MO U ND BU I LDERS :

TH EI R

WO RKS A ND RELIC S .

R E V S TE PH E N
. D . F EET, PH D .

Mem b er of A m . A n t i q ua r i a n S oc i e ty Am . Or i en t a l S oc ie ty F ellow ofA m . A sso c i a t ion

Ad .
f S c i e n c es
o Me m b er of Vi c t or i a I n s t i t ut e. a ls o f
o S oc ie t e de E t k nog r a plzi e ; Cor .

Mem b er of Num is m a t i c S oc i e ty of Ne w Yor k H i s t or i c a l S oc i et ies of Vi rg i n ia

, .

Wi s c on s i n Rh o de I sla n d Da oenpor t A c a dem y of S c ie n c e A ls o

, . .

E di t or of A m er i c a n A n t i q ua r i a n a n d Or i en t a l j our n a l .

VOL I . .

I LLU S TR A TED .

CH ICA GO :

OF F I C E O F THE A ME R I C A N A NT I QU A R I A N .
 TO T H E O F F I CE R S
O F TH E

S MI T H S O N I A N I NS TITU TI ON ,

I N A C K NO W L E DG ME NT O F THE MA NY F A V ORS A ND K I ND WO R DS
OF E NC O U R A G E ME NT R E C E I V E D,

TH I S V O LU ME 18 R E S PECT F U LLY DE DI CA T E D
BY T H E

A U T H O R .
 INTRO DUCTIO N .

HE fo u r h u n dr e dt h a n n i ve r s a r y of th e di s c o v e r y of

Am er i c a w i ll m a ke a w o rk on Pr e h i s t o r i c A m er ic a
ve r y o p p r t un e o . Th e a ut h or h a s spe n t t w e l ve or fou r
t e en y e a r s in p r e p a r in g s uc h a w or k , a n d n o w t a kes

p le a s u r e i n p r e s e n t i n
g it t o t h e p u b li c .

Dur i n g t h i s t im e t h er e h a ve b e e n m any di s c ov e r i e s ;
c o n seq ue n t ly m a n y ch a n g es of th ou gh t . Th e se di s
c ove r i e s an d ch a n g es h a ve h a d re g a r d fi r s t to th e

M oun d-b u i lde r s

’

p r o b le m .

S om e fo r t y y e a rs a g o it w a s h e ld th a t th e Mi s s i s s i p p i
va l le y m u s t h a ve b ee n se t t le d b y a c i v i li z e d p e o p le wh o

h a d m i g r a t e d fr m o so m e h i st o r i c c ou n t r y . S i lv e r sw or d
sc a b b ar ds , i r o n k n i v e s , He b re w in sc r i pt i on s ,
t r i un e

v a se s , an d ot h er c ur o
i us r e li c s ,
w e r e d w e lt up on as

p r o v i n g t h is . Th e Mo r m o n de lu s i o n g re w o ut of an

e r r o n e ous th o r y a s t o t h e lo s t t r i b e s
e .

La t t e r ly t h e o p i n i o n h a s g on e t o t h e ot h e r e xt r e m e .

Th e Mo u n d - b u i lde r s w e r e sa v a g es, a n d di ffe r e d fr o m

th e m o de r n I n di a n s on ly i n t h a t th ey u se d s t on e a n d po t
t er y in st e a d of ir on an d t in fo r th eir w ea pon s a n d
ut e n s i ls . Th i s Op i n ion ,
h o w e ve r ,
is a s fa r o ut of th e

wa y a s th e p r e v i o u s on e . Th i s p e o p le i n h a b it ed t h e

Mi s s i s s i p p i v a lle y du r i n g th e sa m e tim e th a t th e C li ff

dw e ll e r s a n d Pu e b lo s di d t h e g r ea t p l a t e a u x ,
a n d th e

c i v i li z e d r a c e s di d t h e c en t r a l pr ovin c es ,
an d c on s t i t u t e d
a c u lt us w h i c h di ffer e d e s se n t i a lly fr o m a n y ot h er n o w
kn o w n t o h i st o r y . Th i s i s t h e p o s i t i on wh ich th e a ut h or
h a s sou g h t t o e st a b li s h i n t h e fi r s t v o lu m e of t h e se r i e s .

By t a k i n g t h i s a s t h e t r ue p o si t i o n ,
w e w or k b ot h wa ys,
ca rr y t h e Mo un d b u i ldi n
-
g p e r i od b a ck in t o a n t i qui t y

a n d b r in g it do w n n ea r to h i s t or i c t i m e . We m ay
 I N T R O DU CTI ON .

a sc r i b e a l o n ge r p e r i od o f oc c u p a t i on t o t h e p e op le a n d
a t th e sa m e t im e m a k e t h e p r e h i s t o r i c c on d i t i o n m o r e

i m p or t a n t an d m ar k ed . Th e c ult us of t h e ea r li e r r a ces

is m a g n i fi e d , b u t t h e diffe r e n c e s b et wee n th em a n d th e

i n v a di n g h un t e r t r i b es is in c r e a se d .

A n im a l Tot e m i s m h as b e e n a su b j ec t o f m uc h i n q ui r y

dur i n g t h e p a s t fe w y e a r s . It is a sy st e m w h ic h h a s

p r e v a i le d a m on g th e u n c i v i li z e d r a c e s e ve r
y w h er e . It
a ls o e xi s t e d e xt e n s i ve ly or i gi n a l r a c e s
a m on g th e a b .

A m e r i c a i s t h e fi e ld i n w h i c h i t i s se e n i n a ll i t s v a r i e ty
a n d p ow e r Th e b oo k o n Em b le m a t i c Mou n ds i llu s t r a t e s
t h is Th e t o t e m s o f a t r i b e o f h u n t e r s w e r e w r o u g h t
.

i n t o e a r t h s h a p e s a n d c o n s t i t ut e s t r i k i n g fe a t ur e s o f t h e
la n ds c a p e Th e y p e r p e t u a t e t h e di vi n i t i e s o f t h e p e op le
.

a n d e m b o dy t h e i r s up e r s t i t i o n s A n i m a l w or s h i p i s .

t h e k e y t o t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e s e e ffi g i e s .

Th e m y t h s a n d s y m b ols o f t h e p r e h i s t o r i c r a c e s a r e

p r o v i n g v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g a n d r i c h S o m e o f t h e se s h o w .

st r i k i n g r e se m b la n c e s t o t h e m yt h s wh ich a r e so w e ll
k n ow n as b el n o gi n g t o th e h i s t or i c ount r i es a n d g i v e
c ,

i n c r e a si n g e vi de n c e of p r e -C ol um b i a n c on t a c t w i t h
ot h e r c on t i n e n t s I t i s b u t a v e r y fe w y e a r s s i n c e t h e
.

a ut oc h t h o n o u s t h e or y w a s a dop t e d b u t di s c ove r i e s ,

h a v e a lr e a dy t h r ow n do u b t o n t h i s t h e o r y a n d n o w ,

t h e b u r de n o f p r oo f r e s t s u p o n t h e a u t h or s o f i t t h o u g h ,

t h e l a w o f p a r a lle l de v e lo p m e n t i s a c k n ow le dg e d b y

a ll . Th ere are ve r y s t r a n g e r e se m b la n c e s b e t w ee n th e

sy m b ols in t h is c o un t r y an d th ose fou n d in t h e fa r

Ea s t . Th e w or k on sy m b oli s m w i ll b r i n g o ut t h e se

p o i n t s ,
a n d w ill b e va lu a b le on th is acc ou n t .

Th e Cli ff-dw e lle r s are a m y st e r i o us p e o p le . By s om e

th ey a r e c la s s e d w it h t h e Ca v e -d w e lle r s of Eur o p e , b u t
th ey w er e m uc h m or e a dv a n c ed . Th ey h a ve de ve l p e d o
a st y le of a rch i t e c t u r e p e c uli a r t o t h e m s e lv e s . Th ey

w e r e p r ob a b ly th e s ur vi v or s of th e Pue b lo s , b ut w er e
p r e c e de d by a race en t i r e ly di ffe r e n t . Th e r e li c s ,
 I N T R O DU CTI ON .

s t r uc t ur e s an d ot h e r to ken s sh ow th a t th er e w er e t h r ee

c la s se s o f p e o p le w h o i n h a b i t e d t h e gr e a t p la t e a u a n d
m a de t h eir a b o de a m i d t h e m ou n t a i n s a n d de e c o
p a n n s

of th e fa r We s t —th e W i ld I n di an s, th e Cli ff-dw e lle r s

an d a n un k n o wn ra ce .

A c om p a r i so n b et ween t h e a r ch i t e c t ur e of di ffe r e n t

p a r t s o f th e c on t i n e n t i s dr a w n i n t h e four t h volu m e
of t h e se r i e s . Th e I n di a n s o f t h e No r t h t h e Moun d ,

b u i lde r s of th e Mi s s i ss i p p i v a lle y ,
an d of th e c i v i li z e d

r a ces a r e de s c r i b e d i n on n e c t i on w i t h t h e s t r uc t u r e s o f
c

th e Cl i ff-dw e lle r s a n d t h e Pu e b lo s a s t h e y a ll r e p r e se n t ,

di ffe r e n t st y le s of a rc h i t e c t ur e . Th a t th er e was an

A m er ic a n st y l e of a r c h i t e c t ur e i s t h e p o s i t i o n t a k en b y
th e a o r o f t h i s w or k t h ou gh i t i s un c e r t ai n w h e t h e r
ut h ,

i t s de ve lo p m e n t w a s e n t i r e ly s e p a r a t e fr o m c on t a c t
w i t h ot h e r n a t i o n s Th e da t e o f c i v i li z a t i o n i n Me xi c o
.

h a s b ee n tra c ed b ac k to th e t h ir t een t h c en t ur y ,
an d in
Ce n t r a l A m erica to th e s i xt h cen t ur y . S om e w o ul d
p la c e t h e b e g i n n i n g of th e Ma y a c i v i li z a ti on b ef re o th e

Ch r i st ia n er a . Th e c on t r a s t b et w een t h e a r ch i t e c t ur e
of th e ea r li e r Ma y a s an d th e la t e r or A ztec r a c es w i ll
b e a ls o b rou g h t out b y t h i s v o lu m e.

A s to th e a g e of m an in Am er ic a ,
th e a ut h or a t pr es

en t ta k es n o de fi n i t e p o s i t i o n . Th e p r o gr e s s o f di s c ove r y
h a s se e m e d t o fa v or a ve r y c o n s i de r a b le a n t i q u i t y ,
b ut
as o
d ub t h a s b e en th ro wn u p o n a ll s u c h t o k e n s a s th e

Ca la v e r a s s k u ll a n d th e Na m p a im a g e ,
an d th e r e li c s

fr o m t h e g ra ve l b e ds h a ve b een p r on o u n c e d b y va r i us o
a ut h or it ies a s la c k i ng m an y of t h e q ua l i t i e s of p a le o
li t h i c re li c s , t h e sub j e c t h a s b ee n le ft un de c i de d , w i t h
th e e xp e c t a t i on th a t fut u r e di s c ov e r i e s w i ll fu r n i s h
m or e if n ot b et t e r e v i de n c e .

I t w i ll b o p r i a t e t o s a y t h a t p or t i on s o f t h e v o l
e a pp r

u m e s m e n t i o n e d a b ov e h a v e a lr e a dy b e e n p u b li s h e d i n

Th e A m e r i c a n A n t i q u a r i a n a n d t h e p o i n t s r e fe r r e d t o ,

h a v e b e e n s u b j e c t e d t o di s c u s s i o n a m o n g t h e a r c h m o lo
 I N T R O DU CTI ON .

g i s t s . Ot h er p o r t i o n s w i ll a pp e a r in t h a t j o u r n a l ,
a n d
w i ll b e p u b li s h ed in b oo k fo r m as ra p i dly a s c i r c um

st a n c e s w i ll p e r m i t .

Th e a ut h or t a k e s p le a s u r e i n acow le dg i n g a s s i s t
kn
a n ce fr o m di ffe r e n t s ou r c e s i n th e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e fi r s t

v o lu m e . Th e se s ou r c e s a re a s fo llo w s Th e w o r k o n :

An c ien t Mo n u m en t s , b y S qui er an d Da vi s ; A n t i q ui t i e s

of Te n n e ss e e , b y Ge n . G . P Th
. ur s t o n ,
A n t i qui t i e s of

S out h e r n I n di Jon e s J r ; t h e A b o r i g i
a n s ,
b y Co l C C . . .
,
.

n a l R a c e s o f Te n n e s s e e b y Dr J o s e p h J o n e s ; No r t h ,
.

A m e r i c a n s of A n t i q ui t y b y R ev J T S h o r t ; F o r t ,
. . .

A n c i e n t b y W a r r e n K Moor e h e a d ; Mo u n d B u i lde r s b y
,
.
,

R e v J P Ma c Le a n ; V a n i s h e d R a c e s b y A C Co n a n t ;
. . .
,
. .

Hi s t o r y o f t h e Ch e r o k e e s b y Dr Cy r u s Th o m a s ; V a r i o u s ,
.

n u m b e r s o f S m i t h s on i a n R e p o r t s ; A n n u a l R e p o r t s o f

Et h n o lo g i c a l B ur e a u ; Th e Da v e n p o r t A c a de m y o f
S c i e n c e ; Pe a b o dy Mu se u m ; Th e A m e r i c a n A ss oc i a t i o n ;
Ge o lo g i c a l S u r ve y o f I n di a n a ; Th e Na t u r a l Hi s t o r y
S oc i e t y o f Ci n c i n n a t i ; Th e Ca n a di a n I n s t i t u t e o f To r o n t o ;
Th e A m er ic a n Na t u r a li s t a n d t h e Am er ic a n A n t i qua r i a n .

Ma n y of t h e c u t s i n t h i s v o lu m e h a ve b een t a k e n fr m o
th e p l a t e s f u n d i n A o n c ie n t Mo n u m en ts, w h ic h h a ve

b ee n oc e s s
r e du c e d o t h e r s fr o m
b y t h e v o lu m e
p r

b y C C Jo n e s J r . B loc k s h a v e a ls o b e e n lo a n e d b y
.
,
.

Th e Na t u r a l Hi s t o r y S o c i e t y o f Ci n c i n n a t i Th e Da v e n ,

p o r t A c a d e m y o f S c i e n c e Mr B o y le o f t h e C a n a d i a n ,
.

I n s t i t u t e , Ho n . B e la B . Hu b b a r d an d S . H . B i n k le y
Ele c t r o t y p e s h a ve b een fur n i sh ed b y th e S m it h so n ia n

In st i t ut e ,
th e Et h n olo g i c a l B ur e a u , Mr . A . E . Do u g la s .

Mr . R o b e r t Cla r k e , Ge n . G a t e s P Th u r s t o n . . F or a ll of

th e se fa v o r s t h e a ut h or w i sh es to e xp r e s s h is s i nc e r e

th a n ks .
 TA BLE O F C O NTENTS .

C HAPTE R I .

THE MY S T E R I O U S RA C ES .

P a le o l th i c M
i — Na m pa I m a g e — Th e C a ve dwe lle r s in Eur o pe a n d in
an -

A m e r i c a — T h e P e o p le wh o Le ft t h e S h e ll H e a ps— Ma n a n d t h e
Ma s t o do n — S a lt Mi n e s a n d C yp r e ss Ra ft s .

C HAPTE R I I .

T H E MO U ND BU I LDE R S A ND T H E I R W O R K S
-
.

Th e M u d b uild
o nH b it t i t h Mi i ippi V ll y— Di t i t
-
ers
’
a a n e ss s s a e s r c s Di vide d
a c c o r din g k o G e o g r a ph i c a l Lin e s— Dide re n t C l se as — Efli g ie s in W is
s

sin —Lo o k o ut Mo un ds a nd T um uli in t h e P i ie

ra r R e g io n — Mili t a r y
Wo r ks on th e G r e a t La k es —S a c red En c lo s ur e s in O h io - Be e H ive
ClS t S Ea s t of
t h e A p pa la c h ia n M
o un t a i n s — S t o n e G r a ve s o n t h e

C um b e r la n d— C w
Lo dg e i r c le s a m o n g t h e C vp r e ss S a m p s —
yr a m ids P
in t h e G ulf S t a t es .

C HAPTE R I I I .

THE MO U ND BU I LDE R S A ND T H E
-
MA S T O DO N .

Th e Na m in g P
o f th e — T h e Ne r i ods
e li i
o th c A g e — D a t e o f t h e M o u n d
b uilde r s— C o n t e m po ra n e o us wi t h t h e Ma s t o do n — Ele p h a n t P i pe s a n d
th e Da ve n po r t Ta b le t .

C H A PTE R I V .

T H E MO U ND BU I LDE R S A ND T H E BU FF A LO-
.

Th e A pp f th B uff l —Th S u
ea ra n c e o w f R
e — H a o e c c e ss n o a c es o pe we ll

M u d— A t iq uit y f t h E th w k — C t t f t h M
o n n o e ar -
or s o n en s o e o un ds

F w B uff l P ip
e B u i l t Difi t D pt h
a o es r a s a eren e s.

C HAPTE R V .

BU R I A L MO U NDS O F T HE DI FF E R E NT DI S T R I C T S .

Dis t r ic t s o c c up i e d by Diffe r e n t C la s se s in t h e No r t h e r n Dis t n c t —Blufi

Mo un ds o n U ppe r th e —
a n d B ur i a l Mo un ds in
Miss iss ippi Efli g ie s
Wis c o n s in B uri a l Mo un s o f M c h ig a n Th e C h a m be r e d Mo un ds
— d i —
o f Mi s so ur i —T h e S t o n e C i s t s o f T e n n e s se e .
 TA B LE OF C O NT E NT S .

C HA PTE R VI .

THE S A C R E D ENC LO S U R E S O F O H IO .

Th e b
S ym o ls e m b o died in T —
h e m Th e Ci r c le a n d th e C r e sc e n t -
Th e Pl a t~

fo r m —Th e C irc le a nd Sq ua r e — E lli pse — Th e Rh o m bo id F ig ur e

En c lo sur e s use d a s V illa g e s— P r o visio n s fo r R e s ide n c e fo r A m us e ,

m en t , W fo r
a t er ,
—
fo r C ult iva t io n Th e De fe n se s o f t h e V illa g e s
P a r a lle l W a —
lls a n d C o ve red Wa ys F o rt i fie d H ills— F e a s t Gr o un ds
S a c r ific ia l P la c e s a s we ll a s V i lla g e s P r o t e c t ed b y W a lls
, .

C HAPTE R VI I .

T H E S TO NE G R A V E P EO P LE .

Th ei r H a bit a t io n o n t h e C um be r la n d
b y G en G de s c r i
Th r ust o n - Ab ed . . P .

—
De s c r i p t io n o f t h e R e g o n W e r e t h ey a
i ist o r ic o r a r eh is t o r i c H P
Pe o ple — D e s c ri p t io n o f t h e o t t e ry o r t ra i t s — P
Th e i r ur ia l C us P B
tom s — Wh o B uilt t h e S t o n e G r a ve s ?

C HA PTE R VI I I .

TH E MI G R A T I O N O F T H E M O U ND BU I LDE R S -
.

Th r ee g r ea t A r t e r ie s, Th e Misso ur i , Th e Mississipp i a n d Th e Oh io R i ve rs
Na t ive Mig ra t io n th r o ug h th e Oh io V a lle y— Th e Oh io R i ve r a nd

it s B ra n c h e s, t h e K e n a wh a, th e S c io t o , t h e W a ba sh an d th e C um
b e r la n d— Dide r e n t Tr i be s o fIn dia n s a n d t h e ir T ra dit io n s —Th e Co m
p a r i so n be t ween t h e Wo r ks—Th e S e rpen t Efli g i es—V illa g e En c lo s
ur e s and Bu nal Mo un ds—Th e Dlfie r e n t Mo de s of Bu i r al in t h e
V a lley C o m pa re d wi t h t h o se P r a c t i c ed Else wh e r e .

C HAPTE R I X .

V I LLA G E LI F E A ND T H E MO U ND BU I LDER S C U LT U S -
.

Th e P uli i t i di t g i i g t
ec u
ar h h
es M u d b ui ld
s inV gll — A t udy
s n e o n -
e rs
’
i a es s

o f t h e Ea r t h wo r -
ks S
— to c k a de V i lla g e s —W a lle d V illa g e s —Th e lo ss
o f th e C
ult us — C o n fe de r a c i e s a m o n g t h e Mo un d b u ild e r s —V a r ie t y
-

in t h e V ill ag e A r c h i t e c t ur e —Th e V illa g es o f Ne w Y k or , Oh i o , A r

k a n sa s , T e n n e sse e a n d th e —
G ulfS t a t e s Th e P e c ulia F e r a t ur e s o f t h e

Oh i o V ill a g es — Wa lls— C o ve r e d W a ys — Ob se r va t o ri e s
H e a vy
Wa t c h —
To we r s G de d
r a W a ys — F o r t i fie d H i lls — Lo o k o ut Mo un ds .

CHAPTE R X .

P Y R A MI DA L MO U NDS I N T H E G U LF S TA TES .

Th e C ah o ki M u d d t h P y
a o nm d — B
an k idg D o er ra i s ra c enr e s
'
e s c ri pt io n

O bj e c t o f th e P yr a m i ds — F a llin g Ga r de n s a nd t h e Bi g Mo un d a t S t .

—
Lo uis Ta bl e of M e a sur e m e n
t
— Th e Co m p a ri s o n o f t h e P yr a m ids i n

W is c o n si n , I lli n o is a n d th e G ulf S t a t e s — Th e Lo c a t io n of th e Py ra

m ids on th e Lo we r Mississippi— W a ln ut B a yo u —P ra ir ie Je fie rso n

S T o wn sh ip,
e lt z e r Cc B o li va r .
-
P yr a m ids o ft h e Ea st e rn Dist r ic t —Th e
Et o wa h , Ma s s ie s K o h lee Mc , k e e , a nd o th e r P y m
r a ids — De sc r ipt io n
o f va r io us P y a m id
r s .
 TA B LE OF C O NT ENTS .

CHAPTE R X I .

DE F E NS I V E W O R K S O F T H E MO U ND BU I LDE R S -
.

Difie r en t M th d e fD f o Di fi
s o t Di t i t — L k ut M u d i
e e n se i n er en s r c s oo o o n s n

Mi t Wi
n n e so a , i I lli i Mi u i O h i I di
sc o n s n , d W e st n o s, s so r , o, n ana an

Vi g i i — G v C k d V
r n a ra ee I d i — S t ck d F t
r ee f
an i n c en n s, n a na o a e or s o

N thor Oh i
e rn d N w Y k— S t k d F t
o an f S ut h
e Oh io or oc a e or s o o e rn ,

c om p a r a t i ve ly m o de r n —“
A n c ie n t in S o ut h e r n Oh io H ill F o rt s
“
H
F o rt ifie d ills i n H ig h la n d o un ty F o rt A n c ien t Two F o r t s — C
— — — —
No r t h a n dS o ut h Ga t ewa ys W a lls Loo o ut s T e a c e s F o rt s o n
rr — k
t h e Mia m i
”B C — C b
“
o le r a in e , H a m ilt o n ,
, a r lisle a n d F a r m e r s ur g S to n e
F o rt s a t o urn e ville Oh io la r Co un t y, I n dia n a Ma n c h est e r ,
, , C k ,

Te n n e ss e e — “ —
Wa lled To wn s o n t h e Big Ha rpe th Ma n da n F o r t o n "

t h e Misso ur i — “
Wa lled To wn s o n t h e S t ra n c is R i ve r a n d in t h e . F
C yp r e ss S wa m ps ofA r ka n sa s .

C HAPTE R X I I .

T H E R E LI G I O US WO R K S OF THE MO U NDB U I LDE R S .

R elig io us S e n t im e n t S tro ng —Dide r e n t ki n ds o f R elig i o n m a n i fe st a m ong

t h e Mo un d builde r s —
-
Th e Ge o g ra ph y o fR elig io n A n im is m — A m ong -

t h e No m a ds— —
C h a m be re d Mo un ds o n th e U p pe r Mississippi A n i
im a l W o rsh ip — Th e Effig y Mo un ds a n d To t e m ism —T h e Myt h - ea r b
e r s a m o n g t h e Effig i e s— F ir e W o r sh i p in I o wa a n d I llin o is— r e m a C
t io n Mo un ds n e a r Da ve n po r t — Moo n h
ult in S o ut e rn h
O o i — r e sc e n t C C
sh a p e d W a ll a r o un d th e Da n c e —
G r o un ds Th e Moo n C ult a nd th e
A lta r Mo un ds .

C HAPTE R X I I I .

T H E WA TE R C U LT A ND T H E S O LA R C U LT .

R elig i o us S y t m
s ef th M o u d b uild c t i u d— Th
s o e Sy t n -
ers on n e r ee s em s em

b o die d in th eOh io Dist n c t ; S e rp e n t Wo rsh ip , S un W o r sh i p a n d t h e

Wa t e r C ult sim ila r t o t h a t i n G r e a t
,
—
Brita in Th e Wo r k s a t A veb ury
a nd th e Wo rks at Po r t s m o ut h , Oh io , c o m pa r e d— Ho r s e sh o e s, Co n
c e n t ri c Ci r c le s a nd Pa r a lle lWa t e r W a lls c o n n e c te d wit h th e
C o ur se s S un Wo r sh ip S un C ir c le s a n d G ra de d W a ys o n th e Wh it e
,

R i ve r a n d K e n a wh a R i ve r —A lt a r Mo un ds de vo t e d t o S un Wo r sh ip
’

Or ie n ta t e d P yr a m ids— Th e V in c e n n e s Mo un d— C o rr e s po n de n c e o f
th e b
S un S ym o ls on t h e S h e ll Go rg e t s a n d in t h e Ea r t h wo r s k
S poo l O r n a m e n t s a n d I n c e n s e ipe s S i g n s o f S un W o r sh ip re sc en tP C
P a ve m e n t a t C
ir c le ville .

CHAPTE R X IV .

MO U ND BU I LDE R S A ND I NDI A N R E LI C S
-
’
.

T h e t e rm s I n dia n a n d Mo un d b uilde r s — Th e P r o t o h is t o r i c a n d
-
th e Pr eh is
t o ri c P e r io ds — De t e rio ra t io n of Na t i ve A r t —Ge o g ra ph i c a l di s tr i b u
t io n o f R e li c s —R e lic s fr o m Ca n a da , I n dia n a nd fr o m O h io M o un d

b uilde r — C o m pa i so n r of t h e R e li c s o f t h e I n dia n s a n d t h e M o un d

b uild er s — C e ta i P o
r n r t r a it P ipe Mo dern s, , o th ers A n c ie n t —I n dia n
Ma c e s a nd Mo un d b uilde r Ma c e s c o m pa re d—Mo n it o r P ipe s o f t h e
-

I n dia n s a n d Mo un d b ui lde r s c o m
-
d
p a r e .
 TA B LE OF C O NT E NTS .

C HA PTE R X V .

S Y MB O LI S M A MO NG T H E MO U ND BU I LDE R S -
.

Th e C p S t o es
u n in E u r o p e a n d A m e r i c a — S po o l O rn a m e n t s ~ Th e S e r pe n t

S ym o l i nbI llin o is a n d in O h i o — Th e h a llic S ym o l a n d t h e S ua s P b

ti k a — C o n ve n t io n a l F ig u es— I r n s c ri b ed Ta le t s b .

C HA PTE R XVI .

R E LI C S F R O M A LTA R MOU NDS A ND A S H P IT S .

De s c r ip t i f th A lt
on o M u d S ym b li m i th A lt
e — ar do n s o s n e a rs a n no t in t h e

A sh —
P it s F i r e use d in t h e A lta r s a n d n o t in t h e A s h P it s — Ch a ra c t e r

o f th e R e lic s in t h e A lt a rs ; C
Le a d G o ld S ilve r I r o n — a r ved
o p pe r , , , , C
P i pes a n d ig ur F
e s upo n t h e A lt a r s — h a ra c t e r o f t h e R e lic s in t h e C
A sh P —
it s R u de i p e s fr o m PLi m e S t o n e a n d S a n d S t o n e — o t t e r y P
V l
e sse s n m e o s i
u r u n h
t e A sh Pi ts n i
ot n t e h A lt a r s Mo de r n loo in
— , k g
R e lic s , C o p pe r Be lls , Po t t e ry V a se s , Ea g le P ip es .

C HA PT E R X V I I .

R E LI CS S H O W I NG THE C I V I LI Z A TI O N O F THE MO U ND
BU I LDE R S .

C ivili z a t io n not in th e S to ne Ag e — Mo un d b uilde r s -

not Cw nli z e d , as

s h o wn b y t h e ir A r t s b ut t h e s o c ia l c o n dit i o n va ri e s wit h t h e lo c a li t y
,

T h e A r t o f W e a vin g a n d Ma i n g o t t e ry — k P
T h e Ma t e r ia l us e d O r
—
n a m en ta l P
a t t e rn s t h e G r e e k, re t a n d o th e r F —
S ym o ls T h r e e di s b
t in c t g r a de s e xh b
i i t e d in A m e ri c a ; S a va g e r y, B b ar a ris m a nd C i vili

z a t io n — Th e Mo un d -
b ui ld e rs in t h upp e r g r a de o f S a va g e ry o r
e

lo we r g r a de B b i m — Th
of ar ar s e b
diffe r e n c e e t we e n t h e No r t h e rn a n d
S o ut h e rn M u d b ui ld
o n xh ib it
-
e rs e ed in t h e i r Wo r k s a nd R e li c s .
 ILLUS TRATIO NS .

CH A P T E R I .

PA G E .

F ig u er r — Pa le o lit h ic R e lic o f S t A c h e ul T yp
s . e

2 — P a le lith ic R lic s f m t h e De l w e
o e ro a ar R i ve r . I
— Pl c e of F F i d
3 a t i rs n
— P la c e f S e c o d F i d
4 o n n
— P e s t le d M ta
5 n a or r

6 and7
— Na m pa
Im a g e
—
8 R e li c fr o m a ve C
o a n d T o — P
a leo lit h i c R e lic s fr o m C a ve in F ra n c e

n — C a ve s o f t h e C Ii fi dwe lle r s -

l z— P a le o li t h ic A, x fr o m T r e n t o n G r a ve l
1 3— Ele h a n t
p P ip e f o m r I o wa .

CH A P T E R II .

F ig u er 14— A n i m a l E ffig ie s
ls — B
ur ia l Mo un ds i n I llin o is
F
16 — o r t a t C o n n e a ut O h io ,

1 7 — F o t a t W e ym
r o ut h , O h io
l 8— V ill g e E n c la o s ur e in O h i o
l o — V ill g e o f S t
a one G r a ve Pe o p le

zc — C h u k y Y d
n ar .

C HA P T E R III .

F ig ur e l— Ele ph a n t E ffig y in W is c o n s i n
2 a nd 3— O b sidia n A r r o ws fr o m I da h o

4, 5 , 6 a nd 7
— Sh e ll B ea ds fr o m Mo un ds
—
8 B o n e Ne e dle s
o
— P o t t e r y V
a s e fr o m Mi c h ig a n

lO — H oe s fr o m T e n n e ss e .

ll — k
S i c le s fr o m Te n n e ss e e
l z— B a n n er S t o n e s fr o m Fl o r ida
—
1 3 G o ld (
not S ilve r ) O rn a m en t fr o m Fl o r ida

l 4— G o ld (n o t S ilve r ) O rn a m ent fr o m F lo r ida

1 5— No n de s c ri p t A n i m a l fr o m Da ve n po r t Mo un d .

1 6— C o p pe r Ax C o ve r ed wit h Cl o th

1 7— Ele ph a n t P ipe fo un d in Co r n fie ld in I o wa
1 8— S e c t i o n o f Mo un d o n C oo k F m ar in I o wa
l o— Pl a n of Mo un d on Co k F mo ar

zo — H i e rog lyph i c s on Da ve n po r t T a b le t .

Z l — He i ro g lyph ic s on S t o n e Ta le t b
22— Ma p o f Mo un ds o n C oo k F a rm in I o wa
—
23 A lt a r C
o n t a in i n g S a nd S t o n e T a le t b
24— Da ve n p o r t T a le t b
 U
I LL S T R A T I O NS .

F ig u e
r 5
— Fo rt of S to ne G r a ve P eo pl e

6 — Bu i Mo un ds o n S c io t o R i ve r
r al
— S e r e n t Mo un d i n O h io
7 p .

8 S e rp e n t Mo un d in Illin o i s
—
— A 1ta r Mo un d in a C ir c le o n K e n a wh a R i ve r
9 ,

lo —V illa g e En c lo sur e on S c io t o R i ve r
11 — S t ra t i fie d M o un d in W is c o n sin

CH A P T E R IX .

F ig u e
r 1 — V ill g e wit h W t e S upply
a a r

2 — V illa g e with S a c ific ia l Mo u d r n

— S to c k de V ill e n e a G i ll Oh i
3 a g v a e o r ra n ,

4 S t o c k a de V illa g e o n t h e Mia m i
,

—
— S t o c k a de V ll e F o u Mile C e e k Oh i o
5 g i a r r ,

—
6 S a c r ed En c lo sur e s in K e n t uc ky
o — Mo un d b uilde rs -
’
V ill g e a a nd C o ve red Wa y
oo — Mo un d -
b uild e rs
’
Fo t r .

cc — S ton e Fo rt i n T en n e ss e e
oo — k
S to c a de o r t in O h io F .

7
— O s e rbva t o r y Mo un d a t Ne wa r k
8—G ra de d Wa y a t i e t o n Oh io Pk ,

CH A P T E R X .

F ig ur e 1 — C ah o kia Mo u n d, I llin o i s
2 — BigMo un d a t S t Lo uis . . 164
— P ra m id Mo un ds F a lli n Ga r de n s, S t Lo ui s 166
3 y g , .

4
— P yr a m id a n d Efli g i e s t A t la n Wisc o si a z , n n 17 1

5
— P y ra m id d E m b a n k m
an e n t s t W a l ut B a yo u Lo ui i a n , s an a . 17 3
6 P yra m id P o ds a n d Mo a t s a t P ra i ie Je fie so
— , n Lo ui i r r n, s a na . 1 74
— P ra m ids a n d C i c le s in B o li va C o un t y Mi i i i 1 76
7 y r pp r , ss ss

8 P y a m ids a t S e lt e t o w Mississippi
— r z r n, 1 77

q
— E t o wa h P y a m id s a n d M o
r u n ds 1 79

1o —P yra m ids o S h o ulde Bo e C e e k

n r n r 1 80

1 1 — P yra m ids o n O c m ulg e e C e e k r 1 81

1 2— Me ss ie P yra m id a n d Po n d
r 1 82
— P a m ids n d Ea t h wo k a t R o lee Mc k e G e o g i 18
13 y r a r r s e , r a 3

CH A P T E R X I .

F ig ure 1— H ill Mo un ds n ea C h i llic o th e Oh io

r ,

2— Ma p F o t o n Mi m i Rive
of r a r

— S t o c k a de F o t a t Ne wb u h O h io
3 g r r ,

4
— F o t a t C
r o le ra i e O h i o n , .

5
— F o r t n ea r Ha m ilt o n Oh io , .

—
6 F o r t A n c ie n t .

7 F —
a r m e rs vi lle F o r t , on Big Twin R i ve r
8—C a r lisle F o r t Oh io , .

q
— S t o n e F o r t o n M a s si e s C reek

1o — Ma n da n F o rt o n t h e Misso dri R ive r ,

11 — Wa lled To wn o n Big H a rp e t h Te nn e ss ee ,
 U
I LL S T R A T IO NS .

C H A PT ER X II . PA C E
.

F ig ur e i — Ch a m be ed M o un ds o I w R ive
r n o a r

2 — C h a m be ed M o un d e Ea s t Dub uque
r s n ar

— C h a m b e e d Mo un d i C a wfo d C o un ty W i s c o n s in
3 r s n r r ,

4
— C i c le ro f S k e lest n s a t Ea s t Dub uq ue o

— C h m be e d Mo un ds i Mi o u i
a r n ss r
5
—
6 A n im al To t e m s in Wis c o n s m
7
— Tur t le To t e m s i n W i s c o n s in
8— Myt h B ea r e r o f th e Da k o ta s
q
— Myt h B e a re r fro m a C a ve in Wisc o n si n
10 — A llig a t o r Mo un d a n d A lt a r i n Oh io
1 1 — C
o p p e r A xe s a n d o t t e ry P
e s se ls fro m Too lsb o r o I o wa V , .

1 2 — k
S e le t o n s i n Mo un ds n e a r Da ve n po r t
13 C
— r e s c e n ts a n d i r c le s C
14— C d C ir c le s in Jun c t io n G ro up, Oh i o
r e sc e n t s a n

1s C
— r e s c e n t s a n d C ir c le s in la c Wa t e r G r o up B k
16 — b k
S ym o li c W o r s in S e a l T o wn sh ip O h io ,

17 — A lt a r o f Le a f sh a pe d I m ple m e n t s in Oh io
-

CH A P T E R X I I I .

F ig ur e I — H o h o e En c lo su e t P o rt m o uth Oh io
r se s r s a s ,

2 — Effig y f Ele ph n t i C i c le
o a n a r i

— C t i S un Ci le a d T e ra c e d Mo u nd
3 c on en r c rc s n r

4
— T e r ra c e d Mo un d O ppo s it e Po r t sm o uth O h io ,

— En c lo s ur e a n d C o ve r e d W a y P o rt s m o ut h Oh io
5 , ,

6— Ci r c le a n dS qua r e o n P a in t C r e e k
— C o n s t r uc t e d Elli p se n ea r A n de r so n , I n dia n a
7
8— S un Ci r c le o n W h it e R ive r , I n dia n a .

9
— Ci r c le a n d Ellipse i n A n de rso n , I n dia n a .

io — S un C i r c le a n d G ra de d W a y in W e s t i r g in i a V
i i — la n P o f A lt a r Mo un d .

12 — A lt a r in sh a p e o f Ci r c le

13— A lt a r Mo un d .

i 4
— A lt a r i n R e li e f .

15 — C r e s c en t P a ve m e n t

16 — Wo r k s at A le xa n de r s ville , Oh io
17 — \V o r k s at W o r t h in g t o n , Oh io
18 — S p oo l O rn a m e n t a n d C ro ss fr o m S t o n e Gr a ve
i cy— P
i pe fr o m Et o wa h Mo un d
ao — C
ir c le a n d r e s c e n t C P a ve m e n t , Ci r c le vi lle . O h io

C H A PT E R X IV .

F ig u e s 1 d 2 I dia n A o w H e ds
r an -
. n rr a

3 d 4an I d i a n A —
o w H e
n d rr a s

5
— Eu o e
p P o t
r a i t P ip e
an r r

6 F e n c h P o rt a i t P i p e
— r r .

— C h i e e P o r t a it P i e
7 n p
s r

8 G o t e sq ue P o r t a i t P i p e
-
r r
— G o t e sq ue P o t a i t P e i
q r p r r

10 — Mo u d b uilde Po t a i t
n -
rs
’
r r
 I LL S T R AT I O NS
U .

F ig ur e 1 1— Bi dr -
P ip e
s h a pe d .

12 — C h e y B d P i pe
rr ir .

1 3 Mo de rn P o t t e y B i
— r rd P i pe
15 — P o t a i t P i pe
r r .

1 6 — P ip e G l s S t o pp e
, a s r Sh a pe

17 — P ipe G l ss S t o ppe
, a r S h a pe

18 a nd i q — T m m p e t - sh a p e d P ip e
zo — T r um pe t sh a pe d
-
ip e P
21 Tu e-
i pe b P
2 2— T u e i e b Pp
23 — la t F P i pe
24 — la t F Ce em or nia l P ip e
25 — F la t Ce e m r o n ia l P ipe
26 — B r oo din g O rn a m e n t
2 — B r o o din g O rn a m en t
7
28 -
S a ddle - sh a p e d S t o n e

29 — I n dia n Ma c e
3o — I n d i a n Ma c e fr o m C a n a da

31 — M o u n d b u il d e r
-
s M a c e fr o m F '
lo r i da

32 — R u d e M o n i t o r P i p e fr o m C a n a d a

33 — R u d e M o n i t o r P i p e fr o m C a n a d a
— R u d M i r P i e (I n dia n )
34 e o n t o p .

— P o r t r a i t a n d Mo n it o r P i e (Mo un d b ui lde r s )
35 p
-

C H A PTER XV .

F ig ure — F ir e a n d S e r p e n t S ym o ls fr o m A r i z o n a
1 . b
2 — F ir e G e n e r a t o r s o r S ua s t ik a fr o m T e n n e s se e

3— C a h o ia T a k
le t b .

k b
4 C a h o ia Ta le t a n d P h a llic S ym o l
— b
CH A P T E R X V I .

F i g ure 1— Mo un ds t Cl k Wo k s
' '

A lt a r a ar s r

2— C o ppe r R in g s fr o m A lt a r Mo un d
3 A l
-
t a r wi t h ln t r ude d I n dia n uria l B '

4 Do ub le A lt a r in Mo un d it y
—
'

C
5
— P a v e d A lt a r i n Mo u n d C it y
6 — A 1t a r m a de o f F lin t Dis k s .

7
— D o u b le A lt a r W i th P a ve m e nt
,

8— H e r o n P ipe
o
— S po t t e d T o ad

i o —T uft e d S e rp e n t Ta b le t

1 1 — A sh -
p i t s a nd Co n t en ts

12 — P o t t e r y V e s se ls S a la m a n de r O r n a m e n t
,

1 3 P o t t e r y V e ss els wit h Ea r s
—
1 4— Li m e s t o n e P i e
p
1 5— S a n ds t o n e P ipe .

16— C a t lin i t e P i pe

1 7— C a t li n i t e P i p e .

20 a n d 2 1 — Lim e st o n e P ipe 330

22 — I n s c r ib e d S t o n e P ipe fr o m T e n n e sse e 331

xxii I LL U S T R A T I O NS .

PA G E

F ig u e 2 3a n d 2 7 Lim e t o
r s ne P i pe s

24 C o ppe Bell r

2 5— P o t t e y V s e r a

26 — Ea g le P ip e

C HA P TE R X VI I .

F ig u e oo—S t o n e F o
r rt in Te nn e ss e e
1 —F o r t ifie d V i lla g e wi t h B a s t io n W a lls
2 — Missi ss ip pi P o tt e ry

3 and 4
— B a nn er S t o n e s wi t h G r e e kF re t

s
— P o t t e r y fr o m Mo q ui P ueblos
—
6 P o t t e ry fr o m S t o n e G ra ves
7
— F r o gP ipe f o m I dia n a r n .

—
8 S t o n e P ulle ys fr o m S t o n e G ra ve s

q
— F li t H o
n e s f o m T e e s ee r nn s .

lo — B a rr e l- s h a pe d Disk fr o m Te nn e ss ee
11 — C lo t h fr o m Mo un d in Oh io .

1 2— O t t e r a n d Mo n i t o r P i p e s fr o m Oh io and I o wa
13 — B i r d P i e fro m S t o n e G ra ve s
p
1 4— S t o n e W h i st le fro m T e n n e sse e

1 5 — C la y P i p e fr o m I n dia n a

16 Ch un k e y S t o n e s fr o m Oh io

MA P S .

-
b
Ma p o f Mo un d uilde r s Te rri t o ry ’
.

Buria l Mo un ds n e a r Mus c a t in e , I o wa
k
Wo r s o f S c io t o a lle y V .

Buria l Mo un ds in Min n e so t a
Mo un ds of K a n a wh a V a lle y W e st V i g in i r a

Mo un ds on W a t e r e e R i ve r , S o ut h C a r o lin a
V ill g e s o Pa i t C ee k Oh io
a n n r ,

V ill g e s in C yp e ss S wa m p A ka
a r s, r n sa s

F o t s o t h e Mi m i R ive
r n a r .
 THE MOUND BUILDERS -
.

C H A PT E R I .

TH E MYS TE R IOUS R A CE S .

Am e ric a is ca ll e d t h e Ne w Worl d a n d s o it is fo r it is n ewly

, ,

dis cove re d . O ur cl a im h o we ve r is th a t A m e r ic a is a l s o a n o ld
, ,
.

worl d a n d comp a re s we ll with ot h e r co un trie s in t h is re s pe ct

, .

We in v ite o ur re a de rs in to t h e fie l d o f Am e r ica n an tiq uitie s a n d

wo ul d c a ll a tte n t io n to t h e pre h istor i c to ke n s a n d re m a i n s wh ic h
a r e s o n um e ro us We a re we ll a s s ure d th a t th e re a re m a n y
.

th in g s wh ich will i n te re s t th e m an d t h a t m uc h m a y b e l ea rne d

,

from t h e s t udy o f Am e r ica n a rch ae o lo g y .

H istory is b ut re c e n t b ut we o pe n t h e door from t h e h istoric

,

to t h e pre h isto ric a n d a t o n ce pe rce ive t h e a n c ie n t Th e v is ta

,
.

o f a lo n g pa s t op e n s be f ore us It stre tc h e s beyo n d o ur v is io n

.
,

a n d we a re s urp ris e d a t it s m a g n it ude a n d va r ie ty Th e re is .

,

in de e d a n a i r o f ob s c ur it y cove rin g a port io n o f it a n d dee p

,

mys te ry e n s h ro udin g it ; b ut th is is t h e ca s e i n a ll l a n ds .

To ill ustra te : Eg ypt h as a h istory wh ich e xte n ds fa r ba ck in to

t h e r e mote pa s t b ut wh a t occ urre d b e fo re h is tory is un k n o wn
, .

Th e sa m e m a y b e sa id o f C h a l dea B a by lo n ia Assy ria a n d I n dia

, , .

Th e h is t o rv o f t h e s e co un tr ie s is ca rr ie d b a c k co n sta n tl y b y n e w
discove r ie s ; n e v e rth e l e ss dee p e r ob s c ur ity h a s com e upo n pre
,

h is tor ic t im e s .I t wa s t h e a mb it io n o f t h e se e a st e r n ra c e s to b e
co n side re d ve ry a nc ie nt b ut t h e fa b ulo us da te s h a ve be e n dis
,

prove d a n d ye t t h e m ys t e r it y st ill re m a in s C h in a is s uppose d

,
.

to ha ve h a d a h isto ry wh ic h rea c h e d ba c k h un dre ds o f th o us a n ds

o f ye a rs . S uc h e xtre m e a n t iq uity is de n ie d t o C h in a b ut h e r ,

e a rlie s t h is to ry is a ck n o wl e dg e d to b e un c e rt ai n a n d ob s c ure .

Gree ce h as h a d a more mo de r n be g in n i n g b ut e v e n i n Gre e c e ,

h is tory wa s pre c e de d b y m yt h olo g y a n d th a t m ytholo g y is dim

,

a n d s h a do wy .Th e e a rl y h istory o f R o m e is pe rh a p s b e tt e r
k n o wn b ut a m ys te r io us p e o pl e is s uppo se d to h a ve occ up ie d
,

Ita l y b e fore t h e La t in s m ig ra te d fro m t h e e a s t I n S ca n dina via .

we fin d t h e story o f t h e S e a k i n g s T h e se fig ure co n sp ic uo us l y
.

as t h e e a rl ie s t h e ro e s b ut ot h e r p e op l e dwe lt t h e re lo n g b e f
,
or e
 Th e te rm in a l mo ra ine o ft h e g re a t g l a c ia l sea stre tch e s a cross
t h e co n t in e n t l ea v in g t h e m a rk s o f t h e pro g re ss a n d de cl i n e o f
,

t h e i c e a g e t h ro ug ho ut t h e n ort h e r n borde rs S ca tt e re d a lo n g

”
.

t h is te rm in a l mo ra ine a t va ri o us po in ts th ese r e l i cs h a ve be e n dis

“
cove re d wh ich s h o w th a t m a n e xis te d e ve n ih t h e ic e a g e .

Th ey a re n o t fo un d a t ve ry g re a t de pth s n o r a re th ey a ss oc ia te d
with re m a ins wh ich in dica te ve ry g re a t a g e ; b ut s o fa r a s th ey
g o
,
t h ey h e lp us to un de rs ta n d t h e my s te ry o f m a n s be in n i n
g g
’
.

Th e c n dit i o n o f m a n wa s pri m itive s c a rce ly more t h a n a sa va g e

o ,

wh o g a i ne d h is s ubs iste n ce b y
fis h in g a n d wh o d we lt upo n
t h e e dg e o f t h e ic e s h e e t a n d
fa bric a te d r ude re l ic s I f m o re.

o ft h e e xt in ct a n im a l s h a d be e n
fo un d a s s oc ia te d with h is r e
m a in s o r fra g m e nts o ft h e foo d
upo n wh ic h h e h a d s ubs ist e d
h a d b e e n disc ove re d w e ,

s h o ul d k n ow s om e th i n g o fh is
co n ditio n All th a t we c a n
.

s a y a bo ut th is m ys t e r io us ra c e

is th a t t h e y us e d r ude s to n e
wea po ns a n d t h a t t h e y b e
lo ng e d to t h e pal e ol it h ic a g e .

Th e da t e o f m a n s fir st a p
’

a e i s n o w u n k n o wn
p e ra nc .

S om e ca rry b a c k t h e pa l e o
l ith ic a g e th ro ug h t h e e n tire
pre g la c ia l pe rio d m a k in g t h e
,

t wo co n te mpora n e o us ; wh i l e
oth e rs in tro duce it a t t h e close
o f t h e g l a c ia l p e r io d m a k in g
,

t h e a g e o f m a n i n Am e r ic a
a bo ut t e n t h o usa n d yea rs Th e .

preva l e n ce o f m a n a t th e clo se
o f t h e pe ri o d is c e r ta in l y to

b e a c k n o wl e dg e d Th e pa l e
.

o lit h ic re l i c s a r e wid e s prea d -

H g 8 P l mh i R li f m th D l w
, - a eo c e c ro e e a
a n d s h o w th a t pa l e ol ith ic m a n
. . a r e.

wa s pre se n t in m a ny pl a ce s We ca ll a tte nt io n to t h e c uts (Fig s

.
.

1 a n d 2 ) h e re wh ic h i ll us tra t e t h e pa l e o l ith ic re l ic s wh ic h a re
,

fo un d in E urope a n d A m e r i ca Th e spe c im e n r e pr e s e n t e d a s
.

E urope a n wa s de scr ibe d b y Dr T h o m a s Wi l s o n in TH E A MER I

.

CA NA NT I QU A RI A Na n d is ca ll e d b y h i m t h e Ch e ll ea n or S t Ac h e ul .

type Th e Am e rica n S pe c im e n wa s de scrib e d in t h e sa m e jo urn a l

.
*

b y Dr C C Abbott a n d is sa id to b e a g oo d re pre s e n ta t ive o f

. . .

8“ A m m a n u " “M “ V o l X ’ p -0; V o i . vu’ p . aos; V o l. vn r. p A 130

gf
44
POPn la r S c i e n c e H o m in or J uly , i su .
th e a rg ill ite o f t h e D e l a wa re Dr Abbot s pe a ks o f oth e rs i n
. .

t h e s h a pe o f r ude a xes s om e o f wh ic h e xh ib it a n i m pe r fe ct
,

o v e a s if in te n de d f o r a h a n dl e n e a r t h e m iddl e S ee F i 1 2
g ro , ,
g . . .

I t will b e n otice d t h a t th e re is a strik

in g re se mbl a n c e be t we e n t h e re l ic s
fo un d in Am e r ica a n d t h o se fo un d in
E uro pe Th e sh a pe is th a t o fa pe a r . .

Th e E ur o pe a n S pe c im en s g e n e ra ll y
co n ta in a g lo ss upo n th e m wh ich is ,

ca ll e d t h e pa t ina a n d fre q ue n tl y h a ve ,

de n drite s upo n t h e s urfa c e wh ich a re ,

sure s ig ns o f a e T h Am r i c
g e e a n .

s pe c i m e n s v e ry r a re l y h a v e t h e pa t ina

or t h e de n drites Prof Wr ig ht h o w . .
,

e v e r s a s th a t t h e re l ic dis co ve red b
y , y
Mr W C Mill s in 1 889 a t Ne w . . .
, ,

c o m e rst o wn fif te e n fee t b e lo w t h e s ur ,

fa ce h a s t h e pa t in a c h a ra ct e ri s t ic o f
,

t h e g e n uin e fl in t i mpl e m e n ts o f g re a t
a g e i n t h e va ll e f t h S m m
y o e o e .

2 Th is l e a ds us to t h e co ns ide ra
—
.

m Pl f th fi M d r st
“
. 8. a ce o
t io n o f t h e a urife ro us g ra v e l s a n d l a va
e .

be ds Th e dis cove ry o f a fra g m e n t o f a h um a n sk ull a s s o c ia te d

.

wit h t h e bo nes o ft h e m a s to do n i n t h e a urife ro us g ra v e l s o f Ta bl e

Mo un ta in a t t h e de pt h o f 1 80 fe e t in 1 8 5 7 wa s a n e ve n t wh ich
, , ,

e xc it e d i n te re s t a m o n g a ll t h e l e a r n e d s oc ie t ie s in A m e r ic a a n d
E uro pe A fe w yea rs l a te r in 1 866
.
, ,

Pro f J D Wh it ne y a n n o un ce d t h e
. . .

di s cov e ry o i a s k ull nea rl y co m pl e te , ,

at a de pth o f a bo ut 1 3 0 f ee t Th is .

wa s in C a l a ve ra s COun t y o n t h e we s t ,

e r n s l o p e o f t h e S ie rra N e v a das Th e .

de po s it re st e d o n a b e d o f l a va a n d ,

wa s cov e re d with s e ve ra l l a ye rs o f vol

ca n io de po s its Th e s k ull wa s i mb e d
.

de d i n co ns ol ida te d g ra ve l in wh ic h ,

we re s e ve ra l ot h e r fra g m e n ts o fh um a n
bo n e s a n d re m a in s o f s om e s ma ll a n i
m a l s a n d t h e sh e ll o f a l a n d s n a il .

Much disc uss io n foll o we d t h is disc o v

e ry . Ma n y we re in cl in e d to do ubt
it s g e n uin e n e s s S o m e m a in ta in e dt h a t

”
.

t h e m in e rs h a d pe rpe tra t e d a tr ick a s ,

t h e s k ull wa s ta k e n fr o m t h e s h a f t of
—
F i g 3 Pl th S “
d Fi d
o f t h e a n c ie n t m ine s
f
Pr o fe s a ce o e ec on
. . n .

o ne .

s o r Wh it n e y h o we ve r p ubl ish e d a l e tt e r in wh ich h e m a in ta in e d

, , ,

t h e g e n uin e ne s s o f t h e fin d a n d cl a im e d fo r t h e s k ull e xtr e m e

,
“
a n t iq uity H is words a re :
. I fe e l n o h e s ita t io n in sa y in g th a t
 5

we h a v e q
un e uivo a c l pro o fs o f t h e exis te n c e o f m a n o n t h e
Pa c ific Coa st prior to t h e g l a c ia l pe r io ds prior to t h e e xis t e n ce ,

o f t h e m a sto do n a n d t h e e l e p h a n t a n d a t a t im e wh e n a n im a l
,

a n d ve g e ta bl e l f e we re e n t i r e l y di ffe re n t from wh a t t h e y a r e n o w

”
i ,

a n d s in c e wh i c h a v e rt ic a l e ro s io n o f f ro m t wo t h o us a n d t o th ree
t h o usa n d fe e t o f h a rd r o ck s tra ta h a s ta k e n pl a c e H e pub .

lis h e d a mo n o g ra ph o n a ur ife ro us g ra v e l s in wh ich h e de s cribe d ,

t h e va r io us loc a l it ie s wh e re s t e a t it e pot s a n d o ll a s a n d morta rs

h a d be e n fo un d s om e o f t h e m a t t h e de pth o f fi ft y fe e t
, Major .

J. W . Po w e ll h a s sh o wn t h a t t h e s e we r e j us t s uc h morta rs a s a r e

fo un d o n t h e s urfa c e a n d so s h o ul d b e cl a s s e d with n e o l it h i c
re l ics o f a n a dva n ce d type F ig 5 It s h o ul d b e sa id a ls o o f
. . .

t h e C a l a v e ra s s k ull it se l f t h a t it g ive s co n tra dict o ry e v i de n c e .

W h il e i n so m e re s pe cts it re se mbl es t h e Esk im o typ e it is fa r ,

from b e in g s uc h a s k ull a s o n e
wo ul d e xpe ct to fin d in t h e g ra ve l
b e ds J udg in g from it s po sit io n
.

we s h o uld c o n si de r t h is p e r h a p s
t h e mo st a n c ie n t re l ic wh ic h h a s
bee n dis cove re d a n d m ig h t c o n
,

c lude t h a t it prov e d t h a t m a n

e xis t e d i n t h e te rt ia ry pe rio d ,

b ut a n e xa m ina ti o n o f t h e s k ull
wo ul d l e a d to t h e oppo s it e c o n
e l us io n . Th e N e a n de rt h a l s k ull
s ta n ds i n t h e worl d o f s c ie n c e

a s t h e re pre s e n t a t ive o f t h e m o s t

a n c ie n t o ft h e h um a n ra c e Th e .

Ca l a ve ra s sk ull is i n s tro n g c o n
tra st with t h e N ea n de rth a l It .

wa s fo un d a t a g re a t e r de pt h a n d
s h o ul d b e t h e o l de r b ut i t wa s
,

s upe r ior a n d so wo ul d b e cl a s s e d

a s t h e yo un g e r .

Dr Th om a s W il s o n s um s up
.

t h e c h a ra cte r is t ic s o f pa l e o l it h ic
“
m a n a s fa r a s k n o wn H e wa s sh o r t o f sta t ure a n d s tro n g o f
.

l imb H i s h ea d wa s l o n g in pro port io n to it s bre a dth h is un de r

.
,

j a w w a s s q u a r e a n d h e a vy a n d h is
,
c h i n S lop e d b a ck wa r d a n d .

h e h a d a re trea t i n g fore h e a d H is sk ull wa s s m a ll i n fro n t a n d

.

l a rg e be h in d No s uc h c h a ra cte r ist ic s c a n b e r e co g n iz e d in t h e
.

a n c ie n t Am e r i ca n It is a t h e o ry with s o m e t h a t t h e pa l e o
.

l ith ic m a n o f E uro pe m ig ra te d th ro ug h Nort h e r n As ia a n d s ur

v ives in t h e E s k imo o f t h e pre se n t Th is is in de e d pos s ibl e . .

Th is pa l e o lith ic m a n m ig h t in t h e ve ry e a rl y a g e s h a ve pa sse d
”
, .

ove r t h e br idg e form e d b y t h e Al e utia n I sl a n ds H e m a y h a ve .

“
m ig ra t e d s o uth wa rd k e e p in g o n t h e e dg e o f t h e ic e s h e e t
, .

H e m a y a fte rwa rd a ft e r t h e ic e s h ee t re t ire d mo ve d n o rth wa r d

, , ,
 6

l e a vi n g a fe w stra y spe c im e n s b urie d in t h e g ra ve l be ds b ut t h e -

,

ol la s a n d th e morta rs a re s ti ll una cco unted fo r .

I n re fe re n ce to t h e re lic s fo un d i n th es e g ra ve l s Pro f F G , . . .

W rig h t says : I wa s s o fortuna te a s to r un upo n e vide n ce o fa

“

pre vio us l y un re po rte d in sta n ce o ft h e discove ry o fa sto n e morta r

un de r Ta bl e Mo un ta in Th is morta r was fo un d in 1 887 , 100
.

fe e t b e lo w t h e s urfa c e a n d 1 7 5 fe e t i n a h oriz o n t a l l in e from t h e

e dg e o f t h e b a s a lt ; m a de f ro m a s m a ll bo ul de r It i s s ix a n d a .

h a l f i n c h e s t h r o ug h t h e h ollo w be in g a bo ut th re e a n d a h a l f
,

i n c h e s i n dia m e t e r a n d t h ree i n c h e s de e p A n o th e r m orta r wa s .

dis c ov e re d in 1 87 9 a n d was re port e d i n 1 89 1 a s c o m in g from

,

un dis t urb e d g ra ve l , a n d a pe s tl e wa s pre s e n te d b y Mr J F . . .

Be ck e r to t h e Ge olo g ic a l S oc ie ty wit h t h e a ss ura n ce t h a t Mr

”
.

Cl a re n ce K in g to o k it with h is o wn h a n ds ,
twe n ty ye a rs be fo re , fro m t h e g ra ve l un der
Ta bl e Mo un ta in .

Th e Na m pa I m a g e h a s e xc ite d m uc h a t
t e n t io n It h a s b ee n de scr ib e d b y Prof
. .

Wr ig h t nl It wa s discov e re d a t Bo ise C ity

'

I da h o Te rr itory in a n a rte s ia n we ll a t a de pt h
,

of 3 20 f e e t a n d 2 00 f ee t b e lo w t h e l a va rock ,

in a l a ye r o f co a rse sa n d, a n d im m e di
a t e l y a b o ve a v e g e ta bl e s o i l Th e de po s its .

m a y h a v e b e e n ca use d b y s om e a n c ie n t o h
s tr uct io n o f t h e S n a k e R ive r o r b y s om e
W — Na m p a I m a g e
,

s udde n fl o o d c a us e d b y t h e m e lt i n g o f t h e
e 6
. 7-
. .

g l a c ie r s o f Y e llo w s to n e P a rk T h e i m.a g ,
e a ccor d in g to o n e

a cco u n t b y Pr o fe s s or W r ig h t w a s m a d
,
e o f cl a y
— t h e sa m e k i n d
o f cl a y wh ic h c a m e o ut in ba ll s f ro m t h e we ll Accordin g to .

a n oth e r it wa s c a rv e d o ut o f r a t h e r fin e p um ic e s t o n e , t h o ug h i n

h is l a s t re port it wa s m a de o f s l ig h tl y b a k e d cl a y , e n crust ed wit h

a co a t in g o f r e d o xide o f iro n It wa s a n in c h a n d a h a l f lo n g
. .

I t ca m e up in t h e sa n d p um p th ro ug h t h e h e a vy iro n t ub in g , s ix
in c h e s i n dia m e t e r 1 S e e Fig s 6 a n d 7
. . Th e h ig h de g re e o f .

a rt dis pl a y e d i s n o te wort h y a n d t h e pr o p o rt io n s a r e pe r f e ct , a n d

th e re is a po se o ft h e bo dy th a t is re m a rk a bl e Th e se diffe re n tia te .

it fro m a nyt h in g t h a t h a s be e n fo un d a m o n g t h e re l ic s o f t h e
Mo un d b uil de rs -
.

“
A n ot h e r
dis c o ve ry wa s t h e s o c a ll e d fo ss il foot p ri n ts -
It -
.

wa s m a de b y Dr Ea rl Fl in t , o f N ic a r a g ua
. Th e f
o o t J pr in t s
.
-

we r e fo un d in t h e s ol id t ufa in t h e n e ig h bor h oo d o f La k e Ma n a
g u a . H e fo un d a l s o i n t h e sa m e v ic in it
y a c a v e w h i c h c o n

t a i ne d rock i n scr i pt io n s , s o m e o f t h e m i n t h e sh a pe o f s un
sy m bol s H is t h e o ry wa s t h a t t h e fo ot pr i n t s a n d in s cr ipt io n s
.
-

G ee Po p ula r S c i e n c e Mo n t h ly , J uly , l891,

18 00 A l e“ A NTI Q U A B I A N, V o l X L ,
” 819
0 6 Th e c ut s a r e fro m Th e New Yor k
g i
. .

1
18 00 a of Bo st o n Na t ura l H i sto ry S oc i et y J a n ua r y , 1890, Po p ula r S c i en ce
Mo n t h
,
J uly , 1891.
we re m a de a t a ve ry a n c ie n t da te a n d t h a t m a n e xiste d a s e a rl y
,

a s t h e e oc e n e or m ioc e n e I m pr in ts we re se n t to Pro f Ba ird

”
. .
,

to Dr D G Brinto n a n d to Pro f F W Putn a m a n d wit h th e m

. . . . . .

“
S pe c i m e n s o f t h e sh e ll s wh ic h we r e f o un d with t h e fo ot prin ts -
.

S e e Pl a t e I Th is discove ry ca use d co n s ide ra bl e disc uss io n b ut

.

Dr Brin to n a n d oth e rs took t h e g ro un d th a t t h e t ufa in

.

wh ich t h e fo o t prin ts we re imb e dde d m a y h a ve be e n t h e re s ult o f

-

a n e r upt i o n compa ra t iv e l y re c e n t a n d t h a t t h e s h e ll s a n d o th e r
, ,

a s s oc ia te d to k e n s do n o t s h o w g re a t a g e Th e cl a i m th a t t h e
'

C a v e d w-
e ll e rs w e r e c a p a bl e o f m a rk i n g compl i c a t e d s un s y mbol s
upo n t h e rock s a n d o f prote ct in g th e i r fe e t with sa n da l s a s t h ey
.

wa l ke d ov e r t h e t ufa s is no t in k e e p in g wit h t h e ide a o f g re a t

,

a n t i q uit y C e rt a in l y m a n wh o wa s a s s oc ia te d with e xt in ct a n i
.

m a l s wa s n o t l ik e l y to h a v e a tta in e d to a ny s uc h a dva n c e d s ta te -
.

II W e t ur n n e xt to t h e Ca ve dwe ll e rs I t is due to t h e
.
-
.

n a t ura l i s t Lun d th a t t h e dis co ve ry o f C a v e dwe ll e rs i n Am e r ica -

wa s m a de I n a ca ve e xca va t e d i n
.

t h e l i m e s to ne o n t h e borde rs o f a
l a ke in t h e pro vin ce o fMina s Ge ra e s ,

Bra z il h e dug o ut t h e bo n e s o f
,

m o re t h an t h irty i n dividua ls . Mixe d

up prom is c uo us l y wit h t h e h um a n
re m a in s we re fo un d th o se o f se ve ra l
a n i m a l s s t ill e xta n t i n t h e s a m e r e

g i o n . P u r s uin g h is re s ea rc h e s h e ,

e xplore d more t h a n a t h o usa n d

ca ve s b ut in o n l y s ix o f t h e m did
,

h e fin d h um a n bo n e s a ss o c ia te d
with e xt in ct a n im a l s H e s ucc e ede d .

in ga t h e ri n g compl e t e sp e c im e n s o f
fo rty fo ur s pe c ie s n o w e xt in ct i n
-
,

cl udin g a ro de n t o f t h e s iz e o f t h e
ta pi r a pe cca ry t wice a s l a g e a s
,
r

t h e l iv in g S pe c ie s ; a m e g a t h e r ium

”
,

la rg e c a t b ig g e r th a n a j a g ua r ; a
,

s m ilo do n a l a rg e a n i m a l a k in t o t h e
,

sa b e r t o ot h e d t ig e r ; a n e de n t a t e
o f t h e s iz e o f t h e ta p i r a n d a l so a 0 8 0 “ - ° a

spe c ie s o f t h e h or s e s im i l a r to o ur o wn ; a ll a m a a n d s e ve r a l
,

mo n k e ys L un d cla im s t h e prese n ce o f m a n o n t h e A m e rica n

.

co n tin e n t from ve ry re mote a n t iq uity t h a t h is a ppea ra n c e da te d ,

in S o ut h Am e rica n o t o n l y e a rl ie r th a n a n y pre h is tor ic pe r io d ,

b ut e v e n e a l ie r in t h e pre h is t o ric p e r io d th a n is c l a im e d fo r
r

m a n in E urope a s sev e ra l s p e c ie s o f a n i m a l s h a v e dis a pp e a re d

,

from t h e fa un a s i n c e h is a dve n t A n oth e r e xplore r A m e g h in o

.
, ,

a l s o t e ll s us th a t o n t h e b a n k s o f t h e l ittl e str e a m o f Fr ia s ,

twe n ty l e a g ues from B ue n o s Ay re s h e m e t with h um a n fo ssi l s ,

m ixe d with c h a rco a l pott e ry b ur n t a n d s cra tc h e d bo n e s a rro w

, , ,
 9

to h a ve c o n ta ined ma ny r ude s to ne re l ics we ll as h um a n

m a in s S h e lte r ca ve s h a ve bee n
.

de s cr ib e d b y C C Ba l dwin a n d . .

M C R ea d as fo un d a t El yr ia
. .
,

a nd Ne wb ur y O h io Th e s e
. .

co n ta in m a ny bo n e re l ics s uc h ,

as a wl s n e e dl e s
,
c h ise l s a n d ,

va rio us oth e r rude a rt icl e s T h ey .

re s e m bl e t h e to o l s us e d b y t h e
a bori g i ne s a n d c a n ; h a r dl y b e

a s cr ib e d t o an a n c ie n t ra ce .

Th ey ill ustra te h o we ve r o n e . ,

—
po in t th a t t h e co n dit io n o f t h e
Ca ve dwe ll e rs a n d e a rl y h un te rs
-

h a s b ee n pe rp e t ua te d a mo n g t h e
h un te rs a n d sa va g e s o f th is c o n
t in e n t . Th e a bs e n ce o f t h e
bo n es o f e xtin ct a n im al s a s we ll
a s t h e c h a ra cte r o f t h e re l ic s
wo ul d p rove th a t t h e y we re c o m m
p a r a t i ve ly mo d e r n C o l C h a rl e s
. .
a
e
s

Wh i ttl e s ey h e l d th a t t h e re we re
th re e ra ce s in O h io t h e firs t b e ,

i n g t h e Mo un d b uilde rs t h e se c -
,

o n d b e in g t h e C a v e dwe ll e rs t h e -
,

t h ird b e i n g t h e I n dia n s b ut
Pro f Re a d h e l d t h a t th e re wa s
.

a ra ce pre ce din g t h e Mo un d
b uil de rs a ra c e wh o s e s k ull s m
,

we re v e r y t h ick a n d o fa lo w t ype m -
.

Pro f F W P ut n a m dra ws a dis e

. . . l

t in ct io n b e twe e n ea rl y Mo un d m
a

b uil de rs a n d l a te I n dia n s as sig n T a

,

in g to t h e la t t e r t h e l o n g n a rro w .

s k ull s s o commo n b ut to t h e ,

form e r t h e ro un d s k ull s a n d c o n ,

s ide r s t h a t th e se we re o f S o ut h
e r n or ig i n .

A s h e lte r ca ve wa s dis cove re d

n e a r S a n Jo s e in C a l if orn ia b y
, ,

Dr S te ph e n B o wers It c o n
. .

ta in e d a n umb e r o f b a s k e ts in ,

wh ic h we re b un dl e s o f pa in te d
s tic k s c o ve e d with pe c ul ia r
”
,
r

sig n s , proba bl y t h e o utfit o f a

“
mo de rn m edic in e m a n Ca ve s .

h a ve a l s o be e n fo un d in Uta h ,

b ut a s t h e re m a in s o f m a n we re
 10

a ss oc ia te d with e a r s o f corn a n d ot h e r re l ic s we con cl ude th a t ,

th ey we re e xtre m e l y m o de rn Th e re we re Ca ve dwe ll e rs in t h e .
-

Mo un d b uil de rs te rr itory Pro f P utn a m h a s des cribe d s e ve ra l

-
’
. .

i n Te n ne sse e Th e re we re m umm ie s in o n e o f t h e se ca ve s
.
,

de s s ica t e d bo die s o f n a t ive s wh ic h h a d b ee n de po s ite d b ut ,

wh ic h t h e sa lt h a d pres e rve d m a k in g t h e m to re se mbl e m um ,

m ie s . S om e o f t h e se bo die s we re cove re d wit h fea th e r h e a d

dre s s e s a n d fe a t h e re d robe s a n d o t h e r e q uip m e n ts r e se mbl in g ,

th o se use d b y l a te r ra ce s .

Th e ca ve de scribe d b y R e v Ed wa rd Bro wn as fo un d in W e s t .

S a l e m W is co n s i n i s a l so to b e m e n t io ne d h e re
, ,
Th e re we re .

—
r ude p ict ure writ in g s o n t h is ca ve p ict ure s o f a n ima l s a nd o f
h un te rs s h oot in g t h e a n im a l s Mr T H Le wis h as de s cribe d. . . .

s e ve ra l ca ve s s it ua t e d in Min ne s ota a n d I o wa Th e re we re in .

t h e s e ca ves v a r io us i n s cr ipt i o n s wh ic h r e se mbl e tote m s o f t h e

mo de rn tr ibe s th o ug h it is n o t k n o wn b y wh a t tribe th e y we re
,

re corde d A c a ve h as b e e n fo un d n e a r t h e g rea t C a ho k ia
.

Mo un d a n d n e a r t h e ca ve wa s form e rl y t h e re ma rka bl e roc k in

,

s cr i pt io n wh ic h wa s dis cov e re d b y Ma rq ue tt e a n d wh ic h h a s

g i ve n r i s e to t h e tr a dit i o n a bo u t t h e f
a b ulo u s a n i m a l ca ll e d
Pia s sa T h e re 15 a m ys te ry a bo ut t h e Ca ve dwe ll e rs o f Am e r ica
. .

We g o ove r t h e e n t i re pe r iod Wh ich e l a pse d b e t we e n t h e t im e o f

t h e g ra v e l b e ds a n d t h e
- ic e a g e a n d t h e pre se n ce o ft h e mo de rn
I n dia n h un te rs a n d fin d th a t t h e ca ve dwe ll in g is s ca tt e re d a t
,
-

i n te rva l s a lo n g t h e wh ol e pe r io d .

. h —
I V Th e K itc h e n Midde n s a n d S e ll H ea ps T h e se a re ve ry
n um e ro us a n d f ,
orm a n in te re st in g s ubj e ct Th e y s h o w t h e pro g .

re s s o fh um a n soc ie ty a n d form a n oth e r l in k in t h e c h a in S h e ll

, .

h e a ps a re fo un d o n t h e Atl a nt ic co a s t s ca tt e re d a t in te rva l s from ,

Ma in e to Flor ida Th e s e h a ve be e n de scribe d b y Pro f Put na m

. .
,

Pro f Wym a n Dr Brin to n Dr R a u a n d oth e rs K itc h e n m id

.
, .
,
. .

de n s a re c o m m o n o n t h e Pa c ific c o a s t Th ey e xte n d from .

A la s ka t h ro ug h Ore g o n to Ca l iforn ia Th e k itc h e n m idde ns or .

s h e ll h e a p s o f t h e n orth we s t co a s t a re m o st i n te re st i n g Th ese .

h a v e b e e n de s crib e d b y W ill ia m H D a ll H is s ta t e m e n t is t h a t
. .

1 i —
th e re we re t h re e sta g e s o f o c c upa t o n in th s re g io n o n e m a rk e d
“
b y t h e de po s it s o f a s o c a ll e d l ittora l pe o pl e wh o fe d upo n
”
,

sh e ll fis h a n d we re una cq ua in t e d wit h t h e use o ffir e ; t h e s e co n d

“
wa s m a rk e d b y t h e s h e ll h e a p s l e ft b y a r a c e o f e a rl y fish e r
m e n ; a t h ird wa s t h e p e r io d o f t h e C a v e dwe ll e rs H e a s cr ib e s -
.

th e se ca ve s t o h un te rs a n d sa ys t h a t t h e y we re use d a s t e m po r
,

a ry c a m p s ra t h e r t h a n a s dwe ll in g s Th e r e l ics o f t h e t h re e .

— —
p e rio ds t h e l itt o ra l t h e fi sh in g a n d h nt in g sh ow a ve r y c o n
,
u
s ide r a b le pr o g re s s Th ey we re a s soc ia te d with lowe r m iddl e
”
.
,

a n d upp e r m a m m a l ia n l a ye rs a n d s o i n dic a t e s ucc e s s ive p e r io ds

,
“
o f t im e S h e ll h ea p s h a v e b ee n discov e re d c o n ta in i n g h ut r in g s
.

de e pl y im b e dde d in t h e l a ye rs s h o wi n g t h e c oa s t wa s occ up ie d .

th ro ug h lo n g pe rio ds Th o s e in Ore g o n a n d in Ca l iforn ia h a ve

.
 11

bee n de s cribe d b y Mr Pa ul S c h um a c h e r He spea k s o f th e m

. .

as div1de d in to t e mpo ra ry c a mps a n d re g ul a r s e ttl e m e n t s , t h e

“
re l ics in t h e h e a ps va ryin g a ccordin g t o t h e loca l ity I n .

“
S o ut h e rn Ca l iforn ia to n s o f fl in t c h ips a r e fo un d sc a tt e re d a bo ut
in a ll di re ct io n s ; k n ive s , a rro w h e a ds a n d s pe a r h ea ds i n l a r g e
- -

n umb e rs Th e re we re g ra ve s in so m e o ft h e se a n d pain te d s l a b s
.
,

pl a c e d ove r t h e g ra ves Cups , orna m e n ts , sh e ll b ea ds a n d coo k

.
-

i n g ute n s il s we re a l s o fo un d S a n dsto n e m o rta rs o f l a rg e siz e ,

.

with pe s tl es , an a s s ortm e n t o f c up s o f se rpe n t in e , s pea r h e a ds o f -

o b s i dia n , l a n c e po in ts o f c h a lc e do n y , a bro nz e c up fill e d wi t h

-

r e d pa i n t , corro de d i ro n k n iv e s , t h e re l ic s a ll s h o wi n g g re a t
va rie ty a n d in dic a t in g s ucce ss ive pe rio ds o f tim e , t h e l as t pe rio d
be in g a s l a te a s t h e t ime o f t h e S pa n ish occ upa tio n .
”
Th e r e a re sh e ll
h e a p s a l so i n t h e in te r ior Th e se c o n t a in '

fre s h wa te r s h e ll s a n d i ll ust r a te t h e fa ct t h a t t h e n a tive s ev e ry

wh e re g a in e d t h e i r s ub s is t e n ce from t h e wa t e r s We m ay ta k e .

t h e e vide n c e t h a t fi sh e rm e n , h un te rs a g r ic ult ura l p e opl e a n d vil ,

l a g e rs dwe lt in va r io us loc a l it ie s a b o ut t h e co n t ine n t Th e .

th e ory o f t h e g ra dua l pro g re ss o f m a n k i n d is de mo n stra te d h e re

as in E urope Th e Am e r ica n ra c e s s tre tc h e d from t h e Arct ic
.

Circl e to Te rra de l F ue g o , b ut a g re a t v a r ie ty is e xh ib ite d b y

the m I t is a q ue stio n wh e th e r we c a n a scribe to th e m a b o rig
.

in a l un ity or s a y t h a t t h ey we re a ll in dig e n o us .

V We n o w com e to t h e pe r io d o f t h e m a m m ot h a n d t h e m a s
.

todo n Th e re is a myste ry a bo ut t h is pe riod ;Th e re is no

. .

do ubt th a t th ese a n i m a l s o n c e e xis te d o n th is co n t in e n t a n d t h a t

“

th ey m a y h a ve b ee n co n te mpora n e o us wit h m a n It is n o t
”
.

improb a bl e t h a t t h e Mo un d b ui l de rs we re a c q ua in t e d wit h t h e
-

ma mmoth In th e . bottom l a n d o f t h e Bo urb o use R ive r ,

Ga s co n a de Co un ty Mis s o ur i Dr Koch dis cove re d t h e re m a in s

, ,
.

o fa m a s to do n Th e a n i m a l h a d s un k in t h e m ud o ft h e m a r s h e s
.
,

born e down b y its o wn we ig h t a n d b e in g un a bl e to re g a in it s ,

footi n g h a d fa ll e n o n it s r i h t side H e r e i t wa s a tta ck e d b y

,
g .

a bor ig in e s wh o t h re w a t i t a rro ws s to n es a n d p ie ce s o f rock

, , ,

a n d s uc c e e de d 1n l ig h t in fir e s a ro un d i t t o wh ic h t h e h e a ps o f
g ,

Cin de rs s om e o f t h e m si x f
,
e e t h ig h s t ill bore wit n e ss S om e , .

o f t h e r o ck s we ig h e d n o l e s s t h a n t we n t y five po un ds a n d h a d -

b ee n bro ug h t from a g re a t dista n c e Th e follo win g yea r h e .

m a de a s im il a r dis cove ry in Brin to n Co un t y Miss o uri H e re ,

.
,

un de r t h e th ig h bo ne o f a m a s to do n h e fo un d a n a rro w o f p in k ,

q ua rtz a n d a l ittl e fa rt h e r o ff h e fo un d fo ur o t h e r a rro ws a ll o f

, ,

wh ic h h a d b e e n s h ot a t t h e m a s to do n U n fort un a te ly Koch s .
’

wa n t o f s c ie n t ific k n o wl e dg e a n d t h e e xa g g e r a t io n s with wh ic h
h e a ccompa n ie d h is s to ry a t firs t thre w s o m e dis cre dit upo n t h e ,

fa cts th e m s e lv e s b ut t h e re c e n t dis cov e r ie s o f Dr H ug h e y i n

, .

Iowa a n d Ne bra sk a a n d b y t h e a uth or in Oh io h a ve n o w c o n

, ,

firme d t h e m I n a ll o f th e s e loca l it ie s t h e bo n es o ft h e m a s to do n
.

we re m ixe d with as h es tra c e s o f fire a n d a rr o w h e a ds a n d s to n e

,
-
 12

wea po ns we re in cl o se pro xim ity Th e a n im a l s in a ll ca se s see m

.

to h a ve b een m ire d in t h e pe a t be ds a n d a tt a cke d b y t h e m e n

wh o l ive d in p re h istori c t im es I n t h e D a ve n port Aca de m y
.

th e re a re two p ipe s m a de in im 1ta t io n o f th e e l e ph a n t or m a s t o

do n . O ne o f t h e se p ipes is sa id t o h a ve b ee n ta k e n o ut from
t h e de pt h s o f a m o un d i n Lo uisa C o un ty Iowa A Ge rma n ,
.

cle rg ym a n R e v A Bl um e r h a vin g first d isc ove re d it h a n de d

,
. .
, ,

it to Rev J E Ga ss h is compa n io n in e xplo ra t io n

. . .
,
I t is n u .

rea s o na bl e to do ubt t h e g e n uine ne ss o f t h is fin d e ve n if t h e t e ,

m a rk a bl e dis cove rie s

wh ic h wer e m a de b y
t h e la tte r g e n tl e m a n
h a ve bee n dis cre d ite d .

A s e co n d e l e ph a n t
p i pe ( g
F i w h ic h .

h a d b e en dis cove re d
in a cor n fie ld b y a -

Ge rm a n fa rm e r b y t h e
n a m e o f Mye rs a f ter ,

wa rds c a m e in to t h e
h a n ds o f Mr Ga ss . .

Thre e ce l e bra te d t a b
l e ts we re discove re d
b y Mr Ga ss in t h e .

mo un d o n t h e Co o k
fa rm n ea r D a v e n po rt , .

O n o n e o f th e se ta b
l e ts is a h un t in g s ce n e
co n ta in in g th i rty fig
ur e s o f a n im a ls a n d
m e n t h e a n im a l s b e ,

i n g de e r b ea r wol f , ,

a nd fis h ,
a n d o ne of
th e m re se mbl i n g a n
e l eph a n t Th e ta bl e ts
m 1 — P l li th i A x
2. a eo c
.

e.
h a ve n o t b e e n t e
.

g a r de d a s
g e n um e O n.e o f t h e m co n ta in s a cre m a tio n sce n e ,

th o ug h t h e mo un ds o f t h e loc a l ity g ive n o tra c e o f cre m a t io n

h a v in g b e e n pra ct ic e d .

We s ha ll spe a k n e xt o f t h e sa lt m in es cypre ss ra fts pe a t , ,

swa mp s a n d ot h e r pl a c e s wh e re m a s todo ns h a v e be e n dis cov e r e d

'

Th e s e h a ve b ee n dwe lt upo n a s prov in g e xtre m e a n t iq uity b ut ,

th ey a re cl a sse d to g e th e r h e re a s m a rk in g o n e pe rio d o f tim e

, .

D urin g t h e l a te re b e ll io n a sa lt m in e wa s work e d o n Petite A n s ie

I s l a nd A fra g me n t o fma tt in g wa s fo un d o n t h e sa lt fiftee n fe e t
.

b e low t h e s urfa c e o ft h e s o il Two fe e t be lo w we re t h e re m a i n s

.

o f t us k s a n d bo n e s o f a f o ss il e l e p h a n t Th e m a tt i n g wa s m a de
.

o f t h e comm o n s o uth e rn ca ne b ut h a d b ee n prese rve d b t h e

, y
 13

sa lt I n des criba bl e q ua n tities o f potte ry we re th ro wn o ut

.
,

m in g l e d wit h t h e re m a i n s o f e xt in ct q ua dr upe ds Th e a n im a l s .

s ee m t o ha ve be e n bo g g e d a n d pe r is h e d i n t h e m i ry cl a y a bo ve

t h e sa lt Th is loca l ity wa s e xa m in ed b y Pro f E W H il g a r d

. . . .

a n d Dr E Fo n ta i n e
. . Th e l a tt e r m a in ta i n s th a t t h e s o il a bove
.

t h e m wa s qua t e na ry be lo n g i n g to t h e bl uff fo r m a t io n ov e rl y i n g
, ,

t h e o r a n g e sa n d Prof H i l g a rd sa ys t h a t t h e de po s it wa s
. .

wa sh e d down from t h e s urro un din g h ill s b ut th a t m a s to do n ,

b o ne s we re fo un d a bove s o me o f t h e h um a n re l ics Dr Holm e s . .

i n 1 85 9 m a de comm un ica ti o n to t h e P h il a de lp h ia Aca de m y o f

Na t ura l S c ie n c e in wh ic h h e de s cribe d t h e fra g m e n ts o f potte ry
,

fo un d o n t h e As h l e y R iv e r o f S o ut h Ca rol in a in c o n n e ct io n
’

, ,

My . 13 .
- E lep h
'
a nt Pi p e
.

with bo n es o f t h e m a sto do n a n d n e g a t h ir ium both o f t h e m

th e ,

e xt i n ct a n i m a l s Mr E L B e rth o ud cl a im s t o h a ve dis c o ve re d
. . . .

a c o mpl e t e s uite o f s to ne i m pl e m e n t s i n t e rt ia ry g ra ve l a n d
‘

c o e vi l wit h it T h is was o n Cro w Cre e k W o m i n

.
y g H e a l s o , .

cla i m s th a t s to n e h ea ps a n d c i rcl e s fl in t t O O S a n d we a po n s ,
I
,

m a rk in g t h e site o f a de se rt ed a n c ie n t v ill a g e tota ll y un l ik e . ,

m o de r n I n dia n or Mo un d b uil de rs v e s t ig es Th e o l de s t e vi
’
-
.

de n c e s do n o t sh o w tra c e s o f fir e b ut a r ude b a rb a r is m o f t h e ,

firs t a tt e mpts o f a rt l ea d us to compa re t h e m t o t h e r ude tool s

o fAbb eyv i ll e in Fra n c e a n d t h e i mpl e m e n t s o f K e n t in E n g l a n d .

Th e h um a n s k e l e to n e xc a va t e d a t t h e de pt h o f s ixt e e n fe e t from
be n ea t h fo ur s ucce ss ive l a ye rs o f cypre s s tree s in t h e de lta o f
t h e Miss is s ippi R iv e r n e a r Ne w Orl e a ns h a s bee n o f
,
t e n re fe rre d ,

to Dr Do wl e r cla im e d t h re e e poc h s fo r t h e de lta ; first t h a t o f

. .
,

t h e g r as s e s ; s e co n d t h a t o ft h e l a g oo n ; t h i r d th a t o f a l iv e o a k
, ,

pl a tform ; b ut Dr J W Fo st e r sa y s wh a t h e re g a rds a s fo ur
. . .

b urie d fore s ts m a y b e n o th in g more th a n driftwoo d bro ug h t

do wn i n form e r t im e s .

We sp e a k o f th e se un c e rta in tie s a bo ut t h e re l ics wh ich c o n

ta in t h e im a g e s o f t h e e l e ph a n t a n d m a sto do n b e ca use th ey
 15

C H A PT E R I I .

TH E MOUND BUI LDE R S -

A ND T HEI R WO R K S .

We no w co m e to th e Mo un d b uil de rs
I t is we ll k n o wn
-
.

th a t a pe opl e c a ll e d Mo un d b uil de rs o n ce inh a b 1t e d t h e in te rio r

-

o f N o r t h Am e r ic a Wh o th is pe opl e we re wh e n ce t h e y ca m e
.
, ,

wh it h e r t h e y we n t a re a m o n g t h e un s olve d p r obl e m s
, A n 1m .

p en e t ra bl e m yste ry h a n g s o ve r th e ir h istory A ll th a t we kn ow .

o f t h e m 15 l e a r n e d fro m th e i r str uct ure s works a n d re l ics To , .

th es e m ute witn esses we m us t re s o r t if we a re to l e a r n a n yt h in g

o f t h e c h a ra ct e r o f t h is p e opl e Th e firs t i n q uiry is Wh o we re
.
,

t h e Mo un d b uil de rs ?
-
Th is q uest io n will proba bly b e a nswe re d
in diffe re n t wa ys b ut b e fo re a n s we r in g it we s h a ll e fe r to t h e
,
1

po in ts invo l ve d a n d l e a ve it fo r o ur re a de rs to dra w th e ir o wn
co n cl us io n s.

We t a k e up t h e di visio n o ft h e Mo un d b uil de rs as t h e e spe c ial

”
-

s ubj e ct o ft h is c h a pt e r Le t us firs t c o n s ide r t h e n a m e h o we ve r

.
, .

“
Th e n a m e mo un d b uil de r is a g e n e ra l o n e in dic a t i n g t h a t t h e re
-
,

wa s o n c e a pe o pl e wh o we re a cc us to m e d t o b uil d mo un ds In .

t h is g e n e ra l s e n s e t h e re is m uch s ig n ific a n c e to t h e n a m e i n ,

th a t it s ug g e s ts o n e c h a ra cte r ist ic or c ustom o f t h e pe o pl e .

Th e re is h o we ve r a se n se in wh i c h t h e word is use d wh ic h
, . ,

m a k e s it v e ry e xpre ss iv e fo r it fur n ish e s to us n o t o n l y a p ict ure

,

o f t h e mo un ds a n d e a rt h work s b ut a l s o i n dic a t e s m uc h i n r e f
-
,

e re n c e to t h e pe o pl e We m a y sa y in t h is co n n e ct io n th a t t h e re
.

a r e s e ve ra l s uc h word s in t h e a rc h ae olo g ica l voca b ul a ry wh ich

h a ve prove d e q ua ll y s ig n ific a n t
words c a ve dwe ll e r
-
“ ”To i ll ustra te : We use t h e
“
.

cl iffdwe ll e r l a k e dwe ll e r s ig n ifyin g

,
-
,
” -
,
”
b y th e se t e r m s n o t m e re l y t h e fa ct t h a t tho s e pe opl e o n c e l ive d
i n c a ve s or cl iffs or a bov e l a k e s b ut i mpl y in g a l s o t h a t t h e y h a d
,

a mo de o f l if e s ty l e o f a bo de s ta g e s o f pro g re s s wh ic h we re
, , ,

pe c ul ia r a n d distin ct We in fe r fro m th is th a t t h e pre h is toric

.
,

a g e wa s div i de d i n to di f fe re n t e poc h s a n d t h a t e a c h e poch wa s ,

dis t in g uis h e d b y a diffe re n t cl a s s o f s tr uct ures Th is int e rpre .

t a t io n m a y n e e d to b e mo difie d fo r th e re a re c e rta in in dica t io n s

,

th a t s e ve ra l re pre se n ta t ives o f t h e sto ne a g e m a y h a ve b ee n c o n

 16

te mpora ne o us S till t h e m o de s o f l ife occ upa t io n s a n d h a b

”
.
, ,

ita t io n s we re t h e re s ult o f l o c a t io n a n d o f p h ys ica l s urro un din g s

ra t h e r th a n o f a g e or sta g e s o fpro g re s s Wh il e t h e s to ne a g e .

m a y b e re co g n iz e d a m o n g t h e Mo un d b uil de rs ye t a s ub div is io n -
,

o f t h a t a g e i n to e p o c h s m a y b e a s a f e g ua rd a g a i n s t pre m a t ur e

co n cl us io n s a n d un sa fe th e or ie s k e e p in g us from e xtre m e op in ,

io n s O ur re a de r s a re a wa re t h a t t h e Mo un d b ui l de rs we re o n c e
.
-

s upp o se d to h a v e b e e n a re m a r ka bl e pe opl e a n d a ll ie d wi th t h e ,

h is to r ic a n d c ivil iz e d ra c e s b ut t h a t l a tt e rl y t h e op in io n h a s g o n e
,

to t h e ot h e r e xtre m e t h e lo w g ra de a n d r ude c ivil iza tio n o f t h e

,

wil d h un te r I n dia n s be in g fr e q ue n tl y a s cr ibe d to t h e e n t i re pe o

p le, no d is t in ct i o n or l im it a t io n b e i n g dra wn b e t wee n t he m W e .

ma in ta in h o we ve r t h a t t h e Mo un d b uil de rs p r o bl e m h a s n o t
. ,
-
’

b e e n fully s olve d a n d th a t th e re fore it is pre m a t ure to ta k e a n y

, , ,

de c ide d po s it io n a s to t h e a ct ua l c h a ra ct e r a n d co n dit io n o f t h is
m ys te rio us pe opl e All th a t we c a n do is to s e t fo rt h t h e po in ts
.

wh ic h we s upp o se h a ve be e n es ta bl is h e d a n d l e a v e o t h e r co n cl u
s io n s f o r th e f ut ure .

1 Th e pl a c e wh e re t h e wo r k s o ft h e Mo un d b ui l de rs a r e mo s t
.
-

n um e ro us is t h e Mis s i s s ipp i V a ll e y I n a g e ne ra l wa y t h e ir .

h a b ita t m a y b e bo un de d b y t h e g re a t g e o g ra ph ica l fe a t ure s o f

t h is va ll ey; t h e c h a in o f g rea t l a k e s to t h e n ort h t h e A ll e g h a ny ,

m o un t a in s o n t h e e a s t t h e G ul f o f Me xico o n t h e s o ut h a n d
, ,

t h e Gr ea t D e se rt o n t h e we s t W ith in t h e se b o un ds m a in l y do
.
, ,

we fin d t h e s tr uct ure s wh ich h a v e g ive n na m e t o t h is stra n g e

pe opl e ; a n d we m a y de scr ib e th e m a s t h e a n c ie n t in h a b ita n t s o f
t h e Mi ss is s ipp i Va ll e y wh o b uilt m o un ds Th e re a re b a rro ws .

or m o un ds in E urope a n d in As ia T h e re a re mo un ds or e a rth .

work s i h H o n dura s Y uca ta n a n d Ce n tra l A m e r i ca a s we ll a s in

, ,

O re g o n a n d o n t h e n ort h we st coa st b ut t h e struct ure s in th is ,

re g i o n a re distin ct ive a n d pe c ul ia r to t h e in h a b ita n ts wh o dwe lt

,

h e re No wh e re e l se o n t h e c o n t in e n t a re th ey fo un d in s uc h
.

g r e a t n umb e r s No. w h e re e l se a r e t h e y f o u n d s o e xcl us iv e l y

fre e from t h e pre s e n c e o f o t h e r s tr uct ure s N o wh e re e l se is s uc h .

a va r ie ty o fe a rth work s To t h e e a s twa rd a lo n g t h e coa st o ft h e

.
,

Atl a n t ic th e re a re e a rth wo rk s s uc h a s stock a de s fo rt ifica t io n s

,
-
, ,

a n d v ill a g e e n cl o s ure s To t h e we st wa rd be yo n d t h e R ocky

.
,

m o un t a i n s th e re a r e p ue blo s roc k f
,
ortre ss e s a n d sto n e s tr uct ure s
, .

To t h e n o rt h wa rd b e yo n d t h e l a k e s t h e re a r e o cca s io n a ll y fo un d
, ,

wa ll s a n d e a rt h work s ; b ut i n t h e va ll e y o f t h e Miss iss ipp i t h o se

-

s tr uct ure s a r e dis cov e r e d wh ic h m a y b e r e g a r de d a s dis t in ct ive .

Th e pe c ul ia ri t ie s wh ic h dis t in g uis h th e s e fro m ot h e rs a s ide fro m .

t h e ir b e in g e xcl us ive l y ea rt h wo rk s a re firs t t h e ir s ol idity ; sec , , ,

o n d t h e i r m a ss ive n e s s a n d t h i r d t h e i r pe c ul ia r f
, , ,
orm s By th e s e
, .

m e a n s t h e work s o f t h e Mo un d b uil de rs a r e i de n t ifi e d a n d in -
,

th e ir o wn te rrito ry wh e re ve r a s tr uc t ure m a y h a ve b e e n e re c te d
,

b y a l a te r ra c e it m a y b e k n o wn b y t h e a b s e n c e o f t h e s e q ua l i
,

t ie s Th e re a r e occa s io n a ll y ea rth work s in t h e v a ll ey o f t h e

.
-
 19

Mis s iss ippi e s pe c ia lly th ro ug h th e n orth e rn pa rt bor de rin g o n

, ,

t h e l a k e s wh ic h we re e v i de n tl y b ui lt b y t h e l a te r I n dia n s
,
Th e ir .

rese mbl a n ce h owe ve r to t h e fo rt ific a t 1o n s e a st o f th e A lle g h a

, ,

n ie s a n d t h e e v ide n t de s ig n f
,
o r wh ic h th e y we re e re cte d as ,

de fe n s ive or v ill a g e e n cl o s ure s t h e un fa il in g s pr in g a tt en din g ,

t h e m t h e a bs e n c e o fa n y r e l ig io us s ig n ifica n c e a n d th e i r wa n t o f
, ,

s ol idit y a n d m a ss ive n e s s h e lp to dist in g uish th e m fro m t h e

,

work s o f t h e Mo un d b uil de rs -
.

We ta ke t h e p ict ure pre se n te d b y th is va ll ey a n d fin d it s tr ik

i n g ly a da pte d to t h e us e o f a cl a s s o f pe o pl e wh o we re p a rt ia lly
c ivil iz e d O n e ith e r s ide a re th e h ig h mo un ta ins co nst it ut in g
.
,

b a rr ie rs to t h e i r g re a t do m a i n At t h e foot o f t h e we ste rn .

mo un ta in s a re t h e pl a tea us or ta bl e l a n ds wh ic h h a ve form e d -
,

from t i m e imm e moria l t h e fe e din g pl a c e s fo r th e g rea t h e rds o f

b uffa l o e s I n t h e n orth e r n po rti o n o ft h e va ll ey b o rde n n g upo n
.
,

t h e c h a in o f t h e g re a t l a k es a re g re a t fore s ts a bo un din g wit h ,

wil d a n im a l s o f a ll k in ds wh ic h m us t h a v e b ee n t h e h un t in g ,

g ro u n d s o f t h is ob s c u r e p e opl e T h e c e n t e r w a s tr a v e r s e d b.
y
t h e Appa l a c h ia n ra n g e wh ic h wa s t h e fit a bo de fo r a m i l ita ry
,

c la s s o f pe opl e
. Alo n g t h e l i ne s o f t h e g re a t stre a m s we re t h e
.

m a n y t e rra c e s for m i n g s it e s upo n wh ic h t h e pe opl e co ul d b uil d

,

th e ir v ill a g e s a n d ye t h a ve a ccess to t h e wa te rs wh ich flo we d

,

a t t h e i r b as e Ma n y o ft h e se te rra c es we re form e d b y t h e g ra ve l
.

be ds l e ft b y t h e g rea t g l a c ia l se a wh ic h o n ce re ste d upo n t h e

n ort h e r n port io n o ft h e va ll e y B e lo w t h e t e r ra c es a n d a ll a lo n g ,

t h e borde rs o f t h e r ive rs we re t h e ric h a ll uv ia l bott o m l a n ds ,

wh ic h s o fa vore d t h e c ult iva t io n o f m a iz e a n d y ie l de d r ich re t ur n

to a s l ig h t a mo un t o f l a bor Broa d pra i r ie s in te rspe rse d with .

forest s a n d g rove s a n d tra v e rs e d b y n umb e rl e ss s tre a m s g a ve

,

va rie ty to t h e sce n e It wa s a re g io n b uilt o n a g ra n d s ca le a n d

.

wa s ca pa bl e o f s upport in g a n ume ro us a n d in dustrio us po pula

tio n We m a y s uppose t h a t t h e Mo un d b uil de rs wh e n t h ey
.
-
,

e n te re d it we re in fl ue n c e d b y t h e i r s urro un din g s a n d t h a t t h e y
, ,

s oo n l e a r n e d it s re s o urc e s We c a n n o t look upo n t h e m a s.

m e re l y h un te rs or wil d sa va g e s b ut a pe opl e wh o we re ca pa bl e ,

o f fill i n g t h is bro a d dom a in wit h a l i f e p e c ul ia r to t h e m s e lv e s a n d ,

y e t w e r e corr e l a t e d to t h e s c e ne i n w h i c h t h e y w e r e pl a c e d .

H e re wit h a dive rs ity o f cl im a t e a n a b un da n ce o f pro duct s

, ,

t h e p e opl e le d a v a r ie d lifc Th e y we re t o g a in t h e i r s ub s iste n c e

.

from t h e g re a t fore s t s a n d from t h e wide pra ir ie s a n d we re to

fill th e m with t h e ir a ct ivitie s A rive r syste m wh 1c h fo r tho u .
,

sa n ds o f m il e s dra in e d t h e i n t e r ior f, urn is h e d t h e c h a n n e l s fo r ,

comm un ica tio n a n d wa s e vide n tly we ll un de rs too d b y th is pe o

,

p le . A v a s t s e d i m e n t a r y b a s i n t h ro u g h w h ic h t h e r iv e r s h a v
, e
wor n dee p c h a n n e l s l e a v i n g ta bl e l a n ds c ut b y a t h o usa n d -
,

ra v in e s a n d pre se n t m g bl uffs h e a d l a n ds h ig h h ill s n a rro w

, ,
-
, ,

is th m us es de ta c h e d is l a n d l ik e cl iffs i n s o m e c a se s pre c ipito us

,
-
,

an d difl ic ult o f a cc e s s f ur n is h e d m a n y pl a ce s o n wh ic h t h is pe o
‘
,
 21

A s im ple e a rth wa ll run n in g a ro un d t h e bro w o f s o m e g e n tl e

-
,

de cl iv ity o r t h e top o f s o m e pre c ip ic e or o n t h e e dg e o f s o m e ,

is ol a t e d 1 sla n d pre se nt s a v e ry diffe re n t a s pe ct fro m t h o se s tr ue

,

t ure s wh ic h a re fo un d o fte n t im e s in t h e m idst o f l a rg e a n d fe rt il e

va ll eys or upo n m a ny o f t h e pl a ts o f g ro un d wh e re no w sta nd
,

s om e o f t h e l a r g e s t c it ie s o f mo de r n da y s a n d wh ic h f o r m as , ,

s ive n e s s a n d e xt e n t s urpr is e e v e n t h o se wh o b e h ol d t h e m i n t h e
,

m ids t o f t h e wo rk s o f c iv il iz e d m a n T h e se e a rt h wa ll s or s e .
-
,

ca ll e d stock a de s we m a in ta in we re t h e wo rk s o f t h e l a te r
, ,

I n dia n s a n d c a n b e ea s il y distin g uis h e d fro m t h e e a rl ie r Mo un d

,

b uil de rs b y c e rta in un m is ta ka bl e e v ide n ces Th e sa m e m a y b e .

sa id a l s o o f t h e re l ic s a nd ot h e r t o ke n s T h ey m a y b e fo un d in .

t h e Mo un d b uil de rs t e rr itory b ut we re m a n y o ft h e m o fa l a t e r
’
-
, , ,

da te a n d o f a r ude r ch a ra ct e r a n d s ho ul d b e a s cribe d to a dif ,

fe r
e n t pe opl e a n d n o t b e co n fi n e d t o o n e da t e or ra c e m uc h l e s s ,

to t h e so ca ll e d m o de rn I n dia ns k n o wn to h isto ry
-
.

I n re fe re n c e t o th is po in t we m a y sa y t h a t t h e e v iden c e s a r e
n um e ro us t h a t t h e p e opl e wh o b u1lt t h e mo un ds i n t h e Miss is
s ipp i Va ll e y b e lo n g e d to dif fe re n t ra c e s a n d occ up ie d t h e co untry
a t dif fe re n t pe r io ds a n d m a y h a ve c o m e fro m diffe re n t s o urc e s .

( )
I
. Th e tr a d it io n s o f t h e I n dia n s prov e th a t t h e la n ds h a v e

be e n in h a b ite d b y diffe re n t ra ce s a n d a t diffe re n t pe rio ds T h e se .

tra dit io n s pre va i l n o t o n l y a mo n g t h e n ort h e rn I n dia ns s uch a s

t h e Dela w
,

a re s t h e Iroq uo i s a n d t h e Al g o n k in s b ut a l s o a mo n g
, ,

t h e s o ut h e rn tr ibe s s uch a s t h e Ch e rok e e s t h e Cre e k s Ch oc

, , ,

ta ws a n d Mus k og e es a ll o ft h e m in dica t in g t h a t th e re we re l a te r
,

m ig ra t io n s a n d t h a t oth e r ra ce s we re in t h e v a ll e y be fore th e se
tribe s rea ch e d it Th e tra dit io ns o f s o m e o f t h e I n dia n s e spe
.
,

c ia lly t h o s e o f t h e s o ut h po in t b a ck t o a pe rio d wh e n t h e ir
,

a n c e stor s b e g a n t h e proc e ss o f m o un d b uil din g ; wit h o t h e rs t h e -

tra dit io n s po in t to a t im e wh e n th e y be g a n to occ upy t h e m o un ds

wh ic h h a d b ee n b uilt b y a n oth e r a n d a pre c e din g pe o pl e No .

wh e re h o we ve r is it cl a im e d t h a t t h e I n dia n s we re t h e fir st pe o
, ,

p le w h o occ u p ie d t h e co u n t ry or t h a t t h e i r a n c e s tor s w e r e t h e

first ra ce wh o b uilt mo un ds Th e e v ide n ce is c le a r th a t a mo n g

.

t h e va r io us tr ib e s s o m e o ft h e m i n t h e c o urse o f t h e i r m ig r a t io n s
, ,

h a d bee n le d t o a b a n do n t h e ir pa rt ic ul a r mo de o fb uil din g mo un ds

a n d h a d a dopt e d t h e mo de o f t h e pe opl e wh o s e t e rr itory t h e y
i nva de d a n d t h us t h e sa m e cl as s o f s tr uct ure s co n t in ued un de r
,

t h e s ucc e ss iv e ra ce s ; b ut t h e b e g i n n in g o f t h e mo un d b uil din g -

pe rio d is a l wa ys ca rrie d ba ck i n de fi n ite l y a n d is g e n e ra ll y a s ,

c rib e d to s om e pr e c e di n g p e opl e .

1c s a n d re m a in s prov e a l s o a s ucc e s s io n o f ra c e s
( )
z. T h e r e l .

Th is is a n i m porta n t po in t A disc uss io n h a s a r ise n a mo n g .

a rc h ae ol o is ts as to wh o t h e Mo un d b uil de rs we re a n d t h e i de a
g
-
,

h a s b e en c o n v e ye d b y s om e t h a t t h e Mo un d b uil de rs we re t o b e -

ide n t ifi e d with t h is or t h a t trib e wh ic h occ up ie d t h e re g io n a t t h e

ope n in g o f h isto ry Th is h o we ve r is m is l e a din g It l im its us
.
, , .
 22

to a ve ry mo de rn pe riod a n d se rv e s to c ut o ff in ves t ig a t io n in to
t h e m ore re mote a g e s o f t h e m o un d b ui l di n g pe r io d -
.

O ur po s it io n is t h a t m a n y o f t h e m o un ds co n ta in a re cor d o f
s ucc e s s ive p e r io ds o f occ upa t io n s om e o f t h e b ur ia l mo un ds ,

h a v in g b e e n b uilt b y s e ve ra l di ffe re n t a n d s ucc e ss ive tr ibe s a n d ,

t h e l a ye r s in t h e m o un ds b e i n g re a ll y t h e work o fdif fe re n t tr ib e s .

Th e pre h is tor ic re cord is p la in Th e s k ull s a n d s k e l e to n s fo un d

.

n e a r t h e s ur fa c e we m a y re g a r d a s t h e l a te s t tok e n s s om e o f ,

th e m be in g q uite mo de rn a nd t h e r ude re l ics fo und in t h e g ra ve l

,

be ds be in g re g a rde d a s t h e e a rl ie s t to ke n s ; b ut t h e mo un d b uil d -

in g tok e n s e xte n de d thro ug h a lo n g p e r io d o f t im e O n t h es e .

po in ts we g ive t h e testimo ny o ft h e va rio us g e n tl e m e n wh o h a ve

“
e xplor e d t h e se mo un ds Pro f Put na m sa ys : I n t h e g re a t O h io
. .

Va ll ey we h a ve fo un d pl a ce s o f co nta ct a n d m ixt ure o f t wo

F ig . I l.
.
—A n i m a l W e.

ra ce s a n d h a ve m a de o ut m uc h o fin te re st te ll in g o f co n fl ict a n d ,

de fea t o ft h e co n q ue re d a n d t h e co n q ue r ors
,
Th e lo n g n a rro w .
,

h e a de d pe opl e fro m t h e n ort h wh o c a n b e tra c e d from t h e Pa c ific

,

t o t h e Atl a n t ic e xte n di n g do wn b o t h co a s ts a n d e xte n din g th e i r

, ,

bra n c h e s to wa rds t h e i n te r io r m ee t in g t h e s h ort h e a de d a n d

,
-

s o ut h e r n ra c e h e r e a n d t h e r e
, O ur e xplora t io n s h a ve bro ug h t
.

to l ig h t co ns ide ra bl e e v ide n c e to s h o w t h a t a fte r t h e rive rs c ut

th e ir wa y t h ro ug h t h e g l a c ia l g ra ve l s a n d fo r m e d t h e ir pre se n t
ch a n n e l s l ea v in g g re a t a l luvia l pl a in s upo n th e ir borde rs a ra ce
, ,

o f m e n wit h s h ort bro a d h e a ds r e a c h e d t h e v a ll e y f

, , , r om t h e

s o uth we s t H e re t h ey c ult iva t e d t h e l a n d ra ise d crops o f co rn

.
,

a n d ve g e ta bl e s a n d b e ca m e sk ill e d a rt is a n s i n s to n e a n d t h e i r
,

n a t ive m e ta l s i n s h e ll a n d t e r ra cotta m a k in g we a p o n s a n d o r
,
-
,

n a m e n t s a n d ute n s il s o f va r io us k i n ds H e re we re th e ir pl a ce s .

o f wors h ip H e re we re t h e ir to wn s o fte n s urro un de d b y e a rth

.
,

e mba n km e n ts t h e i r fi xe d pl a c e s f
, o r b ur n in g t h e i r de a d t h e ir ,

a lt a r s o f cl a y wh e re cr e m a t io n o f
,
fe r in g s o rn a m e n ts b y t h o u . ,

sa n ds we r e t h r o wn upo n t h e fir e Upo n t h e h ill s n e a r b y we re

.
 23

th e ir pl a ce s o f re fug e or fort ifi e d to wn s Pre c e di n g th e se we re .

th e e p opl e o f t h e g l a c ia l g r a v e l s T h e. i mpl e m e n t s w h i c h h a d
bee n lo st b y pre g l a c ia l m e n h a ve b e en fo un d in th e Mia m i Va ll ey , ,

a s in t e h D e l a w a re V a ll e y .T h i s w o u l d s e e m to g i ve a m in i m u m
an t iq t
ui y o f m a n s
’
e x is t e n c e i n t h e O h i o V a ll e y from e i g h t to
te n tho u s a n d y ea r s Fro
. m t h e t i m e w h e n m a n w a s t h e c o n

te mpora ry o f t h e ma stodo n a n d m a m moth to t h e s e ttl e m e n t o f

th e re g i o n b y o u r o w n ra c e s u
,
cc e s s iv e p e opl e s h a v e 1n h a b 1t e d
th is
III We t urn to t h e div isio n o f t h e Mo un d b uil de rs te rr ito ry -
’
.

Th is ill us tra tes se ve ra l th in g s I t pro ve s th a t t h e Mo un d

.

b uilde rs we re a s we h a ve s a id g rea tly in fl ue n ce d b y th e ir e n vi

, ,

r o n m e n t s a n d th a t th e i r work s we re corre l a te d to t h e g e o g ra p h ic a l

district .
It prove s a lso th a t t h e r e wa s i n a g en e ra l wa y a cor , ,

re spo n de nc e b e twee n t h e Mo un d b uil de r a n d t h e I n dia n a s d1ffe r

-

e n t cl a s se s o f ea rt h wor ks a n d dif
- fe re n t tr ibe s o f I n d1a n s h a v e
be e n fo un d in loca t io n s or in dis trict s wh o se b o un da r1es were

re m a rk a bly s im i la r Th is to s om e min ds wo ul d prove tha t t h e

.
, ,

Mo un d b uil de rs a n d I n dia n s we re th e s a m e pe opl e ; b ut if we

-

t a k e n t o a cco un t t h a t th e re was a s ucc e s s io n o f ra c e s a n d t h a t

1 ,

e a ch ra ce wa s e q ua lly in fl ue n c e d b y it s e n viro n m e n t we m a y .

co n cl ude t h a t t h e e ffo rt to i de n t ify t h e l a te r with t h e ea rl ie r pe o

p le w i ll r e q ui re s om e th i n g mor e t h a n m e re g e o g r a p h ic a l div i s i o n .

Le t us n o w e xa m in e t h e e a rt h works o f t h e di f -
fe re n t dis tricts .

Th e firs t sys te m wh ic h we s h a ll m e n t io n is t h a t fo un d i n t h e
S t a t e o f W is co n s in a S ta te a b o un din g with e mbl e m a t ic mo un ds
, .

Th ese mo un ds a re co n fi ne d a lm o s t e xcl us ive l y to t h e s m a ll t e r

r it o ry we s t o f La k e Mich i a n e a s t o f t h e Miss is s ipp i s o ut h o f
g , ,

t h e F o x R ive r a n d n ort h o f t h e mo ut h o f t h e R oc k R iv e r ,

t h o ug h a fe w h a ve be e n fo un d in Ea st e r n Io wa a n d S o uth e r n
Mi n ne sota o n t h e l a n d i m m e dia te l y a djo in in g t h e Miss iss ipp i
,

R ive r . Th e pe c ul ia r ity o f t h e mo un d s is th a t t h ey s o s tra n g e l y

r e se mbl e t h e f o rm s o f t h e wi l d a n i m a l s f orm e rl y a bo un din g in
t h e t e rritory . Ve ry fe w if a ny e xt ra l im ita l a n im a l s a re repre
, ,

se n t e d i n t h e m Th e p o s it io n o f t h e se e fl ig ie s is a l s o n ot ic ea bl e‘
. .

Th ey a re g e n e ra lly loc a te d o n h ill tops ove rlook in g t h e be a ut iful

-

s tre a m s a n d l a k e s s o n um e ro us h e re Th e a tt it ude s o ft h e a n im a l s
.

‘T wen t y -sec o n d R e po rt Pea b o dy Muse um . 9 0 20 58 .

 24

a re re pre se n t e d b y t h e e fli g ie s a n d t h e h a b it s a re portra ye d b y
t h e s h a pe s a n d a s so c ia t i o n s o f t h e s e e a rt h work s S e e F ig 1 4 -
. . .

We e n te r t h is distr ict a n d fin d a re m a rk a bl e p ict ure o f a n ima l

l ife a s it e xiste d in t h e m o un d b uil din g pe r io d Elk a n d m o o se
-
.

a n d t h e l a r g e g raz in g a n i m a l s a re portra y e d a s f e e di n g ; p a n t h e rs

a n d wol ve s a re r e pre s e n te d a s fi g h t i n g ; wil d g e e se wi l d duc k , ,

e a g l es ,
s wa ll o ws a n d h a wks a n d p ig e o n s a s fl y i n g ; s q ui r re l s ,

fo xe s coo n s a s pl a y in g a n d r un n in g ; l iz a r ds t a dpol e s s n a k e s
. , , ,

a n d e e l s a s cra wl i n g ; fis h a n d t urt l e s a s swimm in g a n d ye t a ll ,

se e m t o h a ve a n i n de s cr ib a bl e c h a r m a bo ut t h e m a s if t h e y h a d ,

b e e n portra ye d b y t h e h a n d o f a s up e r s t itio us pe o ple .

Th e e fl ig ie s m a y h a ve bee n use d a s tote m s b y t h e pe o pl e a n d

‘
,

th us s h o w t o us t h e a n i ma l divin it ie s wh ic h we re wor sh ipe d a nd

t h e a n im a l n a m e s g ive n to t h e cl a n s ; b ut t h e cl a n s a n d t h e a n i
m a l s a r e re m a rk a bl y corr e l a te d ,

t h e n a m e s o f t h e v e ry a n im a l s
wh ic h pre va il e d h e re h a v in g
be e n bor n e b y t h e cl a n s More .

t h a n th is t h e use o f t h e e fii g ie s ,
‘

a s pro t e ctors to vi ll a g e s a s a ids ,

to t h e h un te rs a n d a s g ua rdia n s ,

to g ra ve s furn is h a n a ddit io n a l ,

p ict ure o ft h e re a l l ife o ft h e pe o

p le T h e a tt it u d e s
. o f t h e a n i
m a l s a re a l wa ys n a t ura l portra y ,

g h a b i ts a n d e v e n m o t i o n s b u t ,

a co n dit io n is re co g n iz e d b e yo n d

m e re a n im a l co n dit io n .

I n t h is s a m e S ta t e we fin d t h e
"
f' y - 16
coppe r m in e s wh ic h h a ve be e n ,

wo rk e d a n d t h e tool s wh ic h we re use d b y t h e a n c ie n t m in e rs
, , .

Th ey we re rude c o n triva n ce s a n d ye t sh o w t h e sk ill o ft h e n a t ives

,

in o ve rco m in g ob sta cl e s With o ut k n o wl e dg e o ft h e m e c h a n ica l

.

i n ve n t io n s o f t h e wh e e l a n d p ull e y wit h o ut t h e a rt o f s m e lt in g
, ,

or e ve n o f m o l din g t h e pre c io us m e ta l s t h e Mo un d b uil de rs o f ,

-

t h is re g io n s ucce e de d i n m a n ufa ct urin g a ll t h e m e ta l tool s wh ich

we re n e ce ssa ry fo r t h e i r p urpo se b e in g m o s tl y tool s use d b y ,

h un t e rs s uc h a s k n ive s s pea r h e a ds a xe s c h ise l s a wl s n e e dl e s

, ,
-
, , , ,

a nd a f e w o rn a m e n ta l p ie c e s It is a re m a rk a bl e fa ct th a t im i
.

t a t ive a rt wa s e xpe n de d upo n t h e e fli g ie s wh i c h e l se wh e re e m ,

b o die d its e l f i a s t o n e re l ic s or in m e ta l orn a m e n ts .

Th e s e c o n d dis t r ict is t h e o n e c h a ra ct e riz e d b y b uria l

mo un ds o r o rdina ry t um ul i S e e F ig 1 5 Th is is a n in te re s ti ng
. . .

“
c la ss o f ea rt h work s a n d m a y b e de s ig n a te d a s pra irie m o un ds
- .

Th ey a re s it ua te d to b e s ure o n t h e ba n k s o f s tre a m s r ive rs

, , , ,

l a k e s m a rsh e s b ut th e y a re in t h e m idst o f t h e b ro a d pra ir ie

, .

re g io n s tre tc h in g a c ro s s t h e n ort h h a l f o f t h e S ta te s o f I n dia n a ,

Ill in o is a ll o f Io wa Min n e sota D a kota pa rt o f Ka ns as a n d

, , , ,
 25

Miss o uri Th is broa d expa nse o fte rritory se e m e d to h a ve b e e n

.

occ up ied b y tribe s o f Mo un d b uil de rs wh o m e re l y e re cte d b uria l -

mo un ds b ut wh o o win g to t h e ir un se tt l e d m ig ra to ry h a b it s did
, , , ,

no t e v e n s t o p to b uil d wa ll e d de f e ns e s f o r th e m s e lv e s ; t h e i r

work s co n s is t m a in l y in t um ul i va s t n umb e rs o fwh ic h a re fo un d ,

s ca tte re d ov e r t h is e n t ire re g i o n We do n o t sa y th a t t h e y we re .

en t i re l y des t it ut e o f de f e n se f o r t h e r e a r e o c c sa io n a l e a rt h wa ll s ,

wh ic h s h o w t h a t t h e re we re pe rm a n e n t v ill a g e s b ut in t h e m a in , , ,

de fe n s e m us t h a v e b e e n s e c ure d b y st o c k a de s ra t h e r t h a n b y
e a rt h wa ll s Occ a s io n a lly th e re a re r idg e s or co n ve rg in g wa ll s
.

wh ic h re s e m bl e t h e g a m e dr ive s o f Wis co n sin a n d t h e s e furn is h -

,

a ddit io n a l pro o f th a t t h e p e opl e we r e h un te r s Th e m o un ds

*
.

occa s io n a ll y pre se n t re l ic s re m in din g us o f t h e h un tin g h a b its o f

t h e p e0 p ie wh o e r e cte d t h e m 7 T
Pipe s in t h e sh a pe o f ra ccoo n s [
. .

pra i rie do g s b ea ve rs t urtl e s liz

-
, , ,

a rds ,
ea g l e s h a wk s otte rs wi l d
, , ,

ca ts pa n t h e rs pra irie c h ick e n s

, ,
-
,

duck s a n d fro g s s h o w th a t the y

, ,

we re fa m il ia r wit h wil d a n i
m a l s Th e re l ics wh ic h a re m o st
.

n um e ro us a r e sp e a r h e a ds ar -
,

r o w h e a ds k n iv e s a xe s a n d s uc h
-
, ,

oth e r im pl e m e n ts a s wo ul d b e
use d b y wil d h un t e r s wit h a v e ry ,

co n s ide ra bl e n um b e r o f coppe r
—
i mpl e m e n t s a xe s or c e lt s a wl s ‘
W
, ,

kn ive s n e e dl e s a n d dc ca s io n a lly
, ,

spe c im e n s o f wov e n fib e r wh ic h u p 17 M t W i/m um 0

,
.
-
. a e . .

m ig h t h a ve form e d t h e cloth in g fo r a r ude pe opl e a n d a fe w ,

s pe c im e n s o f t h e h i h e r work s o f a rt b u t t h e re is a n e n t i re
g .

a b s e n c e o f t h e s y mbol s f o un d in t h e mo un ds o f t h e so uth .

Th e th ird dis tr ict i s t h e o n e b e l o n g in g to t h e m il it a ry

cla ss o f Mo un d b uil de rs Th is district forme rly a bo un de d in
-
.

for e s ts a n d wa s e s pe c ia ll y a da pte d to wa rl ik e ra c e s
,
I t e m bra ce s .

t h e re g io n s it ua te d i n t h e h il l c o un try o f Ne w Yor k 1 Pe n n sy l
'

va n ia a n d We s t V irg in ia a n d e xte n ds a l o n g t h e ba n k s o f La ke ,

Erie in to t h e S ta te o f Mich ig a n S ee Fig s 1 6 a n d 1 7 . . .

Th e mo de o f l ife in t h e se re g io n s wa s m il ita ry It wa s a .

n e c ess i t f t h i r v i t u t i H r w a s th e ef fe ct o f n a t ure
y o e e ry s a o n e e .

upo n t h e s ta t e o f s oc ie ty wh ich wa s i n e vita bl e Th e s e wo rk s .

we re m il it a ry a n d de fe n s iv e a s from t h e n a t ure o f t h e ir s urro un d ,

ing s t h e y m us t b e Th e fores t s g a ve t o o m uch opp o rt un ity fo r

.

‘ Th e
y a re g e n e ra lly b ui lt a t lea di n g p o i n t s a lo n g t h e sh o re o f t h e la k es o r o n t h e
b a n k s o f t h e rin c i l s t rea m s , a n d a re ro un d a s fa r a p a rt a s Ma n i to b a La k e a n d
t h e I lli n o i s B ve r pa
‘ 0 ca ll t h em b uma lo g a m e-d r i ves , a n d co n c lude t h a t t h e Mc un d
J
.

b uilde r s o f t h i s di s t r i c t we r e b ufl h lo h un t e rs S ee A r c h aeo lo g i ca l o ur n a l fo r 1887 , .

pa g e 72; S m i t h so n i a n R e po r t fo r 187 12 ; a lso o ur b o o k o n E m b le m a t i c Mo un ds .

s e A b o r i g i n a’ l Mo n um e n t s o f West e r n Ne w Yo r k . b y E G S q ui er ; a lso Ch e n e y
a n d Wh i t t lesey s pa m p h le t s .
. .
 26

trea che ry to a vo id it H um a n na t ure wh e n dwe ll ing in s uch

.
,

c irc umsta n ce s wo ul d de ve lop in t h is wa y It m a de n o d iffe ren c e

, .

wh a t tribe dwe lt t h e re t h e re was a n e c e ss ity fo r m il ita ry h a b its

, .

We c a n p ict ure to o urse lves e xa ctl y t h e co n ditio n o f s oc ie ty .

Wh e th e r t h e sa m e or diffe re n t tr ibe s o f pe opl e in h a b ited th e s e

re g io n s th e i r mo de o f l ife wa s ce rta in ly dicta ted b y c irc um sta n ce s
, .

Th e re we re n o m e a n s b y wh ich t h e pe opl e co ul d ove rr ul e t h e

forc e s o f n a t ure a n d g a in co n trol o f h e r e l e m e n ts I t was o n e .

o f t h e p e c ul ia rit ie s o f pre h is to r ic s oc ie ty t h a t it was co n f orm e d

a lt o g e th e r to n a t ur e Civi l iza tio n a lo ne ov e rride s t h e d if
. fic ult ie s
a n d m a ke s t h e f orces o f na t ure obe die n t to h e r wa nts We ca ll .

th ese m il ita ry s tr uct ure s compa ra t ive l y mo de rn b ut we do n o t ,

k n o w h o w lo n g the y co n t in ue d a s a cl a ss I f t h e re we re th o se
.

wh o le d a diffe re n t l ife
th ey we re proba bl y
loca te d in t h e va ll eys
or o n t h e borde rs o f
th j u w h
e s t re a m s ,
s t e r e
we fin d a fe w a g i r
c lt
ork
u ura w s Butl .

v t m or t th e as aj i y of
work s wh e t h e r v e ry ,

a n c ie n t or mor e m o d

e rn a re o f t h e s a m e
,

cl a ss m il ita ry a n d de ,

fe ns ive O ve r 3 00 m il .

it a ry s tr uct ure s a re
fo un d in t h e s in g l e S t a te o f Ne w York ; a nd s ca tte re d ove r t h e
mo unta in s o fV irg in ia a n d Ea st e rn Te n ne sse e a n d Ke n t uc ky a n d ,

e ve rywh e r e wh e re t h e h un t in g l if e a n d t h e wa rl ik e a n d pre da tor

y
st a t e wo ul d b e m o st l ike l y to pre va il th e r e t h e se m i l it a r y a n d
,

de fe n s ive s tr uct ur e s a re fo un d .

Th e I roq uo is t h e Wya n do t s a n d t h e Er ie s we re wa rl ik e pe o
,

p le. T h e C h e rok e e s w e re a l s o w a rr i ors a n d m,

a y b e r e g a r d e d as

t h e mo un ta in tr ib e s o f t h e e a s t ; wh il e t h e D e l a wa re s a n d s om e
o f t h e tr ib e s o f t h e Al g o n k i n s in h a b it in g Ne w E n g l a n d a n d t h e
n orth e a s te r n S t a t e s le d a m i n g l e d l if e pa rtl y a g r ic ult ura l a n d
,

pa rtl y h un t in g Th us we h a ve in th e se loca l it ie s a t l e a st a cor

.
, ,

re spo n de n c e be t we e n t h e sta t e o ft h e pop ul a t io n a n d t h e phys ica l

s urro un din g s .

Th e fo urt h d istrict is t h e o n e mo s t wort h y o f n ot ic e It

”
.

is s it ua t e d in t h e va ll e y o ft h e O h i o a n d i s c h a ra cte r iz e d b y wh a t

”
,

h a v e b e e n ca ll e d sa cre d e n cl o s ure s . We h a ve g ive n t h e m t h e

na me o f vi ll a g e e n clo s ure s . Th e ch a ra cte r is t ic work s o f t h e
dis tr ict a re c o m po s e d o f t h e s q ua re a n d t wo c ircl e s a djo in e d .

S e e F ig 1 8 . . Th e se we re e vide n tl y t h e v ill a g e s ite s o f t h e pe o

p le w h o d w e lt h e re a n d w h o pr a ct ic e d a g r ic ult ure T h e loc a t io n s
.

o f t h e work s s h o w t h is Mos t o f th e m a re s it ua te d o n t h e se c
.
 27

r c ove rl ook in g t h e rich bottom l a n ds b ut o fte n s ur

o nd t e r a e , ,

ro un de d b y wide l e ve l a rea s o n wh ich fore sts tree s g re w to a

, ,

g r ea t h e ig h t O n t h e h ill s a djo in in g t h e s e v ill a g e s it e s t h e

.

co n i ca l mo un ds a re n um e ro us Th ese a re re g a rde d a s l o oko ut .

sta t i o n s .Th e re a re a l s o in t h e sa m e re g io n m a n y a n c ie n t forts .

S om e o f t h e m a r e s o s it ua te d a s to g iv e t h e ide a t h a t th ey we r e
pl a c e s o f re fug e fo r t h e v ill a g es .

Th e re a re in t h e sa m e re g io n c e rta in e n clo sure s wh ic h c o n

, , ,

ta i n g ro ups o f b uria l m o un ds a n d in th es e mo un ds a lta rs h a ve ,

be e n disc o ve re d o n wh ic h h a ve b e e n de po s ite d l a rg e q ua n tit ies

”
,

o f c o s tl y r e l ic s i n t h e s h a p e o f p e a rl r e l ic s ca rv e d p 1pe s m i ca
, , ,

pl a te s coppe r S po o l s a rrow h e a ds a n d m a n y pe rs o n a l orn a m en t s

, ,
-
.

“
Th e se a re t h e sa cre d e n clos ures wh ich h a ve g ive n n a m e to t h e
distri ct I n t h is distr ict t h e re a r e se ve ra l tr un ca te d pyra m ids or

”
.

pl a tform s with g ra de d wa ys to t h e s um m it s Th e s e pl a t form s

, .

h a ve b e e n c a ll e d te m pl e m o un ds Th e idea o f s om e is t h a t .
,

t h e e n clo s ur e s we re pl a c e s o f r e l ig io us a ss e mbl y r e se mbl i n g i n ,

a r ude wa y t h e a n c ie n t E g y pt ia n t e m pl e s At Ma r ie tta t h e e n .

clo sures a re do ubl e With in o n e a re t h re e pla tform s a n d from

.
,

it to t h e wa te r s e dg e or to t h e bott o m l a n d is a n i n cl in e d o r
’
, ,

g ra d e d r o a dwa y g ua r de d b y h ig h b a n k s or e a rt h wor k s o n e it h e r
,
-

s i de
.
A t t h e ot h e r e n d o f t h e g r o up i s t h e h i g h l o o k o ut m o un d ,

s urro un de d b y a c i rc le a n d a dit c h wit h in t h e c ircl e,

Th e g ro up .

m a y h a v e b ee n t h e s it e o f a n a n c ie n t vill a g e or it m a y b e c a ll e d ,

a s a cr e d e n clo s ure S e e F r o n t ispie c e

. .

Th e fi f t h dis tr ict is s it ua te d a lo n g t h e Atl a n t i c co a st a n d ,

e xt e n ds f ro m t h e coa s t to t h e Appa l a ch ia n ra n g e I t is t h e dis .

triet th ro ug h wh ic h va rio us I n dia n trib e s h a ve m ig ra te d a n d l e ft

th e i r va rie d tok e n s b e n e a th t h e so il Amo n g th ese trib e s m a y .

b e m e n t io n e d t h e P o wh a tta n s t h e Ch e ro k e e s t h e Ca t a wb a s t h e , , ,

Tus ca rora s a n d a stra y t rib e o f t h D a kota s It is m a rk e d b y

,
e .

n o p a rt i c ul a r cl as s o f work s wh ic h c a n b e c a ll e d dist in ct iv e .

Th e re a re in it h owe ve r va rio us c irc ul a r e n clo s ure s co nta i n in g

, ,

c o n ic a l mo un ds r e s e m bl in g t h o s e i n t h e f
,
o urt h distr ict T h e se
a re f o un d in t h e K e na wh a Va ll ey B e s ide s th e se a r e t h e re m a rk .

a bl e c i rc ul a r g ra v e p its c o n ta in i n g b e e h iv e s h a p e d C ist s m a de
,
-

o f sto n e f o un d in North C a rol in a Th e re a r e c o n ica l mo un ds ,

in t h e dis tr ict wh ich a r e s uppo se d to h a v e b e e n t h e fo un da t io n s

o f rot un da s a s po st s f,
o r t h e s upp o rt o f rot un da s h a ve b ee n f o un d

o n t h e s umm it Th e s o uth e r n port io n o f t h e dis trict i s fill e d

.

with s h e ll m o un ds a n d e a rt h py ra m ids Co n s ide ra b le disc uss io n .

h a s b ee n h a d a s to wh e t h e r t h e in h a b ita n ts o f t h is re g io n we re
t h e Mo un d b uil de rs o f t h e Oh io dis tr ict a n d a compa r is o n h a s
-
,

b ee n dra wn b e twee n t h e a lta r m o un ds a n d ea rth c ircl e s in th is

dis tr ict a n d t h o se i n O h io bot h h a v in g b e e n a scr ib e d to t h e ,

C h e ro ke e s Th is is a po in t h owe ve r wh ich re m a in s to b e
.
, ,

prove d Th e work s o f t h e district m ust b e a s crib e d to t h e dif

.

fe ro n t ra ces .
 29

q ua n tit ie s o f potte ry ,
th m
a n d so po tte ry m a ke rs m ig h t
e na e of -

b e a s cr ib e d t o t h e p e opl e Th is potte ry re se m bl e s th a t fo un d in
.

t h e sto n e g ra v e s a n d n ea r t h e Ca h ok ia mo un d b ut is r e g a r de d ,

a s di s t i n ct iv e o f t h is r e g io n We m a y sa y th a t t h e dist ric t h a s
.

b ee n o cc up ie d b y t h e Ark a n sa s t h e Ka n sas a n d Pa n i I n dia n s , ,

bra n c h e s o f t h e D a kota s b ut it is un kn o wn to wh a t cl a ss t h e
,

potte ry m a ke rs be l o n g e d
-
.

I n te rve n in g be twe e n th e s e t wo dis trict a n d e xte n di n g ,

th ro ug h t h e G ul f S ta te s we fin d a se rie s o f l a r g e py ra m idal
,

mo un ds o fwh ich C a h o k ia mo un d ne a r S t Lo uis is a spe c im e n

, , .
, .

Th is re g io n m a y h a ve be e n o c c up ie d b y t h e Na t c h e z a re m a rk ,

a bl e pe opl e wh o we re k n o wn t o
h a ve be e n s un wo rs h ipe rs a n d py r
-

a m i d b ui l de r s
-
S o m e o ft h e l a rg e st
.

g ro u p s o f p y r a m i d s a re loc a t e d n e a r
t h e C it y o fN a tc h e z t h e pl a c e wh ic h
.

de riv e d it s n a m e from t h e tr ib e It .

is a re g io n h o we ve r wh e r e t h e
, ,

Ch ic k as a ws a n d Ch o cta ws bra n c h e s ,

o f t h e Mus co g e e s f o rm e rl y dwe lt
, .

Th is l ea ve s t h e q ue st io n a s t o wh o
t h e b uil de r s o f t h e se py r a m i ds
we re s t i ll in un c e rta in ty
,
.

Th e py ra m ids a r e s uppo se d to
h a ve bee n occ up ie d b y t h e c h ie fs ,

and f ur n is h e d fo un da t io n s fo r t h e
g r ea t h o u s e s or o fl i c ia l r e
'
s i de n c es .

Th ey a r e s it ua te d h o weve r in t h e
. ,

m idst o f l a n d s ubj e c t to o ve rflo w

”
,

a n d h a ve b e e n e xpl a i n e d b y s om e
a s be in g pl a c e s o f re f ug e fo r t h e
pe opl e in t im e o f h ig h wa te r .

I n t h e ea s te rn pa rt o t h is di f s d d — Ch u k y Y d n ar .

t r ic t t h e re is a cl a s s o f wo rk s wh ic h dif fe rs from tho se in t h e

we st e r n H e re we se e t h e e l e va te d pl a t fo rm a n d a lo n g with it
.
,

t h e c irc ul a r mo un d fo r t h e te m pl e s a n d b e t we e n th e m o f t e n t im e s
,

t h e c h un ky ya r d a n d p ubl ic s q ua re t h e us ua l a cco m p a n im e n t s ,

of a n a t iv e vi ll a g e S ee F ig 20
. Th e ra c e dis t in ct io n is
. .

m a n ifes t in t h is form o f str uct ure a n d n o wh e re e l se do we fin d ,

it. Th e trib e s wh o dwe lt in th is r e g io n we re t h e Cre e k s a bra n c h ,

o ft h e Mus co g e e s Th es e wo rk s h a ve b e e n a s cr ibe d to t h e Ch e r
.

o ke e s wh o we re l o ca te d in t h e m o un ta in s
,
Th e C h e rok e es .
,

h o we ve r m a in ta in t h a t t h e y m ig ra t e d to t h e re g i o n a n d too k
,

po sses s io n o f t h e work s wh ic h t h e Cre e k s a n d Mus co g e e s h a d

e re c t e d .Th e y a l s o m a in ta i n th a t t h e ir a n c e stors we re C a ve
dwe ll e rs a n d de s cr ib e t h e ca v e s from wh ic h th e y is s ue d
, Dr . .

Cy r us T h o m a s hol ds th a t t h e S h a wn e e s we re in th is r e g ig n in
p r e
-
C ol u m b ia n t i m e s a n d r e f
e
, r s to t h e e v id e n c e fu r n is h ed b
y
 30

th e re l ics fo un d i n t h e sto ne g ra ve s a n d e spe c ia ll y th o se fo un d

,

i n t h e Eto w a h m o un d i n G e or g ia as proo
,
f Th e S h a
. w n ee s we r e ,

h o we ve r l a te co m e rs b e lo n g i n g to t h e Al g o n k in s toc k a s toc k
,
-
, ,

m a rk e d b y na rro w sk ull s Th ey we re pre ce ded b y t h e Musco

.

g e e s to c k— a p e opl e w it h bro a d s k ull s It was a

. tr a di ti o n a mo n g
t h e Mus c o g e e s t h a t t h e y m ig ra t e d fro m t h e we s t a n d fo un d t h e
co un t ry o c c upie d be fore t h e m wh i l e t h e ir a n c e s tors iss ue d from
,

a s lop in g h ill a t t h e comm a n d o f t h e i r div i n it y wh o s ta mp e d .

upo n it s s um m it a n d e re ct e d t h e pol e wh ich le d t h e m t h ro ug h

, ,

t h e ir wa n de rin g s I n re fe re n c e to t h e G ul f S ta te s Col C C
. . . .

Jo n e s wh o h a s writte n a bo o k upo n t h e a n tiq uity o f t h e S o uth e rn

,

I n dia n s sa ys th a t t h e t ribe s we re o n ly occ upying works wh ich

,

h a d b e e n e re ct e d b y a pr e c e din g a n d diffe re n t cla s s o f pe opl e .

Eve n upo n a c urso ry e xa m in a t io n o f t h e g ro ups o f mo un ds

'

wit h t h e i r a t t e n de n t ditch es e a rth wa ll s fis h pr e s e rv e s it is

, , ,

dif fi c ult to re s is t t h e i mpr es s i o n t h a t t h ey a re t h e re m a in s o f a

pe opl e more p a t ie n t o f l a bor a n d in s o m e re spe cts s upe rior to
,

t h e n o m a dic t r ibe s wh o with i n t h e m e m o ry o f t h e wh it e s cl i n g

”
, ,

a ro un d a n d de vote to s e co n da ry use s th e s e lo n g dese rt e d mo n u -

m e n ts . Th is re m a rk wa s m a de a ft e r dil ig e n t st udy o f t h e
wr iti n g s l e ft b y t h e h is tor ia n o f De S oto s e xpe dit io n a n d o f
’

A da ir a n d Ba rtra m a n d co m pa r in g th e m with t h e e v ide n c e g ive n

b y t h e m o n um e n ts th e m s e lve s .
 C H A PT E R I I I .

THE MOUND BU I LDE R S AND -

TH E MA S TODON .

O ne o ft h e firs t q ue st 1o n s a s k e d o ft h e a ro h ae o lo g is t s c o n c e r n
in g t h e Mo un d b uil de rs i s , Wh a t wa s t h e i r pr o ba bl e a g e
-
Th e
q ue stio n is a ve ry n a t ura l o n e b ut in t h e form g e n e ra ll y g ive n
, , ,

e xh ib it s a m is un de rs ta n din g o f t h e g e n e ra l s ubj e ct It impl ie s .

th a t t h e Mo un d b uil de rs we re a ll o n e pe opl e a n d t h a t t h ey
-
.

spre a d o ve r t h e co n t i n e n t a t a pa rt ic ul a r a n d de fi n ite t i m e We .

h a ve a lrea dy sh o wn t h a t t h e re we re m a n y cl a s se s o f Mo un d
b uil de r s a n d t h a t t h e re we re diffe re n t pe rio ds o f t im e— a s ucc es
,

s io n o f pop ul a t i o n be in g o n e o f t h e pl a in e s t f a ct s bro ug h t o ut

b y a r c h ae olo g ic a l i n v e s t ig a t io n Th e a n s we r to t h e q ue st io n is
.

to b e se c ure d b y t h e s t udy o f t h e Mo un d b uilde rs a s th ey a p -

fl re n t da te s in t h e m o un d b uil din g p e r io d
'

p ea r e d a t d i e -
T h e a g e .

o f t h e Mo un d b uil de rs in cl ude s n o t o n e sp e c ific da t e b ut cov e rs

-
,

m a ny e poch s .

We m a in ta in th a t th e re wa s a Mo un d b uil de rs a g e in t h is ’
-

co un try , a n d th a t it is a s dist in ctive a s wa s t h e n e ol ith ic a g e in

Europe Th e n e ol it h ic a g e wa s fo un de d o n t h e dis cove ry o f
.

a c e rta i n cl a ss o f re l i cs , re l i cs wh ic h h a d a c e rta i n de g re e o f
pol ish a n d fi n ish a bo ut th e m ; t h e m a te ria l o f t h e re l ics m a k in g
t h e a g e dis t in ct ive Th e bro n z e a g e wa s fo un de d o n t h e dis c o v
.

e ry o f bro n z e r e l ic s in t h e m i ds t o f ne ol it h ic re l ic s , t h e m a te r ia l
a nd fi n ish o ft h e r e l i cs m a k in g t h e m dis t in ct iv e S o t h e Mo un d
b uil de rs a g e is ba s e d o n t h e pre va l e n ce o ft h e ea rth h ea ps wh ich
'

co n ta in wit h in t h e m t h e re l ics o fa pre h istoric ra c e Th e c h a ra cte r .

o f t h e re l ic s as we ll a s t h e m a t e r ia l o f wh ic h t h e work s we re
compo se d m a k e s t h e Mo un d b uil de rs a g e dist in ct ive
,
’
-
.

I A s to t h e n a m in g o fth e se pe rio ds t h e re is s om e un ce rta in ty

. ,

b ut t h e follo win g fa c ts m a y h e lp us to a ppre c ia t e it I n E urop e .

t h e pa l e ol it h ic a g e co n t in ue d a fte r t h e clo s e o ft h e g l a c ia l pe r io d .

It b eg a n with t h e g ra ve l b e ds a n d e mbra c e d a ll t h e re l ics fo un d

,

in th o s e b e ds e xt e n de d t h ro ug h t h e pe r io d o ft h e ca ve dwe ll in g
,
-
,

e mbra c e d n e a rl y a ll t h e c a v e co n t e n ts ; it r e a c h e d up t o t h e t im e

o f t h e k itc h e n m idde n s a n d e mbra c e d t h e r e l i cs f

, o un d in t h e
lo we r l a ye rs It is div ide d in to va r io us e poch s wh ic h a re n a m e d
.
,

diffe re n tl y Th e E n g l ish n a m e d t h e m a ft e r t h e a n im a l s a ss o
.

c ia t e d wit h t h e re l ic s in to t h e e po c h s o ft h e c a ve b e a r m a m m o t h
,
-
,

a n d re in de e r Th e Fre n ch n a m e d th e m a f
. t e r t h e c a v e s in wh ic h
th ey we re fo un d, m a k in g t h e n a m e o f t h e ca ve s de s cript ive o f
t h e r e l ic s .
 32

Th e C h e ll ea n re l ic s a re more ea s il y dist in g uish e d t h a n oth e rs ,

a n d a r e r e co g n iz e d b y s om e a s b e lo n g in g to a dis t in ct pe r io d,

a pe r io d wh e n t h e m a mmot h rh in oce ro s a n d ca ve - b e a r pre va il e d

.

i n E uro p e Th e se s ta n d a lo n e a n d b e lo n g to a n e a rl ie r g e o lo g
.

ic a l pe r io d th a n t h e res t o ft h e C a ve dwe ll e rs re l ic s A n umb e r o f

’
-
.

o bj e c t s dis cov e re d a t Mo us t ie r a t S o l utre a n d a t La Ma de l e in e

,

m a r k a s e co n d a n d a t h i rd pe r io d o f t h e p a l e o l it h ic a g e .

I n Am e rica t h e pa l e ol it h ic a g e pre c e de d t h e n e ol ith ic , a s i n

E urope It m a y b e divide d in to t h re e e poc h s : 1 Th e pr e g l a c ia l ,
. .
-

t h e e po c h in wh ic h t h e re l ic s we r e de po s it e d in lo e s s 2 Th e . .

0 B I w 40 lo 70
m
Bel le 34 feet to t h e in ch .

F ig . 1.—E lep h a nt 5 17103

1 .

g l a c ia l ,
anpoc h in wh ic h t h e re l ics we re de po s ite d in g ra ve l
e .

3 . T h e C h a m pl a i n a n e poc h i n w
,
h ic h t h e re l ic s w e r e d e po s it e d
up o n t h e s um m it o ft h e h i ll s a n d a b o ve t h e g l a c ia l g ra v e l s .

Th e Am e r ic a n a r c h aeolo g ist s n a m e t h e m a ft e r t h e c h a r a ct e r
o f t h e g ra v e l s in wh ic h t h e y a re f o un d a s we ll a s t h e c h a ra cte r ,

o f t h e re l i c s It m a y b e sa id t h a t t h e sub div is io n o f t h e
.

pa l e ol it h ic a g e in A m e r ica h a s n o t b e e n full y e s ta bl is h e d Th e re .

s e e m s to b e s o m e un c e rt a in t t t h Fr c h d E l i s h
y a s o e e n a n n g
divis io n s .

° Ev i de n i s i n c rea s i n g t o s h o w t h a t t h e p a leo li t h i c p eo p le co n t i n ue d a ft e r t h e
co
la c i a l p e r i o d, a s fl i n t r e li c s wh i c h a re c h i p pe d so a s t o m a k e t o o ls o f va r i o us k i n ds ,
g a ve b e e n fo un d i n t h e b e d s o f t h e wa t e r c o urse s i n I o wa a n d e lse wh e re Th o se pe r .

h a ps s h o uld b e a ss i e d t o t h e Ch a m p la i n e p o c h Th ey we r e fo llo we d b y t h e Ca ve
.

dwe lle r s , wh o le ft t o i r r e li cs a n d re m a i n s i n t h e s h e lt e r ca ves o f Oh i o , K e n t uc k

a n d Te n n e ss e e , a n d o t h e r lo ca li t i es B o n e i m p le m e n t s we re c o m m o n a m o n g t h s
.

p eo p le , b ut n o t. m a n y m e t a l r e li cs Th e s h e ll h e a p s o f F lo r i da a n d Ma i n e m a y h a ve
.

b e lo n g e d t o t h o p o o i s wh o fo llo wed t h e Ca ve -d we lle r s Th e p e o p le wh o le ft t h e ti r e

.

b e ds i n t h e b o t t o m a n ds o f O h i o a t va r i o us de p t h s zb o lo w t h e sur fa c e fo llo wed t h e

'

Ca ve-d we lle rs Th e Mo un d -b ui lde r s ca m e i n a b o ut t h i s t i m e

. Th e y we re a n eo li t h i c
.

p e o p le , a n d we re p r o b a b l i m m ig r a n t s fro m so m e o t h e r co un t r y F o ur li n e s o f m i
.

t i o n h a ve b e e n r eco g n z ed a m o n g t h e Mo un d-b ui lde rs : O n e fro m t h e n o r t h ea s t

t h e so ut h we s t ; a n o t h e r fr o m t h e n o r t h west t o t h e s o ut h eas t ; a t h i r d fr o m t h e
so ut h we s t t o t h e n o r t h ea s t ; a fo ur t h fr o m t h e so ut h ea st , n o r t h a n d wes t .
 38

Na m in g t h e pe rio ds a fte r t h e a n im a l s is s uita bl e to Ame rica ,

t h o ug h t h e a n i m a l s wo ul d b e diffe re n t from t h o se i n E urop e .

I n E urope t h e ca v e be a r -
,

m a stodo n a n d t h e re in
'

de e r m a de th re e e po c h s .

I n Am e r ic a t h e m e g a t h e
fo un d i n Bra z il§ th e r ium

m a sto do n fo un d in t h e
g r a v e l b e ds a n d p e a t
bo g s , a n d t h e b ufla lo ,
'

n o w a lm o st e xt in ct , m a rk

t h re e diffe re n t e poc h s I n .

E ur o pe t h e pa l e o l it h ic ,

a g e wa s co n t a i n e d W i t h i n
i n g s z a n d 3—Ob efdta n A r r ows fr om I da h o !
t h e qua rt e n a ry p e r io d,
. .

a n d ca m e to a n e n d b e f o r e t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e pr e s e n t g e olo g ic

pe rio d It wa s fo llo we d b v t h e n e ol ith ic a g e Th e c h a ra cte r

. .

is t ic o f th is a g e wa s th a t pol is h e d s to n e re l i cs , s uc h a s h a tc h e t s ,

i
i

F ig s. 4, 6 , 6 a nd —S h e ll B
7. ea ds fr om Moun ds .

ce lts a n d fin e ly c h ippe d a rro ws s pe a r h e a ds a n d a fin e cl a s s o f

-
,
-

potte ry a bo un de d An o th e r c h a ra cte rist ic wa s th a t mo un ds we re

.

c o mmo n S h e ll h ea ps m a rk e d it s b e g in n in g c h a mbe re d m o un ds
.
,

it s e n d Th e bro n z e a g e follo we d t h e s t o n e a g e
. Th is b e g a n .

wi t h t h e l a k e dwe ll in g s a n d co n t in ue d
-

t h ro ug h t h e t im e o f t h e r ude sto n e m o n u
m e n ts a n d up t o t h e h is to ric a g e Bro nz e
,
.

wa s t h e m a t e ria l wh ic h c h a ra cte r iz e d t h e
ag e ,
a m a t e r ia l wh ich wa s n o t m a de in
Europe b ut wa s bro ug h t from As ia a n d 9 W m
,

wa s r e c a s t No l e s s t h a n fif
-
t y s e ve n fo un d -

F ig 8 —B N dl
.

on e ee es .
rie s o f bro n z e h a ve b e e n dis cove re d in . .

Fra n ce a n d a l a rg e n um b e r in Ita l y ; o ne a t Bolo g na h a v in g n o

l e ss th a n p ie c e s brok e n a n d re a dy fo r ca sti n g Th e h a tc h e ts .

we r e ca s t i n m o l ds wit h win g s fo r h o l din g t h e h a n dl e a n d m a n y

, ,

o f t h e m wit h s ock e t s a n d e ye s b y wh ic h t h e y co ul d b e l a s h e d to

‘ Pr o f E L B e r t h
. . .o ud d i sc o ve re d a n um b e r o f o b s i d i a n r e li e s o n t h e U p
“
r a d i so n M
F o r k i n I da h o . H e sa y s : I h a ve g a t h e re d so m e ver y c h a ra c t e r i s t i c 0 s i d i a n i m
p le m en t s o n La k e H e n r y a n d S n a k e R i ve r , wh i c h I t ra n s m i t . I h a ve a lwa s un de r
s t o o d t h a t t h e p rese n ce o f o b s i di a n re li cs i n K a n sa s . Co lo ra do , e b ra s k a yo m i n g N
a n d U ta h w
a s due t o t h e p ro b a b le i n t e r c o ur se o f t h e A z t ec ra c e s it t h e m o re w h
n o r t h e rn t r i b es . I a m no w
sa t i s e d t h a t t h e y fi e re de r i ve d fro m w t h e Ye llo ws t o n e
a n d S n a k e R i vers , ra t h e r t h a n fro m e w a n d O ld N Me xi c o I n t h e Na t io n a l Pa r k
.

Pro f. H a y de n fo un d a g o r g e i n t h e m o un t a i n s wh i c h wa s a lm o s t e n t i r e ly fo r m e d o f
vo lca n i c g la ss ; t h e y h a ve a p t ly n a m ed i t O b s i d i a n
‘ —Pr o c ee di n g s of Da ve n .

p or t A ca de m y , V o l I I I . , Pa r t I I .
 35

II Th e pa rt wh ic h t h e Mo un d b uil de rs pe rform e d in c o n n e c
.
-

t io n with t h e n e ol ith i c a g e Th e Mo un d b uil de rs i n a t e c h n ica l

.
-
,

se n s e a re to b e co n fi n e d to t h e Mis s is s ipp i V a ll e y
,
Th e r e a r e .
,

to b e s ure m a ny mo un ds a n d e a rth work s o n t h e n o rt h we s t

,
-

c o a s t ot h e rs i n Uta h a n d s t ill oth e r s s c a tte r e d a m o n g t h e c ivil

, ,

iz e d ra c e s i n Me xico b ut t h e Mo un d b uil ders a s s uc h we re t h e

,
-

i n h a b ita n ts o f t h is v a ll e y We sh a ll s e e t h e e xte n t o f th e i r
.

t e rr itory if we t a k e t h e mo un ds o f t h e R e d R iv e r Va ll e y a s o n e
s tre a m a n d f o llo w t h e l i n e a cro s s t h e dif
fe re n t dis tr icts un t il we
re a c h t h e mo un ds o f Florida Th is is t h e l e n g th o f th e ir te rri .

tory n o rt h a n d so ut h ; t h e bre a dth co ul d b e in dic a t e d b y t h e

All e g h e n y m o un ta in s upo n t h e e a s t a n d t h e foot h ill s o f t h e -

R oc ky mo un ta in s upo n t h e we s t fo r a ll t h is ra n g e o f te rr i to ry ,

b e lo n g e d to t h e Mo un d b uil de rs With in t h is te rr itory we h a ve

-
.

t h e copp e r m in e s o f La k e S up e r ior t h e sa lt m in e s o f Ill in o is

‘
,

a n d K e n t uck y t h e g a rde n b e ds o f Mic h ig a n t h e p ip e sto n e

’ 3
-
, ,

q ua rr ie s o f Min nes ot a t h e e xte n s ive potte r ie s o f Miss o uri t h e

,
‘
,
‘5

“
sto n e g ra v e s o f Ill i no i s t h e wor k s h o ps t h e s to n e c a irn s t h e
,
-
, ,

s t o ne wa ll s t h e a n c ie n t ro a dwa s a n d t h e o ld wa ll e d t o wn s o f
, y ,

Ge org ia t h e h ut r in g s o f Ark a n s a s t h e sh e lte r ca ve s o f Te n

,
’
,
8 -

n e s s e e a n d O h io t h e m ica m in e s i n S o uth C a rol in a t h e q ua r

’ 10
, ,
“ “
r ies in Fl in t R idg e in O h io t h e a n c ie n t h ea rt h s o f O h io t h e

”
, ,
“
bo n e b e ds a n d a l a ba ste r c a ve s i n I n dia n a t h e sh e ll h ea ps
"
,
-

o f Flor i da o il we ll s a n d a n c i e n t m i n es a n d t h e rock in sc r i
, p ,

t io n s wh ich a re s ca tte re d ov e r t h e te rr ito ry e ve rywh e re .

We a s crib e a ll o f th e s e to t h e Mo un d b uil de rs a n d con cl ude -

th a t t h ey we re work e d b y th is pe opl e fo r t h e re l ic s fro m t h e ,

a r ude ls , w
h ose re m a i n s a r e b ur ie d i n t h e de b r i s , fo r la y e r s of a s h es h a ve b e e n
fo un d av ng rea t do t h e . T h e fi re b e ds a n d s to n e g r a ves h a ve b ee n fo un d a t
va r i o us de p t h s on ea t h o r i ve r b o t to m s . - M
i a m i Ga z e tt e J a n . so, 1893. S ee S m i t h
so n i a n R e p o r t , 187 4. a . 3. Ro b i n so n ; Pea b o dy M
use um . 81 R e po r t , F . . P h
ut n a m . w
'
Ih e M a m m o t h ca ve a n d o t h e r dee p ca ves h a ve y 1o lded m um m i es a n d o t h e r re m a i n s
w h i c h m a y h a ve b e lo n g e d t o t h i s a n t e c ede n t pe r i o d. Oolli m H i s to r y 0 K en tuc ky .
’
—
Th e oa t a uk Pr o f. W
y m a n sa y s. s ur vi ve d un t i l a ft e r t h e a rr i ve o r t h e Euro
pea n s. g o t t ery i
s po o r ly re p rese n t e d ; o r n a m en t a t i o n i s o f t h o r udest k i n d ; t h e
s h e ll h ea ps y i e ld fe w a r t i c les o f s t o n e ; i m la m e n t s o f st o n e a re c o m m o n i n F lo r
i da . A do m es t i cs 11 a n i m a l a s fo un d wi t ea t a b les. w
1 S ee F os te r s Pr o h i qt o r i c R a c es , p. 205 . 2 I b i d 249. 3 S ee A m er i ca n A n t i na r
’

i a n , V o ls I a n d V I I 4 C o o l. R e p. o f i n n eso t a M
0 1. I , p 15 1 a n d 555 . 5 S ee ro f.
w
S a llo w s a r t i c le Pea b o dy
’
M
use um , st h re p . , a n A r c h . 0 d
o ., 1880. 6 S ee S m . R e p . M
1800. 7 S e e C. J o n es a n d a m es oo n e J’
M
s 9t h A n . R e p . o f Et h . B u. a lso A m .
A n t h ro . V o l. 11 , p . 241. S ee A m . V o l. 11 1 i N
o . a , 11 . s . H a i b e r t. 8 o . Pa lm e r s
i n Et h . S v
n . ot h A n . Re p . o f A . A . . o i . I I I , 11. 27 1, i n I o wa . 9 S ee R o b i n s i n s a r t i c le ,
’

é m M
3
’
S m . R e p. l lf. 807 A . A . , V o l. I I , p . s. 10 S ee R e po r t b y J a m es
“ '
c
oo n s 9t n A n .
E t h . B u. e . R th fi
e p. Pea . M
use um . 11 S ee A m e r i c a n A n t i q ua r i a n , V o I I, 95 .
12 I b i d. V 0 pV
I p. 10l 13I b i d" V o l. V I I I . P. 63 14 I b i d., V o l. I I I . 15
6 J
. .

11 . p . 16 15 1 V o l. 11 1, s . e b e rr y , p . 185 . Nw
 36

m in e s q ua rrie s a re fo un d in t h e mo un ds B es ide s th e se re l ic s
a nd .

we fin d o t h e rs wh ic h we re r e c e ive d b y a bor ig in a l tra de ; o b s idia n

k n ive s a n d a r ws (s e e F ig s 2 a n d 3 ro
) from I da h o ; j a d e a x e s .

fro m n un k n o wn o u c e c a ve d s pe c im e ns wh ich s e e m to h a v e
a s r ,
r

c o m e f o m Me xi o ; h e ll a n d wa m p um (F ig s 4 t o 7 ) from t h e
r c s s
"
.

g u l f o f M e xi c o ; s p e c im e n s o f a r t wh ic h s h o w co n n e ct io n wit h t h e

n ort h we s t c o a st a n d c a rve d p ipe s wh ic h sh o w f a m il ia r ity wit h

a n im a l s a n d b ir ds f ro m t h e c e n t ra l provin ce s Th e Mo un d .

b uilde r s we re t h e ch ie f re p re s e n t a t ive s o f t h e n e ol ith ic a g e vyin g ,

wit h t h e C liff dwe ll e rs i n a g ra de o f c iv il iza t io n b ut h a vin g a

-
,

m uc h m o r e va ri e d c ul t ur e t h a n t h e y Th e ir te rrito ry exte n de d .

ove r m o e la n d t h a n a ny o t h r c l a s s o f pe opl e k n o wn to t h e pre

r e

h i t o r ic a g e a n d t h e ir a r t p re s e n t s m ore va rie ty t h a n a n y o t h e r
s ,

cl a s s .

Th e c ut s r ep re s e n t t h e c h a ra ct f t h e re l ic s t a k e n fro m t h e er o

m o un ds Th e p o t t e ry va s e (F ig 9) is fro m a mo un d i n Mich i
. .

a n a n d s h o ws t h e h ig h t a g e o f a rt re a c h e d t h e re T h h o
g s e e s .

a n d s ic k le s F
( gi s . 1 0 a nd

) fr o m m o u
11n d s i n a re

Te n n e ssee a n d s h o w t h e
a g r ic ult ura l c h a ra cte r o f

t h e pe o pl e Th e b a n n e r .

s to n e a n d s i lv e r or n a

m e n t (F ig s 1 2 , 1 3 a n d .

1 4) a re f rom m o un ds in
Florida A E Do ug . . .

l a s s t h in k s t h e s ilve r o r
na m e n t wa s mo de r n We .

pl a ce th e se c uts a lo n g
s ide o ft h e e l e p h a n t p ipe s

a n d oth e r re l i c s to s h o w
F ig I i .—S ic k les fr o m Te n ne s s e e
t h e leng t h o f t h e a g e
. .

of th e Mo un d b uil de rs -
. S o m e o f th e m we re e vide n tl y q uit e
an c ie n t a nd oth e r s we r e ve ry m o de r n .

I I I A s t o t h e a n t iq uity o f t h e Mo un d b uil de r s , we m a y s a y
.
-

th a t da te s a re a l wa y s diffic ult t o fix We c a n n o t g ive t h e m .

de fi n it e l y We i m a g in e t h a t t h e Mo und b uil de rs we re t h e firs t

.
-

p e opl e wh o o c c up ie d t h e t e r r it o ry a fte r t h e clo se o f t h e g l a c ia l

p e rio d t h a t t h ey foll o we d h a rd o n t o t h e p a l e ol ith ic pe o pl e t h a t
, ,

n o o t h e r r a c e i n t e r ve n e d Th is is h o weve r a m a tte r o f co nj e e
.
. ,

t ure O ur re a s o n s fo r h o l din g t h is a re a s follo ws : 1 Th e

. .

a pp e a ra n c e o f t h e m a s t o do n a n d m a mmot h We c o n te n d th a t .

° W . H Pra t t h
. des c r i b e d wo r k e d s h e lls fro m Ca lh o un Co un t y , I lli n o i s, a lso s h e ll
as
b e a ds fro m m o un d s a t A lb a n y ( F i g s . 4, 5 a n d a n d wa m p um fro m m o un ds i n
F lo r i da ( Pi wh i c h h e t h i n k s we re use d a s c urr e n c y , g i vi n g t h e i dea th a t wa m
um e xi st s i n t h e Mo un d b ui lde rs t i m e ; o t h e r s t h i n k wa m p um wa s i n t ro d uc ed b y
- ’

e wh i te m a n Th e va lue o f t h e b ea d s wa s o wi n
. m o r e t o t h e wo r k p la c e d upo n
t h e m t h a n t o t h e ra r i t y o f t h e s h e lls C o p p e r b oa 8 fo un d i n t h o m o un ds a t Da ve n
.

r t c o n t a i n e d t h e c o r d upo n wh i c h t h e y we re s t r un g T h i s wo uld i n di ca t e t h a t t h e
E
g
.

a d s we re so m e wh a t r e c e n t .
 37

t e se n m a l a n d t h
h a i s e M o n d b uil de rs we re co n te mpo ra n e o us
u -
.

Th e o n ly a g e wh ic h i n t e rve n e d b e t wee n t h e g l a c ia l p e r io d a n d
t h e Mo un d b ui l de r s p e r io d is to b e c a ll e d t h e m as to do n s a g e
’ ’
-
.

We a r e rea dy to a ck n o wl e dg e th a t a lo n g t im e m ust h a ve e l a pse d

be t we e n t h e g l a c ia l a g e a n d t h e Mo un d-b uil de rs, b ut in t h e a b
se n c e o f pr o o f t h a t a n y o t h e r i n h a b it a n t s occ up ie d t h e t e rr it o ry
we a s cr ibe t h e t im e o r p e r io d t o t h e m a s t o do n a n d m a mmot h .

Th e pa l e ol ith i c p e opl e m a y i n dee d h a ve s urv ive d t h e g l a c ia l

pe rio d a n d be e n a l so c o n te mpora n e o us wit h t h e m a sto do n , t h e
re a l a g e o f t h e m a mmot h a n d m a sto do n cove r in g t h e wh ole o f
t h e p a le o l ith i c a g e a n d o ve rl a pp i n g t h e Mo un d b uil de rs , t h e -

first b e in g t h e a g e in wh ic h
t n e m a sto do n wa s n um e ro us .

Ce rta i n wr it e rs h a ve de n ie d
t h is , a n d h a ve a rg ue d th a t s o
lo n g a n in te rva l o ftim e e l a pse d
b e t we e n t h e Mo un d b ui l de rs -

a n d t h e cl o s e o ft h e g l a c ia l a g e
th a t t h e m a sto do n disa ppe a r e d
a lto g e t h e r , th a t t h e b uffa lo
wa s t h e a n im a l wh ich wa s
dist in ct ive of th e Mo un d
b ui l de r s a g e , a n d t h e m a s to
’

do n wa s t h e a n im a l dist i n ct ive
o f t h e pa l e ol it h ic a g e Th e ir
.

a r g um e n ts a r e a s f o llo ws : Th e

fores ts wh ic h h a ve S pre a d o ve r
th e n ort h e r n h a lf o f t h e
Mo un d b uil de rs t e rr it o ry a re
-
’

in pl a c e s v e ry de nse D urin g
.

t h e g l a c ia l p e r io d t h is re g io n
M y 12 —B a n n er S t on e fr o m F lo r i da
wa s cov e re d b y a sea o fic e , t h e
. . .

g ro u n d m u s t n ee d s s e ttl e a n d b e cov e r e d w i t h a ll uv ia l b e for e t h e

fore st s wo ul d g ro w .Th e fo re s t s c o ul d o n ly g ra dua ll y a ppe a r , t h e

distr ib ut io n o f s e e ds a n d t h e s pr i n g in g up o f t h e sa pl in g s b e in g
a s lo w proc ess A n ot h e r a r g um e n t is ta k e n fro m a n a lo g y I n
. .

E urope t h e pe rio d o f t h e g ra ve l b e ds wa s s uppo se d to b e t h e

sa m e a s t h e g l a c ia l p e r io d a n d m a rk e d t h e b e g i n n i n g o ft h e pa l e

o lit h ic a g e . T h e re we re , h o we ve r , b e twe e n t h e g ra ve l b eds a n d

t h e a g e o f t h e b a rro ws t h re e or fo ur diff e re n t e poch s — t h e ca ve
dwe ll e rs , t h e p e 0 p 1e o f t h e k itc h e n m idde n s a n d t h e l a k e dwe ll e r s -

— t h e pro re s s h a vin b e e n ra dua l b e t we e n th e pe r io ds * I n

g g g .

‘
Oo l
. Wh i t t lese s pea k o f t h r ee r i o ds : T h e ea r ly d r i ft p e r i o d wh i c h b e lo n g e d t o
r i m i t i ve m a n ; t e p e ri o d o f t h e c un d-b ui lde rs , wh o se a n t i p ui t y i s fro m fo ur t o
B ve t h o usa n d y ea rs wi t h s li g h t e vi de n ce o fa n i n t e r ve n i n g ra c e b e t wee n t h e Mo un d
b ui lde rs a n d p r i m i t i ve m a n ; a n d t h e pe r i o d o f t h e r e d m a n Th e e v i den c e o f m a n
fi
m o re a n c i e n t t h a n t h e Mo un d-b ui lde rs h e n ds i n t h e fl uvi a t lle de po s i t s . wh i c h we re
.

a b o ve t h e ti r e b e d s o n t h e O h i o r i ve r , t o t h e de p t h o f t we lve o r fl i we n fee t . T h e sa m e
e vi de n c e i s g i ve n b y Pro f Put n a m —A r t i c le r ea d b efo r e th e A m er i c a n A ssoc i a t i on i n
. .

G i tc a g o , 1888.
 38

Am e ric a t h e c h a n g e wa s m o re s udde n fo r t h e tok en s wh ic h a re ,

fo un d in t h e a ur ife ro us g ra ve l s a re m uch m ore a dva n ce d t h a n

a ny f o un d in t h e g ra ve l be ds o f E urope .

Th ey c o rre spo n d to t h e re l ic s o f t h e l a k e
dwe ll e rs a n d t h e b a rro ws Th e Mo un d .

b uil de rs re l ics a re a l so m uc h more a dva n c e d

’

t h a n th o se o f t h e g ra ve l b e ds in t h e sa m e
te rr itory a n d t h e s uppo s it io n is th a t t h e re
,

m ust h a ve b e e n e ith e r a n in t e rv e n in g pe ri o d
in wh ic h mo un d b uil din g wa s n o t pra c -

t ice d o r t h a t th e re wa s a n imm ig ra t ion o f

,

t h e Mo un d b uil de r s in t o t h is te rr ito ry from

-

s o m e ot h e r pa rt We a ck n o wl e dg e th a t
.

th e re a re s om e fa ct s wh ic h fa vor th is s up
po s itio n o r idea t h a t th e re we re i n h a b ita n ts
i n te rv e n in g b e t we e n t h e r ude pa l e ol ith i c

”
pe opl e a n d a dva n ce d Mo un d b uil de rs wh o

”
-

corre spo nde d t o t h e pe o pl e o f t h e k itc h e n

m idde n s a n d to t h e e a rl y l a k e dwe ll e rs -
.

d am m m
9°

Po ssibl y we s h a ll fin d th a t t h e fire be ds o ft h e
.

in t e rior a n d t h e k itc h e n m idde n s o f t h e sea co a s t we re de po s ite d

dur in g th is p e r io d a n d t h e div is io ns o ft i m e m a y b e ide n t i fi e d b y
,

th e se tok e n s We m a in ta in t h a t t h e close o f
.

t h e g l a c ia l p e r io d wa s n o t so s udde n a s
s om e im a g in e T h e re m a y h a v e b e e n a
.

li ttora l cl a s s o f fi sh e r m e n wh o we re t h e
occ upa nts be fo re t h e clo s e o f th is pe rio d .

Th ey followe d a ft e r t h e ic e a s it disa ppe a re d ,

l ea v in g t h e ir s h e ll h ea ps o n t h e coa s t a n d
t h e ir fire be ds in t h e in te rior I n fa vor o f .

t h is we m a y m e n t io n t h e fa ct t h a t t h e tooth
o f a pol a r b e a r a n d t h e b o n e s o f t h e a uk ,

both o f wh ich a re a n im a l s t h a t o cc upy t h e

a rct ic r e g io n s a n d i n h a b it t h e i c e fi e l ds ,

h a ve b e e n fo un d i n a s h e ll h e a p o n t h e
coa s t o f Ma in e t h us provin g th a t th e re
,

we r e in h a b ita n t s wh e n t h e ic e re a c h e d a s
fa r so ut h a s t h a t po in t Th e m a s to do n e vi
.

den t ly in h a b it e d t h e c o un t ry lo n g b e fore t h e
l c i l p r i o d It u rv iv d t h t p r i o d d W “ a w m m “ ‘ P " a a
g a a e s. e a e a n

m a y h a ve e xis t e d dur in g t h e t i m e t h e l a n d wa s b e c o m in g s e ttl e d

O Mr G eo F K un z h a s d e sc r i b e d a g o ld o b j ec t r e se m b li n g a sh i e ld, t a k e n fro m a
. . .

m o un d i n F lo r i da . a n ea r d i sc o f s i lve r , a t r i a n g ula r s i lve r o r n a m e n t , a fla t b a r o f

s i lver . a ll t a k e n fr o m m o un ds i n F lo r i da , Mr Do ug la s h a s s p o k e n o l c i r c ula r la t es
J
.

fro m H a li fa x r i ver 00 1. C C o n es o f s i lve r b ea ds , n o t E uro pea n , fro m E t o wa

. . va i
le . Mr Do ug la s t h i n k s t h a t t h e si lver s pec i m e n s we re t a k e n fro m wr ec k ed vesse ls
y
.

a f e r t h e di s c o ve a n d r a t e rs t o a s pec i m e n fo un d o n a n i s la n d n e a r F lo r i da , wh i c h
h a s t h e m a r k s 0 m o de r n wo r m a n s h i up o n i t T h e e t c h i n g s o f t h e c ro ss o r b i s
.

m un di a n d t h e h ea rt m a y b e a t t r i b ut e t o t h e S pa n i s h r i e s t s , t h o ug h t h e m o o n s o n
O
t h e p po s i t e s i de we re n a t i ve sy m b o ls H e sa y s t h a t t 0 fo ur o rn a m e n ts desc r i b e d
.

b y Mr H o n : we re a sso c i a t e d wi t h E um pea n m a n ufa c t ure S ee A m e r i ca n A n t i q ua r

. .

i a n . V o l I X , pa g e 219
. .
 39

a n d un t il it wa s cove red with fo re sts a n d b e c a m e in h a b ite d b y

wi l d tr ib es .D urin g t h i s t im e t h e p ea t b e ds a n d t h e s wa m ps
we re th e i r fa vor ite re sorts ; m a n y o f th e m b e ca m e m i re d in t h e
s wa mp s a n d we re a tt a c k e d b y t h e n a t ive s Th e se na tive s we re .

a cq i
ua n et d w it h fie
r a n d us e d r,
ude s to ne i mpl e m en st — a rr o ws

a n d s pe a r h e a ds A s t h e m as to do n r e tre a te d n ort h wa rd t h e
.

h un t e r s a l s o m ig ra te d a n d b e ca m e t h e de n iz e n s o f t h e fore s t s o f
t h e n ort h e r n dis tr ict s Th is a cco un ts fo r t h e sca rc it y o f im a g e s
.

o f t h e e l ep h an t a n d m a s to do n a m o n g t h e s o ut h e r n Mo un d

b uil de rs a n d fo r t h e im a g e s o f t h e s a m e a n im a l s a m o n g t h e
,

n orth e r n Mo un d b ui l de rs -
.

We h a v e m e n tio n e d t h e fin d o f Dr Koch o f t h e m a s to do n in .

t h e G as co n a de s wa mp o f Mis s o ur i Th is wa s a n importa n t fin d . .

Dr Koc h s a ys th e re we re re ma ins o ffire s to ne s a n d a rrow h e a ds

.
- -

n ea r t h e bo n e s s h o win g th a t t h e a n i m a l h a d b ee n h un t e d b y t h e
,

F ig . I6 —Non deser ip t
. A nima l fr om th e Moun ds

p e opl e th e n l iv in g Dr Koch m a de t h e sta te m en t th a t th is

. .

a n i m a l wa s c a pa bl e o f f e e din g it se l f with it s f ore ieet a fte r t h e -

,

m a n ne r o f t h e be a ve r or otte r T h is s ta te m e n t wa s do ubte d a t
.

t h e t i m e a n d see m e d to ca s t dis cre dit up o n t h e e n t ire fin d

, It .

n o w pro ve s ve r i mport t I l t u mb r f t h S i en t i
fi c
y a n n a a . e n e o e c

A m er ic a n is a de s cr ipt io n o f t h e N e wb e rg m as to do n in wh ich ,

th is ve ry p e c ul ia rity is n o t ic e dj Th e write r sa y s : Th e mos t ’

i m port a n t co m pa r iso n is i n t h e a s pe ct o f t h e fo re l im b s I n th e -
.

e l e ph a n t t h e f ore l imb s a re col um n a r a s a re t h e h ind l im b s I n

- -
.
,

t h e m a sto do n t h e re is a de c ide d a s p e ct more or l e s s o f pr e h e n , ,

s il e c a pa c it w r t t l tt r v r e f t
y ( a i t ) h i t h h t h e fo e e -
s e e a s ,
e a e a
,
e
a ppro a ch i n t h pl t i r d i p d d w r corr p d i l
g e a n g a e n ra e a n e e e s
,
o n n g y
a da pte d f o r pro n a t io n O f c o ur s e th is is s l ig h t b ut it s h o ws t h e
.
,

diffe re n c e in proba bl e h a b its Th e fore l imb s o f t h e m a s to do n

.
-

with s uch de v e lopm e n t we sh o ul d e xpe ct wo ul d b e a bl e to b e

, ,

t h ro wn o v e r t h e lo w fol ia g e or br us h woo d a n d a cr us h i n g -
,

ef fe cte d b y t h e s om e wh a t e xpa n de d m a n us No s uch move m e nt .

co ul d b e e ffe cte d b y e l e ph a s A s m uc h a s we n a t ura ll y c o mpa re

.

‘Th e a n im a l co n t a i n ed i n t h e on wi t h a b i ll rese m b li n g a duc k , a s fo un d b y w

a fa r m e r wh i le lo wi n g o ve r o un M
o 3 . N
I t i s a n a t ura l sa n ds to n e c o n c r et i o n
mete n ed u n a i n p i ec e o f lig h t -b r o wn fl i n t . Th e e y es a re o f q ua r t z , fas t e n e d o n
w i t h so m e m i o f c e m e n t . T h e y g i ve a fi e rc e lo o k to t h e c r ea t ur e.
fe e s S c i e n tifi c A m er i ca n , J a n ua r y , 1892, a r t i c le b y Dr . J . B H o lde n .
.
 40

th e t wo g rea t cre a t ure s a n d e s pe c ia lly a s both h a ve s im il a r na sa l

,

de ve lopm e n t a n ea r v ie w o f both to g e t h e r s h o ws m a n y diffe r

,

e n c e s in f orm
2 Th e s urv iva l o f t h e m a s to do n
.
L B Hol . de n s a.
y s : I n n e a rl y
e v e ry S t a t e we s t o f Ne w E n g l a n d port io n s o f t h is cre a t ure h a v e
b e e n dis in te rre d A n d e ve ry ye a r th e re a re se ve ra l fo un d m ore
.
,

or l ess in a sta te o f compl e te pre se rva t io n Th e c irc um st a n ce .

o f s e v e r a l s k e l e to n s h a v in g a bo ut t h e m e v ide n c e o f m a n s work
’

is e xt r e m e l y i n t e re s t i n g *
.O n o n e a cco un t it br in g s t h e da t e , ,

th o ug h g re a tl y in de fi n ite to m a n s e xis t ,
’

e n ce We a re th e re fore a bl e to sa y m a n
.

a n d m a s t o do n a r e co n te m por a n e o us We .

h a ve n o t de t e r m ine d wh a t s ort o f m a n
m a de t h o se s to n e a rro w h ea ds wh ic h -

s t r uc k t h e l if
e o ut f rom t h e g rea t ca rca sse s
a n d lie a m o n g t h e ir r e m a in s We h a ve .

n o t a k n o wl e dg e o f wh a t s ort o f m a n

m a de t h e ch a rco a l wh ic h wa s fo un d ly in g
a m o n g t h e p a rtl y b ur n e d bo n e s o f a

m a s t o do n b ut we do k n o w t h a t s om e
,

m a n m a de t h e a rro w h e a ds A n d we -
.

k no w a l s o th a t n o oth e r t h a n m a n is
c a pa bl e of m a k in g ch a rco a l or e ve n to
m a k e fire b y wh ic h it is fo r m e d
,

.
”
Pro f Ba rt o n o ft h e U n ive rs ity o fPe n n
.
,

sy l va n ia dis cov e re d t h e bo n e s o fa m a s
,

to do n a t a depth o f s ix fe e t a n d in t h e ,

s tom a c h o f t h e a n im a l h e f o un d a m a s s

o f ve g e t a bl e m a tte r co m po se d o f l e a v e s
aw
,
F ig 1 6 A “
a n d br a n c h e s a mo n g wh ic h wa s a r ush
"
, ,

n o w commo n i n V i rg in ia W in ch e ll s a ys : Th e a n c ie n t l a ke l e ts
.

o f Mic h ig a n e n cl o se n um e ro us r e m a in s o f t h e m a sto do n a n d

m a m m ot h b ut th e y a r e s om e t im es s o n e a r t h e s ur f
, a c e th a t o n e

c o ul d b e l ie ve t h e m to h a ve be e n b urie d with in 5 00 ye a rs Th e .

m a s to do n fo un d n ea r T e c um s e h la y b ut t wo fe e t a n d a h a l f b e
n ea t h t h e s urf a ce Th e A dr ia n m as to do n wa s b ur ie d a bo ut t h re e

”
.

fee t .Th e N e wb e rg (Ne w York ) m a s to do n j us t b e n e a th t h e s o il

i n a s m a ll po o l o f wa t e r .

Pro f S a m ue l Lock woo d o f Fre e h o l d Ne w J e rse y h a s spok e n

.
, , ,

o f t h e l ite ra n g e o f t h e m a sto do n H e h a s s h o wn t h a t t h is a n i
.

m a l wa s l ivin g a t a p e r io d we ll up i n to t h e r e c e n t g e olo g ic t im e .

It ca m e in wit h t h e g rea t e xt in ct fo s s il b e a ve r wh ic h it o utl ive d

-
, ,

a n d b e ca m e co n t e m por a r w it h t h m o d r b v r I t l iv d to
y e e n e a e e .

b e co n t e m pora ry with t h e Am e r ica n a b o r ig i n a l m e n a n d p r o b a bl y

m e lt e d a wa y b e fore t h e pre s e n c e o f m a n Pro f L o ck wo o d dis
. .

‘ Th e t wo p i p es wh i c h h a ve b ee n fo un d a n d wh i c h a r e n o w i n t h e Da ve n p o r t A ca d
e m y . m a y r e p r e se n t t h e t wo c la s s e s o f a n i m a ls ; t h e o n e Ma s t o do n G i g a n t e us , t h e
E le p h a s Pr i m i g e n i us , i f s o , t h e y a r e a ll va lua b le n dsfi .
 41

cov r e ed a m as to do n in
b t r b y a fo l b ea ve r da m in
a ea b og , nea ss i -
,

s uc h c irc um s ta n c e s a s le d h i m to s us pe ct t h a t t h e m a s to do n h a d
bee n a ct ua ll y b urie d b y t h e b ea ve rs .
*

“
Pro f S h a l e r sa ys :
. Almo st a n y swa mpy b it o f g ro un d in
O h io or Ke n t ucky co n ta in s tra ce s o ft h e m a m m oth or m a sto don .

Th e fra g m e n t s o f woo d wh ic h o n e fi n ds b e n e ath t h e ir bo n e s

see m to b e o f t h e commo n s pe c ie s o f e xis t in g tree s a nd t h e ,

ree ds a n d oth e r s wa mp pla n ts wh ic h a re e mbe dde d with t h e ir

-

re m a in s a r e a ppa re n tl y t h e sa m e a s th o se wh ic h n o w spr in g in
t h e soil Th ey fe d upo n a ve g e ta t io n n o t m a te ria ll y diffe re n t
.

“
from th a t n o w e xis t in g in t h e r e g io n T Pro f H a ll sa ys : Of . .

t h e ve ry re c en t e xis t e n c e o f t h is a n im a l t h e r e s e e m s to b e n o
do ubt Th e m a rl b e ds a n d m uck s wa mps wh e re t h e s e re m a in s
.
,

occ ur a re t h e m o st re c e n t o f a ll s upe rfic ia l a c c um ul a t io n s

, .

F ig . 17 .—E lep h a n t Pip e , foun d t n a Cb r wfie ld.

Dr Jo h n Coll e t sa ys t h a t in t h e s umm e r o f 1 880 a n a lmo s t

.

compl e te s k e l e to n o f a m a sto do n wa s fo und in Iro q uo is Co un ty ,

Ill in o is wh ich g o e s fa r to s e ttl e de fi n ite ly th a t it wa s a re c e n t

,

a n im a l a n d f e d upo n t h e v e g e ta t io n wh ich pre va i l s to da y Th e -

.

t usk s we re n in e fe e t lo n g t we n ty t wo in c h e s in c irc um fe re n ce
,
-
,

a n d we ig h e d 1 7 5 p o un ds ; t h e lo we r ja w wa s n e a rl y fi f t e e n fe e t
lo n g ; t h e tee t h we ig h e d fo ur or five po un ds ; e a c h o f t h e le g
bo n e s m ea s ure d five fee t a n d a h a l f i n dica t in g t h a t t h e a n im a l ,

wa s e l e v e n fe e t h i g h O n in s p e ct in g t h e re m a in s clo se l y a m a s s
.
,

o f fibro us m a tt e r wa s f o un d fill in g t h e pl a ce o ft h e a n im a l s s tom ’

ach ,
wh ic h prov e d to b e a cr ush e d m a s s o f h e rb s a n d g ra s s e s
s im il a r to t h o s e wh ic h st i ll g ro w i n t h e vi c in ity A s ke l e to n .

was fo un d b y e xca va t in g t h e ca na l e mb e dde d i n t h e p e a t n ea r , ,

Cov in g to n Fo un ta in Co un ty I n dia na
,
W h e n t h e l a rg e r bo ne s
. .

we re s pl it O pe n t h e m a rro w wa s ut il iz e d b y t h e b o g c utt e rs t o -

g re a s e t h e i r boot s C h u n k s o f. s p e rm l ik e s ub s t a n c e occ up ie d -

t h e pl a c e o f t h e k idn e y fa t o f t h e mo ns t e r 1 .

‘ S ee Pr o c ee d i n g s A A A A , 31s t m ee t i n g , Mo n t r ea l, 1882, Pa r t ll 265

J g
. . . . .

{ S e e A m e r N a t.
pp 606
.
-
7 .A lso , h o f t h e Ma m m o t h , b y
. (i o ut h a ii, p 103
.

rac e Ge o lo g i ca l ka po r i o f I n di a n a , 880, p 3
.

84 . .
 43

to n e ck or th roa t th irt y n e fee t from e n d o f sn o ut to fore l e g s

-o
,
-

th irt y n in e fee t b e twe e n fore l e g s a n d h in d l eg s fifty o n e fee t

-
,
- - -
,

a cro ss t h e bo dy t h i rt y s ix f ee t
-
Th e se m e as ure m e n ts m a k e t h e
.

probo sc is a n d s n o ut comb in e d a bo ut th e sa m e l e n g th a s t h e fore

l e g s ; t h e probosc is a lo n e a bo ut h a l ft h e l e n g t h o f t h e fore l e g s ; -

wh e rea s h a d it be e n a g e n uin e i m ita t io n it s h o ul d h a v e b ee n

,

n ea rl y do ubl e t h e l en g th Th e wr ite r h a s v is ite d t h e e fii g y t wo

.

or th ree t im es b ut fo un d it more a n d more obl ite ra te d No

,
.

oth e r e ffig y o f t h e e l e ph a n t co ul d b e dis cove re d in t h e v ic in ity ,

a n d n o ot h e r h a s s i n c e be e n dis cov e re d Compa re Fig s 1 a n d 1 7 . . .

PLA N or Bl o w n fi
A , rs t g ra ve B . se c o n d
- :

w
a ve a , ca vi t y o n n o r t h s i de 0 1 g ra ve
A ; 0 la y e r o f s t o n es a t edg e o f s h e ll b e d ; c , loa m b e iwee n t h e g r a ves; d , s k e leto n s i n
fi
.

rst g r a ve ; e , sk e let o n s i n sec o n d g ra ve ; p o s i t i o n o f t a b le t .

fl y. I o —Pla n of Moun d .

Th e h isto ry o f t h e se co n d dis cove ry is a bo ut as follo ws ; I n

t h e ye a r 1 874 , t h e R e v Mr Ga s s wa s e n g a g e d in e xplorin g
. .

m o un ds H e ca m e upo n a g ro up o f mo un ds s it ua te d a bo ut a
.

m il e b e low t h e c ity o f D a ve n port (see m a p), o n t h e b a n k o f

t h e Miss is s ipp i riv e r , a bo ut 2 5 0 fe e t fro m it a n d fro m e ig h t to
twe lve feet a bov e lo w wa te r m a rk wh ic h co n s iste d o f t e n or ,

twe lve mo un ds S e ve ra l o f th e se we re e xca va te d, a n d fo un d to

.

co n ta in a l a rg e n um be r o f re l ics , s uc h a s se a s h e ll s , coppe r a xes ,

p ipe s h e m isph e re s o f c 0 ppe r a rro w h e a ds p ie c e s o f g a l e na ,
, , ,

p ie c e s o f p ot te ry, p ie c e s o f m ica sto n e k n ive s , coppe r im ple

,

m e n t s s h a pe d l ik e a s pool , ro n de ll s , sh o win g th a t t re pa n in g h a d
b e e n pra ct ice d Ma n y o ft h e a xe s h a d be e n wra ppe d with coa rse
.

c lot h , wh ic h h a d b ee n pre s e rve d b y t h e copp e r F ig 1 6 Th e . .

p ipe s we re a ll o f Mo un d b uil de rs pa tte rn ; s om e o f th e m we re

’
-

ca rve d with e ffig ies o f b irds a n d a n ima l s O n e b ird h a s e ye s o f .

coppe r a n oth e r h as eye s o f pe a rl , s h o win g m uc h de l ica cy o f

,

m a n ip ul a t io n a n d s k ill in ca rv in g Th e se re l ics e xc ite d m uc h.

in t e re st a n d we re p ut o n e xh ib it io n b e fore t h e Am e r ica n A ss oc ia
t io n fo r t h e A dva n ce m e n t o fS c ie n ce a t D etro it in 1 87 5 Ab o ut , ,
.
 44

twe nty c e ppe r p ipe s we re re po rte d a t th a t t im e a n d e l e ve n c e p ,

r a wl s a n d a l a rg e n umb e r o f bo n e s T h e y we re s a id to h a ve
p e .

bee n fo un d a t va rio us de pt h s som e o fth e m nea r ske le to n s s om e, ,

n e a r a lta r s s om e in as h e s t h o ug h th e y we re a ll f
, , rom t h e sa m e
g ro u p o n t h e Coo k f a rm T h e mo un ds o n t h e Coo k f
. a rm w e re
t h e mo s t o f th e m s tra tifi e d All o f th e m co nta ine d b o die s a n d
.

a s h e s ; t wo or th re e o f t h e m co n ta in e d a lta rs or ro un d h e a ps o f
s t o n e b ut wit h n o re l ic s upo n t h e a lta rs
,
Mo und N o 3wa s t h e . .

o n e i n wh ic h t h e ta bl e ts we r e dis cov e re d Th is was a lo w mo un d .

,

a bo ut t h re e f e e t h ig h a n d s ixty f e e t i n dia m e te r It was a do ubl e .

mo un d a n d co n ta ine d t wo g ra ve s pa ra ll e l to e a ch othe r th re e or ,

fo ur fe e t a pa rt s ix fee t wide a n d n in e or t e n t ee t lo n g
, .

I n m a k in g t h e e xc a va t io n o f t h e firs t g ra ve t h e p a rty fo un d ,

n ea r t h e s urf a ce t wo h um a n s k e l e to n s wh ich we re m o de r n I n
, ,

dia n s a n d wit h th e m m o de rn re l ic s ; s uch as fire ste e l a commo n

, ,

cla y p ipe a n umb e r o fg l a ss b ea ds a s i lve r ea rrin g B e lo w t h e s e

, . .

wa s a l a ye r o f rive r s h e ll s a n d a l a rg e q ua n t ity o f a s h e s wh ich ,

F ig . 90. —B i e r og lyp h ics on M i sts .‘

t
e x e n de d t wo fe e t b e lo w t h e s ur fa c e b ut wh ic h re s te d upo n a ,

s tra t um o fe a rt h t we lve i n c h e s in de pt h un de r wh ic h wa s a s e co n d ,

b e d o f s h e ll s At t h e de pt h o f t wo fe et be lo w t h e se co n d sh e ll
.

b e d 5 54 fee t b e l ow t h e s um m it th re e sk e l e to n s we re dis cove r e d

, , ,

lyin g in a h oriz o n ta l po sit io n a t t h e botto m W ith t h e s k e l e to n s .

we re five coppe r a xe s a ll o f wh ich h a d b e e n wra ppe d in clot h

, ,

a n umb e r o fs m a ll r e d s to n e s a rra n g e d i n t h e f orm o fa sta r t wo

, ,

ca rve d sto n e p ipe s seve ra l b e a r s te e th t wo pie ce s o fg a l e na o n e

,
’
, ,

la rg e bro k e n pot a l um p o f ye ll o w ochre o n e a rro w h ea d A

, ,
-
.

c h il d s s k e l e t o n wa s discove red b e twe e n t h e t wo l a rg e o n es n ea r

’

wh ic h wa s a l a rg e n umb e r o f copp e r b ea ds .

Th e se co n d g ra ve wa s n o t ope n e d un t il t h e ye a r 1 877 a bo ut ,

t wo ye a r s a fte r t h e firs t Mr Ga ss wa s a tte n de d b y a pa rty o f

. .

se v e n m e n t wo o f wh o m we re s t ude n ts
,
T h e y fo un d n e a r t h e .
,

s urf a ce m o de rn re l ic s
,
— a f e w g l a s s b e a ds a n d fr a g m e n ts o f a

bra ss r in g ; a l s o a l a ye r o f sh e ll s t we lve or fi fte e n in ch e s th ick ;

b e n ea th th is a se co n d l a ye r five or s ix in ch e s th ick ; be n ea th t h e
s e co n d l a ye r a s tra t um o f lo o s e bl a ck s o il or v e g e ta bl e m o ul d ,

e ig h te e n o r twe n ty in c h e s t h ick a n d in t h e mo ul d f ra g m e n t s o f
,

h um a n b o ne s At t h e botto m t h ey discove re d t h e t wo in s crib ed

.

ta bl e ts l y in g clo se to g e th e r o n t h e h a rd cl a y five a n d o n e h a l f
, ,
-

“Th e wo r d T O W N wi ll b e r ecO g n i z e d i n t h e c ut , wh i c h r e p res e n t s t h e c h a ra c

t e rs o n t h e le ft s i de o f t h e up pe r a r c h i n t h e i r re i a r o r de r Th e r s t to c a ll a t t e n
. fi
t i o n t o t h i s wo r d wa s Dr F a r q uh a r so n . t h e Pr e s de n t o f t h i s A sso c i a t i o n , t h o u h a t
fi
.

t h e t i m e b e t h o u h t t h a t t h e n di n g t h e le t t e r s wa s a p ur e fa n c y Th e wo r h as .

o ft e n b ee n n o t i c e i n t h e t a b let . a n d h a s a lwa y s wo r k e d a a i n s t i t s g e n ui n e n e ss I t
h a s b ee n i n t i m a t e d t h a t t h e Mo r m o n s g
.

la n t e d t h e se t a le t s Th e r ec e n t fi n d a t .

Me n do n I lli n o i s , o f a b ra ss p la t e o r so un i n b o a r d o f a m usi ca l i n s t r um e n t , wi t h
s i m i la r ch a ra c t e rs , n e a r a h o us e o n ce oc c up i e g
b y Mo r m o n s c o n r m s t h i s c o nj e c t ure fi
 45

fe e t b e lo w t h e s ur fa c e o f t h e mo un d; bot h we re e n c i rcl e d b y a
s in g l e ro w o f l im e s to ne s Abo ut t wo a n d o n e h a l f fee t e a s t -
.

we re a coppe r a xe , a fe w copp e r b ea ds , fra g m e n t s o f pott e ry , s

pie ce o f m ica a n d a n um be r o f bo n e s Th e se we re fo un d a t a .

s ub se q ue nt e xplora t i o n , n o t a t t h e s a m e t im e a s t h e ta bl e t s .

Th e l a rg e ta bl e t 1s t we lv e in c h e s lo n g , fro m e ig h t t o t e n in c h e
wide , a n d wa s m a de o f da rk c o a l s l a te F ig 2 2 Th e s m a ll e r . . .

ta bl e t wa s a bo ut s q ua re s e ve n in ch e s in l e n g th a n d h a d h o l e s
, ,

bore d in t h e uppe r corn e rs , a n d is ca ll e d t h e c a l e n da r sto n e , a s

it co n ta in e d twe lve s ig n s wit h t h ree c o n c e n tri c c i rcl e s th o ug h ,

t h e s ig n s do n o t i n t h e l e a s t r e s e mbl e t h e Me xic a n o r Ma ya c a l
e n da r s
. Th e l a rg e r ta bl e t co n ta in e d a p ict ure o n e ith e r s ide o n e ,

re pre se n t in g a cre ma t io n s ce n e , t h e oth e r a h un t in g s c e n e Th e .

cre m a t io n s c e n e s ug g e s ts h il m a n sa cr ifice s
“
A n um be r o f .

bo die s a re re prese nte d a s l yin g upo n th e b a c k a n d t h e fire is

b ur n in g upo n t h e s um m it o f t h e m o un d, wh il e t h e s o ca ll e d -

Mo un d b uil de rs a re g a th e re d in a r in g a ro un d t h e mo un d Above
-
.

fi i a . 21 .
— C’h a r a c t er s Dup li c a t e d on th e S an ds to n e Ta b le t .

th e cre m a t io n s ce n e is a n a rch fo rm e d b y t h re e cre sce n t l in e s ,

re pres en t in g t h e h oriz o n a n d i n t h e cre sc e n t a n d a bo ve it a re

,

h ie ro g l yp h ic s s om e o f wh ic h re se m bl e t h e c o mmo n fi g ures a n d
,

n um b e rs a n d t h e va r io us l e tt e rs o f t h e a lp h a b e t; t h e re a r e n i n ty
,

e ig h t fi g ure s t we n ty f,
o ur in o n e twe n ty in t h e o th e r a n d fift y
-
, ,

fo ur a bo ve t h e l in e s Th e p e c ul ia r fe a t ur e s o f t h is p ict ure
.

a re t h e s e : A rude cl a s s o f Mo un d b uil de r s a re pra c t ic in g h u -

m a n sa c r ific e wh il e t h e im a g es o f t h e s un a n d m o o n a re bot h 1n
,

t h e s ky o n e co n t a in in g a fa c e t h e ot h e r c i r cl e s a n d ra ys Abo ve
, , .

t h e se is t h e a rc h o f t h e h e a ve n s wit h R o m a n n um e ra l s a n d ,

Ara b ic fi g ures sca tte re d th ro ug h a n d a b o ve it Th e fi g ure e ig h t .

i s re pe a te d th re e t i m e s t h e l e tte r O re pe a t e d s e v e n t im e s W it h
,
.

th e se fa m il ia r ch a ra cte rs a re o th e rs wh ich re se m bl e l e tt e rs o f
a n c ie n t a lp h a b e t s e ith e r P h oe n i c ia n o r H e bre w a n d o n l y a f
,
ew ,

c h a ra ct e rs s uc h a s t h e na t ive s g e n e ra ll y us e d .

Th e h un t in g s c e n e is t h e o n e wh ic h is s upp o s e d to co n ta in t h e
m a s to do n I n t h is p ict ure t h e re i s a l a rg e t r e e wh ich occ up ies
.

t h e fore g ro un d b e n e a t h t h e tre e a re a n im a l s h um a n b e in g s a n d
, ,

fi sh e s s c a tte re d in dis crim in a t e l y a b o ut a fe w s k e l e to ns o f tre e s ,

i n t h e b a c k g ro un d O n e o f t h e h um a n fi g ure s h a s a h a t o n
.
,

wh ic h re se m bl e s a m o de r n h a t fo r it h a s a r im “
O ft h e a n i m a l
, .

k in g do m t h irt y in dividua l s a re r e pre s e n te d divide d a s fo llo ws , ,

viz : Ma n e ig h t : b is o n fo ur ; de e r fo ur ; b irds t h re e ; h a re s
, , , , ,
 46

t h ree ; b ig b o r n or R ocky Mo un ta in g o at o n e ; fish o n e ; pra i , ,

r ie wo lf o ne ; n o n de s cr ipt a n i m a l s t h ree
, Of t h e se l a tt e r o n e , .

d e fie s re co g n it io n b ut t h e oth e r t wo a ppa re ntly o f t h e sa m e

, ,

S pe c ie s a r e t h e mo s t i n te re s t in g
, fi g ure s o f t h e wh ol e g ro up .

Th e se a n im a l s a re s uppo se d b y diffe re n t cr iti cs to re pre se n t t h e

moose ta pe rs or m asto do n s Th e trun k a n d t usks a re o m it te d
,
.

from th is a n im a l a n d e ve n t h e sh a pe h a rdly re s e mbl e s t h e e le

,

pha n t ce rta in ly n o t e n o ug h to prove th a t t h e Moun d b uil de rs

,
-

we re co n te mpo ra n e o us with t h e m a s to do n *
.

Th e th ir d dis cove ry is t h e o n e t h e mo st re l ie d U po n Th is .

dis co ve ry wa s a l s o m a d e b y t h e R e v Mr Gass in t h e s pr in g . .
,

o f 1 880 s e v e ra l ye a rs a f
, t e r t h e dis cove ry o f t h e ta bl e t s Mr . .

Ga s s wa s a ccompa n ie d b y R e v Mr Bl o om e r A g ro up o f t e n
'

. . .

mo un ds a rra n g e d in irre g ul a r rows wa s sit ua ted a lo n g t h e bl uffs

, ,

o ve r lo o k in g t h e Mis s iss ipp i bottom s we s t o f Mus ca t i n e S lo ug h .

Th e firs t mo un d ope n e d pro ve d to b e a sa cr ific ial or cre m a t io n

mo un d sit ua te d o n t h e extre m e e dg e o fa prom ine n t bl uff h a vin g
, ,

ra v in e s o n both s ides I t wa s a fla t co n e th irty fee t in dia m e te r

.
, ,

e l e v a t i o n t h re e f ee t Nea r t h e s urfa ce wa s a la ye r o f h a rd cl a y
.
,

e i g h t e e n i n c h e s t h ic k ; b e lo w th is a l a ye r o f b ur n e d re d cl a y a s ,

h a rd a s br ick o n e foot th ic k ; un de r th is a b e d o f a s h e s t h irt e e n

, ,

in ch e s de e p I n t h e a sh e s we re fo un d a port io n o f a c a rv e d
.

sto n e p ipe b ir d f orm b y Mr H H a as ; a ve ry s m a ll coppe r a xe

”
. .
, ,

b y Mr Ga ss ; a ca rve d sto n e p ipe e n t ire re pre se n t in g a n e le

.
, ,

ph a n t wh ic h Mr Bloome r sa ys wa s first dis cove re d b y m yse l f

, ,
“
. , .

Th e ot h e r m o un d s o f t h e g ro up we re e xplore d a n d co n ta ine d ,

a s h e s a n d bo n e s b ut no r e l i c s ,
Mr Ga ss m a k e s n o re po rt o f . .

fi n din g t h e e l ep h a n t pipe b ut l ea ve s th a t to Mr Blo o m e r D urin g

, . .

t h e sa m e ye a r h e dis cove re d in t h e mo un d s i n Me rc e r Co un ty , ,

I ll in o is se v r l o
,
e a M u n d u d e s i s —
b l r p pe o ne re pre se n t in g a l iza rd
i -
’
,

o n e a t urtl e a n oth e r a s n a k e co il e d a ro un d a n upr ig h t cyl i n de r

,

a n d cov e r e d with s om e v e ry t h i n m e ta ll ic co a t in g Mo un ds o n .

t h e I lllin o is s ide n e a r Mol in e a n d Coppe r Cree k a n d Pin e Cr e e k

, , ,

h a d pre vio us l y y ie l de d to Mr Ga ss c a rv e d sto n e p ipe s o ne o f .

,

th e m re pre se n t in g a porc up in e a n o t h e r a h o wl in g wo l f Th e p ipe s , .

we re compo s e d o f s om e da rk color e d s l a te or v a r ie ty o f ta lc -
,

th us s h o win g t h a t t h e Mo un d b uil de rs o f t h e re g io n we re in t h e -

ha b it o f im ita t in g t h e a n im a l s wh ich th ey sa w m a k in g e fii g ies ,

'

o f th e m o n t h e i r p ipe s Th e a cco un t o f fi n din g t h is e l e ph a n t is

.

writte n in a ve ry stra ig h t forwa rd m a n n e r ; n oth in g a bo ut it sh o ws

a n y i n t e n t i o n to de c e iv e .

‘A no t h e r t a b le t wa s fo un d b y Mr Ch a r l es H a rr i so n i n 187 8, wh o i s r es i de n t: o f t h e
p
.

soc i e t y , i n m o un d No . 11 o f t h e so m e g ro up . I n t h e m o un d wa s a p i e o f s to n es t wo
a n d o n e -h a lf b y t h r e e fe e t i n si ze , wh i c h m i g h t b e ca lled a n a lt a r , a b o ut t h r ee fee t
b e lo w t h e s ur fa c e ; t h e sla b fo ur t ee n i n c h es 8 ua r e , a n d b en ea t h t h e s la b wa s a va ul t ,
a n d i n t h e va ult wa s t h e t a b le t . wi t h fo ur i n t a r ro ws o n t h e ta b le t ; a s b e ll a n d a
fi
q ua r t z c r y s t a l Th e g ur es o n t h i s t a b le t we re a c i r c le wh i c h re p res e n t e d t h e s un , a
fi
.

c r esc e n t r e p r ese n t i n g t h e m oo n , a n d a h um a n g ure a s t r i de t h e c i rc le , c o lo red

b r i g h t o c h r e r e d, a ll o f t h e m very r ude ly d ra wn Th e g ure i s a n po se d t o r e p r ese n t . fi
t h e s un g o d T h e fig ure e i g h t a n d o t h e r h i e o g ly p h i c s a r e u o n h i s t a b le t A b o ve
p
. .

t h e h i e r o g ly p h i cs wa s a b i r d a n d a n a n i m a l, a n d b e t wee n t e m a co p per a xe Th i s .

t a b le t i s a s c ur i o us a s t h e o n e d i s co ver e d b y Mr G a s s. .
 47

Th e fo urth d is c o ve ry co n s isted o f a ca rve d s to n e p ipe , a l s o in

t h e s h a p e o f a n e l e p h a n t o r m a s t odo n Th is p ipe wa s pick ed up .

in a corn fi e l db y a G e rm a n fa rm e r na m e d Ma re , wh o g a ve it a wa y
a nd a f te rwa rds move d to Ka n sa s Th e p ipe ca m e i n to t h e h a nds .

o ft h e R e v Mr Ga ss wa s p urc h a s e d b y t h e D a ve n port Ac a de m
. . ,
y
a n d is n o w i n t h e i r m use um Both p ipe s h a ve th e g e n e ra l
.

Mo un d- b u i l d e r
ha pe a c urve d s ,

ba se Both p ipe s .

a re a l ik e in th a t
t h e y re pre se n t t h e
a n i m a l wit h a pro

b o s c is b ut with n o ,

t us k s Th e re a s o n .

fo r th is m a y h a ve
b e e n t h a t it wa s
diffic ult to ca rve t h e
t usk s o ut o fs to n e ;
“ w ( t
'
i f t h e y h a d b e e n so

ca rve d th ey we re li
a bl e to bre a k T h e y .

Hg ti . M p / th M u d
e - a o th m l m
e o n s on a re e a l ike a l s o
oe in .

re pre se n tin g t h e e ye a n d e a r mo uth ta il l e g s a n d fe e t o f t h e

, , ,

a n im a l i n a v e ry n a t ura l wa y Th e m a in diffe re n ce b e twe e n th em

.

is t h a t o n e h a s t h e trun k s t r e tch e d o ut i n fro n t a n d t h e b a c k ,

c urve d upwa rd a n d a h ea vy bo d T h oth r r pr ts t h

, y e e e es e n . e

p robo s c is c urv e d i n w a r d to w a r d t h e l e g s ; t h e ba c k is s tra ig ht

,

a n d t h e bo dy s l im Bot h h a ve t h e bo wl o f t h e p ipe b et ween

t h e fore l e g s w
.

-
h ic h a re bro ug ht o ut i n re l ie f fr om t h e cyl in d e r
,

o n t h e s ide s o f t h e bo wl ; t h e

hol e fo r s m o k in g is a t t h e
r e a r oft h e a n im a l Th e p ip e s .

s ho w m uc h more fa m il ia rity
with t h e m a s to do n t h a n do
’
t h e e ifig ies Th ey re pre se n t
.

t h e t r un k a s n e a rl y t wic e a s
'

F ig 23— ! lt C t i i g S d t T bl t ar on a n n an s on e a e
lo ng a s t h e fore l e g s Th e se
. 4 .

-
.

p ip es h a v e b e e n d is cr e d it e d b y c e rt a i n w r i te r s e s p e c ia ll
y yb M r , .

W H H e n sh a w o ft h e Eth n ol o g ica l B ure a u b ut they h a v e be e n

. .
, ,

de fen de d b y Mr C h a rl e s Put na m t h e pre s ide n t o f t h e D a v e n port

. .

Aca de my a n d a r e e n dorse d b y t h e m e m b e rs o f t h e Aca de m y a t

,

t h e pre se n t t i m e *
I n fa vor o f t h e g e n ui ne n e s s o f t h e p ipe s we
. ,

‘ Th e e vi de n c e i n t h e i r fa vo r i s c e r ta i n ly a s r e lia b le a s t h a t wh i c h h a s r e fer e n c e t o
t h e r ude st o n e re li cs wh i c h h a ve b e e n desc r i b e d i n W
r i g h t s I c e A g e . S e ve ra l p e r
'

so ns we re e n g a g ed i n e xp lo r i n g a n d vi n t e s t i m o n y i n r e fe r e n c e t o t h e fi n d . I n t h e
c as e o f t h e s to n e re li c s t a k e n fro m t e r a ro a d o ut , we h a ve t h e t e s t i m o n o f o n ly
on e m a n wh o wa s e xp lo r i n g M
r . H T. Cresso n s t e s t i m o n y i s t a k e n . wh
’

“
e in t h is
ca se t h e t e s t i m o n y o f s e ve ra l m e n se e m s t o b e do ub t e d. S ea I ce b y F . G.
W r i h t . S e e Di s c us si o n o f H . T . Cresso n s Pi le -dwe lli n g s , A m e r i c a n
’
n t i q ua r i a n ,
V o l. ( I , p r 184. Di sc us si o n o ver e i e h a n t i e s b y . H . H e n sh a w M
R ep o rtW
glz p
r. .

o f Et h n o lo c l B ure a u. s eco n d :a n n u r epo r 880-81. Da ven p o r t A ca de m y re po r t

V o l. I V , pa g e 25 6, a r t i c le b y Ch as . E . Put n a m .
 48

m ay sa y tha t durin g t h e sa m e yea r o f t h e dis cove ry o f t h e e le

ph a n t p ipe t h e bo n e s a n d t us k s o f a n e l e ph a n t we re fo un d in
,

Wa sh in g to n Co un ty I a a n d we re re ported in t h e f ro c e e din g s
,
.
,

o f t h e D a v e n p o rt Aca de my Th e se bo n e s we re a b o ut s ix fe e t
.

be l o w t h e s ur fa ce in t h e bl a ck m ud se dim e n t a n d ve g e ta bl e
,

m o ul d T h e y se e m t o h a v e
.

b ee n q uite a re c e n t de po s it ,

a n d t h e e l e p h a n t o r m a s to

do n wh ic h wa s b ur ie d h e re
m a y h a ve b ee n t h e v e ry o n e
wh ic h wa s r e pre se n te d in
t h e p ipe .

I n t h is c o n ne ct i on we
wo ul d s pe a k o f t h e loca
t io n o f t h e mo un ds wh ich
co n ta in t h e p ipe s a n d t h e
ta bl e t s It is t h e g e n e ra l
.

opin io n t h a t th o se m o un ds
H a w—D a ven p t T bl t
or a e wh ic h we re e re ct e d o n t h e
uppe r t e rra c e s we re t h e o l de r t h a t t h o s e upo n t h e lo wl a n d we re
,

t h e l a te r. S om e wr ite rs h a ve m a in ta ine d t h a t t h e firs t cl a s s we re

e re ct e d wh e n t h e wa te r fill e d t h e e n t i re va ll e ys a n d c o v e re d t h e
firs t te rra ce I f t h a t we re t h e c a s e th e n t h e e a rl ie r Mo un d
.
,

b uil de rs m ust h a ve b ee n a c q ua in ted with t h e m a sto do n a n d o th e r

a n i m a l s o f t h a t cl a s s. Th e mo un d wh ic h c o n ta i n e d t h e e l e p h a n t
p ipe wa s s it ua t ed upo n t h e b lufis fa r a bove t h e pl a in Th is is
'

s ig n ific a n t . It m ay b e th a t th e e l e ph a n t p ipe wa s depo site d in

t h is m o un d o n t h e bl uff a t a t ime wh e n Mus c a tin e S lo ug h a n d
Me re do s ia S lo ug h we re l a k e s wh ose wa te rs flo we d n ea r t h e b lufis
'

— a t im e wh e n t h e m as todo n wa s co m m o n .
 49

C H A PT ER IV .

T H E MOUND BUILDE R S AND TH E IN DIANS -

.

We n o w com e t o t h e q uestio n o f t h e re l a tion o f t h e Mo un d

b uil de rs t o t h e mo de rn I ndia n s Th e re h as be en a g re a t ditfe re n c e
.

o f op in io n o n t h is s ubj e ct b ut it wo ul d s ee m a s i fa rch aeolo g is ts

,

we re com in g n e a re r to o n e a n oth e r a n d a g re e ing th a t t h e I n dia n s

a t o n e t im e b ui lt m o un ds b ut mo s t o f t h e m a ck n o wl e dg in th a t
, g
th e r e wa s a diffe re n ce b e t we e n t h e t wo cla s ses .

I Th e a ppe a ra n c e o f t h e b uffa lo with in t h e bo un ds o f t h e

.

Mo un d b uil de rs te rritory is t h e first po in t wh i ch we a re to c o n

-
’

s ide r Th e b uffa lo s e e m s to h a ve e xte n de d i ts ra n g e b ey o n d

.

t h e Mis s iss ipp i R iv e r Th e n om a dic sa va g e s h a d a h a b it o f

.

se tt in g fire to t h e pra i r ie s Th e fla m e s we pt in to t h e e as te r n

.

fore s ts br in g in g t h e ope n pra i r ie i n to t h e m idst o f t h e Mo un d

,

b uil de rs work s a n d rea c h in g a lmo st to t h e Oh io a n d t h e All e

’
,

g h e n y R iv e r s T h e h u n t e r
. s f
o llo we d t h e b uff
a lo to t h e e as t e r n
ra n g e s Th is will a cco un t fo r t h e disa ppe a r a n ce o f t h e Mo un d
.

b uil de rs S t ill we a re t o b e a r in m in d t ha t t h e e a rl ie r Mo un d
. .

b uil de rs th os e wh o dwe lt
,

in t h e fortifi e d v ill a g e s a n d
wh o we re t h e s un wo rsh ip
e rs ,
we re n o t a cq ua in te d
with t h e b uffa lo ; a t l e a st
t h e y h a d n o b uf fa l o p ip e s .

T h e re wa s h o we ve r a ra ce, ,

o f mo un d b uil din g I n dia n s

-

s ub s e q ue n t t o t h e m wh o ,

we re h un te rs a n d e ffig y
b uil de rs a n dwe re a cq ua in t
,

e d with t h e b uf fa lo O ur .

1 . Th fii g ies o f t h e b uffa lo a re fo un d in W is c o n s in
e ( Th is wil l .

b e se e n fro m re fe re n c e t o t h e c ut S e e F ig l Th e e ffig y o ft h e . .

b lo
u ffa h a s b e e n s e e n i n m a n y pl a c e s — a t B e lo it , Ma dis o n , a n d
a t Gre e n La k e I ns c r ipt ib n s o f t h e b uf
. fa lo a re fo un d in t h e
p ict ure ca ve a t We s t S a l e m 2 S h o ul de r bo n e s o f t h e b uffa lo ,
. .

a ccor din g t o S q uie r a n d D a v is we re f o un d i n O h io b ut a t t h e

, ,

s umm it o f t h e m o un d a n d a s s oc ia t e d wit h m o de r n I n dia n r e l ics .

3 .T h e b o ne s o f t h e b u ffa lo ,
a ccor d in g to M r M c A da n l s we r e .
,

fo un d in t h e de pt h s o f t h e pyra m id m o un ds n o t fa r fro m Alto n ,

Ill in o is 4 Th e bo n e s o f t h e b uffa lo we re fo un d a mo n g t h e a sh
. .
 50

h ea ps r Ma dis o n v ill e O h io 5 Efii g ie s o f t h e b uff lo a o

n ea ,
. .
'

a
,

cordin g to T H Le wis h a ve b ee n re co g n iz e d i n t h e sta n din g

. .
,

s to n es o f D a kota 6 Tra dit io n s o f t h e b uffa l o we re pre v a l e n t

*
. .

a m o n g t h e C h ick a s a ws a n d t h e C h octa ws o f t h e G ul f S ta tes .

Tra dit io ns o f a n a n ima l with a n a r m e xte n din g from t h e fore

s h o ul de r a ccord in g to C h a rl e vo ix we re pre v a l e n t a mo n g t h e
, ,

I n dia n s o f Ca na da Th es e discove rie s a n d tra dit io n s a re im

.

po rta n t fo r th e y sh o w th a t t h e m as to do n a n d b uffa lo we re c o n
,

te mpora n e o us with t h e Mo un d b uil de rs th o ug h t h e m a s todo n -

,

m a y h a ve b e e n k n o wn to o n e cl a s s a n d t h e b uf fa lo to a n oth e r .

It is ve ry un ce rta in j us t h o w e a rl y th e se Mo un d b uil de rs l ive d -

.

Th e r e a re s om e in dica t io n s th a t th ey we re q uite a n c ie n t 7 W h e n . .

Fe rdin a n d De S oto a n d h is pa rty l a n de d in Florida th ey we re

s urpr is e d b y t h e s i g h t o f t h e h o r n s a n d h e a d o f a b uf fa lo a n ,

a n i m a l t h e y h a d n e v e r se e n b e f ore Th is wa s in t h e h a n ds o f .

t h e Fl o r ida I n dia n s T h e y a fte rwa rds b e ca m e fa m il ia r with t h e

.

b uffa lo robe s or s k in s use d b y t h e S o uth e rn I n dia n s It a ppe a rs .

,

th e n th a t a t l e a s t 35 0 ye a rs a g o t h e b uffa lo wa s k n own a s fa r
,

e a s t a s Fl o r ida 8 Accor din g to Ma rq ue tte t h e b uf

. . fa lo ro a m e d ,

as f a r e a s t as t h e pra ir ie s o f Ill i n o is i n t h e ye a r 1 6 80 b ut we ca n ,

n o t fix upo n t h e da t e wh e n t h e b uf fa lo e fii g ie s we re e re cte d
'

B uffa lo bo n e s we re fo un d a t t h e bottom o f t h e m o un ds o n t h e
Gre a t Am e r ic a n b o tt o m so uth o f t h e loc a l ity wh e re t h e m a sto
,

do n p ipe s we re dis cov e re d Th is wo ul d in dica te th a t t h e b uffa lo '

.

a n d m a st o do n we re co te mpor
n a n e o us a n d t t t e Mo un d b uil de rs
h a h —
we re a cq ua in te d with bot h a n i m a l s a n d t h a t t h e Mo un d b uil de r s
’
-
,

a g e e xt e n de d f rom t h e t im e o ft h e m a sto do n to th a t o ft h e b uffa lo .

II We wo uld n e xt re fe r to t h e e v ide n ce a s to t h e s ucc ess io n o f

.

ra ce s Th e wo rks o n t h e North Fo rk o f Pa in t Cre e k o n t h e

.
,

Ho pe we ll fa rm i ll us tra te th is ,
H e re is a g ro up o f m o un ds .
,

wh ich h a s b ee n e xplore d b y Wa rre n K Moor e h e a d un de r t h e .

,

a us p ic e s o ft h e Worl d s Fa ir S om e re m a rk a bl e re l ics h a v e b e e n
’
.

ta k e n o ut O n e mo un d wa s ve ry l a rg e 5 00 fe e t lo n g 190 fe e t
.
, ,

broa d 24 fe e t h ig h
,
Ne a r t h e top o f th is mo un d we re sto n e
.

r e mbl in g t h o s e i n D a k ot a At bottom
’

qflg i r es e s ,
t h e o f t h e .

mo un d we re a n umb e r o f s k e l e to n s l yin g upo n t h e b as e l in e , .

Th e g ro un d h a d be e n b urn e d h a rd a n d t h e e a rth a bo ve t h is wa s ,

i n t e rst ra t ifie d with s a n d a n d g ra ve l Th e s k e l e t o n s we re fo un d .

i n dom e s h a pe d c a v it ie s fo ur or five fe e t in h e i g h t
-
, O n e sk e l e to n .

wa s ca ll e d t h e k in g ; t h e re we re woo de n h orn s a t h is h e a d in ,

i m ita t io n o f a n tl e r s ; t h in s h e e ts o f coppe r cove re d t h e woo d .

‘ Th e s t a n di n
g sto n e s a n d t h e b o n e a t h s m a y h a ve b e e n t h e wo r k o f t h e Da k o t a
I n dia n s Mr Mc A da m s h a s pla c ed a p t e r ca s t o f a b ufia lo p i pe i n t h e m use um a t
fi . .

S p r i n g e ld I l l. I t i s un c e r t a i n wh e t h e r t h e ca s t i s o f a n ui n e p i pe I f so . i t wo uld .

ro ve t h a t h e i pe -m a k e rs wi t h b o t h a n i m a ls , t h e m a s do n a n d t h e b uffa lo Bee .

i sc o vs oi a s t o do n Bo n es , A m e r i ca n A n t i q ua r i a n . V o l I 54 F i rs t Di ve r y
p
. . .

o f Pi pe b i d V o l I I ‘ p 68
. . I n sc r i p t i o n s i n Ca ve , I b i d., V o l ‘ 1, p . 16 a n d 122
. no
Pa t h s , Ib i d., Vo l vui . p . 15 3 A n i m a ls K n o wn . I b i d , V o l 1x. p 15 3a n d 5 7 S e e
. .

. .

Em b le m a t i c Mo un ds . p
. . . .

168, 217 Th e fo llo wi n g a r e t h e lo c a i t i es : Be lo i Ro c k

.

Co un t y ; B lue Mo un ds , ra n t o un t y B ut le r s Q ua r r i es . G ree n La k e Co un t y ; ufl a
’ '

lo La k e , A da m s Co un t y ; Pra i r i e d u Ch i e n , Cra wfo r d Co un t y ; Ma di so n , Da n e Co .

 51

Th e h or ns we re t c
at a h e d to a h e lm e t sh a pe d h ea d dress or m a sk ,
- -

wh ic h rea ch e d from t h e uppe r ja w to t h e o c c upit o i t h e s k ull .

Pe a rl be a ds , sh e ll b e a ds , be a r te e th , b e a r a n d ea g l e cl a ws , coppe r
s pool s , copp e r dis cs , cov e re d t h e c h e s t a n d a b do m e n A l a rg e
.

pl a t for m p ipe , a n a g a te spea r h ea d fo ur coppe r pl a te s, ca n e s

-
,

from t h e s o ut h cove re d with coppe r we re a t t h e s ide s a n d b a c k .

I n t h e s a m e mo un d we re se ve ra l s k e l e to n s , cov e re d with a
l a rg e q ua n t ity o f copp e r , a n d a dorn e d with m o s t in tr ica te a n d
bea ut iful de s ig n s Th e se a re cl a ss ifi e d i n to a nk l ets , bra ce l e ts
.

a nd wr is tl e ts , a n d or n a m e n t s fo r v a r io us pa rts o f t h e bo dy Th e .

bra ce l e ts we re sol id th ro ug h o ut , a nd forme d b y be n din g a

ta pe rin g b a r o f c o ppe r in to a c ircl e T h e re we re fo ur c irc ul a r
.

F ig . z. Wor ks at H op eto n .

disc s , jo in e d i n pa irs b y a t h ick s te m o f co p pe r a n d fo ur oth e r

.

dis c s , jo ine d b y p ivot s , a n d r ic h l y or n a m e n t e d wit h re po uss e

work . Th e re we re th in pla tes , c ut in t h e fo rm o f fi sh es ; oth e rs
into dia m o n d form s , with g e om e tr ic a l fi g ure s i n s ide t h e r in g s .

Mo s t c ur io us o f t h e wh ol e coll e ct io n a re t wo p ie c e s o f coppe r
u k —
re pre se n tin g t h e S a str a . t h e o n l y o ne th a t h a s b e e n fo un d
n ort h o ft h e O h io Rive r . Be s ide t h e s e . was a fla t p ie c e o f coppe r
th a t h a d t h in p ie ce s o f ca n e in s ide , e v ide n tl y in te n de d to b e worn
o n t h e wr is t a s a prot e ct i o n f ro m t h e b o w Ma n y o f t h e pie ce s
.

h a ve a tta c h e d to th e m a c ur io us te xt ure , r e se m bl in g m a tt i n g , m a de
o ut o f wo o d fibre ; wh il e s e v e ra l we re pl a t e d wit h s il ve r , g ol d

a n d m e t e o ric i r o n O n e p ie c e wa s e v ide n tl y a c a p fo r t h e cro wn

.

o f t h e h e a d a n d h a d a n a pe rt ure t h ro ug h wh ic h t h e s c a lp loc k
,
-

co ul d protr ude , or to wh ic h fe a t h e rs co ul d b e a tta c h e d Th e re .

we re a l s o wit h t h e m p ie c e s re pre se n t in g b irds a n d a n im a l s , a n d

 52

o th e rs c urio us l y p ro ng ed wh ich we re evide n tly used fo r co m bs

Th e five s k e l e t o ns we re a l s o fo un d l yi n g s i de b y s ide —
, , .

t wo o f ,

wh ich we re c o ve red with a l a ye r o f c o ppe r s ix b y e ig h t feet , .

Th e coppe r h a d b ee n worke d i nt o m a n y fo r m s Th e re we re .

s ixt y s ix coppe r be lt s ra n g in g i n s ize f

-
, ro m o ne a n d o n e ha l f
in c h es to twe n t y t wo a n d o n e h a l f in c h e s in l en g t h
- A l a rg e .

th ic k coppe r a x we ig h e d fo rty o ne po unds Th is e xce eds a n y -

.

s pe c im e n e ve r f o un d in t h e U n ite d S ta tes Th e re we re tra ces o f .

g ol d o n it T h e c utt
. i n g e dg e is s e v e n i nc h e s b ro a d a n d is v e r
y
s h a rp . A n umbe r o fsm a ll e r co ppe r a xe s a tt e nded th is Th irty .

coppe r pl a te s with Mo un d b uil de rs cloth o n th e m ove rl a ppe d

,
-
’
,

t h e a xe s Th e a ve ra g e siz e o f t h e pl a te s wa s t e n b y s ix in c h e s
. .

A g rea t coppe r ea g l e t we n ty in ch es i n dia m e te r win g s o ut

, ,

s pre a d bea k ope n ta il a n d win g f

, ,
e a th e rs n ea tl y s ta m pe d upo n

t h e cop pe r s urfa c e e t c cove re d t h e k n ee s o f o n e o ft h e s k e le

,
.
,

tons Th is is o n e o ft h e mo st a rt is tic des ig n s e ve r fo un d in cop

.

p e .r R e m a i n s o f a coppe r s tool a bo ut a f oot i n l e n g t h a n d s e v e ra l

,

i n c h e s i n h e ig h t la y n e a r o n e o f t h e s k e l e to n s
,
Th e stool was .

m a de o ut o fwoo d a n d h a d be e n cove red with sh e e t coppe r

. .

H e re th e n we ha ve th e l a te t ribe s in th e ir r ude n e ss b ut
, , ,

pre ce din g t h e s e tribe s we find a ce rta in b a rba ric m a g n ific e n ce

th a t m ig h t b e compa re d to tha t o ft h e ea rl y in h a b ita n ts o f Grea t
Brita in — t h e symbol s o f s un worsh ip wro ug h t in to coppe r a nd
,
-

p l a c e d u po n t h e bo d ie s W e h a v e n o d o ubt
. t h a t t h e p e r s o ns

wh o we re b ur ie d h e re a n d wh o ca rrie d s uch m as s ive a xe s a n d

,

wore s uch h ea vy h e lm e ts a n d e l a b o ra te co a t s o f m a il we re a n ,

c ie n t s un worsh ipe rs diffe r in g e n tire l y from t h e l a te r I n dia n s

-
,
.

Th e e v ide n ce o f a s ucce ss io n o f ra c e s is g ive n e l se wh e re

'
.

Th e writ e r h a s e xplore d t h e mo un ds s c a tt e re d a lo n g t h e Mis

s is s ippi R iv e r f rom t h e sta te l i ne o n t h e n orth to Alto n o n t h e
s o ut h ,
a n d h as f o un d s e v e ra l cl a s s e s o f work s i n t h is distr ict .

Th e y a re a s follows : 1 I n t h e n o rt h t h e e ffig ie s o f W isco n s in

.
,

pa ss e d ove r t h e b orde rs m a k i n g o n e cl a s s 2 B e lo w th e s e , . .

a re t h e b ur ia l mo un ds a t Alb a n y Mol in e a n d R oc k I s l a n d wh ic h . ,

we re e xplore d b y t h e m e mb e rs o f t h e D a ve n port Aca de m y .

Th ese we re m a in l y un st ra t ifie d s o m e o f wh ich co n ta in ed re l ics , ,

s uc h a s c a rv e d p ipes r e d oc h re l um p s o f g a l en a s h e e ts o f m ic a
, , ,

a nd f ra g m e n t s o f potte ry 3 Fa rth e r so ut h n e a r Q uin cy t h e

. .
, ,

Mo un d b uil de rs b ur ie d th e ir dea d with o ut de pos it in g re l ics Th e

-
.

mo un ds a re n o t s tr a t ifie d ; n e ith e r do th ey co n ta in re l ic s 4 Th e . .

fo urth cl a ss is th a t wh ic h h a s be e n ve ry fre q ue n tly de scrib e d ,

co n s ist in g o f t h e py ra m ids o f wh ic h Ca hok ia is a g o o d s pe c i ,

m en . 5 T h e fi
. t
f h cl a s s is t h a t m a r k e d b y t h e s to n e g r a v e s .

Th e se e xte n d from t h e mo uth o f t h e Ill in o is R ive r to t h e s ta te

l in e a t Ca iro Wh a t is re m a rk a bl e a bo ut t h e Ill in o is mo un ds is
.

th a t in e ve ry loca l ity th e re see m s to h a ve b een a l a rg e n um b e r

o f trib e s s om e o f wh ich we re e a rl ie r a n d s om e l a t e r
,
.

Th e re l ic s wh ich a re in t h e D a ve n port Aca de m y a re fo r t h e

 53

m o st pa t f r rom t h e I o wa s ide a n d a r e un like t h e m ajority o f ,

h
t o se f rom
th e Ill in o is s ide tho ug h t h e re a re loca l itie s in Ill in o is
,

wh e r e s i m il a r re l ics a re dis cove red Th e co n tra st b et wee n t h e

.

m o un ds a t D a ve n po rt an d oth e rs is s ee n in t h e c ut F ig 3 Th e .

lo we r pa r t rep re se nts a mo un d in Ill in o is th e uppe r a mo un d in ,

I owa Th e se mo un ds a re s tra tifie d h a ve la ye rs o f sto n es a t

.
,

in te rvals t h e a lta rs a r e p i ll a rs or p i l e s o f s to n e s a n d h a ve t h e
,

bo die s b y t h e side N o s uc h a lta rs a r e fo un d in a ny oth e r mo un ds

. .

Th e sym bol is m h o weve r is s i m il a r to th a t fo un d i n Oh io

, , It .

wa s t h e sym bol is m o f t h e s un wors h ipe rs a n d it co n ta in e d t h e

-
,

cres ce n t a n d c ircl e F ig 3 . .
,

No 9 Th is s h ows t h a t t h e
. .

Da ve n po rt Mo un d b uil de rs -

s ho ul d b e cl a s se d with t h e
s un wors h ipe r s o f O h io t h a t
-
,

t h e p i pe m a ke rs o f th is re
-

g io n w e r e t h e sa m e pe opl e a s

t h e p ipe m a k e rs o f th a t S ta te
-
,

a n d we r e ol de r t h a n t h e ot h e r

Mo un d b uil de rs -
.

I II Th e diffe re n ce a ppa r
.

e n t i n t h e a n t iq uit y o f t h e
mo un ds is t h e c h ie f e v ide n ce .

I t was n ot ice d b y Me ss rs .

S q uie r a n d D a v is th a t m a n y
o f t h e e a r t h work s wh e n firs t
-

dis cove re d we re dil a p ida te d ,

e s pe c ia ll y th o s e upo n t h e s um
m it s o f t h e h ill s a n d t h e b a nk s
o f t h e r iv e rs Th e s tre a m s
.

h a d e n cro a c h e d upo n t h e t e r
ra ce s a n d h a d brok e n do wn
t h e wa ll s o f t h e v ill a g e s In .

on e c a s e a t t h e cro s s i n g s o f
,

Pa in t Cre e k t h e s tre a m h a d F i 3—8 t t d M u d

,
D v p t
g (fl ra e o n s n ea r a en or
o ve r flo we d t h e t e rra c e
. . .

a nd

h a d m a de a pa s s a g e wa y fo r its e l f t h ro ug h a v ill a g e e n clo s ure

-
,

l ea vin g pa rt o ft h e wa ll upo n o n e s ide a n d pa rt o n t h e ot h e r I n .

a n ot h e r ca s e t h e l a rg e c i rcl e h a d b ee n e n cr o a c h e d upo n a n d t h e ,

te rra ce n ea r wh ich a t o n e t im e wa s t h e b e d o f Pa in t Cre e k wa s

. ,

bro k e n do wn l e a vi n g t h e wa ll o f t h e e n clo s ure ; b ut t h e cre e k

,

no w r uns more t h a n a m i l e a wa S F i T h m i
y e e g 4 e sa e
. s . .

true o f t h e c ircl e upo n t h e N o rth Fork S e e F ig 5 Th e e n . . .

clo s ure n ea r D a yto n a l so ill ustra te s th is Th is wa s s it ua te d in .

t h e va ll e y o f t h e Mia m i o n l a n d wh ic h is e ve n n o w a t t i m e s ove r
flo we d It wa s ove rloo k ed b y t h e g rea t mo un d a t Mia m isb urg
.

a n d h a d e v ide n tl y b e e n o cc up ie d S om e m a in ta in t h a t t h e
.

works h a d n e v e r b ee n fin ish e d b ut th e ir co n dit io n is o wi n g t o

,
 54

th e we a r trea m Th e work s a t Port s mo uth h a d s uffe re d

of th e s .

h
t e s a m e d e s tr u ct i o n T h e S c i
. oto h a d c h a n g e d it s c h a n n e l h a d ,

e n cro a c h e d u po n t h e e a st e r n t e rr a c e a n d h a d d e s t ro y e d a port i o n

o f t h e co ve re d wa y At Pike to n t h e strea m h a d wit h dra wn from

.

t h e t e rr a c e a n d h a d l e ft a n o l d c h a n ne l w it h po n d s fu ,ll o f w a t e r .

nea r t h e f oot o f t h e co ve re d wa y b ut is n o w fl o win g i n a n e w ,

c h a n ne l h a l f a m il e f ro m t h e cove re d wa y Th e g ra ded wa y .

wh ic h e n de d with t h e te rra ce wa s 1 0 5 0 fe e t lo n g a n d 2 1 5 fee t

wide .
It m a y a t o ne t im e h a v e be e n use d a s a ca n o e l a ndin g
, ,

or l e vee fo r t h e v illa g e wa s o n t h e s umm it o f t h e te rra ce ; b ut

,

th e v i l lag e i s g o n e a n d m a n y o f t h e w ork s h a ve di sa pp e a r e d .

T eh e n clo s u re s a t Hop e to n a r e b e tte r pre se rve d b ut t h e wa ll s ,

o f th e cov e r e d w a y w h i c h a r,
e n e a r ly h a l f a m i l e i n l e n g th t r ,
e

m ina te a t t h e e dg e o ft h e
te rra ce a t t h e foot o f ,

wh ic h i t is e v id e n t t h e
rive r o n c e h a d it s co urse ,

b ut b e twe e n wh ic h a n d
t h e pre se n t b e d o f t h e
s tre a m a bro a d a n d f er

til e botto m n o w in te r
v e n es Th is cove re d
wa y m a y h a ve bee n de
s ig ne d a s a p a s sa g e wa y -

t es t .
to Mo un d C ity o n t h e ,

ti l ! “! s t uc k
F ig 4 Cir c le a nd S q ua r e n ea r Ch i lli co th e
S ee m a p Th e
. .

ve r
.

fi . .

g r a de d w a y a t M a r ie tt a e n ds with t h e t e rra c e b ut t h e r e is n o w ,

a n i n t e rv a l o f 7 00 f ee t b e t wee n t h e e n d o f t h e wa y a n d t h e r ive r

b a n k Th e se c h a n g e s in dica te g rea t a nt iquity in t h e work s o f

.

S o uth e rn O h io Th e s a m e is tr ue o ft h e s o uth e r n wo rk s Th e re
. .

a re o ld r ive r b e ds n e a r t h e py ra m ids o f G e or g ia a ccord in g to ,

Pro fe s sor E ug e n e S m it h Th is is tr ue a l s o o f t h e m o un ds a t
.

Ma so n s pl a n ta t io n Th e S a va n na h R ive r h a s e n cro a ch e d upo n

’
.

“
t h e l a rg e st t um ul us a n d
lo n g da ys to a cco m pl ish
pe rfo rm e d wh a t it wo ul d h a ve ta k e n
Th e l a ye r o f c h a rco al a sh e s , s h e l ls ,
.
,

fra g m e n ts o f potte ry a n d bo n e s c a n b e tra c e d a l o n g t h e wa te r ,

fro n t o f t h e m o un ds s ho win g it s co n str uct io n , Th e se a re t wo .

fe e t b e lo w t h e s urfa c e ; t h e s upe rin c umb e n t m a ss s e e m s to h a ve

be e n h ea pe d up t o th e h e ig h t o ft h irty se ve n fe e t a bove t h e pl a in -

an d fo rty s e ve n f
- e e t a bov e t h e wa t e r l in e .

Th e a g e o f t h e tre e s g ro wi n g upo n t h e ea rt h work s is to b e -

n ot ic e d h e r e Th e forts o fS o ut h e r n Oh io wh e n dis cove re d we r e

.

g e n e r a ll y cov e re d w it h for e s t s ,
a n d tr e e s o f l a r g e s iz e w e r e fo un d
up o n t h e v e ry s um m it s o f t h e wa ll s S om e o f t h e m wh en o ut .

i s i s si t ua t e d o n t h e S c i o t o R i ve r , o n e m i le so ut h o f Ch i lli c o t h e
‘ Th
A po r t i o n .

o f t h e s q ua re h a s b e e n s po i le d b t h e i n va s i o n o f t h e r i ve r Th e la rg e c i rc le h a s .

a lso b e e n e n cro a c h e d up o n T h e o w b o t to m a t t h e b a se o f t h e t e r ra ce wa s e vi de n t
.

ly a t o n e t i m e t h e b e d o f Pa i n t Cr ee k , b ut h a s s i n c e c h a n g e d i t s c h a n n e l .
 55

do wn o we d fo ur or five h un dre d rin g s t h us i n dic a tin g t h a t a t

sh ,

l ea s t five h un dre d yea rs h a d e l a pse d s in ce t h e fort h a d b ee n

a b a n do n e d S uc h wa s t h e c as e wit h t h e o ld fort a t Ne wa r k Mr
.
. .

I sa a c S m ucke r sa ys t h e tre e s we re g ro win g upo n it s ba n k s a ll

a ro un d t h e c ircl e s om e o f t h e m t e n f,
e e t i n c irc um f e re n c e In .

1 8 1 5 a tre e wa s c ut do wn wh ic h sh o we d t h a t it h a d a tta in e d t h e
a g e o f 5 5 0 y e a rs S q uie r a n d D a v is s pe a k o f t h e fort in H ig h
.

l a n d C o un ty T h ey sa y th a t t h e a rea wa s co ve re d with a
.

h ea vy pr i m it ive fore s t o f g ig a n t ic tre e s A n o a k stoo d o n t h e .

wa ll n o w fa ll e n a n d m uch de ca ye d wh ic h m ea s ure d t we n ty th ree

, ,
-

fee t i n c irc um fe re n c e All a ro un d a re s ca tte re d t h e tr un ks o t

.

imm e n s e tre e s in e ve ry
s t a e o f de ca y Th e e n
g .

t ire fort pre se n te d t h e

a pp ea ra n c e o f t h e g re a t

e s t a n t i q uity .

I V T h e co n te n ts o ft h e
.

mo un ds a re in str uct ive .

It is re m a rka bl e t h a t
n o b ufia lo p ipe s h a v e s o
'

fa r be e n fo un d in t h e
mo un ds th o ug h e le ,

ph a n t p ipe s h a ve b e e n .

We im ag i n e t h e p ipe
m a ke r s we r e ea rl ie r t h a n F ig 5 —CI l d squ G i llt th fi
.
'
rc e a n a r e n ea r r co e

th e ef fig y b ui l de rs fo r
-
,

t h e p ip es a re fo un d in t h e lo we s t s tra ta o f t h e m o un ds a n d
a re s e l dom f o un d upo n t h e s urfa c e ; wh il e t h e b uffa lo bo n es
a r e oft e n f o un d nea r t h e s umm its o f t h e m o un ds a n d we re ve ry ,

comm o n upo n t h e s urfa ce Pa t h s we re m a de o f t h e s h o ul der .

bo n e s o f b uffa lo s in D a kota A g ric ult ura l tool s m a de fro m t h e .

bo n e s o f t h e b uffa l o we re fo un d in O h io Th e se fa cts s h o w t h a t .

t h e ra n g e o f t h e b uf fa lo wa s form e r l y fa rth e r e a st Th e in dica .

t io n s a re th a t t h e m a sto do n was k n o wn to t h e ea rl ie r Mo und

b uil de rs a n d t h e b uffa lo to t h e l a te r a n d t h a t t h e Mo un d b uil de rs ,
-
’

a g e e xt e n de d f ro m t h e tim e o f t h e m a s to do n to t h e t im e o f t h e
b uffa lo a n d was prol o n g e d th ro ug h m a ny c en t ur ie s
,
.

Th e mo un ds o f h a b ita t io n a re fo un d in t h e n ort h a n d so uth

e a s t pa r t o f V in c e n n e s Th e n ort h mo un d h a s a h e ig h t o f 3
. 6
fe e t a c irc um fe re n c e o f 84 7 fe e t a n d i s a tte n de d b y a n oth e r 2 5
, ,

‘Th i s wo r k i s s i t ua t e d o n t h e le ft b a n k o f t h e n o r t h fo r k o f Pa i n t Cr ee k , 10 m i les
fro m t h i i li c o t h e A p o r t i o n o f t h e la r g e c i r c le h a s b ee n e n c ro a c h e d u n a n d de
‘
.

st ro y ed b y t h e c r ee k wh i c h h a s s i n ce re c ee ded so m e t h i n g o ve r a a n
. o f a m i le .

Th e r e wa s fo r m e r i a S h a wn ee t o wn n ea r t h i s wo r k I n di a n g ra ves a r e m a r k e d o n
g
.

t h e p la n F ro m t ese r e li c s h a ve b ee n t a k e n
. n u-b a rre ls. c o p pe r k e t t les , s i lve r
c r o ss a n d b ro o c h es . a n d m a n y o t h e r o rn a m e n ts w i c h t h e I n d ia n s we r e ac c us t o m ed
to b u wi t h t h e dea d Th e a n c i e n t wo r k s a t Pi k e to n , a t Ced a r Ba n k s , a n d a t
.

H ig h n k s h a ve a lso b ee n e n cr o a c h ed upo n b y t h e r i ve r S ee sec t i o n m a. of

t we lve m iles 0 1 t h e S c i o t o V a lle y Th e wo r k s a t Pi k e t o n i llust i a te s t h e sa m e
. t.
Th e wo r k s a r e de s t ro y ed b y t h e wa s t i n g o f t h e b a n k Th e r i ve r n o w r uns a t a d i s
.

ta n ce I t s a n c i en t b e d i s di s t i n c t ly to b e se e n a t t h e b a s e o f t h e t e r ra c e S ee m a p s .

o n p p 17 , 18, 1 15 a n d 189; a lso c ut s o n p p . 94. 164, 240 a n d 264.

.
 57

ish ed fo rm ed an e e a e d l v t
pl a tfo rm from who se s umm it was a n .

un in te rrupte d v ie w o ft h e dis ta n t bl uf fs o n both s id e s o ft h e r iver

fo r t wo o r t h ree m il es ab ov e a n d be lo w A n e sr o f broa d h o r n .

sto n e d is cs was dis cove re d b ur ie d in t h e sa n d a s h o rt di sta n c e

a bove th is mo un d Th e n es t wa s compo se d o f five l a ye rs o f
.

fl in t s a bo ut 1 000 in a ll T h e y we re e m be dd ed in t h e ba n k o f
,
.

t h e r ive r b ut a b ove t h e re a c h o f t h e h ig h e s t wa t e r fo ur fe e t b e
, ,

lo w t h e s urfa c e Th ey h a d b e e n pl a ce d in a n ovo id h ea p or
.

a lta r ove rl a ppe d e a c h oth e r as s h in g l e s o n a ro o f

,
Th e l e n g th .

o f t h e ovo id wa s s ix f ee t a nd t h e widt h f o ur fee t Th e re l ics .

h a d a n a ve ra g e l e n g t h o f s ix in ch e s width fo ur i n c h e s ; t h e i r ,

s h a p e wa s a l s o ovo id Th ey we re discolore d with a co n cre ti o n

.

wh ich s h o wed un dis t urb e d re pos e i n t h e cl a y e n v e lo pe d fo r a ,

g rea t e r io d o f t i me It i s s uppo se d th a t t h e y we re o ri g in a ll y
.

b ro ug t from Fl i n t R idg e T h e y rese mbl e d t h e fl int discs fo un d

.

i n t h e Cl a rk s work s o f O h io ; s im il a r n e sts h a v e be e n fo un d
’

n e a r S t Lo uis
. Ca ss vi ll e o n t h e Ill in o is r ive r; se ve ra l pl a ce s o n
, ,

t h e S c ioto r ive r Th e m o s t ra t io n a l t h e ory in re fe re n ce to t h e

.

discs is th a t t h e y we re d e po s it e d in o b e die n c e to a s up e rs t iti o n

,

or re l ig io us idea wh ich wa s pe rh a ps re l a te d to a wa te r c ult Dr

,
. .

S nyde r m e n t io n s a de po s it o f 35 00 nea r Fre de r ick sv i ll e i n , ,

S ch uy l e r Co un ty a l so o n t h e I ll in o is r iv e r
, Dr Ch a rl e s R a u . .

de s crib e d a de po s it o f hor n s to ne dis cs c i rc ula r in s h a pe n e a r , ,

Kas ka s k ia r ive r a n d a n oth e r de po sit o f a g ric ult ura l fl in t im ple

,

m e n ts n ea r Ea s t S t Lo uis W K Mo re h ea d m e n t io n s a de
'

. . . .

p o s it o f 7 3 00 d i s cs dis cove r e d i n a mo un d n e a r Cl a r k s work s

’

i n Oh io . Th ese dis cs se e m to co n ne ct t h e Mo un d b uil de rs o f -

t h e Ill i n o is r iv e r wit h t h os e o f t h e S c ioto a n d co n ve y t h e i dea ,

tha t t h e py ra m ids a n d t h e sa cre d e n clos ure s we re b uilt a t t h e

sa m e t im e .

A n oth e r mo un d o f th is cl a ss wa s fo un d a t Mitc h e ll s S ta tio n .

’
,

o n t h e Ch ica g o a n d Alto n R a i lro a d Th e mo un d was 3 00 f. ee t

lo n g a nd 30 or 40 fee t h ig h a n d co n ta in e d nea r t h e ba se o f it a
,

s k e l e to n i n a wra pp in g o f m a tt in g a l a rg e n umb e r o f coppe r im ,

le m e n t s a n d or n a m en ts a n d a port io n o ft h e h e a d o f a b uf fa lo
p , .

It is to b e n ot ice d h e re th a t t h e po tte ry o f th is re g io n rese m

bl e s t h a t fo und in We st Te n n e ssee a n d in S o uth ea s te rn Miss o uri
— a pott e ry m a dy o f ve ry fine m a te r ia l a n d ve ry h ig h l y g l a z e d .

Th e a n im a ls i m ita te d b y t h e p o tte ry a r e v e ry m uc h t h e s a m e b ut ,

t h e p o tt e ry p i pe s a n d portra it va ses a r e l a c k in g T h e re a r e .

m a ny h um a n s k e l e to n s ly in g un de r n e a th t h e so il in t h e v ic in it y
o f th e se pl a t f orm mo un ds I n s om e pla ce s l a ye rs o f th e m to
.

t h e de pt h o f e ig h t or n in e f e e t a re f o un d R e l ic h un te rs a l s o .
-

fin d m a n y b ur ia l s a lo n g t h e s ide s o ft h e bl uffs La rg e q ua n tit ie s .

o fa g ri c ult ura l tool s a re ta k e n o ut f rc m th e se b uri a l pl a ce s Th e se .

c e m e te ri e s o n t h e bottom l a n ds a n d o n t h e bl uf fs in dic a te t h a t
th e re wa s a n e xte n s ive pop ul a tio n fo r a lo n g pe r iod o ft im e We .

c l a ss if y t h e w or k s a n d r e l i c s w it h th o s e o f t h e S o ut h e rn M o u n d
 58

b uil de rs a n d i ma g in e th a t th ey we re o lde r t h a n t h e No rth e rn

,

Mo un d b uil de rs
-
.

We h e re re fe r to t h e mo un d s o f K e n t uck y S idne y Lyo ns in .

,

s pe a k in g o ft h e mo un ds oppo s it e t h e mo ut h o ft h e Wa ba s h s a ys ,

t h a t th e y co n ta in th re e diffe ren t k in ds o f b uria l s : 1 Th o se .

wit h o ut work s o f a rt n e a r t h e s umm it 2 T h o se with work s o f

. .

a rt t h e bo die s h a v in g b e e n l a id o n t h e s ur f
,
a ce 3 D e e p e x c a va . .

t io n s c o nta in in g ba dly pre se rve d bo n e s O n e mo un d co n ta in e d .

dif fe re n t b ur ia l s t h e ur n b ur ia l in t h e m iddl e
,
Wit h t h e urn s .

we re de po s ite d pa rce l s o f p a in t a n d i ro n o r e A n oth e r mo und .

co n ta in e d se ve ra l co ppe r a wl s a n d iro n o re ; a n oth e r mo un d c o n

t a in e d t h e follo win g re l ic s : se ve ra l copp e r a wl s five in ch e s lo n g , ,

a dis c o f coppe r cove re d with wov e n f a br ic thre e c i rc ul a r s to n e s

,

wit h t h e m a rg in g rove d l ik e a p ull e y with five s m a ll pe rfora t io n s

,

i n t h e m a rg in ; i n a n oth e r mo un d wa s a l a ye r o f cl a y b e n ea t h ,

t h e cl a y a pa v e m e n t o f l im e s to n e Th e b ur ia l s a bove t h e cl a y
.

we re p e c ul ia r : t h e bo die s we re pl a c ed i n c i rc l e s l yin g o n t h e l e ft ,

s ide h e a ds in wa rd ; t h e b ur ia l s b e l o w t h e p a v e m e n t s ix f
, ee t b e
lo w t h e cl a y ; b ut n o re l ic s or work s o f a rt we r e co n n e cte d with
t h e de e p b ur ia l s S o m e o f t h e bo die s we re cov e re d wit h s l a b s
.

o f s to n e se t s l a n t in g l ik e a roo f b ut t h o s e b e lo w t h e p a v e m e n t
, ,

we re m e re l y cov e re d wit h s a n dy s o il A n oth e r wa s to dig a dee p

.

va ult in t h e form o f a c irc le pla c in g t h e bo die s a g a in st t h e s ide

,
'

o f t h e wa ll in a s it t in g po s t ure fa c e s in wa rd
, , Th e s e diffe re n t .

b uria l s s h o w th a t t h e re wa s a s ucce s s io n o f ra c e s i n t h is re g io n ,

s om e o f t h e m q uit e mo de r n ot h e rs v e ry e a rl y
, .

Mr Lyo n s se e m s t o h a ve com e upo n b ur ia l mo un ds in wh ich

.

th e re we re s ucc e ssio ns o fra ce s b urie d th ree o r fo ur diffe re n t pe ri

,

o ds o ft i m e b e i n g r e pr e s e n te d Th e re l ics a n d bo n e s in t h e dee p
,

b ur ia l s we re g e n e ra l ly de ca ye d Th e re l ics in t h e m iddl e se rie s

.

we re o f a pr i m it iv e k in d a n d se e m to h a ve b e e n m a de b y a n un
wa rl ik e pe opl e Th e re we re e xten sive ce m e t e rie s in Te n ne s se e
.

a n d Miss o ur i a n d r n d d po i tor i o f bo n e s i n t h c a v es o f
g
,
a e s e s e
K e n t ucky a n d Oh io Th e se ce me te r ie s a n d o ss ua rie s m ay h a v e
.

b ee n ea rl ie r or l a te r th a n t h e re g ul a r Mo un d b uil de rs ; th ey a t -

l ea st sh o w tha t th e re wa s a s ucc ess ion o f ra ce s a n d th a t a ll pa rts

o f t h e co un t ry we r e occ up ie d f o r a lo n g t i m e .
 59

C H A PT E R V .

BU R IAL MOUND S VIEWED AS MONU ME N TS .

DI F EER ENT MO DES OF BU R I A L A S C R I BED TO DI F F ER ENT TR I BES

O R R A CES .

We propos e t
c pt r to t k
in h is h a e b r l mo
a e up t h e u ia un ds i n t h e
U t t t t t m
n i e d S a e s a n d s udy h e o m t
a s m n u en s t rm v
Th e e . i s e ry
appropr t c t c mm
ia e , s in e h e y , in o t ot r
o n wi h a ll r l
h e fun e e a s t r uc
t r r v tl r ct
u e s , we e e ide n y e e e d a s m m t c r
o n u e n s , wh i h we e sa cr ed

to th e m o e m ry o f t h e de a d W t v r h a e e we m a y sa y a
. bo t th m u e

a s wo r k s o f a rch t ct r t c t l mo
i e u e , h e y a r e e r a in y t l n um e n a i n de
s ig n It. i s a s in ula
g r c t t mo
fa t h a u v
n d s hra r b
e e ve
y w h e e e e n

r ct d
e e e t p rpo
fo r h is u se We e a d i n
r .Ho r t t me o h a a m un d was
b lt ov r
ui r v
e th e g a e o f P trocla t m mor l
us , a n d t h a t h e e th ia o f is
r l
f ie n d o f [ E ne a s wa s o n y a h e a p rt o f ea h m Th e n a e o f.

B r t E pt
uddh a , t h e g e a gy ia n t
d i v i n i y l b
,
h a s a sp rp t t
o e e n e e u a e d
m
in t h e sa e wa y T r
. r t top co
h e e a re g e a es ,l tr ct r
n ic a s u u e s , in
v r o p rt
a i us a A
s of c c t
s ia , wh i h ot
o n a in n mor h in g bl
e th a n a f a ed

toot r t c r v t
h o f t h e g ea i n a n a t e di in i y o f t h e E t o t r
a s , b ut t h e ue
r c
su f t
a e o f h e se top v
e s is po
e ry i m s in g p r md
Th e y a i s o f n pt
.

r r ct
we e e e e d fo r t h e sa m e u p rpo om
se S t m co t
e of h e
. n a in t h e

m mmu k
ie s o ft h e in g s b y wh o s eor r t r r ct
de s h e y we e e e e d S om e .

t m v
of h e h a e em ypt tomb t
s , a n d ye t h e y a re a ll m o m t to nu en s

t h e de a d .It r l c tom mo
wa s a un ive s a us a pr t r c
ng t h e im i ive a e s
to r ct c
e e su h mor l to
me ia s t h e de a d c t mc t
Th e us o . o n in ue d,

v r c
e e n wh e n t h e a e s h a d p rom t r pr m t v co
a sse d o ut f h ei i i i e n di

toi n , b ut wa s mo fi di e d rt p
Th e ea h h e a s g a e
. v pl c toa e to s ne

str ct r t rm
u u es , e i h e r or t
enh i s t c r croml c
s a n din g s o n e s , a i ns, e h s,

ol
d m e ns tr l t
. t . c rcl
i i h s s o ne i v r o ot r r
es, a n d a i us heto ude s n e
m m t t o
o n u en s , h t b
ug h a ll o f h e se m a y h a ve e e n m or tok e th e e ns

o f th e bro th
nz e a g e to
an of th e s ne a g e m k t We a e h is dis in o
t.

to b t r p ol t c t r
i n e we e n t h e a g e s : du in g t h e a le i h i a g e h e e we e n o r
b r l p
u ia h e a s ; t h e bo r pl c
die s we e r v or p r
a e d in g a e s , e is h e d

t o tb r l D r
wi h u u ia . ol t c
u in g t h e n e i h i a g e t h e us c tom b o f ury in g

t p
i n e a r h h e a s wa s t h e mo t commo t o
s n, h r ccor
ug h it va ie d a din g
to c rc m t c
i u s a n es D r . bro
u in g t h e to mo m t
nze a g e s ne n u en s

r
we e t h e mo t r
s n um e o us W ro . tro c
h e n t h e i n a g e wa s in du e d t h e
th e mo r c tom
de n us r ct
of e e fi t c t ct r l tr ct r
in g de n i e a r h i e u a s u u e s
a pp r ea e d . Th epr v l c
e a en e o f th e ea rt rk U t
h wo s in t h e ni e d

t t
S a e s as b r l pl c
u ia o t t
a e s s h ws r c r r
h a t h e a e s we e h e e t n t h e
to n e a g e , b ut t h e difie r e n c eb t t
e wee n ll ll tr t
h e s e wi i us a e th e
'

r t co t o t ro
diffe e n n di i n s h hc p opl p
ug h w i h t h e e e r th t
a sse d du i n g a
ag e .
 60

Th e re is o ne po in t to b e co n s ide re d h er e It h a s b e e n m a in .

t a in e d t h a t t h e s to n e a g e h as exis te d in a ll pa rt s o f t h e g lob e .

Th e pr e va l e n c e o f b uria l mo un ds prov es th i s It is wo n de rful .

th a t t h e y a re so wide l y dis trib ute d S ir j o h n L ubbock sa ys : .

“
I n o ur o wn is l a n d t h e s m a ll e r t um ul i m a y b e see n i n a lmo s t
e ve ry do wn ; i n t h e O r k e ys a lo n e it is e s t i m a t e d t h a t m or e t h a n

t wo t h o usa n d s till re m a in a n d i n D e n m a rk t h e y a re e ve n m or e ,

a b un da n t ; t h e y a re f o un d a ll ove r E urope from t h e s h ore s o ft h e

Atl a n t ic to t h e Ura l mo un ta in s ; in A s ia t h e y a re s ca tte re d ove r
t h e g re a t s t e ppe s from t h e bor de rs o f R us s ia to t h e Pa c ific oc e a n
, ,

a nd f rom t h e pl a ins o f S ib e ria to th o se o f H in do sta n ; t h e e n ti re

pl a in o f j e lla b a d sa ys Ma sso n is l ite ra lly c ove re d with t um ul i
, ,

a n d mo un ds I n Am e ri ca t h e y a re to b e n umbe re d b y t h o usa n ds
.

a n d t e ns o f t h o us a n ds ; n o r a r e t h e y wa n t i n g i n A f rica wh e re ,

t h e py ra m ids e xh ib it t h e mo s t m a g n ific e n t de v e lop m e n t o f t h e

s a m e ide a ; i n de e d t h e wh ol e wo rl d i s s t udde d wit h t h e b ur ia l
,

pl a ce s o f t h e dea d Ma n y o f th e m in de e d a r e s m a ll b ut s om e
.
, , ,

a re v e ry l a rg e Th e mo un d o n S ilb ury h il l is t h e h ig h e s t in
.

Grea t Br ita i n ; it h a s a h e ig h t o f 1 87 fe e t T h o ug h it is e v ide n tly .

a rt i fic ia l th e re i s s om e do ubt wh e t h e r it is s e p ulc h ra l
,
.

A n oth e r fa ct is to b e n ot ice d Th e c ustom o f e re ct in g .

t um ul i or e a rth h e a ps h a s s urvive d l a te in to h ist o ry Th is is

, ,
.

t h e po in t wh ic h Dr Cy r us T h om a s h a s s o ug h t to e st a bl i sh
. .

I t will b e re a dil y g ra n te d fo r t h e i n te ll ig e n t re a de r will n ot ice

,

t h a t th e re a r e s uc h t um ul i n o t o n l y in Am e rica b ut a l s o in va rio us
”
,

pa r ts o f E urope Th e t um ul i in R us s ia will se r ve a s a n e xa m
.

p le
. Th e se a r e c a ll e d k ur g a n s a n d a r e s a id to h a v e b e lo n g e d .

t o h is tori c t im e s s om e o f t h e m h a v in g b e e n e re ct e d a s l a t e a s
,

t h e e l e v e n t h c e n t n ry A D Two k i nds o f g ra ve s a re fo un d in
,
. .

t h e m o n e k in d be lo n g in g to t h e bro n z e a g e t h e ot h e r to t h e
, ,

i ro n a g e t h e b ur n in g o f t h e de a d h a v i n g be e n pra ct ic e d in t h e
,

bro n z e a g e b ut t h e e xte n de d corpse be in g c h a ra cte rist ic o f t h e

,

i ro n a g e . A n oth e r re m a rk a bl e proo f o f t h is is furn ish e d b y t h e

dis cove ry o f t h e b ur ia l pl a c e o f o n e o f t h e N o rs e s e a k in g s It -
.

wa s n t h e s h ore s o f N or wa y n ea r Gok s ta d a n d co n ta in e d a
o , ,

V ik in g sh ip wit h o a rs sh ie l ds be n c h e s a n d oth e r e q uipm e n t s

, , , , .

I n t h e s h ip wa s a se p ulc h ra l c h a m b e r wh ic h co n ta in e d t h e bo dy
o f a V i k in g c h ie f a n d a bo ut it we re t h e re m a in s o fh or s e s wh ic h
,

we re b urie d wit h h im H e re t h e n we h a ve a ca se s im ila r to

.
, ,

th o se fo un d in R us s ia b uria l mo un ds h a v in g be e n e re ct e d a s l a te
,

a s t h e t e n t h c e n t ury Grea t c h a n g e s h a d ta k e n pl a c e in t h e s ur
.

ro un din g s s in ce t h a t t im e fo r t h e mo un d wa s s o m e dis ta n ce ,

from t h e s h o re s h o wi n g t h a t t h e se a h a d re c e de d fro m t h e l a n d
,

s in c e t h e b ur ia l

”
.

Th e mo s t imp o rta n t po in t is t h a t t h e re i s t h e pe rp e t uity o f

“
t h e c ustom o f mo un d b ui l din g t h ro ug h a ll t h e a g es H e re .

‘ Lub b oc k s
’
Pre h i s t o r i c Ti m es , p p 111 a n d 112
. .
 61

we h a v e t h e V ikin g sea k in g wit h a boa t fa ste ne d to g eth e r with

-
,

i ro n n a il s I n t h e sa m e re g io n we h a ve k itc h e n m idden s wit h

.

t h e re m a in s o f e xt in ct a n i m a l s i n th e m Be twe e n t h e t wo we .

ha ve t h e wh o l e h istory o ft h e sto n e a g e t h e diffe ren t mo n um e nts ,

s ho win g t h e s ucc e s s io n o f ra c e s I f t h is is t h e c as e in S ca n di .

n a v ia it is a l so t h e c a se i n Am e r ica
,
Th e b ur ia l mo un ds a re .

n o t a ll b y a n y m e a n s o f mode r n da te
,
Pe rh a ps n o ne o f
,
.

th e m c a n b e tra ce d ba c k t o a s ea rly at da te a s t h e k itc h e n m idd e ns

a n d t h e ca ve co n t e n t s o f E urope i n d ica t e ye t m a n y o f th e m a re , ,

we be l ie v e q uit e a n c ie n t ; in fa ct s o a n c ie n t th a t e ve ryth in g th a t
, ,

wa s pe rish a bl e h a s pa s se d a wa y a n d o n l y t h e i mpe ris h a bl e h a s ,

b e e n pre se rve d Th e m o un ds a re va l ua bl e a s re c o rds s in ce th ey

. .
,

s ho w a s ucc ess io n o f ra c es T h e re m a y b e e ve n in t h e sa m e .
,

g ro u p d if fe r e,
n t mo u n d s wh ic h h a v e be e n e re cte d in dif f e r e n t
a g e s s o t h a t t h e re cor ds m a y g o ove r se ve ra l h un dre d ye a rs
, ,

e v e n wh e n t h e a ppe a r a n c e e xt e r n a ll y i s t h e s a m e .

Wit h th e se re m a rks we propo se to co n side r t h e b uria l mo unds

o f t h e U n ite d S t a t e s e spe c ia ll y t h o se f o un d in t h e Miss iss ipp i
,

va ll e y We wo ul d sa y h o we ve r be fore be g in n in g t h a t the re
. . ,
‘

a re mo un ds o ut s id e t h is va ll e y in f a ct m a n y o f t h e m Th ey , . .

h a ve bee n dis cove re d o n t h e n o rth we st co a s t in Brit is h Col um ,

b ia in W a sh in g to n Te rr ito ry a n d in O re g o n
,
Mr j a me s D ea ns . . .

cl a im s t h a t h e h a s dis cove re d a c e rta in e mb a n km e n t n e a r V ic

toria B C wit h a ditch s ix fe e t dee p ; a l s o lo w mo un d s t h e
, . .
, .

re m na n ts o f a n c ie n t dwe ll in g s a nd b uria l c a ve s o f t h e us ua l .

t ype Mr Forbe s m a in ta in s t h a t t h e wor ks o fth is re g io n re se m

. .

b le t h e s to ne c ircl e s wh ic h a r e fo un d i n D e vo n s h i re E n g l a n d , .

Th e dim e n s io ns o f t h e mo un ds a re from t h re e to e ig h te e n fe e t
in dia m e te r a n d th ey a r e fo un d i n g ro ups o f from t h re e to fifty
, .

I t is prob a bl e th a t t h e se ea rt h work s a re fort ifica t ion s a n d th a t ,

t h e s to n e c ircl e s with in th e m a r e t h e r e m a in s o fh uts wh ic h h a ve ,

fa ll e n a n d be e n de stroye d Th e b ur ia l mo un ds o f t h is re g io n .

h a ve n o t b e e n e xplored Th e re a re g ra v es ne a r S a n ta Ba rba ra .
,

a n d o n S a n ta R o s a is l a n d i n S o uth e rn C a l if orn ia wh ic h h a v e
, .

y ie l de d l a r g e q ua n t it i e s o f s to n e r e l i cs Th e se h a v e b e e n d e .

s cr ibe d b y R e v S te ph e n Bo we rs Drs C C Abbott H W He n

.
,
. . .
, . .

sh a w L uc ie n Ca rr a n d oth e r s
*
.
, ,

Th e re a re a l s o s h e ll h ea p s or k itch e n m idde n s in t h e sa m e
re g io n Th e se ho we ve r diffe r from t h e b uria l mo un d s wh ich
.
, , ,

a re r e a ll y ra re a lo n g t h e Pa c i fic co a st Dr H uds o n h as dis c o v . .

e re d a t um ul us o f t h e re g ul a r type a n d h a s de s cr ib e d it in ,

TH E A us a i c a x It is s it ua te d ne a r Oa k l a n d
”
,
“
Ca l .It is i mpo sin g in form in te re stin g in fea t ure loca l ity a n d , ,

compo sitio n It m ea s ure s th re e h un dre d fe e t in dia m ete r a t t h e

.

base a n d t we n ty five fe e t in h e ig h t I t is c irc ul a r in form with

,
-
.
,

a fla t s umm it is o ne h un dre d a n d fif ,
ty fe e t a cro s s t h e tr un ca t e d

‘S Wh ee le r ’
Geo re h i c a l S ur ve V o l V I I , S m i t h son ia n Re po r t , 1877
g g ’
ee s .

fl N
.

tS ce A m e r i ca n A n t q u ri a n , V o l l .
, o. 3
.
 63

b ur ia l c ustom s a n d t h e districts so th a t we m a y re c o g n iz e t h e ,

s oc ia l s ta t us o f t h e mo un ds as we ll a s o ft h e g e n e ra l s tr uct ure s
, .

.I We ta k e fi rs t t h e distr ict wh ic h is e mbra c e d with in t h e

Uppe r Miss is s ipp i va ll ey wh ic h m a y b e c a ll e d t h e N o rt h e rn dis
.

t ric t . Th e re a re m a n y b uria l mo un ds in th is district Th e re .

a r e to b e s ure a f
,
e w ot h e r e a r t h wo rk s s uc h
,
as f ort ifica t io n s -
, ,

l o dg e c ircl e s look o ut mo un ds a n d dom ic il ia ry mo unds b ut t h e

, , ,

l a rg e majority we re e vide n tl y e re cte d fo r b uria l purpo se s T h e se .

are f o un d in Min n e s ota Io wa Ka nsa s Miss o ur i Ill in o is a n d

, , , , ,

I n d ia n a a ll o f wh ic h m a y b e ca ll e d pra irie S ta te s Th e district

,
.

m ig h t a l s o b e sa id t o e mbra c e t h e va ll ey o f t h e R e d r ive r a n d
t h e S ta te s o f Da kota fo r t h e mo un ds fo un d in t h e s e re g io ns a re
,

m a in l y buria l mo un ds I t is a ve ry e xte n s ive distr ict a n d ye t

.
,

o ne t h a t is h o m o g e n e o us i n c h a ra cte r It is un ce rta in wh e th e r .

t h e mo un ds we re t h e wo r k o f I n dia ns k n o wn to h ist o ry b ut t h ey
. ,

we re e vide n tl y b uilt b y pe o pl e o ft h e h un te r cl a ss a ll o f wh om ,

we re n om a dic i n t h e ir h a b it s It is o n e o f t h e p e c ul ia r it ie s o f
.

n o m a ds th a t t h ey ra re l y prov ide f o r pe rm a n e n t h a b ita t io n s b ut ,

t h e y do pro vide fo r t h e b uria l o f th e de a d It is stra n g e th a t .

thro ug h o ut t h e re g io n wh ich we h a ve m e n t io ne d th e re a re s o
fe w fort ifica t io n s b ut s o m a ny b ur ia l mo un ds It is pro b a bl e .

t h a t t h e pe opl e wh o dwe lt o n t h e pra irie s h a d from t im e im m e m

oria l be e n in t h e h a b it o f pla c in g t h e ir v ill a g es n e a r t h e wa te r
co urse s a n d t h e n b uil din g s ig na l mo un ds a t va rio us po in ts o n
,

e ith e r s ide o f t h e v ill a g e s By th is m e a n s th e y co ul d be com e

.

a wa re o f t h e a ppro a c h o f a n e n e m y a n d th e n f i n d sa f e ty b y .

ta k in g fl ig h t l e a v in g th e ir v ill a g e s to b e de stroye d b y t h e e ne m y
. .

It is n ot ic ea bl e t h a t mo st o f t h e s ig n a l sta t io n s we re b uria l
mo un ds or in ot h e r words b ur ia l mo un ds we re use d a s s ig n a l
, , ,

s ta t io n s ,
t h e loca t io n o f t h e s e mo un ds o n t h e h ig h po in ts
be in g n o t o n l y fa vora bl e fo r b ur ia l s b ut a l so use ful fo r t h e ,

p urpo se s o f de fe n se a s t h e y fur n is h fin e v ie ws o f t h e s urro un d

,

in g co un t ry .It is po ss ibl e t h a t th e re wa s a re lig io us se n tim e n t

e mbo die d in t h e m — t h e S p i r it s o f t h e de a d wa tc h i n g ove r t h e
a bo de s o f t h e l iv i n g b ut t h e l ivin g ta k in g t h e a bo des o f t h e de a d
,

a s th e i r wa tc h to we r s a n d s o t h e l iv in g a n d t h e de a d we re c o m
,

b in e d to g e t h e r to s e c ure s a fe ty .

Th ey m a y h a ve be e n use d a l so b y h un te rs a s l o o k o ut s ta t io n s ,

from wh ic h t h e pre s e n c e o f g a m e co uld b e dis cov e re d a s m a n y o f ,

th e m c o mma n d vie ws o ft h e pra irie U po n o ne s ide a n d t h e botto m

la n ds upo n t h e oth e r be in g s o pl a ce d t h a t l a rg e a n im a l s m ig h t b e
,

se e n
g r a z in
g o n o n e s i de a n d b i r ds a n d wa t e r f o wl fe e din g upo n

t h e ot h e r t h e l a ke s s tre a m s a n d o pe n c o un t ry b e in g bro ug h t t o
, ,

vie w b y t h e e l e va te d po s it io n a n d a t t h e sa m e t im e s ig n a l s in t h e
,

s h a pe o f fire s or clo uds o f s mok e c o ul d b e se n t to m ore dis t a n t

po in ts It is a re g io n wh ich fa vore d th is m e th o d o fde fe n s e a n dt h is
.

k in d o fh un t in g s in ce it wa s a p ra ir ie re g io n t h ro ug h wh ic h l a rg e
.

s tr e a m s a n d r iv e r s flo we d t h e r i v e r s f ur n is h in g a n a b un da n c e o f
,
 64

fis h a nd wa te r fo wl b ut t h e
pra irie s g a m e o f a l a rg e r s ort It is
, .

ve ry in te re s t in g to p a ss ov e r t h e co un t ry a n d s t udy t h e loca t i o n
o f t h e b ur ia l mo un ds wit h t h e se po in t s in view fo r t h e re is ,

s ca rc e ly a mo un d wh o se loca t i o n i s n o t s ig n ifica n t Th e b ur ia l .

mo un ds for m cordo n s o f looko ut s ta t io n s a n d ta k e n tog e th e r ,

t h ey ma k e a n e t work wh ic h cove rs t h e wh ol e m a p Th e wr ite r

-
.

h a s dis co ve re d t h re e l in e s o f looko ut s ta t i o n s a lo n g t h e Mis s is s

i p i r ive r o n e o f t h e m o n t h e b o ttom l a n ds ne a r t h e b a n k o ft h e
p ,

r i ve r a n ot h e r o n t h e bl uffs wh ich ove rl o o k t h e r ive r a n oth e r

. ,

se ve ra l m il e s b a ck o ve rloo k in g t h e pra i rie s wh ic h a r e s it ua te d ,

o n e it h e r s ide o f t h e r iv e r v a ll e y It wa s a l so n ot ic e d t h a t with in
.

t h e l in e s o f looko ut s ta t io n s t h e vi ll a g e s we re b uilt s om e o f .

th e m be in g o n t h e bottom l a n d ot h e rs o n t h e bl uffs oth e rs o n , ,

t h e e dg e o f t h e pra i r ie s t h e b ur ia l mo un ds be in g pl a c e d n e a r
,

t h e v ill a g e s b ut lo o ko ut mo un ds a t a dis tan c e

, Ot h e rs h a ve a l s o .

n ot ic e d t h e s a m e s ys te m o f s ig n a l s t a t io n s o n t h e Miss o uri

rive r .
*

A s to t h e c h a ra cte r o f t h e mo un ds wit h i n t h e dis tr ict we ,

wo ul d sa y t h a t t h ey a re ordin a ry co n ica l or h e m is p h e r ica l t um ul i ,

b uilt s ol idl y t h ro ug h o ut ve ry fe w o f t h e m h a v in g c ists with in

,

t h e m t h o ug h so m e o f t h e m co n ta in l a ye rs o f s to n e wh ic h a lt e r
, ,

n a te wit h t h e l a ye rs o f e a rth t h e bo die s b e in g b e lo w t h e s t r a ta

, .

Pe rh a ps t h e dis trict m a y b e s ub divide d a ccordin g to t h e re l ic s

c o nt a in e d i n t h e m o un ds b ut n o t a c c or din g t o t h e mo des o f
,

b ur ia l th o ug h diffe re n t m o de s o f b uria l we re pra ct ice d b y t h e

,

diffe re n t tr ibe s wh ic h tra ve rs e d t h e dis trict .

S om e o f t h e bo die s a re re c umbe n t ot h e rs i n s itt in g po s t ure . ,

oth e rs l yin g upo n t h e s ide pe r h a ps b urie d i n t h e a tt itude in .

wh ic h t h ey die d ; ot h e rs pre se n t prom isc uo us h e a p s o f b o ne s

b o n e b ur ia ls oth e rs h a ve t h e bo die s a rra n g e d in a c ircl e fe e t ,

o ut a n d h ea ds t o wa rd t h e c e n te r ; ot h e r s h a ve t h e bo die s a rra n g e d

i n l i n e s pl a c e d pa ra ll e l wit h o n e a n ot h e r A fe w h a ve bo die s in .

t ie rs a s if p il e d upo n o ne a n ot h e r All h o we ve r a re b urie d in

, .
, ,

a compa ct m a n n e r c h a mb e rs b e i n g e xc e pt io n s
, .

Th e s ol id ty pe o fb uria l mo und we a s cr ibe to t h e h un te r ra ce s .

T h is m a y see m c o nj e ct ura l a n d ye t we t h in k t h e co n cl us io n is
,

pro ve n b y t h e fa cts Ifwe ta k e t h e ra n g e o ft h is cl a s s o ft um ul i

.

a n d compa r e it wit h t h e h a b ita t o f t h e h un t e r tr ibe s k n o wn to

h isto ry we s h a ll fin d a ve ry clo se corre s po n de n c e
, I n t h is dis .

t r ic t we fin d t h e Al g o n q uin s a n d D a c o t a h s wh o we re s tr ict l y ,

h un te rs a n d t h e C h ippe wa s wh o we re bot h h un te rs a n d fis h e r
, ,

m en . Th ey occ up ie d a ll o f t h e re g io n be twe e n t h e g re a t l a ke s
a n d t h e O h io r ive r e xte n din g we s t a s f
, a r a s t h e Mis s o ur i r ive r .

Th e y wo ul d b e ca lle d sa va g e s t h o ug h a ccordin g to Mr Morg a n s , .

’

cl a ss ifica t io n t h ey wo ul d occ upy t h e uppe r s ta t us o f sa va g e ry

,

a n d t h e lo we r s t a t us o f b a rb a ri s m T h ey we re pa rt ia ll y vill a g e.

‘8 . V . Pro udfit i n . A m e r i ca n A n ti q ua r i a n . V o l. V I No . 5 .
 65

I n dia n s we re a cq ua in te d with potte ry th e y us ed t h e b o w a n d

. ,

a rro w occ a s io n a ll y us e d m e t a l s s uc h a s coppe r g a l e n a bro wn

. , .

h e m a ti te a n d m ica T h ey s ub s iste d upo n wil d a n im a l s b ut a l s o

.
,

g a th e re d w i l d r i c e a n d s om e o f t h e m c ult iva te d m a iz e a n d h a d
,

pa tch es o f s q ua sh e s m e lo n s a n d oth e r g a rde n pro ducts Th e

,
.

ch ie f tok e n s o f th is cl a ss o f pe opl e a re fo un d in t h e b uria l

mo un ds Th e y co nsist o fa rro ws a n d s pe a rs a xe s a n d h a mm e rs
.
, ,

s h e ll be a ds coppe r n e e dl e s k n ive s p ipe s ba dg e s or m a ce s

, , , , ,

s pool o r n a m e n t s .a n d occas io n a ll y s p e c im e n s o f clot h Mo de rn .

re l ic s a re fre q ue n t ly fo un d in t h e m o un ds sh o win g th a t t h e ,

h un te r ra ce s o f t h is d istr ict did n o t a ba n do n t h e mo un d b uil din g

un t il a ft e r t h e a dven t o f t h e wh ite m a n Th e re l ic s h o we v e r .
, ,

prove th a t in t h e pre h istor ic t im e s t h e pe op le o f t h is e n t ire dis

t r ic t we re in a m uch lo we r co n dit io n t h a n t h o se in t h e S o uth e rn
,

S ta te s .Th e re a re n o b uria l urn s n o pa in ted po tte ry n o e la bor , ,

a t e s y mbol s ve ry few idol s or h um a n i ma g e s a n d b ut fe w

. ,

in scrib e d ta bl e ts Th e re a r e tra ce s o fe xte n s ive a borig in a l t ra de

.
,

coppe r from La k e S upe r ior s h e ll s fro m t h e sea coa s t a n d t h e

,

g u l f o f M e x i co o b s i d,
ia n cor e s fr o m t h e R oc k y m o un t a i n s m ic a ,

from North C a rol in a fl in t from O h io a n d g a l e na from W isco n

, ,

s in . Th is va r ie ty o f re l ics prove s n o t o n l y t h a t th e re was a n

a bor ig i n a l tra de b ut t h a t t h e tr ib e s we re wa n de re r s a n d h a d n o t
,

rea ch e d t h e s ede nta ry co n ditio n wh ic h is pe c ul ia r to a g ric ult ura l

ra c e s Th is co n firm s wh a t we h a ve sa id Th e re m a y h a ve be e n
. .

a g rea t va rie ty o f r a c e s a n d it is ve ry l ike l y t h a t t h e re we re m a ny

,

pe rio ds o f occ upa t io n a s ucce s s io n o f ra ce s S t ill t h e re g io n

, .
,

wa s s o fa vo ra bl e to h un t in g t h a t it see m e d to h a ve b e en occ up ie d
b y h un te rs from t im e im m e moria l We h a ve discove re d s ig ns .

o f dif fe re n t pe r io ds o f occ upa t io n in m a n y o f t h e b ur ia l mo un ds

o f t h is re g io n I n o n e g ro up we fo un d t h re e mo un ds
. One o f .

t h e m con ta i ne d t h e bo dy o f a m edic in e m a n with a mode rn ,

l o ok in g g l a s s in o ne h a n d a n d a br idl e b it in t h e oth e r with fra g

- -
,

m e n ts o f cotto n cloth p ie ce s o ft in co il s o fbra s s wire a n d oth e r

, ,

re l ics a bo ut h is pe rso n s h o win g t h a t h e wa s b ur ie d a fte r t h e

,

a dve n t o f wh it e m e n pro ba b ly with in fi ft y yea rs A n oth e r

, .

mo un d co n ta in e d s e ve ra l bo die s b ut with n o re l ics e xce pt a ,

s i n g l e c h ip pe d fl in t a rrow h e a d t h o ug h a c h il d s ee m e d t o h a ve
-
,

h a d a wris tl e t o f bo n e b e a ds a ro un d it s h a n d a n d a p o tt e ry va s e ,

fill e d with s we a t m e a t s wh ich h a d be e n pla c e d n ea r its h ea d Th is .

mo un d h a d tre e s g ro win g upo n it s s umm it wh ic h we re a t l ea s t

t hre e h un dre d ye a r s o ld Th e t h i rd mo un d co n t a in e d t h ree
.

bo die s lying upo n t h e s ide wit h fa c e in t h e h a nd We discove re d

, .
*

a l s o in t h e s a m e r e g io n mo un ds b ui lt wit h s to n e wa ll s in t h e f orm
o f a c i rcl e fil le d wit h bo die s l a id i n t ie rs b ut with s to n e s l a b s
, ,

l yin g be twee n t h e t ie rs t h e whol e s ol id th ro ug ho ut a n d a q uas i

, ,

'Th e re a re e vi de n ces t h a t t h i s m o de o f b ur i a l w
a s p ra c t i ced b y o n e o f t h e la t e r
t r i b es . pos s i b ly S a c s a n d F o xes , b ut t h e o t h e r b ur i a ls w
ere b y t h e ea r li e r t r i b es , so m e
o f t h e m b y S h a wn ees , a n d so m e o f t h e m b y t r i b es p rec edi n g e ven t h e I li i n o is.
 67

lo dg e stoo d a n d the n movi ng th e lo dg e to a n o the r pl a c e A

,
.

g ro u p o f mo un d s o n e m il e n ort h eas t o f t h is is s ho wn o n t h e

uppe r l e f t h a n d cor ne r o f t h e c ut
- Pl a te I Th e y a re o n a S pot
. .

o f g r o un d f o ur h undre d a nd fi fty fee t a bove t h e l e ve l o ft h e l a ke ,

a n d we re prob a bl y use d as s ig n a l s t a t io n s A g ro up twe lve .

m il e s s o uth e as t is re pre se nte d in t h e n e xt c ut F ig 1 H e re a re . . .

th irte e n mo un ds situa te d o n a h ig h bl uff sh o win g t h a t th e se we re ,

use d a s s ig n a l s ta t io n s a s we l l a s b uria l m o un ds The re is .

a n oth e r g ro up t wo m i l e s s o uth we s t wh ic h co n ta in s f
. orty or fi fty ,

mo un ds a n d s till a n oth e r s e ve n m il e s north we s t wh ich is ca ll e d

, , ,

Mo un d Cit y H e re t h e write r h as discove re d a g a m e drive

. .

Ta k in g t h e re g io n t o g e th e r we s h o ul d sa y th a t t h e b ur ia l mo un ds
.

we re clo se l y co n n e cte d with t h e v ill a g e l ife b ut s uch a k in d 0 ,

l ife a s h unte rs wo ul d follo w t h e ve ry po sitio n o f t h e t um ul i

,

be in g s uch a s wo ul d b e fa vorite s pots with h un te rs .

Th e re a re n o t m a n y l a rg e m o unds in t h e n orth e rn distr ict Th e .

o n l y o n e wh ich h a s b e e n discove re d is t h e o n e ca ll e d t h e h a y
s ta c k mo un d It is s it ua te d in Lin col n Co un ty Da k ota e ig h ty
. , ,

five m il e s n orth we s t o f S io ux C ity It is o n a fin e bottom a n d .

,

is thre e h un dre d a n d t we n ty s e v e n fe e t i n l e n g t h a t t h e b a s e a t
-

t h e n orth we s t s ide a n d t wo h un dre d a n d n in e ty fe e t o n t h e

s o ut h e a s t s ide a n d o ne h un dre d a n d t we n ty f
,
ee t wide I t s s ide s .

s lope a t a n a n g l e o f a bo ut fifly de g re e s ; it is f rom th irty fo ur to

'
-

fo rty o n e fee t i n h e ig h t t h e n ort h e a s t e n d be in g th e h ig h e r

-
, .

Th e mo s t in t e re st in g mo un ds o f th is dis trict a re t h e lo o k o ut
mo un ds to wh ic h we h a ve a lre a dy re fe rre d S om e o f th ese a re
,
.

quite l a rg e be in g s it ua te d upo n s ig h tly pl a ce s the y a re prom ine n t

, ,

la n k m a rk s a n d a re n o w be co m in g in te re st i n g obj e ct s fo r to ur is t s
,

to v isit O ne s uch loo ko ut mo un d is s it ua te d n e a r S t Pa ul ;

. .

oth e rs a t W in o n a a t R ed W in g a t D ub uq ue a t D un le it h a t
, , , ,

R ock I s l a n d a n d D a ve n port a t Ne w Alba n y Ke o k uk Q uin cy

, , , ,

a n d oth e r pl a c e s O ne o f t h e m o un d s s o ut h o f Q uin cy wa s
.

use d b y t h e co as t s urve y a s a pl a c e to e re ct a t o we r upo n t h us ,

s h o win g t h a t it occ up ie d a v e ry prom in e n t p o s it io n .

We g ive h e re a m a p o f t h e m o un ds s it ua te d a lo n g t h e b a n k s o f
t h e Mis s iss ipp i r iv e r n e a r Mus ca t in e ,
Th e m a p will s ho w t h e .

n umb e r a n d lo c a t io n o f t h e t um ul i Th e y a re pe r h a p s more .

n um e ro us i n th is v ic in ity t h a n e l s e wh e re b ut t h e y a re n r ll
g e e a y ,

pl a ce d o n t h e h ig h est po in ts or bl uffs as t h e y a re h e re Th is , .

pa rt ic ul a r re g io n h a s b e e n e xplore d b y g e n tl e m e n from Musca

tin e a n d from Da ve n port Th e l e tt e rs will in dica te t h e po in ts
. .

I t h a s be e n fo un d th a t th ey we re n e a rl y a ll b ur ia l mo un ds t h o ug h ,

they did n o t a ll co n ta in re l ic s oth e r t h an t h e bo n es o f t h e de a d

, .

S ee m ap .

Th e re a re sh e ll h e a ps in t h is v ic in ity loc a te d in t h e ne ig hbor ,

“
hoo d o f th e se m o un ds wh ic h e xte n d fo r m i l e s with o ut i nte r
,

rupt io n . Th e y a re compo se d o f re ce n t sh e ll s a n d co nta in fe w

i mpl e m en ts Th e mo un ds occ upy t h e mo s t b e a ut iful pro s pe ct
.
 69

on th e Coo ke fa rm t h
c ll e d Da ve n port ta bl e ts we re ta ke n
e s o -
a .

Th e se a r e a n om a lo us in ch a ra cte r t ota ll y un l ike t h e oth e r spe c i ,

m e n s in t h e ca b in e t Me mbe rs o f t h e Aca de my m a in ta in th a t
.

th ey a re g e n uin e b ut o n e m a y re co g n iz e upo n t h e m so m a n y
,

R om a n a n d Ara b ic n um e ra l s a n d s o m a ny a lph a be t ic l e tte rs a s

, ,

t o co n cl ude a t o n c e t h a t t h ey we re m a de b y s o m e o n e a cq ua i n te d
with th e se mo de r n c h a ra ct e rs Th e re l ic s co n ta in e d in t h e c a b
.

t . 4—G r oup o f Ten Mon a ds on a H i g h R id g e .

i ne t , a s ide the se ta bl e ts a re ve ry va l ua bl e We fin d he re
fro m ,
.

m a ny in te re s t in g s pe c im e n s o f coppe r a xe s a n d p ie c e s o f cloth ,

a s we ll a s p ip e s a n d pott e ry T h e re a re a l s o re l ic s in t h e ca b ine t
.

from t h e dis tr icts fa rt h e r s o ut h from Miss o ur i a n d Arka n sa s . .

a n d th e se b e in pl c d id b i d h o w t h e di f
f e r e n c e s b e t wee n
g a e s e y s e s ,

t h e dis trict s in g ra de o f c ult ur e a n d a rt pro ducts .

II We com e n o w to t h e se co n d district Th is is t h e district

. .

occ up ie d b y t h e e flig y mo un ds It is a ve ry in te re st in g re g io n
‘
. .

19 17

Ra d M
F ig . 5 —B ur to l Moun ds
. ne a r Mo li n e , I ll
.

H e re t h e e ffig ie s a re n um e ro us a n d h a ve a g re a t va rie ty o f
s h a pe s We h a v e in th e m compl e te i m ita tio n s o f t h e a n ima ls
.

wh ich o n ce a bo un de d b ut wh ic h h a ve be co m e fo r t h e mo s t pa rt
,

e xt in ct Th e re a re m a n y e ffig ie s o f pa n t h e rs wolves fo xe s b e a r
.
, , , ,

wil d c a t a n d oth e r b e a s ts o f pre y Be s ide s th e m we h a ve .

m oo s e e lk de e r b ufla lo a n t e lope a n d oth e r g ra z in g a n im a l s

'

, , , ,

T h e re a re a l s o m a n y b irds ; e a g l e s h a wk s wil d g e e s e p ig e o n s , , ,

s wa n s cra n e s h e ro n s
,
duck s o f va r io us s ort s s wa llo ws n ig ht
, , , ,
 70

h a wks .Th e a mph ib io us cre a t ure s a re a l s o

re pres e n te d; t urtl e s l iza rds , m usk ra ts , otte r,
.

fish a n d fro g s Al so fur b ea r in g a n im a ls , s uc h

.
-

a s be a ve r b a dg e r , s q ui rre l s s k un ks m in k a n d
, , ,

we a se l s ; ra c c o o n s a n d m a rt e n s Ma ny o fth ese .

a re i m ita t io n s o f t h e a n im a l s b ut m a n y o f ,

th e m a re a l s o tote m s or e mbl e m s o f t h e trib e

wh o form e rl y dwe lt h e re Th e e f . fig ie s h a ve
e na bl e d us to ide n t if y t h e a ffi n it y o f t h e tr i be
a s we ll as it s div is io n i n to cl a n s S om e e ig h t .

or n ine cla n s h a ve be e n ide n t ifie d Th e b uria l .

mo un ds a re s ca tt e re d a mo n g t h e e ffig ie s in
s uch a wa y a s to s h o w th a t t h e cl a ns we re

a cc us tom e d to de po s it th e i r de a d i n co n i ca l

t um uli ,t h o ug h
th ey occ a sio n
a ll y e re cte d a n

ef fig y o ve r t h e
pro m ine nt
m e m b e rs o fth e
tribe N ot a ll .

o f t h e co n ic a l

t um ul i we re
e re ct e d b t h e f
fi
y e gy
b uil de rs T h e re wa s .

a s ucc e ss io n o f r a c e s

or tr ib e s wh ich o c c u
p ie d th is re g io n ,

s om e o f wh ic h b uilt

o n ly co n ica l m o n nds ,

b ut t h e e ffig y b uild
e rs we re t h e fir s t o f
a ll.

Th e t um ul i o f t h e
ef fig y b uil de rs c a n b e
dis t i n g uis h e d from
t h o se o f t h e l a te r
tr ibe s both b y t h e
pro xim it y to e ffig ie s a n d b y th e i r loc a t io n upo n t h e
’
,

h ig h g ro un d a s we ll a s b y t h e co n te n ts T h e y a re
,
.

ordin a ry co n ica l t um ul i s ol idl y b ui lt th r o ug ho ut

,
.

Th ey co nta in b uria l s wh ich rese mble th o s e o f t h e firs t

tr ct
dis i , h o ug h t t h e r e a r e v e ry f e w p ip e s or c a rv e d
s to r c
n e e li s f un o d t
wi h i n t h e m S om. e o f th e s e b ur i a l
mo unds a re s ur ro un de d b y e ffig ie s a s i f t h e p urpo se
’
,

wa s to g ua rd th e m . Oth r e s h o v r,
w
,
e e a r e a rr ga n e d
in l t
in e s wi h t h e e fi
f g i e s f,orm i n g p a rt s o f
t h e

r o ups S t i ll oth e r s a r e p la c e d o n t h e s u mm it s o f h i ll s w i th .

g .
 71

rra n g e d in l ine in fro nt o f t h e m oth e rs in cl uste rs with

e fli g ie s a ,

effig ie s a t va r io us dista n c e s from th e m

’ *
I n o ne ca se a r o w o f .

b ur ia l m o un ds wa s fo un d l o c a te d o n a ridg e or h ig h cl iff; t h e

F i g 7—Ef
fllg i es
. a nd B ur i a l Mo un ds nea r B e lott.

r idg e h a v i n g t h e s h a pe o f a n im m e n se s e rpe n t a n d t h e m o un ds ,

b e ing a rra n g e d s o a s t o s h o w t h e form o f t h e se rpe n t t h e ,

s umm it o f t h e r idg e a n d t h e l in e o f t h e m o un ds bot h c o n ve y

i n g t h e s a m e idea T h is wa s n ea r Ca ssv ill e in Gra n t Co un ty
. , ,

W isco n s in .

I ig . S —Mo un ds on t h e Ea st S ide of La ke K os h k on o n g .

We g ive a s e r ie s o f c uts to i ll us tr a t e t h e b ur ia l m o un ds o f

th is district Th e firs t g ro up is s it ua te d in t h e v ic in ity o f t h e

.

so - c a ll e d e l e ph a n t e ffigy , o n t h e s a m e bottom l a n d, b ut a bo ut a
m il e to t h e n orth S ee F ig 6 It wa s des cr ib e d b y Mr Mose s
. . . .

‘S ee b oo k o n
“Em b le m a t ic Mo un ds ,
"
b y th e a ut h o r. 18 m i t h so n la n Re po r t , 1875 .
 73

in a si tt in g po s t ure b ut th e re we re n o c is t or wa ll or re l ic s n ea r
.

it. Th e mo un ds e xplore d b y Mr Cl a r ke we re n e a r I n dia n Ford .

.

o n R oc k r i v e r O ne o fth e se co n ta in e d t wo b ur ia l s ( se e F i
g
.
.

with thre e s ke l e to n s a t t h e t 0 p a n d s e ve n s ke l e to n s a t t h e b o ttom .

A n ot he r la r g e m o un d (see F ig 75 fe e t i n dia m e te r 1 3fe e t .

,

h ig h co n ta in e d a s h e s th re e in ch e s t h ic k (d); be lo w t h e a sh e s a
,

fla t sto n e (c); b e lo w t h e sto n e de ca ye d woo d a n d ba r k (b a n d

) ,

be lo w th ese a h um a n s ke l e to n (a ) .

Th us we se e t h a t the re wa s n o un iform ity i n t h e s tr uc t ure o f

t h e b uria l mo un ds o f t h e di s tr ict S o m e o f th e m s e e m to h a v e .

be e n s ol id ot h e rs stra tifi e d Th e bo die s in s om e we re fo un d in

, .

s itt i n g po s t ur e i n ot h e r s re c umbe n t ; s o m e o f t h e m co n t a in e d
.

rude sto n e wa ll s ; ot h e rs co n ta in e d a lta rs ; th e re is a l so e v ide n ce

o fcre m a t io n in s om e o f th e m ; in ot h e r s e v i de n c e o fbo n e b uria l , .

Th e proba b i l ity i s t h a t t h e re wa s a s ucc ess io n o f ra c e s h e re a n d

,

tha t s om e o f t h e ra ce s o r tribe s Co n t in ue d to b ury in mo un ds

un t i l a fte r t h e se t tl e m e n t o f t h e
co untry b y th e wh ite s a s m o de rn ,

re l ics a re som e t im es fo un d in
the m Th e sta te a bo un ds with
.

coppe r re lics b ut it is un ce rta in ,

wh e t h e r th e se we re l e ft b y e ffig y
b ui l de rs or b y s ub s e q ue n t tr ib e s
, . u
proba bl y h owe ve r b y t h e l a te x
, ,

tribe s s in ce mo st o f th e m a re
,

s urf a c e fi n ds .

Th e e ffig ie s do n o t o ft e n c o n
F lg I s—M u d A tl
ta in b ur ia ls O n e g ro up h o w
.
,
. o n s nea r z a n.

e ve r h a s be e n e xplore d n e a r B e lo it
,
Two o f t h e e ffig ie s in t h e .

g ro u p co n ta i n e d bo di e s w h ich h a d b e e n l a i d i n ro w s s id e b y ,

s ide ,
e ig ht in n umb e r o n t h e s urf a c e o f t h e g ro un d a n d t h e n
, ,

t h e e ffig y mo un d wa s e re ct e d ove r th e m It is s uppo se d th a t .

t h e ef fig y in dica te s t h e cl a n to wh ich t h e pe rs o n s b e l o n g e d b ut ,

it is prob a bl e t h a t t h e h o n or was b e s towe d upo n s o m e ch ie f a n d ,

h is fa m il y or upo n s om e b a n d o f wa rr iors b ut t h a t it wa s n o t
, ,

commo n to b ury i n th is wa y Dr Cy r us Th om a s h a s de scr ib e d . .

s e ver a l b uria l mo un ds wh i ch we re e xc a va te d b y h is a s s is t a n t s
n e a r Pra r ie du Ch ie n in Cra wf o rd a n d V e rn o n Co un t ie s Wis
, , .

O ne o f th e se wa s s tra t ifi e d firs t a la ye r o f s a n d n e xt c a lc in e d , ,

bo n e s ch a rcoa l a n d a s h e s b urn e d h a rd n e xt cl a y b ur ne d to a
, , ,

brick n e xt a h ea p o f bo n e s with c h a rcoa l a n d a sh e s At t h e

, ,
.

bottom wa s a pit fill e d wit h c h ocol a te colore d dus t A n ot h e r

,
.

co n ta ine d t wo r ude wa ll s th ree fee t h ig h a n d e ig h t fee t lon g b e, ,

twe e n th e m a n um b e r o fs k e l e to n s l yin g fla t t h e ske l e to n b e in g , ,

cove re d with a l a ye r o fmorta r th is b y a l a ye r o f cl a y a n d a s h e s , ,

th is a g a in b y a l a ye r o f cla y a n d th e n t h e top cove rin g o f sa n d ,

a n d s o il Dr j E Ho y h a s de s cri b ed a mo un d a t Ra c ine wh ic h
. . . .

c o nta ine d a s in g l e sk e l e to n in s itt in g po st ure Dr J N De . . . .

 74

“
H a rte de s cr ibe s o ne at Ma dis o n
co n ta in in g se ve ra l bo die s as ,

o n e a bov e t h e ot h e r a ll o f th e m in s itt in g po st ure a n d s t ill a n

, ,

ot h e r co n ta in in g a n a lta r a t t h e ba s e b ut with n o bodies , .

III Th e t h i rd dis trict e mbra ce s t h e re g io n a b c ut t h e g rea t

.

l a k e s fro m De tro it o n th ro ug h North e rn O h io in to Ne w York

,

S ta te . Th is distr ict wa s occ up ie d b y t h e m il ita ry or wa rl ike

ra ce s a n d t h e m o un ds h a ve b ee n c a ll e d m il ita ry work s Th e
, .

dis t in g uish in g pe c ul ia r ity o f t h e dis tr ict is t h a t t h e re a r e s o

m a n y re m a in s o fo ld s toc ka de s i n it Th e se s tocka de s a re fo un d .

i n g re a t n um be rs in t h e S ta te o f Ne w York b ut t h e y a r e a ls o ,

s ee n o n t h e s o uth s h ore o f La ke Er ie as a t Co n ne a ut a t A sh ta , ,

b ula a t Pa ine sv ill e a t Weymo ut h s o uth o f Cl e ve l a n d a t D e tro it

, , , ,

a n d m a n y ot h e r po in t s Th e b ur ia l m o un ds o f t h e district a re
.

fo r t h e m o st pa rt s im pl e co n ic a l t um ul i s om e o fwh ich m a y h a ve ,

bee n use d a s loo k o ut s ta tio n s as we ll a s fo r b uria l s Th e re a re .

,

h o we v e r a fe w l a rg e m o un ds a n d t h e s e we s h a ll s pe a k o f
, ,

e s pe c ia ll y T h e re is a t D e tro it a m a s s ive b uria l m o un d se ve n

.
,

h un dre d fee t lo n g fo ur h un dre d fe e t wide a n d n o t l e s s t h a n forty

. ,

fe e t h ig h It is s it ua te d n e a r t h e rive r R o ug e t h re e m il e s
.
,

b e lo w t h e c ity Mr B e l a H ubba rd sa ys o f it : Fro m t h e

. .

im m e n s e n um b e r o f s k e l e t o ns fo un d in it a n d t h e mo de o f th e ir
occ urre n c e th e re c a n b e b ut l ittl e do ubt t h a t it is o n e o f t h o se
,

n a t io n a l s e p ulc h re s o f t h e H uro n a n d Al g o nq uin tr ib e s wh e re .

we re de po s it e d t h e r e m a ins o f th e ir de a d It a flo r ds ce rta in .

e v ide n c e th a t cre m a t io n wa s pra cti c e d Much c h a rc o a l a n d .

a s h e s we re f o un d m in g l e d wit h b urne d bo n e s W it h th e se we re
,
.

m a n y p ie ce s o f l a r g e pots b ut a ll brok e n Th e mo un d co n ta ine d

,
.

s o c a ll e d c e ll a r s or
‘ ’
-

H e re we re a l s o t h e ce l ebra te d pe rfora te d sk ull s wh ic h h a ve ,

b e e n s o full y descr ibe d b y Mr H e n ry G ill m a n sk ull s wh ic h .

,

e v ide n tl y b e lo n g e d to a r ude h un t e r or m il ita ry ra c e Th e s it u .

a t io n is s uc h a s wo ul d b e c h o s e n b y t h e mo un d b uil de r s ove r a ll
oth e rs F o r a m o n um e n t t o t h e ir de a d it is m o st p ict ure s q ue It
. .

wa s v is ibl e fro m a g re a t dist a n c e i n e ve ry di re ct io n a n d a t t h e

sa m e t im e c o m m a n de d a v ie w o f bot h t h e wa te r a n d t h e l a n d

fo r m a n y m il e s i
‘ '
.

Th e b uria l mo un ds in t h is r e g io n h a ve a g e n e ra l re se m bl a n ce .

Th e y a re te rra c e l ik e e mba n km e n ts twe n ty or t we n ty five fee t

- -

i n h e ig h t wh ich r un p a ra ll e l wit h t h e r iv e r or l a k e s h o re
,
T h ey .

a re p a rtl y n a t ura l a n d p a rtl y a rt ific ia l T h e y co nta in re l ics t h e .

,

de bris o f ca mp s a s we ll a s b ur ia l s
,
Th e bo n e s ta k e n from t h e m
.

a r e m a rk e d with pla t yc n e m is m s h o win g t h a t t h e p e opl e wh o

.

dwe lt h e re we re h un te rs s in c e n a rro w s h a rp s h in bo n e s a r e
, ,

cha ra cte r is t ic o f h un te rs Th e b uria l m o un ds o f New York

.

S t a te diffe r fr o m t h o se o f Mic h ig a n i n t h a t th ey a re co n ica l ,

t um ul i a n d a re wholl y a rt ific ia l S o m e o ft h e m co n ta i n mo de rn
,
.

0A m e r i ca n A n t i ua r i a n . V o l I Pa g e 200 . .

fMem o r i a ls o f B a 9. Ce n t ur y , b y B e la H ub b a r d, p 229. .
 75

re l ics Th ey h a ve be e n a s cr ibe d to th e Iroq uo is wh il e tho se o f

.
,

Mich ig a n be lon g t o t h e A lg o n quin s "

.
l

Th us we se e t h a t i n th is distr ict a l s o t h e b uria l m o un ds se rve d

a do ubl e p urpo s e ; n a m e l y o f loo k o uts a n d a s de po s itor ies f or th e ,

de a d Th e bo n e b ur ia l s e e m s to h a v e be en pre va l e n t in t h e
.

dis tr i ct I t is e v ide n t t h a t t h e re wa s a l s o h e re a s ucc e ss io n o f

.

ra ce s b ut t h a t a ll o ft h e ra ce s we re o f a wa r l ik e c h a ra cte r Mr
,
-
. .

H e n ry G ilm a n th in k s th a t h e h a s fo un d tra ce s o fe xtre m e a n t iq

uit y b ut oth e r s th in k t h a t t h e b ur ia l s we re o f m o de rn ra c e s
, .

I V Th e m iddl e Miss is s ippi district is n e xt Th is in cl ude s

. .

t h e wo rk s i n t h e Mis s o ur i va ll e y a s we ll a s i n Mis s o ur i Ark a n , ,

sa s W e s te r n Te n ness e e a n d S o ut h e r n Ill in o is
,
It i s c h a ra cte r .

i ze d b y s t o n e va ults or c h a mb e re d t o mb s b y vill a g e s ite s with ,

lo dg e c ircl e s a n d a fe w py ra m ida l mo un ds .

Pro f G C Broa dh e a d h a s spo k e n o f c e rta i n m o un ds in P ike

. . .

Co unty Mo wh ic h co n ta in v a ults co nstr ucte d o f l im e s to ne

,
.
, .

T wo s uc h va ults a re de s cr ib e d o n e o f th e m h a v i n g a pa s s a g e ,

wa y a t t h e s i de Th is o n e wa s n in e fe et s q ua re a n d t wo to th re e
.
,

F ig . s—S to n e V a ult i n
if Mi ssour i .

fe e t q ua re It c o n t a i ne d a s in g l e c h a m be r S e e F ig 1 5 He
s . . . .

q uo te s h o we ve r from a b o o k p ubl is h e d in 1 82 3(Be ck s Ga z e t

, ,
’

t e e r) . It a ppe a rs t h a t a c h a m be re d str uct ure with t wo re c t a n ,

g u l a r c h a m b e r s a n d a n o v a l c h a mb e
,
r b e t w e e n t h e m h a v i n g n o ,

c o m m un i c a t io n wit h t h e ot h e s wa s fo un d T h is wa s a to n e . s

s tr uct ur e wa s e n t ir e l y a bov e t h e r u n d n d i o m l u i
, g o a s a n a o s n ,

th is re s pe ct A s im il a r s tr uct ure with fo ur ro om s is a l s o spok e n

. .
,

o f o n e o f t h e roo m s c t w bo
, (g ) o n a in i n
g a fe h u m a n n e s t h e ,

o th e r h
( ) h a v in g t wo e n tra n c e s S e e F ig 16 M r E B . W e s t . . . . .
,

o f K a n s a s C ity h a s dis c o ve re d twe n ty five m o un ds l o c a te d o n

,
-
,

t h e h ig h e s t po in ts o f t h e Mis s o ur i b lufls t h e m o s t o f t h e m c o n
'

ta in in g rock va ults Pro f Bro a dh e a d h a s de scr ibe d t h re e ot h e rs

. .

wh ic h c o n ta ine d re g ul a rl y b ui lt va ults t h e wa l ls b e in g a b o ut ,

t h re e fe e t h ig h e n cl o s in g a s pa c e e ig h t fe e t sq ua re wit h ri g h t
, ,

a n l es T h w ll s we re b uilt up wit h a re g ula r p e r pe n dic ul a r

g . e a
fa c e m ore tr ue t o t h e l in e t h a n m a n y s o c a ll e d m a s o n s wo ul d
,
-

pl a c e t h e m t h e l a ye rs o f l im e sto n e be in g ve ry reg ul a r Th e
, .

c ry pts a pp e a r to h a v e b e e n b ui lt a bov e g ro un d a n d t h e n to h a v e ,

be e n c o ve re d wit h e a rt h a fte rwa rds Th e va ults c o n ta in e d bo die s .

in s itt in g po s t ur e wit h k n e e s b e n t t h e h a n ds re s t in g o n t h e k n e e
, , s .

‘ S ee S i xt h A n n ua l R e po r t , Pe a b o d y Muse um . pa g e 13.
 76

Th e va ul t s h a d o pe n in g s o r e n t ra n ce s , s om e wh a t rese mbl in g t h e
dolm e ns o f E uro pe , tho ug h the re a re no s uch lo ng pa ssa g es as
a re th e re f o un d .

Bur ia l in va ults wa s c ommo n in th is c o un t ry Pa ul S ch u .

m a ch e r d e s crib e s o n e fo un d a mo n g t h e k itc h e n m idd e n s o f t h e

n orth we s t co a s t , wh ich c o n ta i ned bo die s i n a re c um b e n t po s
‘

t ure Th e re a re a l so c ha mbe re d mo un ds in O h io , Ke n t ucky,

.

Te n n es see a n d We st Virg in ia Th e se ho we ve r, a re de s t itut e o f

.
,

t h e s to n e work They a re va ults wh ic h h a ve bee n b uilt up b y

.

lo g s a n d c o ve re d o ve r with po l e s ; so m e o f th e m a l s o h a v in g a
flo o r o f l o g s or po les Th e c e l e bra ted Gra ve Cree k m o un d c o n
.

t a i n dd t wo va ults , o n e a b o ve t h e oth e r , co ns t ruc t e d in t h is wa y .

S q uie r a n d Da v is d is cove re d va ults in t h e b ur ia l m o un ds nea r

Ch i ll icoth e , wh ic h we re b uilt o f lo g s a n d Pro f E B A ndre ws ,
. . .

d iscove red a n ot h
A n c ie n t Wor ks on Na ta : Cr ,
'
e r n e a r Ath e n s , 0
.
.

Pro f Pu t n a 111 .

fo un d a va ult c o n
s tr ucte d o fl o g s i n

t h e T urn e r g ro up
i n Ten n e sse e Dr . .

Cy r us T h o m a s
h a s ( I i s c o v e re d
p ig . 5 .
o n e i n Io wa wh ic h
co n ta in e d a ston e
va ult wh ich wa s
a rch e d o v e rh ea d ,

th e a rch be ing
form e d b y fla t n u
work e d s to n e la id .

up wi tho ut m o r
t a r t h e l a ye rs o f ,

s t o ne proj e ct i n g o ve r t h e va ult un t il th ey r ea ch e d t h e top wh e n ,

a s in g le fla t s to n e was pl a c e d a bov e a s t h e fi n a l cove r i n I

g n .

th is va ul t wa s a s in g le ske l e to n in s itt in g po st ure with a s ma l l ,

ea r t h e n v e s s e l nea r h im Th e mo un d wa s fo un d ne a r t h e mo ut h
.

o f t h e L ittl e I o wa We ca l l a tte n t i o n to t h is a rch e d roof It

. .

was n o t a tr ue a rch b ut wa s s uch a n a rch as is comm o n in v a r i

,

o us pa rts o ft h e co un try Th e Az te c s b uilt a rch e d corridors b ut

.
,

t he y b ui lt th e m in t h e sa m e wa y th a t th is r ud e v a ult b y p r o ,

j e c t i n g t h e l a ye r s o f s to n e o n e a bove t h e ot h e r a n d proj e ct in
g
t h e m o ut a t t h e t o p un t il th e y m e t Th e b e e h ive h uts o f I re
.

la n d we re b uilt in th is wa y b ut we re witho ut a n v e a rt h cove rin g

, .

We ca ll a tte n tio n to th e s itt in g po s t ure in th is va ulte d tomb .

I t is t h e comm o n po s t ure in tombs o f t h is k in d We g ive c uts .

o f th is wh i ch s ho w h o w t h e va ults we r e b uilt F ig s 1 5 a n d 1 6
. . .

Prof S wa llo w h as descr ibe d a cha mbe re d mo un d wh ich is

.

08 00 S m ith so n ia n R e po r t . 1818, p fl . .
 77

ve ry in t ere st in g It is s it ua te d nea r Ne w Ma drid, a n d is ca l le d

.

t h e Bi g Mo un d I t is e ll iptica l in form , 600 fee t in c i rc um fer

.

e n c e , 20 f eet h ig h ; it co n ta in e d a ro o m wh ich wa s l a th e d a n d

p l a s t e re d, n o t a s m o der n r o om s a re , f o r th e re wa s n o n a i l in g o f

t h e la th , a n d t h e pl a s te r was o f m ud ra th e r th a n o f l im e Th e .

r o o m wa s b uilt b y p ut t i n g po l e s to g e t h e r l ik e t h e ra f t e rs o f a
h o use , t h e n pl a c in g s pl it c a n e o n t h e po l e s a n d a ppl yin g m ud
p l a s te r o u ts i d e a n d in s ide T h e i n s ide pl a s te r wa s cov e re d wit h
.

r e d oc hre . Th e ea rth o f t h e m o un d was pl a ce d ove r t h e ra f t e rs .

T h e room co n ta i n e d bo n e s , pott e ry v es s e l s , j a rs , disc o ida l s ton e s ,

p o l is h e d c e lt s ,
c h ise l s ,
s to n e a xe s T h e pott e ry v.e s se l s w e r e ,

ma ny o fth e m , m ade in t h e sha pe o f idol s . m a in ly fem a l e s , in a

s q ua t t in g po s t ure A pipe o f sa n ds to ne in t h e s ha pe o f a frog ,
.

O n e h o e o f bro wn fl in t wa s ve ry l a r g e , 1 1 in ch e s b y 5 Th e se .

r e l i cs a re pro no u n ce d b y P ro fe ss or Putm a n a s be lo n g in g to t h e
m o un d pe r i od Th ey re se mbl e th o se fo und b y Mr D un n in g in
. .

t h e Te n n es se e mo un ds Th e potte ry t a k e n from t h e m o un d is
.

t h e l a rg e st c o lle ct io n e ve r fo un d in o n e p la c e , a n d is v e ry in t e r
e s t in g , s in c e it s h o ws g re a t s k ill i n mo ul di n g pott e ry , a n d a g rea t

va r ie ty o f f o rm , t o o .

We fin d h e re , a n a pproa ch i o t h e mo de rn s tyl e o f b uil din g

,
’

r oo m s, at l eas t a n a dva n ce d ty pe o f pre h is toric s tr uctur es .

S q ua re ch a mbe rs with s tra ig ht wa lls we re un c o m m o n a mo n g

t h e Mo un d b ui l de rs a ltho ug h th e y we re q uit e commo n a mon g
-
,

t h e Cl if f D we ll e rs a n d P ue b lo s Th e pl a s t e ri n g o f room s o r
.

a pa rtme n ts wa s a l so un commo n a ltho ug h m a n y p la st e re d ro o m s

,

h a ve be e n fo un d a mo n g t h e Cl iff D we ll e rs I t is po ssibl e th e re .

was a borro win g o f ide a s from t h e pe opl e o f t h e west ; a n d t h a t

t h e tomb s , l ik e t h e po t te ry , o we d th e i r s h a pe to t h e co n ta c t
wh ic h t h e pe opl e o f Mis s o uri h a d with t h e se se m i c iv i l ize d ra ces -
.

Th e pott e ry g e ne ra ll y is with o ut pa i n t , b ut a fe w s pe c im e n s h a ve
b e e n fo un d with pa in t e d orn a m e n ta ti o n s om e wh a t re s e mbl in g t h e
Pue blo potte ry .

V . We t ur n to t h e s to ne c ists T h e se re se mbl e t h e
no w .

s t o n e ch a mb e r s a n d m ig h t b e cl a ss e d with t h e m e s pe c ia ll y a s
, ,

t h e pott e ry fo un d i n co nn e ct io n with t h e m is s o s im i l a r T h ey .

a r e ho we ve r f
,
o und in a n othe r di s trict t h e dis trict wh ich is ca ll e d
, ,

Appa l a ch ia n Th ese sto n e c ists a re ho we ve r n o t co n fi n e d to

.
, ,

o n e dist r ict b ut a re s ca tt e r e d f
,
a r a n d wide s om e o ft h e m h a v in g ,

b e e n fo un d i n t h e S ta t e o f O h io ot h e rs in t h e S t a te o f Ge or g ia
, ,

a n d m a n y o f t h e m i n S o uth e rn I ll in o is I n Ge org ia t h e s to n e
o un d with in t h e pl a t fo rm pyra m ids—a ve ry s in
.

c is ts h a v e be e n f

g u l a r c i rc um s ta n c e c o ns i din g t,h e prob a bl e a g e a n d or ig i n o f

t h e se py ra m ids Dr Cyr us T h oma s s pe a ks o f th is a s a n ite m
. .

o f m uc h in t e r es t to a rc h ae o lo g is ts He de sc ribe d o n e e xpl o re d
.

a t Et o wa h Ba rto Co un ty wh ich co n ta in e d re l ic s a lth o ug h t h e

, , ,

‘S ee st h A n n ua l R e po rt of Pea b o dy Muse um pa g e so, and ll t h A n n ua l R e p o r t

 78

m o un d be lo n g e d to t h e s o ut h e rn type as it was o f mo de r n ,

orig in H e th in k s th a t th e se sto n e g ra ves indica te a S h a wne e

.

or close l y a ll ie d e le me n t wh e re we sh o ul d e xpe c t to find o n l y

,

Cre e ks or s o m e bra n ch o f t h e Ch a hta Mus co g ee fa m ily

,
-
. He ,

h o we v e r dra ws t h e dis t in ct io n be twe e n a s m a ll mo un d wh ic h

,

wa s e xplore d a n d t h e l a rg e pl a t form mo un d wh ic h h a s be com e

so c e l e bra te d a s we ll a s be t wee n t h e re l ic s co n ta in e d in t h e
,

s m a ll m o un d a n d t h o se wh ic h we re f o un d in t h e l a rg e o ne He .

s ta te s t h a t t h e s m a ll mo un d co n ta in e d re l ic s wh ic h we re n o t

Ch e ro kee in th e i r o rig in . Th is wo ul d a ccord with h istory Th e .

S h a wn e e s we re a ve ry m ig ra to ry tribe The y we re fo un d a t o ne
.

t i m e o n t h e S h a wn e e r ive r in S o uth Ca rol ina ; a g a in o n t h e De l

a wa re r ive r a n d t h e n o n t h e O h io r ive r i n S h a wn e e to wn a n d
, . ,

t h e n o n t h e Cumbe rl a n d r ive r a n d a t t i me s wa n de re d ove r

,

Ill i n o is Th e s to n e g ra ve s s ee m to m a rk t h e i r tra ck Ma ny o f
. .

th e m we re proba bl y o f mo de rn o rig in a n d th e ir b ui l de rs o c c u
,

p ie d t h e district s ubs e q ue n t to o th e r tr ibe s Th e pe opl e wh o .

we re b urie d wit h va s e s a re to wh om t h e l a rg e st n umb e r o fe a rt h

work s b e lo n g .

A s to t h e e a rth work s we wo ul d s a y th a t th e re a r e m a n y
-
, .

k in ds b ut t h e typ i ca l work is t h e s q ua re e n clo s ure wh ich c o n

,

ta in s b ur ia l m o un ds a n d py ra m ida l mo un ds i n clo se co n ta ct ,

t h e py ra m ida l m o un ds h a v i n g b e e n t h e s ites o f t h e p ubl ic e di

h e e s e it h e r c o un c il h o us e s o r rot un da s b ut t h e b uria l m o un ds
, ,

h a v in g b e e n us e d b y t h e cl a n s wh ich oc c up ie d t h e e n clo s ure ,

o n e cl a n or tr ib e f o ll o win g a n o th e r m a k i n g t h e b ur ia l m o un ds
,

t o c o n ta in a re c o rd o ft h e s ucc e s s io n o ftr ib e s Th is is a n i nte r

.

e s t i n g p o in t .Tr ibe s diffe r ve ry m uch in t h e ir b uria l c usto m s ,

a nd
y e t t h e y r e s e m bl e o n e a n o t h e r i n t h e tr ib a l or g a n iz a t io n a n d
inf do m e st ic a rc h ite ct ure s o m uc h t h a t th e y c o ul d us e t h e s a m e e a rth
.

work s fo r de fe n c e a n d t h e sa m e pl a t fo r m fo r c o un c il h o use s or
rot un da s th o ug h t h e do m ic il ia ry m o un ds do n o t c o n ta in a s dis
,

t i n ct a re cord a s t h e b uria l m o un ds .
 CH A PT E R VI .

TH E S AC R ED EN CLOS U R ES OF OHIO .

S U N W O R S H I P A ND S EPR ENT wo ns m p w no n m n m T H EM .

I n tre a t i n g o f t h e M o u n d -
b uil de rs wo r k s h e re t o fore we h a w
’

div ide d t h e m in to s e ve ra l c la ss e s a n d h a ve s ta t e d t h a t t h e di ffe r

,

e n t c las se s we r e f o un d i n dif fe re n t dis trict s t h e e fli g y m o un ds i n

‘

”
,

o ne ,
t h e b ur ia l mo un ds in a n o t h e r t h e s to c ka de s in a n o t h e r
, ,

o ca ll e d s a cr e d e n c lo s ure s in a n o t h e r a n d t h e py ra m id
“
th e s -
,

mo un ds in st ill a n o th e r t h e wh o l e h a b ita t be i n g fill e d wit h

,

works wh ic h we r e dis t in c t ive a n d p e c ul ia r b ut wh ich we re a l ,

wa y s corre l a t e d t o t h e ir s urr o un din g s .

I t m a y s e e m s in g ul a r t o s o m e t h a t we s h o ul d t h us div ide t h e
e a rt h wo r k s i n t o t h e s e dif
-
fe r e n t cl a ss e s a n d s h o ul d c o n fi n e e a c h
,

c l a s s t o a l im ite d dis tr i ct , m a k in g t h e m s o dis t in ct f ro m o n e a n

o t h e r b ut t h is o n l y pr o ve s t h a t t h e p e o p le wh o o n c e i n h a b it e d
.

th e Mis s is s ipp i va l le y a n d wh o m we c a ll Mo un d b uil de rs we r e

,
-
,

fa r fro m b e in g o n e p e o pl e b ut we r e ve ry dive rs e in t h e i r ch a r
,

a cte r a n d t h a t th e i r di ve r s it y e xpre s s e d i t s e l f i n t h e i r wo rk s
, ,

th e i r re l ig io us be l ie f t h e ir triba l o rg a n iz a t io n t h e ir s o c ia l c us t o m s
, , ,

t h e i r do m e s t ic h a b its , t h e ir e th n ic ta ste s t h e ir m o de s o f l ife a ll

,

h a vi n g b e e n e m b o di e d i n t h e tok e n s wh ich we a r e n o w s t udy i n g .

We a re t o b e a r t h is t h o ug h t in m in d wh il e we pro ce e d t o c o n
s ide r t h e wo rk s wh ic h a r e s a id t o b e l o n t t h f u rt h cl d
g o e o a ss ,
a n

wh ic h we h a ve n a m e d s a cre d e n c lo s ur e s Th e r e g io n wh e re
"
.

th e se e n cl o s ure s a re m o st n um e ro us is t h a t wh ic h is s it ua te d o n
t h e O h io R ive r a n d m o re s pe c ific a ll y i n t h e s o ut h e r n p a rt o ft h e
S t a t e o f O h io We s h a ll t h e re fo r e c o n fi n e o urs e l ve s t o t h is dis
.

t r ic t b ut wo ul d a t t h e s a m e t im e h a v e it un de rst o o d t h a t it is
,

be ca use t h e wo r k s a re h e re s o t yp ica l t h a t we t r e a t th e m s o e x
c lus ive ly .

We pro pos e in t h is c h a pte r to co n s ide r t h e wo r k s o ft h is distr ict

with t h e e s p e c ia l v ie w o f e n q uir in g a bo ut t h e ir c h a ra cte r a n d
t h e ir us e s .

I . Le t us first
q uire a bo ut t h e s y m bol is m wh ich is re pre
en

s e n te d in t h e m Th e wo rk s o f S o ut h e r n O h io h a ve b e e n re g a rde d
.

b y m a n y a s s y m bol ic a n d t h e sym bol is m in t h e m is sa id b y

,

s o m e to b e t h a t e xpre ss iv e o f s un wors h ip W h a t is m o re t h e .
,

s un wo r s h ip wh ic h a pp e a r e d h e re se e m s t o h a v e e m b o die d it s e l f
i n t h o s e wo rk s wh ic h we re m o s t c o m m o n a n d wh ic h we r e a l so
ve ry us e ful t h e e n clo s ure s wh ich a re s o n um e ro us h e re h a v in g
,

bee n sym bol ic .

I .Th is th e n is o ur first e n q uiry I s the re a nyth in g in t h e sh a pe

, , ,
 ti n

of t h e e n c lo s ures wh ic h s h o uld lea d

th in k t h a t t he y we reus t o
dis tin c t ive? Th ere a re m a n y k in ds o f ea rt h wo rk s in S o ut h e r n -

O h i o ma ny o f wh ich a re o f t h e sa m e ch a ra cte r as t ho se fo und

,

e ls e wh e re b ut th e mos t o f t h e m a re wo rks wh ic h m ig h t b e
,

c a ll e d e n clo s ure s The se e n cl o s ure s h a ve a g rea t va rie ty o f

.

s h a pe s a n d we re un do ub tedly use d f
,
o r dif fe ren t p urpo s es t h o ug h ,

t h e p urpo s e s a re n o w s om e wh a t diffic ult to d e te rm ine Th e .

typica l s ha pe is pe rh a ps t h a t o ft h e s q ua re a n d c i rc le t h o ug h th e re ,

a re m a n y c i rcl e s witho ut s q ua re s a n d s q ua re s witho ut c i rcl e s t h e ,

va ria t io n pa ss i ng fro m o n e fig ure to t h e o th e r Ma n y o f t h e .

e n clo s ure s a r e i rre g ul a r wit h n o de fi n ite s h a pe ; oth e r s ho we ve r

, , ,

h a ve s h a pe s wh ic h a re s o de fi n ite a n d reg ula r a s to g ive t h e idea

—
th a t th e y we re s ymbol ic t h e cre sce n t t h e c ircl e t h e h orse s h oe , ,
-
,

t h e e ll ips e t h e cro ss a n d m a n y o t h e r sy mbol s be i n g e m b o died

, ,

in th e m S o m e o f t h e e n cl o s ure s a re ve ry l a rg e t h e wa lls a bo ut
.
,

the m be ing se ve ra l m il es in l e n g t h g ivin g t h e idea th a t t h ey ,

we re us e d fo r de fe ns ive p urp o s e s ; o t h e rs a re ve ry s m a ll t h e dis ,

ta n ce a cro s s t h e m be in g o n l y a fe w f e t g iv in g t h e ide a t h a t th e y e
,

we re lo dg e c ircl e s S om e o f t h e e n c l o s ure s a re full o f b uria l

.

m o unds ; o th e rs co n ta in n o m o un ds wh a te ve r b ut a re m e re o pe n ,

a re a s a re a s wh ic h m a y h a v e b e e n use d f
,
o r v i ll a g e re s ide n c e s .

S om e o f t h e e n clo s ure s a re m a de up b y s in g l e wa ll s wa ll s o n ,

wh ic h po ss ibl e s t ock a de s m a y h a ve b e e n e re cte d ; o t h e rs h a ve

do ubl e wa ll s a ditc h b e in g be t we e n t h e m
, S o m e o f t h e m a re .

i s o la te d c ircl e s e n cl o s ure s s e pa r a t e d fr o m a ll oth e rs ; oth e rs pre

,

s e n t c ircl e s i n c lus t e r s t h e cl us te r s a r ra n g e d i n c i rcl e s s o m a k i n g

, ,

a n e n cl o s ure wit h in a n e n cl o s ur e It is re ma rka bl e t h a t t h e re

.

s ho ul d h a v e b e e n s o m a n y dif fe re n t s h a pe s to t h e e a rt h wo rk s in -

th is re g io n Th e se s h a pe s va ry from t h e c ircle to t h e e ll ip se
.
,

from t h e e ll ipse to t h e o bl o n g from t h e oblo n g t o t h e sq ua re , ,

from t h e s q ua re t o t h e l a r g e i rre g ul a r e n clo s ure , A m ap o fth e .

re g io n loo k s l ik e a c h a rt wh ic h co n ta in s a ll t h e g e o m e tric fi g ure s ,

a n d a s to n is h e s o n e wh e n h e t h i n k s th a t t h e se a r e e a rth work s -

c o n ta i n in g a r e a s a ll o f wh ic h we r e o n c e use d f
, o r pra ct ica l p ur

p o s e s a n d e mbo die d t h e l if
,
e f t h e p e o pl e S eoe m a p o fwork s i n .

t h e S c io t o va ll ey Th e use s t o wh ic h th e s e e n clo s ure s we re s ubj e ct

.

a re un k n o wn ; it is s uppo s e d t h a t s om e o f t h e m we re f o r de fe n se s ;

o th e rs f o r v i lla g e s; s om e o f t h e m we r e un do ubt e dl y us e d f o r b ur ia l

pla ce s ; oth e rs fo r sa crific ia l p urpo se s ; s om e o f t h e m we re t h e

s ite s o f h o us e s m e re lodg e c ircl es ; o t h e rs we re e n clo sure s in
,

wh ich te mple s we re un do ubte dl y e re cte d ; s om e o f th e m we re

use d a s pl a ce s o f a m use m e n t dan ce c ircl e s a n d ra c e co urses, ,

o t h e r s we re proba bl y use d a s pl a c e s o f r e l ig io us as se mbl y e s t uf as ,

or sa cred ho use s ; s om e o f t h e m co n ta in efli g ie s t h e e fii g ie s ‘

,

g iv i n g to t h e m a re l ig io us s ig n ifica n c e .

2
. Th e sy mbol ic ch a ra cte r o ft h e e n clo s ure s is th e n e xt po in t
o fe n q ui ry Th is h a s i mp re ssed m a ny write rs; fo r th is rea s o n t h ey
.

h ave bee n ca ll e d sa cre d e n clo s ures Th e te rm h as be e n crit ic ise d

.
 3
‘

as

u i rejec tdd fiy s o m e , b ut i t s ee m s t o us ap pro p ria te . a nd we

s h all use it as h eing exp ress ive o ft h e re a l c h a rac t e r o ft h e m i l es
o f t h e m ie n We ta k e up t h e en clo sures o f t h is distri ct m
“
.

t h e id ea t h a t m a ny o f t h e m we re use d fo r sa c red purposes,

t h a t a pec ul ia r s up e rs t it io n wa s e m b o d ied i n t h e m o s t o f t h em .

Wh a t t ha t s upe rst iti o n was we a re n o t q uite pre pa re d t o sa y, b ut

t h e c o nj e cture is th a t s un wors h ip h e r e o bta in e d i n g rea t fo rc e .

I t s o m e t i m e s s e e m s a s if t h e s un wors h ip wa s j o in e d wit h se r
pe n t wors h ip a nd t h a t t h e p h a ll ic sy mbol was g ive n b y s om e o f
,

t h e ea r th wo rk s-
Wh e th e r t h ese works we re a ll use d b y o ne
.

pe opl e a pe opl e wh o we re a c q ua int e d wit h a ll o f t h e sy m b o ls

,

spo k e n o f or we re e re ct e d b y s ucce ss iv e ra c e s o ne us i n g o n e
, ,

sy mbol a n d t h e oth e r a n o th e r is a q ues tio n Be t h a t as it m a y,

.
,

we co n cl ude th a t t h e distr ict

is full o f e a rth works wh ic h -

we re sy mb o l ic in t h e ir c h a r
a cte r a n d wh ic h a re pr o pe rl y
,

ca ll e d sa cre d e nclo sure s .

We g ive a se rie s o f c uts t o

ill ustra te th e s e po in ts Th es e .

a r e a ct ua l e a rth work s -
One .

is t h e t e m pl e pl a t form fo un d ,

a t Ma r ie t t a (F ig l ); t h e se c
.

o n d i s a pl a t f orm with t h e a d
j o i n i n g c i rc ul a r e n clo s u r e ,

fo un d a t H ig h ba n k (F ig .

t h e th i rdis t h e s m a ll c ircl e wit h

t h e s m a ll e n clo s ure with in it f o un d oppo s it e P o rt s mo ut h
,
F
( g i ,

Th ese e a rt h wo r ks a re a ll s m a ll ra n g in g fro m 5 0 to 1 5 0 fe e t in
-
,

dia m e te r Th e fo urt h is t h e l a r g e do ubl e e n cl o s ure co n s is t in g

.

o f t h e s qua r e a n d c i rcl e f o un d a t Ci rcl e v ill e F ig

( t h e fi f
t h i s .

t h e l a rg e octa g o n a n d Ci rcl e fo un d a t N e wa rk (F ig ,
Th e l as t .

t wo e n clo s ure s m ig h t b e m e a s ure d b y ro ds a s t h e re a re a bo ut ,

a s m a n y ro ds i n t h e m a s t h e r e a r e f ee t in t h e fo r m e r wor k s Th e .

m a p o f t h e wo rks a t Port s mo ut h (F ig 6) co n ta i n s m a n y oth e r .

fi g ures viz : Fo ur co n ce n tric c ircl e s a t o n e e n d t wo h orse s hoe

, ,
-

e n clo s ure s a n d c ircl es i n t h e c e n t e r a l a rg e s q ua re e n clo s ure a t ,

t h e we s t e n d t h e wh ol e m a k in g a v e ry e l a b o ra t e a n d c o m plica t d
,

sys t e m o f s y mbol ic work s t h e re l ig io us e l e m e n t be in e v e ry

, g
wh e re m a n ife s t in t h e loc a l ity .

3. L e t u s n e xt co n s id e r t h e s y mbol s w h i c h w e m a y re g a r d
a s typ i c a l a n d pe c ul ia r to t h e dis tr ict We h a ve s a id th a t th e re .

a r e di f fe re n t k in ds o fe n clo s ur e s in th is re g io n b ut t h e e n clo s ure ,

wh ich is t h e mo s t s trik i n g is t h e o n e compo se d o ft wo fig ure s

t h e ci rcl e a n d t h e s q ua re a n d comb in a t io n Th is is n o t o n ly .

com mo n in t h e district b ut is pe c ul ia r to it a s it is ve ry se ldo m

, ,

s e en e l se wh e re Th e rea s o n s fo r th is pa rt ic ul a r type o f ea rt h
.

wo rk be in g fo un d in S o uth e rn Oh io a re unk n o wn I t wo uld .

 85 :

de sc r ipt io n o f t h e e nc lo s ur e s Th e Na tc h e z we re s un wo rs h ip
.

e rs
. Th e re is a tra dit io n t h a t t h e Na tc h e z o n c e i n h a b ite d S o ut h e r n
Oh io Th e D a k o ta s h a d t h e se rpe n t symb o l a m o n g t h e m T h e re
. .

is a tra dit io n t h a t t h e D a k o t a s o n c e dwe lt i n O h io Th is wo ul d .

s h o w t h a t t h e t wo c ult s we re s uc c e s s iv e r a t h e r t h a n c o n t e m
p o r

a nc o n s I t m us t b e re m e m be re d t h a t t h e sy m b o l is m o ft h e e a rl y
.

ra ce s o f mo un d b uil de rs wa s fre q ue n tl y co m b in e d with pra ct ica l

-

us e s Th e re l ig i o n or s up e rs t it io n o f t h e p e o pl e re quire d t h a t
.

de fe n s ive e n clo s ure s , a s we ll a s vi ll a g e s it e s s h o ul d e mbo dy t h e ,

s y mbol s a s t h or o ug h l y a s did t h e pl a c e s o f s a c r ific e or t h e b ur ia l

pl a ce s Th e e a rt h work s o f S o ut h e r n O h io h a ve be e n ca ll e d
.

s a cre d e n cl o s ure s I f o ur s uppo s it io n is tr ue t h e t e rm is a c o r

.

re ct o ne T h ey we re v ill a g e e n clo s ure s , b ut we re a t t h e s a m e

.

t im e sa cre d to t h e s un We s h a ll ta k e t h e e n cl o s ure s wh ic h a r e
.

t yp ica l a n d a s k t h e q ue s t io n wh e t h e r t h e s e we r e n o t t h e v ill a g e s
o f s un wors h ippe r s .

5 . L e t us e x a m i n e t h e dis tr ict ,
a nd compa re i t wit h : o t h e r
dis tri cts wh e re s un wors h ip
t We lea rn a b o ut
h a s e xis e d .

tr c a n d it s l im its
t h e dis i t
f rom th e ch a ra cte r o f t h e
ea rt h wor k s- T h is pa rt ie .

ul a r cl a s s o f e a rt h work s -

wh ic h we a re de s cr ib i n g is
o n l y fo un d in a l i m ite d dis
triet We b e g in a t t h e
.

mo uth o f t h e Musk ing um

R iv e r wh e re a re t h e i n te r
,

e s t in
g w ork s o f M a r ie tt a .

Th is rive r h a s a n umbe r o f
e n clo s ur e s upo n it We pa s s
F ta 8 —Ci l “ m
.

n e xt Hock in g ' ’
th e
rc e
to
. .

Cre e k wh e re t h e e n clo s ure s a r e n o t s o n ume ro us a n d ye t

, ,

t h e sa m e cl a s s o f work s a b o un d h e re Ne xt com e s t h e .

S c ioto R iv e r with it s v e ry i n t e re st in g s e r ie s o f e a rt h wo rk s
, ,

th o se a t Port s m o uth Ch ill icot h e a n d Circl e v ill e be in g t h e m o s t

,

prom in e n t Pa i n t Cree k a n d Br us h Cre e k flo w in to t h e S c io t o

. .

O n th e se t h e re a re s om e ve ry i n t e re st in g e a rt h wor k s t h e ,

m ajority o f t h e m be ing v ill a g e e n clo s ure s Ne xt to t h is is .

A da m s Co un ty t h e Co un ty in wh ic h t h e g re a t se rpe nt is s it ua t e d
, ,

t h e Br us h Cre e k i n t h is co un ty b e in g diffe re n t fr o m th a t wh i c h
flo ws i n to t h e S c ioto We t h e n pa s s ove r t wo or th re e co un ties
.

un t i l we rea c h t h e Littl e Mia m i R ive r H e re we fin d t h e re m a rk .

a bl e f ort ca ll e d Fort A n c ie n t a n d a t t h e mo ut h o f t h e r ive r a t

, ,

Cin c i nna t i v i ll a g e e n c lo s ure s

,
Th es e e n cl o s ure s a re t o b e sure
.
, ,

n o w de s tr o ye d b ut de s cr ipt io n s o f t h e m h a ve b e e n pre se rve d

, ,

a n d t rom t h e se we fin d th a t th e w e r v i m il r t tho
y e e r y s a o se
s it ua te d o n Pa i n t Cre e k a n d o n t h e S c ioto R iv e r Pa ss in g st ill .
fu r th e r t o t h e we s t we c om e to t h e Grea t Mia m i
,
Th e wo r kt o .

t ins rt ver a r e ma i n l y fort ific a ti o n s a n d lar g e l o o ko ut m o un ds ;

-

t h e fo rt ifica t io n s a t H a m i lto n , Col e r a in a n d Pi q ua an d t h e l o o k

;

o ut a t Mia m is b urg b e i n g mo st prom ine n t Th e re a re h o we ve r ,

'

.
, ,

a t Ale xa n dr ia a n d se ve ra l ot h er pl a ce s v ill a g e e nc l o s ur e s o f
exa ct l y t h e s a m e typ e a s t h ose f o un d a t Ch ill ic othe Th is ta kes .

us a c r o s s t h e S ta t e o f O h i o Th e W h it e R ive r is a bra n c h o f
.

t h e Gre a t Mia m i It r ise s i n t h e ce ntra l pa rt o f t h e S ta te o f

.

I n dia n a a n d flo ws s o uth e a s t Th e Wh ite R ive r see m s to h a ve

.

m a rk e d t h e bo un da ry o f t h is pa rt ic ula r cl a s s o f work s Th e re .

a re n o v i ll a g e e n c lo s ure s o f t h e ty pe f o un d in O h io we s t o f t h e .

Wh ite R ive r I f t h e re a re we a re n o t a wa re o f th e ir e xis te n ce

.
,
.

Th e re a re , t o b e s ure m a n y l a r g e forts o r de fe n s ive e n clos ure s

,

s ca tte re d a l o n g t h e O h io R iv e r o n b o t h s ide s , b ut t h e y a r e no t

work s wh ic h we wo ul d ca ll v ill a g e e n cl o s ure s T h e se fo rts h a ve .

be e n de s cr ib e d b y va r io us wr ite rs t h e m o st pro m in e n t o f t h e m
,

be i n g t h e o n e in Cl a rk
Co un t y ne a r Ch a rl es ,

t o wn I n d wh ic h h a s ,

b e e n de s cr ibe d b y Pro f .

E T Co x A s to t h e
*
. . .

n o rt h e r n bo un da ry o f
t h e dis tr ict we fin d it ,

o n t h e wa t e rs h e d wh e re ,

th e r ive rs flo w b o t h
wa y s t o t h e n ort h a n d ,

t o t h e s o ut h H e re a .

F i g L — Ci r c le a n d S qua r e a , 0 m m “
‘ l 1n e o f e a rt h w o rk s 15 -

fo un d e xt e n dm g a cro s s
. .

t h e S t a t e a bo ut t h e s a m e dis t a n c e fr o m t h e O h io R iv e r
, It m a k e s .

a c o r do n o f vill a g e e n c l o s ur e s , s o m e o f t h e m b e in i m po r ta n t
g a s

a s a ny f o un d in t h e S ta t e Amo n g t h e s e a re t h e wo rk s a t C ir cl e
.

vi ll e , N e wa rk A le xa n de r s ville n e a r D a y t o n a n d t h e work s o n t h e
, , ,

Wh ite R ive r , a t Ca m br idg e a n d Ne w G a rde n in Wa yne Co un ty 1 , ,

'

a ll o f th e m b e in g n e a r t h e h e a d o f c a n o e n a vi a t io n
g .

We h a ve t h us g ive n t h e m a p o f t h e dis tr ict It is a m a p wh ic h .

—
th us in cl udes a ll t h e e a rt h wo r k s m il ita ry sa cre d vill a g e e n cl o s
-
, ,

ure s , e fli g ies , l o ok o ut s a n d a ll We do n o t a scribe t h e m a ll to

.

o n e p e r io d n o r t o o ne ra c e b ut we s pea k o ft h e m a s f
, o un d in t h e
dis tr ict . Th e typ ic a l wo r k is t h e e n c l o s ure t h e vill a g e e n cl o s ures ,

be in g m ore n um e ro us t h a n t h e de fe n s ive We h a ve t h o ug h t .

b e s t to c a ll it b y t h e n a m e o f t h e dis tr ict o f t h e vill a g e e n clo s

ur e s , t h o ug h t h e te r m s a c r e d e n clo s ur e s is a ppr o pr ia te We s e e .

i n t h is m a p t h e l o c a l ity wh ic h wa s occ up ie d b y s un wor s h ipe rs .

It is a lso a loca l ity in wh ic h se rpe n t wo r s h ip a ppe a re d to b e

pre va l e n t .

S ee G eo lo lc n l S ur ve y o f I n d i a n a , 1873, 122 .

t8 e e G eo lo ca l R e p m t o f I n d i a n a , 187 8, es c r lp t lo n , Mr . J . C . Mc Ph er so n .
 6, Let us c o ns ide r l
t h e sym b o is m in t h e s h apes a nd s iz es o ft h ea

“ ins ure s . We t t t
h a ve sa id h a t t h e s h a pe wa s h a o ft h e squa re;
a n d c i rcl e Th is sh a pe is e ve rywhe re pre se nt with in t h e dis trict
.
,

t h o ug h wit h va r ia t io n s I t is re m a rka b le t h a t t h e re s h o ul d b e
.

suc h a un if orm ity I t do es no t se e m l ike l y t h a t t h e un iform ity

.

wo ul d rise from a cc ide n t b ut it is mo re l ike l y th a t t h e re wa s a s ig

,

ni fica n c e to it Th e un ifo rm ity h a s impre s s e d m a n y a uth ors

. .

Th e ea rl y e xplore rs a ll m e n t io n it a s a ve ry s tri k in g e l e m e n t in
th e e a rt h work s o f t h e re g io n
-
The re h as be e n a de g ree o f .

s k e pt ic i s m in re f e re n c e to t h is po in t b ut t h e re c en t s urve y b y ,

t h e Et h n olo g ica l B ure a u co n fir m s t h e o ld impre s s io n Th e .

s ta te m e n t s o f t h e e a rl y e xplor e rs a re co n fir m e d b y t h e l a s t s ur

ve y . We g ive h e re a fe w
fra g m e n ta ry q uota t io n s to
s h o w t h a t t h is is t h e ca s e .

Th e o ld a ut h o rs cl a im e d t h a t
th e s q ua re s we re pe rfe ct so g em
s q ua re s t h e c i rcl e s p e rfe ct
,

c ircl e s Th e n e w e xplora t io n
.

s e e m s t o c o n fir m t h is r a t h e r

t h a n t o e fut e it We ta k e
r .

t h e e n c l o s ure s in t h e S c io t o
Va ll e y t o ill us tra te T h e e . r

a re pe rh a p s m ore typ ica l

work s in t h is va ll e y t h a n a n y
wh e re e l se i n t h e S ta t e Th e .

fo llo wi n g i t h e t e s t imo n y o f
s

Dr Th o m a s in re fe re n ce t o
”
.

th e s e .
“
Th e c ircl e a t H ig h
ba n k is a pe r fe ct o n e Th e .

o ld s urv e y a g r e e s cl o s e l y wit h

t h e n e w s ur ve y Th e c irc le s
.

a t Pa in t C re e k h a v e g e o m e t

r i c a l re g ul a r ity
“
Th e fig.

—O
fl g C w k 5 c ta g o n a nd i r c le Ve u
ure s o f t h e work s wh ic h
. (1 ! . r .

corre ct .
“”
we re p e r s o n a ll y e xa m in e d b y S q uie r a n d Da vi a e g e n e r a ll y
Th e c ir cl e a t H g h b a n k is s i m ila r i n iz e a n d o t h e r re
1 s
s r

s e c t s to t h e o b s e rva t o ry c ir c l e a t N e wa k d li k t h t i
p n e a s r ,
a , ,

co n n e cte d wit h a n o c ta g o n “
We s e e in t h i g r o up t h e t e n de n cy
. s

to co m b in e c irc le s o cta g o n s a n d pa ra ll e l s a a t N e wa rk m a k in g
,
s ,

it pro b a bl e t h a t t h e wo k a t b o t h po in t a e due t o o n e pe opl e

r s s r .

Acc o rdin g t o Me s s r s S q uie r a n d D a vi t h e c ir c le is a pe r fe ct

. s

o ne . Th e dia m e t e r wh ic h a s will b e e e n b wh a t fo ll o w a g r e e s
. ,
s y s,

ve ry close l y with t h e re s ults o ft h e re s urve y Th e s o m e wh a t -

.
"

un e xp e ct e d re s ult s in t h is a n d t h e b e rva t o ry c ir c le a e fi rs t o s r , ,

t h a t t h e fi g ure is o n e a r ly a t r ue c irc l e a n d s e c o n d t h a t t h e
s . , ,

ra dius is a n a lm o t e xa c t m ul t ip le o ft h e s urv e y o r c h a in T h e se
s
’
s .

re m a rk a b le a dm i io n a e m a de b y o n e wh o de n ie s t h e ir Euro
ss s r
 8?

Mr At wa te r t h in k s t h a t
. l a rg e c ircl e s we re use d fo r re
th e d

lig io us as we ll a s fo r pra ct i c a l p ur po se s He S pe a k s o f t h e .
»

c ircl e a t C ircl e v i ll e T h is wa s s ixty n in e r o ds i n dia m e te r }

.
-

t h e wa ll s we re t we n ty fe e t h ig h m e a s ur i n g from t h e botto m
,

o f t h e ditc h t h e re be in g t wo wa ll s o n e in s ide o f t h e o th e r
, , ,

wit h a ditc h be t we e n W it h in t h e c i rcl e th e re wa s a ro un d .

m o un d t e n f e e t h ig h t h i rt y f
,
e e t i n dia m e te r a t t h e top a n d a ro un d
, ,

t h e m o un d a cre s c e n t s h a p e d p a ve m e n t m a de o f p e bbl e s a bo ut
-
,

s ixty f e e t i n dia m e t e r Th is mo un d c o n t a 1n e d t wo b o die s a n d a

.

n um b e r o f r e l ic s A l a rg e b ur ia l m o un d n in e ty fe e t h ig h s to o d
.

o ut s i de o f t h e c i rcl e Th e co n t r a s t b e t we e n t h e c ircl e a n d t h e
.

s q ua re a t r r a c t e d t h e a tt e n t io n o f Mr At wa te r Th e c i rcl e h a d
. .

t wo h ig h wa ll s t h e s q ua re o n l y o n e
,
Th e c i rcl e h a d a ditc h b e.

twe e n t h e wa ll s t h e s q ua re h a d n o ditc h Th e c i rcl e h a d o n ly

,
.

o n e g a te wa y t h e s q ua re h a d e ig h t g a t e wa ys
,
Th e c i rcl e wa s .

“
pick e te d h a l f wa y up t h e in n e r wa ll s wa s a pl a c e wh e re a ro w
,

o f p ic k e t s s t oo d p ick e t s wh ic h we re us e d f
, o r t h e de f e n se o f t h e

c ircl e . T h e se fa cts a re s ig n ifica n t T h ey s e e m to in dica te t h a t .

t h e v i ll a g e s we re s urro un de d b y wa ll s wh ic h s e c ure d t h e m fr o m
a tta ck ; b ut t h a t t h e re wa s a s y m bol is m in t h e s h a p e o ft h e wa ll s

a s we ll a s i n t h e s h a pe o f t h e m o un ds a n d pa ve m e n t s a n d c o n

te n ts o f t h e mo un ds I n t h es e re s pe cts t h e v ill a g e s wo ul d b e
.

c a ll e d sa cre d e n cl o s ure s .

8. S t i ll a n oth e r a r g um e n t is de ri ve d from t h e va r ia t io n i n
t h e typ ic a l fo r m At Ma r ie tta we h a ve t wo s q ua re s a n d n o
.

c ircl e e xc e pt a s a c ir c le s urro un ds t h e co n ica l mo un d o r look o ut

‘

s ta tio n At H ig h ba nk a n d Hope to n we h a ve t h e c ircl e a n d t h e

.

s q ua r e a n d s e v e ra l ot h e r s m a ll c i rcl e s a djo i n in At L ib e rt y
, g .

To wn s h ip we h a ve t h e sq ua re t h re e c i rcl es a n d a cre s c e n t At ,
.

Ce da rb a n k we h a ve a s q ua re wit h a pl a t form ins ide o f it b ut n o ,

c i rcl e At Ne wa rk we h a ve t h e octa g o n ins te a d o f t h e s q ua re

. .

At Cl a rk s Wo rk s we h a ve t h e s q ua re a l a rg e i rre g ul a r in clo s ure

’
,

a n d t h e c i rcl e i n s ide At S ea l To wn s h ip we h a ve t h e s q ua re
.

a n d c ircl e a n d s e v e ra l e ll ipt ic a l work s At D un l a p s Work s we ’

.

h a ve t h e r h o mbo ida l fi g ure a n d a s m a ll c i rcl e a dj o in in g S t ill .

,

t h e typ ica l s h a pe is t h e s a m e t h ro ug h o ut t h e e n t i re r e g io n .

11 . We n o w t urn t o a ne w po in t Th e i n q ui ry is wh e th e r t h e .

e n clo s ur es wh ic h we h a v e s e e n to b e s o sy m bol i c we re n o t t h e

vi ll a g e s ites o f a cl as s o f s un wors h ipe rs Th is i n q uiry will b e .

co n d ucte d in a n e nt ire l y diffe re n t wa y from t h e form e r We a re .

n o w to loo k n o t s o m uch f o r t h e sy mbol ic s h a pe s a s f o r th e

pra ctica l use s We m a inta i n th a t wh e the r th ey we re sy mbol ic

.

o r n o t t h e m ajor ity o f t h e e n clo s ur e s we re use d f o r v ill a g e s We .

s h a ll firs t co ns ide r t h e ch a ra cte r is t i cs o f v i ll a e e n clo s ure s e n

g g
e ra ll
y s h
, o w w h a t a v i ll a g e wa s s u ppo s e d to co n ta i n a n d t h e n ,

c o m pa re t h e s e i n O h io wit h oth e rs to s h o w t h a t th e w e r e a l so
y
vi ll a g e e n clo s ure s .

1
. We t ur n to t h e O h io vill a g e s a nd a r e to a sk wh a t th e ir ,
 91

a r em a r k a b le p i c t u r e o f v ill a g e l if
e . I t s ee m s a lm e s t J i ke
a n A r c a d ia .T h e pe o ple se e m to h a ve bee n pr o spe r o us, a n d t o
h a ve d we lt in ea c e a n d s ec ur it y T h e po pul a t io n was d e n se
p . .

Th e o r g a n iz a no n wa s c o m le t e R eli ion h a d it s st r on
r
.

t h e pe o pl e ; t h e pe e p e live d a n d ied a nd we re
wit h t h e sa c r e d r e lig io us r it e s o bs e r ve d o n a ll oc c a sio n s Th e y .

filled th e ir a lta r s with o ffe r in g s t o t h e g r e a t sun d ivin it y Th e

.

c os t ly sa cri fi c e s we r e m a d e ; pipe s a n d be a d s, c a rve d st o ne ,

a r ls, m a ny pr e c io us wo r k s o f a r t we r e t h us c o n se c r a te d wit h
p e
e a t c e r e mo n ia l s B u t t h e s c e ne c h a n e d T h e in v a sio n o f
g r . .

a n e n e m y drov e t h e m from t h e i r se a t s . h e ir v ill a g e s be c a m e

t h e s e a t s o f b loo dy wa r fa r e . T h e y we r e o b l ig e d to le a ve t h e ir
a b o d e s ; o t h e r tr i b e s c a m e in a n d o c c up ie d t h e ir vi ll a g e s .

2
. We n o w turn to t h e s pe c ifi c loc a t io n s a nd g ive desc r ip
t io n s o f t h e wor k s . We fir st c o mm e n c e wit h t h e wo rk s a t
Ma r ie tt a a n d quo te t h e l a n g ua g e o f t h e R e v Dr H arris, wh o . .

wit h R e v Dr C ut l e r , e xa m in e d t h e m a n d fur n is h e d a full de

. .

sc r i p t io n o f i t .T h e fo llo win g is th e i r a c c o un t : T h e s it ua t ion

o f t h e se wor k s is o n a n e l e v a t e d pl a in o n t h e e a s t s ide o f t h e
Musk in g um , a bo ut h a l f a m il e fro m it s jun c t io n wit h t h e O h io .

T h e l a r g e s t s q ua r e fort, b y s o m e c a ll e d t h e t o wn c o n t a in s for ty
.

a c r e s , e n comp a sse d b y a wa ll o f e a r t h from s ix to t e n f e e t h ig h ,

a n d from t we n t -
fiv e t o t h r y six f
i t -
e e t in br e a d t h I n e a c h s id e
y .

a r e t h r e e ope n in g s , r e s e mbl in g t we l ve g a t e wa ys A c ove re d

.

wa y form e d o f t wo pa r a ll e l wa ll s o f e a r t h 2 31 fe e t dis t a n t fr o m
e a c h o t h e r , m e a s urin g from c e n t e r t o c e n t e r . T h e wa l ls a t t h e
mos t e l e va t e d pa rt i s de a r e we y o n e fe e t in h e ig h t ; t h e
n i t n t -

o ut s id e o n l y a ve r a g e five fee t in h e ig h t . T h is form e d a p a ssa g e

a b o ut 680 f e e t in l e n g t h , l e a din g b y g r a dua l d e s c e n t t o t h e lo w

g ro u n d, wh e r e , a t t h e t i m e o f i t s co n s t r uc t io n , it pro b a b l y

re a c h e d t h e r ive r T h e b ot t o m is cro wn e d in t h e c e n t e r , in t h e
.

m a n n e r o f a we ll fo un d e d t ur n p ik e ro a d W it h in t h e wa ll s o f
-
.

t h e fort a t t h e n or t h we s t cor n e r is a n e l e v a t e d s q ua r e 1 88 fe e t
lo n g , 1 32 bro a d, 9 h ig h , le v e l o n t h e sum m it . A t t h e ce n te r o f
e a c h o f t h e s ide s a r e g r a d ua l a s c e n t s s ixty f ee t in l e n g t h . Nea r
t h e s o ut h wa ll is a n o t h e r e l e va t e d s q ua r e , 1 5 0 b y 1 2 0 fe e t , 8
fe e t h ig h ; b ut in s t e a d o fa n a s c e n t to g o up o n t h e s ide n e xt t h e
wa ll , t h e r e is a h ollo w wa y, t e n fe e t wide , l e a din g t we n t y fe e t
to wa rd t h e ce n t e r , wit h a g ra d ua l l pe to t h e t o p A t t h e .

o th e r e n d is a t h ird e l e v a t e d s q ua r e , 1 0 8x5 4 f e e t , wi t h a s c e n t s
a t t h e e nd . At t h e so ut h we s t cor n e r is a se m i c ir c ul a r p a r a pe t
-

c ro wn e d wi t h a mo un d, wh ic h g ua rd s t h e O pe n in g in t h e wa ll .

T h e s m a ll e r fort , co n t a in s t we n t y a cre s , wit h a g a t e wa y in t h e

c en t e r o f e a c h c or n e r . T h e se g a t e wa ys a r e de fe n d e d b y c irs u
la r mo un d s . O n t h e o ut sid e o f t h e s m a ll e r fort is a m oun d in
t h e form o fa s ug a r lo a f, o fa m a g n it ude a n d h e ig h t wh ic h s t rik e
t h e b e h old e r wit h a st o n is h m e n t . I t b a se is a r e g ul a r c ircl e , 1 1 5
fe e t in dia m e t e r ; it s a l t it ude is 3 0 f e et
. I t is surroun de d b y a
dit c h 4 fe e t de e p a n d 1 5 wide , a n d de fe n de d b y a pa r a pe t 4 fe e t
 92

h ig h , t h ro ug h wh ic h is a g a t e wa y to wa rd s t h e fo rt 20 fe e t in .

widt h *
S e e Pl a te
. .

T h e de sc r ipt io n o f th is o n e vill a g e will in dic a t e t h e e l e m e n t s

wh ic h we re co m m o n in a ll t h e vill a g e s , t h e s q ua r e e n clo s ur e s,
t h e g r a de d wa ys , loo k o ut m o un ds , p ro t e c t in g wa ll s ,
b e in g fo un d in n e a rl y e ve ry vill a g e .

It o ws a l so t h e re l ig io us ide a s wh ic h we re e m b o die d i a
sh
'

m a n y o f t h e v ill a g e e n cl o s ure s t h e p la t f o rm mo un ds a n d t h e ,

c ircl e a bo ut t h e l o o k o ut mo un ds h a v i n g p o b a bl y b e e n use d a s r

s y mb o l s a s we ll a s de f e n se s T h i s s a m e c o m b in a t io n o fsy m bol s
.

wi t h de fe n se s is s e e n m o r e full y in t h e e l a b o ra te sys t e m o fworks

fo un d a t Po rts m o ut h Th e se wo rk s s e e m t o h a ve b e e n e re cte d
.

fo r p ure l y re l ig io us p urp o s e s a n d we re c o g n iz e m a n y s ymbol s ,

i n t h e m t h e s q ua re a t o n e e n d t h e c o n ce n tr ic c ircl e a t t h e ot h e r
, ,

en d a n d t h e h o rse s h o e t h e c re s c e n t a n d s e ve ra l ot h e r sy mbol s
,
-
, ,

in t h e c e n t ra l g ro up t h e wh ol e co n n e ct e d b y a wa ll s e v e n or
,

e ig h t m i l e s i o n g .

II I We n o w tur n to t h e e n clo s ure s o f O h io b ut a re to c o n

.
,

s ide r t h e m i n t h e i r de f e n s ive c a pa c ity T h e re a re t h re e pec u .

lia r it ie s to e a rth wo rk s o f t h is re g io n n a m e l y : t h e l a rg e m ajor

-
,

i t y o f t h e m a re e n clo s ure s ; s e co n d m a n y o f t h e e n clo s ure s a re ,

s y mbol i c i n s h a p e t h e c i rcl e a n d s q ua re b e in g t h e m o s t pr e va l e n t
,

s y m bol ; t h ir d t h e m aj o r ity o f t h e s y mb o l ic work s a r e v e ry

,

s tro n g l y f o rt ifi e d n e a rl y e v e ry pl a c e wh ic h t h e s un wo r s h ipe rs
,

occ up ie d h a v in g be e n furn is h e d with a s tro n g a n d h e a vy e a rt h

wa ll wh ic h s e r ve d a s a prote ct io n t o t h e m
,
Th e cl a s s ific a t io n .

o f t h e work s o f t h e s un w rs h ipe r s r e vea l s to us a g re a t v a r ie ty

o

o f us e s t h e mo s t o f t h e m h o we ve r b e i n g s uc h use s a s wo ul d
, , ,

b e co n n e cte d wit h v i ll a g e l ife But wit h t h e us e s we dis cove r .

th a t de fe n s e wa s a s m uc h s o ug h t fo r a s wa s co n ve n ie n c e It is .

re m a rk a bl e t h a t t h e re we re so m a ny wa ll e d e n cl o s ure s in th is
re g io n b ut t h e fa ct th a t t h e re wa s da n g e r a l wa ys t h re a t e n in g t h e
,

pe ople from a l urk in g fo e will a cco un t fo r t h e s e Th ey n e e de d .

t o de f e n d t h e m s e lve s o n a ll occ a s io n s a n d so t h e y n e v e r res orte d ,

to a pl a ce o f wors h ip or a m use m e n t t h e y n e ve r we n t to a s a c ,

r i fic ia l pl a c e t h e y n e v e r e v e n we n t t o t h e fi e l ds or to t h e wa t e r s
’

e dg e b ut t h a t t h ey m us t h a ve a wa ll to prote ct th e m
, We h a ve .

dwe lt upo n t h e s y mb o l is m wh ic h wa s e mbo die d in th e i r work s ,

b ut we m ig ht dwe ll e ve n l o n g e r upo n t h e v ie w o f t h e de fe n se
prov ide d b y t h e m It will s uffice h o we ve r to sa y tha t sy mbol
.
, ,

is m a n d de fe n s e we re o fte n un it e d t h e s upe rs t it io n a bo ut t h e ,

sy mbol i v i t h m f c u r it m u c h t h rt h
g n g e a s e n s e o s e y a s a s e e a
work s g a ve t h e m a ct ua l s a fe ty We h a ve o n l y to loo k a t t h e .

diffe re n t work s fo un d i n a n y o n e loca l ity to s e e t h e wo n de rful

comb ina tio n .

1 . Le t us a s k wh a t wor k s th e re a re a n d wh a t use s we m a y dis

‘S ee H a rri s ‘
s To ur , p 109 . .
c o ve r
'
. in th e m We h a ve firs t t h e v illa g e de fe nse s T h is we
. .
.

see was a lwa ys p rote cte d b y a c irc umv a ll a t io n

.
'
Th is c irc um va l .

la tio n wa s g e n e ra ll y i n t h e s h a pe o f a s q ua re a n d a c i rcl e b ut
.
,

t h e c i rcl e wa s a l wa ys prote cte d b y a h ig h wa ll a n d s om e t i m es b y

t wo s uch wa ll s a n d t h e ope n i n g s in t h e wa ll o f t h e s q ua re we r e
,

a lwa ys prote cte d b y a wa tc h t o we r or a ddit io n a l pl a t f orm g ua rd

o n t h e i n s ide S e co n d t h e re we re n e a r t h e v i ll a g e s m a ny fort i
.
,

fie d h ill t 0 ps pl a c e s t o wh ic h t h e v ill a g e rs co ul d re s o rt in t i m e s
-
,

o f a tta c k Th e se fo rt ifi e d h ill s we re g e n e ra ll y loca t e d in t h e

.

m ids t o f se ve ra l v ill a g es so th a t t h ey c o ul d b e e a sil y re a c h e d b y

,

a ll. Th ir d t h e sa crific ia l pl a ce s a n d t h e pl a c e s o f re l ig io us
,

as s e mbl y we r e a l wa ys prov ide d wit h c i rc umv a ll a t io n s or lo n g

cove re d wa y s N o t h in g o f a re l ig io us n a t ure wa s e ve r un de r
.

ta k e n un l e s s t h e pe opl e co ul d b e prot e cte d b y a wa ll Fo urt h .

,

we fin d t h a t t h e swe a t h o use s s o c a ll e d we re a l wa ys cl o s e b y
-
,
-
,

t h e v ill a g e e n cl o s ure b ut i f b y a n y m ea n s it wa s re mote t h e r e

, , , ,

wa s a l wa ys a c o ve re d wa y pr o v ide d s o t h a t it co ul d b e re a c h e d ,

i n s a fe ty fro m t h e v ill a g e e n clo s ure F ift h t h e s a m e is tr ue o f .

,

t h e da n c e c i rcl e s a n d pl a c e s o f a m us e m e n t T h es e we re s o m e .

ti m e s re mote from t h e vill a g e b ut in a ll s uc h c a s e s t h e r e wa s a

,

cove re d wa y b e twe e n t h e v ill a g e a n d t h e da n c e g ro un d S ixt h .

,

t h e fi e l ds we re c ult iva t e d b ut t h e fie l ds we re re a c h e d b y p a s s in g
,

t h ro ug h t h e pa ra ll e l s or c o ve re d wa ys a n d l o o k o ut m o un ds o r ,

obse rva tor ie s we re a l wa ys p r o vide d t o p r o te ct t h o s e a t work a n d

to s o un d t h e a l a r m t o t h e m S e ve n t h t h e re we re l a n din g pl a c e s
.
,

fo r c a n o e s a n d p la c e s a t wh ic h t h e vill a g e rs c o ul d re a c h t h e
wa t e r s e dg e Th e s e h o we ve r we re a l wa ys prote ct e d b y cove re d
’
. , ,

wa ys . Eve ry v ill a g e h a d it s l a n din g p la c e b ut n e a r l y e ve ry ,

la n din g pl a c e wa s fur n is h e d wit h a g ra de d a n d a pr o t e ct e d o r

c o ve re d wa y t h e c a n o e s b e in g k e pt fro m t h e wa te r a n d fro m t h e
,

e n e m y b y t h e s a m e c o n t r i va n c e E ig h t h we fin d a fe w is o l a t e d
.
,

e n cl o s ure s T h e se a re t h e pa ra ll e l s s upp o se d t o h a ve be e n use d

.
,

fo r ra c e s a n d o t h e r g a m e s T h ey t o o pre s e n t t h e pe c ul ia r ity o f
.
, ,

h a vin g a wa ll t o p r o t e c t t h e m T h e s a c r i fi c ia l o r b ur ia l pl a c e s
.

we re a l s o is o l a t e d b ut e ve n t h e b ur ia l g ro un ds we re fur n is h e d
,

wit h h e a vy e a t wa lls o r c irc um va ll a t io n s

r h ~ Th e l o o ko ut s we re .

a l s o a t t i m e s is o l a t e d fro m t h e vi ll a g e s b ut e v e n t h e l o ok o ut ,

m o un ds we r e s ur ro un de d wit h c ir c l e s t o pr o t e ct t h e m a n d s o m e ,

o f t h e m we r e co n n e cte d wit h t h e vill a g e s it e s b y c o ve re d wa y s .

It wo ul d s e e m a s if t h e pe opl e we re n o t will in g e ve n t o tr us t
th e i r s e n t in e l s o r wa tc h m e n t o t h e o pe n fi e lds o r t o r isk t h e
c h a n c e o f h is rea c h in g a n e n cl o s ure b y ra p id fl ig h t b ut e ve n h e ,

m us t b e prote cte d b y a wa ll or c o ve re d wa y .

Th is pre se n ts a n e w vie w o f t h e e a rt h work s o ft h e re g io n It -

.

sh o ws t h a t t h e p e op le r e a l iz e d t h e i r da n g e r ; t h a t wh il e t h ey we re
pea ce a bl e t h e m se l ve s a n d we re g ive n to a g ric ult ure a n d to a
pe c ul ia r re l ig io us c ult ye t t h e y we re in t h e m ids t o f a sa va g e
,

fo e wh ic h wa s a l wa y s l urk in g n e a r T h e y re m in d us in t h is .
s t o c ka de b uilders . Ba t h c la ss h ad
’

re a li t y t h a m villa g e “Clo sure s . Th e enc lo sure s m a y h a ve h e m

o c c upied b y t wo o r th ree suc ces s ive po pula t io n s , t h e o ne e re c t
in g t h e wa lls an d g ivin g to t h e en c l o sure s t h e pe c ul ia r sym b o lic
fo rm o f t h e sq ua re a n d c i rcl e t h e o th e r o c c upyi ng t h e c i rc les ,

b ut pla c in g with in th e m a s s ig n s o f t h e ir p re s e n c e , so m e pa r t ie
,

ula r e ffig y Th e g rea t se rpe n t pro ba bl y be lo n g s t o th is rac e , th e

.

th ird ra ce wh o e re ct e d t h e stock a de fort s b ut put n o s y mbo l

, ,

is m i n t o t h e i r wo rk s Th e d is t in ct i o n be t we e n t h e firs t
.

t wo is t h a t o n e wa s a ra ce o f s un wors h i pe rs a n d t h e oth e r o f
se rpe n t wors h ipe r s t h e s un sy mbol b e in g fre q ue n tl y e m bo die d
,

in t h e e a rt h work s wh ic h a r e co n n e cte d wi th t h e v i ll a g e e n cl o s
ure s b ut t h e s e rpe n t s y m b ol s be in g e mbo die d i n t h e wa ll s wh ic h
,

s urro un de d t h e f o rti fica tio n s b uilt b y t h e oth e r ra c e We h a ve .

t h e t wo cl a s s e s re pre s e n t e d in a sin g l e fort , t h a t a t Fort A n c ie n t .

Th e uppe r fort wh ich is ca ll e d t h e n e w fort b ut wh ic h in re a l i ty

, ,

m a y h a v e b e e n t h e o l de r o f t h e t wo h a s a ll t h e c h a ra cte ris ti c s ,

o f t h e v i ll a g e e n c lo s ure s It wa ll s a re h ig h a n d a n g ula r we l l
.
,

de fi n e d a n d furn is h e d with m a ss ive g a te wa ys a ll sh o wi n g a h ig h ,

de g re e o f a rc h ite ct ura l s k i ll , t h e cres c e n t b e in g t h e o n ly symbol

co n ta in e d with in it Th e lo we r o r s o ut h e rn fort , wh ic h is ca ll e d
.

t h e o ld fo r t , di f fe rs from t h is i n a ll re sp ects Th e wa ll s a re .

rude r t h e g a tewa ys s ma ll e r t h e s c ene wil de r , a n d t h e sym bol is m

, ,

s t ra n e r a n d mor e m y s t e r io us Th is p a rt t h e w r it r m i t i
g . e a n a n s , ,

e mbo die d t h e s y mbol o f t h e s e rpe n t in it s wa ll s t h e s upe rs t it i o n ,

o f t h e pe opl e b e in g t h a t t h e f orm o f t h e s e rpe n t in s om e wa y

g a v e prot e c t io n to t h e p e opl e W e a s cr ib e to t.h e fir s t cl a s s ,
t h a t
is to t h e v i ll a g e p e opl e t h e fo r t s a t Bo ur n e v i ll e a t H a m ilto n a t
, , .
,

Ma s s e y s Cre e k a n d o n t h e n ort h fork o f Pa in t Cre e k ca ll e d

’
, ,

Cla rk s Work s ; to t h e s e co n d cl a ss we a s cr ib e t h e Col e ra in

’
,

Works a n d t h e fort n orth o f Ha m 1lt o n , l ea v in g t h e Fort H ill in ,

H ig h l a n d Co un ty do ubtful ; t o t h e t h ir d cl a ss t h e s toc ka de
,
—
—
b uil de rs we a s cribe t h e fort n e a r Gra n v ill e , those a t F o ur m ile -

Cre e k a n d S e ve n m il e Cre e k a n d Big R un a n d se ve ra l o f t h e

-
.

work s n e a r H a m ilto n in B utl e r Co un ty , Th e pec ul ia r ity o ft h e .

fo rts o f t h e v i ll a g e pe o pl e 1s t h a t t h e re we r e ve ry e l a bora te g a te
wa ys th e wa ll s be i n g ve ry s h a rpl y de fi n e d, a n d h a vin g r e e n t e r in g
,
-

a n g l e s s om e o f t h e m be in g prov ide d wi th do ubl e a n d tr ipl e e a rth

,

work s a s g ua r ds fo r t h e e n tra n c e s Two o f t h e e n tra n ce s a re .

furn ish e d with wh a t is ca ll e d t h e Tl a s ca l a n g a te wa y , a n d t h e

oth e r fur n is h e d with a mo st e l a bora te sys te m o f e mba n km e n ts ,

s ix di f fe re n t se m i c i rc ul a r wa ll s be in g a rra n g e d a ro un d a si n g l e
-

O pe n in g to prote c t it from t h e e n tra n ce o f a n e n e my Th e

, .

g a t e wa y s o f t h e r a c e o f se rp e n t wor s h ipe rs we r e prov ide d with-

wa ll s in t h e s h a pe o f s e rpe n t s a n d se rp e n ts h ea ds , b ut with n o
’
,

o t h e r co n tri va n c e s e xc e pt t h i s sy mbol to g ua r d t h e m .

Th is br ie f re v ie w o f th e fort s as l t d to
re a e t h e sy mbolis m
 se
.

will g ive t o us a n ide a a s t o t h e g rea t va rie ty o f e a rt h works .

fo un d i n S o uth e r n Oh io T h ey a re a ll o fth em e n c lo s ure s so m e

.
,

o f t h e m h a v in g be e n us e d fo r de fe n s e s oth e rs fo r v ill a g e s , ot h e rs
,

fo r b urial pl a c e s , ot h e rs a s co un c il h o us e s , a n d a s da n c e c i rcl e s ,
a nd a f e w pe r h a p s m e re ly a s sy mbol s Th e pe c ul ia r ity o f a ll is
.

t h a t t h e y h a ve e a rt h wa ll s wh ic h e n cl o se a rea s , t h o ug h th e r e a re
c o n i ca l mo un ds or s ol id s tr uct ure s e it h e r i n t h e a re a s or o n h ig h
l a n d ove rl o o k in g t h e a re a s T h ese e n clos ure s brin g be fore us a
.

p ict ure o f t h e n a t ive s o c ie ty a s it o n c e e xiste d It is ev ide n t .

th a t t h e po p ul a t io n a t o n e t im e wa s ve ry de n se , proba bl y m uc h
de n se r i n t h e t im e o f t h e e a rl y mo un d b ui l de r s t h a n a t a n y t im e
-

s in c e .Th e pe opl e we re t h e n i n a p e a c e ful a n d s e de n ta ry co n di

t io n T h ey we re a g r ic ul t ur is ts Th ey pl a c e d t h e ir vill a g e s in
. .

t h e m ids t o f t h e r ic h a g r ic ult ura l c o un try a n d s urro un de d t h e m

with wa ll s a n d in s o m e c a s e s b uilt wa ll s wh ic h wo ul d i n a m e a s
, ,

ur e s urro un d t h e i r fi e l ds o r a t l e a s t pr o t e c t t h e pe o pl e in g o i n g
, ,

to a n d fro m t h e m Th e fo r ts we re pl a c e d in t h e m ids t o f t h e ir
.

v ill a g e s o n h ig h g ro un d, wh e r e t h e r e wo ul d b e a n a t ura l de fe n se ,

t h e cl iff s b e i n g p r e c ip it o us . I n c a s e o f a s udde n i n c urs io n t h e

pe opl e m ig h t l e a ve t h e ir vill a g e s a n d re s o rt t o t h e forts T h e ir .

v ill a g e s we re s it ua te d up o n t h e r ive r s a n d we re co n n e cte d

wit h t h e r ive r s ba n k b y c o ve re d wa y s T h ey n a vig a te d t h e
’
.

rive rs b y c a n o e s a n d h a d l a n din g pl a ce s fo r t h e m n e a r t h e ir vil

l a g e s T h e i r vill a g e s we re s o m e t im e s c l o s e t o g e t h e r g ivin g t h e
.
,

i dea t h a t t h e cl a n s i n h a b it in g t h e m we re fr ie n dl y t o o n e a n o t h e r .

At oth e r t im e s t h e vill a g e s a re is o l a t e d a n d wide a p a rt g ivi n g ,

t h e idea t h a t t h e p e o pl e s o ug h t ro o m fo r h un t in g a s we ll a s fe r
t il e s pot s fo r a g r ic ult ur e. Th e v ill a g e s h o we ve r we re a ll wa ll e d
, ,

a n d t h e m o st o f t h e m h a d wa ll e d a pp r o a c h e s g ivi n g t h e idea
,

t h a t t h e y we re l ia bl e t o b e a t t a ck e d b y a l urk in g fo e a n d t h a t ,

th ey c o n t in ue d t h e ir p urs uits wit h t h is c o n sta n t s e n s e o f da n g e r

i n t h e i r m i n ds
. E ve ryt h in g im pre s se s us wit h t h e t h o ug h t t h a t
t h e I n dia n s we re fo e s to t h e m o un d b uil de rs a n d t h a t t h e m o un d
-
,

b uil de rs we re we ll a c q ua in te d wit h I n dia n wa ys t h e t wo cl a ss e s ,

—I n dia n s a n d m o un d b uil de r s— b e in g ve ry s im il a r in t h e ir wa ys
-

a n d m o de s o f lif e , t h o ug h t h e i r s y m bol is m wa s di f fe re n t .
 C H A PT E R V II .

TH E S TO NE G RAV E PE O PLE .

O ne Of t h e s ig n s O f t h pro g re s s wh ich a rc h ae ol o g y is m a kin g

e

i n t h is co tr t t m a n y n e w fie l ds a re co nsta n t l y O pe n in g
un y is h a so
a n d s o m a n y n e w dis cov e r ie s a r e be i n g m a de ; b ut t h e O ld prob
l e m s a re re t urn in g fo r n e w sol utio n s Th is is a s it s h o ul d b e
. .

Th e s c ie n c e is o ne th a t c a n n o t b e fi n is h e d in a da y n o r ca n we ,

e v e n h op e to s a f e l y la y it s f o un da t i o n s un t il m a ny fa cts h a ve
b e e n a cc um ul a t e d a n d t h e m a te ria l wh ic h is g a th e re d h a s b ee n
we ll s ift e d Th e s t ude n t m a y b e s lo w i n pa ss in g ove r t h e r udi
.

m e n ts b ut it is ve ry l i k e l y t h a t h is s chol a rsh ip will b e a ll t h e

,

b e tt e r a n d t h e re s ults in t h e e n d b e s ure r a n d more sa t is fa cto ry

i f h e Of t e n re t ur n s to t h e sa m e l e ss o n Th is is e s pe c ia ll y tr ue
.

O ft h e Mo un d b uil de r probl e m
-
S O m a n y h a ve in cl in e d to jump
.

a t co n cl us i o n s in re f e re n c e to t h is q ue s t io n s o m a n y h a v e a d ,

va n c e d th e orie s wit h o ut wa it in g fo r s uf fic ie n t e vi de n c e to s ub
s t a n t ia t e t h e i r po s i t io ns t h a t it s e e m s hope f
,
ul wh e n n e w fa ct s a re
bro ug h t t o l ig ht a n d t h e O ld s ubj e ct is bro ug h t up a g a in fo r
r e co n s ide ra t io n .

We a re to s pe a k in t h is pa pe r O f t h e s to n e g ra ve pe ople b ut ,

wo ul d b e fore we b e g in ca ll a tt e n t io n to t h e va ri o us op in io n s
, .

wh ic h h a v e be e n a dva n ce d in re fe re n ce to th e m A fe w yea r s .

a g o wh e n t h e i r work s we re fir s t dis cov e r e d it wa s re porte d th a t

, ,

a ra c e o f p ig m ie s h a d b ee n f o un d Th e re port O f co urse e x
.
, ,

c ite d m uc h c ur io s ity a n d it wa s t h o ug h t t h a t a g re a t m y st e ry
,
O
h a d be e n un cove re d Th e proce s s O f i n ve st ig a t io n h o we v e r
.
, ,

we n t o n a n d it wa s s oo n a s ce rt a in e d t h a t t h e p ig m ie s we re o n l y
,

t h e ch i l dre n O f pe opl e wh o h a d b e e n a cc us tom e d t o b ury i n

g r a v e s m a de from s to n e s l a b s b,
ut th e y w e r e pe opl e l ik e ot h e r
a bor ig i n e s in Am e ric a Th e m ys te ry h o we ve r h a d s ca rce l y
. . ,

b ee n cl e a re d up a n d t h e e rr or corre cte d be fore th e re a ro se a n

o t h e r o p in io n wh ic h a l s o e xc it e d m uch a tt e n t io n
, Th is op in io n .

wa s a t t h e t im e a dvoc a te d b y p e rs o n s i n a ut h orit y a n d wa s ,

t h e re fore q uit e g e n e ra ll y a do pte d It was a t t h e O ppo s it e e xtre m e

.

fr o m t h e o n e wh ic h pr e ce de d it T h e re wa s n o w n o m ys te ry a bo ut
.

t h e Mo un d b uil de r s ; t h e y we re o n l y commo n I n dia n s

-
We m ust .

cl a ss t h e m a ll with t h e a bor ig in es Th e s to n e g ra ve s be lo ng e d to
.

o n e tr ibe o f I n dia n s . Th e Mo un d b uild e rs O f O h io we re a n o t h e r

-

t r ib e t h e Ch e rok e e s
,
.

A th ird sta g e o f in ve st ig a t io n h owe ve r is n o w be fore us a n d

, , ,

t h e sa m e probl e m is com in g up a g a i n fo r s ol ut io n It yet re m a in s

,
 98

to b e se e n h ow m uch
tr uth th e re is in t h e po s it io n l a s t ta ke n
Of

a n d wh e th e r a n y O f it re a ll y de se rve s to g o i n to h is tory or ,

wh e th e r s om e ot h e r po s it io n is ye t to b e rea ch e d wh ich will ,

prove more sa t is fa cto ry a nd s ome co n cl us io n wh ich sh a ll b e

more pe rm a n e n t Th e pe n dul um wh i ch h a s b e e n swing in g
.

ba ck wa rd a nd forwa rd m a y in dee d ma rk pro g ress b ut we a re ,

n o t c e r ta i n a bo ut t h e s ig n ifica n ce O f t h e fig ure o n t h e dia l It .

ce rt a in ly m ay b e do ubte d wh e th e r t h e cl o c k h as yet rea ch e d t h e

s tr ik in g pl a ce n o r h a v e we re a c h e d a ny pe rm a n e n t co n cl us io n
, .

Ma ny n e w discove r ie s h a ve re ce n tly be e n m a de n e w fie ld s h a ve ,

been O pe ned a n d va r io us book s a n d p ubl ica t io n s h a ve a ppe a re d

, ,

a n d n o w t h e whol e s ubj e ct is a g a in up f o r co n t e n t io n .

A n a rra y o f n e w fa cts is b e fore us a n d we m a y e xpe ct t h e ,

O p i n io n to t urn to wa rds n e w e v ide n c e Th e Mo un d b uil de rs

.
-

we re a n a n c ie n t pe opl e Th e y rese mbl ed t h e mo de rn I n dia n s

.
,

b ut t h e Mo un d b ui ld e rs pe rio d wa s d is t in ct iv e O ne e rror wa s
’
-
.

de te cte d wh e n it wa s prove d t h a t t h e Mo un d b uil de rs we re n o t -

a c ivi l iz e d pe opl e b ut a n oth e r e rror c a m e to t h e s urf

, a c e wh e n it

wa s m a i n ta in e d t h a t t h e mo de rn I n dia n is t h e o n l y re pre se n ta t ive

o f t h e mo un d b ui l din g pe r io d
-
Th e truth is be t we e n th e m ;
.

n e i t h e r in t h e c i v i l iz e d no r i n sa va g e ra ce s do we fin d t h e p ict ure

fo r wh ich we a re se e kin g Th e Mo un d b uil de r be l o n g s to n e it h e r

.
-

o f th e s e cl a s ses b ut th e i r re a l s ta t us wa s be twe e n t h e t wo e x
,

tre m es Thre e pe riods m a y b e a scribe d to t h e pre h istor ic a g e in

.

Am e ric a First com e s t h e pa l e ol ith ic pe rio d with its r ude c o n

.
,

dit io n ; n e xt co m e s t h e mo un d b uil din g pe r io d wit h its va r ie d

-
,

re cord ; l a stl y t h e pe riod o f t h e re d I ndia n ; th e n com e s t h e

,

da te O f h is tory H is tory tre a ts O f t h e mo de rn ra ces e th n ol

.
,

o g y m a y tr ea t O f t h e more a n c ie n t pe opl e s b ut t h e s c ie n ce
,

o f a rch e olo g y h a s m uch in s tor e wh ich m a y mo dif y o u r co n cl u

s io n s . Th e l iv i n g tr ibe s h a ve b ut re c e n tl y disa ppe a re d oth e r ,

tribes pre ce de d t h e m a n d t h e re cord g o es ba ck in to t h e re mote

,

ce n t urie s We h a ve n o t b y a ny m ea ns rea che d t h e e n d O f o ur

.

s t ud ie s Th in g s a r e to b e discove re d t h a t h a ve no t yet b ee n
u t n t h e re cor d T h e Mo un d b uil de r probl e m is n o t s olve d
p o -
. .

Ne w fa ctors a re co nsta ntly com ing up a n d we l e a ve o urse lve s

O p e n to ne w e v id e n ce .

W e n o t o n l y g o ba c k o f t h e h istor ic pe r io d a n d look fo r t h e
pre h istoric ra ce s wh ich h a ve l e ft t h e ir to ke ns o n t h e s o il b ut we ,

a re a l s o to g o ba c k o f o n e p re h is t o r ic pe r io d a n d fin d t h e tra ce s

O f a pe r i od a n d ra c e wh ic h s t i ll pre c e de d th e m a n d s o m a ke t h e
re c o rd compl e te Wh 1le e th n o l o g y trea t in g O ft h e l iv in g tribe s
,

. , ,

m a y h e lp us to un de rs ta n d t h e c h a ra cte r O f t h e tr ibe s a n d ra ce s
wh ich pre ce de d t h e m t h e a rc h a o lo g ic a l t o ke n s a re to b e mo st
,

re l ie d upo n fo r o ur e vid e n ce Th e a rc h ae olog ica l e v id e nce is to

.

b e s ift e d a n d we a re to dis cr im in a te un t i l we s h a ll k n o w t h e
,

diffe re n c e s b e twe e n a ll t h e ra ce s It doe s n o t se e m t o b e s o im

.

porta nt to ide n t ify a ny k n o wn tribe with t h e tok e n s o f a ny o n e

 99

loca l ity or to dis ting uish be twee n t h e tribes a n d ra ce s wh ic h

.

m a y h a ve occ up ie d e a c h lo c a l it y a n d m a k e t h e ch a ra ct e ris t ic s O f
,

e a ch o ur e s pe c ia l s t udy .

Th e pre se n t c h a pte r is d e vot ed to a s in g l e cl a s s O f pe opl e to a ,

s in g l e pe r io d O f occ upa ti o n to a pa rt ic ula r type o f a bo rig ina l

,

c ivil iza tio n a n d to a pa rtic ul a r l o ca l ity a n d ye t th e re a re m a n y

, ,

q ues t io ns wh ic h a rise in co n ne ct io n wit h t h e m We h a ve c h o se n .

t h e s to n e g ra ve pe o pl e fo r o ur s t ud y S om e m a y t h in k t h e m .

mo de r n a n d ima g ine we a re st udyin g t h e work s O f h is tor ic I n

,

dia n s . Oth e rs co n s ide r t h e m pure l y pre h istoric a n d ill us tra tive

O f o ne p h a s e O f pre h is tor ic c i v i l iza t io n The y a re h o we ve r .
, ,

o n ly o ne o ut o f ma n y Th e s o il O f Am e rica is fill e d W1t h t h e

.

r e cords O f m a n s uc h ra c e s O u r w ork i s to s t ud t h e r c rds

y y e o

”
.

a n d to s e e t h e dif fe re n c e be t we e n t h e m .

Th e s ub divis io n o f t h e Mo un d b ui l de rs te rr it o ry a n d t h e dis -
,

t in ct io n be twe e n t h e mo un d b uil din g cl a s se s we m a y re g a rd a s

-
,

a lr a dy e s ta bl is h e d a n d t h e s ucce s s io n o f ra c es i n e a c h loc a l ity is

e ,

ra pidl y be com in g reco g n iz e d a nd we m a y e xpe c t s oo n to dist in ,

g u is h t h e r a c e s a n d to re co g n iz e n o t o n l y t h e pe r io ds b ut a l s o

to se e t h e dive rs ity wh ich e xis te d a mo n g th e ra c e s We g o .

ba ck O f t h e h istori c pe rio d to as c e rta in t h e orig in o ft h e A m e r

ica n I n d1a n s b ut we g o b a c k O f o n e pre h is toric p e r io d t o t h e
,

tok e n s O f a n o t h e r t o a s ce rt a in t h e orig in o ft h e Mo un d b uil de rs -

.

But a ft e r a ll t h is we k n o w v e ry l ittl e a b o ut t h e pe opl in g o f

,

Am e rica Pe rh a ps we sh a ll fin d th a t t h e ra ces we re a ut o c h t h o
.

n o us i n t h is co un t ry a n d tra c e t h e cl ue b a c k f , rom t h e I n dia n s t o

t h e s t o ne g ra ve s a n d from t h e s to n e g ra v e s to t h e m o un ds a n d
,

s h e ll h ea p s a n d fro m t h e mo un ds a n d s h e ll h e a p s t o t h e c a v e
,

dwe ll i n g s a n d from t h e c a ve dwe ll in g s to t h e g ra ve l be ds b ut

,
-
,

fo r t h e pre se n t we wa it fo r e v ide n ce Po ss ib ly we m a y tra c e t h e .

pop ul a tio n O f t h is co un try to oth e r l a n ds a n d b e le d to re co g

n iz e t h e wa v e s O f m ig ra t io n i n t h e ve ry r e l ic s wh ic h h a ve be e n
le ft b e n e a t h t h e s ur fa c e We l e a ve o urse lve s o pe n to co n v ict io n
.

in e ith e r dire ct io n We we lco m e t h e ne w discove rie s a n d wa it

.

fo r t h e s ol ut io n O f t h e m a n y pro bl e m s .

O ur s ubj e c t will l ea d us firs t t o a vie w o f t h e h a b ita t O f th i s

pe opl e ; se c o n d to t h e s t udy O f t h e i r c h a ra cte ris t ics e s pe c ia ll y
. ,

a s t h ey a re m a de kn o wn b y t h e ir re l ic s ; t h i r d to t h e q ues t io n O f ,

portra it s e spe c ia lly a s it is bro ug h t b e fore us b y th e ir potte ry ;

,

fo urth to a n e xa m i n a t io n O f th e i r sy m bol s ; fi ft h to t h e e n q ui ry
, ,

wh e t h e r we h a ve e v ide n c e O f a fore ig n or ig in a n d ra ce co n ne ct io n .

Th e s ubj e ct is s om e wh a t diffic ult t h e fa c t s a re re mot e b ut t h e , ,

po in t s a re s ug g e stive a nd t h e dis c uss io n inte re s ting We wo ul d .

s a y h o we v e r t h a t we h a v e b e e n g r ea tl y a ide d b y t h e p e r us a l O f
, ,

t h e p a g e s o f t h a t in t e re s t in g book wh ich h a s be e n pre pa red b y

Ga t es P Th rus to n wh o h a s m a de a clo se st udy O ft h e works a n d
.
,

re l ic s Of th is pe opl e a n d we sh a ll q uote from t h e book se e k in g

, , .

ho we ve r to g ive cre dit fo r a ll t h e esse n tia l fa c ts a n d discove rie s

, .
 101

wh ich oth e rs h a ve a l so g a in e d a n d we he re ta ke pl ea s ure in

,

q uot in g t h e opin io n s O ft h e va rio us a uthors wh o h a ve written o n

t h e s ubj e ct th us g iv i n g b o t h s ide s a n d l e a v in g t h e r e a de r to
, ,

j udg e fo r h ims e l f .

Th e follo win g words from G e n e ra l Th r us t o n s book wi ll e x

’

press o n e tho ug ht n o w be fore us : Abo ut fift y yea rs a fte r '

t h e dis cove ry De S o t o a n d h is a rm y (in 1 5 40 A D ) p us h e d

, . .

alo n g it s s o ut h e r n bor de r r ude l y st a rtlin g t h e na t ive in h a b ita n ts

, ,

b ut t h ey pa ss e d o n a cro s s t h e g re a t r ive r a n d prob a bl y n e ve r

ca m e with in t h e a ct ua l borde rs o f Ten n essee A h un dre d a n d .

t h i rty ye a r s t h e n e l a p se d a n d n o E urope a n st e ppe d with in it s

l im its I n 1 67 3 Ma r q ue tte ca m e in h is sh a llow b a rk flo a t in g
.
,

do wn upo n t h e bro a d wa te rs it s fir st wh it e e xplor e r ,

Nea rl y .

a n ot h e r c e n t ury in t e rv e n e d
be fore t h e h a rdy p io n e e r O f
Vi rg in ia sca l e d t h e mo un
ta in or D a n ie l Boo ne sta rt
e d O n t h e wi l de r n e s s tr a i l
‘ ’

fo r t h e fa r we s t .I n a llt h e s e
y e a r s T e n n e s se e i n fol
,
d e d
i n h e r a n c ie n t fore s ts a n d
mo un ta in b a rr ie rs in h e r ,

is ol a t io n r e m ot e from l a k e
, ,

ocea n a n d g ul f wa s a s un ,

k n o wn to t h e O ut e r wo r l d
a s C e n tra l A f r ica Fra n ce .

cl a im e d h e r te rritory a s a
pa rt o f Lo uis ia n a a n d
Ill in o is S pa in c a ll ed it
,
M W U HM d I O '
Fl o rida a n d se t up h e r
' ' ’

r ig h t E n g l a n d a ss um e d s ove re ig n ty ove r it a s a pa rt o fV irg in ia

,

a n d Ca l if o r n ia ; b ut n o n e o f t h e m too k po s s e s s io n Eve n t h e .

I n dia n s h a d to fig h t fo r t h e i r t itle s Vin ce n ne s in I n dia n a .

,

K a s k a s k ia in Ill i n o is a n d Ne w Orl ea n s we re fo un de d ; Te xa s
,

a n d Miss o ur i we r e colo n iz e d ; S a n t a F é in Ne w Me xico a tho u ,

s a n d m i l e s to t h e we s t h a d b e com e a n O ld S p a n is h to wn ; ye t
,

Te n n e sse e wa s st ill wit h o ut a n a m e or de script io n sa ve t h a t it ,

wa s m a rk e d o n t h e Ne w Worl d s m a p s a s t h e un e xplore d l a n d
’

o f t h e S h a wn e e s T h e s e fa ct s a re s ta te d to s h ow h o w l ittl e h is
”
.

tory c a n t e ll us di re ctl y o f a n c ie n t Te n n e sse e or O f t h e s to n e

g r a ve r a c e .

Th e sa m e a ut h o r h a s s pok e n o ft h e r is e a n d fa ll o fth a t pe c ul ia r
g r a d e o f c iv i l i za t i o n w h i c h fo u n d it s e mbo di m e n t i n t h e s to n e

g r a v e s i n t h e follo w i n g w or d s : T h e pr i m i t ive m a n ifes t a t i o n s

o f in dus try a n d a rt f o un d a mo n g t h e re m a in s in t h e C umb e rl a n d

a n d T e n n e ss e e Va ll e s a n d i n a dj a c e n t S ta t e s we re e vide n tl y i n
y
t h e m a in O f in dig e n o us g ro wt h Th ey m a y h a ve b e e n t h e re s ul t
.

o f c e n t ur ies O f r d u l d e ve lopm e n t wit h i n th es e bor de r s or

g a a ,
 102

th e y m a y h a ve h a d a n or ig in i n pa rt thro ug h m ig r a t io n or inte r
t r iba l i n t e rco urse fro m t h e s e de n ta ry or v ill a g e I n dia n s O f Ne w
or O ld Me xico We a r e in cl in e d to t h e l a tte r v ie w It is dith
. .

c ult to a s c e rta in t h e e xa ct r e l a t io n o f t h e s to n e v c f

”
g ra e ra e o
Te n ne sse e a n d it s k in dred o f t h e n e ig h bo rin g S ta te s to t h e h is
toric red I n dia ns Wh e th e r t h e fort b uil de r s a n d potte ry m a ke rs
.
- -

O f t h e C umb e rl a n d a n d o f t h e Te n n e s s e e we re o ve rwh e lm e d a n d
dis p e rse d a n d b e ca m e pra ct ica ll y e xt i n ct or wh e t h e r t h ey we re
. ,

a b s orb e d b y t h e m o re p o we rf ul a n d s a v ag e co n q ue ror s a n d be c a m e
m e mbe rs o f t h e S h a wn e es Na tch ez or o th e r tribe s b y a doptio n
, ,

m a y n e v e r b e k n o wn T h e re .

is n o m ys te ry i n t h e dis a p
p e a r a n c e O f s o m e of th e
mo un d b uildin g a b o r ig ine s -
.

S core s O f tr ibe s h a ve b e
com e e xt in c t durin g t h e l a st
t h re e ce n t urie s Th e S h a w .

n e e s h a ve h a d a pa th e t ic

h is t ory Dr Brin to n ca ll s . .

t h e m t h e Gyps ie s O f t h e
fo re s t T h e ir e cc e n tr ic.

wa n de r i n g s t h e i r s udde n ,

a pp ea r a n c e a n d disa ppe a r

a n c e p e r pl e x t h e a n t iq ua r
,

ia n a n d de fy r e s ea rc h We .

firs t fin d t h e m i n a ct ua l
h is t o ry a bo ut t h e y e a r 1 660
a lo n g t h e T e n n e s s e e a nd
C um b e rl a n d R ive rs Fo r a .

c e n t ury o r m o re t h e y h e l d
t h e ir s wa y T h e ir te rritory .

e xte n de d f ro m t h e Oh io to
t h e Te n n e s se e b ut th e y ,

we re n e ve r in se c ur ity T h ey
My 2 —P
.

y P t S G
we re n e ve r a t pe a c e
o tt e r i f or r a t r om to n e ra ve.
Th e
. .

I roq uo is pre ye d up o n t h e m fro m t h e n orth t h e C h ick a sa ws a n d ,

C h octa ws fro m t h e s o ut h a n d t h e C h e ro k e e s from t h e e a st un t il ,

th ey we re fi n a ll y o ve rwh e lm e d a nd s ca tt e re d a n d fle d b e yo n d ,

t h e O h io .F o r s ixty ve a t s b e for e it s firs t s e ttl e m e n t b y t h e wh ites

Te n n e s se e wa s a n un m h a b it e d wil de rn e s s S uch is t h e h istory o f
.

t h e re g io n wh ic h we c a ll t h e h a b ita t O f t h e s t o n e g ra ve p e o pl e
a h is t o ry h o we ve r wh ic h c o n tra s t s wit h t h e a rc h e olo gy O f t h e
, ,

s a m e r e g io n .

Th e sa m e a ut h o r s a y s : Pa s s in g fro m t h e br ie f h is tor ic a l v ie w
to t h e i n te re st in g pro bl e m s a tta c h in g to t h e o r ig in O ft h e a n c ie n t
m o un d a n d g ra ve b uil de rs O f Te n n e s s e e t h e i r ra c e r e l a t io n t h e 1r
, ,

trib a l a ffi n it ie s a n d t h e ir c ult ure s ta t us i n t h e s ca l e o f c iv iliz a

,

t io n a s repre s e n te d b y t h e ir m o n um e n ts a n d a r t we en te r upo n
, ,
 103

more un ce rta in g ro un d Th e sto n e g ra ve s a re n o t a l wa ys fo un d

.

i n c e m e t e rie s or l a rg e g ro ups Th e ir loca t io n upo n a lmo st e ve ry

.

fa rm i n t h e c e n tra l co un t ie s in di ca t e s n o t o n l y t h e pre s en c e o f
a v e ry l a rg e pop ul a t i o n b ut t h a t it wa s g e n e ra ll y wide l y dis t r ib
,

ut e d t h ro ug h o ut t h e co un try p rob a bl y i n p e a c e ful s e ttl e m e n t s

,

t h ro ug h a lo n g pe r io d o f t im e th us do ubtl e ss e n a bl in g t h e
”
,

a n c ie n t ra c e to m a k e pro g re s s i n t h e s i mpl e r a rts a n d i n dus trie s

b e yo n d t h e s ta t us o f t h e m o re sa va g e tr ib es .

II We a s k i n v ie w O f th e se fa cts wh eth e r we sh a ll cl a ss
.
, ,

t h e s to n e g ra ve pe o pl e wit h t h e h is tor ic I n dia n s or wit h t h e pre

h istor ic ? wh e t h e r t h e
fa ct s o fa rc h aeolo g y do
n o t l e a d us to a pe r i o d

m ore re mote t h a n t h a t
o f wh ich h is tory f h as
t h e re cor d a n d to ide n
,

t ify t h e pe opl e with t h e

a n c ie n t mo un d b uil d -

e r s r a th e r t h a n wit h

a ny k n o wn trib e O f
h istor ic I n dia n s P
We h e re c a ll a t
t e n tio n to t h e de sc rip
t io n o f t h e re l ic s a n d
impl e m e n t s a bo un d
i n g in Ea s t Te n n e s se e .

Ma ny O f t h e a n c ie n t
fl in t p it s a n d q ua rr ies ,

a n d t h e re m a i n s O ft h e

O ld wor k s h ops -
a re,

s t i ll to b e s e e n. Fl in t ,

i a spe r c h e rt a n d s il i
,

c io n s l im e s to n e we r e

g e n e ra ll y us e d b u
,
t a r
F ig 3—P t uPip I di or r a e, n a n.
r o ws a n d Zim ple m e n t s
. .

a re f o un d o f ch a lce do n y tra n spa re nt q ua rtz a n d q ua rt z ife ro us

, ,

a n d ot h e r s to n e F in e e xa mpl e s o f t h e wo rk O f t h e O ld a rro w
.

m a k e r s a re s h o wn T h e y a re s i m il a r t o t h e de l ica te a rr o w po in ts
.
-

fo un d i n Me xico a n d a lo n g t h e P a c ific c o a s t T h e re s e e m s to .

b e n o l im it t o t h e a rro w po i n t s -
Th e v ill a g e I n dia n s wh o dwe lt
.
,

i n forts t o wn s a n d se ttl e m e n t s m us t h a ve b e e n s ufli c ie n t ly a d

, ,

va n c e d to h a ve k n o wn t h e us e O fa va r ie ty o f i mpl e m e n t s S e ts .

O f tool s O f c h ippe d a n d pol is h e d s to n e e v ide n tl y t h e o utfit o f ,

s om e a n c ie n t la ps ida ry or a rt is a n a r e occ a s io n a ll y f , o un d l y i n g

t o g e t h e r i n t h e s a m e g ra v e C a ch e s o f n e w flin t s or c h e rt s in
.

l a rg e n umb e rs a r e a l s o fo und a ppa re n tl y j us t a s t h ey l e ft t h e

,

wo rs h o p o f s om e O ld s to n e c h ippe r E ig h t we ll m a de i m ple
"
.

m en ts O f va rio us form s a ll pol ish e d b y use we re fo un d in a

, ,
 105

t hree a nd a h a lf inch e s wide ,

e vide n tl y e mbl em s thor ity
of au ,

a re de scrib e d .

Th e o n ly fl in t impl e m e n ts in Am e r ic a n ort h o f Mexico r iva l , ,

l in g th e se fin e im pl e m e nts from Te n n e ssee h a ve bee n disco ve re d

in t h e a n c ie n t g ra ve s o f t h e C a l ifor n ia I n dia n s b ut t h e l a r g e s t ,

o n e o f th e s e is o n l y 9 % in ch e s lo n g tho ug h o n e f rom Ore g o n ,

is s a id to b e 1 3in c h e s lo n g Thr e e m a g n ific e n t c h ipped sto n e

.

i mpl e m e n ts wit h orna m e n te d h a n dl e s we r e fo un d i n a c a c h e

, ,

to g e th e r T h ey o fle r dire ct a n d ve ry pos it ive e v ide n ce t h a t th e y

.
'

we re us e d fo r c e re mo n ia l p urpo s e s o f a re l ig io us m il itary or ,

—
p ubl ic ch a ra cte r t h e s ce pte rs or roya l m a c e s o n c e use d b y t h e
m a g n a te s o ft h e ra ce t h a t b uilt t h e a n c ie n t mo un ds a n d fo rt ific a
ti o ns O f Middl e Te n n e s se e Th e m o st dist in g uis h e d p e r so na g e
.

fl y 6
.
—S
. ton e I m a g e fr om Cla r kr vtlle , Ten n e ss e e .

o f t h e s to n e g ra ve ra c e ye t i de n t ifie d— t h e h o n o r e d Ch ie fta in o r
prie st wh o se re m a in s we re un e a rt h e d in t h e H a r pe t h R ive r wa s ,

pl a c e d in h is sa rc o ph a g us with a l a rg e fl in t s word in h is rig h t ‘

h and .

Th e tote m m a rk s t h e n um b e r O ffe a th e r pl um e s t h e b a ttl e a xe

, ,
-

or wa r cl ub t h e e n g ra ve d b r o oc h pl a te s t h e up h o l din g O f t h e p ipe
-
, ,

o f p e a c e we r e e n s ig n ia o r sy m bol s O f ra n k o r a ut h o r it y e ve ry
,

wh e re us e d a n d r e s pe ct e d A fin e s ce pte r a s pl e n did s p e c im e n
.
,

O f a n c ie n t a rt wide r a t t h e h i lt p o in ts a n d s h o r t e r i n t h e bl a de
, , ,

b ut fi n e l y de c o ra te d wit h c ur ve d o r c r e s c e n t s h a pe d g ua r ds is -
,

de s cr ib e d It wa s n o t in te n de d fo r c utl e ry b ut wa s pro b a bl y
.
,

us e d a s a h a lbe rd o r m a c e Mr T h r us t o n sa ys : We h a ve n e ve r
. .

s e e n a s pe c i m e n O f a bor ig in a l a r t from t h e va ll e y O f t h e Mis s is

s ipp i s upe r ior to t h i s fin e fl i n t It wa s fo un d twe n ty m il e s n ort h
.

o f N a s h v ill e n e a r t h e a n c ie n t f
,
ort ifica t io n s s it ua t e d t h e re .
 106

S uch a re t h e re l ics wh ich h a ve re c e n tly b ee n dis cove re d a n d

wh i c h h a v e b ee n de s crib e d in t h is n e w a nd va l ua bl e boo k We .

a s k a g a in , i n v ie w O f th is , wh e t h e r we s h a ll n o t co n cl ud e th a t
t h e s to n e g ra v e pe opl e b e lo n g e d to t h a t c l a s s o f mo un d-b uild e rs
wh ic h wa s s upe rior to t h e re d h un t e r I n dia n a n d tha t t h e th e ory ,

a b o ut t h e S h a wn e e s b e in g th e i r fa br ic a tors is a m is ta k en o n e .

I II . Th e sa m e i mpre ss ion is a l s o dra wn from a n e xa m i na

t io n O f t h e potte ry po rtra its : We m a y sa y th a t in no pa rt O f
t h e c o un try h a s so m uch potte ry b e e n fo un d a s i n t h is dis trict .

Th e o n l y oth e r dis tr ict i n wh ic h a ny s im il a r a mo un t h a s b ee n

fo un d is th a t wh ic h is s it ua t e d imm e dia t e l y we s t a n d n orth we s t
o f th is , in Ar ka n sa s a n d Miss o uri — New Ma drid Miss ouri , b e in g ,

t h e c h ie f se a t o f t h e a n c ie n t potte ry m a ke rs Ma ny a uth ors

-
.

F ig fi .
—F b m a te Por t r a i t . m . 7 .—
Ma le Por tr a i t .

h a ve spo k e n o f t h is fa ct a s if it wa s s ig n ifica n t Th e g e n e ra l .

i mpres s io n se e m s to b e t h a t t h e pe opl e O f t h e t wo district s we re

i n t h e sa m e g e n e ra l g ra de O f c ult ure a n d h a d re a c h e d t h e sa m e
s ta g e o f a rt . H o w t h is c a n b e re c o n c il e d with t h e th e ory t h a t
t h e s to ne g ra ve pe opl e we re S h a wn e e s we do n o t un de rta k e to
sa y . Th e re is n o e vide n ce o f t h e use O f t h e wh e e l or l a th e .

Th e wa re is h a n d m a de Cl a y tro we l s we re use d i n s m ooth

.

i n g a n d ro un din g t h e O pe n v e sse l s Th e v itre o us g l a z e wa s

.

un k n o wn to t h e potte r s I n t h is re spe ct , t h e p o tte ry O f t h e

.

Mo un d b uil de rs difle re d fro m t h a t o f Ce n tra l Am e ric a Th e

'

P ueblo I n dia n s h a d n o k n o wl e dg e O f it , b ut t h e a n c ie n t wa re
O f Me xico s h o ws th is Th e po tt e ry fro m t h e s t o n e g ra ve s
.

was h a rde n e d b y fire S om e O f t h e ve s s e l s r in g a s i f th e y we re

.

m a de O f m e ta l Th e de cl in e O f t h e potte rs a rt a mo n g h istori c
’
.

trib e s is we ll k n o wn Th e wil d I n dia n s do n o t O fte n m a n ufa c

.

t ur e po t te ry , b ut t h e P ue blo I n dia n s still co n t in ue t h e a rt Th e .

s to n e g ra v e p e o pl e s e e m to h a v e h a d m uc h s k i ll i n de cora t in
g
pott e ry Th e y use d p ig m e n t dye s i n g ivin g diffe re n t c o lors t o
.

t h e cl a y, a n d t h e y b ur n e d diffe re n t colors i n to t h e v e s s e l s Ma n y .
 107

Of p c m e n s O f potte ry a re de cora te d with a n im a l fig ures

th e s e i .

Th e y sh ow m uc h sk ill in i m ita t in g a n im a l l ife O n e s pe c im e n .

i s de scribe d b y Ge n Thr us to n
. Th e c ut is furn is h e d to i ll ustra te
.

t h is pa pe r I t re pre se n ts a pa n th e r o r wol f or s om e a n im a l th a t
.
,

i s s ug g e st ive o f fe roc ity S e e F ig 1

. Th e m ajor ity O f t h e
. .

s pe c i m e n s O f potte ry a r e tho se wh ich we re us ed f o r dom e s t i c

p urpo se s t h o ug h th e re a re p ipes a n d oth e r a rt icl e s wh ich a re

,

m a de Of potte ry a n d a re h ig hl y orna m e n ta l .

Dom e st ic pot t e ry c ompr ise d a ll kin d s Of ve sse l s som e Ofth e m ,

i n t h e sh a pe O f urn s bo wl s pot s v a se s s h a llo w d ish e s d e e p

, , , , ,

fi g 8.—H e a ds Use d
. as H a n dle s for Di s h es .

dish es, bottl e s , ja r s , v e sse l s fo r coo kin g fo o d a s we ll a s fo r h old

in g wa te r , a n d fo r ot h e r dom e st ic p urpo s e s It wo uld se e m a s
.

if t h e dom e st ic l ife o f t h e p e ople wa s bro ug h t b e fore us b y t h is

potte ry wh ich wa s b ur n e d wit h t h e bodie s T h e r e a r e a l so .

m a ny ja rs a n d o t h e r v e sse l s wh ic h we r e m a d e in im ita tive sh a p e ,

t h e or dina r y wil d a n im a l s a n d wil d fo wl s be in g t h e O bje ct s
mo st co mmon ly i m ita te d T h e r e a r e m a n y po t te ry ve s se ls ,
.

h o we v e r , wh ic h m i h t b e c a lle d idol s, a s t h e y a r e in t h e sh a p e
o f h um a n i m a g e s .
gl h e se i m a g e s a r e v e ry in t e r e st in g a s O bje ct s
O f st ud y, a s t h e y f ur n ish a n ide a a s to t h e difl e r e n t ty pe s O f fa c e s
'

wh ich we r e prob a bl y co m m o n a mo n g t h e pe op le o f t h is r e g io n .

We n otice th a t s om e O f t h e se fa ce s r e se m b le t h e mode r n I n d ia n
o f t h e n ort h e r n t y pe ; O t h e r s a r e v e ry difl e r e n t , h o we v e r , from
a n y I n d ia n fa c e w h ic h is l ik e l y to b e r e co n iz e d in t h e se da s
y .

T h e q ue s t io n a r 1se s wh e t h e r th e se fa c e s a l be lo n g to o n e pe op le
o r we r e t h e y proo f s of a
g r e a t m ixt ur e in t h e pop ul a t io n O f
 1091

tin ct r a ce t h e v a se s bein O f t h e a n c ie n t type a n d t h e portr a it

g
,

p ip e s b e in
g mo d e r n I n i a n T w o
. m or e fi u r es a re
p r e
se n te d On e o f t h e m a te r r a c ott a 1m a g e
, wit t h e fa c e Of a
,
—
fe m a le q uite d e l ic a te in fe a t ure a h a n d so m e fa c e ; t h e oth e r a
,

stron g m a n ly f
, a c e ; bo t h a r e f rom t h e ston e g ra ve s S ee Fig s 6 . .

a nd 7 . T h e y s h o w t h e fe a tur e s Of t h e p e opl e Thre e m o re .

t e r r a c ott a h e a d s a r e pr e se n te d in t h e n ext c ut s S e e F ig s 8 . .

a nd 9 . T h e se a r e t h e h a n dl e s Of te r r a c ott a bo wls m od e le d in ,

i m ita ti on Of t h e h um a n h e a d Th ey a r e va l ua ble a s illustr a tin g

.

t wo or t h r ee i m po rt a n t po in ts T h e y m a y n o t h a ve be e n e xa c t
.

i m ita tion s Of t h e fa c e s O f t h e sto n e g r a ve pe o le yet we t h in k ,

th a t th e y g ive som e id e a a s t o h o w th ese pe O p e lo o k e d T h ey .

a l so s h o w t h e style O f h e a d dr e s s wh ic h wa s c omm o n a m o n g
-

t h e p e opl e .

U sed as H a n d le s .

Th e h ea d dre ss e s i n t h e potte ry h a n dl e s a r e a ppa re n tl y full O f

-

sy mbol s a n d wh a t is more t h e s ymbol s a r e v e ry s i m i l a r to tho se

,

fo un d i n t h e s h e ll g o r g e ts a n d h a v e a g e n e ra l r e se mbl a n ce to
th ose dis cove re d in Me xico a n d C e n tra l Am e rica .

We a sk th e questio n in vie w O f t h ese por tr a it s a n d t h e

,

i m it a tive skill wh i c h th e y e xh i b it wh e th e r a n y n o rt h e rn I n d ia n
,

O f t h e h un t e r c l a ss wa s l ik e l y t o h a v e be e n t h e m a n ufa c t ur e r O f
t h e m We a sk fur th e r wh e th e r t h e co n t r a st in t h e fe a t ure s
.

doe s n o t l e a d us to t h e rec o g nition Of difle r en t r a c e s a m on g t h e

‘

m oun d b uild e r s ? S h a ll we n o t t r a c e t h e r a c e s b a c k to dif

- fe r e n t
st oc k s a n d f a m il ie s so m e Of th e m t o t h e Mo n g o l ia n s so m e o f
, ,

t h e m t o t h e Ba sque s som e o f the m t o t h e Ma l a ys

, .

I V We n o w com e to t h e evide n ce furn ish e d b y t h e b uria l

.

c ustom s ( 1 ) Th e firs t fa ct wh ic h is b r o ug h t to o ur a tt en
.

t io n is th a t a ne w m a te r ia l se e m s t o b e used in t h e str uct ure s I n .

a ll o t h e r dis tr icts e a rth wa s t h e m a t e r ia l e mplo ye d b ut h e r e ,

s to n e se e m s to h a v e b e e n use d Th e s tr uct ure s o f t h e Mo un d

.

b uilde rs a re g e n e ra lly ea rt h works Ea rth is t h e ma te ri a l use d

-
.
e ve n in t h e tomb s , t h e l a rg e m ajori ty o f t h e b ur ia l m o un ds ,
e spe c ia ll y i n t h e n orth e r n dis tri cts , h a v i n g be e n co n s tr uct e d O f
m e re e a rt h , s ome O f t h e m s tra ti fie d a nd s om e O f th e m un st ra t i
fie d Th e re a re , to b e s ure, b uri a l mo un ds in O h io wh ic h co n ta in
.

wit h i n th e m c h a mbe rs form e d from lo g s , t h e de a d h a v in g be e n

pl a c e d in t h e s e a s if th e y we re ch a mbe rs in wh ic h th e y re ste d .

Th e re a re a l s o a s we h a ve se e n c e rta in va ults co n s t ructe d from

, ,

s to n e s om e O f t h e m be in g a r che d, ot h e r s wit h
,
s q ua r e a n g l e s .

S pe c i m e n s o fth e se a re fo un d i n Ill in o is a n d Mis s o uri Dr C y r us . .

Th o ma s s pe a ks o f t h e b uria l p its wh ich we re fo un d in North

Ca rol in a .Th e se p its co n ta in co n ica l st o ne c h a mbe rs , s om e o f
—
th e m b e in g b uilt ove r t h e b o dy t h e bo dy be in g i n a sta ndin g

F ig . 11.- Pa n th er Pipe fr om Ca r th a g e, Mo .

a tt it ude — b ut oth e rs b e in g lo we r a n d h a v in g t h e bo dy in a s it
t in g pos t ure Dr Th o m a s h a s a s cribe d th e se to t h e C h e roke e s
. .

a n d t h i n k s t h a t t h e y m a y h a ve b e e n mo de r n i n t h e i r or ig i n In .

n o ne O f t h e ot h e r dis tr icts h o we v e r do we fin d t h e use o f s to ne

, ,

s o co m mo n a s i n th is a n d in n o n e a re s to n e g ra v e s s o n um e ro us
, .

( )
2 T h e s e co n d p e c ul ia r ity wh ic h we n ot ic e is th is : t h e
g ra v e s

a re b uilt i n t ie r s o n e a b o v e t h e o t h e r e a c h t ie r b e i n g dra wn i n
, ,

s o a s to m a k e a py ra m i d or co n e t h e wh ol e h e a p h a v i n g b e e n
,

ult im a t e l y co ve r e d with e a rt h a n d s o a mo un d wh ic h e xte r n a ll y

,

re se mbl e s o t h e r mo un ds wa s t h e re s ult Th is wa s a n ove l m e t h o d .

O f c o n s tr uct i n g mo un ds o ut o f tomb s a n d is pe c ul ia r to th is ,

re g io n The re a re to b e s ure a fe w mo un ds co n s truct e d s om e

.
, ,

wh a t a ft e r t h s pa tt e r
i n — a tomb O f lo g s a bov e a n ot h e r tomb b e in g

fo un d in t h e m .T h is is a diffe re n t type h o we ve r a n d m us t , ,

h a ve b e e n b uilt b y a n e n t i re l y difle re n t cl a ss O f pe opl e

'

Th e .

Gra ve Cree k mo un d is a s pe c im e n O f t h is k in d It wa s a l a rg e . ,

h ig h co n ica l mo un d a nd co n ta in e d t wo c h a mb e rs o n e a b o v e
, ,

t h e ot h e r ; b ut t h e ch a mbe rs co n ta in e d a fe w bo die s wit h t h e ,

re l ic s s ho wing th a t a n un us ua l pe rs o na g e was b urie d the re Th e

,
.
 113

C H A PT E R V III .

TH E MI GRAT IO NS OF TH E MOUND BUILDE R S -

.

O ne o ft h e mo s t s tr ik pe c ulia r it ies a bo ut t h e Mo un d b uil d

in g -

e r s wa s t h a t t h e y a v o ide d t h e co a s t a n d co n c e n tra t e d t h e i r f
o rc e s

th o ro ug h l y in t h e in te r ior , m a k in g t h e r ive rs t h e ir s pe c ia l p la ce s
O f re s ort . We h a ve a lrea dy spok e n O f t h is in co n ne ct io n with
t h e Mis s iss ipp i R ive r, a n d h a ve s h o wn th a t it wa s t h e g re a t
thoro ug h fa re fo r t h e pre h isto ric ra c es , t h e m ig ra tio ns O f t h e
ra ce s h a vin g b e e n a lo n g it s c h a n n e l s i n both dire ctio n s S om e .

o f t h e ra c e s — s uc h a s t h e —
D kota s a re k n own to h a ve pa sse d
a

up from t h e o uth to t h e n o rt
s h P e rh ps t h e Mo un d b uil de rs
,
a -

pa s se d do wn from t h e n ort h to t h e s o uth a t a n ea rl ie r da te Th e .

Miss o uri Ri ve r wa s a n o t h e r g rea t a rte ry wh ich s uppl ie d l ife to

t h e Mo n d b ui l de rs t e rritory It is sa id th a t t h e re a re va ri o us
’
u -
.

m o un ds O f t h e py ra m ida l t ype o n t h e Misso ur i R ive r a n d th a t .

t h es e h a ve be e n tra c e d a t i n te r va l s a lo n g t h e c h a n n e l s , g iv in g
e vide n ce t h a t t h is wa s t h e ro ute wh ic h t h e py ra m id b ui l de r s t o o k -

be fore t h ey rea ch e d t h e stopp in g pl a ce At it s mo uth was t h e .

c a p ita l O f t h e py ra m id b uil de rs Th e O h io R ive r wa s a l s o a n

-
.

a rt e ry O f t h e Mo un d b uil de rs t e rr itory It wa s t h e c h a n ne l
’
-
.

t h ro ug h wh ic h t h e va rio us Mo un d b uil de rs po ure d Th e Oh io

-
.

R ive r wa s t h e div idi n g l in e b e t we e n t h e n ort h e r n cl a ss O fm oqn d

b uil de rs , wh o we re proba bl y h un te rs a n d t h e so uth e rn cl a ss , wh o
.

we re a g ri c ult uris ts . It wa s its e l f o cc up ie d b y a pe opl e wh o

we re in a m in g l e d a g r ic ult ura l a n d h un te r s ta t e Th e y we re ,
”
.

h o we ve r so s urr o un de d b y wa l ik e tr ib e s a s to b e obl ig e d to
,
r -

“
dwe ll in fort ifi e d v ill a g e s ; a n d so it wa s t h e h om e O ft h e v i ll a g e
m o un d b ui l de rs
-
.

The re is n o m o re in te rest in g re g io n in a ll t h e mo un d-b uil de rs ’

te rritory th a n th is o n e t h ro ug h wh ic h t h e O h io R ive r r a n It .

wa s t h e fa vorit e r e s ort fo r t h e Mo un d b uil de rs t h ro ug h o ut a ll

-

t h e pre h is tor ic t im e s . Th e re we re pra irie s to t h e we st , wh ich

we re occ up ie d b y a cl a s s O f p e opl e who s e work s a n d re l ic s a re
s t ill pre v a l e n t , wh om we c a ll n om a die s Th e re was t o t h e ea st
.

a n d n ort h e a s t a n ot h e r cl as s O f Mo un d b uil de rs — a cl a s s wh o se
-

work s sh o w t h a t t h e y we r e m il ita ry i n t h e i r ch a ra ct e r , p o ss ibly

t h e sa m e ra c e wh i c h r e c e n tl y dwe lt in Ne w Yor k S ta t e , a n d wh o
a ls o lef t th e i r tok e n s a ll a l o n g t h e s hore s o f t h e g re a t l a k e s a n d
e xte n ded in to t h e S ta t e O f Mic h ig a n TO t h e s o ut h a n d s o uth
.

e a s t we re t h e re m a r ka bl e wor k s wh ic h h a ve b e e n a s cri b e d to t h e

Ch e ro kee s s o m e O f wh ich b e lo n g e d to a n un k n o wn cl ass O f

Mo und- b ui l de rs wh o pre ce de d t h e m TO t h e s o uth we st we r e
.

t h e m a n y dif —
fe re n t tr ib es o f mo un d b ui l de rs t h e s to n e g ra ve
-

pe opl e , t h e l o d g e dwe ll e rs a n d t h e pyra m id b uil de rs -

 115

n otice d a t t h e o utse t th t t h e Mo b l de rs o f t h e Oh io R ive r

a un d- ui
we re divide d in to difle re n t cl a sse s s om e o f t h e m b e i n g e a rl ie r
'

a n d s om e l a t e r i n t h e dis tr ict S e ve ra l m a y b e re co g n iz e d It
. .

st i ll furt h e r m a y b e s ta te d t h a t a l o n g th is r ive r a div is io n h a s

be e n re co g n iz e d in t h e wo rk s o f t h e distr ict o n e cl a s s b e in g ,
“

s it ua te d a t t h e h e a d wa t e rs O f t h e All e g h a n y R ive r a n o t h e r o n
-
,

t h e Mus k i n g um a n d S c io t o a t h i r d o n t h e Mia m i a n d fro m t h e

, ,

Mia m i to t h e Wa ba sh a fo urt h o n t h e Wa ba s h from t h e Wa ba s h

, ,

to t h e Miss o ur i a fi ft h cl a s s o n t h e C umbe rla n d a n d t h e Te n

,

n e ss e e a s ixt h cl a s s o n t h e S t Fra n c is i n Ar k a n sa s a l ittl e b e y o n d

,
. .

t h e m o uth o f t h e O h i o a n d a se ve n th cl a s s o n t h e Ke n t uc ky
,

a n d t h e K e n a wh a All o ft h e se a r e h o we ve r close ly co n n e cted

.
, ,

with t h e O h io a s t h e g rea t a rte ry t h ro ug h wh ic h t h e l ife o f th e

,

mo un d b uil de rs fl o we d
-
.

We fin d a g re a t va r ie ty o f ra c e s in th e se loc a l it ie s a s ea ch ,

s ub dis tr ict h a d a cl a ss o f e a rt h work s pe c ul ia r to it se l f t h e

- — -

M ay t a g -b p s»

ch a mbe re d tomb o n t h e A ll e g h a ny O f wh ich t h e Gra ve Gree k ,

m o un d is a type (se e F ig I ); t h e s a cre d c i rcl e s a n d vi ll a g e e n c lo

.

s ur e s On t h e S c i o to (s e e F i g 2 ) a n d Mus k in g um ; t h e a n c ie n t .

forts o n t h e L ittl e a n d Big Mia m i (s e e F ig t h e co n ica l .

mo un ds o n t h e Wa ba s h R ive r (s e e F ig t h e l o d g e c ircl e s a n d .

wa ll e d v ill a g e s o n t h e S t Fra n c is R ive r ; t h e sto n e g ra ve s o n t h e

.

C umb e rl a n d R ive r (se e F ig a n d t h e b e e h ive t o mb o n t h e

.
-

K e na wh a R ive r Th e s tra n g e s t fe a t ur e O f a ll is th a t i n th is
.

r e g i o n we fin d t h e re pre s e n ta t ive s O f a ll t h e mo un d b uil de rs

’
-

—
wo r k s t h e g re a t s e rp e n t re pre s e n t in g t h e e fli g y b uil de rs t h e ‘ -
,

a lta r mo un ds a n d fir e b e ds a ppa re n tl y re pre se n t in g t h e h un te rs

-

O f Io wa ; t h e py ra m ids n e a r Eva n s v ill e re pre s e n t i n g t h e pyra

m id b uil de rs ; t h e b e e h ive tomb s r e pre s e n t in g t h e mo un ta in e e rs
- -

in North Ca r o li n a ; t h e c irc ul a r e n clo s ure s re pr e s e n t i n g t h e s un ,

wors h ipe rs ; s om e O f t h e fo rt ifica t io n s re pre se n t in g t h e m il i ta ry

pe opl e O f Ne w York ; t h e s to n e fo rts re pre se n tin g t h e s to n e
g r a v e pe opl e o f K e n t u c k y a n d T e n n e s s e e a n d t h e a s h p i ts r e p ,

rese n t i n g t h e l a t e r r a e e o f h un te rs wh ic h tra v e rs e d t h e re g io n a t
a l a t e da t e .
 1 16

We m a y sa y , t h e n th a t it is a pe c ul ia rly fa vora bl e pla ce to

,

study t h e m r t on s o f t h e Mo un d b uil de rs as we ll a s o f t h e
ig a i -
,

l a te r I n dia n s No w in re fe re n c e to th is s ubj e ct o f m ig ratio n we

.
,

a re a wa r e th a t var i o us wr it e rs h a v e t e a t e d o f it a n d i t m a y b e
r ,
re g a r de d a s a t e st ca se h a vin g g re a t b e a rin g o n t h e mo und
,

b uil de rs probl e m It m a y b e we ll th e n to re fe r to th ese O pin

’
.
, ,

i o n s b e fore we g o furt h r We s h a ll s pe a k first o f t h e t h e ory

e .

wh ich Dr T h om a s h a s a dva n c e d It is t h a t t h e Mo un d b uilde r s

. .
-

o ft h e All e g h a n y R i v e r tho s e o f S o ut h e r n O h io o f t h e K e n a wh a
, ,

Va ll ey a n d o f Ea s te rn Te n n e s se e we re a ll t h e sa m e pe opl e a nd
,

we r e t h e a n c e s tor s o f t h e C h e rok ee s Oppos it e to t h is th e o ry .

is th a t o fS ir Wm D a ws o n wh o h ol ds t h a t t h e Mo un d b uil de r s
.
,
-

Ma . 3—F or t
. at H a r di m b a r g h , on th e M ann R i ver .

we re a pe opl e i l a r t o t h e Tolte ca n ra c e
sim Th e ir fea t ure s t e .

s e m bl e t h e s o f t e r fe a t ures o f t h e Pol y n e s ia n s Dr Da ws o n . .

t h in ks , h owe ve r , t h a t t h e Al g o n k in s we re a l a te r pe opl e a n d th a t
ia l Atl a n t ic
”
a t h e ory p e rf e ctl y un te n a bl e
“
t h e y ca m e from t h e s o uth ea s t , or , a s h e s a ys , fr o m t h e e q ua tor
— Dr. Hora tio H a le .

h ol ds t h a t t h e Al g o n k in s c a m e from t h e n ort h we s t , b ut th a t th ey
fo un d t h e Mo un d b ui l de rs b e fo re t h e m
-
H e loca tes th e m a t fi rs t .

n orth o f t h e O h io , m a k i n g th e i r co ur se to b e s o ut h a n d a cro ss
th is rive r Dr D a n ie l Wi ls on , h o we ve r, hol ds t h a t t h e Mo und
. .

b uil de rs we re m a de up o fa n umb e r o f ra ce s ; s om e o fth e m we re

a ll ie d to t h e Tolt e c a n or , po s s ibl y , to t h e Ma l a y s
. s om e to t h e

A l g on k in s a n d t h e Mo n g o l ia n s tock ; a n d s o m e to t h e a n c ie n t
H o c h e la g a n s o f wh ich t h e Er ie s a n d t h e A lle g h a n s we re t h e
,

fra g m e n t s Th e o p in io n we a dva n c e is s im i l a r to th a t o f Dr
. .

W il so n , b ut in a dditio n we wo ul d s ug g e st t h a t s om e o f th e m we re
 117

all ied to t h e Ibe ria n s a n d th at t h e s un worsh ipe rs a n d ser pe n t

.
-

worsh ipe r s o f t h e O h io R ive r we re s im i l a r t o t h e cl a ss wh o left

th e i r sy m b o ls i n Gre a t Brita in a n d i n W e s te rn E uro pe
’

H e re t h e n we h a ve t h e diffe re n t th e or ie s a n d a re to t a ke o ur
. , ,

ch o ice o ut o f th e m a ll O ur work h o we ve r is n o t to a dva n ce

.
, ,

and prove a t h e ory b ut to st udy t h e tok e n s a n d a s ce rt a in wh a t

,

th e ir tes t im o n y is We e n te r t h e fi e l d wh ich is ve ry rich i n

.
,

pre h istoric work s b ut th e se re q uire t h e clo se st st udy fo r us

,

to se pa ra t e t h e t o k e n s a n d a s s ig n th e m to t h e prope r da te s a n d
orde r a n d ra ce s a n d l e a rn from th e m t h e orde r a n d t h e dire ct io n
,

wh ich tho s e ra ce s ob s e rve d in t h e i r m ig ra t io n s .

Th e q ue st io n i s Ho w a re we to do th is ? We a n swe r t h a t
,

t h e re a r e t h re e wa ys First we m a y ta k e t h e loca tion a nd t h e

.
, _
 119

bra n ch o ft h e D a k ota s we re proba bly o n ce in th is re g io n tho ug h

, ,

t h e ir hom e wa s a fte rwa r d in t h e n ort h e r n pa rt of G e o r g ia 5 . .

Th e Er ie s h a ve b e e n sp o k e n o f a s p o ss ibl y t h e a n c e s t o r s o f t h e
Mo un d b uil de rs a n d a s b e lo n g in g t o t h e s a m e s tock a s t h e All e
-

g h e w is o f tr a dit i o n 6 T h e
. S h a wn. e e s a tr ib e o f t h e Al g
,
o n k in
s t o ck T h e y we re g re a t wa n de re rs a n d l e ft th e i r t o k e n s in
.
,

m a ny loc a l it ie s .Th e distr ict is full o f g r a ve s o f t h e S h a wn ee s ,

wh ic h a r e in te rsp e rse d a m o n g t h e work s o f t h e pre c e din g

m o un d b uil de r s b ut wh ic h a r e e a s i ly dis t in g uis h a bl e fr o m t h e m
,

b y t h e ir m o de r n a ppe a r a n c e a n d b y c e r t a in c h a ra ct e r is t ic s wh ic h
a r e i n de fin a b le b ut wh ic h
. a r e n e ve rt h e l e s s e a s il y r e c o g n iz a bl e .

T h e I r o q uo i s h a ve r e a c h e d a s f o u t h t h O h i R iv er
7 . a r s a s e o .

We s h o ul d un do ubte dl y fin d vario us re l ic s l e ft b y th is trib e in

t h e p e r i o ds pre c e di n g h is t o ry .

1 10 8 . .
—B ur i a l Moun ds on th e S c io t o R i ver , Oh i o .

No w t h e p o i n t we m a k e is t h a t po ss ibl y we m a y fin d i n t h e
t ra dit io n s o f o n e or a ll o fth e s e tr ib e s s o m e t h i n g wh ic h will h e lp
us to ide n t if y t h e mo u n d s a n d r e l i c s o f t h e r e g i o n w it h t h e p e o

p l e wh o b ui lt t h e m W . e m u s t , h o we ve r c o ns id ,
e r o ne t h i n g

be fore we un de rta k e th is W h il e th e re a r e tra dit io n s a m o n g t h e

.

I n dia n s a s to t h e ir fo r m e r str ug g l e s a nd co n q ue sts a bo ut th is r e

g i o n t
,
h e r e a r e a l so e v id e n c e s o f p r e c e din
g m ig ra t io n s a n d t h is ,

e v ide n c e co m e s to us a s a c o n fir m a t io n t h a t t h e Mo un d b uil de rs -

h e re we re n o t o ne pe opl e b ut m a n y I n fa ct it wa s a s wa rm in g .
,

p l a c e f o r s e v e r a l tr i b e s o r s t o ck s W .it h t h i s p o i n t i n m i n d we

m a y s a fe l y ta k e up tra dit io n a s o n e s o ur c e o f e v ide n c e Th e .

g r e a t r i ve r s a r e s u ppo se d t o h a v e a r e cor d o f m i g r a t io n s w r itt e n

upo n t h e ir ba n k s , t h e wo r k s a n d t h e v a rio us tra dit i o n s o f t h e

I n dia n s be in g b y s o m e 1de n t ifie d wit h e a c h r ive r a n d t h e prom i
n e n t m o un ds o n e a c h h a vi n b e n ide n t ifi e d a s t h e se a t o f s om e
g e

g r e a t e v e n t k n o w n i n h is tor y o r tr a d it i o n .

It
is we ll k
n o wn h a t h e t t
a di io n , wh i h h a str t
e e n e pe a e d so b r c t
m tm
a ny i t
e s b y t h e n a ive s a n d g a h e e d b y t h e t r
is s i n a ie s a n dm o r
c oolc t
by S h r a f , H e c k we lde r a n d o h e s , i n e a i n t r r l t o to
th e e y v r
m r to c r
ig a i n we a r e n o w o n s ide i n g . h a s ee n o a e d in m a ny dif b l c t
r t pl c
fe o n a es — firs t o n t h e Mis s is s i i , n e x o n t h e S t pp t
a w en e , L r c .
 120

nex t o n t h e S t Cl a i r It se e m s t o h a ve fo un d it s l a st re st in g p la ce
. .

i n th is ve ry di t r ic t a t t h e h e a d wa t e rs o f t h e O h io
s , Th e ce l e
-
.

b ra t e d G r a ve Cre e k m o un d is sa id to b e t h e ve ry s po t wh e re t h e
e ve n t is co m m e m o ra te d No w we wo ul d n o t depre c ia te t h e
.

va l ue o ft h e tra dit io n a s o n e o ft h e c o n n e ct in g l in ks b e twe e n t h e

h is to ry o f t h e Mo un d b uil de rs a n d t h e mo de rn I n dia n s b ut re fe r
-
,

t o t h e p o in t a s a n e v ide n c e o f t h e i m port a n ce o f di scri m in a t io n

“

in t h e m a tt e r o f m ig ra t io n s .

Ha ywoo d sa ys t h e C h e ro kee s h a d a tra dit io n in wh ic h wa s

co n ta in e d t h e h istory o fth e ir m 1g ra t io ns It wa s t h a t t h ey c a m e .

fro m t h e uppe r pa rt o f t h e O h i o wh e re t h e y e re cte d e a rt h ,

work s But t h e re is a m a p co n ta ine d in C a tl in s bo o k o n t h e

’
.

I n dia n s wh ic h re pre se n t s t h e ro ute ta k e n b y t h e Ma n da n s a ,

bra n c h o f t h e Da kota s T h is m a p m a k e s O h io t h e s ta rt in g
.

po in t o f t h a t pe o pl e a n d t h e h ea d wa te rs o f t h e Miss o ur i t h e
,
-

t e rm i n a t io n o f th e ir wa n de rin g s We re g a rd t h is tra dit io n {as .

import a n t a s t h a t o f t h e D e l a wa re s or o f t h e I r o qn o is b ut it is ,

a tra dit io n wh ic h g ive s j us t t h e o pp o s it e dir e ct io n f o r t h e ro ut e

o f t h e Mo un d b uil de r s o f t h e di str ict

-
H o w s h a ll we re co n c il e .

t h e t wo a cco un t s O ur m e t h o d o f r e co n c il i n g is o n e wh ic h we
ta k e fro m t h e st udy o ft h e m o un ds Th e D a k o ta tra dit io n re fe r s .

to a m ig ra t io n wh ic h proba bl y pre c e de d a ll t h e re cords o fe ith e r

t h e Te leg h e wi t h e C h e rok e e s t h e D e l a wa re s a n d t h e I ro q uo is
, , ,

t h e m ig ra t io n o ft h e s tra n g e s e rp e n t wors h ipe r s or ig in a ll y o c c u

py g i n t h is di s tr ict O ur po s it io n is t h a t a ll o f t h e tra dit i o n s a r e
.

imp o rta n t b ut t h e y pro ve a s ucc e s s io n o f pop ul a t io n s in th i s

.

re g io n I f Dr Th o m a s is t o loca te t h e C h e ro k e es h e re we a l so
. .
,

loc a te t h e a n c e s t o rs o f t h e D a kota s a n d l e a ve th e wa y: ope n fo r .

ot h e rs to l o ca te o th e r trib e s s o m a k in g t h e Mo un d b uil de rs n o t
,
-

o n e b ut dive rse a n d lo n g co n t in ue d
. Th is is o ur po irit . .

We m a y we ll ta ke up t h e s t udy o f l o c a l ity a s co n n e cte d with

t h e tra dit io n s H e c k we lde r s a ys t h e Le n n i Le n a pe re s ide d m a n y
.
,

h un dre d ye a rs a g o in a dis ta n t c o un try in t h e we s t

,
Th e y .

m ig ra te d e a s t wa rd a n d ca m e t o a fo rt a n d l a rg e to wn o f t h e
,

Na m a e s ippi a s t h e y ca ll e d t h e c o un try o cc up ie d b y t h e Te ll e
,

h w i w h o h d m a n y l a r g e to wn s a n d re g ul a r f ort i fic a t i o ns
g e ,
a .

O n e o f t h e se to wn s wa s n ea r t h e m o ut h o f t h e H uro n a n d h e re ,

a r e t h e m o un ds co n ta i n in g t h e b o die s o f t h e s l a i n Te lle g h e wi .

He c k we lde r a l s o sa ys t h e Me n g we a n d t h e Le n n i Le n a pe un ite d
th e ir fo rc e s a n d g re a t ba ttl e s we re fo ug h t Th e e n e m y fo rt ifie d
, .

t h e i r l a r g e t o wn s a n d e r ect e d fo rt ifica t io n s o n t h e r ive rs a n d

l a k e s Th e wa r l a ste d m a n y ye a rs I n t h e e n d t h e i n va de rs
. .

co n q ue re d a n d divide d t h e c o un try b e t we e n t h e m Th e Me n g we .

m a de c h o ic e o f t h e l a n ds i n t h e v ic i n ity o f t h e g re a t l a k e s a n d ,

t h e Le n a p e took p o s s e ss io n o f t h e c o un try to t h e s o ut h Th e .

A lle g h e wi fi n din g de s tr uct io n in e v ita bl e a ba n do n e d t h e c o un

, ,

t ry a n d fle d do wn t h e Mis s iss ipp i fro m wh e n c e t h e y ne v e r r e ,

t urn e d H e re th e n we h a ve t h e Al g o n k in a cc o un t a n d we
.
, , ,
 121

se e m to b e look in g a t a p ict ure o f t h e Mo un d b uil de rs wh o -

h a d o c c up ie d t h e t e rr itory Th e re is a dis crepa n cy h o we ve r

.
, ,

in t h e tra dit i o n or ra t h e r t h e i n te rpre ta t io n o f it

, Th e s c e n e is .

lo c a te d o n t h e Na m a e s ippi wh ic h H e c k we lder ca ll s t h e Miss is

.

sipp i a n d t h e fl ig ht is do wn t h a t r ive r ; b ut H e c k we lde r

, in ,

a n oth e r pl a c e l o c a t e s o n e g re a t b a ttl e n e a rl y we s t o f t h e S t
, .

Cl a i r a n d a n oth e r j us t s o uth o f La k e Er ie wh e re h un dre ds o f ,

t h e Te lle g h e wi we re b ur ie d in t h e mo un ds Th is tra ditio n .

a ccor ds wit h t h e pa ss a g e s in C us ic k s n a rra t ive a n a rra t i ve wh ic h

’
,

co m es from t h e Iro q uo is ra th e r t h a n from t h e D e l a wa res or

Le n a pe s It a l so m a y a cco r d with t h e po e tic a l a cco un t co n ta in e d
.

in t h e W a l um Ol um or t h e r e d s core o f t h e D e l a wa re s tra n s
, ,

la t e d b y Dr D G Bri n to n Mr H a l e in THE A MER I CA N A NTI

”
. . . . .
,

Q U A R I A N h a s sa i d
, t h a t t h e co un try fro m wh ic h t h e Le n n i Le na pe
“
m ig ra te d wa s S h ina ke t h e l a n d o f fir t ree s t h e woo dy re g io n
,
.

n ort h o f La k e S upe r ior a n d t h in k s t h a t t h e R ive r S t La wre n c e

, .

is m ea n t b y t h e word g re a t r ive r Na m a e s ipp i H e h o we v e r .

, ,

lo ca te s t h e b a tt l e mo un ds a t S t Cl a i r a n d t h e D e tro it R ive r a n d
.

m a k e s t h e H uro n s t h e a ll ies o f t h e Le na pe All t h e a cco un ts .

a g re e in t h is th a t t h e Te lle g h e wi we re c a s t o f a g rea t r ive r a n d

,

th a t t h ey we re de fe a t e d a n d drive n so uth Dr Th o m a s t h in k s . .

th a t t h e tra ditio n a ss ists h im in ca rry in g o ut t h e full ide n t ific a

t io n o f t h e T e lle g h e wi with t h e mo un d b uil de rs o f th is m iddl e -

dis tr ict wh om h e re g a rds a s t h e a n ce s tors o f t h e Ch e ro ke e s

, .

H e sa ys th a t t h e Te lle g h e wi or Tsa la k e wa s t h e n a m e t h e Ch e r
kee s g a ve th e m se lve s Th e tra ditio n o f t h e C h e rok e e s re fe rs t o
.

t h e re g io n o f t h e Uppe r O h io a s th e ir form e r h om e Th e te st i .

mo ny o f t h e mo un ds a n d o f t h e W a l um Ol um a re in a ccord
with t h e Gra ve C ree k m o un d a n d tho s e fo un d in t h e K e n a wh a
Va ll ey a n d wh e n co m pa re d with t h e O h io m o un ds prove t h a t
,

th is wa s the i r h om e a n d t h e re tre a t was b y wa y o ft h e Ke na wh a

R ive r No w t h is is ve ry pl a us ibl e a n d s o fa r as it g oe s it m a y
.
, , ,

prove sa t is fa cto ry S t ill we m a y sa y t h a t t h e re a re tra ditio n s

.

wh ich loca te ot h e r trib es in t h e sa m e re g i o n tr ib e s wh ic h a re o f ,

en t i re l y dif fe re nt stoc k from t h e A lle g h e wi O n t h is po in t we .

wo ul d re fe r to t h e m a p co n ta in e d in C a t l i n s I n dia n s a n d to t h e ’

o ne pre p a r e d b y Mr J O Dors e y . Th e se sh ow th a t t h e tra di

. . .

t io n a ry ro ut e o f t h e D a k o ta s wa s in t h e oppo s ite dire ct io n fro m

th a t o f t h e Ch e rok e e s .

I I We n o w t urn to t h e ea rth work s We h a ve sa id th a t

.
-
.

th e re a re m a ny e a rth work s in t h is di strict a n d t h a t t h e y c a n b e

-
,

div ide d both a ccordi n g to t h e i r g e o g r a p h ic a l loc a t io n a n d t h e i r

c h ro n ol o g i ca l h o r iz o n We h a ve a l s o sa id t h a t t h e re pre se n ta
.

tiy e s o f t h e work s o f oth e r dis t ricts a re fo un d in th is a n d t h a t ,

th e se re pre se n ta tive s m a y h e lp us t o ide n t ify t h e pe opl e wh o

o n ce pa ss e d th ro ug h t h is g rea t c h a n n e l We a re n o w t o ta k e .

up t h e diff e re n t dis tr icts a n d s e e wh a t s i m i l a r it ie s t h e re a r e Le t .

us firs t n ot ic e t h e c e n t e r s o f pop ul a t io n It is ve ry re m a rk a bl e .
 122

th a t t h e se ce n te rs v e ry clo s e l y corre spo n d in t h e h istor ic a n d

t h e pre h is tor ic t im es To ill us tra te : Th e e tfig ie s a re n e a r t h e
’ ‘

c it ies o f Ma dis o n a n d Mil wa uk e e W is co n s in ; t h e b ur ia l m o un ds

,

o f o n e cl a s s a r e n o t far fro m S t Pa ul a n oth e r cl a ss n o t fa r from

.
,

D a ve n p o rt I o wa ; t h e se rpe n t m o un d (se e F ig 8) n o t fa r from

,
.

Q uin cy I ll in o is ; a.

pyra m id mo un d j ust
o ppo s ite S t Lo uis .
,

o t h e r s n e a r t h e City

o f N a tc h e z Miss iss ,

ipp i; t h e s t o n e g ra ve
pe opl e n e a r t h e C it y
N a sh v ill e Te n ne s .

se e ; t h e b e e h iv e
to m b s n ea r t h e City
K n oxvill e Te n ne s ,

s e e ; t h e Gra ve Cre e k

mo un d n o t fa r from
Pittsb urg ; t h e sa cre d
e n cl o s ure s n e a r Ch i l
lic o t h e N e wa rk a n d
,

Cin c in n a ti a n d t h e ,

ve ry l a rg e co n ica l
mo un ds n e a r De
t r o it V in ce n n e s (se e
,

F ig Da yton a n d
.

H a m ilto n .

E H e re t h e n we , ,

h a ve a m a p o f t h e
co un try with t h e ,

c e n te rs m a rk e d Th e .

r i v e r s {a l s o un ite
t h e se ce nte rs t h e—
All e g h a ny Musk in ,

g um . t h e Mia m i , th e
Wa bas h t h e Cum .

b e rl a n d t h e Te n n es
,

se e ,
t h e Ill in o i s t h e ,

Wisco ns in t h e Io wa , ,

th e De s Mo in e s ,
th e
Misso ur i ,
th S t Fra n c is, t h e R e d t h e Ark a n sa s t h e Ya z oo , t h e
e .
, ,

O c m ulg e e t h e To m b ig b e e , t h e K e n a wh a a n d t h e K e n t uck y , a n d
, ,

t h ey a ll c o n ta in mo un ds o n t h e ir ba n ks .

I I I Th e q ues tio n is a bo ut t h e re se mbl a n ce s b e t we e n t h e works

.

i n th e s e diffe r e n t c e n te r s a n d t h o s e o n t h e O h io . T h e re m a y b e
re s e mbl a n c es wh e re t h e re we re n o m ig ra tio n s , b ut t h e pro b a b il
t ie s a re t h a t th ey we re ca use d b y t h e a dh e re n ce o f t h e m ig ra t
n g tr ib e s to t h e i r f orm e r c us t o m s , t h e p e opl e re ta in in g t h e s ig n s
 1 23

a n d b ur ia l c us tom s wh e r e v e r th ey we n t T h i s. i s s e e n i n m a n y
tr ct or p r b lt l d q r h
.

dis i s Th e s un w s
.
-
h i e s u i t h e c 1 r c e s a n s u a e s ,
t e

se rp en t w or-
s h i p e r s b u i lt s e r p e n t e ffi g i e s , t h e p y r a m id b u i l d e r s -

b uilt pl a t fo rm s , t h e h un te rs b uilt loo k o ut mo un ds a n d g a m e

r v
d i es, t h m i l i t r p e opl e b u i lt f o rt s ; b ut th e y w e n t e l s e w h e r e
e a y ,

fo r we fin d rp t ffi i e s c i rc u l a r e n cl o s u r e s looko u t mo u n d s
s e e n e g , , ,

f ort i fic a t i o n s b u r i
,
a l c h a mb e r s ,
a lt a r mo u n d s a n d p y r a m i d s i n

oth e r l o ca l it ie s a s we ll a s h e r e .

We g i v e h e r e c u t s o f t h e s e rp e n t i n O h i o a n d o f t h e s e rp e n t
ef fig y n e a r Q u i n c y, I ll i n o i s . T h e se e ffi g 1e s a r e r e s p e ct i v e l y
1 2 50 a n d 1 4 0 0 f e e t i n l e n g t h . Th e y a r e bot h co n form e d t o t h e

p
sh a e o f t h e bl u ffs o n w h i c h th e y w e r e e r e ct e d ,
a n d h a v e ot h e r
fea t u r e s w h i c h a re s i m i l a r .

Th is, th e n , is t h e p o i n t we m a k e in co nn e ctio n with t h e m id

dle d i s tr i ct W .e e n t e r t h i s d i s tr i ct a n d fi n d t h a t d i ff e r e n t r a c e s

F ig 8
. .
—8 erp en t Moun d i n I lli n oi s .

pa ss e d th ro ug h it S o m e we re e a rl y a n d s o m e l a te We a l s o
. .

fin d th a t t h e tr ib e s we n t in diffe re n t di re ct io n s s om e g o i n g t o ,

t h e s o uth a n d a lo n g t h e se a co a s t a n d b e c a m e t h e s e a co a s t ,

pe opl e ; som e to t h e s o uth we st a cro ss t h e m o un ta in s a n d b e

, ,

ca m e mo un ta in ee rs ; s ome to t h e we st to t h e p ra irie re g io n a n d , ,

b e ca m e h un te rs ; s om e to t h e Gul f S ta te s a n d b e c a m e a g ric ul ,

t ur is t s All t h e work s in t h e se diffe re n t districts s h o w th a t t h e

.

pe opl e we re o n c e in t h e m iddl e district a n d h a d m a de t h e O h io

R ive r or a t l e a s t a pa rt o f it th e i r s topp in g pl a c e
, ,
Th e re is .
,

h o we ve r o n e th in g to b e n ot ic e d
,
Wh il e t h e re pre se n ta t ive s o f
.

a ll t h e distr ict s a re co n ta in e d in t h e O h io Va ll ey ye t t h e ,

diffe r e n t pa rts o f th a t v a ll e y a re to b e co n s ide re d fo r t h e py ra ,

m id b uil de rs n e v e r a pp ea re d o n t h e e a s t e rn wa t e rs t h e s un
-
,

wors h ipe rs n e ve r in t h e we ste r n pa rt t h e fort b uil de r s e re cte d ,

-

th e ir wo rk s in t h e m iddl e pa rt a n d t h e se rpe n t wors h ipe rs ,

-

m e re ly pa s se d t h ro ug h or crosse d ove r t h e c e n tra l pa rt a n d ulti ,

m a te l y b uilt t h e i r work s in dis ta n t r e g io n s Th is is t h e wa y we .

re co n c il e t h e diffe re n t th e orie s a s to t h e mo de rn m ig ra t io n s
,

wh i c h a re re corde d in h istory a n d in t ra dit io n Th e C h e r o k e e s .

m a y h a v e m ig ra te d t h ro ug h t h e e a s t e rn pa r t o f th is va ll e y If .

th ey did it wa s a t a comp a ra t ive ly re c e n t da te fo r a ll th e ir work s

, ,
 125

form a roo f Th is roo f h a d de ca ye d a n d fa ll e n in , s o th a t wh e n

’

t h e mo un d wa s firs t v is it e d it co n ta i n e d a h o llo w pl a c e a t it s
s umm it . At t h e ti m e o f t h e explora t io n t h e t wo c h a mbe rs b e
c a m e m in g l e d to g e th e r , t h e di rt f a ll in g fro m t h e uppe r in to t h e
l o we r Th e re is n o do ubt th a t t h e sa m e ra c e e re cte d both
.

c h a mbe rs Th e m o un d wa s a ve ry h ig h o n e , wa s s it ua te d s o a s
.

to g ive a v ie w o f t h e Oh io Rive r a n d m a y h a ve bee n use d a s a

,

l o oko ut st a t io n a s we ll a s a b uria l pl a c e Th e Gra ve Cree k .

mo un d a l s o co n ta in e d o n e s k e l e to n in t h e uppe r c h a mbe r, a n d
t wo in t h e l o we r c h a m b e r , a n d it m a y b e co nj e ct ure d t h a t th e y
we re se p ulc h ra l c h a mbe rs , wh ic h co n ta in e d t h e b o n e s o f t h e
'

fa m il y o f t h e c h ie fta n or dis ti n g uish e d in div idua l s a m o n g t h e

tr ibe o f t h e b uil de rs W it h t h e se s k e l e to n s we re fo un d thre e or
.

fo ur t h o usa n d s h e ll b e a ds s e ve ra l b r a c e l e ts o f c o pp e r a n d va r io us
.

a rt icl e s ca rv e d in s t o n e It is sa id, h o we v e r , t h a t o n rea c h in g

.

t h e lo we r va ult it was de t e r m in e d to e n l a rg e it fo r t h e a c c o m m o
da t i o n o f v is itors , a n d i n s o do in g t e n more s k e l e to n s we re
dis co ve re d, a ll in a s itt in g po s t ure , b ut i n s o fra g il e a s ta t e a s to
de fy a ll a tt e mpt s a t pres e rva t io n We m ig h t sa y in c o n ne ct io n
.

with t h is Gra ve Cr e e k m o un d a n d t h e t h e ory t h a t it wa s b uilt

b y t h e C h e ro ke e s , t h a t t h e t a bl e t a bo ut wh ic h s o m uc h dis c uss io n
h a s a ris e n , wa s sa id to b e fo un d in t h e l o we r c h a m b e r , t h o ug h
it m a y h a v e dropp e d fro m t h e up pe r o n e It is n o w ove r t we n ty
.

y e a r s s in c e t h e t a bl e t w a s t h r o wn o ut o f co urt , it s e vi de n c e

h a vin g b e e n impe a c h e d s o m a n y t im e s t h a t it h a s n o we ig h t i n
s olv in g t h e probl e m S t ill , in a s m uc h a s t h e C h e rok ees h a ve a n
.

a lp h a b e t , wh i c h wa s s a id to h a v e b e e n in tro duc e d or in v e n t e d b y
t h e C h e rok e e S e q uo ia , a n d a s ot h e r s to n e s h a ve b e e n di s cov e re d
with a lph a be t ic c h a ra cte rs o n th e m , p e rh a ps t h e c a se s h o ul d b e
re co n side re d.
Th e re a re v e ry fe w mo un ds in O h io wh ich co n ta in ch a mbe rs
like t h e se . W h i l e th e re we re va rio us mo un ds wh ic h c o n ta in e d
s in g l e c h a m be r s ma de from lo g s t h e y we re g e ne ra ll y c o mpa ra
,

tive l y s m a ll m o un ds a n d t h e c h a mbe rs wit h in t h e m we re m uc h

,

s m a ll e r . S q uie r a n d D a v is h a ve s po ke n o f a se p ulc h ra l mo un d
o n t h e ea s t b a n k o f t h e S c ioto R ive r o n e o f a g r o up wh ich wa s
, ,

twe n ty t wo fe e t h ig h b y n in e t y fe e t ba se At t e n fee t be lo w t h e
- .

s urf a c e occ urre d a l a yer o f c h a rco a l ; a t t h e d e pt h o f twe n ty t wo -

fe e t wa s a fra m e work o f t i m b e r n in e fee t lo n g se v e n fe e t wide

-
, .

a n d twe n ty i n ch e s wide wh ich h a d b e e n c o ve re d wi th un h e wn

,

lo g s Th e b ottom h a d bee n cove re d with ba rk m a tt in g a n d upon

.
,

t h e m a tt in g wa s a s in g l e s ke l e to n Aro un d t h e n e c k o f t h e
.

s k e l e to n was a tr ipl e r o w o fb e a ds m a de o f m a rin e s h e ll s se v e ra l ,

h un dre d in n um be r a n d t h e t us k s o f s om e a n ima l Th is is t h e
, .

mo un d h owe ve r to wh ic h we h a ve re fe r re d a lre a dy It wa s a
, , .

mo un d wh ic h in its loca t io n sh o we d th a t it wa s n o t o n e wh ic h
, ,

be lo n g e d t o t h e s un worsh ipe r s I t wa s sit ua te d s ix m il e s fro m

-
.

Ch ill ic o t h e o n a h i ll a m i l e a n d a h a l f fro m a n y e n clo s ure

, , ,
 126

t h o ug h r o un de d b y oth e r b uria l mo un ds o f th e sa m e sh a pe
su r

S e e F ig 6 Th is mo un d we a s cribe to a diffe re n t ra ce from t h os e

. .

wh o b ui lt t h e a lta r mo un d s a n d t h e en clo s ure s .

Dr Th o m a s s pe a k s o f t wo m o unds in t h e K e n a wh a Va ll ey
. ,

o n e c a ll e d t h e S m ith m o un d a n d t h e o t h e r No 2 3 o ne b e i n g 3 .
5 ,

fe e t h ig h a n d 1 7 5 fe e t in c i rc um fe re n ce t h e o th e r 2 5 fe e t h ig h,

and 3 12 f e e t in c i rc um f e re n c e Both c o n ta in e d c h a m be rs m a de
.

from lo g s o n e o f t h e m 1 3fee t lo n g a n d 1 2 wide t h e o t h e r 1 2

, ,

fe e t a cr o ss a n d s o m e 10 fe e t h ig h Both we re in t h e fo r m o f a
.

p e n. It a pp ea r s t h a t t h e g r e a t S m it h mo u n d co n ta in e d five s k e l

to n s o n e v e ry l a rg e ove r se ve n fee t lo n g Ea c h wris t wa s

, ,
.

e n c i r cl e d by coppe r
bra ce l e ts ; u p o n t h e
bre a s t was a coppe r g o r
g ;
e t i n e a ch h a n d w e re

th ree flin t l a n ce h e a ds ; -

n ear t h e r ig h t h a n d a
s m a ll h e m a t ite c e lt a n d

a s to n e a xe ; upo n t h e
s h o ul de r t h r e e s h ee ts o f

m i ca a n d a fra g m e n t o f
dre s s e d sk in wh ic h h a d ,

b ee n pres e rve d b y t h e
co ppe r An o th e r m o un d .

s it ua t e d in t h e va ll e y o f

t h e S c io to R ive r o n t h e ,

ve ry l o we st te rra c e (se e F ig . wh e re t h e wa te r fre q ue n tl y ov e r

flo we d wa s e xc a va t e d a n d fo un d to co n ta in c h a m b e rs or va ults
, , ,

o n e a bov e t h e oth e r T h ese va ults we re l a rg e r a n d o f diffe re n t

.
,

s h a p es b e i n g 3,
6 fe e t in dia m e te r a n d c i rc ul a r in s h a pe
, Th e y .

we re b uilt b y po s ts pl a ce d upr ig h t 1 1 in c h e s a pa rt t h e uppe r

, ,

va ult h a vin g t wo c ir c ul a r ro ws o f po sts b ut t h e l o we r o n l y o n e, .

O n t h e floor o f e a ch va ult we re se ve ra l s ke l e to n s Th e re we re .

a l s o lo g s o r t im b e r s in t h e l o we r va ult g iv in t h e ide a t h a t t h is
g ,

o n e wa s a l s o b uilt in t h e sa m e wa y Dr Th o m a s s a ys th e re
. .

we re s o m e in dica t io n s t h a t t h e b uria l wa s co m p a ra t iv e l y re c e n t ,

a s a bo n e s h o wi n g t h e c ut s o f a s t ee l k n if e wa s f o un d in t h e
va ult Th e fa ct th a t t h e m o un d wa s o n t h e lo w g ro un d ove r
.

flo we d b y t h e rive r a l so sho ws th a t it wa s re ce n t a s a ll t h e o ld ,

mo un ds we re o n t h e te rra ce s a b o ve t h e floo d pl a in a n d we re ,

e v ide n tl y b ui lt wh e n t h e wa te r co ve r e d t h e floo d pl a in wh il e t h is ,

o n e wa s b ui lt a f t e r t h e floo d pl a in h a d b ee n dra in e d Th e l a rg e .

va ult s wit h t h e m o de rn re l ic Dr Th o m a s th in k s we re us e d a s
, .
,

co un cil h o use s a n d th a t th ey re se m bl e th o se use d b y t h e Ch e r

o kee s a f t e r t h e t im e o f h is tory Th e discove ry o f a s i m il a r v a ult
.

b y Mr L uc ie n C a rr is re fe rre d t o in e v ide n c e
. Th is va ult so .
,

ca ll e d wa s o n t h e top o fa trun ca te d ova l m o un d in Lee C o un ty

, ,

W es t V 1rg in ia It wa s e v ide n tl y a rot un da such a s t h e Ch e ro

.
,
 127

ke e s used th e ir pl a ce s o f a ss e mbl y a s t h e re wa s a r o w o f
as ,

po sts a rra n g e d in a c ir cl e s h o win g t h is Th e a rg um e n t wh ic h ,

.

Dr Th o m a s dwe ll s upo n is t h a t t h e pro xim ity to t h e c ircl e a n d

.

s q ua r e c a ll e d t h e B a um Wo r k s prov e s it to h a v e b e e n b ui lt b y

t h e sa m e p e opl e Th is h o we ve r is t h e ve ry po in t we m a k e o n
.
, ,

t h e ot h e r s ide It pro ve s t h e s ucces sio n o f ra ce s a n d sho ws

.
,

th a t t h e C h e rok e e s we re a mo n g t h e la st in t h e re g io n b ut we re ,

n o t t h e v ill a g e s un wo r s h ipe rs a s is s ug g e s t e d
-
Th e va ulte d
, .

m o un ds h a ve n o t be e n fo un d in t h e c ircl e s or sq ua re s n o r in ,

con ne ctio n with t h e cov e re d wa ys or do ubl e c ircl e s n o r do t h e y ,

co n ta in a ny s uch fi ne l y c a rve d re l ic s a s be lo n g e d to t h e e a rl ie r
'
c la s s o f s un wors h ip e rs T h e se a re ve ry r ude a n d t h e m o un ds
-
.

a r e dif fe re n tl y s it ua t e d .

IV Th e m o de o fb uria l pra ct ice d b y t h e Mo un d b uil de rs is n e xt

.
-

to b e co n s ide re d Dr Th o m a s in h is wo rk h a s s h o wn o n e
. .
, ,

mo de o f b uria l wh ic h wa s q uite re m a rk a bl e It se e m s to h a ve .

c o n s is t e d in t h e dig g in g o fa c i rc ul a r p it a n d t h e n pl a c i n g bo die s ,

in t h e pit a n d b uil din g s t o n e co n e s o r ch a mbe rs ov e r t h e bo die s .

Th is pit with sto n e va ults a n d sk e l e to n s wa s e xplore d b y t h e

a g e n t o f t h e B ure a u o f Et h n olo g y It is a tr ue c ircl e 38 fe e t .
,

in dia m e te r n o t m ore t h a n a foot a n d a h a l f in h e ig h t

, Th e .

b e e h ive s h a pe d va ults we re b uilt o f wa te r worn b o ul de r s Th e

- -
.

s k e l e to n wa s pl a ce d up o n it s f e e t a n d a wa ll b uilt up a ro un d it .

On t h e top o ft h e h ea d o f o n e s k e l e to n un de r t h e c a ps t o n e we re , ,

se v e ra l pl a t e s o f s i lv e ry m ic a Ma ny o f t h e s to n e s o f t h e l ittl e
.

va ults b o re un m i sta ka bl e e vide n ce s o ffire Th e o n l y re l ic fo un d .

wa s a p ipe fo un d n e a r t h e m o ut h o f o n e
,
Th is pit wa s co ve re d
with a v e ry lo w mo un d N e a r t h e m o un d wa s a tr ia n g l e wh ich .
,

prove d t o b e a co m m un a l g ra ve It wa s a b uria l pit Th e t wo . .

lo n g s ide s o f t h e tria n g l e we re 48 fe e t e a c h a n d t h e oth e r s ide ,

3 2 f
e e t T h .e d e pth v a r ie d f rom t w o a n d a h a l f to t h re e f e e t .

H e re wa s a b ee h ive s h a pe d va ult o f cobbl e sto n e s I n t h e pit

-
.

a s k e l e to n a n d a l a r g e e n g ra v e d g or g e t we re wit h it ; a n umb e r
,

o f l a r g e s iz e d s h e ll b e a ds ; a t t h e s ide s o f t h e h e a d n e a r t h e
-
,

e a rs five coppe r b e a ds or s m a ll cy l in de r s ; un de r t h e br e a s t a
, ,

p ie c e o f coppe r ; a bo ut e a ch wri st a bra c e l e t c o mpo se d o fa lte r ,

n a te b e a ds o f c o ppe r a n d s h e ll ; a t h is r ig ht h a n d we re f o ur iro n
s p e c im e n s o n e o f t h e m in t h e f
,
or m o f a th in ce lt : a n oth e r
a pp a re n t l y a pa rt o f t h e bl a de o f a lo n g s l e n de r k n if e o r da
g
g e r ; a n ot h e r a p a rt o f a ro un d a w l s h a p e d i n s tr um e n t S ca t t e r e d -
.

o ve r a n d b e t we e n t h e s k e l e to n s o f t h is g ro up we re n um e ro us
pol ish e d ce lts dis co ida l sto n e s coppe r a rro w po in ts pl a te s o f
, ,
-
,

m ica l umps o f pa in t Abo ut 2 00 ya rds ea s t o ft h e tr ia n g l e was

,
.

a n ot h e r lo w mo un d cove r in g a c i rc ul a r p it s i m i l a r to t h e o n e
,

de scri b e d in wh ic h we re t we n t y s ix s k e l e to n s
,
I n a diffe ren t -
.

pa rt o f t h e sa m e c o un t y a n oth e r s im il a r pit co n ta in in g a k in d ,

o f comm un a l g ra ve in wh ich we r e t h e f ,ollo win g a rticl es : On e

s t o n e a xe 4 3pol ish e d c e lt s 9 potte ry ve s se l s t h e h a n dl e o fo n e
, , ,
 129

ca t e d a lo n g th e Atl a n t ic c o a s t a n d o n t h e All e g h a n y mo un ta in s
h a ve n ev e r b e e n re co g n iz e d a s b e lo n g i n g to t h e Mo un d b ui l de rs -
.

Ma n y o f t h e se works a r e t o b e co n n e cte d with t h e h istoric

I n dia n s s uc h a s t h e Po wh a t ta n s o f t h e Al g o n kin s to c k a n d t h e
,

Tusca roras o f t h e Iroq uo is stock Th e va l ue o f t h e fi n ds c o n .

s is ts in t h e f a ct th a t t h e re cord o f t h e C h e rok e e s i s ca r r ie d b a c k

in to pre h is tor ic t i m e s a n d t h e re c o r d o f m o un d b uil din g bro ug h t -

up to mo e r n t im e s ; b ut to m a ke t h e C h e ro k ee s t h e m o un d
b uil de rs o t h e Miss iss ippi Va ll ey is a b s urd Th e Ch e rok e e s .

m a y h a v e p a s se d o ve r a po r t io n o ft h e Mo un d b uil de rs te rr ito ry
’
-
,

pre c is e l y a s t h e D a k ota s a re s uppo se d to h a ve do n e a t a n ea rl y

k n w e i s—
t im e a n d a s we o oth r tr be s uch a s t h e S h a wn ees D e la
—
,

wa re s Iro q uo is a n d Wya n do tte s did a ft e r t h e tim e o f t h e

,

dis cov e ry ; b ut t h e prob a b i l ity is t h a t th e i r ro ut e wa s o ve r t h e

‘

e a s t e r n pa r t a n d n o t t h e we s t e r n .

Tha t th e re was a s ucc e ss io n o f ra c e s is see n fro m t h e st udy

o f t h e b ur ia l m o un ds F ig 1 1 i ll us tra te s th is
. . I n th is mo un d .

we fin d a t t h e bott om a c irc ul a r va ult th re e fee t de e p a n d 6 fee t

in dia m e t e r fill e d with chocol a t e dus t No 1
, Ne xt to th is wa s
, . .

a la ye r m a rk e d 2 co n ta in in g t h e bo ne s o f fifte e n or t we nty
, ,

pe rs o n s Ab o ve t h e m a l a ye r o f b urn e d cl a y Above th is in
. .
,

No 4 wa s a m a ss o f ca lc ine d bo ne s m in g l e d with as h e s a n d a
.
, ,

re ddis h b r o wn m o rta r b ur n e d a s h a rd a s br ic k .

Th e b e e h ive va ult h as b ee n dwe lt upo n a s proo f b ut t h e b e e

-
,

h ive va ult re se mbl e s t h e b e e h ive h uts wh ich a re commo n in

-
,

S cotl an d a s m uch a s it do e s a n y s tr uct ure fo un d in S o ut h e rn

,

Oh io S h a ll we s a y th a t th e se b ee h ive va ults prove t h e Ch e ro

.
-

k e e s to h a ve com e from S cotl a n d Th e C h e rok e es a re s a id to

h a v e b e e n ve ry wh ite a n d m ig h t a lmo s t b e c a ll e d wh ite I n dian s
, .

S h a ll we t ra c e t h e C h e ro k e es ba ck to a wh it e ra c e wh ic h a ccord , ,

in g to s o me wa s a ll ie d to t h e A rya n ? Th e ir l a n g ua g e is sa 1d
,

to b e re l a te d to t h e D a kota s Th e e a rl ie st k n o wn m ig ra tio n s
.

o f t h e D a ko t as we re f rom t h e eas t S ha ll we th e n tra ce bo th

.
, ,

t h e D a k ota s a n d Ch e rok e es b a c k to t h e is l a n d o f Grea t Bri ta in ,

m a k ing t h e ro ute o f th e ir m ig ra t io n to b e b y wa y o f Ice l a n d a n d

t h e co a s t o f La bra dor a n d ta k e t h e co in c ide n c e be t we e n t h e b ee
,

h ive h uts a n d b ee h ive va ults a n d m a ke o ut a ca se in t h a t wa y ?

-

Th e e ffig y mo un ds o f S o ut h e r n O h io e s pe c ia ll y t h e g re a t .

se rpe n t t h e b i rd mo un ds o f No rt h e r n Ge or g ia t h e e fli g ies o f
, ,

W is c o n s in a n d t h e sto n e e ffi g ies o f D a k ota a re a s s ig n e d b y

s om e to t h e d f i s f —
fe re n t b ra n c h e o t h e D a k ota s t h e Tut e loes
h a v in g o n c e b e e n loca te d in N o rt h e r n Ge org ia n o t f a r from
—
,

wh e re t h e b r d ffig y ; oth e r tr b
i e i s i es s uch as t h e I o wa s a n d
—
Ma n da n s h a v in g a ccor din g to tra dit io n ca rrie d t h e se symbo l s
, ,

to D a k ota ; t h e Win n e ba g o s a n oth e r bra n c h h a d th e i r l a s t

, ,

a bo de i n W is co ns i n wh e re t h e e f , fig ie s a re so n um e ro us .

O ur a r g um e n t is fo r t h e m ig ra t io n o ft h e D a kota s as pre c e din g

th a t o f t h e C h e rok e e s Accordin g t o Thom a s th e re a re in th e
.
,
 13
0

mo un ds o ft h e K e n a wh a Va ll ey se ve ra l d iffe re n t k in ds o f b uria l s
, ,

s o m e o f th e m e se mbl in g t h o se f
r o un d a mo n g t h e C h e ro ke e s ;
b ut t h e tro ubl e is t h a t th e s e h a v e a ll b e e n m in g l e d to g e t h e r
a s if th ey a ll b e lo n g e d to o n e t r ibe wh e re a s t h e y prov e t h a t ,

se v e ra l t r ib e s pa s se d t h ro ug h t h i s re g io n Le t us e n um e ra t e t h e .

diffe re n t form s o f b uria l mo un ds wh ic h Dr Th o m as h a s a s s ig n e d .

t o th is tr ibe 1 . We fin d t h e b e e h ive to m b s in Nort h Ca ro

.
-

l ina Th e se we re fo un d in a c irc ul a r pit 2 Th e tria ng l e c o n

. . .

ta in in g g ra ve s a n d m o de rn re l ics 3 Th e m o un ds with b uria l s . .

be twee n ba rk cove rin g s in Ea st Te n n e s se e 4 Th e sq ua re . .

c h a mbe re d tomb s in t h e Gra ve Cre e k mo un d in t h e Ke n a wh a ,

mo un d a n d th o se o n t h e S c iot o 5 Th e ro un d ch a mbe rs
, . .
,

l in e d with uprig h t po s ts co n ta in e d with in t h e py ra m id mo un d

,

o n t h e floo d pl a in i n t h e v a ll e y o f t h e S c io to 6 Th e a lta r . .

fo un d a t t h e bott om o f o n e o f t h e m o un ds in t h e K e n a wh a

My . 11.—8 t r a ¢i fl e d
,
Mound in Wis c o n si n .

Va ll ey (se e F ig re se mbl in g t h o se fo un d in O h io 7 Alta rs

. . .

m a de fro m c ub ic a l p il e s o f sto n e s fo un d in Ea ste rn I o wa r e , ,

s e m bl in g t h o s e f o un d in Te n n es se e 8 Th e a lta r b eds in Ca l . .

ho un Co un ty Ill i n o is r e se mbl in g ot h e rs in Te n n e s se e 9 Th e
, ,
. .

s q ua re p il e s o f s to n e s i n Fra n kl i n Co un t y I n dia n a r e s e m bl in g , ,

th o s e fo un d in Te n n e s se e Be s ide s th e se t h e re we r e t h e st o n e
.

g ra ve s f o u n d in t h e K e n a wh a V a ll e y t h o s e i n Ill i n o is a n d t h o s e
, ,

fo un d i n t h e botto m o f t h e py ra m id m o un d a t Et o wa h G e org ia . ,

t h e s t ra t i fi e d m o un ds fo un d in t h e n e ig h b o r h o o d o f D a ve n p o rt ,

t h e ch a m b e r e d to m b fo un d in W is c o ns in t h e s t o n e va ult s fo un d ,

o n t h e Mis s is s ipp i a n d t h e Mis so ur i R ive r s .

Th e i mport a n t p o in t we m a k e is t h is : Th e b ur ia l s r e fe rre d
to a b o ve a re s o va r ie d th a t it is a b s ur d t o a s cr ib e th e m t o a ny
o n e I n dia n it r ib e e it h e r C h e rok e e S h a wn ee o r D a kota True *
.
, ,

t h e a n a l ys is a n d co m pa r iso n m ig h t e n a bl e us t o a ss ig n t h o s e
n o rt h we s t to o n e g e n e ra l cl as s ; t h o s e o n t h e Mis s o ur i R ive r to

a n ot h e r ; t h o s e o n t h e Up pe r Mis s iss ipp i t o a t h i r d ; t h o s e o n t h e

Middl e Miss iss ipp i to a fo urt h ; t h o s e o n t h e S o ut h e r n Mis s is
s ipp i to a fif th ; t h o se o n t h e C um b e rla n d to a s ixth ; t h o s e o n

‘ T b e r ea de r wi ll fi n d a de scr i p t i o n o f t h e di ffe r en t b ur i a ls i n t h e ch a pte r on b ur ia l

m o un ds . 8 00 A m e r i ca n A n t i q ua r i a n , V o l X I . No 6.
. .
 131

th e U ppe r O h io to a se v en th ; a n d tho se o n t h e Wa te re e R ive r

a n d in Ea s t Te n n e s se e to t h e e ig ht h cl a ss Th is is h o we ve r .
, ,

o n l y re pe a t in g wh a t h a s be e n sa id be fore t h e Mo un d b uil de rs -

we re divide d in to s e ve ra l dis ti n ct cl a s ses a n d diffe re d a ccordin g ,

t o loca t io n — e a c h tr ib e h a v in g it s o wn p e c ul ia r e a rth wo rk s a n d
,
-

b uria l mo un ds a n d re lie s S o fa r a s t h e cl a sse s a n d dist ricts a re

.

co n ce rn e d th e re is n o g re a t difli c ult y in tra c in g t h e tribes wh ich

,

occ up ie d th e se s ubse q ue nt to t h e t im e o f h istory ba ck to t h e ,

Mo un d b uil din g pe r iod a n d in ide n tifyin g t h e m in s o m e o f t h e

-

b uria l s wh ic h h a ve b e e n pre se rve d; b ut to sa y th a t th e se h is

to n e trib e s we re t h e b uil de rs o f a ll t h e mo un ds in t h e distr ict is
g o i n g co n tr a ry to t h e fa ct s fo r th e r e is
,
too m u c h v a r i e t y i n t h e
mo un ds o f ea ch district to a dm it o f th is .

We a re re a dy to a ck n o wl e dg e t h e re se m bl a n c e b e twe e n t h e se
c ircl e s in t h e K e na wh a Va lle y a n d th o se o n t h e Wa te re e R ive r
in S o ut h Ca ro l in a a n d e sp e c ia ll y t h e s i m il a r s ig n i fic a n c e o f t h e
,

c ircl e wit h t h e m o un d i n its ce n t e r wh ich s ee m s a l wa ys to b e a ,

s ig n o f s un wor sh ip -
S q uie r a n d D a v is h a v e c a ll e d a tte n t io n
.

to t h e g e n e ra l s i m il a rit y be t we e n t h e s o uth e rn mo un ds a n d t h e
Oh io m o un ds e s pe c ia ll y to t h e fa ct t h a t th e re we re sp ira l p a th s
,

a ro un d t h e o ut s i de o f t h e m Th e y spea k o f t h e c o un c il or
.

oblo n g m o un d i n t h e c ircl e o n t h e Wa te re e R ive r wit h a c ir ,

c um f e re n c e o f 5 5 0 f e e t a t t h e ba s e a n d 2 2 5 f e e t a t t h e top a n d ,

3 0 fe e t h i g h T h e
.
y s a y ho w e v e r t,h a t w h i l e t h
, is r e g i o n w a s

occup ie d b y t h e C h e rok ee s a t o n e t im e a n d b y t h e O c m ulg e es

a t a n o t h e r s t i ll t h a t t h e co un try wa s m a n y a g e s pre c e di n g t h e
, ,

Ch e rok e es i n h a b ite d b y o n e na t io n wh o we re rul e d b y t h e s a m e

, ,

sys t e m o f l a ws c usto m s a n d l a n g ua g e b ut s o a n c ie n t t h a t t h e
, ,

C h e rok e e s or t h e Cre e k s c o ul d g ive n o a cc o un t o f t h e m or t h e

p urp o se s fo r wh ic h t h e y e re ct e d t h e m o n um e n t s H ig h pyra m .

ida l m o un ds wit h s p a c io us a ve n ue s le a di n g t o a rt ific ia l l a k e s a n d

, ,

c ub ica l ya rds with s un k e n a re a s a n d rot un da s a re t h e c h a ra c

, ,

t e r is t i c wor k s o f t h e s o ut h — wor k s wh ic h t h e C h e rok e e s a dopt e d

a n d us e d b ut wh ic h
,
it is sa id t h e y did n o t b uil d
, ,
Th e co n tra st .

b e t wee n t h e t wo cl a s se s is m a rk e d a s t h e wa te r c ultus is pl a in ,

i n o n e a n d s un wo rs h ip in t h e ot h e r a n d ye t t h e co n n e ct in g l in k
-
,

m a y b e fo un d in t h e c i rcl e s we a re de s cr ib i n g .

Th is t h in g we c a n re l y upo n h o we ve r : Th e m o un ds e a rth , ,

worth s a n d re lies a re so a rra n g e d in distr ict s a n d so c o rre l a te d ,

to th o se districts t h a t we m a y sa fe l y g ive n a m e s to t h e pe opl e

,

o f t h e dis tr ict ; b ut th e y m us t b e n a m e s wh ic h a re ta k e n f ro m
t h e a nc 1en t work s ra th e r th a n from t h e m o de r n trib e s
,
Th is is .

t h e c as e e ve n wh e n we t h in k t h a t we h a v e tra c e d t h e m ig r a t io n
o f t h e a n c ie n t ra c e s f or af te r a ll t h a t we m a y do it is st ill a n
, , ,

O p e n q ue s t io n wh e th e r t h e a n c ie n t ra c e s a n d t h e m o de r n work s
ca n b e f ull y i de n t i fi e d .

Mo de rn ra c e s followe d t h e a n c ie n t in a ll t h e d istr icts ; b ut t h e

a um e n t re l ic s we re tra n s m itte d a n d mo de rn re l i c s in tr ude d in
,
 CH A PT E R I X .

VI LLAGE LIF E AND TH E MOUND BUILDE R S -

’

CULTU S .

O ne ofmo st n o t ic e a bl e t h in g s in c o n n e ct io n wit h pr e h is
th e
t o ric ti m e s is th a t v ill a g e l ife wa s s o pre va l e n t Th is se e m s t o .

h a ve b e e n comm o n in a ll a g e s a n d a mo n g a ll ra c e s b ut it wa s ,

e s pe c ia ll y pro m in e n t a m o n g t h e Mo un d b uil de rs It wa s i n fa ct .

t h e e l e m e n t i n to wh ic h t h e y t h r e w t h e i r o wn p e c ul ia r it ie s a n d
wh ich e mbo die d t h e ir c ult us Th e Mo un d b uil de rs v ill a g e s
’
.

we re n o t a ll a l ik e fo r eve ry dis tr ict h a d a st y l e o fvi ll a g e pe c ula r

,

to it sel f a n d y e t th e y diffe re d fro m t h o se o f oth e r ra ce s a n d a re

, ,

th e re fore worth y o f o ur st udy Th is is t h e fa ctor wh ic h m a y

.

e n a bl e us to dra w t h e l i n e b e t we e n t h e dif fe re n t p e r io ds o f o c c u
a t io n a n d h e lp us s olv e t h e Mo un d b ui l de r probl e m
p . .

Th e p ict ure o f t h e Mo un d b ui lde rs t e rrit o ry wh ic h we h a ve

’

pre se nte d is o n e in wh ic h diffe re n t cl a s se s o r tr i b e s oc c up ie d

diffe r e n t distr ict s fill in g e a c h distr ict with t h e i r o wn pe c ul ia r
,

c ult us Th e p ict ure is a va rie d o n e fo r t h e tr ib e s o r cl a s se s

.
,

follo we d diffe re nt e mplo ym e n ts use d dif fe re n t i mpl e m e n t s a n d

,

s h o we d dif fe re n t g ra de s o fa dva n ce m e n t Th e co n dit io n s o fsoc ie ty

.

we re c o rre l a te d to p h y s ic a l s urro un d i n g s Th e re see m s t o h a ve

.

b e e n a l s o ch a n g e s a m o n g t h e pe opl e a t va rio us t im e s ; m ig ra
, ,

t ion s fro m o n e district i n to a n oth e r t h e a b a n do n m e n t o f e a rth

,

work s o f o n e cl a s s a n d t h e e re ct ing o f a s im il a r cl a s s o f
,

e a rt h wo rk s i n a n o t h e r re g io n
- t h e ro ut e s o f m ig ra t io n b e in g
,

m a rk e d b y t h e tr ibe s e ith e r i n e n te rin g t h e ir te rritory o r i n

,

de p a rt in g from it .

Th e loc a t io n o f t h e m o de r n tr ib e s o f I n dia n s with t h e i r pe c u ,

l ia r h a b its a n d c usto m s h a s a l so co m e in to t h e p ict ure a n d be e n

,

a pro m ine n t f e a t ur e i n t h e s c e n e Th e p a n ora m a h a s b ee n a

.

m ov i n g o n e ; in f a ct t h e c h a n g e s h a v e b e e n s o n um e ro us t h a t it
,

h a s b ee n d iffi c ult t o dist i n g uish t h e ea rl ie r fro m t h e l a t e r tribe s ,

a n d m uc h co n f us io n h a s bee n t h e re s ult It is pro ba bl y o n th is

.

a cco un t th a t m a n y h a ve co n f o un de d t h e Mo un d b uil de r s wit h t h e -

I n d ia n s a n d cl a sse d bot h to g e t h e r n o t re a l iz in g th a t t h e Mo un d
,

b uil de rs c ult us was s o dist in ct

’
.

I Th e c h a ra cte r o f t h e v ill a g e s is t h e te st b y wh ich we de te r

.

m ine t h e c ult us wh ich pre va il e d in a c e rta in pe riod o f t im e a n d

 13
4

in pa rt ic ul a r loca l itie s a n d is t h e e spe c ia l m e a n s b y wh ic h we

,

a s c e r t a i n t h e Mo un d b uilde r s c ult us We S pe a k o f t h e Mo un d
-
’
.

b uil de r s c ult us b e c a use it wa s dist in ct ive in fa ct a s dist in c t ive a s

’
, ,

t h e cl if f dwe ll e rs or t h e l a k e dwe ll e rs o r t h e A z te c or Ma ya c ul
- -
,

t us a n d b e c a us e it fur n ish e s us a de fi n it e n a m e fo r a s pe c i fic pe r i o d
,

o f t im e a n d h e lp s us to se pa ra te t h a t t im e f ro m th a t wh ic h pre
e c e de d a n d t h a t wh 1c h f
,
o llo we d ; b ut t h e c ult us wa s e m b o die d

i n t h e vi ll a g e l ife a s m uch a s in a n y o th e r e l e m e n t a n d we s h a ll , ,

th e re fo re po in t to th is a s t h e fa ctor wh ich will e na bl e us t o dis

,

t i n g uis h t h e c ult us V ill a g e l ife m a y in dee d h a ve pre va il e d

.
, .

a mo n g t h e I n dia n tr ib e s a s it pre va il e d a mo n g a ll o f t h e un c iv
,

i liz e d ra c e s bot h in t h is co n t ine n t a n d in e ve ry ot h e r o ne

,
Mr . .

S ta n l e y i n form s us t h a t v ill a g e s we re ve ry comm o n in C e n tra l

A frica t h a t a ll t h e tra il s le d thro ug h v ill a g e s ; tra ve l e rs h a ve
,

s pok e n o f t h e v ill a g e s o f S o ut h Am e r ic a a n d h a ve p ict ur e d t h e

ro a dwa ys wh ich le d from o ne c ity o r a n c ie n t v ill a g e to a n o th e r .

Th e e a rl y a n d l a te r e xplore rs m a in ta in
t h a t t h e re we re roa dwa ys in Ce n tra l
Ame rica Yuc ut a n a n d in Ho n dura s , ,

wh ic h le d from t h e a n c ie n t c it ie s t o
t h e s e a c o a s t a n d from t h e s ea c o a s t ,

t o i s l a n ds We do n o t m a in ta in t h a t .

v ill a g e l ife wa s p e c ul ia r to t h e Mo un d
—
b uil de rs a s it wa s e ve rywh e re p re va
l e n t a nd wa s a s commo n a mo n g t h e ,

—
l a te r a s t h e e a rl ie r ra ce s b ut its fea
t ure s we re disti n ctive .

Th e fea t ure s wh ich dis t i n g uis h t h e

v ill a g e s o ft h e Mo un d b uil de rs a r e a s follows : 1 Th e pre se n c e
-
.

o f e a rt h wo k s wh ic h i n o n e way or a n oth e r f
-
r , orm a n e n cl o s ure ,

e ith e r a s wa ll s a s py ra m ids a s c i rcl e s b ur ia l m o un ds o r e f

, ,
fig ie s ,
.

Th ey m a y h a ve be e n use d a s b uria l pla ce s a s look o ut s a s a lta rs , , ,

g a m e d r i ve s pl a c e s o fa s s e mbl y b ut a ll o f t h e m we r e co n n e ct e d
, ,

wit h t h e v il la g es 2 Th e a b un da n c e o f re l ic s in t h e mo un ds de
. .
,

po site d a s o fler in g s o r pe rso na l b e lo n g in g s g ive s e vid e n c e o f a

'

, ,

n um e r o us pop ul a t io n wh ic h h a d it s c e n te r in t h e v i ll a g e
, 3 T h e . .

e a rl ie s t v ill a g e s we re th o se o f t h e Mo un d b uil de rs a nd c a n b e -
,

dis t i n g uish e d from t h e v ill a g e s o ft h e l a te r I n d ia n ra c e s b y t h e i r

ag e . Th e b ur ia l mo un ds s h o w a s ucce ss io n o f ra c e s b ut t h e ,

b uria l s wh ic h a re t h e e a rl ie s t o r lowe st do wn m a y b e ta k e n a s , ,

those o f t h e Mo un d b uil de rs 4 T h e
-
v i ll a g e s o f t h e M*
o u n
. d .

b uil de rs we re g e n e ra ll y loc a te d upo n t h e h ig h l a n d a n d we re

a tt e n de d wit h loo k o ut m o un ds tra il s or ro a dwa ys a n d o t h e r , ,

s i g n s wh ic h in dic a t e t h a t t h e y we re c o n n e cte d with o n e a n ot h e r ,

s h o win g t h a t t h e occ up a n ts we r e t h e p e r m a n e n t p o s s e ss ors o f

‘ S ee C h a p I , p . 80; Ch . a p I V
.
, p 63-68
: Ch
. a p. V , B ur i a l Mo un ds , p 66-74
.
; Ch a p .
V I I I , p 128
. .
 135

th e en tire re g io n 5 T h e e v
. id
*
e n c e o f a n
. o r g a n i z e d c o n d it io n o f
s oc ie t
y i s g i v e n b y t h e v i ll a g e s o f M o u n d b u i l de r s ; t h e v ill a g e s -

we re occ up ie d b y cl a n s t h e cl a n s we re a rra n g e d i n tr ib e s tr ib es
, ,

we re g a t h e re d i n t o c o n fe de ra c ie s .

Th e g ra de o f a dva n c e m e n t in t h e e a rt h work s a n d r e l ic s dis -

t in g uis h e d t h e Mo un d b uil de rs v i ll a g e s fro m t h o s e wh ic h e it h e r

’
-

p r e c e de d o r fo llo we d a n d furn ish e s a g oo d t e st a s t o t h e Mo un I

,

b uil de rs c ult ’
.

1 Le t us ta k e up firs t t h e s t udy o f t h e e a rth work s

. Ma n y -
.

o f t h e se we re loc a t e d o n g ro un d wh e r e m o de r n c it ie s h a v e ro w
g n
up b ut t h e re wa s a t im e wh e n t h e y we r e t h e m os t m a r k e d
,

ob je cts in t h e l a n ds ca pe a n d t h e re cord o f t h e m is m o re c o m ,

p le t e t h a n t h a t o f t h e t e m p o r a r y I n dia n v ill a g e s w h ic h h a v e
be e n g a th e re d in t h e sa me spot Th e ce nte r o f po p ul a t io n wa s .

i n t h e v ill a g e t h ro ug h o ut a ll a g e s b ut i n t h e Mo un d b uil de rs
’
-
,

a g e t h e v i ll a g e s we re m or e e xte n s iv e t h a n a t a n ot h e r t i m e a n d
y
we re pe rh a ps a s im po s in g in a p
p e a r a n c e a s m a n y o f t h e v i ll a g e s

b uilt b y t h e wh ite m a n a n d we re ,

e s pe c ia ll y i n co n tra s t wit h t h o s e o f

t h e I n dia n s .

I n dian v ill a g e s we re o fte n e re c t

e d i n t h e m ids t o f Mo un d b ui l de rs
'
’
-

e n clo s ur e s ; I n dia n g r a ve s i n tr ude d

” ”
i n to t h e t um ul i o f Mo un d b uil de r s -
,

a n d I n dia n r e l ic s a re f o un d m in g l e d 1
wit h Mo un d b uil de rs re l ic s But “
’

m a s— Vi n
-

wi i h S i! 1 1 M u
.
a i o nt
a n e xt e n s we e a rt h work W 1t h h ea vy ,

wa ll a n d g re a t g a t e wa ys ca n b e dis ti n g uis h e d fro m a n ordin a ry

ca m p in g pl a ce ; if t h e de po s its o f bea utifully ca rve d re l ic s uch s,

a s p ipe s h ig h l y wro ug h t c o pp e r S pe c im e n s a n d p e a rl b e a ds c a n
, ,

b e dis ti n g uis h e d fr o m t h e r ude c a m p k e tt l e s t h e occ a s io n a l bras s ,

a n d s il ve r bro o c h t h e fra g m e n ts o f cloth a n d t h e de bris o f t h e

,

ca mp t h e pe r m a n e n t a bode or h o use c a n b e disti n g uish e d fro m

,

a r ude W ig wa m t h e Mo un d b uil de rs c ult us c a n b e s e pa ra te d

’
-
,

fr o m t h e I n dia n e ve n wh e n t h e v ill a g e s we re in t h e s a m e l o ca l ity

,
.

A n y o n e wh o re a ds t h e de s cr ipt io n s o f I n dia n wa rs e s pe c ia ll y ,

S ee C h a p I I p 17 - 18; Ch a p V I , p . 89. A m e r i ca n G eo lo g i s t ,
. . . a r t i c le by S . D Pe s t ,
.

on Th e F lo o d Pla in . p 264 . .

e c uts g i ve n i n F i g s 1 a n d 2 a r e t a k e n fro m A t wa t e r s b o o k , wh i c h wa s t h e
’
1 Th
'
.

fi rs t. o n e p ub li s h ed upo n t h e M
o un d-b ui lde rs . T h e y re p r e s e n t t h e t wo vi lla g e s fo r m
e r ly s i t ua t e d o n Pa i n t Cr ee k , fi ve m i les a pa r t , wi t h a fo r t. b e t wee n t h e m , lo c a t e d a t.
B o ur n e vi lle . Th e sa m e vi lla g es ca n b e see n i n t h e m a Th e s e vi lla g e s we r e so m e
wh a t r e m a r k a b le . Th e o n e a t A h a d a n e n c i o s c re wh c h c o n t a i n e d 77 a c r e s . i n t h e
c en t e r o f wh i c h wa s a n e lli p t i ca l m o un d, 240x1110 fee t , a n d 80 fee t. h i g h , s ur r o un ded
b y a lo w e m b a n k m e n t a n d c o ve re d wi t h a pa ve m e n t o i p e b b les. T h e r e wa s a c res
c e n t. n ea r t h i s m o un d. se t. a ro un d t h e e dg es wi t h s t o n e . a n d a n um b e r o f e lls we r e w
i n s i de a n d o ut s i de t h e e n c los ur e . Th e c i rc le c o n t a i n s 17 a c res wi t h i n i t wa s a
s m a lle r c i r c le . wh i c h p ro b a b ly m a r k ed t h e s i t e o f t h e ee t ufa . i e r e we h a ve r o f
vi s i o n s fo r re li g i o us c e r e m o n i es a s we ll a s r es i de n c e a n d de fe n s e . Th e o t h e r vi i a g e
B ) co n t a i n ed n o e i li t i c a i m o un ds , b ut. t h e r e wa s wi t h i n i t. a p o n d 15 fee t dee p a n d
fee t. a c r o s s , wh i c h 9 fe d b a r i vule t fl o wi n g fr o m t h e h i g h la n d t h ro ug h t h e a lls w
a n d fur n i s h e d t h e villa g e w i h wa t e r s up p ly .
 137

h e a vy wa ll s o n t h e h ig h te rra ce fi fty fe e t a bove t h e ba n k wh e re ,

t h e m o de r n v ill a g e wa s lo c a t e d t h e ova l e n clo s ure is ol a t e d o n a ,

s p ur a n d t h e co ve re d wa ys e xt e n din g f
,
o r e ig h t m il e s or m or e ,

wit h t h e b a s t io n s g a te wa ys c ircl e s a n d b ur ia l m o un ds a ll c o n
, , ,

nec ted b y a f e rry wit h t h e wa ll s c i rc l es m o un ds o n t h e s um m it , , ,

o f t h e h i ll opp o s it e a n d t h e s e a g a i n b y a n o t h e r f
,
e rry with t h e

wa ll s c o n c e n tr ic c ir cl e s a n d t e mpl e m o un ds s e ve ra l m il e s a wa y
, , ,

t h e l e n g t h o f t h e wa ll s b e in g t we n t y t wo m il e s O n t h e o th e r -
.

h a n d t h e I n dia n v ill a g e is s o i n sig n ifica n t t h a t a s i n g l e flo o d ov e r

,

flo we d it s s ite a n d s we pt a wa y a ll ve st ig e o f t h e e n ca m p m e n t ,

ta k in g t h e h o us es o ft h e fe w wh ite se ttl e rs wh ic h h a d be e n b uilt ,

up o n t h e sa m e sp o t s o t h a t n o w n ot h in g is l e ft to r e ve a l e it h e r o f
,

t h e l a t e r p e r io ds o f occ up a t i o n All s ig n s o ft h e I n dia n villa g e

.
*

a n d e a r ly s e t t l e m e n t o ft h e wh i te m a n h a v e dis a pp e a r e d b ut t h e ,

wo r k s o ft h e Mo un d b uil de rs re m a in n ot wit h sta n din g t h e g r o wth

-
,

o f a m o de r n c it y o n t h e s p o t .

2
. I t h a s b e e n m a in ta in e d b y s om e t h a t t h e st o c k a de wa s pe c u
l ia r t o t h e n o rt h e r n
I n dia n t h e e a rth work
,

to t h e s o ut h e r nlI n dia n
a n d t h a t th is c o n s t i

t ut e d t h e o n l y diffe r
e n c e b e t we e n t h e vil

l a g e s b ut t h e fa ct is
,

t h e s t o c k a de wa s a s
c o m m o n a t t h e s o ut h

a s a t t h e n o rt h a nd ,

in b o t h s e ct io n s th e re
a r e e a rt h work s wh ic h

we r e b uilt b y a n e a r
l ie r ra c e Be a uch a m p
.

h a s s h o wn t h is to b e
t h e c a s e i n t h e s t a te o f
Ne w Y o rk H e m a i n . F ig —S k d V i ll Oh i . I. to c a e a g e in o.

ta i n s t h a t t h e re wa s a
pe r io d o ft im e wh e n v ill a g e s we re s urro un de d b y e a rt h wo rk s -
,

b ut a t a s ub se q ue n t pe rio d t h e t imb e r e d pa l is a de to o k t h e ir
pl a ce 1 Th e s tock a de s o ft h e Iro q uo is trib e s we re m ore e n dur
.
’

in g t h a n t h e t e mpora ry vill a g e s o f t h e Al g o n k in s b ut t h e se h a v e ,

so f a r dis a pp e a re d t h a t it is difii c ult to l o c a te t h e i r v ill a g e s On .

t h e ot h e r h a n d t h e vi ll a g e s o f t h e Mo un d b uil de rs wh o pr e c e de d
,
-
,

t h e I r o q uo is a e ide n t ifi e d b y e a rt h wo r k s wh ic h s t i ll re m a in
,
r - .

S i r W ill ia m D a ws o n h a s a l s o s h o wn t h a t t h e v ill a g es o f t h e
e a rl ie r ra c e s we re a tt e n de d wit h a cl a s s o f r e l ic s wh ic h i n dica te d

a c ult us p e c ul ia r t o t h e a g e a n d t h e pe o ple I .

Th e a n t iq uity o f t h e firs t ra c e c a n b e j udg e d fr o m t h e fa c t t h a t a

S ee m a p , p 25 3
. . 1S ee A m e r A n t i q ua r i a n .
. t Bee F oss i l Ma n .
 138

n es t of co ppe r re l ic s co ns ist in g o f s ock e te d S pe a r s a n d s pa de s

,

o f t h e W is c o n s in st a m p wa s f o un d wh il e dig g i n g t h e S t La w
,
.

re n c e ca n a l o n t h e ba n k s o ft h e S t La wre n ce R ive r s o m e fi fte e n

,
.
,

fe e t b e l o w t h e s ur fa c e Th e a n t iq uity o f t h e Mo un d b uil de r s
'
-
.

vill a g e i n t h e S t a te o f O h io c a n a l s o b e s e e n fro m t h e e a rt h
wo r k s . Th e v ill a g e n e a r D a yt o n O h io c o ve re d se v e ra l m il e s , ,

o f a l e ve l pl a i n b ut s o l o n g a g o t h a t t h e s we e p o f t h e wa t e r s o f
,

t h e G r e a t Mia m i R iv e r i n t h e t i m e o f fl o o d h a ta k e n a wa y a s

l a rg e r po rt io n o f t h e wa ll s a n d ye t th a t wh ic h re m a in s e xte n ds
b e yo n d t h e mo de r n v ill a g e o f A le xa n de r svrlle a n d t a k e s i n t wo ,

s t a t i o n s o n t h e ra ilro a d
*
.

3 . V ill a g e l i f
e im pr e s s e d it s e l f u p o n t h e s o il e v e ry w h e re E v e n .

i n t h e re g io n wh e re t h e h un t e r li fe wa s pre va l e n t t h is is e ve ry ,

wh e re a pp a re n t H e re .

t h e vill a g e s we re s ur
r o un de d e ith e r b i
y c r

cl e s o fb ur ia l mo un ds
or b y a n im a l e fii g ie s ,

o r r ude e a rt h work s 1
'
-
,

b ut t h e re a r e a l s o
lo o ko ut m o un ds a n d ,

g a m e d r iv e s g a r d e n ,

b e ds a n d o cc a s io n a ll y ,

a lt a r mo un ds wh ic h ,

in dic a te t h a t c e rta in

F ig —S l k d V i ll g i Om
5 oc a e
cl
a
a n s o c c up ie d t h e 10
e n o.
Ga m e drive s
.

c a lit y .

a r e n o t c o n fi n e d t o t h e s ta t e o f W is c o n s i n b ut a re f o un d in Ill in o is ,

a n d ot h e r s t a t e s s h o wi n
g t
,
h a t w h i l e t h e M o u n d b u i l d e r s o f t h i s -

re g io n we re h un t e rs t h e y dwe lt in vill a g e s
,
.

It re ma in e d h o we ve r fo r t h e a g ric ult ura l ra c e s to b uil d t h e

, ,

m o s t e l a b o ra t e e a rt h wo rk s a s a de f -
e n s e to th e i r vi ll a g e s
,
Th e s e .

we re pl a c e d un iform l y upo n t e rra c e s ove rlook in g t h e r ive rs a n d ,

a bo un de d wit h cove re d wa y s g ra de d wa ys l o o k o ut m o un ds , , ,

da nc e c irc l e s b ur ia l pl a c e s a ll o f wh ic h we r e g ua r de d b y e a rt h
, ,

wa ll s };
Wa ll e d v ill a g e s we re n um e ro us in t h e m iddl e distr ict o n b o th ,

s ide s o f t h e O h i o R iv e r b ut t h e d i d t ll b e lo n t t h e sa m e
y n,o a g o

c l a ss I n fa ct fo ur or five type s o f Mo un d b uil de r s v ill a g e s h a ve

’
.
-
,

b e e n disc o ve re d in t h is re g io n a ll o f wh ic h m a y h a ve b ee n pre ,

h ist o r ic .T h e se we re fo ll o we d b y t h e r ude vill a g e s o ft h e mo de rn

I n dia n ra ce s Th e e ffort h a s b e e n m a de to ide n t ify t h e se m o de rn
.

I n dia n s § a s t h e de s c e n da n ts o f t h e e a rl ie r Mo un d b uil de rs b ut -
,

S ee A n t i q ui t i e s o f b y G e n G P Th urs t o n , p 40 . o n e s A b o r i g i n al R e
. . . . J ’

m a i n s , p 115
. . S e e m a p o f wo r k s a t A le xa n de r s vi li e
S ee W i lli a m Da ws o n s De sc r i p t i o n o f H o c h e l a . p 40 ; H ub b a r d s Me m o r i a l
.
’ ’
.

S k e h a s o f a H a lf Ce n t ur y . p 23 2 ; Pee t s Em b le m a t o Mo un ds , p 208 ; S m i t h so n i a n
’
.

R e p o r t . De s c r i p t i o n o i Ea r t h Wa lls o n t h e S p o o n R i ve r a n d F o x R i ve r , I lli n o i s .
’
S ee B a r t ra m s T r a ve ls
£ J
.

S ee A n t i q ui t i e s o f S o ut h e rn I n di a n s , b y C C o n e s . . .
 139

th e ve r y c
r t b e twee n t h e t wo cl a s se s o f v ill a g e s t h e ea rl ie r
o nt a s ,

a n d l a t e r re f ut e s t h is
,
Th e Mo un d b uil de rs m a y h a ve ch a n g e d
.
-

th e ir lo c a t io n a n d t h e o cc upa n ts o ft h e v ill a g e s o fo n e dis tr ict h a ve

,

e s t a bl is h e d t h e i r v i ll a g e s in a n o th e r distr ict b ut i f t h is wa s t h e ,

ca s e t h o se wh o m ig ra te d m ust h a ve a dopte d a n th e r st yl e o f
,
o

vil la g e a rc h it e ct ure a n d m a n uf a c t ur e d a diffe re n t cl a s s o f re l ic s ,

h a vin g dr oppe d t h o se t o wh i ch t h e y h a d b e e n a cc us to m e d fo r ,

t h e r e a re n o t wo distric ts in wh ic h t h e sa m e wo rk s o r re l ics c a n
b e dis cove re d R e l i c s t o b e s ur e a re fo un d i n I o wa a n d Ill in o is
. , ,

wh ic h re se m bl e t h o se in O h io b ut t h e re a re n o s uc h e a rt h work s ,
-
.

fe w work s a re fo un d in We s t V irg in ia a n d K e n t uck y wh ich

F ig . 6 .
-
S a c r cd E n c los ur e i n K en t uc ky

re se m bl e t h e Oh io vill a g es b ut t h e re l ics a re q uite difie re nt It ,

.

a ppe a rs t h a t t h e re wa s a p e r io d i n wh ic h e v e ry dis tr ict e xh ib ite d

a Mo un d b uil de r s c ult us a n ot h e r p e r iod in wh ich it disa ppea r e d

’
-
,

or wa s lo st .

4 .T h e l o s s o f t h i s c u lt us i s o n e o f t h e pl a i n e s t fa ct s i n a rc h e ol o gy .

We pa ss o ve r t h e distr icts a n d st udy t h e works a n d re l ic s wh ic h

we a s cr ibe to t h e e a rl ie r Mo un d b ui l de r s b ut we fin d t h e pe opl e -
,

g o n e a n d we f
, a i l to r e co g n iz e or i d e n t ify t h e i r c u lt u s in a ny o n e o f

t h e m o de r n tr ibe s o f I n dia n s I n fa ct t h e ch a n g e o f c ult us h a s

.
,

be e n s o g re a t in e ve ry district th a t we fa il to rea c h a n y ce rta in ty

i n r e fe re n ce to t h e t i m e o f occ upa t io n o r t h e pe o pl e wh o b ui lt
t h e vi ll a g e s W h e n we in t e rro g a te t h e I n dia n s o f a n y tr ibe
.
,

Iroq uo is Al g o n k in D a k o t a C h e ro k e e S h a wn e e we fin d th e ir
, , , , ,

m e m o ry un c e r ta in a n d t h e i r t r a dit io n s i n de fin it e 1
’

Th e wo r k s a t Mt S t er li n g co n s i s t o f a n e n c lo s ur e 100 fee t s q ua r e . a n e lli p t i ca l

.

m o un d, 9 fe e t h i g h t r un ca t e d a n d c o n n ec t e d b y a wa ll wi t h a s m a ll c o n i c a l m o un d ,
a c i r c le wi t h a d i t c h a n d sq ua r e p la t fo r m , a n d a h e xa g o n a l e n c los ure wi t h a g a t e wa y
to t h e e a s t .Th ese wo r k s e xh i b i t a n i de n t i t y wi t h t h o s e i n O h i o a n d we re p ro b a b ly
s y m b o li c o r r e lig i o n s i n t h e i r c h a r a c t e r Th e p ro xi m i t y t o t h e s t r e a m s s ug g e s t s a
.

wa t e r c ult S e e’ F l 6
. .

r S ee I r vi n g s i o r lda ; fo r S t udy o f S k ulls see re rt o f Da ve n po rt A ca de m y o r

S c i e n ce . Luc i a n M C a r r s A n t i q ui t i e s o f Te n n , p . 17 : A e r i c ult ur a i R a c es , o n es
’
. . J
S o ut h e r n I n d i a n s , Ele ve n t h r e p o r t Pea b o dy Muse um , p . 3 84.
 141

5 . We d o n o t t h e n m is i n t e r p r e t t h e e vide n c e g i ve n b y t h e ea rt h

work s , wh e n we s a y t h a t t h e c o n fe de ra c ie s o ft h e Mo un d b uil de rs , -

wh e t h e r s it ua te d a l o n g t h e uppe r , m iddl e or l o we r Mis s is s ipp i ,

t h e C um b e rl a n d S t Fra n c is , or O h io R ive r , or i n Fl o r ida o r t h e
, .

G ul f S ta te s m ust h a ve l o n g pre ce de d t h a t o f t h e I n dia n s a n d

,
*
,

t h a t t h e h istory o f th e se vill a g e s wa s q uit e diffe re n t fro m t h a t o f

t h e mo de rn tr ib e s We g o ba ck to t h e t im e o f t h e firs t dis
.

c o ve ry a n d e xa m i n e t h e p ic t ure o f t h e vi ll a g e s pr e s e n t e d b y t h e

h istor ia n s o f F e rdin a n d De S oto s e xpe dit io n , a n d fin d t h a t t h e y

’

we re th o ro ug h l y e q uipp e d with t h e m ac h i n e ry o f g o ve r n m e n t
a n d re l ig io n a n d a re t o b e , b y t h is m e a n s dis t in g uis h e d f
, ,
ro m
.

t h e v i ll a g e s o f t h e Atl a n t ic c o a s t a n d t h e Ne w E n g l a n d S t a t e s ,

Blo c k a de F or t i n Term essee . Bloc ka de F or t i n O k i o t .

wh e re t h e stoc k a de v i ll a g e s we re pre va l e n t , b ut t h e c h a n g e s
wh ic h ca m e upo n t h e Mo un d b uil din g tr ib e s , bot h Nort h a n d
-

S o ut h b rok e up t h e e a rl y co n fe de ra c ie s a n d in a m e a s ure o b lit e r

,

a te d t h e Mo un d b uil de r s c ult us s o th a t we c a n with n o de g re e

’
-
, ,

o f propr ie t y us e t h e t e r m I n dia n wh e n we wo ul d de s cr ib e t h is
,

e a r l ie r co n dit io n e ve n if we we r e c o n vin c e d t h a t t h e Mo un d
,

b ui l de rs a n d t h e I n dia n we re o f t h e sa m e s tock .

On t h is po in t t h e re is g re a t un ce rta in ty fo r t h e b e st a ut h o r i
,

t ie s m a in ta in t h a t t h e re we re fro m t wo t o fo ur ra c e s in t h e
Mo un d b uil de rs t e rr it o ry Th e p y ra m ids a t t h e S o uth we re
’
.

‘ A n t i q ui t i e s o f S o ut h e r n I n dia n s , p 128, b y C C J o n es
. . . .

1 Th e s t o n e fo r t i n Te n n e ss ee a n d t h e ea r t h fo r t i n O h i o (se e c ut s a b o ve i llus t ra t e
t h e c ult us o f t wo e r i o d s . T h e s t o n e fo r t wa s up o n a n e m i n e n c e. I t co n s ln e ci t w
p y r a m i ds . O n e 0 t h e se wa s o c c up i e d b y t wo lo o k o ut s , t wa n t fe e t h i g h . Th i s fo r t
i s o n t h e b a n k o f Duc k Cr ee k , j us t a b o ve a wa t e r fa ll. a n d i s t u l o f t h e e vi de n c e o f a
sk i llful wo r k a n d o f a n a dva n c e d p e o p le . Th e ea r t h -wo r k m a r k s t h e s i t e o f a n o r
di n a r y s t o c k a de vi lla g e , lo c a t e d o n t h e b luff, wi t h t h e un fa i li n g sp r i n g b e lo w .
 142

o c c up ie d b y a pe opl e wh o re se mbl e d t h e Polyn e s ia n s b ut t h e ,

s t o c k a de s o f t h e Nort h b y a p e opl e wh o we re m ore l ik e t h e

Mo n g o l ia ns R e l ic s o f t h e Mo un d builde rs re se m bl e th ose fo un d
.
-

in Gre a t Br ita in a n d t h e n o rth o f Ire l a n d a n d e ve n s ug g e s t t h e ,

tra ns m iss io n o ft h e sa m e m yt h s a n d sy mbol s fro m t h e e as te rn to

t h e we s t e r n c o n t i n e n t Le t us l o o k a t t h e fa cts I n Go o dye a r s
’
. .

b o o k o n t h e Gra m m a r o f t h e Lot us is a p ict ure o ft h e divin ity o f

*
,

t h e G a ul s I n t h is p ict ure t h e divin it y is cro wn e d wit h t h e h or n s

.

o f t h e de e r e xa ctl y a s t h e Mo un d b uil de r s c h ie f f o un d in t h e ’
-
. ,

de pt h s o f t h e m o un ds o n t h e Hope we ll fa r m in S o ut h e r n O h io ,

wa s cro wn e d 1
”
’

Mr j R N issl e y h a s de s crib e d a p ipe wh ic h co m b ine d t h e

. . .

c upsto ne sym b o l s wh ic h a re so commo n in Gre a t Br ita in with

, ,

t h e se rpe n t sy mb o l T h is p ipe wa s in t h e for m o fa se rpe n t o n e

.
,

c up m a rk in t h e h e a d a n d a n o t h e r i n t h e ta il t h e or ific e b e t we e n ,

m a k in g t h e m o ut h p ie c e ; b ut o n t h e b a s e o ft h e p ipe we re s e ve ra l
-

c up m a rk s m a k in g t h e p ipe do ubl y sy m b o lic I

, .

Th e dis c o ve ry o f t h e E xe te r va s e o f N e bra s k a with it s sh a l ,

lo w re c e pt a cl e a n d its fo ur s ide s c a rv e d with a n im a l h ea ds a n d ,

t h e dis co ve ry o f t h e Tor o n to p ip e with it s distorte d f a c e p re

, ,

se n t in g t h e sy mbol o f t h e tre e a n d se rp e n t o n it s s ide wi ll l e a d ,

us to t h e t h o ug h t t h a t th e re m ust h a ve be e n a pre Col um b ia n -

c o n ta ct wit h ot h e r co untrie s Th e pro g re ss o f pre h ist o ric .

-

a rc h ae o lo g y i s bri n g in g o ut m ore a n d more t h e f a ct th a t th e re

we re g re a t diffe re n ce s be t we e n t h e ra c e s § .

Th e s k ull s o f t h e s o ut h e r n I n dia n s c e rta in l y diffe r from th o s e

o f t h e n ort h e r n I n dia n s e v e n if t h e l a n g ua g e wa s t h e s a m e
,
It .

is e a sy fo r a p e opl e t o ch a n g e l a n g ua g e b ut co n s t it ut io n a l tra its ,

c o n t i n ue t h ro ug h m a n y g e ne ra t io n s Th e C h e ro k e e s I r oq uo is
.
, ,

D a k o ta s m a y h a ve be lo n g e d to t h e sa m e s to c k se pa ra te d from
, ,

o n e a n o th e r in t h e O h io v a ll e y a t s om e r e m o te t i m e b ut t h ey ,

diffe re d fr o m t h e Mus co g e e s a n d s o ut h e rn tr ib e s a n d a s to t h e ,

S h a wnees it is a ck n o wl e dg e d t h e y be lo n g to a diffe re n t s tock

,

fr o m e it h e r Th e se fa cts s h o ul d l e a d us t o t h e h a b it o f re co g
.

n ixin
g d iffe re n c e s I f w e a r e
. to t a k e t h e tra dit i o n s o f t h e I n dia ns

i n t o t h e a cc o un t we s h a ll co n cl ude th a t t h e s o ut h e rn Mo un d
,

b uil de rs ca m e fro m t h e We st t h e n o rt h e rn Mo un d b uil de rs from

,
-

t h e Ea s t or Nort h e a s t .

I f we a r e to obl it e ra te a ll dist in ct io n s a n d to cl a s s t h e Mo un d
b uil de rs c ult with t h e mo de r n I n dia n m a k in g o ut t h a t t h e h is
’

tor ic tr ib e s prop e r l y re pre se n t t h e pre h is toric c o n dit io ns we -

,

m a y a s we ll g iv e up o ur s t udy o f pr e h is tor ic a rc h aeo lo g y a n d -

,

fo r t h a t m a tte r t h e s t udy o f t h e s c ie n c e o f soc iolo g y a l s o a n d ,

s a y t h a t t h e re wa s n o di f fe re n ce b e twee n a s a va g e wa rr i o r a n d a
s e tt le d a g r ic ult ur is t o r b e t we e n t h e a n im a l wo rsh ip e r a n d t h e
,

S eeG ra m m a r o f t h e Lo t us .

S e e A n c i e n t Mo n um e n t s .

t s e s A m e r i ca n A n t i q ua r i a n , V o l X I V , . No . 4 .

es e s Th o m a s s H i s t o ry o f Ch e r o k e es
’
.
 1 43

s un wo rs h ipe r b e twe e n t h e s tock a de b uil de r a n d t h e pyra m id

,
-

b ui l de r . Th e t e rm I n dia n h as b ee n a ppl ie d to a ll cl a s se s a n d a ll
g ra d e s a n d a ll d i str i ct s ,
e m b r a c i n g t h e E s k i m o fi s h e rm a n , t h e

I n dia n h un te r t h e s o ut h e r n a g ric ult urist , Z un i P ue bl o s t h e

, , ,

c ivil iz e d A z te c t h e Ma ya , b ut it is n o t t h e g e n e ra l na m e th a t we
,

n e e d s o m uch a s t h e s p e c ific te r m , a n d s o we pr e f e r to cl a ss if y
t h e work s o f t h e Mis s is s ipp i v a l le y un de r t h e n a m e wh ic h h a s
a lr e a dy g o ne in to use a n d to a c k n o wl e dg e t h a t t h e re wa s a

Mo un d b uil de r s c ult us
-
’
.

Th e t h e ory t h a t t h e re wa s a n Am e r ic a n ra c e wh ic h h a d o n l y
o n e l a n g ua g e a n d o n e or ig in , a n d t h a t t h is r a c e occ up ie d t h e

e n t ir e c o n t in e n t a n d fill e d it wit h o n e typ e o f m a n k i n d h a s ,

t h is e v il te n de n c y it pre ve n ts us fro m dra win g a dist in ctio n

,

be twee n t h e diffe re n t la n g ua g e s c ust o m s sym bol s a n d fo re sta ll s , , ,

a n y i n q uiry a s t o pre v io us m i ra t i o n o r re h i s t o r ic co n ta ct
g p
-

wit h oth e r ra c e s b ut t h is t h e o ry is e ve n wo rse fo r it s h ut s o ur

, ,

e ye s to t h e dis t in c t io n b e t we e n t h e e a rl ie r a n d l a t e r co n dit io n s
a n d p uts e ve ryt h in
g o n o n e dea d l e v e l W e n e e d a c lo s e r a n a l y s is
.

a n d m i n ute dis t in ct io ns ra t h e r t h a n t h e s e r l a t io n s
*
g ra n d g e n e a iz .

I ft h e re wa s a h istoric a pr o to h istor ic a n d a pre h ist o r ic pe r io d

,
- -

o n t h is c o n t in e n t we wa n t to k n ow t h e dif
,
fe re n c e s i n t h e c ults
ra t h e r t h a n t h e res e m bl a n c e s T h e se diffe re n ce s a re s h o wn b y
.

t h e s pe c im e n s o f a r t a n d a rc h ite c t ure t h a t s t ill re ma in a n d we ,

n e e d to s t udy t h e s e s o a s to a s s i n t h e m to t h e dif f r t pe r i o d s
g e e n
a n d ra c e s .W n h e w e s t dy t e pre toric wo rk s , we re cog n iz e
u h - h is

t h e di ffe re n c e s b e t we e n t h e m a n d a s cr ib e t h e se n o t o n l y to t h e
diffe re n t m o de s o f l ife a n d re l ig io us s ys te m s wh ich we re a do pt e d
b y t h e ra c e s b ut we a l s o a s s ig n t h e dif
, fe r e n t c ults to t h e pe r io d
a n d a g e to wh ic h t h e y b e l o n ?
g
It wa s t h is m is ta k e wh ic h th a t e m in e n t a uth or Mr L H . . . .

Mo rg a n j m a de wh il e t re a t in g o fA m e r ic a n S oc io l o g y a n d wh ich
,
'

m a n y o f h is dis c ipl e s a re m a k in g to t h is da y He too k t h e .

c ult us o ft h e Iro q uo is wit h wh ic h h e wa s fa m il ia r a n d m a de it a

, ,

pa t te rn fo r a ll t h e n a t ive t r ib e s a n d ra c e s re duc i n g e ve ryt h in g . ,

c ivil iz e d a n d un c iv il iz e d to t h e s a m e s im pl e e l e m e n t s Th e l o n g
, .

h o use o f t h e Iro q uo is s e rv e d a s a pa tt e r n to h im fo r t h e h o us e s
o ft h e Mo un d b ui l de rs a n d se e m e d to pr o ve t h a t t h e s a m e c o m
-
,

m un ist ic st a t e e v e r wh e re pre va il e d H w n t f a s t o
y e e s o . a r

re co n str uct a Mo un d b uil de rs v ill a g e a fte r t h e sa m e pa t t e rn a n d

-
’
,

pl a c e d t h e lo n g h o us e s o n t h e sum m it o f t h e wa ll s i n s te a d o f ,

i n s ide t h e e n clo s ure 1 He im a g in e d t h a t t h e P ue bl o s o fAr iz o n a

.
, ,

s e rve d a s a p a tte r n f o r t h e c it ie s o f Me xic o a n d C e n t r a l A m e r ic a

a nd c a ll e d a ll t h e pl a c e s o f t h a t r e io n c o m m un is t ic h o use s
g .

He m a in ta in e d t h a t t h e c iviliz e d ra c e s we re a ll o f t h e m n o t , ,

o nl or i d i t cl b ut w r i t h com m u i t i c t t
y g a n z e n o a n s e e , n e n s s a e ;

S ee Br i n t o n ’
A m er i c a u R a ce
s .

1 S ee Mo n s A n c i e n t S oc i e t y
'
.

t s e s N o r i A m e r i ca n R e vi e w se e Mo rg a n ’
s H o uses and H o use Li fe ; see Co n t r i
b ut i o n s t o E t h n o l. B urea u. V o l I I I . .
 145

th e ir h om e s Th e c h a n g e wh ich m ust h a ve com e upo n t h e

.

co un try is e xh ib ite d a s m uc h b y t h e diffe re n t st yl e o fa rc h ite ct ure

wh ich t h e y a do pte d a s b y a ny t h i n g e l se .

Th e I n dia n vill a g e s o n t h e Atl a n t i c co a s t a n d i n t h e s ta t e o f

Ne w Y o rk se e m t o h a ve bee n m ore pe rm a n e n t t h a n t h os e o n t h e
we st e rn pra ir ie s. Th e y we re fre que n tl y s urr o un de d b y s tock a des
a n d we re co n n e c te d wit h o n e a n ot h e r b y tr a il s Th e I n dia n v ill a g e s.

o f V i rg in ia h a ve b ee n de s cr ib e d b y e a rl y dis cove re rs Th e .

vi lla g e o f Po m e io c k wa s p ict ure d b y t h e pa inte r Wye th Fr o m

‘
.

th i s we l e a rn t h e a rra n g e m e n t o f t h e v ill a g e We s e e t h e fi e l ds .

o f c o r n fi e l ds o f tob a cc o g a r de n full o f m e lo n s f
, , ore sts full o f ,

dee r a po n d in t h e ba c k g ro un d; a bro a d r o a dwa y p a s ses

,
-

th ro ug h t h e vill a g e ; o n o n e s ide a r e t h e h o use s o f t h e c h ie f t h e ,

h o us e s fo r t h e pre s e rv a t io n o f t h e de a d a n d h o us e s fo r t h e fa m i ,

l ie s ; o n t h e o th e r s ide t h e da n ce c ircl e t h e fe a s t t a bl e s a n d t h e , ,

m o urn in g pl a c es Th e h o us e s in t h e v ill a g e a r e re cta n g ul a r

.
,

with c urve d roo fs a n d re se mbl e t h e h o use s o f t h e Iroq uoi s

, .

Th e p ict ure o f t h e v ill a g e o f t h e s o ut h e r n I n dia n s r e prese n t

t h e h o us e s a s c i rc ul a r t h e ro o fs do m e s h a p e d wit h t h e s tock a de
,
-
,

s urro un di n g t h e m Th e re is h o we ve r n o e a rt h work in e ith e r

.
, ,
-

o ft h es e p ict ure s Th e v ill a g e s we re j us t s uc h a s we r e occ up ie d

.

b y t h e l a te r tribe s wh e n t h e y we re in a s e t t l e d c o n dit io n T h ese .

I n dia n s to b e sure m ig h t h a ve po ss i bl y b uilt ea r t h work s a t o n e

, ,
-

t im e a n d a ba n do n e d t h e h a b it b ut ifso it m ust h a ve be e n be fore

,

t h e discov e ry . Th e n a t ura l s uppo s it io n i s t h a t t h e y we r e a

diff e r e n t cl a s s o f pe opl e wh o c a m e in a f , t e r t h e Mo un d b ui l de rs -
.

We div ide t h e Mo un d b uil de rs v ill a g e s in t o se ve ra l cl a s se s

-
'

wh ic h diffe r a cc o rdin g to th e ir l o c a t io n both in t h e ir m e tho d o f ,

de fe n se t h e i r g e n e ra l a rra n g e m e n t s ty l e o f a rc h it e ct ure cl a s s o f
. , ,

re l ic s wh ic h t h e y c o n ta in a n d t h e m ode o f l ife wh ich th e y

,

e xh ib it . Th os e o f t h e e ffig y mo un ds be in g in o ne cl a ss t h e ,
“
b ur ia l mo un ds i n a n oth e r a n d m il ita ry work s in a n othe r, ,

sa cre d e n clo s ure s in a n ot h e r Th e mo s t re m a rk a bl e o f th e se

.

a r e in O h io f ,
o r t h e y s h o w t h a t v ill a g e l if e h a d re a c h e d a h ig h
st a e
g . T h e v i ll a g e s o f Ark a n s a s a r e a l s o to b e m e n t io n e d .

Th e s e we re fill e d with lo dg e c ircl e s a n d in th ese we re l a rg e ,

p yra m ida l o r do r m ic ilia ry m o un ds a n d occa s io na ll y a looko ut

m o un d . Th e se re se mbl e d t h e Oh io v ill a g e s in t h a t th e y we re ,

s q ua r e e n cl o s ure s b ut t h e y h a d n o s uch e l a bora t e g a t e wa ys a n d

, ,

n o s uch wa tc h to we r s wit h in t h e g a t e wa y s a n d n o co n c e n tr ic
-
,

c ircl e s or co m b in a t io n o f c irc le s a n d s q ua re s a n d n o a dj o in in g ,

e n clo s ur es wh ic h co n t a in e d a lta rs or b ur ia l mo un ds ; t h e y we r e

pla in v illa g e e n clos ures in wh ic h a ll t h e p urpo se s o f vill a g e l ife

,

we re c a rr ie d o ut a n d o n l y a s in g l e wa ll s urro un din g t h e wh ol e ,

t h e de fe ns e b e in g g ive n b y t h is wa ll a n d a stock a de pl a c e d upo n

t h e s um m it . Th ey re se mbl e d t h e v illa g es o f t h e st o n e g ra ve
p e opl e o f Te n ne sse e in t h a t t h ey co nta ine d m a n y g ra ve s with in
,

t h e e n clo s ure a s we ll a s lo dg e c ircl e s a n d py ra m ids

, T h ese .
 146

m ay b e c a ll e d t h e v i ll a g e s o f t h e p o tte ry m a k e rs fo r l a rg e q ua n -
,

t it ie s o f po tte ry h a ve be e n fo un d in t h e e n cl o s ure s E n t ire .

m o un ds o f l a r g e s iz e h a v e b e e n o p e n e d a n d f o un d f ull o f n o t h i n g
b ut pott e ry . Th e v i ll a g e s o f t h e G ul f S ta t e s we re p e c ul ia r .

Th e se fo r t h e m o s t pa rt we re de st it ute o f a ny c irc um va l la t io n
, , .

I n it s pl a c e h o we ve r is t o b e fo un d a l a r g e m o a t wh ic h s e rve d
, , ,

a ll t h e p urpo s e s o f a m o a t a ro un d a f e uda l c a s tl e t h e de f e n se ,

o f t h e vi ll a g e h a v i n g b e e n f or m e d b y a Ra lisa de o f t im be rs with ,

g a t e w a ys a n d p e r h a p s dr a w bridg e s
, ,
-
.

Th e c h ie f pe c ul ia r ity o f t h e s e vill a g e s is t h a t t h e re a r e s o
m a n y p y ra m ids g r o up e d a ro un d a c e n tr a l a re a wit h t h e a b r upt ,

s i de s t ur n e d t o wa r d t h e m o a t o fis h p o n ds b ut t h e s ide s o n
. -
,

wh ich a ppro a c h e s a n d g ra de d wa ys a n d t e rra c e s a re to b e see n

a r e di re ct e d to wa r d t h e c e n tr a l a re a Th e v ill a g e s o ft h e e a ste rn
.

dis trict o f t h e G ul f S ta te s a re a l s o m a rk e d wit h py ra m ids b ut ,

t h ey a r e g e n e ra ll y pyra m id s pl a c e d i n pa r si — o ne o f t h e m b e i n g

re cta n g ula r with te rra c e d s ide s a n d g ra de d wa ys fo r a ppro a c h e s ;

,

t h e o t h e r o va l or co n ica l with it s s um m it tr un ca te d a n d a s p i ra l
, ,

pa t h wa y l ea din g to t h e s um m it I n th e se v ill a g e s wa s a c h un k y
.

y a r d
,
a l s o a dis t i n c t ive f e‘
a t u re t h e r o t un da h a vi n
g b e e n e l e va t e d ,

o n t h e s um m it o f t h e co n e wa s pl a c e d a t o n e e n d o f t h e ya r d
, ,

t h e py ra m id wit h t h e c h ie f s h o us e o n it s s um m it wa s l o ca t e d
’
, ,

a t t h e o th e r e n d o f t h e ya r d Th e a rea wit h in t h e ya rd wa s
.

us e d a s t h e p ubl ic s q ua r e o r c a m p us t h e da n c e g ro un d o r ,

t h e pl a c e fo r t h e try in g o f ca pt ive s D es cript io n s h a ve b e e n

.

wr itt e n b y va r io us tra ve l e rs s uc h a s Ada ir a n d B a rtra m wh o

, ,

v is ite d th e s e v illa g e s wh e n th ey we re occ up ie db y t h e C h e rok ees ,

s o we t h a t k n o w e xa ctl y t h e us e to wh ic h e a c h pa rt o ft h e vill a g e

wa s a ppl ie d D e s cr iptio n s g ive n b y th e P o rt ug ue s e tra ve l e r t h e

.
,

h isto ria n o f De S o to s e xpe dit io n re vea l to us a l s o t h e use wh ic h

’
,

wa s m a de o f t h e py ra m ids in t h e we st e r n distr ict b y s uc h tr ib e s

a s dwe lt t h e r e a t t h e t i m e .

Th e Te n n e ss e e v ill a g e s we re furn is h e d wit h more c o n ve n i

e n c e s a n d s h o w b e tte r prov is io n s f o r de f e nse f o r s ub s is t e n c e ,

a nd f o r t h e c a rry in g o ut o f a ll t h e p urpo s e s a n d c us tom s c o n

n e c t e d wit h vi ll a g e l if e b ut th ey we re a f
,
te r a ll a rra n g e d a ft e r
, ,

t h e s a m e g e n e ra l pl a n a n d s h o w t h e sa m e c l a n or g a n iz a t io n Th e .

h o us e s we re g e n e ra ll y a rra n g e d a ro un d a p ub lic s q ua re wit h in ,

wh ic h t h e p e opl e a s se mbl e d m a k in g it a c o m m o n c a mp us Th e
,
.

te m pl e s co un c il ho use s da n c e g ro un ds a n d b uria l g ro un ds t h e y
, ,

pl a ce ds e pa ra te ly b y th e ms e lve s m a k in g t h e m s o m e wh a t e xcl us ive

,

a n d mor e s a cr e d t h a n t h e i r pr iva te ho us e s Th e re we re in a ll .

t h e v ill a g es pro vis io n s fo r t h e diffe re n t cl as s e s — g o v e r n m e n ta l

a nd c o m m o n — a n d co n ve n ie n c e s f o r re l ig io us c e re m o n ie s p c p u ,

la r a s s e mbl e s fe st iva l s a n d a m us e m e n t s a n d fo r b ur ia l s
, ,
.

I n t h e a n c ie n t v i ll a g e s o f O h io t h e re s e e m s t o h a ve b e e n ,

a s e p a ra t e e n cl o s ur e f o r e a c h o ft h e cl a ss e s a n d f o r e a c h e s pe c ia l

p urpo se Th e c l a n e l de rs h a d t h e i r h o use s in s ide o f t h e sq ua re

.
 147

en clo sure a n d t h e pe opl e h a d t h e ir l o dg es in s ide o f t h e l a rg e

c ircl e ; b ut t h e r e l ig io us h o use s o r ro un d h o use s we re l o ca te d in
a s m a ll c i cl e a dj o in i n g t h e t wo t h e b ur ia l pl a c e s a n d da n c e
r ,

g r o un ds b e in g pl a c e d i n e n cl o s ure s b y t h e m se lve s S om e o f .

t h e se vill a g e s in O h io pre s e n t e vide n c e t h a t t h e re wa s a s a c r ifi c ia l

H g 10 —A Moun d-b ui lder s

’
. . F o r l. ‘

pl a ce in t h e m ids t o f t h e l a r g e e n clo s ure a n d h um a n sa crifi c e s

,

we re o ffe r e d to t h e s un .

Th is th o ug h t t h a t t h e Mo un d b uil de rs h a d re a ch e d a sta g e
-

wh e re t h e diffe re n t cl a ss e s we re re co g n iz e d a n d wh e re c o n ve n
ie n c e s we re pro vide d fo r t h e m is wo rt h y o f n ot ic e fo r in t h is ,

c o ns ists o n e g rea t diffe re n c e be twe e n t h e a g es It m a tte r n o t . s

‘ Th e wo r k s re res e n t e d b y t h i s c ut a n d t h e o n e o n pa g e 13 8 a re s i t ua t ed i n B ut le r
Co un t .O h lo T e di ffere n c e b e t w
ee n t h e wa lle d vi lla g es a n d t h e fo r t s wi ll b e s een
fro m t e c ut s .
 149

in g t h a t m a n y o f t h e l a rg e m o un ds , b o t h py ra m i ds a n d pyra m i
da l a n d co n ica l , we re us e d fo r b uria l p urpo se s Alta rs h a ve .

b ee n fo un d in s o m e o f th e m .

I I I We n o w t urn to a co m pa riso n o f t h e vi ll a g e e n clo s ure s

. .

Th is co m pa ris o n m ig h t l e a d us to co n side r t h e v ill a g e s o f a ll

t h e m o de r n I n dia n s We sh a ll , h owe ve r , co n fi n e o urse lve s
.

m a in l y to t h e e n clo s ure s o f O h io , fo r t h e se s e e m to b e t h e mo s t
co m pl e te s pe cim e n s o f v i ll a g e e n clo s ures to b e fo un d a n ywh e re
a mo n g t h e un c ivi l iz e d ra c e s We fin d in t h e m t h e e l e m e n ts.

wh ic h g o to m a k e up v i ll ag e a rc h ite ct ure e ve rywh e re Th e fo l .

lo win g a re t h e e l e m e n t s g ive n b y t h e Oh io ea rth works : I , t h e -

c irc umva ll a t io n ; 2 t h e lodg e c i rcl e , in cl udin g t h e e s t ufa s ; 3, t h e

.

te mpl e pl a tform ; 4 . t h e ob se rva tory or wa tc h to we r ; 5 , t h e c c v

e re d wa ys , i n cl udin g t h e prot e ct e d l a n di n g , or g ra de d wa y ; 6 , t h e
ort ifica t io n s ;
s a cri fic ia l pl a c e or s a cre d b ur ia l e n cl o s ure ; 7 , t h e f

8, t h e loo k o ut mo un ds .

We n o w ta k e up t h e de s cript io n o f t h e v i ll a g e s .

t . It
o ul d b e n ot ice d th a t t h e vi ll a g es o f t h diffe re n t dis
sh ,
e

t r ic t s a ll h a d c irc um va ll a t io n s wh ic h we re v e ry m a rk e d Th e .

vill a g e s o f t h e e mbl e m a t ic m o un d b ui l de r s h a d e f fig ie s n e a r -

t h e m t h o s e o f t h e t o m b b ui lde r s h a d c i rcl e s o f b ur ia l m o un ds
,
‘

a bo ut t h e m t h o s e o f t h e py r a m id b uil de r s h a d py ra m ids a ro un d
.
-

t h e m a n d th o s e o f t h e lo dg e b uil de rs h a d wa ll s o n t h e o uts ide

,
-

a n d lodg e c i rcl e s i n s ide t o c h a r a c t i z e t h e m, I n l ik e m a n n e r t h e .

de fe n se s o f t h e s e rpe n t wo rs h ip e r s h a d t h e s e rp e n t e fii g y to c h a r
a c t e r iz e t h e m a n d t h e v i ll a g e s o f t h e s un worsh ipe rs h a d t h e
,

c ir cl e cre s c e n t
,
h orse s h oe a n d ot h e r s y mbol s to c h a ra cte ri z e
,
-
,

t h e m ea c h dis tr ict co n ta in in g a diffe re n t re l ig io us syste m a n d a

,

diffe re n t cl a s s o f work s wh ich e mbo die d it .

T h e r e is t h is d iffe re n c e be t wee n t h e vill a g e s o f O h io a nd

,

t h o se fo un d e l se wh e r e T h e vill a g e s h e r e we r e a l wa ys c h a r
.

a c t e r iz e d b
y a d o ub l e o r a tr ipl e e n c lo s ur e o n e o f t h e m be in
g ,

a sq ua r e a n d t h e o t h e r a c i rcl e or a cl uste r o f c i rcl e s Th a t a t .

Ne wa r k co n t a in s five e n closure s a n d t h re e se t s o f p a ra lle l wa ll s ,

wit h a n e ffig y in o n e o f t h e e n clo sur es a n d m a n v s m a ll c i rc le s

s c a t t e r e d a ro un d a m o n t h c v r d w
g e o e e a
ys .

T h e m o s t r e m a r k a bl e o f a ll t h e v illa g e sit e s a r e r h a s th o se
p
a t Ho pe to n Ne wa r k C ircl e vill e H ig h b a nk a n T wins bur g
, , , , .

T h a t a t H ope to n is t h e m o s t b e a utiful wh e r e th e r e is a squa re ,

a n d c ircl e a n d t wo or t h r e e s m a ll e r c i rcl e s o
, j in in
g t h e s u a r e s
o n t h e o ut s id e T h er e a r e fo un d o n t h e th ird bo ttom
. ey .

con sist o f a r e ct a n g le with a n a tt a c h e d c irc le Th e re ct a ng le .

m e a sure s 95 0 b y 900 fe e t T h e c ircl e is 1 0 5 0 fe e t in d ia me te r

. .

T h e g a t e wa ys a r e t we l ve in n umbe r a n d h a ve a n a ve r a g e wid t h ,

o f a b o ut 2 5 f ee t O n t h e e a s t sid e a re t wo c i r c l e s m e a sur in g
.
,

200 a n d 2 5 0 f e e t t h e g a te wa ys or O pe n in g t o t h e c ircl e s c o r
,

r e spo n d in g to t h e g a te wa ys in t h e squa r e T h e wa ll s o f t h e .

“
l a rg e r work a r e 1 2 fe e t h ig h 5 0 feet wide at th e b ase ,Th e y .
 15 1

m e n t o f t h e v illa g e s a s th ey a r e fo un d in t h e m o un t a in d is t r ic t
,

o f T e n n e ss e e a n d in t h e c ypr e s s s wa mp s o f A r k a n s a s a n d Mis

s o ur i . T h e a r r a n g e m e n t o f t h e O h io vill a g e s m a y h a v e be e n
t h e s a m e a t l e a s t t h e r e a r e pla t form s e ll ip t ic a l or c ir c ul a r in
, ,

s h a p e wh ic h a r e s it ua te d i n t h e c e n te r
, s h o win g th a t a p ubl ic,

b uild in g o fs om e kin d wa s in t h e m id s t o ft h e e n c lo s ur e .

4. T h e p a r a ll e l wa ll s f orm a n o t h e r p e c ulia r f e a tur e o f t h e

vill a g e s o f O h io T h e se g e n e r a lly e xt e n d fr o m t h e e n clo sure s

.

t o t h e r i v e r s b a n k b ut s o m e t i m es e xt e n d from o ne e n clo s ur e t o
’
,

a n ot h e r T h e y we re prob a bly in t e n de d to prote c t t h e pe ople

.

a s t h e y we n t t o a n d f rom t h e vill a g e s T h e wor ks a t N e wa rk .

ill us tr a te t h is poin t (S e e t h e P l.a t e ) T h e s e w or k s . a r e i n t e r

e s tin g .Th e y a r e s it ua te d in t h e m idst o fa fe r til e pl a in wh ich is ,

s urro un d e d b y h i h h ill s o n a ll s id e s o n e h ill be i n g e s e c ia ll

g ,
p
r o m in e n t t h e h ill o n wh ic h
,
t h e a llig a tor mo un d is at t ua te
h e wor k s a r e v e ry e xt e n sive T h e y c ov e r in e xte n t a b o ut
.

t wo m il e s s q ua r e a n d c o n s is t o f t h re e g r a n d d iv is io n s wh ich
, ,

a r e co n n e c t e d b y p a r a ll e l wa ll s T h e m o s t prom in e n t is t h e
.

c i r c ul a r s tr uc t ur e wh ic h is c a ll e d t h e old fort
, T h e a re a o f .

t h is s tr uc t ur e is s om e t h in g ov e r t h i rt y a c r e s In t h e ce nt e r o f .

it is t h e m o un d o f s in g ul a r s h a pe wh i c h is c a ll e d t h e b i rd ; t h e,

h e a d o f t h e b ird po in t e d d i r e ctl y t o wa rd t h e en tr a n c e o f t h e
e n clo s ur e Th is ao c a lle d b ird or ig in a lly c o n t a ine d a n a lt a r
.
-
.

I t se e m e d t o po in t o ut a r e l ig io us d e sig n t o t h e whol e str uc t ure ,

n onl c n tr a l o b e c t in t h e m id st o f a
a nd
y e t it m a y h a v e b e e y a e
j
v ill a e a n objec t wh ic h wo uld sh o w t h a t t h e vill a g e rs we r e
,

rl p r t i i o T w f h i fort ll d i
'

p e c u a y s u e s t us h e g a t e a y o t s s o c a e s ,
-
,

ve ry impo sin g T h e wa lls a r e n o t l e ss th a n 1 6 fe e t in h e ig h t

.
,

a n d a d itc h with in is 1 3f e e t d e e p g i v in g a n e n t i r e h e ig ht o f
,

a bo ut 3 0 f e et
“ I n e n t e r in g t h e a n c ie n t a ve n ue fo r t h e fir s t t im e
.

”
t h e visito r doe s n o t fa il to e xp e r ie n c e a se n s a t io n o f a we s uch ,

a s h e mi h t f l i n p a ss in g t h e port a l s o f a n E g p t i n te m pl e
g e e y a .

S uc h is t h e t e s t imo n y o f t h e a ut h or o f A n c i e n t Mo n um e n t s
“
,

b ut t h e wr ite r c a n b e a r wit n e s s t h a t t h e s a m e i mpr e ss io n wa s

m a d e upo n h im se i f wh e n e n te r in g it fo r t h e fir s t t i m e Th e .

c ircl e is n e a rly a t r ue c ircl e it s d ia m e te r be in g 1 1 89 b y 1 1 63

,

fe e t . T h e c ircl e is un ite d wit h a s q ua r e b y p a r a ll e l wa ll s wh ich ,

for m a wide c o ve r e d wa y T h e r e is be t we e n t h e s q ua r e a n d
.

t h e c r e e k or r i ve r a n o t h e r l a r g e e n clo sur e wh ic h is p a r tia ll y ,

s urro un d e d b y wa lls a n d wh ic h h a s a com pl ic a t e d s ste m o f

, y
c o ve r e d wa ys c o n nec te d wit h it Th is se e m s to h a ve be e n t h e
.

c e n t r a l s pot fo r t h e t wo vi ll a g e s wh ic h we r e lo c a te d h e r e It .

m a y h a v e be e n a pl a c e o f a s se mbly a d a n c e g ro un d o r a fe a st ,

pla c e Th e r e 18 a sin g le c ir c l e wit h in it a n umbe r o f c on ic a l

.
,

mo unds a n d a g ra d e d wa y wh ic h le a ds from it t o t h e e d g e o f
,

t h e te rr a ce sit ua te d s o uth o f it
, T h is g r a d e d wa is a pec ul ia r
.

wor k , b ut is S i m il a r t o those fo un d a t Pik e to n a n d a r ie t t a T h e .

c h ie f pe cul ia rity o f t h e work is t h a t t h e re a r e pa ra ll e l wa ll s ;

t wo o f t h e se wh ic h a r e up wa rd s o f a m il e in l e n g t h
, e xte n d ,
 15 2

fr o m t h e wo r k s jus t d e sc r ib e d to t h e o c t a g o n s it ua t e d we st or
n o r th we s t o f t h e old to r t or
g r e a t c ir c l e h e se p a r a ll e
. l lTin e s
we r e p r ob a b ly c ove r e d wa ys, o n e o f wh ic h c on n e c t e d t h e vil
la g e e n c t o sur e s with o n e a n ot h e r , t h e o th e r c o n n e ct in g t h e we st
e n c lo sur e o r o c t a o n with t h e b ottom l a n d a n d r i v e r s e d g e ,
’
g
t h o ug h t h e t wo c o v e r e d wa ys a r e n e a r l p a r a ll e l
y h e r e is a . T
t h ir d line , wh ich exten d s fro m t h e o c ta g o n so uth wa rd fo r n e a rl y
t wo m ile s T h is c o ve r e d wa y lo se s it se l f in t h e pl a in t m ay . I
h a ve bee n d e sig n e d t o pr o te c t t h e v ill a g e r s a s th e y we n t t o a n d
fr o m t h e fie ld s .

I n t h e c e n te r o f t h e work s, n e a rl y surro un d e d b y t h e cove r e d

wa ys, is a l a r g e po n d , wh ic h m a y h a ve se rve d a s a r e se rvoi r o f
wa te r fo t bo th V i ll a g e s , a s a c c e ss co uld b e g a in e d to it t h ro ug h
t h e o pe n in g s in t h e wa lls fr o m e ith e r s id e T h e re a r e s m a ll
.

c i rc les sc a tt e r e d a r o un d a mo n g t h e wor k s Th e se m a y h a ve.

bee n t h e e st ufa s o r s we a t h ouse s, a s th ey a ll h a v e t h e s a m e

g e n e r a l a pp e a r a n c e a n d d i m e n s io n s T h e c h ie.f f e a t u r e o f t h e
wo r k is t h e oc t a g o n a n d s m a ll c i r c l e *
T h e o c t a g o n h a s e ig h t
.

g a t e w a y ,
s e a c h g a t e w a b e i g a rd e d b a e ll i p t i c a l mo u n d
€
y n y n

o r t r unc a te d pyr a m id , 5 f e et h ig 80 b y 1 00 fee t a t b a se Th e .

c irc le c o nn ec t e d with t h e o c t a g o n is a tr ue c i rc le 2 080 fe e t

— u wa r d s o f h a l f a m il e— in c irc um fe r e n c e I t h o n th e
p a s .

so uth west sid e wh a t wa s prob a bl y o n c e a a t e wa y , b ut it see m s

g
t o h a ve b een a b a n d o n e d a nd a n o b se r va to ry b uilt in it s ste a d .

S ee F ig 7 . .

Th e wa tch to we r s a n d ob se rv a to r y m o un ds a r e a ls o t o
b e n o tic e d T h e o b se r v a to r y a t N e wa r k is ve r y i mpo sin g
. It .

is 1 70 fee t lo n g , is 8 fee t h i g h e r t h a n t h e g e n e r a l e mb a n k m e n t ,
ove r loo ks t h e e n tir e work , a n d m a y h a ve bee n use d a s a loo k
o ut s ta t io n to p r ote c t t h e fie ld s a d o in in n um b e r o f s m a ll
j A
c i r c les , wh ic h a r e c a ll e d wa tc h to we r s y At w a t e r ,
a r e o
f un d
co n nec te d with t h e wo rk s, a n d a re c h ie fl y e mbr a ce d in t h e a re a
be t wee n th e p a ra lle l wa ll s .

In ref
e en c e r to N e wa rk in it s d iffe re n t pa rts
t h e work s at ,

Messr s S quie r a n d Da vis sa y : S e ve r a l e xtr a ord in a ry c o inc i

.
“
de n c es a r e exh ib i t e d be t we e n t h e m a n d t h e wor k s s it ua t e d e l se
wh e r e T h e s m a ll e r c ircl e is i d e n tic a l in siz e with th a t b e lo n g in
.

t o t h e Ho pe to n wor k s a n d t h a t a t H ig h b a n k wh ich a r e s it ua t e ,

se ve n ty m il e s d ist a n t T h e sq ua r e h a s t h e s a m e a r e a s a s t h e
.

s q ua r e a t H op e to n a n d t h e oc t a o n a t H ig h b a n k T h e oc t a
g .

g o n h a s t h e s a m e a r e a a s t h e s q ua r e a t M a r ie tt a T h e r e a re .

mo un d s in side o f t h e g a te w y t h e s a m e a s fo un d in oth e r pla c e s

a .

Th e o b se r va tory h e re corr e s po n d s to t h e l a r g e ob se rv a tory a t

Ma rie tt a th o ug h t h a t is som e wh a t h ig h e r T h e s m a ll c ircl e s
,
.
,

wh ic h we c a ll e s t ufa s a re o f t h e s a m e g e n e r a l c h a r a cte r a n d
,

‘
Ea c h h a s a di a m et e r o f a b
va t e d e m b a n k m e n t s i n t h e
c o m m o n fo r m wi t h a ll o r t h
wi t h t h e vi lll nlte si t e s .
o ut 200 fe e t , h a s a di t c h i n t e r i o r t o t h e wa lls , a n d e le
sh a p e o r c r e sce n t s i n t e r i o r t o t h e di t c h
. Th i s i s t h e
e s m a l l c i r c le s wh i c h a re so n um e r o us i n co n n e c t i o n
 15 3

d im e n sio n s a s t h ose fo un d a t H ope to n a t Hi h b a n k a t t h e , ,

n ct io n ro a n d a t C h ill ico t h e n c e s b e t we e n
ju g u T h m b a
t h e v ill a g e a t p
e r e s e .

ie wa r k a n d t h o se fo un d e l se wh e re in th is d is t r ict
a re , we t h in k q uit e s ig n ific a n t
, We fin d in m a n y o f t h e .

o t h e r wor k s e s pe c ia lly t h o se o n Pa in t C re e k a n d in t h e S c io t o
,

V a lle y t h a t t h e re a r e t h re e e n c lo sure s t wo o f t h e m b e in g a
, ,

c irc le a n d sq ua re a n d a th ird b e in g irre g ula r in form b ut g e n

, ,

e r a lly l a r g e r t h a n e it h e r t h e c i rcl e or sq ua r e T h is l a r g e r e n
'

closur e so m e ti m e s in t e rv e n e s be t we e n t h e c ir c le a ud t h e sq ua re
a n d so m e t i m e s it is s it ua t e d a t t h e sid e o f e a c h m a k in g a t r i ,

F ig . 7 .— o b s er va t or y at Ne wa r k .

ang e l wit ht h e m It is pr ob a bl e t h a t t h e sa m e use wa s m a de

.

o f t h is l a r g e e n clo s ur e s i n t h e o t h e r loc a l i t ie s t h a t wa s m a d e o f

t h e l a r g e e n clo s ur e a t Ne wa r k t h e o n l y d if fe re n c e be in g t h a t
,

co n n e c t e d wit h t h e c irc le a n d sq ua re it co n stitut e d o n e vill a g e , ,

b ut in t h is c a se it s e rv e d fo r t h e t wo vi ll a g es t h e co n n e ct i o n ,

be t wee n t h e m be in g se c ure d b y t h e pa r a ll e l wa ll .
*

6 We t ur n t o t h e de s cr ipt io n o f t h e g r a d e d wa ys T h e se a r e
. .

v e ry in t e r e st in g wor k s b ut con fir m wh a t we h a ve sa id a bo ut
,

vill a g e s it e s T h e re is a g r a de d wa y a t N e wa r k a n oth e r a t
.
,

Pik e t o n a n o t h e r a t Ma r ie t t a a n d a n o t h e r is s a id t o b e s it ua t e d
, ,

a t Piq ua T h e y a ll h a ve t h e s a m e g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r is t ic s T h e y
'

. .

'Th e r e a de r w
i ll s e e t h is p la i n l b y e xa m i n i n g t h e la t e s i n t h e A n c i e n t Mo n u
m e n t s. Be e H i g h b a n k wo r k s P a t e X V I , wy
o rk s o n i b e rt l o wn s h i p Pla t e X Y,
' ‘

wo r k s o n Pa i n t Cr ee k , Pla te X
X I , l a n d 2 a n d wo r k s o n t h e g
d o t o n ea r Oh i i llco t h e ,
a n d o n t h e n o r t h fo r k o r Pa i n t C r e e k . a t (51d C h i lli c o t h e , Pla t e X X I , No s 3, 4. S ee
X
.

wo r k s a t H o t o u V I I , a lso wo r k s i n t h e S c i o to V a lle y Pla t e I I , a ls o a t Bi a c k wa t e r

No 5 Cla nk e s W o r k s c o n t a i n s t h e sq ua r e a n d t h e c i r c le b ut t h e c i r
,

g ro up , X X I
’
. .

c le i s i n s i d e o f t h e la e n c lo s ure , wh i c h i s ve r y m uc h la rg e r t h a n th e o rd i n a r y
sq ua r e , b e i n 32800 b y 1 fee t , a n d c o n t a i n s a n a rea o f I l l a c re s , i n s t ea d o f 5 0 .
 15 5

th e u ppe r te rr a c e t h o ug h t h e r e a r e n o wa lls pe r c e pt ibl e th e r e

, .

T h e g r a d e d wa a t Ma r ie tt a is a l s o ve r y in t e r e st in g T h is h a s .

a lr e a dy b e e n e sc r i be d A dis t a n c e o f se v e r a l h undr ed fe e t
.

in te rv e n e s be t we e n t h e e n d o f t h e g r a de d wa y a n d t h e b a n k o f
t h e r ive r wh ic h i s h e r e 3
, 5 or 4 0 f e e t i n h e i g h t I t h a s b ee n .

co nje ct ur e d t h a t t h e rive r flo we d imm e d ia te l y a t t h e foo t o ft h e

wa y a t t h e t i m e o f it s co n s t ruc t io n I f so i t wo uld prove t h e .
,

a n t iq uit y o f t h e wor k s t o b e v e r y g r e a t G r a de d wa ys sim il a r .

t o t h e se i n O h io a r e fo un d i n G e or g ia in c o n n e c t io n wit h t h e
h ig h co n ic a l m o un d s b ut t h e y g e n e r a lly l e a d to po n d s a n d m a y
, ,

h a ve be e n use d fo r a diffe r e n t p ur po s e .

7 I
. n r e f
e r e n c e t o t h e a ss o c ia t io n o f t h e fort i fic a t i o n s w i th t h e

vill a g e s a n d t h e s a cre d e n c lo s ure s a f e w wor ds will b e a ppropr i ,

a te . I t is e xpl a in e d b y t h e pe c ul ia r it ie s o f cl a n l ife It a ppe a rs .

t h a t a m o n g a ll un c ivil iz e d ra ce s t h e cl a n wa s t h e un it Th e fa m il y .

wa s n oth in g wh e n c o mpa re d wit h t h e cl a n I n fa ct t h e cl a n .

,

s e e m e d t o b e m o re i m p o rta n t t h a n t h e tr ib e It wa s m uc h m o r e .

imp o rta n t t h a n t h e n a t io n if t h e n a t io n e xis te d ,

It is pro ba bl e .

t h a t t h e c o m m un is t ic s ys te m preva il e d i n m o st o f t h e c l a n s .

S ub s is t e n c e wa s s e c ur e d b y m e m b e rs o f t h e cl a n Th e b ur ia ls .

m a y h a ve b e e n i n c la n s o r b y a n umb e r o f cl a n s un it in g t o g e t h e r
,
.

Th e o c a lle d a lt a r m o un d we re pro b a bl y t h e pl a c e s wh e re
s -
. s

s e ve r a l c l a n s w e b r o ug h t t o g e t h e r a n d pre s e n t e d t h e ir o f
er fe r in g s

a n d m a de t h e ir b ur ia l s Th e fo rt ifica t io n s we re a l s o pl a c e s
.

wh e re t h e c la n s c a m e t o g e t e r fo r c o m m o n de fe n se .

Ma n y o ft h e se h ill fort s a re s it ua t e d in t h e m ids t o f vill a g e e n

clos ure O n e o f t h e m t h a t a t B o ur n e vill e h a s b ee n fre q ue n tl y
s .
, ,

de s cr ib e d It is ve ry l a rg e c o n ta in in g 140 a cre s b e in g s it ua ted

.
, ,

i n t h e m ids t of t h e vill a g e s o n Pa in t Cre e k Th e A n c ie n t F o rt .

a n d t h a t a t H a m i lt o n o n t h e Gre a t Mia m i we r e a l so l a r g e Th e se
”
.
, ,

we re s it ua te d n o t fa r fr o m o t h e r vill a g e e n cl o s ure s Th e fo rt ifi e d .

h ill c a ll e d Fo rt H ill i n H ig h l a n d C o un ty is n o t v e ry fa r fro m

“
, .

vill a g e s b e in g b ut t h i rt y m il e s fr o m C h ill ic o t h e
,
Th e fo rt i fie d .

h ill n e a r Gra n v il le is n e a r t h e wo rk s a t N e wa r k b ut it wa s pro b ,

a bl y b uilt b y a la t e r r a c e a s it dif fe rs ve ry m a te r ia l ly fro m t h e

,

wo rk s a t N e wa rk Th e a n c ie n t wo r k s o n Ma s se y s Cre e k i n
’
.
,

Gre e n e C o unty m a y h a ve b e e n e re cte d b y t h e t yp ic a l mo un d

,

b uil de r s o f t h e dis tr ict b ut o f t h e wo rk s a t t h e m o ut h o f t h e

,

Mia m i o n t h e Grea t Mia m i i n B ut le r C o un ty a n d H a m ilt o n

, ,

C o un ty th e re is s o m e un ce rt a in ty S o m e o f th e m m a y h a ve
,
.

be l o n g e d t o t h e typ ica l m o un d b uil de rs b ut o t h e rs m a y h a ve -

,

b e e n b uilt b y a n e a r l ie r o r a l a te r ra c e .

Th is is a l s o t h e us e wh ic h wa s m a de o f Fo rt A n c ie n t A pa rt .

o f t h is h a d be e n b uilt b r c f ffi b uil d r t h sa m r

y a a e o e gy e s e e a c e -
,

wh o b uilt t h e g re a t s e rpe n t a n d m a de it t h e g re a t ce n te r o f s e r
pe n t wo rs h ip A pa rt o f it h o we ve r wa s pro ba bl y b uilt b y t h e
. . ,

s a m e p e op le wh o e r e cte d t h e vi ll a e e n cl o s ure s wh o w e r e s u
g n ,

wo rs h ipe r s Th e re a re s o m e re a s o n s fo r b e l ie v i n g t h a t t h e s e r
.
 15 6

pe n t worsh ipe rs m ig ra te d from th is pa rt o f O h io a n d a ft e r wa rds

be c a m e t h e e ffig y b uil de rs o f W isco n s i n a s t h e re a re ma ny s e r
-
,

pe n t efiig ie s s c a tt e red a lo n g t h e bl uffs o f t h e Mis s is s ip pi R ive r

‘
,

t h e ro ute wh i c h t h e y a re s uppo se d t o h a ve ta k e n in t h e i r m ig ra
t io n Th e s un worsh ipe rs m a y po s s ibl y h a ve b e e n t h e sa m e
.

pe opl e a n d yet t h e pro b a b il ity is t h a t th e y m ig ra t e d so ut h wa rd

,

a n d be ca m e t h e py ra m id b ui l de rs o f t h e S o ut h e r n S t a t e s e m
-
,

bo dy ing th a t worsh ip in t h e py ra m id a s t h e y h a d h e re in t h e
c i rcl e s a n d cre s c e n ts .

8 Th e co n n e ct io n o f t h e vill a g e e n cl o s ure wit h t h e looko ut

. s

m o un ds is o ur l a s t po in t Th e s e look o ut m o un ds m a y h a ve
.

be e n use d b y a ll o f t h e diffe re n t tr ibe s o r ra c e s wh ic h o c

c upie d t h e di s tr ict b ut it is pl a in t h a t t h y we r e a l s o us e d b y t h e
,
e

pe opl e o f t h e vill a g e e n c l o s ure s S q uie r a n d Da v is s pe a k o f

.

t h e looko ut o n t h e t o p o f t h e h ill a bove C h ill ic o t h e t h e l o o ko ut ,

wh ic h com m a n ds a v ie w o f t h e wh o l e dis tr ic t in wh ic h t h e vil

l a g e s we re s it ua te d Th e wr ite r h a s vis ite d t h e g re a t m o un d a t
.

Mia m isb urg a n d fo un d t h a t it c o m m a n de d a vie w o f t h e va ll e y

,

in wh ic h we re t h e work s a t A le xa n de r s vi lle a n d a t t h e s a m e t i m e ,

was co n n e cte d wit h o t h e rs wh ic h re a c h e d a s fa r a s Fort A n c ie n t .

O n e pe c ul ia rity a b o ut t h is m o un d wa s n o t ic e d A t a c e rt a in .

h e ig h t o n t h e s ide o f t h e m o un d t h e vie w e xt e n de d o ve r t h e
va ll e y wh e re we re t h e va r io us e a rt h wo rk b ut it wa s l im ite d b y s,

s urro un din h i ll s or h ea dl a n ds T h e s um m it h o we v e r v
g . .
g a e a ,

vie w o f o t h e r h ill s b e yo n d t h e s e a n d t h e wr ite r wa s c o n vin c e d

,

t h a t it wa s ra ise d to t h is h e ig h t i n o rde r t h a t ig na l s m ig h t b e s

e xc h a n e d b e t we e n t h o s e wh o we re l ivi n i n t h e Mia m i va ll e
g g y
a h d t h o se wh o we r e l ivin g in t h e va ll e y we s t o f it t h us s h o wi n g ,

th a t t h e Wh i te R ive r a n d t h e Mia m i R ive r we re in cl ude d in o n e

distr ic t R e v T J Mc Le a n h a s a l s o s t udie d o ut t h e s ig n a l
. . . .

s ta t io n s a n d m a de a co m pl e te n e t wo rk o f t h e m -
t h ro ug h o ut
B utl e r a n d H a m ilto n Co unt ie s Wh e t h e r t h is sys te m o f s ig n a l
,

s ta t io n s e xte n de d b e y o n d t h e dis t r ict wh ic h we a re n o w de sc rib

i n g we a re un a bl e to s a y b ut we h a ve n o do ubt t h a t t h e s ig n a l
,

s ta t io n s we r e use d b y t h e v ill a g e p e opl e wh o e r e ct e d t h e t y p ic a l

e a rt h work s o f S o ut h e rn O h io Gra ve Cre e k m o un d m a y h a ve

.

be e n o n e o f t h e s ig n a i s ta t io n s a n o ut work wh ic h wa s fa rt h e st
,

to t h e e a st Th e h ig h c o n ica l m o un d a t Ma r i e t ta wa s a n ot h e r
. .

Th e h ig h c o n ic a l m o un d a t Ci rcl e vill e re a c h e d t h e h e ig h t o f
n in e t f ee t t h is i s a n o t h e r o f t h e s i g n a l s t a t i o n s wh ic h w e r e u s e d
y ;
b y t h e vill a g e I n dia n s .
 15 7

C H A PT E R X .

PY R A MIDAL MO UND S I N TH E GULF S TATES .

One of th eo st in te re s t in g loca l it ie s fo r t h e st udy o f t h e pre

m
h istor ic m o n um e n t s o f t h is co un try is t h e o n e wh i ch i s fo un d o n
t h e b a n k s o f Ca h ok ia Cr e e k s om e t we l ve m il e s from t h e City o f
,

S t Lo uis
. . H e re t h e l a rg e s t pyra m id m o un d i n t h e U n ite d S ta te s
i s to b e s e e n a n d with it m a n y ot h e r mo un d s tr uct ure s wh ich
, ,

a re a s c ur io us a n d i n t e r e s t i n g a s t h e g re a t mo un d i ts e l f It .

s ho ul d b e sa id th a t th is 15 t h e n orth e r n m o s t po in t a t wh i ch a n y

g e n u i ne p y ra m i d mo u n d s o f t h e s o ut h e r n typ e h a ve b e en re co
g
n iz e d b ut it i s a loc a l ity i n wh i ch a ll t h e e c ul ia r it ie s o f th a t
,
p
c l a s s o f e a rt h work s a re e xh ib it e d
-
Th e re i s c e rta in l y a g rea t
.

c o n tr a s t b e t we e n th e s e work s a n d t h o se s i t ua t e d in t h e n ort h e rn

dis tri ct s ; b ut t h e fa ct th a t th is l a rg e g ro up h as b e e n in tro duc e d

i n t o t h e m ids t o f t h e n orth e rn cl a s s a n d in clo s e pro xim ity to
,

m a n y spe c im e n s o f th a t cl a ss m a ke s t h e co n tra s t a ll t h e more

,

s tr ik i n g a n d i ns tr uct iv e .

It h a s be e n th e privil e g e o f t h e write r to vis it t h e va rio us

ro u p s c a tt e re d a lo n g t h e Miss is s ipp i R iv e r f rom i t s h e a d wa te rs
g s

to th is po in t a n d to s t udy t h e cha ra cte rist ics o f e a ch g ro up as

,

they we re g ra dua ll y bro ug ht b e fore t h e e ye Th e co n tra st s b e .

t we e n t h e e fli g y mo un ds o f Wis co n s in a n d t h e b uria l m o un ds
o f North e rn Ill in o is a r e c e rta in l y v e ry str ik i n g Th e wo r k s o f
.
,

s e rp e n t wo rs h ipe rs a re to b e s ure in t e rm in g l e d with t h e m b ut

-
, , ,

t h e ch a n g e from t h e py ra m ida l mo un ds to t h e b ur ia l mo un ds ,

m a k e s t h e co n tra s ts a ll t h e mor e i mpre s s ive .

Th e co n dit io n s o f l ife i n t h e diffe re n t pa rts o f t h e Mis s is s ipp i

Va ll e y see m e d to h a ve va rie d a ccordin g t o t h e cl im a te s o il a n d ,

s c e n e ry b ut t h e y a r e s o co n c e n tra te d i n to a n a rro w co m pa s s t h a t
,

o n e m a y b y t h e a id o f s t e a m a n d t h e ra ilro a d tra i n pa s s i n o n e
, ,

da y fr o m t h e m ids t o f t h e wi l d sa va g e h un t e rs o ft h e n ort h in to
t h e v e ry m ids t o f t h e work s o f t h e se m i c iv il iz e d a g r ic ult ura l
-

pe opl e o f t h e so uth a n d m a y fin d t h e wh ol e pa n ora m a o f t h e

,

pre h istoric ra ce s un roll e d a n d t h e whol e co n dit io n o fs o c ie ty in

p r e h is tor i c t im e s ra p idl y bro ug ht b e f o re t h e e ye s Ca h o k.ia
mo un d is a t firs t disa ppo in tin g (s e e F ig I ) fo r it is n o t a s .
,

i mpo s in g a s s om e h a ve re pres en te d i t to b e a n d ye t t h e c o n ,

s c i o us ne s s t h a t a g r e a t po p ul a t io n o n c e s wa rm e d h e r e a n d fill e d

t h e va ll ey wit h a t ee m i n g l ife m a de t h e spot a v e ry i n te re s ti n g

o ne . Th e re wa s a l s o a do ubl e pre se n ce wh ich wa s force d upo n
 15 8

th e m ind— th e pre se n c e o f tho se wh o s in ce t h e be g in n i n g o r

h is tor ic t im e s ha ve v is it e d t h e re g io n a n d g a z e d upo n th is ve ry
mo n um e nt a n d writte n de scr ipt io n s o f it o n e a fte r t h e o th e r , ,

un t il a vol um e o f l it e ra t ure h a s a cc um ul a te d ; a n d t h e pre s e n c e

o f t h o se wh o i n pr e h is tor ic t im es fille d t h e v a ll e y with t h e i r
'

wo rk s b ut we re una bl e to m a k e a n y re cord o f t h e m se lv e s e x
,

ce pt s uch a s is co n ta ine d in th es e s il e n t witn e ss e s Th e re is . ,

pe rh a p s n o s pot in t h e Mississ ippi Va ll ey wh ich h a s be e n o ft e n e r

,

v is ite d b y dis t in g uis h e d pe rso n s a n d n o m o n um e n t wh ich h a s

o fte n e r g o n e in to h is tory D e scr ipti o n s o f it b e g a n a s e a rl y a s
.

t h e t i m e o f Ma rq ue tt e a n d t h e Fre n c h m iss io n a r ie s ; th e y a ppe a r

a g a in i n t h e t i m e o f Ge n R o g e r s Cl a rk a n d t h e co n q ues t o ft h e
.

co untry fro m t h e I n dia n s ; t h e y com e o ut a g a in in t h e tim e o f

t h e e a rl y e xplore r s a n d tra ve l e r s Bre c k e n r idg e La trobe a n d
. ,

—
ot h e rs a n d c o n tin ue to t h e pre s e n t da y m iss io n a r ie s e a rl y , ,
,

F la . I —a zh oki a Moun d .

tra ve l e rs m il ita ry g e n e ra l s h ist o ria n s a n d mo de rn a rc h aeol o g ist s

, ,

vy in g with o n e a n ot h e r in de sc rib in g t h e s ce n e We sh a ll o ffe r .

n o m in ut e des cr i pt io n o f o ur o wn b ut s h a ll q uote f,
rom diffe re n t
tra ve l e rs wh o h a ve v is ite d t h e sp o t a n d wh o h a ve s een t h e e a rth
work s b e fo r e t h e y we re s o sa dly de s p o il e d b y t h e a g g re s s io n s o f
m o de r n da ys . Pro ba bl y n o t o n e fi ft h o f t h e mo un ds a n d ea rth
wo rk s wh ic h fo rm e rl y c ove re d t h is bro a d va ll e y a n d wh ic h a l s o ,

s ur m o un t e d t h e bl uf fs a djo i n in g c a n n o w b e see n
,
T h e g ro wt h .

o f t h e g re a t City o f S t Lo uis h a s de s tr o ye d t h e l a s t v e s t ig e o f

”
.

t h e l a r g e g ro up wh ic h co ul d o n c e b e se e n t h e re a n d a ll o f t h e ,

py ra m ids c o ne s fa ll in g g a rde n s te rra c e s a n d pl a t for m s wh ich

, , , ,

o n ce a ttra cte d a tt e n t io n h a ve disa ppea re d T we n ty s eve n l a rg e

,
.
-

mo un ds o n c e s to o d o n t h e bl uff m a k in g it m e m ora bl e a s t h e
,

l o ca tio n o f a l a rg e v ill a g e wh ic h wa s s im il a r in m a ny re s pe cts to

,

th e o n e wh e re t h e g re a t m o un d n o w s ta n ds b ut th e y h a ve b ee n ,

de s tr o ye d a n d c a n n o t n o w b e s t udie d .

We s h a ll g o ba ck fo r o ur de s cr iptio n s to t h e a uth or wh o h a s
g iv e n t h e e a rl ie s t a n d fu ll e s t a cco un t —
J M Bra ck e n.r idg e H e . .

“
sa ys : Th e re is n o spot in t h e we ste rn co un try c a pa bl e o fb e in g
 15 9

m r h ig hl y cult iva te d or o f g iv in g s upport to a n um e ro us po p

o e

ula t io n th a n t h i s va ll e y If a n y ve s ti g e o f a n c ie n t pop ul a t io n
.

co ul d b e fo un d t h is wo ul d b e t h e pl a ce to se a r c h fo r it a ccord
,

in g ly t h is tra c t a s a l s o t h e tra ct o n t h e we s te rn s ide (Mo un d

,

City n o w S t Lo uis) e xh ib it s pro o f o f a n i m m e n s e pop ul a t io n

,
.
,
.

Th e g re a t n umb e r o f mo un ds a n d t h e a s t o n is h in g q ua n t it y o f
h um a n bo n e s dug up e ve ry wh e re or fo un d o n t h e s urfa ce o f t h e
g ro u n d wit h a t h o usa n d ot h e r a ppe a ra n c e s a n n o un c e t h a t t h is
, ,

va ll ey wa s a t o ne t im e fill e d with in h a b ita n ts a n d v ill a g e s Th e .

wh o l e fa c e o f t h e bl uff or h i ll wh ich bo un ds it o n t h e e a s t
a pp e a rs to h a ve b e e n a co n t i n ue d b ury in g g r o un d But t h e mo s t .

re m a rk a bl e a ppe a ra n ce s a r e t h e t wo g ro ups o f m o un ds or py ra
—
m ids t h e o n e a bo ut t e n m il e s a bove Ca h o k ia (a vill a g e n e a rl y
e xt in ct) t h e o t h e r n e a rl y t h e sa m e dis ta n c e b e lo w it
,
— wh ich in
a ll e xc e e d i n n umb e r o n e h un dre d a n d fi f ty m o un ds o f va rio us
S ap ) T h e we s t e r n s ide (S t Lo uis) a l s o co n ta i n s a
s iz e s .
( e e m . .

co n s ide ra bl e n um be r A more m in ute de scr iptio n o fthose a bove

.

Ca hok ia wh ich I v is it e d i n 1 8 1 I wi ll g iv e a tol e ra bl e ide a o f

, ,

th e m a ll I cro sse d t h e Mis s iss ipp i a t S t Lo uis A fte r pa ss in g

. . .

t h ro ug h t h e wood wh ic h bor de r s t h e r ive r a bo ut h a l f a m i l e i n ,

widt h I e n t e r e d o n a n e xt e n s ive pl a in a n d fo un d m ys e l f in t h e
,

m idst o f a g ro up o f m o un ds a t a dista n ce re se m bl in g e n ormo us ,

h a y s t a ck s s ca tt e re d t h ro ug h a m e a do w
-
O n e o f th e l a rg e st .
,

wh ich I a s ce n de d wa s a bo ut t wo h un dre d pa c e s in c irc um fe re n ce

,

a t t h e b o tt o m Th e fo rm wa s n e a rly s q ua re t h o ug h it h a d e vi
.
,

de n t ly un de rg o n e s o m e a lt e ra t io n s b y t h e wa s h in g s o ft h e ra in s .

Th e t o p wa s l e ve l with a n a rea s ufficie n t to co n ta in s e ve ra l

.

h undre d m e n Th e pro spe ct from t h e m o un d wa s ve ry b e a utiful

. .

Look in g to wa rd t h e bl uffs wh ich a re dim l y se e n a t a dis ta n c e o f

,

s ix or e ig h t m il e s t h e bott o m s a t t h is pl a c e b e i n g ve ry wide I
, ,

h a d a l e v e l pl a in b e fore m e bo un de d b y is l e ts o f woo d a n d a ,

fe w s ol ita ry tre es ; to t h e r ig h t (t h e s o ut h ) t h e pr a i r ie is bo un de d
b y t h e h or iz o n ; to t h e l e ft t h e co urs e o f t h e Ca h o k ia R ive r m a y
b e dis t in g uis h e d b y t h e m a r g i n o fwoo d upo n it s b a n k s Aro un d .

m e I co un t e d forty five mo un ds or p y ra m ids b e s ide a g re a t

-
,

n umb e r o f s m a ll a rt ific ia l e le v a t io n s T h e se mo un ds form s om e .

th in g more th a n a se m i c ircl e a m il e in e xten t to t h e ope n spa ce

-
,

o n t h e r i ve r Purs uin g m y wa lk a lo n g t h e b a n k o ft h e Ca h o k ia
.

I pa sse d e ig h t ot h e rs in a dista n c e o fthree m il e s be fore I a rrive d

a t t h e l a r g e s t a s s e m bl a g e Wh e n I rea che d t h e foot o f t h e
.

pr in c ipa l mo un d I wa s s truck with a de g ree o f a sto n ishm e n t

,

no t un l ik e t h a t wh i ch is e xpe r ie n c e d i n co n t e mpl a t in g t h e
Eg ypt ia n pyra m ids Wh a t a s tupe ndo us p il e o f ea rth ! To
.

h ea p up s uch a m a s s m ust ha ve re q uire d yea rs a n d t h e l a bo r o f

th o usa n ds We re it n o t fo r t h e re g ul a rit y a n d de s ig n m a n ifest
.
,

t h e c i rc um st a n ce o f it s be i n g a ll uv ia l g ro un d a n d t h e oth e r

”
,

mo un ds sca tte re d a ro un d it we wo ul d s ca rce l y b e l ie ve it to b e ,

“
t h e wor k o f h um a n h a n ds B ra c ke n ridg e a l so sa ys : Th e sh a pe
.
 16 1

mo un d b uil de rs h a d lo n g m a de t h e ir h o m e b ut we re drive n o ff
-
,

at s o m e t i m e pre c e din g t h e da t e o f h istory b y t h e h un t e r tr ib e s ,

wh o ca m e do wn up o n th e m fro m t h e n ort h .
*

We h e re m a ke a re c o rd o f a n ob se rva t io n wh ic h a m o un ts to
a n e w dis c ov e ry It was n ot ice d b y t h e wr ite r a s h e a s ce n de d
,

t h e g r e a t m o un d t h a t it wa s in t h e m ids t o f a l a rg e g ro up o f
s im il a r m o un ds ; t h a t t h e m o un ds s urro un din g it we re a r ra n g e d
—
i n pa i rs a c o n ic a l m o un d a n d a py ra m id c o n s t it ut in g a p a i r
a n d th a t e a c h o n e o f t h e se se p a r a t e p a ir s wa s pl a c e d o n l in e s

wh ic h a r e p a ra ll e l t o t h e s ide s o f t h e g re a t py ram id a n d t h a t ,

t h e y we re a ll or ie n ta te d t h e s ide s a l wa ys fa c in g t h e p o i n t s o f
,

t h e co m p a s s It wa s n ot ic e d a l s o th a t in s o m e ca s e s t h e g ro un d
.

wa s ra is e d b e twe e n t h e tr un ca t e d p y r a m id a n d t h e c o n ica l m o un d ,

g iv in g t h e i d e a t h a t t h e r e m a y h a v e b e en h e r e a c h un k y
y a r d or
pl a y g ro un d t h e sa m e a s t h e re wa s b e twee n t h e p ubl ic s q ua re s
-
,

a n d t h e r o t un da s wh ic h h a v e b e e n de s c r ib e d b y A da ir a n d
,

B a rt ra m a s com m o n in t h e v ill a g es o f t h e s o uth e r n I n dia n s I n ,

o n e c a s e a b o ut h a l fa m il e t o t h e e a s t o f t h e g re a t p y r a m id t h e re
, ,

wa s a h ig h pl at for m or py ra m ida l m o un d a n d im m e dia te l y a d ,

j o in in g it o n t h e n ort h wa s a l a rg e pl a t fo r m b ut a t a l o we r l e ve l ,

a n d o n t h e n ort h e a s t c o r n e r o f t h is pl a t f or m wa s a l a r g e co n ica l ,

m o un d t h e t h re e p a rt s b e in g in cl o s e pro xim ity t h e a rra n g e

, ,

m e n t o ft h e t h re e re m in din g o n e o f t h e re l a t ive loca t io n o fs o m e

o f t h e so c a ll e d s a cr e d e n c l o s ur e s o f O h io wh e re a l a r g e c i rcl e
-
,

in te rv e n e s b e t we e n a s m a ll c i rc l e a n d a l a r g e s q ua re e n clo s ure ,

t h e t h re e b e i n g j o in e d to g e t h e r b y prot e ct i n g wa ll s T h is dis .

c o ve ry o ft h e p e c ul ia r g ro up in g o f t h e s urro un din g mo un ds wa s

m a de wh il e l o o k in g do wn upo n t h e s ce n e A ve ry b ea ut iful pa ir .

o f e a rt h wo rk s s t a n ds i m m e dia t e l y so ut h o f t h e g r e a t py ra m id
-
,

ea ch o n e r e se n t in g s s ide s c o ve r e d wit h v a r ie d f ol
'

it ia g e th e
p ,

g ol d e n a u t u m n a l t i n t s b e i n g s e t o f f a g a -
i n s t t h e s i l v e r y r a dia n c e

o f t h e l ittl e a rt i fic ia l l a k e wh ic h la y i n t h e b a ck g ro un d Th e .

s iz e o f t h e p y ra m ids a dj o in i n t h r a t p r a m id a n b e l e a r n ed
g e g e y c

fro m t h e c irc um st a n c e t h a t n e a rl y a ll o ft h e l a rg e fa r m h o use s in -

t h e re g io n a re b uilt upo n t h e s um m its t h e p y ra m ids b e in g l a r g e ,

e n o u h t o a ccomm o da t e t h e h o us e s wit h t h e i r o ut h o use s b a r n s

g
-
, , ,

l a wn s a n d o th e r c o n ve n ie n ces o f re side n c e O n e o fth es e t h e o n e .

,

a t t h e we s t h a d b e e n g r a de d do wn a bo ut e i h t f e e t b ut ot h e rs
'

, ; g ,

we re l e ft a t t h e ir n a t ura l h e ig h t Th e h o use s a r e a rra n g e d a lo n g

.

t h e s ide s o f t h e commo n h ig h wa y wh ic h h e re co n s t it ut e s t h e ,

l in e b e twe e n t wo co un t ie s t h e dista n ce fro m o n e e n d o f t h e

,

r o up to t h e ot h e r b e in bo u t t h r m i l fro m t to w t d
g g a ee e s e a s e s a n ,

t wo m il e s from n orth to s o ut h Th e a rra n g e m e n t o f t h e g ro up

.

ui t i e s o f Mo n k s Mo un d p ub li s h ed b y W R B r i n k , E dwa r dsvi lle , I ll ,

‘S ’
ee A nti
q . .

1888 F o s t e r s Pr e h i s t o r i c R a c e s , p lffi; A n c i e n t Mo n um e n ts p 174; Twe lft h R e p o r t

'
.

J
.

Pea b o dy Muse um , p 473 I t s h o uld b e sa i d t h a t t h e m o un dwh i c h Dr

.

. . H F os te r . . .

desc r i b e s a s h a vi n g b e e n r e m o ved wa s s i t ua t e d a t Ca h o k i a , a n d i n t h a t vi c i n i t y s t ill

oe s b y t h e n a m e o f t h e g r ea t Ca h o k i a m o un d We d e t h a t t h i s m o un d h a d a
{r g
.

we r o r co n i ca l m o un d o n i t s s um m i t 10 fee t h i g h , w i c o n e xp lo ra t i o n , y i e lded
h um a n b o n e s , fun e ra l va se s a n d va r i o us i m p le m e n t s .
 162

is p e c ul ia r T h e re a re py ra m ids a n d co n ica l mo un ds close b y

.

t h e s ide o f t h e g re a t p y ra m id; b eyo n d th e s e a r e s im i l a r work s ,

m a k in g se ve ra l pa irs ea s t a n d we st a n d s e ve ra l pa irs n ort h a n d
s o ut h o f t h e g r e a t py ra m id, a ll o f t h e m a r ra n g e d wit h th e ir
s ide s f a c i n g t h e s ide s o f t h e c e n tr a l py ra m id a n d a ll o f t h e m ,

o ve rlook e d b y it s t o we r i n g h e ig h t Th e re a re a l s o m a n y a rt i
.

fic ia l ppn ds , who s e wa t e rs g l is te n b e n ea th t h e da rk s h a do ws o f
t h e m a n y e a rth work s , m a k in g a v a r ie d s c e n e
-
.

2. A s to t h e s iz e a n d s h a p e o f t h e g re a t mo un d, we s h a ll g iv e
t h e de s cr ipt io n s o f ot h e r s fo r t h e re a s o n th a t m a n y o ft h e m h a v e
,

h a d b e tte r opp o rt un it ie s fo r ob se rv i n g a n d m e a s ur in g t h e m t h a n
we h a ve It m a y b e sa id h o we ve r t h a t t h e de s cr ipt io n s wh ic h
.
, ,

h a v e be e n wr itte n so v a ry in th e ir de ta il s th a t we a re un c e rta in
wh ic h a cc o un t to b e l ie ve .

S q uie r a n d D a vis s pe a k o f t h e m o un d b ut s e e m to h a ve g iv e n
,

t h e wr o n g dim e ns io n s . T h ey sa y : It c o ve rs n o t fa r fro m e ig h t
a cre s ; it s s umm it h a s a n a re a o f a bo ut five a cr e s ; it s s ol id c o n

te n t s m a y b e ro ug h ly e s t im a te d a t c ub ic fee t It is
”
.

n e a rl y n i n e ty f e e t h ig h is b uilt in t e rra c e s a n d is re a c h e d b y a
, ,

g ra d e d w a y w h ic h p a s se s u
p a t t h e s o ut h e n d .

Mr Will ia m Mc A da m s
. sa ys : We h a ve g r
s u ve ye d ,
th e r o up
a nd f o un d t h a t t h e g rea t py ra m id is s urro un de d b y s e ve nt y-two
ot h e rs o f co n s ide ra bl e s iz e wit h in a dis ta n ce o ft wo m i l e s Th e .

l a rg e st a xis o f t h e pyra m id i s 998 fe e t , t h e s h orte st is 7 2 1 fe e t ,

a n d it c o v e rs s ixt e e n a cre s , t wo r o ds a n d t h re e p e rc h e s o f g r o un d .

H e sa ys : A ft e r m a n y da y s o f e xpl o ra t io n a n d s t udy we b e l ie ve ,

t h e e v ide n c e t o prov e t h is to b e a g ro up o f t h e g re a te s t mo un ds
o n t h is c o n t i n e n t a n d p e r h a p s i n t h e wo rl d, a n d po ss ib ly t h is wa s

t h e Me cca or g re a t c e n tra l s h r in e o f t h e m o un d b uil de r s e m p ir e

’
-
.

Up o n t h e fla t sum m it o f t h e py ra m id, o n e h un dre d fe e t a bov e

t h e pl a in , we r e t h e ir s a n ct ua r ie s g l itt e r in g wit h b a rb a r ic s pl e n dor ,

”
.

a n d wh ere c o ul d b e s e e n f 1o m a f a r t h e s m ok e a n d f la m e s o f t h e
e t e r n a l fire , t h e i r e m bl e m o f t h e s un .

Pro f P ut n a m s a ys : S it ua te d in t h e m ids t o fa g ro up o f abo ut

.

s ixty m o un ds o f mor e t h a n ordin a ry s iz e , s e ve r a l i n t h e vic in ity

be in g fr o m t h irt y to s ixty fe e t in h e ig h t , a n d o f va r io us fo r m s ,
Ca h o k ia mo un d, r is in g b y fo ur pl a t fo r m s or te rra c e s t o a h e i g h t
o f a bo ut o n e h un dre d f e e t , a n d c o v e ri n g a n a re a o fa bo ut t we lv e

a cr e s , h o l ds a re l a t io n to t h e o t h e r t um ul i o f t h e Mis s iss ipp i

V
.
”
a ll e y s im il a r t o t h a t o ft h e g r e a t py ra m id o f E g ypt to t h e oth e r

mo n um e n t s o f t h e va ll ey o f t h e N il e Dr J J R Pa tr ic k . r e
. . . .

s idi n g in t h e v ic in it y h a s m a de a s urv e y o f t h e g r o up a n d pr e
,

pa re d t wo a cc ura te m o de l o t h e m o un d its e l f o n e o f th e m
s f —
re pre se n t in g t h e m o un d a s i t n o w e xis ts .

Fe a t h e r s to na ug h vis ite d t h e mo un d in 1 844 a n d sa ys th a t th e ,

s e ttl e m e n t o f t h e m o n k s wa s o n a s m a l le r m o un d to t h e west ,

b ut a t t h e t im e o f h is v is it t h e b uil di n g i n wh ic h t h e y h a d l ive d
h a d b e e n l e v e l e d with t h e g r o un d H e a l s o s t a te s t h a t a Mr
. .
 163

H ill wa s l ivin g in a h o use h e h a d e re cte d o n t h e t 0 p o ft h e g rea t

“
mo un d; th a t upo n dig g in g fo r t h e fo un da t io n h e fo un d l a rg e .

h um a n bo nes wit h I n dia n pott e ry s to n e a xe s a n d tom a h a wk s

"
.
, ,

We j udg e from Bra ck e n r idg e s a cco un t th a t th e re wa s n o ro a d ’

wa y to t h e s um m it in h is t im e b ut th a t t h e o n e wh ic h n o w ,

a pp e a r s m us t h a v e be e n m a de b y Mr H i ll t h e o wn e r a n d t h a t . , ,

t h e we ll wh ic h is n o w i n r ui n s wa s dug b y h im .
*

I n re fe ren c e to t h e pres e n t co n dit io n o f t h e mo un d we h a ve ,

to sa y t h a t a n a ir o f wa s te a n d r uin s urro un ds it ; de e p g ull ie s

a r e worn i n to it s s ide s a n d it s e e m s to b e wr in kl e d a n d r idg e d
,
.

with t h e m a rk s o f it s g re a t a g e S e e Pl a t e 1 Th o ug h s ur
. .

ro un de d b y m a n y oth e r str uct ure s o n wh ic h th e re a re s ig n s o f ,

mo de rn l ife th is see m s t o b e de se rt e d Th e ve ry h o us e wh ich

, .

wa s fo un d upo n it s s um m i t h a s b e e n l e ve l e d to t h e g ro un d a n d ,

t h e hom e o f t h e pre se n t o wne r s it ua t e d a l ittl e t o t h e re a r o f it

, ,

s e e m s t o h ide it s e l f i n t h e s h a do ws o f t h e r e a t m n s te r It
g o .

s ta n ds l ik e a s ol e m n m o n a rch l o n e l y i n it s r d u r b u t i m
g a ,
n e p o s ,

i n g i n it s pr e s e n c e T h o ug h t h e s mo ke o f t h e g re a t c ity m a y
.

b e s ee n in t h e dis ta n c e a n d m a n y tra in s g o r um bl in g a cr o ss t h e
,

va ll ey a n d thro ug h t h e g re a t b r idg e wh ich s pa n s t h e rive r yet ,

th is mo n s te r mo un d s ta n ds a s a m ute witn e s s o f a pe o pl e wh ich

h a s p a s se d a wa y It is a s il e n t s ta t ue a S ph in x wh ic h s t ill
.
, ,

k e e ps wit h in it s de pth s t h e m ys te ry wh ic h n o o n e h a s a s ye t
fa th o m e d .It p e rpe t ua t es t h e r iddl e o f t h e S p h in x .

3. A s to a r c h a o l o g ic a l re li c s It i s r e m a rk a bl
. e t h a t t h e s pot
co n tin ue s to y ie l d s uc h a n a m o un t o ft h e m a fte r s o m a ny ye a rs o f
e xplora t i o n a n d c ur io s ity h un t i n g I n t h e fi e ld a djo in in g o n e
.

m a y fin d b ea ut iful fra g m e n t s o f pott e ry s om e o fwh ich b e a r t h e ,

g l a z e a n d r e d colo r w h i c h for m e rl y c h a ra ct e r iz e d t h e p o tt e ry o f
t h e N a tc h e z I n dia n s T h e re a re a l s o va st q ua n t it ie s o f bo n e s
.

h idde n be n e a th t h e s urfa ce a n d o n e ca n sca rce ly str ik e a S pa de

,

t h ro ug h t h e s o il with o ut unea rt h in g s o m e tok e n o f t h e pre h is

toric ra ce s Mr Ra m ey t h e o wn e r o f t h e mo un d s pe a k s a bo ut
. .
, , ,

dig g m g i n o n e p a rt o f t h e fi e l d a n d fi n di n g h e a ps o f bo n e s e i g h t
fe e t de e p a n d s a ys t h a t t h e bo n e s a r e e ve rywh e re pre se n t
,
Th e .

workm e n wh o we re e n g a g e d i n dig g in g ditc h e s fo r un de r dra in in g

h a d a fe w da ys b e fore com e upo n l a rg e q ua n t it ie s o fpo tt e ry a n d
s k e l e to n s o f l a r g e s iz e b ut h a d c a re le s s l y bro ke n t h e m in s te a d
,

o f pre s e rv in g t h e m A s to t h e c h a ra ct e r o ft h e p o tt e ry a n d t h e
.

pa tte r ns co n ta in e d in th e m we n ot ice s om e re m a rk a bl e re se m
,

bl a n ce s be twee n t h e p ie ce s c xn um e d h e re a n d th o se wh ich a re
fo un d i n t h e s to n e g ra v es o f T e n n e s se e O ne spe c im e n wa s .

‘A we ll wa s dug b y Mr H i ll we ll wa s
e i g h t y fee t dee . A t s i xt y fee t t h
Th i s
pw
. .

fo un d fra g m e n t s o f t t e r y a n d c o rn ca r b o n i z e d a n d b o n es . T e a t e r fro m t h e w
w a s n e ve r use d, a s i a lwa y s h a d a pec uli a r t a s te , a n d t h e sup po s i tio n wa s t h a t h u
m a n b o di es w
e re b ur i ed i n t h e m o un d . T h e c o lla r d ug b r B i ll s h o wed t h e M
fi
m oS n d t o b e s t ra t i e d. A n e xca va t i o n b y M
r . R a m e y , o n t 0 n o r t h s i de . r e vea le d
t h e sa m e . A fee s o f lea d o r g a le n a w
a s fo un d a t t h e en d o f t h e t un n e l, wh i c h e x
w
t e n de d a b o ut lt ee n fee t i n t o a r ds t h e ce n t e r o f t h e m o un d. c A da m s sa y s t h e M
a re a o n t h e t o p is a n a c re a n d a h a lf.
 165

towa rd t h e po in ts o f t h e compa s s ra t h e r th a n t h e a n g l e s Th e .

pyra m ids a re b uilt in sta g e s t h o ug h t h e re a re h e re o n l y fo ur

,

pl a tform s ; in C h a l de a t h e re a re se ve n O ur c o n vict io n is t h a t a
.

ra ce o f sun wo rsh ip e rs occ up ie d th is re g io n b ut it wa s a ra c e

-
,

wh ich d ffe r e d m a te r ia ll y fro m t h e s e rp e n t wors h ipe rs wh ich

i -

dwe lt im m e dia te l y n ort h o f t h e m a n d wh o s e e fli g ies we h a ve

re ce n tl y disc o ve re d We a re a wa re t h a t Mr Mc A da m s b e l ie ves
. .

tha t t h e dra g o n wa s sym bol iz e d in s o m e o f t h e m o l de d potte ry

a nd th at th e f a m o us i m a g e o f t h e P ia s s a wh ic h f ,
or m e rl y wa s to
b e se e n o n t h e fa c e o f t h e ro ck s n e a r Alt o n b e l o n g e d to t h e ,

s a m e p e opl e wh o e re ct e d t h e se py ra m ids H e a l s o s a ys : A s h e
.

look e d do wn fr om t h e c o n ic a l m o un d s o uth o ft h e g re a t py ra m id
upo n t h e po n d wh ic h l ie s b e lo w h e s ee m e d t o b e lo o k i n g in to
,

t h e e v e r pre se n t e ye o f t h e Ma n ito u th a t h a d g l a re d a t h im fr om

”
-

t h e bl uf fs a n d c a ve rn s a n d wh ic h is s o co m mo n o n a n c ie n t po t
,

t e ry t h e ol de s t sy m b ol in t h e wo rl d
,
We a r e free t o sa y t h a t
.

t h e po n d do e s h a ve a re m a rk a bl e r e s e m bl a n c e in it s g e n e ra l c o n
to ur to t h e sym bol wh ic h is co m po se d o f e ye s a n d n o se a n d ,

a n d wh ic h is s uppo s e d to h a ve b e e n s ig n ific a n t o f t h e f a c e o ft h e

s un a n d a t t h e sa m e t im e co n t a in e d t h e p h a ll ic s y mbol .

It will b e n ot ic e d t h a t t h e py ra m id mo un ds we re b uilt fo r a
pe opl e wh o diffe re d ve ry m a te ria ll y from t h e wil d I n dia n s wh o
ro a m e d ove r t h e n orth e rn distric t s a s t h e ir trib a l org a n iz a t io n s
,

a n d wil d co n dit io n did n o t a dm it o f t h e s oc ia l g r a des wh ic h a r e

a pp a r e n t h e re. S t ill it is wo rt h y o f m e n t io n t h a t a K a s k a s k ia
c h ie f tol d Ge n Ge org e R o g e rs Cl a r k e t h a t it wa s t h e p a l a c e o f
.

“
h is fore fa t h e rs t h a t
,
t h e l ittl e mo un t a in we s a w t h e r e fl un g up
with a b a s i n o n top wa s a t o we r t h a t c o n ta in e d a p a rt o f t h e
g u a r d b e lo n g in g to t h e pr in c e a s from t h e t o
, p o f t h a t h e 1g h t

they c a n de fe n d t h e k ing s h o use wit h t h e ir a rro ws

’
.

W h e n t h e I n dia n trib e s we re v is it e d b y Fe rdin a n d De S oto h e ,

fo un d t h e wh o l e t e rr itory fill e d wit h wa ll e d t o wn s S o m e t im e s

.

t h e y co n ta in e d a pop ul a t io n o fs e ve ra l t h o us a n d in h a b it a n t s a n d ,

th ey we re s urro un de d b y p a l isa de s a n d pro te cte d b y g a te wa ys .

Th e h o us e o f t h e c h ie f or s a c h e m o f t h e tr ib e was o ft e n b uilt
upo n a n a rt ific ia l m o un d a n d s o c a ll e d t e m pl e s o r a lt a r s o f wo r
,
-

s h ip we re b uilt upo n r a is e d f o un da t io n s o f e a rt h S o m e wr ite rs.

de sc r ib e t h e se m o un ds a s t h e pl a c e s o f b ur ia l fo r t h e i r dea d
c h ie f t a n s ; b ut o t h e rs a s t h e re s ide n c e s o f t h e c h ie f o r broth e r o f
’

t h e s un ; a n d b y o t h e r s it is s t a t e d t h a t t h e h o us e o f t h e g re a t
s un s too d up o n o n e m o un d a n d t h e t e m p le o f t h e pr ie s t wa s o n

a n oth e r mo un d — bot h o f t h e s a m e h e ig h t H e re h o we ve r we
.
, ,

h a ve n o t o n ly t h e re s ide n ce s o f t h e c h ie fs a n d pr ie s ts wh ic h ,

we re un do ubt e dl y e re c t e d o n t h e s um m it o ft h e mo un ds b ut we ,

h a ve in t h e ce n t e r o f t h e m a ll t h e g re a t te m pl e It is prob a b l e
”
.

th a t th is wa s t h e a s s e m bl y pl a ce o f t h e t r ib e a n d t h a t the re wa s
,

a b uil din g wh ic h corre s po n de d to t h e lo n g h o use o ft h e I n dia ns

a n d t h e c a p itol o f t h e wh it e m a n a n d t h a t t h e dif
, fe re n t py ra m ids
 167

wh i c h o pe n e d upo n t h e r ive r T h is g ro up wa s form e rly situa t e d .

wh e r e t h e b usin e ss pa rt o f S t Lo uis n o w st a n ds .I t wa s a r .

r a n g e d a lo n g t h e e dg e o f t h e t e rr a c e f o r t h e s pa c e o f a bo ut
thr e e q ua r t e rs o f a m il e I n t h e c e n t e r o f t h e l in e wa s a g roup
.

c o n ta in in g s e v e r a l py r a m id s a rr a n g e d a bo ut a n O pe n a r e a a , ,

py r a m id a t e it h e r s ide t h e fa ll in g g a rd e n be in g sit ua te d a t a n
,

a n le o f t h e a r e a T h e w h ol e g ro up wa s s o a rr a n g e d th a t a
g .

vie w o f t h e r iv e r co uld b e obt a in e d from t h e s um m it o f e a ch

pyr a m id T h e g ro up wa s in a sig h t l y pl a c e a n d comm a n de d
.
,

a vi e w in a ll di r e ct io n s S e e F ig 3 . . .

B r a c k e n r idg e de s cr ibe s t h is g ro up a s follo ws : “ It is sit ua te d

o n t h e se co n d b a n k a n d dis po s e d in a si n g ul a r m a n n e r Th ey .

a r e n in e i n a ll a n d f or m t h r e e side s o fa pa r a ll e lo g r a m t h e O pe n
, ,

s ide t o wa rd t h e co un t r y b e in g prote c t e d b y t h r ee sm a ll e r
mo unds pl a ce d in a circ ul a r m a n n e r T h e s p a c e e n close d is .

a bo ut 3 00 ya r ds in l e n g t h a n d 2 0 0 i n br e a dth About 600 .

y a r d s a b ov e t h i s is a s in g l e mo u n d w it h a bro a d s t a g e o n t h
,
e
r iv e r s ide I t is 3 0 f
. e e t i n h e i g h t 1 5 0 in l e n g t h ; t h e t 0 p is a ,

m e re r id g e 5 or 6 fe e t wide Be lo w t h e first mo un d is a c urious .

wor k c a ll e d t h e fa ll in g g a r de n ‘
A dv a n t a g e is t a ke n o f t h e
’
.

s e co n d ba n k n e a rl y 5 0 f e e t in h e ig h t a t t h is pl a c e a n d t h r ee

”
, ,

r e g ul a r s ta g e s o r s t e ps a r e fo un d T h is wor k is m uch a dm ire d . .

”
I t sug g e s t s t h e ide a o f a pl a c e o f a ss e m bly fo r t h e p urpo se o f
c o un se l in g o n p ubl i c occ a sio n s Mr A C C on a n t s a 8 t h a t . . . .

“
th e b ig m o un d wh ich o n c e st ood a t t h e cor n e r o f c un d
s t r e e t a n d B ro a d wa i t h e t e rr a c e d mo un d re pr e se n t e d b y Mr
y s .

Br a c k e n r idg e a s loc a te d 600 ya rd s n ort h o f t h e m a in g ro up .

He s a ys t h e r e we r e form e rl y m a n y o t h e r mo und s in t h e v ic in ity

of S t Lo uis r iva llin g in m a g n it ude a n d in t e re st t h o se just
.
,

”
d e scr ibe d T h e se co n d t e rra c e o f t h e Mississippi upo n a lmost
.
,
“
e ve ry l a n di n g po in t wa s fur n is h e d wit h t h e m
,
Th e b ig .

mo un d wa s de stroye d in 1 869 I t wa s fo un d t o co n t a in a .

s e p ulc h r a l c h a m b e r wh i ch wa s a bo ut 7 2 f , ee t in l e n g t h 8 to 1 2 ,

fee t wide a n d 8 t o 1 0 fe e t in h e ig h t ; t h e wa ll s s lo pin g a n d

,

pl a ste re d a s t h e m a r k s o f t h e pl a st e r in g tool co ul d b e pl a in ly
,

see n . T we n ty fo ur bod ie s we r e pl a c e d upon t h e fl o or o f t h e

-

v a ult a fe w fe e t a pa rt wit h t h e ir fe e t to wa rd t h e we st t h e
, , ,

bod ie s a rr a n g e d in a l in e wit h t h e lo n g e st a xis ; a n um be r o f

”
bo n e b e a ds a n d sh e ll s se a s h e lls dr ille d wit h s m a ll hole s n e a r
, , ,

t h e h e a d in q ua n t it ie s “ s uf fic ie n t to cove r e a ch bod y fr om t h e
,

t h i ps to t h e h e a d
g e c a ll a tte n t ion to t h e a rra n g e me nt o f th e te rr a ce s in th is
.

g ro u p T h e.
y s e e m t o b e d i r e ct e d to w a rd t h e e a s t or t h e r i y e r

sid e a n d c o m m a n d e d a v ie w o f t h e r iv e r a n d o f t h e mo un d s
,

upo n t h e O ppo site s ide o f t h e r ive r .

Mr S a y s a ys
.
“ T um uli a n d oth e r re m a in s a r e r e m a rk a b l y
n um e ro us a bo ut S t Lo uis T h o se i m m e d ia t e ly n or t h wa rd o f
. .

t h e to wn a r e t we n ty se v e n in n umbe r a rr a n g e d n e a rly in a l in e
-
,

fr om n orth to so uth T h e c om m o n form is a n o b lo n g s qua r e

.
,
a nd th ey a ll st a n d o n t h e se co n d b a nk o f t h e r ive r I t se e m s .

prob a ble t h a t t h e se pil e s o f e a r t h we re r a ise d a s c e m e t e rie s or ,

t h e y m a y h a ve s upport e d a l t a r s fo r re l ig i o us c e r e mon ie s We .

c a n n 0 t c o n c e i ve a n y use f ul p urpo se to wh ic h t h e y co uld h a v e

be e n a p pl ic a ble in wa r un le ss a s e le v a ted sta t io n s from wh ich

”
,

”
to ob se r ve t h e mo t io n s o f a n a ppro a c h in g e ne my N ot h in g .

li k e a dit c h o r a n e m b a n k m e n t is to b e see n a b o ut a n p a r t o f
y
th e se work s T h is r e m a r k a bo ut t h e e l e v a te d st a t 1o n s is a
.

s ug g e st i v e o n e I t m a y b e t h a t t h e pe o lo a sse mble d upo n

.

t h e se t e rr a c e s to o b se r ve t h e s ce n e s p r e r o ut be fo r e t h e m a ,

s c e n e wh ic h a b o un de d wit h pe a c e a bl e p ur s uit s T h e v a ll ey .

wa s cov e re d wit h a t ee m in g pop ul a t io n la r g e c a n o e s we re ,

p a ssin g to a n d fr o upon t h e r ive r v ill a g e s we r e sc a t t e r e d ove r

,

t h e r i c h bot t om l a n d in e v e r y di re c t io n t h e pyr a m ids o n wh ic h ,

t h e c h ie fs h a d b uilt t h e i r h o use s loom e d up in t h e m ids t o f t h e

ord in a r y h o use s in t h e vill a g e s t h e lo fty t o we r s or l o ok out s o n
,

t h e b lufls s urmo un t e d b y s e n t in e l s or wa tchm e n we r e cov e r e d

, ,

with b e a co n fire s b y n ig h t o r wit h s mo k in g s ig n a l s b y da y ,

wh ile in t h e m id s t o f t h e s c e n e t h e g r e a t moun d st ood a s

i a n t ic t e m p l e w i t h i t s t e rr a c e s co ve r e d wit h t h e t r 00 p s o f
g g ,

s upe r s t it io us p e opl e wh o a sse m bl e d t h e r e to pro t ec t t h e s h rin e

,

o n t h e s um m it Above t h is t h e s m o k e from t h e sa cre d fires

.

a r o s e in a s ir a l i n t o t h e fa c e o f t h e s un I t w a s a s c e n e s ug
p .

g e s t i v e o f b u s
y l i f
e b ut t h e,r e w a s a s t r a n
g e s u p e r s t it io n w h ic h
pe r va de d e ve r yt h in g fill in g t h e a ir wit h it s a we in s pir in g e fle c t
,
-
,

t h e s un b e in g t h e g r e a t div in it y wor s h ipe d b y t h e e n t ir e pe opl e

— it s r is in be in m e t b d or t io f o m mor i t mor i
g g y a a n r n n
g o n n
g ,

a n d i t s co ur s e wa t c h e d b y t h o se wh o r e g a rd e d it a s a div in it y .

I t will b e re m e mb e re d t h a t t h e c e l e br a t e d p ic t ur e roc k s wh ic h
Ma r q ue t t e de s cr ibe s a s h a v in g b e e n se e n b y h is pa r t y o f wh ich ,

t h e n a t iv e s s e e m e d t o b e in mor t a l fe a r we r e s it ua t e d n o t fa r ,

from t h is S po t T h e se p ic t ur e s h a v e g iv e n r ise to m a n y s t r a n g e
.

s tor ie s . I t is s a id t h a t t h e y we r e in t h e s h a pe o f h ug e a n i m a l s ,

wit h h um a n fa c e s h or n s iss uin g fro m t h e h e a d win g s s ur

, ,

mo un t in g t h e b ody a ll a r t s o f t h e a n im a l k in g do m be in g
m in g l ed in t o o n e h id e o us lbo kin g cr e a t ur e I t is s a id a l so th a t
,

-
.

t h e r e a r e c a v e s in v a r io us loc a l it ie s h idd e n a wa y a m o n g t h e ,

roc k s T h e bl uffs s urro un din g t h e va lle a r e st r a n g e l y c o u

T h e l a k e s a n d p o n ds in t h e m id st o f t h e va lle y h a d
.

t o rt e d .

for m e rl y a wil d s t r a n g e a ir a bo ut t h e m
, A g r ic ul t ur e wa s fo l
.

lo we d h e r e fo r a g r ic ult ur a l tool s h a v e b e e n t a k e n fro m t h e

,

g r o u n d in
g r e a t n um b e r s b ut it wa s a ,
r ic u l t ur e c a rr ie d o n i n

t h e m i d s t o f wi l d s c e n e s T h e r e m us t a ue be e n a de n s e pop
.

ula t io n fo r it is s a id t h a t t h e plo w e v e r y w h e r e t ur n s up bo n e s
,

in g r e a t n um be r s a n d t h e s ide s o f t h e bl uffs a r e fill e d with

,

g r a v e s in wh ic h m a n y p r e h is t or ic r e l ic s h a v e b e e n f
, o un d T h e r e .

i s n o pl a c e i n t h e Mis s is s ip pi V a ll e y wh e r e so m a n y e v ide n c e s
o f t h e s t r a n e l if e a n d s tr a n e sup e r s tit io n s wh i ch pr e v a il e d i n
g
g
pre h istor ic t 1m es a r e fo un d .
 169

M OU NDS FOR MERLY ON TH E S I TE OF S T LOU I S

LI S T OF . .

Th f ll wi g t b l wh i h w
e o o n ta k e f m t h
a e, u v y m de b y Lo g
c as n ro e s r e a n
’
s
e xpe di t i a d wh i h i
on ,
*
p b a bnl ec t l ci
g v will h w t h dim e
s ro co r r en s o e n
s io n s a n d g rou in g o f t h e y r aim co n i ca m o un and fa llin g g a r den s .

Th e b ig m o un is t h e o n e a r t h est n o rt h in th e g r o up.

sn a p s . n ts r a n c n
'
. is-
D J im '
ro p . Height

S pa n is h B as t i o n
H o llo w S qua e r N 25 9 . . 50 5
b
O lo n g S q ua re 80 N 1 15 . l 14x5 0 4
b
O lo n g S q ua r e 45 N 25 1 . . 84 4
b
O lo n g S qua r e W 15 5 35 . . 81 4
l et T 87 . 19
F a lli n g 2d T 51 . 30
3d T 30 . 34 To p 1 14x88, 5 ft h ig h .

N 95 83 34 . . 4} b
a o ve t h e b lufl
'

Co n i ca l N 94 98 31 . . 5
Co n i ca l N 70 1 14 56 . 16
Co n ica l N 74 91 34 . . 10
q
S ua r e o n t h e slo pe N 15 8 17 9 107 . . 5 Eas t si de 20 it h ig h
q W 30
. .

S ua re 129 50 . . 10
P a r a llelog r a m W 30 214x188 1341 97 . . 12 Dist a n t fr o m No 5 , .

Co n ve x W 55 95 50 . . 25 0 feet .

N W 117 70 . .

N E 103 124 . . . 16, 1 7 , 18 and 19 a re

N 78 82 . . o n a c ur ve .
N E 1 18 77 . .

E NE 70 18 NNW
Ro un d
2
25
. .

3 2
33 484 it .

17 it W o f No 16
.
.

.
. . of 13.

. .

Qua dra n g ula r 73 12 23 24, 25 a n d 26 i n a

I r r eg ula r 89 12 li n e , 245 ft N o f22 . .

Big Mo un d 319x15 8 1361 90 34 NNW o f 19 1463ft

. . . .

T0p 1 1 fee t wide .

Te rrac e 79 fe e t
wide .

‘S ee S m it h s o n ia n R ep o r t , 1861 , p 887 . .

LI S T OF LA R GE MOU NDS NEA R EV A NS VI LLE, I ND .

sn a p s .

2 Co n ica l
3 Tr un ca ted . No rt h
14 in c h es .

6 Te r ra c ed l 5ox5 5

7 Co n ica l
8 Co n ica l Ha lf m ile N E .

Th e c up o f m o un ds i s sur r o un ded b y t h e a st i o n wa ll Th e re a re b .

m o un d Ii e wide n i ug s o n t h e o uter edg e , 120 feet a pa r t

-
Gra ves wa lled .

wit h sla t e a re n um e ro us On e c ist was 8 feet lo n g , 4 fee t lo n a n d 4 dee p

.
.

Dr Flo yd S t in so n , Eva n sville , I n d , S m i th so n ia n Repo rt , 18 l

. . .
 17 1

th e pla tform Th e re a r e pon d s n e a r a ll t h e pl a tform s a n d pyr

.

a m id s wa t e r se e m in g to h a ve b e e n a n e s se n t ia l t o t h e r e l ig io us
,

a s s e m bl y pl a c e s a s in a ll pa rts o f t h e c o un try
,
T h e re a re .

ef fig ie s wit h in a m il e o f t h is e n clo sur e a n d it is s uppo se d t h a t

,

t h e lo n g i rr e g ul a r m o un ds insid e o f t h e e n clos ur e we r e e fiig ie s .

T h e se p yr a m ids in t h e a n c ie n t c ity o f W isco n sin a r e in te r

e s t in g b e c a use th ey s h o w t h a t t h e e f li b uild e rs we re a l so
-

pyr a m id b uild e r s a n d pe rh a ps sun wo t s ipe r s T h e a ss um p

- - .

Hg . L—Pyr a m tds a nd W e: at A z tla n , Wi sconsi n .

tion h a s be e n th a t m a rk s o f a rc h it e c t ur a l prog re ssio n we re o b

se rv a bl e in t h e d istr ibution o f t h e a n c ie n t wor k s Pro f J T . . . .

S h o r t sa ys
Me n a ll a roun d t h e world h a ve b ee n pyr a m id b uil de rs T h e -
.

r e l ig io us id e a in m a n h a s a l wa s a ss oc ia t e d a pl a c e o fs a n ct ua r
y y
wit h t h e c o n d itio n o f e le v a t io n a n d se p a r a te n e ss T h e simple .

m o un d so com m o n in t h e n or t h e r n r e g io n o ft h e U n it e d S t a t e s
, ,

r e pr e se n t s t h e fir s t st e p in pro vid in g a pl a c e o f wo r s h i p t h e ,

c o n st r uc t io n o f a n a rt ific ia l h illoc k upo n t h e summ it o f so m e

b luff or b ill T h e n e xt ste p wo uld b e t h e c o n str uc t io n o f som e
.

r e li g io us e f fig y r e pr e se n t in g a ni m a l s sa cr e d to t h e m o un d
 17 2

b uild e r s T h e e n c lo sure s wit h t h e tr unc a te d pyr a m id s, wh ic h

.

a re f o un d in Oh io , wo uld b e t h e t h ird ste T h e h ig h e st a r t is

t ic fo r m is fo un d in t h e tr un c a t e d pyr a m i wit h it s c o mpl ic a te d
s ste m o f g r a d e d wa ys a n d it s n ic e g e o m e t n c a l ro or t io
p p n s
s a t h e ory, th is se e m s v e ry pl a usi bl e , b ut a s a m a tt e r o f f a ct
pyra m id s a r e fo und a mon g t h e e fli e s a s we ll a s e nd o s
'

ure s T h e s upe rst it io n wh ic h r e q ui r e

. t h e e r e c tio n o f e a rt h
wor k s a s t h e e m bod im e n t o f th e ir id e a o f s a c red n ess is a n
e l e m e t w ic h is v e r y poo rl y
n h un de rstood S un worsh ip a nd
- .

a n im a l wor s h ip m a
-
h a v e e xiste d to g e t h e r i n W isc o n sin, a s
se rpe n t wor s h ip a
- n s un wors h ip did in O h io
- Fir e wo r sh ip.
b

a n d se rpe n t wor sh ip se e m e d to pr e v a il in c e r t a in p a rt s o f I llin o is

-
.

T h e o n ly d is t r ict wh e re s un wor sh ip p re v a il e d wit h o ut a ny

-

m ixt ure o f a nim a l or se r pe n t wor sh ip wa s in t h e S o uth e rn

t
S a est H e r e it
. se e m s to h a v e b e e n m in
g l e d w i th idol -
w or s h i p ,

t h e pro g r e ss o f tho ug h t be in g a s pe rc e pt ibl e in t h e wor ks o f

r
a r t a n d a c h ae olo g i c a l r e l ic s a s in t h e e a r t h - wo r k s , t h e
py r a m i d
a nd idol h a v in g be e n a ss oc ia te d in t h e se so uth e rn d ist ri c ts .

We ba se n o th e ory o n t h e se fa cts me re l y m e n t io n t h e loca l i,

t ies wh e re works o ft h e py ra m ida l type h a ve be e n discove re d To .

s om e m in ds th e y wo ul d prove a m ig ra t io n fro m t h e n orth or

n ort h we s t to t h e s o uth a n d s o ut h e a s t a n d wo ul d s ho w t h a t t h e
,

mo un d b uil de rs g ra dua lly deve l o pe d from th e lo w sta g e o fa n i

-

m a l wor sh ip up t h ro ug h s e r p e n t wor sh ip to t h e h ig h e r g ra de o f
-

s un wo r s h ip
- t h e diffe re n t t yp es o f e a rth work s m a rk in g t h e
,
-

diffe re n t sta g e s thro ug h wh ic h th e y pa sse d To oth e r m in d s .

,

ho we ve r th e y wo ul d prove t h e s prea d o f a se cre t orde r or t h e

, ,

wa n de r i n g s o f a cl as s o f prie sts or m e d ic in e m e n wh o i n tro ,

duc e d t h e i r occ ult sys te m in to t h e diffe re n t trib e s m a k in g t h e ,

pyra m id t h e fo un d a tio n fo r t h e h o use s in wh ic h th e y ce l e bra te d

th e ir myste rio us r ite s A n othe r e xpl a n a t io n is th a t tribe s m ig ra te d
.

from t h e s o uth to t h e n o rt h a n d t h a t a s t h e y m 1g r a t e d th ey too k

,

t h e v a r io us re l ig io us s ys te m s wh ich pre va il e d a mo n g t h e m in
th e ir form e r co n d it io n b ut in oth e r r e spe cts t h ey yie l de d to t h e
,

n e w s urro un din g s a n d b e c a m e wil de r a n d r ude r i n t h e i r mo de o f

l ife t h e pyra m id be in g a bo ut t h e o n ly s ig n o f t h e ir form e r s ta te
,

tha t is l e ft Th ese a re ho we ve r m e re l y co nj e ctura l th e ories

.
, , .

Th e h om e o f t h e py ra m id b ui l de rs a s s uch wa s n o t in n orth
-

e r n t e rr it o ry fo r it is un de rstoo d t h a t t h e py ra m ids a r e m a i n l y
,

fo un d in t h e Gul f S ta t es a n d t h a t in t h a t re g io n th e y we re de
,

vot ed t o s un worsh ip wh ic h is t h e c ult to wh i ch t h e pyra m ids

-
,

a r e s a cre d i n a ll p a rts o f t h e g lob e .

A s t o t h e use o f t h e py ra m ids it h a s b e e n g e n e ra ll y s up
,

po se d th a t t h e pyra m ids we re a ll b uilt o n t h e ba n k s o fstre a m s or

o n lo w g ro un d wh ic h wa s l ia bl e to b e s ubm e r g e d Th e obje ct .

o f b uil di n g t h e m wa s to m a k e t h e m a pl a c e o f r e f ug e or re tre a t
i n t im e o f h i g h wa te r S uch m a y h a ve h a ve b e e n t h e c as e with
.

th e se work s n ea r Ca ho k ia o n Ca h ok ia Cree k a n d ye t t h e pyra

, ,
 17 3

m ids upo n t h e we s t s ide o f t h e rive r we re upo n h ig h g ro und o n ,

t h e t h ir d t e rra c e wh ich is n e v e r re a ch e d-b y t h e wa te r

, Th e sa m e
.

co ntra s t m a y b e re co g n iz e d in oth e r pl a ce s Ma ny o f t h e py r
.

a m ids o n t h e Mis s iss ipp i R iv e r a re o n lo w ro u d d r t h

g n a n n e,a e
b a n k s o f t h e rive r o r n e a r som e ba yo u wh ic h is c o n e c t e d with
.

t h e r iv e r. T h e re a re h o we ve r c e rt a in py ra m ids re mote from

, ,

a ny s tre a m a n d s it ua te d o n h i h l a n d a n d in s uc h po s it io n s a s
, g
to pre cl ude t h e ide a th a t th ey we re b uilt fo r re tre a ts Th e Me s
’

s ie r mo un d is a s pe c im e n o ft h i s k in d . It is n o t o ne o fa g ro up ,

b ut s ta n ds a p a rt , prom in e n t i n it s s iz e , m a rk e d in it s p e c ul ia r it ie s
a n d a tt e n de d wit h a s i n g l e co n ic a l mo un d .Th is pyra m id re
m in ds us o f t h e tr un c a t e d pl a t fo rm a t Ma rt in s Fe rry , We s t
’

V irg in ia , t h o ug h t h a t is in t h e re g io n wh e re s q ua re s a n d c ircl e s
a r e t h e t yp i c a l s h a p e. Th e Eto wa h m o un d i n Ge org ia , is o n
,

lo w g ro un d wh ich is l ia bl e t o b e flo o de d b ut t h e re a r e py ra m ids
,

o n t h e le f t ba n k o f t h e O c m ulg e e R ive r, oppo s ite t h e C ity o f

Ma co n , wh ic h a re s it ua t e d up o n t h e s umm it o f a n a t ura l h ill , a n d
occ upy a c o m m a n din g p o s it io n T h is , we t h in k , dis po ses o ft h e
.

ide a t h a t t h e py ra m ids we re b uilt o n l y fo r re fug e s fo r t h e pe o

p le i n t i m e s o f h i g h w a t e r. Th e y w e re e v ide n tl t
y y p i ca l s t r uc
t ure s , wh ic h we re e re cte d un de r t h e po we r o f som e re l ig io us
s e n t i m e n ts a n d we re t h e r e s ult s n o t o n l y o ft h e re l ig io us s y s t e m

b ut a re s ig n ific a n t o ft h e tr iba l org a n iz a t 1o n . Th e c us tom a mo n g

t h e s e tr ib e s wa s to pl a c e t h e h o use s o f t h e ch ie fs a n d pr ies ts
upo n a h ig h e r l e v e l t h a n t h o s e o f t h e co m mo n pe opl e Th e re
.

i s a g re a t co n tra s t b etwe e n t h e work s o f t h e n o rth e r n distr ict s

 175

T h is p ict ure is dra wn fro m t h e de s c r iptio n s g ive n b y t h e v a r io us

wr it e rs t h e h is t o r ia n s o f F e r n a n do De S o to b e in g t h e firs t a n d
, ,

va r io us tra v e l e r s B a r t ra m a n d t h e I n dia n a g e n t A da i r g ivi n g a

,

l a te r v ie w o f t h e wo r k s .

IV We n o w ta k e up t h e pa rt ic ul a r p l a ce s in wh ic h py ra m ids a re
.

fo un d a n d s h a ll de s cr ib e t h e i r g ro up in g s a n d va r io us pe c ul ia r it ie s
. .

Th e wo rk s a t Ma dis o n Pa r is h a n d W a l n ut B a yo u La a re firs t , ,
.

F ig 5 . Th e g ro up i s s it ua te d s e v e n m il e s fr om t h e Miss iss ipp i

.

R ive r ; it co n s is t s o f se ve n l a rg e a n d re g ul a r py ra m ids a n d a ,

g r a d e d o r e l e v a t e d ro a d w a y h a l f a m i l e i n l e n g t h T h e ro a dw ay .

is pa ra ll e l wit h t h e b a y o u b ut t h e m o un ds a re t we n ty ya rds from

,

it . Th e pr in c ipa l s tr uct ure is 2 2 5 fe e t l o n g 1 6 5 bro a d a n d 3 0 , ,

fe e t h ig h ; h a s a t e rra c e o n t h e s ide n e xt t h e b a y o u wh ic h b e g in s
a t ten f e e t a bov e t h e s ur f a c e is t e n f e e t wide a n d e xt e n ds t h e
, ,

e n t i re l e n g t h o ft h e m o un d O n t h e s o ut h s ide i s a ro a dwa y 2 0
.

fe e t wide wh ic h b e g i n s 60 fe e t fr o m t h e b a s e a n d l e a ds wit h a
,

re g ul a r g ra de to t h e t o p ; a t e it h e r e n d o f t h e mo un d is a n ih
c li n e d pl a t f o rm 7 5 f ee t l o n g 60 f e e t wide t h e l o we s t e n d r a is e d
, ,

o n l y th ree fe e t fr o m t h e s ur fa c e A s im il a r m o un d s m a ll e r i n .
,

s iz e f ,a c e s t h e p y r a m id wit h a g ra de d wa y a n d s im il a r pl a t f
,
o rm s .

At t h e ea st s ide a r e t h ree pyra m ids wh ic h a re c o n ne cte d t h e ,

ce n tra l o n e b e in g 96 fe e t s q ua re 10 fe e t h ig h ; t wo ot h e r s 60 fe e t ,

s q ua re 8 f e e t h ig h
, t h e t h r e e b e in g c o n n e ct e d b y a wa ll or t e r
,

ra ce 40 fe e t wide b ut o n l y 4 fe e t h ig h O n e o f t h e se te r ra ce s is
, .

75 fe e t l o n g t h e o,t h e r 1 2 5 fe e t l o n g Th e g r a d e d w a
.
y i s 3 fe e t
h ig h 7 5 fe e t wide 2 7 00 fe e t i n l e n g t h
. . T h e re a r e e xc a va t io n s
.

o n e it h e r s ide 2 00 f e e t lo n g f t h i h f t w i d T h
5 0 e e g , 300 e e e e ,
.

r e l a t ive s it ua t io n o f t h e s e py ra m ids t o o n e a n o t h e r wo ul d in dic a te

t h a t t h ey we re t h e a b o de s o f t h e c h ie fs t h a t t h e p ubl i c s q ua re ,

wa s b e t we e n t h e m a n d t h a t t h e h o us e s o f t h e co m mo n pe opl e
,

we re s it ua t e d o n t h e l e ve l g ro un d o ut s ide o f t h e p yra m ids .

A NC I ENT WOR K S A T P RA I RI E J EFF ERS ON .

S H A PE.
I
G I Z E o r BA S E . st z s: o r TO P.

S qu e Py a m idar r 180x135
S qua e P y m id r ra
S qua e P yra m id r 132x132
S q ua r e Py a m id r 120x120
S q uar e Py a m id r l 6 x42
Em b a n k m e n t ,
E to F . 135 R lo n g , 15 fee t
. b r o a d, 4 fee
S q ua e Py a m i d r r 6ox78
S qua e Py a m i d r r
S q ua e P yr a m i d
r
S q ua r e P yr a m i d

Ro a d wa y i s 105 0 fee t lo n g , 12 b r o a d, 8 h i g h Py ra m i ds E, F , H . I . h a ve t e rra c es a n d

.

sa m e re la t i o n t o t h e c e n t ra l m o un d Di r t fo r e m b a n k m en t s wa s t a k e n fro m po n ds
. .

Th e work s a t Pra ir ie Je ffe re s o n re s e m bl e tho s e a t Ma dis o n P ar

1sh S e e F ig 6
. Th e g ro up co n s ist s o f s ix mo un ds , wh ich
. . va ry
 17 6

from 4 to 48 fe e t in h e ig ht from 60 to 2 1 0 fe e t i n l e n g t h , 40 to
,

13 5 fe e t i n wi dth ; a ll o f th e m a r e r e
g ul a rl y dis po s e d w it h r e f
e r
e n c e to t h e t e mpl e a n d t h e op e n c a m p us b e t we e n t h e m On e .

mo un d, ca ll e d th e te m pl e , h a s a l e ve l a re a o n it s s um m it , s1 x4 5
fe e t i n dia m e te r
. It is rea ch e d b y a win din g wa y Th e m o un ds .

wh ic h fa c e th is t e m pl e o n t h e we s t h a ve g re a t un iform ity o f
fi g ure , b e in g ste e pe st in t h e re a r, b ut h a v in g t e rra c e s in fro n t
wh ic h in cl in e to wa rd t h e pl a in or O pe n s pa c e Th e re is a n a rt i
.

fic ia l po n d n ea r t h e se py ra m ids , h a v i n g o utl e ts c o n troll e d a s t h e

mo un b uilde rs de sire d, t h e ea rt h pro ba bl y h a v in g be e n ta ke n
d -

F ig . 7 . Wor ks i n B o li va r Ch a n ty , Missis sip p i .

from it fo r t h e p urpo se o f b uil din g t h e m o un ds O n e o f th e se .

pyra m ids h a s be e n us e d a s t h e s ite o f a dwe llih g re m in din g us .

o f t h e s tr uct ur e s s it ua te d n e a r C a h o k ia .

Th e g ro up in Bol iv a r C o un ty Mis s is s ipp i, co m e s ne xt F i g 7

. . . .

It c o n s is ts o f t wo t r un c a t e d m o un ds , o cc up ie d b y t wo s m a ll
c o n ica l mo un ds , t h e wh o l e s urro un de d b y a c i rc ul a r wa ll 2 300
fe e t in c i rc um fe re n c e a n d 4 fe e t h ig h Th e s iz e o f t h e py ra m id
.

is 1 7 5 fe e t s q ua re a n d 2 0 fe e t h ig h A n o t h e r is 1 35 fe e t s q ua re
.

a nd 1 5 f e e t h ig h . Th e co n ic a l m o un ds a r e o n ly t h i rty fe e t i n
dia m e te r a n d 5 fe e t h ig h Th e p y ra m ids a r e o r ie n ta t e d
. Th e y .

do n o t va ry fro m t h e po in t s o f t h e c o m p a ss more t h a n t wo de
g re e s .

A t t h e j un ct io n
‘
o ft h e O ua c h ita ,
A c a t a h o o la a n d T e n s a s R iv e r s
 177

is a g ro up in a n clo s ure co n ta in in g a bo ut 200 a cre s o f l a n d

en ,

t h e e m ba n k m e n t a ro un d it b e in g a bo ut 10 f e e t h ig h Fo ur o f .

t h e mo un ds a re o f e q ua l di m e n s io ns — 1 00 x300 fe e t a t t h e ba s e
a n d 20 f ee t h ig h Th e fi fth wh ic h is 80 fee t h ig h s e e m s to h a v e
. , ,

b e e n de s ig n e d fo r a to we r Th e ba se cove rs a n a cre o f g ro un d
. .

It rise s b y t wo s ta g e s or te rra c e s a n d t h e s um m it is cro wn e d b y

,

[ i l l-
sui uml mm il

Q N Q Q O

F ig . 8 . Wor ks at S e lt zer to wn , Mis s is sipp f ‘

.

a fl a tte n e d co n e Th e s um m it is r ea ch e d b y a sp ira l pa th wa y
.
,

wi n din g with a n e a sy a s ce n t a ro un d t h e m o un d wh ich is broa d ,

e n o ug h t o p e r m it t wo h or s e m e n to r i de a bre a s t .

Th e g re a t mo un d a t S e lt z e r t o wn is n e xt S ee F ig 8 It is . . .

ne a r W a s h i n g to n Mis s i s s ipp i a n d co n s is ts o f a tr un ca t e d p ra
, , y
m id 600 x400 fe e t a t t h e ba s e It cov e rs n ea rl y s ix a cre s o f
.

g ro u n d ; it s s i de s corr e s po n d to t h e c a r di n a l po i n t s ; it i s 40 fee t
h ig h is s vr r o un de d b y a dit c h wh ich a ve ra g e s 1 0 fe e t in de pth ; it
,

‘ Mo un d'A 180xl fe e t a t b a s e . 5 i x45 a t s um m i t 48 h i g h ; B . 200fe et a t s um m i t , 75

taoz i ao fe e t, 4 h i h ; E
,
wi de , 5 v o 13 2: 32 fee t , 4 h i h ;
g
b i fee t . 10h l g h ; 11 .
60x42 fee t , w
h ig h ; G , x5 1 1ee t , 12 ig h ; g fee t , r u g g 3
1 , 6x45 , 10 h ig h .
 1 79

c h ie f o b e c
j t T h e v a r io us mo un d s a n d p r a m id s s urro un d i n
.
y g
it we r e s c a t te re d prom is c uo us l y wit h o ut a n y s pe c ia l or de r a l , ,

t h o ug h we m a y r e co g n iz e t h e a ssoc ia t in g o ft h e py ra m id wh ic h ,

t h e p ublic s q ua r e wit h t h e ro t un d a a s fr e q ue n t ly h e re a s in t h e
,

we s t e r n d istr i c t .

We t ur n n o w to e xa m in e s om e o f t h e g ro ups fo un d o n t h e
l a s t n a m e d rive rs Th e se h a ve b e e n ma de fa m il ia r to us b y t h e
.

work s o f Col C C J o n e s a n d b y t h e va r io us re port s wh ic h h a ve

. . .

be e n p ubl is h e d b y t h e S m it h s o n ia n I n s tit ut e a n d t h e Et h n olo g ic a l

B ure a u Th e m o s t n ote d o f th e se g r o up s is t h e c n e a t C a rt e rs
.

v ill e o n t h e h e a d wa te rs o f t h e Co qsa R ive r s om e s ixty m il e s

, ,

s o ut h o f Ch a t a n o o g a a n d a bo ut fo rty m i l e s n orth o f Atl a n ta

, .

Th e se m o un ds a r e s it
ua t e d i n t h e m ids t o f
a b e a ut if ul a n d fe rt i l e
va ll e y Th ey occ upy
.

a c e n tr a l p o s it io n a n d

a n a re a o f s om e fi f ty
a cre s b o un de d o n t h e
,

e a st b y t h e Et o wa h
R ive r a n d we s t b y a
l a rg e a r t ific ia l c a na l .

T h e m o a t v a r ie s i n
de pt h fr o m 5 to 2 5
fe e t a nd i n wi dt h 2 0
,

t o 8 5 fe e t T h e re a r e
.

t wo re s e rvo irs a n d
a n a rt ific ia l po n d n e a r

t h is mo a t Th e e n cl o s .

ure is prote ct e db y t h e
rive r a n d m oa t b ut ,

it h a s n o e a rth wa ll s .

S e e F ig 9 W it h in t h e
. .

e n clo s ur e a re se ve n

m o u n d s t h re e o f ,

t h e m o f l a rg e s iz e o n e s urpa ss in g t h e oth e rs in proport io n s a n d

,

i n i n t e re s t T h is c e n tra l t um ul us c o n s is ts wh oll y o f th e e a rth

.

ta k e n fro m t h e m o a t I t s for m is pe n t a g o n a l ; it s dim e n s io n s :

.

l e n g t h o f t h e s ide s 1 5 0 1 60 1 00 90 1 00 fe e t ; dia m e te r 2 2 5
, , . , , ,

fe e t ; h e ig h t 6 5 fe e t ; s um m it n ea rl y l e ve l
,
Th e a ppro ach to t h e .

top is fro m t h e e a s t b ut wa s a cc o m pl is h e d t h ro ug h t h e in cl in e d
,

pl a n e wh ich l e a ds fro m o n e te rra ce to a n o t h e r Th e te rra ce s a re .

6 5 fe e t i n widt h a n d e xt e n d fro m t h e m o un d to wa r d t h e s o ut h
e a st. T h e re is a p a t h wa y o n t h e e a s te rn a n g l e wh ic h Mr Jo n e s .

th in k s wa s de s ig ne d fo r t h e prie s t h oo d a l o n e Ea st o f t h e c e n .

t ra l mo un d i m m e dia te l y a dj o in in g it sta n ds a s ma ll e r mo un d 35
, , ,

fe e t h ig h n e a rly c i rc ul a r i n fo rm wh ic h h a s a n e a sy co m m un i
, ,

c a t io n with t h e t e rra ce s o f t h e l a rg e r pyra m id I n a we ste rl y .

 13)

dir e c t io n 2 5 0 feet is a t h ir d pyra m id I t is pen ta g o n a l i n fo r m

, ,
.
,

wit h a dia m e t e r o f 9 2 x68 fe e t a n d is 2 3fe e t h ig h W it h in t h e

, .

e n c los ur e is a c h a i n o f f o ur se p ulch ra l m o un ds O uts ide o f t h e .

e n c los ur e a re t wo o t h e r c o n ic a l m o un ds Dr Th o m a s t h i n k s , .

t h a t t h i s m o un d wa s visi t ed b y De S o t o a n d t h a t it wa s t h e pla o e ,

wh e re t h e a m b a ssa do rs o f t h e n o ted c a c i q ue o f Cut i fa c h iq ui de

live r e d t h e i r m e ssa g e t o h im Dr Tho m a s g ive s a c ut o f th i s
. .

m o un d a n d sa y s t h e b ro a d wa y wi n di n g up t h e s i de a n s we rs t o
.

t h e rk s c r i pt io n g ive n b y Ga r c i la s so t h e h i st o r ia n o f t h e expe ,

di t io n b e t t er t h a n a n y o t h e r in Ge o rg ia
,
Th e sm a lles t o f t h e .

t h re e la r g e s t m o un ds o f t h e g r o up wa s o pe n e d b y o ne o f t h e
a ss i s t a n t s o f t h e Bure a u a n d w as —
fo un d t o b e st r a ti fie d t h re e
h o ri z o n ta l la yer s t h e lo wes t ,

o f l o o se lo a m n ext o f h a r d ,

c la y t h e uppe r m o s t o f sa n d ,

a n d s ur f a c e so i l Th e r e we r e .

on e
in t h e o a , a n d in
st c ist s l m
t h e c i st s m a n y in t e r e s t i ng re l
l es a des c r ipt i o n o f wh i h , is c
g i v e n a t le n g t h Th e m o s . t
in t e res t i n g e lic s a r e t h e c o p r
p e r p a e s w h ich r e p r l t
ese n ,
t
h um a n g ures wi h wi n g s i s fi t
s ui n g f r o m h e i s h o u de s t r l r . It
is un us ua to fin d wi n g e d l
fig ures i n t h e m o un ds , ye t
en ug h o f t h em o h a ve b e e n
fo un d t o e s t a is h t h e po in t bl
th a t t
h e y we re o f a b o r ig i n a l
a nd re h is o ic p
o i g in , a n d t r r
ca n n o t b e ta ke n a s a n e vi
n n — M u m m m
de n e o f t h e m o de r n da t e o f c
t h e s e st o n e c ist s ot
A n h e r pec u ia r i y o f h ese fig ure s is t h a l t t t
—
.

th ey h av e ve ry pec u ia r h ea d dre s s e s l -
ea d dr ess e s wh i c h s h h -
w o
t h e u se o f t h e so c a l e d b a lnn e s t o nes a s r in t w o o f t h em , th e
h e a d dre s s is s u m oun t ed b y
- r o n f
e o t h ese do u e - la de d a xes o r bl b
m a es c . T
h e se fi
g u r es h a ve i n t h e i r o
rn a m e n ta t io n a n d o t h e r
p e c u i al r i ti e s M e x i c a n o r z ec seAt m a n c e s t h e s a bl
m e b a b ari . r c
s pl e n d or
b e i n g m
a n i fe s t e d i n b o t h h o m .a s a rDr T
g u e s
. fo r t h e

r
m o de r n o i g i n o f t h es e re i s a n d se e m s t o t h in lc , th at t h e s ne k to
g ra t e s a t t h e b o t o m t o f t h i s y r a m i p
d m tu s b h a v e e e n u il b y b t
th e S h a w n ees a ,
no t h e rrn r i e w h t b
i , t
c h a t a la t e da e h a
p e n e d p
to w a n d e r t h ro u g h t h is v a e y Th ll
e p r
.o b a b ih t i es a re i n t h e t h er o
di r e c t i o n Th
. e y p
ra id mu i d e rs-
wb le re n ol I
t w i d n di a n s ,
i e t h e lk
S h a w n e e s . b u t w e re a se d e n a r y e o t lp p
e m lo re ik e t h e M u s k o

g e e s a n d y e t h t
e y m a y h a v e b ee n o ld e r o r e a r li e r h a n t h e t
M
,

M u s ko g e e s a n d o f t h e s a m e s t o c w i t t h e k a y a s o r h a h u a s o f N
th e c e n r a tl p r o v i n ce .
 18 1

Co l Jo ne s s pe a k s o f t h e s t o n e i dol s , m e a s ur in g fift e e n in ch e s
.

i n h e ig h t a n d n um e ro us t e rra cotta im a g e s o f b i rds a n d a n i m a l s

,

fo un d i ns ide t h e s e en clo s ure s ; a l s o o f s t o n e pl a t e s a n d l a r g e

s h e ll or n a m e n ts H e s a ys t h es e re l ics we re n o t c o mmo n a mo n g
.

t h e C h e rok e e s wh ic h co n fir m s t h e i mpr e s s i o n t h a t th e y we re
,

t h e res ults o f t h e l a bor o f t h e m o de r n I n dia ns Th e g r e a t a g e

”
.

o f t h e s tr uct ure s is s h o wn b y t h e tre e s wh ic h f o rm e rl y g re w o n

t h e m a n d b y t h e a ba n do ne d c o n dit io n o f t h e g ro up Tra ce s .

h a v e b e e n fo un d o f h e a rt h s or a lt a rs upo n t h e c e n tra l mo un d ,

g iv i n g e v ide n c e o f t h e pr e s e n c e o f fire a n d p e r h a p s o f s a cr i fic e .

Th e bro a d t e rra ce s a n d t h e a djo in in g py ra m ids wo ul d a fford

s pa c e f o r th e a ss e mbl in g o f t h e wor s h ip e r s a t t h e a ppo in te d
h o ur wh e n upo n t h e e l e va t e d e a s te rn s um m it t h e o ffic ia t in
,

pr ie st ca ug h t t h e e a r
l ie s t ra ys ris in g
o ft h e

s un a s it l ifte d it s fa c e
from o ff t h e s h a do ws
3 [ m
Of t h e dis ta n t h i ll s Ma n n a A .

a n d s m if e d up o n t h is
be a ut iful va ll ey Th e .

te rra c e s lie to wa rd t h e
e a s t , a n d e ve ry t h i n g

a bo ut th e t um ul us
prove s t h a t it wa s
e re cte d f o r re l ig io us

p urpos e s a n d wa s c o n
s e c ra t e d to t h e r t
g e a
div in ity o ft h e s un It .

is prob a bl e t h a t t h e F ig 11 —Py r a m id on Oc m ulg ee Cr ee k

ca na l s we re use d a s
. . .

fis h pre se rve s , a s t h e fi s h e s co ul d b e i n tro duce d from t h e rive rs

in to t h e re se rv o irs a n d th e r e propa g a t e d Eve ry th in g a bo ut t h e
.

loca l ity s ho ws t h a t it wa s a villa g e o f t h e Mo un d b uil de rs -

.

Ne xt com e t h e pyra m ids o f Littl e S h o ul de r Bo ne Cree k ,

in H a n coc k C o un ty Ge org ia S e e F ig 1 0 Th is wa s a l s o o n t h e
, . . .
'

ba n k s o f a s tre a m a n d wa s s urro un de d b y mo a ts a n d e xca va

,

ti o n s Th e tota l a re a is b ut fo ur or five a cre s Th e re is b ut a

.
.

s i n g l e py ra m id in t h e en clo s ure It is a trun ca t e d pe nta g o n a l

.

m o un d m e a s ur in g 1 80x1 84 fe e t a t t h e ba se 80 x88 fe e t a t t h e
, ,

s umm it 40 f e e t h ig h
, Th e a p pr o a ch wa s fro m t h e e a s t b ut t h e
.
,

s umm it wa s p e rf e ctl y l e ve l A tr un ca te d c o ne m e a s urin g 140

.
,

fe e t a t t h e b a s e a n d 5 2 x4 2 a t t h e s umm it 1 6 fe e t h ig h is n e a r
, , .

Th is m a y h a ve be e n t h e rot un da t h o ug h it is 1 5 0 ya rds dista n t

,

from t h e py ra m id Wit li in t h e e n c lo s ure st o n e idol s cl a y

. , ,

i ma g e s with h um a n s h a pe s a n d o th e r s i m ita t ive o f b e a st s a n d

,

b i rds s im il a r to t h o s e i n t h e va ll ey o f t h e Eto wa h h a ve b ee n
, ,

fo un d . Ev e ry in dica t io n s ug g es ts th a t t h e loca l ity wa s fo r a

lo ng pe r io d o f t im e de nse l y pop ul a te d .
 183

s ide d py ra m id 324 fee t lo n g 1 88 fe e t wide 5 7 fee t h ig h ; t h e

, , ,

s umm it is 1 5 6 f e e t lo n g a n d 66 f e e t wide It is s it ua te d upo n .

t h e s umm it o f a h i ll It s ta n ds a pa rt prom ine n t in its s iz e a n d

.
, ,

comm a n d s a n e xten sive v ie w Th e re a re oth e r s m a ll e r mo un ds

.

near b y I t is a l a rg e mo un d a n d co n ta in s a bo ut
.
,
c ub ic
y a r ds o f e a rt h wh ic h wo ul d we i g h f
,
rom to to ns .

T h e re 13 a ditch a n d moa t n e a r b y wh ic h prob a bly furn is he d ,

t h e e a r th I t s a re a is a bo ut t wo a cre s ; a ve ra g e de pth 2 5 fee t

.
, .

At o n e po in t a n immense c irc ula r we ll 60 fe e t in d ia m e te r a n d , ,

Gro un d

PYR A MI D

K OLB E
'
MOK EE
M ud b y Ta lus.M M
“

Boo le : we b s . so t h e i nc h .

40 fe e tde e p c a n b e se e n Th e re form e rl y existe d 1n t h e vic in ity

, .

l in e s o f e a rth work s a m il e in l e n g th Mr J o n e s sa ys : Th e “
. .

Me s s ie r mo un d wa s e re cte d n o t fo r d e fe n s ive p urpo se s b ut a s a ,

te m pl e I n t h e re l ig io us fes t iva l s o f prim it ive pe opl e a bl ut io n s

”
.

s e rv e a n i mpo r t a n t pa rt a n d t h e co n ve n ie n t pre se n c e o f wa t e r
,

wa s de e m e d e sse n t ia l .

We m ig ht s pe a k o f oth e r py ra m ids O ne a t Bobo ne 9 fee t .

,

h ig h a n d 7 0 fe e t m dia m e te r s ta n ds o n t h e in l a n d t id e m a rs h ne a r
,

t h e s e a co as t Th e se co n d is o n t h e Kol c e Mo ke e Cre e k i n
.
,

Ea rl y Co unty S ee F ig 1 3 Th e py ra m id occ upie s t h e ce nt e

. . .
 184

o f a fo r t ifie d e n clo s ure a ro un d wh ich th e re a re e xte n s iv e e a rth

,

work s o r wa ll s , with a prom in e n t g a te wa y a n d b a st i o n s a t t h e

g a te w a y T h e
. p y ra m id i s 35 0 fe e t b y 2 1 5 fe e t a t t h e b as e 1 8 1 .

fe e t b y 8 2 a t t h e s umm i t , a n d is 9 5 fe e t h ig h T h e re is a pit at
.

t h e s o ut h e n d o f t h e py ra m id, fro m wh ich t h e e a rt h wa s t a k e n .

A c o mpa n io n mo und to th is wa s 24 fe e t h ig h 7 2 fe e t in dia m e ,

t er. A ditch l e a d s from t h e mo un d to t h e cre e k , 20 fe e t wide

a n d 400 y a rds lo n g Th e wa ll s s urro un di n g t h e e n clo s ure a r e
.

a t pre s e n t a bo ut 3 0 f e e t wi de Th ey a re ve ry lo w, n o t ove r 1 8
.

in ch es i n h e ig ht , a n d prob a bl y m a rk t h e s ite o fa n old s tock a de .

Th e re is a do ubl e l ine o f wa ll s o n t h e s o uth or s o uth we st O n .

Dry Cre e k , i n t h e s a m e co un ty is a b uria l pl a c e , wh e re in a n

.

a r e a o f fif t y o n e a cre s , e i h ty th re e mo un ds a r e s it ua t e d Th
g ey
- -
.

va ry in h e ig h t from a fe w in ch e s to 1 0 fe et , in dia m e t e r from 1 5

to 30 fe e t T h is py ra m id in s ide a wa lle cLe n clos ure is a ra re in
.

s ta n ce , f o r t h e m ajor i ty o f t h e m a re o n l y prote ct e d b y t h e mo a t s

or ditc h e s T h e re a re , h o we ve r fort ific a t io ns i n t h e sta te b ut

. , ,

t h ey a re g e n e ra ll y fo und upo n t h e mo un ta in s On e is s it ua te d .

upo n S to n e m o un ta in N ea r t h e s umm it it h a s a g a t e wa y pro

.

t e c t e d b y a l a r g e o ve r h a n g in g rock , t h e fort ific a t i o n b e i n g ve ry

s tro n g in it s n a t ura l de f e n se s A n oth e r is o n t h e Yo n d mo un
.

ta in , wh ich is a co n e fe e t h ig h It is a l so wa ll e d with
.

s to n e . Mr M F S te ve n s o n s a ys
. . .
“
A ll de fe n s ib l e m o un ta i n s
in t h is co un t ry we re fo rt ifie d N e ith e r t h e C h e ro k e e s , Cree k s
.

n o r S e m in ol e s h a d a n y tra dit io n o f t h e e xt in ct r a c e Th e n a m e s
' “

o f l o c a l it ie s wh e re mo un ds a re f o un d in t h is S t a t e a r e s om e wh a t

s ig n ific a n t , A ce m e te ry is fo un d a t Dr uid Grove ; t wo a r e o n

‘ '

t h e Bl a c k B e a rd R iv e r t h e b ig m o un d is o n Bo urb o n C r e e k ;
‘

t h e e ig h t y thre e mo un ds a re o n t h e Dry Cre e k in t h e S a cre d

‘
-
,

Grove 1 "
 185

C H A PT E R X I .

'

DEF ENS I V E WO R K S O F THE MOUND BUILDE RS -

.

O ne o f th e c h ie f t h in g s im pre s s e d upo n us b y t h e st udy o f

t h e Mo un d b ui l de rs wo rk s is t h e p e c ul ia r m e t h o d o f de f
’
-
e nse

wh ic h pre va il e d a m o n g t h e m . Th is m e t h o d wa s to b e s ure , ,

o ne wh ic h t h e y h e l d i n co m m o n wit h a ll ot h e r pre h is tor ic ra c e s ,

b ut it wa s i n s tro n g c o n t ras t wit h a ll t h a t h a ve e v e r e xis te d in

h istoric t im e s .

We m a y im a g in e th a t th e ir fo rt ifica t io n s a r e l ike t h o se o f
m o de rn t im e s b ut wh e n we com e to co ns ide r th e m m o re clo se l y
,

we fin d th e m e n t i re l y diffe re n t . A fe w words in re fe re n ce t o
th e se diffe re n ces wi ll b e in pl a ce h e re .

1 . T h e pe opl e to b e e e d f n d ed — Th e p ict ure b e fore us is n o t

th a t o f a n a t io n occ upyin g a c o n t ine n t n o r o f a pe opl e fill in g a,

S ta te n o r a com m un ity occ upyin g a to wn s h ip b ut it is o fa tribe

, ,

o c c up in g a riv e r v a ll e y or o fa cl an occ up y i n g a l i m ite d dis tr i c t

, .

Th e cl a n was t h e un it o f s oc ie t y Ea ch cl a n h a d its o wn b uria l

'

pl a ce it s o wn pla ce o f re l ig io us a sse mbly it s o wn ch ie f a n d we

, , ,

m a y s uppo se a l s o it s o wn s tro n g h o l d . Th e m e t h od o f de fen se

wa s fo r t h e cl a n s to g a t h e r a n d m a k e commo n ca use t h e t r ibe ,

it se l f b e in g o n l y a comb in a t io n o f cl a n s .

2 Th e cl a s c o se
. s h n to b e d e fe n d er s — .Th e Mo un d b uil de rs -

n e ve r a tta in e d to t h e mo de r n m e th o d o f e m pl o y in d i t i ct
g a s n

m i l ita ry cl a s s fo r d e fe n se .Th e re wer e n o diffe re n t cl a sse s a m o n g

th e m a n d s ca rce l y a n y d iv is io n o f l a bor All foll o we d t h e sa m e
, .

g e n e ra l m o d e o f l i fe w
,
e r e e i t h e r fi s h e rm e n or h u
,
n t e r s or a g
, r i
c ult uri s t s t h e m e a n s o f s ub s is t e n c e be in g co m m o n to a ll a n d
, ,

t h e re s po n s ib il ity o f d e fe n se b e in g s h a re d b y a ll Th is co n di
.

t io n o f t h in g s se c ure d sa fe ty to t h e pe o pl e Th ey a ll we re o r .

g a n iz e d i n t o cl a n s ,
b u t t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n w a s s uch t h a t e v e r y
y o u n g m a n w,
h e n h e w a s i n i t i a t e d i n to t h e cl a n b e c a,
m e a w a r
rio r Th ey be ca m e a ra c e o f wa rr iors b y th is m ea ns Th e
. .

o b lig a t 1o n to de f e n d t h e cla n wa s m a de a co n dit io n o f m e m b e r

s h ip . I t h a s pl a c e d t h is duty b e fore t h a t o f s e c uri n g s ub s i ste n c e .

Th e g ove r n m e n t was ba s e d o n t h is sys te m T h e re wa s a v ill a g e

.

g o v e r n m e n t a s w e ll a s a tr ib a l o n e e a ,
c h v i ll a g e h a v i n g i t s o w n
c h ie f a n d it s o wn co un c i l ho use .

3 . T h e e x t e n t o f t e rr itor y d e fe n d e d — T h e M o u n d b u i l d-
e r s

occ up ie d t h e Mis s iss ipp i Va ll ey a n d th e ir de fe nse s a re s ca tte re d

,

o ve r t h e whol e re g i o n e ve ry pa rt o f it g ivin g e v ide n ce n o t o n ly

,
 186

o f a n ex e nsi t ve
l syste m b ut o f fo r t ific a t io n s a s we ll S t ill
s ig n a , .
.

so f a r a s c a n b e as c e rta i n e d t h e sys t e m o f de f e ns e wh ic h wh il e
, ,

it e m b ra c e d t h is e n t i re va ll ey wa s o n e wh ic h was divide d a n d ,

a da pte d to l im ite d dis tr icts Th e re a re to b e s ure e vide n ce s .

, ,

th a t co n fe de ra c ies e xis t e d a m o n g t h e Mo un d b uil de rs Wh e re -

t h es e pre va il e d t h e syst e m o f de fe n se e xte n de d ove r co m pa ra

t ive ly l a rg e distr ict s dis tr ict s wh ich i n s o m e ca s es c ove r t h e
, , .

h a l f o f a mo de r n S ta te A s a g e n e ra l t h i n g t h e te rritory wa s
.

m ore l im ite d t h a n t h is It wa s t h e tr iba l te r r itory th a t wa s de

.

fe n de d . Th e v ill a g e wa s t o b e s ur e t h e cl a n a bo de a n d t h is m us t
, , ,

b e de fe n de d firs t b ut t h e c l a n s we re org a n iz e d i n to tribe s a n d so

, ,

t h e s ys te m o f de f e n s e e mb r a c e d t h e h a b ita t o f t h e tr ib e .

4. T h e m e a ns o f d ef e n s e a r e in c o n tra s t Th e s e d if fe r e v e n in .

h is t o r i c t im e s I n m o de r n da ys t h e fo rts a r e t h e m a in s o urc e o f
.

prote ct io n Th e e n t ire pe opl e a re de fe n de d b y t h e forts Th e

.
.

m e die va l m e t h o d wa s to m a k e t h e wa ll e d to wn s t h e c h ie fso ur ce
o f prote ct io n t h e c a s tl e b e in g t h e dwe ll in g pl a c e o f t h e f
, e uda l

de spot . Th e a n c ie n t m e th o d wa s to s urro un d t h e c it ie s wit h

wa ll s a n d to m a ke t h e c ita de l s t h e c h ie f s o urce o f prote ct i o n .

Th e pre h istoric m e t h o d wa s to m a k e t h e v ill a g e t h e pe rm a n e n t

re s ide n ce de pe n din g o n t h e cl a n org a n iza t io n a s t h e m a in s o urce
,

o f pr o t e c tt io n Th e cl a n dwe lt in t h e v i ll a g e s a n d s o m e
.
,

t im e s prote cte d t h e se with wa lls a n d s om e t im e s l e ft t h e m witho ut

wa ll s T h e ir c h ie f de fe n s e se e m s t o h a ve bee n in t h e for ts We re
. .

th ey cl a n fo rts 0 r triba l fort s ? Th e prob a b il ity is th a t th ey we re

t h e l a tt e r Th e y we re pl a ce d in th e m ids t o f t h e v i ll a g e s fo r t h e
.

prote ct io n o f t h e cl a n a s we ll a s t h e tribe .

5. T h e loc a t i o n is to b e co n s ide r e d W e h a v e d iv i de d t h e .

Mo un d b uilde rs te rritory in t o d iffe re n t d ist ricts Th e m e th o d o f

-
’
.

de fe n se va rie d a cc o rdin g to t h e loca t io n I n t h e n orth e r n r e .

g i o n s t h e W1lde r a n d m or e un c iv il iz e d ra c e s dwe lt Th e s e e re ct e d .

s tock a de s re s e m bl in g Cae sa r s Forts b uilt i n t h e f ore st s o f Ga ul

’
.
,

I n t h e c e n tra l re g io n s we re t h e a g ric ult uris t s Th e se l ive d in .

wa ll e d v ill a g e s re se mbl in g thos e o f m e diae va l t i m e s t h e ir fo rt ifi ,

c a t io n s re s e mb li n g c as tl e s I n t h e s o uth e rn distr ic ts we fin d t h e
.

s s t e m o f py ra m ids wh ic h re se mbl e d t h o s e o f t h e a n c ie n t e o
y , p
p le o f t h e E a s t e s p e c ia ll
y t h
,
e A ss y r ia n a n d C h a l d e a n O n t h e s e .

pyra m ids t h e c h ie fs h a d t h e ir re s ide n ce a n d fo un d pro te ctio n in ,

th e ir h e ig ht Th e Mo un d b uil de rs de fe n ses e m bra ce d a g re a t

.
-
’

va r ie ty ifwe t a k e t h e diffe re n t dis tr ict s i n to a cco un t a n d ye t t h e re

, ,

wa s a re se mbl a n c e b e t we e n t h e m .

6 Th e s ta g e o fpr o g re ss pre va l e n t a m o n g t h e Mo un d b uil de rs

.
-

is a n ot h e r e l e m e n t o f di ffe re n c e We m a y dra w a pa ra ll e l b e twe e n .

t h e h is tor ic a n d pre h is t o r ic a g e s l o c a t i n g t h e diffe re n t g ra de s .

i n diffe re n t b e lts o f l a t it ude re c o g n iz in g t h e s ta g e s o f pro g re s s ,

a s we cro s s t h e s e b e lts Th e de fe n s ive s y s t e m is h o we ve r ve ry

'

.
, ,

diffe re n t Th is sys te m de pe n de d l a rg e l y upo n t h e co ndit io n o f

.

t h e p e opl e Th e re wa s n e ve r a n y s uch pr o te ct io n a s t h a t g ive n

.
 187

b y th e c ie n t c itie s We m ust j udg e t h e t wo pe r io ds b y difle r

an .
'

e n t s t a n da r ds .

7 .T h e r e l i g i o us s y s t e m i s p e rh a p s t h e c h ie f e l e m e n t o f c o n

tra s t We s h a ll fin d th a t re l ig io n wa s a pro m in e n t fa ctor in t h e

.

de fe n se s o f t h e Mo un d b ui l de r s s upe rs t it i o n be in g a s p o we rful
-
,

a m o n g t h em a s a m o n g t h e mo de r n s a va g e s We c a n n o t om it .

t h e e l e m e n t o f re l ig io n from pre h is t o rt c r a c e s .

W it h t h e se fe w re m a rk s we n o w proc e e d to t h e st udy o f t h e
diffe re n t m e t h o ds o f de fe n s e a mo n g t h e Mo un d b uil de rs -
.

I Th e first m e t h o d to wh ic h we sh a ll ca ll a tte n t io n is th a t
.

wh ic h a ppe a rs i n t h e e xt e n s iv e s ig n a l a n d obs e rv a to ry s ta t io n s .

We h a ve a lre a dy ca ll e d a tte nt io n t o t h is sy ste m i n t h e c h a pte r

o n b ur ia l m o un ds We will n o w c o n s ide r it m o re e s pe c ia ll y i n
.

c o n n e ct io n with v ill a g e l ife Th e fa ct is th a t a sys te m o fs ig n a l s

.

b y wh ich t h e v ill a g es co uld comm un icate wit h o n e a n oth e r a n d ,

t h ro ug h wh ich t h e pe o pl e co uld b e a ro use d to t h e se n se o fda n g e r ,

e ve ry wh e re e xis t e d Th e e xt e n t o f t h is s ig n a l s yste m wa s o f
.
,

co urse de pe n de n t upo n t h e e xte n t o f t h e trib e or co n fe de ra cy

, .

I n som e ca se s t h e sys t e m wo ul d b e l i m ite d to t h e va ll e y o f a

s i n g l e r ive r or p e r h a p s to a p o r t io n o f t h e v a ll e y
,
I n ot h e r .

ca se s it wo uld e xte n d a cro ss t h e c o un try fro m o n e rive r to

a n oth e r I n a fe w c a s e s t h e s ig n a l sy st e m e xte n de d e v e n b e y o n d
,

th e se l im its a n d m a y b e s upp o se d t o h a ve rea ch e d o ut t ill it

,

c ov e r e d t h e wh o l e c o un tr y W1t h a n e twor k o f b e a co n s a n d s ig

n a ls . Th e de fe n s e wh ich th is sys te m g a ve to t h e Mo un d b uil de rs -

c a n n o t b e ove r e s t im a te d Th e pe opl e m a y h a v e dwe lt in

v ill a g e s Ma ny o f t h e v i ll a g e s we re s it ua te d upo n lo w g ro un d
.

.
,

b ut t h e s ig na l s ta t i o n s we re s o pl a c e d upo n t h e h ig h po in t s s ur
ro un din g t h e m th a t th e re wa s a co n stan t o utloo k a n d th e pro ,

t e c t io n cov e re d a l a rg e re g io n o f co un try .

1 We n ot ice t h a t th is sys t em wa s commo n a mo n g a ll t h e

.

tribe s o f I n dia n s We h a ve t h e te st imo ny o f e xplore rs th a t it

.

wa s v e ry commo n in t h e fa r we st We pre s e n t a fe w c uts wh ich .

a re t a k e n f ro m t h e re ports o f t h e Eth n olo g ica l B ure a u a n d ,

wo ul d re fe r to t h e re m a rk s o f Co l Ga rre tt Ma ll e ry Dr W J .
, . . .

Ho ffm a n W H Hol m e s a n d oth e rs It a ppe a rs th a t o n e m e t h o d

,
. . .

o f s ig n a ll i n g a vi ll a g e wa s t o pl a c e a horse m a n o n a n e m i n e n c e
s o t h a t h e co uld b e s ee n in a ll d ir e c t io n s Th e h o rse m a n h a d a .

wa y o f ri din g in a c ircl e a n d t h e s ig n wa s ea s ily un d e rs too d

, .

Th e pl a t e ill us tra te s th is fo r h e re t h e h o r se m a n is o n t h e h ill

,

a n d t h e v i lla g e is i n t h e va ll e y a n d t h e a tt a c k in p rt ppr ch
g ,a y a o a
i n g fro m a dis ta n ce S ee Pl a te I . A n oth e r m e t h o d is to b uild
.

fire s upo n pro m in e n t po i nts so t h a t t h e s mo ke co ul d b e se e n b y

,

da y or t h e fl a m e b y n ig h t a n d t h e wa rn i n g b e g ive n i n th is
,

wa y T h is is i ll ustra te d b y Pl a t e I I
. T h is pa r t ic ul a r c ut s ho ws
.

t h e s ig na l wh ich wa s g iv e n to co nve y t id in g s o f v ict o ry b ut ,

s i m il a r s ig n a l s we r e g iv e n a l s o a s wa rn in s T h t i v h v
g e n a e s a e.

a m e tho d o f s ig n a l in g b y fir e wh ic h is p e c ul ia r to t h e m se lv e s, .
 189

a ro un d th ese wa tch
t t io n s is l ite ra ll y cove re d wit h fl in t ch ip
s a

p in g s a s it wa s t h e c usto m o ft h e se n t in e l s t o sp e n d th e ir tim e in
,

ma k in g bows a n d a rro ws wh il e wa tch in g .

Th is s ig na l sys te m sti ll pre va il s It is m o re pre va l e n t in a n .

O pe n c o un try l ik e t h e pl a t e a u o f t h e we st a n d ye t it p r o b a bl y ,

pre va il e d in a n c ie n t t im e s in t h e re g io n e a s t o f t h e m o un ta in s
, .

Tra c es o f it a re see n a m o n g t h e Mo un d b uil de rs -

.

A su m ! 0! sn I II “

a ! a w ar “

H a z . .
—M a p / F o r ts
o on th e Mi a m i .

2. Th e comb in a t io n o f s ig n a l mo un ds or ob se rva tories with

b ea co n s wa s a c o m m o n m eth o d o f de fe n se S o m e o f t h e se a re .

a ccompa n ie d wit h va s t q ua n t it ie s o f a s h e s s h o wi n g th a t b e a co n ,

fire s we re l o n g ke pt b urn in g I n o n e c a s e t h e a s h e s we re t h ro wn
.

o ve r a s te e p e mba n km e n t a n d ye t we re wh e n disco ve re d m a n y
, . ,

fee t in d e pt h Ma n y o f t h e b uria l mo un ds we re use d a s wa tc h

.

s ta t io ns o r b e a c o n s a n d it m a y b e th a t a do ubl e prot e ct io n wa s
,

g iv e n b y t h e m T h e s e
. ob se r va t o r ie s or b e a co n mo un ds a r e

s o m e t i m e s pl a c e d o n v e ry h ig h po in t s 1 a n d t h us t h e y comm a n d
'

t h e v ie w o f ot h e r po in t s a t a g re a t dis ta n c e Th is idea is g ive n .

b y Dr La ph a m in co n n e ct io n wit h La p h a m s Pe a k a h ig h k n oll
’
.
, ,

18 00 m a p of S c io t o V a lle y , a lso o f Mi a m i V a lle y a nd or wo r k s at Ma r i e t t a .

 190

in Wa s h in g to n Co un t y wh ic h com m a n ds a ve ry e xte ns ive pro s,

t fo r m il e s i n e v e ry di re ct io n Dr J W P h e n e i h i s v i s it
p e c n . . . .

to t h is co un t ry re co g n iz e d t h e sa m e in co n n e ct io n with t h e g rea t
s e rp e n t mo un d i n A da m s Co un ty O h io He sta te s th a t t h is , .

work i s l o c a te d o n a n e m i n e n ce from wh ich a v ie w c a n b e h a d ,

o f Looko ut m o un ta i n i n H ig h l a n d Co un ty t we lve m i l e s a wa y
, ,
.

Th e sa m e h a s be e n ob se rve d b y t h e a ut h o r in c o n n e ctio n wit h

th e work s a t Ci rcl e v ill e Th e g re a t m o un d a t C ircl e v i ll e was
.

s ixty f e e t h ig h a n d c o m m a n de d a Vi e w o f Looko ut m o un ta in
, ,

twe lve m il e s to t h e s o uth o f it O n t h is m o un ta i n a n ob se rva .

tory wa s locate d wh ich co m m a n de d a v ie w o f t h e work s a t

H o pe to n s it ua te d j us t be lo w a n d t h e work s a t C h ill icoth e
, , ,

s e ve ra l m i l e s to t h e s o ut h o f it It is m a in ta in e d b y E G . . .

S q uie r th a t s uc h a s e r ie s o f l o fty obse rva tor ie s e xt e n d a cro ss

,

t h e whol e S ta t e s o f O h i o o f I n dia n a a n d Ill i n o is t h e Gra ve , ,

Cre e k mo un d o n t h e e a st t h e g rea t mo un d a t V in ce n n e s o n t h e ,

we s t a n d t h e work s i n O h io fill i n g up t h e l in e
,
O t h e r pe rs o n s .

wh o h a ve m a de a s t udy o f t h e work s a lo n g t h e Oh io R ive r m a i n

ta in t h a t th e re is a se r ie s o f s ig n a l s ta t io n s r un n in g up th e
b ra n c h e s o f t h e r ive rs s uch a s th e S c ioto t h e Gre a t a n d L ittl e
, ,

Mia m i t h e Wa bas h a n d o th e r rive rs a n d th a t a ll t h e prom in e n t

, , ,

work s t h ro ug h O h io a n d I n dia n a a re c o n n e ct e d b y a l i n e o f o b
s e rva t o r ie s Th is n e t work o f s ig n a l sta t io n s is in te re st in g i f
,
-

s t udie d in c o n n e ct io n wit h t h e v i ll a g e e n clo s ur e s ; a s th e re a r e

,

ma n y s ca tte re d th ro ug ho ut th is wh ol e re g io n .

H e re we ca ll a tte n t io n to t h e e xplora t io n s o f t h e R e v J T "

. . .

Mc Le a n wh o h a s de s cr ibe d t h e loca t io n o f t h e l a rg e mo un ds o n
,

t h e Mia m i R ive r H e h a s s h own th a t th ey we re co n n e ct e d with

.

o n e a n oth e r a n d wit h t h e f orts a n d v ill a g e s o n th a t rive r S e e .

F ig 2 . Th e a uthor h a s follo we d up t h e s ubj e ct a n d h a s fo un d

.

th a t a l in e o f s ig na l sta t io n s exte n ds fr om Fo rt A nc ie n t o n t h e ,

Littl e Mia m i to t h e g rea t mo un d a t Mia m isb urg o n t h e Big

, ,

Mia m i Th e l a tt e r mo un d was ra ise d to t h e h e ig h t o fs ixty five

.
-

fee t s o a s to g ive a c h a n c e to s ig n a l o ve r a ra n g e o fh ill s s it ua te d

,

j us t wes t o f it Th e g rea t mo un ds a t Gra ve Cree k a t Ma r ie tt a

.
, ,

a t Ch i ll icoth e a n d e l s e wh e re we re pl a c e d o n p r om i n e n t po in t s

t h a t th ey m ig h t se rve a s s ig n a l sta tio n s .

Dr J C Pro udfit h a s tra ce d t h e s ig n a l sys te m a lo n g t h e Mis

. .

s o ur i R ive r a n d h a s s h o wn t h a t it is v e ry e xte n s iv e Ho n C C . . . .

Jo n e s h a s tra ce d th e m t h ro ug h Ge org ia in t h e S o ut h e r n S t a t e s , .

Ge n G P Th r us to n h a s tra c e d th e m thro ug h Te n n e sse e a n d t h e

. . .

C umbe rla n d Va ll ey Dr J H B a xte r h a s tra ce d th e m o n both

. . . .

s ide s o f t h e Oh io R iv e r f ro m C in c in na t i to Lo uisv ill e We m a y .

s uppo s e t h a t t h e s y s t e m e xte n de d ov e r t h e e n t i re Mo un d b ui l d -

e r s t e rr ito ry I t is prob a bl e t h a t n e a rl y a ll t h e l a rg e mo un ds
’
.

we re looko uts a n d we re e s s e n t ia l fa ctors in t h e m il ita ry s ys te m

,

o ft h e Mo un d b uil de rs Th e dis t in g uish in g po in t s o f t h e sys te m

-
.

are as f ollo ws :
 191

3 ,
A s ig na l s ta t i o n d e s ig ne d fo r d efe n s e is g e n e ra ll y a mo un d

loc a t e d o n a prom in e n t p o in t in clo se pro xim ity to s om e vill a g e

, ,

a n d is s o co n n e cte d wit h ot h e r ob s e rva to rie s t h a t s ig n a l s c a n

e a s il y b e e xc h a n g e d Th e s ig n a l sta t io n s o n t h e h ill s com m a n de d

.

ot h e r sta t io n s a t a g re a t dista n c e s o th a t n o e n e m y co ul d c o m e ,

with in m il e s o f t h e spot wit h o ut be in g se e n S uc h a sys te m .

o f o utlook s m a y b e s e e n s urro un di n g t h e a n c ie n t c a p ita l a t Ne w

a r k wh ic h wa s s in g ul a rl y s it ua te d i n t h e m idst o f a n a t ura l a m
.

p h it h e a t e r w h i l e t
,
h e ob s e rv a tor i e s we re loc a t e d o n t h e h i ll s s ur

ro un din g It h a s be e n sta te d a l s o t h a t ob se rva t o ry mo un ds a re

.

l o ca te d o n a ll t h e h ill s in t h is re g io n form in g l ine s b e twe e n t h is ,

c e n t e r a n d oth e r pro m ine n t t h o ug h dis t a n t po in ts A l in e h a s .

b e e n pa rt ia ll y tra c e d fro m Mt Ve rn o n to N e wa rk t h e l a rg e .
,

m o un d in t h e ce m e te ry a t Mt Ve rn o n b e i n g o n e o f t h e s e r ie s
. .

O n a h ill opp o s ite C h ill icoth e ne a rl y 600 fee t i n h e ig ht t h e , ,

lo th e st in t h e e n t ire re g io n o n e o ft h e se s ig n a l m o un ds is pl a c e d
, .

A fire b uilt upo n th is wo ul d b e dis t in ctl y v is ibl e fo r fi fte e n or

twe n t y m il e s up a n d a n e q ua l d is ta n ce do wn t h e va ll ey o f t h e
, ,

S c io t o in cl ud in g in it s r a n g e t h e C i rcl e v ill e work s t we n t y m il e s

, ,

dis ta n t a s a l s o fo r a lo n g wa y up t h e br o a d va ll e ys o f t h e t wo
,

Pa in t Cre e ks b o t h o f wh ic h a bo un d in t h e re m a in s o f a n c ie n t
,

v ill a g e s I n t h e m a p o f t h e Mia m i va ll e y a s i m il a r po s it io n o b
.

se rv e d a n d s i m i l a r mo un ds occ ur a lo n g t h e Wa b a s h t h e Ill in o is
, , ,

a n d t h e upp e r Mis s iss ipp i s h o win g h o w e xt e n s iv e t h is s ig n a l

.

sy s te m was a t t h e sa m e t im e s h o wi n g h o w i n t im a te l y it wa s
,

co n n e cte d with t h e v ill a g e s T h e a ut h or h a s a l so durin g t h e

.
,

p re p a r a t io n o f t h is pa p e r dis cov e re d s it e s o fa n c ie n t v ill a g e s n e a r

,

t h e lo f ty e m in e n ce c a ll e d t h e Pl a tt e mo un ds i n W is co n s in a n d , ,

t h e c o n v ict io n h a s g ro w n with t h e s t udy o f t h e work s in a ll s e c

t io n s o f t h e co un try th a t t h e s ig n a l sys te m wa s clo s e l y c o n

n e c t e d with a ll t h e pro m in e n t po i n ts a n d th a t v i ll a g e s we re
,

fre q ue n tl y loca t e d n e a r th e s e po in t s fo r t h e ve ry p urp o s e o f se

c ur in g t h e de fe n se o fle re d b y th is sys te m '

4 . Th e l a r g e co n i c a l mo u n d s w e r e u s e d as s ig n a l s t a t i o n s .

It to ok a lo n g t im e to fi n is h o ne o f t h ese c o n ica l mo un ds Th e .

b e a co n s or fun e ra l fires m a y h a ve be e n ke pt b urn in g a n d s o de

'

fe a se o ft h e l ivi n g as we ll a s b ur ia l o ft h e de a d wa s ac co m pl is h e d
b y th e m Th e fa ct t h a t co n ica l mo un ds we re so o ft e n pl a c e d upo n
.

h ig h po in ts a n d com m a n ded e xte n s iv e v ie ws wo ul d i n dica t e t h a t

t h e i n te rch a n g e o f s ig n a l s was v e ry e xt e n s iv e We h a ve g ive n .

e l s e wh e re c ut s o f t h e l a rg e co n i c a l m o un d s a t Gra ve Cr e e k
*
,

Ma rie tta Mia m isb urg a n d V in c e n n e s T h e se we re loca te d n e a r

,
.

a n c ie n t vi ll a g e s a n d we r e co n n e ct e d wit h m a n y oth e r work s Th e .

mo un d a t Vince n n e s 13 o n ly o ne o fa g ro up wh ich s urro unds t h e

c ity a n d is s a id to ma rk t h e s ite o f a n a n c ie n t ca p ita l Th e se
, .

‘
Th i s i n t.ca n b e see n i n t h e c ut s illus t ra t l “
t h e a r t i c les o n S a c r ed En c lo s ures
"

and M t io n s
"
Th ese c ut s s h o w h o w t h e s
.
g n a l s t a t i o ns a n d t h e to rts a re co n
n ec t ed w ti h t h e V i lla g es .
 193

si t ua tio n o f t h e wo rk s o f t h e l a te I ndia n s a n d a l s o s h o w t h e ,

diffe re n c e b e t we e n t h e ir wo rk s a n d t h o s e o f t h e Mo un d b uil de r s -
.

I t wo ul d se e m th a t a pe rfe ct n e t work o f t h e s e de fe n s e s wa s
s pr e a d ov e r t h e n ort h e r n p a rt o f t h e S t a te We g ive a c ut o f .

t h e fort a t N e wb urg h O h io S e e F ig 3 Th is i ll us tra t e s t h e

, . . .

s ty l e o f f o rt T h e re a re m a ny s uc h fort s in Nort h e r n O h io
. .

It will b e s e e n fro m t h ese th a t t h e de fe n se c o n s iste d m a in l y in

t h e loca t io n . Th e wa ll s we re e re cte d m e re l y t o suppl e m e n t t h e
n a t ura l de f e n s e wh ich t h e rock pr e c ip ic e s a n d t h e i o l t e d
y s a

p o in ts o f l a n d wo ul d fur n ish But wit h th e se i n cl o s ure s th e re

.

wa s a l s o t h e co m b in a t io n o f t h e o utlo o k Dr H ill o f A s h l a n d . .
, ,

0 h a s g iv e n t h is i dea in h is de s cr ipt io n o f h is wo r k s wh ich a r e

s it ua te d i n A s h l a n d co un ty H e s a ys th a t h e re t h e fort s a r e
.
,

wit h in s ig h t o f o n e a n oth e r t h r o ug h t h e wh o l e l e n g t h o f t h e
rive r th o se pro m in e n t
,

pa rts or to n g ue s o f
,

la n d wh ic h wo ul d g iv e
,

dis ta n t v ie ws h a vin g
b e e n ch ose n fo r t h e
e re ct io n o f f o rts It .

s h o ul db e s a id t h a t th is

pa rt o f O h io a bo un ds
with pro m in e n t bl uffs ,

wh o s e p r e c i p i t o u s
h e ig h t s furn is h e xc e l
l e n t de fe n s e Th e H u
.

r o n S h a l e is h e r e wor n
Fi 3 —S k d F i N th 01
t oc or t
do wn b y t h e a ct io n o f
g . . a e n or er n 1 10 .

wa t e r l e a v in g t e rra c e s proj e ct in g o ut in s c a ll o pe d fo r m a n d wh ic h
,

m a k e a se r ie s o f l e ve l pl a t fo r m s wh il e t h e c irc uit io us va ll e ys b e
,

lo w m a k e a n O pe n te rr itory b e t we e n t h e m a n d t h us fort i fic a t io n s ,

co ul d b e ea s il y e re cte d a n d a c o mpl e te sys te m o f s ig na l sta tio n s

,

b e e s ta bl is h e d a lo n g t h e r ive r .

2 A n o t h e r ty pe o f s tock a de is co m m o n i n t h e S ta t e o f Ne w
.

Yo r k It is a l so fo un d in t h e n o rt h e r n pa rt o f O h io t h e fo r
.
,

t ifica t io n a t Co n n e a ut b e i n g a g o o d s p e c im e n H e re t h e r e a r e .

r e m a i n s o f s tock a de s t h e s t o c k a des h a vi n g b e e n pl a c e d o n t h e
,

s um m it s o f t h e h il ls wh e re a n e xt e n s iv e o utl o ok c o ul d b e h a d .

Th e s e s to ck a de s m a y h a ve s o b e e n co n n e cte d t h a t a c m pl e te o

syst e m o f s ig na l s c o ul d b e co n ducte d a cro ss t h e co un try a n d ,

n a t iv e s de f e n d o n e a n ot h e r b y t h e comb i n a t io n o f t h e o utlook

wit h t h e e n clo s ure Th e se a n c ie n t s t o ck a des h a ve b ee n de

.

s cr ib e d b y E G S q uie r b ut t h e co n n e ct i o n b e t we e n th e m h a s
. .
,

n o t b e e n tra c e d .

It is a fa ct h o we ve r t h a t th is S ta te wa s t h e s ea t o f a g rea t
, ,

co n fe de ra cy t h a t o f t h e Iroq uo is a n d th is re n de rs it prob a bl e
, ,

t h a t th e se pre h is toric forts we re c o n ne cte d b y a s ig n a l syste m .

It is k n own tha t t h e I roq uo is h a d a compl e te m il ita ry org a n iza

 ”
195

Will ia m Da ws o n in h is wor Fo ss il Me n k “ He h a s g iv e n a .

n ot a t io n f rom C a rt ie r s voya g e wh ich d e scr ibe s t h is fo r t a t

’
,

oc h e la g a a n d h a s g i ve n a c ut O f t h e f
, ort a s it e xis te d A c .

c ord in g to t h e c ut t h e wa ll s O f t h e f ort we r e b uilt O f r o un d

t r un k s o f t r e e s r a th e r th a n o f pl a n k s b ut t h e t o wn wa s a r e g
, ,
“
ul a r c 1r c le wit h t h e ho use s a r r a n g e d a ro un d a sq ua r e
,
Th e .

c it y o f H o c h e la g a is ro un d com a ss e d a bo ut with t imb e r wit h ,

t h r e e co ur se o f r a mp ir e s fr a m e l ik e a s h a rp s pir e or py r a m id
,
.

I t h a d b ut o n e g a te or e n try wh ic h is sh ut wit h pik e s st a k e s , ,

a n d b a rs O ve r it a n d a l so in m a n y pl a c e s in t h e wa ll th e r e i s
.
, ,

a k in d O f a ll e r to u lo d l dd r to t u w i t h a nd
g y r n a n
g a n a a e g e p ,

a ll fille d wit h st o n e s a n d pe bbl e s f

. o r t h e de f e n s e o f it T h e re .

a r e in t h e to wn a bo ut fi f ty h o use s a t t h e utm ost fifty pa c e s lo n ,

a n d t we lv e or fif t e e n bro a d b uilt a ll o f woo d a n d cov e r e d wit

,

b a rk T h e y h a ve in t h e m iddl e o f th e ir t o wn s a l a rg e sq ua r e

”
.

p l a c e b e,in
g from s id e to s id e a g ood s to n e s c a s t T h e y s ho we d
’
.

us t h e m a n n e r o f t h e ir a r mor T h e y a r e m a d e o f c o rd e s a n d
.

wood fi n e ly wr o ug h t to g e th e r T h e d ia m e t e r O f t h is e n clo sur e

.

is g iv e n a s a bo ut 1 20 ya rd s a n d e a ch s id e Of t h e sq ua r e in t h e
,

c e n te r a bo ut t h i rt rd I t w a s s it ua t e d a t t h e b a se o f Mt
yy a s . .

R oya l o n a te rr a c e be t we e n t wo s m a ll s t r e a m s
, T h e O pin io n .

is e xpr e sse d t h a t it wa s i n t e n d e d to a ccommod a t e t h e wh ol e

pop ul a t io n in t im e s Of d a n g e r .

3. A th i r d cl a ss o f s tock a d e s i s o n e w h i c h w e a r e n o w t o c o n
s id e r . It co n s is te d i n cre a t in g a n e n cl o sure ca pa bl e o f h ol din g
a n e xte n s i v e s e ttl e m e n t pl a c in g a h ea vy e a rt h wa ll a bo ut t h e
,

e n clo s ure a n d s urmo un t in t h i b p li d f t i m b r T h i s

, g s y a a s a e o e .

wa s t h e co m mo n m e t h o d a mo n g t h e Mo un d b ui l de rs O f t h e -

r ude r cl a ss Th e re a re m a ny s uc h fort ifica t io n s s ca tte re d ove r

.

t h e Mis s is s ipp i Va ll e y S o m e a re s it ua te d in t h e pra ir ie dis tri ct

.
,

ot h e rs i n t h e fores t re g io n Ma n y s uc h a r e fo un d in Ne w York
.
,

Mich ig a n a n d S o uth e r n O h io b ut th e y s h o ul d b e dis t in g uish e d

,

from t h e re g ul a r Mo un d b uil de rs fort s -

Th e p e c ul ia r ity o fth is
’
.

c l a ss o f s toc ka de s wa s t h a t th e w r v r l Th e a r e a
y e e e y a r
g e .

wi t h i n t h e m fre q ue n tly a mo un te d to t h irty or forty a cre s t h o ug h ,

t we lve to fi fte e n a cres wo ul d pe rh a ps b e t h e a ve ra g e We m a y .

ta k e t h e fort ifi e d h ill n e a r Gra n vill e Oh io a s a g o o d s pe c im e n , .

o f th is cl a s s It e n close s t h e s um m it o fa h ig h h ill a n d e mbra ce s

.

n ot f ar f ro m e ig h te e n a cre s Th e e m ba n k m e nt is ca rrie d a ro un d
.

t h e h i ll a n d co n form s g e n e ra ll y to it s s h a pe Th e ditc h is o n .

t h e o ut s ide o f t h e wa ll t h e e a rt h h a v i n g be e n t h r o wn in wa r d
, .

T h e re a re n o pa l isa de s o n t h e s um m it b ut t h e pro b a b il it ie s a re ,

t h a t th e se s urm o un ted t h e wa ll a n d h a ve pe ris h e d Upo n t h e .

h ig h e s t pa rt o f t h e g ro un d with in t h e e n c lo s ure th e re is a s m a ll
c ircl e t wo h un dre d fee t in d ia m e te r with in wh ich a re t wo s m a ll
, ,

mo un d s Upo n e xca va tio n th e se mo un ds we re fo un d to co nta in

.
,

a lta rs .

A fort ifica tio n s im il a r to t h is is de s cribe d b y S q uie r a n d Da v is ,

 196

a s e xis t in g n ea r th e r
clo s ure o n t h e S c ioto R ive r Th is
sa c e d e n .

a l s o h a d a m o un d in i t s c e n te r a n d wit h in t h e m o un d a n a lt a r
, .

O n t h is a lta r were dis cove re d s o m e re m a rka bl e re l ic s Th e .

a re a O f t h is wa s t we n ty five a cre s It is s urro un de d b y a ditc h

-
.
.

a n d h a s s ix g a t e wa ys Th e c h a ra cte r O f t h e wor k re s e mbl e s

.

t h a t o f a n ordina ry sto ck a de fo rt Th e o n l y th in g wh ic h wo ul d .

i de n t ify it a s t h e work O f t h e O h io Mo un d b uil de rs is it s pro x -

i m it y to t h e s a cre d e n clo s ure ca ll e d Mo un d C ity a n d t h e fa ct

t h a t it co n ta in e d a m o un d wit h a pa ve d fire b e d a n d t h e re m a ins -

O f a sa cr ific e Th e Gra n vi ll e work s co n t a in e d a ve ry l a rg e

.

m o un d i n t h e e xa ct c e n t e r a n d y e t h a d a ll t h e c h a ra cte r is t ic s O f
.

t h e co m mo n s toc k a de Th e dis co ve ry o f t h e pa ve d a lta r in t h e

.

fort n e a r C h ill ic o t h e h a s b e e n i n te rpre te d b y s o m e a s provin g

t h e ide n t ity O f t h e Mo un d b uil de rs o f O h io wit h t h e s tock a de
-

b uil de rs o f Ne w York b ut i n t h e a b se n ce o f ot h e r proo fwe m us t

,

co n s ide r it a m e re co nj e ct ure S toc ka de forts l ik e t h e se we re

.

ve ry com m o n t h ro ug h o ut t h e Miss iss ipp i Va ll e y b ut th ey a re ,

e n e r a ll y a s cr ib e d t o t h e l a t r ra t h e r t h a n to t h e ea rl ie r Mo un d
g e

b uil de rs Th e pre va l en c e o f s to c ka de fort s in t h e m ids t O f t h e

.

O h io Mo un d b uil de rs work s o n ly proves a s ucce s sio n o f po pu

-
’

l a t io n
.

D e s cr ipt io n s o f t h e s tocka de forts h a ve b ee n g ive n b y S q uie r

a n d D a v is We wo ul d re fe r t h e re a de r to t h e work b y th e se
.

a ut h o r s fo r m ore de fin ite in form a t io n N e a rl y a ll o f th ese .

h a v e h ig h mo un ds i n t h e in te rior o f t h e e n clo s ure or in t h e

v ic in ity wh ic h va ry from twe lve to fi fte e n fe e t in h e ig h t a n d we re
, ,

pro b a bl y use d a s looko uts .

We g ive a copy o f t h e pl a te (see F ig 2 ) from th e A n c ie n t .

Mo n um e n ts wh ic h e xh ib its a se ct io n o f s ix m il e s o f t h e Gre a t
,

Mia m i Va ll e y NO l e s s t h a n s e ve n e n c lo s ure s a re in t h is sp a ce
.
,

t h e mo s t o ft h e m fo rt s It will b e n otice d th a t b es ide s t h e sq ua re

.
,

e n clo s ure ( C ) t h e re a re t h r e cl a s s e s o f s to c k a de s
, e 1 Th o s e . .

wh ic h h a ve r e m a rk a bl e g a t e wa ys (A) 2 T h o se wh ic h h a ve .

do ubl e wa ll s ditc h e s a n d l o o k o ut m o un ds
, 3 T h o s e wh ic h .

h a ve s in g l e wa ll s a c ro s s a promo n t o ry Th e fort s wh ic h
in te r e s t us a re t h o s e wit h t h e re m a rk a bl e g a te wa ys S om e o f .

th e m a re o n t h e te rra ce s n ea r t h e rive r se ve ra l a re upon t h e s um ,

m it o f t h e bl uff o ve r lo o k i n g t h e t e rra c e s I n a rea t h e y va ry fro m

.

e ig h te e n to n in e ty five a cre s We sh a ll de s cr ibe a t pre se n t o n l y

-
.

a h s ,
—
fe w O t e e t h e o n e s c a ll e d s tock a de s t h e s e be in g t h e
f
l a rg e s t Th e fo rt m a rk ed A will b e de s cribe d un de r t h e h e ad o f
.

H ill Fort s It will b e n o t ic e d th a t th e re a re l o ok o ut m o un ds

"
.

o n a ll O f t h e h ig h h ill s ; t h a t t h e h i ll f ort is isol a te d a nd we ll

prote cte d b y wa ll s o n a ll s ide s ; th a t t h e stock a de fort s a re o n
l o we r g ro un d t h a n t h e h ill fo rt s be in g s it ua te d o n th e te rra c e
, ,

n ea r t h e r ive r We m a k e a dis t in ct io n b e t we e n t h e se fort s b e

.
,

ca use t h c y s e e m t o be lo n g t o diffe re n t pe r iods a n d we re proba bl y

b ui lt b y diffe re n t c l a s se s o r ra c e s O f Mo un d b uil de rs We ta k e -
.
 197

th e o ne c a ll e d t h e C o l e ra in s ix m il e s s o uth o f H a m ilt o n It , .

e n clo se s n i n e ty five a cre s I t s wa ll s h a ve a n a ve ra g e h e ig h t O f

- .

n in e f ee t .It comma n ds a l a rg e pe n i ns ul a t wo m il e s in c irc um ,

fe re n ce form e d b y a s in g ul a r b e n d in t h e r ive r
,
It is upo n t h e .

te rra ce wh ic h is th i rty five fe e t a bo ve t h e rive r S om e dis ta n c e

,
-
.

from t h e fort a n d st ill furth e r to t h e so ut h is a h ill t h re e h un dre d

, ,

fe e t h ig h upo n t h e t o p of wh ich a re t wo m o un ds m e a s ur i n g five

,

a nd ten f ee t i n h e ig h t ; t h e y a re co m po s e d O f e a rth a n d s to n e s
con s ide ra bl y b urn e d Th e re is a ditc h o n t h e o uts ide o ft h e wa ll
. .

S e e F ig 4 A t o n e e xtre m ity o f t h e work s t h e wa ll is Ioope d

. .
, ,

form in g a b ast io n O f s in g ul a r s h a pe .

Th is fort is cl as se d wit h t h e stock a de s We e l se wh e re a s cr ib e .

it to t h e s e rpe n t wors h ipe rs cl a s s in g it wit h t h e O ld work a t Fort

-
,

A n c ie n t a n d with t h e fort n ea r H a m i lto n a n d ot h e rs O ur , .

re a so n s fo r s o cl a ss in g it a re a s follo ws : 1 I ts g rea t s iz e S q uie r . .

a n d D a v is s a y th a t it is a work O f t h e firs t m a g n it ude a n d com

pa re it t o Cl a rke s Fort o n t h e n o rt h fo rk o f Pa in t Cre e k 2 Th e

'

—
. .
,

un us ua l h e ig h t O f t h e wa ll s n in e fee t — wo ul d in dica t e t h a t it
wa s n o ordin a ry s t o ck a de 3 T h e p e c ul ia r s h a pe o f. t h e g a t e .

wa y 4 Th e l o ca t io n O f t h e fort
. . It is o n t h e te rra ce o ve r .

l o ok in g t h e floo d pl a in I t is n o t a h ill fo rt a n d h a rdly a ns we rs

. ,

to t h e stoc ka de fort It see m s to a ve be e n a v ill a g e pe rh a p s

h .
—
a v il l a g e O f t h e s e rpe n t wors h ip i n g Mo un d b ui l de rs - -
.

Two ot h e r fo rt s wh ic h we cl a ss a m o n g s t o c ka de s m a y b e see n
, ,

o n t h is m a p O n e is s it ua te d o n t h e te r r a c e n e a r t h e r ive r
. It .

cove rs e ig h tee n a cre s a n d is s urro un de d b y a do ub le wa ll with

, ,

t h e ditc h o n t h e in s ide Th e pe c ul ia r ity o f t h is fort is t h a t t h e

.

i n n e r wa ll a n d ditc h p a ss ove r a l a rg e mo un d wh ic h is de n om ,

i n a t e d a looko ut m o un d .

Th e n e xt fort in t h e s e r ie s is s it ua te d o n t h e Big Mia m i R ive r ,

s ix m il e s s o uth o f H a m ilto n It co n s ist s o f a s im pl e e mba n k .

m e n t o f e a rth ca rrie d a ro un d t h e bro w o f a h ig h de ta c h e d h ill , ,

o ve rlo o kin g a wide a n d b ea ut iful s e ct io n O f t h e Mia m i V a ll e y .

Th e s ide o f t h e h i ll o n t h e n o rt h to wa r ds t h e r ive r is ve ry a br upt , ,

a n d r ise s to t h e h e ig h t O f o n e h un dre d a n d t we n ty f e e t a bov e t h e

va ll e y fro m wh ic h a n e xte n de d v ie w m a y b e O bta in e d Th e re

,
.

a re t wo m o un ds o f ea rt h pl a ce d n e a r t o g e t h e r o n t h e h ig h e s t ,

po in t with in t h e e n clo s ure m e a s u i n g t e n fe et in h e ig h t Th e ,

r
‘

a r e a o f t h is e n clo s ur e is t we n ty s e v e n a cre s -
.

Two ot h e r e n clo s ur e s co n ta in i n g s in g l e wa ll s a nd s in g l e g a te
wa ys a re m e n t io n e d O n e o n Fo ur m il e Cre e k c o n ta in s twe n ty
.
-

five a cre s a n d is s it ua te d o n a promo n to ry for m e d b y a be n d o f

,

t h e cre e k Th e oth e r is o n N i ne m il e Cre e k

. Both o f t h e se -
.

h a ve h ig h mo un ds 1n t h e i n te r io r o f t h e e n cl o s ure va ry in g from ,

t we lve to fift ee n fee t in h e ig h t wh ich we re proba bl y use d as sa c ,

r ific ia l or loo k o ut mo un ds .

Two ot h e r fort ifica t io n s a re m e n t io n e d b y S q uie r a n d D a v is ,

 199

()
e . forty fe e t in
d ia m e t e r a n d five f e e t h ig h T h e p a s sa e b e
g .

t we e n t h e mo un d a n d t h e e mb a n k m e n t a n d b e t we e n t h e wa l ls
,

o f t h e c i rcl e s is n o w a bo ut s i x tee t wide

,
T h e g a t e wa y or .

O pe n in g is t we n t y fe e t wide T h is sin g ula r e n tr a n c e I t wil l

.
,

b e r e m a r k e d s t ro n g l y r e se mbl e s t h e g a t e wa ys b e lo n g in g t o a
,

wor k t o b e d e s cr ibe d un d e r t h e h e a d o f st o n e fort a l t h o ug h s,

m uc h more re g ul a r in its c on struc t io n T h e dit c h e s (ff) wh ic h.

a cc o mp a n y t h e wa ll s o n t h e s o ut h s ub s id e in t o t h e r a vin e s upo n

e i t h e r s ide T h e se r a vin e s a r e n o t fa r from sixty fe e t d e e p a n d

.

Ma . 6. Wor ks n ea r H a m i lton , OMo .

h ve pre c ip itous s ide s T h e a r e a o f t h e work is se v e n t e e n

a .

a cr e s . T h e va lle y be yo n d t h e ri v e r is bro a d a n d in it a r e ,

m a n y t r a c e s o f r e m o t e po ula t io n o f wh ic h t h is work wa s
,

prob a bly t h e for tre ss o r p a c e o f l a st r e sort dur in g t urb ule n t

p e r i o ds g é
é T h e g a t e wa
y o f t h i s e n clo s ur e r e s e mbl e s s e r pe n t s
’

h e a ds a n d r e m in ds o n e o f t h e e n tr a n c e to t h e lo we r e n c lo s ur e
,

”
o f F o r t A n c ie n t .

III We n o w tur n t o t h e t h ird m e t h od o f d e fe n se T h is c o n

. .

sis t s in t h e s e l e c t io n o f som e
“
s tro n g h old o f n a t ur e a n d t h e r e
pl a c in g a for tific a t io n wa ll s o f e a r t h be in g pl a c e d o n t h e sum
,

m it o f t h e pr e c ip ic e a s a s uppl e m e n t to t h e n a t ur a l d e fe n s e t h e ,

wh o l e de sig n e d to b e a pla c e o f r e tr e a t in ti m e o f da n g e r To .

un d e r s t a n d cl e a r ly t h e n a t ur e o f t h e wor k s it s h o uld b e r e m e m
,

be re d t h a t t h e b a n k s o f t h e r ive rs a r e a l wa ys st e e p a n d wh e r e ,

t h e se a r e loc a te d t h ey a r e in v a r ia bly h ig h T h e e dg e s o f t h e .
 200

ta bl e l a n d s bord e r in g o n t h e va ll eys a r e c ut b y a t h o us a n d r a
vi n e s pr e se n t in g bl uffs h ig h h ills ste e p a n d de t a c h ed a nd iso
, , ,

l a t e d h e ig h t s with ste e p side s a n d cl iffs wh ic h a r e prec i ita n s

,

a nd of t e n a bs olut e l y in a cc e s s i bl e T h e n a t ur a l s t r e n g t h 0 s uc h
.

o s it io n s c e rta in l y s ug g e s t t h e m a s t h e c ita d e l s o f t h e pe opl e

ha vin g h ost ile ne ig h bors or e sse b y in va de rs Acc ordin g ly
we a r e n o t s ur r ise d to fin (p
.

rt h e sed h ei g hts occupie d b y s tron

a n d compl ic a te wor k s t h e d e s ig n o f wh ic h is n o l e ss in d ic a te s
,

b y t h e i r pos it io n t h a n b y th e ir co n str uctio n .

H e re le t us s a y t h a t t h e se fortific a t io n s a r e t o b e d istin g uish e d

fro m t h e wa ll e d t o wn s or vi ll a e s so comm o n in c e rta in p a rts o f
t h e co un tr y e s pe c ia ll in S o ut e rn O h io I n r e fe r e n ce to th is
we a r e to n otic e l ) t y
.
,

at th e f or t i fi c a t io n s a r e alwa ys pl a c e d o n
h ig h a n d ste e p h ills Th e ir wa lls alwa ys t a ke t h e form o f t h e
.

o utl ine o f t h e h ill a n d h e n c e a r e m o r e or le ss irre g ula r in sh a pe

, ,

a s t h e y e n clo s e t h e wh ol e top o f a h ill a n d c o n f o rm t o t h e sh a e

p
o f t h e h ill in c o n to ur T h e wa ll e d v ill a g e s a r e more r e g ul a r
. .

T h ey a r e usua lly foun d o n a le ve l pl a in o n e o ft h e ri ve r be n c h e s ,

o r te rr a c e s a n d h a v e n o n a t ur a l b a rr ie r s to pre ve n t t h e r e g ula r
,

it y o f t h e ir s h a pe T h e s q ua r e a n d c i rcl e p re dom in a te a n d a r e
.
,

o fte n foun d un it ed in a se e m in g ly a rbitr a ry m a nn e r In .

po int o f siz e t h e fortific a t io ns va ry g re a tl y S o m e o f t h e m

,
.

c o n ta in o n l y a f e w a cr e s ; O t h e r s c o n ta in from o n e h un dre d to
fo ur h un dre d a cr e s T h e for t ifie d v ill a g e s a r e h o we ve r quit e
.
, ,

un i form ; t h e a re a v a r yin g fro m e ig h t e e n to fi ft y a c r e s b ut t h e ,

m ajor ity co n t a in in g a bo ut t we n ty se ve n a c re s -
T h e po si .

t io n o f t h e dit c h wh e t h e r in s id e or o ut sid e o f t h e v a llum or

,

wa ll is to b e n ot ic e d
, At o ne t im e it wa s t h oug h t t h a t a ll
.

wor k s wh ic h h a d t h e ditc h o n t h e ins ide we r e s a cr e d e n d os

ur e s wh il e those wh ic h h a d t h e d itc h o uts id e we re fort i fi c a ti on s
,

be lo n g in g to t h e I n d ia n s T h e re is h o we ve r n o un iform it y
.
, , .

T h e m a t e ria l ta ke n fro m t h e dit c h wa s pl a c e d in t h e e m b a n k

m e n t s a n d in c a se s o f for t ifi c a t io n s o n t h e h illtop s it wo uld b e
,

a m a t t e r o f n e c e s s it y t h a t t h e ditch s h o uld b e o n t h e in s id e t h e ,

e xc a v a t io n s or p i t s fr o m wh i c h t h e di rt wa s s cr a p e d be i n g i n
t h e i m m e d ia t e v ic i n it y o f t h e wa ll T h e fort s a r e fo un d o n t h e
.

tops o f t h e h ig h e st h ill s T h e y we re s ome tim e s surro und e d b y

.

s to n e wa ll s a n d s o m e t i m e s b y e a rt h e m b a n k m e n t s a ccor din to
g ,

t h e co n ve n ie n c e or a b un da n c e o f t h e m a t e r ia l fur n is h e d b y t h e
loc a lity . Mo un d b uiide rs for t s in O h io we re c h a r a c t e r iz e d
-
’

b y m uc h e n g in e e r in g sk ill a n d a r e dis t in g uis h e d fro m l a te r

,

I n d ia n for t s b y th is c irc um st a n c e S om e o f t h e Moun d b uil de rs.

-

b uil t th e ir forts ve ry l a rg e a n d pl a ce d e l a bor a t e a nd c o m pl ic a te d

wa ll s a t t h e i r g a t e wa ys e xe rc isin g m uc h m il it a r y sk ill in e r e c t
,

in g t h e wa ll s a n d pl a n n in g o ut wor k s wh ic h wo uld fur n is h t h e

be s t prote c t io n O t h e r s e re cte d o n ly r ude e a r t h wa lls t oo k n o
.
,

pa in s wit h th e i r g a t e wa y s a n d e xe rc ise d l it t l e s k ill in t h e ir c o n

s t r uc t io n T h e r e a e m a n y suc h for t ific a t io n s
. r .

Th is cl a ss o fde fe n se s we h a ve ca ll e d h ill forts Th is te rm we .

 201

use fo r t h e co n ve n ie n ce ra t h e r th a n fo r its a cc ura cy

sa ke of , .

“
N ea rl y a ll t h e fo rts a re s it ua te d upo n h ill s b ut t h e h ill fo rts ,
"

te c h n ica lly s o ca ll e d a re d1ffe re n t from t h e ordin a ry cl as s Th e i r

’
, .

s tre n g t h co n s is ts i n t h e f a ct th a t t h e h ill upo n wh ic h t h e y a r e

pl a ce d i s itse l f a stro n g h ol d Th e a rt ific ia l wa ll pla ce d upo n
”
.

t h e h i llto p is o n l y s uppl e m e n ta ry to t h e de fe n se s o f n a t ure Th e .

h ill fo rt s s o c a ll e d a r e ve ry commo n in S o ut h e rn Oh io Th ey .

a re f o un d a t t h e mo uth o f t h e Litt l e Mia m i R ive r o n Brush ,

Cre e k o n Pa i n t Cre e k a n d in m a n y ot h e r loc a l it ie s

, S om e o f .

t h e l a rg e s t forts in t h e Mis s is s ippi Va ll ey a re i n cl ude d i n t h is

“
c l as s . D e scriptio n s o f h ill fort s h a ve bee n g ive n b y S q uie r "

a n d D a vi s ; we s h a ll dra w f rom th e m o ur in form a t io n .

.I Th e first fort wh ic h we sh a ll d e s cri b e is ca ll e d Fort H i ll .

“It is s it ua te d in t h e s o uth e r n p a rt o f H i h l a n d o t t rt
g C u n y h i y ,

m il e s from Ch ill icot h e Th e de fe n sive work s o c c upy t h e sum

.

m it o f a h i ll five h un dre d fee t a bov e t h e b e d o f Br us h Cre e k a n d

e ig h t h un dre d f e e t a bove t h e O h i o R iv e r Th e h i ll s ta n ds is o .

l a te d a n d is a co nsp ic uo us obj e ct from e ve ry a ppro a ch I t s sides

,
.

a re pr e c i p it o us Th e f ort
. h as a n a re a o f for —
t y e ig ht a cre s R un .

n in g a lo n g t h e e dg e o f t h e h i l l is a n e mb a n k m e n t o f m in g l e d

e a rt h a n d s to n e i n te r r upte d a t i n te rva l s b y g a t e wa ys
,
Th e .

le n g t h o f t h e wa ll is —
fee t s o m e th in g ove r a m i l e a n d a
h a l f Th e ditc h o n t h e in s ide h a s a n a ve ra g e width o f fi fty
.

fe e t
. Th e h e ig h t o f t h e wa ll m e a s uri n g from t h e bottom o ft h e
,

ditc h v a r ie s from s ix to t e n fe e t b ut rise s i n pl a c es to fi fte e n

, ,

fe e t . Th e re a r e th irty three g a te wa ys most o fth e m n o t e xcee d

-
,

i n g twe n ty fee t i n width Co n s ide re d in a m il ita ry po in t o fview

.

t h e s pot is we ll c h os e n a n d we ll g ua rde d a n d m a y b e re g a rd e d ,

a s n e a rl y i mpre g n a bl e a n d a s a n a t ura l s tro n g h ol d It h as few .

e q ua l s Th e de g re e o f s k ill displa ye d a n d t h e a m o un t o f l a bo r
.

e xpe n de d in co n s tr uct in g it s a rt ific ia l de f e n ses ch a ll e ng e o ur

a dm i ra t io n a n d e xc ite o ur s ur r is e Th e e v ide n c e o f a n t iq uit y

p .

i s wo rth y o f more th a n a pa s s i n g n ot ic e Th e cr umbl in g trun k s .

o f tre e s a n d t h e s iz e o f t h e tree s wh ich a re s t i ll l iv in wo uld

l east o n e th o usa n d yea rs Pl a te V ”

l ea d i rre s istibl y to t h e co n cl usio n th a t it h a s a n a n t iqui ty o f a t
.
g
.

2 We t ur n to t h e work s a t Fort A n c ie n t
. Th is is a re m a rk a .

“
b le s pe c im e n o f a h ill H e re is a n e n cl o s ure ca pa bl e '

o f h o ld1n g a n e xten s iv e s e ttl e m e n t t h e wa ll s b e in g n e a rl y t h re e ,

m i l e s a n d a h a l f i n e xt e n t a n d t h e a rea o f t h e e n clo s ure b e in g

,

a bo ut o n e h un dre d a cre s W e s ee a l s o a n o utwork c o n

.
,

s is t i n g o f a co ve re d wa y wh ic h r un s f . rom t h e e n cl o sure to wa rd
t h e e a st Th is o ut work is distin g uis h ed b y o n e fea t ure : At
.

t h e e n d o f t h e cove re d wa y is a n ob se rva tory mo un d Th e s up .

po s it io n is th a t th is obse rva tory wa s t h e pl a ce wh e re a wa tc h ma n

wa s s ta t io n e d b ut t h a t t h e dista n ce wa s s o g re a t t h a t t h e c o m
,

.Th e b o o k o n F o rt A n cien t b y W . K . Moo r eh es d i s th e b es t a ut h o r i t y .

 202

m un ica t io n m ig ht b e c ut o ff a nd th a t t h e pa ra ll e l wa ll s we re c o n
,

s tr ucte d s o as to g iv e pro t e ct io n to t h e se n ti n e l a n d to k e e p up

a co m m un ica t i o n Th e co un t ry a b o ut t h e e n clo s ure espe c ia ll y

.
,

th a t to t h e ea s t is ope n pra irie a n d h a s n o n a t ura l de fe n se Th is

,
.

wa ll is fe e t in l e n g t h Th e or ig ina l h e ig h t o f th is wa ll is
.

n o t k n o wn a s c ul ti va t io n o f t h e s o il h a s n e a rl y obl it e ra te d it
,

Two h ig h m o un ds a re fo un d be t wee n t h e e n clo s ure a n d t h e

cove re d wa y m a kin g a do ubl e ope n in g to t h e e n clo s ure a nd a t
, , .
.

t h e sa m e t im e g iv i n g a n o utl o o k from th is po in t
,
Th e e n clo s .

ure its e l f is re m a rk a bl y we ll a da pt e d to t h e p urpo se o f de f ense .

S ee F ig 6
. .

( ) I
I t s s it ua t i o n is to b e fir s t ob se rv e d It i s o n top o fa pr o m o n
.

tory de fe n de d b y t wo ravines . wh ic h s wee p a ro un d it to e ithe r

s ide , form in g pre c ip ito us ba n k s , in pl a ces 200 fe e t h ig h Th e .

ra v in e s a r e occ up ie d b y s m a ll s trea m s , wit h t h e Mia m i Ri ve r

clo se b y, a n d be lo w t h e works o n t h e wes t side Th e h ill upo n , .

wh ic h i t is loca te d is div ide d in to t wo pa r ts b y a pe n in s ul a r , it s

s um m it be in g t wo h un dre d a n d th i rty f e e t a bove t h e l e v e l o f t h e

Litt l e Mia m i O n t h e ve rg e o f t h e ra vi ne t h e e mba n km e n t is

.

ra is e d , a n d w n ds a ro un
i d t h e S p ur a d e n te rs to pa ss t h e
s n r e -

h e a ds o f g ull ies , a nd in seve ra l pla ces it is ca r ried do wn in to

ra vin es from fifty to o ne h un dre d fe e t dee p .

Th e —
Wa ll s Th e fort ifica t io n is a s tro n g o n e W h e re .

t h e work is mo s t e xpo se d to a n e n e m y it is o ft h e g re a te s t s ol id
it y a n d stre n g th At t h e isthm us t h e wa ll s a re twe n ty fee t h ig h
. .

Wh e re t h e C h ill ico th e roa d e n te rs from t h e wes t t h e wa ll s a r e

fo urte e n fe e t h ig h a n d s ixty fe e t ba se Th e re a re ove r se ve n ty
.

a te wa y s Th e s e O pe n in g s a ppea r to h a ve be e n or i g i n a ll y t e n
g .

t o fifte e n fe e t in width It h a s b ee n s ug g e s te d th a t s om e o f
.

th e se g a te wa ys we re o n ce oc c up ie d b y block h o use s or ba st io n s .

A lt h o ug h t h e wa ll is c h ie fl y b uilt o f e a rth g a th e re d from t h e

a dj a c e n t s urf a ce a n d f ro m t h e in te rior ditc h it is pa rt ia ll y un de r ,

l in e d with s to n e O n e o ft h e mos t in te re st in g fa cts is t h e diffe r

.

en t m e th o ds a dopte d f o r de f e n di n g t h e mor e e a sy a ppro a c h e s .

H e re t h e wa ll is o f ordin a ry h e ig ht b ut t h e ridg e imm e dia te ly ,

o uts ide is c ut do wn se ve ra l fe et so a s to pre se n t a stee p 5 10pe , .

Th is g ive s t h e a ppe a ra n ce o f a t e rra ce a fe w fee t b e lo w t h e wa ll .

I n r e fe r e n ce to t h e t e rra ce t h e re a re importa n t fe a t ure s

, Th e .

isth m us j us t n orth o f t h e s o ca ll e d l a r g e mo un ds is un de fe n de d
-
.

Th is fa ct , a s we ll a s t h e diffe re n ce in t h e c o n st ruc t lo n o f t h e
wa ll s o f t h e diffe re n t pa rts h a s le d ce rt a in p e rs o n s to t h e c o n
e l us io n t h a t th e r e we re t wo f
”
,

orts , o ne ca ll ed t h e o ld fort a n d ”
t h e oth e r t h e new .

Th e Te rra ce s — O n e te rra ce is loca te d i n t h e wil de s t r e

g io n It
. is s it ua t e d in t h e s o ut h e as t port io n o f t h e o ld f
ort T h e .

te rra ce is cove re d with sto n e g ra ve s t h e co n te n ts a n d c o nst r uc ,

t io n o f wh ich h a ve b ee n de s crib e d b y Mr Wa rre n K Moore . .

h ea d At t h e s o ut h wes t t h e re a re t wo l a rg e te rra ces , be twe en

.
 203

th top an d bottom o ft h e h ill The se te r ra c e s a re suppose d b y

e .

m a n y to h a ve bee n m e re ly na t ura l b ut b y S q uie r a n d D a vis

, ,

Moore h e a d a n d oth e rs th ey a re th o ug ht t o b e a rt ific ia l It h a s

.

b een su
gg e s e t d tha t th ey we re desig ne d as s ta t io ns fro m wh ich
t o a n n oy a n ene m y . Mr Moo re h ea d d we ll s upo n t h e te rra ce s
.

o f t h e re g io n m a i n ta in in g t h a t t h e y a r e a ll a rt ific ia l
,
. H e g ive s
t h e e n t i r e l e n g th o f th e s e te r ra ce s as a mo un t in g t o t e n m i l e s
.

Th ey a r e from twe nt y to t wen ty five fee t wide a n d r un a long t h e

-
,
 Th e Cove re d Wa ys — R un n in g due n orth ea s t from th e s e
t wo m o un ds a re t wo p a ra ll e l wa ll s o r e mban k m e n t s , a bo ut a fo ot
in h e ig h t a n d twe lve fe e t wide Th ey r un fo r a dista n c e o f 27 60
.

fee t a n d te rm in a te b y e n clo s in g a s m a ll mo un d, a bo ut t h re e fe e t
h ig h Th e y a re 1 30 fe e t a pa rt A s ug g e st io n h a s be e n m a de
. .

i n r e fe re n c e to th e s e t h a t th e y we re us e d a s a ra ce g ro un d a n d
,
-
,

t h a t t h e wa ll a t t h e e n d wa s t h e g oa l o r t urn in g po in t O ur .

co nj e ct ure is th a t t h e mo un d wa s a lo o ko ut s ta t io n , a n d t h a t t h e
wa ll s we re de s ig n e d to prote ct t h e s en t i n e l s a n d to k e e p op e n
c o m m un ica t io n b e twee n t h e fo rt a n d s ig n a l sta tio n .

I t h — T h i v i i f h fort i to w clo
( )
6 T h e s m u s e d s o n o t e n t o e n s

ure s h a s b ee n n o t ic e d A pe n in s ul a jo in s t h e t wo fort s Th is ‘

. .

“
h a s b ee n c a ll e d t h e is t h m us Th e ist h m us h o we ve r , se e m s to
.
,

b e a s ort o f m iddl e fort H e re we fin d cre s ce n t s h a pe d e mba n k

.
-

“
m e n ts o n o n e s ide a n d a g rea t g a te wa y o n t h e oth e r Th e s pa c e .

is we ll e n clo se d a n d is o n e o f t h e s tro n g e s t po s it io n s o f t h e e n
t ire fort ifica t io n Th e cre sce n t g a te wa y o u a cco un t o fits b e a uty
.
,

a n d t h e c urve o f it s wa ll s m a y b e re g a rde d a s b e lo n g in g to t h e
,

ne w f ort Th e oth e r s o c a ll e d g a te wa y m a y b e re g a rde d a s b e

.
-

lo n g in g t o t h e o ld fo rt H e re t h e q ue s t io n o f sym bol is m com e s

.

in . We h a ve sa id t h a t t h e wa ll s o f t h e o ld fort re se m bl e t wo
m a ss iv e s e rp e n t s a n d th a t t h e m o un ds a t t h e e n d, wh ic h c o n s t i
,

t ute t h e s ide s o f t h e g a te wa y re pre se n t e d t h e h e a ds o f t h e ,

s e rpe n t s We n o w m a in ta in th a t t h e cre s c e n ts for m in g t h e

.

g a t e w a y to t h e m iddl e f ort w e r e a l s o sy mb o l ic , a n d a t t h e is th

m us we fin d t h e c l ue to t h e c h a ra ct e r o f t h e b uil de rs o f t h e t wo
fo rt s . Th e re is a cre sce n t s ha pe d e m ba n km e n t nea r t h e we s te rn
-

ope n in g to t h e n e w fort Th is we a l so re g a rd a s sy mb o l ic We
. .

co nj e ct ure th a t t h e n e w fort was e re cte d b y t h e s un worsh ip e rs -

a n d t h e o ld f ort b y t h e se rpe n t
I n re fe re n c e to t h e o ld e n cl o s ure it a ppe a rs a l m o s t c e rta i n ,

th a t a l a rg e v ill a g e o n c e flo uris h e d wit h in th is fort Th e wa ll is .

m uc h more i rre g ul a r tha n in t h e n e w fort Th e te rra c e o n t h e .

ea s t s ide o f t h e g a te wa y h as m a n y s to n e g ra v e s Th e s to n e .

“
g ra v e s a r e g e n e ra ll y o uts ide o f t h e wa ll s T h e t e rra c e s o n t h e .

we s t s ide h a ve s ca tte re d g ra ve s o n t h e m La rg e q ua n tities o f .

s to n e we re pl a c e d o ve r t h e g ra v e s o n e h un dre d wa g o n l o a ds i n ,
-

o n e pl a c e a n d f ort y i n a n o th e r I n t h e rive r va ll ey be lo w Fort

.

A n c ie n t wa s a v ill a g e s ite A sh h e a ps we re discove re d h e re ,

.
-

a n d a l s o m a n y r e l ic s o f a r ude pop ul a ti o n F ive fee t o f ea rth .

we re a bo ve t h e lo we st s ite o ft h e v ill a g e We ll pre se rve d ske le .

“
to n s h a ve b e e n fo un d Th ree vill a g e pe rio ds h a ve bee n re co g
”
.

n iz e d a n d t h e m in g l in g o f t wo ra c es se e m s to b e i n dica t e d b y
,

t h e re l i c s Th e n e w fort wa s e vide n tl y b uilt b y a pe opl e m ore

.

a dva n c e d th a n tho s e o f t h e o ld f ort Th e wa ll s a re m uch more .

s k i ll full y co n s tr uct e d, h a v e more pe rpe n dic ul a r s ide s , s h a rpe r

a n g l e s wide r g a te wa ys a n d iv e more e v ide n c e o f workm a n s h i p
, g , .

‘ m ust r a t i o n s o r t h e di flb r en t pa r t s or t h i s fo rt a re g i ven b y Mr W. . K . Moo r eh ea d

 3
-
. T h
I lill Fort
e f
”
o r t i fi e d h ill in Butl e r C o un ty i s a n o t h e r s pe c i m e n o fa
. T h is is s it ua t e d o n t h e we st s id e o f t h e G re a t
Mia m i R ive r , t h r e e m iles be lo w t h e H a m ilto n Th e h ill is n o t .

fa r from t wo h un dre d fee t h ig h , s ur r o un d e d o n a ll po in t s b

y
d ee p r a v in e s , re se n tin g stee p a n d a lmost in a cce ss i b l e d e c lin
p
ties , sk ir t in g t e bro w o f t h e h ill a nd c on form in g to its o utl in e .

I t s wa ll is o f m in g l e d e a r t h a n d s to ne , h a vin g a n a ve r a g e h e ig ht
o f five f e e t , b y th ir t y five f
-
e e t b a se T h e wa ll is int e r r upted b y
.

four g a te wa ys o r p a ss a g e s , e a c h t we n ty fe e t wide . Th ey a r e
p rot e c te d b y in n e r l in e s o fe mb a n k m e n t s o f a m o s t s in g ula r a n d
1n t r ic a t e d e sc ri pt io n .

T h e g a t e wa ys in th is fo r t a r e it s d is t in g uis h in g pe c ulia r ity .

I t will b e n ot ic e d fro m t h e pl a te th a t th e y o c c ur wh e re t h e s pur s

o f t h e h ill a r e c ut o f f b y t h e wa ll or a r a pe t a n d wh e re t h e de
c livit y is t h e l e a s t a b r upt T wo o f t e m h a v e t h e in n er wa lls
.

a rr a n g ed a f te r t h e sa m e m a n n e , wit h
r r —
e e n t e r in g a n g l e s , c ur ved
wa ll s , n a rr o w p a s sa g e wa ys , e xc a v a t ion s in t h e p a ss a g e wa ys
-
.

I t will b e n otic e d a l s o t h a t th e re a re s ton e moun d s o n t h e s um

m it o f t h e h ill n e a r t h e g a te wa ys .

T h is s t y le o f g a t e wa y h as be e n c a lle d t h e Tla sc a l a n , a s it is
c o mmo n a mon g t h e T l a s c a la n s a n d t h e Az t e c s .Th e e n ds o f
t h e wa ll ov e rl a p e a c h o t h e r , in t h e form o f s e m i-c irc le s h a v in g
a c o m mo n c e n te r T h e n o rt h e r n a t e wa y is e s pe c ia lly worth
.

o f n o t ic e . T h e pr inc i pa l a ppr o a c is g ua rd e d b y a m o uu
wh ic h wa s us e d pe rh a ps a s a n a l a rm po st .A c res ce n t wa ll o r
e mb a n k m e n t cro sse s t h e is t hm us , le a vm g n a rro w pa ss a g e s b e
t we e n it s en ds a n d t h e de cl ivit y N e xt com e s t h e p r in c ipa l
.

w a ll o f t h e e n clo s u r e W i
.t h.i n t h is a r e t w c o r e s c e n t -
s h a pe d

e mb a n k m e n ts , pl a c e d b e t wee n t wo prolo n g a t io n s o f t h e wa lls,

m a kin g a se r ie s o f d e fe n ses so c ompl ic a te d a s t o d istr a c t a n d
b e wild e r t h e a ssa il a n ts .

T h e sto n e moun d s or b e a c o n s a r e to b e n ot ic e d in th is c o n
ue c t io n T h e se m o un d s a r e pl a c e d o n t h e s umm it o f t h e h ill

”
.

a t t h e v e r y e n tr a n c e o f t h e g a t e wa ys S im il a r sto n e m oun d s
.

a r e fo un d e lse wh e r e , a n d th e y f o r m a s tr iki n g f e a t ure o f t h e

H ill Fo rt s .I t is prob a bl e t h a t t h e y we re use d a s be a c o ns
a n d th a t fir e s we r e l ig h te d u o n th e m
p .

T h e h e ig h t o ft h e g r o un d 13 a ls o to b e n o tic e d . I t g r a d ua lly
r ise s f ro m t h e int e rio r t o t h e h e ig h t o ft we n t six fee t a bo ve t h e
-

b a se o f t h e wa ll, a n d ove rlook s t h e e n tire a s c e n t c oun try In

'

t h e vic in it o f th is wor k a r e a n umbe r o f o t e rs oc c up in g t h e

”
va ll e y . h e loc a tio n o f t h is fort will b e se e n b y a s t u y o ft h e
m a p o f t h e wor k s o n t h e G r e a t Mia m i .

4. A n ot h e r H ill F or t th a t m a y b e m e n t i o n e d i s r e p r e se n t e d
o n t h e sa m e m a I t is s it u a t e d a t t h e mo uth o f t h e Mia m i, six
p .

m il e s from H a m ilto n I t oc c upie s t h e summ it o f a ste e p, iso

.

la te d h ill , a n d co n sists o f a wa ll c om po se d o fe a rth th ro wn fr o m

t h e in te r ior . T h e t h ree side s a re a s n e a rl y pe rpe n d ic ul ar a s
t h e y c o uld b e T h e wa ll c o rre spo n d s to t h e o ut l in e o f t h e h ill,
.
 207

b ut it c uts o fl a s p ur , l e a v in g a promo n tory o uts id e t h e wa ll s

'

O n th is p romo n t or y is a mo un d , corr e s po n d in g in it s pur p ose

wi t h th a t wh ic h ua r ds t h e pr in c ip a l a v e n ue in t h e forti fi e d h ill
ju st de s cr i b e d . h i g
s fort w a s v isit e d b y G e n H a rr is o n a nd wa s
.

r e g a rde d b y h im a s a dm ira bly de s ig n e d fo r de fe n se , e xh ibiting

”
e xt r a o r di n g m il ita r y sk ill a n d a s a c it a d e l to b e c omp a r e d to t h e
A c ro olis a t A t h e n s .

wo H ill F orts re m a in to b e d e scr ib e d O n e o f th e se

.

is s it ua t e d o n t h e Big T win , n e a r F a rm e r svill e I t h a s b ee n de

.

s cr i b e d b y Mr S H Brin k l ey I t s fo r m is a n i rr e g ul a r tr ia n g l e ,
. . . .

t wo sid e s re st in g up on
m a r g in s o f wide r a v in e s t h e t h ird
th e ,

o n t h e Big T win T h e wa ll e xt e n ds a lo n g t h e e dg e o f t h e
.

r a v in e ; i t i s five f ee t h i g h a n d forty f e e t wide ; is fl a n k e d b y a

d it c h o n t h e in sid e T h e e n t i re l e n g t h is t wo h un dre d a n d sixty

.

se v e n f ee t
. T h e r e a r e t h r e e e n clo s ur e s with in th is fort ; t wo in
t h e s h a p e o f hor se sh o e s ; t h e th ir d is a s m a ll c i rcl e
-
O ne of .

t h e h or se sh oe e n clos ur e s h a s a d ia m e t e r o f t h re e h un dr e d a n d
-

e ig h t y f e e t n ort h a n d s o ut h fo ur h un dr e d fe e t e a st a n d we st
, .

T h e dia m e te r o f t h e o t h e r is o n e h un dred a n d e ig h ty five fe e t -

a n d o ne h un dr e d in width T h e c i rcl e is b ut t we n t y five fee t

.
-

in d ia m e te r . I t is pl a c e d a t t h e e n tr a n c e o f t n e l a r g e r e n clo sure ,

wh ic h is h e re forty fe e t wid e S e e F ig 7 . . .

T h e se r e m a r k a bl e e n clo s ur e s h a v e b e e n e xc a v a te d a n d fo un d
t o c o n t a in fire b e d s or h e a rt h s fill e d wit h ch a r c o a l a n d a sh es
- .
 209

t wo e n closure s b e in g se p a r a t e d b y a n ist h m us ua r de d b y t r ipl e

,

c r e s c e n t s h a pe d wa ll s
- T h e e n tr a n c e to t h is ort is b a p a th
ul prom e n a d e wh ic h l e a d
.

”
c o n sis t in g o f a mo st d e l ig ht f , s b y an
“
e a sy g r a d e from t h e f ort t o t h e t e rr a ce T h e pro m e n a d e is
.

loc a te d o n a rid g e b ut improv e d b y t h e pl a sti c h a n d o f m a n

, .

Th is pro m e n a de is o n t h e side wh ich le a ds to t h e Big T win O n e .

r e m a r k a bl e f e a t ure o f t h is g a te wa y is t h a t n e a r it th e r e wa s a

s ig n a l s t a ti o n or
look o ut mo un d a n d
not fa r fro m t h e
m o un d a p a v e m e n t RGHABD
'

or fir e b e d be n e a t h
-
,

wh ic h we r e tr a ce s
of fir e .

T h is h e a rth or
fir e b e d is worth y
-

o fn ot ic e T h e e vi
.

d e n c e is t h a t h e r e ,
a s a t t h e F a rm e r s
vill e Fo rt , t h e r e
we r e fir e sig n a ls .

T h e wa ll s n e a r t h e
g a t e wa
y s h o w t h is

a s we ll a s t h e p a v e
men t N e a r t h e
.

Big T win wor k s

th e r e wa s tr un a

c a t e d mo un d t h i r
te e n fe e t h ig h a n d
a p a v e m e n t n in e ty
fee t s qua r e Nea r .

t h is p a ve m e n t we r e
a sh pile s wh i c h h a d
,

b e e n po ur e d ov e r
t h e sid e s o ft h e c lifl ,

un til th e y h a d a t
t a in e d a de pt h o f
F i g 8 —O lt l F
t e n fe e t T h e sy m
. . ar t
s e or .
.

h ol is m c o n n e c t e d wit h t h e s e for t s is s om e wh a t r e m a r k a bl e .

H e r e we h a ve t h e fir e a t o n e e n d o f t h e fort a n d t h e wa t e r s up
py l a t t h e oth e r ; t h e h e a rt h s or p a v e m e n t s c o n n e ct e d wi t h o n e
a n d c i r c l e s co n n ec t e d with t h e ot h e r T h e hor s e s hoe s y mbol
.
-

is co n t a in e d in t h e sh a pe o f t h e bl uff itse l f a n d in t h e sto n e e n

” ”
c lo sur e o u h e s umm it o f t h e b lufli
t

IV We n o w com e to a n o t h e r c la ss o f stron h o ld s n a m e ly
.
,
“
t h e S t o n e Forts T h e se fort s r e se mbl e t h e
. ill F ort s a n d
m a y b y som e
, b e re g a rde d a s ide n uoa l
, We c l a ssify t h e
.

sto n e f orts se p a ra te ly O ur r e a s on s fo r so doin g a r e a s fo l

.

lo ws : ( 1 ) T h e y see m to b e mor e a dv an c e d in th e ir st y l e a n d
 211

a nd a n o ut e rwa ll , d ivid e d in t o four s e c t io ns, in t h e s h a pe o f

c r es c e n t s
. S e e F ig 9 T h e e n clo sur e |is n e a r ly sq ua r e , a n d
. .

is a tt e n de d wit h s e ve r a l e a r t h e m b a n k m e n t s , wh ic h a r e a l so in
t h e s h a pe o f cr e s c e n t s T h e i m pr e s sio n g a in e d is t h a t h e re
.

wa s a se ttl e m e n t o f s un wor s h ipe r s

- .

T h e d iffe r e n c e in t h e s m b o lis m o f t h e fo rts is to b e n ot ic e d

in t h is co n n e c tio n . Th e ill F o r ts, i f t h e y co n t a in a n sym bol
is m , co n t a i n t h a t o f se rp e n t - wor h ip
s ; b u t t h e S to n e or t s i ll us
tr a t e t h e sy mbol is m o f t h e sun worsh ipe rs T h e H ill For t s
- .

we r e g e n e r a lly loc a te d in a wi l d or ro ug h h ill c o un tr y a c o un —

t r y wh ic h wa s prob a bl y occ up ie d b y h un te r s T h e S to n e Forts
.

No 9—S ton e F or t on
. H o wi e '
s Cr eek.

we re g e n e r a ll y loc a t e d in r e g ion s fa vor a b l e fo r a g r ic ult ure a n d

a r e s urro un d e d b e v ide n c e s o f a n um e ro us O ula t io n ; a pop
y p
ula t io n wh ic h wa s g iv e n to a r ic ul t ure
g W .i t t h e s e c o n je c t ur es
we pr o c e e d to a de s cr ipt io n o f t h e s pe c ific for t s .

I. O n e o f t h e b e st s pe c i m e n s o ft h e sto n e for t s is a t Bo ur n e
vill e . S e e Pl a te VI T h e d e s cr i pt io n o ft h is is g iv e n b y S q uie r
.

a n d Da v is . I t oc c upie s t h e s um m it o f a lofty de t a c h e d h il l ,

t we lv e m ile s we st o fC h ill icoth e T h e h ill is n o t fa r from forty

.

fe e t in h e ig h t . I t is re m a rk a bl e fo r t h e a br uptn e ss o f it s sid e s .

I t proje c t s m id wa y in to t h e bro a d va ll ey o f Pa in t C r e e k a n d is ,

a c o n s p ic uo us o b e c t from e v e r po in t o f vie w
'

T h e de fe n s e s
y .

c o n s is t o f a wa l o f s to n e wh 1c h is c a rr ie d a ro un d t h e h ill a
,
 212

l ittle b e lo w t h e bro w, c uttin g o ff t h e s pur s, b ut e xte n d ia a c ro ss

t h e n ec k th a t co n n e c t s t h e h ill wit h t h e r a n g e b e y o n Th e
wa ll is a r ude o n e , g ivi n g l ittl e e v ide n c e t h a t t h e s to n e s we re
pl a c e d upon o n e a noth e r so a s t o pr e se n t ve rtic a l fa ce s, th o ug h
at a f e w po in ts t h e a rr a n g e m e n t l e n ds to t h e be l ie f th a t t h e wa ll
m a y h a v e b e e n r e g ul a rly fa c e d o n t h e e xte r ior U po n t h e we st
.

e r n sid e , or s t e e pe st f a c e o ft h e h ill, t h e sto n es a r e p l a c e d so a s to

re se mbl e a pro t e c t io n wa ll Th e y we re prob a bl y so pl a c ed to

.

pre ve n t t h e cre e k fro m wa sh in g a wa y t h e h ill a n d un d e rm in in g

.

t h e fort Upon t h e e a ste rn fa c e , wh e re t h e d e cl ivit y is le a s t

.

a br upt , t h e wa ll is h e a v y a n d r e se m bl e s a s to n e h e a p o f fif t ee n
or t we n ty fee t b a se a n d fo ur fe e t h ig h W h e r e it crosse s t h e
.

isth m us it is h e a v ie st . T h e ist h m us is se ve n h un dr e d fe e t wid e .

H e re t h e wa ll h a s th re e g a te wa ys .

T h e g a t e wa ys a r e for m e d b c ur vin g in wa rd t h e e n ds o f t h e
y
wa ll fo r forty or fifty fe e t, lea vm g n a rro w p a ssa e s n o t e xc e e d
in g e ig h t fee t in width . A t o t h e r po in t s wh e r e e r e a r e utt in g
j
r idg e s a r e s im il a r g a t e wa ys, th o ug h a t o n e poin t a g a te wa y
s e e m s to h a ve be e n f o r s om e r e a s o n clo se d up At t h e g a t e wa ys
.

t h e a mo un t o f s ton e is m or e th a n qua dr uple t h e q ua n tit y a t

ot h e r points, co n st it utin g bro a d , m oun d-sh a pe d h e a ps .

T h e se ston e mo un ds e xh ib it t h e m a rk s o fin t e nse h e a t , wh ic h

h a s v itr ifie d t h e s ur fa c e s o f t h e s to n e s a n d fuse d th e m t o g e th e r .

S tro n g tr a c e s o f fir e a r e v isibl e a t o t h e r pl a c e s o n t h e wa ll , pa r
t ic ula r ly a t F , t h e po in t c om m a n din g t h e b ro a d e s t e xte n t o f
c o un t r y .H e r e a r e t wo or thre e s m a ll sto n e m o un ds th a t se e m
b urn e d thro ug h o ut N ot h in g is m ore c e rta in th a n th a t po we r
.

ful fir e s h a v e be e n m a in t a ine d fo r co n sid e r a bl e pe r io ds a t n um

e r o us po in t s o n t h e h ill .T h e re a r e se v e r a l d e pr e ssio n s or
r e se rvo ir s, o n e o f wh ic h cove r s a bo ut t wo a cre s a n d fur n ish e s
a s up pl y o f wa te r e s ti m a t e d a s a de ua te t o t h e wa n t s o f a tho u
s a n d h e a d o f c a ttl e . T h e a r e a e n c oec d wit h in th is fort is som e
t g ove r o n e h un dr e d a nd forty a c e s, a n d t h e l in e o f wa ll
h i n r

m e a sur es up wa rd s o f t wo a n d a qua rte r m il e s Most o f t h e .

wa ll a n d a l a r g e portio n o f t h e a r e a wa s co v e re d with a h e a vy
pr im it iv e for e st T r e e s o f t h e l a r g e st siz e g re w o n t h e lin e ,
.

t wis t in g t h e r o ots a m o n g t h e sto n e s T h e ston e s we re o f a ll

,

s iz es , a n d we r e a b un d a n t e n o ug h t o h a v e form e d wa ll s e i h t
g
fe e t t h ic k I n t h e m a g n itud e o f t h e a r e a e n c lo se d, th is wor k
.

e c e s
x e d a n y h ill - wor k n o w k n o w n in t h e c o un tr y, a l t h o ug h le s s

in l e n g t h t h a n th a t o f Fort A n cie n t It e v in c e s g re a t la bor a n d

.

b e a r s t h e im pr e ss o f a n um e ro us pe opl e T h e v a ll ey in wh ic h
.

i t is sit ua te d wa s a fa vorite o n e wit h t h e r a c e o f Mo un d bui ld e rs , -

a n d h e h ill ov e rloo k s a n um b e r o f ext e nsi v e ro u p s o f a n c ie n t

wo r l s t .
g

2 T h e s to n e f
. or t i fi c a tio ns in C l a rk C oun ty, I n d T h is is a .

v e ry in t e r e s t in fort, situa ted a t t h e mouth o f Fo ur t e en m ile -

C r e e k , o n t h e h io R i ve r , a t t h e po in t o f a n e l e v a te d , n a rr o w
r idg e , wh ic h f a c e s t h e r i v e r o n o n e sid e a n d t h e cr e e k o n t h e
 213

ot h e r Th is fort pre se n ts m a n y n e w a n d str a n g e fe a t ure s

.

T h e rid g e is pe a r s h a pe d with a n a rro w po in t to t h e n or t h t h e

-
, ,

b ro a d p a rt t o wa rd t h e r i v e r It is t wo h un dre d a n d e ig h ty fe e t
.

a bo v e t h e l e v e l o f t h e Oh io t h o ug h a t t h e so uth e n d t h e r e is a
,

te rr a ce wh ic h is sixty fee t a bo ve t h e r ive r A lon g t h e g r e a te r .

pa r t o f t h e r ive r fro n t th e re is a n a br upt e sc a rpm e n t o f roc k ,

t o o ste e p t o b e s c a le d a n d a si m ila r b a r rie r o n t h e sid e fa c in g

,

t h e c r ee k . Th is n a t ura l wa ll is supple m en te d o n t h e n orth side

b y a n a rt i fic ia l sto n e wa ll m a de b y p il in up loo se sto ne wit h out
m ort a r . I t is a bout o n e h undre d a n d fi t y fe e t lo n g I t is b ui lt .

a lo n g t h e s lope o ft h e h 1ll a n d h a d a n e l e va t io n o f a b o ut s e v e n ty
five fe e t a bo ve it s b a se t h e up pe r t e n fe e t be in
, ve rti c a l T h e .

in s id e o f t h e wa ll is prot e c t e d b y a d it c h h e r id g e o n t h e
.

s o uth a n d so ut h wes t sid es o r t h e bro a d e n d o f t h e pe a r is a l so

, ,

p rot e c t e d b y a n a r ti fi c ia l wa ll b uilt in t h e s a m e wa
, y b ut not ,

m or e th an t e n f e et hig h T h e e l e va tio n o f t h e side wa l l a bo ve

.

t h e c r e e k bo tto m is e ig h ty fe e t Th is a rt ifi c ia l wa ll is suppl e
.

m ea te d b y a s t r i n o f m o un d s wh ich a b ut a g a in st t h e wa ll o n
g
t h e ins ide b ut wh 1c h r ise to t h e h e ig h t o f t h e wa ll t h r o ug h o ut
,

it s e n t i r e l e n g th . W it h in t h e fo rt t h e re is a d itch t we n ty fe e t
wid e a n d four fee t d e e p wh ic h s e pa r a te s t h e mo un d s fr o m t h e
,

e n clo s ure o r r a th e r fr o m t h e r i d g e o n t h e s umm it o f wh ieh t h e

, ,

fo r t wa s suppo se d to b e T h e top o f t h e e n clo se d r id g e e m

.

br a ced t e n o r twe lve a c r e s Th e re a r e a s m a ny a s five m o un ds

.

th a t c a n b e re c o g n iz ed o n t h e fl a t sur fa c e O ne n e a r t h e n a r .

r o we st p a r t (t h e st e m o ft h e pe a r ) w a s s o s itua t e d a s to c o mm a n d
a n e xte n s ive vie w up a n d d o wn t h e O h io R iv e r a s we l l a s a n ,

un ob str ucte d v ie w a cr os s t h e r i v e r a n d a cr e e k b ot h e a s t a n d ,

we st I t is d e sig n a te d a s L oo k out mo un d
. .

T h e loc a lity a fford e d m a n y n a t ur a l a dv a n t a g e s fo r a fort o r

s tro n g h old . Muc h sk ill wa s displ a ye d in re n de rin g 1t s d e fe n se
a s pe r f e ct a s o s sib le a t a ll po in t s O n e fe a t ur e a bo ut t h e fort
.

is un i us . h e wa ll is m a d e up b ot h o f s ton e a n d e a r t h t h e ,

s t o ne o r m in g a s h ie ld t o t h e e a r t h wa ll p a r t wa y up o n t h e ,

in sid e a n d c ompl e te l y to t h e s umm it o n t h e o ut s ide t h e t wo

, ,

to g e th e r form in g a n e l e v a te d p la t form wh ic h ove rlook e d t h e

s t e e p b a n k b e lo w a n d o f
, fe r e d a n e xc e ll e n t opport un ity fo r de
fe n se. T h e wa ll a n d a c c omp a n yin g mo un d or e a r t h wor k i s
,
-
,

sit ua t e d b e lo w t h e s umm it o f t h e ridg e o n a n e s c a rpm e n t o f

rock with a d itc h o n t h e in sid e so t h a t th e re wa s a doub l e de
, ,

fe n se t h e wa l l it se l f se rvi n g a s a n o ut wor k a n d t h e sid e s o f

, ,

t h e r id e in sid e form in g a sec o n d b a rri e r fo r de fe n se Pro f C o x . .

“
t h is fort : I n t h e n a tur a l a dv a n t a g e s o f t h e loc a tion a n d
s a ys 0
in t h e e xe c utio n o f t h e bo ld pl a n s c o n c e 1ved b y t h e e n gi n ee r s
o f a pr i m it ive p e opl e th is f , orti fic a tion surp a sse s a n y wh 1c h h a s
y e t b e e n f o u n d in t h e S t a te T h e wa ll s a ro un d t h e e n clo s ur e
.
,

wh ich fill up t h e pro t e c te d s pa c e s a r e g e n e r a lly t e n fee t h ig h , ,

b ut a t a n a tur a ll y we a k p o in t o n t h e n orth we st p a r t t h e g a p
wa s c lose d b y a wa l l th a t from t h e o uter c a se t o t h e top wa s
 215

se l fin t h e st o c k a de a sin g l e e n c losur e c on stitutin g t h e d e fe n se

,_ .

Amo n g t h e sun wor sh ipe r s t h e wa lle d vill a e s co n ta in e d t h re e

-

en c l os ur e s t ho ug h t h e objec t o f t h e s e e n c o s ur e s is n o w n u
,

k n o wn .S o m e h a v e a cco un t e d fo r t h e se e n clo sur e s b y i m a g in

in g th a t t h e s q ua r e wa s de sig n e d fo r t h e r e s id e n c e o ft h e ch ie fs ,

c o rr e s po n d in g to t h e p ub lic s q ua r e o ft h e so ut h e r n I n dia n s T h e .

l a r g e r c i rcl e wa s t h e r e sid e n ce o f t h e pe opl e a n d in cl ud e d t h e ,

c or n fie lds a n d k itc h e n g a rd e n s wh il e t h e s m a ll c i rcl e wa s t h e

-
,

r e sid e n c e o ft h e pr ie s t or m e dic in e m a n Amo n g t h e ston e g r a v e .

p e opl e t h e w a l le d v i ll a e co n sis te d o f a wa ll with o ut b a s t io n s

g , ,

S ea l. o f 100 1 .

n o . 10 —A
. Ma n da n F or t.

s ur r o un din g ll fo r m o fa se m i c ircl e
t h e vi a g e in t h e W it h in th is -
.

w lla is fo un d a se r i es o f e a r t h wor k s — pyr a m ids c on e s b uria l

-
, ,

mo un d s e t c T h e se a r e v e ry c ommo n in T e n ne sse e T h e y
, . .

m a y b e c a ll e d t h e mo un t a in vill a e s or t h e ir b uil de r s m a y ,

b e c a lle d t h e mo un ta in mo un d b uil e r s We g ive th is n a m e t o

-
.

th e m n o t b ec a use t h e y a r e o n t h e mo un t a i n s b ut be c a use th e y
,

a r e in a mo un t a in o us r e g io n t h e App a l a c h ia n r a n g e b e in g
,

t h e o n l y mo un t a i n s in t h e Mis s iss ippi v a lle y or in oth e r word s , ,

t h e o n l y m o un t a in s in t h e Mo un d b uild e r s t e rr itor y
’
- .

A no th e r cl a ss o f wa ll e d v ill a g e s is t h e o n e fo un d in Ark a n
s a s a mo n g t h e c p r e s s s wa mps
, I t c o n s1st s o f a squa r e e nc lo s
.

ur e with a n e a r t wa ll o n a ll sid e s t h e e n c lo sur e be in g fill e d,

 216

wit h lod e c ir c le s a rr a n
ro ws a roun d a n 0 e n 8 ua re I n
e d in
th e se vil a e s th e re a r e Ia r g e dom ic ilia r y mo un s in t e s h a pe
.

o f pyr a m i s a n d m a n y com ic a l mo un d s
, T h e r e is a r e se m .

bl an c e be t wee n t h e s e v ill a g e s a n d t h ose o f T e n ne ssee ; t h e

s h a p e o f t h e e n clo s ur e is t h e m a in p o in t o f difle r e n c e A s pe c .

i m e n o f t h e fo urt h cl a ss o f wa ll e d v ill a g e s is fo un d a t S a v a n n a h ,

T en n e s se e T h is 18 a s q ua r e s h a pe d e n clo sure A pe c ul ia rity

. .

o f it is t h e wa ll is b uilt wit h b a s t io ns or r e do ubt s r es e mblin g

t h o se o f m ode rn fo rt s .

We will ill ust r a t e t h e s ub je ct b y s pe c im e ns o fwa ll e d vill a g e s .

I ) T h e fir s t is o n e com m o n a mo n g t h e I n dia n s suc h a s t h e

.
,

s uda n s Th is co n s iste d in a m e re g ro up o f lodg e s a rr a n g e d

.

a r o un d a s q ua r e S om e o f t h e Ma n da n vill a g e s s ee m to h a v e
.

h a d wall s wit h b a s t io n s S e e F ig 1 0 T h is re m in d s us o f t h e
. . .

F ig . 11 .— Wa lle d Town on th e B fa H a rp eth .

an c ie n t vill a g e c a ll e d A z t a l a n in W is co n sin wh ich a l s o h a d

. ,

b a stio n s a n d o ut work s T h e vill a g e s fo un d in t h e S ta te O f

.

T e n n e sse e Mr J o n e s s a ys O n t h e so uth we s t e rn sid e o f t h e

. .
“
,

B ig H a rp e t h R iv e r a b o ut t wo a n d a h a lf m ile s fr om F r a n k
,

lin T e n n e s s e e is a n e a r t h wo r k wh i c h e n cl o se s a bo ut th irty
, ,
-

t wo a cr e s o f la n d S e e F ig I I. It is in t h e form o f a . .

cr e s c e n t wh ich is
, fe e t in l e n g th S i t ua t e d o n a pe r pe n dic ,

ul a r b lufl for t y fe e t a bov e t h e wa t e r s e dg e I t wa s a dm i r a b l y .

ch o se n fo r de fe n se W it h in t h e e a rt h wor k s a r e n in e moun ds
.
-
,

t h e l a r g e s t m a rk e d A r e se m bl e s a p a r a ll e lo g r a m t wo h un dr e d

”
, ,

a n d t h i rt y f e e t in l e n t h
g t e n f e e t i n br e a dt h a n d s ixt ee n f
,
e e t in
h e ig h t T h e r e m a in in g mo un ds v a ry fro m o n e h un dred to
.

t we n t y five fe e t in dia m e te r a n d o n e t o fo ur fe e t in h e ig h t
- .

T h e l a r g e oblo n g m o un d c o n t a in e d a n a lt a r with a sh e s a n d
c h a rco al r e st in g o n it ; t h is is n e a r t h e o rig in a l s ur fa c e o f t h e
e a r th a n d t h e m o un d s e e m e d t o h a v e be e n e r e cte d upo n t h e
,

a lt a r. Fo ur m o un ds m a rk e d B C D a n d F a l so co nt a in e d e vi
, , , ,
 217

de n c e o f hot fir e s in a r e d b ur n t str a tum r ese mbl in g r ic k in b

h a r dn e s s *
T h e fort r e pr e se n te d in t h e c ut F ig 1 1 1 is a l so s it u
. .
'

a t e d o n t h e Big H a rpe t h , a bo ut s ix m il e s from F r a n k l in T h is .

fort co n t a in s t we lv e a cr e s I t h a s a cr e sc e sh a pe d wa ll sur
n.t -

r o un d in g it , 247 0 f e e t in l e u h T h e r e a r e t wo pyr a m ids a t

g;
.

o n e side o f t h e e n clo sur e ne o f t h e m (A ) is s ixty five b y

.
-

o n e h un dr e d a n d t we l ve fe e t a t t h e b a se a n d e l e v e n f e e t h ig h ;
t h e o t h e r (B) is s ixt y b y se v e n ty fe e t a t t h e b a se a n d n in e fe e t
h ig h T h is e n clo s ure con t a in s a l a r g e n um be r o f st o n e g r a ve s,
.

a rr a n g e d i n ro ws a t e it h e r s ide o f t h e vill a g e T h e prob a b ility .

is t h a t t h e lo dg e sit e s o f t h e vill a g e r s we re con t a in e d wit h in

th is fort a n d th a t t h e pyr a m ids m a r ke d t h e sit e s o f t h e h o uses
o f t h e c h ie fs , t h e b ur ia l p la c e be in g a l s o in s ide o ft h e e n clo s ur e .

A vill a g e for t in t h e form o f a c irc ul a r e n closure h a s be e n

d e sc ribe d b y Mr G a tes P T h r usto n a s situa te d o n t h e W e st
. .
,

H a rp e t h a bo ut t h re e m il es fro m Oldto wn It is o n e t h o usa n d

,
.

n in e h un dr e d a n d se v e n ty f ee t in c i rc um f e re n ce a n d co n t a ins ,

a bo ut se v e n a cr e s T h e m a in p yr a m id a l mo un d is o n e h un dr e d
.

a nd ten f e e t in d1a m e t e r a t t h e b a s e a n d t h ir t y five f ee t a t t h e -

“
s umm it I t s h e ig h t is b ut n in e fe e t Dr Jo n e s s ys th a t fo r a

”
. . .

t i fic a t io n s se v e r a l m il e s i n e xt e n t in c lo s m g t wo sys t e m s o f ,

m o und s a n d n um e ro us sto ne g r a ves lie a lo n t h e Big H a r e t h

%Vit h in t h e se a o r
,

R i ve r a bo ut s ixt ee n m il e s be lo w Oldto wn
,
’ .

ig in a l wor k s e n clo sin g t h e s i tes o f t wo a n c ie n t c itie s (v ill a g e s)

, ,

a re f o un d th re e pyr a m ida l mo un ds a b o ut fifty fe e t in e l e v a t ion ,

e a c h o n e co n t a in in g a bo ut o n e a cr e o n it s s umm it .

”
O n t h e e a st side o f t h e T e n n e sse e R ive r is t h e a n c ie n t wor k
“
wh ic h h a s b e e n de s cr ibe d un d e r t h e h e a d o f T h e C iv il iz a t io n
o f t h e Mo un d b uil de r s -
T h is is more p r op e rl y a b a st io n e d fort
.

r a t h e r t h a n a wa ll e d v i ll a g e a n d e t it c o n t a in s m a n s i ns o f
, y g
pe rm a n e n t h a b it a t io n T h e m a in in e m e a sure s n orth a n d south
.
, ,

13 50 a rd s T h e r e a r e t h e r m i o f r do ub t s a t i n t e r va l s o f
y . e a n s e
e ig h ty ya rd s T h e re a r e s om e s ixt e e n mo un ds in t h is e n clos ur e
.
,

t h e l a r g e s t o f wh ic h is t h i r t y fe e t h ig h a n d h a s a l e ve l pl a t form
a t t h e top I t co m m a n ds a c e n tr a l posit io n a n d ove rloo k s t h e
.

e n ti re wor k s T h e o t h e r mo un d s o f t h e g ro up r a n g e from
.

t we lv e fe e t in h e ig h t do wn t o s m a ll e l e va t io ns T h e c e n t r a l .

moun d wa s exc a v a t e d b y Mr J Pa r is h S t e ll e b ut prove d to b e . .

,
-

a dom ic il ia ry m o un d wi t h n o r e m a in s e xc e pt a cr e s c e n t s h a p e d
,
-

h e a r t h n e a r t h e s ur fa ce A fur n a c e mo un d fo un d in t h e e xc a v
.

a t io n wa s h o we v e r m or e c ur io us a s it wa s f
, , ull o f t h e t r a c e s o f
,

fir e a n d m a n y b urn e d a n d c h a rr e d lo g s .

A s im ila r cl a ss o f wa ll e d v ill a g e s is t h e o n e wh ic h is fo un d in
t h e m ids t o f t h e cypre s s s wa mp s o f S o uth e r n Mis s o ur i a n d
Nort h e rn Ark a n sa s T h e se swa mps a re ve ry e xte n s ive ra n g in g
.
,

'Th e c ut i llus t r a t i ve o f t h i s to r t m a y b e ro un d i n t h e p a pe r o n “Ml t io n s “ 7

f
.

fr b s o ut ( asc ri b e do n f: i s
25
11) o n t h e p r ec e di n g i s i llus t ra t i ve o f t h e to r t
l
.

p a g e. Th e r e r wi ll n o t i ce t h e sl m la r lt y b e t wee n t h e t wo .
 219

wa te r . Th e re a re t wo wall s
bo ut fo ur fee t h ig h Th e ova l
a .

s p a c e h a s t h e g r ea t mo un d n ea r it s c e n t e r Th is m o un d is l ike .
,

t h e S pa c e ova l i n s h a pe ; h a s a dia m e te r o f t wo h un dre d a n d

,

s e ve n ty f ee t b y o n e h un dr e d a n d f o rty to t wo h un dre d a n d
e l e ve n f ee t h e ig h t t we n ty o n e f
,
e et -
.

(4) T h e s e ttl e m en t s e ve n t ee n m i l e s n orth o f N e w M a d r id i s

t h e b e s t pre s e r ve d o f th e m a ll Th e O pe n s pa c e is e ll ipt ic a l
. .

Th e l a r g e m o un d i n t h e c e n te r is a l s o e ll ipt i ca l ; h a s a b a s e o f
t wo h un dr e d a n d th i rty fee t long a n d fro m o n e h un dre d a n d fif
tee n to o n e h un dre d a n d th irty fe e t wide Th e mo un d oppo s ite .

is e l e ven fee t h ig h a n d o n e h un dre d fee t in dia m e te r Th e s e t wo .

mo un ds corre spo n d to o n e a n oth e r in pos it io n a n d proba bl y ,

m a rk t h e s ite o f t h e r ul in g cl a sse s t h e o ne h a vin g be e n o c c u ,

p ie d b y t h e c h ie f a n d h is fa m il y a n d t h e ot h e r b y t h e pries t or
m e dic ine m a n or b y t h e a sse mbly s o rese mbl i n g t h e rot un da s
, .

a n d p ubl ic s q ua re s commo n a m o n g s o ut h e rn Mo un d b uil de rs

,
-
.

Th e p ic t ure prese n te d is th a t o f t h e v i ll a g e comm un ity a s

it e xis te d in pre h is toric t i m e s i n Am e rica a n d it fo rm s a fitt i n g
, ,

clo se to t h e a rticl e upo n t h e Mo un d b uil de rs de fe n se s We h a ve -

’
.

s e e n t h a t t h e re we re five di f fe r e n t m e t h o ds o f de fe n se : F i rs t ,

t h e S ig n a l S ta t io n ; s c c o n d t h e S tock a de Fort ; t h i r d t h e H i ll
, ,

Fort ; fo urth t h e S to n e Fo rt ; fi fth t h e V ill a g e Fort Th e v ill a g e

, , .

fort is h o we ve r t h e m o st i n t e re st i n g o f a ll
, , .

Th e pe c ul ia r it ie s wh ic h we re co g n iz e a s commo n to t h es e wall e d
vi l la e s a r e a s fo llo ws
( 13 T h e v i ll a g e s a l l co n t a i n a l a rg e n u
b uria l m o un ds a n d look o ut mo un ds a nd g e ne ra lly o n e o r t wo
mb e r o f b u
,
t r i n g s a l s o ,

l a rg e py ra m ida l mo un ds Th e se fea t ures a re fo un d in t h e Te n

.

n e s s e e v i ll a g e s t h o u h t h e h ut ri n g s a r e n o t so pl a in a s i n t h e
g
,

Ark a n sa s v ill a g es Th e diffe re n ce b e twee n th e m is th a t t h e

.

Te n n e sse e m o un ds co n ta in sto n e g ra ve s wh il e t h e mo un ds in ,

Ark a n sa s co n ta in l a r g e q ua n t it ies o f pott e ry b ut n o sto n e c is ts ,

.

Th e ope n s pa c e i n wh ic h th e re a r e n o l o dg e c ircl e s is
, ,

a l wa y s f o un d i n t h e c e n te r o f t h e v ill a g e Th is s pa ce is s om e .

t im e s e ll iptica l a n d som e tim e s sq ua re Th is a n s we rs to t h e .

p ubl ic s q ua re o f t h e Ch e ro ke e s a n d c o n veys t h e ide a t h a t t h e

,

wa ll e d vi ll a g e s o f t h e s o ut h e rn tr ib e s we re a ll a l ik e .

Th e a r ra n g e m e n t o f t h e v ill a g es Th e se ttl e m e n t is g e n
.

e ra lly o n t h e e dg e o f t h e s wa mp a n d cove r s a n a re a f ,
ro m two
h un dre d to fo ur h un dre d fe e t in width a n d fro m s ix h un dre d to
e ig h t h un dre d f e e t in l e n g th fill e d wit h lo dg e c i rcl e s or h ut r in g s
, ,

b uria l m o un d s a n d do m 1c ilia ry m o un ds Th e lo dg e s a re g e n e r .

a ll y i n r o ws e a ch h ut r in g b e i n g o f t h e sa m e s iz e
. Th e a ve ra g e .

de pth o f t h e de pre s s io n s is a bo ut t wo fee t t h e dia m e te r t h i rty ,

fe e t ; t h e c e n te rs a re fro m fi fty to s xty five fe e t a pa rt i -

I n th e .

h ut r in g s h e a rt h s o f b ur n t cl a y a r e fo un d a t a de pt h o f a bo ut
fi fte e n in ch e s h a v in g a dia m e te r o f t wo to th re e fee t
,
.

Th e re wa s a l wa ys a pyra m ida l mo un d in t h e p ubl ic s q ua re .

 220

Th is wa s proba b ly t h e ch ief s res 1de n c e Th is mo un d is h ig h e r

’
.

t h a n a ll ot h e rs a n d ove rlook s t h e e n t ire se ttle m e n t t h e top b e

, ,

in g fre q ue n tl s ixte e n fee t to twe n ty fee t a bove t h e le ve l Th e

y .

siz e v a r ie s ; i n o ne c a s e it is 1 20 x2 5 0 f ee t with a s um m i t o f
,

I 5 4x1 1 0 f e e t ; i n a n ot h e r c a s e 2 1 0 x2 7 0 f e e t a t t h e b a se a n d t t o

x1 6 5 a t t h e s umm it .Th e re a re s om e ti m e s t wo m o un ds o n e ,

re ct a n g ul a r in s h a pe a n d t h e o t h e r ova l I n a few ca s e s t h e .

re cta n g ula r mo un d is s urro un de d b y a se ries o fco n ica l mo un ds .

Th e b ur ia l mo un ds a re with i n t h e co n fi n e s o f t h e s e se ttl e m e n t s .

Th es e va ry in h e ig h t from fo ur fe et to se ve n a n d a h a lf a n d fro m ,

fort y to o n e h un dre d a n d twe n ty fe e t i n dia m e te r T h e y c o n t a in

.

m a ny s pe c im e n s o f po tte ry a l a rg e n um b e r o f h um a n b o die s
, .

—
Th e bodie s a r e s o m e t m e s in l a ye rs t h e l o we r a bo ut o n e foot
i
be lo w t h e s urfa ce o f t h e g ro un d a n d t h e o th e r with in a fo ot o f
t h e s umm it o f t h e m o un d wit h s ix i n c h e s o f dry e a rth b e t we e n
,

th e m N ea r t h e h e a ds potte ry fla s k s a n d bottl e s a re fo un d a n d
.
. ,

n ea r t h e m iddl e o f t h e s k e l e to n bo wl s a n d fla t dish e s Th e n um .

b e r o f b o die s va rie s ; s o m e t im e s a s h ig h a s o n e h un dre d or t wo

h un dre d a r e fo un d m a s i n g l e mo un d From e ig h t h un dre d to
”
.

a t h o us e n d S p e c im e n s h a v e a l s o b e e n fo un d m a s in g l e mo un d .

(5 ) Th e r e l ic s o f t h e M o u n d b u i l d-
e r s h a n diw ork fo u n d i n

th e se se ttl e m e n ts a re a rticl e s fo r h o use h o l d use or orn a m e n t a n d

a g r ic ult ura l tool s wit h a n o t i cea bl e a bs e n c e o f t h e i mpl e m e n ts
,

o f wa r or t h e c h a se . P o tte ry occ urs in t h e g re a te st a b un da n ce ,

a n d a l wa ys i n t h e b ur ia l mo un ds Bea ut iful spe c im e n s o fs pa des

.

a n d h o e s o f wh it e a n d ye llow ch e rt we ll p o l is h e d s h o win g t h e
, , ,

e fle c t s o f us e a r e obta in e d f rom t h e o pe n fie l ds S e ve ra l en
'

.
,

g ra v e d s h e ll s ,
o n e o f t h e m b e a r i n g t h e fi g u r e o f a s p i d e r t h e ,

ot h e rs o f h um a n fi g ures h a ve b e e n fo un d
, .

()
6 T h e d i tc h a cco m p a n i
y gn t h e v i ll a g es 1s g e n e ra ll y o n t h e
o uts ide It wa s proba bl y use d fo r co n veyin g wa te r a ro un d t h e
.

s e ttl e m e n t a s we ll a s f
, o r de f e n se Th is fea t ure re m in ds us o f
.

t h e fis h pre s e rv e s a n d wide ditc h es wh ic h s urro un d t h e g ro up s

,

o f py ra m ids in t h e G ul f S ta t e s Th e vill a g e s we re h o we ve r
.
, .

de fe n de d b y wa ll s wh ic h we re t h ro wn up in s ide o f t h e ditc h e s .

I n t h is re sp e ct t h e y difle r from t h o se o f t h e G ul f S ta t e s Th e
'

wa ll e d v ill a g e s we re e v ide n tl y e re cte d b y a n a g ric ult ura l p e opl e

— tho se 1n O h io b y s un wors h ipe rs a n d t h o se i n Te n n e ss e e a n d
-
,

Arka nsa s b y pott e ry m a ke rs Th e Pyra m id b uil de rs do n o t

.
-

s ee m t o h a v e b ui lt s uc h wa ll e d v i ll a g e s b ut de pe n de d upo n
,

pyra m ids for de fe n se .

 221

C H A PT E R X I I .

R ELI GIOU S WO R K S OF TH E MOUND BUI LDE RS -

.

NO RTH ER N DI S T R I CT .

We h a ve ta k e n in t h is c h a pt e r to g ive a m a p o f t h e t e
un de r
lig io n o f t h e Mo un d b uil de rs To s om e i t m a y s ee m t o b e a
-
.

U t o pi a n s c h e m e o n ly b a se d upo n s pe c ula t io n b ut we m a inta in

, ,

t h a t t h e e ff r t is n o t o n ly use ful i n g ivin g us m o re de fin it e c o n

o

c e pt io n s o f t h e di f fe re n t p h a s e s o f t h a t re l ig io n b ut i n r ea l it y is ,

co r re ct in its c la s s ifi c a t io n Th e fo llo win g pa rt ic ul a rs will sh o w

.

t h is : I Th e r e l ig io us sy s t e m s in t h e m a p c o r re s p o n d to t h e e t h n ic
.

d iv is io n s o f t h e Mo un d b uil de rs te rritory wh ic h we h a ve a lre a dy

-
’

m a de . T h e s e divis io n s in dica te t h a t t h e re we re diffe re n t ra ce s

o cc upy in d i f
f re n t dis t r ic 3 a n d t h e pre s e n t v ie w n o t o n l
t
g e , y c o n

firm s t h is b ut in dic a te s t h a t t h e r a c es h a d s ys te m s o f re l ig io n
,

wh ic h we re dis t i n ct a n d dif fe re n t fro m o n e a n ot h e r .

2 Th e cl a ss i fi c a t io n o f t h e r e l ig io us s y s t e m c o r re s p o n ds wit h
.

t h a t o f t h e wo r k s a n d r e l ic s a n d s o pro ve s t h a t t h e r e l ig io us c ult
.

h a d m uc h to do in g ivi n g t h e m t h e ir s p e c ia l c h a ra cte r is t ic s.

T h s h o ws t h a t t h e r e w s a pr o g r e ss in t h e li i
3 . e m a p e g o u a
s 1

c ult w h ic h corr e s po n d d t o t h e o t h e r l in e s o f pr o g r e ss m a de b y
e

t h e M un d b uil de r s
o -
T h e d iff r e n t s t a g e s o f pr o g r e s s m a y b e
. e

r e c o g iz e d in e a c h d is t r ic t a s we p a ss o ve r t h ir t e r r it o r y
n e .

Th e n o r t h e r n dist r ic t s we re e vide n tl y o c c up ie d b y t o t e m ist ic

h un t e r t r ib e s ; t h e ir wo r k s c o n s is t m a i n l y o fb ur ia l m o un ds a n im a l ,

ef fig ie s a n d t h e re m a in s O f s t o ck a de s o f fo rt s a n d vi ll a g e s Th e .

m iddle dis t r ic t s b y a cl a s s o f a g r ic ult ur is t wh o we re e vide n t ly s

,

s un wo r h ipe rs ; t h e ir wo r k s c o n s i t o f t h r e e cl a s se s
s — py r a m ids s ,

s a cre d e n c lo s ure s a n d l a r g e m o un ds wh ic h c o n t a i n c h a m b e r e d
'

t o m b s l h e s o ut h e r n dist r ic t s b y se de n t a ry t ib e s wh o we re
.
'

r ,

py ra m id b uild rs a n d s un wo rs h ipe rs a n d wh o we re ido l a t e rs

-
e . .

4 . T h e d if f re n t p h a e s
e o f n a t ure w or s h i
sp g i ve n b y t h i s m a p
h a ve b e e n re c o g n iz e d a m o n g h ist o r ic r a ce s We m a inta in t h a t .

t h e y re a ll y o r ig in a t e d a m o n g p re h is t o r ic r a c e s S o m e o f t h ese .

a r e r ud a n d p r i m i t i ve b ut t h e y wo n de r f
e ull y ill us t ra t e t h e s s
, y
t e m s t h a t p re va ile d i n a n c ie n t t im e s a n d h e lp us to un de rsta n d ,

t h e o r ig in a n d g r o wt h o f t h e diffe re n t h i t o r ic fa it h s Th e y se e m s .

t o b e m r e s up r s t it io n s a n d un re g ul a t e d fa n c ie s o f r ude s a va g e s ;
e e

b ut i n t h e m we find t h e b e g in n n g s o f t h a t e xte n s ive s ys te m i

wh ic h g re w in to s o m a ny e la bora t e fa it h s a n d form s We a re t h us .

b ro ug h t t o t h e t h r e s h l d o f a g r a t m ys t e r y a n d in t o t h e m ids t o f
o e

a de e p probl e m t h e wh o l e fi e ld o fc om pa r a t i ve r l ig io n s h a vin g
, e
 222

su dd en ly O pe n e d be fore o ur v isio n a n d t h e re l a t io n o f m a n s ,
’

r e l ig io n t o h is e n v iro n m e n t r isin g l ike a mo un t a in in t h e b a ck

g ro u nd .

T h e r e wa s e v ide n t ly a supr a n a t ur a h s m a mo n g t h e n a t iv e
5
-
.

r a c e s wh ic h wa s dim a n d s h a do wy b ut a s a m o n g t h e Mo un d
, , ,

b uil de r s it e m bodie d it s e l f in t h e re l ic s a n d in t h e e a rt h wor k s

,
-

i t b e co m e s a n O b je ct o fs t udy a n d s o we m a y d e fi n e e a c h p h a se
,

b y r e fe rr in g t o t h e s e m a te r ia l for m s We do n o t c l a i m t h a t a n y
.

o n e s y s t e m wa s e xcl us iv e o f a ll o t h e r s f o r t h e sys t e m s a r e o f
, t en
m in g le d to g e t h e r ; ye t t h e r e wa s suc h a pr e do m in a n c e o f o n e
o ve r t h e o t h e r t h a t we m a y t a k e t h e m a p a s a fa ir p ic t ure o ft h e
d iffe re n t syste m s T h e c ompl ic a t io n s a re t o b e s ure n um e ro us
.
, ,'

a n d t h e t o k e n s v a r ie d b ut t h e g e o g r a ph ic a l div is io n s s e p a r a te
,

th e m suffi c ie n t l y a n d we m a y a c m a lly d e c id e wh a t t h e c h a rac t e r

is t c O f e c c t wa s
i a h u l .

6 Th e re l ig io us se n t im e n t wa s s tro n g a mo n g t h e n a t ive ra c es o f
.

Am e r ica It s ee m s t o h a ve m a n ife ste d itse l f in d iffe re n t wa ys in

.

dif fe re n t loca l it ie s s h o win g t h a t i t wa s e v e ry wh e re s ubj e ct to

,

t h e in fl ue n c e o f cl im a t e s o il s c e n e ry a n d p h ys ic a l s ur r o un d
, , ,

in g s . It l a rg e l y pa rt o ok o ft h e c h a ra cte r o f n a t ure wo rsh ip b ut ,

obeye d t h e la w o f na t ura l de ve l o pm e n t I f we t a ke a m a p o f .

t h e co n t in e n t a n d dra w l in e s a cro s s it s om e wh a t corre s po n d

'

i n g to t h e l i ne s o f l a t it ude we will fin d t h a t th is m a p n o t o n l y
,

re pre se n ts t h e diffe re n t cl im a te s a n d o cc upa t io n s b ut t h e t e ,

lig io n s o ft h e a bor ig i n e s W h a t is more th e se diffe re n t re l ig io n s

.
,

will e mbra c e n e a r l y a ll o f tho s e s yst e m s wh ic h h a v e be e n

a s cr ib e d to n a t ure wors h ip : S h a m a n is m pre va il in g a m o n g t h e
ic e fi e l ds o f t h e n ort h ; a n i m is m h a v in g it s c h ie f a bo de in t h e
fore s t b e lt ; tot e m is m it s ch ie f s wa y a mo n g t h e h un te r tr ib e s
,

th a t in h a b ite d t h e co un try n ea r t h e c h a in o f t h e g rea t l a k e s ;

'

se rp e n t wors h ip i n t h e m iddl e dis tr ict ; s un wors h ip a m o n g t h e

s o uth e r n tr ib e s a n d a n a dva n c e d st a g e o f t h e na t ure wor s h ip

,

a m o n g t h e c iv i l iz e d ra c e s o f t h e s o ut h we s t .

Th e divis io n s in t h e m a p corr e s po n d wit h t h e d iv isio n s o f

va r io us I n dia n tr ibe s or r a ce s wh ic h a r e k n o wn t o h a ve in b a h
,

it e d t h e c o un t ry a t t h e t im e o f t h e O pe n in g o f h is t o r y t h us ,

sh o win g t h a t t h e r e we r e e t h n i c c a uses t h a t produc e d t h e dif fe r

e n t sys te m s o f r e l ig io n a m o n g t h e m Th e re is a wo n de r ful
.

corre s po n de n c e be t wee n t h e syst e m s wh ic h pre va ile d in t h e

mo de r n I n dia n a n d t h e moun d b uil din g pe r io d sh o win g t h a t t h e
-
,

n a t iv e r a c e s we r e a f fe c t e d b y t h e 1r s urro un din g s .

7. I n r e f
e re n c e to t h e g e o g r a p h y o f t h e r e l ig i o n o f t h e Mo un d
b uil de rs we c o n cl ude t h a t t h e k e y is fo und i n t h e p h ys ic a l e n vi
,

ro n m e n t I f a m o n g t h e m t h e re wa s a s ys t e m ill us tra t i n g t h e
.

st a g e s t h ro ug h wh ic h re l ig io n pa sse s o n it s wa y to t h e h ig h e r
h is t o r ic fa it h s t h is c o rre s p o n de d to t h e s oc ia l s ta t us g ra de s o f
, ,

pro g re ss a n d g e o g ra ph ica l distr icts a mo n g t h e Mo un d b uil de rs -

,

a n d is t o b e s t udie d i n t h e m a t e r ia l r e l ic s a n d tok e n s wh ic h a re
 223

to b e fo un d i n t h e dif fe re n t dis tr ict s Th e p ict ure wh ic h is p re

.

s e n t e d b y t h e l a r g e r m a p i s c o n c e n t ra t e d i n to a s m a ll e r c o m pa s s ,

t h e dif fe re n t fo r m s o fn a t ure wo r s h ip h a vin g e m bo die d t h e m s e l ves

in t h e wo r k s a n d re l ics o f t h is m ys te r io us pe o pl e H e re t h e n .

we h a ve a s c h e dul e b y wh ic h we m a y cl a ss ify t h e diffe re n t sys

te m s a s t h e y a ppea r b e fore us R e c o g n iz in g t h e va r io us a b o r ig
.

n a l re l ig io n s i n t h e di ffe re n t dis tr ict s we fin d in t h e m t h e va r io us

,

ph a se s o f n a t ure wors h ip , a n d s o c a n fo llo w th a t wo rs h ip t h ro ug h

it s dif fe re n t s ta g e s .

Th e orde r o f s ucc ess io n in t h e l i n e o f g ro wt h , wo ul d b e a bo ut

as f ollo ws : We find a tra ce o f a n im is m pre do m ina t in g a mo n g
t h e wil d tr ib e s wh ic h co n s is te d i n g ivi n g a s o ul to e v e ry t h in g ,
.

b ut t h is pre va il in g a m o n g t h e Mo un d b uil de rs le d t h e m to e re ct -

m a n y c h a m be re d mo un d s a n d to ta k e g re a t ca re in de pos itin g
re l ic s in t h e m .

Th e s a m e a n im a l wo rs h ip t h a t le d t h e n a t ive trib es to t h e re co g

fl g . l —Mo m i a on th e I owa R i ve r .

n it io n o f th e a ni ma ls div in it ie s le d t h e Mo un d b uil de rs
as t h e ir
to e re ct a n im a l effig ie s o n t h e s o i l Th e sys te m o f s un wors h ip
.

wh ic h le d t h e a g r ic ult ur is t to re g a rd t h e s un a s h is g rea t div in ity

wo ul d l e a d t h e Mo un d b uil de r s to e mbo dy t h e s un sy m bo ls in
th e i r work s Th e syste m wh ic h le d t h e c iv il iz e d ra ce s to e re c t
.

va s t py ra m ids o f sto n e s a n d co ns e cra t e s h r i n e s to t h e s un div in

it y o n t h e s um m it , i n duc e d t h e H o un d b uil de rs to e re ct t h e ir
e a rt h wo r k s 1 n t h e s h a pe o ft h e p ra m i ds a n d pl a c e i m a g e s up o n
y
t h e s um m it s Th e s e diffe re n t p h a se s o f n a t ure worsh ip o n l y
.

ill us tra te t h e la w o f pa ra ll e l de ve lopm e n t, a la w wh ic h pre va il e d

in pre h is t o r ic tr ib e s a s we ll a s i n h is tor ic We a re , h o we ve r , to .

re m e m b e r t h a t th e re a re n o h a rd a n d fa s t l in e s b y wh ic h t h ese
sy s t e m s we r e s e pa ra t e d fo r t h e y we re bl e n de d to g e t h e r e v e ry
,

wh e re t h e o n l y diffe re n c e b e in g t h a t o n e s y ste m wa s m o re pro m

,

i ne n t t h a n t h e o t h e r We ta k e t h e difle re n t distr icts a n d l ea r n

'

fro m t h e wo r k s a n d re l ic s t h a t t h e s e e m bo die d t h e re l ig io n s o f
t h e Mo un d b uil de rs b ut a t t h e s a m e t im e s e e t h e s h a din g o fo n e
,

i n to t h e o t h e r a n d a vo id m a k in g t h e div is io n s a rb it ra ry
, .

I Le t us ta k e t h e syste m o fa n im is m T h is , in t h e l a rg e r fie l d
. .

a n d a m o n g t h e l ivin g ra c e s wa s t h e re l i io n o f t h e s a va e s a n d
g
, g
be lo n g e d t o t h e lo we st st a g e s o f h um a n de ve lop m e n t A n i .
 225

r
C aw o f r d C o u n t y W is c
,
o n s m i n t h e r e g,
io n o f t h e e ffi g v m o u n d s .

A n o t h e r fi g e (se u r e F i g 5) r e p r. e s e n t s a c h a m b e r e d m o u d in n

Mis s u io r T
. h e v a u l t i n t h is m o u n d w s r e c t a n ga u l a r a d w a s,
n

b uil t a n d wa s l a id up wit h st o n e s ve r y m uc h lik e a m o de r b uild n

i g
n ,
b ut h a s a p a s a g e w s a
y
-a t t h e s id e w h i h r e m in d cs u s o f t h e
E ur o pe a n c ist s o r d o l m e n s I t is a r e m a k a bl e s pe c 1m e n o t t h e
. r

h a n diwo r k o f t h e Mo un d b uil de rs Wh e t h e r t h e se difle r e t

'

- . n

c h a m b e r s or va ul t s c a n b e r e g a rd ed a s r e p r e se n t in g t h e h o use s
oft h e M o u n d b u i l
-d e r s is a q u e s t io n ; b u t t h e fa c t t h a t t h e y a r e

in t h e u b r i a l m o u n d s a n d ,
s o m a n y o f t h e m co n t a in r e l ic s a n d
re m a in s wo ul d in dic a t e t h a t s uc h wa s t h e c a se
,
.

We h a v s e a id t h a t b u r ia l m o u n d s o f h u n t e r tr i b e s w e r e g e n e r
ll W fi d h w tr t i fi d o u d c t i
i
'

a y s t ra t fi i e d . e n o e ,
v e r s a e ,
m n s o n a n n g
p o t te ry ve s se l s n e a r t h e h e a ds a s t h o ug h t h e re wa s a n a ss o c ia t o n
,
i

of th e s p i r it w i t h t h e v e s s e l W e fi n d . a l s o g r o u p s o f l o d g e

c ircl e s o n t h e s it e s o f v ill a g e s b ut wit h in t h e c irc l e s a re bo dies ,

a n d re e li s
g iv,
i n g t h e i d e a t h a t t h e y w e r e b u r ie d w it h in t h e l o d g e .

I t was t h e c ustom o fc e rta in tribe s t o b ury t h e bo dy o n t h e ve ry

s pot w h e r e l ife h a d d e p a rt e d T h e t e n . t a n d i t s f u r n it u r e a n d

F ag 3 . .
- H 01m d i n Cr a w/o r d Coun ty ,
'
Wisc o ns in .

e q uipm e n ts we re e ith e r b ur n ed o r r e move d b ut t h e body t e ,

m a in e d wh e re it wa s Ma y we n o t a scr ibe th ese lo dg e c ircl es

.

to t h e sa m e s upe rstit io n ? It wa s t h e c us tom a l s o o f ot h e r , ,

tr ibes t o b ury t h e bo dy in t h e ve ry a tt it ude wh ic h it a ss um e d in

a r t ic ulo m o m s Ma y n o t th is e xpl a in t h e pe c ul ia r a tt it ude o f
'

s o m e o f t h e bo die s f o un d in t h e tops o f t h e mo un ds wh e re t h e ,

fa c e re ts upo n t h e h a n ds t h e b o dy o n t h e s ide s wit h t h e k n e es

s ,

dra wn to t h e c h in ? I t wa s t h e c usto m o f t h e D a kot a tr ib e s to

re m o ve t h e s o d a n d e xpo se t h e so il fo r t h e sa c re d r ite s o f c e r
ta in fea sts a s t h e Ma s te r o f Life wa s s uppose d to dwe ll i n t h e
,

s o il .Th e s a cre d p ipe s a n d ot h e r e m bl e m s we re pl a c e d n e a r

t h e fres h ea rt h a s i f to b e o ffe re d to t h e s p ir it wh ic h dwe lt t h e re
, .

Ma y n o t t h is sa m e s upe rst it io n t h a t t h e so ul or s p irit o fl ife wa s ,

in t h e s o i l a cco un t fo r t h e b ur ia l c us tom s wh ich we re e mbo die d

,

i n t h e mo un d? Th e sa m e p un c t illio us c a re o ve r t h e de t a il s o f
b ur ia l wa s ob se rve d in pre h istori c t im es t h a t is n o w se e n i n t h e
s a cre d c e re mo n ies o f t h e m o de r n h istor ic tr ib es We c a n n ot .

dwe ll upo n t h is s ubj e ct b ut do ubtl es s ifwe un de rs t oo d t h e c us

, , ,

to m s o f t h e Mo un d b uil de rs b e tte r we sho ul d find t h a t th e re

-
,

wa s n o t a s in g l e it e m wh ic h did n o t h a ve it s s pe c ia l s ig n ifica n ce .

Gre a t va r ie ty is to b e s ure m a n ife s t e d i n t h e b ur ia l mo un ds

, , .
 226

S o m e co n t a in r e l ics t h e ve ry re l ic s wh ic h h a d be e n use d dur in g

,

t h e l if e o f t h e de c e a s e d ; t h e b o die s o f c h il d e n b e in g co ve re d r

wit h b o n e h e a ds t h e v e ry b e a ds t h a t h a d b ee n wo r n a s n e ck
,

l a ce s a n d wr is t l e t s ; t h e b o die s o fwa rr io rs b e in g a tt e n de d b y t h e
a rro ws a xe s S pe a r h e a ds b a dg e s g o rg e t s a n d o r n a m e n t s wh ic h
, , , ,

t h ey h a d c a rr ie d t h r o ug h l i fe ; t h e
bo die s o f c h ie fs b e in g a tt e n de d
wit h p ipe s s poo l o r n a m e n ts , ,

pea rl be a ds a n d m a n y oth e r
pre c io us re l ics wh ich we re t h e ir ,

pe rs o n a l b e l o n g in g s Va se s fill e d .

wit h s we e t m e a t s we re s om e t im e s
b urie d n e a r t h e c h il dre n ; potte ry
v e sse l s a n ddo m e s t ic ute n s il s nea r
t h e h e a ds o f f e m a l e s a n d broo d ,

i n g or n a m e n ts or b ir d s h a pe d -

fl a L —S k l m E Dub uqu
e et o r e l ic s use d a s t h e s i n s o f m a te r
at a" e
g ,

n it y .E ve n t e n de r fa brics s uc h a s t h e cl o th wo ve n fr o m h e m p
, ,

fe a t h e r ro b e s a n d co ve rin g s m a de fro m t h e h a ir o f t h e ra bb it , ,

de l ic a te n e e dl e s m a de fro m b o n e a n d fr om c 0 ppe r spo o l o r n a ,

m e n ts m a de fro m woo d a n d c o ve re d wit h c o ppe r a n d s om e t im e s

wit h s ilve r ; in fa ct a ll t h e a rt icl e s t h a t m a de up t h e t o il e t o f
,

wom e n o r fur n is h e d e q uip m e n t s fo r m e n o r we re pl a y th in g s o f ,

ch il dre n we re de p o s ite d a t t im es in t h e m o un ds n o t a s o ffe r in g s

‘

, ,

to t h e s un divin it y n o r t h e s e rpe n t o r fire b ut a s g ift s o r po s

, ,

s e s s io n s t o wh ic h t h e s p ir it o f t h e de a d h a d a r ig h t .

II We n o w co m e to t h e se c o n d fo rm o f n a t ure wo rs h ip Th is
. .

pre va il e d c h ie fl y a m o n g t h e Mo un d b uilde rs t h o ug h we s om e -
,

t im e s re c o g n iz e it a m o n g l ivin g t r ibe s It is t h e syste m o fa n ima l .

—
wo r s h ip t h e n o r m a l c ult o i t h e h un te r
tribe s Acc o rdin g t o t h is s yst e m t h e
.
,

a n im a l s we re f e q ue n tl y r e g a rde d a sr

divin it ie T h ey we r e t h e a n c e s t o r s o f
s .

t h e cl a n s a s we ll a s t h e ir pro t e c t o r s
,
nd ,
a

g a v e t h e i r n a m e s t o t h e cl a n s T h i s .

s y s t e m pre va i le d a m o n g t h e n o rt h e r n a n d

e a s t e r n t ib e s s uc h a s t h e -I o q uo is t h e
r ,
r ,

A l g o n q uin s C h ipp e w ys o r U b jib wa y s

. a ,

a n d t o a c e r t a in e xt e n t
,
t h e Da k o ta s , ,

th o ug h a m o n g t h e l a t t e r i t wa s g t e t ly a

m o d fie d I t p re va i le d e s p e c ia l ly t h ro ug h
1
— Ch d M u d
.

F i b g 6 a m er e o n
t h e n o r t h e n dis t r ic t s a n d a lo n g t h e c h a in
. . .

o f g re a t l a k e s I t s p e c ulia r it y wa s t h a t t h e p e o p le we r e n o t
.

p e r m it t e d t o e a t t h e fl e s h o f t h e a n im a l wh o s e e m bl e m t h e y b o re ,

n o r we re t h e y p e r m it t e d e ve n t o m a rry in t o t h e c la n o f t h e s a m e

a n im a l n a m e ; a m o s t r e m a r k a bl e s ys t e m wh e n we c o n s ide r it s

ef fe c t upo n t h e de t a il s o f s o c ie t y a n d it s i n fl ue n c e i n t h e t ba l ri

or g a i t i n Th e a m e y te m p re va il e d o n t h e n o r t h we st
n za o . s s s
 227

co a st b ut it wa s h e re mo difie d b y t h e pre s e n ce o f h um a n im a g e s
,

ca rve d in t o g e nea lo g ica l tre e s wit h t h e t h un de r b ird g e n e ra lly,

-

s ur m o un t i n g t h e col um n .

T h is syst e m p re va il e d a mo n g t h e Mo un d b uil de r s e s pe c ia lly -

,

i n t h e n o rt h e r n dis t r ict s It wa s e m bo die d i n t h e e lfig ie s wh ic h ’

.

a r e so n um e r o us i n t h e S ta te o f W is co n s i n b ut was a l s o e xe r c is e d ,

b y t h o s e p e opl e wh o h a ve l e ft s o m a ny a n i m a l fi g ure s m a de i n
c fii g y fro m s ta n din g s t o ne s wh ic h a re fo un d in D a kota De s c r ip
‘
.

t i o n s o f t h e s e e fii g ie s h a ve b e e n g ive n b y t h e a ut h o r i n t h e book
on E m bl e m a t ic Mo un ds Ot h e r s pe c im e n s h a ve b e e n dis c o v
.

e re d s in c e t h e vo l um e wa s p ubl is h e d We m a in ta in t h a t t h e re .

—
we re t h re e s p e c ific use s m a de o f t h es e e fli g ie s t h e s a m e us e s
wh ic h m a y b e re co g n iz e d i n t h e tot e m po st s o f t h e n ort h we st
c o as t Th e y a re a s follo ws
.

I Th e pe rpe t uity o f t h e cl a n n a m e
. I n t h e tote m po s t s t h e .

c la n n a m e wa s m i n g l e d wit h t h e fa m il y h isto ry b ut g e n e ra ll y ,

s urm o un t in g t h e col um n t h e g e n e a lo g ic a l re c o r d o f t h e f
, a m ily

F ig 13 . .
—Tote m : in Wisc ons i n .

be in g c o n ta ine d in t h e e l a bora te c a rvin g s fo un d be lo w T h ey .

m ig h t b e ca ll e d a nc e stor po sts fo r t h e n a m e or i m a g e o f ea c h ,

a n c e s t o r wa s g ive n a g re a t e f , fo rt b e in g m a de to e xt e n d t h e
g e n e a lo g i c a l l in e a s f
a r a s po s s ibl e T h i s s a m e u s e o f a n im a l .

fi g ure s a s tr ib a l or cl a n s ig n s de s ig ne d to re pre se n t t h e cl a n ,

n a m e s m a y b e r e co g n ize d i n s o m e o f t h e o ld de e ds wh ic h we re
,

g iv e n b y t h e Iroq uo is to t h e w h it e s H e r e t h e b e a r t h e t urk e y
.
*
,

a n d t h e wo l f a r e dra wn o n p a pe r t o s ig n i f y t h e c la n e m bl e m o f

t h e c h ie f Th e s a m e c usto m h a s b e e n re c o g n iz e d in t h e e m bl e m
.

a t ic m o un ds wit h t h is dif , fe re n c e : in ste a d o f b e in g wr i t t e n o n

pa pe r o r ca rve d in wo o d i n t h is c a s e t h e to te m s we re m o ul de d in t o
,

e a r t h wo rk s ; m a s s ive e f
-
fig ie s o fea g le s wa llo ws wo lv s q ui r re sl s, , c ,
s ,

be a rs pa n t h e rs t urtl e s c o o n s b ufia lo s a n d o t h e r a n im a l s a n d
'

, , , ,
e ,

h a vi n g b e e n p la c e d up o n t h e o i l t o m a rk t h e h a b ita t o f t h e cl a n s
s .

T h e y s e rve d t h e p urp o se b e ca us e t h e y wa s o n t h e h ill to p s as

,
-

we ll a s in t h e va ll e y s a n d m a r ke d n o t o n l y t h e s it e s o f vi lla g e s
, ,

b ut t h e g a m e dr ive s t h e sa c r ific ia l p la c e s t h e da n c e g ro un ds a n d
, ,

co un c il h o us e s o f t h e c l a n s S e e F ig 6 , . .

2 Th e pr o t e ct ive p o we r o f t h e to t e m s is t o b e n o t c e d
. On t .

t h e n o r t h we t c o a s t t h e h o us e s a re s o m e t im e s fur n is h e d wit h
s

t S oe Do c um e n ta r y H is to r y of Ne w Yo r k . Vol II . .
 229

we se e a tree ne a r
r ive r c a ll e d t h e tre e O f l ife ; j u t un de r t h e
a ,
s

ri ve r we s e e a l a g e s ta r a t t h e l e ft t h e m o r n in g s ta r a n d n e xt
r , ,

a r e s ix s t a r s t h e n t h e e ve n i n g s t a r ; b e n ea t h t h es e a r e s e ve n
,

s t a r s o r t h e p le ide s ; b e l o w t h e s e t h e m oo n o n t h e l e f
,
t t h e s un ,

o n t h e r ig h t b e t we e n t h e m a p e a c e p ip e a n d a h a t c h e t
, be lo w
t h ese a re t h e fo ur uppe r wo rl ds re pre s e n te d b y fo ur pa ra l le l l ine s , ,

a b i d 1S s e e n h o ve r in
g o ve r
r

t h e fo ur wo rl ds Th e O bj e ct .

O f t h e t ra dit 1o n o r c h a r t wa s

to s h o w h o w t h e pe o pl e a s
c e n de d f ro m t h e l o we r worl ds

a nd O bta in e d h um a n s o ul s

wh e n t h e y h a d l o n g b e e n i n t h e
b o dy o f b irds a n d a n im a l s .

Th e O s a g e s s a y : We do
n o t b e l ie ve t h a t o ur a n c e stor s

we re r e a l ly a n im a l s or b ir ds ;
t h e se t h in g s a re o n l y sy m bol s
o f s o m e t h i n g h ig h e Mr r.
"
.

Dorsey a l s o s a ys : Th e I o wa s
“
My h B / th D k h a v e s oc ia l divis io n s a n d pe r
F ig . 8 .- t ea r er o e a ot a s .

s o n a l n a m e s o f m y t h ic a l pe rs o n s a n d sa cre d s o n g s b ut t h e s e a re ,

i n t h e Win n e b a g o l a n g ua g e
“
H e sa y s As ide fro m tra dit io n s
. .

e ve n t h e ta b o o s a n d t h e n a m e s O f t h e g e n t e s a n d t h e p h r a tr ie s

a r e O b je cts O f m ys t e r io us re ve re n c e a n d s uc h

us e d i n o rdin a r y c o n ve rs a t io n .
”
na m e s a r e n e v e r
,

We ta k e it fo r g ra n te d t h a t t h e
to te m s o f t h e Mo un d b uil de rs we re a l s o a s t h oro ug h l y s ubj e cts
-

o fre ve re n c e a n d th a t t h e r e wa s m uc h s e cr e c y in r e f e re n c e t o t h e m

”
.

T h e re we re pro b a bl y se cre t s oc ie t ie s
a nd m ys te r ie s a m o n g t h e Mo un d
b uil de rs a n d it wo ul d re quire in it ia
,

t io n o n o ur pa rt to un de rs t a nd t h e
s mb o l s wh ich h a v e p e rpe t ua t e d t h e
y
m yt h s a n d tra dit io n s a s m uc h a s i f
th ey we re h ie ro g l yph ic s a n d we we re
wit h o ut t h e k e y Th e s ubj e ct O f to
.

t e m is m is ve ry co m p lic a te d b ut wa s ,

””
pre va le n t in pre h is to r ic t im e s a s o n e

”
O ft h e wi de s prea d s ys te m s O f re l ig io n
-
.

5 . A n ot h e r p h a s e o ftot e m is m w a s t h a t
wh ic h c o n n e cte d it se l f wit h v a r io us 0 P M ! B f m a ea n " ra e

m Wi
obj e cts o f n a t ure— tre e s ro ck s c a ve s , ,
i
,
s c o ns n .

rive rs It wa s t h o ug h t th a t in vis ib l e S p ir its h a unte d e ve ry da rk

,

a n d s ha do wy pl a c e Th e c a ve s we r e t h e ir c h ie fa bo de ; t h e cl iffs
.

we re a l s o fil le d wit h a n in vis ibl e pre se n c e E ve ry rock o r tree .

O fa n un u ua l s h a p e wa s t h e a b o de o f a S pir it e s p e c ia ll y i f t h e re
s ,

wa s a ny re s e mb la n c e in t h e s h a pe to a n y h um a n o r a n im a l fo rm .

It wa s O wi n g to t h is s upe rst it io n t h a t g a ve a s o ul to e ve ry t h in g , ,
 230

th a t S Om a n y do ubl e i m a g e s a re fo un d i n t h e Mo un d b uil de rs -
'

t e r r it o r it y Th e im a g e o f th e se r pe n t O ft h e l iz a rd o ft h e t urtl e
.
, .
,

wa s re c o g n iz e d i n t h e bl uff or ro ck or is l a n d or s tre a m ; a n d t h e
m o un d re s e m bl in g t h e s a m e cre a t ure wa s pl a c e d a bov e t h e b lufl
'

to s h o w t h t t h e re se m bla n ce h a d bee n re co g n iz e d Tote m is m

a .
,

t h e n wa s n o t co n fine d to t h e s a va g es wh o ro a m e d th ro ug h t h e
,

da rk fore st o f t h e N o rt h n o r t o t h o s e N o rth e r n tr ibe s wh ic h

,

m a de t h e i r a bo de upo n t h e pr a ir ie s a n d le ft tra c e s o f th e m se l ve s
,

in t h e idol s a n d im a g e s a n d fo o t tra c k s a n d i n s cr i ptio n s wh ich ,

a r e n o w s uch obj e ct s o f wo n d e r b ut it e xt e n de d fa r to t h e
,

s o uth wa r d a n d wa s m in g l e d wit h t h e m or e a dv a n c e d sys t e m s

,

wh ich pre va il e d in t h i re g io n s .

F ig . 10. - A lug a t or Mo und i n Oh i o .

T h is wa s t o te m is m We c o n cl ude t h a t it bore a n im po rta nt

.

pa rt in t h e Mo un d b uil de r s l ife I t wa s ve ry s ubtl e a n d O b sc ure

-
’
.
,

y e t i f we r e c o g n iz e i t a mo n g t h e l iv i n g t r ib e s w e m a y a l s o

re c o g n ize it a m o ng t h o se wh o h a ve pa s s ed a wa y .

6 U n de r t h e h e a d O ft o t e m is t ic s y m b o l s we s h a ll pl a c e t h o s e re
.

m a rk a b l e work s t h e g rea t s e rpe n t a n d a l lig a tor mo un ds T h ese

, .

clo se ly corre spo n d t o t h e sh a pe O f t h e c liff o r h ill o n wh ich

th e y a re pl a c e d T h ey m ust b e re g a rde d a s sa cre d o r re l ig io us
.

wo rk s a s t h ey pro b a bl y h a d a m y t h o l o g ic s ig n i fic a n c e
,
Th e .

a ll ig a tor m o un d is s it ua t e d upo n a h ig h a n d b e a ut ifull y ro un de d

S p o t O f l a n d wh ic h p r o j e ct s b o l dly i n to t h e b e a ut if
,
ul v a ll e y O f
t h e R a cco o n Cre e k T h e h ill is 1 5 0 o r 2 0 0 fee t h ig h
. It is s o .

re g ul a r a s a l m o s t t o in duc e t h e b e lie f t h a t it h a s b ee n a rt ific ia ll y

ro un de d It c o m m a n ds a v ie w o f t h e va ll e y fo r e ig h t o r t e n
.

m il e s a n d is b y fa r t h e m o st c o n s p ic uo us p o in t wit h i n t h a t l im it
, .

I m m e dia te l y o p po s it e a nd l e s s t h a n a h a l f m il e dis ta n t is a
, ,
 231

l a rg e a n d b e a ut iful c i rc ul a r work ; t o t h e r ig h t t h re e fo urt h s O f ,

-

a m il e dis t a n t is a f o rt i fi e d h ill a n d upo n t h e o pp o s ite s ide o f

, ,

t h e va ll e y is a n ot h e r i n tre n c h e d h il l Th e g re a t c ircl e s a t Ne w .

a rk wh ic h we h a v e de s ig n a t e d a s v ill a g e i n cl o s ur e s a r e b ut a
, ,

fe w m il e s a wa y a n d wo ul d b e dist i n ctl y v is ibl e we r e t h e re n o i n

t e rve n in g fo re s t S q uie r a n d D a vis sa y
. Th e e ffig y is c a ll e d
t h e a ll ig a t o r t h o ug h it cl o s e ly r e se m bl e s t h e l iz a r d
,
Th e t o t a l .

l e n g t h is a b o ut 2 5 0 fee t bre a dth o f b o dy 40 fe e t l e n g th O f l e g s

, ,

6 feet T h p a ws a r e bro a de r t h a n t h e l e g s a s i f t h e s pre a d

3 . e ,

o f t h e t o e s h a d b e e n i m ita t e d Th e h e a d s h o ul de rs a n d r um p
.
,

a r e e l e va t e d i n to k n ob s a n d s o m a de p ro m i n e n t N e a r t h e e ffig y .

is a c i rc ul a r m o un d cov e re d wit h s to n es wh ich h a ve b e e n m uc h ,

b urn e d T h is h a s be e n de n o m in a te d a n a lta r Le a din g to it

. .

from t h e top o f t h e e ff i g y is a g ra de d wa y t e n fe e t bro a d It .

s ee m s more t h a n po s s ibl e t h a t t h is S i n g ul a r e f fig y h a d it s or ig in
i n t h e s up e rst it io n o f i t s m a k e rs It wa s pe rh a ps t h e h ig h pl a c e .

wh e re s a cr ific e s we re m a de o n e xt ra o r din a t y occa s io ns a n d ,

wh e re t h e a n c ie n t p eo pl e g a t h e re d to c e l e bra t e t h e r ite s o ft h e ir
un k n o wn wo rs h ip Th e va ll ey wh ic h i t ov e rloo k s a bo un ds i n
.

t ra c e s O f a r e m ote p e opl e a n d s e e m s to h a ve b ee n o n e o f t h e
c e n te rs O f a n c ie n t S e e F ig 10 . .

I n re fe re n c e t o t h e a lt a rs s o ca ll e d we m a y s a y : O n e is t o ,

b e dis t in ctl y ob s e rv e d i n t h e i n cl o s ure co n n e cte d wit h t h e g re a t

s e rp e n t a n d a n ot h e r i n co n n e ct io n wit h t h e c r o s s n e a r T a rlto n ,

a n d s t ill a n o t h e r i n co n n e ct io n wit h t h e b i r d e ffig y a t N e wa r k

"
.

T h is b ird t ffig y is a l s o wort h y o f n o t ic e ; it wa s in t h e ce n tre o f

’

t h e g re a t c ircl e a n d s e e m s to h a ve b e e n e re c t e d fo r re l ig io us
,

p urpo se s lik e t h e g rea t circl e s o f En g la n d a n d in t h e sq ua re s

, ,

O f Pe r u a n d Me xico e n cl o s ure s wit h i n wh ic h we re e re cte d t h e

,

s h r ine s o f t h e g o ds o f t h e a n c ie n t wor s h ip a n d a lt a r s o f a n c ie n t

re l ig io n T h e se m a y h a ve b e e n s po ts co se cra te d b y tra dit io n

. n ,

or re n de re d re m a rk a bl e a s t h e s c e n e o f s om e e xt ra ordin a ry
e v e n t i n ve s t e d wit h re v e re n c e a n d re g a r de d wit h s up e rs t it io n ;
,

ta boo e d t o t h e m ult it ude b ut ful l O f s ig n ifica n ce to t h e pr ie st

,

h o o d Th e y m a y h a ve e m b ra c e d c o n s e cra t e d g ra v e s a n d g ua r de d
.
,

a s t h e y we re b y a n im a l tot e m s h a ve b e e n p la c es wh e re m s t e r , y
i o us r ite s we re pra ct ic e d i n h o n o r O ft h e g rea t tot e m is t ic divin it y .

III Th e t h ird for m o fna t ure wo rs h ip we s h a ll m e n t io n is t h e

.
,

o n e wh ic h c o n s 1s t e d in t h e us e o f fire It m ig h t b e c a ll e d fire .

wo r s h ip a lt h o ug h it h a s m o re O f t h e n a t ure O f a s upe rst it io n

,

t h a n o f wo rs h ip T h is c usto m o f us in g fire a s a n a id to de vo
.
,

t io n wa s n o t pe c ul ia r t o t h e Mo un d b uilde rs fo r it wa s co m m o n
,
-
,

in a ll pa rt s o f t h e worl d; t h e s utte e b ur n in g O f I n dia be in g t h e

m o s t n ote d I n E uro pe cre m a t io n o r b ur ia l i n fire wa s a c us
.

tom pec ulia r to t h e bro n z e a g e a n d in dic a t e d a n a dva n c e d sta g e ,

O f pro g r e s s ; t h e r e l ic s wh ic h a re f o un d i n t h e fire be ds b e in g -

‘A n c le n t Mo n um e n t s Pa g e , 101 .
 233

wh ic h p e opl e we re a sse mbl e d a n d with wh ic h t h e m e n t e

th e

l d t h e m s e l ve s
“
g a e .

A s to t h e pre va l e n c e O f t h e fir e c ult a m o n g t h e Mo un d b uil d -

e rs ,
it wa s n o t c o n fi n e d t o t h e s o ut h e r n d s t r ic t s wh e re t h e 1
,

ro t un da s we re a n d wh e re s un wo rs h ip wa s s o pro m ine n t At .

l e a st o n e s t a g e O ft h is fire c ult t h a t wh ic h c o n s ist e d i c re m a t io n

. n

o f t h e b o die s a ppe a re d i n t h e re g io n s n or t h o f t h e O h i o R ive r

,

a n d wa s q uit e c o m m o n .

We s h a ll s e e t h e e xte n t o f th is c usto m if we dra w a l in e dia g

o n a lly fr o m t h e re g io n a b ut Da ve n p o rt I o wa t h r o ug h Il lin o is
o , , ,

I n dia n a S o ut h e r n O h io We s t V irg in ia a n d N o rt h C a ro lin a We

, , .

S h a ll fin d t h a t t h e l in e s t r ik e s t h e m a jor it y O f t h e fire b e ds a n d
a lta r m o un ds W h a t is re m a rk a bl e a l s o a lo n g t h is l in e a re fo un d
.
, ,

th o se re l ics wh ic h h a ve be e n a ss o c ia te d wit h t h e fire c ult o f O h io ,

m a n y o f t h e m h a vt n g b ee n p la c e d upo n t h e a l t a rs a n d o ffe re d
e it h e r t o t h e s un divin it y or t o t h e fire A m o n g t h e s e re l ic s we .

m a y m e n t io n a s c h ie f t h e S O c a l le d Mo un d b uil de r p ipe-
T h is -
.

wa s a p ipe wit h a c urve d ba s e a n d a c a r ve d bo wl t h e b o wl b e in g ,

a n i m ita t io n O f s o m e a n i m a l n a t ive t o t h e re g io n Th e p ip es a r e .

v e ry n um e ro us in t h e vic in it y O f D a ve n po rt I o wa Th e a n im a l s ,
.

im ita te d a r e ve ry n e a rly t h e s a m e a s t h o s e re p r e s e n t e d i n t h e
—
O h io p ipe t h e l iz a rd t h e t urt le t h e t o a d t h e h o wl i n g wo lf t h e
s , . , ,

s q uir re l g r o un d h o g a n d b i rd
,
O ne p ip e h a s t h e s h a pe o f t h e
-
.

s e r pe n t wo un d a b o ut t h e b o wl a n e xa c t c o un t e r pa rt O f t h e s e r
,

p e n t p ip e wh ic h wa s fo un d upo n t h e a lt a r in C la r k e s Wo r k s i n '

S o ut h e r n O h io S im il a r p ipe s c a r ve d i n i m it a t io n o fa n im a l s
, ,

,
o —
b a dg e r s t a ds a n d b irds h a ve a l s o b e e n fo un d up o n t h e Il lin o is
R ive r in C a s s C o un t y a n d up o n t h e W h it e R ive r in I n dia n a
, , , ,

s h o win g t h a t t h e p e o ple wh o occ up ie d t h e s t a t io n s we re a c q ua i n t e d

wit h t h e sa m e a n im a l s a n d a cc u t o m e d to use t h e sa m e k in d o f s

p ipe Th e D a ve n port p ipe s a re n o t s o s k llfully wro ug h t a s t h e

. t

O h io p ipe s b ut h a ve t h e s a m e g e n e ra l pa t t e rn
, .

T h e y we r e n o t a ll o f t h e m fo un d i n t h e fir e b e ds fo r m a n y o f ,

th e m we r e dis c o ve re d in m o un ds wh e re t h e fire h a d g o n e o ut .

T h e se m o un ds a re s it ua te d a lo n g t h e b a n k s o f t h e Mi is s ippi ss

R ive r fro m t h e vic in it y o f Mus c a t in e t h r o ug h To ls b o ro

,
o ,

Mo l in e Ro c k I s l a n d a n d Da ve n p o r t t h e m o st r e m a rk a b le s pe c
, ,

i m e n s h a vi n g b e e n fo un d o n t h e C o o k fa r m j us t s o ut h O f ,

t h e l a t t e r c it y T h e re we re fire b ds a n d a lta rs i n t h is g ro up
. e
,

b ut e ve n h e r e a s i n t h e c a s e o f o t h e r m o un ds wh e r e t h e r e wa s
.

n o fir e t h e p ip e s we re pl a c e d n e a r t h e b o n e s wh ic h we r e s t i ll
, ,

we ll p re se r ve d a n d n o n e O f t h e m s h o we d t ra c e s O f fire
, .

Le t us h e re n o t ic e t h e difle re n c e b et we e n t h e t o k e n s i n t h e
'

t wo s e c t io ns 1 I n O h io n e a rly a ll Mo un d b uil de r p ip e in
. .
- s
,

cl udin g t h e fi n e l y wro ug h t s e r pe n t p ipe s a n d t h e ot h e r a n im a l

p ipe s h a d b ee n pl a ce d upo n t h e a lt a r a n d s ubj e ct e d to t h e
,

'J o ur n a l o f A m e r te a n F o lk -Lo r e . V o l I V , No X l v S . . . o c ia l O rg a n tu t lo n of Th e
l lm n . b y J . 0 Do n e ) p ag e 246 S e e m a p t n C h a p t e r 1 1
'

. .
 234

a ctio n o f fire a n d s o b a dly b ur n e d t h a t t h e y we re brok e n into

fra g m e n ts .I n we s t e r n mo un ds t h e y we re un brok e n 2 A n o t h e r . .

diffe re n c e is n ot ic e a b le W h il e t h e re we re a s m a n y c o p pe r re l ics
.

i n t h e D a ve n p o r t m o un ds as i n t h e O h io m o un ds t h e y we re
, ,

m a in ly c o p pe r a xe s m a n y o f wh ic h we re wra p pe d in cl o t h a n d
,

pl a c e d wit h t h e b o die s F ig I t Fa rq uh a rs o n c a ll s t h e m c e re
. . .

m o n ia l a xe s T h e re we re n o sig ns o f use in t h e m Th e y va rie d

. .

in s iz e a n d S h a p e s o m e o ft h e m b e in g fla t o t h e rs fla t o n o ne s ide
, , ,

c o n ve x o n o t h e r ; st ill ot h e rs co n ve x o n bot h s ide s Th e cloth .

i n wh ic h t h e y we re wra pp e d wa s we ll pre s e rv e d b y a ct io n o ft h e
coppe r ; it wa s m a de o f h e m p a n d rese m bl e d b url a p I n t h e .

O h io mo unds n o s uc h co ppe r a xe s h a ve b e e n fo und Co ppe r .

b ea ds a n d copp e r c h is e l s a re n um e ro us ho we ve r a n d be a ds a nd , ,

p e n d a n t s a re a s commo n a s i n D a v e n port 3 T h e c h a ra ct e r is t i c . .

li t e 1 1
. .
— 0 1pp er A u : a nd Po t t er y Ves se l: fr o m Too ls b o r o .

re l ic of th e a lta r m o un ds O f O h io is t h e c o ppe r s po ol o r na m e n t .

I n t h e D a v e n port mo un d t h e re we re v e ry fe w s p o ol or n a
m e n ts b ut a wl s a n d ne e dl e s we re q uite n um e ro us ; c o ppe r be a ds
,

a n d p e n da n t s we r e c o m m o n Ma n y O f t h e se we re fo un d i n
.

va r io us loc a l it ie s bot h o n t h e S c ioto R ive r a n d in t h e T ur n e r

,

g r o u p.
4 A
. n o t h e r p o i n t O f d i ffe r e n c e b e t we e n t h e t wo loc a l i t ie s
is t h e S h a pe O f t h e a lta rs T h o se in t h e D a ve n po rt m o un ds a re
.

n e ve r p a ve d a s in t h e O h i o m o un ds t h e a l t a r s i n t h e D a v e n port
,

m o un ds b e i n g m e re l y ro un d h e a p s O f s t o n e s or c o l um n s Nea r .

th e s e t h e b o die s we re pl a c e d b ut t h e re lic s we re be s ide t h e

,

b o die s a n d n o t upo n t h e a l ta rs I n o n e ca se a fe w l o n g S h in .

bo n e s we re cro ss e d upo n t h e t o p O f t h e a l t a r a n d ot h e rs fo un d
l e a n in g a g a in s t t h e s ide O f t h e s t o n e s b ut n o r e l ic s Th e bo die s,
.

do n o t se e m t o b e cre m a te d b ut b ur ie d i n t h e fire , Th e re l ics .

,

i n cl udin g p ip e s c o ppe r a xe s c o ppe r a wls a n d O b s idia n a rro ws

, , , ,

we re pl a c e d a t t h e s ide o r h ea d O f t h e b o dy b ut we re ra re l y ,

b ur n e d .

5. A n ot h e r po i n t o f d i ff
e r e n c e i s t h a t b ur i a l s a n d cre m a t i o n s
 235

in O h i o we re m a de b e fo re t h e m o un d wa s e r e c te d wh ile in t h e ,

D a ve n p o r t m o un ds if t h e re wa s a n y cre m a t in g it t o o k p la ce a t
, ,

t h e t im e o f b ur ia l a n d t h e fire wa s s m o t h e r e d i n t h e pr o c e s s o f
,

m o un d b uil di n g Pro f P ut n a m e xpl o re d a b ur ia l m o un d o n t h e

. .

S c io t o R ive r wh ic h wa s s it ua t e d i n t h e g re a t c irc l e n e a r t h e e a s t
.

e r n c o r n e r O f t h e g re a t s q ua r e I t wa s 1 60 fe e t l o n g 90 fe e t . ,

wide a n d 1 0 fe e t h ig h It c o n ta in e d a do z e n b ur ia l c h a m be rs
.

m a de fro m l o g s I n t h e se c h a m b e rs t h e b o die s we re pl a c e d e vi
.

de n t ly wra pp e d i n g a r m e n t s With t h e bo die s we re b ur ie d va

.

r io us o bj e c t s s uc h a s c o pp e r p la te s e a r r i n g s s h e ll b ea ds a n d
,
-
,
-
,

fl in t k n ive s a n d o n t h e brea st o f o n e s k e l e t o n wa s a th in c 0 ppe r

,

pl a te or orn a m e n t I n so m e O f t h e c h a m b e rs t h e re we re e vi
.

de uc e s o f fire a s if t h e b o die s h a d b e e n b ur n e d o n t h e sp o t .

Pro f P ut n a m s O p in io n is t h a t t h e b uria l s a n d cre m a t io n s we re

.
’

m a de b e fore t h e m o un d wa s e r e ct e d s e ve r a l b ur n in g s h a v in g ,

occ urre d i n o ne s pot Th e mo un d wa s e re cte d o ve r a ll a n d was

.
,

fin is h e d wi t h a co ve rin g o f g ra ve l a n d with a bor de r o f loo s e

F ig .
—Moun d
Is n ea r Da ve n por t .

s to n es T h is wa s t h e us ua l m a n ne r o fe re ct in g m o un ds a m o ng
.

t h e fire wors h ip e rs S q uie r a n d D a v is in 1 840 dug in to t h e s a m e

.

mo un d a n d fo un d a s ke l e to n wit h a c a ppe r pl a te a n d a p ipe ,

.

Th ey a l so fo un d in oth er mo un ds a lta rs in wh ich b odie s h a d

be e n b urn e d b ut t h e a sh e s h a d b e e n re m o ve d a de po s it o f t h e
, ,

a s h e s b e in g f o un d a t o n e s ide O ft h e a lta r 6 Th e inte n se h e a t to . .

wh ich t h e r e l ics we re s ubj e cte d in t h e O h io m o un ds a s c o m

pa re d to t h e pa rt ia l b urn in g in t h e Io wa m o un ds is to b e n o
t ice d Pro f P ut na m sa y s t h a t in t h e T ur n e r g ro up t h e fire wa s
. .

in te n s e a n d t h e i r o n m a s s e s we re e xp o s e d to g re a t h e a t o n t h e
,

a lt a r a n d we r e m o re o r l e s s o x diz e d S q u ie r a n d D a vis sa y
y .

th a t t h e coppe r re l ic s fo un d in t h e O h io a it a r s we re o fte n fuse d

to g e t h e r a n d t h e p ipe s o f t h e Mo un d b uil de rs we re a ll o f t h e m
,
-

bro k e n .

Th e q ue st io n h e re a r ise s wh o we re t h e s e fire wo rs h ipp e r s ? ,

-

We re t h e y t h e C h e rok e e s wh o s urv ive in t h e m o un ta in s o fT n

,
e

n e s see o r we re t h e y t h e D a kot a s wh o s o l a t e l y ro a m t h e pra ir ie s ,

in t h e fa r We s t ? o r we re t h e y s o m e un k n o wn pe opl e ? O ur
a n s we r to t h is q ue s t io n is t h a t n o p a r t ic ul a r tr ib e c a n b e s a id t o
,

re pre s e n t t h e fire wo rsh ipe rs fo r t h is c ult pre va il e d a m o n g n ea rl y

,

a ll t h e di f fe re n t cl a sse s o f Mo un d b ui l de rs Mo un ds c o n ta in in g -
.

fire b e ds h a v e b e e n fo un d i n W is c o n s in Io wa Ill in o is I n dia na , , , ,

O h io We s t V irg in ia Ea s t Te n n e s see N o rth Ca ro l in a a n d t h e

, , , ,
 237

m al wors h ip ot h e r fire worsh ip a n d t h e t h i rd s un wo r

,
th e ,

sh ip a r e cro wde d in to t h e s in g l e S t a te o f Ill i n o is a n d co ns t i

, ,

t ute t h e to ke n s O f t h e m iddl e Miss iss ipp i district We n otice .

a l s o t h a t t h e r e l ic s in dica t e t h re e dif fe re n t mo de s o f l ife o r o c c u

p a t io ns Amo ng t h e ef
. fi gy m o un ds a r e m a n y copp e r r e l i c s b ut ,

m a in l y spea r h ea ds a rro w h e a ds c h is e l s k n ive s s uc h a s wo uld

-
,
-
, , ,

b e use d b y h un te rs Th e re l ic s in t h e fir e b e ds a n d b uri a l
.

g r o un d s n e a r D a v e n port a r e a xes a wl s a n d n e e dl e s ; n o coppe r ,

s pe a r h e a ds or k n iv e
-
Th e re l ic s so ut h o f t h ese fire be ds
s. -
,

e s pe c ia ll y t h o se n e a r t h e C a h o k ia mo un d a r e m a i n l y a g r ic ult ura l

tools— spa des h o e s p ic ks Th e potte ry o f t h e t h ree loca l it ies

,

.
, ,

a re i n co n tr a st s ho wi n g t h a t t h re e di fle re n t s ta g e s o f a r t a n d
'

difle r e n t dom estic ta s tes in t h e thr e e loc a l it ie s Th e Mo un d

'

b uil de r p ipe s a re n o t fo un d e ith e r a m o n g t h e e fli g ie s or pyra

m ids a n d se e m to b e co n fi ne d to th is n a rro w b e lt bet we e n t h e
,

t wo .

S t ill t h e fire c ult m us t h a v e b e e n e a rl y in t h e Mo un d

b uil de r pe rio d We n ot ic e both i n t h e Miss iss ipp i Va ll e y a n d
.

upo n t h e O h io R i ve r t h a t t h e fire b e ds a n d a lta rs a r e a t t h e bot

t o m o f t h e mo un ds I n ve ry m a n y o f t h e m o un ds t h e re a re
.

l a ye rs o f bo die s , s om e o f wh ic h we re re c umbe n t oth e rs in ,

va rio us po st ures , b ut e ith e r with o ut re l ic s or h a vin g re l ics o f a

r ude r or more m o de rn c h a ra cte r Th e se m a y h a ve be e n de po s .

it e d b y va rio us I n dia n trib es , s uc h a s t h e S a c s a n d Fo xe s , Po tt s

wa t ta m ie s a n d I ll in o is Mo un d b uil de r p ipe s coppe r a xe s a n d
.
-
,

oth e r re l ics a re a l wa ys fo un d a s lo w do wn a s t h e s urfa ce o f t h e

s o il . Th ey a re n o t a l wa ys i n fire b e ds , b ut fre q ue ntly t h e re will
b e a h a r d floor a n d a sa uc e r l ike b a s in b e lo w t h e bo dies a n d
.
-
,

a bov e t h e m pil e s o f woo d or lo g s , c o n ve yin g t h e ide a t h a t t h e

in te n t io n was to cre m a te t h e bo dy, b ut t h e fire h a d g o n e o ut b e
for e t h e woo d h a d b e e n b urn e d Th e de s cr iptio n s g ive n b y a ll .

t h e e xplore rs o f t h e mo un ds o f th is v ic in ity a r e a l wa ys to th is
ef fe ct ‘
.

IV Th e pre va l e n ce o ft h e m oon c ult wi ll ne xt b e co ns ide re d

. .

Th e moo n c ult was e v ide n tl y a s s oc ia t e d with s un wor s h ip , a n d -

pre va il e d in t h e district wh e re t h e works o f t h e s un orsh ippe rs

-w

a re S O n um e ro us , n a m e l y : S o ut h e rn Oh io Th e e v ide n c e s o f .

th is ar e a s follo ws : 1 I n th is distr ict we fin d e a rt h work s , wh ic h

.
-

se e m to b e sy mbo l ic a l o f t h e moo n ; t h e i r s h a p e , loca t io n a n d

proba ble use S h ow th is Th ey a re cre sce nt s h a pe b ut a re som e .
,

ti m e s g ro upe d a ro un d c ircl es a nd we re proba bly use d in c o n ,

ne c t io n with d a n c es a n d f e a s t s wh ich we re sa cred to t h e moo n , .

We ta ke fo r ill ustra ti o n t h e works wh ic n a re ca ll e d t h e J un c

—

t io n Gro up, wh ich is describe d b y S q uie r a n d Da vis T h is g ro up .

is s it ua te d o n Pa in t Cree k t wo a n d o n e h a l f m il e s s o ut h we s t o f

8 00 desa lpt lo n s b y R e v G A Ga ss , 0 E H a r r i so n , W H F ra t t , C B Pre est o n

°
‘ '
. . . . .
. . . .

R ev A . B loo m e r , A F Tlm n y , B . J . F m oo n ; a lso ro e ee d ln o f Da ve n po r f

M
. . .

om o f S c i e n ce , V o l. I o 08 t o 148
m
m en 41 a n d i V o l U L. pa g e
:
. .

185 ; o f V .. M . 87 ; a lso A eb a A n t ldua r ta n .

th e to wn o f Ch ill icoth e I t co ns ists o f fo ur circl es th ree c m
.
,

ce n ts t wo sq ua re work s a n d fo ur mo un ds Th e ea ste rn e n cl o s
, .

ure is t h e pr in c ipa l o n e a n d in co m mo n with a ll t h e re s t c o n

, , ,

s is t s O f a wa ll t h ree f e e t h ig h with a n i n te r ior ditc h It is N O .

h un dre d a n d fort y fe e t s q ua re ; t h e a n g l e s m uch c urv e d g iv in g ,

it ve ry n e a rl y t h e form O fa c ir cl e Th e a re a bo unde d b y t h e .

ditc h is a n a cc ura te s q ua re o f o n e h un dre d a n d sixty fe e t S ide ,

a n d is e n te re d f rom t h e so uth b y a g a te wa y twe nty five fee t wide -

.

To t h e s o ut h we s t o f t h is work a n d o n e h un dre d a n d fi fty fe e t

,

dist a n t is a s m a ll mo un d in clo se d b y a ditc h a n d wa ll with a

, , ,

g a t e w a y o p e n i n g to it from t h e n orth Th e ditc h clips fro m t h e.

ba se o ft h e mo un d wh ic h is t h re e fe e t h ig h b y th irty fe e t b a se
,
.

”
m un CR OWD,

‘ w ‘ l l n o

t i d a l
7 5 0 fo ot h i o -b l

8 01 no “

F ig I L—
.J un c uon Gr oup .

Almo st to uc h in g t h e c ircl e e nclo s in g t h e mo un d is t h e h orn o f

a cre sc e n t wo rk h a vi n g a c h o r d o f o ne h un dre d a n d t h i rty t wo
,
-

fe e t S ixty s ix fe e t dis ta n t i n t h e sa m e dire ct io n is st ill a n o t h e r

.
-
, ,

cre sce n t wh ic h te rm ina t e s in a m o un d o f sa cr ific e se ve n fe e t

, ,

h ig h b y fo rt y five fe e t b a se wh ic h com m a n ds t h e e n t ire g ro up o f

-
,

work s T h is m o un d wa s O pe n ed a n d fo un d to co n t a in a n a l ta r ;
.

s uc h a n a lta r a s is p e c ul ia r to m o un ds de vot e d to r e l ig io us p ur

p o se s Up o n i t we r e a n um b e r o f r e l1c s cl e a rl y p e rta i n in
.
g to t h e
Mo un d b uil de rs I n re fe re n ce t o t h e s e work s S q uie r a n d D a v is
'

-
.

“
sa y : T h a t t h ey we re n o t de s ig n e d fo r de fe n se is Obv io us ; a n d
t h a t t h ey we re de vote d t o re l ig io us r ite s is more t h a n proba bl e .

S im il a r g ro up s a re fre q ue n t I n dee d s m a ll c ircl e s re s e mbl i n g

”
.
,

th e s e h e re re pre se n te d a re b y fa r t h e mo s t n um e ro us cl a ss fo un d
,

in t h e S c io to Va ll e y .

N e xt is t h e Bl a ck wa te r g ro up Th is 13 s it ua t ed o n t h e rig ht .

b a n k o ft h e S c ioto e ig h t m il e s a b o ve Ch ill ic o th e
,
I t 13 espec i .
 289

a ll y re m a rk a bl e fo r it s S i n g ul a r pa ra ll e l s (A a n d B o f t h e pla n ) .

Ea ch o fth e se is 7 5 0 fee t lo n g b y 60 bro a d A g a te wa y O pe n s .

from t h e so uth e rn p a r a ll e l t o t h e e a s t T h ey we re in cl e a re d
.

g ro u n d a n d h a ve b e e n c ult iva t e d f o r t we n ty y e a r s T h e g ro un d .

e mbra c e d i n t h e s e m i c i rc ul a r work s (C an d B ) i s r e duc e d s e ve r a l

-

fe e t b e l o w t h e pl a in o n wh ic h t h e y a r e l o c a t e d Th e re s e m .

bl a n ce be twe e n t h is g ro up a n d t h e o n e j ust de scr ibe d will b e

n ot ic e d 1 Th e g ro up is a rra n g e d i n a n i rre ul a r c i rcl e 2
. .
g . .

T h e re a re thre e cre s
c e nts ih t h e g ro up e a ch ,

o f th em ope n in g i nto
t h e c e n tra l s pa c e 3 . .

Th e re is a s m a ll c ircl e
wit h a ditc h a n d m o un d
e n clo se d t h e us ua l s un
,

symb o l o f t h is re g io n .

4 . A co n i c a l b ur ia l
mo un d is fo un d n e a r
o n e o ft h e cres c e n t s 5 . .

Th e loc a t io n o f t h e
g ro up i s q u it e s i m il a r

to t h a t o f t h e J un ctio n
g ro up b e in
, g i n a h ig h

pl a c e a bove t h e r ive r ,

t h is o n e b e in g s o m e t wo
or t h re e m ile s fro m
Hope t o n t h e J un ct io n
,

g ro up b e i n g t w o m il es

s o ut h we s t O f Ch ill ico

th e . Both o f t h e m o c
c upy t h e th ir d te rra c e

a n d ov e rl o ok t h e ot h e r

work s in t h e v ic in ity .

A n oth e r pl a c e wh e re
t h e cre sc e n t 3h a P d e
Fi 1 —B l kw tg . G up
6. ac a er ro .

wa ll is fo un d is in t h e
to wnsh ip o f S ea l P ik e Co unty Th e l a rg e work a n d t h e sm a ll
, .

c ircl e s wo ul d a ttra ct e s pe c ia l a tte n tio n Th e l a rg e r e n clos ures

.
.

s it ua t e d o n t h e t e rra c e a bov e t h e b o tt o m l a n d c o n s is t o f t h e ,

us ua l fi g ure s t h e s q ua re a n d c ircl e t h e s q ua re m e a s ur in g 800

,

fe e t a n d t h e Ci rcl e 1 0 5 0 fee t t h e co n n e ct io n b y pa ra ll e l wa ll s 4 7 5
, , ,

fe e t . I n t h e s m a ll works we h a ve t h e sq ua re t h e c ircl e t h e , ,

e ll ip se s e pa ra t e a n d i n c o m b i n a t 1o n a n d t h e cre s c e n t a ll o f
, , , ,

th e m a rra n g e d a s us ua l a ro und a n O pe n s pa c e From t h e sm a ll .

c ircl e (D ) a wa ll l ea ds o ff a l o n g t h e bro w o f t h e te rra ce It is .

proba bl e th a t a t t h e O t h e r e n d o f th is wa ll th e re wa s a n o t h e r
s m a ll c i rcl e wh ic h h a s b ee n de s troy e d b y t h wa s t in g o f t h e e.

ba n k Th e r ive r n o w r un s a t a dista n c e b ut it se e m s to h a ve
.
,
 241

Th e re a re va rio us cre s ce n t S h a pe d wa ll s n e a r ce rta in fort s in

-
,

S o ut h e r n O h io wh ic h we t a k e t o b e sym b o l ic a n d im a g in e t h a t
, ,

t h e re was a prote ctive po we r in t h e sym bol A n ill us tra t io n o f

’

th is is fo un d a t Ma s s ie s Cre e k se ve n m ile s fro m X e n ia T h e re

’
. .

we fin d a wa ll o f s t o n e s urro un din g a n i n cl o s ure Th is wa ll .

,

n e a r t h e g a t e wa y is t e n f e e t h ig h
, wit h t h irty fe e t ba se J ust
, .

o uts ide t h e g a te wa ys a re t h e s to n e mo un ds so s it ua te d a s to ,

g u a r d t h e e n tra nc e s o u t s id e t h e s to ne m o un ds a re f o u r s h ort ,

cre sce n t sh a pe d sto n e wa ll s ea c h a bo ut t h re e fee t in h e ig h t t h e

-
, ,

fo ur m a k in g a n o ut work t o t h e fo rt o n t h e s ide t o wa r d t h e ,

h ig h l a n ds O ur c o nje ct ure is th a t t h e se we re i n t h e S h a pe o f
.

cre sce n ts as t h e wa ll s a t Fort A n c ie n t we re in t h e s h a pe o f se r

,

—
p e n ts t h e S upe rst it io n b e in g t h a t t h e symbol itse l fwa s a s o urce
,

O f sa f e ty T h e re a re se ve r a l ot h e r forts wh ich h a ve cres ce nt

.

s h a p e d e n tra n c e s o n e b e in g a t B o ur ne v ill e a re g io n wh e re t h e
, ,

s un wors h ip e rs dwe lt a n d h a d n um e ro us v ill a g e s .

A n ot h e r ev ide n c e is to b e fo un d in t h e m a ny cre s c e n t S h a pe d -

wa l ls n e a r s q ua re e n clos ure s wh o se use is un k n o wn e xc e pt a s

, ,

sy mbol s o ft h e mo o n Th e re a re t h re e s uc h wa ll s ne a r a s q ua re
.

e n cl o s ure j us t O ppo s it e t h e s to n e f
,
ort o n Ma ss ie s Cre e k e vi ’
,

de n t ly co n ne cte d with t h a t fort ) “

T h e re a re cres c e n t sh a pe d wa ll s a l so wit h in t h e e ncl o s ure s a t
-

Ma r ie t ta a s we ll a s a t t h e n e w fort a t Fo rt A n c ie n t ; a l s o a t
,

Libe rt y To wns h ip Th e cresc e nt s h a pe d wa ll n e a r t h e b ird e fligy

.
-
,
‘

i n t h e l a rg e c i rcl e a t N e wa rk is t o b e n ot ic e d , Th ese fra g m e nt .

a ry wa ll s m a y h a v e h a d a pra ct ic a l use a s we ll a s sy mbo lic b ut ,

t h e fa ct t h a t t h e y a re s o fre q ue n tl y a ss oc ia te d wi t h t h e s q ua re
a n d c i rcl e a n d S O pe c ul ia rl y r e l a t e d to t h o s e fi g ure s wo ul d i n
, ,

dic a t e t h a t t h ey we re symbol s o f t h e m oo n It wo ul d se e m .

from t h e s t udy o ft h e e n clo s ure s t h a t t h e se wa ll s m a rk t h e pl a c e

o fre l ig i o us a ss e mbl ies or t h e re s ide n c e s o f t h e pr ie s t s or m e di
c in e m e n a n d th a t t h ey corre s po n d to t h e s we a t h o use or r o
,
-

t unda O f t h e so ut h e rn tr ib es a n d to t h e e st ufa s o f t h e P ue blo s

th o ug h t h e cresce n ts the m se lve s m a y h a v e be e n o n l y t h e s ea ts
o f t h e c h ie f s a n d prom in e n t m e n a s t h e y g a t h e re d a ro un d t h e
sa cre d fire wh ich s e n t u it S p i ra l col um n i n t h e c e n tre o ft h e
, p s
te mpl e wh ich wa s c o n se cra te d to t h e s un
,
.

Th e wo r k n e a r B a in br idg e R o ss Co un ty s it ua te d o n t h e V a l
, ,

ley o f Pa in t Cre e k a fford s a n oth e r o ft h e t h o usa n d va r i o us c o m

,

b ina t io ns It c a n o n l y b e e xpl a in e d in co n n e ct io n wit h t h e

.

s upe rs t it io n o f t h e b uil de r s It c o ul d a ns we r n o g oo d p urpose

.

fo r prote ct io n or s ub se rve a n y use ful p urpo se s uc h a s t h e

, ,

l im its o f fi e l ds or b c un da rie s O f v ill a g es

, .

Th e re is a not h e r po in t to b e co n s ide re d in co n ne ct io n with t h e

e a rt h work s in S o ut h e r n Oh io
-
Ma ny O ft h e m h a ve e xa c t ly t h e
.

sa m e s h a p e wit h t h e re l ic s a n d b a dg e s wh ic h a re t a k e n f rom t h e
G eo A n c t en t Mon um e n ts , pa g e 94. Pla te xxxrv .
 242

mo un ds t h e t wo t o g et h er s h owin g t h a t t h e m o o n c ult m ust

,

h a ve b e e n dom ina n t Amo n g t h e se we m a y m e n t io n tho se

.

cre sc e n t s h a pe d a lta rs in wh ic h t h e s il ve ry m ic a is s upp o s e d to

-
,

h a ve r e fl e cte d t h e l ig ht o f t h e mo o n s uc h a s wa s fo un d a t ,

Mo un d C ity a n d t h e cre s ce nt s h a pe d pa ve m e n t ne a r t h e g re a t
,
-
,

m o un d a t C ircl e vill e both o f wh ic h we re e vide n tl y sy m bol ic

,
.

We re co g n iz e t h e co un te rpa rts to th e se in t h e va r io us m a ce s a n d
b a dg es a n d l e a fs h a pe d re l ic s
-
T h e se m a c es a re fre q ue n tl y
. .
s

cresce n t sh a pe d s om e o f t h e m do ubl e cre s ce n ts Th ey m a y

-
,
.

h a ve be en pla c e d a t t h e h e a ds o f s ta ffs a n d bor n e b y m e dic in e

m e n or prie s ts a t t h e h e a d o f proce ss io n s a t th e i r s a cre d f e a st s ,

b ut t h e y S h o w in th e ir s h a pe th a t t h e re wa s a symbol is m a mo n g
t h e Mo un d b uil de rs i n wh ic h t h e moo n s h a p e d cre s c e n t wa s a
- -

prom i ne n t fi g ure We som e t ime s re co g n iz e in t h e m a c e s t h e

.

s un c ircl e b ut t h e cre s c e n t wa s more c o mm o n

, W h a t is mo st .

s in g ul a r a bo ut t h e e a rt h work s a n d re l ic s is t h a t t h e sa m e S h a pe s ,

a r e rec o n iz e d bot h in t h e a lta r s t h e m s e lve s a n d t h e r e l ic s c o n

g
t a in e d wit h i n th e m .

Hg . 17 —
. A lta r of L af sh a p ed
e -
I m p lem e nts .

We m ay in t h is co nne ct io n th a t a n a lta r wa s fo un d upo n

sa y

t h e Ill in o is r ive r , in Ca ss Co un t y , wh ic h c o n s ist e d O fs e ve ra l l a ye rs

o fl e a f s h a pe d i mpl e m e nt s , wh ic h we r e a lmo st t h e e xa c t co un t e r
-

pa rt O fo n e fo un d in Mo un d C ity , n e a r Ch 1llic o t h e , O h io Th e .

bo dy o n th is a lta r wa s n o t b urn e d Th e re wa s upo n t h e bre a st .

a copp e r pl a t e i n t h e f orm o fa cre s ce n t , s h e ll g o rg e t s , a n d oth e r

re l ic s Dr S nyde r sa ys t h e m o un d g a ve e vide n c e o f a wa te r
.

c ult ; b ut t h e re se mbl a n c e to t h e O h io m o un ds wo ul d s h o w t h a t
it wa s co n n e cte d wit h t h e fire c ult I n re fe re n c e to t h e s h a pe o f
.

t h e se fl in t re l ic s a n d th e ir re l ig io us s ig n ifica nc e , we m a y sa y t h a t
t h e e xplo r in g p a rty le d b y Mr Wa rre n K Mo ore h e a d h a s r e. .

c e n t ly c a m e up o n a re m a rk a bl e fin d wh ic h co n s is t e d O f ,

fl in t re l ic s pl a ce d in a n ova l b e d a t t h e b o tto m o f a n e ll ipt ica l

, ,

m o un d Th e s h a p e o f t h e a lta r a n d m o un d corre s p o n de d, t h o ug h
.

t h e a xis O f t h e s t o n e h e a p t re n de d we s t , wh il e t h e mo un d its e l f
wa s dire ctl y n orth a n d s o ut h Th is fire b e d is sa id to h a ve bee n
.

twe n ty fe e t wide b y t h irty fe e t lo n g , a n d t h e fl in t re l ie s wh ich

co n stit uted t h e pa ve m e n t va rie d fro m t we l ve t o fi fte e n in ch e s in
l e n g th a n d five to e ig h t in c h e s in width , m a k in g t h e pa ve m e n t
s o m e t h in g o ve r a f oo t in de pth Th is find wa s upo n t h e n orth
.

f ork o f Pa i n t Cr e e k ,
i n t h e g ro up o f mo u n d s from w h i c h S q uie r
 “3
a nd D a v is m a ny ye a rs a g o to o k s o m a ny va l ua b le a nd c ur io us
, ,

re l ic s sh o win g th at t h e c fle rin g s wh ich we re plac e d upo n t h e

'

a lta r we r e i n re a l i ty de vote d to t h e m oo n a s we ll as to t h e s un ,

t h e mo un d t h e a lta r a n d t h e re l ic s b e in g comb in e d in s y m b o liz

,

i n g t h e di ffe re n t p h as es o f t h e moo n O ur co n cl us io n is t ha t .

t h e moo n c ult was as prom in e n t a s t h e fire c ult a n d th a t bot h ,

o f t h e s e we r e as s oc ia te d i n t h e m i n ds o f t h e s un wors h ipe s - r .

Th e y g a ve s ig n ifica n ce to t h e a lta rs t h e re l ics a n d t h e e a r t h ,

works o f t h is re g io n Proo fs o f a ll t h is a re g ive n in t h e fa ct

.

th a t o ffe ring s we re pl a ced upo n a lta rs wh ic h we re ve ry ca re full y

c o ns tr uc t e d t h e sh a pe s o f t h e a lta rs pe rh a ps be in g sym b o l ic
, .

Th e fire was l ig h te d un t il t h e o fle r in g s we re co n s um e d
'

S q uie r a n d Da v is s pe a k O ft h is wh e n t h e y des cr ib e t h e mo un ds
i n Mo un d C ity : Mo un d No 1 s h o we d tra ce s o f fire n ea r t h e .

s umm it wh ic h i n cre a s e d un t i l t h e a lta r wa s re a ch e d

,
Th e re l ic s .

fo un d wit h in t h e a lta r va rie d I n o ne th ey co n s is te d o ffra gm e n t s

.

O f pott e ry o rn a m e n t e d v e ry ta s t e f
,
ull y co n ve x :coppe r dis c s a n d ,

a l a ye r o f s i lv e ry m ic a in S h e e t s ove rl a pp in g e a c h ot h e r a n d
, ,

a bo ve t h e l a ye r a q ua nt it y o
f h um a n bo ne s .

Mo un d No 2 co n ta in e d a n a l t a r in t h e sh a pe O f a pa ra lle lo
.

g ra m O f t h e utm o s t re g ul a r ity It m ea s ure d a t t h e b a s e 8x10

.

fe e t a n d a t t h e t o p 4x6 fe e t a n d wa s 1 8 in c h e s h ig h ; dip o f t h e
, ,

ba s in 0 in c h es W it h in t h e ba s in wa s a de po s it o f fin e a sh es
.
,

fra g m e n ts o f potte ry a n d a fe w pe a rl a n d s h e ll be a ds Th is .

m o un d a l s o co nt a in e d a n i ntrude d b uria l fo r a t t h re e fe e t be low ,

t h e s urfa c e t wo s k e l e to ns we re fo un d W ith th ese ske l et o n s .

we re fo un d impl e m e n ts o f sto n e h orn a n d bo ne as follo ws : , ,

S e ve ra l h a n d a xes a n d g o ug es ; be a ut iful c h ip o f h orn st o n e t h e

- -
,

S t z e o f o n e s h a n d ; se v e r a l k n ife h a n dl es m a de o f de e r s h orn ;
’ ’

a n i mpl e m e n t m a de f rom t h e sh o ul de r bl a de o f a b uffa lo a n d a -

,

n otc h e d i ns tr um e n t o f bo n e des ig n e d f o r d is tr ib ut in g pa i n t i n
,

l in es o n t h e fa ces o f t h e wa rriors .

Mo un d No 3 is e g g s h a pe d; m ea s ure d 140 1160 fee t 1 1 fe e t

.
-
,

h ig h ; co n ta in e d fo ur stra ta At t h e ba s e o f t h is m o un d the re
.

wa s a do ubl e a lt a r Th e e n t ire l e n g t h of t h e bottom a lta r was

.

no t f ar f rom 60 fe et ; t h a t o f t h e uppe r wa s 1 5 fee t Th e dip o f .

t h e firs t b a s in wa s 1 8 in c h e s R e l ic s we re fo un d with in t h e
.

s m a ll e r b a s i n It wa s fo un d th a t t h e o n e a lta r h a d b ee n b uilt a n d
.

use d fo r a t ime a n d t h e n a n o t h e r o ne b uilt with in th is b a s in t h e

, ,

proce ss h a ving b e e n re pe a te d three t im es t h e r id g e form in g ,

t h e l a s t a lta r h a vin g a b a s in 8 f e e t s q ua re wh il e t h e firs t a lta r ,

wa s five t im es th a t s iz e or 40 fe e t in dia m e te r Th e re l ics fo und

,
.

in t h is mo un d we r e n um e ro us a n d va l ua bl e Th ey we re a s fo l .

l o ws : A l a rg e n umbe r o f spe a r h ea ds q ua rtz a n d g a rne t ; a n -

,

O b s idia n a rro w po in t a n d oth e r a rr o w h e a ds o f l imp id q ua rt z

-
,
-
.

T h e se h a d b e e n so brok e n b y t h e h ea t th a t o ut o f a b us h e l or ,

t wo o f fra g m e n t s o n l y fo ur S pe c im ens we re re c o ve re d e n t i re l
, y .

Am o ng t h e co ppe r re l ic s we re t h e follo wing : Ta ro co ppe r

 245

CH A PT E R X I I I .

TH E WATE R CULT AND TH E S OL A R CULT .

In o url a st c h a pte r we S p o k e O f t h e diffe re nt sys te m s o f re l ig

io n pre va l e n t a m o n g t h e Mo un d b uil de r s wit h e s p e c ia l re g a r d ,

to th e ir lo c at io n a n d g e o g ra p h ica l dis t rib ut io n We n o t ice d th a t .

th e re we re differe n t syste m s e m bo die d in t h e wo rk s O ft h e diffe r

e nt dis trict s Th e wo rk s o f t h e e ffig y b ui l de rs wh o we re
.
-
,

pro ba bly h un te rs in dic a ted tote m is m ; th o se o ft h e t o m b b uil de rs

,
-

o f t h e pra ir ies wh o we re n o m a ds de n o te d a n im is m ; t h o s e o f
, ,

t h e a lta r b uil de r s O f t h e m iddle dis tr ict wh o we re a g r ic ult uri s t s

-
, ,

e xh ib ite d fire wo r s h ip ; t h e sa cr e d e n cl o s ure s or v i ll a g e s o f t h e

O h io distr ict de n o t e d t h e m oo n c ult We did n o t h o we ve r .
, ,

co m pl e te t h e s t udy O f t h e district s n o r did we e xh a us t a ll t h e ,

sy s te m s pre v a l e n t It re m a in s fo r us to fi n ish t h is ta s k
. .

Th er e s t ill r e m a in to b e c o ns ide re d s e ve ra l o t h e r sys te m s— t h e

wa te r c ult t h e s o l a r c ult a n d t h e be g in n in g s o f im a g e wors h ip
, , .

Th e se fo un d t h e i r e m bo dim e n t in t h e wo r k s a n d re l ics o f t h e
—
th re e district s t h o se o n t h e O h io R ive r t h e mo un ta in district ,

a n d t h e g ul f d s tr ict
i — t h e t o k e n s O f ea c h c ult be in g fo un d in a ll
t h re e districts a n d t h e syste m s h a vin g a ppa re n tly ove rla ppe d o n e
a n oth e r t h ro ug ho ut t h e e n t i r e re g io n We a re to de vote t h e .

pre se n t c h a pte r to t wo o f t h e se syste m s t h e wa te r c ult a n d t h e ,

s o l a r c ult .

Th e se syste m s we re a ssoc ia te d with t h e fire c ult a n d se rpe n t

worsh ip a n d in s om e pl a ce s se e m to h a ve b e en a tt e n de d wit h t h e
,

ph a ll ic sym b o l a n d t h e h um a n tre e fi g ure th e s e symbol s h a vin g ,

b e e n distrib ut e d o ve r t h e m iddl e a n d so uth e r n districts Th ey .

pro ve t h e re l ig io us syste m s o ft h e S o uth e rn Mo und b uil de rs we re -

m uc h m ore e l a b o ra t e a n d h ig h ly de ve l o pe d t h a n t h o se o f t h e
Nor t h e rn Mo un d b uil de rs s ug g est in g th a t t h e S o ut h e rn Mo un d
-
,

b uil de rs be l o n g e d to a difle re nt ra c e o r re ce ive d th e ir re l ig ion

'

fr o m a di ffe re n t s o urc e T h e se syst e m s a re ce rt a in l y more a rti

.

fic ia l more h ig h l y org a n iz e d a n d S h o w more h 1g h 1y de v e lope d

, ,

th o ug h t T h e y m a y h a ve s prun g from n a t ure worsh ip t h e sa m e

.
,

a s t h e n o rt h e r n sy s t e m s a n d b e e n o win g to t h e g ro wt h o f r e l i
, g
io us s e n t im e n t in t h e more pe rm a n e n t a n d a dva n c e d co n diti o n o f
s oc ie t y wh ic h pre va il e d a t t h e s o ut h S t ill t h e re a re s o m a ny.
,

stra n g e sy m b o l s in t h e s e distr icts re se mbl i n g t h o se i n or ie n ta l

,

co un trie s th a t we a re te m pte d to a s cr ibe th e m to co n ta ct with

,

c iv il iz e d ra ces a n d to sa y t h a t th e y a re iden t ica ll y t h e sa m e a s

,
 248

th o se pre va il in g in E uro pe A s ia a n d t h e fa r Ea s t a nd m ust h a ve

, ,

be e n t ra n s m itte d to th is c o un try We do n o t un de rta ke to follo w

.

up t h e ch a n ne l t h ro ug h wh ich t h e y fl o we d n o r to de c ide a s to ,

t h e co un t ry fro m wh ich t h ey c a m e b ut we c a n n o t h e lp t h e
,

c o n victio n t h a t t h ey be a r t h e im press o fsyste m s wh ich a re k n o wn

i n h is toric co un trie s a n d wh ich a ppe a r in t h e e a rl y a g e s in t h o s e
co un tries .

We im a g in e th a t th e re wa s o n ce in t h e fa r Ea s t a sys te m o f
n a t ure wors h ip wh ic h wa s a s r ude a s a nyt h i n g f o un d in Am e r ica ;
t h a t a t th a t ti m e t h e e l e m e n ts O f fire wa te r l i g h tn i n g t h e s un
, , ,

a n d m o o n a n d a ll t h e na t ure po we r s we re wors h ipe d or a t l eas t

, , , . ,

div ine a ttrib ute s as cribe d to th e m We a r e s ure t h a t se rpen t

.

wors h ip a n d tree wors h ip pre va i l e d a n d a ppea re d in t h e Ea s t

, ,

tho ug h we do n o t k n ow e xa ct l y a t wh a t t im e th ey a ppea re d .

Ph a ll i c wors h ip a n d im a g e wors h ip a l s o ca m e in a t a ce rt a in s ta g e
in t h e pro g re s s o ft h o ug ht Th e l a s t se rve d to corr upt a n d de g ra de
.

t h e ot h e r sys t e m s a n d ve ry s oo n pe rv e rt e d t h e m s o t h a t t h e y
, ,

be ca m e s o urce s o f de g ra da t i o n to t h e pe opl e Th e S cript ure s .

co n de m n th e se a n d h isto ry co n firms t h e j ustice o f th e se n

.

te n ce Th e tra dit io n o f t h e se rpe n t in th e S cript ure s m a y b e a n

.

a ll e g ory or a s ta te m e n t o f f a ct b ut th e re is n o do ubt t h a t t h e
,

s e rp e n t wor sh ip wa s a s o urc e o f de g ra da t io n a n d a se n te n c e wa s
pl a ce d upo n it b y e n l ig h te n e d co nsc ie n c e Th e p e rs o n ifica tio n o f
.

t h e n a t ure po we r s did n o t e l e va t e t h e pe opl e fo r wh e n t h e pe r ,

s o n ific a t io n g re w more e l a bo ra te t h e m o ra l pra c t ic e s g re w more

de g ra de d . Wh e n t h e El e us in ia n m yste rie s we re introd uce d into
Eg ypt a n d Gree c e e ve ryth in g be ca m e s ig n ifica n t O ft h e proce sse s
,

O f n a t ure . Na m es we re g iven to t h e n a t ure po we rs a n d myth s ,

we re in ve n te d to e xpl a in t h e or ig in o ft h e na m es ; b ut t h e m yth s
a n d m ys te rie s did n o t sa ve t h e pe opl e f rom de g ra da tio n .

Wh il e t h e do ctrin e o f i mmorta l ity a n d t h e fut ure s ta te wa s

un de rs tood a n d t h e a n t ic ipa t io n was sy mbol iz e d b y na t ure wo r
s h i p ye t cr ue lt i e s we re pra ct ice d a n d de g ra de d r it e s a tt e n de d t h e
,

wors h ip o f t h e e l e m e n ts . Th e p h a ll ic wors h ip a n d fir e wors h ip

we re de vot e d to h um a n sa cri fic es a n d s un worsh ip its e l f was
,

a tt e n de d wit h t h e i mm o l a t io n O f h um a n v i ct im s .

All O f th e se syste m s a re fo un d in A m e rica a n d th e ir sy mbol s ,

a re s c a tt e re dfa r a n d wide . We do n o t k n o w wh eth e r th ey a re to b e

co n n e cte d wit h t h e de cl in e o f re l ig io n i n orie n ta l co un trie s or ,

with t h e pro g re s s o f re l ig io n in Am e r ica fo r t h e y a re cl o se l y

,

co n ne cte d with t h e na t ure worsh ip fro m wh ic h a ll mo ra l dist in c

,

t io n s we re a bse n t S t ill t h e sy mbol s wh ic h in Ea ste rn l a n ds

.
, , ,

a r e s ug g e s t iv e o f de g ra de d p ra ct ic e s a r e t h e v e ry s ymbol s p re v
a le n t h e re . Th ey a re symbo l s wh ich in t h e Ea st be lo n g e d t o ,

t h e s ec re t m ys te ries t h e v e ry m yst e r t e s wh ich we re S O full o f

,

cr ue lt ie s a n d de g ra da tio n s .

We m a in ta in th a t t h e re l ig io n o f t h e Mo un d b uilde rs n o t o n ly -

e m b o die d t h e sa m e e l e m e n t s a s t h o se wh ic h b e ca m e s o st ro n g
 247
“

i n t h e orie n ta l re l ig io ns wh e n a t a c e rta in s ta g e , b ut it S ho ws
h o w th ese e l e m en ts i n te ra cte d Th e fire b e ca m e t h e symbol o f
.

t h e s un a n d co n s um e d t h e o f fe rin g s m a de to t h e s un , an d be c a m e
sa cr e d a s h is se rva n t Th e se rpe n t wa s fre q ue n tl y r e g a rde d
.

a s a div in ity i n s om e wa y a m e n a bl e t o t h e s un , a n d s o s e rp e n t
p ipe s a n d se rpe n t e ffig ies we re co n n e cte d with t h e s un c i rcl e in
t h e sy mbol is m o f t h e Mo u n d -
b uil de rs It is pos sibl e th a t th e re
.

was a ce rta in k in d o f tre e wors h ip; t h e sa m e e l e m e n t o f l ife h a v

*

in g its c h iefe mbo dim e n t in t h e tre e , wh ic h wa s a bl e to s ta n d up

i n its forc e . Th e m o o n c ult a l s o pre va il e d, fo r t h e moo n is a l
wa ys a n a tte n da n t upo n t h e s un W h e th e r t h e re wa s a dist in c
.

t io n o fse x b e twee n t h e s un a n d m oo n is un k n o wn ; b ut t h e sun

circl e a n d t h e moo n cre s ce n t m a y h a ve b e e n ma l e a n d fe m a le .

Th e se th re e type s o f n a ture wors h ip , in wh ich t h e fire t h e .

s e rpe n t a n d t h e s un we r e t h e ch ie f div in it ie s , prob a bl y pre va i l e d

thro ug ho ut t h e Mo un d b uil de rs te rritory, tho ug h th e ir symbo ls
-
'

va rie d with difle re n t loca l itie s We re co g n iz e t h e wa te r c ult,

'

t h e s ol a r c ult , a n d t h e i m a g e wor sh ip , a s difle r e n t p h a se s o f

'

n a t ure wors h ip ; b ut we fin d th a t i n t h e sy mbol s t h e re was a re

m a rk a bl e re se mbl a n c e to t h e s y mbol is m o f oth e r co un tr ie s , a n d
wh e t h e r a bl e or n o t to t ra ce o n e to t h e ot h e r , we a r e s truc k with
t h e th o ug h t t h a t t h e re was a st udie d a n d in te n ti o na l symbo l is m ,
wh ic h r es e mbl e d t h a t o ft h e Druids , in a ll th e i r e a rt h work s Th e .

a lta rs t h e t e mpl e pl a t f
,
orm s , t h e b uria l mo unds , t h e da n ce c ircle s ,
t h e v ill a g e e n clo s ur es , a n d t h e cov e re d wa ys , we re a ll h e re use d
n o t o n ly f o r pra ct ic a l p urpo se s a n d s uch a s wo ul d s ub se rv e t h e
co n ve n ie n c e o f t h e pe opl e l ivin g in t h e v ill a g e s , b ut th ey we re
e s p e c ia ll y de vot e d to re l i g io us p urpo ses a n d co n ta in e d s m
y
b o l s in th e m Th e re l ics a l s o we re symbol ic , a n d m a ny o f
.

u w i h s —
t h e m we re b r ie d t t h e pe rs o n , th e i r ve ry po sitio n in c o n .

n e c t io n with t h e bo die s , h a v i n g a re l ig io us s ig n i fica n c e It wa s .

n o t o n e c ult a lo n e th a t wa s symbol iz e d in t h e s e , f o r s om e o f t h e

b ur ia l mo un d co n ta ne d O e r n g to
s i ff i s t h e s p r t f e dea d t h e
i i o t h —
s ymbol s o f t h e s o ul b e in g pl a c ed in t h e mo ut h ; b ut t h e re we re
oth e r offe rin g s m a de to t h e wa te r , to t h e s un , oth e rs to t h e fire ,
a n d ot h e rs to t h e moo n Th e re l ics pl a c e d upo n t h e a lta r s , t h e
.

orn a m e nts , t h e fl in t dis cs , t h e coppe r cre s ce nts , t h e m ic a

pl a te s th e ca rv e d im a g es a n d t h e potte ry fi g ure s , we re a ll co use
, ,

cra te d to t h e s un , a n d, wh e n pl a ce d a s o fle r in g s upo n t h e a lta r ,

'

bore in t h e ir s ha pe t h e symb o l o f t h e s un , a s m uch a s t h e a lta rs

th e m se lves , or t h e ea rt h works in wh ich th ey we re e n clo se d
-
.

Th e re is n o loca l ity wh e re th is syste m o f s un worsh ip is n o t

s y mbol iz e d . Wha t is more , t h e syste m see m e d to ha ve bro ug ht
in to it s se rv ic e , a n d m a de us e ful , t h e s y mbol s o f t h e prec e din g

‘ Th ls i s t h e e xp la n a ti o n g i ven b
wa s i n t h e t ree. I t m a y b e t h a t 1.
a n d wi ll e xp la i n h o w t ree 1 7
t
i n t h e Ea st we re sy m b o li z ed b y
o r A st a r t e , t h e m oo n g o ddess .
t h e Da k o t a . o r t r ee wo r sh i p. Th e sp ir i t o r li fe
wi ll a c co un t fo r t h e t ree wo rs h i i n t h e Ea s t .
a n d p h a lli c wo rsh i p b ec a m e a u oc ta Th e t wo
e sa c red 87 0 vec c o a c h ed , t h e sy m b o l o f A l b a u h
 249

proce ss io ns wh ich c a n b e compa re d to n ot h in g b e tte r th a n t h e

,

myste r io us pro c e ss io ns o f Dr uid prie sts wh ich o n ce c h a ra cte riz e d

t h e s a cr ifice s to t h e s un a m o n g t h e a n c ie n t work s o f Gre a t Bri t
a in . It h a s be e n e s tim a te d th a t t h e l e n g th o f t h e a ve n ue s or
co ve re d wa ys wa s e ig h t m il e s Th e pa ra ll e l wa ll s m e a s ure a bo ut
.

fo ur fe e t i n h e ig h t a n d t we n ty fe e t b a se a n d we re n o t fa r fro m ,

1 60 f e e t a p a rt It is in t h e m iddl e g ro up th a t we discove r t h e
.

ph a ll ic symbol (see F ig t h e fire c ult t h e cre s c e n t o f t h e

.
,

moo n a n d t h e s un c ircl e I n t h e works upo n t h e we s t ba n k o f

.

t h e S c io to we fin d t h e e ffig y e n clo se d in a c ircl e (se e F ig as .

a S ig n o f a n im a l wor sh ip a n d in t h e co n c e n tr ic c i rcl e s se e F i
, ( g 3 ) .

wit h t h e e n clo se d co n ica l mo un d o n t h e Ke n t uc ky s ide we fin d , ,

t h e s y mbol s O f s un
wo rs h 1p We wo ul d
.

h e re ca ll a tten t io n
to t h e th e orie s re
c e n t ly t h ro wn o ut

b y Mr A L Le wis
. . .

th a t t h e wa te r c ult
wa s comb in ed w1t h
t h e s un c ult a t t h e
g rea t w ork s a t A ve

b ury ; t h e a ve n ues
m a de o f s ta n ding
s to ne s h a v i n g pa s s
e d ove r t h e Ke nn e t

Cree k be fore t h e y Mg 1 —H S h E l u t P t m uth

. . on e oe n c os r e: a or s o .

re a c h e dt h e ( fift h a t
B e ck ha mpto n ; t h e sa me is true a t S ta n to n Dre w a n d a t Mo un t
Murra y in t h e I s l e o f Ma n I n ea ch o fth e se pl a ce s we re co ve re d
,
.

“
a ve n ue s re a c h in g a cro s s m a rs h y g ro un d to wa rds t h e c i rcl e s If .

t h e c ircl e s we re pla ces o f wor s h ip or sa cr i fic e s uc h a ve n ue s c o n ,

n ec t in g th e m wit h r un n in g s tre a m s m a y ha ve h a d s pe c ia l obj e ct

or

Mr Le wis
. I h a ve ne ver a dopte d S t uke ley s s n a ke
sa ys :
'

t h e o ry fo r I co ul d ne ve r se e a ny g re a t re se mbl a n ce to a se rpe n t
, ,

n o r co ul d I s e e a n y th in g v e ry s ug g e s t iv e o fa se rpe n t in t h e a r
ra ng e m e n t o ft h e oth e r c ircl e s S t ill S t uke ley s s ta te m e n ts a bo ut
”
'
.
,

t h e s to ne s o f t h e a ve n ue l ea din g from t h e g re a t c ircl e to wa rd

,

t h e r i ve r a re ve ry pre c ise
,
S t uke l e y sa ys Th e re we re two
.

s e t s o f co n c e n tric c i rcl e s s urro un de d b y a n oth e r c i rcl e wh ic h ,

wa s e n c ircl e d b y a bro a d dee p ditc h o ut s ide O f wh ic h wa s a n, ,

e mb a n km e n t l a rg e e n o ug h f o r a ra il wa y ; t wo a ve n ue s o f s to n e

l e a din g s o uth wes t a n d s o ut h e a st Th e th e ory n o w is t h a t t h ey .

le d a cro ss t h e wa te r o f K e n n e t Cre e k to Be c k h a m pto n a n d to

O ve rto n H ill Th e s o ca ll e d cove s in t h e l a rg e c ircl e s m a rk t h e
.
-

‘ J o n rna l o f A n t h ro po lo g i ca l I n s t lt ut e , F e b rua r y , l89l

 25 0

s it e o fa lta rs . wh e re o n
h uma n sa cr ifice m a y h a ve be e n o ffe re d t o
v m r k h pl c t h ro h w h ic h

”
th e s u n ; b u t t h e a e n u e s a t e a e u g p r o c e s

i o p d i m k i th e i r sa c r i fi c es — a p a ssa g e o v e r w a t e r
s n s a s s e n a n g ,

b e in g e sse n t ia l to t h e ce re mo ny .

T h is is a n e w e xpl a na t io n O f th e se work s b ut i t is o n e wh ich ,

be co m e s ve ry s ig n ifica n t in co n n e cti o n with t h e work s a t Ports '

mo ut h H e re t h e ave n ue s a ppro a c h t h e r ive r in s uc h a wa y a s

.

to S h o w t h a t a ca n o e fe rry wa s use d to cross t h e rive r t h e ce re ,

mo ny be in g m a de more S ig n ifica n t b y th a t m e a ns Th e cove re d .

wa ys to ,
b e s u r e d o n o t r e,
a c h t h e e d g e O f t h e w a t e r b u t t e rm i ,

na e t w it h t h e s e c o n d t e rr a c e l ea v i n g,
t h e bottom l a n d w i t h o u-
t
a yn e a rt h w o rk -
T h i s w . o u l d i n d ic a t e t h a t t h e w or'_
k s a r e v e r y
o ld a
,
n d w e r e i n fa ct b,
u ilt w h e
,
n t h e w a t e r s c o y e r e d t h e bottom
l a n d It m a y b e sa id in t h is co n ne ct io n t h a t a ll t h e cove re d
. , ,

wa ys a re S im il a r to t h e s e ; t h ey e n d a t t h e s e co n d te rra ce a n d ,

we re e vide n t ly b uil t
wh e n t h e floo d
pla in wa s fill e dwith
wa te r A S a ddit io n .

a l e v ide n c e t h a t t h e
work s at P o rts
mo ut h we re de vot
e d t o t h e wa t e r c ul t .

a n d we re s im il a r to

t h os e a t A ve b ury ,

in Gre a t Brita in we ,

wo ul da g a in re fe r t o
t h e c h a r a ct e r O f t h e
wo rk s a t e it h e r e n d
n an-
m m m of th e a ve n ue s.
mm m " m '

W ith o ut in s is t in g
up o n t h e se rp e n t
sy m bol b e i n g e mb o die d in t h e a ve n ue s we t h in k it c a n b e ,

prove n t h a t t h e m o st s trik in g fe a t ures o f t h e work a t Ave b ury

a r e dupl ic a t e d h e r e ; t h e s un s y m bol b e in g e mbo die d in t h e c o n

c e n t r ic c i rcl e s upo n t h e Ke n t ucky side ; t h e ph a ll ic symbol in

t h e h orse s h o e mo un ds up o n t h e O h io s ide (s e e F ig s 1 2 3
-
) a nd .
, ,

t h e a ve n ue s o f s t a n din g s to n e s c o rre sp o n de d to t h e c o v e re d wa y s
wh ic h c o n n e cte d t h e e n clo s ure s o n t h e K e n t uck y s ide with t h a t
o n t h e O h io s ide .

Th e g ro up o n t h e t h i rd t e rra c e is t h e o n e wh ic h is t h e mo st s ig
n ific a n t H e re t h e c ircl e s ur ro un ds t h e h orse sh o e a s t h e c ircl e
.
,

o fs to n e s do e s a t Av e b ury H e re t o o is a n a t ura l e l e va tio n th a t

. . ,

h a s b e e n im prov e d b y a r t a n d m a de to s e rve a re l ig io us pur

,

pose Mr T W K i n n ey s a ys t h is m o un d wh ic h wa s a n a t ura l
. . . .
,

e l e va t io n wa s s e l e cte d a s t h e s it e f o r a c h il dre n s h o us e
’

,
I n ex .

c a va t in g t h e c e ll a r t h e r e wa s dis c o ve r e d a c i rc ul a r a lta r c o mpo se d

O f s t o n e s wh i c h we re s ta n din g cl o se to g e t h e r a n d S h o we d e vi ,
 25 1

den c e o fh ea t Th is a lta r wa s fo ur fe e t b e lo w t h e s urfa ce Le a d

. .

in g from t h e a lta r was a c h a n n e l a bo ut e ig h te e n i n c h e s wide ,

Of
”
compose d o f cla y. wh ich wa s suppo se d to b e des ig ned to ca rry
f t h e bloo d , g ivin g t h e ide a t h a t h um a n sa crifices we re o ffe re d
h e re , a s t h ey we re upo n t h e a lta rs a t Ave b ury S q uie r a n d .

D a v is sa y t h a t t h e hors e s hoes co n s tit ute t h e most S trik in g fea t

-

ure s ; t h e y a re bot h a bo ut t h e s a m e s iz e a n d s h a pe T h e y m e a s .

ur e a bo ut e ig hty fe e t i n l e n g t h a n d s e ve n t y fe e t i n bre a dt h .

E nclos in g th e se in pa rt is a wa ll a bo ut five fe e t h ig h Th e se .

h orse S h o e s m ig h t well b e ca ll e d c o ve s Th e g ro un d wit h in t h e m

-
.

wa s fo rm e rl y pe rfe ctly l e v e l Th ey O pe n o ut to wa r d t h e rive r '

a n d we r e o n t h e e dg e o f t h e t e rra c e , a n d S O we re e l e va t e d a bov e
t h e s urr o u n di n g
co un t ry a n d we re
in pl a in s ig h t N e a r .

th e m wa s a na t ura l
e le v a t io n e ig h t ee n
fee t h ig h , b ut g ra d
ua lly s ub s idin g in t o
a r idg e t o wa r ds t h e
e n cl o se d m o un d A .

full vie w O ft h e e n
t ire g ro up m a y b e
h a d fr o m it s s um
m it . Th e e n clo se d
mo un d wa s t we nty
e ig h t f e e t h ig h b y

o n e h un dre d a n d
t — ‘
s S un Ctr c tc a
t e n fe e t ba s e . I t is . . .

trun ca ted a n d s urro un de d b y a lo w c irc umva ll a tio n A s a ddi .

t io n a l e v ide n c e to th is , we m a y m e n t io n h e re t h e g re a t wo r S
s it ua te d a bo ut a m il e we s t S e e F ig 4
. H e re is a g ro up o f ex
. .

q u i s i t e s y mm e try a n d b ea ut if u l pr o port io ns It c o n s is ts o f a n
.

e mb a n k m e n t o f e a rt h five f e e t h ig h
,
t h irty fe e t b a se , wit h a n ih
,

t e r io r ditc h twe n ty five fe e t a cro s s a n d s ix fe e t de e p

-
E n closed .

is a n a r e a n i n e ty fe e t in dia m e te r ; in t h e c e n t e r O f th is is a
m o un d fo rty fe e t i n dia m e te r a n d e ig h t fe e t h ig h Th e re i s a .

n a rro w g a t e wa y t h ro ug h t h e pa r a pe t , a n d a ca us e wa y ov e r t h e
d itc h l e a din g to t h e e n clo se d m o un d T h is is a re pe t it io n o ft h e
.

c e n t r a l m o un d with its fo ur co n ce n tr ic c ircl e s It is sa id t h a t .

th e re wa s n ea r th is a sq ua re e n cl o s ure re se m bl in g t h e c h unky
y a r d s o f t h e S o u t h a n d th
,
a t t h e g ro u p t a k e n to g e t h e r w as O f a
S o uth e r n type T h e re a re s e ve ra l s m a ll c ircl e s , m ea s urin g from
.

o ne h un dre d a n d fi f ty to t wo h undre d a n d fifty fe e t in dia m ete r ;

a ls o a f e w mo un ds in t h e po s it io n s i n dic a t e d in t h e pl a n
*
.

Mo s t n ot ic e a bl e is a m o und wit h in fo ur c o n c e n t r ic c irc le s pla c ed ,

‘ Mo n n ds li k e t h i sa re c o m m o n i n t h i s d i s t r i c t a n d m a y b e r eg a r ded a s s un sy m
b o ls . S e e t h e c ut o r wo r k s a t Po r ts m o ut h ; a lso o r te rra ce d m o un d i n G re e n up
Co un t y , K e n t uc k y , a n d a t W
i n c h es t e r , I n di a n a .
 25 3

n ea r th e orse sh oe a nd t h a t a fte rwa rds t h e proc e s sio ns pa sse d

h ,

do wn t h e te rra c e thro ug h t h e a ve n ue a cro s s t h e r ive r a se c o n d

, , ,

t im e a n d m o un te d t h e sp ira l pa th wa y to t h e s um m it o f t h e t e r
,

ra c e d m o un d s it ua te d a t t h e e n d o f t h e a ve n ue .

I n re fe re n c e to t h is corra l s o c a ll e d (se e F ig
,
. we m a y sa y
t h a t t h e wa ll s s urro un din g t h e a re a a re ve ry h e a vy a n d a re ,

r a ise d a bo ve t h e a rea e n c l o se d in pl a ce s a s m uc h a s fifty fe e t

, .

Th e y c o n vey t h e
i de a t h a t t h e e u
cl o s ure wa s fo r
h o l d i n g ca pt ive s ,

fo r t h ey re s e m bl e
t h e wa ll s o fa s ta te s
’

p r i s o n r a th e r t h a n

t h o se o fa fo rt b e
i n g l e ve l o n t h e top
a n d m a de a s if de

s i n ed f
g o r a w a l k
fo r se n t ine l s Th e.

pa ra lle l wa ll s or
c o ve re d wa ys o n
ea ch s ide o f t h is
e n clo s ure h a ve a n

e xp la n a t io n fr o m

t h is t h eo ry T h ey .

we re b uilt to t h e
e n d o f t h e te rra c e

a n d we re prob a bl y
in t e n de d to prote ct
t h e se n t ine l s wh o
we re s ta t io n e d a t
t h e e n ds .Th ey
com m a n d e xte n
s ive v ie ws bot h u , p
a n d do wn t h e r ive r ,

a n d we r e co uve
n ie n t pl a c es f rom
wh ic h to wa tc h t h e my .

e ne my a s
,
t h ey
m ig h t a ppro a c h to re l ea s e t h e ca pt ive s . Th e g ro up s upo n t h e
Ke n t ucky s ide a n d t h e e i fig ie s o n t h e S c ioto a re co n n e cte d with
’

th e se h orse s h o e s a n d wit h o n e a n ot h e r b y t h e a ve n ue s Th e
-
.

g r o u p to t h e e a s t is t h e m o s t i n t e r e s t i n g o n a cco un t o f i t s s y m
h o l is m a n d t h e m o s t in te re st in g pa rt o f it is t h e m o un d with t h e
,

s p i ra l pa t h wa
y .

2 . Th e work s a t N e wa rk a re n e xt to b e co n s ide re d T h e se .

“
work s a re de s crib e d in t h e c h a pte r o n s a cre d or vill a g e e n
"

clos ure s b ut we ta k e th e m up h e re in co n ne ct io n wit h t h e wa te r

,
 25 4

c ult Th e mo st re m a rk a bl e fe a ture o fth is e n ti re g ro up o fwork s

.

is t h a t pre se n te d b y t h e va rio us l in es o fpa ra ll e l wa ll s wh ic h ex ,

te n d from o n e e n clo sure to a n oth e r a n d fro m t h e e n cl o s ure s to ,

t h e wa t e r s e dg e T h e re we re five se ts o f pa ra ll e l s : O ne h a s
’
.

b ee n t ra c e d fro m t h e octa g o n we st wa rd fo r a bo ut t wo m il e s ;
a n ot h e r e xte n ds f rom t h e o c ta g o n t o wa rd t h e l a rg e sq ua re fo r
a bo ut a m i l e i n l e n g th ; a t h i r d e xt e n ds f rom t h e octa g o n to t h e
bottom la n d a n d proba bly o n ce re a ch e d t h e wa te r s e dg e ; a fo urt h
-
,
’

e xte n de d f rom t h e c ircl e ca ll e d t h e o ld fort t o t h e sq ua re ; a

fift h e xte n de d from a n i rre g ul a r c i rcl e o n t h e e dg e o f t h e t e r ,

ra ce to t h e bott om l a n d a n d pe rh a ps to t h e wa te r s e dg e
,
-
, , ,
’
.

O n e o f t h e pe c ul ia rit ie s o fth e s e pa ra ll e l s is th a t t h e ro a dwa y ,

in m a n y pl a c e s wa s e l e va te d a bo ve t h e wa ll,
I n t h e n ort h e r n .

a ve n ue t h is e l e va t e d g ra de e xte n ds f o r a q ua rt e r o f a m i l e a n d is ,

bro a d e n o ug h fo r fi fty pe rs o n s t o wa lk a bre as t A sim il a r g ra de .

is fo un d in t h e a ve n ue t h a t l ea ds from t h e l a r g e sq ua re to t h e
i rre g ul a r c i rcl e Th e sa m e is tr ue o ft h e pa ra ll e l l e a din g fr om t h e
.

l a rg e c ircl e do wn t h e te rra ce to t h e S o uth Fork Th e b a n k o f

, , .

t h e t h ir d t e rra c e h e re 2 0 fee t h ig h is c ut do wn a n d g ra de d to a n
, ,

e a s y a s c e nt Th e ro a dwa y is e l e va te d a bo ve t h e wa ll s a n d e x
.
,

te n ds o ut upo n t h e a ll uvia l b o ttom s be yo n d t h e wa ll A s im il a r .

g r a de is co n s tr uct e d a t t h e e xtre m ity o f t h e n ort h e r n wa ll .

T h e re wa s a ro a d e xca va te d in to t h e te rra c e fo r o ne h un dre d

a n d fif ty fe e t b ut t h e e a rt h wa s us e d to form a n e l e va t e d wa y
,

ove r t h e lo w s wa m py g ro und a t th e foot o ft h e te rra ce : Th e se

,

e xca v a t io n s co n s t it ute q uit e a n i m p o s i n g f e a t ure wh e n see n o n

t h e s pot Th e in q ui ry is wh a t wa s t h e obj e ct i n e re ct i n g t h e se
.
,

pa ra ll e l wa ll s a n d m a k in g s uch e l eva te d roa dwa ys with g ra de s

, ,

a t t h e e n ds o f t h e ro a ds l e a din g to t h e b o t to m l a n ds ? Th e wa te r -

is n o w n o t t h e re a n d t h e g ra de s e e m s to b e use l e ss O ne s up .

pos it io n is t h a t a t t h e t im e t h e work s we re e re cte d t h e wa te r

, ,

flo wed ov e r t h e first te rra ce a n d wa sh e d up to t h e foot o f t h e

s e co n d t e rra c e ; a n d t h a t t h e s e g ra de s we r e us e d f o r ca no e la nd
W h y a re t h e roa dwa ys e l e va t e d a n d m a de so broa d ?
W e re th e y de s ig n e d fo r t h e pa ssa g e o f a rm ie s with tro o ps
‘

m a rc h in g a brea st ? W e re t h ey de s ig ne d fo r re l i g io us pro c e s
s io n s wh i c h we re le d f
,
ro m t h e wa te r to t h e sa cre d e n clo s ure s ?
Le t us e xa m in e t h e work s mo e p a rt ic ula rl y S q uie r a n d D a vis
r .

sa y t h a t a n um b e r o f s m a ll c i rcl e s we re f o un d wit h in t h e pa ra l

Mr I sa a c S m uc k e r sa y s t h e t e rra c e wa s d i fee t a b o ve t h e b o t t o m la n d; ve r y fe w
g
‘ .

m o un ds a n d n o wa lls o n t h e b o t t o m la n d s. e t h i n k s o n e se t o f pa ra lle ls m a y h a ve
le d a c ro ss Li c k i n g Cr ee k t o La n ca s te r H e s a y s t h a t fo r m er ly t h e r e wa s a fo r t o n a
h i ll t o t h e we s t o f t h e se wo r k s a fo r t wh i c h c o n t a i n e d
'
.

ft y a c re s , wh o se wa lls fi
we re c o n fo r m e d t o t h e o ut li n e o ft h e h i ll T h i s m a y h a ve b ee n a n o t h e r o f t h e h i ll
.

fo r t s . wh i c h we re used b t h e s un wo rs h i pe r s a s a re ru wh e n t h e i r vi lla g e s we re
a t t a c k ed . y
H e a lso sa y s h a t t h e wo r k s e xt e n de d fr o m e R a c c o o n t o t h e Li c k i n g
a n d c o ve r e d t h la i n Th e o c t a g o n wa s o n t h e b a n k o f o n e s t rea m , t h e i r re g ula r
gp
.

c i rc le a n d g r a d ‘ wa y n ea r t h e fo r k s , a n d t h e pa ra lle l led t o wa r d t h e o t h e r st r ea m .
Th e a i li to r e m a n d t h e fo r t re fe rre d t o we re se ve ra l m i les wes t . H e s pe a k s o f a
r e se r vo r o r a r t i c la l la k e , t wen t y ro ds i n d i a m e t e r a n d a s u r -lo a f m o un d . a b o ut
fi ft ee n fee t h i g h . s i t ua te d o n o n e o f t h e b luffs a lso 0 a cresc e n ea r t h -wo r k a n d la rg e
e n c lo s ure b e t wee n t h e a lli g a t o r m o un d a n d t h e o i d fo r t S ee A m e r i ca n A n t i q ua r ia n .
.

V o l V I I , Pa g e 3
. 49 .
 25 5

le ls — th ey
,
proba bly m a r k t h e s ite o f a n c ie n t c irc ul a r dwe ll in g s .

Ci rcl e s h a v in g dia m e te rs o f o ne h undre d fe e t wit h ditc h e s i n te r ,

i o r to t h e wa ll s a n d e l e v a te d e mb a n km e n ts in te r ior to t h e ditc h
, ,

a re a l s o s e e n a t va r i o us po i n ts a t t h e e n ds a n d a lo n g t h e s ide s o f

t h e cov e re d wa y T h e se c ircl e s with th e i r e n clo se d cre sc e nts

.
, ,

be tra y a co in c ide n c e with t h o se co n n e ct e d wit h t h e s q ua re s a n d

c o ve re d wa ys a t H o pe to n a t H ig h l a n d a n d e l s e wh e re Ma y
, .

th ey n o t h a ve bee n c ircl e s in wh ic h re l ig io us h o use s we re pl a c e d ?

Th e re is o ne c irc um s ta n ce wh ich fa vors t h is s uppo s it no n Mr . .

I sa a c S m uck e r sa ys t h e re wa s a g ro up o f b uria l mo un ds n ea r
t h e o ld fort a ro un d wh ich wa s a p a ve d c i rcl e e ig h t fee t wide
, ,

t h e mo un ds b e i ng clo s e l y co n n e ct e d a t t h e ba se E a ch o ne o f .

t h e m o un ds wa s m a de up o fa s e r ie s o f l a ye rs o f e a rt h a lt e r n a t in g
wit h l a ye rs o fs a n d follo we d b y l a ye rs o f c o bbl e s to n e
,
— t h e cob
b le s to n e s b e in g first pl a c e d o ve r a s tro n g b urn in g I n th e .

mo unds s ix or e ig h t po st h o le s we re dis c o ve re d fill e d wit h sa n d ;

t h e c e n te r pes t e xt e n din g do wn s e ve ra l fe e t Th e co n cl us io n .

wa s t h a t t h e co n ic a l b uil din g s a n d rot un da s h a d b ee n b uilt upo n

,

t h e se mo unds ; a n d t h a t fire s a n d b uria l s or b ur n i n g s h a d ta k e n

pl a c e in t h e rot un da s D iffe re n t h ea rth s or fire b e ds h a d bee n
.

b uilt i n s ide m a k in g diffe re n t occa s io ns o f sa cr ifice Mr I

, . . .

D ill e sa ys : To t h e e as t o f t h e l i ne o f e mba n km e n ts o n th e
s e co n d bottom o f t h e cree k a r e n um e ro us mo un ds
, I n 1 82 8 .
,

wh e n co n s tr uct in g t h e ca n a l a lock wa s b ui lt h e re ,
Fo urt ee n .

h um a n s k e l e to n s we re fo un d fo ur fee t b en e a th t h e s urfa c e s om e ,

o f wh ic h s ee m e d to h a ve b e e n b urn e d O ve r t h e se sk e l e to n s
.
,

ca re fully pl a c e d wa s a l a rg e q ua nt ity o f m ica in s h e e ts a n d in

,

pl a tes ; so m e o f t h e m we re e ig h t a n d t e n in ch es lo n g a n d fo ur
”
,

a n d five i n ch es wide It is sa id th a t fro m fo ur tee n to twe nty

.

b ush e l s o fth is m a te ria l we re th rown o ut .

We a re t o n otice in th is co n ne ct io n t h e va r io us re l ig io us
, ,

wo rks a t N e wa rk 1 T h e e fii g ie s ; t h e re wa s a b ird e f
. . fig y in s ide
t h e o ld fo r t wit h it s a lta r ; a n a ll ig a t o r c fli g y wit h it s a l t a r a t
‘
, , ,

Gra nvill e 2 Th e c ircl e s ; th e re a re c ircl e s inside t h e a ve n ues

. .
,

va rio us c ircle s o n t h e t e rra c e in s ide t h e l a rg e e nclo s ure s ; m a ny

o f t h es e c i rcl e s h a v e cre s c e n t s s h o win g t h a t t h e moo n c ult re
, p
va il e d 3 Th e po n ds a n d wa te r co urs e s ; t h e po n d n ea r t h e o ld
. .
-

fort h a s a pe c ul ia r s h a pe 4 T h e corr a l s.
; t h e. o ld fort w as a g oo d
s pe c i m e n ; it re s e m bl e d t h a t a t Po rt s m o ut h o n t h e K e n t ucky ,

s ide ; t h is h a d t h e ditc h o n t h e in s ide a n d h a d a h i h wa ll wh ich

g ,

g a v e t h e i mpr e ss i o n t h a t it wa s d e s ig ne d to h ol d c a pt iv e s w ith i n
t h e a re a ra t h e r t h a n t o de fe n d t h e a r e a from a n a tta ck from wit h
o ut .
5 T.h e p a ra ll e l w a ll s loc a t e d n e a r t h e fort ; t h e s e w e r e
undo ubte dly fo r t h e tr ia l o f ca pt iv e s wh e re t h e y ra n t h e g a un t ,

le t. 6 Th e n e t work o f wa ll s a n d g a te wa ys ; t h is c a n b e
.

e xpl a in e d o n l y o n t h e s uppo s it io n t h a t e l a b o ra t e c e re mo n ie s we r e

ob se rve d h e re ; t h e wa ll s ca n n o t b e re g a rde d a s g a m e dr ive s ; -

th ey m a y h a ve bee n de s ig ne d fo r prote ct io n o f t h e vill a g e s b ut , ,

 25 7

fe e t in dia m e t e r I t was s uppl ie d b y a riv ul e t wh ic h r un s th ro ug h

.

t h e wa ll , b ut a t pre se n t s i n k s i n to t h e e a r th Th ese we ll s m a y .

h a ve be e n m e re l y fo r t h e co n v e n ie n c e o f t h e v i ll a g e rs , b ut t h e re
a re so m a ny pl a c e s wh e r e h o t h o use s or as se mb ly ho use s we re
pl a c e d n ea r po n ds o f wa te r or strea m s or S prin g s, we co n cl ude
t h a t wa te r se rve d a n importa n t pa rt in t h e re l ig io us ce re m o n ies .

Th ese e n clo s ure s o n Pa in t Cre e k co n ta in mo un ds or sa cr ific ia l

pl a ces , wh ich se e m to b e co n n e cte d wit h t h e po n ds Atwa te r .

s p e a k s o f o n e cov e re d wit h s to n e s a n d p e bbl e s H e s a y s t h is .

mo un d was full o f h uma n bo n e s S o m e h a ve e xpre sse d t h e b e

.

l ie f th a t o u it h um a n b e in g s we re o n ce s a c r ific e d N ea r t h 1s .

wa s a n e ll ipt ica l mo un d, b uilt in t wo s ta g e s o n e e ig h t fe e t h ig h , ,

t h e o th e r fi f t e e n fee t O n t h e oth e r s ide o f t h e l a rg e mo un d wa s

.

a wor k in t h e for m o f a h a lf moo n s e t r o un d t h e e d e s with

”
g ,

s to n e s a n d n e a r t h is a s in g ul a r
,

mo un d, five fe e t h ig h a n d t h irty
fe e t i n dia m e te r, a n d compo se d M n a -m it a n .

e n t i r e l y o f r e d oc h re a n a b un d
,

a n c e o f wh ic h i s f o un d o n a h ill
n ea r by Th e s m a ll c i rc ul a r
.

e n clo s ure op e n s i n t o a l a r g e a re a

a n d co n n e cts with it b y a g a t e
wa y I n s ide t h e c ircl e i s a l e s se r
.

c irc le , s ix rods i n dia m e te r .

It s ee m s proba bl e t h a t t h is c ir
c le m a rk s t h e s ite o f t h e r o t un da

a n d t h a t t h e wh o l e e n cl o s ure wa s
F ig 7 —S a er ed En c los ur e n e a r A n der son
us e d fo r s a cre d p urpo se s , t h e
. . .

la r g e r e n clos ure be in g t h e pl a c e wh e re t h e im po s in g r e l ig io us
ce re mo n ie s we re ob se rv e d Atwa te r S pe a k s e spe c ia ll y o f t h e
.

we ll s , o ne o f th e m b e in g i n s ide o ft h e e n clo s ure n ea r t h e mo un d, ,

a n d oth e rs o ut s ide t h e wa ll s It wo ul d s ee m from t h e pro xim ity

.

o ft h e we ll s to t h e mo un ds t h a t t h e re we re h e r e t h e wa t e r c ult t h e ,

fire c ult, t h e moo n c ult co m b in e d a n d t h e c o m pl ica t e d s ys te m

,

o f r e l ig io n i n wh ich t h e pr ie s ts h a d g re a t po we r S e e F ig 6
*
. . .

A n oth e r loc a l ity wh e re t h e wa te r c ult i s a ppa re n t is o n t h e

W h ite R ive r in I n dia n a H e re i n o n e pl a c e is a sq ua r e e n clo s
, .
, ,

ure wit h a dia m e te r o f i 3 20 a n d 1 0 80 f e e t wh ic h h a s a mo un d ,

i n t h e c e n te r n ine fe e t h ig h a n d o n e h un dre d fe e t i n dia m e te r .

T h is is o n t h e fa ir g ro un ds a t W in c h este r N ea r A n de rso n o n .
,

t h e b a n k s o f t h e W h ite R ive r t h e re is a g ro up o f s m a ll e n clo s

,

ure s .O ne o f th e s e h a s a co n str icte d e ll ipt ica l e mba n k m e n t o n e

h un dre d a n d fi f t y fe e t i n dia m e te r A n oth e r h a s a l e n g t h o ft wo
.

h un dre d a n d n ine t y s ix fe e t a n d a widt h o ft wo h un dre d a n d fi fty

-

fee t — t h e wa ll b e i n g t h i rty five fee t a t b a se a n d fo ur fe e t h ig h ;

,
-

ditc h e ig h t fe e t wide with a g a te wa y wh ich is prote ct e d b y t wo

, ,

‘ A n c i en t Wo r k s o n Pa i n t Creek .
 25 8

s ma ll mo un ds On t h e sa m e sec t io n is a g ro up c o nta inin fo ur

.

c i rcl e s t wo e ll ipse s a n d a te rra ce d m o un d Th e e mba n m e n t

, ,
.

o f o n e a t t h e bas e is fif ty fee t wide a n d n ine fee t h ig h ; t h e ditc h

is five fe e t wide t e n an d o n e h a l f fee t dee p
,
Th e ce n t ra l a re a is
.

13 0 f e e t in dia m e te r a n d co n ta i ns a mo un d f
,
o ur f ee t h i h a n d
g
3 0 fe e t i n di a m e t e r T h e g a t e .

wa y is 3 0 f e e t wide Ca rria g es .

m a y driv e in t h ro ug h t h e g a te
wa y a n d a ro un d t h e mo un d
o n t h e te r ra c e a n d h a v e roo m ,

to spa re Th e g ro up is a n in .

t e r e st in g o n e a n d wa s e v ide n t ,

ly de s ig ne d to b e sy mbol ic .

Oth e r ea rth works s im i la r to -

th is a re fo und n ea r Ca m bridg e ,

in Wa yn e Co un ty H e re t h e re .

a r e t wo c ircl e s with e m ba n k ,

m e n ts fo ur f ee t h ig h a n d wi de ,

e n o ug h o n t h e top to a llo w
“U W e mu
J -“ WM“R ‘W
"
t wo ca rr ia g e s to pa s s ea ch
0"

o th e r . Th e ditc h is o n t h e in s ide o f t h e e m ba n k m e n t a n d ,

with in t h e ditc h is a c i rc ula r l e ve l a rea with a c a use wa y

, ,

l ea din g a cro ss t h e ditc h t h ro ug h t h e g a te wa y Th e se a re s it u .

a te d o n t h e ba n k o f t h e W h ite wa te r R iv e r A pas sa g e way .

-

l e a ds fro m t h e bl uff to t h e wa te r s e dg e e q ua ll y dista n t fro m

’

b oth c ircl e s .

Th e se c ircl e s se e m to b e a ll re l ig io us symbol s t h e e nclo sure ,

with t h e c i r c ul a r mo un d a n d
ditc h a n d pa s s a g e wa y a cro s s t h e
,

ditc h be in g s ymbol ic o f t h e s un
, ,

t h e co n strict e d e ll ipse s be in g s
symbol wh ic h re se m bl e s t h e
ba n n e r sto n es Th e g ra de d wa ys
.

from t h e s e s m a ll e n clo s ure s to

t h e wa te r s e dg e s h o w t h a t wit h
’

t h e s ol a r c ult t h e wa te r c ult wa s
h e re a s s oc ia te d .

Th e re a r e se ve ra l str ucture s
de vote d to t h e wa te r c ult o n t h e
Ka n a wh a R ive r in We st V irg in m — 0 1 u d 3 “w M
. W A
9 Wrc N “ an
,

ia a n d o n t h e Wa te re e R ive r in
, ,

N o rth C a ro l i na T h ese re se mbl e t h e e a rt h work s in S o uth e rn

.
-

O h io Th e ir pe c ul ia ritie s a re th a t t h ey a re c i rc ul a r e n clo s ure s

.
,

h a ve un iform m e a s ure m e n t o f 660 fe e t i n c irc um fe re n c e h a ve a ,

ditc h o n t h e in s ide a n d a mo un d o n t h e in s ide o f t h e ditch .

S e ve ra l o f t h e c ircl e s h a v e a tr un ca te d mo un d s it ua te d o uts ide

o f t h e g a te wa y a n d g ua rdin g t h e e n tra n c e co n v e y in g t h e ide a ,

t h a t th e re m a y h a ve be e n a rot un da o n t h e s umm it a n d an ,
 25 9

a ss e mbly pla ce or co un c il ho use in side t h e c ircl e Th e re is n ea r .

o n e o f th e se c i rcl e s a g ra d e d wa y wh ich l e a ds from t h e en clos ure

thro ug h t h e te rra c e down to t h e bottom l a n d o f th e Ka na wh a
R ive r a fe a t ure wh ich is n ot ice a bl e in th e O h io mo un d s a n d was
, ,

th e re as cribed to t h e wa te r c ult O ne o f th ese mo unds was e x .

p lo r ed a n d fo u n d to co n ta i n a n a lta r Exa ctly l ik e t h e a lta rs i n

Oh io It wa s cove red wit h c h a rre d h um a n bo ne s The re we re
. .

in t h e sa m e mo und a t diffe re n t de pth s s ke l e to n s ; o n e re c um

, ,

be n t t wo in s ittin g po st ure Th e a l ta r was a t t h e bott om th is

,
.
,

s ho win g t h a t t h e a n c ie n t ra c e was t h e sa m e a s t h e s un wor s h ip

F la 10.—&m
. M ia a nd Gr a ded Wa y on th e K a n a wh a R i ver .

e rs o f O h io
But it wa s follo we d b y o th e rs , wh o b uilt mo un ds ,
.

b ut did n o t b uil d a lta rs .

5. T h e s a m e l e s s o n is co n v e ye d b y t h e g ra d e d w a s
y , w h i ch h a v e
be e n dis cove re d in t h e S o uth e rn S ta te s , a n d wh ich , a ccord in g to
S q uie r a n d D a v is , a re q uit e n um e ro us D e s cr ipt io ns ha ve be en
.

g i v en o f t h es e b y M r B a rtr
. a m a n d h is e x pl
,
a n a t io n o f t h e m w a s
t h a t th ey h a d be e n us e d fo r a v e n ue s wh ic h co n n e cte d t h e e s t ufa s
with t h e a rtific ia l po n ds us e d fo r ba th in g Th ey a re ca ll e d sa va n
.

h a h s , as th ey a r e n o w m e a do ws , b ut t h ey we re o n c e un do ubte dl
y
fill ed with wa te r a nd a re a rt i fic ia l Th e mo un ds we re prob a bl y
.

fo un d a t io n s fo r rot un d as .

Mr H S H a lbe rt h a s des cribe d a n oth e r mo un d sit ua te d in

. . .

W insto n Co unty, Mississ ippi H e re was a mo un d a bo ut fo rty

.

fee t h ig h with a s e m ic i rc ul a r ra mpa rt s urr o un din g it A roa d .

wa y le d from th is mo und to wa rds t h e cre e k , b ut e n de d in t h e

 26 1

to g e th e r t h e cl a n s s ca tte red a lo n g e a ch rive r b ut it exte n de d ,

a lso f rom rive r to rive r a n d bro ug h t tog e th e r t h e pe opl e o f t h e

,

e n t i re dis tr ict in t o o n e g r a n d co n fe de ra c
y Th is co n fe de r a cy .

e xt e n d e d from t h e W h ite R ive r in I n dia na to t h e Musk in g um , , ,

in O h io a n d m a y h a ve e mbra ce d a ll t h e co un try be twee n t h e

,

Wa ba sh a n d t h e Alle g h a n y R ive rs Th e re a re a l s o s om e evi .

de uc e s t h a t it e xte n de d from K e n t uc ky in to We s t V ir g i n ia a n d ,

th a t t h e work s upo n t h e K e na wh a R ive r a n d t h e Lick in g R ive r

be lo n g e d to t h e sa me syst e m .

Th e a lta r m o un ds des cr ib e d i n t h e c uts (F ig s I t t o 1 4) c o n .

ta i n n o re l ics Th e first .

o n e c o n ta i n e d fra g m e n t s
o fpott e ry ; t h e se co n d a

m a ss o f l im e a n d fra g
m e n ts o fca lc ine d s h e ll s .

Ma y it no t be
t h a t pott e ry
ve ss e l s we re
o ffe re d in o ne
3—A lt M u k a n d i n s cr ib e d
Fi a 1 . ar o nf ‘

s h e ll g or g e t s i n t h e o th e r t h e fir e h a v in r duc d t h to h
, g e e e s e a s e s .

Th e ot h e r mo un ds in t h is e n cl o s ure co n ta in e d a lta rs o n wh ich

o ffe rin g s o f co stly a n d h ig h ly wro ug h t re l ics h a d be e n pl a c e d
t wo h un dre d p ipe s o n o n e l a rg e q ua n t it ie s o f a l e n a t h i rt
,
g y ,

po un ds in a ll o n a n o th e r ob s idia n a rro ws a n d pea rl b ea ds o n

, ,

a n ot h e r coppe r g ra ve rs a n d o r
,

n a m e n ts m a de o f c o pp e r a n d c o y

e re d wit h s ilv e r o n a n ot h e r Th e .

m ica cre sc e n t de p icte d i n F ig 1 5 .

wa s a t t h e botto m o f t h e l a rg e s t
n o I t —A lt i R li ef ar n e
m o un d o n e wh ic h ove rloo k e d t h e o
. .

wh ol e g r o up Th e c re sc e n t was s h e lv i n g it s o ute r e dg e b e in g
.
,

ra is e d a fe w inc h e s a bove t h e in n e r e dg e b ut t h e re wa s n o a lta r

”
,

i n t h e m o un d a n d n o ot h e r re l ic s Th e lo ca t 1o n o f t h e g ro up.

o f mo un ds is t o b e n o t ic e d h e re
“
Mo un d Cit y is oppo s ite t h e
.

‘ Th e desc r i p t i o n o f t h e m o un ds c o n t a i n i n g t h e a lt a r s i s g i ve n in a n o t h er c h
te r Th e a lt a rs r e w
r e s e n t e d i n c ut s i i a n d 12 ere fo un d i n m o un ds N xo o s . 2 a n d 4. g
p
p
. .

8 c o n t a i n e d a do u w
i s a lt a r . Th i s a lt a r s h o e d m a r k s o f i n t e n se h ea t . Th e re li c s
wh i c h h a d b ee n o ffe r e d we r e va r i ed; a r r o w i n t s o f o b s i d ia n , o f li m i d q ua rt s , o f
c o p pe r g r a ve rs o r c h i se ls , c o pe r t ub e s a n ca r ve d p i pes . I n m o un No . 8 wa s a n
a lt a r so m e wh a t r ese m b li p
t a ; i n Mo un d No . 2 T h n t h i s a lt a r wa s ve r y
g gz
po s i t o
gg
.

e xte n s i ve ; soo p i pe s ca r v i n sto n e, l a n d s h e ll e s , di sc s a n d t ub e s m a de o f

c o p pe r , c o p pe r o r n a m e n t s c o ve r ed w t h s i lve r Ma sse s o f c o p r we r e fo un d fuse d
.

to t h e r i n t h e c e n te r o f t h e b a s i n Th e p l s we re i n fra g m e n
. Th e y re rese n te d
a n m a ls , s uc h a s t h e o t t e r , h e ro n , ns h , h a w wi t h b ut! i n i t s t a lo n s , pa n t o r , b ea r ,
wo lf, b ea ve r , ui rr e l ra c c oo n , c ro w. s wa li o w, b uz u r t a r o q ue to uc a n t ur t le , fro g ,
t o a d, ra t t les n a e a n da n um b e r o f sc ulpt ur ed h um a n ea d s g
c un d o 7 wa s t h e
. fi N .

o n e wh i c h c o n ta in e d t h e cresc e n t , F i g . 18 I t wa s t h e la rg es t a n d h i g h es t o f t h e
.

u d m m d d vi w f t h ti re u I t c o n t a i n e d n o a lt a r , m e re ly a
g p
g r o p . a n c o a n e a e o e e n ro .

c la y floo r . b ut t h e c resc e n t wa s s h e lvi n g or d s h -s a ped; t h e o ut e r ed r es t e d o n a n

e le va t i o n o f sa n d, s i x i n c h e s in h e i g h t . T h e m i ca c resc e n t wa s t h e c le f fea t ure o f
t h e m o un d. t h o ug h t h e ea r t h o f t h e m o un d wa s i n c r edi b ly c o m pa c t . Mo un d No . 9
c o n ta i n e d a n a lt a r a n d a la y e r o f c h a rc oa l I n t h e a lt a r we re i n s t r um e n t s o f o b si d
.

ia n , scro lls o f m i c a t ra c es o f c lo t h , i vo ry a n d b o n e n eedles, pea r l b ea ds. Th e a r t i c les

c o n ta i n ed i n t h e a i la rs s h o w a n e xt e n s i ve a b o r ig i n a l t r a d e a s we ll a s a n a dva n ced
st a s o f a rt Th e sy m b o li s m c o n t a i n ed i n t h e a lta r s p ro ve t h a t t h e o ner i n we re
i
.

S ee c h a p t e r o n A lt a rs a n d A s h -p i ts ; see a lso
s th
s e o e sun a n d m oo n re o f
g
.

o un o y.
 262

en cl o s ure a t H o pe to n a n d nea rly op posite t h e s q ua re e n clo s ure

a t Ce da r B a n k Th e cove re d wa y a t Hope to n l e a ds to wa r d
.

Mound City Ma y it n o t b e th a t th is wa s t h e wa y thro ug h wh ich

”
.

process io n s pa sse d o n t h e occa s io ns whe n th e an n ua l b uria l fea st

“
or g rea t b urn in g too k pl a ce Th e pa ssa g e a cross t h e rive r b y
a f e r ry to t h e pl a ce o f b ur n i n g wo ul d r es e mbl e t h e E g y pt ia n
c ustom a n d wo ul d fulfil th e p ict ure wh ic h V i rg il h as dra wn o f
,

Ch a ro n cro ss ing t h e r iv e r S ty x wit h t h e s o ul s o f t h e de a d *

.

Le t us ta k e up t h e work s i n de ta i l a n d se e t h e sy mbol is m ,

co n ta in ed in th e m We n ot ice t h a t th e re a re trun ca te d py ra m ids

.

or pl a t form s in th is district g e ne ra ll y ins ide o fs q ua re e n clo s ures

, ,

tha t th ey we re orie nta te d a n d h a d in cl in e d pa s sa g e wa ys to th e ir -

s umm i ts We n ot ice a l s o th a t t h e re we re e ll ipt ica l a n d co n ica l

.

mo unds ins ide o f t h e c irc ul a r e n clos ures m a ny o f th e m s ur ,

ro un de d b y pa ve m e n ts in t h e
form o fe ll ip se s a n d cre s c e n ts We .

a l s o n ot i c e th a t t h ese l a rg e e n

clos ure s a re a lwa ys c o nnec t edb y

pa rall e l wa ll s or cove re d wa ys
with t h e cl us te rs o fs m a ll c i rcl es
a n d cres c e n ts ; th a t t h e a lta r

m 15 — a m
. P vm t
. rmo unds a re g e ne ra lly s urro unde d
a e en .

b y c irc ul ar wa ll s ; t h a t e ve n l o o k o ut m o un ds a re ins ide o f c ircl es .

We n otice furth e r tha t th e re a re te rra ce d mo un ds with sp ir a l

p a t h w a y s o n th e i r s ides a nd m a n y o f t h es e h a v e di tc h e s an d
,

c ircl e s s urr o un din g th e m s o m e o f t h e m h a ve s e ve ra l co n c ent r ic

,

c ircl es We n ot ice a l so tha t s om e o f t h e e n clo s ures a re in t h e

.

s h a pe o f co n s tr icte d e ll ips e s o th e rs h a ve tria n g ul a r g a t e wa ys

, ,

oth e rs comb ine th e sq ua re a n d c i rcl e in o n e We n oti ce a lso .

th a t t h e a lta rs a re ca re fully b uilt in t h e for m o fc ircl e s a n d s qua res .

We co n cl ude t h a t a compl ica t e dsyst e m o fsy mbo l is m preva i l ed ,

a sym bo l is m de vot e d to s un wors h ip We n oti c e furt h e r th a t .

t h e re l i cs a re s y mbol ic t h a t wh i l e m a n y o ft h e p ipe s we re ca rved

,

in t h e s h a pe o f a n im a l s a n d se rpe n ts s om e o f t h e t a bl e ts we re ,

in scribe d with h um a n t ree fi g ure s Th e m ica pla te s a n d coppe r .

o rn a m en ts a n d oth e r m et a ll ic re l ics we re in t h e s h a pe o fcres ce nts ,

c ircl es a n d s croll s S o m e o f th e m h a d t h e s ua s t ika in sc ribe d

.

upo n t h e m a m in g l e d sy mbol is m be in g a ppa re n t in t h e re l i cs

, .

We n otice st ill furt h e r t h e re se mbl a n c e b e twe e n t h e e a rt h works -

a n d t h e re l ic s a n im a l fi g ure s b e in g f
,
o un d in s om e o f t h e m a s ,

in t h e p ipe s b ut cre s ce n ts c i rcl e s a n d s ca 110 pe d fi g ure s i n t h e

, ,

e a r th work s a s we ll a s i n t h e ta bl e ts a n d m e ta ll ic r e l ic s
-
Wh il e .

t h e s ua s t i ka h a s n o t b ee n re c o g n ize d in a n e a rt h work t h e cross -

,

h as bee n Th e se rpe n t a n d t h e b i rd e ffig y a re we ll k n o wn b ut

.
,

th e se re m in d us o f t h e fig ures o n t h e i n s crib e d s h e ll g org e ts so

‘ H S
. . Ha lb
e r t spea k s o f a n a n c i e n t r oa d w
h i c h cr osses t h e To m b i g b ee, c o nn ec t
i n g t h e os m e t s o n Li ne Cre ek i n i ss i ss i p a nd M ’
M
o un d b ui lder s se t t le m en ts i n
-

A la b a m a . Th e a b i t o f cro ss i n g s t r ea m s W1 t h e b o di es o f t h e dea d i s a n o ld o n e ,
and w a s c om m o n a m o n g t h e Eg y pt ia n s a n d o t h er Ea s t e rn n a t i o n s.
 263

c ommo n in t h e S o uth t h e e ll ipt ical e n clos ure in t h e bo dy o fth e

.

s e rpe n t r e s e mbl i n g t h e sa m e fi g ure o n t h e ins cr ib e d s h e ll s .

Th e e a rth works o f O h io we re de sig ne d to prot e ct t h e vil

-

la g e s wh ich we re so n um e ro us th e re b ut th ey we re v ill a g es
, ,

wh ic h we re pe r va de d b y s un worsh ip Th e pe opl e dwe ll in g .

wit h i n th e m we re s urro un de d b y t h e symbol s o f t h e s un a n d

follo we d a ll t h e proc es se s o f v ill a g e l i fe un de r t h e co n trol o fth is
lum i na ry . Th ey we n t to t h e fie l ds to t h e da n ce g ro un ds to t h e
, ,

pl a ces o f a sse mbly to t h e po n ds a n d strea m s a n d s prin g s un de r

,

i t s prote ct i o n a n d e v e n pl a c e d th e ir dea d in g ra ve s or upo n a lta rs

,

wh ich we re symbol ic o f t h e s un Wh e n t h ey co n d uc te d wa r .
,

t h ey bro ug ht ba c k th e i r ca pt i ves k e pt th e m fo r a ti me i n e n clo s

,

ure s c o n se c ra te d to t h e s un a n d a f , t e rwa rd s i mmol a te d th e m as

victi m s a n d pe rh a ps prese n te d t h e i r bo dies or h ea rts a s o ffe rin g s
to t h e s un m a kin g t h e re ma rka bl e te rrace d mo un ds t h e pla ce
,

wh e r e t h is c h ie f rit e was c e l e b ra te d Th e pl a tform mo un ds m a y

.

ha ve be en fo un da t ions fo r te mpl e s ; th ey we re ho we ve r te mpl e s , ,

wh ich we re de po sitories fo r th e bod ies o fth e ir e m i n e n t m e n ra th e r ,

t h a n a sse mbl y pl a c e s a n d we re a ppro a c h ed b y g rea t a n d sol e m n

,

process ions th e g ra de d a nd cove re d wa ys h a ving b ee n b uilt fo r

,

t h e e xp re ss p urpo se o fa ccommod a t ing th ese c e re mo n ie s Th e re .

wa s n oth in g l ik e t h is a mo n g t h e a borig in e s o f t h e North or o f

t h e S o ut h tho ug h we i ma g i n e t h a t if we s ub s tit ute d s to n e m o n
,

um e n t s fo r t h e ea rth work s t h a t t h e Dr uidic syste m wh ich pre

-

va i l e d in Grea t Brita i n wo uld fit t h e fra m e a n d m a ke t h e t wo

p ict u re s v e ry s i m i l a r . T h e re w a s n o l iv i n g ra c e i n Am e r i c a
t h a t h a d a n y s uch sy mbol is m or c ustom s Th e n e a re st a ppro a ch
.

t o it wo ul d b e t h e co n fe de ra c ies o f t h e S o uth t h a t we re in t h e ,

m ids t o f t h e pyra m id s an d wh o occ up ie d th e m tho ug h th ey

, ,

m a y n o t h a ve b ui lt th e m .

Th e sim il a r ity be t we e n t h e sy mbo l is m o f t h e O h io Mo un d

b uil de rs a n d th a t o f t h e sto n e g ra ve pe opl e wi ll b e se e n from an
e xa m in a t io n o f t h e c uts S ee Pl a te IV
. Th e se c uts repre .
a

s e n t t h e s h e ll g or g e ts f o un d in t h e se g ra ves a s we ll a s in th e ,

s o uth e r n a n d s o uth e as t e r n mo un ds I n t h e g org e ts t h e se rpe n ts

.

a re co il e d a n d t h e co n ce n tr ic c ircl e s h a v e symbol s o ft h e s un an d
m o o n a n d sta rs be twe e n th e m as th e s qua res h a ve b irds h ea ds
,
’

a t th e i r s ide s an d lo o ps a t t h e ir cor n e r s b ut t h e fi ure s a r e t h e

g ,

sa m e a n d t h e s ig n ifi c a n ce s im il a r to t ho se co n ta i n e d i n t h e c ir

cl es s q ua res a nd se rpe n t e ffig ie s o f Oh io

, .

Le t us no w dra w t h e compa riso n be t wee n th ese work s an d

t h o se fo un d in t h e S o uth e r n S ta tes Th e Mo un d b uil de rs o ft h e
.
-

S o uth we re e vide n tly s un wors h ipe rs b ut t h e y e mbo die d t h e i r ,

sys te m i n a n e n ti re ly dif fe re n t s e ries o f works t h e py ra m ids be in g ,

t h e c h ie fs t r uct ure o fth a t re g io n Th e re a re co n tra s ts a n d re se m

.

n e —
bl c s co ntra sts i n t h e works rese mbl a n ce s in th e re l ics We
a , .

ha ve Oppo rt un ity o f st udyin g t h is con tra st in th is loca l ity Th e .

py ra m i d b u i l de r s r e a ch e d a s fa r n orth a s t h e Oh i o R 1ve r a n d
 264

Vinc e nnes o n th e Wab as h and we fin d t ha t wh il e th ey were s un,

wors h ipers t h ere was a n o t he r cl a ss o f s un wo rsh iper s a lo n g si de

,

o fth e m wh o a do pted t h e c ircl e as t h ei r sym b o l an d b uil t th e i r

, ,

struc t ure s in th is f o rm H ere we ca ll a t t ent io n to th e larg e g ro up

.

o f m o un ds wh ic h s u rr o u n ds th e c it y o f V in c en ne s Dr Patt o n . .

say s o f e
t h s e : T h e b e a ut iful va ll ey i n wh ic h V inc e n n es no w
st a n ds wa s dou b t less t h e site o f a g rea t c it y o cc upied b y t h e
Mou d den b
-
u i l r s There is a line o f e leva tio n sur ro un ding th is
.

va l ley o n t h e n o rt h ,

so uth an d ea st a nd ,

fr o m th e f
g re a t n u m
b er of m o unds in
t h e lo ca lity , a n d t h e
l a rg e size o f som e
o f th e m ,
a nd t h e

r e l ic s f o un d we m a y
s uppo se th a t t h e
re g io n wa s de ns e l y

p op u l a t e d b y a n a n
c ie n t pe opl e who se
h istory is ve il e d in
o b s c u ri t y He.
”
S pe a k s o f t h e prob

a b il ity o f s om e o f
'

t h e l a rg e mo un d s
h a v in g b ee n use d
fo r sa crific ia l or c r e
ma tio n p urpo ses .

Th e mo un ds a r e
ca lle d mo un ds o f
h a b ita t io n loo k o ut
,

mo un ds t e m p l e
,

mo un ds a n dte rra c e
mo unds Th e pyr.

a m id mo un d o ne ,

m il e to t h e s o uth
o f V in c e n n e s is ,

s urr o un de d b y a
F ig W k t A l x d w i ll 16 . or s a e an
-
er s.
cl us te r o f s m a ll .

mo un ds is 350 x1 5 0 fee t a t t h e b a se a n d 47 fee t h ig h Th e

, , .

s ug a r lo a f mo un d j us t e a s t o f t h e c ity is 2 1 6x1 80 f
-
,
e e t a n d 70 , ,

fee t h ig h . Th e mo un d o n e m il e n ort h ea s t o f V i n c e n n e s h a s a
d ia m e te r o f 366x2 82 feet a n d r is es to a n e l eva t io n o f 67 fee t
,

a bove t h e pl a in Th e top is l e ve l wit h a n a rea o f ( 0x5 0 fe e t

.
, ,

A win din g ro a d wa y from t h e e a st furn is h e d t h e vota ries a n e a sy

a cce s s to t h e s umm it .

We m a y s uppose th a t V in ce n n e s m a rk s t h e ea ste rn e xtr e m ity

f th is c o n fe de ra cy o f wh ic h t h e g re a t C a h o k ia mo un d wa s t h e
,
 265

c en te r wh i l e th e wo rks o n th e Wh ite Rive r ma r ked t h e we ste rn

,

e xtre m ity o f t h e O h io di s tr ict t h e t wo cl a s s es b e in g bro ug ht

,

in t o clo se pro xim ity We m a y n oti ce t h e co ntra s t be twee n th e m

. .

I t m a y b e t h a t t h e Mo un d b uil de rs o f t h e Wa ba sh R ive r a nd o f
-

t h e Mia m i R ive r m ig ra t ed s o uth a t t h e in c ur s io n o f t h e sa va g e

I n dia n s a n d bec a m e t h e pyra m id b uil de rs o ft h e Gul f S ta tes o n e -
,

cl ass e re ct in g t h e pyra m ids o n the Mississ ippi a nd t h e oth e r tho se

‘

o n t h e Atl a n t ic co a s t I n t h a t ca s e we s ha ll b e s t udyin g t h e
.
,

re l ic s o f t h e sa m e pe opl e wh e n we ta ke up t h e s h e ll g org e ts a n d
t h e ta bl e ts o f th e S o uth .

Pa s s in g o ut from th is re g io n o n t h e Wa b a sh R ive r whe re th e re ,

a r e s o m a ny pyra m ids we com e to t h e re g io n wh e re t h e c ircl e s

,

a r e s o n um e ro us We fi rst find s om e o f th e se o n t h e Wh ite

.

R ive r s ome o f wh ic h h a ve a lrea dy b e e n de s cr ib e d Th e y b e

,
.

c om e more n um e ro us as we rea ch t h e Big Mia m i t h e wor ks a t ,

A le xa n de rsville a n d a t Worth i n g to n (see Fig s 1 6 a n d 1 7 ) b e in g .

n ota bl e s pe c im e n s Th e works a t Worth in g t o n a r e ve ry in te r

.

e st ing The re is h ere a s q ua re en closure who se d ia mete rs a re

.

63 0 71 5 5 0 f ee t I t is o rie n ta ted At o ne c o rn e r o f t h is is t h e
. .

s m a ll c ircl e 1 2 0 f ,
ee t i n d ia m e te r who se g a te wa y is in l in e wit h
,

t h a t o f t h e sq ua re On t h e wa ll is t h e tr un ca te d co ne 20 fee t in
.
,

h eig ht a n d 190 feet in d ia m et e r Oppo s ite th e c ircl e o n t h e .

,

ba n k o ft h e stre a m is t h e s ma ll c ircl e wit h three ope n in g s Th is

, .

c i rcl e h as a ditch in s ide a n d see m s to c omb i n e t h e c i rcl e t h e

, ,

s q ua re a n d t r iang le
in one Th e a uth o r
.

dis co ve re d a t o n e
t i m e a g ro up s i m i
la r to t h is a t F re d
,

e r ic ksb urg , t we n ty
m il es no rt h o fNew
a rk .H e re we re t h e
tria n g l e t h e s q ua re
,

a n d t h e c i rc l e a ll
comb in e d in o ne .

Nea r b y wa s a n
o the r e n clo s ure ,

wh ich wa s e ve n
more strik ing in it s My 17 W k t W th i g t Oh i or s a or n o n. o.
s h a pe It was s it
. .

ua t e d o n t h e b a n k o f a b e a utiful stre a m a n d wa s in t h e m id st o f
a fin e f ore st o f ma pl e s Th e wa ll was in t h e s h a pe o f a n e ll ipse
.

wit h s ca llope d sides a n d e n ds t h e c urve s be in g ve ry g ra c e ,

ful. W ith in t h e wa ll s wa s t h e ditch wh ich h a d va rying widths , .

Th e pl a t form with in t h e ditch wa s re cta n g ula r From t h e ce n te r .

o f t h e pl a t form a symmet rica l ova l mo un d ro se to t h e h e ig h t o f

fi ftee n fee t Th is was l eve l e d a t t h e top b ut its bas e just fitt e d
.
,

t h e pl a tform t h e en ds a n d s 1de s e xt en din g to t h e ditc h

, N o o ne .
 266

wh o h a d see n th is g ro up co uld de n y t h e tast e a n d s k ill o f t h e

Mo und b uilde rs o r do ub t t ha t s o m e o f t h e ir wo rks we re e re c ted
-
,

fo r o rna m e n t a n d fo r t h e e m b o dim e nt o f a re l ig io us sym bo l is m .

We co me next t o t h e wo rks o n t h e Litt l e Mia m i Th e se h a ve .

rec e n tl y b e en e xpl o red un de r t h e a uspic es o f t h e Pea b o dy Mu

Pro f Putn a m sa ys : “ I n t h is r e g i on a re so m e o f t h e
s e um . .

m o st e xte n s ive a nc ie n t works o f Oh io s uc h a s Fo rt A n c ien t , ,

with it s wa ll s o f ea rth fro m twe l ve t o twe nty fee t h ig h e n c lo s in g ,

ove r a h undred a cres ; Fo rt H ill with it s s urro un d in g wa ll s o f ,

s to ne e n clo s in g a bo ut f
,
orty a cre s ; t h e g rea t se rpe n t e ffig y m o re ,

th a n a t ho usa n d fee t in l e n g t h t h e in te re st in g works a t H ig h

.

Ba n k a t Ce da r Ba n k a n d a t Hopeto n with th e ir sq uar es a nd

, ,

c i rcl es be s ide s h un dre ds o f mo un ds mea s ur in g f

,
rom a fo ot o r
t wo i n h e i g h t to o th e rs f
orty or fi fty fe et in h e ig h t H e re we h ave .

fo un d e l a b ora te l y co n str uc te d wo rk s o f a re l ig io us c h a ra c t e r .
.

H e re too as o ffe rin g s durin g so m e relig io us c e re m o ny we ha ve

, , ,

fo und t h e mo st re m a rk a b l e obj e cts th a t h a ve ye t be e n ta ke n

F ig 18 —
S po o l O r n a m ents a nd Or en from a c ne v es .‘

”
. .

from c ie n t work s in t h e U n ite d S ta te s— s m a ll ca rve d te rra

an
“
cotta fig urin e s re pre se n t in g m e n a n d wom e n; orn a me nt s m a de o f
,

n a t ive g ol d s ilve r copp e r a n d m e t e or ic i ro n ; dis h es e l a bo r a te l y

, ,

ca rv e d in sto n e ; orn a m e n ts m a de o f sto ne s h e ll m ica a n d t h e . , ,

t e eth a n d bo n e s o f a n im a l s ; t h o usa n ds o f p e a rl s pe rfo ra te d fo r

orna m e n ts ; k n ives o f ob s idia n ; a ll s h o win g t h a t t h e in te rco urse
o f t h e pe opl e o f t h a t t i m e e xt e n de d f rom t h e coppe r a n d s ilve r
re g io n o f La k e S up e rior o n t h e n orth to t h e h o m e o f t h e m a rin e
s h e ll s i n t h e G ul f o f Me xico o n t h e s o uth ; t o t h e m ica m in e s
R oc ky Mo un ta in s o n t h e we s t .
”
o f N ort h Ca rol in a o n t h e e a st a n d t h e ob s idia n de po s it s o f t h e

Th e b ea ut iful loca t io n o f t h is g ro up o f e a rth work s in dica te s -

t h a t in t h is loca l ity th e re m us t h a ve be e n a g rea t po p ul a t io n t h e ,

re l ic s co n ta in in g e v ide nc e o ft h e wea lt h o ft h e b uil de rs a s we ll a s ,

t h e re l ig io us c h a ra ct e r o f t h e work s t h e m se lve s N ea r th is .

g ro u p o f w or k s t h e e xplore rs f o un d i n t h e b ury i n
g pl a ce o f t h e

s un wors h ip e r s a n um b e r o f g ra v e s co n ta i n in g s k e l e to n s a tte n de d

‘ We wo uld h e re a c k n o wl o ur o b l ig a t i o n t o Ge n e ra l G P. Th r ust o n ,. wh o h as
k i n dly loa n ed us t h e c ut s wh c h h e h a s us ed i n i llus t ra t i n g h is e xce lle n t wo r k o n
"
‘
Th e A n t i q ui t i es o f Te n n essee .
 267

by a la rg e sea sh ell m a de int o a drin k in g c up and a n um b e r o f

s h ell bea ds , and e nc lo se d in t h e b o n es o f e a c h h a n d a s pool
s h a p e d o rn a m e n t m a d e o f c o ppe r , a c o ppe r pin , a wo o den b e a d
cove re d wit h th in c oppe r , seve ra l l o n g , s ha rp e dg ed. flin t kn ives
-

o f t h e sa m e s h a pe a n d ch a ra c t e r as o b s id ia n fl a kes f ro m Me xic o .

“
O f t h e ea r o rn a me nt s , Pro f Putna m sa ys : I h a ve ne ve r fo un d
t h e m in a n y o f t h e se ve ra l th o usa nd s to n e g ra ves o f t h e Cum
be rl a n d Va ll ey wh ic h I h a ve e xpl o red , n o r h a ve we fo un d tra c e s
o f th e m a mo n g t h e h un dre ds o f g ra ve s a ss oc ia te d wit h t h e s in

g u l a r as h -
pit s i n t h e c em et e ries wh ich we h a v e e xplo re d in t h e

Lit t l e Mia m 1 Va lle y . n o r wit h t h e ske l eto ns b urie d i n t h e st o ne

mo un ds o f Oh io Th ey seem t o
.

b e pa rt ic ul a rl y ass oc ia t e d with
a pe op le with wh om cr e m a tio n
o f t h e dea d, wh il e a r it e , was n o t

g e n e ra l ,
a n d w h o b u i lt t h e g re a t
e a rt h wo r ks o ft h e O h i o Va ll e y
-
.

I ca n fur th e r sa y t h a t i n a ll r e
c e n t I n dia n g ra v e s I h a ve Op e n e d
th is pe c ul ia r kin d o f orna m e n t
h a s n o t b ee n fo un d ; we h a ve
ce rta in l y fo un dth em in s uch c o n
dit io n s in Oh io t h a t th e y m us t
h a v e bee n b urie d with t h e ir o wn
e r s lo n g b e f

lumb us .
” ore t h e t im es o fCo
O ne pe c ul ia rit y o ft h e
a lta rs is th a t th e y see m to h a v e

be e n e mpt ie d a n d use d ove r a n d

ove r a g a in b ut t h e bo n es a n d
,

a s h e s we r e re mov e d a n d b ur ie d

b y t h e m s e l ve s I n re fe re n c e to
F ig 19 —Pip e from Et o wa h Mound
.

t h e loca l ity Pro f Put n a m s a ys :

. . .

Th e m o re we e xa mi n e t h e s e work s t h e more i n t e re st in g a n d
in s tr uct ive t h ey be com e ; we h a ve a lre a dy sprea d b e fore us t h e
o utl in e s o fa g ra n d p ict ure o f t h e s in g ul a r ce rem o n ie s co n ne cte d
with t h e re l ig io n a n d mort ua ry c ustom s o f a stra n g e pe opl e .
”
S po o l orna m e n t s h a ve s in ce be e n fo un d a mo n g t h e sto n e g ra ves
a n d de s cr ib e d b y Ge n T h r usto n . F ig 1 8
. Th e cro ss wa s fo un d
. .

i n t h e Big H a rpe t h wo r k s in Te n n e ssee O n e O f t h e S pool s

.

.
—
No 2 wa s fo un d in a l a rg e mo un d e mbe dde d in a sh e s s o uth
, ,

o f N a s h v ill e Th is h a d a threa d o f ve g e ta bl e fibre a bo ut t h e

.

. e — —
c e ntra l sh a ft Th oth e r No 3 wa s fo un d in a mo un d in
.

t h e S a v a n na h wor k s Th e l ittl e Coppe r a wl with hor n h a n dle

.
, ,

wa s fo un d o n R h c a s I s l a n d Te n n e sse e Ge n Th r usto n sa y s in
’
. .
,

re fe re n ce to th ese spool s tha t t h e ir s im il a rity to tho se o f O h io

i ll ustra t e s t h e in te rco ur se wh ich pre va il e d durin g pre h ist or ic
t ime s We ca ll a tte n ti o n to t h e idol p ipe s ; t h e o n e re pre se nte d
.

i n t h e c ut (F ig 19) wa s ta ke n fro m t h e g rea t Etowa h mo un d in

.
 269

s qua re e n clo sure was t h e site o f a te mpl e or de pository fo r t h e

dea d ; tha t t h e sm a l l c ircl e a n d s ma ll pyra m id we re cove re d with
re l ig io us h o use s re se mbl ing ro t un da s ; th a t t h e pa ra ll e l l in e s
we re d e vo te d to t h e t r ia l o f pris o n e rs o r ca ptives an d th a t t h e
‘

whol e g r o up wa s use d fo r re l ig io us p urpose s .

We pa ss from t h is re g i o n t o Ci rc l ev ill e (see F ig a t th e .

h ea d o ft h e S c ioto R iver H e re wa s form e rly a g ro up o f mo un d s

.

wh ic h we re th e firs t e ver e xplore d Th e explora t i o n ca ll e d a t

.

te nt io n t o t h e a n c ie n t works o f t h e S ta te H e re we re a l a rg e .

c ircl e a n d s qua re With in t h e c ircl e t h e co n ica l mo un d s ur

.
,

ro un din g t h e mo un d a cres ce n t sh a pe d fire b ed or pa ve m e n t

- -
,

compo se d o f pebbl es ext e ndin g s ix rod s from t h e ba se o f t h e

F ig . 20 —a r ch
. and Cr escen t a
-
t (Xi eleva te.

mo un d Ove r t h e pa ve m en t wa s a ra ise d wa y wh ich le d from

.
,

t h e a re a o f t h e e n clo s ure to t h e s umm it o f t h e mo un d t h e in ,

c lin e d pa ssa g e or br idg e m a k in g t h e a s c e n t e as y Th e cres c e n t .

pa v e m e n t a tt ra cted a tten t io n a n d wa s a ve ry inte re st in g fe a t ure

o f t h e work . It m a y b e tha t fire wa s ke pt b urn in g in t h is pa ve
m e n t a n d t h a t t h e pas sa g e to t h e s umm it o f t h e mo un d wa s
thro ug h t h e fire At wa te r sa ys th a t t h e pa ve m e n t wa s e a st o f
.

t h e c e n tra l m o un ds a nd e xte n de d s ix ro ds from it Th e mo un d .

wa s 10 fe e t h ig h se ve ra l ro ds in dia m et e r a t th e ba s e ; 2 6 fee t in
,

d ia m e t e r a t t h e s umm it Th e c ircl e wa s s urro unde d b y two

.

—
wa ll s with a ditch b et we e n f t h e h e ig h t be in g 20 fe e t from t h e
,

bott om o f t h e ditch Th ey we re p icke ted Th e wa ll s o f t h e

. .

s q u a r e w e r e 1 0 fe e t h ig h a n d h a d e i g
, ht g a t e wa ys w ith wa tch
to we rs o r mo un ds 4 feet h ig h in side t h e g a teways
, , .
 270

Two h uma n s ke l e to n s wer e fo un d l yi n g o n th e o ri g ina l s urf a ce

o f t h e e a rt h , with c h a rcoa l a n d wo o d a s h e s , se ve ra l b ri c ks , we ll
b urn e d, a q ua nt it y o f spea r h ea d s , a k n ife o f e l k s hor n , a l a r g e
’

m irror , m a de o f m ica , three fe e t in l e ng t h , o ne a n d o ne ha l f fee t

in bre a dt h , o n e h a l f in c h i n th ic kn e ss Th e s ke l e to n h a d bee n
.

b urne d i n a h o t fire , wh ich h a d a lmost co n sum e d th e b o ne s .

Th e t um ul us o uts ide o f t h e c ircl e c o n ta ine d m a ny s k e l e to ns t ha t

we r e l a id horiz o n ta ll y with t h e ir h ea ds towa rd t h e cen te r, fe e t
o ut. B e s ide t h e s ke l e to n s we re s om e st o ne a xes , k n ives a n d
pe rfora ted ta bl ets Th e fos se ne a r t h e m o un d, wh ich c o n ta ine d
.

s k e l e to n s , wa s se m ic i rc ul a r in s h a pe .

H e re , t h e n , we h a ve t h e symbo lism o f th e fire c ult, o f t h e

moo n c ult , a nd t h e s ol a r c ult , a n d we i m a g ine t h e ce re mo n ies
obse rve d we re symbol ic I t wa s t h e c ustom o ft h e Ea s t to m a k e
.

t h e v ict im s p a s s thro ug h t h e fire It is po ss ibl e th a t t h e sa m e

.

was pra ct ice d h e re , a n d th a t h um a n sa c rifice wa s o ffe re d o n th i s

mo un d Th e cres c e n t pa ve m e n t is to b e n otice d, fo r th e re we re
.

oth e rs re se mbl in g it Mr S H Bri n k l ey spe a k s o fa pa ve m e n t

. . . .

s urro un di n g a l a r g e mo un d, n e a r t h e Big T win Fo r t .Th is

pa ve m en t wa s to t h e ea s t o f t h e mo un d a nd was cr e sce n t
s h a pe d; it wa s n in e ty f e et in wi dt h , a n d e xte n de d un de r t h e f oot
o f t h e mo un d . To t h e west o f t h e mo un d , o n t h e e dg e o f t h e
bl uff, a nd b e low th e b luff, was a n imm e nse h ea p o f as h es, t en
fe e t dee p . Th e mo un d wa s e ll iptica l in form a n d was pe rc h e d
upo n t h e bro w o f t h e bl uff i n a s ig htl y pl a c e Mr Br in k l ey
. .

t h in k s t h e a s h e s we re t h e res ult o fcre m a te d re m a in s ; an d h e is

-
,

a v e ry c a re f ul ob se rve r
. From t h e q ua nt it y o f as h es , we jud g e
th a t t h e fire m us t h a ve b ee n lo n g con tin ue d H e re , th e n , we
.

h a ve a g a in a cre s ce n t s h a pe d pa ve m ent a sso c ia te d wit h fire a n d

a sh e s . Th e s ig n ific an ce o f t h e s e diffe re n t work s wi ll b e un de r
s too d if we com pa re t h e rit es a n d t h e ce re mo n ie s o f t h e s un
wors h ippe rs o f t h is district wit h tho se wh ich pre va i l e d in S y ria
a nd P h oen ic ia , i n O ld Te sta m e n t ti m es Th e pa ve m e nt o f t h e
.

cres ce n t s ug g ests t h e idea th a t t h e victim s pa s se d thro ug h t h e

fir e Th e a sh e s wit h in t h e m o un d s ug g e st h um a n sa c rifice s Th e
. .

po siti o n o f t h e bo dies in d ica te s t h at th ey we re sa c rifice s to th e

s un . Th e h e ig ht o f t h e work s s ug g e s t th e t h o ug ht th a t th e re
we re t e m pl e s upo n th e m wh ich we re devot e d t o t h e s un ,
 27 1

CH A PT E R X I V .

MOUND BUILD E R S AND INDIAN

- R ELI CS .

Th e s t udy o f th e a rch aeolo g ica l re l ics o f t h e Miss iss ipp i V a l

le y furn is h e s to us a ve ry in t e re s t in g fie l d, a n d brin g s b e fore us
m a n y po in t s o f in q ui ry ; b ut n o o n e o f th e m is more i n t e re s t in g
t h a n t h e o n e s e t be fore us i n t h e t it le o ft h is c h a pte r Th e re a re ,
.

t o b e s ure a f,
e w re l i c s wh ic h re m in d us o f t h e dis t i n ct io n b e

t we e n t h e pa l e ol ith ic a n d t h e ne o lith ic a g e s in E uro pe ; th e se

h a ve b e e n discove re d i n s o m an y pla c e s t h a t th ey re q uire us to
a dopt th is cl as s ifica ti o n in Am e r i ca Th e l a rg e m ajority o f
.

t h e re l ics , ho we ve r , a re t ho se wh ich be lo n g to t h e ne ol ith i c a g e ,

t h o ug h , pe rh a p s ifwe we re to m a ke t h e dis t in ct ion b e twe e n t h e

,

s to ne a g e a n d t h e coppe r a g e , we m ig h t sa y th a t t h e re l ic s b e
.

lo n g to t h is ra th e r t h a n t h e form e r a g e Th e e n q ui ry a s to
.

wh e t h e r t he re is a d iffe re n ce bet wee n t h e Mo un d b ui l de rs a n d

’
-

t h e I nd ia n re l ics is a n o ld o ne Opin io n s upo n it ha ve drifte d

.

fr om o n e s id e t o t h e o th e r, t h e pe n dul um vib ra ti n g to e ith e r e x

t re m e . J ust a t presen t t h e op in ion see m s to b e se tt in g towa rd
t h e re mova l o f t h e dist in cti o n A t t h e n e xt t urn , h o we ve r, it
.

m a y b e t h a t t h e dis t in ct io n wi ll b e t h e more cl e a r l y bro ug ht out ,

a n d t h e dif fe ren c es bet we en t h e t wo b e mo r e strik in g th a n e ve r .

Eve n if we ca l l th em a ll I ndia n s, we s h a ll b y a n d b y see th a t t h e

I ndia ns d iffe re d ra dica lly a mo n g th em se l ves , a n d m a y th e re fore
well b e ca ll e d b y diffe ren t na m e s We m ig h t cl a i m , to b e s ure ,
.

t h a t t h e Mo u n d -
b uil ders we re occ upa nts o f t h e Mississippi V a l
le y a t a t i m e a n te rio r to t h e h istoric I n dia n s , a s t h e re we re
pre h istoric ra ce s west o f t h e Mo un d b uil de rs te rrito ry wh o
-
’

we re a n te rior to t h e h istor ic Th is wa s proba bl y t h e ca s e

.

wi th t h e s o ca ll e d Z un i I n dia ns , a n d wa s ce rta in l y t h e cas e wit h

-

t ho se I n dia n s whom we ca ll t h e Pue bl o s a n d Cl iffdwe ll e rs We -

.

ca ll th e m Pueblos a n d Cl iffdwe ll e rs j ust as we ca ll th ese Mo un d

-

b uild e rs , b ut n o t 5 m uch be ca use t h ey we re diffe re n t from I n

d ia n s , b ut b e ca use t ey b uilt d i ffe re n t str uct ures a n d l ive d a t a
diffe re n t pe rio d .

I O ur firs t po in t will b e th a t t h e te rm s I n dia n a n d Mo un d

.

b uil de rs a re correc t a n d m a y prope rl y b e used Th e follo win g

, .

a r g um e n ts we t h in k will s ho w t h a t t h e t e rm s a r e corre ct
, , .

1
. It will b e a ck n o wl edg e d b y a ll th a t th e re was a tim e wh e n
m o un d b ui l din g wa s a c ommo n c usto m a n d t h a t th e re ca m e a
-
,

t i m e wh e n t h e c ustom ceas e d T h is fa ct we m a in t a in e s ta bl is h e s
.
, ,
 27 3

wh ich pre ce ded th e m t h e borde r l ine be twee n t h e h istoric a nd

,

t h e pre h is tor ic be in g I n dia n I t m a y b e ve ry in de fin ite a n d

;

s ha do wy ye t we m a y ta k e t h e g ro un d be f
,
ore h a n d th a t t h e re wa s
a Mo un d b uild e rs p e rio d a n d wh a t m ig ht b e c a ll e d a mod e rn
’
-

I nd ian pe rio d .

T h f ct th t h I di w oc ia t e d wit h t h e wh it e

”
3 t

”
. e a a e n a n a s a ss
m a n dur in g a l a rg e port io n o ft h e protoh i stor ic p e r iod we th in k , ,

is e n o ug h to prove t h a t t h e t e rm s Mo un d b uil de r a n d I n d ia n
“ -

a r e a ppropr ia te Th e Mo un d b uil de r h a d a h is t o ry wh ich wa s

.
-

un iq ue b ut t h e I n d ia n so ca ll e d a l s o h a s a h is t o ry n o t wit h
, ,
-
, ,

st a n din g t h e pre se n ce o f t h e wh it e m a n Th e c h a ra cte r o f .

t h e a rt wh i ch wa s in tro duce d a t a n ea rl y da te a n d cop ied b y t h e

a borig i ne s a n d e mbod ie d in t h e i r re l ic s wa s to b e s ure ve ry , ,

r ude compa re d with th a t wh ich h a d e xiste d ea rl ie r ; b ut t h e ve ry

a dva n c e o f t h e wh it e m a n s a rt h a d a te n de n c y to ov e rs h a do w
’

No w we h a ve o n l y to a pply t h e
,

a n d s uppl a n t t h e a borig in a l a rt .

te rm I n dia n t o th is de te riora te d a rt a s we do Mo un d b uilde r to ,

-

t h e a rt b e fore it h a d dete r iora t e d a n d we s h a ll a t o n ce n ot ic e a

‘

m a rk e d dis t in ct io n be twee n th e m Th e Mo und b uil de r ch a ng e d .

-

to I n dia n m e re ly b y co n ta ct with t h e wh ite m a n S t ill h is a rt .

,

wo ul d b e diffe re n t from t h a t o f t h e I n dia n Eve n if it wa s th e .

prese n ce o f t h e wh ite m a n t h a t dis m issed t h e Mo un d b uil de r s -

’

a rt a n d t h e s a m e pr es en c e t h a t m a de t h e I n dia n a rt wh a t it wa s
a n d is ,s t i ll t h e dis t in ct io n is pl a in
,
Th e Mo un d b uil de rs .
-
,

te c h n ica ll y s pe a k in g we re un a c q ua inte dwith t h e wh ite m a n t h e

, ,

I n d ian s a s we un de rsta n d t h e m we re we ll a c qua inte d with

, ,

h im . Th is dis tin ct io n c a n b e re co g n iz e d Th e n a tives se ize d .

t h e in ve n t io n s o f t h e c iv il iz e d ra ce s a n d a d a pt e d th e m to th e i r
o wn use s cove ri n g t h e m wit h t h e i r o wn b a rb a ri c i m a g e ry a n d
,

g iv in g to th e m th a t r u d e s h a p e w h ich w a s t h e r e s ult o f th e i r
o wn na t ive c ult us b ut wh ic h co ul d n o t h ide t h e e v ide n c e o f t h e
,

in tr ude d c ult us o f t h e wh it e m a n Th e re wa s a symbol is m .

a mo n g t h e na t ive ra c e wh ic h did n o t i mm e dia te l y pa s s a wa y .

S om e o f it was un co n s c io us l y m i n g l e d with t h e a rt form s wh ich

we re in tro duce d Th e m in g l in g o f th is ea rl ie r s ym b o l is m with a
.

sy mbol is m wh ich was in tro duc e d h a s bro ug ht m uc h co n f us io n

i n to t h e a rc h ae olog y o f t h e pe riod Ye t th is o f itse l f co n st it ute s
.

a h is tory a s it s ho ws h o w t h e Mo un d b ui l de r sys te m be c a m e
,
-

m e rg e d in to t h e I ndia n .

4. Th e h is tor y o f th is co u n t ry h a s b e e n w r i tt e n fro m t h e s id e
o f t h e wh i t e m a n — a h i story o f t h e c iv il iz e d ra c e s b ut t h e re l ic s

”
,
“
br ing us in to co n ta ct with t h e h isto ry a s re corde d b y t h e red
m an ,t h e re l ic s be in g t h e a rc h ive s i n wh ich t h o se re cords we re
ke pt . Th e E urope a ns wh o ca m e t o th is co n t ine n t a t a n ea rl y
da y we re n o t l ik e t h e E uropea n s o f t h e prese n t da y n o r wo uld ,

t h e work s o f a rt or in dustry wh ic h th ey in tro duc e d b e re g a rd e d

as e q ua l to t h o se wh ich we a re a cc ust o m e d to c a ll mod e rn u n

vent i o n s Th ese r ude a nd a nt iq ua te d re l ics wh ich we ca ll proto

.
 27 5

t io n ,
pre h istor ic re l ics we re a ll diffe re n t fro m a nyth in g wh ich
of
c a n b e c a ll e d h is t o ri c I f we wo ul d un de r s ta n d t h e lo s t a rt s we
.

m us t g o to those re l ics wh ich a re p ure l y pre h istor ic Ch a n g es .

m a y to b e s ure h a ve o cc urr e d dur i n g pre h istor i c t i m e s b ut

, , ,

g re a t e r c h a n g e s occ urre d dur in g t h e prot o h i s tor i c T h i s m ay .

b e s ee n b y compa r in g t h e I n dia n re l ic s wit h t h o se wh ic h h a ve

com e fro m t h e m o un ds Th e I n dia n re l ic s a re in fe rior t o t h e
.

Mo un d b uil de r s Th is m a y b e o wi n g to t h e in c urs io n o fsa va g e

-
’
.

h un te rs wh o dro ve o ff t h e se de n ta ry pop ul a t io n a n d too k po s

,

s e s s io n o f t h e i r wor k s or i t m a y b e o wi n g to t h e in tr us io n o f
,

wh ite m e n wh o c a m e in a n d tra ns fo r m e d t h e e n t ire l ife o f t h e

,

a bor ig i n e s Th e h is tory o f t h e lo st a r ts is co n ta in e d in both

.

pe rio ds .

F ig . 15.—E ur op e a n Po r tr a it Pip e .

D e te riora t io n tra n g e l y s ta mpe d o n a ll t h e work s o ft h e red

is s

I n dia n Th e h un te rs de te r iora te d in th e i r s k i ll a s h un te rs Th e y
. .

a b an do ne d t h e i r g a m e dr iv e s wh ic h we re b ui lt o fe a rth a n d too k
-
,

to co n s tructin g te mpora ry s cre e n s m a de fro m brus h a n d t h e

bra n ch e s o f tree s Th e y e xc h a n g e d t h e b o w a n d a rro w fo r t h e
.

rifl e ; n o lo n g e r h un te d o n foot b ut we nt with the ir po n ies mov, ,

i n g th e i r v ill a g e s with th e m Th e ir s to n e re l ic s g ra dua ll y dis

.

a ppea r e d a n d i ro n we a po n s wh ic h th e y borr o we d from th e wh ite

,

m a n too k th e ir pl a c e Th e a g r ic ult ure de te riora te d Th e l a rg e

. .

fie l ds wh ich for m e rl y s urro un de d the i r vill a g e s we re re duce d to

s m a ll pa tch e s o f cor n Th e ir g a rde n be ds wh ich we re so re g
.
,

ul a r a n d co ve r e d s uch l a rg e pl a ts o f g ro un d we r e re d uc e d to ,

m e re h ill s o f bea n s a n d s q ua s h es Th e l a rg e hoe s a n d S pa de s .

wh i ch a s a g r ic ult ura l tool s a re re g a rde d a s in t e re st in g work s o f

, ,
 276

a rt , we re ba n do n e d an d th e rude s t k in d o fi ro n h oes we re use d

a ,

in t h e i r pl a c e Th e m i l ita ry s k ill de t e riora te d Th e g rea t forts

. .
,

wi th t h e e l a bo ra te g a te wa ys wh ic h h a d form e rly pro te cte d t h e

,

Mo un d b uil de rs we re a ba n do ne d Th e s tocka de s o ft h e I n dia n s

-
. .

wh ic h we re k n o wn to h is tory too k t h e i r pl a ce Th e e l a b ora t e .

s e a rs a n d a rro ws m a c es a n d m i l i ta r
p y ,

ba dg e s s oo n disa ppe ar e d a n d we re s up ,

pla n te d b y i ron tom a h a wk s l ea th e r be lts , ,

s te e l k n ive s a n d t in b uc k l e s Gunpo w .

de r wh ich wa s in tr o duce d fro m E urope

, ,

cha n g e d t h e mo de o fwa rfa re Th e lo ng .

s pe a r a n d t h e wa r cl ub m a h a v c n
y e o
t in ue d fo r a t im e b ut t h e y we re use d ,

more a s ba dg e s o f o ffice a n d a s orna

m e n ts th a n a s wea po n s o f wa r Th e .

h e a d dre s s e s m a de o f pl um e s o f n obl e
-

b irds s uch a s t h e e a g l e a n d th e h a wk
, ,

F ig .
—F 6 h P
. i
r en c a n d wh ic h
o r tr a t. s h o we d t h e a mb it i o n o f t h e

ch ie fs we re e xch a n g e d fo r turba ns o f cloth a n d va rio us n o n de

,

s cr ipt h e a d g ea r Th e i m a g e ry o f th e n a t ive a rt do e s n o t i mprove

.

b y t h e mo de r n s e mbl a n ce s I f t h e Mo un d b uil de r be ca m e t h e
.
-

I n dia n t h e re d I n dia n is a po o r s pe c im e n o f wh a t t h e Mo un d
,

b uil de r wa s fo r de te riora t io n is writte n ove r h is e n ti re form a nd h is

, ,

dre s s h is orn a m e n ts h is we a po n s h is ba dg e s h is a cco utre m e n ts

, ,
.
,

a n d h is t o ut en sem b le f ur n is h a m e re tr a v e s t y o n t h e n a t ive
g ra n d e u r w h i ch h a s p a s se d a w a y W e m a i n ta i n th a t.t h e M o u n d
b uil de r wa s a b e tte r spe c im e n o f th e I n dia n th a n t h e n a tive
I n dia n h im se l f a n d s o we s h o ul d re ta in t h e n a m e e ve n i f we
, ,

g r a n t e d t h e pr e m i se s t h a t t h e M o u
,
n d b u i l d e rs s u r v i v e d t h e -

I n dia n s .

7 . T h e d i ff
e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e M o u n d b u ild e r a n d t h e I n di a n -

o f mo de r n da y s i s v e ry s tr ik in g wh e n we ,

com e to co m pa re t h e re l ic s o f t h e ea rl ie r a n d
t h e l a t e r p e r i o ds We ta k e t h e e n t ire proto
.

h istoric pe rio d a s in dica t ive o f t h e tra n s itio n ,

a n d s t udy t h e re l ics wh ich be lo n g to t h is

pe rio d We t h e n ta ke t h e se wit h t h e re l ics
.

wh i ch a re p ur e l y pre h is tor ic a n d l ea rn fro m ,

the m t h e c ult us wh ic h pre va il e d duri n g t h e

pre h istoric pe rio d Th e compa r is o n is ve ry .

i n s truct ive t h o ug h t h e re is a dif

,
fic ul t y in
s e p a ra t in g t h e o ne fro m t h e ot h e r Ye t ifwe .

m y 7 Ch i P t it
pla c e t h e pre h istoric o n o n e s ide a n d t h e h is . n es e or r a .

t o ric or proto h istoric o n t h e ot h e r ma k in g two cl a s se s o f t h e ,

re l ics we a re o bl ig e d to sa y th a t t h e t wo a re ve ry distin c t a n d
,

sho ul d b e de s ig n a t e d b y t wo di s t in ct t e rm s a n d we k n o w n o ,

bett e r te rm s th a n tho se we h a ve a dopte d n a m e l y Mo un d b uil de r , ,

-

a n d I n dia n .
 27 7

II . We t ur n to a n oth e r po in t Th e g e o g ra ph ica l dis t r i

no w .

b ut io n o f re l ic s pr o v es th a t th e re wa s a dis t in ct io n b e t wee n
,

t h e Mo un d b ui l de r s a n d t h e I n dia n s
-
T h e re a re loca l it ie s in .

wh i c h t h e re l ic s a re m a in l y th o se o f t h e I n dia n s k n o wn to h is
tory Th e re a re oth e r loca l it ie s wh e re t h e re l ic s a re m a in l y
.

t ho s e wh ic h a r e s uppo s e d to h a ve be lo n g e d to t h e Mo un d b uil d -

e rs Th is fa ct we t h in k is a s uffi
.
, ,

c ie n t r e a s o n fo r us to e s ta bl is h t h e
t wo c la ss e s a n d to ca ll o n e Mo un d ,

b uil de rs a n d t h e oth e r I n dia n re l ’

I CS .

1 . bj e ct o f
Le t us ta ke up t h e su

loca l ity It is we ll k n o wn t h a t t h e
.

Mo un d b uil de rs te rr itory wa s c o n
-
’

fi n e d to t h e Miss is s ipp i V a lley b ut ,

t h a t t h e re g io n e a st o f t h is va ll ey ,

e s p e c ia ll y t h a t a lo n g t h e Atl a n t i c

c o a s t wa s occ up ie d b y a pe o pl e
,

Pm m u
wh o diffe re d fro m t h e Mo un d
'

b uil de rs a n d wh o re se mbl e d t h e m o de r n I n dia n Th is m a k e s .

a g e o g ra p h ic a l divis io n b e t we e n t h e t wo cl a ss e s We t h in k t h is .

will b e a ck no wl e dg e d b y a ll Th e q ue st io n is h o we v e r
.
, ,

wh e th e r t h is dis t in ct io n b e t we e n t h e t wo cl a ss e s o f p e o p le c a n
b e r e c o g n iz e d i n t h e re l ic s fo un d i n t h e s e s e pa ra te dis tricts ,

a n d wh e t h e r t h e t e s t i m o n y o f h is to ry is c o n fir m e d b y a rc h aeol
og y . T h is is t h e q ue s t io n wh ic h we a re n o w t o c o n s ide r We .

wo ul d s a y h o we ve r t h a t t h e re a re s o m e
, ,

e xc e pt io n s t o t h is r ul e a n d th a t t h e e xc e p
t io n s m us t b e co n side re d ifwe wo ul d prove
t h e r ul e We firs t look a t t h e r e g io n s it u
.

a t e d in Ne w York a n d in Flor ida a n d s a y

th a t h e r e t h e Mo un d b uil de rs wa n de re d o ut
-

o f t h e i r te rr it o ry t o wa r d t h e n ort h e a s t a n d
t h e s o ut h e a s t b ut n e ve rt h e l e s s we c o n
, , ,

e l ude t h a t t h e se a co a s t wa s h e l d b y t h e

Ea st e r n I n dia n s a n d n o t b y t h e Mo un d
b uil de rs S o t o o we fin d in t h e i n te rio r t h e
.
, ,

m a n y re l ics wh ic h we m a y s uppo se we re
l e ft t h e re b y t h e Ea ste rn I n dia n s a n d we ,

s a y th a t t h e s e t r ib e s m us t a t t im e s h a v e

o ve rr un t h e Mo und b uil de rs te rrito ry a n d

-
’
.

e t w e d n t h s it a t to a cr i b e t h e i n t e r i or F i g — G t qu P t it 9 r o es e or r a
y o o e e s . .

t o t h e Mo un d b ui l de rs ra t h e r t h a n to t h e I n dia n s Th is is o ur first .

po i n t Th e g e o g ra ph ica l l in e s se e m to h a ve se pa ra t e d t h e t wo
.

ra ce s n o t wit h s ta n din g t h e m a ny e xce pt io n s to t h e r ul e O ur

, .

s e co n d p o in t h o we ve r is m o r e co n c l us ive t h a n t h is
.
,
W e a re .

to ta k e t h e re l ic s wh ic h h a ve be e n g a th e re d in o n e dis t r ict t h e ,

distr ict wh ic h we h a ve a s cr ib e d to t h e I n dia ns a n d a re to c o m ,

 27 9

th Ca n a dia n I n st it ut e a n d Iroq uo is re l ics wh ich a r e s c a tt e r e d

‘

t h ro ug h o ut t h e S ta te o f Ne w York , a n d rese mbl a n ce s h a ve b ee n

tra c e d Th is is ve ry na t ura l fo r t h e H uro n s wh o fo rm e rl y dwe lt
. . ,

i n t h e re g io n a bo ut Toro n to a n d to whom t h e s e re l ic s proba bl y

,

b e l o n g we re a k in to t h e Iroq uo is h a vin g b e e n o rig in a lly a trib e

, ,

o ft h e s a m e s tock Th e re a re .

proba bl y so m e Al g o n q uin re l
c ll ct o
ic s in t h e s e o n d o e i n , c
Al r q tl
a s th e g o n u i n s f e ue n q y
v t r T
is i e d t h e e g io n h e se a re .

o b l r not M un d ui de s r e i s ,
lc ’
-

t c pt o
b ut h e y a r e e x e i n s a n d
m to pl c
s ee b e o ut o f a e .

We re g a r d m a n y o f th e se
Ea ste rn re l ic s a s mo de rn I n
dia n a n da s i n te re s t i n g o n th is
,

a cco un t Th e r e g io n wa s o ve r .

r un b y dif —
fe re n t tr ib e s H u ’

fi 0 13—C" W B M P‘P
'
ro n s Iro q uo is Al g o n q uin s
e
, , .

It is a re g io n i n wh ic h t h e Fre n c h ca m e in c o n ta ct with t h e se tribe s

a n d g a v e t o t h e m m a n y s pe c i m e n s o fa rt m a i n l y we a po n s o f wa r ,

a n d in dus t ry T h e se we re ta k e n a n d use d wit h o ut c h a n g e But

. .

t h e re we re a l s o va r io us orn a m e n ts a n d oth e r re l ic s s uch a s , ,

p ipe s m a ce s ba dg e s wh ich t h e Fre n ch did n o t in tro duc e Th e s e

, , , .

we re t h e work s o f t h e n a ti ve s b ut t h e y we re mo difi e d a n d we re
,

c o ve re d wit h mo de rn
orna m e n ta t io n s o m e ,

o f th e m m a de to im i

ta te mo de r n Euro pe a n
fo rm s a n d fa c e s ; a n d
y e t t h e y a r e cl a ss e d
with t h e pr e h istoric
s pe c i m e n s We ca ll
.

t h e m proto h istor ic ;
n o t t h a t t h e y a re a ll

o f t h is c h a ra ct e r b ut ,

be ca use it is im po ss i
b le t o dis t i n g uis h t h e
pre h istoric from t h e
h is toric A n c ie n t a n d
.

mo de rn form s a re s o fi g 8 —M d P tt y B i d Pi p
1
m in g l e d tog e th e r in . . o er n o er r e.

t h e coll e ct i o n th a t it b e co m e s a b oo k in wh ich we a re to re a d t h e
re cord o ft h e proto h is toric pe rio d Th is g ive s g re a t va l ue to t h e
.

coll e ct io n a n d m a k es it un iq ue
,
.

We m a y s a y th a t thre e pe riods h a ve le ft th e ir re cor d in t h e col

l e ct io n s t h e pre h istoric t h e proto h istoric a n d t h e h is toric a n d
.
‘

y e t s tr a n g y
e l t h e thr e e r e c or ds a r e ve ry s i m il a r Th is w e th i n k .
 280

p ro o f th a t t h e I n dia n s o f t h is r e g io n we r e a l wa y s diffe re n t fro m

t h e Mo un d b uil de rs o f t h e re g i o n to t h e we s t o f it t h e t wo c o l
-
,

l e ct io n s s ho win g a g rea t co n t ra st With re fe re n ce to t h e Mo un d.

b uil de rs re g io n t h e sa m e c a n n o t b e sa id I fwe ta k e th e l o c a l ity

’
.

wh e re Mo un d b uil de rs h a ve pre va il e d we fin d a g re a t co n t ra s t
-
,

be twe e n t h e ea r l ie r a n d t h e l a te r re l ics t h e e a rl ie r re l ics b e in g ,

s uppo se d to be lo n g to t h e Mo un d b ui l de r s b ut t h e l a te r r e l i c s -
,

t o t h e I n dia ns Th is s ubj e ct o f t h e se q ue n ce o f h istory h a s

.

be en re fe rre d to b y othe r write rs To s om e it see m s t o prove .

,

th a t t h e re wa s a g re a t diffe re n ce b e t wee n t h e ra ce s ; to othe rs it

see m s t h a t th e re wa s no dif fe re n c e wh a te ve r ; b ut i n o ur op in io n
t h e st udy o f t h e re l ic s wi ll p r ove t h e c o rr e ct n e s s o f t h e po s it i o n
wh ich we h a v e ta k e n — t h e diffe re n c e s de pe n d a lto g e th e r up o n
,

t h e loc a l ity we a re st udy in g .

F ig . 15 . —Por tr a i t . H g 16 — G la s s S topp er
. . .
m . 17 —Gi a n
. S t opp er .

S ir W ill ia m D a ws o n h a s s po k e n o f t h e vill a g e o f Hoc h e l a g a .

H e g ive s t h e h is to r y o f t h e vill a g e a n d a n a cco un t o f it s dis c o v

e ry b y J a cq ue s C a rt ie r in t h e ye a r 1 5 3 4 S o m e t i m e in t h e .

in te rva l b e t we e n 1 5 35 a n d 1 64 2 H o c h e l a g a wa s ut te rl y de s troye d
a n d t h e e n cro a c h m e n t s o f t h e wa rl ik e Iroq uo is m a de t h e is l a n d

a s ort o f f ro nt ie r o r de b a ta b l e l a n d o n wh ic h n o m a n l ive d Th e ,
.

H o c h e la g a n s we re n o t pre c is e l y e i th e r o ft h e I r oq uo is o r Al g o n
q uin stoc k b ut a re m n a n t o f a n a n c ie n t a n d de ca yin g na t io n t o
, ,

wh ic h t h e Er ie s a n d s o m e ot h e r t r ibe s b e l o n g e d a n d wh ich h a d ,

h istoric a l re l a t io n s o r ig in a ll y wit h t h e n o w e xt in ct A lle g h a n s or

Mo un d b uil de rs Dr D a ws o n dra ws t h e l in e be twe e n t h e All e
-
. .

h a n s a n d t h e H o c h e la g a n s a n d s a y s th a t t h e y we re bo un de d
g ,

o n t h e n o rt h b y t h e Al g o n q ui n s b ut t h in k s t h a t t h e r e wa s a b e lt
,

o f s e m i A lle g h a n a n d s e m i Al g o n q uin t e rr itory a lo n g t h e g re a t

- -

l a k e s a n d t h e S t La wre n ce t h e pe opl e in h a b it in g wh ic h h a d
.
,

borro we d s om e o f t h e h a b its a rts a n d mo de s o fl ife o ft h e All e

,

h a n s o r Mo un d b ui l de r s To
-
t h is prob a bl y b e l o n
g s uc h n a t io n s
g .

o f A g r ic ult ur a l a n d v i ll a g e dwe ll in g I n dia ns as t h e Er ie s t h e

-
,
 28 1

N e ut ra l s t h e H o c h e la g a ns Th is dis tin ctio n is o n e wh ich pe r

.

We ta k e t h e se
,

h a ps wi ll a id us in o ur s t udy o f t h e re l ic s

”
.

tra dit io na ry tribe s a n d fin d th a t t h e i r re l ics g ive n o tra ce o f c o n

ta ct with t h e wh ite m a n Th ey we re H o c h e la g a ns . By .

pl a c in g th e m be twee n t h e I n d ian s th a t a re k n o wn to h istory a n d

t h e Mo un d b ui l de rs wh o a re un k n o wn e xce pt b y n a m e we m a y
-
, ,

b e a bl e to di s t in g uish t h re e
ra c es o ne fro m a n ot h e r Th e .

af fin it ie s o f t h e A lle g h a n s or
Mo un d b ui l de rs h a ve be e n -

s t udie d b y S i r W i ll ia m Da w

so n Th ey h a ve be e n pro .

n o un c e d to b e Tolte ca n .

Th ey re se mbl e h owe ve r m o d , ,

e rn I n dia n a s m uch a s t h e y

F ly 18 —T um p t M “Hp
do t h e Tolte c a n ra ce s Th e .

. . r e
re l ics o f t h e A lle g h a n s or
"

Mo un d b ui l de rs differ v e ry m uc h from t h e re l i cs o f t h e Tolte cs

”
-
.

Th e pott e ry o f t h e H o c h e la g a n s is c e rt a in l y s upe rior to t h a t o f

“
t h e mo de rn I n dia n s b ut it do e s n o t e q ua l th a t o f t h e A lle g h a n s
, .

Th e p ipe s o f t h e H o c h e la g a n s we re g en e ra lly e a rt h e r n a n d h a ve
a p e c ul ia r s h a pe — g e ne ra ll y tr ump e t s h a p e T h e M o u n d b ui l d .
-

’
p ipe s we re ve ry difle re n t from th e se Th e coppe r a xe s
'

e rs .
,

s pe a rs ,
a n d k n iv e s o f t h e A lle g h a n s or Mo un d b ui l de rs a re -

c e rta in l y ve ry diffe ren t from t h e sto n e k n ive s o f t h e H o c h e la

g a n s. Th e b a dg e s m a c e s a n d
, oth e r or na m e n ts o f t h e M o un d
b uil de rs a re ce rta in l y s upe rior to a ny o f those wh ich a re fo und
n ea r Hoch e l a g a .

F ig . 19 . Tr um p e t S h a p ed Pip e .

We m a in ta in th a t th e re is a h isto ry I n d ia n s a n d th e of th e

Mo un d b uil de rs a n d th a t th is h isto ry is
-
,
s een i n t h e re l ics a s we l l

a s i n th e portra its Le t us ta k e t h e diffe re n t re l ics fo r o ur ill us

.

t ra t i o n s Th e re a re ve ry m a n y re l ic s fo un d upo n t h e s urfa ce
. .

Th e m aj o rit y o f th ese proba bl y be lo n g to t h e l a te r I n dia n s Th e re .

o un d in g ra ve s We a scribe t h e g ra ves t o
a re a l s o m an y r e l ic s f .

t h e wa n de rin g t r ibe s o f I n d ia n s s om e o f th e m to tri be s wh o ,

h a ve just d isa ppea re d Th e re l ics fo un d in t h e g ra ve s a re ft c

.
 283

Th e mo de rn mbl a n ce s a re re co g n iz e d in t h e portra it p ipe s

se

more t h a n in a ny o t h e r We fin d t h e m h o we ve r in th e Toro n to
.
, ,

coll e ct io n We ca ll atte n t io n to t h e mo de rn E uropea n fa ce s in

.

t h e Ne w York p ip e s S ome o f t h e s e fa ce s re s e mbl e Fre n c h

. ,

S pan is h s o m e E n g l i s h t y pe s (F ig s 5
,
th o ug h it is a que st io n .
,

wh e t h e r t h is was in t e n de d I n t wo o f t h e c uts t h e I n dia n fa c e s

.

m a y b e r e co g n iz e d I n t h e re l ic s from t h e mo un ds o f O h i o
.

th e re a re n o mo de rn portra its a t l e as t n o portra its o f t h e wh ite

,

m a n tho ug h t h e Mo un d b ui l de r s fa c e in o ne m a y b e sa id to
’
-
,

re se mbl e t h e D a k o ta I n dia n s a n d in t h e oth e r t h e fa ce o f a

S h a wn e e Th is wo ul d in dica te th a t t h e Mo un d b uil de r tr ibe s
.
-

m a y h a v e b ee n follo we d b y m o de rn tr ibe s t h e fe a t ure s o f or ig in a l ,

ra ce s h a vi n g b e e n pe rpe t ua te d e ve n to t h e prese n t da y If we .

g r a n t t h is we m us t a ck n o wl e dg e t h a t t h e
, y w e r e diffe r e n t tr ib e s

from t h e Ea s t e rn I n dia n s S ee F ig 1 0 . . .

F ig . 22.—Tub e Pip e . F ig . 23. —F la t Pip e .

Th e g rote sq ue q ua l it ie s wh ic h a re fo un d in t h e m o de rn I n dia n
a re n o t ic e a bl e V e ry fe w s uc h g rote s q ue im a g e s a re fo un d in
.

t h e Mo un d b ui l de rs re l i cs Th e sp o rt ive e l e m e n t wa s e v ide n tl y
’
-
.

in t h e as ce n de n cy wh e n t h e se p ip e s we re m a de Th e a rt is t to o k .

a n o dul e o f s to ne a n d fi n din g a re se mbl a n c e to a f

, , a c e in it h e ,

t urne d it in to a g ro t e s q ue im a g e I n o n e c a s e h e use d t h e .

mo uth a s t h e b o wl o ft h e pipe fill e d it with toba cco a n d s m ok e d

, ,

it o ut o f t h e b a c k o f t h e h e a d S ee F ig 8 I n a n ot h e r c a s e h e
. . .

m a de a c a rica t ure o f t h e eye (se e F ig a n d use d t h e p ipe with .

it s com ic fe a t ure s o ut o f m e re wa n to n n es s or s po r t A t h i rd
‘

p ipe h a d it s portra it to wa rd t h e s m o k e r (se e F ig b ut it s .

s e mbl a n c e c a n n o t b e e as i l y r e co g n iz e d It m a y h a ve b ee n .

e i th e r a n a t iv e Am e r ica n or E urop e a n Th e sq ua re for m o f o n e .

p ipe wo ul d in dic a te th a t it wa s a m o de rn pro duct Th e spik e .

i n t h e c en te r o f t h e p i pe wo ul d s ug g e s t t h e ph a ll ic sy mbol b ut ,

i n a mo de r n p ip e wo ul d b e witho ut s ig n ifica n ce Th e g rot e s q ue .

pipe s h a ve be e n de s cribe d b y Mr E A Ba rbe r Th e mo s t o f . . . .

t h ese a re mo de r n I n dia n Ne w York S ta te b e in g t h e s o urce o ft h e

,

m ajority o f th e m
Two more portr a it p ipe s a re g ive n O n e is a pott e ry p ipe .
,

with a fa ce re se mbl i n g a wh ite m a n s A n oth e r i s a c a rve d

’
.

s pe c i m e n a n d loo k s l ik e a Ch in e se wit h a t urb a n

,
Th is l a s t .

wa s from a pie c e o f l i m e s to n e a n d is a lmos t bl a c k Th e h e a d

, .
 284

dre ss is q uite un l ik e a n y I n dia n Th e s pe c im e n is a s b ea ut iful

.

a s it is re m a rk a bl e , so s a ys t h e c ura tor S e e F ig 7
. . .

2
. We ta k e up t h e a n im a l p ipe s Th e co nt ras t h e re is ve ry
.

m a rk e d. We fin d t h a t t h e Mo un d b uil de rs we re ve ry s k ill ful in

-

i m ita t i n g t h e s h a pe o f a n im a l s Th e coll e ct io n wh ich is n o w in

.

th e Bl a ck m ore Muse um o f
En g l a n dh a s m a ny p ipes rep
rese n t in g a n im a l s Th e se .

p ipe s a re we ll wro ug ht , a n d
co n ta in e xce ll e n t i m ita tio n s
o ft h e a n im a l fi g ure s Th e .

h a b it s o f t h e a n im a l s a r e
bro ug h t o ut a s we ll a s t h e
s h a pe s Th e D a v en port c o l
.

l e ct io n h a s m a ny a n ima l
s h a pe d p ipe s Th e a n im a l s
.

repre se n te d in t h e Mo un d
b uil de rs re l ics a re , s om e o f
’

th e m e xtra l im ita l , to uca n s ,

—
,

W L M P‘Pe
’ m a n it ee s , s h o win g t h a t th e y
we re fa m il ia r wit h b irds a n d a n im a l s fo un d o n l y i n Me xico a n d
t h e G ul fS ta tes Th e m ajor i ty o ft h e a n im a l s a r e t h o s e wh i ch we r e
.

commo n i n t h e e f i—
va ll y o t h e Oh io a n d Miss iss ipp t urtle , fro g ,
to , ott r , l y x, be a r , bea ve r , h a k , c h e rry b ir d, woo d pe c ke r ,
a d e n w -

F ig 26
.
—F ia t
. Pip e .

duck , s wa llo w, h e ro n , fis h a wk ra bb it , wil d c a t , s q uirre l , o wl,

h -
,

a ll ig a tor .Th e p ipe s from Ne w Y o rk a n d O n ta rio a re , s om e o f

th e m , im ita tive o fa n i m a l s, b ut th ey a re g e ne ra lly p o or im ita t io n s .

We h a ve thre e i m ita t ive re l ics be fore us I t is a lmos t im po ss i

.

b le to re co g n iz e t h e cre a t ure re pre s e n t e d I n o n e ca se we h a ve

.
th e s hort b ill o f t h e b i rd in t h e oth e r we h a ve t h e ta i l o f th e
,

b i rd a n d a r ude im ita t io n o f t h e b ill I n t h e th i rd we h a ve t h e .

n e c k h ea d a n d e ye o f t h e b ir d b ut a poor i m it a t io n o f b o t h
, , .

Th is l ast 13 a potte ry p ipe a n d is ve ry rude S ee F ig s 1 1 a n d

, . .

13 . Th ey s ho w t h e im i ta tive sk ill o f t h e I n dia n s o f th is reg io n .

Th e woo d pe c ke r a nd t h e c h e rry b ir d wh ich a re from t h e

-
,

mo un ds o f O h io will sho w t h e co n tras t S e e F ig 1 2 It is

,
. . .

e v ide n t t h a t t h e Mo un d b ui l de r s s k i ll wa s m uch g rea te r th a n

’
-

th a t o f t h e Ca n a da I n dia ns .

mg . se .
—B r oodi n g Or na m en t .

3 T h
. e s h a p e o ft h e p ip e s i s n e xt to b e co n s i de r e d Th e r e a r e .

va r io us sh a pe d p ip e s , wh ic h m a y b e r e co g n iz e d a s mo de r n b y
t h e sh a pe A s a g e n e r a l t h i n g , a p ipe wh ich h a s stra ig ht s ides
.
,

s h a rp a n g l e s , look in g a s i f t h e y we re s a we d l ik e t h e o n e g ive n ,

i n F ig 5 wi ll b e re g a rde d a s a m o de r n p ip e
.
, The re a re m a n y .

s uc h p ipe s thro ug h o ut t h e co un t ry S om e o f t h e m h a ve pa ne l s ,
.

a n d s om e h a ve pl a in s ide s S q uie r a n d D a v is h a ve descri be d a

.

fe w, b ut th e y we re p ipe s wh ic h we re k n o wn to b e lo n g to c e rta in
h istoric I n dia n s Th e p ipe o f Ke o kuk is de p ict e d in th is boo k
. .

Mr E A Ba rb e r h a s de scribe d oth e r p ipe s from La k e S upe rior ,

. . .

a n d Mr Ca tl in h as de s cr ibe d ma n y o t h e rs Th e se we re t h e
. .

p ipe s o f Ma n da n ch ie fs All o f th e m h a d stra ig ht s ide s a nd a

.

bo wl a t o n e e n d; t h e m a te ria l wa s c a tl in ite A p ipe wh ich h a s .

th e s h a pe g l as s s to pp
of a e r s ee m s to b e commo n F ig s 1 6 1 7 . .
, .

Th e se a re e vide nt ly mo de rn a n d h a ve t h e a ppea ra n ce o f h a v in g
,

b e en t ur n e d in a l a th e a s t h e b a n ds a re a ll pa ra ll e l a n d t h e bo wl is
, ,

divide d in to diffe re n t pa rts No s uch pipe was e ve r fo un d a mo n g

.

g e n ui n e M o u n d b u i l de r s r e l i
-
c s It c a n n o
’
t b e c a ll e.d a p r e h i s
toric spe c im e n .

Th e t rum pe t sh a pe d p ipe : Th is is a s h a pe wh ich m a y b e

-
ei th e r mode rn or a n c ie n t We pre se n t t wo spe cim e n s from t h e
.

coll e ct io n S e e F ig s 1 8 a n d 19 Th e first h a s orn a m e n t s a n d

. . .

ba n ds o n it a n d wa s e vide n t ly m a de b y s om e I ndia n Th e s h a pe
, .

o f t h e pi pe wa s h o we v e r s o m uc h l ik e t h e commo n cl a p i
, , y p e
o ft h e wh ite m a n t h a t we pl a c e it a mo n g t h e mo de r n s e m bl a n ce s .

A p ipe from a mo un d in S ull iva n Co un ty Te n n e ssee h as h o w , , ,

e v e r b e e n des cr ib e d b y Dr Cy r us T h om a s wh i c h h a s a b o wl
, .
,

l i k e th is o n e from O n ta r io b ut it s ste m h a s fl a n g e s or win g s o n

,

e it h e r s ide m a k in it r
g e ,

s e mbl e bot h t h e Mo un d

b uil de r s pipe a n d t h e ’

wh ite m a n s p ipe Th i s ’
.

wa s dis cove re d in t h e
m ids t o ft h e s to ne h e a ps
wh ic h h a v e b e e n a scr ib e d
to t h e C h e rok e e s a n d ,

wa s un do ubt e dl y a Ch e rok e e p ipe ; po s s ibl y wa s m a de a fte r t h e

a dve n t o ft h e wh it e m a n Mr A E Do ug l a s s h a s a l s o de scrib e d
. . . .

a tr umpe t s h a pe d p ip e from Me xico

-
t h o ug h it is un ce rta i n ,

wh e t h e r it is pre h is toric or h is tor ic Th e tr um pe t s h a p e d p i pe

.
-

wh ic h is n e xt g ive n is pe rh a p s t yp ic a l o f t h e s e S e e F ig 1 8 . . .

S ir W i ll ia m D a ws o n h a s de scribe d a n um b e r o ft h e se H e s a ys .

t h a t t h e h ig h e s t s k ill o f t h e Hoch e l a g a potte rs wa s b e s to we d o n

t h e ir tob a cco p ipe s T h e y pos se s se d pipe s o f s te a t ite or s oa p
.

s to ne b ut n o n e o f e l a bora te form h a v e b e e n fo un d
. On e .

e xa mpl e o f a t r um e t p ipe m a de o f ca tl i n ite is iv ? S ee F i g

p , g e n ,
.

19 . A g re a t n um b e r o f fr a g m e nts o f cl a y p ipe s b e a rin g t h e

tr umpe t s h a pe s h o w th a t t h is wa s a co m mo n fo rm S e e F ig 20 . . .

It will b e n ot ice d t h a t t h e
pipe h a s t h e s h a pe o f a wa r

cl ub t h e bo wl c o n s t it ut in g
,

t h e h e a d o f t h e cl ub t h e ,

s te m th e h a n dl e Two .

t ub e p ipe s a re re pre s e n t e d .

T h ey we re proba bl y t h e
p ipe s o f I n dia n s a n d n o t o f
Mo un d b uil de rs S e e Fig s
-
. .

2 1 a nd 2 2 An oth e r s h a p e
.

is v e ry commo n a m o n g
F ig 9 —I di M 2
t h e I n dia n s It is a p ipe . . n an a c e.
.

wh ic h h a s a fla t pl a t fo rm a s a s ub st it ut e fo r a bo wl t h e or ifice o f ,

t h e p ip e b e in g i n t h e c e n t e r o f t h e pl a t e S uc h a p ipe a s th is .

wa s re g a rde d in a m e a s ure a s sa cre d S e e F ig s 2 3 2 4 a n d 2 5 . .

,
.

Th e t o b a cco wa s pl a c e d upo n t h e fla t s urfa ce l ig ht e d a n d t h e , ,

pipe wa s pa sse d a ro un d t h e c ircl e fo r t h e wa rriors or co un c i l ,

m e n to blo w t h e s mo k e o ut a s a s ig n o f g o o d fa it h a n d wo r sh ip
,
.

S uc h p ipe s be lo n g to t h e m o de r n I n dia n s e ith e r to t h e Al g o n ,

q uin s or t h e I ro quo is Th ey a re q uite wide l y distr ib ute d We

. .
 287

h a ve see n o n e in t h e coll ect io n a t Poto si W is co n s in C a tl in h a s ,

.

p ict ure d o n e in h is book o n t h e Ma n da n I n dia n s a n d t h e S m it h

s o n ia n R e port s s pe a k o f oth e r p ipe s o f a s im i l a r s h a p e .

We h a ve dwe lt upo n t h e de scr iptio n o f th e se re l ics fo r t h e

rea s o n th a t th ey a re s uppo se d to h a ve be e n ty p ica l s pe c im e n s .

Th e e xe c ut i o n o f t h e c ut s is to b e s ure s om e wh a t im pe rfe ct
. , ,

a n d ye t t h e s h a pe
o ft h e re l i c s wi ll b e

e a s il y se e n fro m
th e m We ta k e th e .

po s itio n tha t t h e
c oll e cti o n as a
w h o l e i ll us t ra te s
th e pe c ul ia r it ie s o f
t h e I n dia n a rt pe ,

c ulia r it ie s wh i c h
a re n o t :r e co g n iz e d
in th e Mo un d
b uil de rs a rt Th e se pe c ul ia ritie s see m to h a ve b ee n de rive d fro m
’
.

pre h istoric tim e s a n d to in dic a te tha t t h e I n dia ns o f t h is re g io n

,

a t l e a s t we re a lwa y s dif fe re n t or a t l e a s t h a d diffe re n t ty pe s o f

, , ,

a rt f
,
rom t h e Mo un d b uil de rs Ce rta in ly so fa r a s t h e re l ic s c a n
-
.
,

s ho w it we s h o ul d sa y th a t t h e re wa s a wide dif
,
fe re n c e b e twe e n
t h e two cl a s s e s o f p e opl e a n d th a t th is dif ,
fe re n c e e xis te d in pre
h ist oric tim e s a s we ll a s in h istor ic We m ig ht h e re dra w upo n .

h istory to s how t h e sa m e fa ct It is we ll k n o wn th a t t h e re g io n
.

we h a v e bee n de s cr ib in g a n d from ,

wh ich th ese re l ic s we re g a th e re d ,

wa s t h e o n e wh ich wa s firs t o c c u
p ied b y t h e wh ite m a n It is t h e .

re g io n in wh ich t h e proto h is tor ic

pe rio d wa s m o st prolo n g e d Th e re .

h a ve be e n to b e s ure a fe w oth e r
, ,

loca l it ies in wh ic h th is pe rio d wa s

e q ua ll y protra ct e d b ut in n o n e wa s
,

it l i k e l y th a t s o m a n y protoh is tor ic
re l ics wo ul d b e l e ft a s h e re .

4 . T h e r e a r e c e rta i n r e l ic s wh i ch
s ee m to h a ve b e e n wide l y dis t r ib
ut e d b ut t h e y a re a t t h e sa m e t im e
m g 31 —M u d B uii d M
,

re g a rde d a s Mo un d b uil de rs re l
- ’
’ . o n er e a c e.
-

ic s fo r th ey a re s om e t i m es fo un d in mo un ds a n d h a ve a ll o f
,

t h e fi n ish wh ic h ch a ra cte r iz e s t h e Mo un d b uil de rs a rt We ’

-
.

re fe r to t h e sa ddl e sh a p e d s pe c im e n s Th e se a re som e t im e s
-
.

ca ll e d broo din g orn a m e n t s a s t h e s uppo s it io n is t h a t t h ey rep

,

re se n te d b i rds a s broo din g a n d a t th e sa m e t im e we re worn a s

,

s ig n s o f m a t e r n ity Th e re is o n e t h in g to fa vor th is v ie w o ft h e
.

re l ic s Th e h ea d dress o f th e Eg ypt ia n g odde ss Ne ith wh o was

.
-
,
 289

ta ke t h e S pool orn a m e n ts t h e broo din g orna m e n t a n d compa re

, ,

th e m with t h e Eg yptia n h ea d dre ss We t he n ta k e t h e Pueblo -

.

m a n n e r o f we a r in g t h e h a i r a n d t h e va r io us p i ct ure s a n d pl a c e
, ,

th e m to g e th e r an d a s k wh eth e r th e re wa s n o t a sy mbol is m in a ll
,

th is a sym bol is m wh ich po ss ibl y h a d a commo n s o urce in s om e

,

h isto ric a n c es t ry Th is e xpla n a t io n m a y n o t b e a cce pte d b y a ll A

. .

few b i rd a m ul e ts h a ve b e e n fo un d wh ich in s h a pe co n tra dict it .

Th e re is a b ird a m ul e t in t h e po sse ss io n o f Mr L O Bl iss o f . . .

,

I o wa Fall s It co n s is te d orig ina lly o fthree p ie ce s t h e top p ie ce

.
,

be ing in t h e sh a pe o f a d uck with a fla t ba ck t h e m iddl e pie ce .

be in g a m e re fla t ta bl e t re se mbl in g t h e pe rfora te d ta bl e ts t h e
, ,

lo we r p ie ce be in g boa t sh a pe d rese mbl in g t h e bo a t s h a pe d re l ic s

-
,
-

wh ich a r e s o commo n Th e exp l a n a t io n o f th is re m a rk a bl e

.

re l ic is tha t a duc k wa s pl a c e d upo n t h e boa t sh a pe d re l ic a n d -

,

F ig 33—Mon i to r Pip e , I n di a n
. . .

co uld rock e d in a wa y to re se mbl e t h e floa t in g o f a duc k o n

be
t h e wa te r Th e re l ic re m a rk a bl e a s it is do e s n o t in re a l ity
.
, ,

co ntra d ict t h e e xpl a na t io n wh ic h we h a ve g ive n Th e d uc k .

m ig ht b e ta k e n a s a symbol o f m a te rn ity ; it is a ve ry c o m mo n
s y mbol n o t o n l y a mo n t h e I n dia n s a n d Mo un d b ui l de rs b ut
g
-
, ,

a mo n g t h e P e r uv ia n s I t wo ul d se e m a s if th is ide a o f repre
.

se n t i n g m a t e r n ity b y t h e broo din g or n a m e n t or b i rd s h a p e d -

h e a d dre s s wa s v e ry wide sprea d

- .

Th e q ue st io n a r ise s wh e th e r t h ese we re Mo un d b uil de r s or

’
-

I nd ia n re l ic s I n a n swe r to th is we wo uld s ug g e st th a t if th ey
.

we r e Mo un d b uil de rs th ey a re v e ry in t e re st in g sp e c im e n s s in c e
-
,

tho se wh ic h a re un do ubte dly I n dia n a re m uch r ude r th a n t h o se

wh ich we re Mo un d b uild e rs -
We ca ll a tte n tio n to t h e brood in g
’
.

o rn a m e n ts fio m th e Ca na dia n I ns tit ute a t Toro n to a s compa red

'

with t h e orn a m e n ts in th e Bl a ck m ore Mus e um de s crib e d b y ,

E G S q uie r in A n c ie n t
. . S t ill we wo uld sa y ,
 290

t h a t Dr C C Abbott h a s m e n ti o ne d t h e pre va le n ce o f th ese

. . .

broodin g or n a m e n ts i n Ne w J e rsey fo un d o n t h e s ite s o f t h e ,

a n c ie n t I n dia n v i ll a g es in N e w J e rs ey ? Mr H e n ry G i lm a n .

“
a l s o sa y s o f th e se b i rd s h a pe d s to ne s : 1 h a ve le a rn e d thro ug h
-

a n a g e d I n dia n t h a t in ol de n t i m e s th e se o rna m e n t s we re wo r n

o n t h e h e a ds o f t h e I n dia n wom e n b ut o n l y a f te r ma rria g e ; t h e

”
,

fig ure o f a broo din g b i rd wa s a fa m i l ia r s ig h t to t h e ch i l dre n o f

“
t h e for e s t Dr Edwa rd S te rl in g o f Cl e ve l a n d sa ys : S uch
. .
, ,

b ird e ffig ie s m a de o fwoo d h a ve bee n n ot ice d a mo n g t h e Ott a wa s

o f Gra n d Tra v e r se Ba y Mich ig a n fa s te n e d o n t h e top o f t h e
, ,

h ea d o f t h e wom e n a s a n in dica t io n o f m a te rn it y Wm Pe n n . .

“
sa y s : Wh e n t h e yo un g wom e n a re fit fo r m a rria g e th ey wea r ,

s om e th i n g o n t h e i r h e a ds f o r a n a dv e rt ise m e n t so t h a t t h e i r ,

fa ce s a r e h a rdly to b e s ee n e xce pt wh e n t h e y p l e a s e
,
Dr A b . .

bott s pe a k s o f o n e b ird sh a pe d s to n e fo un d in Ve rm o n t a n oth e r

-
.

fo un d n ea r Tre n to n Ne w Je r se y a no t h e r i n Cumbe rl a n d C o un ty
, , ,

Ne w J e rsey Th is wa s in te n de d to re pre se n t a dive r or duc k

.

with a lo n g n e c k A ve ry be a utiful s pe c im e n wa s re cen tly dis

.

cove red b y Mr Thompso n in Mich ig a n A ft e r co n s ide rin g t h e

. .

g r e a t n umb e r o f th e se re l ic s a n d t h e f a ct th a t th
,
e y a r e o
f u n d
upo n t h e s urfa c e we s h o ul d s a y th a t th ey b e lo n g to t h e mo de r n
,

I n dian ra th e r th a n to t h e Mo un d b uil de r -
.

5 . T h e n e xt cl a ss o f re l i c s a bo ut w h i c h t h e re m ig ht b e a
co n t e n tio n a s to wh e th e r th ey we re Mo un d b uil de rs or I ndia n s -
’
,

is th a t cl a s s wh ich m ig h t b e c a ll e d m a c es or b a n n e r s to ne s .

T h e se a re pe rfora te d a n d ha ve fla ng e s or win g s b ut va ry in
, ,

s h a pe s iz e a n d fi n is h
, Th ey a re ve ry wide ly distrib ute d S o m e
. .

o f th e m a re f o un d in Ca n a da oth e rs in Florida I n fa ct th ey , .
,

a r e commo n a ll o ve r t h e Mo un d b ui l de rs dis tri ct It wo ul d ’

-
.

se e m a s i f s o m e o f th e m we re m a de b mo d e rn I n d ia ns b ut th a t
y ,

in m a k in g th e m th e y o n l y pe rpe t ua t e d a n a t iv e sy mbol or en ,

s ig n o f o f fice wit h o ut pre se rv in g t h e s k ill wh ich fo r m e rl y h a d

,

b e e n e xe rc ise d in fin ish ln g th e m We ca ll a tte n t io n to t h e spe c .

i m e n s wh ich a re furn is h e db y t h e Ca n a dia n I ns t it ute a s compa re d

{S ee A b b ott ’
s Pr i m i t i ve I n dust r y . pp 872-87 4 . .
 291

wi th th o se de scribe d b y Mr A E Do ug l as s I t will b e see n

. . . .

th a t t h e Toro n to S pe c im e n s a re m uch rude r tha n t h e Florida

s pe c i m e n s Th e co n tra st m ig h t po s s ibl y b e owin g p a rtly to t h e
.

e n g ra v e r b ut n o t a lto g e t h e r
, O fo n e o ft h e spe c im e n s furn is h e d
.

b y t h e Toro n to I n s ti t ute Mr Boy l e s a ys :

,
.
“
It is a n un fi n is h e d
S pe c i m e n a n d is v a l ua bl e ch ie fl y as a n oth e r proo ft h a t t h e I n dia n s

did n o t p e rfo ra t e th e i r wo rk un t i l it wa s a lmo s t or wh oll y fin

ish e d . Th is S pe c im e n c a m e from K e n tucky Oth e r un fi n ish e d .

s pe c i m e n s h a v e b ee n de scr ibe d b y Col C h a rl e s Wh itt l es e y Th ey

. .

we re s p e c i m e n s fr o m O h io Ma ny brok e n spe c im e n s h a ve b ee n
.

fo un d in va r io us pa rt s o f t h e co un try O n e is in po s se ss io n o f
.

t h e wr it e r It ca m e fro m t h e reg io n o f t h e effig y mo un ds It

. .

h a d b e e n p e r fo ra te d in s uch a wa y a s to S ho w t h a t it h a d b e e n
ca rrie d a s a ch a rm b y som e I n dia n wh o wa s pe rh a ps un co n sc io us,

th a t it h a d be e n o n ce use d a s a n e m bl e m o f ho n or or a s a ba dg e
or m a ce Th e se r e l
.

ic s h a ve e v ide n tl y
com e do wn to us
th ro ug h t h e h a n ds o f
mo de rn I n dia n s from
t h e Mo un d b uil de rs
’
-

pe r io d Th ey ill us
.

tra te ve ry cl ea rl y t h e
po in t wh ich we h a ve
in m i n d Th e Mo un d
.

b uil de rs pe r io d wa s
’

dist in g uis h e d fo r t h e
s upe r io r it y o f t h e

na t iv e a rt Th e .

mo de rn pe rio d is dis
i
t g n u is h e d fo r t h e F in P ip e M
.oun36 —Mon it or
d B ui lder s .
- ’
.

de cl in e o f t h e n a tive a rt We m a y ca ll t h e Mo un d b uil de rs
.
-

I n dia n s , b ut t h e diffe re n ce b etwe en t h e s pe c im e n s o f a rt wh ic h

h a ve com e do wn to us from t h e Mo un d b ui l de rs a n d th o s e wh ic h

”
-

ha ve b e e n fo un d in th e h a n ds o f m o de rn I n dia n s prove t h e po si
t ion wh ic h we h a ve ta k e n Th e te rm Mo un d b uil de rs is a n
.
-

a ppropr ia t e o n e , f o r i t s ug g e s t s a st a g e o f a rt wh ic h wa s m uc h
s upe r i or in pr e h is tor i c t im e s to t h a t s ta g e wh ic h is e xh ib it e d b
y
t h e h is tor ic or proto h ist or ic t i m e s O n e o f t wo th in g s is prove d
.

b y th e m Eit h e r t h e h unte r I n dia n s wh o h a ve com e in a n d

.

ta ke n t h e pla c e o f t h e pre ce din g tr ibe s we re a m uch r ude r cl a ss

’

o f pe opl e th a n tho s e wh om we c a ll Mo un d- b ui l de r s , or t h e
Mo un d b uil de rs h a v e ve ry m uc h de g e n e ra te d a n d a re n o t prop
-

e rly re pre s e n te d b y th e i r d e s c en da n t s , whom we ca ll mode rn

I n dia ns Th is is a ll t h a t we ca re to s ub s ta n t ia te We t h in k th a t
. .

t h e dif fe re n ce be tween t h e mo de rn I n dia n s a n d t h e Mo un d-b ui l d

e r s i s p la in l y e xh ib it e d We do n o t cl a i m fo r t h e Mo un d
.

b uil de rs a ny h ig h de g ree o fc iviliza t io n , n o r do we cl ai m fo r the m

 C H A PT E R X V .

S Y MB O LI S M A MO N G THE MO U N D BUILDE R S -
.

Th e tudy o f symbol ism in A m e r ic a a l wa ys brin g s up a g re at

s

m a n y e n quirie s b ut n o n e more i n t e re st in g tha n o n e wh ich h a s

,

re l a t io n to a con ta ct with E urop e in pre h istor ic tim es Th is is .

,

to b e s ure a po in t wh ich is co n s ta n tly a ris in g in co n n e ct io n with

,

a ll de p a rtm e n t s o f a rch aeolo g y b ut i n th is c o n ue c t io n it is

,

e s pe c ia ll y s ug g e s t iv e We th e re fore propo se to S pe a k o f th e
.

ph a ll ic symbol a s it is fo un d in th is co un try e spe c ia ll y a mon g ,

t h e Mo un d b uil de r s a n d to s ee if th is do e s n o t prove a pre

-
,

Col umb ia n co n ta ct with oth e r co un tr ie s We s ha ll n o t h o w .

,

e v e r co n fin e o ur se l ve s to th is o ne sy mbol b ut s h a ll ta k e it in it s
, ,

comb ina tio n with oth e r sy mbol s s uc h a s t h e sy mbol o f fire o f , ,

t h e s un o f t h e se rp e n t a n d ot h e r n a t ure po we rs
, ,
.

Th e d e s c r iption o f t h e dol m e n s a n d m e n h irs o f W e s te rn

E urope wh ich wa s g ive n a ye a r or t wo a g o b y Mr Thom a s Wil
,
.

s o n a n d n o w a g a in b y Pro f A S
,
Pa ka c rd h a s bro ug ht up t h e
. . .
,

s ubj e ct a f re sh Th e sa m e is a l so t h e result o f rea din g a bo ut

.

t h e re m a r ka bl e fin d o n t h e I ll in o is R ive r Th e q ue st io n is h o w .

ca m e t h e c ustom o f m a k ing o ffe rin g s to fire a n djwa t e r a n d oth e r ,

c ustoms 1n Ame rica S ha ll we sa y tha t t h e Dr uids we re h e re

durin g pre Col umb ia n t im e s or S h a ll we g o fa rth e r b a ck a n d
-
,

a s crib e th e m to a n A s ia t ic s o urc e

I We be g in with t h e c up s to n es or pe rfora te d symbols It

. .

form s o n e o f t h e s ta n din g probl e m s fo r Am e r ica n a rch ae olo g is ts

h o w t o a cco un t fo r th e se Th ese ca v it ies h a ve be e n s t udie d b y
.

va r io us pa rt ie s a n d h a ve b e en fo un d in ma ny a n d wide ly sep
a ra t e d co un tr ies It is b e ca use o f t h is exte n s ive dis tr ib ut io n
.

th a t th ey h a ve bee n re g a rde d a s i mporta n t Th e a rg um en t is .

tha t t h e pre va l e n ce o f th e m in Am e rica prove s E urope an c o n

ta ct i n pre h ist o r ic t im e s Th e a rg um e nt is a g oo d o n e prov ide d
.
,

we a s s ig n to t h e ca v it ie s a sa cre d ch a ra cte r a n d re co g n iz e t h e m ,

a s t h e sy mbol s o f a wid e spre a d f a ith Th is is howe ve r t h e .

, ,

po int We im a g in e th a t if th ey we re n o t so wide ly distrib ute d

.

t h e tho ug ht o f th e i r sy mbol c h a ra cte r wo uld n e v e r h a ve a ri se n .

Th e sh a pe o f t h e h ol es s ug g e s ts a ve ry S impl e c a use n oth in g ,

more n o r l e ss th a n t h e n ut cra ck ing wh ic h wa s a n a t ura l th in g

-
,

fo r t h e na t ive s o f th is co un try Th e dis cove ry o f s o m a n y

.

bo uld e rs a n d sl a bs fill ed with th e se ca v itie s in S o uthe rn O h io

, , ,

wh ich is a fore s t re g io n a bo un din g with a ll k in ds o f n ut s n a t ur ,

a lly s ug g e s ts th a t th is wa s t h e s o urce o f t h e ca v i ti e s Pe rh a ps .

we S ho uld sa y th a t t h e q ue st io n is a fa ux pa s It s ug g e sts a .

myste ry wh e n n o myste ry exists S t ill as va rio us a ut h o rs h a ve .

, .
 295

Uta h a n d t h e pe c ul ia r fi g ure s fo un d a m o n g t h e rock pa in t in g s in

La k e Co unty Ore g o n a n d to t h e h um a n a n d a n im a l fi g ure s o n
, ,

t h e s c ulpt ur e d bo ul de r s i n A r iz o n a Th e se m a y a ll h a ve be e n .

s m b o l ic a n d it is po ss ibl e t h a t a commo n sy mbol is m h a s s pre a d

y ,

o ve r t h is e n t i re co n t i n e n t e it h e r fr o m t h e ea s t or we s t a n d t h a t
, ,

t h e co n n e ct io n m a y b e tra c e d e ve n a s fa r a wa y a s I n dia S t i ll .

we th i n k t h a t a dis t i n ct io n s ho ul d b e dra wn a n d t h a t t h e A m e ri ,

c a n s y mbol s s ho ul d b e l e f t t o t h e m se l ve s un t il it ca n b e prove d
th a t t h ey we re tra ns m itte d from oth e r l a n ds .

Th e po s it i o n s o f th e s e c up m a rk s a r e to b e s ure s om et im e s . ,

s ig n ific a n t a n d t h e a ss oc ia t i o n wit h va r io us p i ct ur e s i s s ug g e s
.

t ive For in sta nc e t h e re is a p ict ure o f a S ca n dina v ia n bo a t

.
,

wh ic h re m i n ds us o f t h e Norse s e a k in g s a n d a p i ct ure o f ba ttl e -

,

a xe s a n d a p y ra m ida l s t ale i n t h e K ivik mo n um e n t i n S c a n ia ,

S we de n .S o th e re a re m a n y c up c a vit ie s in t h e roo fs o f do lm e ns
in Fra n c e a n d Pro f A S Pa c k a r d h a s de cl a re d th a t th e se m ust
, . . .

b e sy mb o l ic S o th e re a re p e c ul ia r fi g ure s re se mbl in g R un ic
.

l e tte rs o n t h e Ba l d Fr ia r s R ock i n t h is co un try Th e re a re r e

’
.

m a rk a bl e co in c ide n c es a l s o in t h e sh a pe s o f t h e r in g s s urro un d
i n g t h e c a vit ie s wh ic h a re fo un d i n D e n m a rk a n d S we de n a n d in
t h is co un try S o m e wo ul d m a k e th e m sy m bo l s o f t h e s un a n d
.
,

wo ul d pro ve a c o n ta ct with E urope a n n a t io n s or e l s e a re m a r k a

b le p a ra ll e l de ve lopm e n t S o m e wo ul d a l s o c o n s i de r t h e D ig h to n
.

R ock a s s t i ll m ore co n cl us ive b ut t h is roc k Dr R a u is e s pe c ia ll y ,

.

s k e pt ic a l a bo ut ta k in g t h e po s it io n t h a t it wa s o nl y f
. a br ic a t e d

b y ordin a ry I n dia n s It s e e m s to m a k e a compl ica t io n with o ur

.

s y s t e m i ft h e re a r e re s e m b la n c e s t o O ld Worl d f orm s in Am e rica .

Wh ic h sh a ll we do ? S h a ll we ta k e t h e s im pl e fa cts a n d b e sa t is fie d
wit h t h e s e or s h a ll we re co g n iz e e v ide n c e o f fo re ig n co n ta ct in
,

th e m P We h a ve se e n th e se pe rfo ra t io n s o n va rio us sto n es b ut ,

h a ve n o t re co g n iz e d a nyth in g sy mbol ic in e it h e r t h e s h a pe s or
loca t io n s or re l a t ive p o s it io n s o ft h e h ol e s At o n e t im e we dis .

c o ve re d a s m a ll sto n e s l a b b ur n e d a n d s m o k e d n e a r t h e a lta r o f
, ,

t h e c e l e bra t e d a ll ig a tor e ffig y in Oh io t h e pro xim ity s ug g e s t in g ,

t h a t it wa s o n c e o n t h e a lta r Th is wa s pe rfora te d with a c up .

ca v ity a n d m a y h a ve be e n de s ig n e d a s a sym b o l S t ill oth e r

,
.

s to n e s ,
wit h s im il a r c up s h a pe d ca v it ie s a re fo un d in m a ny
-
,

pl a c es We sa w o n e o n t h e ba n k s o f t h e O h io a t t h e stea mboa t
.

l a n din g a t Ma ysv ill e Ky a pl a ce wh ic h wa s n o t s ug g e s tive o f

, .
,

a n yt h in g s a cre d We a l s o a t o n e t im e e xa m in e d t h e g rea t
.

bo ul de r wh ich wa s ta k e n fro m t h e ba n k o f t h e O h io n ea r Iro n

t o n a n d g ive n b y Dr H H H i ll to t h e N a t ura l H is tory S oc ie ty
, . . .

o f C in c i n na t i a n d we re tol d t h a t t h e r e we re o n e h un dre d a n d
,

s ixt ee n o f th e s e p e r f ora t io n s o n t h is s in g l e bo ul de r S im ila r .

s t o n e s h a v e b ee n f o un d in S um m it Co un ty 0 a t Portsm o ut h a n d , ,

Gr a ve po rt O a n d a t va r io us pl a c e s in Pe nn s y lva n ia a n dTe n n e ss e e
, ,

a n d t h e im pre ss io n is t h a t th ey we re us e d f o r n ut cra c k in
g
-
.

Th e bo ul de r a t C in c in n a t i h a s c e rta in g roove s o n it s s urfa c e ,

 296

fo ur or
five i n ch e s lo n g , wh ich h a ve t h e a ppea ra n ce o f b e i n g
worn b y co n t in uo us r ubb in g But a bo ut th e se we e n q uire i n.
,

wh a t r e spe ct do th e y diffe r from t h e m a rk s m a de b y a rrow s h a rp

e n i n g wh ic h a re s o commo n t h ro ug h o ut t h e co un try
,
Be a u .

ch a m p h a s de s crib e d s uc h wo rk s a s b e in g c ommo n in Ne w York

a n d Ge n T h rusto n i n h is n e w book h a s s pok e n o f oth e r s in
.

Te n n essee a n d h a s g ive n a c ut re pre se n t in g t h e sa m e , b ut th ey

,

s e e m v e ry s impl e th in g s a n d we do n o t s e e t h a t an y s y mbol is m
,

c a n po s s ibl y b e m a de o ut o f th e m .

Col Ch a rl es W h itt le sy t h o ug h t th a t t h e p e rfora t io n s we re

.

m a de b y spin dl e s a n d th a t th ey we re e v ide n ce s o f t h e do m e s ti c
,

a r t o f s p in n in g a n d we a v in g Oth e rs h a ve ta k e n t h e g ro un d
.

t h a t s om e o f th e m we re use d fo r pa in t c ups e spe c ia lly a s pe stl e ,

a n d morta rs h a ve b e e n f o un d in Ne w Me xico with t h e c up m a rk

i n t h e pe stl e Th e e xpl a n a t io n is t h a t t h e p a in t wh ich h a d b e e n
.
,

g ro u n d w a s
,
pl a c e d i n t h e ca v ity w h i l e t h e proc e s s o f g r in di n g
oth e r pa in t we n t o n H o w co uld sy mbol ic s ig n ifica n ce com e t o
.

s uc h s impl e obj e ct s ? We s ug g e st t h e followin g : It is po ss ible

th a t t h e wome n wh o so fre q ue n tl y h a ve l e ft t h e m a rk s o f th e ir
,

h a n diwork m a y h a ve use d t h e c a v it ie s a s s ig n s g iv i n g t h e m t h e
, ,

h idde n S ig n ifica n c e wh ic h wo ul d b e e xpre ss iv e o f c e rt a in se xua l

des i re s .We a re a wa re th a t t h e b ird a m ul e ts a n d oth e r obje cts o f
pe rs o n a l de cora t io n we re symbol s o fm a te r n ity with t h e a borig i n e s .

Th e s pool o r n a m e n t wa s a l s o m a de sy mbol ic o f s om e m o re
s p i rit ua l de s ire a n d t h e a xe e s pe c ia ll y wh e n m a de o f j a de wa s
, , ,

s y mbol ic o f t h e i mmorta l ity o f t h e s o ul s up e r st it io n re q uir in g ,

t h a t b its o f j a de s ho ul d b e pl a ce d in t h e mo uth o f t h e de a d I t .

is a pra ct ice with wo m e n i n I n dia to ta k e wa t e r o ut o ft h e Ga n g e s

a n d po u r o v e r t h e c a vit ie s a n d t h e c h a n n e l s s ur ro un din g th e m ,

a s t h e y b e l ie v e m a t e r n ity will b e t h e re s ult A n oth e r e xpl a n a t io n

.

is t h a t th ey we re s ock e ts wh e re t h ey pl a c e d t h e e n d o f t h e fire
e n e r a tor a n d s o c a m e to co n s i de r t h e c a vit ie s as s a cr e d to fire
g ,

a n d h a vi n g a p e c ul ia r S i g n ifica n c e I ft h ey a re t h e n we s h o ul d
.
,

s a y th a t t h e y f orm o n ly a n o t h e r l in k in t h e ch a in co n n e ct in g t h is
co un try with t h e fa r ea st pro vin g n o t o n l y t h a t s e rpe n t worsh ip
, ,

b ut p h a ll i c wors h ip a n d fir e wors h ip a n d s un wor s h ip we re a ll

co n ne cte d a n d pre va il e d o n th is co n t in e n t in pre h ist o ric t imes .

I I Th is po in t h a s be e n im pre sse d upo n us b y re ce n t di scove r ies

. .

We n o w re fe r to t h e dis co ve ry wh ic h we m a de in co n ne ct io n
wit h t h e g r ea t s e rp e n t e ffi g y nea r Q uin cy Ill i n o is Th is se rpe n t
, .

is a m a ss ive e f fig y wh ic h co n fo rm s to t h e bl uf
,
f t h ro ug h o ut its
e n t i re l e n g t h I t s fol ds a r e bro ug h t o ut ve ry forc ibl y b y fo ur
.

co n ica l b ur ia l m o un ds loc a te d n e a r t h e c e n te r o f t h e r idg e m id ,

wa y be t we e n t h e h e a d a n d ta il o f t h e se rpe n t Th e m o un ds .

co n ta in e d m a ny bo dies n o ne o f t h e m re ma rk a bl e e xce pt t h e o ne
,

wh ich wa s cre m a te d a t t h e ba s e o ft h e mo un d Th is wa s a l a rg e .

bo dy It wa s l yin g o n it s ba c k a n d wa s pa rt ia lly b urn ed Th e

.
, .

bo n es h o we ve r we re prese rve d an d wh a t wa s t h e m o st s in g ula r

, , ,
 297

a bo ut t h e c a se o n t h e ve ry c e n te r o f t h e bo dy n e a r t h e se cre t
, ,

pa rts a sk e l eto n o f a se rpe n t wa s fo un d co il e d up a s if th e re

,, ,

wa s a n in te n t io n to m a k e it s ig n ifica n t Th e h a n ds we re fol de d .

ove r t h e bo dy j us t b e lo w th is s k e l e to n Th e bo dy h a d it s fe e t .

to t h e e a t a n d it s fa ce wa s t ur n e d up wa r d a s if to loo k to wa rd
s
, ,

t h e s un Th us we h a ve in t h is cre m a t io n s ce ne both t h e ph a ll ic
.

sy mbol ic a n d t h e s e rp e n t e f fig y a n d we h a ve a t t h e s a m e t im e ,

s om e e vide n c e o f s un wor s h ip But t h e re wa s a n oth e r fea t ure

.

s t i ll more re m a rk a bl e It wa s n ot ice d t h a t t h e re we re se ve ra l
.

bo die s l y in g pa ra ll e l wit h t h e c e n tra l o n e a n d th a t t h e se bo die s ,

h a d b e e n b ur n e d Th e fire b e d wa s a b o ut twe lve fe e t a cro ss a n d

.
-
,

co n ta ine d t h e re m a in s o f a t l e a st fo ur bo die s a ll o f th e m pa r ,

t ia lly b ur n e d a ll o f t h e m cre m a t e d a n d a ppa re n tl y W i t h t h e fa c e s

,

look in g up wa rd Th e re we re a l so s k e l e to n s o f sn a k e s fo un d
.

wit h t h e b o die s t h o ug h t h e po s it io n o f t h e sna kes wa s n o t clo se ly

,

o b se rv e d No w t h e po in t th a t we m a k e is if th e re wa s p h a ll ic
.
,

worsh ip a t a ll it wa s a l s o a tt e n de d with t h e e a s te r n c ustom o f

,

s utt ee b ur n in g We l e a rn fro m t h e e a rl y e xplore r s t h a t a t t h e

.

s o ut h t h e f a s h i o n wa s to k ill t h e s l a v e s a n d wi fe o fa c h ie f wh e n

h e die d a n d to b ur n t h e bo die s wit h t h e bo dy o f t h e c h ie f I f .

th is wa s t h e ca s e a mo n g t h e s o ut h e rn tr ibe s it m a y a l s o h a ve ,

b e e n t h e fa s h io n with th is n ort h e r n tr ib e T h ese we t h in k a re .

, ,

im porta n t fa cts Wh il e e ve ryth in g in t h is Q uincy fin d wa s

.

ve ry r ude — n o r e l ic s n o pa v ed a lt a r n o e l a bor a te co n tr i va n c e
, ,

furth e r t h a n t e e f
h —
figy t se l f s t ill t h e cre m a t io n wa s r e m a rk a
i
b le . We a ck n o wl e dg e th a t th e re a re m a n y th in g s in co n n e ct io n
with a ll t h e Mo un d b uil de r s b uria l s wh ic h a r e o f p ure l y na t iv e
’
-

or ig in Ye t if t h e p h a ll ic sym bol is to b e se e n in o n e c a se it is
.

a l s o in m a n y a n d wh a t is mor e it is a l s o a lmo st a l wa ys c o n
, , ,

n ec t e d wit h t h e s e rp e n t sy m bol .

It is stra n g e th a t h e re in Am e rica na t ive s upe rst itio n se iz e d

upo n t h e m o s t f a m i l ia r obj e ct s s uch a s a rro w h e a ds s p e a r h e a ds
,
-
,
-
,

l e a f sh a pe d impl e m e n ts p iec e s o f m ic a or e ve n pe bbl e s a n d

-
, ,

ro un d s to n e s a n d m a de o f th e se a lta rs wh ich s ho ul d b e sym b o l ic

,

o f s un wors h ip ; b ut it is s tr a n g e r s t ill th a t n a t ive s upe rs t it io n

s h o ul d a t t i m e s g ive e vide n c e o f co n ta ct wit h t h e mor e a dva n c e d

fa s h io n s a n d c ustom s o f c o un tr ie s wh ich h a ve lo n g be e n h istor ic

a n d t h a t t h e t wo s y s t e m s o f s y mbol s s ho ul d b e so n e a r to o n e
a n oth e r Th e fin d a t V irg i n ia C ity in Ill in o is re m in ds us o f
.
, ,

s im ila r de po s it s i n O h io It wa s a s imple a lta r or a rt ific ia l h ea p

.

fo rm e d o ut o f l ea f s h a pe d re l ics t h e S pe c im e n s a ll h a vin g com e

-
,

proba bl y from Fl in t R idg e b ut h e re we re us e d a s t h e re st in g ,

pl a c e o f t h e dea d T h e re wa s ho we v e r a m ica cre se n t o n t h e

.
, ,

brea st a n d coppe r S pool s n ea r t h e h e a d a n d s to n e we a po n s n ea r

t h e h a n ds Eve ryth in g a bo ut t h e fin d s h o we d a ve ry r ude st a te
.

o f a rt a n d ye t s h o we d a s tra n g e a n d co n v e n t io n a l sy mbol is m
, .

Th e sa m e is tr ue a l s o o f t h e va r io us a lta r a n d b uria l mo un ds o f -

Oh io H e re in o n e pla ce we re a lta rs compo se d o f s im il a r fl in t

.
 299

sy mbol is m in t h e m a ll Th e g re a t se rp e n t in O h io is o n l y s uc h
.

a n ef fig y a s pe rh a p s a n y s upe rst it io us s a va g e m ig h t po s s ibl y de

vis e ; n ot h i n g co n ve n t io n a l o r f ore ig n a bo ut it s s h a pe b ut wh e n ,

we com e t o t h e o va l a n d t h e a l ta r i n t h e o va l we a re a t o n c e ,

re m in de d o f t h e p h a ll ic sym b o l a n d t h e o ffe r in g to t h e fire divin

it y o f t h e e a s t . S o t o o , t h e s e rp e n t e ffig y i n Ill i n o is se e m s l ik e
,

a v e ry r ude s e m bl a n c e o f a m a ss ive s na k e I t s s h a p e c o n form s

.

to t h e bl uff in e ve ry pa rt It se e m s o n l y a n e fli g y b ut wh e n we
.
,

compa re it s do uble be n d t o t h e c urve o ft h e H in du th e g e ne ra tor

a n d t o co un t t h e n um b e r f o ur in t h e mo un ds o n it s s umm it , a n d
s e e t h e co n te n ts a s t h e y a re it se e m s a s if t h e s a m e l a te n t sy m
,

b o lis m wa s stra n g e l y pre se n t a n ds o it is e ve ry wh e re S up e rs t it io n

. .

de g e n e ra te d or a dva n c e d o n e o f t h e t wo
,
S y m bol is m too wa s
.
, ,

e it h e r g ra dua l ly l o s t b e i n g m e r g e d i n to t h e t o t e m sy s t e m o f t h e
,

h un t e r ra c e s , or it g re w up un de r t h e s a m e ra c e s a n d b e c a m e a
compl ica te d syste m ve ry l ik e t h e s un sy m b o l s o fot h e r c o un tr ie s
, .

Th e re se m bl a n c e m a y h a v e b e e n a cc ide n t a l b ut t h e im pre s s io n
,

is g ro win g t h a t t h e s y mb o l is m wa s n o t a n a t ive g r o wt h b ut wa s ,

i n tro duc e d fro m s o m e o th e r l a n d .

II I It
. is t o b e re m e m b e re d th a t cre m a t io n wa s in E urop e dis
t in c t ive o f t h e b r o n z e a g e a n d wa s c o m p a ra t ive l y un k n o wn in t h e
,

n e ol it h ic a g e
. We a re a l so to re me mb e r t h a t t h e p h a ll ic sy mbol
wa s ve ry comm o n dur i n g t h a t a g e , s o c o m m o n t h a t m a ny t h in k
it wa s i n tro duce d i n to t h e n o rt h o f E urope b y t h e P h oe n ic ia n s ,
wh o took lo n g v o ya g e s fo r t h e s a k e o f fi n din g t in Th e Dr uids
.

a l s o a r e s uppo s e d to h a ve cre m a t e d bo die s , a n d t o t h e m h a ve

b e e n a scribe d t h e h o rse s ho e sy mbol s wh ic h a re st ill re co g n iz ed

-

in t h o se c e l e bra t e d te mpl e s form e d from sta n din g sto n e s W ith .

t h e Dr uids , fire wor s h ip sun wors h ip , s e rpe n t wo rs h ip a n d p h a l

,

lic worsh ip form e d a co m pl ic a t e d sy st e m , wh ic h s ta mpe d its e l f

upo n t h e m e g a l it h i c mo n um e n ts o f t h e l a n d Th e dis c o v e ry o f
.

t h e se va ri o us fo r m s o f s upe rs t it io n in t h e Am e r ica n co n t in e n t
s ug g es t s t o us t h e p o ss ib il ity o f a tra n s m is s io n o f t h e sa m e com

pl ica te d c ult us t o t h e we ste rn co a s ts o f t h e g re a t s e a T h is is .

a n i mp o rta n t f a ct . Wa s it o win g to t h e e xte n s io n o f t h e Ph cx:

n ic ia n vo ya g e s or t o t h e z e a l o f Dr uidic p r ie s t s t h a t t h e se t h in g s
we re in tro duc e d Th e co n ta ct s e e m e d to h a ve pro duc e d a m a r
v e llo n s e ffe ct It wa s n o t a de cl in e from t h e bro nz e a g e wh ic h
.

we se e in t h e se fa m il ia r sy m bol s , b ut t h e e ffe ct o f co n ta ct wit h

E rope
u a n v o ya g e r s i n p r e Co lum b
-
ia n t i m e s , p
r e -
Col umb ia n d i s

c o ve ry in f a ct . Th e co n c lus io n is s ta rtl in g b ut th is is t h e o n l y
,

wa y t h a t we c a n a cco un t fo r t h e m a rve llo us re s e mbl a n c e s Ce r .

t a in ly n o o rdin a ry na t ure wor s h ip c o ul d pro duc e a c ult us wh ic h

wo ul d comb in e a ll t h e e l e m en ts o f t h e e a s te r n fa it h s— Dr uidic ,
P h oen ic ia n , H itt ite , a ll in o n e , no r co ul d t h e la w o f g ro wt h a c
co unt fo r t h e deta il s a s t h ey a re se e n Pa ra ll e l de ve lopm e n t
.

m ig h t in dee d re s ult in t h e pre va le n ce o f a n ima l wors h ip a mo n g

t h e h un te r ra c e s , o f s un wors h ip a mo n g t h e a g ric ult ura l ra ce s ,
 3
00

po s sibl y o f se rpe nt worsh ip ; b ut wh e n a ll o f t h ese a re comb ine d

a n d m a de e xp re ss i ve o f a s tra n g e e s ote ric sys te m with t h e m y s ,

t ic s ig n i fic a n c e o f t h e s un sy mbol a s t h e s o urc e o f l if e we a re ,

le d to s a y t h a t s om e t h in g e l s e m us t b e bro ug h t in t o a cco un t fo r
t h e p h e n om e na Ph a ll ic worsh ip is n o t a s im pl e c ult wh ich
.

m ig h t b e in troduc e d a nywh e re n o r is it to b e e xpe cte d t h a t th e ,

wor s h ip o ffir e or o ft h e s un or t h e se rpe n t wo ul d a ll com e fro m

, , ,

na t ura l ca use s Th e re m ig ht b e a de cl in e from a pre vio us a d

.

va n c e d co n dit io n Th e bro n z e a g e m ig h t s in k ba ck i n to t h e s to n e
.

ag e . Th e a b s e n ce o ft in m ig h t re s ult in t h e s ub s t it ut io n o f cop
f o r t h e bro n z e a n d t h e c h a n g e g o o n un t il sa va g e h un te rs a r e
p e r ,

s ee n c a r ry in g a bo ut wit h t h e m s tra n g e r e m in de rs o f t h e i r pre

vio n s c o n ditio n ; b ut we c a n n ot se e h o w t h e proc e ss o f g ro wth
co ul d brin g to g e th e r o n t h e Am e r ica n tree t h e va rie d fr uit o fth e
e a s t e r n cl i m e s or pl a c e it s m a n y s ymbol s in t h ese wes te rn l a n ds .

Th e c us t o m o f k e e p in g a l ive t h e s a cre d fir e wa s co m m o n a mo n g
t h e s o ut h e rn tr ib e s With th e m t h e s un wa s t h e g re a t div in ity
. .

I dola try o fa pr im it ive k in d a l so pre va il e d a m o n g th e m Th e y

, ,
.

b uilt py ra m ids o f e a rt h a n d pl a c e d t h e i r idol s in n ic h e s o n t h e

,

s ide s o f t h o s e py r a m ids wit h t h e i r f a c e s to wa r ds t h e f

,
o ur po in t s
o f t h e sky Th ey k e pt t h e i r dea d in sa cre d ch a rn e l h o use s a n d
.
,

pl a c e d im a g e s n e a r b y to watc h t h e re m a in s or to re c e ive t h e
s p ir it s a s t h e y r e t ur n e d re m in din g us o f Eg ypt ia n c usto m s
,
.

Th e Mo un d b uil de r s c ult wa s a s st r a n g e a s t h is H e re we
’ '

-
.

s e e t h e p ip e s o f fe re d to t h e s un b ut t h e p ipe s a r e c o ve re d wit h
a n im a l fi g ure s s ug g e s t ive o f an m a l wors h ip or tote m is m
,
He re
i .

a l s o we s e e t h e s e rpe n t e f fi g y e ve ryt h in g a bo ut it e xpre ss ive o f

,

a s t ill h ig h e r c ult n a m e l y t h e wor s h ip o f fire or t h e s un

, ,
H e re .

we s e e t h e s un c ircl e a n d t h e cre s c e n t s h o win g t h a t s un wors h ip ,

wa s ve ry pre va l e n t H e re we s e e t h e p h a ll ic sy m b o l a ma rve l
.
,

lo us c ul t h ol din g it s swa y ove r a un ite d peo pl e S o uth e rn Oh io

, ,

b e in g it s c h ie f sea t o f po we r Eve ryt h in g o f va l ue wh ich wa s .

e ve r o f fe re d to t h e s un wa s s ubj e ct t o t h e a ct io n o f t h e s a cre d
fl a m e H e re we se e t h e h orse S h o e sy m b o l in t h e mo un ds a n d
.
-

t h e p h a ll ic s y m bol in t h e s e rp e n t p ip e s A n d with a ll th is com .

pl ica te d sym bol is m we l e a r n th a t t h e b o die s we re cre ma t ed

e xa ctl y a s t h e y we re o n Dr uidic a lta rs t h o ug h t h e fl a m e s a re ,

s m o o t h e r e d b e n e a t h t h e l a ye r s o f t h e s a cre d s o il S ure l y it is , .

m ys te rio us Co ul d t h e Mo un d b uil de rs h a ve in ve n ted a ll t h is

.
-
,

a n d e s ta bl is h e d t h e ir s y s t e m o ve r s o g rea t a t e rr itory bro ug h t ,

s o m a n y stra n g e co n c e pt io n s i n to t h e i r wors h ip un l e s s t h e y ,

h a d re c e ive d fro m s om e s o urc e a c ult wh ic h wa s n o t i n dig e no us

to t h e co n t in e n t It i s s a id b y s o m e t h a t th ey we re n ot h in g
.

more a n d n ot h in g l e s s t h a n t h e a n c e s tors o f t h e pre se n t ra ce o f

I n dia n s b ut b y oth e rs t h a t th e y we re g ift e d with g rea t in t e lli
,

g e n c e ; b u t w h ic h e v e r w a y w e look a t t h e m it d o e s s e e m t h a t ,

t h e y co ul d n o t h a ve h a d s uc h a m a rve ll o us sym bol is m un l e s s

t h e re h a d be e n a m o n g t h e m s o m e o n e fr o m a n oth e r co n tine n t .
 304

o pport un i ty o f s tudyin g a n d in co n ne ct io n with t h e l a s t two

,

h a s re c e n tl y m a de s om e im porta n t disco ve r ie s .

It will b e n ot ic e d th a t t h e se rpe n t e fli g y s it ua te d o n t h e bl uffs

'

j u s t a b o v e Q ui n c y i s n o t a lt o g e t h e r a s o l ita ry a n d s in g l e s pe c i

m e n b ut t h e re a re e v ide n c e s t h a t t h e s e rp e n t wors h ip e r s
,

i n h a b ite d a wide re g io n a n d fre q ue n tl y pl a c e d t h e to k e ns o f t h e ir

p re s e n c e o n t h e h ig h b lufls wh ic h bor de r t h e r iv e r e s pe c ia ll y ,

upo n t h e Ill in o is s ide Th e mo un ds wh ic h a re v e ry n um e ro us

.
,

a n d wh ich m a rk th e 1r pre s e n c e o n t h e l a n ds c a p e a r e to b e s ure , , ,

no t of te n in t h e s h a pe o f se rpe n ts a n d ye t t h ey a re fre q ue n tl y
,
'

a rra n g e d i n lo n g ro ws n ea r to o n e a n ot h e r a n d a r e p ra ct ica ll y
, ,

co n form e d to e ve ry t urn or twist o ft h e bl uff s o a s to g ive rise t o

,

t h e ide a t h a t t h e se rpe n t wa s i n m in d wh e n t h e y we re e re ct e d .

Th is pe c ul ia r ity o f t h e b uria l mo un ds s e e m s to b e in t e n s ifie d a s

o n e g o e s s o ut h wa rd a n d a t o n e po in t
,
— n e a r R oc k po rt in P ik e ,

—
co un ty be co m e s s o s trik in g th a t it is n o t diffi c ult to im a g in e
t h e s e rpe n t c fli g y to b e e v e ry wh e re pre s e n t Th e re is h e re a
.

s e r ie s o f h ig h roc ky bl uff s a n d o n t h e b lufls m a ny l a rg e c o n ica l

,

mo un ds t h es e m o un ds be in g fre q ue n tly c o n n e cte d wit h lo n g

, ,

lo w tort uo us wa ll s wh ic h fo rm t h e ve ry s p in e o f t h e n a rrow
,

b lufls m a k i n g it diffi c ult to de t e rm in e wh ic h pa rt is a rti fic ia l

.

a n d wh ic h i s t h e n a t ura l pa r t o f t h e r idg e Th e write r fo un d

.

s e v e ra l s uc h g ro up s or s e r ie s i n t h e s pa c e o f five m il e s s om e o f ,

t h e g ro up s co n ta in in g fi fte e n a n d t we n ty co n ica l mo un ds with

n a rro w c o n n e ct i g r idg e s
n — a ll o f th e m s it ua te d o n t h e h ig h e s t

po in t a n d m a de c o n s p ic uo us obj e cts in t h e l a n dsc a pe At o n e .

pla c e a se rie s o f c o n ic a l mo un ds b e g a n a t o n e e n d o f t h e bl uff

a n d co n t in ue d t o t h e o t h e r e a c h co n ic a l m o un d g ro wi n g l es s i n
,

h e ig h t a n d s iz e a n d t h e co n ne ctin g r idg e n a rro we r a n d more

,

t ort uo us un t i l it disa ppe a re d t h e wh ol e s e rie s re se m bl in g a h ug e

,

a n d t o rt uo us s n a k e wh os e h e a d wa s l ifte d h ig h a bov e t h e
,

pre c ip ice b ut wh o se bo dy s tre tc h e d a lo n g t h e whol e l e n g th a nd

,

wh o s e ta il t erm in a te d wit h t h e e n d o f t h e bl uff .

Th e se se mbl a n ce s a re n o t a lto g e th e r im a g in a ry fo r t h e writer ,

h a s pa sse d ove r t h e m a g a i n a n d a g a in a n d h a s b e e n im pre s se d

,

wit h t h e pe c ul ia r s it ua t io n o f e a ch a n d e s pee 1a lly with t h e c o n

,

form a t io n o f ea ch to t h e v e ry s h a pe a n d t wis t o f t h e bl uf fs o n
wh ic h th e y a re pl a c e d a n d h a s b e com e co n v in c e d t h a t t h is wa s
,

t h e s upe rs t it io n wh ic h e m bo die d it s e l f in t h e re g io n It wa s a n .

a n im is t ic f a it h wh ic h t h us p e o pl e d e v e ry b lufl wit h t h e s p i ri t o f
'

t h e a n im a l wh ic h it re s e m bl e d b ut it wa s a mo difie d a n im is m
,

—
wh ic h h e re o n l y re co g n iz e d t h e o n e re s e mbl a n ce t h a t wh ich is
m a de to re pre s e n t t h e g ua rdia n div in ity o f t h e re g io n t h e t ote m ,

o f t h e p e opl e a n d t h e g rea t s e rp e n t o f tra di tio n .

Th is wa s un do ubte dl y t h e S p ir it un de r wh o se prote ction the ir

ra v e s we r e pl a c e d a n d t h e i r v i ll a g e s we re b uilt ; t h e divin it y
g
wh o se sh a do w wa s a l wa ys pre se n t a n d wh o se po we r was
a l wa ys f e lt .
 307

wit h c ircl e s or h ol e s b ut a re loo k in g a wa y fro m o n e a n othe r

,

i n s te a d o f t o wa rd o n e a n ot h e r a s t h e b irds a re Ea c h fa c e h a s .

a lo z e n g e s h a p e d e ye a b e a k e d or s h a rp ro un de d n o s e
-
,
a lo w . ,

re tre a t in g fore h e a d t h e fore h e a d b e i n g pa rtl y h idde n b y a so rt

,

o f t urre t e d cr o wn or h e a d dre s s fro m wh ic h t h e us ua l p e n da n t s

-
,

or ta ss e l s see m t o fa ll Th e fe a t ure s o ft h es e i m a g e s a re pe c ul ia r
.
,

re s e m bl in g t h o se wh ic h a r e s om e t im e s s ee n a m o n g t h e A z te c s .

Th e m o ut h o f e a c h is wide Op e n a n d fro m t h e m o uth a v e ry,

S i n g ul a r s ym bol s e e m s t o pro je ct Th is sym bol co ul d n o t ve ry

.

e a s i l y b e m a de o ut o n a cco un t o f t h e wor n c o n diti o n o f t h e

ta bl e t b ut it re se m bl e d a h o rse s ho e a n d wa s a t o n ce s ug g e st ive
,
-
,

o f t h e p h a ll ic sym bol We do n o t s ta te t h is po s it iv e l y b ut if
.
,

t h is is t h e ca se we re g a rd t h e ta bl e t a s o n e o f t h e mo st re m a rk
,

a bl e wh ic h h a s b e e n f o un d in t h is co un try It is we ll k n o wn .

t h a t t h e h o rse sh o e wa s orig in a ll y a sy m b o l o f t h e g e n e ra tive

-

org a n ; b ut i n I n dia it ca m e to a ssum e a n e n t i re l y c o n ve n t io n a l

s h a p e a n d fi n a ll y g a in e d a n e s o t e r ic s ig n ific a n c e wh ic h wa s ve ry

re m ote fro m t h e orig in a l se xua l ide a It b e ca m e in fa ct a

”
. ,
“
sy mb o l f o r th e pr in c ipl e o f l ife a n d m ig h t b e s uppo se d t o
,
“ “
s ta n d f o r th e brea t h a n d s o fo r t h e s o ul wh ic h is s upp o s e d
, ,

to h a ve dwe lt in t h e bre a t h It is k n o wn t h a t in Me xico a t

.

t im e s p ie c e s o f j a de a r e fo un d in t h e m o uth s o f t h e de a d it ,

b e in g a s upe rs t it io n t h a t t h e j a de m ig h t re ce ive t h e s o ul a n d s o ,

pe rpe t ua te t h e s p ir it o f t h e in dividua l We do n o t sa y th a t t h is .

or a n y s uc h s upe rst it io n wa s e m b o die d in th is s ymbol ic ta bl e t ,

a n d ye t we t h ro w o ut t h e s ug g e s t io n a n d a s k Ot h e r s to e xa m in e
t h e ta bl e t with t h is t h o ug ht i n m ind .

I t s h o ul d b e sa id h e re t h a t t h e l a n d i n t h e imm e dia t e v ic in ity

o f t h e C a h ok ia m o un d is f ull o f bo ne s a n d a va s t m ult it ude ,

se e m s to h a v e b e e n b ur ie d h e re fir s t a n d l a s t T h e re is n o do ubt .

th a t t h e b uil de rs o f t h is m o un d we re s un wors h ipe rs a n d t h a t ,

th e y h a d t h e us ua l sy m bol is m o f s un worsh ip t h o ug h wh e re ,

t h a t symbol is m ca m e from n o o n e a t pre se n t c a n te ll S till if .

,

t h e t a bl e t s h o ul d pro ve to b e a s S ig n ific a n t a s it s e e m s t o b e we ,

s h o ul d c o n cl ude t h a t t h a t sy mbol is m m us t h a v e com e f rom s om e

ot h e r co n tin e n t a n d th a t we h a ve in it a n oth e r e v ide n c e o f c o n
,

ta ct with t h e pe opl e wh ic h o n ce fill e d t h e fa r e a s t wit h th is st ra n g e

c ult a n d wh o ca rrie d it t o t h e e xtre m e port io ns o f E uro pe a n d
p o ss ibl
y bro u g h t i t to Am e r ic a a l s o .

I n fa vo r o f t h is s uppo s it io n we h e re m e n t io n t h e fa ct t h a t
,

n e a rl y a ll t h e s h e ll g org e t s a n d in s cr ib e d t a bl e ts wh ic h a re n o w
be co m in g q uite n um e ro us h a ve a n a m o un t o f c o n ve n t io n a l is m
,

wh ic h i n its e l f m ust co n vin c e us t h a t t h e sy m bol s in t h e m h a d

b e co m e t h oro ug h l y sys t e m a t iz e d a n d ca re full y re g ul a te d a n d
co n troll e d We h a ve n o do ubt t h a t e a c h o n e o f t h e fi g ure s o n
.

t e s e g o r g e ts a n d t a bl e ts
h — wh e t h e r a fi g ure o f a se rp e n t or o f a
—
b rd or o f a h um a n fa c e or fig ure h a d a s ig n ifica nc e wh ich was
i
t h oro ug h l y un de rs too d b y t h e ch ie fs a n d pries ts a n d rul i n g
 3
08

cl a sse s , th a t th ey be ca m e a lmo st e q ua l to a s e rie s o f h ie ro

a nd
l
g yp h ic s t o th e p e opl e It w
. i ll b e n ot ic e d t h a t t h e r e a re loop s
a n d b a n ds a n d c i rcl e s a n d dot s a n d cro sse s a n d cre s c e n t s in a ll
o f t h e ta bl e ts a n d t h a t a s a n l t h i t h r d r f th i
, g e e ra n g e o e o e r
a rr a n g e m e n t t h e n um be r o f t h e divis i o n s a n d e ve n t h e ve r
, , y
co m b in a t io n s o f t h e di ffe re n t sy mbol s c a n b e re c o g n iz e d as
,

h a v in g a s ig n ifica n c e e a c h ta bl e t be c om in g e ve n to t h e un in it ia t e d
,

wh it e m a n a s ort o f coa t o fa rm s or sy m bol ic s h ie l d t h e na t ive

- -
,

h e ra l dry h a v in g e mbo die d itse l f in t h is wa y We m a y sa y .

,

h o we ve r t h a t t h e c o n tra s t be twee n t h e sy m b o h s m co n ta in e d in
,

t h is co n ve n tio na l iz e d h e ra l dry is m uc h m ore e l a bora te a n d com

pl ica te d t h a n th a t fo un d i n t h e l a rg e r a n d r ude r e fli g ie s a d th a t '

,
n

i t re q uir e s a m uc h n ic e r dis cr im in a t io n to s e l e ct it s difle re n t

p a rt s a n d to un de r s ta n d t h e s ig n ifica n ce o f ea c h Th e sa m e .

c us t o m o f e re ct i n g py ra m ids wh ic h h a d rea c h e d s uch pe r f e ct i o n

i n Me xic o h a d h e r e e xe rc is e d its e l f in e re ct in g t h is im m e n s e
e a rt h wo rk
-
Th e sa m e e l a b o ra te s ys te m o fs un wo rs h ip h a d h e re
.
-

e mb o die d it s e l f a n d t h e s a m e co n ve n t io n a l s m b o l is m w h i c h
y
a ppe a r e d i n t h e co dic e s a l s o i m pre s s e d it s e l f o n t h e t a bl e t s a n d

o t h e r sy m bol ic or n a m e n ts S e e Pl a te III. .

We wo ul d h e re c a ll a tte n t io n to a fe w a ddit io n a l fa cts O ur .

s uppo s it io n h a s b e e n t h a t t h e Mo un d b uil de rs c o mb i n e d t h e
-

p h a ll ic wo rs h ip with fire wors h ip b ut th a t t h e sym b o l s o f t h e

,

t wo c ult s h a d b e c o m e co n v e n t io n a l a n d t h e ide as re m o t e from

t h o se ordin a ril y a s so c ia te d with e ith e r ph ys ica l or m a te ria l o h
ie c t s
. Co n fir m a t o ry o f t h is s uppo s it io n we wo ul d n o w re fe r t o
t h e s p e c ific fi g ures wh ic h a re to b e s e e n o n t h e i n s crib e d
S h e ll s a n d t a b le t s t a k e n f rom t h e m o un ds a n d to t h e va rio us
m a rk in g s a n d l in e s wh ic h a re s e e n o n t h e in s cribe d rock s wh e t h e r ,

i n t h e Mis s is sipp i Va ll ey or e l se wh e re It will b e n ot ice d t h a t

.

th e re a re m a n y s h e ll g or g e ts o n wh ich t h e s e rpe n t is in s cr ibe d ,

a n d th a t th e s e s e r p e n t fi g ur e s a l wa ys h a v e Ioop s r un n i n g f rom
t h e bo dy a n d n e ck t o t h e h e a d in cl udin g t h e do t te d c i rcl e a s a
, ,

re pre s e n ta t io n o f t h e e ye T h is loop is a co n ve n t io n a l fi g ure

.
,

wh ic h re m i n ds o n e o f p h a ll ic wors h ip A g a in t h e se rpe n t is
.
,

o ft e n divide d in to fo ur pa rts ; be twe e n e a ch pa rt th e re 15 a dott e d

c i rcl e t h e n umb e r f
,
o ur r e m in din g us o f t h e fo ur po in ts o f t h e
c o m pa s s a n d t h e f o ur pa rt s o f t h e h ea ve n s t h e c ircl e s re m in d ,

i n g us o f t h e fo ur s un s A m o n g t h e s h e ll g org ets th e re a re
.

m a n y wh ic h h a ve t h e s ua st i ka or fir e g e n e ra to r pl a in l y m a rk e d ,

s h o wi n g t h a t t h e fi g ures wh ic h h a v e b e com e s o co n v e n t io n a l a n d

t h e idea s wh ic h a re s o h idde n m us t h a ve com e fro m a n e a s te r n

co un t ry Th e sa m e tho ug h t is a l s o s ug g e s te d b y t h e pre se n ce
.

o f t h e cro s s in A m e r ica a s y mbol wh ich wa s e v ide n tl y as com

,

m o n i n pre h is tor ic t i m e s a s i n h is toric b ut o ne wh ic h t h e n h a d

,

a n e n t i re l y diffe re n t s ig n ifica n c e It will b e n ot ice d furth e r t h a t

.

t h e s e s y mbol s — t h e loop a n d t h e dott e d c i rcl e — a re to b e pl a i n ly

s e e n in t h e h um a n fi g ures wh ich a r e b e com in g q uite commo n

, ,
 309

a n d, wh a t 15 more t h a t , th e fi g ure of th e tre e is o a p pa re n t in

a ls

t h e s e fi g ure s s h o wm g s t ill m re
,
o c o n c l us ive l y t h a t t h e re wa s a

m in g l in g o f e a ste r n s ym b o l s wit h t h e n a t i ve a bor ig in a l e m bl e m s

in th e s e h um a n tre e fi g ure s .

C H A PT E R X V I .

R ELI CS FR O M T H E ALTA R MOUND S A ND A S H PITS .

Th e s ubj e ct wh ic h we h a ve c h o se n fo r t h is c h a pt e r 15 o n e O f
g r e a t i m p o rt a n c e a n d o n e wh ic h h a,
s a n e s p e c ia l b e a r i n g o n t h e

Mo un d b uil de rs pr o b l e m Th is will b e se e n a s we pro c ee d to

’
.

un fo l d t h e fa ct s wh ic h h a ve com e to l ig h t b ut i t m a y b e we ll to ,

c o n s ide r b e f o re h a n d s om e o f t h e po i n ts wh ic h a re i n v o lv e d in

th e s t udy o f it .

It will b e n o t ic e d th a t t h e h is tory o fm o un d e xplora t io n b e g a n

wit h t h e dis c o ve ry o ft h e a lta r m o un ds a n d t h e re m a rk a bl e re l ics
wh ic h t h e y c o n ta in e d Th e e xplora t io n o f t h e a s h p its is o n
.
,

t h e c o n tra ry v e ry r e c e n t a n d m a rk s o n e o f t h e l a t e s t e v e n t s in
, ,

a rc h e o lo g ic a l dis co ve ry It wa s in t h e ea rl y da ys o fa rc h e o lo g y
.

t h a t t h e a ut h ors o f t h e A n c ie n t Mo n um e nt s Me s s rs S q uie r ’

,
.

a n d D a v is b e g a n t h e i r e xpl o r a t io n i n S o ut h e r n O h io ; b ut i t wa s
,

i n co n n e ct io n wit h t h e a l t a r mo un ds t h a t t h e mo s t re m a rk a bl e
dis co ve ry wa s m a de T h is dis co ve ry wa s in t h e n e ig h borh ood
.

o f C h i ll ic o t h e t h e v e ry pl a c e wh e r e t h ese g e n tl e m e n re s ide d
,
.

H e re in t h e m ids t o f t h a t ve ry wo n de rful s e r ie s o f e a rt h work s

,
-

wh ich t h e n s urro un de d t h a t c ity a n d wh ich we re a t t h a t t im e in ,

a v e ry fin e s ta t e o f pre s e r va t io n t h e s e g e n t le m e n c a m e upo n

” ”
,

t h a t s m a ll e n clo s ure to wh ic h t h e y g a v e t h e n a m e o f Mo un d
“
C ity Th e e n clo s ure wa s b y n o m ea n s a c ity fo r it wa s b ut
.
,

a l it tl e c i rcl e a n d co n ta ine d s c a rc e l y more t h a n t h irtee n a cre s o f

la n d b ut it wa s a spot wh ic h prove d ve ry ric h in de e d i n a rc h e
,

o l o ic a l tre a s ur e s T h e tre a s ur e h o us e o f Myc e n e m a y we ll

g .

h a ve s urpris e d t h e g re a t e xpl o re r Dr S c h l ie m a n n b ut t h is with , .

,

t h e dis co ve ry o f t h e p a l a c e o f Pr ia m i n Tr o y m a y b e s a id to ,

h a ve le d to nea rl y a ll t h e e xplora t i o n s o n t h e cl a s s ic s o il wh ich

h a ve be e n c a rrie d o n s in ce t h a t t im e a n d to b e in re a l ity t h e .

s t a rt in g po in t o f cl a s s ic a rc h e o lo g y a s it n o w e xist s S o we .

m a y s a y t h a t t h e l ittl e e n clo s ure wh ic h co nt a in e d t we n ty fo ur -

b uria l mo un ds wh ic h wa s s it ua te d i n t h e va ll e y o f t h e O h io
,

ri ve r wa s t h e sta rt in g po in t o f a rc h e olo g ica l dis c o ve ry in t h is

,

co un try a n d t h e b e g in n in g o f pre h istor ic s c ie n ce in Am e rica .

T h e idea t h a t t h e re we re c h ro n olo g ica l h o r iz o n s in Am e r ic a

a s we ll a s i n Tro y o r i n E g ypt m a y n o t h a ve occ urre d to m a n y ,

b ut t h is is t h e v e ry po i n t bro ug h t o ut b y t h e s t udy o f t h e a lta r

mo un ds a n d t h e a s h p its T h e se a re e m in e n tl y tok e ns wh ich
.

pro ve th a t t h e re wa s a succe s sio n o f ra ce s or tr ib e s a m o n g t h e

 3
10

Mo und b uilde rs a nd th a t e a c h tribe o r ra ce l e ft it s re cord pla i n ly

-
.

wr itte n be nea t h t h e s o il W h il e t h e re a re n o b urie d c it ies h e re

.
,

a n d m uch l e ss a s ucc e s s io n o f c it ie s s uc h a s h a ve b e e n f o un d in
t h e g rea t mo un d a t H iss a r lik ; wh il e t h e r e a re n o s t a t ue s o f
k in g s wh ic h b e lo n g e d to diffe re n t dy na s t ie s s uch a s h a v e b e en ,

e xh um e d a t P it h om in E g ypt ; ye t i n t h e ir r ude wa y t h e Mo un d
b uil de rs did l e a v e v e st ig e s o f t h e m se l ve s in dic a t ing dive rse pop
ula t io n s a n d dis t in ct g ra de s s o t h a t we m a y e a s il y se p a ra t e o n e
,

from t h e ot h e r I t a ppe a rs n o w t h a t t h e re we re dyn a st ies or ra c e s

.

i n t h e m o un d b uildin g e ra wh ich a r e a s dist in ct a s t h o s e re co g

o

n iz e d a mo n g t h e py ra m id b uil de rs o f t h e Ea s t
-
Th e dy n as t ie s.

m a y n o t h a ve a s dis t in ct a h is tory a n d t h e m o n um e n ts m a y n o t
b e a s full o f h ie ro g l y p h ic re cords ye t t h e re l ic s a n d t h e mo un ds
,

do re ve a l a h is tory o f t h e pa s t wh ic h i s pl a in a n d tr ue Th e .

i n va s io n o f t h e s h e p h e rd k in g s i n to E g y pt c h a n g e d t h e re cord s
o f th a t l a nd . S o t h e i n va s io n o f diffe re n t tr ib e s h e re c h a n g e d
t h e a spe ct o f a f fa irs a n d we m a y re co g n iz e in t h e mo un ds t h e
,

diffe re n t g ra de s o f s oc ie ty dif fe re n t mo de s o f l ife a n d e v e n dif

, ,

fe re n t ra ce q ua l it ie s th us c a rry in g o ut t h e a na lo g y in m a n y pa r
,

t ic ula r s .

Th e dist in ct io n be twe e n t h e Mo un d b uil de rs a nd I n dia n s fi n d s

-

i ll us tra t io n h e re Th e s t udy o ft h e a lt a rs a n d t h e a s h p its se e m s

.

t o c o n firm t h is d1s t in c t io n ra t h e r th a n to co n fut e it It will b e .

n o t ic e d t h a t t h e re l ic s ta k e n fro m t h e a lt a r s a r e n o t o n l y dif
fe ren t
from t h o se ta k e n fro m t h e a s h p it s b ut t h e y S h o w a v e ry diffe r
,

e n t co n dit io n o f s oc ie ty , a dif fe re n t s ta g e o f c ult ure , a dif fe r e n t

sys t e m o f re l ig io n a n d e v e n g ive t h e i dea t h a t t h e oc c upa t io ns
,

or e m pl o ym e n t s o f t h e pe opl e we re a l s o ve ry diffe re n t Th is is .

a n i m por t a n t po in t We do n o t un de rta k e to s a y wh o t h e
.

Mo un d b uil de rs we re , n o r do we h ol d fo r a ce rt a in ty t h a t t h e y
-

b e lo n g e d to a diffe re nt ra c e or s toc k fro m t h e mo de r n I n dia n s ;

e t so f a s th e ir tool s a re co n c e r n e d we s h o ul d s a y t h a t t h e
y a r .

e vide n c e is a ll i n f a vor o f a div e rs ity o f or ig in , t h e l a t e r pe o pl e

b e in g a ll ie d wit h t h e Mo n g o l ia ns o f t h e n o r t h e a ste rn A s ia t i c
coa s t , b ut t h e ea rl ie r p e opl e wit h t h e a n c ie n t ra c e s o f t h e E uro
pea n co nt ine n t .

Wa s t h e re a div is io n in to e poch s ? Th e a sh p its we m a y re g a r d

a s b e l o n g i n g to t h e mo s t r e c e n t pe opl e T h ey a re s o diffe re n t
.

fro m t h e a lta rs t h a t a n y o n e wh o h a s l e a rn e d a bo ut t h e m m us t
h a ve com e to t h e c o n cl us io n t h a t a t l e a s t t wo cl a sse s o f pe opl e
m ust h a v e occ up ie d t h is s a m e re g io n o ne pre c e din g t h e o t h e r
. ,

b ut t h e m ore a dva n c e d be in g pe i h a ps t h e e a r l ie r We do no t .

k n o w wh o t h e p e opl e we re wh o dug t h e se p its a n d de po s ite d

t h e ir re l ics in t h e m b ut e n o ug h is k n o wn t o pro ve th a t t h e y
,

m us t h a ve be e n n o t o n ly difle re nt fro m t h o s e wh o h a d e re cte d

'

t h e a lt a r mo un ds b ut t h e y m us t h a ve b e e n a more re c e n t o c c u
,

pa n ts o ft h e s o il a n d t h e proba b il it ie s a re t h a t t h e y we re a wil de r
,

o r r ude r p e opl e T h is im presse s upo n us t h e fa ct th a t t h er e

.
 311

we re prob a bl y se ve ra l e poch s in t h e mo un d b uil din g p e r io d -

.

Th e firs t e po c h wa s t h a t m a rk e d b y t h e pre se n ce o ft h e s e r pe n t
—
wor s h ip e rs t h e p e o pl e wh o e re ct e d t h e g re a t se rpe n t e fli g y in ‘

A da m s c o unty a n d pe rh a ps t h e e ffig y m o un ds a t Gra n vill e a n d

,

—
Po rt s m o ut h a pe opl e wh o a ft e rwa rds m ig ra te d a n d b e c a m e t h e
e fli g y b uil de rs o fW is co n s i n Th e se co n d e piso de i n t h e Mo un d
'

b uilde rs h istory we m a y co n s ide r a s t h e o n e wh ic h wa s m a rke d

’

b y t h e a l t a r mo un ds .It wa s t h e a g e in wh ich s un wors h ip -

r e a c h e d i t s h e ig h t .At th a t t im e t h e s a cre d e n cl o s ure s we re

e re ct e d ; at t h a t t im e t h e re l ic s o f t h e Mo un d b uil de r s we re -

o ffe re d in g re a t n umb e rs to t h e s un divin it y At t h a t t im e t h e .

fin e s t work s o f a r t wh ic h h a ve b e e n dis cove re d we re cre a te d ,

a n d a t t h a t t im e t h e mo s t e l a bora t e a n d e xt e ns iv e e a rt h work s -

we re e re cte d a n d t h e h ig h e s t s ta g e o fc iv il iz a t io n k n o wn a mo n g
,

a ll t h e mo un d b uil din g r a c e s wa s r e a c h e d
-
Th e th ird e p is o de
.

i n t h e mo un d b uil din g
-

p e rio d wa s t h a t wh ic h
is m a rk e d b y t h e stra t i
fie d mo un ds a nd b y t h e
ch a m be re d tomb s It is .

s up po se d t h a t an un
—
k n o wn pe o pl e wh o po s
s ib ly m a y h a v e b e e n t h e

a n c e s tor s o f t h e C h e ro
—
k e es i n t e r v e n e d b e
t wee n t h e s un wors h ip
-

e rs a n d t h e p e o pl e o ft h e
— M
a s h p it s a n d c h a mbe re d
'

F i g .L A i t u
ar d C lok fi b
n i a t ar e s r .

mo un ds a n d wh o l e ft t h e tok e n s o f t h e i r pre se n c e o n t h e s o il o f
,

O h io Th e a s h pits m a rk t h e l a s t e p is o de o ft h e mo un d b uil din g

.
-

p e r io d We do n o t fix t h e da te e xa ctl y a n d ye t th e re a re s om e
.
,

e v ide n c e s wh ic h s h o w t h a t it wa s ve ry n ea r t h e h ist o r ic a g e It .

m a y po ss ib l y h a ve be e n e ve n s ub se q ue n t to t h e discove ry b y
Col um b us t h a t t h e s e re m a rk a bl e re l ic s we re de po s it e d .

A s to t h e a g e s re pre se n te d a fe wwo rds will b e a ppro pr ia te Th e .

r e l ic s s e e m to b e lo n g to t h e s t o n e a g e a n d pe r h a p s 1n dic a t e to

” ”
,

us t h e c ult o f t h a t a g e ; a n d ye t t h o se from t h e a lta r m o un ds a re

“
n e a re r t h e bro nz e a g e t h a n t o t h e sto n e Pe rh a ps we m ig ht
”
.

cl a ss t h e m wit h a co ppe r a g e a n d from t h e m l ea rn t h e c h a r

,
“
a c t e r is t ic s a n d t h e c ult o f t h a t ag e .

We h a ve sa id t h a t a lta r mo un ds we re clo se l y a ss oc ia te d with

s a cre d e n clo s ure s a n d t h a t b o t h we re pr o b a bl y t h e wo r k o f t h e
,

cl a ss o fs um wo rs h ipin g Mo und b uilde rs b ut we fin d a m o n g t h e

-
,

re l ic s de po s ite d o n t h e se a lta rs m a ny t h in g s wh ich re m in d us o f

t h e c ult o f t h e se rpe n t wors h ip e rs t h e t wo s y s t e m s a p pa re n tl y
,

h a vin g bee n m in g l e d 1n t h e a l t a r o ffe r in g s Th e a s h pits o n .

,

t h e co n tra r y s e e m to h a ve b ee n a ss oc ia te d a lto g e t h e r wit h t h e

,

c ult o f a pe opl e wh o de po s ite d t h e i r r e l ic s i n g ra ve s ra th e r

 313

re l ic swe re de po s it e d a n d re duc e d t o fra g m e n t s b y t h e a ct io n o f

fire . Th e a l t a rs s e e m t o h a ve b e e n k e pt o p e n un t i l fi xe d t im e s,
wh e n t h e s ol e m n r ites we re o b se rv e d Th e fire s we re l ig h te d in ,

t h e m ids t o ft h e e n cl o s ure t h e o f fe r i n g s we re p a rt ia ll y co n s um e d
,

wh il e t h e p e opl e l o ok e d o n b ut a fte r wa rds s m ot h e re d b y t h ro w

,

in g e a rth upo n t h e m wh ic h b e c a m e h a rde ne d in to a cr ust ove r

,

t h e a l t a rs a n d upo n t h is wa s e re ct e d t h e m o un d wh ic h c o n t in ue d
, ,

to b e a s il e n t m o n um e n t to t h e s un We n o w pro c e e d to c o n .

s ide r t h e co n tra s ts b e t we e n a l t a rs a n d a s h p it s , a n d t h e ir re l ic s .

I We firs t t ur n t o t h e de s cr ipt io n o ft h e a lta r mo un ds T h e s e

. .

a s we h a v e s a id we re t h e ea rl ie s t to b e dis cov e re d t h e m ajor ity

, ,

o f t h e m h a vin g b e e n e xpl o re d b y Me s s r s S q uie r a n d D a vis . .

Alta r m o un ds , h o we ve r, h a v e b e e n dis cove re d in m a ny pl a ce s ,

a n d t h e y n o w co n s t it ute a n in te re s t in g cl a s s o f a rc h e o l o g ic a l
tok e n s I t wa s t h o ug h t t h e y we re fo un d o n l y 1n t h e S ta te o f
.

O h io b ut it is n o w k n o wn t h a t s im il a r mo un ds e xist n ea r D a ven
.

F ig 3—A lt a r
'
. . Mo un d wi th I n di a n B ur i a l I n t r ude d.

p o r t Io wa
, v r
i n a io us p rt
, a s of Ill mo
ino is , a n d a fe w a ng th e
e fli g y m o un ds o f W co is n s i n T br h is b or to
in g s e f e us t h e q ue s i n
.

o f t he ig a i n o f t h e M un d ui de s a
m r to o b l r —q t c
ue s io n wh i h we
sh a ll r ot r ch p r At pr
de fe fo r a n h e a te t ll p k
e s e n we s h a S .ea o ft h e
lt r m
a a t r O o
o un ds o f S o u h e n hi .

c r l to
Le t us o n s ide t h e o c a i ns o f t h e a l a t r mo It
un ds m ay b e .

t t
s a id h a t h e al r t g e s n ub r
m e a n d t m t t r t
h e o s i p c
n e e s in g s e i m e n s

a re t c r c r
h o s e wh i h we e dis o ve e d n e a r C ll c O
h i i oth e T h io h is , .

is t h e fir t l c o
s o ati n c r t t ro
Th e s e o n d is n o t ve y dis a n f m t h is
. .

ro p c c r
It is t h e g u wh i h wa s dis o ve e d o n t h e n ort o k P t h f r o f a in
r t cl r
C ee k , i n t h e m ids o f t h e e n o s u e c a e d ll Cl F rt
a r ke s
’
o S ee .

F ig 1 . t r l c t t t o b k
Th e h i d o a io n is h a f un d o n t h e a n s o f t h e
.

L lit t e Mia m i ive n o t fa r f m t h e

r r ro O, rv r m t t
h io i e , s o e we n y
ml t C c
i e s e a s o f in in na i t .

T lt r
h e r e a r e a a m o un ds i n ot r p rt
he a co tr
s o ft h e t
un y , b ut h ey
l o c t
a r e se d m cl r
o n a in e d i n e n ot r
o s u e s b ut a re cr
fe n e t h e o em ati n
,

p c
la e s wh e e r bo die s h a ve b ee nb r r c o p
u n e d, t h e e li s f un d u o n
t b b
h e m h a vin g ee n ur ie d wi h t h et bo die s W e m a y sa y t h a t h e
t .

r r c lt r t r ll t
se p e n t wo i s h ipe r s e e t e d a a s , b ut h e y g e n e a y us e d h e m
-
'

as cr m o p c
e ati n la e s or p r o v r
Th e s un w s h i e s h we e , us e d h e m
. t -
,

c
n o t so m u h a s cr m t e a io npl c a es a s pl c a es f t
o r t h e de po s i o f

co tl o r
s y t o r m
ffe in g s, h ug h e a in s o f bo m tm
dies a re s o e i e s fo un d
 314

We b eg in with t h e a lta r mo un ds a t Mo und City Th is .

i s a n e n clo s ure t h re e m il e s fro m Ch ill icoth e I t co nt a ine d t h ir .

t e e n a cres H e re wit h in t h e wa ll s we re t we n ty co n ic a l mo un ds
.
,

a ll o f wh ich we re e xplore d a n d t h e m ajor it f t h m prov d t o

y. o e e
co nta in a lta rs Th is p uts it b e y o n d q ue s t io n t h a t th ey we re pl a ce s
.

o f sa cr ific e O ne o f t h e s e mo un ds wa s 1 7 fee t h ig h 100 fe e t i n

.
,

dia m e t e r I t wa s a stra t ifie d m o un d fo ur s t ra t a in a ll; a t a de pt h

.
,

o f 19 f e e t wa s a l e ve l fl o or o f cl a l i h tl b u r d d ro u d
y s g y n e a n a
. n ,

th is floor was a l a ye r o f s ilve ry m ica form e d o f s h ee ts wh ic h ,

ove rl a ppe d e a c h ot h e r l ike t h e s c a l e s o f a fis h T h is l a ye r wa s .

i n t h e for m o f a c re s c e n t t h e o ut e r e dg e o f wh ic h re s ted o n
,

a r idg e o fs a n d s ix i n c h e s i n h e i h t T h l th f t h cr c t
g e e n g o e e s
. e n
from hor n to hor n wa s 20 fee t it s g re a t e s t widt h 5 fe e t , Th e .

m ica s h ee ts we re a bo ut 10 inc h e s o r a foot in dia m ete r comp o se d ,

o f wh a t is c a ll e d r p h ic m ic I t i u p o d th t t h cr
g a a s s
p se a. e s e e s
ce n ts m a r ke d t h e un k n o wn rites o r c e re mo n ie s a n d wh ich m a y ,

h a ve be e n co n n e cte d with t h e wors h ip o f t h e moo n a s it is n o t ,

s uppo s e d to h a ve b e e n a mo un d o f s a cr ific e .

—
m L Doub ic
. A lta r .

A no t h e r m o un d o f t h is g ro up wa s 7 fee t h ig h b y 5 5 fee t b a se .

Th is m o und wa s stra t ifi e d wit h e ig h t l a ye rs o f g ra ve l sa n d a n d ,

e a rth . A t t h e botto m wa s a n a lta r o f b ur ne d cl a y 5 fee t b y 9 , .

I t wa s fill e d wit h fine dry a sh e s a n d fra g m e nts o f pot t e ry cop pe r ,

dis k s a n d a bo ve t h e a s h e s wa s a l a ye r o f s il ve ry m ic a in s h ee ts
, , ,

ove rla pp ing ea c h oth e r Above t h e m ica wa s a q ua n t ity o f

.

h um a n bo n e s A not h e r mo und 90 fe e t in dia m ete r a n d 7 74 fe et

.
,

in h e ig h t co n ta in e d five l a ye rs a n d a n a l t a r
,
Th e a lta r wa s 1 0 .

fee t i n l e n g th a n d 8 i n widt h a t t h e b a se 6 fe e t b y 4 a t t h e top ; ,

t h e dip o f t h e b as in wa s 9 i n c h e s ; it wa s fill e d wit h a sh e s .

‘

Th is mo un d (F ig 3) wa s c o m po se d o f five stra ta as follo ws

.
,

1 g ra ve l o n e f
, , oot ; 2 e a rt h t h re e fe e t th ic k ; 3 sa n d ; 4 e a rth
, , , . ,

t wo f e e t t h ick ; 5 a s tra t um o f s a n d ; 6 t h e a lta r

,
Th e a lta r wa s , .

a p a ra ll e lo g ra m 1 0 f e e t b y 8 1 8 i n c h e s h ig h
,
I t co n t a in e d a
,
.

fe w s h e ll a n d p e a rl b ea ds a n d fra g m e n ts o f pott e ry Th e i n .

t r ude d b ur ia l co n t a in e d t wo s k e l e t o ns v a rio us i m pl e m e n t s o f ,

horn a n d bo n e se ve ra l h a n d a xes a n d g org ets o f sto ne t h e

. ,

s ho ul de r bl a de o f t h e b uf
-
fa lo s h a pe d l ike a T ur k is h sc im e t e r a n
, ,

i n str um e n t m a de o fa n e l k s h or n use d a s a wa r cl ub a ll e xce e d

’
- -
, ,

i n g ly r ude a n d res e m b l in g a rt icl e s use d b y I ndia ns

, .

A n ot h e r mo un d 90 x60 i n dia m e t e r 6 fee t i n h e ig ht h a d t wo

, , ,

08 9 0 F i g . 8, a lso A n c ien t Mo n um en ts .
 315

sa nd s I t co n ta in e d a l a rg e q ua n t ity o f g a l e na 30 po un ds
tra ta .
,

in a ll Th e g a l e n a wa s i n s m a ll pie c e s ; a r o un d t h is de po s it
.

wa s a la ye r o f c h a rcoa l Th e a l t a r b o re m a rk s o f i n t e n se h e a t
. .

S t ill a n o t h e r m o un d 1 40 fee t in l e n g t h 5 0 or 60 in widt h a n d 1 1

. ,

h ig h wit h t wo s a nd s t ra t a co n ta in e d a n a lta r 60 fe e t in l e n g t h
. , ,

wh ic h fo rm e d a b a s in n o t fa r from 1 8 in c h e s in de p t h W i t h in .

1 b
t h s a s in wa s a n ot h e r a lt a r (s e e F ig 8 fe e t s q ua r e T h is
. .

a lta r s e e m s t o h a ve b e e n b ur n e d to t h e de pt h o f2 2 in c h e s s h o w ,

i n g t h a t o n e a lt a r h a d b e e n b uilt upo n a n o t h e r a n d fire h a d b e e n ,

a ppl ie d a t dif fe re n t t i m e s It is s uppo s e d t h a t t h ree s ucc e s s ive

.

b ur n in g s h a d occ urre d b e fo re t h e a lta r h a d b ee n co ve re d T h e re .

wa s a t h in l a ye r o f fine c a rb o n a ce o us m a t t e r i n t h e a l t a r s n um ,

b e r o fp ie c e s o f t im b e r ; o t h e r t h ing s wo ul d j ust ify t h e i n fe re n c e

th a t t h ey h a d s upporte d s om e fune ra l or sa c ific ia l p il e A r .

q ua n t ity o f pot te ry m a n y impl e m e n t s o f coppe r a n d s t o ne we re

,

de po s it e d o n t h e a lta r T h e y h a d b e e n s ubj e cte d t o a s tro n g

.

h ea t . A m o n g t h e im pl e m e n t s we re a rro w po in t s o f q ua rtz i n
fra g m e n ts s o m e fi fty o r o n e h un dre d o f t h e m i n n um b e r t wo
. .

coppe r g ra v ures o r c h ise l s t we n ty o more t ub es o fcoppe r m a ny

.

,
r ,

fra g m e n t s o f potte ry a co upl e o f c a rve d p ip e s o n e o ft h e m a b ird

, ,

re se m bl in g t h e to uca n T h e re we re fra g m e n ts o f ob sidia n a n d

.

c r ys ta l s o f g a r n e t a l s o o n t h is a lt a r .

my . 5. —Pa v¢ d A M .

A n oth e r mo un d c o n t a 1ned a n a lta r 8 fe e t 2 inch e s in l e n g th ,

a n d a bo ut 4 f e e t i n widt h t h e de pre ss io n 6 in c h e s
,
I n th e .

a lt a r we re a bo ut t wo h un dre d p ipe s c a rve d in s to n e m a n y p e a rl , ,

a n d s h e ll be a ds dis ks o f c o ppe r or na m e n t s o f coppe r c o ve r e d

, , ,

wit h s il ve r Th e p ipe s we re m uch bro k e n up

. Th e h e a t h a d .

b e e n s ufli c ie nt ly s tro n g to m e lt t h e coppe r Th e bo wl s o f t h e .

p ipe s we re c a rve d in t h e s h a pe s o f a n ima l s b irds r e pt iles e t c , h ,

.
,

a ll o f t h e m e xe c ute d wit h str ic t fide l it y to n a t ure Th e otte r .

is s h o wn i n t h e c h a ra cte r ist ic a t t i t ude h o l din g a fis h in h is ,

mo uth ; t h e h e ro n a ls o h o ld a fish ; t h e h a wk g ra sps a s m a ll b ird

i n it s t a l o ns wh ic h i t t e a rs wit h it s be a k ; t h e pa n t h e r t h e b ea r
, , ,

t h e wo lf t h e b e a ve r t h e s q ui rre l t h e ra ccoo n t h e h a wk h e ro n
, , , , , ,

c ro w s wa llo w b uz z a rd p a ra q ue t to uc a n t urtl e f
, , , ro g to a d a n d . , , , ,

ra ttl e s n a k e a re re co g n iz e d a t t h e firs t g l a n ce Th e mo s t in te res t .

i n g a n d va l ua bl e i n t h e l is t a re a n umb e r o f s c ulpt ure d h um a n

h e a ds re pre s e n t in g t h e p h ys ica l fe a t ure s o f t h e a nc ie n t pe opl e
,

b y wh o m t h e y we re m a de Cop pe r dis k s t ub e s pe a rl s h e ll a n d
.
, , .

s ilve r b e a ds we re a l s o f o un d in t h is mo un d Th e s il ve r wa s t e .

duc e d to e xtre m e t h in n e ss n o t e xce e din g i n t h ic k n e s s ordi na ry

,

fool s ca p p a pe r ; it wa s pl a te d or ra t h e r wra ppe d a ro un d coppe r, , ,

be a ds Th e re we re a n umbe r o f l a rg e bea ds o f s h e ll e n ve lope d

.
 317

a nd h um a n bo ne s a n d e n c ircl in g t h e bo n es we re t e n wro ug h t
,

coppe r ri n g s p r o b a bly t h e bra c e l e ts o ft h e a rm s wh ic h h a d be e n

,

b ur ne d S e e F ig 2
. . .

We n o w t ur n to t h e s e co nd l o ca l ity Th is wa s a t Cl a rk e s .
’

Fo rt s it ua te d s om e t we nty m il e s n orth fro m C h ill icot h e Th e

,
.

fort it s e l f co n t a in e d a h un dr e d a n d e l e ve n a cre s With in t h e .

fort wa s t h e s m a ll e n clo s ure i n wh ich we re t h e a lt a r mo un ds ,

s h o win g t h a t it wa s t h e s a cre d p la c e f o r t h e cl a n wh ich (see F ig .

1 8) dwe lt h e r e Th is s o c a ll e d sa cre d e n clo s ure wa s s e m i c ire n

.
- -

la r i n s h a pe 20 0 0 fe e t i n c i rc um fe r e n c e a n d i n it we re se ve n
. ,

m o un ds t h re e o fwh i c h we re jo in e d t o g e t h e r for m ing a co n t in u

, ,

o us e l e va t io n 3 0 h i g h b y 5 00 f eet l o ng t h e ot h e r fo ur b e in g ,

is o la t e d mo un ds (s e e F ig I ) H e re t h e g ro un d ;wa s e l e va te d
. .

a bov e t h e s urf a c e a n d ov e rloo k e d t h e a re a o f t h e l a r g e r fort in

wh ic h t h ey we re e n cl o se d Th e mo un ds we re a ll p la c e s o f
.

s a cr i fice O n e mo un d h e re co n t a in e d t wo a lta rs or ra t h e r a n
.
,

a lta r a n d nea r it a b e d o f ch a rco a l O n t h e a lta r wh ic h m e a s

.
,

“0 ° 7 0
- Do ub u A lt“ .

ur e d no t m o re t h a n 2 fee t a cro ss we re s om e re m a rka bl e re l ics

.

S e ve ra l in s tr um e n ts o f o b s idia n br o k e n b ut e vide n tl y de s ig n e d
, ,

to r k n iv e s ; s e ve r a l s cro ll s fro m m ic a p e r fora t e d de s ig n d a s , ,

e

o rn a m e n ts to a rob e ; tra ce s o f c lo t h wit h t h re a d do ub le d a n d ,

twis t ed m a de fro m s o m e ve g e t a bl e fibre ; se ve ra l b o n e n ee dl e s ;

,

a q ua nt it y o f p ea rl b ea ds ; s o m e fra g m e n t s o fcoppe r A no t h e r .

m o un d in t h e s a m e e nclo s ure co n ta i n e d a n a l t a r o f l a rg e fia t
s to n e s f,a c e d o n t h e t o p a n d s ide s wit h s l a b wh ic h we re clo se ly s

fitte d t o g e t h e r Th e a lta r bore m a rk s o f fire Th e de po s it s o n

. .

i t h a d b e e n re m o ve d b y m o de r n I n dia n s wh o h a d o pe ne d t h e ,

m o un d a n d b ur ie d o n e o ft h e ir de a d o n t h e s lo pe o fit A n ot h e r .

mo un d c o n ta in e d a n a l t a r wit h a l e v e l a re a 10 o r 1 5 fe e t b r o a d ,

wh ic h wa s c o ve re d o ve r wit h e a rt h a fo o t de e p fo llo we d b y a , ,

s tr a t um o f s m a ll s t o n e s H un dre ds o f re i ic s we re ta k e n from
.

t h is mo un d S e ve ra l co il e d s e rpe n t s ca re full y e n ve lope d i n

.
,

s h e e t m ic a a n d copp e r c a rve d fra g m e n ts o f ivo ry ; a l a rg e

n um b e r o f f o s s il t e e t h .

A n o t h e r l o c a l it y wh e re re l ic s h a ve b e e n fo un d upo n a lta rs
is t h e o n e wh ic h h a s be e n de s c r ibe d b y P r o f P ut na m un de r t h e .

n a m e o f t h e T ur n e r Gro up i n A n de r s o n to wn s h ip o n t h e L ittl e
,

Mia m i r ive r Th e g ro up e mb ra ce s t h irt e e n m o un ds a n d t wo

.

ea rt h c ircl e s is e n c lo se d b y t wo c i rc ul a r e m b a n k m e n t s
, S e ve ra l .

o f t h e mo un ds co n ta in a lta r s O ne a l t a r c o n ta in d t wo b ush e ls
. e
 318

of orna m e n ts s to ne c o ppe r m ica s he l ls a n d tho usa n d s o f

, , , , ,

p e a rl s n ea rl y a ll o f t h e m pe rfora te d Th e co pp e r orn a m e n t s
, .

we re co ve re d wit h n a t ive s il ve r po un de d in to t h in s h e e ts , O ne .

copp e r p e n da n t wa s cove re d wit h a t h in s h e e t o f g ol d t h e firs t ,

s p e c im e n o f n a t ive g ol d t h a t h a s b ee n f o un d in a mo un d H e re .

we re t h irty o f t h e s i n g ul a r s pool s h a pe d e a r r in g s orn a m e n ts o f - -

,

coppe r re se mbl in g t h e h e a ds o f a n im a l s a fe w g ro te s q ue h um a n ,

pro fil e s ; s croll s s c a llo pe d c irc le s o va l pe n da nts s e ve ra l fi n e l y

, , ,

c h ippe d po in t s o f o b s idia n t h ree l a rg e s h e e t s o f m ica Th e

, .

mo st i m porta n t o f a ll we re se ve ra l m a s se s o f m e te o r ic i ro n a n d ,

a n e a r o r n a m e n t o f c o ppe r cov e r e d wit h a t h i n pl a t in g o i t h e

'

i ro n . T h ree o f t h e m a sse s o f iro n h a d b e e n more or l e ss h a m

m e re d Th ey pro ve d t o co nt a in n ickl e a n d we re unq ue st io na bl y
.
,

m e t e or ic A n o t h e r a lta r c o n t a ine d se ve ra l te rra c otta fi g ure s

.
,

a ll o f t h e m m ore or l e s s b ur ne d Ma ny o f t h e m a p pe a r t o h a ve
.

b ee n p urpo se l y bro ke n T h e se s h o w t h e pe c ul ia r m e th o d o f
.

we a r in g t h e h a ir s in g ul a r h e a d dre ss a n d b utto n l ike e a r or na

, ,
-

m e n ts ; t wo re m a rk a bl e dis h e s c a rve d from s to ne in t h e fo rm o f ,

a n im a l s ; a s e rp e n t c ut o ut o f m ic a ; s e ve ra l h un dre d s m a ll

p e bbl e s ; 300 a s tra g a l i o fde e r ; a fi ne l y m a de bra ce l e t o fc o ppe r ;

se ve ra l o r n a m e n t s o f c o ppe r A n o t h e r mo un d co n ta in e d a
.

t um ul us s urro unde d b y a s to ne wa ll in wh ic h we re se ve ra l ske l ,

e to n s . \Vit h e a c h o f t h re e o f t h e sk e l e to n s we re fo un d a pa i r
o fS pool s h a pe d e a r or n a m e n t s t wo l a r g e sea s h e ll s a n d a coppe r
-
,

c e lt Th is mo un d see m e d t o b e full o f a se r ie s o f p its wit h

.
,

t ub e s a n d fin e s s h o wi n g t h e a ct io n o ffire Th e Ma rr iott m o un d
, . .
,

a dj o i n in g t h e T ur n e r g ro up c o n t a in e d a l a r g e q ua n t it y o f r e l i cs
, .

Th e m o un d wa s 2 fe e t h ig h a n d 60 fe e t i n dia m e te r with a ba s in ,

o f b ur n t cl a y in t h e c e n t e r W it h in t h e mo un d we re m a ny bo n e
.

i m pl e m e n t s s uc h a s n e e dl e s a n d a wl s c h is e l s obj e cts o f s to n e
, , , ,

4 00 fl a k e k n iv e s a l s o 1 0 h a n dl e s o,f k n iv e s m a d e o f a n tl e r i n a ,

p il e un de r t h e b o n e s ; wit h t h e g ro up o f h a n dl e s c h ippe d po ints

, ,

a n d fl a k e s a cop pe r pl a t e c ut f
, r om a s h e e t o f r o ll e d c o p e r
p 9 ,

in c h e s a c ro s s a n d in l e n g t h 5 % i n widt h ; wit h t h e pl a te s 6,

c a n i n e te e t h o f b e a rs wit h p ea r l s in l a id; 6 s po o l s h a pe d e a r
,
-

orna m e nts fo ur nea r t h e h ea d a n d t wo in t h e h a n ds a l s o a la rg e

, ,

q u a n t it y o f p e a rl b e a ds 2 5 0 or 3 00 i n n u mb
, e r T h e e a r or n a .

m e n ts h a ve ve g eta bl e fi b re wo un d a ro un d t h e c e n tra l col um n .

Th e se m a y h a ve be e n pl a ce d wit h t h e dea d a s tr ib ute s Th e .

n umb e r o f t h e s e or n a m e n t s f o un d o n t h e a lta rs o f t h e g rea t

mo un d s o m e co ve re d wit h n a t ive iro n ot h e rs wit h n a t ive s ilve r
. , ,

s h o ws t h a t t h e y we re r e g a r de d a s va l ue d o f fe r in g s in ke e p in g
wit h t h e t h o us a n ds o f p ea rl s a n d o t h e r or n a m e n t s t h ro wn upo n
t h e a l ta r fire s dur i n g t h e c e re mo n ie s wh ic h t h e re t o o k pl a c e .

T h ese a lta rs in A n de rs o n to wn s h ip a s we ll a s t h o se o n t h e ,

n ort h f ork o f Pa int Cre e k a n d in t h e S c ioto va ll ey we re a ll in ,

e n clo s ure s s urro un de d b a c i rc u l r w ll b u t t h m t f t h e

, y a a e o s o ,

r e l ics see m to ha ve be e n pla c e d o n t h e a lta rs a nd o ffe red fire ,

 319

h a v ing be e n a pplie d a n d t h e co stl y re l ic s b urne d a n d de stro ye d

,

b y t h e h ea t W h a t wa s t h e ob je ct o f m a k in g t h e a lta rs ? Wa s
.

i t to a pp e a se t h e divi n ity a n d t o wa r d o ff s om e g re a t c a l a m ity ,

o r wa s i t to pre s e n t t h ese co stl y g i f ts to t h e sp ir its o f t h e de

c ea s e d t h a t t h e y m ig h t h a ve p ipe s a n d or n a m e n ts in t h e l a n d o f
,

t h e s h a de s t h e s h a do wy s h a pes o f t h e p ip e s g o in g U p in t h e
,

fl a m es to b e ta k e n b y t h e s p irits wh ic h we re h o ve r in g n ea r ?
Th e a n s we r to t h e s e q ue s t io n s c a n n ot b e po s it ive l y g ive n T h e re .

s e e m s to h a ve b e e n m in g le d s un wors h ip a n d fire wors h ip i n a ll - -

o f t h e s e loc a lit ie s a n d t h e re a re s om e e v ide n c es to pro ve t h a t

,

h um a n b o die s we re cre m a t e d a n d t h a t t h e o f fe r in g s o f co s tly

,

r e l ic s we re t o t h e s p ir it s o f t h e de a d Ma y o f t h e re lic s we re . n

a ss oc ia t e d with h um a n bo n e s g iv in g t h e i de a t h a t in s o m e c a se s
,

a t le a s t b o die s we re b ur n e d a t t h e s a m e t i m e t h a t t h e re l ic s we re
de po s ite d T h e re is a dist in ct io n be t we e n t h e a lta rs o n wh ic h '

o ffe r in g s we re m a de a n d t h e b a sin s o r fire be ds o n wh ic h bo die s

,

we re b ur n e d Th e l as t ca s e wh ich wa s de s cr ibe d t h e o ne in
.

A n de rs o n to wn s h ip wa s a fire b e d Th e a lta r wa s m t h e m idst

,
.

o f t h e bo die s t h a t we re b ur ie d It will b e n ot ice d t h a t t h e re

.

we re n o o ffe r in g s a s s uch i n t h is b ur ia l p la c e un l e s s we c o n s ide r ,

t h e p o tt e ry a n d fl in t fl a k e s a n d t h e b un dl e s o f k n ife h a n dl e s a s ,

o ffe r in g s O t h e r wis e it wa s a b ur ia l pl a ce in wh ic h cre ma t io n

.

h a d b e e n p ra ct ic e d .
*

I I We n o w t urn to t h e st udy o ft h e re lics It will b e n ot ice d

. .

th a t t h e re l ics ta k e n from t h e a lta r mo unds a re o f t h e s a m e g e n

e ra l c h a ra c te r Th e y a bo un d wit h fine s c ulpt urin g a n d a re m a ny
.

o f t h e m i m it a t i ve o f a n im a t e d n a t ure T h e re m a y b e a s l ig h t .

diffe re n c e b e t we e n t h e s pe c im e n s t a k e n from t h e T ur ne r g ro up
a n d t h o se f rom t h e Ch ill ico t h e mo un ds We l ea r n from t he m .

t h a t t h e pe opl e wh o e re cte d t h e a l t a rs were we ll a dva n ce d in a rt .

We m a y s a y in fa ct t h e y we re more a dva n ce d t h a n a ny oth e r

, ,

k n o wn ra c e o f Mo und b uil de rs No S p ec im e n s h a ve b ee n dis

-
.

cove re d wh ic h c a n compa re wit h t h e se Gre a t co ntra st s m a y b e .

s e e n be t we e n t h e s e re lic s a n d t h o se t a ke n f rom t h e a s h p its a nd ,

we m ig ht a l s o sa y i n cl ude t h e re l ics ta ke n from t h e st ra t ifi e d

mo un ds We ca ll a tte n t io n to the se c o n tra sts a s we procee d
. .

( L) Le t us first co ns ide r t h e re l ic s fo un d in t h e a lta r mo un ds .

h e w o f i —
T se e re a l k n ds o fm a te r ia l coppe r l ea d m i ca g ol d s il
l , , , ,

ve r m e te oric i ro n p ea rl b e a ds s h e ll or na m e n t s c a rv e d sto ne
, , , . ,

h ig h l y wro ug h t potte ry a n d e ve n wove n cloth , We m a y sa y tha t .

a ll t h e se s e e m t o h a ve b e e n t h e wor k o f o n e pe opl e f o r t h e y a ll ,

h a ve t h e sa m e g e n e ra l c h a ra cte r is t ic s T h e re a re to b e s ure . , ,

c e rta in va ria t io ns in t h e diffe re n t coll e ct io n s t h ose from t h e firs t ,

loca l ity h a v in g more h um a n sh a pe d c a rv in g s t h o se from t h e

o

se c o n d a bo undin mo w it h t h fi u r f rp t d t h o
g re e g e s o s e e n s a n s e .

fro m t h e t h ird e xh ib it in g more o f t h e s pool s h a pe d or n a m e n ts -

08 00 18t h A n n ua l Re po r t , Pea b o dy Museum , pa g e. M .

 321

a c t e r is t ic
; t h e body is thrown forwa rd win g s a bo ut t o b e e x ,

t e n de d, a s if t h e i db r wa s j us t rea dy t o da s h o ff o n it s s wift
fl ig h t A n o t h e r b ird is wro ug h t wit h a dm ira bl e s k ill
. .

Th e c h e rry b ird is re pre se n t e d b y t h r e e s pe c im e n s ; n o t h in g

c a n e xc e e d t h e l i f e l ik e e xpre s s i o n o f t h e s e
-
S e ve ra l b ird p ip e s
.
-

s e e m t o b e un fi n is h e d Th e y l a ck t h e m a rk in g s fo r t h e fe a t h e rs
.

a nd f o r t h e b ill s . Th e b a s e a n d va r io us pa r t s o f t h e fi g ure e x
b ib it fin e st r ia re s ul t i n g fr o m r ub b in g o r g r in din g
. Th e g e n e ra l .

o ut l ine wa s se c ur e d b y c ut t in g with s h a rp i n s tr um e nts t h e m a r ks ,

“
o f wh ic h a r e pl a in l y t o b e se e n Th e s pe c i m e n s in dic a t e t h a t
.

t h e wo r k wa s do n e r a p idl y b y a n e xp e r ie n c e d h a n d; t h e fre e dom o f

t h e s trok e s co ul d o n l y re s ult fro m l o n g pra c t ic e Th e l in e s in .

dic a t in g t h e fe a t h e rs g ro o ve s o ft h e b e a k a n d o t h e r m o re de l ic a te
,

fe a t ure s a r e c ut or g ra ve d a t a s in g l e s tro k e ; s om e p o in te d t o ol
,

s e e m s to h a v e b e e n us e d a s t h e m a r ks a re v is ib l e wh e r e it o c c a

”
,

s io na lly s l ipp e d . We m a y i n fe r t h a t t h e m a n ufa ct ure o f p ipes

wa s a dis t in ct tra de a mo n g t h e Mo un d b uil de rs -
.

S c ulpt ure s of th e to a d
v e ry tr uth ful S ee F ig 9 Th e
a re . . .

k n otte d corr ug a t e d s k in fol ds a n d l in e s a re cl ea r ly c ut wit h som e

, ,

s ort o f a g ra v e r Th e m a rk s o f t h e impl e m e n t cl ipp in g o ut

.

p o rt io n s a fo urth o f a n in c h i n l e n g t h a re dist inct Th e g e ne ra l .

s urf a c e a pp e a rs t o b e c o ve r e d wit h s tr ia t h e r e s ult o f r ubb in g

, .

S om e o f t h e toa ds a re a l s o un fi n is h e d .

Two h e a ds re pre s e n t in g ea g l es a r e a l s o ve ry s upe r ior in po i n t

o f fi n is h S p ir it a n d tr ut h f
,
ul n e ss Th e p e c ul ia r de fi a n t e xpre ss io n
.

o f t h e k in g o f b i rds is a dm i ra bl y pre s e r ve d E xpre ss io n in .

s c ulpt ur e wa s e vide n tl y a im e d a t b y t h e a rt is t a n d v e ry s ucc es s .

full y re prese n te d Th e l ug ubr io us e xpre s s io n o f t h e mo ut h s o f

.

t h e to a ds is sa id to b e ve ry a m us in g Th e s a va g e e xpre s s io n o f
.

t h e b e a s ts o f prey is a l s o q uite m a rk e d Th e wi l d c a t c o ug a r
.
.

a n d ott e r a re re pre se n t e d T h e se a re e xq uis ite l y c a rve d from a

.

r e d g ra n ul a te d po rp h y ry ; s tro n g j a ws s h ort n e c k wh is ke rs t h e
, . ,

s h a p e o f t h e h a i r a ro un d t h e h e a d a re m i n ut e l y s c ulpt ure d Th e .

c a rs a re a l s o v e ry na t ura l A ve ry sp ir ite d re prese n ta tio n o ft h e

.
 322

h ea d o f t h e e lk is g ive n ; a n oth e r o f t h e wo lf seve ra l o f t h e ,

se rpe n t ; t h e b e a v e r t h e s q uirre l t h e to uc a n a n d t h e Ma n ito u

, ,

a re a l s o re pre se n t e d . Th e h um a n fa ce is ve ry fine l y r e prese n te d .

Fo ur s pe c im e n s we re t a ke n from o n e mo un d mo un d No 8 in ,
.

Mo un d Cit y Ea c h o ne c f t h e se s pe c im e n s wa s diffe re n t I t
. .

wo ul d se e m a s if t h e e ffort wa s to re pr esen t diffe re n t tr iba l

fe a t ure s in t h e se fa c es Th e h a i r h e a d dre ss t a t o o in g a n d pa in t
.
, ,

i n g a re re pre s e n t e d Th e c a rs we re pe r fora t e d a n d it i s pro b a bl e

.
,

th a t they we re orna m e n te d wit h r in g s o f coppe r Fide l ity t o .

n a t ure i n t h e s c ulpt ure s o f h um a n h e a ds is s uc h t h a t t h e y dis

pl a y n o t o n ly t h e ch a ra cte ris t ic fea t ure s o f t h e a n c ie nt ra ce s b ut ,

t h e ir m e t h o d o f we a r i n g t h e h a ir s t y le o f t h e h e a d dre ss mod e
, ,

o f a dj us t in g t h e i r or n a m e n ts A fi ll e t o f re a l pea rl s was dis

.

pl a ye d upo n t h e h ea d o f o ne o f t h es e p ipes t h e dra pe ry o f t h e

,

h e a d dre ss h a v in g h a d a borde r o f th e se pre c io us s to ne s Th e .

use o f pe a rl s a n d p re c io us s t o n e s fo r t h e e ye s o f t h e b irds a n d
fo r t h e h e a d dre s se s o f t h e h uma n fa c e s is n ot ic ea bl e a s it s ho ws ,

s om e s k i ll in t h e l a p idar
'

y s a r t .

Th e re l ic s fro m Cl a rk e s F o rt a re n e xt to b e d es cr ibe d
’
.

Th e co il e d s e rpe n t is t h e mo st re m a rk a bl e , a s it se e m s to b e t h e
e mbo dim e n t o f a m yt h , a n d s ug g es ts a f a m il ia r sy m bol wh ic h ,

is com m o n a t t h e Ea st Th e s ug g e st io n t h a t t h e v a r io us re l ics
.

fo un d upo n t h e a lta r we re t h e p e rs o n a l e ffe c t s o f de c ea s e d c h ie fs

is co n trov e rt e d b y t h e fa ct t h a t t h e de po s it s a re g e ne ra ll y h omo
g e n o us .Upo n o n e a l t a r p ip e s o n l y ; upo n a n ot h e r a s im l e
p
m a s s o f g a l e n a ; a n ot h e r h a s a q ua nt ity o f pott e ry ; a n ot h e r a
coll e ct io n o f s pea r h ea ds ; a n o t h e r a l a ye r o f m ica Mica is .

co m m o n i n t h e de po s its o f t h e mo un ds o f O h io B e s ide t h e .

de po s it i n t h e s h a p e o f a cre s ce n t a t Mo un d C ity a n d t h e s c roll s

o f m ic a i n t h e m o un d o n t h e N o rt h Fo rk t h e Gra ve Cre e k
,

m o un d c o n t a in e d a h un dre d a n d fif ty b its o f m ica pe r fora te d a s,

i ft h e y we re o r n a m e n t s o n t h e a rt icl e o fdre s s .A l a rg e p ie ce o f
m ic a t hre e fe e t a cr o s s wa s fo un d i n a m o un d n e a r Circl e v ill e
, , .

Pe rfo ra t e dt a b le t s we re a l s o fre q ue n t l y fo un d in t h e a lt a r mo unds .

W h e t h e r t h e se ta bl e ts we re worn a s ba dg e s or or na m e n ts o r ,

wh e t h e r t h ey we re ca rr ie d a s im pl e m e n ts fo r s h a p in g t h e b o w
s t r in g ,
is un c e rt a in
. Th e y a re ve ry c o mmo n in t h e mo und s c f
O h io Bra ce l e t s o f co ppe r, s moot h l y h a mm e re d a nd h ig h ly
.

pol ish e d, a r e a l s o commo n Th e se rpe n ts from t h is e n c los

.
 323

ure a re mo s t re m a rka b le a s th ey we re v e ry sk illlfuly wro ug h t

, .

S o m e o ft h em se e m t o h a ve b e e n symbol ic i n s h a p e
“
I t do e s n o t
.

a ppe a r t h a t t h e se re l ic s we r e de s ig n e d f o r o r na m e n t s ; o n t h e

c o n tra ry t h e c irc um sta n c es un de r wh ich t h ey we re dis c o ve re d

,

r e n de r i t l ik e l y t h a t t h e y h a d a s upe r s t it io us or ig in
”
O n e t a bl e t
.

wa s fo un d c lo s e l y e n ve lo pe d in s h e e ts o f c o ppe r S ee F ig 1 0 . . .

I t wa s pa in te d in diffe re n t c o lors b ut s e ve ra l o ft h e se we re o rig

,

i na lly de po s ite d in t h e m o un d .

I I I We n o w t ur n to t h e a s h p its
. We ha ve sa id t h a t t h e se
.

b e l o n g e d to a dif fe re n t hor iz o n from t h e a lta r mo un ds a n d we re

p r o b a b ly t h e tok e n s o f a di f fe r e n t r a ce T h e se p o in ts a re to b e
.

c o n s ide re d a s we proc e e d a n d i n or de r to br in g t h e m o ut t h e
,

more cl e a rly we s h a ll spea k firs t o f t h e loca t io n o f t h e a sh p its ;

n e xt co n s ide r t h e dif fe r e n ce b t we e n t h es e a n d t h e a lta r s ; t h i rd
e
,

o f t h e c h a ra cte r o f t h e de po s its co n t a in e d in t h e p it s ; f o urth ,

o f t h e g ra de o f a rt wh ic h wa s r e pre se n te d b y t h e re l ic s co n t a in e d
in t h e m a n d fifth o f t h e proba bl e a g e o f a n d ra c e to wh ic h t h ey
, ,

s ho ul d b e a s cr ib e d .

Le t us a s k a bo ut t h e loca t io n O n t h is we h a ve t h e te st i
.

m o ny o f se v e ra l g e n tl e m e n wh o h a v e v is ite d t h e s pot i n cl udin g .

t h e wr ite r a mo n g t h e n umb e r Th e c e m e t e ry i n wh ic h t h e se
.

a s h p it s we r e dis cove re d is dis ta n t a bo ut o n e a n d a h a l f m il es

s o ut h e a s t f ro m Ma dis o nv ill e a n d occ up ie s t h e we ste rn e xtre m it y
,

o f a n e l e va te d pl a te a u wh ic h o ve r look s t h e L it t l e Mia m i r ive r ,

a n d is a bo ut o n e h un dr e d f e e t a bove t h e wa t e r l i n e H e re is a .

we ll wo o de d bl uff wh ic h fa c e s t h e r ive r fo r a bo ut h a l fa m il e b ut
-
,

wh ich is c ut o ff fro m t h e ba ck g ro un d b y a s m a ll stre a m c a ll e d

W h is ky r un Th e l o ca l ity h a s be e n a p otte ry fi e l d a s m uc h
.
,

p ott e ry h a s b e e n f o u n d h e re T h e re a re n o mo un ds i n t h e c e m
.

e t e ry b ut t h e re a re a n um b e r o n t h e e dg e o f t h e bl uf
,
f a dj o in in g ,

a n d a m o n g t h e m o n e or t wo e a r t h c ircl e s wit h t h e dit c h i n s ide o f

t h e c i rcl e I t is a l s o sa id t h e re we re a b o ut fort y s uc h e a rt h work s

.

in t h e r e g io n b e in g s c a tte re d a bo ut t h e t o wn s h ips o f C o lum b ia

. ,

A n de rs o n a n d S pe n ce r Wh e t h e r t h e se a re wit h t h e ce m e te ry is
.

a se r io us q ue s t io n It will b e re m e m b e re d t h a t in o t h e r loca l i
.

t ie s mo un ds a n d ea rth works a re a ss oc ia ted; b ut t h is is t h e o n l y

-

o n e in wh ic h a c e m e t e ry se e m s to fi g ure a s a mo n g t h e tok e n s .

Th is wo ul d se e m to in dica t e t h a t t h e c e m et e ry wa s in re a l ity a n
e xc e pt io n a n d t h a t it b e l o n g e d to a n ot h e r p e r io d It is sa id to
.
,

b e s ure t h a t t h e fore s t t r ee s g ro wi n g in t h e c e m e t e ry we re m a ny
,

o f th e m v e ry l a rg e m e a s ur in g f
. ro m t e n to fift ee n fee t in c irc um
fe re n c e a n d t h a t t h is wo uld prove t h e c e m e t e ry to h a ve b e e n o f
,

t h e pre Col umb ia n a g e

- We g a n t it ; b ut t h e sa m e t im e m a in
. r

ta in t h a t it wa s compa ra t ive l y m o de rn .

A compa ris o n b e t we e n t h e a lta rs a n d a s h p its I t a ppea rs .

t h e b ur ia l s we re e xc e e din g l y r ude t h e bo die s h a v in g b ee n m e re l y

,

d e p te d in t e g ro
o s i h u n d —
w t ho ut a n y cove r in g n o t e ve n a s to n e
i
c of fi n o r a cov e ri n g o f ba rk a n d m uc h l es s a fire b ed or a lta r
,
 325

bo dy wa s fo un d do ubl e d up pla ce d a t t h e v e ry bottom o f t h e pit

,
.

I n a n ot h e r pi t t h e re we re t wo p ie c e s o fcoppe r fo un d o n t h e bot
tom o f t h e pit a n d ca rbo n iz e d c o rn s ta lk s a n d l e a ve s Oth e r
,
.

p it s co n ta ine d l a ye rs o f wh ite sa n d a n d wh ite a s h e s a n d with ,

t h e as h e s a g re a t n umb e r o f i mpl e m e n t s a n d re lie s S o m e o ft h e .

p its co n ta ine d de pre s s io n s a t a de pt h o f s ix fe e t or more fill e d ,

wit h wh it e a s h e s a n d re lie s Th e se s e e m to h a ve b ee n poc ke ts

. .

More t h a n o n e h un dre d p ie c e s o f coppe r we re discove re d in

th e se p its a n d m a n y in t e re s t in g re l ics
, .

Abo ut 1 000 p its we r e dis c o ve re d in t h e c e m e t e ry It is s up

‘

po se d t h a t t h e y we re m a de b e fo re t h e 600 bo die s we re b urie d a s ,

m . It o
—A ‘ h Pt“.

a l a rg e n umbe r o f t h e s k e l e to n s we re fo un d ove r t h e p its ; s t ill

th e re a re s om e e v ide n c e s th a t t h e ce m e te ry wa s use d a t a t im e
p r e c e di n g t h e di i
gg g
n o f s o m e o f t h e p it s a s i n a fe w i n
, s t a n c e s

s k e l e to n s we r e dis t urb e d wh e n t h e pit wa s fir s t dug t h e bo n e s ,

h a v ing b ee n ta k e n up a n d pl a c e d a t o n e s ide Mo st o f t h e pits

.

a re s a id to h a ve b e e n fill e d wit h a s h e s in m o re or l e s s de fi n e d

la ye rs . Th ro ug h o ut t h e wh o le m a ss o f a sh e s a n d s a n d from ,

t h e top o f t h e pit to t h e bott o m we re bo n e s o f fis h e s re pt il e s

, . ,

b ir ds a n d m a m m a l s t h o se o f t h e l a rg e r m a mm a l s s uc h a s t h e
, ,

e lk de e r a n d b e a r b e in g g en e ra ll y bro ke n
, ,
W ith t h e bo ne s we re
.

s h e ll s o f va r io us k i n ds . Ma n y o f t h e va l ves h a d a l a rg e c ir
c ula r p ie c e c ut o ut n e a r t h e c e n t e r Th e p o tt e ry obta in e d from
.
 t
t h e pi s wa s g e n e ra l y l brok e n A la rg e n um ber o f im plem en ts
.

m a de o f bo
n e s o f de e r a n d e lk we re fo un d in t h e p its Th ese .

bo n es see m to h a ve be e n use d a s s cra pe rs o f so m e k in d as ,

th ey we re worn t h ro ug h in t h e ce n te r a n d h a d s h a rp e dg es b e v , ,

e lle d o n t h e i n s ide Bo ne impl e m e nt s i n t h e s h a pe o fa wl s b o n e

.
,

bea ds s m a ll wh istl es or b ird c a ll s m a de from t h e h ollo w bo n es

, ,

o f b i rds fla t p ie c e s wit h t a ll y n otc h e s o n t h e m a f

,
e w bo n e fis h ,

hook s a nd t wo or t h re e h a rpoo n po ints we re fo un d

, ,
.

Th e a s h p its re pre se n te d in t h e c ut (S e e F ig I t ) m a y b e re .

g a r de d a s t y p ic a l o f t h e w h ol e s e r ie s T h e s e p it s we re pa rtia ll y
.

fi ll e d with le a fmo ul d ,

g i vin g t h e mp ress i o n i

t h a t t h e p its h a de it h e r
b e e n l e ft o pe n or t h a t
th e co nte n ts be lo w
h a d de ca ye d a n d le t
t h e uppe r pa r t s in k
be lo wt h e s urfa ce Th e .

l a ye r o f g ra ve l a bove
t h e a n im a l re m a i ns in
o ne pit a n d o f a s h es
in t h e oth e r wo uld i h
dic a t e t h e sa m e t h i ng ,

fo it is proba bl e t h a t r

t h e se l a ye rs we re up
r m o s t a n d t h a t o rig
Fi — P l wi h S l m d
p e
12 y V o tt e r t
in a lly t h e y we re a t t h e
g . . e ss e a a an er .

mo uth o ft h e p its nea r t h e s urfa ce Th e a n im a l re m a in s a n d bo nes .

we re j us t s uc h a s wo ul d n a t ura lly a cc um ul a te a fte r a g rea t fea st or

af te r a prolo n g e d e n c a mp m e n t T h ey we re ho we ve r s uc h a n i
.
, ,

m a l s a s o n ly wil d h unte rs wo ul d b e l ik e l y to fee d upo n dee r -

,

e lk , ra cco o n o po ss um s wo o dc h uc ks wil d t urk eys e t c Th e

, , , , .

fra g m e n ts o f potte ry i n dic a te t h a t t h e pe o pl e use d potte ry ves

se l s f o r cook i n g p urpo s e s O ur im pre s s io n is t h a t th e se vesse l s
.

we re a cc ide n ta ll y bro k e n a n d t h e fra g m e n t s g a t h e re d with t h e

debris o f t h e c a mp a n d t h ro wn i n to t h e p it s Th e ba r k twig s .
,

a n d m a tt in g i n t h e th i r d l a ye r a l s o g iv e us t h e sa m e impr e s s io n .

Th e dis cov e ry o f a l a rg e a m o un t o f c a rbo n iz e d cor n s e ve ra l ,

b us h e ls o f i t i n o n e pit cove re d wit h ba rk t wig s a nd m a tting

, , ,

wh ic h wa s a l s o b ur n e d a n d a bo ve t h e m a tt in g t h e us ua l m a s s o f
,

a s h e s c o n t a in in g a n im a l bo n e s s h e ll s a n d o t h e r t h i n s i s t o b e
, g , .

n ot ic e d o n a cco un t o f it s b e a r in g o n t h e a e o f t h e p its Th e
.
g .

mo de r n I n dia n s we re a cc ustom e d to m a k e ca c h e s fo r t h e ir corn .

Th e cove rin g fo r t h es e c a c h es wa s g e n e ra ll y o f b a r k a n d m a t t ing .

We i ma g in e th a t t h e pe opl e wh o de po s ite d t h e se re l ics we re a

pe opl e wh o l ive d i n wig wa m s cove re d with ba rk a nd m a ts ve ry ,

s i m il a r t o th o s e o f t h e Al o n k i n s Th cor co v s t h sa m e
g e n n . e y e
m
i p re s s i o n I t
. m u s t h a v e b e e n a t a c o m p a ra t i v e l y r e c e n t d a te
 327

th at th is c o m wa s de po s ite d N0
ch depo s its h a ve be e n fo un d
. su

a mo n g t h e a lt a r m o un ds t h o ug h t h e p e opl e wh o b uilt t h e s e
,

m o un ds we re e v e n more g ive n to a g r ic ult ure th a n t h o se o f t h e

a s h p it s Th e bo ul de rs a t t h e botto m o f t h e p it a re a l s o s ig n ifi
.

c a nt . A c ommo n wa y o f cook in g a mo n g sa va g e s is to h e a t
s to n e s a n d pl a c e t h e m i n t h e v e s s e l co n ta in in g wa te r un t il t h e
wa te r bo il e d H e re we h a v e bo ul de rs be a rin g s ig ns o f fire a s if
.
,

t h ey h a d be e n use d fo r t h e sa m e p urpose .

Accordin g to a ll a cco un ts a k itc h e n m idde n se ve ra l fe e t in

, ,

th ic k n e ss a n d o f c o ns ide ra bl e e xte nt e xis te d a t t h e h e a d o fa ,

s m a ll r a v i n e I t co nt a in ed t h e sa me ch a ra cte r o f m a te r ia l a s tha t
’

fo un d i n t h e p it s I n it we re t wo or thre e a re a s a bo ut 5 0 fe e t i n
.

dia met e r in wh ich n e it h e r a s h p its n o r s ke l eto n s we re dis

,

Na .
—Potter y
18. V essel with Ea r s .

cove re d Th e im pre ssio n m a de b y t h e se a rea s is t h a t they m a y

.

ha ve be e n co un c il h o uses a n d th a t a fte r lo ng re s ide n ce t h e k itch en

,

m idde ns b e ca m e pl a ce s fo r t h e de po s it o f t h e re fuse o f t h e
c a mp s a n d t h e p its t h e de po s i ts o f t h e s a cre d f
,
e a st s a n d o f t e

lig io us o f fe r in g s Th is m a y h a ve b e e n a t a t im e wh e n th e re
.

we re n o g ra ve s o n t h e s pot t h e bo die s h a v in g be e n pl a c e d i n t h e
,

g ro u n d s ub s e q ue n t to t h e t i m e o f t h e dig g in g a n d fill in
g o f
t h e p i ts a n d pro b a bl y b y a dif
,
fe re n t tr ibe I fa dis t in ct io n we re.

to b e re co g n iz ed b e twee n t h e g ra ve s a n d t h e p it s a n d t h e k itche n
m idde ns we s ho ul d sa y t h a t t h e g ra ve s we re m uc h more mode rn
, .

S t ill th e y m a y h a ve be lo n g e d a ll to o n e p e opl e Th e g ro un d .

wh ich yie l de d t h e re l ic s wa s o n l y a bo ut fo ur or five a cre s in

e xte n t . Th is wa s th oro ug h l y e xpl o re d Th e b uria l s we re .

s c a rc e l y a ny o f th e m lo we r do wn t h a n t wo f ee t Th e b ur ia l s .

e mbra c e d a ll a g e s a n d cl a s s e s a n d re m in d us o f t h e c ust o m
,

a m o n g t h e I n dia n s o f b uryin g t h e p e rs o na l po ss e s sio n s o f t h e

 329

be in g m e re ly a b a n d or s trip p a s s in g from t h e fl a n g e to t h e bo wl .

Th e v e ss e l s we re g e n e ra ll y pl a c e d n ea r t h e h e a d o ft h e s k e l e to n ;
s om e t i m e s a s to n e p ipe wo ul d b e f o un d in t h e ha n d O n e v e sse l .

h a d a sa l a m a n de r mo ul de d o n t h e o ut s ide S e e F ig I 2 Th is . . .

wa s fo un d be twe e n t wo s k ull s ; th o ug h t h e occ ip ut o ft h e uppe r

s k e l e to n h a v in g be e n pl a c e d upo n t h e ve ss e l
,
h a d cr us h e d it . ,

A n oth e r ve sse l with a

sa l a m a n de r wa s f o un d
n ea r t h e fe e t o f a
sk e l e to n Abo ut 80
.

coppe r be a ds 2 in ch e s ,

i n l e n g t h roll e d a n d,

t wiste d in to a s pira l
s pr i n g ,
we re fo un d
s tr un g a lo n g t h e s p in

a l col um n o f a n ot h e r

s k e l e to n Th e se we re
.

in g ra ve s I n a pit
H y 1 —G m m a Pip
.

we re fo un dt wo roll s o f
. 6. a ! e.

coppe r five b o n e be a ds a sto n e s k in dre s se r a sa n ds to ne p ipe a n

, ,
-
, ,

un g roov e d a xe a n d se v e ra l bo n e r e l ic s
,
Two p ipe s a n d a l a rg e
.

n umb e r o f s to n e a n d bo n e re l ic s we re ta k e n f rom a n oth e r pit .

A se m i c irc ul a r p ie ce o f coppe r thro ug h wh ich a l a rg e root h a d

-
,

g ro w n w
, a s ta k e n fr o m a n ot h e r .

We n e xt ta ke up t h e p ipe s Th e re we re m a n y o f t h e se
.

fo un d a mo n g t h e g ra ve s a n d i n t h e a sh p its a ll wro ug ht from ,

s to ne , e it h e r s a n ds to n e l im e sto n e or ca tl in ite N o n e o f t h e
,
.

p ipes we re m a de from potte ry S om e o f th e m a re wro ug h t i n to

.

s h a pe s o a s to b e im it a t iv e o fs om e a n im a l e ith e r a wol f or pa n ,

the r or a b ird S om e o ft h e m a re fa sh io n e d in to ro un d n o dul e s

,
.
,

b ut h a ve fig ure s o f b i r ds i ns cr ib e d upo n t h e o uts ide in a rude

wa y . S om e a r e m e re t ube s wit h a fla t bo wl ra ise d a t o n e e n d
,

a bove t h e t ub e All we re des ig n ed to b e use d with a s te m t h e

.
,

hol e fo r t h e in se rt io n o f t h e ste m showin g th a t som e l a r g e s iz e d -

woo de n mo uth p ie c e h a d be e n use d prob a bly j ust s uch a mo uth

-
,

iec e a s w a s c ommo n a mo n g t h e l a t er I n d ia n s Not s i n l

p a g e .
p p o t g uin e Mo u d b uil de rs pa tte rn wa s fo un d , e it he r
i e f h e e n n -
’

i n t h e g ra ve s or t h e a s h p its .

Assoc ia t ion o fs k e le to ns with p ipe s a n d pott e ry Th e m a .

j y
o r it o f t h e se w e re i n t h e g ra v e s a bo v e t h e p it s a,n d n e a r t h e
s urfa c e , t h e v e sse l s b e in g n ea r t h e h ea d o ft h e b ur ie d s k e l e to n , t h e

ipe s ne a r t h e vesse l s T
h is is see n b y t h e follo win g des cript io ns:
p
.

it o ne c a s e f o ur cra n ia a n d fo ur ve ss e l s a n d se ve ra l fl int re l ic s
we re fo un d cro wde d i n to a spa c e o f l e s s th a n fo ur fee t; in a n oth e r
pl a ce we re se ve n ske l e to n s , se ve ra l ve s se l s, a n d t h e p ipe rep
re se n te d in F ig 14 ; in a n othe r pla ce se ve n cra n ia we re unc o v
.

e re d a n d wit h t h e m t h re e brok e n ves se l s a n d t h e p ipe re pre se n te d

in F i g I 5 ; i n s t i ll a n oth e r t h e re we re five s k e l e to ns a n d t h e
.

pp i e o f r e d ca tl i n i t e i n t h e s h a pe o f a t ub e a n d fla t bo w l (s ee F ig .

a n ot h e r fin d co ns iste d o f s h e ll s , as h e s , pott e r a n d a s t o ne
y

Ma .
—Li m eston e Pip e
20. . F la 81
.
—Lt m a
. to ne Pip e .

pip e . Th e l to ns l yin g h oriz o n ta lly g e n e ra ll y h a d pott e ry

sk e e

ve ss e l s n ea r t h e h e a d I n o n e c a se a potte ry ve sse l wa s fo und

.

ne a r t h e h e a d a n d a j a s p e r S pe a r h ea d in t h e h a n d o f a ske l e to n
-
.

Th e p ipe re pre se n te d in F ig 1 7 wa s fo un d wit h a pott e ry vesse l

.

n e a r t h e h e a d o f a s k e l e to n Two s k e l e to ns la y a cro s s t h e fe e t
.
,

b ut n o re l ic s we re with t h e m A l im e sto ne p ipe (se e F ig 2 1 )

. .

wa s fo un d n ea r t h e h e a d o f a l a r g e s ke l e to n a n d o n t h e oth e r ,

s ide o f t h e h ea d e ig ht s m a ll de e r h or n t ips s e v e ra l a rro w po in ts

-
,
-

a n d a bo n e c yl in de r O n e da y se ve n s k e l e to n s we re fo un d t wo
.
,

o f t h e m c h il dre n a n d wit h , o ne o f t h e ch il dre n t h e t wo story -

potte ry vesse l a n d o n a n ot h e r da y se ve n c h il dre n With these

,
.

c h il dre n wa s a potte ry ve sse l a n d i n t h e ve s se l a p ie ce o f shell

,

i n s cr ibe d wit h dot s a n d c ut i n to n o tc h e s S oo n a fte r th is t h e .

a s h p its wh ic h co n ta in e d s h e l l e d cor n a n d e a r cor n we re o pe ned .

Th ese a sh p its co n ta ine d t h e bo n e s o f a n im a l s s uc h a s h a d been

use d fo r fo o d — de e r e lk ra ccoo n O po s s um m in k wood ch uck
, , , , ,
-
,

bea ve r a n d t urk ey I n a n o t h e r a s h pit was a p ipe re presen ting

.
 331

a bea r o n its h a unch e s Th e se find s we re a ll re ma rka ble fo r o ne

.

—
th in g th ey we re full o f e v ide n ce s o f a pea cea bl e b uria l a nd in ,

fa ct o f a pe a c ea bl e a n d in dus tr ia l l ife Ve ry fe w wea po n s o fwa r

.

—
we re fo un d p ipe s dom e s t ic tool s foo d a n d t h e ves se l s fo r
cook in g t h e sa m e— n o coa t s o f m a il n o m il ita ry ba dg e s n o
, ,

- -
, ,

cr ushe d or wo un de d sk ull s b ut m a ny s k e l e to n s o f c h il dre n

, ,

wo m e n a n d o ld m en .

Th e re a re se ve ra l p ipe s wh ich re m a in to b e de scribe d ,

Th ese h a ve t h e sa m e s ha pe a s tho se a lrea dy g ive n b ut t h ey ,

diffe r i n h a v in g fig ure s s ke tc h e d o n t h e s urfa ce S ee F ig s 1 4 1 7. .

, ,

20 a n d comp a re with
,
T h e se p ipe s a re worth y o f st udy a s ,

th ey re prese n t t h e a rt o f t h e pe opl e Th ey see m to h a ve b ee n

.

s c a tt e re d i n d is cr im in a te l y a mo n g t h e g ra ve s a n d a sh p its a n d ,

we re t h e mo st c ur io us o f a ll t h e re l ics O ne s uch p ipe wa s

.

fo un d un a ccom pa n ie d b y a s k e l e to n or b y a ny vesse l Th is is .

° We N
a re i n deb t ed to t h e S o c i e t y o f a t ura l H i sto ry o f Ci n ci n na t i fo r t h e use o f t h e
c ut e . a n d a re h a p p y t o ca ll a t t e n t io n t o t h e c o llec t i o n o f re ii cs i n t h e m use um o f t h a t
u
S o c i e t y . A m re po r t o i t h e e x i o ra ti o n o i t h e
-
M a d i so n vrli e c em e t e r y m a y b e h a n d
-
f
i n t h e t h i rd vo lum e o f t h e i o us i a t p ub li s h ed b y t h e S o c i e ty
 ”
th e a g r ic ult u a r l ra c e s fo r t h ey a re m e re pic ks m a de fro m a ntlers
,

a nd a r e ve ry r ude S o t o o t h e co ppe r ri n g s m us t no t b e c o n
. , ,
“
fo un de d wit h t h e co ppe r spo o ls fo r n o spo o l s h a ve b ee n fo un d ,

in t h e c e m e te ry .

iS A n i n s cr ib e d s to ne wa s fo u n d a mo n g t h e a s h p its S ee .

F ig 2 2
. . I t wa s a p ie c e o f lim e sto ne cove re d wit h ve ry rude
m a rk i n g s s om e o ft h e m re s e m bl i n g t h e t ra c k o f a t ur k e y o th e rs
, ,

t h e h e a ds o f s e rpe n ts o t h e r s t h e t e e t h o f s om e a n im a l a ll ve ry
, ,

r ud e a n d a pp a re ntl y witho ut s ig n ific a n c e n o sy mbol is m b e in g ,

a ppa re n t .

V .We n o w com e t o a n oth e r po in t t h e co mp a ris o n o f t h e ,

r el ic s from t h e a lta r mo un ds wit h t h o se from t h e a s h p its We .

h a ve a lre a dy s ho wn t h a t t h ey we re m uc h s upe r ior a s wor k s o f

a rt a n d i n dic a t e a m uc h h ig h e r g ra de o f c ult ure Th is is in .

a c cor da n c e wit h t h e o ld th e ory firs t a dva n c e d b y Me s srs S q uie r

. .

a n d D a vis t h a t t h e Mo un d b ui l de rs we re s upe r ior to t h e I n dia n s

,
-
,

a t h e ory wh ic h we se e n o rea s o n f o r rej e ct in g tho u h we s ho ul d

g ,

c a re full y g u a r d i t f ro m p e rv e r s io n T h is .

th e ory doe s n o t n e cessa r ily imply th a t t h e

Mo un d b uilde rs we re a c iv iliz e d pe opl e n o r
o

do e s it e ve n h ol d t h a t t h e y b e l o n g e d t o a dif
fe re n t s tock from t h e mode r n I n dia ns Th e .

d iffe re n ce in t h e g ra de o f c ult ure is t h e o n ly

o int wh ich we c a re to m a k e Th e difle re n c e s
”
'

twe e n t h e a lt a r p ipe s a n d th o se fro m t h e M L a p p B a A — e .

a s h p its a r e worth y o f e s pe c ia l a tte n t io n Th es e diffe re n ce s a re .

t h e s a m e a s m a y b e re co g n iz e d b e t we e n Mo un d b uil de rs p ipe s
’
-

a n d t h o s e o f t h e l a t e r I n dia n s Th e y a re a s fol lo ws : t s t t h e
.
,

a lt a r p ip e s we r e a ll i n o n e p ie c e a n d wo ul d b e c a ll e d s impl e ,

re l ic s ; t h e p ipe s f rom t h e a sh p its a s we ll a s I ndia n p ipe s a re , ,

ra ll y co m po un d r e l ic s — t h a t is t h e y co n s is t o f t wo p ie c es
g e n e , ,

a bowl a nd a s te m 2 d t h e a lt a r p ip e s we re g e n e ra ll y o f t h e
.
,
“
mo n ito r sh a pe ; t h e b a se is c urve d t h e mo uth p ie c e fla t b o wl
"
.
-
,

r o un d or c y l in dr ic a l a n d t h e wh ol e c a rv e d in to s om e we ll
,

wro ug h t fig ure Th e p ipe s from t h e a s h p it s h a ve cyl in de r sh a p es

.
,

a mo n g t h e m t h e f o llo win g : a t h e t ub e with t h e b o wl a t t h e e n d

.

o n h or iz o n t a l lin e ; b t h e cyl in de r with t h e h ol e f

,
o r t h e s te m in t h e

side o f t h e bo wl ; 5 t h e ro un d n o dul e ; d t h e i rre g ul a r e f

,
fi g y ,

ppi e .
3 d t h e ,
a lt a r p i pe s w e r e s y mb o l ic e it h e r wit h cr e s c e n ts ,

a n d c irc le s e mbo die d i n t h e m or wit h a n im a l e f fig ie s wh ic h m a y ,

h a ve be e n tote m s Th e pipe s fro m t h e a s h p it s co n ta in n o sym

.

b ol s . I ft h e c a rve d h e a ds we re t o t e m s t h e y we re ve ry r ude a n d , ,

c a n h a rdl y b e c a ll e d s ymbol i c p ipe s Th e fla t c ircl e wh ic h res t s

.

upo n t h e t ub e o f c e rta in p ipe s m ig h t b e c a ll e d sy mbol ic b ut o n ,

t h e s e pi pe s t h is fla t bo wl is a t va r io us a n g l e s a n d se e m s t o h a ve
lo s t it s s ig n ifica n ce a s a sy mbo l a lt o g e t h e r 4t h t h e a lta r pipe s .
,

ne ve r h a ve s tra ig h t s ides or a n g ula r c c r ne rs b ut e ve ry pa r t is ,

well r o unde d a n d fin e l y fin is h e d Th e pipe s fro m t h e a sh pits .

,
 334

l ik e ma n y I n dia n p ipe s h a ve s ide s wh ic h l o o k a s if th ey h a d

,

be e n sa we d o ut b ut a re o t h e rwise ve ry r ude st h t h e t wo
, .
.

cl a sse s o f p ipe s a re in g re a t co ntra st i n re g a rd to workma n sh ip .

Th e a lta r p ipe s h a ve wh ol e fig ure s fi n is h e d i n t h e ro un d t h e b irds ,

s ta n din g o ut i n f ull s h a pe t h e b ea st s g e n e ra ll y wit h a ll pa rt s

,

c ompl e t e t ho ug h s om e t i m es t h e h e a d a n d s h o ul de rs o n l y a re
,

re p re se nt e d . I n t h e a s h p it s n o s uc h p ipe s we re discove red .

H e re t h e a n im a l fi g ure s a re m e re l y h ea ds a nd t h e y a r e ve ry
,

—
r ude l y re p re se n te d i n o ne a s impl e g a sh in t h e s ide o ft h e t ub e
t o i m it a te t h e m o ut h i n a n oth e r a co upl e o f proje ct io n s to r ep
,

res e n t t h e e a rs b ut n o whol e fig ure s

,
Grea t c o n tra s t s a re n ot ice
.

a bl e i h t h e fin is h o f t h e
t wo cl a sse s o fr e lic s In \
.

t h e firs t a re l in e s wh ic h
im ita te fe a t h e rs win g s ,

a nd f ee t a n d e ve n t h e
,

r o un dn e ss o ft h e In fe e t .

t h e l a tte r a re n o s uc h
l i ne s , b ut e ve ryth ing is
r ude a nd wro ug ht in t h e
e a s ie s t wa y po s s ibl e .

We g ive a se ries o f
c uts to s h o w t h e diffe re n t
s h a pe s o ft h e p i pe s S e e .

Fig s . 16 I t wi ll .

b e n ot ic e d t h a t t h e pipe s
from t h e a s h p its a r e
n e a rl y a ll c yl i n d e rs
s om e o f t h e m h o r iz o n

t a l ot h e rs pe rpe n dic ul a r
,

V‘m ‘
— b ut t h a t t h e p ipe s fro m
a lt a r mo un ds ra re ly h a v e t h e cy l i n de r s h a pe Th is distin ct io n
.

dc e s n o t obta in s o t h or o ug h l y e l se wh e re a s h e re , a n d ye t i t
wo ul d s e e m a s if t h e p ipe s o f t h e Mo un d b uil de rs a n d o f t h e
-

I n dia ns co ul d b e dist i n g uis h e d in t h is wa y .

V I We n o w c a ll at te n t io n to a n ot h e r cl as s o f re l i cs n a m e l y
. ,

t h e cl a ss wh ic h h a s t h e a ppea ra n c e o f b e in g i m it a t io ns o f mo de r n
h is tor ic obj e c t s T h is is a n im porta n t po in t We h a ve a ll
. .

a lo n g m a in t a i n e d t h a t t h e a s h p its we re a mo n g t h e l a te s t or mo s t
re ce n t o f t h e pre h ist o r ic tok e n s We n o w a re t o a s k t h e q ue s
.

t io n wh e th e r s om e o f t h e m we re n o t a ct ua lly s ub se q ue n t to t h e
h istoric da te Le t us firs t sta te t h a t the re wa s a ft e r t h e t im e
.

o ft h e dis cove ry b y C ol umb us a t l e as t t wo h un dre d y e a rs be f o re

t h e in te r ior wa s v is it e d to a n y e xte n t b y wh ite m e n a n d t h a t ,

a n o t h e r h un dre d ye a rs p a s se d b e f ore t h e in te r ior be g a n t o b e

se ttl e d . During t h is t im e m a ny m iss io na rie s l a b ore d a mo n g t h e
n a t ive tr ibe s .A s t o t h e tr ib e s wh ic h o cc up ie d S o uth e rn O h io ,

it i s s uppo se d th a t t h e Er ie s we re t h e firs t t h e S h a wn e e s t h e
,
 335

se co nd t h e De l a wa re s t h e t h ird a nd t h e Wya ndotte s t h e fo urt h

, , ,

a ll o f t h e m ho we v e r wil d I n dia n s
,
No w wh ic h o f t h ese tribe s
. .

m a de th is pa rt icul a r spot th e ir h om e we m a y n o t de te rm ine b ut ,

o ur O p in io n is t h a t pe rh a p s bot h t h e S h a wnees a n d D e l a wa re s
m a y b e cre dite d wit h t h e re l ic s o f wh ic h we a re a bo ut t o s pe a k .

We ta k e up t h e diffe re n t re lic s a s t h ey we re discove re d a n d pl a ce

t h ese mo de r n loo k i n g s p e c im e n s b y t h e m s e lv e s a n d a s k t h e
-
,

q ue st io n Ho w ca m e t h e s e mbl a n ce s e xc e pt t h a t th e re was a
, ,

c o n ta ct wit h t h e wh it e m a n s o m e wh e re ? F irst le t us ta ke up ,

t h e s le ig h b e ll S e e F ig 24
o
T h is wa s fo un d in t h e g ra ve o f a
. . .

littl e c h il d I t wa s m a de o f a s ing l e p ie ce o f coppe r fol de d to

.

g e t h e r in t h e s h a pe o f a l it tl e h a wk b e ll a n d fur n is h e d wit h a -
,

rude h a ndl e Th e re wa s i n s ide o f it a b it o f c oppe r a bo ut a s

.

b ig as a pe a Th e b e ll h a d a m us ic a l t in k lc to it
. It wa s e vi .

de n t ly a t o y a n d wa s b ur ie d with t h e
,

ch il d a s o n e o fits po sse s s io n s Ne xt .

to t h is is t h e va se re pre se nt ed in F ig .

25 . Th is va se is ve ry r ude b ut it is ,

i n im ita t io n o fa mo de rn va s e or po s .

s ib ly o f t h e c h a l ic e I t s upp e r p a rt .

is to b e s ure in t h e s h a pe o f a com
. ,

m o n coo k in g ve s s e l a n d re ta in s t h e ,

e a r a n d r im b ut t h e b a s e is t h a t o f a
.

mode r n g obl e t or c h a l ice I t sug g e st s .

a co n t a ct wit h t h e wh it e m a n Th e .

t h ird s pe c im en diffe rs from t h e oth e rs .

I t is in t h e s h a pe o f a h e a vy r ude , ,

c o a r s e comb I t wa s m a de from e lk
.

ho rn It was fo un d in a n a sh pit I t
. t i a ra E g l Pip .
-
a e e.

s ho ws t h e dom e s t ic h a b its o f t h e pe opl e a n d re m i n ds us o fth e i r ,

wi l d l ife Th e fo urt h re l ic is o n e wh ic h a g a in re m in ds us o ft h e
.

m is s io na ry wh o is s uppo s e d to h a ve b ee n t h e firs t wh ite m a n '

wh o g a ve a mo de r n pa tte r n to a n I ndia n re l ic Th is re l ic is in .

t h e s h a pe o fa do ubl e b a rre d cro ss I t is o fcoppe r a n d h a s a n a p

-
. ,

p e a r a n c e as i f i t h a d b e e n u s e d a s a cr u c i fi x It m a y h a v e b e lo n g e d .

to s om e de vout fe m a l e wh o wa s t o o poor to o wn a s ilve r cr uc ifix

,

a n d t h e re f o re m a n uf a ct ure d o n e f rom co ppe r T h is c ro ss zwa s .

fo un d i n a g ra ve in co n ta ct wit h a bo dy a n d a ss oc ia te d wit h t h e
p a n t h e r p ip e w h i ch h a s b e e n m e n t io n e d a bo v e Th e r e se mbl a n c e .

t o t h e mo de r n c a t e ch um e n s cro s s is t h e s tra n g e t h in g a bo ut it
’
.

Th e n e xt is a p ip e wit h t h e im a g e o f t h e s pre a d e a g l e s k e tc h e d
o n t h e o uts ide S e e F ig 26 Th is p ipe wa s n o t fo un d in a pit f
. . .

b ut o n t h e s ur fa ce h a vin g b e e n ro o te d up b y h o g s wh ic h gwe re
,

i n t h e lot I t is a sa n dst o ne p ipe a nd is q uite r ude b ut t h e ea g l e

.
, ,

re m in ds o n e o f t h e sprea d e a g l e wh ich is p ure ly mo de rn , .

The re a re re l ic s wh ic h h a v e a mo de rn look O ne is re prese n te d .

in F ig 2 7 . I t is a l im e sto n e p ipe p ic ke d up o n t h e s urfa ce

.

Th is pipe h a s stra ig ht s ide s a n d be veled a n g l e s a n d re m in ds us ,

 C H A PT E R X V I I .

R E LI C S S H O WIN G T HE C IVI LI Z A T IO N OF T HE

MO U N D BU I L DE R S - .
*

T h e s ubjec t wh ich we h a ve ta k e n fo r th is ch a pt e r is o n e ove r

wh ic h t h e r e h a s be e n m uch c o n trov e r sy a n d c on c e rn in g wh ic h
the re is e ve n n o w m uc h difle r e n c e o f O pin io n T h e c ivi liz a tio n .

o f t h e Mo n n d b ui ld e r s a t o n e t i m e wa s s uppo s e d to b e n e a rly
-

o r quite e q ua l to t h a t o f t h e a n c ie n t r a c e s , a n d t h e e xpe c t a ti o n
wa s t h a t t h e pe opl e wo uld b e d is cove r e d a s imm ig r a n ts in to
th is c on tin e n t wh o we r e ide n tic a l with som e o f t h o se k n o wn to
h is tory .T h e or ie s we r e a dv a n c e d a s to t h e Ph oen ic ia n s, t h e
Ba bylo n ia n s, E g ypt ia n s ; a n d re se mbl a n c e s we r e tr a c e d in t h e
r eli c s a n d potte ry f a c e s wh ic h a ro us e d i m a in a t io n a n d
g v
g a e
r ise to m uc h co nje c tur e T h e O pin ion be c a m e wid e-s pre a d
.

th a t t h e lo st tribe s h a d g a ine d a h om e in th is d ista n t la n d , a nd

from th is c a m e t h e s tr a n g e d e l usio n o f th a t i mm e n se syste m o f
i mpos t ur e , t h e Mormo n r e l ig io n La tte rl t h e tho u h t h a s
y .

o ne to t h e ot h e r e xtr e m e T h e c iv iliz a ti o n o f t h e o un d
h i ld e r s h a s be e n c o n f o un d e d wit h t h a t o f t h e wild I ndia n s .

A ll c ivi l iz a ti o n h a s be e n de n ie d t h e m ; th e i r wo r k s a n d r e lies
h a ve be e n a scr ibe d to t h e v a rious t ribe s wh ic h h a d th ei r a bo d e
o n t h e l a n d wh e r e t h e y a r e f o un d , t h e d iffe r e n c e be t we e n t h e
e a rlie r a n d t h e l a t e r to k e n s c o m ple i e iy s e t a s id e a n d n e w to k e n s
h a v e be e n dilli g e n tly so ug h t fo r , un ti l it h a s be com e a fixe d
c on c l us ion wi t h m a n y t h a t t h e c ult o f t h e Mo un d b uild e r a n d
-

t h e I n dia n a r e e xa ctly id e n t ic a l , a n d t h e t wo c l a sse s o f pe opl e

‘

e xa c tl y t h e s a m e .

No w, we h a v e n o e s pe c ia l con trov e r sy with t h e a dvoc a te s o f

th is th e ory, b ut d e sire to pr e se n t a fe w fa c t s wh ic h will sho w
th a t th e re is a n oth e r s id e to t h e q uestion We be lie ve th a t t h e .

m ig r a t io n o f t h e I n dia n s wo uld pr e cl ud e a ll do g m a t ic a sse rt io n

a s to t h e id e n t it o f t h e Mo un d b uild e r s wit h a n y k n o wn t ri be ;
-
y
th a t t h e s ucc e ssi o n o f pe riod s o f occ upa tio n a l so r e q uire s us to
se p a r a te t h e to k e n s from o n e a n ot h e r , a n d d isti n g uish be t wee n
t h e work s a n d r e lic s o f t h e e a rl y a n d la te r p e opl e , a n d th a t t h e
in te r e sts o f s c ie n c e d e m a n d t h a t we s till k e e p o ur m in d s in s us
e n se a s to t h e q ue s t io n wh e t h e r t h e r e m a y n o t b e h idd e n a wa
p y
i n t h e d e pth s o ft h e mo un d s t h e e v id e n c e s wh ic h will t prov
ye e

‘ Th is ch a p te r i s m a de in ly o f ext ra c t s fr o m a n a r t i c le p ub li s h ed i n T h e
g
it
A m er i c a n A n t i qua r i a n fo r y, 1.
 3
38
i

a c o n ac t t with c ivilize d ra ce s d urin g p h istor ic t im e s S tra n g e re - .

r e v e r se s t a k e pl a c e T h e c as e h a s n o t o n e so fa r b ut th a t a
.

s in le d isc ove r y we ll a uth e n tic a te d m ig t t urn t h e sc a l e b a c k ,

an t h e c o vic t io n would be c o m e str o n g t h a t t h e to uc h o f c i vil

iz ed m a n wa s still t o b e r e co g n iz e d We a r e a wa re th a t a t
.

prese n t a ll s uc h e vide nc e s a r e i mm e dia te l y e xpl a in e d a wa y a s

s oo n a s th e y a r ise a n d t h e a dve n t O f t h e wh it e m a n i s r e g a r d
,

e d a s sufli c ie n t t o a c c oun t f o r e ve r y str a n g e th in g ; b ut wh e n

win g e d fi g ur e s a n d o t h e r to k e n s a r e t a k e n fr o m t h e d e pth s o f
r a m id mo u n d s wh e n b a st io n f o r t s a r e a ss oc i a t e d wit h a n c ie n t

buria ls wh e n e a ste r n symbo ls a r e found in t h e m idst o fweste r n

y ,

r e l ic s a n d t h e st r a n es t c on tr a st s a r e m a n ife st be t ween t h e f
,
in
ish e d o r n a m e n ts a n t h e r ud e r e lic s a n d so m a ny to k e n s c o m e,

be fo re us wh ic h see m o ut O f pl a c e wh e n i n t h e b a n ds o f a ny
I n d ia n k n o wn to h istory we m us t pa use a n d th ink t wic e be for e
,

we de n y t h e a ss e r t io n t h a t po ss ibly t h e se c a m e fr o m c on ta c t
wit h s o m e fore ig n c o un t r y in pr e C olumb ia n t im es - .

I n r e fe r e n c e to t h e q ue st ion wh e t h e r c i vi l iz a t io n a c t ua lly o h
t a in e d a mon g t h e Mo un d bui ld e r s we wo ul d s a y t h e t e rm is a n
-
,

in d e fi nit e o n e . Te c h n ic a ll s pe a k in g we s up po se th a t n o ,

Am e r ic a n r a c e c o uld b e c a l e d c ivil iz e d C ivil iz a tio n c a m e i n .

with t h e iro n a g e a n d s o be lo n g s o n l y t o t h e h is t o ric ra c es I n

, .

Am e r ic a t h e pe ople we re c h ie fl y in t h e sto n e a g e t h o ug h b o r ,

d e r in g o n t h e bronz e S till we h a ve fa llen in t o t h e h a bit o f

.

c a ll in g s o m e o f t h e Am e r ic a n r a c e s c iv il iz e d a n d we se e n o ,

oo d r e a s o n f o r dis co n t in uin g t h e t e rm T h e i n h a b ita n t s o f.

e r u a n d C e n tr a l Am e r ic a a s we ll a s t h o se O f Me xi co
, a re ,

s uppo se d t o h a v e r e a c h e d a s t a g e o f c iv il iz a t io n wh ic h we r e i t ,

no t f o r t h e a b se n c e o f i ron wo uld ov e rl a p t h e e a rl y c o n d it io n s
,

O f t h e h is tor i c l a n d s a n d it doe s n o t s ee m wise t o m a k e o ur

,

se lv e s s o a rb it r a ry a s to d e n y t h e word t o th e m T h e Pue bl o s .

a n d ot h e r tri b e s o f t h e g r e a t pl a t e a u we r e in a s t a e o f a d
g
va n c e m e n t wh ic h wa r r a n t s us i n c a ll in g t h e m se m i c iviliz e d -
,

a n d ye t t h e Pue blo s n e v e r p a sse d t h ro ug h t h e bro n z e a g e a n d ,

so f a r a s we k n o w we r e e v e n wit h o ut t h e use o f C O pe i T h e
‘

p .

Mo un d build e r s a n d t h e p e ople o f t h e Mississ ippi V a ll e y wo uld

-

n a t ur a ll y b e c a ll e d un c iviliz e d a n d ye t s o m e o f t h e m se e m t o
,

h a ve b e e n so fa r a dv a n c e d t h a t i t is a q ue st ion wh ich e xc e e d e d ,

t h e y or t h e Pue blos o f t h e we s t T h e I n d ia ns a r e g e ne r a ll y.

c a ll e d s a v a g e s , b ut m a n y a r g um e n t s h a ve b ee n a dv a n c e d t o
prove t h a t th e y we re fully e q ua l t o t h e Mo un d b uild e rs a n d t h e -
,

n a m e is fr e e l y a ppl ie d to t h e Pue blo s a n d e v e n t o t h e c ivil iz e d

r a c e s O f Me xic o a n d t h e C e n t ra l prov in c e s I t see m s t o b e .
,

h e n l a r g e l y a que s tio n o f wor ds

,
I f we co n fi n e c ivil iz a tion t o
.

t h e h is to ric co unt rie s we c e rt a in l y c a n n ot a s cri b e a n y de g ree o f

it to t h e Mo un d b uild e r s
- I f o n t h e c o n tr a r y we use t h e t e r m
.
, ,

I n d ia n to m e a n wh a t C ol umbus d isc ove re d we m i ht t a k e in bo t h ,

c o n ti n e n t s a n d c a l l a ll t h e in h a b it a n t s o f t h e net a n d W e s t
I n dia s a n d o f N orth a n d S o uth Am e r ic a a ll I ndia n s ; b ut it
 341

se e m s be tte r to ta k e t h e wo rds in t h e po pul a r sen se a nd th e n ,

s pe a k o f t h e A m e ri c a n r a c e a s we do o f t h e A si a tic o r o f t h e
Eur Ope a n : t o a dm it t h a t th e r e we r e difle r e n t g r a d e s o f c ivil i
z a t io n e xi st in a m o n g th e m
g .

I n c omm e n c in g o ur se a rc h in t o t h e so c ia l c on d itio n o f t h e
Mo un d b uild e rs a nd k e e pin g in vie w t h e m a in quest io n ih
-
,
—
volv ed do t h ey in t h e m se lv e s yie ld po si ti ve o r e ve n c i r c um
st a ut inl e v id e n c e o f a n a ct ua l o r a pp a r e n t d e g r e e o f c ivil iz a tio n
— th e se t hree ua lific a t io n s m ust e v e r b e k e t in sig h t : I t h e
p ,

loc a l ity in wh ie th ey a r e fo un d ; 2 t h e m a te r i a l o f wh ic h th ey
,

c o n s ist ; 3 t h e a g e to wh ic h t h e y a r e t o b e a ss ig n e d
, .

W ith th e se a lso must b e c a r rie d t hr o ug h o ut a c o m pa r iso n

with t h e fa cts k n o wn a n d positiv e in t h e un ive r sa l h isto ry o f
c i vi l iz a tio n a m o n g Oth e r r a c e s .

I T h e loc a litie s in wh ic h t h e moun d s a r e d isc o ve re d a re a s

.

va r ie d a s t h e l e n g t h a n d br e a dt h o f t h is c o n t in e n t c a n m a k e
th e m ; b e g in n in g up in t h e c o ld c lim a te o f Brit ish C o lum b ia ,

thro ug h t h e t e m pe ra te z o n e wh e re t h e be st e n e r g ie s o f m a n k i n d
,

m o s t sur e ly de ve lo d o wn to t h e l uxurio us e a se o f t h e tropic s

a ll a r o un d t h e f shore in to Me xic o But thro u h o ut t h e
.
g
whol e r a n g e whic h th is bro a d outlin e inc lud e s th e r e 18 in va r ia
b ly a m a rk e d st r o n g pec ulia rit
,
A n a ti on a l ta ste is sh own in
t h e se lec tio n o f site s ; a lways se c red n e v e r st umbl e d upo n h a p
,

h az a rd ; a n d wh ile surroun d in g s o f sc ene a n d c l im a t e g re a tly

in fl ue n c e c h a r a c te r t h e se ttle m e n ts m a d e y th e se eopl e we re
,
p
p e r m a n e n t v i lla g e s w,h e th e r b e si d e r iv e r s i n fe r t i,l e pl a in s in ,

a r ic ult ur a l o r pa s t ure la n d s
g N . o n e n a v e b e e n f o u n d i n t h e
A tla n tic S tat e s n o r in C a n a da n o rt h O f t h e g r ea t la k e s be c a use
, , ,

a s I th in k t h e s a v a g e s we r e th e r e
, T h e site s m o s t k n o wn a r e
.

o n t h e O h io t h e Misso uri a n d t h e Mississ ipp i b ut it is b e s t to

, ,

t a k e th e m re g ula r ly a n d comm e n ce a t t h e n or t h we st
, .

A Br itish C ol umb ia p a pe r o f1 87 2 d e sc ribe s a mo un d twe n ty

five m il e s fro m O l y mp ia wit h s m a ll e r o n e s sc a tte r e d ove r a n
.

a re a o f fi f te e n m ile s W il k e s in h is e xplorin g e xpe d ition de

.
, ,

s c r i be s g roup s o f th e m in t h e Butte pr a i r ie s o f O r e o n m a n y ,

thousa nd in n umbe r Ma n y o f th e se a re sm a ll h illo c s in c lo se

.

p ro x i m it y
, c l u s t e r s o f h un d r e d s a t a pl a c e a s t ho u g
,
h fo r s e ttl e
m e n t s or e n c a m p m e n ts h a s tily thro wn up or b uilt so clo se fo r ,

wa r m t h or fo r prot e ct ion from wild a n im a ls or from po ss ibilit ,

y
o f a tt a c k fr o m pr e v io us o wn e r s o f t h e la n d A s t h e se n e c e ssi
.

t ies o r fe a rs v a n ish oth e r n e e d s a n d n e c essities a rise ; instin c t

,

a s we ll a s in cr e a se ur g e s th e i r a dv a n c e in la n d a n d we fin d t h e ,

m o un ds r a p idly c h a n g in g in to d ist in ct bra n c h e s a n d syste m a tic

o r g a n iz a ti o n s . Tlze Den ver News 1 87 3 sta te s a mo un d h a d
, ,

b e e n la te ly O pe n e d in Uta h yie ld in g r e l ic s o f g r e a t a r t istic

,
“
sk ill . O th e rs a re fo und o n Big H o rn R ive r H a lf a m ile .

we st o f Go ld e n C it y C ol o r a d o a r e t h e r e m a in s o f a la id o ut
, ,
-

c ity ; o n t h e Ye llo ws t o n e R iv e r is a r e g ul a r c it y o f moun d s ,

str ee t s r e g ula r a n d mo un d s e q uid ist a n t ; e i h t v m

-
o u d
g y s e e n n s
 342

in g o o d o
c on dit i n , sixt th r ee
- in O th er se t tle m en ts a r e
ruins .

o n t h e b a n k s of t h e o r e a u a n d o f t h e Gr ea t

M Be
r r t r a n d t s t a t e s s u c h r e m a i n s a r e f o un d a t t h e m o u t h o f t h e

Ye llo ws t on e a n d Up p e r Misso ur i, n e a r C l a r k s C r e e k , Da k o ta
.

’
.

Fu rt h e r e a s t , a lo n g t h e S t a t e s b o rd e r i n g o n t h e U p p e r L a k es ,

b ut a l wa ys te n d in g s o uth wa rd , a r e t h e pe c uli a r s h a pes o f

l l w om t l l r
' '

l i i
'

a n im i k h u e r r re s o r s e m e s n rn i a
g ro a g e
a s e g , ,

M
,

se t t l e m e n t s in t h e r i c h ,
prol i fi c l a n d s o f W is c o n s in I n i c
. h i
g a n a e r t h e g a r d e n b e d s , w h e re fr u it a n d v e g e t a bl es g r o w s o

S TONE FORT .

Conten t s , 5 4 A 3R l3P . . .

”
l uxuria n tly in t h e lig h t sa n dy soil o f t h a t c oun t ry d ur in g t h e
co m pa r a t i ve l y sh or t s umm e r I n N orth e r n In d ia n a t h e re a r e

”
.

“
fi e lds from t e n to o n e h un dre d a cr e s r un n in g as s om e o n e , ,
“i
h a s po in te d o ut n d if
fe r e n t dire c t io n s a s if o n e fa m ily h a d a
,

s e pa r a t e pa t c h .

T h e a n i m a l sh a pe is oc c a sio n a lly fo un d furth e r s o uth t h a n O h io ,

b ut t h e re in t h e bro a d l e v e l we ll wa t e r e d a n d s uf ,fic ie n tl y woo de d

l a n d s wh e r e t h e re a lly im po r t a n t vill a g e s se e m t o h a v e be e n
,

b uil t we fin d t h e o ut l in e s o f t h e m o un ds mos t d istin ctl y re g u

,

la r v e r y e xa c t in m e a s ur e m e n t v e r y m uc h l a r g e r a n d o f c o n
, , ,

se q ue n c e e n o u h to b e prote c t e d b y e mb a n k m e n ts sh o win
g g , ,

a ls o t h a t t h e re wh e r e t h e y h a d t h e l a r g e s t c itie s t h e y a l so m e t
, ,

fo e s wild un s cr up ul o us a n d in s c r ut a bl e
, O f t h e se mo un ds in .

‘ Mr . J a m es Dea n s s t a t es t h a t m a n y m o un ds a re t o b e see n i n B ri t is h Co lum b i a

st r o ng ly rese m b li n g t h o se in t h e Mi ss i ss i p p i V a lle y .
 3
43

O h io S quier a nd Da vis pa rt ic ula rl y p int o ut th a t t h e ir r e m a rk

n ol f
i
,

a bl e d ist i n c t i o n is in t h e f t i ur e s in wh ic h t h e e r ec
pe r e c o g
tions a r e m a de ; a n d t hose wr ite rs hold it as a n in con te st a bl e
proo f th a t th e y wh o pl a n n e d t h e m po sse sse d a sta n d a rd o f
“
m e a sure m e n t a n d a n e xa c t m e a ns o f de t e rm in in g a ng le s
, It .

h a s b e e n a sc e r t a in e d t h a t t h e c i rc ul a r e n c los ur e s a r e pe r fe c t
c ir cl e s a n d t h e s q ua r e s p e r f
, e c t squa r e s c o n s t r uc t e d with a g e o
,

m e tr ic a l pre c isio n wh ich im l ie s a k n o wle dg e in t h e a r c h ite c t s

p
th a t we sho ul d c a ll se ie n t ific 1 At H ope t o wn O h io a t Libe rty
.
’
, , ,

O h io th e e xa c m e ss o f t h e m e a s ure m e n t s a r e un q ue stio na bl e ;
,

Pik e c o unty is a s qua r e with in a c irc le a s we ll a s m a ny oth e rs ,

.

Th e moun d s a br upt ly s t op with t h e A lle g h a n ie s a n d we ,

follo w t h e ir d ire ctio n so ut h wa r d I n Te n n e s s e e wh e re t h e

.
,

C umbe rl a n d mo un t a in s t e rm in a t e n e a r t h e T usc umbia a n d

,

Flore n c e a nd t h e mo uth o f t h e Big Bla c k R ive r a l a rg e tr a c t

, ,

o fc o un t ry a lo n g t h e va lle ys o f th ese ri ve r s was o n c e d e n se l y

e 0 p1e d T h e Mo un d b uile r s we r e un do ubte dly a t wor k th e re ;
-

gut it m ust b e e qua lly unde rstoo d tha t a s th e y c r osse d t h e

.

O h io a nd tr a ve le d s o uth wa rd th ey m in g le d e ith e r pe a c e a bly o r

, ,

forc ibly wit h a n oth e r c ivil iz e d pe opl e — t h ose wh o h a d s pr e a d

, ,

up fro m C e n t r a l Am e r ic a — be c a us e t h e t um ul i in m a ny in
, ,

st a n c e s a r e n o t o n l tr un c a te d py r a m id s l ik e t h o s e o f Me xic o
, y ,

a n d C e n tr a l Am e r ic a b ut a r e c a r e f
,
ully p la n n e d with th e ir lin e s

rA n c le n t Mo n um e n t s .
 345

”
b y t h e c a r d in a l po in t s A no t h e r d e fin ite pr o o f o ft h is is g ive n in
.

t h e N o v e m b e r n um b e r o f T HE A mB R i CA N A NT I Q A R I A N in t h e
“I n sc ri be d S h e lls fr o m T en n e s se e b i s tr ik in m r t
, e a r n
g a g s i ila i y
h
to t e g ufi r es c a rv e d o n ct h e r uin s a t Pa l e n que .

Th e g r e a t so ut h e r n c o un t r , l yin g be t we e n t h e Po t om a c a n d
y
O h io , o n t h e n orth , t h e G ul o n t h e sout h , t h e Atl a n tic , on t h e
e a s t , a n d st re t c h in g we s t be yo n d t h e Mississ ippi, is a l so t h e
sit e o fin n um e r a bl e mo un ds W it h t h e usua l in d iffe re n c e o f all
.

”
t h e e a rl y tr a ve l e r s, t o e v e ryth in g sa ve t h e se a rc h fo r g o l d, n o
disc r im in a t io n wa s m a d e b e t we e n t h e d we lle r s in t h e so ut h a n d
“
a n y oth e r I n d ia n tr i be But t h e in c id e n t a l a l lusio n s a n d t h e
.

desc r iptio n s o f S p a n is h a n d ot h e r e a rly wr it e r s h e lp us to see ,

a rtl y, t h a t wh ic h , h a d t h ey n o t be e n so bl in d e d , m ig ht t h e n
g a ve b e e n c l e a r a n d c ompr e h e n s ibl e .

G a r c illa s so de la Ve g a in h is a c c oun t o fDe S o t o s r a id a c ross

,
’

t h e c o un t ry a mo n g o t h e r t h i n g s s a ys
,
T h e h o use s o f t h e
,

c h ie f s we r e wit h s c a rc e ly a n e xc e p t io n b uilt o n l a r e e l e va t e d
, g , ,

a r t ific ia l mo und s l a r g e e n oug h t o sus ta in t h e ho use s o f t h e

,

c h ie f a n d fa m ily — m a k in g quit e a l it t l e to wn o f it se l f At t h e
, .

foo t a la r g e s qua re wa s m a r k e d o ut a r o un d wh ic h t h e g r e a t ,

wa r r i or s built th e i r h o uses T h e in fe r io r c l a sse s put up th e i r

.

d wellin g s b eyond a n d a ro un d S o m e o f t h e mo un d s h a d se v
.

e ra l s t a rr wa ys m a d e b y c uttin g in cline d pl a n e s fiftee n or

, ,

t we n ty fee t wide fl a n k in g t h e sid e s wit h pos t s a n d la yin g

, ,

po le s hor iz on ta lly a cro ss t h e e a r t h e n ste ps t o form a wo o de n

”
st a i r wa y But g e n e r a lly t h e lo ft y r e sid e n c e o f t h e g r e a t r ul e r
.

wa s a pproa c h e d b y o n ly o n e fl ig ht o fste p s T h e m o un d s we re .

st e e p a n d oth e r wis e in a c c e ss i bl e .

At o n e tim e De S oto wa s m e t b y a c h ie f with five h un dr e d

,

wa r r ior s wh o e sc ort e d h i m t o a t o wn c o n t a in in g thr e e h un dr e d

,

h o uses th a t o ft h e c h ie fbe in g o n a n e le v a t e d mo un d surroun d e d

—
, ,

b y a te rr a c e wid e e n o ug h fo r six m e n to wa l k a b r e a s t .

At t h e g r e a t to wn o f C h ia h a t h e ch ie f offe r e d t h e S pa nia rd s
,

t we n ty b a r n s full o fco rn qua n t it ie s o fb e a r s o il k e pt in g o urds

,
’
,

wa ln ut o il a s c l e a r a n d a ppe t iz in g a s b ut t e r n d po t s o f h o n e y , a .

Wit h r e g a rd to t h e ir m a n ufa c t ure s it is r e a dil y c o n c e de d

“

”
t h a t t h e S o uth e r n I n d ia n s e xc e e d a ll o t h e r s in t h e c e r a m ic a r t :
t h e wo m e n k n e w h o w t o m a k e e a rt h e n v e sse ls s o la r g e a n d
fin e o ur po t t e rs wit h t h e i r wh e e ls c a n sn a k e n o fi n e r .

“Amo n s t t h e m we do n o t fin d t h e wom e n co n d e m n e d t o do
g
a ll t h e wor k ; t h e m e n h a d th e i r sh a r e o f t h e h a rd l a bor b ut ,

t h e wo m e n we r e e xpe r t s in we a vi n g h a n d s om e c a r pe t s Th e
a s h ut t le us in g a c o uple o ft h r e a dle s wit h
.

p a ss e d t h e wo o f w it h ,

t h e h a n d lik e wea ve rs be fore m a c h ine ry wa s

, E v e ry
de sc ri pt ion o f t h e se pe ople e vid en c e s in t h e ir r e lig i on in t h e ir
, ,

b uild in g s in t h e i r c us t om s a c i viliz a t io n p a r t ly fa l le n in t o
, ,

‘ B e reo t 's V i rg i n i a .
des ue tud e r a th e rth a n a m e re l y a dv a nc e d st a e o f t h e wild ,
un tut o re d sa va g e S om e o f t h e e a rl ie st t r a ve r s ca ll e d t h e m
.

t h e Musc o g ee s b ut t h e E n g lish wh e n t h e y fir s t be a n t o e x
, g
lo r e t h e c o un t r c ll d t h m C k s b e c a us e t h e i v r i bl
p y a e e r e e
y n a a y

”
. .

dwe l t in t h e love l y v a ll e ys o n t h e b a n k s o f t h e s t re a m s r un n in g

”
in a ll d ir e c t io n s ov e r t h e c o un t ry .

“
I n t h a t word dwe l t we n o t e t h e dist in g uis h in g lin e b e t wixt
,
“
th e m a n d t h e I n d ia n wh os e wa n de r in g pro pe n sitie s a r e t h e
,

i n e vit a bl e a n d i na l ie n a bl e in dic a t io n o f h is r a ce A ft e r t h e .

S p a n ish r a id t h ro u h t h e s o ut h e r n co un t ry t h e d ish e a rt e n e d ,

r e m n a n t o f t h e in h a it a n t s wo uld be com e a n e a sy pre y t o t h e

wa rl ike I n dia n s o f t h e A t la n t ic prob a b ly t h e sa m e wh o h a d
,

dr ive n t h e i r a n c e stor s fro m O h io ; a n d t h us a c c o un t fo r t h e

m ixt ur e or v a rie t ie s o f t ri be s s pok e n o f b y t h e e a rl y t r a ve le r s
a n d wr it e rs o f t h e s o ut h e r n l a n ds .

II Ma te r ia l us ed b y Moun d b uil de rs T i m e a n dc li m a t e h a v
.
-
.

—
i n g b e a te n o n t h e m fo r se v e r a l c e n t ur ie s a ll wh e th e r o r ig in a lly
,
—
m a de so or n o t h a ve be c om e round e d a n d cov e r e d wit h e a rt h
a nd
g r a s s so a s t o g iv e t h e a ppe a r a n c e o f n a tur a l h illoc k s ,

wh ic h or ig in a te d t h e n a m e But t h e s h a pe s a s a lr e a dy m e n
.
,

t io n e d h a v e s in c e b e e n fo un d t o b e v e r y v a rie d a s we ll a s ve r y
, ,

e xa ct in t h e i r m e a s ur e m e n t s wh e n t h e y r e a c h t h e C e n t r a l
,

S ta tes .I n t h e s e S t a t e s t h e y a r e n o t o n l y m uc h l a r g e r b ut a r e ,

a l s o surro un de d b y e a r t h wor k s a s t h o ug h f
-
o r def
, e n se h a vin g ,

a p pa re n tl y m a de pe r m a m e n t s e t t l e m e n t s a n d fi n d in to t h e i
g r

c o s t wa rl ik e I n dia ns o n t h e ir n o t h e r n a n d e a s te r n s ide s e ve r
r

r e a dy f o r un h e r a l de d a t t a c k s T h e e m b a n k m e n t s a r e so m e
.

t i m e s a ro un d s in g le m o un ds wh i c h wo ul d possibly h a v e be e n a
,

t e m pl e or i m por t a n t b uil din g ; s o m e a r e a r o un d a c l us te r e vi ,

de n t ly e n clo sin g a v ill a g e or t o wn ; a d it c h or fosse is som e t im e s

in s ide s om e t i m e s o ut s ide un do ub t e dl y a do ubl e g ua rd t o a
'

, ,

te m p l e o r a c e m e te r y t o t h e ir c rops o r to a c irc le fo r th e ir
, ,

n a t io n a l g a m e s ,
L in e s o f e m ba n k m e n ts fro m five to t h ir ty ,

fe e t in h e ig h t e n c lo sin g from o n e to fi ft y a cre s a r e c om m o n ;

, ,

t ho s e fro m t oo t o 2 00 a cr e s a r e s om e ti m e s fo un d T h e m a t e r ia l .

us e d i n b uil din g wa s e v id e n tl y t h a t n e a re st a t h a n d Be iu .

an a
g r ic u lt ur a l pe opl e t h e y wo uld f
, e ll t r e e s t o c le a r t h e la n
 347

a n d use t h e w to a ke ood m
or pill a r s to support t h e
a lis a de s
o d to
f un a i n s o f e a h , o r t o rt r a m e into t h e l in tels o f t h e do o r
wa s “ On th e coas s o f t F lor id a t h e ho us e s we r e b uil t o f
y .

t i m b e r c ov e r e d wit h p a lm l e a ve s a n d t h a t ch e d wit h s t r a w
,
.

T h o se furt h e r in l a n d we re c ov e r e d wit h re e d s in t h e m a n n e r .

o f t il e s wh i l e t h e wa lls we r e e xt r e m e l y n e a t
,
I n t h e c old e r .

r e io n s a littl e f a r t h e r n orth e v e r y f a m il y po s s e s se d a ho us e
g , ,

da ube d in sid e a n d o ut wit h c l a y fo r a win t e r h o use a n d a n o t h e r ,

a ll ro un d f o r summ e r .

h o use s o f t h e c h ie fs
we r e l a r g e h a d p ia z z a s in ,

fro n t a n d in t h e r e a r wit h ,

c a n e be n c h e s o f c o m fo r t a
b le d i m e n sio ns T h e y a l so .

h a d lo ft s in wh ic h we r e ,

s t or e d s k in s m a n t l es a n d ,

cor n I n o n e h o use wa s .

fo un d a t a bor wit h g ol de n
be ll s O n e r e m a r k a b le t e m .

le 1 00 fee t i n len g t h a nd
p ,

forty fe e t in widt h wit h

F l 3—B
,
f m h St
wa ll s h ig h i n pro por t ion
o. . St a n n er on e G ro t e on e ra ves .
,

h a d a s te e p roo fcove re d wit h m a t s o f s lit c a n e in te r wov e n a s ,

c o m p a c t l y a s t h e r us h c rp e t in g o f t h e c or sa T h e t e m pl e wa s .

e n t e r e d b y t h r e e g a t e s a t e a c h o f W h i c h we r e s t a t io n e d g ig a n t ic
,

woode n s t a t ue s pr e se n t in g ,

fie r c e a t t it ude s S o m e we r e
.

a rm e d wit h c l ub s m a ce s , ,

c a n oe p a ddl e s a nd coppe r
h a t c h e t s ; o t h e r s with dr a wn
bo ws a n d lo n g pik e s A ll .

we r e or n a m e n t e d wit h strin g s
o f pe a rl s a n d b a n d s o f c o
p
p e r
. I n n i c h e s ro u n d t h e
wa ll s we re woode n fig ure s o f
m e n a n d wom e n n a t ur a l s iz e ; ,

o n t h e s ide s o f t h e wa ll s we r e
b e n c h e s o n wh ic h la y t h e
,

boxe s co n t a in in g d e a d c h ie fs m y l —B m St ar er on e.
a n d th e i r f a m il ie s wit h t h e i r
. ..

fa m il ie s b e lo w t h e m sh ie l ds o f v a r io us s iz e s b e t we e n t h e m
, .

C h e s t s wit h v a l ua bl e pe a rl s a n d v a l ua bl e m a n t l e s o f fe a t h e r s
we re in t h e c e n t e r o f t h e b uildin g a s we ll a s in a n a djo in in g ,

s t o r e ho use
“ I f a ll t h e se wood e n b uil din g s h a v e lo n g s in c e
.

disa p pe a r e d h o w m uc h mor e re a s o n a bl e t h a t t h e h o use wh ic h

,

th e ir a n c e stor s h a d use d a n d fors a k e n fur t h e r n or t h c e n t urie s ,

be fore a r e e n t ire ly d issolve d i n to t h e ir moth e r e a rt h with mo st

, ,

o f th e i r h um a n oc c up a n t s .

‘ Be r
t rum ’
s Tra ve ls.
a nd d ia mo n d d ust .
”
I n s o m e mo un ds h a v e be e n fo un d pi e c e s
f fa b r ic s wh ic h th o u h c o a r se a r e wov e n with c a re a n d r e g
o , ,

ula r it y with thr e a d s 0 un iform e xa c t n e s s fo r t h e m a k in

, of ,

wh ic h a r e a l so fo un d t h e sh utt l es o f v a r io us siz es we ll fin is e d ,

a ug e s a n d we ig ht s to r e g ul a te s iz e s a n dk e e p t h e thre a d s t a ut
g .

We ve c uts t o ill ustr a te th is poin t S e e pl a te s O ur r e a d

'

. .

e r s wil n o tic e t h a t t h e po tt e ry f rom t h e a sh p it s wh ic h a r e ,

s uppo se d to b e mod e r n is q uit e rud e a n d th a t t h e pott e ry o f

, ,

t h e sto n e g r a v e s is m uc h s upe r ior .

O n e o r t wo s t ill m or e r e m a r k a bl e thin g s h a ve b ee n t urn e d up

fr o m mo un d s in v a r io us p a rt s I n t h e mo un d in Vir g inia we r e
.

m a ny s p e c im e n s of

m ic a o n ly m ic a
Th e
we r e in Nor t h
.

m ine s
C a rol in a .

From t h e mo un d s
h a ve a l so bee n dug up
q u a n t it ie s o f c c pp e r

a n d c o ppe r i m p i e
m e n t s a n d or n a m e n ts
a ll ov e r t h e co un t r y .

Mo r e o ve r it is a l wa ys
o n e pe c ul ia r k in d o f
c op pe r h a vin g 8 o t s
,

o fp ur e sil ve r s t ud in g
t h e fa c e o fit a s ifn a t
,

ur a l to ii — n o t a llo ye d

wit h it C a ppe r o f
.

th is p e c u l i a r i t y is
fo un d o n ly in t h e co
p e r b e ds o f L a k e u pe r io r N o se.t t l e m e n t s h a v e b e e n fo u n d
n e a r t h e m in e s o f La k e S upe r ior T h e g e o lo g ic a l r e po r t t o
.

t h e n a tio n a l g ov e rn m e n t d e s cr ibe s t h e s e o ld m in e s a s be in g
c h ie fly sufi a c g wo r k — t h a t is t h e s ur fa c e o f t h e ve in s wa s
,

wor k e d in ope n pit s a n d t r e n c h e s T h e Min n e s o t a m in e in .

,

U p pe r Mic h ig a n wa s o n l y e xc a v a t e d t h irty fe e t a n d h e r e Mr
,
“
, .

K n a pp d is c ove r e d a d e t a c h e d m a ss o f coppe r we ig h in six

g
to n s I t la y upon a c o b wor k o f r oun d lo g s or skids s i x or
.
-
,

e ig ht in c h e s in d ia m e t e r t h e e n ds o f wh ic h s h o we d pl a in l y t h e
,

m a r k s o f a s m a ll a xe or c ut t in g tool T h e y s oo n s h r iv e l e d

”
.

wh e n e xpose d t o t h e a ir T h e m a ss o f c oppe r h a d be e n r a ise d

.

s e ve r a l f e e t a lo n g t h e f
, oot o f t h e lod e o n t i mbe r s b y m e a n s o f ,

we d g e s . T h is wa s in 1 848 a n d o ld t r ee s sh o win g 3
, 95 r in g, s
o f a n n ua l g r o wt h s too d in t h e de br is a n d t h e fa ll e n a n d de
, ,

c a ye d t run k s o f t r ee s o f a f o rm e r g e n e r a t io n we r e l yin ro ’

g a c s s
t h e pit s . I n Mich ig a n a l so we re t h e g a rd e n b e d s fo r t h e quic k
, ,

g ro w i n
g s uppl i e s o f s umm e r ood
f I s n o t t h.e in fe r e n c e c l e a r
‘ Ba ldwi n .
 ”
3
30

t
th a t h e “ M un ui e s, h a ving fo un t h ese ines o n h e i r
o d b ld r-
d m t
jo u o q
r n e y s ut h , a n d r e ui ri n g su h c m t l o ld d a e ria , w u sen u p e v e r
y
su mm r e t
a pa r y o f w or r
k m e n fo r t h e i sup ie s ; a n d, e in g a n
l b
r
a g ic ult u a pe r l opl d
e , ye t n ee i n g t h e c o pep r or t r mpl m t h ei i e e n s,

”
th e y w ul o dm a n if t l t
e s e xa c t y wh a o ne writ e r e x pr l e s s y sa ys o f
th e se Mic h ig a n m in e s, T h e old “ m v r
in e s e e ry wh e e s h o w t h e
s tran e
g p le c u ia rit ies o fb o t h k l d
no w e
g e a o d
n d la c k o fk n wle
g e
.

Th e m r to
in e s
’
o ls w ich h r o d b
we e f un h a ve e e n a m a t t e o f r
w n eo d r to r oo v r
t h e a c h e l g i st e e s in c e t h e d o isc ve ry .

d r t l
T h e iffe e n m a t e r i a o f wh ic t h e h mo d o d
un s a r e f rm e , a s
r p
we ll a s t h e i s h a e a n d t h e i re a t i e r l v po o th r
s it i n , s h o w e i difler
e n t in t e n t a nd p u rpo se .W l om hie s r l
e we e o dg e b d uil in g s , o r
r c
e side n e s o f t h e r r or
ule s , oh r
t e m le s, r l r mo d
t e s we e a t a un s ,
h r b r l
w ic h we e o f u n t c a y, o f n e m r t bro ht
a t e ia l, a n d o f e n ug
r d
f o m a is t a n e c At
. Mo un C i y, C h i i t h e , h io , h er e we r e
d t ll co O t
o d l r
f un t wo a ye s o f i e s n e , h i l m to c p d orm
in t h e f o f disc s a n d
s pe a r-h
d
e a s , six h un dr d t me of h e . ot
n an mo dh er ot
un t h e c s ly
o fl e r in g s o ft h e mo t h l fi
s pp h r r m t
ig h y n ish e d i e s a n d o t e o n a e n s .

I t h a s e ve rb ee n t h e c tom us c v l d opl
wit h i i iz e pe lle , a s we as
b rb r
a a ia n s , to b r r cl
u y a t i e s o f va lue wit t h e e ah d d . th
Th e S c y
E p I d
i a n s, t h e g y t ia n s , t h e n ia n s , t h e A y V d
r a ns of t h e e a s , t h e

J e w s , t h e G r e e k s ,
t h e -
C h r i s t i a n s , av do
ll h a e n e it . W e fi n d i t
no e sl s amo ng th e M u o db l n -
ui de r s . ccor
A ll did i t , a din g t o t h e
c us o t m r c rom
s of a e, f ld c pr
t h e o ld C h a e a n s e t e , t h e Eg y i a n pt
obo r p ro
lus, t o pa y t h e t i a c ss t h e bl l do to
a c k a ke , wnp o ur re s
r l r
e n t fun e a w e a t h ; c d o fi o
h a n e in t k e n a n d in sig n i c a t i n , b ut
g
o
n wh e e b r ro or q
k e n in h ist i c se ue n c e . r r m
T h e e fo e , it is a s uc h
cvl o
a s i g n o f i i iz a t i n a s o f a wi d l I d n ia n t o fin d t h e lin k s o f

l i l b
e a r t h y h a b t s a id e s id e he
t bo n es o Mo
f t he d r
un d b uil e s, wh e n
-

t r pr
h e i s i it s h a d fl e d t o t h e H a pp y L Ih v l d p t
a nd . a e a re a
y o in e d
o ut t h e i m port c an e of e r m mb r e e in g t h e e f t m
fe c o f t i e a n d c li
t p c l c r
m a e e s e ia l y in t h is o un t y, wh e n sun a n d a ir se e
. m t t o a ke
mor r p a id e fl e c t , bo t h in g ro h c
wt a n d de a y o f t h e n a u a lt r
'

e
w orld t , h a n i n o r p rt
t h e a s , a np o
d s u p s in
g o d
t h e se m u n s we r e

t
le ft e ig h h un d e r d or o
a t h us a n d r ye a g r l
s a o , is it wo n de f u n o
m or v r b t
e e ide n c e o f t h e i i n h a it a n s is e f l pro c
t ? In a p a h in g t h e
s ou h t a nd to r wa ds Me xi , wh e e h e y m ix wit h t h e s o n e
co r t t
b lui din g n a i n f t o rom Cent ar lA rc ll r
m e i a , w a s a n d uin s a r e s t i l l
t
s a n din g . M e e t h e s ut h e n se t le e n t s we e
or ov r o r t m r prob b a ly
th e l
a tes t in e xis t e n c e . I f it b e a sk e d wh y n o r e a ins o f m
o r o -
or
m a s n y a n d st n e w k a r e t o b e f un a o d mo t r
n s th e
g u ins o f

th e mo r l o t r t
un ds in t h e C e n t a a n d S u h e n S t a e s , t h e a n swe is r
th t p or l p pl
a a a st a eo r
e we e n o t h e we s o f sr to n e ; a n d fo r t h e

r o h t r r rc l r l d
e a s n t a t h e i s it e s we e in a g i u t u a la n s a n d h e y wo uld t
r
n o t b e wh e e s t n e o q rr r v
ua ie s we e a a ila b e l th c t
. In is o un r y
w ood b c
in a un da n e wa s a t h a n d; b ut wh e n t h e se t e e n t s we r e t m l

l t
ef it wo u d l d rc r t
e c a y, a n d if b i k s we e us e d h e y, t oo , wo uld
r b
c um le in t o d tus .

III . T h e s ub je c t o f e ser mbl c o a n e s c m e s nex t It . t wa s c us om

 851

a ry in A sia tic c oun trie s to b uild th e c itie s o n a n e l e va t io n , t h e

wh ole c i ty sur ro un de d b y a n e mb a n k m e n t a n d a d e e p dit c h e
s o m e ti m e s o n ly t h e p a la c e , t h e t e m le a n d t h e im o r t a n t b uild
in s we r e e l e v a te d . W h e n La ya r first fo un d in e ve h it wa s
o n y a v a r ie d a c c um ula t io n o f mo un d s, t ho ug h o f co ur s e in t h a t
in s t a n c e s om e o f t h e s ol id fo un da t io n wa s b e n e a t h . Ye t it wa s
o n l y t h e g rea t c it ie s wh ic h h a d s uc h dur a bl e f oun d a t io n s Ma n y
.

a mo un d t h a t m a r k e d a n a n c ie n t d we llin g h a s b ee n tr a mpe d
o v e r unn ot i c e d b y t h e a rm ie s o f t h e s ucc e s s i v e n a t io n s t h a t h a v e
h e ld s wa y o ve r t h e g re a t be l t o f C e n t r a l A sia H e r e t h e n a.

pa stora l pe o le c a m e t o d well , a n d to im it a te in th e ir wa y a nd
with a va ila b e m e a n s t h e dwe ll in g s o f t h e ir o wn o ld l a n d s , o r
o f t h e h a ug h t y n a t io n s in t h e m id s t o f wh o m t h e ir a n c e s t or s
h a d l iv e d, o n l y t h e wild n a t ive a n d t h e wil d n a t ur e h a d in t h e ir .

fit ful moods oblit e r a t e d b y de g r e e s t h e t a n g ibl e proo fs o f suc h

exi s t e n c e , a n d l e f t o n l y t h e m o un ds o f e a r t h in t h e ir pl a c e .

Pro fe ssor Da v id so n s a y s h e h a s se e n a rro w h e a ds fro m t h e

-

e a st e rn h e m is ph e r e e xa c t ly s im il a r to t h o se o f t h e we st e rn .

O th e r impl e m e n ts fo un d h e re a r e e xa c t l y suc h a s a r e d e s cribe d

in use b y t h e a n c ie n t n a t io n s o f t h e or ie n t .

I f t h e n a t ive s o f t h e s o ut h , wh e n De S o t o fir s t in v a d e d th e m ,
we r e d we ll in g in h o use s,b ui lt o n mo un d s, wit h woo de n st a ir wa ys ,
s uppor t s , e t c , a n d h a v in l a r g e s t or e s o f cor n , o f o il, o f h o n e ,
.
g y
a s we ll a s o f wov e n fa br i c s, o f c opp e r a n d o f p e a r l, a n d i fs o m e

o ft h e m h a v e tr a dit io n s a n d p ict ure wr it in g s o f lo n g wa n de r in g s

a n d v a r io us se t t l e m e n t s , i s it n o t wit h in t h e l i m it s o f prob a b il i t y
t h a t t h e i r a n c e st or s we re o n c e fro m t h e O ld Worl d?
T h e po in t t h a t we m a k e is th a t b a c k o f t h e I n dia ns co m pa r
’

a t iv e r ude c o n dit io n wa s t h e h ig h e r co n d it io n o f t h e Mo un d
b uild e r s , b ut b a c k o f t h e Mo un d b uil de r s wa s a c ivil iz a t i o n
-

wh ic h so c lo se l y r e se mbl e s t h a t foun d in h is t or ic l a n ds a s t o
ve r ise to t h e id e a t h a t it m a y h a v e or ig in a t e d in t h o se l a n ds
'

do d r k h w c m i o h i f fl r io
'

e n o t u n e t a e t o s a y o i t a e n t t s a r -
o e g n

no r b w h a t ro ut e s, a n d ye t it doe s n o t se e m po ss ibl e t h a t t h e
y
r e se m bl a n c e s c o uld b e so g r e a t un le ss t h e r e wa s a filte rin g a t
l e a st o f t h e se o ld tim e h o n or e d co n dit io n s T h e ro ut e s m a y
-
.

—
in de ed h a ve be e n from diffe r e n t dir e c t io n s t h e pyr a m id b uil de r s -

from t h e fa r so uth we st a n d or ig in a lly from t h e d is t a n t A s ia t ic

,

c o a st ; t h e se rpe n t wor s h i p e r s from t h e dis t a n t e a s t o r n or t h e a s t

-
,

a n d o ri g in a lly fro m t h e E urop e a n co n t in e n t ; t h e tomb b uild e r s -

a n d h un te r s fro m t h e n ort h we s t a n d o r i g in a ll y f
, rom t h e Mo n
g o lia n r e g io n s ; t h e m il it a r y cl a sse s a n d t h e vil la g e r s o f t h e
c e n t r a l d is tri ct m a y e it h e r co m e from t h e n or t h we st or t h e
n orth e a st ; ye t wh a t e v e r t h e ro ut e a n d ho ws oe v e r dis ta n t t h e
,

o ri g in a l s o urc e we c a n n o t f a i l to se e v e r y c l o se a n a lo ie s
g T h e .

s uppo s it io n wit h s o m e is t h a t th e se a r e m e r e l y a c c id e n t a l ; t h e
y
a r e a ll t o b e a c c o un te d fo r o n t h e g ro un d o f p a r a lle l de v e lop
m e nt . B ut to o t h e r s t h e y h a v e be e n s o s tr ikin g a s t o g i ve r i se
t o t h e str a n g e st t h e o rie s c o n c e rn in g wh ic h we h a ve s po k e n
, .
 35 3

ho uses Th e ot h e r fi g ure s repre se n t t h e potte ry o ft h e S o uth e rn

.

Mo un d b uil de rs It wa s full y e q ua l to t h e pott e ry o f t h e a n c ie n t

-
.

Pue b lo e s a n d in m a ny re s pe cts e q ua l to t h a t o f t h e c ivil iz e d ra c e s .

IV A s to th e soc ia l sta t us o ft h e pre h is toric vill a g e s we m a y

.
,

s a y t h a t t h e y r e pre s e n t t h re e dis t i n ct r d s t h fir s t b e in g t h e
g a e e ,

upp e r s t a g e o f s a v a g e ry t h e s e co n d t h e lo we r s ta g e o fba rb a r is m
. ,

t h e t h i rd t h e s e m i c iv il iz e d co n dit io n
-
.

Mr L H Morg a n h a s div ide d t h e e th n ic a l pe rio ds sa va g e ry

. . .
— ,

m —
ba rba r s a n d c ivil iz a t io n i nto s ub pe rio ds m a k in g a lo we r
i -
, ,

m i ddl e a n d uppe r co n dit ion o f sa va g e ry a nd a lo we r m iddl e , ,

a n d up p e r co n dit io n o f b a rb a r is m ; h e h a s pl a c e d t h e v ill a g e

I n dia n s upo n o n e side o f a l in e a s s ig n in g t h e m to t h e lo we r,

s t a t us o f b a rb a r is m b ut t h e ,
pa rt ia ll y v ill a g e I n dia n s upo n t h e
o t h e r s ide o f t h e l in e a ssig n in g th e m to t h e uppe r sta t us o f
”
,
“
s a va e ry It i h o w v r q u t io w h t h r t h t rm p t i ll
g . s e
,
e a e s n e ,
e e e a r a y
vill a g e I n dia n s s h o ul d b e us e d fo r v i ll a g e l i f e pre v a i l e d a m o n g
,

F ig . 7 .
— F ‘r og Pip e fr om I n di a n a .

a ll cl a s se s W h a t t h e a uth or m e a n s is t h e h un te r I n dia n s oc e n
.
,

pie d te m pora ry vill a g es wh il e t h e P ue bl o s o f t h e fa r We s t

,

occ upie d t h e m ore pe r m a n e n t vill a g e s a n d we re t h oro ug h l y

org a n iz e d upo n t h e co m m un ist ic pl a n We wo ul d h o weve r .
, ,

pl a ce a cl a ss b e t wee n t h e t wo a n d ide n t ify th e m with t h e Mo un d

b uil de rs m a k in g t h e ir vill a g e s t h e t e s t b y wh ic h we a sce rta in
,

t h e diffe re n c e b e t we e n t h e se thre e cl a sse s Th is diffe re n ce c o n .

s is t s n o t s o m uc h i n t h e f a ct t h a t t h a t t h e y r e pre s e n t e d dif
fe re n t
mo de s o f l ife or diffe re n t g ra de s o f a dva n c e m e n t a s th a t t h ey ,

re pre sen te d diffe re n t s tyl e s o f a rc h ite ct ure diffe re n t sty l e s o fa rt , ,

a n d dif fe r e n t sys t e m s o f re l ig io n a s we ll a s diffe re n t loc a l iti e s or

, ,

h a b ita ts . By t h is m ea n s we a r e a bl e to cl a s s ify t h e v ill a g e s .

We cl a s s ify t h e g ra de s b y t h e v ill a g e s l We pl a ce t h e s toc ka de .

villa g e s in t h e first g ra de a n d divide th e pe o pl e in to h un te rs

, ,

wa rriors a n d n o m a ds 2 Th e e xte n s ive e a rt h works wh ic h a r e

. .
-

fo un d in t h e Middl e a n d S o uth e rn S ta te s e mbo dy t h e Mo un d ,

b uil de rs v ill a g e s We a s cribe t h e se to t h e se co n dg ra de a nd div ide

’
.
,
 35 4

th e pe opl e in to h ort ic ult ura l a g ric ult ura l a n d s ede n ta ry cl a ss e s

, ,

g ivi n g e a c h a di ffe r e n t cl a ss o f work s

3 T h e P ue blo s w h o u s e.d .
,

a do b e o r s to n e a n d b uilt t h e i r v i ll a es i n t e rr c e s we a s s i n
, g a g .

t o t h e t h i rd g ra de Th e y m a y b e div ide d in to t h re e c l a s s e
. s .

T h o se wh o e re ct e d t h e i r p ue blo s i n t h e va ll e ys a nd t h o se wh o ,

pl a c e d t h e ir vi lla g es o n t h e me sa s a n d de fe n de d t h e m b y th e i r
.

loca t io n ; a n d t h o se wh o pla ce d th e ir h o use s o n t h e s ide s f o

t h e c liffs t h r us t in g t h e i r v i ll ag es in to t h e n ic h e s m a k in g t h e
, ,

F ig . 8. —& o n e Pulley s fr o m th e ma n e Gr a ves .

de fe n s e wh ic h t h e cl iffs furn is h e d t h e c h ie f obj e ct Th e se c ult i .

y a t e d t h e s o il b y irr ig a t io n , h a d dom e s t ic a n im a l s a n d p ra c t : c e d

t h e a r t o f we a vin g Th e ir pott e ry wa s h ig h l y orn a m e nte d a n d

.

th e ir sym b o l is m wa s e l a bo ra t e .

B t a ll o ft h e m ore a n c i e n t ra ce s , Mo un d b u l de rs , C liff dwe ll

u i - -

e r s a n d P ue bl o s , s e e m t o h a v e b e e n i n v a de d b y h o r de s o f wi l d

tr ib e s wh o e ith e r drove th e m from th e ir orig in a l se a ts o r s n ut

t h e m up in t h e ir fo rtre s s e s a n d fi n a ll y re duce d t h e m t o a
de c im a t e d sta te , t h e i r t e rr itory b e i n g l im ite d, t h e ir a dva nc e m e n t
h in de re d b y t h e co nsta n t pres s ure o f t h e ir e n e m ie s Th e in it ia l .

po in t o f t h e m ig ra t io n o f th e se l a te r ra ce s is un k n o wn , t h o ug h
a ccor di n g to l a t e r in ve s t ig a t i o n th e r e s e e m s to h a v e b e e n t h r e e

c e n t e rs : i st Th e va ll e y o f t h e C o l umb ia , t h e sea t o f t h e wil d

.

F ig . 9. -
F li n ¢ H oes fr om Ten n e ss ee .

tribe s s uc h a s t h e Apa c h e s Com a n c h e s e t c t h a t c r o wde d do wn

, , , .
,

upo n t h e Cl if f dwe ll e rs a n d P ue blo s a n d drove th e m fr o m t h e i r

-

a n c ie n t p o s s e s s i o n s 2 d Th e p e n in s ul a b e t wee n La k e S up e r io r
. .

a n d Mic h ig a n ,
t h e se a t o f t h e Oj i bwa s a n d At h a ba s ca n s t h e ,

n urse ry l a n d o f t h e m a n y A l g o n q ui n tr ib e s wh ic h s prea d ov e r

t h e e n t ire re g io n b e t we e n t h e g re a t l a k e s a n d t h e O h io Ri v e r a n d
dr o ve t h e Mo un d b uil de rs fro m t h e ir po s ses s io n s 3d T h e . .

re g io n n o rt h o f t h e S t La wre n ce R ive r t h e n urse ry g ro un ds o f

.
,

t h e I r o q uo is tr ib e s .
 365

Th e c ul t iva tio n o f ma iz e a n d pl a n ts te n de d to l o ca l iz e s o m e o f
t h e se tribe s so th a t t h e Iroq uo is t h e C h e rok e es a n d a t o n e
, , ,

tim e t h e D a k o ta s we re e s ta bl ish e d in s m a ll e r a rea s a n d ra p idl y

,

g r e w i n t o t h e co n dit io n o f a dva n c e d vi ll a g e I n dia n s ; b ut t h e s e

a r e t h e o n l y r e g io n s in Nort h Am e r ic a t h a t c a n b e ca ll e d n a t ura l
ce n te rs o f s ub s iste n ce a n d t h e
n a t ura l s o urc e s o ft h e m ig ra t

i n g tr ib e s o f h un t e rs n o m a ds . ,

a n d wa r r i or s .

Wh e t h e r th e s e va rio us stoc k s
o f I n dia n s wh ic h a r e n o w s o ,

we ll k n o wn a s co m i n g from
t h e s a m e l o c a l ity a n d re l a te d
t o o n e a n o t h e r i n l a n g ua g e ,

orig in a te d o n t h e c o n t in e n t is ,

ve ry un c e rt a in All th a t we ,

k n o w a bo ut th e m is t h a t wh e n ,

th ey b e ca m e k n o wn to h is
—
tor y t h e y s e e m to h a v e h a d
l M p d Di
a ll g ra de s o f c ult ur e a ll s ty l e s
F ig 10 B
. . arre . ia e sc .
,

o f a rch it e ct ur e a ll m o de s o f l if
, e a n d a ll s y s t e m s o f r e lig io n
, ,

wh ich bot h diffe re d a m o n g th e m s e l ve s a n d a l s o diffe re d from

th o se wh ic h se e m e d t o h a ve existe d in t h e ce n tra l re g io n s b e fo r e
th ey rea c h e d th e m Wh e th e r we a re to cl a ss t h e Mo un d
.

b uil de rs a mo n g t h e ol de r ra c e s a n d a s s ig n t h e m a ll to a diffe re n t
s toc k f rom t h e I n dia n s is n o w t h e pro b l e m T h i m uc h we m a y . s

do — we m a y a s s ig n to t h e m a
c ult us wh ich wa s p e c ul ia r a n d ,

m a y t a k e t h e m o un d b uil din g -

a g e a s t h e o n e i n wh ic h t h a t

c ult us pre va il e d Th is we do .

with t h e P ue blo s t h e Cl i f ,
f
dwe ll e rs a n d with t h e c ivil iz e d
ra c e s wh o h a ve l e ft t h e ir a n
c ie n t c it ie s in t h e c e n tra l pro v
i n c e s e v e n wh e n we tra c e th e ir
,

de s c e n da n ts in t h e n a t ive
trib e s wh ic h sti ll surv ive a n d ,

th e re is n o rea s o n wh y we — Cl h f m M u d i Oh i
F ig
s h o ul d n o t i n t h e ca se o f t h e
. 11
. ot ro a o n n o.
,

a n c ie n t i n h a b it a n t s o f t h e Mis s is s ipp i va ll e y We div ide t h e .

e n t i re co n t in e n t in t o dif fe re n t dis tr icts in wh ic h a ll g ra de s o f ,

s o c ie ty a r e re pr e s en t e d pl a c in g t h e lo we r co n dit io n o f s a v a g e ry
,

a mo n g t h e ic e fi e l ds o f t h e Nort h m a k in g fis h s ub s is t e n c e t h e
,

c h ie f tes t ; t h e m iddl e s ta t us o f sa va g e ry we pl a c e in t h e fore st ,

re g io n s a bo ut H uds o n s Ba y a n d n o rt h o ft h e g re a t l a ke s m a k in g
’
,

t h i s a n d a djo i n i n g pa g es r e p re se n t t h e i n d us t r i a l a r t s o f t h e Mo un d
d
‘ rh e c ut s o n
b ui l e ra .
 35 7

fl in t impl e m e n ts o ft h e rude r k in ds t h e org a n iza t io n in to g e n tes

, ,

t h e s ys t e m o f tote m is m wit h t h e c o n s a n g uin e f a m ily a n d t h e

m o t h e r r ig h t pr e v a l e n t m o n o s y ll a b ic l a n g ua g e g e s t ure s ig n s
, , ,

p ict ure writ in g t h e worsh ip o f t h e e l e m e n ts in t h e l o we s t fo r m

, ,

fe t ic h is m a n d ca n n ib a l is m I n t h e lo we r p e rio d o f b a rb a r is m
.

t h e c ult iva t io n o f m a ize b e a n s s q ua s h a n d t o b a cc o fi n g e r we a v

, , ,

in g wit h wa rp a n d wool t h e m o c c a s i n l e g g in g a n d k ilt o fta n n e d

, ,

de e r s k i n use o f fea th e rs fo r orn a m e n t s a n d t h e p ipe t h e v ill a g e

, , ,

F t p 13.—B i r d Pip e
.
fr om S t on e Gr a ve .

st ock a de fo r defe n se trib a l g a m e s wors h ip o f a n im a l s a n d t h e

, ,

e l e m e n t s or g a n iz a t i o n o f c o n fe de ra c ie s o ve r m e n t b co u n c i l
, g n , y a

o f c h ie f s .D urin g t h e m iddl e pe rio d n a t ive m e ta l s we re intro

duc e d s uc h a s coppe r a n d l e a d in it s n a t ive st a t e n a t ive iro n o r
, ,

bro wn h e m a t ite a n d occa s io n a lly t h e b e a t e n s ilv e r a n d g ol d

, ,

b ea te n int o t h in pl a te s o rn a m e n ta l potte ry po l is h e d fl i n t a n d
, ,

s to n e i m pl e m e n t s wov e n f
,
a b r i c s o f c o tto n a n d ot h e r v e g e ta bl e

fib e r t h e e m b ryo loom t h e co n str uct io n o f ea rth wo rk s in t h e

, ,
-

s h a pe o f f ortre sses t h e e re ct io n o f py ra m ids t h e wors h ip o f t h e

, ,

F ig . 11. —S t on e Wh i stles fr om Ten n ess e e .

s un , in tro duct io n o fa pr ie s t h oo d, e re ct io n o f e st ufa s o r ro t un da s

fo r re l ig i o us wors h ip , se pa ra t io n o f t h e ca c iq ue s a n d t h e g o ve rn
m e n ta l h o us e s fro m t h o s e o f t h e c o m m o n p e opl e , t h e in t r o duc
t io n o f e xte n s ive a g ric ult ure in fi e l ds ra th e r th a n in e n clo s ure s .

Th e uppe r pe r io d, dis ti n g uis h e d b y comm un e h o use s wit h wa ll s

o f a do b e , dre s se d s to n e l a id i n co ur s e s , cy clope a n wa ll s , l a k e
dwe ll e rs c o n str uct e d o n p il e s , k n o wl e dg e o f n a t ive m e ta l s t h e ,

us e o f c h a r co a l a n d c r uc ibl e , br o n z e re l ic s in E urope , c oppe r

re l ic s in Am e r ic a , o rn a m e n t e d p o tte ry in c o l o rs a n d wit h sy m b o l s ,

a rt o f wea v in g a dva n ce d t o a h ig h s t a t e do m e s t ic a n im a l s i n tro ,

duc e d, c ult iva t io n b y irr ig a t io n wit h re se rvo irs a n d i r r ig a t in g

c a n a l s , t h e wor s h i o f t h e s k y , wit h pe r so n a l a n d a n im a l g o ds ,
p
 35 8

as g ua r
dia ns a s pa rts o f t h e s ky a prie sth oo d dis tin g uish e d b y
,

it s co st um e g o v
,
e rn m e n t b y c h ie f
s w h o w e r e a l s o pr i e s ts t h e ,

b e g in n in g o f h ie ra rc h y .

H e re we wo ul d ca ll a tte n t io n a g a in to t h e Mo un d b uil de r s -
.

We h a ve a lre a dy divide d t h e Mo un d b uil de rs te rr ito ry in to -

’

se ve ra l distr ict s a nd h a ve c o n fi n e d t h e dif fe re n t cl a ss e s f Mo un d o

b uil de rs to ce rta i n l i m ite d h a b ita ts b ut we m us t re me m b e r t h a t

,

t h e sa m e k i n d o f work s f o un d in th e se districts e xt e n d in l im it e d
n umb e rs i n to o t h e r dis tr icts W it h in t h e dis tricts t h e r e l ics a n d
.

t h e e a rt h wo rk s s o c o rre s po n d t h a t we m a y de c ide a s to t h e m o de
-

o f l if e t h e g r a de o f c ult ure m e a n s o f s ub s is t e n c e s oc ia l o r a n i
, , g ,

z a t io n a n d re l ig i o us s ys te m wh ic h pre va ile d ; b ut wit h o ut t h e

dis tr ict t h e y a re e xc e pt io n a l a n d c a n n o t b e re g a rde d a s i n dic e s
o f t h e c ul t us wh ic h pre va il e d Th e prese n c e o f th e se e xc e p
.

‘
F ta 16
. .
—Cla y Pip e fr om I n di a n a .

t io n a l wo rk s th e i r a s s o c ia te d re l ics in t h e m idst o fot he rs h a

a nd s

be e n s uppo se d b y so m e to prove t h e m ig ra tio n s o f t h e Mo un d

b uil de rs th ro ug h c e rt a in dis trict s b e fo re th ey re a ch ed th e ir h a b
it a t ; b ut t h e e vide n c e is un sa t is fa ctory fo r t h e l in e o f m i g r a t i o n ,

a s t h us i n dic a t e d is b ut a s h ort o n e a n d g i ve s us n o h i n t a s t o

t h e ir o r ig in a l h o m e or sta rt in g p o in t Th e re is a l wa ys a n un c e r. .

ta i nty in re g a r d to t h e dir e ct io n wh e th e r it i n dica te s a l in e t o

or fr o m t h e h a b ita t wh il e t h e re l ics o f t h e diffe re n t dis tricts a r e
,

s i m il a r .

We g ive a s e r ie s o f c ut s h e re t o ill ust ra te t h e diffe re n t ch a ra c

t e r o f t h e re l ic s in t h e dif fe re n t dis tr ic ts It will b e n otic e d t h a t .

t h e p ipe s o f t h e O h io Mo un d b uil de rs we re wit h o ut a n y s t e m ;

-

b o wl a n d s te m we re ca r ve d o ut o f o n e p ie ce S ee F ig 1 2 Th e . . .

s a m e k in d o f p ip e s a re f o un d i n Ill in o is a n d I o wa Th e pipe s .

fr o m I n dia n a fro m t h e s to n e g ra ve s a n d t h e s o ut h e r n Mo un d
,

b uild rs we re de s ig n e d fo r s te m s
e S om e o f t h e m h a d a s m a ll
.

o r i fic e a n d we re c a rve d in to f
,
ro g s a n d duck s F ig s 7 1 3 T h e s e . .
-
.

we c a ll c a l um e t fo r t h e y re m in d us o f t h e mo de r n p ipe s i n
s,

wh ic h t h e n a t ura l h e a d o fa b ir d is use d a n d wh ic h h a s t h e s t e m ,

tr im m e d with fe a th e rs o f va rio us k in ds Th e s o ca ll e d C h e ro k e e .
-

p ipe is o n e wh ic h re se m bl es t h e mo de rn cl a y p ipe t h e st e m a n d ,
 35 9

b o wl be i n g ma de o f o n e s to n e b ut b o th a re r o un d a n d tr umpe t
,

s h a pe d T h e re a re m a ny ca rve d p ipe s b o t h a t t h e s o ut h a n d
. ,

a t t h e n o rt h s o m e o f wh ic h a r e m a de o f cl a y a n d s o m e o fs t o n e
, ,

a s p e c im e n o f wh ic h is g ive n in F ig 1 9 f rom I n dia n a Mr C C

.
,
. . . .

J o n e s ca ll s th e se ca l um e t s b ut t h ey see m to h a ve b e e n use d b y
,

a ll o f t h e t r ib e s o f mo de r n I n dia n s a s we ll a s b y t h e a n c ie n t
,

Mo un d b uil de rs a n d c a n h a rdl y b e re g a rde d a s h a vin g s uc h a

-
,

s a cre d c h a ra ct e r a s a c a l um e t .

Th e coppe r impl e m e n t s re pre se n te d in Pl a t e V a r e from Wis

c o n s in a n d O h io Th e se sh o w t h e diffe re n c e b e t we e n h un t e r s
.

a n d a g r ic ult ur is t s Th e Wis co n s in re l ic s a r e k n ive s sp e a rs a n d

.
, ,

a r r o ws ; t h e O h io r e l i c s a r e c h i s e l s a wl s n e e dl e s a f
e w s p a de s
, , ,

a n d sp e a rs Th e re a r e coppe r re l ic s i n Iowa b ut th e y a re m a in l y
. ,

F la 16 — Ch un k y S t o n e s
. . .

a xe s . Te n n e s e e c o pp e r p o o l s a re ve ry n um e ro us C o ppe r
In s s .

re l ic s in Ge o r g ia a re wro ug h t in to win g e d fi g ure s We s e e t h e .

c ult us o f t h e diffe e n t c l a s s e s o f Mo und b uil de rs i n t h e c ppe r

r -
o

re l ic s .

Th e c h un k y s t o n e s re pre s e n te d i n F ig 1 6 a r e from O h io T h ey . .

h a ve b e e n de s cr ib e d b y S q uie r a n d D a vis S uc h sto n e s a r e ve ry .

n um e ro us i n Te n n e s s e e a n d i n t h e G ul f S ta te s Th e c h un ky .

s t o n e s o f Ill i n o is a r e m uc h s m a ll e r a n d n o t a s de e pl
y d i s h e d .

Th e y m a y h a ve b e e n use d fo r a diffe re n t p urpo se a n d s o a re n o t ,

prope rl y c a ll e d c h un k y s t o n e s .

Th e m a c e s a n d b a dg e s re p re s e n t e d in P la t e VI a re fro m O h io
a n d Te n n e s se e Ma c e s l ik e t h e se h a ve b e e n fo un d a s fa r s o uth
.

a s Flor ida a s f a r n o rt h a s Mi n n e s o t a t h o ug h r a re l y in t h e pr a i r ie
, ,

re g io n s Th ey s h o w t h e c ult us o f t h e Mo un d b uil de rs o f a ll
.
-

re g io n s Ill us tra t io n s o f spe c im e ns o f pott e ry o f S t Fra n c is

. .

R iv e r m a y b e se e n i n Pl a te V II I n th is we h a ve a fi g ure o f a
.
 I NDEX .

A b b ott , Dr C C , 2, 3, 81, 290

. . . . B i n k ley , S ans, 270
. B .
, .

A da i r , 148. B ig H a r pe t h , Te n n 218, 287 .

A da m s Cc .
, I ll , S . e rp e n tEffi g y i n , 128 . B ig Twi n W o r k s . 207 , 270 .

A da m s Cc . , O h i o , S e rp e n t Em g y i n , 122 . B i r d-s h a pe d A m ule t s , 285 , 289.

A g r i c ult ura l Too ls , 88 . B la c k m o re Muse um , 284.
A g r i c ult ura l R a c es , 85 , 35 4. B la c k wa te r G ro up , 8 8 .

A la b a m a, Mo un ds i n , 170, 178 . B la c k H a wk , 188.

A le ut i a n I s la n ds , 5 . B li s s , L. O 289 .

A le xa n de rs vi lle , O 88. 188, 284, 285 . B lum e r , R e v A 12, 48 . .

A lg o n q ui n s. 21, 84, 118 . B o li va r Co un t y , Mi ss , . Py r a m i ds i n . 178 .

A lleg h a n y R i ve r , 115 . Bo urn e ville , 0 W o r k s a t , 115 , 155 , 192, 210 .

A lleg h a n s , Tra di t i o n s o f, 118, 124 . Bo we rs , Dr S t e p h e n , 9, 81

. .

A llig a t o r Mo un d, G ra n vi lle , O , 280 Bo y le on Ca n a di a n R el i cs . 291 .

J
. .

A lt a r Mo un ds a n d A sh H ea p s , ass-mc . B ra c k en r i dg e , M 157 , l a) . .

A lt a rs , 47 . 124, 8 1, 242, 248, 280, 809 .

B r i n t o n , Dr D G 102, 121
. . .

A m eg h i n o , 7 . B r i t i s h Co lum b i a , Mo un ds i n , 841 .

A m e r i ca n A n t i q ua r i a n , 8, 8, 237 . B r o n ze A g e , 88. 3 00 .

A n der so n , W . H 72. B ro o di n g O rn a m e n t s , 285 .

A n de r so n , I nd .
, 258 .
B r o wn , Re v. E D , 10 . . .

A n dr e ws . E . B .
, 7 8. B r us h Cr e e k , 85 . 13
9.
A n i m a l Enlg i es , 7 1, 227 , 228. B urm i c Bo n es . 50 .

A n i m a l Wo rs h i p , 225 -281. B ufl a lo and I n dia n s , Th e , 40-5 5 .

A n im ism and B ur i a l Mo un ds , 228-2m . B ur i a l Mo un ds , 59- 74
, Map .

A n t i q ui t y o f Mo un ds 81 5 8 ,
-
, 188 . B ur i a l R i t e s, 5 2, 78, 824 .

A p pa la c h i a n Mo un ta i n s 27 , , 215 . B ur m e i s t e r , 8 .

A rg y les h i r e , BL
A rk a
'
sa s , Mo un ds i n , 122, 145 , 215 , 217 .

A r r o w-h ea ds , 27 4 .
’
Cmsa r s F o r t s . 188 .

A r m s t ro n g , R . B 72 .
Ca c h es . 108. 828 .

A s h -h ea ps , 215 , 809, 825 .

Ca h o k i a Mo un d, 15 7 , 172, 178.
A shla n d Co un t y , O , F o r t s i n . 198 . .
Ca la vera s S k ull, 5 , 8 .

A s h ta b ula , O , Mo un ds a t , 192.
.
Ca li fo rn ia R e li cs , 11, 84, lib .

A t wa t er , Ca le b , 5 2, 88, 90, 185 , 25 2. Ca m b r i dg e , O , Mo un ds i n , 88

.

Mo un ds a t , 7 8
.

A t h en s , .
Ca n a d i a n R e li c s , 290 .

A ur ife ro us G r a vc ls , 4. Ca n e Ma t s 847 .
,
A veb ur y , 249. Ca p t i ves , 255 .
A z te cs , 7 8, 1m. 188, 282. Ca r li sle F o r t , 209.
A z t la n , Wi s , 170, 17 1 . .
Ca r r , L uc i e n , m .

Ca r t i e r , J a o q ues , 19, 280 .

Ca ss Co un t y , I ll , Mo un ds i n , 283, 242. .

Ba b b i t , Mi ss F E 2 . . Ca t a wb a I n di a n s , m , Ma p .

Ba ldwi n . C C , 9 . . . Ca ve dwe lle rs , 8, 10 .

Ba n n e r S t o n es , 87, 290 . Ca t li n , J C , 121

. . .

Ba r b e r , E A 285 .
. Ca t i i n i t e Pi pes, so. 829, am .

Ba r t o n , Pro L, 40 . Ceda r Ba n k s , Wo r k s a t , so, 38, M9 .

Ce lts , 77 .

Ch a m b e re d Mo un ds , 75 , 228- 228 .

Ba um Wo r k s
128 , . Ch a m p la i n Ep o c h , 82 .

Ba va ri a , Ca ves i n , 8. Ch a r les t o wn , I n d. , so.

Ba xt e r , J
B , 190
. . . Ch a t t a h oo c h i e R i ve r , Mo un ds o n , 178 .

Be a c o n Mo un ds , 189 . Ch a t t a n o o g a . 179 .

Bea uc h a m p . Re v Wm 13 7. . Ch a r le vo i x, 50 .

Bee h i ve To m b s, 115 , 127 , 128. Ch e llea n E po c h , 82 .

Be lo i t , W i a , Mo un d a t , 7 1 . Ch ero k ees, 7 7, 110, 118, 118, 15 , 181, 35 .

Ber t h o ud, E. L , 13 . . C h i n ese Po r t ra i t s, 278.
 I NDEX .

Ch i lli c o t h e, Oh io , Wo r k s a t , 85 . 15 8, 191 . De Br y . 185 .

Ch is els , 77 , 857 . De fe n si ve Wa lls, 92 .

Ch oc t a ws , Q , Ma p . De fe ns i ve Wo r ks, 185 , 220 .

”
Ch un k y S to n es , 859 . De la wa r es , 21, as. 121, 129 .

C h un k y Ya r ds, 148 . De n m a r k , Mo un ds i n , so .

Cin c i n n a t i , Oh i o , Wo r k s a t . 85 , 117 . Des Mo i n es R i ver , 122, 188 .

Ci r c les a n d Mo un ds , so. 149, 188 , 252, 255 . DeS o to , 3 0, 101 .

Ci rc le vi lle , O h i o , Wo r k s a t , 88, 9 . De t ro i t , Mi c h ig a n , Mo un ds i n , 7 4 .

Ci rc le a n d Cre s c en t , 211, ass.a s . Di ffe ren t R ac es, 52, 85 . Ma p .

Ci sc o ,J G ., 104 . Di g g i n g I m p le m en t s, 33 2 3 54 , .

J
.

Ci st s , S t o n e . 77 , 112 . Di lle , 225 .

Ci vi li sa t i o n , 83 7 .358. Dis t r i ct s, Di ffere n t , 82, Ma p

Cla n Em b lem s , Q , 7 1. , 82. Ma p
Di vi s i o n s o f Ter r i t o r y , 15 . 23 '
.

Cla n s a m o n g t h e M o un d-b ui lde rs

, 14 1, 144,
Do m es t i c Po t t er y 107 , 339, 848 .

15 5 185 . Do r do g n e Ca ves , 14 .

J
.

Cla r k Co un t y , I n di a na . 212 . Do r se y , R e v O 121 . . .

Cla r k e, R o b e r t .
Do ub le Mo un ds , 48 .

Cla r k , Ge n . G R , 185 . . .
Do ug la s, A E . 88 . . .

Cla r k s Wo r k s , 89 95 , 198, 197

’
.
Dr ui ds , 247 , 249, 8 8, 298 300 , .

Cla y Pi pes , 858 .

Duc k Pi pes . 3 58 .

Cle vela n d, Oh i o , 192 .

Dun la p s Wo r k s , 89, 140
'
.

C li ff-d we lle rs , 84, 88, 144 .

C lo t h i n Mo un ds , 5 2, Q , 847 . 284, 85 5 .

Co le ra i n e Wo r k s . 95 , 198 .
Ea g les , Co p per , 52.
Co lle t , Dr J
o h n , 41
. .
Ea s t Te n n e ssee . Wo r k s i n , 118 .

Co lo ra do , 841 . Ea s t S t . Lo ui s, Wo r k s a t , lm.
Co n a n t , A C , 187 . . . Ea s t Dub uq ue , Wo r ks a t , 224, 2 8 .

Co n c en t r i c C i r c les , 185 , 5 8 .
Emg y Mo un ds ,71. 227, 5 0.
Co n s t r uc t ed Ci rc le s , 287. Eg y p t , R e li c s i n , 1.
Coo k F a r m , Mo un d s o n , 23 8. E le ph a n t Pi pes, 13, 41.
—
Co p pe r R e li c s A wls , 87 , 284: A xe s. 40, 43, Ele us i n ia u My s t e r i es , 248.
48. 5 2. a ) ; Bea d s, 284. 287 : Be ll. 83 3: E lk s , 227 .

Ch i se ls , 284; Cresce ut s , 247 ; C ro sses , E ly r ia , O h i o , Ca ves 9.

a t,
m , 832; Di s k s , 248; Ma t s , 5 2; Mi n es , E n c los ures i n Oh io , 18, as. 5 1- 5 8 .

3 5 , 849; Pla t es , 5 1, 52, 849; R i n g s , 312 Er i es , Th e, 1 18 .

882; S po o ls , 234, 288, 23 9, N1, N8 . Es k i m os , 5 .

Coves a n d A lt a r s, 25 1 . Et h n o lo g i ca l B urea u, 187 .
Co ve re d Wa y s , 93 . E t o wa h Mo un d. 184, 179 .

Co xe , E T , 848
. . . Et o wa h , Ge o rg ia , Wo r k s a t , 179 .

Cra a o
n l f M o u n d-b uil
de rs, 23 0, 381 . E uro pe , Mo un ds i n , 18, 00 .

Cra wfo r d Co un t y , W i sc o n s i n , 225 . Eur o pea n F a ces a n d Pi pes , 275 .

Cree k I n di a n s , 181, M p . Eva n s vi lle, I n di a na , Wo r k s a t , 170.
Cre m a t i o n i n Mo un ds , NO . E xe te r V a se , 142.
Cre m a t i o n Pla c es , 280 . E xce ls io r , Mi n n eso t a Mo un ds a t , , as.
E -wo
Cr esce n t a r t h rks , 228, 258.
Cr esc e n t Pa ve m e n t s , 282. 289 .

Cult us o f t h e Mo un d b ui lde rs , 13 3- 148 o

.
F a lli n g Ga r dens, 188- 187
Cup Ma r k s , 295
.

.
F a r m ers ville F o r t , a n .

Cuy a h o g a . 191 .
F ea t h e rs t ouea ug h , 183.
F e m a le H ea ds , l m .

F i re Beds . 3 8, 115 , 287 , a n, 312, 318 .

Da k o t a , Mo un ds in , 24, 82. 87 , 114, 142 . F i re Wo rs h i p , 172, 3 14 3 7 .

Da k o t a s, Th e , 29, 84, 85 , 118, 118, 120, 139 F la t Pi pes , 288-5 4 .

Da li , W H 11
. . F li n t , Dr Ea r l, 8
—
. .

D a te o f Mo un d b uilders -
. 81 5 2 . F li n t Dis k s, 818 .

Da ven p o rt A y , 12, 41, 45 , 5 3

ca de m , 88 . F li n t Da g g ers, 104, 3 53 .

Da ve n po rt Mo un ds, 43 87 . F li n t R idg e , 85 , 5 7 .

Da ven po r t Pi pe s , 41, 233. F li n t B os s , 85 4.

Da ven po rt Ta b let s , 48, 48. F lo r i da , Re li cs i n , 3
8
J
.

Da vi s, Dr . . E 125 . F lo ri da , W o r k s i n , 85 , Ma p .
Da wso n . S i r W i llia m , 118, 137 , 15 0 . F o n t a i n e , Dr . E 13 , 178.

Da y t o n Oh i o , Wo r ks a t , 13
, 8, m . F o rs h e y , Dr . E., 178.
J
Dea n s, a m es 81 , . F o r t A n c i e n t , ans, 241 .
 I NDEX J

F o rt Hill, 201, 288 . H o m e r . 50 .

F o r t i n Cla r k Co un t y , I n di a n a , 212 . Ho p e to n , O h i o , 5 1, 255 , 288 .

F o r t s n ea r Na s h vi lle , Te n n e ssee . Ho r n Ha n dles , 104 .

‘
F o r t s o n Mla m l R i ve r , 198 . H o r se-s h oe S y m b o l, 207 , 249, 303
J
.

F o r t s o n t h e S c i o to R i ve r , 210 . H o y . Dr E , 72
. . . .

F o r t ifi ed B i ll, m8 . H ub b a r d, H o n B e la , 7 4 . .

fi
F o r t i e d V i lla g es , 148, 194 . H udso n , Dr , 82 . .

F o s t er , Dr W 18 . J . .
H um a n S a c r ifi ce 298 , .

F o xes , Th e , 23 7 . H un t e r Tr i b e s , 88-84, 225 .

F o x R i ve r , Mo un ds o n , 23 . H ur o n s , 279 .

F r en c h Po r t r a i t , 27 8 .

F r e n c h Cla ss i fi c a t i o n , 31 .

F r o g Pi pes, 85 3 . I ce S h ee t a n d Pa leo li t h i c Ma n . 5 .

I da h o , R e li c s fro m , 8, 38 .

I lli n o i s , Mo un ds
i n , 17 , 24, 5 3, 58457 , 83, 87 ,

Ga le n a , I lli n o i s , Mo un ds at, 85 . 89, 122, 13 0, 158, 224, 23 8, 242, 302. 3 08.

Ga m e Dr i ves , 188 . I lli n o i s R i ve r , Mo un ds o n , 52, 50457 , 242 .

Ga r c i ia ss o de la V eg a , 180, 845 . Im a g es , Po t t e r y , 108 .

Ga r de n B e ds , 85 . I m ag es , S t o n e , 100, 105 .

G a sc o n a de Co un t y , Mi sso ur i , 1 1, 89 . I m p le m e n t s o f B o n e , 3
28 .

Ga t e wa y s , 15 1, 199, N4, 212. I n d i a n a , Mo un ds i n , 24, 41, 83, 88, 212, 23 5,

Geo g ra p h i c a l Di vi s io n s , 28, 82, Ma p . 257 , 281, 284 .

Ge o g r a p h y o f R e li g i o n , 222 . I n d ia n a n d Mo un d b ui lder s R e li cs , 272-292

- ’
.

Geo log i c a l Pe r i o d , 88 . I n di a n B ur i a ls , 313 .

Geo r g i a , M
o un ds i n , 85 , 180 . I n d ia n H un t e rs , 100.
G i lm a n . H e n r y , 74 . I n di a n Mig ra t i o n s , 113
-
132, 837, Ma p .

G la c i a l Pe r i o d s , 4 . I n dia n Po r t ra i t s , 103 .

G o ld O rn a m e n t , 3 8 . I n di a n R e li c s , 27 2, 275 , 280 .

Go rg et s, S h e ll, 128, 284, 305 . I n di a n s a n d Mo un d b ui lders , 5 0-5 8 .

G ra ded Wa y s , 158, 17 5 . I n di a n Tra d i t i o n s , 120, 125 , 13 0, 137 , 140, 142,

G ra des o f Cult ur e . 13 8, 3
53 -
85 8 . 144, 185 , 229, 23 2, m7 , 24 7 , 281, 3 45 .

G ra n vi lle . O h i o , Mo un ds a t , 155 , 195 , I n dia n V i lla g es, 5 5 , 13 5 , 141 .

Gra ve Cr ee k Mo un d, 7 8, 114 . I n sc r i b ed
Ta b le t s , 48 .

G ra ves o f I n di a n s , 824, 385 . I n t r ude d B uri a ls , 124 .

G rea t Mia m i R i ve r , 189, 198 . I o wa ,Mo un ds in ,

24, 5 3, 83, 87 , 130, 224 , 235 —
8.
G ro t esq ue Po rt ra i t s . 277 . I o wa s 129 Ma p, , .

I r o q uo i s , 28, 119, 129, 228, 279, 282 .

I r o n i n Mo un ds , 3 18 .

H a b i t a t i o n Mo un ds , 214, 284 .

Ha ldem a n . S S , 8
J
. . .

Ha lb e r t , H S 25 9 a de , 3
6
J
. .

H a le , Dr H o ra t i o , 121 0 11 380 0 . H L 103.

J
. .

H a m i lt o n Co un t y , O h i o , 197 o n es , C 0"
’ H 0“ 3 0,

Ha r di n sb ur g F o r t , O h i o . 1 18 .
.

J o n es , D“ J o se p h , 216 °

Ha r r i s . Re v Dr , 91 . . .

H ea r t h s , 200 .

H eg , J .G Co l 72
. . K a s k a s k i a , 101, 185 .

H e n s h a w, H W 47 , 81 . . K e n a wh a V a lle y , 27 , 115 , 181, 25 8 .

H i er o g ly p h i cs , 44 . K e n t uc k y , 5 8, 41 .

Hi g h Ba n k , 87 , 149 . K e o k uk , 13 8 .

H ig h la n d Co un t y . O h i o , 190 . K i c k a po o s , Ma p
H i ll F o r t s , 216- 211 K i n n e y , T W 250 . .

H i lg a r d , E W 18 . . K i t c h e n Mi dde n s , 8, 3
27 .

B ill . 11 B. .
, Dr , 295 . . K n i fe Ha n d le s , 318 .

H i ll Mo un ds , 188 . K n i ves , 104 .

H i s to ri c a n d Pr e h i s t o r i c R e li c s , K oc h , Dr as .

H o c h e la g a , 188, 148 . K o lee Mo k ee , 183 .

H oc k i n g Cree k , 85 . K os h k o n o n g , 7 1 .

H o es a n d S pa des , 85 , 27 5 , 855 . K un z , G F . 3
8 .

H o ffm a n , W J 187 . .

H o lden , J B 40 . .

H o lm es , Dr 18 . La k e -dwe lli n g s, 84 .

Ho lm es . W H 187 . . La k e Mi c h i g a n , 28 .
 I NDEX .

Na m e Mo un d-b uilder 18
, , . Po t t er y i n V essels , ass. 839, 844, 848 .

Na m i n g Peri o ds 88 , . Po we ll, Maj W ,5 . J . . .

Na m pa I m a g e 8 . Pra i r i e do Ch i en , 78
J
,

Na sh vi lle Te n n 101 115 122

, .
,
-
, . Pra ir i e e ii erso n 174
’
, . .

Na t c h ez 29 100 118
, , , . Pra r i e Mo un ds , 83, Ma p
. .

Na t ur e Wo r sh i p fi l m ,
-
. Pro t o -h i st o ri c 27 1 . 28 1 , .

Nea n de rt h a l S k ull, 5 . Pro udii t , Dr J V , 190 . . . .

Neo li t h ic A g e 81 . . Pue b los , 108, 85 4 .

Neo li th i c Ca ves 7 — 9 . . Pulle y s, 35 4 .

Ne wa r k O 88 15 2. $ 3
, . . Put na m , Pro f F W 185 . 23 5 . .

Ne wb ul g 0 193 , . Py r a m i d B ui lde r s , 114, 132, 807 .

Ne wb urg Ma s t o do n 89 , . Py ra m i d Mo un ds 157 - 184, Ma p , .

Ne w Ma dr i d 108 , .

Ne w Yo r k Pi pes 277 $ 3 , , .

Ni ca ra g ua F oo t p r i n t s 8 , .
Q ui n c y , I ll 87 , 128, 298, 804 .

No rt h Ca ro li n a Mo un ds i n , , 21,
No rt h er n Geo r g i a 28 129 , , .

Num b e r o f Mo un ds . 20 . R a c es A m o n g Mo un d-b ui lde rs . so.

R a c i n e , W i s ., 78.
Ra u, Dr Ch a r les , 9. .

”
Oa k la n d, Ca li fo r n i a , 81 .
R eed, . o '
s 10

O b s e rva t o r y Mo un d, 183 Re d R i ve r . 68 .

R e d Wi ng . M1n n ., 87
.

O b s i di a n , 83, 281. .

Oc m ulg e e R i v , R e li g i o us Wo r k s . 221-287 .
Re li cs . 21. m6, 271- 292.
Oh i o , Defen ces i n , 198-204
Oh i o , Mo un ds i n , 84, 92, R i ve r . 30 08 03 4
13
3, .

R o c k I s la n d, 87
15 2. 13 3, 193. m8, 288 .
.

4, m , w . wl' m
R o t un da s , 145 , 161, m
Oh i o ' Re li cs i n , 3 ' m , m .

291, 315 4 21 .

O h i o R i ver . Mo un ds i n , 113-120 .

Oh i o V i lla g es . 150- 158 .

S a c re d E n c los ure s , 81-98, 25 2, Ma p .

Or eg o n R e li cs , 105 . S a c r i fi c ia l Mo un ds , 93, 814.

Osa g es . 228, Ma p . S F o xes , 23
a cs a n d 7 .

O t t e r Pi pe , 85 8 . S a ddle -sh a p e d S to n e , 288 .

S a la m a n der V esse l, 3 m .

S a ltS p r i n g s, 848.
Pa c k a r d , A S , 298 . . . S a n d S t o n e Pi pe , 828 .

Pa i n es vi lle , O 7 4 S a va n n a h , Ten n ., 170, 3

48 .

Pa i n t C ree k , O 85 . 87 , 115 , 197 , 258. 293 . S ea l To wn sh i p , 89, m .

Pa leo li t h i c A g e , 31, 3 2 . S c e p t e rs , 105 .

Pa leo li t h i c R e li cs , 8, 12 . S c h oo lc ra ft , H R 1 19 . .

Pa n t h e r Pi pe , 110 . S c i o t o R i ve r , 87 . 115 , 119 .

Pa ra llel Wa lls , 15 1 . S c io t o V a lley , Ma p o f , 18.

Pa t r i c k , Dr B , 182 . J . . . S S pea r-h ea ds ,
c r o lls a n d m .

Pa ved A lt a r s, 315 . S ea S h e lls , 7 5 .

Pa vem en t s , m4, 209, 282 5 , 7 . S e lt z er , To wn s h i p , Mi ss " 177 .

Pea r ls , 818, 822 . S e r pe t Effig y , 298

» .

Per u, 3 88 . S e r pe n t Mo un ds , 122, 123 .

Pest les, 5 . S e r pe n t Pi pe , 802, 822.

Ph a lli c W o rsh i p , coo . S e r pe n t S y m b o l, $ 5 , 804, 3
22 .

Ph e n e , Dr J W , 190 . . . . S er pen t Wo rs h i p , 95 .

Pia s sa , 185 . S h a le r , Pro f. E M , 41 . .

Pi g m i es , 97 . S h a wn ees , 100, 119, Ma p .

Pi k e t o n , 15 4 . S h Bea ds , 83, 23
e ll 5 , 243.

Pi pe S to n e Q ua rr y , 85 . S h e lled Co rn , 3 215.
Pla t fo r m Mo un ds , $ 8 . S h e l l Go r g e t s , 128, 13 2, 315 .

Po m e i o c k 145 . . S h e ll H ea ps , 10, 3 8, 87 .

Po rt ra i t Pi pes , 283 . S h e ll O rn a m e n t s, 801 .

Po r t ra i t s 108
, . S h e lt e r Ca ve , 9 .

Po r ts m o ut h , O 88 85 , 94 .
, 248, S h o r t , Pr o f J T , 17 1 . . . .

Po t t e r y , 102 1 12 279 -
, . S h o ulde r Bo n e Cree k , 180 .

Po t t e r y H ea ds . lm . S lc k les , 85 .
Po t t ery i n A s h Pi t s, 825 . S ig n a l S yst em , 188.
 ERRATA

P a g e 4 lin e 44 fo fig ur e 3 ea d fig u e 4
, , r r r .

P a g e 8 lin e 5 fo Co n t e m po ra n it y e a d C o n t e m po
, , r r r a n e i t y.

Pa g e 1 1 lin e 39 fo B in t o n e a d B e n t o n
, , r r r .

P a g e 37 lin e 32 fo S t o n e ea d S t o n e
, , r r .

P a g e 38 lin e s 20 a n d 40 fo S ilve re a d Go ld
, , r r .

P a g e 44 lin e 1 fo P ipe s ea d A xe s
, , r r .

P a g e 60 lin e 6 fo O k e y e a d O kn ey
, , r r r r .

P a g e 81 lin e 2 fo S e p e n t e a d S e pen t
, , r r r r r .

Pa g e 9 1 lin e 1 8 fo I t ea d Th e m
, , r r .

P a g e 168 lin e 10 fo S pr e d e a d S p ea d
, , r r r r .

Pa g e 1 72 lin e 1 4 fo r S e p e n t ea d S er p e n t
, , r r .

P a g e 2 1 1 lin e 12 fo No e a d F ig
, , r . r .

P a g e 229 lin e 4 fo Ple ide s e a d Ple a des

, , r r r .

P a g e 293 lin e 16 fo Pa k a c d r ea d P a c ka r d
, , r r .

P a g e 294 lin e 20 fo r Ma h e deo re a d M a h a deo

, , .

P a g e 298 lin e 23 fo r Ma h e deo ea d M a h a de o

, , r .

P a g e 35 2 lin e 27 fo Pa t tn rn s ea d Pa tt e s
, , r r rn .

P a g e 359 lin e 4 fo n in e t e e n e a d fift e e n

, , r r .
 A PPENDIX .

PA LEO LITH I CS A ND D O U BTF U L F I ND S .

Th e fin ds of pa leo li t h ic
‘

r e li cs in t h e g ra ve l b e ds i n Dela ware , Oh i o and

Mi n n eso ta we h a ve s po k en o f (see Ch a p I p 3) . , . as in a c co r d wi t h th ese

c om m on i n Eur o pe , t h o ug h th ey do n o t ca r r y t h e a g e o f m a n , b y an y
m ea n s, a s fa r b k ac ,
fo r t h ey a r e a ll po st-g la c ia l Th e Ca la ve ra s s ull, t h e
. k
Na m pa i m a g e, we h a ve a lwa ys quest i o n ed a s be in g i n co ns ist e n t with th e

sc i e n c e . We a r e g r a t i fied to k no wth at o t h er g en t le m e n , a m o n g t h em se v

era l c o n n ec te d wit h
t h e g o ve rn m e n t surve ys, h a ve ca n didly a dva n c ed o t h er
c o r r ec t i o n s. Th e p a leo lit h i cs o f Dela wa r e we r e fr o m t h e ta lus a n d n o t
fr o m t h e un dist ur ed g r a ve l b . Th ose in Min n eso ta were st i ll m o r e r ece n t .

Th e Na m pa I m a g e was a c la yt o y m a de b y t h e Po ca te llo I n dia n s . Th e

Ca la vera s skull a n d stea t it e vessels we re ;left i n a n o ld sh a ft b

b y a o r i g i n es
wh o we re m i n e r s, b e fo re t h e t i m e o f Co lum bu s. We a re k
t h a n ful t o ro f P .

Wr ig h t fo r h a vi n g g i ve n us t h e i n fo r m a t io n b ut st ill m o r e t h a n k ful to t h e ,

Wash in g to n pa r t i e s fo r m a k i n g t h ese c o r r ec t io n s We wo uld h o we ve r .

, ,

r espe c tfully as k b ot h pa r t i es wh et h e r t h is i n vo lves an a ba n do n m en t o f

th e p a le o li t h ic age. Th at i n Eur o pe is m a de up o f t h ree di fier e n t

age

e po c h s , th e la st ep o c h po st -
g la c ia l W h y n o t , t h e
. n , c lass t h e pa leo li t h c

wi t h th e po s t -
g la c i a l a n d a c k no wle dg e i t as i n t r o duc t o ry t o t h e n eo li t h ic
in b o th co un tr i e s . Mr W , . H H o lm es
. m a i n ta
i t h a t t h e pa leo li th ic re lics
ns

we re a b o r ig i n a l fa i lures an d qui te m o dern , b ut t h e fin di n g o f so m an y o f

th em in t h e g r a vewo uld i n di ca te t h a t t h e y b elo n g ed t o a n a g e pr ec edi n g
ls

th at of th e M oun d bui lde rs, a n d so we r eta i n t h e t er m pa leo li t h i c a g e

- .

RA CES A MO NG TH E MO U ND -
BU I LD ERS .

Th e b k
la t es t oo on th e su bj ec t is on e by Mr Wa rr e n
. K . Mo or eh ea d . He
p r e pa r e d th i b k s oo in t h e field, h e sa ys, usi n g so m e o f th e m a t e r ia l wh ic h
h e h ad g a t h e r ed fr o m th e m o un ds in S o ut h e r n Oh i o fo r a b a si s , b ut
em b o dyi n g c h a pt ers wr it te n b y W . K
Da vis , Mr Ge ra r d F o wk e a n d Dr H
. . . .

“
T Cr es th f w h i h i t d w wi t h i i llusi o n s i n

”
. so n ; e u
p p
r o se o c s o o a a y c e r t a n

r efe re n ce to th e h i g h g ra de o f c i viliz a t io n o f t h e Mo un d builder s

-
. He
c la i m s th at b k
oo s
“
wr i t t e n b y ce r ta i n field-wr it e rs h a ve a va lue fa r i n ex

c ws o f pr evi o us p u li ca tbi o n s . Th e i m pr essi o n m a de b y t h e o o 18 so di f b k

fe r e n t fr o m t h m a de b y o t h er
at e xplo r ers, so m e o f wh o m wer e i n t h e fie ld

ea r ly a n d so m e o f t h e m q
ui t e r ec e n t ly, t h a t we h a ve c o n c luded t o c i t e t h e
O pi n i o n s o f o t h ers ; m a i n ly g e n t le m e n o f m a t ur e j udg m e n t a n d esta lis h ed b

”
r ep uta t i o n .

Mr M dra ws t h Pr o f P ut n a m
”
. oo re h ea d e sa m e co n c lusi o n th at h is ch i e f, .
,

h a d r ea c h ed a o ut t h e b
r ace s,
“
t wo
b ut h e g o es m uc h furt h e r , a n d c la i m s
“
b
”
t h a t n e i t h er ra ce was ra is ed a o ve t h e uppe r co n di t io n o f sa va g er y, a n d
th
b
e

a t t le
t i t le of

wi t h t h
“
p m
e
r i
“
i t i ve m a n
sh o r t h ea ds
” a ppli es

fo r m a n y yea rs,
to b ot h .

keepi
Th e

ng
“

up
lo n g h
“
t o wn s
ea ds
"

as
wa g ed
h ea d
 A PPENDI X .

q ua rte rs t o wh ic h “

”
th ey m ig h t r et urn . A fe w vi lla g es of th e lo n g h ea ds
h a ve bee n fo un d in t h e Mia m i an d S c i o to V a lle ys He
. t h in k s t h a t n o
“
Clin t o n a n d Cler m o n t Co un t ies
”
sh o r t h ea ds e n te red th e ir t e rr i to r y i n ,

t h o ug h F
o r t A n c i en t is n o t ve ry far fro m e i t h e r c o un t y, wh ere t h er e a r e
“
m a n y st o n e g r a ves , wh ic h h e a sc ri es t ) t h e s h o rt h eaded ra c e Th e b .

g rea tes t vi lla g e sit e was j us t be lo w th e wa lls o f F o r t A n ci e n t a n d oc c upi ed

th e b r oa d b Li t t le Mia m i I n o n e plac e h e fo un d t h r ee vi lla g e

ot to m s o f t h e .

b
si te s , o n e a o ve t h e o t h e r Th e lo we r ur ia l si te prese n t ed a sin g ula r a p
. b
p ea r a n ce S i x
.t ee n g ra v es w e r e o p e n e d i n t h e pr ese n ce o f 1 100 peo ple Th e .

t wo vi lla g es we r e in e xis t e n c e e fo r e t h e a dve n t o f t h e b

r e n c h t ra ders F .

k
U po n C aesa r s Cr ee was fo un d a villa g e occ upyin g s i xt y o r se ve n t y a cres o f
’

g ro u n d T h. r ee h u n d red g r a v e s h a ve e e n Ope n ed n ea r t h e S o uth F o r t , a t b

F o rt A n c i e n t I n Ore g o n ia i n War r e n Co un t y, h e Ope n e d a la r g e ce m eter y
. ,

i n a vi lla g e sit e o f m o r e r ec e n t da te t h a n t h ose a t o r t A n c ien t , b ut t h e c o n F

w
,

di t io n o f t h e g r a ves , t o g e t h er i t h t h e si z e o f t h e t rees to wer i n g a o ve b

Th e y wer e pro a b b
”
t h e m , c o n firm e d t h e a sse r t i o n o f t h e a g e o f t h e ur ia ls .

b ly t h e pe o p e wh o e rec t e d t h e wa lls o f o rt A n c ie n t Th e m o st re m a r a le F kb
”
l
.

fin d wa s i n a H
o pe well m o un d .
“
H e r e t h e re we r e t wo rac es , t h e lo n g h ea d
“
a n d s h o r t h ea d, t h o ug h h e fa ils t o s ta t e wh ic h wa s t h e ea r li e r .

P
Pro f ut n a m spea ks o f t h e se r pe n t m o un d i n A da m s c o un t y, Oh io H e .

sa ys e ve r yt h i n g c o n n ec t ed wit h i t po i n ts t o g r ea t a n t i uit y Th e sig n s o f q .

la t e o c c upa t i on t a ve n o t h in g re m a r a le , s i m ple as h e ds , wh er e t h e dwe ll kb b

b
i n g st o o d, n o ela o r a t e st r uc t ur es a n d n o s pe c ia l c e rem o n i es A s in g le pe r .

so n b
ur ie d wi t h g r ea t c e r em o n y i n co n n e c t io n wit h fire A vi lla g e si te a n d .

b Of t h e t wo pe r i o ds o ur e xplo ra t i o n s

”
ur ia l pla c e occ upy t h e sa m e a rea .

sh o w t h e se rpe n t m o un d wa s uilt b y t h e fir st b
Pr o f ut n a m use d t h e P
”
. .

“
b
wo rd I n dia n wh e n h e desc ri e d t h e o die s fo un d i n t h e up pe r uri a ls, a n d b b
th e te r m Mo un d builde rs -
wh e n spe a ki ng o f th e a n c ie n t bu i r a ls.

S K U LLS O F TH E MO U ND -
BU I LD ERS .

Th e o ug q
h t g i ve s r i se t o t h e uest io n , wh a t we r e t h e c h ara c t er ist i c s o ft h e
th
k
Mo un d-b ui lde r s s ull ? Na da i lla c sa ys t h a t we a r e a le t o esta lish c e r ta in
’
b b
e Mo un d b ui lde rs ; suc h
“
g e n e ra l c h a rac t e r is t i cs oft h -
as th e s m a ll h ei g h t an d

ca pac i t y o f th e s k ull , th e o bliquit y of th e z yg o m a t i c a rc h ,

th e fl a t ten i n g of

t h e t i b ia t h e pe r fo ra t i o n o f t h e h um e r us
and Th ese c h a ra c t e r is t ics a r e .

m e t Wi t h i n m o st s l
e e t o n s o f t h e so k
-c a lled o un d-
uilders, a n d t h e y m a y M b
h e lp us to di s t i n g uish th ei r b o n es fro m t h ose o f m o r e m o der n I n dia n s .

Th e se a re pe c uli a r i t i es r eco g n i z e d o n ly in t h e n o rt h e rn m o un ds , espe

c i a lly th o se of Mi c h ig a n and Wis co nsi n and Oh io . Th e y a r e c h a ra c t er

ist ic of t h e h un t e r Th e y s h o w t h a t t h ese n o rt h e rn Mo un d- ui lder s

c la ss . b
we re m o r e li k e t h e m o de r n h un t e r I n di a n s t h a n we re t h e so ut h er n o un d M
build ers . Mr . H e n r y T Gilm a n e n de a vo re d t o sh o w t h a t
. a t t en in g t h e sh i n fl
b p
o n e, e r fo r a t i o n o f th e h um e rus , we r e si g n s o f a ver y lo w o r de r 01 a m a n .

Th ey wer e S i m ia n t ra i t s B ut S i r Willia m Da wso n h a s sh o wn t h a t t h e

.

co m m o n I n di a n s k q
ull is e ua lly lo w i n it s g ra de , t h e fa c i a l a n g le ei n g b
sca r ce ly a n y h i g h e r t h a n t h a t fo un d i n t h e Nea n de rt h a l s ull Th ese fa c t s k .

s h o w t h a t c ra n i o lo g y is ve r y un r elia le i n t h e m a t t er o f det er m i n i n g t h e b
a c t ua l m e n t a l ca pac i t y o f t h e r a ces F o r c er ta i n ly t h e I n di an s a re r eg a r ded
.
 A PPENDI X .

Nea n de rt h a l m a n o r a n y o ft h e tr o g odyt es o fEur o pe .

‘

as m uc h super i o r to t h e

A ll of th es e no rt h e rn s kulls difl er ,
h o we ve r , fr o m t h e S c i ot o s kull , wh i c h
S qui e r an d Ha vi s a dva n ced as r eprese n ti n g t h e Moun d bui lders -
. Th i s s kull
was disco ve red un der a m o un d n ea r Ch illico t h e , a nd was r e m ar k bl
a e fo r i t s
ve r t i ca l a n d t ra n sverse de ve lo pm e n t a n d fo r t h e tr un ca t ed o r fl a t t en ed fo r m

of t h e b i n der po rt i o n . It was lo n g loo k ed upo n a s t h e m os t co m plet e t ype

of th e m o un d- r ni
c a a . A cco rdi n g to Dr Wi lso n t h e .
,
fo r e h ea d was wide
a n d lo f
t y, fl
b ut t h e a t te n i n g o f t h e o c c i put wa s a rt i fic ia l Th is t ype o f a .

k
s ull h as b
een fo un d n o t o n ly i n Oh io , b ut i n I lli n o is , Wi sc o nsi n a n d Te n

n esse e Ge n Ga t e s
. . P
Th rust o n h a s desc ri ed t h e s ulls o f t h e st o n e g r a ve
. b k
eo
p p le . He sa ys a g rea t er n um ber h as b ee n ta k en fro m st o n e g r a ves t h a n
fro m a n y o t h er sec t io n .
'
1h e t yp ica l s h o r t sk ull wit h fl at t en ed o c c i put is

ve r y co m m o n , t h o ug h by no m ea n s c h a ra c t er i st i c o f t h e en t i re se r i es fo un d
i n th e st o n e g ra ves . He sa ys th at t h is i s a lso a k
m a r ed c h a ra c te r ist i c o f
k ull C liff dwelle rs “
Mo un d
”
th e s s foun d a m o n g t h e r e m a in s o f th e -
. Th e

bui ld e rs , t h e st o n e g ra ve b uild e rs a n d th e a n c ien t p p

e o le o f th e so ut h west
we r e evide n t ly c lo sely r e la t ed, o r we r e o r ig i n a lly o ft h e sa m e g e n e ra l st oc k .

Mr . C C J o n es I r
. . , h as fig ur ed t wo s k ull s, o n e th at of a m o de r n I n dia n
bu i r e d n ea r th e sur fac e a c co m .
pa n i ed wi t h ve n e t i a n b ea ds a n d co p pe r h a w k
b lle s, t h e oth e r t h e c ra n i um of a p r i m it i ve M o un d-
uilder , b wh ic h ca m e

fro m t h e b o tto m o f a m o un d a nd was va st ly o lde r ; i t h a d b ee n a r t i fic ia lly

dist o rt ed, t h e fro n t po r t i o n h a d ee n a t t e n ed Th e a tt e n i ng b fl . fl of th e

fo re h ea d was c h a r ac te r i st i c o f t h e A z te c a s well a s o f t h e so ut h er n In
dia n s Dr J Q Fa r quh a r so n h a s a lso descr i b e d t h e sk ulls ta k e n fro m t h e
. . .

m o un ds n ea r Da ve n po r t a n d h as g i ve n a t a b le o f m eas ur e m e n t s ,H is di a .

g r a m s s h o w t h e b o a t sh a pe t h o ug h m a n y pe r fo ra te d sk ulls we r e fo un d h e r e ,

a s we ll a s a t De t ro i t .

H e re ,
th en , we h k ull ; t h l g k ull t h
a ve m a n y s pec ific t ype s of s s e on s , e

s h t k ull t h
or s t ig h t k ull t h b t h p d sk ull t h p f t d k ull
, e s ra s , e oa -s
a e , e e r o ra e s ,

th k ull fl t t d b h i d d t h k ull fl t t ed b f
e s a en e T th
e m gh t
n an e s a en e o re . o ese i

b dd d t h
e a k ull wh i h h v b d ib d b y M Willi m P C l k s
e e s s c a e ee n es c r e r. a . ar a

i n lly f u d i Wi
o cc as o a i dbyP fM C R d
o n nfu d i T sco n s n , a n ro . . . ea as o n n en

n essee Th k ull difl e f m ll t h t h i t h t t h h pe i m u h

. es e s s
‘

r ro a e o e rs n a e s a s c

re nd th b er , th i k th j w em u h m
o n esp j ti g d th cp t e r, e a s c o re ro ec n , an e ar s

fb i g
“
i di t mu h l w

”
n ca e a d cS m h v j
o c t u d t
er o r h t th s er o e n . o e a e co n e re a e e

b l g dt v y i t
e on e po ai b ly t h d d
er t f t h
a n c en ld p l ra c e , oss e esc e n an s o e o a eo

li t h ic ra ce , t h e fra g m e n t s o f wh ic h we r e a ft er wa r ds sca t t e red th r o ug h

va r ious pa r t s o f t h e Mo un d uilde rs t e r r i to r y
-
’
b .

No w wh a t , is t h e les so n wh ic h we lea r n fro m t h e st udy o f th e s k ull s

ta k en fr o m t h e m o un ds in so m a n y difl e ren t lo ca lit i e s
‘

We h a ve th ro wn
o ut t h e c o n ec t ur e j th at th e re we r e se ve ra l difl ere n t b
t r i es o r st o c k s of Mo un d
bui ld e rs , th o se a t th e so ut h a ki n to th e p p
e o le o f t h e so ut h west ; t h o se a t th e
n o rt h a ki n to t h e wi ld t ri es b wh i c h a r e sup posed to h a ve co m e fro m th e
n o rt h west , an d th os e in t h e m iddle dist ri c t , h a vi n g a di ve rsi t y o f o ri g i n
b ut t h a t t h e a n c ie n t Mo un d bui lde rs -
b e lo n g ed to a difl ere n t
‘

ra ce fro m t h e
h un t e r I n dia n s .

Th is j
co n ec t ur e seem s to b e co n fir m ed b y th e desc r i pt io n of s k ull wh i s ch
h a ve b ee n t h us fa r b ro ug h t o ut . S t i ll we r em e m b er t h at Dr DG B i t
. . r n on

h as r ec en t ly a dva n c ed th e t h eo r y wh i c h Dr S . . G . Mo rto n fo rm e r ly did

n a m e ly , t h a t t h e re was b ut o ne r ac e a n d th a t sh o uld be ca lle d t h e A m e ri ca n