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Recunoaterea i remisiunea
simptomelor fizice i emoionale din
depresie
scrierile biblice
Iliada i Odissea
tragediile lui Esquil i Sofocle
perioada preclinic - Hipocrate
perioada clinic - Robert Burton "Anatomy of
Melancholy" (1621)
perioada modern i contemporan Kraepelin,
Freud, Schneider, Leonhard, Beck
Gender Differences
Grupe nosologice
Depresii
Factori depresogeni
1
Boli cerebrale:
demene presenile i senile, vasculopatii cerebrale, tumori
cerebrale, epilepsie, traumatisme cranio-cerebrale.
Parkinsonism -encefalite, etc
.
Boli extracerebrale:
infecii virale, intoxicaii cronice, anemie, deficit de vit. B,
endocrinopatii (diabet, hipotiroidism, boala Addisson, b.
Cushing, Feocromocitom, etc.), colagenoze, tratamente
ndelungate cu preparate farmacogene, antihipertensive,
methyldopa, hormoni sexuali, tranchilizante, anticoncepionale,
cortizonice, etc., miocardiopatii, suferine digestive, pielonefrite
cronice, porfirie
somatogene
endogene
psihogene
Depresii
organice
Depresii
Simptomatice
Farmacogene
Forma de grani
Depresia puerperal.
Factori
declanatori
somatici
Distimii endoreactive
Epuizare
Nevroze reactive
Factori
declanatori
psihogeni
Dispoziie depresiv
Anhedonie
Lips de speran
autodepreciere
Memorie afectat
Dificulti prosexice
Anxietate
Gnduri negre
cefalee
oboseal
disgripnii
ameeli
Dureri toracice
Dureri articulare
Dureri de spate
Acuze gastroenterale (grea,
vrsturi, constipaie, diaree,
flatulen)
Disfuncii sexuale
Probleme menstruale
0 to 1
(n=215)
2 to 3
(n=225)
4 to 5
(n=191)
6 to 8
(n=230)
9
(n=139)
Simptom
Dispoziie depresiv
Frecven
95-100%
Insomnie
95%
Tulburri de
concentrare
90%
Idei autolitice
80%
Fatigabilitate
75%
Inapeten
80%
Disperare
50%
Idei delirante
35%
Tentativ autolitic
15%
DIAGNOSTIC DIFERENIAL
Tristeea normal
Doliul
Anxietatea i panica
Schizofrenia
Tulb somatoform
Tulb legate de stress
DIAGNOSTIC DIFERENIAL
AFECIUNI SOMATICE
Boli neurologice epilepsie, AVC,
Parkinson, scleroza multipl
Boli cardiovasculare
Cancer
Boli endocrine
DIAGNOSTIC DIFERENIAL
Rezerpina
Alfa-metildopa
Sevraj amfetamine
Betablocante
Fenobarbital
Contraceptive orale
Steroizi
Tamoxifene
Cimetidin
Acetazolamid
Obstacole n recunoaterea
depresiei
depresie mascat
comorbiditatea cu alte boli
vrstnici
alian ntre pacient i medic
mpotriva depresiei (tacit collusion)
Tratamentul depresiei
Rspuns
Remisiune
Recdere
Recuren
Simptome
Sindrom
Tratament - faze
Recdere
si e
e
gre burar
Pro
tul
tre
C
Severitate
Eutimia
Recdere
Recuren
Continuare
(4 to 9 luni)
Meninere
(1 an)
Rspuns
+
Acut
(6 to 12 spt)
Timp
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
70
Response without
remission (n=19)
60
50
Remission (n=41)*
(HAM-D17 7)
40
30
20
10
0
1
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
No remission
Remission
Outcome at 3 months
*Remission=HAM-D17 7.
Based on odds ratio for DSM-IV major depression at 6-, 9-, 12-, 18-, and/or 24-month
assessments for remitters at 3 months (OR=0.32; 95% CI 0.18-0.54).
Simon GE, et al. WHO Bulletin. 2000;78:438-445.
Alegerea tratamentului:
Scopul este remisiunea
Antidepresive care i-au demonstrat
eficacitatea
Doze adecvate
Asigur compliana pacientului
Evoluia antidepresivelor
Spectru larg
1950s
1960s
1970s
Imipramine Clomipramine
(1957)
Nortriptyline
Amitriptyline
Desipramine
Phenelzine
Isocarboxazid
Tranylcypromine
Antidepresive moderne
1980s
1990s
Nefazodone
Maprotiline Fluoxetine
Amoxapine Sertraline
Mirtazapine
Paroxetine
Venlafaxine
Fluvoxamine
Citalopram
Bupropion
2000+
Escitalopram
Duloxetine
Serotonina
Anxietate
Iritabilitate
Energie
Interes
Impulsivitate
dispoziie, emoii,
funcii cognitive
Motivaie
Sex
Apetit
Agresivitate
Instincte
Dopamina
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Clasa de antidepresive
Inhibitorii de monoamin-oxidaz (IMAO)
Phenelzine
Dozare
(mg/zi)
45-90
50-150
100-300
100-300
300-600
150-300
20-60
20-40
50-150
20-50
50-150
4-8
300-600
15-45
Efecte secundare
Triciclice
Efecte secundare
SSRIs
Grea
Cefalee
Nervozitate
Sedare
Insomnie
Gur uscat
Diaree
Fatigabilitate
Anxietate
Anorexie
Disfuncii sexuale
Sindromul serotoninic
se datoreaz creterii concentraiilor serotoninei
plasmatice pn la niveluri toxice
potenial fatal - n ordinea manifestrilor (pe msur
ce starea se agraveaz):
diaree
nelinite
agitaie extrem
hiperreflexie i instabilitatea sist autonom
mioclonus
convulsii
hipertermie, frisoane, rigiditate, delir
com, status epilepticus
colaps cardiovascular i exitus
SSRI
responders
NRI
responders
Nondepressed
subjects
5-HT
NE
depletion depletion
5-HT
NE
depletion depletion
5-HT
NE
depletion depletion
Symptoms
return
No
symptoms
return
No
No
Symptoms
symptoms
symptoms
return
return
appear
No
symptoms
appear
Beneficiile SNRIs
Trateaz un spectru larg de pacieni1-3
Se atinge remisiunea
Afecteaz att simptomele psihice ct i
cele fizice5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Psihoterapia
Depresia uoar de elecie
Depresia moderat alternativ
(+/- chimioterapie)
Depresia major tratament adjuvant
Tipuri de intervenii
psihoterapeutice
Terapia cognitiv-comportamental
Psihanaliza
Hipnoza
Psihoeducaia
altele