
i r
'
o
/ g o e n (
,
.

m
B in g o tso fo o d ( r lly b o il

h
d
e ge n e a

m h
a ga li so r a gl ab a sc a c a n in .
.

nang
e r ic e )

h hu
.

T a ke o tth is n a il A lis o it on g p a co

m
in

h m
. .

O i n (o r , b e tte r y p a a l i s

m m
Pa ga l is i rin g

u u
r d e r th o se p ic t r est t ; o r

o be take n o
a nga la r zi a n (o r c a a d ro ,

u Pa ssio n a l ci c r t
sa n c e s o fte s bj e c t xpr e sse d by a in te a c t ive

h
e

h
f te rb j t by te p a ssive o f1 t
o e xpr e s

uu
vo e o ve av be co n g a e d 1 111 s
te rr e l a t t

m
t io n

h
co i ve ac ive ac

m
.

m
N at atac o tS i J a n a s i J a n a 1 n a ta
l a n e iqa fr a id j ,

t ac o t

hum h u u h
mu m
.

F r ig te n e r T aco t in o s iy a

u
. .

N a go go t a ng ca ba yo a n g c a b ay o 1
j o

mm
T e ho rs is h n gr y , , ,

n a go go t
e .

o .

S t a r ve it a k e itfe e l h n gry Got o in ln o s iy a z

W y d id y o r sist e r a ll o w te p o ltry l JBaqitb a ga in o a o n a n g iy en g c a p a

. .
,

to p e r is h fro th ir st ? j tid 11 a b a b a y e a n g a ng a a n o c ?

hh
m mhhu
hmhmhhumm O

h
TW E N TY F U RTH E X E RC I S E

H m m
.

m h h
W N o b o d y a c c o p a n ie s e n o w j st a o e n t
i s yo ?

m
o ac c o p a n e

m u
,

I a c o p a n ie d Jo h n w o w a s S p e a k i n g t is s is t e r s e j o in e d Pe t e r

umu m
o

u um u
, ,

w o w a ss c o l d in g isf rie n d a n d I to o k i asid e D o e ste Fr e n c h a n he a r

u
.

so e th in g ? h e a r s n o th in g b tI see b i rd s sin gin g o n te b ra n c h e s

O
e

h h mh
u u
,

o ftree s W o t o c he s wo
. en? n ly
’
n a ghty b o y s t o ch wo e n I s

mu m
.

y o r fe a l e c o sin do in g so e th in g? S e s e ll s fl o we rsa n d t a ste s f r it s .

W h a td o phy sic ia n s d o ? Th e y c r e o th e r s b tth e y n e ith e r sh a ve n o r , ,

(I ) T e c o n o na n s t
sin t
e rc a ng b le w it . in co n j g a io n t a re I» . a nd s
o e t
in e sp .
h
o

u
H
y

f
h
hh
m
h
u
m
o
h
m
u
m
H hh
u
h
m
H
u
m
h
h
e?
mh
u
m
h
u
m
hh
uum
is s

u
c a ts t
h
m
h
u
H
mhh
h
m
t(o te r pe o pl e s)

hH h H
e r va n t

W o st a bb e d

m
d o in g s

h uu
hmwuu
m
o
u
a
o

e
m
n t
et
,

W o w il l b e a t te d r
sh e a r s h o r s

u
es

is O r L o r d G o d ?

e is t a k i n g s

m uuuu u
.
M
M
be c a s

o
’

f Pe t e r d o in g so e t in g ?
e
ai

W h a t w ill y o
?
r .

d id n o t

y
e

s o
W ho

a ge ll a n ? N a t iv e s o fC e b

e o

a n yth i n g e l s

c a t s f e a r th e

s
c h id e s y

t a r ve .
o
G o d is e ve rywh e r e

e?
.

a nd
e

w e re b e f o re o n te t a bl e W a t sh a ll I d o t
o r te a re
o rd e r

.
a,
w i

h n g ry
b e c a se y o c a se
,
l

i
113
is y o

l
f a th e r wh ipp ing ? e iswh ip pin g

b
d o w ith th a t s
e
r

w a sh is a ste r s f ac e I s te s r va n t
is c o b in g a n d s
a t t
st a bb e d i
,

and

H e a ve n a t is r igh t \V y d id n o ty o r se r va n t t a ke o ta n y se a t

h m .
t
o
’

ake o

o te d o gs

\V y d o e s
d o gs t
.
.

c r a t c h in g

d r ,

h in g ? S o e o fth e a re a d z i n g so e o th e r sa re p l a n i n g W h e r e
wh i

is pr e c io s S o n

t b t e a s a l re a d y t a k e n o tth e se t a bl e s Do
,

t t

o sf
a l l te

?
y
l e
is

pl
ast
i
e

s
p e a r ? I w ill spe a r b o a r s
is

.
tre ss
fr ie

A r e te c a rp e n t e r s

i Il
s
.

a t e s th a t

Fr ight e n th e
er

fe r th irst n d te
a
d

c h id e
,
 h
h
ufih
hh hh
u mm
m
mum m
u
Ou

h
h
u
YCA DA LA U A N G

uu
Ow

u uu m
h
m
u
mm
m
um
in g t
c o n j ga t e d

u u um u
e a r n a t ive ss

t
o

a
y
a

d la t
n
IRR E G U L A RITI E S I N THE

a bt li ,
n a b a s d ,
n a i
t
la
T W E NT Y FIFT

t
t
,
n a c ci in i n
fi
PO U O , T

l a c k o f x e d n e ss thr o gh o t in T a ga l o g , so e ve rb s a re
i n te a c t i ve vo ic e e ith e r by s
o r by p r e x i n g 11 a to te r o o t
in g n grn , i n te pre s
t sid e a n il a itis n o t n co
t
s e a
.

d o f b a ng i bi
H

l
,

i ,
b r
Ll

e n t te ns

on

tg n
M
M
M
L ES S

t
e

.
A NG

O
ON

C N J U G A TI N
.

PA G A

O
H
.
AL .

'

h
r l r j t l

h
I a , s ng s ,
c a n g a c d in ; b e e g a c o n g a io n is a s o i n se .

I n te pr e s ta n d i p e r a t ive t e n se so fte a c t i ve , o st d y ssilla b ie

h h h
en t , pas

v e rb s a d it o f a n ir re g l a r ity a n a l o go s t t a t a b o ve e n t io ne d , 1 1

mu
o -

u um
th e y b e gin in a vo w e l o r i n b, r , p , o r t I n s c h c a se s a 11 isp re fix e d

M
.

t te v o w e l ; b , n p , 1, c h a n ge in t o 11 f o r te p r e s e n ta n d p a s t t e n se s:

mm
o ,

1 11 , is pr e fix e d t o te v o w e l , a n d te a f o r e sa id c o n so n a n t s c h a n ge i n t o 7 11
f o r te i p e r a t ive , a s se e n in te fo ll o w in g t a bl e s, b tte re g l a r f o r
is l ik e w is e in s
e .

I f init
iv e .

u u
hu u
To re t rn . U o i .

m
Present init
indef e t
ens

u
e .

I,
u
th o e. e c t we y o t
hey re No n o i aco ca , siva t
a vo ca i cay o

h
huuhu
. . .
, ,
, ,
.
, .

t rn et c,
. sil a .

m
ec tand p as
Presentp erf init
tindef t
enses

u
e .

m
I t o t w e y o te y r e tr n e d
e , e e ., No n i ace ca , siy a, t a vo ca i, cay o

h
, , , , ,
. , ,

e t
c; a ve , et
c re t r n e d
. . s
i la .

m mu u m
I p era t
iv e

u
.

R e trn ,
le t i t
e c .
,
11 s, th e re t r n . o fc a s1 va , ,
ta y o ,
ca i . c a v e, sila .

m
In init f
u
iv e .

h
t fe t ch t

huh
T o go f
or o o c a ll f
or C a on .

m
.
, ,

Presentinde init
e f t
ense

u
.

I t ,
o ,
e, e c t .
, we , yo ,
te y fe t
ch et
c .
S
sil a
fi
Na ga on a c o, c a, siva . t a vo , ca i,
 um m
isd r o pp e d
p

u u
a ra t
iv
m
u
h
p a rt ic l e p a
h
m
h
um
mu h h
h h
in a ll te s
g t e d i
i pl e t
e a n d by a n in te pr e s

n o tte fir s
,
n a sp
a re c o n

ens
e

es

en t
c i
;
a

a
l
n d
a nd pas

tsyll a bl e is re pe a te d in te pr o p e r t
s bj o in e d c o n j ga t io n :
a

r
n
e
n

p
e

l
t
r
a c

t
; j
e d
ens
d
by
es
isa

ens
a

H
pp
1 1
e

1
a

t
r

e re te

es as s
as
e
c

f
o

t
pl
s
r e
e t
a
e

n
l
d
e co n d a nd

h o w n i n te
y
1
p a
1 16

.
.

,
,
.

u mu m
f In init
iv e .

M
h
To co n q er t
o o ve r c o ,
e t
o va n q h
is . Pa n a l o , a na o l ,,

m
f t t Presentinde ini s

u u u
e en e .

M
I th o e e c t w e , yo th e y co n q er Na n a n a lo a c o, c a , iy a,
s tayo ca i,

h
, , , , ,

h
cayo s il a
, .

m m
Presentp erf
ec tand p as init
tindef t
enses

u u
e .

M
u u t w e y o te y t

u
I th o e, e c con Na a o l a c o, c a , siy a, y
a o ca i, ca yo

h
.
, , , , , , ,

q e r ed ; a ve e t
c c o n q e re d s
l la

huuu
. . .

m
e ctt
Pl p erf e ns

u u
e .

I tho t we y o Na n a l o n a a c o siy a, ta yo i, y o sil a

h
e, e c ca na , na ca ca

h
. . .
, , , , , ,

they ad et
c c o nq e re d
. . Na c a p a n a lo

m
F tre e t
inde init ens f
u u
e .

u t we th e y sh a ll e t

u
I t iy a, tay o

u
o e, e c.
y o c a n a n a lo a c e, ca , s ca i,

h
.
, , , , ,

con q e r. c a y o, s1 1a

hhu m
.

F tre ftt s

u u
p er ec e n e .

I th o e e t c we yo th e y a n a n a lo n a a c o c a n a , na s1 v a , ta y o ca yo sil a

h h
. .
, , , , , ,

s a ll e t
c a ve c o n q e re d
. . a c a p a n a lo

hmm m m
I p era t
iv e .

u
Co nqu u
u u u e r, le t i t
e c ., s, t e co n q er a na o ca , l siy a, ta y o ca i , c a y o, s
il a

m
. .
,

u
f o ll o w in g ve rb sa re c o n j ga t e d l ike p a n a lo

u
T

h
e .

um
T o l is te n t o . Pa q in y ig p a qin ig
Pa qin ab a n g
.
,

T o r e c e iv e H o ly C o n io n t o p r o f it ,
. .

To s e rv e t o w a it po n t o fl a tt e r Pa n n y o

u
u
. .
, ,

To s igh tt l o o k a tfro a fa r to )

m
o

u
,
Pa n oo r ,

be o ld j
.

u
.

T o l o d ge Pa n l y a n

um m
um
. .

T o le a d t o g id e Pa n ogo t

u
. .
,

h
To a k e wate r . Pa n b ig .

T o tr s t t o b e l ie ve Pa n i a la

u
. .
,

To t h in k t o se , Pa n i d i . .

T o le a n o n a s t a ff Pa n ii n . .

To s q at . Pa n in gc a y a d .

T o k nee l do wn . Pa n ic lo o r -
.

e
Ca n t o be a bl e t
,
o be a bl e to do , Pa ng y a r i . .
To mm
t
mu fi
u
a lk t o re pr i a nd Pa gé s
117

m
ap

uu
.
, .

To p re c e d e t o go b e f o r e t o co e nc e

u m u u
,
Pa n go a , ,

t ta rt
“
o s

fi
m
.

e by t

u hfim
To lo s ra de Pa n g l g i

fi
.

Pa giqi
.

To s h ive r t o c ra p t o ag e

fi
.
, , .

T o q a ke t o tr e bl e , Pa gi n ig . .

To d ro ws e t o ge t d ro w s y Pa gi i

muu fi
.
, .

T o be j e a l o s .Pa n gi b o l o .

T o f e e l a t in gl in g p a in in te t e e th Pa gil o . .

Tr ke e p h o l id a y s Pa fi gili n
. .

h h
T o b e c o e d is d a in f l Pa gil a p

u
. .

T o wa rn to be on o n e s g a rd to
’

m
.
,
Pa n gl 1a g ,

sn e a k a w a y
.

u
.

To s h a ke t o s h d de r t b e p a n ic
Pa n gl la b o t

u fi
o

m m m
s

str ic k e n
.

fi
mu
.

T o b e j e a l o s(te a r r ie d p a rt ie s ) Pa g ib o g o

fi u
um u
.

T o c o rt t o p a y add re s
,
ses t o Pa gf b ig . .

T o beco e h bl e Pa ga y o p a p a

mm fi
.

h
.

T o d r ea Pa ngar a p (a l o d ) ; p a n a g f

m
n ip

fi
. .
,

T o h rt t o da
,
a ge Pa ga n y a y a . .

fi
To s e e o n e ss e lf in a gl a s s Pa ga n in o
’

m
. .

T o dre a d t

u hmfiu
o fe a r so e i a gin a ry P‘
, y
t ga 11 1 l1 p 1 n g 1 b a ‘ '

d a n ge r
. . .
,

m
.

T o b r in g f o rt h t o l ie in f or te f ir st Pa n a n a
,
n
ti e .
g y p a ga n
ga n a v , .

T o br in g f o r th t

uu
o lie in Pa fi ga n a c

m
. .
,

T o b ry o n e s f a c e in te h a n d s ’
Pa ga l b aba

mm m
m
. .

h h
T o pl a c e o n e s s e lf w ith o n e s a r
Pa n ga lo q
s ’

q
’

m fi
fo l d e d l
p l
p .

u fi
.

T o ge t t ire d t o be c o e t o r p id Pa nga l o p a ga los

m u
.
, ,
.

T o b ec o e we a k t o bec o e e a gr e Pa ga l ir a n g

fi
m fi
. .
,

T o ge t t ir e d fro t

m
ch s t a n d in g Pa f

m
oo i gal a y

um u
. .

T o da re t

h
o ve n t re Pa ga as p a f i ga a s
,
.
g a ,
.

T o pr o is e . Pa nga c o p a n a t a , .

T o p ie rc e t o pa s s thr o gh t
Pa n a i t
o o ve

u
,
i , ,

t0 c a se e o t i o n .

m
.

T o pe r s e ve re t o a b id e t o pe r s is t Pa n a t ili

m m
. .
, ,

c s n te gr o n d w ith o n e s l e gs
’

Tgsgp
u
Pa n a s i li
( r c

u
o

t t

h
To co e, o go do w n , o go do w n st a irs Pa n ao g

u u
.

Pa n a b it

u
r n o ve r

u
To o an

mh
. .

To tr st c o n fi d e ,
. Pa n a lig .

h
e ss lf ’
n der a no th e r sco n ’

£31 j
p o n e

m
u
Pa n a g is y o .

m
igh , t

h h
To s o la en t Pa n a g oy

u m
. .

T o e n vy , t o b e a r a n e n vio sf e e l in g Pa n a g i li

m mm
. .

T o o ffe r , to o ff e r te p ri ic e s Pa n a ga n o

m
. .

h u hum
T o h rry o n , t o i n c it e , to p r o vo k e Pa o n gc a i

u m
. .

T o w a v e (a d o g it s t a il ) . Pa a y p oy .

T o p ra y , t o c r a ve . Pa a n ic , p a a an ic .

T o l ive in a h o s e Pa a a y

h mh u h
. .

To s w e ll . Pa a ga .

h
T o b a th e , t t a k e b a ts Pa l igo

mu
o . .

T o r is e e a r ly . Pa a ga .

Ro o ts b e gin n in g w ith it if c o n j ga te d in te in st r e ntal p a ssive ,

a
y fo r
,
e p o n y s sa ke a d it t e f o ll o w i n g i rr e g l ’
a r ity T e p a rt ic l e i n ,
.

is in ve r ted o r i tc h a n ge s i n t o n ot f
o r p re s en t a n d pas t te n ses a s e ra e a f ter ,
.
 h h‘hu h
1 18

m
In init
iv e f .

h h h hh hh
T o d a s it(so e t in g) t
o te gr o nd Y olo g

h
. .

Pres init
entindef e t
ens

u u m
e .

u
I th o
, e et
c we yo ,
. te y das
j
Y n i o o lo g or
H y n a o o lo g co 111 0 ,

h
, , ,

et 1t t
o te n i a, n a t

h
r d y in , ni a. l

h
n na i n , ni ny O

h
c .
g o .

h
,

Pastt

m
enses

u u
.

m u
u
hh
I t
ho t w e vo te y d a sh e d

h
e e c

h
Y 11 1 o lo g ‘ o lo

uu h
.

t et h e d 1t t te or v 1 1 a g co o 1 1 1 va
v

h das
. .

m
,

m
t

u
f
e c a ve c o
n l lé
. .
, ,
na in, na 1n . n1 vo
nd

m
.
,
g r o

u
.

u h hh u
uu h
u
h
Th is irr e g l a r ity ppl ie s a l so t o r o o t s b e gin n in g w ith l o r w ith a
a

u
vo w e l esp e c ia lly t
o th o se b e gin n in g w ith 1 i c to t e y a y l so a a

u u
.

u
, , ,

f o ll o w te r g l a r c o n j ga t io n T s it a y b e sa id w it e q a l p ro p r ie t y

u
e .
,

j/ n i la d
g y , y li n a i
g y
c
“ I p t i t;
”
y n i a a l i a n d y i n a a ld
“
w a s, c , ,

o
” “
c
”
l st ; y ni i a a n d y in i ca pr o n o n c e d ; a n d so f o rth f or te pr e se n t
, ,

th s a vo id in g te a r s so nd pr o d c e d by te c o n c r re nc e o ft wo i s
’
.

m uuu
h
m m uu uh
m u h
hm h
u
hh
mum
mh
u
W hen re t r n t
w illo to wn ? I w ish t
T W E NT Y FIFTH EX E RCI S E
r e t r n th re to o rr o w
.

H
y o o e ~

u u m
.

W ho d id y o c a ll f o r? I c a ll e d f o r te phy s ic ia n Ca n y o p a r t t is .

st r in g ? I c a n p a rt str in gs b tI c a n n o t p a rt t is W y d id y o r

h h h
.
,

h
Did te A e r ic a n s a k e

h h h
f rie n d te pt J a n e ? B e c a se s e h rt i .

Y e s te T a ga l s f e ll b a c k a n d te A e r ic a n s

h
a n y T a ga l s p r is io n e r s?

m u
, ,

h h
l id h o l d o f a n y
a W h e r e is y o r se r v a n t go in g f
. or w a te r ? e go e s

o r wa te r t

h h
f

h
o th a t w e ll wh e r e b ir d s p e c k h s k e d r ic e a n d y o r sist e r ga th e r s

mm m
fl o w e r s W h e r e is te c h ild ? T e c h il d is a he a d r n n in g t o t a k e te

h h u m h h
'

u
.
,

l e a d o fFr a n k W o b e a t te S p a n ia r d s? T e A e r ic a n s b e a t te S p a n

u u m h
.

te n s t te pr ie st a n d is go in g t

h h
ia r d e W h a t d o e s Pe t e r d o ? Pe t e r l is

H
o o

m mh
e r ve s te a n l o d gi n g a ty o r f a th e r s

h h
r ec e iv e H o ly C o n io n IV o s ? ’

mu u m
.

te r s se r va n t se r ve s i b tn o w e is b e h o l d in g te pro c e ssio n

h
Yo r s is ’

H m
.
,

W o le d te T a ga l sin th e ir w a r a ga in st te A e r ic a n s?

h h h
T e T a ga l s w e r e

m m m
th e y tr st W h e r e is te c h i l d

h
l e d by A g i n a l d o wh o ed a k in g w a te r ?

mu
.

in te ga r de n W h a t d o e s te o l d a n th in k o f

h h
e is a k in g w a t e r ?

m u
.

is te

mh
th in k s o f l e a n in g 0 11 a st affa s e c a n n o t k n e e l d o w n W o

m
e

u u
h
.
,

h
is t

h
A e r ic a n t a lk in g w ith ? a lk i n g w ith so e o f is c o n try e n

m
e .

h
W o t a k e s te l e a d o f A lfr e d ? Fr a n k t o o k te l e a d o f i Do y o
’

uu
.

h
g a i n c h by y o r tr a d e ? I g a i n n o th in g by it I o n e c o n tr a ry l o se

u
, , ,

h h
o ney I s te s er va n t sh ive r in g w ith c o l d ? No e is tr e bl in g f or

m
.
,

N o b o d y is ge t t in g d r o w sy b ty o r

h
fe a r W o is b e c o in g d r o w sy ?

u u
“ a td o pr ie st s
u u
.
,

H
f r ie n d s fr ie n d is j e a l o s a n d f e e l s a p a in in is te e t
’ 7

u um m
u u
.

not

h
T e y sa y t o e v e ry b o d y t o k e e p h o l id a y s a n d t o t a k e gr e a t c a r e o f

um
Hm
u mh
u m
u
,

h h
b e c o in g d isd a in f l t

h
W y is y o r wife sh d d e r in g? Be ca s

m
G od

m
o e

u u uu
.

i tis th n d e r in g

h h
W y is Ja n e s h sb a n d j a l o s? Bec a s e se
’
is b e i n g e

u
h hh
.

m hm
co rte d by e r n e ighb o r Do y o b e c o e h bl e be fo r e G o d ? Y e s

u
.
,

a n d e v e ry an s h o l d b e c o e h bl e b e f o r e i W h a t d id y o r c o sin

u
.

d re a l a st n ight ? e d re a t t h a t e w s h rt in g is sist e r a n d th a t a ,

s e wa s s e e in h se lf in te l o o kin g gl a s s W d s y s ist r d r d ?
g e r y o e o r e e a —
.

S e fe a r s b e c a s e s e is go i n g t l ie i n I s s e go in g t o l ie i n f or t
o . e

No itis te se c n d t i e s e b rin gs f o rt
,

fir st t i e ?
. W o d o e s is . y
 MM
M
M
TW E NT Y S IXT H LE S S O N
H

M
.

YCA DA LA U A N G PO U O , T , A Nl N A PA G A AL .

MM
h
OF
m m
TH E USE AG .

u u

M
uu u
m
w th r t s b s w th wh h sh l

m
a
g , ayi o o be
e g i n n i n g ed i ic o d b e c o n ,

j ga t e d by 1 11 a c c o r d in g t 1 o t e ir s
1 ign i fi c a t i n th s a vo id in g h a r s h n e ss o , .

T o in s lt t o d is ho n o r o t
,
he rs .

To s t a r tt o co e nc e

h
.
,

T o e xp e r ie n c e t o pe r c e ive ,
.

T o i n h e ri t

m
.

T o p e r c e i ve

u
.

T o e nha nce

M
.

h m
A c t i n s b v wh ic h te s bj c t lo s
o e s c o n tr o l o fs o et h in g e .

To s e ll . a gb i li .

T o le n d . a got ang (b e t
te r ) a gp a ot a n g . .

h
T o t a k e a l o n g w ith t c o n ve y ne s
’

ag a t

m
o o

M
,
ir
s e lf t
.

h
.

T o give t o d e l ive r a gb i a
g y

m
. .
,

m m
T o gr a n t

m
. a gc a l oo b .

T o pr e s e n t w ith t a k e a gift

mu u
o a gb i a a
, y y . .

To
g i ve b a c k t o r e s t o r e ,
a g s a o .
’

o ra l o r a t e r ia l a c t s o v in g fro t s bj e c t th o se a n in g s c at e ,
e

m
er g i n c l d e d .

uh
To sa y s
a g a b i.

mm
.

To g i v e no t
ic e . a
gb a l i t
a .

To e xpl a in . a gsa ys ay , a gs
a la v szi v .

To n a rr a te a gsa li t a

u
. .

To p e r it t o a ll o w ,
. a gtlo t .

h
To r n t l e a ve a g a in t é l t
g a
p o

u
q
. .

ho w t it

uu h
To s o a ke s ho w n a gp a a

um
. .
,

h h
To thro w a w a v ag a o n .
p

u
.

To f o rb id a gb a a l .

u
.

To l a n c h a sh ip . a gb o n s
or .

thr o w issil e s t

u
To o p e lt ag ag is

u u u m
u
. .
,

To f e ll t o ca s e t o f a ll to te g ro nd ag é lo g

h h
. .
,

To s o w gr a in t o
p t se e d sin t a o l e o ag as ic

m
. .
,

sc a tt e r t o was te

m
To ,
. a gb l a gsac .

d iff se t pr e a d o t b la t

m h
To o s ,
. a gsa .

so w gr a i n b v sc a tte r in g ita b o t a gs

u
To abo g

m
. .

V e rb s o fre o tio n i n te a c t ive s

ens
e, th a tist
o s
av w ,
en o vin g

a ff e c t s s e o tw a rd th i n g

u u
o .

T o draw s o e t in g n e a r e r .

T p t
o in t o
p t 1
,
n to .
 M
M
T o l ift p , t u
u
e, t t
12 1
t

M
o r a is o h e a ve , o e le v a t e aa s

mm
ag

M
u
. .

To s et a gt
a o
p .
y .

T o t a ke do w n , t o l o we r a gp a n ao g

h
. .

T o f e ll (tr e e s ) . . a gb o al .

T o r e o ve t

m
a d is tan c e

uu m
a gl a

M
o .
y o .

T o t a ke a w a y . l is
a ga

M
.

T o pl a c e so e th in g a gt
i n d ig .

M
B o d ily ac tio n s ifpe rfo r ed bv te s bj e c t p o n h i e lf
s

uh
.

m
T o c re o n e ’
ss e lf .

To s h a ve
T o wh ip
l o co b
V T

m
l o c to n e s a 1 r
7 1

u
T o w a sh o n e sf a c e
’

fl
To s c r a t c h o ne s s e lf
’

h
.

T o wo n d o ne s s ’
e lf . be c o e

c e ra te d

uh m
.

T o w e to n e s s elf

u u
’

m m m
m
fl
.

T o c lea n o ne s s ’
e lf

M
.

u
W o r d s e it r r pte d t a k e n fr o p a n ish o r o t
h e r a l ie n

mm
S
'

p e ,
e o r c o rr ,

l a n g a ge s a r lly rb a l i d t s fo ff i s a v tke

m
g e n a re e ve ze b y 11 g R o o o ce
; a

h
.

fi
t e x p r e ss te d isc h r ge fo ff ic ia l d t

m
ie s

m u
o a o .

s t o o f ia t

m
as c c . isc , (S p ) , ag isa

M
.

‘
,
‘
P() ga n l l Ji t l , (S a gs g a l
'
e g p) , T
( 3)
’
. 11 3 , .

To b a c c o t o s ok t
o s e ll t o b a c c o e Tn ba c o , a gta bac o

m
.
, , .

C o c o la t t t t la b t t ( o / a l

m m m
a ke

s ll c h o c o l t
e
e,

a
W
o

e.
S ,
o e o ra e ,
o
re e 1 ag Wl1 “ e

T o p l a y b a s b a ll e a gb e s
-
bo l

h
. .

C t t

m
i i S 1
l a ge ziI1i a n
v r t be a a vo r t o a ta s 5 n n a
7 r 111 11 b0 l1 r e
'

s1d e n t
a o o av r c o

M
m
, ,
e .

F a th e r pr ie st ; t o b e a pr ie s t P d re (S p ) a a gp a r e

um
. .
, , ,

R o o t s d e n o t in g a n y p ie c e o fw e a r in g a p p a r e l rb a l ize d t
h

u m u
be wi

u
ay ve

H h mm
,

ay t

m
o e xpr e s s te w e r in g th e r e o f

m m
a .

m
Tr o se rs t o w e a r tr o s ers Sa la a l s
a g a la al

mu
. .
, ,

Sho es sho e s S a p in a gsap in

hh
. .
, ,

S pec tac le s sp e c t a c l e s
,
S a l a in .
,
a gsa la in .

t t a gs

m
a ,
a a . Sa b a l e lo , a b a l e lo .

A pr o n ,
an a pr o n . a gt
a p is .

rb a l ize sa ll th o se pe rso n a l a c t io n swh ic h a re d a l o r c o ll e c t

u
JV
Iag ve i ve in

u
c a r a c t e r bo t s id e sb e in g e a nt as :

h
, ,

m
T o fi ght t o q a rr e l a gan a y

m m
. .
,

T o j o in w ith t a gt

m
o be a s s o c ia t e d w ith ip o n

m
. .
,

T o o n ve r s ag s p

h
c e a

u h
. .

To as se bl e a gp olo n g

h
. .

T o a d i t te c o p a n y f o th e r s t

m
o o
aW s a ,
a o

m
j in o th e r sin c o p a n y

u
h m
o .

T o d is p t e t o c o n te n d ,
a gta lo . .

mh u
R ec ipr o c a l ve rb s w e n te a c t io n is o fs c h a k in d a s t it

m
o ad

u
v a lry o r c o

u
pe t it io n ifn S p e c ia l stre ss is l a id o n te c n t ent n

h
o o .
,

To s ee e a c o th e r a gq ita . .

T o wr it e t o e ac h o th e r a gs l a t (b e tt e r ) a gs l a t
an . . .

To ix w it e a c h o th e r .

T o r e c o n c il e t o each the r t o gr e e t a ba t i
o , o
e ac h o t r j
b
e .
 h
To
To
To
To
'
Fo
To
To
To
To
uu mu
l ik e w is
T o l ve

u
o

u
a id

u
Vo l
e

be a r t s f
c rs

u
o bey

m
b it e
e

c d ge l

l a gh a t

uu u u
k ic k
o ck at
f
e
,
t r y r e c ip r
n a

c n j ga t
o

o
d be

r
e ac
oca

yhh
h u
u
h
m h l

o
ac

t
he r
ti
n;
o n

.
s
.

tte
e
1 22
sp e c ia l l v
ro o

M
M
M
ag
ts o
a gsin a
tlo f
ag o

a gp a t

a gc a ga t

a gt

a gt
m
u
i ga n

a a ra n

u
u
s
a gp a l oan
a

um
a gs n r a n

a a n an
a

an

fiu
ad acan ,
y

u
a gb ir o an
th

n
t
o se
ld

an,

.
fa n a f
o

f
be af

.
.

.
fe c t ive

i x e d w it

.
ag

ag
~
ib iga n

sic a r an
.

.
k in d
o n.
. a re

H
.

To se a b siv e la n g a ge , t
o in s lt a t O a
“
v
‘
i
r a 11
ach t er j

h
“
f .

h
e o

H
.

m h
muhu
h
uh mh
m
u m T W E NT Y SI XT E X E R UI S E

h
.

hu
H m h mh
Do e sy o d o e s n o ti n s lt

h
br o th e r i n s lt Pe te 1 ?

M
r e i , e o n lv

mm
u m
o f is d t y \V a ts h a ll I d o t a ke y se lf r e sp e c te d ?

h
in d s i

h h
1e . o

If y o se l l a n v tin g g ra n t r e a so n a b l e p 1 ic e e , a n d if te go o d s a re n o t

h m h
“
u
,

b a c k te o n e y il l y o r f a t

h
sa t isf a c t ry , g iv e f her le n d a n y o n e y

H h
o

m
.

t is f 1 ie n d ? d id n o tl e n d o ney, t

h h h
o e i e g a v e a n d s e n i

m u u u
pr e se n t H a ve y o r se r v a n t s r e p o rt e d te t a l e t

h
t e ir f r ie n d s? No ,

h
a o

u u
.

t e y o n ly e xpl a in e d t th e th a t te c h il d r e n a d th ro w n st o n e s o n

h h h
o

m u u u
th e ir ro o f W y d o e s y o r f a th e r a ll o w y o t tin te n ight t i e ?

u uuh h
fi
o go o

mu u m
.

e g r a n t e d e l e a v e to s e e t e l a n c h i n g o f t e s h i p W h e r e d i d y o

u
.

th ro w te r o tt e n I d a sh e d it t te gro n d

h
s? o W o ld y o

u
.

fe ll a n y tr e e s if y o No , I w i s t so w gr a i n a n d t

h h
ad an axe ? o o

u u u
sc a tt e r so e t o te p o ltry Did y o n o t ic e te s e ll d iff se d by te fl o w e r s ?

m u m u m m
.

Y e s, a n d I pl c k e d o n e t o p ti tin t o te p o t \V a t d o y o i n t e n d t o

u
.

l if t I d o n o tin t e n d t l ift a n yth in g , b tI in t e n d t et p a

h
h o se

uh
? o o s

m u m u m u
and t t a k e d o w n th e se t t t

h
w o pi c t re s A r e y o i t k i l s

h
o g o n g o a e e n a

u m m
.

u
t t t

h h
a w ay ? No , I a pl pr ht t

h H
go i n g o a c e e i a ge s ig a n d o r e o v e e

m u m
Do phy sic ia n s c r e o th e r p e o pl e ? Ye s, b tth e y d o n o tc r e

h
f ar away

m
.

t h e se lve s D o e s y o r fr ie n d sh a ve c o b a n d wh ip h i se l f? No , b t

u h m
u m
.
,

h e s h i se lf ? Did A n th o n y w o n d h i se lf

h
c ts is o w n h a i r a n d w a s "
e

u u
t t

h
Ye s y e st e r d a y e w e h i s e l f o c l e a n i s b o d y a n d o n sc r a t c h i n g h i s e lf

m u
, ,

e wo k in W h a t is te pr ie st d o in g i s n o w ga bl in g

h
is s

u h h
n ded ? e

u
.

b t e o ffi c ia t e d b e fo r e Do e s y o r so n s o k e ? e do e s n o t s o k e ,

m
.

b t e t a k e s c o c o l a t e e v e r y e ve n i n g Do pr ie st s w e a r tr o w se r s? N o , b t

m h
.

th e y w e a r sh o e s, a ta n d sp e c t a c le s Do w o e n in y o r Pr o vin c e w e a r

uh u h
.

a pr o n s ? T e y d o n o t Did Pe te r a n d a ry j o i n ? Th e y j o in e d , c o n

m
m mm
.

ve rs W y d id te pr i n c ip a l c it iz e n so fte t o w n a sse bl e

h
e d a n d q a rr e l e d

m
.

t e r d a y ? Th e y o n ly ke pt c o pa n y t

hh h
y es o e a c h o th e r a nd th e y c o n t e n d e d

m
Do Ja n e a d Fr a n k se e e a c h o th e r T e y d o n o tsee e a c h

h h
t ge th er

h
o n ?

u u u
.

th e r tte y wr ite t
h o th e r Do ilk e n ix ilk w ith w a t e r ?

h
o b o e ac

u
.
,

Th e y W ha t d
do i d d t t br th r s R sa r io ? I r n c i l d th
O
y o o o e o e o e c o e e

uu u
.

t e a ch o t e r
o
g ht a rr ie.d p e r s
o n s t o c r s e a nd c d ge l e a c h o th e r ?

No n te c o n tr a ry
,
o t e y o ght t o l o ve
,
to h e lp t o be a r a nd t o pa rdo n , ,

o n n o th e r
e a Do te R i c o p le. ev ac h th e r ? No te v b ite la gh
z c e o , ,

a nd k ic k a te a c o t e r .
 M
MM
u m u m m h
m

M
m
124

m mm
u
m
u
A c t io n s c o n j ga t e d by a
j ga t e d by a g t o
a n d wh ic h a d

de n o te s c h 1n t e ns
it o fin t ens

i o n , o r p l r a l it
v,
io n ay be co n
if te a c t io n is

u m u
n o to th e r w i se o d i fi ed 1 11 ea n g, a s:

u u
m mu m hmu
To r n .
(si pl e t io n )
ac . T a c b O.

by any or t r t
T t
o r n g e a

m
o r n a
ac b o

u
,

( ea l
a
g .

m m u
.

T o wr it e ( si pl e a c t io n ) S i la t
t

u
m
. .

a s l a t(T

M
T o wr it e a gre a t d e a l e ade ac te )

m
g

m
. .

T o d r in k h a r d , to d r in k b v an v . ag -
in

u
.

T o eat ch , to e at by any a gc a l n

um m
. .

T o r e a d ( a n y o r a gr e a t d e a l ) b a sa
ag

m m u
. .

h h
T o w a lk (s i pl e a c t io n ) L ac a d

u fifi
. . .

T o w a lk q ic kly a gl a c a d

M
. .

h h
T o we e p (s i pl e a c t io n )

h
T a gis

u m
.

u
. .

hh
T o w e e p (by a n y o r be yo n d e a s re ) a gt a gi s

m
. .

m
Th is a n n e r o f in t e ns v in g te a c t io n
if o r p l r a l i zi n g te a ge n ts is
no te xc l s be c n s id e r e d a s o fa fir s t d e gr e fi1 t s

hu um
ive a n d ay o e o 1 e 11 io n .
g a

M
and te r e p e a t in g o fte fir st syll b le o fte r o o t in t e n sifi s a e o r e, and

te r e pe a t in g o f te wh o l r o o t e ve n o re e ,
.

To s e in a ll
o es a e a nne wh l l r a gb ib il i

m m m m m
. .

T e o o w in g f ll an v in by a ra pi d s n d s d

hm h
a
g o o o n o
r r o fs c c e ssl o n
.

o de

m
.

To th in k d e e ply . ag isip is
-
ip .

To e d i a e p ro f o n d lvt t . a g n i l a v n il a y .

de no t

h
Th is l a tte r c o p sit io n w ith s rb s o f t io n e ss ti s

Humu
o o e ve o o e e

t
o do wh a t te r o o t ean sa nd te c o n ra rv. t

u
u m mh
1 0 p a ss 0 11 and t
o passbac k a
g a in
d n d n
a
g a a a a
j
.

m
e go e so ta n d in , e go e s a bo t l\
7

l l a ba sl b s s
c

t j
a
g a a a a n iv a .

go in g i n an co in g o .

uu
V e rb s d e n o t st te

uh
in g an n c ad v o t io n 11 1 V be fo r ed in sa e wa v

u
.

To o s c i ll a t e ag q ilin g i lin g q
q
u
q
u
.

T o w a bbl e in d in g n in d in g

hh
. ag .

To s t agge r

u
.

T o c h a n ge c o n t 1 11 o s ly te p o st r e a gbi l in gb il i n g

h
. .

T o w a lk w ith w a v e r in g p a c e . a g o c o r oc o r .

h
To fl t te r b a lin gb al in g

m m
. ag .

T o pl a c e o n e ss e lf f a c e d o w n w a r d a n d
’

a gb a b a gt
ad ( 3)

H
th e n o n o n e sb a c k a ga in 1
. 1
’
.

h
w ith th e se a n d si il a r
N a g, ve rb s av b e d r o pp e d in te pr e se n t .

te fir st sy ll a bl e be i n g r e p e a te d

u
.

uu u
u
w a lk s o n t ipto e T it
ia r t
ia r siy a

h
e

h h
. .

H
le a f
s w a n d e r s a bo t ; w a lk s

h h h
e e
S s l in gst
i lin g

m m
,

h
a bo t p rp o se l e ss

h
h m m
.

hhm hu
h
uhh h hh h hh
so f t t te t
fi
m m
sin
k
m
a n y ve r b io n ic in a c c e le r a i o n

mm u
ei e, a o 11 a re gr a ve a c ce n ,

e d , bo t by a i n g te w o r d a c t is te c a s

fi
is e x p re s
s T e s

m
by a nd

m
e ag a e e .

fo r o te r a c t io n s w ic a re i n e n s i ed as s t
fi
e e n a b o ve .

T e o r to g ra p v o fT a ga l o g w o rd s is ve t a i d l v xe d b y a n y r le T e

u
.

std e n t s d t s o rd s w r it l l t W i t t t ’

ay p e r a p n e e 11 e n a ba g a vn g e c e e .
e

a s i n te e x , tis s ee in g t t
ole in a c c o rd a n c e w i : te in f le c ive c ar a c te r o fte t t
la n g a ge .
 u m
uhmu
uhm
m h
M u
1 72 5
If a n a d j e t ive f co p sit io n is c o n j g a t d b y o o e ra n g , te
sens e

m
,

r s lt in g is o n f b o a st i n g sw a gge r in g if te a c t i o n a d
e e o , . i t so fbo a s
ti n g ;
b tte w o r d is a d e a c t e .

u
h h
T o bo a st w isd o

u
.

mmh u mm
To s w a gge r

m
.

To bo a s t b e a ty

m u
.

T o bo a st pr d e n c e .

m
If te a c t io n d o e sn o ta d ito fbr a ggin g a n d te a d j e t iv is o fd o bl e

m m mm
c e

h h
co p o sit io n te se n se iso n e o fa ssi i l a t i o n gr o w in g b e c o in g

uuh h
.
, , ,

M
m m
t t

uh
To b o gr o w f o r ge tf l a li in

u
ag o

u
ec o e, . .

To g o r w in fir asac t
in sa sa e t
’

ag ag a in

u u
.
, ,

uu
If a g c o n j ga te sa n a b str a c t n n f o r e d w ith te pr e fi x o an d te
s ffix a n te s ense r e s lt in g is o n e o fp t ti n g in t o pr a c t i e te rr e sp d

uu
c co on
,

M
h
in
g q a l i ty ; b t s c h w o r d s r o n l y s
e d i n t e i n fi n i t i v e a e .

h h
T o do j s t ic e .

h h h
T o pr a c t ic e v i rt

m m m
e .

T o a c tc h a s tel y

u um
.

M
To be a ve o ne
’
sse lf o b sc e n e l y .

h u
tiv se n s fve r b s is fo r te j t io n by

m
T e di in e e o ed in 11 co n ga rc

t t r t te fi rstt svll a b le st r f if st i n g o f r e th a n

m
c o ns

u
(

um
p ea in
g e o o ,
or wo e eo i o

m
wo ) s:

u
, a

h hm
To r n. T acb o

u
.

m h
To r o ve t b T
‘ at t b o
acb o

mm
o r ac
-
a

m
.
,

M
Pe te r is ga d d in g a b o t ac bo S i Pe d r o
'

u
c

u
—
. .

T o d r i zl e z U l an o l an -

h
. .

u
T e sa d i in t iv e s
e e nse i n te a
g c o n j g a t io n isl ike w ise ge n e r a lly

a de by i n g te r o o ta n d a ffix i n g o n o r 111 1 11
re pe a t

u
. .

m mm m m
ila t
st

u
ag

m
.

To se ri lc ag s la t
s la t
an .

m m
Th is is c o t
o a c t io n sa d itt i n g ffe ign in g st r i it

u
a nner on e e, a
o , g
t
io n ke r y

m
or oc .

T o be a y o c ite, to ah p r
ec vi e ff t rt . a gb a n a l b a n a l a n , a gp a p a i b a b ao .

e or t

h
To n i bbl o e ig n e a in g f t a gc a in c a in a n

fi fi
m hu u
. .

To s n i ve , t o l a e c y i n g gr n n a c e s k r i
ag y t iy ac a n
-
a -

m
. .

To a ec t ff t
o b e de a f a gb i gi b i gi li a n -

q q
. .

it

h
sic k a gs a it s a an -

u
. .

h u h
ad a go l o l o l o l a n

m m
. .

T e pl ya i n g o f c i d r e n a t a in g hl k

mu u
l ttl h
i e o ses
a gb a ay bah a ya n .

h
.

mh h
ta tt e n tio n sh o l d b e p a id t
B o te a c t io n a s th is s p o sit
io n

m
a e co ,

fo r s i n t e n sive r ec ipro c a l ve rb s w ic h c a n o n ly b e d i st i n g i sh e d b v te
c o n t e xt .

m fi
To e br a c e h o t e r w a r ly
eac a g va c a p y a c a p a n .

mm u
.

To lo o k a te a c o t er c lo sel y I ‘
or
t
iii g in t

m hm
ag i gi n a n

m
To r e a c h a n y th in g s t s
s
ta b o t

u
or o
p a
a ga bo
th e fr o h a n d t o ha nd
an
—
.

Ro o tsd n o tin g th in gss s cept e ibl e o fb e in g so ld o r a de . ifc o n j g td

a e by
e
g e x re s
, p s t e se ll i n g o r a k i n g th e r o f e .
 M
M
M
hh h

M
1 26

mh
e ll
To s
fi
r ic e
p kl fi
.

u h mh m
s ag is da

u
-
.

h
.

ic s t
o p re p a re it a gb a goo n g

m
ed or . .

e gg s . a g i itlo g
-
.

a ke o se s a gb a a y

hm
. .

u
rr e l a tio n r r e l a tio n sh ip se r vin g a s c o pl e e n t t
sd e i i o tin g

M
If no n co oo

m
a ve rb o r a n a d j e c t iv e a r e pr e fix e d by a g te acti o n r e fe r r i n g t
o te p r e ,

fixed n o n f a ll sb a c k t o it sc o rr e l a t i ve p a r t y

u m hm m
.

be h a ve w e ll sa s t
o kn o w

i
To a on , ow

uu
a r li n o n g a
t
a ga

h
s
.

o be a on .

m m
To b e h a ve w e ll a s a f a th e r a r li n o n g a ga n a c

u
. .

mh muummh
It isd iffi c lt t o p t p w ith a o th e r 3

u
a ir a p an g a gb ia n an .
iii l a w
-
.
8
It is a so rr o w f l th in g to h a ve sons
s a ang h in d i d ap a t
w o d o n o tr e p a y o r c a r e s
a a a ga n a o 1 1 a .

h
.

m
rb so fte a c o n j ga t io n it f te t p a rtic l e s t

m mm
So ad

mu
wo

u u
e ve a
y o o

m
d e n o te se n se of e n t e rpr i se e n d e a vo r r n e st n e ss

u
a , ,
ea .

mu ilit

h
To en d e a vo r a gp

u
. .

h h
t k e te

h
ke f t t
s
é q
To

m
it
a or o a o
,
ag s a
x e rt io n s f .

m u m
e or .

ufi h
T o d is p a tc h o n e sse lf t ’
ke h a ste a gd a li

m
'

u
o a

m
. .
,

A
u
sec o nd d e gr e e o fpl r a l ity , b e s id e s th o s
e ith e r t
o e x pl a in e d ay

u fi
,

be a de by in se rt in g aga , i n te a c t ive c o n j ga t io n o f a g te g o f te

hh m
,

p a rtic l e b e in g tr a n sfe rr e d t te e n d th s, a ga g f or i p e r a t iv e a n d

m
o ,

f t r e a a go g, f o r te pre se n t te n se

uu
.
,

To
To
and
fi
c o n ve

c o n ve r e

so
r se
fo rt
s (a
.
(t

f
wo
t t de )
or

l i
o r o t e r v e rb s
o r e pe r so n s)
.
. a go a p

a
s
a
g go a g
.

s
.

hh h
u umm m EXER C

uhu Hu
T W E N T Y S E V E N TH l SE

u u m
.

mm u u u
W y d o te p sh y o ld h o r se in c o p e t it io n w ith
b o vs r n a nd

uu
e a c h o th e r ? Beca s e te 1 at e a nd dra n k ch Did th e y wr it e a n d r e a d

mm uu u u
t
.

1
g o o d d e a l ? N o b t h e y w a lk e d,
q ic kly a s d w e pt b e y o n d e a s r e ;
b tl e tth e e d ita te a b o t t e ir p a s sin g t o and fro o w do p e r so n s .

h
w a lk ? D r n k a r d s st a gge r a n d o sc ill a t e y o n g gir ls w a bbl e ; f o o l s fl tte r ;

m m
, , ,

l d e n w a ve r ; s ic k pe r s o n s c h a n ge p o s t r e a n d c h ild r e n w a lk o n t ip t

huuu h
o oe

uu m
.
,

W h a t d o p e r so n s a ff e c t t b e ? F o o l s fe ign t e ; co wa rds t

uu h h
o o b e w is o be

u u u u
, ,

t t

h
g a l l a n t ; w o e n o b e b e a t i f l ; r a sc a l s o b e pr d e n t a n d hyp o c r it e s

uu u
t a td o o th e r pe rso n s b ec o e ? L o ve sic k pe r so n sb e c o e
, , , ,

h h
o b e v irt o s .
—

f o r ge tf l a n d o l d e n sic kly D o e s te J d ge pr a t ic e v irt e ? N o b t

uu h hu
, ,
. c ,

t ic e W h a t girl s a c tw ise ly ? T e j d ic io s a c tc h a st e ly b t

h
e do e s j s .
,

h
te in j d ic io s a cto b sc e n e l y Did te c h il d re n ro v e in te ga r d e n ?

mm h
m
u
u
.

D o e s te

uhh
Th e y d id b tth e y c o l d n o tgo o n b ec a se itis d r iz zlin g

m m
.
,

so n k n o w a lr e a d y o w t l it

h h h
w r it e ? N o e o n ly sc r ibbl e s a tl e Is

m
o

u
.
,

A lfr e d s c h il d j d ic io s? 0 11 te c o n tr a ry a ff ec t s t o be v irt o s
’
No

u
e , , , ,

h
f ign s t

h
is a lw a y s n ibbl in g a n d s n i ve l i n g a n d s e ti es be ad

m
o e o e

h fih m
.

W y d o e s v se r va n t a ffe c t t o be dea f a nd s ic k wh n 1 c a ll o tt i ?

m
o e

u
B ec a s e e is n a t ig t a n d a n d is a l w a y s pl a y in g a t a k in g l ittl e h o s e s
y
w ith o th e r b o y s W a t d id te f a th e r a n d te so n d o ? Th e y a tfi rst

u fi
.

l o o ke d a te a c h o th e r c l o se l y a n d th e n e br a c e d e a c h o th e r e ff sive l y .

W a ta r e th o se e n d o in g T e y a re h a n din g o ve r sa c k s t
?
o e a c h o th r

I
e .

Do y o se ll ric e a n d s s e ll
p ic kl e d s a n d eg s a nd a l s
?
g o a ke
 M
128

E IG H T H LE S S O N

M
TW E N TY .

YCA DA LA U A N G
“

PO U O , T , U A L O N G PA G A R A L .

hh h h h
OF
mmm
TH E PA S S I V E AN

m u m

M
m hm
u u
hu mm m
uu h m
As a l e sso n tw e n ty f o rth te p a ssive o fa
sb e e n s
a id i n is c o on

uu u u
,

t ) te g c o n j ga t io n
a Th s p g t e p a ssi v p a t ic l. f r , a ,
e r e o 11 g, in te
i p e r a t i ve o r s i p l e f tr ; p i n g in te pr e s ent r pas t ; a n de /1
,
o a

p g a i n ,
t p a s t p e f cet a n d f t r p e rf e t
r e t e n se s s o l d n t b e c . o e s
ed , 11 11

s te v a re re q i d t i p a rt s

h
l s
e .
sp e ia l se n s
re o o e c e .

h m h m
To t a ke a w a y
‘

h
.

u
l a k e th a t a w a v
‘ A lisin iv1in

h
o

h h m u
. .

l o give b a c k

u
.

h fiu h
( l i ve te o n e y back . Y an i l o ang p i la e .

I a d a l r e a d y g ive n b a c k te p a n a t Na y sao li
’

co ii a a ng sa l a a l, nang

m
l o o n s, wh e n e a rr ive d y
si a i d ng a t
iii g

mh
. .

he re a s e th r o wn iss ir h t ? v t
in a p o n n i va a n g ca ni
y ang

m
b a ro ?

um
I

h
I tw a s te ga d e n thr e w it t

h
e re r wh . A ng a la a na n , a ng in a p o nan co .

it

h h
T o a a in tt ’

a gc a

m
. .

I tis e a s t
o sa v it yd d i f t lt t
o )
a n c
ti n

u u u
t
tain it
,
a r a l in g sab i in , a li ag ca z .

u
a

hm mmmmm
.

m
h o ld b e se d in te
Pa g s p a ssive if a g is se d i n te a c iv e t t
o i ii

mu
t e n sify te a c t io n e xpr e sse d b y te ve rb o r t o d e n o te p l r a l it
v

h
T o destr o y an y th in gs sir a
ag

um
.

T e sw in e d estr o y e d th e se an y Pin a gs ir a n a n g a nga b ab v it

ong

h
h m mh m
pl n ts afi ga h a l a

m
a an

m
u
. .

Th e r e a re y pl a n t s d e st h a la s s

u
r o ve d ing i i

u
an a ra a n ang p i n a g r a

um u m
. .

To co nt a n y t in gs a gb il a n g .

u
h
.

h
Did Pe t e r co nt ch
g B g il
na n g b a ga S i P e d r o n a n g a

humh
o n e v?

h
r a in g sa l a pi ?

u hm
m
O l, n te d o re th a n t e n th i A b ! i i t s sa n g l c s
a n g p i

m
e co o a a a g a a

sa n d d o ll a r s! s o s a n g p in a gb i la n g n iy a

u u m
.

t n ve r t s te s

h
W hen
b o th a c t i n sb e in g tr a n siti ve
, g i no e a c t ive c o ens e ,
a

o f te r o o t fr o t s bj e t iv a s c o n j ga t e d w ith a t te o bj e c t i v

m m h
e o c e , ,
e

se nse a sh o l d b se d i n te p a s si ve t ak th is c h a n ge o f e a n in g
p g ,
e o e

h
l ar

m
c e .

I
u u
I b o rro w e d th a t o ne y g a ve i Yn ot a n g c o iy an g s a l a p i vb in igay 1 0
1

sa c a n iy a c a a p o n .

I w ill bo r i o w a h n d re d d o l l a r sfr o Oot a n ga n c o S i I a n n a n g s a n gd aa n g

Jo n . p iso .

Pin a go ot o r p in a o ot a n g c o it on g
'

a ng

sa l a p i , o r y p i n a gp a p a ot a n g o r yp in a

p p
a a o t a n g c o itd n g s a l a p i .
m u I u hh
h h
m m m 1 29

MM
u
h m
I bo g t th is a t B in il c o it on g sa b a l ilo

m uI
u
. .

Th is a tiswh a t b o gh tth is a tis t sa b a lilo a n g b in ili c o

u
,

hh h
p r h s g .

y
I
c a e .

se ll th e s e ho s
es Y p in a gb ib ili c o a nga b ah a y

m
q
. .

It ist y n e ighb o r th a t h a ve so l d A n g a in g c a a p ir ba a y a n g p i n a g

u
o
,

th isr ic e . b ilh a n c o n itng b iga s o

m m m
q
R e c ipr o c a l ve rb sre ii e p a g in te p a ssive ifte t pl a c e o fte

mu u m u
iv e

u m

M
o or

h h fi
a c t io n i se xpr e s se d

u mm
.

hhhh h u m
Th o se c o n de n e d t o e t e r n a l p n ish A ng a ng a a s a in e r n o
n a p ac a a s
e nt i n H e ll c r s e e a c h o th e r a n d n a gs s si l a t i t t l

m
p a a n a p n a n a n
g o o o g
h e lp o n e a n o th e r in d o in g e v il n il a a n g p a ga n a n a n s

u
.
g a a a .

Th e y a b se d e a c h o th e r a tte a rk e t

m m
A n g t i a n g i, a n g p in a g o ra a n n ilé

h
. .

u
u u
sa is te s w it t io n so fa l ll ec t ive rac t
er

u m u
T d

m
e e ca e ac a o r co c a .

m u
Ga bl in g w a ste r e a so n f
o r th e t
o A n g p a gs s ga l a y a n d y p i n a ga a y

u
q a rr e l . n il é .

Th e y a re a sse bl e d in te h o se o f A n g b ah a y n a n g in é o i a n g p i n ag , ,

y o r o th e r c at

m
. l p o n a n n ilé .

uu
h
V e rb so ffi c t io n q ir e l ik e w ise

m m muum
re p a g.

q q

M
h
e n ial se r va n t sfe ign t
o be s ic k ( so as) A n g p i n g sa i tsa ita n n a n g a a nga

h h
,

n o tt o b e wh ipp e d a l il a i a n g h i n d i 1 11 1 p a l o in

m
1

h h
. .
, ,

F o o l sa ffe c t t
o b e w is e th a t th e y A n g y p in a g a a r n o n g n a n g

u u
ay a n ga

b e pr a is b a nga l a y a n g sil a i p ri in

M
ed

u u
. .
, , ,

A c t ive v e rb so f a g c o n j ga t io n r e q ir e p a g ifte pl a c e wh e r e te a c t io n

h hm
ise x ec t e d is e xpr e s se d 1 11 te s e nt e nc e , esp e c ia lly wh e n te ve r b r e q ir es
te p a ssive o fa n f o r te d i r e c t o b j e c t

u u m
.

hh
I
m
p a id y p e r so n a l t ax in an i a l Sa y n il a i n b n

I p
a a g a a n a g
y ra c o

m
q
u
wh e n w a s st ill th e r e a in g b o is n a n g d o roo n p a a c e

u u
.

h
.
,

T a k e c a r e o fte h o r se s a tte e n c lo s A ng baco ra n p ga a l a g a a n o n a n g

re . a ng a ca ba y o .

h h
r br o th e r tte pl a t t
h is Y t on g l a es it o , i , p in a gl a g ia n

m
Yo e on a ng

u
p
-

t a bl e n a n g iy en g cap atid n a n g p in g zin

mmu u u u m
. .

h
Tr a n sit ive ac t io n s o f te k in d o f th se wh ic h a re e x e c t e d f o r te o

b en e fit o f o th e r s r e q ire te in st r e n t a l c o n j ga t io n w ith p a g if te

hh mfium fi um m
,

p e r so n f
o r wh o p e rf o r e d ise xpr e sse d te l a t
t e r t b e p tin te n o in a t i ve

uu
h
,
o

h
s

u
ca e .

fi
wh o a re y o c o o k in g th a t s ? Sin o a n g y p in a gl l t

m
Fo r o o n iy an g is d a?

u
a ga a n a c c o i
I c o o k th is s f v c il d re n SA ng a ng
y p i n a gl
or
l to c o n it o n g is da
.

u m m
.

e w te a pr o n ?
S i i t i i B i i

m
g n o a n g y p n a g a n a n g n a n g

m mu
Fo r wh o a ry s

u
d id ,

hhh
t a p is?
Fo r J a n e . Si J a n a .

Y p a gga a o it o n g a g in o o n a n g

I u u u
muu u
a ke a n o e le t f
or th is ge n tl e a n isa 11 g t o rtila (c o r r fr o Sp wo rd t or. . . .

t itla )
I

HH
w o l d w a sh y o r l in e n b t a v e Yp a g o o g is sa n a q it a n a n g iy on g
,
z

no s oap . d a it 11 g n i t a l a a c on g s a b on , , ,
.

u
m u u u
o r d e re d
Did yo

e t
o
d o

do .
TW E NTY
wh a t t o ld

W h a t sh a l l
Iy o
I T XE RCI E
E G

I Tk
b s I
? tk
No ,
th t l
do ? a
E

e
ec a

awav
e
S .

do n
a
’

nai

21
no w
a nd g
wh a t y o
i ve b a c k
h
h
mh
m
h
m h
hh
mmh uh
mh
h
mhh h 1 30

hh h
I
u
te l et
ter t e xpl a in t te dea t o fte

h
b t ln law S a ll

h
o y r o er o i
I
- -

m u
.

t a b o t ta t

h um u h
b ir d ? No , d o n t s ’
ay o i a n yth in g W a t sh a ll as k

m m
.

u
i ? As k i wh e n e w ill c o e t o vis it e Did y o n o tsee e a c h

u
.

u
o th e r te o th e r d a y ? t D

h h
Yes w e s a w a c h o th e r 0 11 e s t re e t o y o

m
e

u u uu
.
,

w ish e t o thr o w a w a y t h is p in ? No , b tt r o w te w o o d in t o te ga rd e n
I
m
.

W h a t d id y o r e p o r tt o yo r b a rb e r ? r e p o rt e d t o i te se r o n o f

u m m
te p r ie st th is o r n in g a t c h rc h W h e r e d id th e y l a n c h te sh ip ?

uu u
.

h ip w a sl a n c h e d a tC e b H a ve y o so w n a n yth in g a ty o r fa r ?

h
T e s

h
I I
u u uu u
.

t t t t t t

hhu hh
Y es s w d r i W ’
h r d i d s i ? s w d i f r

m
e w
I
o c e e e y o o o e a e a a e

u m u u
.
, ,

b ea c h W h a t a r e y o p ttin g in t o th a t j a r ? p tt i n g so e br e a d
I
. a

h
in t o it W h e r e d o y o in t e n d t o b il d y o r h o se ? in t e n d t o b il d

u
.

ito n th a t gr o n d b e a r in g tr e e s W h e r e d id th e y q a rr e l ? q

h
'

Th e y a rr

u
.

c led in te r o o W h e r e we r e te A e r ic a n s c o n ve r sin g y e st e r

um mu u m m
.

d a y ? T e y w e r e t a lk in g t o e a c h o th e r on te E sc o lt a , th e n th e y f o ght

u
e a ch o th e r a tte l a r ge b rid ge h e lp e a c h o th e r ? W e

h
W y d id y o

m m u u
m
.

h e lp e d e a c h o th e r , b e c a se w e w e r e w ill in g t

h
o a tt a in a r e w a r d W y d id

u hum mmum
.

te c o n try e n f e ll so a n y tr e e s? Th e y f e ll e d so a n y tr e e s, b ec a se

u m u mm u
h o se s C o n t th e if y o d id n o tc o n t

h
t e y w a n te d w o o d f

h
o r th e i r

I
muh mm u
.

h
th e h a ve c o n t e d a lr e a d y o r e th a n thr e e h n d r e d W ho

h
d id
I I
umm
. .

b th es e n e e d l e s fr o ? b o ht th e fr t e e r c h a n t, b t
y o y g o

uu
in t e n d t t t a il o r s Fr o wh o w il l y o b o rr o w te

um h
se ll t e

muumhum
a g a in

I
o o

u u
.

o ney yo wan t ? w ill b o rr o w itfr o fr i d s D id y o r s ist er

H
y e n .

in l a w l e n d y o a n yth in g ? N o , o n te c o n tr a ry , s e b o rr o w e d fr o

H
-
e

m
six r e a l s W y d id y o c d ge l e a c h o th e r a tte w o o d ? B ec a s e in

O
e

m m
.

m
s lt

h
ed e fir s t A n d d id a n y p e o pl e a s s e bl e th e r e ? h ! y e s, a n y

u
m u m
mu u
.

p e o pl e ga th e r e d o n te sp o to fo r q a rr e ll in g

hh m m u
W y d o e s y o r se r va n t

u u
.

fe ign t o be d e a f ? e f e ig n s t o b e deaf to a vo id co in g h e r e W he re

u
.

d id y o r s on
p t y s p e c t a c l e s ? o
p t th e o n yo r b e d . F o r wh o

a re y o a k in g t h a tc h a ir ? Fo r y o th e r I s it n o t f
. or y o r gr a n d
f a th e r t h a t y o a r e se w in g th o se p a n t a l o o n s? No , itis f o r te pr ie s t .

W y d o e s n o tte c a r pe n t e r W i sh t o a k e a t a bl e f or e ? It 1 s b e c a se
l a z y fe ll o w .
 M
M
To t
san d , t
o bepr igh tp o sitio n in an u 1 32
a t
in d ig n a t
in d ig na t
iti n d ig

u
u
h
. .
,

h
To b e a pr is o ne r t
o b e w ith o n e sfe e t
’
,
Na b ib il a n go , f

h
n a p a p a i ga o .
in st o c k s o r b ilbo e s

m
hmh m
.

To be s e a te d Na n p o , n a

m
.
p o .

l ie w ith o n e s f a c e d o w n w a r d s Na taob , n at at ao b
’
To

u
. .

h h
u u
So te a ge n t s r a t io n a l ity
ti s ’
i rr a t io n a l i t
y d e t e r in e s w e

m
e e or

m
th e r te a c t io n is t b e c o n j ga t e d by th e r v e rb a l iz in g p a rt ic l e s

hm m
u
o a or o ,

uu h
a s s o w n i n te s bj o in e d

u
ill s tr a t io n

mu m
. .

m
u u t A ng n a ga ar a l tn g t
a ay o sa h a ra p

m mu
p p il san d s be fo re is te r
s

h
T e a .

t
n a ng O t l} ang
ll a es t
ro ( p)
S

fi u
q
. .

A ng a nga h a l ig e n a n g a in g b a

M
T e p ill a r so f y h o se a re pr igh t .

n atat t id

u u
a a o or a

m
y y .

Pl a c e t ho se i a ge s pr igh t . Yt avo o iy an g a ga l a r a an.

mm
ta t e s o f te s bj e c t t

u
U n c o n tr o ll a bl e p a ssio n a l s a re ge n e r a lly co n j g
a

u
by a .

M
be sa d . al b ay .

g l a d . a lo go d , a t
o a .

a n gry . a galit .

as h a ed .

a fr a id

u
.

as to n ish e d

h
.

t e rr ifi e d .

h
h n g ry

MM
m
.

th ir st

u
h
y .

sl e e py t be sl e e p

m u u
o a

u u h huu
.
,

uu u u
r e ga r d s o th e r in tr a n sit ive a c t io n s o f te s bj e c t w h ic h a r e o r e

h
As
or l e ss c o n t r o ll a bl e a s t o l a gh t o weep e t c , t e ir b e in g c o n sc io sly o r , ,
.
,

ncons c io s ly p e rfo r e d sho l d be t a ke n in t o a c c o n t in a ppl y in g te

m u u m
u u
pr o p e r c o n j ga tin g p a rtic l e .

A c t io n so fa d e s tr c t ive c a r a c t e r wh e n te y a r e f o r tit o so r a c c id e n ta l

m
,

a n d n o tc a s e d by te d e l ib e r a t e a c to f a c o n s c io s a ge n t o r wh e n re

M
,

fe r e n c e is a d e t a c ta l s t t e o fd e st r c t io n t
a ke

uu
o an a a
,
.

u
T o be c o e d e s tr o y e d , t o be des t ro y e d . a ir a
s .

T o gr o w d r y , f ad ed ; t o be d r ie d
o to f
p a ty o

u m
d ec a y
.

T o br e a k o f f t b br k ab a a g s

m
o e o e n

h
.

h
.
,

h
T o be c l e f t a ba l i

u
. .

T o b e p a rt e d , t o b e d iv id e d , to be c t

m
t

m
f
f
1 a 1a go t ap a 1r .

uuuu m
,
o

u
.

To tt
o bec o ro tte n t
o b e p tr id a b o lo c .

m m mu
ro , e ,
.

m
He re t te n a t r e o f te d e st r o y in g a ge n t a y d e t e r in e w h ic

m
oo , ,

c o n j ga t in g p a rt ic l e o ght t
o be e pl o y e d Fo r in st s “
on o g, b r n in g ;”

m
a n ce :

u u
.

ifwh a t c a s e sb r n i n g i s a p e r s
on s é a o g ; ifitis s i n a n i a t e th in g ,

uu fi
a o e

h
,

m
’

mm
a o n o g.

l ik e w ise b e in t th isc o n j t io n t
o e xp r e ss

mm
ro d ce d in

m
aga , na g , ay

h
a a ga .

lt
it

uu
de

fiu
u
h
.

m
y p erso n s a re d y in g o r de a d r i f t
ay

m
u m
an a a a ng n a i ga n a

u
. a a .

o fth e t ta y

u
A ll ( l it d ) w i ll b s d S il an g la al l b ay

m u
a e e a a na g

hmu
. .

m m
If stre ss is l a id p o n te in vo l n t a r in e ss o f so e tr a n s it io n o fs ta te

u
t t

u
go i n g n sl w pr s
s o f s
si i l t i n b a s bj b X s
ss d
y
o e o o c e a a o ec e e r e
, a
y p e

by a 7 1a ,
.

Yo r s iste r is gro w in g a d Na lo l a n g c a p a t
id o n g ba b ay e . .

S e w ill b e c o e a s t t te re r a ga a r il s
g iy a . .
h
u
m
h h
m ummm h
umm
1 33

hh
A ls o f o r te s ake o f br ie f n e ss, r o o t sd e n o tin g so e st a te o fde str c t io n a y
be s e d a l o n e , a n d , ge n e r a lly , a n y a c t a l s t a t e wh ic h a y b e ga t e r e d f ro

h mmuumu
te c o n te x t fr t t wh i h is f st xpr ss d i

u
,
o r o e r o o ,
o r c a n i e ,
c a n b e e e e n
te
fi
sa e w ay .

u
T e s isp t r id a l re a d y Bo l o c n a a n g isd a

M
. .

T e d o g is d e a d . Pa t ay a n g aso .

w o rk is fi n ish e d T a p sn a a n g ga a

um
T

M
e

H
. .

T le tt e r is r e a d y Y a ri n a a n g s l a t

h
e . .

m
t

H
JV
I a ca and n a ca a re s
o e ti s se d f
e or a and 7 1a , o wh ic h p a rtic l e s
th e y r espe c t ive ly l sin a n y r e sp e c t s

u
a re a n a o go .

u
h
N a e a li o ts

m
f o rgo t iy a

m m
e . .

e is pr ig t( s N aeat

m m
t a n d in g ) ay o s iy a

u u
h
. .

at

m
e s

m
Na c a p o

u u
h
. .

m
O
u u
h
f c o rse a c t sve rb a l ize d by a d o n o tad it o fp a ssive f o r b tth e y

uhm h u
, ,

a y b e c o n j ga t e d i n te i n s t r e n t a l o r l o c a l ve rb a l e a se s sinc e a n y

u
,

o cc rr e n c e h o w e v e r in t ra n s it ive it a y b e c a n h a v e a r e a s o n a n in str e n t

um uu
, , , ,

a ti e o r a pl a c e by wh ic h o r wh e re it t a k e sp l a c e Ca is te p a rt ic l e se d .

fo r th o s e fo r so fc o n j ga t io n wh a t a s b ee n sa id in te e ight e e n th l e sso n ,

a bo t te pl pe rfe c t a n d f t re p e rfe c t t e n se sin te a c t ive vo ic e h o l d in g ,

g o o d fo r th e se o th e r f o r s .

I NST R U E NT AL PA SSI V E .

mm
R OO T .

D y in g t
o d ie ,
. a t ay ,
a a t ay .

m m
In initf

m
iv e

fim
.

fr o w i th f tso
To
j
d ie o or a e
t

h
, , ,
Yca a 1i V
sp e c 1 c t
1 e .
.

m
m m
Present init
indef e t
ens

m
u u m
u
e

u
.

I th o
,
e et
c we ,
.
, y o ,
th e y d ie t
e c. Y q in a a a t
ay co ,
o, n iy a a t in ,

h
f ro e t
c . na l n, n in y e, 11 1 111.

m m
Presentp f t d sti d fi it t s s

m mm
u
er e c a n p a n e n e en e

u u
.

I th o e e c t . we , yo th e y d ie d Y q in a a t
ay co ,
o n i va na t
in ,

h
, , , ,

h
et t h a ve et

h h
c fr o . e c.; dl ed c f ro . . na in, n 1n y 6 , n il é .

m m
T lap er ftt s

m u
n
ec

m
e e

u u
.

I te n t we t q ty

u
e e c. y o t ey ad e c Y in a a a co o na ; i1 a 11
i

hmu mm
.
, , , , , ,

h
d ie d fr o et
c . na t
in ,
na in, n in y o , n ilé .

mm
F tre inde init
e f t
ense .

‘
I te n e e t
,
c we ,
.
, y o ,
th e y sh a ll Yc a a a t
ay 00 , o ,
ni ya ,
na t
in ,
11 11

et
c W l ll e t
. c d 1e fro t
e c. in , n in y o , ni al
i.
 M
u
u
1 34

I te n hhum m
mm m e e c t we
F

th e y sh a ll e t
tre p e r e c ftt
e nse

Yc a a
.

t
ay
‘
n iy a

h
o na ; na

h
, ,
.
, y e . a co o .

W l ll e t
, ,

c . a ve d ie d f ro etc . n atin , na in , n in y O , i.
ni a l

mu mum mm m
hu uu h m h
Die (th o ) le t i t te Yea at ya t
s d ie ay
‘ ni in in ,

u
e c. o na na

h
, , , , ,

f ro e te . n in y o , n il a1 .

m
st d e n t sh o
T ld j tin te t
in sr t l p a ssive te fo ll o w in g

uu
e con en a

u
ga e
in t

u
r a n sitive v e rb s .

ad c -
a ,
al g i . b
( y tr a d e ) .

a p il ay .

ab la g .

a b ingi .

L OC AL PA S S I V E .

R OO T .

D r o w n in g . Lo n e r .

I n init
f
iv e .

hu um m
‘t
T o b e d ro w n e d a t . Ca l o n o r a n .

Pres init
indef e t
ens

u
en e .

I th o
,
e et
c we , .
, y o ,
th e y ,
ise t
c . a re Q i n a l o lo n o r a n c o , o ,
na t
in
d ro w ne d a t

h
huh
. na in , n in y o, n il a .

m
ec ta n
Presentp erf d p astindef
init
e t
e nses

mu
.

te n t w e y o t ey w a s e t ya t

u
I, e e c. c .
Q in a l o n o r a n c o , o ni na in 11 a

‘
, ,

h uh
hum m
, , , ,

w e r e ; h a ve et
c b ee n d ro w n e d a t
. . i n , n in y o , n i a l .

ec t
Pl p erf tens

u
e .

I th o e et te y t Q in a l o n o ra n c o ya na

u
ad e c. ni

u
,
c we,
.
, y o ,
o na ; 11 a ,

b ee n d ro w n e d a t t

huh m m u
. in n a in n in y o , , ,
ni la .

F tre e t
inde init e nsf
e.

I th o u e et te v sh a ll e t
‘
t in

h h h
O a l o lo n o r a n n iy 1

h
,
c we y o ,
c .
, ,
. co ,
o ,
1
,
a ,
na

w ill e t
c be d r o w n e d a t

h
i n, nin o
y , l
n i a.

m
. .

S u
n
(I)
u . is w o r d a l s
is d ro w n e d
T o
in se ad t
e a n s.
o fsa y i n g
te
,
“
te
o c c id e n
S
t
n et
s s
te "
west f
o r na t
i ve s sav
‘ te
hH
Hu
h uh
H
umu h
h
u hhhh
u h
u
an d bl in d an d e b e c a se e is r in e d
is s
ad W y do e s e f e ign t o be

u
.
,

dea f ? e d o e s n o t f e ign t o b e de a f e is c e r t
a in ly d ea f W h e re d id

u
.
,

te f git iv e f a il t o b e d ro w n e d ? e f a il e d to be d r o w n e d in te r ive r .

o w is y o r fe a le c o s in ?
-
S e is t ir e d o ta n d f a in t e d a w a y . W y
d id th is fr it f a ll d o w n ? B ec a s e l if e i n te thr e e is b e i n g e xt in g is he d
 1 37

HH

M
T l R T IET LE S S O N .

YCA T L O N G PO U O N G PA G A R A L .

mm h
m mhh
mu
h m m
uu u x il ia ry ve rb sn o te x ist
TH E

in g in T a ga l o g te p a r t
PA RTICI PL E .

huh
Tr e a ic ipl e e ith e r p re s e nt

mu

M
, ,

or p a st c a n n o t as s e a n i n va r ia bl e fo r a s i n E n gl is h whe r e itis c o

m m
, ,

t to te t e n s f t t

h
x l ry b th wh h s

m
l n e and d i i v w i i i i
p e e a r
y o o o e a e r c

m m
a

u
A d itt in g h o w e ve r te e x is te n c e o fs c h a p a rto f sp ee c h in

h
as s o c ia t e d

m u
.
,

Ta ga l o g it a y b e sa id th a t th e r e a re a s a n y p a rt ic ip l e s a s th e r e a r e

m
u
,

te n se so fte ve rb ( te i pe r a t ive e xc e pt e d ) in a ll it s f o r so fc o n j ga t

uu
io n a n d th a t its ffi c e s t t

h h h
a ke a n g o r s e de o ns r a t ive pro n o n pre c e d e

m
o o

u
,

t t t

h h hh h
t e ns e of a ve rb o fo r e pr o p e r p a rt ic i pl e c o rr e s p d i s h rb

m
an
y o n n g o c v e

mu
,

a n d te n s e o r a p a rt ic ip ia l n o n o r a d j e c t ive e xpr e s
, sive o fte s a ac t io n e

a nd te n s e H e n c e a d j e c t iva l o r s b o r d in a te E n gl ish c l a se s c o n t a in in g a

mh
.
,

r e l a t ive pr o n o n a y b e e xpre sse d in T a ga l o g by th e se p a rt ic ip ia l o r a d

h
j e c t iv a l f o r s o f t e v e rb T e t e n se s o f t e a c t i ve v o ic e s e r v e t o f o r

h h
.

te a c t ive o r pr e se n t p a rt ic ipl e s a n d t o se o fte p a ssive vo ic e te p a ssive

h h

M
, ,

o r pa s t p a rt ic ipl e s in a ll te f o r s

m m u
.

h h hh
T o fa l l d o w n a olo g

m
. .

h
T e pl a c e o f f a ll in g (w ith o t a n y

m h
re fe re n ce t o ti e ) ; te e a n in g, ( te

m
Ang ca o lo ga n ; ang ca o lo gan .

hh
r a n ge w ith in wh ic h a n y e xpre ssi o n

h
e st

u
o an e nd )

mm
co .

h
T e pl a c e wh e r e s o e t i n g w ill f a ll . Ang ca o o l o ga n .

h h
T e pl a c e wh e r e s e th in g as f al
q

u h
o
Ang in a o l o ga n
le n
.

u
h
.

h uh
h h h
T e per s o n o n wh o s o e th in g f e ll
Ang l

h
na o o ga n .
a c c id e n t a lly .

h t te gro n d

uH
T o da s ol o g

u
o . ag .

T e th in g d a s hed t te gr o n d

m
o
A n g y olo g

m uh H
(i fi i t i i d fi i t )
.

m m
n n ve o r n e n e

u
.

T e t in g t o be d a s he d t o te gr o n d A n g y o olo g

u u m
uu
. .

h
W h a t w a sd a sh e d t te gr o n d A n g y in é lo g , o r , y n a olo g

fi
o . .

T o b e f a ll , t o de s cen d po n olo g

m
. .

é lo g a n g c a r n s a nga

u
ng g a n a

u
p o n te t t f
u
W isd o de s
c e n de d Apo sl e s a l a ga d ni es c r is a nga

m
o , o r,

u
.

a p os to les

um
u
q
.

h
o ol o g and s its t in g

m
Dise a se be fa ll s o r bo d y
ng a a a

ca t a o an
.

m m
.

h
R e a in d e r s r pl s T ir a

mm
. .
,

T o l e a ve o f f (so e th in g ) t l e a ve t

m
o

u
,
ag ira
s e th in g be h in d
.

o .

T o re a in s o e wh e r e tin g o ters
le t
p ro c e e d t o s
,
e p a ra t e o n e s se lf f ro
’
T ira .

te c o p a n y .

“
(1) A la y e d o r a la ga r , d is
c i p le
 M
M
h
m m 1 38

mmm u
T o b e l e f tb e h in d t o be l e f t r e a in

m m
in g a ts o e pl a c e
,
a t ir a .

m
u
t a t a s b e e n l e ft b e h in d a s a
.

Ang yt

mm
in ir a

h
a in d e r
.

re

m
u
.

T o Wr it e , t a k e r e a d a bl e c h a r a c t e r s T itic , a gtit ic

u mm
o

uu
. .

T o w r it e , t i la t

h m
o in f o r by wr it in g . S t .

T o b e l ie ve in , t s, t t

u
h h
o pr o f e s S l

‘
o vo w a p a a a
.
y a

h
To o bey S no d

u u
. .

s ck t te S o so

M
h h
To o draw ilk fr o

u u
,

h
br e a st

u
um h u
m u u
.

T o n rs e to f e e d te s c k l in g

u
.
,

T e wet n rs e te t e a t o r d g c o n A n sisi a a n s s h n

u
a
, ,

sid e r e d a s te fe ed in g pl a c e g g .
, .

T e ilk te f e e d in g s b s
,
t a n c e te ,

d g or t id e r e d a s t o te f o o d

hh m
ea t co n s An g s s in

m u
.

d r a w n fr o it .

T o r e p o rt t o t e ll ,
. a gs a l it a .

R e p o rte d t o l d (w ith o t a n y r e fe r S a lit

,
.

in
ence t

h
ti e ) .

m
o

m
.

T e r ep o rt i n g p e r s on r e p o rt e r A n g n a gs as a lit a

u
. .
,

a l it

h
T e per s o n w o r e p o rt e d A n g n a gs .a .

w il l r e p o rt Ang a gs as a lit a . .

wo ld A ng ag s as a l it a d isi .

\V a tw a s r e p o r t in a l it in a l i t

h h
ed A ng s a a ng ys a

m
. .
,

T e tale t o be r e p o rt e d Ang s as a l it in a n g y s as a lit i

m
z

m
.
,

humm
T e t a l e th a t isr e po rt e d A ng s in a s . a l it a ang ys in a s a l it a ,
.

T e p er s on r e p o rte d t o ( in fi n it i ve o r
a l it

m
A n g p a gs
.

a an
no s p e c ifi c t i e) .
.

T e pe rs on t o wh o s o et h in g a s A n in a sa lit a
b e e n r e po r t ed .
g p g a n .

on t

h
T e p e rs wh o so e th in g w ill A n a sa sa lit

m
o

m u
g p g a an
b e r e p o rt e d

h
.

a gb al o t

h h
T o wr a p p

u
. .

l Vr a p p e d ( w ith t r f r t B a lo t

m
p o e e e n c e o

mu
in
.

h h
t i e a n ne r o r pl a c e ) .

u
.
,

uh
T e th in g wh ic h isb e in g wr ap p e d p A n g b in a b al o t

u
. .

Th a t wh ic h a sb e e n wr a pp e d p A n g b i n alo t

m
. .

tr e n t by wh ic so e t

h
T e in s h in g A n b ab zilo t

m
w ill b e wr a pp e d p g y .

m
.

T e b n d l e o r te th in g t

h
o b e wr a p

t t t

h
o ve r i n g

u
d i ( i d i A b l

m
p e n e c n e e r n g a o a n

mu
. .
,

at

h
e)

u
.

h
T e c o ve r in g wh ic h s e r ve d for s

H
A n g p in a gb a l t
o e

m u
t an

u u
h in g wh ic h w a s wr a pp e d p .

u u
.

h h
T e d es tr c t io n o fS o d o is wr itt e n A n g p a gc a sira n a n g So d o a i n a t i

m
in te H o ly S c r ipt r e tic t ic sa S a n t o n g S li la t

m u
. .

tw a swr it A n g p a gd a t t

u h
T e c o in g o f l e s sChr is in g n i Je s c r is 0 1 naca

u
u
b

te n in te o ly S c r ipt r e s l a t sa S a n t o n g S li la t

u m
. .

W r it e o n th a t p a p e r S la t an o iy an g p a p e l

m u
. .

Th is is te p a p e r f i t wr it e Y t on g p a p e l n a ang s iy an g s s

mm
or o

u
h h
po n l a t a n n iy a

H u uu
. .

O n wh a t p a p e r d id y o wr it e te (zA n c) b a ga an g sin l a t a n o n a n g
'

u m m u
ve r s es a nga t l a?
?
‘

m
h e r gA n c) a n g s s l at

uu
W h a t w ill b e wr itt e n by y o r f a t

mhmh
in n a n g a a o s

m
a
t iy on g c a p a t

u
o y o r br o th e r ? id n a l a l a q i ?

m u
e a sa lr e a d y wr itt e n t o i t o co e Ys in li l a tn a n iy a s a c a n iy a n a
p ar ito
h e r e i n e d ia t el
y . s iy a p ga d a c a .

L et th e w rite w ith th isp e n Y s l a t n il a it on g pl

fi
. a .

L e tth isb e te p e n w ith wh ic h te Y t on g p l a n g it o a n g y s l a tn il a

p ra y e r b e w rit te n by t he n a n g p a n a l a gin . .
 hhm
h
uhh h
h h
um
umh
h h 140

h Hhm h
mu mh
u
h
u
tn e w s f ro a b ro a d ? Pe a c e a s n o ty e tb e e

h
d W a de W o

m m
goo a

h
. .

h h h
r e p o rt e d t a t t

h
p a p e rs s s D t s t w t p p s

m m
? T

u
o
y o e a
y o. o y o r a a e r

h
sa y ? W h a t te p a pe r s s a y is n o ta l w a y s t r e W a t w ill y o te ll y o r
I
u u
.

h
t t t t

H H
d s ? w i ll ll i i T w did bl k s i p t

m
g r a n o n e n o n g o o e a c r e o r

u uu u
m h hh h h
e re p o rt e d itt t W t t

H
t a t ne w s? b s try

m
o y r o e r
’
c o n e n a is e

u u u
.

h
a n w r a pp in g in t a tp a p e r It is so e stff s e is w ra pp in g p

h m h
wo

m h
h
. .

h
o wr a p te s

h
W a t t in g is t er t

H
be se d by t ff p ? S e se s p a pe r

m
o

hmm
to w ra p it p W a t d o y o sa y ? Do n o tk ill ic e w ith a g n k ill

m u
.
,

th e a ll w ith p o iso n ow a n y w il d b o a rs w ill te n a t ive k i ll ?

u
. e

w il k ll
l
.
i a n y ,f o r e i c le
s v e r
. W a t d e s k ll t e wit
o e i ? e k ill s
th e w ith a sp e a r W e re did e k ill th o se se ve n e bro ght te o th e r
.

da y ? e k i ll e d t h e in te f o re st W h a ts a ll yo do w it t a tsw o rd ?
.

I s a ll k ill y ene y w i t i t.
 1 41

T H IR T Y FIR S T LE S S O N

H
.

YCA T LO N G PO U O , T , IS A N G PA G A R A L .

h h h h
m hh
T E PA S S I V E PA RTICI PL E

mum h m
.

h
h
mhm
hh
u
c ia l

uhu m
u h h
m
T

u
h
u
h
e t d y in g
s
ea n l n g i

u
p a rt e d t o
o f te p a ssive p a r t ic l e i n
itby te p a rt ic l e w ith wh ic
fo r s a nd te sp e
itis co p o s ed
a ll it
s

h
is o fgre a t i p o r t a n c e in o rd e r t n d e rs t a n d te o std iffic lt tin g

m
o

u
in te T a ga l og l a n g a ge t h a to fde t in in g w ic h o fte va r io spas

h
sive

m
er

u
,

fo r s o fte ve rb s o l d b e se d a n d f

h h
o r wh a t p rp o s

m
e

m u
.
,

ly sa id t a k in g by te a rt ic le

h
T e p a r t ic ipl e s a s a s b e e n pr e v io s

u m
, , ,

h
wh ic h p re c ed e s te te c h a ra c te r o fve rb a l n o n s e xpr e ssiv e o fa ll te

m
m u
h m
,

tens e s o f te ve rb itfo ll o w s th a tth e re stb e a p a s siv e p a rt ic iple o r

m
hu m m
,

p a rt ic ip a i n o n in d e te r in a te in t i e c o r re s p o n d in g t o te in fi n it ive in
te p a ssive No w in p r i it ive ve rb s te r o o t w ith o ta n y p a rt ic l e

h m
.
,

s eti es s t e xpr e sste ns wh e n te l a t t e r is o th e rw is de t er

m
ed in e d

u
o o e e

hh h
,

by so e a d ve rb o f t ily ga te r e d fr o te c o n te xt

m
i e o r c a n be e a s .

u
hh h
W td o s
a ? A o s b i ?

fi
a y o y g n a n g a o .

m
5 A o si s b i ? d s b
tis be in g said by y o ? g { n n g a

u
n n n a o a a
W
a g a

h
.

h
a
( o g y
a é n ?

h
W a td id e sa y y e st

m
s b y

m
er d a y ? (; A n o a n g a i n i a c a a p o n ?

uh
.

A o s b i i l a b s ? ( b t
t )

m
W a tw ill te y say t g n n a n c a e e r
o o rr o w ? —
a g .

s as a b i in

hh m
.

h h
a rt c ipl e ; itis b e t

h
.
T e s
a y b e sa idew ith rae ga r d t e p a s
si v e p i
t h o we v e r t se itin te pr o p e r t e n se , if n o to th e r w ise d e t er in e d ,

m u
h
er o

u
ifs tr e ss isl a id o n te t i e

m
or,

h
.

IV a

uu
tis te c h il d d o in g? an g g in a ga zi n an g b a ta ?

h h
W h a t ( d e d o 9 w a t 1s te
‘ w k ‘

uu
Q
Y

h h h
An o in a i ?
.
,
an g cr z 1 va
1 1
d o n e by li i

m
. .

? 5
b
,

h h h h
W a t w il l t he y d o ? o i il é ?

u
3 A n a n g g g
a a o n n

h h h
Th is is w a tI d id Yt
,

m
o a n g g in a a c o

h m u
. .

u m mm
If te a c t io n is o n e o f a c q is itio n o r a s i il a t
s io n o n te p a r t

u
H
o f te a ge n t te in p a ssi ve p a rtic i pl e ge n e r a lly d e n o t e s te a c q is it io n ;

h
h hh h
,

t a tin y te in st r e n t if te a c t io n a d it s o f o n e o r te r e a so n

m m h
, ,

te p erso n f ro wh o so e t
,

fo r te e x e c t io n ; a n d t a tin a n h in g is

u u
h h
,

t t pl

u
h
g o o r e a c e

h
.
,

mh
hu
hm h
To s eek , t o lo o k f an a p , c it

u
or . a .

h
T e t in g t o g t , te

h
o be s th in g
S
u
‘ A ng a n a p in , a n g in an a p

h
w ic h a s b e e n so g t .

u
t
.

T e in s t f s e tin g t
?
r en or

m
o o
A n g y an a p
be s o g t
.

u
.

Do d o w it h w ic a sbe e n so ght A n g y in an a p . .

T e pl a c e o fs e e k in g A ng p a g a n a p a n
. .

T o t a ke , t o o bt a in , to ge t C o a . .
h
h m h h
hh h
u huh
hm
u m u
T in g t o be t a ke n tin g wh ic as
A 11 g c n in c o n t
r a c t io n
,
a n g ( 1 in o a

h
b ee n go t

h h
.

mm
a a n g iq
.

T e in s tr e n t Ang y c in o a

u
. o ,

w 11 0 111 o r te 11 l a c e A n c o n a n c o n t

h m
T e pe rs o n f ro
g ( r a c t10 n )

u
w e re fr o .

m
.

h h
T o eat C a

mm
. .

B at ing te f o o d w ic h

h
as be e n A n c a n c o n t

m
t

m
e a te n o
,
g ( r a c 1 o n ) a n g q 1 n a 1 n . .

m u m
A n g c a n an c a c a n an ( c o n t

h h h
T e pl a c e d in in g r o o r a c t io n s)

mh
- -

u
. .
, , ,

T o d r in k U in o

u u
. .

h
T e d r in k w h a t a s b ee n d r n k A n g in o in a n g in in o
’

u
. .
, ,

T e ve s se l te t bl e r A n g in o a n

mu um
.

h
.
,

h
To b y . R i li .

te th in g wh ic h

h
T e p rc h a s s

m
t

m
e, a
A n g b il in t io n ) b in il i

h
bee n bo ht ( c o n r ac ,
a ng .

g
'

h h
h wh ic h t
o n e y w it

h
T o b s

mh
e y o e

u
A n g y b ili

h
th in g .

m m
.

T e o ne y w ith wh ic so e th in g

M
b o ght o r te p e rso n f

h
a s be e n or A n g y b in il i

u m
.

w o

u u
.

A n g b il an , a n g b i n il an (c o n t
r act

h
T e pe r s o n f ro w o . io n s)
T o re ac h f o r te s bjec t U a b o t N o t e te d iff e re n c e in a o

u
. .

T o o ve rr n , t o o v ert a ke U ab o t c e n ta t io n

mmm
.

Th in g t o be r e a c h e d , a n d wh ic h a s

M
H

M
t in a b o t

um
u m mm
Ang bin

h
a ang
b e en re a c h e d ,
.

muu u u
.

M
ab o t

hmh h
T e pe r s on o ve rt a k e n A ng an

u
q
. .

T o gr a s p C i i

mm fi
g q q q q
. .

h
Th in g gr a sp e d , t h a t wh ic h w a sgr asp e d An i i in , in i i

fi
an g

mmm
.

T o as k f i gi

m
or

umm m fi
. .

W h a ta sk e d f o r , wh a t w a sa s ked f A n g h ingi n (c o n tr a c t
io n ) , i n i gi

m
or an g

m m u
. .

T e p e rs o n fr o who Ang i gan

hmm umm
. .

To s n a tc h , t o pr a y 0 11 C a ca

h
.

h
.

Snat

M
c hed , b een s natc ed A ng ca ca in , a n g in a ca

u hH
. .

Pe rs o n fr o w o

mm
Ang ca ca an
g yq
. .

W it h wh a t . Ang yca ca ,
an i na ca .

In b swh ic h go ve r n t
ve r w o o bj e c tsa st o se o fgiv in g sa y i n g e t c in is

H
.
, ,

t
,

g e n e r a lly r e pl a c e d by y e l a t
t er e xp re s
sin g te d i r e c tc o pl e
, e n t or

a cc s a t i ve : a n te 1 n d 1 rc c to r d a t

h
l ve

hh h
.
,

AT D ON E PE R SO N O

u
W IS O R WAS . TO W .

Ang b ig l a n
-

T o give b igay Ang vb in igziy

.

ag
b in ig i a n
. .

at o la n
in at
at
3
”
To a d vi e . s ol A ng ol
.

in a t
ag . v
o la n

h
sin a b
To s s
ag abl .
3 ip
i l b s
r
ay , p i n a g a l an.
i s
n ag a b i.

fi
To t e ll . s
a g a li t
a .

3 ls t l
‘
yp 1 n a g a i a .

T o give b a ck s
a g a o l i. y sin a o li

t
. .

lo l s tv t
Z j
e

l nlzie ggif a gb iy a y a i b i i b i a
’

m
yp n a g y ya a n a n
' p a g y ya .

t
i t t t
o an
a gb a l i a .
n V p i n a gb a l i a .
p i n a gb a l i a an .

U ar a l a ra a n l

m
.

um
To se ll . ag b il i .

ho w
To s ,
t
o p o in t3
t r
c t .
a
g o o .

To re c o e nd i n a b il in a n
.

p g .
h
hu h
hm
uh uu u u
mm
m
m m
um
M
M 1 44
a t
a ziy

M
.

T e p e rso n a ff e c t
ed by te e ve n t . A ng ata dn j an g
y na t
a a y an .

T e p la c e A ng ca a t a y an

h
q
. .

T e ca s
e o fd e a th or te t i e. Ang y c a a ta y a n g , y in a a t
ay .

hh m u uhm u
B tif te ac t
io n is no tfo rt ito s, ca ho
s ld be s
ed .

T e pe r s
u
T o b e gl a d

uu
u
o n o r th in g

wh ic h o n e is gl a d
.

o ve r wh o or
Ang
a to a.

t a a n a n g qin a t
ca o o aa n
,
.

g yq
.

T e re as on A ng t
o i n t
o

h
y c a a a n a a

h h h
. .
,

m
F o rw a r d s a n d t o w a r d s ve rb s o f o t io n t a k e
, y, y s e o r te
f r e a so n ,
an d

f te p e r so n

m
an or

h m h um
.

T o c o e (h e r e ) . . Pa r it
o .

T e pe r so n o bj e c t o fte v is it . o a n , a n g p in a r it
A n g p a r it o an .

T e rea s o n o r ti e . A ng
T o go th e r e ( d ist a n t pl a c e ). r
Pa do n .

T e pe r so n wh o to se e o r te p la c e A n g p a ro o n a n

h h
q
. .

T e re a son . A ng y in a p a r oo n , a n g y p in a p a r oo n .

hm
Y or
y e a w ith in t r a n sit i ve ve rb s a lso i n d ic a t e s t
i e.

mu
T o re pe n t

u
.

T e ti e or te r e a so n . A n g y p in a gsisi .

T o sl e e p . at o lo g .

q
in a t

h h h h
T e ti e or ca s
e . Ang i olo g .

h h h m Hh
m
u
hh u
THI RT Y FI R S T E X E RCI S E

h
h Hh h
.

u m
o r te s o r it in te r o o

M
h
W e r e sh a ll I l o o k f h irt ? L o o k f

h
W ith w a t

m u
.

is itt S e e k itw i th th isl ight

h
o be s o ght ? W h a t h a ve y o t a k e n ? I to o k

u u u
.

te b o o k fr o Jo h n \V y d o e s te c h il d r e f se t o eat

h h h
a n d d r in k ? as

h
e

u mu mm
u m
.

n o th in g t o e a to r d r i n k b e sid e s e a s n o pl a t e o r t bl e r \V a t

h
and

u uu m m
. .
.

a s e b o ght ? a s b o ght a fl o w e r fr o H a ve y o te wh e r e

HH
e Ja n e

m u u
.

w ith a l t No I h a ve n o tte wh e r e w ith a l t o b y it W

mh h h
o b y a ho s e? y

u u u
.
,

no t

hh h
do y o as k fr o y o r n c l e ? I c a n n o t I sn a tc h e d fr o i th is o n e y

m u u u
.
,

\V a tis te a d vic e gi ve n by y o t I a d vise d i (t i ) t

h h h
o yo r s on ?

H mm
o o

u
w

m
t t

h
g iv e b c k e o n e y i s n c l W h t d i d y o r f th e r pr e s e n t o w i th ?

m
a o e a a y

m u m
m
.

e pr e s e n te d e w ith a w a t c h W h a t a sb e e n a n n o n c e d by y o t o yo r

m m m
.

fr ie n d ? I r e p o rt e d t te d e a th o f is si ste r W h a t ispo in t e d o tby

h h
i

m
o

u m
.

th a t b o y ? p o in t s o tth a t tr e e T o wh o a s e reco e n d e d te

H
fi
m
e

u m
u
.

e n d e d i tt o te pr ie s

h
is s io n o f iss e r va n t ? a s re c o t W hat

H
co

m
e .

tre y o c o o k in g ? It is so e s th a tis b e i n g c o o k e d by e Fo r wh o

m mu m
u m m
.

h
c o o k it I c o o k itf

h
do yo ? br th r W i ll l s fry s b na

m
or y o y o a o o e a

u
e

u u m u
.

n as f

h
er ? I h a ve n o t i e f o r s e is w a s h in g y l in e n W h a t d o e s

m
or

u u u
.
,

th a t sa il o r in te n d t o r e a c h r n n in g s o ch ? e in t e n d st o r e a c h th a t d o g

m u m
.

h h
p st

h h
W y d o e s Pe t e r j p so ch ? e j o re a c h s e fr it Fo r wh o

H
o

m
u m
.

h h h
d id y o p st ir s It s br th r f wh I w t p s t i r s B

H
? w

m
g o a a y o e o r o e n a y

m
.

h
o te fr o n t

h h
w ic h st a ir c a se did y o c a e d o w n ? B y th a t wh ic h l e a d s t

h m mu mh h
doo r W ho a r e yo r s is te r s a fr a id o f? Th e y fe a r te d e a d L e tth e

u m
. .

fe a r G o d a n d l etth e n o ta ll o w th e se l ve s t

h
o b e fr ight e n e d by gh o s ts

m H m m
.

a s te t

uh
W ho n e i hb o r b pr f by h s t r as

H
g e e n d e i v e d o d e a ? i o e

m u m m
d ie d (t o r n s te d e a th o f is

m h
i ) ( e o th e r ) W h e n d id s e d ie ?

m
o

m m
.

S e d ie d te fir s t d a y o f a r c h \V a td id s e d ie fr o ? S e w a s

mu
O
u
.

d ro w n e d . ve r wh o do yo r e j o ic e ? I r e j o ic e o ve r y c il d re n W h o .

w ill y o r re l a t io n c o e f or? e w i ll c o e for y si s t e r t o b e h o l d te

pro c e ssio n W y did y c o sin c o e h e re ?

. e ca e h e re t o p ya is
d ebt s W ho . a re y o g o in g t o v i s it ? I a g o i n g to v i s it t e p r ie st .
 M
145

T H IR T Y S E CO N D LE S S O N .

YCA T L O N G PO U O , T , DA LA U A N G PA G A R A L .

THE E ANING A N DU S E O F THE V A RI O US K IN DS F O PA S S I V E

hh
m
u hh hmu h m hm
I N PA S S I VE

hh
.

u
u m
T te pr o p e r se o f te d if
e a n in g and fe r e n tp a s si ve f o r s o f
‘

m
e

u m u
te ve rb is o f te gre a t est i p o rt a n c e in o r d e r t e r a n d to r o gl

h
as t

m
o

m
y
n d e rs t a n d te l a n g a ge

m u u
.

I n is te t r e p a ssive t t ac t ive ve rb sw e n te

h
be se d w ith os

m
,
o ,

d ir e c t o bj e c to r n e c e s pl e e n t is sp e c ifi c a lly e xpr e sse d in te se n

h
sa ry c o

m mu
te n c e a n d n o in d ir e c t o bj e c t o r c ir c st a n c e o fp l a c e in str e n t r e a so n

m m
, , ,

o r ti e as t o te a c t io n is a d d e d

mm uhh u
.

A s th e r e a r e s a c t ive ve rb s wh ic h f o r v a r io s r e a s o n s do no t

m
o e , ,

ad ito fi n p a s i ve a n d 0 11 te o th e r h a n d s
s o ,
e in t ra n s it ive o n e s wh ic h ,

ad it o f it te f o ll o w in g ge n e r a l r l e s a re g ive n a s t o th is i p o rt a n t

u
,

a tt e r .

I n pas s i ve is s ed in ve rb s d e n o t i n g a c t
s o fa ppr o p ria t io n e ith e r o ,

te p a rt o f te s bj ec t

m
ra l o r a t e r ia l on ,
.

mm mm
.

m
um
u u u
VE R B S I PA R T I C I PL E S

m
umm
. PA SS V E

m u
Da g it ag it

m h
T o c a rry a w a y by b i r d so fpr e y D ag it

H
in d i n

mm
u
. . .
,

T o d e sp o il , t

h
o p i ll a ge

u
S s Sa s in s in a s

mm
. a an . a a .

e, t
,

T o cho o s o s e lec t P il i , il i Piliin , p i n il i.

m
a

m
. .

To s co op, t o t a ke o t so e th in g
D oc o t Do c o t
in d i n oco t
fro ho l e
a
,

m
.

T o b o rro w s th in g ( t ira in , ir i n , (c o n t
)

mfi
m
o e . no

h
.

hh
o ne y

H
) in ir a

u
. .

To p ray f or, t o c r a ve
'

Din a l a gin

u
. .

T o i pl o r e . Din ay in g .

To s w a llo w , t o d e vo r . L a o n in , l i n a o n .

To s ck Pin a n g é s

u
u u
—
. .

T o abs o rb itit in , in itit

m u
. .

h
To s ip i n igo p , igo p in

h
H hh
. .

T o c a ll for . T a a g in , t in a a g .

T o no d f or . Ca a y in .

o r, t

h
T o go f o s end f s

u
or o e
S o n gd o in , s
in o ngd o
bo dy .

u u
h
.

T o lo o k a f te r, t o s e a rc or t
f o ,
al i ao in , in a li ao .
e a rc h
s a bo t

mm
q

m
.

m
T o lo o k a bo tf
or . S a lic s
i in , s in a lic sic .

T o gr o p e f or . Y n ap o a p .

T o re c e ive , t o ac c e p t of T a n ga p in , t
.

. 1n a n ga p .

T o go f o r t t o e e tso e
S a lo b o n g s a lo b o n g.
bo d y .
,
M
t
oo l

W
h
h
h
To
e

m
u
h
wk
s

u
h
T e dif

hed
be a st s
K
h
gi gg
a

a
fi

m
m
m
m
m
fifi
h
h
f

i
m
h
e rvin g t
s
in d ic a t
e
m
T e f o wl h a wke d

hhh umuu
fi
T o h n t by a d o g
T e ga e t a k e n
F ish in g ro d
t
F ish in g n e t
h
m
o t
h
m

a
m
u
e re n t a n n e rs o fge t
a ke

te tin g
t
ra p t

.
o cat

s b e en
c
tin g a t s

.
o

b o ar s o r
been
e tin g, o r te in s

ca

L a ba t
.

ca
.
gh tby
g

g
t
o

h
r

tt
h e
e n to r
h o l d ofso e th in g, ge n e ra l ly a d it o fi n p a ssive t
ta tt

r e
o

h e re by

by
a s
n a re

.
wi dl
o
.
146

f
j
Bat

A ng b
in g

Pa ga t

Pa ga s
Ang

A ng s
i

fi
A n g p i n a ga t
o,

as

in n c
o
.

a ga s

, p
i n
.

a ga s
a

i , n acat

o
f
tg

.
.

.
.

m
-
. .

F is e d w ith a ne t L in a b a t

h h h

M
. .

F ish in g h o o k B in it

h
-

u mu
. .

m
F ish th a t a s b ee n o o k e d A n g b in in it . .

m
Bro o U a lis p a f1 g a li s

u u h hHH
’

fi
. .
,

m
u u u
S w e e p in gs

m
. A n g i n i a lis n i a l1 s ,
.

u u fi
T e ac t s o f te ve se n se sin te ge n e r a l o r o d ifi e d se n se a d it o f
O

hm
in p a s sive t o e xpr e s ste d e fi n it e r e s lt o fs c h a c t s n ly t i gin t “
o see
”
.
, ,
“
t o l o o k at i
” n
a ge n e r a l s e t
en s i t i
“
to ta s t e a l iq o r a re o n ac c o n t o f , , ,

e ph o n y c o n j ga t e d i n te a n p a s
,
s o r te d i r e c t
i ve f o bj e c t .

V ER B S W A T A S B E E N D ON E
. .

To s ig t t o s e e fr o a fa r .

h
,

T o loo k as k ew .

T o be ho l d .

h
T o l o o k b a c kw a rd s .

T o he ar .

T o l is ten

m u
.

T o r e l is

h
.

To s a vo r .

T o fe e l , t

m m m
o to c .

T o s e ll .

hu m
To s c en t

m
m
.

mh h
A ct
s o fte in d or w ill ,
a lso ad it o fin p a ssive .

To th ink o f a g is ip
.
-
. Ang i si p .

u u
o re b r of
T e e a g a l a a la .
-
. in a a l a a l a .

T o w is U ib ig in ib ig

m
. .

T o v e r ify U o lo t si a in o l o t si a ‘

m u m
u
. . .
t

T o e xpl a in I a gs a lay s sin a l a y say

hh h uHHh
ay

m
. . .

T o co ns id e r t o c a lc l a t
e a gb l a y
,
. .
p i n a gb l a y .

T o l o ve . S in t a . s in i n t a .

T e es tee .L iy a g . l i n iy a g .

T o c a res s . U ir Og . i n ir o g .

I n ve rb s te a c t io n o f wh ic n e ce s sa rily po n a p e r so n te , in
p a ssive ge n e r a lly d e n o t e ste p e r s
.

fi h
on

u
.

m
V E R BS

h
. PE R SO N W O IS o n A S B EE N.

T o i n vit q it

m
e . A n g in a .

T o w ait f or . h in t ra c t
i n (c o n t io n ) .

m
T o as k ta n o gin
(t w

m
o o )

u
. .

T o pr eva il 0 11 . in a ro ga .

T o r e p ri a nd . sa l a in .

T o s cc o r , t o c a rr y an i n fa n t
s a c lo l d .
ln a r s ,
M
MM h
1 48

u m u
h
h h

M
m
A N I NG PR ONO U NS

u
E CON S T R U C T I ON

h
. .

q
I r e p te itt be in e Ynaa in c o

m
o

m m
. .

h
I r e p te d it th in e Y n iy o in c o

u
. .

H o l d ita sth in e Y y o in o

u u
. .

I w ill h o l d itt o be iso r h e r s C a n iy a Ca c a n iy a in c o

uu m
. .

Let i h o l d ita so r s A in A in i n n iy a

h
. . .

W e rep t e i ta s o rs A t in Y n a atin n a t

m
in

m m
. . .

I w ill h o l d ita s y o r s (pl r )

u m
Yn y o Y in y o in c o

m u
. . .

a k e itth e ir s Ca n ila Ca n ila in o

h
. . .

A d j e c t iv e s f o r ed w ith and h a v in g ttr ib t ive s

e ns be

u uu m
o. an a e av

M
H
co n str e d in te sa r

m
e anne .

h m m
t

hh
J st f a ir pr ight a r zi
p a

u
.

h
.
, ,

I o l d itt o be j st in a a r ap a tc o

m m m m
. .

Ba d
‘ sa a

m m m
. a .

w ill r e p t e th a t s ba d sa ni y a iy an

m u m
e a . a a aln . .

mm u
u u u
t in g a d e o r t
T e o be a de , or in t o wh ic h ist o b e tr a n sf o r e d so e
ra w or pr e p a r a to ry a t e r ia l ay be c o n j ga t e d by i n , te a tt e r a c t e d
p o n be in g p t in te n o i n a t ive cas e , if itis n o tc ir c sc r ib e d i n
e a n in g

u m u
.

u u
h m mm
I w ill a k e sh o e s o to ft h isl e a th e r Yt on g balat na it o i sa s
a p in i n co

H m
. .

a k e p a n t s a n d a pr o n s o to f th a t Y y an g s
a la a li n a tt a p i

m
cayo n g

u um
st ff . S In o .

W h a t is y o r f a th e r go in g t

u
a ke y

u
o g A n o n a
g g g a o in n a n g a a n i an g

mu u
o

o to f th a t l be r ? c a o y n a i an ? y

h h h
Ys b h y
an g a a a n g ga ga o

m
e isgo i n g t se o to fit
nIy a n l a ng
o a ke a ho
y
.

c ab o y
n a i any .

I a d e a w a lk in g st ic k o to fth a tlo g Y a on g c ab o n a y a 6 , i , t
y in o n gc o r c o

u u
h
—

h
. .

uu
If xpr e ssin g a c o n d it io n c a p a bl e o fbe in g a ssi il a t
e d by

m m
a no n e or ,

exte n ded t o te r s is o n j ga t e d i n t is k in d o f p a s si ve te s bj e c t s ’

um
o , ,
c ,

m
de sig n o fa c q ir in g s c h c o n d it io n is e xpr e s sed

mm u u
m
.
,

u Ca t
ot

m
a ke i yo r fr ie n d o in o siy a

m
. ,.

I c o n side r y o f a th e r

u
a sy y o a re ,
Ynaa a q it a

h
d f th r (st a n d a sf a th e r t e)
.

m m
y g o a e . o .

h
C o n sid e r e as a s st a n d a go d
q

mm u
on

u
Ana in a co
,

f a th e r t o .

h
o e .

h hh
So i n tr a n sit ive a c t io n s wh ic h a d it f a d e fi n it e
p rp o se f o r th e ir

m
e o

hhh
rfo b o n j ga t e d p ssi l y t e xpr e ss te o bj e c tt o w a r d

uu m
u
p e anc e a c v o
r
y e a e

w h ic h te a c t io n is d ir e c t e d

m
u u u
m
.

mm
T o fly te o bj e c t o fp r s it

u
L ip a d a n g lip a r in

m
. .
, ,

T o r n te t in g r n f or T ac b o ang t ac o in

u
. .
, ,

te t in g t a k in g h o l d o f) L a n o a n l d‘

m
To s wi

h h
f

uu
,
g y g l g o y l n

u u
by sw i i n g , .

h h h
.

fi
T o d ive th in g d ive d f S isid a n g s is irin

h h
,
or .
, ,

T o p e e p o t wh a t o r w o w a s p e r

um u
D

h h
a n g d in nga o
,

c e i ve d i n p e e p i n g o t
o ga o

m mm m
.
1

h h h
.

u
m hhm h h
T e s e n t e n c e s w ith th is k in g o fp a s s iv e a r e c o n s tr e d by p tt in g te

u u u u
a ge n t in te p o s s es sive c a s e a n d te o bj e c tin te n o in a t ive If te

m u u
.

s e n t e n c e i n c l d e ss o e in d i r e c t c o pl e e n t te c a se o fte l a tte r r e a in s ,

n c h a n ge d a n d te pr o p e r pr e p o s it io n sh o l d b e se d o r te v e r b isp t ,

in te o th e r c o rr e s p o n d in g p a ssive re q ir e d by te n a t re o fte in d ire c t

,

l n tw ith te l a t t i t i n at i d t d i t i t
co p e e e r n e n o ve a n e re c o n e n e
 h u u u
m
1 49

H h um m
um
m
B in il i it on g b ah a y q in g b in il i

h h
co a

Hh
I b o ght th is h o se
L

t
i on g b ah a y .
,

hh H m
Q cap a id
Yo r ( thy ) br o t
h e r e a t
s te b a n a n a
a n a ng o a ng SW

mh
e k ill e d i . Pin a t a y n iy a s iy a .

Pin a t

u
a y n iy a s iy a n a n g s s a n d a ta , a n
k ill e d i w ith te sw o rd g

u
sa n d a t a a n g y p in a t
e
a y , n iy a s a c a n iy a
.

in a n a p c o a n g s is in s a s il id , in a g
I so
ght te c ic k e n in te ro o .

a n a a n co an g s il id si s
p

h
p n a n g i

h
u
h
h
um umh
u h h u h
h
THI RT Y S EC ON D EX E RCI S E .

h
m H
m hu
p ill a ge te fr it s a n d te c l o th e s wh ic h y o r fa th e r

h
W y do

h
y o

m m u u
,

wo r e ? Th e se fr it sh a ve b e e n se l e c t ed by e in te ga r d e n a n d a s t o te

uh u u
h m
,

h
W h a t isy o r sist e r sc o o p in g ? S e is t a k in g o t

h
c l o th e s I b o rr o w e d th e

m m u
H m
.

te n e e d l e fr o a h o l e \V a td id y o c r a ve o fy o r o th e r ? I c r a ve d o f e r

h m
u
h
m
.

t e te

h
o gi ve o ney W h a t is th a t c h il d s c k in g ? e iss c k in g isb ro

u um
.

te r s s ga r c a n e H a ve y o c a ll e d te se r va n t ? I d id n o tc a ll i

h
I

H
’ -

u
mm m u
.
,

h
n o dd e d f f f

h
W ho I b rb r

h h
i

H
i

H
or a re
y o g o i n g o r ? a g o n g o r e a e

m m
. .

Did e se a r c h a b o t f o r te h a l o o ke d a b o t f it H a v e

h h
er ?

H
e or .

tt

h
t t

h h
r l tt r I r l tt r I
fi
y o e c e i v e d e e e ? e c e iv e d e e e a n d n o w a g o i n g o o

h
ee t fr i H r s tr pp th s b a rs Th es b a r sh a v e

fi
end a v A i n d e o ? e o
y . e e e c a a e e

be e n tr a pp e d by th e o w d id th is
. a n ge t at th e se b ir d s a n d th a t s ?
e h a wk e d te b ir d s a n d h o o k e d te s a s te sa il o r sight e d te

h m
m
.

d id n o tsight te s h ip A twh a t is te girl lo o k in g a sk e w ?

h h
sh ip ?

h
e

um m um u m
.

S e is n o tl o o k in g a s k e w a ta n yth in g s e is b e h o l d in g te pr o c e ssio n

h u u u
.
,

IV a td id th e y t a s t e ? Th e y t a st e d te w in e W h a t sh a ll w e sc e n t ?

m uh m mh
.

W e sh a ll sc e n t th o se fl o w e r s Do y o r e e b e r wh a t y o r f a th e r t o l d

hm
.

t D t

uhuhfi m h
h
y o ? I r e e b e r i b e c a se I l o v e i o y o l o v e o o y o r o

m mu u m m u
.

th e r ? Y e s in d e e d I l o ve e r Did s e c a r e ss e r c h il d ? S e d id n o t

u
h
. .
, ,

W o do y o in v it e ? I in v ite y fr ie n d Fo r wh o is s e w a it in g ? .

S e is w a it in g f or er h s b a n d W h o d o y o a sk ? I a sk te n e ighb o r

m
. .

W ho h a ve y o r e pr i a n d e d te o th e r d a y ? I r e pr i a n d ed y so n b e

u u u
,

ca s e e d id n o tc a rry is br o th e r in a r s W o a s de s tr o y e d (d o n e

uu u m m u
.

It w a sse t r e t W y (l id th e y n o t se tth e ir

h
a w a y w ith ) th ish o s

h h
e?

m
o

m u
.

b o o k s in o r d e r ? B e c a se th e y w e r e n se a e d Ca n y o c a r ry th islo g o n

u
mm m hh h
m
.

y o r sh o l d e r s? No b tI c a n d r a g ita l o n g W h o se is th a t r o sa ry y o

u u h uu
h u u
.
,

h h
c a rr l h w It s th r s W h t d rry b l ow
y i d i ’
a o n g a n g g n o n ? y o e a o y o c a e

m u
.

y o r a r p it ? It isa pr a y e r b o o k f or-
y c h i l d c annot w a lk a n d I c a rry

m
u u
,

i in y a r s W y d id y o c t t e br e a d a n d te a r y s t ff a lr e a d y c t

u
.

o t I d id n o td o th a t I d id e w te l o g a n d I fe ll e d te tr n k s o fb a n a n a

h h
?

u u
H u u u
,

tr ee s H a v e y o we igh e d te ir o n a n d e a s r e d te p a d d y ? I o n ly so n d e d

u u
h u m
. .

te w in e W y ! d o y o c o n sid e r th isb o o k a s in e ? I h o l d itt

hh
o b e th e ir s

u
. .

Do y o be l ie ve itt No I r e p t e it t Do y o h o l d a s

h
o be yo rs ? o be o rs

mu u
.
,

j st wh a t w a sd o n e b y y o r so n ? No I r e p t e itt

hH
o b e wr o n g W h a t is

m m m
m
.
,

e go in g t o do w ith th a t st o n e ? e is go in g t o a ke a c h rc h W y

u u
.

d o e s y o r fr ie n d c o n s id e r Pe t e r a s is fa th e r ? Be c a s e Pe t e r c o n sid e r s
i as iss on . W h a t is th a t k it e fly in g f or? It is fly in g f o r a c h ic k e n .

IV ill y o o v e rt a k e y o r e n e y ? I sh a ll o ve rt a k e i in sw i in g W ha t .

d o e s e d ive f or? e d ive s f o r a r in g .

 M
1 50

H IR T Y T H IR D LE S S O N T .

YCA T L O N G PO U O T T A T L O N G PA G A R A L , , .

TH E E A N I N G A N DU S E O F TH E VARI O US KI N DS F O PA S S I V E
( t
in u
.

ed )

h h h
co n

m h
Y PA SS I V E

m h
m m
.

m h m m
h
G e n e r a lly , te e pl o y in g o fte v e rb a l c a s si ve s is d e c id e d by te

h
e pas

u mu
i p a rt e d t te a c t io n by so e in d ir e c t c o pl e

hh h
sp e c ia l o d i fi c a t io n o

m
m m
t in g in te se n t e n c e Y p a ssive is, h o w e v e r , e sse n t ia l t

M
h
e n t e x is . o th o s e

e xp l s iv e a c t s wh e re by te s bj e c t l o s e s c o n tr o l o fs e th in g by iso w n

m
o

u
h
w ill , a n d t o th o s a cts i p o rt in g thr o w in g, so w in g , sc a tte r in g , sp ill in g ,

m
e

u
m u m u
co ix in g , a d d in g a n d pl a c in g, wh ic h d o n o tge n e r a lly a d it o fte i n

u u
p a ssive S o , t is is te tr e p a ssive f o r te v e r b s wh ic h , 0 11 no o th e r

M
.

a c c o n tth a n te n a t r e o fte a c t io n in it s si pl e s en s e , a re c o n j t e d
g a

hu hh
by e g, d iff e r e n tly fr o th o se c o n j ga t ed by wh ic h l tt r n r lly
,
a e ge e a

ta k e te i n p a s s iv e .

PA SS I V E PA R T I CI PL E S
VERBS W o be (in d e t
tt ) W t s been

uu
. a a a .

m
To s e ll . A n g y p a gb il i . A n g y p in a g b il i .

T o giv e , th
o r
a n d o ve .
yg a a r
yg i n a a r .

To s e e ai , t
ll by r t l o do
so e th l ttl by ttl
in g i e li e .

To thr w w y
o a a .

To s

u
ow

m
u
.

To s ca ett r

mu mh h
.

o a ga e , t
pr p t pr
To
abo t
o s ead
y q in al a t

m
T o e it t o s e n d f o r th
,
.

To s p ill .

h
To ix o ad d s o e
‘
u
a l" a lo
,

d iff e r e n t s b sta n c e t o .
g
I
y
To ad d

u
.

To ni e t

m
.

pl a c e .

o p t
t th in gs

h
To

h
e a 1,
t

u
a gp a o n g
in l a ye .

h hh h
o e xp o s s

u
To

m
e o e “

m
d

u
b i l d b i l b i i l
th in g t
o s ns h in e a
g a .
y a .
y n a r .

u mu um
u
.

u u u
In t io n s c a p a bl e o f b e in g e x ec t
ac ed f ar a n d a ga in st te s bj e c t o r
in a an al way d ist in c t io n sh o l d b e d r a wn a s t
, o te p e rf o r a n c e by

te s bj e c t o r by o th e r s f or
o bj e c t ive ly o r te o bj e t ive e f f
,
i an d as t o te a n a l a c tc o n s
, id e r e d
ec t o f s c h a c t po n o th e r th in s Th s
g : .
 muh m
u
1 52

hh h
u uh
h m m
u
Y , e a ning te inst
r en t
.

h
H h
t r e q ir in g te y p a ssi ve a d it s o fin st en t

h
Ifa n io n o fth o s
ac e r
an d te l a tt e r is e xpr e sse d in te se n t e n c e th is is ge n e r a lly d o n e i n

m h m

M
u
,

te r e g l a r w a y thr o gh te pr o p e r pr e p o sit io n .

u
Yt

h h
i n a p o n n iy a it on g b h a ngin
t w a w a y th issa n d w ith ( n ang

m uhhh
e re a oe.

h
p a n o c a
y

m
I s r ic e w ith te h a n d Ys in a s ab o g c o a n g a q ing p al a y n a ng

u u
ow v
ay
.

ca .

hu m
If te r o o td e n o t e s a n in str e n ta n d is c o n j ga bl e te r o o t a l o n e .
,

i n te pr o p e r t e n se o fth is p a s sive a
y st a n d f
o r te wh o l e in d ir e c t o

j c e t ifn o d ir e c t o bj e c t r e pr e se n te d by a n o n is st a te d i n te s e n te nc e .

h
W h a td id t e y k ill itw ith ? t

mh
gA n o a n g yp i n a ay n il a ?

m m m
Y b n a l n i la r b 1 n a r 1 1 n 1 1d , p 1 n a t
Th e y k ill e d itw ith a g n i o

mm
ay

u
n I la n a n g b a r i l
.

u
h u
.

hh
W h a t is r e q ir e d t pl ish tio n te fa o

m
so s

m
o a cc o e ac and ea n o

pl ish in g it a y l ik e w ise b e id e r e d s a n in str t o r te

f

m m
s sin g

h
co co n a en

h h
fi
H
fy

mu mmu fi
o .

to fc ia t t

h muh m
T e pr ie st do es no e o da
y H in d i n ag i é a n g p a re
is ga
y on

m
-

u
, ,

b ec a a s n o ga r e n ts t sa p a gc a , t a l a sy an g d a it

u
s o s

u
e e na
a
y yp g
a

u
.
,

ass . i i szi .

a s n o tte w w ith a l t
e e re o b
q
r

1 y a n g y b 1 11
U ala s t ng b ld .
th is f a r

u
.

I h a ve te w h e r e w ith a l t
o p a
y y o a
y r oo n a c on g
y b ab a a r s
y a i o
y

h
. .

h mh
K ea ning te ca se

u
.

muh
mumm mfi m
Y, ge n e r a l ly ea n s te ca s
e w ith in tr a n sit i ve ac t io n s

h h
.

T r e a so n f
e or
y a v in g w e pt w a s A ng
y tin a gi s c o 1 a ng c a a ta ya n

u
,

y f a th e r s d e a th
’
ni a a

u
. .

Th o a r tte c a se o f y r e a in in g I c ao a n t

mmm u u u
t

u
i i d i o

h
h e re I st a y h e r e f or yo r s a ke
g y n ra c o
.
,
.

hh
I w ill go p st a ir s f or is s a ke S iy a 1 a n g y p a p a n ic c o

m
o n o d (o r y q
. .
, ,

A n g a ri c o a n g y s in s i

m m m
Th e y fo ll o w e f

u
e y ssak e

u
’ ,

h
or y o n

h
n as s o n od n il a s a a q in
)
.

m
mu mm uhm h
T e r e a so n o r c a se f
or a intr a n sit iv e a c t io n s o r in c a sa t ive ve rb s

u u
,

1 s ade by yea wh ic h a l so se r ve s t
o in d i c a t e t i e W 1 t te sa e v e rb s

u
u
.
,

h h
q

h h h
T r in o f is e st a t e c a fro A ng y in a sir a n a n g c a n iy i n g a r i ,

fi
e e

ga bl i n g a y a n g p a gs s ga l

fi
u
q
. .

It is so l it de wh ic h a k es s
ad Y i n a a a p isc o , i, a n g p a go g o lil a

m m
e

u
. .

h h h h
d iffe re n ce b e tw e e n 3) a n d yea
T e a st o te c a se o f a n a c t io n , is ,

ta t yea d e sign a t e s th o r o g ly pe rf e c t e d t

h
ac ts i n v e rb s e a c t io n o fwh ic h

m m u
,

mh m u
its o f a sl o w d e ve l o p e n t

u
ad

m m m
.

T e w e a th e r is te c a se o f is A n p a n a 6 i a ng i l in ni ya
i pro ve e n t .
g , , yg n a ga g .

T e t a k in g o f th is e d e c in e w a swh a t A n g p ag in o -
ni t
on g ga o t ang

yq
,

a de is r e c o ve ry c o pl e te in a ga l i n.
g ni ya .
 1 53

m
hh
u m
m u h m
m
m
m
T
mu
h
mmh
u
h s
ens ft
i
Y , exp re s
siv e o

w ith y d iff e r s fr o th a t o f c a se o n ly in ta t
fti e .

h
e e o e ,

te ca a t ive
s th in g is r e pl a c e d by s o e w o rd i p o rt in g ti e i n te n o

hu h
m
,

in a ti ve , y ea b e in g s
ed w ith te sa e ve rb s a n d f o r te s e p rp o s es

u
a

a s a b o ve e x p l a in e d Y e xpr e s ses ti r lly w ith i tr sit i rb s

u um
e ge n e a n a n ve ve

h
. .

hmu m u uumuu
A n g ar a o n a y d a r a t

m
in g n a n g a in g

m m
T e d ay y w i f e w ill a rr ive .

asa a

u q
.

T e ho r a twh ic h s e d ie d . Ang o ras n a y in a a t ay n iy a .

If te e xpr e ssio n o f t i e is a d e t e r in a t e o n e , it a y b e p tb e fo r e

hhm h
a ft e r te v e rb ; if itis in d e t e r in a t e , its h o l d b e p tb e f o re '

m
or .

u
L e n t Fr id a y s tsh o l d tb e A ng r
v ie n e sn a n g c a e r s a
yqdi in a
yq
On -
ea no

t
ea e n .
,
c a in nang ca r ne ,
or, di i nacaIn

n ang car n e a n g vie rn e sn a n g c a re s a .

T e y e a r in w ic h I o r te
b a rk e d f A ng t
e

h
a on g y s i n a c ay c o sa Fi l ip in a s
P il ip p in e q
.

h h h h
CO NS T R U CT I O N

u u u
.

m h
u
h
Se n t

Hum
e n c e s w ic h in c l d e a ve rb r e q ir in g th is p a s tr e d
sive a r e c o n s
by p ttin g te a ge n t in te p o sse sive c a se a n d te d ir e c to bj e c t in te

M
in a t ive

m u
no .

u
I thr e w a w a y te b o o k Yt

h
in a p o n c o a n g l ibr o

m
. .

h
e cas t p ( vo ite d ) te ilk Ys in c a n iy a a n g ga t a s

m u u u
. .

hu h h h
Pe t e r ga ve t
h is o n e y Y b i n igay i Pe d r o it on g s
a l a pi

m m
u u mm u
. .

u
S e n t e n c e s in wh ic h y p a s sive is s t s in st
e xpr e s r e n t , c a se

huhu h m
ed

h
o

t i e a re c o n str e d by p tt in g te wo r d in d ic a t ive o f a n y s c h c ir

m
or

t i n te n o in a t ive , a n d te d ir e c tc o pl e e n t ( ifth e r e is o n e ) ,

M
c s a nce

hmhu
in te a c c sa t ive , wh it te a ge n t a lw a y s in te p o sse ssi ve c a se .

Y t on g p a n t a li os s b il
W 1t t1 s str i n g y o W l l l f a ste n te i i s
yg g p
a

s
a

b i l
o

i
a

it o
a n

pr iso n e r s h a n d st isb a c k go n ; yg g p
a a l o a a n go n n g

h h h
’

h h
o .

p a n ta l i

h
q
.

h
It w a s0 11 a c c o n t o f e r th a t I c a e S iy a, a n g y in a p a r it
o o r y p in a r it o

h m h
he re

u m m u
m
. co .

h
W e w e n ta w a y y e st snat

h
e rd a y Ca

m
apo n , an g y n ia l i in

h
. .

h mm hm m
Tp tt in g o fte n o in a t ive b e fo r e te ve rb a n d te sin g o fte l a t t
e er

u u
in te p a rt ic ip ia l s ens e a k e s te e xpr e ssio n s
,
o e wh a t e ph a tic .

T e in d ir e c t o bj e c to fa n a c t io n p e rf o r e d f o r te b e n e fit o fo th e r s o r

mm u m
,

te p e rso n f
o r wh o so e a c tis e x e c t e d ay be t i t i t i

u m
p n e n o n a ve

h
,

h
w ith te ve r b in te pr o p e r t ens e o fte y p a s sive .

uh
m m m
B y (f
)oth isg n Y b il i ni t
on g b a r il

m
e r e o aco

u
. .

Si Pa r e Q IO S
o r F at
o n ang

u
a k e c h o c o l a te f h e r Ch a rl e s .

H a ve a o se a de f
or e . Y p a gb a a
y o a c o.

R o a r in g b stl e U go n g

hh
.

h Hm
.
, ,

m
THI RT Y THI R D E X E RC I S E .

W a td id te e rc an tse ll by t l?
re a i e so l d y sist e r sn e e d le sa n d
’

24
 hh u
hhh
fi muuhfi
hh h
mhm
m
H
h
uh
1 54

h hm h H m
p in s W atdo y o tro w in t te re ? I wish t f t

h
o t ro w r
’
s

h
o
y a e

u
.

h
w o o d in to te re W y d o esy o r c o sin so w r ic e o n is f a r ? B ec a se

m u uu u
h
.

its W h a t did te n a t o ) w ith te

h
e n d s f o rth a go o d s e ll ive ix (a d d t

u m u u
.

h h
W in e ? W a te r \V a td id te e r c h a n ta d d t o te b t t

h
er ?

h
e a d d ed

H
y

u u
h
.

h
fa te r st a ll o w t o it W a t d id y o r c o s in p t o n t at t e p t t

h
a bl e ? h e re
’

u
.

t t n t o te s n ?

h h
s s s pr y r b k W xp s th l s

H
y i e r
’
a e o o y d o y o e o e a i n e B e c a e

u
-

m
u u m
u
.

itw a s w e t W h a td o y o

h
pr e se n t y o r o t e r w ith ? I pr e se n te d e r

u m u
.

w it W h a td id e sa y t y o r sist

h
h a p a ir o fsp ec t ac l e s y e st e r d a y

h
o e r in

u
—

m u
.

k e d e r a b o t te st a te o f e r a n t W h a t h a st t o t a ght

h
h h
la w ? e as

uu u u
.

t isc h il d ? I t a ght i te d o c t r in e W ic h d id th e y Sh o w y o r f e a le

u m
.

h
W a t d o e ste p p il c o py ?

h h
co s in ? Th e y s h o w ed e r y f e c o p ie s

H m h
an

u u m u
.

te ve r se s W h a t h a ve y o c t y br e a d w ith ? I c titw it

h
h y o r k n if e

u m mh
m u
. .

W h a t h a ve y o wr itt e n is l e tt e r w ith ? I wr o t e itw it a p e n c il W h a t

hhh Hh h
w

m um
.

h ? W ith a st ic k W y d o y o n o tp a y e ?

h
a s e w o n d e d o r fr ie n d w i t
‘

m u um
.

o ney t

h h
Beca s e I h a ve n o o p a y w ith W ith wh a t o n e y w ill Pe t e r b y

m m m
.

te b e d ? t t

h h hh
e w ill b w th y f W

H
i i i d d s

m
y e o n e e r e c e v e ro e
y o e

u
.

hm
th a t wo a n we e p so ch ? B ec a s e d e a th d e pr ive d er o f e r c h il d

umu u
.

W y a d e re a in e d h e re ? a d re a in e d h e r e f o r A n n ss ake W y do
’
e

u u m
.

so l d ie r so b e y th e i r c h ie f s? Th e y o b e y t h e thr o gh fe a r W h at a de i

u
.

co pl e t e ly w e a lthy ? T e sa l e o f h id e s ro n d e d o t is f o rt n e W h e n

u
.

w o l d e a rr ive a tte se a a d e d e p a r t e d in t i e? e wo l d h a v e a rr i ve d
te re t o —
o rr o w b te n o c lo ck
’
.
y o g o i n g t o v is i t h e r e ? I c a e
to vis ity o .
hh
h
To

h
To

h
To

h
H
To
mm
f ro

h
h hh
O
u

h
m
u
u
m
m
u
u
m
u
T o o pen , t

u
m
m
u
u
m
m muu m
u
u
o la y o p e n

T o spr in k l e w ith w a t e r
te
pl a n t
fill

u
l in e
c o ve r

u
p e n te d o o r

um
.

.
.

.
o t

.
.
V ER BS.

. M
M
B

T
a gb

a gb

ag a ni

a
t
s
a g a p in .
g
ca
a

o n o,

a
a
.

q ip
.
s.

.
1 56

PLA C E

a gp o n o .

B cs an
,
T

An g
H

o a n g p in t
E

o
b

t
s
t
B g

a
( h
D I R E C T O B E CT
s
ca an ,

t
an .

n an (c o n t )

p o n a n (c o n t)
a p n an ( c o n
a e p an (c o n t
t
)
)

)
.

.
.
J
b

co n

.
c san

.
.

.
OF T

.
.
H
(
E VER B

co n t)
.

h h
J o n pl a n te d isfa r . T in a n an i J a n a n g c a n iy ang b q id
‘ .

\Vill t e y fill te va t P b l t t p y
’

? a i ?
'

g o p o n n a ga n a n g a n

m
m
a a a

m
.

c o ve re d te Na t

h
e a d a l re a d y t
a bl e a c p an n a n iy a a n
g l a e s a n ang

u
at

h
w e n I a r rive d a c o, i , d n g ing

m um
. .

u
t o r te l o c a l a bl a t ive a n d r e p l a c e s te

h
ly a n st a nd s f

h
B st co on

mm
o

u
h hh
, ,

a d v e rb o fpl a c e o r te p r o p o s it io n w ic h o th e r w is e s h o l d h a ve b e e n a n d

m
u u
,

is t o be e pl o y e d ifte ve rb o bt a in s in a n y o th e r f o r o f c o n j ga t io n

u mum
.
,

Th s ifa se n t e n c e w ith a v e rb o th e r th a n th o s e o fte c la ss a bo ve s ta t

ed -
,

o te a c t io n it
in c l d e s a n in d ir e c t c o pl e e n t o fpl a c e r e l a t in g t is e n o gh

m
,

t e s c h pl a c e w i th te ve rb in th is p a s sive t s te r e l a t io n o f

h
o na o e xpr e s

h m
u
cas e wh ic is in E ngl is h ad e p by e a n s o fa pr e p o sitio n

um
.

um u
mm u
te

h
J a ne is ga th e r in g fl o we rs in A ng a a l a n a ,i, a n g
l ga r n a p in ip i

h
ga r d e n t a sa n n 1 J a n a n a n g a nga b l a c lac -

mm
q
. .

Y t o n g b a a y n a it in a a t

h
o ang
fat
he r d i e d a

mu u m
In th i s s v

h
o e

h
.

an a a.
y

mh m hm h m
It a y b e sa id th a t n re p la c e s ea a pr e p o sitio n wh ic h go ve r n s te a ,

a bl a t iv e an d so e ti e s te a t ive
cc s cas e s b twh ic h is o r e a d a pt e d a

H
,

to te d a t ive H e n c e if i n a se n te n c e th e r e e n t e r s in E n gl ish a d a
.
, ,

t by te pr e p o sit io n t“ ”
t

m h
ive o f p e r s o n go ve r n e d ( l ) p r s b

h huhmfi m
o e o n a
e
y e

u
.
,

na e d in te n o i n a t i ve w ith te ve rb te p a sive o f a n .

m m
B in ig i a n n iy a a c o n it on g p a c o A c é ,
0 1

t
h is n a il .

h
a n g b in ig l a n n iy a n it
e ga ve e
on g p a c o
.
-
.

W h a ve th e y old
s s irt t j g S i n o b a ga a n g p i n a gb il a n n il é n a n g
o y o?
2 a i n g q
b a ro .

um
Pin a gb il a n n il a a n g c a n ilé n g

h h
a nga

uu
Th e y o l d itt
s o th e ir fr ie n d s c a ib iga n , o r , a n g a ga c a ib iga n n ilé

mh
fifi
. .

a n g p in a gb il a n n il d

u
.

u
j g P in g s n b a a n i n o si A l

u
a g a p a g

m
y

u
A re y o ad o n is h in g A lfre d ?

h h
pr e d o ?
fifi
h
.

h h
H in d i S i A lp re d o , c n d i a n g c a n iy é n g

m m
t
I tis n o tA lfr e d , b t is sis ta t c a a t

mm
er

m m
p id n a b a b a y e a n g p in a g g
w e a r e a d o n is in g
sa p a n
.

u
na in.

An , a l so st o r te p e r s
a n d sf o n f ro wh o so e tin g c o e s, in ac t io n s

h h
h h
by w ic te s bj e c tt rie s t d ra w s h in g t
et i s e lf

mh
o o o

h
.

h
h
m
u
muuhm
h
u h
h
k h
m
hmhu
h
a n d p e rf

tio n ,
la t
’

t
“
f
o ng s
’
hu
m
or

or
”
To
a e te s b j e c
ed f
g

s o ld
e d b y te y p a s
a ld al
o

p
v

s
a
e
r
r
t
n s
w
“
i
t
o r te b e n e f

ive
en b e
“
e
s
d
o
it

S e s
a

ed

.
i
e
ve
in

We
c

g
a
t
s
e
I
w
f i
e
t
o r in b e a lf o fo

e w s te s
t
a ve
e p an t
n

s
.
i s
t

een
o
e
f a
a

e rs

al o o n s f
c
t
,
i

at f
or
on
e

“
r c e

or
e
n

s
”
”
a ry
o r ifte d a t

in
t
is o f s c

.
t
o r ass
a in d a s t
o c ia t
ive iso fa c
is c a s
Vp b wgt ata i
e
ive
.

is
is ran s
‘
y é a
i

c
o
in d

é
t
t
t

,
t
k
q
t
k
To b

To

H
H
h take
u v .

. O
m
m
u
m
u
u
m
m
u
m
u
m
u
u u
mu
V ER Bs

B
.

il i .

a, ha .
P E R SO N F R O
A ng b ilh a n
co na n
'
.
M
M.

(
5;
W O

0 11
H
0 11
.

a n d 11 1 ve r s

h
To s eek to c la i an a p

h
fi
hm
. .
,

m
to a c c e pt

m
To r e c e iv e T

m m
a n ga
,
.
p .

To as k f or t o r e q ir e o f
, . 1 gi .

e n tr e a tt o pr a y D

M
To ,
. a in g .

H h
H
So ti e s te d is
e c ri in a t io n b e tw e e n pl a c e a nd pe r so n is a de bv

m
w e n te a c t i o n a d it s o f a pl a c e

mm u
p y a .

To
To
u
m c ai
s
lfi
eek

pa y
.

en
V ER BS.

o ge t
t t S
an a p
ingil
.
PLA C E
A ng p a g
W

p 3 gsi
ER E

a na an .
p
il
.

h
,

h
g n
o n e ss
e lf p a id
’
.

h h hH h h h
C O N ST R U C T I O N

u u
.

u mu r e q ir e te a n p a ssi ve in re fe r e n c e t

h
W he n t te rb is s c h

h
s

h h m
o ve o a

te d ire c to bj ec t te se n t e n ce is c o n str e d by p tt in g te a ge n t in te

h
,

m
p o sse ssive c a se a n d te d ire c t o bj e c t in te n o in a t ive .

um
h
Ho l d t
h is c a n d l e T a n gn an o it on g c a n d ila

h h
. .

h h
y an 5

mm
i n a a gc an n a n g an ac a ng c an i r

T e s
o n k1ses
s lS o t er .

u m
Pr o p te t T ca o b y

u
re e . c o ra n o ang .

u
h h h
If te se n t e n c e in c l d e s b e sid e s a d ir e c tc o pl e e n t , a n i n d ir e c to n e

M
h m
h
,

o fp l a c e te l a tte r is p tin te n o in a t ive a n d te d ir e c t o n e in te

h m
,

a cc s at ive

m
.

u
h
y g r a n d f a th e r pl a n ts a va r ie t
y of T in a t
a n an n i no no n a ng a r is
s a r in g

h h
tr e e s in te ga r d e n . ca o
y ang a la anan .

h h h
H a ve y o l o o ke d f o r te e rva n tin
s P i b a ga sa a l i l a it on g

m m
g n a g a n a p a n o

h h h
tis ro a d ? d a an g it O?

mm
u
u uhu
m u
u
mmm
If a n st a nds f o r a pl a c e o r a p e r s on

te pl a c e o r p e r so n sh o l d b e n a e d (th a t is t
in te a b la t ive o r d a t ive c a s
t t
es ,

h h h h
o s a
y p i n e n o i

u
,

te r e a in d e r a s a b o ve ; te a ge n t in te po sse ssive a n d

h h
n a t ive ) and

m
, ,

te d ire c tc o pl e e n t in te a c c sa t ive

mh
T e in d ir e c t c o pl e e n t

m m
a
y

u u
.
,

b e p tb e f o r e o r a ft e r te ve rb n l ess a n in t e r ro ga t ive pr o n o n o r a d ,

v e r b O i pl a c e be se d i n its st e a d in in t e r ro ga tive s e n t e n c e s in wh ic h ,

e te a d ve rb o r te pr o n o n p r e c e d e s te v e r b A s a r l e te n a in g

H
cas ,
.
,

o fte pl a c e o r p e rso n be f o re te ve rb is a e a n s o fr e n d e r in g itp ro

h m h uu m
i c n tin te s e n ten ce

u mhu m
u
.

uh
H h fih
u
u
I wr ite 0 11 th is p a pe r S in s l a t it o n g p a p e l

m
. an co .

e w ro t
e y v e r s
e s Ys in l a tn iy a a n g a in g a nga t l a
q
u f
. .

a s s la t iy a ng la es

z
fi
W e s a ll w rit e o n ta tt
a ng

mm u u h
a n n a in

i
a bl e
g
i yé r
.

h u
s
te fl o o r

m
tte b o o k lg a ng nag 1a n a n an g
’ g a y
é

mh
on

m
e p .

l o

m
t q

mu u
I w ill giv e y o nev o r S ch a B ib ig ian c o n a n g a in g p ila c S i
one C o n an

u
. .

S i i b il itO
h a ve y o so l d tis c a k e n ng a
To wh o ? g n o n g p n a g a n o

t a is
n e ighb o r s s A g a n ac n a n g c a a p irb a a v c o
’
To y on .
 m
muh
m m
m
hh
uhhh hm h
hm
m
t h h

um
5 S i b i b i o i i
t o a re y o p a y in g f
o r th isb e d ? g
n
n

?
o n g n a a
y a r a n o,
n g
( g a

I a p a y in g te e r c h a n t f o r th is B in a b a y a r a n c o n it On g i iga n a n g
be d . co e r c ia n t e .

I w il l b y te igh o se fro te B ib il a n c o n a n g a t aa s n a ba a v
o wne r i

h
an g a a r
.
y .

M
hHh hh
u h
h hhH
H
O
h m
uhH
h h
THI RT Y F U RTH EX E RCI S E

h
.

h
H
y o n d e r o n te t th a t o n t

h
W ha t do y o see o p of a in ? I se e tre e swh ic h

u u
D o e s e n o t ic e te r o a r in g O f te w in d ? e do es n o t

h h h
l a rge br a n c h e s
fi
be a r

fi u m
.

n o t ic e te r o a r in g o f te w in d a s te a lt e d te

h
f

h
e is d e a f se r v a n t s

H h
or

u u m
.
,

a sn o t t t

u uh h
lt y r br th r r th b ff l

h
s? e y e s a e d s a s o o e p ie c e d i s a o

m
e

u u
.

w ith te s t e d it

h h
pea r ? e a sp ie r c e d th is b ff a l o w ith a sp e a r a n d t a s s

m
bl o o d \V a td o y o o l d in y o r h a n d ? It isa sp e a r th a t I h o l d in y

m uh
m hm m
u
.

t a td id y o l e a r n ? I le a r n e d te E n gl ish l a n g a ge t o iste

h h
a nd

m
. .

t at

h h
h ie f thr e a t e n in g ? e is thr e a t e n in g th a t b o y ; e fr ig t e n e d i fir st by

u mum u
h in g o ta n d e isn o w d e c iv in g i Did y o a d v ise a n d c l o th e te

h h
r s e

u m
.

I c l o th e d i a n d a d vise d i t s issist

h
c h il d ? o k is er Fr o wh o d id

um m h
.

t f t

h
y o h e a r wh a t y o t o l d e a b o t e n f a st e n i n g o e pr i s n e r ? I

m
o

um m m mu
h e a r d itfr o a fr ie n d o f in e W h a t is isgr a n d d a ghte r o p e n in g ? S e

h hh hh
-

mu
m m u
.

is o p e n in g te ga rd e n ga t e \V a ta r e y o d o in g t h e r e ? I a f ill in g

H u
.

c o ve r in g te v a t W h a t w ill th e y b y fr o te A e r ic a n ? T e y w ill

h
a nd

m m m
.

h h
h h
b y b tt r fr i Fr wh h a ve t k n th t n ? I i
O
y e o o o y o a e a c a e r e c e v

m m mm u
.

e d itfr o n c l e f w o h a ve w e a s k e d th is p a p e r ? W e r a ve d i t
y c

m
.

te pr ie st W h e re a s te se r v a n t l o o k e d f o r te

u mm mm uh
Of en th a t d isa pp e a r e d ?

u
.

o r it i n te ga r d e n

h
e s e a rc he d f Fr o wh o h a v e y o r e c e ive d th is o n e y

u
.

in p a y e n t ? I r e c e iv e d th is o n e y fr o y d e bt o r t y d o e s e n o t

m
.

t t t

h h
g i ve e is b ir d ? B e c a s e e a s a lr e a d y g iv e n i o i s s is t e r I s i th is

um um m
.

h o se wh e r e th e y a sse bl e d ? N 0 th e y e tt o ge th e r a t a ry sh o se W h a t ’

um m uu u m
.

d id th e y a ss bl e f o r ? Th e y a s s bl e d t o s p e a k a b o t te t W h e r e sh a ll

m
e e ax

uu u
.

? I s ll o wh r H n th in g t t ll ? I h t t ll

m
g o o n e e a v e o a y o e e a v e o e
y o a g y

m u u
.

y o s o e th i ng W .h e r e h a v e y o p t y s p e c t a c l es ? I p t th e i n t o

te r o o W ho. do y o c td o w n ta t tr e e f or? I c titd o w n f or

y
as te r Did I n o tsa v t
. o yo n o tt o c td o w n a n y tr e e s? W e ll I O be v ,

y a st e r .
M
h
m
T

h
in

H
u
H
I
u

h
u
hu H
m
m
hm
m
u um
h
C a ll f

u m
u
hm
a

m
e

mum u
u
e

q
s
b y s
o

u m
m
u
m
u
u
uuu h
ke
e
u
uu
h
or a

m
m
m

u
’

T
m m
tse llsp in s

m
s b st a n c e is

m
m
m
w ill

m
i n d ic a t e
T e

m
fi
To s

m
u
an
e

se r va n t

u m e
rc
D o n t d rin k a n y l iq o r

t ity

w o l d ta ke f o r o f

u
a y , ga
an

sa

end s
s o
o

e o ft es

te wh o l e
t ive
e

or

ea n

f th is o n e y

it
in

is s
t

e b o ttl e s

.
.

is te c a s

.
e

o fo

e d w ith i n tr a n s
o
.

it ive
.

w ith se n te n c e s h a ving a n
k in d , if a p o rt io n a n d n o tte wh o l e

ig
f
/ i
r
.

tr

n g
f

s
.

rn i

p
ks .
tr e

a la i , bi n i bi li
16 0

.
N a gb ib il i n a n g a sp ile r a‘
T

G
B

g
O
iigp
a a g c a y o n a n g is
o ag c a

ng

d is
o co

a nga
i
in o

a itc a n iy an g s
ib il i a c o n it
a p a d a la s

t
a

io n s
co
ca
n

b an
it
an
g
a
ng c o

On g
a l a pi

l y a n a ng a

'
.

l
e r c ia n t

a nga

g c a s
a

a
n
o

g
e

l n g a l il a ( b a ta )
n a n g al a c

bj e c t
o fs c h

b o te

siy a n a n g ap a t s
a

ga bo t
c,

s re f e r e n c e i s
s
de te r
de te r

.
.

t wo ld
e c.,
.

in a t

q
e

in a t e

in g

a de
.

mmum
ac ac n e

u
,

t in s tr ent e , ti
ca s pl a c e o r p rp o se

um
o ,
e, .

MM
h
T ng ata a s il zi .

Na a atay c a i

u
hh
.

L ng a l ac a d c a yo

u
.

m m
I n in t e rr o ga t iv e s
e n t e n c e s wh e n t a nd ta n o bj e c t is i n q ir

u u m
an a ge n no

m
e d a ft e r , te a c t i ve i n l ik e w is s ed

u
e .

m u t t

h
W ll st e ?
o ca g S i n o n g n g a a a g s a c a n il a ?

u uu
t A 1i si s i l a s i

m
g n o r n o a c a n a n g n g
W h ic h o fth e l o ve sy o ?
2 sin t
,

i s a iy O ?

u
z

hmh mu
W h a th rt e ?
gA n O n g n a gp a s
a it sa a q i n q
?

m h
In l x se n t e n c e s i n wh ic h te s bj e c t is e n l a r ge d by ad e c j t iv e

h h m u
an

h
co p e

u
h
T e w l o ve s G o d w ill a t t
a in Ang is in t
t a n on g a s a D io s a
s ng

M
an o y

m
,

it al at

u
h h
i lo r y
- . a gc a c a n a n g c a lo ia n .

A n g b n gb a n g 11 a b a gon g t a n on g n a g
T e k n a vish b o y w o d is s ip a t e s is
a acs a y a n a n g c a n iy é n g a r i a y d ap a t
e r ve st

m
f o rt o be c h a st ise d

u u
de s

mu u
ne
siy an g a p a s in
.

u u
h
en t e n c e s te O bj e c t O fwh ic h is in d iv i

Hh
T e p a ssi ve sh o l d be s
e d in s

m
o r attrl b t

h
att

H
d a l iz e d , is c irc c r ib e d
s and fix e d by so r ib t e

m u
l ve

u
or e

h
wo rd

m m u
.

um m u
C a ll f a ry Ta in Si a r ia

umm m
or ag o

q
. .

‘
e w i ll br in g y b o o k Da d a l i n n iy a r it
e ang a in g l ibr o

u
. .

D o n t wh ip th a t c a t s iy ang p s

m
. o ag o ng a p a i n a .

Da l in o r it o a n g a nga s a pin

u
B r in g i n te s
na
h o e sI o rd in a r ily

h
1t
W ear

m
g 1 n a ga co n g a d a l a s (c a r a an) . .

u
I n in t e rr o ga t ive s
e n t e n c e s wh e n d e te r in a t
e o bj e c tis in q ir e d ft
er

m u m
a a .

u
m mu hh
W h a t do y o w a n t ?

h
gA n O n g i b ig o ?

mm m
W h ic h d o g d id e k i ll ? gA li n g a so a n g p i n a ta y n iy a?

m u
q
u
W h o d o y o h a te ? gS in o a n g i n a p p
o o o ta n e ?

W he n a y, a
y r o u
n
'

,
a ld or a ny o t
he r ve rb s a re se d a s d e t
er in in g
s, te rb s d e t ed by th e s
e d in te p a ssive

u
o ne ve er a re .

I h a ve t
o say . a y r é o n a c On g s
asa b i in .

Y o w ill n o th a ve t
o as
k . U a la
’

. c a y On g y t
a t
a n o n g .
H e de se r ve d to b e p n is

Th e y d e se r ve t
hed u
H
.
16 1
S uh
h
m h
m
t siy an g
ca

H
in a
p a s o r a p a sin .

uh
t

h
o b e r e w a rd e d . D ap a t sil an g ga n i i n .

u m u
I NT E R C A NG E A B I L IT Y OF T E PA S S I V IS .

h
u um mh h
um uh
O f te v a r io sp a ssive sisso e wh a t rb itr ry s th e r e x ist s a

h
T e s
e a a a e

u
k in d o fin t e r c h a n ge a b il ity w ith e a c h th e r w h ic h isd iff ic lt t o f ix by a n y o

u u
r l e I n se n te n c e s w ith a d e f in it e ly c irc sc r ibe d o bj e t n o tin c l d i g c n

u u u
.

o th e r i r st an t i al l en t t e pa s si ve t o be se d is th t wh ic h te

hh
m m m
an e
y c c e a

Hu
,

n a tr of te a c tio n r e q ir e si n r e ga r d t o t d ir c t o bj c t a c c o r d in g t te

m h
e o e e e

m
,

r l e s pr e vio sly l id d o w n f te p rpo se

m H
or

m
a .

m
Acce pt o f y go o wi ll
d . T a n ga p i n o a ng l OO b c o ng a ga n d é .

hh
Yt at y a it
On g ni f
i ga sin cla s
j

mm
a po n a
w ill t r o w a w a y th e se sl ippe r s

hh mh
e
o rr f o S p wo rd i n e la s)
.

m m
. r .
,
c .

H a ve a d vi e ds i ? i t l siy a?

m m
y o g n a o n o a

h
u
h
In s e n t e n c e sc o n t a in in g o n e in d ir e c t c o pl e e n t d ir ec tly c o n n e c te d w ith

h
te a c t 1o n , te d 1sc ri in a t in g c h o ic e b e t w e e n y a n d a n p a s si ve s, is a de

h h m m
1 11 a c c o r d a n c e W 1 t te i n d i re c t o bj e c t e nt

uh
m
e a n in g i n str pl t i

u
,
a c e ,
e or

mu
hm u m
Se a r c h f or
y n e e d l e wit th is l i ght Y to ng 1 la o y a
c a r ay
.
ao o nang a q g

huu mm m mmh
u u u u
Di d y o se a rc a b o t te r o o f or is gS i n a lic sic zin o b a ga n a n g c a n ivé ng

u u mm
l e tt e r ? s l a t a n g sil id ?
q
u
b a r k l n g te h r r ic a n e t in in a t

h
On o r e A n g p a gs as a c ay a
y a On

h
o c c rr e d n a n g b zig io , o r , o ne s
‘
.

‘
.

A o q i ativ 1 1 311 g
3
m
na ng

o
n n v n a a
'
o
i
W a t d o e sy o r n c l e d i e f ro
i a in
.

m h u m u
ss
In s
u
e n t e n c e s h a vi n g

s d d d by t
o r e th a n o n e i n d ir e c t

s k ’
sd esi re t
o la y
co pl e
o re s t
en

ss
t te ,

n
ch o ic e
e ith e r
of
of

h
p a 1 v e 1 ec i e e p e a e r re p o

h mh
th e .

mmm
fi
K ill th isc a ti n te st re e t w ith y o r Ypat ay n it
On g p sa a ng i y On g

u
o

h
b a r il sa la n sa ga n

h uuhuufi fi m
.

m m
S tr e s
sish e r e by l a id on te in str en t a nd te sa e is a de e p a t ic

u u u
,

by sa y in g :

W it y o r ve ry g n k ill th is c a ti n A ng b a r il o r in ,
ang
yp a t
ay o i

h h
,

te str e e t . tOn g p sa sa l a n sa ga n .

h m m m m
K ill th is c a tw ith r in te A n g la n s
a ga n , a ng p at a é n ni
y o g n y o

str e e t tOn g p s a n a n g iy é n g b a r il

m
.
.

h h h
T pl a c e ish e r e by a de pr o in e n t T s e ise ph a si ze d by a y in g :
s

uu u
e . e a

m
I n te s tr ee t it se lf k ill th is t A n g l a n sa ii ga n a n g p a t a an
y o

u
ca

h
,

w ith y o r g n n itOn g p s a n a n g iy O n g b a r il .

u
.

m
If stre ss is l a id o n te O bj e c t te e nte nc e
s be str d in te

m u
ay co n e
,

la r w a y sa y in g :

mmm u u
uu
reg ,

te Pa t

h uu fi
K ill th is *
a t in str e e t wi th a y in o it on g p s
a sa la n saf
i ga n
yo r g n . nang b a r il o

or a de it o re e ph a t ic by a y in g :
s

Th is c a t le titb e k ill e d by
, y o in Y t on g p sa n g it o, i , a n g p a t a y in In c

te str e e t w ith y o r g n . sa la n f
sa ga n n a n g i y O n g b a r il .

25
 h h
h
u u m uu
m m m
m
u
16 2

Hh
ti n g ish c irc st

h hh
S t de n t s s o l d t a ke c a r e t o d is a n t ia l e be r s
c o n n e c t e d w ith te a c t io n fr o a d ve r b s o r a d v e rb i a l e x p r e ssio n s sl n g

m u
on

u
.

te p a ssiv e f o r s

u uu
.

u
e d id is t p rp o se ly S a d iy a n g g in a n d n iy a 1 6 4

h
. .

s
asa lt e d i f r io sl y ( vi t
h Din a lo o n g n iva siv a n a n g b oo n g

u u
e

hh h h
.
.

Hh m
t f ry )

m
b a gs

m
gre a ic

h
. .

u
A tt e n t io n ho
s ld be p a id t te f o ll o w in g ill str a t io n s

m u
h
o

H
.

u
u q u
u
B r in g th e se b o o k s p st a ir s Pa n ic an o a c o n it
On g af
i ga l ibr o

H
e

m
. .

e to o k t c h il d p st a ir s Y p in a n ic n iy a a n g b a t a s b ah a y

h
m
e a

m
. .

I w ill e e t y o p st ir s Pa p a n i i n q it a s

h
a a ba av

m u u
. .

lo o k f o r te b o k w h ic

m
l V il l e o
ya an g l a?

u m
g a a n a p in n i l ib ro n g n a na
was iss
ed ?
,

O
m m
ve q
rt a k e y b r o th e r a b n lin o ang a in g c a p at ir

h
mm h
uu m
u u
h m
.

R n a ft e r i a nd d e l ive r th isI

M
siy a n it

h
H b “1a n On g s la t
l e tt e r t o i
o , .

u
.

t o d i d y o i n q ir e a f t er? (; S i n o n g y ti n a n o n g o ?
t o d o y o i n q i r e f ro ? gS in o a n g t in a t ano ng o ?

m
,

Yt in a n o n g c sa c a n iy a c n g b a ga o
I a sk e d i wh e th e r e w a s e r siy a i c a a t

u
t

M
p id n i vé i n n o ng co o r, a
br o t e r .

s iy a e t c
, ,

.
,

T o d is co v r t
o de tec t
e T o c la s

h
.

h h
.
,

hh
u
hhh u
m m m
h hhu
THIRT Y FIFTH EX E R CI S E .

h h m
lV a s ity o r n e ph e w th a t c to f fte b 1 a n c h ? It w a s n o t e w o c t

h h h
ito f f I sitt e y w o sa id I w a si p r iso n e d ? It w a s y n ie c e w o sa id it

hu
h h
. .

W a s itte It a lia n s w o d isc o ve r e d A e r ic a ? N o , itw a s n o tte I t

'

u uu m m
u
t t t t

h
r th t r r e re d r

h
lia n s i w s S n i a d s a d i sc o v e e d i \ V o o d e c i i

m
a e p a

m m u m
.
,

t b e p tt dea t ? I tw a s te k in g th a t o r d e r e d it \Va s itn o t

h h
o o

u
.

te j d ge w o o r d e r e d y o r c o sin t It w a s n o tte j d ge ,

h
o b e r e le a s

h
ed ?

u m u
itw a s te c a p t a i n \V a ta r e y o r e a d in g ? I a r e a d i n g te b o o k y

H u m
u
h
.

u
fr ie n d l e n t e W h o d o y o a sk f p a r do n ? I a sk p a r d o n fro

h
or y

m
.

t e a c e r \V y d o y o n o tw ish t o eat I d o n t e a tb e c a se I c a n n o t

uuh h h hh
’
?

u
. .

\V a td o v o b r in g I b r in g so e fr it \V e re h a v e y o t a k e n it

h m umh h mu
?
?

u m u u
.

I t o o k itin te f o r e st D o e s te pr ie st t a k e c h o c o l a t e e ve r y o r n in g ?

u
.

e t a k e s c h o c o l a t e e ve ry n o r n i n g a ft e r as s W h a t w ill a ry b y ? S e .

W o l d itn o tb e b e tt e r ifs e w o l d b y n e e d

hh
w ill b y br e a d a n d w in e .

t ff ? S e a s n o l o n ge r te o n e y y o ga v e e r te o th e r d a y

h h
le s a n d s

m
.

W y ! is itso ? I th o ght s e a d n o ty e t a d e se o f

h h
Y e s, in d e e d

u u u
,

it W h ic h w a t e r s it is c o o l

h
h a l l I d r in k o f? D r in k o f th is w a t e r , f

H h hh
or

u m u u u
c le a r av I t a k e so e o f th is o n e y ? T a k e o n ly twe n t y thr ee

h h
ind

u u u m m
u
.

d o ll a r s O tO fit W h o a r e te c ild r e n l a gh in g a t

h h
? Th e y a re l a gh in g

u u u
h um m
.

a tth a t d r n k a r d W y do t

hh h
h e y l a gh ? Th e y l a gh b e c a se e st a gge r s

u
h
. .

w k h e w e a r e in a gr e a t h rry W y d id

h h
s Beca s

H
\V y d o y o l ?

H
a o c

u u u m
.

y o r so n w o n d th isd o g ? e w o n d e d i be c a se e b it i

h h
\V o l o ve s

u m m
.

h h
y o r sist e r ? Pe te r l o ve s e r \V o d id th is? T e an th a t c a e l a st

m m u u m u
.

S n d a y d id it W o is r n n in g ? T e g irl t a t t o r e y o r s t o c k in g is

hm u
h m h
m hmm u
.

\V a t a s te

h h
r n n in g S h a ll I c a ll f Y e s c a ll f

h h
or er ? or er er

m m m
. .
,

as t t

h
ant t

h h
o t e ll o t e ll y o y r bt h

h h
e? d w d

m
c e o p y
a o e o c o

u u m
.

I o w e i ? Y o o w e i th irty six d o ll a r s W o e l se c a e t

huu m m h
o i n q ir e

mm H
—

u m
.

a ft e r e? T e Ch in e s e tr a d e s a n c a e t o c lai pa y e n t f o r te s h o es

um
.

\V a td id y o sa y t o i ? I t o ld i y o ad no o n e y t o p ay w i th .

Did
g

W y d o e s e w h ip is s e r va n t ? Bec a s e e s t o l e a r in g fr o i

u
.

e not r e wa r d i so e d a y s a go ? Y e s, e r e w a rde d i f or is h o n e s ty .

W v d o e s n o t y o r f rie n d c o e f or
y o a t h o e ? e f e a r s t e d o g .

t y a re y o n o tw i ll in g t o r ec e i ve th is o ney ? B eca s e iti s n o tgo o d .

 M
MM
M
M
M
W ish , de sire , l o ve .

M
T a k in g .

PA R AD IG

h h
S.

u
h h m h
To s cof
f lib a c

m m h
an

q
u
. .

Pe r s
on or tin g L ib a in

u m
.

h
.

hm
ke r a p a gl iba c

u
h
oc . .

uh
To a b it a t e i as a

M
a

u m h
. .

m
H a b it c sto Pin a isa n an

u u
. .

h
e o te r st
,

o ge t

h
T o t r a in o t e rs t o ca s
i as a

h
,

to e d t a gp a

h
a cc s
.

o .

T e ca s e o fb e in g a c c s t ed w a t

m m
o
A n g n a ca p a i a s é ,

ca s es a b it
.

u m
u

M
.

T o t ra i n o n e s s e lf t ’
a gb ib i a s

m
o zz

fiu
. .

To w at Pi n a gb ib i a sa n a n

u m
. .

T o w at a s be e n a c c s t ed Q in a isa n an

m
o

u
.

h
.

To n d f a lt s w i th in t as

m
a

um u
u
. .

A n g p a in t

h
Ac t

h
io n c e n s re d as an

u mu mm
. .

C e n s re r c r it ic in t as

M
m m
ap a

u u u
. .
,

T o c rs e o th e r s S rn p a

u u u
m u
. .

h
T o c rs any a gs a

m m
p

u
e

u
. .

T o b e c rs ed by o t e r s S p a i n p ga s p a

uu u
. .
,

R e a so n o r te n a t re o fte c r se

m
A n g y s p a y p a gs p a

uummu u
. .
,

u
T o c rs e e a c h o th e r a gs p a a n

m
. .

T o c rs e c s t o a r ily an a

m
p

u
. .

N a tre o fte c r se o r th in g c rs d A n

u
e

uu mu
a

h
g y p a n p
o ve r c s t o a rily .

m
uu mu
.

h
Pe r s o n b e f o r e wh o a n o a th ist a k e n A ng p an a

m m
p a n

m u
. .

h
H a b it a l c r sin g A ng p a n n p a

muu
. .

H a b it a l c r se r Pa la s p a
. .

T o t e p to th e r T ocs
. o .

h
Do o t e rs ( a n y o r a n y t i es)
. a gt o cs o .

To be t e pt e d by T o cs o f n . .

Do h a r d o r fr e q e n t ly Pa gt ot o cs o in

um
. .

Do w ith o r o n a cc o n t o f
,
Yt ocs o . .

Y p ag t

h
Do d o h a r d ,
. ot ocs o .

Pl a c e . Pa gt o cs o an .

T o go a b o t t e pt in g a no cs o

mm u m
. .

Do a g re a t d e a l
,
a gp a n o c s
.

Do w ith
,
. Yp a n o cs o .

Pl a c e . Pa n o c s o an .

T e pt er a no n o cs o

u fi
. .

T o w ish t o w an t t
, o des ire U ib ig ,
. .

h
Do d o (by a n y ) ; t
,
o go a b o t fl irt in g a gib ig . .

To b e l o ve d (w ith o t o n e s b e in g .
’

h
k no w n ) .

L o ve d (ex i n t
. en ti o ns) .

hh
L o ve d (ca sna li t e r)

m
. .

\V o rn o n e l o ve s .

T o lo n g f

m
or .

T in g l o nge d f or .

L o ve o fSo et h in g

m
.

T in g l o ve‘d

u
huhh h
.

L o ving l o ve ly l o vabl e a i a bl e

m
hu
.
, , ,

T o l o ve t isa nd th a t o ver a ga in

m
.

Flir tin g a o ro s ,
.

( 1)
(2 ) so
te sa
e te
Iio r O
k e o
acce n
fe
tat
io n
p o ny ,

.
tis ro o tin se r t
sn in tisc o p s
i t
i
oo n.
 h
u
16 5
M
M
m
l e a n in g f

h
To a ve a or a ib ig

fi
. .

C o vet o s nes s Pa gc a ib ig

m m
.

h
.

To a
p y a d d r e s
se sto a gib ig

u
. .

To l
o ve e a c h o th er a g iib ig , a gc a c a ib iga n

mm
-
. .

To lik e . a c a iib ig .

To ta k e (f e lf )
o r o n e ss.
’
. C o a, o ha .

Th ing t a ke n C o n in

u
. .

Pe r so n fr o w o .

T a k in g .

T o go a b o t t a k in g .

u
Th ing .

T a ke r .

Th in g ta k e n (ca s a li t e r) . .

W h a t c a n be ta k e n .

CO N JU G A T I O N

A CT I V E .

In fi ni t
i ve .

M
fi
h
huh fi
c o ff
To s . a n lib a c .

m
e n ti n de
Pr es ni e t t
e ns
e .

u
h
huu
Na n l ilib a c a c o, siy a t a vo i
I t
,
o ,
e, e c t we , y o 1 te '
S CO i fe t
,
C ,
,

c a y o , 8 1 13 ,
, , ca ,

en tp er ft t tt
u
Pr es and
ec p s ian d e ni e e ns
es .

I t o
,
e etc w e yo
, ,
.
, ,
th e y c o ffe d
s Na n l ib a c a c o, ea, siy a, t
a yo ,

etc ; h a ve e t c o ff e d c a y o, sil a

M
c s

h
huh hm
. . . .
,

m
Pl p er f tten s
e ec .

I t u o e e c t we y o te v ad e c . t
j
Na c a p a n l ib a c a c o c a , s
c a y o, s il a
iy a, t a y o , c a i ,

ufi
. .
, , , ,

cof

h u
s fe d Na n liba c n a a c o, c a n a ; n a s iy a, t a y o

h uh
. ,

( c a i ,
c a y o, sil a .

m
tre tt
u
F i n de ni e en s
e .

u
u
I t o
, , e, e c t . we , y o ,
t e y sh a ll ,
a n lilib a c a c o, ca , siy a, ta y o ,
ca i,
et t

h
co f
f

hu m
c w ill
.
, e c . s . ca yo ,
il a
s .

m
F tr e p e r ec
f tten s
e .

u ib a c a c o, c a , siy a, ta y o ca i,

m
,

I to
,
e et c we yo , ,
.
, ,
the y sh a ll e t
c ,
si l a .

w ill e t co f
c h a ve s f l ib a c iy a,
s t

h
ed n a a c o, c a n a ; n a

uh
,
. . a

s
il a
’

i,

mum
.

m
I p era t
ive .

Sc o f
f (t o ,
y e .
) le t i ,
e c t . s, th e a n l ib a c ca , s
iy a ,
ta y o ,
ca i . c a v o,

co f
s f . sil a .
 h
16 6

Ver ba l .

T e ac t co f
io n g o fs fin g . A n g p a n lilib ac .

IN PA SSI V E

fi
.

In ni t
ir e

u
.

fi
c o ff
T o be s ed a to r o f . Pa n lib a q in .

hh
m m m
en ti n d e
Pres ni e tt
e ns

mu m m
e .

a ,
t e c . a re c o ff e d
s a tby e, Pin a n lilib a c co . o ,
n i y a, na t
in
tee i , et
c . s, y e , th e . in , n 1 n v o , ni la .

M
en t er ft t f t t

m m
Pr es an d s i d i i s s

m m
p ec pa n e n e e n e .

m u
c o ff e d
s
e
y , th e
w as,

a tby

.
te
c w e re ; h a ve e t
e the e i e t
c

c
.

, ,
,

,
.

.
Pin a n l ib a c c o ,
n i n y o , n l la .
o ,
n iy a, n a t
in ,
na in ,

hh m m
Pl p er f tt s

m
eec
n e .

mu m ! mm b ad ,
, et
t e e. co f
b ee n , s fed a tby e,
Na p a n lib a c c o ,
n in y o, n il a .
o , ni ya ,
na t
in ,
na in ,

ufi
t i s, y e , th e Pin a n lib a c c o n iy é

u
ee ,
c .. . na, o na ; na ,

n at l
( i n , na i n, n in y o , n i a.

hh h m
tre t t
en s

muu
F in d e ni e

tm mm u
e .

t; t b e sc o f q t

h
sh a ll , w ill , fe d Pa n l il ib a in ni ya in

u
e c . e c. co , o, , na ,
11 a

by t i et s ye t e ni a l

h
a e, ee , ,
c .
, ,
. in , .

hh m
F tr e p erf
ectt
en s

m
e

m m u
.

m u hmu m s a ll , t ; w ill t b ee n a
p a n l ib ac co o n iy a, a t in na

m
, , ,
e c e c a ve

m
.

n i ny o , n il a
.

t
,

tby e te e
in
c o ffe d
s i s, y e ,
q
.
,
a e c.
, , ,
Pa n lilib a in i1 a , o na ; na ni y a,
t
co
he .

a t in , n a in , n 1n v r
ni la .

hmu m m
I p e rat
i ve

u
.

c o ff
Be s ed
.
a tl et
,
. b e sco ffe d a t Pa n l ib a in q o; n iy a, n t
a i n , na in,
by t et

h
he e ,
i ,
c . s
, y e ,
th e : n in y O , n ila .

T e t a t e o fb eing sc o ff e d
s a t . A n g p a n l ib a u
q in .
 h uhm
h
168

m
en tin def
Pres e t
in i t e ns

u
e .

I, t o ,
e, e c t . we , y o ,
t ey sc o ff Pin a n lilib a c an co , o, ni ya , na t
in ,

h u um m
t in na in , n i n y o , ni la

M
e c . . .

en t
Pr es p er fta n
ecd p t
s i
a n d e fi ni e tt
en s
es

u
.

I th o
,
e etc we y o
,
th ey , , , ,
sc o f
fed Pin a n lib a c an c o ,
‘ o ,
ni ya ,
na t
in ,
na

etc ; h a ve e t
. c sco f
fe d i n in , n in y o , n ilal .

h uhmm m
. .
,

m
ec tt
Pl p er f en s
e .

I, u th o e, e c t w e , yo t
hey ad, e c t
(
j
N a p a n lib a c an c o ,

in , n iny o, n il a
o ,
n i a
y , n a t
i n

.
,
n a

ufi
.
, ,

sc o f
f

u
ed in Pin a n lib a c an c o n a o n a ; n a n i a,
.
y ,

h uuu m m u
( n a i n ,
n a i n ,
n i n o
y , n il a .

F tr e in de ni ett
en s
e

u
.

I th o
, ,
e, e c t . we , yo ,
th e y sh a ll , Pa n l ilib a c an c o , o ,
n iy a, a t in ,
na

etc w ill e c. t sc o f
fin in , n in y o, n il a

h uhmm m
. . .
, ,

m
F tr e p er ec
f tten s
e .

u ( apan l ib a c an c o o . n i
‘
)
y , n a t
i n ,
n a

m
I, th o e t we y te y sh a l l i n , n in y o, n i l a
c
e . o .

j
, , , , ,

e t
c w il l t co f
c h a ve s fe d in e Pa n l il ib a c an c o n a , o n a ; n a n i y a,

u h
. . .
, ,

( nat in , n a in , n in ve n il a

M
.
,

mum m m
I p er a t
i ve .

Sc o f f (th o y e ), t i
l e e c t s, th e Pa n l ib a c an o ni ya na t
in na in ,

h
.
, , , , ,

sc o ff in n in y o , ni la .

h h h
Ver ba l

h mm
.

u u u u
T e ac t io n o f sc o ff in g in . A n g p a n l il ib a c an .

st d e n t sho l d j t te t i ve te sp a ss

h
T e co n ga e in ac a nd in va r io i ve s ,

te f o ll o w in g ve rb s .

m
u m
um m
T o a r is e, t pr o c e e d f ro , t t a ke

m
o o

m
r ise o r o r igin fr o

m u
.

T o c re a b it a lly o r pr o f e s s io n ally

m u u
.

T o i it a t e , t o i ic , t o ock .

To ix ( by t ra d e o r c s . to a r ily ) .

T o r e pr i a n d , t

u
c r it

h
o ic is e l o d ly .

h
To ilk

m u
.

T o e x e rc is e, t o p r a c t ic e .

T o la y w a s te , t o ca s e h a vo c , o r t o

u m
g a i n a l i v in g by d r a w i n g pr o d c t s a ng ba t ,

fro te f o r e st .

To s co t . an an a p .

T o wa sh o ne
’
s fa ce . an i la o s .
To

h
hh m
To s

h
To p t
or t

fi
To
,

fi
t

T o cas

u m
To s
h
uh
hh
m
oot

m
m
o ga t

h
h
u
a ke a w a y te n it s

h sa y
T o l ive by r a p i n e

m
.
a n l is

a ng o la

a ng

fo rt sh o o t ste b a b o o t re e s M a n 1a bo n

s w it

um
h e r in te sa e sh o o t
t te n e tf
h a ne t
or s
s

a il o r w a lk a l o n g te b a n k so f
a n la

a n la
a

li
.

g
b an g
bat .
.

.
.
,
M
M
M
16 9
.

.
.

h h
h
a
a n la b ay
r ive r f or l
.

u
.

T o h o ve r a b o t o n e pl a c e t o h a nt a n l iga o ,
. .

t a re to l o o k c ro s
sly a l so e o n e

u u m u
To s lis

fl
, a i . c .

h
T o ga th e r fr it by s h a k in g te tr e e a n l o gl o g . .

m m m
T e f o ll o w in g r o o t s a re giv e n t o ill s tr a t e te l e tt e r s

u mu u
c a n ge

h
n d e r go c o n j ga t e d by a n

u m
.

uu u m
H a b it st o n n in g , c a r ft ; t s

fi
u mm m
c c o e,
, ,
B 1h a s
a, s
t be to
s ed .
a 1 a a .

um
o acc

m
u u m u u
C e n s re fa lt ; t c e n s re t nd
in t

um
o o
,
Pin t as as
,

f a lt s W 1t a

m
.

u u h fih
.

C r se t o c rs
,
e S pa a n pa
.
, .

m
Te pt a t i o n t
fi
o te pt ,
T c s0 an cs o .
,

L o ve d e sir e ; t o fl ir t t o be o fa n
Y b ig ( n a s n al s ;
) i b i
, ,
a a g g
o r o s d isp o sit io n .
, ,
a .

T a k in g t o t a ke c o n t in a ll y t
,
o be
C o a a go a
,

e n ga ge d in t a k in g .
,
.

fi
A CT I V E .

In ni t
ive

u
.

fi u
m
u
To h a b ita t e .

To n d f a lt w i th .

To c rs e to swe a r ,
.

To t e pt .

fi
To fl irt .

To ta ke .

en ti n de
Pr es ni e tt
en s
e .

u
m
Us
e, st —

,
s -
.

C e n s r e , st ,
s - —
.

S we ar , e s t
,
s~ —
.

Te pt , e st s - —

fi
.
,

Fl irt e st s

h
h
- -

h
.
, ,

T a k e st , ,
s
- -
.

m
en tp er
Pres ft d t
s i n de ni e tt
en s
es

uu m
n a
a
ec p .

u
m mfi m
u
h
Us ed , ds t ; h a
-
v e a st a s se d Na i a sa

u
. .
, ,

C e n s r e d , d o d o d o d o d o c e n s re d . Na i n tas .

S wo re , s wo rn Na n p a

u
. .

T e pte d , te pt Na n c s
‘

h h
ed o

fi
. .

Fllr t ed, fl irte d Na gib ig

m
. .

To o k ,
t a ke n . Na g a .

I f te ro o t b e gin s w i t It
, ay re c e ive 9 be f
o re .
 u
Hum h h
17 0

M
m m
Pl p er f tt s

m m
ece n e .

u t sed
m
u um
fih fih
ad ds Na c a p a i a s a na i asa na

M
u
«

u
. .
,

ce n s r ed . N a c a p a in t as ,
na in t
asn a .

wo r n
s Na c a p a n a nan a n

fi
p , p a

fi
.

t e pt e d Na c a p a n c s 6, nan c so na .

ufi
.

fl irte d

u
. N a c a p a gi bi g, na gi b i g na.

t a k en . N a c a p a go a , na go a na .

F tr e i n de tt
ni een s
e .

u
u
lt l t h a ve uu
F

m
tr e p f t
er ecten s
e

m
m
u
h
mm
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
u
u
h
m
.

fih h
S h a ll -
w ill -
s ed a c ap a i asa, a i i as a na

u mu
u
. .
,

c e n s re d acap a in t
as a i in t
as n a

m
. .
,

swo r n a cap a n a
p , an n p a n a

fi fi
. .

t e pt e d a c ap a n c so , an n c so na

fifi
.

fl irte d . aca
p a g i b ig, f
a i gi gi b ig na .

tak e n . ac ap a go a, a g g
o o a na

I nzp er a t
ii e ’
.

77

77

h uu h
7 ,

mm
Ver ba ls

mm
.

m um
u
h
T e ac io n o f sin g . A ng pa i i as i
z .

c en s r in g .
p a i i n t
a s .

sw e a r in g n n zi

fifi
.
p a p .

te p t in g

fifi
.

fl irt in g .
p g
a l
gi b lg .

t a k in g .
p a g o go a .

fi
PA SSI V E

h h
1x .

um m
In ni t
ir e

m
.

97
be
77

7 7
ac c st o e d .

u
u
fi
fi
hu
Pa i a sa n in
Pa in t as in
Pa n n p a l n
Pa n c so in

Pa gib ig in
Pa go n in .
.
.

.
 17 2

T he t a te
s o fb e in g u
u
m
u
m
a cc sto ed
c e n s re d
.
Ver ba l .

Ang pa i as
p a i n t
as
a n in

i n
h
m
m
m
u
u
h
h .

fiu
. .

c rs ed .
p an p ai n .

t e pt ed an cs i

fi
.
p o n .

fl irte d .
p a gib ig in .

t a ke n .
p a
go n in .

Y PA SS I V E .

m
f
In in i t
ive

u u
h
.

u
mu
u
To a cc sto be c a se of .

c en s re .

c rs e at .

t e pt w it

fi
.

fl irt o n ac c o t of

h
n .

t a k e w ith

m
.

m m
en t tt

u
Pr es in de ni e en s

u m
m
e .

u
m u
u um
u
h
Ac c sto -
e st s b e c a se
-
f Y p in a i i a s a

u
o

u
. .
, ,

C e n s re ,
-
st
,
Y p in a i in t as .

C r se Y p in a n n a

fi
, p .

T e pt st w ith Y p in a n n c s o

fifi
,
-
e ,
. .

Fl ir t o n acco n to f Y p in a gifi gi b i

h
,
.
g .

h
Take st w ith Y p in a go go a

m
. .
, ,

m m
ent er ft t f t t

m
Pr es as ss

u
and i d i i

u u
p p ec n e n e en e .

u
u u m
m um u fi u
to e d , d st

fih
Acc s ; h a ve h a st a s a c c s
-
t o e d be c a s
e o f I p in a i a s a

u
. .
, ,

C e n s re d , do do d o do ce n s red I p in a i n t as,
C r se d , c rs e d at . I p in a n p a .

T e pte d ,
te pt e d w ith . I p in a n c so .

t of

u
Fl irte d f lirte d o n a c c o I p i n a gib ig

Huu h h
, n . .

To o k t a k e n w ith I p in a go a

m m
.
, .

m ftt
u m m
Pl p er ecen s
e .

u
m u fiu m
u um t

h fih
ad -
ds to
acc s ed be c a s
e o fN a y p a i sé , y p in a
a
u i s1 i1 a
a

u
. .
,

cen s re d Na vp a l nt
as y p i na i nt
as1i a
c r se d a t . Na y p a n p , yp
a i n a n p a n a .

t e p t ed with . Na y p a n c s o, yp i n a n c so n a .

fl irte d o n a c c o t o f N a y p a n g1 b 1 g,

u
i i

u
n yp n a n gib g n a

h
. .

t a k e n w ith Na y p a go a , yp i n a go a n a

m
. .

m
m
m
m
f
tr e in de in it t

u
F en s

u
e e .

u m
u u
u mh h
Sh a ll ,
-
l tw ill , -
lt a c c s
to b ec a s
e o f. Ipa i i asa .

ce n s re I pa i intas

u
.

e at
rs I pan a

fi
c . n p .

t e pt w ith
fifi
.

fl ir t o n a c c o n t of . I p a iigi gib ig
’
.

t a k e w it . I pa go go a .
Sh a

um
ll

mu
h
h
m
m
,

u
uh
-
lt
,
w ill , -
lt

1
I
2235 5
do
c
u
m
u
11 86

cen

u
m
i h
m
m
m
u
F

rs
m
m
m
m
u
u
u u
u
h
m
30

ed at

t e pte d w ith
fl irte d o n a o
co nt o f

t a k e n w it
h
u
u
s re d d o do
tre
08 0 t

.
.

I p er a t
ive
p

.
e
173

r ec

ed

.
.
ftt
en

M
Ms
e

ay pa

a
yp
ay pa n

a
yp an
a

a y p a n g1 b 1 g,

a y p a ng
’
.

i
in t

u
'
cs
as
a
p ,
o,
,
a

°
s
a

a,
, yp

yp
yp
yp

yp

y
a

p
n
n

a
g
i

fifi
n

1 n g1 b 1

g
i

in t

g
g
asn a
p

n
c

'
a

a
n
a

so
s
a na
'

'
11 a .

a na.
.

mh m
.

u
u u
u h
a cc sto be c a s
e o f Y p a i as a

u
. .

c e n s re Y p a in t as .

c rs at Yp an a
e .
p .

te pt w it Yp a n c s o

fi
. .

fl irt o n a c c o t f Yp afi gib ig

huu h
n o . .

t a k e w ith Y p a go a

m
. .

u m
m
Ver ba l .

u
mu m
u
t io n o fa c c st

h
T e ac o in g b e c a se of . An g ypa i as a .

c e n s r in g yp a i n t
a s .

c rs in g a t yp an
p a

fi
. .

t pt in g w ith
fi
e .

fl ir t in g o n a c c o n t o f .
y p a
g i b ig .

t a k in g w ith .
yp a go a .

fi hh
AN PA SSI V E .

mum m
m
In ni t
ive

h
.

To
To
To
To
umm
be
ani

c
t
u
u
fi
m b e f o re
r e

pt a to r
s
acc to
s
a d ve r to n
ed

in
.
t
o . Pa i a s
Pa in t
Pa n p
Pa n c s
as
an

a
o an
an

a n
an ( e p e n th e sis)
.

.
. .

fi
e . .

fi
fl ir tw it h

h
To . Pa gib iga n .

To take fr o Pa go n a n (c o n t
r a c t io n )

m m mm
. . .

tt

m
en ti nde

u mm
Pr es ni e en s

h
e .

A ,
An i

m m fiu
u
C r se
T e pt
u
fi
m
u
u
ar

,
t a re
a d ve r t
,

,
-
t
es

st
es
,

t
,
st o
acc

s —
on.
ed

b e f o re
at o r in
t
o

.
. Pin a i
Pin a i
Pin a n n
Pi n a n n
is

cs
a n an

in t
p
as

o an
an
a an
.

fi
—

fi
. .
, ,

w it

h h h
Fl irt h Pi n a f

h
i gi ib i n
,
.
g g a .

Ta ke fr o Pin a go go n a n

m m
. .
,

m m m
en t ft t tt
u
Pr es an d s i d ni e es
en s

mh fiuh
p er ec p an e

m
.

m
u u u
t
W a s, s,
w e r e ;
-
a ve , a st , a sb e e n a cc t
so ed t
o . Pin a is a n an .

A n i a d ve rt e d , d et h a ve , h a st a ni t
a dv e r e d o n . Pin a in t as

m
- '

,
an .

C rsed , c r eds b ef o r e . Pin a n p a an .

Te pt ed te pt ed a to r in Pin a n c so an

fi
. .

Fl irt ed ,
fl irte d w it . Pin a gib iga n .

T oo k , ta k e n f ro Pin a go n a n
' '

. .
1.
 h h
1

Humum
1

M
m
m m
m
mm fi
d
u
m
uh m
uh
d et- b ee n st ed t Na p a is a n an , i is a n an
~ n 11 a .
a a cc o o p a

M
u u
.

a ni a d ve rte d Na p a i t as an , i i nt as a

m
o n. p n a n ri a .

r se d b e fo r e Nap a n a i a

fi
p a n p n an p a n l1 a

fi
c .
,
.

t e pt e d a to r in . Na p a n c so an , p 1na n c so an na.

uufi
fl irt e d w ith N a p a gib iga n , p i n a gib iga n l 1 a

h
. .

t a k e n fr o . N a p a go n a n , p a n o nan na
g .

m m
m
F tr e i nde ni e tt
en s
e

mu m
.

mm fiu
u uuh
m
S h a ll , -
l t w ill —
ltb e acc st o ed t
o Pa i i a s a n an

u
. .

an i r to n
a d ve . Pa in in t
as an .

c rs e be fo r e Pa n n p a a n

ufiu
. .

t e pt in o r a t . Pa n n c so an .

uu
fl irt w ith Pa gi g ib iga n

h h
. .

ta k e fr o . Pa ng ng n a n .

m m mm
F tre f tt s

m u m mm
er ec en e
p

h h
.

S h a ll

mm fi
u
-

u
um
fi fi
u
um
u
ltw ilt l t

u
fifi
h a ve-

$7
3)

7 )
b e e n a c c st
ani

c rs
o ed t

a d v e rt e d o n

e d be fo r e

t e pte d in o r a t
o

.
.
. ap a

apa

ap a n
isa n an ,

in t
p
as

a a n
p

p
a

a n
i

n
i
an , p a i i n t
s an

p
as
a
an
a an
n

,
na
na

na
’

flfl
ap an cs o an , p a n n c s an 11 a

fi
. o
7) 7’

fl ir te d w ith a p a gib iga n ,

p a i
g g ib ig a n i1 a

h
. .
7) 7 1

t a k e n fr o . a p a go n a n ,
p a go
g o nan 11 a .

oo m
um m
m
u m
u h
le t be acc to
s ed t
o Pa is a n an

u
. . .

ani a d ve rt on Pa in t as an

m
b . . .

r se b e fo r e Pa n

fi
c p a a n

fi
. .

a to r in . Pa n c so an .

. ir tw ith . Pa g ga n .

h umum m h
t a k e fr o .
p a n go n a n .

m
mh
mm h u
T e ta te
s o fb e in g acc sto ed t
o . Ang pa isa n an .

T e ac t io n a ni rt in g a d ve o n. p a in tas an .

c rs in g b e f o r e .
p an p a an .

hu u u mh
t e pt in g a to r in .
p a n 11 c so a n .

fl irtin g w it p a n g i b ig a n

h
. .

t a k in g f ro . p a ngo n a n .

u m
mm
mu
te f o ll o w in g r o o t s:

h m
T e st d e n t s
ho ld co n j g a e t by an

u
t o d is tr ib t e i

m
. a a ag .

t o c a re f a la .

m
or a a

m
.

t o l ive in a h o s e

u
.

hh h
t
o l i ve in te w o o d s)

h
( soapp o se d .

t o l i v e in t o w n . a a y an .

t o gr o w p a l e t
la

k u
. a .

T e ro o t i n tis t
, ens
e , er t
in s sn o r te s
f a e o fe p o ny .
mh h
m
um h m
h muh
Roo t
hm
u h
h
hm
s o fw e a r in g ga r e n t s ifc n j ga te d by an in d ic a t e te w e a r in g
th e r e o f T e d iffe r e n c e in se n s be twe e n te c o n j ga tin g o f te sa e by
o
1 16
g

mm
. e

h
is t a t te f o r e r e x p r e sse s te o c c a sio n a l a n d te l a tt r

H m
a g a nd an ,
e

te c st o a ry we a r in g

h m m m
.

h
S h irt , t wea r h irt
s Ba ro a a ro

u m h h u
o a .
, .

A pr o n , t

m
we a r pro n T a p is, a n a p is

u u
o an a

fi
. .

tt r a at

u u u
b a l ilo S a b a l ilo ,

u
hm uh
a o we a ana

h
. .
,

T e e xtr a c t ive i n d s try o ff o r e stry a n d sh in g pr o d c t s b e in g so w id e ly

m
spr e a d thr o gh o t te I sl a n d s r o o t s i n d ic a t ive o fa n y s c h pr o d c t s a y b e

M
,

c o n j ga t e d by an to d e n o t e te e n ga gin g i n te w o rk in g a sa b s in e s
s

m
.

m u
\V o o d , t e te w o o d
o e xc e r c 1s r s Ca
°

o n ge
1

fi
m mu
oy, a nga o .
tr a d e y

fi
m
.

R a tt a n t o ga th e r r a tt a n s Q ay a go a
y

fi
m
. .
, ,

Dee r t

m
o chas e deer Us a a g sa
s a a gisda
. .
,

h
,

F ish t o be a fi s he r a n
O
u
. .
, ,

y ste r t
fi
o ga th e r o y s te r s T a l a b a a n a la b a

m m
.
, ,

S h e ll o th e r o f p e a rl s h e ll ; t
o p ic k

m um u u m m u u
t th r s
,

h ll s
C a p is a ga is
p ,
.

p ,o g a e e .

H h m
tr t s fin fi sh in g h a sin g o r t in g a ts c h pr o d
t ts
“

T in s ade

mm
e en e o ,
c ge c

l ik e w ise b e j d t by

m
u
co n ga an

u u
ay e

fi u u m m
m m
F ish in g ro d t b e a r o d fi sh e r a n o B in a s, a in a s
-

u
. .
,

h
B i n it t

h
oo k t s e h o o k sin fi sh in g i

m
,
o .
,
a n i .

um h h
bat

h
Ne tt s wi t h a net La ba t , a n la

m u m mm u u
o

u
. .
,

G n f o wl in g p ie c e ; t
o h n t w ithag B a r il , a r il

m m
n.

u
-
a

u
h
.
,

u
m mu
td ist in c t io n sh o l d b e d r a w n b e tw e e n th e se i n st
u
h
B r e n t sc o n j g a t e d by
a n d te s t t

hh
e co n j t d by U l k s f rw r d t i

m
an a g a e o o o a o e a c o n o r

u m m
t
, ,

se t te w o rk o r e ffe c t T s i la o l ig t ; “ ”
a ke se o f

fi
an o i la o o

mu um
.
, , , , ,

1 l ight ;
” th a t is t o s
“
t ”
l ight ; a f iy ila o
“
to ge ta l i vi n g by e pl o y in g

m
ay o

mu m u
, , ,
”
a l ight T s s i t r h
( o n g a o c )

mm mm m m
.

u
.
,

po rt a n t o n e a n d te p p il isr e c o e nde d t

u
a n c o n j ga t io n isa ve ry i o

M
,

a c q a in t h i se lf w ith ita sto r o g l v a sp o ssib l e I n t o it a n y a r o o to f .

,

a nd a
g c o n j g a t io n s i f b e g in n i n g w ith b p t s c o r a v o w e l c o e to b e , , ,

H
, , , ,

r e so l ve d B igd y a iyd y ; p riso n a d so ; t

.
,
o op a n é co ; s
p o lo a n o la ; c a ,
c c , ,

ld a l
e a gld a l e t
a it c c

H h h
.
,

muuhm m hm u
h mh
m
h
T IR T Y S I XT H E X E RC I S E

umm
u mm
.

m m m
t c o ff s a ty o t

h
W ho do es y so n s
c o ff a ? e s \V y d o e s e sc o ff a

m u
.

h
e B ec a s
e yo a reth e y c o e fro ? ( t a ke
c r in g y d o g W he r e do

u u
. .

h
o ri i 1
g o f ) Th e y c o e fr o t e fir st s
e ttl e r s D o e s e k n o w o w to i ic .

c a ts? No b t e k n o w ow ,
t o ilk c o w s W h o a re A e r ic a n s s co t .

r e be l s Did J o h n pr a c t ic e b t

h
i ng f Th e y sc o t f

h H
or? e d ic i n e ? No

m
or

m m m
.
,

e pr a c t is es s o o th s a y in g W h a t d o r e b e l s l ive by ? Th e y l ive by r a p in e

uum
u mu m
u um
. .

? T e y d o n o t la y s

h
W h e r e d o c h il d re n l a y sn a r e s f o r b ir d s n a re s f

H
or

u
b ir d s th e y e a r n th e ir l i vin g by n e tt in g a n d by fi sh in g w ith a h o o k W a t

u u m
.
,

t t

h
W

h
t I st n s r in g a n d c r s h

H
a cc s d ? d i

m
ng

m
a re
y o o e o a a c c o e o c e o

m
u m
.

is te y o n g a n a lw a y s t e p t

h h
is t e pt i n g is fe a le c o s

h
in g ? in

m
e

u u
—

u
.

W h e n d id y o fl irt ? I se d t fl ir tw ith girl s wh e n a l a d W h a t w a s

H fi
o

u
.

hu
y o r fa th e r e n ga ge d in t a k in g? e w a se n ga ge d i n t a k in g t ie ve s A o ng

u u
.

wh o do yo d is tr ib t e th a t o n ey ? I d istr ib te ita o n g y r e l a t io n s

u u
.

Do e s y o r se r va n t t a k e c a re o fte ga r de n ? t a ke s c a r e o f is f a r

u
e ,

f or e d o e s n o tl ive i n t o w n b tin te c o n try W a t k in d o ffi sh in g i s , .

o r n e ighb o r e n ga ge d in ? e is e n ga ge d in s in g e e l s a n d fr o gs .

W h a tis y o r tr a d e ? y tr a d e is th a t o f a w r it e r W a t d o in s r ge n ts .
 h
h
fl
um h m
u
h m m
u um h
17 7

u u
H h h
m
go a bo t d e str o y i n g ? T e y g o a b o t d e str o y in g f a r s a n d v illa ge s a n d

u
,

c o ll e c t in g o ne y a n d t e y bl a s ph e e b e c a se th e y d o n o tc o n q e r W h o

u
.
,

t I pr a y G o d a n d te H o ly V irgin I ste pr ie st

h h
d o y o pra y c s o a r ily ?

u mu u
.

h
pre a c h in g t o th o se wo e n w e a r in g a p ro n s? Y e s W h a t is e r h sb a n d

u u
.

h h
e n ga ge d i n ? e is e n ga ge d in fi s i n g w i th a t o rc h I s th a t d o g se d

mu
H u
.

h h Hh
to b ite a n d d e vo r b o a r s? It is n o t se d t o b it e b t te b o a r s a e r

u
,

s ed t ee a n d d o n o ta ll o w th e s e l ve st o b e o ve r r n ( pr e c e d e d W h t
o ) . a

is te c o n d it io n o fte tr e e s in y r ga r de n ? Th e y d o n o ty e tb e a r fr it ;

m u u m u
o

h
b tt e y a re a lr e a d y in bl o o

h
W h a t w a s J a n e e n ga ge d in wh e n st il l

H
.

h
a l ive ? S e w a s e n ga ge d in s p in n in g a n d ga t e r in g fl o we r s

H
ow do e s

h
.

h
e e a rn is l i vin g ( pr o v id e f o r) ? e e ws a n d
s wr it s Do o ffi c e r s w e a r
e .

sid e a r s? T e y w e a r a swo rd b tth e y d o n o t w e a r a x e s D o e s y o r

h mm
—
.
.
,

r f th r l f r l f w h r
fi
g a n d a e e a d a s e
-
a a i n g i e ? N o e w a s a o o d a n a n d a c a se

u
,

o fdee r W a s n o ty o r f a th e r e n ga ge d in fi s in g ? e a s e n ga ge d in

u u u
.

g a th e r i n g o y st e r s a n d s h e l.l s D i d th e y s w i th a h o o k o r a ro d ? e fi sh e d
w ith a t o r c h a n d so e t i e s w it a n e t D o e s isfr ie n d h n t b o a r sw ith a
.

n ? N o e s e d t o h n t b o a r s w it h d o gs
g ,
.
 MM
M
T H IR T Y S EV E NT H LES S O N .

Y CA T L O N G PO U O , T , P IT O N G PA G A R A L .

O D IFIC A TI V E V E R B A L IZI N G PA RTIC L E S .

h h h
AOA

umu u
u u m um h
mhmhu
hh
hh
h
yll a b ic a n d tr isy ll a b ic ve rb a l p a rt ic l e s, te st d e n t

h
O 11 e n c o n t e r in g d is

h
s

u uum
sh o l d b e r e in d e d o fte ge n e r a l r l e r e ga r d i n g te r e p e a t in g o fte s

h hh
eco nd

m m m
o r th i r d s yll a bl e o fte p a r t ic l e i n st ead o f te fi rsto fte r o o t ,
f o r t e p re

se n t a n d f t r e t e n s es I n a pply in g th is r l e t
. o o , w e s t sa y t a t
h e r e , a s e lse wh e re , te r l e is so e wh a t a rb itr a ry , a n d t a t te c st o

m m m
p re v a il s i n so e p a rt s o fte I sl a n d s o fr e p e a t in g ca , wh il e te fir st syll a

u u
b le o fte r o o t is r e p e a te d i n o th e r s is t

h h
T e l a tt e r fo r b e pr e fe rr e d ,

M
o

M
u
m m
u
.

es pe c ia lly in th o se r o o t s wh ic h a d it o fe a in te p a ssive

m u
.

a c a , a ppl i e d t o r o o ts a d itt i n g o f or a y c o n j ga t io n sv e rb a l iz e s

m
u u mu
u
a t ive o n e , if a ppl ie d t

h
i n a p o t e n t ia l s o th o s

h
en se , a n d in a c a s e in v o l n

u mu
t a ry a c t io n s th a t a re c o n j ga t e d by a , th a t is t o s a y , a c c o r d in g t

h
o o re

u m u
b e in g a d e se o ff o r a c t io n so r a ff e c t io n s T e pl p e rf e c t a n d p e rfe c t fti e

fi
u m mu u

M
.

t ens e s o f a c a h a v e v e ry l i ttl e se a n d c a n n o t , o fc o r s e , b e fo r e d 1 n t(

s ppl e t o ry w a y o fr e sp e c t iv e ly p r e x in g n a ca a n d a ca , w i th o t e n t a il i n g

co nf s io n w ith te p a s t in d e fi nit e t e n se a n d te i p e r a t i ve Th s, th e se .

l a tt e r w ith te c o pl e t ive p a rt ic l e na a ft
e r th e a re se d t
o e x p re ss
r e spe c t ive p e rfe c t te n se s .

R OO T S .

h
PA R A DI G S

m
.

m
To w a lk .

Th in g w a lk e d f or

mu
.

p e r so n t

h
Pl a c e wh e r e t o o,
r o w o t
so e b o d y t a k e sa n yth in g by w a lk i n g
,
.

T o w a lk a gr e a t d e a l o r t o c a rry

m
,

so e th in g a l o n g w ith o n e wh il e a gl a c a d .

w a lk in g

um m
.

Th in g th sc a rr ie d a l o n g o r te fo o t I lac a d
,
. .

Pe r s on t o wh o . La c a r a n .

R o t e wh e r e by . Pa gla c a r an .

T o w a lk e r e ly a sa p a s ti e a gl a c a r l a c a r
. .

Pl a c e wh e r e o n . Pa gla c a r l a c a r a n .

T o b e a bl e t o w a lk .
in g
se n s
s
of
e

mu
o te
t po te n t ia l
is ca ; (y ea s

o od
,

c o n j ga t io n
in c
h r spo n d in g t
s c h ve rb sa d it b to fy p a s
iv e o fi n th is p a rt ic l e isd r o pp e d in a ll te t e n s
o n ly a
,

o r n a re
,
o te c a s

sive )
s
ens
e is at ive
I n te p a s
e

e s wh ic h isa p e c l ia rit y

a in i n g a s s e e n h e re a ft e r
,
mh
u m
mm h
u

fi
a ,
1 80
te

M
o ne co r e

,
.
h
h
u
u .

M
IN PA SS I V E .

t
u u
In ni ive .

To be r n o ve r .
( t
o be a ble t
o be r n o ver ) . a lac a d .

m
e n tin de fi tt
u
Pres e ns
ni e e .

M
h
A . ar tis a re, ,
r n o ve r . Na l a lac a d .

Pr esen t e rf t t fi tt
en s
es

u
ec a nd as in d e ni e
p p .

u
W a s stw e r e ; h a ve h a st

H u uu
,
o

, , ,
s
a a b ee n r n o ve r . Na lac a d .

M
Pl p er ftt
en s
e ec .

a d , dstb e e n -
r n o ve r . Na lac a d i1 a .

F tr e i n de fi tt
en s
ni e

u
e .

u
u
S h a ll ,
-
l tw il l
, ,
-
ltbe r n o ve r . a l a l ac a d .

F tr e f tt s

u
n

m
er ec e e
p .

S h a ll ,
-
lt
, w i ll ,
Ith a v e -
be e n r n o ve r . a l a l ac a d 11 a .

I p er a t

u
ive .

B e , le t . be r n o ve r . a l ac a d .

fi
Y PA SS I V E

h h
.

In ni t
ive .

fi
T o b e a bl e t
o w a lk w i t .
(a st a ff ) . a y lac a d .

To s adde n by Y c a ap is

h
h
. .

en ti n d e
Pr es ni e tt
ens
e .

Ca n s t w a l k w i
~
th
u
Na y la lac a d

h
h
q

h
. .
, ,

ts
S ad de n , e s Y in a a a p is

h
- -
. .
,

h
hh
Pr e s ec t
en t erf a nd t
as in de fi tt
e ns
es

u
ni e
p p .

C o l d d stw a lk ; a ve a st a s
a bl e

av e
t
a
as
,

w a lk w it S a d de n ed
t a s sad d en e d b y
,
-

,
.
, ,

,
Y u
q in a a
p is,
H
h
S
ad

h
h
h
a 11,

hh hh
-

-
d e tb e e n a bl e
sa d de n e d

1tW 1ll , l t
.
°

b -
b le
s deid
'
t
by
u
.

fi
u
u
h
o w a lk

u
ug
w it

t
F
Pl p er

tre
lk W 1 t
l1
'
.
f t
ecte
1 81

e t
in de in it
1

f
en s
e

M
M
Na y l ac a d

a y l a la c a d .
na

.
. Y

Yc a
u
qrn a

a ap i s
a

.
p

p
i s

.
n a .

M
F tre p r
e ec ftt
e nse .

m
S h a ll , -
lt
, w ill ,
-
It a ve bee n ab el t
o

w a lk w it . a
y l a lac ad na . Yc a a api sn a
do do s
a d d en e d by .

I p er a t
i ve .

be bl e t
o w a lk w i th

h
a .

m h
s
a dde n b v .

Ver ba ls .

T e ac t io n o fbe in g a ble t
o w a lk w ith .

A 11 g f
l ac d Ang l r
ca s
a li i
s
a d de n i n g b v .
a
3 a . .

PA S S I V E

M
AN .

In fi ni t
ive .

fi
T o be bl e t
o w a lk a t a la c a r a n

M
a . .

m
en ti n de
Pres ni e tt
en s
e .

Ca n stw a lk ; tisa bl e t
o w a lk

h fi
-
a ar
, , ,
Na la la c a ra 11
at

h u
h
.

en t erf
ect t tt
u
Pr es p an d
p as i n de ni e en s
es .

C o ld ds tw a lk ; wa s, st w

H uu fi
-
e re ; a ve, -
, ,
Na la c a ra n
ast o w a lk a t
a s be e n a bl e t
.

.
,

Pl p erf
ec tt
en s
e .

h uu
a d, -
tb ee n
ds a ble t
o wa l k a t . . Na l a c a r a n na .

F tr e in de ni e t t
en s
e .

hh
.
. S a ll ,
-
lt
, w i ll , -
ltbe a bl e t
o w a lk a t . a la l a c a ra n .

F tr e p f
er ectten s
e .

S a ll , lt
,
-
wil l ,
a lt a ve b e e n ab l e t
o l
a l a l a c a ra n
Wa l k a t ,
na.
 M
M
M
M
1 82

M
h
be a b le t
o w alk a t . a l a c a ra n .

h h m
Ver ba l

h h u
.

u u um
u
e ac

m io n o fb e in g a bl e t
t o w a lk a t . A g a la c a r a n .

mm
T st d e n t sh o l d j t te f o ll o w in g b s by b o th

mm m
u
e co n ga e ve r a ea

h
te t ive a nd in te r io s f o r s o fp a s sive

m u
ac va .

m m
To a ke e rr y , t o gl a d d e n , t o c h ee r . aca t
o a .

To a ke e l a n c ho l ac a l bay
y

u u fim
. .

T o f right e n . t o in t i id a t e t
ac o t

m
. aca .

To ar t o d o il l aca s
a a

u
. .
,

e p a in , t

uh
To ca s o gr ie v e ac a p a n
g y y
a a a

M
. .

tr e n gth e n , t

M
To s o ca s e h e a lth a c a ga l in g , a c a la c a s

u fi
. .

T o b e a bl e t o do o r t

h
o a ke a c a ga a

m
u m
u
. .

T o t e rr ify a c a p a gil a b o t

m u
. .

T o b e a t ify a c a ga n d a

uu
. .

T o ca s e te d i s g t
s o f s a t ie ty ac ab s og

h
. .

T o h in d e r , t

m
be r bala

m m

MM
o c a c a ga

h
. .

it iga t e gr ie f

u
To ac ag in a a

uh u m h
. .

m m uu
a ca b e r e c o b in e d w ith a n y o th e r c o n j ga t io n a d it t
ay
p o te n tia l ity by b e in g pr e fix e d t
j ga tio n C a r e sh o l d b e t
o te p a ssive p a rt ic l e o f a n y s c h c o n
a k e n in e
in g o f

pl o y in g te pr o p e r p a rt ic l e r e q ir e d

u
.

by te k in d o f a c t io n , so a s t a k e te pr o p e r d i sc ri in a t io n o fs e ns e

u
o .

T o be a bl e t
o go o t .

t
ake o t
.

g o a way

u
.

h
t a ke aw a v

h h
.

te a ch

m
.

st d y

uu
.

pr e ac h .

m
fte

u m
s ch p a r t ic l e in d ic a t ive pr i ry ho ld pr e se r ve d

u umu
ens
s e s

u
A ny o a be
in te p a ssive

h
.

m m m
I c o l d ge to tfro a n i la . A ng y n il a n a la b a s

m m
a ,
ang an co .

I c o l d t a k e o tfr o te c h h Na p a gl a b a s s
i ba h a n

mm um u mm
rc . an co a ng .

m u m
t re t at phy sic a l th a n t

hh
io n s e r ia l f rs

m
In ac o a a ca re e
or o a o

m mu
, ,

o ra l c a p a b il ity
o r pe r issive p o w e r T e l a tt e r 1 s b e t t e r e xpr e s s
ed by

m mm u
.

h
i len t a l th o gh a ca is a l so so e t

m
a n gga r i o r s ,
i es s ed .

u
a nga v ie r n e sn a n g a re s a l d i

u
Sa
a v no t b e ea t
c
ea t e n o n fa st d a y s s c a t c a l n n a n la a n c a t

u
h
-
.

l
g g
r r

h h
.

m
It a y be give n t i b

m m
o e a
y e
S S l yd n g b l e
,

tr st e d w ith it
-
.

u
.

ig t itb e ? i b a ?

u m
g a n gy ya a r a g .

u
u
T p o t en t ia l a c t iv e a n d p a ssive s o f a ea a y b e se d in d isc ri in a t e ly
e

h
w 1 to tp a y in g a n y a tt e n t io n a st

u
o wh e th e r th e r e a re o bj e c t s o r n o ti n te

se n t e n c e o r wh e th e r th e y a r e o r a r e n o t c ir c sc r ib e d in sens e

u
, .

u
Na c a c a s la ta c o n it
on g l ib r o
I ca n wr it
e th isb o o k .

Y t on g l ibr o 1 n a s s la tc o .
.

I co ld . a ca c a y a aco n ac a
y a 00 .
In

a s a n in s

H a ve y o
I h a ve s
I1 a ve p

Did
I

h
u hh
s
aw

h
u
h
o

h
s
co n e

h
m
h
in a t i o n f

m
u
m
y o

.
f
hm
umh
umu
h
u u
m
u mu

u
r lo

s
ee
m
m
m
m
mh
u
o r a n v s ch

mt
m
u
e i
h
m
si n g wh a t a y br in g p n ish e n t

h
mm m
fe e l in gs o fte p e r so n t e y a re sp e a k i n g

m
umum m
a cts a s

e ve

u ed
r p rl o in e d
e

e
sp
)
k ill
rlo

i
ed .

?
an yt
( I M
h in g
a y
?
1 84

C O N S T R UCT I O N
g

g
U

N
n

a
g
t
o

a ra

n iy a
q
u
l? ,
Na c a q
p o n th e o r wh a t y

u
i

q
t
,
th e y ge n e r a lly e pl o y

il

it a
o itc a

n ac ao
,

a c o,
rt te
th e y a re h o w e ve r we ll a ss r e d o f
,

b a ga n a n g
ita c o

a c on g

na
,

it
a
.

p
,

co
a

.
ano

t
ay s
a
én ?
a

ca
.
.

u
h
u
A c t iv e s e n t e n c e s te v e rb o f wh ic h o bt a i n s i n c o n j ga t io n a r e

h h
a ce

u u u m
,

tr c t e d in te r e g l a r w a y w ith te a ge n t in te n o in a t ive c a se

h h h h
co n s

u
,

a n d te o bj e c t in te a c c s at e te ve rb

uh h
iw e , i n wh a t e ve r s

M
ens a
y b e se d ;

u m u
b tte o bj e c t o f a v e rb in te c a s

h
a t i ve s ens e sh o l d a l w a y s b e pr e c e

M
mm u u
d e d by 3 01 a n d n o tby n a ng Pa s sive se n t e n c e si n wh ic h a c e is s e d in t e

mu u
, .

p o te n t ia l se n se a l so f o ll o w te ge n e r a l r l e o fc o n str c t io n ; te a ge n tin

H h u
u
te p o sse ssive c a se , a n d te p a t ie n t in te n o in a t ive ; b tte a ge n t sh o l d

u mu
b e p ti n te n o in a t iv e a n d te p a t ie n t o r o bj e c t , i n te p o s se ss
i ve ,

hh m
fo r pa s si ve s e nte n ce s W h e re is se d in te c a s a t iv e s en s

M
u
a e .

m
N s l t s iy s l t
1

a n
wr ite te l e tt e r s j a c a c a a n a n g a g a a

uu u
.

N a s s l a tn iy a a n g
e can
a nga s l a t .

A n g c a l in isa , i, n a c a ga ga l in g s a c a ta
stit rt s h e a lth t ( str
(J a v i p a

h e n s) te b o d v
t
o e n g o an .Y q
i n a ga g a l in g n a n g c a tao an
a n g c a l i n is
.

an .

Hh
h H
u
h
mh h h u m
mh
m
m h THI RT Y SE V E N TH EX E BO I S E .

m m u u
h
tw a lk ? t

uh
W t w k b I s I l W

mHm
y can y o no a l e c a e c anno
a a e a

mm
u mu u
.
,

sa d d e n s e r ? er o th e r sd e a t sa d d e n e d e r W ith wh o
’
w ill e b e gl a d ?

u
.

h
e w i l l b e gl a d w i th isc h il d r e n W h a t c a se d y o r fa th e r s e l a n c h o ly ?

H
’

u
.

W h a t a d e y o sic k l a stw e e k ? Fr it in j r e d

h
S e a f a r in g l if e fr ight n s i

h
fi fi
e

u m
—

u u
.

h
A n d wh a t r e c o ve r ? r
fiu
s

fi
a de d

hu
S i i d d

m H
e y o o e n c e e a n e o

m
e c e

um m
. .

t e c a n n o td o th a t W at t Th n d e r t

uhu
ha t ? e r r i e sc h i l d r e n ? e r r i e sc h il

h
fi
u m
.

d re n W h a t be a t i e s girl s? o de s ty b e a t i e s girl s W h a t c a se s sa t

u u u
. .

i t at t f

h
t t ty W h t w l h r

h
s

h
s s s

H
e
y ? S w e e p a o e c a e a ie a o d i n d e i ? i o c e

u u u
.

h in d e r s i W o it iga te d y o r gr ie f ? w f t t r f W ll

h
.
y i e i ig a e d y g ie i .

e b e a bl e t o go o tn o w ? e c a n n o t go o t n o w b t e w ill g o a w a y t o o -

m m m
,

H a ve y o b e e n a bl e t o ta ke o t te st o n e ? I c o l d n o tt a k e o tt

mh h h H h
rro w e

u m u
u
.

Ca n y o n o tt e a c h T a ga l o g ? No I c a n n o t b tI c a n l e a r n it Ca n

h
st o n e

u u u
. .
, ,

e pr e a c h t o te p eo pl e ? e isn o ta pr ie s t so e c a n n o t pr e a c h ay I

h H m
m h m u
.
,

t t t D t

h h
I p r tt k b k t k r s

H
( e i e d ) a e e o o ? Y o a
y a e i o y o n d e a n d

m
a

u u mu
.

I d o n t n d e r st D

h
e? and
’
y o o c o pr h n d wh at I s a ? I d

m
y o e e
y o

m u u
. .

Do e s e h e a r te r o a r in g o fte w in d ? e d o e sn o t e is d e a f Ca n y o

u
H u
h
.
,

th in k p o n it I c a n n o t th in k b tI c a n r e e b e r Ca n e a k e o t

h
?

u u u
.
,

te e a n in g o fth is w o r d ? ee ; b t e ca n no t o t

h h
e c a n fee l a n d s a ke

m u u
C o l d e s e ll te fra ga n c e o ffl o we r s?

h
te e c o l d b e fo r e

H
e a n in g

u
.
,

b t e c a n n o t n o w e v e n p e r c e ive o b j e c t s by t o c h i n g n o r l iq o r s by t a s

h
te

u
h m H
u
.

\V ill e b e a bl e t w ill n o tb e a bl e t

uhh
o pr o n o n c e ? o pr o n o f

m
e n ce or e

u
,

st tt e r sso e wh a t Ca n th e y e xpl a in te c a se ? Th e y c a n la y itb e fo r e te

u u u
.

J d ge Do th e y k n o w o w t o re a d ? Th e y d o W h a t d o y o d o h e r e o n te

u u
. .

be a c h ? I a rr ive d h e re w ith o t y b e in g a wa r e o fit a ste se r va n t l o o ke d .

fo r te k e y ? Y e s b t e c o l d n o tc o e a c r o s
,
sw i th it a sy o r s is te r .

as k e d o r n e ighb o r f o r fl o we r s ? No b e c a s e s e k n o w ss e w ill n o t , b e give n

 h
mhhH
uh m
te
h
m
mu
uu
. h
h
m
u h
m
Wh
m
u
u
tdid te b o y d o ?
a
1 85
e ra n f

s a ll w e d e p a rt ? S t a r te a r ly in te
.
o r Fr a n k a n d e o ve rt o o k

o r n in g th a t y o

by s n sh in e A n d ifn ight c o e p o n s in te w a y ? G o o n f
ay n o t

w ill h a ve te b e n e fit o fe n j o y in g o o n l ight ; b tt a k e c a r e n o tt
i
.

,
W en
be ha r e d

o
or yo

be s r
pr ised by te r a in .
 M
Y CA T L O N G PO U O , T
T

O D IFIC A TI V E
H IR T Y E IG H T H
, U A LO N G
Le

V E R B A L IZI N G PA RTIC L E S
sso n
PA G A R AL
.

.
.

MM
fi
h tu
tr u

hmmmmh
m
m
h
mm m
u
mh
u h
h
f

h h
ly
ag a
p rb a l ize sc h ie fly in a fa c t it ive se n se It b e in g d is
co on ve

m u u
.
,

t a bl e o fit isr e p e a t e d t t

h
yll b r
s a ic in s c e
p a e l as t syll , ,
o f o r e si pl
,
e

pre se n t a n d f t re t e n se s T e p a ssive p a rt ic l e f

h
s t es

fi
or n
gp n is p a ( o e i

u
. ,

o r d in g t t t

h h h
ag a a c c e rb r q ir i n or v i n i s pr i a ry
p p p p g a a o e e g a
y

u m u u
, ,

yll a b ic te r st syll a bl e o f te r o o t

h h
or s e c o n d a ry s ens e ) Pa b e i n g o nos .
, ,

h
a nd no t th a t o fte p a rt ic l e sh o l d b e r e p e a t e d in te pro p e r t e n se s o ft

h
e

u u
p a ssive C a r e sh o l d b e ta k e n t te”p a ssive p a rt ic l e r e q ir e d

h
o i n tr o d c e

u
u
.

by te ve rb in it s p r i a ry se n se by i n s e r t i n g i tb e f o r e o r af te r (ge n

u m u m
,

o r a lly a ft e r
) p t e pas si p rt i l of t i s j t i i t pl p rf t

mm
v c c n n

u
a e ,
a e o ga o n e e e c ,

a n d f t re p e rfe c t te n se s o fte a c t ive a n d p a ssive s a n d te o th e r t e n se s ,

o fte l a tt e r r e q ir in g itf o r d is t in g ish in g te se n se .

T e t w o f o ll o w i n g e x a pl e s o fc o n j ga t io n h a ve b e e n se l ec t ed t o ake
th is d isc r i i n a t io n o r e n o t ic ea bl e .

fi
A CT I V E .

M
t

u
In ni ive .

u
fi
rd e r t t t

h fi
To o o te ach o ca se o te a c h
a gp a ar a l . a gp a p a gar a l .
.
,

To o rd e r t
o l ea rn to ca ,
se t
o l ea r n .

en tin d e
Pres ni e tt
en s
e .

h
O rde r , -
st s t
,o -
t
ea c ; t
o le arn . Na gp a pa ar a l ; n a gp a p a p a gar a l .

en t
Pres e ft n
ecd t
s i n d ni e tt
en s
es
p r a
pa e .

O r d e r e d , d st h a st

u
; h a ve -
a s o rd e re d
Na gp a a r a l ;

H
n a gp a p a ga r a l
, ,

t
o te ac h ; t
o le arn .

ectt
Pl p erf en s
e .

ufi
u
h h
Na c a p a gp a a ra l , n a gp a ar a l n a
ad dsto r d e re d o t
t e ac h ; t
o lea r n
3
.
-

Na gp a p a gp a p a ga r a l , n a gp a p a gar a l
. , ’

m
F tre in d e ni e tt
en s
e .

S a ll -
lt w i ll , -
lto r d e r t
o t
e ac ;
t
o le a r n
,

.
,
a gp a p a ara l '

a gp a Pa Pa gar a
. l
 1 88

fiu
h
Y PA SS I V E

fi
h m
t n it

m
i e .

T o o rd e r t tea c h ; (s t in g) t
i
o o e o
Y p ina ar a l ; y p a gp a ara l
l e a r n (s e tin g)
.

o
. .

en t
Pr es e t
in de in it en s f

M
e .

fi
hh
h
O rder -
e t
s sto t
e ~
a c h ; t
o le a r n Y p in a a ara l ; y p in a p a ga aral

h u
. .
, ,

en t
Pres erf
ec ta n d t
as i n de ni e tt
ens
es
p p .

t
O rde red , d s t,
s so rd e re d
i
-
; a ve , a a
Y p in a ara l ; y p in a p a gar a l

H h
t
o te ac ; t
o l ea rn .
.

Pl p er ftte ns
ece .

ufi
u
Na y p a ar a l , y p in a ar a l n a

h uu
ad , dst d d t
o t t
o l e a rn
3
.
~
o r e r e e ac
Na yp a gp a ara l , y p i n a p a gara l
.
, ,
na .

F tre in de tt
ni eens
e .

S ll lt w i ll l t d t ea ch ; t
o t

h hm
~
a ~
o r e r o
, , ,
Y p a a ar a l ; y p a p a ga ara l
lea r n
.

F tre p er ec ftt
en s
e .

S ll lt w ill lt o r d e re d t a y p a ar a l , a l

h
a ,
-
, ,
~
a ve o yp a a r a na .

te ac h ; t
o l e a rn . a y p a gp a ar a l ,
y p a
p g
a a ar al na .

I p erat
ine .

h h
O rde r ,
o rd e r t
o te ac
; t
o l ea rn . Y p a ara l ; y p a p a gar a l .

Ver ba ls .

T e ac t o t
io n o fo rd e r in g t e ac ; t
o
l e ar n .
An s yp a é ra l ; an s yp p g
a a é r a l

PA SS I V E

h mfi
AN .

To o rd e r t
o t
eac o; t
t o l e a rn fr o . Pa a ra la n ; p a p aga r a l a n .

m
t t

m
en tin de
Pres ni e ens
e .

O rd e r t
s s o t
t ‘
h t tl
i
~
e -
e ac o; o ea rn
, ,
Pin aa ar a la n ; p a p a ga ar a l a n .
fro .
 M
h fi
1 89

O h
h mu r
rd e e d , d et
; h a ve
en t er
Pres p

t
s
fta n
ecd

so r d e r e d
p

j
t
s i n d
ae ni e tt
e ns
es .

Hm
-
a a
, ,
Pl n a a r a la n ; p l n a p a ga ra l a n
t
o t e ac o; t
t o le a r n fr o .
.

Pl p er ftt
en s
ec
e .

d et o t
t e ac h t
o; t

ufi
ad , o rd e re d Na p a a r a la n , p in a a ra l a n n a

u
o

h
.

l e a r n fr o . N a p a ga r a la n , p in a p a ga ra l a n na

F tre i n de ni e tt
en s
e .

M
f
fjg xjf
éi f
t ll Ito rd e r t
o te ac t
i
u
u
z ”
o ;
Pa a a r a l a n ; p ap a ga a r a l a n
’
.

r rr

mm
F tre p er ec f tte n s
e .

M
S h ll
a ltw i ll -
lt h a ve -
o rd e red t a p aa rala n , p a a r a la n n a

h
, , o a .

te a c h t
o; t
o l e a r n fr o

m
. a p a p a g a r a la n , p apa
ga a ra l a n na .

m
I p er a t
ive .

M
O rd e r , le t o rd e r t
o t
eac t
o; t
o

hm
Pa a r a la n ; p a p a ga la n
. .

l e a r n f ro .

M
.

Ver ba ls

h h mh
.

uh uh
T t io n o fo rde r in g t
o t
e ach t
o ; t

g
e ac o

um
A n g p a a ral a n ; 3 11 8 a a
p p ga r a l a n
le a rn fro

h
.

T e tde n t sh o
s l d c o n j ga t
e te f o l lo w in g ve r
‘
bs b y ay
p a in te

u
t ive te fo r s f te p a ssi ve

h
ac an d in a ll o

m
.

m u
h
T o e n ac t , t o o rd e r t o in s t it t e a la l

m
a gp a

u
. .

T o c r e a te , t
o o rd e r t o br in
g f o r w r d a gp a l a l a n g

m
a

u
. .

T o o rde r t o do o r ake a

m
. a gp a ga .

T o o rder t o go o r c o e p st a ir s a gp a p a n ic .

T o o rd e r t o h a ve s o e th in g p st a ir s a gp a p a gp a n ic

m
. .

u
T o o rd e r t o go o r c o e do wn s t a ir s . a gp a p a n ao g .

T o o rde r t o ge ts

h
o e th i n g d o w n s t ai r s . a gp a p a gp a n ao g .

T o b e a bl e t o o rde r t o ge t in t o a c a p a gp a p asoc

u
. .

T o o rd e r t o pl a n t . a gp a t ani .

vvr it a gp a s l a t

h
e . .

bo lt

h h
. a gp a s s i .

a gp a t

u h
s
ew a i

u
. .

u hh
a u
u mm uu
te fo r e go in g in st
a yr a in o act
a n c e s r e fe r s t io n s t
o b e e x ec t e d by
p e rso n o th e r th a n te s bj ec t If te a c t io n is a c t ive a n d s c h a s t
be s f fe r e d by te s bj e c t a yp a ea n s t a ll o w o n e s se lf t s ff
o

er
.

h
’
o o

mm u
, ,

w ill in gly o r t le to n e s s e lf b e a cte d p o n by te a c t s o f o te rs

’

mu
o ,
.

sa t
1 ) Po e n t
e d i n te p r e s
t
ial a n d f a c i ive s
e n ta n d s
e ns
e s co
i p le f re e n s
b in e d
es
tt
u t t .
: a ca i s c o n j ga t
ed , a nd p a
'

is re r
 M
M
M
To a ll o w o ne
’
e lf
ss t
o be c
to ched
th
h
u h
m
m
e a ed.
190
a gp a r a y a .

a gp a ip o

u
. .

w ipp e d s

fi
a

m u
a gp a a p

u u
. .

sl a pp e d . a gp a ta
p al .

cr c i ed a gp a p a r ip a

h
. .

p n ish e d a gp a p a r s a

m h
h m
. .

h
co be d . a g p a s c l av .

b e l ie d o at
s

um
. a gp a .

m mm m
u
If ag ppl ie d t
p a o a r o o t d e n o t in g a phy sic a l st a t e go ta tfr o
is a

a n o th e r c o n tr a r y pre v io s o n e by a sl o w se lf w o rk in g pr o c e ss te a c t io n -
,

o f te s b j e c te ith e r to p ro o t e o r n o tt o in t e rf e r e w it te tr a n sit io n

u
is e a n t .

T o a ll o w t o b ec o e coo l t a ke c o o l

i
o
a gp al a

M
ig ,

by e xp o s r e .

u
h
.

T o a ll o w t o gr o w r o tt en t e a ll o w ro t
a gp a b o l o c
,

t st

h
e n n es
.

o go o n .

T o a ll o w t o ge t d r ie d t o p t to d ry
’

mh
u mumuu
.
,

h
T o a ll o w to f a ll in t o d e c a y

h
.

h m
A tt e n t io n s o l d b e p a id t

h
o wh a t iss a id e ith e r pr e v io sly o r s b se q e n tly

m mu u
in a t te se n se o f of t
“
to d iscri e
“
t
o o r d e r to d e o l ish ”
fr o th at o

u u
,

a ll o w t
”
o f a ll i n t o d e c a y

u uu
.

h hu hm
W h e n te sa e e ffe c t ist o b e go ta t thr o gh te in fl e n ce o fa n e xte r n a l
a ge n t te l a tte r b j t d by and t p rp s d a c to f

u
,
a
y e c o n ga e a
gp a e o e

te s bj ec t t o pr o fit by s c h in fl e n c e is in d ic a t e d .

M
h h h
To e xp o se t
o s ns h in e .

h
te w in d .

h uh u
r a in f a ll

u
m u u
.

mhu u
Th is is o n ly w ith r e ga r d t o te e ffe c t so ght f o r in te p e rf o r a nce o f

s c a c t io n sby a n a ge n t in c a p a bl e o r p r o d c in g te w o rk in g p o w e r ; b tifte

M
u uu h
s e a r e l o o k e d p o n w ith r e ga r d t o te c a s e r a sG o d o r a n y Po w e r to wh ic h

u u
a ,

te v a y b e a t tr ib te d te se n se iso fc a sa l ity

u
.

h
,

te S n t

h
To ca se o sh in e .

te b il l o w st

h
se o r is

h
To ca e .

u
To th n d e r (l o o k e d p n a s t o te o

u u m
.

a gp a c o l o g
p w e r wh ic h pr o d c e sit
o )
.

m
um
q
.

h h h
T o l ig t e n (d o d o ) a gp a id la t

u fi
. . .

It isG o d w o c a se s t n d e rb o lts t io s, a n g n a gp aip a l in t

h
Ang D ic , n agp a

m m
o

h
f a l l d o w n a n d t tr e e st o b lo o and b l l t a bo

u u
n

m
a
e
p a a c a c a a n g n a gp p a g a
-
,

b e a r fr it an s a nga c a o v b

m m u uu
. a .

m m m
u m
If no tte
ff e c t b tte t i e o fs c h a t o sp e r ic a l e v n t s is c o n
e e

mu fi u
,

sid e re d ay a i n dic a t e s r e f ra in i n g o n te p a rt o f te s bj e c t n t il s c h
p ,

Ca re sh o l d b e t a k e n t

huh
e e r ge n c ie sa re o v e r o . a k e te se n s
e c le a r by
so e o th e r c o pl e t ive o r d is cri e v e rb st
in a t ive w o r d w ith th o s o wh ic h ap a

i pa rt s d iffe r e n t sign i c a t io n s

h m
.

w a it n t il r a in iso ve r t

h m
To o w a it for ,
t
a gp a i l a

h
te r a in to cea s
.

e .

mu
T o w a it n t il d a w n br e a k s a gp a o a ga

u u
.

‘
te d a y 0 1 $ 11 11 gl O W S '

n n
a gp a l a r

h
s ot
i g n a ng a ao

h h h uh
le s 5
.

T o w a it t il te s n r ise s it
s

m
n . a gp a an g .

T o a ll o w te w a t e r t
o b e c o o led a gp a l a ig t b ig

u
. n an g .

sn u (1 )
ri e ss
T
.
”
e w o r d is ad e g av e
r t
o d ist
in g i s t is s
e nse o ftato f t
o w a it
“ n til te
 M
M u mh
hh
u u
To b e llis o n e sse l f
e
’
a gp a ga n d a

fl
. .

m
T o dec k o n e s s e lf
’
. agpab .

T o e la t e t

uu u m
o d r a w c r e d it o r pr a is
e po n ri
,

o n e ss
’
e lf
ag
p p
a .

m u
.

h h u
A s ens e o fin v o l n t a r in e s s o r te t ra l e ffe c t f in a n i a t e ts

hh
na o a ge n ,

d r o p pin g te

m
1 s e xpr e s s
ed i n th is c o n j ga t io n by g of ay a
, , p .

m m u
S o ke s w e e p s pw a r d s N a p a p a itaa s a n g a sti

u um
. .

\V a t e r fl o w s d o w n w a r d s . N a p a p a ib a b a a n g t b ig .

V a p o r s o f te s o il r ise in t a t e Ang a ng a singao n a n g l p a na pa

o sp e re .
p a sa i p p
a a i d

mu uu
.

tapa s a d a ga ta n g a s
gég
R ive r s o w in t o te se a g n a n g a n ga

m m mm
.

fi t

m mh
y h e a r t thr o b s n t o ( is d r a w n o w A n g a q i n p s o ,
Pa
ards ) Th L r d i o D i s

m mm
e e y o g n o
. n c o n g o .

V e rb s t o wh ic h a g a d o e s n o ti p rt r r s s

u
d i be ade

h
p a a n o e n g e n e ay

to e x pr e s s itby r e p e a t in g p a .

i o d co ands t o g ive a l st te A g D io sa y n a gp a p a l i ss a nga

u
o o a

u
r

po o r

fl
.

uuh h
B titisc l e a r e r t
o s A Di esa y n a go o t a gt
o snt o ss
i nt
’ '

av : ng e ni a nga d c -
a

h
.

h
m Hmhmu
h hu
h
THIRT Y EI G HTH EX E RCI S E

h
.

m
u u u
Did y o o r d e r te c h il d r e n p st Do y o o rd e r te se r

h
a ir s I d id

h h
?

H
u m
u
.

va n t s t

h h
br in g p so e fir e w o o d ? I d o W a t d o e s G e o r ge sf a th e r o r d e r

h
’
o

u
.

t t td i n g W y d o y o n o to rd e r

h
i o do ? e o rde rs i o c o n t in e s

u
.

yo r s n t I d o n t o rde r i t

h
o le a rn ? o le a r n b ec a se e is sic k D o e s

h
’
o

u u m m u
.
,

e r va n t s t

h h h h
y o r br o th e r in la w o r d e -
is s o r a tt e n d as s e ve ry h o ly a y ?

m u
— —

n o tw a it t il l te r a in c e a se d ? I w a ite d till t

uh h
e do es W y d id y o

H
e

u
.

e a n d d id n o ts t t t ill te s n g re w l e ss o t W y d o y o a llo w

h
m h h
s n ro s a r

u u
.

te pl a n t s t I d o n t a ll o w th e t b e co e r o tte n b t o n

h
o gr o w r o tt e n ?
’
o

u
, ,

te c o n tr a ry I e xp o se th e t o te w in d a n d s n s

h h h h
h in e I s e w a it in g t ill

u
.
,

te r a in c e a se s? Y e s W y d o e s e n o tw a it n t il te s n r ise s? B e

h h u
H u
.

h rry W h a t d id Pe t e r o r d e r is se r va n t t

uh h h
ca s e is in a
d

H
e o o ? e

m u u
.

sa id t d o n tle tte fl o w e r s f a d e (ge td ry ) W y d o e st n o t th o

h
’
i

H
o

u u
. .
,

a ll o w te w a t e r t o coo l ? Be c a s e itis a lr e a d y co o led W y do e s yo r

H u m
.

e lf t

mu h h h
sist e r a ll o w h e r s o b e c e a ted ? B ec a s e s e is v e ry s W s s

Hmh
y o c a e

m mm u m
.

te s n a n d te o o n t o s h in e ? G o d W h a t l se d o e s e c a se t o h a pp e n ? e

m
u m
.

e s te r a in t te l ighte n in g t fl a sh te th n d e r t

h
e ca s o f a ll d o w n o o

m
, ,

te b ill o w s t r ise D o e s e c a se t te tre e s t

h
c ra c k and o bl o o

H
o oo

m u m
.
,

d t

h
b e a r fr it ? e do es Fro wh o d id th a t b egga r a sk f or al s ?

fl
o

m
.

t t

h
e b e gs fr o y a n t W y d i d n o e r ic a n f e e d th o se p e o pl e ?

m
.

a id t S h a ll I q e n c h t

h
is s r va n t f e e d th e h e ir th ir st ? Y e s

h
e s o e

mm u mmu
.
, ,

t f

h
th w r k W s th t r th r s k l s

h
g i v e e i n e o d i n o i a a n o ve e e a in g o r a ?

u
.

e is a b e gg a r wh o I sh e lte r d l a st n ight D o e s e c o ll e c t pl e n ty o f
e

u
.

s? No S ir itis n o ts f fi c ie n t f W y do y o n o t le n d

h
al or is l iv in g

u u
.
, ,

o n ey ? e I h a ve n o n e a s I in v e s te d y o n e y a t in te r e st

uh
i Be ca s

u m mu
,

l( o a n e d ) \V y d id n o tA n th o n y pr o vid e c l o th in g f

h
. or is c h il d r e n ? B e c a s e

h
a s n o th in g t b y W h e r e sh a ll I p tw a te r t

hh hh
e c l o th e s w ith
o o co o l?

m
.

P tw a t e r t th is sh e d t ic h pr ie st re c e ive d y o r c o n fe ssio n ?

h
o c o o l in

muH u
.

h
F a th e r J o n h h e a r d y c o n fe ssio n W y d o e s th a t gir l e b e ll ish h e r se lf ?

m u m u
.

Be c a s e se w ish e s t o b e pr a is ed I n wh a t d ir e c t io n d o e s w a t e r ow?

um
.

W a t e r fl o w s d o w n w a r d s W h a t p e n a n c e d id te pr ie st i p o se y o ?

u u um
u
.

T e pe n a n c e e in fl ic t e d e was t o f a st Did y o p ro v id e te p o ltr y .

w ith w a t e r ? I d id W h a t d id y o fe e d th e wit ? I f
. e d th e w ith h sk
r ic e Did e o rd e r is so n t
. o r is e? e d id W y d o y o n o ta ll o w e . .

t o pa s s f a rth e r ? I w i ll n o ta ll o w y o to p as s f a r th e r n t il y o g iv e e

wate r t o d r in k .
 h m
M
M
M
h
h
M
h
h u
m
Y CA T L O N G PO U O , T

h mum
O D IFIC
T H IR T Y N IN T H LE S S O N

A TI V E V E R B A L IZI

A QU
,
193

S IYA

== PA Q U ]
NG

.
N A PA G A R A L

PA RTIC L E S
.

.
.

M
u hmu
q te t ive ; p a qi f te p a ssi ve is a l e ss 1 p o rt ant

h
f

h
a i, or ac
or , ,

v e rb a l p a rt ic l e wh ic ifa pp l ie d t o a r o o t c a p bl e o f b e in g c o n ve rt e d in t o

m
, ,
a

h
a n a c t io n o f c o

u hh
f

h
p rt t r l j

M
p a n io n i p i a s a se n se o i n e e dd i n g o r o i n i n g

m m umm
,

te p a rt fte s bj e c t I n o n ly a d it s o f y a n d n p a ssive s I n

h
on o . a

p a ssive fi n d s n o pl a c e w ith t is p a rt ic le (p a qi in d ic a t in g a n a c ta d
.

M
ex t

fi te p a r to f te a ge n t s h o w e v e r itb e c o b in e d w ith

u h
ra on ) n les

mum u
p qp g
, , ,

mh
n gp a P
. a a i a a r li n n y a n a s a
ge a baa t n g g/i i n ac o r d e r o a a f
( ,

y o r so n t o j in th o s o e c i l d r e n in l e a r n in g
”
l wh ic ist pr o p e r p a s si ve
'

u u mu
uu m
.
, ,

st a n d s f or te t h in g o bj e c t o f j o in in g r a sso c i t io n ; n f or t pe rso n o a a e

mm
, ,

w ho o ne e d d l e s w ith i n a n yth in g Th is p a rt ic l b in g d issyl la b ic e e

re pe a t s qi f
.
,

o r pr e s ent nd f tre t ens es T a p l p rf e c t a n d ftr . e e e

pe r fec t t e n se sh a ve v r y l it tl se a n d c a n n o tb fo r
e e d w it . na n c ; e e ,

r and a .

m
R OO T .

Kn i
o w n g. ( a s a fa c t ) A la .

mm
PA R ADIG

m m
.

T o b e gr o w in g w is
T o kno w s
e

e th in g
. U

m
m
al a

m
a c a al a
.

m m
o

m
. .

W ha t kno wn Na a la a n

mm
. .

K in d n e ss Ca a l a a n (o b so l e t e )

m
. .

R e a so n o fb e in g k in d Y a la

u mm
. .

Pe r so n e n j o y in g a b e n e fit Pin a g a a ala

m
. .

T o f e ign t o kn o w ag a al a

mu u
. .

h
B ll e t in b o a r d p o s
—
t in g pl a c e,
. Pin a gc a a l a a n .

mh
T o r e p o rt t o ,
warn . U a la ( )
1 .

Pe r s o n wa r n e d A l a in

m
.

a ke o n e s s e lf a c q a in t e d w ith
’
To a

th in g

hu
.

Th in g ac q a in t e d w it .

Pe r s on fr o w o .

t
N o ic e te acce n t ti a on.
 fi
co

h
m
m
u

M
a c r rvn.
es
t .

M
m u qum
t
u
In ni i ve .

u
u
T o in ve s
q ire , t o
tiga t

a c q a in t e d
e, t o s e ta b o tt
a k e o ne ss

w ith , t
’

o s
o
e lf th o ro g
if tin t o
i

.
a ia la .

m
en t
Pr es in it
in def e t
e ns

u u
e .

M
h
I n ve t
siga t e , -
st
,
s -
.
qq Na i ia l a .

m
en t
Pr es ec ta n d p a s
er f t i n d ef
in i e t
t en ss
p e

u
.

I n ve st iga te d t h a ve h a st

uf
ds s
;
q a

H
-
, , ,
Na i a la
i n ve st iga t e d .
.

m
Pl p er tt
en s

u
ec e

t
ufi
u q
ad , -
ds ,
in ve st iga t e d . Na ia la na .

m
tre i n de tt
en s

uu
F ni e e .

uf
u qq
S h a ll , -
lt
,
w ill ,
-
l tin ve siga t
e t . a i ia l a .

m
tr e tt
en s

u u
[ f
p er ec e .

S h a ll , l t
,
w il l
-
,
-
lth a ve in ve st iga t e d qq . a i ia l a na .

m
l nt er a t
i

u
re
p .

h
I n ve st iga te le t in ve st iga t e q a ia l a

m
. .
,

T e ac t t
io n o fin ve siga t in g . uu
qq A ng pa i ia l a .

Y PA S I V E .

m
in i t

u
In f i ve .

t
T o be in ve siga t e d . sift e d i n t o . Ypa q ia l a .

m
en tin de fi tt

u
Pres en s

u
ni e e .

h
Is a re sift e d in t o Y p in a qq i ia l a

m
. . .

en t rf ct t init t f
u
Pres p e e a nd p a s i n de e en s
es .

W a s w e re ;
,
a s h a ve
,
b e e n sif t
ed in t
o . Y p in a q ia l a .
 M
M
M
M
M
hu uu m
uhh u h 196

M
std e n tsh o q p a ssive ly te

h
T e ld co n j g a e t by a i ac t ive ly and

f o l l o w in g v e rb s:

u u
u
f
j o in o f te t e a c f

h
To ic io l y in in g
q

m
o

u
a iara l
o th e r s
.

m
qp g
.

fl M
Do te st d y in g d o d o

u
do d o do d o d o a i a l a ra

m
qp g
.

pl a y in g a i l é a ar

u
s s 37 1)
.

T o e b a rk s n e a k i n gly t o s n e a k in t o
q y

uum
u
,
s
a s h ip t b a rk w it o th e r s a l ac a .

fi
o e

uu
qp g p
.
,

To e d d l e in c o n v e r s a t io n a i é s a a

mu u u
q g
. .

T o j o in i n w e e p i n g a i t is a

mm u m
qp

M
q
. .

T o j o in i n r e j o ic i n g i t i t

m
a o a, a a gc a o a.

u
q
.

T o p ic k a q a rr e l a ip a ga a y

u
q
. .

To e dd l e i n c o n t e n t i o n a ip a gta lo

q
. .

To s n e a k i n to c o pan y a is a a
q

m
. .

m m m
T o p ar t ic ip a t e t o c lai a s h a r e in a ir a a y .

m
.
,

u
m
um u q r e se b l n c e in o r t

h
a i ay be a de t
o ean h a r in g
s o h a ve a
a

m m
,

l e a n in g f
or c s to so r a n ne r s ifa ppl ie d o r o o ts d e n o t
t l n g q a li t i e s c a p

umm
,

a bl e o fb e in g i it a t

u
ed .

h
m u
To co n o f r o ne
’
s se lf t
o t
o co ply

m
q

u
io ga l i

m
,

t st

h
a

u
s

u
.

W1 c

mm
o

q g g
.

To d o pt na t
ive s ’
an ne rs t
a alo l

m
a a

u u
. .

be h a v e l ike t fNl a
To in a an way. o se
q q

h
l la l a
t to r t l pe o pl e l.

u
i
l
o lr lx W1 a e

m
—

q
.

To as s e S p a n ish a n ne rs lc a st
l la

m
a

m
. .

M
T o be a tsa n f te A
q

m
p a r l o e rl c a n

m u
p o l l ty
a l a n l e rl c a l l o .

uu
.

To res bl e a be a st

m
e .

T o res e bl e a an b e in g t o be
q
,

e d a sn o t t it

h
a l ) ta o be a f ra id

u
( a n a n i a a o

u
.

o fp e r so n s

m
.

t t

M
f3

h
P q
TO Eli o be 19 011 8 1“

m
m m
ina e

u
? O

u
ib a b a y e
:
,

sd t i
a .

m
o 1 S p 0 81 1 0 n

m
m
a

m u
sa re
m
u
u
T
u
ude
e

co
a k in g f
s

ade
or s ll p o r t
g
io n s o fv ic t a l s a n d c o o kin g n e c e s
o n ly e x c h a n e d fr e e l
y i n r r a l o r v il l a g
a

e l i f e a o

by c n j ga t in g b v n qi t r o o t i n d ic a t iv o fa n y s c h
n g
s
n
a r ie s s c h

e ig hb o r s -

e
,

u
a
y o e

co o d it ie s .

m
To a k f
s or a l ittl e coco a n -
to il .

V i n e ga r

ufi
n a) 7) 91 n

h
r a i n o fs a lt
g .

hh u m
s a ll d r in k

m m
.

h a n d f l o fr ic e

u u
.

p a rt ic l e o f re .

A se ns fin t e n sio n is a de in te j t io n f q i by a f
f
i x in g

m
e o co n ga o a
o te
t

mh
a n or a n ve rb .

fiu h
m
u
To h a t e b itt e rly to de te st q
a ip a gt
an i an .

u
.

h
,

e d d l e w ith o th e r s t
o j eer
To co n ‘
qp b
t
ent
11 1 1 ro a n
a 0
ag

u
io sly
qp g
.

To l in te ro p in g o fo th e r s
edd e i l o an .

u
. a a ar
i n t e rf e r e o fc io s l y in te c o n

uu
To
qp g
’

i t

u
a i s l i a a a an .
v e rse t io n
. .

T o l a nc o n e ss e lf in t o c o n tr o ve r s
y
qp g g
’

to d is p t e o bst in a te ly .
,
a i s t a a an .
MM
F ro who
s

t
a lt
h
mmh
u h uuu
uu
.

um m
hm
u H
m
u
u m
u
m
h
u
m
mm
m
as

I h a ve th a n ke d f

uuu
uuu
r o v r s w ith Jo h n ?
y
a ry isa

l ik e w a y

hmh
mm m
a nd
m h
h h
m
e

h
m
g

m
m
mm
i

m
1 l w o
e as

t a th a ve y o th a n k e d fr
o r a re d

b e h
.
ke d a gr a in o f S 1 n o b a a a n

a ve
ot

Do n o td e te st th sy o r n e i gh bo r

u s in
co a l

a a n
6

Sp
A

Na q

PA R T I C L E S

R e f e r e n c e a sa lr e a d y b e e n a d e t
o w th e y ay s ta n d f
n o

a
n

iq
g

g yp
Na qia p y a c o
o a g ca ng

po a o t
gq g
i

a 6
n

t y d o e sy o r n e ph e w e d d l e in c o n gB aqitn a qiqip a gsa g t

i n
a

il a l a q
g

q g

l
aq

a
p

l
is
i

i
q
i

A ND W O R
a

fi
q
-

ip a gt

i
i

c
o

a
a

ani

y
a r ia
s
o
‘
a n

an
?
n 1

s
y
u

a c i

a n a n g i y en

o te pl ia bl e c h a r a c t e r o f

o r d iff e r e n t p a r t so f s
a n ?

DS
g

T a ga l o g w o r d s
p ee c h T e in d e p e n d e n t p a rt i
.

US E D A S
197

u
uu
D I FF E R E N T PA R T S OF S P E E C
.
.

.
.

H .
,
a .

muumm u
.

c l e st o o h a ve os
,t o fth e a n e n l a rge d r a n ge o f e a n in g a n d a v so e t i e s
, ,

s ta n d f o r pa r t so fsp e e c h o th e r th a n th o s e wh ic h te v os t co o n ly st a n d
for I n th isa n d o th r l e s son t f o ll o w te va r io s e w in gso fth o se w o r d
e o

h
,
,

os t s al ln co o n t o p ic sw ill b e c o n s id e re d .

umm u
u u
u mum mu h
T e a rt ic l e a nd r e l a t ive pro n o n ( y av t a nd ,
s be sid e s f
or a sb -
o rd in a e t

u
,

m
ca a t ive
s co n j nc t io n

m
.

mu
Yo d id n o tp a v a n y tt
e n t io n t
o l

I
a
D
fi
l( o o ke d a t b po o r 1 ac l 1 1n o n a n g a c o 1
g o o d o a
5
-

) s
.
, , ,
e ,
e c a e a .

I t s f I sic k
H in d i a c o n c a c a b a go n o r a ac a ba ~

h h
ri e ,
1t q
c a n no or a
av s
.

n o n an aco 1 g g
j
a , , ,
.

u u m m
H
uu muh h m
A ’
,
te co p l a t ive co n j nc t io n ay l ik e w ise sta n d in te sa e wav f
or a

ca a t iv e
s o ne.

m m
ld tc o be c a s ad

m uh u u
co no ei
Di si v i t at
e e e

w rko
n a c a p a ri o ,
av a b a la Si “;

humuh m
At tc o sa ft e r sa t ive d ve r sat
ive j t io n a s a l et
i

m
e a ca or a co n nc co v
p e
z

l iga t

h u
en .

I I
uu
t pay

m
canno be c a s
e a ve no H in d i aco n a c a b a b zi
y ad or aca ba

u
,

sa p a gc a , t

u
o ne y .
y a d , . a l a aco n
g sa l a p i .

S e is g ly ,
b ts e is j d ic io s .

A ll o fth e sa n g, b t i j S il an g l a h a t a
y n a ga it
,
a l in a n a , t t
s1 y i , 1 , h in d i
.

h m
u
h
m m hm
h h
THI RT Y N I N TH E XE RC I S E

m mu mu
h u
.

h
m m m u
W
d l t o c o n ve r se w ith o ld p e o pl e ? I e d d l e in th e ir
edd e

m
y o y o

u u
h um m u m
c o n v e rs b ec a se I a a n x io s t
a t io n e be c o e w is W y d o y o e n j o in

m m
e

mu u u u
.

e n o tt o e dd l e w it w o e n in j ee rin g ? I e n j o in e d y o th a t b e

u u
,

ca s e itis in d e c o r o s t o e d d le w ith w o e n in r o p in g W y d id e .

edd le in d isp tin g w ith is n e ighb o r ? B e c a se is n e ighb o r e d d l e s

to in spe c t i p e rt in e n t ly D o e s y o r br o th e r a ss e S p a n ish a n r .n e s ?

No e d o e sn o ta s
, s e S p a n ish a nn ers W h a t a re y o go i n g t o th a n k .
 h
h
m
h
u m
uh m hm u h
h

M
198

m m
te I a go in g t

h
h a n d f l o f r ic e

h
hb o r f th a n k i f

H
n e ig or?

I
o o a

u m
. .

k itf k itf a tis s

mh
as fr ck as

H
\V o do y o as i d i a nd

H
o r? {

m m
or y e n

mu m
R

u
,

t t t

h
n o th in \ V d i d th y th n k f ? I sk d f l ittl e w i ne

I
g o e a a e a o r a e or a

m u
. .

\V o h a ve y o th a n k ed f or it? as k e d it fr o te sa il o r Did

mu u
.

I n o tsa y t n o tt k itfr o

h
as s c h a n igga r d ly f e ll o w ? I a s ke d

m
o yo o

u
h
s o e fr o i a s th e r e w a s n o o th e r Is e es t ee e d ? e w a s es te e

m u m
.

by is a ste r wh e n st

h h
ill y o n g is y o r s is

h
ed ow o ld on ? e

m u m
.

h a r d ly thre e y e a r s o ld b t y br o th e r is a b o t sixte e n y e a r s a n d te

u
h
u m
,

h
in f a n t o n e is a lr e a d y e ight o n th s W h a t d id y o th s h l d

H
g i v e o o e c i

u u u u
.

y e st e r d a y b tI a d a lr e a d y give n th e

h h
I ga ve th e n o th in g

h
re n ?

u u
,

h m u umm h
wh a t y o to ld e wh e n y o a rr ive d W il l e giv e e th a t w a lk in g st ic k ? -

u
.

No b t e w ill give y o te b o o k y o c h a r ge d i w ith Do yo w ish

u h
.
,

to s e ll th a t h o r se ? VV y l a re y o w ill in g t
,
o b y it ? If iti s c h e a p
I w ill b y it O n wh ic h p a p er i s e wr it in g?

h
is wr it in g o n th is

H
. e

pa per I s t l f t pr st t ll f

h
g o i
e n g o c a l o r e i e ? N o e i s g o i n g o c a o r

m
.
,

te phy sic ia n W h a t a re th o se c ild r e n d o in g th e r e o n te b e a c h ? Th e y

u m
.

pl a y in g W h a t w i ll y o a sk f

h h
o r f ro y o r fa th e r wh e n e a rr ive s?

m
I
a re

u u um u
.

u h h
Th a t b e giv e n o n e y W h e re a re th o se w o e n go in g ? Th e y a re go in g

u
H m
uu m
.

t t a n tpl a c e Did e p o r w in e in t o y c p ? d id n o t

h
ve ry d is
I
o a e

u
.

p o r w in b t e p o r e d w a t
e, e r in t o it W h a t a r e y o d o in g ? a

uu u
.

p tt in g w a t e r i n to y o r t bl e r th a tis v ry l a rge W h a t a re th o se e n

m
e

m m
uu
.

l o o k in g a t ? Th e y e x a in e te i ge fte V irgin W h a t is y o r fr ie n d
a o

“ e r e is e std y in g I n a n il a
.

st d y i n g ? e is st d y in g L a t in .
? .

I s itd if i c lt t
f l e a r n L a t in ? It is W y d o e s n tPe te r sa l te y o ?

I I
o . o

As a p o o r no bo d y l o o k s
,
w e re I r ic h
e be e s tee e d by

e ve ryb o d y .
 2 00

CO NJ U G A T I O NS .

fi
A CT I V E .

In ni t
i ve .

fi
mh h
en tin de
Pr es tt
en s

m
ni e e .

Co s ts
e, -
,
-
. Na p a r ir ito
( p p
n a a a r ito) . .

fi
G o , es -
e s o e -
N a p a sa sa b a a y

hh
. .
,

C ra ve st sh e lp - -
N a p at ot olo n g

M
mh
. .
, ,

hm
h
en tp er ft t tt

m
Pres and
ec as i n de ni e en s
es
p .

la st
e,
; h a v~
e a st ,
a s c o e ,
N a
p a r it o . .

W e n t e st ; h a v
-
e a st a sg o n e h o e Na
p a s a b a a y . .

‘
, , ,

Cra l c d d st a l c t a s e ra V e Ll i Na a t

u
as
' - 7

p o lo ng
’

h e lp

hh
.

eet
Pl p er f t
en se .

N a c a p a r it
o, n a p a r it

u m
o na .

Na c a p a s ab a a y , n a pa s ab é ay na .
Na c a p a t olo n g , n a p a t
é lo n g n a.

h h
‘
m
h
t f t s

m
F wr e in de i ze en e .

w ill ,
-
1tc o e. Pa r i rito (p a p a r it
o) .

Pa s as

u
aba a

u
go o e.
y .

lp Pa tot olo n g

h
c r a ve

h
e

h
. .

mh
f
tr e tt

m
F p er ec en s
e .

m
S h a ll , —
lt
,
w ill ,
-
l th a ve co e. a c ap a ri o p a ri r it
t j
,

go n e o e. a ca p a sa b a ay , p a as sa b a ay na .

r
c a ve d e lp . aca p a t
olo n g , p a o tt
olo n g na .

I p er a t
ive .

T h mm
e ac t io n o fc o
go in g
c ra vin g
in g
ho
.

e.

help .
Ver ba ls

p
.

A n g p a gp a r it
a gp a s

p gp
a a t
a

o
b
lo
o
a
n g
a y
.

h .
.
 H
m
2 01

mm m m u
PA SS I V E

h
T E .

h
m
mhumu
hm
mmu
h
u
m m
u
V e rb s o f o t io n in tr a n sit ive d o n o ta d it o f i n p a s
be in g sive , n

h h
l e ss th e y b e r e c o p o n d e d w ith s o e o th e r p a rt ic l e i p a r t in g a n a c t ive

u u
sens e Th s, th a t th e y a y be c o n j ga te d in s c h p a ssi ve , th ey st b e

u u
.

b in e d w ith a gp a in te o r d e r in g o r be sp e a k in g se n se ; a s, p ap a r it

m uu
co

u
o

u
“
in o s iya, o r de r i to co e h e re
”
I n te in s tr e n t a l o r c a sa l .

p a ssive , ca , te p ro p er p a rt ic l e f o r n e t e r ve r b s o r in vo l n t a r y a c t io n s
in s a id p a ss ive , s h o l d b e in se rt e d b e t w e e n te sig n a n d te ve rb , th s
a k in g y o , y in a , e tc q .

fih
IN PA SS I V E .

h fi fi
m
In ni t
i ve .

To be rd r ed he re
o e . Pa p a r ito in .

ho e . Pa p a s a b a a in
y .

c r a ve t b e e lp e d o . Pa to l o gi n

h
.

m h
en t
Pres tt
en s

m
in d e ni e e .

A ,
ar ti s a r e o r d e re d h e r e . Pin a r ir ito ( p in a p a p a r it
. o) .

ho e. Pin a p a s asaba a v .

t st Pin a tot

h
C r a ve s o be
,
-
e l pe d . olo n g .

h
fi

hu
Pres ec ta n d
en tp er f t
as tt es
en s

m
i n de ni e
p .

W a s stw e r e ;
,
-
,
h a ve h ast, ,
a sb e e n r de re d h e r e
o . Pin a p a r it
o .

ho e . Pin a p a s aba ay .

H h
Cr a ve d -
t
ds ; h a v e h a st a sc r a ve d t
o b e h e l pe d Pin a to lon g

h
. .
, , ,

f tt

m
Pl p er ec en s
e .

a d -
d stbe e n o rde r e d he re . Pi n a p a r ito na .

Pin a p a s aba a

u
o e. y na.

u
h h
c r a ve d t
o b e h lp e d e . Pin a t olo n g n a .

h
tre f
e t
in de in i t

m
F en s
e .

S h a ll , l tW ill , l tbe o rd e e d r he r e Pa p a r ir it o in ( p a p a p a r it
o in )

fi
- -
. . .

ho e Pa p a sas a b a a y in

u
u
h m fih h
. .

c r a ve t
o be e l pe d . Pa tot o l o gi n .

F tr e p er ec
ftt
en s
e .

S h a ll Itw ill lt be e n o rd e r e d h e r e t
Pa p a r ir i o in (p a p a p a rit in )

h h
a ve na

h
-
o

h
-
. .

ho e Pa p a s as a b a a in n a
y

m m
. .
77

m
c r a ve d t Pa tot

h h h
o b e h e lp e d ol o gin n a

m u
h m
. .

uh
u
m uu u u
(1) T e f or in te e x a p le is e re ly ill sra ive , a s te p a s sive so f isro o t t t t
a r e ve r y l i le ad e tt
e of
s .

( 2 ) T is a n d t e f r e p e r f
e c te n s
e a r e bttr a r e l y s
e d T e f
o r n t
a p a r t
to , .

sib le , a s itw il l e n a il c o n fs te ac ive

,

is n o ta d is io n w i t t t .
 h h
2 02

[ p ip era t

mfi
ine

Be or de r e d le t be o r de re d e e.r Pa p a r ito in .

he Pa p a s

h
e. a b a a y in .

Cr a ve le t t h e lp ed Pa t

h
,
. c ra ve o be . o l o gi n .

h m
Ver ba ls .

T e t
sat
e o f b e in g o rd e e d r h er e . A ng a a
p gp p a r i t
o .

ho e p a gp a p a a b a s ay .

T e ac t io n o fc ra vin g t
o be h e lp e d .
p gp p
a a a t
ol o n g .

Y PA SSI V E

h
.

m u
m uu
T o co e on ac c o to f
n
In fi ni t
ive .

Y c a p a r ito

fi
. .

T o go ho e on a cco nt of . Yc a p a s a ba a y .

r a ve ssist a n c e to f Y c ap a t

u h
To c a on a cc o n olo n g

mm u u
. .

tt
u
en tind e
Pr es ni e en s
e .

q q
u
C o e st s h e r e o n ac c o
~ -
n t of Y i n a p a r ir ito (y in a p a p a r it
o )
. .

q
.
, ,

(t est es ho e Y in a p a s as aba a

m hh
o y
- -

q
.
, ,

Cr a ve st sa ssist a n c e Y p in a t ot olo n g , y ot
in a p a t olo n g

u h
- -

mmu u
.
,

M
Pr esen t
p er f
ec ta n d
p a t
s in d e fi ni e tt
e ns
es .

Ca
“ t r

u
en
m
u
e,

,
st
-
;
es
h
t
;
a ve ,
a st,
a sc o
g o n e
e h e re o n
ho e
acc o n t o f . Y
Y
q
q
i n a p a r it
in a p a s
in a t
o
ab a a v
.

q
.

u
Hmm u h
C r av e d dst c r a ve d a ss1 st
ance
o lo 1l g,
’

y ap a

uu h
t lo n g
e

Pl p er f tten
ec s
e .

‘
ad, -
dst c o e he re o n acco n t of N a y p a r it
o, y in a p q a r it
t) na

u
I
. .

“
,

Nay p a s ab a a y ’ 1 in a 1a sa b a av
g o n e ho e
na

q
ufi
Na y p a tolo n g, y p in a t

u
ol o n g i
sist
na , y
r
c a ve d a s ance
n ap até lo n g n a

h
11

m
tr e t t

m u
F i n de ni e en s
e .

S h a ll -
ltw il l -
Itco e h e re o n acco n t of . Y c a p a r irito , (y c a p a p a r it
o) .

u
u
ho Yc ap as as ab a ay

h hmm u h
go e .

c r a ve assist a n c e Yp a t ot ot
olo n g , y c a p a t olo n g .

h
F tr e p er ec ftten s
e .

S ll 1t w il l l t he re t of ayp ar i t
o , y c a p ar i
o n ac c o n
t na
-
a , , ,
a ve c o e
r1 o .

a y p a ab a s ay , y c a
go n e ho e
ss b

mu hh
h h
p a a a a ay n a .

a
yp a t
é lo n g , t yp a o 4

c r a ve d a ssist
ance tol o n g or c
y pa at
o t
o

(1) Bo t f
or sa re s
ed i n t is a n d te o t er te ss
n e .
 MM
h m 2 04

h
m
m
I p er a t
ive .

h e re f Pa r it

h
o an

fi
. co e or . .

h h
f

h mh
go o e or . Pa s aba ay a n .

pro vid e h e lp t by Pa t

h
o be r e n d e re d . o lo ga n .

mh fi fi
Ver ba l .

T t io n o fc o in g f A n g p a rito an i t an.

h
or p p a o

h
e ac e re or . a r

i ho as b sa b a

h
p a ay a n or n
go n g e a
p a
p a a
y a .

pro vidin g e lp t
o be
t t

h
l l

m
e d e re d by p a o o an
g 0" p p
a a o o ga n

m u
.

r .

hh h
o r te c a s
p a ssive st a n d s f e o r rea s fo r te pl a c e r pe r so n
'

l on; n a o

h
,

i n ve rb s o f o t io n a n d f o r te p r s t o wh o a s e rv ice is re n d e r e d in

m u
on e

h
, ,

te o th e r s

m u u
.

H u
q

h
t

u u
W y do e s e g A n ong y o in a p a r o roo n n iy as
an il a ?
a a y n il a (i
?

m
o

T e p a y in g o f y t a x i s te r e a q

h
3 A n g p a gb ay a d n a n g a in g b o i s s iy a

m m m
q
,

mh
so n o f y go in g t e r e 5 g i é

m
a n y n a
p a r o r o n c o

u
. .

t e re i s e go i g n ?
{S a a n a n g p o oo
a r r n a n n iy é ?

u u
e is go i n g t o Ce b A ng C eb a ng
p a r o ro o n a n
y a

m
. .

W ho d id y o e t o s e e he re ? S i b a i t ?

h
i

u uu h
é n g a n n n

h
o a
g p
I
co a r o a o

e h e re t Pin a r it

fi
ca o p ay y o a v is it o a n q it a ( c a t a) . .

W ho d o es e o rd e r t o re n d e r a s

sist ‘ r ce t
g S
oi n o a n g p in t t l n n i v a ?

h
a o o o ga
l t o 4 i ?

T st d e n tsh o l d
e co n j g a e t in te ac t
ive a nd p a ssive s o fp a ,
te
f o ll o w in g v e rb s:

m
hh
T o go t e re .

T o go y o n de r .

h
T o co e he re

u u
.

m
o go

u
.

T o r e p a ir t t

h
o go t o w a rd s

u
o

m
.
,

T o go t o c rc .

T o go in t o te c nt t
q
J o
y o

m
,
Pa s
ab id
te f a r
.

m u
.

T o go t o a rk e t .

To g t o te s
o ea s ho re -
.

T o go t o te o nt .

T aso k fr e rc y o

uu
h
.

pr o te c t i n o .

m
'

n 7 , n
S ll p p O I .

w
s c co
o

a 1d ,

m uu m
r .

defen ce

u
.

m m
b o ve t io n e d a d ve rb s fpl a c e p re fix e d w ith si

m m
T en be

u
m
e a —
o co n
d e red as s pl e ro o t s a n d c o n j ga t e d by

u u
h
i .

u
t

h
P a ri o p a r in i.

m m
,

h
P a ri
y a n , p a r oo n .

uh
as

m
P a zin i

mh m
g

m m
In p a ssive in bso f o r te p e r s
t io n st a nd s f o n o r d e re d t
o r e p a ir

u
ve r o

t
o (s
o e pl a c e ) .

Od r er y se r v ant
‘
t
o co e e re . Pa p a rit o in o an
g a q in g b a ta
ay t
.

Did s i o re pair te re ?
t P i o iy a?
s
“

y o o g n a p a r o n o .
I d id
h
mhm
l
m
hu u
uh
a re a d y
2 05
Pin a p a ro o n c o siy a

m
na
O
. .

u
rd e r i t
o go t
h e re . Pa p a r iy a n in o s
1va

Pa. c o in c id e s w it gp t e a c q i e s
c i n g s
e n s
e in ,
b tp d de n o t
es

o re re a d in e ss on te p a r to f te p a t ie n t

u
.

h
To a o b e k is
s
k sed .

to c hed

mu m
.

To c o n se n tto b e b e a te n

u
.

d e c e ive d

uu u
.

h m
To s
ay in a n y spe c ifi c a n ne r d e n o t ed by te ro o t is co n j g a t
b titd o e s n o tin d ic a t e pl r a l ity a s n q

h
ed by does

fi
p , p .

To s ay y e s,
t
o a ir , t e n tin
o co n s

a n y tin g

h
.

u u
To s ay , t
o de n y
no , . Fa d i l i , p a in d i .

To s n o tt
o b e w ill in g t
o s 1

u
ay ay re
,
Pa a v a o
fsa l 5
.

To s Jes s

H
ay , .

To s ay , te d e ce !

h
PA R T I L E S C A ND W O R DS U SE D AS D I FF E R E NT PA R T S OF S P E E C .

M
u u
huum h
A NO .

u u
m
T e in t e rr o ga t i v e pr o n o n ( 1 7 10 is s e ve ra l
e d is s w a y s:

h
A s a n in te rr o ga t i v e c o n j nc t io n o fc a s
e, fo ll o w e d by a t

u u
.

uh
m fi
‘
W y d id y o no tc o e in t i e? gA n 6 t
, ,
d i c a n a p a ri tsa c a p a n a
cl o nan ?

An d why do y o e a tf r it ? A t o,t n g 1n a c ain c a n a n g bo ?

h h h
g n ga

h
a ,
c

t an d sf te “ ”

m
A no , s ira t ive in t e rj e c t io n wh a t
'

ad
’
or

m m m u u
W hat ! ,
a re
y o p e r c an ce a k in g ? An o, ! (th a r i ca c a va?

um
T e re pl y t
o te sa wh e n t t n e o f te q
e e o e t io n is o n e
s o fs r

uh h
pr ise be ade by a n d p r e c e d d by

m
ay

m
e
y

m
.

hu h
,

Of
u
co rse ( I a
) Ay a n o.

m
. .

u
t

uu h h
A n o is c o n j ga bl e by s r l ss ry w o rd
’

,
a g, 7 7 1 0 ,
e c ,
a ,
o e o r e ,
e ve .

in T a ga l o g c a n b e te se n se b e in g th a t wh ic h te ve rb a l p a rt ic le
, w ith
ic h c o n j ga t e d i p a rt s t te a c t io n th a t is in q ire d a f t

h
w o er

W h a t is y o r b in e s
s s he re ? gN a ga a n o ca di o ? t .

W e ll n o w a n d wh a t ft t wh a t

m
o a ?

u u
, ,
A i bag a?

m muu u h
is t g n n
o be d o n e ?
.

u
W h a t is e go in g t o do th e re ? a ga a n o s
-
iy a
W h a t a re y o b e in g d o n e p o n ?
gY n a a a n o ca
"

h
N o th in g c a n b e d o n e t
o yo H in d i c a a a an é .

Hmuh mu h m
Aro,
'

pea te d ea n s tr a n d o ” “
t f
n ed
”
a nd is s
ed in te

u
re a n acc o or

n e ga t
we .

T is w o r k is n o ta cc o n edt for Ual an g and a no a n g ga i ng it

o
‘
. .

e sl a p ped e w ith o t te l ea st Tinarn

‘
a l 3 06 a l ang a c){t e
p
’
a n }
,

r e a so n y .
 MM
uh
m
2 06

h
H
Id io sg d p r a es. s

hm
\V ell th e n .

W a t e l se ?
o w c a n it be ?
W h a t a tt e r s?
Fo r e s a y sth a t

Th e y sa y itissa id :

h h
,

uhh u h
h hu
O
u u h h

M
F RTI ETH EX E RC IS E

m u
m
h
.

h m
W e y o r p a re n tsgo in g ? Th e y a re go in g t
re a re o c h rc Do y o r b ro

m
.

th e re go t l e ) go t o te s W h a t p o r tiste s ip b o n d f
”
s c ho o l ? or?
t

uu m mm u m
o ea

u
.

Do e s s e n o t a k t o 1 C a v it

h
S e is b o n d f a k e sf

h
or a n il a . e ? No s e or e ,

te Pa sig r iv r H a v y o t go a n y w e r e ? Ye s I h a ve t

h h
s e w e re

H m H
o go o

m m
e e o

m m
. .
,

uh
T e c it

h
W ic h t o w n is y o r d e st i n a t io n ? y f a n i a is y d est i n a t io n
l

m
I
o

m
.

h
f f

h
W ha t do y o n i l r ? i n th r n n t
g
I
g a o a
g e e a o y

m
o o a o o c c o

m
br o th e r H a st t
u
h o o r d e re d v se r va n tt

huu
e h e re ? h a ve a lr e a d y o r

mm
I
o co

m u m
.

h h h
d e re d i o co h e r e If y fr ie n d c o e s wh a t sh a ll
e th e ll i ?

m u
.
,

T e ll i t go th e r e sist e c r a v e d th a t

h h
h
a s e c ra v ed a s a n c e o f e?

u
h
y
I
o o

u
.

wo l d a ssist i W h a t did y o sa y t a id t o Jo h n t

h
s o as s is t e

H
o Jo n ?

m
I
u
. .

t t t t

h
s

h
W h e n w ill y o r s a i 1
a s s i s t ? w i ll t ll i rr w a s i s t
I
y o o y o e o o o o -
e.

m u m
no t e t h a ll n o ta ll o w y o t

h h
a ll o w o k is sy o r h a n d ? k iss

H
\V y d o y o s

m m
o

m h u
it f o r it is n c l e a n en t t S e do es n o t

h h
W y do es s e co n s o be to ch ed ?

m m m u
.

to c e r t a td id te
,

t it s e d o e s n o ta l l o w a n y an t

h
c o ns ent o o

m m m u
.
,

a id d o n o t e l v e st o be o v e r c o e by

h
p r ie st sa y in isse r o n ? e s a ll o w y o r s

h m h u
,

pt a t io n a sk te H o ly V irgin f Did e n o ta sk y o f

h
t e rcy e rc y ?

m
e o r or

u um u u
, .

Ye s e a s ke d e t t a ke e rc y 0 11 i W h a t d id Pe t e r a sk y o ?
I I
o e

u m u u
.
,

k ed e t w a sn o t

u hu m h h
s o go w ith to ld i w ill in g W y did y o

H
i and

I
a

u u mu m
m
.
,

sa y y d w e r e n o tw ill i n g ? B e c a s Did y o c o n se n t

hmH h
ay s a a ro g e

h
e s

h
e

I I
u
.

t sa id t W y d id y o sa y te d e c e ?

h
a rry y o r l ve r ? i

H
no

I
o o o

m m
.
,

d id n o tsa y te d e c e l t t

h h
sa id J s s ! I s i j s t r s p t l d ? W

H Hm
y e o e e c o a g e e

m
t
,

t t

h
ng f f

h h
h o re s p o ld p e o pl e W h r k i ? l k i

m
o g e c e e v a o r a a a n g o o r

u
.

t a td id
a

\V a td s vo r f a th e r pl a n t

h h
a n il a . oe ? pl n t s t is ric e a e . e

sh o w t iss s o ws i t h isb o o k I ss e l o n e a th o e ? Y e s s e

h
on?

I
o e a

m u
.
,

is a l o n at e ho Did y o se e y br o t e h er ? d id n o t a s te as te r

m mu u u
. . .

a lr e a d y a rr i ve d ? a sn o t e t rr D t k y s h r t d d

H
i d id i ? i

m m
e
y a v e a e e e

mm
no t “

u m u
.

h a t is is t a le ? I tis sa id t e r e w as a k in g w o w a s r e b e ll io s

h h h
T

I
m u
.

t t t t

h h
( i d l V l vo
i l t f ? w il l W w il l

m
o o n o
g e e y r a e n o
y o er

m
o o

u
. .

h
N e x tw e e k Do y o n o t w ish t p re se n t y r se lf t t

h
e bac k ?
I I
c o o o o e

u
.

h
pr ie st ? No fr a a sh a e d W h t a y o s e ll in g ?

h
o a a s e ll in g th e s e

u mu m
ty
.
,

h
fl o w e r s W h a t is y n c l e ga th e r in g th e r e ? e i sga th e r in g fl o w e rs

u m m u
. .

h
d id s e w e e p ? B ec a s o th e r w e n t a w a y W h e n d o e ss e c o e b a c k
I
e er

umu u
u u
.

( re t r n ) ? d o n t n o w D id t ’
e p e pp e r s y o r s e r v a n t pl a n t e d i n t e g a r

uu u
.

d e n p tfo rth ? No ty e t W o w il l r e a i n a t o e ? O r f a th e r w ill s ta y

I
. .

Did y l e a ve i an f d ? d i d t l i n yth i H a v
I
y o n v a n g e o
o o o e
y ea .

t n ( d s f ) t d r s s s n s t ss v v ? h v n t t
I
p o a e e o e e y o r r g e o a e o v e e a

w r n it W h a t a r v c e w in g
o .
? e c h e w be t e l
o .
 hh
M
M
208

en t ec t
er f t n de f e t
n it

u u
Pr es p an d
p as i i en s
es .

u
Hu h
A bo nd e d, —
de t
; a ve , h a st ,
a sa b o n de d w it
h . Na gc a ré o n .

Pl p er f tt
en s
e ec .

ufi
u
ad , d eta b o nded w it N a gc a r é o n
-
. 1i a .

tre tt
u
F in de ni e en s
e .

uf
u
S h a ll -
lt
,
w il l ,
l ta b o -
nd w ith . a gc ac a r oo n .

tr e tt
u
F en s

m
er ec e
p .

S h a ll , l t
,
w i ll ,
lth
-
a v e -
a bo n de d w ith . a gc a c a r oo n n a .

I p er a t

u u
ive .

h
A bo nd , le t a bo nd w ith . a gc a r oo n .

u
Ver ba l .

T e st a t
e o fa b o n d in g w ith . A n g p a ge a c a r oo n .

PA SS I V E

fi
Y .

u u
In ni ir e .

M
To a bo nd w ith ,
o n a cc o n t of . Y p a gc a r é o n .

en ti n d e tt

u
Pr es en s

u
ni e e .

h
A bo nd, t
s sw ith t of Yp in a gc a c a roo n

h u
-
e
,
-~

,
o n ac c o n .
.

f en t er
Pres ta n d p a stin de tt
e ns
es

u u
ni e
i

uj
ec
p .

A bo n d e d , d st; h v h st sa b o nd

Hu uuufi
a e a -
a

e d W i t o n a cco n t o
,

f
,

.
« f
Y p in a gc a r oo n .

Pl p erf
ectt
en s
e .

a d ,
-
d eta bo n de d w ith ,
on acc o n t f
o . Na y p a gc a roo n , y p i n a gc a r oo n .

tr e e t
in de n it en s

u u
F e .

u
u
h
S h a ll , lt w ll t b w ith t of

hhu
-
,
i ,
l a o -
nd ,
o n ac co n . Y p a gc a c a roo n .

u
F tre p er ec ftten s
e .

u h uhmhhh
ll lt w ll lt h a ve bo

m
S i n de d
j
l
a - -
a
a y p a gc a r oo n , é
, , ,
yp g
a e a c a r o n ii a
W i t, 0 11 acco n t o f

uu
.

T e p l p e r f
e c t w it n a ca ca nno t be s
ed ; te s
a e is te s
ca e t
wi aea
1 11 te ft re p e r fe c t te n s
e .
 m
‘

uh
209

I p era t

u u
i ve .

hu
Abo nd, le t . a bo nd w it ,
o n ac c o n t of . Y p a gc a roo n .

u
Ver ba l .

T e st a te o fa b o n di n g w ith ,
o n ac c o n t of . A n g y p a gc a c a r oo n .

AN PA SSI V E

fi
.

u
In ni ive .

fi
To a bo nd w ith ,
a t
. Pa gc a r é o n a n .

en tin de tt
u
Pres ni e en s
e .

hu fi
A bo nd , -
e t
s,
s
-
w ith ,
a t. Pin a gc ar oo n a n .

en tp er f t t tt

u
Pres a n
ecd p s i n d
ae ni e en s
es .

u
Hu u
Ab o nde , d s
d -
t; h a ve , h a st ,
a s a bo n d ed w ith ,
a t. Pin a gc a ré o n a n .

Pl p erf
ectt
en s
e .

ufi
ad, d eta b o n de d w ith a t Na p a gc a r é o n a n , p in a gc a roo n a n na .
-
.
,

tr e t t
en s

u
F in de ni e e .

uu
h uh
Sh a l,l -
lt
,
w ill ,
l ta b o -
nd w ith ,
a t
. Pa gc a c aro o n a n .

F tre p er ec f tten s
e .

u uh
S a ll ,
-
lt
, w il l ,
l th a ve
- .
a bo n de d wi t at
,
. N a p a gc a ro o n a n , p a gc a c a ro o n a n na .

Inap er a t
i

hu u h u
A bo nd , le t a bo nd w it ,
a t Pa gc a ro o n a n .

Ver ba l .

h huh
T st a t e fa b o n d i ng w it
h at Ang

h
p g
a c a c a r o o n a n

h
e o

h h
. .
,

h hm
pa ssive in th is c o n j ga t io n st andsf o r te re a s se ;

u
Y

m m
on o r ca an,

h
, ,

o r te pl a c e o r p e rso n a c c o rd ing t te n a t r e o f te a c t io n

H
f o , .

m
W t r it e d fr o is n c le is A n g y p in a gc a c a roo n n iy a a y a n g
in

h
a e e

u
h h
te re a so n o f is b e in g we a lthy p a a n a sa c a n iy a n a n g a a in n iy a
fi
u
h
. .

I o w n a grea t d e a l o fp ro pe r ty i n C a vite A n g C a vite a n g p in a gc ac a roo n a n ‘

u m
co .
, .

o w e s a gr e a t d e a l t is f a th e r Pin a gc a c a t a ga n n iy a a n i

u u
e o g c a n y r g
in lo w
—
. b ia n an g l a l a q i .

T s tde n t s o ld
e co n j ga e t by a
g ca in te ac t ive and p a ssive s
te fo ll o w in g ve rb s:
 M
M
MM
M
um
u u
To be

ufi
u
m o fj dg en tt
o ,
a rr ive a tte ( h a gc a i s
ip be lt

u u
a 8n e
f r e a so n
.
,
a ge o

u
.

T o b e a r f r it a gc a b g a.

q
.

s a b o to n e s se lf
T o c a rry i ll n e s
’
a gc a a s it

u
. .

T o b e l c ky a gc a p al a d

m u
. .

T o a b o n d i n is s e , o ff sp r in g . a gc a a n a c .

T o b e gr a y h e a d e d . a gc a ban .

al o t

h
T o r a ge ( a pl a g e ) . . a gc a s .

a gc a b o l ot

h
T o r a ge ( s a ll p o x )

m m
o ng

M
—
.

h
T o f o rb id a gc a c a s a la

m u u
. .

To s in a gc a s as ala

m mu u
. .

u u

M
s sp l t
y s te w o rk ing o fe e r ge n
'

al o rali n iv e i
r l ty in

m m
a e an or
a
gc ,
a

wh ic h a n y a r e af
,

c ie s by fe c t e d a l t o h th is n ive r s
al se ns 1 s b e tt e r

u
, g e

a de b y r e p e a t in g ca a n d r e n d e r g te r o o t t e in a c c e n ta tio l1

ufi
ac .

u u
um
To pr e va il t spr e a d a b o t(f a in e )
o a gc a c a g o o t

uu
. .
,

To spr e a d bo t ( re ) a . a gc a c a s
o no g .

To b e bl o w in g a h rr ic a n e a gc a c a b a g ié

m m m m mm
. .

To b e e n ga ge d in p b l ic r e j o ic in gs ta, a gc a c a p ie st

uu
. a gc a c a o a .

b e e n ga ge d in r e v o l t io n

m m
To . a gc a c a go lo .

m u
F rt it s t in g s
se b l a ge f y be pre sse d q

m
bv

m
ex

m
o
o ee or a o an ay a ,

To e e t( a n y , a c c id e n t a lly ) a gc a a ls bo n g

m qu u
. .

T o as s e bl e , to g a th e r t o ge th e r a gc a t
ip o n

h h
. .

T o as s e bl e in c o p a n y . a gc a a s d .

m m
T o c o in c id e

mm
. a gc a a y o n .

a rr e ll in g

m m
T o be a n v e n ga ge d in . a gc a a a v .

So e ti es a
gea a nd te r e p e t it
io n o f te r o o ti p a r t
s a se n se 0
pl e t

h h
e ness in in tr a n sit ive t io n s

m u
co ac

u
.

u
T o br e a k o f fin t o ve ry s a ll b it s a gc a l a n a g s
la n s

H
. ag -
.

T o b e t o r n a w a y in r a gs a gc a i n d a n g n i d a n g

m m
—
. .

T o b e in st a t e o fc o p l e t e d e str t io n a gc a sir a s
ir a

m
c

u u
. .

y so n a s a lr e a d y e n t e re d te a ge

u m
Na gc a c a 1 s
1
p i1 a a ng a n ac co
fr e a so n
.

u
.

ad I o ne y I ho
s ld no tb e in Cn a gc a r oo n sa n a a co n a ng
p i la c

m m
, ,

u
s ch t io n a s I a
co n di h in d i a c o n a gc ac a ga n it
o

mm
. ay .

a n y p e o pl e ga th e r e d t o ge th e r Na gc a tip o n a n g a nga t a o

u
. .

eso r t ( pl a c e o fr e s
. o rt) Pi n a gc a t
ip o n a n .

Asse bly . Pin a gc a p isan an .

it
Pin a gc a p is r r

H
an a n n ang a n ga a
U n ive r s y’ a ca de V
n o n g.

h
PA R T I C L E S A ND W O R DS US E D AS D I FF E R E NT PA R T S OF S PE E C .

um h m u
h
B A G AY

mm
.

mum
B riga y, sa s “
t in g ” “
tt
er
” “
s b j e ct ” “ t ”

m
a no n, ean ,
a , , g a i .

So ttin g so e o bj e c t
e Ys i n g b aga y

u h hh h
. .

h
,

uh hh
W h a t i ste a tt e r s bj e c t
? g A n o b a g a a n g b agay ?

hh h
t a tis is a ppe a ra n c e A e r ica n
, ,

A o b a y a n y o n iy a a e r ic a n o

h
or g n n g g a o r

m
, ,

na tive ? e t a ga l o g ?

T
(l )
w o rd w ic
it T s, m
uum e p p il s o l
1 e 11 1a i n s a f
d
t
n
er t
o tlo s

tn e a n s g i a y l1 a ir
“
e sig to fte fa
a in g a w a y te p a 1 t
-
k
c tt a

.
t e

ic le o r p a r t
r o o tis a p a r to f te
ic le s e n e r in g to co p os
e
t
t
t t
 hhh h
mh h u h
hm u
mmh 212

h
h h h u
l ize to s e t I h a ve n o sc isso r s t o e q a l iz e te Did y o

h
w o s ir t s? a ke

u u u m
.

h
re a d y te to o l s f o r te a k in g o fte t a bl e ? No t y e t W h e re a r e te
.

h h
ilk h a n d k e r c h ie f s? Th e y a r e in te c h e s

h h
n ew s t H a ve y o a n ew a st e r ?

um
ummHm umm
.

t H a ve y o h a n d se l e d te s it o fc l o th e s? I

h h
fi
No , w e h a ve a n e w pr ie s

u u u
.

no t w ill in g t o a pp e a r b e f o r e te pr ie s

h
A r e yo t ? No f
or I a a f ra id

m
a ve

uu m
. .
,

W y d o es y o r c o sin spi t a t is br o the r ? Bec a se e w a s rst sp itte n

h mh u
po n W w ill r e e be r e ? Y o r o th e r w ill r e e b e r y o
o W ha t

u
. .

h h h H
a s yo r f a t e r pl a n t e d th e r e ? a s pl a n t e d b a n a n a t re e s W h a t is e

m
m
e

u u u
—

u
.

h
t t t t

h
go i n g o p i n t o e r o o ? e is p tt in g n o th in g i n t o e r o o e

u m
,

u uh h
is p tt i n g w a te r in t o l ss W d th y d r w r r th t d l

m m
y g a
y o e n o a n e a e a c a n e

u
.

b r n in g a w a y ? B e c a se t e y h a ve n o st o o ls t it p o n Do y o co nsid e r

h
o s

fi u m
.

te p ra c t ic e o fv irt e a h e a v y th in g? I d o n t c o n sid e r ith e a vy I re e

h H
’

u u u u m
,

b e r te e t e r n a l IV a tw ill e do t e w i ll d o n o th in g t

h
re e? o yo

m
o

u u
. .

u h h
W a tw a s d o n e t o yo ? N o th in g w a sd o n e t o e W o is s a y in g as s ?

mu
.

O r pr ie s t W y do e s y o r f sin p to n a n pp e r pe tt ic o a t ? S e

u m
e -
a e co

u u
. .

d o e s n o tp to n a n pp e r p e tt ic o a t s e we a r sa n a pr o n W ill y o s o k e ?

uu u
.
,

Th a n k s I d o n t s o k e W y d o e s y o r se r va n t fe ign t
,
’
. o be s ic k ? e
fe ig n s t o b e il l t o a v o id p n is h e n t W h a t w a ste re a so n f
. o r yo r n e igh
b r s q rr l g ? G a bl i g W h e r e d id t
o a e i n n . h e y q a rr e l ? T is o se
th e ir q a r re lin g pl a c e .
M
MM
2 13

FO R T Y S E CO N D LE S S O N .

YCA PA T DA L A U A N G

M
NA PO U O , T , PA G A R A L .

MM
O DI FIC A TI V E V E R B A L IZI NG PA RTIC L E S .

m m
h
u h
h
mh
u u
hh
mh umm
a ga i n o r tive ; p a g in o r p a g/ wi n g p a s
a ga ing , a c sive a s a ve r b a l p a r t

u
l

h u u
, ,

ic le e a n s c o n ve r s io n in t te t in g o r q a l ity d e n o t e d by te r o o t it

mm
o

m u u
is a ppl ie d t o T e t ra n s
. fo r a t io n o f o n e q a l i ty in t o a n o th e r by s lo w
g r a d a l p r o s s f a ssi ilat io n is e xp re s sed by a ; b t a g i n d e n o t es

u
c e o

u
c o n ve r s io n o f f a n d o f o n e th in g o r q a l ity in t o a n o th e r t s d if f e r r in g ,

fr o a a nd a o r na T e las tsyll a bl e th a t is t
. o sa y gni ( s in c e , ,

g a i n is t r e e l e t
t
-
e r e d ) ( )
1 s h o l d b e r e p e a t
e d in p re s
e n ta n d f tre t e n s es .

u
R OO T .

h
hh
F a ir j st de s
e r vin g

m
.
, ,

u
PA R ADIG .

T o b ec o e w o r t
VVl t w a t
e r it s,
d e se rt
.

.
y . ag

Ca r a p a t
an
u
in d ap a t
Y c a p a g in d ap a t
.
.

X NJ UG A T I O N
Y
(T .

fi
ACT IV E .

m
t

u
In ni ive .

fi
To bec o e wo rt
hy . a
g in d ap a t .

m
en tin de tt

u
en s

u
Pres ni e e .

fi
mhhm u
B ec o e, —
t s wo rthy
s —
. N a g ig in d ap a t .

en t
Pres p erf
e t
cta n d p a s in de ni e tt
en s
es .

h
Be c a e, -
t
s ; a ve , h a st ,
a s be c o e wo r thy . Na g in d ap a t .

U, in tisc ase ,
isn o tr e c k o ned as a le tt er .
H
h
S
ad ,

h hmm
m m u
S hu muu
a

h mh uu
Beco
ll ,
-

l l ltw ill
,
-
tb ec o
ds

e,
lt
-
, w

,
i ll ,

le t

‘
.
,
-
mu
u
m
u
u

uf
—
u
u
u u
e

It a ve

be co
wo rt
hy

l tb e c o

b ec o

e
F
.

w o rt
f

hy
tr e
Pl p er

w o rth y

e
tr e

w o rt y
p
.

I p er a t

.
e
2 14

i n de init
e

r ec

i ve
.
t

Ver ba l
te

M
M
n
ec

f
s
e

Na c a p a g in d ap a t

ag

tt

acapag

ag

.
en s
e

.
,

t
n a

en s
e
g
.

in

ig in dap a t
d

in d ap a t
.
ap a

.
tn a

in d ap a t
,

.
.

ag ig in d ap a tna
.

h h h
T e ac t
io n o fb e c o in g w o r ty . A n g p a g ig in d ap a t
.

m mm
uum
m m
m h
h u
ra s
s

h
IN wn .

uu uu
Tt ve rb s w it
b a lize d wh ic h is j s
a
g i n a
y a d it o fi n p as
s i ve tey sh o l
r e c o po n d e d w ith a gp a wh ic h a ke s th e a c t ive T e o bj ec t b e in g ver
.

tly wh a t w o l d r e q ir e it is te rea so n f
d b

o r th is p a r
e

,
.
,

t ic le l a c k in g tis p a ssi ve

m
.

T o be e na bl e d t
o b e co e w o r thy . Pa p a g in d a p a t
in u .

m m m
en t fi tt
u
Pres en s

u
i n de ni e e .

h fi
A ,
ar t is, ,
a re e na ble d t
o b ec o e w o rthy . Pin a p a g ig d ap a t

f
m
en t ta n d p astin de tt

u
Pres p er ec ni e en s
es .

uf
H
W a s, st w e r e ;
-
h a ve h a st a sb ee n e n a bl e d t
o b ec o e wo r t
hy Pin a p ag in d ap a t .

m
.
, , ,

tt
u
Pl p er ec en s
e .

uf
u
h
ad, tbe e n
ds ena bl e d t
o be co e wo r thy . Pin a p a g in d ap a tn a .

m
tre i nde ini t
e t

u
e ns

u
F e .

uuf
hh m
S a ll l t w ill ,
- -
ltb e en a bl e d t
o be c o e w o rthy . Pa p ag ig in d a p a t
in .

tre tt
uu
F er ec en s
e
p .

S ll Itw ill It a ve bee n e n abl e d t

o b e co w o r thy Pa p a g ig in d a‘ at
i

m u
n na.
a e p
- -
,

Be en a bl e d , le t . be ena bled t
o b e co e w or t
hy . Pa pag in d a p at
in .
mhh
21 6

m
en tp f t t
s fi tt
en s

u
Pres er ec a n d p a i n de ni e es .

u
H mh
B ec a e. -
t
s; a ve , h a st ,
a s b ec o e w o rth y a to r in . Pin a g in d a p a t
an .

Pl p erf
ectt

u
en s
e .

M
ufi
u
ad , -
d etb e c o e wo r ty a to r in . Pin a g in d a p a t
an na.

mu
tr e tt
uu
F in de ni e en s
e .

u
lt t wo rt
hy a to r Pa g ig in d a p a t

M
Sh a ll ,
-
,
w i ll ,
l b e
-
co e in . an .

mm uu f
F tr e p tt
er ecen s
e .

m mh u
S h a ll , l t
,
w ill
-
,
Ith a ve -
be c o e w o rthy a to r in . Pa g ig in d a p a t
an na

I p er a t
ive .

h mh uu
B eco e, le t be c o e wo r tv a to r in . Pa g in d a p a t
an .

hu uu m h h
Ver ba l .

T e ac t
io n o fb e c o in g w o rt y a to r in A n g p a g ig in d a p a t
an

M
. .

T st d e n t sh o
e ld co n j ga e t bv a gn i n in te ac t ive and p a ssi ve s te

u
,

f o ll o w in g ve rb s

h
.

uu
T o b e c o n ve rte d in t o w in e , t
o c o n ve rt

u
ag in gal a c
in t o w i n e
.

u
.

Do d o d o d o vin e ga r ag in gs c a

uumuu um m
. .

l ! in ga p d o

MM
m
g a ag

u
.
11 n

a b e a S t ag i n g ay o p

m
“

u
.
11 11 11 11

T o t r n o ta virt o s f e ll o w in gb a n a l

fi
ag

u u
. .

i s r in g a r a t

m
e ag o

uu
.
11 11 11 11

T o be c o e d e a f in gb i gi

mu
ag

m uu
. .

h u u
te . ag in gp ip i .

h
bl in d . ag in gb la g .

h
T o b e c o n ve r t ed t ho o d t o t ake

u
in gt
o an
a o
,

an at
ag
c o r p o re a l f o r or h t rib t es .

u u u
.

H u u
p a ssive st a nd s in th is c o n j ga t o r te
io n f re a s

hhhh
Y ca s
'

on or e; an

m m
,

o r te pl a c e ; a lth o gh t h e y a re l it

m
f tl e in se A tte n t io n sh o l d be p a id

uu
.

m m m mu m
t te fo ll o w in g ill stra t ho w in g te se o f t

u
io n s s h e se p a ssive s
fi u
o

h
.

uu
t A ngni ta n g c a ba i a n

mm
car n ga n
is w is do and j dg ent ade
, ,

hh
siy an g y p in a g in d ap a tn iy an g
wo rty t fill te o f
fi
i o fice a gc a roo n n a n g c a tn gc la n

m
.

m u
.

Pa p a g in gd a p a t in o a c o Pa gin oo n g
t t

u um
bl b w y

u
G d ,

itn a n g b li a y

h
y o e n a e e o e c o e o r
c o n g D io s n a

m m uuuuu
,

u
a gc a

u
o f a tt a i n i n g e t e r n a l

u
l ife

u
h h h
a l an g h a n gan
.

na .

a n at t

h
T e S o n o fG o d a s s ed h ri A n g p a gs ac o p s a t a o a n g siy an g
q
,

b t es f or te sa k e o f re d ee in g y in a p a g int a o n a ng a n a c n a ng
a n k in d . D io s .

N a za re t h w a s te pl a c e wh e re J es s A n g b a y a n g N a z a re ta n g niy an g p i

u
,

C r ist gre w in t o a a n n a g in t. a o an i J e s c r isto .

I tw a s in a n il a w e r e e w a s o rd
A ng a y n il a a n g p in a g in p a r ia n n iy a
a in e d a pr ie s t ,
.
£132
Yo
hh
hu
te p a rt

u
a d ec

Af

u
m
um
hm
u
M
M
um m
m
M
M
u h u
m
mu uu
T

j t ive s

mu h
u
m
uu
u
m
u
W h a t w ill

uh
u
u my
e

11 be y o

m uw ill

muu
m
u
ag

u
W ill itb e tr e ?

um
uu
h
f a t
ens
s
o
e

f te

be

in , i
.

te r a b o t six o n th s

u u
T o b e o win g t o
b e ?
r
o

s,

in e

p art

.
fc o n ve r sio n

ss
s bj e c tw ith

o
.
W 1 ll bec o

.
e t
i e
d e n o te d

e yo r

ens
sa s e
21 7

te p o sse ssive pro n o

j
by

g a
ag

ag

gA n o c a a a n g
i
g g i n gt
a

o to
gn

o
i

ig in g iy o

ig in ga

fd o bt

y
C n a g in g an i n a o a n
a g in d a i l an
n

a
,

g
—

a?
q
e
n

a g ig i n ala d
p
ay

in

.
s

spe c ia lly
en ai

3 06 .

ca.

b
t l

w ith
vo

b
l it io n

.
e

co
on

ral

h
A bo t an y w ill th ey s l l

u um
ow be ? ( a g ig in g i a n i a? .

Th e y a y b e a b o t t
,

a g ig in s

m ‘ uu u u
en a p o o

u
. .

is a l s
a gn in o a tt o e x s
s t l t f t l s
p

m
p re e c o p a o n a c c o n o e c o e
re l a t
‘
m
io n i n sign ifi c a t io n e x ist i ng b e twe e n t “
o be
” and
“
t o be c o
” Th s,

‘ uh
e

? Na g ig in a t
.

it a y pr o p e r ly b e s a id ; it
a ea sa Pa re
“
A r e y o te pr ie s ts

M
um u
s I s
‘
i Na g in ni A b ra b a
It w a s A br a h a s so n I sa a c ; a n d it a tn a gi n a n a c n i I sa a c si Ja c o b
,
,
a a c ; a n ac

w as Is aac s s o n , Jaco b ; and itw a s g g , ,

a tn a g i n a n a c n i Ja c o b s i J d t
J a c o b s so n , I d a a n d is b r o th e r s g a a

t
.

c a n iy an g id
.

ang a nga c ap a

H
.

PA R T I C L E S A ND W OR DS USE D AS D I F F E R E NT PA R T S O F S P EE C .

umm u mu uuu h h
C AYA

m
.

tr t se d f h n t in g o r fi sh in g

m
a d, a s no n, ean s an
y in s en or ,

l so st o r te g a c a gh t b tin

m
andsf f
o r wh a t as bee n th is

m
an d a e or ,

i tis b e c o in g o b s

uu
s
e ns o l e te

m u
e .

mu u
( A n g b é so g, a n g a n a p pa ti n ang a

u
Bo w s sqke t s, stht
r o lle r s nga

m
and n ig a n l iliga o in ac a y a

m
a nang
y
g
,

l a id h a n d s p o n by c o n sa es t bl
a nga a g ac i l l l a c il , S p w o rd

u m
( g

h h h
a re a

u
H
. .

( fo r a a i i ) b b l ff .

Ca yd s rb s ” “
t
o be bl e ”
in tr ia l s
e ns b t

u m
,
a a ve ,
ean ca n ,
a a a e e ,

i tis h o we ve r co n j ga e d t by a ca .

h
tre n gth h f t t ba ga y a iy an ?

m
s s ? ni

u
a en o g o r a g a c ac a
y a

h
e

I t br in g ith e re D il i c o d a l in ri te

h h
ca n n o aea y a n a n

h
. .

Ca yd s an s s rb p stp t rr t s h s

m
i d i i

u m
a d ve d i i

u
,
a ,
e o o n e n n e o ga o n ,
a v n g, a
“ “ ”
ba gd , xpl e t ive s
ens
e and e ans ow by c h a n c e

u
an e .

m
A re y o , by h a n c e te so n o fPe t
er ? c a y a b a ga a n g a n a c i Pe d ro ?

u u
c ,
o ca

H o w l, is e te r d e re r ? S
g yi a c ay a a n g n a c a
. at ay ?

m
.

h
Hh h m
Ca ya j t io n be fo r e te b s sin c e

u u
,
a sa co n nc ,
is s
ed ve r an d ean

u m mqu u
he re f o r e
Yo h a ve b e e n c a ll e d f or a nd sin c e T in a ag ca, ca ya y a a ng a ga lin g

h h
,

w ll th r p a r do n

m m
o a e o e ca na, ca.
y re g e .

e iss ic k t e r e fo re I w ill p a y i S iy a, i, s it y d d l i

m u
a a a n co
, y a ,
c a a a

a v is it . siy a .

Ca ya by te a ffi r a t ive a n d c o p le t ive p a rt
is fo ll o w e d ic l e s Ca yd .

h a t in te sec o n d se n te n c e
,

nga ,
“
e a n s w e re f o re
” “
j st t ”
, ,
.

32
 uu
um
u
u m
u
m hh 2 18
h
h h
J st be c a s e s e is a w o a n s e . C a y a nga , Si y a i bab a y e
, ,
ag
p a c a in
e n de vo r s t o be chas te

mm
.

J s t fo r th a t r e a so n I w ill n o t gi ve C a y a 11 ga i d i b ib i ia ta

u
, , g n ca n a ng

y o an y o ne y . sa l a pi .

u m m m m
Ca y / i it i is re ph a t ic t a f and is s
ed in te

u u
h
g a n o e an ra
/
g i
ga ne

MM
t
iv e

h
ga .

q C aya nga n i la b li id

u
c a ng

h
a a
S in c e vo h a ve no fa r ,
l e a se o ne .

o sca

h h
.

Ca p d
'
it t
a i sa l s sed f th e r e fo r e nga n i t f te a d ve rb ia l

mm h u
g y
a a o or ca
y a ,
o r
“ ” ”
p r a se so o n e r oo n a s
ass

fi
no .

m
,

m m
q r st C a y a ga n itp a gd a t

h h
I s a rr ive d t I ed in g c o , i, d in a ip

u
no o o ner an ar e

h h
i co s i ya

u u
um fi m
. .

by t a k e n o fte c o
No t ic e o n n a t ive h a b it (n o t
st o ne t o be i it a t e d

um u
by E r o pe a n sl e a r n in g te l a n g a ge ) o fi n se rt in g in a se n te n c e w o rd s wh ic h

u
u
a ve n o ean i n g t
o ll a t e p o r a ry h ia t s wh il e te s p e a k e r is t h in k i n g
of is n e xt w o r d Th s pr o p w o r d s a r e 1 11 1 e r sin T a ga l o g a n d va ry in
. e e —
1 11 o

h
d iff e r e n tl c lit i s b tte o st s a l o n e is
a e ,
o :

mm m
hu m m
“CA N

hhh
.

umu uu mu
p e rh a ps te w o r d st in s e by n a t
fve s o r wh a t o n e d o e s n o t
It st a n d sf o

r e e be r o r s r v sa s a p iphr a siso r e ph e is fo r a n yth in g wh ic h isa l

e e er
.

h
r d y n d e r st o d b tw e n t in t e rl c to r s fr wh a t w ill b sh a e f l t

u
o ex

uu
ea o e e e o o e
,

pr ss r
e
y o rt t f li n gs f t e r s
a e ee o o

h
.

h h h
S h S i ( e an 0 1 ,
J
an

m um
r . c a o ne. co .

W h a t (is n de r st o o d ) An g co a n

h m
u m
. .

T e p r 1vy p a rt s . A n g c o an .

h m
Co a n’

in te ssa
e ns be a de in to rb b e c o n j ga t e d by
and

m
e can a ve

u
,
e,

h
a ll te ve rb a l p a rt ic l e swh ic h te na t re o fte ac t io n its
t a n d sfor a
y ad i t .

m
S isgr o w in g s
e o and s o C ng o c o an siy a

uu
. .

S ight (c o n s e n t) siy a
a c a c o an

O
e . . .

r d e r e r so a n d so a gp a c o an c a sa c a n iy a

qq
. .

S e e d d l e si n d o in g th isa n d t
h at . N a i ic o an sl va .

hh
uH
h
m
m
mm u
uuhH
m m m
u hu
O
F RTY S EC ON D EX E RCI S E .

h
s a ttr ib t e s? T e S o n o fG o d t o o k

h
W to o k a n s a ttr ib t e s

h
’ ’
o an

u m u
u
.

a n s a ttr ib t o r te s

h h
W y d id e take a n s a ttr ib t e s e too k e sf ake
’ ’
?

uu umuu u u
o fo r re d e pt io n Did y o r so n b e c o e w o rthy t o b e o r d a in e d a pr ie st ?

u m m m
.

t e be c a w o rthy o f o bt a in in g a n o ffi c e Did wh a tI t o l d y o t r n

h h
No , b e

m u
.

o ttr e ? Y e s itt r n e d o ttr e S h a ll I b e y o r sa n d y o

h
in e ? N o

m
.
, ,

th o sh a lt n e ith e r b e in e n o r I th in e W h a t a sb e e n te r e a so n ? Th is a s

uhu h u
.

b e e n te r e a so n W h a t w ill b ec o e o f e (w ill b e y fa t e ) ? IV a ty o r

Hh hh
u u
.

f a t e w ill b e n o b o d y k n o w s W h a t sh a ll I d o t

h h h
o beco e w o rthy o f o th e r s
’

u u
.
,

ide r a t io n ? Pa y wh a t y o o w e S h a ll te s L et i

h h
co ns e r v a n t d o a n yth i n g ?

u m H u
.

t t t

huufi u
p w a t e r in t h is v a W hoe r e a s y o r w if e b e e n b r ie d ? H e r e i n th i s

u uu mm u
.

sp o t s e w a s b 1 ie d \V y d o e sn o t y o r t a il o r p td o w n th a t c l o th in g ?

u uu um
.

e a s n o pl a c e to p t i t o n W y d i d e g e t i n w i th o t b o w i n g ? B e .

ca s e e is a n n e d c a te d an Did s e c o n se n t ? S e d id w ith o t re .

l ct a nce W h a t d o e s e p ff p f
. or? e d o e s n o tre e b e r is o r igin .

W y do y o se t o n d f a lt w ith e ve ryb o d y ? I d id n o tge ta c c st o e d

 M
M
220

FO R T Y T H IR D LE S S O N .

M
YCA A PA T NA PO U O T T A T L O N G PA G A R A L
, , .

O DIFIC A TI V E V E R B A L IZI NG PA RTIC L E S .

h h
M
m

M
mh
um
uh
u h
mu m
u
h
m
h hm
t ive ; pa gsi p a ssive d o e s n o ti p a r t a n y p ec l ia r o d ify in g

uh
s
i

m
ag ac

u u
, , ,

se n s t o te r o o t i tc o n j ga t e s It is b to n e o f te a n ifo l d w a y s o f

m m
e

u u u
.

e xpre s sin g pl ra l ity in T a ga l o g a n d e a n s th a t a n y o r te wh o l e p e o pl e

a ll d e d t d o p e rf o r te a c t io n d e n o te d by te r o o t Th s a gsi is

u
o

u
.
,

e n a tr e
,

s e d b tin te pl r a l a n d b e c o n j ga t e d in te p as s i v e s t
a
y
o f te a c t io n a
y a d i t o f It b e i n g d is sy l l a b ic. re p e a t s s i in p re s
e n t ,

a n d f tr e te n se s

M
.

no o r .
'

To be h o l d ,
t
o ga ze . Pa n oo r , a n oe r .

PA R AD I G .

To be h o l d t o g a z e (i n t e n sive ) a gp a n oo r .

m
. .
,

Th in g b e h e l d a t . Pa n o o r in , p a gp a n o o r in .

Pl a c e. Pa n c o r a n .

S p ec ta c l e sh o w a p a ge a n t
, ,
. Pa n o o r in o r c a p a p a n o o r a n .

T o b e h l d t ga
o ,
by a n y p e o p le
o ze . a gs ip a n oo r .

Th in g . Pa gé ip a n o o r in .

Pl ac e . a gs ip a n o o r a n .

c o NJ UG A T IO N .

A CT I V E .

To be h o l d .
(by m an y) .

fi
ag s
ip a n oo r .

m
en ti n d e
Pres ni e tt
en s
e .

fi
Beho ld ( by an y) N a gsisip a n oo r

m
. . .

en t
Pr es p er
ftand
ec p t
s i n de
a ni e tt
e ns
es .

Beh e l d , h a v e b e h e l d (by . an y) . Na gsip a n oo r .

Hh ad

hhmm m
S h a ll ,

h umh
S h a ll ,
b e e l d (by

w ill b e h o l d (by

w ill
.

a ve
m
.
u
u
mu
u
u
a ny

b e e l d ( by
) .

.
an
F

y)
F
Pl p er

tre

tr e
an

I
y)
p

p e
2 21

ra
tt

e t
in de in it
e n

e ns
e
s
ec
e

f
er ectt
en
M
M
Na c a p a gs

s
e

t
ag s
isip a n oo r

ae a p ag

ive .
.

ip a n oo r ,

sip a n oo r
.

.
n a gs
ip a n oo r

ag sip a n oo r
na

na .
.

h m
Be o l d (y e ) ,
le t( s,
th e ) be o ld . ag s
ip a n é o r .

T e ac t io n o fbe ho l d in g (by . an v ) . is
A n g p a gs ip a n oo r .

hm fi
IN PA SSI V E .

M
In ni t
ive .

To be b e e l d (by an y) Pa gsip a n o o r in

m
. . .

m
en t
Pres in de ni e tt
en s
e .

h
A ar t is a re b e h e l d (by an y) is
Pin a gs ip a n oo r

m
. . .
, , ,

en t
Pr es p e ect
rf t
and p as i n de fi ni e tt
en s
es .

u
H u
W a s stw e re ;
,
—

,
h a ve h a st, ,
a s bee n b e h e ld .
(by an y ) . Pin a gsip a n oo r .

m
Pl p er ftteec
n s
e .

ufi
h hu
ad , -
tbe e n
ds be h e l d ( by an y ) Na p a gsip a n oo r , p in agsip a n oo r 11 a .

m
. .

F tre in de ni e tt
en s
e .

h
u
S a ll ,
-
lt
,
w ill ,
Itb e - b e e l d (by . an y .
) is
Pa gs ip a n o o r in .

F tre p erf
ec tt
en s
e

m
.

l th a ve

h hm
be e n be e l d
j
—

ip a n é o r , p a gs
s isip a n o o rin
.

a p ag na .

I p er a t
ive .

h hm
Be be e ld ,
le t . . be b e e l d (by . an y) . Pa gs
ip a n o o rin .

Ver ba l .

T e t
sat
e ofbe ing be e ld .
(by an y) . A n g p a gsip a n é o r in .
 2 22

fi
Y PA SS I V E .

m u
In ni t
ive .

M
h u fi
To b eh o l d (b y an y) on a cco n t of . Y p a gsip a n é o r .

en ti n de
Pres ni e tt
en s
e .

h h uu
Be o ld ( , y ,
w e e th e y ) o n a c cc o n to f . Y p in a gs
isip a n oo r .

en t
Pres p erf
ectand
p a t
s i n d e fi ni e tt
en s
es .

Hhm uu
Be e ld a ve be hel d (w e y e ,
, t
h ey ) on a cco n t of . Y p in a gsip a n oo r .

Pl p erf
ec tt
u
en s
e .

h muuu
ad be e l d (by an y) on a c co n t of . Na y p a gsip a n oo r , y p in a gs
ip a n oo r na .

F tr e in def e t
i n it en s
e .

h hh
S a ll w ill b e h o l d (by an y) on acc o n t o f Y p a gsisip a n é o r

m
.
, .

F tre p er ecf tte n s

e .

u
m
S l l w ill a ve b e e l d (by y) o n t

h um u
a an
,
sip a n oo r , y p a gs
isip a n é o r
a cc o n t of
a y p ag 11 a .
.
j

I p era t
ive .

h mu
Be o ld ( ) le t( s th e ) b e h o l d t of Yp a gs
ip a n o o r
’

y e , , on acc o n . .

Ver ba l .

T e ac t io n o fb e h o l d in g (b v a ny ) on acc o n t of . A n g y p a gs
i p a n oo r .

PA SS I V E

fi
hm fi
AN .

In ni t
ive .

To b e o l d (by an y) in . Pa gsip a n o o ra n .

en t
Pres in de ni e tt
en s
e .

h mu fi
B e h o l d (w e , y e , th ey ) Pin a gs
in . isip a n o o ra n .

en tp er
Pr es ft
ec
a n d p t
s ian de ni e tt es
en s .

H
Be e l d h a ve b e h e l d (by an y) in . Pin a gs
ip a n o o ra n .

m
,

Pl p er fttens
e
ec .

‘
ad be h e l d (by an y) i n: Na p a gsip a no o r a n , p in agsip a n o o ra n
’

na .
 hhh M
M
2 24

u
uu uh u
u
It is w itin te t o w n Na sa l oo b nang b ay a n

m
. .

A n d y o r s? gA ta n g iy o ?

m
t
,

It is o t sid e te w o o d Na s a l a b as n a n g gl i b a

uum u
. .

t wh a t
fi
J s G a n an

u
. .

T a k e j st wh a ty o w is h a c a n a n g ga n an ib ig o

um
u u
. .

T a k e j st wh a ts f h ir t h a c a n a n g ga n an s c a tb a r o

h
fic e sf or a s

m u
. .

m h u
Th a t is o n ly f G a n an a q in iy an

m
or e

u
. .

Yo ( pl r ) t a k e f
o r y o. r s
e l v e s wh a t Na gga ga n an in y o c a y é n a n g ga n an s
e

is f
or e. a q in .

A sfor y pa rt . S a ga n an a q in .

A sfor i . S a ga n an c a n iy ai .

A sf p a rt I a b a n d o n S a ga n an a q i n , p in a b a b a y z a n iy a
s
’

or v ,
er. co .

A
P RTI C L ES A ND W O R DS USE D AS DI F F E R E NT PA R T S O F SP E E C H .

m um
m m ts ea n s s a lr e a d y s in t i t frie n d
f
s,

m
( a id

u m m
a a a no n, a a e

H mm u um
, ,

Th e y a re in t
i a e t fr ie n d s . a gc a s
i, a gc a c a s
i sil a,

1n d co n j ga e d t by ag ea n st
o e n ga ge in c o l se fa il ia r it
y .

h h
s in i n t i y Na gc a c a s
i siy a

h u um
e e n ga ge ac . .

m um u
t

u
”
Ca si sa rb l so s o p e r va d e ifc o n j ga t e d by

u
,
a ve ,
a ea n , .

An g D io s E sp i ri t S a n t ‘

m
T H o ly G h o st p e rva de d te
e s
o ls i s
s a c a lé lo
a ,
a ng

a ng a
c
A p es
ng

t
o fte A p o s

m
a n a ng

h
a

h uh
l es .

t
o les (S p )
. .

u m m
S t ill ea tc o n j ga t
s ed by ea n s o a cc e p to fa
t ec re t
s o r c an de l t
sin e
st t

m
” “

u m m m
ft br ib e d by b rib e

h
i o be an d

h
g . a ,
a
g, o

h h uu
q

m
T e j d ge a c ce pt e d o f y gift . A ng oc o a
y a ng in a si an co .

m
Ca si ay be s
ed a s an i p e rso n a l ve rb e a n in g its
ee s

t w e n tth e re

h
It s s t Na p a roo n c a si s
iy a

h
ee a e

qq
. .

It s
ee s e d o e s n o tk n o w er . Di n iy a n a i ila la ca si .

m
u
c le u Di te ,

e a n in g
co n
“
no
tr a c t io n
t” “
in ”
o fd ili
( L a t i n
an
“
p re f ix ) , n
t
i n d , is
”
a lw a y s a p re p o sit
ive p a r t i
"

huh
.
, ,

uh m
Ins f
fe r a bl e

u u u
.

Unsp e a k a bl e

u
.

Di td by p a 0 11 a cc o n t o fit

m
t be j s syll a b ic str e

uu h
c a n no co n ga e o no

t th s, t sa y ” se d by te f ll w o r d
is e xp re s i n d i o r di t i, s
'

re , o no, ay

m
i n g p a i n di , p a d i i .

u u
Di se r ve s t a ff ir in lt
e rn a t
ive t
ra st
in g ens
s

fi
o an a or con e .

fi
m
W ho b tO r L o rd G o d, s o ld I gD i sin o a n g d a d a i ga n co c n d i an g
pr a y ? . D io s a t
in g p a gin oo n

Di j o in s t
o a d ve r b s ,
i p a rt
in g a n e ga t
ive s
ens
e .
 Al

W h
h
u
A lt
y o
h
h
u
t
ho
No to n ly

Do es e
h o gh

h
g

.
h u u
l

no
t
,
g

Ex c e e d in gly we a lthy
W y n o tso ?

h
Dili b e side s it
te e n d f
W il l
o r a n a lt

e
h

t
?
n

e ve n

G r e a tly e x c e e d in gly

u
t .

no

y o
.

d o
a

tw ish t
n t w
o

s pr o p e r sig n ifi c a t io n
,

ive n e ga t
e rn at

p a v
i ve c o n j
e
eat

p I

or
o

no
‘

t
?
.

.
o

.
.

DI LI .

zB
M
Di
l li
”
g
g
,

Di
S
D
i
m
m
m u
m
i

q it a

a
s
a ya

g a

b
u
a
a
u
a

nc

y
m
Di a a c

u
um m
z

a
fi
n

p
p

d
h
h
an

h
a
a

ca

an

s
d

i
.

an na a

m .

t
i
i
g
i

io n
g

a
a

va d i
n d
n

an
o

i
.

n?
an g
.

b
an

d i ga n oo n ?

n e ga
.
di
t
y

ha

t ive
.

ac .

h
.

a d ve

?
gis
c

rb .
ai

a a
‘
n ?

is se d u
p a sin

a t

m h
( ,

h u
D I UA

m
h
.

u
m
fl
Div a h e r i p e rso n a l ve rb a v in g a d b it
is a n o t

m
a t i ve e ns
s e a s ca s .i
t I tlik e w is t “
its s , ita p pe a r s
” “ ”

m um ‘ u u
s

u
an d s o r

u u
u
il p a in . e ee .

I ts st o be siy z
'

ee e . .

I ta pp e a r s a s if v o wo l d p ise
de s i l ac t
i ng

h
p n a a a an o na a

u
e.

m u mu
uh
Din a a sa no n, ean s sp ir it ”
ge n i s”
al th o gh in th is

m
, , ,

s e is ve r v l it
e ns tle s
ed .

h u
hm
T sp ir it f ts A n g di ir t
ir ( p
S )

h
e o a r vr a nang a ga v

u
. . .

Di j t ”
titisb e t t

u
“
n, a sa lso a n a d ec iva l f o r c e e a n in g fre sh th in g ; b er

t
o s
ay s
a ri a .

j Ang s
a ri a ng da on na ng a nge
T fr e sh le a ve s o ft r e e s
,

e .

( ca o
y

h
.

mhh
hum
m u m
m
DOO N

uu h
u Di o n is a s te stde nt kn ws te a d ve rb in d ic a t ive fpl a c e f

m m m
a wa y

m
ar . o o

hh
, , ,

f ro te in te rl o c t o rs It a y a lso b e se d a s a n a d ve rb o ft i e

uu
. ea n
” “
a tta t
” “
in t

m
in g th e n ti e h o se d a vs

uu
.
, ,

h u u
W he n o ty o sh a ll k n o w t e n C n
ea c al n ca , d oo n a a a la an

fi
y

u
o

h
,

wh a t k in d o ffo o d is in st o r e f a no an g h ain

m
o r yo c n . .

I n th o s d a y s te Pa t r o n S a in t s D do s r y a d y p in a

u
’
e a a ga a a o na

H
fe a st w a s ce l e b ra t e d d id i Pin t in g S a n t o
acas

u
h
hh
ang an g .

m
.

m
Dé o n f t t ira t ive j ti o n a l

u
s
s s ens
s s

u
i i d i ad

m mmuu
w

mh
, a o c a e p a a a n co n nc e a

in d ic a t e d by te fo ll o w in g ill s tr a t io n

u
.

mmmm
e, be in g so y o n g d o e s th a t , wh a t Ba ta p a , i, gt g a ga a na n g ga n i t
e
q
, .

s a ll e d o w e n a an? .
gd oo n p a c n l a i? .

We , h a ve s
ee n th a t ( 16011 a
y b e a de a ve rb w it ng ; ag
 m
h
mmh
mmuu h
mm
m m um u
mm
‘ t be w o rt h ; st t
” ” “
t ” il l it ay b e
on t
o av e
“
o ,
own o co n j g a e d by
an : w n rlé o a ,
f
io n . t
o t
ake so e th in g o to f a heap
G ive t e s
o e fr it o to f te ) Bi
g an o il a
s n an g n a n d o r do n .
b a sk e t .
i

h m h hm h
O
F RT Y THIR D E X E RCI S E .

h h
m u
th e r e ? Th e y a r e b e h o l d in g te i a ge o f

h h
W ha t do th o se p e o pl e do
te H o ly V ir gin \V a s itb e h e l d by p e o pl e ? Y e s itw a s l a r ge ly

h
. any ,

b e h e l d W h e r e i s itb e h e l d ? It is b e h e ld a tte c h r c h Do a ll t

h h
e

mmm
. .

t a ch e r s t e a c h ? Th e y a l l t e a c h W h o d o t h e y te a c h ? Th e y t e a c h a ll te

h h
e

m
.

c h il d r e n i n te t o w n W e r e a l l te pr ie st s p r e a c h i n g ? Th e y w e r e a l l

u m u
hm u
.

t t f

m h
r h W h th y pr h T y pr h b r

h
p e a c i n g a d id e e a c ? e a ll e a c e d e o se v a n c e o

u u m m
.

h o ly c o en t s W h e r e d id th e y l l pr e a c h Th e y a l l pr e a c e d a t

h
and
?
a

m
.

te d o o r o ft c h r c h Do a ll th e se c h il d r e n st d y ? A ll o f th e st d y

h
e

m
. .

W h a t d o th e y st d y ? Th e y a l l st d y gr a 1n a A e te r e

huh h
an y w o a re 1 r 1

m m m u
.

a k in g c o n f e s sio n ? Y e s in d e e d th e y a e ve ry any w o a ke a co n r

mm u u
, ,

fssio n A r e te r e t t

h
pr t 1 e c e vin g c o n f e s pr

u fiu u h u
an ie s s s io ns ? A l l e i e s is a r
e
y e

u u
.

u
r c e i v in g c o n f No t

h
i n s A e th e r e a n y p e pl e go in g i n t o c h r c h ?

h h
e es ss o . 1 o ,
e

e o to fc h r c h a t pr e se n t \V a t e

h
s is o v e r a n d a n y p e o pl e c o

h h
as ar

u
.
,

ta t c r o w d t a k in g o tfr o y n c le s ? Th e y a l l a e ta k in g o t t e
’
n r o

hm umu
se b o l d f r n it r e a s r e is spr e a d in g A r e a l l th o s e b o y s l a g h ing

h H H
or

m m
.
,

w e e p in g ? T y a ll a r e l a gh in g ta d r n k a r d w o st a gge r sa b o t W
e a o

u u m
.

is a tte c o r n e r ? Pe t e r isa tte c o r n e r \V e r e d e s y o r h o s st a n d ?

h
e o

u
u um m m u
m m
.

I ts ta n d s w ith in t o w n a tte c o r n e r o fte

h
a rk e t A r e th e r e a n y h ig

h
.

h
w a y en a b o t vo r c it y ? Y e s in d e e d th e r e a r e a gr e a t a n y W h e re

m m h m
.
, ,

t t

u h u hu
is e g o i n g o ? e i s g o in g o t sid e e r o a d o w c h sh a ll I s p e n d ?

u
.

t wh a t y o n e e d A l l t

h
h a t o n e y is o n ly f Asf

h
Sp nd j s
e or e? or e

mu
.

t
,

a k e ita l l

h
A r e th e y in t i a t e f r ie n d s? Th e y a e in t i a t e fr ie n d s; W y

h
r

m m m
.

d o e ste A e r ic a n a b a n d o n t h a t w o a n ? It isb e c a se e isgo in g t ba rk

u u h
o e

m u
f is c o n try A r p io s p e o pl e p e r va d e d b y te s ir i t f G d P s

h
or e p o o ? i

m
o

p e o p le a r e p e r va d e d by te H o ly G o st Do v k n o w t
u u
.

h a t p e r so n c o in g

h
o

u u
.

H a ve y o n o te a t e n te e a t ? I d id

Hh h h
h e r e ? It se e s I d n t k n o w i

h
’
o

m u m
.

n o te a tte a t b tte b o il e d r ic e D y o in t e n d t o e n ga ge i n t

h
ra d e ?

H h h
e o

u u m
.

W h a t sh a ll I d b tte n ga ge in t d ? W y d o y o a sk e th a t ? B e c a se

h
o o 1a e

u
I wa n t t o k n o w wh e th e r
y o g o t h e r e o r n o t W e r e d o
y o g o ? I g o t o

u m m
.

c h rc h \V a ta r e vo go in g t o d o th r e ? I a go in g th e re t o a tt e n d e as s

u
.

a d te l e tt e r b e e n lr e a d y r e a d w e n y o w e r e a th o e ? T e le tt
a er ad

a lr e a d y b e e n r e a d a d te e n b e e n l o o ke d f
. or? It a d n o ty e tbe e n l o o k d e

fr l Ve re o r a n c e sto r sst ro n ge r th a n w e ? O r f o r e f a th e r sf ro w
o . w o e

d sc n d w e s
e e . t r ng rer o e .
 h
M
M
25
5 28

um
e nt e
Pres ec ta n d asti n def
in it
f e t es
e ns
p r p .

u
H
F o ll o we d -
d st
; h a ve h a st a sf o ll o w e d S p a n ish c st
o s Na gsa c a st
i la .

um
.
, , ,

Pl p er ftt
ece nse .

fi
a d ,
-
dstfo ll o w e d S p a n ish c st o s . Na c a p a gs t
ac a sila , n a gsac a t
sila 1i a .

um
Fa t
n r e in de ni e tt
e ns
e .

u
u
t
S h a ll lt w l tf ll w p sh st o s s sa c a s

h
,
-
,
i l ,
I o o S a n-
i c . ag a ila .

m
t

um
F tre p er ec f ten s
e .

fl
S h a ll l t w il l lth a ve f ll o w e d S p a n ‘ t t
-
-
o
ab a s
N a c a 1i a gs il a sas casil
.
, ,

1s c s t
o s .
a
a
g a a

um
I nward t
tee .

h
Fo ll o w , le t . f
o llo w S p a n ish c so t s. a g ae as t
sil a .

T e ac ti on o ffo ll o w in g S p a n is h umc to
s s
. A n g p a gs
asasacasta .

h
mu u h
m
[a p a ssive in t
IN PA SSI V E

is p a rt ic l e d r o p s p a y a n d is c o n j ga t e d
.

a ft r te
e sa e

h h
p a ssi ve o fa co n j ga t io n , o n ly s a
p e rs1st1 11 g

umhh
.

( W
c s
h a t
um
)
to s i n
t
o pt e d o fte S p a n ish
e a do

w a t S p a n is c st o st Sa c a st
ilain

h
,
o . ang .

be a do pt e d , by .

um
Prese n t i n it
i n de f e t
e ns
e .

f te

fi
W h t ) i s d pt d S p a ni sh

h h
( a a o e o
t
a ea s
S in a s il a Ha n g '

c s to s b y .
l
N i .

m
en tp erf ti n de
ec ta n d p a s tt

um
Pres ni e e ns
es .

t f)

h
( \V ) w as s be e n pte d

h hfi
a do
a a o
t
s
°

l la
1
S
,

S pa ni s
1
h t
s s bv 5
aca a ng .
.

c o

um
,

h hh
h m m
(W a t) ad bee n ado p ed o t fte S p a n is
h c t
so s, b v . b i na c a a ila n a t

u
Fa t
t t
s it
e tc e t
en s
'

ir e zn e
f

(W a t
) s a l l ,
w i ll be ad o p t e d o fte Sp a n is c to
s s
,
b y . Sa s t
aca sila . . a n g.
 u
u
W h h
hum m
t sh ll ll b
F tre
pte d
p er ec f tte n s
e .

hh
( ) wi a do
sa c a st
a a a ve ee n
,
St il a in
fte S p a n i sh
1i a
'

st o
i
s, b v
.

o c

um m
I p er a t
i

h hum
Le t(wh a t ) b e a do p e d o t fte S p a n is c sto s, b v . S a c a st
ila . . an
g .

T e t a t e o f(wh a t ) be in g a d o pted o fte S pa n ish c st

s o s Ang .

h
Y P SS I V B .

To fo llo w S p a n is um u c st
o so n ac c o n to f Y p a gsac astil a

M
. .

um u
Prese ntin def e t
in i t e ns
“
e .

h
F ll o w st s S p a n is
h st o so n t of Y p i n a gsasaca stila

h
o -
e ,
-
c acco n . .
,

tp erf
ec ta n d t in it t

m
ef

um u
P s r e en p s i n d
a e e ns
es .

l lo w e d d st

u
F h h st sf o ll o w l
t

Hu uuum
o ; a v e a -
a
, , ,
Y p i n a gsac as da
s c s t s nt of S
.

ed S a
1
o o n a c co
p .

Pl p er ftt
en s
ec
e .

d stfo l l o w e d S p a n is
h st o s
i
ad ,

uu
t st

h uuum u
-
c

o n a cc o n t of .
N a y p a gs
aea s i la 1 y } in a gsa
i ca i la 1 1a .

[ f tre r d e/ tt
l tn s r e e e.

ll lt w ill ltf ll o w S p a n ish st o to f Y p a g sa sa e a st

h
S a ,
-
.
,
-
o c so n ac co n . ila .

tre ftt

um u
F p er ec en s
e .

h l
S a l, lt i lt a ve w ll h f o l lo w e d ? t
- -

Sp a n l s c sto s o n ac co n
,

t of t y p a gsa c a si
al a vl r na.

um
.

u
h
F e l lo w le t f ll w S p a n is h st s)
Y p a gsa c a st
o o c o
i la
,

on ac co n t of . l
.

mu u
Ver ba l .

T tio n o ff o ll o w ing
e ac S p a n is
h c s An s t
sil a
t g p g
a c a
y a
s o n ac c o nt o f
,

o .
 hum fi
A N PA S S I V F

hum fi
To f o ll o w te S p a n is
h c to
s sat . Pa gsa c a st
ilaa n .

en ti n de
Pr es t t
ni e e ns
e .

h h
F o ll o w -
e st ste S p a n is
-
h c to
s sa t Pin a gsa sa c a s
tilaa n

humu
, . . .

en t
Pr es p er
fta nd
ec
p t
s ind a
e ni e tt
e ns
es .

F o ll o we d d et h t
s as f
ol

h
; v
t
a

h
-
e a
, , ,
Pi n a gs
ac a silaa n
l o w e d te S p a n ish c st o s a t .
.

Pl p erf
ectt

m
e n at

u f ll o w e d t

u
S p a n is s

u
fl

h
t
o e c
5 a gp a sa c a st
l la an
p l n ag sa c a st
i la a n n a
s i
. .

Li

M
“
o

um
F tr e in i t
i n def e t
e nse .

uu
hm h
S h ll
a .
-
lt w ill -
l tf o ll o w te S p a n ish c st o s a t Pa gsa sac astilaa n

M
. . .
,

F tr e p erf
ec tt
en s
e .

MM
S hall l t w ill lt fo ll o w e d te

hum
a ve
t t
- -

lVI a gp a s
acasl la a n
p g
a sa s
a c a sl l a a n . na .

I p era t
ive .

h h
F o ll o w ,
le t . . fo ll o w te S pa n ish c sto s a t Pa gsa c a st
. ilaa n .

um
T

i
h
m um
e

u u uT
ac

h
it a t ive
e
t io n ff o

st d e n t sh o
a c t io n s
o l lo w i n g

ld
te sp a n ish

co n j g a et ac
c to
s

t ive ly
s a t A n g p a gsa c a st

and
.

p
il aa n

a ssive l y
.

te f o l lo w in g

m
.

To fo ll o w Ch in e se c st
o s. s sic
a g a in .

at
a gs a galo g

h m h
.

s
ag a a e r ic a n o

m h h
.

m
a gsabi a a
y

h
s
a g a in g l é s

u u m
.

fi
a gs

mu
a o ro

hu u
is tt ess te os pr p rp ly po s re t
ade o t actio n o f

uh h h
a gea o ex e -
ex e

t i s e x p r e sse d b y a gp
,

at os
ph r l t wte o rkin g o n o fW

uu
an e ic a a ge n

aq
.

tis se n se i s b tte a d ve

m
h rb o i pl ac e so c o n j ga t e d b y a g

u
s

u m
a , in ,
,
.

S n y o rs e lf s
a g a ar a o

fi
. ca .

P tl in e n t o s n s in e .

P tth a t s irtt o te win d . Ys

a a g o i y an g b a r o .
 m
mm
H u
m
m
m
uu u It s s in in t e rr o ga t io n s f h I tis p l uu l tit

mm
ed ow b

u
i o r any ra .

b e fo re a sin g la r n o n o fa e ra b e l th in g

u
av co e n .

ow h y? g lan g s
I a l a pi ?

MM
c o ne . .

hm h
ow any ? l a t o ? i l a

h
en ( n g a . { n ,

m m mh u
IN DI

m m
.

f
r it
te r f o r o f te n ega tive a d ve rb di
is a no ,
dt
lt,
tn d t, e a n in g
n o ty e t a n d is s
” ““ ”
“ ”
n e ve r e wh a t e ph a t ic It is j o in e d t
o te

m
no o

h
.
, ,

ic l e sit
o th e r p a r t ssy n o n y s

u h m uh h
.

m
N e ith e r n o r e ith e r I n di a n in d i r in

u u u u
. .
, ,

N to n ly s o le l v I n di l a a n g

h
o

H
. .
,

f it p a , d e n o t e s r itr
t in a n c e ; f w ith te p e

H
r c o n t in a n c e ;
d is co n ,

lia r it as t t f or er th a titc a s e s te fi r st s l l b l f t r o o tt

u
um
c o e v
y a c e o o

be re pe a te d .

e a s n o ty e tf hed
i n is Indi p a ni ya tt s
na a ap
‘
. .

st
a vs n o l o nge r th e re I nd i siva d oo n tn g it

h
e . na i t
i .

m m
h
LA B I

m
.

um
h u
h
Ln bi, is te t ive a d ve r b “

u
co p a r a on

m m

M
H
r e th a n I Labi a a q in
s

u
uhh
o ,
e. .

m
o re t a n a h nd ed r en. L a bi s
a sa n gd aa n g ta o .

mu
o r te f e x c e ss t ”
L a bi l ik e w ise st a n d f a d ve r b ” "
t

u um
a
y o o o ,
oo c .

fi
m u
is t
r e l st e r n L a b in g ab a g sic siy a

M
e oo c

u
. .
,

c h iste pr ic ft ist r l t

m
nk ? b
a gc a n ba ni on g c a b an

m um m
ow
'

e o
,
g ,
a a g a ng

Tw e n ty d o ll a r s Da l a é g p o o n g p iso

H u u
. .

T h a t isto ch L a b i iy an

M
o .

hh
.

u
h h u u
t t itc o n j ga t e d
” “ ”
La bi , sa rb s e xc e e d a dd by

m
a ve ea n o o

u
, , ,

u m
L n g0 a lta b x s lit a ng0 p t
( 1it t x
l

x ce e d s t
2
'

1y a e / a
wo i n c h e s
1

e e

u m
( p )
.

( la S

h m
. .

T w a te r ve rfl o w s L n g a la b i a n g t b ig

uu
e o . .

w a t e r t te br o t o n a n g tb ig a n g s

m
A dd o . L a bi a n ab a o .

u
if c o n j ga t t

u um uu
L a bi , ed by s l e a ve b e h ind s s r pl s

huu
e g, ean o a

T ev le ft be h in d o ne b she l o f r ic e . Lin a b i n ilé isé g ca b an na b igas .

” “
sa s s s s r pl s
'

L bz, a no n, ean e xc e ,

T e e x c e ss is th re e re a ls . A ng l a b i t a tl on g
,
sic zip a t .

uu t

h m
Sl o w ly , c a re f lly , n de r s a n d i n gly ha n

m
. a ra .

m
Q ic kly , br ie fly a d a li

m
O
u u
. .

ft e n , h rr ie d ly , r e pe a t e d ly

u u
.

R a r e ly , sl o w ly a d ala n g.

u u
.

W o ld t o C od, a y Go d p e r it L o o b in n a a n a ng D io s

fi
. .

W o ld t o G o d te v w o l d d ie . a a n on g a a t ay s ilzi .

Cl o d . Pa ga n r in , a la p zia p .

is t . O la p .
MMhh

M M
M
h
m m

M
u u
h m h
h hh
At o s
p e re , tic k c lo d . I a
p p a id .

T ic k s

m
,
d e n e . a c a p al .

Th ic k s ist l

m
,
d e n e . ac a
p a na (Sla p .
Ca

m
ty , c ivil ity

mu
o de s

m
. in in a n , in i n .

C a st ity , h o n o r C a l in isa n

u
. .

B e a r ing, p o r tc a r r ia ge , d e
, e a no r. Ca b inia n , b in i .

H o n o ra b le l ad y , ge n t lewo an . Bin ib in i .

C irc sp ect Ca t i t

huuh
io n , p r d e n c e i an

h h
.

m
um h
um
h
Y

h h
FO RT F O U RTH E XE R C

u m
I SE

u
hum hh
.

u u
W d w o n de r tta two
f o ll o w ing C ines e c s t s I

m
an ?
y o yo a o

h
wo n d e r a tit b e c a s a ry f t
itis n o tc s
o r n a t i ve so f th is c o n t ry t

u m
e
, o o

ad o p t Ch in e s e f a s io n s a n d a n n e rs B td o y o k n o w w o s e is?

uu m u u
h
. .

Do y o n o tk n o w th a ts e is te wife o fa we a lthy Ch in e se

h
I do n t
’

m u
I
u um u
.

e rc a n t ? I d id n o t t f s l t t

m m
b i w d i d

u
; n o n g e r o n e v n
I
o o er a r a a
g o p

u
.

h h h
,

h h
,

to s W o l d y o a d o pt E n gl ish c st

h
e d C in e s sif s o l d a d o pt

m
e c s o

u
h
.

h
n at

um h
h c st se ve n ify o w o l d n o ta d o pt

H H
ive o n e s? I s o l d a d o pt E n gl is o

u
h h
n at

h h
i ve o n e s W o o o r ish c st o s a d o pte d by ? o o r is h c s

m
m
a re

h
. .

h
t

h
s a re a d o p t ed by s e n a t ive s l ivin g r o n d te s o re s o f

m
in d a n a o

m m
o o

h
Do e ver o o rs a d o ptB isa y a n c st

h
I sl a n d s? T e y a d o p tB isa ya n

m m
o

u
.

t s p ar t I s tere n o o te r c o t o n ta n tis?

uH
c s ly t T e re is o t

m u m
o

u
h m
.

h h h
e r co t to n a n d o ter ir o n as e a n o te r as ano t

um
a er ? e e

h
. .

h h h
er a er a n d a no t er p la ne Do e s y a nt c a n ge at s? S e

hh
.

c a nge s h a t

H
s A re y o in f l e n c e d by t is c l i a t e ? Ye s I a ar d

h mh
.
,

in fl en ce d by tis c l i a t Did y o r so n c a n ge t o a d iff e re n t a n t han

u m
e

u u
h h h
.

h h h
I s iro n d iffe re n t f ro t I ro n is d iffe re n tf ro

mH m
b e f o re ? e d id s ee l ?

u u
h
.

h
.

s tee l W a ta re t e y d iff e re n t i n ? T e y a re d iff re n tin a rd ne ss W h a t

u m u
. . e

H
.

H
is d o ne t T e y do n o tin g t I s y i b

m
?

u u u u
o yo . o e c e er p o r n e g o r .

h
,

a re l a t e is n o t v r e l a t Do y o k n o w t at er

H
io n o fy o rs?

m
io n

u u u u m u
.

mhu
“
b a n d is y re l a t I d o n t kno w W y do e s t h a t a n th o

m m
s io n ? ’

Hh u m
hm Hh
. .

t t t W

u m
s b y

m
y o r d a g e r ? e o e r e c a s e e is g o i n g o a r r e r y

h
.
,

s a y to to y o r f a te r ? Bec a s e itis a n at ive c s t t

u
d o yo

h u u
h
o o

h h
.

h h
e nt

m
do s ow a n y we e k swi l l y o be a b s S o e w e eks o n ly

u
a ve

h
o

hh h H
. .

b I t not a ny A f ly

m uu m
k i

u
? ?

u
y o y o o a v e o w en c a e e w o n

u
h h
.

W y do y o n o tre d c e y o r e xpe n se s? B e c a s

u
y is

h
n

h
ca e e y o e

u
h m
.

hmh hH
.

no tgro w in g l es a s e n o trece ive d is t t t

m
s r nk s

h
?

u
y e e a n o

mh uh
. .

rece ive d itye t W y do y o writ no t

m
. e s o c a re f lly ? Be c a s e I a .

Are te re a n y tick c l o ds i n te a t o s p e re ? T e at

u
in a rry .

os p e r e is fr a g t w it t i c k c l o d s W o is t a t b o y ? . e i s a .

o des tf ello w W atdid te vill age rs eett

. o ge te r f or ? T ey et .

to se ak abo tt e vis ito fte ge nera l W o did yo bo w t . o ? To .

W y is be as a ed o f is parent
.

G ar ine r e isa no ble an . s? e

f isparent
,

isasa d
e o s, bec a s
e te
y are po or.
 H
MM
M
MM
H
YCAA PA T N A PO U O , T , L I

ODI FIC
PO R T Y FIFT

AT I V E V E R B A L I Z I NG
H L ES S O N.

A NG

PA RT I CLES
PA G A R A L.

M
h h h
.

m
m
hh m m

M
hhh h u
AN 1 PA N ]

m m mhh

M
i, t ive ; p a n i p as s ive ; is a c o p o nd o f a a p c a n d te

uu m mm
an ac

m
z

‘
u
,

h
ad ve rb ia l p a rtic le i te l a t t e r h a vin g a n iro n ic a l a d ve r sa tive se n se

h m
, ,

h
e r te o n e d e n o t e d by te E n gl is
”

h
” “
ew a t a f t h p re fi x f i n fo rs wea r

m
s

m u
o or

u u
h
,

h
“ ”
T s ga nt “ ” ant
“
t ” “
t

h
f o r be a r i re w a r d ; g i o re w ar d ; a n iga n l i

mm
o

u u
hh
.
, , , ,
”
a la y
“
h sk ric e ; a d la y t
’
” “
o ga th e r i n p a d d y ;
”
an i dla y

m m
re ve n ge ;

h
p
-

h
, , ,
“
t l ’
i l d
“
d l k ” “
f t ” dl d t b l ky

h m
o g a n g n e ; c a c
e
p e o o c o r a g p a o e

u u
h h
; , , ,
“
t p red ic tby fo r tn e t e ll e r s
”
a n i s i n th is c o n j ga t

m
a n i dla d io n

uu
-
o

u
.

te ve rb a l p ar tic l e tb e in g o n ly c o pl e e n t

M
,

a ry o f te sens H e nce

u u
,
e .

te ro o t s c o n j ga t e d by an i n d e rgo te s a e c h a n ge o f te i n it ia l l et t er s
w ic th e y w o l d n d e rgo if c o n j ga t e d by an .

T e fo r o fc o n j ga t io n in o te r re s p e c,
ts f o ll o w s t e g e n e ral r le s ; ,

i te l a s
, tsyll abl e be ing re p e a t e d i n te p ro p er t
, e nses .

m
mh
Reward, p rize Gra nd .

hh
.

h
h h
fl
P RA D
A IG :

hhhuh h h
To reward Ga a.

h
.

Pe rs Ga t
i in

h
on . .

W it w at

h h
.

T e re w a rd in g. Ang p ag an i. t

mhh
e

To co rres p o n d o ne ano te r ag gna t i an

m
h
a
. .

T e act io n o frewarding e ac o ter A n g p a g gaga nt

i a n.

h
—
.

u h
To re ve n ge , t o a venge aniga nt
f

u
.

m
.

Perso n w o a ve nge d a n o f f
e nce . Pina n iganti
t
.

Perso n w ro nge d , o r te in s e nt
i, ypinan iga nt
Ypan igant
r or
sw ic s t ict

u
.
ean erve d o in re ve nge
o req
.

To revenge p ,
o n t it
e t
o re , igant
l.
aliat
t an
e .

Pers
o n on w o revenge iso tbe t
aken . Pan igant
il la.

To g
reve n e . a h
h lgant
l.
 I mh
h p e
236

ra t
ive .

h hh
Be a ve n ge d , le t . . be a ve n ged o f. Pa n iga n t
i in .

Ver bal .

T e t
sat
e ofb e in g aven ged o f . A n g p a n igan i in t .

fi
h fih
A
Y P SS I VE .

M
In ni t
ive .

h h h
To re ve nge wi t o r by . Y p an iga n t
i .

entin de
Pres ni e tt
ense

h
.

h
hh fi
h
R e ve nge , -
t
s,
-
8 w it o r b y . Yp inan i iga nt
i .

en t
Pres er ect
p f a nd p a t
s inde tt ss
ni e en e .

H h u
h h
R evenge d , - t
ds; a ve , a t
s, a srevenged wi t o r by . Ypinan igant
i.

Pl p er fttens
ece .

ufi
h uu
h h
h
a d, ~ detre ve nge d wit or by . i, y p ina n igant
Nay p a n iga nt i na .

F tre inde ni e tt
ens
e .

u
h hmhhh h
S a ll ,
- lt
, w ill ,
-
Itre ve nge w it or by . Yp a n i igan t
i .

F tre p erf
ectt
ens
e .

lt lt a v e t

hh
S ll il l re ve n ge d wi
2
w
iga n l i, y p a n i iga nt
a - -
, , ,
a y p an i na
or by .
.

I p er a t
ive .

h h
R e ve n ge ,
r e ve nge w it o r by . i
Y p a n iga n t .

Ver ba l .

T e ac t
io n o fre ve n gin g w it
h o r by . A n g y p a n iga n t
i .

hh
AN PA SSI V E .

u
hh
fih
To take re ve n ge po n . Pa n iga n t
i an .

u
en tin de ni t
Pres e t
en s
e .

Ta ke , -
t
s,
5 r ve n ge
-
e po n . Pin a n i igant
i én .
 hhhu fi
u hh
237

en t
Pres p f
er ecta n d p a t
s in de ni e tt
ens
es .

H uuu h hhh
To o k, - t
s
e; ave , a t
s,
a stake n re ve n ge
po n . Pin an iga nt
i an .

Pl p erf
ectt
ens
e .

h uuu hhh
ad, -
tt
ds ake n reve n ge p o n. Na p a n igant
i an , pinan iga nt
i an na .

F tre in def e t
in it ens

M
e .

hHhmh hh
S al l ,
~ lt
, wil l ,
Itt
ake —
revenge p on . Pan i iga nt
i an .

[ f tre p er ec
ftten s
e .

u hh
S a ll ,
”
It
; W i ll , "
It a ve t
ake t
i x re s
l n i a nt
Bl a pf il iin a n ill i a n t
i a ll Il a,
g l ?p g
ve n ge U
P O .

u
I p erat
ive

h u h
.

hh
Take, let
. .. t
ake revenge p o n. Pan iga t
i an .

M
h uh h

M
h
Verba l

M
.

uu m
T e ac ion o t ft
aking revenge Ang pan i igant
i an

H
po n .

h h
t te

u
Ttdents o ld
s e co n j ga e t by an i ac ively and pa s
sively
o llo wing ro o t
f s

H h
.

mmm u
fi u
s
k rice T o glean

fl
-

h
. .

Sta in T o was o ne
’
s f ace

h
. .

M
Sp o iled c ild . To t ckly
ac .

h
T sell by re t a il o r ab o t

m
]
}?

h
T ri e s a11 co t e s t re e t
s
i
u m
o
l laco .
.
,

di t e ll b ad b t a pp aren t
an
y To s

m ufi u m
.
,

Ly g
l o o d tin g s .

h
C r el . T o re b e l . B a gs
ic . an i ag s
ic .

T o af fec tdo in g so etin g ,

W o rk t d get a b o t f Pa n d ay i a n dt
iy .

m
an . o or no . an

h h
p r p o se .

h
To

m
ay .

m
t

u hmh
be sr ic k e n w it

h
To be

u
t

h um
r e a ve en .

m
D y in g . To wo o n
s w ay a .

st ach e
To co b te t
sac e
s
t a n d e ve n i ay

h
s
. .

oo .

S w e ll in g o fte e y e h te so r e e y esw it

H
T o was h

h
Po e t t

m
l id s o r te e y es l ke w a r w a t e r o . an l oc o .

h m m
. .

m h hhh
m h
Pin a n iga n t

h
Th e y a v e n ge d e. i a c o n il a .

hi e lf
s by tp a y in g Y p in a n iga n t i n iy é a n g d i a gb zt
’

e a ve n ge d no
i a d sa a n iy a

I w ll tk
c
.
y .

fi
r e ve n ge S iy ai a n g p a n i iga n t

u
i a e on i . i an c o .

an i is p r o p e r t
o e x re s
p s act
s o fco r o ra l
p l
c e an s
in g o f l t o r pet
ra s
r ar
y t
e xp r a
g t
io n .
 M
M
M
M
MM
hh h hh
m
mu
mu s
u
h
a

h u m m m
W a x o fte ear T o c le a n te e a r iro wa x T tli

u h
. . .

s o f te T o c l e a n o n e st

u
Fo l nes ’
ee t f ro
i

uh h
T A
t
e t e . fo l nes s .
g
e lf f

fi
c l e a n o ne S s
s
3 i

m h
C b lo se ro
T ino é.

fi
m
ra -
. . an
e
Na il o fte s
i
u
n ger
or to es
l To c ea n o n e
’
sn a i l s . an l go c é .

to n e S
i
1
33 t
p
3
? o
3 2 511 8
o e . an i o a .

e l ff ro
ss
’
To c le a n

i i
o ne . .

M
t

H
an n a.Q

ni s .

h h
AN D W O R DS U SE D A S D I FF E R ENT C

h
PA I
R T L L E S PA R T S O F SPEE

h
,

m
h
ti
r

h
nb

m
h
h e n
a
ms
‘
cc , a sa no n,
L b
Space , n o tte c o n t
”
“
1 ”
W1 1 ,
“
g o
ea n s t
e nt s

od
,
-
sW
w
i
“

ll
ic
”
,
e ins

“
is
ea
e
r
x
”
id e ,
p
t.
”
res
um
“
s
te in ner parto fso
ed b y ta nnin e a
p , t
e c lo
o rically ,
sl
e -

u uu u
m
fte

h
ins s

h
T e ide o roo . Ang ido l) nan g ilid .

m m
ere g an
r
G ra ttd e . Ut ang na ldo b .
Coward, s i itl s
s tfl f
ello w T at
l ong alang loo b .

m
ngra e
p r e .

h m
,

“ ent
“ t
e an s t
“
t allow
” ” “o
t per it,
”

m mu
As a ve rb , lé ob

u
o er o , ,
o c
eting will ingly , o t a rt
” t
s
o acco rd ing e
p ic le .

M
h m
t t o f pon t

m
To e n er , al l o b r eak o pe n . L do b , an lé ob .

h m
,

To a ll o w s e tin g in t o give a d i ‘

h
o
a lcio b
,

ta nc e t
a gp
o a ll o w p ill a ge go in g o n

m
.

u
.
,

t e r c ie s

um
T o bes o w gr a ce s a gc a loo b .
'

u
h
.
,

T o a ll o w t o do s et ing will in gly

M
a gl oo b .

u
o
,
.

Do it ea rt

h m
ily . a gloo b c an g g ana.
W a td o y o d e sire ? A o l o b ?

m
g

m
n n g

u
o o .

w il ling d o n tgo te re

h
I fvo a re no t C n di o l oo b , d i p a rdo n
’
,
. c ang .

Hh
Lcé t tin stb e
“
) , as an a d ve rb,
t
s a n d s fo r in s
ide ” “
,
”
in , w i ”
, a nd
co pl e e n t e d by te r0 0 s
p p 1 tl o n 80 .

W it in in inside , ,
. S a lé o b .

S a lé o b , n a n g loo b s
a boo n g l oo b n an g
ea r i t ly , w rl n gl
) ,
b oo n g loo b .

ufi ufi
OC O L

h
.

u m
u m u u
Occ l, a sa no n, is tt
o e xp re s
s "
go o d f o rtne ” “
t
n es
s

u
,

I l a c k go o d l c k Ta o a c é ng a l an g co o l

u
. .

fte sa

h
Y o a r e b o th o e te p e r a gc a é c o l c a y on g d a la a

hh h
. .

h u m
u mu m
Oc a sa ve rb is s e ve r a l
e d in s w a vs

u
, ,

u u
So isf o r (b e l o n gst
l o) God . A n g c a l o l o a a y n a o oc o l sa io s D .

e as re on i th is st ff t o s
ee Y oc o l o se c a n iy a it i g c a yo 11 a

w e t e r i ise n o gh f ort l ss l r t . b b aro in n l v zi

’

.
La m
h hm e
C ro ss ey e d
—

O n e a nded , aw k w a rd an de d an .
B l in d .

To s we l l , o t e xp an d

h h h H

M
.

HHh
u h
h
mhhhh
mmmhhhhHm
FO R T Y FI FT H E X E RCI S E .

h
t t tatdo g ? t

fl
W

h
y d o e s e s
o l d ie r a ke re ve n ge o n a ke s re ven ge
e

h h
o n itb ec a s e it it i W ill te b lin d a n be a ven ge d o fte o ff

H h h
e nc e ?

m um u umu
.
,

w ill e t

hum h
e w ill b e a ve n ge d by iss on O n wh o . a k e r e ve n ge e w ill .

ta k e re ve n ge o n te b o y w o l e d i as t W y do e s t h a t po o r a n

m
ra
g

h
l l s b s s i w s y f ry

H
g e a n ? e g e a n e c a e e i n g r v o y o a c e v
I
o r a e e

mu u
.

h h h h
o r n in g ? a lw a y s w a s h y f a ce a ft e r risin g fr o b e d W y d o e s e

m
.

h h
t p o il e d c il d Did

H h h
th in k so c ild ishly ? e th i n k sc h il d is l y f ill a s

m
. or e iss
,
.

C ine se n d e r se ll e rc h a n t s? T e y n d e r se ll th e b e c a se t

h h
h e y se ll b a d

h hm mu m
,

hh h
th in gsf A ga in s t wh o d id n a t ive sr e b e l ? Th e y re b e ll e d a ga in st
fi
o r go o d o n e s

m m m
. .

h h
S p a n ia r d sa n d A e r ic a n s W h a t d o e s te c a rp e n t e r d o ? e d o e sn o t h in g

m u
h u m
u
.

h
,

h m
e af fe c t s d o in g so e t in g ( dge t W y d o e sy o r b ro t e r fl a y te d ee r ?

H
s)

h m m u
. .

h h
a y s it t e ll te ea t W a t is te te c rippl e d a n ?

h
o s a tt e r w it

m
e

h
.

h
w o o ne d a w a y y e st

H h h h
e s e rd a y Is yo r a l e co s in c o b in g
-
is s ta c e

u
h u
h
.

hh
s o ot ? No e is w a s in i s w
s l l l id s w i t l k w w t

um u m
g o e n e y e -
e a r a e r

u
.

h
,

Do e s te b e gga r c l e a n h i se lf fro l ic e ? No e isc l e an ing is e a r f ro

h
hm hm
h h
u
h
is t f o l ness D o e s e se t

h h
wa x a n d e e th f ro o c le a n is n a i ls?

m
e

u
.
,

H m
n o to n ly c l e a n s

h
is n a il s b ta l s e c l e a r s o t is l ip p it d e s a n d is

m
o ,
nit s W e re is is gra n d so n ? e is w itin te ro o W y do y o co
‘

m
.
~

h
.

h h h
e t t e e w e te r t

m
a re t o s w o ga n t a s? I c o p a re t e o s hey a re e q a l

m u u
pVill te y c o nfo r to te w ill o fte ir f a t er ? T e y w ill W o iste
u
h
.

m h u
hfi u
h u
.

T e l e a d e r o f te ar y is te king

h h
lea de r o f te a r y ? W at

u m m
"

uh h
mu mu
hu
h
.

h
is te s e rva n tf

m
W

m
ill in g ll y l s s ll k p

u
? is i i

m m
p e n g o r g a y o e e e
I
u
m u
.

p a ny ? will k e e p y o p an y if yo go t a n il a W i ll y o

u m
co co o

u
I I
. .

u
p n i s w n d t b y ’
? w i ll p i s w

u
e e e ve r o n o e y o n y o e n e v e r

u
.

t W t s t st t s

u
y o d o n
’
o b e y e o
. i s e o f a o s o c e,l e b r a e d a n d i ll a

trio s a n o fNo r t A e ric a ? W a s i ngt o n is te os tfa o s W a t .

a re y o eat ing ? I e atte f r its o g tby y o t er W y d o

.
y o
no tdrink ta twine ? Beca s e I never drink .
 M
M
MM Y CA A T A T N A PO U O , T

O D IFIC
FO R T Y S IXT

A TI V E
241

V E R B A L IZI NG
,
H L ES S O N
A NI NA

PA R T I CL BS
.

PA G A R A L

.
.

M
PA G PA ( A Y
.

A G PA

h m
PA CA

m m
h m m m
.

h
m

M
m u
u h mh
t ive ; p a gp a ca p a c p a ssive ; a y b e c o n sid e re d a sa n e n la r

h
fi
a gp a ca ac a

m
, ,

f t

h
g e e n t o a gp a ( wh ic h i s
o e wh a t r ese b l e s i n s n s i n s r sp t s) e

m
e o

u
e e e c

u
,

w ith te in tr a n sit ive p a rt ic l e s fx e d th e r e t o H e n c e itd o e s n o tge n e r a lly

MM
.

ad it o fte i n p a s s i ve a n d p a a n d n o tca is r e p e a t e d i n te pr e s ent and

mHu m
u m
u
f tre t e n se s I t s pr in c ip a l sig n ifi c a t io n is l ik e ag a
p t o a ll o w t o s ffr e

m
.

u
, ,

w ill in gly wh a t te ro o t itj o in s t

,

u
ea n s T e d is cri i n a tio n b e tw e e n te

ummu
o

u
.

p a ssive a n d te se lf a c t in g p o n se n se sh o l d be a d e by a de q a t e e xpre s
—

sio n s f o r ve rb s a d itt in g o fb o th N a gp a ca a t dy s i Jes c s s c s

’

. o a n iyd ,

dy S i C
“ ”
Je s s Chr is t ga ve p is l ife ; n a gp a ca a t at o n 8a c a n i q d g s ril i '

L a
f

”
,

C at o c o itt e d s ic id e

R OO T .

h
h m m
u
PA R A DI G

m
.

hm
T o k ill Pa t ay , p t
ay

m
. a .

To s e n te n c e to deat or t
o h a ve s

2 t t

m
o e

m
a gp a ziy , a gp a p a ay

m
b o d y k ill e d b y o th e r s a n d s
’ .

m
.

T o k ill o n e by o n e , by a n y bl o w s

i t

m
h
a gp a p a a y ( )
l
,

h
fi
o r by o n e w o k ill s any
. .

m
.

T o k ill an y by a n v , o r o n e by t sip a t

u
a ag
g a
p p a ay ag ay
y , .

mu
an

u
.

K ille d p e r so n o r a n i a l . Pa t
a y in .

I n st r e n tw e a p o n Ypat

h
ay

m
. .
,

o n te r e l a t
o r n in g p e r s ive s o fte
Pa t

m m
a y an
,

V lct
.

m
.

Pl a c e Pa ta y a n , p a gp a t

m
mu
. ay a n .

T o go a bo tk ill in g . a at a y .

To s wo o n awa y t b e c o e d ro w sy an i atay

hu
o ,
. .

T o a ll o w o n e s s e lf t be k ill e d t
’

co its ic id e
o
.
o ,
a gp ac a a ayt .

(1) t
No ice te ac c e n t ti
a on.
 CON J
242

UG A T I

M ON

M
fi
A TI C VE .

u m mu m
In ni t
ive .

To giv e p o ne
’
s l if
e t
o co it s ic id e a gp a c a a t
ay

m
. .

m
,

m u
en tin de in i t
Pr es e t
en s
e
f .

M
m h fi
Co it
,
—
e t
s,
s s ic
-
id e . Na gp a p a c a a t
ay .

m m
m u m
Pr e en s tp erf
ec tan d
p t
as i n d e .
ni e tt
en s
es .

u
Hm
Co itt e d , d et
; h a v e h a st a sc o itt e d s ic id e N a gp a c a a t
ay

muu
-

m m
. .
, ,

Pl p er ftt
en s
e ec .

u
ad , —
tco
ds it t
e d s ic id e . N a c a p a gc a a t
ay ,
n a gp a c a a t
ay na .

m
m m
tr e in de in it
e t
en s f
u
F e .

uu
h
Sh a l,l lt w ill -
Itc o its ic id e a gp a p a c a a t
av

m
—

m
.

m
.

m
, ,

m f
F tr e p er ec tten s
e .

u
m
S a ll ,
-
It
,
w ill -
l t h a ve co itt e d a c a p a gp a c a a t
av ag
p p
a a c a a t
ay
s ic id e na.

mm
m mu m
.

I p er a t
ive .

hm
Co it it s ic id e t
ay

mu m
. co . a gp a c a a .

Ver ba l .

T e ac t io n o fc o it t
in g s ic id e . A n g p a g pa p a c a a t
ay

mu hu m
Y PA S I V E .

m
in i t
In f i ve .

To co it s ic id e w it o r o n acco n t of . Yp a gp ac a a t
ay .

mu ufi m
m
en ti n de in it
Pres e f t
en s
e .

h
Co it , t
s s s w ith t of t

u hu
i ide Y p in a gp a p a c a ay
'

-
e c -
o r o n acc o n a

m
.
, .

m m
m m
en t er f
Pres p ec ta n d
p t
as in de ni e tt
en s
es .

Co it e d , d et
; h a ve -
h a st a sc o it
, ,
Y p in a gp a C
te d s i c i de W 1t o r on ac c o n to f .
a a
 M
mm
m mum m I p er a
2 44

t
i ve '
.

hm
Co it , le t co its ic id e in or a t Pa gp a e a a a y ant

mu
. . . .

m
Ver ba l .

h uh
T t io n o fc o t
itin g s ic id e in
t

mu
e ac
A n g p a gp a c a
t a ay a n .

uu
or a .

m
st d e n t s o ld j t act
ive ly p a ssive ly

u
T co n a nd ag a c
e ga e
p

mhhu u
,

fo ll o w in g ve rb s:
To h

m
umu bl e o n e s se lf ’
.

T o give p f o rt n e .

h
T o beco e ea n s p ir it e d .

T o e b e ll l s o n e ss e lf , t o a l lo w o n e
’ ’

m
b

h
e lf t
o b e le d in t o te r ight
a gp a c a l
s p a th .

u
h h
.

h
T o a ll o w o n e s s e lf t o b e in s lt e d a gp a c a a p i .
’

h m
.

T o re p e n t sisi

u u
. a gp a c a .

T o va l e o n e s s e lf h igh l y al.
’

u m
a gp a c a a

h
.

H h
Y p a ssive st a n d s ge n e r a lly in o r te i n s
th is c o n j ga t io n f tr e n to r

h m
s f te
t io n ; th a to f a n fo r te pl a c e o r te o bj ec t a c c o r d in t

m
u m u
ca e o ac g o

u
, ,

w h e t e r te v e rb a d its o r n o ta n p a s ive f o r te

H
s dir e c t o bj e c t

u m
.

M
u u
J e s s Chr ist ga v e U p is l ife f o r te A n g y p in a gp a c a a t ay i Je s c r is t

m
0 1

u u u
r e d e pt io n o f a n k in d ang
p g
a sa c o p sa c a ta o a n

h
. .

It w a s o n te c r o ssth a t Je s s Chr ist A n g c r s a y a n g p in a gp a c a a t

u u
a y an

h h
g a v e p i s l if e i Je s c ri so t

h mum m
. .

Pa c a t
I
m

M
a ng s ab i co s
in a s

u m
a n d a an

u
e a
N o t i c e c a r e f lly wh a t t e l l y o

mu uhu
iy o
.

u
It sh o l d b e t a k e n in to a c c o n t th a t p a gp a ca in te p a ssiv e is f

M
or ,

te se a c t io n s w ic h r e q ire to b e c o n j ga t e d by a g in s
o e sp e c ia l d is

u h u
cri in a t ive s e ns
e; a na fo r te th e rs
p ,
o .

m
E n d e a vo r t o te a c h y o r c il d r e n Pa c a a r a l a n iy on g
o ang a nga a n a c

h
g o o d h a b it s n ang ab t
l n g as
a]

h
. .

h m
o le a r n te E n gl is
E n d e a vo r t h l ang Pa gp a c a p a ga r a l an in gl é s

m
o ang na

m uh
ie a

m u
n a ge

u
. .

m hu
h
H it h e rt o a gp a ca a s be e n a p pl ie d e ith e r t i t ive a c t io n s o r t

h
o in tr a n s

u
o

u
th o se wh ic h d o n o tgo b e y o n d te s bj ec t W h e n a gp a ca c o n j ga t e s

m h
.

v e rb s te a c t ion o f wh ic h is vo l n t a ry o r c a p a bl e o fa d itt in g a d ir e c t
pl e e n t o th e r th a n te s bj e c t itin d ic a te s a p rp o se d e a r n e st d e sire a

muu
co , ,

S p e c ia l c a re f e x e c t in g te a c t io n i n te h igh e st p o ssib le d e gr e e o f o f
o

fie ie n c y a n d i n th is s
,
en s e ita d its o fte i n p a s sive .

T o do s e th i n g c a re f lly

u um
h
o a gp a c a ra a n . .

T o th i n k d e e ply a gp a c a isip

u fi
. .

T o o bs e r ve c a r e f l ly a gp a c a ta nda

u
. .

a gp a e a i ga t

hu
u
T o be po n o n s g a r d e
’

u
. .

a gp a c a b a e t

m mu h
T o b e h a ve o n e s s e lf y e r y
’
i n d f l ly

u m
. .

T o p t i n o rd e r to s ettl e t h in gs) a a c a sa
,
gp y
h e e d f lly l
.

To s t d y in e a r n e st a gp a c a p a gar a l
. .

T o es tee l g ly "

. i . a gp a c a a al .

A n g c a in i n a i n a gp a p a b t i
o d es ty e n h a n c es w o a n sb e a t y
ib a ye r

.
, ,
M
MM
h
m mhm mmm
u
u
u u 2 45

m
T r e a so n f f a le c o s i A i b ti q g i

u um
e or
y e n n g yp n a gp p
a a c a n a n g n

u m
a
—

be ll ish in g h e r se lf is t h a ts e a v p in san g b a b a y e i a n g n a n g siy a i

h
e , , , ,

b e pr a is ed a p ri

m m
. .

e e k p e o pl e a ll o w th e se l ve s to b e A n g y p in a gp a p a c a a p i n a n g a nga

mm
t

u
h
ab s ed o a c q ir e e r it s t o w a r d s b a n a l n a t a o a n g n a n o n
g a gc a r o

mu
,

c a ra p a t

h
God an s a h a r a p n a n g D io s

u m
nan
.
g .

0 a ng lahat

mu
Pa c a p a gs is i an
R e p e n te a rn e stly o fa ll y o r wr o n gs o ng

mm u

M
as
.

a an g ga a .

Th in k c a r e f lly o fth a t Pa c a is o iy an

m
ip in

m
. .

I do es tee y o
s
P in a g p a p a c a a a l q ita o r p i n a c a

m m
a al
.

a .

h h
R e c i p ro c a l t io n s w it
h ay an d tly in te n sif ie d by

u
ac a n are gr e a ag a ca
p .

m m fi
The y h a r h o th e r b itte r ly Na gp a p a c a sa aa n s il a

u u m uu
eac

u
. .

Yo a id e d t
e a c h o th e r e a r n e slv Na gp a c a to l o ga n c a y o

hm u m
. .

d r o p s te g a n d r e f o rt it t

m
a
gp a ca a in s a
p ca w en a o s an d no

a p rp o se ly e x e c t e d a c t io n is ean t

uh
.

To ll o w o n e s ’
e lf
s t b e le d i n t o )

m
a o

hhuh h
a gp a c a ga l
te r ight p a th .
i g .

T o be sa ve d , t
o a tt a in a l va t io n
s . a p a c a ga l in g .

T o be c o n d e ned t r t rnal

u
o i nc e e
,
s a

fi
a p a ca a

u uh
p s t .

H
ni en .

m
te p a ssive w is s te r stsyll a bl e o fte r o o tsh o l d

h
In en ed,

H u
a ca
, p
be re pe a t
ed .

m
Pin a c a lil in l s iy a y an g

u
a n g can i
I
’

habi t
rs t
3P
m
a
e e n d e a vo o p ri fy lS s
f
i ga asal
.

mm
u mm u um u
u u
u
.

a c a l il in i a n s n iy a
l ang lah a t n iy an g
w ill b e p r ifi e d o fa ll
e is sin s .

a nga casa la n a n .

Th o sh a lt b e sa ve d ifth o ke e p e st 2 a p a p a c a ga l in g c a c nsin s n o d o

y h o ly c o a n d e n t
s .
S ang a q in g a nga sa n t
ong to s .

PA R T I C L E S A ND W O R DS D D I FF E R E NT PA R T S O F C H
h
U SE AS S PE E .

h h m m
m u
u
S AA N .

m
”
d a rt a s it
sst
r ct se an in d ic a t e s is o tc o
s on ly te a d ve rb

u
re , -

h
, , , ,
“ ” “ ”
o fpl a c e wh e r e w e re to

u
h
.
,

m m
W he r e is te q ilt ? S a n a reo n a ng c6 t?

m
hh m u
u m
(;

m
a n o .

W h e r e t o d o y o go ?
g S aa n ca p a ro ré o n . ?

S aa n ay be ad e a rb ifco n j ga t e d by p a in w ic h c a se itst a n d s
ve ,

o r te wh ic h itre pl a c e s e a n in g t
“ ”
f ve r b o f o t io n o ake fo r o r to w a r d s , , , ,

h h
W r t b a ga siy

m
e e is s e go in g o ? gN a p a s
a s
a a n a? .

m
S da n is j o in e d t
o ot
h e r p a rt ic l e s i p a rt in g r io e s th e r e t o
s se n s

mhm
va

u
.

u
h u
A n ywh e r e ,
wh e re ve r e ve rywh e r e

m
,
. S aa n an.

E ve ryw e re a n ywh ere in te E a rth S aa n s l pa

u
,
. an a .

A n ywh e r e y o g o . S aa n an p a ré o n ca .

S aa n , da n p a is n e ga t i ve in
s r e ga r d t
o te ac t io n ,
b ta f
fir a t ive
in re ga r d t
o te re a s
on .
 M
u
O u
hh
H h
uu m m
2 46

hh u
Yo sh a ll b e p n is h ed s
in
I p
a a a ca

u I
. .

f c o r se , itis o b vio s th a t h a ll
s
S aa n a co si

m
no t be

m
n
p n ish e d a a pa .

Hh
.

Yo s h a ll go th e r e Pa r o r oo n

h
h
ea

fi
. .

W e r e e l se s a ll go ? gS a a n p a ac o p a r o r oo n ?

m
,

u
S a a n di p a is a fr t tr a ry en s
s t
o th a t o f

M
a ive in a co n e sae ,
s
ci a n p a .

ow can itb e tr e ? {S t
aan
p a d i to t o e ?
wh ipp e d ? iy a

hh
ow e be S a di s si ?

u
g

u
c an a n a n
p a a
p a

\Ve kno w
r d y th a t saa n al ea ,
It
a an e c ede d pr by rn a or na ,
e xpr e sse s
to be ”
a s a n e t e r a n d n o ta s a co pl a i ve v e t rb .

“h e r e Fr a n k w ill b e
7 ?
g sa sa aan b a g a si Is co ?

W e re s te b o o k ? N sa l ib

h
?
g

h
i n n r
a a a g o

u h h
S A NA .

u u
u
uu um
hh
p a rt
ic l e fit t s te

H
Sa na b e e n sa id
a s a s is a o e xpr e s c o nd i t io n a l

h
, ,

f t r e c o n se q e n t t e n se

m m fi
or .

M
u
hu u m
u
J o h n w o l d h a ve a rr ive d ad e no t Si J an s
a n a ,i d ng a t
in g d a ga , t

hm
q
, ,

b e e n sic k . n a gc a a s it .

a d th e y c red wo ld tCn tsiy a la h in d i

u
i e no g i n a o ni ay

died sa n a t ay

u
a ve . na a .

l ia r se n se b e t t
er t

hm
pr e c e d e d by a n a s a p e c o b e l e a r n ed by

h
S an a

m
c

u
te fo ll o w in g ill str a t io n s

M
.

m
m u
It is h a r d e r th a n st o n e a n d le tp a ss a t i a s a sa b a t o c n sa n a sa b a t o
st a s a ter o fc o p a r i so n g p .

m
,
o ne .

A n g p a gaga o a
T e S p o l ia t io n te th e ft a s itw e r e
an
g p a g n a n c a o c n ,

sn a g
.
,
ww a p
f
C a

I u S a n a iss

h o ld
s
o e ti e s c o n tr a c t e d in t o se .

N a p a r oo n sa ac o.

u
go .

u
h Hh h u
Yo n g c o c k . Ta n d a ng .

fi
F ight in g c o c k Sa sab f

fl
i gi n

I
m
. .

w ill a ll o w th is r o o st e r to gr o w in t o

fi
Sas it on g ta n da n g

m m
ab gin i n co

h
a f ight in g c o c k
.

u
.

fl
B las t o fw in d i ip n a n g a g in

H
. .

h h
h
Z e p y ir Si o y

m
m m
. .

muhm u
T o e br a c e Y ac a p

m m
. .

To s h in e t o gl o w a g n in g n i n g

u
. .
,

T o w a it f or a g in t ay

m
. .

W a it a ent in t zi
’
o ca o na
y

uu
. .

I n te a ll r e e n t s o f t h is w o a n N a gn in i n gn i n g a n g c a in in a n
q il o sn it

h m
o de sty s in e s on g b in ibin i

u
u
. .

To s pr in g , t o o w fr o . B cal .

T o p tin t o a gs ilir

u m
. .

2gA l i n g a n g b i n b c a l an n iton g f
lo g

m
W h er e d o e s th is r ive r ow fro ?
it
,

na o ?

T e b tt e rfly A n g p a r O p a ro

m
. .

G n at . La oc .

L a n ga .

C o c k ro a c h
-
. Ip is .

G lo w wor —
. A lit
apt
ap .
 MM
MM
248

FO R T Y S E V E N T H LE S S O N
YCA A PA T N A PO U O , T P IT O N G PA G A R A L

M
.
,

O D IFIC A TI V E V E R B A L IZI N G PA RTIC L E S .

m
A G PA TI PA G PA TI

mm u
=

m mu
.

M
uu
mm m
t t
ive ; p a gp a t ve rb a l p a r t

h
ag
p a i i p asac si ve ; is a ve ry l ittl e sed ic l e

mu u
.
, ,

I t a y be c o n s id e r e d a s a c o p o n d o f a g o r ay a a nd t
p i c o n t r a c t io n

mu u
,

o ft ig ; tigtig e a n in g to s h d d e r w ith s d d e n te rr o r ”
I t iso n ly a ppl ie d

u uu m
.

to th o s e r o o t s wh ic h if c o n j ga t e d by o r a e xpr e s s o t io n o r 00 1 “

uu
p o r a l po sit io n t o wh ic h a gp a t
, i a d ds a s ens e o fv o l n t a ry s d d e n n e s s or , ,

ifte g is d r o pp e d o f n c o n s c io s h rry In ag a t
p i a
p gp a t
i p a 1sre =

h
.
, ,

p e a te d in pr e se n t a n d f t r e t e n s
e s a n d a d i t s o n ly o f y (y ) ea a n,
d a n

p a ssive s .

R OOT

h
.

h
K n ee Lo

m
. o r.

M
u
h h
PA R AD I G

m
u
.

mh
uu
h
k neel

u
To L o od

u
. .

To c ro c h to k n ee l d o w n b e f o re a n ic l o o d

m
. .
,

To r e a in in a k n e e l in g p o st re t Na a l o d n a a t o

u
i l d

u
o fs t b l in g p p o ,
o .

u m
.

h
in h o n o r o f

mh
Pl a c e p e rs
,
o n o r th in g

te c sh io n f

h
wh o or ,
or k n e e l in g L in o lo o r an l e b e r a ,
.

n.
p o

u
m h
To k n e e l d o w n h a vin g so e th in g 10 h O d
t
a b0
11 o r lI a n gi n g a s a r o s
0 0
0

ar
y

u
.

Th in g e l d d r in g k n e e l in g . Y lo o d.

T o f a ll o n o n e s k n e e s ’
. ti lo o d
a gp a .

Ca s e. Y p a gp a ti lo o d .

Pl a c e o r p e rs
,
o n b e fo re wh o . Pa gp a tilo o r an .

CON J UG A T I ON .

fih
A CT I V E .

In ni t
i ve .

f a ll s k nee s

fih t
ilo od.
’
To on o ne . a gp a

en tin de
Pr es ni e tt
en s
e .

F a ll ,
~
e t
s, s o n -
. . k ne es . Na gp ap a t
ilo od.
 hu
M
M
fih
2 49

en t
Pres e ec t
rf an d t
s i n d ni e tt
e ns
es
p p a e .

H h h
F e l l, -
c t
s; h a ve ,
h a st ,
a sf a l le n on knee s . Na gp a t
ilo od.

Pl p er ftt
en s
ec
e .

uufi
h
ad , -
tfa ll e n
ds on . . knees . Na c a p a gp a t
ilo o d , n a g pa t
ilo o d na .

F tr e in de ni e tt
en s
e .

hm h
u
u
mh
S h a ll , -
lt
,
w i ll ,
-
ltf a l l on . . k n ee s . a gp a p a t
ilo od .

F tre p er ecftten s
e .

It “ It a ve

h
Sh all f a ll e n
W 1 on
t t
“ “
, ,
ac a p a g
p a ilo od, a gp a p a ilo od
k nees .

I p er a t
i ve .

h h
F a ll ,
le t . . fa ll on . . k n ee s . a gp a t
ilo od .

Ver ba l .

T e ac t
io n '

o f fa ll in g on . k ne e s . A n g p a gp a p a t
ilo o d.

PA SSI V E

h
Y .

M
u u h
To f a ll on o ne
’
s k n ee so n acc o n to f . Y c a p a gp a t
i lo od.

en t
Pr es e t
in de in i t en s
e f .

fi
hu u u h
F a ll ,
-
e ts
s ,
-
on . . . k ne e s o n ac co n t of . Y q in a p a gp a p a t
ilo o d.

en t
Pres erf
ect t
and p as in d e ni e tt
e ns
es
p .

H h
q

h
Fell ,
-
e t
s ; h a ve ,
h a st ,
as al en f l o n ac c o n t of . Y in a p a gp a t
ilo o d .

Pl p erf
ectt
en s

u
e .

u
ufi
d etf a ll e n

h uu u h
u
k n e e so n
ad, on

i Na y p a gp a t q in a p a gp a t
~

il o o d, ilo od
.

y na .
acc o n t O f

F tre in de ni e tt
en s
e .

hh h h
S a ll ,
-
lt
,
w ill ,
-
l tfa ll on . . k n ee so n a c co n t of . Y c a p agp a p a t
ilo od.

F tre p er ecf tten s

e .

S
u a ll ltwill
k ne e s o n
-
, ,
-
lt a ve
ac co n t of
f a lle n
.
on
a y p a gp a t
ilo od, y p gp p
c a a a a

36
t
ilo o d na .
 h m
I p er a t

u
ire
2 50

h h
F a ll , le t . . f a ll on . . k nee s o n acc o n to f . Yc a p agp a t
ilo o d .

u
V er ba l .

T e ac t
io n o ff a l li n g o n . . k ne e so n a cco n t of . A n g y c a p a gp a t
il o od .

PA SSI V E

h
AN .

M
h
To f a ll on o ne
’
s k n e e s a to r b e fo r e . Pa gp a t
ilo o r an .

ent
Pr es in d e fi ni e tt
en se .

hu fi h
F al l ,
—
st s o n.
—
. . k n e e s a to r b e fo re . Pin a gp a p a t
il o or an .

en t er
Pres p ft
eca n d p a t
s i n d e ni e tt
en s
es .

H hh
F e ll ,
e
-
st
; h a ve ,
h a st ,
a sf a lle n on . . k n e e sa to r b e fo re . Pin a gp a t
il o o r an .

Pl p er ftten s
e
ec .

h ufi
h
tf a l l e n k ne esa to r Na p a gp a t n a gp at

u
ad, -
ds on . . ilo o r an ,
p i il o o r an

b e fo re . na .

F tre in de ni e tt
en s
e .

u
hm h h u

M
S a ll, lt w il l ltf
a ll k neesato r be f o re Pa gp ap at
ilo o ran .
’
- - on . .
,
. .

F tre p er ec ftt
en s
e .

S h a ll , 1t il lt f
a lle n t
ilo t

h
,
w —
l ,
-
a ve on
"

) a p a gp a or an , p gp p
a a a il o or dn
. k n e e s a to r b e fo r e .
S na.

I p er a t
ive .

h h
F a ll ,
le t . . fa l l on . k n e e s a to r b e f o r e . Pa gp a t
ilo o r an .

h mh
ver ba l
c
.

t io n o ffa ll in g k n ee s a to r b e f o r e A n g p a gp a t
ilo

u uu
T e ac on . . . o r an .

Tst d e n t s
ho e ld co n j ga e t ac t ive l y a nd p a ssive ly by a
gp a i te
t ,

f o ll o w in g ve rb s:
To s pr in g t o o n e s fe e t
’

u
.

T o pr o str a t e o n e s se lf
’

‘
u
.

T o thr o w o n e s s
’
e lf d o w n , to str e t c h

u
u‘ u
o ne s s e l f a tf ll l e n gt h

u
.

To s
‘
itd o w n o f a s d d e n
T o t r n o n e s b a c k s d d e n ly
.

.
a gp a t
io p o
it
a gp a t a lic o d
.

T o pl a c e o n e ss e lf q ic kly s id e o n . a gp a t
a g i l id .
M
m
a

h
h
uu
hm
Dr
Yo

te
T
Tu
m
y

m
m
m
h
h
h
h
h
h
u
m
huuh
u
u

m
e

u
u
o

3
t
m
ca ll in g t

u
Jo s

m u
o

u
m
h
e
h
m
It
m
k in d o f d e

h r

re

e a n t hers

m
l Ve a l t i ts
fi
e ph , iti s

u
h
u
,

m
u
m
e

nkn n e

o
tis
e w o
s e

fle c t
w

rs
s
siswh a t
k ill e d
l i s wh a tI
e lf

ay

ive pr o n o

bl a c k s ith i se lf a d e it
e lf r e tr n e d it

e lf c a s ed
bac k
is r in
be
,
on st r a t ive p ro n o n o r a s
o ry te

s
a id
s bj e c to f a s

n
o

th a t
s

in
o

we p t
e wh a t

e n t e n ce

to l e

i
.

sa id

in
.

.
2 52

th is se n se siy a st a n d s f
re fe re n c e t
o a

.
no n

.
S i Jo s
Ang a

Y c ao

or
é, s

A n g a li s

33
1
5
q
A n g c a la ngo a n s
‘
c ani y a .

nga ,
.

iy a a n g n a gn ac a o
iy a a n g n a gt
in g in i , s
r a a ng
y

.
yp i

A n g p a n d ay b ac a ], siy a a n g g
iy an g n a gs
ca ya
a o li
n
a gis

iy a
s
t
a y
e

s
a

a n a , 1 , 81
p

ang
a t ic

y s
in

e ve r
a b i

y
ea n

y a a n g y qi n a sa
.
ge n
s o f re

ng
er
co .

a
.

a
f

H u mmH
1

S iy d , j d t by s t en t
ss ” “
t
o a b id e by o t
’
sop
”

um
con ga e p a e an o a ,
er
”
i n io n .

m
s
se nts Na p a sis
iy a

huh u
e a . .

Do ta gr e e t
o th a t do n ’
ta sse n t t s
iy a

uu
no o . o ag o yp a .

m
,

fi
h
S igd j
by d t s t
o s it
” “
t
o b ec o
” “
a nd l so

h
/ , co n ga e a
gc a , ean , e ,
a

t
o be eno gh s fc ie
,
n t ”
.

u
h
T td re ss s it s Y y an g d a itn a gc a s
isiy d s c an i ya

u
a er . e .

Hm m m
hu mm u m
Th a t st ic k is n o te n o gh f H in d i iy a iy an g
s sa

u u
or a p il n a gc a c a ca oy

la r isan g a l ig e.

m u
.

uhm
uu
Co n j ga e t by
d ,
s i
iy f ea n st
o re a c h te p o in to ff ll de ve l o p en t .

er b o d y a sa lre a d y r e ac h e d it
sf ll
S iy a n a t an g ni ya

H
ng ang ca o
d e ve l o p e n t
.

m h hu
t
S yli, ifc o n j ga t
ed by s “
t
o f ill te wh o l e ro o ” “
t

u
an, ea n p ,
o go
w

m
i

m
hm h h
on gr o n g

u m
mu u
is s o e is c o r
i n g p in fl e sh ( is
i
u
Na n in iy a a n g c a n i an g s ga t
.

na
he a l in g ) .
y .

j t
A d s e n , ag e e e n , s i t r t t
a bl e n e ss Ca siy a . an (n o t ic e
. te a cc e n ta t
io n ) .

E n o gh o r d in a ry

i
u
a ve r a
g , on,
Ca si a
,
e co

tin g .
y an.

m
l so st o r te p e r s
and f p o l it

u
S iy d a
y a on ad d re ssed in a e ly re p e c tf
s l

m
se n s
e .

u
Yo r e c r y . S iy a p o .

uu
S i yd ay be s
ed a s an a d ve rb or in t e r j e c t io n .

m m
h
So , j s t so , j st it

u
h
.

B ra vo '

um u u
h
B t tge n e r a lly , itis a sso c ia t e d
s w it
h s th e r p a rt ic l e

m
o o e o

h
h
, .

u
u m u u
Eno g l . S i) 5 n a .

It is e i se lfl, itisj st th a t , j st it . S iy a nga .

A lth o gh e be . S iy a an .

W o ld t o G od, a e n , h a pp in e sst
o yo . S iy a n a a .

It I s e t en .
m
m
hu
u
nI

To

h
To

m
u
m
p ra t
a

fi
u
u
m
u
u
m
u
m
u
h
m
u
h
m
u
u hu
h
m
u
ca t

m
S

i o ns

m
:
ca
s p ro p e r

ea s re
e a s re
tasa
,

.
( si
t
o as
no n,

c e rt a i n q

p le se n se )
t d l
ean s

.
an
ea
SU

t ity
2 53

s re
CAT

M
S
”
.

As a
th a t

t an ca t
ca
a gs c a t (n o t
is t

ice te
o s ay , s
o e s t a n d a rd a p
ve i b , I t a s te f o ll o w in g sig

t a t io n
~

M
a gr e a e a a cc en

u
. . .

u m
T e a n in g o fp a tt e r n st a n d a r d wh ic h s ca t a s is a ppl ie d in y

m u
e an

uh h
, , ,

w a y s It is s
ed in a p o t e n t ia l s
ens
e a s a n g a ri ,
y a ca .

u
um h
.

m
w o rk t y an g g

m m
S e ca n S ca Si a n a.

h h
.

Th e y ay b e giv e n it S ca t il an g b ig
s ian

u
. .

Hh m u m h
tif te se n se is a p a ssive tte
io n d o e s n o ta d of
t

m
B i

u
o ne

u
or ac

u
p o t e n t ia l ity it e a n s d ty o r
“
o r a l o bl iga t io n
”
te sa e a s d dp a t

h u m
.
, ,

u
Yo t
e r ve
des b e p n is e d S t c a n g a p a sin

m m
o . ca .

isw o rthy t
o be a ppo t
e d c a pt a i n S cat siy a a g i n gc a p it

m u m m
u
e an

u
. .

It is be n e a t th e i r no bl e n e ss D il i s c a t sa c a n ilan g c a a a la n

u
. .

m m
m
t
S i c a tn a s te sa ss
i yd h ”
S tn f o ll o w e d bv

m
ean e no

u
e a na , g . ca ,

in fi n it i ve e a n s te ho ly s f d o in g so th i n g

m
an r o cc a n o e .

m
I t is t t
H
ti S t

m
e o ea ca n a ng c a

u
.

Ct C C Ct
( (4 ( (4
ll l abé ' s
C
(
a ga a r l
‘
.

t C
ac a d
( (
l .

at
(6 6
olo g .

m
u
u m
fi
um m
T o pr a y , t o say pr a y e r s
e r vic e , t
.
g i
a n ala
n .

h
T o a tt e n d c h r c h s o wo rsh ip a gs i bé , a gs a ba

m
q
. .

In y o p in io n Sa a in g a c a l a , sa 1s1
p c o

u
. .

T ill , n t il , a s f ar a s H a n gan

m
u
. .

h
T ill e ve n in g . H a n gan g ga b i, h a n gan sa ga b i .

T ill t

u
o o rr o w—
. H a n gan g b c a s .

As f ar a s te b rid ge . H a n gan sa t l ay .

T ill I d ie . H a n gan sa c a a t a y a n c o
T o , to wa rds Da c e , sa d a c o , d é p it

u
. .

T o w a rd s te fo re st . Sa d aco n g g b a t .

dag a t .

3)
l pa .

U pw a r d s D a c o n g itaa s

u
u
fi
. .

D o w n w a rd s B ap it ib a b a

u
. .

E a stw a r d s D a c o n g sil a ga n a n

m
. .

W es tw a r d s, c al n ra n

u
.

On , po n . Sa ib ab a o .

A b o ve , o ve r . Sa it aa s .

n d e r n e a th

h umm h h
U n d e r, . Sa ilali .

u h
u m
u h
h
F O RTY S E V E N TH EX E RCI S E

m hh h
.

m u um
r e d id I f a l l o n y k n e e s? Yo fe ll o n y o r k n e e s b e fo re te
W e

u
A r c hb is ho p Did y o n o tpr o str a t e y o r se lf b e f o r e te i a ge o fte H o ly
.

V ir gi n ? I pr o str a t e d y se lf b e fo re te a lt a r W h a t c a se d y o r gr a n d .

f a th e r t o thr o w h i se lf d o w n ? O ld a ge a n d w e a k n e s
s ca s ed i to .

thr o w h i se lf d o w n W a t a re te c il d re n d o i n g ? . Th e y a re a lw a vs
s

m
u
h
m
it

u
m
H
u
m
u
u
m
.

I t
h
h
h
h
u
h h
h
h
h
m
u
u
m
h
m
H
m
u
h
u fi mu
te t

h
o tf

h u
h
h
h
u
h
u
u
m
u
h
m uu m u
t

hh
it

h
h
h
u
h
h
H
H
m
m
h
h
h
h
S pr i n g
h
h
u

h
or

h
m
h
fl
in g d o w n

H h
ph y sic ia n ?

H
fl
m
u
Do
u
sp e a k a n y

o o k te

h
m
u
m
u
m
in t

m
re e ?

Hh
u mu
.
o

c a tis e a t in g
.

d o e s n o ts i c e t

u
m
y o
s
o
a nd

e pl a c e d

te w a t e r

W y d o e s e c a ll o tf
p
i s
ri

or t e
e

D o es o n ey s f

fe a r i ? A l t
e rc h a n t d id it D

h h
ea s re
.
.

d r a n k o n ly in te o r d in a ry w a y

h h h
o re a b o t t

id y o
s
in g
e lf s

.
.

fice t

.
W h a tdid
id e o n o fa s dd e n

o b r in g a b o t

br in g a b o th a pp in e ss Did e d r in k t
.

h a t \V a s it e w o sa id it?
y o r e a s r e te stff I se n ty o ? I d id n o t e a s r e it te Ch in e se

h y se lf Ca n e p a y
.
.

Do I go o n sp e a k in g
ie n td o w
te p a t
d id n o tS pr in g in t o te w a t e r , te
t b le d d o w n s dd e n ly a n d e fe l l d o w n w a r d s Did te w in d t

h
I tw a sn o tte w in d , itw a sa t
tan t
co n s

W h a ta re te d o g a n d te c a te a t i g
h n de rb o lt th a tt
ly ?
?
e as n o
os s
.

a pp in e s

oo

y o r self t a k e te e a s re f
e hi
s?

h o gh e b e a l e a d e r I do n tfe a r i
os
e d it
s

ch

s
a

W y d id te sa il o r

o th e r s t

T e d o g ea t s eat
o
w

elf s
t
.

as

sd o w n
do w n

on ey

E n o g l, do n t
e

c a ll

a id
e

o r te t

e c a n n o t p ay
t

W y do
en

Did
,

r o se r s?
e

M
M
.

.
.

h
. . .

y o n o t go o n w o rk i n g It I s
. a lr e a d y ti e to l
s e e p T i ll
. wh e n w i ll a ry

be In t o wn S e w ill b e h e r e n t il t o o rro w
-
ow f ar d id y o a cc o p

u uu
. .

i ? I a c c o p a n ie d i a s f a r a s te r ive r W h e r e d o e s th is

u
any

u
. .

r ive r o w t o w a rd s? T is r ive r flo w s t o w a rd s te N o rt h W h e re is te .

s ip b o n d f or S e s te e r s t o w ard s te l a n d W h e re d id y o p tte
.

p i n. ? I p t o n t e t a bl e . y o r s ist
er a b o ve is b e l o w .
Hm u

hm
S

T
mufi
a

a
fi
fi

fie
fi
d,

h hm fi m fi
S h a ll ,

ll ,

t
sat
-

e o fre
—
tr e
ds

lt
,
w
lt
,

i
w

ll
i

,
ll ,
a in e d

-
-
ltr e

l t a ve
e c.t

a in

re

a in in g e c .
F

t
tr e
t
e c .

a in e d e c

Y
in d e

t .
2 56

M
PA SSI V E
Na c a p a gc a p a gis

tt
ni een s
e

a gc a p a p a

a c a p a gc a p a
i,

A n g p a gc a p a p a gis

.
f
.

gi s
i

is
g ,i
.
n a gc a p a

.
a gc a p a p a
gis

g
i

isi
na .

na .

M
u u fi
fi s te e t to f
To re a in sh o w in g o ne
’
h o to ft e rr o r o n a cc o n . Y p a gc a p a gisi .

m
en tin de tt
u
Pres ni een s
e .

Re

hm fi a in e st s t
e c. on acco n t of Y p in a gc a p a p a f
i g is
i
~ -
.

m
.
, , ,

en t f t at tt
u
Pr es p er a
ec n d p s i n de ni e en s
es

fi
.

u
Hm u
Re a in e d , -
dst; h a v e ,
h a st ,
a sre t
a in e d e c o n a c co n t of . Y p in a ge a p a gisi .

Pl p er f tten
ecs
e .

d St t

ufi
r t N a a c a an n l

u
ad, —

; e a in e d e c. o n acco n . .

yp g p g
Q
, yp l n a a ca
g p a n g I S I n a .

mu
u u
S h a ll fi lt w i ll Itr e a in
F tre in de
t
e c on acco
ni e

n
tt
en s

to f
e .

Y p a gc a p a p a gis
i

m
— —
. . .
, ,

F tr e p erf
ec tt
e ns
e

u
.

fi fi
S h a ll , l t t t

hm u fi
,
w ill ,
l h a-
ve -
re a in e d e c.
a y p a gc a p a isf isi n
on a cc o n t o f g , yp g p p
a c a a a g a .

Ver ba l .

T e t a te
s o fr e a in i n g e c . t on acc o n t of . A n g y p a gc a p a gisi .

mh h h
AN PA SS I V E .

To re u a n i s o w in g o n e st e e t ’
o to fte r ro r ,
in or a t
. Pa gc a p a gisi fi an .
 M
fi fih
2 57

m en tin de
Pres ni e tt
en s
e .

m h h fih
Re a in , e
-
t
s s e t
c in -
. or a t
. Pin a gc a p a p a gis
i an .

m
, ,

fi e nt
Pr es p f
er ec ta n d p t
as i n d e ni e tt
en s
es .

u
Hm uufifih fih
Re a in e d , -
dst; h a v e , a st , a sre a i n ed e c . t in or a t . Pin a gc a p a gis
i an .

ftt

M
Pl p er en s
e ec .

h m fih
ad , d st
,
r e a in e d e c t in. or a t N a p a gc a p a
.
g isi an , p i n a g p
c a a g isi a n na .

tre in de tt
ens

M
F ni e e .

u
u
h fih
S ll 1t w ill lt a in e c t in t Pa gc a p a p a gisi

mi
a ,
-
,
.
-
re . or a . an .

F tre p er ec
ftt
en s
e .

lt t fi
h
Sh ll h

h
a -
w i11 ~
i a ve re a in e d
, , ,
isi i si
e c.t in or a t a p a gc a p a g a n, p g
a c a p p
a a g a n na .

m
.

h h
Ver ba l

fi
.

mu hm
ta t
e Of t in t

u u
T s a in i n g e c . A n g p a gc a p a gisi

u
e re or a . an .

h m mmm
T e s t d e n t sh o l d c o n j ga t
e ac t i ve ly a n d p a ssive ly te fo ll o w in g ro o ts

uu
t t e x c l sive ly te p a rt

u
o wh ic h a l os icl e a yoa p a isa ppl ie d

m
.

m m

M
h
Op
u
f

u
e n in g o
To O pe n Y,
s D1 1a t la tD t la t
p

l la

m
te e ye s

m
o ne S e) er
a
i
. . .
, ,

m
.

u u
To re a in w ith o ne
’
se y e sO p e n o
t la t

mh
u m
a gc a p a d i la a gc a a
fp a n ic , p ,

u
Op
o .

e n in gO f T o o pe n o n e s o t
fi
te o th h N g a n ga N g . . a n gd .

m
.

T o re a in w ith o n e s o t h o pe n e tc a ge a p a ga nga
’
. .

Pl a c in g O f o n e s l e gs w id e t o pl a c e )
’

a c l at
‘
a gb is
'

o n e ss e lf w ith te l e gsw id e 5
’ .

T o r e a in w it o n e sl e gsw id e e t a gc a a b is l
’
t

H
c p a c a . .

h
A
P R T I L E S A ND C W O R DS USE D AS DI FF E R ENT PA R T S O F S P E EC .

um m
hh u h
T AB I .

h
Ta b sz
,
a a no n, ean s bo r d e r ” “
,
ba n k ” “
, S o re
” “
, e xt
re it
y
”
.

h
T e r ive r b a n k . Ang t ab i n ang f
lo g .

fi
T e a s o re
s Ang tab i n a ng d aga t

u h u
e -
. .

h h H
Asa b ba l t
a bi s te fo ll o w in g s
ign i t
io n s:

m
ve r Or a ve r no n, a ca

mh m m
T O be o n te b o rd e r t bi

m m
a a

u u
. .

T O go a bo t b o rd e r in g . t
a p a a b i.

T o p l a c e o n e ss
’
e lf a tte bo rde r , e d ge . T a b i.

Le t i n o t pl ac e h i se lf a tte e d ge . o ag iy a
s t a b i.

Pl a ce th a ta tte e x t re ity . Yt
ab i o iy an .
 h
mhh
hm h m
u
y o r se lf a tte ve r v e dge
Pl a c e
2 58
I

Pa t
atab i ca.

m
.

T e ext

uhh
re it y t f r e o st p o i n t O f

mm
,
e o
Ang t
c a a b ib a n

m
so e th in g

u u m
.

t
L a vsa ll te d ir t t p la c e
i s ,
e . T abi an .

u
Ta bi is v e ry c h ade se O fa s a p o l it e w a r n in g f or so e b o d y t
o

to to fte w a y w p e r so n s, ge n e r a ll y in fe r io r s w a n tr o o f o r th e
,

mmm
u
g e en .

se l ve s t
o pass o n by ,
or thr o g h .

m m
By yo r l e a ve Ta b i

u
p o

h
. .

Pl e a s
e, a k e ro o f
or e t
o pass .
j T a b i ! ac é d a r da n .

mm
It is a l so a re spe ctf l e xpr e ssio n t k pe r
o as issio n f
or s
o e th in g t
o
be d o n e .

h
Pa r d o n , S ir , Ia t k e w at e r T a bi

hh
go i n g o a p ,
O acé i Il i

M
. .

AG A

m
T

um
u u
Ta ga , as sb e e n sa id , d e n o t
e sn a t i vity , per t
a in in g t
o te pl a c e O fb irt

m mu mfih
a .

W h e re a re y o f ro ?, wh a t co n t
f ro ? gT a ga s
aa n ca ?

m
rv a re yo

u
I a a T o n do an. T a ga T o n d o aco .

m h
Ta ga , a s a ls s “
s in g ho o k ” fa n y size bi n i tb e in g

u
a no n, o ean —
o ,

s al l o ne

hu
a .

u
B a ity o r h ok o . Pa in a n o ang iy en g t a ga .

Ta ga a sa ve rb sig n ifi e s t
o ew
” in a lb n gitd in a l w a y

hh
, .
,

e w d o w n wa rd s

m
To

um
h m umu
.

To e w a g re a t d e a l

M
.

T o go a b o t h e w in g .

T sa l so t
o la v h o l d o fs h o l d fa st t in g , ste ho r

H
rna ga ea n o e a a nc

M
.
,

mumm
T e a nc h o r l a id h o l d on la n d . T ng a ga s
a l pa ang sin ip it .

t ph o r ic a lly it a v be sa id :

u
e a

is w o r d s p ie r c e d e e ply in t T t a n d in s
a lo o b

u u
o
y ng a aga co a ng

h e a rt . c a n iy a n g ic a.

Ta ga , a sa pr e po sit ive p a rt ic le o f fre q en a t t ive no n s, w ill be t re a t e d

Of in p ro p e r pl a c e .

u h
m
T ALA G A

m
.

h
fl
Ta la gd , is lik e (f
ee l , e ith e r a t e ll in g o r
,
an ttr ib t ive wo r d d e o t
a

in g a n id e a O f b ia s, pr e d e s t in a t io n , fit n e ss, be tte r t b e k n o w n by te

m
u mm
o

u
fo l lo w in g e x a pl e s

mm u u m
m
.

u u
hh
N t r a l ly in a n a t r a l in n a t e w a y
a ,
T a l a ga ,
.

T e l e o n is s o by n a t re T a l a gan g a asi a n g d ay a p
r . .

Th is isfo rt n e w s d st in e d t o e T a l a ga n a ng Di s sa a q in it
a O ng
e e

by G o d .

T o k ee p s o e th in g to b e d e vo t d t o a gt aia gé e . .

I k e e p th isc a n d l e t
o be ffe red t o te Pi nagt ia ga a n c O a n g e a s ant
osoan

os t H o ly V irgin .
 hhhH
h

M
m
m m hu H
hh
h hm
h
m H
u mh
O
F RT Y E I G HTH E XE RC I S E

h
.

h H m m
ist h a t c h il d sh o w in g is t e e th a t? tresa tth a t

h h h
W ho a k e s ge s

H
e

m
.

h h h
o ld a n th a t is d r n k W h a t d o e s e s o w is te e th f or ? e a ke s

m um
. .

t t

h h h h
g ri a c e s a i s b e in g i n e br ia t e d a d e a lr e a d y r e a in e d b e a i n g i s

u m
.

te et
,

h
h wh e n y o w we n t h o e ? Y e s, e a d W y d id e re a in sh o w in g

u m u u
H
.

h h
is t e e t ? re a in e d sh o w ing is t e e th o n a c c o n t o ffr ight W h e r e

m m
e

mm
.

h h
r e a in s iv e r in g is t e e th in c o n v l sio n ? e re a i n e d b e a t in g

h H
d id e

m u m
is t e e th o n te g r o n d o f te c h r c h

h h
W y d id y o r s t e r r e a in

h
is

u u m
.

w ith e r e y e s o p e n ? S e r e a in e d w ith e r e y e s o p e n a tte n e w s o f

h H h
.

o th e r s d e a t

h h
er
’
h W y is th a t a n s o th k e pt o p e n ?
.
’
. e re a in e d

w ith is o th o p e n o n a cc o n t o f a fit Did te th ie f r e a in w ith

h h m h u
.

is l e gs w id e a p a rt o n l e a p in g o ve r te f e n c e ?

h h h h
r e a ine d w ith is
fi
e

m m u
.

l e gs w ide a p a r twh e n e l e a pt o v e r te f e n c e D o e s te fi she r w a lk a lo n g

h
u u u u
.

te r iv e r b a n k ? w a lk s a l o n g te r ive r b a n k t

h
o c a tc h s

fi
\Vo l d

m
m
e

u u
.

itn o tb e b e tte r f t a i l a l o n g te s

uh h h
i o s ea s ho re ? It w o l d b e e a sie r

m
or

u um u
f or i ; b t e w o l d n o tc a tc h s o ch, f or s is t o b e fo n d a t
te b a n k o fte r ive r W y d o y pl a c y o r se lf a tte b o r d e r o fte se a
o e ?

‘
. .

It ist e e te Do y o n o tr e e be r y o r f a th e r sa id t

h
o s sh ip s

uu um m u m
o y o

u u u
.
,

e lf a tte ve ry e d ge ?

hh h
d o n t pl a c e y o r s W e l l , I r e e be r th a t W he re

u
.

s te gr e a t e r p a rt o f is l ife ? A ta l a y s

h h
d id S a in t Jo b p a s t a ll W y

m Hu m
.

d id y o n o ts t t

h
i o n yo r p as s I s a id S ir , by y o r l e a v e l W h
fi
a
y a b i ng o n ? a

u
. .

h
isy o r c o n tr y ? y c o n try is N o rth A e r ic a W h o d o y o h o l d th a t

m
uu
.

I h o l d it f D

h
fl o we r f or ? sw e e th e a rt i d b i t y r s i

uu m
or y o a o
y n

m
. .
g
It a s b e e n b a it

h
oo k ? ed w ith w o r s W h a t a re y o d o in g ? I a

u mmm
. .

e w in t l e n gthw is W a t is y o r l e s tr a d e ? r

mu H
i s l
’
s s

H
i

m
e n c e

m
g o g e a n

u u m
.

l iv i ng by h e w in g w o o d W h a t iste A e r ic a n s, in n a te d ispo sit io n ? Th e y

m
. .

h
tr io s by t e p e r a e n t , b tn a t ive s, o n te c o n tr a ry , are in e l i

h h
a re i n d s

m u
n ed t s A r e y o r e so l ve d t o k e e p te c o

uHhm
o l a z in e s and e n t so fG o d ? I

m
.

o l ve d t o it W h a t d o

h
a re s y o say ? S e w y s h ir t i e d ia t e ly W o

m
. . .

huuuhu u
b e tr a y e d J e s sz? O n e o f isd isc ipl e sb e tr a y e d i W h a t pr o d c e sth a t

mh
.

bl a ze ? It is a w o o d wh ic h is in fl a e s W a s Pe te r sa ve d ? W e re it

u
.

n o tf or e, e wo l d h a ve p e r ish e d W h a t d id te p rie st sa y t
. o te
c h il d a n d t o te s e r va n t ? e s a id t o te c h il d , c o e on y c h i l d ,
a n d to t e

se r va n t ,
c o e o v e r h e r e W h
. a t d o y o w o n de r a t ? I w o n d e r a t t e g r e a t
wo r k s o fG o d W y d id y o
. se b ig vo rd s t o w a r d s A n n I se d b ig
w o rd s t o w a r d s e r o n a c c o n to f e r b e h a v io r .
M
M
M
M YCA A PA T

h
ODI FI C
FO R T Y

N A PO U O , T

AT IV E

fl
N IN T

V
26 1

E R B A L IZI N G
H LE S S O N
S IYA
.

N A PA G A R A L

PA RTIC L E S .
.

M
u m h m
h
u uu um m
t ive ; p a gea n p a ssive ; is te l a stv e rb a l p a rt ic l e w e sh a ll

h
a gca n , ac

u m
,

h
tr e a t o f a lth o gh p e rh a p s so e o th e r s o f a n a rro w l o c a l r a n ge a y b e

M
u u
,

It is a n in tr a n sit ive p a r t

h
ic l e r a re ly se d a n d ge n e r a l l v a ppl ie d

h
in se

u u u u
.
,

to r o o t s o fs c h fl id s a s ow or a re e xp e ll e d fo r te h a n b o d y ,

t in d ic a te th a t te s h e dd in g o r flo w in g is in vo l n t a ry a n d o to fso e

h h
o

m
wh ic h r e n d e r s te e x c r e t io n e ith e r n c o n sc io s o r n c o n tr o ll a bl e

h h
ca s e

u u
.

m
yll a b ic ; cat te l a st syll a bl e c o n sist s o f thr e e l e tte r s o f

uh u hh h
a goa n is d is s , ,

wh ic h o n ly te t w o fir s t ca a r e t a k e n f or r e p e tit io n a c c o r d in g t o te

uum
, ,

g e n e r l r l N o w if th is i s d o n e o n f se d n e ss ight a r is e w ith t e

m
a e .
,
c ,

p a rt ic l e a gca t o a v o id w h ic h b o th c a a n d te fir s t syll a bl e o fte r o t o

M
u
,
,

a re re p e a t e d te l a tte r in a ll a n d a n in te pr e se n t a n d f t r e te n se s
,
c .

O n a c c o n t o f te in v o l n t a r in e s s o fte a c t io n t is p a rt ic l e o n ly a d it s
o fy a n d a n p a ssive s a n d c a n n o t b e se d in te i p e r a t ive
,
.

u
R OO T .

h
Tea r L ha

m
. .

u
h
hh
PA R AD IG .

u m
To w ee p L o a

u
. .

To sh e d t e a rs . a gl o a.

C a se r e a so n Y lo a
q
. .
,

o n o ve r wh o
Pe r s t hed
e a rsa re s . L in o aa n , in a l o l o aa n .

CO N J UG A T ION .

h h fi
A TI C VE

h
.

t
u
In ni ie e

u
u
.

u
fi
to n e s b e ing

h h
s e d t e a r s w it ’

E
To o
a gc a n l l a
c io s th e r e o f
co ns
.

u
en tin de t t
u
Pres ni e en s
e .

S ed , t
s
-
,
s t
e a r se
-
t
c . Na gc a c a n l l a
hhh h h
M
26 2

H
e n t erfct t f t t
uu
Pres p e a nd
p as in de i n i e e nses .

u
Hh u h h
S ed, -
e t
s ; ave , h a st , a ss e d e a r s et
t c . Na gc a n l l a.

ftt
u
u u
u
p er ec en s
e .

u
h uuh
ad, -
ts e d
ds t
ears et
c . Na c a p a gc a n l l a, n a gc a n l l a na .

F tre in de in it
e tf
en s
e .

hh uuh h
S h a ll , -
lt w ill -
l ts e d t
e a r se t
c a gc a c a n l l a.

mu
.
, ,

Fn t ftt
u
n re p er e n s
ec
e .

h h
S h a ll , l t
, w i ll
-
,
l t a v e s e d -
t e a rse t
c . a ca
p g
a c a n l l a, a gc a c a n l l a na.

uu
Ver ba l .

T e he d d in g
s o ft e a r s e t
c . A n g p a gc a c a n l l a.

fi
h u fiuuh
Y PA SS I V E .

In ni t
ive .

M
h u fiuuh
To s ed t e a rs e t
c . on a c co n to f . Y p a gc a n l l a .

en t
Pr es in d e ni e tt
en s
e .

hhhh
h h
S ed , -
e st st
e ar se t
—
c . o n acco n to f . Y p in a gc a c a n l l a.

en t er ft t tt

u u
u
Pr es a n
ec d s in
a d e ni e en s
es
p p .

u
Hh u h h
S ed, -
dst; a ve , a t
s ,
a ss e d t
e a r se t
c on . a cc o n to f . Y p in a gc a n l l a.

ftt
u uu u
u
Pl p er en s
e ec .

h huu u uuh
u
ad , -
ts e d
ds t
e a rse t
c o n a c co
. n to f N a y p a gc a n l
. l a , yp i n a gc a n l l a na.

F tr e i n de fi ni e tt
en s
e .

h
It e a r se t
t

h
Its e d

h
S all , -
,
w ill ,
—
c . o n ac c o n t of . Y p a gc a c a n l l a .

F tr e f tt s

u u
u
n e

u
p e r ec e

u
.

lt l th a ve s e d

h u uuh
Sh ll w il l , t ea r s

h
a — -
, ,
a y p a gc a n l l l l
t yp g
a, a c a c a n a na.
e c on a cc o n t of
Ver ba l .

T e s e d d in g t t
of e a r se c o n ac c o n . t of . A ng y p a gc a nl l a.
MM
C
PA R T I L E S A N D W O R DS U SE D AS D I FF E R E NT PA R T S OF S PE E C H

M
.

mu m

Mm
u
mh h u mmuh
T A PA T .

‘
u
Ta p a t ” ” “ ”
s n ad ecj t ive e an s j st r htig p right

h
a a

h
.
, , , ,

R ight t io n Ta pa t tt tn a

m
ac . or a a apa a ga .

T o gi ve al st
o te p o o r is a rig t Ang p a glili os s
a a nga d e -
a:
a c t io n tapat a

u
. na ga .

m
T ap a t
,
a s a ve rb ,
a s se ve r a l e a n in g s a c c o r d in g t
o te p a rt ic l e w it
h
wh ic h itis c o n j ga te d

u
.

t a n d o pp o site , t

h m
To s o pl a c e o n e ss e lf
’

i n fr o n t .
T t ap a .

h
T w o th i n gspl a c e d o pp o sit e e a c h o th e r . ap at
Pin a gt .

o r e th a n t w o th in gspl a c e d in fr o n t
Pa gtatapat

u
ap at
’

fe a c h
th e r '

o o .

T o go d ir e c tly t t o go te s h o rt e st ) a t
way t
o

o a c tr ightf lly
,
g a p a t
5
.

Wt
,

a r o a d o r p a th i ss h o rt T a p a t a n
£1; d 2
1

m s
.

mm
1

u
t

m
th i n gs o p p o sne
Igglg ( at
wo
t t n a gt a pa t
e. o ne an
a apa

u
.
,
e

To bel o n g t
o t
o be ,
in c ben t o n . at
a p at .

Sz a n ga p a r e l a ang tt t
a a ap a
a s
s is o n l v i n c b e n t o n pr ie st s .

h
rn g

m m TI LA

m hh u
.

s rli a a ra si a n d o t e r e x
Ti la is7
a re s
sio n s a k in d o fi s
e r o n a l ve rb
st
a n d in g f
or
“
its ee s” “
ita p pe a r s ,

m
m m
It s st o be p e r so n T il a t a o

mu
ee a . .

I ta pp e a r s th a t e w e n t t e re . T il a n a p a ré o n .

m
Ti la , a s a ve rb , i sc o n j ga ted by a nd s t
o ceas

u mu
a or a ean e

u
a ,
ay
p p
r a in in g , t
” “
o w a it t ill ra i so v e r

uu
.

R a in is s b sid in g . T n g it il a na .

Let sw a it n t il r a in iso ve r Pa t
il ai n t l an

h
. a o na a ng .

m mm TO L O Y .

hmh m m
b s s w e ll ” “
tte s t ” “
j o in t
”
ly

m
To lé y , a d ve r ean a a s, a a e i e co n

h
, , ,
”
j o in t ly

m u
.

hu
h
( l i ve s n th isa n d fe tc h bo o k Y b igay o it
o s
a anac co , o loy a
t co i
y o y
q

mh mu h m m
on te w a y . yoo b a i n g l ib r o
o n ang a .

Let i se ll te b s hel o fr ic e l
a ong Y p a gb ili n iy a a n g c a b an n a b igas ,

h te b a g (c o ve r )
w it . . to l oy n a n g b a y o n g .

To ldy in te p a s t t e n se o f te p a ssive st ill re ta in s its a d ve r b ia l sense ,

e a n in g
”
w h o lly ,
“ ”
pl e t e ly , o r te p e r fe ct
i ve sen se i p a r ted t o s

u
co o e

ve rb sby te E n gl is
“ ”
h p a rt ic le p .

It was i k ll e d a to n ce ,
p right . Pin a t
ay d in t
in o loy .
 M
Tom
uu
I bo
m
u uu
ght
T é lc y is

ke p t
h
h
p

h
o c o n c l de
i sp le d ge

a d e a ve r
.

b w ith va r io
265

ufi
mm u
u
ss
Y in a r i c o n g t

ig n i

T
ca
in o loy
T i n o loy c o n g tb s

t
io n s
in

t
.
u
u
h
h
.

a ng s
a n la ni y a.

M
a ol o y , ag olo y

u m u
.
, .

o n W 1t to go f rth e r t ‘
gzg t (n o t ic e te
o

u
’
o , p ro
a g o lo a cc e n t t io n )
e y . a .

G o o n w it p n is h in g Ypat
o loy ang s
a

u
.
p a r .

T o l o d ge a t to t a k e sh e lt e r in T o loy ( t t )

m
, . . no
e . ace .

T o a ff o r d s h e lte r . a gp a o l o t y
I n n , l o d gin g h o s e . T o lo y a n .

g ds s h elt t by p a sse r s,
g g N a gp a p a t a t
er

i g
o -

o l oy siy a s a ga i b an
g b a y a n .

um m m
h
T O NG G O I

u
m h muu
To n gc o l is, l ike 6 ! a n d t n la ri w o r d h a v in g a t
tr il t
ive s
e ns Used

m
g a e

q
.
,
“
a sa no n it e a n s p r o
p r ie t” “
y , a d e a t e n e ss”
.

M
um u
\V o d o e s th is c o rr e sp o n d t tn gc o l t?

M
o? ni o
a
y

u
I tc o
rr e sp o n d s t o e Na tot o n co
g l sa a q in

h
. .

D ty , o b liga t io n , a to rit y , o f
f ic e la t
o n gc o l a n

h m um
. .

Th is is y d t v Ca to n gc o l a n co it
o .

m
.

u
um
U se o ft
o n gc c l a s a ve rb

h
T o d is t rib t e to e a c h p a rty w a t isl
t l, t l

h
d e t
a g o n gc o a gp a on c
g o
i
.

,
o .

( l o d d e sign e d th is f A c o, i, p in a t
oto n c o la n Di s n it

m
or e .
g nang o o .

T o a pp o rt io n o n e st a sk , t
’
o ta k e
’
s
u
u
o ne
T l

u
rt f t t s 5
o ngco

m
p a o e a k .

u
te f ga na ng

hh
To ngc o l av be se d a s a n a d ve rb in se n s
e o
’

, a na n
g
’

e .

M
As f
or e . T o n gc o l sa a q in .

u um
mm
mmm
T o b e a lo ne

u
S e is t e r e a ll by h e r s
.

e lf Na g e s
s iy a d oo n

m
m
-

u u
.

h
.

Do ita l l by y o r se lf G a o in o ng ag is a

u uu
—
. .

I tis n o tpr o p e r , j s t H in d i c a r a p a t an , cat t

m u
a p a a n

u m
. .

h
No r itis j s t t o in s l to th e r pe o pl e H in d i n a an c a t t

m
u
n

m
a p a a a n g

u m u
.

( o r fe ll o w b e in gs) o o ra s a ca o
p t o

m
. a a .

h
Pity , t e n d e r n e ss A a, caa aa n

u
.

T e n d e r , e r c if l a in , ha in

m
aa a ag

u mum
. .

ee k aa o, aa é n g l oo b

u u
. .

H bl e . a a b a n g l oo b .

To de sir e t
o b e fo n d o f
,
. a il " .

A a te r f o n d ili in , a ib ig in , t
a o a in .

h
,
. a

muhh
mu u m u h h
O

h
F RT Y N I N TH E XE RC I S E

u u
H
.

h h H
t

hmh
W y do ind
y o th at b a byno o ve r th e r e w e e p in g ? I d o n t ’

u u
in d i , f o r b a b ie sw e e p w ith o t b e in g c o n s c io s th e r e o f W y doest hat

uum uu
.

g ir l sh o w t e a r s i n r e y e s? It is o n a c c o n t o fsic k n e s s th t s sh d s

u
e a e e

te a r s n c o n sc io sly D o e s te c r a te o f y o r p a r is pr e a c h w e ll ?
. e

pr e a c h e se ffe c t ive ly a n d e sh e d ste a r sin te p lp it o w is y o r h s ba n d ? .

y h sb a nd is a gg r a va t e d i n is c o pl a in t , e s f
f e r s f r o i n c o n t in e nc e
h
hh
o h
hh
h

M
m
m
e ach

h
.

h h
h
h
m
M
h
h
u m
a nd s

t
hh
Hh ow

h
u
u

u
h
h

h
u u
m
u

H
h
h
h
u
u
uu u
uu u
h
hu
o p e o pl e

W y d id y o

m u
u
u

o t er

H
H
um
is n o tin c

h H h
t o

hh
u
m
m
m
m
u
c h fr i t s

m m u
m
u
u
.

m
m
b e y e ll o w

h m
m
f rin e a n d e bl e e d s n c o n sc io sly ; e c o ve rs i se lf wit p e rsp irat

uu um u
l a ve r s; so e t

m
g

m
u
m
u
sa il i n g v e s
o o d ?
n o ts
i es e s

a r e te tr e e s in y o r
o a ff
h n i ?
o r d
w o o n sa w a y a n d b rst
te a id b l sh ? S e bl sh e d a tte sight o f e r lo ve r W y is t e r e s

h hH
t re w n o n te gr o n d ? B e c a se itis t
te tr e e s Do te c h il d r e n r o p ? Thy a re o ve rj o y e d w ith th e ir t o y s

h h h
W h a t d o y o l a gh a t

h
? L a ght e r t ic kl e s a ll o ve r e I s t

g
s

Did y o go te sh o rte st w a y t
.

b en t o n y o

s
te r a in is o v e r IV a t

u
muu
el
;

.A re y o
. ?
g o
h
r

in
e

F e tc h
lt
e

g
n

—
e r

I s n o tth a t s
.

D o e s itn o ta pp e a r t

t a k e a w a y t is c a ir Did te se r v a n t d r in k a n y ilk ?

h
te wh o l e t a tsh a l l I th e n d o ? G o o n w ith wh ipp in g i

hhuu mu u
.

d o e s y o r fr ie n d l o d ge ?
t
.

e
o
t
a
,

y
o o

o be a s

t a

s
th
e pl a c e d h i

rr n

t
p
g

e
e

c
e

o
r

t
d
o
?
p

r o a d a n d ve n t r e d o n te c r o ss p a th Do I r e l e a se te pr iso n e r ? Th a t

h h
e

a i l o n te s

a
c

c
e

l e
?
o

s
s o tin t o l a g t e r

pl
e lf

Th
e

l o dge s a t y o se W h at is vo r d t y ?
.
o

an d
.

is

ea

,
a

a r iq in a ?

I
.

o o r ip e a n d d r o p so f

,
a

e
n

a t te
o af

a
pr
a
i

e
f

r ight in fr o nt o f e
y pl c e
g
o rd s

d
ht
o

I le l f te h igh
wh it e ? I tse e s
t e a e r ? No itse e s t
s
,

h ll w
s a
a i t
dra nk
.
e
a

pp
c
.

ffr o

o
t
o

t
W he r
i

i
io n
Did

h e lte r
o

t
n
o

be
.

p
e
e

e
l
.

h h
y d ty i s o j d g e W h a t o ff ic e d o e s e fill ? is o ff ic e i s t at o f

mu u m u
.

a c o ll ec t o r Di d y o d istr ib t e te sa l a ry t o te j o r n e y e n ? I d id

m m u u
. .

W h a t p a rt o f te t a sk d i d te so l d ie r t a k e f o r hi se lf ? e to o k p n

H
o

u
h i se lf t o k e e p g a r d a tte o tp o s t W y a e te c o pl e a l o n e ? Th e y
r

u u u mu m
.

tre all b y th e se l ve s b e c a se th ey a re a rr ie d t o e ac h o th e r Do y o

m u
.
,

w is e t o acco p a n y y o ? No I w ill go a l o n e I s itpr o p e r t . o o we

tp y
,

a nd n o tt o
p ya ? N o it,
i s n o t p r o p e r t o o w e a n d n o t o a ,
n o r i t
is j s t t o r n in t o d e b t I s . is as t e r c r e l or e r c if l ? e is
a nd
y o f o n d of r id i n g ? I a n o t o f r id ing .

—
0 O “
 M
h
hm hh m m
h m m
u 26 8
fi
h h
‘
m m
N a r i gl g c 0 a n g a
"
1 L O ng
'
h a n]

u
I ea rd y f a th e r w i
p p g
l n i
s

h
s
. ’

h
p a a ca y a .

m
T p re se n tte n se
e ay a l so s
bee d ifte de t er in in g ve r b o bta in s

mu
te p r e se n to r te

u
in t io n id e r e d a s go in g
is c o n s

m
ac on.

m mm u
q

h uh
Na n o n oo r a c o s a a in g c a b a n na

u
I be o ld y e r d p a st r in g.
n an an ab s a b (fr o sa bs
a b,

mm
q
.

Pin a g a a s ira n c o a n g a in g a li
t t

u
I no ic e y s
e r v a n ro w in g (o a r in g ) . .

lang

h
g ng a ga o r .

H m
E n gl ish pr e se n t p a rt ic ipl e se d p re d ic a t
iv e ly t

m
T e o fo r a co po nd

h u u
t is ge n e r a lly tr a n sl a t e d in T a ga l o g by te c o r respo n d ing t e n se

u
ens
e

m
.

mu fi
u
hh
Pin a gt at t o

fi
a a g n iy a a n g a nga
te a

m
t e rin g p e o pl e f

m
e is s or coc k pit .

sa s a b o ga n

u uu uu
.

S ng s l a ta c o n a n g ac o i t in a
I w a s w r it
in g wh e n e c a ll e d

uh
e
n a g n iy a
.

hu mmmu h
h
The y w ill be ga bl in g wh e n y o a rr iv e a gs s ga l sil a c n d a in g ca

te r e . dé o n .

sive c o n j ga t
io n ; if h o w e v e r

M
Th e re
is in T a ga l o g n o pr o p e r p ro gr e s

H
,

st s is l a id o n te go i n g o n o f a n a c t io n , 3 a a n d te r o o t w ith it

H
re s s
fir stsyll a bl e a n d th e n te w o l e r o o tre p e a te d , is so e t i e s se d in te

h u h

MM
hh
p re se n t te n se in a se n se o f d ispl e a s r e o r re pr i a n d

u fifi
.

is l o o k i ng a tth e r e a s a f o o l t
it
i gi n t

hu u m uu h
e . Sa i gin s iv a .

e is s ta n din g p rp o se l e ss . Sa at
t ay o t
a o s
y iy a .

T e v a re 1) re s ent w ith o t s “ g
a l i n r
a
Sa a a ra p ar a p el la .
wo rd

m h
h
T e p re se n t p a rt ic ipl e se d a d ve rb ia lly is ge n e r a lly t l a te d by te
ra n s

T a ga l o g ve rb a l n o n pr e c e d e d by se . .

u
An a nga bo te i i a s p agh i

m u
g n a ga a
g

mu
B o tt l e s a re ade by bl o w in g . o
, ,

1 1p .

u
h
A ng g in a o a
y n a p a la la b a s sa p a g
G o l d ise xp e ll e d by w a lk in g l a la c a d
.

mm
.

u
h
5 A ng a nga ng a ar a l a v n a ga ara l s
a
T e a c h e r s le a r n by t e a c h in g

u
m
I p a gar a l
.

m
‘
.

\ S a p a g ga a
’

n a n g c a b a n a la , i , q in a

m
mu
hh
-

h
pr a c t ic in g virt l o ry isa tt a in e d

H
.

Bv G
t t
e,
a n g c a lo al ia n

u
ca a

h
a .

m
B tif c o n d i io n t is i pl ie d te p e ra t ive in fi n it ive pr e c e d e d by

h
i

u u
,
or

is sed

mm m
.

u
h u
h
w ill arra nge te t
t e r by p a y in g y n a n g b aga y

u
s s
i ba
’

e a ag ll a
y a c n

u
te d e bt y a ra n y a a n g et
ni

m m
. ang .

N s y n g t o gt
a ry s g r f se st
o pl ay § a n a y ao i a og e n n ag
g e e , .

t a it S i r i

uu u
h
a a a .

h m
te b e fo re te

m
If fti p ro in e n t in xpr e ssio n

m
is

m
id e a

u
uu
an o e e ,
c a n,

mm
p re se n t f t r e t e n se s 1s s
ed

m uuu
or .

u fi
h hh
O ld p eo p l e S p e a k in ag ) c h il d re n sho l d C n n agsa sa l it
aang at
at a n d a d ap a t

h
b e el l e n t
,

t a i l e a n g a nga b a ta

m
. .

T e s e n c in g, I w il l go C n p in p n a n a n g p a gar a l a y

u
er on co ,

a way . aa l ie a c o.

T e id e a o fa p astt i e wit te ge r nd is ge n e ra lly ex pre ssed by

te s tt
en s r
[

a e ce d e d by
p e
p nan
g .
Hhm m umm 26 9
“

h u
d y in g , te do cto r rr ive d 5N a n g sva 1 1 na a t y a na , d ng a tg

h h
, ,
e a

m m
.

h h
N sil a i

u
n a gl a l a y a g i
Th e y a il in g,
s th e ir t
her we n t ba c k ang iia no a ng

mh
, ,
o
c a n l la n g
.

w ar

uhm h h
.

E n gl ish ge r n d c o in g a ft e r so e p 1 e p o sit

h h
T e io n r a d ve b nd o r a

u u
r e pl a c in g te i n fi n it ive is tr n sl a te d in se ve r a l w a y s a c c o r d i n g t t

mh hh
a o e

h
s ens e i pa rt ed to te a c t io n b y te a d v e rb o r pr e po sit io n

u
.

“
On ”
w ith te ge r n d d e n t in g si lt a n e ity o r c o n t in a n e is tr a n s
,
o c

l a t e d by p a g pr e fix e d t te r o o t w ith te p o ss ssiv e c se o f te a ge n t

u u m
o e a

u h hm h
,

a n d te a c c s a t iv e o f te o bj e c t if n ) f l l w i
( a y o o ng .

hm
On fi n is in g th isw o rk I s h a ll r e a d P a gt s n it on a o i b s a
y a p c o g g a a c . a a , , ,
.

O 11 s tr ik in g tw e l ve o c l o c k w e s a l l Pa gt ’
o gt o g n a n g a la s do c

m
ag r

h m h
t r s t i a t y

h
g o o e p pa a n g a o

u
.
,

f a th e r go in g p t f ll

m
On y s a ir s e e P a gp a n ie n a n g a a c 0 1 n a o l o g

fi
,

siy a

mm
do w n

h
. .

O n ispr e a c h i n g r a in c a e d o w n Pa gp a gara l n iy a n a g

u
,
. la a n g o l in z .

u humm m
If te a c t io n isp a st o r c o pl t e p a ged in st d o fp e g is p r f ixe d t te =

u u
e a e o

h
h
, , ,

o o tW i th te s
,
a e co ns tr c t i n o .

h u
A ft e r h a v in g fi n ish e d y br e a kf a stI Pa gc a tp s a nan
g a in g p a a ao ,

sh a ll go c h r c h s s

h
.
g i i b a a aco .

O n h a v in g p a id fo r te s h o e s I b o ght C p gc a b é v sa p i n b

hu
ad

h
,
a a co n a ng ,
ng

1 n il i ato n a ng isan g i ig ia n

m
.

hmh
A ft ”
w ith t ista n sa

m
r r l te d

m
nd b y p a ge ”

u
er e g e .

u
ft e r d in in g

m
A P gc a p n a n li a a a

h h
. .

A ft er s a y in g th is e e b r d is Pa gc a sa b‘ i n iy a n it ace o y n gnn ic p s i a a v
’

h
,

m
ncle sa cani g a a i n a
.
y .

T e as so ve r te pr ie st t o o k c h o c o g ‘

u u
Pa gc a l s n a gs l o 1a t e a n g p a r
, , 1
a c e
j

l a te

u u
. .

5
,
.

m uh u mmumm m
If o th e r p re p o sit io n s a re se d b e f o r e te ge r n d te in fi n it ive o r ve r

u u
h
h
.

bal no n ay be se d 1 11 T a ga l o g w ith te pr o p e r p a rt ic l e pr e c e d in g

uu
.

mu
In a k in g se o f g n p o w d e r g re a t Sa i t n n il S
( p)
p g g
a a a g p
-
r rc .

c a re s h o l d b e t a ke n a gp p a c a if
.
g a t a n g t a o a i .

Th is(k in d f ) orb is g d f r e
c r i n g Y t on g oo
c a a n t
o ig i a
y a b t i s p g
a a

t t ac
oo e. g a t s a sa q i t n a n f
g g p
i i i n o

H
, .

P A R T I CL E S A ND WO R DS USE D A H D I FF E R E N T PA R T OF P E E C S S .

u m mmu
T OUI .

hh
hh
To tis a n a d ve rb e a n in g lw a y s a nd ss ti s te j

uu u
a a o e e con nc

t “
e o f wh e n e ve r
”

m
ens

m mm
io n a l s

u uu u
u u m
A l w a y s, c o n stant T o ning t o i t i n a n g t i

u
lv o o

u
. .
,

ta n t
ly b sv T o n in g t o i n ‘ b

m
Yo a re c o n s . a r oo n c a n
y g a l i a a .

W e n e v e r y o r e a d so e th in g T o nin g b a sal c a n a n g a n o an

u
h
. .

W h e n e ve r e wr it e s . T o nin g S iy a i sti l a t o r s n g snla t , , .

mu u
To t a
y al o s st
and f
or an a d j e c t iv e .

E ve ry ( la v , eve ry ve a r . T o n i n g ar a o to n in g t
a on ,
.

It t ” “ ”
ay a lso be s
ed a sa co n
j nr io n f
or w il e . a sf
ar a s ,
m
u
h
P

h
h
m
m
m

h
To f
h u
m

m
u
m
W h il e

h
Hhhhm h
u
msf
is n o te ra s

u
ay a l s

m
tt

T o d is

H
u
u

m
uu
le e t
m
u
a r as
,

ed f

m
o be
ro

Ua lri , is s

u
e c a r ri e d
o

a de a

o te o p e n s

m
a

e ti

ea

1s r a p i n e

b e sid e ste w e l l k n o w n
Ua ld
o t e r s a s a v e rb

m o pa rdo n t

a pp e a r
, o e x o n e r a te
,

,
a sl o n g
te

fl
e

M
M
ve
s se d

1n o
rb
a

w o rl d

t te
s

in
.
an

s a s b st a n t
a

t1 ss1gn 1f

.
s

s
U

ive f
1c a tio n

ea
270
h o o d T o n in g

ALA
or

. 5 P
ign ifi c a t
sa n glib

sa
io n
la ca
Na E ‘
a
‘
a al i s

ag
iy a
r
a

1n .
.

a l a.

la
o
di
t
an

f l ac k
“
g
.
a p a ni

lf ” “

” “
,

n a n5

,
r
cani
an

sa 1

wa n t
g p

” “
,

”
a

,
y
gc a

a in

an 5

a
r
atb

s
”
,

s
a
a nd

an
s
a

h
a na

u u
. .

It is n o tp o ssibl e t o ee n o w H in d i a c a a a l a ng y on

m
a

u u u
. .

It d isa pp e r e d fr o y h a n
a d s N a n a l a sa c a ay c o

u
. .

A b so l t e ly n o t in g U l an g a l a

m m
a

mm
. .

I a v e b so l t e ly ve ryth in g U a l an g d i a l a sa a q in

m
a e . .

e dl d n t p t a n pp e ao r a n c e a

u
Ua l a s iy a c a a p o n

m
t

u
e rd a
.

y .

m m
Fr e e e fr y d e b t o U a l i n o n a a n g ot a n g c o s
. a i y o .

l Na gp a p a a l a a n g D io s n a n g a nga
G o d pa r d o n s o r s in s
c as a la n a n n a t
.

(f o ld isj i n e d t o a n y w o r d sf o r
o i n g a d ve r s a t ive o r n ga t iv e xpr e ssio n s e e

m
b tt e r t o b e l e a r n e d by pr a c t ic e

u
e .

h m
E n d l e ss e t e r n a l U a l an g h a n gan

uu
. .
,

E asy p o ss1b le
,
. U a l an g li a g .

u
I nn o c e n t bl a e l e ss U a l an g s ala

aqt
. .
,

S
i
ond h e lthy
,
a U a l a ng s
. .

U n gr a t e f l (th e r e a r e n o wo rds t
i a l i ng tr i n g si3s
. o
U '

e x pr e ss l s w 1c ke d n e s

h
s )
.

h h h
I

hhm m
mm m u
hum u uu mu
YA R L
“
a i is o ne o f te fo r s o f te d e o n st r a t i ve p r o n o n, t ”
is , t is
h r w ic” is re o n ly e x r e s
s d b i f f
e e
,
o co p e v e .

h
Th is e a rt o f in e . Ya r in g a q in g p so .

Ya r i is '

s
ed a sa n a b so l te ve rb f
or br in gin g t
o an en d so e b s
i

m
s or
s t a lk

uuu m
ne .

h
Fin is e d l . Y a ri 11 a .

C o n c l sio n Ca y a ria n

h
.

h
ri n a n o s
‘
W h a t d id y o b

u
i ne s
s sco ?

h
r e o ? gA 11
,
€) n gp g y y
a c a a a g a p nyo

u
m
u
hh m h
te l o o ko t f

u u u
T o be

m
0 11 or .

It w o l d b e b e tt
fi
er r a th er ,
.

It w o l d b e b e tt e r n o tt b ee n 2 M a a ‘
b o rn a
o

an
a ve

G ga i o 0
7 3
a og n a Og in gl a la q i

u
.

A n d th a n k s b e give n . S a l a a ta t .

A n t a n k sb e giv e n e d id notf a ll S a l a a ta td i iy a
s na o l o g.

Ca lisqis
.

Sea (h o r n y pl a t
e ) . .

F in so f fi sh e s . Pa l ie p io .

Wing . Pa c pa c .
m
H
s
h
h
uu
h
o
h
mu
uhm
u
h
huu u h
h
u
e

um
mh
u
T

h m e
YCA L I

T
It a s a lr y b
a d ve rb o r w o r
a
ga

p rt
lo g
e ad

d i t
M
U S E A ND I

l a n g a ge is in
FIFT

A N G PO U O , T
Y FIR S T

N T E R CH A N G E

te
yth ing e l se ve r y
th a t te r o o t a l o n e a y b e se d w ith so
o
een s

t
a id

o e xpr e s
i ng i e s e ve ry t e n s
r e c t io n s a b o t te se o ft e n se s a re h o w e ve r give n t
n de rs

T e pr e s

m
t a n d in g o f te s bj e c t
e n t i n d e fi n it e i s s d f

e n t e d a sh a b it a l t
e

o as s
T e f o ll o w in g d i
ist te l e a r n e r t
o r a n y a c t a l a c t io n wh e t
e o r a s go in g o n a tte t i e it
e
.

h e r itis re p r e
o
,

e o ft
s e ns
LE S S O N
Y S A N G PA G A R A L

es,
a sin
O F TE N
.

SES

e ve r

.
.
.

e
~

H
s isb e in g spo k e n o f

m m
r

u
.
, ,

m m u
Din a d ala o

h
n iy é. siy a t o n in g da

H
sit ry o t

m
ea
e vi s e r e ve he r d ay
.

hm hfium
l a é g ar a o
.

m
q
.

A n g c a n iy an g p a a ng in g b a b a y e

u u
st

u u
e r n e ce i go e o a sse ve r y h o ly d a y n a gs i b a t o n i n g ar a o n a n g p i ea
is

u
.

h
.

“ ”
(c o rr fr o . Sp wo rd f . i esta fe a st )

mu m u h
e b o w st o s a l tes e r
,
. B ng ab at i s iy a sa c a n iy a

T e b i r d isp ec k in g Na n n c a a n g ib o n

u
. .

T e l e a d e r i swr it i n
g Snn g s ri l a t n a s l a ta n g p o n o

h h
. .
,

h h
Th issa e te n se se r ve sf ot te p a st in d e n it e r o gr e s
sive o fte j t

m
co n g a ~

h
io n w ith s t ti e o r w ith o t iti fte e p o c h
e a d ve r b d e n o t in g p a s so th e r

m
o ,
i

w is e x p re ssd r n d e r st o o d

m m m
e e o .

mm u u
T eh il d r e n w e re v strd a y pl a y in g
c e N a gl a la ro c a a p o n a n g a f i ga b a t a sa

m
e

u
hm um h
in t ga r d e n
e a la ana n

uu u
. .

I w a s d re ssi n g y s l f wh n s e e e e Na gd a d a it a c o n a n g p ng asoc s iy a
te red
y
fi
r o o

Yo w e r e r n n in g
.

.
sa a
T n g at
q
in g s il id .

a c b o c a y é c a gin a .

h h m
T sa e ns
s f c o n t in be xpr e sse d by te a d ve r b pa

u
e e e o a nce ay e ,

m
t i ll
s

uu
u h hum
St
a r sa r e s
h i n in g Na gn in in gn in g p a an g a nga b itin

uh
. .

h
T p a st in d e fi nit e (wh e n te a c t
e io n is n o t s i lt a n e o s w ith an y

h
o th er ) and pr e se n t pe rfe c t t e n se s a re e xpr e sse d a l ik e .

m u mh u u
J e s sCh r ist r e s sc it a t e d 0 11 te th ir d Na b li a y o li s t
i J e s c r is a ycat
o s lo n g

h m h
d a y a ft e r isd e a th r
a a o n a n g c a n iy a n g t

h
c a a ay .
p g
a

h
.

h
I h a ve f in ish e d te w o r k Na gt s

m
. a
p a c o n a n g g a a .

h m
Y b in igay c o n a s e c a n il a c a

m m
a p o n an g

u
I C a V e th e y e S t e rd a y y o r b o o k s
«f
“

m
bro
.

a n ga o .

Tpl p e rfe c t e x ist sin T a ga l o g o n ly a sa re o te de gr ee o fte p a st a n d

e

te c o pl e t iv p a rt ic l e a a l r e a d y ; a ft e r te s
“ ” s
e nc e e 1 p l e p
,
a s t s
e r ve a s a

e a n so fe x re ss in wh a t isc ll d t e p a s t p e rf c t t e n s
e e sp e c ia l l y wh en t w o
p g a e e ,
h
h h
u h mum
h h h h m

M
27 8

h h

M
ta c t io n s, o ne
s fw o te o t
ic h is a n t e rio r t h e r , a re c o rr p a re d T f
or

h
p

m u
a o . e
fte pl p e rf ec t w it ne w a n d n o. is e r e ly s ppl e ental

u
o .

h
I l y t y est
e rd a y w

u
ad a re a d ea en en Na c a c a l n n a ac o c a apo n d

uh
n a ng ng

h u u u
y o r
a r i ve d . a t in g c a .

T e e r va n t
s d y lo o k e d f
orad l
a re a

te c a tth a td isa ppe a re d wh e n Fr a n k Pin a g an a p na l il a a n g p

n a ng a

h um
u um
n a ng naq

u
s it
’ . .
l
a n 1 Q 1 co
f o n d er (it

u
ang na a .a ,
y

u
)

h
.

h h
.

h m uh m
m
T f tre in d e fin i t
e is se d in te pr o p e r f t io n t
o be

m
e w ay or a ny ac
xec t
e d a ts e f t re t i e

u
h
e o

u
m h
.

T So n fCo d
w ill c o e d o w n aga in Die say
fi
m
e o A n g A n ac nang a n a n ao g o li

E art
h t j d ge te l ivin g a n d s l pa
fi
y a a n g n ag ga g

u m
on o a , o o co an n i
te dea d b b li at at ay n a

h h
. ay p a a n g n a ga .

m
H m
titis a l so l y t xpr ss t E l sh fi t wh s

u
B p o e de o e e e n g i in n i iv e ic c o e

M
a ft e r a ve rb i p o rtin g in it ia t i ve s ta rt ,
.

I
m
t

u
a g o in g o s t d y A c e i a g a ar a l

u
. . .

mh h
,

tisgo in g t

u
T e pr ie s o re a d A ng pare ay ba as a

u u
. .

e is go in g t o eat S iy a i c a c ain

hu
h
. .
, ,

W e a re go in g t o ge t o t C a i a a lisn a

h h h
. .
,

Y o a r e go in g t o wr it e Ca y 6 i s s l a t
.
, ,
.

Th e y a r e go in g t a ttlo g n a s

um u
l ee p il a

u
o s

m mu u
. .

h hh
th r pr y r

h
i s i s s d s l si i

h
y o e g o n g o a y e r a e a g a r a a n a . .

W h a t a sb e e n sa id a b o ve a b o tte p a st p e r f ec t a ppl ie sa l so t o te f tre

h
pe r fe c t ; a n f o r te p o stp o n e d t o te s i pl e f t r e f o r ste

m m h
m
sa e re a s

u
on

fi
, ,

u
rf t

u
u u
h
p e e c .

I
m u um m
u
s a ll a ve c o o k e d te s y o c a rge d L o lo t

m
o in c o n a a n g is d zi 11 a iy on g y p i

h h
e w ith wh e n y o co e ba c k n a gb il in s a a q i n c n ic a o l b
. a lie .

m
T e ho s e w il l h a v e b ee n d e str o y e d S isir a in 11 a n a n a n ay a n b a a v
o th s wh e n r ady t g g

u mu u u u
by
at
y o a r e e o
o loy c a n g a ay
te n a n t it
e n a

u
h
.

h u
m
.

id e s it o r te p re s

m
T e i p e r a t ive b e s s o w n pr o p e r s a lso s e r ve s f ent

u u
e

uh
, ,

s bj nt iv e w it h so e c o n j n c t io n o f d o bt o r p rp o se

u u
u m
.

m
I wr t
m u uu
h u
h
If i e. Cn s la ta c o

h h hu m h
.

ltho th Pa r eo an s iy a

m
A g e r e e go . .

E n d e a vo r t o be v irt o s th a t y o a gp a c a b a n a l c a n a n g i c a0 1

uu
ac a

a y a tt a i n e t e r n a l l if e .
p g
a c a i t n a n g b h a y a l i
z n g a n gzin .

We h a tte te n se so fte s bj n c t ive o o d a re e xp re sse d

k n o w a lr e a d y t

uu mH
by te Zc o rr e sp o n d i n g o n e so fte in d ic a tive w ith te pr o pe r p a rt ic l e s e it e r

h m
pr e c e d in g o r fo ll o w in g

m
.

huh uu h
m m
u
I sh otitifI h a d a n y
2
B a b a y a ra n CO s
ana c n aco 1 ay

u u
ld f y

u m u
o p y
a o ne .

u uuh
e a ro o n a n .

u
h
Pro vid e d y o do td o it ‘ l an g ga o in

m mm
no . o a ag o .

W o ld t o God e wo ld co e P a r it n a a s iy a c;

u
. .

C n iy an sa n a 1 t o t o o p a p a t
a y in
l d ta tbe t
i
co

u
S o r e I w o l d k ill i .

Slya.

Ob y ye o r fa th e r l e sty o be p ni s ed 5S on o d ca sa iy On g a a aca p a

H
s

h
.
,
r a an ca .

u
um u
I NT E R C A NG E .

It is ve ry f re q e n tin T a ga l o g t o s
e o ne t e n se f
or a no t
h e r te ,
ide a
o ft
e nse b e in g b ts o e wh a t a c c e s
orv .
 mmuh
H
H h
h H
mumum u
uu
Pr e s

te
e n tin d e

rp e n t
fit ni e is so e ti e s ed f
s or

D
te p a stt e n s
t
e .

h
s e r a rr i v d in g n a a ng a n lo ag e ?

m
a ca e .
g n g a .

t
,

S d d (f d

u
l ng n
o r g
n o ty ta r r i v d
1 11 1 p a ng a ra

uu
h
.

as
e e e
a t
l ng ) .

M
fi
m
F t re i n d e fi n it e be s
ed :

I m
u u u
ay

u
h
Fo r te pr e se n t 1n d e n1 e t .

m hh
lah t ll t y f t t

uh
D o es e g s i ? gT a a a p a s
i a ? ( o r n g a zi a )

h
.

w ay A c e i a a l ie (f

m
m
o r n a n a l is

m
a g o i n g a )

h h
. . .

u m u mh
te i pe r a t
ive

m
Fo r .

mu H
fi
‘
B a go i i n ii i ga (f

m
tw a s
ea c a an o r

umm mm
B e fo re y o t e e th c l e a n

u
ea 5 o r .

i n i ga ) c a
an ona .

Da d a l an (f o r d a l an
) o a c o n a ng
B r in g e a bo o k t
o re a d
isan g l ib ro n g b a b a s a in

M
.

u mu u
Ih
.

h
o n g c a l il i ot an ( f
o r c a li o

u
o ag
D o n t f o r ge t y o r p a r e n t s

h
’

ta n ) a n g iy en g

m
la n g

m
a nga
.

ag

Ih
.

m hmhu m
F t r e p e rf ec t be se d f p l p e rf ec t

u u
or

u
a
y .

m
t

h
W en ad al ea r dy go n e o
y Na ng a c a a li s (f
or n a e a a l is ) 1i a a co

y pe a r e d in g c a a a y q

m mu
a ra p an g a

I
ene ap . ng .

r ec e i ve d t e onev w en ad T in a n ga p c o a n g sa l a p i , n a n g
'

a c o, i,

l p a id a c a b a va d (f

Hh
a re a d y . o r n a c a b ava d ) 1i a .

T e i p e r a t i ve a
y b e s
ed :

Fo r pr e sen t i n d e fi n it
e

Hm
a gp a d a l é (f d la) si a
t gp p n
e n d s te le t
o r n a a a a v a n g
s er
e .

sii l a t

h
te n t se n t

uq
In p o ia l n e ga t ive e n ce s .

h
Sg in d i a e a p a n ge a p s ( f
” t$ nac a
ea o r
( in vo no 9
s
J L
c a p a n go ap ) .

I H

H h
y i d i
td e c l a r e it
n co n ay p a
ca nno
)
.

p a aya g .

u u
h
Fo r te p a st

m
.

umu
o r 11 a q

u
mm u h
it

h
te k ill ed it q itaa (f a) ni é ang s
a o 1

fi
y

u fi
sa w do g and
.

e .

i t
a i y a

m
n n

I I p a
y

h
N a n g a r i gig (f

h
W hen he ard th n d e r in g was

h
n a r i gig)
’

H
or co ng

fr ig t e n e d c ng c lo g a y n a t ac o ta c é

h
.

h
.

h m
T i t ive al o s be ed f
s te pl e t e pr e se n t p a rt ic ip le

m
e
p e r a av or co

u u
h h
N ng s a b i in (f sa b i ) n iy é

fi
t § or a p g
a c a

u
a v in g sa id is di d
e,
t e
s1 y a 1 n a a t a y
. . .

m u
,
o 1 , , ,
.

Hay h n is e d t w o rk te y w e n t N a n g a t a p s (f t s) ni la

h h
1ng e o r a
p gc a a p

h h
,

h
o te th e a tr
t a, st t il a
s

m
a ng ga n a p a a e a ro

h
e. . .

m
in fi n it te t e n se s

h
ta n d f lr e a d y

h
s a ll s sa id

uh
T e ive av or a a

u
u
.

u
,

u Cn ta n g st ro ,

hu
n a ga gal i c a n iy an g

m
te t e r ge t

m
ae

u
W s s r

m
en a ang y e
,
s f
( r i r s )
h e s a l l te sc h o l a r s an an a ng

m
p a r a o n a a
p p r

u
n is .

la h a tn a a l a ga d .

Ib
u u u
W en ght t e h o o s
e, I d id no t N a n g b il in .
( f
o r b i n i l i ) co ang bahay ,

sa y a n yth i n g t
o th e . l
a a ac o ng sin a b in g an o f sa c a n ila .

W o sh a ll n o tl a gh gS in o ng di t a a? (fo r t
a t
a t
a a ) .
 h
umH
u h
u h
mu
hmhm hh
mh 27 6

Hu uuu u u
it W a td l d y o t t t t

H
s i ? On i
y gn s p k i e

u
. ay o .
y r o e a o

r e f se d t o l iste n a n d w e n t a w a y ; b twhe n te as s w a s o ve r e c a ll
ed o t t o e W y do y o n o ts td y ? I c a n n o t st d y Ca n y o r

m
. . .

o n n o tw r it e ? wr ite , b t e c a n n o tspe a k Ca n e p ro n o n

h h
s

m m
e ca n

u
.

Ca n th e y n o td e c l a r e it? T e y c a n no t

h
e c a n n o t pr o n o n ce

H
cc ?

u
. . .

h
d e c l a r e it C th e y n o tf a il t t

h
? Th y t f i l w

m
. an o go . e c a n n o a o g
. o o

can t h a tbe ? It iso rd e r e d so by la w W a sn o tth a t a d e p bl ic l y ? No , it

H Hu u u u
.

h
w as s e c re tly W h e r e is y w a t c h ? H e re itis W h e r e is y o r

H H
a de

m m m
. . .

h
f a th e r ? Th e r e e is W he r e d o e s th is r o a d b e gin ? It b e gin s a tte

H
u
Hm m u
H
. . .

h
be a c h w a s y o r fe a l e c o s in w o n d e d ? S e w a s w o n d e d w ith

H
ow

m u
-

u
.

te p o i n t o f a p in W o c r ea t

H
ed G o d ? G o d is in c re a t e a n d e t e r n a l

u
. .

Is e e r c if l ? is e r c y i s e n d l e s s, h o w ev e r gre a t y o r s in s a y b e

u u
e w il l p a rd o n the ; b e sid e s th a t , e h e l p s a n tr o gh v irte .

W e re is e ? . e is e ve rywh e r e , wh e r e ve r y o a
y g o th e r e e is
a nd w a te ve r y o d o , e s e e s it S in ce
. itiss o , pr e p a re y o r se lf to be

o n e d a y in is p re s e nc e .
h
h
h
u u
h
mumh
mm
h m
u
h
h
YCA L I

h
m uu
Pr o pe r a
M FIFT Y S

A N G PO U O , T ,
E CO N D LE S S O N

PE C U L I A RITIE S

b s a s th e y a re co n c e ive d in o te r l a n g a ge s do
x il ia r y
b t in a c e rt a in s
ve r ,

it a y b e s
DA LA U A N G

.
.

PA G A R A L .

M
e x is
t in T a ga l o g; en s a id th a t a la

m
1 0

m
e

u
, , ,

in te n ega t ive a y 1 60n a n d , ay b te s pe c ia l l y te l a tt er in te a f

,
f ,

ir a t a fte r te wh ic h n o tt

h
“ ”
ive a re s ed s o ew a t a n n er i n o h a ve

h
,

h
,

n o t et t h a ve e t
“ ” ” “
h a ve se d in E n gl is h o n ly th a t

m m
a ve c o c a re

u
. .
, , , ,

th ey a d a pt th e se l ve s t o e v e ry t e n s e T e E n gl is h i p e r so n a ls th e r e.

u
t ” “
th e r e n o tt h a ve ; the r e n o tt
” “ ” “
th e r t ” “

Hh
o a ve ,
o o be o be th e re ,
e ,

is” “
th e re is n o t e t ”
fo llo we d by a n o n in a p a r t it ive se n se o r 11

m
,
c ,
.
,

st ti ip l b t s l t d r p
s t i ly by d ld w it

m
p a
p a r c e a y e ra n a e e e c v e 11111 3; a n a

m u
f
,

h
, , ,

te p ro p er t e ns in T a ga l o g a f t er t e

m
e

u
.

M
hh h h mu
s q te a t b re a d l s b i ti a P
'

a e no en a ny ?
{ U a a 1
1 .1 11
g a g 11 n a g n p 1
a

u
q
.

m
a s e a te n s e br e a d S iy a, i, i n a in g t in a a y
e o . ay
p .

h
I s th e re n o o n e e a t in g ? l b P
’

(; U a a a g a n g c n g a c a i n

m
.

hu m u u
T e re is n o b o d y e a t in g . U a l a n g c n g a c ain .

M
U l s b i s b i
W a st e r e n o o n e w o t o l d it t
3
o i g a a n g n a c a p ga a o r 11 1 11 0 11 p g
a a

s a c a n i ya ?
. .

N o bo d y t o l d it to i . U a l an g n a gs a b i d iv an s a c a n iy a .

W ill th e r e n o tb e a n yb o d y w o w ill go
te re ? i gU a l a b a gan g p a r o r oo n

m m
Th e re w ill n o tb e a n ybo d y t

h h
o go th e re U a l an g p a ro roo n

m u
. .

W il l th e re n o tb e a n y o n e wh o t

h
b t

H
o 1 11 111 1 a ga n g I n a b ig ian n a ng c w e

u
.

g iv e th e ir q i lt ? n il a ?

u u
Th e re w ill b e n o bo d y wh o t o gi ve U a l an g a b ig ian n a n g c a n ilan g c l i

mu
u uu
uu h
u
th e ir q ilt t ‘ t

um
o o

u
m
. .

Do e s e b y P is e b y in g ? , g ay b i n i b i l i b a ga s iy a / P .

b y s e is b 1 i g i s y

humm
b i ib il i a

h huh m
e a
,
.
y .

li d r k w i ? i b 11 111 0 ?

m
e 0 11 n 11 11
1 n e g a 1 11 n 1 1 c a a ga n g

u
1 1 o 1

I h a ve d r n k so e w in e a y in in o rn a c on g a l a c

u
.

W il l 1 o r sist er c ll o to ft es e g a y p p i il i i n b a rfa a n
g g 1i 6 11 g c a
p a t
id
11 a b a b a y e d it

h
fl o w e r s? o s a a ng a b l a c l a c P .

h
i il ii i é d i a n ga b l a c

m m
p p n S y S ?
S e w ill c ll s e o ft e s e fl o w e rs
’

o .

hh
s s1l 11 g 1n d 1 l
Iti sa gre e d b e t tto p a y li t
a
g
a gc a l a a 11 ni a

g pi
p
y
we e n th e no
ér

u
r

h hh h
t
ed t te a r v 1 a y y p i n a got
‘
It w a se n a c o s
e r ve in os na a glin gc o d sa

u h
h m
.

2 o c b o.

h mm
I tw ill b e t

h
sl
re o ve d p ro ce e d p )
to te e n d
o
ay yp a 1 1ss
y an
g y t
é l o y
S
.

u
a
y r é on is s
ed f
or t
o t o w it te age n tin te n o in a t
a ve
” ive
ca s
e a nd te
b w ic ver s o r it
tan d s f s d ire c t c o pl e e n t f o l l o w ing in
te c o r re sp o nd in g te nse o r th a tp e c l ia r to T a ga l o g in te p a s s i ve ,
.
 h
H
h
t

u
h
u
\Ve

h
h
h
Yo s
h
u
adm
h
u m
S h a ll

h
h
fi
y
a

m
mu
adm
T e y a ve t
o

u
M
M
MM
th a ve th e y t

t
t
o
o

Ip
o

h a ll h a ve t

m
a ls
y

o s
s
o

o
sa y ?
sa y th a t
e th
a y te d e bt

a ve a n yth in g t
in

o
g ?

do ?
wee p te d o o r sill
b f o re
.
.

-
.
27 8
g

i gg
n

g a
y
y o o n

a y r oo n

y r o
Ye a o a y
o n
b

b
b a ga sil an g sa sa b i in ?
a y r6 0 n

a r oo n s i l
a

a
a
g

g
ng s

a c a
i
y
n
o
as

n g
a bf1 a

b 1 n
1
1 b 1 11 1 1g a n o

in g b in a y a r a n g ot a n g
a a c on
ca

g g g
a y r oo n g n a a l is
a a o i11 ?
a n g p in t o an

en s
s
.

fo w n e r sh ip
h
.
.

h
s s

m
y i a o e d e a co on no n in a e o ,

p a re nt o r appe rt

m m
a ge e n a nce

h
.

u
T w n e r te pr o pr ie t or Ang a r i.

m m
e o ay

u
h
.
,

te f a th e r o n e o fte p a re n t

h
s A ng an a c .

m
ay

m u
.
,

T e ake r Ang a

m m
. ay ga .

A th o r i n ve n t o r f a br ic a t

hm
o r des
ign e r th a

u
y
a ca

u m
. .
, , ,

h
t t t t

h
W o co po s ed h e se ve rse s? gS i n o a n g a y c a h a n i o n g l a

h m h
T e Cr e a t o r A ng l a l a n g, a y c ap a l

m m
. ay .

h h
T e p o w e rf l Ang c a p a n gy a r i a n g t a o

m
an ay

m u
. .

h h
T e A l ighty A ng a y c a p a n gy a r i a n sa l a h a t

u u m m
. .

T le ver Ang ay s in t a

m
e

q
. .

W o is te o w n e r o f t is f a r ? t

h h m
.
gS in o a n g a y a r i n i O n g b l i i d ?
O r n e ighb o r is te o w n e r

u
A n g a in g c a a p ir b a a y a n g a y a ri
‘

m m
. .

W o is te f a th e r o f th is a id ?

h
t s l

h
gS in o n g a
y a n a c d i o a d a ag a P

T e Ch in a a n a tte c o rn e r is te

h h m
A n g in s a s loc

m
ic s a ng ay ana c
f a th e r

h
.

h m
.

\V o a re te in ve n t
o r s o fth is k in d (; S i n o s in o a n
g a n a
g “ a
y c a t
h a
n ifn g ga n itn g o l o n a n

h
o f p il l o w ? o o P

m m
.

e a r e te i n ve n t

m
Ja p a n e s o rs A n g a nga t a ga J a p o n a n g a y c a th a

u
T e

fi
. .

W o is te Cr e a to r o f e ve ry t h in g ? (; S i n o a n g a y c a p a l s a l a h a t
A n g D io s, Pa gin oo n n a t in , siy a
G od, o r Lo rd is te Cr e a t o r an d te l a la n g a ta n g a pa ng

m u
an

u
g a y a
y c
A l ighty .

y a r i an s a l aha t .

l ll a
y
j
r s nt
cy tb e f o r e s b st
is p an t
ive r o o t s h a vin g a p a ssive f o rc e ,
and

rt
s th e i nt
o adj e ct
ive s

uu
c o n ve .

u
h
G ilty , c lp r it .

W is e , lea rn ed

m m m
h
.

De nt ic l a t e d , t o o th e d

u
h h fi
G o l d e n , go l d y ie l d in g

m
—
.

hhhuh m m
l y/ is st ill s
ed pr de d b v o r te
f p re p sit io n

u m
a r y e ce o nea r

u
N e ar te t re e . S 11 . a
y ca o b y .

o s
e . ba a y .

h rc h c si b a h a n

h
. .

W ha t n e a r t b rd
a t is t er fte A n a on g n a sa av ta bi

h
e o o a y a
( n c y .

se a ? n a n g d ag a t

h m
. .

mm
t

m m
is

u
Y a on g n a s

u
d a ang

u
Th a t nea r te s
e a is a p ir o g a a
y ga a
y

m
e.

u
b a n gc a .

u u
Anot pe c l ia r it y o fT a ga l o g iste sin g o fso e r o o t

m
her sin a n a b so l te

m
mum
h h
n p e rs
o nal v e rb a l an n er f ve ry t r o o t s o st c o o n ly

m
or ense T e e .

fi n s c

h
ade se

u
w ay ,

u
o a re :

C o in g fr o ,
d e r iv i n g . G al in g .

C o nc l d ed a d e -
‘ p Ya ri

u
. .
,

F is e d , e nd e d . T a ptis .

C o n dign ( p‘ n is e n t )
. Stic at .

D e se r vin g, w o rthy , j st , r ight , pr o p er . D ap a t .

Vt isnin g, w il n Y b ig
’ ’

.
hhm
h hmh
m
m uhh
uhu
(m it
t e r ro o t
i ng, s s
2 80
be w it o tte p ro p e r c p
se d

mm
a an y o ay
/
o

h h
,

os lt fo r te sa k e o fbr ie f n e s
sw tr e ss o n te a c t io n c a n b e d isp e n s
s

mmu
lon en

h
e d w ith a n d te t e n se is d e t ed e o r is t
o th e r w is a c itly nde rsto o d

m m
er .

h
‘

H m m
u m
W he r e d o fr o P s
g aa n al i ?

m
n

fl
o co e g
I y ca g

m
.

h
co fr o T a y a b a s ac o sa Ta yab as G al in g

h
e

u
.

h
.

te r d a y w e n w e e ty o r se r va n t Ca a p o n n a n g n a sa l o b o n g n a

m
Ye s

m
in ang

m uh
, , ,

wh e r e w a s e c o in g fro ? a l il a o 6s aa n siy a ga l in g

mumm u u
. .

,
in g fr o te w e ll G al in g siya s a b cal

mm
e w as c o

u u
. .

I n te s a e way , a n y o th e r v e rb a l r o o t s c a n b e s e d a bs ol t
e ly in

te i p e r a t ive fo r br ie f n e ss s
’
ak e , e sp ec ia lly wh e n te v e rb is se d w ith o t
a n y d ir e c t or in d ir e c t c o pl e e n t Th is a n n e r o f sin g te ve rb is .

‘
g r e a tly i n se a o n g n a t i v e s a n d i s so e wh a t i n t e rj ec t io n a l .

u
W a lk

u
.

T a ke I .

R nl

m h h
R n f
or it
i, o ve rt
ak e '

mhm
D ra g a lo n g

mm m m
.

E at '

u
Co e o n

M
.

Soi es te i p e r a t
t e ive is s ed w ith te ve rb a l l iga en tf
or a

gr e a t e r e ph a s
i s l i te v e r b e n d s a c o n s
o n a n t .

h
m hhhm
m
D r in k

mmh m
u u
.

m u
It isn o to n ly in te i pe ra t ive th a t te r o o ta lo n e c a n b e se d w ith o t ,

te ve rb a l p a rt ic l e S o e ve rb a l r o o t s wh e n th e y a re n o tc a rr ie d a w a y

m
.

h
fr o th e ir o r igin a l se n se by so e o d ify in g ve rb a l p a rt ic l e a re s d f

u
or e

h
,

e ve ry t e n s e ifte l a tt e r iso t e rw ise d e te r in e d by so e o t h e r w o rd s

m
.

‘ ‘
u u u
h
W h a t do y o brin g ? 6An a n g d a la l o ?
I
c1

m
.

br in g n o th in g t

u
o da U l d l e f

H
y a a a c o-
n g a i
. a
g y o n ,

Y es t e r d a y I br o ght so e fr it A n g (111 111 c o c a a p o i b nga

h
. .
, ,

b e w ill in g t
W h a t w i ll
t o rr o w
‘ e o h a ve A n o n i bi n iy a b c a s?
6 g g

m
7
.

m
o —

W h a t d o e s e sa v ? 6 A n ng s a bi n i a ?

u u u
c1
.
y
e s a y s th a t S a b i n iy €1 i

u
h
, ,

uh
So e co po nd w o r ds e ite r no n s or a d ecj t ive s ,
a re fit t
o be s
ed

b so l t e ly s bs

m
a a ve r

h u
.

m
u m
W ise

h
le a rned

m
a r li n o n g.

m u
.
,

h
D o e s e k no w siy 1i ?
‘
’

m
6 a r 11 n o n g

m
. .

Do y o k n o w t

um
re a d t b s
’

ow ? P
6 a r 1 n o ng c an g

I
o a a

um u
No , s
ir , t read
‘H in d i p o d i a c o a r n o ng b a sa
fi
ca n n o

u
. .
,

Do th e y k n o w o w t
,

o S p e a k E n gl is h P 6 a r11 n o n g sil an g a g c a n g 1 11 glé s? ’

fi
. .

The y d o n o tk n o w o w t o s p e a k E n gl H in d i sil a a rli n o n g a g ic a n g in

is ; b tth e y k n o w h ob t o s p e a k T a glé s; g n i t ar n o n g sil a a g i
r
, ,

g a l o g . c a n g t a gal o g .

fi fi
h
h hh
Nee d ,wa n t
; it is n e c e s
sa r y Ca ila ga n
I
. .

W h a td o nee d ? A o c a ila c c .?

u
6 n n g ga n

( 1) We in s t
is t tt a is i111 p o r t
a 11 tp o in t be no tlo stsig to f b y te std e n t .
h u u m
m
2 81
fi
fi
h
t Ca il a t

h h
Yo o be c r e d
ne e d n in
ga can g a

m
.
g o .

T
he y n e e d t o w o rk Ca il a ga n sil an g a gt
rab a o
j

m
. .

u
T e o r ph a n

fi
Ang o l il a
i.

uu m
.

T o l e a ve o f f Inan

u m um
. .

Le a ve o f fr e a d in g . I na n o a ng p g
a b a s .

T e po o r f o l lo w te n f o r tn a t

m
A ng a i ra p
‘
uu u
e

u
h
. .
,

H a ve y o n o p a r e n t s .
6 U a l 1i c
. a y o n g a g g l a n g P

h
No S ir w e a re p a r e n tl e s s H in d i p o , c a i , p o , a nga 0 11111

m u
.
, , .

P r e ge n in e T a g‘a n as p l o s

m u
u u
.

t
.
,

h
,

h
s i s i t i 6 i t as

u
n n

m
Th is r in g is o fge n in e go l d g g g 1 a a ga n

um
1

u
, , 1 a

h
.

g i n t o

u
.

h
T a t i a ge is p re ivo ry . Y y an g l a r a a n g iy a , 1 , p o l osn a ga r in g .

C sto a r y h a b it a l Ca r a n i a n g , c a r a t i an

uuu u
. .
,

h
Ca ra n i a n g d a t

h
C st o a ry d r e ss
fi
in

m u
. .

I n ve te r a t e a b it Ca ra t i a n as al

M
um
. .

E n o gh s fc ie n t Ca siy a a n , c a ig i a n

H m um uu um
. .
,

Th a t iss f fi c ie n t Y y 1i , i , c a ig i a n 11 a

u
. .

T o pa ss t o e l a ps e,
. L ip a s .

T e ti e a s pa s se d wh e n . L n g ip a s n a a n g p a n a h on 11 a
T o e xc e e d t o e xc e l t
o o ve r d o
, , . L a lo .

e e x c e l s i n w is do L n g a la lo a n g p a gc a r n o n a i 1i ‘

h
.

H
h
uh
H
hh
u
h
uh
m
m Ih
O
hH
uh Hh
Hh
u mm
h yth in g t
ad o eat a d n o t in g t o e at
‘
FI FT Y
s e n o tse e n
S EC N D EXE RCI S E .

m m
an
y o a

u
y . .

b r o te r ? a sn o t t t t t

h
t

H Hh
s i s s l pt s P

m
e y e e e n a e n o e y e e n

m
a o y e

u
.

W h a tw a sth e r e in c l d e d

h
te b sin e ss Th e r e w a sin c l d e d

h
sl e pt te

u
H
u
H
.

h
.

h
b sine sste p a y in g o f issa l a ry W h a t w ill th e re b e l o o k ed p o n

h h
Th e r e

h
m
I
m u
.

h
.

o t

h
w ill b e e r a r ria ge c o n sid e re d H a ve y o a n y th in g t

h
e ll Yes h a xe
I
e . .
,

e th in g t H a ve y o a n yth in g t e th in g t

h h
s o te l l y o o do Y e s h a ve s o do

m
o o

m
. . .
,

as e a nyt h in g t a s n o th in g t

h h h
o de s ir e ? o de s ir e H a ve y o sa id a n y

m
e

u m u
.

h h h h h
th in g ? I h a ve sa id n o th in g a s e k ill e d a an ? e a s k i ll e d a an

u
. . .

W o iste f a th e r o fth is Pe t e r iste f a th e r o fth is c il d

h
W o is .

te a k e r o fte w o rl d ? G o d o r L o r d iste a k e r A re y o p e r c h a n c e

h u
h u
H
.
, ,

te o w n e r o fth isl a n d ? I a n o tte o w n e r b t y b ro t

H
h e r in l a w W o -

uu m
—
. .
,

h
a re te t ? T e l a n d l o r d s o fte t o w n a re te o w n e r s

h
o w n e r s o fth is f o r e s

u u m m m
.

o fte fo re s t W h a t is t a t n e a r te c h rc ? Th a t n e a r te c h rc h isa

O uhu H
m u
.

ve ry b e a t if l tr e e W o is sic k ? y f a th e r is s ic k A re th e y t e

muhuu u u
. . .

c lpr it s? No th e y a re n o t te c l pr it s I s te t

h
er l ea r n e d

H
as e

u
. .
,

h h h h h
is ve ry l e a r n e d W h e r e is y o r se r v a n t c o in g fr o ?

H
. e isc o i n g

h h
fro te r ive r I s th isb o o k c o n c l d e d ? It is n o ty e tc o n c l d e d I ste

h H m
. .

o n th e n d e d ? It is e n de d g ht e t o b e p n is h e d ? e o g ht n o
. t
t b e p n is h e d A r e y o r c o sin s w o r thy o f re w a r d ? Th e y d e se r ve a

m
o

u
.

r e w a r d I s e w ill in g t e is w il l in g t

hu
wr ite ? wr ite W a t d o e s

u
o o

u u
. .

h h
wh e th e r e k n o w s o w t

h
e s e s ays e is a str a n ge r As

H
ay ? . k i o .

pl a y te h a r p ? e s ay s e kn o ws Do y o w a n t t is fl o we r ? Y s

u
s e

‘ ‘ ‘
. . .
,

S ir if y o w a n t it t a k e it Do y o k n o w y fr ie n d l o ve s y o ? I .

h
.
, ,

Do n t th ey w ish t t t
,

d o n t c a re s h l ? Th y d t w i sh

um uI
o g o o c o o e o n o

u u
. .

h e y a re n o tw ill in g W h a t d o y o sa y ? I sa y it

mu h
W y ? B ec a s e th e y sa y t

u u
. . .

is n o tpo s sibl e Do es e kn o w o w t o s
. ew e d o e s n o tk n o w ow to .

s ew Ca n y o spe a k T a ga l o g
. c a n s e a k T a ga l o g
p A re y o a j d ge . .

h h
I a n o t a j d ge o f w ri t i n g A r e y o a c q a in t e d w it

h
o f wr it in g h

H u
. .

Huu h u h
c o o k in g I a n o ta c q a i n t e d w it it I s it nec es sary t t a k e a b a th

m
u
o

u m
. . .

It is n o t n e c e ssa ry t o take a ba t I s itn e c e s sa ry ? It is n e c e ssa ry . .

I s it n e c e s sa r y t o sa y it ? It is n ec e ssa ry th a t I sh o l d d ec l a r e it . .

W h e r e is y o r f a t her O r f a th e r is d e a d w e a r e o r ph a n s Did J o h n .
, .

l e a ve o f fga b l in g e a s n o ty e tl e ft ito f f W o is t a t
. an . .

e 1 sa n n fo rtn a t e W a t1 sth a tc r o w n o fi It 1 8 o fp re s
“
.il ve r I sit is . .

40
1
c
ff
mmu
u
t
s

h
o

h
uh
hH hh
u h
ar
ic ie n t
.

o f f o rt
h
h
?
u
u
y a nn er o fspe akin g ?
282
I tis is in ve t
e ra t
e a b itI s t a t s
.

It is n o ts ffic ie n t , W y d o y o n o td a n c e ? W h e n te a ge
-S

y y e ar s is re a c e d y o t as a l re a d y p a sse d W h a t d o e s y o r
fa te r e x ce l in ?
. e e x ce l s in p r e a c in g
.
.
 M
Hu mm
m uh
e

W e as
As

m
m
k s

hmu m
h
o
H
u
u
H
m
m
h
uh
fi
co
k f

mh
m
mu
mm
m
m
or s

Th e y sh a ll ga t

uu u
\ Vill y o

H h
u
G a th e r s

h
’
o

u
u
h
I w a n t a l it

u h
o

a ve s

u
tl e
y
n ts
e th in g

e vin e ga r o n p a s

Th e y h a ve so w n p a d d y

m u
h e r (c to f
fi n ge r s) so e b e t e l le a ve s

h
e flo wers

D o n t p ic k p a n y q a r re l s
o
o ne

sin g by

f w it te

e b re a d ?
.

.
.

.
.
2 84
B

6
a
ng

q
ib ila n g s
ng

a n g1n g1 1 l

it as o r
o ag cang

Y b ig o n a n
iy a n a n g s

it

g
t

tin a
Y b ig c o n a n g c a n t i
p y
a ?
a l a pi

i i gi c a i n a n g a n o a n
ir a a n c a n a n g s c a
Na g a sic s il a n a n g p a l a y

s1 la
as c a n a n g b l a c l a c
a

an a p n a n g osap
n a ng
.

a
.

,
.

.
.

M
. .

m
e s n o to t te

uh m
Na n g is ge n e r a lly sed in a ll c a s w ise spe c ifi e d in sb

mu
er

h
j o in e d p a r a gr a ph s f te se o f311

u
or

uu
h
.

m m
e t l ift te va t
canno H in d i siy a a c a b a tn a n g t a p a y a n

u uu
.
. . .

W e b il d o r h o s o fsto n e Na gb a b a t o c a i n a n g b ah a y n a in

m
e

u u
. .

Pe t e r r e d c e d te pr ic e N a gb a b a S i Pe d r o n a n g b a l a ga

m um
. .

h
D rive a w a y te po lt ry y

H
B ga o c a o n a n g a n o c

u
. .

h h
Th e y w il l n d ( n t ie ) te a gr e e Ca c a l a g sil a n a n g t ip a n o r p in a gc a i

h m
o

h
en t sahan

u
. .

It is a sin t ten t

u
o l is o ( h e a r in g ) o b s Sa la an g d iii gig n a n g ic a n g a

uhu
u u
c e n itie s h al a y

m
. .

Pa in t te b o a r d ib o c a n a n g t a bla

u
q
. .

W y d id n o t te se r va n t tr a n sf se B i i t i d i s li l i l

u m mm
6 n n a g a n a n g n a n g

m
1 a a

te w a t e r in to te w a t t b ig sa ta p a y a n

u
. .

h
ot ”

h
S n ffte c a n d l e
P o l ca nan g
p a bi lo S
( p , w i c k ) .

uh h
h h

M
n a n g c a n d il a
.

C o rr ec t(r e c t
ify ) y o r b a d h a b i ts . T o ir c a n a n g as a an g as al o .

m
mu hh u is b e f o r e te d ir e c to bj e c tin te a c t ive :
s
ed

m h
e n t e n c e s te o bt ai n s 1 n te at

H
In s v e rb o fw 1 c s se n s f

m
ca ive e o

u
a c o n j ga t io n .

h
‘
m u u m u j A ng ca in in a n a
y n a c a ga ga n d a s
a
de sty h a n c e s wo a n e a ty sb

h
o en
b b y

h
.

( a n ga a a e

u uu m
u m
.

1 s a rr iv a l ca s ed pl e a s r e t o is A n g p a gd a t
‘ i n g n iy a i n ac a té a s a ca

m u
, ,

ot her n iy i a

uh mmm
g n e

mhu m m
r 6 B 1iqitc a y a a n g p a gb a b a c a i n a c a
. .

W v d o e sw a r c a s e s o rr o w to yo
‘
fi
m m
.

a c a p at

m
sist e r ? l l b ay s id o n g b a ba y e P

H u h mu
.

T is fr it is gr e e n a n d w ill h a r Yt o ng b o ga n g it oi il ao p a tIn a

u
, ,

h i l d s s a s a nga a n a c

hh h m
y c r e n . c a a a a co .

h
h
A ng a nga ga ot s iy a
It iste re e d ie sth a t c r e te sic k
3
n n

fi
a a a
y g c

c a a l in sa af s it q
.

i a a a g g g y

u
h
.

u
A ng a nga c a y ab a ni a i
is br a gs c a s
e fr ight t
o te b o y s j tt tsa
ga

ba ta
n
y ,
na

m
.

( c a a a co a nga .

A ng l ha i D a v id n ac a d i

3
a nga

uh
u
~

T e t e a r s o fD a vid w a sh e d isc o c h

m
l ig s c a n iy an g
.

e i iga a n .

u m u
W ith rb sw ic l e ss r e q ire p e r so n f
o r th e ir d ire c t bj ec t

h u
ve o re or a o .

u
t tt t at

m
To s a l te , o bo w r t a gb a i b i

m
a o g, e e . . .

S a l te te pr ie st B at
i ca s p a re

h h mm
. a .

m
T o b e tr a y lé

m m
m
a gc a n

u
h
u
. .

H
Si Sa n Pe d r o , i, n a gc a n o lé s c a n iy an g
be t

m
t

hu h u
a

u
S a in t Pe t e r ra ye d is a ser
s

u u
.

t ro

m
ae

u
.

m
To c re . G o

u
a

u
.

Je s sC r istc r e d te sic k 3 J Si t
e s c r iso i g ng a o tsa a nga
aq
, ,

ay s it
.

T o w ip , t
o c d ge l . a p a s .

S a d w e wh ip o r s e r v a nt .
6 a a p a st
ay o s
a a li l a n at
in ?
hh h h h
m
m
m
m
u
h
m
mh
mhm
m u
h
T o in c ite , t o c a j o le , t
S e c a j o l e ste

m h
an (
p r on
o s

a le )

M
M
m
mu
u .
.
2 85
Pa
Na
o n gc a

o on ca
i .

isiy a sa . l a l aq i .

M
.

m
la p

m
To s

m
T l l

h h
p , a g p

h
. a a a a .

I w ill sl a p te sc o n d re l . T at
a p a l a c o sa t a p a la s
a n or t a e sil .

H h m
In t v e rb s w ic h a y t a k e a th in g o r a p e r so n f
c e r a in o r t e ir d ire c t

h m
uum
co pl e ent na ng co e s b e f o r e te tin g ; 3a
,
be f o re te p e r so n
, ,
.

m
mm
te (fo r te ) q

M
a in t

m m
T o p ay en an ce a gb ay a d n a n g in a b b li

h
.
y ay .

u
l bay a d s1 a s

iig
e d 1c o o r
e p a id te phy s

m
y a a n ga ga

m
ic ia n

m h
.

h
I

C u
t t

Yu
k p t s
gf E ( ) d
o (
?
o e e e c o a n e n
S o n c d n a ng f t
o sn a n g D io s

h hh h
a i ga o .

h u
n g c a ib ig a n h in d i s n g s

m
o r fr ie nd d o e sn o to be y is o t
he r 5A o 1 o o no d

sa in a n iy a
.

m u u
h u u
h
,

k (in q ire )
As te re a so n o fth a t t
ag a n o n g c a n a ng ca da ila n a n g ni

h
.

k te s e r va n twh e t e r e swe p tte

m
As T s l il a ni s
a li a n

m
a n o ng c a a a c n

h
ba t r o o —
. na ni y a a n g p a ligoa n .

mh mm
S a is a l s lly w ith in d ic a t rb s t a t is t o s t o se

m
se d i ve

u
o ge n e r a ve ay

fih

M
, ,

ign ify in g p o in t in g o r a i
s in g a t ifte a c t io n n o tte e ff e c t is e a n t

fi
um
u m
.
, , ,

u mm
To tte sk y
lo o k a . T gin sa l a g it .

I a i e d a tte ge n e r a l . T rl a a c o s a ge n e ra l (S p ) . .

Th ey p o in t t o te th ie f T ng o t o ro sil a s

h h
. a a gn a n ac a o .

W e will sh o o t( re ) a tte b ir d s B a b a r il c a i s a a nga ib o n

m
. .

T o th ro w a r ro w sa t sa

h
a gp a n a

m
. .

u h m m

M
u u

M
To w r in g t tw ist i it i it

m
o ,
.
,
a gp .

To t rn t o re t ra c t t o f a ll b a c k l ic
fi
a gb a l ic , b a l ic , a

uu u
. .
, ,

T r n y o r h e a r tt

humh
o G od a gb a lic c a n g lé o b s a D io s

m
. .

T o j in t ppr U a ga p a y

u
o o a o a c ,
. .

To t r n o n e s b a c k t o
’
. T a l ic o d .

T o c a rry a b o t a l o n g w ith t o ,
Da le .

T o b e i n a f a ily w a y D a l an g b a t a t a

hhm
”
.
, o .

T o b e a r a n ge r e n vy D a l an g p oo t

m
. .
,

To fe a r D a l ang t ac o t

m
h h
u m
a ve . .

T o c a rry s h a e a l o ng . D a lan g h iy a .

hm
h m h
Da ld is s
ed in te se ns f h a v in g r w ith w o r d s si il a r

u
e o o ve o ne ,

h
t t

H
o t o s
e in te e x a pl e s a n d 1 a
y be co n j ga t e d by a
g .

m
u m
Th is bo y c a r rie s bo t i sh a e a N a gd a d a l an g iy a it o n g b a t a n g

m m u
.

hmumhH
t

m m m
To s wo o n a wa y b e g id d y a b i lo

m
o

q
. .
,

awa y atte s o c k st

uu u u
I sw o o ne d r o ke ,
. Y in a ilo c o a n g p o c p o c .

To s to p in t
é, a g in t
o

uu
. .

To l t p o se e lf ,
ss t t t

m
ca o co o ne o

h
,
T ig i l , ag ig il , ag ig il
w l .

fi
gro ca

m
u
.

T w in d
e gr o ws c al T itig ilt ig il a n g h a ngin

uu
. .

N o ise c l a or b s tl e Y ga y

um
u
. .
, ,

Be s il e n t a g ingay

m mm m
o ag

u
-
. .

l t o go d o w n te r i ve r
t

m
T o go a ni a , L o as

m m m
o

u
. .

I s a ll go t a n il a L l o as a c o

m
o

m u u m
. .

h
mm
I o l d itt ab t

m
o b e go o d Y n a a ri c o n g

m
u u
. .

A tt i e s s eti es Cn in s an

m
o ,
. .

Oth e r t i e s a to th e r t i es Cn in ea na an

u
. .
,

80 e t 1 e s a b o ve so et l e s be lo w
I C n i n san sa i t aa s c n in s
an
Pl
i a
.

a n, s
a 1 b ab a .

To c e w . Ng oya .
MM h m
T o gn a w
T o ge s

m m h
mu
u
T o n ib b l e
u
m m
T o c h e w b e te l n t

T o s il e b a s f lly
T o go b e y o n d , t

h m
h
m
T e pr e s

h m m
h
h
h
ir a c l e

h
h
h
T o b e pr e s

m
No wa d a y s

u
u h
h
h
h
h
I a o vera w e d

h
.

T o b e o ve r c o e , a f

h h
ent

e n t ti
.

t ic l a t e , t
o

e
o
.

a k e gr i

tr a n sp ie rc e
flic t e d w ith
ace s

.
.

.
.

.
.
j
y

Ng
Ng
Ng
Ng
T
g

H ala
i
u
u
m
u
m
m
u
m
u
u
fi
fifi
is
it
m
u
i
rn a

rn a lo

a la b

a a ra
t g
a tga t

.
g

.
a

T a bl an (c o n tr a c t io n )
T in a ta b lan
.

ac o n a n g

p
A n g p a n a on g in a a r a p
S a p a n a on g
.

.
,

in a a r a p
.

.
a t
a .

ta o t
c

.
.

M
. .

T e pas t ti e . A n g p a n a on g t in a l ic d an .

F o r rly S a p a n a on g t

u
u
e . in a l ic d an .

F t r ity te t i e t o co e. A n g p a n a on g a a r a p in

m u
.
,

hu u
S a p a n a on g a a r a p in , s a p a n a on g
I n te f t r e
d a ra tin g
.

m
.

F in a l ly in w rd a o Sa c a t a gan g ie a

fiu
. .
,

In a fw w o r d s
e . S 11 a d a li n g s a bi .

A c o r d i n g a c c o r d in g t
c ,
o . A yo n s a, a l in s n o d sa ..

A c c o r d in g t te c n s s o e . A yo n s a b i l a n g n a n g a ga ta o .

A c c o r d in g to tis .

hh
mu
h hm m u
h
FIFT Y THI R D EXE RCI S E

h H u u
.

hh

M
m
uu um
\V t st I d o t
a o o bt a in te p a r d o n o f y tr e s p a sse s If y o w a n t ?

u
to o bt a in te p a r d o n o fy o r sin s a k e a go o d c o n f e ssio n Do y o wr it e .

wh e n y o st d y ? I V e n I st d y I d o n o twr it e t a td o e sJo se ph sfa th e r

,
’

‘u u
.

sa y t i e is s a y in g t i do n t e a t w h e n wr it in g Did y o e n j o in ’
o ? o

m
. .

t y d o th e y st o p
,

te c il d r e n n o tt sl e e p wh e n in pr a y e r ? I d id

uh u uum h m
o

u u
.

th e r e ? Th e y st o p th e r e t h ip n d e r sa il Do y o ho l d itt

h h
s s

H h
o ee a o

m
. .

be ba d t te n t O b sc e n it ie s? I d o h o l d itt b e v e ry b a d

h
Do e s

h
l is

H
o o o

m m
y o r a st e r r e p t e ita s a go o d th in g o se r v e G o d ? Y e s in de e d W h e r e

u m h hm
.

u
,

I t l W h w ll b k I h ll

h
s

h
do yo g e ?
g o o a n i a e n i y o c o e a c ? a c o e

u
. . .

b a c k in te e ve n in g D o e s y o r so n r e f se t

h
o a pp e a r b e f o r e te r ?

h
is a s

H m m m u
. .

r e f se d t

h
e o p re s n t h i se lf f o r e fe a rs p n is e n t \V e 11 w ill e
e
,
.

r e a d te b o o k I ga ve e w ill r e a d itn e x tS n d a y D A e r ic a n s

H h
i ? o

u um
. .

u
t h in k o fgo in g a w a y ? Th e y d o n t t in k go in g a w a y W y d id y o n o t

h h
’

h
m
u mu u m
.

t t t

h
re ly i t
s ? I w s v r w ith s a e W ill e a k e a r e
p o e p r e a o e c o e

m
.

ra ct io n o f is in s lt s? w ill r e tr a c t is f o l w o rd s \V y d o y o n o t

h h
e

m m u
.

tr n te b a c k t o y o r wr o n gs? B e c a se I st il l b e a r a n ge r t o w a r d s y

m u m
t D

h h
ie s W h o d o e s th a t s ch o o l b o f ear ? f e ars s as er

fi
e ne
y e i —
i d

m u u
. . .

te o ld w o a n sw o o n a w a y ? S e swo o n e d a w a y b ts e so o n r e c o ve r e d

mm mm
,

ta n d n o w is gr o w in g c a l e r W h a t b stl e is th a t? It is

h h
f

h
ro er

m u u
.

te c h ild r e n th a t a r e r o p in g a b o t i n te st re e t Did y o t e ll th e

mm h
um u
.

t be s il e n t? I t o l d th e t be s il e n t l ) o n a t ive s pl o t Th e y p l o t

H
o o ?

m
.

h
so e t i e s o p e n ly (p bl ic ly ) s et i e s h idd e n ly W o se t c ew t

h h H
ob
'

m
o o

m m
.

1 cco ? A e r ic a n s s t c hew to ba cc o Do n a t iv e s c h e w b e t e l n t?

m
. e o . .

h
Do ic e n ibbl e a tte c h e e se ? ic e n ibbl e d a tte

m
a j o r ity d o

H
T e

m m
. .

h
c hees W h a t is te d o g gn a w in g ? It is g n a w in g a b o n e A twh o

m
e

m m u
. .

e d o e s n o t a k e gr i a c e sa ta n y b o d y

h h
d o e s th a t b o y k r i c s ?

m
a e g a e

u u
h
,

h
Did te sa il o r go b e y o n d T e C a p e ? e d id n t o b e y o n d a s

H
e s il e s
g

u h
u
. o ,

e w a s o ve r a we d W hat ir a c l e s d id J e s s Chr is t w o rk in f o r e r ti e s?

u
um u
.

e wr o ght a ny ir a c l e s A r e ir a c l e s wr o ght a tpr e s en t ? No t e r e

u
.
,

a re n o ir a c l e s wr o ght n o w a d a y s n o r pr o b a b l y w il l th e r e b e a n y i n te

u
f t r e W h a t d id e sa y ? I w ill t e ll y o in a fe w w o r d s w h a t e sa id
. .

ow a n y in h a b it a n t s a r e th e r e in tis t o w n ? A c c o rd i n g t o te c e n s s
t ake n l a st y e a r th e re a re ab o ts t o sa n d in h a b it an ts
i

,
e ve n .
 M
u
S lo w ly ,

m
u
u
m n de r t
sa n d in gl v
288
r han

M
. a a .

W e ll go o d ly a b ti a ga l in g.

u
.
,

h
,

B a d ly sa a

m m
. a .

u
Cl e a rly l in a o

Hhhhh m
a

u m
. .

C a re f lly ah s ay

u u m
. .

St r o n gly . a l a c zi s .

Do itq ic kly

u
G ao in a d a li .

hh hh
. o ng

W ra p it p c a re f lly B a lo t

MM
in o ng sa y

h
. a .

mu
rn o la c s
g
a l ac a

hh
b e d te b o a ts
nr a n a ng an g
e p s tr o n gly y

m m
.

a n gc a .

m u
h mm
Itis w e ll t o s o w e ve r , ta tn o ta ll te a d j e c t ive s c a n b e sed

m
ay ,

u u
I n te l a t t

h
a s a d ve r b s t er , t o se , f o r in s a n c e , w ic are s i pl e a s la p i t

m m m
O
m
.
,

O lo l e t
c a re in c l d e d f t e o n e s f o r e d w it a t e se o n ly d e n o t

u
. .
, , ,

in g a n n e r o r d e gre e a re se d a d ver b ia lly ; b tn o tte o t e r s a s a i

h
n o n g, a ba et ,
e tc

So e s bs t a n t ive r o o t a d e a d ve rb so f a n n e r by p rec e d in g te

u
s a re

m
w ith te p a rt ic l e sa

m
m m
.

O
u
hh
p e n ly p bl ic ly S a b ay a g

uu
. .
,

m u um
H id de n ly se c re tly

m
, . S a li i .

Co o n ly c s t a r il y ,
o . S a o ga l i , s
a c a o g a l ia n .

J d ic io s ly S a b a it

m
. .

s a d j ec t

m
A d ve rb s a d it o fa te

m
s p e rl a t ive d e gre e i n ive s

u
sa

u
e w ay a .

um u
a h sa y na a li a .
y s
ab t
i ng a b ti .

a a s an g a a s ra.

Y e t in o t a ra han daha n

hu
.
,

A DV E R B S OF PLA CE .

an y o fth e se a re ve rb a l r o o t
s pr e c ed e d by 80 .

M
Vt ?
’

m
e re .

m
H e re h ith e r

m
.
,

Th e re (n e a r y o )
.

Th e r e (a tth a t pl a c e )
.

N e a r c l o se l ap itsa a y sa srp

H
a g,

uu
,
.
, ,

Fa r f ar of
,
f a wa y , . alayo sa a la v
,
o .

W ith in i n sid e ,
. l oo b .

O t o ts id e . S a l a b as .

a ta pa t
,

B e fo r e o pp o s it e
,
. S h ar a p s
a ,
.

h
B h in d Sa oo d

m
e

u
.

h
.

A b o ve S a it aa s

mm
.
.

h
B e lo w S a ib a b a

m u
.
.

h
On po n S a i b ab a o

u
. .
,

h
U nde r . S a i l al i .

I n te id d l e id w a y S a g it na

m
. .

S a p a g it
,

I n te id d l e a lf w a y

m
,
. an .

h
B y by te s id e o f S a p il in g

m
. .

h
,

S id e w a y s o n t a t s id S a c a b il a

m
e . .
,

Bo t sid e s . Sa a gc a b ila .

H hh
O n a ll s id e s Sa a gc a b ic a b ila

m m
u u
. .

hh m
A n ywh e r e , e ve r ywh e re . S aa n an .

A t id n ig t . S a h a t i n g ga b i .

W e a re h a lfw a y in te j o r ney . Na sa p a g it a n ta yo s a p a glac a r .

o th e r w a s c lo se by Na p a s as ip in g c o s i in d

u
e.
y .

e w e n t a br o a d , o n te o t er sid e
N a p a roo n siy a sa ca b il a n a ng d aga t
f te se a
.

q
.

id e s o fte s
O n b o th s h ip . Sa a gc a b ila n a n g s
asa ra n .
 h
mh h
mmh
M
M
h u m h
2 89

m mm um
T e b s o f pl a c e a y be a de ve r b s a l s b y
de o n str a t ive 1 a d ve r o 1 1 .-1 ,

to i n d ic a t te vo l n t a ry st a n d i n g o f te a g n t
e tt pl a c e xpr e sse d e a e e

by te a d ve rb B it 9 1 1 111 2 a d “
I pl a c e y se lf e r e ”
. T e act iv 11
/
1 1 1 1 n . . e

sn se is
e a de b
y a
g d
g yi a n c n ng ti n a ay
p
“
p tso e br e a d th e re
”
,
a
’

a a ,

AD V E R B S OF TI E .

M
W he n ? {LC a ilzi n

um
h
lj ga y on

m
.

h
N yga o n ar a o na i o .

h
B c as .

3a , ca ac a . ( rt
p a i l e s in d ic a t in g
c

m
ti e )

m mu
.

Ca a p o n

M
mm
.

L a st ht n ig . Ca ga b
T e d a y b e fo r e y e ste r d a y Ca a c a la

u mmmmm
m
. .

S o e d a y s a go Ca a c a ilan g ar a o
fi
. .

F iv e d a v s a g o . Ca a c a li é n g ar a o .

B e f o r e a wh il e a go j s
, tn o w ,
. G a ngin a , ca gi n a p ,
a b a go p a .

B y a n d b v pr e se n tl y . . a ea . a a y a, a ea ea .

E a r ly

m
.

A lre a d y

uuu
.

S t i ll y e t

u mm u
.
,

N o ty e t Di p a

u
. .

A lw a y s To i, t
o it
o i , c a i an l an

mm m
. .

C o n st n t ly a t in a lly
co n Pa l a g i , pa r ati

m
. .
,

S d d e n ly o f
fh a nd Ca a la ala c a ra c a ra c a

m
—
.
, ,

I n st a n t ly B ig a, s l b igl zi

m
a

m
. .

I e d ia e l v t A ga d , a t b in g

mmm
. .

s t

uu
st
i s
aa n h a n gan cai l an

um
a gp a r a an

m
r

u
Fo r e ve . e ve r l a i n gl v .
,

M
an .

N e ve r n o o r e n o l n g r C a il an a n , c a ic a i la , 1 , h in d i
O p
o e a

m
u
. .
, ,

ft n fre q e n tly a li it d i a c a i lan

mm
m m
e a

m u u
. .
, ,

h
Fr o la la s
a, b ha t

u mmm
. .
,

h
T il l n t il H a n gan

m
. .
,

F o r e rly a n c i n tl y ,
e . Sa n it
,
sa d a t i, sa i ng
nz a r ao .

So e ti so e t i e s e Cn in san

u
. .
,

Ne w a n d t h e n o c a sio n a ll y ,
c . a nac a n ac a a in s
zin
-
i nsan .

B i ir a , a d a la n g .

T a n g a li n a , ga b i na h li .

A r a o ar a o
Or
-

u
.

a s o ra s
-
.

L i n gol i n go -
.

B on a n b o a n —
.

T a on t a on —
.

h
C O NJ U N C T I V E AD V E R B S O F TI E.

h
m
h
m
As soon th a n a s no o o ne r
s Sa , p a ge a p g
a

u
u
.
, , ,

Th e n a tte e n d a fte rw a r d s S ac a

mm uu
. ,
, ,

Th e n (a tth a t p st t i e )
. a . N oo n , n iy on .

W h e n a tte t i e f(f t r )
,
o . e .

W h e n e ve r . C n to i .

\Vl1 e n a t te t i e o f(p a st
, ) . .

\Vi1e n a t
. ta tp a st t i
,
e .

A fte r .

A fter h a vin g
t

M
M
Be
m
u u
h
h
H uh
m
Fir s

m
m
m
t , fi rst

en

fo r e

m
ly
B e f o re , p r e v

m,
d id
in r
a ft
.

te
te
is

e
st
o , p r e v1 o s

co
a in

o
e
ly

?
ly

n in g
in t

.
e r ro a t i v e
g
.

;
fi t
fi
C a il an
l a gi n a n g
‘
Ca i i gi n a n g
siy a
o
n a p a ri

a ga .

M
Be fo re in ern o o n a n gb a li

uh u
. .
,

w a sh e r e j sta w il e a go C t
o siy a

m
a n ic a i i n a r ir i

mu
e .
g n a , ,
.

u
id d l e b e tw e e n

H
is l n bin g an d s ed .

h
I
m
sh a ll
wr it e by a n d by S s l a ta c o a ea

mm
. .

W e sh a ll a lw a y sl o ve e a c h o t
g si s
i t t a b d a la a cai l an

m
aC n a a n c a n o

her

m m
“

m
7

m
m
.

m
um
e d ie d in s t a n tly N a t ay siy an g b igl 1
a

u m
.

e pr o s tr a t e d i se lfi 1 1c d i a t N a gp t iy an g a ga d

h
e lv 1 ir a p a s
a

m
. .

Eat
C ain c a n g t b i n g t a a b if
i gin o

mm
e d ia t e l y

m
i .
,

c a

u
.

D io s D sd in t

u
Ang a
y i o a gp a p a ra in g
x ist s

m
God e a b ,

an sa a n

um m m
.

m
I n e ve r d r in k
l iq o r s tCa ilan an aco l in d i ng n no

h
al a c

u
.

na ng

m
.

I o ft e n t a k e b a th s a li ita c on g n a l iligo

m u
. .

t Di a a c a il an n a gc a sa la sil a l a b a n sa

h
Th e y fre q e n tl y c o itt ed s in a ga in s

hum mu h
m u u fi fi
u m u u
t ie d Die s

m
. .

Fro th is d a y o n la g y
a on b h a t g a y on

u
. .
,

Fro Th r sd a y t ill S a trd a v la s : I e ve s a n ga sa S ab a d o

fi
. . .

h h
I n fo r e r t i e s S a o n an g p a n a h on
‘

u
. .

B i ir a n g tn g ata gis it b t
Th is c il d c r ie s b r a re ly 5t
( 1n
g a a n g

m
I it
.

h h h
q
.

Ang a in g c a p a t
id 11 a b a b a v e n a li
st r rr l t t s s

h
y si e a i ve d a e a a
l sa is
.

h
.

It is l a t e (in te o r n in g)

u
T a n g a li 11 a

u u
h
. . .

I tis l a t e (i n te e ve n in g ) (t

u u m
a bi n a

m
. . .

uu m
Fo r te pr o p e r se o f te co nj n c t i ve a d ve rb s te fo ll o w in g r l e s

u
l d b e t a k e n in t o a c c o n t

h hh h
so .

S a re f e r s t pr in c ip a l a c t io n i e d ia t e l y f o l lo w in g te se c o n d a 1 v

m
o a

uhu
t wh ic itis a ppl ie d I tin d ic a te : r a th e 1 p n c ta lit v th a n al lt

m u
o ne o .
~

m
a nei v.

h m u
S a pao s a bi n iy a n it
on g ic a
a y in g
iss th e se w o r d s 5 a ng a av

h
O 11 e d ie d
a t ay

m
.
,

h
na

h
th e ir n o t ic in g te e a r tq

h
.

ak e , te y

m
i a
lin d o l

u
S a p a gc a al a y

m
O 11 na ng ,

ra n a way sil a, i , tn g a c b o

h uu
. .

h u
t o te s b o r d in a t e a c t io n wh ic h it

m
l a(1
9 r e f e r s r e pr e se n ts a s a c c o pl i h
s ed

h
pr o gre ss w ith so e o th e r si lt a n eo s a c t io n It go e s w ith t

m
o r in e

h
.

p o sse ssive c a se o f te a ge n t a n d te a c c sa t l ve o f te o bj e c t

m
hm
h m m
.

I
m u m m
u
Ass oon as t o l d itt i Pa gs a bi co sa c n i xa

mu
o a

u
. .

No s o o n er e w e n t in Pa g p as oc
y a

m u
h m u
. .

h
A ss o o n a sy o r t i e b k P b at i s iy a i
g e e c o a c a g o a c a n o e
. a

h
,

Pa ga l isn a n g a a c o d n g a t

m m
A s y f a th e r w e n t a w a y e a rr ive d in g s iy a
I a b ah a y n a q
.
, ,

a tte a gd a t t

h
a rr i v in g

m
s n g co s

h h
P

u
On i i

u
y o e ,
a c o a n g
e r a bl e c r o w d an g c a t a b il a n g n a

u
sa w a n i n n is

u
h
.ip o n a n d i

e d ifte s w ith te sa e c o n str c t io n I t

mm m
I a gca is s e s ens e and

u
’

u
a .

p o in t s o tte a c t io n a s p a sta n d d o e s n o t1 n d ic a t e s i lt a n e ity .

N s
o o o n er e a d fi n is h e d te w o rk Pa gc a t a p sn i y a n a n g
g a a di n al a o ,

th a n e c a e t o p ay e a v is it aco y a c a p a gd a c a
. .
MM
M
hh h u

MM
u
29 2

h m h h
T w in g l ig t A n g p a gli an a g

u
e gr o . .

s o fd a v
c le a r n e s

m
T A n g p a gc a l i an a g

u m
e

u
. .

hm u
\Vit
h rd t o te gO V e r n
r e ga e n to f a n d i n v rb l n n
p y p ga ca e a o a

h
,

r t r s h l d b e t k e n 1 n d st n is i w h th r t p r s is t i

h
e e a 1 1 n n
g a c ao g g e e e e o a c v e

h
sive a s t o te a c t io n a y lead t

m
o r pa s A n y d is r e ga r d o fth is r l e . o an v

m
u
t rik in g ist

m
a ke s

m
s

hhh fifififi m
.

u u
T e be h e a d in g o fS a in t Jo h n ( th a t
A ng p a gp ogo tc a y S a n J a n

u u
.

is t o s in fl ic t e d o n i )
.

ay

m
,

T e be h e a d in g b y te e x e c t io ne r o f) A 11 g p a g ogo tn a n g ligo tc a y

uh
a

a ry S t a rt .
5 a r ia st a r d o a .

T e b irth o fT e H o ly V irgin

m
a r ia S a n t is

m
A n g p a ga ga n a c c a y i a

h m
.

T e b r in gin g fo rth o fT e H o ly V ir A n g p a ga ga n ac n a n g S a n t is

u
i a
2V i g
.

mh m
i

H
g n r en .

h
.

uu
S a nd , san a d ve r b in d ic a t e s re f t ri ty t d

u
a ,
o an c a
y .

u u
uuum h u
God adete skie s fir st a nd in a a D io s a n g l angit s
’

,
an G n a ng . ac a .

m
m
a ft e rw a r d s ta

h
lo n g o

u
. a ng .

l a g e d a n d the n ? t iy a ga ts
a s a c a?

u
a a

h
e ,

m
s a d v e r bs, t e d in dis

umm uu mm
O wn , n oo n , 71 13 6 n iy d o n, be s c ri

u uu
na n g ; 31 11 or a canno

ate ly C n sh o l d be s
ed f o te pr e s
t en t f t te n se

m
re e re n c e or re

h h
. n .

I t I h a ll b y s y n il a

m
s
'
\V en go a ni a l 2G n a roo n aco a b i
o a p a y
tf b q t

mum u
a or o j ili i a n n s b l e l o

u
y a g a a

u
. .

W h en Pe te r s le t k no w ofit C n d a r a t ing S i Pe d ro a l a
’

co e e . -
in o aco .

w ith te p a st ifte

M
(
f
be s
ed in d e fi n it e te n se t io n a pp e a r s

mm
n ay ac

h
.

s p e rfo r ed st o a r ily

u
a c

I Iw

h h
W he n w a s in Lo n d o n tf Cn a c o, i , n a r o roo n s Lo n d re s

u
,
en re a ,
na

tly t atea t lt

m
q o pl a y

m
en p a ass ro a c on g a li

m hu
. .

N a ng is s
ed w it
h a ll d e gr e e s o fte p a st t e n se

mm
u
.

h
W hen e ca e y e st e r d a y t
o v isit e
2N ang ac o i d in ala o n iy a ca ap o n ,

tn a gc a c a s qita c 5

h h
, ,

I w as sic k

m
. a .

W he n sist rr ive d ad al Nang d at in g a n g c a p a t

id ba
2ba y e n ac a c afn n a c a i
y e r a we c o ng

h h
re a d y e a en . t .

mh m m
Noo n , n iyé n , ni
y d o n, co e atte be gin n in g o fa p a st na rr a tio n . The y
te n o t0 11 te a c t io n

u
la y tr e ss CI1
s e po c h and .

u
h uu
O 11 t a t d a v te b ttl e w a sf gh t a o
Neo n isi g ara o a y n a n bv v u ang } 1a
g
baba ca

m
.

h
I n th o s e ti e sw e n J e s sChr ist w a s No o n 11 a r 1r1t
st 2 o
p a sa l p a s1 J e s c r1 st
o

m m
l l l o n E a rth
.
,

uu h
.

u m u
‘
te

m
s an rb lw a y s c o s b e fore b

m m
B a go , a d ve

mhm
a ,
a e ve r .

u u
B e f o re y o a rr y t in k on
. itc a re B a go ca aga s
a a
p a c aj s
ip is
ip in 111 0

f lly

u
H
o na

m
. .

B e f o r e y o re a d s wee p te ro o B a go c ang b a s
a a li a n s o a n g 51 11 d

m
. . .
,

nd

h
e s a ft e r te xpl e t

h
a lw a y s co rb is l a rge ly s ive ly

h
o na ve a ed e .

m
G ao in

m
o o na

in t

u u u u
ay ca o na .

End le s
sl y , inc e ssa n tly , w ito tin ter Ual ang a
p y, a l ang t
a an , al an
s
is ion . lica t .
M
h
h
u
m
M
u
hh
h H
m

m
um m
a ce

h
ify o
m

h
u
m
m
um
m

h
m
u
\V ile in te

uh
m
h
u

h
m
h
u
W il e e is st
h
A tn ightf a ll

H h m h
m
m
a ir w e re
m
.

h
u
F ir stly in fi r st pl a c e

h
h
H
h
u
h
e n t,

ow
,

h in te t w in kl in g o fa n
F o rthw it

u i e
ill a l i ve

is
Did s e d o
a de
,

f
ar
.

i tvo l n t a r ily ? S e d id
a

a ni a

w ere a n gry W o a d e te tb le ? T e t a bl e s w e ll a s te
by te c a rpe tr W l l e d o
.

i
.

FI FT Y F
l
.

th e r e is six il e s d ist
W h a t sh a ll

it i n th
?

is
Fro
do ?

r ?
Do
e ve

O U RTH
29 3

he re t
o
(
O n a o n a, c a o n a o n a a n
Sa s

Sa

Ta
a

a ng

q
-

a n da l i, s

ta .

E XERC I S E

a
a n d a li s

an a a. t l
an n a b b
ip s 111n1

ani a

.
l
a i s 11 g

h a n gan
.

.
av
.
,

a
.

I
.

.
q

’
s
1 ap

a
“

M
c n e a n n e e

u u u
h
.

h
t d o itin th a t a n n e r W h ic h r n s o r e sw iftly ; a sa il in g ve sse l

h H
s

m
I
u
.

te a e r r n s o r e sw iftly Do

h h h
or a ste a er ? A s wr it e we ll ? Y o

h um u u
. . .

h
w r ite b a d ly W y do yo wh ip y o r se r va n t so h a rd ? Be c a se e

u m
.

h h
o k e te t

h h
r po s e ly br p A re th e r n p pl e w i th i n ? Th e re a r e no
p o e a
y e o

u u u u
.

h
p eo pl e w ith in a ll o fth e a re o t sid e I s is h o se o pp o sit e te c rc

h h
?

uu m u
.
,

No itis b e in d te c t

h h h
rc h Is br h r a b o ve o r be l o w ? i s

M
o e
I
y e

u
. .
,

t t t

h h
n d e r te b e d t t

h
W here d o tr n k ? P i i n id d l o f
p e e e

u
.

h
te ro a d

h
W e re a re w e in o r j o r n e y ? w e a re h a lfw a y in o r

mm u
.

j o r n e y W e r e is te c h il d ? T e c h il d is by is o th e r s sid e W h e r e ’

m u
. .

is is f a r ? It is a tte o th e r s id e o fte ro a d W h e r e is y o r s? 0 1

m
I
1

u
. .

b o th sid e s o fte r ive r \V e 1 d o y o in t e n d t o p a y te t a i l o r ?

h
in te n d

m
1

m u
. .

t Did y o n o tse e te sh ip te d a y b e fo re y e st e r

h
t i o rr o w

I
o pay o

um m
-

u
“ere y o l a st n ight a tte th e a tre
.

h h h
d y ? No s er s e d a y s a go 7 ?
aw

m
o

I
a

m
. .
,

w as t he re a w e e k a go A re y f rie n d s h e re ? J st n o w th e y w e r

h
I
e

u mmm
. .

h e re b t th in k th e y w ill c o e b a c k by a nd by A twh a t t

h
i e s hall

H H
I
m
.
,

h
t t t

h
o rr ow ? R i s a rly H a ve e s r a n ts a l rea dy c
?

I I
g e p o e-
e e v o e

um m m
. .

No ty e t A r e y o h a v e n o tte t i e

huh
a lw a y s r e a d in g ? cons t a n tl y
I
a

m
.
,

en d f o r te phy sic ia n ? S e n d f

h
w o rk in g \V e n sh a ll s i i

H
)

I
. or e

m
d ia t Do y o in t e n d t a in h e r e f W h a t d id t

h
o re o r e ve r ?

Hh
e ly do e

u
. . .

pr ie st sa y in is se r o n ? e sa id s in n o or ow a ny da ys an e.

m
.
,

th e re fr o t t il l te e n d f te y e a r ? Th e r a r six t v f d ay s

fi
o da y —
iv o . e e e

t il l te e nd o f t y e a r Did t l td id

h
h is t re e be a r f
e r it f ly nd or er a

m m
.

h
e ve n no w itf r ct i e s o ccas io n a lly Do e s e o ft e n g t sc h o o l e g s . o o oe

t o ft t

h h
o scho o l r a r e ly ow en do e s y sis t e r g o o a n i l a ? S e g e s o

u m
.

h
th e re y e a rly W h e n w ill e wr ite ? A fte r h a vin g r e a d th is l e tte r e w il l

u u u
.

h h h
w r it e W h e n d id th e y b e c o e fr ight e n e d ? Th e y b e c a e fr ight e n e d wh e n
I
u u m
.

h
h e y sa w te sn a k e W h e n w ill y o go t

h
t o b ed ? w ill go t o sl e e p

u
.

h h
a ft e r s pp i g n W h e w ill y o r so st y is l e sso n
n n d ? A fte r h e a r in g s s
I
a

u
. .

w ll go o t y D t

h
t t

h
s s c th e d r a l W h e n e ve r

h
i d id y ?

I
o e e e a
e
g

m
o o

u
. .

h h h
e e ) te c a th e d r a l

h h
a n il a vis it (s W e n do e syo r o th e r d r in k W he n ?

I I

h
u uuu
. .

hh h h
s e e a t s s e d r i n k s W y d o y o n o tr e a d ?
W hen wr it d o n t rea d
’

I
e

u
. .

h h
W h e n d id y o r br o th e r in l aw a rr ive ?
IV e n w a s wr it in g e a rr ive d

h u
— —

mh h
.

h h
W y d id n o t y c o s in w rit e yo r nc le a d a lr e a d y wr i t te n

m
Beca s

m
e ?

u
H m
w h e n y o r br o t e r a r r ive d W h e n d id e go a w a y ) As s o o n as is 7
.

u
h
.

fa t e r we n t a w a y e a l so w e n t a wa y W a t d id te c o n t d o w e n e

h
h hm
u fi
.

h
,

h
a pp ro a c e d te k in g ? O n te c o n t sa r r iv in g b e fo r e te k in g e p r o s

uh m
tr a t e d

m
’

u
h
,

h i se lf i e d ia t e ly W a t d id te k in g d o a ft e r te c o n t sp o k e ? No

u m u
h h
.

hh
o o n e r te c o n t ra c e d by te kin g

hhhfi fi
m
s ad
n i s d s p k e was e b

m
e e a i ng
t
, .

W h e n d id b i ? i d f t t w y W h r '

u
w

m
y r o e r a rr v e e a r ve a e r o n
I y
r e a a e . e

s adl g o ? G o to y o r n c l e s a n d a f te r y o r g r ee t in g i c o e b a
’
c k

u
.

W e n s a ll w e t a ke a b at ? T e as s o ve r w e s a ll t a k e a b a t h { ow w

I
.

f O n y f rie nd s b e g inning t
‘
d id t a t c o e o f o s s o o ne d a w a
“ ’
? e ak w
p , y .

W a t w ill te se rv an td o be fo re c a t in g Be f o re e ea t s e s t go
fo r w at e r Wh ic o f t is b oo k s s a l tl r ea d r s
. t R ea d th a t r st
? .
.
MM 294

H LE S S O N

MM
M
FIFT Y FIFT

H
.

Y CA L A B I N G PO U O , T L I A N G PA G A R A L
, .

u
um hu u h
T E A DVE R B .
( co n t in ed ) .

mm mu u m m
0

N o t ic e sh o l d b e t k e n o f t d ve rb i l ve rb s th a t is t a o s ay of e a a

uh
, ,

a d ve r b s w h ic h ve r b s a n d c o n j g t e d in v a rio s w a y s

m m
a re ade T e a .

d ve rb s o s t co ed f o r th is p rp o s th o se o f a n n e r ti

h
o n lv s

mu u
e

u
a e ar e , ,

n d d e gre e

mh
a .

m
u u u
tt h s (in th a tw a y )

mmm
To ac G n ra n iy an g ay a on o r g a y on
’

. . .
,

a ke it i n th isw a a it

H
y G o i n o

m
. .

L e t spr o fit o fth is o pp o rt n ity S a ant a la in a t i n

m
I
. .

p o se d th isb o o k by wo rk in g a tl 3 t

mu
co

fi
um
I
7
b ro 1
r

sh o rt 1 n t
o ng i na a va a va c o
e r v a ls
.

uuu
.

Th ro w ita w a y a to n c e T a n gb i gi n o yt apo n
. .

L n g a la lo a n g c a n iy an g l a gn a t

M
i sfe ve r in c r e a s
es . .

o n e v isr n n i n g sho rt c l a n g a n g c a n iv an g sa l a pi

h
O ng . .

um m
hu
h
DV E R B OF
A S DE G R E E .

h uu mu
h h
hc a ra i , l b ln i

m
. .

Littl e s
o e w a t G a nn i i

u
. .
,

L a l o ig it ig it

m
a

u u
.
, ,

u
Less . C lan g .

Too , t

M
L a b is

mu
oo c

u
. .

E n o gh Ca siy a
fi
c a ig i
O
. an ,
an .

n ly . La a n g .

S fc ie n t ly Ca t at a ga n siy a n a s c a tn a

u mm
. .
, ,

u
Al o s t , n e a r ly Ha lo s

m m
u mm
. .

Ex c e pt , b t

u h
L ib a n

u u m
uu m
. .

Exc e e d in gl y , v e r v L b b a d i sa p a l a

m
u uu u
q
. .

h
,

h
G r e a tly sa it a in a

m m
a

u
. .
,

Do wr ite h t b r

Hm u
y o c
?
(; S n g s l a c a a ga a a i nang 7

u u
.

h
I w r it e b tl it t
le S ng s la ta c o n a n g c a n t i la a ng

um
. .

m
Th isis o r e th a n t hat a ig it it

fi
. o d oo n .

It r a in e d t

um
ch U n g o l an n a n g l a b is

m
oo . .

T a tiss ic ie n t . Ca ig i a n n a y a on .

e n e arly d ie d . H a l o ssiy a n a a t ay .

e isa l ost in d e st it t io n . H a l o sn a sa c a ira p a n siy a .

V e r y r ic h e x e e d in gl y r ic h a n g l b a, a n di s ap a l a
’ ’

,
c . aya aya .

AD V E R B S F F I R A T IO N

m m
or A

Y e s in d e e d
O fc o r s
Cer t
a i n ly
u u
e , no d o bt

.
.

.
; O o n g a

S iy a ga ,
To t o o:
n e

fi
n a
g , g ra a-n i
e

a n d in , nga n i , an g
y a ri .
 M
MM
To

Yo
hh
m
u
co m
m
Th e n th e r e f r e
,

a l o ne

te th ie f

h
we re he re t
e nee ,

o Diy a t
t t
o sa rt

a
. c a ya

h e n y o a re Yc ao l a a n g a n g n a r ir it
ic ao a n g
g a

a gn a n ac a o
o c a y a nga
,
mum m
u m fi
mm
m
h uu m
29 6
t a no

,
.
(fr o p o ne , co

,
e nc e

M
. .

I s itp o s sibl e ? g yD i a t a ?
I s itp o s D t t

h
sibl e e d ie d ? g y i a a b a ga i n a a a y si y a ?

m
, , ,

S o e w a y o r o th e r Sa igp ita ts a lo a g

m
. .

E i th e r f o r b e i n g t igh t or f igp ita ts

h
o r be i n g l o o se Sa a lo a g a n g d a it a

u
u
te d r e ss w a s thr o w n a w a v ti n

fi
a p o n
y

M
. .

h
A c c o pl is h e d p e rf e c t S acd a l

u
. .
,

T e p ith o fw is do Sa c da l c a r n g a n

u
. .

os t l e a r n ed S a c d a l n a n g d ri n o n g
. .

T e p ith o fp r it y

h h
S a c d a l c a lin is an .

u
.

h
T e p re s . A ng s a c d a l n a n g l in is .

h
T e h a rdes t Ang s a c d a l n a n g t igas

H
O
u
. .

t sh in in g S a c d a l d il a g

m
. .

L ittl e by l ittl e O nt i e n t i i n o t in o t

mm
u u
. .
,

To s to p t o h a lt ,
a g in t .é 1n i n t 6 ,
.

T o h a lt h e r e a n d th e r e a g in t o in t o

m m m m
. .

D o n t st o p t
’
here o ag c a n g in t o d iy an

u u
. .

Th a n k s S a la a t

M
uu uu m mm
. .

\Ve l l a n d go o d Di siy an g sa l a a t

Huu u
. .

W e lc o e l w e l c o to vo S a l a a t a td at
e in g c a

u m
. .
,

L c ky t

h
o b e l c ky I a l a r in ’

m
. .
,

U n f o rt n a t e t o be nl ckv Sa i n g p a l a d (f sa a )
’

I
ro -

u m
.
,

If h a v e go o d 111 ( ( n a c o i p in a p a la d
J

M
.
, ,
-

h h h
e was nl cky S iy a i s in a a

u m
. .
, ,

T o th in k itj s t at ap at in a ra p at in

u m
. .

a b iga t

h
h ard a ir a p i n in

u
. .

h
o b v io s a ga a n in

mm
. .

at

h
we e t

h
s a is in . .

Do e s s e th in k te p r a c t ic e fvirt e g in a a ir a p b a ga n iy al a n g p a gga i

h
o

u
z

u
,

h
h a rd n a n g c a b a n a la n ?

m
. .

S e th in k sit sw e e t t b e a r gr ie v a n c e s in a a t a is n iy a a n g p a gt
o it iisn a n g

u u
h
o r te s fJe s s Chr ist b ir a p al n g al a n g c a y Ie s c rist

h
f

hm H
ak e o o . a —
. .

h
T e n o rth Ang il a gaa n

m
fi
. .

T e s t Ang t i

u um
u m
o ga n

m
. .

hh
il a nga n

H
T e as c . A ng s il a ga n a n s ,
.

T e we s t A n g c a l o n ra n

fi
o

h
. .

T e w in d b l o w sfr te n o rth i il a ga a n g h a ngin

m
ng o . .

T e w i n d bl o w sfr o te s o t h T n g it i o g a n g a gi n

uuu
. .

h
N o rth e a st w in d
-
S a b a las n o rd es t e (S p )

fi
. . .
,

a b aga t

h mum
N o rt we st W in d

m
-
. .

Y t on g d aa n i t o i tn g t o s d
Th isr o a d l e a d st o te w e s
g a a

u u u
t

u
, ,

c o n g c a lo n o r a n
.

m m
.

T o take o f fo n e s a tin r e ve r e n c e a gp liga y

’

m u
fvo r a tin gB aqith in d i o p in a gp ga y a n a n g
. .

\Yb y d o y o n o t t

h h
a ke o f ,

re ve re n c e t o te pr 1e s t? p a re ?

u
.

T o in vit e e n t e rt a in ,
a lg g a gp g 1 . l n g a gy pa a c , ,
.

T t a k e l e a ve f
o a gp a a l a
o . .

T d re s st t n c l th s a gs o ot o e
o o
p ,
o . .

T c an ge l o t
o h s c a gb i is e . .

t
o
n
H
‘
h
hh
mm
u
n ig tt
m h
Hm
u
s te t
o te
hh
m H
u
a il o r
a ch

e e t in g ?
FI FT Y FI FTH E X E RCI S E
o ney

I c a n no
? e

tgo I ,
a sb
a
tl itt le
s
o e
.

wh a til l
. W y do yo
. ? a ste
no tgo
car
 m
um h
mm Hh m
mh
m
h mu
uu m
u m h
29 7

M
huuuuuh
u um
t st r st

h
p en re n a il ha n a e r s? e H a ve sl e ssh a ha n n a il s

u
er o a e

u m
.

t ter ? I h a ve n o te no gh W h a t t i e isit? It isn e a r l y

uh
oo ch b t

m
y o

u u
. . .

Did t he y a ll ge ? A l l o f th e w e n t b t i

h
noon D o e s itth n d e r

m u
. . .

h h
,

h
It do e s n o tth n d e r b titr a in s h a r d A re y o te fr ie n d o f y

h h
a rd ?

mm
h mm
.
,

f rie n d ? Ye s I s ittr e e p a id ? It is in d e e d A re y o a

h
rc h a n t? e

um uu
. .
,

No S h a ll w e go ass? N e ith e r y o n o r y o r br o t e r stgo W y sh o l d

u m
. . .

h
I n o td o th is? Do n t d o th a tlo sty o h rt y o r se lf W ill e c o e ? L e t

h h
’

m m u
. .
,

Do y o c h a n c e t ty o ? I d o n t k n o w

h h h
i o h a ve s o n e y a bo
’

u
co e o e

m
. .

u
,

h
t t

h
ifpe rc a n c e I a ve s e I w il l W h t F t F t

H
i i is i ? i s

m m
o g v e y o a a a a y e

u u
.

h
, , ,

h
W h a t is te a o n t o f

h
h o ly fa t e r s is t o b e l ie ve wh a t w e h a ve n o ts

m m
ee n

u u
.
,

Pe te r s d e bt? Pe t e r s d e bt s ays s o nt t th ty l a rs D

H
’ ’
i d l id

m m
y o n a o r o y o

u u u
.
, ,

h
p e a k w ith te so l d ie r a b o t th a t b sin e ss? A n a gre e e n t e sa y s a sbe e n

H
s

m u u u m
, ,

? Tr l y I d id sp e a k t

h
a r r ive d a t D th e n spe a k t

h H
id y o o i o i \V e n

u
. . .
, , ,

h
will e w r ite t e w ill wr it e t

h h
s? sa id e so e d a y W ill y o a rry

m
o o yo

u
. .
, ,

t do t h at

h
I w ill a rry e r a n y o w B th a ve y o

h
o n e y e n o gh
?
er ?

m
o

u
. .

No b t e w a y o r o th e r I w ill d o it Le a ve th a t t W ha t

h h
s

H
ow ?

m m
o o e

um u
. . .
,

d o e ste s

h
e r va n t d o ? e l o o k sa ft e r s w in e I sy o r gra n d fa th e r st ill a l ive ?

Hu uH uu
. .

h
No e is d e a d W at ir a c l e s did J e s s Chr is t w o rk ? e ga ve l if e t o

u u
. .
,

S e d o e s I s itp o s

h h
f e r h a ir ?

h
an y D o e syo r siste r p l l o f
. sibl e ? . S e .

is a d s o s e do e s any fo o l is th in gs I s is o th e r virt o s? S e .

h
,

is te ve r y p ith o fvirt e is te d i r t ie s

h
I s yo r s e r va n t d irty ? t

H
e

m
. . .

ow s h al l I wr it e te l e tt e r ? W r it e i tl ittl e by l ittl e Do e sth e ir se r va n t

m
'

m u m m u
. .

wa lk q ic kl y ? e w a lk s v e ry s l o wly e h a lt s h e r e a n d th e re a te ve ry

m m m
um
,

uu h
Did y o th a n k a ry f ent

h
sh o p e r p re s ? I th a n k e d e r W o is

m
or

u u
u
.

u
.

h h h
th e re ? O r f rie n d is h e r e w e lc o e Fr a n k i W h e re d o y o go n o w ? I

m m
. .
,

hh h
t

h
t

h
bl r h t r I l ky

H
i i s e w e w d i d

m
a g o n g o e g a n g o o o e e a c o .

e o tin ga bl I a s n l c ky I l o s t y D t

H
a ll
’
in g?

m
y o c o w y o n e e n

u
.
,

a rd t

h
th k t h l s ne y th at I d on t t h in k its w ee t
’
i i in w ay ?

u m
y o n o o e o .

mH uh
W h a t q a rte r d o e s te w in d b le w fr o ? It bl o w sfr o te n o rth W h e re

u m m
. .

d o e s t is p a th l e a d t o ? It l e a d s t o te so th e r n sh o r e W o do es

u u
. .

th a t c h il d t a k e o f f is a tt o ? e t a ke s o f f is a tt o . is a s te r Did .

y o r fa th r in vit e i ? e e d id H a ve y o a n y t
. h in g e l se t . o s ay ? No .
,

I n o w t a ke l e a ve o fy o W h a t a r e y o d o in g th e re in te r o o
. ? I a .

d re s sin g y se lf o w o ft e n do y o
. c a n ge c l o th e s? I c h a n ge t o c le a n .

c lo t h e s e ve r y we e k .
 h
mh
uh
u
u
ent

m
T e

u m
m
H
h
mhmhh
Th
m
m
m
mm m
u
u
u
mu
hu
te p rp o se f

mu
u
a c c o rd i n

c lty o f

c o gn is

T a ga l o g f
g
YCA L I

t o te s s

c la s

e d by gr a
y

o r p re p o s
t e a

a r ia n s

it io n s
i
M
M
p a rt so fsp e e c h a pp lie s l a rge ly t

h o r wh ic h te w o r d se s

t c d i v i si
FIFT Y S IXT
A N G PO U O , T

pl ia b le c o n d it io n o fT a ga l o g wo r d st

o n e st
the a s a d ve rb so r pr e p o sit io n s S o e o f th e se a p t
a bl i

sify in g T a ga l o g w o r d s a c c o r d in g t
sh
T

o p e rf o r

o a d v e rb s pr e p o s

T e n o i n a l l iga e n t st
.
d by
.
g r
it

oo
,

E PRE P S ITI O N

so
r
H LES S ON
ANI

O
te f n c t io n so fd if f
io n sa n d c n j n c t

s e r v
,

t a l re l a t io n so fw o r d sa re e xpre sse d in T a ga l o g in se ve r a l wa y s o n l y
ta bl is in g te r e l a t io n sa re a d e se o f
e t
o

ly ill str a t e te d i i
o te p ar t so f
c l a

sp e e c h s a lly r e
e ti e ss
.

s
er

t a n d in
f
N A PA G A R A L

io n s

y
.

,
,
.

fl ‘ n
.

m h
.

hu mhm
TO at
, . S a, cay , c ana .

B e f o re f a c in g
,
. S a hara p , s a tapat .

U n de r . S a ilali .

N e a r by
,
. Sa ey , s a p i l i n g, s
. a s i p in g .

W ith a l o n g w ith S a , n a n g, c a y , c a n a, sa b ay , a c ay

um
. .
,

W it by thr o gh N a n g, d a ilan sé

u
. .
, ,

A ga in st . L a b a n sa .

N a n g sa n i
, , ,
c a y , n in a, c a n a, n a , n g, g .

S a , n a n g, gal in g s a, la, l a se

u u
- .

Sa .

Sa .

Sa , s a g it n a, n a s a g it n a
Da p it ,
d a c o sa d a
, c o .

h
H a n gan

u
.

H a n gan

uu
.

Sa , c a y , c an a

hh h
.

W it

mm
ho t U a l a, c ti la n g

h
. .

bo t a, t

u
S a , n a n g , b aga y s

m
po n , o n gc o l s

m
O n,

h
a e

u h
. .

m u
Be in d . S a l ic o d .

u u
S et r p ss
it i f y s f x pt

hhh
, p e ao o n a o r e v e r c a e o , a c o o n n o n e c e ,

te n o in a t ive a n d te vo c a t ive (n o in a t ive o f a d d r e ss) It sh o l d b e

m
.
,

t b e f o r e te 0 b ]€ C t o fp o s sess
i d n o tb e fo r e te p o s s ss r wh sed

m
p r a n e o e n

h h
in r e l a t io n t te p s s essi ve as S n is e xc l s iv e f o r te d a t iv e

m
o e o c . .

H u m m
Ang s a i l o g n a c a la l i
fte

m
de p t

m
an , o r, ang ca
T h

hh
e o r 1 ve r

h
la l i a n n a n g i l o g
.

m
u
u mm
u
.

I w ro t e t te pr ie st S n g li l a ta c o s pa re

mfi mu
o e

u
h mm
. .

Th is pl a n t is f o r te g a r d e n Y t on g p a n a n i it6 ,i , se ala a n an

u
. .

m
e iss h o o t in g (a i in g a t) w il d b o a r s . Na gttr la s iy a s a b ab y d a o .

W e sh o o t(a rr o w s) a tbir d s . P n g ap a n a c a i s a a nga ib o n .

T e y l o o k a tte st a r s . T n g it i gin s il a s a a nga b iti n .

S e go v e r n s te l o c a l a bl a t ive a in ly in d ic a t
ing pl a c e ,
no a tte r
wh eth e r te ve r b d en o tes rest o t io n o r d ir ec t io n ,
.
MM
h mmh
Hhhh h fl S ym qu u
u uuu
mu
300
it ? n i a i in a i to n a ng

m
t t1s t

u
c

u
a
W y d 1d he r
.

h
do
o Wi
t

h
y

H
c a ra o 9 or gb a i a n g yg in a zi
l
n ee d 9
e
e

uh
a
i i i t 9

m m
n n a n o a
y a n g c a ra y o

m
.

is p ra is e d by e ve r y b o d y Pin p r i s iy a n a n g 1a h a t
‘

u qu m u
u
e

h
t
. .

I l1 e y k 1 lle d te c o c k r o a c by s t a p Pin a t
fi
;l g it
-

h
ay n il a a n g ip is n a n g y ap a c .

h
1

h h
e o bt a in e d te o fc e thr o g te N a n g a a g it a n n a n g c a n i an a

mm
y g a

h
in fl e n c e o f is f a th e r y in a ta n ni y a an
g .c a t n g c o l a n a .

mm m u m
T p re p o sitio n o f is t ra n sl a t e d in t
E n gl is h o T a ga l o g se ve ra l w a y s
“ ”

m
m m
e

h h
.

W en p o sse ssio n it is a lw a y s t ra n sl a t e d by n a ng
d e n o t in g in d

u
,

pl a ce d be fo r e te p o sse sso r ( b ta fte r te tin g o fpo sse ssio n ) o r by ea

hh h
,

y c,
a i i n te a n
, n e r a b o ve e xpl a i n ed a c c o rd i n g t
o t e f o r e r b e in g ,

re p re se nt
e d by a c o p e r so n a l o r a c o p a n io n s ip n o n

h h h
fi
on a ,
.

u
T e e a r o fte d o g t

m m
a i ga n a n g a s

hhh
. A ng o .

h
e ph s b o o k
Jo s l ib ro n i J o sé
’
. A ng .

T e o se o fte a ka
y s . A ng b ah ay n in a a c k a y .

h
te c a se if te r e l a t is e re ly a d j e c t iva l

uh h
s is

u
T io n

h
e a e

m
.

h
b a n k o fte ri ve r

m
t a b i n a n g ilo g

m
T Ang

u u
e

h h h
. .

l y fH c a lo a l a t ia n n a n g l a ngit

m m
T A

m
e g o r o e a ve n n g . .

hm m m m
h
tr a n sl a t
Fo r in g E n glis c o p o n d n o n s h a vin g te pr e p o s i t io n o f
“ ”
n d e rst o o d b e tw ee n t e ir e be rs te fo ll o w in g d ire c t io n s a re give n ,
.

If te r e l a t io n is o n e o f a tt e r te t

m
b e r s a re t ie d to ge the r

u
wo e ,

by te n o in a l l iga e n t s te a t t in g a ft e r te th in g

m
e r co

MM
u
.
,

h hm h h
S to n e o s e Ba a na y

u
h h
.

G o l d r in g S in gsin g n a g in o t

h uh
. .

m mu
S il ve r l o o k in g gla s
s p

m
-
. S a la in g i la e .

S t ee l p e n Pl t

u m
l i

u u u
an p a a
.
g .

If te r e l a tio n is o n e o fo r igi n te pl a c in g o fte t w o w o rd s in te ,

s e o rd e r s ff c ie n t t l t sh l s f t w

m
b i i d b d i d

u u
a a
y e e ga e n o e e e o r ,

a lly in t t

m
e n d sin a v o w e l a lth o s r w t l t

u
g 3 0 i ge n e r o d c e d i o a n y g i a e n

m
. .
,

hm h mu u
Be rl in
Ilo c o s
fl o we r s
an
. B l ac -

T a on g Il o c o ta c) a oco
‘s Il
la c B e r l in , b l a c la c s
a B e r l in .

Pa c q 1a n e s p a c q
. .
,

l tC ala 1tsa C a la
Ca la ia n e s w a x .

s
,

u u
hu h
i an e .

T l iga t s st a n d f “ ”
f in te l t io n o fc o n t e n t s

uh
e en or o re a .

T w o p e e k s o fr ic e Da la é ng s a l o p n a b ig as

fi
. .

A gl a ss o fw a t e r . I sang va so n g tb ig .

A p itc e r o fc o c o a n
-
to il Ys n g t a p a y a n g l a ngis

u
. .

m
x p re sse s a ppl ic a t te ing is in t

m
f

m m
Sc l so s t e nded

m
io n

h
a e or e a or

H
. .

b o o k bo o k f

h
Pr a y e r o r p ra y in g L ib roa da sal

m
s

h
-
. .
,

W at sa tb ig in o an

h
e r gl a s s V as

u
uh u
-
o

m
. .

m
,

ass ga r e n t s D a it sa p a g i isa

m
h
. .

u
h
an
ga n is s
ed bo t f
o r ti e an dpl ac e .

t nt il t Bii a tnga y on

h
F ro w a n gan g b c a s

H mhum m
o day —
o —
o rr o . .

F ro o C a vit
e re t e . l a d it o a n gé n sa Cavit e .

Ot p r e p o sit io n s a re t
er l a t ed
ra n s a c c o rd in g t
o th e ir s
ens
e in te w ay
a l re a dy ex p l a ine d .

e f orce d a p a s s o ng te crow d S s s
iya s ‘
a ge a . ng a ga a . a c ara i an .
hhh h
h u h
mu
uh
h
u
301

H h u
Be t te h o se a n d te ga r de n s S a g it n a (p ag it a n ) n a n g b a ay at

u u u
h
mhh h
w ee n

hh
i n a n g a la a n a n
.

to w a rd s te f o re st

u m
T e pa t A n g l a n d as s a d a c o ng g b a t

fi
”

u
.
.

T e d o g w it o t a t a il A n g as o ng a l an g (O r c l a n g) b o to t

u u
.
.

S Na go n go s s1 v a t o n gc o l s
o t te
ap a p a ga a
e s k s b a rr ia ge

muu
p e a a
( s
.

a a

H h h
.

T e ho s e b e h in d te c rc . A ng ba a v s a l ic o d n a ng s i ba a n .

A
uuqu u
m
ia bl e
D e l ightf l
m .

.
Ca ib ig i b ig
Ca to at
-

é a c a liga liga y a
.

,
.

h
o w d e l ightf l t te n t o te s Ca liga l iga y a p a if

h
o l is in gin g i ga n a n g n a ng

m m m
o fb ir d s a nga ib o n

u u u uu
. .

T e r rible , gh a st ly Ca tac o t tac o t

uuu u
. .

h
Ca sin d ac sin d a c

h
H o rr ibl e

H
. .

h
G lo o y , s o r r o wf l . Ca l b ay l b ay , cal no sl no s .

Ca a p is a p is

h
h
Pa in f l

m m m
u mm
. .

G a ll a n t , c o r a ge o s v ic t o r io s B a va n i

m u
. .
,

h
T o te a r d o w n , t o c le av e

m
.

h
er o s e is a pl a c e o f r e s o rt for An g b ah a y ni ya 1 ba av 11a p in a p a ~

m
, ,

h
a n y p e o p le ic a n n a n g a ra in g t a o p a n

u mu
. .

h h
h
H e ll is a pl a c e o fto r e n t f

m
or s
A n g i p ie r n o , a n g p in a g i ira p a n
in n

h um
hm
nan n acas la n n
g a g a a a

u u
q
.

h
W y d o y o n o tpl a c e th o s ith in d i o p i n a gt at apa t

h
e c h a ir s g B a iy an g

mm
fa c in g e a c o t
‘ he r

H
a nga o an ?

hh h
uum m um qu
p

u
.

P ta l s te t w o b e d s fa c in g e a c h Pa gt ap a tin an a n g d a la a g

fi m
o o na

o te r . i igaa n .

M
W y ad yo th is c h il d c h a st
ised ? 5A n 6 t p in a a p a s o it o n g b a t a

u
, ,

B ec a s e e ad e l ight o f e S a p a gc a ,t ,
a c o 1
, , p i n a g is i a.n n iy a .

l ib i f
D o n tl a g a tte po o r
’ o a g o n g p a g a n a n g a i ga

h h
d e é
.

h h
-

uh um
huhh
m h
H
u h
u
H
u
hHmmm
h
t t
FIFT Y S IXTH

e is a lw a y s a tte w in d o w
EXE RCI S E .

h H
W i s A lw y s w i nd w ? S

mh m
n n a a a e o

m
y

u
b e c a se s e l ik e s t o s ee pa s s e r s by W y d o y o c h a n ge t o n e w c l o th e s

u
—
.

h
t

h
I c h a n ge t o n e w c l o th e s b e c a se I s t g o o c r c h o w a n y t i e s

u
.
,

e lf e ve ry d a y ? e o n ly n d re s s hi s e lf o n go in g

H
d o es e n d re s s i s

m mu u
:

h
I s e e p o w e re d t p o w e r (a to

h
t pr i so n e as no

m
o bed o i e

u u
. .

r ity ) t d o th a t , d o n t fe a r , e can do n o th in g t th a t
’
o o yo o w c an

u
.

h
be ? It c a n n o t b e W y c a n n o t itbe ? B ec a se it c a n n o t h a ppe n

m
. .

h h h h
I ve ry sic k ? No , y o c a n st ill r e c o ve r I s e w ise ? No , b t e

h
A

u uuuu
. .

h
st ill be c o e w ise ow w ill y o r e w a r d e ? I h a ve n o th in g

m
c an

u
.

h h
W h a t a s h a pp e n e d

h h h
w ith wh ic h t

H
re w a r d y o T e re w a s a n e a rth

m
o . .

h h h
q a k e y e ste rd a y a n d o r ho se t bl e d d o w n W h e re is G o d God

u
. .

mh
ise ve rywh e r e W h e re i sJ e s sCh rist n o w Je s sC r is tis n o w in H e a ve n

m m
. .

a tte w o is in te

H
r ight o fte F a th e r W o is h a ppy T e an

h
.

h
a t te

H
g r a c e o f G o d is h a ppy W h e re is Pe t er ’
s h o se ? It is id d l e

u
h
.

of t e c o co a pl t t
a n a io n
-
W i t w a t d id e se w i s tr o w se r s ? e s e we d

h
.

t h e w ith a n e e d l e a n d so e th re a d W it w a t s a ll I a ke t is
'

u
. .

it w it

m
ake T e y a re W ise 6;

um
an

u
a ge r .

w r it e it i n p e n c il ow

h
.

h
o w a r e te o s e sin

uu
h h h hh h
a ve y o bo g t any

i s Fr o w

u
a ge . e re

11 a frnit re . W a

kin d an v p ecks o fric e d id

y o sll eI o ld t ? re e peek so fric e and t
wo bottle s o fw in e W e re
‘
. .

is te ric e g t T a . e rice p et is a t te c orn e r o fte t ab l e W . ic ca t

uu
uh
mhh
uh
hh
mhh
h
uh
uh
h
h m 2
30

mm
u
h humh u
tree l egge d o n e W ic is te o s

hHhh h Hh
is yo frie n d l o o kin g f ‘
t

u
r o r. ? T e -

h
.
.

hh
D

h
u mu u uu u
c o ra ge o s a o ng y o ? T e o st c o r a ge o s is H e n ry s f rie n d
’
o

h
t t t t

m
s by I t w s s p w
,

y o w i o g o is p iro g e ? d o n i’
o i i a ir o g e e r e

hh hh
.
,

a ny b a rk I s te re a n y tin g o re h o rr ibl e ta n a n e a rtq a k e

?

u
e .

A n e a rt q a k e is in de e d a o rribl e th in g I sJo n s h o s ’
e hig ? I t "

u u
.
, ,

is very ig a ny o s e s a s y o r f a te r b ilt a sb ilt

u mu u
ow ? e

u
.

t re e A re t e y n ipa o r st Two o f t e st te
,

. o ne o s
—
es ? a re o ne ,

o t e r is w o o d .Do y o lik e t o l ive in a n ip a h o s e ?

—
Ye s in d e ed, ow ,

d e lig t f l itis t o l ive in a n ip a o s

—
e W e n do
.
g o t o y o r f riend } ?

I w ill go t o i ne xt S nd a y .
MM
Hh
Yeh
hm
u
mh
A ts
h
h
e

u u
m
m
u
m
u
and

m
m
t ey
a ry a n d

and

m
u
m
I

S a na is s

u
ed

l a id o n te t i e

h
ix o c l o c k y
r i ve d , a nd a tn in e ,
fi uu
h
’
.

is f a th e r

a tte
e lap

fa t e r
te j
s
ed
e nd

a nd

dge
o

.
fa

I
Q

th ir d

ar
Ja y o 11 1121
ia i

Ca
no

i
a la s s

d n g at
i
S il a n a n g

eis,
s
n

a c a n
.

or
( tsil
no
a r ia

a c o ,i, d n g a t
n a ng a

a n
in g a n g b o o o
g a l a s
a

c a n iy an g a

n
.

se n te n c e

in g n a n g
e ve a y
n in y

wh e n
o)

t r ess is
s

h
.

h
iy a n oo n g 1 885 n a nga n ae

m
Na ga n a c s

m
'

h m
1
on
n eo n g 1 886 , s ac a na n g c a l li li a y i

u u
h h h
1 9 00

m m
.

huh hmm
u
m
Pa ti, s a , ca sa ba , a s c o p l a t ive n j n c t io n s a re p a t ic
’

u
o o re e
p

u
c
a o y ,

t a n a ta n d d e no te a n id e a o fa c l o se r c o n n e c t io n o fte wo r d s o r s

h
e nt e n ~

ce st e y s e r ve a s a l in k t o Th e y a re so e t i e s sed t o a vo id r e p e a t in g

m u u
.

a ta n d fo r te s a k e o fe ph o n y T e y go ve r n te n o in a t ive c a se n l e ss .

te n o n th e y l in k is p re c e d e d b y te a rt ic l e , in wh ic h c a se th e y ge ne ra l

fl
M
,

ly go ve r n te p o s T e a o fs

h
se ssive ro p p e d b e fo re a
'

h
d

h
b

m
a on ay
p e .

u
wo rd b e gin n in g w ith te s e l e tt e r

m
( )

u u
h
a a .

h u m
Ca lo lé pat
i cat

h
u
a ao an

m
l s w e ll s bo d v

u
So
.

Ca lo lé t an

h
a

h
a

u
s é
.

a a
p na n g c a ao .

si b a h a n p a t

h
A n g g i n to s i na ng
B o th te go l d i n te te

m
a

m m
h h

u
and

h h h
c rc
i l s b ah y A i t o s s i

m m
sil ve r i n te h o s p a e a a n g g n a

h
.

h
e
ba h a n s p o n a n g p ila c sa bah a y
.

m m
a

u
Pa t i n a n g qin a c ain a y in o é t
.

h
E ve n wh a t e ea t s e b o rro w s a n g n iy a

m m fim
fi
. .
,

T e c o w a r d a n d e ve n te br a ve a l Pa t i n a n g at ap a n g s
'

a nga a p e
o fth e ed a ga d o a g a t b

mu u um m m
nang n a g a c o a n
.
y .

T e n ight iss t ill a n d te se a isc a l T a i ic a n d ga b i a n g d aga ta y p i

h u
, , ,

a n d te b re e z e is il d . y a p a sa p o n a n g a gi i a i a n
, , ,
.

m
Na dn a n d p a a re po stp o sit ive co n j n c tio n s a n d p a is s t
i s se d

umu uu
,
o e e

f e xpr e ssin g s rp r1 s o r re l ta nce t o do so e th in g

M
or e, c .

u u
A s oly o s a b e h ll
n i s ed p h . Ye ao n a a, i, p ar r s a an .

A n d sil a t t lI
o go e e ? th r gA c é p a a n g p a r o r oo n ?
Ico d no td o it
l ,
a n d y o c a n .
? Di c o n a ga n a, { ic ao p a ? ,
.

A L T E R N AT I V E CONJ U N C T I O NS

h
.

m m u mum
Or . 0, ( p
S .
) ca ya ,
d il i .

W h e th e r

uh
an .

h
.

E ith e r o r. a gn in ,

To -
o r ro w or te da v a fte r t
o -
o r ro w B ca s o sa a c a la a ay a gb a b ava d

hm huu u u
I w ill

u u
p a y

u
Yo or Yc ao o ac o

h
. .

Ca ya s s a tte t t ive s n t e nc e s I td e n o t

uh h
o ld b e ed e nd in a l e rn a e
. es

h
do b t

m
.

m
m
T is th
p sin J ne pe r Nga y é ng bd a n sa J n ie c a y a

u u
on or a . .
,

hmu m h
Dili a s a n a l t e r na t I ti n

m
, ive c o n j n c t io n is a l s o p a c e d a tte e n d
l ‘ .

e l d e s te c o n j n c t io n a n d te n e ga t ive a d ve r b a n d is ge n e r a ll y e pl o y e d

u
h m
e n te n c e s p t tin g fo rt a d ile

hh
in i n t er ro ga t ive s

u
a .

Do y o w ish o r n o t? n ig o d il i ?
.
,
.

S a ll I a c c o p a n y y o o r n o t? s q t l

u
(zS a a a a n i a d i i? , .

an is a lw a y s a p o s tp o sit ive p a rt ic l e w ic h o n ly d if fe r s f ro d ili in

te l a t ter a vin g a n i n t e r ro ga t ive se .
Whet

co n
he r
Whe t e r

u
h
j
h
h h
muh
mh
um
h
m
u
M
h
u
mM
M
MM
m
m
mm
u
m

u
h
m
m
h
u
ag

m
nc

H
t io n
wn
f
'
'
e

E ith e r a t y h o se o r a ty o r s w e

u
p e a k a b o t te a tte r
sh a l l s

u
E l te r a t a n l la o r Ne w Y o rk
s
j .

h a ll p r tt1 s w o rk
e

f
g

“
s
oeo r

is U s
n o

ed

e ith e r

0
t
sa y sito r n o tw

.
in
.

.
. or
te
”

—
a

A DV E R S A T I V E
t1 s1 h a t

Q
a n n e r a r ea d

. I
Pa r do n
S a b 1 in
a n h in

N
ag
iy o ,
n a iy a n .

1g
z

Yo
e va

l ib ro n g it

fi
uu uu
o

CO NJUNCTI O NS
y

in g s

l ng
—
a a

a go é s
o

ex
a1

.
an

p la in

i n g b ah a y
ap ta yo t

Sa

rk
.
siy a d i

q
di

a g in g s

o ngc o l s

.
e

a
e b aga y
.

d,

i
an

7 il
0 1 te C
f

v p a ll l l rn b a g
la
i
an siy a pa rdo n
n i va sa b i i n (1 a v

o rr e l a t ive

ag
C

co
ng
i t o ng
,

ii
,

h h mm m um
t dat

hh
ni n d i, apd s b a l i, l in

m
g c a, a

u m
a

m
ta n a

m
.

h in d i th in d i

u u
an , ,
ri n , a r n. i

h
th a n . C n d i b a go ,
e, o na ,
ba go .

h
Th o a lth o h j an b a ga,
an , b ist a ,
a t ay an .

g , g .

( ca it ,
c a i a n .

p ite
s f w ith t t S a n , ga n do n an ga y en a n, ga

uh
In a ll
,

u
o a

u
n iy an
.

m
,
an

m
.

M
W he re a s Pa lib a s a 1

h u
h
.

N e ve rth e l e ss h o w e v t t
w its

h
and
da t

h
er, no

u
bali

h
S a po
,

in g y e t s
a.
t ill .
,

h
, ,

h
A lth o gh if S c d an , a t t ay

u
y p
O
a a a

m m u
. .
,

r e l se o t e rw ise C n di.

m
.

h u u uu
,

uh
A l l te a d ve r s a t i ve c o n j n c t io n se n d i n g i n a vo w e l , c n di a n d p a lz as a
f

uu u u
e xc e pt e d , t a k e te c o n t ra c t e d f o r f a ta f te r th e Pa li b a s a is fo ll o w e d O .

h
b y y= 1 , te c o n tr a c t io n o f te v e rb a l l iga e n t a y

h
.

t t f

m
[Vt / n i ,
c n d i ,
d a a p o a a ,
s b a li ,
a l i n a n a a r e a ll s e d o r e v e ry s e n se

o f te E n gl is h a d ve rsa t ive c o n j n c t io n b t N g n i is se d in te so b
“ ”

h h m u
a

u u u
.

o r d in a t e se n t e n c e , ge n e r a l l v i n a n swe r s a n d i sn o t pr o p e r to t
sa rt a se n t e n c e

m
.
,

m
h u
Yb ig c o s f t

u
n i, in d i
t t b tI t a n a ng c aln ig

fi
I so ld l ik e

hmum Huufifi u
,
o ea can no
aco a n gy a a r i
,
y
q
.

Na it siy a, t h in d i

u
tI tsp e a k t
a co g nl co

u
I sa w i ,
b d id no o i
siy a in é sa p .

h uhuh h
Ca n di is a l s
o for te s b o r d in a t e e n te n c e
s an d ge n e ra l l y re q i re s
te i t ive
ci al o ne t b

h
p o e n e ga
r
p .

‘
It is n o ta a le b ta fe a le c h il d la laq i ba b ay e b a ta

m
in d i n di

m
a ng

m
,
.
,
c .

Yt h in d i

m
o i sin o ga li ga n ndi

u
i b b tt i e r V tr t
T s 1s n o ta f ca c

tt
y
e
p

H uu uhH
. .

m u
ca o
o anang g a n a .

h
Da t h a te h t t k e te t ra st

u
a fi is s ew i and is se d

h
o a co n
p aa o p a c

m m
o re no t ic e a bl e

u
m
.

u m
t siy a d a t

m
a ya an a po t c la 11 gr
t
a,

u u
is ric h , b h a p py , ,
e n .

2 p al a d .

m mu
ag a lan g a l a ga s
Do n tsc o r n t o c ax a gp a a a «

’
o ld p eo
p le . b o no r
nga a gl i la n g , dat
apd ad, ri in o
p
t
he .
il ai
s

hm m m
.

m m
li n t h a ve so hat t io n a l p o rt t

u
S l a nd ew co nd i i s b
’

ba z

u u u u
a a a na a .
a
” ”
f x c e pt in E n gl is
h

u
or ,
e ,
.

I wo l d b y s o e c lo th i ng ,
b t
for y Y big co sa n a ng b il i na n g da it s .

no t a v in g a n v o ne v. bal 1 t , ,
a l a a c on g s
a la pi .
H
H
uu h
h
m hm
mh
h um u
e.

a n,

h
l a tte r

m m m
m
mh h h
h m
u u
m
m
hm
M
w a sc

m
m
hm
u
mm
an

ge

is
n

N e ithe r I n o r y e t e
e r a

W e h a v e n e ith e r b e te l n o t

uhm mm m
in di
ph a t ic
re d ,

e
a nd

e ve n t
b

lly
pl o y

o ba c c o

ri n

n e ga t iv e
,
t
w ith a ll ta t e di

i n d i r in a re c o
i n te
ed f

ay
or
s
te sa e

co

a d ve r
e

.
fir t

b
rr e l a t ive c o n j n t
io n s s

k o fa g re a t e r e p a sis

a tte be gin n in g
ed
ed .

p o st
p
306

.
sit
b e r a n d in di r ia in te l a st wh e n t
i v

,
e l
G

y ;

Ac o
in a

an,
‘siy a
U a l a b a i t a ba c o

o
o

fa se n t
tsiy a

ence w
c

,
,
. a lin t
a

an

an ,
h in d i

en
tn a.

a
,

r in

in

s
ed
a

a
t ay

an

san
.

.
e

h u
h
e

h
.

h
Ga h it a n on g a r li n o n g c a i a y h in d i
H o w e ve r w ise we a
y b e w can no t at

MM
e
r in in a t a r o e a n g p a gc a d io sn a n g
,

m m
2
m u
c o n c e iv e (so nd ) te e s
se n c e o fG o d .
D i o s .

m m
”

u
Ca n di ba g 2 te l a tte r sp ec ia lly , s
e d in te se n s f r t r

u m m
/ 01 3 e a re e o a e

h
, ,

in te s
,

and b o th f th e j o in en te n c e
s

u u u
ay a e

u u
o .

hu
h u m h
W h a te ve r y o r c o n d it io n a y be d o G a h it a n o a n g p a gc a l a gay o h in d i

u uu
, ,

n o tgi e y o r s e lf
v
p t o d e s p a ir b t o
p a gp a ti a c a l c n d i b a g c s a n i

um uu
uumm
.

h
,

h
ra th e r tr st in G o d a la ca s a l ) io s

uu ufifi u
qq
. .

e d e sn o t t

h
No to n ly i r b H i d i la di si y a i i b

m
( ) a

m
a n e n n a n g n n n
g a a a g

m
o

m m
,

r a th e r e l se sby te tr a d e c n di na g l i s iy a

m u
o g g p a

u m h
. .

N t nlv no t s n d b tr a th e r I l l Dil i g a lin g a ge nss a

fi
o o o

h mmmumm
.
, ,

m m
f t
bi sa, tg/
'

a nd te po nd ai

M
f n,

u u u u
a a a an, co ra an
r/
or fa ls
i i na f
tc o e b e f re ;
o an, a ft
er t w ,
e o rd th e y r e fe r t
o .

h
t

h
Jo h n , ho g h p o o r in o ne v isr ic h in B a g a an s i J an , ay d e -
a, sa p ri
t an , a y aya

mh
s an siy z
'

o ne v na

m
. .

u m
B i st a t 117?l
bist is r e fo r l a nd it
s e is ra p id l y d y in g
s wa y

u u
a o a a .

B isa t t S iy a i p oo t sa

mm m
n a gd a d a lan g

m
Th o g h e is a n gry w ith e, e w ill qin ,
,

b ib i i i d i
, ,

n i va a c o n a n g
te

u
a a
y g z n n
g ive e o n e v.
l p
sa a i .

m m
t
dy s ph a t ic d t
sa nd f r so h ”
w ith

u u
a an 1 e an av or e ve c ,
a

u
umm m m
m
h u uh
Th in k I e ve r so c h a b o t itI ,
ca n a t ay co an isip in , h in d i a c o n a c a
t n d e rst a n d it at
t t

m
a la sas

m m
no

hh m
. .

Th o gh y e a r n e st d e sire w a st
o co e a t ay an ac o n a c a i big p a r i t
o av di

h
.

m
h e r e y str e n gth f a il e d

h
co ac a y a n a n

h h
. .
,

u u u
f
it
sc o po s a re s te s w sv s

m
( an d nd e d in ld y
'

m m
a al a e a a an

h
uhh
.

u
A lth o gh I be d ge l ed I w ill sa y G a h it a c é i si l a o

m m m
a a p a n n

mm
c a a c g

m
.
,

n o th in g sas a b i in

mu hm
. .

I W ill go th o e no tc o n se n t l a i a ,t d i a y s i a o

m
g a
y ,
a g y , p a ro r o n

to it . d in a c o .

T h is r ic h , isa is ay a an an s iy a, s iy , i, ot
/

h
o g e e er ne v a ra

te le ss

h
er . na an .

w 111 n o tp z y 11 t t H in d i a c o a gb a b ava d sa iy o ga '

m
f

u
I s
1 t

u
y o 1 11 e o a

m
.

no o n an .

uu u
h m h
Pa li b is ed f
s "
sin ce ” “
wh re eas itis fo llo w e d by

m
sa i a nd

m u u m
u
=

um
,
or , ; p
h a r e s so
s e wh a t o f te na t re o f c a sa t
1 ve c o n j n c t io n .

W h e re a s y n e igb o r tr e sp a sse d I C n ,
a n g c ap o a co t
a o ay ssn ac a a a
ay a l so sin , sin c e , I la a s fr a il la
,
,
ac a a ss
a la na an a c o, p a l i b a s
a i , ,

a s e. a c o, i , t a non g a ina p a ra rin ni ya .

As

h
Le s
m
hmu

h h hhh
If

h
If
( 71
Sa

.
h
Pr o vid e d

t
s
U n le s

h
mu h
\Ve r e itn o t

e
uum
m
f
or

uu u u
l o k sf

m
W e r e itn o tf
u
u
m
u

m
u
u
d id

m
m
fiu
m
fi
u
m
u
m
u

m
u
and

c o l d sy o
s

u uor yo

m
o

i
.
ay

no

c
a

tc o
l so

,
f
n d a i ga n e c

do
be

e,

.
I

no
a

w en

tbe c o

I sh o ld h a ve C n d a a n siy a in a asc a t
ca a t iv e
s

t th e r e

t ge n e ra llv c o
.

s
e an
.

g
co n

CO N D IT I ON AL CO NJ U N C T IO N

ry
308

.
j u

5
(

5(
J

M
S e di s

Cn
C n la

Da

J
e
t
n c 1 o 11 .

i a n ap an

n di
a ng.
.

a c a,

ga n ,
c

b e fo re te
y

la
bac

ic ao a y a a y a n n iy a,
a galit
n

C n a n a p in c a n iy a
.
S

a n g.

z
a n g,
o

n d a 11 ga 11

no
’
t
o

ag

l ib a n
. n a p a ro o n

la

i n a t ive

.
11 a , c
a ng

ca s
e
.

o
.
aoo

ag c a ng
'

d i r i l a?
.

M
fi
um m
or

uu u u
h hh
b ea t yo g p .

‘
.

W e r e itn o tf o r O r Lo r d J e s sC r is t C n d a l i ga n a n g a t i n g Pa gin é o n S i
h a vin g r e d e e e d s a l l o f ssh o l d J e s r ist s s t i t

u u
h
ng

u
o a
y a c o p a a n a c

h
, ,

a ve c e rt a in ly b e e n d a ned y o n g l a h a t a y n a p a c a sa a r in

u
. .

u u u um h
fo l lo w i n g ill st
ra t io n s w ill sh o w te e of
s te th e r j t io n so f

H hH hh
T e o co n nc

M
th isgro p

u mu u
.

I sh a ll give ity o i d cl do t B ib ig ian ta la sa b i i

m mm
r o v y no ag a ng
, p e o ca ,
o

h
sa y it

m m
.

u u
h
tgo H in d i siy a p a ro roo n l ib a n 11 a sa

mmm
e w il l no l
n e sI
s o rd e r i s
o .

otos a n co
,

u uu
.

o a g c a n g t ac bo é lo g
D o n tr n l e st y o fa l l d o w n
’
.

ea , o r ,
aca

a c a ic ao a
a ,

a olo g
y .

M
G o q ic k ly l e st d a rk s rp rise y o on Pa r do n c a ng a d a li a ca a ga b i an

h
lt
,

te r a d o . ca s
a ( a an .

m
u
u mmm
u
I LLA T I V B CO N J C ON S
UN T I .

h
W e ll th e n th a t iste r e a so n why C a y a c a y a nga

u
a
y y a a ng

u um m
. .
, ,

C o n se q e n tly . Diy a t
a , sa ac a o t ir .

h
I n a s c h in so f a sa s Ya y a

hh h
a n g.

u
.
,

Th a t in r d e r th a t N a ng p a n g

m
o .

h
.

h
, ,

m
Th a t

m u
.

h
Yo a ve be e n ca ll e d sin c e y o
T in a a g c a , y a a n g ic ao a y a ga lin g a re

m u m
,

H h
m h
we ll , go p a rd o n c a

u u m
‘

h
”
. .

P a lib a s i 11 a 1d i ang i

m
5

u m
ng

m u
As e a s n e f a r e l e a se so n
'

e i ,

,
p a e l y a
.

u
h u h
.

I s aw i y e ste rd a y , c o n se q e n tly N a q it e co siy a c a a p o n sa ac a ,

m
t

m
( th r f ) d i d n b rk t r h i d i iy a s c ay

h
e e o r e e o e a o n s n e a

Huu
. .

e c an d o it a s c as e is a n gyca y a r in g ga o in n iy a
y y
a a a ng

h h m
ki n g . ari .

m
ti p o rt t is gras
l

T e o s a nt eo n j nc io n so ft p , are n a ng a n d

u m m
a y s ta t
s I sl e pt t

m
e .
na ol o g .

u
c a p d la d
V i rto s t a t y o

u
g i

u
Be ay be ap
py l

u
te lif e t
.

an d in o co e .

Al l o w y o e l ft
rs o b e c red in o r de r tca ic ao 1
'

ag p a ga o , n a ng a
y g n a
tli a tyo a
y re c o ver . l ing .
 hu hm
u mh
h u
hu hh
um te
tr a c t e d f o r o fte a rt ic l e a ng is pre fix ed t te po sse ssive
809

M
A, co n ,
o

cas e o fn o n s o r o fte p e r s o n a l pr o n o n s in a ve rb a l s e ns
e te sa e a

h
,

ni ce wh e n q o t a t io n o fo r r e fe r e n c e t
o te w o r d so r s a y in gso fs c h p e r so ns

h
,

o r t e x t s re t e wh t a ft e r te d e f e c t
“ ”
o b e e xp re s
a s ed so i ve q th in E n gl ish ,
a o .

u
uh
A n a n g Die s .

Pe t e r sa ys o r sa id A n i Pe d r o

u
. .
,

T e H o ly S c r ipt r e s a
y il a t
A n a n g S a n to n g S t .

S a y s, o r s a id e A n iy a

u
. .

Je s s Chr is t sa y s sa id A n i Je s c r is to

h m h
. . .

h
S a ys sa i d t e A p o stl e A n a n g a p os to l
q
. .
,

I sa y , sa id . A na in .

Th e y sa y , sa id A n il a

mu
. .

W e sa y , sa id A n a in , a n a t in

u
. .

m
N is in s e r te d f p ’
s sa k e wh e n t p o sse ssiv e be gin s w it

u
or e ony e a

vo w e l , a s s
e e n in q i n, t

uu u
( a e c .

Sc o nd e r l ; vile e a n fe ll o w ,
.

r e s ltc o n se q e n c e

h
I ss e , ,
.

uhh u hmmh m
um
u
m tt
FI FT Y S E V E

t t sc h o l Did y o
N TH EX E RC I S E .

h
W o we n o scho o l ? Cl a r a an d a t il d e we n o o

u u
. .

t as te te w in e I e n ty o
Y e s I h a ve a e a d y t a ste d it A n d wh a t
s

uu
H h
uu
H u
.
, . .

do y o t in k itgo o d ? No I t ink itb a d W h e r e do y o g ? I a ,

. o .

t t D t

h
i d w r d if r it p r i t ?

Hm uuh
n n e n g e
g o g o o e g a
y o e e o y o e e o

m
. .

Ye s b td o n t ga th e r a n y fr it itis s

h h
’
ec a s e t ill gr e e n l e st y o fe l e

muH
m
, , ,

p a in i n y o r t e e th W he r e sh a ll I sit? D o n t b e se a t e d o n th a t c a l r

h
’

u
. .

fo r itis br o k e n

h
ow d id L in c o l n d ie ? e d ie d a s sa ssin a t e d by a

m
. .

fa n a tic a sa d a n d t e rr ibl e th in g te d a th o f so gre t a a n w a s! Did e a

w il l r a th e r d ie th a n sin W h a t d o y o w a n t th a t

h
e co it sin ? e

u m
u u
. .

I t a k e itf t t c tt

uh
f af

h
c h a ir fr s W oes f

u
or ?
~
or
y ie n d i o n y d e o e o

um u
.
. .

h
p r a c t ic e v i r t e ? e a ff e c t s o b v i rt o s th t a b e pr a is e d W y

m
e a e y

u u m
.

h
n o tw a s

u u hu
do yo h y o r f a ce e ve ry d a y ? B ec a se t w a te isc l d W t r o a

m
e

u
.

d id y o o rd e r to do j s t n o w ? R n fr te p rie st a n d in c a s
e o e

u
.

t t

h
s h l d t q a i n t a nc e s tr t d t s t p o c n ve r s
’

H
o o e ny c n o e
y e a o n a e e e o o

m u
h
w ith i W y sh a ll I n o tt alk w ith i ? B e c a se itis a ve ry pr e s

u u u
s B tI h a ve t
. .

o go t W e ll th e n if y o go t

h
sin g b s in e s o H e n ry s o i ’

m
u u u m
. .
,

h
Do te tr e e sy o pl a n t e d a lre a d y fr c t

h h
d o n t t a rry th e r e ify T ey do

h H
’

u m u
. .
,

n o ty e tfr c t ify ; b tth e y a lr e a dy bl o s

h h
W h a t d o e s y o r f a th e r sa y

h
so

u u u m
.

t t t t t

h h h
o y o ? s a y s d o n o g o f o s t l e s o b ss lt e d by h ig h

m
e o e r e y e a a

u
h
W a t? Do n tgo p in t th a t h o s l e st th e r a re so

h
wa y e n

m m
o o e e e

h mu u
,

pe o p le a b ve W h a t? Do n tr n l st y o r o th e r be a t y o

h
W y w s

m m
o . o e . a

h
fe r d l e st e s o l d b e h e rd \V ill s e wr ite t

h
a fr a id ?

h
e e a e ,
o e a .

h
S e w ill wr it e t o tb s

h
e ve ry o n th ? o y o pr o v id e d s e is n W o y

u u
h
. .

h h h
is ad ? E ith e r e r fa t e r is a d o r s e is a f o o l W i l l e c o e r

m h
o

u u u u
h
.

n o t W h e th e r e s o r n o t i s n o th in t D th e y bo t
?
d

m m
i

‘
e co g o e g o

u u
h u
h h
.
,

h
N e it e r te o n e no r te o th e r w e n t IVill y o a l so go

mm h m
I w o l d r a th e r

u m
huu u
. .

D t h r br th r l lt

m
s

u m
p y
a a ine i d y o n o e a r y o o e a c o n d r e ? A o g

h h
. .

h
be a s c o n d re l is n o ta re b e l Did y o l e a rn y o r le sso n

u u
e ay e

h
,
.

h h
c h I c a n n o t l e a r n it W o l d te y c o

h
e ar t

m
fi
m h
T o g I st d y
fi u
by ?

m
e

u
m uu hh
.

if I o f fer t e so e o ney ? T ey w o l d n o tc o e e ve n in sp it e o f

mu u u
ta t A re y o re so l ve d t t f I l l t i t h I b

mu
. o g i ? w i g o g e

k il l e d .Do y o kn o w t a tI h ave b ee n b e a t en a tpl a y ?

Yo d id n o t
*

in d
1
e b e o ld te is
,
s e n ow W ill y o v isit y o t er s in c e y o ,

I w ill v isit e r W y did n o tte serv a n t

,

a re e re S inc e I a er e .

b r in g y h ors e ? B eca s e y o s
”
a id n o t i n g to i a b o t i t .
 h
m
A h
mmu
YCA L I M
M FIFT Y

A N G PO U O , T

TH E

te T a ga l o g w o r d s se r vin g a s in te rj ec t io n s o bd a rdy a n d ind

o ng

c o ( te l a tt e r c o n tr a c t e d i n t o n a c d wh ic h n a t ive s p i o fse ly e pl o y
E IG H T H LE S S O N

I NTE R J E C

u um
u u
,

um
T IO N
U A L O N G PA G A R A L

,
.

,
.

fl
m
na c a ) z
, ,

a re te os t i p o rt a n t A is sed f
o r wo nde r s rpr is
. e c heer pai n

h
, , , ,

w a rn in g e t a n d itw o l d b e d if fi c l tt o e xh a s t it s e a n in gs

m
c .
,
.

mu h
0 cle a r e l .

h
Alas I
1A b a

u
“

hm
Ala s p o o r e
’
1A ba c o

u u
,

A la s p o o r t e e, 1 wa n r th e e ! 1A b a o

uu
,

hh
L e t s go l 1A b a t a y o l , 1a b a t a y o n a
'

\Ve ll i, d id I tsa y t t A b a! d i i s i o

mu
no o vo no 1 g c o c a a y n a . o a g c a ng

go t e r e ? p a rdo n ?
d in ic a
fo‘
’

A b
tsa v g

M
Ho w l I d id no s
o t
o
l r ga y c
g a a n g 8
,

u
‘
ea l y
W at
l wh a t
,
is te a t
te r . ? 1 A b al , g a n o 7

m
A r dy a rd y is e x c l siv e l v f
o r s dden in te n se p a i n

u
or or . .

m mm u
wo e ! 1A 6 l
y , 1 r
a r ay l

m hh u
.

q
.

th isp a in r y it

O m
1 A 6 l , 1 a sa ! .

Ynd is a n e xc l a a t
io n i p o r t in g s rpr is
e o r w o nde r

h
.

h o th e r Y

m
a
'

' l

m m
1 n co

O h
0h o th e r ! te ra in ( ow h a r d it

u u
h
Y a l lan
.
, °

co a n 1; c
r a i n s! ) .

h
A o ng an y o th e r e x c l a a t io n s te fo ll o w in g a re fr e q en t
ly in s
e .

h
,

mm mm
h l A a l
( lw y s p stp d

umm
ow

m
1 y a a a o o n e )

u
h h
O , t
o w p re ty l 1B i1 t1 a
y a a l

u
.

I tis a p it l S y i

m h
y 1 a a n g

m
.

m
m
W a a i t, so
t p y h y l t os ’ S y s l p i y o i '

u
c o ne 1 a a n g a n g a a g a n g a r a

u
h
W o ld t

m
C

m mmm
o Go 1 i i l 1 al l
a a n a r a n 1 a a n o n g

m
.
, ,

u u u
Ca q t ft te

m m
b e f o re rb

m
i a na a a ri and s
ed

u u
'
wn a re ne w ,
a er ve .

u u u
W o ld t H e a ve n Ca t

u
o Go d yo icght a tt a in i an a a ri ac a an o a n g l a ngit
W o ld t o God e w o l d d ie a a n o ng S i y a, i , a atav

h
. .

W o ld t

H
D a au

H
o G od e ay co e t
a ni s s
i van
q
.
. -

m
Be ick l

Hm
Aw y a

u u
Ba c k
i

10r o ng
’ '

fi
.

Be w a r e T bi i
’
.
1 a

s
il e n ce
.

i i gay as
7
S , I o p aa

Be sl
i e n ti
1 one
g c an
g ag
 M
M
MM
mm m
uuhh
m
O rd e i

m uu m
u
um
m
m
h
U r d e i th u
th a t b e a d it te d in
t n c ve r t 1 a ge
I . Pa b
Pa b
ca sa n
cs
an
o ac 3 .

la r zi sa c a n il a

M
e o o e o a ng an

u
. .

T j o in t o p t
o c o ll e c t t tge tn t
ip o n i p o 11

um
o ag 1 11 a g
'

o -

mm
. .
, ,

lo ss t t s so

mu
a a
p o g a n

mu u m u
o n o rr a i ag o

u uu
.
,

lo
'

( s
ix , b s ta n c e s t
c e r a in
o a k e t
b e ve r a ge c a ll e d s l b t)
fi
p a a a a .

s e n t o f is fo rt n e s

M
A n a as S s ons s o n g c a ir a p a n .

u
h
.

A ed le y o f c rs e sa n d f o l w o r d s S a la s a la b a t na s a
p , t t g yi a o

uu
.
,
z .

T o be n d , t o b en d b a ck a a lo c t ot
‘
. .

Twisted h o r n s B a lo b a l o c t ot n a s i i ga v

uu
. .

T o tw in e t tt

u
o tw is o c rl ,
p ,
. a gl ic a o .

W in d in g w a y o r p a ssa ge . L ic o l ic o n g d aa n .

T 1s te d t o r n s . Lic a o lic a o n a t in ie .

isc e l a n e o sth in gs . S a r is a r in g b aga y .

V a r ie ty o fc o l o r s S a r is a r in g c l a y

M
m
. .

h m
T ra p sn a r e sl ipk n o t S il o

m
. .
, ,

T o l a y tr a p sf a n il o

u
or

uu u u h
. .

B a it Pa in

u
. .

hh h
T o w a lk f s en t
ag as
p i a l (c o rr fr o S p w
. o r d p a se a r . .
,
or a e .
“
t
o t a ke

H
a

T e p bl ic pl a c e f o r w a lk in g Pa s
ia la n

m
.

S bs t it te d e l e ga t s c c e sso r e, sc
C
uu u
a l ili .
, ,

M
a

hm u
c ee der

m
.

T pr ie stiste d e l e ga te o fG o d
e . A ng pa r e i , , a ng c a a l il i n a n g Dio s .

T o s bs t it t e t o a ct in b e h a l f o f t
h r ,
o e . a lil i.

T o pl e a d f or .
p i
ag n t
a c a si .

I n t e r c e sso r e d ia to r ,
. Pin ta c asi .

T e p a tr o n s a in t A n g p in tac a s i

u m
. .

T o f e ig n t o pe rs o n a te o th e r s a gp a n
g p
a

m mu
. .
,

T o d is se bl e t o c o n t e rfe it t
a g b a l in
o na

u
. .
,

T o p le a s a gb i a l b

m
e g y o

m
o

h
H m
. .

p ise t l ip o st

h
T o des o s co rn

m
a gp a a la n g b a l a ga, a ga a

u m
. .
,

T o a g en t a gd a gd a g

m
u m m
. .

T o e l a te t o b ec o e p ro d a gp a l a lo

uu
q
.

M
.
,

e x a lt o n e s s elf t

u
um
T i, zia s
’
o . ag a la ag a .

Ang t a n ong n g iib ig a gb iga l é ob

m
h e st I) le a se G o d 1 S

m
y

u
w o w is
e o
s D i o s da pat t i la g sa

mm
n d e a vo r t
a a gp i

u u
sh n si n

u
.

e o
s
a la
.

fi
p g
a c a c a

u
.

T o in sp ire c o p a s sio n . i
a ca z a.

T o c l in g t C a i t a it
fi
o .
y p , a g y p .

T o c l i n g t t gra s p at C ap it n a i t
fi
o o a g p

u
. .
, ,

To be d o wn ca s t l i l a

m
a g o

m
. .

T tr a n sp ir e i

m
a ga n n a g

m
o

u
. .

B s h t

H
S ii

m
. .

S ic k l e . L il ic , p a n ga p a s .

To ow G a as
p

m
u m
. .

hh
“
To ow ic e r

m
ag a

m
-

u
h u
u
. .

To c e a l ra w
o od a
gc a i i ginf -

mu mm
uu u
. .

To tr
ans o rt t y ac o t

umu
p o c a r r

u
. .
,

T o bi e , t t sin g, t
t p k T

fi
o o ec . c a, an ca .

hm
T o s in g t by s t S ig id , a n ig id

fim
g n a

mu u m
. .

T o ni bb
le (by s a tte b a it ) C ib it

u
. . .

A s na e s ng k t e . A c o i t in n e a n a n g a a s .

( l n at

h
s a re sin gin g a o t
t b . N a n in ig id a n g a nga la oc .

Do t

h
os it
qo es s in g vo 9
g S in i sig id c a n a n g a ga la o e

u
,

\ es n d t b th r 0 0 , a ta c oi , s in a s act an

uu
,
a e v o e e . .

T ro t o ise s el h l G a la

u
uuu u u
. .

Sea . to rt o ise . Pa ic a n .

To t c k p te sl e e ve s o r e t t ic o a t
s r a gl il is

q
. .

W y d o yo tc k p y o r p an t
a l o o n s ? n i it c a n a g lil i lis n a n g s
a la a l 9
 m
To
To
To
hh
u u bre a k t r o g t
ho ld t o w i ld
,
o r n o ve r

t ha ndl
t ra p le t tr e a d n
e
,

,
o e
,

.
do wn
31 3
.

h h h
,
o o .

m
u mmm h
u uh
uHh umh FI FT Y E I G HTH EXE B O I S E .

h h m
W o a re h il d re n o fo r n e ighb o r W y d id y o a d it
th e re ? T e c

u
.

t t

h
he ? st r is ry b k ! b q i k ! w ! B w r !

m
y a e a n g a c e c o e e

m
a e

u
. .
, , ,

b ff a l o e s c o e o n H a ve th e y a l re a d y fi n ish e d te w o rk ? Th e y h a ve

u
h h
m u
. . .

Do y o k n o w wh a t a sh a ppe n e d ? No wh a t? T e Ch in a a n s

h h
B r a ve !

h
’

mhmuu m
uu
,

h o r se r a n o ve r y o r fr ie n d s c h il d a n d e isd e a d Po o r th in g ! wh a t a p ity’

m u uu u
.
,

n o tt t

h h h
o h a ve h W h r h l r r b t

h
d i d i ?
’

y g n o n a n ! e e a r e e c e n o a n g a o

um
I n te c o rr a l il e n t D r ive th e o tf ry th e y

h
Yo n a ghty p e o pl e b e s !

H u m u
.
, , ,

a re sa t p in g o n y pl a n t s Did y o n o t ic e o w b e a t ifl isf e a l e c o s

H
in

uu m m
—

u m
.

t s e ist H a ve te l a bo r e r sa lr ea d y pl a n t e d te

h
is? Yes a n d o w o de s oo

mm
. .
,

o r te

h
st a k e s f

h
e n c l o s re ? Th e y a re st ill c a rry in g th e W h e r e d id y o

m
m u
h
m
u
.

b ry y o r c h il d ? Th isiste pl a c e wh e r e w e b r ie d i W o b o r e te

h mH m
.

it W h a t isth a t te Ch i n a a n i s e lt in g

h
c o ff i n g ? iss c ho o l a te s bo r e

h u m
.

th e r e ? e is e lt in g w a x H a ve y o a lr e a d y l a id y o r c h e st o p e n ? No ty e t
O
m
.

m
. .

r d e r itt o b e l a id o p e n i e d ia t e ly W y a r e so a n y p e o pl e th r i n

mh
g a e g

u u u
.

t o ge th e r ? Th e y a sse bl e t o we lc o e te J d ge W y d o e ste bl a c k s ith

u uuuuu
. .

b e n d d o w n te p o in t o f th a t spe a r ? e b e n d sit do w n t a ke a sic kl

H
o e

m m m m
to fit W e r e d id th e y b y te th i bl e s? Th e y b o ght th e a ta sh o p

h
o

m u
. .

f isc e l a n e o sth in gs W h a t h a ve y o in y o r ga r d e n ? I h a v e a v ar ie ty

u m u hh
o

u u u u u u
. .

tr e e s a n d fl o w e r so fv a r io sc o lo r s W h a t d o y o se ttr a p s fo r ? I se t

h
of

h h h
. .

tr a p s f o r te o n k eys W h a t b a it d o y o e pl o y t o c a t c h th e ? I e pl o y

h H
.

h
c o c o a n t sa sb a it Fo r w h o isy o r s o n a s bs t it t e ? e is a s b s t it t

H
-
e

m m m
.

f or is c o s in W h a t s in t d o y o pl e a d b e f o r e a sa n in t e r c e sso r t
a o G d ? o

m
u m
.

W h e n iste f e a st o fte p a tr o n sa i n t o f

h h h
S a in t Pa tr ic k is y in t e r c e s so r

H u m
m m
.

th is v ill a ge ? S a in t Jo h n is te p a tr o n sa in t a n d te fe a st iso n fe 2 4t

u
h hh
fJ ne W ho d id te th ie f i p e r s

uhm
o n a te ? i per s o n a t e d a n o ffi c e r

u uuh
o . e .

W h o d id e d e c e iv e by a rtf l c o n tr iva n c e s? e d e c e iv e d a n y p e o pl e I

mm m
. .

r id in g pl e a sa n t t R w ry pl an t t

h
D

h
o ? id i n n d s i i n v e e as o e oe s
y o g a g a r e

u
. .

e d o e sn o t

h h
e des p ise e r ? des p ise e r A r e pr ie st sd e sp ise d by e ve ryb o d y ?

m m
. .

Th e y a r e h o n o r ed by w o rthy pe o pl e a n d d e sp ise d b y te w ic k e d W y d id t a t

um
u
h m h h
.

h h h
a n be co e s o pr o d ? Bec a s is f o rt n e a s be en e n te d by a n

H
a g

m
e

m m
I s ito n a c c o n t o f th a t th a t e lf

h
in h e r it a n c e e e x a lt s h i s ? It is o n

u
.

th a t a c c o n t b t e in sp ir e s c o p a ssio n a n d is a c t io n in sp ir e s sh a e

hum h u
.
,

W h a t is te Th e r e is a a n b e in g d r o w n e d in te r iv e r W h a t

h
a tt e r ?

u m
. .

sh a ll w e d o t Thr o w th a tlo g o tt t

h
o s f o c l in g

H
a ve i ? o i or i

u
.

t o . a s e gr a s p e d ita lre a d y ? No b t e is go in g t o gr a s p it e l o o k s , ,

d o w nc a s t Did te b sin e ss tr a n sp ir e ? It d o e s n o ttr a n sp ir e W h e r e is

u u u
. .

te d e e r ? It go tin t o te b sh W h a t isth a t sic kl e f

h h
or ? It is f or o w in g

m u
. . .

r ic e I s itn o tt o w gr a s sor t o c l e a r w o o d s? W h e r e d o e s e c a rry

hu
o No

m
. .

th a t str a w (c h a f f ) ? e c a rt sitt o te e n c l o s r e H a ve y o b e e n st n g by a

um
u
. .

sn a k e ? N0 b tI w a sst n g by gn a t s A re t h e re a n y t o rto ise s in th is r ive r ?

u
. .
,

Th e r e a re a gr e a t a n y A re th e ir sh e ll s go o d f o r a n y th i n g ?
. Th e y a r e
g o o d for a n y th in g s W y d i d A n n t c k .
p e r p e tt ic o a t o n c ro s s i n g
t r o a d ? B e c a se th e r e is a gr e a t d a l o f d
e e .
h
t
h
m
humm
m
id i
m
u
u
m
m u
u h
u
o
u
u
hmu
m
M
M
MM
in t s a b o t s o
YCA L I

PA RTIC L E S

o st

o fth e
re
o
FIFT Y

A N G PO U O , T

O
F R ING
N IN T

p a rt ic l e s h a ve b e e n n o t ic e d in sp e a k in g o fte v e rb b t
f te
h e re a r e s e th a t h a ve l ik e w ise a n o in a l o r a d j e c t iv a l se S o e o th e r s
w ic h a n o tv e rb a l
o

e n t e r in t o c o

s a n d o th e r p e c l ia r w a y s o fe xpr e s
p o sit io n fo r v a r io s p rp o se s f o r in g
s
,

io n A lth o gh e xpl a n a t io n s a n d
,

h a ve a lr e a d y be e n giv e n o c c a sio n a lly i n fo r e go in g

e

l e sso n s se p a r a t e st d y o fa l l is n o w s bj in e d a n y tin g r e l a t in g t o par

H LE S S O N
S IYA

S U B S T A N TI V E S A N D A D J ECTI V E S

o
.
.

N A PA G A R A L

.
.

h
a

h
h
, ,

t i l s b e in g ve r y i p rt a n t i n T a ga l g

h
e o o

h
c .

u
fi
u'
m
m m
u u mhu ix
A n, ( l
a n d te
a wh
o
en

t i
s
te
p o
t vo w e l be a r s te s a rp a c e n t ) is a lw a y s a
la s
rt a n t o n e I tisa p pl i d n j in t l y w it
. h te p re fi x
e co o
c

q
h
r t
o a d ect jiv a l ro o ts p rp r ti
o n g l it a t f r t eaa b svt r a c t non f r o o o

A DJ l ‘ ‘ L I T Y R OO T A B ST R A O T

hh m h
"
1
l l I QU A . NO UN .

Ba d , n a u u
u g tv m
u
. N
cr e lty
a

F o l ish n e ss
o
g
.
ty n e ss ,
Ta p a la sa n . Ca t a p a l

Ca n g h a nga n
-
a s
a n a n .

m
.

Ca sip a ga n .

Ca t ib a y a n .

Ca la c a sa n .

Ca la l i a n

m
.

Ca la p a r a n

h
.

Ca b iga t

h
an

u
.

h
Caga a n a n

u
.

Ca a o a n

u
.

Ro n d nes s ( l a b il o ga n

u
. .

Be a ty O a ga n d a a n

u
q
. .

La g e , r lo ng t L e n gth gr e a t n e ss O a la i an

mu u m u
. g re a .
,
. .

No b il it O a g in o o a n

h
v . .

Yo th .

m
Th is c o p o sit io n is lik e w ise s
ed t
o fo r co ll e c t
i ve no n s
.

m
Bo y Yo ng p e o pl e Ba t a t
la ba aa n

u u
. . .

Chr ist ia n . Chri st e n d o . Cri st ia n o (S p ) . Ca c rist ia n o an .

Isla nd . A r c h ip e l a go . Po l o . Ca p o lo a n .

E a rth ( a te r ia l )
. . E ar th w o r l d
,
. L pa . Ca l p aa n .
 m
fimm
t
h
h h
o draw h
h
mm
m
u
h h
ufifim
fi a be twe e n te p e r so n o r te pl a c e
d ist in c t io n T sp a ga ga
31 6
“

umu
.

l n e a n s te p e r s on t o wh o so e th in g is to b e pr e a c h e d wh il e p a ga

mh
a

u
'

g a lci n i s t e pl ,
a c e t o sa y
“
t e p lp it
”
, ,
.

A n c o e s a tte e n d o f a d i in t ive n o n o r o fth o s e th in gs b e i n g

n o tr e a l b tr e pr e s

h
e n t e d by r ph s f wh h sp k s

u
,
an
y g a ic e a n o r o ic o n e e a

in c o n t e pt

mu hh
.

u
L ittl e b ir d o r te fi g r e o fa b ird p a in t 2 Y b o n ibo n a n

uu
e d o r d raw n
.

um h
H a n fi g re p a in te d o r d e sp ic a bl e T a o t a o an
p e r so n .
.

Pe tty k i n g o r p e r s on w o pl a y s te

r o l e o fa k in g .

mm
C a n o py c e il in g ,
.

Q a c k e p ir ic in p y sic

u u mu m
.
,

G o d id o l
,
.

S o e t i e s a n a pp l ie d t n r o o t c o n v e rts iti n t o a n a d j e c t iv e

u
o a no ,

o fa c h a r a c t e r ist ic q a l i ty i n a so e w h a ta g e n t a t ive se n se .

H e ad Cl b h e a d e d-

u
.

B a rge no sed
i i Y l o ng

m
N o se p e r

u
—

so n
.

u
.

L o n g
-
s
n o te d Ngo s o . .

B ro a d s h o l de r e d B a lic a t

h m h u mm
. .

L a r ge o th e d l
B ib ig ,

m fi um
c h a rl a t a n i
.

C ,th r p t t pr e x w rd b il d in g p a r t ic l
is a no e i o r an o -
e.

Ca

m
as a s be e n
,
sa id c o e s b e f o r e ro o t s i p o rt in g c o p a n io n s h ip , ,

it t
o i n d ic a t e o n e o fte c o r r e s

m
l ik e n e ss r e c ipro c a ln e ss o r c o n f

m
or v p o n d in g

h
, ,

p a rt ie s

h h
.

m
mu h
C o p a n io n .

Co ens al . C a sa l o .

Fe ll o w p a sse n ge r
-
C a sa c ay

u u
. .

I n a te o n e o fte p e r so n s l iving a t Ca sa n b a a
,

te sa e h o se g y .

m
q
.

ne o ft

fih
C o n tr a ry f oe ,
a r e l l i
,
n g C o
a a ay
e

p rt ie s
.

mu
a .

A ssis t a n t a id in g p a rty

u
.
,

C o p e t it o r

m
.

h
Pla y in g f e l lo w

m u
—
.

u
Eq a l f e l l o w o f fi c e r o fc e r o fte sa e C a p a r a

m m h
, ,

h h
.

m fi
u
u
fi
m
To s co rn s c o r n in g p a rty T y a c a ty i

m
-
z

u u
.
, ,
.

m
N a e sa k e . Ca g lan c a sa g iy a ,
z .

mh h
F a c e r e se bl in g
-
Ca e é -

E qa l si il a r
. .

Ca pa n t ay c a a li b a a

u m m
.
, ,
.

C a tla d c a a l in t
ti l a r c a a b in g c a

hmh mm
R e se bl in g th in g o r p a rt y ,
.
, ,

n a ngis
.

Jo r n e y f e l l o w p a s -
se n ge r Ca l a cb ay
-
. .

C o n t e po r a ry o fte sa e a ge , Cap a n a on . .

D rin k in g p a r ty Cain o

h
. .

t sy ll a bl e o f te r o o t is so e t i e s r e p ea t

hm h
T e fir s

m
ed

m
.

Fe ll o w vill a ge r c o p at r io t Ca b a b ay

u u
-
.
,

Sc o rn in g p a rty Cab ib iro c a b ir e

.
, .

0 c c o e s b e f o re te q a l ity ro o t obj ec to f c o p a riso n if itis p t

a tte e nd in c o
,

t
,

p ar a iv e se n t e n c e s w it get .
 h
31 7

Hh m
As h a rd a s s to ne G a ba t o c a tigas

u
mh
. .

A sl o n g a s th is . Ca n it o c a h a ba .

A st a ll a st a t G a n iy an c a t aa s

m
. .

A ss w e e t a ss ga r lic a l c a t

mm
Gra a s is

u
. a .

o w o l d is e ? gG a a n o siy a c a ta n d a ? .

hhm
Cd is a l so se d a sa p a rt ic l e e xpr e ssin g p a stt i e w it s
o e ro o t
s
i p o r t in g t 1 e .

h m
Ye s ter d ay .

L a st n ight

u
.

T e d a y b e f o re y e s t e rd a v

u as a li it a tive fo r c e wh e n ppl ie d t t so fn bl e th in gs

mm
001 a o ro o e ra .

u
Ca ra c o t

m
O ne a nd f l . .

Ca p ot

h h
O ne p ie c e o n ly o n e p ie c
,
e. ol .

O nly O n e p a l ( l e n gth e s re ) a Ca r a 1 1gc a l

‘

u
. .

O ne itl ro p o n l v . Ca p a t ac .

O n e p ers ] o n ly C a t a no

uu m
. .

Ba c a t

m
I n a w o rd . a gan g ic a .

O n e l o ad o n ly Ca d a l an c a d a la

O
.
, an .

nl y t
wo p s s er o n Da la a c a t
a o

u
h
. .

Ca re p ea te d t ss a gr e a t it

m
e r de re e fl i a t io n

u
be

h h h
ay eX
o p re g o .

A bs
ol t e ly p ie ce

m m m m
h
o ne

u
h
.

h
ol
A bs t e ly p e rso n

m
o ne

u h
.

Th is l i it a t ive fo r c e o f is a l so a ppl ie d t ac tio n s w ic h r e q ire

h
o ( 0

u u
H
ti e f o r th e i r a c c o pl ish e n t T e se n se i p a rte d by t E n gl ish ve r b

h
e

u
t a y b e e xpre sse d t is w a y in I a ga lo g T e fir st sy lla bl
.

t ”

m
“
a ve j s
'
o . e

o f te r o o t s o l d b e re p e a t e d i n th isk in d o fe xpr e s sio n s w ith te s bj e c t

u
hm h
,

te p o ssessive c a se f

m
o r t es p a ssive c l a se s

u
111 e a re , .

um m m
‘

u u
e as j s t c o e do w n Ca p a p a n ao g p a n iv z1

u
. .

I ave j st ar r ive d Ca r a ra tin g c o p a

m m m
.

Th e y a re j st go n e o t la a l is l a a n g n ila

m
mu
h h
. .

b tc o e Ca p a p a n ic l a a n g n a in

h
We a ve p st a ir s

hm
. .

m
Th is sa e co n tr
s t io n a y a l so
c be ade t
o ea n no so o n e r th a n ,

et

u
” “ ”

u
as so o n a s i e d ia t e l y c

h h
.
, ,

No s o o n e r d id e s t a rt sp e a k ing t a n i ( a i ic a n i a i n a c a a 11 a

m
mh h h h
’

e was isc 1 r1 l e d
y g , , .

u u
u h
As s a s I a rr iv e d th e r e , I w a s Ca sa sa itc o d oo n a

m
oon

m hh
p y p i n a c a i n a c o
i f d

u m
.

g ve n o o

q
.

e d ia t e ly t h a t e le ft , e sa w y o Ca p a n ao n iy a d it o a y n a it a c a n iy a

mm
I . .

h hh
T s t o fca a n d te r e pe tit io n o ft fir stsyll a b le )
st
r c t io n ( t

m
e a e con a e

w it h te s bj e c tin te n o in a t ve c a se s e l ve s i n a c t io n sa d itt in g d e gr e e s

m
, ,

o fin t e n s io n t e xh o rt t e x c it e t d o te w o rk i n te a n ner os t

u
o , o o ,

e n e rge t ic p o ssibl e

m
h u
h
uu
h
.

uu
h
Pray o s t de vo tly t o te H o ly V ir gi n Ca i in gi c a v o sa a ha l 11 a V i1 ge n .

Bew a r e , b e c a r e fl b e c a t
io s Ca i inga tc a y o

m
.
,

fi
B e h a ve os t j d ic io sl y Ca b ab a e tc a y o

Hm
. .

m h
It a s b e e n see n in te pr e c edin g l e sso n t a t if ca is p re xe d t o an

e r is r e p e a t
a d j e c t iv a l r o o t a n d te l a t t e d e xc l a a t i ve a d j e c t iv a l e xp re s
s io n s
a re fo r ed

u
.

ow a ia b l e ! Caib igib ig .

o w pit if l ! . Cab ab ag a b a g .
H
Hm
m
u
u u m
uh
u
uuh
m
d is s t i
31 8
Ca d

mmm
ow g n g a ld a l.
ow ad i r a bl e , w o n d e rf l . 3a tac atac a,
~ -
t t
c a a c a a c a.
o w p ro d l i o s O a g il a g ila l as
g . .

Th is sa e a rr a n ge en t fo r ss
o e a d ve rb so r a d ve rb ia l e xp re ssio n s o f

u u
u m u h
m
m h
m
m h h h h
h

M
u
Ca
i t h is st r c t
io n , itsh o l d b e n o t ic e d , c a rr ie s te s ense t te

m
,
n c o n o

h igh e st d e gr e e o fin t e n sio n a n d itise ve n a ppl ie d t o s e ro o ts o f th in gs a s

mm u um
o

h hh h
in ca t a lo c ta lo c t
o c a w h ic e a n ste v e ry s it o fte o n t a in , te p e a k

u
.

m
I sth e r e spr i ve n d e r a tte s D oo n sa t t t
c a a l o c a lo c o c a n bo n

mu
an n
y g nang

u u
h
1 to ft
ha t o n ain ? t do c ii a y a o g a y b a t isb a ga ?
,

mm hh
O ff w i th te s f f
ix a n 11 11 11 fo r s te s 3 1
, p e rl a t ive d e gre e o fa d j e c t ive s te

h
,

ro o t be g r e pe a te d a s a l r e a d v e x pl a in e d .

h
Th isisve ry pr e c io s Ca a a l a a l a n it O

uu
. .

V e ry s a v o ry Ca sa ra p sa r a p a n

m m muu m
m
. .

V e ry o b s
cene . Ca a la y a la y a n .

V e ry go o d . Oab t
ib t
i an .

h h
So a d ve rb s o f t
i fo r ed in te sa

uu
e e a re e a n ne r

m mmhm

M
.

m m
Ca t p st s n

M
a a
p a .

M
Ca a c a s a c a sa n .

M
T e r e p e t itio n o f te ro o t y ad isp e e d w it
ns beh i fso e a d ve rb or

te e x pr e ssio n

h
wo r d i p o rt i n g t i e co e s in .

hhu m m u
To l e a ve fr t o g away o ,
o . Pan a o , a an a o .

To c a rry a w a v a n
. a
gp a o .

To e x il e . o .

Th isv e ry w e k I s a l l le a v e e Ca p a n a o a n coit o n g l in go .

W e n e w a so n t p o in t o fd y in g e . N iy o n g ca at
a y a n 1 1 a n i1 a

W e n e w a sa b o t t o k ill t he . N iy o n g t
c ap a a y a n n a sa ca il a .

m
u m h
u mm h hmuu
mu
FI FT Y N I NTH E X E RCI S E .

m h uu u
Do h t

h h
p a n y e ? Ye s I w i l l ac c o p a n y v wh e r e

h
w is

fi
yo a c co

mm
o o

u m m u m u
, ,

h h
I f s h wh th W s r y r
fi
do y o ge ? a go in g o i i a r o d y d o y o c o n o

m u
. .

fl lo w c it i e n s? I d o n t sc o r n t e B ty o n d f a lt s w it h th e d o
’
e z

u
—

u
.
,

n tk n o w itis i t t t ot

u hu
r p er nd f l s w i h h e r s? W h t d

m
vo o
p o o a o y o a

u m u
d 1 re st I a d ir e te a r ve lo st h in gs a d by G d a n d e sp

u
?

H
1 o e o e

te b e a ty fte st a r s n te sk ie s Ca n th e y b e tr st

h h
c ia l ly I d ir a o

m
e o .

T e y c a n n t b tr std n tt

h h
y th e n be i ntr st e d w it

h
e d ? ay o e e o e

u m
.

h h
t a lt

h
th t b sin e ss I d n t k n o w s ll b h h

H
’
a a
y I i e c o oe y ? Y o a y e

u m u
. .

h h
st ill ge th e lt y C n v o go t I c n n o tgo t

h
a n il a ? a n ila f

m
a o a o or ~
a

m
. .
,

I a 1 11 Ca n yo r br o th e r go t a n il a c a n n o tgo t a n il a
?

m
o e o

m u
h u
m
.

h
th is e d ic in e a ll e v ia t e te s ffe r in g o f

h
bec a s e e i s v ry 1 s ay e v

u u
1

hh m mh
te p a t ie n t It it W e r e is te n o b ility (a r is o c rac y ) o f
‘ a ll e ia t e t
?
ay v

u u u
.

‘
tis to w n T he y e a tc h r c h a s tl s b o s a tro e T
7
an
y b e r e . e
7

is e r e a b a th r o o fo r gr o w n p p e
—

o pl e v o n g p e o pl e b a t e a t t e

Na t
.

r i ve r W h a t d o n a ti e s se f
. o r r
d in k i n g i ve s v se coco a n ts a s -

d r in k in g v e s se l s I V e re i s te p e d e s t a l o fth is i
.
’
a ge ] It i s in lte c e ll .
? - 1
1
.

W e re d o te n a t iv e pe o p l e a s se b le T h y a ss b l e a tte co ck pi t ?
e e ~ '
.
PA RTIC L E S

fo r
de no t
mm
huu
hm,
m
mhu
pr e x a s f
1 11 is a
1

1 s a lw a y s a

In is pr e fix e d t
l n g re se
s fx
o
f ix o r a n in s

o r in s e rt e d
Y CA A N I

O
F R I NG

u
fiu
fi
M
MM
e rt a bl e p a r t ic l e ;
,

in n o in a l r o o ts t fo r
n it

b la n c e o r sh a r i ng o f te pro p e rt ie s p o sse sse d

s
S IXT I T

.
N A PO U O N G
320

E H LE S S O N

S U B S T A NTI V E S A N DA D J ECTI V E S
.

PA G A R A L

o
,
.

by
.

o re
( co n t
in

so no r o s

d er iva t ive s
te r o o t
u ed )

Hm
t

m m
yt

m
An
A be rry , t
o e o go n a l
in an
i ng

e ig ht
c p
sid e d B a l in g in g b B in a l in gb ing
h a pe
-

u
s
1
. .

1 11
sh a p e
.

uu
.

ce n t
N i b0 h t s in i"1‘ A n y th in g 1 e s
e ~

p a ga

u
Sa S a p g
a a
fl o we r bl in g s c h o ve r j
.

u
.

u
.

m
V e rd r e c l i n a ry A n yth in g s
,
h a r in g
ve ge ta bl e s r t h ( in a l y in t
'

g d i n e n G l la
,
a e g r e .
y .

u
en t ff
s . co lo r .

i tl e e d le
7\
11 o in t e d Ca ra o

m
Ne e d l e
1

v
i
. . .

r 1e e .

T o b o il r ic e B o il e d r ic e f o o d S ain g

u
h h
. . .

h
T o sp i n S p in n in g thr e a d S lid

fihh
. . .

T o bo il e a l A s o rt o ffr itt e r s )
L
1

L 1 n o ga o
.
,

flo s f t i
o ga n

m
. .

m u
r. an o p p
a
y .

T o kne a d Br e a d T aip a y

u
. . .

u
h
sts
T yll a bl e o f te ro o t(a s t
e 1 o1 te p 1 e sen tt e n se ) sh o ld be
l e pe a t in g w i<l1 isp e 1 a n e n tin st tp a 1 t

hH
ed f

m
o 1 anyt k ind a h e se a b ic ip ia l
,

no ns .

u
G o d f a th e r

u
.

h
God o t er .

St step

u
e ps

i
mm
on or
Son or da g te r .

d a ght e r
A n ac . I n a a n ac .

uH H h
a lf b ro t

u
S h er
a pat
C Q in a e a p a t
or
Bro th e r or siste r id id
sis te r j
. . .

m h mh
.

S o e wo a n w o
t

h
A I n a a li
n
st a n d sfor an a nt

O
.

ne s b r o t h e r s
S
’ ’

h h
S 1tst e r o o
1

la w
1 1

in
t
sre ss
l p ag 1n 1 1 p ag
1 0

h
l .

h
e rt e d , is te fte p a st

m
I n , e ith e r pr e fixe d o r i n s we ll k no w n fo r

m m
o

p arti c ipl e wh ic h , ge n e ra lly , st a n d s f o r te d ir e c t o bj e c t .

u
T e sw e e th e a rt o r te b e l o ve d p e rso n . A ng sin isin t a .

T e estee e d p e r so n A ng in a a a l
q
. .

T e a re a d l y k n o w n p e r so n . A ng in o c o a n .
M
O
so
y

h
h
h
pr

m
h
h
m
h
omp

T
e
uu
W h a tisd e s

B a n a n as
c ro
t
m
h
e r ty w a t

m
t e r s pr o pe rty t

mu m
W h a t is
u
humu h
w s ra ve ns
,
de s

ro y e d
’

sa
tr
e

a re
c
,

.
co
t ive
,

do ne
is e l d a s in e
e ir p r o p e rty

p o sit io n
a ge n t

by
ants
awa y
.

ic e .

W1 t by
.

is l ik e w is
.

e
32 1

j
A n g in a a
A ng

se d
q

A n g d in a d a ga
o

A n g l in a l a n ga

Yno o
in

ac a ng
q
in a c a n ila
A n g in iin y o

t
.

e an
.

s
ag in g
.
.

te p a ssive e ff

.
ec t o f

m mh h
E ve ry pr ese n to r p a st sta ge o fa bod ily co pl a in t is e xpr e s
sed by te

u
ro o t o fte l a tt e r w ith i n e ith e r pr e fixe d o r

u
in se r t e d .

m m u m
Pe r s s ffe r in g
on

i “ A n g g i n a ga l f

mhh
Itc h s

m h
Ga

h h
a n ge
,
.

fro it c h .

Pe r son w o as

fl
s f fe r e (1 f r o B o l ot b in o lot

M
S a ll —

p ox. o ng . o ng .

s a l l po x -

h h
.

m m
T sa is te s wi t te r o o t o fa n y li b p a rto fte b o d y

um m m
u
e e ca e or

u mh
pa bl e o fbe i n g a ffe c t ed b y p a in

uu
ca .

h h
S to a c h . S ic ra .

Jo h n s ff e r sfr o te sto S i n isic si J

m
ac ra an

h
. .

um h u m
B re a st ib d ib
D

u m
. .

I s ffe re d fro t
b re a s Din ib d ib aco

u
h
uu
ac e. .

h
In in , is s i x e d t
or o ro o ts o f e a b o ve sa id c o pl a in t s t
o e xp re s
s
th e ir s ffe rin g e ith e r a tso e f t re t i e o r ifth e y a pp e a r a s c hro n ic o r
h a b it a l , fo r in g, in te l a tte r c a se , n o n s e xp re ssive o fte p a t ie n t

u
.

M
u
Pe r s w o w ill

m
on

h
Go t . b e a ffl ic t e d w ith Piy d . Pip iy o in .

mm h
go .

It
c hy s
cab , .

Asth a t ic

m m
.

T e s
a e ay den o t
e a de f e c t .

fi Pit te d b y t e B o l ot Bo lo t

u
ll

h
S o g in

h
a -
p o x o ng
s a ll p o x
. . .
-

h h
.

h
P e r s
S o n b ea rl ng
ta

h h
o
lipp it d e s

m m
.

u
.

fi
B ig b e ll ie d T iy an

u
-
. .

In i n , s fxe d t o ve r b a l
or tr a n sit ive r o o t s st a n d s f
or te th in g o r
w o rk wh ic h is te re s l to fte a cc o pl ish e d ac t io n , ifte ve r b a d it sof
te i n p a ssi ve f o r te d ir e c t o bj e c t

uh h m
m mh
Tah i
Yn o
.

u
.

mm m
B tifte th in g o n w h ic h te w o rk r e ain s p a e n t tis ean t te
,
( 1 11

p a ssive p a rt ic l e is se d .

tw ith tw ist ed Sa b a t S in a b a t
g
a
To e bro id e r a ts d ra w i n gso n
an .

j C a ke ade w ith l P0 l 0 t
h o ne y . i
Pie with . e gg sin . It
lo g .
 h
m
hmm
mu
m h
MM u
T e s
a e co p o fl t
io n is e l
p yo e d f
or w a tis l e f tbe h in d a f
sofal bv

M
te e f
fe c t o fso e ac t io n s

u u

MM
To to re a p
ow S tbbl e G a pa s G in a p a s an

uuu u
. . . .
,
‘
Pi n ili a n 1) in a if1
To c l l t o c ho o s R e fse o ffa l d r e gs P1 11
1

h
p il t
u
h
e ,
.
, ,
.

an

u
h
To c t tstff Pi n a g t

h h
s C tt in gs c l ipp in gs T a b as abas

m
o an

t
. . .
,

h
T o I ic k r a t t

h
1 a n s Q in a y a sa n p i

m u
Pe e l i n gs p a r 1 n gs C a va s
1

h
"

t l s
.

5
. .
,

m u m
n a gc a y a a n .

m
1 e c e a n

h
.

h
m
ufi u u m
t d n t s a p a ssio n a n a c t o fte
I fte n d o r a n in v o l n t a r y

m
ro o e o e i

u u u
,

a c t io n te r o o t s o l d b e pr e fix e d b v a
,
te p a rt ic l e fo r a d j e c t iv s w it ,
e .

te sa e c o p o sit io n o ft in a s fx e d t s f o r in g fr e q e n t a t i v dj ct -
,
e a e

iv al n o n s wh ic h a r e f o r te ost a c t e in a c c e n t t d ist in g ish th e

m
o

m
, ,

f ro te c o rr e sp n d in g t e n se s o fte ve rb

u
o .

M
T e n d e r h e a r t ed

m
C o p a ssio n .

h ane aa ai n

u
I J O VG
L o vin g a f fe c t io n S in t a .

I ro g
.

h
.

MM
Bias l ik i n g A t r
a e U il i

m
. . .
,

I o n gin

m uf
g c a i1r ic
D sr e Yb i g
.
e i

um
. .

u
10 11 8 .

Ir a sc ibl e
‘ili
.

l sin g
j
S
La s i le
f
ni
I1 e a 1

T a na t an l n 1
1

uu
g ,
.

a gre e a t e .
. a a .

h
o rn r e at
a n gl s

fi h
. .

mh
t

h
) l 1e d i e 1 1 s n o r in

m
. a .

m
a o tlo g in
2s
.

on .

mm
in t

m
I f te it

m
ro o t a d s o fb e in g co n tr a c te d b gin s w ith l o r a n
,
e e nsi ve
r
de g e e is t te r stsv lla le ft t a v b re p e a t d

u
ean . o e ro o e e .

u
5S h o rt O f r y Li o t e o
t

m
a l il i
.
o in
fo r ge tf l
.

M
.

h
h
Jo y f l

u h
fi u
.

Fa in t h e a r te d
—
.

In r sic kly

u
h
.
,

P r s s b j t t Q
5 L a gn a t
e o n e c o
a la l a gn a t in

h h
( fe ve r

m
. .

.
5
hf
Ba s l n e ss B a s f l d if f id e n t H iy a i iv i n

m
.
,
. . a .

fi
ta ta re
a is te
no
w e ll k n o w n pr e x p a r t
ta d j e c t i ve s by t e se l ve s
ic l e t
o fo r ad ecj tive s o fth o s r o o t s e

h h h
.

h
t
ap a n g

um m
a

m
.

u
hu
a ga l in g

u
.

m
m
dj ec t
i ve s t s f o r e d a y b e c o n j ga te d by te ens

m
s

m hm
T e a ag in e

h h
faf
fe c t in b o a st in g o ft qa l ity th e y d e n o t e

u u
o
g or e

h
.

m
t

hh
An t y af fec t
s t b e br a ve Na g si A n t o n io

m u
o n o . a a ap an g .

Jo hn bo ast so fw isd o Na g no ng si J an

u u
. a ar .

If th e y a re c o n j ga t e d in te p a ssi ve o fte t
io n te

m
14 co n j g a se n s
e

q
,

isth a t o fh o ld in g r r e p t in g t bj c ta sp o sse ss te a li ty e xpr e s

se d by

u
o e o e g
te a d j e c t i ve .

I co n sid er t a tgo o d . in a ab t
i c o iy an .
MM
MM u uu
h
mh
h
h
m
h
324

M
c e pt ibl e , p n c t Di

m m
S s ill io s

m
a n ic aa n .

m
.

I tise a s ie r t o sa v itth a n d o it s

m
a d a ll n g a b i in ira p ga o i n

u m
.
, a .

u
a ca ,
a
y b e a ssi il a t
edt
o p a rt ic l fo r in g
a sa e j t
ad e c ive s if ,

p re fixe d t o ve r b a l ts W at a o r te p o t e n t
1sf ial sens o r te
a ca i s f

m u
ro o

u
. e ,

ca s a t iv e o n e

uu
.

h h
A gre a b le , wh a t ca s e sp l e a s r e

u uu
h h

M
.

C a sa t iv e o fsh a e

m
h uu m m
.

t r c t i ve o fl ife
o rt a l , d e s

mum u
.

L a g h a bl e , c a sin g l a gh t er

u
.

al so p re fixe d t
is
o te c a rd in a l n
a b e rs t
o fo r te a d ve rb

h h
ia l n e ra l s o f t i e te fi rstbe in g wh o lly a nd te se c o n d a n d t
h ir d

MM
, , ,

p a rtly ir re g l a r a s a s b e e n e xpl a in e d

h m m
.
,

m
O
m
in ea

um
nce . .

Tw ic e . N a ca l a a .

T r ic e t re e t i s
, e . a c a it lo acatat
lo .

F ive t i e s . a c a li a .

u m
A n d re d t i es . ac a s a n gd aa n .

u
um u um u
S p a rk Q isl a p a l ip a t
o p il ant
ic

u
. .
, ,

uh
To ca s e w e a r in e s s

mmm
ac a y a o

u m
. .

T o d is st t s d is s t sa a

u
g o c a e g aca

uu
. .
,

T o in fl a e , t o ca s e to b e in fl a ed a cas on o g

u m
u
. .

T o pr o d c e a n x ie ty a c a b a l is

m
. a .

T o pr o d c e n a s a c a s c la a c a ri a ri

m m
ea

u
. .
,

To ca s e te d is g s to f sa t iet v ac as y a

mu u
. .

It c a n n o t b e H in d i i

m m
a ng a a r
.
y y .

u
Ca n b t H in d i d a ri

m
an g 1

I
a
y y

m h m
can b t

u
H in d i a n gy a y a r i d i ac o a roo n .

m
g o .
p
It a y b e a n gy a y a r i d in

m u
. .

It a y n o tb e

m
H in d i a n gy a y ar i

fi mm u
. .

u
It a y b e , it a y h a pp e n

h
S cat a n g a ri

u
.
y .

Di s c a t a n gy a r i

m
It c a n h a rd ly b e , h a ppe n

m muu u
q
. .

T o e x a in e , t o l o o k in to in t o te
l it
a
S
li c a tio n so fs e c a n d id a t e
.

m
o .

br oth p ss exa n at b

fi
d i i
S in l id a n d c a p a t
y e r a e o n e
st ro
f o re te a st e r a n d c a e o t a q id co n a ng ae

H m
at S l y a, i , n a c a s l it

u
li e d
.

um
u
.

No b o d y k n o w sit . U a l an g n a c a c a ala .

N o bo d y n d e r st a n d it U a l an g n a c a t at t
ala s as

u
. .

Do y o nde rs ta n d it? .
gN a t a t
a l a t
sas o b g1 a ? t
.

fe e l s wa r
e . S iy a, i, n a iin it an .

e was s wa y e d ( b l in d ) w it
h w ra th . Na b l a ga n s iy a n a ng gal it .

LO St

h
. a c a, s a c a li .

h
h
h u
h hhmm
h
u
hhm
m
H uh
u I
S IXTI E TH E X E RCI S E .

h
h
u
h u
h h
S Do n t do t
ll h a t l e sty o b e da n e d Do I go o t
do it

m
’
a

u
h
G o o ta n
.
,

d b ew a r e ; d o n t t a il t o d o w a tI

h
t

h
t en o ld yo S a ll

m
’

uu h m uh
.

I go p st

h m
a irs D o n t go p l e st th e re a y b e so e p eo p le o ve r t ere
fi
? ’

m u m
.
,

t
: 3

W a t a re y o t t

m
i d 9
I i fi s i s wh h r I

u
go n g o o a
g o n g n g o e e e e c a n “

o ok so e s W y did e n o tl iftte b a g .
?
e is go in g t o try
w e t er e c a n l itt it p Did te y s o o ta r ro w sa tte b irds Ye s ?
.

tey d id a nd t e y s o t d o w n so e Did y o in a fte r i ? I ra n

i
“

. . .

for i b tI c o l d no tove rt ake i

, Do vo w is e t o n ow ? .
,
.
M
h h
m h u
m uuu u m m
h hh h u u
u
hh
D o n t go a w ay a tpr e sen tf

h
w il l b e a ff e c t d by s n s h in e a n d y o

H
’
or yo ,
e

h h h
w ill f e e l w a r S a ll I s
. t a y e r e a n y l o n ge r ? No b e go n e l e st y o .
, ,

b e o ve rt a k e n by d rk in te w o o d

h hH
W h a t h a pp e n e d t th e ?

H
ay a o

m
u m
. .

tse a W h a t a s

h
T e y we r e sa il in g a n d th e y we r e o v e rt a k e n by a st o r a .

t t

h
a pp e n e d o y o O r h 7
o se w a s b r n t d o w n W a a s h a pp e n e d

u
“ . .

W h a t a s h a pp e n e d t

h h
T e thr e a d p a rt e d y o r b r o th e r in la w is

m
o

m
-

uu u
. .

h
st

h h h
re n gth fa ile d is se n se s va n ish e d n d is in d gl o o e d is br th

mm
a

u
ea

u m
, ,

h
w a s c ts h o rt n d e br e a th e d te l a st w a s it

h
a ow ? is w a lk in g

u m u u
. .

st ic k spl it a n d is a n kl e w a s s pr a in e d W y d o y o l a gh ? I l gh a

u
. .

b e c a se th a t fe ll o w st bl e d a n d fe ll d o w n Do I a ssist i ? No

m m h
.
,

h h
w a lk sl o w l y l e st e a y sl ip Do y o f

h
a ke i ear ? Ye s I d o

uum um
uu u u
.

hh
.
, .

\V a t I a a fr a id o fte so l so fte d e a d W y d o y o

hh
a re y o a fr a id o i ?

uu
. .

hh h
f e a r te g o st s? fe a r G o d a n d d o n o tfe a r gh o sts a s th e y w ill d o n o th in g t

h
, o ,

hhhh
y o W h e r e d i d y o s t bl e ? I s t bl e d a g a in st h is st o n e W h a t h o s e

u
. .

d id y o r o th e r d ie i n ? I n o r gr a n d f a th e r sh o s e W h a t d id s e d ie o f ’ ?

u
. .

h
S e d ie d o ffe ve r W y d o e sth a t w o a n we e p ? B e c a se d e a th d e pr i v e d e r

m
.

o f e r in f a n tc h i l d I d o n t se e y o r siste r wh e r e is s e ? S e is t h e re
’

m H m m
u
.

h
,

k n e lt d o w n n e a r te a l t ar A n d y o r br o t h e r w e r e is b e ? Th e re e
.
,

t a n d in g n e a r te p ill a r I s e n o tth a to n e w o is se a t e d o n te

h h h
is s

u u u
.

hhhhh
b e n c h ? No e is th a t o n e w o is by i W o is yo r go d f a th e r ?

u um u m m
. . .
,

hh
f h r fr Ch a rl e s f a th e r th t r

h
y g o d a e is y i e n d and
y g o d
’
o e r i s s is e

m
.
, ,

Do y o t a k e th a t a s y o r s? No I t a k e ita s th e ir s

h h
o w is y o r r i e

m
,
. c

fi e l d ? I t a s b e e n e a te n p by l o c st s I s y o r se rv n t a ffl ic t e d w ith

h
u
a

u u
.

e i s a ffl ic t w ith a sth a D o e s is st

h
it c h ? No ed o a ch p a in i ?

um
. . .
,

No as a nd ac e I s is f a th e r a b ig b e ll ie d an ? No is

m
, e a .