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Mentor - Juni
ISBN

973-9209-54-

Limba englez
Editor: Marieta Nicolau Plmdeal
Coperta seriei: Vasile Olac

TABELE MORFOLOGICE
CUPRINS
Pag.

filiala 9 s :iTv.l"' !

Str. Traian, M<\ ? Secf>r 3

Toate drepturile asupra Seriei Menlor-Junior aparin Editurii Junior.

Toate drepturile asupra acestei ediii aparin Editurii Junior.

Editura Junior, Bucureti, Piaa Presei Libere nr.l, sector 1

O.P. 33, tel./fax: 222.33.01.

J
ISBN 973 - 9209 - 54 - 8

I.

Substantivul

n.

Articolul

m.

Adjectivul

IV.

Pronumele

ii

V.

Numeralul

15

VI. Verbul

16

VII. Adverbul

29

VIU Prepoziia

31

DC.

31

Conjuncia

I. SUBSTANTIVUL / The Noun

1. Genul

n limba englez exist genurile: masculin, feminin, comun (pentru ambele sexe) i neutru.

a) Genul masculin pentru persoane i animale de sex masculin: man/ brbat; buck/ ap etc.
b) Genul feminin pentru persoane i animale de sex feminin: woman/ femeie; doe/ cprioar
etc.
Feminine sunt i substantivele: ship/ corabie; motor-car/ automobil.
Feminine formate de la masculin + -ess: lion - lioness/ leu - leoaic, prince - princess/ prin prines.
c) Genul comun pentru ambele sexe: parent/ printe; teacher/ profesor, profesoar etc.
d) Genul neutru pentru lucruri, pentru substantive nensufleite: earth/ pmnt; barrel/ butoi.
Animalele mici, precum i copiii mici, sunt de genul neutru.
Substantivele neutre devin prin personificare:
- de gen masculin: elementele naturale, rurile, munii, tunetul, soarele, vara, toamna, iarna,
timpul, ziua, somnul, moartea etc.
- de gen feminin: forele naturii mai puin violente, luna, marea, natura, patria, numele de ri,
orae, universiti, primvara, artele i tiinele, noaptea, dimineaa, seara.
2. Numrul
Formarea pluralului: singular + s: birds, river
Forme vechi de plural Rmn neschimbate subst: sheep, swine, deer
Singular

Plural

child

children

man
woman
foot
tooth
goose
mouse
louse
ox

men
women
feet
teeth
geese
mice
"lice
oxen

Majoritatea speciilor de peti: cod/ cod; carp/ crap;

turbot/ calcan; pike/ tiuc; salmon/ somon; trout/ pstrv

O Nu uita! Substantive compuse cu - man: Englishman Englishmen; gentleman - gentlemen

dar:
Roman, -s; German, -s; Norman, -s

Substantive terminate in -s, -x, -z, -ch, -sh -> -es:

Ex.: bus - buses; fox - foxes; class - classes; beach - beaches; bush - bushes
Substantive terminate in consoana + -y > -ies:
Ex.: sky - skies; baby - babies; story - stories; dar: penny - pence
Substantive terminate in vocal a + -y > -ys:
Ex.: boy - boys; play ~ plays; key - keys
Substantive terminate in -fe, -f > -ves:
Ex.: knife - knives; life - lives; wife - wives; self - selves; calf - calves; dar: scarf - scarfs,
scarves; staff - staffs, staves; chief - chiefs, roof - roofs, dwarf - dwarfs, cliff - cliffs
Substantive terminate in -o > -oes:
Ex.: echo - echoes; mosquito - mosquitoes; negro - negroes; volcano - volcanoes; tomato tomatoes; potato - potatoes; dar: radios, bamboos, cuckoos, pianos, photos

Unele substantive au doar singular:

salt / sare
income / venit
furniture / mobil

money / bani
news / veste
work / munc

luggage / bagaj
progress / progres
merchandise / marf

strength / for
knowledge / cunoatere
information / informaie

Ex.: salt is a mineral / sarea e un mineral

Specificarea sg.-pl. prin cuvintele a piece - pieces
Ex.: a piece of furniture / o pies de mobilier
pieces of furniture / piese de mobilier

Verbe
Adjective
Substantive
Pronume

O Nu uita! Obiectele formate din dou pri au numai plural:

goggles / ochelari de protecie
pliers / patent
scales / cntar

Dativul cu to apare dup verbe, adjective, substantive, pronume:

Atenie! Vezi: Verbele intranzitive

scissors / foarfece
glasses / ochelari
tongs / clete

Dativul far prepoziie apare dup verbele care au un complement direct n acuzativ. Cele mai
frecvente verbe sunt:
to lend / a da cu mprumut
to offer / a oferi
to bring / a aduce
to take / a lua
to send / a trimite
to forgive / a ierta
to write / a scrie

Ex.: a pair of scissors / o foarfec / o pereche de foarfece

these trousers are long / aceti pantaloni sunt lungi
3. Cazul
Nominativ -> (the, a)
Genitiv > of (the, a) - genitiv prepoziional
Dativ > to (the, a) - dativ prepoziional
Acuzativ-> (the, a)
< s i n g u l a r 's

Genitivul sintetic se folosete:

a) cu subst. care numesc persoane, fiine: Ex.: Mark's red car; the teachers' books
b) cu subst. care indic timpul, distana, msura:
Ex.: a month's holiday; a mile's distance; a day's journey
c) n construcii fixe: Ex.: art for art's sake; to one's heart's content
^ Nu uita! n cazul genitivului sintetic, cuvntul de baz se omite dac este: shop, house, office:
at the baker's (shop); at my sister's (house); to the lawyer's (office); St. Thomas's
(hospital); StPaul's (Cathedral)
Dativul: a) fr prepoziie: dativul neaccentuat fr to aezat naintea acuzativului:
Predicat
sent
showed

Dat. far prep. to

me
Mary

Acuzativ
a letter
an album

b) cu prepoziie: dativul accentuat cu to dup acuzativ:

Subiect
I
We

Predicat
gave
offer

Acuzativ
a present
some flowers

to fetch / a se duce i a aduce

to permit / a permite
to tell / a povesti
to show / a arta
to owe / a datora
to promise / a promite
to pay / a plti

II. ARTICOLUL / The Article

plural s'

Subiect
He
They

to seem to / a-i prea

to belong toi a-i aparine
to explain to/a-i explica
to fall to / a i se ntmpla
to happen t o / a i se ntmpla
to write to7 a-i scrie
to say to / a-i spune
to read to / a-i citi (cuiva)
He is cruel to animals. / El este crud cu animalele.
He told a story to the children. / Le-a spus copiilor o poveste.
What is he to you?/ Ce fel de rud-i este?

Dat.cu prep.
to him (and not to Jack)
to her (and not to her sister)

1. Articolul hotrt = the

the: - naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu un sunet consonantic sau semiconsonantic (w, y)
se pronun 6d:
Ex.: the map, the windows, the year, the one (we like), the university
the: - naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu un sunet vocalic se pronun i. Ex.: the eyes
- naintea lui h surd se pronun i . Ex.: hors d'oeuvre, heiress, honesty
-N

Cu articol:
Punctele cardinale: from the South; dar: from east to west
ri i insule la plural: the United States of America, the West Indies, the Hebrides
Ruri, mri, muni: the Danube, the Black Sea, the Carpathians
3 Nu uita! Articolul hotrt the se poate folosi dup: both, half, quite, all, double, round
Ex.: all the people / toat lumea; half the price /jumtate din pre; round the moon /
n jurul lunii
Expresii cu articol hotrt:
on the whole / n general | for the time being / pentru moment
7

on the one hand / pe de o parte

in the country / la ar
to pass the time / a-i (pe)trece vremea

at the latest / cel mai trziu

by the way / apropo

Fr articol:
Nume de persoane (i cu little, old, holy, young): little Richard, Holy Father, old John
Titluri i nume de rudenie: Colonel Ryan, Queen Mary, Aunt Betty; dar: the Prince of Wales
ri i orae: Greece, Germany, Paris; dar: the Paris of today
Nume de muni (la sing.), lacuri, golfuri, capuri, porturi:mount - cape - lake - harbour - bay +
nume propriu: Mount Saint Mi chele, Lake Geneva; dar: the Cape de Verde Islands.
Strzi, piee, poduri, cldiri + nume propriu:Regent Street, Times Square, Tower Bridge
Noiimi generale: love, hate, wisdom; dar : "the wisdom of some people''
Substantivele: prison - school - college - bed - church - cnd sunt folosite abstract: school (ore
de curs) finishes in June; we go to bed (la culcare) he escaped from prison (arest); dar n sens
concret sunt folosite cu articol: the college is opposite the_church (cldire)
Nume de materie: oil, salt, sugar; oil is lighter than water; dar: the salt of life
Substantive comune la plural:horses, mice, ants; horses are domestic animals; dar:the horses
of this country
Luni, zile, anotimpuri, mesele zilei July, Monday, breakfast: on Monday; dar:the second
Monday in June
O Nu uita! Titlurile care nu sunt de origine englez au articol:
archduke, czar, emperor: the Czar Peter I
Dac dup substantiv Urmeaz o determinare atributiv (deseori cu of), atunci
articolul se va folosi n toate aceste cazuri.

Expresii cu articol nehotrt:

to
to
to
to

O Nu uita! a -> st ntotdeauna dup: what, such, half, quite, rather, without
a > st ntotdeauna dup adjectivul care este legat de: as, so, too, how, however:
as fast a runner as he is, too long a day, too difficult a problem

I I I . ADJECTIVUL / The Adjective

Adjectivul este invariabil i are o singur form: the beautiful roses of Scotland
.

..

by mistake / din greeal

by chance / din fericire
to lose courage / a-i pierde curajul
to shake hands / a da mna
to go by train / a merge cu trenul

an

- naintea unui cuvnt care ncepe cu un sunet vocalic se pronun dn:

an important question, an eye
- pentru o meserie, naionalitate, religie:
my uncle is a doctor; he is an Irishman; he is a Catholic

dar tar articol nehotrt dup: the title of (doctor), the rank of (colonel)
- msur, greuti, indicarea timpului:
five dollars an ounce, twice a month, three times a day, half a kilo

Superlativ

Comparativ

saxon

Pozitiv
- monosilabice
- bisilabice n -y, -ble, -er,
- ow, -some

-er (than / decat)

-est

francez

- plurisilabice i participii

more (than / decat)

the most

better
worse
more
nearer

the best
the worst
the most
the nearest, the
next
the latest, the last
the oldest
the eldest

neregulat

good
bad, evil, ill
many, much
near
late
old

2. Articolul nehotrt =a, an

a - naintea unui cuvnt care ncepe cu un sunet consonantic sau semiconsonantic se
pronun d:
a blackboard, a year, a watch, a one - legged (table), a uniform

1. Comparaia

Expresii tar articol:

at random / la ntmplare
at dawn / n zori
at last / n sfrit
at night / noaptea
at noon / la prnz

in a low voice / cu voce joas

it's a shame / e o ruine
it's a pleasure / e o plcere
on an average / n medie

be in a rage / a fi nfuriat
be at a loss / a fi n ncurctur
have a toothache / a avea o durere de dini
be in a hurry / a fi grbit

Comparaia:

later, latter
older
elder

a)saxona
large - larger - the largest
big - bigger - the biggest
gay - gayer - the gayest
easy - easier - the easiest

b) francez
interesting - more interesting
the most interesting

Forme duble de comparaie i superlativ:

<farther - farthest(spaial): the farthest school
further - turthest(enuinerare, temporal, moral si spatial): many further questions

<
<

4. Substantivarea adjectivului
Adjectivele folosite ca substantive exprim, n general, un grup.

La plural rmn invariabile: the deaf / surzii; the wise / nelepii

Pentru exprimarea singularului este necesar un cuvnt de ntrire: the poor man 7 sracul;
the wise woman / neleapt
Nume de popoare terminate n s h i ch fac referire la ntregul popor, fr form de plural:
the Irish, the Chinese, the Dutch
Reprezentanii singulari ai acestor popoare sunt exprimai cu ajutorul lui man i lady sau
woman sau girl:
a Scotchman
two Scotchmen
an Irish lady
two Irish ladies

smaller - smallest (mrime): the smallest book

less - least (cantitate): I like less salt in my soup

late / t r z i u ^ ^

next (temporal, ordine): the next week, the next house

later - latest
(temporal):
later;
his latest poems
nearest
(spaial): he
thecame
nearest
hospital
latter - last (ordine): the latter sentence, (the) last time

5. Cuvnt de nlocuire

older - oldest: we are older than you, the oldest of all

one, ones > nlocuiete un substantiv menionat anterior:

This soup is too cold. Give me some warmer one, please!

old / b t r n ^
^ elder - eldest: his elder brother, her eldest daughter
Comparative duble prin repetare: faster and faster / din ce n ce mai repede; more and more
interesting/ din ce n ce mai interesant
2. Gradul comparativ
- de egalitate: as - as: She is as old as I am.
- de superioritate: better, bigger, more interesting
- de inegalitate i de inferioritate: not so - as (sau not as - as): It's not so large as I thought,
sau adjectiv cu sens contrar: smaller than
- de inferioritate pentru adjective lungi: less important than
- cu ct
cu att (mai mult): the longer the nights,,the shorter the days
- cu ct
cu att (mai puin): the less you know, the less you forget

O Nu uita! Cuvntul de nlocuire se omite dup:

1. cifre: five kilos or six
2. comparative, precedate de articolul hotrt: a smaller house is cosier than a bigger
3. superlative: he is the best
4. own: this is not my house, it is your own
5. raport de opoziie exprimat prin dou elemente: the old and the young

IV. PRONUMELE /The Pronoun

1. Pronumele personal, posesiv i reflexiv
Pronume personal

ONu uita! the former / primul din doi; the latter / ultimul din doi
Ex.: Mary and Alice are sisters; the former is younger than the latter.

3. Gradul superlativ

M
F.
N.

-absolut: very tall/foarte nalt; very interesting/ foarte interesant

- relativ: the tallest/ cel mai nalt; the most interesting/ cel mai interesant
- de inferioritate: the least tall/ cel mai puin nalt; the least interesting/ cel mai puin
interesant
Cnd se compar dou lucruri sau fiine se folosete comparativul precedat de articol hotrt:
Ex.: John is the taller of the two brothers.
Superlativul absolut se construiete, de obicei, cu adverbele:
very/ foarte; not very/ nu prea; too/ prea
Mai sunt un numr mare de adverbe echivalente:
extremely/ extrem de; terribly/ teribil de; mighty/ grozav de

Nom.
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they

Gen.
mine
yours
his
hers

ours
yours
theirs

Dat.
(to)me
(to) you
(to) him
(to) her
(to) it
(to) us
(to) you
(to) them

Acuz.
me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them

Adjectiv
posesiv

Pronume
reflexiv

mine
yours
his
hers
its (own)
ours
yours
theirs

my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their

myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves

3 Nu uita! - La persoana I singular, I se scrie ntotdeauna cu majuscul.

- La persoana a IlI-a singular, pronumele personal, posesiv i reflexiv au gen.
- Pronumele posesiv e forma de genitiv a pronumelui personal.
- Pronumele de ntrire are aceeai form cu pronumele reflexiv i se pune imediat
dup cuvntul pe care l ntrete sau la sfrit:
Ex.: I myself saw everything. / Eu nsumi am vzut totul.
sau
I saw Mary myself. / Chiar eu am vzut-o pe Mary.

10

Pronume
posesiv

11

 Atenie! n contrast cu limba romn, n care pronumele reflexiv precede verbul, n limba
englez acesta se pune dup verb:
Ex.: I cut myself / m-am tiat;
We washed ourselves / ne-am splat

Obiecte

Pronumele reflexiv este cerut obligatoriu de urmtoarele verbe: to absent oneself

(from), to avail oneself (of), to behave oneself, to busy oneself (with).
Persoane
i obiecte

2. Pronumele demonstrativ
De apropiere
this / acesta
these / acetia

Singular
Plural

De deprtare
that / acela
those / aceia

Atenie! Pronume demonstrative sunt i urmtoarele: the former, the latter, the first, the last,
;
the other (the others), same, such, so, one (ones):
Ex.: Mary and Alice are sisters. The former is younger than the latter,
The others have already left!
"Happy New Year!" - The same to you!
He is a fine man and known as such.
3. Pronumele interogativ
Pentru persoane
N.

who? / cine? (pron. interog.)

G.

Who came here?

whose? / al, a, ai, ale cui? (pron.
i adj. interog.)
Whose house is this?

D.
L

Pentru lucruri

(to) whom?/cui? (pron. interog-')

To whom did you write?
whom? / pe cine (pron. interog.)
Whom did you see?

what? / ce? (pron. i adj.

interog.)
What is that?
of what? (pron. inter, i adj.
interog.),
Do you ask me the description?
of what?
(to) what? (pron.i adj. interog.)
To what does it refer?
what? (pron.i adj. interog.)
What is she like?

Pentru persoane i lucruri cu

sens selectiv
which? / care dintre, ce? (pron.
i adj. interog.)
Which of them is here?
of which? (pron i adj. interog.)
Do you ask me the description of
a landscape? of which?
(to) which? (pron. interog.)
To which do you belong?
which? (pron. interog.)
Which do you like better?

O Nu uita! Prepoziiile ce nsoesc pronumele interogativ stau, de regul, dup verb:

Ex.: Whiat are you talking about?
Who(m) are you writing to?
In prop, interogative dup who i what, la nominativ, verbele nu se construiesc cu to do.
Expresii: What's the matter with him?

What time is it? What about you?

4. Pronumele relativ
Persoane

N.
G.
D
A.

who
whose
to whom
whom

->
>
>

The man who spoke yesterday.

I don't know whose this book is.
The boy to whom he spoke.
The man whom we met.
12

which
(of) which

D.
A.
N.
G.
D.
A.

(to) which
which
that
(that - of)
(that - to)
that

The train which left.

The house, the windows of which.
(st dup cuvntul la care face referire).
The monkey to which we throw nuts.
The things which we need.

>
>

>
>

O Nu uita! n construciile cu pronume relativ, prepoziiile stau dup verb:

Ex.:The teacher whom I am waiting for.
That apare doar n propoziii relative restrictive:
a) n loc de who, which: Ex.: The man that I was talking of.

Referitor la singular: cu valoare de substantiv dup this, that - la persoane urmeaz one
Ex.: He saw this one / that one
Referitor la plural: cu valoare de substantiv i adjectiv, pentru persoane sau obiecte:
Ex.: Which do you like, these or those?

N.
G.

b) dup pronumele nehotrte i noiunile numerice: all, nothing, little,

anything, the same. Ex.: everything that you do

c) dupit is ... sauit was, that se folosete pentru emfaz:

Ex.: It was he that told me the truth.
d) cnd pronumele se refer la persoane i obiecte:
Ex.:We talked about things and persons that we thought interesting.
O Nu uita! nainte dethat nu se afl niciodat o prepoziie:
Ex.:The painting that I am looking at is impressive.
Atenie! Whom, which sau that se pot omite:
Ex.:the house (that) I live in; the man (that) I told you about
5. Pronumele nehotrt
some / vreun, vreo, un (o), ceva, nite (nainte de numeral)
- are sens restrictiv
- denumete ceva existent
- apare n propoziii enuniative: Ex.:We had some bread and butter.
any / oricare, orice,vreun, ceva, unii
- generalizeaz
- se folosete n propoziii:
a)
b)
c)
d)

interogative
negative
condiionale
afirmative cu sens
de oricare, orice

Are there any flowers?

No, there are not any flowers
... if you meet any...
Send me any book.

- denumete ceva total, la ntmplare; nlocuiete pesome n propoziii interogative.

Ex.:Come and see me any time.
Pronumele nehotrte pot fi i adjective nehotrte.
^ Excepii: none / nici unul, nici una, nici unele - e numai pronume nehotrt.

13

something,

Pronumele compuse nehotrte cu some, any, no, every (+ body, one, thing, i adverbul
where):

someone, somebody /cineva

something / ceva
somewhere / undeva

anyone, anybody / oricine

anything/orice
anywhere / oriunde, pretutindeni

no one, nobody / nimeni

nothing / nimic
nowhere / nicieri

each / fiecare (n parte)

- adjectival: each boy tried to help
- substantival: each of them helped
every / fiecare (toi); este urmat totdeauna de verb la singular
- doar adjectival: every car is expensive

Expresii:

every other day / din dou n dou zile

every fortnight / din dou n dou sptmni
every now and then / din cnd n cnd

all / toi, toate, totul

- adjectival: all girls
- substantival: all of the girls, all of them
- adverbial: he is all thumbs

Expresii:

all the day/ toat ziua

all of us / noi toi
first of all / mai nti
not at all / deloc

on the whole / n total

once for all / o dat pentru totdeauna
after all / n sfrit

either - neither
- adjectival:
either (of) / oricare din doi, amndoi
Ex.: on either side of the river
neither (of) / nici un, nici o
Ex.:Neither story is funny.
- substantival: either
Ex.: Either of them has to help me.
neither
Ex.: Neither of us can do it.
3 Nu uita!
either - or/fie ... fie
sunt conjuncii: Either Betty or Tom will call you up.
neither - nor / nici... nici
Neither Betty nor Tom will call you up.
other - others
- adjectival: cellalt, cealalt
- substantival (pl.): ceilali, celelalte

Plural

much / mult
much noise

many / muli
many people

Singular

Plural

little / puin.
little hope

few / puini,
few people

Expresii:

O Nu uita!
many a / nenumrai, muli
many a man / (cu verb la singular) muli
O Nu uita!
a little / puin (ceva); a few / nite,civa sens pozitiv
...little i few (iar a = sens negativ)

many thanks /mulumesc mult

a great many / o mulime
many times / de multe ori
one too many / unul n plus .
twice as many / de dou ori mai muli

a little / puin, ceva

little or nothing /aproape nimic
quite a few / o grmad
the few / cei puini

V. NUMERALUL / The Numeral

whole/ntreg (total indivizibil, mai tare ca all): the whole of U. S. A

Singular

Ex.: the other boy, the other room

Ex.: The others have gone.

Expresii:
the other day / de curnd, recent
every other day / din dou n dou zile
some day or other / ntr-o zi
14

on the other hand / pe de alt parte

another one/ un altul

1. Numerale cardinale
ntre cifra zecilor i cea a unitilor se afl liniu de unire: fifty-seven
La cifrele peste 100, naintea cifrei zecilor sau a unitilor se pune and: two hundred and fifty-seven
Miile se despart prin virgul: 4,000
Anii: 1961 se citesc nineteen sixty-one
O Nu uita! 100 > a hundred (one hundred); 1000 -> a thousand (one thousand)
2. Numerale ordinale
Numeralul cardinal + th = numeralul ordinal: > Ex.: the sixth
Data: John was born on February 27 th sau on the 1 st of March
Nume de efi de stat, domnitori: George IV se citete: George the Fourth
^Excepii: first, second, third (1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd)
Atenie! La ortografie: numeral cardinal - five numeral ordinal - fifth
- nine
- twelve
- twenty
3. Numerale multiplicative
Ex.: double / dublu; three times / ntreit; four times / mptrit etc.
4. Numerale distributive
Ex.: (one) by one / (unul) cte unul

15

- ninth
- twelfth
- twentieth etc.

Conjugarea verbului predicativ cu forme neregulate: to teach - taught - taught / a nva**

5. Numerale adverbiale
Ordinea: first/ mai nti: Ex.: I first lived here, in Scotland.
Enumerri: secondly/ n al doilea rnd; thirdly/ n al treilea rnd
Repetiii: once/ o dat ; twice/ de dou ori; thrice (three times)/ de trei ori; a hundred times/
de o sut de ori; how many times?/de cte ori?; once more/ nc odat

Diateza activ
Conjugarea continu
Conjugarea
nedefinit
I am teaching
I teach
I have taught

I have been teaching

Past Tense

I taught

I was teaching

M. m. c. p.

I had been teaching

Viitorul (nti)

I had taught
I shall teach

Diateza pasiv
Conjugarea
Conjugarea
nedefinit
continu
I am being
I am taught
taught
I have been taught

I was being
I was taught
taught
I had been taught

I shall be teaching

I shall be taught

Viitorul anterior

I shall have taught

I shall have been

teaching

I shall have been

taught

Viitorul trecut i
Condi. prezent

I should teach
I would teach

I should be taught
I would be taught
I should have been
taught
I would have been
taught

I should have taught

I would have taught

I should be teaching
I would be teaching
I should have been
teaching
I would have been
teaching

I teach,
I should teach

I be teaching,
I should be teaching

I be taught

to teach

to be teaching

t o b e taught

to have taught

to have been
teaching

to have been
taught

Timpul
Prezent
Perfect compus

VI. VERBUL/ The Verb

Infinitivul = particula to + verb. Formele de baz ale verbului: infinitiv; timpul Past Tense; participiul trecut;
particip iul p rezent (n "ing ").

1. Verbe predicative
Conjugarea verbului predicativ cu forme regulate: to invite/ a invita
Diateza activ
Timpul

Conjugarea continu

*Prezent

Conjugarea
nedefinit
I invite

I am inviting

Conjugarea
nedeiinita
I am invited

*Perfect compus

I have invited

I have been inviting

I have been invited

Past Tense

I invited

*I was inviting

I was invited

M. m. c. p.

I had invited
I shall (will) invite

I had been inviting

I had been invited

I shall be invited
I shall have been
invited

*Viitorul nti
*Viitorul anterior
*Viitorul trecut
i
*Condiionalul
prezent
*Conditionalul
trecut
*Conjunctiv
Imperativ
Infinitiv
Infinitiv perfect
Participiu
(i gerund prez.)
Participiu
(i gerund perfect)
Participiu trecut

I shall (will) have

invited
I should invite
sau
I would invite

I shall be inviting
I shall
inviting

Condi. trecut

Diateza pasiva

have

been

Conjugarea
continu
I am being
invited

I was being
invited

I should be inviting
sau
I would be inviting

I should be invited
sau
I would be invited

I should have
invited sau
I would have invited

I should have been

inviting sau
I would have been
inviting

I should have been

invited sau
I would have been
invited

I invite
I should invite
invite
to invite

I be inviting
I should be inviting

I be invited

to be inviting

to be invited

to have invited
inviting

to have been inviting

to have been invited

being invited

having invited

having been invited

invited

invited

* Atenie! La conjugarea pentru persoanele a H-a i a Hl-a singular i plural, la anumite

timpuri i diateze se modific formele verbelor.
In varianta american a limbii engleze, auxiliarul willpoate fi folosit pentru toate
persoanele (valabil i pentru tabelul urmtor).
16

Conjunctiv
Infinitiv
Infinitiv perfect

teach

^ Imperativ
Participiu
(i gerund prez.)
Participiu perfect
(i gerund)
Participiu trecut

teaching

being taught

having taught

taught

having been
taught
taught

* *Reprodus dup Leon Levichi - Gramatica limbii engleze, E.S.D.P., 1961

2. Verbe copulative
Verbul copulativ tipic este to be - was - been/ a fi, care poate fi i verb notional (a fi,
a exista), moda/, cnd este urmat de un infinitiv i verb auxiliar.
Ex.: She is to come next Sunday.
They are absent.
John is an architect.
3. Verbe auxiliare i modale

Verbul

to have had,
had

Dac este
urmat de to
naintea
unui
infinitiv

Dac este
auxiliar
sau
modal

A/M

...

Ca auxiliar, la
construirea acelor
forme verbale unde
este necesar

Ca modal, ce idee
exprim

Perfectul compus,
m. m. c. p., viit. II,
necesitatea
cond. II, infm. perf.,... .
gerund pejafed \ ~ ; , -i?

Ca modal, prin
ce se poate
nlocui

must
% "i

A/M

conjugarea continu,
diateza pasiv

necesitatea

must

A/M

viitorul I, II,
cond. I, II

necesitatea

must

A/M

idem

voina,
promisiunea

I can, could

M
M

(to) want
(uneori)
to have (to), to be
obliged (to)

posibilitatea
(fizic, moral)

to be able (to)

I may,
might

permisiunea

to be allowed (to)
to be permitted (to)

to let, let, let

to be, was,
been
I shall,
should
I will,
would
I must
I ought (to)

A/M

to do, did,
done
I need

rugmintea,
necesitatea
obligaia moral

imperativul (conj.)
prop. ?, , ?

insistena

necesitatea

to insist by all
means, don't fail
(to) etc.
must

2. to do servete la negarea verbului predicativ: Ex.: He does not forget it.

3. Negativul nu se formeaz cu to do:
a) pentru un verb auxiliar: she cannot drive
b) o alt negaie n afar de not (nothing, nobody, none, never): you may never_know; they
know nothing; nobody was there
c) cnd not nu neag verbul, ci ntreaga ntrebare: Is she at home? - No, I think not.
ONu uita! Imperativul negativ se formeaz ntotdeauna cu to do chiar i la verbele auxiliare
to have i tobe: Ex.: Don't write it! Don't be stupid!
4. to do servete ca nlocuitor al unui verb predicativ menionat anterior:
a) n propoziia comparativ pentru a evita repetarea verbului predicativ:
Ex.: I love him more than you do.
b) pentru a ntri yes sau no: Ex.: Do you like cakes? Yes, I do. No, I don't.
c) la traducerea din limba romn a lui i eu sau nici eu:
Ex.: "He works hard." - "So do I."
d) la traducerea din limba romn a lui nu-i aa?:
- n propoziie afirmativ / ntrebare negativ: Ex.: He comes early, doesn't he?

Verbe auxiliare depline

to have - had - had / a avea
1. to have ajut la construirea formelor verbale compuse: Ex.: She has left.
2. to have + complement + participiu trecut: Ex.: I have my shoes cleaned.
3.

to have + acuzativ + infinitiv: Ex.: I will have her come back.

4. to have + infinitivul cu to / a trebui: Ex.: He has a lot to work.

5. to have este i verb predicativ (ntrit cu ajutorul lui get): Ex.: Have you got a flat?

ntrebarea i negaia pot t exprimate cu ajutorul lui to do: Ex.: Do you have a flat?

to be - was - been / a fi
1. to be ajut la formarea pasivului: Ex.: The letter was written by him.

- n propoziie negativ / ntrebare afirmativ: Ex.: He doesn't come early, does he?
e) dar dac n prima propoziie exist un verb auxiliar, acesta se repet:
Ex.: You are at home, aren't you?
5> to do servete i ca verb predicativ (nsoit de to do la interogativ i negativ)
Ex.: How do you do? Do your best!
O Nu uita! Verbe predicative ct i modale sunt: need / a avea nevoie i dare / a ndrzni
Ex. We don't need to leave. We need not leave.
Does he dare to leave? Dare he leave?
Verbe modale
Prezent

T r e c u t i cond.

2. to be ajut la formarea aspectului continuu: Ex.: It is snowing.

3. to be + infinitivul cu to / urma s (dup dorina unui al treilea, conform unei planificri):
Ex.: They were to leave at seven o'clock.
4. to be + infinitivul pasiv: Ex.: There is nothing to be done.

1. capacitate fizic:
I can ride.
2. capacitate spiritual:
He can speak English.
I can/ eu pot

5. to be este verb predicativ: Ex.: "To be or not to be ..."

I could / eu puteam /
a putea

I may / eu am voie

18

to be able to,
to be unable to
to know (how to)

3. posibilitate:
l e a n help you.
4. nlocuiete verbul
may: Could I come in?

to do - did - done / a face

1. t o d o servete la formarea interogativului: Ex.: Do you Iove me?
Atenie! 1. Interogativul nu se construiete cu to do:
a) cnd predicatul este format cu un verb auxiliar: will you open the door?
b) cnd ntrebarea se refer la subiect: who (which of you) comes first?
dar cnd ntrebarea conine o negaie se formeaz cu to do: who does not like music?

neles

Verbe nlocuitoare
Forme compuse

/ eu pot

I might/ eu a dori
/eu a avea
voie

1. posibilitate:
He may come.
2. permisiune:
You may smoke.
3. posibilitate negat:
You cannot go in.

19

to be allowed to
t bepermitted^ermisiune)
I've not been allowed to drink.

4. permisiune negat may not (blnd,

interdicie singular):
You may not have this
cake.
5. permisiune negat must not (interdicie
general, de durat):
You must not drink
alcohol.
6. dorina la negativ may not:
May you never have
trouble!
1. necesitate, impuneri:
Children must obey.
2. negativ, interdicie
general

I may / eu am voie
/ eu pot

I must / eu trebuie

I might / eu a dori
/eu a avea
voie

I had to / eu trebuia

must not - need not:

You must not say that
again.
3. necesitate negat: You
need not wear this coat.
I ought to
trebui

/ eu ar
4. obligaie moral:
I ought to apologize.

5. Modurile verbului

it is possible

n limba englez exist patru moduri: indicativ, condiional, conjunctiv, imperativ.

Modul indicativ arat c vorbitorul privete aciunea ca pe un fapt real (n trecut, prezent sau
viitor). Este modul certitudinilor.
Modul condional arat c vorbitorul privete aciunea ca pe un fapt condiionat sau a crui
realizare o dorete.
Modul conjunctiv arat c vorbitorul privete aciunea ca pe uri fapt ireal. Este modul
nchipuirii, al prerii subiective. In limba vorbit este preferat indicativul.
Modul imperativ exprim un ordin, un ndemn, o rugminte.
Folosirea modurilor :

to have to:
I had to stay here long.
to be obliged to:
George is obliged to work hard.
to be compelled to:
She was compelled to leave
quickly.
to be forced to:
We were forced to argue.

1. Presupunere - Aprobare - Dezaprobare

- cu should, may, might ^upa urmtoarele expresii impersonale:
it is right, it is necessary, it is impossible, it is time etc.;
. CL1 may - might: it is possible, it is probable;
p x : It is probable that he may come.
2. Restrictiv cu conjuncii ca: although, whatever, however;
Ex.: Whatever he may do he will do it well.

3. Condiii:
Prop, condiional
(If clause)

4. Diateza verbului

Prop, principal

Diateza activ-Diateza pasiv

Diateza pasiv se construiete cu to be + participiul trecut (n limba vorbit n loc deto be se
folosete to get).
Prezent: He helps her
Trecut: Did he help her?
Viitor

He will not help her

->
>
->

Forma continu: He is helping her

Construcie dubl (verb activ cu
dou complemente):
Mother gives Mary a book.

She is helped by him. (este ajutat)

Was she helped by him? (a fost ajutat)
She will not be helped by him. (nu va fi ajutat)
She is being helped by him. (tocmai este ajutat)

Mary is given a book by mother.

O Nu uita! 1. Forma impersonal din limba romn se spune, se face este redat adeseori n
limba englez prin acelai verb la diateza pasiv:
Ex.:He is said to be a good teacher. / Se spune c este un bun profesor.
2. Forme uzuale de pasiv:
I am (sau was) told ... / Mi s-a spus ...
Do as you 're told. / F ce i se spune.
I was kept waiting. / Am fost fcut s atept.
What is to be done? / Ce este de fcut?

20

Prezent

Trecut

Viitor

Mai mult ca perf.

Cond. I

Cond. H

a) cnd realizarea condiiei este probabil sau sigur - folosim modul indicativ:
gx : If I am here, I shall help you.
b) cnd realizarea nu este posibil sau este improbabil - folosim modul conjunctiv:
Prop, condiional
(If clause)
subj.prez.
If 1 were you
subj. perfect

>

11

1 n a d b e e n

Prop, principal

yu

cond I
jj
concj

* should help
1 should have helped

4. Stri de spirit:
a) Groaz - viitor sau condiional - cnd temerile se refer la viitor:
g x . They think they will miss the train.
sau se folosete m a y - m i g h t :
E x : They thought they might miss the train.
b) Durere - Regret - Bucurie - Uimire - se folosete snou^ (conjunctiv):
g x . It is painful they should be so.
c) Dorina - dac ndeplinirea dorinei este imposibil (conj. prez. sau trecut):
g x . If mum were here, she would see to everything.
I wish I were here, too!; I wished he mil
21

TUDOR
CiL

A/IHHKX*
1

* * ***

d) Intenia - n propoziii care exprim scopul cu so that i in order that se va folosi

may - might: Ex.: Come earlier so that you may be in time!
6. Timpurile verbului
Present Tense / Prezent arat aciunea, starea sau existena exprimat de verb ca sigur, real.
Present Perfect / Prezentul Perfect denumete o aciune care a nceput n trecut i care (sau ale crei
efecte) dureaz i n prezent. Se folosete cu adverbele: today, this week, this year, already, just, never, yet etc. since:

Ex.: I have not seen him since July.

Past Tense / Trecutul simplu denumete o aciune ncheiat n trecut dup cuvinte ca: last, yesterday,
ago, last week, last year, formerly: Ex.: We left Paris yesterday; I met Peter two days ago.
Past Perfect / Mai mult ca perfectul exprim o aciune trecut, anterioar altei aciuni trecute sau a
unui moment trecut: Ex.:We had found out the truth before they came to dinner.
Future Tense / Viitorul denumete o aciune din viitor i se asociaz cu: soon, next week, tomorrow
sau verbele: to hope, to expect, to suppose: Ex.: I hope we shall see you soon.
Near Future / Viitorul apropiat exprim o aciune care va avea loc ntr-un viitor apropiat i se
formeaz cu to be going to, to be about to + Infinitiv: Ex.: It is going to rain.
Conditional / Condiionalul - denumete o aciune ireal sau posibil n anumite condiii:
Ex.: What would you have done if you had been there?
O Nu uita! Dac se exprim ceva nerealizat n trecut, dup if trebuie s urmeze subj.perfect,
form asemntoare cu past perfect-indicativ, iar n propoziia principal,
condiionalul trecut.
Ex.: If I had had time, I should have helped you.
7. Concordana timpurilor
A. n vorbirea indirect
Propoziie principal
Prezent: He says
Prezentul perfect: He has said
Viitor: He will say

Propoziie principal
Trecut: He said
M. m. c. p.: He had said
Condiional: He would say

that she

that she

Propoziie secundar
Prezent: knows
Trecut simplu: knew
M. m. c. p.: had known
Viitor: will know
Conditional: would know
Propoziie secundar
Trecut: knew
M. m. c. p.: had known
Condiional: would know

Dar cnd se exprim un lucru cert sau un adevr general valabil, n propoziia secundar se
folosete prezentul: Ex.: He told us that water boils at 100 C.

B. n propoziiile cu if
Ex.: I shall buy this book if I find it. / Voi cumpra aceast carte dac o voi gsi.
I should buy this book if I found it. / A cumpra aceast carte dac a gsi-o.
I should have bought this book if I had found it. / A fi cumprat aceast carte dac a II gsit-o.

8. Forma progresiv (continu)

Se refer la desfurarea unei aciuni nencheiate i se formeaz cu to be + participiu prezent:
Ex.: I am writing a letter (now)/ Eu scriu acum o scrisoare:
It was snowing (then) / Ningea, (atunci)
Atenie! Dac se desfoar dou aciuni n acelai timp atunci, n ambele propoziii, se
folosete forma continu: Ex.: While she was cooking, I was watching TV.
Aceast regul nu este obligatorie.
9. Forma frecventativ
Are dou timpuri: prezent i trecut.
Se construiete cu auxiliarul will la prezent (pentru toate persoanele) i would la trecut (pentru
toate persoanele) urmate de infinitivul fr to:
Ex.: In the evening, He will often walk along the beach. /
Seara, el se plimb adesea pe malul mrii.
When they were young, they would play chess every day. /
Cnd erau tineri, jucau ah n flecare zi.
sau: When young, they used to play chess. / Cnd erau tineri, obinuiau s joace
ah.
10. Infinitivul fr to
(Infinitivul scurt)
Apare:
* 1. Dup verbe auxiliare i dup to do: Ex.: I shall go home. We do not drink.
2. Dup expresiile: -1 had better/ a face mai bine
- I'd rather/ mai degrab, a prefera
-1 cannot but... / nu pot s nu ...
-1 had as good/ la fel de bine a putea
- Rather than suffer .../ dect s sufr ...
3. Dup vb. to help - He helps them understand/ El i ajut s neleag.
11. Infinitivul cu to

(Infinitivul lung)

Apare:
1. Ca subiect:
a) naintea verbului > To run away is cowardice.
b) dup expresii impersonale > It is strange to do such a thing.
2. Ca nume predicativ He seemd to be angry.
3. Ca un complement direct -> We wanted to watch that match.
4. Ca o completare:
a) la verb We promised him to come early.
b) la adjectiv
Be slow to promise.
c) la substantiv I had the pleasure to meet her.
d) la numeral > He was the third to come.
5. La anumite construcii: I hurried to fetch the doctor. He was too tired to learn.
6. how to/ cum dup verbele care arat nvare, predare, nelegere:
sing this tune/ s cnt aceast melodie
I don't know how to/
ride a horse/ s clresc
Nu tiu cum
dance waltz/ s dansez vals
23

- what t o 7 c e where t o 7 u n d e :
He didn't know 7
|
what to say / ce s spun
El nu tia
I
where to go 7 unde s mearg
8- as t o 7 s a :
I am such a fool as to believe him. / Sunt att de prost s-1 cred.
9- in order t o 7 c a s a :
I came here in order to meet you. 7 Am venit aici ca s te ntlnesc.
10. element introductiv ntr-un numr de expresii:
- to tell the truth 7 l a d r c p t vorbind
- to say nothing of... 7 c a s a nu mai amintim de ...
- to begin with 7 n primul rnd
_ fc fajp/ ca s fiu sincer

14. Nominativul cu infinitiv

12. Infinitivul cu adverb intercalat / The Split Infinitive

Uneori, ntre particula t0i infinitivul propriu-zis se pot intercala anumite adverbe (mai ales
de mod)
He decided7
|
to promptly reply/s rspund imediat
S-a hotrt
I
to wholly agree/s lie ntru totul de acord
Alte exemple n care acest lucru este posibil:
- to cautiously inquire 7 a se interesa cu pruden
- to gladly consent 7 a consimi bucuros
- to clearly understand 7 a nelege clar
- to fully realize 7 a "i d a pe-deplin seama
- to fully appreciate 7 a aprecia ntru totul
- to stoutly defend 7 a a P a r a cu fermitate
- to flatly refuse 7 a refuza net
13. Acuzativul + infinitiv
Este o construcie specific limbii engleze.
1. Se folosete fr to:
a) dup verbe de percepie (senzoriale):
to see, to hear, to feel, to perceive:
E x : I saw him come. He heard her sing.
b) dup verbe exprimnd determinarea, obligaia: to make( a f ace > a sili):
Ex.: He made me laugh.
2. Se folosete cu to:
a) dup verbe exprimnd activitatea mintal a omului: to think/ a considera,
to suppose 7 a presupune, to imagine 7 a imagina, to consider/ a considera,
to expect 7 a se atepta la, to know 7 a ti, to understand/a nelege:
Ex.: I expect him to ring me up.
We consider her to be the best.
b) dup verbe exprimnd dorina: to want/ a dori, to like(a plcea) i to hate /
a ur, a nu putea suferi:
Ex.: I want him to work better.
I like her to be more friendly.
We order them to leave.
"England expects every man to do his duty" (Nelson)
24

Nominativul cu infinitiv se folosete:

1. Cu urmtoarele verbe la diateza pasiv:
to know, to say, to consider, to believe, to think, to suppose, to expect, to see, to hear:
Ex.: Shakespeare is considered to be a great playwright. /
Shakespeare este considerat a fi un mare dramaturg.
He is known to paint portraits. / Se tie c picteaz portrete.
O Nu uita! Infinitivul perfect, folosit n astfel de construcii, arat c aciunea a avut loc ntr-un
moment din trecut:
Ex.: They are reported to have left earlier. / Se anun c ei au plecat mai
devreme.
2. Cu verbele la diateza activ to seem, to appear, to happen, to prove, to t u r n out:
Ex.: He proved to be a coward. / S-a dovedit a fi la.
Mary seems to know him. / Se pare c Mary l cunoate.
3. Cu verbul to be + unul din adjectivele: sure, certain, likely, unlikely:
Ex.: She is likely to arrive in time. / Probabil c va ajunge la timp.
They are sure to come. / Ei vin cu siguran.
15. Participiul n "ing" / The "ing" Participle
A. Participiul n "ing" este o form impersonal a verbului englez, care arat o aciune n
desfurare sau o stare:
Ex.:coming / venind; writing / scriind
Avnd o natur pur verbal, participiul alctuiete timpurile conjugrii continui:
Ex.:I am working. / Eu lucrez.
She was going. / Ea mergea.
Poate fi:
1. Circumstanial de mod: Ex.:The girls went out laughing. / Fetele ieir rznd.
2. Circumstanial de cauz:
Ex.:Being late, he decided to leave.' / Fiind trziu, a hotrt s plece.
3. Atribut: Ex.:The American visiting our town is my friend. /
Americanul, care ne viziteaz oraul, este prietenul meu.
O Nu uita! Participiul poate fi precedat de conjuncii ca:while, (temporal), though (concesiv) etc.
Ex.: While climbing, he hurt his knee.
B, Participiul pasiv(Passive Participle) este format din participiul verbului to be +
participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat:
Ex.:being sent / fiind trimis
being written / fiind scris
Poate fi:
1. Complement circumstanial de timp:
Ex.:The work being done, we left the house.
2. Complement circumstanial de cauz:
Ex.:Being written in a hurry, your homework was full of mistakes.

25

C. Participiul perfect ( Perfect "ing a Participle) se formeaz din participiul verbului

to have + participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat:
Ex.: having written/ scriind, deoarece a scris
Exprim aciuni anterioare celor exprimate de predicat:
Ex.: Having done their work, they went home.

b) Substantive:
to be in the habit of
to be in danger of
to be on the point of

capable of
proud of

Gerundul - specific limbii engleze - are o natur dubl de form verbal i substantival.
1. Ca subiect: Ex.: Her being young was an asset. / Faptul c era tnr, era o calitate.
2. Ca nume predicativ: Ex.: Seeing is believing. / Dac vd, cred.
3. Ca un complement direct, n special dup verbe ale unui raport temporal sau verbe care
exprim preferin sau aversiune.

>

He stopped smoking.

to mind
to start
to hate
to remember

to love
to prefer
to regret

I like walking.

a) Verbe:
to delight in
to despair of

He is keen on drawing.

b) Cauzal dup for - for the sake of - on account of

Ex.:He was blamed for doing it.

d) Instrumental dup: by
Ex.: By inventing this machine, the whole world moves forward.
e) Concesiv dup: in spite of
Ex.:In spite of being awake, he fell asleep.

17. Verbe tranzitive i intranzitive

to insist (up) on
to prevent from

to object to
to quarrel about

Ex.: We think of informing her about it.

He succeded in running his own business.
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to
to
to
to
to
to

advise / a sfatui
allow / a permite
answer / a raspunde
approach / a aborda
believe / a crede
enter / a intra

to
to
to
to
to
to

flatter / aflata
follow / a urma
forgive / a ierta
help / a ajuta
meet / a ntlni
obey / a asculta

to oppose / a se opune
to order / a comanda
to serve / a servi
to succeed / a reui
to thank / a mulumi
to trust / a avea ncredere

B. Verbe tranzitive i intranzitive cu prepoziii obligatorii:

4. Gerundul este folosit dup cuvintele urmate de prepoziii obligatorii:

to complain of
to depend on

He is capable of doing anything.

A Verbele tranzitive (au complement direct):

Gerundul poate s stea dup verbele:

to like
to enjoy
to excuse

keen on
far from
accustomed to

O Nu uita! Cele dou forme identice ca sens:

having finished - after finishing
having stolen - for stealing

Gerundul trebuie s stea dup urmtoarele verbe i expresii:

to have done with
to give up
to risk
I do not mind
I cannot help

Her experience in teaching.

c) Modal dup: by - with - without - instead of

Ex.:By doing it, he became famous.

16. Gerundul

to go on
to keep
to put off
to stop
to finish

way of
habit of

a) Temporal dup: before - after - on - upon

Ex.:Before leaving Paris ... / nainte de a prsi Parisul...

strictly speaking / vorbind despre

generally speaking/ vorbind n general
excepting / cu excepia

disappointment at
surprise at

5. Ca locuiune adverbial nlocuind o propoziie secundar:

Expresii ale participiului prezent:

considering / lund n consideraie,
innd cont de
including / incluznd
supposing / presupunnd c

reason for
a plan for

Ex.:His surprise at seeing me.

c) Adjective:

D. Participiul perfect pasiv (Perfect Participle Passive) se formeaz din participiul perfect
al verbului to be (having been) + participiul trecut al verbului notional:
Ex.: having been read / fiind citit, deoarece a fost citit
Exprim aciuni anterioare celor exprimate de predicat:
Ex.: Having been criticized by his friends, he tried to improve his work.

the way of
importance of
experience in

to succeed in
to think of

to remind somebody of sauabout (something) /

a aminti cuiva despre
to accustom somebody to (something) / a deprinde
pe cineva cu
to prevent somebody from (+ forma n-ing ) /
a mpiedica pe cineva de a
to deprive somebody of (something) / a lipsi pe cineva de

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to
to
to
to

laugh at / a (i) rde de, a-i bate joc de

care for / a-i plcea (ceva); a iubi
hear from / a primi veti de la
listen to / a asculta la, a asculta de

18. Verbe neregulate

1. Cu o singur form:
bet, bet, bet/ a paria

hit, hit, hit/ a lovi

hurt, hurt, hurt/ a rni
let, let, let/ a lsa
put, put, put/ a pune

burst, burst, burst/ a izbucni, a exploda

cast, cast, cast/ a arunca
cost, cost, cost/ a costa

set, set, set/ a apune

shed, shed, shed/ a rspndi
shut, shut, shut/ a nchide
spread, spread, spread/ a ntinde

tear, tore, torn / a rupe, a sfia

strike, struck, struck / a lovi
cling, clung, clung / a se aga
spin, spun, spun / a toarce, a rsuci
awake, awoke (awaked), awoke / a se trezi
wring, wrung, wrung / a rsuci, a stoarce
swear, swore, sworn / ajura, a njura
forget, forgot, forgotten / a uita
stand, stood, stood / a sta n picioare

find, found, found / a gsi

sting, stung, stung / a nepa
hide, hid, hidden / a ascunde
shine, shone, shone / a strluci
shoot, shot, shot / a mpuca
lie, lay, lain / a sta ntins, culcat
fight, fought, fought / a lupta
break, broke, broken / a sparge
choose, chose, chosen / a alege
freeze, froze, frozen / a nghea

2. Terminaia -t:
bend, bent, bent/ a ndoi
build, built, built/ a construi
burn, burnt, burnt/ a arde
dwell, dwelt, dwelt/ a locui

lend, lent, lent/a mprumuta

send, sent, sent/ a trimite
spend, spent, spent/ a cheltui
learn, learnt, learnt/ a nva

smell, smelt, smelt/ a mirosi

spell, spelt, spelt/ a pronuna
spoil, spoilt, spoilt/ a strica

3. Prescurtarea vocalei din rdcin:

bleed, bled, bled/ a sngera
breed, bred, bred/ a crete animale
creep, crept, crept/ a se strecura
deal, dealt, dealt/ a se ocupa
dream, dreamt, dreamt/ a visa
feed, fed, fed / a hrni, a da de
mncare

hold, held, held / a ine

understand, understood,
understood / a nelege
steal, stole, stolen / a fura
bite, bit, bitten / a muca
dig, dug, dug / a spa
stick, stuck, stuck / a lipi
win, won, won / a ctiga

8. Trecutul simplu - form regulat:

mow, mowed, mown / a cosi, a secera
show, showed, shown / a arta
sow, sowed, sown / a semna

sew, sewed, sewn / a coase

strew, strewed, strewn / a rspndi, a mprtia
saw, sawed, sawn / a tia cu fierstrul

9. Forme speciale ale rdcinii:

flee, fled, fled/ a fugi

keep, kept, kept/ a pstra
kneel, knelt, knelt/ a ngenunchia
lead, led, led/ a conduce
lean, leant, leant/ a se apleca
leave, left, left / a pleca, a prsi

light, lit, lit/ a aprinde

mean, meant, meant/ a nsemna
sleep, slept, slept/ a dormi
sweep, swept, swept/ a mtura
weep, wept, wept/ a plnge

do, did. done / a face

go, went, gone / a merge
be, was, been / a fi

VII. ADVERBUL /The Adverb

4. Alte schimbri:
sell, sold, sold/ a vinde
teii, told, told/ a spune
lose, lost, lost/ a pierde
hear, heard, heard/ a auzi

bring, brought, brought/ a aduce

buy, bought, bought/ a cumpra
seek, sought, sought/ a cuta
think, thought, thought/ a se gndi

catch, caught, caught/ a prinde

teach, taught, taught/ a preda
have, had, had/ a avea
make, made, made/ a face

write, wrote, written/ a scrie

fly, flew, flown/ a zbura
begin, began, begun/ a Incepe
ring, rang, rung/ a suna

sing, sang, sung/ a cnta

spring, sprang, sprung/ a sri
drink, drank, drunk / a bea
swim, swam, swum/ a nota

6. Prezent + Participiul trecut cu aceeai vocal:

see, saw, seen/ a vedea
forgive, forgave, forgiven/ a ierta
bid, bade, bidden/ a porunci, a pofti
forbid, forbade, forbidden/ a interzice
mistake, mistook, mistaken/ a se nela
slay, slew, slain/ a ucide, a asasina
become, became, become/ a deveni

take, took, taken/ a lua

shake, shook, shaken/ a scutura
blow, blew, blown/ a sufla
grow, grew, grown/ a crete
know, knew, known/ a ti
throw, threw, thrown/ a arunca

draw, drew, drawn/ a desena

come, came, come/ a veni
run, ran, run/ a alerga
fall, fell, fallen/ a cdea
beat, beat, beaten/ a bate
eat, ate, eaten/ a mnca
give, gave, given/ a da

7. Trecutul simplu + Participiul trecut cu aceeai vocal:

hang, hung, hung/ a atrna, a spnzura
bear, bore, borne/ a purta, a duce
swing, swung, swung/ a se legna

Adjectiv + -ly > Adverb: >careful - carefully

Excepii ortografice:

5. Verbe cu 3 vocale diferite:

drive, drove, driven/ a conduce maina
ride, rode, ridden/ a clri
rise, rose, risen/ a rsri
arise, arose, arisen/ a se ridica, a aprea

1. Formarea adverbelor

speak, spoke, spoken/ a vorbi

wear, wore, worn/ a purta
bind, bound, bound/a lega

a) La adverbele provenite din adjective bi- i plurisilabice, -y devine-i dup consoane:

Ex.: merry - merrily; pretty - prettily
b) Adverbele provenite din adjective monosilabice pot pstra-y :
Ex.:shy > shyly
dar
gay > gaily
c) Se omite -e la sfrit de cuvnt la: due - duly, true - truly, whole - wholly
d) full-fully, dull-dully
Ateniei Nu toate cuvintele terminate n-ly sunt adverbe, unele sunt adjective:
Ex.:a lonely man, a friendly person
Unele au forme identice, ns sens diferit ca adjectiv i adverb:
Adjectiv Adverb

sit, sat, s*at/ a sta jos

spit, spat, spat/ a scuipa
get, got, got/ a cpta

very only pretty -

adevratunic

drgu -

foarte
doar, numai
cam

O Nu uita! very - naintea adjectivelor i adverbelor: very good, very well, very much:
I thank you very much!
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O Nu uita! Adjectiv n loc de adverb n expresii ca:

to talk loud, to spell wrong, to feel happy, to sleep tight, to travel light.
Atenie! Forme n -ly care difer cu totul ca sens de cele simple:
lately / recent
likely / probabil
presently / numaidect

directly / imediat
fairly / destul de
prettily / destul de

VIII. P R E P O Z I I A / The Preposition

Prepoziiile pot exprima una sau mai multe relaii:
a) spaiale, temporale i alte relaii: about, after, against, around, before, behind, ahead of etc.

hardly / abia, deloc

highly / foarte
shortly / n scurt timp

b) spaiale i alte reiai: above, across, beside, below, down, off, without etc.
c) temporale: during, for, in, on etc.

2. Comparaia adverbelor
a) Dac adverbul este monosilabic, el primete:
- la comparativ > -er
- la superlativ > -est (Iar articol hotrt)
Ex.: soon - sooner - soonest
b) Toate adverbele plurisilabice i cele terminate n 4y, formeaz comparativul prin
adugarea adverbelor more i most:
Ex.: nicely - more nicely - most nicely
c) Comparaia neregulat:
well - better - best > bine
badly (ill) - worse - worst > ru
far - farther (further) - farthest (furthest) > departe
near - nearer - next (nearest) > aproape
little - less - least > puin
late - later - latest (last) > trziu
3. Poziia adverbelor
Regula de baz: adverbele stau lng cuvntul pe care l modific sau l determin i nu stau
de obicei ntre verb i complement.

Reguli speciale:
a) Adverbele accentuate - adverbe de loc, de timp definit i adverbe de mod
accentuate intens - stau la nceputul sau Ia sfritul propoziiei:
- de loc >We used to meet here.
- de timp definit ->He came here a day before yesterday.
- de mod accentuat ->She can sing beautifully.
b) Adverbele neaccentuate - adverbe de timp nedefinite, adverbe de mod neaccentuate la timpuri simple stau naintea verbului, n urma vb.to be i a vb. modale, iar la timpuri
compuse, ntre verbul auxiliar i verbul de conjugat:
Ex. She often goes swimming in summer.
She is often a champion.
She has often got medals.

IX. CONJUNCIA / The Conjunction

1. Coordonatoare (ca funcie)
a) Copulative: and, as well as, not only...but also...
b) Disjunctive: or, either ... or etc.
c) Adversative: but, only, while, and etc.
d) Conclusive: so, therefore etc.
2. Subordonatoare (ca funcie)
a) Relative (atributive): where, when, how, why etc.
b) Obiective: how, that, if etc.
c) Adverbiale: - de loc > where, wherever, as far as etc.
- de timp > when, after, before, while, till, until, whenever, as soon as,
no sooner ...than, scarcely ... when etc.
- de mod > as, so, so far as
- subiective > that
- de cauz > as, because,since, for etc.
- condiionale > if, unless, in case, on condition (that), provided (that) etc.
- concesive > though, although, in spite of etc.
- finale > so that, in order that, lest etc.
- consecutive -> that, so that etc.
- comparative -> as, than, as if (though) etc.

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c) Dac sunt mai multe adverbe, ordinea este adesea: mod, loc, timp.
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