b) p'lp=p'T:(pT')=1,7.

2.1.269.

c)p'lp=1,047,

= Po e7tghl(RT),

2.2.14. a)

p'lp=O,9.

S+ mg)

presiunea aerului scade mai repede cu --

12)(pV2

mea decat a metanului (f1aer > fimetan), deci presiunea metanului fata de

5R 12)(T2

este mai mare la ultimul etaj, unde trebuie sa arda mai tare.

2.2.15. a)

o g,
2. PRINCIPIILE

2.2.1. a) Q = vCV<T2-

= v[RI(y-1)](T2-

T1)

'(p2V-P1V)=[1/(y-1)]'V~p=

2.2.3.a)Q=

= 0,

b) L

c)~

V1) = 2,

c)~U=Q.

2.2.17. /),

(21/)Q'IV=100kPa

P2=P1-

-'I T -1) =
2.2:18. Q =

= Q.

2.2.4. a) T2 = T1 . P21 P1 = 900 K = 627C. b) Q = vCy(T2 - T1) =

= v (S R 12)(T2

- T1)

= (S/2)(

= (S/2)

v RT2 -vRT1)

=(S/2)(p2-P1)V=1,OOkJ.

d)

c)L=O,

- P1 V)

(p2V

1112) RT1

/)'U=Q,

2.2.6. a) T2 = T1 . P21 P1 = 600 K = 327C, b) V = (m Ip)RT

= vC (T2

- T1)

= 3,11 kJ,

d) L = 0,

e) /),U = Q,

T1)

.2.2.7. a) Q
= Tz'T1

= v (S R 12)T1(TiT1

= z2,

vCy(T2-

-1)

= (mlf/)(i12)

Q = (mlp)(i12)

(m l'l)(SR

RT1 (T21T1

p. -

12)T1(p21

-1),

(u-ju1):=

P2 I P1 ~ T21 T1 = z2 = 4 , P2 I P 1 = 1,00,

,= 700 k.J.

T1) =v(SRI2)

(T2-

T1)

(pV2 -pV1)
(S/2)
v[(i + 2)/2]R(T2

= SOO J,

2.2.10. a) Q

b) L = pV1(V21V1

-1)

b) T1 = [u I
c) L = p(V2
= (H + m091
d) Q = vCp(
e)

/),U

= vC

2.2.20. Q =

(S/2)

2.2.21.

= -'20 K
pV1) = (7/2)

2.2.9. a) Q = v (7R 12) (T2 - T1) = (7 12)(pV2 = (S/2)

=V2-/),V=(

lPS) = 44,S

2.2.8. pV1 = vRT1,

pV2
vR(T1 + /),T) ,
L = p(V2V1) =vR /),T ~/),T=
LI(vR)
= L: (pV11T1)

b) /)'U=vCy(T2-

_=

I P1 =

= 9,3S kJ, b) T21T1 = z2 =

RT1 (z2-1)

(/12/,11+

2.2.19. a)

2.2.5. a) P2 = P1 T21 T1 = 133 kPa, b) P1 = P2 = flP1 : (RT1) = 0,16

c)Q=v(i12)R(T2-T1)=(i12)P1V(T2-T1)IT1=100J,
d)~=O,
e)
c) Q

b) L

U = [i/(i
4 10-21
2.2.16. a)

[1/(y/-1)]'

b)L=O,

[1/(y-1)]V(p2-P1)=100J.

(i12)V(p2-P1)'

c) ~U

T1)

(i12)V~p=SOOJ.

b)Q=

2.2.2.a)L=0.

TERMODINAMICII

(v RT2-v

H =

L =

RT1) =

- T1)
[(i + 2)/2] (pVl
T1)(T2 - T1)
= pV1(T21T1 -1)::: 2Q: (i+ 2) = 20

.2.2.21 R

c) ~U = Q - L = (i /2) pV1(T21 T1 - 1) = i Q : (i + 2) = SOD k.J.

2.2.11. a) L = p(V2 - V1) = pV2 - (m Ifl)RT1 = 764 J,
b) Q = [(H:'(pV2-pV1)

= [(i+2)/2]L=2674J,

c) ~U=(i/2)P(V2-V1)=

(i/2-

-= 1910 J,

(Q = Sf) +'L),
2.2.12. a) Qy = vCy(T2 - T1) = v (SR 12) (T2 - T1) = (S/2) (v RT2 - v RT1) = (5/2)
(pnV - pV) = (S/2) pV(n -1) = S06 J ,
b) Qp = vCp(T2 - T1)

= (7/2)

2.2.13. a) L = (mlf/)RT1(V2.1V1
c)

~u = vCy(T2

300

- T1)

pV(n - 1)

= 707 J .

-1) = 2,49 k.I. b) Q = [(i+ 2)/2]L=

(i /2) L = 6,23 kJ,

(Q

= ~U

+ L),

= (1/2)HS' h +
=HS[h'-HI(
2.2.22.

L =

.15 J ,unde

T2

2.2.23. Q = v
l(vRT1)

= 3,

2.2.14. a) h2=h(T2IT1
= (H S + mg) tilt. T I T1

eu inalti-

ta de

=40em.

= 109,8 J.

b) L=pt,v=(H+mgIS)S(h2-hl)=
e) Q vCpt. T= v (7R 12)(T2 - Tl) =

(7/2)(PV2
- pV1) = (7/2) L = 384,3 J. d) t.U vCv(T2 - T1) =
= v (SR 12)(T2 - T1) = (5/2) L = 274,5 J.(4).
2.2.15. a) Q = vCp!Y.T = (ml Ji )[(i +2)/2 ] R!Y.T,
m = 2.;l- Q) : [(i + 2)R!Y.7] =

aer

= 11,0 g. b) L = vR(T2 - T1) = [21(i + 2)] vCp(T2 - T1) = [21(i + 2)] Q 207,9 J.
e) !Y.U= [i1(i + 2)] Q = 623,6 J, Q = !Y.U+ L.
d) !Y. E = (i / 2) k!Y.T =
= 4,14.10-21
J.
2.2.16. a) Q

[(i+ 2)/2] pV1 (V21V1 -1),

V21V1
1 + [21(i+ 2)] .
. QI(PV1) = 2,0.
b) L = 2Q l(i + 2) = 202,6 J. e) !Y.U= i QI(i + 2) = 506,6 J.
2.2.17. t.U= Q- L Q- (H + mgl S)(~V) = Q - (H + mgl S)V'
. (TilT
-1)
Q-(H+
mgIS)Vt.TIT={33
JJ
2.2:18. Q [(m1 1#1)Cp1 +(m2IJl2)C~J(f;
- T1) , pV1 (m1 1#1 +

a.

+ (m2/#2) RT1 '

Q = pV1(T21T1 -1) {1+ (Cv1 #21,l1+ Cv2 m21m1) :
: [RCJl21#1 + m2 I m 1)] } = 300 J .
2.2.19. a) t.Ep = mogt.h,
,16 kg/m3.

e) !Y.U Q.
= 12,3 L.
I Pl - 1)

t.V= S t.h

t.V= S t.Ep/(mog),

V{=V2 - t.V =(m Ip.) RT2: (H + mog I S) - S t.Ep : (mog) = 2,5 L.

b) T1 = [u I (mR)] (H + mo 9 IS) V1 = 300 K = 27C .
L

e) L = p(V2 - V1) = (m / Jl) R(T2 - T1) = 16,6 J sau

(H + mog / S) S t.Ep: (mog) [HS I (m09) + 1] t.Ep .

d) Q = vCp(T2 - T1) = v (7 12)R (T2 - T1) = (7/2)

L =58,2 J.

e) t.U = vCv(T2 - T1)= v (5 12)R (T2 - T1) = (5/2) L = 41,6 J.

2.2.20. Q = met, + mvi1, mv = (Q - mctf) : A = 2,62 g. h =
: (tlpS) = 44,5 em.
2.2.21. H H - F I S + pgy ~ F pgy S ;

= 700 J .

HS --------_---.....,...

H
Fig.2.2.21 R

m; RTf:

T
y

_______
H

y
(0

h=H/(pg)

h'

L = (1/2)HS' h + HS' (h
h) = H 2S I (2pg) + HS[h' - H I(pg)].
L = HS[h' - H I (2pg)]
10,13 J. V.fig.
2.2.22. L = P2(V3 - V2) = vR(T3 - T2) vRT1 (1 - T2I T1) = vRT1 (1 - 1 / k) =
I

=
= 11 k , T1 = T3 ~ t.U=
2.2.23. Q = v R T1(T2 I T1 -1) = v R T1(V2 I V1 -1)
+ Q I( vRT1) = 3,0 sau (!y'U = 0) Q = L = P1Vl(V2 I V1 = 4,15 J, unde

=8,72 kJ.

T2/T1 = P21P1

0 (gaz ideat!)

V.fig.

, V3 I V1 = V2 I V1 = 1 +
1) =v R T1(V2 I V1 -1).

V.fig.
301

\
\

1\
\

\ izot.
,
\

..

"

"

-, 3

I
I

71=73
Fig.2.2.22 R

71=73

_t

P1

V1

\
\

1\

1\
,

\
\

izot>. ,
"

T ""

3 ~

V
2.2.24.

Q'

[(Cp

7;=T3
TO'
7;=T3
Fig.2.2.23 R
R) 1 R]mgh,
Q" = vCp T (n - 1) + [Cp 1 R] mgh (n-

Q = Q' + Q" = mgh (n Cp 1 R - 1) + vCp T (n -1)

2.2.25. L = vR(T3 - T2 - T4 + T1), Tl

L = vR(T3
P

izoi: \

= Ti

2.2.29. L

= 3,2 kJ .

2.2.30. Q

= T1 T3,

JG - fT;)2 = 831 J.

- 2 ~T1T3 + T1) = vR(

= T1 + 4Q:
2.2.31. P1

V.fig.

T1

= (L

cz:
4

\
\

.izot.
\
\

""
.#

"

P1

14/,/ZOO
2

"

,'

.,

" '

7;=T4

Fig.2.2.25 R
2.2.26. L = (a -1)(jJ -1) P1 V1 ' P1V1 vRT1,

7;=T4

P3 V3 = af3pl V1

= vR(T1

= (a -

1)(jJ - 1)vR~ T: (af3 - 1) = 249,3 J.

V.fig.
2.2.27. Q = vCp(T3 - T)+ vCv(T - T3) = vRT(T31
V31V1

2.2.32. T3

302

= 350 K.

T -1) ,

= V21V1 = T3IT=
1 + Q/(vRT)
=2,0.
V.fig.
\
2.2.28. L = P3(V3 - V1) vRT1(1 - P3IPl)' T1 = L : [(1 - 1/n)vR]
V.fig. 2.2.31 R.

+-

= 30

2.2.33. Lasiunea atmosfe

destinde izobar .

I
I

:V

I ."

l'
/,;4,

,/2

'"

..
/,

I
I

I...

71=73 T

17/7:

1,

1"'--_--.4

I""

I'

T4<T2

I
I

I
I

~~----------~~
T
0

Fig.2.2.26 R

,
\
1-,...-+--. 3
,

2 ~-+-....".3

~-+-....".3

\
\
\

izot: ,
T"" -,

..

2 '

T,= T2

T1= T2

Fig.2.2.27 R
2.2.29. L
(P1 I n)(V2 - V1) = (m I fi) RT(1 - 1 In)
830 kJ.
2.2.30. Q = vCv(T2 - T1) = v Cp(T2 - T3), T2 = T1 + (Q/v)(1/Cv - 1/Cp) =

mgh (n -1).

= T1 + 4Q

: (15 vR) = 350 K.

2.2.31. P1V1 = P3V3 = P2V3 vRT1, L = P3V3(1 - V1 I V3) = vRT1(1 -1 In),

T1 (L I (vR)] [1 : (1 - 1 In)]
300 K .

P
3.

V
-\ 1
\

'P1

" ,izot.
,

,,
2 ...&-...~
/

vR(T1 + t,. 7),

71=73

71=73

Fig.2.2.31 R
2.2.32. T3 T1+ QR I (v CvCp)
T1+ QR I (v 15R214) = T1+ 4QI (15 vR)
350 K.
.
2.2.33. La inceput, presiunea gazului va creste izocor pfma eqaleaza presiunea atrnosferica: T': T H: (H I n) n, T'
nT, dupa care gazul se
destinde izobar.
Q vCv T(n - 1) + v(Cv + R) T n(k - 1) 47,4 kJ.

~ = 300 K.

2""-~~3

303

p
, \3,

IQI
,<1

\ "., T:J
',~"
,0,.... -, ....

i7

,
,

~-- Q

T1 .....
, ....

V2

: ~ ~1 3
I~

1
,~

71<T3

1
~

1
1

71<T3

Fig.2.2.32 R
2.2.34. Q1 = vCp(T3 - T1) + vCv(T1 - T3) = v R(T3 - T1), Q2 = vCiT4 - T. + vCp(T1 - TJ v R(T1 - TJ '
Q1 - Q2 = v R(T3 - T1 - T1 + TJ

= v R(T3 - 2T1+ T12 I T3)

,
l'

v R(T3 - T1)21 T3

,,

,if

'

,"
I

Q =

v(2Cp

-~---

"

"

"

"

T
71=T2
T
Fig.2.2.34 R
Cv)( T4 - T1) = v(2R + CvMT = v(7R 12) IlT= 2,91

',0-:"

Or'" \, \,

\,

3~-+-...,....2
,

. 3'f-+- .......

__

1"_

,
,,

4---

~
2.2.36. L = -

"

~=V3

~
Fig.2.2.35 R
vRT1(T41 T1 -1)(V21 V1 - 1)

V.fig.

= canst

0:0

'I

1
1
1

== - 831 J.

\
,
'
1'!""' -+-' 2
,,
',~
~ ,

3"'-~
,

2.2.4
= 2,3 kJ

4WIZOlJ

"-' .....2

2.2.35.

= [1 I(y-

" ...., '1\'V

I
'

0
=-

vR (T4 - T1)(V21 V1 -1)

~ P canst. (1/2)Mv2 = (p - Po)!':..V =

= (1 - 1In) vR!':..T, Q = (Cv + R) Mv2 : [2R(1 - 1In)], Qo = (Cv + R) Mv2 : (2

2.2.37. F = (p - po)S

304

2.2.3
2.2.3
= (mIJl)
2.2.

.rz
2

V.fig.

,,,\{zot.

= 831 J.

=
Fig.2.2.5

'If

\/
1
v 1

I', , ,4,

1 ,,(

<T3

'I'

r
r

I"

= vCy(T4
or _

...

- T,) +
T, +T~ =

2
;V
V2

V1

74<72

b)
Fig.2.2.36

c)

2.2.38. a) L , vR Tfn(p,lp,) , P, V,ln(p,Jp,) , 271.8 J. b) Q ' L. c) I1U ,

2.2.39. a) p, ,
= (mi,l.) RT/n(lIe)
2.2.40. Q,

e P,

=-

' 275 kPa,

2,3 kJ, c) t\U

(mf!') RTfn 2,

V,, (1Je)mRT:

2,3 kJ,

b) Q

(!'P,) , 9,1 L b) Q ' L,

O.

u2 , 3RT!"

' 3Q : (m In2), u' SODm/s.

L, (mtf213) In(mtf2 : (3p, V, JJ '

2.2.41. tf2 , 3RT! II. P, V, ' (m III)RT,

= L , G) su = 0 .

*
2.2.42. L= - t\U = - vCvt\ T,

T
2) ~ T

= 2,91 kJ .

=-

2.2.43. L= - !::J.U

2.2.44. 120t. p,lp,

vCyt\ T,

' V,IV,'

t\ T = - 2L : (i v R)
T2
n;

= T, -

2.2.47. a)
- VR74)

P,' P,(V,I

= (Pl V

nr > n (y> 1) .

V,)' , 38 kPa.

b) L, _ AU, _ (e,1 R)(vRT,-

- P2 V2) / (y - 1) = - 405 J .

+ (1 - y) L : (Pl V,) = 5000C.

2.2.49. T2

= r,

[1 + (y - 1)

2.2.50. V.fig. Lad/ L;zot

T-

' (V,IV,)Y,

, F (i+2)1 i, i, 21g(V, I V,) : Ig(T,IT,) , 5.

(1IjI Vf ) Y-l zH . Tl1 T2 ZY1-1 : zYr1 = 1,2 .

2:2.48. L, (P, V, - P,V,) I( Y-1),

r
r
r
r
r

= 270C.

2.2.45. T,I T, ' (V, I V,r'

2.2.46. 7f I 7i

~ . ..,...r 2

= _ 10K.

(21 i) ul: : (mR)

ad. p,lp,

= [-

c) ~U

- L',

P'V,/(

=_ L

P, V,), T,IT,

' 1+

W /t, V )1 = 773 K = 5000C.

1
vCy(T2 - T,)l

In (V2 V )l =
1 ,
1
(1I(y -1))(, H _ 1) : In, , 1,15

' (1I(y - l))f(V,I V,)'-'1 : (-In (V,I V,)1'

; [vRT

p
p

PcJt\v=

Fig.2.2.50

q.

R) Mv2: (2R).

305

adiV
13

2.

,/ /1',
,
,

,
,

a)

b)

T
c)

Fig.2.2.54 R
2.2.55. a) L = (1/2) a(Vl7=

(i /2) a(Vl-

V12) = 150 J. b)

V12) = i L =750 J.

= [(i+1)Ii]vCy"""T=nC,,,,"T,

C=

c) Q =

- P1 V1) =
+ L = 900 J. d) Q = ",,"U + L =

",,"U

[(i+1)/i]

",,"u = (i 12)(p2V2

Cy=

[(i+1)/2]R=24,9J/(mol-K)_

2.2.56. pI)< = const ---+ TlJ-1= canst ~i "fp1-k = const sau Tp(1-k)lk =const.
a) L = vR(T1 - T2) : (k":' 1) = (p1 V1 - P2 V2) : (k - 1) , b)
= """U + L=
= v [Cy + R/(1 - k)] (T2 - T1) = v C """T. c) C = Cv+ R/(1 - k)= Cy(k - y) : (k - 1).

2.2.57. L = - """U = - vCy(T1 - T2) = vCy T1 (n I k - 1).

2.2.58. L1-2
vCy(T2 - T1),
02-3 vCy(T3 - T2) ,
L1_2 = 02-3 ---+ - (T2 - T1) = T3 - T2 ---+ T3 = T1 . V.fig.

=-

1
\

1
\

2 -V

a
a)
306

1
01-------.- ~
T
b)
Fig.2.2.58 R

:i

,
, , "'

<..' ad.

T
c)

I
I
I

"

.-

.-

2.
cem iz
batele t
ficul pr
pe pOf1J
gazulse
pe porti
prirneste
portiune
raceste,
caldura
lucru m
dedit ca
energia deci aici
pe porti
se lncalz
deaza ca

2.2.59.

= [mR

p(y-1)/(2y)=

= (112) (vRT2

/(2!~)](T2

- P1 V1 . T3/ T1 - P1 V1 . T2/ T3 + vRT1)

- T3 - T1 T2/ T3 + T1) = 20,75 J. V.fig.

P
oatomice

284,3 J .
2-

V1)

50 kJ .

a
2

a)

b)

Fig.2.2.59 R
T2 = T1 + W RT1 / (P1 V1 Cy) =T1 [1+ R W /
P1 V1)] = 284 K .
2.2.61. In diagrama P - Vse vede imediat ca L123 > L134. V.fig.

rc,

2.2.60.

P
\

1lSJ
0-:",

3',--

,
I

1//

L=
molK).
=const.

V1)

T'"

c)

'/
a)

b)

Fig.2.2.61 R
Oucem izotermele ~i adiaP
batele tangente la graficul procesului. Atunci
pe portiunea CAMO
gazul se incalzeste, iar
pe portiunea AMOS
primeste caldura. Pe
portiunea OS gazul se
raceste, desi prirneste
caldura (fiindca face
lucru mecanic mai mult
decat caldura primita ~i
energia interna scade),
deci aici C < 0; la fel
pe portiunea CA gazul
0
se Incalzeste, desi ce,
Fi~.2.62
deaza caldura, deci ~i aici C < o.

'/

/
/

c)

2.2.62. V.fig.

(k-1).

307

= (1/2) mrvr2 = (1I2)[mM

2.2."63. Q

I (m + M)] v2

= t:.U = vCyt:.T,

t:.T= [1 I (2vCy)] [mM I(m + M)] v2 = 0,72 K.

2.2.64. F

= (p -

Po)S

= (1I2)Mv2,

= const

= const,

= v Cpt:. T;

(p - po>t:.V =

p(1 -1 In)
(1I2)Mv2,
vRt:.T= (1/2)Mv2: (1-1 In),
Q
= vCpt:.T= (Cpl R) (1/2)Mv 2": (1-1 In)
[y I(y -1)](1I2)Mv
2: (1-1 In) =
2
= 1,4 kJ.
n ~ 00: 0 = [yl(y
-1)] (1/2)Mv = 0,70 kJ.

2.2.65. h = [Mgho + (m I Ii.) Cy1] : [Mg + (CvI R )Mg] =

='[ho + m CyT /('I.Mg)]:
(1 + CvlR) = 55 cm.

2.2.66. Q vC(T2 - T1) (C I R) (vRT2 - vRT1)

P2 = P1 + QR I(CV) = 133,3 kPa .
2.2.67. Q2

=
=

(C I R) (P2V - P1 V) ,

= (1I2)(V2

Q1

- Vo)(Po+ P2) - (1I2)(V1 - Vo)(Po + P1) =

= (1/2) Po(V2 - Vl) + (112) Vo (P1 - P2) > 0, deci in procesul 2 (AB2) .
2.2.68. (P1 + Mg I )(Vl r) I T1 = (Pl' + Mg I S)(Vl'l r ') I T2, Vl + V2 =
-

r'2-r'

[(r2-1)/r]

=0

TlT2-1

= 0,

sau r'2-2r'-1

2.2.69. 1) V. fig. 2) L este minim pe adiabata (c),

t:.U = 0 pe izoterma , t:.U < 0 pe adiabata .

izob.

V2

V1

'1' ' ,ad.

,,
,
,
,,
- - - -

= P31 P4'

,
,

, I
I

,','ad.

T
c)

P3

= P4 . Vl

V
'3

Fig.2.2.69 R

2.2.70. P21 Pl =V4 I V3

,,

3) t:.U > 0 pe izobara,

b)

2,41.

T
.

= 1 J2=

- --

a)

p,

r'

./

L=

T1) = (1 + 1/T) 1(1 + 1/r'),

= V1' + V2', [(r' -1) /(r-1)](T21

V2

= P1(Vl

V2)2

atm.

L=v

,....~-...,.4

= 25,0
3

\
\

P2

=P1. ~
2

4
~

0<"

1 '.

'-

V
a)

T
b)
Fig.2.2.70 R

308

T
c)

2.2.71.

Q12

= ilU12

= vCx(T2= T1 ~
= - llU12 '

- pJllV

+ L, Q12
- T1), llU12 vCv(T2 - T1)
T3
Q vCv(T3 - T2)
vCv(T1 - T2)

= Cv(Q

Q,

Q12 = vCx(T2 - T1) = - (Cxl Cv)

.- (Cxl Cv) Q L - Q ~ Cx

In),
Q
: (1 - 1 In) =

,,

- L) I Q ~ - 4,0 J/(mol . 1<).

Caldura rnolara

neqenv, C.=

L~

= Q I (vll T) < 0 , tnsearnna ca sistemul,

v - P1
+

P1)

V) ,

2 (AB2) .
V1 + V2 =

2
desi prirneste caldura, se raceste, fiindca
efectueaza lucru mecanic mai mult decat
-0+----------caldura prirnita, pe seama energiei sale
interne, care va scadea. V.fig..
Fig.2.2.71 R
2.2.72. T1 T3 (1/2).T1(3 - BV) BV, BV1
1,00 ~i BV3
2,00.
pV= vRT= vR (1/2) T1(3 - BV) BV ~
P (1I2)vR T1(3 - BV)B,

= (1I2)(Pl

- P3)(V3 - V1)

27:.1 - - - - - - - - -

= (112) . (1I2)vRT1B'
P
'- 1
P 1 - -lIr-~-

pe lzobara,

I \

(11 B) = (1/4) vR Tl

P
2

'

/~,

~o'
~,

. ,

- -:- - - - - - - 3
I

I'

-,

I
.

P3

T
c)

b)

T
atm.

2.2.73. V.fig.
.L

Fig.2.2.72 R
Q = Q23 + Q31 = - (112) vRT2 (e - 11 e) + vCy(T1
Q): [vCv + (1/2) vR (s - 1I.e)] ,

T2 = (vCv T1 vCv(Tl - T2) = [Q + (1/2) vRT1(e -1Ie)]:

= 831 J .

I
I

= 25,0

,fi = 2,41.

[1 + R(e -1/e)

I (2Cv)]

T2) ,

= 625 J

2
3
1

2
T

0
a)

0
b)
Fig.2.2.73 R

0
c)

2.2.74.d3=

VIN,p=(NIV)kT

p = H

2.2.75.

ef , F = (H

<to I

n2 = H(1 - e/I

(Cyl

- p) S =

man

~kT/p

el')s : (me) = 31,36 rot2/s2,

n = 5,6 rot/s.

pV I (RT1) + pV I (RT2) = p' . 2V I (RT').

R) p"

2V - 2(Cyl

R) pV

2.2.77.

v1 + m21p

= p'

T2 = (P 'V IR-v1

m1 IIt1

= v1Cv1

T' + V2Cy2T'.

pV2

(P + L'1P)(V1-

- 7).

c; ~

L'1pVo= QR I

T' = 2T1 T2: (T1 + T2) = 102C.

+ (m21!l)

v1 CJ1

= 310 K.

CJ2 = Cv'

p 'V I R,

v1 CY1 T1 + v2CV2 T2 =

+ V2) I (RT') ,

T'= (CV1 P1 V1+ CV2 P2V2): [R(CV1m1 1111+

p' = (m1 1111+ m21P2) RT': (V1 + V2) = 2,10 MPa .

= (m1 Ill)RT,

(m11J1)RT1,

+ (m2Ip)R(T2

= P '(V1

/).U = (Cyl R) . L'1(PV).

= pV I(R7),

+ CV2m21!(2)] = 306 K.
2.2.79. pV1

V I(RT'),

T1): (m2/lt)

m2 /lt2

p' = P',

=3,3nm.

= mw2 e .

2.2.76.

2.2.78.

d3=kTlp,

L'1 V)

= (m2Ifl)RT;

= (m2 III)RT2

(P

+ L'1p)(V1+ L'1V)=

= (m1 l,u)R(T1 - 7) +
- 7) + (m2111)Cv(T2 - 7).
(2/3) Q I Vo 6,67 kPa ..
'

I1pVo

= L'1U1+ L'1U2= (m1 Ifl)Cy(T1

L'1p= (R I Cy)(Q I Vo)

2.2.80. T' = (v1 Cp T1 +1>\2Cy T2) : (v1 Cp + v2Cv) = (v1yT1 + v2 T2) : (v1Y + v2) =
= 410,5 K. M = - [1 : (HS + Mg)] v1v2R(T1 - T2) : (v1Y + v2) = - 8,0 em
2.2.81. V1 : V2 : V3 : ... : Vn = 1 : 2 : 3 : ... : n ~
Vk = k V1 '
V=

V1 + V2 + + Vn

= p(n

Pk

= pl(k

2.2.82.

a = n In(1
V

V1(1 +

+ 1) I (2k) = P1 I k ,P1

P1 Ik

tg

+ 1) + mkgl
p(f)

+ vl

tg

= V [(1 + VlV)tg/3/tga

f3

= p(n
S~

= H [V I (V

V),

2 + ... +

n)

= (1/2)n(n

+ 1) 12 .
mk

+ v)]nt,

= n In(1 + v21 V),

p V In

= PkVk

P = Pk+1 + mkg IS.

= (Splg)(n
In(H I p)

+ 1)V1'

+ 1) I [2k(k + 1)].

nt In[(V + v) I v].

(1 + vl

V)tg/3 = (1 + vi

V)tga,

- 1] = 210 em3 .

2.2.83. Oueem familia de adiabate; doua

adiabate vor fi tangente la eielu, aeolo Q O.
Pe portiunea CSO gazul prirneste caldura
(dQ=TdS>
a), iar pe portiunea OAC cedeaza
ealdura (dQ = TdS < 0). Pe portiunea SO
(respeetiv AC) caldura specifics C =QI (vL'17)
este negativa, deoareee gazul, desi prirneste
caldwa (Q > 0), se raceste, L'1 T < 0, aeeasta
lnsearnna ea etectueaza mai mult lucru mecanic decat caldura primita, pe seama scaderii energiei interne (de aceea seade temperaFig.2.2.83 R
tura).
V
[mR I (ap)] . T, deei panta izobarelor este invers proportionala cu presiunea.
2.2.84. L = (P2 - P1)(V3 - V1) = [P1 T3 V1 I (T1 V3) - P1](V3 - V1) =

= (P1 V1 I T1)(T31 V3 - Tl V1)(V3 - V1) =

= (PoV1oITo)(
T31V3TlV1)(V3V1) = 24,7 J,
unde am adus produsul P1 VlT1 la conditi! normale de presiune ~i temperatura.

= 3,3 nm.

P
3 P2
J
J
J
J
J

R) . t:.(PV).

::) =

102C.

V1

"

'p'VIR,

.. v2CY2 T2

I,
I

,J(

CvCT2
;:la.

: v1Y + v2)

em

V1

= vR

pV=

. (V2 -V1)
t:.U

0 T1

V3

c)

vRT=

vR (aV - bV2)

L=

(1/2) (P1 + P2) .

= (1/2) vR(2a - bV1 - bV2)( V2 - V1) .

= vCyt:. T = [vR I (y - 1)J[a(V2 - V1) -

v12)],

Cp=yRI(y-1),
JQ =

I'

b)

(a - bV) , v.fig.

-b(Vl-

I,

Fig.2.2.S4 R

2.2.85.
- 7).

1 ,
I

R(T1 - 7) +

a)

2.10 MPa .
jV)

1
J
J

T3

~T

T1

Cy1m1/,u1+

P1

J
J
J

J
J"

su -

. [a - b(V1 +

c; = R I

Cp-Cy=R,

Ll

[vR I(y -1)](V2

V2)T-

. [a-b(V1

(y - 1),
y=Cp/Cy.
- V1) .

vR (V2 - V1) .

V2

V1

+ V2)/2].

Fig.2.2.S5 R

"
2.2.86. a) '7 = (T1 - T2) : T1 = 40 %.
c) IQ21
Q1 - L 0,60 kJ.

2.2.87. IQ21 = f Q1

teoete; doua
acolo Q O.
e caldura
AC cedeaza
unea SO
C =Q/(vt:. 7)
e~i prirneste
0, aceasta
t lucru meama scadee temperapanta izo-

'7 = 1 -

I~21

fQ1 I Q1

b) Q1 = L

T2 I T1

11]

= 1,00 kJ.

T2 = f T1 = 300 K =

I Q1 = 1 - f = 40 % .

P,

,
1
I

a)

.)--

27C,

CICLUL

b)
CARNOT

c)

Fig.2.2.S7 R

emperatura.

2.2.88. Ljzot = Q1' Wizot = IQ21 ' '1 ='1 -IQ21

VV;zot (1 -17) Lizot SOJ. V.fig.2.2.S7 R.

I Q1 = 1 -

Wizot I Lizot '

311

2.2.89.

V3

I]

= 1 - T2I Tl = 1 - 1 It:

V2V41 V1= V2 F.

2.2.90. T2 I

= 6,00

L.

y-l =

I]

24 % .

1]=1-

V.fig.2.2.87 R.

r, = (V1/V ~ y-l = (ViV3)

y-l

,V3=

2.

V2' V41V1 = 6,0 L.

2.2.91. V.fig.2.2.B7 R. L" ad = - Cv(T2 - T1) ~ Tl - T2 = L ad I Cv '

17 = (Tl - T2) I r, L*ad I (CJ1) = 2 L*ad I(SRT1) = 30 % .
2.2.92.a) Qabs I Qced
T2 I r. ' Qced
Qabs + W, unde Weste lucrul me-

canic primit de
= 1S kJ.

= 1-

I]

1-1

=1-[c

rnasma. Qabs = W'T2/(T1

c) e = QcedlW=

- T2) = 13 kJ . b) Qced = Qabs + W=

d) q; = QabslW= 6,S.

7,S;

2.2.93. Q3'I Q1 = 1]1IYJ2 = [T1 - T2) I T1]' T3/(T3 - T~ = 3,0 .

r,

2.2.94. Q1 IIQ21 = mvAv I (mgAg) =

I T2 ' mg = =: Av T21 O'g T1) =
4,94 kg.
mvAvlW=
mvAv/(mvAv-mgAg)
1 : [1-mgAg/(mvAv)]
=
= 1 : (1 - T21T1) = T1 I(T1- T2) = 3,73.

2.2.95. F d = L <

I]cQ

= (1 - TiT1)qV,

d < (1 - TiTl)qV

IF = SODkm.

q = P + meet + ).) IT = 2S0 W.

2.2.96.

2.2.97. L = (1/2)(Po + p')se,

P= 2 L

n = 1 -IQ21

2.2.98. V.fig.

n = (Po + p')se n = 6,0 kW.

2.2.

I Q1 =

b) L = (P

= 1 - vCp(Tl - T3) : [vCv(Tl - T3) + vRT11n(V21 VI)] =

1 -y(1 -1 Ie): [1-1 Ie +(y-1)
In(V2IV1)]
14,2 %.

17

/
/
/

d)

=1
2.2.

\
\

I]

1
2

a)

b)

c)

Fig.2.2.98 R
2.2.99. V.fig.

P
2

'$(5

);

,/
312

"

a)

-,
~?

g:.
~

,,1
0

1
/~

-c, T1(

= 1 - (1 -

'5:)'

2.2.1

Qi

1~

tl t)e

2.2.1

Fig.2.2.99 R

,,3

= 1 - [R In
%, 17c = 1

b)

c)

[yet - 1)
c) 17c

=1-vCp(T3-T1):

1]

= 1-IQNQ1

1]

= 1 - y(e - 1) : (eY -1)

[vCy(T2-T1)]

= 1-y(T3IT1

-1):

"lc = 1 - T1 I T2 = 1 -1ieY

= 30 %,

(T2IT1-1).

= 85 % .

2.2.100. Q1 = vCpCT2 - .T1) ,

IQ21 = vCV<T2- T3) + vRT1 In(V31 V1) .
'1 = 1-IQ21 I Q1=1- [vCJ1(T2 I T1-1) + vRT1 In(V31 V1) : [vCp T1(T2 I T1 - 1)]=
= 1 - [e -1+

e lucrul me-

In e): [y(e -1)]

tz2

=Qabs+W=

= 13 %,

1]c

= 1 - T/T2

1[/2

l(izoc.

1
T

/
/
/

w.

3 '

500 km.

= 67 %.

O.

= 1 -1ie

izob.

T1)
mvAv)] =

;'9

(y-1)

~
Fig.2.2.100 R

2.2.101. a) V2= V1 = V3pi Pl = 1,00 L: P2 = P1(P1' P2/- = 260 kPa.

b) L = (P1 V1 - P2V2) : (y -1) = 800 J. c) tlU = - L = - 800 J. V.fig.2.2.102 R.
d)

1]

= 1 - [(y-1)

ln e}: (s

y-1

1) = 18 %,

1]c

2.2.102. V. problema precedents 2.2.101.

:e

= 1 -1

y-l

= 24 %.

V.fig.

1
/

3
T

/
/

V
~
2.2.103. V.fig.

/-.,' / 3

~
~
Fig.2.2.102 R
Q1 = vRT1In(V2' V1) = vRT11n e , IQ21 = vCy(T2 - T3)

= vCy T1(1 - T3 I T1), 1] = 1 -IQ21 I Q1 = 1 - vCy T1(1 - 11e y-1) : (vRT11n e) =

= 1 - (1 -1iey-1):
[(y-1) In e] = 23 %, 'tc: = 1 - T31T1 = 1 -1iey-1=
42,5 %.
2.2.104. a) Q1 = vCp(T2T1), IQ21 = vRT1In(V3IV1),
1] = 1 -IQ21 IQ1 =
2.2.99R

= 1 - [R In s] : {Cp[e (y-1YS- - 1)},

%,

= 1-

1]

= 1 - [(y - 1) In e] : {y[e (y -1)/y - 1)}= 18,5

T1 I T2 = 1 - 1 : G (y -1)Iy = 33 % .
b)
[yeT -1)] = 1- (In T) I(T -1) = 42 % :
c) 1]c = 1 - T, I T2 = 1 - 11T = 67 %. V.fig.
1]c

1] =

1 - [(y - 1) In Ty/(y-l)] :

313

I
\

= [( p -

I]

1)

2.2.10

\ I

'I

. In(V4/

V1)

=1

7Je

3 '

,'>ad.

T
Fig.2.2.103

b)

a)

'2

r;\ ,

i~~~1 3

T2\
I

c)
R

2.2.108.

= vCv(
I(y - 1)
17e = 1 -

b) 01

3
,

17

,,' 3

2.2.105. a) 01
/2)(T2

e =

= v(7R

/2)(T2

J.

p,J =

- T1) + vRT21n(Pl

- T1) + vRT11n(P1 /

= L/

p,J = 8,3

1,70

d) 7J

01

= 01
7Je = 1 -

c) L

kJ.

= 17

%. e)
f) 7J = [vR(T2 - T1)ln(Pl p,J] : [vCp(T2 - T1) + vRT21n(Pl
= (T2 - T1) :{ [y / (y - 1)](T2 - T1)/ In e + T2 } < 7Je
. In(P1 /

c)

b)
Fig.2.2.104

= v(7R

a)

10,0 kJ ..

b) 1021

= vR(T2 T2 = 40 % .

-1021

T1 /
p,J]

= (T2 -

T1) / T2 .

P
1

..

2
,

"
3
/,

V
a)

< 'Ie =

17 1 - T3
2.2.111.1/

05 R. 17 = (T2 - T1) : {T2 + y(T2 - T1) : [(y - 1) Ins]}

< 17e = (T2 - T,) : T2

314

0
c)

b)
Fig.2.2.105

2.2.106. V.fig.2.2.1

", ,,'1

<

+ pe ( Y - 1) In f.
(F. = T3/ T1,

'7 = [( p - 1) In e ] : [y (p - 1) I (y - 1) + pin e ] = 22 %, "c = 1 - 11 r = 50 %.

= vCv(T2

2.2.107.
. In(V4IV1) ,

Q1

17c

1 IT

= 1-

n=

- T1) + vRT21n(V41 V1) , IQ21 = vCv(T2 - T1) + vRT1

[(r-1) In c:]: [(r-1)/(y-1)
+z In ] = 28 %;

= 50 %.

T2\
\2

V.fig.

4....-~_""'3
T
..
1-~-"'2

a)

T
c)

b)
Fig.2.2.107 R

2.2.108. a) L = vR(T3 - T2 - T4 + T1) = vR (T2 - T1) (T3 - T2) I T2 = 627 J.

b) Q1 = vCv(T2 - T1) + vCp(T3 - T2),
IQ21 = vCv(T3 - T,J + vCp(T4 - T1),
n= [(y - 1) (s - 1) (0 - 1)] : 10 - 1 + yO (s - 1)] = 13 % ;
'lc 1 - T1 1!3 1 - 1 I (c:o) 83 %. V.fig.

II

~~4

:V

III

b)

c)

Fig.2.2.108 R
2.2.109." = 1 - T31T2 < 'k: =1 - T41T2,
(T4 < T3);
y
1
1 - T31T2= 1-1 le 51 %. V.fig.

,,=
3

-<

2.2.110.1/=1-IQ21/Q1=
1-(T3-T,J/(T2-T1)=
1 - [T3(1 - T41 T3)] : [T2(1 - T1 I T2)] = 1 - T31 T2 <
<
= 1 - T41T2, (T4 < T3); V.fig.,
n " 1 - T31T2= 1 -1!c:y-1 = 42,6 %.

"c

2.2.111. " = 1 - Qced I Qabs = 1 - y P (s - 1) : [y p (e - 1) - ( y - 1)(c: - p) +

+pl'{y-1)ln(elp)]=9%,
17c=1-T1IT3=1-11c:=67%.
(s
T3 I T1, P
T3 I T2, e I P = T2 I T1). V.fig.

315

p
2

P
2

1
3
/

4
0

..

a)

...'..../
~O~
/ 4"'l)..'..~.
&-~
/
~ ...~~ _

b)

c)

Fig.2.2.109 R

P
2P1

3
I

,,

,,

--:-

a)

,,

b)

c)

Fig.2.2.110 R

1---~-~
4
o
2.2.112.

a)
V.fig.

= 1 - T4(T31 T4 -1)

~_~--o4
f

b)

c)

17= 1 -y(T4

= 60 %,

17C2=1 - T41T2 =1 _1/(pey-1)=

- T1): [T2- T1 + y(T3-

80 %.

T2)] = 1 -y(e -1):

: [(e 1 p) r - 1 + y (s 1 p) y (p - 1)] = 27 %, 17c = 1 - 1 1 e = 80 %.

1 - [e (p 1e) Y - e + y(e - 1)] : [13 - 1 + yQ(p - 1)] = 27 %.
(T2IT1) =po,
17c = 1- 1 : (po)
87 %.
2.2.115. V.fig.2.2.108 R. L = (P2 - P1)(V3 - V1) = (PoVo 1 To) (T3 1 V3- T1 1 V1) (V3 ~ V1) = 45 J.
2.2.114.17=

T31T1

316

= (T3IT2)

Fig.2.2.111 R
17= 1 -/02/ /01 = 1 - Cv(T3 - T~: [Cp(T2 - T1)] =
: [yT1(T21 T1 - 1)] = 1 - (p Y -1) : [y e y-1(p -1)] = 53 % .

17C1=1 - T41T1 =1 -1Iey-1

2.2.113.

2
2
0'/

,,
/

4
I

'" / "" a.d

\t~/ , //
/

a)

c)

b)

~/,

c)

Fig.2.2.112 R

2.2.116. '71 = ( Y - 1) : (1 + 2y),

'72 = 2( Y - 1) : (1 + 4 y) ,
'71/'72 = (1 + 4 y) : [2(1 + 2 y)] < 1. V.fig.

_+-...2

2P1 __
P

2[03

3 V1 - - - - -6"..,--E-...,.

6
11

14
1
1
1

1
1
1
1

T
c)

-1

1
1
1
1

V1 2V1 3V1 V 0

. T

~
Fig.2.2.116 R

2.2.117. '7 1 - (T4 - T1) I(T3 - T2) 1 - T11 T2

'7e = 1 - T1 1 T3 > '7, deoarece T3> T2. V.fig.

2~ __

T
1)] =

-1)]=53%.

. 1) = 80 %.

I
I
I

...
'/2
,

,
,,,
/

):

a)

T
b)

,,

/
/

0
c)

Fig.2.2.117 R

=27%.

2.2.118. a) Qp = vCpAT,

Cv = Cp - R = Qp/( vA T) - R = 12,4 J/(mol . K) .

b) AST = vR In(V31 V2) ~ V31 V2 = exp{ AST 1 (vR)} = 20 ,

Lad = - vCv(T2 - T1) ~ T1 - T2 = Lad 1 (vCv) = 260 K. V.fig.
317

\
\
\\

s. T2

T1
1

a)

b)

Giclul GARNOT inversat

T

T1
..Q

co
is
co

..Q

''is
co

T. .

.: "3

'
~--

co

It

= 2.2

c)

Giclul GARNO T inversat

d)

F :::::
- Po [45/ (e - h)] . x
1
1
v= T = 2n

fk

V-; = 2n

=-

k x,

45po
(f-h)p5h

mmls
2

Fig.2.2.118 R
2.2.119. F = - Po {(f - h)45] : [(e - h)2 - 4x

2-

4) . x ,

= 45po / (e -

=
2.

h) ,

1 ~
=;V~

=31,8 Hz.

2.
2.
cp =.,

rnm

=~~
it

fP:=20HZ
evp'

2-

2.
c -

3. TEORIA CINETICO-MOLECULARA

2.3.1.

= (V /

VI!) NA / N*

= 2,68

. 1016 S

= 8,5 . 108 ani!

2.3.2. L = No
[PV/(R7)] 0 = 8,2 . 1012 km , adica de 55000 ori distanta
Parnant-Soare (149,5 . 106 km).
5 = N 02 L 0 = 2,5 km2 .
2.3.3. P = (m /1') RT / V 1365 atm.
2.3.4. pV
318

= NkT

, (k

= R / NA),

(N2 - N1) : N1

= (T1 -

T2) : T2 =- 4,0 %.

2.
2.
fp

2.3

2.3.5. u2

= 3RT I It = 3pV I m = 3p I p

1,0.1025

2.3.6. n = NA 3p: ( u v/):::

= SOOm/s.

m-3

= n mo = 3p1V/ = 0,467 kg/m3:

2.3.7. q = NA mou2/2 = NA 3kT 12, T= 3q I (3R) = 33600 K.
2.3.8. Nu. (U = v (i 12) RT= (i 12) pV).
2.3.9. U = vCv T = v (SR 12) T::: (S 12) PV = (S 12) P m I p = 2,00
p

2.3.10. uH2

2.3.12. a) Q

= (1102

u02

= 4,0

2.3.13.

= (mlp)RTln(V2IV1):::

T21 T1

a)

= n 2 = 4,0

=J3Qj(m

= (1/3)mu

= [TA

u I uo

-1)

/vil

b) P21 P1

2.3.14.

: (Tcfl)]1t2

= (mlp)(SRI2)(n2-1):::

; p ::: m I V, P21 P1
(mlp)RTln

In n)

= 13S .

= 1,00

9,35 kJ.

n,

500 m/s.

= 2,3 kJ, b)

21n [mu 2/(3P2V1]

= L,

c) tJ.U::: O.

2.3.15. vT= (3plp)112=508

m/s,
p. =pRTlp=
0,029 kg/mol.
2.3.16. a) vT = (3RT I It) 1/2 = (3pV I m) 112 = 200 m/s.
b) N = vNA :::

.Q

Ctl

= (m I fl)NA

Ctl

2.3.17.

'"5

= 3,0 . 1025.
II

= 3RtJ.T:

= 2,2

. 1025 kg-1.

n*

- vi )
1

2.3.23.
cp

(vp) = NAill

=yR

= (S/2) pV = S33 J.

kg/mol.

= NA v/I(3R7)

::: 14.106,
f.f

= 3kT

vTf

= v/I(3k7)

unei molecule.

= ~3kT/mf

~ 3,6.10-2

~ 4 .1O-23J.

[mov 2 I 2 - mo(2u - v)2 I 2] : (mov 2 12) =

= [(i

+ 2)/2] R : cp

= 1,0 %, ( u v).

= 28 . 10-3 kg/mol.

< = 5R I (2po VilO) = 6S0 J/(kg . K)

= vc; = 910 J/(kg

2.3.24. Cv = R:
2.3.25. Cv = R:
Cv

= 0,028

- 4u 2) I v 2 = (4u I v)(1 - u I v) ~ 4 u I v
goRp I R
20 kK .

2.3.21. T = (2/3) It
2.3.22. Jl = Cp :cp

%.

(Cvl R) pV

= NA I It = 11 mo ' unde mo este masa

2.3.20. - tJ.EclEe

ri distanta

(vi

2.3.19. vTa jVTf =JNAmr/fla

mm/s. ca: I'f = S/6 ,

= (4uv

= vCJ:::

c) U

= vNAI

2.3.18. n*::: Nlm

-4,0

ItHI 1/2

= (ml,u)cvT1(vi

vT =~3RT/lt

= (3RT I A)1/2 = SOOkm/s,

2.3.11 .. u

kJ .

= 5po I (2po To)

= v + Rip = tpo I (2po To) .

[fl.(y-1]
= 603 J/)kg K), cp::: ycv = 970 J/(kg
[(y - 1) JI] = p: [(y - 1) p 7] = 720 J/(kg . K) ,

. K),

: [(y - 1) It]

cp

= y P : [(y -

K).

1) p 7] ::: 1010 J/(kg . K) .

= Cv/p = 5R 1(2/1) = (5/2) v/ 1(37) = 1000 J/(kg K) .

2.3.27. 2H2 + 02 = 2H20 ~ tv = (2 . 3R - 3 . SR/2) : [3 (S/2)R] = - 30 %,
tp = (2 . 4 R - 37 R/2) : [3 (7/2) R] = - 23,8 % .(V. problema 2.3.28).
2.3.26.

Cv

2.3.28.

c, = L(vJv)Cvi::: L ri Cvi'

Cp:::

L r{Cpi.
319

=L,(m;1 m)cy;

= (g;lll;)

C
v

= L, g; cp; ,
g; = 'iF;: (m Iv) = 'ill;:

cp

: L,(gk 1Pk) ,

2.3.29. g1

= L, g; cy;,

= a,

g2

: (v 1m) =

L, rkPk .

= 1 - a; x1 = 2a : (1 + a), x2 = (1 _ a) : (1 + a),
cp = f(3a + 7)12JRIp,
C = { (a + 5) : f2 (1 + a)J}R ,

= f(a + 5)121RIp,
= { (3a + 7) : f2 (1 + a)]}R

(3a + 7) : (a + 5)

= 88,S J/(kg K) ,cp = 134 J/(kg K),

Cp = 24,3 J/(mol . K),
y = 1,52 .

'i= (g;lllJ

Aplicati~:

C = 16 J/(mol. K),
v

2.3.30. n1 NA(pRT -lt2P) : [RT( It1 -ll2)1

3,5 . 1024 m--3 ,
n2 NA(pRT - hP) : (RT(ll2 -ll1)J
4,2 . 1025 m-3 .

m1

2.3.31.
1

1m2

= (/~lp2)

(2n - r) 1(2(r - n)1

14.

r)/(2(rn)J = 1,00.
= vCvCT2 - T1) = v (5R 12) (T2 - T1) = 2,0 MJ .
= 5kT 12 --;'-;21 -;1= T21 T1 = 2 1 = 1,32.

v IV2

(m1 Im2)(P21111) = (2n-

2.3.32. a)
b) -;

IlU

y-

2.3.33. Cv = L, g; cy; = a' 3R I (2A) + (1 - a) . 5R 1(211), dar A = Ii 12,

v
C = a' 3R III + (1 - a)' 5R 1(2 Ii) = (a + 5)R 1(2p) ,
p

C
y

=L,gi cp; = a . 5R I (2A) +(1 - aj 7R 1(2 p) = (3a +7)R 1(2 p).

= L, r; C = (2a : (1 + a)1 3R 12
y;

+ (1 - a) 1(1 + a)1 5R 12 =

= (a + 5) 1(1 + a)1 R 12,

Cp = L, 'i Cp; = (2a : (1 + a)15R 12 + (1 - a) 1(1 + a)17R 12 =

= [(3a + 7) 1(1 + a)1 R 12,
Pentru oxigenul din Problema:

y = Cp I c;

=c I
p

= (3a + 7) I (a + 5) .

= (3a

cp

+ 7)R 1(2 It) --;. a = (2 It I (3R)1 c _ 713

23 % .
p
y
2.3.34. c = (Z + 1) 3R I (2A) 7,0 kJ/(kg . K) fata dec
= 5R I (4A) = 650 J/(kg . K) , deci a crescut In raportul 10,8. v
2.3.35. a = ppV I (mRT) - 1 = 12 % .
2.3.36. a fp2T1 I( P1T2) -11 (v1IV2 + 11 0,15 = 15 %.
2.3.37. a2 2(1 + 0,5 a1) v1 T1 : (v T ) - 2 0,75 .
2 2
2.3.38. p'
(3/2) (m Ip) RT I V 630 kPa .

=
=
=
=
T' = (P1V1 + P2V2) : (P1V1I

=
=

2.3.39.
T1 + P2V21 T ) 340 K
2
P1' P1 T'I T1 = 340 kPa ,
P2' P2 T'I T2 = 170 kPa .
2.3.40. Notand
CY2 I CV1 = e , obtinem

T'
p'

= 670C.

= (P1V1 + e P2V2) : (P1V1I T1 + e P2V2I T2) = 383 K = 1100C

= (T'I(V1 + V2)1(P1 V1I T1 + P2V21 T2) = 170 kPa.

2.3.41. vT

= fRT'
-

It

2.~.42. v2' = (m21It2)

v1vf1 +v2vf2
v1 +v
2

= 470 m/s.

.jf; : (/f; +.jf;) =

IP
P1' = (m1 1+ v2')RT1 I V= 270 kPa,

320

= 5R I (2 p)

v " = 0,40 mol.

2 .
P2" = v2"RT21 V= 200 kPa

0,60 mal,