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ELEMENTE INTRODUCTIE IN R
###########VECTORI#########
vector<-c(1:10)
vector
#VIZUALIZARI
View(vector)
vector[2]
#ANUMITE ELEMENTE
vector[5:10]
vector[-3]
#OPERATII
#RIDICARE LA PUTERE
vector[2]^5
sum(vector)
sum(vector[2:8])
###NUMERE ALEATOARE CU DISTRIBUTIE NORMALA#######
#media este 0
#abaterea standard 1
x<-rnorm(100,mean=0,sd=1)
View(x)
#OPERATII
#MINIM
min(x)
#MAXIM
max(x)
#MEDIE
mean(x)
#DISPERSIE
var(x)
#ABATERE STANDARD
sd(x)
x_sortat<-sort(x,decreasing = FALSE)
x_sortat
plot(x_sortat)
#MAIN PT TITLUL, COL PT CULOARE, XLAB DENUMIM AXA OX, YLAB DENUMIM AXA OY
install.packages("moments")
library(moments)
#SKEWNESS
skewness(x_sortat)
#KURTOSIS
kurtosis(x_sortat)
################MATRICI####################
#DEFINIRE MATRICE
matrice<-matrix(nrow=3,ncol=3)
View(matrice)
#POPULARE MATRICE
#FIECARE ELEMENT IN PARTE
matrice[1,1]=10
matrice[2,1]=4
matrice[3,1]=5
matrice[,2]<-c(1,2,3)
matrice[,3]<-c(5,9,2000)
matrice[1,]<-c(1,2,3)
col.names<-c("COL1","COL2","COL3")
row.names<-c("RAND1","RAND2","RAND3")
dimnames(matrice)=list(row.names,col.names)
#OPERATII PE MATRICI
sum(matrice[,3])
sum(matrice[3,])
matrice[3,]^2
matrice[,3]^2
transpusa_matrice<-t(matrice)
View(transpusa_matrice)
sd(matrice[,3])
sd(matrice[3,])
#DEFINIRE MATRICE COMPLETATA PE LINIE CU NUMERE LA LA 10 LA 18
matrice2<-
matrix(c(10:18),nrow=3,ncol=3,byrow=TRUE,dimnames=list(c("rand1","rand2","rand3"),c("col1","col2","
col3")))
View(matrice2)
matrice3<-
matrix(c(10:18),nrow=3,ncol=3,byrow=FALSE,dimnames=list(c("rand1","rand2","rand3"),c("col1","col2",
"col3")))
View(matrice3)
View(matrice%*%matrice2)
help(seq)
secventa<-seq(from=0,to=10,by=0.5)
secventa
#OPERATII
min(secventa)
max(secventa)
mean(secventa)
var(secventa)
#GRAFIC PLOT SECVENTA
vector_norm<-rnorm(100,mean=0,sd=1)
mean(vector_norm)
sd(vector_norm)
#SORTARE DESCRESCATOARE
vector_norm_sortat<-sort(vector_norm,decreasing = TRUE)
#GRAFIC PLOT
#GRAFIC HISTOGRAMA
#GRAFIC DENSITATE
densitate<-density(vector_norm_sortat)
densitate
plot(densitate,main="Grafic densitate",col="red")
vector_unif<-runif(100,min=-5,max=10)
#OPERATII
min(vector_unif)
max(vector_unif)
mean(vector_unif)
var(vector_unif)
sd(vector_unif)
#SORTARE DESCRESCATOARE
vector_unif_sortat<-sort(vector_unif)
#GRAFIC PLOT
recap<-read.csv("Date_seminar.csv",header=TRUE,sep=",")
View(recap)
#TXT
recap<-read.table("Date_seminar.txt",header=TRUE,sep="\t")
View(recap)
#EXCEL
install.packages("readxl")
library(readxl)
View(recap)
attach(recap)
########### STATISTICI DESCRIPTIVE ############
stat_descriptive<-summary(recap[-1])
stat_descriptive
stat_descriptive<-summary(recap[3])
stat_descriptive
#AMPLITUDINEA
ampl_pret_toyota<-range(pret_toyota)
ampl_pret_toyota
ampl_pret_SP<-range(pret_SP)
ampl_pret_SP
ampl_pret_toyota<-ampl_pret_toyota[2]-ampl_pret_toyota[1]
ampl_pret_toyota
ampl_pret_SP<-ampl_pret_SP[2]-ampl_pret_SP[1]
ampl_pret_SP
#ABATEREA STANDARD
sd_pret_toyota<-sd(pret_toyota)
sd_pret_toyota
sd_pret_SP<-sd(pret_SP)
sd_pret_SP
which.max(pret_toyota)
recap[which.max(pret_toyota),]
which.min(pret_toyota)
recap[which.min(pret_toyota),]
#CSV
write.csv(stat_descriptive,file="Statistici_descriptive.csv")
#TXT
write.table(stat_descriptive,file="Statistici_descriptive.txt")
dataframe_preturi<-
data.frame(recap$pret_netflix,recap$pret_disney,recap$pret_toyota,recap$pret_SP)
View(dataframe_preturi)
#REDENUMIRE COLOANE
colnames(dataframe_preturi)<-c("pret_netflix","pret_disney","pret_toyota","pret_SP")
View(dataframe_preturi)
colnames(dataframe_preturi)[2]<-"pret_DISNEY"
matrice_recap<-matrix(nrow=4,ncol=3)
dimnames(matrice_recap)=list(c("vol_netflix","vol_disney","vol_toyota","vol_SP"),c("ABATERE_STANDA
RD","VARIATIE","AMPLITUDINE"))
View(matrice_recap)
ampl_vol_netflix<-range(volum_netflix)
ampl_vol_netflix<-ampl_vol_netflix[2]-ampl_vol_netflix[1]
matrice_recap[1,]<-c(sd(volum_netflix),var(volum_netflix),ampl_vol_netflix)
ampl_vol_disney<-range(volum_disney)
ampl_vol_disney<-ampl_vol_disney[2]-ampl_vol_disney[1]
matrice_recap[2,]<-c(sd(volum_disney),var(volum_disney),ampl_vol_disney)
ampl_vol_toyota<-range(volum_toyota)
ampl_vol_toyota<-ampl_vol_toyota[2]-ampl_vol_toyota[1]
matrice_recap[3,]<-c(sd(volum_toyota),var(volum_toyota),ampl_vol_toyota)
ampl_vol_SP<-range(volum_SP)
ampl_vol_SP<-ampl_vol_SP[2]-ampl_vol_SP[1]
matrice_recap[4,]<-c(sd(volum_SP),var(volum_SP),ampl_vol_SP)
write.csv(matrice_recap,file="Statistici_volume.csv")
write.table(matrice_recap,file="Statistici_volume.txt")
windows()
par(mfrow=c(2,2))
plot(pret_netflix,main="Pret NETFLIX",col="red",type="l")
plot(pret_disney,main="Pret DISNEY",col="blue",type="l")
plot(pret_toyota,main="Pret TOYOTA",col="green",type="l")
#HISTOGRAME
windows()
par(mfrow=c(2,2))
hist(pret_netflix,main="Pret NETFLIX",col="red")
hist(pret_disney,main="Pret DISNEY",col="blue")
hist(pret_toyota,main="Pret TOYOTA",col="green")
skewness(pret_netflix)
kurtosis(pret_netflix)
skewness(pret_disney)
kurtosis(pret_disney)
skewness(pret_toyota)
kurtosis(pret_toyota)
skewness(pret_SP)
kurtosis(pret_SP)
#BOXPLOT-URI
windows()
par(mfrow=c(2,2))
boxplot(pret_netflix,main="Pret NETFLIX",col="red")
boxplot(pret_disney,main="Pret DISNEY",col="blue")
boxplot(pret_toyota,main="Pret TOYOTA",col="green")
windows()
plot(diff(pret_toyota),type="l",col="green",lwd=1,yllim=c(-400,300))
lines(diff(pret_SP),type="l",col="pink",lwd=2)
legend("topleft",c("TOYOTA","S&P 500"),lwd=c(1,2),col=c("green","pink"))
windows()
par(mfrow=c(2,2))
plot(date,pret_netflix,main="Pret NETFLIX",col="red",type="l")
plot(date,pret_disney,main="Pret DISNEY",col="blue",type="l")
plot(date,pret_toyota,main="Pret TOYOTA",col="green",type="l")
date<-strptime(date,format="%d-%m-%Y")
corelatii<-cor(recap[-1])
corelatii
install.packages("corrplot")
library(corrplot)
windows()
corrplot(corelatii,method=c("number"),type=c("lower"))
#AFISARE VALORI PENTRU CARE PRTUL UNEI ACTIUNI ESTE MAI MARE DECAT PRETUL DIN ZIUA
PRECEDENTA
vector<-c()
for(i in 2:length(pret_toyota))
if(pret_toyota[i]>pret_toyota[i-1])
{
vector[length(vector)+1]<-pret_toyota[i]
length(pret_toyota)
length(vector)
vector
#AFISARE VALORI PENTRU CARE PRETUL UNEI ACTIUNI ESTE MAI MARE DECAT PRETUL MEDIU
vector<-c()
for(i in 1:length(pret_toyota))
if(pret_toyota[i]>mean(pret_toyota))
vector[length(vector)+1]<-pret_toyota[i]
length(pret_toyota)
length(vector)
vector
#GRAFIC PLOT
windows()
pret_SP_STAND<-(pret_SP-mean(pret_SP))/sd(pret_SP)
#GRAFICE PLOT
#DESI VALORILE SE MODIFICA EVOLUTIA IN TIMP ESTE ACEEASI, O SA AVEM GRAFICE IDENTICE
windows()
par(mfrow=c(2,1))
#GRAFICE HISTOGRAMA
windows()
par(mfrow=c(2,1))
#GRAFICE BOXPLOT
windows()
par(mfrow=c(2,1))
mean(pret_SP_STAND)
sd(pret_SP_STAND)
mean(pret_SP)
sd(pret_SP)
pret_SP_NORM<-(pret_SP-min(pret_SP))/(max(pret_SP)-min(pret_SP))
#GRAFICE PLOT
#DESI VALORILE SE MODIFICA EVOLUTIA IN TIMP ESTE ACEEASI, O SA AVEM GRAFICE IDENTICE
windows()
par(mfrow=c(2,1))
#GRAFICE HISTOGRAMA
windows()
par(mfrow=c(2,1))
windows()
par(mfrow=c(2,1))
mean(pret_SP_NORM)
sd(pret_SP_NORM)
mean(pret_SP)
sd(pret_SP)
View(recap)
SEMINAR 7
ANALIZA
COMPORTAMENTULUI
FIRMELOR
#N=300 DE COMPANII
################GENERARE ID-URI##################
id<-1:300
View(Firme)
#1-ALIMENTAR
#2-CONSTRUCTII
#3-ASIGURARI
domeniu<-sample(
1:3,
size=300,
replace=TRUE,
prob = c(0.5,0.3,0.2)
domeniu
#1-ALIMENTAR
#2-CONSTRUCTII
#3-ASIGURARI
domeniuFirme<-factor(domeniu,labels=c("ALIMENTAR","CONSTRUCTII","ASIGURARI"))
domeniuFirme
summary(domeniuFirme)
Firme<-data.frame(Firme,domeniuFirme)
View(Firme)
#1-FIRME MARI
#2-FIRME MICI
marime<-sample(
1:2,
size=300,
replace=TRUE,
prob=c(0.2,0.8)
marime
#1-FIRME MARI
#2-FIRME MICI
marimeFirme
summary(marimeFirme)
Firme<-data.frame(Firme,marimeFirme)
View(Firme)
################### SUBSETURI ####################
firmeMari<-subset(Firme,marimeFirme=="FIRME MARI")
View(firmeMari)
firmeMici<-subset(Firme,marimeFirme=="FIRME MICI")
View(firmeMici)
var<-dim(firmeMari)
var[2] #COLOANE
# FIRME MARI - VENITURI CU DISTRIBUTIE NORMALA DE MEDIE 200 000 SI ABATERE STANDARD DE 40
000
# FIRME MICI - VENITURI CU DISTRIBUTIE NORMALA DE MEDIE 100 000 SI ABATERE STANDARD DE 50
000
venituri_firmeMari<-rnorm(dim(firmeMari)[1],mean=200000,sd=40000)
View(venituri_firmeMari)
venituri_firmeMici<-rnorm(dim(firmeMici)[1],mean=100000,sd=50000)
View(venituri_firmeMici)
firmeMari<-cbind(firmeMari,venituri_firmeMari)
firmeMici<-cbind(firmeMici,venituri_firmeMici)
#GRAFIC HISTOGRAMA
windows()
par(mfrow=c(2,1))
colnames(firmeMari)[4]="venituriFirme"
colnames(firmeMici)[4]="venituriFirme"
firmeTotal<-rbind(firmeMari,firmeMici)
View(firmeTotal)
#INVECTITII=300+0.6*VENITURI+erori
erori<-rnorm(n=300,mean = 0,sd=1)
investitii<-(300+0.6*firmeTotal$venituriFirme+erori)
View(investitii)
firmeTotal<-cbind(firmeTotal,investitii)
#GRAFIC PLOT
plot(investitii,main="Investitii firme",col="red",type="l")
cor(firmeTotal$investitii,firmeTotal$venituriFirme)
#GRAFICE PLOT
windows()
par(mfrow=c(2,1))
plot(firmeTotal$venituriFirme,main="Venituri firme",col="red",type="l")
plot(firmeTotal$investitii,main="Investitii firme",col="green",type="l")
costuri_firmeMari<-rnorm(n=dim(firmeMari)[1],mean=250,sd=120)
costuri_firmeMici<-rnorm(n=dim(firmeMici)[1],mean=200,sd=115)
firmeMari<-cbind(firmeMari,costuri_firmeMari)
firmeMici<-cbind(firmeMici,costuri_firmeMici)
View(firmeMari)
View(firmeMici)
colnames(firmeMari)[5]="costuriFirme"
colnames(firmeMici)[5]="costuriFirme"
FIRME<-rbind(firmeMari,firmeMici)
View(FIRME)
#GRAFICE PLOT
windows()
par(mfrow=c(3,1))
plot(FIRME$costuriFirme,main="Costuri firme",col="green",type="l")
#PROFIT=VENITURI-COSTURI
profitFirme<-FIRME$venituriFirme-FIRME$costuriFirme
FIRME<-cbind(FIRME,profitFirme)
#RATARENT=profit/venit*100
ratarentFirme<-FIRME$profitFirme*100/FIRME$venituriFirme
#ADAUGAM COLOANA RATEI RENTABILITATILOR LA DATA FRAME
FIRME<-cbind(FIRME,ratarentFirme)
#GRAFICE PLOT
windows()
help("summary")
summary(FIRME)
firmeConstructii<-subset(FIRME,domeniuFirme=="CONSTRUCTII")
View(firmeConstructii)
firmeAlimentar<-subset(FIRME,domeniuFirme=="ALIMENTAR")
View(firmeAlimentar)
firmeAsigurari<-subset(FIRME,domeniuFirme=="ASIGURARI")
View(firmeAsigurari)
summary(firmeConstructii[7])
summary(firmeAlimentar[7])
summary(firmeAsigurari[7])
SEMINAR 8 SI SEMINAR 9
REGRESIE
#SETAM DIRECTORUL
View(recap)
attach(recap)
#GRAFICE PLOT
windows()
par(mfrow=c(2,1))
#TREND CRESCATOR
FOODdata<-data.frame(DATE,FOOD,PFOOD)
View(FOODdata)
#NE CREAM O SERIE DE TIMP ORDONATA DUPA ANI (COLOANA 1 DIN FOODdata)
install.packages("zoo")
library(zoo)
zooFOOD<-zoo(FOODdata[,-1],order.by = FOODdata[,1])
View(zooFOOD)
#IDENTIFICARE ANI IN CARE AVEM CELE MAI MARI MODIFICARI ALE CERERII SI PRETULUI
deltaFOOD<-diff(zooFOOD)
View(deltaFOOD)
maxDeltaPFOOD<-max(abs(deltaFOOD$PFOOD))
maxDeltaPFOOD
deltaFOOD[deltaFOOD$PFOOD==maxDeltaPFOOD]
maxDeltaFOOD<-max(abs(deltaFOOD$FOOD))
maxDeltaFOOD
deltaFOOD[deltaFOOD$FOOD==maxDeltaFOOD]
PFOOD_reale<-(PFOOD*100)/PTPE
#ADAUGAM COLOANA PRETURI REALE BUNURI ALIMENTARE LA DATA FRAME
recap<-cbind(recap,PFOOD_reale)
##############STATISTICI DESCRIPTIVE##############
#PENTRU CERERE
summary(FOOD)
mean(FOOD)
sd(FOOD)
cv_FOOD<-sd(FOOD)*100/mean(FOOD)
cv_FOOD
summary(PFOOD_reale)
mean(PFOOD_reale)
sd(PFOOD_reale)
cv_PFOOD_reale<-sd(PFOOD_reale)*100/mean(PFOOD_reale)
cv_PFOOD_reale
#GRAFIC HISTOGRAMA
#CERERE
windows()
par(mfrow=c(2,1))
densitate_FOOD<-density(FOOD)
#PRETURI
windows()
par(mfrow=c(2,1))
densitate_PFOOD_reale<-density(PFOOD_reale)
#SKEWNESS SI KURTOSIS
install.packages("moments")
library(moments)
skewness(FOOD)
kurtosis(FOOD)
skewness(PFOOD_reale)
kurtosis(PFOOD_reale)
#GRAFIC BOXPLOT
windows()
par(mfrow=c(2,2))
#IDENTIFICARE OUTLIERI
#CERERE
q1_FOOD<-quantile(FOOD,0.25)
q3_FOOD<-quantile(FOOD,0.75)
outlier_FOOD<-subset(recap,FOOD>(q3_FOOD+(q3_FOOD-q1_FOOD))|FOOD<(q1_FOOD-(q3_FOOD-
q1_FOOD)))
View(outlier_FOOD)
#PRETURI REALE
q1_PFOOD_reale<-quantile(PFOOD_reale,0.25)
q3_PFOOD_reale<-quantile(PFOOD_reale,0.75)
outlier_PFOOD_reale<-subset(recap,PFOOD_reale>(q3_PFOOD_reale+(q3_PFOOD_reale-
q1_PFOOD_reale))|PFOOD_reale<(q1_PFOOD_reale-(q3_PFOOD_reale-q1_PFOOD_reale)))
View(outlier_PFOOD_reale)
cor(FOOD,PFOOD_reale)
#GRAFIC PLOT
windows()
windows()
abline(lm(PFOOD_reale~FOOD),col="green")
#### REGRESIE LINIARA: FUNCTIE DE CERERE INDIRECTA ####
#VARIABILA INDEPENDENTA:CEREREA
regresie_cerere_indirecta<-lm(PFOOD_reale~FOOD)
summary(regresie_cerere_indirecta)
PFOOD_reale_estimate<-fitted(regresie_cerere_indirecta)
recap<-cbind(recap,PFOOD_reale_estimate)
#GRAFIC PLOT
preturi_reale<-data.frame(PFOOD_reale,PFOOD_reale_estimate)
#ANALIZA REZIDUURILOR
rezidual<-resid(regresie_cerere_indirecta)
#FUNCTIA PUTERE
#pret=(cerere/a)^(1/alpha)
#pret=(1/a)^(1/alpha) * cerere^(1/alpha)
#NOTATII
#m=(1/a)^(1/alpha)
#n=(1/alpha)
#pret=m * cerere^n
#ln(pret)=ln(m)+n*ln(cerere)
#LOGARITMAM VARIABILELE
log_FOOD<-log(FOOD)
log_PFOOD_reale<-log(PFOOD_reale)
#GRAFIC PLOT
windows()
abline(log_PFOOD_reale~log_FOOD)
regresie_cerere_indirecta_fputere<-lm(log_PFOOD_reale~log_FOOD)
summary(regresie_cerere_indirecta_fputere)
#DETERMINARE COEFICIENTI
#ln(m)=5.54254
#n=-0.14576
ln_m<-coef(regresie_cerere_indirecta_fputere)[1]
n<-coef(regresie_cerere_indirecta_fputere)[2]
ln_m
#m=e^5.54254
m<-exp(ln_m)
#pret=255.3258 * cerere^(-0.14576)
elasticitate_ind<-n
elasticitate_ind
elasticitate_dir<-1/n
elasticitate_dir
PFOOD_reale_estimate_fputere<-fitted(regresie_cerere_indirecta_fputere)
#GRAFIC PLOT
preturi_reale_fputere<-data.frame(log_PFOOD_reale,PFOOD_reale_estimate_fputere)
ts.plot(preturi_reale_fputere,col=c("red","blue"),main="Valori intiale vs valori estimate - cerere
indirecta - f putere",lwd=2)
#ANALIZA REZIDUURILOR
rezidual<-resid(regresie_cerere_indirecta_fputere)