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Istoric
Boala Menkes
– denumita si boala parului sarmos
– boala neurodegenerativa X-linkata a insuficientei transportului de cupru.
– Menkes si autorii au descris pentru prima data boala in 1962.
– Danks si autorii au observat prima data faptul ca metabolismul cuprului
este anormal in 1972
– in 1973, dupa ce s-a observat asemanarea dintre parul sarmos si lana
sfaramicioasa a oilor australiene crescute in zonele cu pamant care are
deficiente de cupru, s-au pus in evidenta nivelurile anormale de cupru si
ceruloplasmina acestor pacienti.
Incidenta:
– 1:50.000 la 1:250.000.
figura 4
Clinica
Examen fizic
Diateze hemoragice
Calculi renali
Pacienti cu sindromul cornului occipital sunt
afectati predominant prin modificari ale tesutului
conjunctiv si osos:
– incluzand piele hiperelastica sau/si hipersensibila
(fig. 5)
– articulatiile sunt hiperextensibile figura 5
– avem hernii, diverticuloza vezicala
– anormalitati osoase incluzand exostoza occipitala
(coarne) care sunt calcificate, aceste calcificari au
margini ascutite in cadrul insertiei tendinoase
occipitale a muschiului trapez si SCM (fig. 6)
– coarnele pot fi absente in copilarie. Acesti pacienti
pot avea retard mental moderat si disfunctie
autonoma
Alte variatii clinice referitoare la forma usoara de
boala Menkes: ataxia si retard mental moderat. figura 6
Cauze
genetice
– in familiile cu un copil afectat, se face testare genetica
prenatala aplicat pentru viitoarele sarcini
reabilitare, fizioterapie
– pacientii au deformari osoase si un risc crescut permanent
de a face fracturi
Tratament
oral: cu saruri de cupru precum sulfat, acetat sau
clorurat. Nu altereaza cuprul seric si nivelul
ceruloplasminei
cupru parenteral:
– induce sinteza apoceruloplasminei si de gena WND →
cresterea nivelului cuprului seric si a ceruloplasminei. Cu
toate acestea nivelului cuprului cerebral nu se modifica,
nu apare nici o imbunatatire clinica.
Tratamentul cu clorura de Cu si/sau L-histidina ar
trebui sa fie prescris de un clinician cu cunostinte de
farmacologie. Clorura de cupru si soltutia de L-
histidina de 350-500 μg/dl sau injectat intravenos
sau subcutanat creste nivelul cuprului seric, LCR la
normal dupa 6 saptamani de la administrare.
Tratament – cont.
• Cu toate acestea defectele tesutului conjunctiv nu raspunde
la tratamentul cu cupru-histidina. Nou nascutii si fetusii
tratati in uter cu cupru histidina pot evita simptomatologia
neurologica. Din pacate semnele neurologice o data
prezente raspund greu la tratament.
Shela a aratat ca un copil de 15 luni care a fost tratat cu
suplimente de cupru subcutanat pentru 30 luni a devenit
fara crize, iar pielea si parul s-au pigmentat, dar copilul a
avut in continuare intarziere severa de dezvoltare.
Cupru-histidina Tratamentul timpuriu pe soareci previne simptomatologia
neurologica, dar daca terapia este intarziata peste a 10-a zi
de viata soarecele moare.
Acesta din urma raspunde la terapie intr-un stadiu tarziu de
dezvoltare cerebrala care corespunde celui de al 3-lea
trimestru de sarcina.
Prognostic
Majoritatea pacientilor netratati, cu forma clasica, mor pana in 3 ani.
Cazuri clinice (Romania)
1. Alexandru
• nascut in 2003, august, este primul caz Menkes diagnosticat din tara
• primul copil dorit al unui cuplu tanar ( mama -28 ani, tata – 29 ani),
aparent sanatosi.
• greutatea la nastere =3000g, lungime = 49 cm, acestea fiind normale
• prezenta unui cefalhematom occipito-temporal drept si a sternului
infundat cu torace excavat au ingrijorat familia.
• Evolutia a fost marcata de:
• hipotonie
• intarziere psihomotorie in primele luni
• la varsta de 5 luni au aparut crize de epilepsie.
• Treptat, faciesul si parul au luat un aspect caracteristic, iar la varsta de 7 luni
i s-a diagnosticat boala: sindromul Menkes.
• Au urmat internari pentru infectii digestive si respiratorii, tot mai grave,
crize epileptice, tot mai dese si sfarsit inevitabil in 2004.
Cazuri clinice (Romania)
2. Danut
• caz postat pe internet pe data de 24.06.2008
• al 2-lea caz Menkes din tara
• varsta: 1 an si o luna
• a fost diagnosticat cu Menkes la 6 luni la un spital din Bucuresti.
• Evolutie marcata de:
• frecvent convulsii
• la 5 luni nu facea nimic din ce trebuia sa faca un sugar de varsta aceea.
• Danut se dezvolta fizic conform varstei insa din punct de vedere
psihomotor e ca un copil de maxim 2 luni.
Bibliografie
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Bibliografie – cont.
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Bibliografie – cont.
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