ELEMEN TA RY

GERMA N G RA MMA R

w i th @ X£ l f i 5 8 5
‘

CA R L E D U A R D
fi U E, P H D . .

FO R M ER L Y G E R MA N M A S T ER I N T H E H I G H S CH OO L O F ED I N B U R G H

W . R . C H A M B E R S, LI M I T E D
LO N D O N A ND ED IN B U RG H
1 897
 G ER M A N S E R I ES .

ED ITED BY D R A UE,
FOR M E R LY GE RM AN MAS T ER IN T HE H IG H S CH O O L , ED IX B l RC H
'

FI R S T G E R M A N R EAD I N G B OO K
S ECO N D G E R M A N R EAD I N G B OO K
G ER M A N G R A MM A R EL EM EN TA R Y w i t h
,
dd i t i , a ona l
E e i e
x rc s s

G E R M AN G R AMM A R A D V A N C E D ,

PH R A S E B OO K EN G L I S H -G E R M A N
-
,

G E RM A N S YN O N YM S D I C T IO N A R Y O F
,

G E R M A N D ICT I O N A R Y G e m an d En g l i h b n d
—
r an s ,
ou .

G e m an En gl i h P a t r - s r ,

Eng l i h G e m an Pa t s - r r ,
n

W 8: R . CH AMB ERS; LI M I T ED , 4 7 PA T ER N O ST E R R OW, .

LONDON ; A N§D 39 H I G H S T R EE
13 T
,
E DIN B U R G H .

31 .

é jC A r IO N D E PT
‘ '

DI
 CO N T E N T S .

PAG E

AL P H A B ET 1

P R O N U N CI AT I ON A N D O R T H O G R A P H Y 2

E L E M E N T S O F T H E CO N S T R UC T IO N O F S E N T EN C E S 7
V ER B 11

T H E A U X I L I A R Y V ER BS O F T E N S E 14

T H E R E G U LA R CO N J U G AT IO N S. 22

VI I . CL A SS I F IC AT IO N O F T H E S T R O N G V ER BS 34

VIII . I R R E G ULA R CO N J U G AT IO N 45

CO N J U G AT IO N O F T H E PA SS I V E V OIC E 50
X . CO MP O U N D V E R BS 52

T H E A R T IC L E . 56

XII . T H E S U BS TA N T I V E 57
XII I . T H E G E N D E R O F S U BS TA N T I V E S 58
X IV T H E D E C L E N S IO N O F S U BS TA N T I V E S
. 66
T H E D E C L E N S IO N O F AD J E C T I V E S 84
X VI . CO M PA R I S O N O F 90
X V II . 94
X V II I . N U M ER A L S 1 08
X IX . AD V E R BS 1 15
XX . P R EP O S I T I O N S 1 21
X XI . CO N J U N C T IO N S 1 27
XX II . I N T ER J E C T IO N S 131

ADD I T IO N AL EX E R CI S ES 13 2
A LP H A B E T IC A L L I S T O F S T R O N G A N D I R R E G ULA R VE R BS 1 53

A LP H A B E T I C AL I N D EX O F E N G L I S H W O R D S 1 60

9 24 1 5 8
 N OTE ON TH E CH AN G ED SP ELLI NG OF CE RTA I N
G ER M A N \V OR D S .

IN t h e pr es en t wor k t h e s p el li n g of G er m an i s t h at w h i ch h as
l on g b ee n t h e u s ual or s an dar d s y s t em i n G e r m a n li t er at u r e t .

T hi s t h ogr aph y w as for th e mos t par t but li ttl e a ffe c te d by t h e

or

i s ol at e d e ffor t s o f s ch ol ars t o s ec ur e t h e a d o pti o n o f a s i mpl er

an d mor e s el f co n s i s t en t s pell i n g a s y s t e m m or e i n ac c or d an c e
-
,

wi t h ph o n e t i c pr i n c i pl es an d w i t h t h e h i s t or i c al d e v el opme n t o f
,

t h e G er m an t on gu e Of l at e h ow e v er a p ar t i al m o di fi cat i on o f
.
, ,

t he r ec e i v e d
g s pellin of a co ns i d er abl e nu m ber of wor ds h as
r ap i dl y g ai n e d gr ou n d i n G er m an l i t er at ur e, i n a cc or d an c e w i th
r ul e s s a n c t i o n ed by t h e P r u ss i an M i n i s t er of P ubli c I n s tr u c t i o n

i n 1 8 80 T h e p r i n c i pal w or d s m o di fi e d by th i s
. 8) s et m may be
a r r an e d u n d er t h e foll o wi n
g g eads
h .

I . I ns t ead of t i), t on l y is s pel t i n t h ese thr ee gr oups of wor ds

‘
In ZIte m breath (not Ql tbcm)
,
. Sl at , a dv i c e
i ts deri v at i v es,
an d

l lr mut pov er t y (n ot QIr mutb)

s
, . an d compoun ds (r aten adv i s e ; ,

zB l fi te, blos s om . fi ei r at mar r i ag e ; r dt fef, r i ddle ;

,

glut flood , . b et r at en, bet r a ; y

(551m gl ow , . Sl ot r ed
, .

fi l li ete, h i r e . ERutc r od , .

mnt i , co urage QB cr t wor t h (wertnofl,

, y
Sl ot di s t r es s
, . fi l m r age , .

{Bate g odfat her . Si el at or nament , .

In S an , c abl e ; fl ai l par t ; St eer t ar ; S i cr ani mal ; tenet dear ;

, , , ,

ner t ei t i gen, defen d Al s o i n Eur t for d ; S ur m, t ower ; QB ir t, i nn

. ,

kee per .

In t h e t er mi n ati on tum ; as G i gcntum (not G i gcntbum), pro er t

p y;
s
, q y
l l lt er t um ant i ui t ; S rr tum, er r or ; & c .

II . S et, dead, an d i t s der i v at i v es ar e s pel t wi th out b ; bet Si otc t he .

dead man (n ot her S et t e) ; t i t an t o k ill ; i ntenbett deat hbed . ,

.

(T h e n oun S ub, death, an d I t s der i v at i ves , have I) on l ) y .

I II . 28 m ,
bread, i n st ead of Em .

IV . I ns t ead of B, 6 on l y
is us ed i n t h e t er mi nati on ni é as fi enntni é .

kn owledge ; Scugni é , t es t i mon y

S o i n t he pr efi
. mi s ; as x
Qfi i étr auen, mi st r us t .

V . © t ar, s t ar li ng, an d 8 0 6 lot, in s t ead

, of @ taar 20 0 6 , .

VI . For c, I is s pel t in s uch w or ds as M afi a clas s ; mngrefi

i
, con gr ess.

V II . For c, 3is s pel t i n Q q ember Roua

i l Nouga t, E ffigi cr,
, , $ r1n5iral &c , .
 ELEMENTARY GERMAN GRAMMAR .

ALPHABET .

§ 1 . Th e G e r m an al ph abet ,
as th e En gl i sh , co n s i sts of

tw e n ty-si x l ett e r s na m ely

R G E M A N LE TT E RS . R O M A N LE TT E R S . NA M E S.

fo w .

r ay .

iks
’
.

i 1
fl eé
i lgms ,
a ) a
tSOt '
.

No t e.

6 fi n a l is su bs t i t ut ed for t he ao —c a ll ed l ong I at t he en d O f a
s y ll a ble o nl y —
as in w e , bi s, lee-bar .

A
 2 E LE M E N TA R Y G E RM A N G R A MMA R .

2 . m ple l e tt ers o f th e
B esi d es th e si al ph abe t ,

fo llo w i ng co m p o un d l ett ers ar e em p l oyed

As s u bs t i t u tes for s i m p l e s o un ds
cb ch ts ay-h ah ; th e guttu r al (h .

pi; ph a
p y
-b ah s o u n d s li ke f .

id) sch es s - ts ay-h ah o

s un ds like oh .

ti) th tay-h ah ; o
s un ds l i ke t .

As s ubs ti tu tes fo r d oubl e con so n an ts

ci ck ts ay— kah is fo r dou ble I
us ed .

Q sz t t
es s - s e is u s ed fo r d o u bl e f .

g tz ta y ts et - is used fo r d o ubl e 3 .

P R O N U N CI A I I O N
' ‘
AND O R T H OG R A P H Y .

I. V OW E LS .

3 Th e pur e vo w els
. ar e a, c, t, o, 11 . Th ey ar e p r o n o u n c ed
as fo ll o w s
o
a s u n ds l i ke th e p ur e I tal i an a i n fa th er
c s o un ds l i ke a i n ga t e o r e i n get
‘

i s o u n ds li ke as i n feel or i i n fz ll ;
'

0 s o u n d s l i ke 0 i n s h or e o r 0 i n sh or t
’

It so un ds l i ke 0 0 i n fool o r u i n
’ ’
full ,
.

Ev er y vo w e l h as acco r di n g to ci r cum stan c es ei th er a lo n g

, ,

or a s h o r t s o u n d
. th at i s i ts p r o n un ci at i o n may occu py a
—
,

lo n ger o r sh o r t er po r t i on o f t i m e .

EX A M PL E S a l o n g i n tam bat
—
s h o r t i n Rmmu bulb , ,
.

c l o n g i n r cben geben ; sh o r t i n r cttcn gelt en

, , .

i l on g i n mir bit sh or t i n mi t ftlll

, ,
.

0 l o n g i n S un 6 tt om; sh o r t i n © ott 8 mm
, , .

11 lo n g i n bu, Jba r ; sh o ut i n bunuu, Jéunb .

Th r ee q tl ae purge Vo w el s— m ely, a, D, u - ad mi t of
’

,
na

bémgi sbft en ed f o r Th e vow e ls s o ch a n ged ar e

‘
l

t e m i ed m d i a n d t i e c h a n g e i s m ar ked by e pu t
'

n l
'

p
a
fl

r; iW m i t o
’

gi t er ft h i et te
el l l
i a i t é a OA p i t a l ,
a n d by t w o
‘
li t t l e s r k es

abo v é
'

, i t i s a sm a ll le tter Th ey a r e p r o n o un c e d t h us
. .

‘ l i ke th e F r e n ch e i n
Il c, cl s o un d s l i ke e i n ‘ ’

get , or par e

D e 6 so un ds li ke t h e F r en c h ea i n peu, fcu ’ ’
.
,

li e, it so un ds li ke th e Fr en ch u i n d a, fus’
.
’
 PR O N U N OI AT I O N A N D O R T H OG R A P H Y . 3
Th e modi fi ed vow els ar e l on g or
ei th er sh or t ,
b ut th e

natu r e of th e so un d o f ea c h r emai n s th e sa me un der all

ci r cu ms ta n ces .

EX AM P L ES z— d l o n g in l ame, $ dr sh o r t i n Reuni t e, fdll t .

6 l on g i n fi ne, D el ; sh o r t i n Ibnncn, D et t er
‘
.

it l o n g i n flat, Jbtt te ; sh or t i n {Yur i} , Q fi tte

'

No t e .

For t he soun ds of the modifi ed 0 an d u, t h ere are n o e ui v alents q in

En gli s h ; but th e st uden t may ac ui r e t he corre ct pronun ci at i on of 6 q by
tr yi ng to pr on ounce c wi t h contr act ed or roun ded li ps ; an d t hat of it by
t r y in g to pron ounce i i n a si mi lar man ner .

§ 5 .
9 (yp sil o n ) fo r ei gn vow el , an d
is a o
s un ds like th e
mod ifi ed u o r t h e F r en ch u i n d a , fus
’ ’

m
.
,

EX AM P L ES 1) l o n g i n 21 l ; sh o r t i n Mor e 3
5 —
139116 , .

6 A vow el i s l o n g w h en n ot foll owed by an y co n s o n an t

.
,

or by on e co n s o n an t o n ly ; i t i s sh o r t w h en fo ll ow ed by a

do ubl e co n s o n an t o r by tw o co n s o n an ts o r i gi n al ly bel o n gi n g
,

to th e sam e syll able .

EX AM P L E S Wi th a l o n g vo w el bu mir @ raf fi rst

— —
, , , ,

fi lm % db er fi r eb en l ob t
,
sW i,t h a s h o r t vo e l 30 11
w 5 s
,
s .
—

Wart fr omnt 6 t off Rraft felt (SJ afl 450 m

,

, , ) fr emb , , , . . ,

Eri nb er fter l en fi nb en
z
,
n
,
s .

N o t es

1 Some pron oun s , prepos i ti ons , an d oth er words in ca pable of i nflec

.

x
ti on , form an e ce pti on t o t hi s r ul e ; c g — es has bee mas man i n on . . . , , , , , ,

non um ma bi s ab ob m In like man n er bi n (I) am, bet (h e) h as

'

, , eg , , , , .
, , .

Uuaeoent ed s yll ables , as be ge er oer a n en em chm & c , are al so , , , , , , , , .

x
e ce t ed
p .

-2 The doubl e con so n an t s 6 an d d) at t he en d of a s yll able, lea ve i t

.

un cert ai n w het her t he pr ec edi n g v owel i s lon g or sh ort .

§ 7 I n. a gr ea t n u m b e r o f wo r ds ,
o r t h o gr a p h y e m p loys
p ar ti cul ar si gn s to sh o w th at a vow el is l on g .

1 Th r ee of th e p u r e vow e ls c an b e d o ubl ed—

. na m e ly ,

a e, an d o
, .

EX AM PL E S Ql al Boar Jbaar C ‘
Staat ; leer Ti t er , iBeet
z —
,
s
, , , ,

RIee ; 912m m $ 0 0 3i8 0 m

3
, .

2 Th e vow el i i s l e n gt h en ed by c bei n g pu t a ft er i t
. .

EX AM P L E S z— bi e ni e t i ef, ‘
B i er, T ri ef, S i eb
l
, , .

3 All vow els, w h eth er p ur e or mo difi ed , ar e l on g w h en

.

foll ow ed by l), p r ovi ded th e I) bel o n gs to th e sam e sylla ble .

Th e I) i n su ch cases is mut e .
4 E LEM EN TAR Y GE R M AN G RA M M A R .

EX AM P L E S —
% abn, Iabnt, mebt , Iebt en, thi n D br, Robl,
mnbm li bt
,

, , Rdbne, fi bhle (fi l m ,

.

IL D I P HTH ONG &

§ Th 8
e G .e r m an lan guage as h fi v e d i p t o g
h h n s—
na m ely,
ct, at, an, cu, ti lt, th e las t be i n g th e m o di fi ed on .

cl i s p r on oun c ed like t h e En gli sh i i n

‘
fi n e,
’
or y in Iuy .
’

at h as n ea r ly th e sam e s o u n d as t i .

on i s p r o n ou n c ed n ear ly as t h e En gl i sh on n t h u
”

i o
-
.

cu an d ti lt ar e b oth p r o n o un c ed l i ke 0 17 i n p oi n t ’
.

All di p h th on gs ar e l on g
m
.

EX AM P L E S —
ruelu, r ei n, fei n, bt ei t ; 9:72am ai n, Q ui n ;
.

taut, br aun, Blau, S t r eam; neu, tr eu, Sreube, beute; fi r dnme ,

B en nne, Jédufer, JOdute

s
'

IIL CO NS O NA N T &

on an ts a r e div i ded, a cco r di n g to th e o r gan s

§ Th9 e . cons

by w h i c h th ey a r e a r ti cul at ed th e th r oat, to n gue, an d l i p s —

in to g uttur a ls , li ng ua ls, an d labi a ls ; an d, a cco r di n g to th e

degr e e o f t h ei r m o r e o r l es s p er fe ct ar t i c ul at i o n , i n to semi
cons on a n ts o r sp i r a nts ( t h a t i s ,
b r ea t h i n g
-s o un ds
),
li qui ds ,

an d ma t es Th e m ut es ar e subdi vi ded, acco r di n g to th e

.

less er or gr eat er i n t en si ty w i t h w h i ch th ey ar e u tt er ed, i n to

soft , ha r d , an d asp i r a te Th i s cl ass i fi cat i on i s ex h i b i t ed i n
.

th e fol l o w i n g tabl e

L I NG U AL S L A B I A L8 .

1 . S E M I -CO N S O N A N T S ,

2 . LI Q UID S ,

3 M UT E S
.

a.So ft ,
I
b l a r d,
.

c.A s p i r a t e, i ,
r
(v b)

N o te s

IThe s pi r an t l), be i ng for med by t he mer e br eat h , do e s not be lo ng t o

.

my o f t he ar t i cul at i n g or gan s i n part i cu lar .

2 Th e let t ers f (a) ff, 6 5, id» are a ls o c a lled si bi l an t s fr om t h e bias i n

.
. , , .
g
na t u re o f t h at: s oun ds .
 P B O N U N OI A I I O N A N D
' ‘
O RT H O G R A P HY . 5

l G uTT U R A Ls * .

‘
S (yot ) h as t h e so un d o f t h e En gli sh 3
’

10 . 1 in y e s .

EX A M P L ES i u S u br , ie ieber S u
—
mm er , Su bel , , , .

‘
(5) co m mo n ly
li ke th e En gl i sh g i n g i v ef o
s u n ds

Wh en i t s ta n ds at th e en d o f a w o r d o r syll abl e, an d i s
rec ed e d by u, o, u, or an, i t s s o un d a pp r o a c h es, bu t i s n o t
p
qui te so str on g, as t h at o f ch i n th e Scot ch wo r d Wh en
at th e en d o f a w o r d or syl l abl e, an d p r e c ed ed by e, i , d, 6, it ,
‘
el, 611 , or (i n, i t s o u n ds li ke i i n ia, or y i n y es
’
I t ta kes th e .

latte r o o a fter t an d
s un d al s I .

EX AMPL ES gnt (S ti l t
—
, , grofi, O ur t en S a g, bog tl ug; ,

@ teg, Rr i eg e i g, Ieug nen

,
s
, tr i tg l i cl; zSB er g, Qi urg urg, E ur g , ,

l ulg
‘
.

Wh en wo rd of thi s n at ur e i n cr eas es by i n fl e cti o n so th at

a ,

r em ai n s n o l o n ger t h e fi n al l ett er bu t b e co m es t h e fi rs t
g ,

lett er o f th e n ext syll abl e i t s p r o n un ci at i o n i n cli n es tow ar d s ,

th at o f g i n g i v e but w i th o ut en ti r ely l o s i n g t h e p ecul i ar

‘
,
’

so un d o f ck or y r es p e ct i v ely .

EX A M P L E S q ge SB O gen flu ge ; 6 t e=ge Rt i e gee beu

— s
,
s
,
s
,
s
,
s

gen ; B
S et z
g,
e E ut s en
g , i uls
gee .

Wh en a t th e en d of a w o r d an d p r ec ed ed by n g p r es er ves , ,

i ts o r i gi n al s o un d of g i n g i v e bu t co al es c es i n to on e s o un d
’

wi t h n (as ng i n l o ng o r r i ng ) w h en th e wo r d i n c r eas es
‘ ‘ ’ ’

by i n fl e ct i o n .

EX AM P L E S Iung Sti ng lung ; Idnger Sti nge lunger

—
, , , , .

1 2 Th e as p i r a te guttur al cl; h as th e two di ffer en t s oun ds

.

‘
of ch i n l oelz an d o f y i n y es (o r r a th er a li tt l e st r o n ger )
‘ ’ ’

, ,

un d er c i r cum s ta n c es s i mi l ar to th o se m en t i o n ed ab ov e wi th

r egar d to t h e l ett er 9 ; for i t h as th e p r o n un ci at i on o f ch ,

wh en p r eced ed by u o u or uu an d th at o fy (or so mewh at , , ,

st r o n ger ) w h en p r e c ed ed by an y o f t h e ot h er vow els or

di p h t h o n gs o r by t I n
, , ,
.

EX AM P L E S nucl) muchen Sl ud n bod) 20 d} focben , , , , , ,

I ucb SBucb uucly SB r uncb S umn er ; i d) recht br edi en rdcben

‘

, , , , , , , ,
r i ecben, t ei cb glei cb end) I eucht en S i cbt ni di t nfi cbt li dy; but ch
l
, , , , , , ,

Eurcbt, fi tt cbten, E DoId) Rei ch munch , ,

.

A ll c o n s o n a n t s n o t zi ad to i n t h e fo ll o w i n g p a r ag r a p n s ar e pr o n o un c ed
as i n E ng li s h .
6 S LR M EN TA R Y GE RM A N G R A M M A R .

Wh en wor ds of G r eek ext r act i on cb o c cu r s as i n i t i al

,
in ,

befo r e u o u or a co n so n an t i t i s p r o n o u n c ed l i ke I
, , ,
bu t i t ,

h as th e so ft s oun d r es em b li n g (th u gh s t r o n ger th an ) th a t o f o

y i n y es b e fo r e i o r e
‘ ’
.

EX A M PL ES @bur utt er fi ber (t hri ll (Shei ni e (i bir ur g

—
, , ,
.

In w o r ds o r i gi n all y G er m an (1) i s p r o n oun c ed l i ke i o n ly ,

befo r e i p r ovi d ed th e ffo r m s p ar t of th e s tern I n w o r ds .

o f t h i s d es c r i pt i o n z i s th e eq u i v al e n t i n En gli sh o f th e
,

G er m a n the .

EX A M PL ES
c 6, ox ; Eucli d, fo x
‘
; B i t di fe, a box ; fedlé,
—

‘
m
si x ; Sl a s, fl ax ; D uclyé, bad ger ; QBuché w a x ; mudl fen to , ,

wax ; QBecbfel, c h an ge .

2
. m e an s

1 3 Th e
. o
s u n d of f i s s o ft ,
r e s e m bli n g t h a t of th e En gh sh
‘
o n e z eal or bos o m
’ ’ ’ ’
z i n z , ,
s in d es i r e, .

EX A M P L E S @ obn —
, 6 onne, iagen Stole i i uien
, , , f
r ei en .

14 Th e f
.
; an d ii p r o n o un c ed li ke as i n En gli sh Th e
ar e .

fl i s u s ed o n ly after a s h o r t vo w el
t} a ft er a l o n g vo w el o r a ,

di p h th o n g A t th e en d o f a w o r d h ow ev e r o r th o gr a p h y
.
, ,

fo r bid s t h e use o f f f e v e n t h o u gh a sh o r t vo w el p r ec ede

, .

EX AM P L ES Sh o r t vo w els i n efi en lullen ut uflen ; l o n g

'

—
, ,

i n t ei fz en gr i xfien fli efien ilJtuf

, ie Lo n g i n (s i ng Sli ué li efi ;
, , .
, ,

sh o r t i n Sat} 111 11 6 Sl ug 8 1m } , , , .

1 6 6 d) i s p r o n o un c ed li ke 31: i n En gli sh
5 cm 6 Cbiff melufb
. .

EX AM P LES r ai di f r i ldi fi fth ldi bn 6

”
—
, , , . , .

6 d fli t teu fcbmelgen fcbr ei ben @ dnnun

, , , .

1 6 SS i s al w ays p r o n o u n c ed as i n En gli s h exc ept befo r e i

.
,

wi th an oth e r vo w el aft er i t i n w h i ch po s i t i o n i t s ou n ds l i ke ,

th e G er m a n 5 .

EX AM P L ES ‘
—
£l uti on, B uti ent,
l T ort ton .

XI; i s p r o n o un c ed l i ke 1 , t h er e be i n g n o s ou n d i n G er ma n
li ke t h e En gli s h ”1 . Th e V o w el p r ec ed i n g tb i s l o n g .

EX AM PL E S z— t otb, S
li utb, wi nd) , 91 0 t h, 2otb .

8
17 . m p l e s i gn for a m i x ed s oun d n am ely, té
is a si —

ac cor di n gly, i ts so un d i s mu c h h ar d e r th an th at o f t h e

En gli s h 2 A ft er a sh o r t vowel , 9 i s made th e su b s t i t u te

.

for a d ou bl e 3 .
 OO N ST R U CT I O N O F S E N T E N C E S .

EX A M P L 5, b S
u ES —
ge n, a bl, gabi n, B elt s
ber g, (5M ; 5
m
,

g as, Sti les, 23

1 , flgen, East , icbxr aQen .

18 . (5 i s
, p r o n o un c ed
l i ke f befo r e a, o, u, an, an d b e fo re
a co n s o n a n t ; b u t li ke o r En gli sh ts be fo r e e, i , d, f
), i t, to Its
5
use i s li m i t ed to wo r ds o f fo r ei gn o r i gi n , wh i l s t, i n W o r ds
o ri gi n all y G er m an i ts p lac e i s n ow s u p pl i ed by f an d 3
,
.

EX A M PL ES € anbibat (Sonflfl or i i un G laubi ué Ql ctcn ;

C —
, , ,

(i entrum (Si cer o (Safer (Soli nber

, , ,
.

1 9 X i s p r o n o un c ed li ke £6 o f w hi c h t w o co n so n a n ts i t
.
,

i s co m po s ed .

‘
EX A M P L E S z l t S en b u t —
, ,
.

3 1 AE1 AL3
. . .

20 . i ll o
s un ds n ear ly l i ke th e En gli s h 0 , s li gh t ly i n cl i n i ng
t owar ds w .

EX A M P LES QBei n, mo, mann :— ,

i r i e, QBi nb , wi ll , tr a t ,b
QBoIfe, QBoIf, QBor t, QBaiT
er .

§ 21 . p r oQ 3i s
n o u n c ed li ke f i n all o r i gi n all y G e r ma n

wo r d s w hi ls t i n all wo r ds bo r r ow ed fr o m th e La ti n 0 1
,

Fr en c h lan guages i t h as th e s ou n d o f th e En gli sh 1: o r

,

th e G e rm an m .

EX A M PL E S Li ke f i n 5 3am Don b oll t lf B ogel Di et

— ‘
, , , , ,

Di el l i ke in i n fi lmué, l b ocat , bi bi bi r en, N ovember Elem , .

E L EM EN T S OF THE CO N S T R U CT I ON OF S E N T EN CES .

I . I N CI P A L S E N T E N C
TH E D I R E CT PR E.

22 Ev ery e x pr ess i n of a th o ugh t by w o r d s i s ca ll ed a

. o

sen tenc e Th e e s e n ti al mem b er s o f e v er y s e n t e n ce a r e th e

. s

S ubject t h at i s t h e p e rs o n o r t h i n g o f w h i ch s o m et h i n g i s
—
,

sa i d o r a s se r t ed ; a n d t h e P r ed ic a t e th at i s th at W h i ch is —
,

sa i d o r a s s e r t d reg a r d i n g th e su bj e c t (fr o m t h e La ti n w o r d
e

m d c l i m
'

p e z c a r t o
p r o
r , a t o a ssert
) ,
.

23 Wh en t h e p r ed i ca t e i s an adj e c t i v
. or a u bs t a n t i v e
,
s e
,

or a n a d v e r b i al exp r ess i o n th e ass er t i o n i s m ad e b s o m fo rm

y ,
e

) f t h e v e r b fci n to b e w hi c h jo i n s th e p r e di c at e to th e s ubj ec t
, , .
8 E LE M E N T A R Y G ER MAN G R AMMA R .

EX A M P LES .

S UB J ECT . ASS ER T I O N . PR E D I CA TI .

Der {911 16
t h e r i v er

Q er fili ann
th e m an
D er G ourmet
r

t h e s umm e r

3
d?
1
24 . Wh e n t h e p r ed i c a t e i s a v e r b, t h e ass e r i t on is co n

ta i ne d i n th e pr ed i c a t e i t s el f . Ex am p l es .

SU B J E C T A S S E RT I O N — P R B DI CA TB .

blfi bte,
bl oom ed .

ifblfi ffi ,

sl ee p e st .

25 Wh e n t h e ve r b i s us ed i n a co m po u n d fo r m t h a t i s
.
—
,

w h e n a n au x i l i ar y v e r b i s n eed ed to i n d i c a t e s o m e r el at i o n
o f t i m e or m oo d o f th e p r edi ca t e t h e as s er t i on i s co n t ai n ed
—

i n th e au x i l i ar y v er b ; an d i n t h e case o f t h e r e b ei n g t w o
o r th r ee a ux i li ar y v e r b s th e a s s er t i on i s co n t a i n ed i n th at
,

au x il i a ry w hi ch agr ee s w i th t h e su bj ect i n p er s o n an d
n umb er .I n su ch cas es t h e p ar ti c i p l e an d th e i n fi n i ti v e o f
,

th e v er b a r e r e m ov ed to t h e en d o f th e s en t en c e Ex am p l es .

B C B J R CT ASS E R TI O N . P R ED I CA I E
'

blithen,
bl oo m .

gei xht,
bl o o m e d .

geblit bt b aben ,
bloom e d h av e .

fi ngen ,

s mg .

t i ef ctn,
f
dee p be .

ci n Slltaler geweien,
a p ai n t er been .
 C O N ST R U CT I O N or S E N T E N CES . 9

§ 26 . Wh en p r edi c a te i s q u ali fi ed by on e o r m o r e
th e
or b n e o r m o r e ad ver bz a l exp r es si ons t h e ll
'

fl a t s , y o yg e n e r a y ,

fo ll o w t h e wo r d co n ta i n i n g t h e ass er t i o n Wh en th e v e r b .

sta n ds i n a co m po u n d fo r m th ey co m e i n betw een t h e

,

ass e r t i o n an d t h e p a r t i c i p l e or t h e i n fi n i ti v e Ex am p l e s .

BU B ) B U T . ABS ER T IO N . AD V . R X P R KH I O N — O BJ ECT . P RE D I CA T R .

QBi r Iefen ei n 8
2 nd),

we r e ad a. bo o k .

Q er Ql ogel fi ngt fcbbn ,

th e bi r d s i n gs beau ti full y .

3
d) {d utch b t
eu e ei nen SBr i ef,
wr ot e to d ay
- a l e tter .

18 k
5 merben ei n B ud)
s
Iefen,
we sh all a b oo k r ead .

53
‘

a fi logel bat ichen gefangen ,

th e bi r d h as beauti fully su n g .

3
di mi tt he b eu t e ei n en B r i ef
s
g efd i r i eben baben ,

I sh o ul d to day a l ette r w r i tte n h a v e

-
.

Gr tft fei ne m QS r i i b er d b y
nl i d ,

he is to
( ) hi s b r oth e r l i ke .

C
i te mirb thr ee E ll er fbr ecben s ei ngebenf fei u ,

sh e w i ll o f h e r p r om i s e mi n dful b e
’

2 7 Th e neg at i ve ni ch , l i ke
. t all ad v er bs fo ll o w s th e as s er t i on
,
.

Wh en th er e a r e o bj ects or ad v er bi al exp r ess i o n s i n t h e

se n t e n c e , th e n ega t i v e i s gen er all p l c d a ft er t h em

y a e as

S U BJ ECT R
ABS EB TI ON . O BJ E CT“ — A D V . EX P ES S I O N . N EG A T I VE PRI D I CA T E .
0
IO L
E E M EN T AR Y G ER M A s G RA M M AR .

No t e .

T he a o b ve g t he pos i ti on of ni cht i s aban don ed when , in a

r ul e c on cer ni n

negat i v e as s er t i on , a parti cul ar member of t h e sen t ence i s t o be made

em hati c b
p y con t r as t ; i n t hi s cas e, ni ct)t pr ecedes t he emphati c wor d .

l l. R T E D P R I N C l P A L S E N T E N CE
TH E INV E .

n d e r c e r ta i n c i r c u m st a n c es h e n a tu r al o r di r e ct
§ 2 8 U . t ,

o r d er o f a s en t e n c e m u s t b e i n v e rt ed s o t h at th e s ubj ec t a n d ,

th e asser t i o n ch an g e p lac es w i th ea ch oth e r A con s t r u c t i o n .

of t h i s ki n d i s c a l l ed an i n ver ted p r i ncip a l s wat ch es . Th e

i n v er si o n ta kes p la c e e s p e ci all y

1 I n d i r ect i n t er r oga ti v e s en ten c es th a t i s i n s e n t en ces

.
—
,

co n ta i n i n g a di r ect quest i o n by th e s p eaker

S it bi e Sil vie rotb @ tngt her éBogel ? —

Is t h e r o s e r ed l D o e s th e bi r d si n g ?
—

Ill irb bet fil ogel fi ngen ?

s

Wi ll th e bi r d si n g ?

2. l n i m p er ati v e t c es th at i s i n sen te n ces co n ta i n i n g

sen en —
,

a d i r ect co m m a n d by th e S p ea ker :

© ei en 6 a obne {t urd} ;
be (yo u ) w i t h o ut fear .

3 Wh en fo r th e s ake o f em p h as i s t h e p r ed i c ate an o bj e ct
.
, , , ,

a n ad ve r b i al exp r ess i o n o r a d e p en den t c l a us e

,
i s p la ced ,

be fo r e t h e su bj ec t a n d v e r b
R ut ; tf t has flehen ,

s h o rt i s li fe .

53 m QBri ef baben wit er halten ,

th e lett er h a v e w e r e c e i ved .

Q eut e haben rr i r ben B r i ef erbal t en

>
,

to -d ay h a ve w e th e l ett er r ec e i v e d .

93
3m Der Qi ri ef h d
en t l t , bat fi e mi r ni cht vei h blet ,

wh a t t h e l ette r co n ta i n s h as sh e (fr o m ) m e n ot c o n c ea l e d

I “. THE D EP EN D ENT S EV T E V CF .

29 . Wh e n tw o or m o r e c l au s es ar e j o i n ed t o g e t h er , t h e y
ar e ei th e r c c -o r di n a te , o r t h e on e is su bo r d i n a t e to t h e o the r
If th ey are co— o r d i n a t e . t h e ab ov e r u l es are fo l lo w ed i n t ln
 12 E LEME NT A R Y G ER M A N G RAM M AR .

A ver b d en oti n g a mere s ta te or co n di ti on or an acti on ,

whi ch d o es n ot ad mi t o f an y bear i n g u po n an o bj ec t i s ,

cal l e d an i n t r a ns i ti v e ver b ; as i d; fchIafe I sl eep ; i d) fl ee I

—
, ,

n ; i d fonnn e I com e
s i t ; i d;
gbe e I w a l k ; ,i d) Iau f
e I r u ) , , .

Th e latt er t er m c o m p r i ses al s o t h o se v er bs o f act i o n w h i c h ,

w hi l e th ey r e qu i r e an o bj ec t to co m p l et e th ei r i d ea yet d o ,

n o t gov ern t h e a ccu sat i v e cas e ; as i cb gebenfe (jei net ) I —

,

th i n k (of h i m) ; i d; helfe (ben 2Irut en) I h el p (th e p o r or

s
,
o
, ,

l i te r ally to t h e poo r )
,
.

§ 3 1 T h e u.s ual fo r m o f t h e v er b w h en th e su bj ect i s,

r e p r es en t ed as t h e p er s o n or t hi n g b e i n g i n a s tat e or e r
p
fo r mi n g an acti o n i s cal l ed th e acti ve for m or voi ce ; as i cl)
,
—

ld flafe I sl eep ; bet fi tt abe jcblci gt belt Q uil l) th e boy str i kes
, ,

th e d og ; bet ( S ar i na pflangt ei nen % aum th e gar den er ,

l an ts a t r ee
p .

B u t i f t h e o bj ect i n w h i c h t h e act i o n ter m i n at es (a s th e —

dog a tr ee ) i s r e p r es en t ed as th e subj e ct i n a s t at e o f snfl e r

'

i n g t h e act i o n th e p a r ti cul ar fo r m w h i ch t h e v er b th en
,

as s u t h e p as si ve for m or voi ce ; as ber {9 11 t wi t h

m es i s ca ll e d —

Don bent fi naben gef cblagen, t h e d og i s b ei n g beat en by th e

y 3
bo ; ei n 2 mm murbe vvn bein (S J dr tner ev an t, a t r e e w as g fl g
be i n g p lan ted by th e gar den er .

§ 32 W h en t h e a ct i v e s ubj ect o f a v er b i s at t h e s am e
.

t i me t h e su ffer i n g o bj e ct t h e v e r b i s s ai d to be i n th e r e
, flecti v e

f o r m F o
. r e x a m p l e i d) m afb
c e m i d)
—
I w as h m y f ; et bat
sel ,

li d) gefcbui t ten h e h as cut hi msel f

, .

33 Wh en an act i o n i s co n c ei ved w i th ou t a defi n i t e su b

.

e ct fr o m w hi ch i t p r oc eed s t h e v er b i s call ed an i mp er s on a l
j , .

I m p erso n al ver bs ar e used o n ly i n th e thi r d p er s on s i n gula r ,

an d th e p l a c e o f th e subj e ct i s su pp li ed by t h e n eu t er p er s o n al

pr o n oun eé i t For ex am p le eé regnet i t r ai n s eé bouner t

, .
—
, ,

i t th un d ers .

3
4 . Ev er y v er b h as fo u r M oods , to po i n t out th e p ar ti
onl ar man n er i n w h i ch t t
a s a e or acti o n i s as s e r t ed o f th e

s ub ej ct
1 Th e I n d i ca ti ve r ep r es e n ts a s ta te o r a cti o n
. as a fa ct ;
as — er f i ngt , h e si n gs .

2 Th e Conjuncti ve (o r S u bj un cti v e ) r e p r es en t s
. a t
s at e o r

a ct i o n o n ly as po ss i b l e, es pe c i all y as a n as s er t i o n o f an oth er
 v an e . 13

p er s on ,
or as a fl j
Wi sh t ba fi f g
er i n e sh
e. g .—
e sa ys t h at
e ag , ,

h e si n gs ; i d) mfi nfcbt bafi er fi nge I wi sh th at h e may si n g

, ,
.

3 Th e Con di ti on a l r ep r esen ts a s ta t e or acti on mer ely as

.

an assu m ed fa c t its menu er fdnge i f h e san g

—
, .

4 Th e I mp er a ti v e r e pr es en ts a s ta te or a ct i o n as a com
.

man d as fi nge si n g —
, .

35 Th e r elat i o n of t i m e of an as ser ted sta te or act i o n i s

.

in di c at ed by th e Tm s es o f th e ver b Ever y v er b h as si x
z .

ten s es ; na m ely
1 . Th e P r es e nt— i d; ti nge, I si n g, I am si n gi n g .

2 Th e
. I mp erfect kl) fang, I s an g, I w as s i n gi n g
—
.

3 Th e
. P erfec t i di babe geiungen, I h a v e s u n g, l h ave
—

been si n gi n g .

Th e P lup erfect— i dy batt e geft m

4 .
gen , I h ad su n g, I h ad

been si n gi n g .

5 Th e F u t ur e— i d) merbe f
. i ngeu, I Sh al l si n g .

6 Th e F ut u r e-P erfect— d dq mer be gejungen baben, I s h all

.

hav e sun g .

Tw o t en ses i n th e act i ve vo i c e n am ely th e p r es en t an d —

,

i m p er fe c t are fo r m e d w i t h o u t t h e h el p of au x il i ar y v er bs
—
,

a n d ar e on th a t ac co un t c al l ed si mp le t en ses Th e ot h er fo ur .

t nses of th e act i v e an d all th e t en ses o f th e p as si v e v o i ce

e
, ,

ar e fo r m ed by m ea n s o f a uxi li ar y v e r bs th e auxi li a ry ver bs —

of tens e an d
— a r e c all ed co m p ou nd t e n s es .

36 Un d er th e n am e of Ver ba ls ar e co m p r i sed th e
.

i nfi n i t i ve an d p a r t i cip le Th e i n fi n i t i v e exp r esses a s ta t e o r

.

act i o n i n a sub s t a n t i v e fo r m th e p ar t i c i p l e e xp r ess es a s ta t e

,

o r a ct i o n i n an adj e ct i v e fo r m ; t h e fo r m e r th er e fo r e i s a , ,

ver ba l subs tan ti ve t h e l att er a ver ba l adjecti ve

,
Ea c h h as o n e .

fo rm fo r t h e pr esen t an d an oth e r fo r th e p ast bu t n o n e fo r ,

th e fut u r e ; s f i n g
—
u to s i ; gei nngeu baben to h av e sun g ;
a e n g , ,

fi ngenb si n gi n g getuugcn sun g

, , , .

37 Th e i n fi n i t i ve wi th t h e p r epo si ti o n an to be for e i t i s
.
, , ,

cal led th e sup i ne ; as gu fi ngen to si n g or i n o r d er to Si n g

—
, ,

g efu n g a b
e n n ab en to h a v e s,u n g .
14 n t M RN rA R Y
'
G E RMAN G R AMMA R .

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16 E L E M EN T A R Y GE RM A N G R AM M R A .

EX E RCI SE l .
‘

I
h av e a boo k We h ave a h o r s e
.
1
Th ey h av e a h o us e 3 .
2
.

“7
Has t th ou a kn i fe H e h as a fo r k 5
ll a v e you a Spoon 2
6
.

I h ad n o m o ey S
n
8
h e h a d n o t e
i m
.
9
W e h a d n o p ap er
”
. .

Hav e th ey h ad 11
m o ey ? I s h a ll h av e a h o rse
n W ho 1 2
.

h as h ad my pen ? 13
H e h ad h ad n o ti m e Will yo u h a v e
“
.

ti m e ? I sh o uld h av e n o p ati en c e I l a v e p a ti e n ce I . .

sh oul d call
15
u po n you , i f
16
I h ad ti m e We sh ould h a ve
‘7
.

‘9
called upon you, i f w e h ad h ad ti m e I sh ould ta ke a
18
.

dr i ve, i f I h ad a ca rr i age
20 ”
.

1
A boo k, ei n E nd) Ev er s ubs t a nt i v e is
. y
wr i t te n wi t h a capi t al .

‘
A h orse, ei n Ti m A house , ei n faci l e
. A kn i fe, ei n fi ll efi et . .

‘
A for k, ci ne © a bel Use t he t hi r d pe r son plur al for you, w here ver
’
.

it occu rs , an d wr i te t he addr es si n g pron ouns , © te yo u, S huen to you, 3 , , m .

y our , & c , wi t h a ca pi t al
. A s poo n . ei nen t of
’
fel No mon e , . y
tei n © clr . No ti me, tci ne 3 ei t No paper , tci n ill avi er. Reg ar di ng .

th e ar r a ngem en t of t h e wor ds , s ee 2 5 26
- ‘ 2
Wh o, met ‘3
My pen , . .

mci ne gi ver . No pat i en ce , tei ne (Ect ulr ‘

5
s h oul d ca l l u o n
p o
y ,u id
) . I
mi t t : é ie befi i chcn If, menu ; begi ns a depe nden t c laus e
. Regar di n g .

th e con s t r uc t i on , se e 29
‘7
U s e t he pr es ent con di t i on al
. We s hould .

hav e cal led upon you, wi t mi t t en © te betucht baben Use t h e per fect .

2‘
co n di ti on al .
2°
I s h ould t a ke a dr i v e, id) wur t e fragiet en fabr en A .

ca r r i age ei nen lB agen

s
.

B e fo r e c o mm e n c m g t h e tr ans l a t i o n of t h e e x e r c i s es, t h e s t u d en t s h o uld

mak e h i m se lf a c q u a i n t e d w i t h t h e le a d i n g r ul e s fo r t h e c o n s t r u c ti o n o f s e n t en c es .

co n t ai n e d in se c t i on III .
,
22 - 29 .

W o r ds g i ven i n I ta l i c: ar e n o t ; as to b e t r a n s la t ed
f b e er T h is a g las s o .
’

ma r k si g n i fi es t h a t w o r ds , al t h o u g h n o t r e q ui r e d i n E n g l i s h, m u s t b e
p
ex r es s e d i n G e r m a n S om e t i m es w o r d s so i ns e r t e d ar e m er e ly o f a n e x l a n a
. p
wr y ki n d ; as I h a v e gi ve n [ t o ] h i m t h e k e y ; o r ‘a c h u r c h i s [ b e in g ] b u il t
' ’

T h e fo ll o w i n g ab b r e v i a t i o n s a r e e m p l o ye d i n t h e no t es to t h e e x e r t l ee s
-

m. m e a ns m as c u l i n e g e n d e r .
’
da t . m ea ns da ti v e .
’

fe m i n i n e g e n d e r
' ’
r . a c c u sa ti v e.
’ ’
n e ut er g en d e r . 0 s i n g ul at .

n o m i n a ti v e
’

p l u r al
’
. .
 A U X I LIA R Y V ER BS O F T HE S E . 17

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18 E LEM E NT A R Y GE RMA N G R AMM A R .

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 B LE M E NT A R Y G E R MA N G R AMMA R .

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 A U XI L I AR Y VE RB S O P T ENSE .
21

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22 EL E M E NT A R Y G E R MA N G R A M MA R .

n x n n c xs n III 7 K
.

Th e tree bec o mes gr een 1

Th e ri ch ‘ I ” 3
man beca me
“
. .

grow ti r ed15
I beca me i mp ati en t 7 Th e ai r h as bec o me
8

“
. .

col d
9
Th e water
. bec o m es wa rm 11
Th e weath er h as .

bec om e fi n e 12
Th ey h ad bec om e en emi es 1 3 We hav e
“ 1“
. .

‘
be come fri en ds Th e appl es 5
will soon becom e ri pe 7
.
1
.

Will th e grap es becom e rip e ? Th e kn i fe wi ll become

18 lg

bl un t ’20
Th e chil d
.
21
h ad bec om e ill Th e gi rl h ad gr own
”
.

"3
v e ry tall 24
Th ou wilt bec ome poor
.
”5
D o est th ou b eco me .

say be c omest th ou ) i m p ati en t l h e grap es woul d b eco m e

( ,
T
r i p e i f t h e w ea th er were warm I shoul d hav e b ecome h i s .
,

fr i en d 5
26
i f I h ad bec om e ac quai n ted wi th hi m
,
” Th at h e28
5
.

may b ec om e ri ch Th e wom an say s that sh e h as bec ome

99 30
.
3 ‘

p oo r .

‘
The tr e bet 8 m m Gr e gri m
e, Th man be: Sim i an
. Rich e n, . e , .
,

a i d) T grow 29 mm o Tired withe Imp ti t ungebulbtg . Th a en e

i r t i 2m
. . .
, , ,

Cold felt Th w te has ilB fi cr W m w m

'

a c e a r, a ar ar

Fin m
. . .
, , ,

i en e, E emi es 8 8 m . Fr i ds 8 r unb n Th ppl , . en ,

c c. e a es ,

bi 91:9 c
c
‘
Soo bulb Ri pe t cif
1
Th g p
n, t ie SlB ei ntr ub n
.
, . e r a es , a c .

The knif b e M cflcr B lunt flumpf ‘

Th chi l d but am 2° 7
'

e, e . Th ,
'
. e , . e

gi l has illtdbqacn
r ,
V y f bt Tall gr ofi
. P ar mer His ,
e .
, . oor , .

f i d fei gu a o
r en ,
Acquai nted wi t h hi m mi t i bm B fannt
n n .
2"
Th t , e . a ,

a dep n d t clause The woma t i c fi r m 2’

M i ; begi ns e en S ys fegt . n, . a ,
.

U e the per fect conjun cti ve

s .

THE RE GU LAR CO N J U G A T I O N C.

There ar e two re gul ar conj ugati on s th e str ong an d the

41 .
,

wea k an d all verbs wi th a few ex cepti on s foll ow ei th er th e , ,

on e o r t h e oth er These conj ugation s di ffer i n th e followi n g .

p arti culars
1 Th e st ron g co nj ugati on i s di s tin gui sh ed by a chan ge o f
.

th e radi cal vowel i n th e imperfec t an d p ast parti ci ple ; th e

weak by an en ti re un chan geabl en ess of t h e root For
,
.

M pl e
P m rn n m u .

S tr a w —
M m. tune
to si n g san g
“
. .

W W W, tw o.
to speak . s po ke .
 m u m oo a m e a r xo ms '
. 23

Wea k —
10 6 m, Iobtc,
to p raise p raised . .

2 Th e i m p e rfec t ten se i n th e st ro n g c onj ugati on tak es no

.

te rmin ati on i n th e fi rst an d thi rd p erson s si n gul ar ; i n t h e

weak i t takes i t or etc (En gl ish ed ) ; as i d) or 21: fang I or —
,
he san g i d; or er fi xed) I or h e spok e ; but id) or er Iobtc I
, ,

or h e p rais ed id) or ct Ieitete I or h e guided , .

3 Th e past parti ci pl e i n th e stron g conj ugati on tak es t he

te rmi n ation eu (En gli sh en ) i n th e weak t or ct (En glish ed) ,

as — gef uugcu sun g ; gcf

, b b
r oc eu s po k en ; but gelobt p raised , ,

g el eit et
,
g ui d ed .

4 Th e c on di ti on al of th e p res en t i n th e st ro ng co nj ugati on
.

is form ed from th e imp erfec t by addi n g c an d modi fyin g th e

rad ical vowel i f i t be capabl e of modifi cati on ; i n th e weak
,

c onj ugat o n is h e v ery sam e as th e im p erfect

i ,
i t t F or .

Str ong .
(
—
) id
rbeuu ) f g , (f) I san g from id; fang I sang
du c i , ,
.

(m ) id B b (i f ) d fr o m id h o r d
'

enu ; tc I o fl er e , ) o t I ffe e , , .

(menu ) id} fd flu g ( )
e if I st r uc k fro m, id) fcblug I , ,

struc k .

Wea k —
(men u) id) Io btc , ( if ) I p r ai se d t h e sam e as id) 10 5 0, ,

I p raised .

The Eng i s l h language pre e s nts ly on analogy to the formati on

on e 0
of st rong ver bs — namely I w (id) mare) for med fr
,
ere , o
the i mper fect (id) max)
‘ '
I was .

5 In t h e
. sec on d an d thir d person s sin gular of th e presen t
in di cati v e i n th e stron g conj ugati on th e rad ical v owel c i s ,

ch an ged i n to i or i t a in to 6 0 in to 6 au in to du whi l e th er
, , , ,

is n o chan ge i n th e weak For ex ampl e .

Str aw i d? flared ”. I sp eak bu W

—
WW er fluids . , .

i ch tr age I car ry bu tt dgfl ct trdgt

, , , .

id; flofic I push bu fi bfiefi er fi bfit

, , , .

i d; Iaufc I r un bu Idufi t er Iduft

'

, , , .

Wea k i d) Iebc I live bu c fi ct c i

—
, , , .

id) male I pain t bu malfi er malt

, , , .

id; lobe I p raise bu Iobfi ct Ib bi

, , , .

id) faufc I buy bu fauffi ct tauft

, , .
24 E E L M E N T A R Y G ER MA N G R AM M A R .

Th e han ge of c i n to i or te takes place al so i n th e sec ond

c

per s on si n gular of th e imp erative i n all those verbs of th e

stron g conj ugati on i n which th e sam e chan ge i s mad e i n t h e
,

p re sen t i n di cati v e In such cases th e termi n ati on c p ecul iar

.
, ,

to th e sec on d p erson sin gul ar of th e i mpe rative is dropped ; ,

e y
.
—
.
fbr i cl) sp eak bcflebl, comm an d
,
.

4 2 Th e foll owin g tabl e p res en ts a v iew o f th e te rmina

.

ti o n s of th e si mple ten ses an d v erbal s of b oth c onj ugati on s

PR E SEN T T E NSE .

In b o th C o nju g a t i o ns .

S i ng ula r , 1 . c,
2 41 .1 it.
3 ct
.

W eak C o nju g a ti o n.

ctc, te,
2 . ctc t,
f t,
tcf
3 etc,
.

Plu r a l, 1 . ten,
ctcu,
2 ctct, i d ,
.

3 ctcu, tcu
. .

IMP EB F E CT TENSE .

St r on gC on u j g at i on. W e ak Conju gati on.

etc, te,
2 . ctc fl ,
tcft,
3 . etc, te.
ten,
ctcu,
2 ctct, tct,
.

3 ctcu, tcu
. .

IM P ERA TI VE ,

In bot h Co qjug at i o n s .

S i ng u la r , P l ur a l,
c
3 an, n.
 RE G ULAR CO NJ U G A TI O NS . 25

INFIN ITI VE ,

In b ot h C onju g ati on

en. 11 .

PAR TI CI P LE S .

rn sn m,
'
“
er .

in b o th C onju g ati o ns . W eak

cub, ub .

ll l d d l ll l
The sy ab e gc prefi x e to the ra i ca sy ab e in t he p as t p ar ti ci p e of l
h
mos t ver bs of bot conjugati ons , is ca e t he augment ll d
It is i s pen se . d d
wi th, h owever — 1 In all ver bs ha vi ng an un acce n t e prefi x : as — ct fuubcu
. d .

d
in ven te , from ct fi ubcu. to i n ven t ; bcr fauft so fr om bcr faufcn t o se
, ld
. . ll
( see 2 In a ll
. v er bs en i n g in m ; as — d
ti ubtt t st u i e , fr om ftubir n . d d
d
t o st u y ; bucbfi abi rt s p e , fr om bucbf
, lt
tabit cu. to s pe ll .
 E LE M E N T A R Y (HMU ME £ &

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28 E LE M E NT LR Y GE R MA N GR AMMA R .

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 RE G U LA R OO N J U G A T I O N S . 29

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80 E LR M E N T A B Y GE R M AN GR A MM AR .

ExEB C I SE IV .

C njug ti f W eak V b o a on o er s.

I pr ai se hi m 1
H e p r ais ed me ’ 3
Th e t each er p r ai s es th e
“
. .

‘
pup il Par en ts l ov e th ei r chi l dr en
.
'
5 6 7 Do you l ear n (say .
,

lea rn you) G e r m an 1 9
We ar e l ear n i n g (say w e l ea r n ) ,

G er ma n My fath er h as bo ugh t a h o rs e Wh er e h as h e
.
”
.

bough t i t ? Wh at h av e you b ough t ? I sh all buy a

11

13
w atch 12
H as t th o u as ked hi m ? I sh oul d h av e as ked
“
.

hi m H e wi ll as k you
. Wh at d o you say 1 Sh e sai d .

‘ ‘7
n othi n g
15
My m oth er.
5
h as sai d i t Th ey w ill bui l d a .

h ous e Th ey h ad buil t a ch ur ch
.
18
Wh o h as been laughi n g 1 19
.

“
(say h as laugh ed I) Th ey laugh ed Wh y do you laugh I
20

“
.
,

Wh at do es h e wi sh 1 5
Wh er e d o es h e li ve I ”
We sh oul d
h a v e h ear d "3
of i t
“ H ear my ad v i c e "5
H e d o es n ot h ear
. .

M t r wi sh es m e to l ear n G er man w
”
yo u .
y fa h e ( say i sh es ,

th at I may l ea r n G er m an ) H e says th at h e h as l ear n ed ” .

F r en ch an d G e r man
” 29 30 ‘
My fr i en d h as told [to ] me
” m .

tha t h e w i l l buy 33 an es t ate

34
Wh at woul d you say i f I .
,

as ked you I I sh o ul d h a v e sai d i t if you h ad w i sh ed i t , .

1
Hi m, ibu Me, mite The teacher , be: Scbr ct
. The pupil
. .

bcn © d)fi l cr Parents , G lam To love, Ii cht a Their

“
. . .

chil dr en , i f
) Ri nt cr To lear n, mum . German, t fd) To buy, . .

taufm . What, was A watch, ci ne Ubt To as k (a queati on),

. .

fr agcu . To say, fagcu Not hi ng, My mother , mei ne M utt er

. .

To build, be am A church, ci ne M . To laugh, Iacbm Wh y, . .

m m To wish, mfi nf cu
. To li v e — that is, to dwell wohnenm .
—
.

To hear , bbt m Of i t, bar on . My adv ice (aca ), mci ncu {Rad} . .

Ar range, he hears you not (See

’
Use t he perfect conjun ct i e.
. v
Fren ch, Gt augbflfq An d, nub My fr i en d, mci u M itt
. To . .

tell, fageu To me, mi r

. Use the future conjun cti v e An es t ate,
. .

cia 8 m m .

E X E R CI S E V .

Co nfirmat i on of W k V b.
ea er cont i n ued .

Itw as r ai n i n g D o es i t r ai n ? l
I h av e coun ted u po n
.
’

3 D n ot co un t (say, c oun t n ot ) upo n me

‘
H e s t r i kes
“
y ou . o .

(say, forges ) th e i r o n whi l e i t is h ot Th ou c ons ol est me

7
5 8
. .

Sh e h as co n s ol ed me I h av e been w ai ti n g (say, I h av e
9
.

wai t ed ) for you 10

Th ey wai ted a l on g ti m e
.
11
H e do es n ot .

‘
To rai n, guru “
The v er bs occ ur ri ng i n these sentences , down t o th e
.

q
thir d fr om the en d, re ui r e the i nacr ti on of c in all cas es where i t is put
in pare n thes is in the speci men of t he weak conjug ati on To coun t, .

rect um Upon you, cuf 6 k

. Upon me, auf mi tt To for ge , fcbmi cbeu
. . .

6 The i mu t ee G i cu
f
7
While it ia hot , d ifi ‘
To conaole,
“ “
. .
,

tt bfi m.
’
To wai t , um tcu. For m n tf fl c A long ti ma lanqc. .
 m um OO N J U G A T I O NB . 81

13 ‘
a wolf
4
br ea th e Th ey h av e kill ed
" H e i s wo r ki n g ”
“
. . .

17
H e w or ked too mu ch H ow l on g h av e you been wo r ki n g 1 .

13
Wh y do yo u n o t wo r k ? H e wo ul d ear n m o , if he
r e 19
2‘
wo r ked m or e di li gen tly ”
My co usi n h as stu di ed med i”
.

23 2‘
ci n e .Th e mer ch an t wo uld n ot h ave fail ed i f h e h ad
”
,
M ‘
en em y
been m o r e caut i ous . Th e ” h as b om b ar d ed 28
th e
to wn .
”

To br ea h e, ai rmen t To kill , tbbtcu A wolf . ci nm il8 .

m .

To wor k, ar bci t m
'

Too much, 5a s i eI How long, m

. i: l ar ge. .

To ear n, cer t i cncn More, mcbr More di ligen tl , flcifii get

. My . y .

cous in , met a B ctxct

‘ a
To stud , fi ubir m Regar di n g t he pas t par ti ci ple
. y .

o f ver bs en di n
g i n irt u, we 4 2, not e Medi ci n e, illh bi ci n The . .

merch an t, bet xaufmauu To fail, faIIir cn .

-
Mor e cauti ous , cor fitti ng . “ .

The enem , bet Saint y

To bombard, Bombar bi r m 2’
Th e to wn,
t ic 6 mm .

§ 45 .v er bsMo st
fo r m th e i r p er fe ct an d p l u p er fec t ten ses
,

an d th e p as t i n fi ni ti ve an d su p i n e by m ea n s o f t h e aux il i ar y ,

o h ave co n si d er abl e n u mb er o f i n tr an s i ti v e
ver b
bahcn t A ,
.

ver bs h ow ever take fci n to be n am ely

, , ,

1 Th o s e i n tr ans i ti v e v er bs w hi ch den ote a ch an ge of

.

con di ti on ; as — fi tt bm to di e ; genefcn to r ecov er fr om an , ,

ill n ess ; madi fm to gr ow ; wet bcn to bec o m e ; et h anfm t o

, , ,

fall ill ; ci nfdi lafcu to fall asl ee p dz c , ,

.

2 Th o se i n tr an si ti v e ver bs whi ch d en ote m oti on t o o r

.

fr o m a p la ce es p eci ally th e foll owi n g :

,

fabrcu to go (i n a con v eyan ce) Iaufm to ru n

, , , ,

fall en to fall , ,
en to tr a vel
r ei f , ,

f g
l i c m, to fl y, rci tcn, t o r i d e,
fli cbcn, to flee, fegela, to sai l,
fli cfim, to fl ow , flutes , to si n k,
geh m,
t o o
g , fpri ngcu ,
to s pr i n g ,

fommm ,
to co me , t
f g
c i c u ,
to r i se ,

o go , to m ove, dz c ,
lanben, t o lan d, g b
i e en ,
t

o
al n g wi th compoun ds as h av e li ke th e si m p le
su ch o f th ei r ,

v er bs th e mean i n g of l ocom oti on ; e g ahfabt m to s tar t ;

,
.
—
.
,

mcgfli cgcn to fly aw ay ; ausgebcn to go out ; anfommm to

,
'

, ,

ar ri ve mtfommcn, to es ca pe 650 , .

3 Th e foll owin g i n tr an si ti ve ver bs z— Blci bm to r emai n ;

.
,

gcfdycbm to h appen ; fei n, t o be ; Begegnen to m ee t ; folgm

, ,

to foll ow ; mci cbcu to yi eld ,

 E LE M E NT A R Y G ER MA N G RA MMA R .

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.
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.
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 REG U LA R O
C NJ U G ATI O N S . 33

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H O “
 CLA SSIF ICA TION OF TH E ST R ON G VER B S .

4 7 A ll v er bs of th e s tr o n g co nj ugati on ar e di v i d ed i n to
.

th r ee classes a cco r di n g as th ey agr ee i n th e r adi c al vow el

,

an d eac h o f t h e t h r ee c l ass es h as se v er al subd i v i s i o n s a cco r d ,

i n g as th ey agr ee i n th e c h an ge o f t h e r ad i cal vo w el i n th e
i m p er fe ct t en s e an d th e p as t p ar ti c i p l e .

Th e v er bs o f t h e fi r s t cl as s agr ee i n h av i n g t h e r adi c al
vo w el i or e A few o n ly h ave 6 6 ii 0 or an Th e v er bs
.
, , ,
.

o f t h e s e co n d cl as s a r ee i n h a v i n t h e d i p h t h o n t i Th e
g g g .

v er bs of th e thi r d class h av e a a few eu 0 or 11 Th e , , .

fo ll owi n g ta bl e sh e ws h o w i n each cl ass th e r adi cal vow el

ch an g es i n th e v ar i o us s ubdi v i si o n s
R A D I CAL V O WE L I N T H E I N F I NI T I V E,
A ND l i
w T EN S E.
I MP ER FB OT . P AS
T P A R T I CIP LB .

Fi rst Cl as s
“
.

tr r

2 i or c (d),
. a,
3 i (te, i n) or
. e (d , b, an ) , e,
4 i or e, a,

Secon d Cl as s .

i (sh or t), i (sh o r t) .

i t (l on g), i t (lo n g) .

Th i r d Cl as s

Subdi v 1 . . a ( an, e, u, ci ), a ( ou, 0 , 11 , ci )

.

2 . a, (1 .

FIRST CL A S S O F STR O N G V ER B S .

48F I R S T S UB D I V IS I ON
. .

Radi cal Vowel L I mper f t

— P t P a t i ci pl
ec a.— as r e u.

bi nt en, to b i n d, gebunben.

br i ngen, to p r e ss , gebr ungen .

fi n b en,
to fi n d , gefunben .

g e li nge n , t o s u cc e ed, c gu n en .

fli ngen, to so un d, gefl ungen .

t i ngen, to w r i n g, gm mgen .

fd fli ngen, to sw all ow, gcfcblungen .

 E LE M EN T A R Y G ER M A N G R A M M AR .

*
fb
tr c r cdcu, to
b e fri gh ten ed ,
gch d r cn,
t o br i n g fo r th,
gel tcn, to b e wor th ,
*

gemi nmn, to w i n ,
*
bf
el en, t o h el p ,
fommm, to co me ,

Webmcu ,
to take ,

ri nncn, to fl o w ,
*
fcbeltm to chi de , ,

fcbmimmcu to s wi m , ,

fi nuen to m edi ta te
, ,

fpinnen to sp i n , ,

‘ cr
i b ,
f m to d i e,
1‘
tr e cn, toff h i t,
“
ver ba ti m ,
to s poil ,

fl uer bcu, to su e,
‘
met b m, to beco me,
‘a
mfm, to th r ow,
N o t es .

I All ver bs of thi s an d t he foll owi n g t wo s ubdi vi s i ons mar ked wi t h

.

an as t er is k, ch an ge t h eir r adi ca l v ow el i n th e secon d an d t hi r d persons

si n ular of t h e r es en t i n di ca t i v e, an d i n t he secon d ers on si n ul ar of

g p p g
the imperat i v e, accor di n g t o t he r ul e st at ed i n 41 , 5 © cbdr cn has in .

th e pres en t gehar e gebi er ft gebi er t i mper ati ve gebi et

, , Webmcn has nehme
, . ,

ni mmfl ui mmt i mpe r at i v e ui mm

, , QBcr bcn has mi t ft wi t h by contr ac ti on,
. ,

but i n t he i mper ati v e rou t e .

2 The foll owi n g ver bs of th e above li s t hav e i n t he con di t i onal of the

.

en t t he modifi ed vowel n :- I f con di i on al fi b h

f t w
'

pres ; e1 cn e , er cn, t rbc ; ,

m bct bcn, b crbfi t be ; met bcu, mfi t be ; met bm mfxrbc ; merim h as both mdrfe
an d m A few h ave 6, especiall begmncn, bcgbunc ; bcfeiylcu, k i bble ; y
“
fi rfc .

em fcblm W M .

E X E R CI I E V I I .
%
Th e m as t er co m m an ds Th e1
b egi n s I be gan . mu si c ’
.

‘
too la t e
?
Th e i ce br eaks H e h as r e co mm en d ed h i m . .

w 6
p 7
Do you r e co m m en d th i s wi n e 1
5
H e al ay s a s s ed for

The mas ter , bet 5m The mus i c, bi t M ufti n Mt

2
. . Too late , a .

The i ce , t o! Gi t Thi s wi n e (s ea ), hi qen fiBci u

.
’

. y
Al w a s , i mmet
Ar r ange, h e pas sed alw a s
‘ ’
To pass, gclt cu y . .
 CLA SS I F I CA T I ON OF TH E S I B ON G
f '
VE R B S .

a ri ch man Thi s co
9
is in 9 n ot curr en t 1°
h er e Wh o h as
“
. .

won th e gr eat p r i z e 2 I v 12
wi n Sh e h elp s th e
“
n e er .

poo r .
13
Wh o co mes th er e ? in Co m e . D o n ot co me too
late . We cam e too soon 15
Y ou h av e (say ar e) n ot co m e .
,

at t h e p r op er t i m e H e too k ”
16
t h e pen Take th e pen
. . .

H as h e taken th e m o n ey 1 18
Will h e take th e m on ey ? H e "

d o es n ot 19
take an y m o n ey Th e wom en ar e s p i n n i n g
20
.

il a x ’n
. D o you s p eak G er m an 1 Sh e do es n ot s p ea k mu ch ”
.

H e i s dyi n g G o eth e di ed at
.
”3
Wei m ar Th e m an h as .

sto l en a p u r se
24
I h ave n ot m et h i m an yw h er e Th r ow
95
.
26
.

th e b oo k as i d e ” Th at h e m ay s p eak w i th m e
.
28
I f h e h ad .

s po ken wi th me If you cam e If you h ad (s ay w er e)

. .
,

come too l ate Th at h e m ay h el p us

.
’29
I f th e i ce w er e to .

”
br eak .

For a ri ch man , fur ei nen rei cben M ann Thi s coin , t i efe Thi ng .

‘ ’
To be curren t , gelten Arr an ge , is current h ere not . The great .

pri z e, has gr ofie 20 06 Nev er , ni e A r r an ge,

.
‘
w i n n ever
’ I:
Th e . I .

poor , ben e men (dat pl )

‘
In, her ei n Too s oon, i n ful l)
. . At . .

th e proper ti me , a n: r echt en Sei t The pen, bi c ii ebet The mon e , . . y

has @ € lb Not an y mone , fei n © elb
.
2°
The women , bi t Sr auen y . .

x
Fl a , Sl eeps 2’
Much, ci eI Arr an ge, she speaks n ot much
.
’ a
. At , 311 . .

A pur s e, ci ne 23 7 l m
Not an where , ni r genbs Arr an ge, have y . I
hi m n ot an w h ere met y ’
To meet , tt efi en Asi de, bei e
. . m .

Wi t h me, mit mir Us , uns Use t h e pres ent con di ti on al

. . .

50 . TH IR D S u B DI V Is I ON .

Radi cal Vowel i (i e, it) or e (a, b, o.— P as t P ar t i ci ple o.

f -
bewegen, to i n d uc e,
bi egen, to ben d ,
a
bi eten, to bi d, o ffer ,
*
brefcben, to th r as h ,
fb
et c all en, to r es un d, o
*
fed)ten to fi gh t, ,

flt dytcn to twi n e , ,

fliegen to fly , ,

fli eben, to fl ee ,
x
fli efien, to flow ,

fri eren to fr eez e

, ,

g b ,
d r en to fer m en t,

geni cfien, to enj oy,

gi efi en , to po u r ,
3
8 E LE M E N T A R Y G ER M A N G R A M M A R .

gli mi ncn, to gli mm er , i

s ouan, g g omnten.
e l
b ,
eb cn to li ft / 4 W bob, geboben .

fli nn nen, to cli mb, fImntn, gefl ommen .

fr i ecben, to cr e ep, f wd), geft ocben .

er If>f eri ofdy er l of

*
cben, , dnn .

*
ver lbfcben, ber lofcb, ver lofcben .

Ifi gen, to t ell a l i e, Iog, gelogcn .

melfen, to mi l k, a i, gc m ol fen .

hflcgen, to p r acti s e , bflcg, gepflogen .

*
qucflen, to s p r i n g for th , quell , gequoflen .

ri ecben to sm ell, ,
r od), ge r o cb e n f éf
*
fa n fe n to ,
d r i n k ( sa i d o f b eas ts) , gefoffen .

fangen to su ck , , fog, g g
e i o en.

fa x t en to,
s h ear , b Dt , gefcbet en .

q i eben to sh ov e , , fdyob , gefcbobcn .

f fi
cb i e en to s h oo t M0 6 gt fd w fi en
W
.
, , ,

f fi
d fl i e en to s h
,
u t M , icbl ofi , gefcblofien
'

.
,
‘ c mel en to mel t m m
fb g , , i b olg
c , ge f cb o l gen .

fb
c na u b cn to s n or t M
, , fa B
c , gefcbnoben .

fdyt auben to s cr ew W f b b gt fdyt obcn

‘

, ,
. c t o , .

fn
d v d r en to f,
os t er , fcbmot , gefdi moren .

‘ c mell e
fb n to s w ell, , fcbmoll , gefcbmoflen .

fm
d b r en to s
,
w e a r , fi
d m vr o r fcbmut , ge f d nv oren .

fle b e n to
,
b o i l ( i n t r a n s i t i v e ) , iott , gefot t en .

{bri eficmto s pr o ut , f ofi
p r , gefhroffen .

fl i eb m to ,
b e s catter ed , fto lv
, geftoben .

tri efen to dr i p, ,
trof f , getroffen .

b
( fi ge t fi e n to d e c,
e i ve , (be)tr cg , (b e ) t r og en .

verbt i efien to v ex (i m p ers o n al )

, , verbr ofi , berbr ofi en .

vct Ii et en t o l o se ver lot , ber Ioren

henchm
.
, ,

en t o ceas e s o un di n g
, , M ichell , vcr fcboIIen .

meben to w ea ve
, , mob , gemoben .

mi egen to w ei gh (i n tr an si ti ve)
, ,
meg ga r ogen
magen to w ei gh (tr an si ti v e) , .

“
, ,

tu b e t
;
o p ull W , W No
°
8 8r 983
e

1 In all v er bs of the above s ubdi vi si on , th e r oot of whi ch en ds in f or

.

d), i t long is ch an ged in th e i mper fect an d past par i ci ple int o 0 shor t ; t
fl ofi gefi vflen ; t i edIen r od) ger ochen Als o in fi eben, tr iefen
'

ss - fli efi e1t , , , . .

an d fanfen t he lon g vowel is ch an ged i n o a s hor t one, an d t h e follow

, t
i ng cons onant is doubled i n con sequen ce ; in fi eben mor eo v er , t he b is ,
 ou ss r r mA r I O N '
o r T H E ST R ON G va s . 89

2. In the second an d hi rd per sons si n gul ar of the present in di cati ve, t

an d the second per son sin gular of the i mperati v e of et l bfcben an d b et w fdgen ,

t he 5 is chan ged in to i In fanfen, t he an is modifi ed i n th e second and

.

thi r d pe rsons si n gular of t he presen in di cati ve ; see 41 , 5 t .

3 B etb egen i n t he si gnifi cati on t o move (ph si call ), bflegen, i n the

’
.
’
y y
‘
t o nur se, an d to be ac cus t omed, an d wi egen i n the meani ng
’
sense of
’

‘
to rock, are conjug at ed by the weak for m
’
Q uell en. fcbmelgen, {dwell ers .

fi eben are likewi s e weak, when used i n a t r ans i ti ve sense ; the las of
, t
t
these four someti mes akes the weak conjugat i on , ev en wh en us ed i n an
in tr ansi t i ve meani ng .

EX E R C I SE VIII .

Th e sm i th h as bou t t h e i r o n l
Th e ’2
. r eg i m en ts
3 h a ve
‘
fough t bra vely 5
Th e gi r l w as br ai di n g h er h ai r
.
6
Th e .

water fl ow s Th e bi r d fl i es Th e en emy h as (say, i s ) ti ed

7 .
8
. ,

I t h as been fr eez i n g las t n i gh t 9

I h ave pour ed wi n e i n to .

10 12
th e glass Th e wo r m 11
cr ee p s Th e boy h as told a li e
“
. . .

Th e fl ow ers ‘ 3 s m ell Th e dog h as dr un k w ater I h a ve

“ “
. .

sh ot a b ar e H av e you l ost an yth i n g i

. I h ave l os t a
pocket h an dker ch i ef
- 17
H e l o s t e v er yt h i n g 18
Th e w a x
.
m .

i s mel ti n g Wei gh th e par cel? .

20
H av e you w ei gh ed i t ?
I t wei gh s ten poun ds 21
H e p ull ed th e cap 22
o v er hi s .

( y,
sa t h e ) h ea d 23
W e s h all r em ov e
94
t o
95
.G e r m an y .

The s mi t h,The ir on, baa Gii enbet © cbmi et .

The re gi ments , bi e .

Regnnent et Bravel y , tabfet

. To br ai d, fi ecbten ) we
Her ha ir , fit! . .

bear . The bir d, bet 58 0m l The enemy , bet Sei nb Las t ni ght, . .

bori ge M t nt o t he glass , i n baa G l ee

. I
The worm, bet flBut m . .

1’
Th e boy, bet Rnabe The flower s , bi e fi lamen The dog, bet
. .

S nub A hare (ace ), ei nen S afen

. Anyt hi ng, m s A pocket . .

handkerchi ef, ei n St afcbent u Ev er yt hi ng , The wax , bad w .

i8 m .
‘
The parcel, bus B adet a
Ton poun ds , gebn al funb The . .

ca , bi e Whi t e Over the h ead, fiber ben Rebf To remove, gieben

p . . .

61 . F OU R T H S u s mv rs ron .

Radi cal Vowel i or e. -I mper fect a

( g)
lon — . Past P ar t i ci ple e.

bi tt en, to beg, bot,

*
fl to eat
'

e en, afi , ,

frefien to eat (sai d of beas ts )

'

ft ofi,
*
, ,

g ben to gi ve
*
e , gob , ,

genefen to r ecov er fr om i lln ess

, g ena e , ,

gf b ,
e d x en to h app en
(i m p erso n al ) gefcbab , ,
*
Iefen, to r ead, laB,
40 E LE M E N T A R Y GE R M A N G RA M M A R.

li egen,to li e ,
lag, l
g cg
e m .

mefien to m easur e mafi gemeflen

'
‘
'

.
, , ,

feben to see fab gcfeben

*
.
, , ,

to f
g fi
'

fg
i en s i,
t , fafi ,
e c en .

*
tr eten to tr ead, ,
tt at, getret en .

i‘
mrgefien to for get m eat ber gefi en
'

.
, , ,

Not e

In t he d an d t hi r d persons si n gul ar of th e present in di ati ve, and

s econ
c
the sec on d person si n gul ar of th e i m m
rati v e of tr et en, l on g e is ch anged

in to short i , an d t he followi ng con son an t is doubled z— i d; tr ete bu tr itt fi ,

a tr i t t ; imper ati v e t ri t t .

EX ER C I SE IX .

H e as ks for p er m i ss i o n 1 ’
sli c e
3 meat. ‘
I as k for a f . o

A fr i en d 5
h as as ked m e to di n n er
6
Woul d you com e, i f I .

asked you I I eat ver y li ttl e 7 H e e at s a gr eat d eal 8 ’

"
Eat . .

u
as mu c h as yo u l i ke Th ey too k (s ay, ate) su pp er H a ve
10

“
. .

y o u al r ea d
y
12
h ad ( y,
sa ea t e n ) b r e a k fas t W e s h all d i n e

i mm ed i ately 15
Th e do g eats a p i ec e
.
1°
of b r ead " My .

teach er gi ves [to ] m e p r i vate lesso n s

18 19 ”0
G i v e [to ] m e a .

’23
g l a s s
21
of b ee r I h a v e g i v en [ ]
to . h i m ”
t h e k ey I sh o u l d .

h a v e g i ven [to ] h er some m o n ey, i f sh e h ad as ked m e

24
Sh e .

h as (say, i s) r e cov er ed fr o m a se v er e il l n ess ”5

I t h appen ed .

’m
y es t e r d ay W e ar e r eadi n g a G e r m an boo k }
.
?7
M y s i s t e r

r ead s S chi ll er s Wilh el m Tell H av e you r ead Pl aten s

’ ’
.

poems Rea d sl o w ly 29
I sh oul d r e ad m o r e , "0
i f I h ad
.

mo r e ti me Th e b oo ks 3 1
li e u po n th e table 3 2
H e h as
“
. .

measu r ed th e cl oth ”
H av e you seen Mi ss M J Y es , . I
h a v e s een h e r 3
5
I s ee h er e v er y d ay ”6
D o you s ee th e
. .

To as k, bi tt en For per missi on, um Gr l aubni fi For a sli ce, um

‘

. .

ei n Q t fi d cben Meat, Slei fd)

. A fri en d, ei n M at To di nn er , gum
. .

fill i t t agseflen
'

er li tt le, febr meni g

. V y A great deal , fehr b i d Use . .

the secon d per son s in gul ar of t he i mper ati ve 1°

As much as you like, fr .

bi d bu m iIIft S upper , l enbbrob

. Alre ad , fet ua B reakfast , . y .

w
st e ed To di n e, a n W mmedi a tel , foglet d) A pi ece, I y
' '

. ag eflen . .

ei n G rad B read, 23
. rob My t eacher , mei n Bett er .To me, mi r . .

Pr i v at e lessons , ill ri b atftunben A glas s, ei n Gi les To hi m, i hm.

. .

The key (s oc ), ben M Ifi fleI To h er , i br Fr om a sev er e illn ess,

. .

non ci ner f cbm er en xr anfbei t Yest er da , geftern A Ger man book,

. y .

ei n beut fd 23nd) m P oems , Glebicbte . Slowl , Iangfam More, . y .

mehr
33
. The books, bi e 23 a
W
Upon t he t able, auf bem S i fcbe . .

The cl ot h, has S tub Y es, in. Her , fi e . Ever day, ails Qicge . y .
 CLAS S I F IC A T I O N o r r u n S TR O N G va n e s . 41

h ouse 1 3
7 H e d o es n ot see Wh er e do es h e si t ? We
me 3
8

“ “
.

sat u po n a b en c h
39
St e p 0
. i n to th e r oo m 1
H e for gets .

n oth i n g ”
. H a v e you fo r gott en i t ? I s h all n o t fo r get

Th e h ous e, baa b ane ,

he sees me not
.
3“Ar range Upon a ben ch , .
’

s uf ei ner éB ant To step, tr et en

. n t o t he room, i n bat Si mmer
. I
‘2 ’
Not hi n g, ni d ne Ar range,
. I sh all i t not for get .

S E CO N D CLA S S O F STR ONG VERB S .

52 . F IR ST SU B D I V I S I O N .

Vowel cL Imperfect and Pas t P arti ci ple

Radi cal —

l
(fi h) f fi
t Be lei en to a pp ly o
,
n e s s el f Befli fi
’
, ,

bei fien to bi te Bi fi
"

, , ,

er bl ei dyen to turn p al e
, er bl i ch , ,

glei cben, to r es embl e, gli d),

g le i t en,
to g li d e ,
l i
g t, t
gr eifen, to sei z e,
Inei fen, to p i n ch,
r lei ben, to su ffer ,
pfeifen, to w h i stl e,
t ei fien, to t ear ,
z t ei ten, to r i d e,
z
fcbleidyt n, to s n eak,
fcbleifen, to gr i n d,
fd flei fien, to sl i t,
fdi mei fim, to fli n g,
icbueiben, to cut,
fcbrei tm, to st r id e,
fi b ,
t e i c en to s t r o ke,

mei cben, to yi el d,
Note .

The vowel bei ng sh ort i n th e imper fect an d past par ti ci ple, t h e fi nal
c ons onan t Of t h e root is doubled, e ce t w h er e i t is double alre ad
p x In y .

t wo v er bs n amel , Iei ben an d f

m
y d mei ben—
t h e b i s har dened .

E X E R CI S E X .

Th e dog bi t es Th e dog h as bi tt en th e
. c h il d . Th e si s ter l

res em bl es th e br ot h er
”
I sei z ed hi m . . Th e 3
di sease h as
The si s ter , bi t g c hmefi et . The brot her , bem 8 m a: (dat ) Th e
di seas e bi e t uti bet t
, .
 B LE M B NT A B Y G E R M A N G R A M M A B .

p ‘
Th ey wan t wan t ? Would
5
D o es h e suffer
‘

s r ead . sufl er .

y o u ha v e su ffer ed i t ? T h e boy w as w hi st li n g a tun e

5
T h e .

to rn th e b oo k t o p i e c es
7 e r i d es fas t at h e
8
gir l h as H Th . .

may r i d e fas t If h e r o de fas t We r o d e th r ough th e for es t

.
9
. .

10
Th ey h a ve (say ar e) go n e o n h o r s eba ck to D Th e
11

“
.
,

p e t r ees ave cut m y fi n ge r

12 ” ”
ga r d en er i s r un i ng t h I h . .

TO spread, um fi d) grei fen Want , M angel A tune, ei n Si eb

. To . .

i eces , ent gtb ei Fas t , fennell Thr ough the for est , t urd) ben fiBal b
p
. . .

TO go on horseback, r ei t en To, nod) The gar dener , bet Gi an na

. . .

To pr une, befcbnei ben The tr ees bi e Q aume

.
is
My fi nger , in

bet! Si nger .

53 S EC . ON D SU B D I V IS ION .

Radi ca l Vowel eL — Imper fect an d P as t P ar ti ci ple i e G on .

g )
bleiben, to r emai n , gebl i ehen.

g eb ei b ,e n to p r os p e r , gebi eben .

Ieiben, to l en d, g hen
el i e .

mei ben to avoi d ,

, gemi eben .

4 br ei i en, to p r ai s e, genr i efen .

r ei ben to r ub,
, ger i eb e n.

fd ni ben, to p ar t, gefcbi ebm .

fd ni nen, to sh i n e, gef cb i en en .

b rei ben, to w r i te, gefcbt i ebm .

fy
d r c i e n ,
to s c r e a m, gefdi r i een .

fd m e i g c u ,
to b e s i l en t,
gefcbmi egen .

fbei en, to s p i t, gefpi een .

fl g ,
c i c n to m o u n t, gf g
e ti c en.

tr t i hen, to d r i v e , t
g r i eben
e .

wei fen, to sh ew , gemi efm .

M eet
} ge i b c n ,

O N
to accuse ,
gegi eben .

E X E R CI S E XI .

DO you r emai n at h o me ? I di d n ot stay l on g We ‘

.
’

ha ve (say, are) r emai n ed fr i en ds 3

Len d [to ] m e your st i ck ‘
. .

I h ave e t [to ]
l n hi m 5
my G er m an gr amma r
6
A vo i d e vil
7 ‘ .
.

To st a , bl eiben y Lon g, (ange. TO me, mi r Your sti ck (s oc ),

. .

Shren © t od To hi m, i bm
. My Ger man gr ammar , meiae beut e
.

Q t annncti l
’
Use t he secon d pe rs on si ng ular of th e i mper ati ve
. Evi l . .
44 E LE M EN T A R Y G E R M A N G R A M M A R.

E X E R CI S E X II .

Th e coo k l
h as r oasted a l eg Of mu tto n .
2
Th e bo y h as
i s) fall en fr o m th e I fell o v er a ston e Th e tr ee 3 ‘
(say, . .

wat er falls I h av e caugh t a b i r d

.
5
A r e you go i n g to .

s c h oo l 1
6
We w en t h om e 7 Sh e h as (say, i s ) gon e to th e .

ball 8
I oul d r ath er h av e (say, be) gon e to th e con c er t
S h 9 ”

“
. .

Woul d you ac com p an y m e, i f I w en t ? Walk slowly ” 13

.

A n h o n es t man 14
ke e p s ”
h i s wo r d 16
D i d h e d eli v er ” a .

s p ee ch 1
18
Th e co at ‘9
h an gs i n th e w ar dr ob e 20
’
Wh at (say, .

23
h ow ) i s th i s
” 22
call ed i n G erm an 7 24
Let m e go Sh e .

h as left 25
h er b oo ks 26
at h o m e A st ag 27
r un s fa s t We r an . .

th r ough th e gar den 28

Wh at h av e you ad vi sed [to ] h i m ?
.

I sh all ca ll my m an ser van t - ”9

H e Sl eep s H e h as been . .

sl ee p i n g .

3
Th e cook, A leg Of mut t on, ei ne fi ammeli eul e
bi e Rabi n . From .

the tre e, b on betn 23 anme Over a s tone, fi ber ei nen G i tei n

. A bi rd .

(ace ), ei nen B agel TO sc hoo l, i n bi e C

. Bcbul e
‘ 7
Home, nod) 55mm . .

TO t he ball, auf ben D oll To t he con c er t , i n e

'
Rat her , Ii eber . .

Goncer t . To accompan , beglei t en 1’

To walk, geben y S lowl , . . y
Iangfam . An hon es t man , ei n ebr l i cher Tl ann To keep, batt en . .

His wor d, fei n flB or t T o de li v er , batt en . A s pee ch , ci ne fli ebe . .

2‘
T he co at , ber fli ed In th e w ar dr obe, i n bem fi lei berfcbr ani How,
“
. .

mi c .
7
Th is , t i es To be call ed, bei éen
.
2‘
In G er man , auf {Deutfd} . .

2"
To leave, Iaflen Her books , i I)r e A s t ag , ei n fi i ti d)
'

. .

28
Thro ugh t he gar den , bard) ben ®at t en My man -s er v an t (m ). .

mei nen Si ebi ent en .

55 . SECO N D S U B D I V IS I O N .

Radi cal Vowel a. -Imp er fect u. — P as t P ar i ci ple t a.

fl att en, to bake, Buf, gebacfen .

*
fahr en, to dr i ve, or g o

co n v eyan ce
in a
fuhr ge a fh
ren.
,

g ben to d i g
*
t a , , g b,
r u gegr aben .

Iaben to l oad , ,
Inb, gelaben .

fcbaffen to cr eat e , , icbnf , gefcbaf fen .

idi lagen to s tr i ke , , ichlug , gefcbl agen .

fi eben to s ta n d , , flanb (o bs olet e flunb), gefi an ben .

‘
tr agen to car r y , ,
tr ug , get r agen .

m cbfen to gr ow
‘ a
, , mucbe , gemab en.
*
mafd)en to w ash , , maid) .
g mafcben.
c
 I R REG ULA R OO N J U G A T I O N . 45

E X E R CI S E XIII .

We d r i v e th r ough th e p ar k
sh al l Th ey dr ov e v er y fas t .
1
.

Th ey h a ve d ug a h ol e 2
Th e gar d en er i s di ggi n g pota to es
.
?

‘
Th e cl ock s tr i kes I t h as str u ck th r ee
.
5
G od cr ea t ed th e
6
.

wo r l d out O f n othi n g Wh o t ds t er e 1 We s tood sti ll

7 8
s a n h .
”
.

H av e you carr i ed th e p ar cel to my h o u se 1 10

Thi s t r ee 11

13
n o fr ui t I f thi s tr ee b o r e fr ui t Th e gi r l i s gr own
1”
bears
“
. .

“
ver y fas t H as th e wom an w as h ed m y cl oth es l
. Th at
sh e m ay w as h my c l oth es .

Thr ough the par k, burr! ben ‘B at t A hole, ei n Bod) P ot at oes ,

) . .

Rar tofi el n . The clock, bi e Ubt Th ree br ei G od, O utt

. The .
. .

wor ld, bi e ill i ci t Out Of n ot hi n g, out ni cht e

. St ill , fli II To my . .

hous e, nacb mei nem fi aufe Thi s tr ee, ri efer Qi auin

. To be ar , tr agen . .

NO fr ui t tei ne . t W
My c lothes, mei ne Rlei bet
. .

I R R EG U LAR C ONJ UGATION .

56 Th i l rit f t h fo ll ow i v b co i t i
§ . e r r egu a y O e n g e r s n s s s n

th i s, th at th e for m a ti o n o f th e p r i n c i p al p ar t s— n am ely, th e
i m p e r fec t an d p as t p ar ti ci p l e — i s effe ct ed by a co m bi n at i on
Of th e s t r o n a n d w eak co nj ugat i o n s Th e r a d i c l vow el
g a .

un d er go es a ch an ge, as i n th e s t r o n g co nj ugat i o n , w hil e at

th e sam e ti m e t h e t e r mi n at i o n s p ec ul i ar to t h e w eak co n
j ugati on ar e afli x ed In br i ngen, to br i n g, an d benfen, to
.

th i n k, m o r eov er , th e fi n al co n so n an ts Of th e r oot ng an d uf
ar e ch an ged i n to (I) .

m P E RF EUI
‘
. P A ST P AR TI CIP LR. P R ESEN T CO ND I TI O N A L

brennen, to bur n , Br annt e, gebr annt,

’

Br i ngen, to br i n g, br acht e, geb r a cht ,

benfen, to th i n k, bachte, geb a cb t ,

fennen, to kn ow, tanut e, get an n t ,

nennen, to n am e, nann e, t genannt,

rennen, to r un , r annt e , g nnt,
et a

fenben, to sen d,
fa nb t e o r gi
e an b t o r 96
,

fenbete
fenbet
.

f
e nb et e , ,

wanbte or gemanbt or
wenben to t ur n , menbete
menbete
.
,

, wenbet,
J M
46 EL E M EN T A R Y G ER M A N G R A M M A R .

57 .
(co n t
S hun, to do
r act e d fo
b )
r t uen h as t h e i m p e r fect ,

that th e p r es en t con di ti o n al tbdte t h e p as t p ar ti ci p l e getban

, , .

QBi flen to kn ow ; p r es en t i n di cat i v e i d) mei fi bu mt ifi t

'

, , ,

co n t r acti o n for m i fi fi) w i fi p l l wit mi fien i bt

(a e e c t e u r a , , ,

mi fiet fie mi fien ; p r esen t conj u n cti ve i d) wi ffe p r es en t

'

, ,

co n d i ti o n al i d) mnfitc i m p er fe ct i d; mufite p as t p ar ti ci pl e
, ,

ge u m fit .

E X E R CI S E X I V .

Th e h ous e i s bn m i n g A mess en ger h as br ough t a l etter .

l
.
2

Wai t er , br i n g a b ottl e of wi n e Wh at ar e you th i n ki n g Of I

3 .

‘ ‘
(sa y,
w h er eo n ar e you th i n ki n g ? ) I th o ugh t of you
5
.

I sh oul d say i t , i f I th ough t oth er w i s e D O you not kn ow

? 7

me ? I kn ow you v er y w el l We di d n ot kn ow h i m H e . .

sai d th at h e kn ew
8
m e Th ey call ed h i m by h i s Chr i s t i an
9
.

‘ 13
na m e
10
Th e ki n g h as s en t a co ur i er
11 2
to Par i s H e h as
“
. .

do n e hi s d uty DO [to ] m e t h e favo ur

.
15
H e kn ows 16
.

mu ch I do n ot kn ow We kn ew i t Wh at would sh e
. . .

say, if sh e kn ew i t ?

A mes s en ger , ei n fi ote A let t er (s oc ), ei nen t i ef

. Wai ter .

Refi net . Wh er eon, moron Of you, an © i e O th er wis e, anbet l

. . .

T o know, k nnen in thi s an d t he foll owi ng t hr ee sent en ces

, U se the .

re s en t conjun c t iv e T o call, nennen B y hi s Chri s ti an name, bei

p . .

‘
fei nem Qi ornamen
2
Th e ki ng, bet Rbni g
. A couri er (s oc ), ei nen .

Gaut i er . To, nod) Hi s dut , fei ne SBfli djt

. Th e favour y .

ben Gl efall en To know, tvi flen in

. hi s an d t he foll owi n g t hr ee
'

, t
sen t en ces .

58 . v er bs Of mood bitt fen Ibnnen mbgen

Th e aux i l i ar y , , , ,

mil flen foam mouen h a v e a com pl et e co nj ugati o n th r ough

'

, , ,

all t en s es an d m oo ds e xc e pt i n g t h e i m p er ati v e m oo d w h i ch
, ,

i s for m ed O f mofi en o n ly Th e co rr es po n di n g En gli sh v er b s

.
,

dar e can may mus t sh all will bei n g defe ct i v e i n con

’
, , , , , ,

j ugati on oth er ph rases mus t fr equen tly be em p l oyed i n

, ,

or d er to exp r ess wh at i n G er man i s si m p ly exp r ess ed by

.

aux ili ar y v er bs i d) babe gebut ft I h av e b een p er mi tt e d

—
’

as ,

ct batt e ni cht gets nnt h e h ad n ot b ee n able ; wi t met ben ,

mit flen w e sh all be obl i ged

, .
IR RE G U LA R CO NJ U G A TI O N . 47

t
S S S s
o

5 a c E a
d
: t a
: n
s

3
a
5 a
m
8
3
fi
z
92 A“ ,
5 a
z“ :

a
s
5
8

v
o
w
z
n
o
o
n
S S
3 E 8
s
5 8 o

d 4.
48 ELR R N r A R Y G R R M A N G R A M M A R
M '
.

N ot e .

A peculi ar i ty
in t he gr ammati cal use Of t h es e au ili ar ver bs of mood x y
is t h e ch an gi n g of the pas t par ti ci ple i nt o t he i nfi ni t i ve i n the pas t com
p o u n d t enses ,
wh en i t i s imm edi at e l preced ed by an i n fi n i t i ve — et bat y
fei n 911m ni ebet legen mft flen (ins tead of gemnfit) he has been oblig ed to
'

r es i gn hi s Ofli ce 3d) babe fcbt eiben mo ll en (ins tead of gewoll t) have

.
, I
been willi ng t o wr i t e Gt mit t ni cbt baben tommen I bn n en (in st ead of
‘
.

getonnt) h e will not have been able t o come

, .

The same r ul e is Observed wi t h t he au ili ar v er b of mood Iaflen, to let , x y '

to s uffer , t o or der , t o ca use For e ample — i tb babe baa Benet anegeben . x

Ia flen, I have let t h e fi r e go out 3d) babe ben © cbnei bet tommen I a flen,
’ '

I have ordered t he t ail or t o come .

E X E R CI S E x v.
X
‘
Id ar e n ot go Is sh e p er mi tted to dan c e 1
. A r e you
pe r mi tte d to r ead 1 May (say, dar e) I use yo ur pen 2 H e
2 3 ‘

‘
h as n ot been p er m i tted to go out 5
Can st th ou read ? I
“
.

can n ot un d er s tan d hi m I sh all n ot be abl e to stay 7 Can . .

you co me ? I sh oul d gl adl y co me, i f I co uld Wh y has

8 9
.

11
h e n ot been abl e to co m e ? I sh ould go (say, t r av el ) to 10

G er man y, i f I co uld s p eak G e r m an ”

I do n ot li ke i t Th ou . .

13
mays t s tay at h om e Y ou m ay r ead th e l ett er I did n ot
“
. .

li ke t o co n t r adi ct h i m I sh ould li ke to h av e a glas s of

15
.

wi n e All men mus t di e We wer e o bli ged to wai t

.
16 17
. .

I h av e been obli ged to wr i te a lette r 18

I sh ould s tay at .

h ome, i f I w er e n o t o bli ged to pay a vi si t 19

H e w i ll be
“
.

23
obli ged to Obey
”0
Th e chi l d r en
’1
ar e
.
22
to gO to s ch ool .

Am I to acco mp an y you ? Wh at am I to do ? Will you

“
ven tu r e i t 1 H e i s goi n g to (say, wi ll ) set out to o ow 25 -m r r ”
.

To dance, t angen x
Au ili ar ver bs Of mood t ake t he i nfi ni ti v e, n ot
. y
the su pin e To use, gebt aucben
. Y our pen , S bt e Sebet See 58 ,
. .

not e . To go out , ausgeben To un ders t an d, b et fteben Put th e

. .

negati v e aft er t h e object To st a , bleiben G ladl , ger n

. Why, y . y .

marti ni .To tr ave l, r ei fen To, naeb Ar r an ge, if‘

.G er man . I
speak coul d The let t er Not t o con t r adi c t him,
’
. ben Ski d .

i bm ni dyt mi bet ibt ed xn Use th e present condi ti on al Of mbgen

. Al l .

men, o n e flll enf TO be obli ged, mii fi en i n t hi s an d t he foll owi ng

'

cben . ,
1’
three sen te n ces A lette r . ei nen i i t i ef To pay a vis i t , ei nen .

R ei na) madyen Ar r an ge, if I n ot a vi s i t t o pay wer e obli ged To

’
. .

y
Obe , gebot cben The childr en , bi e Ri nbet
. U se foll en i n t his an d t he .

followi ng t wo sent en ces To go to school, i n bi e 6 d)u1e geben

. TO .

v entur e, magen T O set out , ebt ei fen

. TO-morrow, mer ges . .
 I R R EG U LA R CO N J U G A T I O N . $9

I h a ve be en will i n g, bu t I h ave n ot been p er m i tted Sh e

27
.

was go i n g to (say, wo uld ) vi s i t 28

u s,
29
but sh e h as (say, i s )
3 3 3
n ot com e II I h a ve l et Th e j ai l er
0 1 2
. th e bi r d fly . h as
all ow ed
33 3
th e thi e f to es cap es
4 ”
I v e c au
h a s e d f’6
a
3
cas k of
7

win e to be bottl ed (say, to

2‘
To vi s i t , befucben To let , (aflen S ee
'

B ut , abet . U s , ti ne
. . .

5 58 , n ote . The bir d ben Qi ngel . The jailer , bet (Eefangen

mat t er TO allow, Iaflen The thi ef
'

. . ben £Di eb . T O escape,

ent fbr ingen. TO caus e, Iaflen
’
‘7
. A cas k, ei n Sufi . tt
T o bo l e , abgi eben
 E LE M E N T A R Y G E R M A N G R A M 1 !A R .

l
a e
h
t
n
e s
b e fi
t s : b
m g fl
e o
E l
g 8 n h
H
y n h fi
h
8 o
o
fi
fl
fi —
T r h
e
fi fi 8 n a

t k fl D
0
’ h
S 3
fl
n
u
o
u
s 5
a
m
e
a
n
6
52 ELE M E N TAR Y G ER M A N G R A M M A R .

E X E R CI S E X V I.

Th e pu p i l h as be en p r ai sed by th e t eac h e r
l
Th e ch ild .
”

is [be i n g] l ov ed by i ts p ar en ts ?
I h ave n ot been as ked .

We we r e [bei n g] con du ct ed th r ough th e r oyal ap ar tmen ts

‘ ‘
.

8
Th e w all s w er e [bei n g] ad o r n ed wi th ga r lan ds
6 7 A ch urch .

i s [ bei n g] buil t Th e roo ms h a v e been p ai n t ed

.
9 10
Th e best .

13
kn i v es ar e [ be i n g] man ufact ur ed
11 12
at Sh effi eld Th e
“
.

‘6
n ew s p a p er h ad n ot yet 15
b een r ead Th e p urs e h as b een
“
.

fo un d by a sch ool boy - 17

Th e en emy h as b een put to fli gh t
. .

Wi ll th e wo r k be p r i n ted th i s sum m er i
19 ” n
I t woul d h ave
23
been p r i n ted al read y, ”
if th e a ut h o r 5
h ad n ot b een ill .

Wh at woul d you say, i f you w ere [bei n g] asked 1 "

Th ey
say,
"5
th at th e town h as been r an sacked by th e en emy
”6 27 ”
.

T he pupil, bet g Q fi ltt By the t eacher , s on bem Sebr et

. B y it s .

parent s , non [ei nen G lt ern To con duct , ffi bt en

. Thr oug h the roy al .

a ar t ment s , bur cb bi e tbni gli cben O emdd m Th e walls, bi e QB dnbe T o

p . .

adorn, {dymii d em Wi t h gar lan ds , mit Oui t lanben The rooms , bi e .

Si mmer TO pai nt , malen The best kni ves , bi e beflen fill eflet To
'

. . .

1‘
fabri ei t en See 4 2 not e A t i n Th e news a er ,
p p
W
. .
- , , .

We Sei t um R yet, nod) ni cbt

" '

. The pur s e, bi e éB br fe
. By a .

s c h ool-bo , non ei nem © c ultn aben fl i h i S

y b TO
p u t to g , t
. i n b e l ucb fcbl agen
t .

The wor k, but fl i ed ”

To pr in t , bt ud en
.
21
Thi s summer , bi efen .

é omnu t Already, fdjon The aut hor , bet T et faflet To as k,

'

. . .

They say, man fagt

“
2‘
ft agen. The t own, bi e @ t obt
. To rans ac k, .

i nherit Use t he per fect conjunct i ve

.
2'
B y the enemy, t on bem ifei nbe.
.

C OMPOU N D V ER B S .

60 A v er b com poun ded wi th a p r efi x i s called a

.

comp ound ver b Co m poun d ver bs foll ow t h e sa me co nj ugati on

.

as t h e si m p l e v e r bs fr o m wh i c h th ey a r e for m ed Th e p r efi x .

of a v er b i s ei th er se p arabl e or i n s e p ar abl e , an d h en c e a v er b
i s i n th e fo r m er case a sep ar able comp ound ver b i n th e la tte r ,
an i ns ep a r able com p oun d ver b .

An i ns ep ar able co m po un d v er b d o es n ot take th e augmen t

ge i n th e p ast p ar ti c i p le 4 2 , n ote ) ; i n al l o th er r es p ects i t
 CO M P OUN D Y B R B B.

is co nj uga ted li k e a si m ple ver b Th e acc en t i s lai d on th e .

root of t h e v er b .

A sep ar abl e co m po un d v er b r e qui r es i ts p r efi x to b e

se p ar at ed un d er th e foll owi n g ci r cu ms tan c es
,
1 Th e p r efi x —
.

i s r em oved to th e en d o f th e cl aus e wh en th e claus e i s a ,

pr i n ci p al on e an d wh en at th e sam e ti m e t h e v er b s tan d s
i n a simm
, , ,

e t en s e th at i s i n th e p r es en t or i m p er fect tens e
—
,

o f th e acti v e vo i c e or i n t h e i m p er a ti v e m oo d
,
For ex am p le .

i d; bbr e auf I c ease ; i d) bbt te auf I c eased ; bbt e auf c ease

, , , .

In d e p en d en t cl aus es on th e con tr ar y t h e p r efi x kee p s i ts

, ,

p la ce befo r e th e v er b th e v er b taki n g th e las t p lac e i n th e

,

sen t e n c e ; as menn i d) aufbbre i f I c eas e ; al é i d) aufbbrtc

-
, ,

wh en I ceased 2 I n th e p as t p ar t i c i p l e t h e a ugmen t go
. .
,

is i n ser t ed betw een th e p r efi x an d th e si m p l e v er b ; as

auf gb
e bt t,
c eas ed 3 I n t h e su p i n e
. t h e p r e posi t i on
.
3
a i s ,

ins er t ed betw een th e p r efi x an d th e si m p l e v er b ; as

auf gb
u b r en to,
c eas e A se p ar abl e p r efi x al w ays h as th e
.

pr i n c i p al a cc en t .

61 . Th e syll abl es be, et , ems, cut , bet , et

g , g,
t an d th e
p r epo si ti o n miber agai n st ar e used as i n sep ar abl e p r efi x es
, , .

For e x am p l e Er bat t i e QBabt bei t feimr Ql usfagc Bcfdm

‘ -
act m ,

he h as swo r n to th e tr u th of hi s evi den ce 3d) babe mei ncn .

c d er rei cht I h av e attai n ed my obj ect © ott ct fuflt was

, .
,

er b cr f b b
t i c t G od p er f
,
o r m s w h at h e p ro mi s es .

x
Th e prefi mi fi als o i s i n separ able, but as to accentuati on , the pr acti ce
var i es , some ver bs co mpoun ded wi t h mi fi havi n g t he accent on t he root ,
ot hers on t h e prefi x
In th e pas t par ti ci ple, t he augmen t gt is dropped
.

in t hos e v er bs whi ch have th e accen t on t he root ; as — mi fi luug cu, mis ’

car ri ed ; mt fi fc ll en, dis leas ed , mi figbuut

gr udged ; mi i r atb t n mi s carri ed ,
’ ’ ’
p ,

whi ls t in those ver bs whi ch have th e accent on th e prefi mi fi t he aug x ,

men t is retain ed In s ome v er bs of t he la t t er class , t he augmen t is

.

l
p aced before t he prefi as —
’
x
gcmi fi hr aucbt , abus ed , gcmi fi bi ll i gt dis ap
’
,

proved ; gcmi fi bourelt , ill used , i n oth ers afi er t he pre

’
fi ; as —
mi fi geachtet,
’
x
disregar ded , mi fi gcart ct , degenera ed
’
In t he supi n e, 3 t
11 i s alwa s put
. y
before t he ver b ; as gu mi fir at b m. t o mi s car r ; a n mi fi h a y w
’ ’
—
cn t o abus e ,

x p g those ver bs whi ch h ave th e augmen t i n th e pas t par i ci ple

e ce t in
o

t
ins er ted bet w een th e pr efi x
an d th e root ; as— mi fi g
'
uacbt cn to di sreg ar d , ,

mi i guar t cn t o degenerat e
'
, .
54 xu v n N T A a r G ER M A N G R A M M A R .

E X E R CI S E XVI I .

3
I
h av e vi s i t ed a fr i en d i n Dan z i g H av e you wat er ed
1 2
.

‘
th e fl o w ers ? Th e th i ef h as (say, i s) es cap ed 5
H as h e
“
.

p er for m ed hi s pr om se l i 7 H e h as b een r e co mm en ded to

‘

us
a
. D o you un ders tan d m e ? Pr ay, 9
He 1°
e xcus e
“me .

‘3
wi ll sell h i s h or s e Th e estat e h as been sol d Th e
19 14

“
. .

h ouse wi ll n ot b e l et 15
H as h e l eft 1
En gl an d ? Th e
“
.

for tr es s 17
w as [bei n g] d es tr oyed A n ew co m et 19
h as b een .

d i s cov er ed 20
Th e p l an 21
. h as (s ay, i s ) m i s car r i ed ”
H is .

co n du ct di s pl eas es [to ] me Th e p r i n c e h as abused

” " 25 26
.

hi s pow er 27
I sh all n ot abus e your ki n dn ess
.
28
H e h as .

di sr egar ded 29
m y ad v i c e 30
.

T o vis i
Bcfndycn t A fri end
, ci ncn Ga unt
. T o wat er , begi cfi cn . .

The thi ef, t o: ibi eb To es cape, mtfpt i ngcn

. To per for m, tri ti um . .

Hi s promis e, fei n Qi crfbr ecbcn T o us , nnt To un ders tan d, vn fi cbcn

. . .

Pr a , bitt c y To e cuse , cntf nlbi gcn

. x
T o sell, ner faufcn m His , . .

fei n . Th e est ate , has fi anbgnt T o let , vm ni etbcn To leave,

. .

ser i aflcn
'

The for tress , bi t settl i ng To des tro , get fi br cn A new y

1“
. . .

comet , t i n nenct fi omct To di scover , ent bccfcn. The plan , bet S BIan . .

T o mi scar r y, mi ti i ngcn Hi s conduct , [ti n SBctr agen

. T o di s pleas e, .

mi fifall cn The pr i nce, be: bfi rfi

. T o abus e, mi fibt aucben 21
His
. .

power , [ci ne illi ccbt Y our kin dness , S br c Gi ll i e

. To di sr egar d, .

mi fiact t cn My advi ce
. mci ncn bl urb .

Pr epo si ti on s an d ad v er bs , wh en us ed as p r efi x es,
62 .

ar e s e p ar abl e as— ab, off an, on auf,

up (
1 11 8 ,
o u t b ei ,
b y;
ba or but , th er e ci n, i n for t, away bet , h i th er ; bi n, th i th er
mi i , wi th ; nacb, aft er ; ni chet , d own ; ob, over ; t or , befo r e ;
meg, aw ay ; an, to ; gurfi d, back gufamtnen, to geth er , an d
oth er s For ex amp l e Gt r ei ft bent : ab, h e sets out to-day
.
—
’
.

3 ‘
6) fi ng inci nc llt bcit an, I comm en c ed my wor k fi bt cn G it .

auf l v S b QB I
bf f i f o ill
‘

,
ea e o fi i c cc c nb
. a n ge on n n c n, y
u r b s

have ar r i v ed QBcnn © i c au é gcbcn, i f you go out

. QIIG ct .

for t gi ng, wh en h e w en t away .

y ou

The prepos i ti ons t urd), through ; fi ber over ; nnt cr un der ; ntn round ; , , ,

bi ntcr, behin d, are used both as separ able an d ins epar able prefi es , accord x
ing as ei th er the pr efi x
or t h e root of t h e v er b h as th e pr i n ci pal accen t .

If t he s ame ver b can be us ed in both ways, the v ar i ati on i n usage is

accompani ed by a mar ked differ en ce in the s i gn ifi cati on ; as bnrcb gicbm,
’
—

to pull thr ough ; bnrcbgi cb cn, to roam thr ough ; fi Bcr fct cn t o leap over ,
’ ’
,

t o ferr y ov er ; nbt r fct en, to tr ans late ; nn tct bal tcn t o hol d un der ;
’ ’
,
'
unt er bcl tcn, to en t er t ain, &c .
 co u p o n s D v a n s s . 55

§ 6 3 Com poun d
. p r efi x es ar e li kewi s e used li ke si m
m e

s e p arable p r efi x es if eac h o f th e two co m po n en ts by i ts el f i s

,

se p ar abl e ; as
b er ei n b anB barbei sorbet bcrfi ber babei
i n —
, , , , , ,

For e x am pl e i cb [age bot ber I for et ell ; er i fi

’
Devon dz c , .
—
,

babon gelaufen h e h as r un away

’
, .

E X E R CI S E X VI I I .

We r i se
l
ear ly.
2
We
R i se I fell aslee p
sh all r i se ear ly.
3
“
. .

‘
Do n ot fall as lee p D r ess yours el f . P ut on yo u r h at
5
. .

I sh al l ta ke off my sh o es
7 8
Th e p lay begi n s
9 1°
at se v en
.

o cl ock}
’ 1
B egi n H av e you d eli v er ed 19
t h e lett er i ”

“
.

Deli ve r thi s p ar c el H as (say, i s) your fr i en d

.
15
ar r i v ed 1
"

e v er y morn i n g
- ” star ts at s e v en o c l ock
” 19 ’
Ti re stage c oac h .

I h a v e s pen fl muchm o noy

s — s
”
H av e th e goo d s ”
been .

“”
un p a c ked I Th e goo ds wi ll be r e tur n ed ? H a v e you
!4

sh ut
95
t h e d oo r 1 ”
O p en ’7
th e wi n d o w ”
I t be co m es .

li gh t , ’
29
wh en th e sun r i ses
"’0 31
I t b eco mes d ar k, w h en 3 2

“
.

th e su n sets 33 Th e sun w as j us t 34
r i si n as
3 5
w e se t ut
.
g, o .

I pull th e r op e th r ough We r oam ed th r ough th e sur

” "8

“
.

r oun di n g co un tr y
"9
F er r y me over Tr an sl at e th es e li n es
“ “
. . .

We h ave tr an slated a p age Sh e h eld th e glass un d er

“ “
. .

Sh e en t er tai n ed th e com p an y I sh all l ead th e w ay . .

We wen t i n
‘5
Th e th i ef h as (say, i s) r un w ay
. a "
.

To ris e, ffi eben Ear ly , fnxb To fall as leep, ei nfcblafen To

'

an . . .

dress on e s self, fi d; angi eben or snfl ei ben

'
To put on, anflesen
'

Your . .

hat S br en b ut T o t ake off ausgi eben

. My shoes, mei ne S ebnbe , . .

The play , bat g cbanfbi el To begin , anfangen At se ven o cl ock,

’
. .

1’
tun fi eben ll bt To deli ver , abli efern
. The lett er ben B ri ef . .

‘
f This parcel, bi efes fil acfet Your fr ien d, Sbr Sr eunb . To arrive, .

mi ni mum . The s t age-coac h, bet Gi lmagen To s tar t, abfabrea . .

Ever y morni ng, jeben M or gen To spen d, ausgeben Much money,

. .

bi d 6e . The goods , bi e QB aar en To un pack, ausbaden To . .

ret ur n, gut fi cffd fid en T o shut , gnmadi en

. The door , bi t Sibut . .

To open, anfnt adnn The wi n dow, baa Genfi er. Li ght , bell . .

When, menu To rise, aufgeben

. D ar k, bnnfel To set , unt a . .

geben \. J us , eben t
As , Is To set out, st r ei fen
. «See. 6 2, .

note , for t hi s an d th e foll owi ng s ix se n ten ces The rope, but c an . :

h
T e surro n ding count ry , bi e li nt gegenb
u These li n es, bi ete Seam . .

A page, eine c an The glass , baa G i s t. The compan , bi t . y

W eufc afi
b To lead th e way, vor cngeben
. To go i n. bi nei ngebea . .

‘6
The thi ef, ber Q i eh To r un awa , bav onlc nfen
. y .
 T H E A R T I C L E .

64 . Th e a r t i c l e s er v es to s i n gl e ou t an o bj ect fr o m amo n g
oth er obj ects of th e same cl ass A n o bj ect th us si n gled out .

can b e o f a m o r e or l es s d efi n i t e ki n d, an d h en c e w e di s

ti n gui sh b etween a defi n i te a r ti cle — bet , bit , has, th e — an d an

i nd efi n i t e a r ti c le—
ei n , ci ne, ei ,n a ,
an F o r e x am p l e —
ber .

Rbni g non (EngIanb, th e K i n g of En gl an d ; bi e B eni ge bcn

w t eufien unb eon @ aC b[ ,
en t h e K i n g s o f Pr uss i a a n d o f S axo n
y;
ed mat ei nmal ei n Rbni g, th er e w as o n ce a ki n g B oth ar t i c l es .

bei n g d ecli n abl e, th ey agr ee w i th th e sub stan ti v e i n gen der ,

n umber , an d cas e Th e p l ur al of th e d efi n i te ar t i cl e i s th e
.

sam e for all th e th r ee gen d ers ; th e i n d efi n i t e can , fr o m i ts

natu r e, h ave a si n g ul ar on ly .

§ 65 . DECLE N S I ON or ms ns r m rr s A R T ICLE.

ar m ou r. r w an .

m m . m ALL TH R EE 0 m m . EN G LIS H.

N om . bet ,
G en . bet ,
D ot . bent,
A ce . ben,

DECLEN SI N O OF F
T H E I N DE I N I T E A R T ICLE.

sl NG ULAR .

N om . ei n,
G en . ei ncé,
D at . ei ne m,
A ee . ei nen,

mm
The defi ni te ar ti cle is often contr act ed wi t h prepos i t i ons ,
for for an bat .
'
a. can an betn . c. an s

b ei m bei bern fs
’

«
at bat

“
v . au w .

bem
’
an n in . bnr cb s v bur cb b .

m bem
“
fi tt fi le but
'
co a non . s a .

gum u n
a bear . it s in bat .

5 um l um bal
’
.
gas a n bet
a . s .
 T H E S U B S T A N T I VE .

66 . Th e subs an t ti v e
wor d wh i ch exp r esses th e i d ea
is a

o f an e x i s t en c e —
th a t i s
of a p er s o n o r t hi n g
,
Substan ti v es .

ar e di vi ded i n to concr et e an d a bs tr act A co n c r et e su bs tan ti v e .

i s t h e n am e o f an obj e ct wh i ch can b e p er c ei v ed by th e
sen s es or whi ch r eall y exi s ts ; as illi ann m an ; gr an —
, ,

woman ; 6 m m town ;
,

r i v er ; Qi o el b i rd ; C
i o nn e
, g , ,

sun ; QBafler w at er A n ab str a ct s u b s tan t i ve i s t h e n am e

'

.
,

o f a thi n g w h i ch i s on l y co n c ei v ed by t h e m i n d as h av i n g a n

i n d e p en d en t e xi s te n c e ; as 6 pt ung l e ap ; 8 0 11 fall ; S tream

‘
—
, , ,

joy ; 6 cblaf s lee p ; 6 Cbbnbei t b eauty ; I borbei t foll y

, , , .

6 7 Th e co n cr ete substan ti v es ar e d i vi d ed i n to common

.

na mes , p r op er nwmee, collect i ve names , an d names of mat er i a ls .

1 A comm o n n am e i s a n am e co mm o n to all th e i n di v i
.

d ual s of t h e sam e cl ass of p er s on s or thi n gs ; as — flli anll ,

man ; G ugel, an gel ; b unt , dog ; G tabi , town ; fi lufi, r i ver ;
B aum, tr ee ; T ogel, bi r d
s
.

2 A p r op er n am e i s a n am e w hi c h i s p r op er or p ecul i ar
.

to th e i n di vidual p ers on or thi n g h ear i n g i t an d th er e fo r e ,

di s ti n gui sh es on e i n di vi dual fr om all oth er i n d i v id u a ls o f th e

sa m e ki n d ; as — Entber fl ai l G umbo (Englanb Eonbcn
, , , , ,

Sibemfe .

3 Nam es
. of mater i als ar e n a m es of thi n gs wh i c h do n ot

ad mi t of an y di s ti n cti o n of i n d i vi du al s or of n u mber , but

onl y of QBafi er , w at er ; QBei n,
q uan ti ty ; as— wi n e ; 6 0 1m,
san d ; B utter , sugar ; We b m ea l ; 6 t aub dus t
b ,
.

4 A co ll ecti ve n am e e xp r es s e s a p l ur ali ty o f i n di vi dual

.

p er s o n s or thi n gs of th e sam e ki n d r ep r es en ted as a w h ol e ;

‘
as — B clf, p eop l e , «fi eer, ar my SBieb, c attl e ; Tr i efi et fcbaft,
pr i es th ood ; © ebixge, ran ge of moun tai n s ; © einblf, coll e cti on
of cl oud s .

68 . A bs tr act di vi d ed i n to t
su bs a n ti v es ar e

1 Nam es of a cti o n s , as— @ br ung, l ea p ; SBIi cf, l oo k ; gi uf,

.

call ; 6 cblag, str oke ; 8 nd, fall ; © ebeul, h owli n g ; (S er aflel,

'

rattli n g .

2 Names of co n di ti on s ; as— i t ebe, p eac e ; 81 min, joy

.

dut cbt, fear ; 6 cblaf, sl ee p ; illube, r es t ; C

i eli gfei t, bl i ss .
68 EL E M E N T A R Y G ER M A N G R AM M A R .

3 Nam es of q uali ti es ; as @ Cb6nbei t beauty Il li er,

.
—
, ,
‘

age ; gugenb you th ; @ t bfie, gr ea t n es s ; QBei Bbei t, wi sd o m ;

,

i b b
cr ei t , fo l ly .

T H E G EN D ER OF S UBSTA N T I V ES .

Th e G er man l an guage h as tbr ee g en der s — t h e

69 .

mas culi n e, femi n i n e, an d n eu t er In th e app ell ati o ns of .

per s on s an d of th ose an i mals i n wh i ch th e lan guage di s ti n

ui s h es t h e n at ur al sex , th e gr amm at i cal gen d er co r r es pon ds
g
wi th th e n atur al s ex as bet T h an, th e m an bie gr an, t h e
—

woman bet? QBolf, th e w ol f ; bi e QBb i n, th e sh e-wol f .

um
IBei b, t he woman, wife, is an e ce pti on
9 a! ‘
5 Also compoun ds like x .

but Er anengi mmer th e w oman ; bi e {Di annsper fon the male person ; and
,

such der i vati v es as — bas Ti dbcben, t he gir l ; has Et aul ei n, t h e oun

g lad : y y
baa Rn abcben, t he li t tl e boy, & c , in all of whi ch the las t c ompon en t
.

(Si mmer fil erfcn) or , t

t he deri va i v e audi x (cben
, Iei n) det er mi nes t he gender

7 0 A ll n am es of thi n gs sh ould be of th e n eu t er gen der ;

.

but by a ki n d of p e rs o n i fi ca ti on, th e G er m an lan g uage ass i gns

th e mas c uli n e or fem i n i n e gen d er ev en to m an y n ames of
thi n gs Th e gen der of such substan ti ves may be as cer tai n ed
.

p ar tly fr om th ei r mean i n g, p ar tly an d p r i n ci p ally fr om th ei r

7 1 Th e mea n i ng determ i nes the g ender

. of n a mes of thi ngs
in th e foll owi n g cas es
1Th e n am es o f seas on s, m on th s,
. an d days ar e mas culi n e,
x ce t bad f l abt t h e ye ar
p , .

2 . Th e na mes o f s to n es an d m o un tai n s ar e mas culi n e .

3 Mo st pr op er na m es o f r i v e r s ar e femi n i n e ; e xce pt bet

fli bei n, bet imam
.

, bet infl i ct , bet Seeb, bet Snn, & c .; an d man y

‘ o bet Si
ri v ers b el o n gi n g to fo r ei gn coun tr i es ,
as — bet B , il,
bet © ange6, bee fili i fli fii bbi , dz c .

N osa

Some n ames of for ei gn r i v ers , or i ginall mas culin e, are i n Ger man usedy
as femi ni n e, in acc or dan ce wi t h t h e prev aili n g an al og of th e lan ua e ;
g g y
4 g . . li bone bi e Ti ber bi e S bemfe
—bi e f , . .
 E LE M ENT A R Y G ER M A N G R AM M A R .

Sagb, ch as e . 6 am s eed , .

fi of t, fo od . 6 0 11 s ow , .

R t aft, st r en gth . @ cbam, sh am e .

Rub, cow . 6 cbat , h o st, tr oop .

ar t . 6 d flacbt, ba tt l e .

fi aft, l o ad . fi d flucbt, r a vin e .

Sl aué, l ouse . g dm t ad), di sgr a ce .

Si ft, cun n i n g . é ayant , co r d .

Q uft, ai r . 6 Cbt i ft, w r i t i n g .

Eufl, pl easur e . 6 cbulb, gui l t ; debt .

Ni acbt, m i gh t . n 6 a , sea .

wtagb, m ai d ser van t -

6 pm, tr ac e
im
. .

aué, m o us e . 6 m m, town .

Wi ld), mi lk © tit n, b r ow
mg, m il t
. .

93 li lyat, d eed
'
<

macbt
. .

n i gh t s tar , d oor
mabt
. .
,

,
sea m . Ubt , w atch .

9l oth, n eed QBacbt, guar d

m m h oi c
. .

9111 11 , z e r o i a c e

mufi
.
, .

,
n ut . QBanb, w all .

fli ei n to r m en t
, QBeIt, wo r ld .

iBfli cbt duty , . fl i ut ft, sausage .

‘o QButI), r age
B fi po st
,
. .

iBt acbt, S pl en d o ur . a
t S b,
a l n u m ber .

D ual , to r m en t . n
Bci t, ti m e .

b N E U T ER
. MO N O S Y LLA B LES .

l t, o ffi ce . % oot, b oa t .

fi at , b a th . fi r et t, boar d .

3 $ anb, r i bbo n ‘
B rob, br ead
. .

i fi a t , dow er -bed . fi nd), b oo k .

a c i I, h at ch et t fi unb bun dle

3mleg
.
, .

I
5 c
, . n fDacb, r oo f .

Q Sli ctt, bed . fDi ng, th i n g .

3 Q3 i tt , beer . n SDt , vill age .

Q éBi Ib, p i ctu r e . o

r G t egg
, .

$ Iat t , l eaf . n (Fi fi , i ce .

fi led), ti n - pla te . fi t s, or e .

8 1d , lead .
8 c d), com p ar t men t .

Q lut bl ood , ,
5
50 6 cas k
,
 GE N D ER OF S U B ST A NT I V E S . 61

M6 iYCIb, fi eld . baé fi b

l t t l i g
,
h t

s ki n . Q i eb, son g .

fi cfl fes t i val
, . 20 5, p r ai s e .

ffctt gr ease fat

, ,
. n 20 d} , h ol e .

glei fd), fl es h . 1
.
n Q Obn, W ages ,

17 10 5 r aft, . n 20 0 6, lot .

© at 11 , yar n 20 th, p lum b-li n e

m
. .

© t lb m on ey
, . whi , m eal , r ep as t .

@ tft , poi s o n . n 97211 13m al t , .

© 111 6, glass . f n Wat t, m ar r ow .

@ [ci é, tr a c k o f a w h e el . n Waafi, m easur e .

(5) Ii cb l i m b, . 9321 11 1, m ou t h (o fbe ast s) .

© 111 6 , l u ck . Sli cer , s ea .

@ olb, g old . 9» c fl o ur .

© t ab, gr a ve . $ 20 0 8, m os s .

® t a8, gr as s . 97211 6, pap, jam .

I @ ut , p r op er ty es t at e . 9M} , n es t .

3 bes t
«
,
h ai r . n n et .

2 Jéat
g ,
r es i n . D bft, fr ui t .

l b aupt, h ead . D bt , e ar .

©0 11 8, h o use . D el o il
, .

‘ aat
b eet , ar my . B p ai r , .

l fi emb, sh i r t . n fli ed) Pi tch

,
.

Q
1
B fanb p l edge
s
, .

Bf
f et b h o rse
"
6« Q 5
:
i D9 4 ,
.
x

Q SBfunb po un d
mb
.
,

I o ,
w h ee l .

inedyt, r i gh t, la w .

(Rel) r oe
m
, .

Q n t i db, em p i r e
m
.

i t t}, r eam
mi b
.

n n ,
n ea t ,
h ei fer .

Rt eug, cr o ss . l
‘‘
n G cbi lb, s i gn -b oar d .

3
511 111 111 , l am b . @ chilf r ush , .

Saab, lan d @ cblo§ l ock ; cas tle , .

211115, foli age . 6 Cbn m lg, g r eas e lar d , .

02 EL E M E NT A R Y G ER MA N G R AM MAR.

CS boef, n umbe r o f si xty

‘ C
. Qi i el), ca tt le .

6 6 mei n, pi g . n n ati o n .

“
6 Cbnxt t, swor d . ilBac ,
w ax .

6 e , r ope . QBcb, wo .

n si e ve . QBei b, woman .

G bi el, pl ay . QBet f, wo r k .

g tt ob, st ra w . QBi lb, game .

pi ece . QBobI, w ellbe i n g .

$ 11 11 , cabl e . 518 0 1 1, wor d .

fi hal, v all ey . ili i t ad, wreck .

n ten t .

n B ei ng st uff ,
.

n Bi d li mi t
Bi n“fi ll
.
,

07 .
,

2 .Subs tan ti v es en di n g i n el , m
e , en, et , i ng, l i ng, is ism. ,

ar e masc ul i n e .

Th e te r mi n ati o ns el, en, et , i ng, h ow ev er , ar e sub e j ct to th e

fo ll o w i n g exce pti ons

a. Fs u m m n Ex c xr r l on s

I N eI

Qldyfel, sh ould er . M angel, man gl e .

5
21111 121, blac k-bi r d . Slll ufcbel, sh ell .

Q i bel, B ibl e . Sl abel, n eedl e.

i Q att el , date . D r gel, or gan .

t fDeldyfeI, ca r r i age-po l e .

t Q i flel, thi s tle .

l Q t oflel, th r ush .

‘ Sahel, fable . © Cbacbtel, ban d-bo x .

t $11 c , to r c h . 6 d9aufel, sh ovel .

8 efi eI, fetter
‘
© cbi 1 fiel, di sh
' '

i . .

n gi ba, s pel l i n g-boo k . @ i cbel, si ckle .

a © abd , for k . S afel, l on g tabl e .

s Sufa, i s lan d . n S t ommcl, dr u m.

fi angd , p ul p i t . QBacbteI, quail .

Rat t ofiel, potato . QBut geI, r oo t .

Rugel, ball . s S wi ebel on i o n , .

f s ” Gaul, almond .
 o an n a n o r s u s s r a n r rv as .
'
63

IN Ct

Me Ilbet vei n
‘
bi e Eei tet , lad der
unit“
. .
,
”
,
oy s te r . M anet , w all .

a fi uttet , butter . fill uttet , m oth e r .

11 ( e et cedar , . Sl nnnnet , n um ber .

G l fter m agp i e ,
. Gi cbeuet , b ar n .

ifebet , feath er pen i d ml tet , sh o ul der

C
“
s . .
,

u 8 0 h , rac k . 6 cbmefi et , si s ter .

s Rammer ch ambe r , . G teuet , ta x .

Rel et ,
t W i n e-p r ess . XDCbtet , daugh te r .

fi lefet , p i n e . QBi n wet , eyel ash .

Bebet , li v er .

The na mes of r i v er s en di ng in er or d are als o femini ne, accordi ng t o

th e gen er al r ul e in 71, 3; e. g . bi e
- O ber bi e , flB efer bi e fill ofd &c
, , .

b Nav r s a Ex c ur r l on s
.

m el
baé $ 11nbel,
bun dl e baB D t afel, o rac l e
'

. .

Rabi tel, ch a pter it 6 egel s ail

m
.
, .

f n E anbel, n umbe r of fi fteen . 91 g i egel, seal .

it Wi ttel ,
mean s . ll ebel, e vi l .

m en

baB fi ed en, bas i n . baB fi i flen ,cushi on .

Q i fen, i r o n QBabDen co at -o f-ar m s

‘

8 11 mmcolt
. .
,

.
Bei cben to ken
n
, .

An d all i nfl ni ti v es w h en use d as su bstan ti ves .

IN Ct
‘
Hltet , age . bae Eager, co u ch .

t fi ance, bi r d-cage fi aftet , vi ce

“
. .

3
n genfi n wi n d ow 5t h , l ea th er
m
.
, .

8 1
‘
1 bet car t -l oad
, . S efi er, kn i fe .

n 8 mm fi r e . Wi nfi et , pa tter n .

I Weber fe v er , . D bfet , sa cr i fi ce .

‘ a et p las ter
igni tfi , fodder Bfl fl ,
“
4! . .

c al oft , Cloi s ter .

B ulbet , powd er
S
.

Rubfet , copper . a {Ruben oar .

64 E LE M E N T A R Y G E R MA N G R A M M A R .

i tl bet , sil v er
baé C baB QBaflet , wat er
'

. .

1 © te11 et , h elm . QBettet , w ea th er .

Sheatet , th eatr e . QBnnbet , wo n der .

l lfet , sh o r e . n
S innn et ,
a p a r tmen t .

Ex c xr r I oN IN i ng :
baé fillefltng, br as s
'

3 . S u bs a n t t i v es en di n g in e, ung, b t
ei , felt, fclyaft
‘

, enb, i n, ct ,

ar e femi n i n e .

a. MA S CULI N E EX CEP T IO N S IN c

bet iBucbf tabe, l ett e r of th e bet 6 h

c abe,i nj ur y .

al p h ab et . QB i ll e, wi ll .

gr i ebe, p eace . llffe, m o n key

S
.

8 unfe sp ar k t aCbe, dr agon

‘

, . .

(Sl ebanfe, th ough t . u galfe, fal con .

(Si laube, fai th . 0 b afe, h ar e .

n ©GUfC ,
h ea p . n 263 5 6, li o n .

Name , na me . or Si abe, r a ven .

n 6 mm ,
s ee d . Shi ft , ch eese .

A nd mes o f m ale pers o n s

na ; as — bet th e m es sen ger
bet fi nabe, t h e boy, «
he .

6 N B U T B R EX CEP T I O N S
. IN e

ms Huge s
,
eye . bae a e, en d . t bae t e, i n h er i tan ce .

EX C EP T IO N IN faynft
baB SBetfdyaft, s eal .

Ex c s r r l om IN enb :

bet meub ,
e ven i n g . baB n enb, d oz e n .

4 . Subs tan ti v es en di n g in h
t en, lei n, fal fel
, , ni fi , tbum,
a re n eu e r t .

EX CEP T I O N S IN fiz
ni

bi e SBebt angni fi, di s tr ess . bi e ffi nflet ni fi, dar kn ess .

1! B eiet gni fi, app r eh en si on

s . n fi enntni fi, kn owl edge .

a SBett i t bni fi, affl i ct i on . n fi t ocfnifi, d r ough t .

(Et laubni fi, p er mi ssi on . n Qi et bamtnni fi, damn ati on .

t ba t ntfi ,
sa vi n gs . QBi lbni fi, wi ld er ness .
 G E N D ER or s un s r a m rv n s . 65

[N tbum
bet St t tbunt , err o r . bet (
orbaB) ilfi adyétbum,
illei di tbui n r i ch es
, .
gr owt h .

5 Substan ti v es
. w h i ch h a v e th e aug men t ge ar e n eut e r ,

wi th t h e fo ll owi n g exc e pti on s

a. MA S C ULI N E
bet @ cbr anch, usage . bet (8 a , sm ell .

it © ebanfe, th ough t . u (Si efang, s i n gi n g .

a © efallen, favour . © efcbn1 ad, tas te .

0 @ en11fi, j oym en t
en . n © emi nn, gai n .

6 FEMI N I N E
.

bi e @ ebut t , bi r th . bi e (Si efcbi cbte, h i s to r y .

if (5J ebulb, p ati en ce . (Sj eftalt, sh ap e .

n (Q efabt , dan ger . © emalt, pow er .

Th e n ames o f p er s o n s ar e al so exce pt ed, th ei r gen der bei n g

de ter m i n ed by th ei r m ean i n g ; an d li kewi se substan t i ves
en d i n g i n ung, b ei t , felt, f cbaf t, fain, wh i ch ta ke th e gen d er
as s i gn ed to th em by th ei r t er mi n a t i on .

6 Com poun d sub s tan t i v es usually fo ll o w th e gen der o f

.

th ei r las t co m po n en t 6 t aub, for ex am pl e, bei n g of th e

.

mas culi n e gen der , fli et ftanb, ll nfftanb, S ufi anb, (63

‘
egenflanb,

umfl anb, & c , ar e als o m as culi n e

. Si m i l ar ly, 5 8 nd) bei ng
.

n eu te r , « fi anbbucb, «Tafcbenbucb, Q efel m d), ar e l i kew i se n eut er .

7 Fo r ei gn subs tan ti v es usuall y r eta i n t h ei r o r i gi n al

m
.

g en d e r ; as —
bet R et fet ,
p r i s o n ,
fr o m car eer ; b i e a t ut ,
n a t u r e ,

from st a ti c/m ; baé fi l of l et , cl oi s t er , fr om cla us tr um H en c e all .

subs tan ti v es e n di n g i n te, i on, tdt , i f, en , ut , ar e fem i n i n e

s .

7 3 A n umber of su bs tan ti v es h a ve two gen d ers , wi th a

.

di ffe r en t si gn i fi cat i o n for ea ch Th e foll owi n g ar e wo r th y o f

.

sp ec i al n ot i c e

bet fi anb, volum e of a boo k . baB fi anb, r i bb on , ti e .

it SBauet , p easan t . n B auer,

s
bi r d -cage .

t e,h ei r . n t e, i nh er i ta n ce .

Jbat , H arz m oun tai n s fi at g, resi n

n
g . n t .

01 Q eibe, h ea th en . bi e beibe, h eath

t .

n Riefer jaw. . Ri efet , pi n e .

66 E LE M E N T A E x GER MA N G RAM MA R .

bet 20 511 , r ew ar d baé fi obn w ages

m
. .
,

bi e Wanbel, al m o n d . anbel, n umb er o f fi ft een .

bet fl angel, wan t, d efe ct . bi e Wangcl, man gl e .

n g d filush i eld . baé @ d)i lb, si gn -bo ar d .

n lake . bi e C
i t e, s ea .

bi e 6 m m, t ax , con t r i bu ti on . bae 6 tener , h elm .

bet S hell, p ar t of a w h ol e . sh a r e, po r ti on
w
.

it on foo l .
ga te .

X IV .

T H E DEC L EN S I ON O F S U B S T A N T I V ES .

e cl en si o n i n gen er a l con si s ts i n t h e affi xi n g of

§ 7.4 D
ter mi n ati on s, an d i n th e cas e of substan ti ves, s o meti mes al so
i n th e m o di fyi n g of th e vow el o f th e s t e m I n d eclen si on
.

ar e di s ti n gui sh ed two n umbers — n am ely, si n gular an d

p lur al ; an d four cas es i n each n um ber — n amely, n o mi n ati ve,
g en i t i v e (o r po s s ess i v e), dat i v e (or p e r s o n -c as e
),
a cc u s at i ve
(or object i v e) .

7 5 Th er e are two d e cl ensi on s— th e s t r ong an d th e wea k

. .

Ev e r y su bs tan t i ve i s d e cli n ed aw or di n g to ei th er th e o n e or
th e oth er .

Wor ds of the s tr ong dec lensi on take, i n th e si n gular , th e

te rmi n ati on eB for th e gen i ti ve, an d e for th e dat i ve, t h e
accu s at i v e bei n g th e sam e as t h e n o m i n a t i v e In th e p lur al ,
.

th ey ta ke e i n th e n omi n ati ve, gen i ti ve, an d accusati ve,

an d en l Il t h e da t i ve Wor ds of the wea k dec lensi on take
.

th e te r mi n a ti on en (or si mply n) i n all c as es exc ept th e

n o m i n at i ve si n gul ar A n umber o f wo r ds o f th e s tr on g
.

d ec l e n si o n , m o r eo ver , h a ve th ei r vow el mo di fi ed i n th e
pl ur al, whi lst all wor ds of th e weak d ecl en si on leave th ei r
vowel un ch an ged .

Cer tai n w o r ds of th e s tr on g d ecl ensi o n l o se t h e vow el e i n

all t h e i n fl ec t i o n a l te r m i n ati on s, so th at th e o n ly te r mi n at i o ns

wh i ch r equi r e to be affi x ed ar e — 8 i n th e gen i ti ve si n gular ,

an d n i n t h e d at i ve p l u ral , i f th e wo rd i ts elf d o es n ot en d

i n n o r tn . Thi s is called th e con t r a c ted for m of t h e s tr on g

dec l en si on .
68 E LE M E NT A R Y G ER M A N G R A M M A R .

N ot e .

The dr oppi ng of th e v ow el e in t h e i nfl ec ti on al t er mi na i ons of th e t

i t i v d d ti v e s i n ular i n t h e str o ng declen s i on, de pen ds on euph on
gen e an a g y .

y
In wor ds of more th an on e s llable h avi n g an un acce n t ed su z , it i s m
common l y t hr o wn out ; as — bet fi bni g gen bee Rbni ge dat ban abni g ; , . , .

bet S fi ni ng gen bee S fi ngli ngs dat bem S ungli ng ; bet iDl onat , gen bet
, . , . .

M onat e, dat bent Sill onat

. .

In the weak dec lensi on, t he vowel e is alwa s t hr own out in wor ds y
en di ng i n e, I, or t ; as — b er s nabe, gen bee fi naben ; bet 2i a , plur bi e . m .

fl ci cen ; bi e fi ebet , plur bi e fi ebet n ; bi e G aynflel, plur bi e

'

. .

S P ECI M E N S OF T H E S TR O N G D ECLE N S I O N .

a . PR I M A R Y FO R M .

Si ng N om bet 6 Dbn, th e son

. . . bi e Runfl, th e ar t .

G en bee © obnee, of th e son

. . bet Rnnft, o f t h e ar t .

D a t bem @ 0 l)ne, to t h e so n
. . bet Si unft to t h e ar t , .

A cc ben Gi obn, t h e s on
. . bi e Run fi , th e ar t .

P lur N om bi e Gi bbne, t h e s on s
. . bi e fi nn fte, t h e ar ts .

G en bet 6 bbne, o f th e so n s
. . bet Runfle, o f th e ar ts .

D at ben @ 6bnen, to th e s o n s
. . ben Rit nf i en, to th e ar ts .

A cc bi e 6 6l9ne, th e s on s
. . bi e fi f mfte th e ar ts , .

6 CO N T R A CTED
. FO R M .

Si ng N am bet
. . Qi atet , th e fath er .
b afen, th e h a r bour
bet .

G en beB . Qi atet émf t h e fath er . bee ©afen8 of t h e h ar bour , .

D at bent . Qi atet , t o th e fath er . bem Jéafen, to th e h ar b o ur .

A cc ben . iBatet , t h e fath er . ben fi ufen, t h e h ar bou r .

P lur N om bi e fi i dtet , t h e fath e rs bi e fini fen, th e h ar b ou rs

'

s .
.

G en bet . Sli dtet , of th e bet fi afen o f t h e h ar

s
,

fath er s . h ou r s .

. 8
B ut ben 2 mm ,
to t h e bafen, to t h e bar
ben «
fath er s . b our s .

A cc bi e Qi ci tet , th e fath er s
. . bi e Q dfen, th e h arbo ur s .

c. EN LA R G E D FO R M .

Si ng N om bae
. . Xi anb th e cou n tr y
, .

G en bee . Banbee of th e c oun tr y ,

.

D at bent . Q anbe to th e coun tr y

, .

A ce baé . Sanb th e c oun tr y

, .

P lur N am bi e
. . a bet th e coun tr i es ,
.

G en bet . a bet of t h e c oun tr i es,

.

D at ben . fi dnbet n, t o th e coun t ri es .

Ace bie . Sdnbet th e co un tr i e s ,

.
 D E CLE N S I ON or S U B S T A N TI V E S . 69

S P ECI M E NS OF TH E W EA K D ECLEN S I ON .

N om . bet (5jt af, th e co un t . bie fi t au th e wo man

, .

G en . bee @ t afen, of th e coun t . bet gran, of th e woman .

D ot . bem @ t afen, to th e coun t . bet fi t an to th e woman

, .

A cc . ben Gi rafen, th e coun t . bi e ift uu, t h e wom an .

N am . bi e @ t afen, th e coun ts . bi e 8 t auen, th e wo m en

’
.

G en . bet O t afen, of th e bet St anen of th e

,

coun ts . w om en .

‘
B at . ben (Si t afen, to th e ben 8 t uuen ,
to t h e
co un ts . wo men .

A ce . bi e (Q t afen, th e coun ts . bi e ift anen th e women

, .

W OR DS TO BE D ECLI N E!) A FTE R THE A B O VE

S P E CI M E N S .

(Those mar ked wi th an as t er is k take a modifi ed vowel i n the plur al ) .

1 . STR ON G D E CLE N S I O N
PR I M A R Y FO R M — * bet
—
a .

(a t om, h e st e
t r a m bet g tei n, th e sto n e ;
*
bet 8 11 6, th e foo t ;
bae SBfet b, th e h o r se ; bae e m
f, th e sh ee p ; bi e fi anb, th e
*

h an d ; * bi e fft utbt, t h e fr ui t — b CO N T R A CT ED FO R M .
*
bet —

fi t ubet , th e br oth er ; bet fi ebt et , th e t ea c e ; bet l fel, th e

h r *

app l e ; *
baé Rl oftet , th e cl o i s t er ; bet (Sj at t en, th e gar den
*
.

c EN LA R G E D FO R M
.
*
ba6 Banb,
S —
t h e r ibb o n *
baé b ane, t h e
h o us e ; *
bae fi olf, th e p eopl e ; baé fi i nb, th e c h i d ; l *
bet
913 0 11 11 , t h e m an .

2 . WE A K D ECLE N S I O N bet Ti mid), t h e h um an bei n g ;

—

bet Wat t , th e fool ; bet Ruche, t h e boy ; bi e ubt , th e w atch ;

bi e a me, th e fl ow er ; bi e Sl abel th e n eed l e ; bi e Tl auet ,
,

th e wall .

O
M D I F ICA T I N O O F V O WE L IN TH E P L UR A L .

Th e m o di fi cat i on o f th e vowels a, o, 11, an d o f th e

79 .

di p h th on g an, ta kes p la ce i n th e fo r m at i on of th e p lur al of

wo r ds of th e s tr o n g d ecl en si on o nl y .

1 . Mon o syllabl es m as cu li n e an d fem i n i n e gen d ers

of th e
decli n ed acco r di n g to th e p r i m ar y fo r m , a r e subj ect to th e
mo di fi cati on of th e vow el ; as— bet 6 0 5m p lur al bi e 6 6h ; “
bi e Ji nnfi p lur al bi e Rit n fi e
, .
70 E LE M E N T A R Y G ER M A N G R A M M A R .

Th e foll owi n g mas culi n es, am on g oth ers ar e e xcepted

SI N G ULAR .

bet Ql t nt , ar m ; bi e mut e
‘
.

D edi t , W l ;
‘
n

D bl cb, dagger ;
‘
n fDDldye.
s b alm, blade O f gr ass ; r! b alme .

n buf h OO f ;
‘
,
n fi ll fc .

s fi unb dog ;
« ,
n é unbe .

a Saut , soun d ; 7: Saut e .

‘ ab p ath ‘ a
Bf , ; n Bf be .

i Bnnft, po i n t ; n iBnnfte .

oe sh n Ci di ube .

G toff m at eri al ;
,
if © tofle ’
.

n S ag, day ; fi age .

fi r m th r o n e
, fi t one .

Neut er substanti ves , if decli n ed aft er the the s tr ong pri mar y for m of
declensi on, do not un der go any ch an ge of vowel ; as— bae ill fnnb, poun d,
lu r bi e ill funbe ; baa El m gat e, plur bi e fi bre ; bas © cbaf, s heep, plur
p . , . .

bi e 6 Q afe .

2 . Th e fo ll o wi n g sub s tan ti v es of th e con t r acted fo rm ar e

al so subj ect to t h e m o d i fi cat i o n of th e vow el

a . MA S CU LI N ES .

P LU RAL .

W ‘
llcfet , fi eld ‘
bie ll edet .

iBt ubet , br oth er ; fi t il bet

“
s n .

a fi ammet , h ammer ; n fi dmm .

6 dlm get ,
a b r ot h er -i n law © d mdget .

n Qi atet fath er ;
, Qlci tet .

bet fi bb m bottom, loft

, ; bi e SBeben .

s flaben th r ead , ; n gdben .

© at t en, gar d en
O t aben, di tch ;
n bflffl l ,
‘ h ar bo ur
e Saben, sh op

Q fen, s to ve
n 6 cbaben, damage
bet 21:3
c ppl e ; a

n Q antmel weth er ; ,

b anbel afi ai r quarr el
'

s , ,
 D ECLEN S I ON or S UB STA N TI V ES . 71

“W NO

mantel cl oak
.

bet ,
bi e Ttdntel .

Sl agel, n ai l 9111c .

© att el, sadd l e ; 6 6nd .

@ cbn abel, beak © chnci bel

mm
n .

n 93 0 gel, bi r d ; s

b FEM I N I N Es
.

bi e Ti nt i er , m oth er ;
i ocbt et d a ugh t er
,

c. N EU T ER
baé fi l ofi et , cl oi s ter ; bi e fi lbftet .

All oth er w o r ds of th e t
co n racted for m l ea ve th e v owel
un ch an ged .

3 A ll
. ti v es o f th e en lar ged fo rm ar e subj e ct to th e
s u bs a n t
mo di fi cat i on of th e vow el ; as— bae Sanb cou n t ry plur bie , ,
.

a bet ; baé Qi olf p eop le plur bi e l , i et ,

. .

SU BS TA N TI V ES DECLI N ED A F TER T H E S TRO N G D ECLEN S I ON .

8 0 Mas culi n e an d neuter su bstan ti v es i n gen eral

.
, ,

decli n ed after th e s tr o n g decl en si on .

B y th e co n t ract ed fo r m of th e str on g decl ensi on , i n

81 .

par ti cular , ar e decli n ed

1 All mas cul i n e an d n eut er substan ti v es en di n g i n el, et ,
.

en , e m then lei n, id
, , .

2 A ll n eut er
. su b s an t ti v es h a vi n g th e aug men t ge, a nd

en di n g i n e .

B y t h e en l ar ged fo r m
82 . of th e t on g
s r de cl en si on , i n
par t i cul ar ,
a r e d e c l i n ed

Th e fo ll owi n g few m as culi n es

SI N O U LAR . P LU RAL .

@ ei fl, s p i r i t
n @ 0 l t, G OG ;
n Sei b, bOd y 3
M ann, man ;
u “
D , p lace
s ili anb, edge ;
illi alb, for es t
1 8 mm wor m ,
72 E LE M E N T A R Y G E R MA N G RA MMA R .

Th e foll owi n g t
n eu e r s ubs an t ti ves o f on e s llable
y
P LUM L

baé l t, ofli ce
éB ab bath ,

éc b, r i bbo n
éBi Ib, p i ctur e ;
l ea f ;
iBr ett, bo ar d ;
fi nd), book ;
53
0 th r o f;
o
N
,

3
.

3 Q 3 O0 B
fig
:
“8
3
.
4
C
D
C 5
+
0

3 ‘

o
i

@ elb, m on ey
(8 1GB, glass
© li cb, l im b ;
© rab, gr ave
(Q raé, gr as s ;
(Sh i t, es tate ;
: b aupt, h ea d ;
e fi aué, h ous e ;
t $ 0 13
,
W oo d
a fi orn, h or n
n fi ubn, fowl
s

n fl aw ,
calf ;
i Ri ab, chi ld
fi lci b gar men t ;
,

2 Ste r n, gr ai n ;
2 Rraut, h er b ;
2 Emma, lamb ,
2 Eanb, coun try
3 Si dyt, li gh t ;
3 fi lt h, so n g ;
8
:
g0 d) h ol e
3 M aul, mouth
‘
W
9 } , n es t ;
iBfanb, pl edge ;
m ab, wh eel ;
shah n ea t ;
.
 D E CL E N axo n o r S U B ST A N T I V E S . 73

BI N G M P LU R A L .

hué C
i cb , g boar d
i lb s i n -

@ d)lofi, l ock
6 cbtmr t, s wo r d ;
i bal, vall ey ;
I ncl), cl oth
B oll , p eop le
S

QBeib, w o man
wor d
3 . Th e fo ll owi n g s i x t
n eu e rs wi th th e aug m en t ge :
hué a p ar tmen t ; bi e (S ent dcber .

(Si emfi tl), mi n d (Si emutber .

(S efcblecbt, sex ; n
(9 eftcbt, fac e ;
< n ‘
CJ efldyter .

(Sl efpenft, s p ectr e ; n @ efpmftet .

(Sl emanb, gar men t ; n Gl emdnbct .

4 .A ll s ubs tan ti v es en d i n g i n thum; as — baé gfi r fi eutbum,

pr i n ci p ali ty, p lur al bie Der St r tbum er r or , ,

plur al bi e Srr tbfxmct .

8 3 O n ly
. a s m all nu m ber of femi n i n e s u bs a n t ti ves foll o w
th e t o ng d ecl en si on t h e si n gular r emai n i n g
s r
,
un ch an ged ,

h owe ver acco r di n g to

, 77 .

1 By th e p r i mar y fo r m ar e decli n ed
.

81 1 mm
bi e 211 3
5
,
ax e ;

n $ fl fl f, be n ch ;
n 8 mm br i de ; ,

a $ t ll fi br eas t ;
,

n 8 auft fi s t ;
‘

{St ud m
,
‘
n fr ui t ;
n (8 um, goose
n @ r uft , gr ave ;
n fi aub, h an d ;
0 Jéaut, ski n ;
10 Rt aft, stren gth ;
£ 11 5, co w
Raufl ar t ; ,

fi nué , l ouse ;
fi uft, ai r ;
74 E LE M E N T A R Y G ER M A N G R A M M A R .

m o m e h

bi e 211 1
1 , d esi r e
n SJl acbt, pow er ;
a
n m
i agb, mai d-ser van t
n Wall s mous e ;
mu st
,

u n i gh t;
mabt
,

in ,
s ea m ;
n t b ,
n eed

1! W11 6 ,
n ut ;
a 6m m tOW ll ,
'

QBaub, wall ;
QBut fl, sausage
th o se en di n g i n ui fi .

2 . B y th e con tr acted form d ec li n ed

bi e 912mm moth er , bi e fl utter .

n S ocbtet daugh ter , S bcbtct .

S UBS T A N T I V ES D ECLI N E D A F TER TH E WE A K D ECLE NS I ON .

F emi n i n e subs ta n ti ves gen er ally foll ow t he w eak

84 .

decl en si o n Th e e xce p ti o n s ar e men ti o n ed i n t h e p r ec edi n g

.

p ar agrap h Th e pr acti ce of l ea vi n g femi n i n e substan ti ves

.

un ch an ged i n t h e si n gul ar h as been r eferr ed to i n 77 .

Femi ni n es en di n g i n i n take t h e usual ter mi n ati on cn

in th e p lur al but at th e same ti m e d oubl e th e u of th e
,

der i vati ve su ffi x ; as Jbi t ti n sh eph er d ess p lur Q i t ti uucu

—
, , .

Oelbiu h er oi n e p lur fi elbi nncn ; @ 6tti u godd ess p lur

, ,
.
, ,
.

© btti mt en .

§ 8 5 S om e
. m as cu li ne subs a n t ti ves li ke w i se fo ll ow t h e
weak d ecl en si o n ; n amely
1 . A ll i n c Ex amp l es — bcr fi ote, me ssen
t h o se t h a t en d .

e
g ;
r bet fi nabc, boy bet (Q efdbt tc, c o m p an i o n ; bet 26m ,
li on fi afc, h ar e A l so t h e n am es o f n a ti on s en di n g i n c,
bct « .

an d om e e n di n g i n Cl an d at c g bcr $ t i t t c B r i ton ; bet

s
’

. .
—
,

‘ t cu c Pr ussi an
B fi ,; bet Educ D an e ; bet Eur fl c) Tur k ; bet , ,

fill obfl c) Moo r ; bet Q ui et B avar i an ; bet Raffet Kafli r ;

, , ,

bet ll uqat H un gar ia n , .

 E L E M E N TA R Y G E RMA N G R A M MA R .

93 3
th e tr e e Th e r oo f of th e build i n g i s b e i n g r e pai r ed
.
29
.
0

I am a cqu ai n t ed 3 1
w i th t h e c l er gym an 39
o f t h e v i ll a e
33
g .

Th e m oth er o f t h e gi r l i s a sem p s tr ess 34

We sh al l ta ke a .

w alk 3 5
w i th a fr i en d Th e t i tl e p age 3
6
o f t h e boo k i s to rn
.
-

o ut
37 Th ey w a v ed 3
8
th eir (say th e) h ats 39
Man y shi p s
” 4’

“ “
. .
,

ar e i n
49
t h e h a r bo u r ‘3 I l ov e t h e fi n e a r ts I h ave
“
. .

‘
fo u n d a k e
y
46
T e r oo ms
h 7. o f t h e h ou se ar e too s m al l .

o f th e r oo m m u s t b e cl ean ed Th e n u ts
49 50 51
Th e all s
w a re .

63
ri pe Th e s h o em aker
52
Th e days ar e i n c r eas i n g h as
“ “ “
. .

sen t a p ai r of sh o es Th e d o gs pu r su e
4 6 57
a h ar e . .

Boof, E d d) Buil din g, G cbdubmu To repai r , auebcflct n

. a
?
A c uain ted, ” '

.
3'
q
befannt ; goes t o t h e en d of the sen t en ce l
Ce gr m a n
-
Ti r t at
e y
“
.

m
, .

LVi llage, 53
3
"
mi n, Semps t re ss , dbt ct i n To t ake a walk, [bagi m u .

3°
gcbcu . Ti tl e page, Si tt clblat t
- To t ear out , ausr ci ficu To wave, . .

fcbmcnfen Hat , b ut Man , si d e Shi p, © cbi ffq ‘2

In , i n, wi th y
“
. . .
u
‘5
the da ti ve Har bo ur , bafcn ” a
.
« F in e fcbbncn Ar t , Jamil . . .

m Wall,
,
‘6
Key, ( é lfi fi cl fi t Room, Swi mm er Too small , 511 e i u , .

223mm .To c lean , rei ni gcn Nut , 91 116 To in cr eas e, guncbmcn

. .

Sh maker , To sen d, [chi en P air , ‘

B aar a’ To .

pu rs ue, s crfol gcn Hare , b atc h .

t
"
00
X E R CI S E X X E .

Do you see th e h o uses of th e to wn 1 B r i n g a kn i fe an d a1

fo r k ”
B r i n g th r ee kn i v es, th r e e fo r ks an d th r ee s poo n s 3 .
.
,
‘
I w a n t a p la te an d a s poon Th e glas s es stan d upon 7 th e
" 6
.

ta ble 8
Th e eggs ar e r otten
9 lo
Mi ss S san g a few s o n gs 11 ”

“
. . . .

‘ 3 1‘
I sh all o r de r tw el ve bottl es of beer 16
I h av e d r u n k .

tw o cu p s 17
of tea
18
A beggar 19
i s at 20
t h e d oo r 21
I h a ve
“
. .

r ead i t i n
2
a n ew s p a p er
”
I gav e [to ] th e w om an a .

SM
ch ar i ty H as (say i s) th e boy co m e fr om
.
’25
[,
t h e ] s c h oo l ?

o
Th e b ys h e a v ba t h e d i n t h e ri v er
26
I h a v e se n t ” th e .

3 3
messen ger ’28
aw ay
"9
H e has gi v en 0
to
[ ] . h i s
1
n e p h e w ”

Knife, Sc fi cr Fo r k, (B abel . S poon , fi bfi cl To wan t , br aucben . . .

Plate, i d l er G las s , (li l ac

.
7
Upon , auf wi t h th e dat i ve . Table, , .

12
S i fcb. Egg , G t Rot t en , faul . A few, ci ui gc S on g, Q i cb . . .

To or der , heftcfl cn Twelve, 3 :0 b .B ot t le, Elafd n B eer , B i er

>
. . .

Cup, fl afi c Tea,
. B eggar , éB ct tIer 2°
At , cm wi t h the . ,

21 2: 2’
dati ve . Door , S hirt In, i n. wi th t he dati ve . Newspaper , S ettli ng . .

y
Ch ari t , fi l mofm n Fr om, « as gov er ns th e da ti ve
, . Ri ver , 8 1115 , . .

To sen d, id en w 2‘
Mess enger , E st a . A wa , fort To gi ve, . y .

M m ‘1
T.o hi s , {el m N e
p h ew M e ,
.
 D E CL E N S I ON OF S U B ST A N T I V ES . 77

a wa tch H o rs es
.
”
an d ar e [b ei n g]
"4
ox en 3
5
us ed
3
6
for
3
p lough i n g 7 H av e you seen t h e coun t
.
38
an d th e coun tess 1 3
9

4‘
Th e l i fe o f [th e] man
40
i s sh o r t 42
Th e w at ch es go w r o n g . .

Th e s i st er i s exp e cti n g so m e
44 45
fr i en ds 46
Th e w all s 47
o f th e
“
.

cas tl e li e i n r u i n s 49
I h av e eaten s om e oyst er s .
50
He .

53
sh r ugged
51
h i s (say, th e) sh ould er s 52
Th e B r i to n s h ave a .

‘
lar ge 54
fl eet 55
Th e Sc an di n av i an 56
i s l an d s 57
[b i g]
“
. ar e e n

i n h abi t ed ‘
58 59 60 m
by th e D an es , Sw ed es, an d Nor w egi an s .

Watch , u Horse,m . 0 x, D ebt

3’
‘ et b.
T o us e, gebr aud xu
Bf
3
‘
.
3‘
.

For ploughi ng, gum fil flfi geu Coun t , G r af Coun t ess , (S t ali n

. . .

Li fe, Seben Man, Ti mi d) . Sh ort , fur s Wr on g, falfd). To . .

e x pect , er mar teu Some, ci ni ge Fr i en d, Sr euuri n ‘7

Wall, 93 2m m
“
. . . .

Cas tl e, SB ur g Li e in r ui ns , [t ub ner fallen O st er , m utt er

1
To y
“ “
. . .

2 3
s h r u , gucfen Sh oul der , Qldnel f B r i t on , B ri ne Lar ge , gt ofi e
'

g
“
. , . . .

“
Fl eet , Matt e Scan din avi an (plan ), © fanr 1 uani fd; eu
.
7
Is lan d, S aid. .

‘8
To in h abi t , bemobuen B y, s ou gov er ns t h e dat i v e Dane, S ane
“
. , . .

Sw ede , C é cbmebe
‘2
Nor wegi an , Wet ti n g . .

U
P EC LI A R I T I ES I N DECLEN SI ON .

§ 8 6 Th e foll owi n g mas cul i n e

. d e c l i n ed subs a n t t i ve s ar e

by the w eak d e c l en si o n t h r o ugh s i n gul ar an d p lur al , but

take i n th e gen i t i v e si n gular th e s t r o n g t e r mi n at i on 6 i n
addi ti o n to t h e weak t erm i n ati on 11 ; as iBucbfi abeneL
fl
—

gri ebeué ,
dz c .

bet $ ucbflab g, l e tt er o f th e bet Q aufe ,

h eap
al p h ab et ; n Stat ue n am e ; ,

A itS
h are p ea ce ; , 6 mm, s eed ;
s n fi uufe sp ar k ; , @ chabe i nj ur y ,
°

© ebanfe, th o ugh t ; QBi lIe wi ll .

(S laube fa i th , .

ITh e bae di et s, h ear t , i s si m il ar ly d ecli n ed, except t h at

n eu er t
i t r emai n s un c h an ged i n th e accusa ti v e si n gul ar z— g en bee .

S gg ,
et t g d at bem ba ggy, acc bi e ©553
« .
2;
p l u r bi e S er eu
g . . .

§ 87 . Th e foll ow i n g m as cul i n e an d n eu er t subs ant ti ves

foll ow th e s r t on g d eclen si on i n t h e si n gular , but th e w eak i n
th e lur al

1 . MA SCU LI N ES
M l u, an e s c to r ; ‘
bet D Dt n, th o rn
B auer , peasan t ; fi ct it, for est
78 EL E M E NT A R Y G ER M A N G R A M M A R .

bet © ebattet , go d fath er ; i nom,

bet G p ur ; s

fi vrbeet , laur el 6 mm s ta te ; ,

fili afl, mas t of a shi p 6 tacbel sti n g ; ,

glacbbat , n ei ghb our ; 6 ti efel boot ; ,

‘ nt
B a offel, sli pp er ; © tt abl ray ,

g di mn dt Pai n untet tban, subject

u g et , l ake , n g ut , cousi n“ .

2 N E U T ERS
.

Q emb shi r t ;
‘
~
bae Zl uge, eye baé ,

A be d , n D bt ear , .

G abe, en d

§ 88 . Th e foll owi n g subs tan ti v es h av e a d oubl e plur al ,

wi th a di ffer en t si gn ifi cati on for ea ch

S IN G ULAR
P L U RA L.

fi dubet , r i bbo n s % anbe, t i es .

% dufe, ben ch es ; $ umfen, com mer ci al ban ks .

(S eflcbtet , faces Gi e lc te, vi s i o n s

fb .

d eu, sh op s S abeu, sh utters .

Edubet , s epar ate Sc ri be, th e var i ous pa rts ,

co un t ri es ; pr o v i n ces or di s tr i cts of
,

th e same ki n gd o m or
em p i r e .

S i dyte, can dl es ; S i dytet li gh ts

, .

D et t er (si n gle) , D t te p laces (coll ecti vely)

, .

p lac es ;
bet © tt aufi ; fi tt aufie o r 6 mm : © tt duf3
e, n o segays .

6m ,
o st n c h es ;
bad QBDt t ; il t tet , S i n gl e QBDt te, co h eren t wor ds .

w o r ds ;
bet B oll ; Sell e ,
i n ch es ; Sell e tolls
, .

um .

with M ann for m t he plur al by t he collect i ve

compoun ded

Geni e. when used in a co ll ecti ve or gener al s ens e ; as — Q lt beiteleute work ,

people ; B et glmte, mi n ers ; Gbell eut e noblemen ; G beleut e marri ed people ;

‘

, ,

Subt leut e wagon er s ; b anbewl eut e tr ades -people, sh opkeepers ; Raufl eute,
, ,

y
mer c hants ; Sanbleut e countr -people ; Sanbeleut e people of the same ,

m
,

cou nt ry ; filli et beleut e lodge rs B ut the or di nar for m

, . anner must be y
y
emplo ed if per sons are co n s i der ed as in di vi duals , not as a class ; as

, y
fl i eber mdnuet hones t, or lo al men ; (Sbt eumduner men of hon our ;
'

, x
6 t aatl md nuer s t at es men ; or if a se ual di s t i ncti on is t o be made as i n ,
 D E CL E N S I ON o r s u n s r A n 'r r v ns
'
. 79

G m annet hus ban ds ; illitet bemanner , mal e lodg er s

,
Wi th some words .

of thi s des cri pti on , h owever , t he plur al Beut e h as become so pr ev alent .

that even th e best aut h ors use i t un der all cir cumst an ces ; 3 g — R aufl eut e . . ,

Oofl eute, and others .

E X E R CI S E X X I .

J oh n l
i s l ea rn i n g th e l etter s Th e ye ars of [th e]
. p eace
ar e p as t D o yo u? 3
kn o w t h e n am e o f t h e au t h o r F r ee
“
dom of [th e ] w ill i s a p r i v il ege o f [th e ] man
6 7 I admi r e '
.

the b oldn e ss o f t h e th o ugh t Can yo u g u ess

9 1°
my th ough ts 7 .

Th e an ces to rs o f th e famil y h ad es tat es i n G er m an y ‘9

Th e
“
.

bl oss om ‘3
o f th e lau re l i s v e r y p r e tty We ar e n ei g hb ours . .

Th e b oo ts mus t b e s ol ed ”
Th e beauty 16
o f t h e l ake i s
.

beyo n d des c r i pti o n 17

Th e li gh t o f th e eye i s an i n es t im abl e
“
.

gi ft 1
o f G o d [T h e ] m an. h a s t w o ear s a n d o n e m o n th 19
.

Th e shi r ts ar e n ot yet "0

i r o n ed ”
Th e ban ks ar e cl o s ed ”
.

23
on h oli days ?4
Th e b en ch e s ar e occup i ed 25
Th e r i bbo n s .

ar e gr een
526
Sh u t 27
. t h e s h u tte rs Th e s h op s a r e to b e le t ?8
.

I h ave bo ugh t two n osegays Th ese ar e t w o Fr en ch 29 i’o

.

wo r ds H er 31
wo r ds w er e daggers 32
Th e wo r k-p eop l e
“
. .

” 3
th ei r w ages weekly4
Th e l o dge rs h a v e (say, ar e )
get .

rem ov ed
36
S e v er al
.
” m er ch an ts h av e fa i l ed 38
Th ey a r e .
,

men o f h on our .

J ohn , 30 5mm
P as t , oct fi bet To kn ow, mi flen Auth or , filer »
'

. . .

M om, St ei bei t Pr i vil ege, Qi orr ccbt Man, Ti mi d)

'

faner . . . .

To admi r e, bemunber n Baldn ess, Rubnbei t . To guess , et t at ben . .

My mei ne is
Estate, zB efi suug
. Blossom, B lut be Pr et ty, . .

bfi bfcl) . To sole, befclyl eu B eaut , .

‘7
B e on d descr ipti on, y y
nubci cbt ei bli d) An i n es timable gift , ci ne un asbat e G abe
. One w .

mout h ei neu fill unb

2°
Not yet, nocb uicbt . To ir on, el ement . .

a
To close, fcbli efi en 2'
On , an, wit h the dati ve
. H oli da , Sei ert ag . y .

To occup , befesen y G reen, gr i m .

”7
To s hut , gumacben z‘
To be . .

let , an omn i et beu

‘3
Th ese, bi ee
. French fi augbfi f e. Her m .

fibre Dagger , SDcld)

. To get , betommen . Their w ages , .

i f): Eobu .Weekl , mixt eut lidi y

To remove, ausgi eben . Sever al, .

mebt ere . To fai l, fallirea .

DECLEN S I N O O F FO R EI G N S U B S TA N T I V ES .

§ T
89 h e fo
. l l owi n g fo re i gn t ti v es take th e s tr o n g
su bs an
de cl en si o n both i n th e si n gul ar an d p l u ral

1 . Mos t m es
na of t h i n gs o f t h e m as cul i n e an d n eut er
80 ELE M E NT A R Y G ER M A N G RA M M A R .

g e n d er s ; S n fl i n ft b
as—
,
ae Elltcbet
n umexn c Jos eph a! h as , .

in th e p l ur al S osbi tdlet ; ill egi ment h as illegi ment et .

Th o se m es m al e
p ers o n s w h i ch en d i n al at an et
i

2 . na of , , , ,

i et on an d or (w i th th e accen t on t h e las t syll abl e ; as

, ,

m jo ) ‘
w se HI N abb ot ; B r obft p r eb en d ar y ;
S
Sl taiot a r Li
,
k e i .
—
, ,

‘ a i pop e ‘
B nf ; fi i fcbof bi sh op ; p lu r a l Ql ebt e B t bbfle i
, hfle
, , , ,

§Bi fcb6fe .

90 . Th e foll owi n g ar e d ec li n ed aft e r t h e str o n g d eelen

si on in th e si n gul ar , aft er th e w ea k i n t h e p lur al
1 Th o s e
. na of mal e
p ers o n s wh i ch en d i n an un ac
m es
cen t e d ct ; as gen Sli t ofefi ot e p lu r {Bt ofef f o t em .
, .

2 Th o se n eu te r s u bs tan t i v es w hi ch h ad o r i gi n al ly or st ill
.
,

h av e t h e Lat i n t e r m i n a t i o n i w n or a m an d als o th o s e n eu ters

, ,

wh i ch en d i n al or i l (Lati n a le i le) Th ese h av e i n t h e ,

f
.

p lural ten o r en r es p ecti v ely For ex am pl e z G bangeli um .

—
,

g o s p e l gen (
E van gel i um é p lu r Q bangeli en 3nbi bibuum ,

matet i al
. .
, ,

i n d i v i dual gen Snbi bibuumé p lu r 3 nbi bi buen

mat er i al gen mater i al é pl ur Watet i ali en iSDiT
,
.
, .
,

l I fo s s il gen
’
. .
, , , ,

gofli l e p lu r gvfi l li eu
, . .

3 Th e fo ll owi n g mas culi n es

.
‘
D i an1 ant itafan Ronful —
,
<
, ,
‘ t d eft ‘ al
B f Di in Sl ubi n an d th e n eu t ers Snfeft Bt cnom
, ,
‘
, , ,

G tatut, Qi et b .

Th e fo ll o w i n g ar e d e cli n ed by t h e w eak d ecl en si on

91 .

both i n th e si n gular an d p lur al (th e femi n i n es, h owev er ,

r ema i n i n g un ch an ged i n th e s i n gul ar )

1 . A ll femi n i n e subs an tti ves .

2A ll app ell a ti o n s
. o f m al e p er s o n s w i th ,
th e e xce pti o n of

th ose above m en ti on ed
3 Th ese mas culi n es z
. fDufat, Glepbant, fi onfonant , Ron ni ,
—

‘ l anet t t an d oth ers o f a s i mil ar ki n d

B , Q uo i en . .

Mas culi n e an d n eu t er substan ti v es w h i ch bel o n g to

92 .

oth er mod er n lan guages, an d h ave r etai n ed th ei r or i gi n al

for ei gn fo r m un ch an ged, take 8 i n th e gen i ti v e si n gul ar , an d
likew i se 6 i n th e p lur al ; as — Eot bé, © calcé , (SIMS, fi lm” , r

‘
SDetai le, SS anqni et B ll ctcut e b oa t ers, © 0 10 6 fi afluoe, , . .
 D ECLE N S I ON or S U B S TA N TI V ES . 81

E X E R CI S E XXII .

Th e town i s r i ch i n m o n um en t s I 1
o f th e
2
d es p ai r 3
“ “
.

s ol u t i o n o f t h e p r o bl e m T h e h o s p i t al s
6
a r e m a i n.t a i n ed 7

by th e i n h a bi t an ts o f th e town
8 9 Th e m an ager 10
of the .

‘ 3
h o s p i tal h as gai n ed [for h i m self ] t h e c o n fi den c e an d
" 12

[ ]
t h e es t eem 1
o f t h e p u bl i c 15 “ Th e m o n k 16
b e l o n g s
‘7 to t h e .

o r der o f th e D om i n i can s
18 19
A Pr uss i an r egi m en t c o n s i s ts
20
.
21

”3
of th r e e batt ali o n s O f h o w m an y r eg i m e n t s d o es an
”
.

SM
ar m y -cor
ps Si x o ffi c ers o f t h e r egi m en t ar e
co n si s t ? "5 ?”

on l e a v e Th e h i gh es t d i gn i ta r i es o f t h e En gl i s h ch u r ch
” ” ”9
.

ar e call ed
30
ar ch b i s h o ps
3 l
Th e p r o fe s s o r s o f t h e un i v e rs i ty ”

“
.

33
hav e h eld a m eet i n g an d e xp e lled se v e r al s tu d en ts ?
5
Th e
four 36
g o s p el s
3
7 co n t a i n
”
t h e h i s to r y
39
o f t h e l i fe o f Ch r i s t .
“
We h ave r ead th e fi ft h ch apt er of th e G os pel ac co r di n g
u ‘

to Matth ew 42
H e co ll ec ts .
43
fos s i ls Th e ki n gd o m 5
of
“
.
“
Pr us si a 46
h as si x un i v e rs i t i es Eac h 47
u n i v e r s i ty h as fo ur .

‘
fac ul ti es 48
V ar i ous 49
th eo logi an s h av e tr an sla ted an d
50 51

“
.

53
i n t er p r et ed th e b oo k o f t h e p r op h e t
52
I sai ah Th e plan ets i"5

“ “
.

rec ei v e
56
th ei r l i gh t fr o m th e sun Mes srs A an d B
7 8 59
. . .

Ri ch in, r ei cb an, wi th th e dati v e Monument , onument u . m , .

To despai r of, oer gmei feln an wi t h t he dati ve Solut i on, Qtufl bfung
,
. .

Problem, ‘ Br oblem n Hos pi t al , facebnal n

, . To mai n t ai n , unt er , .

balt en . By, s on wi th t he dat i ve In habi t ant , G i nmobnet

. Man a ger , . .

‘
iBor ftebet . To gai n , erwer ben 7
For hi ms elf, fi d) Con fi dence,
. .

B er t rauen n
’
, Est eem, ‘
. lld nung Publi c, ‘ B ubli fum n Monk, . , .

m ane . To belon g, gebet en To t he or der , gum Dt ben . Do mi ni .

ca n, SDomi n tanet
i A Pruss ia n reg m t , ei n B r eufi i fd m {Regi ment
. i en ‘

To con si st of, befi eben c ut wi t h t he da t i ve B at t ali on ‘B at at ll on n

, . , , .

Of how man , aue mi e ci ci ca (dat ) y 2‘

A r m -c or ps, e meecer b e. n y
“
. .

2 2‘
S ix, techs O ffi cer , D ffi gi et
. On leave, auf Ur l aub The hi ghes t
. .

di gni t ari es , bi e bbcbflen G ei fi li dxn Of t h e En gli s h church, bet engli fcben .

Ri t d x. To call, nennen Ar chbi s hop, (81 5bi i cbof . Uni ver s i t , '

y
uni oer in at f
'

Meet i n g, G onfet eng f

, . To e pel, r el egi r en S tude nt , , . x .

F our , b i er
“
G tubent . G os pe l, Gnangeli um n . To cont ai n , ent bal ten , . .

y
Hi s t or , G efcbi d ne Of Chri s t , fi br i l . Th e fi ft h ch apt er , baa .

fdnft e Rabi t el Acco r di ng t o Matt hew, fill att bai

. To c oll ect , fammela . .

44
Fossil, Eofli l n Ki n gdom, Rbni gt eid)
, . P r uss i a, fi lt eufi en Eac h, . .

iebe. Fac ult , Safult at y

ar i ous oerfe eben e. V
Theo logian, m .

Sibeolcg . To tr ans lat e, uberfesen ; see 6 2, not e To i n t er pret , .

er fl aren . Pro phet , Tr obba. sai ah, S efai ae P lan et , ‘B lanet , m I . .

To recei ve , embfangen ‘7
Thei r li ght , i bt stem . Fr om, b en, wi th .

t he dati ve Mes sr s, bi e 6 m m
. .
82 E LE M E N T A R Y G ER I A N G R A M M A R .

ban ke rs “I
a m ac q u ai n te d w i th th e 61 ”
p r i n ci pal s “f o
“
ar e .

s ev e r a l c o mm er c i a l h o u s es i n Lo n d o n
64
.

60 B an ker , ZB anq ui et , see 92 Ac ua i nted, befannt ; is removed to

. q
th e en d .
Wi t h, mi t , gov er n s the dat i ve P r i n ci pal , G bcf Of . .

‘5
sev er a l , mehr erer Co mmerci al house , Q anbelsbaus
.

D ECLEN S I ON OF P R P ER O N A M ES .

§ 9 3 Th o se
. w hp r o per
i c h na mes
ar e n e v e r used wi th o ut

an a r ti c l e as t h e n a m es o f r i v ers
—
seas lakes m o u n tai n s , , , ,

an d fo r es ts an d t h e n a m es o f co u n t r i es o f t h e m as cu li n e or
,

fem i n i n e g e n d e r fo ll o w e n ti r ely t h e r ul es gi v en for t h e

—

dec le n s i o n o f c o mm o n n a m e s B u t w i th r egar d to th o se .

p r o per n am es w h i c h a r e c o mm o n ly used w i th ou t an arti cl e»

th at i s n a m es o f pe rs o n s places an d n eu ter n ames of
, , ,

co un t r i es t h e fo ll o w i n g r ul es ar e o bser v ed
—

9 4 Th ey t a ke i n t h e ge n i ti v e t h e s tr o n g te r m i n ati o n 6 ;
.

Rar l Raf l é fi r i ebr i cb dfl ebr i d fl ; (Eli i i betb (gli fabetl fi

c ’
—
as
'

, , ,
‘
Il ri elbeib llbelbei bé ; l i mer i fa l er i faé ; QBer Iin $ er li n 8
s
,
s
, , .

9 5 Na m e s o f fem a l es e n di n g i n e fo ll ow t h e w eak d eel en

.

si o n ,
bu t t a ke i n t h e g e n i t i v e t h e m i x ed t e rm i n ati on m8
as —
C Bopbi e gen 6 opbi en é d at a n d ac c © onbi m
‘
,
.
, . . .

9 6 F o r e i gn n a m es e n d i n g i n a s i b il an t es p e c i all y su ch
.
,

of t h e m as h a v e a n u n a c c e n t ed t er m i n a t i o n ar e n o t d e cli n ed , ,

an d t h e cas e i s po i n t ed o ut by t h e d efi n i te ar t i c l e ; for
i n s ta n c e NI6 {veer b eG f et t eé th e ar m y o f X er x es ; bi t
—
,

6 cbr i ft en be é e i ftoteleé t h e wr i ti n gs o f A r i s tot le ; baB

6 m “
,

m bet I bemi é th e s w o r d o f Th emi s ; bem {Baulufl

,

to Pa u l .

Th e sa me i s s o m eti m es h ad r eco ur se to, ev en

exp edi en t
w i th n a m es wh i ch can
b e i n fle cted i n th e gen i ti v e ; e g . .

bi e B r i efe b ee Ci cer o (o r (Si cer o é SBri efe), th e e p i s tl es o f Ci cer o

'
.

Wi t h su c h n am es as do n o t ta ke an y i n fl ect i on al ter mi n ati on

in th e da ti v e, i t i s a v er y c o mm o n p r a cti c e to po i n t out th e
cas e by m ean s of th e ar t i cl e , es peci al ly i f thi s m ay ser ve to
av o i d am b i gui t i es ; as i n — er gi cht ( Ba be bem 6 cbi i1et her , h e
pr e fers G o e th e to Schill er .

§ 97 Pr op e r n am es o f co un t r i es
. an d p laces co me un der
th e gen e r a l r ul e — t h at i s
,
th ey take 3i n th e gen i ti ve . B ut
84 ELE M E N T A R Y G ER M A N G R A M M A R .

13
marr i ed F r ed er i ck s si s ter D o you kn ow Ch ar l otte s
” ’
.
19 ’

moth er ? X er x es, ki n g o f Pers i a,20 w as th e son an d su c

m ”
We ar e tr an sl ati n t h e
ces s or o f t h e D ar i us [
H stas i s ]p g y .

23
t s o [th e ] Musaeu s i n to En gl i sh
a l e f ’M
I p r efer S ch ill er
25
.

to [t h e ] G o eth e Th e g ar r i s o n 26
. o f t h e fo r t r es s
?7
of M a en c e
y
am o un ts
”8
to si x t o
h u san d m en 29
Th e popul ati on 30
of .

Lo n d on i s gr eat er 31 3
th an th e pop ul at i on of Par i s Th e
2

“
.

si tuat o n
i 33 o f Co bl en z i s ver y ch ar mi n g ?
4
V i en n a i s th e
3
cap i tal of A ustr i a 7
6 3 .

To mar r y , bei t atlyen ; i s a weak v er b . Fr eder i ck, ilt i ebt i d) . To

‘ 2° 2‘ 2’
know, fennen P ers i a, B er li en Succes s or , Sl acbfcl get D ar i us ,
“
. . .

m etri cs.
2’
T ale, dbt dyen m nt o En li s h , We fi ngl i f
g . Icbe
2
. To pr efer,
2°
t ot gi ebeu . G ar r i s on , fi efasung 2’
F or t r es s , li eftung .
2°
To amount t o, .

bett agen 2’
. S i x t h o u s an d men , feebstaufenb i am 3°
P opulati on , fi enbii e m .

3 3‘
rung . G reat er , gt bfiet ”
I
Th an , (1 16 ’
. Si t u at i on , Sage Ch armi ng,
. .

rei genb . V
i enna, élBi m 3‘
Capi t al , b aubt ftabt
. Aus tr i a, D eflt ei Q . .

T H E D E CL E N S I ON OF A D J E CT I V ES .

99 . A dj e cti v es
wor d s wh i ch qual i fy sub st an t i ves
ar e .

Wh en an adj e cti ve i s as ser ted o f a p er s o n or th i n g s o th at i t ,

fo r m s th e p r edi ca te of a s en t en ce i t r em ai n s u n ch a n ged For ,

.

ex a m l ‘
p e z Daé B fet b i fi i un g th e h or se i s yo un g {Die
—
, .

fi dume flab gr i m th e tr ees ar e gr een 53 , k Rit fcben wer ben .

r ei f t h e c h err i es b e co m e r i p e
,
G t i l t ei cb gemefen h e h as .
,

bee n r i ch .

Wh en an adj ecti ve s tan ds i n an a ttr i but i v e con n ect i on

wi th a subs tan ti v e i t i s decl i n ed th at i s i t i s mad e to agr ee
,
—
,

wi th th e substan ti v e i n gen d er n umber an d c ase For , ,

.

‘
ex am p l e ei n 11111 c B ferb a you n g h o rs e ; bi e grun en
-
,

SBdume t h e gr een t r e es ; reife Ji it fcben r i p e ch er r i es ; ei u

t ei cbet im
, ,

am a r i ch m an ,
.

Mos t adj ect i v es c an b e us ed i n a pr ed i c ati v e as well as an

attr i bu ti v e con n e ct i on .

1 00 Ever y adj e cti v e wh i ch can be us ed i n an a ttr i buti v e

.

conn ecti on h as two fo r ms of decl en si on wh i ch li ke th e , ,

decl en si o n s of su bs tan ti ves ar e call ed th e str o n g an d th e

’
,

Th e s tr on g decl en s i o n i s m or e p er fect th an th e
’
w eak .
 D E CLEN S I ON or A D J E CTI V ES . 85

weak bei n g subj ect to a gr eater var i ety of i n fl ecti on al

,

ch an ges Th e fo r mer co r r espon ds wi th th e d ecl en si on of

.

t h e d efi n i t e a r ti c l e th e l atter bear s a r es emb l an c e to th e

,

w eak dec l en si o n of subs tan ti ves .

TA B U LA R V I EW OF T H E T ER M I N A T I ON S .

S TR O N G D E CL E N S I O N .

S I NG U LA R .
PLUR l l

HA S CU LI N E . M IN I N E. AL L T H R EE G EN D ERO

N am . et , e,
G en . es(en) , et ,
B eat . em , et ,
A ce . en, e,

W EA K D E CL EN S I ON .

S I N G U LA R .
PL UR I I

H ABCULIN E . FEM IN IN E NEU T ER. ALL TH R EE

PA R A DI G M .

STR O NG D EC LE N S I O N .

S I NG U LA R.
FLO R A L.

“ S CU LI N E . FEM I N IN E . NE U TEB . A LL TH R EE G EN D R RS .

N am .
gut et , gut e, gates, gut e .

G en .
gut eé (en), ut
g et , guteé (en), u t
g et .

b at .
gut em, gut er, gut em, gut en .

A ce .
gut en , ut
g e, ut
g es, gu t e .

W EA K D ECLE N S I O N .

S I NG U LA R .

P LUR A L .

M IN E R . ALL TH R EE 0 m m .
86 ELE M E N T A R Y G ER M AN G R A M M A R .

1 In t h e geni t i ve s in gular of th e mas culi n e an d neuter gen ders of t he

.

str on g de clen si on, t he weak t er mi n ati on en is now gen er all adopted i n y

t h e plac e of t h e stron g t er mi n ati on es .

2 Adject i v es en di n g in on e of t he s llables et el en when dec li ned,

. y , , ,

commonl lose t he vowel e of t hes e s llables ; as ei n maci t et 93

y 2m m a br ave y ,

man ; ei ne eble SZbat a n oble acti on ; ei n felt net Qi ogel a cur i ous bir d
, , .

8 Th e adjecti ve bod) hi gh, w h en dec li n ed ch an ges d) int o i) ; as in ei u

. , ,

bober fi er g a hi gh moun tai n

, .

1 01 . j cti v e fo ll ows th e s tr o n g d ecl en si o n w h en i t

An ad e

i s n ot p r ec ed ed by an y ar ti cl e p r o n ou n or n u mer al or w h en , , ,

pr eceded by an ar t i cl e p r o n oun or n um er al wh i ch h as n o , ,

i n fl ec ti o n al t er m i n a t i o n Fo r i n s tan c e gut et QBei u good

.
—
,

wi n e ; [chi med QBettet fi n e w eath er ; rein e Rlei ber cl ean , ,

dr es s es ; ei n ebn et S IBeg an e v en r o ad ; mei n l i eber St eunb

, ,

my d ear fr i en d unfet neu eé ©0 11 6 ou r n ew h ous e ,

.

A n adj e ct i v e foll ows th e w eak decl en s i on w h e n i t i s

pr e ced ed by an art i cl e p r on o un or n umer al wh i ch sh ew s , , ,

by i ts s tr o n g t er m i n a ti o n t h e ge n der n um ber an d c as e o f th e , ,

subs t an t i v e For i n s ta n c e
. bet gut e fiBei n th e goo d w i n e —
,

beB fi rfi en QBei nes of t h e sw eet w i n e ; ba s fcbbu e QBet tet th e

, ,

fi n e w eath er ; bi e rei n en Ji leibet th e cl ean dr es ses ; biefet ,

ebn e QBeg th i s ev en r o ad ; mei n e li eb en ift eunbe my dear

, ,

fr i en ds ; i n umi et m neu en b aufe i n our n ew h ouse , .

Fr om th i s r ul e i t i s o b vi ous th at an adj ecti ve m ay fo ll ow

th e s tr on g dec l en s i on i n o n e case w h i l e i t m ay r equ i r e t h e ,

weak i n an oth er al th o ugh pr e ced ed by th e sam e ar t i cl e

, ,

pr on oun or n umer al acco r di n g as th e latter h as a str on g

, ,

ter mi n ati o n or n ot Fo r ex am p le i n th e n omi n at i ve ei n

.
,

f g
u n e r fi aum a
y o u n g t
,
r ee t h e adj ect i ve i s i n t h e s tr o n g
,

de cle n si o n but i n th e gen i t i v e dati v e an d accusa ti ve i n th e

, , ,

weak ; n am ely g en ei nes inngen SBaumes d at einem lungen

— .
,

Q aume ace ei neu tungen waum Ex am pl es

, . .

Si ng N am . . al ter QBein, old wi n e .

G en . alt en QBei neB, of old w i n e .

D at . al t em QBei ne, to ol d w i n e .

A ce . al i en QBei n, o l d wi n e .

PM . N om . t QBei ne old wi n es
al e , .

G en . al t et E
IBei ne of old w i n es ,
.

D at . alt en QBei nen to ol d wi n es ,

A ce . alte QBei ne old wi n es ,

.
 D ECL E N S I ON O F A D J E CT I V ES . 87

N am . bet j unge §B auui , th e yo un g t r ee .

G en . beé jungen $ aume8, of t h e yo un g tr e e .

D ee . bem iungen B aume, to t h e youn g tr ee

>
.

A ce
. ben jungen 3m m
5 th e yo u n g t r ee
, .

36mm, th e yo un g t r ees
bi e iungen 5 .

G en . bet iungeu % dume, o f t h e yo un g tr ees .

D at . ben jungen $ dumen to t h e youn g t r ace

, .

A ce
. bi e iuugen $ dume, th e yo u n g tr ees .

fy
d b n e R un fl ,
t h e fi n e ar t .

fb
c b n en Ru n fi, o f t h e fi n e ar t .

fdfi men Run ft, to th e fi n e art .

[chi m e R un fi ,
t h e fi n e a r t .

[dl i mm Ri mfte th e fi n e ar ts
, .

[Cb b nen R i mf
te o f t h,
e fi n e a r ts .

idlenen Runfi en to th e fi n e ar ts
, .

fdl buen Ri mfte th e fi n e ar ts

, .

Kelb th i s gr een fi eld

, .

fi elbeé, of th i s gr een fi eld .

fi elbe, to thi s gr een fi el d .

thi s gr een fi eld .

ii elbet th ese gr een fi el ds

, .

fi elber of th ese gr een fi elds

, .

8 elbem to th es e gr een fi elds

’

, .

iSelbet th es e gr een fi el ds
' ‘

,
.

ei n tg es
a % u(h, g ood bo o k
a .

eineB gut en QBucbeB, o f a g oo d b oo k .

ei nem guten SBucbe, to agood boo k

ei u gutee $ ucb, a good bo ok .

t
gu e B arber , goo d b oo ks .

gutet $ i1 cbet , of good boo ks .

t
gu en wi ther s , t o good boo ks .

gute % ti ther , goo d boo ks .

mei ne Ii ebe G m
i mefi et , my d ear si ster .

mei net Ii eben fi cbmeftet , of my d ear si st er

C .

mei net Ii eben w

g meftet , to my dear si s t er .

mei ne Iiebe g cbm ftet , my dear si st er .

 E LE M E N T A R Y G E RM A N G R A MMA R .

P lur N a m . . mei ne li ebeu © dnv efler n, m y d ear s i st e rs .

G en . mei ner li ebeu i cbmefter u, o f m y d ear s i ster s

C .

D at . mei nen l i eben 6 d mefi ern, to my d ear s i s ters .

A ce . mei ue Ii eben C
°
3cbmeftet mmy dear s i s ters .

F a n P R A CT I CE

(Sl ater QBei u goo d W i n e ; l i eber % t ubet , d e a r br o t h er ;

,

li ebeé Ri nb, d ear c h ild ; geli ebt e @ cbmefi er , b el ov ed si st er ;

Der gri m e E B aum, t h e gr ee n tr e e ; ber Br ei t e ii lufx, t h e b r oad
‘
r i ver ; bi e l ange g tt afie, th e l on g s t r e e t ; baé iuuge lfi dbdlen,

th e you n g gi r l ; bi efer neue fi li amel, th i s n ew c l oa k ; jenee

8 t a t l ar e c a s k ; ei n m f R mi i ki
g fi
r o e 1 1 9, h g ei e r i g, a w s e n g;
ei n fi ei uet Rnabe, a li ttl e boy ; ei ne gt ofie 6 m m, a lar ge town
ei n tt ocfncs §B Iatt, a dr y le a f ; mei n Ii eber F ltt eunb, my d ear
c

fr i en d ; [ei n neueé B ud), hi s n ew b o o k

s
.

X E R CI S E X X I V
E .

S w eet Wi n e l
(n o m ) S w ee t w
Th e goo d w i n e
.i n e ( )
acc . .

To th e good w i n e Old t r e es
?
D ear c h il d Dear chi l dr en . . . .

Th e ol d tr ees An ol d t r ee 3
Th i s yo un g tr ee ‘
Of a .
. .

‘
y o un g tr ee O f y o u.n g t r ees T o a b r o a d 5
r i v e r Th i s . .

l o n g s t r ee t
7 8
Lo n g s t r ee ts
. A n ew s o n g
9 10
New s o n gs . . .

Th e you n g gi r l s Of a n e w c l o a k ll
To l a r ge
.
12
cas ks ”
. .

Wi se ki n g Th e li ttl e boy (n o m ) Th e l i ttle boy (ac c )

‘
4
.
15
. .

‘
Li ttl e b oys Of th e l ar ge to w n
. My dear fr i en ds
6
Of . .

my l7
d e ar fr i en d Th e w ater i s co ld
1 8
Th e h o rs es ar e
. .

y o u ng I h ave bough t a youn g h or se Th e c h er r i es h ave

.
19
.

be come r i pe ”
I li ke r i pe ch er r i es Th e w eath er w as
”1 22

“
. .

23
fi ne . I t i s fi n e w eath er We ar e lear n i n g th e F r en ch .

lan guage I h ave or d e r ed [fo r mys el f ] a n ew cl oak

.
25 26
.

Th e r i ch ”7
p r opr i eto r o f th e lar ge es ta te i s a ch a r i tabl e
5
28 29 ”

man Th e lar ge es tat e wi ll b e s o ld 3 3

.
1
A fa i t h ful 2
fr i en d i s .

a gr ea t
33 tr eas ur e 34
H e h as len t ”
to an old fr i en d a l ar ge
.

‘
S wee t , fiti Old, alt . Thi s bi efet Y oung, flung . B ro ad, .

T
.

brei t . hi s (f btefe Long, laug . St reet , © t t afi e

. New, ueu . . .

S g, i eb
on B Cloak . ant el Lar ge, gt ofi ‘3
m
Cas k, ii afi Wis e,
. . .

Deife . Li t tle, flei u My (pL), mei ne Of my . mei nes Cold, . .

i alt
. Cher r , Rit fd x: 2°
y
Ri pe r ei f 7‘
li ke, id; eff: get u Weat her ,, . I .

E nt er 2:
. Fi ne, ichim F rench, fr angbfi fd) 2‘
To or der , beflell eu
. . .

For m self, mit y Ri ch, r ei d) Propri eto r , B efi set

. Es t ate, . .

8m m.
”
Char i table, mobltbdti g To se ll , b et faufen F ai t hful, . .

gt ofi Treasur e, © cbas To len d, leiIi en

. . .

‘
1 1,
 ‘
J CI I V E S .
’
N SI O N O F A D E

h ave a ri ch o n e i gh br i ch ur ”
. Our 3
8

3 We cli mb ed a
f
‘1
n um er o us fami lyfif
9 o

43 ‘5
Th e publi c libr ar y 44
IS
L
be i n
g ] m an aged
46 47 48
by ab l e H e h as ab l e
l i br ar i an To
“
an .

53
w h om 50
d o e s thi s ‘
51
b r own p ar a s o l b e l o n g 7 54
I w i sh
to
[ ]y o u
56
a g oo d m o r n i n g
57
H e h as a n o bl e
58
h
. ear t .

al m o n d s
6 ”
i s a m o des t 59
w o m an Th es e 60
a r e bi tt er
.
1
.

Sum of mon e , (bi elbfumm . y d

Nei ghbour , Stacbbat A, Our unfet
”
.

Numer ous , gabi t ei d) Famil , Samili e

. y
To c li mb, et ft ei geu . .

‘2
Hi gh , bod) ; s ee 1 00 , note 3 P ubli c , Bffentl i d) Libr r , y
.

a .

fi i bli ot bet f ,
To man age , t em alt en
. B y, s on wi t h t he dat i v e
. , .

w
Able, t urbti g Li br ar i an , zB ibliot befat ‘9
Ass i s t an t , (Meijfl lfej h To
5“
. .

who m, mem Thi s

. bi efet B r own , bt aun . P ar as ol, © on neu. .

To belon g , gebbr eu To wi s h , mfi uicben To you, 3 1mm

“
. . .

Mor n ing, all er gen) Noble, ebel ; see 1 0 0 , not e 2 Mod est , .

t efdni ben . Th ese , bi es Bi tt er , bi tt er

. Almon d, M ari bel, f . .

1 02 . A p a r t i c i p l e wh e n ,
u s ed i n th e s e n se o f a n a dj e c ti v e ,
is su b ej ct to th e sa me
d e cl e n s i o n ; as baé fler benbe
r ul es of —

fi lat t, th e dyi n g l ea f ; ei n anflofienbeé S i mmer , an adj o i n i n g

r oo m baé ber lor eue sli ar abi ee, Par adi se Lo s t .

B ot h adj ec ti v es an d p ar t i c i p l es ca n be used as sub

s t a n t i v es , al w ays r e ta i n i n g , h o w e v e r , t h e d ec l en s i o n pecu l i ar

to adj ecti ves 7 Th e m as cu li n e an d fem i n i n e gen d er s ar e

.

e m p l o ye d , b oth i n t h e s i n gul ar a n d pl ur al , t o d e n ot e p ers o n s,

an d t h e n eu t er gen d e r , i n th e s i n gul ar , to d en ot e t h i n gs .

Ex a m p l es dyer , a G e r m an ei ne D eutidye, a G e r m an
‘ ‘
ei u D eut f
—

w o m an bi e D eutfcbeu, th e G e rm a n s ; ber gt embe, t h e s t r a n ge r ;

grembe, s t r a n ge r s ; ei n G ter bli cber , a mo r t a l ; ei n Sl ei fenber , a
tr a v ell er ; bi e ll mfi ebenben t h e byst an d ers ; ei u @ elebr t er , a
.

lear n ed m a n ; Gl elebr te, l ea r n e d pe op l e ; has (S ure th e good , ,

or th a t w h i c h i s good ; @ ut e6 t bun t o d o go o d , .

§ 1 04 .
(Adj e t i v es for m ed
fcr o m p r o p er n am es o f pl aces

o ften take th e suffi x er , w h i ch i s p e culi ar to su bs ta n t i ves , i n

p r efer en ce to th e adj ecti v e sufii x i fdj Su ch adj ecti ves ar e .

i n d e cli n abl e an d ca n on ly be em p l oyed i n th e a tt r ibu t i v e

co n n ecti o n Fo r i n stan ce z — ber gr ei burger Sl i i mf
. ter , th e
mi n s t e r o f Fr i bur g ; bie {fr clit ffur ter B eli ung, th e F r an k fo r t
<

G az e tte ; bas « beibelberget Safi, th e H ei d el be r g t un ; {came

bur ger Si i nbflei fcb, H a m bu r g bee f ; bi e Sei pgi ger W i en
'

e, th e
Lei pz i g fai r ; bi e Sonboner fi br fe, th e Lo n d o n Exch an ge ;
bi e iBat i iet o , mm
th e Par i s fas hi o n s
90 E LE M E NT A R Y G ER M A N G R A M M A R .

X E R CI S E X X V E .

Th e gen tl em en l
w en t i n to ”
an adj o i n i n g
3 r oom Th e
“
.

‘ ‘
de c s v e
i i m o men t h as (s ay i s) com e
5
Th e c h ar mi n g ,
.

wea th er i n v i t es to a w al k
7 Th e r i s i n g sun i s a beau ti ful
8
.

si gh t
9
. Th e exp e ct ed 10
s h i p h as p ass ed
u
t h e S o un d 1 2
I .

13 ‘
h a v e r e t u r n ed th e foun d p ur se 4
to t h e r i gh tfu l own er
15 16
.

Mr B i s a G er m an
. . G er man s Mr Is A . an d Mr B . ar e .

Mr s B a G er m an ?
. A st r a n ge r 17
w i sh es to s pe a k to you 1 8
.

St r an ge rs ar e n ot [b e i n g] ad m i tt ed 1 9 We h av e th e n ew s .

23
fr o m 21
a t r a ve ll er
”
H e h as n o s en se
. of (say, fo r
”
) th e
be au t i ful an d su bl i m e ?5
H av e you se en th e H ei d elber g
tu n ? D o yo u li ke ”
H am bur g beef ? I h av e e at en s om e
F r an k fo t
r s a u s a
ges ” Ma n y mer ch an ts buy th ei r g oods
.
” ”

at ao
th e Le p g fai r
i z i Th e lady 3 1
w e ar s ”
. a Par i s bo n n et
”
.

l
Ge ntl eman , S m Into, i n wi t h t h e acc u s at i v e
. Adjoi ni ng,
, .

an f i ofi enb Deci s i v e, eut fcbei benb

. Momen t Qi ngenbli d Ch ar mi ng,
. , .

rei genb . Invi t e s t o a w alk, (abet 3 a emem <§ b agi er gange ei n Ri s in g, .

aufgeben b Sight , sIl ubi i ri

. E pect ed, er mat t et . x
To pas s , baffi t en . .

Soun d, 6 mm T o r et ur n , guruci geben

. Pur s e , iB bt fe Ri ghtful, . .

m m ‘3
t dj
e t a i
fig O w n e r , G g
i e nt u
b e r A s t an ger , ei u li t embct
r .To .

s peak t o you, mi t S bnen 5 To admi t , 5n l afi en 2°

a f r eerben News, . .

gl acbri cbt f 21
, Fro m, s on wi t h t he dat i ve
.
2”
A t r avell er , ei n ill ei fenbet
, . .

2‘
fei nen © ma
a
No sense For , fire wi t h the acc us at i ve
.
2’
(The) . .

subli me, (bae) t abene Do you like, eflen 6 k gem

'

. S aus age, .

fiBfi rfi enw . y
Man merc han ts , ei ele xaufleut e
3‘
Their goods , i bt e .

flBaat en At , am wi t h t he dati v e Lad , Q ame y

”

. , To w ear , . .

tt agen . B onn et , b ut .

C OMPA RISON OF A D J ECT I V ES .

1 05 Wh en a quali ty i s as cr i bed to an obj ect wi th out an y

.

reg a r d to ot h e r o bj ect s t h e adj e ct i v e s ta n d s i n i t s fun d ame n tal

,

fo r m cal l ed t h e p osi ti ve d eg r e e ; as ber Warm i ft r ei ch t h e

,
—
,

m an i s r i ch ©et r 91 i ii ei n t ei cber 9 2m m Mr N i s a
'

. . .
,

r i ch m an .

Wh en a qual i ty i s as c r i b ed to an o bj e ct i n a com p arati ve

r el at i on t o ot h er o bj e c t s o r w h en d i ffer en t q u ali t i es i n co m
, ,

pari so n w i th on e an oth er ar e as cri b ed to th e s am e obj e ct , ,

th e r ela t i o n i s ei th er on e o f eq ua li ty or o f i n e q uali ty Th e .
 92 EL E M E N T A R Y G ER MA N G R AM MA R.

con so n an t b e b 1 8 9 id) 3 an d m o di fyi n g th e v ow el wh en

, , , , ,
—

t h e a dj e ct i v e i s a m o n o syll abl e I t i s de cli n ed li ke

t h e adj ec t i v e i n t h e po s i t i ve d egr ee Fo r i n s t an ce z G t i fi .
—

bet t ei cbli e Ttaun i n bet gangen (3 mm h e i s t h e r i ch est m an 0

,

i n t h e w h l e to w n fDi e t ei cblt en Sei ne li ub ui cbt i mmer bi e

'

o .

li f l i cl l
i u t h r i c h es t p e op l e ar e n ot al w a s t h e h a pp i es t
g l e e y
“
.
,
‘
D et fixr geli e Si ag th e sh o r tes t day D i e brei t e li en © tr afieu
, .
,

t h e b r o ad es t s t r ee ts Ei ebli er T t uber dear est br oth er

.
, .

Th e p er la ti ve i s for m ed by m ean s of
ab s o l ute su

s uch ad v er bs as
t m
e a m o s t ; le b r v e r y ; dufier,li e xt r e m el
y; , ,

li ber ti ne e x c ee di n gly ; r ecbt r i gh t ; gang qu i t e ; aufier cr bent

, , ,
s

li d) extr a o r di n ar i ly ; bot gii gl i cb pr e em i n en t ly ; ungemei n

, ,
-
,

u n c o m m o n ly Th ese ar e p la c ed b e fo r e th e adj ec t i v e as i n
.
,

En gl i s h an d t h e adj e ct i v e i s d e c li n ed i n th e u su al w ay
,
.

Fo r i n s ta n c e 53 0 6 E ar l i ll r ei n li ch uub lei ue S age bbcbli

—
,

angeneb m th e vil l age i s c l ea n an d i t s s i tu ati o n m o s t p l eas an t

, , .

Gr i ll ei n fi ber a u e fl uger 93 2mm h e i s an ex c eed i n gly cle ver ,

man SDi e 6 ad7e idl ei ut mi r d u fi er li wi cht i g t h e affai r

.
,

a pp ea rs to m e e xt r e m e l
y i m po r tan t .

Th e su p er l ati ve o f gr og, gr eat , i s ber grbfite, wh i ch i s

112 .

a co n tr act i o n fo r gr bfieli e .

A n i n ter c h an ge o f cl; a n d [9 t akes p l ac e i n body, h i gh , bbber ,

ib b ;
e
et d i ber , be
nc
I (3 M, M ,
Qi i el, m uc h , h as m Th e p l ur al of mebr
nam e ly mel t e, o r m o r e c o mm o n ly me rer e
p h i s use d i n t h e —

sen se of s e v e r al
’
.

ilBeni g, li ttl e , fe w , h as th e r egul ar fo r m s weniger , bet

meui glt e, an d al s o t h e i r r e gular fo r ms minber , ber miubefi e .

E X E R CI S E X XVI .

Mr N i s . as ri ch Mr L Th e duchy of B r un swi ck i s
as .
l 2

not so la r ge as 3
th e ki n gd o m of H an ov e r 4
J o h n i s yo un ger
5
.

t h an
6
Ed w ar d 7 . H e i s tall er th an h i s br oth er
8
I h ave .

an ol d e r b r ot h e r Th e yo un ger b r oth er i s go i n g to be a
.
9

l
Duc hy, b er gcgt bum B run s wi ck, i i t att nlcbmei g
. Ki ngdom, R bui gt ei d). .

7
4
Han ov er , b anncs et J o hn , S obann . Th an , ale Edw ar d, G buat b . .

Tall, gt ofi Is goin g t o be a mer c hant , mi ll Raufmann met beu.

.
 O
C M P AR IS ON OF A D J E CTI V ES .

mer ch an t H e foll o w s th e ex am p l e o f hi s ol d er br o th e r 10 11 19

“
. .

13
H e go es w i th h i s older b r oth er to Edi n bu r gh I s Ma r y 15
.

o lder th an J o an n a ? 16
Sh e h as two you n ge r si s t er s G i ve .

to
[ ] m e
17
a s h a r p er
18
k n i fe H e i s m o r e r i c h th an po w e r .

ful .
19
En gl an d i s r i ch er th an G er m an y Th i s c ol ou r ”
is .

m or e gr een 21
th an bl ac k ”
Th e ”
h ott er ”
t h e days , t h e
.

mo r e p l easan t th e n i gh t s Lo n d on i s th e r i ch est c i ty i n
” ”
.

Eur op e ” Th e En gl i sh h o r s es ar e t h e fi n es t, s tr o n gest ,
.
”
an d

m o st s er vi c eabl e ”
i n th e wo r l d 3 0
Wh en sh all w e h ave
3 1
.

33 Mr M i s o n e 3
th e sh o r t es t d ay an d th e l o n ges t n i gh t ?
” 4
.

o f t h e r g st r e s p ec t e d m e r c h a n t s i n B r e m en e la r ges t
”
g Th .

c h es tn u t t r e e s
- 36 w M o un t E t n a
3 7 D ear es t fr i en d I
“
g r o o n
“
. .

am y o u r
3 8
mo s t o bed i en t s er v an t
” o
I t w as a m os t ted i ou s
“ “ “
.

jo u rne
y W e h a v e r ecei v ed
. v er
y agr eea bl e a c c o un ts
45
.

46
an e xt r em ely di s t r es s i n g
” c o n d i ti on
48
Th e w o m an i s i n
“
.

Sh e i s a m o s t m o des t 9
p er s o n ? 0
D e m o s th e n es w as t h e
g r e a t e s t o r a to r
‘51
o f G r e ece
52
W e s h al l e xp e ct
"3
y o u n e xt
’

“
.

w ee k . Th e m o un t ai n s 55
a r e h i gh er th an th ey app e ar
”
.

I sh all w ai t for a bett er oppor tu n i ty

57 ”
Th e be s t m an i s .

61
not w i t h o u t fau l ts m o t o p op
” 60
r e ad
[T h e ] s y u n.
g e l e
63
wi th ou t c h o i c e ”
Wh o h as m ad e [th e ] fewes t m i s takes
.

To follow, folgen gov ern s

,
mple , zB ei fbi eI Of
t h e da t i v e . E x a .
1”

hi s, fei uee ‘3
Wi t h h is , mi t fei nem (dat )
. To Edi nbur gh , uad; .

Gfbi nbut g
‘5
Mar , illl ari e
.
1°
y
J oan n a, S oll anna ‘7
To me, mi t
. Sh ar p, . .

fcbat f . P ow er ful, maesti g 2°

Th i s colour , bi ele fl at be 2’
G r een , gr i m
. . .

2‘
B lack, fcbmar g 2’
Th e t he
.
ie befto Hot , bei fi . .

Pleas an t , angeneilm 2‘
Ci t , © t abt 2’
.Eur ope, Gat or a 2‘
y
S t r o n g, . .

li ar f . Ser vi ce able , mi gli d) In t h e w or ld, aul bet illi ci t 3‘

When ?
. .

‘3 3‘
mann ? ‘2
S hor t , fur s Lo n g, la ug On e, ei net
.
u
Res pect ed, . .

3° ‘7
angefeben Ch es t n ut t r ee, Rali ani enbaum
- On Mount Et n a, aul
“
. .

‘9
bem ll et na Y our , Sbt
. O bedi en t , gebor fam S er v an t , SDi enet
. . .

‘3
Tedi ous , Iangwei li g J our ne , Stri fe . To recei ve, er halt en Ag reey . .

able, et f r euli d) Accoun t , Sl acbt i cbt f

. In , i n wi t h t h e dati ve , . , .

‘7
Di s tr ess in g, bcbt angt Con di t i on , Sage Mod es t , befcbei ben Per
“ “
. . .

son , l l erfon f
s 5‘
O rat or , ili ebner
, .
2
G reece, (Et i ecbenlaub 3
To e p ect , . . x
erm ar t en . Week , £18 e Mount ain , E B er g To appe ar , fcbe men
. . .

‘7
To wai t for , abmart en 5‘
O ppor t uni t , (S el egenbei t . Wit hout, ohm. y .

g ov er ns t h e a cc us a t i v e F aul t , Se er P
. eo le, Sui t e
p C h oi ce
w . . ,

QBalpI . To make, maet en Mi st ake Se er . , w .

 P R ONOU N S .

1 1 3 Pr o n o u n s
. ar e w o r ds whi ch
pl ace o f th e su pp ly th e
n a me o f a p e rs o n or th i n g an d at t h e sa m e t i m e sh e w t h e ,

r el a t i on i n w h i ch a p e rs o n o r t h i n g s t an d s to t h e s p eaker .

Pr o n oun s w hi ch a r e n o t j o i n ed to su b s tan ti ves but s ta n d by ,

th em selv es ar e call ed si de ta n tz ve p r on ouns ; as i cl) I ; bu

’

—
, , ,

th o u ; er h e ; met w h o ; tr ue w h at Pr on oun s whi ch ar e

, , , .

co n n ec ted w i th a s ubsta n ti ve li ke an attr i but i v e adj ecti v e ,

s o as to q ual i fy t h e s u bs t a n t i v e a r e ca l l e d adject i v e p r onouns ; ,

as —
mei n m y ; bei n th y ; fei u h i s ; bi elet th i s ; iener th at ;
, , , , ,

mel cber ,
w hi c h .

In r egar d to s i g ni fi c a t i on
p r o n oun s ar e di vi d ed i n to ,
al l

s i x cl ass es ; n am e ly 1 Pe rs o n al Pr o n o un s ; 2 Po ss ess i ve
—
. .

Pr o n o un s ; 3 D em o n s t r a t i ve P r o n ou n s ; 4 I n t er r ogati ve
. .

Pr o n oun s ; 6 R e l at i v e Pr o n o u n s 6 I n d efi n i te Pr o n o u n s
. . .

O
P ERS N A L P R O N OU N S .

p ers o n al p r o n o un s poi n t o ut th e p er s o n s p eaki n g

1 1 4 Th e
.
,

o r t h e fi rs t p e r s o n ldl I i n t h e p lu r al i r i t w e ; t h e p er s o n
—
, ,

spo ke n to o r t h e s ec o n d p e rs o n
, bu t h o u i n t h e p lur al ibr —
, ,

u t h e p er s o n o r t h i n k f t h t h i d p o
y o ; s
g p o en o o r e r e r s n ,

er h e ; li e s h e ; eB i t ; i n t h e p l ura l f
, , ,i e th ey Th ey ar e , .

d ec li n ed as fo ll o w s
s mG U L AR .

T II I R D P ERS O N .

“HS T P EBS O N '

S ECO N D
P ERS O N . MA sCU L rN E . FEM TN TN E NEnT s R .

Nam . i ch, I bu, t h o u er , he fi e,

s h e ; eB, it .

G en . mei ner, of bei uet , o f lei net ,

of i hr er , of lei net ,

me t h ee him h er ; of
‘

it .

nae . wi t , to m e ; bi r , t o t h ee ; i bin, to i br , to ibm, to

him ; h er ; it .

A ce . tni c b, me ; bi d), th ee ; i bn, h i m ; f , er ;

i e h e8, i t

PL UR A L .

Nam . wit , w e ; i bt you ; , li e th ey

, .

G en . unler o f us ; euret , o f you ;

, i hrer o f th em
, .

un é, to us ; end), to y u
o i hnen, to th em .

Ace . nus. us ; !euc h, you li e th e m

, .
 EL E M E N T A R Y G E R M A N G R A M M A R .

3i t H av e you gi v en [to ] h i m t h e l e tter ? to h ew ‘

tr y . S [ ]
h er th e w ay We h av e s po ken wi th th em H e s po ke wi th
.
5
.

th e e I th an k you D o es h e t k of m e ? We h a ve
.
‘5
. h i n 7

t h ough t o f you Th ey m o c k at hi m My fath er h as b o ugh t

.
8
.

to
[ ] m e a n ew h a t b u t 9 i t i s too l a r g e ; I m u s t c h a n ge
”
i t
“
.
,
‘3
Th e co at i s too t i gh t
11
t h e ta i l o r mus t al ter i t Tas te 15
.

th i s o r an ge i t i s v er y sw eet I sh al vote for i t (say,

l .
”

th er efo r ) D o you i n s i s t
.
”
u po n
”
i t (s ay, th er eu pon ) Ar e
y ou sa t i s fi e d ”
w i t h i t ( y,
sa t h e r e w i t h ) I h a v e h ear d o f 21
i t
(say, th er e o f) .

To tr y, oerfud xn T o s hew, gei gen

. Wi t h, mi t governs t he dat i ve
.
, .

7
To t hank, banten takes t he dat i ve ,
To t hin k, gebeufen gov erns t he
.
,

geni ti ve . To moc k at , fbot t eu gov ern s t he geni t i ve, B ut , abet . .

‘
To change, umt au en Coat , fli ed
.
2
Ti ght , eng .
1’
Tailor , .

fi d mei bet To t er , (i nt ern To t as t e, folten Thi s or an ge, bi efe

'

. . .

fl bfel li ne . To vot e, li i mmeu To i n s i st , beli e en

. U pon, auf . .

2‘
S ati s fi ed, guft i eben Of, t on . .

R E FLE CTI V E P R O NO UNS.

116 Th e G er m an lan guage exp r es ses t h e r efl ecti ve

.

r ela t i o n i n t h e fi rs t a n d sec o n d p er s o n s s i n gul ar as w ell as

p lu r al by m ean s o f th e p er s o n al pr o n o un s but i n th e thi r d

p ers o n both o f t h e si n gul ar an d p lur al by m ean s o f th e wo r d
fi ch,
w h i c h se r v es a t o n c e fo r t h e d a t i v e a n d a cc u sa t i v e Fo r .

ex am pl e
 PR ONO UNS .

i t our selv es In G er man , t he i n dec li n able wor d fel bli or lelbet i s em ployed
.

in this s ens e ) l e l b li bi n S euge bat on gemefen £Da i li er fe l b er

-S d . .

QBi t baben es fe l b li gefcben In c as es where th e En gli s h r efl ect i v e pr o

.

x
n oun con v ey s at on ce an e c lus i v e an d refl ecti v e mean i n , t h e w or d f
g el bli
'

is adde d t o t he refl ec t i v e pr on oun i n G erm an For e ample z Gr i enne . x —

b i d; l e l b fi kn o w t hy s elf: b omet t er gali ft cb fe l b ft Hom er for go t hi ms elf

, , .

The wor d felblt i s als o us ed wi t h an i nc lus i v e s i gnifi c at i on , an d i s t r an s

’

l t ed by ev en , or by t he pro noun s my self, t hy s elf, hi mself, & c

‘ ‘
’
In
’
a .

thi s se n se i t al w ay s h as a s ubor di n at e acc en t E amples @ e l b li bet . x —

{Rei cbft e i ft ni d)! obne © or gen even t h e r i ch es t , or t he r i ches t hi ms elf, is not

,

wi t hout care s { Be aten and) bi e E er ge fe l b ft ? do even t he v er y moun t ai ns

.

s hake

§ 117 . ct i v
Th e
e p r o n o
r efl e u n s o f t h e p l ur a l n ué end) —
, ,

fi ch c an als o b e em p l oyed wh en a r ecip r oca l ac t i on be tw een

—

two or m or e su bj e cts i s to be exp r e ss ed For exam ple .

QBir laben u n s beli ixrgt an w e l oo ked a t each oth er wi th

sur p r i s e
“
D i e S bt annen t ei cben fi d; bi e a be th e tyran ts
,
,

r ea ch th ei r h an d s to on e a n oth er Th i s r el a t i o n i s m o r e .

co m m on ly exp r es sed h ow ev er by th e i n d ecli n abl e word

, ,

ei n anber es p ec i a ll y i f an amb i gui ty coul d po s sibly a r i se fr am

,

th e us e o f t h e r efl e cti v e p r o n o un s e g §li 5ir fcbci sen ei nanber

‘
—
. .
,

w e es te em on e a n oth e r © i e leunen ei nanber th ey kn ow ea ch

.
,

oth er ; or wi th p r eposi ti on s 58 h? ldyrei ben an ei nanber w e —

,

w r i t e to ea ch oth er © i e lafien neben ei nanber th ey sat bes i de

.
,

each ot h er .

E X E R CI S E X X V I I I .

I am washi n g myself We sh all w ash ours elv es Was h . .

th ys elf H e h as cu t h i mself I h av e wo un ded mys elf

.
1 ’
. .

3
Y o u t r ou bl e yo ur s el f too m u c h ‘
Th ey ar e dr e ss i n g th em 5
.

s el ves D r ess your s e l f H as sh e sav ed h ersel f ? H av e

6
. .

t ey sav ed th em se v es ? [Th e] man accustom s hi ms el f to

h l 7

e v e r ythi n g
8
Th e ea r th.
9
ad o rn s
”
i ts el f wi th fl ow er s I .

h a ve s een i t mys elf H e mus t com e h i m s el f

. Sh e w i ll do .

i t h er sel f H av e you h ear d i t your s el f ? Kn o w ll

th ysel f
“
. .

‘3
Sh e s p eaks al w ays ”
of h er s el f Th e w i s es t h i m s el f c an .

er r .
”
Ev en my ‘6
bes t fri en d s h av e fo r s a ken ‘7
me We .

To fcbnei ben
cut , To w oun d, oer munben
. To t rouble, bemub en . .

Too muc h, 3 0
4 l
11 febt To dr ess , angi eben or anl l et ben To s av e, r ett en

g
. . .

To acc us t om, gembbr en To ev er yt hi n g, an Ql il ee

. Eart h, G ri e .

To adorn , fcbmfi ci en To kn ow, et tennen . Always , i mmer Of, . .

s on. Wis e meife To err , ir r en

, . My mei ne To . .
 E LE M E N T A R Y G ER M A N G R A M M A R .

et
18
ch oth er ev er y day
ea We w i sh ed ea ch oth er a .
19

g oo d-n i gh t Th e y b e t r.ayed
20
each oth er Th ey be tr ayed .

th emsel v es We sat besi de each oth er

.
2‘
.

To meet , ff
tr e en or begegnen . Ever y day, «
He i agc.
2°
To bet ra y ,

m at lycn .
2‘
B es i de, neben.

II . P OSS ESS I V E PR N O OU N S .

§ 118 po sses
. Th e
s i v e pron oun s r ep r esen t th e o bj ect to
ch th ey ar e j o i n ed as be i n g i n t h e po s s essi o n o f on e o f
,

thr ee p ers on s th e p er s on or p ers o n s s p ea ki n g spo ken

—
,

o ken of Th ey ar e fo r med fr o m th e gen i ti ve o f th e

.

pe rso nal pr on ouns th e l att er as su mi n g t h e fo r m o f adj ecti v es

,

S I NG U LA R.

mci n, mci nc ,
mci n my , .

bei n, bri ne, bei n, thy .

Thi r d lt i n {ci ne f ei n hi s i ts .

i b t, b
t r c, i br , h er , i ts .

PLU R L . A
nn ct , f i nim ,
m unfcr , o ur .

can , u m, can , yo ur .

i hr e, i bt , th ei r
“ my
.

3
b , 3 o u ,
r

wh en used to ad dr ess on e or
m o r e p ers o n s ) .

Th e po ssess i v e p ro n oun s agr e e w i th t h e subs tan ti v e whi c h

th ey quali fy i n gen d er n um b er an d c as e Th ey ar e decli n ed
, ,
.

afi e r t h e s t r o n g d ec l e n s i o n o f adj e ct i v es but t h ey h a ve l i ke , ,

th e i n d efi n i te a r ti cl e n o i n fl ec t i o n al te rm i n at i o n i n th e
,

n omi n ati v e si n gul ar m as culi n e or i n t h e n o mi n a ti v e an d

ac cusa ti v e si n gular n eu ter .

S I NG ULA R.
P L UR A L .

I A SCU IJ N L m u m NI L T E R .
'
AL L m u (2a

N om . mci n ,
mci nc, mci n my ;
, mci nc my , .

G en . mei nes , mei ner , mci nce of my ; , tnci net , of my .

D al . mei nem , mci ncr , mei nem to my ; , mei nen ,

to my .

A ce . mci ncn, meme . mci n my ;

, meme my . .
1 00 ELE M E N T A R Y G ER M A N G R A M M A R .

I s h all n ot a ttai n 5
my obj ct “ My e .
[to ] h i s un cl e
so ns
7
g i v es
a g oo d Wh er e i s you r fa th e r s s i s t er ? Our
edu c a t i o n
8
.
’

tuto r i s an En gl i s h m an
9 10
We sh all sell ou r h ors es Th e
“
. .

13
ch i ldr en ar e [b e i n g] i n s tr uct ed by th ei r gove r n ess
12
Th e .

fl owe r h a s l o t ts fr es
s i h 14
co ou
l r
15
Th e r i v er i s n av i gabl e
.
16
,

for " i ts b e d 13
i s d ee p 19
an d b r o ad
20
Wi ll you len d [ to ] me
.

y o u r gr amm ar 1
91
I h a v e m i s l a i d ”
m i ne I h a v e m i sl a i d .

23
my G er m an r ead i n g b oo k ; l en d [to ] m e yo ur s
-
Th ei r
2“
.

h ou s e i s lar ger th an ou r s I p r efer ou r h ouse to th ei rs

. .

Th y t r an slat i o n 25
i s m o r e co r r ec t 2°
th an h i s .

To at t ai n crr ci cben O bject ,. Un cle, D ntcl Educati on, .

Gt gi ebung Tut or , b auslcbr cr h En g li s h man , G ngIdnber To in st ruct ,

‘
. .

unt crr i cbt en ; t he pre fi is i ns epar able x ‘ 2

B y, non wi t. t h e dati ve .

‘5
Gover ness , Gr gi cbcri n Fr es h , fri fd)
. Colour fgar be Navi gable,
.

N
For , bcnn B ed, SBett D eep, f B r oad, br ci t
‘

fd)i flbar . . . .

3 y
:
G rammar , (Er ammati t f To mi s la , b ei legcn eadi n g-bo ok,
‘
‘

, . .

“ ’
2‘ 2‘
Sefcbud) . To prefer , uor gi cben Tr an s lati on, uebcr fesnng
. Correct , .

W e

I I I . DEM O N S TR A T I V E PR N O OU N S .

1 20 D em on s t r ati v e p r o n o un s po i n t to an o bj ec t, an d
.

c an all b e us ed s ub s t an t i v ely as w ell as adj e c t i v ely Th ere .

ar e s i x d em o n s t r a t i v e p r o n o u n s n a m el
y
w
bg fi bi g! M6; th em—th a
I bi cici , bi efe, bi efes, th i s
. .
” W

2 ienei , iene, fienee, th at , on

fi
.

f h
e lc er , i elch e, fo l cbeé ,
s

3 i g
b e r en i e, b i ei g,
e n i e b a sieni ge, t h at .

ber felbe, biefelbe, baéfelbe, t h e s am e .

Th ey ar e d e cli n ed as fo ll ows
Th e d e cl en si o n o f bet , bi e, has, w h en us e d adj e ct i v e]
th at i s , i n an adj ect i ve co n n ec ti o n w i th a subs tan t i ve— i s th e
sa m e as th at o f t h e d efi n i t e ar t i c l e B ut w h e n u s ed s ub .

st a t
n i v e ly
—
t h a t i s , not i n an adj e ct i v e co n n e ct i o n w i t h a

s ubs ta n t i v e— i t h as t h e fo ll o w i n g e n l ar g ed fo r m s

S i ng G en befile }, berg } , befigg , of th at o f h i m, of h er , of it

m
. . .

tt et , o r bcrg }, o f t h o s e, of th em
l r G .

D at ben t to th o se, to th em
j .

fl ! . .

Th e for m bet en, of th em, i n th e gen i ti ve p lur al can be used

 P 30 1!G UNS .

on ly i n th e sen se o f t h e gen i ti v e plur al of th e thi r d p e r s on al

pr on oun i hr er , .

‘
D i efet int er an d folcbet ar e d ecl i n ed acco r di n g to th e
, , ,

st r o n g d e cl en s i o n o f a dj e ct i v es Soc et occur s al s o w i th th e
C .
‘

d efi n i t e ar ti c l e p l a ced ei t h er b efo r e or after i t ei n fol dyet —

,

ci ne f ol di e ei n f olcbee ; or {0 c ei n f
, ol d) ei ne fold; ei n I n th e , , .

for m er c ase ei n {ei ther i s de cl i n ed li ke an adj e cti v e ; i n t h e

,

latt er fold; r em ai n s un ch an ged

, .

S erienige an d bet felbc ar e d ecli n ed li ke adj e ct i v es wi th th e

defi n i t e ar t i cl e
S I N G UL A R

PLUR AL'
MA S CU LI N E . FE M IN IN E. N EU T E R .

N am berieni ge, . bi eieni ge, baeieni ge, bi eieni gen .

G en besieni gen,
. beri eni gen, besieni gen, berieni gen .

D a t bemieni gen,
. bet ienigen, bemieni gen , benieni gen .

A ce . benieni gen, bi eieni ge, baeieni ge, bi eieni gen .

N om bei lelbe, . bi efelbe, basfel be, bi efelben .

G en beefelben,
. ber felben, besiei ben, ber felben .

D a t bemiel ben,
. ber fe en, bemfelben, benielben .

A cc benielben,
. bi eiel be, baéielbe, bi eielben .

Th e m ean i ng d em o n s t r at i ves i s suffi ci en tly

of th e si x

app ar en t fr o m th e En li sh e qu i v al en t s g i v en ab ov e I n
g .

r ega r d to t h e two p r on o un s enet an d berieni e, i t sh o ul d be

t g
o bser v ed th at th e fo rm er po i n ts to a p ar ti cul ar or d efi n i te
obj ect d i s tan t fr om th e s p eaker , w h i lst th e l atter d o es n ot
poi n t to a p ar ti cul ar obj ect, but to an o bj ect wh i ch r equi r es
to be de fi n ed by m ean s o f a r el a ti v e c la us e or oth e r w i se .

For e x am p le — en e8 5 11 6 i f
4 0 3
i gu b t m b ,
e i et en t h a t p
( r a t i -

m
y

cul ar ) h o us e i s to be l e t Q aé i m i ge . auf g u
i
m h
‘

g eba u t i f fb f
t,
l e t an fei n e fi
e l en h o us e w h i c i s

bui l t upo n s an d, s t an ds o n n o fi r m fou n d at i o n

N o te s .

1 When t he demon s t rat i v e that i s joi n ed to a pre posi ti on proper , i t s

’
.

q
e ui v al en t in G er man v er y
oft e n as s um e s t h e for m of t he ad ver b be or ,

when t he pr eposi ti on begins wi t h a v owel, of bar , an d t he pr eposi i on 18 t

ann e x y
B ut t his t akes place onl if t h e not i on of a t hi ng (an d n ot of a
ed.

x
pers on) i s e pr es sed, an d if, at t h e same ti me, th e pronoun is n ot join ed
wi t h a subst an ti ve t hr ough t h at , bami t for
‘ ’
Th us babur d) i s s ai d for
.

’
wi t h t h at, baffi r for for t hat , babei for
‘
at t hat , bari n for in t hat ,
’ ’ ’

bar aui for

‘
upon t h a t
’
&e x
For e a mple z — Sd) bi n b a fur ner ant morti i d),
“
, .

I am res onsi ble for t h at

p ) mci fi aid) b a b o u
St! . know n othi ng of th a . I t
 EL E M E N T A R Y G ER M A N G R A M M A R .

Q ar i n bait bu Si ccbt, i n that you ar e ri ht .

g 3d) babe ni cbt t a r a n act ed”,
I di d n ot In a s i mil ar posi t i on , t he adv er b bi er is us e d
t hi n k of that .

in s t ead of t h e neuter t i efes t he pr epos i t i on bei n g ann e ed

, For e ample x . x
fi i er a n er fenne i d) i bn by thi s (or her eb ) I kn ow him fi i e r n on mci i
, y .

id) ni cbt s of t hi s I kn ow n ot hi ng
,
lbi er m i t or
( hi e mi t ) maf; i d) fd h efz en
.
‘
,

t
wi h t hi s I mus t c lose .

2 . Th e neut er t i efes, wh en used s ubst an ti vel

is , like t he neut er bus or y ,

y
es, oft en emplo ed i n t h e nomi n ati ve an d accusati v e, t o in di cat e t he m ost

er al an d i n defi n i t e n ot i on of a ers on or t hi n , wi t hout an

g en p g y regar d to
the gen der or n umber of t he object poin t ed at SBlefes is t hen us uall . y
con tr ac ted i n to t i cs . x
E a mples z — SDi c s i ii ei n ii ei genbaum t hi s is a fi g ,

tr ee . :Di e e i ff ci ne Sl ate, t hi s is a pi nk QB offxr [ Mi di bu b i t e? what .

does t t hou t ake this for ? SDi e s [i nt mi di ti ge ‘B ani er e t hese are impor t ant ,

documen ts {Di c e bi er i ft mei n © cbmef i erfobn t hi s is my si s t er s son

’

“
. .
,

D
S 3
i fi 4 m Si t t i ng, t hat is Mr Bedi ng Q ue i ii bee fi bni ge QBi IIe ni a)t, .

that is not the wi ll of t he ki n g [i nt © tad)elbeer en hose are goose

. ,
t
berr i es G s mar i n ci nc M utt er , i t was my moth er
. G s fi nb fi r embc, th ey .

E X E R CI S E X X X .

Th at one h as br o ke n 1
t h e l oo ki n g gla ss-
.
2
D o yo u kn ow
t h at woma n We
h av e h ear d th at al r eady a
. I d o n ot r ecol
‘
l ect th a t Th i s h or se i s youn ger th an th at
. Th es e t r ees .

ar e h i gh e r th an th o s e Th e au th o r o f th i s bo o k i s an
5
.

A m er i c an 6
My fr i en d li v es i n th i s st r e et
.
7 A G e r man .

7
O
fam il y li ves i n th at h o use Th at old tr ee shall be t .

Th at tr ee w h i c h bear s n o fr u i t, will be cut d own

9
[ e]
Th .

m en commo n ly h at e 1° 11
h i m (s ay, th at on e) w h o m 12
th ey
13
fear . Our gar den i s sm all , but t h at o f ou r n ei gh b ou r i s
1‘
sm all er No t e v er y
. tr ee bear s su ch fr u i t Can you w r i te .

wi th such p en s ? Such a faul t i s i n ex cusabl e

” 16
I h av e
“
.

r ea d t h e sa m e s to ry
" A ll n e
. w s p a p er s
1
r e po r t
.
19
t h e s a m e

hbci d en tsfi i 1 game w i th th e sam e r equ est 21

I sh all be
'

e'
.

r es pons i bl e f o r th a i t o v
f f l sa y,
h e r e f r ) H a e y o u h e a r d of .

t hafi s a gt heée o f) k By th i s (say, h er eby) you will (say,

3
3
xy a
9

‘
To break, gerbred nn Looki n g - gla s s, g bi cgel i u
. Alread , faw n y .

‘
To r ecollect , fldi t r i nncrn gov ern s t he gen i t i ve A rran ge
,
I recoll ect . .

y
m s elf of th at n ot
’ ‘
Aut hor , B crfafi er A m ri c a n , ll n nr i taner
e
‘
To
“
. . .

li v e, wohnen To cut down , umbauen

. Whi ch bears no fr ui t , meld) .

(ci n e fi r ucbt tt li ver b To .

F ault,
'

A h at e , baflen er
“
.

Echi et h . All news

papers , cue ll nglucfsfall .

K
 ELE M E N T A R Y G E R M AN G RAM MAR

fiBeIchet an d was fil l? ei n h ave th e t

n a u r e o f a d ec j ti v es ,
and

can th er efo r e b e j oi n ed to substan ti v es Wh il s t met an d was .

i n qu i r e qu i t e i n defi n i t ely th e fo r m er a ft e r a p e r s o n th e
, ,

latt er aft er a th i n g melcbet 6 es i n q ui r es aft er a p ar ti cu lar

, , , ,

p e rs o n o r th i n g an d was fi l l? t i n ci ne t i n after a p ar t i cular

, , , ,

ki n d or s o r t For e x am pl e
. QB cl cbeé fil ferb moflen 6 k —

rci t en ? Eben % r aunen Wh i ch h o r se ar e you go i n g to r i d e ?

.

‘ ‘
(Ei n ll mbet
Th e bay h o r s e QB a B fut t i n B fer b i ff bi ee
.
? .

Wh at ki n d of h o r s e i s th i s ? A n A r abi an .

X E R CI S E X X X I E .

Wh o kn ocks ? Wh o se h an dwr i ti n g i s th i s ? To w h o m
1 2

di d you l en d (say h a v e you l en t ) your p e n kn i fe

,

sh all
‘
I as k ? Wh at do es h e m ea n ? I d o n ot kn o w w h at
5

h e m ean s Wh a t ai ls yo u ?
.
6
Of w h at ( say w h e r e o f) a r e ,

y o u ta l ki ng ? 7 W h a t ar e yo u lau gh i n g a t ?
8
( y
s a W h e r ea t ,

ar e you l a ugh i n g ? ) Whi ch po e m h a v e you r ead ? A d vi se

9

me w h i gL L pog p I a m to r ead
u Wh at so r t o f w i n e i s th i s ?
By w “
.
,
13
I t i s Mo s ell e 12
. h i clfi r ai n w il l you go (say tr a vel) ? ,

By t h e e v en i n g tr a i n 15
Wh at cr i me h as th at m an com
- 16
.

mi tt ed ? Ca n you t ell to m n w h i ch h o u s e Mr P
17 18
[ ] e i ,
.

li v es Wh at ki n d o f w ood i s th a t ? Wh at ki n d of glass es
19

do you w an t

To kn ock, flopfcn Ha n dw r i t in g, b anbfcbri ft

. P enknife , het er o .

7
meflt r Sh all, foil To mean , me mes Ai ls you, [chi t S huen To
'

. . . .

m
tal k, fi r e en At , fi ber
. P oem, . To advi s e, ratbcn ; gov er n s
th e da ti ve I
am t o read, i d lcfcn foil
y
1:
M ose ll e , ofel mei n
‘ 3
B y, m
“
.

m
. .

mi t. Train , Bug (dat ) M Ev eni ng t r ai n , Zl bcnbgug

- ‘
. Cr ime, er .

ba tt en, n . To commi t , bcgcbcn To tell, fagcn Wood, 6 0 13

. . .

To wan t , munfcbcn .

V . R ELA T I VE PR O N OU N
1 23 A
. ti ve p r o n oun p u ts an ex
r el a

co n n ecti on wi th an oth er sen ten ce Th e G e r m an la n guage .

uses i n t h e sen s e o f r el ati v es th r ee i n t er r o gati ve p r o n o u n s

an d o n e d em o n s t r a ti v e
 PR O N OU N S .

Th e d e cl en si o n of wet , tune, an d meldyet ,

i s the m e as
sa

wh en th ese p r on o un s ar e us ed i n t er r o ga t i v ely ; an d bet , b i t

,

00 6, is d ecl i n ed i n th e sam e m an n er as t h e d e m o n s t r ati ve

w h en us ed sub s ta n t i v ely, n am ely

S I N G U LAR . P LU RA L.

N am . bet , bi e, bae;
ben en, bet en, befi en ;
'

G en .

D at bent , bet , betn

I .

A cc . ben, bie, baé ;

1 24 . QBet an d was ar e su bs tan t i v e p r on oun s wh en c e ,

th ey can n ot be r e fe r r ed to a n ou n or p e r s o n a l r o n ou n
m
.

fil ler , w h o , i s equ h e w ho, o r

o
‘ ’ ‘
th e m a n w h o, ’
an d
mas wh a t, ,
to
‘
th a t w h i ch , o r t h e
th i n g w h i ch For
’ ‘
.
’

e x am p l e z QB et ni cbt bbt en mi ll mufi fuhlen w h o (or h e

—
, , ,

w h o) d o es not wi s h to h ea r mus t feel 518 W bu heute tbuu ,

.

tunnit ber icbi ebe ni cbt auf mot gen wh at (o r th at whi ch ) th o u

, , ,

can s t d o to d ay do n ot d elay ti ll to m o r r ow
-
,
-
.

§ 1 25 . QBec et , i r el c e,
b te aches, an d bet , bi e, bus, on t h e
o th e r h an d , a r e ad e j cti v e p r on oun s ,
an d agr ee i n g en d er an d

nu m ber w i th th e Fo r e x am p l e
n oun to wh i ch th ey r efer .

3 d) fann bas SBuci; ni cbt f i nben, wel cbee i d) Shuen 5a Iei ben
vet fbt ach, I c an n ot fi n d t h e boo k w h i c h I p r o m i s ed to l en d
e mi t bem 6 k mi d
; beut e [chemi f
‘
y ou D
. et faeri , f ei n S i t eunb
me ee B er 6,
i n 9 a t th e g en t l e m an w i t h w h o m you sa w m e to - day ,

i s a fr i en d o f my fath e r s
’
.

Th er e i s p g m at e r i al d i ffer en c e of s i gn i fi cat i o n
.

betw een meldi et , meldi e, meldi efl, an d bet , bi e, baé, an d i t mu s t

g e n e r all y b e d e c i d e d b y e u p h o n y o r tas t e w h i c h s h all be

e m p l oyed i n an y p a r t i c ul ar cas e Un d er c er tai n ci r cum .

s ta n c es , h o w e v e r , t h e r e qui si t e fo r ms o f bet , bi e, baé, mus t be

e m p l oyed Th i s i s es pe c i al l y th e w
. wh en th e r elati v e
p r o n oun stan ds i n th e gen i ti ve i n En gl i sh of w h i ch , of ‘
fi ! !

w h o m , w h o se For ex am p le § et Q et t , bcfi en «ball s i d)

'
’
—
.

g efd ti fl b ,
ab e i i
i a u é gema u bet t t h e ge n t l e m an wh o s e h o use I
,

h av e b ough t , h as e m i g r a t e d Q i e fi ucbet , bet en i d) bebat f,

.

[i nb befleat met beu, t h e books w h i ch I r eq u i r e, h a v e been

o r d er ed Q ie . bet en Renut mfi [o i r i cbt i g i f } , h i s to r y,
th e kn owl ed ge of wh i ch is so i m po r tan t .
 E LE M E N T A R Y G ER M A N G R A M M A R .

E X E R CI S E XXXII .

Wh o co m es too l
l at e, m us t
2 3 ‘
Wh o d o es n ot
pay a fi n e
“
.

o bey th e la w s , i s p u n i s h ed 6
by th e ’ au t h o r i ti es
8
Wh at .

y o u h ea r ,
i s t h e t r u t h 9
R e p ea t
1°
w h a t I h
. av e sai d T h e .

s h o em a ker
u w
h o mad e (say, h as m ad e ) th es e s h o es , i s a
oo d wo k ”
T h o ve r n es s
3
‘
w h t c h my si s t er s, i s “
“ “
g r e r e
.
g o ea es

an En gli sh w o m a n Th e w o r l d i s a gr ea t s tage,
. on ”

whi ch ev e r y o n e p lays h i s p ar t
” 19
Th e go o d s ?0
w h i c h you .

h av e o r d er ed, w i ll b e s hi pp e d
21
t o d ay Th e v e ss el in ” — ”

“
.

w hi c h yo ur goo ds ar e s h i p ped , w i ll s a i l t o m or r ow Is F
- ”5

“
. .

th e auth o r w h o s e w o r ks ar e tr an s la te d i n to En gl i s h ?
’6 28
” ”

3 3 33
Mr O i s an e m i n en t bar r i s t er , upo n wh ose i n t egr i ty
0 1 ”

“
.

o u ca n r ely T h e boo ks w h i ch I r e q u i r e,
35
m u s t be
y .

or d er ed fr o m Lei pz i g
"6 "7
Mrs 38
S i s a s i n ge r 39
wh o se
“ “
. .

‘
voi ce i s un i v ers ally ad mi r ed
0 2
.

Ever y
rel ati v e c la us e bei n g depen dent , th e ver b co n t ai ni ng the
as s r t i on is removed to t h
e e en d (5 as w h o t oo la m
t e co es ‘
whc
t he law s n ot obe s
’
y Too lat e, gu (b ut
. To pay, begahlen Fine, . .

G eu itr afen fl y
T o obe , gebvr chen ; gov ern s t h e dat i v e La w , (Eri ca . .

To pun i s b befi t afen B y the aut hori ti es , c on bet D bri gfei t Tr ut h,

‘
. .

fili cxbr bei t e To repeat , mi eber bolen ; th e prefi is insepar able S hoe x
“
.

maker , Worker , when Go v er ness , Gr a i eber i n .To .

'
t eac h unt et rubt en
. En gli s hwoman, G ngl dnt er i n
. St age, 3 8 1] a or .

d
m
é c ubfi bne .On , auf wi th the dati ve , Ever one, S ebet , P art ,
. y .

9toll z 6
.
2°
Goods , fi Baar en To or der , beftell en
.
2’
To s hi p, rer l aben . .

V ess el, @ d)i fi . To sai l, i n (S ee geben To-morr ow , mor gen . .

2‘
A ut hor , S Z chr i ftfi ell et Work, QB et t
. To t r ans late , ubet fescn ; t he .

Emi
2”
r e fi x is in s e arable 6 2 n ot e) I nt o En li s h , i n e G ngli fihe
’

p p , g . .

n en t , unege ci a )nci B ar ris t er , h t b o at

. f U pon , c uf 3"
In te gr i t ,. . y
Ster lid fiei t .To rel , li d) ner lafi en y To re ui r e , bebfxt fen g ov erns the
. q .

3
geni ti ve . To or der , b et fcbr ei ben Fr om Lei pz i g, c ue Eei b gi g
.
'
Mr s, .

Er an . Singer , © dnger i n oice , © ti mme . V

Uni vers all , all gemei n . y .

To admir e, bemunber n .

V I. F
IN D E I N I T E PR ON OU N S .

1 27Th e i n d e fi n i t e pr o n o un s s p ea k of p e r s o n s an d th i ng s
.

i n an i n d efi n i te o r ge n e r al w ay Th ey h a v e t h e n a tu r e of .

s u b st an ti v e s , bu t ca n b e us e d o n l y i n t h e s i n gu l a r n u m be r .

Th e fo ll o w i n g ar e o f th i s d esc r i pt i o n

Sebet man n e ver ybo dy ,

Semanb s o mebo d y an ybody . ,

 XV III .

N U M E R A L S .

1 28 . N um er al s j o i n ed to substan
ar e wor ds w h i ch ar e

ti v es to d en ot e t h e n um b er or q u a n t i ty o f o bj ec ts Th ey a r e .

di v id ed i n to defi n i te an d i nd efi n i t e n u m er a l s acc o r di n g as ,

th ey d e n ot e ei th er a d efi n i te or i n d efi n i te n u m ber or qu an ti ty .

Of t h e fo r m er c lass ar e fo r ex a m p l e bt ei th r ee ; bi er fo ur ; , , , ,

bet br i tt e t h e t h i r d bet bi er te t h e fo u r t h o f th e l att e r iebet

, , , .

e v e r y ; ei ni e s o m e ; 9 c
g m u c h
, ; w en i g l i tt l e
, , .

I. CA R D I N A L N U M ER A LS .

l . t i aé, on e (t i n, ci ne, ei n) . brei fi i g, th i r ty .

2sm e
.i two , . bi er gi g, fo r ty .

3 brci th r ee
.
, .
funfgi g or fi mfgi g, fi fty .

fg aig,
b s i xt y .

t
f gg
cb i ,
se v e nt
y .

6 .
fed fl, s i x . achtgi g, e i gh ty .

7 .
fleben , v en
se . neungi g, n i n e ty .

8 . adyi , e i gh t .
h a u b er t ,
a h u n d r ed .

9 . mun ,
n i n e. bunbert (unb) ci ne,
10 .
gebn, t en . on e h un d r ed an d
11 el f el e v en on e

m el v e
. .
, .

12 . t5m
w , .
b unber t (unb) m et,

1 3 bt ei gebn th i r t ee n
.
,
. on e h u n d r ed an d

1 4 bi er gebn fo ur te en
. , .
tw o .

15 .
funfgebn or fi tnfgebn, .
h auber t (unb) Drei ,
fi ft e en . on e h u n d r ed an d

Ld
e; s i xt e en . th r ee .

fleb s e v e n t ee n .
ha uber t (unb) br ei fii g,
adi tgebn, ei gh teen . on e h un d r ed an d
19 . neunge n, n i n e e en b t . th i r ty .

20 .
sm an i tw en ty .
haub e r t ei n unb brci fii g ,

21 . t i n 1 m smangi g ,
on e on e h un d r e d an d

an d t w en y t .
th i r ty on e -
.

22 . m
a ei unb m
a an i g
g ,
m
s b
ei u n ber t two ,
h un
tw o an d tw en ty . d r ed .

23 bt ci . unb sm angi g, br ei bunber t, th r ee h un

th r e e an d tw en t y . d r ed .
 N U M ER A LS .

1 000 . t au enb, f a th ou b unber t t auienb, o n e

san d . h u n d r ed t h o u s a n d
20 0 0 .
gmci tauienb two , ci ne fi lt i fl i on, a m i l ~

th ous an d . li o n .

gb
e n t a u fen b t en , gr e e t Sll ti ui onen ,
t wo
th o us an d m i l li on s
. .

1 29 F r o m t h e c ar di n al n um ber s v ar i o us ot h er n u m er als
.

ar e for m ed b
y co m po si ti o n 1 ci net l ci o f on e ki n d
sm ei er lci —
.
, ,

of two ki n d s bt ei er lci o f th r e e ki n d s 61 0 2 ei nfag si m pl e ;

g , ,
. .
,

sm ei facb s
or m i efacb t w o f o ld fbr ei fa g
g t h r e e fo l d d z c 3 ci nmal
m
.
, , , .
,

on c e ; giv ei mal t w i c e ; bt ei mal th r i ce dz c 4 it smei o r

, , ,
. .
,

unb u t two a t a ti m e ; i t br ei o r bt ei utt b bt ei t h r ee at a

p , , ,

ti m e 0 ,
.

E X E R CI S E X X X I V .

6 . 12 . 24 . 36 . 48 . 60 . 72 . 84 . 96 . 253 . 44 1 .

13 39 6 7 h as 0
79 5 82 1 8 54
j
g
A (
h

“
. . . .
.

tw en ty fo ur h our s -
A year h as 3 6 5 days A l ea
.
1
ea r . py — 2
h as 0
3
36 6 days Th e play has th r ee a cts
.
4
Th e boo k h as 2 7 4 .

p ages 5
I h ave bo ugh t si x pou n ds of t ea th r ee poun ds of
.
6
,

co ffee an d four po un d s of sugar

7
,
8
Le n d [t o j m e two s h ee ts ”
.

of p a p e r
10
I sh all s en d [to ] yo u t en yar ds of cl oth
11 12
1
“ “
. .

13 ‘
r eq u i r e e i gh t o un ce s of p epp e r con ta i n s
16 7
Th i s cas e .

13
tw el ve bottl es of wi n e Th e bo ar d i s ten fe et l o n g an d
19 20
.

fi fteen i n ch es 21
br ead I h av e eat en o n e appl e an d t w o
”
.

p ears ”
.We h av e d ru n k t w o ki n ds o f w i n e 24
Th a t i s .

t en fo ld pr ofi t 25
I h av e been fou r ti m es i n G er m an y
.
26
.

3
Hour © t unb ,
L p y ar c. Pl y © ¢ aufhi L ea Act - e ,
a ,
e ,

P u ds seme n Sugar 2m
ugh
g
‘
fl ufa P g s an a e, o n
“ , ,

Butt e r. She t s fi ge nh P p r {B taan

e n r Cl t h a e a o

S ud) T “ To s q uir e br anches

,

ic f f t AL
,

c
,

g
L
. . .
,

Cas e, Si tti n To con t ain, e mbaltcn B oar d,

seal -
.

new) , F eet , snag 2° 21

I n ches, t
2
Apple, aefet P ear , name
Two ki n ds of wi n e, m ei cr lci 28 6m . Tenfold profi t, gebnfadyer G am a m .

t
Four i mes, ni cr mal.

ll. ORD I N A L N U M ER A L8 .

13 or di n al n umer als fr om smei to neungebn i n clusi ve

0 Th e .
, ,

ar e fo r m ed fr om t h e c ar d i n al n um er al s b y addi n g t an d ,

fr om smangig u p w ar ds by addi n g fl Th ey ar e d ecli n ed l i ke .

adj ect i v es Fo r t h e fi r st th er e i s use d th e su pe r la t i v e Der

‘ ’
.
 E LE M E N T A R Y G ER M A N G R A M M A R .

ite for th e th i r d bet br i tt e om po un d mer als,

’
tr ,
an d . In c nu

t h e las t on ly takes th e t ermi n at i on o f t h e o r d i n al .

1 . her , bi e, has cr fle, th e fi rs t .

2 . n n
g t
az et e, th e s ec on d .

3 . br i tte ,
thi r dth e .

4 . vi cr te t h e fo ur t h
, .

5 .
fimftt th e fi fth , .

6 . n
fedyéte t h e si xth , .

7 . n
fi eb m t e t h e se ve n th
, .

8 . u acht e t h e ei gh th
, .

9 . n neunt c th e n i n th , .

e t en t h
10 . s
gb
e n t e t h , .

11 . elftc t h e el e v en th
, .

12 . n
am b l ft e th e t w el ft h
, .

13 . n br ci gebn tc th e thi r t een th , .

14 . Di er gcbntt t h e fo ur t een th , .

15 .
funfgcbn tc th e fi fteen t h , ,

20 . s
5m a n 3gfi g
i t h e tw e n t i eth .

21 . s em jm a n g gfi
t g t h e t w en ty fi r s t ‘
-
.

22 . n amei unb giv angtgfi c th e tw en ty-secon d ,

.

30 . bt ci fii gfle th e th i r t i et h , .

31 . s si n unb brei fiigf te t h e th i r ty fi r s t ,

-
.

40 . n bi t t gi gflc th e fo r t i e th , .

e h un d r ed th
1 00 . n
b u n t e r t fte t h ,
.

1 01 . n bunt er t unb t i fi t th e h un dr ed an d fi rst , .

g b
i v ci tm b er t fle t h e two h u n d r ed th , .

taufenbft c th e th o usa n d th ,
.

N c u ss

1 . When mber is use d, for t he s ake of di s t i ncti on , i n

or di n al nu

c onjun ct i on wi th the prope r n ame of a person , i t is plac e d aft er t he n ame,

as in En glis h ; 3 g 3
- t i cbri d bet
)
. S mc i t e F r eder i ck t he Secon d
. Submi g , .

bet © c dn c bn t e Loui s t he Si t een t h

, x .

2 In s tati ng t he day of t he month , th e or di n al number is emplo ed

. y
adject i v el ; y
as- bcr c r ft e S anuar t he fi r s t of J an uar ; t en (or am) . y
feebl t c n SDect mbet on the si t h of December
, x .

131 F r act i ona l N umber s ar e fo rm ed by co mpo un di ng th e

W
.

ord i n als wi th tel whi ch i s a co n tr act i on for

, ar t as

M A0 S t i tgl, a. thi r d (p ar t ) .

Wit nftcl
,
fi ft h a .

g usse t a si xth dz o , .
“ J
1 12 E LE M E N T A R Y G ER M A N G R A M M A R .

I s h a ll w a i t h al f an h ou r We can r ea c h th e t own i n an
.
15

h o ur an d a h al f . Th e p lac e 16
i s th r ee m i l es 7 an d a h al f
1

fr o m h er e 18
It is . s e v en o cl oc k
’
I t i s h al f-pas t twelv e I t
. .

i s a qu ar t er to n i n e I t i s a qu ar ter p ast ei gh t . . I t wan ts

I t i s si x mi n u tes p ast two I r i se ‘
te n m i n u t e s to fi v e . .
9

at
”o
h al f p a s t s i x
-
Th e s t eam bo at
- 21
ar r i v es
.
22
at a qu ar ter

to th r ee .

is
To reach , err ei c en. b Place , S r t . Mile, E
IItei Ie . Fr om here , non

bi er . To r ise , an ffleben . At , um . St eam-boat . mamnfftfi ff . To

arr i v e , an fo mmen .

I I I . I N DE I N I T E N F U M ER A LS .

133 Th e f ll
. o owi n g wor d s ar e com p r i sed un d e r th e class
of i n d efi n i e n um er al st
"
fei n, fei ne, fei n, n o, n ot an y .

ict er , c, es,
l » e v er c
ig b , , , g
e i c et e es y, ea h .

iebmeber , e, 6 3 ,

auer , e, es, al l .

mancber , e, CB, m an y a, s om e .

et ntge,

M tl i b e c e,
s om e
bi el, m u ch .

weni g, li ttl e, few .

Th ese ar e al l d e cl i n ed j ti v es un d er cer tai n

as ad ec ,
r es tr i c

ti o n s i n s o m e p ar t i cul ar cas es w h i ch w i ll be n oti ced

,
in th ei r
p r op er p la c es .

134 . Rei n, fei ne, fei n, o n e i s d e cli n ed aft er

no
,
n o t an , n
y ,

th e s tr o n g d ecl en s i o n o f adj e cti v es ; bu t wh en fo ll o w ed by a ,

n o un i t l o ses li ke t h e i n d e fi n i t e ar t i cl e ei n i t s t e r m i n a t i o n
, , ,

in t h e n o mi n at i v e s i n gul ar o f th e m as c u l i n e an d i n th e ,

n om i n a ti v e an d a cc us a t i v e s i n gul a r o f t h e n e u t e r ge n d er .

For ex am p l e z R ei n gt eunb n o fr i en d—
fi aben © i e fei n
« , .

H ave you n o m o n ey ? Sl ei n i d) babe fei n eé (o r ,

fei n é) n o I h a v e n o n e 6 k bat fei n e fl i nbet s h e h as n o

, , .
,

chi ldr en Ji ei net i s al so us ed subs tan ti v ely fo r ill i ein anb

.
,

n o bod y n o p er s o n
, (S ee .

13 5 3 t h“iche iebeB or wi th t h e i n d efi n i te ar ti cl e ei n
.
, , , ,

ci ne iebe ei n i ebeB i s use d bot h adj ec ti v ely e v er y ea ch )

’
, , ,
 s u u n a a ns . 113

a n d su bst an t i v el
y It ca n o n ly m p loyed
be e

i n th e s i n gular n umb er Fo r e x am pl e — . 3cbeé Q anb bat

{ci ne ei gentbumli cben © ebr ancbe, ev er y co un t r y h as i ts p e cul i ar
custo ms G i n i ebet i ii fei neé (g li des © cbmi eb, ev e ryb ody is
.

th e ar ti fi c er of h i s ow n for tun e egli cbet , e, eé, or ei n iegli cbcr , . 3

ci ne iei cbe, ei n iegl i cbes, an d iebmeber , e, es, h av e t h e same
mean i n g as iebet b ut ar e n ot s o gen er all y us ed
, .

§ 136 . 21a “ , all e, all eé, all , d en otes nu m ber as w ell as

quan ti ty an d ,
is u sed b oth ad e j cti v ely an d s u bs a n t ti v ely .

For ex am p l e —
§IBi lIfont men mat en aIIe ® dite al l , g u es ts
wer e w el come . Qi l l e fi nh fr an f ,
a ll a r e ill . Qi l l e é 65e i ii
auégegeben, all m o n ey h as b een
pen t s . (Er mei fi Qi l l e é h e ,

kn ow s ev er yt h i n g Th e d efi n i t e ar t i cle w h i ch i n En gl i s h i s
.
,

often p laced b etw een all an d th e s ubs ta n ti v e i s n ot exp r ess ed ’

in G er m an e xce pt wh en i t h as t h e for c e o f a d em on s t r a t i v e
'

p r o n o un IIIIe G i nmobner bet 6 mmbeglei t et en fei ne Eei cbc

s
.
,

all the i n h abi ta n ts o f t h e town att e n d ed h i s fun er al .

No t e .

Gi ana whole, di ffers fr om all in asmuch as i t e pres ses the complet e

. , x
a n d un di vi ded st at e of an objec t , or of a uni t y co ns is t in g of par t s , wi t hout

in t he leas t r efer r in g t o t he number of i ndi vi dual part s co ns t i tut i ng t he

whol e . The En gli s h employ all as well as whole i n t hi s sens e For .

x
e a mple z — bas g a u ge b ans t h e whole h ous e ; t i n g a u ge s S abr a whole
, ,

ear ; i nci n g a n get Rbrber , my whole body ; t i e g a u ge Earn il i e all the

y ,

famil y ; ben g a n gen S ag all day B efore pro per n ames of co un t r i es and
, .

lac es , wh en used wi t h out th e defi n i t e ar ti cl e, gang is n ot dec li n ed ; s

p g . .

g a n ; G t i cebenl anb all Greece ; i n g a n g QBi en in all Vi enn a

i - .
, ,

137 . fili ancbet , in anc e, b m b

anc es,
m an
y a, s ome ,
s i gn i fi es

an i n defi n i t e p lur al i ty I t i s used b oth i n th e si n gul a r an d

.

pl u r al w i th
, or wi th out a subs tan ti v e For i n s ta n ce .

wt a n cbet Wi enfcb glaubt or Slll an cber glaubt m an y a n e o

be l i e v es fili an cbe {m
, ,

. cben bebaupten or a
enf lli an cbe bebean ,

man y or s o me p e op l e asser t Gr bat ma n tbeé li ng .

er fabt en h e h as met w i th man y a mi s for t u n e

,
.

§ 1 3 8 (E
. i ni ge s o m e a fe w ,
si g n i fi es a sm all n um be r of
, ,

p e r s o n s o r thi n gs i n d efi n i t el
y a n d i s gen e r all
y us ed i n t h e ,

l u r al ei th er wi th or wi th o u t a subs ta n ti v e ; as ei n i gc —
p ,

fili enfdyen or (Ei n i gc bebanbten s om e p eop l e or so me asse r t , ,

.

Wh en em pl oyed i n th e si n gul ar b efor e n am es o f mater i al s

an d abstr act n ouns i t d en ot es an i n defi n i t e sm all q uan t i ty ;
,

a s — ei n i gcé « 6 013s ome wood ; t i n i ge é offnung some h o pe

, , .

H
 E LE M E N T A R Y G ER M A N G R A M M A B .

Th e i n defi t p ron oun etmaé can also be us ed i n

ni e th is case ;
as— et w a é (S ell) so m e m o n ey ; ct ma é © li t cf s om e
, ,
lu c k .

(Et l i cbe h as m u c h th e sa m e m ean i n g as e n i i ge, bu t i s less

co mm o n .

Nose .

In famili ar co n v er sati on , th e w or d e, es is n ot un fr equentl , y

y
empl o ed for t h e En gli s h so me ,
’
in re feren ce t o an object pr evi ous l y
ment i on ed For e ample
.
- x
6 5 i ii fei n fill ets i nt fi anfe id) wi ll me l cbe n ,

befi eIIen t here is n o r i ce i n t he house ,

. am goi n g t o or der some I .

139 . Qi i el , m uch , m an y, an d m li ttl e , fe w , d e n ote , th e

gni g,
fo r m e r a l ar ge, tter a
an d th e la sm all n um b e r o r q uan ti t
y
t h ey r e fer to m m
.

Wh en th ey ar e d ec li n ed ;
et tt i n ft b i eI ilBafi et abet wen i g
'

as i n— ci n h e d r i n ks
, ,

mu c h w at er but li ttl e w i n e Wh e on t h e c o n trar y th ey

M
.
, ,

M t a n umb e r th ey ,
a nn e d i f us ed su b

st an t i v el y ; as i n — Qi i el e i r at en ei ngeIaben mot ben, abet QB en i ge

mat en gefotntnen ,
m any h ad b ee n i n v i t ed , b ut few h ad co me .

B ut i f s om e
e h as
man y fri en d s . Ma ry
s t i ll h as m an y c t
se r e Qi i elefl
anbet u, a few year s Sn wen i g
G tunben fann bi e a mm
r i dyt be i n, i n a fe w h rs th e ne ws
can be h er e .

X E R CI S E X X X V I E .

I h ave n o m o n ey about me Y ou mus t l ose n o ti me

1
.

u l en d [to ] m e s o m e se al i n g o I v o
9 ’
y o w a x 1 N ; h a e n n e -
.

‘
I ha ve man y boo ks but h e h as n o n e Ev er y la n g uage
“
.
,

h as i ts beau t i es ‘
Eve r y s ci e n c e h as i t s p r i n ci p l es
5
We
“
. .

ob se r v ed ev ery o n e by tur n s A ll men ar e li abl e to er r o r

7 ” 9
. .

H e li ves at p eac e 11
wi th all men A ll ar e l o st Wh o can . .

kn o w e v e ry t hi n g ? A ll th e coun tr y (say t h e w h o l e c o un tr y) ,

was full o f h i s p ra i se "

I h ave sl ept all n i gh t (say th e
“
.
,
13
wh ole n i gh t) All Sp ai n (say w h ol e S pai n ) too k ar ms
.
,

About me, bei mtt Some seali ng-wax et mas G i egeuad

. Non e, , .

k ins. n . Non e, tei ne plur Sc i en ce, QBi fi entcbafl

. . Pri nci p le, (
S t unt . .

(at To obs er ve, beobacbten By tur n s , nod) bet fli ei be

. Men, .

m
.

-
Li able to er ror , bent St t t bum ant eat er fen At peace, in
571
“Full of hi s r ais e, boll oou
.

p
fei nem s obe Spain, G rani en
. Took ar ms, et gr ifi bi e éIBaffen.
.
116 E LE M E N T A R Y G ER M A N G R A M M A R .

rfi dmat t é, ba c kw ar d ; fi bet aII, ev er yw h er e

Dom dt t é, fo r w ar d i t genbmo, an yw h er e
fei tmdt t é as i d e , n i r genb, n o w h er e, dz c .

t i ngé ar o un d,

556 an d bi n ar e fre qu tly en joi n ed wi t h pr eposi ti ons or adver bs t o ,

exp re ss at on ce the mot i on of an object an d t h e di r ect i on of t h e moti on

,

wi th regar d to t he posi t i on of t h e speaker G t fai n . For x

e a mple —

bet a n f, he came up, t h at i s , t o wh er e I am

Gt gi ng bi n un i he went .
,

up, t hat is , awa fr om where am y

e en @ i e bi n a n t go cut , awa I .
, y
from me Rommen 6 k bet a n e come out , t ow ar ds me
. In th e same , .

way bi nei n an d berei n bi nunt et an d ber nntet mobi n an d u m

, ber an d others , ,

are for med .

E X E R CI S E X X X V I I .

‘
Yon d er dwells Mr H Th er e h e i s (say i s h e ) hi msel f
“
. .
,

Her e i s your ac cou n t Co m e h er e (say h i th er ) . G o th er e ,

.

(s ay thi t h e r ) C o m s
G ‘
W e m u s t go i n
5
Y
“
,
e up o up. ou
. . .

mus t com e i n I sh all go d own s ta i r s 7 Wh er e di d you see

. .

“
say h a v e yo u s e e n ) hi m 1 Wh en c e di d h e co m e I Whi th er
8 9
( ,

di d h e go ? On th e l eft i s th e di n i n g r oo m ; 10
on th e r i gh t -
,
13
a study Th e bed r oom s a r e u p sta i rs
11 19
H e h as beer
“
.
. .

e v e r yw h er e I can n ot fi n d h i m an ywh er e
. .

See 1 1 6 n ot e Accou t m ecbnung

, .Up bet auf Up bi n ta
n ,
.
, .
,
a .

In, bi nt i a In , bet ei n
. Down s t air s , bi nnnter Wh en ce , u mber
. . .

S eparat e mo an d bet an d put di d he come bet w een

’
,
Whi t her , wobi n. .

di d he go betw een Di nin g-room,

’
Separate too an d bi n an d put , .

6 bd fe3 i mmn S t ud , © tubit fi ube

.
‘2
y
B edroom, g dylafgi mmet Up . .

st ai rs , oben Not an where , mt genb

. Ar r ng ,
a e
‘
y
can hi m nowh er e . I
fi nd
’
.

1 42 . Th e fo ll o i n g w ad ve r bs exp r ess ti m e
bann, th en i mmer, al w ays
bant alé, at th at ti me fi eté, con stan tly
wann , wh en ni e,

jes t ,
p r es en t ;
n o w , at ne er v ;
nun n ow u n der th ese
, ,

ci r cums tan ces ein fi on ce

,

”fi l m befo r e , nod), s t i ll , yet

nacbbet aft er w ar ds , ball), s oo n

fonfl fo r mer ly , fri i b ear ly ,

bi ébet hi th erto ; ,
r
W i t; late
 A D V E R Es . 117

lange, l on g cbm j us t j ust

, ,
n ow

fi
gc crn, y er day
es t neuli ch l ate ly ,

vorge em,
fi th e day befo re 3ugIci dy, at th e m e ti m e ;
'

sa

y es t er d ay; unterbe en, i n ff th e mean ti me ;

beut e to
,
-d a
y; f o ft en ;
o t,
morgen, t o-m o rr ow ; f
e l t en sel d o m, ,
&c .

fi bermorgen, th e day afte r

to-mor r ow ;

E X E R CI S E X X XVI I I .

Wh en di d i t h app en ? We ar e at p r esen t i n mo ur n i n g 1
.

Wh at i s n ow (th at i s un d er th ese ci r cu ms tan c es ) to be ,

don e 1 9 3
I sh all after war ds ex ami n e th e accoun t s Mr A . .

‘
was fo r mer ly a p r o s p er ous man Y ou alw ays gu es s my 5
.

i n t en ti o ns 6
On e n ev er fi n ds hi m (say fi n ds hi m n e ver )
.
,

at h om e H e i s con st an tly tr av elli n g ab ou t I s sh e s till

7
. .

ali v e 2
3 H e r i s es ear ly an d go es to b ed
9 ”
l at e I t will .

s oo n s t r i ke fo ur H a v e you al r eady s een th e n ew co m edy 3 11

“
.

It r ai n ed yes t e r day an d t h e day b efo r e yes t er day To-d ay .

th e w ea th er h as i m p r ov ed ” Will you be at h ome

“
.

to m o rr ow 1
- V i s i t me th e day aft er to m or r ow Th e -

1“
.

lett er box -
h as j us t b een cl o s ed ”
H av e you o ft en b een i n .

Scotla n d 2 17
We see ea ch oth er v er y se ld om .

In mourni n g , i n i mam To be don e , 3 1: t bun f To e ami n e, x

m
.

nd i eben Pr osper ous, moblbalmt b

. To guess, err atbcn Ar r ange,
. .

you gues s alwa s

’
y
nte nti on , l .
fld fi, f I7
Tr av elli ng about , auf .

SRci fen .
3
Ali v e, am Beben To r ise , aufii cbm . To bed, a n a . m .

‘
Ar r ange, lat e t o bed ’
Comed , Eufi fbi cl \
. To r ai n , t cgncn y ‘3
To . .

i mprove, fi cb befi ern Arrange, t o day has i t self th e weat her i mproved
—
.
’
.

will you t o morrow at home be ? u

Lett er -box, 8 M ;
‘
Arr an ge, - ’

tafl em
a To cl ose, fd fli cfi cn S co lan d, G
i lbonl anb . t .

1 4 3 Th e f ll . o owi n g ad ver bs ,
am on g m an y ot h er s, e xp r ess
man n er
in , th us
so, fcbt i ftli cb, by wr i ti n g ;
eben i n j us t ,
as mi mbli cb, or ally
mi c h ow ;
,
as , ei bli cb u po n o ath ,

anbet s, oth er wi se ; tr euli ch, fai thfully ;

BIia i ngé, bli n dl y
flebentl i cb, su ppli an tly, cit e .

Bes i des th ese ,

al m ost all ad e j ct i v es ar e u sed al s o as
 E LE M EN T A R Y G ER MA N G R A M M AR .

ad v er bs ; as fdyncfl qui ckly ; Iangfam sl owly ;

—
, ,
l aut , l oudly
(ci te l owly gen tly fcbbn beaut i full y Aw
, , , ,
.

§ A d ver bs o f th e l att e r d es cr i pti o n

1 44 . cap abl e of
ar e

compar i so n — th at i s, m ay h av e a c o m p ar a t i v e an d su p e r l ati v e .

1 . com p ar ati v e i s fo r m ed i n th e same man n er as

Th e
th e co m p ar ati v e o f adj ec t i v es n am ely by affi x i n g 612 ; as , ,

fbc n ell et m o r e q u,
i c kl y ; i di brl er m or e beau ti full y ; Iautet , ,

l o u d er .

2 Th e r el ati v e super l ati v e (or su p er l ati v e o f co m p ar i s o n )

.

i s fo r med by pr efi x i n g am a t t h e ‘
an d ad d i n g f ten to
,

th e si m p l e ad v er b ; as um ( a t t h e ) qu i c kes t ;
—

am f cbi m f (
te n a t t h e ) fi n es t ;
,
t th e ) lo ud est .

Ex am p l es QB¢t farm am fcbn efi fi en Iaufen ? w h o can r u n

—

qui ckes t ? Gr fcbreibt am fcbni n ft en eon auen h e w r i t es best ,

of all .

3 Th e . p er lati ve (or su p er lati ve of emi n en ce )

abs olu te su

ca n be exp r es s ed i n v ar i ou s w ays

a Th e ad v e r b ca n be j o i n ed to an oth er ad v e r b d e n oti n g a
.

hi gh d egr ee su c h as Eb} fi ght M ,

dufier fi aufier orben t li cb
, , , , ,

ungemei n Fo r e x am p l e. @ te t augt febr fdfi m sh e dan c es

—
,

ver y beaut ifu lly i ant © cfunbbei t fleIIte ftcb mi ebet bet
G .
,

abet du fi et ft [ 0 11 n m hi s h eal th i m p r oved agai n but , ,

excee di n gly s l o w ly .

b Th e n euter o f th e att r i bu ti v e fo r m o f th e su p er l a ti v e
.

i t h th e p re po s i t i o n auf p r e c ed i n g i t i s em p l oyed for t h e

{ [
gl fi l e en d ; as auf baé gt aufamftt or con tr acted aufB gran
,
t ”
’
—
,

famfle m os t cr uell y i n a m o s t c r uel m an n er Ex am pl es

, ,
.

as el cn bc ftc
bewaf f
n et ,
t h e p eas a n ts w er e m o s t m i s er abl y a r m ed G t .

beforgt fei ne @ efcbdftc au f e gcmi fi en baft c f t c, h e atten ds to

'
’

hi s bus i n ess m o s t co n s ci en t i ousl y .

c Th e s i m p l e fo r m o f th e s u p er l at i v e i n
.
L w i t h out i n fl ec
ti on i s m lus i v ely em p l oyed i n th e sen se of th e abs olu te
su p er la t i v e, but i ts us e i s li mi ted to ad v er bs en di n g i n g “ fi

Ld, f ,
i ) a m a n d a f ew ot h e r s F o r e x am p l e z —
6 te .mu t bc

i n n i gfi geli ebt, sh e w as mo s t i n ten sely l ov ed (Er Idfi t

f t c u n bl i fifi g fi ,
t r fi eu h e d e s i r e s to b e m os t ki n dl y r em em
ber ed Wi th ad ve r bs of thi s d es cr i pti o n , h ow ev er , th e other
.

t wo fo r m s of th e abs o lu te su pe r lati v e ar e als o u sed .

1 20 EL E M E N T A R Y G ER M AN G R A M M A R .

E X E R CI S E X L .

It ver y i m p r o babl e n ay i t i s al most i m possi bl e

is 1 2 3
.
, ,

I am extr em ely s or r y ‘ We ar e excee di n gly h a ppy ‘

.
5
Our .

s to r es
6
a r e n ea r ly e x h aus ted 7 I h ad al m o st fo r gotten i t . .

I re la te on ly w h at I h ave h ea r d fr om oth er s
8 9
We h ave .

s c ar c ely b egun
lo
Y ou w or k too sl owly
. My fath er i s far .

ol der th an my moth er H e h as su cceeded i n som e degr ee

1 1
. .

Improbabl e, Nay, ue m
un mabrfdyci nli cb
Imp oss i ble, uumbglid) . . .

I am sorr , es tbut mi r y
lei b Happ , gl fi cfl i cb St ore, fii orr at b . y . .

x
To e haus t, ct fcbbbfcn To relat e, er gdblen F rom ot her s, mm .

anbmi To begin , anfangm

. He h as s u cce eded, es tft i bm .

gch mgm .

1 46 . Th e foll owi n g ver bs e xp r ess m oo d

ad —
t h at is ,
affi r m a ti o n , n ega ti on ,
poss ibi li ty or n ec essi ty
,

la, yes fei neémegé, by n o m ea n s

ia mobl yes c er tai n ly
, , ga r n i cbt ,

wit fl i cb, r eally ; bur cbaue ni cbt,

g t mi fi su r el
, y bi efi ei cbt ,

ffi m abl ; mobl p e r h a ps
‘

tr uly ,

mabrli d), twa

e ,

gre at i t i s t r ue, ce r t ai n ly, mabrfcbei nli cb , p r o bably ;

ft cili i n deed (co n ce ss i ve) ; but cbaué,
ab s o lut ely
mi n ,
no
fb b
c Iec t erbi n gé,
ni cbt ,
n ot ; afl er bi nge, by all m ean s , 620 .

E X E R CI S E X LI .

‘
H i s n egl i gen ce i s r eally i n to l er able H e h as c o me 2
.

in d eed (say, h e i s i n deed com e), but too late H e c er t ai n ly .

3
makes (say, h e m akes cer tai n ly) li ttl e p r ogr ess, but h e do es
hi s bes t 4
H e i s by n o m ean s so i n dus tr i ous as you b eli ev e
.
“ .

I am n ot at all sa t i sfi ed w i th hi s con duct 6

Y ou ar e p e r h ap s .

n o t s t r i ct 7 en o ugh Pr o bably I h av e (s ay, h av e I ) mi sun

.

ders t ood you 8

I m us t absolutely i n si st u pon i m p li ci t
.
9 1° ll

obedi en ce
"
.

Negli gence, R ad fldfligfci t n to le r able , unmr d gl i c

'

b
. I
Li tt le pro .

gr ess , ir eni g Sor tfcbt i t t c Hi s be s t , fei n Wi bgli cbftes

. n dus t r i ous, . I
flci fiig . t
S a i s fi ed wi th his con duc t , mi t fei nem R et r agen guft i ebcn.
Stri ct , fl ung To mis un ders t an d, mi fiber fteben
. To i nsi s t , befi cbm. .

Upon, cuf, wi th the accusativ e Impli ci , unbcbi nat O bedi ence,

. t .
 P R EP OSITION S .

1 47 Pr e po si ti o n s ar e w o r ds wh i ch , by bei n g put be fo r e
.

n ou n s , i n d i ca te t h e r el a ti o n o f p l a c e i n w h i ch an a ct i o n i s

p er fo r m ed S o m e p r e po si t i o n s al so exp r ess r el at i o n s o f
.

ti m e, m an n er , cause, 630 Whil e th ey ar e th ems el ves i n d e

.

c l i n a bl e, th e e x e r c i s e an i n fl u en c e u po n th e n o un w i th
y
w h i ch th ey ar e c o n n e ct ed , by c ausi n g i t to be put i n a
pa r ti cular cas e .

A s to th ei r o r i gi n , th e p r e po s i t i o n s ar e ei th er g en u i n e or
Th e fo r m er clas s c om p r i ses all o r i gi n al p r e po
’

sp un ow .

s i t i ons ; t h e latter , all th o se w h i c h ar e d er i v ed fr o m ot h er

ki n d s of wo r d s, an d co m po un d exp r es s i o n s w hi ch h av e
as s u med th e po w er o f p r e po s i ti o ns .

I . G EN UIN E P REP OS I I IO N S
' ‘
.

1 48 . Th e fo ll o w i n g
aué ou t o f, fr o m
se v en ov
g ern th e da

W
ti ve
e,
Z f m/
—
4 4

t men
s ru

”on, of, fr om .

f : to (moti on to p ers on ) ; at ,—in for ( u m)

i a p rp o .

E X E R CI S E X LI I .

Th e b oys co me fr o m sc h oo l (say, out o f th e sc h ool) Th e

l

“
.

3 ‘
cook i s fe tchi n g pota t o es out of th e cellar ‘5
We w er e .

fr o m h om e (say, out of th e h ous e) Exc e pt my si st er s, .

n o bo dy w as ( say, was n o b od y) at h o m e We li v e n ear th e

6
.

town I h av e n o m on ey abou t m e H e di n es at h i s
.
7 8 9
.

u
br oth er i n
- Th ey t r av ell ed wi th us fr om V i enn a
to Mun i ch ”
.
1 3
I sh all take a w alk wi th a fr i en d D o you .

School, é ibul e Cook, Redfm.. To fetc h, bolcn P ot at o, Rat . .

toffel f
, .Cellar , mun Near , nabe bet . About , bet To di ne,
. .

M en . A t , b ei B rot h er -i n -
. law 6 cbmagcr Vi enna, QBi cn . .

Mun i ch, W ri tt en To take a walk,

. madam .
1 22 E LE M E N T A R Y G ER M A N G R A M M A R .

wr i te wi th st eel p en s e w ar
-
l “
w as [b ei n g] car r i ed on
Th 16

w i th gr eat bi tt er n ess ” My fath er mu st go on busi n ess to

.
18

B el gi um 19
an d G er m an y I sh all di r ectly set out for
s20
.
21 ”

23
Par i s . S om e p e o p le take a sh or t sl eep after [t h e]
”

d i n n er 25
I t i s h al f pas t four by my w atch We come
.
- 26
.

fr o m B asl e 27
an d go to B r u s s e l s
”8
Wh en w i ll you r fath er .

r e tu r n
29
fr om h i s j ou r n ey ? 30
Di d you buy (say, h av e you
bo ugh t ) t h e goo d s 3 1
fr o m t h e man ufactur er i ”
We Spo ke of
y ou . Th e s e d an c e s
3
3 ar e co m po sed b y
3 5
L an n er I s h all “ .

w 3
co m e to you For h at (say, whi ch ) en d do es your b r oth er
6
.

t r av el ) to th e Co n t i n en t 1
37 H i o i 3
8
t
g ( y,
o sa e s g n g to s u dy
at H e i d el ber g .

St eel -pen , © t abl fcb War , nacgh To car r on , fft bt tn y .

‘7
B i t te rn es s , On busi n ess, i n (Eefcbdftcn’ B elgi um,
2‘
L2”
B d gi cn
2 . ci d) To set out , abrei fcn For , nod) . .

2‘
Some peo ple, mancbc Seut c Take a shor t sleep, macben ci n C
. é cbl dfcbcn .

”7 ”3
Di nn er , filli tt aget fi cnfl B y, nocb B as l e, $ afel B russe ls,
'

. . .

Qi rfi flcl
'

To return , gurfi d tcbr cn J ourne , {li ei fez G oods , flB aar cn y

“
. . .

Man ufact urer , Eabri tant D an ce, fu n k . To compose, comboni r en .

By, eon End, Bmcd

.
m
Con t in ent , Conti nent m 3‘
Is goin g, mi ll , . .

1 49 . Th e fo l l o wi n g fi ve
g ov er n th e a ccusati v e
but ch, th r o ugh .

fl ,
i t fo r
( i n t h e p la c e o f,
for t h e ben efi t o f a p er s o n ) .

n tow a r ds , agai n s t (d en ot i n g an ami ca bl e as w ell as

gg ,
e c
h o s til e r elati on ) .

mihet , aga i n st (den oti n g a h os ti l e r el ati on o n ly) .

um, r oun d , abo u t .

X E R CI S E X L I I I E .

‘
Th e r ai lr o ad go es t h r o ugh a l o n g tu n n el Th r o ugh w h ose .

3
in fl ue n c e h as yo ur fr i e n d o b tai n ed hi s a ppo i n tm en t
2
We
buy o ur goo ds fo r r eady m on ey
5
My un cl e h as b ough t a
6
.

go l d 7 w a t c h for h i s n i e c e
8
W e e xp e ct hi m tow ar d s n oo n
.
’
.

H e fo r ge ts hi s o bli gati o n s
1°
to (say towar ds ) h i s b en e fac ,

tors l
.
l
Th e tr oop s m ad v an c ed
”
agai n s t t h e en emy He .

l
Tunn el, Si nnncl m n fl uen ce, Gi ntl ufi
, . I
To ob ai n, cr balten . t .

Appoin t ment , fl nftcfl ung Read , beat U n cle, a cl

.
7
y
Gold . .

ad
( j e cti v )
e , gott en N i ece, . N oon, E B i tt t ag O bli g ation, .

c t bi a idfi ci t Ben efac t or . flB obItbdtcr

.
1’
Troops Sli mmnen To . , .

ad v anc e. m ai den .
1 22 ELE M E N T A R Y G ER MA N G RAM M AR .

wr i te wi th st l p s 2
ee
“ -
en w as [b ei n g] car ri ed on 16

17 18
wit h m oa t h i t ffi m o eq m u a tr A

B6
Pa
di )
fr c
r ef

bo
o
y
00 )
 1 50 . v en gen ui n e p r epo si ti o n s som eti mes
Th e fo ll owi n g se

gov er n th e dat i v e an d s om eti m es t h e ac cus ati v e t h e fo r m er

, ,

wh en th ey den ot e r est or bei n g i n a p lace ; an d th e l atter , ,

wh en th ey d en ote m oti o n For e x am p l e D a€ SBi lb bdngt

‘
.
-

an bet QBanb t h e p i ctu r e h an gs o n t h e w all

, 3d) bdnge hué .

B i ll) an b i e QBanb I h an g th e p i ctu r e u p on th e w all

, Q aé .

% u(b l iegt auf bent i i fcbe th e boo k l i es u po n t h e tabl e 3d)

, .

$ auf ben f fcb gelegt I h a ve put t h e b oo k u pon

ba b e baé q l i ,

th e tab l e .

on, o n , at .

au f,
po n
( u
on th e to p or s ur fa e c ) .

bi n ter ,
b e hi nd .

beyo n d ; a bou t, c o n cern i ng .

untcr , u n d er , b el ow, ben ea th ; am o n g .

but , be fo r e, age

fi r x s a c xs s X LI v .

x
Lo n d o n l i es on t h e Th am es .
1
I sa t o n t h e ban k ”
of t he
v er 3
Mov e th e
ta ble to (say o n ) th e w all I h ave put ‘ 5
ri .
,
.

th e i n ks tan d u pon th e ta bl e
6
Th e n ew s p ap er li es u pon th e .

tabl e Th e l i gh t h ou s e s tan ds u po n th e top of t h e r ock

.
- 7 8 9
.

Si t d own upo n th e ch ai r Th e v il l age li es b ehi n d th e

10 ’1
.

13
hi ll 12
Pla c e you r s el f b ehi n d m e I s Mr M i n th e di n i n g
“
. . .

r oo m 1 N0 h e i s go n e i n to th e gar den
,
I s tayed th r ee
15
.

days at (say i n ) W e i m ar
,
Sh e po ur ed ‘5
w i n e i n to th e .

‘7 ‘8 ‘
glas s A dar k
. c l oud h ov er s over th at m oun tai n Th e
9
.

‘
Thames , Sibemfc f B ank, li ter
, To move, rfi ci cn
.
2
Wall, QBant .
3
. .

To put , feneu nks t an d,

. S i nt enfafi I 7
Light—h ous e, Q eucbt t btmn . .

Top, © vi sc Rock, itcl fen

. To si t down , fi eb fest a Ch ai r , G
.
'Btn l
b . .

‘3
1:
Hill, b agel To place , fi efl cn
. Di ni ng -room, G figimmt r To
. .

y To pour , gtei cn Dar k, bunte ‘3 Cl oud fi ni te

st a , fi d) oufbaltcn . l . .
. .

1”
To hov er , fcbmebcn .

m M M W a e
r z/ 4 . 44
 ELEM EN T A R Y G E R M A N G R A M MA R .

br an ch es of th e tr ees gr ow ov er th e
20
Th e gar d en w all
- n

“
.

23
h o r se l ea p ed ”
ov er th e h edge Th e battl e 2
las t ed 25
.

‘
upw ar d s o f (s ay, ov er ) tw el v e h ou r s
26
A br idge w as [b ei n g] .

th r o a a cr o ss
28
t h e r i ver I h ave s po ken w i th my fath er .

abo u t o ur j o u r n ey
29
Th e d og li es un d er th e ch ai r
. Th e .

d og cr eep s 30
un d er t h e ch ai r H e i s a wo l f 3 ‘
am o n g t h e .

s h ee p Th e b ooty 32
w as [b ei n g] di v i d ed 33 am o n g th e
“
.

s oldi er s . A l i ttl e gar den i s b efo r e t h e h ou s e Th e cr i m i .

n al s
35
w er e [b ei n g] br ough t be for e th e j udge "6
B efor e my .

3
-
d ep ar t u r e 7 to F r an c e, I h av e (s ay, h av e I ) sti l l m an y
8 “
th i n gs to arran ge 39
Th e c as tl e w as [ bei n g] bui l t th r ee
.

h un d r e d yea r s ago (say, b e fo r e th r e e h un dr ed year s

B r an ch , S mei g w all, © ar t cnmauer

n 2’
G ar d . To leap, feBen
en - . .

2 ‘ 25 2°
Hedge , di od e B att le, Q d flacbt
. To las t , bauer n B ri dg e,. .

”7 2’ 2”
8 rfi dt . To th ro w, fd flagen A cr os s fi ber A bout , fi ber wi t h th e
. , .
,

3‘ W
ac cusa ti v e . To creep, tri ecben olf, fiBolf 3’
B oot , c ut c
. . y .

‘3 3‘
To di vide, ecr t bei l cn S oldi ers , ® olbat cn
. Cri mi n al , B et bt ccba
‘
. .

J udge, Si tcbt ct ‘7
D epart ur e , 2l br ci fe ; us e t he dati v e
.
‘ 3‘
Sti ll man . y
t hings , and; Qi i el ee To ar r an ge, 3
. 11 befor gen D ati ve . .

U R I OU S P REP OSI T
II . S P

1 51 Th e foll ow i n g gov ern th e gen i ti ve

m
.

o r en lai t i n st ead of
f , .

aufiet balb w i th ou t on t h e outs i d e of

, ,
.

i nnct balb w i th i n ,
.

Dbt t balb a b ov e ,
.

b el ow .

bi eéfei t o r bi eéfei té on this si d e o f , .

i f
t n ci t o r je n f
e i t é o n th e oth e r s i d e of
,
.

wcgen on a cco un t o f (p r e cedi n g or fo ll ow i n g th e case )

,
,

al ben or balbet o n acco u n t o f (fo ll ows th e c ase)

b ,
.

um mi ll en fo r th e sake of (th e cas e bei n g i n ser t ed

,

bet wee n um an d mi li eu) .

ft aft by vi r t u e of
,
.

0 611 11 63 8 by v i r tue of
,
.

laut co n for m ably t o

,
.

fl er mi tt elf t by mean s of ,
.

u t tg i tgt n ot w i ths tan di n g (p r e c edin g or fo ll owi n g t h e

pg ,

cas e) .

s
k i i n
g i n s
,
p i te o f (
i s u se d al s o w i t h t h e d ati v e) .

unwei t or unfer n n ot far fr o m , .

 E LE M E N T A R Y G ER M A N G R A M M A R .

X LVI E X E R CI S E .

I h op e to be abl e to p ay th e accoun t w i th i n si x mon t h s

1
.

Th e apoth e car y s Sh e p i s oppo si t e th e town h all

2 ’ 3 On e -

“
.

m ust al ays ac t ac c o r d n g to [th e ] r eas o n

w i ?
Messrs M 6
.

an d N h a v e n e xt to M r B
.
,
t h e m o st e xt en si v e 7 p ubl i shi n g
.
,
8
bus i n ess i n Le i pz i g H e h a s o ld h i s h o us e al o n g wi th th e
.
s

sh op Sh e h as be qu e at h ed t h e h o us e to geth er wi th a ll
9 1°
.

th at i s i n i t to h er n ep h ew
11 12
Si n c e th e fi rs t of J an u ar y ”

1“
.

w e h av e (say h av e w e ) h ad v e r y un settl ed
,
w eath er Th at .

i s co n tr a r y to [th e ] soun d r ea s o n
15
.

To be able to pay, begabl en a n tonnen ; goe s t o t he en d A pot h e .

y
car s s h op,
’
filpotbete Town -hall, fli c t bbaue
. To act , baubeln . .

Reason, Qi et nnnft, f Mes s rs , bi e fi etr en

.
7
E t ensi ve, anegeoebnt . x .

Publi s hi n g bus i ness , di a logsgefcbdft Sh op, Q oben 1°

To be u eath, . . q
m macben Th at is i n i t, was bat i n i ii
. Nephew, Steffi J an uar , . . y
3s nuar .Unsett led, unbeft dnbi g S oun d, gefnnb . .

1 53 Th e f ll o owi n g th r e e gover n t h e accusati v e

.

bi e till as far as (i s used b ot h w i t h r egar d to p lac e

, ,
an d

ti me ) .

ent lang al o n g (gen er al ly fo ll ow s th e n oun )

,
.

obne w i t h o u t (i s th e oppo si t e o f wi t)
,
.

No t e .

q y
S is is fr e uen tl join ed t o an ot h er prepos i t i on ; as — b i e 311 I br dnen

g er fi bt t,m oved ev e n to t e ars ; b i s a u f bi efen i ng up to his day ; h i s i n , t

l ob, or b i e gu m l obe even t o deat h ; b i e gu m Gnbe bee Stabit els down
r ’

t en S
‘

, .

to t he en d of t he ch apter ; bi t o n bi e g t obtt bot e as far as th e gat es of ,

x t
t he town ; QUIe bi t a u f ei nen all e cep on e , .

1 54 Th e fo ll owi n g t w o gov er n s o m e ti mes t h e dati v e an d

.

so me t i mes t h e a cc usa t i v e acco r d i n g as th ey d en ot e r es t or,

mot i o n n am ely
ngbgg , b es i d e .

gmi icben, betw een , b et wi xt .

X E R CI S E X L V I I E .

Th ey h av e put off th ei r de p ar tur e ti ll n ext w eek

1 ”
We .

sh all go (say t ra v e l ) y ( y
b sa
,
w i t h ) t h e s te am -b o at as far as
,

t m I 3 al o n g t h e r i v er as far as
‘
( y
sa ,
ill ) Man n h e i w al ked .

To put ofl, anfltbi eben Depart ur e, fi brt i fe To walk, geben

' '
l .
. .

As far as , ti ! on.
 OO N I U N CT I O N S .

th e w oo d ”
. w er e m ov ed even
Th ey t ear s 6
He to 7 .
8

wo r ks 9 w i th ou t ei ther p l an 1"
or
(say an d ) o bj e ct
"
,
.

Wh o st ood besi de you ? Si t d own bes i de me B etween

"
.

13 ‘
th ee an d me ther e i s no secr et H e p l aced 4
h i m s elf
.

bet w een us .

Woo d , QBolb Moved, ger fi bt t

. Ev en t o , bi t! 511
. . Te ar , i br ane .

is
To wor k, ar bei t en . P lan, fil l an O bject , S tr eet
. . To s i t down,
{i d} fesen Secr et , G ebei mni i To place, flellen
. .

CO N J U N C T I O N S.

1 56 Co nj un cti on s are wo r ds wh i ch co n n ect cl auses or

.

sen te n ces , an d s h e w t h e r el ati o n i n wh i c h th ey s tan d t o on e

an ot h er Th e se co nj un ct i o n s w hi c h p l a ce cl ause s s i d e by
.

si d e as i n d e p en d en t of on e an oth er , ar e t er m ed (Jo -or di na tes

conjunc t i ons ; w h il s t th o s e w h i c h i n tr o du ce a d e p e n d en t c laus e,

ar e t e r m ed M or d ena t i ve conjunc ti om
’

me et omm on cc -o r di n at i ve
'

—
c . con u n c t i on s

M y

th at a ccoun t ;

fa thom but (p uts on e

,
co n sequen tly
th ough t i n oppo si ti o n to
an ot h er th o ugh t whi ch ,

i s den i ed ) ent mebet ober , ei t h er

webet noc b, n ei th er n or ;
femobl al e, as w ell as ,
bo th

i nbefi en, h ow e v er ; tbei IB tbei l B, p ar tly

fonft, els e, oth erwi se ; p ar tly
Balb balb, n ow th en ;
t uber, th er efo re ; so me t i mes s ometi mes .
 E L E M E N T A R Y G E R MA N

§ 1 57 . Mos t o
cc - r di n a ti v e c on un j th e na un t
o f ad ver bs an d th er efo r e ,

sen ten c e i n t h e

th e co nj un cti o n i s p lac ed befo r e th e su bj e ct an d th e worc

con tai n i n g th e asser t i o n th e o r d er of th e latter i s i n v er ted ,

e g
.
—
. i d) bi n franf beébalb fa rm i d) ni cht auégcben I am ill
, ,

on th at a cco un t I can n ot go ou t B ut th e p ur e con

’

j un cti on s unb abet afi ein foubcm ob“ber m e x er ci se m

.

, , , , , ,

i n fl u en c e w h at e v er u po n th e ar r an gem en t of a sen ten ce .

EX E R CI S E X LV I I L

‘
[Th e ] p r o s p er i t y g ai n s fr i e n d s,
a n d [ ]
t h e a
2
d v e r s i ty
tr i es th em M r s L h as i n vi ted us to a p ar ty] but w c
4
.
5
.
6

h a ve n ot b e en abl e to acc e pt 8 9
h er i n v i t at i o n lo
Th esq .

h av e n ot s e r v ed 11
i n th e i n fan t r y, 12
but i n t h e
ca val ry 18
. H e h as atta i n ed 1
all h i s w i s h es ,
15 “
an d ye t h e i :

( s ay, i s h e ) n ot s a ti s fi ed
16
T h o u m us t b e s a v i n g,
.
17
el s e th o r
"3
wi l t (say, w il t th o u ) on e d ay su ffer w a n t
”
I s h a ll t akq .

a n umb r ell a,
"0
for i t i s go i n g ”
to r ai n My fath er h a: .

s p r a i n ed
22
h i s r i gh t h an d (s ay, to h i msel f t h e r i gh t h an d )
th e r e fo r e h e can n ot (say, can h e n ot ) w r i te Our ph ys i ci an 2:

“ t
.

h as ad vi s ed [to ] h i m to ke ep t h e r oo m , on th a t a c c o un t h
w i l l (say, w ill h e ) n ot go out 25
to -day Mr N . .

th e coun t i n g h o us e
- 26
o r i n t h e w ar eh o us e
27
He .

s p ea k n o r h ear H e wr i t es F r en ch as w e ll
.

eas e
28
H e s p eaks n ow th e on e lan guage,
.

( y,
sa n o w t h e on e ,
th e n t h e ot h e r l a n g u
as to n i s h i n g
” fl u en cy 3 0
H e h as been educ at ed
.
3 1
p ar tl y
Fr an ce, p ar tly i n G er many .

Pros perit y , Q uid . To gain, cm er bcu . Advers i t y ,

Ungl fi d .

tr y, vr fi fm . To i nvi t e, bi tt cn To, an . .
7
P ar t , (Hefcllfcbaft y .

§ 58 , n ote . To acc ept , annclp mcn . In vi t ati on, (Stu bli ng m .

ser ve, bi en m . I n fan tr y , S nfant cr i c . y

Cav alr , G avalcr i c 1‘
To .

m ndxn .

One day,

To-day co mes before

© betet et or Sut her lagc .
“Eas e mi t i gtci t
2
, .

unl icb. y
Fluenc , Gi d dufi gtcit . To educat e, mi cbcv
13
0 ELE M E N T A R Y G ER M AN G R A M M A R .

1 61 . Wh en
cl aus e exp r essi n g a con d i ti o n an d begi n n i n g
a

wi th menn i f p r ec ed es t h e p r i n c i p al cl ause to w h i c h i t i s
, ,

mad e subo r di n a te th e la tt er i s n o t o n ly pu t i n t h e i n v er ted

,

for m bu t gen er all y comm en c es w i t h t h e ad v er b fo w h i ch

, ,

may b e r en d er ed i n En gli sh by t h en ‘
F o r e x am p l e .
’

SIBen n ci n S iti ng br i cht fo br i cbt bi e gauge Rene i f on e li n k , ,

br eaks (th en ) t h e w h ol e ch ai n b r ea ks
,
Th e sam e con st r uc .

ti o n i s also o ften em p l oyed wh en a cl ause ex p r essi n g a cause ,

an d begi n n i n g w i t h th e co nj u n ct i o n bu as or a cl aus e , ,

exp r ess i n g a co n c es si o n an d h a v i n g o n e o f t h e co nj un ct i o n s,

Dbglei d) obf dyon & c i s mad e to p r ece d e th e p r i n ci p al cl ause

, ,
.
, .

In th e la tt er c as e t h e ad v er b bed) or bennod) yet s till i s

, , , ,

i ns er ted For ex am p le z fDa er t i n C

. i hani er i ft fl) mufi a — ‘
,

bi t fpsni fcbe @ vt acf)e ber fteben as h e i s a S p a n i ar d h e mu st , ,

un d e rs ta n d t h e S p an i sh l an gu age D bg l ei cb has SIBettet .

ungi tnfi i g war {0 r ei ft e ct bod) ab al th o ugh t h e w eat h er w as

’

, ,

un favou r abl e yet h e set out ,

.

Cl aus es exp r ess i n g a co n d i t i o n fr equ en tly assum e

§ 1 62 .

th e i n v er ted fo r m, th e co nj un ct i o n menn b ei n g d r opp ed ;

as —
d t te i d; B ei t gh
e ab t , fo m fi rb e i ch g e fo nn n en fai n,
h ad I
h ad t i m e, I sh o uld h a v e co m e Co n c es s i v e c l auses, al s o, ar e .

so m et i m es pu t i n t h e i n ver t ed fo r m , t h e fi rs t m em be r o f

th e co n c ess i v e co nj u n cti o n b e i n g d r opp ed, w h i l e t h e s e co n d

member (glei ch o r s uch) i s i n ser t ed ; as Q Bdt e hué QBet tel —

i i g gemefen, to mnrbcn mir bann ed) abgerei ft fai n,

’
a n d; ungii nf
al th ough th e w e ath e r h ad b een un fa vo u r abl e, s ti ll w e sh ou ld

h av e set out .

E X E R CI S E X L I X.

1
Th ey say (s ay, on e says ) th at a w ar h as b r o ken out I .

’ 3
h i m o f th e dan ger , i n o r d er th at h e may n ot
sh al l w ar n

r u sh
‘
i n to i t bl i n dl y .
“
I do n o t kn ow w h eth e r t h e m an h as
be en a cq u i tt e d 6 I t s t r u c k se v
. en w h en w e ar r i v ed at L .

Wh en I a wo k e ,
7 I s aw my fr i en d st an d i n g (s ay, s t an d )
8
be fo r e me Ev er y year , w h en th e sh oot i n g seas o n b egi n s,
.
-

T o warn , aufmer ff am
con un c ti v e.
To break out , ausbr ed xn j ; us e t he
macbcn . Of, auf wi t h t h e acc u s a
,
t i v e T o r us h i n t o i t , fi d) b i
.
nt i no

fi
ft g ;
r cn u se t h e co n
j un ct i v e B li n dl , bl i nbl i ngs T.
o a c u i t , fryei fbr ccbcn. . q
7
To a w ak e m us b
c cn . S h oo i n g
-se aso n S a b ci t
. , g g t .
 xm xm s m o n s .
131

we go for few m o n th s to S cotl an d

9
a I f we act agai n s t .

u
co c c t n ] w e b e co m e t h e d es tr oyers
10
[ ]
t h e n s i en e , [ h e of our

ow n p e a c e H e sl e pt , w h il st I w as r eadi n g
. Sh e w en t up .

13
s h e l ean t ) po n my ar m
14
t h e s t ai r , l ean i n g (s ay, w h il e
12
u .

We sh all r em ai n i n [th e ] to w n , as l on g as th e bad w ea th er

c o n t i n u es
”
A ft e r i t
. h as l i g t e ed,
h n
16
i t t h u n d r
e s ” We .

13
at o u r j ou r n ey s en d, befo r e th e
19
h ad (say, w e r e ) ar r i v ed
’

s un set
20
. Si n c e t h er e ar e 21
r a il r o a d s, t h er e ar e al s o m o r e

tra vell er s ”
Wai t, ti ll I h av e fi n i sh ed m y wor k
.
23 ”4
As .

s oo n as w e r e c e i v e d t h e n e w s }
?5
w e o r d e r e d 26
po s t- h o r se s ” .

As t h e r ai l w ay t r ai n h ad b een d et ai n ed
- 28
by (say, th r ough )
an a c c i den t }
?9
s o] th e l e tt ers ar r i v ed
30
t h r ee h o urs l at er th an
[
usual
31
Th e sn ow 3 2
m el ts , be ca use i t r ai n s
”
H e sp eaks,
“
. .

3 4
as h e t h i n ks H e l oo ks , as i f h e h ad n o goo d co n s ci en c e
. .

t o t t o 36
i v l c t i v 3 7 o
Al h u g h h i s s i u a i n s e r
y u r a e , y e t h e i s g i n
g
3
to (say, w i ll ) gi v e i t up, as h i s h eal th h as su ffer ed fr o m
8 39

exc ess i v e wo r k
40
Th e s ol di er s d i d n ot mur m ur ,
.
41
al th o ugh
43
th ey h a d to en d ur e m an y h a r ds h i p s
49
.

9
For , auf, wit h t he acc us at i v e Cons c i en ce , ®¢mi fi en n
. Des tr o er , , . y
Ser fi br er .
‘2
Up t he s t a i r , t i c S u m ac hi nauf
‘3
Wh il e, i nbcm . To .

lean , fi d) fi ft een To c o n t i nue, anhalt en

. To li ght en , bli sen
. To .

t h un der , bonner n To arr i v e, anlangen

. A t our journ e s end,
.
’
y
2° 2‘
am S i el unfrer fli ei fe To set , unt cr gebcn
. There ar e, es gi ebt . .

72
Mor e t r av e rs , mebr fli n nr e
ll 2’
To fi is h , beent i gcn 2‘
Wor k, ‘l l r bei t f
'
’
e e e n . .
, .

2°
25
News, fli nchr i cbt f To or der , beftell cn
, .
”7
Pos t h or se, iB oftvferb
.
—
.

2° 2” 3
To det ai n , aufbalt en A cc i de nt , l l nglfi d éfall
.
°
To ar ri v e, autom .

3’ 33
ni en
‘1
U s ual , gembbnlid) S n ow , © cbncc To melt , fcbni elgcn
“
. . . .

3‘ 3 3‘
l
To oo , k au s f ben
c Us e t h e c on di t i on l
a of t h e
pr es en t S i t uat i on,
“
. .

3’ 3 3°
é tcll c . Lucr at i v e, ci ntr ii gl i d) To gi v e up, aufgebcn . Healt h, .

@ efunt bcit . x
Fr om e ce s si v e wor k, t ur d) fi ber mdfi i ges e bei t en To .

‘2 ‘3
mur mur , murr cn To en dur e, 3
. 11 cr t r agen H ar ds hi p, fi efcbmer t c
. .

I N T E R J E CT I ON S.

1 63 I n t erj ecti o n s ar e wo r ds or s oun ds exp r es si n g mo men

.

ta ry feel i n gs o f joy p ai n wo n der abh o r r en ce dz c J oy for

, , , ,
.
,

i n s ta n c e i s exp r essed by ab! ha ! bei fa ! iucbbei ! but t s !

,

pai n or sorr ow by ad) !0 !met) !0 met) !w o i s m e won der —

132 E E L M E NT A R Y G ER M A N G R A M M A R .

by t i l ab!be !obl o r r en ce by pfui !il l d oubt by but !

—
abh —

! e fo ll o w i n g ar e u s ed fo r c all i n g ou t to a
b en t tir e Th .

p e rs on z
b b
e ! eba —
! boll s ! b fl l fo r b i dd i n g sil en c e [ch i —

f hf
t ! t l fo r a gr—
ee i n g to a p r opo s al : t o bh l to e n co u r age : —

mublan !w ell ! mobl auf ch eer u p ! To th es e m ay b e ad ded

th e i mi ta t i o n s of v ar i o us s o un ds ; as baug! i nacfé ! buff ' —

baich slumps !di e .

ADDI TI ONAL EXERCISES .

[T h e foll ow i n g s et of p a r a llel i n o r de r t o i n c r e a s e
ex er ci s e s h a s be e n a dde d
t h e u s e fu ln e s s o f t h i s w o r k T h e y e x a c t ly c or r e s p o n d w i t h t h o s e c o n t a i n e d i n
.

t h e bo d y o f t h e g r a mm a r , an d b e a r t h e s a m e n u m be r s B e fo r e a t t e m p t i n g an y .

o f t h e m , t h e p up i l W i ll t h e r e fo r e h a ve t o m a s t e r t h e r u les w h i c h t h e y e x e mp li fy ,
a n d t o tr a n s l a t e o r g o ca r e fu ll y o v e r t h e or i g i n a l e x e r c i s e s , t o w h i c h (bo t h
r u le s a n d e x e r c i s e s ) fr e q u e n t r e fe r e n c e i s ma d e i n t h e fo llo wi n g p a g e s ) .

EX ER CI SE We
h a v e an appl e an d a p ear
1 .
—
Sh e h ad a 1 .
2

h or s e a n d a c arr i ag e H a v e you n o t i me , Ch ar l e s ?
. I h a ve n o
3
ti me an d n o p ati e n c e I h ad a s h ee p an d y o u h ad a la mb .
‘
.

Y ou w o u ld h a v e n o m on e y Ha v e 6
p a t i e n c e ,
M ary W. ould h e .

c al l u p on y o u 6 i f h e h ad t i m e ? H a d s h e a l o o k i n g -gl as s ? 7 W e
s h all h a v e a
p en k n i fe
8
S h e w o u l d h a v e b o u .
g h t a h o u s e 9 i f she

h a d h a d mo n e y W e s h o u ld t ak e a w alk .
10
b ut
11
we h av e n o ,

t i m e W o u l d y o u t a ke a d r i v e i f y o u h a d a c ar r i a g e ?
.
1 2

l ‘ 2 3
An a
p pl e A pear ei ne iB irne
ei nen A s h eep, ei n
l lrfel . , .

‘
©d m f . l a m b,
t A
i n fi am m 5 U s e t he s econ d
per s on s i ngu lar
. .

Would h e call upo n you ? (s ee I n 7

A l ooki ng -glas s ci nen
“
. .

r
si ri egcl A penkn ife, ci n Ber er mcfi er ”
Sh e w oul d ha v e bough t a
'

. .

h ous e, fi e mii r bc t i n bus e getauft baben

A 1°
We s houl d t ake a wa lk mir .
,

i nfi r bcn [regi men geben B ut , abet ‘2

Would you t ake a dri ve ? (see I
. . .

n .

EXER CI SE 2 ,
—
h i gh bu t t h e h i ll i s n ot
T h e mou n a i n 1 i s t ,
2

T h e to w 3 m 6
hi gh . s g V i ll ag e
n w 5
a l awr
4
as s
e the a l l T h
,
e .

w e at h er ha s be e n fi ne 7 3
T h e d i t c h w i ll b e d e e p . I w as i n t h e .

c o un t r y 9 a n d y o u w e r e i n t o wn
1 °
Is y o ur b r ot h e r
1 1 u n w e ll ?
.

N h e i s w el l W h en w i ll you be i n S c o tl an d
1 3 .
17 14 I s ho ul d
be h ap p y i f I w er e M y c us n a n d m y b r o t h er
16
at h o m e i
1 5 o .

w er e at s c h o o l Wh er e i s s h e .H ad t h e y b ee n al r e ad y t h e r e
W h en W i ll t h e y be at h om e ? A t t hr e e o c l o c k 17
Be 18
q u e t,
i 19 ’

Fr e deri c k I s h o uld t ak e a w alk i f t h e w e at h er w er e good

.
20 .

3
l
Th e moun t ain , bet zB er g .
2
Th e hi ll bet , fi ngel . Th e t own, bie
S mall, i l ei n
7
Fi n e,
.

g i ant . Lar ge, gr vii . Th e v illage, has fDorf . .

13
4 E E L M EN T A R Y G ERM A N G R A i tn i R .

t
ba h e 1 1 if t h e w eat h er we r e w ar m fi ne D o n ot t a nd c h a t er 1 ’

“
.

1 3 h as s h e s e l t 1 4 t h a t w o r d ?
s o m uch H ow Th ese t wo
“ p
“
.

s i s t er s
g en tl em en h a v e m ar r i e d m
1 1 7 H o w uc h
19
d o es s h e ear n .

w ee kly ? 20 S tr ik e 21 t h e i r on w hi l e i t i s h ot .

T hi s mor ni ng (a ce of ti me), beute mor gcn Upon 2

. bi efen fi l l et gen, or .

him, auf i bn
3
S ay, hav e h ad Wr ong, l i nt edjt
I 5
For me, auf
“
. . .

‘
mid) . T o beli ev e, glauben 7
Y ou (s ay, t o you), S bnen . F or my .

mas t er , auf mei nen fi ehr et °

To l i gh t en , bli gen T he w hole e ven i ng
. .

‘2
(a ce of
. t i m )
e , ben gan5en l enb
ll
T o bat h e , baben To c h at t er , . .

‘3
blaubet n (us e t h e s ec on d per s on pl ur al ) H ow , mi c 14
S pelt , s ee . .

‘5
5 4 2, n ot e.That wor d, bi efes E b er t Th e s e t w o ge n t lemen , .

bi efe gruei 5 mm 3 ‘ 7
To mar r , bei r atben
.
‘8
y
Si s t er s , © cbzb cil et n ‘9
H ow . .

m uch , mi e ui el 2°
Wee kl , mbcbent li cl)
.
2’
S ee yn 5, 6 , an d 7 , an d . V . .

us e t he s econ d per s on s i n gul ar .

EXER CIS E 6 .
—
Wh o
h a s fou n d my h at my h an d ker chi ef ? 1 an d 2

Y o u wi ll fi n d y ou r bo et
3 i n m y b a n d bo x 4
T h i s B a v ar i an 6
“
n n .

a l w a y s d ri n k s b eer ; w e p r efer w i n e 7 I s h all d r i n k a c up of .

t ea i f y ou h a v e s o m 3 Th e y di d n o t d a c e, th e y jum ed (say,
9

“
e n
.
p
s pr an g ) .Th e y w o uld d o (s ay, mak e ) t hei r c op y 1 if y ou for ced
t em Th i s l a d y sa g s e v al o g s
h 11 12
H s on s
i 1 3 h a v e (say,
“
. n e r s n s .

s m an s a i d
1 4 15
a r e ) s pr u n v e r t h e h e dg e T hi h e h ad b d
“
g o o.u n
t h es e t hr e e v u eso l m 1 7 h
T es e r v er si 1. w i n d [t h e m s el v es 1 9]
th r o ugh beau tiful fi elds , an d for m 21 s e v er al l i tt l e l akes
2°
.

l
My h at (a cc ) mei nen fi at . My h an dker c hi ef, mei n S afcbentnd) .
2
.

‘
Y our bonnet S hr en b ut In my ban dbox , i n mei ner @ cbad)tel
l“
. .

This B a var i an , bi efet iB ai ct ‘

S ay, dri nks al ways (al ways , i mmer )
. .

We pr efer wi ne mi r gi eben ilBei n not

,
S ome (a cc melann ”
To . . .

dan ce, t angen Th eir copy , ihr e ll bicbri ft

‘
Th i s lady, bi efe Q ame
'

. . .

‘2 ‘3
S ever al s on gs, mebr er e Q i ebet © ei ne © 6a O ver t he h edge, fi ber
.

‘5
bi e Ced e . To say, fagen U s e t he conjunc t i ve . T h es e t hr ee .

v ol umes bi efe t r ei E B dnb e u’

Th es e r i ver s , t i efe Sl fi fie
. T hemselves, .

2‘
fi d)
.
2°
Th r oug h beaut iful fi elds , but d) fd fim e Selbet To for m, bilben . .

”
Li t tle lakes, tlei ne © een .

EX ER CISE 7 .
— Th ou w i h fl u en cs p ea k es t Th e mas er t y .
l t
m m d h i v 2 Thi l t 3 b k i l 4 H e r e c om y
“
n s a as
“to
co a s s er an s g as s . r e s e .

men ds hi ms elf y ou H elp hi m i f y o u c an

7
.
8 Th e c ame . y
t wo h o u r s
9
t oo la e t
Y ou s hall mee h i m, but d o n ot be
. t
t
fr i g h e n e d y
T h e w on o ur e s e em 1 0
by h e i r i n e g r i 1 1
He t t t ty
“ “t “
. .

d
di e as h 1
H v t h h i v 1 l ll 1 4 his 1 m on et
“
a e r o . a e e e e s s o e n a

a nd t
h i s p o ck e bo ok ? S h e al wa s s p o i l s my pl eas ur e y
“ t “
.

H o w m uc h 1 i s h i s c oi n w or h ? Y ou w o uld [t o yo ur s elf] 20
t
n o t ha v e t
ak e n t t “
h a li ber t 1 if h e h ad c o me y .

‘
Wi t h fluenc y mi t (S el duf
i gl ei t, or g el au i g
2 Sa
y, t o f hi s s er v ant,
“Hi m
.
,
3
Di ener
fei nein C This gl ass blefes Gi l es ‘
Eas i l , l ei c t. y h s el f,
“
. .
,

fab . To you; S bnen 7

S ay to hi m i bnt . , . .
‘
I f you menu © i e can ,

l bnncn .
‘
T w o hours, mei
3 © t unoen .
”
Our es e e m
t er e llcbt ung
auf
‘
, .
 A D D I TI O N AL EX E R C I S ES . 13
5

11
t
B y t h eir in egr i , but ch i hr e Si ct l idyfei t tyAs a h er o, mi c ci u b elt .
‘
2
.

la ” 1"
Th e t hi ev es, bi e Q i che All, all H i s , fai n P ocket -book,
. . .

Z afdyenbud) ‘7
A l wa s my pl eas ur e , mi x y
: i mmer has fib ergmi gen
18
H ow
“ t
. .

much, mi c ni el ‘9
Th i s c oi n , bi efe SDh m 2°
T elf, {i d} T h y
'

. e
a o o u rs a . .

y
li bert (or, fr eedom), bi efe ii r ei beit .

EX ER C I SE 8 I t w a s fr eez i n g agai n 1 Th e wi n e i s fer men t

.
—
.

i n g alr e ad y 2 H a v e y ou b e t th i s t r e e ? 3 Li ft ‘ t hi s s t o n e 5 H e
lo s es n o op po t u n i ty “ H av e y o u w ei gh ed t h e pa r c el ?
. n .

r H is
.

h an d "
i s s w o ll en Th ey w oul d h a v e d e c ei v e d me. Th e .
8

bu tt er 9 i s m e lt i n g v er y fas t , 1 0 an d w i l l b oil s oon 1 1 H as t h e .

i r l 1 3 t l d li ? N o , s h e n e v er 1 3t l l l i T h y h v w o rn
g o a e e s e s e a e s .

to s peak t h e t r uth 1 4 Th e s er v an t f ) 1 5 h as n ot mi lk ed t h e . .

c ow s 1 6
y et h
T e En i s h l 1 7 fo ug t b r a v e l y
h H ow many bi r ds 18

g
. .

h as h e s h ot W h en s h all yo u r em ove t o B er li n
9 20

3
‘
A gai n , mi et er
A lr ead , fa w n Thi s ree
.
2
t i efcn Qi aumy . t .

‘ 5 Thi s s o n
U s e t h e s econ d per s on s i ngular . t e t i efen @ td a .

°
N o oppo t u
r n i t fei ne @ ei cgenbei t y7 Hi s h an d, fei ne 5m m
3 3 M e, mi d)
“
. . .
,
9
The but t er , bi e é B uttcr 1
er fast , febr fchneli 11
S oon , bulb (s ay
. V y .

‘ ‘3
will so on boi l ) 2
The gir l . but fi i at cbcn
l N ev er , ni cmal s (put nev er
‘

“
. .

1
las t) . T o s peak t he t ruth , bi e QBabr bci t 3 11 fagen The ser v an t .

m
bi e i agb
16
T he c o ws , bi e R ube "
Th e En gl i s h , bi e G ngl é nber.
“
. .

y
H ow man bir ds , mi c r i d e Qi bgel ”
Wh en , war m 2"
To remove, . .

"
gi eben To B er li n, nad) éB erIi n
. .

EXER CIS E Wh at
b o ok s 1 w er e you r ead i n g ?
9 —
. We ar e
r ea d i n h b k hi h 2 h e h as 3 4 H as k s y ou for
g t e oo s [w c ] g i v e n u s e .

p e r m i s s i o n
5 t o r e a d 6 W a l t er S c o tt ’
s w or k s 7 W e s t epp ed i n to .

t h e s h c 8 an d s a w bea u t i ful go ods 9 T h e qu ee n 1 ° sa t on h er

ip
.

t hr on e S t ep n e r er ,
. a 1 2
I d o n ot s ee yo u 3 H as h e for g ott en
1 .

hi s pr omi s e 1 4 Th i s po or wom an 1 5 a sk e d me fo r a pi ec e 1 ° of
.

br ead S e at e i t , an d t h a k e d me
. h 17
n 1 3 wi th t ea r s i n h er (s ay, t h e )
e y es of me a t I am
21
19
Th e c at 20
h as eat e n t h e lar g e pi ec e
“
. .

h appy, 22 for ? 3 my moth er h as (s ay, i s ) q u i t e r e c o v e r ed Th e .

ac c i den t
25
w oul d n ot h ave (say, b e ) h app en ed if h e h ad bee n
h er e .

1
Wh at books , m i cs: éB ii dxr Whi ch, melche S ay, wh i ch he us 2 ‘
“
.

‘
g i v en h as U s ,
11
. 11 6 F or per m i ss i on ,
um (
S r l aub n.i fi T o read
, 5
11 .

lefcn : s ay, Wal t er Scot s wor ks to read

’ ’
Wor ks , fl i er fc t ‘
n t o th e . . I
shop, i n t en Eat en B eau iful g oods, {chant flB aar cn
. t
The ueen , bi e . q
Rbni gi n
11
On h er t hr one, auf i hr em S tr um
.
‘2
Near er , ne er ‘ 3
“
S ay, . w
“
.

I see you (© i e) not Hi s pr omi se , fei n Qi crfbr cd xu . This poor .

woman , t i efc ar m: gr an For a pi ece, 11111 ci n © t 11cf It , ca

’

. . .

Th anked me, bani t c mi r 1’

Wi t h tears i n h er e es, mi t S br anca i n ben y
-
.

2° 21
i lugcn Th e ca t , bi e stage The l ar ge pi ece, has gr ofie G Bt i i cf
'

. . .

22
y
H app , gl fi d lid) ”
For (bec aus e), bum .
Q ui te, gang
”
The . .

ac ci den t, has 1111 3 1516 .

EX ER CIS E l O .
—
Th e boys 1 w hi s l e t in the s t r e et. 2 Th ey
136 E E L M ENT A R Y GE R MA N G R A MM A R .

wh i s tl ed t h e wh ole e v en i n g Sh e tu rn ed p al e an d s u ffer ed .
3
v er y mu h c
‘
W h y
5
. h a v e y o u s u f fer e d i t ? I w o u l d n ot h a v e

s u ffer e d i t i f I
h ad b een i n you r pl ac e 6
Sh e r es embl es [t o] h er .

fath er 7 . W e r o d e e v er y m o r n i n g 8
Th ose gi r l s 9
al w a y s
1°
.

u d
ar re ll e ;
u 1 2
w u l d 1 3 y i e l d T h d o s
1 4 bi t s e v er al
q n on e o e g .

D o n ot s t r i d e s o fas t Cut a pi ec e of c h e e s e 16
of f
[
1 5
c h i l d r en . .

Ha e yv ou c u t y o u r fi n
g e r
18
N o , I h a v e c u t m y . h an d 1 M y .

fat h er pr un ed 9°
h is 21 t r ees in autum n ” Th e t r ees ar e alr eady .

r u n ed
p .

3
‘
Th e bo ys ,
bi e xnaben . In th e s tr eet , an f bet ® tr afie . Th e wh ole
eveni ng, benb
t en gangen
er much , fai nt
‘
ll Why, marti ni
.
‘
V y .
5
.

3
y
In our place, an S bt er G i rdl e To h er fat her , i br em B at er‘
.Ever . y
morn i n g, ieben all er gen 9
Thos e gi r ls , bi efe M at thew
. Al wa s, i mmer y
( s ay, u q
ar r ell ed alw a s
) T o u y
ar rel , fi r ei t en.
(fi cb
)
‘2
N on e, fei nes q . .

‘3
Would (was wi lli ng), mol lte T he dogs , t i e b unt e S ev er al chil
. .

dr en , mehrere R i nber Ch eese, wi fe ‘

17 8
. Off, ab Y our fi ng er , li d) i n . .

t en Si nger
19
My h an d, mi d) i n bi e am
.
5 )
2°
To prune, befchnei ben 3 . .

31 22
In aut umn, i m fi er bft
Hi s, [ci ne . .

EXER CIS E l I - H e w r i te s e v er y w eek 1 t o hi s fath er 2

.
[Th e] .

c h il d r e n
3 di d n o t w r i t e s o o f t e n
4
i n m t i m e
5 S h e w r ot e t o
y .

me 6 s h e w oul d c om e I h a v e s h u n n ed 7 h i s c om pan y 8 Thi s

. .

s c h oo l 9
t h r i v es m or e t h an t h a t o n e
10 W e h a v e (s ay, ar e ) .

as c en d ed [on ] t a t hi ll h e m oon w as s hi n i n g on t h e s
h 1 1 T 1 2

“
. ea .

Th at n e w s pa per 1 3 s e ems to m e 1 v er y b adl y 1 5 w r i tt e n H ow

“
.

l on g 1
di you s t y
d 1 7
at h o m e 1 1 8 H e s t ai d a for t i gh t 19
i n ou r
‘
a n .

h ous e 20
. I w oul d l en d [t o] h i m 21 t hi s hi s t or y i f h e r emai n ed
22

h re
e . D o n o t s h o u t ; s e w i aw a e
h l l k 23 T h e hi
R ne 24
h as r i s en .

r ap i dl y 26 B efor e
.
36 w e p a r t e d, h e 27
s h ow e d [t o ] m e t h e r oad .

‘
y
Ev er week, i ebe flBocbe To his fa her , an fei nen Qi ater . The 2
t .
‘

chil dr en , bi e Ri nber
‘
S o oft en, [0 oft .
5
In my i me, 3 11 mei ner . t
Sei t .
‘
To me, mir '
To shun , meiben .
‘
His compan , [ci ne Q efell f . y ’

[dyaft
‘
Thi s s chool, bi efe © d7ule 1°
More t han h at on e, mebt ale i cne .
‘

t .

t
On h at hil l, auf t i efen fi ugei ‘2
On t he sea , auf baa ‘3
Th a m t
“ y
eet . .

news pape r , hi cic S ei tung To me, mi r

'
5
V er badl , febt fchlecbt
. . y .

How lon g, mi e Iange To s t a , bleiben . A t h ome, 511 fi aufe m A y . .

for tn igh t , ni eraebn S age

2"
In our h ous e, bei 1111 6 21
To hi m i bm . .

m m
. ,

22
Thi s hi st ory , bi efe (Sefdyi c e 2’
To awake, aufma en 2‘
Th e Rhi ne,
z“
. .

bet Si tei n Rapi dly, fa well

.
2"
B efor e (co njunc t ion), t enor 27
. .

chewed he t o me t he r oad .

EX ER CI
1 2 — Th e y c au gh man y mi c e 1 i n h ei r h ous e 2 H e
SE . t t .

w as r un n i t o o fas , 3an d h e fell t

H e h ad (s ay, w as ) fallen on
n
g
.

i
h s (s y, a e ) h ea d ‘
C a l l m e if l
s ee p t o o l o n
g
5
D o yo u I .

ad v i s e [t o ] me t o wr i e t o M r S 7
° t
H e s lee ps t oo li l e ; 7 h e . tt
mu s t
8 be 9 u
n w ell 1 0
W h y h a v e you p us h ed h i m ?
. w ou ld I
ha v e (s ay , b ) g on e t o s c oo h l 11
if t h e s er v an 1 2 h ad c all e d me t
“
e
1 3 Le
ea r li er t us go ; w e sh all r e urn 1 4 v er Th i s l e o f t y
“
s oon
g
. .

t
mu t o n i s v y w
er e ll ‘7 r oas
e d H e d eli v er ed 3 l ec ur es 1 i n
1 t . t
 133 E E L M EN T A R Y G ER MA N G R AMM AR .

B Iumen
Q .
4
Wh i ch melebe ,
.
l‘
Say, whi ch I br ough t h ave .
‘
S ome dry
wood, Thi s , bi efeé
tr od eneé $50 15 Th at ph s i ci an
.
7
. y bi efen e gt .

Cel ebr at ed, ber ubmt The l igh t , we

1°
Of t he poor , ber ai r men 11

1“ 1“
. .

8 i d)t . On my t abl e, anf mei nem S i fet a When . I ar r i v ed, (1 16 i d)

Wh o, Iv er ‘5 ‘6
To es c ape, ent i vmmen
“
anfam . If ob . . .

‘ ‘9 ‘
7
Out of es t eem, ans Ichtung For you, fur © i e 9
Thr ee weeks ago,
“
. .

2° 1
b ut br ei filBocben Us e th e pr esen t con di t i on al To pun i sh , beftr afen
“ “
. . .

3
2
Them, fi e B y t h ei r Chr i s t i an n ames , bei i hr en Qi or ncnnen
. .

EX E R CI S E 1 5 W
X e v e y b d y l au h “ Co ul d ou eas il y t r an s late “ our hi s to y
e d ar e n o t a d mi t .
—
hi m ; h e w o u ld m ak e 1

?
g y
“ y
r o . r

S h d t t w b i t h d t d t ll w 7 it
“
e a es ea n o
r s a e e s e o c o oes n r
o a o rr r .

Can y ou t el [t ]
l o m e i n w h a t t t e v es S op a w oul d
s r e e
8
h l i 9
h i 1
.

i f h ld fi
11 d i i 1 3 l ear n 12
h w i t t t T h t t
“
s e o u s s e c o u n a g a n o u a r o .

t w o p a g es 14 in h
t y p lli -b o ok
) d t h b t h t h ” H
“
s e n a o r e
g n
y r er ee .

w as b o u n d 17
t o fi n d h i s m i s take ”
h a v e w an t ed 1 t o v i s i t . I
h i m, bu t hav e ev en r I b e e n a bl e t o fi n d ti m e W h
e s ould lik e
”
.

t o tak e t h e s t ag e c oach
- 21 w e w oul d t r a v el s l ow er ”
.

l
To a dmi t , gul afi en To make (to cause ), mart en (t o be put l as t )
.
2
.

4 5
To la ugh , lacben To t r an sl at e, fi ber fesen
. S t r aw ber r i es , Gr bbeer en . .

In w hat s t r eet , i n mei cbet

7
T h e doc t or , ber e jt To allow, er lauben
“
. .

u ‘2
© tr afie . T o li v e, wohnen S oph i a, C i obli i e To us , uné . To . .

‘3
fi n d agai n , mi et er fi nt en Us e i oll en T wo pages , a mei © ei ten
“
. . .

7
In th y s pel li n g book, ans bri ner ii i bel Thr ee, t r ei Us e nni fi en
'
- . . .

H i s mi s t ake [ei nen Si r t bum

‘9
Use molten 2°
Use t he c o n di
“ “
. .

ti on al of mbgen ben G i lmagen

1 2
The s t age c oac h
-
. S lower , .

langi amer .

EXE R CI SE 1 6 Th a t bo ok i s (be i n g) mu c h 1 r ead It will

“
—
. .

s oon b e t r a s l at e d
2 i t G m T w o l i h t h o u s s h a v e be en 4

“
n o er a n e
“
n .

bu i l t l t y T h t l t t 7 w as h t b t h q 8

“
s e ar a a g e es a
. e o u g y e uar
e e n .

S uch d r es s e s ar e [b i g] v er y m u c h w o r n
1
n ow
e n Th e °
.

H ei d e l b e g c a s t l e 1 1 i s [b ei g] v i s i t e d e v e r y y ear by t h o us an d s 1 2

“
r n .

Th e fi v p o u n d s 1 w h i c h h ad b e en l s t h a v e b ee n fo u d by my
“ “ “
e o ,
n

fr i en d Ed w a d M o u t Et n a l h s be e as c e n ded
1
th r ee
“
r . n a n

t i m e s by t h at gen tl e
17 m a
18
H e s
p eo k s o l oud
1
th at h e c oul d
n.

b e h e ar d y b v e r
y b o d y T h e y w o u l d h a v e b e e b t “ by th e 2

“
e ea e n n
“
.

n e m y if th e P r uss i an t r oop s
1 ha
,
d (s y a w e e ) n ot a r r i v e d
r , .

Much b i el “ To t an sl t fi berfeben
“ I to G r man i a T eutfm
r a e, e n e ri
“
. . .
, ,
‘
Tw o li gh th ouses a mei fi eud ntbfi rme To b i ld bau n ‘
L t ye r u e
“
,
.
, . as a
,

b r i g e S br
o e a
7
Th t l g e t t bi efee gr ofi e Q bgut a ar e B y t h qu e s a e, un e e n
“Suc h
. .
,
1°
b un ber Shi ni gi n foldye Si lei t er
. To wear , t ragen dr ess es , . .

‘7
Th e cas t le baa S ei bel ber ger @ d)lofi
Hei delber g B y t h ous an ds, b on
,
.

‘3 B y my fr i en d Edwar d,
S aufenben Th e fi v e poun ds , t i e funf f nnb
. .

‘
non mei nem f i r ennbe G t uar b
5
Moun t Et n a, bet (8 1 nd 1°
To ascen d, . .

Thr ee ti mes , br ei mal B y t h at gen t le man b on t i efem

‘8
bef t ei gen . .
,
2° 2‘
b err n .S o l oud, [o Iaut T o beat , fdflagen The P rus si an tr oops ,
. .

22
bi e br eufii icben Si t ubben Ar ri ved p a r ti c i p le ) angel angt . , .
 A DD I T I O N AL EX ER I S ES C . 13
9

EXER CI SE 1 7 H e wi ll de c ei v e 1 you b e for e you n ot i c e “

.
2

it . Th e y h a v e p oba bl y mi s u n der s t oo d y ou r fr i e nd
r
4
Wh y do .

y o u a l w a y s s e ll y o u r h o u s s ?
e Co mm a n d I w i l l o b e y 7
[t o ] y ou .

W h o [h as ] d i s c o v er e d A mer i ca 8
Y o u d i s c o v er e d y o ur m i s t a k 9
e

t oo l at e D o n ot c o n t r ad i c t ” [t o ] m e ; I w ill n o t s u ffer 1 1 i t
“
. .

Wo u ld h e h av e di v i d e d t h at s um o f m on e y i f h e h ad been
1 2 1

abl t d
’4
t h w i ? ”
Th a t y l ad y ” h a b us e d my
“
e o o o er s e o u n as
g
t i 1 7 n d d i s r e a r ded m d v i H l d 1
n ot d o i t
1“
p a e n c e a g y a c e e c o u .

w t o t
i h u abu s i n
g y o ur ki n d n es s .

l “ “
To de i v
“
b tr i g n
ce e, B f e
(c
“
i
j u ct i
e
). b e b or T
e or e n t i on n on . o o ce,

P b bly mubr fm
,

bem t i n e e ro ei li d
a
) T m i u d t d m
n i fiuer fi b o s n er s an e en.
“
. .
, ,

To omm d b f lfl c an
( u e th ee eco d p en p l u s l ) T
e bs y n er s on ra
7
o o e
“
.
, ,

A me i Y our mi t k S r thum
”
g b rcben
e o l er i fa r ca, S hr
. s a e en i .

l°
mi t er fbr echen 12
‘

con t r adi ct , To di v i de, Del "

'

lo T o su ffer , Iei ben

“
. .

3
thei len That s um of mon e , t i efe (di elbfnmrn e S ee n ot e, p 4 8 y
“
. . . .

O t her wi s e, anber é 1
Th at oun g la d , t i efes St anlei n My pat i en ce, y y
“
. .

i nei ne (
S er u
1
m
U se t he c on di t i on al ‘9
Wi t hout abus i ng ; s ay, wi th .

out y
our ki n dn es s t o abus e

EXER CI SE 18 —
Wh y
t h e w i n d ow s 1 d o y ou
O pen sh u t
“
.

th em 2 B eg i n y o u r l e e r W e sh all s et out t o-mo rr ow 4 H ett

“
. . .

i v d t i o
’
c l k C m i d ake o ff b s 7 t y t
“
ar r e a n n e oc o e n an our. o o .

Pu t o n 8
our s l i pp er s y G o o u t a n d s h u t h e g a r d en d o o r ” t
“
. .

H ow m uc h 11
d o hi c ou s i n 1 W ill i am s e n d ? Y l 13
t oo
“
es s
p o u s ee p
lon ; 1 4
et u W di 1 ear li er ” h 17
u H d h g i v t
gg p e n e a n o a s e en
y
“
. .

8
h i en i o ” t t l d ay 2°
t wo agesIt 1 Th e t v y
to “
up er n n r an s a e e e r .
p .

t
os -h or s e 22 h as ( say, i s ) r u n a w a d y ” Li s en hi s yy t t
pt
e s er a .

s e a r es
” . I
ferr y h i m o v er e v er y m or n i n g ” .

l
The wi n dows , bi e Senfi er fi e Y our le er S hem “
Them “ tt
“ “
. .
,
‘
Qi ri ef To morr ow, mor gen n n e o c l ock, um neun Ubr To At i
’
-

“
. . .

come i n , her ei nfommen

7
Your boot s, S br e © ti efel .To put on, .

’ 1°
ansi chen Y ou r s l i pper s, S bt e ili antoffel n Th e gar den door , t i e
“
. .

Qi art cntbii re
11
H ow much , tb i e bi el 2
H i s c ous i n , fei n S ett er To
“
. . .

11 mi t t ag G flen
l
s l eep, fr lafen Too long, 3 11 Iange To di n e, 3
'

b
“ “
. . .

7 9
Ear l i er, fr ii ber Than , (1 16 To gi v e up, aufgeben H er i n ten
“
. . .

t i on , i br e l lbfi dpt ‘ 2°
Ev er y
day (a ce of ti me), i eben 1 1 g 1
Two pages,
“
. . .

mei © ei t en
a
22 -h
Th e post or se, bus ill of tbfet b
3
Y es t er da y gefter n
“ “
.
. .
,

To lis t en t o, anbbr en 2
His lect ur es , fei ne Qi nr l efnngen
. .
”
Ever y
mor ni n g jeben ilJl or gen .

EXER CISE 1 9 Th e da y s ar e bec om i n g 1 s h or t er I “

“ “
.
—
re .

m i d th r ee n i gh t sin t h e tow n M y mo t h er s s i s t e r s ar e
’

“ “
a n e .

al l d e ad H er e ar e fi n e 7 c o w s an d oxen Th es e for es t s
“ “
. .

b el on g t o t h e pr i n c e Lo ok for ” t h y r eadi n g-b oo k i s i t n o t

on
11
th e tabl e H ow ma n y 1 2 r o om s h a v e y o u i n y ou r h o us e
l i"
?
W e h a v e t en r oo ms Th es e pi c t ur es ar e t o o d ear ; d o n ot
14 1 5
.

buy th em ” M y br o t her s i n la w h a v e t augh t th e c ou n t s son s

- - 1 7 ’

“
. .

Th ey s ay tha t th e se t own s h a v e 1
been t a ken by 1 9
t h e e n emy .
1 40 E E L M EN T A R Y G ER M A N GR AM M A R .

H a v e y ou man y fl ow er s i n you r gar d en ? ” I sh all r ec ei v e

fr om 21
my mo th er a d oz en “2
k t h an dk er c h i efs an d s ome
“
-

“ p o c e

p r e tt
y
3r i b b o n s Wh er e d oes h e k ee p
4
hi s d o
gs .

To be come wer ben

x “ Sh ort er tar get “To r emai n bl ei ben In
“ “ ,
.
, , .
,

i n wi t h t he d t i v e Al l (n m p la n ) all e a D ead tobt F in e o

7

“
.
, .
, .
, .

( no m p l a n ) h
[c bne T o b el on g gebbr en Use ih i t fi To l ook for ’ 1°

“
.
, , . .
,

fatt en
11
On auf (wi t h t he dat i v e) H ow man y mi c b i el e 3
Us e 12

“ ,
“
. . .
,
1
t h e d at i v e Ten gehn Too d ar 3 11 t beuer Them fi e e
1

“ “
. .
, .
, , .

‘7 1 1
T ught unterr i cbtet
a Us e t he conjun c t i v e B y s on (wi th t h e
,
“
. .
,

d t i v e)
a Us e t he dat i v e
‘ 2°
F r om s on (with t h e d t i ve) A 2 22

“
a
“
. . .
,

P r t y (ac e p l n ) b bfdje 4 2
doz e ei n S
n Dusenb
,
e t fi .To keep bai ten . a , .
, .

EXER CI SE 20 T h es e w omen w er e ui e m o v e d — D o y ou q t 1 2

“ “ t y “
. .

fi n d t h e fr ui d l t ea r ? Th w e a h er w as t
“ “
as oo as as e
g
s pl e n di d ; t h e bir d s s an g 7 i n t h e for es s T h e s r ee s w er e t t t
“
.

full o f p eopl e ” Th e s i gn -b oar ds o f h es e s h ops ar e beau i

. t t ~

y
full 1 1 pai n e d O r der 12
t
go o s e an d t wo h a’r e s D o y ou
“t
a . .

kn o w 1 h es e P r u ss i an s an d D an es ? T h e p ri n c e s ‘4 pal ac e h as
t
been buil t w o year s ago 1 5 T h es e g e n l em en h ad d an c ed i h 1 . t wt “
y o u r s i s ers hi
T s n e ws t 1 7 w s f l ”
Thi s n ew s pa per gi v es
“t
a . a s e .

v y
er s el d o m
”
au h e n i c n e w s
”
Y o u s h ou l d 1t h a n k t o] h a
[ t . t t
t n l e man H ( y, i s ) h on e i n o t h e h ou se
22
or I n o t h e t t
t “
g e as s a e
“
.

g ar d en Wh a 2
p eopl es i n abi
4
h ose c oun r i es ? t t t
l
Q ui t e, gang Moved, ger ii brt Th e fr ui t but D bli
.
2
As good as , .
, .

[o gut mi c Las t y ear b or i geé S abr

. S pl en di d br adjtb oll 7
To s i n g , .
, .
,

fi ngen Us e t h e dati v e F ull, b oll 1°

Of people, r un Beutcn
1“
. . . .

B eautifully, febbn ‘2
To or der , beftellen T o kn ow, l eunen Us e
“ 1“ 1“
. . .

Bri ng Two y ears ago b ut 51nd S abr en Wi th, mi t (wi t h t he

“ 1“ 1“
. .
,

dat i v e) 7
This news t i efe Si d ebri cbt
. F alse, fai fet S eldom, [elten , . . .

2‘
2°
Aut hen t i c n ews, timbr e Si acbridjten Use foIIen ”
Us e t he accus a
2“ “
.

m
.

ti v e . Wh t (nom p an ), mi
a l e To i nh abi t , bemobnen . . .

Th e ban ks will be op en
R CI SE 2l morr ow , for 1
t o- 2 3it
“
—
.

i s n o h ol id ay Th os e t r ad es pe o le h ad sh o
- in ‘
s e v er al

p:“
.

to wn s I
ad mi r e t h at t h ough t
. i t s h ow s 7 t h e i n dn es s of hi s 8
h eart W e h v
a e s
. e e n t h a t l a d y ; d o y o u k n o w h e r
”
n a m e ?

Wr i t e t hi s w or d i n lar ge le tt er s 1 1 Fr om whi ch gar den er h as

” ”
.

h e b o h t th es e l aur el s B r i n g h i m h i s s l i pper s you w ill fi n d

u
g
th em 1 un d er ” t h e bed H e spoke th os e w or ds w i th much .

d ffi c ul ty , an d di
i ” d Ho w m y w d h ll 1 7 w e l ea rn
? H av e
“
e an o r s s a .

h t t h h u tt er s ? T h e y s at on t h e g ar d e n -s eat s 1 an d
“
y o u s u e s

e n jo y ed t h e c alm
1 ” of t h e e v e n i n g .

l
Open, offen: T morr ow , mor gen (say, morr ow open) 2
o- t o- “
For
“
.

(conjunctio n), 7benn Us e t h e dat i ve 5

S ev er al (da ti v e), mehreren
“ “ “
. . .

It er To show, gei gen H i s , [ein (us e t he gen i ti v e)

. To . .

know, mi flen 1°
Her , i br (use t he accus at i v e)
'
11
Us e t h e da i v e t
“ “
. . .

l
Fr om, s on wi th t he dat i v e)
3
Whi ch, Inelcber (us e t he dat i ve)
Them, fi e U n der, unt er (wi h the dat i ve)
.
( Wi h much diffi cul t ,
.

t . t
.

y
1 42 E E L M EN T A R Y G ER MA N G R AMMAR
Th e fi n e li on s Of wa er Th e ki n dn es s o f t h e
c l ea n 4 t “
“ “
. .

ce l ebr at e d F r an kli n 7 We h a v e ha d a b eau t i ful e v en i n g

1“
. .

Th e y w ill o c c up y t h e bes t l l l D h u t
“
es oe s e y e s
“
p ac r o n
g s on
1“
.

t P i 9 I i t 1
f hi l ill ” h h 1 b ee bl 17
“
g o o a r s n s p e o .s o n
g n e ss , e as n a e

t o fi n i s h 1 hi s wo r k ” T h e fi r s t r u l e s
”
a r e v e r y eas y
2 1 O l d
“
. .

w i n es a r e al w a y s d ear ” H a v e y o u s e en t h e ar g e c as ks i n 3
l .

t h e c as t l e ? H e h a s p ai d 24
[ ]
t m l v i i t ”
T h do
“
o e a n
g
o s e
g .

[t o] t h es e p oor w omen H as h e br ough t my n ew

2
l l
f ow e d 27

“
o .

2
s h o es 9 .

1
The milk, bi e i il d) B ad, [ebl edjt m
li on , ber 261m 2 “
The
“ “
. .

Cl ean, r ei n Th e w at er , but SIB afi er Cel ebr at ed, ber ubmt

'

“ “
. . .

7
Fr an kli n , Sr antli n The ev en i ng, t er ll benb
s
To occ u p , befesen y
l“ l“
. . .

11
B es t , befte The place, t er {Sl at} Y ounges t , i fi nglte To,
“
. . .

5
nad) . In spi t e, tr os (wi t h t h e gen i t i ve) The i llness , t i e fi r antbei t . .

S ay, h as h e To be abl e, tbnnen (s ee n ot e, p

. To fi ni s h , .

beenbi gen Th e wor k, bi e e beit 2°

Th e r ul e, bi e Si egel 21
Eas , y
“ 2“
. . .

23
(d ebt 2
D ar , t beuer
e Us e t h e dat i ve T o pay (a v i s i t ), macben
2“ 2“
. . . .

T h e vi s i , ber zB efud) t
TO foll ow, folgen 27
To br i n g, bri ngen
2“
. . .

New, neu Th e shoe, ber © cbub

. .

EX ER CI SE Have t h d
j4 g
25 1 t d 2
[t ] h i m t h e be
“ “ “
e u es r a o
g n e
—
.

queat h e d s um s ? R e eat e d mi s fo r t un e s h a v e d es t r o y ed all

hi s h o pe s 7 T h e mot er o f t h e r es c u e d (sa v ed ) Sai l or h as
.
“ “
( y, ) i i v d t d y T h q i t t d ” f t 1 1 an d hi s
“
s a s a rr e
y e s e r a e ac u e p r e ec .

so n s s h a l l s e t ou t
12
fo r 1 P ari s Th e l os t t h i n gs (objec t s )1 4 .

ha v e b een fou n d i n ”
a n a djo in i n g r o o m We ar e t o h el p 1 7
”
.

[ ]
t o t h e
p o or
” a n d v i s i t ” t h e s i ck Al m os t e v er yb o dy .

foll o w s ” n o w [t o] t h e P ar i s or Lo n do n fas hi o n s Th e i mpe n d

i n g 21 w ar ” w i ll c er t ai n l y ” l as t “
.

4 lon T h F r an kfor t f i
“
g e a r .

ha s l os t v er y mu ch of ” i ts ” i mpor t an c e ” D O yo u lik e 2
.

V i en n a be er ?
‘ “ q
j
2
Th e udge ,
Sli dfl er To gr an t , bewi l li gen
bet be ueat h, To
“ “
. .

b er madjen Repeat ed, mi eber ijolt

‘
Mi s for unes , l i ngl fi cfefdlle TO t
“ “
. . .

y
des t r o , gu ftbr en 7
T he h Ope, t i e « fi offnung To s ave, r etten The .

m
. .

s ai lor , ber atr of e

1"
m
A c ui t t ed, fi ei gefpr o en 11
The pr efect , bet q
“
. .

‘ r d eft 12
To s et out , abr ei fen 1
For , nach Th e Object , bet
B f
“
. . .

© egenftanb Us e t he dat i ve We ar e t o, us e fol len "

To h el p,
“
. . .

belfen Us e t h e pl ur al 9
To v i s i t , befndjen 2°
F ollows , r i chtet fi e!
)
“
. . .

nad)
( ”
wi t h t h e dat i v e )
21
m pen di ng, beb or flebenb.
2
T h e w ar , bet I
“ “
.

Rr i eg l
Cert ai n , [i dyen T o las t , bauer n y 2
Of, s on (wi t h th e
2“ “ “
. .

t
da i v e) It s (f em ), i br e
.
7
The i mport an c e, bi e ilBidfl i gfei t 2
To
. .

li ke, ger n tri nfen .

EXER CI S E 26 Th i s gen tl eman i s n o t s o e mi n en t l as h i s

.
—

s i s te r A r e y ou as o ld a s y ou r fr i en d M r M I h a v e s h ot 9 t o
day a l ar ger s t ag “
. .

t h l t w ek [T h e] i r on i s t h e m os t
4
“ “
me t al mu ch 7 mor e us e ful t h an [t h e ] l ead “T hi s r os e “
a n as e .

u s eful
“
, .

i s t h e fi n es t I n t h e w h ol e 11
ga r d en H s O d es t c hil d coul d
i l 1 .
 ADDI T I ON AL E X ER C I S ES . 1 43

be 3
1 fi v e y ear s ,
1 “Old
t h e you n g es t n o mor e t h an t w o. 1 “
F r eder i ck i s mo r e cl e v er ” th an W IS e 17
I h ope ” you wi ll fi n d
“
.

a b e tt er r o om ” in ”
o ur s t r ee t 1 Thi s l e tt e r i s e x t r em el y
“ “ 2“
.

i mpor t an t 2
I h a v e got few er in vi t at i on s th an us u al ”
.
3 .

3
‘
t
Emi n en , ant gegei djnet T o s h oot , [ct i efiem 2
Th e s t ag, bet Q i r fdj
“ “ “
. .

Th e i ron , bat G i fen U s eful , nfi t l id) Th e me al, but fil letall t

“ “
. . .

’
Much, b i el Th e lead, bas iB Iei Th e rose, bi e fli cfe 1°
U se t he
l“ 1“
. . .

dat i ve Wh ole, gang 12

Us e mbgen Pu t be aft er O ld F i ve
l“ “
. . . .

y ear s , fi mf S abr e Two, a mei . Cl ev er , fl ug 7

Wi s e, wei fe . . .

l‘
TO h op e, hoffen The r oom, baa S i mmer 20
Use t h e dat i v e
2“ “I
. . .

Our s t r eet, unfer e 6 tr afie 2

mpor t an t , wi chti g T o get,
“ 2“
. .

befornmen
2
Th e i n v i at i on, bi e Ci nl abung
. t
U sual, gembbnli d) . .

EXER CI S E 27 -H e w o u n d e d 1 m e a n d h er u s e 2 h a b o ok I t t
“ “I “
. .

d o y o u u s e i t al s o ? G i v e m e t h e s eal d o n ot k n o w w h er e
“
.

it is W e s h a ll n ot fo r s ake h i m H as h i s un c l e h el ped 7 [t o]
“
. .

you ? W e h a n k e d [t o] t h em fo r t h e s ea li n -
g wa x 9 t s h all . I
a l w a s y h i n t
k (r e m e m b e r ) o f h i m C a n 11
she e ll [t o] me . t
wh er e h e i s s i in g ? ”
tt
N o , but , c an el l [i t t o] y ou , mi s s I t .

H v h t y s k e ” o f i t (s ay h e f) ? W h ave O f en t t
“
a e e
p o n , er o e

w or ked 1 fo r h i m ; h e a w a s g a e u s m or e h an o ur w ag es
l y
” v t .

t
Y ou s h all hi n k ” o f i t , 1 7 bu t i t w i l l be t o o l a e ” W er e yo u t .

t
sa i s fi e d wi h i t ( s ay, th er ew i h )? t t
l
To woun d, b ermunben To us e, gebraucben and) 4 Th e 2 “
Al so
“ “
. . .
,

se al , baa {Bet fdjaf To kn ow, mi fi en To for s ake, b er l afi en ’

TO
'

t
“ “
. .

h el p, bel fen For , [fi r (wi th t h e ac cus at i ve) The s eali ng -wax, but
“
. .

@ i egell acf To r emember, get enfen Use fi nnen

i
2
To be
1“ 1“
. . .

si t t i ng, fi nen TO s peak, [br edjen To w or k, ar bei ten Our w ages ,

“
. .

1
unfer fi obn To t hi nk, benten
. Of i t (wi t h benten), bar an T OO . .

lat e, 3
11 [put

EX ER CI S E 28 — T h ey c o n du c 1 h ems el v e s v er badl 2 D oes t t y y

“ “I “
. .

s h e c o n d u c t h e r s e l f be er ? Co n duc tt
h s elf wel l ap p l i ed t t y
“
.

y
m se t lf l i t Y h av e i m v d 7
[ lf] v m h y c
“ y
o e arn o u p r o . e y o ur s e e r u .

I h a v e r eco ll e c e d [m s e lf t o ] i t ”t R ec oll ec [y our s el v es t o] i t . t .

We ca r e l 11
y
l
[ s e v e ] po n t i 1 2
D o n ot ac c u s om y o u r s elf t
“
u u
“
n o r s
“
.

t i t 1
T h w il l b y 1
h W t y v i d 1 t
“ “
o . e e r a o n e a n o er e a o on e .

t
an o h e r h
T e s e ge l m 1 h
a v e c h an b t
ge d
1 7
[ h ems l v es ] a e l l 1
t t y
“
. n e en e

y
v er m u c h l h e y s ay ” h e h as ” d on e 21 i t h i ms el f
.
'
Ev en h i s .

s on s w ou ld h a v e fo r s a k en h i m W i ll h e s i t b es i d e each o h er ? t y t
t“
.

We mee 2
o n e a n o h er e v er y mor n i n
”
t H ave h s o ke n
”
t y
“
e p
g .

agai n s
2
t
ea c h o h er ? t
1
T o con duct on e s s el f, fi e!
) b etr agen B
’
adl , r et i cen t B fi
et t er , be er
2
y
“ “ “
. . .

Well, gut To appl on e s s elf, fi e!

.
’

) beflei éen y
To l earn , 3 11 Ier nen . .

T O i mpr ov e, ri d) befi er n er muc h, febr V y

To recollect, fi cl) eri nnern.
“
. .

To i t , bar an (or befien, of i t ) "

T0 r el , fi e!
) b e r l affen
1
U p on i t, y
1“
. .

13
bar auf .To i t , bar an To bet r a , s err atben To avoi d, mei ben
. y . .

Th e gen t leman, ber fger r ’7

To chang e, ri d) anbet u Lat el , i n bet y
“ y “
. .

les1 en Sei
1
t
Th e say, man [agt
.
2°
Us e t he conjun ct i ve To do, . .
1 44 E E L M ENT A R Y G ER M A N G R A MM A R .

tbun ”
To meet , tr efi cn ”
Ev ery mor ni ng , jeben M or gen
“
. . .

2
speak, fprcct cn . A g ai n st , gegen .

EXER CIS E 29 M y g r an df a t h er 1 h as fi n e fl ow er s i n h i s gar den

.
—
.
’

3
Thi s tr e e h as l os t all i t s ea v es
l 4 Len d [t o] me t h y pen c i l 5 . I
h a v e for g o tte n mi n e W e h a v e l et o ur h o us e , an d you h a v e s old
.

y o urs E v er y age h as t joys an d i t s sor r ow s Wh at y ou

.
6 i s " 8 9
.

s e e h er e (s ay, h e r e s e e ) i s mi n e , an d y o u h a v e n o r i h t t o t ak e 1 0
g
i t (s ay , i t t o ta )
k Yo u 1 1
ar e n ot a s r i pe
12
At
“
e r a
gr p se . as o u r s .

13
w h at t i m e d oes sh e expec t 1 h er g ues t s ? 1 5
A t abo ut ei gh t
’ 16
o c l oc k .

‘
G ran dfath er , © ro§ natm U s e t he da ti v e afl c leaf, 2 “
All “
The
“ “
. .
,

baa zBlatt Th e pen ci l, bet éB i ci f

. t i ft Ever age, jebee Qli ter ’
The . y .

j1 1oy, t i c 8 m m S orr ows, Q ei ben

.
9
What, was 1°
To t ake, 511 nehmen . . .

3
G r apes , l ci ntr aubcn
12
Ri pe, r ei f ‘
A t wh a t i me, urn mi rni cl Ubr t
l“ 1“
. . .

x
T o e pect , crmart eu The guest , bet © aft A bout ei gh t o clock,
.
’
.

gegen ad)t Ubr .

EXER CI SE 30 Thi s one h as been (s ay h as h ad ) wr o g l We

.
—
,
n .

i 2
t hi s g rl a
i d bl m 3 t h t I f 4 t h i s fl o w er to
“
n a e a r e er
p r a s e , p .

t h at D oe s sh e u n de r s ta d t h at ? Can you s i n t h e e s o gs 5
. n s n

Wh o li v e i t 7 h o s e h o uns e s ? 8 T hi s p po l a r
9
i s es s h i gh t h a n

t h os e [whi ch ] w e h av e jus t s een H i s moth er h as gi v en 1 1 [t o]

10
.

hi m th i s b eau t i ful r i n g I Sh all wr i t e i t t o on i f I r c olle c t

.
12
e

it l a
H e (s ay t h at o ne) w h o w or k s 4
l e ar n s 5
a n d i s [be i
g]
1

“
.
, , n

m t t 1
i 17
H m 3
pr a s ed
i Th i i l h i d ed
o r a v es 1
es
. e ar e p n p r e g as e r e n .

y o u o f y o u r p m i s e ? 1 9 N o ro h e h as n ot r e mi n d ed m e o f i t , I .

t h an k [t o you ] for i t (s ay th er efor ) , .

W o g unr ed u
r n T o p i lob n 2
T bl me t abeIn r a s e,
“ T pr ef e o a o er
“Th e son
. . .
, , ,

nor gi e cn b ( s ee p 8 2 To un der s t an d, ner f

te en. b g, but
“Us e
. ,
9
Ei eb . To 7 t he dat i v e
li v e, wohnen Th e popl ar , bi e
. .
Tunnel .

’2
J ust, eben To gi ve, fcbenfen The ri ng, bcr Sl i ng Use t h e
1“
. .

ge n i t i ve T o w or k,
. ar bei t en T o l earn , Ier nen mpor t an t , . . I
‘8
wi d)ri g . T he pri vi leg e, bat B orr ed fl
s
T o r emi nd of, er i nner n c m .
,

‘
wi t h t he acc us at i v e
9
Th e pr omi s e, baa fli er fpr ed xn
. .

EX E R CIS E 3l Wh o s ay s s o ? 1 W h o was kn ocki ng ? To

.
—

w h o m d oe s t hi s h ou se e o g b l n 2
(s ay bel o n gs t h i s h ou s e ? ) Wh om ,
di d t e y s t
h r i k e ? 3
( y
s a h a v e t h e y s t r u c k W h ,o s e fa u l t 4 i s it

W h om d oe s S e c h all ? 5
W h o s e d ag e 6 w as i t ? W h at ki n d of
w i ne d o yo u l i k e b es t ? 7 W h a t k i ngof b ook d o yo u r ead n ow ?
r

Wh i c h p ro m i s e
3 h a s e v e r
9 b
e e n m or e s o em n
l ? 1 0 Wh at i s m or e
beau t i ful t h a n t o di e 11
for 12
t h e fr ee d o m 1 3o f on e s c o u t ’
? 1 4
1“
n r
y
O f wh i c h o r at or
15 w er e yo u s p eaki n g I n w h at (s ay wh er eat ?
, ,

m r an) d o you fi n d an yt n g t o pr a i s e ?
o h i 1 7 1 8
I c an t ell you eas il y 1 9
wh a t (s ay w e h r ea t) y
,
o u a r e t i nki ng of G o an d t ell hi m
h 20
.

wh at I m ean .

‘
S o ea (i t ) T belo g gcbbr en 2 “ To s tr ik e fct fagcn
o n F ult 4
“ “
, .
,
.
, . a ,

getter To call rufen

. D agger S ol d)
, I like bes t i d) bri nk am
.
,
.
’
,
1 46 E E L M EN TA R Y G ERM A N G R AMMA R .

EXER CISE 34 2 7 11 23 3.
—
4 41
. 55 . 68 . 77 83 . . . . . . .

9 9 1 07 1 3 8 1 85 20 1 555 1 88 3 474 9
“
. . . . . . . .

H ow man y mi s tak es h a v e y o u mad e ?

1 2
Fi v e an d H en r y h as
onl y ‘ mad e on e Our t ow n h as o v e r i n h abi t an t s We
,

“
“
. .

mu st r ead " u i ck e r q
we h av e s t i ll t w en ty pages t o r ead 1°
.

Se d [ ]
t m t d f f
f fi d f fl 1 1 an d o n e
“
n o e en p o u n s o c o e e,
v e p o u n s o o u r ,
13
ou n d of s l t ” T h t d i t t h y h v t i d 1
t h
“ “
a e y ca n n o o e a e r e r ee
p .
;
t i mes i n v ai n M y r oom i s fi ft ee n fee t l on g an d th i r t een
“
.

br o ad W ll l t h ki d s o f b 17
C m t l l e v en
“
. e s e o n y r e e n ee r o e a e .

o cl ock ;
’ 1 9 wi ll be at h om e I 0
.

H ow man , mi c bi eIe y
Th e mi st ake, bet Sea l er H enr , fpei nri d)
.
2
. y .

y
O nl , nut Ov er, fi ber Th e i nh abi t an t, ber (Ei nmobner 7
To
“ “
. . .

read, l ef eu Q ui ck, fcbneII ) S ill, nod)

. To, 3 11 F lour , u . t . . m .

1:
S al t, @ a13 ‘3
I
cann ot do I t, i d) tann ee ni cht tbun
. To t ry, ner fucben . .

‘7
”
In v ai n, ner gebene Th e r oom, but Si mmer . B eer , zB i er At , . .

ti m O cl ock, Ubr
”
A t h ome, 3 11 b uuf
’
. e . .

EXER CI SE 35 N ap ol eon 1 t h e i r s w as b orn i n t h e year 1 7 6 9 ,

an d d i e d on t h e fi
.
— F t
f h o f M y 1 821 2
W h e r e i s h a s r ee t ?
t t t t It
t“
a .

t
i s t h e h i r d t o t h e l ef W h o i s t h e fi r s o f t h e c l as s t o -day ?
4
. t
Ch ar l e s ; h e i s for t h e h i r d i m e [t h e] fi r s We s h all n ot be
t t t
“ “
.

d on e befor e 7 an h o ur an d a h alf (say, h o ur s ) d o n ot w ai for t

us . T e b
h a n k s
9
s h u 1
at h al f -
p as h r e e yo u t
h “
a e h en s il l
1 1 tt v t t
h alf an h ou r T wo hi r ds o f t h e c an d i da es , t 1 2
h a i s 1 34 5, h a v e t t t
“
-

“
.

se d t h l am i n a i on W t x
e S h a ll b u y a
pou n d oft
“
p as e as e .

‘
c h err i e s an d h alf a d oz e n of o r an g es T h e i r s w o r d s 7 w er e
“ “
.

t h ee a d h l f fee l Th l d l d 1 ti
w g s h 1 9 o v er
? t
“
r n a a o n a o e a e
g .

t t
hr ee- u ar ers of a h un d r ed wei gh
q H e came e v e r y day 1 at
. t .

fi v e mi n u es t pas t o n e.
’
Napol eon, Wapoi eon i t h l f t, nad) ti nts “
M ZlJIa
s “
To “
The
“
a ,
y e e
“
. . .

cl ass, t i e Ri g fie Say, t o t h e, gum 311 hem) To be don e, fer ti g

“
. .

fei n B efor e, nor , wi th th e dat i ve For , anf w i th t he accusat i ve

“The banks, see 8 8
. . , .

i em
12
T o Shut , [dfli ef S t ill, nod). Of th e .

3
t
can di da es , ber Ranbi t aten
‘
Th at i s , or n amel , n dml i d) To pas s, y
1“
. .

befi ebcn
‘5
The e ami n at i on, bi e Tr fi fung x
Th e or ange, bi e ‘ llpfei i i ne
1“
. . .

The s wor d, but @ a)met t

‘
[ Th e] lead, but fli i ei
9
To w ei gh, wi egen
. .

2°
Ov er, fi ber 2’
Ev er day (a ce of t i me), jeben Si ng
. y . .

EX ER CISE 36 We h a v e n o opp or t u n i ty 1 t o s ee hi m 2 Th e y
h ad r eall y 3 n o luck “ Y o u c o ul d r e d er “
—
. .

[t o] h i m o g a ter
. n n re

s er vi ce T hi s b o k h as n o t i t l e page h a v e y ou t o r n i t o u t ? 7 -

E v er y vi l l age i n t h e n e i gh bo ur h oo d “
. o

o f t h i s t ow n h a s s u f fer e d 9

v e r y mu ch In all Edi n b u r gh I k ow (s y k o w I ) n o b ett e n a

D o e v er yth i n g i n i ts p r o pe r t i me 1 0 W e h a v e pr i n t e d “
.
,
n r

man . .

13
man y a book about a t an d s c i en c e 4 M an y a o e r ec oll e c t s
1 r 1 2

1“
. n

t [ ]f t h fi t h f t h t t m ” H as S h e n t
“
y e o e r s s eec e s o es e s a es en . o

t oo l i tt le at i en c e 7 w ti h 1 h er c h i l d r e n ? H e wr o t e m a n y a
c o me dy
”
u t n on e w as ac c ep t e d
,
“ by t h e d i r ec t o r s 1 o f t h i s 2 2

t h ea tr e .
 ADDI T I ON AL E X E R C I SE S . 1 47

“
The opportuni ty , bi e G ei egenbei t . To see him, i bri 3
11 feben .
“
Re lly a ,

mirtlid) The luck, but e we To r en der a ser vi ce, ei nen lDi enfl ‘

“ “
. .

mnei fen h i l -
T e t t e page, baa S i tel bla t t To ear out, ber auer ei fien t
“
. . .

Th e nei ghbour h ood, bi e ll mgegenb (use t h e dat i ve) To s uffer , Iei ben . .

I n i ts pr oper t i me, gur r echten S ei t To pr in t , br ucfen ”

A bout , fi ber
“ “ “ 1“
. . .

3 4 5
Ar t , Runft S c i ence, fi Bi ffenfcbaft T he speec h, bi e St ebe S ee
“ “
. . .

p 7 8 , not e
7
P at i ence, web ui b 8
Wi th, mi t, wi t h the dat i ve
2“
. . .

The c omed , but Buftfpi el y

20
To acc ept , annebmen Th e di rect or , . .

bet E i r ectvr (use t h e dati v e) .

EXE R CI S E 37 Wh er e d o you see i t ? Y on der i n t h e gar d en 1

.
—
.

Ev e y w h er e t h e w i n t er w i ll (s ay w i ll t h e w i n t er ) b e v er y c ol d 2

“
r
“
.
,

Com e h er ; yo w i ll h b tt T h i di i
ct o a 5 i s n ot go od ;
“
e u e ar e er s n r

th e s e th r ee w or ds ar e 7 n ot i n i t (s ay w i t h i ) go i n ; y ou wi ll
.

,
n .

fi n d hi m i n h i s r oo m A r e t h e y aw a y alr e ad y ? (put a wa y l a s t )
t h e y go (s ay go th e y ) a way at “s e v en O c lock 1 1
. .

9 1 ’
Y e s n ow
“
.
, ,

H a v e y ou l ft y 2 b k t i d ? 1 3 W e h av e got t wo b ed
“
e o u r o o o u s e

r oo m s d own s t a ir s an d fo u r u p s t ai r s Th e b ath r oom 4

-
, i s al s o -
.
-

up s t ai r s , an d t o th e Wh en d oes h e me b ac k ? Co me
“i
co

ou t th e s un
1
s so w ar m .

“ Us e t h e dat i v e
“ Th e wi n ter ber QBi nter “To hear bbren “B et t e r
“ “
. . .
, , ,

befi er The di c ti on a y bee QB br ter bud) (li t book of wo ds ) The r r

“
.
.
, .

7
wor d has QB or t (see Ar e fi nb r fteben I n auf wi th t h e o
“ “
.
, , , ,

A t um
’ 2
dat i ve N ow jet t O cl ock ubr To l eav e Inflen
“
. . .
, ,
.
, .
,
3
O ut s i de br aufien ,
The bat h r om has zB at egi mmer . To t he - o
, .

fron t , nac b b or n . Th e sun , t i e © onne .

EXER CIS E 38 A t th at t i me man y e m i gr at ed 2 (say emi gr at ed

-

“ “
.
,

man y ) t o A m er i c a I m et h i m aft er wa r d s v er y s el dom Sh e

“ “
. .

h as alw a y s l i v d v y x t v g t y T h ei r h ou s e h as b een
l
“
e e r e a a an r .

l et l a t el y
7 H a v e you e v e r h ear d a m or e be au t iful v oi c e ? Th e
“ 1“h
.

w ai t er h s d d t m j st
u w W ill m y par as ol 1 be 1

“
o ear e e r n o .

r e ad y t o mo r r o w ? T h ey h ad i n t h e m ean t i m e t ak en t h e
2 -

a n d t h e y r us ed h “ 4
T at p or fami l y
h 1“
i s s till i n
1“
u po n o

t d i t ” H i s p u bl i h i g b u s i n ess w as for me r l y mor e

“
e a s r ess n s
g r .

i mpo r t an t 1 t h a n t h a t of [t h e] M es sr s B Sh all I h a v e t h e
2“ “ “
.

3 23
at h i s h o us e e d ay a ft e r t o
1
l e as u re of s ee i n g y ou t h
p
mo r r o w ?
“
M ny a T emi gr at e,
ni el e.
o auei v anbern
2
nad) meet , “
To
“To
“ “
. .
, ,

tr efi en To li v e, Ieben E t r av agant l , ner fcbmenberi fd) 7

To let , x y
“ “
. . .

s er i ni etben ( u s e t h e pas si v e) The v oi ce, bi e © ti mme Th e wai t er, . .

bet fi ei lner To or der , befteil en Th e par as ol, t er © vnnenfd fir m

“ “
. . .

3
2
To be read , fert i g fei n y
To t ake t h e ar ms, bi e QBafi en er gr ei fen
“ “
. .

T o rus h , ri d) ft ii r gen
5
U pon us , am 1111 6 6
The fami l , bi e Semi i c
"

y t
“ “
. . .

8
7
The di s t r es s, bi e ZB et r i ngni é (use t he dat i ve ) The publi shi ng
“
.

9
I mport ant , mi dfi i g
2°
bus i n es s, but fli er lagegefchdft The pleas ur e,
2“ 2“
. .

but b er gnfi gen

s
Of seei ng, a n feben Ar r ange : you t h e day aft er t o
2“
. .

morrow at his h ous e t o see At his hous e, bei i bm . .

1 48 E E L M E N T A R Y G ERM A N G R AM M AR
EXER CI S E 39 I w oul d h a v e p ai n t e d
.
—
i t d i ffer en tly (say, l

o t h er w i s e )

of “ t h ffi
Sh all w e tr ans lat e i t o r all y , o r by w r i t i n
.

s h all n ot u n d er s t an d hi m if h e d oes n ot S p ea k l o u d er
3 w as l o n ges t o n l ea v e ?
h i ch
H e be l i e v es bli n dl y “
. W I

“ “
e o c e r s

al l t h a t o n e r el a t e s t o h i m W e h av e h ad l at el y .

( i h I et t en S ei t
) x t m l y tt l d 7 w e a t h er but i t
“
u
“
n er an e r e e n s e e ,

h as i mpr o v ed a l i tt l e sin ce y es t er da y Wh i c h gi r l w r i t e s
“
.

be s t ? S h I
a l l s e t o u t n e t W e d n e s d a y 1
at t h e l a t e s t x
My .

s i s t e rs d es i r e t o b e mos t ki n dl y r e m e m ber e d to yo u an d M r N
“
.

Th es e t wo br o t h er s d o e v er yt h i n g 1 m os t c on s c i en t i ous l y
“
.

S mall es t ar e t h e fl ow ers w hi c h g r ow 1 2 on t h i s fl o wer -bed 3

“ “Of “
.

To p ai nt , mal en s on, wi t h t h e da i v e t Th e offi cer , bet

“On “
. .
,

f i gi er (see l eav e, au f Ur l aub All t hat , Qlllee mat

“
. .

To relat e, er gdl flen

( s ay, w hat on e to hi m r el at es )
7
Un sett led
“ “ ,
.

unbefldnbi g. A li t t l e mae (s ay, si nce y ester day a li ttle)

et i . S n ce
mi ttmod) (say, at t he latest next
, ,

fei t Ne xt Wedn es day, ndcbften E

“
.

Wednes da ) y Ev er y thi n g, li li es ”
To gr ow, mad fien (say, whi ch on
“
. .

3
t hi s fl ower -bed gr ow) . Th e fl ower b d, but SBeet
- e
(use t he dat i ve).

EXER CISE 40 My t ea e h as c on d uc t ed
1 i s far 2 t w t “ H
“
.
—
oo s ee .

h i m s e l f al mo s t as bad l y (s ay al mo s t a s badl y h h hi m l f
“Th i s s e s th i t l “
e as se ,

c on du c t ed ) a s l as t w e e k ar t h e r e tt i e s t 7 i by f
“ “ p
“
.

t h t
[ a ] e a w h v e f u d M y fr i e d h as i s o m e d
gre e t i fi d 1
“
o n n n e s a s e
“
.

h er m o th er S car c ely w er e w e d on e 1 1
wh e 1 It beg a to 1

“ 1 “c ar c l
.
,
n n

i H h k w e y two T h i s mer c h an t
“
as o n
“
ra n . e s n

h as los t n ear l y t wo t h o u san d po un ds 7

Th e m on t h of A pr i l 1
h as
“
.

o n ly t hi r ty d ay s H h t b f t h l es t Th e y 1

t o e x c u s e t e ms el e s “
e a s g o y a r e a r
“
.

ha v e i n som e d egr ee s uc c ee d e d 1 2 Thi s

t v e t h es e (say i n t h e ) l as t ye ar s “
“
v .

h
b us i n es s as be en m os t l u c r a i 3
“ “
, .

Th t a but St ine
e e Far ni l 3 Sw et fi fi A s b dly [o fd flecbt
2
e e i a
“ “ “
. . .
, , , ,
.

Las t week b ori ge flBocb Th t h i st l t i e iDi f i l P t ty fbbn e e,

“
e. e re
“
, .
, c .

Arr ge we f u d h ve My f i d mei ne ifr eunbi n T s t i sfy ”

<
an o n a . r en , . o a
, ,
beiri ebi gen h as her mot her i n s ome degr ee s at i s fi ed)
(ar r ange D on e,
“ ,
“
.

ferti g
2
Wh en , ale 3
To begi n, anfangen (arr ange, i t t o r ai n began )
“ “ “ “
. . .

4
To r ain , 511 r egnen 5
U s e i bnnen 6
T he li n es , bi e 3 6 116
7
P oun ds ,
“ “ “ 2“
. . .

Thi ne
8
A pril , l i i
9
To get , befommen mt The s har e, N1 6 Q bei l
“ y “
. . . .

2
T he have s ucce eded, ee i f t i hnen gelungen
2
To e cuse x
“
.

3
t h emselv es , fi d) a n ent fdpui bi gen Lucr at i ve, ei ntr ggli d) (arr ange : i n t he
“
.

l as t y
ears mos t lucr at i v e
)
2
Th e las ear , has l est e S al :
) (us e the . t y
dat i v e pl ur al ) .

EXER CIS E 4 1 — H a v e y ou i n v i e d him ? Cer ai n l I ha v e t “ t y

“ “
. .

D i d S h e r e a l l y l a ug h at i t ? Y es , s he d i d T h a l ad w ill t y
“ “
.

s u r el y
l e a v e a g r ea d e al of m o n e t
V er pr o babl s h e w i l l y y y
“ “ “
.

q t
be ue a h c o n s ide r a bl e 7 s um s t o t h e n e w h os p i al H e w i ll t
“ y tt “
.

n o t a t all acc e p 0 h a o ffi c e 11

t t t
T h e h a v e i n d e e d v er l i l e 2 y
“ I
.

13
t im e ; h
h ey S a , t ll h ow e v do i t am by n o m ea n s
“ “
“
er , .

r es po ns i ble fo r i t ) you h i n k D o y o u a bs o lu e l i n s i s t t y t
“ “t
as .

u pon i t i 7 Ce r t a i nl H e h as n ot at all ill -u s ed 1 y

h em ; o n
.
1 50 E E L M EN T A R Y GERMA N GR A MM A R .

“Th e coun r ty Th e m b
has t aut
n u er b i e S.abl T ’
h e cr i me, but .

m m
, ,

et bt ed nu To decr e ase, abnebmeu

. Th e sail or , bet latt ofc S ay, . .

t h e jour n e y
r oun d t h e wor l d t hr ee t i mes
12
Th e journ e , bi e fli ci fc . y .

‘3 ‘6
Roun d, um Th e wor l d, bi e QBei t
.
15
Thi s, t i es The medi c i n e, . .

To r ec ommen d, cmpfebi eu
1° 1”
baé fil l i ttd The gout , t i e © i d)t
. .The .

7‘
fodder , has cl utt er 2°
Cat t le, Si i nt t i eh The permi s s i on , bi e t c ubui fi
c
. . .

22 23 2‘
To pun is h , Beftt afen The t r ai n , bet Bug . To st ar t , abgebeu . .

EXE R CI S E 44
.
—
G en ev a 1
is on e of the fi n es t t o w n s i n S w i t z er
l an d .
2
It 3 l i e s on t h e R h on e 4
Wh er e ar e . y o ur s i s t er s ? Th ey
sit
5 in the
g a r de n on t h e s e a 6 I n fr on o f [b e f t
or e ] t h e h ous e , t
a n d r ea d 7
Let u s g o u n d er t h e r e es ; i t 1 8 t o o h ot h er e
.
8 In t .

t h i s l an gu age 9 h e h a e n ot [h as o n e t y v
n t]
o h i s e p es s
r i o n
1°
. . t x .

T h es e gr ap es w e i gh o v er a p o u n d W e h a v e n o w spoken l on g .

e n o u gh a b ou t h e v e r b 1 1 t T h e c hil dr e n c r e. i n o t h e r oo m w i h t t t
o u t b ei n
g [ t o b e ] o b s er v e d 12 A ll my i t i en S w en (s ay, r a v ell ed )
. t t
h om e h r e e da s ago (s ay , b e fo r e h r ee d ays ) Th e h oli da 31 3
t y t y
“
.

t
will l as o v e r a m o n h 14
W h er e h a v e you pu t my k eys
t .
15 9 1

tt t
On t h e li l e abl e b efor e t h e s ofa 1 7 H a v e y o u got ac c u s om ed . t
t
t o our c li ma e ? 1 8
(s ay, h a v e you ac c us med yo ur s elf ? ) H e 1 9
to
r e ou n es
n c
20
t hi s su m o f m o n ey .

S wi t z er lan d, bi e © d mei 3 ‘
l 2 ’
G enev a, © enf It, cs Th e Rhon e,
“
. . .

bi e {Rhone To si t Men ‘
The s eat , bi e e
B aut ’
Let us go, Iafi t 11 11 6
. .

or Iafi en 65h: 11 11 3
8 ”
gbe en H o t ci
, h fi
T h e l a n u
g g ,
a e
. bi e C
‘
t ad x . .

x
The e pr ess i on, bet Ql uebt ud The v er b, has QSci b
‘2
Wi t hout
. .

’3
bei n g obs er v ed, ohnc bemet tt gu met t cn The h oli da s , bi e Eer i en y
“
. .

1‘
The mon t h, bet M onet Put, hi ngelegt Th e key, bet C
. § chl ufi ch .

‘9
The cli mat e, has RIi ma To acc us t om one s
’
The s ofa, baa @ ofa . . .

i d) gembhnen c m
2°
sel f t o, r , wi t h t he accus ati ve To r enounce, t et gidyt en .

auf wi t h t he acc us at i v e
, .

EXER CIS E 45 t-H e

h will
fi ’
b u t l y 3
1 for t h e s ak e
“
. e n e , o n
p y
a

o f hi s fr i e n d On . ac c o u n t
o f h i s b ad
4
h eal t h , h e w ill (s ay, wi l l
h e ) go t o t h e s o ut h o f F r an c e 6 W e l i v ed i n a s mall co un t r y .

h o us e n o t far fr o m t h at v i ll ag e N o t w i t h s t an di n e v er y p r e
.

c au t i on 7 t h e di s eas e
8 9
t h e d i s eas e w as s p r ead i n g (s ay, s pr ea
,

[r o u n d D u r i n g t h e w ee k ,
1 °
m a n y s t r an g e r s
1 1 h av e
(s ay ,

ar e m an y s t r a n e r s ) ar r i v e d I n c o n for mi ty wi t h h er pr o mi s e, 12
.

s h e h as d ur i n g a h er l i fe (s ay , h as s h e d ur i ng h er w h ol e li fe ) m ai n
t ai n ed 1 3 s e v e r al p o or c h ildr e n “ W e a sk 1 5
t o b e
1 “ mi
a d tt
.
1
ed 7 .

B y v i r t u e o f t h i s p er mi s s i on w e h a v e (s ay, h a v e w e ) th at r i gh t
1 8 19
.

O u ts i d e t h e to w n t h e s n ow 20 h ad (s ay w as t h e s n o w) n o t yet .

di s app ear ed 21
A c c di g
o r n. t o hi s s t o r y 22
t w o men h a v e (s ay, h ave ,

t w o m en ) a ttac k ed 2 3 hi m i n 24
t h e s t r ee t .

‘
T o pay hea abi en The fi n e bi e Gjelbftr afc ”
O n l , nut B ad, '
y ‘

“
, . . . .

fchi ccbt
‘
Th e h ealth , bi e © efl mbbci t The s outh of F r an ce, g li b
“
. .

’
ft anft ci d) The pr ecaut i on, bi : éB Ot fi cbt Th e di sease, t i c fi t anfhcit
“
. . .

’
To s pr ead, gr ei fen um f at The week, bi e 2113 0c
n
Th e .
 A DDI T I ON AL EXER I S ES C . 1 51

‘
St embc
Th e promi s e, baa Qi et fbt echen To mai n t ai n,
2
st r an ger , bet . .

unt et balt eu S ev eral, mebt et e

.
15
To ask, b et l angeu m an d "
To be .
'

adm t t ed, a ugel afi en 511 m Th e per mi ss i on, bi e (Et l aubni fi 1°

i et ben The
. .

r i gh t , we fli cd fl 2°
T h e s n o w, bet © dpnce 21
To di sappear , b et fchmi uben
2“ “
. .

(s ee S
Th e s t or , bi e (j efchi cbtc 3
y
To at t ack, angt ei fen 2‘
In , . .

auf (wi t h t he dat i ve

) .

EXER CISE 46 P r ofe s s or an d M r s S (s ay P r ofes s or S an d his

.
—
.
, .

w e ) s en d th ei r b es t r e gar d s
if 1 W e sh all n e v er ac t c on t r ar y t o
“
.

o u r c on v i c t i o n A c c d i n g t o y o ur w i s h e s I h a v e (s a y h a v e I ) 4

i n vi te d “
. or , ,

h i m al s o W e e s all I
h h 6 w i t f 7
y u? Wh er e yo u
-o ffi c e 1 “S i n c e t h e
r a .or o

O pp o s i t e t h e s t a t i on t
9
li ke or t h
[ ] pe os

fi ft e e th of M ar ch 1 1 I h a v e (s ay h a v e I ) n ot h ad t h e s l i gh t es t 1 “
.

“ T h e w h ol e m an u fa c t ory “
n , ,

o pp o t u n i ty
1 3 t o s p eak t o hi m
t o ge t h er wi th t h e d w ell i n g-h ou s e 1 “h as (s ay i s ) bur n t d ow n 1 7
r .
,

“
.
, ,

W i thi n a w eek h e wi ll (s y w i l h e ) h a v e s p en t e v er ythi n g

l 1 1 9

A s pl en di d 2“
a , .

n ew pal ac e 1 i s [bei n ] buil t o pp os i t e t h e t o wn s

2 ’
g
li br ar y 22
.

l 2
An d his wi fe, unb or nebit St an S en d t h eir bes t r egar ds , Iafleu
'

“
.

m
fi w nbi i ft gt fi fi cn
“
1"
Th e convi ct i on , bi e Hebet jeugung
6
.

7
The w i s h, bet .

fiBunfd) . To i n vi , ei ni bcn
t e a S h a ll,
u s e fo i l eu For , auf (wi th t h e
. .

o li k e, m t
° 1°
ou
acc usat i v e
) T
u
. eu Th e s t at i on , bet S Bahnhof
13
Th e pos. .

’
offi ce, bi e B of i M ar ch , T i ar a ’2
S li ght , e i n T h e opport uni t y,
“
. . .

bi e ®el cgeuhei t TO S peak t o hi m, i bn a n [pt echt m T he manu factor , y

’ "
bi e Sabri f The dwelli ng h ouse, bas {B ohnbaus
- To bur n down,
“
. .

abbt enncn
l
To spen d, ausgeben
.
1’
Ever t h i n g, il es 20
S plen di d, . y m .

br acbtb oll
2‘
. The palace, bet {Bai aft
22
Th e own s li br ar , bi e
’
t y
© tabtbibliotbct .

EXER CISE H e foll o w ed 1 [t o] me to (s ay, t ill, his 3

47 .
—
13) t he
d oor U p t o t hi s d ay I h a v e (say , a
2 m I ) al w a y e sat s fi ed
s b e n i 3
“
.

wi th y ou A ll e x c e pt o n e h a v e b ec o m e c el ebr a ted
4 W i th out
hi s gr eat n eg li gen c e “
. .

s at
8
h e w o uld h a v e d
c c ee ed 7 i i hi s
“
s u , I n s n

mas t er 9
Th e c omm er c i al h o u s e 1 O f R B r oth er s 11 h as a way s
“ 1“
. .

i d l l y 1 t ( t i ll ) l t W h ll u t i t o ff
“ p“
p a r e
g u a r u p o s a y ,
as y ea r e s a .

till n ext y e ar Th ey w alke d al on ag t h at t e di o us 1 w all i n t h e

“
.

h ope o f fi n di n g 1 7 a gat e Wi th out t e e as t t r oubl e , th e y h a v e

h l 1

“
.

(s ay, h a v e th e y ) p la y e d s e v e r al p i e c es 2
S i t d own bes i d e y our
1 °
.

y o u w ill s e e t h e s t age bett er

21 22
si s t er , .

To follow, foIgen See 1 53 n ot e S at i sfi ed, j i

2
( s ay, wi t h
3
uf i er cn
‘

“
. .
,

you sa ti s fi e d) S ee 1 53 n ot e C elebr at ed, bct fi bmt [ The]

mm
. . .
,

l
n eg i gen ce , bi e a l fi fi i gfei t
’
He woul d h av e succ eeded, wurt e cs i hm.

gcl ungen fem In s at i sf i n g, 3

. 11 bef y
t i ebi gen (s ay, hi s mas t er i n s at i s f i n g ) y .

Th e mas ter , bet Cert 1°

Th e commer ci al h ous e, baa b aubeléhaué
. Of .

R B rother s , bet Gi t br fi bet E R

12
Arr ange : h as up t o l as t ear al wa s y y
1“
. .

regular l p y
ai d R egul ar l , t ec m fi fii g L as t b or i g y
‘ 5
T e di ou s,
1“
.
.
, .

Iangwei li g Wal l, ‘ll l i ucr (f )

. In t h e hope o f fi n di ng i n bet Coffuung
t ,
1 62 E L EM EN T A R Y G ERMA N G R A MM A R .

5a fi nt en The leas t t rouble, bi e get i ngfte Whi te S ev er al, mehrer e

“ “
. . .

1 ‘ 2
The pi ece, bas © tud Th e s t age, bi e B ubuc . B et t er , befi et . . .

EX ER CIS E 48 Th e m w as t
as on i s h e d ,
l an d w an e d t “
“l
.
—
or an

t o th an k [t o] y o u b t y ou w er e go n e a r ea d y H e al w ays
“ “ “
.
,

s e em e d t o b e v e r y h on e s ; an d ye t h e be r aye d t all yo u r t
t 7 W sh ll u p
8 all ou r r i h s b ut o nl
'

g y for t h e t “
'g
O
s e cr e s . e a v e ,

s ak e
1 ° of 11 I - d m ( y, I m ) t i w l l 12 I q t I
“
ay a s a a n o u e e
p e ac e .
;
sh a ll ht f 1
t y
at h om e W e s h all go, p ar l o ut O f ty
“ “ “
e r e or e s a .

t
c on v i c i on , l ty
o ut O f e s ee m
1 for hi m am s or r y
1
t t I
“t
a r o
p .

h ear i t , 17
for h e d i d n ot d es er v e 1 h a t n ew mi s fo r un e On e t .

t
w o uld un der s an d i t if you h a d n ei h er r e la i on s 1 9
n or fr i en ds t t .

‘ ’
t
Y o u mu s , h e s ai d (s ay, sa i d h e), e i t h er h old y our t o n gu e [be
‘

s il en ] t “0 or g O
’
H e fe ar e d 1 22 “
t o b e e pell e d, o h er wi s e h e oul d x t w
“
.

23
(say, w oul d h e ) n ot h a v e w or k e d s o w e l Of l a e l 4 t .

‘
To be as t on is hed, et ftaunen To wan t , mofl en n
z
for t (t o be
“
Go e
“
. .
,

l aced aft er a l r eady) T o see m t o be , [chei nen an f ei n H on es t,

p
“ “
. .

ebt lid) y
To be tra , bert atben (s ay, bet r a ed he) The se cr et , baa y
“
. .

Gjebei mni fi . To gi v e u p, aufgeben O nl , nut S ee 1 51 . y . .

[ Th e
] p eace , bet St i ebe
‘ 2
W el l, mobl .T o s t a , blei ben C onv i c t i on . y . .

nebcr geugung ‘
Es t eem, ll d flung
1"
I am s or r , es t hut mi t Ieib ‘7
S ay, y
“
. . .

3 ‘9
The relat i on, bet Qi et manbte
i t t o (3 11 ) h ear To des er v e, b et bi euen
“
. . .

To be s i len t , fcbrv ei gen

21
To fear , fur chten
22
To e pel, t el egi t en (s ay, x
2“ “
. .

x
e pelled t o
[ ]
511 be , p as s i v e) W ell, gut.
2
Of l a e, i n bet [ ea
. t en t
Bri t (t o be plac ed befor e s o well) .

EXER CIS E 4 9 T ell y o u r br o th er t h at h e mus t c om e w i th yo u

“
—
. .

t
Si n c e h i s u to r 1 i s un w ell , an d m us t k eep h i s r o om, hi s fat h er
2

w il l s u r el y all o w i t Sh e d o es as i f sh e kn ew n o t hi n g abou t i t s
“
. .

W h en h e ra t v l h t 7 s v er al d a s i n e v er
y t ow n W h en
“ y
e s , e s o p s e .

I was l at el y i n t h e Z ool ogi c al G ar d en at B er li n , I s a w for t h e

fi rs t t i me 1 °
w
t o b u t if u l t i h 11 Wh en t hey (s ay, on e ) s ai d
“
ea o s r c es .

t ha t t o h er , s h e Sh r ugge d h er (say, t h e ) s houlders an d

1 ”

w o uld 1 “
n ot b li v i t B f I w l d li k 1 t o be 1 “ ,

“
“
e e e e o r e y o u O o u e
.
, g
to t ab o u t i t on e k n o w n t h at s oon er ,
1 7 1 8 H
y o u hi n k aga i n a .

o n e w o uld h a v e exer t e d o n e s s elf s oon er to m ak e t h at r i v e r

20 ’

n avi abl e
21
g .

“Th tut bet é uel h r

e or ,
“U w l l unwohl a
“ To k ep his
e re om n e e ro
“ “
.
.
, ,

h s S i mmer bit ten

a To k w mi ff n (us t h s ubj p es e t ) Ab ut
no e e e r n o
“ “
. . .
,

i t bat on. To t v l r ei fen To s t p (d) aufb lten

ra e L t ly n uIid) 7
o I a a e e
“
.
, .

B t Ii net Bo l gi fm
.
, , ,

Th e Z log ical G d
oo t B li bet B ar en a S a
e ( Fo er n, e o o at n. r

t he fi r s t t i me, gum eften final e The os t ri ch, bet © tt aufi (s ee .

’2
To s hr ug, jucfen
‘3
The sh oulder , bi e Qlcbfel
. Woul d, use moll en . .

”
I
woul d li ke, i d) mbchte To beg t o, bi tten 3a Again ,
“
. .

nod) ci mn af .T o t hi n k abou i t , bar fi bet nad n ubenfen

9
t
S oon er , frfi bet .

”
x
To e er t one s s elf
’
t o, ri d) bemfi ben
2’
Nav igable,
fchi ffbat .
 1 54 E E L M E N T A R Y G E R MA N G R AM MA R .

bri ngen, to p r es s, brang,

bi l i fen, to be pe r but ftc,
'

mi t t ed (P r es I nd ie . .

barf. barffi , barf;

bi tt fen, bii rft, bit t fen),
1‘
empf eblen, to r eco m e mpfahl, enwfoblen ,

m en d,
er blei c en,
h to tur n er bli c h, et bli dy
en,
p ale ,
*
et 16[cben to beco me , er Io c fh ,
et l o c en,
fh
exti n gui sh ed
( P r es

I n di e et f cbe. er ,
s

fb
et c all cn,to r es o un d ,
et fdyoll ,

erfcbt ecfcn, to b e fr i gh t et f
’
cbr af ,

en ed,
*
fi to ea t
e en, ,
afi ,

*
fabren, to dr i ve or go fubt ,

i n a co n v eyan c e ,

fi aflen to fall
, , fi el,

fi angen to catc h , , ti ng ,

fdq en to fi gh t
" e t
, , fodyt ,

fi nben to fi n d fanb
“ ,

flecbten to twi n e ,
,

, flodyt
,

fli eem to fly . , fi ve ,

fli eben to fl ee , , flob ,

fl fii e e n ,
to fl o w , flog ,
"
fr efien to ea t (sa i d of
, fr at} ,

beas ts ) ,

fri tt en to fr ee/ e
, , fr or ,

r m en t
g b
a t e n to,
fe , gohr,
*
!g e b a r en to b
,
r i n g fo r t h
gebat ,
( P r es I nd i e
.
g ebdte .
,

g eb i et f g
t ebi e t t
, ) ,

*
g e b e n , to g i v e , gab,
g eb ei b e n to p r o s p er
, , g eb,
e b i
g eb e n ,
to g o , gi ng,
geli ngen to su cceed, , ge l a ng,
 LI S T or s m o NO
'
A ND I R R EG UL A R VE R R s . 1 55

PAR TI CIP LE .

I wor th gai t, gegolt en,

*
ge ten,
t o be ,

genefen, to re cov er genaé,

fr o m i lln ess,
fi to enj oy
geni e en, , g o
en fi ,
*
ei i b
e d e en. m
o h app e n , seicbab seidi ebm,
gewi nnen to wi n , , gewann, gem o n n en ,

g i e fi en ,
to po u r
,

g l e i ch en ,
to r es embl e,

g l e i t en ,
to g li d e ,

g l i m m e n ,
to g l i m m e r

gt aben, to di g,
*

g t e i fen ,
to s e i z e ,
*
l)olt en, to h ol d,
angen, to h an g ,

auen, to h ew ,

heben ,
to li ft ,

b to
ei en ,
fi b e c al l ed
*
l)clfen to h el p
, ,

fei fen to ch i de,

,

fennen, to kn ow ,
fl i uunen, to cli mb,
fl i i t gen, t o s ou n d ,
fli ei fen, to p i n ch ,
tomaten, to co m e ,

i bunen, (c a n ) O r t o be
’

abl e
(P r es . I n di e .

fann, tana il , fann ;

ft nnen, i bant, fen :

nen ) ,

fr i edyen, to cr eep ,

Iaben, to l o ad ,
Iafien, to l et,
'

"
Iaufen, to r u n ,
lciben, to suffer ,
lt iben, to len d,
1 56 E L E M E N T A R Y G E R MA N G R AM MA R .

P EE T
R S N

CO N ITI N L
D O A .

“
lefeu ,
to r ead
,

Ii egen to li e
, ,

l i t gen to t ell a li e
, ,

mei ben to a vo i d
, ,

melfen to mi lk , ,

mefieu to meas ur e
,

mbgen (m ay ) or to
, gemocht ,
like (P r es . I n di e .

mag . mast . mas ;

megen , ni bgt mbgen), ,

mixfien, (must ) o r to be
o bli ged (P r es I ndi e . .

nun } mufit mufi ;

, ,

nixflen mit fit mit ]

'

x , ,
;

b m to t ( genommen,
*
ne e n a ke ,
P r es .

I nd i e nehme nimmfi ,
.
,

ni mmt ) ,

nennen, to na m e, t
nann e, genannt, nennte.

pfei fen, to w hi s tl e,
pflegen, to p r acti se, gepflogen
Dr ei fen, to p r ai se,
queilen, to s p r i n g fo r th
*

fl b
at en, to ad vi se
t ei ben, to r ub ,

t ei fien to t ea r
, ,

t ei ten to r id e
, ,

t ennen to r un , ,

t i echen to s m ell
,

t i ngen to w r i n g
,

t i nncn to fl ow , ,

r uf en, to cal l ,
*
[aufen to dr i n k (sai d
,

o f beas ts ) ,

[ g
a u en to su c k
, ,

[ h ffm
c a e to c r eat e ,

i i
d ci bm to P a
,
rt
,

[b t
c ei n ex t o sh i n e , gefchi enen,
1 58 ELE MEN T A R Y G E R MA N G R AM MA R

[ N PIN I I I W
'

P A R TI CI P LE.

fi rm to si t , ,

f o a m (sh al l ) or to be
,

o bli ged (P r es I n di e . .

foil [Daft iv" di e )

, . ,

flat ten to sp i t , ,

Muncu to sp i n , ,

fplei éen to Sp l i t
“
, ,
‘
fbr ecben to s p ea k , ,

[br i efiemto s p r o u t ,

[ p r i n gem to s p r i n g ,
*
[ i cc b en to s t i ng
, ,

li chen to s tan d
“
, ,

flb e len to s t eal , ,

fi ei gen to mou n t ,

fl i er ben to di e , ,

flieben to b e s c att er ed ,

fti nfen to st i n k
“‘
flofien to pus h ,
,

,
,

[ti ei cbemto s t r o ke ,

fi rci ten to co nt en d , ,

t l nn to do
‘
, ,

*
t r agen to car r y , ,

Irefen to h i t
f
*
, ,

t r ei ben to d r i v e , ,
*
t ret en to t r ead (P r es
, .

I n t ret e tt i t tf
. t t ri tt ) , ,

tt i efen to d r i p
‘

, ,

t r i nfen to d r i n k , ,

b erber ben to S po il
*
, ,

b erbri efien to v e x , ,

b er gefi en to fo r get
"
, ,

b er l i er en to lo se
“
, ,

verl bfcben to b eco m e ,

e xt i n gu i s h ed (see

bet f
djoflen, mat te
.

o
s u n d i n g,
 u s r or S TR ONG AND I R R E G U LA R v ER Rs . 1 59

P R ESEN T
P A R TI CI P LE . CO N D ITIO NA L

to gr o w ,

nui gen to w ei gh
,

Ir af cben to w as h , ,

w hen to w ea v e
, ,

i r ei cben to yi eld , ,

tt ei f en to sh ow
, ,

Ir enben to t ur n , ,

“
mer ben to ,
su e ,
"
tb t t ben,
‘

to bec o m e
(P r es . Ind i e merbe
.
,

:t i t il , mi rb ,
Arc) ,

merfen, to t h r o w mart
"

gei r ot fen,
’
, ,

wi egen, to w e i gh (i n t ),
mi nben to ,
w i n d,
tr i fl to
en,k n ow (P r es .

I n di e r ei fi
x . rt ei fit , ,

mei fi ; mifien mi ffet , ,

mi fien) ,

v Ien, to w il l (P r es .

I n di e mi u, It i flfl,
.
‘

tr i ll ; moll en, i t oll t,

i t oll en)
,

ei b en to a ccuse ,
, e
gg i eben, g b
i e c .

i ehen, to p ul l, gegogen, gb g e .

gi v i ngen, to fo r c e , gg
e m nng ,
en str ange .
 ALPHABETI CAL INDEX OF ENG LI S H WORDS
OCCURRI NG IN T H E EX ERCI SES ,

W I TH R E F E R EN CE TO AGE W H ER
TH E P E TH E G E R M AN
E Q U I V A LE N T I S GI V EN .

Th e Le t t er s m. f . n. d en ote Mas c uli ne, F emi n i n e, an d N eut er G en d er .

ENG LI SH . G ERM A N EN G LI S H . G E R MAN

PAG E
é anbel m , 70
64
nac bbet 1 16
gegen
2Ht er, 1z

et t euli d)
f
A bsen ce l l bwefenbei t
’
,
ji .. 1 25 fehlen
Abs olut el y bur d mue 1 20
A bus e , t o mi fi br auchen t
A li gh , t o auér ftei gen 43
A ccept , t o an nehmen 1 28 A li ve a m Seben 117
Acc i dent Ungl nci s fatl m , 1 02 A llow, t o lafi en 43, 49

A ccompan y ,
to . beglei t en 44 A lmon d 931 anbei , f . 89
A cc ount 91 ad; r i d; t f 9 3 A l mos t falt
'

, 1 19
Acc oun t zli edpnung, Along w i t h neb fl 1 25
A cc use , t o g t ei en 42 Alr ead y fibri n ber ei ts
, 1 16
Acc us t om, gembbnen 97 Alt er , d aber n 96
B efanntc
‘
1 15 Alwa s y i mmer 36 117
q
Ac uai nted bei annt
“
22 Amer i ca Zl met i fa n
‘
, 82
q
Ac ui t , t o . Amer i can Jh net i tanet
s
,

Across fi ber 1 24 Amoun t t o, t o betr agen 84

Act (of a pl a ) Q q jug m y . , 1 09 Amusemen t l i et gmi gung
’
,
f .. 1 15
A ct , t o banbeln 1 26 215mm 77
Act or Ql ct eut m , 80 morfabt , m 75
A djoi ni ng anf t ofienb 90 alt, 83
Admi r e, t o bemunber n 79
A dmi t , t o 90 G ngel, 57
‘

Adorn , t o [h
c m fi d en 52 59
Adv an ce, t o t ort ud en 1 22 S hi er , 62
y
A dv ers i t ll nglfi cf, n 1 28 43
Advi ce {Kati}, 30
Advi se, t o r at ben 43 1 07
162 -
E EL M EN T AR Y GER MAN G R AMMA R .

PAG E P AG E
Br eak, t o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
get bt ectnn 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 02
B r ea k out , t o auebt edpcn O O O O O O O 35
Be y ond descr i p B r ea kfast St ubflnd , 40 n

t i on 79 B r eas t O O O O O O O O O O O O B ruit , 73 f
Bi ble M M 6? B r eat he, t o at bmen 31 o o o o o o o o o o

B i d, t o bi et en 37 B ri de 8 mm
2 73, f
B i n d, t o bi nben 34 B r i dge B r ft d e f
’
1 24 , .

B i rd 23 0 98 1. m 39 , 7 1 B r i n g, t o br i ngen 45 .

B i rt h ®ebnr t , f . 65 B r i n g for th t o ..
gebdt en 36
80 Br i t on B ri tte, m
’
74 7 7 .

B i s mut h flBi émut I) ,

59 B r oad br ei t 88
B i t e, t o bei fi en 41 B r other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 B t uber m
’
69 ,

B i t te r bi t ter 89 B r ot her -i n -law . © cbmager , m 70

B i tt e rn ess éB i tt et i ei t f 1 22 B r ow 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 © t irn , 43 f
B la ck [cbmat g 93 B rown 89
Blac kbi r d 21m mf: , 62 B r un swi ck 0 0 0 0 0 0 fi r aunfcbmei g n 9 2 , .

B lad e (of gr as s ) . Calm m , 70 B ui ld, t o banen 30

B li n d ly bli nbli ngé 117 B uildi n g Ojebi nb e n 76 , .

B l i ss © e1i gi ei t f , 57 B un dle 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 63
B l ood ”Ma t, 11 60 B ur n , to 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 brennen 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bl os s om B lnt be
‘
,
f 79 B ur s t , to ber fi en 35
B low © dflag m ,
57 B us i n es s ®eichdft n 1 22
B low, to 4 3 B ut abet 96
119 Bu tter 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 B ut t er
’
63 , f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

B l un t 22 30
B oar d 72 By b e n an, 89
B oa t 1 25 By-s t an ders . umftebenben 89 .

B od y 71 By t ur n s nae! ) bet Sl ei be 1 1 4 ..

B oil , t o, i n tr a ns
. fi eben 38
B old nes s Rfi bnbei t f , 79 S an , n

B o mba r d bombat bir en 2 5, 3 1 28 mm

“
,
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
, 7:

B o nn et 3i 11 . 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 St al l), n

B ook 3
8 nd) . 35, 7 2 fli uf, m . .

B oo k ‘
B ucbbalt et , 1 25 t u en f
B oot g ti efel, m . 78 (n ame) . nennen .

B ooty ‘
8 eute, f 1 24 (o ut ) gufammen bet u ’

B or n , to gebor en [ei n 11 1 fin 1 25
B ot t le di afd n, f 35 Cal l up on , t o befud xn 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
B ott le, to ab i eben
a 3 8 Cal led, t o be bei fien 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 43
B ott om zB oben m , 70 Can dle 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Q i ebt n , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 78
B oy Rnabe m
. , 35, 6 9 Cap Whi ne j : , 39
B r ai d, to flechten 37 39 Capi tal b aubtftabt , 84
B r an ch 3mei g m , 1 24 Car eful l y [or gfalti g 119
n 64 Car r i age m 16
B r a v el y , br av e tapfer madet Car r y, t o fuhr en tr agen 44
“
,

B r ead B YOD I 60 Car r y on, t o fatt en 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 22

Bre ak, ba tt en 35, 1 30 Car t -load 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Suber , n. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 63
 ALPH A BE TI C AL I N D EX O F EN G LI S H WO R DS .

Case (box) Ri fle, f Cl oak M antel m , O O O O O O 71

Cas k Rafi, u Clock Ubt f , . 45
Cassi n o (a game Cl oi s t er Rloflct ,
. n 71
at fl 80 Cl os e, t o fdfli efi en 79
Cas t le @ d flo§ , n 61 Cl ot h St ud), 12 73
23mg, f 77 Cl ou d QBolEc, f . 1 23
Cat ch , t o fangen 43 Clouds 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 © emblf, n 57
Cat ch c ol d, ri d) et fi lten t 1 07 Coat Sl ed m , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44
0 0

Catt le ‘
B i eh, n 43 Coat -of-ar m s QB aovcn n , 63
Cause, t o 43 Cobal t Robalt, m 59
Cau t i ou s b vr fi dyti g 31 “
st aff , m 1 09
Cav al r y (Sab aIet i e. Coi n O O O O O O O O O O O O O O {Wil ma/Z 37
Ceas e, t o au fhbt en 53 Cold falt, aa fj 22
63 Coll ect t o , fummeln 81
Cel ebr at ed ber fi bmt 83 Col our 8 ar be f 93
8 1mm n
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 , .

Cell ar Refl et , m 1 21 Colt , 63

Cen t r e filli tt elt untt, m 8 3 Come, t o tommen 36
Cer t i fi cat e 3€ ugni t§ n 1 25 , Comed y Euftfbi el, n 117
Ch ai r . © t uhl m , 1 23 Com et . Romct, m 0 0 0 0 0 80 0 0

63 f Comman d , t o befehl en 35
Chan ge, to umtaufcben 96 Comman der B efe
E bl sbaber , m 83 .

Ch apt er Rabi t el n ,81 Commer c i al

Ch ar i t abl e moblthdti g 88 house fpanbclé 82 baus , n

Ch a r i t y QIImofen n 76 , Commi t, to begeben 1 04 o o o o o o o o o o

Ch ar les S ur f, 77: 82 Common ly gembbnli d) 1 02

Ch ar mi n g r ei genb 84 Comp an i on . Q lcfdbr tc, m 74
Ch as e Sagb f 60 . Compan y 0 Qi ec Y C af
b t 55
m
, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ,

Ch ee r ful Compart men t 3a , n 72

Ch ees e R afe, m 64 Compos e, to componi ren 25 1 2 2

Ch er r y Ri t fd fl 88 f Con d i t i on Buftanb, m 65
Ches t n ut Raftamenbaum, m 9 3
. . Con duct fi ett agcn, n 54
Ch i de, t o [chclt en 36 Con d uct , t o ffi bt cn 52
Chef, m
’
80 Con duct on e s
Chi l d Ri nb,
. 72 s elf, to fi d) betr agen 1 19
Ch i n Ri nn n , 61 Con fi d en ce ‘
B et tt aucn n , 81
Ch oi ce QB ahl, 93
f Con s ci en ce (S emi fi cn n , 13 1
Ch r i s t , of t i iti m 81, Co n s i der abl e bebeut cnb 1 25
Ch r i s t i an Cbt i fi , 75 Con s i s t of, t o befi fbcn one 81
Chu r ch fi i rdx. f 30 . Co n s ole, t o t r bfi cn 30
Umftanb, 65 Con s on an t Ronfvnant, m 80
Ci t y g tabt f , 93 . Con st an tl y flete O O O O O O O O O O O O O 116
O

86 Con s u l 53 3
011 1 1 1, m . 80
Cl ean , t o r ei ni gen 76 Con tai n , t o entbaIt m . 81
Cl er gy man f at t et , m 76 Con ten d, to fi t ei t en O O O O OO O O O OO 41
91 Con t i n en t Conti nent, m 1 22
Cli mb, to 89 Con t i n ue, t o anbaIt cn 13 1
38 Con t r adi ct, t o mi bn fpt ccbm . 48
1 64 E E L M E NT ARY G E R MAN G R AMMA R .

PAG E FA G !

Dar kn es s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gi nflcrni fi ,
f 64
Con v i n ce, fi bct gcugcn 95 Da et 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
f
Sb at t eI , . 62
Cook R os i n, f 44 Daught er M m f , . 71
n 63 Day i aa m , 7 0, 1 28
Copy 215fdvfi ft . f 1 25 Dear l i eb 87
0 0 rd © ®nun fl o o o o o o 60 Debt © cbnl b f , . 60
Corn 30m , n 61 Decei v e, t o betr ugen 38
Cor r ect, Cor Deci s i v e cntf cbei t cnb 90
Deed 0
fl at f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 , . 60
Dee p 19
Degen erat e t o mi fiar t en 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 53
y
Dela , to auf fcbi eben 1 05
Coun tess ©t dfi n' f 77 Del i v er , t o abli efern 54
Coun t ing -h ou s e (Sonwtoi r n , . Deman d , t o fot t er a . 99
Cou n tr y Eanb n 1 9, 7 2
, Dep ar t , t o abr ei f cn 54
Coun tr y -h ouse Eanbbduécpen a 1 25 , . Depar t ur e
Coun t r y Q anbl cbcn, 75 I) es i r e Bufl , 74
Cou n t r ymen Banbsleutc 78 . Des p a i r of, on gmei f el n an 81
Co un t r y -pe ople Q anblcute
. 78 Des t r o , t o get ft b y
r cn 54
Cour i er Cour i er , m 46 Des t r o er y
S crfi br cr m , 13 1
Cousi n , m 78 Deta i n , t o au fhalten 43
Cow f73 Di amon d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SDi amant, m 80
Cr eate, 44 Di e, to fi ct bcn 36
Cr eep, to h i cd xn
.
‘
38 . Di g, to gr abcn o o o o o o o o o o o 44
‘ t bt cc
c ben, Di gn i ta r y © ei fl li d x, m 81
Di li gen t flei fii g 1 19
R 61 Di n e, to W
'

ang, n
a tag n
e en,

fbei fcn 1 21
Cu n n i ng 2111 , . f: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Di n i n g-r oom © mi fcfaa1 m 1 1 6 ,

Cup Di n n er 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 M i tt agécfien n 40 ,

Cur i ous (rare ) Di r ec t l y fogl ci d; 1 22

Cus h i on . Di sappr o ve, t o mi fibifl i gen 53
Cust om C ebuano , Di s co v er , to t n tbcd cn 54
Cut , t o fcbnd bcn 41 97 Diseas e Rr anfbci t 0 41 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
, f
Cut down , umbauen 1 02 Disgrace 60
Di s h 62
Dagger m 70 Di spl ease , t o mi fifal lcn 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Damage i dyabcn, m
G 70 D i s r egar d, t o mi fi adfl cn 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

f . 64 t
Di s i n ct l bt ut li d) 1 19 y
Dan ce, 5 0 11 3m 1 22 t
Di s r es s 64
Dan ce, to 48 Di t ch Crabcn m 70 ,

Dan e D one m , 74 Di v i de, to b er t bei l en 1 24

Danger (36 W): Do, t o t bun 4 6, 1 1 7
Dan ger ou sl y gt fdbt lt d) 1 15 Dog 0 0
faunb
0 0 0 0
70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
,

Dar i us fDarwfi ,
'

m 84 Domi n i ca n Q umi ni fancr m 8 1 , .

Dar k t unfd 55 Door Si bli n f 55

Dar kn es s s w ar m , Doz en SDnscnb, n 111
1 66 ELEMENTA RY G ERM AN G R A EMA E .

rAcx

Fi n i sh to
7 8 Fire
QBi rnDer 6 3 F i st .

F lax 8 1m mm ,

Fable fi abcl f , . 6 2 F lee t o

, fli cbcn
Face Ccflcbt , 7 8 F l eet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 10 m, f .

F a c ul t y Eafult at, f 81 F lesh gld fcb n r .

F ai l t o
, falli r cn 25 31 Fl i ght glu t f w r .

F ai t h (bi l a ubc, m 77 u t o p ut t o in bi t 91t

5
88 fd flagen 52
F a i t hfull y tr culi d) 117 Fli n g, t o fct mei fz en . 41
Fa lc on 3alfc , 6 4 F l ood 51m, f 59
Fall 8 au, m 57 F lour m
S ebl, n 61
F all ,
to 31 Fl ow, t o fli eficn 31 , 37
F all as l eep , to . . ei nfd flafcn 4 3 F lower ZB Iumc ,
f 75
Fal l i ll t o
2
, . . . . et ft an fen 31 F l ower -bed iB eet n , 60
F a ll 0 11, t o .. . ab all en
f 7 5 Fl uen c y Qjel aufi gtei t,
gami li c ,
f 89 Fly, t o fi i cgcn 31 37
Far wai t . Fly awa , to y mcgfli cgcn 37
. . élfi oben 89 Fodder 6 mm , 11 63
4 2 F ol i age S aul), n 61
8m , 61 F ollow, t o folgen 93
m 70 F oll y S bwbci t , f 58
Eeblcr 9 3 F ood 30 11 f 60
ma t
, ,

(bjefallcn m , 6 5 F ool r , m . 75
n © naft f 59 75
m
,

F ea r 8 1m f , . 59 Fat m , 69
F ea r to . . . .
fur ct t en 1 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 65d , m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75
F ea t her Et her f , 63 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
fli t , n acf
), t enn 1 22
F ee l to , ffi blcn 1 05 swi ngen 35
F er men t t o gabt m
, . 37 © t i t n, f 60
F er r y ov e r t o n ber fcben
, 54 For fl, m 77
F e s t er t o , {d r cn 38 28 am m , . 71
F est i val Ecfi n ,
F or et ell to 61 , uor cr agen b f 55
Fet ch, t o F or ge t o , fcbmiebcn 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30
F et ter 6 2 F or get t o 40
'

Ecfi cl f , ,
ver gt cn fi
F ev er Ei t her n 6 3 F or k
,
Cabcl, 76
Fe w menig 9 2 F or m O O O O O O O O O 3011 11 f 59
21d “ m
O O O
,

F i eld , 7 0 F or m t o , bilbcn 83
Eclb , 7 2 F or me r l y fonft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 16
ft 3 F r sa ke to on laflcn
'

a t en 7 o
,
97
ifei genbaum m 1 0 2 F or t r ess , Fcflung , f . 84
Ei nf , 75 F0 1 w ar d nor mat te 1 16
34 F oss i l 01W 7:
3 , 80
F oun da t i on Gi t unb, m 1 01
welbfi r afe F owl fi ubn , n. 72
Fr an ce Sr anfr citb , n. 19
 L
A PH A B E T I C AL i nnnx or me mes nos es . 1 6?
P AGE r Ac x

Fr an kfor t Fr ankfurt 83 , G o i n , to 55
Fr eder i ck fi r i ebri cp m 8 2, 1 1 0 Go i n a con

m
, .

F r eedom fi r e en f , 79 .
v e an ce
y ,
to fabr en 31
F r eez e t o
, 37 G o out , t o ausgeben . 43
F r ei gh t gr ad fl f . 59 . G od G ott 4 5, 71
F ren ch a dj , frangbfi fcbe 79 G oddess Gi otti n f , . 74
n 8. Sh an gbfi fd) 30 G odfat h er © eoatter m , 78
1 00 G ol d , 3 © olb n , . 61
3
mm » 30 n a dj gott en 1 22
ans, mm 90 G ood
8r ud)t , 1 02 G oods SIB aar en 55
9 53 . n 61 G oose 6 mf
a , 73
G oos eb er r y © tadyelbeer e, f .. 1 03
Font s , 80 G os p el G oangcli um , n 80
1 19 G out G i an, f 59
G ov er n ess Gr gi eberi n,
'

G emi ni ; m 65 .
gnabi g 1 19
G ai n , t o em er ben 1 28 Rorn, n
. 72
62
G an ges G anges m 58
, heroi ui gen 1 25
G ar d en (Eart en m 70
, QB ei ntr auBen, f 22 .

G ar den er © artner 42 ,
(Er as n , 72
G ar den -w all G ar tenmaner , fl 1 2 4 G rav e G raft, j : 73
G a r l a n ds Cui r lanben 52 (Er ab n , 72
G ar men t G emanb n 73 , @ d)malg n 61,

Rl ei b, n 72 grofi 92
84 Gjr ofie f , 58 .

S her , 70 Cri echenlanb, n 9 3 .

G ent , gr i m 7 9, 8 7
G eni e , 80 41
5m , 90 44
22
flBactetbum, m
mutfdye
e , n 30 65
SDeutfd flanb, n 19 QB ad fi , 60f
befommen 75
W at cher! 22
geben 39
76
G i ve up, aufgeben 13 1 H ag ue .
55m
g, m 59
48 Hai r 65am n , 61 .

G lass 6 m . 7: 35 7 2 é annn er, m 70

G l i d e, gl ei t en 41 Han d Daub , 35 7 3
f
G li mm er , gli mmen 38 Han dbook 6 anb bud) n 65 ,

G l ow Han dwr i t i ng b ant f ri ft, w

G o, t o gcbc u Han g, t o bangen 43
G o a w ay . t o .. for t geben . Han ov er fi annooer n 92 .
168 E EL M ENTAR Y G E R M AN G R AMM A R .

PAG E P AG E

Hap pen , t o 1 03
Happy glfi cfli d) 1 20 72 far m ,

Har bo ur b afen m , 7 0, 7 6 B fer b n

’
0 0 69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
,

Har ds hi p BB efcpmer be ,
n 91 0 6 n 61 ,

faafe m , 64 Hosp i al t
Jbvtr i t aI, n 80
'

Harz Moun H ost © d)ar

0 0 060 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 , f
t ai ns 45a
mm , H ot 0
bei f;
0 0 0 93 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Q afl f ,
H our © t unt e f 1 09 , .

House é aue n 72 ,

Hover , (ct meben 1 23

H ow mi e 35, 1 1 7
65m, 11 61 H o wli n g (Eebeul, n 57
5 mm , 72 H um an ean t we 69 m ,

Rovf , 39 Hu n dred wei ght Gent ner m 111 ,

Healt h G efunbbei t , H un gar i an Ungar m 74 ,

Q aufe m , 77 Hus ban ds (fi bemanner m 7 9 ,

bbr en . 30
fi er a n , 77 I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
i d) 94
Q ei be f , 65 I am s orr y es r at b mi r lei t 1 2 0 .

foei be m , 65 Ice 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Ste , n 36

75 If mean 16
R i no, n 61 Ill tr anf 19
Hei r 65 Illn ess Rr anfbei t
.

ll elm @ teuer , n 64 foglei d) 40

He l p , t o belieu 36 I mp t i e t a n ungeoult i g 22
Her b fi t aut . n 72 I mp e di g n n be oor ftebenb 1 25
H er ds man fai n, m 43, 75 Imp li ci t 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 un bet i ngt 1 20
He r e bi er 1 15 I mpor tan t mtct t i g 1 02
Her e b elt m , 75 Impo i ble ss unmogli d
) 1 07
Her oi n e foelbi n,
f . 74 Impo t o s r 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 fi et r uger, m 1 07
Hew, t o bauen . 43 I mprob ble a nn mabr fit ei nli ct 1 20
Hi de, to ber gm 35 Impro v e, t o fi ct befi er n 117
Hi gh . 11°C? " 92 In i n auf bet ti n
, ,

Hi ll Q uad m , 1 23 1 9, 1 0 1 , 1 1 6
Hi m ibn 30, 9 4 In sp i te of tr os 1 24
In ch 3 0 11, m 78
Hi t , t o 36 I c ease to
n r , annehmen 76 .

Hi t h er bet 1 15
. 1 1 6 In d eed frei li d) 1 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Hi t her t o bi eber . 1 1 6 In desc i b bl e r a unbefd nei bli ct) 79

Hold, bat’ten 4 3 I di v i dual
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Mess en ger Q ot e, m 46
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M i n ers zB er gl eut e 78 Name fl ame m , 77
Mi n s te r whi nfter m , 89 n (Ch r i s t i an ) Qi or n ame , m 46
Mi s ca r r y, mi fi li ngen 53 Name, t o nennen 45
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1 72 ELE M E N T A R Y G E RMA N G R A M M A R.

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1 74 E LE MENT A R Y G ERM A N G R A MM A R

P AG E r A Gn

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P r op r i et or zB efleer, m 88 er nt en 1 07
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P r u n e, befcbnei t en 42 Recoll ect , t o fi ts eri nner n 1 02
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Rage EDI 60
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 A LP H A B ETI CA L I N D E X OF EN G LI SH WO R D S .

P AG E

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176 ELE M E N T A R Y G ER MAN G R A M M A R.

P AG E

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178 ELE M E N TA R Y G ERMA N G RAMMA R .

P AG E P AG E
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P AG E P AG E

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War Rr i eg m . , 1 22 Wi n t o gewi nnen 36
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,

Sl t eberIage f , . . . 1 28 Wi n d filli nb, m 11 9

War m war m 22 Wi n d t o mi nbcn 35
War n
, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

am
aufmer ff Wi n d on e s self ’
,
macben to .
ri d)
Wi n dow ii enfler n , 55
Wi n e QB ei a m , 35
QBafier , n Wi n e p r es s ~
C C C C C C ReIt er, f 63
1 80 ELE M E N T A R Y G ER MA N G R A M M A R.

PA G E F AT E

Wi s dom . QBei Bbei t , f . 58 Wr i n g t o , r i ngen

88 Wr i t e t o , fdyr ei bcn
3
11 10 1 d
5 m 1 28 Wr i t i n g © d fl i ft, I
‘

fh
ni fi n c cn 30 Wr on g a d v , faIfd)
I0 1 , 1 03 l lar ecbt n ,

i nnen 1 1 5, 1 25
fi
au en

m
0 13 1 26
62
QB 0 1f m
, 31
59 ia 10 0 51
8 r auensi mmerm 58 . Y es te r da y
Won der fiBunber n , 64 . b efor e . 0 0 r ge ter a
f
1 04
Wood (a m 1 27
n 78
.

Wor k i’B er t, n 52
Wor k t o
,
ar bei ten 31
Wor ker e bei ter m ,1 06
Wor p Ople .
‘
llr bei tSIcut e 78
Wor ld .
‘
IBeIt , f 45
71
Woun d , to nerm unrcn 97
Wr eck QBr acf , 62 3i nt .

THE

Ed i n bu r g h
P r i n t e d by W . R . Ch a mbe r s , Li mi t e d .