ENGLISH NEWS Part 1 Unit 1 People We Know Lexical Database The Family great grandmother = strbunic great grandfather

r = strbunic great grandson = strnepot great grand daughter = strnepoat spouses = soi (husband &. wife) uncle = unchi aunt = mtu nephew = nepot niece = nepoat cousin = vr, verioar God parents = nai Godfather = na Godmother = na Godson = fin God daughter = fin step-parents = prini vitregi step-father = tat vitreg step-mother = mam vitreg step-son = fiu vitreg step-daughter = fiic vitreg in-laws = rude prin alian mother-in-law = soacr father-in-law = soacru son-in-law = ginere daughter-in-law = nor Derivatives and Compounds: brotherhood = frie fatherhood = calitatea de a fi tat motherhood = calitatea de a fi tat childhood = copilrie twin sister =sor geamn twin brother = frate geamn friendship = prietenie fellowship = tovrie

great grandparents = strbunici

comradeship = camaraderie citizenship = cetenie Londoner = londonez Bucharester = bucuretean Parisian = parizian Pekingese = locuitor al Beijing-ului Pakistani = pakistanez room mate = cleg de camer desk mate = coleg de banc class mate = coleg de clas handicraft = ndemnare, obiect artizanal witchcraft = vrjitorie priestcraft = talent preoesc, mijloace preoeti boredom = plictiseal (< to be bored) wisdom = nelepciune (< wise) doer = actant, cel ce face ceva (< to do) player = juctor (< to play) writer = scriitor (< to write) smoking = fumat reading = citit, lectur coloring = coloratul carelessness = neglijen cheerfulness = veselie, bun dispoziie goodness = buntate authorship = calitatea de a fi autorul friendship = prietenie hardship = dificultate length = lungime depth = lungime width = lungime truth = lungime growth = lungime Negative Prefixes: unemployment = omaj misinterpretation = interpretare greit disbelief = nencredere inaccuracy = inacuratee illegibility = ilizibilitate irrelevance = irelevan (< long) (< deep) (< wide) (< true) (< to grow)

Idiomatic Phrases

mother tongue = limb matern mother of pearl = sidef the mother of all toothaches = o durere de dini de pomin at your mothers knee = copil, la fusta mamei the mother lode of gold = o surs inepuizabil de aur (tot aurul din lume) Polysemy 1. tat 2. preot 3. strmo 4. creator, inventator, printele (fig.)

father =

Family Vocabulary

heir = descendant = motenitor to be akin to = to be related to = to be a relative of = a fi rud cu to indulge = to spoil = a rsfa to be a chip off the old block = to look very much like = a fi bucic rupt to take after = to look very much like = a semna cu to look after = to take care of = a avea grij de Idiomatic Phrases

to play ball with someboy = a se arta cooperant cu to play into somebodys hands = a face jocul cuiva to play ones ace = a juca asul din mnec the game is up = partida este pierdut to have the gamein ones hands = a fi stpn pe situaie Gramar o The Indefinite Article

THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE IS USED: A. BEFORE TITLES, PROFESSIONS, TRADES, NATIONALITIES E.g. He became a professor. I am a teacher. She is a Romanian. B. AFTER PHRASES LIKE: the business / part / role / profession of E.g. He was acting the part of a judge. C. BEFORE: hundred, thousand, million, dozen, score D. BEFORE little, few (adding them a positive meaning). E. BEFORE: good many, great many E.g. He has a good many friends in Timisoara. ( = a lot of friends) F. AFTER ADJECTIVES PRECEDED BY: so, as, too, how(ever)

E.g. She is not so good a student as you are. This is too difficult a problem for me ! How splendid a view ! However reliable a man he may be, dont overestimate him ! G. AFTER many, quite, rather + a Verb in the Singular E.g. Many a traveler has admired the Danube Delta. ( = a lot of) He has got quite a pretty little house. H. AFTER without, such, what + Noun in the Singular E.g. He was sitting on a chair without a back. Such a splendid show it was ! What an unusual idea ! I. BEFORE A NOUN PRECEDED BY as, no less E.g. He was using the broom as a horse. He was no less a man than the mayor himself.

J. IN SET PHRASES LIKE: as a reward, at a distance, a long / short time, in a loud / low voice, on a large scale, with a view to, to be in a position to, to have an appetite, to have a head for, to have a fancy for, to have a talent for, to keep it a secret, to make a fire / a fortune Unit 2 Education &. Schools Lexical Database Educational Institutions

daycare center/nursery school = cre, cmin pt. copii kindergarten = grdini primary /elementary/grammar school = coal primar secondary school (Br.) / high school (Am.) = liceu postgraduate studies = studii post-universitare boarding school = coal cu internat denominational school = coal patronat de biseric School Slang (argou colresc)

preppy = absolvent al unei coli pregtitoare pt. universitate (Preparatory school) (Am.) freshman = boboc, student n anul I sophomore = student n anul II junior =student n anul III senior = student n anul ultim (IV) fraternity = fraternitate (club pt. studeni) sorority = fraternitate (club pt. studente) winter break = vacande iarn Differencies American British English

public school = coal de stat, gratuit (USA) coal privat, cu tax (GB) vacation (USA) holiday (GB) = vacan

grades (USA) marks (GB) = form de evaluare a studenilor (note) fellow = bursier (USA) lector universitar (GB) to enroll (USA) to register (GB) = a se nscrie la o coal People Involved trainer = instructor trainee = cursant training course = instruire Principal = director de coal Dean = decan al unei faculti / protopopul sau vicarul unei catedrale Rector = rectorul unei universiti bursar = intendent (GB) al unei faculti (persoan care se ocup de fonduri) Funds Offered to Students

grant = burs de sprijin scholarship = burs de merit fellowship = burs de studii (pentru stagii de cercetare USA) Latin Borrowings in School Jjargon

curriculum pl. curricula = plan de nvmnt (lista materiilor studiate ntr-o coal; azi curriculum i n romn!) syllabus pl. syllabi = program analitic (planificarea semestrial a materiei pentru fiecare materie colar; azi silabus i n romn!) alumnus absolvent al unei coli alumna absolvent a unei coli School Slang

to cram / to slapdash = a face n grab, a fueri to skip classes / to play truant = a chiuli to cheat / to crib = a copia (la lucrri) scatter-brained = mprtiat sloppy / untidy = neglijent, dezordonat Idiomatic Phrases

a school of fish = un banc de peti a school of thought = o coal de gndire a school of gamblers / drinkers = o gac de juctori / beivi a person of the old school = o persoan de coal veche to school a horse = a dresa un cal to got o the school of hard knocks = a face coala vieii Gramar o The Definite Article

THE BASIC RULES: to be placed before nouns mentioned before E.g. I saw a queer man; the man was wearing a red hat.

to be placed before concrete nouns E.g. Man is a superior being; the man over there is an exception. to be placed before any determined noun THE DEFINITE ARTICLE: a) Precedes concrete nouns. nouns. E.g. the chalk, the student, the car, etc. BUT: - abstract nouns in a concrete meaning + article Eg. Lets have a look at the curiosities. - concrete nouns in an abstract meaning - article Eg. My son still goes to school. ( = he is still a pupil) Mind : Ill go to the hospital (to visit a friend for ex.) Ill go to hospital (to see a doctor, for I am ill.) b) Precedes nouns mentioned before (demonstrative value) E.g. She found a puppy; the puppy (= that puppy) was cute. PRONUNCIATION: [* i: ] THE THE - before consonants [* ] - before semivowels the university, the year - before nouns beginning with a vowel - when hesitating Well, the.... man sucks ! - when stressed Is he the Constantinescu ?

SPECIAL CASES: A. PROPER NAMES get the article when no longer unique: 1. In the plural E.g. The Smiths = the Smith family 2. As common Nouns E.g. Does he really have a Picasso ? 3. When particularized E.g. Is he the Tom I used to know ? B. TITLES get the article when 1. They are not English E.g. The Archduke Franz Josef 2. Not followed by a name E.g. the queen, the earl, etc. 3. In the plural E.g. the Miss Browns or the Misses Brown C. GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES that do not take the Definite Article: 1. Continents, countries, provinces, towns, villages Exceptions : the Argentine, the Congo, the Palatinate, the Ruhr, the Sudan, the Transvaal the Tyrol, the Riviera, the Ukraine, the Hague 2. Chains of mountains E.g. The Alps, The Andes, etc. + the Jungfrau, the St. Bernard, the St. Gothard

Exceptions: Mount + Proper name: Mount Everest, Mt. St. Hellens 3. Oceans, seas, lakes, rivers E.g. The Pacific, The Cerna, etc Exceptions: lake/cape + Proper name Lake Huron, Cape Canaveral 4. Long names of countries E.g. The United States Exceptions: short names of countries E.g. America, Romania 5. Names of streets, parks, ships, preceded by an Adjective E.g. The Green Park, The Zoological Gardens, Exceptions: Broad Street, Broadway, Whitehall, Cheapside 6. In idioms E.g. to put to the test, to become the fashion, in the country, to pass the time, on the right / left, on the one / on the other hand Unit 3 Time Lexical Database ASKING FOR THE TIME If the person has a watch If you ask smb. whether he/she knows what time it is What time do you have? (USA) What time do you make it? (GB)

Do you have the time? (USA)

Have you got the time? (GB)

Time Measuring Devices

sundial = cadran solar sandglass / hourglass = clepsidr clock radio = aparat de radio cu ceas radio clock = ceas controlat prin radio atomic clock = ceas atomic stopwatch = cronometru counter = dispozitiv simplu de msurat minutele (folosit pt. msurarea timpului de fierbere a oulor) Parts of a Clock / Watch

face / diak = cadran hands (hour hand, mnute hand, second hand) = ace, limbi figures / digits = cifrele

Functioning of a Watch / clock fast = merge nainte slow = merge n urm accurate = exact

The clock may be:

Intervals of Time

dawn / daybreak = zori de zi, revrsatul zorilor a fortnight = dou sptmni a term / a quarter = un trimestru, un ptrar a semester = un semestru leap year = an bisect decade = deceniu dusk / sunset = amurg, apus Adverbial Constructions of Time Frequency

every second day = din dou n dou zile much too often = mult prea des once too often = cam prea des to while away the time = a face ceva s treac mai repede timpul Season-related Adjectives

wintry weather = vreme de iarn springlike weather = vreme de primvar summery weather = vreme de var autumnal weather = vreme de toamn Idiomatic Phrases

Lets call it a day! = Ajunge pe ziua de azi ! to have a field day = a se amuza copios to bide ones time = a-i alege momentul potrivit its high time = este timpul s a time lag = un decalaj, o ntrziere jet-lag = oboseal provocat de decalajul orar (dup o cltorie cu avionul) Gramar o The Zero Article

THE BASIC RULES: No article in front of: A. Nouns used in a general sense. sense. B. Nouns having a unique character. character. ARTICLE ZERO BEFORE: BEFORE:

Abstractions E.g. beauty, wisdom, understanding, anger Matters, natural products, colors E.g. water, wheat, red, iron Nouns used in the plural or with general meaning Eg. Boys love football. They will go to shoot duck. weak point. Nouns like mankind, womankind, Nature, society, posterity Exceptions:

Machinery is his

Nouns used to represent a category E.g. The / a lion is a feline. The names of the parts of the human body E.g. The head contains the brain. Proper names in the singular Common nouns used as proper names E.g. Mother, Father, Uncle The names of the days, months, seasons, holidays, school subjects, games, sports, and some diseases. Titles, polite addressing E.g. Miss. Kate, Colonel Wild, Doctor Queen Abstract nouns like E.g. heaven , hell, paradise, purgatory Exceptions: Nouns like Exceptions: E.g. sun, moon, sky, world, universe

After a noun in the Possessive Case E.g. Charlie Parkers music; the players rhythm Before nouns determined by a Possessive or Demonstrative Adj E.g. my darling; that girl Before the Adj. last and next Adj. E.g. last Monday; next week

In set phrases E.g. at hand; at night; at sight; by train; by car; by tram; by plane; by boat; by hand; by heart; on board ship; to be of opinion; to be at sea; to change color; to change sides; to lose courage; to send word; to strike work; to trample under foot, etc.

In telegrams, titles newspaper articles, etc.

Unit 4 Geography Lexical Database Cellestial Bodies = corpuri cereti

star = stea planet = planet satellite = satelit comet = comet asteroid = asteroid meteorite = meteorit shooting star = stea cztoare Star Phrases

to have stars in your eyes = a i face iluzii n privina, a avea ateptri exagerate to read ones stars = a-i citi cuiva soarta n stele a rising star = o stea n devenire to be born under a lucky star = a fi nscut sub o stea norocoas stars and stripes = drapelul naional al SUA Forms of Relief

achipelago = arhipelag cliff = falez, stnc glacier = ghear gorges / canyon= chei, canion straits = strmtoare isthmus = istm mountain top / peak / summit = vrf de munte precipice = prpastie Natural Disasters

volcanic eruption = erupie vulcanic earthquake = cutremur de pmnt high / low tide = flux / reflux (maree) landslide = alunecare de teren flood = inundaie typhoon / cyclone / hurricane / tornado = taifun, ciclon, furtun puternic, tornad Idiomatic Phrases

a starry-eyed person = un vistor down to earth = realist to move heaven and earth = a muta munii din loc to change like a weather cock = a fi schimbtor ca vremea to be on cloud nine = a fin n al 9-lea cer to vanish into thin air = a disprea, a se volatiliza

not to hold water = a nu ine, a nu fi plauzibil to rain cats and dogs = a ploua cu gleata Gramar o Noun Gender

Gender is a logical cathegory in English, rather than a grammatical one: Masculine nouns nouns designating masculine beings: man, stallion, drone Feminine nouns nouns desinating feminine beings: woman, mare, bee Neuter nouns nouns designating inanimates and abstractions: rock, thought Common gender nouns designate those nouns that may be both masculine and feminine, according to the sex of the referent: student, teacher, doctor Feminine forms derived from the masculine:

poet poetess = poet tiger tigress = tigroaic lion lioness = leoaic god goddess = zei (earl Br.) duke dutchess = duces actor actress = actri host hostess = gazd Two different forms:

nephew (nepot de unchi) niece (nepoat de unchi) sir (domnule) madam (doamn) lad (flcu) lass (codan, mndr, fat) elderly bachelor (flcu tomnatic) spinster (fat btrn) monk (clugr) nun (clugri) wizzard / sorcerer (vrjitor) witch (vrjitoare) genleman (domn) lady (doamn) Masculine / feminine forms obtained from common gender nouns, by composition:

male patient female patient boy-friend girl-friend dog wolf bitch wolf jackass jennyass cock pheasant hen pheasant billy goat nanny goat tomcat tabby cat

Lexical triplets ANIMAL NAMES MASCULINE FEMININE sow dow hen bee vixen goose cow hind mare ewe pig/swine deer fowl bee fox goose cattle deer horse sheep COMMON

boar/hog ram cock / rooster drone fox gander ox/bull/bullock stag stallion ram

Unit 4 Immigration Lexical Database Causes

persecution = persecuie oppression = opresiune repression = represiune tyranny = tiranie dictatorship = dictatur Solutions

to escape = a scpa de to flee-fled-fled = a fugi de migrate = a migra emigrate = a emigra immigrate = a imigra Related Words

quest = cutare to lure = a ispiti, a atrage appeal = atracie to long for = a tnji dup prospects = planuri de viitor, sperane incentive = stimulent

affluence = afluen attraction = atracie to yearn for = a tnji dup opportunity = ans, ocazie The Road Breakers

settler = colonist pioneer = pionier newcomer = nou venit alien = strin immigrant = imigrant emigrant = emigrant The Ethnic Mix

assimilation = asimilare naturalization = naturalizare bilinguism = bilinguism integration = integrare citizenship = cetenie Idiomatic Phrases

to settle the guests = a-i instala oaspeii to settle ones nerves = a-i calma nervii to settle a business = a regla o afacere to settle anargument = a trana o disput to settle ones affairs = a-i pune afacerile n ordine to settle down = a se instala, a se calma, a se aeza la casa sa to settle for = a se mulumi cu to settle on = a alege Gramar o Noun Number

THE BASIC RULES: Singular Noun + (-s) = Plural Noun (-s The -s -s is pronounced: [s] after voiceless consonants [s E.g. books, tops, necks, hats [z] after voiced consonants &. vowels [z E.g. heads, chairs, cinemas, circles

* Nouns ending in -s, -z, -x, -sh, -ch, -o + (-es), read [iz] E.g. buses, buzzes, foxes, fishes, churches, tomatoes SPECIAL CASES

Nouns ending in cons. + y + -s -ie + s cons. -ie E.g. baby - babies, country - countries, story - stories Some nouns ending in -f(e) + -s -ves -f(e) E.g. leaf - leaves, thief - thieves, loaf - loaves, calf - calves f leaves, thief thieves, loaf loaves, calf calves lea and also beef, half, elf, self, shelf, wolf, knife, life, wife. But: chiefs, handkerchiefs, griefs, gulfs, roofs, proofs, cliffs, safes Nouns ending in - cons. + o - o + es cons. E.g. cargoes, echoes, heroes, negroes, mosquitoes, volcanoes But: albinos, cantos, casinos, photos, pianos, quartos, rondos Nouns ending in - voc. + o -o+s E.g. folios, portfolios, radios, scenarios, studios NOUN CATEGORIES: a) Individual E.g. child, town, rain, idea, joy Many / few + /.../

b) Collective E.g. army, team, swarm, family, (ref. to as a whole) + Vb. Sg. His family is large. (ref. to individuals ) + Vb. Pl. His family are tall people. Pl. c) Nouns of Matter E.g. wine, gold, flour, milk, tea Much / little + /.../ No plural form. If used in the plural = items / kinds of E.g. The wines of Murfatlar = The kinds of wine from M. Ive had two coffees = Ive had two cups of coffee

SINGULARIA TANTUM (Singular form plural meaning) advice, furniture, information, knowledge, luggage, nonsense Singular meaning = a piece of /.../, an item of /.../ business, income, intelligence, merchandise, money, progress, remorse, strength, work, happiness, peace, cotton, bread, meat /.../ + Vb. in the Sing. and Much / (a) little + /.../ IRREGULAR PLURALS man men woman - women tooth - teeth foot - feet goose - geese child - children

mouse mice louse - lice brother - brethren

ox - oxen

SINGULAR = PLURAL a) bison, deer, moose, sheep, swine, game, salmon b) counsel, forceps c) foot, pound, mile, ton, stone (units of measurement) d) foot ( = infantry), horse ( = chivalry), sail ( = ships)

PLURALIA TANTUM (Plural form singular meaning) 1. Sciences and school subjects: physics, Mathematics, acoustics 2. Diseases and states of spirit: mumps, measles, blues, glooms 3. Games : billiards, cards, checkers, draughts, ninepins + Verb in the Singular 4. Parts of the body: bowels / entrails ( = guts), genitals 5. Clothes made up of 2 parts: trousers, braces, jeans, overalls 6. Instruments and tools made up of 2 parts: scissors, compasses 7. Chains of mountains: the Alps, the Carpathians, the Andes 8. Verbal Nouns like: diggings, doings, earnings, savings 9. Nouns derived from Adjectives like: chemicals, edibles, drinkables + Verb in the Plural FOREIGN PLURALS Latin plurals: - persona grata - personae grata - bacillus - bacilli; magus - magi; radius - radii; stimulus - stimuli - datum - data; erratum - errata; symposium - symposia - apex - apices; matrix - matrices Greek plurals: - analysis - analyses; basis - bases, ; crisis - crises; - (hypo)thesis - (hypo)theses; oasis - oases - is [iz] TWO PLURAL FORMS TWO MEANINGS BROTHER GENIUS IRIS PENNY STAFF a) brothers = sons of the same parents b) brethren = members of the same community a) geniuses = exceptionally endowed persons b) genii = spirits, ghosts, gods a) irises = sort of flower b) irides = part of the eye a) pennies = one-penny-coins b) pence = the value a) staffs = headquarters, personnel b) staves = musical scales

- es [i:z]

ONE PLURAL FORM TWO MEANINGS COLORS a) plural of color b) flag COMPASSES a) plural of compass (instrument indicating the North) b) instrument for drawing circles CUSTOMS a) plural of custom (social habit) b) place where one pays for crossing the border with certain goods. DAMAGES a) destruction b) money paid for having ruined something

DRAUGHTS GROUNDS MANNERS NUMBERS PAINS WATERS

a) currents of air (in a room with open windows) b) a game a) land, field b) reason a) ways of doing something b) good behavior a) plural of number b) lots of, several a) aches, plural of pain b) efforts (to take pains) a) plural of water b) mineral waters

PLURAL OF COMPOUNDS GENERAL RULE: The plural mark is added to the element which carries the main meaning of the compound. E.g. class fellows courts martial godfathers fathers - in - law masterpieces passers-by When there is no main meaning carrier, the mark of the plural stays at the end of the compound E.g. grown-ups, forget-me-nots, show-offs, what-nots