Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Facultatea de Litere
Specializarea:
Limba i literatura romn Limba i literatura englez
Anul I, Semestrul 1
,,Dunrea de Jos University of Galai
Faculty of Letters
Course tutor:
Associate Professor
Gabriela Iuliana Colipc-Ciobanu, PhD
Galai
2010
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The first thing that strikes when one looks at the map of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (for this is the full
political title of the country) is that it is in fact an archipelago in the Atlantic
Ocean situated off the coast of north-west Europe.
Surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the North Sea to the
East, the English Channel to the South, the largest island i.e., Great
Britain is divided into the historical provinces of England, Scotland and
Wales:
England stretches from the English Channel (that separates the
island from the European continent) to the Scottish Border
represented by the Cheviot Hills (the scene of many battles
between the Scots and the English) and it is subdivided into the
South, the Midlands and the North.
o The South (from the English Channel to the River Severn in the
west and the Bay of Wash in the east) is distinguished by its
green pastures, natural beauty, green-shouldered hills,
churches, cathedrals, schools and universities.
o The Midlands (from the SevernWash line to the Mersey
estuary in the west and the Humber estuary in the east) display
a mixture of large industrial areas (the so-called Black Country
in the West Midlands, developing since the eighteenth-century
Industrial Revolution) and farming land (the counties of
Shropshire and Worcestershire).
o The North (from the Mersey-Humber line to the Cheviot Hills) is
characterised by the same contrast between green pastures
and beautiful hilly countryside, and large industrial towns and
coal mining areas.
Scotland, a once independent kingdom, which lost its political
independence and was united to England in 1707, covers the
northern, mainly mountainous part of the island (the Grampian
Mountains), and it is subdivided into the Highlands and the
Lowlands. Along its rocky, highly-indented shores 1, there are three
large archipelagos, i.e., the Inner and Outer Hebrides, the Orkney
Islands, and the Shetland Islands. The Highlands and the Islands
are thinly populated; people lead a hard and lonely life and many
of them still speak Erse, a Scottish form of Gaelic, a Celtic dialect.
Wales, a rebellious region in the past, united to England under the
first Tudors (Henry VII and Henry VIII), stretches in the eastern
part of the island, in a largely mountainous area (the Cambrian
Mountains). One fifth of its inhabitants speak both English and
Welsh, which is also a Celtic dialect.
As for Northern Ireland (also called Ulster), a province of Celtic
origin torn by religious (the Catholic Irish versus the Protestant English)
and political unrest, it lies across the Irish Sea, in the north-east of Ireland.
1
The small estuaries of the Scottish coastline, where most of the Scottish rivers (the Forth, the Clyde, etc.)
flow into the ocean are called firths.
4. Draw up a list of effects of British insularity and write a paragraph to explain which
you consider the most significant, and why.
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5. Write an essay on one of the topics below:
a) Invasion Patterns in Ancient Britain;
b) Medieval Invasions of Britain;
c) Attempted Invasions of Modern England.
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3. 8. The Stuarts
As Queen Elizabeth I died heirless, the throne was passed to her
nephew James, son of Mary Stuart, Queen of the Scots, who thus
inaugurated, by combining the thrones of England and Scotland for the
first time, the first line of kings of the United Kingdom. James I (1603-
25) had been king of Scotland (James VI) for 36 years when he became
King of England.
to make sure that the powerful members from the shires and
towns, who had a great deal of control over popular feeling,
supported him,
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY