Th e Li ter ar y M i n d an d th e

C ar vi n g Of D r ago ns

B Y L I U HSIEH

A ST U DY O F T H OU G H T A N D P A TT E R N
I N C HI N E SE L I T ER A T U R E

Tr an s la te d

W I T H A N I N TR O DU CT I O N A ND NO TES
by Vi n ce n t Y n c/z nng S /r ih
-

Ne w Yo r k C o lu m bi a Uni ver si ty Pr ess 1 959

T he a d d i t io n Of C i v i l i ti S
to t he R e co r d s
d S di z a on : o u rc e s an tu es

Of g p Of t l ti Of O i t l h i i l m t i l f wh i h
a rou r ans a o ns r en a s t o r ca a er a s , o c

t hi s vlm i o u w m d p ibl b y f d g
e s o ne , as d by C gi
a e o ss e un s r a n te ar n e e

C p ti
or f N w Y k Th t C p
or a on o ti
e i t h w v
or h . a or o ra on s no , o e er , t e

au th w
or, p bl i h
o p p i t f t h i p bl i i
n er , u s er , d i or ro r e or o s u ca t o n , an s

not t b d
o de pp v i g b y v i
un e r s to of it g as yaf th ro n r tu e o s rant an o e

m t md
s ta t e v i w xp d th i
en s a e or e s e r e ss e er e n .

C OP Y RI GH T 1 9 59 C OL U M B A U I N I ER IT R E
V S Y P SS , N E W Y OR K

Pu bli s h e d i n G r e a t Bir ta i n , C a na d a , I nd i a , a nd Pa kis ta n

by t he Oxfo r d U n i ve r sity Pr es s
L d
on o n, T o r o nt o , B o m bay , a nd Ka r a c hi
Lib r ar y o f C o ng r ess C a talo g C a r d Nu m b er : 5 8 - 1 3 7 6 8
MA N U F AC T RE U D IN THE U N IT E D S A T TE S OF AM ERI CA

BY P R I N ET N
C O U N I E R IT
V S Y P R Ess , P R I N ET N
C O ,
N EW J ER E
S Y
 RE COR DS OF CI VIL IZA TI ON
S O UR CES AND S T UDIES
ED I T ED UND ER T HE A USP I C ES OF T HE
D EPA R T M EN T OF HIST OR Y , C O UM IA UN I VER SI T Y L B
G ENER A L E TORD I

JA CQ U ES B AR ZU N , Pr o fe s s o r o f H i s t o r
y

E TORS E ER T
D I M I I

JA MES T SHO TW EL L , B r y ce P r o fe ss o r Em e r i t u s
. o
f the Hi s to r y o f
I n t er na ti o n a l R ela ti o ns

AU ST I N P EVA NS.
, P r ofess o r Em e r i t us o f Hi s tor y

E TOR E
D I : U RO P E N RE
A C OR D S
JO HN H . MU ND Y ,
Ass o ci a t e P r o fe s s o r o f Hi s t or y

E TORS
D I : OR I ENT A L RE OR C D S
C MARTI N W IL B U R P f
.
,
r o e s so r o f C h i n es e Hi s t o r y
W M T HEO D O RE D E B A RY
.
,
A ss o ci a t e P r o fe ss or o f C h i n e s e a nd I pa a n e se

C ONS U L T N E TORS
I G D I

SAL O W . B A R O N , P r o fe ss o r o
f[ e u/ s i h H i s t o r y , L i te r a t u r e , a nd I n s ti t u
ti o n s o n t h e Mi lle r F o u n d a ti o n ; D i r ecto r o f t h e C e n te r o f I s r a e li St u d i es
I I
G L B ER T H G HET , A n t h o n Pr o fe s s o r o f the L a ti n L a n g u a g e and L i t er a
tur e

D O NAL D KEEN E A s s o ci a t e P r o fe ss o r
,
o fI p a a ne s e

P A U L O KR IST EL L ER , P r o fe ss o r
. o f Philo so h
p y
G A RR ETT MATTI N G L Y ,
P r o fesso r o f H i s t o r
y
 A CKN O WL ED GMEN TS

I am g ly i n d e b te d to the Gr a d u ate Sch o ol o f th e U n iv e si ty o f

r e at r

W as hi n g to n fo r givi n g m e gr an ts fr o m b o th t he G a d u ate S ch o o l
,
r

R e s e ar ch Fu n d an d th e Agn e s A n d e s on Re se ar ch F u n d which m a d e
r

i t po s sibl e fo r m e t o d e v o te t wo s u mm e r s t o my s t u d y o f Chi n e s e
li te r ar y cr i tici sm ; I am a l so gr a tefu l to C o l u mbi a U niv e r si ty fo r i n cl u d
ing my tr an sl ation o f the IK e n hfin ti a o lu n g i n t h e R e c o r d s o f Civiliz a
- -

ti o n S e r i e s I wi s h a l s o t o t h an k M s B e v e ly P l a n k fo r e di ti n g a n d
. r . r

typi n g a p a r t o f th e m a n u s c r ip t a n d M s M e r c e d e s M a cD o n ald an d
“

,
r .

Mr s M ar gar e t T My e r s fo r typi n g an d p r o ofr e a di n g th e o th e r p a t

. . r

of i t Abov e all I o we m u ch to M s J u li a L i n fo r h e r assi stan ce i n

.
, r .

c o lle c ti n g m ate r i al fo r the i n t o d u cti o n an d to the s el fl e s s h e lp M s

r ,
r .

J acqu e li n e G ar n e tt h a s give n m e i n r e ad i n g o ve r the wh o l e m an u

s cr ip t s u gge st i n g
, app r op r i a te ter m s poli shi n g the En gli sh an d
, ,

imp r ovi n g the s tyl e W i th o u t M s C ar n e tt s gen e r o u s a ssi stan ce th e

. r .
’

tr an s l a tion W o ul d n o t h a v e th e fo r m i t n o w h a s B u t I a lo n e a m .

r espon sibl e fo r bo th th e t r an s l a t i o n i t se l f a n d t h e fi n a l fo r m i n which

i t app ea r s .

VI NC E NT Y U —C H UNG SH I H
Un i ve r s i ty o f W a s hi n to n
g
Sep te m b e r 3, 1
95 7
 C ONT ENT S

I n tr o d u cti o n

T he L i ter ar y M i n d and th e C ar vi n g o f D r ag o n s
PRE F A C E
1 . O N T AO, T H E S OURC E
II EVI DEN C E P R O M T HE SA GE
.

T HE C L ASS I C S A s L I T E RA R Y s O U RCES

EMENDA TI ON OF A PO CRY P HA
V A N A N A LY S I S OF SA O
.

V I A N E X E G ES I S OF PO ETR Y
.

V I I M U S I C A L PO ET R Y Y EH EU )
.
( U -

VI I I ELU C I DATI ON OF FU
.

I X O DE A N D PRONOUN C EME NT T H E S UNG A N D T H E T SA N )

.
(
X SA CRI FI C I AL PRA Y ER AND O AT H O F A GREEMENT ( T HE C H U
.

A ND T HE ME NG ) ‘

XI I N S C R I P T I ON A ND EX H ORT A T I ON ( T HE M I NG A ND T H E
.

C HE N
)
XI I EL E G Y AN D S T ON E I N S C R I P T I ON ( T H E L EI A ND T H E P EI )
.

X I I I LAME NT A ND C ONDOLE NC E ( T H E AI A ND T HE T e )
.

XI V M I S C E LL A N E OU S WR I T I NG S
.

XV H U M OR A ND E N I G MA ( T H E HS I EH A ND T H E Y I N )
.

XVI H I S T OR I C A L WR I T I NG S
.

XVI I S PEC U LATI VE WRI TI NG S

.

XVI I I TREATI SE A ND DI S C U SS I ON ( THE LUN A ND T HE SH UO )

.

EDI CT A ND S CRI P T ( T HE C HA O A ND T H E T s E ) ’

XX W A R PRO C L AMA T I ON A ND D I S P A T C H ( T H E H SI A ND TH E I )
.

SAC RI F I C ES T o HEAVEN AND EA RT H ( P E NG SHA N )

XX I I MEM ORI AL P A RT I ( T HE C HA NG A ND T HE P I A O )
.
,

XX I I I MEM ORI AL P ART I I ( THE T SOU A ND THE C H I )

.
,
’

XX I V DI S C U SS I ON A ND A N S WER ( T HE I A ND T HE TU I )
.
X C o n te nts

XXV . E P I S T O LA RY WR I TI NG ( T HE SH U A ND THE C H I )
XXV I . S P I RI T U A L T H OUG H T OR I MA G I N AT I ON ( SHEN— SSU )

XX V S T YL E A ND N AT URE ( T I HS I NG )
’
II .
-

XXV III . T H E W I ND A ND T HE B ON E
( F E NG K U)
-

XX X I . FLE X I B LE ADA PTA B I LI T Y T o VARY I NG S I TU ATI ON S ( T UNG ’

PIEN)
O N C H O I C E OF S T YL E

XXX I . EM OTI ON A ND LI TE RA RY E X PRESS I ON

XXX II . C AS T I NG A ND C U TT I NG OR, ,
O N E DI T I NG OF I DEAS A ND

RHET ORI C ( J UNG Ts AI )

-
’

XXX III . M U S I C ALN ESS

XXX VI . P A RA GRA P H A ND SE NTENC E
XXXV . LI NGU I STI C P ARALLELI SM
XXXV I . META P H OR A ND A LLE GORY ( PI A ND HS I NG )
XXXV II . EM B ELLI SHMEN T AS DES CRI P TI ON
XXXV III . F A CTU AL ALLU S I ON A ND TEXTU A L RE FERENC E
XXX XI . P H I L OL OG Y A ND C H O I C E OF WORDS
XL . T H E R E C ONDI T E A ND T H E C ON S P I CU OU S
( Y I N HS I U-
)
XL I . LI TERARY FLA W S
XL II . T H E NOURI SH I NG O F VI T A L I T Y

XLII I . ORG A N I ZATI ON ( EU H U I )

-

XL V
I . DI S C U SS I ON ON THE ART OF WRI TI NG ( TS UNG SHU ) -

XL V . LI TERA RY DEVEL OP MENT A ND TI ME ( SH I H HSU) -

XLV I . T H E P H Y S I C A L WORL D

XLV II . L I T ER A R Y T A L E N T S
XLV III . A N UNDERS TA NDI NG C RI TI C ( C H I H Y I N ) -

XL XI . T HE C A P A C I TY OF A VESSE L
( C H E NG C H I )
’
-
’

G lossa r y

In d ex
 IN TR OD UCTI ON

Liu H si e h ( c . A D 465
. . in his We n h i -
s n ti a o lu n g ,
-
or T h e L i te r a r y
M i nd and th e fC a r vi n g giv e s oa comp
D r ag o n s ,
r e h e n siv e t e a t m e n t r

of li ter ar y the or ie s an d cr i tic al o pinions fr om the e ar li e st p er iod t o h i s

o wn t im e A S a c r i tic h i s g e niu s 18 d e m o n st r a te d by th e e x h a u s t iv e a n d
.
,

p en e tr ating m an n e r i n which he d e als wi th li te r a r y an d r h e tor ic a l

p r oble ms Fo r a be tter u n d er standing o f his i n sigh t a br i e f su r v e y o f
.
,

the d e v e lopm e n t of li te r ar y cr I tI CI Sm in a n ci e n t Chin a will b e o f g r e a t

he lp fo r h er e we sh a ll fin d the m a in s o u r ce s o f hi s i n spi r ation

, .

Li ter ar y o pi n ion s i n an ci en t Chi n a d e v e lop e d a n d e xp an d e d a s

li ter ar y wr i ti ng adv an ce d T he fi r st t ace s o f s uch opin ion s ar e fo u n d
r

i n th e B o o k o f H i s t o y P o e t y i s th e e x p r e ssio n o f s en tim en ts an d
r . r ,

s ongs a r e t h e se e x p r e ssio n s se t to m u s ic To n es a r e p r olo n ge d acco r di n g

.

to r ul es o f p r o so d y an d i n te r v a ls cho s e n a cco r di n g to r u l e s o f h ar

mony This the or y o f poetr y as the e x p r e ssion o f sen timen ts was to

.
”1

e xe r t a t r e m e n do u s i n flu e n c e u po n s u b se q u e n t c r i t ic s T h e id ea wa s fi r s t .

e l ab o r a te d in the Gr eat P r e face to the B o o k of P o e t y b e li e v e d to b e

“ ”
r ,

the w o r k of W e i Hu n g o f th e L a te r Han ( flou r i s hi n g ab o u t A D .

Si n ce th e n i t has app ea r e d i n o n e fo r m o r an oth er in th e wo r ks o f the

mos t impor tan t cr rtrcs i n cl u di n g L u Chi Of the Chin ( 261
, an d

L i u H si e h an d Ch u n g H u n g o f the Li ang ( flo u r i shi n g d u r i n g th e

l atter p ar t o f the fifth an d th e fi r s t p ar t o f the si xt h ce n tu r i e s ) P o e tr y .

was conc e iv e d to b e p r e domi n a n tly ly r ic a l i n n atu r e a n d i n t im a te ly ,

linke d to mu sic T he son gs an d Ode s I n the B o o k of P o e t y c o n fo r m

. r

e r —
v y well to this p a tte r n a p atter n which m ay b e c o n si d e r e d p u e ly r

li ter ar y .

T h e philo s ophic a l p e r i o d in anci e n t Chin a was i n m any w ay s an al o

gou s to the golden er a of cl a ssic al G r ee ce Many incid en tal r e m a r k s .

o n li t e r a t u r e w e r e m a d e by philo soph er s Who se p r im a r y i n t e r e s t wa s ,

n o t in li te r a tu r e a s such b u t r a t h e r i n p h ilo s ophic a l tr u th Th u s th e i r

, .

1 Sha ng s hu
-
t u ng -c hi e n
’
k g
( Pe i n , 0 69 2
-
.
Xii I ntr o d ucti o n
c r i tic al j u dgm en t was b asic ally e thic al r a th er th an e s th etic In Chi n a .
,

Confu ci u s a n d O th er s afte r him v alue d a r t chie fly fo r i ts mor al e ffe ct

o n t h e c ond u c t o f t h e p e opl e fr e q u e n t ly mi x i n g mo r a l wi th li t e r a r y,

a n d po e t ic i s s u e s In G r e e c e P l a to a l a r m e d by th e u n h e a l t hy e ffe c t o f
.
,

poe tr y b an i sh e d po e ts fr o m hi s ci ty s tate O f the two C o n fu ci u s was

, .
,

p e r h ap s the mo r e e n ligh ten ed He n o t on ly i n cl u d e d p o e tr y as o n e o f .

h i s m ai n te x t s fo r i n s tr u c ti o n b u t a l so to l d h i s s o n a n d d i s cipl e s to
s t u d y a n d imi t a te i t s d i s cipli n e d a t i s t r y i n o r d e r t o imp r o v e t h e i r r

a bili t y t o e x p r e ss t h e m se lv es He a l s o r e mi n d e d h i s S tu d en t s o f the
2
.

imp o r tan ce o f li te r a y o r n am en t Wi thou t which t r u th will n o t

r ,

t r a v e l fa r
3
.

Thi s app ar en t l o v e o f be au ty o f fo r m o n the p ar t o f Co n fu ci u s ,

h o we v e r i s compl e te ly ove b al a n ce d by hi s u n d e lyi n g u tili tar i an

, r r

mo tiv e Thi s u tili tar i an a tti tu de i s mo st cl e ar ly indic ate d by h i s r em ar k s

.

o n th e B o o k o f P o e t H s a id
y e r .

T he Od es can s t i m u a te l th e m in d ,
t r a i n th e Ob v se r a tio n , e n co u r a
ge so ci a l
i n te r co u r se , an d e n a bl e o ne to gi v v e e n t to hi s com pl ai n t . F rom h
t em o ne

m ay l e ar n ho w to fu lfil th i m m d i e e ate dut y to o n e s

’
fa the r , a n d t he r e m o te

d ut y to o ne s r u e r
’
l . A d i th m
n n e o ne m ay b e co m e W id e ly ac q u a i n te d wi th
th e n a m e s o f bi d r s, b t p l ts
eas s, an ,
an d tr e e s .
4

O n ce h ar acte r ize d th e wh o le B o o k of P o e t y by o n e S in gle lin e

he c r

I t h as n o u n d i scipli n e d t ho u gh t T h e Vi r tu e s o f t he P o e t y b e i n g such
“ ”5
. r ,

n o A r i s to te li a n d e fe n se o f th e po e t ic a r t i s n e ce ss ar y .

Howe v e r i t would be u nj u st to s ay t h at Con fucius l acke d e s th e tic

,

app r e ci a t io n an d se n si t ivi ty W e a r e t o ld t h a t a t o n e t im e h e wa s s o
.

e n t h r a ll e d by t h e b e a u ty of t h e Sh a o t h a t fo r th r e e mon th s h e d i d n o t
6

kn ow the ta ste o f m e at Thi s su bj e c tiv e e x p e r i en ce h o we v e r d i d n o t

.
7
, ,

infl ue nce h i s a tti tu d e t ow a r d a r t B e cau se o f h i s au tho r i ty e l se wh er e .

,

h is did ac tici sm was al so fi r mly e s tabli sh e d as o n e Of the chi e f t r a di tio n s

i n th e fi el d o f li te r a r y c r i tici sm .

2
L i -c hi y i n -t e ,
3
Ch u n— c h i u c hi n g -c h u a n y i n -t e , 3 0 7 /Hs ia n 2 5 , fu g
’ ’
2 .

4
L u n -y u y i n -t e , 5
I bi d ,
'

6 Am u s ic a l s co r e a ttr i b u te d to Sh u n , o n e o f t he lge e n d ar y l
r u ers .

7 L u n -y u y i n
'

-
te ,
 Intr o d ucti o n x ii i

After Confu ci u s c am e Menci u s an d Hsu n tz u who con tin u e d to ,

p e r p e tu a te an d d e ve lop this tr adi tion B o th Me nci u s an d Hsii n tz u we r e .

c l a ssic a l schol a r s q u o ti n g th e Si x Cl a ssic s e x t e n s iv e ly in t h e i r wo r k s

,
.

In th e i r d i sco u r se o n the P o e tr y bo t h e mph asi z e d th e e thic a l an d cu l ,

t u al v a l u e s as d i d the M a ste r M e n cius h o w e v e r wi th h i s id e ali sm

r .
, ,

an d my stic al l e an i n gs was abl e to ad op t a fr ee r app r o ach t o li te r ar y

,

p r oble m s M ai n tai n i n g th at the P o et y S h o u ld b e e luci d ate d i n an

. r

e n ligh te n e d m an n er h e s aid ,

The r efo r e tho se ,

wh o co m m e n t u p o n th e B oo k o f P o e tr y s h ld
ou not b e ca u s e

o f o n e te r m m i sc o n s tr u e th e m e a n i n g f t oe d a se n e n c ,
an s h ld
ou not b e c a u se

O f a se n te n ce m i sco n s tr u e t he origi l i d Th y m
na ea . e u st tr y wi t h th e ir

h ght h t id ea, an d th th y will pp h d 8

t ou s to m ee t t a en e a re en it .

Thi s pl an fo r a fr ee r i n te r p r e tation o f cr e ativ e li te r at ur e d ispl ays an

i n sigh t u n iq u e in an tiqu i ty .

It i s tr u e th at a pu r e ly in tu i tiv e o r su bj e c t iv e j u d gm e n t i s e x tr e m e ly
h az ar d o u s an d i n m any in stan ce s n ot hi n g mo r e th an a wild guess t o o ,

far fe tch e d to be v ali d Ve r y o fte n i t i s the p er son al imp r e ssion of the

.

cr i tic exp r e ssiv e o f h i s e mo ti n al app r ov a l o r d i s app r ov al H o we v er

, o .
,

a s u bj e c t iv e j u d gm e n t i s n o t e n ti r e ly wi t h o u t m e r i t A t a t im e wh e n .

cr i tici sm wa s S till in i ts infan cy sincer e opinion was a co n tr ib u tion ,

in i tse lf .
9

T h e e vil of Me n ci u s su bj e c tiv e app r o a ch i s mi t ig ate d s o m e wh at by

’

a n o the r t h e o r y o f h i s t h a t a w o r k S ho u ld n o t b e c o n si d er e d i n i s ol a t ion ,

b u t in th e to t a l c o n te x t Of t he li fe a n d tim e o f th e a u tho r U n fo r tu
10
“

n a te ly n o t m an y c r i tic s wh o b e li e v e in su bj e c tiv e c r i ti ci s m an d i n t u i t iv e
,

e v a l u a ti n a r e a bl e t o b a l a n ce t h e i r vi e w by a hi st o r i c a l co n sid e r a tio n
o

a s M e n ci u s a d voc a te d .

An e v e n mo r e imp o r ta nt co n tr ib u tion i s con tai n e d in th e fa mo u s

th e o r y O f y a n g ch i the fo s te r i n g of th e Vi t a l spi r i t o r b r ea t h T h e n a tu r e
’
-
, .

8 M e ng -
tz u y i n -t e , 3 6 /5 A /4 .

9 The e vil f
e f e ct o f th i s su bj ec t i v e cr i t ic i s m w i ll be l ly
c e ar s ee n wh en we co m e to d ea l
w i th t h e
“
Pr e f ace s
”
to t h e B oo k o f P o e tr y .

1°
M e ng —
tz u y i n -
te , 4 2 /5 B /8 .

11
Cheng Hsii an o f th e L a te r Ha n w r o te h is Shih -p
’
u on the b a s is o f h i s to r ica l c r i t ic i s m .
xi v I ntr od ucti o n
o f hi s b r e ath o r spi r i t
t as co nce iv e d by Me nci u s , is cl ea r ly
e t hic al M e nci u s s aid
.
,

h i t h b th
Su c si e r ea s m o st g r e at a n d m o st s tr o n g . B ein gf o st e r ed

by p ight u d s st i n i g
r n e s s an u a n n o I nj u r y , It fill s up all b e twee n h v
ea en an d

e arth .

S h i th b
uc th i t i th s e r ea : s e l
c o r r e a te o f ri ght e o u s n ess
( )
i an d m o r al
p i i p l ( t ) W i th t i t m
r nc e ao . ou an is sta r v e d It is
. p r o d u ce d by th e a ccu m u a l
ti on f i gh t o d d dr eous ee s, an no t to be Obt i a ned by i n c i d e n ta l a cts O f
right ”
e o u s n e ss .

It i s cle ar th at the ter m ch i ( br ea th o r v i tal life or spi r i t ) Stands fo r ’

th a t mo a l u a li t y which i s a t t a i n e d t h r o u gh a mo r al life Y e t in a l a t e r
q r .

d e v e l o pm e n t i t se e m s t o h av e u n d e r go n e a shift in m e ani n g a S hift

, ,

f o m the mo r a li s tic pu r e an d S i mpl e t o a s e n se which i s at o n ce mo r al

r

a n d e s th e t ic I t i s i n t his l a tte r s e n se t h a t the t e r m ch i a chi e v e d p r omi

’
.

n e n ce i n li t e r a r y a n d c r i tic a l n om e n cl a t u r e fo r i t b e c am e a c r i te r ion by ,

which bo th th e t alen t Of a wr i te r an d the q u ali t y o f his wor k we r e ~

j u d ge d an d app r ai se d .

Hsii n tz u h e ld a mo r e p r a c tic a l Vi e w o f li te r a tu r e th an did Me nci u s .

T o him the o nly v alidi ty o f li te r atu r e li e s in i t s u se fuln e ss an opinio n

, ,

o r igin ally found i n Co n fu ci u s an d fu r th e r s tr ength e n e d by the u tili ‘

t ar i a n Mohis ts How e v e r b e i n g conc er n e d wi t h th e p r i n cipl e o f soci al

.
,

c o n d u c t a n d t h e w a y s an d m e a n s o f p r od u ci n g s o c i a l h a r m o n y Hsii n t z u ,

W a s a bl e to see s om e v a l u e i n we n hs u e h i e li te r at u r e in i t s b eau t i
'

-
, . .
, ,

fy i ng effe c t u po n m an s ch a r a c te r T h e p r obl e m h e r e i s th e S e ns e i n
’ 13
.

which h e u se d th e te r m we n hs u e h ge n e r ally tr an sl ate d li te r atu r e -

'

,
“
.
”

Fr om the co n te x t i t see m s cl ear th at Hsii n tz u m ean t by i t l e ar n i n g in

ge n e r a l T he conce p t o f li ter atu r e as we under stan d i t tod ay was n o t
.

cle ar ly de lin e ate d u n til the Han p e r iod Pr ior to the Han the con cep t .
,

Of p u r e li te r atu r e did n o t see m to h av e e m e r ge d e x cep t wh e n poe tr y

wa s sp e cific a lly r e fe r r e d to Thi s l a ck o f a cl e ar dis ti n c tio n b e twe e n .

li te r a tu r e an d l ea r n ing m ay h av e b e en o n e o f the r ea so n s Why poe tr y ,

which h ad a glo r io us S tar t a s pu r e li te r atu r e gr ad ually came to assume ,

12
M e n g t z u y i n t e I I /2 A /2
- -
, .

13
Hs un tz u ( C h u t z u c h i ch e n g ch u a n Ch pt p
’
’
- -
19 , a er 27 , .
3 34 .
I ntr o d ucti o n xv

th e fu n cti o n o f m o r al d id actici sm Thi s i s nowh er e b e tte r illu str at e d .

th a n i n th e c a s e of Hs u n t z u who mo r e t h a n a n yb o d y e l se quo t e d th e , ,

B o o k o f P o e t y a t e v er y t u r n t o d e m o n str a te h i s mo r a l poi n ts
r .

A S a phil o s oph e r HSfit u was n at u r a li s ti c D e spi te thi s t e n d e n cy

,
.
,

h e se e m s to h a v e p r b e d d e e p i n to t he o r igi n a n d n at u r e of c r e ativ e
o

a c tivi ti e s an d t o h a v e e m e r ge d in t h e e n d wi t h a r e a s o n abl e e x pl an a
,

ti o n o f th e p sy ch o lo g y o f c e a t iv e p r o ce s s e s O b se r v e h i s p e n e tr a ti ng r .

i n sigh t in hi s d i sc u ssi o n o f the p r inciple o f m u sic

M u si c is th e e
j y xp r e ssio n
h i g w h i h h m fo lfi g o . Th i s is so m e t n c u an ee n s

m d a v i d bl F m
e una o t b e wi th
a t j y A d wh
e . or th i j y
a n ca n n o ou o . n en er e s o ,

it m t b us xp d i e d ed gi v m b d i m t th
r e s se n gh m v m t
so u n an en e o en r ou o e en

an d p Th i i th w y wi th m I
re o se . s d m v m t
s e d p a an . n so u n s, o e e n s, an au s e s

ar e exp d ll th h g i hi m d H
r e ss e a m e c t b an W i th es t n s oo . e n ce an can n o e ou

j y o d,
w h
ane t h i j y i t m t hn v p hy i
ere l m b d i
s m t Wo h ,
th i us a e a s ca e o en . en s

e m b d im t do t f m t
en ight p i i p l
o es no th w i ll b d i
co n o r d o r r nc e s, er e e so r er .

Th ely k i g h t d d i d
ea r d
n th y
s t bl i h d th
a e m i f th
so r er , an SO e es a s e e us c O e

Y a d S g to g i d i t Th y
an - un d i t m i t b j yf l
u e d . t t e ca u s e s us c o e o u an no o

d g e t a d it b
e n er a e , ty t b d i ti t
n d t l i m i t d Th y
s e au d it i o e s nc an no e . e c a u se n

i t i di
s t
n d dir ect pp l i t m pl t
an r ec d i m p l i i ty i t f g l i t y
a ea s, s co e e ne ss a n s c ,
s ru a

d i h d h g d d d
’
an r c it t ne ss ,t t ti p ts r e s s an i m m i n o es o s r u e oo n e ss n en s n s an

t p v t vil f l i g f m g i i g y f th ld Thi i th m
o re en e ee n s ro i a n n an oo o . s s e ann er n

wh i h th c ly k i g t bl i h d m i
e e ar n s es a s e us c .
14

T he fu n ction Of m u sic a cco r di n gly i s to r e gu l ate an d h ar m o n iz e , ,

h u m an emo ti o n s an d thi s i n ne r h ar mo n y se r v e s as th e b a si s fo r th e
,

a chi e v e m e n t o f so ci a l h a m o n y t h r o u gh li t h e p i n cipl e o f s o c i a l co n r ,
r

d u c t whi ch i s the o u te r co u n te r p a r t o f th e i n n er p r i n cipl e Of y u e h o r

’

mu sic In Vi e w o f th e i n tim ate r e l ation b e twe e n m u si c an d p o e tr y

.
,

Hsii n tz u s th e o r y co u ld n o t b u t e xe r ci se gr e a t i n fl u enc e o n s ub se q u en t
’

poe tics .

N o t a ll philosoph e r s S h ar e d thi s d id ac tic Vi e w o f po e t r y wi th th e

°

Co n fu ci an s T aoi sm wi th i ts p r i n cipl e o f Ta o in the r e alm o f m eta

.
,

14
I bid .
, ch u a n 14 , Ch pt a er 20, p . 252 . Bo dd e
’
s l
t r a n s a t io n o f F gY l
un u -
an s
’
His t o r y
o f C hi nes e P hi lo s o hy ( Pr i n c e to n U n i p v e r s i ty Pr e s s , I , 34 2 . Th fi t f
e li rs our n e s ar e

al fso o u n d i n t h e L i -c hi ith in o r w m m d ifi

o ca t i o n , su gg e st n i g a d i ff t d i g whi h
er e n r ea n , c

m t mk b
s ee s o a e e t te r s e n s e . O n th is b as s i I ha v e ta k e n th e l ib e r ty o f m ki g am h g n so e c an es

i th t
n l ti e r a ns a on .
xvi I nt r o d ucti on
p hy ic s s an p i n cipl e o f n o n a c tion o n the pl an e o f exp e r i e n ce
d th e r
,

wo u l d h av e n o thi n g to d o wi th e i the r i n s ti tu tion o r w o r d s Th er e for e .

,

i n th e T ao i st sy s te m o f th o u gh t th e r e i s n o r o o m fo r li t e r at u r e b e c au se
, ,

fo th e T ao i st s l a n g u age o fte n e r o b s t u c ts th a n ass i s ts the co m m u n i ca

r r

t i o n o f i d e as ; i t i s to b e t o le a te d o n ly a a s u gge s tiv e a i d t o t h e
r s

a t t a i n m e n t o f t u t h a n d t o b e d i s c a d e d t h e mom e n t t r u t h i s Ob t a i n e d
r , r .

T h e i n abili ty o f l a n g u age t o c o n v e y t u th i s imb e d d e d in t he v e r y r

n at u e o f l a n g u a ge i ts e l f L an g u ag
r i s a sy s te m of s ymbol s d e sign ed
. e

fo r the c o mm u n ic a ti o n o f i d e as b o n o f co mm o n e x p e i e n ce B u t t r u th
r r .
,

a cco r d i n g t o t h e T a o s t s I S a my s t ic a l s t at e which b e i n g u n i q u e c a n n o t
i , , ,

b e e x p r e s se d i n l an g u age d e vi se d fo r th e c o n v e y an ce o f e x p e r i e n c e
co mmo n to all who u se th e s am e l an g u age B u t p a a d ox ic ally i t wa s . r ,

Ch u an gtz u the m o st n o te d T aoi st wh o wr o te so m e Of the mo st

, ,

im agi n ativ e li te r atu r e Of hi s tim e an d p ovi d e d the li te r a r y wo l d , r r

wi th Vivi d d e sc ip tion s o f hi s my s ti c al i n igh t in to the i n n e r p r o ce s s

r s

o f c r e a ti o n Hi s philo so phic a l w i ti n gs e sse n ti a lly my s ti cal i n n a t u r e

. r ,

a n d a ll e go r ic a l i n fo r m a r e ch a a c te r iz e d wi th di st i n c t o r igi n a li ty a n d
,
r

u n iq u e sp o n t an e i ty T h e y ar e fu r the m a ke d by k ee n p o e tic sen si

. r r a

ti vi ty a n d a n a c u te e s th e t ic a w a r e n e s s q u a li t i e s e x t r e m e ly r a r e i n a n
,

ag e su ffe r i n g fr o m s t ifli n g d o gm a t i s m a n d p a u ci ty o f im agi n a t io n .

T h e t r a n s c e n d e n t a l my s tici sm which p e r m e a te s all o f C h u an g tz u s

’

wor ks fi n a lly cr y stalliz e s i n the con ce p t o f s h e n ( th e spi r i tu a l o r ,

d ivi n e ) which h a s s i n c e b e c o m e th e mo st impo r t an t wo r d i n o u r

,

c i tic al te r mi n ology T he s u p r e m e sta te o f s h e n i s s om e tim e s d e scr ibe d

r .

r e a lm of pu r e e x p e i e n c e It i s tr u e th at bo t h M e nci u s a n d
”
a s the r .

Ch u an gtz u h e ld my sti c al e x p e r i e n ce as the high e st aim o f s e lf cu l tiv a -

tio n b u t t h e i r m e a n s o f r e a chi n g thi s u l tim a te g o a l a r e di ffe r e n t In th e

,
.

c a se o f M e n ci u s i t wa s t h r o u gh a n a cc u m u l a t i o n Of r igh te o u s d ee d s
“ ”
, ,

o r to b e m o r e sp e cific t h r o u gh a c ti n g wi th a vigo r o u s e ffo t at “

,
r

a l t u i sm B u t C h u an g t z u i n s t e ad o f foll o wi n g th e c o nv e n ti o n a l e t hic a l
”
r .
,

app r o a ch which h e op e n ly c o n d e m n e d t ook a n i n t u i tiv e a n d my s tic al

, ,

app r o ach T h e life of p u r e e x p er i e n c e i s a S t a te which t r a n sc e n d s

“ ”
.

bo th the h u m an s e n ses an d the i n te ll e ct a S tate i n which o n e fo r ge ts ,

t h e e n ti e wo r ld i n cl u di n g h i s o wn e x i st e n c e I n s u ch a st a te o n e
r ,
.
,
Intr od ucti o n x v ii
i
a tt a n s t h at su d d en en ligh te n m en t in which o ne e xp e r i e n ce s u n io n wi t h
the u niv e r s e S u ch i s C h u an g tz u s my s tici s m a n d s u ch i s h i s vi s ion
’
.
,

of th e S u p r e m e S tate .

Hi s con cep t o f s h e n wh e n appli e d to the p r o c ess of cr e atio n le d

, ,

him to an o th er vi si o n which i s e qu ally my stica l an d e q u ally t r an s

ce n d e n t al t h at , s t h e vi s io n o f an e ff
I ,
t l e ss c r e a t ivi ty b o n o f p e f e c t or r r

un d e r stan d in g an d co mp r e h e n si n Thi s cr e ativi ty i s ill u str ate d i n o .

p ar abl es o f th e M aste B u t ch e r th e W h e e lw ig h t a n d m an y O th e r s
r ,
- r ,
.
15

It i s a p r o ce s s which th e a ti s t i n tu i ts b u t i s u n abl e e i t h e r t o d e s c r ib e
r

o r t o imp a r t .

Ch u an gtz u i n hi s o u t sp o k en co n d em n ati o n o f a ll e s t abli h e d i n sti tu

,
s

ti o n s i n cl u d i n g l an g u age i t s e l f ch a ll e n ge d t h e v e r y s t an d a d s which
, ,
r

p r o vi d e d the p r im a y tests o f li te r a y v al u e s o f h i s time In SO d oi n g

r r .
,

h e fo r esh a d o w e d a f e sh o u tlook i n a t a n d a n e w e sth e ti c i n te r e s t i n

r r

l ater gene r ati o n s If Co n fu ci u s co n tr ib u te d th e e s se n ti al e thic al b asi s

.

fo r tr a d i ti o n a l c i ti c s m i n Chi n a Ch u an gt z u a w a k e n e d an e sth e tic

r i ,

s e n srt vr t
y
r which i s e v e n m o e e ss e n t i a l t o li t e a r y c i ti c i sm M o e o v e r
r r r . r ,

th e t er m s h i s r e spo n s ibl e fo r a highly my s tic a l a n d im p e ss i o n i s t i c

en r

i n te r p r e tati o n o f li te r at u e whi ch h a s a ssu m e d an e q u ally imp o ta n t

r r

r o l e in t h e hi s t o r y o f Chi n e se li t e r a r y c i tici sm r .

T h e F o m e r H a n p e r i o d i s e l a tiv e ly b a e n a s fa r a s li te r a r y t h e o y
i

r r rr r

i s co n c e n e d T h e s u p r e m acy o f H a n C n fu ci a n i sm whi c h wa s b r o u gh t
r . o ,

a bo u t d u i n g th e r e ign o f Emp e o r W u h gh h
r 1 1 8
( 4 7 B C ) t u t e r -
. ro

i n fl u en ce o f T u n g Ch u n g sh u ( flo u r i shi n g 179— 93
-
m ay b e c o n

s i d e r e d t h e c r ow n i n g s t ag e o f a n e ffo r t a t th e u n ific a t i o n o f t h o u gh t

i n i ti ate d d u r i n g the tim e o f the fi r st e mp e r o r o f the p e ce d i n g Ch i n r

’

d yn a s ty S u ch a u n ific a ti o n m ay h av e s tifl e d i n d ivid u a l i n i ti ativ e d u i n g

. r

th a t tim e fo r C o n fu ci u s fr m b e i n g ho n o e d s imply a s a g r e a t t e ach er

, ,
o r ,

fin ally c an o n ize d a s a d e i ty an d hi s wo r d s b e ca me s ac r e d u tte r ,

a n ce s t o b e e v e r e n t i a lly fo ll o w e d wi t h u n q u e s t o n i n g fa i th
r i .

Howe v e the d e a th f c r i ti cal sp e c u l ati n d o e s n o t imply p au ci ty

r, r o o s

o f li t e r ar y c r e a t i o n Th e r e w e e w i te s i n pl e n ty wh o u n d e r th e
. r r r ,

infl u en ce o f the C h u po ts wr o te a typ e o f m e l o d i c a n d highly a d o r n e d

’
e ,

15
C h ua ng tz u y i n -
te , 7 -
12 ; -
74 .
x v iii I ntr o d ucti o n
p r os e kn o wn as the fu Thi s o u tbu r st of li te r ar y a ctivi ty b r o u gh t abou t
.

a cl e a r co n c e p t io n o f li ter a t u r e a s d i s t i n c t f r om l e a r ni n g i n g e n e r a l .

Fr om n o w o n we can sp e ak o f li ter atu r e wi thou t a fee li n g o f u n cer

tai n t y a s to wh a t i s m e an t by th e t e r m .

R ich e x p e r i en c e i n w r i ti n g i s Ofte n a s i n e q u a n o n t o a p r o found

u n d e r s t a n di n g of t h e n a t u r e Of li te r a tu r e T h e co n c e p t i o n o f t he mi n d .

o f fu h e ld by Ssu m a H si an g j u ( c 1 79 1 17 B C ) s ee m s to con fir m
”
- -
.
-
.

t hi s W e
. h n p e o pl e q u es t io n e d S s u m a as t o t h e n a t u r e o f f u h e i s -
,

r e po r t e d t o h av e s a id

h hw
T he fo r m w i c t by m f w vi g d th e bt wh i h
cr e a e ean s o ea n an e su s a n ce c

w t
e ca u se b d y f th i b d o th o l t f th e i t l i g f t h
or n r o ca e ar e e r e su s o n er ac n O e

w p d th w f d t h g i z i g f k g d h g
ar an e oo an m i l e or an n o un an s an u s ca

tone s
] T h t.h x t l t f t
es e a r eh f B t t h m i d
e e f f w i t er n a r a ces o e u . u e n o a u r er

mp
e n co th e wh l iv
a sse s nd h l d i i t v i w v y th i g f m
o e un e r se , a o s n s e e er n ro

h m b i g t t h i i m t w l d Th i
u an e n s o mp i g vi i
e i b
n an a e or . s e n co a ss n s on s or n

wi th i d i t t b t
n , an m i tt d s no o e r an s e .
16

L ate r Y ang H si u n g ( 53 B C A D 1 8) spoke o f Ssu m a H si an g j u s

, . .
-
. .
- -
’

fu as n o t fr o m th e h u m a n w o r ld Fo r to Y a n g i t wa s d ivi n e : It i s
” “
.
,

t h e p r o d u c t o f o n e who h as a ttain e d th e S t ate o f spi r i t u a l t r an sf o r m a

t io n H er e we se e a comm u ni ty o f spi r i t b e tween Ssu m a H si an g j u

” 17
- -
.

a n d Ch u a n g t zu in th e co n c e p t ion o f s h e n which wa s l ate r e xp r esse d ,

by W e i wen ( T s ao P e i 1 87 226) in hi s con cep tion of ch i

-
’ ’

,
-
'
.

T h e y ear s b e t we e n th e Fo r m e r a n d the L ater Han a r e impo t an t r

y ea r s i n th e a nn a l s o f Chin e se li ter ar y cr i tici sm W e h a ve m en tion ed .

W e i Hu n g s e l abo r a tion of the cl as sic a l d e fini tio n o f p o e tr y an d Ch e n g

’

Hsii an s applic ation o f Me n ci u s s hi st o r ic al m e thod t o h i s own co n

’ ’

s i d er a ti o n an d a r r a nge m e n t o f po e m s i n th e B o o k o f P o e t r y L et us .

dwe ll a li ttle m o r e fully o n W ei Hun g .

W e i Hung s e l abo r ation o f the cl assic al d e fi n i tion o f po e tr y a s the

’

e x p r es si o n o f th e s e n tim e n t s le d t o a n o th e r imp o r t a n t t h e o r y of li te r ar y

d e ve lo Pm e n t which W e i t r e ate d in h i s G r e a t P r eface a mo s t

“ ” 18
, s

13 Hs i —
c hi ng ha -c hi ( Ha n W e i ts u n g Sh u c h u an 2 , pp b
’
-
4 5a
- -
c . .

17 1bi d .
, c h ii a n 3, p . 6a .

13
Sh e n Ch g un o f th e N ort her n Ch ou ( 5 0 0 -
5 83 ) a t tr i b u te d the G r eat Pr e f a ce to

Tz u —
h s ia , a d i ipl
sc e of C fo n u c us ; i Fa n Y e h Of L i u Su n g ( 39 8 i n h is Ho u -h a n -s h u ,
XX I n t r o d u ct i o n
wi th the d esi r e to b e r e m e mb e r e d as a poe t who h as giv en the wo r ld
mor a l i n sigh t to se r v e a s a gu i d e to life .

T h e th e o r y t h a t a t r e fl e cts t h e c o n di ti o n s o f the tim e p r e s u ppo se s

r

e x t r e m e s e n s i t ivi t y o n t h e p a r t o f t he a r t i s t o r po e t to t h e e v er ch a n gi n g -

S i tu atio n s an d n e e d s o f the tim e F a ce d wi t h s uch a fluid wo r l d he

.
,

n atu r a lly v ar i e s hi s moo d s i n r e spon se t o i t p r o d u ci n g qui te spon tane ,

o u sly di ff e r e n t li t e r a r y a n d a r ti st ic fo r m s All t hi s i s e i th e r w e ll d e
.

s c r ib e d o r impli e d i n W e i H r e fa c e Thi p r i n cipl e h as b e e n

“ ”
P
’
un
g s s .

k n own a s the p r i n cipl e o f flex ible a d ap tabili ty B u t str an ge l y en ough .

,

h e f ail e d to ta k e th e o n e S te p mo e which w o u l d h av e a w ak e n e d him

r

to th e t r u th t h at an y e ffo t o n th e p ar t o f the a r t i s t o r p o e t i n t h e f a c e
r ,

of the ch angi n g n ee d to h o l d o n to the a n ci e n t tr uth s will i n evi tably

,

r e s u l t i n f a il u r e .

I t wa s a l so in th e s e y e ar s th at cl as sici s m wa s r e affir m e d a n d n e w p ath s

wer e indic ate d Y ang Hsiung ( 53 B C A D 1 8) m ay b e said to b e
. . .
-
. .

r esp o n sibl e fo r th e fo r m e r a n d W an g Ch u n g fo r th e l a tte r

’
.

A Confu ci an s chol ar a po e t an d a n a c ad e mici an tu r n e d cr i tic

, , ,

Y ang H si u ng se e m e d p r o mi si n g as a cr i tic in h i s ea r li e r c a r ee r wh e n
h e e n t h u si ast ic ally appl au d e d the b eau tifu l fu compos e d by Ss u m a -

H si an g—j u the s up r em e a r chi te ct Of fu o f an e ar li er ge n er atio n W e h av e

,
.

se e n h o w o n c e h e wa s so m o v e d by Ssu m a s c r e a t iv e t a l e n t th a t h e
’
-

be li e v e d Ssu m a H si an g—
-
j u s f u n o t
’
t o h a v e c om e f r om t his h u m an
wo r ld of o u r s He was n o t only an admi r e r o f H si ang j u s fu b u t also
.
-
’

an a d e n t imi t at o r o f h i s s t yl e
r A t thi s t im e h e se e m e d c ap abl e of
.

e n j oyi n g wh a t i s o f S h e er b eau t y a n d p u r e d e ligh t r e v ea ling t h u s h i s ,

u nmi s ta k a bl e a w a r e n e s s o f t h a t u n d e fin ab le a c t o f i n t u i tio n o r v i s io n

o u t o f which a ll ar t o r igi n ate s His d e s c r ip t i o n o f th e wo r k s of Ssu m a

.
-

H si an g— j u as s h e n h u a
(
-
s pi r i t u a l o r divi n e t r a n s fo r m a tio n
) m ar ks him

a s a b e li e v e r i n t h e t h e o r y t h a t a ge n ius i s bo r n a n d n o t t a u gh t B u t .

wi th thi s p o n ou ncem en t came t he en d o f th e e a r ly ph a se o f hi s

r

cr i tic al po si tion .

In his biog aphy Y a n g H siung wa s d es c r ib e d a s a lov e r o f an

r ,

a ph r ase which r e v ea ls h i s fi n al a ll e gi a n c e a n d a l s o his fin a l

”
t i q u i ty,

c r i tical sta n dp o i n t In the ch ap te r W u tz u i n his Fa y e n he e xp r e s se d

.
“
-
”
-
,
I ntr o d ucti o n xxi

de ep r e gr e t fo r h avi n g waste d hi s y o u th i n the wr i ti n g o f fu an d ,

p n d m H i ng — u s fu which o n ce e lici te d fr om him SO

’
r e r e s e t e Ss u a s a
j -
,

gr e at an a dm I r atro n as b eau tifu l b u t u se l es s He wr o te the T ai hs u a n

, .
20 '
-
'

T h e gr e a t my s te r y ) i n imi ta tio n o f t h e B o o k o f C h a n g es a n d t h e
(
T a o t e chi n g an d th e F a y e n ( Mo d e l s a yi n g s ) in imi t a tion o f th e
-
,
-

A n ale cts i n d u lgi n g i n t h e u s e o f a r c h a ic e x p r e s s io n s a n d Ob sol e te

,

Wor d s Thi s lov e o f p e d an t ic d i spl ay i n vok e d t he i e b o t h of h i s co n

. r

t e mpo r a r i e s an d o f l a te r w r i t e r s L i u H si n ( c 53 B C A D a . . . .
-
. .

con te mpo r ar y an d fr i en d d escr ibe d h i s wor k s a s fit o n ly t o cov e r ,

pickle j ar s an d Su Shih o f the S u n g ( 1036 1 10 1 ) b e li e ve d th at Y ang

,
-

H siung wa s tr ying to con ce a l his S h a llow s ch o l ar ship b e hi n d th e facade

Of p e d an tr y .

T h e influ en ce o f Y an g Hsi u n g s cl assici sm o n h i s c r i tici sm i s cl e ar

’
.

Fi r st Of a ll Y an g Hsi u ng r e t u r n e d t o Con fucius as the sour ce of all

,

inspi r ation He s aid .

,

B o o k s, h o we v er e xce lle n t ,
ar e j u st b o o k sto r e s hy if t e ar e no t b a se d o n t he
p i ipl
r nc e a dv o c a te d by C f
o n u ci u s ; a n d ta lk s, hwv l q
o e er e o u e n t , ar e j u st t he
so u n d o f p y b ll wh
e tt e s en no t b as e d on th e p i ipl
r nc e a d v o ca te d by
C f
on uc us i .
21

And again ,

M o u n ta i n p h at s ar e t o o n u m e r o u s a ll t o be wa k e dl o v e r , an d d o o r s i n wa ll s

ar e t o o n u m e r o u s al l to be e n te r e d SO i t m ay be a sk e d , B y w
.
“
h at is o n e to

w lka or e n te r ?
”
I plyre ,
“
By C o n fu c i u s C
o n fu c i u s i s t h e d o o r
. .
” 22

S econ dly , he r et ur n e d t o th e Cl assics as t he s o u r ce Of a ll wi sdom .

He s ai d ,

F o r d i scu ssi n gh v g th th B k f
ea e n , t h er e is not hi g n m o r e d i sce r n i n an e oo o

Ch g an F di
es i . m ff i
or th i th i g m
scu s s n di gh
i g u an a a r s, e re s no n or e s ce r n n

th n t h B
a k f Hi t o y F d i
e oo i g th ti l t h
o i th i g m
s r . or sc u s s n e e sse n a , er e s no n ore

di i g t h th B k f R i t F d i
s ce r n n i g
an ti m e t th i
oo o es . or scu ss n se n e n s, er e s

n th i g m
o n e di i g th th B o k f P
or t y F di i g p i i pl
s ce r n n an e o o oe r . or s cu ss n r nc es,

th i
er e thi g m
s no di i g th th A l f Sp i g d A t m
n o re s ce r n n an e n na s o r n an u u n .
23

A s a r e su l t Y an g H si u ng a d op te d the S impl e a n d u n a d o r n e d s tyl e o f

,

20
Y g an Hs iu n g Fa ,
-
y en ( C hu -
tz u chi -c
h
’
en g ch u a n 2, p .
4 .

21 Ibi d .
, p . 6 .
22
I bi d .
, p .
5 .
23
I bid .
, c hu a n 7, p . 19 .
xxi i I ntr o d ucti o n
th e Cl assics the style a d voca te d fi r st i n the B o o k of Hi st o y : In th e
, r

choice of l an gu age o n e sho u ld e mph asi z e the e s s en ti al a n d s hou l d n o t

i n d u lge i n th e e x tr ao r d i n ar y In p r o n o un ci n g th a t bo o k s whi ch d i d .

n o t fo llow th e s t yl e o f th e Cl a s s ic s w e r e n o b o ok s an d w o r d s which

d i d n o t con fo r m t o th e s tyl e o f the Cl assic s w e r e n o wo r d s fo r th e se ,

we r e u se l ess he h a d d efi n i te ly r e d uce d cr i tici sm to a se t o f d ogm as

,
25

which wer e to b e com e i n fallible r u les am o n g wr i te r s an d cr i tics fo r a

l o n g tim e to c o me He m ay b e c o mp ar e d to th e Scalig er s the J o h n so n s
.
, ,

an d the P op e s o f th e W e st B u t lik e t h e m Y a n g H si u n g a l so su cc e e d e d .
,

in imp ar ti n g to l ate r gen er ati o n s a sen se Of p er spe c tiv e a co n scio u sn e ss ,

o f t r a di t io n s a n d a li te r a r y t a ste S tr e n gt h e n e d t h r o u gh a n assimil a t io n

o f t h e Cl as sic s .

Sligh tly l ate r th an Y an g H si u n g an o th er Co nfuci an sch o l ar was al so ,

occu pi e d wi th the e thic a l con ten t an d u tili t a r i an fu n ctio n o f li ter atu e r .

W an g Ch u n g ( A D 27 c 100 ) wa s how e v er mo r e c on c er n e d wi th
’
.
-
.
, ,

hi sto r y an d philo sophy Thi s p r e occ u p ation c au se d him to bl u r the .

-

di sti n ction b e tween p u r e li te r a tu r e a n d o the r fo r m s o f sch o l ar ly wr i t

ings r e v er ti n g t hu s to the p r e Han c on cep tion o f li te r a tu r e Hen ce
,
-
“
.
”

i t wa s phil o so phy an d hi s to y tha t h e h ad i n mi n d wh e n he asse r te d r

th a t a ll li te r a t u r e S h o u l d b e go o d a n d t r u e a n d s ho u l d ai m t o i n st r uc t ,
.

Thi s howe v er did n o t bli n d him to the be au ty o f li te r atu r e To him

, ,
.

a ll t h at is go o d a n d t r u e was b ea u tif u l r e q u i r i n g n o a d di t io n a l l abo r ,

to p e r fe c t i t And y e t h e w o u ld n o t go th e whol e way wi th Ke at s a n d

.

ch an t t h a t tr u th i s be au ty a n d b e a uty i s tr u th W an g s con cer n wi th .

’

hi stor ica l tr u th commi tte d him to a typ e o f r eali sm whi ch con d em n e d

a ll ki n ds of li te r a r y e x a gge r a t ion an d e mb e lli s hm e n t t h a t did n o t

co r r e spon d to tr u th It i s app ar en t th at d e spi te his e sth e tic i n te r e st h e

.
26
, ,

s till con s id e r e d tr u t h th e esse n c e Of li t e r a t u r e a n d t his e sse n ce d e te r ,

mi n e d fo r him bo th the q u ali ty an d the fo r m of li te r atu r e .

B y n at u r e an d in ter e s t W a ng Ch u n g was an e x c e ll e n t hi s to r i an Hi s
’
.
,

d ar ing th e o r y o f hi sto r y di spl ay s a lib e r a lism uniq u e in an ag e o f

24 Sha ng shu t u ng -e hi e n ,
’
-
-
0 225 .

25 Y g an Hsiu n g Fa ,
-
y e n, c h ii a n 5, p . 14 .

26
Fo r h is cr i t ic i s m o f e x gg
a e r a t io n , s ee t he f ll w i g
o o n p
t h r e e c h a te r s i n h is L u n - h e n g
Yil ts e n
-
g ,
” “
I -t
se n g
,
”
and Ju -
ts e n g .
”
I ntr o d ucti o n xxi i i

d ogm a ti sm W h e n mo st of the wr i ter s we r e ide alizi n g an tiq u i ty a n d

.

s l a vi shly imi t a ti n g th e Cl a s sic s h e a lo n e se t o u t t o a t t a ck t h at a tt i t u d e ,

.

He s aid ,

Th o s e wh o i n a n ci e n t t i m e s gv g dg v a e oo o er n m ent we r e sa g es, a n d t h o se

who i n l a te r tim e s h v giv g d g v m

a e en oo o er n e n t ar e l ik e wi se sa g es .
27

Agai n ,

v t l i k t x l t t i q i ty
N a r r a to r s o f e en s e o e a an u an d di s p g ar a e the p r e s en t ; t hy e

t m wh t th y k
e s ee w th g h h y a e no rou e ar sa an d Sl ight wh at t h y th
e e m se lv es

D b t di
se e . ewh t i l g ga ers s c o u r se on a s on a o, an d m en o f l e t te r s wr i t e on

wh t i fa w y T h w d f l th i g
s ar a a . e on er u n s n e ar at h an d the de b a te r s do not

m tien d th xt
o n, di y v t f an e e r ao r n ar e en s o our o wn tim e t he w r i te r s d o
n o t r e co r d
28
.

In h e se w o d s he b k e a w ay fr o m the o r tho d o x vi e w o f hi s to r y t h at
t r ro

h a d hi th e to d omi n at e d an d s till c n ti n u e d to d o mi n a t e th e mi n d s of
r o

th e w i t e r s i n an ci e n t Chi n a N o t o n ly d i d h e S i n gl e o u t t hi s t r a d i t ion al
r .

a tti t u d e fo r a tt a c k b u t h e e v e n w e n t s o fa r as t o a sse r t t h at t h e p r e se n t
,

i s b e t t e r t h a n th e p a s t H e s a i d .
,

A S far as t he a ct u a l t r a n sfo r m a t i o n e ffe ct e d b y vi r t ue s ar e co n ce r n e d, t he

Ch ou d y n a st y ( 1 100 B C . . 256
-
B C . .
) ca n n o t e xce e d the Ha n ( 2 0 6 B C . .

A D . . wh e r ea s I f we s p ea k a b out au s pi ci o u s o m en s a n d p g ro n o s t i ca

ti o n s , t he Han e xce l s th e Ch ou . A nd i f we m e asu r e h x

t e i r e t e n t o f te r r i t o r y ,

h
t at Of Ch ou wa s m o r e i m i t e d t h a n l t h at o f Ha n Ho w . t en h i s t he H a n not

e q l ua t o th e Ch
h t t h Ch h d m y g
ou ? It m ay on ly be l
c ai m e d t a e ou a an sa es,

Wh g v m t b ght b t iv l p
o se o ern B t th l i t
en ti i rou a ou un er sa e ace . u e er a ,
n

l i m i g t h g g t f p l i g th m
a cc a n h p d t l th t t h i
e sa e s, o oo ar , ac n e on su c e es a s a e r

t
ac u a l t l t I l i m i g t h i g v m t th y
r a ce s ar e l t os . n a cc a n e r o er n en e ar e a so oo

f l m t
u so ti g f iv lp
e, m th i g t h t h
r ea n b n t ff d o un er s a e a ce a s s o e n a as ee cu o an

h as h a d n o co n t i n u a ti o n .
”

In hor t hi stor y i s p r og e ssi v e T o b e r e ali s tic li te r a tu r e h as to b e

s , r .
,

p r ogr e ssiv e to o H e r e we h a ve an i n kli n g o f the p r i n cipl e of fle x ible

.

a d ap t a bili t y t o th e v a yi n g n ee d s o f a c h an gi n g wo r l d W e sh a ll see t hi s
r .

te n d e n cy to ch an ge r e a pp e a r i n KC H u n g o f t h e Chin c
( 5 2 0 .

27
L u n h e ng , -
“
C h i -s h i h
’
pi ’
en , p . 1 85 .
23
Ibid .
, p . 1 87 .

29
I b id Hs u a n —
han pi ”
p T r an s l i f m L u n— p f m
’
.
, en , . 19 1 . at o ns ro the h e ng ar e ad a te d ro

Bo d d e
’
s . Se e F gY
un u -la n , His t o r y o f C h i n es e P hi lo s o p hy , II , 1 5 8- 5 9 .
 I ntr o d ucti o n
D ur ing ub se q u en t four cen tu r i e s—the Th r ee Ki n gd om s the
th e s
,

W e i a n d Chi n th e S o u th e r n an d N o r th e r n d yn a sti e s af te r th e coll ap se

,

o f th e Han Empi r e — Chi n a was d ivid e d in t o m an y s m all

( 22 0 8
5 9)
-

s t a t es a n d d y n a s t i e s e a ch i n pow e r fo r a s ho r t p e r io d a n d t h e n givi n g
,

way to o th e r s e q u ally e ph e m e r a l T h e l an d was con st an tly e n g u lfe d i n

.

war far e an d p li tica l ch a o s ; so ci al u ph e av al an d e con omic d i sr up tion

o

we r e the o r d er o f the d ay Y e t p ar a d o x ic ally o u t o f th ese ch ao tic condi

.
, ,

t io n s a n d d e s t u c tiv e fo r c e s a m o st c o n s t u c t iv e ph a s e of c r i tic a l a n d
r r

c e a t iv e Vi t a li t y e m e g e d Am o n g th e v ar i o u s s t ag e s i n th e hi st o r y o f
r r .

Chi n e se cr i tici sm thi s p e r i o d o f d i su ni ty m ay b e co n si d e r e d the m o st

,

cr e a tiv e p e i o d r .

A t a t im e wh e n all s tan d ar d s s ee m e d to h av e c o ll ap se d C o n fu ,

c i a n i s m lik e wi s e l o s t t h e p r o mi n e n t p o si tio n which i t e n j oy e d d u r i n g

th e Ha n tim e s I t i s t r u e t h a t p e o pl e s till p a i d lip se vice t o i t b u t m an y

. r ,

s chol a r s a n d c e a t iv e a r t i s t s d i s ill u s io n e d a n d e mbi tt e r e d t u r n e d mo r e

r , ,

an d mo r e t o T a o i s m a n d B u dd hi s m Li te r a t u r e wi t h a n e w e mph a sis .
,

o n li n g u i s ti c t o n a l an d fo m a l s tr u c t u r e s se e m e d t o h a v e c o m e i n t o i t s
, r ,

o wn , a n d i ts fu n ct i o n b e c am e mo r e e s t h e tic i n n a t u r e t h an m o r a lly

d i d a c t c A n i n c r ea si n g i n te e s t i n e sth e tic e x p e r i e n c e i s shown i n th e

i . r

wr i te s a tte mp t to p en etr ate fu r th e r i n to the n atu r e o f the cr e ativ e

r
’

p r o ce s s .

Thi s e sth e tic a war e n e ss b r o u gh t abo u t the di sti n ction b etween pur e
li te r atu r e ( we n ) an d u se fu l li ter atu r e ( p i ) A n d thi s di sti n c tion on ce .
,

a chi e v e d d e e p e n e d t h e a w ar e n ess which ga v e bi r t h to i t T h e V i vi fie d

,
.

c o n s ci o u sn e s s wa s the n abl e to l ead cr ea tiv e li te r a tu r e an d c r i tic al

a n a ly s i s t o a n e w h e igh t o f p o d u c t ivi ty M a n y p o e t s n o w f o u n d t h e i r
r .

p r im ar y o cc u p ati o n i n v e r se wr i ti n g ; O th e r s mo r e s ch o l ar ly gav e th e i r , ,

a tte n t i o n t o li te r a r y a n th o logi e s D u e t o thi s s u dd e n e x p an si o n o f

.

li te r a y o u tp u t an i n cr e a si n g d e m a n d fo r c i ti ca l j u d gm en t was fe l t
r ,
r .

W i th t he gr owi n g co mpl e x i ti e s o f li te r a tu r e whi ch b o u gh t wi th th e m ,

r

n e w p r o bl e m s a r e e x ami n a ti o n of t h e b asic p r i n cipl e o f c i tici sm

,
-
r

be cam e u r gen t an d i t i s n o t at a ll su r p r i sing th at a mov em en t o f

,

i n te n sifi e d cr i tic al an aly si s ar o se .

In b o th the W est a n d in Chi n a e mp er o r s a n d p r inc e s Ofte n pl ay e d ,

I ntr o d ucti o n xxv

a p r omi n e n t r ol e a s p atr on s of ar t It was u n d e r the p atr o n age of the .

gr e at Me d ici s th at R e n ai ssan ce ar t flo u r i sh e d i n Eu r op e A n d in Chin a .

,

th e r e e m e r ge d d u r i n g t he d ar k ag e of p o li tic al di su n i t y a n u mb e r o f

e mp e r o r s an d p r i n c e s who w e r e n o t o n ly g ea t p a t r o n s of a r t an d r

li te r a tu r e b u t a cc o mpli sh e d w i te r s t he m se lv e s T h e r e al fo u n d e r o f
r .

th e W e i d y n a s ty T s a o T s a o ( 155 220 ) wa s a c o mp e t e n t po e t ; h i s
’ ’
-
,

yo u n ge r so n T s ao Chi h ( 192 232 ) a p o e t of the high e st c alib r e A n o th e r

’
-
.

s o n T s ao P e i w h o u su r p e d t h e t h r o n e fr o m t h e H an an d
( 7
18
’ ’

fo u n de d the W e i a l so p r ove d him se lf a tal en te d p o e t an d a n astu te

,

cr i ti c as well as a gr e a t p atr on of li te r atu r e He wr o te the fam o u s

, .

c i tic al e ssay the Ti e n lu n lu n i ve n

r ,
- -
.

T h e r uli n g hou se o f th e Li an g d y n as ty wa s e q u ally k n o wn fo r i t s

a r t i s tic a bili t y an d i n t e r e s t i n li t e r at u r e H s i a o T u n g ( 50 1 wh o
’
.

d i e d an h e i r app ar e n t an d th e p atr o n of o u r au t h o r L i u H si e h com ,

pile d th e fam o u s We n hs u a n ( A n an th log y o f li te r atu r e ) i n t h e

-
'

o ,

p r eface of whi ch he a cco u n te d fo r e x cl u d ing the Cl a ssics an d hi sto r ic a l

wo r k s fr o m hi s an thol o gy the r e a son b e i n g th at th e y we r e n o t p u r e
,

li te r atu r e Al th o u gh the e thic al co n sid er ation s still p r e v ail e d th ey

.
,

we r e li n ke d to e sth e tic con si d er atio n s H si ao T u n g s y o u n ge r b r o th e r .

’ ’

H si a o Kan g ( 503 who su ccee de d to the t h on e i n 550 an d m e t r

a t r agi c d e a t h a t th e h a n d s o f a t r a i t o r in t h e f o ll o wi n g e a r d i spl ay e d
y
“

a p r o n o u nc e d a n t i t r a d i t i o n a l a tt i t u d e wh e n h e c o mmi s si o n e d H sii

Li n g ( 507 583) to c o mpile a coll e ction o f co n tempo r a r y p o e m s u n d e r

-

th e t i t l e Y u t a i h s i y
-
u
’
n
g ( J a d e t
n-e r r a c e n e w s o n g s ) Th e se e x c ee d i n gly .

o n a t e ly r i ca l p o e m s m a r k e d wi t h s e n s u a l im ag e r y
r , a r e a n y thi n g b u t ,

p o p e r an d i n str u ctiv e
r .

W h at h as b e e n s ai d m ay b e i n su ffi ci e n t t o e x pl ai n why th e p e r i o d o f
d i su n i ty b e c am e an imp o r tan t p er iod i n li te r ar y c r i tici sm b u t i t s e r v e s ,

t o S h o w th e a tmo sph e r e i n which the cr i tic a l spi r i t wa s fo s t e e d r .

T h e fi r st I mp o r t an t c r i tic who is to e n g age o u r atte n ti o n h as al r e a d y

b ee n m en tion e d T s ao P e i in hi s Ti e n lu n lu n we n ( E s sa y o n li te r a
.
’ ’

,
- -

tu r e ) ,m ad e the fi r st atte mp t to d efi n e the sp e cific n a tu r e o f s om e

d o min an t li te r ar y gen r e s He says : .
80

30
T ’
s ao P ei :
’
Ti en- un -l we n , i n W e n hs u a n ,
-
c hu a n 5 2 .
xx vi I ntr o d ucti o n
L i te r ar y co m p o s i ti o n s are a ll d e r i v e d fr o m a co m m o n s o u r ce , but the y
devl p i te o n o d i ffe r e n t fo r m s T h e . ts o u an d i [m e m o ria l an d d iscu s si o n ]
Sh l d b g
ou e r a ce u f l; th e s h u a n d lu n [ep i l st e a n d e s sa y ] S h l d b l gi l ;
ou e o ca

the m i ng an d lei [i n s cr i p ti o n a n d e l egy ] sh o uld be fac t

ua l ; d hi h d f
an s an u

[p o e tr y an d po eti c pr o se ] sho u ld be beau tifu l .

W hil e S tr i c tly cl assic al i n h i s d efi n i tion o f p o e tr y he h a d go n e be yo n d ,

th e s c o p e Of an p r e vio u s wo r k
y .

T h e essay al s o m ar k s the b egi nn i n g o f a sy ste m a tic e v a l u at i o n o f th e

wor ks o f se v en di stingu i sh e d po e ts o f h i s time kn own c o lle ctiv e ly i n ,

t h e hi s t o r y of Chin e se li te r a tu r e a s Chi e n an ch i tz u ( the S e v e n ' ’ ”

- -

M aster s o f the chi e n an p er io d 196 T s ao s chi ef c o n t ib u tio n to

-
,
’ ’
r

li ter ar y the or y i s h i s conc ep t of c h i ( br eath o r spi r i t ) a ter m h e b o r '

r o w e d fr om M e n ci u s El e v a ti n g th e t e r m to a n e w l e v e l of m e an i n g
.
,

s igni fyi n g i n divid u a l t al e n t h e f u r th e r cl a s s ifi e d i t i n t o t wo c a te go r i es

, ,

th e cl e ar an d the m u d dy Th e n b e a ss e r te d t h at a m a n i s bo r n wi th
.

h i s ta l e n t which c a n n o t b e h an d e d dow n th r o u gh i n s t uc ti o n T he
, r .

i n fl u en ce of Chu an gtz u i s e vide n t fo r the n o n t an sfe r abl e q u ali ty o f , r

t a l e n t r e min d s u s Of th e m a s te r wh ee lw r igh t s g r ie f a t h a vi n g to k e e p
’

a t m a ki n g wh e e l s at t h e a e o f se v e n t y b e c au se h e wa s u n abl e t o imp ar t
g
h i s k n owl e dge to a nyo n e e l se n o t e v e n h i s o wn s o n an d yo u n ge r ,

b r o th er In T s ao P e i s wo r d s Ev e n a fa th e r o r an e l d e r b o th e r can
.
’ ’ ’

,
“
r

n o t te a ch h i s so n o r yo u ng e r b r o th e r
” 32
.

W i th th e applica tion o f the te r m c h i to li te r ar y wo r k i tse l f i ts

’

me an i n g see m s to h av e shifte d fo r i t n o w d e n o te s a li ter a y styl e H e r e, r .

T s ao P e i p er ce ive d th a t t al en t fo r o n e s tyl e n ee d n o t imply tal en t fo r

’ ’

a n y o th e r s tyl e a n d t h a t fe w m e n h a v e a n a ll r o u n d ta l e n t fo r a ll th e
,
-

s tyl e s Th e r e fo r e h e concl u d e d e v er y po e t s ho u l d se e k t h e s tyl e whi c h

.
, ,

b e st su i ts h i s sp e ci al ta le n t And the n in a p assage as i n co ngr u o u s as

.
,

a d o g s t ail a t th e e n d of a fo x fu r h e spok e of li te r a r y compo si tio n

’

a s a m ea n s of ac q u i r i n g e te r n a l f a m e I t i s u n fo r t u n a te t h a t t hi s b e c a m e .

fo r m any a wr i te r i n cl u ding Liu H si e h a d omi n a n t mo t i v e fo r

, ,

wr i ti n g a t a ll .

31
I bid .
32 1bi d .
xx v i ii I ntr o d ucti o n
On compo si tio n he sa ys
A co m p o s i t io n co m e s i n to bi g e n as th e i n ca r n at io n of

m an y l ivi g g n es t u r e s .

It i s ( l i k e th e ac t o f T ao ) th e em b o d im e n t of e n d e ss l
c h g an e .

To a t ta i n M eanin g ,
it d e p en ds on a g p r as O f the su bl t e

Wh i l e su c h wo r d s ar e em pl y o e d as b e st se r v b e e au t y s

sak e .

One o f th e mo s t p en e tr a ti n g p ass age s i n th e fu i s the o n e o n i n spi r ati o n

Su c h m o m e n ts wh en Mi n d an d M a t te r h ld p o e r e ctf
co m m u n i o n ,

A n d wi d e vi st a s o p e n to r e gi ons h i th e r to e n ti r e ly b ar re d,
Will co m e wi t h i r r e s i st i bl e fo r ce ,
hi dp t
A nd go , t e r e ar u r e n o n e ca n hi d n er .

g h y v i h lik
Hi d i n , t e an s e a fl as h f l ight ;
o

M i f t th y l i k
an es e ar e e so u n ds ar i si n g in m i d -
ai r

mi d
, .

SO a c u te is t he n in su c h i n s ta n t s o f di ine v co m p re

h e n si o n ,
Wh at chao s is t h ere t ath it ca n no t m ar s hl a i n m i r a cu l o us

o r de r
'

P
.

While h ght l ik q i k b z
W in g f me d t ou s, e u c r ee es, s o ar ro

d p th f th h te s o e e ar ,

El q o t w d lik
ue n g hi g p i g fl w b tw n l ip
or s, e a us n s r n ,
o e ee s

d t th an ee .

N fl w O pl t
o im l i t p d i g l f pl d
er , o r an , o r an a s oo ro a o s en our

d th w i t
’
T t
o r e cr e a e u n s p er e r er en ,

H th
e n cem t w d p t l th t v wh lm d
e os on rous s ec ac e a e er e e

t h e e ye ,

And n o te s o f t he l o ft i est m u sic t h a t r e o i ce j d the e ar .

But of a ll theli n e s I m u st choo se the fo llo wi n g as a s u p er b e x p r e ssion

of th e my s te r io u s so ur ce o f an ar ti stic imp u l se
Fo r i t i s B e i n g , cr e a te d by t a sk i n g t he G r e at V ido .
34

And
’
t i s so u n d r u n g out o f P r o fo u n d Si le n ce .

34 Ch i h
T he n e se c a r a cte r here r e n d e r ed as
“
tas ki g l i
n te r a ll y m ea n s to tr y or to

t
ax A m l it l t
”
ore er a r a n s a tio n l o f the li ne w ld
ou be :
“
T ax t he V o id Or no n bi g
e n to

yi ld B i g ( T i t
.

e e n
”
a ao s c o n ce p ti on ) .
Intr o d ucti o n xxi x

Lu Chi was e vi d en tly d eeply influe nce d by C hu an g tz u s co n cep t o f ’

nonb ei n g the G r e at V oi d the s up r em e s tate which i s n o t o n ly th e

, ,

sour ce o f an ar ti stic imp u l se b u t a lso the ul tim ate S tate Of p u r e exp e r i

,

e nc e which tr a n sc e n d s a ll l o gic an d wo r d s L u Chi spok e o f t hi s s t a t e .

a fo r c e which e v e n t h e M a s te r W h ee lw r igh t P i e n c o u l d n o t e x p r e ss
“
as

in wor d s .
”

Ano th er con tr ib u tion to li te r ar y hi sto r y m a d e by L u Chi i s h i s

d e fini tio n s o f a n umb e r Of li te r ar y ge n r es d e fi n i ti o n s whi ch ar e m u ch ,

mo r e a d e qu ate th an tho se a tte mp te d by T s ao P e i i n h i s T i e n l ’ ’

-
un

l n we n He s ay s :
u -
.

Th L y i ( Shi h ) b
e r c fp m ti i g ,
m
or n ofib u re e o on, s o ss a er re

w v i t th fi t f b i ;
o en n o e n es a r c

Th xh i b i t y E y ( E ) b i g t
e e or t th
ss a Obj t i u ,
e n rue o e e c s, s

vivi d s i t ; ne s n ca r n a e

I Mn m e t l I s i pti
o nu
( )
P i
n a h t i m
n cr t b f i l ons e r e or c us e a o

to facts ;
T he E e l gy ( L ai , le i ) ten d er ly p is n s o u t ce a se e s s l h e a r t fe t l
g r ie f .

T he M n em o n ic ( M i n
g) i s a sm o o t hfl o w of g i l ph
en a r a se s

s u cci n ct bu t p g re n an t ;

T he s tacc a to ca d e n ce s o f th e p
E ig r a m ( C h en
) are a ll
tr a n s p ar e n t for c e .

Wh i l e Eu l gy ( S
o u ng
) en jy o s t he fu ll b a an d on O f g r an d
st yl e,

Th e Ex p o s ito r y (L un
) m u st i n e x ac t i tu de an d l
c ar it y
e xce l .

T he M em o r i a l (T so u
) ,
bl a a n ce d an d l u ci d , m u st b e
wo r t hy o f th e d i g i ty
n o yl f i ts ro a au d i e n ce ,
T he Ar g u m en t
( Sh uo
) wi t h gl w i g w o n or ds an d cu n n i n
g
p bl p
ar a es e r su a d es .

M ti l e cu o u s a s h
t e se c a ss i l fi ca t i o n s a r e ,

L t p
es ass i o n a n d t h ou
g h t gi v
,
en fr e e r ei n , m ay w a n t o n ly
g o a st r a y ,

T he m a xi m h l d o s: Let Tr th u in t er m s l
m o s t fe i ci to u s b e
s po k en ,
W h il e v bi g b w
O f er a e e ar e .

A t t he same time we find T SO Ssu ( P c -

.
30 6 ) d e v e lopi n g the Cl a ssica l
xxx I n t r o d uc t i o n
d efini tion po e tr y i n to a kin d o f r eali sm In the p r e face to hi s T hr e e
o f .

Ca pi tal Eu h e s a id th a t in po e tr y we e xp r e s s o ur s e n tim e n ts an d i n fu
we d e s c r ib e wh a t we se e If we d e vi ate fr o m th e s e fu n d am e n ta l fa c ts .
,

t h at i s o u r fee ling s a n d the obj e c tiv e wo r l d to in d u lge i n o r n a te

, ,

e x p r e ssio n s a n d fab r ic a t i o n s su ch a s t h e f u m a H si a n Y ng
fu o S s
gj u a ,
-
,

H si u ng P an Ku Ch a ng H e n g an d th ei r gr oup in which ar e m e n
, , , ,

ti o n e d m an y thi n g s con tr a r y to k n own fa c t s we commi t a c r im e ag ain st ,

tr u t h Thi s a tt i t u d e e x pl ai n s W h y i t t o o k him t e n y ear s to compl e te h i s

.

Th r e e Ca pi tal Eu fo r h e n e e d e d th a t l o ng to coll e c t a n d ve r ify h i s

,

fa cts It wo u l d se em t h at h e d i d n o t cou n te n an ce the u se o f im agi n a

.

tion th e v er y s oul o f a n y wo r k o f ar t incl u di n g li te r ar y ar t Fo r t u n a te ly

, , .
,

h e did n o t follow h i s o wn a dvic e fo r h o w e l se could h i s fu h a v e c a u se d ,

th e p r ic e of p ap e r i n L O Y a ng to g o u p P -
35
.

Chih Y ii following the le ad o f Ts ao P e i a n d Lu Chi m a d e ’ ’

a no t h e r a t te mp t to cl a s s ify li te r ar y wo r ks b u t lik e Pr i n c e H si ao T u n g
’

l a ter h e did i t by compiling a n thologi e s Fr om th e fr agme n ts o f hi s

, .

wo r k we find him ad v oc ati n g the fu n ction o f li ter atu r e a s the d epicting

,

o f n a t u r al s c e n e s t he cl ar ifying o f hum a n r e l a tio n s t h e e x te n siv e s t u d y

, ,

o f r eas on a n d h u m a n n a t u r e an d ultim ate ly th e d e te r mi n i n g o f t h e , ,

p r op e r station o f all things It i s cl e ar t h at h i s Vi e w of li te r a tu r e i s n o t .

36

a pu r e o n e I t i n cl u d e s i n i t s p r ovi n ce a ll t h a t i s w r i t te n i n m u ch t h e
.
,

s am e spi r i t a s t h a t in which li te r a t u r e was l a te r conc e iv e d b y Liu

H si e h the a utho r Of We n hsi n ti a o lu ng It i s al so cl ear th at his vi e w

,
- -
.

i s a u tili ta r i a n o n e as m ay b e see n fr o m h i s co n ce p tion o f li te r ar y

,

d e v e lopme n t as a concomi ta n t to t he ch a ngi n g p r oce ss of hi sto r ica l

n ee ds .
37

A t app r o x im ate ly the s am e tim e Ke H u n g ( 250 330 ) appli e d W an g ,

-

35 See bi g phy i
h is o ra n th e C hi n s h u -
.
36
Ch u a n -c h i n -we n , c h ua n 77 .

37 Ma n o e r a e y th tt mp t fi
s a t l i te r a r y c l a s s i cat io n w e r e m a d e a t t h i s t im e o n e o f w h ich ,

was th e Ha n -li n lu n o f L i C h u n g ( c T h e w o r k h a s n o t co m e d o wn to u s b u t f r o m
’
.
,

L iu Hs ie h s e a l u at io n it i s
’
v “
, S
h a ll o w a n d o f l i tt l e co n se q u e n ce
”
A t L i u Hs i e h s o wn .
’

m
ti e H
, s i ao u n g r e p o r teTd ly
’
a p a t,
r o n o f L i u H s i e h i n t r o d u c e d a c l e ar -
cu t d e fi n it i o n o f ,

l iter atu r e by in c l u d in g i n h is a n tho l o gy the We n -hs ua n o n ly wo r ks o f im agin atio n a n d ,

’

a r t , a n d e cl u d i n g t h e Cl ass ics p h i l o s o p h ica l a n d h is to r ica l w o r k s He m i g h t h a e b e e n

x , , . v
o ne s o u rce o f i n s p ir a t io n t o C h u n g Hu n g wh o r estr icte d h is sco p e s t i ll fu r th er t o th at
,

o f t he five w o r d l i n e p o e tr y B u t h e e e r ci s e d l ittl e o r n o i n fl u e n ce o n L iu Hs ie h wh o
x
- -
.
,

too k a ll w r i tte n r eco r d s to be w i th i n the s co p e o f l it e r atu r e .

Intr o d ucti o n
Ch u ng s p r ogr e ssi v e th e o r y o f hi sto r y to li te r ar y cr i tici sm B u t h e
’ ’
.

di spl ay e d a liber ali sm se ldom fo u n d in the o the r cr i tics o f the t im e .

He did n o t a ttack li te r ar y e mb e lli s hm e n t as su p er fl u o u s a n d u se l e ss ,

n o r d i d h e p r i z e th e Cl ass ic s a bo v e c o n te mpo r ar y li ter a tu r e O n th e .

co n tr a y h e asse r te d u n e quivoc ally th at cu r r en t compo si tio n s w e r e

r ,

mor e be a u ti fu l th a n the anci en t u n a d o r n e d o r Simple Cl assi cs an d th at , ,

to e v olv e fr om S implici ty to b e a u ty o f fo r m wa s a n a t u r a l te n d e n cy
38
.

O n the qu e stion o f which i s mor e impo r tan t tale n t o r d i scipli n e he , ,

e n te r tain e d a b a l an c e d Vi e w He b e li e v e d t h at n atu r a l t ale n t an d

.

li ter ar y di scipli n e compl e m e n t ea ch o th e r T h e impor tan ce o f ta le n t .

was r e cogni z e d by Ts a o P e i a n d th at o f d i s cipli n e by L u Chi To

’ ’
.
,

Ke Hung o n e wa s a s i n d i sp e n s abl e as the o th er T o sep ar ate t h e m

, .

was to r Ob e ach of i t s vi ta l compl e m e n t .

D ue to c e r tai n ch ar ac te r i stic s o f the Chin ese l a n g u age t o n al p a tt er n ,

h as a lwa y s occ u pi e d th e a tte n tion o f g r e at li te r ar y w r i ter s Ss u — ma .

H si ang j u con side r e d i t an e le me n t in th e e mbelli s hmen t Of th e fu an d

-
,

Lu Chi spoke of i t in the fo llowing line s

T he i n te r acti o n s o f so u n ds an d to n e s a r e li k e

T he five l
co o u r s h
t at eac h t he O th ers en h a n ce s .

Ev e n Ch u n g H u n g who wr o te sca thi n gly again st Sh e n Y u eh s ar bi

,
’

tr ar y r ules fo r t h e sou n d p a tte r n a cknowl e d g e d th e n a t u r a l m u sic a l ,

qu ali ty of the l an gu age which he fe l t sho u ld b e sp o n tan e o u sly appli e d

,

by the p oe t B u t i t was Sh e n Y ii eh ( 44 1 5 13) an d h i s gr o u p who

.
40
-
,

di ss atisfi e d wi th the loose ne ss wi th which t on e s an d S o u n d s h a d

hi th er to b ee n e mploy e d in the fi e l d o f ver sificati o n su ccee d e d i n fo r m u ,

l ating r ul es gov er n i n g p o e ti c l angu age Th e se r u le s fo r m e d a b o d y o f .

intr icately te chni c a l p r o sodic l a w s Ne v e r th e le s s th e y we r e a ccep te d .

by m a ny m e n Of the p er iod i n cl u d i n g Liu Hsi eh who d e vo te d a , ,

ch ap ter in his W e n hs i n ( Ch ap ter XXX III ) to th e i r di scu ssio n

-
.

Since She n Y ii eh an d hi s gr o u p flo u r i sh e d d u r i n g the Y u n g mi n g -

p er iod ( 483 th e s tyl e i n acco r d a nc e wi t h t h e i r to n al l a w s i s

, ,

33 Ke Hu n g , Pa o p
-
’
u t z u , ch ii a n 3 0 , pp . 155-15 6 .

39 C h E y Li t t
’
en , ss a on er a u r e , p xx i v
. .

4° Ch g H g Shi h p i
un un ,
-
’
n c hu ( n o ta ti o n by C h ’
en Y en c h ie h
-
) , K ai
’
-
mi g n s h u -c hu
( Shan gh i a pp 8 9
, .
-
.
xxxii I n t r o d uc t i o n
kn own a s Y u g — m i n g t i o r the s tyl e o f t h e Yu n g mi n g p e r iod In spi te
n ,
-
.

Of som e oppo si tion fr om w r i ter s lik e Ch u n g H u n g t h ese t o n a l l a w s , ,

whil e n e v er followe d to the l e tte r n o t e v e n by Sh en Yii eh him se lf

, ,

wer e d e sti n e d to e x e r ci se tr e men dous i n flue n ce u pon the p r o sody o f

s u b se q u e n t ag e s p a r t ic u l a r ly t h e T a n g p e r io d
’

, .

Ch u n g H u n g ( c 500 ) an d Liu H sie h w e r e co n te mpo r a i e s b u t s i n ce

. r ,

t h e y app ar e n t ly d i d n o t k n o w e a ch o th e r Chu n g h a d n o d i r e c t i n fl u e nc e
,

o n Liu H si e h H o w e v e r s i n c e h i s Sh ih o n e o f th e mo s t impo r
’
. i
p g n , i s -

t a n t cr i tic a l w o r k s o f t h e tim e i t d e se r v es a s ho r t a ccou n t h e r e

, .

T h e m a i n pu r po se o f th e wo r k was to e v a lu ate the po e ts Of the

five wo r d li n e p at ter n A d op ti n g th e poli tic al sy s te m o f s e l e c ti n g o ffi
- -
.

ci als by cl a ss ifyi n g a ll n o mi n e e s i n to th r ee g r o u p s a n d nin e c ate go r i e s ,

Ch u n g like wi se cl as sifi e d th e po e ts i n to th r ee gr o u p s ar r an ging th em ,

i n o r d e r o f e x c e ll e nce fr om th e high e st t h r ough th e middl e to th e

lowes t T he lowe st do e s n o t m e an poo r S i n ce i t I S a r e l a ti v e ter m
.
“ ”
, ,
,

an d t o b e i n cl u d e d a t a ll i n a n f th g r oup s a p o e t h a d to po s s e s s
y o e ,

u n u su a l t a l e n t Al tho u gh l ater ge n er ation s h ave n o t ag r ee d wi th all

.

—
of hi s j u dgm en ts the o n e co n ce r n i n g T ao Ch i en o f the Chi n h a vi n g ’ ’

—
b ee n the mos t ho tly co n te ste d th e y ar e ge n er ally so u n d T he classifica .

t ion i s p r efa c e d by a S ho r t hi sto r ic a l i n tr od u c tion t r a ci n g the d e v e lop ,

m e n t o f the five wo r d— line p atter n poe tr y fr om e ar li e st time s to the

-

tim e o f t he Chi n B u t i n th e cl ass ific ation Ch u ng i n clude d p o e ts o f

.

h i s o wn d ay In j u d ging e a ch po e t h e usu ally b eg a n b y li n king him

.
,

to an e a r li e r s o u r c e ; t h e n h e g a v e the po e t s sp e cific qu a li ty
’
.

Thi s p r acti ce o f cl as sific ation the s ter ili ty o f which is q u i te Obvio u s

,

to u s tod a y was n e v er th e l e ss a pop u l a r an d l e gi tim a te m e thod in Ch u ng

,

Hu n g s tim e a n d i t was al so u se d in m u ch anci e n t G r ee k a n d La tin

’

c r i tici sm A r i stoph an es p e r h ap s the fi r s t ser io u s cr i tic in the W e st

.
, ,

m a de e x ac tly s u ch an atte mp t to cl assi fy p o e ts i n to v a r io u s r an k s o f

e x ce ll e n c e Ch u ng Hu ng s j u dgm en t m ay h av e b een su bj e c ti v e a n d
’
.

imp r e ssio n i stic b u t he se e m s to h ave r ai se d some o f the b a sic c r i tica l

,

p r oble m s whi ch we still e n co u n ter tod ay Like A r i stoph an e s he aske d .

,

implici tly : I n wh a t o r d e r o f m e r i t S houl d po ets b e r an k e d an d o n

wh at gr ou n d sh o u ld the y be j u d ge d ? If he d i d n o t giv e u s cle ar an swer s
Intr od ucti o n xxxi ii

h s q u esti o n s he a t l e ast O ffe r e d his co n tempo r ar i e s a n d S t u d e n ts

to t e e ,

o f l a te r ag e s some s u gge s tiv e g u i d e s fo r th e i r e v a l u a tio n o f li ter a tu r e .

T o su m up : Th r o u gho u t the e a r ly p e r iod s th e cl as sic a l d e fi n i tio n o f ,

poe tr y a s the e xp r essio n o f the se n time n t s r u le d su p r e m e How e v e r .

,

the con ce p ti o n o f th e s e n tim e n ts as mo r a l i d e a s a s w e ll a s e m o ti o n

pr e ven te d poe tr y a n d fo r th at m atte r li te r a tu r e i n ge n e r al fr om

, , ,

d e v e lopi n g i n t o p ur e ly r i ci sm b u t d e s ti n e d i t to b e a v e hi cl e of mo r al
,

p r i n cipl e s a n d i ts fu n c ti o n to b e p r im ar ily d i d actic S u ch b e i n g th e

, .

case i t i s e asy to see why the Cl assi cs w er e alwa y s h e ld a s the c r i ter i a

,

of li ter ar y e x celle n ce i n spi te Of the r e co gn ize d n e e d o f the p r i n cipl e

,

Of fl e x ibl e a d ap t a bili t y t o hi st o r ic al ch a ng e s O n e r e fr e shi n g v i e w i s .

the co n c e p tion o f t he c r e ativ e p r oc ess a vi e w which gr e w i n n e a r ly , ,

e v er y c ase o u t o f t h e p e r s o n al e s th e tic e x p e r i e n c e O f t h e c r e a tiv e ar ti st

, .

In a cco u n ti n g fo r thi s cr e ativi ty i t i s i n te r esti n g to no te t h a t n e ar ly all ,

wr i ter s o r p o e t cr i tic s e mph asize d bo th n atu r a l gi fts a n d h a r d e ar n e d

,
-
,
-

e r u di t ion Thi s se n s e o f b a l a nc e i s p a r ti c u l a ly m a r ke d i n L i u H si e h
. r .

Liu Hsie hf a li a s Y en h o ( c A D 4 65 522 ) was a n ativ e o f T u n g

‘1
-
. . .
-

k u an the p r e se n t L ii h sie n in Sh a ng tung p r ovi n ce Hi s fa the r di e d

,
-
.

wh e n he was a child an d h e was r e ar e d i n pov er ty by hi s mo th er W h e n .

he was abou t t w e n t y y e ar s of ag e h i s mo th e r d i e d He n e v er m a r r i e d , .
,

p ar tly b ec ause o f hi s pove r ty an d p ar tly n o do u b t b e cau se o f h i s , , ,

in ter e st i n B u d d hi sm He i s s ai d to h av e a ssi ste d S e n g y u i n e di ting

.
-

B u d d hi st s u tr a s in Ting lin Mo n aste r y an d t o h a v e t a k e n p ar t in the

-
,

p r ep ar ation o f the H u ng m i ng c h i Hi s o wn co n tr ib u ti o n to thi s co l

-
.

l ection i s Mie h h u o lu n which i s fo u n d in chii a n 8 W e ar e to ld

“
-
,
”
.

t h at bo t h H si a o T u n g th e a u t ho r Of the famou s a n t hology e n ti tl e d

’

W e n hs u a n a n d Sh e n Y ii e h th e gr eat e x po n e n t of m u sic a l p atte r ns i n

'

, ,

li ter atu r e spok e well o f h i s li te r ar y ta len ts B u t no m e n tio n o f Liu

, .

occu r s in the biogr aphy Of e i th er wr i ter L i u wr o te W e n hs i n ti a o lu ng .

- -

( T h e L i te r a r
y M i n d a n d t h e C a r vi n
g f o D r a g o n s ) i n t h e So u th e r n
Ch i p e r io d ; b u t a s he liv e d i n to the Li an g d y n a sty h e i s ge n er ally
’

r e ga r de d a s b e lo n gi n g t o th e Li an g p e r io d an d h i s biog r a phy i s ,

41
Th e s e ct io n o n L iu Hs ie h fi r st a pp e ar e d a s a n a r t ic le i n th e As i at i s c h e St u d i e n Et u d es
A s i atz q u e s , 3 /4 1 2 3 - 34 .
xxxi v Intr o d ucti o n
include d in the Hi sto r y o f L i a ng Late in life he was commissio n e d by .
,

Emp er or W u of Li an g to r e e di t B uddhi st su tr as in Ting lin Mon aster y - -

,

t hi s ti m e in coop e r a tion wi t h a monk b th n a m e o f H u i ch e n W i t h

y e -
.

th e compl e tio n o f t hi s t ask h e p e t i tion e d the e mp e r o r fo r p e r mi ssion to ,

t a k e B u dd his t v o w s T h e p e r mi s sio n wa s g r an te d a n d h e b e c a m e a
.
,

m o n k i n the same mo n as ter y wh er e h e t wice ha d e di te d B u ddhi st

su tr a s Th e r e h e r ec e iv e d t he B u dd hi s t n a m e o f H u i t i Sho r t ly a ft e r
.
-
.

wa r ds he di e d .

Som e moder n wr i ter s b e li e v e th at Liu Hsi eh s cl assici sm was mo ti ’

v are d by a d e si r e to le nd au tho r i ty to his o wn vie ws a v e r sio n o f ,

42

“ “
r e fo r m in th e n am e o f an tiqui ty B u t m a n y o th er s think t h at L i u .

was si n c e r e in p r e fe r r ing cla ssici s m to the gr owi n g te nd e ncy in cu r r en t

li ter ar y ci r cl es to d e vi ate fr om th e cl as sic al p atter n H er e I sh all fi r st .

gi v e a br i e f acco u n t Of Liu s cl a s sicism the n t ur n to a stu dy o f his ’

li ter ar y cr i tici sm an d fin ally tr y to a scer tain wh at r ol e cl a s si ci sm do es

, ,

pl a y in his sy ste m an d to wh a t de gr ee he m ay be co n sider e d a cl as sicis t .

Li u s cl assici sm i s r e v e al e d in his Pr eface wh er e he tells us that he

’ “
,
”
,

cer e moni al v e sse l s i n hi s h ands follo we d Confucius in a dr eam He , .

al s o in d ic a te s t h a t h a d t h e r e b e e n no M a Yu n g an d Ch e n g H sii an

be fo r e him he would h ave us e d his ta l en t to m ake comme n tar i e s o n

,

the Cl as sics E ve n his de cision to d e vote him se lf to li te r ar y cr i ticism

.
44

wa s influ e nc e d by th e fac t th at fo r him the fu n c tio n s o f li te r a tu r e h av e

t h e i r s ou r c e i n th e Cl as sics In Vi e w o f the p r ev al en t i n dulge nce in 45
.

an e x c e e dingly flo r id s tyl e i n li ter at u r e h e con sid e r e d i t h i s du ty to ,

tr y by wr i t ing c r i tic ally o n li te r a tu r e to ch e ck t his di v e r ge n t te nd e n cy

, , .

Thus he s ays T he wr i ting o f W e n hs i n h as i ts sour ce in the Ta o

,
“
-
,

i t s mod e l in the S age an d i ts p atte r n i n the Cl a s sics His book op e n s ”4 6

.
,

wi th the ch ap ter O n T ao the So u r ce followe d by O n the Evidence

“
, ,
”

fr om the S age s an d O n the Cl a s sics as Li ter ar y So u r ce s

” “
.

42 Li g
an Sh e n gw -
ei,
“
W e n hsu e h -
p i
’
pi g
-
’
n -
ch ia L i u Y e n -ho pi g
’
n c hu a n ,
-
Hs ia o s h u o
-

y ue
'

h -
p ao , V o l XVII Su ppl m e en t
—
. .
,

43 L O Ke n W ei c hi n li u c h ao we n hs u e h s hi h ( C h u n gk i n g p p i ng
i
’ ’ ’
-
ts e , - - -
,

We n hsi n ti a o -lu ng c h u e d by Fa n W e n Ia n K a i —
m i n g s h u t i e n 1 9 4 7 ( h e n c e fo r t h ’
44 - - -
, .
, ,

a bb re via te d as W e n hsi n ) ch ii a n 1 0 pp z o b 2 I a
-
, ,
.
-
.

45
I bi d .

46 Ibi d .
, p . 2 1b .
 I ntr o d ucti o n
p a r t fr om the se fi r s t th r e e ch ap te r s th e r e ar e m any o th er r e fe en ce s
A , r

to th e Cl a s si cs In th e ch a p te r e n ti tl e d A n A n a ly s i s o f Sa o o r C h u
“ ’
.

L i u c o n s i d e s t h e r i se o f Sa o a s a co n se qu e nc e o f the d e cli ne o f
’ ”
tz u , r

f g a n d y a In co n si d e r i n g d i ffe r e n t vi e w s co n c e r n i n g the co n fo r mi t y
ss
e n .

o f L i s a o to th e Cl a ssic s L i u
-
e cog n iz e s t wo d iv e r g e n t t e n d e n ci e s i n
, r

L i s a o o n e o f Which i s in h ar m o n y wi th t h e Cl assic s a n d the o th er

-
,

co n tr ar y to the m In L i sa o Liu fi n d s fo u r w ay s i n whi ch L i s a o i s i n

.
- -

h ar mo n y wi th fe ng an d y a Th e se a r e : T he L i s a o co n tai n s a S tyl e o f .
-

t i e n a n d ka o i t e mploy s t h e s tyl e o f s a t i r ic a l su gges ti o n i t a d o p t s th e

, ,

u se o f m e t apho r a n d a ll e go r y an d i t e x p r e sse s t h e se n t im e n t s o f l o y a l ty ,

a n d l a m e n t Th e r e a r e a l so fo u r t hing s which m a r k L i s o a s u n cla ssi

.
-
a

ca l T h e s e a r e : th e i n cl u sio n o f S tr a n g e t a l e s a n d of fan t as tic S to r i e s

.
, ,

a n d e vid e n c e o f a n e cc e n t r ic a n d n ar r ow mi n d a n d o f an i n d e c e n t ,

d e si r e fo r a loo se li fe .
56

In t he ch a p te r o n A n E x e ge s i s o f Po et r y a p r o vi n c e i n whi c h ,

c l as si ca l a n d li t e r a r y e l em e n ts co i n ci d e L i u q u o te s the d e scr ip ti o n o f ,

p o e tr y f o m the Sh chi ng : Po e t y i s the e xp r e s ion o f se n time n ts a n d

r u-
“
r s ,

s ong s a r e th e s e e x p e ss i o n s se t t o m u sic He a l so r e p e a ts Co n fu ci u s
”57 ’
r .

S tate m e n t th a t i n th e Shi h ch i ng th er e i s no u n d i scipli n e d tho u gh t -

.
58

He ci tes wi th ap p r ov a l Co n fu ci u s u tili t ar i an Vie w o f p o e tr y an d

59
’

e n d o r se s t h e g e n e r a l th e o r y e n u n ci a te d i n M a o s P r e face t h a t p o e tr y
’ “ ”

r e fl e c ts t h e poli tic a l condi t i o n s o f t h e t im e s a n d t h a t po e tr y d e cli n e s as ,

tim e p as se s a n d d e p ar ts fr om th e ag e o f th e S ag e I n li n e wi t h t hi s .

Vi e w he co n d em n s the p o e tr y o f th e Ch e ng S hih p e r io d ( 240 24 8) a n d

,
- -

o f t h e E a s te r n Chi n fo r b e ing a d u l t e r a t e d by T a oi s m a n d h avi n g a

m e taphy sical fl avo r .

60

He b e li e v e s th at m u s ic al po e tr y ( y u e h fu ) r ose a fte r the d e cli n e of -

the y a od e s a n d r e fe r s to t h e fu a s o n e of t h e s i x e l e m e n t s o f t h e
61
,

55 I bid .
, p . 2 8b .
56
I bi d .
, pp . 2 9 a -2 9 b .

57 I bi d .
, ch ii a n 2 , p . I a; Sh u -
i
c h ng , Sh u n t i en -
”
( Sh i h -
s a n -
c h in g ch u -s h u c h ua n 3,
p 2 6a .

v
.

53 L u n -y u y i n -t e ( Ha r ar d Y e n ch i n g I n s t it u te , Pe i i n p g , 2 /2 /2 .

59 W e n -hs i n , ch ii a n 2 , p . 1a ; L u n -y u y i n te ,
'

6° W e n -hsi n , c h ii a n 2 , p . 2a .

61
I bi d .
, p . 2 4b .
I ntr o d ucti o n xxx v ii
Sh i h -chi n g l im s th at th e fu r e ce iv e s i ts li fe fr om the p o e ts o f
. L iu c a

th e O d e s a n d th er e fo r e m ay b e t r a c e d b a ck to t h e m
63
.
,

Liu m ake s m an y all u sion s to the Cl assic s p ar tic u l ar ly the Shih chi n g ,
-
.

T h e ch ap te r e n ti tl e d M e taph o r an d All ego r y i s compl e te ly d o min ate d

”

by the spi r i t o f tr a d i ti o n al in te p r e t atio n B u t wh a t ha s b e e n s aid i s r .

e n o u gh to i n di c a t e Li u s cl a s s i ca l t e n d e n cy W e sh all p as s o n to th e
’
.

d i sc u s si o n o f h i s li te r ar y c i ti ci sm r .

T h e ter m li ter ar y cr i ti ci s m i s u s e d h e r e i n i t s b r o a d e s t po s s ibl e

“ ”

se n se I t i n cl u d e s li t e r a y hi s to r y li te r a y t h e o r y a n d li t er a r y ap p r e ci a
. r ,
r ,

tio n a n d e v a l u a ti o n In th e c a se o f L i u H si e h t h e s e t h r e e ar e clo se ly
.
,

i n ter wov e n an d giv e hi s wo r k an un d er lyi n g u n i ty i n the mid st o f

app ar e n t ch a o s .

Li u s d e si r e to wr i te the W e n hs i n ti a o lu n g ar i se s fr om hi s d i ssati s
’
-
'
-

facti o n wi th th e ge n e r al s ta te o f li ter ar y p r o d u cti o n o f th e t im e s a n d ,

wi th th e fr agme n ta r y m an n er i n which li ter ar y cr i ti ci sm h a s b ee n

d e a l t wi th A S a p r e l u d e to h i s wo r k h e r e vi e w s e x i stin g c i ti ca l w o r k s
.
,
r

a n d giv e s to e a c h a n e pigr amm a t i c v e d ic t which impli e s so m e g e n e r a l r

c r i te r i a o f h i s o wn O f W e i we n L u Chi C hih Y ii a n d o t h er s h e s a y s
.
-
, , , , ,

“
E ach r e flects a p ar tic u l ar co r n e a n d fe w h av e en vi sio n e d th e op e n r,

A n d h e fu r th er c o mm e n t s Th e y a e all u n abl e to t r a ce b a ck
“
,
r

f o m the l e a v e s to the r o o t s o r b a ck fr o m th e ti d e to i ts
r ,

Th e se v e r d i cts i n d ic ate a di scer ni n g mi n d e q u i pp d wi th a p en e t ati n g e r

cr i tic al spi i t He i s t u ly a cr i ti c o f cr i tic s In the ch ap te r call e d A

r . r .
“

G e n e a l Co n si d e r ati o n o f th e A t of W r i ti n g h e s ay s o f L u Chi Hi s
r r , ,

W e n f h a s b e e n k n o wn fo r i ts p e n e tr a ti n g a n d e x h au stiv e d i sc u ssio n
-
a

of the ar t of wr i t n g b u t i n i ts su p e fi ci al a tte n tio n to d e ta il s i t ha s

i , , r ,

n o t a d e q u a te ly d e a l t wi t h t h e s u b s t n c e Th u s L i u app ar e n tly fee l s ”6 6

a .

th a t i t i s u p to him t o O ff e r a comp r e h e n s iv e a cc o u n t o f t h e p r i n ciple s

o f li t e r ar y c r i ti c i s m .

L i u h as a n in t e r esti n g i d e a o f a comp e te n t c r i tic I n h i s o pi n i o n a ‘

.

co mp e te n t c r i ti c i s o n e wh o to b e gi n wi th i s Wi d e ly a cq u a i n te d wi th , ,

li te atu r e an d highly se n si tiv e to i ts i n tr i n sic v al u e s Th e n th er e a r e

r .

62 I bi d .
, p .
4 6a .
63 I bid .
, p .
4 6b .
64
Ibi d .
, c h ua n 1 0 , p .

65 Ibi d .
, p . 2 1b .
66 I bi d .
, c h ii a n 9, p . 1z a .
xxx v ii i I n t r o d uc t i o n
ot h e r p r e r e qu i si tes to the u n d er stan d ing o f a pi e ce o f li te r atu r e : the
a bili t y to r e c ogni z e th e ge n r e a n d st yl e th e a bili ty to d e te r min e if th e ,

wor k compli e s wi th the p r i n cipl e o f a d ap tabili ty to ch an ge an d the ,

a bili t y to d i st i n g u i s h b e t w ee n t h e e x t r ao r d i n a r y a n d t h e o r t hodo x in

su bj e c t m a tte r a n d to p a ss j u d gm e n t o n th e app r op i a te n ess o f hi st o r ic a l r

a ll u s i o n s a n d m u sic a l p at ter n s Abov e a ll t h e c r i tic sho u l d b e abl e t o

.
,

tr a c e b a ck fr om t h e wo r d s t o the fe e li n g of t h e a u tho r a c r i te r io n ,

t h a t v ag u e ly i n d ic a te s a b e li e f in th e o n e n es s o f t he cr ea tiv e ge n i u s a n d

a pp r e ci a t iv e tas te Th r o u gh t h e se abili t i e s a c r i tic i s e n abl e d to g r asp

.
,

t he m e ani n g o r t h e e s th e tic b e au t y o f a li te r a r y Wo r k B u t an u n d e r
68
.

s t a nding c r i ti c i s r ar e b e c au se m o s t p e opl e d e p r e ci a te t h e i r co n te mpo

,

r ar i es an d w o r ship o n ly t h e A n ci e n t s H o we v er a n app r eci ative 69

.
,

cr i tic i s e s sen ti al to the r ea liz a tion o f the v a l u e o f a li ter ar y wor k .

F o r a li t e r a y wo k l o se s m u ch o f i ts r i chn e s s if i t i s n o t a pp r e ci ate d
r r .

L i u tr ac e s the o r igi n o f li te a tu r e t o n atu r e Fo r h i m j u s t as i t was

r .
,
.

fo r Ho r a c e li te r a tu r e i s b o th s w e e t an d u se fu l Hi s v er b a l e mph a sis is
“

, .

o n th e u se fu l a n d h i s r e a l in te r e s t i n t h e s w e e t In h i s Pr e fa c e h e
71 ”
.

sa y s Tim e i s flee ti n g a n d life i tse lf i s tr an si to r y If a m an r e ally w an ts

“
, .

to a chi e v e fam e h i s o n ly ch an c e i s to d e vo t e him se lf to w r i ti n g Thi s ”

.
,

u tili t a r i a n Vi e w i s mo r e t h an b al an c e d by h i s d e e p i n te r est i n asp e c t s

which ar e p u r e ly li ter ar y Thi s inter est i s r e v e ale d in the t i tle o f hi s

.

book : T h e L i ter ar y M i n d a n d the Car vi ng of D ag o ns Hi s o wn e xp la r .

n ation i s : T h e li ter ar y mi n d i s th a t mi n d which s tr iv e s afte r li te r ar y

“

for m s . A n d th e t er m the c a vi n g o f d r ag o n s s ta n d s sp e cific ally

”72 “
r
”

fo r li ter ar y e mb e lli shm e n t Fo r h e say s si n c e fr o m tim e imm e mo r i a l

.
, ,

li te r a tu r e h a s alway s b ee n ch ar a c ter iz e d by ce r tai n e mb e llishmen ts .

”7 3

Hi s vi e w Of the sc o p e o f li te r a t u r e i s b r o ad F r o m the typ e s o f wr i ti n g .

h e i n cl u d e s i n h i s d i s c u s si o n of li te r a tu r e i t i s app ar e n t t h at h e hol d s ,

n o thi n g i n w r i ti n g to b e b e yo n d th e p r o vi n c e o f li te r a tu r e .

Li ter ar y d e v e lo pm e n t i s tr e ate d by L i u H si e h i n a n u mb e r of w ay s .

D e v e l o pme n t o f ge n e r a l tr e n d s L i u b e li e v e s follows the p r inciple o f

, ,

67 I bi d .
, c h ua n 10, p . 14a .
33 I bi d .
, p . 1 3b .
69 I bi d .
, p . 1 3b .

70 Ibid .
, p . 14b .
71 I bid .
, p . 2 1b .
72
I bi d .
, p . 20b .

73 I bi d .
I ntr od ucti o n
th e fle x ibl e ad ap tabili ty to ch a nge He s ay s A S time h as p a sse d a n d .
,

a s dy n a s ti es h av e r ise n a n d f a ll e n li ter a tu r e ha s d e v e lop e d fr om the,

s impl e t o th e mo r e o r n a te in fo r m as w e ll a s in co n te n t A n d ag a i n
”74
.

h e s ay s I t is th e law o f li te r atu r e bo th to mo v e alo n g an d to com e to

“
,

fu ll ci r cle ; t he m er i t o f li te r a tur e r e n e ws i tse lf fr om d ay to d ay If i t .

c h ange s I t w i ll e ndu r e ; if i t a d ap t s i tse lf to t h e ch a n gi n g t id e i t will

, ,

l ack n o thi n g Thu s the li ter ar y fo r ms o f e ach gen e r a tio n co n fo r m

.
”75
,

to th e spi r i t o f th a t ge n e r a tion a n d wh e n ch an ges t ake pl a c e in t h e ,

spi r i t o f the ag e li ter ar y for m s m o d ify t h e m se lve s a c co r d i n gly Thi s

,
.

e x pl ains t h e r i se o f d i ffer e n t ge n r e s in di ff e r e n t age s O cc a sio n a lly L i u .

e mph a si z e s th e m o r a l an d poli tic a l infl u e n c e o f a n ag e o n th e ch ar

a c te r o f li te r a t u r e .

W h e n Liu mov es fr om the di s c u ssion o f ge n e r al tr e n d s i n li te r a t u r e

to a di s c u s sion o f li te r ar y ge n r e s h e hold s t h a t th e fo r m o f e a ch ge n r e ,

is ch ar a c ter i z e d by cer tain nor m s an d h i s cl assific ation o f li ter ar y ,

genr e s i s b ase d o n th e se n or ms Hi s d i sti n c tion s b e twe en li ter ar y gen r e s

.

a r e a t t im es v e r y s tr ic t Thi s indic a te s t h at h e d o e s n o t s ee m t o s e e
, , .

the po ss ibili ty t h a t ch ange s migh t h av e t a k e n pl a c e a c r o s s th e age s in

th e conc e p tio n o f th e se g e n r e s B u t o n t h e o t h e r h a n d t h e ar bi tr a r i n e ss
.
, ,

o f h i s cl a ss ific a t io n c a n n o t e s c ap e th e a t t e n t ion Of e v e n th e mo st c a su al

r e a d e r wh e n i t i s no te d t h at h i s ge n r e s ar e n o t mu t u a lly e x cl u s iv e b u t

ar e o v e r l apping .

Liu s bo ok abo u n d s in cr i tic al e v alu a tion o f ind ivid u a l au th o r s an d

’

th e i r wo r k s All th a t ca n b e a t te mp te d h e r e i s to fe r r e t o u t t h e c r i ter i a
.

h e s e e m s t o h a v e us e d i n m aki n g th e se e v a lua tio n s Th ese c r i te r i a see m .

to fa ll in to th e followi n g c a te go r i e s : ( 1 ) n a t u r a l t al e n t s f ll n e ss Of
( )
2 u ,

feelings an d e mo tio n s ( 3) style as e xp r esse d in ter m s o f ar ti si tc qu ali ty

,

o f l a ngu a ge mo l c o n vic ti o n s an d phil o s ophy o f li fe chol

(4) , r a
( 5) s a r ,

ship an d l e a r ning h e n a t u r e of th e su bj e c t m a tte r t e a t e d

( 6 ) t , a n d r ,

( 7) t h e m u sic a l p a tte r n s Liu him s e lf o n two occ a sio n s r e d u ce s t h e s e

.
, ,

c ate gor i es to ne at fo r mul as On o n e occ asion h e o ffer s th r e e m ain

.

p atter n s : t he p atte r n o f colo r s the p atter n of so u n d s an d the p a tter n

, ,

o f e mo tion s O n a no th e r occ asio n he giv es fo u r c a te go r i e s : e mo tio n s

76
.

74 Ibid .
, ch ua n 9 , p . 22 .
75 Ibi d .
, ch u a n 6, p . 1 8a .
76 I bid .
, ch u a n 7, p . 13 .
xl I ntr o d ucti o n
an d ime n ts which a r e th e spi r i t o f li ter a t u r e ; fa c ts a n d p r i n cipl e s
se n t , ,

which ar e the bon e an d m ar r ow ; li n gu i stic p atte r n s which a r e the ,

fl esh ; a n d m u sic al p atte r n s which ar e the v o ice an d the b r e ath He , .

77

d e v o te s mo s t o f th e s e co n d po ti o n o f h i s wo r k t o th e e l abo r atio n o f r

th ese e l e m e n t s a n d th e d i scu ss io n o f t h e r e l a tio n s hip b e t w ee n t h e m

, .

In vi e w o f the fa ct th at L i u n e v er d i sc u sses a n y e l e m e n t i n i so l a ti o n i t ,

m ay b e wi s e to b egi n o u r a n a ly si s wi th t h e r e l a ti o n s hip b e t w e e n th e
e l e me n ts .

In co n si d er i n g the r e l a ti v e impo r tanc e of th ese li ter ar y e l e me n ts L i u ,

S how s a r e m ar k a bl e s e n se of b al an ce He i s a cr i tic i n whom e mo ti o n .

an d i n t e ll e c t b e au t y o f ling u i stic fo r m a n d fu ll n e s s o f e mo tion a l co n

,

te n t a r e b a l a n c e d H e s a y s .
,

L ite r a r y b e au t y m e an s a do r n in g l g g; b t l g g
t he an ua e u an ua
’
e s a pp p i ro r

a ten e ss a n d b e au t y is co n d iti o n e d by i f l i g Th
n n er f ee n s . er e o r e , fe e i n l g s are

t he wa r p o l
f i te r a r y p a t te r n s an d l i g i ti f m
n e th
u s w c or s ar e -
oo f o f i de a s .

On ly wh en t he w p ar is s tr ai ght ,
ca n t h e woo f b e fo r m e d ; an d o n ly wh en

i d e as ar e de fi n i te , c a n li g n u i stic fo r m s be e xpr essive .

”

Hi s p e c t fo r the an ci en t po e ts li e s in the fa ct th a t the y buil t th e i r

r es

li te r a r y fo r m s o n e mo tio n s whil e l ate r po e ts fab r i ca te d e mo ti o n s t o

,

fit li ter ar y fo r m s B u t li te r ar y fo r m s ar e n o t fall a cio u s in t h e m se lv e s ;

.
79

t he f a ll a cy li e s i n h a vi n g t h e fo r m s a lon e wi tho u t e m o tion s Emo tio n s .

a r e t u n e d t o ch a n g e s o f e x t er n a l s c e n e Sp r i n g s u mm e r a u t umn an d .
, , ,

Win ter — e a ch a ffe c ts u s in a sp e cific way an d ar o u se s i n u s cer ta i n

sp e cific e mo t io n s Si n ce sto ck ph r a se s a r e i n ad e q u ate fo r the depic ti n g
80
.

o f v a r yi n g e mo tion s L i u d e m a n d s fr e sh n e ss i n li n g u i s ti c p att e r n a s a
,

co n d i tio n o f good li ter a tu r e Thu s the impo r ta n ce o f e mo ti o n i s .

81

m a tch e d by th a t o f li te r ar y e x p r e ssi o n In d e fe n se Of li n g u i s tic b e a u ty .

h e s a y s W h at i s w r i tte n by the s ages a n d wo r th y m e n i s s u mm e d u p

,

u n d e r t h e ph r a se we n c h a n g W h a t i s i t if n o t b e au ty o f fo r m ?
”82
-
.
,

L i u i s app a r e n tly e x p r e ssi n g a n e w app r e ci ation o f the li ter ar y qu ali ti e s

o f th e C l a s si c s F o r him su b s ta nce d e p e n d s o n li te r a r y p at ter n fo r
.
,

e x p r e ssi o n j u s t a s e xp r e ssi o n s d e p e n d on e mo tio n s fo r th e i r co nte n t

,
.

77 I bi d .
, c h
u an 9, p .
9b .
78 I bi d .
, c h il a n 7, p . i h .
79 Ibid .

80 I bid .
, c h ii a n 10, p . 1a .
81 I bi d .
82 I bi d .
, chu an 7, p . I a .
I ntr o d ucti o n xli

Liu only de fend s r he to r ic ; he al s o e ndo r se s li ter a r y ex agger atio n

not

an d e mb e llishm e n t Fo r his ju st ific ation he p ar a ph r a ses M e nciu s

.
, ,

“
Tho u gh the l an gu age be e x agger ate d i t h ar m s n o t the id e a s H er e ,
.
”83

Liu s ees the r ea l fu n ction o f li ter atu r e a s co n si sti n g i n t he cr e atio n o f

be a u tifu l lingui stic for ms fo r the p u r p o se o f movi n g th e h e ar t o f the
r ea d er .

In hi s d i s cu ssion o f m u sica l p o e tr y h e di s cl o ses the in tim a te r e l atio n

s hip b e t wee n m u s ic a n d p o e t r y H e sa y s P o e tr y i s th e h e ar t o f m u sic
“
.
, ,

an d so u n d i s t h e bo d y o f m u sic Sinc e th e body o f m u s ic li e s i n s o u n d .

,

m u si ci an s m u st tu n e th e i r i n str u m e n ts ; since the h ea r t of m u sic li e s i n

p o e t y su p er io r m e n sho u l d m ak e r igh t th e i r li ter ar y fo r m s
r , Fr o m .
”8 4

thi s i t i s o n ly a S h o r t s te p to th e Vie w t h at m u s ic i s t h e r e fl e c t io n o f th e

a e an d t h a t by li s te n i n g to t h e m u s ic o f a n o n e i s ab l e t o d i s c e r n
g , y ga e

th e ch a r ac ter o f t h at ag e P o e tr y a n d m u sic ar e t h u s in t im a te ly bo u n d
.

t oge th e r by t h e i r i d e n tic a l f u n ction .

T h e abili ty to w ea v e th e se li ter ar y e l e m e n t s in to b eau tifu l r hy thmic

an d mu sic a l e x p r e s s i o n s Of r e a l e mo t io n a n d fe e li n g i n c o r po r a t i n g i n t o ,

the te x tu r e tr u e m o r a l convi ctio n s a n d p r i n ciple s i s o f co u r s e a gi ft o f , , ,

n at ur e B u t effor t a n d l e ar n i n g co n tr ib u te m u ch to the r ich n ess i n

.

m ate r i al s an d the r e so u r ce fu l n e ss an d ea se wi th whi ch o n e a d ap ts h i s

s t yl e to th e n atu e o f t h e su bj e c t u n d er t r e a tm e n t A S n at u r a l t a l e n t s
85
r .

v ar y wi th i n d ivi d u al s Liu concei v e s o f e igh t d i ffe r en t S tyl es : fi r st

, ,

e l e ga n t an d gr a ce f u l o r i n th e S t yl e o f ti e n an d a ; se co n d fa r r a n gi n g
y
-
, ,

a n d p r ofo u n d ; t hi r d poli sh e d an d co n crse ; fo u r t h , l u ci d a n d logic al ; ,

fifth p r o fu se a n d flo wer y ; S i x th vigo r o u s an d b eau ti fu l ; se v en th fr e sh

, , ,

a n d e x tr a o r d i n a r y ; a n d e igh th ligh t a n d t r ivi a l F e w h a v e th e g e n i u s

, .

to comm an d a ll t h ese s t yl e s b u t m an y c a n a d ap t so m e S tyl e t o fit

,

th e i r t a l e n ts
86
.

In th e discus sion of t ale n ts t h er e i s a ch ap te r on T h e W ind an d ,

“
t h e B on e wind m e aning ly r ic al o r in th e m an n er of fe ng an d
,
” ”
, ,
“
bon e me aning Vigo r an d str e n gth Liu say s He who wo u ld exp r e ss
”
.
,
“

mo u r nfu l e mo tion s m u st b egin wi th the wi n d an d to o r gan ize his ,

83 Ibi d .
, ch u a n 8, p .
5b .
84 I bi d .
, c hu an 2, p . 2 5a .

85 Ibid .
, ch ii a n 6 . p . 1b .
86 I bid .
, pp . 8a - 8b .
X li i I n t r o d u ct i o n
li n gu i stic e le m e n ts he m u s t above all e mph a size the bo n e T he wi n d , .
”87

giv es wi n gs to wo r d s an d the bo n e giv e s th em vigo r an d S tr e n g th .

88

B y th e wi n d a n d th e bo n e L i u i s t a lki n g abo u t wh at W e i we n h a d ,
-

c alle d the br e ath Hi s qu o tation fr om W e i we n co n vi n c e s u s th at he

.
-

s h a r e s wi t h W e i we n t he fee li n g t h at g e n i u s i s bo r n a n d n o t m a d e
-
89
.

B u t impo r t an t as ge ni u s i s i t i s only h alf th e st o r y ; the o th er h a lf ,

dep e nd s o n e xp er i e nce a n d sch o l ar ship It i s by m e a n s o f wi d e acq u ai n t .

a n c e wi th li ter ar y wo r k s a n d e x te n siv e e x p e r i e n c e t h a t o n e c a n hop e

to a void pov er ty o f e x p r e ssio n

90
.

G e n i u s op er ate s t h r o u gh im a gi n atio n the powe r o f a sso ci atio n Of ,

i d eas a n d the abili ty to fo r ge me tapho r s T he m an n e r i n which ge ni u s

, .

op e r a te s i s su ch th at i t c an n o t be tr an smi tte d by i n str u c tion Lik e I Chih .

wh o co u ld n o t i n fo r m p e o pl e h o w h e co o k c d an d th e Wh ee lwr ight -
,

P i e n wh o co u ld n o t te ll p e opl e h o w h e wi e l d e d h i s ax s o a w r i ter i s ,

u n a bl e to t r an smi t h i s m a n ne r o f op e r a t io n to o th e r s
91
.

Liu i n h i s tr e atm en t o f m e tapho r an d o f the co u pl e t d i spla y s

, ,

r e m ar k ab l e a n a ly t ic a l pow e r Hi s a n aly si s Of m e tapho r in cl u d e s wh a t .

i s n o w d e s c r ib e d a s o n o m atopo e i a a n d h i s a n a ly ti c l c a te go r iz a tio n
92
,
a

o f t h e co u pl e t se e m s t o b e t h e fi r st a t t e mp t of i t s kin d
93
.

W i th h i s i n si ste nce o n th e impo r tan ce of r ea l e mo ti o n s an d fe e li n gs

as th e fo u n d a tio n o f li te r a t u r e L i u i n clin es to war d sp o n t an e i t y a n d ,

n atu r aln e ss It i s n o t a ccide n tal th at i n the fi r st ch ap ter h e tr ace s

.
94

li te r atu e to n atu r al p atter n s an d fo r m s B y n atu r e we h ave se v e n

r .

e mo tio n s a n d t h e se e mo tio n s a r e n a tu r a ll y ar o u se d wh e n a ff e c t e d by
,

87 I bi d pp .
, . 1 3a 1 3b -
.
88 I bi d .
, pp . 1 3b - 1 4 a .

89 I bi d p .
, . 1 3b . W e i we n ti - -
,
Ti e n -lu n lu n -we n ,
”
W ei we n ti - -
ch i ( Ha n W e i liu ch a o -
’

p a i -
sa n mi g n -
c h ia ch i c d .
, c h ila n 1, p .
70a .

90 W e n hs i n -
, c h ii a n p
6, . 1b .

91 W e n hsi n -
, c h ii an 6 p , . 2a . I C h ih is an o th e r na m e fo r I Y i n T h e . f
r e e r e n ce is to

a p a ssa g e i n L u -s hi h c h u n -c
’
h iu
’
wh er e I Y in , i n an s w er t o T ’
an g q ’
s u e s t io n , s a s : y
The g w h i h t k pl
ch a n es c a e ac e in a cau ld ron ar e su bl t e a nd l
d e ica te , n e ith e r e xp r e ss i bl e

i w d by t h m th i v bl e b y th e mi nd L it-s hi h h h iu ( C hu tz u c h i
’ ’
-
n or s e ou n o r co n c e a . c un c -

g d Sh gh i pt pp ( Cf g
“
Fr uhli n
”
c h ii a n
’

h ch a Pe n -W e i ,
’
c en c .
, an a , er on 14 , . 1 4 0 -1 . .

a nd He r b s t d e s L u B u W e
'

,
l
t r a n s a te d by R . l lm “m
W i he e , p . Fo r t he

W h e e lw r igh t Pie n s ee C h u a ng t z u o o k X III , , B , Ch pt a er 10 .

92
We n hsi n ch ii an 8 pp I a I b ; ch ii a n 1 0
-
, , .
-
, p . 1a .

93
I bi d .
, c h ii a n 7, p .
33b .

94 I bi d .
, c h ila n I , p . 1 a ; ch u a n 7, I a -T o b .
xli v I ntr o d ucti o n
at ing the co n tempo r ar i e s an d wor shipping the A n ci e n ts F r o m the .
99

gen er al ten or o f hi s wr i ti n g we must conclu d e t h at his con se r v ati sm ,

is a m a tte r o f h abi t while his p r ogr e ssiv e i d e as r i se fr om co n vi c ti o n s

,
.

He p ay s lip s er vic e to th e Cl assic s b u t giv es h i s h e ar t to th e S tu dy o f ,

e l e m e n t s which ar e p u r e ly li t e r a r y A n d e v e n i n t r e at ing t he Cl a s sic s .

,

h e giv es t h em m o r e o f a li te r ar y app r e ci atio n th an a mo r alis tic i n te r p r e

rat io n F o r him i t s ee m s the Cl a ssic s a r e impo r ta n t b e c a u se t h e y
.
, ,

pos se ss li te r ar y v a l u e ; he d o es n o t b e li e ve th at li ter ar y v alue d e p en d s

u po n co n fo r mi t y t o th e Cl ass ic s .

W h e n h e discus s e s li te r ar y e l e m e n ts i n t he se co n d po r tion o f h i s
book h i s fr ee dom fr om cl as sici sm is e v e n mor e s u r p r isi n g He occ u pi e s
, .

him se lf almo st e x cl u siv e ly wi th wh at i s pu r e ly li te r ar y In th e e ight .

st yl e s h e fo r m u l a te s o n ly th e fi r st s tyl e t i e n y a r e fe r s t o th e Sh u ch i n g
, , ,
-

a n d th e Shih ch i n g B u t a s u se d i n his c r i t ic a l j udgm en t s o n individ u a l

-
.

au tho r s an d t h e i r wor k s t h ese ter m s m e an m e r e ly e l e gan t an d “ ”

,

“
gr a cefu l It i s th er efor e ab u n d an tly cl ear t h at wh ate ve r he co n
.
”
, ,

ce i ves t o b e th e v a lu e o f a cl ass ic a l e l e m e n t t his v a l u e i s o n ly o n e ,

a m o n g m a n y o t h er li te r a r y v a lu es He b r ings th e Cl as sics down to .

e ar t h fo r u s t o a dmi r e a s wo r k s o f li t e r at u r e Such b e ing Liu s li t e r a r y

’
.

ou tl o ok i t would n o t b e far wr ong to concl u de th at in hi s sy s te m

,

cl as sici sm pl ays the sam e r ol e as an y o th er li te r a r y e l em e n t an d th u s ,

i t is n o t po ssibl e to c all L i u H si e h a cl a ssici st wi t ho u t d o i n g him

a g r a v e inj us t ic e .

L i u H si e h se e m s t o h a v e g ath e r e d up in hi s W n h s i n ti a o lu n g a ll e - -

t he s tr a n d s o f li te r a r y a n d c r i tic al t ho u gh t which we h a v e di s c u sse d

i n th e p r e ce d i n g p age s He h a s app a r e n tly r e a d wi de ly w e ighi n g th e

.
,

id e a s o f e ar li er au tho r s an d th e n for m u l ati n g hi s o wn B e i n g a gr e a t .

wr i ter him self a p ast m as te r o f the b eau tifu l style o f the Si x D y n as ti es

,

p e r iod which i s ch ar ac te r ize d by b al ance in s tr uctur e p ar alle lism Of

, ,

e x p r e s s ion s a n d conson a nc e o f l a ng u age

,
h e i n spi r e s the r e ad er n o t ,

only by the con te nt o f his wo r k b u t also by his incomp ar abl e style ,

.

In th e ch ap te r o n A n U nde r s tan ding Cr i tic Liu Hsi e h m ade the

“
,
”

99 I bi d .
, c h ii a n 6; co mp ar e x
te t o n p .
7 b a n d Eu o y
I
“
l g
at t h e e n d o f th e es s a y on

p . 1 8a ; s e e a s o c h ii a n l 9,
“
Sh ih h s fi,
-
”
a n d ch ii a n 1 0 ,
“
ch i h - i n y g .
I ntr o d ucti o n xlv

s ta te m e n t th at li ter ar y wo r k s h ad to b e app r e ci ate d to r e v e a l t h ei r

b eau ty If we apply thi s S tate m e n t to h i s W e n hsi n ti ao lu ng th e r e i s
.
- -
,

n o do u b t a bo u t i t s b e i n g o n e Of t h e mo s t b eau ti ful b e c au se i t i s o n e ,

o f th e m o st a d mi r e d o f w o r k s D u i n g h i s o wn d a y Sh e n Y ii e h t h e
,
. r ,

li te r ar y lion o f h i s ag e k ep t i t wi thi n r e ach o n hi s d esk L i u Chih chi

,
.
-

e gr e a t hi s to r i o g r aph e r o f t h e T a n g d y n a s t y sp o k e Of him
’

( 6 6 1 t h ,

in h is Shi h t u ng as the a bi ter o f taste d u r i n g t he Si x D y n a sti e s p er iod

-
’
r .

Hu an g T i n g—chi e n ( 1045 ’
o n e o f t h e g r e at po e t s o f th e Su n g ,

con si d er e d Liu Chih chi s Shi h t u n g an d L i u Hsieh s W e n hsi n ti a o

-
’
-
’ ’
-

lu n g t wo w o k s which all s ch o l ar s aspi r i n g to b e li ter ar y w r i te r s must

r

r e ad And Hu Yi n g lin of th e Ming wh o flou r i sh e d i n 1590 r an k e d

.
-
, ,

W e n hsi n ti a o lu n g abov e Shi h t u n g

’
- - -
.

In the Ch i n g dyn a sty the compil e r s o f the Ss u k u ch u a n s h u

’

,
-
’ '
-

chi e n m i n g m a lu spok e o f W e n h si n as t h e fi r st li t er a r y c r i t ic a l wo r k
- - -

which con tain s the e ssen ce o f li te r ar y a n d r h e to r ic a l p r i n ciples Ch an g .

Hs iI eh ch e n g ( 1 738 a n o t h e r g r e at hi st o r i o gr aph e r e x p r e s s e d h i s
'
’
-
,

e n thusi asm an d u n bound e d a dmi r a t i o n fo r L i u Hsi e h s W e n h si n i n

’
-

hi s W e n s hi h t u n g i a wo r k which r an k s wi t h Liu Chih chi s Shi h

’ ’
- - -
,

t u n g in impo r tan c e A n d J u an Y ii an ( 1 764 1 849 ) who b e c a u se of h i s

’
-
.
,

impor tan t Offici a l posi tion was abl e to m ak e such an impo r tan t co n ,

t r i b u ti o n by fo s ter i n g s chol ar ship co n sid e r e d Liu H si e h t he c r e a t o r ,

o f li t e r a r y l a w s .

As l ate as 194 1 Fu T se n g h si ang a famou s bibliogr aph e r s aid

,
-
, , ,

W e n hsi n ti a o lu ng d e a l s wi t h the d e v e l o pm e n t of li ter a tu r e It i s t h e

- -
.

comp ass i n the li te r ar y wo r l d a h an d b o ok to all wr i te r s an d sch o l ar s , .

” 1 00

The n in 1946 Eu Ke n g—sh en g in hi s C h u ng ku o w n hs u e h p i p i g

, ,
-
e -
' ’
-
’
n

t u ng — lu n s aid o f the W e n h s i n It s scop e i s c o mp r e h e n siv e th e i d e a s

’ “
-
, ,

i t con tai n s a r e su b t l e an d p e n e tr at i n g an d i t s e mph a si s i s b al an c e d , ,

wi tho u t d e vi ati n g fr om the no r m Cl ear i n i ts d efi n i tion s an d l o gi c al .

a n d s y st e m a ti c I n I t s c a te g o r iz a tion i t i s t h e gr e a te st li te r a r y c r i tic a l ,

wor k e ve r p r o d u ce d in the whole hi sto r y of Chi n a O cc asio n ally .

” 1° 1

1 0°
Fu T se n ghi g
-
s an ,
“
Hs u Hs i n -
k g
un c h ia o W e n hs i n t i a o l u n g
- -
p a, Ku o m i n g -
cha

c hih , X , 19 4 1 .

1 01
Pu K g Sh g
en -
en , C /m ng -
k uo tv e n -
hs u e h p i
’
-
pi
’
ng t u n g -l u n
’

( C h u n gk i ng , 19 4 6 , a nd

Sh a ng h a h
xl vi I ntr o d ucti o n
we h e ar s om e d i ssen ting no te Ch a o Ku n g—.
’
wu ( fl o u r i shi n g in 1 1 44 )
c i ticize d th e fa ctu a l a cc u r a cy o f ce r tain s tate m e n t s m a de by Liu H si eh
r .

B u t mo s t w r i te r s h av e s to o d by L i u H si e h wi th unsw e r ving f ai th .

B efo r e I b r i n g thi s i n tr o d u ction to a cl o se I wo u ld like to dwell

,

b r i e fly o n t he d i ff cu l ty i n volv e d i n a stu d y of Chi n e se li te r ar y cr i ticism

i

a n d h o w thi s di ffic u l t y m a t c r t a i n e x t e n t b e e limi n at e d O n e of

y o
, a e ,
.

th e di ffi cul ti e s i s t o gr a sp fi r mly th e m e an ing o f t h e t e r m s u se d by

Chi n e se wr i te r s an d cr i tic s In ge n e r al all Chi n e se te r m s ar e s u bj e ct

.
,

t o a ch an ge of m e an i n g i n d i ffe r e n t co n t e x t s ; b u t t hi s i s e sp e ci a lly t r u e

i n li te r ar y c r i ti ci s m U n l e ss we k n o w e x a c t ly wh at c e r t ai n t e r m s m ea n
.

i n c e r tain c o n te x ts we a r e at a lo s s how to in t e r p r e t t h em This d iffi

, .

c u l ty i s i n cr e ase d by th e fac t th at m an y wr i te r s wh o h av e n o t fo r m e d
th e i r t h o u gh t wi t h an y d e g ee o f p r e ci sio n t a k e a d v an t age o f t h e con
r

fu sion an d u se the ter m s wi th ab an don i n an eff o r t t o d e ck th e m se lv es

wi th bo r r owe d e l egan ce It i s tr u e th at l angu age i s a fluid thing su bj e ct
.
,

t o ch an ge o f m e an i n g in di ffe r e n t p e r io d s ; b u t fo r an y spe cific p e r iod ,

th e r e m u st b e s om e ki n d o f ag e e m e n t a s to t h e s e v er a l po ssibl e
r

m i g
e a n n s o n e t e r a a e —
m y h v i n or d e r to a void utter ch a o s O n e way
m .

t o g e t o u t o f t hi s di ffi c u l t S i tu at i o n i s t o fin d a way t o d e fi n e th e te r m s

by r efer r ing to the c o n te x ts i n which th ey a c tu ally occ u r —a p r oce dur e

s imil ar t o t h e o n e I A R ich a r d s h a s fo llow e d i n his s t u di e s o f M e n ciu s
. . .

It i s my hop e th at so me d ay I m ay h a v e an oppo r t uni ty t o d e v o te

my se lf to thi s tas k .
DR A G ONS
Pr eface 1

T he li ter a y mi n d i s th at mi n d which s tr iv es afte r li te r ar y fo r m s In a

r .

s imil ar s e n se C h ii an t z u lo n g ag o w r o te C h i n g h s i n ( T h e mi n d o f th e
’
- -
,

l u te ) an d W an g su n wr o te C h i a o hsi n ( T he ar tistic min d ) W h at an

,
-
'
-
.
2

e x c e ll e n t t e r m i n d ee d is mi n d ! And b e c au se i t i s I h av e u se d i t to o “ ”
.
,

And S i n ce fr om time imm e m o r i al li te r atu r e h as always b een ch ar ac

t e r i z e d by c e r t ain e mb e lli s hm e n t s I am n o t implic ati n g my se lf i n th e ,

t yp e Of d r a go n c ar ving p a c tic e d by T s o u Shih an d his gr o u p

“ ” 3
r .

N ow wi th r esp e c t to the u n iv er se i t i s e v e r l as ti n g a n d boundle s s an d , ,

i n i t we fin d p e opl e o f a ll typ es He wh o w an t s t o s tan d o u t ab o v e th e .

oth er s m u st dep e nd on hi s in telligen ce Tim e i s flee ting a n d life i tse lf .

i s tr an si to y If a m an r e ally w an t s to a chi e v e fam e his o n ly ch an c e

r .
,

i s to d e v o te him se lf to w r i ti n g In his app e ar an ce m an r e se mbl e s .

,

h eave n an d e ar th an d he i s n atu r ally e n dowe d wi th five t alen t s ; h i s

,

e a r s a n d e y es ar e comp a r a bl e t o t h e su n an d moo n ; h i s v o ic e an d

b r e ath a r e like the wi n d an d th u n d er ; y e t as h e tr an scen d s all things , ,

h e i s r e a lly spi r i tu al Hi s phy s i cal fo r m m ay b e a s fr agil e a s th e gr a s se s

.

a n d tr e es b u t his fam e i s mo r e s u b st an ti a l t h a n m e tal an d S to n e

, .

Th er efor e a m an o f vi r tu e i n hi s r e l ation ship wi th th e p e ople o f the

, ,
—

wor ld aim s at e stabli shi n g bo th hi s ch a r acte r an d hi s wo r d s SO i t i s

, .

n o t th at I s imply h app e n to b e fond of ar g u m e n t ; i t i s t h a t I c a n n o t

d o o t h e r w i s e t h a n w r i te .
4

1
p t i whi h L i H i h t t h i
T h is ch a er , n f th h i f t h t i tl
c d hi u s e s a es s r e a so n or e c o ce o e e an s

r ea so n f w iti g th b k igi ll y pp d t th d f th w k
or r n e oo di g t
, or na a ea r e a e en o e or , a cco r n o

co mm p ti i on i t Ch i
r ac ce n anc e n na .

2
B th C h ii t
o Ch i g h i d W
an g -
tz u s
’
Ch i h i li t d i h
’
n -
s n an an -
su n -
z u s
’ ’
ao - s n ar e s e n t e

I W-
h ih i t h H
en c -
h
”
Ch i h i
n l k w e W g t
an s i li d
-
du .
’
ao - s n , a so no n as an -
su n- z u , s s te un er

J hi
u -c th C f i S h l S H h ( T ip i d
a, e o n u c an hu 3 p 3b c oo ee a n -s u a e c c an 0, 1

T i t S h l S i bi d p 5 h
. .
, . .

i li
“
Ch i g h i
”
d d
’
n -
s n T hi
s ths te un er ao c -
a, e ao s c oo ee 1

T h t m Ti
. . .
, .

3
e l ger v i g f d g w fi t d t d ib th
“
ao -
un ,
”
ort ca r n o ra o ns, as rs u se o e scr e e o rna e

q l ity f T Sh ih w iti g T h b i g ph y f H ii C h i g i th Shih hi Sp k

ua o so u
’
s r n . e o ra o s n
’
n n e -
c ea s

o f h im Ti l g Shih P i Y i i h i mm t y q d L i H i g yi g
as
“
ao - u n .
’
e n, n s co e n ar u o te u s an as s a n

th t T f T
,

a Sh i h w iti g w p tt d ft th
so u
’
s t
r ty l n Y d was l ik a er ne a er e o r na e s e o so u en, an as e

th e v i g Of d g p tt H h w k w
c ar n ra o ns Ti l g Shih Shi h hi
’
a e r ns . e n ce e as no n as
“
ao - u n .
-
c ,

c hii 74 p 5
an , . 3 .

P 4
p h i g M i S M g t y i t 4 /3B /9 ; 5 /3B /9
ar a r as n e n c us . ee en -
z u n- e, 2 2 .
 Pr eface
AS chil d o f se ve n I d r eam e d o f co lo e d clo u d s like b r o ca de d S ilk an d
a r

th a t I climb e d u p a n d pick e d t h e m W h e n ov e r thi r ty y e a r s o f a e

g .
,

I d r eam e d I h ad i n my h and the p ai n te d a n d l acqu er ed ce r e mon i al

v esse ls an d was followi n g Con fu cius an d t r a v e lli n g towar d th e s o u th .

In the mo r n i n g I a wo k e h appy an d d ee ply at e ase T he d i ffi cu l ty o f .

see in g th e S age i s gr eat inde ed an d y e t he app ea r e d i n the d r eam ,

o f an i n sign ific a n t fe llow lik e m e ! Si n c e th e bi r t h o f m an t h e r e h a s

n e v e r b een an y o n e lik e t he Master No w i n sofar a s I wi sh e d to p r o p a .

5
,

gate an d p r ai se the te achi n gs o f the S age n o thi n g wo u l d h av e b e e n ,

b e tte r th a n to wr i te comm e n ta i e s o n the Cl assics Howe v e r M a r .

, ,

Che n g an d o the r s h av e a l r e a dy giv e n u s th e i r p en e tr ati n g i n ter p r e ta

,
6

tio n s of t h e se Cl a ss ic s Ev e n i f I h a d h ad s om e p r o fo u n d i d e a s abo u t
.

th e m i t i s u n lik e ly th at th e y wo u ld h av e b e e n su ffi ci e n t t o e s tabli s h

,

a n i n d e p e n d e n t s c ho o l A s a m a tte r o f f a c t t h e f u n c tion o f we n ch a n g
.
,
-
,

o r li t e a r y w r i ti n g i s an o ff s hoo t o f t h e fu n c t io n of t h e Cl a ss ics T h e
r , .

Fiv e R i te s ar e a ccomp li sh e d o n the b asi s f li ter ar y wr i ti n g an d th e

7
o ,

Si x G ov er n m en t F u nc ti o n s ar e al so p e r fo r m e d wi th i ts ai d T he r e l a
8
.

ti o n sh ip b e t w ee n r u l e r an d mi n i ste r s i s m a d e cl e a r t h r o u gh li te r ar y

wr i ti n g an d go ve r n m en t an d mili tar y affai r s ar e clear ly de fin e d by

,

me an s of i t A n d if o n e t r a ce s t he se wr i tte n doc u me n ts b a ck to th e i r
.

so u r ce i t is fo u n d to b e non e o th e r th an the Cl as sics th e mse lv e s

,
.

Howe v er o u r tim e i s far r e mov e d fr om th at o f the S age an d o r th o

, ,

d o x li te r ar y s tyl e h as d e clin e d T z u w r i te r s lov e t h e e x o tic an d p r iz e

'
.
,

in the i r wr i ti n g th at which i s s u p er fici al an d e ccen tr ic Th e y tr y t o .

d e co r ate th e fe a th e r j u s t to b e p a i n ti n g an d will atte mp t to e mb r oi d e r

“

e v e n th e l e a th e r h an dk e r chi e f b ag All th e se wr i ter s d e vi ate gr e atly .

fr o m th ei r tr ue so u r ce i n p u r s u i t o f the p r e te n ti o u s an d the ex ce ssiv e .

B u t i n the B o o k o f H i s t o r y I n the d i s cu ssion o f tz u o r l a ngu age i t i s

'

, ,

5 A n o th e r p pha ra r ase o f Me n c iu s I bid . .

, 12 /2 A / 2 .

6 Ma J g un 79
,
-
1 66 ; C hen g Hs ii a n , 1 2 7 -2 0 0 . B o th a r e g t l
r ea c a ss i ca l co mm e n ta to r s .

7 See C h o u -i y i n -t e , 3 / l g b , co mm e n ta r y . Se e no te 5, Ch p a te r III , fo r t h e li ts o f t he

Fi v e R it e s
Th y
.

8 C h o u i y i n te ,
- -
I /g b . e ar e : C hi h ( in ch a r g Of v ll p l i y m k i g )
e o e r -a o c a n , c hi a o

( in ch a r g Of
e e d u c a t io n ) , li ( in cha r g e o f r ite s ) , ch g ( d m i i t ti ) h i g
en a n s ra on , s n ( la w) ,

a n d s hi h ( i n c h a r ge o f p bl i w k
u c or s ) .
6 Pr eface
how li ter atu r e h as i t s sou r ce in the T ao i n Ch ap ter II ho w i t take s
,

i ts mod e l fr om t h e S age i n Ch ap te r III how i t a dop t s the p atte r n o f

,

th e Cl a ss ic s i n Ch ap te r I V how i t co n sul ts th e apoc r yph a l w r i t ings an d

, ,

i n Ch ap ter V ho w i t e x p e r i e n c e s s om e ch an ge s in t he Sa o I h a v e de al t .

wi th the c r u ci al fa ctor s of li te r atu r e e x h au stiv e ly h er e .

In d i scus si n g we n o r w r i ti n gs which a r e r hym e d i n Ch ap te r s V

, ,

t o X III a n d p i u n r hym e d w r i t i n g s i n Ch ap t e r s XV I t o XXV I h av e

, , , ,

cl assifi e d th e m into s ep a r a te gen r es an d tr ace d e a ch ge n r e b ack to i ts

s o u r c e i n o r d e r t o m a k e cl e ar i t s d e v e lopm e n t an d I h av e d e fin e d a,

n u mb er o f li ter ar y te r m s i n or d er to cl ar ify t he i r m e an i n g I h av e .

se l e c te d s e v e r al li t e r a r y wo r ks fo r t r e at m e n t u n d e r e a ch sp e cific t o pic ,

a n d h a v e a d v a nc e d a r g u m e n t s t o d e mons t r a te t h e i r u ni ty Th u s in th e .

fi r s t p ar t Of the book a clear gene r a l outline is p r e sen te d .

In the an alysis of e m o tion s an d th e i r li ter ar y e xp r ession s I h ave ,

s ough t in C h ap te r s XXX I a n d XXX II t o d e te r mi n e t h e i r s c o p e sy ste m

a ti cally I h a v e e l abo r ate d o n th e t h e m e o f c r e a t iv e t hi n ki n g in Ch ap t e r

.

XXV I an d d eal t wi th the r e l atio n be twee n styl e an d n atur e in Ch ap ter

,

XXV II I h ave analy z e d ly r ici sm i n Ch ap ter XXV III an d expl ain e d

.
,

h o w to choos e th e p r op e r s tyle in Ch ap te r XXX I h av e d e v e l o p e d the .

p r i n ciple o f fle x ible ad ap tabili ty to ch anging r e qu i r e m en ts in Ch ap ter

XX I X an d looke d in to the u se o f musical p atter n s in Ch ap ter XXXIII
,

a n d th e choic e o f wo r d s in Ch ap ter XXX I V T h e t h e m e o f li te r ar y d e

.

ve lo m e n t i s tr e a te d in Ch ap te r X LV e n t i t l e d Shih Li ar y
“ ” “
p , h sii o r t e r -
,

D e v e lopm e n t an d Tim e an d my o wn e v al u ation of s e v er al li te r a r y

,
”

ta l e n ts is p r e s e n te d in Ch ap ter X LV II e n ti t l e d T s a i lii e h Li te r ar y
“ ’ ” “
-
or ,

T ale n ts In Ch ap ter XLV III enti tle d Chih y in o r A n U n de r stand

.
”
,
“
-
,
” “

i n g C r i tic I e xp r e ss my sad dis appoi n tmen t ; an d in Ch ap te r XLI X

,
”
,

e n ti tl e d Ch e ng
“ ’
or Cap aci ty o f a V es s el I se t for th my imp ar ti a l
“
,
”

v er dic t o n the ch ar ac te r s o f s ever al li te r ar y wr i te r s In this Hsii chih .

“
-
,
”

Pr e fac e ar e con tain e d th e id e a s which sum u p a ll the su cc e e d i n g

“
or ,

ch ap ter s Thus in the se cond p ar t fr om Ch ap ter XXV I o n the sub

.
, ,

t opics a r e m a d e cl e a r in a ll the i r de tails T h e pos t ul a tion o f p r incipl e s

.

a n d d e fini tio n o f t e r m s a r e sh own i n t he n u mb e r Of th e G r e a t C ha nge ;

Pr eface 7

bu t on ly for ty n in e ch ap te r s -
ar e e mploy e d fo r th e e lucid ation o f
li te r atu r e .

It i s y to e v al u ate an d d i scu s s a sp e cific wo r k o f li te r atu r e b u t

e as ,

r a t h er di ffi c u l t to d e a l comp r e h e n siv e ly an d c r i tic a lly wi th a ll li t e a r y r

wo r k s S o m e o f th em m ay h ave fo r m s as ligh t as fu r a n d h ai r b u t y e t
.
,

h av e co n te n t d e epe r th an bo n e an d m ar r o w Th e r e a r e a l s o wo r k s .

wi tho u t n u mb e r who se ide as a r e implici t r ath e r th an e x pli ci t an d

wh o se so u r ce i s hi dd en n ei the r i d eas n o r so u r ce s b ei n g di r e ct ly ex ,

p es se d i n wo r d s In app e a an c e th e y m ay l o ok co mmon pl ace b u t t he y

r . r ,

ar e in fa c t v e r y p o fo u n d A S fo r my e v a l u a ti o n a n d r a nki n g of t he
r .

e x i s ting li t e r a r y wo k s s o m e of my concl u si o n s ar e t h e s am e a s t ho se
r ,

of fo mer wr i te r s It i s n o t th at I copi e d the m b u t t h at i t i s imp o s sibl e

r .
,

to di ff e r fr om th e m A n d if s om e Of my j u dgm e n ts d i ff e r fr om p r e viou s
.

o n e s i t i s n o t th at I s e e k d i ff e r e n c e fo r i t s O wn sa k e
,
b u t th at th er e ,

a r e c e r t a i n r e a s o n s why I m u s t d i ffe r B u t wh e th e r i d e n t ic a l t o o r .

d i ffe r e n t fr om p e vio u s j u d gm e n ts mi n e h a v e n o t b e e n i n fl u e n c e d by
r ,

e i th e r th e mod e r n o r t h e an ci e n t cr i t i cs My s o le p u r p o se h a s b ee n t o .

d i ss e c t th e m u s cl e s an d tr ac e th e v ei n s o f li te r at u r e an d e n d e a vo r t o
d i s c o v e r the p r op e r s t an d ar d A s fo r my a chi e v e m e n t i n co u si n g . r

t h r o u gh th e h u n t i n g gr o u n d s o f li te r a t u r e a n d lo o pi n g r e i n s i n th e

p al ace Of r h e to r ic I thi n k my wo r k i s as e x h au stiv e a s can b e e xp e cte d

, .

Howe v e r wo r d s d o n o t c o mpl e te ly e xp r e ss i d e as ; i t i s d i ffi c u lt e v en

,
17

fo r th e S age to fin d i t o th e wi s e If o n e s k n o wl e d ge i s by n a tu r e
’
r .

limi te d to the c ap aci ty o f a j ar o r a tu b e how can h e b e e xp e cte d to ,

o ffer a ll t h e ge n e r a l p r i n cipl es ? Al t h o u gh my c r i t ic a l h e a r i n g h as

16
The to t a l nu mb er o f ch a p t e r s o f th e b k i fifty A oo h p s . s o ne c a te r is a p f
r e a ce , o n ly
f o r ty -n i n e ch a pt ers ar e a ct u a ll y co n ce r n e d w it h l i t t I th B er a u r e n e oo k o f C ha n g es , We
f th G
.

fin d th e s ta t e m ent :
“
Th e nu mb er o t Ope ti i fif y ;
r ea er a on s t bu t on ly f o r t y -n i n e

lly 4 /H i S h g /8 T h Op ti p
”
ar e actu a u se d . C h o u -i y i n -t e , 2 s an . e er a on r ef e r s to the r o ces s

o v
f d i i n a ti o n , wh i
b d i th I hi g B k f C h g h R i h d W i l h lm
ch i s d e s cr i e n e -
c n or oo o an es , t e c ar e

t l ti
r an s a d d i t E gl i h b y C y F B y
on r en er e ( B l li g S i XIX N w Y k
n o n s ar . a nes o n en e r es e or

I 333 3 6 ( A ll
, ,

P th an eo n b q t it i t th I hi g wi ll b ,
-
. su se uen c at o n s o e -
c n e

t th i
o d i ti
s e ) Th mb fif y d f y i
on f t th mb f y w lk
e nu er s t an ort -
n ne r e er o e nu er o ar r o s ta s

T h d ivi
. .

e b gi with fifty y w t lk b t t ll y h
ner e ns l y f ty i S m ar r o s a s, u ac u a e u se s on or -
n ne o e

mb Of th G t C h g [ T i h i h —h ] h l d b
.

sch l b l i v th t t h
o ar s e e e a
“
e nu er e r ea an e
” “
a- c S u
”
s ou e

d
r ea thas mb f th G t Op i
“
e nu [ T y h ih
er o e r ea er at o n
” “
a- en c
17
C h o u -i y i n t e , 4 4 /Hs i -
s ha n g /I z .
8 Pr eface
been clean se d b y the un limi te d exp er i e nce Of p ast wr i ter s how can I ,

b e s u r e t h at th e u n se e n coming gen e r ation s will n o t look u p o n thi s

h e r i tage o f min e a s du st ?

T he Tsa n
Life is limi te d ;
W i s dom a lo n e i s wi tho u t bound .

T h e p u r su i t o f e x te r n al things i s di ffic u l t ,

B u t o n e will e a sily s u ccee d i f h e wo r k s i n acco r d o wn n at u r e .

R e solu te lik e a bo u ld e r in a c r e e k I st a nd
,

Absor b e d i n the con te mpl ation o f li ter atur e .

If li te r atu r e i s tr uly a v e hicl e fo r the mind ,

18

My mind h as foun d a pl ace to r e s t .

I On Ta o
.
, th e S o ur ce

We n p atter n i s a v er y gr e at powe r indee d It is bor n toge th er

,
1
or , .

wi th h e ave n an d e ar th W hy d o we say thi s ? B e cau se all color p atte r n s .

-

ar e mi x e d o f bl a ck an d y e llow an d all sh ap e p a tte r n s ar e di ffe r e n t i a te d

2
-
,

by r ound and squ ar e T he su n an d moon lik e two pi e ces of j ade .

3

m an ife s t the p atte r n o f h eav e n ; mo u n tains an d r iv er s in the i r b e au ty

13
See n o te 5, Ch pt a er VI .

1 The ter m we n
”
h as no si mpl e En gl i h qs e ui vl a en t . As i t i s u sed he r e a t t he o u ts e t

o f the t r e at is e , it si g ni fi es a w id e v ar i ety o f p a t te r n s th a t en vl e o p a ll as p e cts of the

u ni v e r se T he f a ct t h a t each a s e c p t h as i ts o wn a r ticu p l p
ar a tte r n s ee m s to ha v e s tr u c k
v ll th d iff t p tt
.

w i th g t f
L iu Hs i e h Th gl m r ea o r ce . e u se o f a s i n e te r to co er a es e er en a er ns

su gg t th t i Li m i d th p
es s a m k Of p tt i th mm f t
n u s
’
n e r e se n ce o f s o e in d a er n s e co on ea u r e

o f ll p t
a f th iv
as ec s o e un er se

C v ti ll y bl k i th l f h v
.

2 on en d y ll w t h
o na , l Of th S th
ac s e co o r o ea en , an e o e co o r e ar ee e

H x g m K
.

B k f Ch g W i y i t ( P ki g
“
d ; Ch
’
oo o y an es , en -
en , un er e a ra un o u- n- e e n

T k t g th bl k d y ll w
,

4 / /y 2 en. a end y o d h t e p t ll
er , ac an e o ar e u se as a s n ec oc e o re r e se n a

l Sy d h th t p i wh i h p t i
co o r s . nec d t
oc t d f
e, th wh l i Oft
e ro e n c a ar s u se o s an or e o e, s en

empl y d i C hi o w iti g
e n n e se r n s

A th y d h q v ti l h p Of th th d d th
.

3 no th er s nec oc e: s u ar e , e co n en o na s a e e ear , an ro u n e

v ti l h p f h v
,

co n en t k
o na t g th t
s m a ll h p
e o ea e n , ar e a en o e er o ean a s a es .
On Ta o , the S o ur c e 9

d i spl a y th e p at te r n
h Th ese ar e in fact the we n o f T a o i tse lf
o f e ar t .
, ,
.

A n d a s o n e s e e s ab o v e th e sp a r kling h ea v e nly bodi es an d b e l o w th e ,

m an i fo l d fo r m s of e a th th e r e i s establi she d a di ffe r e nce b e twe e n high

r ,

a n d lo w e s ta te gi vi n g se to th e t wo ar che typ al Fo r m s M an an d
,
u
f
,

m an a lon e fo r m s wi th t h ese th e G r e at T r i n i ty a n d h e do e s so b e c au se
, ,

h e alon e i s e n d o w e d wi th spi r i t u ali ty He i s t he r e fi n e d e s se n c e of th e .

.

—
five e l em e n ts i n d ee d the mi n d Of the uni v e r se ,
.

Now wi th the e m e r ge n ce o f m n d l an gu age is c r ea te d an d wh en i , ,

l an gu age i s cr e ate d wr i ti n g app ear s Thi s i s n at u r al W h en we ,

. .

e x te n d o u r o b se r v at ion s we fin d th at a ll t hi n gs bo th a n im a ls an d , ,

pl an ts h ave p atte r n s of the i r o wn D r agon s an d ph o en i x e s po r te n d

, .

won d r o u s e ve n ts th r o u gh the pic tur e squen e ss Of th e i r app ear an ce a n d ,

tige r s an d l e op ar d s r e c a ll th e i n d ivid u a li t y o f vi r t u o u s m e n i n t h e i r

str ip e d an d s po t te d v a r i e g a t i o n T h e s c u lp tu r e d c o l o r s o f clo u d s su r 5
.

p a ss p ai n ti n gs n th e i r b e au ty an d th e bl o sso m s o f pl an ts d ep e n d o n n o
I ,

e mb r o i d e r e r s fo t h e i r m ar ve llo u s gr ace C an t h e s e fe a tu r e s b e d u e
r .

to e x te r n a l a do r n m e n t ? N O t h e y a r e all n at u r a l F u r t h e r m o r e th e , .
,

s oun d s o f th e fo e s t wi n d bl e n d t o p r od u c e m el ody comp ar abl e t o t h at

r

of a r ee d pipe o r l u te an d th e m u sic c r e ate d wh en a sp r i n g str ik e s ,

u po n a r ock i s a s m e l o d io u s a s th e i n gi n g t o n e o f a j a d e i n str u m en t r

o r he ll Th e r e fo r e j u st a s wh e n n atu r e e x p r esse s i tself i n phy sic al

.
,

bo d i e s th er e i s pl a stic p a tte r n so al so when i t e xp r e sse s i tse lf i n so un d , , ,

th e r e i s m u s c a l p a tt e r n N o w if t hi n gs which a e d e v o id o f co n s cio u s
i . r

n ess ex p e s s th e ms e lv e s s o e x t e m e ly d e co r a t iv e ly
r ca n t h a t which i s r ,

e n d o we d wi t h mi n d l a c k a p a tte r n p r o p e r t o i t se lf ?

H u m an p atte r n o igi n ate d i n the S u p r em e the U l tim ate M y ste r i

r , .
6 “

s s i s t i n g th e g o d s im g of Ch g li
”7
o u sl h h h 8
y a t e a e s t e a n es a r e t e
, e a r es t

4 Re f er r n i gt o t h e two p r i n ci pl es, y in and y an g . T he f m

or er is f mi
e n in e , p as s i v e , and

e ar t h ly ; th e l tt
a er is m ascu li n e , a ct i v e , a nd l
ce e stia l
A
.

5 co n v e n t io n a l a s s o c i a ti o n . Se e C h o u -i y i n -
t e , 3 0 -3 1 /4 9 5 h s ian g
Th
.

6 A f
r e e r e n ce to a s t a te m ent in th e B oo k o f C h a n g es ,
“
er e is in t he h a n es t h e C g
Su p m re e l mt
U ti a e,
”
C h o u -i y i n -
t e , 4 3 /Hs i , s h a n g / l I T h e En is h gl
e r si o n o f v
R ic h ar d W i l h lm e
’
s G er m an l
t r a n s a t io n r e n d e r s
“
T a i ch i
’
-
as th e G
r e a t Pr i a e in ml Bg
nin g .
”
Se e I C h i n g I , 34 2
, .

C h o u -i y i n -t e 4 9 /Sh u o / 1
7
.

3 The B oo k of C ha ng e s i s ori gi ll y b k
na a oo on v
d i i n a t io n W i th . t h e a d d i t io n o f l ater

co m m e n tar i e s , t h e te n wi g n s, an d p ti l l y t h
ar cu a r e Hs i it b m
e co es a p h i l ph i l
o so ca
IO On Tao , t he So ur ce
e xp r essio n s hi s p a tte r n Pao Hsi b egan [the B o o k of Cha ng es ] by
o f t .
9

d r a wi n g [th e e igh t tr igr a m s ] an d Confu ci u s compl e te d i t by w r i ting ,

n e o f th e s e W i n gs W W o ds wi h “ ” “
t he [O ] t h e e n
y e n o r r t ,
-

was w r i tte n esp e ci ally t o e x pl ai n th e Ch i en an d th e

” “ ”
P a tte r n
’

W o r d s wi th p a tte r n i n d ee d e x p r e ss th e mi n d o f th e u n iv e r se !
Fr om HO t u the Ye llow R i ver M ap we r e bo r n the e igh t tr igr am s
-
’

, , ,

an d fr om LO sh u th e W r i ti n g fr om th e R iv e r L O c ame the ni n e 12
-
, ,

c ate go r i e s Fo r th e se an d fo r the fr ui ts co n tai n e d in th e j a d e an d

.

gold de co r ate d tabl e ts an d the flower s blo omi n g in r e d w o r d s a n d

g een str ip s was an y o ne r e spon sibl e ? NO Th e y ar e n atu r al o r gan ic
r
14
.
,

e x p r e ss io n s o f t h e D i v i n e .

W h en bi r d s m ar ki n gs r e pl ace d k n o tte d co r d s wr i ting fi r st

’

e m e r ge d T h e fa c t s abou t Y e n an d Hao a r e r e co r d e d in th e Sa n fe n
15 16
-
.
,

w k or o f g r e at i mp t o r a n ce Ma n y l
tr a ns a t io n s ha v e b ee n m m g wh i h th E gl i h
ad e , a on c e n s

G
.

one by Jm a es L gg e e and the er m an o ne by R ich ar d W i l h lm th b t k w

e are e es no n .

Re f e r e n ce s in t h e s e n o te s a r e to t h e En gl i h t s l
r a n s a t io n by C y F B y ar f th W i l h lm. a n es o e e

G er m an l
t r a n s a ti o n
xg
.

T he m ain te t x is co mp o se d o f 64 h e a ra m s, e ac h f o wh i h c co n ta i n s s ix li nes .

C mm t
o e n ar i e s , or
“
j d gm
u e n ts
”
on t h e se he xg m a ra s an d li w
n es er e a ttr i b u te d to

Ki g W
n en

fid
.

9
B e tte r k w no n as Fu Hs i , o ne o f th e th r ee lg e e n d ar y Hu a n g , or E mp ero rs, i d e n ti e

as T
’
ai Hao in th e P a i - h u -t
’
un g . See Ssu -m a Ch i ’
en , Shih -c hi , San -h u a n g ch i
”
.

“
10
Se e n o te 4 7, In t r o d u ct io n .

11
Th er e a r e S ix y f t -
o ur xg m
i n t he o o k o f C ha ng es , o f h ich h i e n a n d K u n
he a ra s B w C ’ ’

a r e th e o st i m mp
o r ta n t t wo , t r e a te d a t t h e e i nn in o f t he oo W en y en is o n e
”
bg g B k .
-

o f the te n
“
g
W i n s , so e ti e s r e n d e r e d as W o r d s , a ttr i u te d
“
m m e ar s ch o ar s t o b by ly l
C fo n u ci u s , wh o d e o t e d i t to t h e e v
a n a t io n o f t h e r s t t wo h e a r a s xpl
e cau se o f fi xg m b
p l g fi
t h e ir s e c i a s i n i ca n c e T h e t e r
“ ” “ ”
m
we n u s e d h e r e i s t h e s a e we n u s e d to d e s i n ate
. m g
“
p a tt e r n
”
Si n c e W e n y e n was su
“
.
”
o se d ropp ly f m
th e p e n o f
-
o n u ci u s , L i u Hs i e h se e s C f m
to ha v e au t h o r it y f tt h i g i mp t
or at th t m w
ac n o r a n ce o e er
“
en .
”

12
Sh a n g shu
-
Ch g h w h hi un p y ph l w k q t
-
, ou d b y M ao K u o -
han i n
o c an a o cr a or uo e

p tdt hv Ad g v
,

t t m Y ll w
“
t h e I -s h u , is r e o r e o a e co n a ne e s a e t i d th
en , r a o n in the
t e o Ri e r
p r e s e n t ed t h e Ma p , a n d a to r to i s e i n t h e L O R i e r car r i e d t h e W r i t i n h e se, i th r e d v g . T w
w o r d s a nd g
r ee n c h a r a c te r s , ere i e n to Hs ii a n y ii a n ( t he
-
”
e o E w ero r ) gv Y ll w mp .

13 “
g
C h o u -i y i n -t e , 4 4 /Hs i , s h a n / 1 1 Fo r t h e n i n e c a te o r ie s , s e e Hu n Fa n in t h e
“ ”
. g g
B f Hi st o r y Fo r th e Map W r it i n g
“ ” ”
oo k o . an d the see I -c hi ng , I , 332 -33 .

14 J
bl t d w da d e tad g h t pp q it f q
e s, r e or s , an reen c ar a c e r s a ea r u e re u en t ly in p yp h l
a o cr a

w iti g p p ti g t ppl m t by l b ti th id
r n s ur or dv n o su e en e a o ra on e eas a a n ce d in th Cl ie a ss cs .

T h w i ti g w t h w k f t h H h l
e se r n s er e e or s o e an s c o ar s .

H ii Sh
15
th fi t imp t t Ch i
s l xi g phen, id i e rs o r an n ese e co ra er , sa n th e p f r e a ce to h is
Sh w
uo th fi t d i ti y th t T g C h i h b g t w it
-
e n, e rs c o n ar , a
’
s an e e an o r e on h b i
t e as s o f t he

m k i g f b i d d im l H
ar n s by b i d m k i g i m
o r s an an a s . e n ce r s
’
ar n s
”
s ea n t w iti g r n .

16
S f d W tia n- en m ti d i T h an d th u- en ar e en o ne n s o -c ua n, un er e 12th y e ar o f Du k e

C h ; th y w t k t m th
ao e d f th t h H
er e g d a en o ea n e r eco r s o e r ee u an an th e five E mp ero r s .
On Ta o , t he So ur ce 11

bu t i h e y to k pl ace i n su ch a d i s tan t p ast th e i r so u n d a n d co l o r

s n ce t o ,

ar e b e y o n d o u k e n I t wa s d u r i n g the T a n g an d t h e Y il r e ig n s t h at
’
r .

wr i ti n g r e ally b e gan to flo u r i sh T h e O d e to the Chi ef i s th e fi r st .

“ ” 17

e x p r e ss i o n o f p o e t ic s e n t im e n t a n d th e n a r r a t iv e a cc o u n t o f I chi se t
“ ”
-
,

a p e c e d e n t fo r fu tu r e m e m o r i a l s Th e n t h e Ho u se of H s i a ar o s e wi t h
r .
,

i ts l o fty achi e v e m e n t s an d g e at me r i t s T h e ni n e r e g u l ate d ae c o m

“
r .

e n ts w e r e w i tt e n i n t o s o n g s an d th e H o u se b e c a m e S t ill
”18
p li sh m r ,

r ich e r i n a tt a i n m e n t s a n d Vi t u e r .

B y th e t im e o f t h e Sh an g an d t h e C h o u li te a y fo m s u p asse d i t s ,
r r r r

su b s t an c e T h e c o n t e n t s f th e Y a an d t h e S u n g
. S hi n e fr e sh e r
o
“ “ ”1 9

d aily i n th e i r fl o w e r y b illi a nc e W h e n Ki n g W e n wa s i n t r o u bl e h i s
r .
,

or a cu l a r j u dgm en t s gl o we d b r igh t ; co u ch e d i n r ich a n d c r yp tic 20

l an gu age the y con tain su b tle m e an i n gs so li d ly g o u n d e d an d p r o

, ,
r

fo u n d A n d T a n th e v e r sa til e D u k e of Ch o u gl o i o u s ly su r p a s s e d e v e n
.
, ,
r

t h e se a chi e v e m e n t s by w i t i n g p o e t r y an d c o mpili n g t h e Sun g “ ”

r ,

imp o ving the li te r a y q u ali ti e s of all w i ti n g O u r M aste r [Co n fu ci u s ]

r r r .
,

s t an d i n g wi tho u t p e e r a mo n g t h e e a ly m a st e r s co n t i n u e d t hi s t r a d i r ,

t io n O f th e s a g e s o f th e p a s t T h e s i x Cl a s sic s si n ce h e h a s c a s t a n d
'

.
,

m o l d e d th em r i n g o u t th e r e son an t m u sic o f b r o n ze an d j a d e ; th e y
,

p r ese n t the r e fin e d p n cipl e s chi se li n g h u m an e mo ti o n s an d n atu r e

ri ,

a s t h e y f u r n i s h o u t li n e s fo r a ll li te a r y fo r m s T h e cl appi n g f h i s r . o

wo o d e n b e ll wa s an swe r e d fo r o n e t ho u san d li ar o u n d an d hi s i n fl u
21
,

e n c e will fin d a n ec h o te n t ho u s a n d y e a r s f o m n o w He e x p e s se s i n r . r

li ter ar y fo r m th e ligh t o f th e u n iv e r se an d op en s the e ar s an d e y e s ,

o f all th e p e opl e .

17 In t h e s e ct i o n e n t it e d l I -
ch i in th e B k o f Hi s t o r y
oo .

18
Q u o te d f m T
ro
“
a -
y ii m u
”
in th e B o o k o f Hi s t o r y w h e r e th e , n i n e a cc o mpl i h m s e n ts

f
r e er to t h e r e u a g l ti on o f th e S i x t r e a su r e s , w a te r , fir e , mtl w e a , o o d , e a r th , a n d g i r a n , a nd

th e t h r ee b i
u s n e ss e s , th e r ec ti c a t i o nfi o f the p pl eo e s
’
c h a r a c te r , v
th e co n e n i e nce s o f l if e,

an d th e s e cu r n i g o f an a b u n d an t l i v l ih
e ood . S L gg
ee e e, T h e C hi n es e C las s i cs , P t II , B k . .

II , C h . II , 7 , p .
56 .

19 T wo Of th e t h r ee s e ct io n s in th e B oo k o f P o et r y , co n ta i n i n gp o e tr y Of t he u pp er

l
c as s e s a nd m il
ce r e on a or fi i l g p tiv ly
s acr i c a so n s r es ec e .

20 The j d gm t
u en s o n th h x g me d li we a ra s an nes e r e a ttr i b u te d to Ki g W
n en , wh o wa s
s a id to ha v w itt th
e r en wh h w imp i d b y
e se en e as r so n e l
th e r u e r o f th e Sh a n g.

C f mp d t w d b ll g w g p pl
'

21
o n u c iu s was co ar e o a oo en (
e ,
so und in ar n i n to th e eo e . Se e
Pa -i in th e A nale cts .
12 On Tao , t he So ur ce
Fr om t ime
M a s ter Fen g to the time o f Confuci u s both
th e o f ,

F en g the fi r st sage who i n v en te d wr i ti n g an d the Ki n g W i thou t

, , ,
“

Cr own who tr an smi tte d th e teachings d r e w the i r li ter ar y emb e lli sh

,
” 23
,

m e n ts fr om the mi n d o f Ta o an d bo th t au gh t by r efe r e nce to di v in e ,

p r i n cipl es B o th took im age s fr om the Ye llow R iver Map an d the

.

L o R i v e r W r i t i n g an d bo th divin e d by m ea n s o f milfoil s te ms an d
,

to r t ois e S h e ll s B o th Obs e r v e d h e a v e n ly p a t te r ns i n o r d e r t o comp r e h e nd

.

t h e i r ch ange s e x h a u s tiv e ly an d bo th stu d ie d h u m an p a tte r ns o f ,

be h avior in o r de r to tr an sfor m th em It was in thi s way t h at t he y .

“
wer e abl e to l egi sl ate fo r the u niv e r s e an d to e stab li sh the p r incipl e s
'

gov er n ing hum an soci e ty to a chi e v e glo r iously in fa ct as we ll as to , ,

beau tify li te r ar y fo r m s a n d id ea s F r om t he se thi n gs we kn ow t h at Ta o .

i s h an d e d down in w r i ti n g th r o u gh s age s an d th at sage s m ak e T a o ,

m anifest i n th e i r wr i tings Thi s p r i n cipl e m ay b e e x te nde d to all .

t hi n gs wi t hou t di ffic u l ty d ay af te r d ay wi t hou t e x h au st i n g i t s applic a , ,

tio n s T h e B o o k o f C h a ng e s s ay s T h e s tim u l ati o n of all ce le s ti al

“
.
,

mo v em en t s d ep e n d s u pon the o r ac u l ar j u dgmen ts an d th ei r powe r ,

” 25

to s timul ate th e c e l e s t i a l wo r ld is d e r iv e d fr om t he p atte r n o f Ta o .

T h e Ts a n :
T he mi nd o f Ta o is sub tle ,

22
A
mm t t co th L i hi ( B k f i t ) i
en a o r ti
on wi h p g i th e -
c oo o r es n co n n e c on t a assa e n e

Y ii h l i g
e ( M t h l y g id f
-
n
”
l ) giv F g th
on m Of F H i
u e or a r u er es en as e su r n a e u s .

K i g W i th t C w
23 “
n t it l gi v t C f i by h l —
ou ro p ti l l y h l
n,
”
a e en o o n uc u s sc o ar s ar cu a r sc o ar s

o f t h N w S ip t S h l d i g t h H
e e -
cr d W i p i d c wh h l d t h t C f i
oo ur n e an an e er o s, o e a o n uc u s ,

w ith h i v i t h l d l l th gh t ll y h d id t
s r u e, s ou ru e, a ou ac u a e no .

Th i i d f l g i l t i
24
s ea mi S l
o d t b
e p i i g ; Imm l K t
s a on on a co s c ca e n ee no e su r r s n anu e an

s p k f th m i d th l gi l t f th i v ; d S g p h il p h Ch g T i
ea s o e n as e e s a or o e un er se an a un o so er , an sa ,

a im d t e t bl i h i g t h
a es a Mi d Of t h U i v s n e n e n e r se .

25
Ch i yi t o u-4 4 /H i h g/ ; I hi g I 34 8 T h
n- e , m d dh s , j dg
s an I z -
c n , , . e ter r en er e er e as u

m t i t en s
”
w hi h m
s
“
z l t m t t m t p p iti L i H i h m t
’
u, c e a n s a so er , s a e en , or ro os on . u s e se e s o

h v a e pit l i d
ca thi a mb igz e i tion f th d iff t m
s i g
a f th t m uou s a s so c a on o e se er en ean n s o e er

t of il it t h i m v i g f m h i mp t
ac a e s Of th o l j d gm t t th S ig ifi
n ro t e o r a n ce e o r ac e u en s o e n c a n ce

o f l i g i ti f m
n u s c or .

Th T
26
e d i thi w k i
san , f m f hy m d p t y w i h f w d l i
as u s e n s or , s a or o r e oe r t ou r- or nes ,

t t d b y th
r ea e h h i m lf i C h p
e au t 9 wh h y t h t it f
or ti se t i t n a te r , ere e sa s a s u nc o ns ar e o a ss s

i thn xpl ti f t h bj t t p v l j d gm t
e e ana on o th bj t d t g iv
e su ec , o a ss a ue u en s on e su ec , an o e a

su mm y f th bj t t t d
ar o e su ec r ea e .

Q t d f m T y ii m i th B k f Hi t y ; thi h pt h b p v d t
27
uo e ro
“
a- u n e oo o s or s c a er as e en ro e o

b e a f g y f t t k w t L i H i h H ii t i h i h p
or er , a ac no Chi h p i ( O
no n o u s e . s n z u, n s c a te r
“
e -
”
n
14 Evi d e n ce f rom the Sage

b e li e v e d th at i t was h i s m a ste y o f r h e to r ic which b r o u gh t him s ucce ss r .

6

A n d wh en th e p e o pl e o f S u n g e n te r t ai n e d [W e n tz u fr om Ch ao ] by -

p r e p ar ing a fo r m al feast Con fu ci u s comm en d e d th e m fo r the Ob se r v ,

a n c e o f p r o p e r c e r e mo n y S how n in t h e i r a t te n ti o n t o t h e l a n g u ag e

th e y u se d Thi s S hows u s wh at impo tan ce Co n fuci u s a tt ach e d to

.
7
r

li te r ar y for m in p r actic a l affa i r s In p r ai si n g T z u ch an Con fu ci u s .

-
’

said Hi s wo r d s ar e ad e qu ate fo r th e e x p r e s si o n o f h i s i d e a s an d his

“
, ,

li ter a y for m s ar e a de q u ate to o r n am en t hi s wo r d s a n d i n hi s ge n e r a l

r ,
”8

d i sc u s s i o n o f a s up e r i o r m an h e s a i d O n e s h o u ld b e t r u th ful i n o n e s
“ ’

se n t im e n t s b u t a lso m aste r ly i n e x p r e s s ion Thi s S hows u s wh at ”9

.
,

imp o r tance Confu ci u s a ttach e d to li te r ar y fo r m i n s elf c u l tiv ation -

.

I d eas ade qu ate ly e x p r e s se d by wo r d s c o mbi n e d i n to li te r ar y fo r m s

s i n c er e s e n t im e n t s e mbo d i e d i n m as te ly e x p r e s sio n s : t h e se a r e t h e r

t ouch s to n e s o f li te r a r y compo si tio n .

O u r M a ste r was as di sc er n ing a s th e su n a n d th e m o o n an d a s ,

su blim e a s t h e spi r i t ual wo r ki n g o f th e u n iv e r se Hi s li te r a r y fo r m s .

a r e p e r fe c t e x ampl es a n d h i s id ea s a r e p e r fe c t ly coh e r e n t Som e time s .

h e e mpl o y s o n ly a fe w wo r ds t o conv e y an idea an d so m e tim e s h e ,

i n d u lge s in a comp r e h en sive di scu ssion Of all hi s sen tim e n ts Som e time s .

h e r e v eal s th e n at u r e o f a thi n g by poin ti n g o u t t h e p atte r n i t e x hibi ts ,

a n d s om e t im e s h e impli e s t h e f u n c tio n o f i t t h r ough c r yp tic i n nu e n do .

In t he Sp r i ng a n d A u t u m n h e u se s o n e wo r d to e x p r e s s bo th p r a is e
San fu h e e x p r e s se s a gr e ate r c a te go r y u n d e r
“
a n d ce n su r e a n d i n -

th e fo r m o f a l e sser Th e s e ill u str a te h i s e xp r ession of an id e a in a

.
11

fe w wo r d s In the Pi n ly r ic s we fin d m any v e r se s wi th m an y lin e s

“ ”
.

e a ch a n d in
, J u h s ing t h er e a
“
r e l o n g di
-
s c u s s io n
”
s a n d o r n a t e r h e t o r ic .
12

Th e se illu str ate h i s in d u lgen ce i n comp r eh en siv e d i sc u ssion s o f all h i s

se n t im e n t s W r i ting chi e fly ch ar a c ter i z e d by c r i tic al j u d gm e n t he
.

6 Ch u n ch hi ng -c hu a n y i n -t e
iu ( Pe k i n g 30 7 /Hs ia n g T SO fu
’ ’
-
c , 2 .

7 I bid .
, 3 1 6 /Hs i a n T SO g .
8 Se e n o te 6 .

9 L i -c hi ,
10 T he su n a nd t he m oon ha v e tr a d it io n a lly b een co n s i d e r e d to see as w ll e as to

i ll m i
u n a te a ll t he y Shi ne u p on

Appl i
.

11 c a t io n o f t he p r i n ci pl v lv
i n o e d i n a o r t io r i r easo n i n
e f g .

12
C f i w o n uc us a s a ssu m e d t o b e t he a u t h o r o f t h e o o k o f Po e tr y , B Of wh i ch f g
Pi n - en

( l y i f m t h Pi
r cs ro e n re gi o n ) i s a se c t io n
“
Ju h s i n
-
”
is a c ha te r i n
. g p th e L i -c hi .
 Evid e n ce f r om t he Sa ge 5

s ymboli z es by the h ex agr am k u a i [which m e an s to an d

’

wr i ti n g chi e fly ch ar acte r i z e d by logica l cl a r i t y he symb o lizes by the

h e x agr am li [which stan d s fo r fir e an d the su n ] Th e se ill u str ate h o w .
14

he r e v e al s th e n atu r e o f a thi n g by poi n ti n g o u t th e p atte r n i t e x hibi t s .

In the Fo u r Im ages the r e i s p r o fo u n d m e an i n g which i s d e lica te an d

15

cr yp tic an d i n th e Fiv e Ill u str a tio n s the l an gu age i s c o n n o tativ e

,
16
,

implicativ e Th e se ill u str ate how he impli e s th e fu n ctio n o f a thi n g

.

th r o u gh c r yp tic inn u e n d o .

F r om a ll the se e x amples we can see h o w li te r ar y pi e ces d i ffe r in th ei r

for m s om e b e i n g d i ff u s e an d o th e s c o n ci se ; an d we se e a l s o t h a t th e y
,
r

v ar y i n the i r m e tho d o f p r e sen tati o n which i s som e tim es v e ile d ,

[S ugg est iv e e v oc a t iv e
] an d s o m e t im e s l u ci d
,
T h e choi ce of e i t h er
,
.

me thod m u st dep en d o n the occ asio n r e m ainin g flex ibly a d ap table to ,

all ch angi ng ci r c u ms t a n c e s If o n e look s fo r e x ampl e s i n t h e w r i ti n g .

o f th e D u k e of Chou an d of Co n fu ciu s h e will h a v e ob t ai n e d m o d e l s ,

fo r h i s li te r a r y compo si tio n s In d i s c u ssi n g q u e s tio n s o n e mu st se e k .

,

th e g u id an ce o f th e s age s a n d i n o n e s e ffo r t s t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e s age s

’

, ,

o n e m u s t m a k e th e Cl a ss ic s o n e s t ea ch e r s
’ 17
.

T he B o o k o f C ha n g e s s ay s W h e n thi n gs h a v e b ee n c o r r e c tly d i s
“
,

ti n g u i sh e d a n d th e l an g u age e x p r e s si n g t h e m h a s b e e n m a d e a cc u r a t e ,

th e n d e ci siv e j u d gm e n t s a r e compl e te A n d th e B o o k o f H i s t o r y s a y s
”18
.
,

“
In the choice o f l an gu age o n e sho u ld e mph asiz e th e e s e n ti a l a n d ‘

S h o ul d n o t i n dulge i n the e x tr a or d i n a y So we kn ow th at the way r .

” 19

to e sta bli s h S ignific an t d i s ti n c t i o n s i s by u s i n g l an gu age a cc u r a te ly ; an d

the wa y t o p e r fe c t wr i ti n g i s to e mph a s i z e t h e e sse n ti a l If t h e w i ti n g . r

13
C h o u i y i n t e , 4 6 /Hs i , hs ia /2 K
- -
.
’
uai is h e xg ma ra 4 3, m ea n in g to d is t i n g u ish , h e n ce
to j dg
u e .

14
L i is h e xg m
a ra 30 .

15
C h o u -i , 4 4 /Hs i , Sh an g/ 11 . Th er e ar e m y an i n te r p r e ta t i o n s re ga r d in g th e F our

mg
I a es . The f ll wi g
o o n is Sh a o Y g un
’
s i n te r p r e ta ti o n : yin or f mi
e n in e p i
r nc ipl e, yan g or

ml p a e r in ci pl e, Ka ng f or str e n g th an d you or s o t n e ss

Fi v Ill t ti giv
, .

16
T Ch hi h h u wh
’
S Y ii T th
’ ’ '

ee u s u n -c u s o -c ua n s , er e e e us ra o ns ar e en

(I ) su b tl l th gh pp t ; ( ) f ll f m e i g l th gh
e a ou a mi g ; ( 3) p
ar e n 2 i u o an n a ou u n a ss u n u r s u as v e

l
a th o u gh Obj tiv ; ( 4 ) x h ti v b t w ll k i t ; d ( 5 ) b th d m i h i g d
ec e e au s e u e -
n an o a on s n an

e xh o r ta to r y .

17 R ead in g w it h a ha nd w i tt
r en v e r s io n q u o te d by Su n I -
j g
an i n h i s C ha -i .

13
Cho u —i y i n -t e , 4 8 /Hs i , h s i a /5 .

19
Sha ng -s h u t u ng -c hi e n ( Pe i n
’
k g ,
-
022 5 .
16 Evi d e n ce fr o m t he Sage
is hu s p e r fe ct th er e will b e n o d an ger o f succ u mbing to the lov e o f
t ,

the e x tr a o r din ar y ; a n d i f s ign ific an t d is ti n c t i o ns ar e t h u s e s tabli sh e d ,

d e ci siv e j u dgme n ts will e mer ge T he fact t h a t p r ofoun d ideas m ay .

b e Obscu r e will n o t m e an th at the l an g u age i s n o t accu r ate ; an d the

fact th at the s ub tlety o f a thi n g s exp r es sion m ay m er e ly con no te o r ’

imply m eani n g will n o t m e an th at the e ssen ti al e l em en t i s no t s tr esse d

t h e es s e n ti a l e l e m e n t a n d th e sub t l e ty o f t h e e x p r e s sion will b e achi e v e d

to ge th e r ; an d accu r ate l angu age a n d p r ofo u n d i d e a s will co e x i st W e .

m ay Obs er v e th e se li te r ar y accomplishm e n t s i n the wo r k s o f th e s ages .

Y e n HO spok e of Confuciu s a s d e co r ating fea th e r s by p a in ti n g t h e m ;

“

fu til e ly employi n g flor id l anguage B u t i n hi s d ep r e cation o f th e S age

”
.
0

h e fails T h e li te r ar y wo r ks o f t he S age o we th e i r gr a ce an d b e au ty
.

t o th e f ac t t h a t th e y ar e f u ll o f bo t h flower s an d f r uit s E v e n in th e .

c ase o f th e W ay o f Heav e n [the Obscu r e doctr in e which th e M aster s ’

d iscipl e s t h e ms e l v e s ] h ar dly h ear d o f we st ill tr y to find i t o u t ; i n ,

21

th e c a s e o f t h e li te r a r y fo r m s which ar e a cc e ss ibl e t o u s s ho u l d we ,

n egle ct to s tudy th e se ? No fo r if o n e would follow the ex ampl e o f the

,

S age in o r gani z ing hi s wr i ting hi s li te r a r y eff o r t s would almo st ,

cer tainly b e r e war de d wi th succe ss .

Sup e r bly di v in e he [Confucius ] was bor n wi th knowle dge ;

,

S agacious an d wi se he r ule d sup r e me ,

.

P r ofound r ea son sh ap e s his li ter ar y th e m e ,

And hi s b r e ath full o f ta l e n t weav e s i tse lf i n t o e x quisi te p atte r n s

, ,
.

Hi s disce r nm e n t i s comp ar abl e to t h at o f the su n an d the moon ,

A n d hi s e x p r e s sion s con ta in mo r e w e a l th t h an mo u n t ains an d se as .

Though h i s sh adow fa de d wi thin a hund r e d y e ar s ,

After a thous and ages his mind s till shin e s .

2°
C h ua ng -t z u y i n -
te ,
21 Se e n o te 2

w h C f i Sp k Of th
.

22 L u n -y u y i n -te , 34 /
'

er e o n u c us ea s ree ki m e n , d is t in
nd s o f g ih d
u s e

by th r e e wy a s of p i g k wl d g
o ss e ss n th
no h i gh t t y p i
e e: e es e s h e wh o i s or nb it hw k wlno

ed g e; ne x t co m es he wh b t i it t h g h l i g ;
o o a ns rou e ar n n a nd o l w
e s t i s h e wh o Sl v a es

to g e t it .
III Th e C lass i cs
. as Li ter ar y S o ur ces

T he wor k s d e aling wi th the un i ve r sal p r incipl e s o f the G r eat Tr ini ty

[ h ea v e n ea r t h a n d m an ] a e k n o wn a s ch i n g
, ,
B y ch i n g we m e a n an r .
1

e xp r e s si o n o f th e ab s ol u t e o r c o n s t a n t T a o o r p i n cipl e t h a t g e at r ,
r

te aching which is u n al te r abl e Th e r e fo r e th e ch i n g f ai t hfully r e fl e c t .

,

h e av en an d ear th spi r i ts an d go d s Th e y h e lp to ar ticu l ate the o r d er

,
‘

o f things a n d to se t up t h e r u l e s go v er ning hum an affa i r s In t h e m i s .

fo un d bo th the se cr e t Of n atur e an d spi r it an d the v e r y b o n e an d

m ar r o w of fin e li te r atur e .

Fi r s t cam e the Sa n fe n of the Th r ee Sover e ign s followe d by W u ti e n -

,
-

o f th e five e mp e r o r s P a s o an d C h i u c h i u As y e ar s p asse d this m ai n ’ 2

- -
,
.
,

S tr eam de v e lop e d a gr e at we lter o f b r anche s an d side e ddi es B u t -

.

after o u r M a s te r e di te d an d h an d e d dow n thi s m a te r i a l th o se g r e a t ,

t r e a su r e s t h e Cl as s ic s b e g an to s hi n e th r o u gh T h e B o o k o f C h a g es
, , . n

sp r ea d o u t i t s t e n W ing s o r Comm e n t a r i e s T h e B o o k o f Hi s t o y ,
. r

d i spl ay e d i ts se v e n V i e w s T h e B o o k o f P o e tr y li s te d th e fo u r b e gi n .
3

T h o o k o f Ri t e s d es cr ib e d t h e five ki n d s Of R i t e s n d th e
4 5
n in s
g e B
. A .

Sp r z n g a n d A u t u m n p r e s e n te d th e Fiv e Ill u str at io n s

6
.

Her e ar e p r i n ciple s whi ch ar e ab so l u te in r egar d to h u m an n atu r e

a n d e mo t i o n s a n d h e r e is l a ngu age which c o n fo r m s t o t h e b e s t li t e r a r y
,

1
C hi ng i s r e nd er ed i n to En gl i h s as l
c a ss i cs in th e s ens e th a t t h e y ha v e s to o d the
test o f t i m d e an ar e u n i v e r sa l a n d co n s t a n t .

2 Se e K gA —
’
k un n uo s
’ “
Sh an g h h ii wh
-
s u s
”
e r e t he Pa -s o is sa id to be a b o u t th e e i gh t

C hi u —
,

tr i r ag m s, an d th e hi c
’
u g g ph i l
eo ra ca a cco u n tsf t h e n i n e c o n ti n e n t s
o

v S
.

3 In th e Sha ng -s h u ta -c h u a n , th e B oo k o f Hi s t o r y i s d i i d e d i n t o s e e n v e ct i o n s , a n d

t hr o u gh e a ch s e ctio n o ne is a bl e to V ie w o ne q l T
u a it y h e s e a r e : r i h t e o u s n e ss , b e n e vo g
gv
.

l e n ce , s i n c e r i t y , ca p aci ty , a ffa i r s , g ood o er n m t d b en an e a u ty

Th v
.
,

4 er e ar e se er a l i n te r p r e ta t i o n s of the se f b gi o ur e n nin g s . In th e Ma o s h ih h s u ,-

th e f o ur b gie n n in g ms e an
“
F g en ,
” “
T a y a, -
Hs iao y a , a n d Su n
” “
C he n
-
”
Hsii a n “
g . g
co mm e n te d ,
“
By s hih o r th e b gie n n in g is m
e a n t th a t b y wa y o f h i c h t h e i n y wa y w k gl
pr o s p er s a nd l
d ec in e s .
”
A n o th e r V e i w xp
is e r e s s e d i n
“
un t z u s h i h c hi a
”
K g
( t h e io
’
- -
b g
r ap hy of C f o n u ci u s ) in t he S hi h -c hi ( T he hi t s o r ca i l r e co r d s ):
“
Ku a n —
ch ii
”
is th e

b gie n n in g o f th e
“
F g en ,
” “
Ln- m i g t h b gi i g f t h
n
”
e e nn n o e
“
Hs iao y a -
,
” “
W e n -w a n g
”

th e b gi e n n in g o f th e
“
T a -y a , an d Ch i g m i th
“
b gi ’
n -
ao
”
e e nn in g o f the Su n g ”

Fi v S
.

5 Th e e R ites ar e : fo r acr ifi f m l h ly
ce , ori e anc o o cca s o n s , p l
fo r h o s it a i ty , fo r m i l it y ar

cer e m o n i es , a n d fo r au s pi ci o u s o cc as i o n s .

6
See n o te 1 6, Ch pt a er II .
18 Th e Clas i s cs as Li t er ar y S o u r ce s
p r i n cipl es A S a co n se q u en ce the chi ng can u n fo l d the s tuden t s un d e r
.
’

s t a n d i n g a n d c u l t iv a te i n him t h e p r op e r p r incipl e s ; t h e i r ligh t S hine s “

far an d wid e
”7
.

T h e mi n d o f T a o i s su b tl e an d the t hi n ki n g of th e S age t r an sce n de n t

,

wh en the w all s a n d e av e s ar e m an y an d high b r e athi n g i s n atur ally ,

d ee p : a b e ll o f ten t ho u s an d w e igh ts will n o t r i n g o u t p e tt y s ou n ds .

T h e B o o k o f C ha n g es d e a l s wi th T i m ; i t h as p e n e tr ate d th e di v in e
o r d er to fu lfill i tse lf fr u i tfu lly Acco r d i n gly the Hsi tz u s ays th at
, .
8
,
“
-
’ ”9

i t h as bo u n dl e s s implic at i o n s i t s c i tic a l j u dgm en t s ar e o f high li te r ar y

, r

qu ali ty i ts l an gu age i s acc u r a te an d i ts symb o li sm d eep : T he le ath er

, ,
10 “

m—
cor d s b r o ke th r ee tim es wh at a p r o fo u n d s o u r ce of idea s this h as
’

p r o ve d t o b e fo r the S age !
T h e B o o k of Hi s t o y t r u th fully r e c o r d s wh at h as b e e n spok e n
r .

Al tho u gh t he te r m s u se d ar e h ar d to u n d e r stan d if o n e m aster s the ,

th e i d e a s will b e comp r e h e n sibl e T z u h si a di s cipl e o f

13
Er h y a-
[ a .
-
,

Confuci u s who sp eci aliz e d in li ter atu r e ] i n h i s p r ai se o f the B o o k of ,

-

Hi s t o r y c all s i t b r illi an t as th e ligh t o f the s u n an d th e moon an d

“

o r der ly a s the co n figu r ation s of the s tar s which testifie s to i ts cl ar i ty ,

” 14
.

T he p u r po se o f the B o o k o f P o e t y i s t o e x p r e ss fe e lings an d s e n ti r

m en ts T h e te r m s u se d i n i t ar e to be s tu di e d in the sam e way as t hose

.

u se d i n th e B o o k o f Hi s t o y T h e wa y t h e ly r ics a r e w r i tt e n a n d th e
r .

m e tapho r s for ge d th e way the the se s a r e e mb elli sh e d an d the p ar abl e s

,

co n tr iv e d cr e ate an effe ct of w ar m th an d te nder n es s wh e n th e se poem s

,

a r e r e ci te d an e ff e c t which d ee ply mov e s th e h e a r t

, .

T h e B o o k o f Ri te s aim s a t th e e s t abli s hm e n t Of t r adi tion s I t fo r m u .

l ates the b a sic p r i n cipl es gov e r ni n g so ci a l c u sto m s T he p r inciple s an d .

7 A li ne q u o te d f m
ro the B oo k o f P o e tr y , Ma o s h i h
-
y i n —
t e , 63 24 7 /3 .

8 C h o u -i y i n -t e , 4 6 /Hs i , h s i a /3 :
“
p f
T he r o o u nd i d e a h as e n te r ed th e v
d i ine s t at e fo r
th e p p
ur o se o f r in in b g g b
a o u t i ts f if l f
ru t u u n ct io n i n g .

4 8 /Hs i , h s ia /5
9
I bid .
, .

10
I bi d , 4 8/Hs i , h s i a /5 : T he m e an n i g s are far -r e ach i n , t h e g j d gm t
u en s ar e w ll e

T
.

o r d er e d . T he w o r ds are r o u nda b o ut but the y h it t he arm k hin s . g p ly

ar e o en se t f thor ,

but t he y co n t a i n a so l a d ee p er s e cr e t .
”
I -c h i n g , I , 37 0 .

11 Q u o te d f m K gt
ro
“ ’
un -
z u s h i h c h ia ,
-
”
t he b g p
io r a h y of C f o n u ciu s , in t he Shih -c hi .

12 T h e Ha n -
s hu ,
“
I we n
-
ch ih
”
:
“
T h e h i s to r i a n on th e l ft
e wh t
r e co r d s a is s o pk en .
”

19 A d ic t i o n a r y o m
f te r s u s e d i n t h e C l a ss i cs ar r an g e d a cco r d i n gt m o e an in s g .

14 Q u o te d f m ro t h e Sh a n g -s h u t a -c h u a n .
The Cl assi cs as Lit e r ar
y So ur ces 1
9

co r oll ar i e s ar e sub tl e an d obliqu e an d be com e cl e ar only t h r o ugh ,

p r actic al application Ev er y singl e ph r ase se le c te d fr om i t i s a tr e asu r e . .

T he Sp i n g a n d A u t u m n is ch ar a c ter i z e d by i ts cl e ar r e aso n i n g
r .

R e a son m ay app e ar in th e choic e o f a si n gl e wo r d Fiv e m e te o r i te s

“ ”
.

an d Si x fishh awk s ar e two e x ample s o f a p atte r n o f compo si tion

“ ”15

m ar ke d by a tho r o u gh n e s s in r e aso ni n g In the case o f T h e Chih .

“

gate an d the two gate s r e ason app e ar s in the o r d e r : p r e ce d en ce an d ,

”16

se qu e nc e To b e s o s u b t l e an d t pp r e n t so full of m e a n i n g et
.
y e so a a y ,

SO u n ass u mi n g i s t o b e ge n u i n e ly p r o fo u n d
17
.
,

In the c as e of the B o o k of Hi s to r y i ts l an gu age m ay app e ar str an ge ,

to the r e a d e r b u t wh e n h e looks fo r i t s r u li n g p r i n ciple s h e will fin d

,

t h e m in d ic ate d v e r y cl e ar ly In t h e c a se o f th e Sp i n g a n d A u t u m n i t s . r ,

l an gu age m ay s ee m r ead ily u n d er s tan d abl e b u t wh en the r e ade r see k s ,

th e m e aning of i t h e b e gi n s to r e a li z e i ts d e p t h Th e se t wo w o r k s .

ill u str ate di ffe r en t p atte r n s o f wr i ti n g fr o m th e h an d s o f S age s as we ll ,

as di ffe re n t m e t ho d s o f app r o a ch Obj e c t iv e a n d s u bj e c t iv e

18
.
,

15
Ch
’
u n ch -
’
i u C hi n g f ll i g m t it i
-
c h u a n y i n -t e , I I I /Hsi T h er e w er e a n e eo r es n

th e f S g fi
s t a te i o mb un A d th w , i fi h h wk fl y i g b kw d
ve n nu er . n er e er e s x s a s n ac ar

o v th p it l f S g C mm t y b y K g y g y W h y i f ll i g fi t
er e ca a o un .
”
o e n ar un -
an sa s: s
‘
a n
’
rs

m t i d d th m t it ? I t i b
en o ne an th i w en d b t wh t
‘
e eo r h d es
’
s e ca u s e s a s a r e co r a ou a o ne ear .

Fi t rs h d th
o ne d f f ll i g L k i g t t h m h f
ea r d th m t b m t
e so u n o it a n . oo n a e , e oun e o e e eo r es .

Aft l b v ti h d i v d th m t b fi i mb W hy i th mb
er a c o se r o ser a on e sco er e e o e ve n nu er . s e nu er
‘
iS xfi t m ti d d th fi h h wk ? B
’
rs en one i th f h
an i fi h h wk fl y i g
en
‘
s a s
’
e cau s e n e cas e o
‘
t e s x s a s n

b kw d it w
ac ar d b t wh t
’
w L ki g t h m
a s a r e co r f d th m t b a ou a o n e sa . oo n a t e , o ne oun e o e

i i
S x mb L k i g l
n nu erh w t h m t b fi h h wk
. oo A ft w t h i g t h m t
n c o se r , e Sa e o e s a s . er a c n e a

li h di
e su r e , v d th m t b fly i g b kw d F th
e sco er e eth Sp i g d o e n ac ar .
”
or ese r e aso n s , e r n an

A t m i h l d t b l gi l th t i
u u n s e w k h t i d by
o e o ca , a s, a or c ar ac e r z e r ea s o n .

4 39 /T i g / K g y g C h ih g t d t h tw “
Ch19
h i C hi g h yi t
’ ’
- - -
un c u n c ua n n e, n 2 2 un -
an . a e an e o

g t w d t y d by fi
a es er e C h ih g t i t h
es r o h ge f th y l p l re d
.
” “
a e
”
s e so u t a te o e ro a a ace , an

th tw
e gt o th t id
a es ar eth C h ih g t wh p l m i o se o u s p t d C h ih g t e e a e er e ro c a a t o n s ar e os e . a e

i
s pp tly m imp t t th th t w g t T h mm
a ar e n ore y by K
o r an gy g y an e o a es . e co en ta r un -
an sa s

W hy d y Chi h g t d t h tw g w d t y d b y fi ? It i
“
th d
‘ ’
o es e r e co r sa a e an e o a t es er e es r o e re s

b e cau seth tw gt w e t i mp t t W hy t h
o d it
a es t y C h ih g t w
er e no o r an . en o es no sa a e as

d t y d by fi
es r o e d th fi w x d d t th t w g t ? I t i b
re an e it w th
re as e ten e o e o a es s e ca u s e as e

tw g t wh i h w [fi t ] d t y d b y fi Th wh y i i m t i d l t ? I t i
o a es c er e rs es ro e re . en s t en o ne as s

b [th h i t i ] d id
e cau s e t wi h t
e p d f m th l
s o r an i mp t t h m no s o r o c ee ro e e ss o r tan o t e ore

i mp t t o r an .

S 17 t 6 C h pt
ee no e II 1 , a er .

T h wh l
19 e ti b g i i g w i th t h l i
o e T h B k f Ch g
s ec on d l wi h
e nn n e ne e oo o an es ea s t

Ti
’
t
en
”
th i p i t i t k v b tim f m W g T
o s o n w iti g wi h t k wl
s a en er a ro an
’
s an s
’
r n t ou ac no

e d g m t by L i H i h H w v
e en h p ti w q it mm i th
u s e ly t im
o e e r , su c a r ac ce as u e co on n e e ar es ,

d S h ld
.

an t b
ou id d pl gi i m W g w iti g i f d i b th I w
no e co n s er e as a ar s . an
’
s r n s oun n o -
en
20 Th e Cl ass i cs as Li t er ar y So ur ces
The se Classic s h av e d eep r oo ts an d lu x ur i ant b r anche s an d foli age .

T h e l an g u age i s co n cis e b u t th e con te n t is m e an i n gful ; the f ac ts ar e

commonpl ace b u t th ei r m e tapho r ical implic at ion s ar e unlimi te d 80
, .
,

a l tho u gh t h e y a r e an ci e n t t h e i r fl a vo r r e m ains f r e sh L ate r s chol a r s

, .

t a k e th e m u p a n d d o n o t fe e l th a t th e y h av e b e com e ou tmod e d ; schol ar s

in the p as t lon g u s e d the m an d n e ve r fe l t th at th ey wer e a hea d o f

th e i r tim e s Th e y m ay b e comp ar e d to Moun t T ai which w ate r s all th e
’
.
,

l ands abou t o r to th e Ye llow R i v er which moi sten s o n e t ho u s and li

, , .

Th u s the B o o k of Ch a ng es or igin ate s the lu n o r di scur si v e s h u o o r

, ,

a r gum e n t ati v e tz u o r o r a cul ar a n d hs u o r p r e fat o r y fo r ms Of wr i ting

’ '

.
, ,

T h e B o o k o f Hi s t o r y is the s ou r c e o f th e c ha o o r d ec r e e th e ts e o r
’

e dic t t he ch a n g o r m e mo r i a l e x p r e s s ing t h a nks an d t he ts o u o r g e n

, ,

er a l m e mo r i a l Eu o r n a r r a t iv e po e tr y s u n g o r s ac r ifici a l po e tr y ke o r
.
, ,

folk song an d ts a n o r eu logy h ave the i r fo u n d ation s i n t he B o o k o f

,

P o e t r y M i n g o r in s c r ip tion le i o r e l e gy che n o r a dmoni tion an d ch u

.
, , ,

o r p r a y e r h a v e th e i r b e gi n nings in t he B o o k o f R i tes A n d ch i o r .

ch r on icle ch u a n o r biogr aph y m e n g o r o ath an d hsi o r p r o cl am a

, ,
19

t io n h a v e t h e i r r oo t s in th e Sp r i n g a n d A u t u m n All t h e se Cl assics h av e .

r ea ch e d gr e a t h e igh t s in e s tablishi n g s tand ar ds ; t h e y h a v e a lso o p e n e d

u p v a s t n e w vis t as So th a t n o m a t te r h o w w r i te r s m a l e ap an d bou n d
.
y ,

t h e y mu s t e v e n t u ally com e hom e to t h e fold o f t he Cl a s sic s O n e m ay .

p atter n hi s wr i ting afte r the cl assical for m s o r e n r ich his dic tion by
s tudying the B o o k of P o e tr y [wi th the s am e confiden ce wi th which ]
o ne m a
y d e p e nd o n a mou n tain s copp e r o r e s t o s u ffi c e fo r c o i n age o r
’

r e ly o n se a w at e r t o m a k e s a l t wh e n boil e d .

If on e s wr i tings wer e b ase d o n the Cl as sics hi s style wo u ld be

’

e sp e ci a lly di s ti n gui s h e d by o n e o f the following ch a r a c te r i stics : d e e p

fe e ling un tain te d by ar tifici ali ty u nmi x e d pu r i ty o f fo r m empi r ical , ,

t r u t h u n tar n i s h e d by f a l se hood mo r al id e a s uninv o l ve d i n p e r v e r s i ty

, ,

S imple S tyle fr ee fr o m v er bosi ty an d li ter ar y b e au ty u n m ar r e d by ,

e x c e sse s M a s te r Y a ng comp ar e d h w r i t i n g of t h e Cl a s sic s h

.
[t e ] t o t e

L ei h u , 3 8, a n d T ai —
p i ng I 60 8 Fo r a d iscu ss io n p
f t h is r act ice o f b wi g
’ ’
-
c y u -
a n, . o orro n

f m Ch g Hs ii e h — s W e n -s hi h t g ”
o t h e r au t ho r s ch e n u ng i , Shu o -li n
’ ’ ’
-
ro se e an .

19 Rea d i n m i n g g as m g w it h
en th e T ’
an gh a nd - w i
r t te n v e r s io n .
22 Em e nd a t i o n o
f A p o cr p ha
y

Followi n g m er ge n ce Of the ho r se dr agon the r e d e v e lop e d t he

t he e -
,

B o o k of C h a n g e s ; an d wi th th e app e ar a n c e o f the divin e to r t oi se the

2
,
“
H u n g fan s aw the ligh t o f d ay Fo r this r e ason Hsi tz u S ays :
-
”
.
3
,
“
-
’ ”

Fr om the Ye ll o w R iv e r com e s the d i agr am an d fr om the R iv er L o

co m e s the B o o k a n d th ese the S age followe d as p r inciple s Howe ve r
, .
”4
,

i t h a s b e e n so l o n g ag o an d r e co r d s ar e so Ob s cu r e th a t a bod y o f , ,

S t a n ge an d fa n tas tic li te r atu r e h as d e v e lop e d ar ound th ese D i agr am s

r

a n d t hi s B o o k Al though s o m e t r u t h i s p r e ser v e d by t hi s a poc r yph al

.

li te r atu r e i t s e x i sten ce h as p e mi tte d fal se hood to c r eep in

, r .

T h e si x Cl a ss i cs ar e l u ci d an d a r tic u l at e b i t th e apoc r yph a [which ,

h av e b e e n a ttach e d to th e m ] a e d i so r gan i z e d an d r e d un dan t ; th e r

B o k o f F i li a l P i e ty an d t h e A n a l c ts a r e di s ti n c t an d cl ea r b u t t h e i r
o e ,

ap o c yph a a e p r o fu s e an d c h a o t i c
r r If we e x ami n e the apoc r yph a i n .

th e ligh t o f th e Cl a s s i cs we sh a ll d i s cov e r fo u r p r o o fs th a t th e i r cl a ims

,

t o a u th e n tici ty a r e f a l s e Fi r s t i n asm u ch a s t h e apoc r yph a cl aim t o .

,

c mp l em e n t the Cl assi cs t h e y b e ar to the Cl assic s the same r el ati o n

o ,

s hip t h a t t h e w o o f b e a r s t o t h e w a p i n w e avi n g N o w o n ly wh e n r .
,

th e s ilk a n d h e mp a e n o t mi x e d wi t h e a ch o th e r m a n s u c cee d i n
y or e

m aki n g e i th e r h e mp e n cl o th o r silk en fab r ic B u t the Cl assics ar e .

r a t i o n a l whil e t he ap o c yph a a r e i n c e d ibl e ; t h e y ar e o n e t ho u s and li

r r

ap a t rSO thi s cl aim o f th e apo cr yph a m u st b e fa l se S e cond th e

. .
,

Cl assi cs the te achi n gs o f the S age ar e clear ; the ap o cr yph a su ppo se dly
, , ,

d ivi n e t e achi n g s a e o b s c u e N o w s a ges te achings would [o r di n ar ily

’

,
r r .
,

b e c o mp a a tiv e ly ] c o mp e h e n siv e divi n e tea chi n gs m o r e i n th e n atu r e

r r ,

o f u n i fyi n g p r i n ci p l e s B u t th e ap o c r yph a a r e mo r e vol u minous th an

.

the Cl a ss i s a n d t h e so c a ll e d d ivi n e p r i n cipl e s a r e e v e n mo re compli

c ,
-

c t e d t h a n t h o se o f th e s ag e s SO t hi s cl aim o f t h e a poc r yph a m u st b e

a .

f l se Thi d a r e a l m an d a te f o m h e av e n i s a cco mp an i e d by phy sic a l

a . r ,
r

s ig n s an d m r a cu l u s p ph eci e s B u t the e igh ty o n e ap o cr yph a l

i o ro .
-

2
Ad ra g on in the f orm o f a h o r s e wa s b li v e e ed to ha v b gh
e ro u t out Of t he Y ll w e o

Riv i d i g m wh i h d v l p d i
er c e r ta n a ra s c e e o e n to th e e i ght g m
tr i r a s .

Th d iv i
3
i i b li v d
e h v ne to r to s e s e e e to a e ca r r i e d the B k
oo on i ts b k ac o ut o f the

Riv L K gA k
er f h F m
O . H
’
un n- uo o t e or er an , a d e s ce n d a n t o f C f o n u c us , i i d e nt i fid e t h is

b k oo as t he
“
C hi u -c h
’
ou
”
f oun d i n th e cha pt er e n t it e d l Hu n gf -
an
”
in t he B oo k o f
H i st
ory ( Sh a n g —h s u
’
t un g -
c h i e n , 0 0 63
4
C h o u i y i n -t e , 4 4 /Hs i ,
-
Sh an g/ 11 .
Em e n d a ti o n o A
f p yp
o cr h a 23

w r i t i n gs ibu te d to C o n fu ci u s Y ao was m ad e the cr eato r o f

a r e a ll a tt r ,

th e G r ee n D i agr am an d Ch an g [Ki n g W e n o f the Ch o u ] wa s

“
,
” ’
,

c r ed i te d wi th the R e d B o ok So thi s cl aim o f the ap o c yph a m u st “

.
”5
r

b e fal se Fo u r th an d l a st m ap s an d d i agr a m s app e a r e d o n s e v e a l

.
, ,
r

occasio n s b efo r e the S han g an d Ch o u d yn a sti e s b u t the Cl assic s we r e ,

compl ete d on ly at the en d o f the Sp r i n g an d A u tu m n p e i o d Fo r th e r .

woo f to co m e b e for e t he w ar p i s c o n t r ar y t o c u stom i n weavi n g SO .

t hi s cl aim o f t h e apoc r yph a m u st b e fa l s e W h e n th e fa l s e b e li e fs h av e .

b een i so l ate d a n d r ej ecte d tr u e b e li efs di ff e r en t i ate t h e m se lv e s an d ,

b e com e e stabli sh e d Si n ce the Cl assi cs ar e ad e q u ate as te a chi n gs wh at

.
,

co n tr ibu ti o n d o the ap o cr yph a m ak e t o th e m ?

A s a m atte r o f fa c t t h e app e a an ce o f t h e m ap s a n d d i agr a m s wa s ,
r
.

t he m an ife s ta ti o n of t h e goo d m an d a te o f H e a v e t h e a u pici o u n, s s

h e r al d o f a sage ; th ey a e n o t m ean t to s u ppl e m en t th e C l assic s Thi s r .

i s why wh e n th e Y e ll o w R iv e r d i d n o t p r o d u ce m ap s i n h i s t im e
, ,

Ou r M as te r h e a v e d a s igh If au t h e n t ic m ap s co u l d h av e b e e n fab r i cat e d .

,

W h y th e n th e sigh ? F r o m th e C i c u m st an ce th at lo n g ago Ki n g K an g
6 ’
r

pl ace d th e R iv e r M ap s i n the E aste n Ap a tm e n t we k n o w th at th e se r r ,

7

phy sic al symbol s o f p r oph e cy we e r ar e t e asu e s h an d e d d o wn f o m r r r r

o n e d yn a sty t o an o t h e r Co n fu ciu s co n t ib u ti o n s t t h e m w e e m e e ly ’
. r o r r

th e i r p e face s B u t l ate r d e v o te e s o f e so te r i c sci e n ce s Co n st u cte d

r . r

s tr a n ge d o c t i n e s abo u t t h e phy si c a l symbol s S o m e o f t h e m d i s c o u s e d

r . r

o n th e
y i n an d
y ga n whil e o t h e r s inv e n t e d n a r r a t iv e s o,
f ca l a mi t i s a n d e

s u p e n a t u r a l oc c u rr e n ce s
r T h e chi r pi n g o f th e bi r d s wa s d e m e d t o . e

s o u n d lik e h u m an sp e e c h a n d t h e n ibbli n g o f w o r m s o n l e a v e s wa s

con str u e d as a comple te d se n ten ce Th e se wr i ti n gs v o l u mi n u s an d .

8
,
o

B h f
5
ot f d i M K h Y h h f g hi h
r e e r e n ce s a r e o un n a uo -
an , u- an s ah -
an c i -
s u .

9
L u n -y u y i n -t e ,
’

7
S h a ng -s h u t u n g
’
-
c hi e n , Du r in g t he Hs ia d y n as ty th e Tu ng —
hs u ,
Ap
,

or Ea ste r n wa s t h e a ca d e y
ar t m he r e the a ed
ent, e r e c a r e d fo r m w '

g w .

9 C h u n -c h i u c h i n
'

g c h u a n
’

y i n —
t e 3 3o /Hs i a n g T so ; s e e T s o c h u a n u n d e r t h e 3 o t h
- -

Al
, ,

k
y e a r o f D u e Hs i a n : B i r d s c h i r e d o n t h e t e
“
g
e a t PO , a n d t h e y s o u n d e d i e p as ! mpl lk ‘

Al as ! O n t h e d a y o f c hi a - wu t h e s t a t e o f Su n
’
had a r e at c a a ity a nd Po — ch i o f
‘

g g lm ,

Su n g d ie d . Se e a sol W u h si n-
g h i h i h H h D i g th ig f Emp
c
”
n t e an s -
u:
“
ur n e re n o er o r

C h ao [ 74
86 -
B C . .
] a bi g wi ll w t i th P l
o f Sh g —
r ee y iln b k i tw d f l l
e a a ce o an an ro e n o an e

to t h e g r o u nd . One m o rn n i g it d p B h
s to o d l v u g w W m i bb l d
r anc es an ea es re out or s n e

v
. .

i ts l ea es to f m or t h e s e nte n ce : K g Pi
‘
h i w i ll b m d
un -
mpsu n K g n -c e a e e ero r .
’
un -
su n

P in -c h i was t h e E mp er o r H iis ( 73 4 9
an ) wh d d Emp
-
Ch E C . . o su cc e e e ero r ao .
24 Em e nd a ti o n o A
f p yp
o cr h a

disor der ly as the y wer e wer e all attr ibute d to Confu cius Le ar ne d , .

schol ar s afte r m u ch discu ssion an d r e sear ch pl ace d th e d ate o f the i r

, ,

a pp e a r an c e du r i n g t h e r e igns o f t he Emp e r o r s Ai an d P ing

[ ]
’
6 1 B C -

[ A D 1. T
. h e g e nuin e s e c r e t t r e a su r e s [ which Ki n g K a n g ] h a d
’

s t o r e d i n th e E a s te r n Ap ar tm e n t Of th e P a l a c e w e r e t h e n mi x e d wi th ,

for ge r i e s D ur i n g the r eign o f Emp er or Ku ang wu [A D 2 5 57] the

.
-
. .
-

e mp e r o r pl a c e d gr ea t f a i th in th e s e ap o c r yph a l w r i ti n gs a p r e c e d e n t ,

which wa s followe d by m any m any s chol ar s comp e ti n g sho u lder t o , ,

sh ould e r wi t h o n e an o t h er P r inc e P e i h s i e n F coll e c t e d apoc r yph a l

[ ]
’
u .
-

wr i ti n gs to e lucid ate the Cl assics T s ao P ao wr ote p r o ph e cie s in s e ttin g

”
.
’

t he B o o k o f R i tes in o r d e r They had all gon e far indee d in thei r 11

.

de v i ation s fr om the Ta o an d the o r th odox H u an T an was d i sgu ste d .

’

wi th the i r nonse n se an d falsehood an d Yin Ming r idicu l e d th ei r ,

12

“
s u p e r fici a li ty an d un tr u th ; Ch ang H eng expos e d th e i r e r r o r s an d 13
,

Hsii n Y ii e h d r e w atte n tion to th e i r oddi ty an d p e r v e r s i ty T he j u d g .

15

m e nts o f th e se fou r wor thi es who wer e bo th er udi te an d p en e tr ating

’

, ,

a r e i n d ee d fin e an d to th e poin t .

As fo r the wr i tings o n Eu Hsi Sh en nung the Y e llow Emp e r o r -

,
-
, ,

a n d Sh ao h a o ; o r o n the n a t u r e o f Sha n T u an d the Ch u n g lit ; o r

16
- -
, ,

on the phy sic a l symbols o f the whi te fish an d r e d cr ow ; o r o n the 17

a u spicio u s om e ns Of y e llow gold an d p u r pl e j a d e th e y r e co r d a gr e at

”
,

wealth o f sign ifican t achi e ve men t s in l angu age bo th r ich an d b r illi an t .

9 Hs u Y g yu an -
an d is p d
u te th i s p o i n t, m a i n ta i n i n g th t m a so e o f th e a p o cr y ph l w a r it i n g s

w er e do ne o t w d ar th e end o f th e W e ste r n Ha n n as dy ty b , ut mp a s and t t m

s a e e n ts f o

p g ro n o s t ica t i o n e xi ste d l gbf

on e ore t h e n Hs ii s e s sa
. s
’
y i f o un d in Y en C h ie h
’
s C hi ng -i
h
’ ’
ts u ng -
c ao .

1° Fa n Y e h , Ho u -ha n s hu ( Po -
na 4 2 /6a .

11 I bid b i g p hy Of T P
, o ra Ibid b i g p h y f H T
’
s ao ao .
19
.
, o ra o ua n
’
an .

b i g p h y f Y i Mi g R d i g w i h t h T g m
.

I bid ip t h h i
’
13 o ra o n n . ea n t e an a n u scr s e n- s a as
.
,

f o u -c hi t h m i
a o w i th t h p h
ar i th p v ion z e li e r as e n e re o us ne .

14
Ibi d b i g ph y f Ch g H g
.
, o ra H ii Y ii h Sh
o hi S h ian en .
15 s n e , e n -c e n, u- s en .

19
It i t p i bl t i d t if y S h
s no d T w i th
o ss t i ty S h
e o m y f t T hi
en an an u cer a n . an a r e er o u n -c a

k
’
ai -s h ant d T t
'
K yu h t
u, hi g Ch
an g Iii i u w k o t l l m it i
u-
‘

e u -c n . un -
s a or on na ura ca a es

f t h e Ha n -s h u
“ ”
r eco r d e d in the I we n
-
ch i h o .

17 Ssu -m a C
h i e n , Shi h -c h i ,
’
ho u p e n -ch i , r e a te s ho w a Ch i te fis h u e d i nto l w j mp
Ki g n b
W u s o a t a nd a fir e d e sce n d ed r o
’
h e a e n a n d tu r n e d i n to a r e d c r o , a ll f m v w
s ymb l o s i n d ic a t i n tha t g
i n W u h a d r e ce i e d t h e K g a n d a te o f h e a e n v m v .

19
O e n m
s o f o o d o e r n e g
n t , r ec o r d egd i n vT o u -
w eim-
i , a o cr h a i n te r r e ta tio n o f p yp l p
the B oo k o f R ites .
An A n aly sis of Sa o 25

W hil e h y a d d no thing to the Cl a ssics th e y ar e a gr e at h e lp t o

t e ,

li ter ar y compo si tion Th er e fo r e l ater li ter ar y m en pick e d o u t an d

.

tr easu r e d th e b e st e l e me n t s in t h e m P ing t z u [o r Ch an g H en g ]
’
-
. ,

gr eatly co n cer n e d le s t th ese wr i tI n g s sh o ul d mi sl ea d s ch o l ar s wr o te a ,

m e mor i al ur gi n g t h at th e y should b e b anne d b u t Ch u n g y ii [o r Hsii n ,

-

Y ii ch ] b e cau se th e y al so co n tai n so m e tr u th wo u ld n o t allow th e m t o

, ,

be b u r n e d Si n ce i n all p r e vio u s d y n a s ti e s apoc r yph a l wr i ti n g s h av e

.

b een tr e ate d as co mp an i o n s to the Cl assi cs th ey h av e b ee n h er e d i s ,

cu sse d i n fu ll

T h e Ts a n
T he mighty R iv er an d the mild L O
G av e bi r th to m ap s an d apocr yph a ,

D ivi n e tr e as u r e s to b e stor e d fo r the u se o f po ste r i ty .

Al tho u gh th e r p r i nciple s ar e Ob scu r e t he i r li ter ar y p atter n s

i ,

v alu able .

D u r ing the two Han d yn asti es

T h e r e d an d th e p u r pl e w e r e o n e boiling mi x tu r e .

B u t n o w h avm g d e l e te d th e i r o d d a n d fan tastic fe atu r e s

, ,

W e p r e s e r ve on ly Wh at i s w e ll c ar v e d an d b eau tifu l -
.

V An . A n alysis of Sa o 1

After the fe n g a n d y a wer e n o l o n ger wr it te n n o thi n g wo r th y 2

,

e me r g e d t o c o n t i n u e th e d e v e lopm e n t Th en a r e m ar k abl e li te r ar y .

a chi e v e m e n t a r o se i n a b u r s t of spl e n d o r : t h e L i sa o s o ar i n g high in -

,

19 R e d is a p im r ar y , h e n ce p ur e, l
co o r , an d p plur e a s e co n d a r y m ix d l
or e co o r . In
C f “
m wh i p pl t k w y
‘

th e A nalects , o n u ci u s o n c e sa i d , I h a te th e an n e r in ch ur e a es a a th e
l t f d L
u s er o re .
”
un —
y u (
‘

Sh i h —
sa n -
ch i n g c h u -s h u c h ii a n 17, 7b Si n ce t h e n r ed an d

p pl h v b x v
.

ur e a e ee n i n te r p r e te d as o r th o d o or re fi ned an d u no r t ho d o x or u lg ar ,

p ti v l y
r es ec e .

C h ii Y
1 ’
u an , o n e o f th e p
g r e a te s t o e ts o C
f hina, fl our s i h in gi n t he f our t h c e n tu r y BC
w f m th S t t A m mb
,

as ro e a e of Ch
’
u . e er o f the r o y a l l c an, h e was at fi r s t a tr u s t e d mi i tn s er
26 An A n aly sis of Sao
th e wak e A n ci en t P oe t s an d in the van o f th e wr i te r s o f t u
o f th e ,
3
z
’
.

C an i t b e b e c au se th e tim e of th e a u th o r o f the L i s a o was n o t y e t lon g -

r e m o v e d fr om th e a e O f t h e S age a n d C h u w r i t e r s w e r e m e n of
’

g
g r e a t t al e n t ?
Lon g ag o Emp e r o r W u [140 87 B C ] of the Han lov e d Sa o an d -
. .
,

P r i n c e [An ] o f H u ai n an [d 122 B C ] w r o te a n e x e gesi s o f i t To th e -

. . . .

P i n c e whil e t h e Ku o fe n g e x p r e s s e s p as s i o n wi tho u t se n su ali ty an d

r ,
-
,

t h e H s i a o y a s oci a l c o mpl ai n t wi th o u t r e b e lli o u s n es s t h e L i sa o m ay

-
,
-

be s ai d t o con tai n qu ali ti es o f bo th F o r lik e a cic a d a i t mol t s i n the .

, ,

mid st o f m u ck an d fil th an d t h e n so ar s al o ft bey o n d the du sty wor ld ,

o f the Ki g f C h B t l h w li
n o
’
u . u a te r e as a d ro
e n a te th e f m
i n b y co u r t i n t r i u es a n d wa s K g g
t wi ce x i l d Fi lly h d w d h im lf
e e na e ro ne se I t was d u r i n h i s s e co n d e i e t h a t h e r o te g xl w
vl
. .

th e L i -s a o , or En co u n t e r i n g So r r o w He n ce t h e t e r sa o i s r o u h m
e u i a e n t to t h e g ly q
m l m t A l th g h t h t m
.

En gl i h s te r a en i th L i
.
”
it h Oft b
ou e er o cc u r s on ly n e -
s ao , as en ee n

t d by l t h l g ppl i d t th C h t P t y f t h St t
“
f
’ ’
t r ea e a er sc o ar s a s a enr e , a e o e u- z u, or oe r o e a e o

Ch
’
u, w h l Th i h p t d i
as a tho e m it th d m it
s c f th L i
a er d scu s s e s e er s or e e er s o e -
sao an

l ti t t h Cl i q i g d v l ti g i t h
.

Ch i t m f th i
’ ’
t u -
z u n er s o e r re a on o e ass c s , uo t n an e a ua n , n e

p th
r o ce ss , lit y p i i ef th H h l
e r ar th m L i
o Hi h d
n o ns t m k
o e an sc o ar s on e . u s e o es no a e

l w h th d i i f t h L i
c e ar er e et p d whs cu ss o n th t f th C h o t b gi e -
sa o s o s an er e a o e
’
u -
z
’
u e ns .

At mm th
o ne m t b o en d wi h h L i e see d i th s x t b th h i
o e co n ce r n e t t e -
sa o an n e ne r ea e s

f d t b p k i g b t th C h t
oun o e s ea wh l H w v I t y t m k th p i t
n a ou e
’
u- z
’
u as a o e . o e er , r o ar e o n

wh L i H i h hift f m th L i t th C h t
er e u s e s I d i th t
s ro l ti th
e -
s ao o e
’
u -
z
’
u as o n e r ans a on on e

b i f th
as s o t t h q t e co n e n e u o es

Th f v i
.

2
er e f th B k f P t y ( l
ar e our t ltd B k fS g
er s o ns o e oo o oe r a so r a ns a e as oo o on s,

B k f Od ) Of w h i h ly th M v i h
oo o es m d w t c i t t It i
on e ao er s o n as co e o n o us n ac . s SO

na md b e H h l
e ca u s eb y th m f M H g w t p h il l gi l m
a an sc o ar e na e o ao en ro e a o o ca co

m t ye n ar th B k d t hi
on mm t y w t ght t
e oo th
an H h l wh s co e n ar as au o ano er an sc o ar o se

th G
,

na m w M Ch g T h f m i k w
e as ao
’
an t M . th lt e L orM er s no n as e r ea ao , e a t er a s e ss e r ao .

Th B k f P t y i
e oo mp d f th p t ( ) f g f lk g d ly i
o oe r s co o sell t d o ree ar s : 1 en , o so n s an r cs c o ec e

f m th i t d iff t l l iti ; ( ) y
ro r ee n t i i g ly i
er e n f m p l i h d ty p
o ca es d 2 a, co n a n n r cs o a o re o s e e, an

n ar r ati v ; ( 3) g es m i l d i fi i
su nl g w h i h cer e mp i d d
on a T h an s acr c a so n s, c a cco an e a n ces . e

wi d d fig ti v l y i t k t m
,

t m f g m
er en e an s n it h
,
th
an g tl i fl, ur a e , s a en o ean e er e en e n u e n ce

o f l y i l l m t ti
r ca d mpl i t
a th
en a g l w y i wh i h
on an m t t w it h
co a n s or e en t e a n c o ne re o n s r a es

hi s sup i p i lly th l T h t m y m
er o r , e s ec a g f l Th t w t g th w ith
e r u er e er a e a ns r ace u . es e o, o e er

v
.

sun g h ,
b d
a t d i
e g t t h een t y l f l
u sei t y p i o w h i h h es th q l i
na ety e s e o a e r ar e ce c as e ua

o f th e B oo k of Po e t r y
Th
.

en t h e r e a r e t h r ee l it e r ar y lm e e e nts e mpl oye d i n th e B oo k o f P o etr y : ( 1 ) fu , n ar r a

v
ti e , ( ) pi, 2 e t a h o r i ca , m p l a nd ( 3) hs i n g , a ll g e o r ic a l . Th ese t hr e e e e lm t en s a nd th e

p v re l io u s y m e n t io n e d t h r ee - t yp es of f
e ng , y a, a nd su n g f m whor at ar e k w no n as t he

i lm
S x e e e n ts
”

f b gi i g I h v h w h w t h
.

Fi ll y na m we th ph o te n f co e a cr o ss e r a se our e nn n s . a e s o n o e

B k f
oo P t y i o mp d f t
oe rh p t f g y s co d g A t h y i
o se b d i v i d od r ee ar s : en , a, an su n . S e a s su e

i t
n o t h H i y ( m i
e y ) d T
s ao y ( m-j y )a t h b k i i
no r d d t t
a i an a- a a or a , e oo s co ns er e o co n a n

f i t d f th p t th t i f g t y h i y
our ns e a o r eed g F i t d iff
ar s , t a s, en , a- a, s ao - a , an su n . or s e r en

i t p t ti
n er re a t 4 Ch pt III
o n s , se e no e a er

A
.
,

I 3m t n L i H i h
os h i h f
cas es , t h i t P t t u f t p t s ew h u se s s -
en, e nc en o e s, o r e er o oe s o

w ro h p m
te t t i d i th B k f P t y
e oe s co n a n e n e oo o oe r .
An A naly sis of Sao 27

i ts b r illi an ce i h e d by i ts p assage th r o u gh the m u d T h e ligh t

u n tar n s .

it s h e d s m ay b e comp ar e d t o th a t o f th e su n an d the m o o n .

It was th e opi n ion o f P an Ku [A D 32 92 ] t h at Ch ii Y u an wa s

’
-
. .

p a ad i n g hi s ta le n ts an d m a ki n g an e x hibi ti o n o f him se lf i n the L i sa

r -
o,

th a t h e d r o w n e d him s e l f i n th e r iv e r o u t o f e se n t m e n t a n d bi t te r n ess r ,

th a t th e s t o r i e s of I an d Chi a o an d of th e t wo Y a o b e au tre s d o n o t t ally

"

wi th t h o se giv en i n the T s o ch u a n th at r efe r en ce s to K u n lu n an d -

,
5 ’
-

Hsii an p u ar e n o t fo u n d i n the Cl a s sic s ; b u t th a t n e v e r th e le ss i ts

6
’
-

l an gu age i s be au tifu l an d e l egan t se tti n g a st an d ar d fo a ll t u a n d fu ; ,

r z
’

a n d th a t th e p o e t Ch h o ugh n o t a m an o f comp r e h e n s iv e
[ Y ]
’
ii ii an t ,

wi sd o m po sse sse d talen t o f ex quisi te qu ali ty

,
.
7

W an g I b e li e v e d t h a t th e A n ci e n t P o e t s p e r s u a d e by s h e e r fo r c e 8

whil e C h u Y ii an i s h u mble an d u n a s su mi n g a n d th a t the ide a s in

’

the L i s a o ar e b a se d o n th e Cl a ss ic s : fo r e x ampl e th e d r iving o f d r a go n s

-

in fo u r s an d the r idi n g o f ph o en i x e s ar e b ase d o n He t he n r ide s o n “

si x d r a go n s whi c h i s t a k e n fr om th e B o o k o f C h a n e s d
[ g ] a n

r e fe r e n c e s t o K u n lu n an d L i u sh a a r e b a se d o n t h e
’
-
D ivi si o n o f L an d -
”

in the Y li k u n g [i n the B o o k of Hi st o r y ] Th e r e i s n o o n e a m o n g
“
-
”
.

th e f am e d s chol ar s W h o did n o t tak e the L i sa o a s a mod e l fo r h i s

'
-

for m a l li te r ar y wr i ti n gs It i s i n de ed gol d i n app e ar an ce an d j ad e i n .

s ub st an c e a wo r k which h a s n o p ee r in a h u n d r e d ge n e r a t io n s
”
, .

A t the tim e o f th e H an Emp e r o r Hsii an [73 49 B C ] a dmi r e d i ts ,

-
. .

co n si sten cy wi th the Cl assic s an d Y an g H si u ng [53 B C A D

”
, . .
-
. .

4
g
D a u h te r s o f th e r u er l o f Yu —
yu , giv en to Sh ao -
k g ’
an as wi v wh es en h e was on h is
fl ig h t .

5
T h e Ts o -c h ua n , o ne Of th e th r e e co mm t i e n ar e s o n th e A n na ls o f Sp r i ng a nd A ut u m n ,
a h ist o r y o f the s ta te o f Lu, e d ite d by C f o n u c iu s . Th i s co mm e n t ar y was su pp o sed ly
w itt
r en by a co n te mp o r ar y o f C f o n uc u s i I ts au t h e n ti ci ty has be en de b a te d , but B er n a r d

vi
.

Ka r lg r e n h as co n n ci n gly de m t o n s r a te d it .

6 K u n lu n ’

,
-
a m o u n ta i n r an g it e s u a te d in th e W e st o f Chi na . Hs u a n p -
’
u, s i tu a te d in
th e f ar t h e st r eac h o f th e K u n lu n
’
-
m o u n ta n s i .

7 Se e Pa n Ku
’
s
“
Pr e f ac e to the Li -
sa o
”

t i—
.

8 The ph r as e er h
’

,
“
l ead by ta ki g n ho d l o f th e e ar , is f m
ro th e B oo k o f Po etr y
s ee th e M a o -s hi h y i n -
t e , 68 2 5 6/1 0 . It is a fig u r at i v xpe e r e ss io n fo r a f o r ce u f l m e th o d

of re m o n s tr a t i n gw i th a r u e r l .

9 C ho u i y i n te ,- -
/t u an
’

,
“
He t h e n r i d e s o n s ix dra g o ns to w ar d h ea v en .

.
10
See W an I S g ’ “
f
Pr e t ace
”
o Ch
’
u tz -
’
u c ha n g -c h u .

11 T h e Ha n -s h u , b i g ph y
o ra of W an g Pa o .
28 An A n al y sis o f Sao
af te r cr i tic al an d app r e ci ati ve s tudy m ai n tai n e d th at i ts s tyl e i s the ,

s a m e as t h a t o f t h e O d e s Th e se fo u r s chol ar s acce p te d the L i s a o as

12
-
.

con si sten t wi th th e Cl assics al though P an Ku cr i tici z e d i t fo r n o t ,

a gr e e i n g wi th t he T s o ch u a n B u t bo th in comm e nd ation an d in c e n su r e
-
.

a ll h a v e b e e n qui te a r bi tr ar a n d bo t h t h e i r bl a m e an d th e i r p r a i se
y ,

h av e b een ex agge r ate d In th e i r j udgm en t s th e y m ay b e s aid to be .

ob se r v a n t bu t n o t discr imin ating ; th ey h av e b ee n app r e ci at ive b u t

u n c r i tic a l .

In or d e r t o d e te r min e th e tr u th Of t h e i r state m e n ts we sho u ld di scuss ,

concr e te e x ample s fr om the whol e Ch u tz u W h e n he d escr ib e s the ’

-
’
.

b r illi ance an d gr eatnes s o f Y ao an d Shun o r sp e aks o f the r e v e r en ce ,

13

an d r e sp e c t sh own by Y ii an d T a ng Ch is dop i n g th e
14
[ Y ]
’ ’
ii ii an a t ,

s t yl e o f ti e n kao o f th e B o o k o f H i s t o r y W h e n h e cond e m n s th e
[ ]
15
-
.

l ack o f disciplin e of Chi e h an d Chou o r de plor e s the fall o f I an d ,

16

Chi ao he is adop ti n g the fo r m al r emonstr ation Wh en he us e s

,
17
.
18

d r agons as a m etaphor ica l ex p r e ssion fo r m en of Vi r t ue an d cloud s an d ,

r ainbows a s m e tapho r ic a l e x p r e ssio n s fo r sycoph an ts h e is a dop ti n g ,

th e d e v ice s o f m e t apho r an d mo r a l a ll e go r y W h e n he wip e s the 19

.

te ar s which flo w e a ch t im e h e looks a t [the p a l a ce o f] t he r ul e r which , ,

to h i s gr i e f i s clos e d to him by ni n e gate s h e i s a dop ting t h e fo r m al

, ,

e x p r e s sion o f a r e pining loy a l subj e c t Judge d by i t s p e r fo r m a nc e in .

12
Y g an Hs iu n g
’
s st ate m e nt is u n id e n t i fi bla e .

13 Y ao a nd Sh u n , lg e en d ar y sa g ki g wh
e -
n s, o se r ei g ns ar e k w no n as T ’
an g a nd Yu
r es p ect i ev ly .

14 Th i s is acco r d i n g
y m to the T
ip t b t i t h l d b T g d
’
an g dy nast a n u scr , u s ou e
’
an an

d i g t th L i d T gw l g k i g wh d y ti ’
Y ii a cco r n Y o e -
sa o .i t u an an ere a so anc e n sa e- n s o se n as es

ar e k w no Hi n asd Sh g p ti v ly d t t b
s a an an f d w ith T g d Y ii
r es ec e , an no o e co n u s e
’
an an ,

th e i g t it l
re f Y
n d Sh
es o p tiv ly ao an un r es ec e .

I t h B k f Hi t y
15
n e oo t i h pt
o k w
s or ti d f w th
ce r a n c k a er s ar e no n as e n an a e o er s as ao .

H th p h
e n ce ti
e k m t t d f th ty l f th B k f Hi t y
r ase e n - a o co es wh lo s an or e s e o e oo o s or as a o e .

Ch i h w t h l t l f th H i
16
e as e as d Ch w
r u er th l t l f th Sh g
o e s a, an ou as e as r u er o e an .

Th y e id
ar e d th
co n s ymb l f wi k d
er e j t Y
e s d Sh o id od c e n e ss us as ao an un ar e co n s er e

symb l f v i t
o s o r ue.
17
1 p d Hi
u su r ly t b
e p d i t by C hi
s a, on o d C hi w e d t y d
u su r e n ur n ao , an ao as es r o e

w h Sh k g t d th H i l i
en ao -
’
an r es o r e 96 BC e s a ru e n 20 .

R m
16
et ti w
o ns r a i v d i th
on asi t t im t
co n ce b f ti f th p m
e n e a nc e n es o e a u nc on o e oe s

i th B k f P t y H
n e oo o by yi g th t C h ii Y il i d pti g th id f m
oe r . e nc e , sa n a
’
an s a o n e ea o re on

Li H i h m t h t C h ii i d p t i g th ty l f th B k f P t y
’
t ti
s ra o n, u s e e a ns a s a o n e s e o e oo o oe r .

D vi
19
e t d i tices lly l i k d with th B k f P t y
ra o na n e e oo o oe r .
30 An A n aly sis of Sa o
th e mu scu l a tu r e an d i n te gume n t which t h a t s tr uctur e su st ain s we se e ,

th a t a l t hough th e wo k a d o p t s t he b a sic id e a o f th e Cl a ss ics t h e r e a e

, r ,
r

t m g n ific n t li t e r a r y e x p r essio n s which ar e t h e o r igi n a l wo r k o f

y e a e

th e a u th o r s t h e m se lv es Th u s th e L i s a o a n d C hi u ch a n g b r illi a n t a n d .
- -
,

be au ti fu l comm u n i cate fr u str ate d d esi r es ; the C h i u ko an d Chi u pi en

,
- -
,

d e lic ate a n d ly ic a l e x p r e s s gr i ef ; the Y u a n y a a n d T i e n we n O d d an d

’
r ,
- -
,

e cc e n t r ic e x hibi t gr e a t ar t f u l n e ss ; an d t h e C h a o h u n a n d T a c h a o
,
- -
,

gor ge o u s an d d a zzli n g ar e imb u e d wi th p r o fo u n d b e au ty T he P o eh u , .

-
'

r e v e a l s th e t r u e m an n e r o f o n e in e x il e ; a n d t h e Y v i fu m an ife s ts a -

t a l e n t t h at i s Wi tho u t p ee r F o r t h e s e r e a s o n s th e i r spi r i t i s in h ar mony .

,

wi th the spi r i t of the a nci en ts an d the i r l angu age m ee t s the n ee d of th e

p r e sen t d ay W i th t h ei r sta tli n g g ace an d un iq u e b ea u ty th e y ar e
. r r ,

i n d e e d i n comp ar abl e Fr om the C h i u h u ai d o wnw ar d all the po ets h av e .

-
,

followe d th e i r ste p s b u t hop e le ssly o u td i stance d n o t o n e co u l d ove r

, , ,

t ak e Ch ii a n d Su n g A s n ar a tiv e s o f fee li n gs an d o f w r o n g Ch ii
’ ” ’
. r ,

Y ii an s an d S u n g Y ii s w o r k s a r e m e l an choly an d m o vrn g ; I n r e co u n t
’ ’ -

i n g a li fe of i s o l ation th e y c o mm u n ic a te i ts a lmo st u n b ear abl e s o r r o w ;

m o un tai n s an d str eam s l e ap b efo r e o u r e y e s wh e n we li ste n to the i r
m e l o d ic d e scr ip tio n s an d se aso n a l ch an ge s f r m p ar t of o u r e xp e r i e n ce
,
o

a s we r ea d t h e i r li t e r a r y a cco u n t s o f t h e m M e i Sh en g
]
[ 1 1 B C
4 .
,
-
. .

a n d Chi a n t e r e d th e r ea lm of b e a u ty by imi t a t i n g
[I 2 00 68 B C
] e ,
-
1 . .

t h e i r s t yl e ; an d M a [Ss u — m a H s i an g j u 1 I 7 B C ] an d Y a n g [H si u ng -
,
-
. .
,

53 B C A
. D 1.8 ]-
a t t a in e
. d t h e q u a
. li t y o f t h e wo n d r o u s
”
by d e v e lopi n g

t h e i r fo r m s Th o se wh o w e r e i n fl u e n c e d by t h e m i n cl u d e p o e t s o f m o r e
.

th an o n e ge n er at i o n G r e a t t al e n t s h a v e bo r r ow e d th e i r m a i n id e as ;
.

t h e cl e v e r t h e i r e l e g a n t l a n g u age ; t h o se who c o mp o se p o e t r y th e i r
, ,

d es c r ip tio n s o f m o u n t ai n s an d str ea m s an d p o e tic n ovic es s uch mo r a l ,

m e tapho r s as t h at o f fr agr an t gr ass If o n e is able to le an o n th e

“
.
” 31

29 C h ii Y ’
uan and Su n g Y u , t h e t wo mj a or pf the
o e ts oo r s c i te d
f Ch
’
u , a u tho r s o w k
her e . T ll y th
r a d it io n a , e L i s a o , C hi a c h a ng , C hi u k o ,
- - -
ila n -
u
y , T i e n —
w e n , P o -
Y
c h u, a n d
’ '

f tt i b t d t C h ii Y ii a n , a n d C hi u - i e n a n d C h a o h u n to Su n p Y ii T h e g
’
Y il -
u ar e a r u e o
-
.

h w v m m b C Y
hin C h a , m m C g ’
es a ttr i u t e d to h ii u a n a n d so eti
’

T a -c ha o , oi e er , s so e ti es to

a n o th e r f m p t f th S
a ous oe o e ta t e o f Ch
’
u .

3° “
W o nd r o u s f se e r a is o ne o v l rou gh l c ass i fi tica o ns of l it e r ar y q l ity
ua .

31 In t h e C h u -t z u , a r t icu a r
’ '
p l ly t he L i -s a o , f g ra r an t g r as s e s an d fl w o ers are m e ta

ph o t ic a ll y u s e d t o s ta n d fo r oo d g m ora l q l iti ua es, a nd h e n ce g ood men .

An Ex g e e si s o
f P o et r
y 3 1

y a a n d th e l e an s o n the cr o ss b ar o f a c ar r i age o r t o h ar n ess

s u ng as o n e ,

th e C h u tz u po e t r y a s o n e h ar n esse s a ho r s e a n d if o n e c a n ab so r b
’ '
-
,

t h e i r wo n d r o u s qu a li ti es wi th o u t lo si n g s igh t o f t h e i r t r u th s an d

a pp erci a t e t h e i r flow e r s wi t ho u t n e gl e c t ing t h e i r f r u i t s t h e n j u s t a s , ,

e ff o r t l e ss ly a s h e gl an c e s h e will b e abl e fu lly t o u tiliz e h i s li te r a y

,
r

power an d j us t a s spon tan e o u sly as he co u gh s h e will b e able t o r e ach

, ,

th e li te r a r y h e igh t s He will h av e n o n e e d t o g o t o Ch a n g ch i n g [o r
’ ’
-
.

Ss u m a H si an g j u ] fo r i n spi r a ti o n o r t o T z u y u an [o r W an g P a o
- - -
,

-
6I B C ] fo r b e n e fi ts
. . .

T h e Ts a n
W i th o u t Ch ii Yu an ’

How co u l d the r e b e a L i s a o ? -

Hi s star tlin g t alen t S w eep s lik e wi n d

'

A n d h i s Vigo r o u s p a t ter n s r oll lik e clo u d s .

T h e m o u n tai ns an d s tr e ams h e d e s c r ib e s h av e n o h o r izon s

'

And the em o ti o n s an d i d ea s h e e xp r ess e s a r e t h o se o f o n e wh o h as

s u ffe r e d m u ch .

All the p h ase s an d for m s o f the wor k s ar e of go l d an d j ade ,

And i ts mi n u te s t fr agm en ts ov e r flo w wi th b eau ty .

VI A n Exegesis o f P o e tr y
1
.

Gr e at Sh u n s ai d : P o e tr y i s the e x p r e ssion o f sen tim e n ts an d so n gs

2
,

ar e th e se e x p r e s s i o n s s e t t o m u sic O f thi s e xpl an ation give n by the .

”3
,

sa ge the m ean ing i s cl e a r Th at which i s the sen tim e n t wi thi n th e mi n d

, .

b ecom es p o e tr y wh en e xp r e sse d in wo r d s It i s h e r e i n de e d t h at li te r a r y "

1
p p
The ur o se o f t h is cha pt er is gv
to i e th e or g
i in , f i
u n ct o n , and de v l pm
e o ent of

p t y f m it
oe r ro s earli e st tr a c e s a t a t m
i wh e en i t wa s no t d is t i n g u ish e d f m m
ro u s ic to

L iu Hs ie h wn t im
’
s o e

V
.

2
Se e n o te 1 3, C h a te rp .

3
S ha n g -
s h u t u n g -c h i e n
’

( Pe i n k g , 0 6 86
-
.

4
Mao ’
s e d i t io n o f the B oo k f
o P o e tr y ( Sh ih —
s a n —
ch in g c h u -s h u cd .
, 5a .
32 An Ex g e es is o f P o et r
y
“
for m u n fu r l s i tse lf to co mm u n ic a te r ea li ty P oetr y m eans di sciplin e .
5
,

di scipli n e d h u m an emo tio n T he s ingle ide a t h at r uns th r o u gh the .

t h r ee hu n d r e d p o e ms in th e B o o k o f P o e t y is fr e e dom fr o m u n d i sci r

l n e d t h o u gh t h e i n te r p r e t a tio n o f poe t r y a s di s cipli n e d h u m a n

7
p i T .

e mo t io n s i s in t ho r o u gh ag r e e m e n t wi th t hi s o b se r v a t i o n .

M an i s e n d owe d wi th se v e n em o tion s W h en s tim u l ate d by e x te r n al .

Obj e c ts the se e mo tion s r i se i n r e spo n se In r e sp o n d i n g to o bj e cts o n e

, .

S i n gs to e xp r e ss h i s se n tim e n ts All this i s p er fe c t ly spo n t an e ou s In . .

a ge s p a st t h e r e wa s a m e t r ic a l pi e ce o f Ke t i e n s hih s c a ll e d Hsii an ’ ’ “
- -
,

“
ni a o which was se t to m u sic ; an d in the m u sic o f H u an g ti s Y ii n -
’ “

“
m e n t h e r e i s n o t o n e no te which is e mp ty o f m e a ni n g A t the t im e .

o f Y a o th e s o n g o f T a t an g wa s su n g an d Shun c r e ate d th e ly r ic
“ ’
-
,

c alle d Nan “
Ex ami n ation o f th e se two poe m s howe v er S how s , ,

t h a t t h e y h a v e o n ly th e m e r i t o f c o mmu n ic a ting id e a s .

W h e n G r e a t Y ii compl e te d h i s w o r k hi s nin e r e g u l ated a chi e v eme n ts ,

5 Sch o l a r s u su a lly a tt r i b u te the fir s-t u se o f the m

te r ts a i ( to co n v ey ) to Ch ou T u n -i
o f th e Su n g f i te r a r y fo r m as a e c e co n e y i n ta o ( o r a
, a nd the id e a o l r i n ci es ) v hi l v g m lp pl
t o Ha n Y ii t he an , Of
h o se ter T g w
fo r t h i s id e a i s k u a n ( to s tr i n to e th e r ) I n t is
’
m g g h
v
.

p
c h a te r we s e e th a t L i u Hs i e h wa s t h e r st o n e e i t h e r to u s e t h e t e r ts a i o r to a d a n ce fi m
t h e i d e a o f i te r a r l y b g
fo r m a s e i n i n i ts e a e h ic e fo r i d e a s I n co n ce i i n t he u nct io n lf v l v g f
vy
.

of l
i te r a r y o r f m
to b e k u a n o r tsa i ( to s t r i n to e t h e r o r t o c o n e ) ora r i n ci e s, g g m l p pl
C
Ha n Y li a n d h o u T u n -i a r e t h o u h t to h a e r e e a t e d t h e ite r ar or g
t o a s e co n d a r v lg l yf m y
l
r o e a n d e e a te d ora lv m
r i n ci e s to a s u r e lp
e h e i ht pl
h is i d e a m a y b e u y u st i e d p m g . T f ll j fi
i n t h e ca s e o f C
ho u T u n -i a n d t h e Neo - o n u cia n s a t e r hi m ; i t i s e ss a ica e t o C f f l ppl bl
Han Y ii , wh o c e r ta i n a u ed ly v l
it e r a r or o t h a s a n i n s tr u l
e n t a n d fo r i ts o wn sa e yf mb m k .

B u t i t i s t o ta i na lly ppl bl
ica e i n t h e ca s e o f L iu Hs i eh , fo r ho ite r a r y o r an d ora w ml f m m l
p r i n ci pl es a r e o f q l i mp
e ua o r ta n c e

Th i xpl
.

6 s is d i g t th
acco r n o e Ha n s h e n wu - -
, an a p yp h l w k p p
o cr a or ur ort n i g to e ain

the B oo k o f P o e tr y .

7 L u n -y u y i n -t e ,
'

S ’
-
l
Ke -t i e n s h ih i s t h e ti t e o f a n a n ci e n t r u e r Se e t h e L a s hi h c h u n c h i u Sh a n l .
-
’
-
’

’
t un g ”
ch i :
“
He i n s co n d e n c e W h i e n o t u t te r i n a fi
in e o r d , and w l
th e eo e g
gl w S p pl
f ll w
o o h is wa y t h o u h h e g
a es n o e ff o r t to t r a n s o r the mk r e at i n d e ed i s h e , a n d f m m G .

b ey o nd n a e
”
m
T h e Hs ua n n ia o i s s e co n d o f t h e e i h t
“
. u s i ca
- o e tic i e ce s r e c o r d e d g m lp p
i n t h e L il s hih c h u n c h i u , -
“
Ku -y ii e h
’
ien
”
-in
“ ’
hu n h si a c h i
”
c h a ter on th ep ’
C g -
, p
a n c i e n t u s icm See L i i s h i h c h u n c h i u t u n g c hi e n , 5 8b
'

- -
’
-
’ ’
.

vm
.

9 “ Y u n m en is a
-
u s i ca oe co e m
o r atin E l p m
e r o r Hu a n t i s ach ie e mm m
e n ts g mp g -
’

a nd v
ir tu e Se e C h o u Ii y i n -t e , 6/ 1 b ,
.
“
h u n uan ,
-
” “
T a ssu y u e h
”
a n d t he
“
C
hen i ; k ” ’
- -
, C g -

t h e co mm e n ta r y to Ch g en Hs u a n
’
s ( 1 27 -
200 )
“
Pr e f ace o f Sh i h
1° “
T a -t
’
an g ”
wa s r w i tt en b y Shu n i n p r a is e Of Y ao s
’
d e te r m i ti na o n to a bd i ca te . I n the
“
Y ii e h -c
hi
”
in t h e L i -c hi ,
“
T a -ch a n
”
is g m e n t io n e d a s a so n g f th o e Y ao p i er o d . Fo r the

p m oe , s ee t h e Sha ng -s h u ta -ch u a n , a ttr i b u ted to Fu -Sh e ng o f t he Han Fo r .

“
Na n -
f e ng ,
”

s ee L i -c h i y i n -te , 19 7 .
An Ex g e es s o i f P o et r y 33

wer e sung in songs ; an d when T ai k ang l ap se d fr om vi r tue hi s ’

-
’
,

five b r o th er s compl ain e d in so n g To u se po etr y t o e ulogi z e go od

”
.

an d se t r igh t e v il b e h a vio r i s a p r a c tic e o f lo n g s t a n ding F r om the .

Sh ang to the Chou the y a an d the s u ng ar e the mo st p e r fe ct e x amples

,
.

”
Th e fo u r b e gin n i n gs a r e d a zzli n g an d b r illi an t an d th e si x e l e m e n ts
”
,

a r e e x h au st iv e a n d p ofo u n d Tzu h si a p r op e r ly co mp r e h en d e d th e
r .
-

v er se con tai n ing the li n e B e whi te in o r der to b e “

an d

”
T z u ku n g the s tan z a i n which chi se ling an d poli shi n g ar e m e n tio n e d
-
,
.

Fo r this r e as on Sh an g an d Tz u wer e co n sid e r e d by Co n f u ci u s w o r thy

’

to d i s cu ss po e tr y wi th
17
.

After the ex h au s tion o f the r oy al gr ace o f th e Chou d yn asty the ,

co lle ctin g o f po ems s to pp e d D u r i n g the Sp r i n g an d A u tu m n p e r iod

”
.

the o ld po e tr y wa s r e a d o r r e ci te d by m e n wh o W i s h e d to r e ve a l th e i r

ambi tion s ; i t wa s p r e s se d i n t o se r vic e to gl o r ify diplom a tic g u e s t s a t

s tate function s an d to quo te i t wi th facili ty wa s so u gh t as a p er son al

,

or n am e n t In the state o f Ch u poe tr y was ch ar a cte r i z e d by sa ti r e s

.
’

an d l am e n ts a n d t he L i s a o m a b e c o nsid e r e d a s a t i r ic a l a ll e go r y
y
-
.
,

Al though the fi r st e mp er or of the Ch in bu r n e d cl assic al wr i ti n gs he ’

h ad po em s abou t the immo r t als wr i tte n ”

.

A t the b egin n ing o f the Han W e i M e n g followi n g th e e x a mpl e of , ,

11
See n o te 1 8, Ch p t a er I .

12 Wu -
tz u ,
“
five p er so n s , u su a lly
five r o th e r s o f T a i a n
c o n s tr u e d to m e an b ’
-
k g ’

K
,

m a y a so l m ean W u tz u o r W u u a n , th e y o u n e s t so n
-
g g
C h i , so n o f Y i i a n d ath er Of ’ '

f
o f T ai k g
’
an -
’

, p
as r e o r te d i n t h e C h u -s h u c hi -ni e n If t h i s r e n d e r i n i s co r r e ct , W u tz u
. g -

c hih k e w l
-
ou d be
“
T h e s o n o f W u u an , T a i g an s k
o u n es t
-
g
r o th e r
”
k g y
B u t th e r e
’
-
’ ’
g b .

s ee m l l b
s i tt e d o u t th a t L iu Hs i e h to o th e h r a s e to k
e an t h e five p
r o th e r s o f T a i an m b ’
-
k g ’
.

13
Se e n o te 4 , h a te r III C p
V
.

14
Se e n o te 2 , h a te r C p .

15
L un y i t y i n— t e , 4 /3 8, e r e T z u -h si a a n d who n u ci u s e r e d is cu ss i n C f
in es r o w g l f m
‘ ’

th e
“ ”
Shih j e n in t h e -
o o k o f P o etr y B l
T h e in e u o te d i n th e A na lects a n d h e r e i s n o t
. q
co n t a i n e d i n th e Mao e d i t io n o f t h e o o k o f P o etr y B
Se e Ma o s hi h y i n t e 1 2 / .
- -
,

16
L u n -y u y i n t e ,
‘

-
T he o e p m
d i s cu sse d is o u n d i n Ma o s hi h y i n te , f - -

b
I n o t h t h e s e c as e s , a m l
o r a i s ti c i n t e r r e t a t i o n o f o e tr p
is e h as i z e d p y mp .

17
Sh a n g m
is a n o t h e r n a e o f T z u h s ia a n d T z u a n o t h e r n a e o f T z u u n -
’
Se e m -
k g .

f
r e e r e n ce s i n t h e A n a lects i n n o te s 1 5 a n d 1 6 .

19
Ha n s h u , I we n ch ih : In a n ci e n t t i es the r e was a n o ffi ce in ch ar e o f co ec t i n
-
“ ” “
-
m g ll g
ly f lk g F m
r ics a n d o p m l l
so n s ro th e se oe
. s th e r u er e ar n e d o f t h e co n d i t io n s o f t h e eo e p pl
v
.

k wl g w l q
Su ch n o ed e f l
o u d a c u a i n t h i m o f t h e s u cce s s a n d a i u r e o f h is o er n ent a n d g m
w l v b mp v m
o u d s e r e as a a s is fo r i ro e e nt

T ySx y
.

19
pp g
h i s h a en e d i n th e t h i r t i th e a r o f h i s r e i n ( 2 1 1 B
-
b u t th e o e s a r e p m
lo st . C
See Ssu m a -
C hh h g h i e n , Shih ch i ,
-
“ ’
h in -s i - u an p e n ch i
’
-
.
34 A n Exegesis of Po etr y
th e Cho u poe ts fi r s t u se d the fo u r wor d li n e fo r m fo r the for m al
,
- -

r e mo n s t a t io n Emp e r o r W u lov d li r a t u r e a n d in th e
r
[4 7
1 0 8 B C ] . e t e -
. .
,

t o we r of P o li an g c r o sse d wi t s wi th h i s mi n i ste r s t o p r od u ce poe tr y

-
”
, .

A n d th e r e w e r e Y e n an d
[S su
] m a
[ H si a ng u
j ] a n d t h e lik e w h
21
o - -

we r e limi te d by n o thi n g i n th e i r poe tic cr e ativi ty W h en Emp er o r .

Ch e ng [32—7 B C ] or de r e d the s e l ec tio n an d coll e ction of th e po e tr y

’
. .

o f th e t im e mo r e th an th r e e h u n d r e d po em s i n clu d i n g almo st all

, ,

th e li te r a y pi e c e s o f the d ay r wer e coll e c te d In a ll th e se li ter ar y , .

r e m ai n s we fin d n o t r ac e o f five wo r d lin e po e t r y Th e r efo r e schol ar s - -

.

o f l a t e r t m e s c ast d oub t o n t h e a u t h e n t ici t y o f h e po e m s att r ib u te d

i
[t

t o ] Li Li n g an d P an a wom a n p a l a c e o fli ci al d u r i n g th e t im e o f
23
-
, ,

Emp e r o r Ch e ng ’
.

In the H sing lu i n the Sh ao n an we fin d h alf the li n e s [in th e

“
- -

s e co n d a n d t hi r d s t an z a s b of h fi e wo r d t yp e ! n d th e e n t i r e
5
] t o e t e v a -

“
boy s so n g ’
—
T s an g l an g i s o f five wo r d li n e s
,
” “ ”
H si a y ii
’
a ,
”
-
.
“
-
,
” 27

s o n g of a c o u r t j e st e r app ea r e d lo n g ag o d u r i n g t h e t i m e o f t h e ,

Ch un ch i u p e r io d ; a n d th e fo lk so n g H si e h chi n g was c u r r e n t in
’
-
” ’ “
-
”

r e c e n t t im e s So wh e n we i n v e stigate th e p e r iod s an d look fo r evi

”
.

den c e i t i s cle ar th at the five w o r d li n e p atte r n h a s long b e e n in

,
- -

e x i s te nc e A s fo r th e Anci e n t P o em s th e y a r e fin e a n d b e a u t i ful
” “ 0
.
.
,

20 T h is p ly pp
h a e n e d i n t h e e a r 1 0 8 B C T h e o e t r m a y b e d e sc r i e d a s
re o r te d y . . p y b
r o u nd r o in
”
o e tr y b T he e p
e r o r le d o ff i t h a i n e , to b e o o e d mp h is i n i st e r s w l f ll w by m
gv
.

f
o n e a t e r a n o t h e r , e a ch i i n a in e i th t h e s a e r h e o r r hy g l
es Ku Y e n -wu w m ym m . Of
t he C g
h in d y n as ty co n s id e r e d t h e s e i n e s to b e a te r o r e r ie s , e cau s e t he t i t es a fli xe d
’
l l f g b l
to m an y o f the i n is te r s who t o o ar t m e r e cr e a t e d i n ate r t i es kp
Se e h is Ii h -c hi h lu , w l m .

c h ii a n 2 1 .

21 Y n
e fl
C h i , o u r is h i n i n t h e s e co n d c e n t u r y B C g . .

22
See t h e Ma i n Pr e a ce o f t h e I we n c h i h i n t h e Ha n -s h u
“ ” “ ”
f -
.

93 Fv w
i e - o r d in e oe s ha e l
e e n a tt r i u t e d p m
to L i in a n d h is v b
r i e n d Su W u b L g f .

L i u Hs i e h s e e s to b e t h e r st o n e to m u es t i o n t h e i r au th e n t ic i t y fia te r Su Sh i h ( 1 0 3 6 q . L
1 10 1 ) m a d e t h e sa m p e o int .

24 “
Sh ao -n a n
”
is o ne o f th e fift ee n s e c t io n s in the B oo k o f P o e tr y co n ta in i n gp m oe s

co ll ecte d f m m g th
ro a on e s ta te s , a n d
“
Hs i n gl
-
n is a p m oe u nd e r t h is s e ct io n ; it mb s nu er

is 17 .

25
Ma o s hi h -
y i n -
te , 3
Al
.

96
Ma n ci us , 27 /4 A /9 . so f oun d in th e Y u -fu in t he Ch
’
u -t z
’
u .

27 T he fi r st t wo ch a r a c t e r s o f a five - w o rd - li ne p m oe u se d a s a tit e l .

26
Ku o y i l , -
’ “
C h in —
y ii .
”

29
Hs i eh -
c hi ng a r e th e fi r st t wo c h ar a ct e r s Of th f lk g It w e o so n . as cu r r e n t d u r in g the

ti m e of E mp ero r Ch g ’
en Se e t he
“
Wu -
h i g h ih i t h H
s n c h
”
n e a n -s u.

A
.

t m m f p ti l ly t th g p f n i n e te e n five w d
“ ”
3° T he n c ie n t Po e or
-
er s r e er s ar cu a r o e ro u o
An Ex g e es s o i f P o e tr
y 35

Som e attr ib u te d th e m to Mei Shu o f th e W e ster n Han e x cep t fo r ,

th e po e m o n Ku ch u which wa s b e li e v e d to b e fr om th e p en o f
“ ”
-
,

B u t if we c o mp ar e th e i r li t e r a y s tyl e t h e y se e m t o b e th e
32
Fu I . r ,

p r o d u c tion s o f the Two Han Th e i r co mp o si tion an d r h e t o r i c ar e .

u n a do r n e d an d y e t n o t c u d e R e ali s tic in d e s c r ibi n g o bj e c t iv e s ce n e s r .

a n d d e e ply m o vi n g i n d e pic ti n g i n n e r e m o t i o n s t h e y a r e i n d ee d t h e ,

cr own o f the five wo r d li n e po e tr y - -

.

“
T h e Y ii an pi e n o r L am e n t o f Ch an g H e n g p u r e an d e l e g an t
”
-
, ,

i s ab so r bi ng in i n te e st ; an d th o se p o e m s ab o u t t h e immo t a l s o th o s e r r ,
r

“
of a s lo w r hy thm ar e g a cefu l i n the f e shn e ss o f th e i so u n d p atte n s
,
4
r r r -
r .

A t the b egi n n ing o f th e Chi e n an r e ign [A D 1 96 22 0 ] th e five wo r d -

. .
- -

lin e p atter n d e v e lo p e d by l e ap s an d b o u n d s Em p e o r W e n an d . r
35

“
Ch e n Ssu ga ll o p e d ah ea d wi t h a fr e e r e i n whil e W an g Hsii Yi n g
’ 6
, , , ,

”
an d L i u wi th e y es fi x e d o n th e r o a d r ace d a lo n g i n co mp e ti ti o n
, ,
.

Th e i r co mm o n the m e s ar e lo v e fo r the Wi n d an d th e m o o n e x cu r si o n s ,

to gar d e n s an d p a r k s r o y a l g ace an d fa v o r s d r u n k n e v e lr y an d ,
r ,
e r

fe ast s H e r o i c i n givi n g f e e pl a y t o th e i r V i t ali ty op e n an d a t l e s s i n

. r ,
r

t he applic a ti o n o f t h e i r t a l e n t s n e v e r r e s o t i n g t o p e tty c l e v e r n e s s i n ,
r

the e x p r ess i o n of t h e i r fee li n g s o r i n th e i r d e s cr ip t io n s o f wh a t th e y

s aw an d i n h ar n e s s i n g l an g u ag e fo r t h e i r d e s c r ip ti o ns a imi n g s imply
, ,

a t l u cidi ty— i n a ll th e s e w a y s th e y m an i fe st t h e s am e sp i i t .
r .

D u r i n g the r e ign of Che n g shih [240 2 4 8] o f the W e i the t r en d - -

,

li p m ll iv ly k w
ne oe K S h ih h ih h i S h
s, co e ct( Ni e i t p m ) no n as u- s -
c n ou n e te e n a nc e n oe s ,

f w h i h th h h ip d d t h v b mt f j t d d b t
'

o c e au t ors an a e a e e en a ter s o co n e c u r e an e a e .

M i Sh g
31
4 e en -
1 1

K h32 “
m l b mb n c -
y mb l i
u
”
f b t th d w m p i i g f h
ea n s a o ne a oo , s o c o a e ro e o an n n or er

l v to m t t k h
o er h i b id
co F I fl e i h d d i g th
o a ig e f Emp er as s r e . u our s e ur n e re ns o er o r

Mi g ( A D 5 8 7 5 )
n d Emp . C h g ( A D 7 6—88) f t h L
.
-
H an er o r an o e a te r an

A f w d l i p m t i t l d A t m A t b y C h g H g i q t d i th
. . .

33 “ ”
-
our -
or ne oe en e u u n s er an en s uo e n e

Yl l i
'

-
p m i h i l m t g p S T i p i g y il l
a n as a oe h n89 3 s a en ro u ee
’
a -
’
n -
an, c u an

Th p m
. .

34
t id t i fi bl
e se oe s ar e no en a e

T P i 87 6 wh
.

35 s ao
’
p d th th ’
e ,d 1d h W i dy
-
22 y , o u su r e e r o ne an cr e a te t e e n ast

T C h ih T P i b h 9 3
.

66 ’ ’ ’ ’
s ao s ao e s rot er, 1 2 -2 2

W g T
,

8) Y i g Y g
.

37
( 77 H ii K ( 7 d L i Ch
’
an s an 1 s an 1 1 -2 1 n an an u en

7)
-
21f f t h v par e k w T
ourh v m t
o f h C h i —
e se en o e ts no n as e se en as er s o t e en an

p i d T h m i i g th
er o
”
K g Y g ( 53
e re Ch L i
a n n d r ee ar e :
’
un un 1
’
en n an

Th y
.

Y ii Y an l k w
u S v M t i Y h t h pl wh th y
e are a so no n as e en as e r s n e , e ac e er e e

all id d d r es g p d i Emp We , an l t y t l y Ti l l w
a r e SO rou e n er o r en s
’
i er ar c r i i ca e ssa e n- u n un- en

All f th m d th fi w d l i p m th i m i l i y f m
.
,

o e u se e ve - or -
ne oe as e r a n te r a r or .
36 An Ex gesis e o f P o et r y

was to e xpl ain his p er iod con tains e l e men ts o f the

ta o ,
”
an d poe tr y o f t

cul t o f immor tali ty HO Y e n 249 ] an d hi s lik e ar e in gen er a l s up er.

-

fici a l an d S h allow O n ly Hsi [K an g 223 whos e wor ks ar e ch ar ac ’

.
,

te r i z e d by pu r e a n d lof ty e mo tions a n d Y u a n [Chi 2 1 0 whose , ,

id eas ar e far r e achi n g an d p r ofoun d achi ev e d ou tstandi n g statu r e A s

-
, .

to th e Po i ” “
by Yi n g Ch i i [190
-
”
t h at ind e p e nd e n t an d cou r a
’

ge on s m an i ts l angu age i s Odd b u t the ide as ar e t r u e It r e tai n s the

, .

spi r i t o f t h e W e i .

In the Chin dyn asty [266 316] the taste o f mos t m en of t ale n t le an e d -

“
t ow ar d th e tr ivi a l a n d o r n a te Ch ang
”
T SO [Ss u ] a n d L u
"0 2
P an 1
’
.
, ,

wa lke d s ho u lder to shoul d e r i n the l an e o f poetr y Th e i r l an gu age is .

mor e o r n ate th an th a t of the Ch en g S hih p er iod b u t t h ey did n o t h av e -

,

th e v igo r Of th e Chi e n an m a s ter s Som e o f th em d e ligh te d in a -

.

fasti d i o u s u se Of li ter ar y ph r ase s while o th er s s ough t to e mb r oider ,

h e i r li te r a r y r e p u ta t io n s wi t h co n v e n tio n a l an d t r i v i a l Th
[ t ] t h e e s e .

wer e the ge ne r a l tr en d s o f the tim e .

D ur ing the p e r iod o f th e Chi ang tso [317 li ter ar y wr i tings -

33
Th i s is t h e ta o o f t h e r e f m ph il p hi l T i m ; l igi o u s s ect , to b e d is t i n g u is hed ro o so ca ao s

a l th gh i t w till d i
ou d d as th m f L
s d Ch g L f t
scu ss e un er e na es o ao an u an . ao r e er s o

L t ao z u , b l i v d t h v l i v d d i g th i x th t y B C B f h ti d h l ft
e e e o a e e ur n e s ce n u r . . e ore e re re , e e

b hi d h t w k f b t
e n a s or w d xp d i g my ti l p i ipl whi h i
or o a ou or s, e o un n a s ca r nc e c s

ca ll d t Ab t tw h d d y
e ao . ou l t C h gt tio d th t phil phy
un re ea r s a er , u an z u co n nu e e ao o so ,

a k i d f t l i m with mp h i
n o n a ur a b l t i d i v i d l p t i ty d f d m
s e as s on a so u e n ua s o n an e an r ee o .

B e cau s et w id
ao d m p h y i l p i ipl th d i i
as co n s L
er e d Ch g a e ta s ca r nc e, e scu ss o n o n ao an u an ,

p ti l ly d i g th W i d C h i d y ti i k w m t p h y i l t lk D i g th
ar cu a r ur n e e an n n as es , s no n as e a s ca a . ur n e

C h i d y ty th
’
n n as b l i f i th p h y i l i mm t l ity f m O
er e ar o se f th a e e n e s ca or a o an . ne o e

i tiv th t g d th Fi t Emp f th C h i d y ty t m ll v Ch i ’
n ce n es a ur e e rs er o r o e n nas o roa a o er na

w as t k th l ix f li f by xpl i g f m m t i i th h p f m ti g
o s ee e e er o e e or n a ous o u n a ns n e o e o ee n

with th imm t l T h T i t f th H
e or a s d L t . H p i d p ti d l h m y
e ao s s o e an an a er an er o s r ac ce a c e

in an e ff t t p d or th l ix o ro u ce e e er .

P m
99 oe ll d b th y
s SO c a x p th id th t i p l
e h d d id
e ca u s e e e r e ss e ea a n o- u or o ne un re e as

th m y b i hih
er e a m i ; th i i th igi f th f m k w
e -
s , or
“
P i
o ne ss
”
s s e or n o e or no n as
“
o -
,
”
or
“ ”
O n e h u n d r ed -
o ne

Th
w th C h g b th T i H i h d K g ll fl
.

40
er e er e r ee an ro er s : sa s e an
’
an , a o u r is h i n g in t he

K A
, ,

f th t y S th C hi h hii 5 5 th b i g p hy f Ch g
o ur ce n u r ee e n -s u, c an e o ra o an g ’
an . n o th er

y g p C h g H ( 3 3 ) w i th C h g T i d h i b t h
.
,

th eo r ro u s an ua 2 2- 00 an sa an s ro er Hi h s e to f m or
“
Th C h g r ee an .

Th w tw P Y h 3 ) d h i ph w Ni
41
er e er e o
’
an : ue -
00 an s ne e .

T h t w L b th
42 e w C hi ( 6 3 3) d Y ii ( 6
o u ro er s er e 2 1- 0 an n 2 2

R f i g t th t i m w h
49 th C h i
e er r n m v d th d t h p
o e e en e n o e so u un er e r es s u r e o f t h e no r t h er n

b b i t ib t t bl i h th E t Chi
ar ar a n r es , o es a s e as er n n .
38 An Ex g e esi s o f P o e t r
y

[or T s a o Chih
’

3 ]
1 92 2 2 a n d Chung , h su an
[ o r W -
a n g T s a n
77 7]2 1 -
’

,
-

combi n e d i n th e i r wo r k s all th e se go o d qu ali ti es ; while T ai ch u n g ’

-
’

o r T s o Ss u a n d K u n g Ka n o r L i u Ch en ch c ap t u r e d a
[ ] [ 2 1
7] e a ,
-

p ar tic u l ar asp e ct Of i ts b ea u ty .

A l t h o u gh th e fo r m o f p o e tr y h as a u n v e r s a l n o r m th e wo r ki n gs o f i ,

p e ts mi n d s ar e ne v er ster e o typ e d E ach w r i te s a cco r d i n g t o h i s o wn

o
’
.

n a t u r e a n d gi ft s a n d fe w a r e a bl e to e n comp a s s a ll th e go o d q u ali ti e s
, .

If a p o e t h as a sh r e wd u n d e r stan d i n g of the d i ffi c u l t he will fin d h i s ,

co u r se e a sy ; b u t i f h e c a r e l essly atte mp ts to t r e at e v e y thi n g a s e asy r ,

th e d i ffi c u l t will c e ta i n ly r e m a i n t h e r e i n s t o r e fo r him

r .

A s fo r th e mi x e d f o r m c o n t ai n i n g t h r e e an d si x wo r d li n e s i t h a s -
,

i t s o igi n i n th e B o o k o f P o e tr y A n d th e w r i ti n g of t he Li h o
”4 7
r h as .
-

i ts b egi n n i n g i n th e ap o c yph a l w r i tings T h e Hui b egan wi th “

r .
-

r o u n d r obi n poe tr y i s m o d e l e d afte r the lin e s

“ ”
T ao Y ii an ; an d -

p r od u ce d i n the T o we r o f P O li an g Som e of th e se fo r m s ar e gr e at an d -
.

o th er s a e p e tty b u t the y all a im a t e xp r e ssi n g e m o ti o n s an d ideas

r , .

H e nce we i n cl u de th e m a ll i n the r e alm o f p o e tr y B u t we sh all n o t .

atte mp t t o d e a l wi t h a ll o f t h e m in d e t a il .

T h e Tsa n
P e opl e b o r n wi th fe e li n gs
ar e ,

W i th ins ti n ct s to hu m an d si n g .

T h e s tr e am o f po e tr y took i ts r i se d u r i n g the t im e of an ci e n t e mpe r o r s ,

A n d fo k s o f i t app e ar i n th e two
r

P o e tr y i s i n h ar m o n y wi th b o t h t h e spi r i t a n d the r easo n ,

A n d d e v e lop s i n a cc o d wi th hi st o r ic a l ci r cum s tan c es r .

G lo r i o u s an d r ich ,

I t i s a spl e n d i d sp e c ta cl e fo r all t im e .

4 7
Li m ea n s to ta k
mb i I thi f m f p t y m l i
e a p ar t and ho , to co ne . n s or o oe r ,
so e n es

t k
a he c p t d th mbi th p t t f m w h t H
a r act e r s a ar an th o e r s co ne e se ar s o or ne c a r ac e r s . e n ce e

na m T p e
“
d mb i
o H se p ti q l i i
a r a te lm t
an xi t t d to co ne .
”
er e , oe c ua t es ar e a os no ne s en , an

th e d ir ea f d w it her t f id d l
s c o n r o n te a se o r es

A th l it y g m f mp i g p ti l i whi h
.

46
no er e r ar b d f m ig h t
a e o co os n oe c ne s c ca n e r ea ro r

to l ft f m l ft t ight d f m p d w w d f m d w pw d
e or ro e o r , an ro u o n ar or ro o n u ar .

N t id t ifi bl
49
o en a e .

56 Se e n o te 2 4 fo r Sh a o -n a n .
VII . Musi ca l Poetr y ( Y h fu ) ue -
1

T he Y u e h f d e s c r ib e d-
a s t oan e s p r ol o n g e d a cco r di n g t o r ul es
m ay b e
2

“
o f p r osody an d in t er v a l s chosen acco r d i n g to r u le s of h ar mon y T h e 4
.

“
n i n e s o n g s in t h e c en tr a l h ea v e n a r e t ho s e of G o d an d th e e igh t t u n e s ,

“
o f Ke t i e n b e long to the t ime s o f a n ci en t e mp e r o r s Fr om th e
’
-
.

“
Hsi e n an d Yi n g downwar d t h er e i s li ttle e vi d e n ce t o d i scu ss
””7 “ ’ 3
.

T h e Ho u j e n s ong o f T u sh an m ar k e d the b e gi n n ing o f th e m u sic

“ ’ 9
- -

o f th e so u t h T h e folk s o n g Fe i y e n o f Y u su n g was th e b e gi n n i n g
“ ” 10
- -
.

o f t he m u s ic o f t he no r t h W i th th e sighi n g of [K ung ] chi a Of th e ’

-
.

H si a dyn asty a t Tun g—y an g the mu sic o f the e ast b egan A n d Y i n ,

.
11

Ch eng s nos talgi a fo r h is o ld ci t y wh en h e mo v e d to th e W e s t R iv e r

’

1
Or i i na g lly a mpg W o v
( 4 er n m en t b u r e au es t a bl i h s e d at th e ti m e of E er o r u 1 0

87 B C ) f th H
. . ty t o ll t d mp
e g p b bly f it l
an dy n as o co ec w it r e, an co o se so n s, ro a or r ua

d t St d f
,

p p ur T h t m Y i h f th
o s es . w e th
er g ll t d w it ’

ie -
u en as u se o an or e so n s co ec e or r te n

b y m mb e f th b I th i
er s h p th
o m i l p t i mp h i d l th gh
e u r e au n s c a ter e u s ca as ec s e as z e a ou

mpl t ly d i v d f m p t y i t lf
.
,

i t i q i t pl i t h t t h i
s u p te t b a n a s as ec ca n n o e co e e o r ce ro oe r se

Th K g ( C ) Sh g ( D ) C h i ( E) C h ih ( G ) d Y ii ( A )
.

2
fi t
er e ar e ve o nes : un , an , ao , , an ,

a wh l t o e l o n e sca e

T w l v p i h p ip p d i g h m t l f m C t A
.

3 e e tc es , ro uc n a c ro a i c s ca e ro o

Thi i q t ti f m Sh ti i th B k f Hi t y Sh g h t g hi
.

4 “ ” ’
-
s s a uo a on ro un -
en n e oo o s or . an -
s u un c en,
-
0 69 2 .

5
Ssu m a -
Ch i ’
en , h -c h ia h ao
Shi h -c hi , Ch
h i e n -t z u r e o r te d h is d r ea
ao in shi C C p m
w h ic h h e w
e nt t o t h e c e n t r a hea en h e r e h e h e ar d n i n e s o n s l v w g
S
.

6
Se e n o te 8, h a te r V I , C p
h e r e we h a e Ke -t i e n - h i h w v ’
.

7
T he m
u s ic o f Y ao ca e d Hs i e n ll
See th e Pa i -h u -t un g , T i - a n li - u e h
’
w g y .

8 The u s ic o f Em er o r Kao , ca e d mp
W u -y i n ”
a cco r d i n to t h e Pa i - h u -t u n lland g g ’
g
—
L iu y i n
”
g
acco r d i n t o a n a o cr y h a or g
o n th e as s i c p
u s ic , p lw k
u o te d i n a c o m Cl Of m q
m e n ta r y o n
“ ”
Y ii e h ch i i n t h e L i -c hi -
.

9 “
Ho u -j e n ar e t h e r st two o r d s o f a so n fi
b y a ir wh o w
a i t e d fo r Y u o f t h e g g l w
Hs ia d y n as t o n e h a o f h er y b lf
.

i s tr ess , t h e d au ht er o f T u s h a n - h ih m “
i te r a , h o u g ’
-
S . L lly
j en
”
m
e a n s o n e wh o a i ts w
T
.

10
wher e e r e t wo l e a u ti u b
g i r s g i n twh e t y g
r i e o f b
Y u -
su n wh o f l e r e t r in t o c a tch
a fl g w ll w
y in s a o m by
s e n t to s e e t h e w ll w l f
G o d W h e n th e s a o e t a n d fl e w t o th e n o r t h .

v m
n e e r to r e tu r n , t h e y g w a d e a so n , w ll w w ll w w“
h ic h e n d s i n : S a o ! S a o ! I t fl e w a a y !
”

Th ph m fly i g w ll w “ ”
e f i y r as e e -
en ea n s a n s a o

K g h i f th H i d y ty h t d t T g y g A g t g t f wi d bl i d d
.

11 ’
-
un -
c a o e s a n as un e a un an . r ea us o n n e

him d h g p d hi w y i t p h It h pp d th t th p w if ’ ’
an e t ro e t s a n o a e as a n s o u se . a e ne a e e as a n s e

w asf d i g h b by b y S m p pl t k th i m i g f th H i l
ee n er a g d o . o e eo e oo s co n o e s a r u er as a oo

o m f th b y f t
en or w h i l th t h gh t i t w
e mi f t
o K g hi t k
’
s u ur e, e o er s ou as a s o r un e .
’
un -
c a oo

t h b y w i th h i m
e o y i g th t thi g w l d h pp t th b y w th t h w
, sa n a no n ou a en o e o , no a e as a s o n

l W h th b y g w p h i f t w i j d wh t w i th b k
_

o f th e r u er . en t e o re u s ee er e n ur e en a en a ro en

b m f ll
ea th m d h w
e bl ig d t b m g t k p K g h i igh d
on
‘

e , an e as o e o ec o e a a e ee er
’
un -
c a s e :

Al ! W h t mi f t ! I t h t f t !
.

“ ’
as a a s o r u ne sn t a a e
4 ° M usical Po etr y
i n i ti ate d the mu sic o f the west Th er e is n o ge n er al r u le fo r the .
”

d e v elopm en t of m u sical p atte r ns O r d in ar y m en an d wom e n e xp r e ss .

th e i r fee lings in loc al folk s o n gs ; t h e s e so n gs we r e g a th e r e d by o ffi ci a l

poe tr y coll ecto r s an d se t to mu sic by blind m u sic m aster s Th e se ”

.

fee lings se t S ilk st i n gs an d b amboo r ee d s v ib r ati n g while the living

r

s pi r i t i n fo r m e d t h e b r a s s e s an d s t o n e b e lls B e c au se o f t his bon d .

be twee n m u sic an d m ea ni n g Maste r K u an g could p r e dict su cce ss an d ’

fail u r e by testing the wi n d ; an d Chi ch a could d ete c t symp toms 14

-

o f a S t at e s r i s e a n d f a ll in music a l s ub tl e t i e s which h e r e cogni z e d

’ ”
.

How k een th ei r p er cep tion was !

Music i s o r gan ic ally r e l ate d to on e s mo r al n atu r e Its i n flu en ce ’
.

p en e tr ate s o n e s v e r y fib r es an d m ar r o w Th er e for e o u r e ar ly kings

’
.
,

t ook gr e at p a i n s t o ch e c k e x c e sse s i n t hi s r ea lm T h e e duc at ion o f .

noble son s incl u de d a r e q u i r em e n t th at t hey p r a ctice the singing o f

th e ni n e vi r t u e s Th er efo r e th e y we r e able to r e spond e motion ally
”
.

t o th e s e v e n b e gin n in gs a n d th e i r mo r a l infl u e nc e was c ap abl e o f

17
,

ch an gi n g the e igh t wi n d s [the e mpi r e ] .

A fter t he d e cli n e Of the y a [o r or thod o x ] music s oun ds th at d r own e d ,

o n e s so u l p r e v aile d D ur i n g the Ch in musica l cl assic s we r e bur n e d ;

’
.
’

12
Y in Ch g a n o the r m fo r Ho —
t a n -c h i a f the Sh a n g (
’
en is na e o 1 5 4 2 - 1 5 33 As
f
a r e e r e n ce fo r n o te s 9, 10, 1 1 , and 1 2 , s ee L it s hi h C h
-
’
u n ch -
’
iu,
“
C h i h s ia -
ch i ,
” “
Y in
ch u
’
pi en .
”

13 Fo r th e ll ti g p th K g y g h
r act ice mm t y by
o f p o e tr y co ec n , se e e un -
an c ua n, co en a r

H Hi o f th l ts u H S m w h t d i ff
o t v i
e giv i t h H h
a er an . o e a er en er s o n s ar e en n e a n -s u,
“
Sh i h h hih-
i uo l tt f m L i H i t Y g H i g q t d i t h F g y
c ,
”
n a e er ro u s n o an s un , uo e n e an -
en .

14
Ch hi hi g h yi t 88 H i g 8 6 T
’ ’
-
u n -c u c n c ua n n- e, 2 s an 1 so .

C h i p pl h d th t C h w b t t tt k Ch i M t K g
n eo e e ar at m i i
’
u as a ou o a ac n . as e r
’
u an , a co u r u s c an

i Ch i
n pl y d th n, g f i g h t w i d ( w i d f m i g h t d i ti ) H t d t h t
a e e so n s o e n s n s ro e r ec o ns . e no e a

th th w i d l
e so u k d v ig H p d i t d t h t C h
n t t
ac i th e th w ld v or . e re c e a
’
u, a s a e n e so u , ou n e er

s u ccee d .

15
C h i -c ha , a p r i n ce f m ro t h e s ta te o f W u ca m e to t he state o f L u a n d l ist e n ed to th e
,

m u s ic o f d if f
d y n a st i e s a n d s t a te s
er ent , He was a bl e t hr o u g h l iste n i n g to t he m u sic to
,

v v
.

p a ss ud j gm
e n ts o n t h e u a it of o er n q l y
e n t o f t h e se g
ar i o u s d n a sti es o r s ta tes Se em y .

C h u n -c h i u c hi ng -c h u a n y i n -t e , 32 6 -32 7 /Hs i a n 2 9 /8 T so
’ ’
g .

1 6 Fo r t h
e e n u e r a t i o n o f t h e n m
i n e i r t u e s s ee
“
T h e K ao -
yu mo i n the v
oo k o f B
T
,

Hi sto r y , 1 6a Sha ng -s h u t u n -c hi e n , -
0 1 65
’
g “
h e a r e d e scr i e d as : to e r a n t a n d . y b l
g fi g l
.

y e t d i n i e d p
e n t e a n d y e t in d e e n d e n t, r an a nd y e t o i te , i n c o n t r o a nd y e t k f pl l
v
,

p f l y l g
r e s ec t u , ie d in a n d y e t e ffe ct i e , s tr a i h t o r ar d a n d y e t i d , si e a nd ure, g f w ml mpl p
v p l g
d ec is i e a n d r a ct ica , a n d s t r o n a n d actin acco r d in to r i nci e s g g p pl .

17 bg g v
T h e e i n n i n s o f h ea e n , e a r th , m a n , a n d t h e o u r s ea so n s h e s e e in n i n s fin d f . T bg g
e xp f ll w g p v
r es s io n i n t h e o o i n r e s e ct i e n o tes : , D , E, F# , , , a nd B C G A .
 Muisical P o etr y 4 1

howeve r b eginni n g of the Han s ome wer e r e cov er e d Chih

, at the .

a Han mu s ici a n r e co r d e d th e m u sic a l no te s a n d Sh u s u n

[T u ng ]
’

[ ] ,
-

fix e d the mod es Kao t su [the fi r s t e mp er o r of the Han 2 06 195 B C ]

.
-
,
-
. .

cr e ate d the W u te wu [a m ar ti a l d a nce ] an d Emp e r o r W e n [179

“
-
”
,

157 B C
] i n i ti at e d th e Ssu shih
. .
[or Fou r S ea s o n s Tho u gh -
,
” “ ”

th e se we r e m a d e i n th e spi r i t o f t h e Sh ao t h e y a l s o a d o p te d
“

s om e o f th e Ch i n p at t e r n s B u t t h at m e lo d io u s m u sic is S il e n t n o w
’
.
,

n e v e r t o r e tu r n A t the t im e o f Emp e r o r W u [140 87

,
. wh o -

e mph a siz e d r i t u a l s th e Y u e h fa wa s fi r s t e s t abli sh e d Th r o u gh t h a t

,
-
.

offi ce son gs of Ch ao an d T ai wer e coll ecte d an d the m e l o d i e s o f Ch i ,

’

an d C h u w e r e p r e se r v e d e n ni e n comp o se d fl o wi n g t u n e s a n d
[ ]
’
L i Y .
-
,

C h u [M ai ch e n ] an d [Ssu ] m a [H si an g j u ] w r o te s o n gs i n th e s tyl e
’
- - -

T he K u e i h u a i s a mi x e d t u n e ; i t i s b e au tif u l b u t n o t
“ ”
o f t he Sa o .
-

cl assica l ; an d the Ch ih y en an d o th e r pi e ce s ar e high flo wn b u t ’

-
”
-

n o t r ea lly e l e g a n t T h e mu sic i n tr o d u ce d by P r inc e H si e n o f HO chie n

” -
.

i s gr ace fu l b u t s eldom e mpl o y e d It wa s ap r opo s o f th e gr oup j u st .

m en tion e d th at Hsi A ri r emon str ate d again st t he wr i ti n g o f [co mp ar a

t iv e t r ivi a o r a s h e p ut i t ] songs i n hono r of the h e av e nly ho r se ” “ 1
.
, , ,

W h en Emp e r or Hsii an [73 49 B C ] c a m e u pon the s ce n e h e we n t -

. .
,

b ack to the W an d the s u ng an d in p o etr y h e tr i e d to imi tate th e ,

spi r i t of th e L u ming B u t by th e tim e o f th e p e r io d s o f Emp e r o r

“ ” 22
-
.

Y ii an [4 8 33 B C ] an d Emp e r o r Ch e n g [32 7
-
. . v u lgar m u sic ’
-

h ad gr a d u ally sp r e a d O r tho d o x m u sic r u n s ag ai n s t th e c u r r en t o f

.

p o p u l ar t ast e an d i t i s v e r y d i ffic u l t to m ai n tain i t L a ter r i tu al an th e m s

,
“

con tai n som e gr ace fu l e lem en ts b u t al tho u gh th e i r l a n gu age m ay b e ,

e l e g a n t t h e i r m u sic n o l o n ge r h as t h e q u a li t y of th e a n c i e n t mu sic
,

m a ste r s K u e i o r K u ang ’ ’
.

T h e t h r e e r ul e r s o f th e W e i q u ick wi tte d an d r i chly e n d o wed ,

23
-
,

18
Se e t h e Ha n -
shu, L i -y u e h wu s y C h ih .
” “
Wu -
te mb l i d th h pp i
o th
z e w ld e a n e ss e or

e xp i
e r e n ce d wh en -
b g p
Kao tz u r o u ht ea ce to t h e c h a o t ic w ld by mor f hi m il i y e an s o s ta r

mp ig ;
ca a ns an d
“
Ssu s h i h wu
-
”
ho e d th a t th e S w w ld w
or j yi g p as d en o n e ac e an

p p ity
ros er .

Nm19
a e o f an a n ci e n t m u s i ca l pi Se e C h o u -Ii y i n -t e , 6 /6a
e ce

Th gi v
. .

29
g es e so n s ar e en in the Ha n s h u , L i y ii e h c h i h
- -
”

S —
.

21 m Ch i S hi h chi , Y ii e h hu
”
NO B
’
29
su a en , - -
s 1 61 in t he oo k o f P o etr y
T T T
.

T
. .

23 ’
s ao
’
s ao , 1 5 5 2 2 0 , -
’
s ao P ei,
’
1 87 2 2 6 , a n d
-
’
s ao Ju i wh o , l f m
r u ed ro 2 2 7 to 2 39 .
4 2 M usical Po etr y
often cu t up bo th wo r d s a n d tu n e s to fo r m tr ivi al ly r ics an d common
r hy thm s A S fo r t h e i r Pe i S h ang an d Ch iu fe n g an d SO o n
” “ ” “ ”
t he
’
- -
.
,

th e m e s a r e e i t h e r c a r o u sa l o r compl ai n t s a g ains t mili t a r y c amp aign s ;

t h e i r mind s a r e a lw a y s p r e occ u pi e d wi t h i n o r di n ate pl e as u r e s an d ,

t h e i r l a n g u age e x p r e ssiv e o f mou r n ful th o ugh ts Al tho u gh t h e i r wo r k .

i s co n s i s te n t wi t h t he t h r e e tu n e s of t h e Ha n t i s co r r u p t wh e n com , i

p ar e d wi th the Sh ao
In the Chi n d y n a sty th e r e app e ar e d F u H su an wi t h a p r ofound
un d er s tan d ing o f mu sic He gav e gr ace to the r i tu al so n gs he c r eate d .
,

t o be u se d i n t h e c e r e mo n i e s o f a n c e s t r a l w o r s hip A n d Ch an g Hu a s
’
.

n e w compo s i tio n s w er e a l so u se d in co u r t d an c e s Tu K u e i by r e tu n
’
.
,

i n g th e pi tch pip e s imp a r te d e a se an d g r a c e t o the m u sic of t he tim e

, ,

Whil e Hsii n Hsii al ter e d the m e a su r e m en t o f the stan d ar d pi tch as a ,

r e su l t o f which t h e t r a di t i o n a l t o n e a n d r hy t hm w e r e m a d e r esp e c t i v e l
y , ,

mo r e sa d an d mo r e r api d Fo r thi s r easo n J ila n H si e n co n te n de d t h at .

i t r ep r e se n te d a d e vi ati o n fr om th e t r u e t r a d i ti o n al t o n e a n d t hi s ,

opi n ion Of his wa s l a te r co n fi r me d by the d iscove r y o f an au the n tic ,

a n ci e n t m e t a l r u l e Th ese str i n g an d wi n d accomp an i e d son gs ar e

” ” -
7
.

24 “‘

Pe i -
Sh an g ar e th e fi t tw rs o c h a r a c te r s o f a so n g wi r tte n by T ’
s ao T ’
s ao ; an d
Ch i f g ’
u -
en
”
the fi t rs t wo w d or s o f a so n g wit r t en by T s ao
’
P
’
ei .

25
See n o te 19 ab v o e .

26 I n h is s tu d y o f th e m u s ic o f the ti m e, Hs u n Hs u d isco v er e d so m e d i s cr e p anc y

b w et een d if f er en t n o te s . His i n fe r e n ce le d h i m to t h e c o n c u s io n l t ha t th e a n ci e n t ru e l
was a b out o f an i nch s h o r te r tha n the o n e in u se i
s n ce the Ha n SO h e . or der ed a

n ew ru e l m ad e , a cc o r d i n g to wh i ch n ew pi tc h p ip w es er e c o n s tr u ct e d . Th es e p ip es in
tu r n se r vd e a s s ta n d a r d s fo r th e tu n in g o f v a r io u s in s tr u m e n ts . Th en th e r u e l wa s u se d

to t est a n cie n t e x ta n t i n str u m e n ts . He f o u nd th e m e as u r e m e n ts thu s o bt ain ed a g r ee d

p f l y w it h t h
e r e ct e m t A d th
i n scr i pi j d p ip m i l t
t o n s o n t ho s e i nstr u en s . n en a a e e, a u s ca s o ne

Of th C h tim e d ou f th H tim w
e , an a b ll
h d Wh th
e w p ip
o w e an e er e u nea r t e . en e ne es er e

th y g d N w w h i l ll p pl l k d p H ii d i ’
d t
u se t th i ot tes e r u ne , e a r ee . o e a eo e oo e u on s n s s

c o ve r
y w i h g t d m i t i t Y ii H i
r ea bj t
a d h t t h ra t d i g
o n, t th w an s en o ec e t a e no e a cco r n o e ne

l w t h igh It h pp d th t ft Y ii
ru e as oo . d th b a l w di v d
en e a a er an s
’
ea a ro nz e ru e as sco ere .

It i s ip t i
n sc r w v g th it w t p ibl t d t it B t th w
on as so a ue d bt
at as no o ss e o a e . u ere as n o ou

th t i t w
a i t l A d it w
as a n a nc e n f i h l g ru e th th t. f H ii n B t as o an nc on er an a o s n s
’
. u

h w it
t e f t h C hi
r er s h ( t ow hi h t h e d i f n -sd f f t h ud t il ) o c e r ea er s r e err e or ur er e a s co n

l d d i f v f H ii b
c u e n a f th
or o fi m ti giv h im by th
s n i t i t
e c au s e o e co n r a on en o se a nc en ns r u

m t S th C hi h L ii li h ih
en s ee e n -s u,
“
-
c .
”

bb v i t d xp i f m f S i gi g
.

H y ii h i
27 “
o -
e s f H i g h
an ka re a e e r e ss o n o s an -
o o, a or o n n

accomp i d b y i g w i d ( fl t ) b
an e d t
s tr n i t m t L i i l d d i thi
, n u e , r a ss , an s o ne ns r u en s . u nc u e n s

t g
ca e y ll t h m i l p i
or a h di e d i th i h pt
u s ca ece s e scu ss e n s c a er .
Mus ical Po etr y 43

ch ar ac te r i z e d by r efi n em en t an d e x ce lle nce ; th ei r e x te r n al ex p r es sio n s

a n d i n n e r s e n tim e n ts a cco r d p e r fe c t ly F r om this p e r fe c t a cco r d we .

know th at poetr y is the min d o f m u sic an d so u nd is i ts bod y Si n ce .

the body of mu sic is so u nd blind m u s ic m a s te r s t u n e t h e i n st r um e n t s ; ,

s inc e th e mi n d o f music is po e t r y su p e r io r m e n p e r fe c t li t e r a r y fo r m s ,
.

In A love of m u SI C Wi tho u t i n d u lgen ce i n e x ce sse s li e s the r easo n

“ ” ”

why th e c u sto m s o f the state o f C hin we e p r a i se d ; while [T h e ”

r
“

gall an t an d the gi r l ] the y a r e go i n g to sp o t to ge th e r sp e lle d th e

”
,
r
’ 0

d o wn f all of th e s ta te o f Ch e n g Th e e fo e we k n o w th at whe n 31
. r r

Chi cha m a de hi s j u d gm en t s he was li ste ni n g to th e l an gu age of the

-
,

s o n gs n o t m e r e ly th e music
, .

A s fo r lov e s ongs te nd er a n d s e n tim e n tal o r mo u r n ful t u n e s ,

e x p r e s sing fin a l a n d fa te fu l d e ci s i o n s t h e y o ve fl o we d wi th se n s u o u s
”
,
r

l an gu age How th en was i t po ssibl e fo r p r o p e r mu sic to e m er ge ?

.
, ,

Howev er the popul ar t aste r e ve l e d i n th e n e w an d st an ge In t h e

, r .

p r e s enc e o f cl assical m u sic which i s m e ll o w an d full o f d ign i ty p e o pl e , ,

would s tr e tch an d y a wn ; b u t wh en th e y li s te n e d t o t he e cce n tr ic

langu age [o f th e Liu S u n g lov e s o n g s ] th e y wg u ld sl ap th e thigh an d -
,

be gin to h o p u p an d d own lik e sp ar r ow s Thi s m ar k e d the fi r st st ep .

tow a r d a s ta te o f affai r s i n which b o th po e tr y an d m u s ic w e r e t i n g e d

“
by the i n fl uen ce o f Ch en g .
3

T h e wo d s which ar e se t to a pi e ce of m u sic a r e p o e tr y an d th e
r ,

m u sic a l so u n d s o f su n g poe tr y a e m elo d y In empl yi n g m u sic a l r . o

so u n d s t o a c c o mp an y th e wo r ds o n e ofte n fi n d s t h a t p o e t r y i s t o o

c o mplic ated to b e r e d u ce d to m u sic a l r hy thm He n ce C h en Ssu [o r .

,
’

26
A
'

li ne f m h
ro t e Hs i -
so in T ’
an gf g
-
en , Ma o s hi h-
y i n -
te , 23 1 14 /2 . T ’
an g wa s
l a te r t h e s ta e o t f Ch i n .

29
T he p r a ise was e xp r e s se d b y C hi—
ch a o f W u , wh o ca m e to the s ta t e Of Lu on a

di pl m
o a t ic mi ss io n . Se e n o te 15 a b o v e

A li
.

30 n e o cc u r r i n g in b ot h s ta n z a s Ch
o f e n -W e i in Ch g f g M en -
en . ao s—hi h y i n -
te ,

2 . T he s t a te o f Ch g en is k w f no n or i-ts l v Of
o e pl se n s u o u s e asu r e in b o th

p o e trm iy and us c .

Al j d gm t xp ed b y C h i h
31 so a u en e r e ss -
c a

Lv
.

39
g p m bl y f
“
o e p t y by P Ch
so n s
”
r e su a r e e r s to oe r ao ao o g
f L iu Su n , 4 2 0 4 7 9 ; a n d -

m f l t
ourn u f t g xp i g th f l i g
u n es
”
”
r e ers o so n s e r ess n e ee n s o f a d e s er t e d i e , su c h a s wf
Pa i
’
t ou y in
-
.

93
See n o te 30 a bv
o e .
44 M usical Po etr y
Ts a o ’
complim en te d Li Y en n ie n a s we ll v er se d in ad d in g - -

wor d s to o r su b t r a c ti n g w o r d s fr om th e a nci e n t ly r ic s [t o m ak e t h e m
, ,

fit the n e w mu s ic ] He d e l e te d su p e r fl u o u s wo r d s r e v e ali n g t h e v al ue
.
,

Of s implici t y T h e T a fe n g o f Ka o t su [o f th e H an ]
“ ”
. a n d th e - -

“
L ai ch ih Of Emp e r o r W u we r e se t to m u sic an d su n g by boy s
“ ’ ” 7 ’
-

cho r uses In th e se s on gs th er e was no mu sic al d i sco r d T z u chi e n

. .
-

o r T s a o Chih d Shih h g Chi b o t h w r o te fin e s o n gs ;

[ ] [ ]
’
a n e n o r L u -

b u t th e s e w e r e n e v er giv e n to the si n ge r s n o r a cco mp an i e d by i n s tr u ,

m e n ts Fo r thi s r e ason t he y w e r e con si d e r e d d i s co r d an t by the a ve r age

”
.

li ste n er wi t h popul ar taste A s a m atter o f fac t the a v e r age li ste n e r .

,

l acks im agi n ati o n T he mili tar y s ongs o f Hsii an [the Ye llo w Emp e r o r ]
.

“
a n d Ch i n d th e e l e gi e s o f H an t im e s ho u gh d i ff e r i n g in
p ]
’ g
o a -
t ,

th e i r t h e m e s the fo r m e r mili ta r y a n d th e l atter fu n e r e al a r e bo t h

, ,

incl u d e d i n the Y u e h fu A n d tho se wr i tte n by Mi u Hsi [o f the W e i -

.

dyn as ty ] co u ld be con sid er e d i n the sam e cl ass wi th t h e se Lo n g ag o .

,

wh e n T z u Ch e ng [o r L i u H si an g o f the Han ; 77 6 B C ] t r e ate d

- -
. .

li te r ar y wo r k s h e d i sti ngu i sh e d poe tr y an d so n gs i n to t wo c atego r i es

,
.

It i s fo r thi s r e aso n th at a b r i e f co n si d e r atio n h a s h e r e b ee n giv e n to

music to d efin e i ts pl ace an d fu nc ti o n
, .

T h e T sa n
Th e igh t tim b r e s i n tr o d u ce m u sical p atter n s i n to li te r ar y wo r ks
e
*O
‘

In which the wor d s a r e i mpl an te d to e xp r e s s the fo r m .

Folk son gs wer e su ng in the wild ,

34 K w no n as Pr i n c e Ch ’
en ; Ss u wa s h is o s t h u o u s t i t e p m l .

35 Am ii us c an d u r in g th e ti m e of E mp
e r o r W u o f t h e Ha n .

36 Th fi t e rs t wo w o rds o f a so n Kao ts ug r o te I t is o u n d i n
-
w . f the Y u e h - Sh u in
the Shi h -c hi .

37 l t tw w d f
The as g w itt b y th mp
o or m i g th l
s o f b ti
a so n r en e e er or o urn n e o ss o a e au

f l u b i It i f d i th W i h i h
c o n cu ne s i th H
oun h n e e -
c
’
c u an
”
n e a n -s u .

w d Si g v giv t th
.

Th36 e i thor ph “
wh i h i hn d
er s d n e r as e c s er e r en er e ne er en o e

i g
s n i
ers t lly w —h l i g —
s ac u aj l it ll y t with t y l d i t A d i g
“
u c ao n en,
”
er a , ac o r s ou ro a e c . cco r n

t m by C h i Y ii f th C h i g d y ty ll p t d i g t h T g ’ ’

t o a t t
no e th i o s er n o e n n as , a oe s ur n e an

dy n as t
y w h w t p m o d i g t t
ro e h p tt f t h
oe i t Yu h f
s d
a cco r n o e a er ns o e an c e n e -
a, or c r e at e

ne w t i tl f th i
es p m k w
or e r W h li g j
oe Th i w ld gg t th t
s, ar e no n as
“
u -c ao n -
en .
”
s ou su es a

th i p e r m w oe t w i tt s t b t t
ere m i no r en o e se o us c .

S 69 th ee Y ii h h ih i t h S
e
“
g h e -
c
”
n e un -
s u .

S 4° d f m m t l
oun t
s th
ro w l th ilk w d g d d b mb
e a , s o ne, e ar en ar e , ea er , s , oo , our , an a oo ,

m t i l t f wh i h m i l i t m t
a er a s ou o md c u s ca ns r u en s are a e .
4 6 El uc i d ati o n o f F a

to be tr unk
b r anch e s o f o n e tr ee [T o e mph asi z e the inde p ende nce
an d .

o f fu a s a coo r din a te r a t h e r t h an a subo r din ate fo r m Liu H s i ang

]
“
showe d clear ly th at i t i s ch an te d n o t sung ; and Pan Ku p r onounce d ,

“
i t to b e a l ater d e v e lopm en t o f t h e anci e n t po e tr y As fo r the T a s u i
“ ”
-
.

“
o f D uk e Chu an g o f Ch e n g Hu ch i u o f Shih W ei t h ei r
“ ”
an d th e
" ’
-
,

e x p r e ssio n s a r e te r s e an d th e i r li n e s a r e sho r t an d all o f t h e i r po e tr y i s ,

t h e i r o wn o r igi n a l c r e a t ion ; b u t a l though t h e y follow th e fo r m o f fu ,

th e y o n ly m a r k e d i ts d a wn st ill fa r fr o m d ayligh t I t wa s Li n g ch ii n , .
-

o r Ch ii Y ii a n w h o wi t h his w r i ti n g Of th e Sa o st yl e fi r s t b r o a d e n e d
[ ]
’

, ,

th e s cop e o f bo t h i ts sou n d p a tt e r n s an d i ts e x te r n al e x p r e s si o n s If .

this s u mm ar y i s co r r e c t t h e n fu fi r s t r e c e iv e d i t s m a n d ate a s a li te r a r y
,

for m i n the wor ks Of the Anci e n t P oe ts an d e xp ande d i ts s cop e i n the

C h u tz u Sinc e t h e n Hsii n K u a ng [o r Hsii n tz u ] w r o te the fu o f Li
’ ’ ’ “ ”
-
.

an d Chih an d S u ng Y ii compo se d the fu o f Fe n g an d

“ ”9” “ ” 11

Th ese wr i ter s fi r s t gav e t he n ame fu to the i r wr i tings con sciou sly ,

di sti n gu i shing i t in thi s way fr o m poe tr y O r igi n ally a s ate lli te among ‘

th e s i x e l e m e n ts o f po e tr y i t n o w a ssu m e d the st a t u s o f a g r e at i n d e ,

p en d en t s tate T he gue st hos t n ar r ativ e was the fi r st fo r m of fu

.
“ ”-
”
,

a n d an e l a bo r a tion o f s o u n ds an d e x t e r n al Cxp r e s sion s follow e d wi th ,

th e e mploym e n t o f a ll th e known li te r a r y e ff e c t s It was the fi r s t

”
.

tim e a dis tinc t ion was m a de b e t w e e n po e tr y an d fu the b e ginning o f ,

f u
’
s r e c e ivi n g i t s dis t inc t iv e n a m e .

T h e Ch in dy n as ty wa s n o t known fo r i ts li ter ar y a chi e v e m e n ts

’
.

A t th at tim e we fin d s om e fu i n a mi x t u r e o f fo r m s T he po e t s at the .

5 T h e Ha n -s h u , I -we n ch i h . Th i s c ha pt er o n l it e r a tu r e i n Pa n Ku
’
s Ha n -s h u is b as e d

on t he b ibl i g p h i l
“
C h i -lii e h ,
’
t f v a o ra ca a cco u n o se en d iff e r e n t c ate g i
o r es , i nc l u d in g
l i th i mm t i Sp l ti v w iti g p t y
c ass cs , e r co e n ar es , e cu a e r n s, oe r , and fu , s ta r t e d by L i u Hs ia n g
and mpl t d by h i
co L i H i Of t h H
e e s so n u s n e an .

S6 p f ee f P K Li g t f i th W h
r e a ce o an u s
’ “
an -
u u, n e e n- sua n .

7
Ch hi hi g h yi t 3 Yi /3 T
’ ’
un c -
u c n -
c ua n n- e, n 1 SO .

I bi d 9 4 /HSi T SO
6 . .
,

9
T he Hs unt z u , Fu - ie n p ( C hu tz u -
ch i -c h
’
en g ch u a n 1 8, Ch pt a er 26 .

1° B li v
e e e d to b e a d i sc i pl e of C h ii Y ’
uan , and fl o u r ish in gd u r in g th e t h i r d ce n t u r y B C . .

11 In th e W e n-hs ua n
'

12
Ku we n y ua n ( W a n y u w - -
e n -k u
’
c hu a n II ,pp 63-5 .

fi K
.

g t d by Hs ii n g in th e f m of
“
( ue s t h o s t ) fu was
’

T h e K e ch u
’ "
13 - -
r st s ta r e uan or
,

a l g
d ia o u e He nce th e n a e m .

T
.

14 lb
his e a o r a t io n r e e r s to h ii ua n f C ’ ’

Y .
El id tiuc a on o f F 47

b ginning
e dyn asty wr o te the m afte r the e ar li er p at te r n
o f the Han .

Lu Chi a attack e d the p r oble m v e r y e ar ly ; Chi a I d e v elop e d the tr en d ;

Me i Sh e ng an d Ss u m a H si an g j u m ad e t he S tyle pop u l ar ; an d W an g
- -

Pa o an d Y an g H si u ng b r ough t i t to power ful f u lfillm en t A n d wr i ter s .

fr om Me i Kao an d Tun g fan g [SO ] o n down tr eate d all ki n d s o f -

s u bj e cts Ex ampl es o f fu m u l tipli e d in the tim e o f Emp er o r Hsii an

.

an d w e r e e di t e d du r i n g t h e r e ign o f Emp e r o r Ch e n g
’

[73 49 -
B C ] . .

[3 2 7 - Thos e p r e se n t e d fo r r o y a l p e r u sa l a m o u n te d t o mo r e th an

a t hous an d W h e n we e x ami n e th e i r s o u r c e s we a r e co n vi n c e d t h at
.
,

t h e y o r igi n ate d in t he s t ate o f Ch u a n d r ea ch e d t h e i r h e igh t in the

’

Han dyn as ty T he fu on the t h em e s o f c api tals p al ac e s p ar ks an d

.
, , ,

hun ti n g a s we ll as those descr ibi n g tr av e ls an d e xp r e s si n g tho u gh t

,
”
,

ar e all wo r ks whos e func tio n is to se t th e bou n d ar i es of a S t a te a n d

“

to m a r k th e divi s io n s in th e [i n o t h e r wo r d s t h e se wo r k s

i n fl u enced the co nduc t of r uler s ] an d t he i r S ign ific anc e lie s i n t he i r

glor ification o f the s tate The y s tr uck in the i r p r eface the r igh t no te .
, , ,

an d co n cl u d e d wi t h s umm a r i e s in logic a l o r d e r In the for m er the .

,

m ai n the m e s a r e p r op o se d an d the fu n d am e n ta l fee li n gs m ad e a r ti cu

l ate ; an d in the l atter the logica l p atte r n is giv en showi n g i ts n atu r al ,

r h e to r ic a l flow Si n c e th e l a st s t a n z a of t h e
. N o h ad b ee n c alle d by “ ”17

Min m a [Fu ] the lu a n [con cl u sion ] we k n ow th at b Oth the s u ng

-
”

compil e d by the Yin p e opl e an d the fu don e by the C h u p o e ts b e l o n g “

’

to the c ate go r y o f m as te r pi e c es an d fo r m th e piv o t of gr a c e ful w r i ti n g s .

As to those wor ks whose the m e s ar e pl an ts an im als an d o th er m i sce l , ,

lan e o u s thi n gs t h e y e x p r e ss fe e li n gs which ar i se in r e spo n se to e x te r n al

,

si tu ation s fe e li n gs which ar e r e ac tion s to ch an ce e x p er i en ce s wi th

,

v ar i o us sce ne s In de scr ibing the e x te r n a l si tu ation s the l an gu age sho u ld

.
,

be d e lic ate an d clos e ly kni t ; an d i n fo r gi n g m e taph o r s i n r e l a tio n to

the n a t u r e o f t hings app r op r i a te n e ss i n p r i n cipl e s ho u ld b e e mph a siz e d
, .

15 On Li g t
ca p it l
d Ch g H g
a s: E h hi g pl
Pa n Ku
’
s an -
u an an en
’
s r -
c n on a ac e s

W g Y
an h Li g k g d C h i g f ; p k d h ti g f by S
en s -
ou s
’ “
n -
uan
”
an
“
n - u
”
on ar s an un n : u su - ma
Hi gj
s an d Y g H i g
-
u h Sh g li
an K Ch i g y g
an s un , su c as an -
n,
” “
an
“
an -
an ,
”
a nd
“
Y ii l M t f
-
a . f d i th W h i
”
os u ar e oun n e en-
'

si a n

f g v
.

Th f
16 ti e m t O ff d fi d i
u nc h Ch
o ns oli o er n en i ce s as e ne n t e ou- .

17 Mao -s hi h y i n -
te ,
”
16 T h e Ku o y u, L u y ii , h s ia
'

- -
.
4 8 El uci d ati o n o f P a

T he se in the r e alm o f mi n o r wor k s b u t ar e cr uci al p o in t s in the

ar e ,

a chi e v e m e n t o f t h e q u ali ti e s o f th e wo n d r ous a n d th e s killf u l .

A S fo r th e fo llowi n g t e n fu w r i te r s : Hsii n [K u an g ] u se d r i d dl es t o
’

s ta te h i s t ho u gh t ; S u n g fi r s t u se d th e g r an diloq u e n t l a ng u ag e
[ ]
Y ii
which m a r k e d the b e gi n n in g of the affe cte d p atte r n s ; Me i Shen g s ’

“
T u y ii an co mbi n es the fun d am en ta l wi th wh at is n e w; H si an g j u s
’
-
”
-
’

Sh ang li n e mploy s a v a i e ty o f im age s to cr e ate the b eau ti fu l ; Chi a I

-
r

in hi s F u ni ao shows k ee n p er cep ti on in hi s an aly si s of fe e lings an d

-

i d ea s ; T z u y ii an [o r W an g Pao ] in his Tun g—hsi a o i s m o st a ccur ate “ ”

'

in imi tating th e e ve r ch an gi n g p atter n s o f so u n d an d app ear ance ;

-

th e
“
Li ang tu o f Men g chi en [o r P an Ku ] i s cl ear an d gr aceful ;
- -

Ch an g H eng s Er h chi n g i s liv e ly an d gr an d ; the Kan

’ “
-
”
of
“

T z u y ii n [o r Y an g H siung ] s e t the s tyl e fo r p r ofound t h em es ; th e

-

“
Ling ku ang o f [W an g ] Y e n S hou i s fille d wi th im ages o f flight an d
-
”
-

mo ve m e n t Th ey wer e all h er oe s i n the r ealm o f the tz u an d fu

.
’
.

T h e wo r ks Of Chu n g h sii an [0 1 W an g Ts an ] ar e fin e an d d e t ail e d

’
-

an d th e y a lw a ys s t ar t o u t wi t h vigo r W e i ch a ng [o r Hsu Kan ] is

.
-
’

l ear n e d an d comp r eh e n d ing an d his wr i ti n gs occasion ally fall in to

,

bold colo r ful p atter n s T h e fu of T ai ch un g [o r T so Ssu ] an d A n j en

.
’
-
’
-

o r P an Y ii e h ] e st abli s h e d g r e a t mo d e ls fo r comp o s i t ion o n s t ate l y

[
’

t h e m e s ; an d t ho se o f Shih h en g [o r Lu Chi ] an d Tzu a n [o r W an g

- -

Ku n g su i ] ar e solid achi e v e m en ts o n popul ar subj e ct s Chi n g ch u n

- .
-
’

o r Ku o P u ] was sophi s tic a te d a n d cl e v e r a n d h i s fl o w o f r h e t o r ic

[
’

was bo u n tif u l ; a n d Y e n p o [o r Y ii an Hu n g ] d eal t i n ge n er a li ti e s an d

-

wa s n e v e r e x h aus te d b u t a lw ay s fu ll o f fe e lings Th e se w er e also th e .

lead er s o f th e fu in the W ei an d the Chi n dyn a sti e s .

T h e r e aso n fo r m aking as c e n sio n t o the h e igh t the p e culi ar qu ali ty

“ ”

o f fu is t h a t i t is th e S igh t o f co n c r e te Obj e c ts which e x ci te s the e mo t ions .

Since th e e mo ti o n s h av e b ee n e x ci te d by con cr e te Obj e cts the ide a s ,

a ssoci ate d wi th th e obj e c t s a lw ay s r e m ain cl e a r ; a n d S ince the obj e c ts

ar e v i e w e d wi t h fe e ling th e l an gu age us e d t o d e s c r ib e th e m i s a lw a y s
,

b e au tifu l B e au tifu l l an gu age an d cle ar id e as compl e m en t each othe r

.

a s th e symbol a n d t he s ymb o liz e d Th e y ar e lik e r e d a n d p u r pl e S ilk

.

i n w e av i n g a n d bl ack a n d y e llow p i gm e n t s i n p ai n ting T h e p atte r ns

,
.
,
Od e a nd Pr o n o un ce m e nt 49

though mi x e d p o sse ss s u b stan ce an d the co lo r s t h o u gh v ar i e gate d

, , , ,

ar e fund am e n t a lly b as e d This i s th e m ain p r incipl e of t h e fu w r i ti n g .

.

Howe v e r fo r tho se who r u n afte r the s e co n d ar y an d ov er lo o k

,

fu ndam en ta l s e v en if th e y d i d r e ad o n e tho u san d fu t h ey w o u l d o n ly

, ,

S i n k de e p e r i n th e i r p e r ple x i ty abo u t i ts e sse n ti a l qu ali ti e s As a r es ul t

”
.
,

p r o fu se flo we r s wo u l d te n d to r u in the b r an ch es an d r ich vi an d s t o
d am age th e b o n e o ff e r i n g n e i th e r the v a l u e s n e c ess ar y t o m ai n ta i n
,

m o r al p r i n ciple s n o r a n y ai d in the for m o f a dmon i ti o n an d w ar ni n g .

It wa s fo r t hi s r e a so n th a t M aste r Y a n g [H s i u n g ] r e g r e tt e d h i s yo u thful
ind u lgen ce in the ar t of wor m c ar vi n g an d r idic u le d the b eau tiful
“
-
,
”

p atter n s o f fo g an d clo u d s ”
.

T h e Tsa n :
T he f u was d e r iv e d
f r om po e t r y
A n d de v e lop e d i n t o se v er a l di ffe r e n t fo r m s .

In de scr ibing obj e cts an d pict ur i n g app e ar ances

T h e ich n e s s of i ts p atter n s i s lik e t h at o f c ar vi n g an d p ai n t i n g ;
r
-

I t c as ts l u st r e o v er th e dull ,

A n d p ain ts th e commo n pl a c e in l ang u age t h at h a s no limit a tio n s .

In s tyl e i ts ul tim ate a chi e v e m e n t i s b e au t y u n d e r co n tr ol

”
, ,

A n d i ts l an g u age i s t h e r e s u l t of th e c u tti n g o u t o f we e d s .

IX Od e . and P r o n o u n ce m e n t ( T h e S u n g an d t h e Ts a n )

In th e li st Of th e Four B egi n ni n gs , the sun

g occupi e s th e fi n al
19
Hu an T Hsi n —
lu n q d Y g Hs iu n g i g O n e wh o h a s d
’
an , , u o te an as s ay n : r ea o ne

tho u sa nd fu wi ll be g oo d at it .
”

29
Y g Hi g F y
an s un , a- e n,
“
Wu -
tz u pi en So m eo n e as k e d,
‘
W he n you w er e youn g
y ou l v d f d id y
o e t?
u, ou no
’ ‘
Y e s , b u t i t wa s t h e w m or an d sea l -
car vi n g o f a c hi ld .
’
In
a l itt l w h i l h
e ti de e
“

co n nu e
‘
An ad u t l w i ll t d no o i-t
’
So m eo n e sa i d ,
‘
B u t i t h as
Th
.
,

th e b t i f l p tt
e au f f g
u a er n s o o an d c ou l d ! [Y g ]
s
’
an s a id ,
‘
at w ldou be j u st m o th - w m or

t o a seamt w k
s r es s s
’
or .
’

91 Y g Hi g F y
an s un , a -
e n, Wu -
tz u ,
“
T he fu of t he a n ci en t p o e ts h as b e au t y

wh i h i d
c t
s un l; d er co n r o an t h at Of l a te r l it e r ar y m en h as b e au t y wh i ch i s i nf ec t e d w ith
a b d m t
an on en .
”
50 Od e a nd Pr o n o u n c e m e n t
po si tion Su n g m ean s to de scr ib e a sp e c tacle ; i ts fu n ction i s to p r ai se
.

gr e at v i r tue a n d d e sc r ib e the p e r fo r m ance o f r i te s hon o r i n g i t D u r i n g .

1

t he tim e o f R u le r K u H s i e n Mo wr o t e s u n g t o b e se t to t h e m u sic o f
’

“
chiu sh ao Si n ce the Sh an g d y n as ty th e ge n r e h as b een co mpl e te
-
.
,

wi th wor d s a n d fo r m .

F e n g i s t h at fo r m who se i n fl ue n c e r e ach e s th e limi t of a s t ate ; y a i s

th at fo r m who s e co r r e ct iv e i n fl u e n c e r e a ch e s th e fo u r di r e c t io n s o f

th e r ea lm ; an d s u n g i s th a t whi ch is u se d in c e r e moni e s b e fo r e an d ,

p r ay er s to the spi r i ts T he fe n g an d the t wo y a co n ce r n e d wi th hum an

, .
,

affai r s a r e of t wo t yp e s : th e modifi e d a n d t h e co r r e c t
3
B u t th e s u n g s
’

, .

m ain fu nc tion is to app e a l to the spi r i ts ; h en ce i t shou ld b e p er fe ct .

T h e s u ng o f Lu g lo r i fie s D u k e T an [o f Cho u ] an d t he su n g o f Sh an g ,

r e co r d s t h e m e r i t s of ea r li e r ki n gs B o t h a e so n g s p r op e r fo r t e mpl e . r

r i te s an d a r e n o t o r di n a r y pi e c e s t o b e su n g du r i n g fe a st s T h e Shih “
.

“
wa s wr i tte n by D uk e Chou ; an d i n th e s u n g o f this s age we
” ‘1
m ai
fin d the mo d e l o f th e ge n r e B u t all p e opl e h av e t h e i r own mi n d s an d .
,

th e r e i s no S t oppi n g t h e i r mo u th s T h e Chi n c a r r i age d r iv e r s p r ai se

’
.

“
o f t h e fi e ld s o n th e pl ain a n d th e s at i r e o f t h e p e opl e o f Lu o n

[ Conf u ciu s l e at h e r
] k n ee gu ar d
’
w e r e o r igi n a lly s t r a igh tfo r w ar d
7

s tatem e n ts which wer e n o t su n g : t he y we r e shor t e x h o r tation s o r

“
s a ti r e s B u t [T so ] Ch i u ming a n d T z u k ao tu r n e d th e m i n t o s u ng
’
-
9
-
. .

1 Cf . n o te 4, Ch pt
l ly t t h l t ti f t h B k
a er III T h e . s u ng f
r e er s p a r t ic u ar o e as se c on o e oo

of P t y whi h
oe r i t f,
g gi mp im t d
c d i g
co n s s s om il so n s su n n a cco an en to a nc e s ur n cer e on a

rit i h
es n f th t f th d y
o no r ty m k It i h
o th t w fi d p t y
e a nces o r s o e n as a er s . s er e a e n oe r ,

m i d d
u s c , an l i k d t g th t p f m f ti
a n ce n e o e er o er o r o ne u nc on .

S 2 L it h i h h
ee hi Ch g h i h i K y ii h p i
-
s c
’
u n -c
’
u,
“
un -
s a c ,
” “
u- e
’
en .

F 9 th xpl ti f th id f th m d ifi d d
or e e t f
a na m Th G
on o t e e as o e o e an co r r ec or s, see e r ea

P f i th M
r e ace
”
v i f th B k f P t y t ib t d fi t T h i d i ipl
n e ao er s o n o e oo o oe r , a tr u e rs to z u- s a, a sc e

of C f i d l t
o n u c us, an t W i H g f th l H a er o e un o e a te r an .

4 T h e Mao -s hih y i n -t e ,
5 Ab o u t t he a f a i r s o f in f K g W u Se e t h e Ku o
.
-
yu, Ch ou -
yu, a nd Ch
’
un c -
h iu
’
c hi ng

c h ua n y i n -
te , 199 /Hs ii an T so .

6 I bi d 132 /Hs i T so
fi
. .
,

7 In K
’
un gt -
’
s u ng -t z u ,
“
Ch ’
en w an g i pi
-
it i t t d th t wh
en, C f i s s a e a en o n uc us r st

se r vd e t h e s ta te o f Lu as i ts p imr e m i i t th p pl f L id i l d h im f
n s er , e eo e o u r cu e or h is
l e ath e rk n e e ca p But th r e e y ear s l a te r , wh C f i en d d i b i gi g b
o n uc u s su cce e e n r n n a o u t t he

b g t S i g th i p i f h im
.

tr an s o rf m a tio n o f t h e l and , t he p pl eo e e an o n e r r a se o .

6 T he su pp o se d a u th o r o f t he T s o -c h u a n
Al i K
.

9
as
’
un g Ch ’
u an g , a nd no t the m an our a u th o r w a n te d f
to r e e r t o . He s ee m s to
Od e a nd Pr o n o unce me nt 5 1

Th ese ar e c ase s o f pl ain s u n g i n whi ch t h e s n g fo r m was mo d ifie d ,

u

to incl u d e s u bj e c t m atte r fr om the aff ai r s o f m e n - W h e n San Iii .

-
10

wr o te h i s O r an ge Su n g h e imp ar te d to i t a colo r fu l l an gu age o f ”

e x q u i si te fr agr a n c e an d t a s t e s te e p e d i n m e t aph o r an d a ll e go r y H e r e ,
.

e v e n t h e o r a n g e a t hi n g of li tt l e impo r t a n c e
, r e c e iv e d t h e tr e a tm e n t ,

o f s u ng .

Emp er or Ch en g o f the Ch in h ad s u ng en gr av e d o n t able ts t o ’

comme mo r ate h i s o wn achi e v em en ts Emp e r o r Hu i an d Emp e r o r .

Chi n g o f the Han to o h ad the vi r tu e s o f the i r an cesto r s su n g Thi s

, , .

p r actice o f s u g — wr i ti n g wa s co nt i n u e d gen e ation afte r gen e r a tion

n r .

A s fo r th e s u ng by T z u y ii n [o r Y an g H si u n g ] in h o n o r o f Ch ung
’
-

kuo the s u n g by Me n g chi en [o r P an Ku ] to M ar q u i s T ai

,
11
-
,

W u— ch u n g s
[o r Fu I s
] c omm e mo r a tio n o f H s i e n t su n g
’

[Emp
’
er o r -

Mi n g o f the l ate r Han ] an d Shih T s en s e u logy o f Emp r e s s Hsi ”

,
’ ’

th e y e i th e r i m i t a te d the s tyl e of t he Ch i n g mi ao mo d e le d “ ’ ” 14
or -
,

t h e mse l v e s o n t he a l t ho u gh th e y di ffe r
“ ” 15
C hi u n g a n d th e

i n d e p th an d d e tail th e y h av e t h e sam e f u n c tio n i n th a t th e y co m m e m o

,

r ate t h e vi r t uou s an d d e scr ib e th e i r c e r e mo n i a l r i t e s a n d a r e t hus ,

a lik e i n b e ing e l eg a n t d oc u m e n t s of t h e s ta te .

In the Pei ch eng o f Pan [Ku ] an d the Hsi Ch en g o f Fu [I ]

“
-
”
” “
-
7
,

we fin d th at wh at a r e d esign ate d as s u n g h ave b een t r a n sfo r m e d in t o

m er e p r efaces A n d i s th i s n o t to p r ai se the e r r on e ou s an d t h u s d o
-
.
,

viol en ce to the for m ? A n d the Ku an g ch e n g an d Sh an g li n of “

-
’ ” “
-
”

M a Y u n g [79 166] ar e gr a ce fu l lik e fu Ho w h e s acr ifice d the su b st an ce

-
.

in hi s lov e fo r r h e to r ic ! O n the o th er h and bo th T s u i Y i i an s W e n ,

’ '
’ “

h sfieh an d Ts ai Yu n g s F an ch ii giv e b e au ty to p r e fac e s an d a r e

‘ ’ ’ “ ’ ”
-

b r i ef an d simple ; Chih Y ii s c i tica l wr i ti n g is fin e an d cle ar b u t wh en ’

r ,

ha v e m ad e a mi ks ta e a b out t he id e n ti t y of h is m an : th e o n e he w a n te d is T z u- Sh un,

q u o te d in K
’
u ng -
ts u n g -t z u , t h e so u r c e o f
’
h is i n f m or a t io n .

10
The lf i f whi h w
t it e o f C h i i Y ii a n
b
’ ’
’
s O ffi ce , the u nct o n o c as to e in ch a r g e o f th e
e d ti
u ca f th y g bl f th y l cl i th t t f C h
on o e o un no es o e ro a a ns n e s a e o
’
u .

Th H
11
h bi g p hy f Ch Ch g k
e a n -s u, o ra o ao
’
un -
uo

J g S th T i —
.

T h ti l
12 f T pi g y ll h 5 88 w h th e W e n cha n g
’ ’ ’

e t e o ou un ee e a n i -
an, c uan er e -

li —
.
,

pi h l by Ch ih Y i i q t d t hi p i t
u e un
'

i s uo e on s o n .

Sh b
13
m mp i A D
e e ca M hi h y i t
e e r ess n . 10 2 .
14
a o -s n- e,
15 16
I bi d .
, I bi d .
,

17 Ch u a n -h o u -ha n we n i Hs i C h e n g
’
Fu I
’
c o n ta n s S -
.
5 2 Od e a nd Pr o n o u nce m ent

[ p a ss ing j u dgm e n t s o n Y a ng Hsi u n

g s Ch ung k u o s u n g o r F u I s ’ ’
-
’

“
H si en tsun g s u n g ] he tr eate d the su ng together wi th both fe ng an d
-
”

a wi t hou t disc r imin at i n g b e t w ee n t h e i r p u r po se s h e wa s a d v ancin g

y ,

un so u nd th e or y simil ar to the ab sur d d i scu ssion o f y ellow an d whi te

,
”
.

D u r i n g the W e i an d the Chin fe w s u n g g o t o u t Of the r u t O f th e .

wor ks by Ch en ssu [o r Ts ao Chih ] the Hu an gtz u i s ou tstanding ;

’
-
’

,
”

a n d among th e m a ny pi e c e s by Lu Chi the Kung ch e n i s the mos t “ ’ ”

-
,

p r omi n e n t T he fac t th at th ey mi xe d p r a i se an d cen su r e in the s am e

.

pi e ce is inde e d an ex ample o f the cor r up t St yle o f a n ag e o f d e cli n e ”

.

T h e s u ng m u s t poss e ss the qu ali ti e s o f e l e ganc e an d g r ace an d i ts ,

l angu age h as to be cle ar an d b r igh t In i ts n ar r ation i t i s S imil ar to .

th e fu b u t i t mu s t n o t succumb to flo r id an d e x c e s s i v e l a ng u age I t h as
, .

th e spi r i t of r e v e r e n c e an d p r ud e n c e which ch ar ac te r i z e s the m i ng o r ,

inscr ip tion bu t di ffer s fr om i t in n o t b eing a dmoni tion o r war ning In

, .

i ts p r ai se a n d hono r ing o f i ts subj e c t i t fo r m u l ate s b e au tifu l e x p r e ssio n s , ,

b u t i ts con te n t h as t he b r o a d e s t s cop e It h as fi n es s e a n d ar tific e a d ap te d .

to t he fee li n g s a r ou se d Thi s i s the e ss e n c e o f th e s u ng . .

T h e te r m tsa n m ean s to p r onounc e an d a ssi st Fo r m e r ly du r ing

“ ”
.
,

the wo r s hip of Y ii s hu n th e mu sic m a ste r r e p e ate d the ts a n which

” '

-
, ,

wa s t he ini ti al p r onou n c e m e n t o f the c e r e mony W h e n I ”

a ssi s te d
“ ”
.

”
Y ii an d I Chih a ssi s te d W u Hsi e n t h e y bo t h m a de l au d at o r y
22 “ ”
, ,

p r onounceme n ts in a lou d voice givi n g a s sis tan ce by r end er ing i n ,

e x cl am a tion s t h a t which wa s b e yo n d l an gu age Th er efo r e whe n the .

,

Cou r t o f S tate C er emon y was fi r s t cr eate d du r i n g the Han su ch p r o ,

19 L u -s hi h pi
c h u n -c
’
A w d xp t id It [th Sw d ] wh it
h i u , Pie h le i
'
-
en
”
:
“
s or e er sa ,
‘
s e or
’
s e

l m
co o r th t ea n s a y ll w l m th t i t i t g N w th y ll w
i t i s h a r d , a n d i ts e o co o r ea ns a s s ron . o e e o

l i m ix d w
co o r s w e m t b b th h d d t g It i g d w d
ith th e h it e ; it us e o ar an s ro n . s a oo s or .
’

Th bj t S id It wh it l m
e o ec o r a th t i t i
,
‘
t t g d it y ll w l m
s e co o r eans a s no s ro n , an s e o co o r e an s

th t it i
a t h d N w th
s no y ll w ar l i m i x d w i h th whit ; it m t b ith
. o e e o co o r s e t e e us e ne er

h d ar t g Hw
no r s ro n it b g d [ h p] w d ?
. o ca n e a oo s ar s or
’

19
Th ig i l f e or ti f th na gi t p i d
u nc v t on o e su n s o r a se , an ne er o c e n su r e .

20
S t ee3 C h pt
no e V 1 a er

m i i t t w h m Y ii t i d t g iv h i l i th m
.
,

1w
91 f Y d
’
Y ii as s n s er , o o r e o e s ru e n e a nn e r o ao an

Shu n
A T
.

22 no t h e r na m e fo r I Y i n , a mi n i s te r o f
’
an g o f th e Shan g d y n ast y .

23 Th er e w er e t hr e e p e r so n s f t his n a e : a s o r ce r e r a t
o m t he t i e o f t h e m e Y ll w o

E mp er o r , a so r ce r e r d u r in g t h e Sha n , a n d a g
e d ic a d oc to r m l o f Y ao Sin ce I . hi C h i s

I Y i n , we s h ll
a a ssu m e t h at t h e seco n d W u Hs ie n is e an t m . A so r ce r e r i n a ncie nt ti m es

was p miro ne nt in ce r e m o n ie s .
X Sacr ificial Pr ay e r
. an d Oa th o f Ag r e e m e n t ( Th e Ch u

a n d th e Me n g ) 1

T he po si ti o n o f he av e n an d e ar th h avi n g b een fi x e d sacr ifice i s Offe r e d ,

to a ll th e d e i t i e s A fte r th e wo r ship o f th e si x s ubj e c t s h a s b ee n p e r

2
.

for m e d an d sacr ifici al cer e mon i e s to the hills an d S tr eams h av e b een

p r op er ly a dmi n i ste r e d t h e r e will b e se ason al r a i n a n d gen tle b r e ez e s
, ,

gi ving life to cor n an d mille t Fo r thi s r e ason the p e ople p ay th ese d ei ti e s .

whom th e y wo r ship good m easu r e i n r e tur n T h e fr agr an ce o f gr e at .

“
s a c r ific e a r i ses f r om on e s e nligh te n e d v i r t u e ; a n d th e wo r ds o f fai th
’

Offe r e d by the sacr ifi ci al offi ci al s m u st b e o f li ter ar y ex ce lle n ce Lon g .

a o I Ch i i n i ti a te d t h e t w e l ft h moon s a c r ific e t o b e O ffe r e d t o th e

’ 4
g
-

e igh t d e i ti e s I ts wo r ds ar e : L e t e a r th r e tu r n t o i t s h abi ta t an d w ater

“
.

to i ts gully an d le t n o i n se c t s app e ar an d m ay all gr a s se s an d pl an t s

, ,

r et u r n t o t h e i r m ar shy pl a c e Th ese a r e the wor d s o f the sacr ifici al ”

.

p r ay e r o f Sh eri N u ng .
5

T h e w o r d s of Sh u n s p r a y e r to th e d e i ty o f the fi e l d r u n : I c ar r y
’

this plo u gh to t ill th e so u th e r n fi e ld M ay all th e p e o pl e wi thi n t h e f o u r .

s ea s s h a r e t hi s a bu n d an c e Hi s d e vo tion t o th e i n te r e st of the p e opl e

”
.

is cle ar ly shown i n th e se wor ds A n d Li [T an g ] o f Sh an g wi th h i s .

’

s age r e v e r e nc e inc r e a si n g d a y by d ay s a c r ific e d t o h e a v e n wi t h a bl a ck ,

b u ll pl ea ding th at if an y sin should b e commi tte d an ywh e r e wi thi n

,

the r ealm h e migh t a s sum e th e r e spon s ibili ty fo r i t Th ese a r e th e wo r d s .

o f h i s p r a y er t o h ea v e n D u r i ng the tim e of d r o u gh t T an g again

.
’

“
p r ay e d in a c ar r i age o f whi te a n d i n the p r ay er he chid e d him se lf ,

fo r S i x th i n gs Th e se a r e the wo r d s o f p r ay e r s fo r se a so n al r ai n an d
.
7

th e p r op e r r egul a tio n o f o th e r e l e m e n t s o f n at u r e .

1
I n t h is c ha pt er , L i u Hs ie h t r a c e s t he c h u a n d th e men g to t h e i r e a r li est f m or s . Si n ce
b o thin v lv o e an a pp l ea to d e it i e s , t he y ar e g ro u p e d to g e th e r .

2
T he f our sea s o n s , co ld an d h e at , t he su n , the m o o n, t he s ta r s , a nd fl oo d a nd

d r o u ht g
fi
.

9 Re f e r r in gt o p
t h e acc e ta nce o f t h e s acr i ce b y d e it ies .

4
Id e n t ifie d as e it h e r Sh e n N g un , the
d i ine v f m ar er , o r Y ao , t h e lg e end ar y mp e er o r .

5 See L i -c hi , Ch i ao
’
t e Sh en g .
”
L i -ch i y i n -t e ,
W h ite i s y mb l i c of gif
6 s o r e

vd
.

7 T he p r ay e r i p
s r ese r e in t he Hs u ntz u, Ta - l uc h pi ’
en . T he Si x g
t hin s a r e
Sacr ifici al P r ay e r a nd A g r e e m e nt 55

T he o f fi c e r of sa c r ific e d u i n g t h e Ch o u d y n a s t y w a s irn ch a g e of r

th e si x p y
r a er s o ff e r e d i n t h e s i x s a c r ific e s : My r i a d s o f t hi n gs a ll h a v e
“

h
t e r i lif e
“
w
”
a s p r e s e n t e d b e fo r e t h e s a c r ifi c e o f h e a v e n a n d e a r t h;
U niv e s ally acti n g i n dign i ty wa s su n g at the c e r e m o n i e s t o w e lcom e
“ ”
r

th e s u n ; R i s i “
n g e a ly a n d r e t i r i n g rl a t e w as a p r a y e r sa i d b e f o r e
”

t he a n c est r a l t e mpl e s ; H appi n e ss b o u n ti fu l a n d wi tho u t limi t was ”

i n cl u d e d i n the p r ay e r O ffe r e d while s acr ifici n g sh ee p t o th e d e i ti e s ;

an d d u r i n g t h e s a c ific e O ffe e d e i
r t h e r t o t h e g o d of e a r t h r o r t o t h e ,

s u p r e m e D e i t y o n t h e b at t l e fi e l d t h e r e we r e a lw ay s li t e a r y e x p e s si o n s ,
r r .

F o r i t wa s i n th e se e x p r e ss io n s th at th e an ci e n t s showe d r e v e r e n ce
t o g o d s an d r e sp e c t t o a n c es to r s .

Si n ce the tim e o f Ch u n h i u sacr il ege h as b e en co mmi tte d i n th e ’

-
c
’

a d u l a ti o n an d fl a t te y p a c t ic e d a t s a c r ific e s O ffi ce s o f s a c ifi ce w e r e
r r . r r

co rr u p t e d by b r ib e s an d hi s to i an s i n d u lg e d in o r n a te r h e t o r ic which
,
r

d i sp e r s e d the d e i ti e s wh ce as e d to ho n o r t he s a c ific e s by d e s cen di n g

,
o r .

W h e n C h an g L ao co n g a tu l ate d [Ch a o W u t z u ] o n th e co mpl e t i o n r -

o f h i s h o u se h i s w o r d s of c o n gr at u l a ti o n w e r e c o n s i d e e d g o d p r ay e r s
,
.
r o

“
e i t h er fo r r ej o i c i n g o r fo r m o u r n i n g K u ai K u e i was bl e sse d b e c au se ’ ’
.

of hi s p ay e r i n b attle ab o u t hi s te n d o n s an d b o n e s Ev en u n d er
r
”
.

a d v e r se ci r c u m s t a nc e s p e o pl e a lw ay s r e so r te d t o p r ay e r s
,
.

A s for th e Ch a o h u n i n th e C h u t u i t m ay b e co n si d e r e d th e
“ ” ’ ’
- -
z ,

p atte n o f b e au ty fo r p r ay er s T he v ar i o u s sacr ifi ce s o f th e Han 11

"

r .

r e v e a l e d t h e fu n c ti o n s Of r ay e r s an d t h e m a n n e r i n which t h e y w e r e
'

p
p e r for me d Th e y co n tai n i n th e m the i d eas o f gr e at sch o l a s b u t i n cl u de
. r ,

a l so s om e s u gg e sti o n s fr o m n e c r o m an c e s So the s e c e t p r ay er s t o r .
,
r

s hif t c a l a mi t i e s fr o m t h e r oy a l p e r s o n t o t h e p e o pl e w e r e v ast ly
[ ]

i n te mp m t ( )
e r a te gv oi g t h p pl
er n ff ( 3) l x y i
en h p l
2 ca u s n e eo e to su er , u ur n t e a ac e s ,

i g v
,

(4) i t f n e r e r e n ce m t b y p l w m ( 5 ) b ib y d ( 6 ) mpl y m
n o er n f en a a ce o en , r er an e o en t o

y p h t I h i p y T g k d if t h w h
,

s co an s n s ra f er h d gh ’
an as e e se er e t e r e a so n s or t e rou t

A l i f th p y d i g h v ; S imi l
. .

6
ne o ifi te ra id er xp d i th
ur n a s a cr ce o ea en ar e as ar e e r e ss e n e

p y t
ra er h S
o T t i li h i
e ar t K gk pi. ee a- a -
c ,
“
un -
u an
’
en .

S9
L i hi
ee T k g h i L i hi y i t 4 64
-
c ,
“ ’
an -
un ,
”
s a .
-
c n- e, .

Ch
1°
hi
’
hi g —h
un c -
y i —
’
t 4 69 /A i
u /7 T c K i K i w t h h i t th
n c ua n n e, 2 SO
’
ua
’
ue as e e r o e

f W i Th
.

th r o ne o w eb ll i i t h t d h t k p t i th
er e as pp i a re e on n e s a te an e oo ar n e su r e ss o n

Ab t t g i b t l h p y d t h t h i t d
. .

d b m ight ff mi h p
'

ou o o n to a t e, e ra e a s en o ns an o n es su er no s a

F g Sh h
.

11 “
S S hi h hi
ee -
c , en -
ah S u .
56 Sa cr ifici al Pr ay er a nd A gr e e m e nt
di ffer en t in spi r i t fr om thos e o f T ang And th e p r actice o f using ’
.
”

li ttle child r e n to d r iv e a way the imps o f p e s tile nce was S imil ar in spi r i t
to th e cu r s e o f th e so r c e r e r s o f Y ii e h T h e p r i n cipl e o f co n duc t was
”
.

gr ad u ally losing i ts hold o n soci ety .

Since th e Y e llow Emp er or s m ale diction agai n st th e p e r ve r se a n d ’

Tun g fang SO S scoldi n g o f the ghosts l ater imp r e cation s upon e vil
-
’

h a ve all b een ch ar acte r ize d by cle ver an athe m a the on ly ex cep tion ,

b ei n g Ch en ss u s [o r T s ao C hi h s ] p r ay e r a gai n st the c al ami ty o f

’
-
’ ’ ’

s t o r m which wa s O ff e r e d i n a sp i r i t o f r igh te ou s n e ss
, .

Accor di n g to the acce p te d r u le the fu n ction o f a s acr ifici a l p r aye r ,

was limi te d t o t he r ep o r ti n g o f e v e n t s B u t th e s a cr ifici al pi e c e s of th e .

mid d le p e r iod s con t ain p r a i se s fo r good wo r d s an d con d uct Thi s

”
.

i n cl u sion of the act o f p r ai si n g in a sacr ifici al pi e ce was an e x p an sion

o f t h e f u n c t ion o f t he g e n r e .

Again dur i n g Han t ime s th e r e wer e e l egi a c e dicts o n occasions o f

,

r o y a l m o u r n i n g ; a n d wh e n Cho u 0 1 Ki n g M u ] lo st h i s co n c u bin e
[
Sh en g chi the hi s to r i an o f the i n n e r p al a ce p r esen te d the e l egi ac e d ict
-
, .

Acco r d i n g to th e se e vi d ence s the e le gi ac e dict wa s o r igin ally an e dict ,

wh o se p u r pose was t o con fer hono r b u t S ince th e occasion was a sad ,

o n e th e l an gu age wa s cho se n to a cco r d wi t h t h at mood So th e e l e gi a c

, .

e di c t h a s the sa m e S ign ific a nc e as t he le i o r simpl e e l e gy e x c e p t th at , ,

i t s wo r d s a r e a dd r e s se d t o spi r i t s I t b e gin s lik e the lei an d e n d s o n an .

e l e gi a c n o t e ; i t h as t h e s tyl e o f a s u n g an d t h e fo r m Of a p r ay e r [Thi s .

l a st i s tr ue b ec au se ] the gr and hi sto r i an mod e le d his p r ono u n ce me n t

”

a ft e r th e p r ay er o f Chou t im e s .

W h e n e v e r wo r ds a r e pu r pose fu lly gr oup e d tog e th er flowe r y p at ,

te r n s a r e d e v e lop e d ; b u t in the i n v oc a t io n o f th e spi r it s r e a l fe e ling ,

m u st b e str e s se d B o th fo r r e fin ing the l angu age an d fo r e s tabli shi n g

.

o n e s si n cer i ty the ne cessar y condi tion is to h av e a clear con sci en ce

’

,
.

T h e spi r i t i n whic h a p r ay e r i s s aid mus t b e o n e o f si n c e r i ty a n d

12
Se e n o te 7 a b o v e .

13 T h p pl
e f Y ii h b l i v d i g h t
eo e o d y S H e e e e n o s s an so r c e r . ee a n -s h u , Ch i ao -ssu ch i h .

14
T h pie i q t d i th I—
e ce s w l i h it h ii
uo e n e en e -
c , c an 10 0 .

16 App tly f i g t th H d th W i p i d
ar e n re err n o e an an e e er o s .

16 In i t C hi
a nc e n g d h i t i w i h g Of m
na a r an s o r an as n c ar e our n n i g ce r e m o n ie s .
5 8 Sac r i fici al P r ay e r a nd A gr ee m e n t
do wi th i t T h e o a th T san g H u n g wr o te to a ccomp an y the ce r e mon y o f
.

dippi n g the finge r s i n bloo d h as e n o u gh r igh te o u s fo r ce to S h atter t he

clouds ; the i r on o at h of L i u K u n [of the Chin ] p o sses se s spi r i t so
” ’

s u b tly m o vi n g t h at i t e v e n a ff e c t e d t h e s l ee t a n d f r o s t B u t t h es e o a th s
”
.

d i d no g o o d to e i th e r th e Han o r th e Chi n : on the co n tr ar y th e p ar t i e s ,

to th e a g r ee m e n t b e c a m e e n e mi e s Th er e fo r e we k n ow th a t wh e n s i n .

ce r i ty i s n o t a t t h e bo t t om o f o n e s h e a r t t h e r e i s n o u se i n ag r e e m e n t s
’

, .

T h e m ai n poi n ts to c o v e r i n d r a wi n g u p an agr ee m e n t a r e t he se
s t a te t h e c r i si s e n co u r ag e loy a l ty an d fili a l pi e t y pl e d ge e ach o t h e r t o
, ,

sh a r e th e s a m e fat e of li fe o r d ea t h pl e d ge e a ch o th e r t o w o r k t o g et h e r , ,

p r ay t o the spi r i ts t o wi tn e ss the agr ee me n t invok e th e n i n e h eav e n s ,

a s j u dge e s t abli s h
,
28
i n ce i ty wi th e ar n estn e ss a n d e x p r e ss a ll th e se
s r ,

t hi n g s wi th a ll s ob e n e ss i n li te r a r y l a n gu age Th e y a r e t he e l e m e n t s
r .

common to a ll ag e em e n ts Howe v er i t i s n o t the l an gu age which i

r .
,
s

di ffi c u l t to p r od u ce ; wh a t i s d i ffi c u l t i s to ke ep the agr ee m e n t e xp r esse d

i n th at l an gu age L e t a ll p e o pl e comi n g afte r w ar d n o te th at loy a lt y a n d
.

s i n c e r i ty ar e e n o u gh an d t h at t h e r e i s n o n ee d t o d e p e n d o n th e spi r i t s
, .

T h e Ts a n
W o r ship wi th pi e ty an d co n cl u d e d ecl ar atio n s o f i n te n tion wit h
s ol e m n i t y .

T h e s a c ifici a l O ffi c e r s fu r n i sh w o r d s fo r t h e se a c ts
r .

T h e a tta i n m e n t o f si n c e i ty d ep e n d s o n t h e a tti t u d e o f r e v e r en c e
r ,

And the l an gu age m u st b e S wee t .

In l a te r p e r i o d s w r i te r s i n d u lge d in e x cessiv e o r n am e n t at io n ,

A n d t h e i r wo r d s a r e sp u n i n t o t ap e s t i e s o f r e d a n d bl u e r .

B u t to g e t the spi r i t s to co m e a n d a cce p t th e s a c r ifice

It i s imp o r t an t t h a t on e s con sci e n c e b e cl e a r
’
.

26
Ho u h a n-
s hu , b i g p hy
o ra o f T sa n g Hu n g . A ll f o r ce s j o in e d to g e th e r a g a i ns t T un g
T so at t he e nd
"

o f t he Ha n d y n a s t y a nd t h is w as an o cc a s i o n fo r a ll o f t he m to s t ic k
b ll T g H g w
,

t he i r fi gn ers in t he bl oo d o f the u . sa n un a s t he o n e wh o ca m f we or ar d to giv e

th e o a t h wh b dy l
en no o e se se e mdt d t
e m o ar e o assu e t he r e s p o ns i b il i y
t , fo r i t re q u ir e d a

g r e at d ea l f l it y t l t
o erar a en

T
.

97
The Chi w nd as un er t h e t h r ea t o f b b i
ar ar an in v a s io n . L iu a nd u an P i -t i s w ore

to co m e to e ac h ot he r
’
s a ss i s t a nc e in d e f di g
en n th e Chi n a g a i nst t he b b
ar a r ia n s . T he
o at h i s q tio t e d i n I we n le i -c h it,
-
c h ii a n 33 .

29 T p
h is h r a s e is u o te d r o q f m t he L i -sa o .
XI Inscr ip ti o n a n d Exh o r ta ti o n ( Th e Mi n g a n d th e Ch e n )
.

T he Ye llow Emp er or lon g ag o car v e d sayi n gs o n hi s c a r r i age an d

d esk s to ad mon i s h him se lf le st he S houl d fal te r ; an d the G r eat Y ii o f
th e H si a dyn a s ty chis e l e d se n te n c es o n d r u m a n d b e ll f r am e s to se r v e

a s r e m o n s tr anc e s Ch e n g t a ng o f the Sh a ng cu t t h e R u l e fo r D aily

’ ’ “
-
.

R e n e w a l on h i s t r ays an d b a si n s ; an d Ki n g W u of th e Cho u w r o te
” 1

o n t h e doo r s an d m a ts t e a chi n gs t h at w o u ld k e e p him vigil a n t T h e .

D u k e o f Chou le ft o n a b r o n z e s tatue wo r d s u r gi n g cau ti o n i n sp e ak

i n g ; a n d Confucius m a d e an abo u t fac e at th e w a r n i n g o f a t il te d -

ve ssel T he s age s lon g ag o r e cogn ize d the n e ce s si ty o f k eepi n g on e s e lf

?

a d m o ni sh e d .

T h e te r m m i n g m e an s to n am e ; t o di stingu i sh an a r t icl e n e c e ss ar ily

e n t a il s c a lling i t by n am e To m ak e t hi s app e ll a t io n c o r r e c t a n d a s sa y .

“
i ts co n n o ta tion gr e a t m o r a l d e v e lopm e n t i s e s se n t i al
, T s an g W u .

ch u n g in hi s discu ssion o f th e m i ng s aid Th e y de a l wi th th e Vi r tu e s

, , ,

o f t h e Son o f H e a v e n th e a chi e v e m e n t s of th e l o r d s a n d t h e mili t a r y

, ,

m er i t s o f th e mini ster s T h e wr i ti n g on t he tr ipo d which the H si a

”
.

d yn asty c ast fr om the tr ibu te b r on z e o ffe r e d by th e chi e fs o f th e n i n e

“
d i str ic t s an d the Cho u i n s cr ip t ion o n th e b u ck th o r n ar r ow p r e se n te d
“
by the Su sh e n tr ib e ar e ex ampl e s o f i n s cr ip tion s comm e mor a ti n g
-

vi r tues o f the So n o f H e ave n The epigr aph fo r L u W an g o n th e .

7

1
Th i s ru e e l xh w lf th t i t imp v with th m i g f h
o r ts o n e to r ene o n e se , a s, o ro e, e co n o e ac

T h i h pi
“ ”
w d y S L i hi
'
’
ne a . ee -
c , a- s ie en .

Th l
2
e f th t il t d v
e s so n l wh mp ty it ti l t d ; wh fill d t t h m id d l i t
o e e esse : en e , e en e o e e,

sa t p t i gh t ;
u s ra d wh f ll it t ppl d
an en u , o e

l y d t th ti l t w h i h it i gi v b t
.

3
Th m e h
na d m t
e, as t e r e u se us no on e no e e ar c e o c s en u

v i t whi h th m f h ti l gg t H
,

l
a so t c o n no e a r ue c t m t llye na e o t e ar c e su es s . e n ce ,
“
o na e a c ua

m t
ea n s gg t m l x h t ti i
o su es a i ib d
orapp ll ti F t h m le or a on n an n scr e a e a on or e se or a

hi v m t t iv
.

ac e e w h t th m
e n s ar e t W i th t t h
a e na t t th m e co n n o e s . ou e s e co n n o a t e co n e n s e na e

ca n n o t be co n s i d e r e d a s co r r ect .

4
Se e C h i u c hi ng -c h ua n y i n -t e , 2 89 /Hs i a n 1 9 4 T s o fu 2
’
u n ch-
’
g .

b
5 T h e t r i u t e was a n
e r e ss io n o f a xp
r e c ia t io n o n t h e pp
a r t o f t h e n i n e c h i e s fo r p f
the v l
i r tu e o f t h e Hs ia r u e r Se e ibid , 1 82 /Hs ii a n 3 5 T SO
v S
. . .

K g
6 mp
i n W u tr i u h ed o e r t he Sh a n , a n d t h e Su - h e n t r i e ca e to co u r t g
i th t h e b m w
b k w b
u c th o r n a r r o a s t r i u te K g
in W u o r d e r e d th at t h e o o d i r tu es o f th e e ar
. in s g v ly k g
mm m
b e co e o r a te d i n a n i n scr i t io n o n t h e a r r o p “
See Ku o y u , L u -y ii ,
-
s ia w h
v
. .

g K g
7 L ii W a n was i n W u s c h ie a d is e r
’
f .
60 I nscr ipti o n a nd Exh o r t ati on

“
v e sse l c ast by K u n wu an d the i n scr ip tion o n the conquer e d tr ib e s
’
-
’

Ch u n g sh am Fu tr ipod sp eak o f l o r d s a chi e vem en ts And W e i K o s

-
9 ’
.
’ ’

r e co r d of mili t a r y e x ploi ts o n t he B e ll o f Chi n g an d K u n g K u e i s

” ’ ’ ’

r e gis ter of th e m e r i t s o f th e a nce s t o r s o f W e i h W ipod

[
11
] o n t e e i t r

a r e conc e r n e d wi t h mi n i s te r s mili t a r y m e r i t s
’
.

T h e b e s tow a l o n F e i Li e n o f a s to n e s ar c o ph agu s a n d the d i s cov e r y

”

o f the po s t h u mous ti t l e o f D u k e Li n g o f W ei n h i s b u r i a l gr o u n d
”
[ ] i
a r e i n d ee d w e i r d t a l e s d e a ling a s t h e y d o wi t h i n s c r ip t i o n s on und e r
,

gr o u nd s ton e A n d th er e ar e al so qui te r i d iculo u s e x ample s : King

.

W u ling o f the S tate o f Ch ao h ad footp r in ts c ar v e d o n th e ci ty w all

-

o f P O wu a n d Ki n g Ch a o o f th e s t ate o f Ch i n o r d e r e d a ch es s g am e
’
-
,

m ad e o n the to p Of Moun t Hu a ; both wer e b en t o n S howi n g o ff to

p o ster i ty by th ese absu r di ti e s After e x ami n i n g th ese e x ample s the
”
.
,

p r o p er sign ific an ce o f an inscr ip tion m u st h av e b e com e cl e ar to u s .

Ch i n Shih hu an g s i n scr ip tions o n moun tain s ar e b e au tifu l an d

’
-
’

e r u d i te ; a l t ho u gh his gov e r nm e n t wa s r u thl e s s t h e se i n s c r ip tions h av e ,

r e a l li te r a r y b r illi a nc e P a n Ku s e pig r aph o n Mou n t Y e n an an d t h at

’

j .
-

l e ft by Ch an g Ch an g o n the Sl ab at H u a y i n m ay b e con side r e d the

’
-

9 Ag r eat m t ll gi t e a ur s in a n ci e n t t i m es .
9 T h e So u t h e r n Hu n s ; d ur n g i the Lt a er Ha n p e r i o d , th e yw er e b ro u g ht u nd er c o n tr o l
by T o u Hs i en , w h m th
to o e yp r e s e n te d t h i s t r i pd o .

10
See Ku o yu
- C h i y ii
’

,
“
n -
.
”
T he e v ent to o k pl ace in the fif te e n t h y ear ( I) of Du k e

Hsi i a n
'

o f Lu . Ch i g f
“
n
”
r e er s t o Du k Ch i
e n g f Chi
o n .

L i -c hi y i n -te , 2 5 /2 3
“
11
Se e L i -
c hi , Chi .

12
T h e Shi h -c hi , chr o no o l gy of g d y ty C
h i n State Fe i
’
. Li en, a mi n is te r o f th e Sh a n n as ,

w b i ld i g l t t H t i h wh ffi w th d whi h w
’
as u n an a t
ar a uo a -
s an e n a s o n e co n as u n e a r e , on c as

f d i ip t i
oun an y i g th t th
n scr ffi w giv t F i L i f h i l y l ty
o n sa n a e co n as en o e en or s o a .

13
S Ch ee g t T
ua n y g p i d C
z u,h g H“
P w
se - an hih I w p i
’
en,
”
an an ua s
’
o- u c ,
“
-
en
’
en .

P w i i ty i m d H p i ; Ch f tp i t id t b t h f t w id ’
14 n er n o- ao s oo r n s ar e sa o e ree ee e
O- u s a c o e

an d fi f t l g ; w i t h t h p ti
ve ee on C h f [t h t i t l t h k i g f d p h im lf
e ca on :
“
u- u e e e n co n e r r e u on se

w h i l till l i v i g ] f q t d th i pl
e s n Ki g Ch
re h gm
u en e i t d f i s hi a ce .
"
n ao s
’
c e ss a e co n s s e o S x c en

( I a m t q i tno w h t
u hi e sur e h d i t i y d fi i
a t i fa ch i w l d b )
en o r a c u, a c o n ar e n on o c en, ou e .

e ac h ig h t f t l g
e d tw l v
ee h m
on h i gh t i h
an t ll w i th t h e i e ip t i c es s en, eac e nc es a , e n sc r on:

K i g C h ft pl y d th g m w i th h v ly d iti t th i Sp t I t h
,
”
“
n ao o en a e e a f e ea en e es a s o . n e cas e o

K i g W l i g w k w h m d p h i w p th m
n u- n e no m ; b t i th
e a f Ki g
e u s o n os u o u s na e u n e c ase o n

v il bl F m th i
,

Ch ao , n o h i f m ti su c i n or a id ti on th t l s m t b
a a a e . ro s co n s er a on, e a e s ee s o e a

lt f g y
a er or er .

15
T Hi ou g l f th L t H
s en , a f t p if y i g t h
ener a tho f ti e a er an , a er ac n e no r er n ro n er ,

asce n d d M et Y j oun d h d S l b t d f
e n - an a n th d i g f h i m i l i t y a h i v a s e r ec e or e r e co r n o s ar ac e e

m t P K w
en s . an p i bl f th t x t f th i ipti S H h h b i g p h y
u as r e s o ns e or e e o e n sc r on . ee ou- an s u, o ra

o f T H iou C h g C h g t x t i f d i t h K w y u hii
s en . an
’
an
’
8s e s oun n e u- en-
'

a n, c an 1 .
62 Inscr i pti o n a nd Exh o r tati o n

p er io d the for m h ad de cline d b u t i ts tr ad i tion was still con tinu e d

, , .

Thu s we h ave a che n o f W e i Chi an g who w ar ne d his r ul er by ”

,

r e f e r r i n g t o th e co n d u c t o f Hou i a n d t h e c h e n o f t he r u l er o f C h u
zz ’
-
,

wh o coun se l e d his p e opl e to wo r k h ar d Since th e W ar r i n g S tates ? 3

p er io d the i n culc ation o f vi r tue h as b ee n disc ar de d an d the r e co r di n g

,

o f a chi e v e m e n t s e mph a s iz e d SO th a t t h e m i n h a s t ak e n t h e pl a c e o f
g ,

t he ch e n which i s n o w n e gl e c te d B u t to Y a ng H s i u n g wh o d e lv e d
, .
,

in to the t r adi tion of an ci en t tim es the Y u ch e n b e c am e the mode l fo r ,

-

h i s t w e n t y five pi e c e s o n th e mi n i ster m agi str ate p r e fe c t an d gov e r n o r

-
, , , .

La ter T s u i a n d Hu fill e d the l a cu n ae an d comple te d wh a t i s co l

”
’

le cti ve ly kn o w n as the P a i k u a n O n e Hund r e d O ffi ce s

“ ”
o r the -
, .

Th e se pi e ces d efi ne the fu nc ti o n s an d r an ks o f the hu n d r e d o ffi ce s ,

like a p e n d an t m i r or giving d efi n i te w ar n i n gs an d a dmoni tio n s ; the y

r
25
,

i n de e d w er e w i tte n i n th e p u r i ty o f styl e o f an ci en t tim e s [the H si a

,
r

a n d t h e Sh an g a n d as ce n d e d to t h e h e igh t a tt a in e d b y H si n Chi a i n
] ,

a l a te r p e r io d h e Cho u ] W e d o h a v e a l s o P a n H s ii s compo si t io n s o n
[
’ ’
t .

t alli e s which a r e p e r t i n e n t b u t S h a llo w a n d the pi e c e by W e n Ch i a o

’

, , ,

which i s l e ar n e d b u t ov e r b u r d e n e d ; W an g Chi s wo r k o n Ku o tz u ” ’ “
-
”

t ee m s wi th q u o t a tio n s b u t th e fa cts a r e un sys te m a tic a lly a r r an ge d ; ,

while P a n Ni s pi e ce o n c ar r i age s t ho u gh con tai n i n g co r r e ct mor al

’ ’

p r i n ciple s i s fu ll o f w e e d s Fe w o f th e s e l a ter wo r ks a r e abl e to

,
”
.

a c hi e v e th e p r op e r s t a n d ar d A s t o W a ng L a ng s c h e n on mi s c e ll a n e o u s
’
.

a r ticl e s tho se on n apki n s a n d s ho e s m ay h a v e th e spi r i t o f w a r n i n g

, ,

b u t th e y ar e in fa c t in app r op r i ate Th e y do confo r m to th e r ul e s o f

, ,
.

t h e c hi e h o r w ar n i n g an d t h e m i n g o r i n s c r ip ti o n i n t h a t th e y a r e
”
, ,

21
T h e Du k e of C h in
vd vd
.

22 Ho u i - l o st h is k i gd m b
n o ecau se he l o e h u ntin g
, and t he Du k e o f Ch i l n o e

h u n tin g , to o . He n ce th f e r e e r e n ce to Ho u i -
, wh o is m e n tio n e d in th e Y i i -c he n
'

. Se e
C h u n—
ch i u hi n h ua n y i n —
g t e , 2 5 8/ Hs i an g T SO fu
’ ’
c -
c 1 .

23 See ibi d 1 9 7 /Hs ii a n T so .

T T K
.
,

94 s u
’
i Y in and s ui
’
Y ii a n ; Hu uan g .

25 A mi rror u sed as p d t w it h t h f t i
a en an , e u nc on of Sh o w i g if
n o ne is p p ly
ro er

g m roo ed By e x te n s io n it b m y mb l f
e co w es a s o or ar n in g or a d m i ti
on on .

A
.

26 T he N a t io n a l ca d mye f whi h W g C hi w
, o c an as o n ce th e c a n ce
h ll or .

97 V er b o se in s ty e l
v v
.

99 Pr e i o u s ly L i u Hs ie h u se d c hi e h as a e r , i e , to b . . w ar n , wh i h h c as a ffi n it y with
e xh o r t a t io n , i . e .
, ch e n . App a r e nt ly i t is i n t r o d u ced h e r e as a s y no n ym f o c he n .
Inscr ipti o n a nd Exh o r tati o 63

s
ter e an d con cer n e d o n ly wi th e s se n ti al s ; b u t the che n o n water fir e , ,

we ll an d s to ve ar e loqu acio u s wi thou t e n d All thi s i s d u e to hi s p er

, .

s on a l idiosync r a s y .

T h e ch e n i s in te n de d to b e r e ci te d a t c o u r t ”
whil e the m i ng i s to ,

b e i n sc ib e d o n v e ss e l s Tho u gh t h e y d i ffer i n n a m e a n d fu n c ti o n th e y
r .
,

S h ar e a common qu ali ty in th ei r spi r i t o f w ar n i n g T h e sole p u r p o se .

of the ch e n i s to p r e v en t mi s ta k es h e n ce i ts l an gu age i s solid a n d ,

p er tine n t ; bu t the m i g h as the a d d i tio n a l fu n c tion o f givi n g p r ai se

n ,

h e nce i ts S tyl e m u s t b e gr an d an d b r illi an t T h e m atte r s se le cte d fo r .

tr e atme n t m u s t b e app r op r i a te a n d cl e ar ly p r e s e n te d ; a n d t h e l an gu age

us e d sh o u ld b e S imple an d y e t p r o fo u n d In th ese r e qu i r e m en ts ar e .

s umm e d u p th e m a i n i d ea s o f t h e s e ge n r e s How e v er a s th e pi e ce s i n .
,

s c r ib e d o n t h e ar r o w a n d t h e tr ipod o f t h e co n q u e r e d s ta t es h ave b ee n
”

s c a tte r e d th e d i ffe r e n c e i n t h e u se s o f th e c h e n an d t h e m i n g h a v e
,

seldom b een appli e d i n l ater ti me s It i s up to th e w r i te r s to j u dge fo r .

th e m se lv e s i n se l e c ti n g impo r tan t s u bj e c t s .

T h e Ts a n
T he m i n g e xp r e sse s
mor al i d e a s impli e d in the n am e o f ar ticl e s
th e ,

W hil e the ch e n s u ggests mo r a l p r i n cipl e s .

Th er e ar e s om e wor d s we m ay we ll w e ar a s o u r i n scr ip tio n s ,

B u t w a te r c an n e v er b e u se d as a mi r r o r can [e i th er to r e fl e c t tr u ly
-
or

to b e ar an insc r ip tion ] .

Hold fa st to this p r i n ciple o f tr u thfu lne s s an d se lf a dmo n i shme n t

,
'

- -
,

And b e r e v er enti al in wor d a n d d e e d .

Ide as o f cl assic gr ace ar e n atu r ally gr and ,

And the pi thy phr ase i s alw ays a thing o f b eau ty .

29 Mu sic m a s te r s p r ese n t ed t h e c h e n a t co u r t Se e th e Ku o y a ,
-
Ch o u -y u

v
. .

9°
Se e n o tes 6 a nd 9 a b o e .
XII Elegy . a nd Sto n e Inscr ip ti o n ( The L ei an d th e P ei )

T he Chou dyn as ty o f gr ea t v i r tu e s a n d m i n g o r inscr ip tio n s

was a , , ,

a n d le i o r e l e gy w er e w r i tte n t o comm e mo r a t e t h e m Tho se wh o ca n

, , .

wr i te an e l egy o n the occasion of a death ar e c ap abl e o f b e ing mi n i ste r s .

T o wr i te an e l e gy is to su m u p th a t i s to su m u p th e vi r tuo u s cond u c t , ,

of the d e cease d an d immor tali z e i t Ve r y li ttle i s kn own t o u s abou t the .

wr i ting o f e l egy b efo r e an d dur ing the H si a a n d the Sh an g D u r i n g .

th e Cho u dyn a s ty e l e gi e s we r e wr i tte n b u t th e y w e r e n e v e r w r i tte n ,

fo r a s h i h F u r th er m o r e i t was n o t th e p r ac tic e fo r a p e r son i n fe r io r

.
1
,

in so ci a l s t atu s to wr i te a n e le gy fo r his su p er io r o r fo r a younge r m an ,

to wr i te an e l egy fo r a n old e r o n e In the c ase o f the r u le r h eav e n was ?

,

“
inv ok e d to wr i te h i s e l egy T o r e a d an el eg y b e for e the d e a d a n d to .

con fe r upon him a pos thumo u s ti tle i s a c er e mo n y o f v e r y gr e at i m

po r tance It was after the b attle o f Ch e n g— ch i u wh er e the D u ke o f
’
’ ’
.
,

Lu fo u gh t [the fo r ce s o f the st ate o f Sun g ] th at an e le gy was fi r st ,

wr i tte n in honor o f a s hi h W h e n Confuci u s di e d D u k e Ai o f L u .

4
,

wr o te the e l egy Al tho u gh i t i s n o t a wo r k o f p r ofu ndi ty i n the d ep th

.
,

o f fe e ling e x p r e s se d i t h a s p r e s e r v e d fo r us t h e a nci e n t tr a di tio n o f thi s

“
fo r m o f wr i ti n g .

W i th the e l e gy wr i tten fo r Hu i tz u by his wife the l angu age b e c am e ,

“
sa d a n d th e r hy t hm p r o lo n ge d D u r i n g the Han dy n asty e l egie s wer e .
,

wr i tte n in t hi s l atter v e in T h e o n e by Ya ng H si u ng fo r Emp r e ss Y ii an .

t e n d s tow a r d s v er bo si ty I t s impo r ta n t li n es including the o n e which

?
,

me n tion s Sh a h av e b ee n qu o te d b u t Chih y ii ] su sp e cte d th at

“ '

-
,

1
Me mb e r o f th e l wo e st r an k in t he o ffi i l
c a h ie r ar ch y .

2
Li -
c hi y i n te ,
- 3
I bid 4
Ibi d .
,

vd x
.
,

6 T he e e l gy is p
i n t h e Ts o -c h ua n , D u e o f A i , s i te e n th y e ar , C h u n -c h i u
r e se r e k ’ ’

g
c hi n -c h u a n y i n -t e , 4 9 2 /A i 1 6 /4 T s o Se e a s o L i -c hi , . l
v
6 Pr es e r e d i n L iu Hs i a n s g L
i e h -n u c h u a n I t m ay n o t b e a u th e n t ic
’
Hu itz u i s t h e . .

p o st h u m
o u s na e i e n to m gv
h a n h i n b y h is C C
i e He o u r is h e d d u r i n t h e h u n ch i u
’
wf . fl g C ’
-
’

p e r io d a n d lv
i e d a t L i u -h s i a i n th e st at e o f L u ; h e n ce h e was n o n a s L i u Hs i a T h e k w .

p o s t hu m o us na m e Hu i
”
m e an s b ene v l
o e n ce .

7
T he e mp w thr e ss as e co n so r t mp o f E ero r Y uan , 8
4 33 B C
-
. .
, and t he m ot he r o f
Emp er o r Ch g 3 7 B C
’
en , 2- . . T he l gy i f
e e d i n Ku we n -y ua n , c h ifa n 2 0
s oun .

F6 our li f th
nes ol gy e e e ar e f o u n d i n th e io r a h o f E b g p y
r e ss Y ii a n i n mp t he Ha n -s h u
by P an Ku Sha lu is t h e
.
-
na m e of a m
o u n ta in in Ho -p e i .
66 El gye a nd St o n e Inscr ipti o n
T he d escr ip tion o f the s u mm e d up v i r tu e s an d m er i ts o f c o r s is
a n e st

i n d ee d the p r i n ciple fo llow e d by the A n ci e n t Po e ts i n th e wr i ting o f

S u ch a pi e ce o f wr i ti n g i n exp r e ssi n g mo u r n fu l fe e li n gs d e v e l o p s
, ,

a cco r ding to t h e ci r c u m s ta n ce s t o whi ch t h ese fe e li n g s a r e t h e r e

s o n se s F u I s e l e gy wr i t te n fo r P e i h a i b gi ligh
’ 17 “
p . e n s : Th e t o f the -

s u n wa s d ar k e n e d an d t h e whol e Hu ai di st r ic t wa s bl an k e te d i n r ai n
”
, .

Thi s e xp r ession o f fee li n g a t the b egi n n i n g o f th e e l egy be c am e a

m o d e l fo r l ater wr i te r s A n d h i s imi ta to r s we r e O ften attr ac te d to him
.

by h i s cl e v er n e ss .

W i th r e sp e c t to i ts o r g an iz a tio n th e e l egy co n si sts o f a se l e ctio n o f ,

th e s a yi n g s a n d a n a c co u n t o f th e li fe o f th e d e ce a se d I t i s bi o g r aphic a l .

i n fo r m an d t h e l an g u ag e i t a d op ts i s t h a t o f the s u n g o r O d e b e
, , ,

gi n ni n g i n glor y an d e n d i n g in so r r ow In i ts p o r t ay a l Of the d e cease d . r

a s a m an i t b r i n gs him aff e c tingly b e fo r e us ; a n d in e x p r e ss i n g g r i e f

, ,

i t s mou r n fu l t u n e s u gge s ts p r o fo u n d s r r ow Thi s i s th e m ai n id e a o .

o f th e e l e
gy .

P e i o r s ton e mo n um e n t m ea n s p e i o r w all e d ter r a ce Empe r o s an d

, , , . r

kings o f anci en t time s e r ecte d p ei o r st on e mon u m en ts o n which to , ,

k ee p r e co r d s of th e i r r e ign s o r a s pl ace s to r e n de r sa cr ific e s to h e av en

,

an d ea r th a n d e r e c te d e i o r w a ll e d te r r a c es o n t h e mo u n t a i n s B e c a u se
, p , , .

o f thi s homophon e th e y c a ll e d th e w a ll e d t e r r a c e e r e co r d o f
”
p ei T h .

King Mu o f the Chou in scr ib e d o n the sto n e o f Y e n sh an giv e s us an -

inkling o f the function o f the p ei i n a ncie n t t im es .

Th e n th e r e w er e the mon u me n ts in ancestr al te mple s er e c te d [in ,

th e c e n tr a l co u r ty ar d ] b e t w e e n th e two r ow s o f s i d e r oom s ; th e se

monume n ts ser v e d m e r e ly as hi tchi n g po sts fo r sa cr ifici al an im al s a n d ,

wer e n o t u se d at fi r st fo r in scr ip ti o n s r e co r d i n g me r i ts an d achie v e

m e n ts W h e n i n l a te r time s br onz e ar ticl e s b e c ame s c ar ce s tone
.
”
,

mon u me n ts we r e u se d i n stea d o f b o n z e ; b o th sign i fy the immor tal r .

17 C h i g F gm t f th i p i
Pr i n ce n f di K w y
. ra en s o s ec e a r e oun n u e n- u a n .

P i m
16 i g
e t m m t th
ean n i w hi h t h t m i t h t it l i
a s o ne o nu d en e se n se n c e er n e e s u se ,

Thi p i ipl
,

an d p i m i g
e i g ify
ean n h th b f h i h m ph
a t e r r ace s n e ac o er e cau se o t e r o o o ne . s r nc e

of li ki gn m ti lly tw h m p h
n se an h t i Of
ca t d to by h l f
o o o no u s c ar ac er s s te n r e s o r e o sc o ar s or

th e xpl ti f m y h t f d i t h
e a na on o i t Cl ani c ar ac e r s oun n e anc en ass cs .

19
B w g
ro nz e ll y d f th p p
as f d i g m it
en er a d hi v m t
use or e ur o se o r e co r n er s an ac e e en s .
El gy e a nd St o n e I nscr ipti o n 67

L ater mon u m e n ts w e r e a l so e r e c te d o v er t h e to mb s ] F r om th e m o n u
[ ,
.

me n ts er e c te d in the te mpl e s to tho se e r e cte d ov er the tomb s a ll h a d ,

so m e wh a t th e s ign ific a n c e o f th e pili n g up o f e a r t h to b u il d a fo u n d a

tio n
”
.

Afte r the time o f the L ate r Han pei an d chi e h r o se like cloud s ,
.

B u t o f all the c ar vi n gs fr o m th e bl ade s o f t h e se l ater ta l e n t s t h o s e by

T s ai Yu n g stan d o u t wi tho u t p ee r Am o n g th e s to n e i n scr ip tion s fo r
’
.

whi ch he wa r e sp o n sibl e the Ya n g T z u Pe i o r Mo n u m e n t to

s ,
“ ’

,
” “

Yang T z u i s m ar k e d by s tr o n g ch ar ac ter an d cl assic b e au ty the two

’

,
”
,

pi e ce s o n Ch en [T ai ch i u ] an d Ku o [Y u tao ] ar e compl e te ly fr e e
’ ’
-
’
-

fr om an y fl a tter y an d tho se o n Chou [H s i e h ] a n d Hu [Ku an g ] p u r e

, ,

an d b a l a nce d In r e co u n ti n g e v e n ts th e y a r e comp r e h e n sive a n d y e t

.
,

b r i ef an d to the poi n t ; an d in r h e tor ic th ey ar e gr ace fu l an d smoo th , .

W e fin d in th e m an i n e x h a u s tibl e flo w o f tr a n s l u c en t ph r ases a n d a l so ,

br illi an t i d e as which ar e u n iqu e All the se ar e a r esu l t o f a ta l e n t whi ch .

“
i s n at u r a l a n d sp o n t a n e o u s
?

T h e wo r ks o f K u n g Y u n g w e r e mo d e l e d after t h o se o f P o chi e h
’
-

o r T s ai Yu n g T h w o pi e c e s o n Ch a n g Chi en a n d Ch e n
[ ]
23
[ ]
’ ’
e t .
,

cle ar cu t an d b e au ti fu lly ph r a se d m ay b e co n sid er e d a s b e i n g i n th e

-
,

sa m e cl a s s as t h o se by T s a i
’
.

Su n Ch o i n ten de d hi s wo fk s f r p ei a n d le i B u t hi s pi e ce s o n
’ 24
o .

W en W a n g [T ao ] H si [Chi e n ] a n d Y li [Li ang ] ar e , ,

25

wo r d y a n d wi thou t o r d e r Hi s o n ly we ll wr i tte n pi e ce i s the o n e o n .

-

H u an I “ ?

26
pil i g p
T he n u o f e ar t h to b ild u a f d tioun a o n, a n a cti vi yt co mm on t o th e e r e ctio n
o f ll m
a m t o nu en s, is h er e u se d to s i g i fy t h
n e ir co mm on q l i ty —
ua an i n d ica ti o n of

i mm t l it y
or a .

21
B h p e i a n d c hi e h
ot ea n m s to n e s a lb s or m o nu m e n ts . A s q u ar e s to n e lb
s a is ca ll e d
ll d hi h S W t i t
a p ei , a n d a r o u n d s t o n e i s c a u n g -s hi h l Ho u —
ha n s h u
’ ’
e c e . ee en -
. Se e a so -
,

co mm b g p y Of T H i
e n t ar y i n t h e io r a h ou s en .

29
F T i w k
or T i Ch g —
s a
’
l g hi T i
’
s or s , s ee
’
s a un an c . s a
’ ’
s d ate s ar e A D
. . 1 32 - 1 9 2

vd
.

99
F gm t f K g i ip ti
ra en s o Ch g p ’
un
’
s n sc r on o n an ar e r e se r e in Ch
’
ua n h o u -ha n we n ,
c h ii
an 83 T h Ch i l t
. e o ne o n
’
en s os .

24 Fl i hi g d i g th f th t y
our s n ur n e our ce n u r

All f th E t Chi
.

96 o e as e r n n .

26
F gm t f th p i
ra W g
en s d H i f o e e ce s on an an s ar e oun d i n I we n lei c hu , ch u a n 4 5
- -

v
,

an d f th t
o Y ii i h iia 4 7 Th pion H I n c an . e ec e on uan , w
h o e e r h as co ,e te y d i s ap mpl l
p ear e d .
68 El gy e a nd Sto n e Inscr ipti o n
T he wr i ti n g o f the p ei r e q u i r e s the tale n t o f a hi stor i an In o r g ani z a .

t io n i t i s biog r aphic a l a n d i t s l an g u age i s t h a t o f th e m i n g F r om i t s

, .

de scr ip tio n o f gr e at vi r tu e s the r ead er S ho u ld be able to v i su aliz e th e

b en ign coun te n an c e t aki n g sh ap e in the su b tle b r ee zes ; an d in i ts
a ccou n t o f a s u cc e ss ful life h e s h o u ld b e a bl e t o p e r c e iv e th e glo r y o f

t h e c r aggy h e igh t which th e o n e comm e mo r ate d h a d a tt ai n e d In t h e s e .

we h av e the s u b s t an ti a l fe atu r e s o f th e p e i .

A ston e mon u men t i s i n fac t an i n scr ibe d a r ticle a n d the i n sc ip tio n ,

r

i s the li te r a r y p atte r n o f th e mo n u m e n t To se l e c t a n am e fo r t h e a r ti cl e
.

i n a cco r d wi th i t s n at u r e wa s an a c tivi ty p r io r to th at o f c o mpo si n g th e

e l e gy. Th er efor e all wr i ti n gs i n scr ib e d o n s ton e to h o no r me r i ts ar e
,

i n cl u de d in the gen r e o f m i n g o r i n sc ipt io n an d tho se o f th e m which

, r ,

give acco u n ts o f the d e cease d o n up igh t s ton e s l ab s a r e cl assifie d

r

u n d e r le i o r e l e gy
,
.

T h e Tsa n
To giv e an a cco un t of fa c ts an d c p tu r e wh at
re a h as p a sse d i n to no th
i n g n e ss
Ar e r e a so n s cr eation o f th e lei an d the p ei
fo r t h e .

In th em Vi r tu es ar e i n scr i be d an d life comm e mor ate d

,

In clu ste r s of colo r ful li te r ar y m o des .

T h e styl e i n which th e d e ce as e d i s d e s c r ib e d giv es o n e the fee li n g o f

see i n g him i n p e r so n ,

And li ste ning to i ts l an gu age is like lis tening to mour n fu l sob s .

T h e flow er i n ci se d i n s to n e an d ink
W ill n o t fa d e b e c au se o f the coll ap se of the s h ad o w [phy sic al body ] .

XIII La m e n t
. and C o n d o l e n ce ( T h e Ai an d th e Ti a o )

Accor d i n g to the r ule o f confer r i n g po sthumo u s ti tle s o n e wh o di es ,

yo u ng is gi v e n the ti tle o f ai o r l am en te d Ai o r to l am en t m e an s i o r
,
.
, , ,
70 L a m e nt a n d C l
o n d o e n ce

s pi r i t o f the B o o k of P o et y an d h i s four wor d p atter n shor t an d r ,

-
,

r hy thmic n e v e r a lin e lo o se o r sluggi sh h e was a bl e t o s t ate his id e as

, ,

simply in wor ds th at ar e ge n tl e an d to gr ace an o ld for m wi th a fr e sh ,

i n te r e st Hi s Chin lu an d T se lan ar e wi thou t h e i r

.
“
-
” “
-
.
5

In ge n e r al th e m ai n t hi n g s t o co n sid e r i n a l am e n t a r e o n the o n e
, ,

h an d s or r owfu l fe e li n gs an d o n the o th e r a l an gu age c ap able o f e x

, , ,

p r e ssing lov e an d r egr e t T he de a d wa s yo u n g a n d h a d n o t ha d a .

ch ance to e stabli sh h i s Vi r tu e ; h en ce i n commen d i n g him o n e d o e s , ,

not
g o b e yo n d sp e a ki n g o f him a s i n t e llig e n t an d b r igh t ; si n c e h e wa s

wea k an d un able to shoulde r an y r e spo n sibili ty o n e m o u r n s fo r the ,

lo s s o f h i s physical fo r m W h e n the compo si tion sp r i n gs fr o m a h e ar t .

fu ll o f gr i ef i t will be fin e ; b u t if o n e m an ipul ate s one s h ear t to co n

,
’

for m wi th li ter ar y e xp r e s sion s the pi e ce mu st b e ch ar ac ter ize d by ,

e x c e ss An e x c e s siv e ly o r n a te pi e c e m ay c o n t ai n b e au t i fu l e x p r e ss io n s
.
,

b u t i t i s n o t th e r igh t v e hicl e fo r e x p r e ssing so r r ow T h e impo r tan t .

t hi n g i n w r i ti n g a l am en t i s th a t ge n u i n e f ee li n g b e th e b a si s o f o n e s
’

mo u r nfu l t on e an d th at the e x p r e ssio n b e moving en o u gh to b r i n g

fo r th o n e s te ar s
’
.

T h e ter m ti a o o r to con dol e m e ans c hih o r to a r r iv e A lin e in the

, , , .

B o o k o f P o e tr y r u n s
Sh e n chih ti a o i m e aning T he Spi r i ts h a v e ar r iv e d
“
,
”
.

T h e occ a sion o n which a po sth u mo u s ti tl e i s b e i n g fi x e d u po n a m an

o f v i r t u e wh o h as li v e d o u t h i s n a tu r a l te r m i s a tim e of e x tr e m e i m

por tance a n occ asion fu ll o f s o r r ow Th e r efo r e the ar r iv a l o f gu ests

,
.

t o condol e wi t h t h e b e r e a v e d i s te r m e d ch i h ta o B ut wh e n a d e a t h i s -
.

c au se d by cr u s hi n g o r d r own i n g an e v e n t co n tr ar y to th e n or m a l ,

cou r se n o co n dole nce i s gi v en W h e n S u ng su ffe r e d fr om flood an d

,
?

5 “ Chi n -lu m i g o urn n a so n , a nd T s e -la n a gi lr . T he s e co n d pi ece wa s w itt

r en fo r
h is fi
r en d s
’
w i f w h d gh t
e, o se au er d ie d wh
was t h r e e en she .

6 “ Ti ’
en -
p ao
”
in th e B o o k o f P o et r y , Ma o -s hih y i n -t e , 3 5 / 1 66 /5 T iao is a o d er n . m
p r o n u n c i a t io n . A cco r d i n g t o Sh u o -we n , i t hou d b e S l p
r o n o u n ce d t i , a n d a cco r d i n to g
Ka r lg r e n , ti o g , wh i ch is ph o n e t ica lly l k
i n e d t o t a o , t h e a nc i e n t r o n u n c i a t i o n o f h ich p w
is tog , m ean in g to ar r i e v . As tao a n d c hi h a r e s e a n t ic a m
i n e d , ti a n d c hih eco e lly l k b m
s y no n ym s

Sh
.

7 See
“
T
’
an - k g un , an ,g i n t h e L i -
c hi fo r t h e t r e e co nd i t io n s i n h wh i c h n o co n d o e n c e l
is to be Off e r ed , i . e .
, no g u es ts a r e t o co m
e L i c hi y i n -t e , 3 /2 5
.
-
.
L a m ent an d C on d o le n c e 1

Ch en g fr om fi e en v o ys fr om o th e r state s c am e to e x p r e ss th e i r sy m
r ,

p athy ; fo r b o th wh e n c al ami ti e s fall u pon a s tate an d wh en p e opl e

d i e c o n d o l e n ce s a r e i n o d er W h e n Chi n buil t Ss u ch i te r r a ce a n d
“ -
’
r .

Ch i a ttacke d Y en Shih Ch a o an d Su Ch i n offe r e d co n dol en ce s im

,
’

“
m e d i ate ly afte r e x p r e ssi n g th e i r co n gr atu l a tio n s F o r wh e th er i t was .

th e Op p CSSI O H o f th e p e opl e [as i n Chi n s b u il d i n g o f t h e Ss u ch i

’ ’
-
‘

te r ace ] o r th e p r o vo ca ti o n o f a n e n e my s t a te [a s i n Ch i s a t ta ck u p o n
’ ’
r

Y e n d u r i n g t he l a tte r s mo u r n i n g p e r i o d ] b o t h w e r e w ay s l e a di n g t o
’

d estr u c ti o n All th e s e c ase s w e r e fit oc ca sion s fo r o ff e r i n g con d o l e n c e

. .

S o m e p e opl e lo se th e i r liv e s b e cau se while occu pyi n g high p o si ti o n s , ,

th e y ar e a r r o g an t ; s om e l ea d p e r v e r se liv e s b e c au se th e y a r e imp a t i e n t

a n d fil le d wi t h r e se n t m e n t ; s om e h a v e g r ea t ambi tio n s a n d t re
y e a

b o r n o u t o f th ei r tim e s ; an d so me po sse ss t ale n ts b u t fin d th em s e lve s

b u r d en ed wi th to o m an y di str acti o n s All e x p r ession s imp a r ti n g sym .

p a t hy t o t h e s pi i t s o f p e o pl e lik e th e s e a e d e s ign a te d ti a o
r r .

“
W h en Chi a I fl o ate d d o wn th e R iv e r Hsi an g fu ll of r e sen tm en t ,
O
,

h e wr o t e t o c o n d o l e wi th th e spi r i t o f Ch ii Y ii an Thi s pi e c e i s p e r fe c t
’
.

i n s tyl e an d cl e a r i n t s n ar r a tiv e I ts l an g u age is p u r e an d i t s th o u gh t

i .

s a d I t i s i n d e e d a n o u t s t a n d i n g wo r k o f i t s ki n d H i g
[ ]
11
. S su m a s a n .
-

j u
’
s e x p r e s s i o n o f s
y mp a thy t o E r h s hih ”
i s e n t i e ly a s p e cim e n o f fu -
r ,

a l t h o u g h H u a n T an c o n s i d e r e d i t fu ll of m o u r n fu l fee li n g c au si n g
’

th e r ea d e r to h e av e a symp at h e tic s igh I t s l a s t s e c tio n i s p a r tic u l ar ly .

8
Fo r the Su n gfl ood, se e Ch
’
u n ch
-
'
iu c hi n g -c h u a n y i n —
te , 5 9 / hu an C g T so ; an d

fo r Ch g fi
th e en r e , see i bi d .
, C
39 4 / h a o 2 T SO .

9
T h b ild i g f Ss u -c h i t e r r ace , w l
h i e a n o ccas io n fo r c e e r a tio n , was c o n s i d e r e d lb
’
e u n o

a fit bj t f
su ec o r c o n d o e n ce b y Sh i h l
h a o , wh o a cco C
a n i e d t h e Ea r of h e n to h in mp l C g C
b
fo r t h a t o cc as io n , e cau s e s u ch co n s t r u ct io n s e r e d n o u s e u u r o se , b u t a d d e d to t h e v f lp p
b u r d e n o f th e eo e p pl
See T s o -c h ua n , D u e
. k C
h a o , th e e i h t h y ea r , o r C h u n -c h i u c hi n g ’ ’
g
c h u a n y i n -t e , 3 6 8 C
h a o 8 3 T so C h i a tta c e d Y e n k
h e n t h e a t te r h a d o s t i ts
.
’
in w l l k g
a n d the n ew k g j b
i n , I , h a d u st e e n i n a u u r a t e d A s Y e n was in n o g o s i t io n to r es i s t , . p
C h i to o
’
k
t e n ci t i e s W h i e t h is e a n s i o n l xp Of
t e r r i to r y o n t h e ar t o f C h i was a n p ’

v l
.

g l l
o ccas i o n fo r co n r a t u a t i o n s , i t a s o r e e a e d t h e r u t h e s s n a tu r e o f t h e r u e r o f C h i , l l ’

w l p
h ich c o u d r o e h is o wn d o n a v h e r e o r e , Su w f ll T f
h i n o ffe r e d c o n d o e n ce s i mm ed i C ’
l
v
.

ate ly f
a te r h a i n e g xp
r ess e d co n r a tu a t i o n s g l
Se e C h a n -k u o ts e , Yen .
’

1° C w m lf
h ii Y ii a n h a d d r o n e d h i s e in t h e R i e r Hs i a n i n Hu ma n
’
v g .

11 Chi a I, l ik C h ii
e
’
Y ii an ,w li t d f m
as a e na e ro h is l b
ru er e cau s e l
o f s a n d er o u s s y co

p ha nt s I n . th i d l
s co n o e nce h w e i f t gi v i g v
as n ac n en t to h is o wn r e se n t m ent .

T he d mp f h Ch i d y ty
’
12 s e co n e er o r o t e n n as .

13
See Ch ap t e r V III .
72 L a m e n t a nd C o n d o e n ce l
p e r ti n e n t con ci se an d c ap abl e o f e voking sad tho ugh ts A S
,
fo r i t i s .

to the co n d o l e n c e o ffe r e d by Y a ng H si u n g to Ch ii Y u a n i t wa s a wo r k
’

o f gr ea t l ab o r b u t li t t l e m e r i t Y an g was d e e ply i n t e n t o n r e v e r sing t h e .

poi n t o f Vi e w fo u n d i n the L i sa o ; an d fo r thi s r e ason h i s wo r k i s -

ch ar a cte r iz e d by cl u m sy e x pr e ssion s an d u n co u th r hym e B o th P an .

P i ao an d T s ai Yu n g w e r e p r oficie n t i n th e m a n ip u l ation of wo r d s ;
14 ’

howe v er th e y follo we d Chi a I as s h adows an d can h ar dly be co n si d

,

e r e d h i s e q u a l s Th e n t h e r e a r e t h e c o ndol e n c e s t o an d Shu
.
[ ]
P o i [ -

ch i wr i tte n by Hu [Ku an g ] Yu an [Y ii ] an d Ch u n g h sii an [o r

’”
, ,
-

W an g T s an ] Thos e by Hu an d Y ii an ar e all p r ai se s an d n o bl am e ;
’
.

th e o n e by Ch u n g h su an how e v e r e x p e r t ly c r i ticiz e d t h e m
”
-
Hu a n d , , .

Y ii an p r a i s e d P O i an d Shu ch i fo r th e i r in te gr i ty whil e W a n g T s an
’ ’
- -
,

r e g r e tt e d t h e i r n a r r ow mi n d e dn e s s ; e a ch wa s e x p r es sing his p e r son a l-

Vi e w N i H en g s ex p r ession o f symp athy to P i n g tz u [o r Ch an g

.
’ 17 ’
-

a l t ho u gh e l e ga n t a n d d e co r a t iv e i s ligh t an d pu r e ; a n d t h a t ,

offe r e d by Lu Chi to W ei W u [o r T s ao T s a o ] h as an e x p er tly wr i t

” ’ ’

te n p r e fa c e b u t a wo r dy tex t N on e b e sid e s t h e s e ci te d h e r e i s of an y
, .

con s e q u ence .

T i a o o r c o n d ol e n ce a l t ho u gh in u se in an ci e n t time s was ado r n e d

, , ,

wi th b e au ti fu l l an gu age only i n l ater tim e s ; i n de e d wh en o r n am en te d ,

und u ly an d slowe d in te mpo i t b e com e s fu T o wr i te condole nce p r op ,

.

e r ly o n e s hould h a v e co r r e c t id eas
,
i n co n fo r mi ty wi t h th e n atu r e ,

of the case ; o n e sho u l d b r i n g to ligh t th e v i r tue s o f the de cease d an d

block the ten d e ncy to ind u lge in wh at i s pe r v er se ; o n e should c ar e fu lly
con sider wh at to p r ai se a nd wh at to ce nsur e ; an d o n e s l angu age ’

14 AD 3 54
-

i g ifi d t h i
. .

15 b th
T wo f th Sh g d y t y wh
ro f l t k wl d g
er s o e an n as o s n e e r r e u sa o ac no e e

th v ig p w f th Ch by d l i i g t t Ch g i Th y m v d th m
e so er e n o er o e ou ec n n o ea ou r a ns . e re o e e

sel v t th f t f M t Sh y g f d i g
es o e w d Wh
oo mi d d th t v
o oun o u - an , ee n on ee s . en re n e a e en

w d b l g d t th C h d y ty th y t v d t h m l v t d th Th y
ee s e on e o k w
e ou n as , e s ar e e se es o ea . e ar e no n

i Chi
n hi t y n e sex mpl f l y l ty d i t g ity
s or as e a es o o a an n e r .

W g T v d d T T w h i t ti t p th th t th
’ ’
16 ’
s an ser un er s ao s ao , o se n en on o u su r e ro ne a e
an e

en d f th H
o dy ty w v i d t t h gh i t w h i
e an T P i wh fi lly t k
n as as e en , ou as s so n ,
’
s ao
’
e , o na oo

th th
e It w
r o ne t l f h im t iti i P i d Sh h i wh f i l d t
as na ur a th or o cr c z e o- an u -c
’

, o a e o see e

v l ti f Ki g W i xt m i ti g th th l g v m t f th
.

eff t f t h
ec o e re o u on o n u n e er na n e ru e ss o er n en o e

l t l f t h Sh g d y ty
as ru er o e an n as .

19
17
173 19 8 -
.
16
78
-
1 39 . 2 6 1 -3 0 3 .
74 Miscella n e o us Wr iti ngs
su r p r is e s u s lik e gu sts o f wind In thi s pi e ce o f ch i Me i fi r st touch e s .
’

o n se n su a l pl easu r e s an d d e s i r e s
; h e b e gi n s wi th t h e p e r v e r se b u t co n ,

e l u d e s wi t h th e p r op e r ; h i s p u r po se wa s t o giv e w a r n i n g t o o n e wh o

wa s b r o u gh t up i n ca se Y an g H s i u n g c o n templ a ting in th e [T i e n ln ] .
,
’
-

ko an d d ee ply occ u pi e d in wr i ti n g colle cte d famili ar wo r d s a n d

3
, ,

“
tr ivi a l ph a se s to fo r m li e n ch u
r who se l an gu age th o u gh fr iv o lo u s -
, , ,

is b r igh t an d smoo th Th e se th r ee [tu i we n ch i an d li e n ch u ] ar e in .

-
,
’

,
-

fac t b r an ch e s of li te r atu r e i n fe r ior pi e c e s p r o d u ce d i n t im e s o f l ei su r e , .

O nce tu i we n was cr eate d T u n g fan g 8 0 took i t an d exp an de d i t

-
,
-
,

givi n g i t the ti tl e K e n an o r O bj e c tion s by a gu est o r an oppo si tion

“ ’
-
,
” “

p ar ty B y ci ti n g c ases fr o m th e p ast h e e xplain e d away his o wn

.
,

fr u str ation s T h e wo r k i s cl e ar an d logical Y an g H si u n g wr o te Chi e h

. .
“

ch ao i n a v e in whi ch co n tain s a gr e at d e al o f h u m o r He do u bl es
’

,
”5
.

b ack an d for th t r yi n g to e xpl ain a w ay h i s fail u r e in life an d does so

, ,

wi th mo d e r ate su cce ss W e h av e al s o P an Ku s Pi n h si con tai n i n g .

’ “
-
,
”

flower s o f wo n d er fu l c o l o r s ; T s u i Yi n s T a chih d i spl ayi n g a lan ’ ’ “

-
,
”

gu age o f cl assica l e le gan ce ; Ch an g He n g s Yi n g wen close kni t an d ’ “

-
,
”
-

gr a cefu l ; T s u i Shih s T a chi we ll o r de r e d al th o u gh sligh tly c r u de ;

’ ’ “
-
,
”

T s ai Yu n g s Hsi hu i p r ofo u n d i n tho u gh t an d b r illi an t i n e xp r es

’ ’ “
-
,
”

sions ; an d Ching ch un s [o r Kuo P u s ] K e ao ov e r flowing wi th -

’ ’ ’ ’ “ ’
-
,

fee li n g an d r ich i n col o r s Tho u gh th e se wr i te r s followe d o n e an .

o th er s e x ample th e i r wo r ks m ay all b e con sider e d gr e at O n the o th e r

’

,
.

h an d al though th e K e wen o f Ch e n ssu [o r T s a o Chih ] m ay

,
“ ’
-
” ’
-
’

con tai n won d er fu l e xp r e ssio n s i t i s r ath e r loo se i n r easo n i n g ; a n d ,

Y ii K ai s K e tz u h as id eas i n ab u nd ance b u t is w e ak i n li te r a r y
’ ’ “ ’ ”
-
,

e x p r e s si o n W r i ti n g s o f thi s q u a li t y ar e n u m e r o u s a n d n o n e i s wo r t hy
.
,

o ne to act i o n by se v en sti m l u a ti n g c a s es . In th e p r ese nt pi e ce , Me i She n g tr i e d to

s ti m l u a te the h e ir pp a ar e n t to a ct i o n s app p i ro r a te to h is s t a tu s . T he ori gi n o f th is

p ti l
ar cu a r s ty e l is a m oot q u est o n i Bu t m y an s c h o ar s l Si n ce the ti m e o f Ha n h a d
v v
.

empl y d o e it as a e hi l c e I t is k w no n as c h
’
i , o r se e n
”

A fi
. .

3 ro ya l l ib r ar y of the Ea r y Ha n ,l b iltu b y Hs ia o Ho , t he r st p r im e mi n is te r o f th e

Ha n d y n as ty
g f p l A pi
.

4 Li e n -c h m u e an s co n t i n u o u s s tr n i f w it i g i w h i h p h
o e ar s e ce o r n n c r a ses

t i g i giv
.

an d i d e as are t h r e ad e d to g e th e r l ik p l e th i
e ar s o n a m I hi bi g s r n s en s na e . n s o

r ap h y in t he Ha n -s h u Y g
, an is sa id t h v b o d it i th
a y l l ib y
e ee n an e or n e ro a r ar .

C hi l it ll y xpl i w y p pl id i l i f ithf lly p tt d

_

“ ’
eh
5 er a to e a n a a eo e s r cu e , s a u a er n e

T l th gh i it h p k ill f T g f g h t
,

f
a te r un gf g-
an So
’
s
“
Ke
’
-
nan ,
”
a ou n e s o e o un -
an
’
s c a r ac e r .
Misce llan e o us Wr itings 5

of o u r a tte n tion Fo r th e p u r po se o f thi s typ e o f wr i ti n g i s to giv e

.

ve n t to on e s fr u str a te d fee li n gs If o n e fi n d s him se lf i n a dv e r si ty he

’
.
,

will c o n q u e r h i s d i sappoin tm en t by d we lli n g o n the p r i n ciple of life ;

i f o n e fi n d s him se l f a t od d s wi t h h i s tim es h e will co n so l e him s e lf ,

by c u l tiv ati n g p e ace o f mi n d O n e alway s m ai n tain s a fr am e o f mi n d .

b o th d e ep an d l o fty an d e xp r e sse s i t in the col o r ful p atte r n s o f a

,

u n ic o n o r a ph o e n i x
r Th ese are the fu n d am e n tal s in th e wr i ti n g o f
.

thi s li t e a y fo r m
r r .

Si n ce th e wr i ti n g o f Ch i fa m an y h av e foll we d i n M e i s fo o tstep s ’
-
,
o
’
.

A l o o k a t t hi s i n i ti al a tt e mp t o f M e i s will co n vi n c e u s t h a t i t i s t r u ly
’

o u ts tan d i ng i n d ee d a wor k o f gr e at b e au ty W e h av e Fu I s Ch i chi

, .
’ “ ’
-
,

whi ch e x hibi ts the ar t o f c mbi n in g the p u r e an d the p e r ti n en t ; T s u i o

’

Yi n s C h i i whi ch h a s co n t iv e d to e n te r th e r e a lm o f l ea n i n g an d
’ ’
-
,
”
r r

gr ace ; the Ch i pi e n o f Ch an g He ng which abo u n d s i n v a r i e gate d

“ ’
-
,

figu r e s ; the Ch i Su o f T s ui Y ii an i n which mo r a l p r inciple s fin d

’
-
” ’

t he i r pl a c e ; Ch e n s s u s [o r Ts a o C h i h s Ch i who se b eau t y
“
]
’ ’ ’ ’ ’
-

li e s in i ts gr an deu an d vigo r ; an d Ch u n g h sii an s [o r W an g T s an s ]

r -
’ ’ ’

“
Ch i hsi which h an d le s facts an d th ei r r ais o n d et e wit h cl ar i ty
’
-
,
’ '
r .

B e t we en the Ch i sh u o o f H u an Lin an d th e Ch i fe n g o f T s o Ss u
“ ’ ” “ ’ ”
- -
,

th e e wer e m o r e t h a n t e n W i te r s wh o a tt a ch e d t h e m s e lv e s t o t h e m
r r

lik e b r an ch e s o r lik e sh a d o ws S o me o f th e i r w r k s ar e r ich i n li ter ar y . o

p a tter n s b u t we a k i n i d e a s while o th e r s expo u n d mo r a l p r i n cipl es ,

i n a ll t h e i r p u r i ty b u t ar e impu e i n l an gu age In ge n e r a l th e y a ll r .
,

d e s c r ib e p a l ace s an d h u n ti n g a n d i n g r an d styl e Th e y ar e c o n c e n e d , . r

wi th o u tl an d i sh co stu m e s an d e x o tic woo d d e sc r ibi n g wi th e x tr e m e ,

de xter i ty h ear t ench an ting so n gs an d wom en Th e i r d e ligh tfu l co n

-
.

ce t i o n s s ti r o n e t o th e bon e a n d m ar r ow a n d th e i r b wi t chi g
p e n ,

ph r ase s cap tiv a te the so u l Al tho u gh th e y b egi n wi th the l u stf u l th ey .

,

co n cl u d e wi th wh at i s r igh t B u t fo r e v e r y pe r so n to wh o m th e y m ay .

h ave su cce e de d i n b r i n gi n g the m o r al l esso n hom e by me an s of s ati r ic al

m e t apho r s the r e a r e h u n d r e d s who ar e e nco u r age d to l ea d lice n tiou s
,

live s an d ar e u n abl e to r e tu r n to s implici ty It was fo r thi s r e ason that

,
.

Y an g H si u n g idic u le d the ide a o f b egi n n i n g wi th th e l u stfu l n o te s

r
76 Miscella ne o us Wr iti ngs
of Chen g an d W e i an d s tr iking up th e r efine d m u sic only at the en d
,

“
of the singi n g T he only pi ece th at sp e aks o f an cie n t wor thi e s b asing
.
,

i t s th o u gh t o n Confu ci an p r incipl e s i s the Ch i s u [by Ts ui Y ii an ] ;

“ ’ ” ’
-
,

a l though i t is n o t ou t s t a ndin g in i ts li te r a r qu ali ty th e id e a s i t co n

y ,

t ai n s a r e r ea lly lof ty a n d p r o fo u n d .

M any wr i te r s h ave a l s o imi tate d the li e n c h u Tu Tu Chi a K uei - .

,
’

L i u Ch e n P a n Hsii a n d th e i r gr oup in te n d e d to m ak e str ings o f

’

, ,

p ear l s b u t o n ly s ucce e d e d in s tr i n gi n g fish e y es Th ey m ay be co m

,
?

p ar e d to th e cr awling o f the yo u th fr om Shou li n g a far cr y fr om th e -

,

“
gai t o f Han tan which he h ad set o u t to acqui r e [Th ei r act o f imi
-
.

t a ti o n i s a s u gly as th a t o f] the hom e ly n e ighbo r wom a n who h e ld

h e r h an d s o v e r he r h ear t i n imi tatio n o f the b e a u tiful Hsi shih [wi th -

,

a g r im a c e t h a t c r ea te d a n e ffe c t o t a lly d i ffer e n t fr om th at o f Hsi shi h s

]
’
t -

“
k n i tte d b r ows B u t Shih h en g [o r Lu Chi ] a lon e th r o u gh c ar e ful
.
-
,

con sider ation b r o u gh t to the fo r m n e w ideas co u ch e d in swift mo v in g

,
-

l angu age an d ex te n d ed i ts scop e by n e at o r gani z ation an d fir m sen

,

te n c e s t r u c t u r e Nee d he i n dee d e nvy the fo u r i n ch p ear l o f Chu

.
-

Chung ? It i s easy to be p e r fe ct in wr i ting sho r t li te r ar y pi e ces an d

”
,

e a s y t o o t o m ak e o n e s t hough ts p r ese n t a bl e wh e n th e y a r e n o t fo r m e d
’

in h aste Any pi e ce which i s so wr i tten as to h av e clear ideas an d n eat

.

e x p r ess io n s coh e r en t n ar r ati ve an d m e lodio u s s o u nd s which alway s

, ,

r i n g cl e a r cu t an d cl e a n i s wo r t hy o f th e n a m e ch u o r p ear l
-
, , .

Since th e Han m a ny ter m s h ave b een e mpl o ye d to de sign ate m i s

“
ce llan eo u s w r i ti n g s Th e se ar e : ti e n o r impo r t a n t docum e n t s ; ka o
2
.
, ,

6
See h is b i g phy
o ra in the Ha n -s h u
A fig
.

7 ur e co n n o t i n gflfo r fis h e y es o o
a se h o o d , i e e a r s b u t ar e n o t l k lk p l .

6 A ce r t a i n o u th y ro f m l g
Sh o u i n , i n t h e s t a te o f Y e n ( o d e r n Pe i n ) , ca e t o
-
m k g m
Ha n ta ,
-
n t h e c a i t a o p l
f t h e s ta t e o f h a o ( i n o d e r n H o C-
m
p e i ) , to e ar n th e Ha n ta n a it l -
g .

bf
B u t e o r e h e s u cce e d e d i n his s tu d y , h e o s t a ll h e h ad no l
n He nce h e h ad to c r a k w . wl
b k
ac to Sh o u i n -
l g
T he u r e is
. fig f
o u n d i n t h e C h u a ng t z u ( C h u a ng t z u y i n t e , 4 5 / 1 7 /
-

a n d r i d ic u e s t h el o y o f an i f ll i t at i o n o f o t h e r s m w
h ich r es u ts i n t h e o ss o f o n e s o wn l l ’

g l y
o r i i n a it

A T
.

9 n o t h e r r e e r e nc e f ro f m
t h e C h u a n g tz u , ie n y u n ( 38/1 4 / h e r e i t is s a id
’
-
w
t ha t o n l g a g o Hs i h i h a S
r ea t
- g
e au ty was a f icte d b fl w
i th a b a d h e a r t I n h e r a in , Sh e . p
v
, ,

l
h e d h e r h a n d s o e r h e r h e a r t a nd n it te d h e r ro s k
An u b w
n e i h o r , s e e i n g t h at
. gly g b
s h e wa s v
er y b
e a u ti u i n su ch a f l o s tu r e , t r i e d to i p
i tate h e r m .

19
Se e L
i e h -hs i e n c h ua n , b y L i u Hs ia n o f t h e Ea r Ha n g ly .

g
1 1 O r i i n a t e d i n t h e “ Y a o ti e n
”
a nd
“
Sh u n -t ie n o f t he
- o o k o f His to r y B .

12 Al so o ri gi n a te d in th e B oo k o f His to r y .
X V Hu m o r . an d Eni g m a ( The Hsi e h a n d th e Yi n )

A p o em o f Ju i Li an g fu s con tai n s th ese li n e s

-
’

[T h e k i g] hn as hi s o wn p ivr a te t ouh ght s,

An d he xh e a u st s an d enr a
g e s th e p pl eo e
?

T he m en ta l p r o ce s se s o f the p e o ple ar e as p r e cipi t o u s as mo u n tai n s an d ,

t h e i r m o u t h s wh e n s topp e d a r e lik e d amm e d u p

, iv e r s A s th ei r r e ,
-
r .

se n tm e n t a n d a n g e r di ff e r t h e i r w ay s o f e x p r es si n g t h e se fe e li n g s i n
,

j e s ts o r d er i sion a ls o v ar y W h e n once lon g ag o Hu a Y ii an le ft hi s .

a r mo r i n th e fi e l d af te r h i s d e fea t th e so l d i e r s g u a r d i n g th e ci t y ,

r idic u l e d him i n a s o n g gibi n g a t h i s p r o t r u d i n g e y e s A n d wh e n

?

T san g Ho lo st h i s ar my h e was the su bj e c t o f a sa ti r i cal tu n e r e fer r i n g

,

“
to him as a pigmy In bo th case s the p e o ple mock e d the app e ar ance
.

o f th e s u bj e c t s of t h e i r s o n g s i n o r d e r t o e x p r e s s t h e i r i n n e r r e se n t m e n t

a n d s co r n Ag ain th e r e w e r e th e r u d e pop u l ar s o n g s u s i n g t h e fig u r e s
.

o f th e silkwo r m a n d c r a b a n d th e i n app r op r i a te s o n g r e fe r r i n g t o t h e

col o r fu l p atte r n of a r a cco o n Cr u d e tho u gh th ese m ay b e in c a se th e y .

4
,

co u ld be o f s e r v i ce i n the way o f giving w ar n i n g to p e ople th e y we r e ,

a ll r e c o r d e d i n th e B o o k o f R i te s o r th e L i ch i Th e se e x ampl e s S h o w ,
-
.

1 Ma o s hi hy i-
n —t e , 69 2 5 7 8 cco r d i n to t h e r e a ce to t h e
. Aoe , Ju i g
w a s c r i t ic i z i n p f p m g
K g C y y
i n L i o f t h e h o u d n as t , wh o a id n o a tte n tio n to t h e eo e b u t o o e d h i s o wn p p pl f ll w
in te nt io n s
“
He h as h is o wn u n s a n d i n testi n es
.
”
l g .

7 9 1 80 /Hs ii an
2 C h u n -c h i u c hi n -c h u a n
’ ’
i n -
t e 1 -
T so
g y .

T v
,

b , 2 5 9 /Hs ia n 4 /T s o fu 2
3 I id san g was a e r y s a m a n g m ll .

A
. .

L i -c hi y i n -t e , 4 /7 2 m a n o f h e n —a c ity o f L u , i n r e s e n t d a y Sha n tu n
g p g g C ’
.

w l
o u d no t w m ea r g o u r n i n fo rb h i s e d e r r o t h e r B u t as s o o n as h e h e a r d t l
h a t T z u -
k ao , .

a d isci pl e of C f k w
o n u ciu s no fil l p y
n fo r h i s pp
ia mg
i e t , wa s a o i n te d t h e a is t r a t e o f

Ch g h t t d t w m i g f h i b th T h p pl f C h g g
’
en e s ar e o ear ourn n or s ro er . e eo e o
’
en s an a

A i lkw m h S ilk whil

,

so n g w hi h
, c r u ns : bh s b k t; d wh
or hi as , e a cr a as a as e an en s

b th d i d h w m i g f T k
ro er e e J t th b k t th t i th h
ore ourn n or z u -
ao
”
us as e as e , a s, e o u se

h l d i g t h S i lk t h
.
,

th e b
cr a i d w t f
car r e ,
i lkw m p d
as n o d
or th m i g o n e e s or ro u ce , so e ourn n

f th m f Ch gw t f hi w b th Th m h p t f t h L i h i 4 69
’
-
o e an o en as n o or s o n ro er . e sa e c a er o e c , ,

t ll
e th t w h il
s us C f i w w k i g th ffi f th m th f
a e o n uc u s ld f i d as or n on e co n or e o er o an o r en

by th m f Yif J g t h l tt
e na e o g th t th an v i g f th w d w b t if l
an e a e r s an a e ca r n o e oo as as e au u

h d Th i w
,

as th p tt e f a er n o h ig h ly i pp p i
a r a cco o n s f th
’
i b t ea s as na ro r a te or e o cc as o n , u

C f i f g v h im b with T i t b t
.

o n uc u s h wor hi
a ld f i d S m
e h l
ecau s e e as s o r en . o e sc o ar s a ao s en

co n sid d Y ii er eJ g m f g tan hi v m t b
an a h d d i
an f i g o r ea ac e e en e ca u s e e s u cc e e e n r ee n

hi lf f m h i
rn s e m ti wh i h
ro th h m
s e b dgo o ns , c ar e e u an on a e .
H u m or a n d Eni g m a 79

us h v h u mo r o u s sayi n gs an d e nigm atic s tate m e n ts a r e n o t t o

t at e en

be di s ca r d e d .

Hsi e h o r h u mo r o r j e s t m e an s chi e h o r a ll th at i s som e thing

, , , ,
5
,

e x p r e sse d i n cr u d e l an g u age to th e tast e o f th e commo n p e opl e which ,

i s e nj o y e d by all In a n ci e n t tim e s Ki n g W e i o f Ch i i n d u lge d i n d r i n k

’
.

i n g an d feasti n g a n d Ch u n y ii [K u n ] a dmo n i sh e d him by m e an s o f

’ ’
-
,

“
a c o mic s t o y a b o u t g o o d wi n e A n d d u r i n g a fe a sti n g p ar t y giv e n by
r .

Ki n g H si an g o f C h u S u n g Y ii wr o te a [wi tty ] fu a r gu i n g th at h e wa s ’

n o t fo n d of wom e n B o th o f th ese a im e d at su b tl e a d vice an d m ay b e

?

co mm e n d e d Th e n we h av e j e ster Ch an s i r onic comm en t o n [Er h shih s

.
’
-
’

“
p r op o s al to ] p a in t the ci ty w alls an d j e ste r Me n g s sar c astic r e mon ,
’

“
s tr an ce agai n st the fu n e r al se r vice fo r a d e ad h o r se ; in bo th case s cl e v e r
s p e e ch e s an d wi t t y ar g um e n t s we r e e mploy e d t o s u pp r e ss wh a t w o u l d

h av e b een s tu pidi ty an d r u thl e ssn e s s Fo r thi s r e aso n T z u ch an g [o r .

,
-
’

Ss u m a Ch i en ] wh e n compili n g h i s hi s t o r y [t h e Sh i h c hi ] i n cl u d e d
’
- -
, ,

5
C hi e h ( m ea n in g
“
a ll
”
l m t Th
) is a co mp o ne nt i n hs i e h , gi v i g n i t its ph o n e t ic e e en . e

s ig i fi n l m t f h i h i f i h d by th d i l y m
c e e en o s e t t lk B t Lis urn s e e ra ca en , e an n i g
“
o a
”
u u

lm t Hwv
.

Hi h w s e pp tl y as i g th a p h t i hi h ar e n ig i fi tr e at n e o ne c c e as a s n c e e en . o e er ,

i
s n ce by ig i fi i m t m
a Sly g n l w i th i w h i h t h m i g f t h
c s ea n er e a e n er a ar ea n c e ean n o e

w d m y f ll d S i i m y
or a a , p ifi m i g i f i h d by w h t i
an n ce nlly an ca s e s s ec c ean n s urn s e a s u su a

t k p h ti L i m y b w h v l t th
,

a t
en b o e a t h I th t
o ne c, t u a e co r r e c er e n a cas e , e a e to r a ns a e e

hi h ( ll) t m
.

t m m k i d f h m y m g ll p pl “ ”
er c e a o ea n so e n o ar on a on a eo e .

S6 m C h i Shi h hi K h i l i h h
su -
a
’
en,Ch y i K t ld th -
ki g th t
c , u c -
e -
c u an .
” ’
un -
r
'
’
un o e n a

so m t i m h w d k ft d i k i g t ( b t l i q i d p i t ) d m t i m h
e es e as r un a er r n n a ou a ou a u n , an so e es e

k f t d i k i g hi h ( t i m ib d h w d i k i g l
~

w d
as run a er t ) H dr n n a sd en t es a ou . e e sc r e o r n n o o se n e

u p hi m ls d b gh t h k i g t h i
or a s, an th t h p m i d t gi v p
rou t e n o s se ns e s, so a e ro se o e u

a ll i gh t d i k i g p
-
n r n n s r e es .

Th f i f
7 ed i th W u h s oun n e en- s ua n .

Wh
6 E h h i h th d mp f th Ch i d y ty pl d t h v h i y
’
en r -
s e s e co n e er o r o e n n as an n e o a e t e c t

G d Ev i f y m j t y d i d t S p k b t i
, ,

w ll p i t d j t C h
a s a n e id es er an sa
“
oo en o ur a es no ea a ou t,

I w l d h v p ti ti i t Th gh t h p i i g f t h
.
, ,

ou d f a e e o ne it y w ll m i gh t p v or . ou e a nt n o e c a s ro e a

g t r ea w d b d t th p pl it i i d d fi ! T h ity w ll w l d b b igh
so r r o an ur en o e eo e, s n ee ne e c a s ou e r t

an d l ipp y s d my l d l i mb th m ; d v if th y d id l imb th m h y
er , an no en e co u c e an e en e c e , t e

w l d ll b
ou i ly t
a i h d H w v e th i
ea s w ld h d l y gi v h l t yar n s w e o e er , s ou ar e s e ter o our o n

E h S h i h l gh d d g v
.

h m p h i pl hi li h h
“ ”
o e r -
S Shi h hi
au K e an a e u s an ee -
c u c -
e -
c u an

A f v it h
. . .
,

9
I bi d f K i g Ch g f C h d i d T h k i g d d ll h i ’
: a or e o r se o n u an o u e e n or er e a s

m i i t t w m i g d pl d t gi v it f l v i fi i g h ig h
. .

n s er s o e ar our n n an anne o e a u n er a se r ce tt n a

b d i t d v i d g i t it h d Th wh d
,

ffi i l W h d vi
“
o c a hi en s su d or n a es a se a a ns e e cr e e
‘

o se o ar e to a se

Sh ll d i J t M g h d f it m b f th
.
, ,

a g i t th f
a ns l f th h e u ner a o e o r se a e
”
es e r en e ar o ca e e or e e

k i g f v it
.
,

ki g d t t d t y W h
n , an s ar e k d wh y h i d T h h o cr w th . en as e , e sa , e o r se as e n
’
s a or e .

I n t t
a g t Ch
s a e th i g i
as i mp i bl
r ea It w ld i d d b t m h f
as
’
u, no n s o ss e ou n ee e oo uc o a

S l ig h t t b y i t w ith v i l y b fi t i g m i i t ; i t S h l d b b i d w i th
.

o ur a s er ce on e t n a n s er ou e ur e a

s er v i b fi tt i g l
ce e f l y th w ld th l d k w th t y m j ty
n a r u er or on us ou e or s no a our a es

vl ha u es d d pi h m
o r se s an b i g T h k i g g v p h i pl es s es u an e n s . e n a e u s an .
80 H u m o r a nd E ni g m a

in i t a ch ap te r o n the h u mor i sts Ku chi li e h chu a n b e cause in spi te - -

o f t h e i r w a nd e r i n g an d d e vi o u s sp e e ch e s t h e y a lw a ys ai m t ow a r d t h e

r igh t p r i n cipl e Howe ver wh at i s by n atur e n o t of the pu r e st e asily

.
,

le ad s to the fau l ty Thus we h av e Tun g—fan g [So ] an d Mei Kao wh o

.
,

“
fee d o n th e d r egs o f the wi n e [th at i s th ey h ad a tende ncy to si n k ,
”
,

t o th e l e v e l o f t he commo n Th e y d i d no thin g to co r r e ct th e
te nd e ncy a n d in ste a d ind u lge d i n r a ill er a n d t ook i n d e c e n t p e r s o n a l
, y ,

liber ti e s Thus ev e n if th e y r efe r r e d to t hei r wo r k s a s fu th e y kne w

.
, ,

v er y we ll th at th ese ar e n o be tter th an comic p r e ce s Mei S howe d som e ’

.

m e a s u r e Of r egr e t whe n h e saw th at h e h ad bee n loo ke d u pon as a

j ester Th u s W ei wen [o r T s ao P ei ] use d comic th e me s to wr i te
11
-
’ ’

j okes ; an d Hsii eh Tsung j e s te d s ar c as tically dur i n g a diplom atic

r e c e p tion
”
Th e se j oke s though effe cti ve in p r oducing m er r imen t
.
,

d u r ing a fe ast s e r v e n o p r a c tic a l pu r pos es And y e t good wr i te r s ofte n

, .

we n t o u t o f th e i r way to j oin in the fun ; P an Y ii eh s j ok e o n an u gly ’ ’

wom an an d Shu Hsi s o n a p a s tr y p e d dler ar e good ex ample s A n d ’ ”

.

t ho se wh o follow e d in t h e i r foo t s te ps numb e r mo r e th an a hu n d r e d .

T he h u mo r is ts du r ing the W e i an d the Chin a cc e n tu ate d the tr en d by

t h e i r m u t u a l influ e nc e W e fin d the n os e o f Yin g Y ang comp ar e d to
.

an egg who se e n d h as b ee n cu t o ff by a t hi e f an d th e physic a l fo r m ,

o f Ch a ng Hu a comp a r e d t o th e h a ndl e o f a p es t l e Th e se loqu acious

”
.

wr i tings ar e a disgr ace to mor a l p r incipl e s A r e th e y n o t as uns eemly .

a s l a ugh ter fr om a d r owning m an o r r io t ou s so n g s f r om a c r imin a l ?

Yi n o r e nigm a li te r a lly m e a n s to hid e : to u se ob s cu r e l a ngu age to

, ,

hid e idea s o r to e mploy an ar tfu l p ar able to poin t to cer tai n fa ct s .

19 A fig ur e k
ta e n f m
ro the Y u fu -
in th e Ch
’
u tz
-
’
u, m ean i n g to f ll w
o o the t r e n d
o f the cr o wd
T
.

11
Se e t h e Ha n -s h u , th e b i g ph i
o ra es of un gf g S
-
an o and of Me i Ka o .

12
Hi s j k b k
o e oo is no t p tre or e d in his bi g p h y
o ra in th e
“
W e i ch i h -
in th e

Sa n -k u o -c hih .

16 See h i s bi g phy i
o ra n t he W u ch i h -
”
in th e Sa n -k u o -c hih .

14
Pa n
’
s w k i t id
or s no en ti fi bla e Sh u
’
s w k or is f oun d i n Hs u Ku We n -y u a n .

Th
.

15
T he f t th
r e e r e n ce o e ca s e o f Y in g Y a n g
’
“
(AD .
-
2 1 7 ) ca n n o t b e id e n t i fi e d . at

Of Ch g H ( A D 3 3 ) i f d
an ua . . 2 2 -
00 s oun in th e S hi h -
s h u o hs i n y u -
'

by L iu I ch
-
’
in g ,
“
P
’
ai

ti pi
ao (Ch t
’
hi h
en g u- z u c -
c
’
en c h ii a n 6, Ch pt a er 25, p . 20 6 . Si x p e r so n s are

m ti d t g th w ith i d ip ti
en o ne o e er s x es cr o ns Si n ce t h e co r r e ati o n l b tw e ee n the p e r so n s

fid v
.

m ti d d th b q t d ip ti
en o ne an e su se uen escr o ns is no t s p eci e , L iu Hs ie h m ust ha e so m e

o th th b i f hi t t m
e r s o u r ce as e as s or s s a e ent .
82 H u m o r a nd E igmn a

cr yp tic m e ss age u si n g the figu r e o f a sh ee p ski n Hi sto r ic a l r e co r d s .

ab o u n d i n c a se s o f th e e mpl o ym e n t of i n ; s o m e of t he impo r t an t o n es
y
ser ve d to b i n g a b o u t g o o d go v e r nm e n t a n d h e lp e d d e v e lop p e r s o n a li t y
r ,

a n d s om e o f th e mi n o r o n e s a l s o a s s i s te d i n e c a lli n g th e e r i n g an d r r

i n d i s so lving d o u b t s F o r a g u i d i n g p r i n cipl e of th e y i n i s e x p e d i en cy
.
,

a n d i t i s e mpl o y e d a t c r i t i c a l mom e n t s E n igm a s a n d h u mo r o u s w r i t .

i n gs m ay b e con si d e r e d to b e t wo asp e cts o f the sam e thi n g The r e we r e .

e igh t ee n coll e c tio n s o f e n igm as d u r i n g t h e H an dyn a s ty a n d Liu H si n ,

a n d P an Ku pl a c e d t h e m a t th e e n d of Songs ? ” “

Ki n g Ch u an g o f C h u an d Ki n g W e i of Ch i in anci en t tim e s love d

’ ’

e n igm as A ft er t h e i r t im e c am e T u n g f ang M an ch i e n [o r Tu n g f a n g
’
- - -
.

So ] who was p a tic u l ar ly cl ev er in m aki n g th e m B u t hi s ar e mo stly

, r .

a b su r d s t a te m e n t s a n d c a lum n ious j est s which se r v e no m o r a l pu r po se ,

.

Si n ce the time of W ei j ok e r s an d j e ster s h av e b ee n di sp ar age d Men , .

o f c u l t u r e r idic u li n g r an sfo r m e d t h e m i n t o r iddl es A r iddl e i s

”
y
, i t n, .

a pi e c e o f wr i t ing so ci r c u i t o u s t h a t i t l e a d s p e opl e i n t o a m az e Som e .

r i dd l e s a r e b a se d o n th e s t r uc tu r e o f ch a r a c te r s a n d som e o n th e ,

pictu r es an d for ms Of ar ticl e s Th ey S how r e fin e m en t an d cle ve r n ess .

i n t h e m an ip u l ati o n o f tho u gh ts an d simplici ty an d cl ar i ty in th e ,

a r a y o f e x p r e s s i o n s ; t h e i r id e a s a r e i n d i r ec t an d t co r r e c t a n d th e i r
r
y e ,

l an gu age i s ambigu o u s an d y e t sugge stiv e W e fin d the b egi n ning o f .

thi s d e v e l o pm e n t a l e a dy e vi d e n t in Hs ii n ch i n g s T s an fu T he ’ ’ “ ’ ”
r - -
.

r iddle s by W e i we n o r Ts ao P d an d Ch e n ssu o r T s a o Chih

[ ] [ ]
’ ’ ’
- -

ar e t e r se an d clo se k n i t ; t ho se by Kao ku e i h si a n g k u n g a r e comp r e

- - - -

he n si ve in ci ti n g ill u s tr ation s b u t whil e cun n ing an d cl e v e r t he y mi ss , ,

22
I bi d .
, ch u a n 3, p . 25 . T san gW e n ch u n
-
g of L u was se nt to Ch i
’
as an en v oy . Ch i
’

d e ta i n e d h i m an d r a ise d an ar my t
kL W h g t o yp ti m g t
a tta c u . e n -c un se n a cr c e ssa e o

th e Du k e o f Lu . l
T he an g g wua mb ig e th t l y h i m th k w h w t
as so a uo us a on s o er ne o o

p
d e ci h e r i t . T he m g e ssa e t i m y fig
co n a n s m i g v i th i g A m g t h m
an u r es ean n ar o u s n s . on e

is th e o ne a b out s h p ki
ee s n m t i d i th t x t w h i h m
en o ne th t C h i w
n f ti g i te e , c ea ns a
’
as eas n s

tr o o p s a nd g e tti n g dy r ea f or l t g i t L L i H i h p i k d th i
an a s sa u a t a ns u . u s e c e s o ne ou as

re p r e s e n ta ti v e

A gi v
.

23 cco r d i n g to the ar r an gm e ent en in the I -we n ch ih

”
i n th e Ha n -s hu , h
t ese

gm pl bl wf S g P h p Li Hs ie h wa s u s i n t h e g m
“
eni as ar e ace d e o d t u , an no on s . er a s u t er

fu l ly
o o se , as h e an d m t w it os f t h ti m rOft d id
er s o e e SO en .

24 It s ee m s t ha an
t i gm
en t t mp t t h id i d
a a f m th e s o e e as ro o se fo r wh m o th e y ar e n o t

an d id d l i t p l p pl m i d g lly ’
in t e n d e d , a r e s o uz z e eo e s n s ener a .
 Hi t s o r i cal Wr i ti n gs 83

th e impor tan t po i n t W h e n we t e ex amine the e n igm as o f the an ci en ts

.
-
,

we fin d th a t th e y ar e p er fe c tl y logic al co n c e r n e d wi t h wh at i s i m ,

por tan t W h e n d i d th e y i n d u lge in chil d i sh b u r lesq u es aimin g a t

.
,

t high S l appi n g m e r r im e n t ?
-

Howe ve r the pl ace o f the hsi e h an d y i n i n li te r atu r e i s comp ar abl e

,

to th a t o f th e Sm a ll T a lk n e c d o ta l wr i ti n g s which w e r e c o n s id e r e d
”
[a -

“
a s o f n o g e a t imp o r t an c e n th e mid st o f th e N i n e School s o r th e
?
r
] i F
p e tty O ffici als c o ll ec te d th ese an e cdo te s to b r o a d en the i r s cop e o f Oh
s e r v a tio n If o n e s ho u l d a llow him se lf to follow i n th e i r st e p s wo u ld
.
-
,

he b e mo r e a d v an ce d th an [Ch un y ii ] K u n an d [T u n g— fan g ] So an d
’ ’
-

the fir m f r i e n d s o f Ch a n an d M e ng t h e j e s te r s ? ,

T h e Ts a n
T he i
s at r e s anigm as of the an ci en t tim e s
d en

Aim e d a t ge ttin g p eo ple o u t o f cr i tica l si tu ations a n d r e li e vi n g th e m o f

b o r e d om .

Though S ilk an d h emp e x is t ,

O n e do e s n o t d i sc ar d s tr a w a n d r u sh .

If the idea s ar e app r op r i ate an d fi tting to the si tu atio n ,

The y m ay h e lp give a dmon i tion an d w ar n i n g ;

Sho u ld the y b e m er e far ce an d j ok e s ,

Th ey would h ave a v e r y d a m agi ng effe c t u pon mor a l livi n g .

X VI His to r i ca l Wr i ti ngs
.

T he b egi n ning Of h u m an hi stor y li e s so far b ack in tim e th at i t is

sh r oud e d i n p r i m i ti v e d ar k n e ss F o r u s wh o liv e i n mod e r n t im e s a r e
.
,

25
Se e t h e lly t
I -we n h l
ch i hli t d C f iin th e Ha n s h u -
A c tu a en sc oo s ar e s e : o n uc ans ,

T i t th S h l f Y i y g L g li t th S h l f V ti l All i
.

ao s s , e c oo o n - and H i t l , e a s s, e c oo o er ca a n ce an or z on a

C f d y L gi i
on e e r acM h i t Mi ll
, o Ag i l t i
c an s ,d th S h l f Sm ll
o s s, sc e aneo u s , r cu u r s ts , an e c oo o a

T lk B t I w hih l t t th t f th t h l ly i
a . u -
en c
”
a so w th y f s a es a , o ese en sc o o s, on n ne ar e or o
a tt e n t i o n .

26 A q u o ta t i o n f m
ro a p m p
oe r es e r vd e i n Tso -
ch u a n . Se e C h -
u n ch-
’
iu c hi n g -
c h ua n
y i n -
te , 229 /Ch e n g T SO .
84 Hist o r i ca l Wr iti n gs
no t wr i tten r e co r d s the o n ly so u r ce s o f le ar n i n g abo u t the anci en t
wo r ld ? D u r i n g th e t im e o f Hsii an y ii an [th e Y e llow Emp e r o r ] liv e d -

T s ang Chi eh wh o s e r v e d as a his tor i an So i t h a s app ar en tly b ee n a

’

, .

p r a ctice si n ce tim e imm emor i al to k eep an offi ce in ch ar ge o f r e co r d s .

In the Ch ii li i t is sai d Hi st or i an s c ar r y b r u sh e s in atten d an ce o n

“ ’
-
”
,
“

th e ki n g s l e ft an d r igh t Sh ih o r a hi s t o r i an li te r a lly me an s s hi h o r
’ ”1
.
, , ,

to e mploy o n e wh o w ai te d o n the l e ft o r r igh t o f th e ki n g an d wh o

,

wa s e mploy e d to k e ep r e co r d s In an ci e n t tim e s the l eft h an d his to r i an .

,
-

k e p t r e cor d s o f wh at was d o n e an d the r igh t h an d hi sto r i a n o f wh at ,

-
,

was said T h e cl as sic o f wh at was s aid i s i n the B o o k of Hi s to r y a n d

.

the cl assic o f wh at wa s do n e i s in th e A n n a ls o f C h u n ch i u In th e
’ ’
-
.

T an g an d Y ii dyn as ti e s we r e d e v elop e d the T i e n an d the M u an d

’ '

-
,
z

“ “
du r ing the Sh ang an d Hsi a we r e de ve lope d the ka o an d s hih W hen .

th e Chou r e ce iv e d th e n e w m and a te o f h ea v e n D uk e Chi [o f Chou ] ,

l aid the foun d ati o n o f all i n s ti tuti on s He conside r e d the thr ee m ethods .

“
o f d e te r mini n g th e fi rs t mon th o f t h e n d fo mul t e d th e Chou
y e a r a r a ,

cale ndar ; h e a lso employ e d the sy ste m o f u si n g the fou r se aso n s fo r

“
th e o r d e r ly r e co r d i n g o f e ve n ts W h e n the lo r d s e s tabli sh e d the i r .

s t a te s e a ch h a d his o wn s tate h i st o r y th e pu r pos e o f whic h wa s to giv e

, ,

dis tinc tion to the good an d ill fam e to the e vil so as to e stablish cer tain ,

no r ms gov e r n i n g mor e s .

W h e n the Chou d e clin e d du r ing the r e ign o f King P ing th e r e was ’

,
7

1Se e L i -c hi y i n t e , -
1 /37 T h e
. ph r ase in at te n d a n ce o n t h e k i g l ft
n
’
s e and r i gh t was
a d d e d b y L i u Hs ie h .

2
In th e B oo k o f His tor y , the fi r st t wo c h a te r s p hv a e th e t it e s l “
Y ao -t ie n a nd Shu n
ti e n ,
”
a n d t he n e x t two c h a te r s , p “
T a y ii m u a n d Kao -y a o m u
-
” “
.

3 T he d e r s h o u d b e Hs i a
or l a nd Sh a n g L
iu s cho ice wa s r o
’
p b bly i fl a n u e n ce d by th e
fi
.

t o n e s o f t h e c h ar acte r s i n th e r s t i n e , s o h e ch a n l g e d t he o r d f
er pl or e asa n t to n a l e ffec t .

4 In t h
e B
o o k o f Hi s to r y , h a te r s 1 1 , 1 2 , 2 7 , C p 29, 30 , 32 , 33 , a nd 34 are ka o , a nd

C h pt 7a ers , 10 , 2 1, 49, an d 50 ar e s hi h .

F m th
5 ro e m
ti e of E mp e ro r Wu o f t he Ha n d y n asty u nti l 19 12 wh en the l
so a r

l d w
ca e n ar as a d pt o d,e C hi na h ad u se d the Hs i a m e tho d o f d e te r mi n in g the m fi r st o nt h
o f t h e y ea r T h e Sha n g dy n as t y a r r an g ed i ts fi r st m o nt h to f lla on the t w lft h m e o n th

lv Th
.

o f t h e Hs i a ca e n d a r ; l t he Ch ou y ty
d n as on i ts e e e nth m o n th . ese th wy ree a s o f
fi fi
,

m
d e te r i n i n t h e r s t g m o n th a r e k w no n as s a n -c h e ng , or
“
t h r ee r st m o nt hs .
”

6 In r e co r d i n g e v e n ts , Ch
’
u n -c h
’
iu fi r st gi v es the y e ar of t he re ig n in g du k e of Lu,
t he n t he s e a so n s -
s pi gr n , su mm er , a u tu m n, and wi n te r t he n t h e m o nth , an d t he n

th e d ay T h e l
a st t wo ite m s a r e so m et im es o m itt ed

vd
. .

7 K i n g P in
’
g ( 770 7 20
-
B C . .
) m o e Ch ou s
’
p it l
ca a to th e e ast ( t he p r e se n t Lo- y g
an

i n Ho n a n ) u nd e r t h e p r e ssu r e o f th e w e s te r n b b i
ar a r an s .
86 Hi t s o r i ca l Wr i ti n gs

o n e r e ce iv es to t h o se wh o com e after o n e . Ch u a n , co mme n tar y

o r the ,

is in d ee d the wings o f the s age s wr i tings

an d t h e
’

,
cr own o f all wr i tte n
r e co r d s .

T h e o ffi c e o f hi sto r i an was s till in e v id en ce d u r i n g t h at p e r iod

p e c u li ar ly ch ar ac te r i z e d by [the poli tical s ophi str y o f] the V e r tic al
Alli an ce an d Hor i z o n ta l Co n fe d er a cy [of the W ar r i n g S tate s p e r i o d ] .
11

W h e n t h e s t ate o f Ch i n u n ifi e d the s e ve n s t ate s i t wa s fo u n d th at e ach

’

o f th e w a r i n g s t a t e s h a d i t s own ts e o r r e co d s Si n ce th e se we r e ’
r ,
r .

simpl e e c o r d s wi t ho u t
r u nn i n g c o mm e n t a r i es th e y u se d th e t e r mr ,

fo r b ambo o s lip s o r ts e to d e s ign ate t h e m ”

W h e n t h e H an d e s t o y e d
’

, , . r

th e ho u se s o f Y i n a n d H si a n g th e fi r s t y e a r s wi t n e sse d a p a r ad e o f
”
,

mili tar y a chi e v e m en ts L u Chi a [22 8 140 s te e p e d in t h e an ci e n t

.
-

mo d e l s wr o te C h u h a n ch u n ch i u [Hi stor y o f th e S tr uggl e b e twe e n

,
’
-
’
-
’

Ch d
’
u an

Th en c am e th e gr an d hi s tor i an [Ssu m a ] T an who se family fo r -

’

,
”

ge n e r ation s h ad ser v ed i n the cap aci ty o f hol d e r s o f bamboo s lip s ”

[o hi s t o i an s
r
] [ T a n srs on
] T z u ch a n g
.
[o r Ss u m a Ch i e n
’ ’

] co n ti n u e d -
’
-
’

th e t r a d i ti o n a n d e n u m e r a te d t he a chi e v e m e n t s of th e r u l e r s [H e r e h e
,
.

wa s fa ce d wi t h a p r o bl e m ] Sho u l d h e comp ar e all r u l e r s to Y ao a n d

d esign ate the ch ap te r s o n the m ti e n ? B u t n o t all the r ul er s w er e
”

wo r thy o n e s ; i n t he i r mi d st w er e som e wh o w er e u n wor thy Sho u l d .

h e fo llow th e e x ampl e o f Co n fu ciu s an d giv e the ti tl e chi n g o r cl assic , ,

to h i s wr i ti n gs ? B u t h i s s tyl e of wr i ti n g co u ld n o t comp ar e wi t h th at

o f th e Fi r st S ag e So h e a dop t e d t he t i t l e u se d in t h e L it Ia n o r L it s h i h
.
[ - -

11 D ur in g this p e r io d , p l i ti l p
f ll i tw g p
o ca m v i g t
s l
e c u a to r s e n to o rou s, o ne an eu er n o

li ne up the s ta te s , w
no d d t v i mb f Ch i k w th V ti l
re u ce o se en n nu er , or
’
n, no n as e er ca

A ll i a n ce , and the th
o m v i g th m g i t C h i wit h C h i
er an e u th i
er n l d e a a ns
’
n
’
as e r ea er ,

k w no n as t he Ho r i t l C
z on a fd y on e e r ac

A
.

12
Fo r t h e C h a n -
k t
ao W yl i
'
N t
s e , s ee C hi L i t t ( Sh g
. h i e, o es o n n es e er a ur e an a ,

p .
32 , u n d er C he n k wo ts
’
ih .

13
T h e Ho u s ef Y in r e e r s to the
o f C
h i n d y n as t y a n d t he Ho u s e o f Hsi a n , t o Hs i a n
’
g g
g f vl
Y ii , L i u Pa n s c h ie r i a fo r o e r a t t h e e n d o f t h e
’
pw
h i n d n as t C ’
y y .

14 K g
i n o f C h u was Hs i a n Y i i s t i t e a nd
’
g
i n o f Ha n , L iu Pa n s
’
’
l K g g ’
.

15 T
a n wa s t h e
’
f
a th e r o f Ssu -m a h i e n , t h e r s t r ea t h i sto r i an C ’
fi g .

16 Th
e fi
r s t c h a te r o f t h e po o k o f His t o r y d e a s B
ith t h e acco i s h en ts o f Y ao l w mpl m
a n d i s ca e d
“
ll
Y a o t ie n
-
”
T h e te r ti e n t h u s a c u i r e s a m
e c i c s i n i c a n ce a s a s t e, q Sp fi g fi yl
Sg
.

g e ner a lly
ch a r a c t e r i z e d a r ch a i c a or, by flv w
h ic h wa s t a e n to b e a i n o f e e a n ce at e r k lg . L
i t c a e to m ean m w
ha t i s r e a y e e a n t ll
i tho u t e i n a r c h a ic lg w b g .
Hist o r i ca l Wr i ti ngs 87

ch u n
’
gav e the gen e r al ti tl e o f chi o r an n a l s to a ll th e se
an d , ,

”
ch ap ter s Thi s i s a g r and ti tle as i t h as the m e an i n g of a p r i n cipl e ?
.
17
,
“

T h e whol e wo r k i n clu de s : ] th e c h i o r a n n al s which tr e a t o f a ll

[ , ,

s ov e r e ign s an d ki n g s the li h c h u a n o r bi o g r aphi e s o f lo r d s a n d e -

, , ,

t i tu l ar p e r son age s th e e igh t t r e at i se s o n th e v a r i o u s a sp e ct s o f th e

,

gove r n men t an d the ten ch ar ts of ch r on o l o gi e s an d ti tl e holde r s

,
”
.

Thi s ar r ange m en t th o u gh di ffe r i n g fr om the an ci en t fo r m ser v es to

, ,

r e l at e hi s t o r ic a l f a c t s i n n e a t o r d e r Hi s m e r i t s i n cl u d e h i s e ffo r t to .

cr eate a fa ctu al r e co r d wi thou t e v asion o r omi ssion h i s comp r e h en sive ,

n e s s i n cov e r i n g his s o u r c es his pu r i t y o f s t yl e his e x te n siv e Ob se r v a , ,

tion s an d his logic a l cl ar i t y ; an d h i s f au l t s i n clud e h i s l o v e fo r th e

,

s tr an g e con t r a r y t o th e spi r i t o f t h e G a m e s a n d t h e ab se n c e o f o r d e r
, ,

i n h i s ar r an ge m e n t o f c e r t ain m ater i al s Th e s e m e r i t s an d fau l t s h av e .

b ee n di scu s se d in d etail by Shu p i [o r P an P i ao A D 3 P an Ku -

’

, . .

fo ll o we d in h i s steps i n wr i ti n g th e hi sto r y o f th e Han d y n asty an d ,

a k n owl e dge of Ssu m a Ch i e n s li te r ar y q u a li t y will c a r r y u s ov e r

’ ’
-

h alf the d i stan ce i n u n de r stan di n g P an Ku s wor k Hi s ten tr e a ti se s ’

.

a r e a ll i n cl u s iv e an d r ich i n s o u r ce s ; h i s ts a n
-
o r c o n cl u di n g r e m a k s , r

o f p r ai se o r c e ns u r e an d h s u o r p r olog u e s a r e g r a n d a n d b ea u ti fu l ;
'

, , ,

t he wo r k i s a sp e cim e n o f th e combin a t ion o f sc hol a r ship an d li t e r ar y

gr ace whi ch give s the r e a der a taste th at linge r s o n He wr o te i n the .

tr a d i ti o n o f th e Cl a ssi c s a n d l o ok e d t o th e S ag e a s h i s e x a mpl e ; h i s

n a r r a tiv e s a e b o t h r ich an d b r illi a n t ; t h e s e a r e h i s m e i t s

r He was r .

a cc u s e d o f p a s s i n g o v e r h i s f a t h e r an d pl agi ar izi n g h i s wo r k an d o f ,

dem an di n g p aymen t o f gold a s a comp en s ation fo r wr i ti n g the hi sto r y .

B u t th e s e fal se ac c u sat io n s w e r e e loq u e n t ly di spo se d o f by K u n g Ii -

[ o r Ch u n g Ch a n g t u n g 8 0 N’
a r r a t iv e s o f
-
hi
’
s t o r i c
, a l1 e v e n ts

by T SO [Ch i u mi n g ] a r e a tt ach e d t o th e m ai n te x t o f the Cl assic [o f

’
-

17
La -
s hi h c h u n c h
’
-
’
iu co n ta i n s 1 2 c hi , p
8 Ia n ( e r u sa ) , a n d 6 lu n l ( e ssa y s )
v
.

16 “
Pr i n c i pl i e
”
s a n o t h e r co n n o t a t i o n o f c hi , i n th e s e n s e th a t i t s e r es, l ik e the a n na s, l
as a g ener a l tl i ou ne in whi c h a ll e v e n ts f ll i t pl
a n o a ce

v S h ih
.

19 L i u Hs i e h m t se e s o ha e un wi tt i n gly m itt d th o e e -
C h ia ( or th e bi g phi o ra es o f
m mb e er s o f h i gh f m i l i a es ) , and pl a ce d un d e r th e li e h -c h u a n , whi ch d ea l w ith p m i ro nen t

m wh
en, a t s h o u ld ha v b e een pla c e d u nd e r th e
“
s h i h -c h i a .

2°
C hu n g w k
’
s or is l o st ; on ly t h r ee i te m s ar e p r ese r vd e i n Ma Ku o h a n -
’
s Yu -ha n
s ha n -fa n g c hi i -
.
88 Hi t s o r i ca l Wr iti n gs
Ch
’
un His l angu age i s succinct ; ye t i t is r ath er di ffic u l t to g e t
a cl ear id e a o f cl a ns an d f amili e s I t wa s th e biog r aphic a l s e c tio n o f th e .

histor y by [Ssu m a ] Ch i e n th at fi r s t p r esen te d a cle ar pictu r e an d

-
’

ea sy v ie w of th e p r omin e n t m e n This ser v e d as an ex ampl e fo r all .

l a te r his tor i an s W h e n Emp er or H si a o hui [o f the Han 194 1 88 B C ]

.
-
,
-
. .

was gath e r e d to his f ath e r s h i s mo th e r Emp r e ss L ii ac te d a s a r e ge n t , , , ,

an d bo t h P a n Ku an d Ss u m a Ch i e n d e vo te d a ch i to h e r Thi s i s ’
-
.

con tr ar y to the p r incipl e foun d i n the Cl assics an d did n o t do j ustice ,

to th e a c tu al f ac t W h y ? B e c a u se s i n c e the tim e o f P ao hsi nobody

” -
.
,

h a s e v e r h e a r d o f a fe m a l e r u l e r T he h ar d f ate th e Han m e t wi th
? 2

s h o u ld n o t b e m a d e a b a sis fo r a ge n e r a l wa
y o f v i e wi n g all l ate r

d y n as ti es I t was King W u who fi r st swo r e t h at a he n should n o t

.

“
h er al d the app r o ach o f mo r n ing ? an d D uke H u an o f Ch i i n a co n ’

fe r e nc e st ate d th at n o wom an s ho u ld be allowe d to i n ter fer e wi th the

,

aff ai r s o f the s t a te Q ueen Hsii an o f Ch i n b r ough t mo r al ch a o s

” ” ’
.

t o h e r s t a te
”
an d
[t he vi
, o l e n t in te r fer e nc e of Emp r e s s L u
] t h r e a te n e d

to e n d th e life o f th e Han N o t only sho u ld s t ate affai r s n o t b e

”
.

e n tr us te d to the h a nds o f a wom a n b u t e v e n n am e s an d t i t l e s s hould

”
,

b e appli e d to t h e m wi t h d isc r e t io n B u t wh e n Ch an g H e n g [A D 78 . . .

w s in ch ar g e o f th e r e co r ds b commi e d t h e sa m e mis t ak e
13
9] a e t t ,

th a t Ssu m a Ch i e n an d P an Ku h a d commi tte d His i d e a o f d e vo ting

’
-
.

a ch i t o Emp r e ss Y ii an an d Emp r e ss P ing is ind ee d abs u r d Al though

” ’
.

21 k w
B e tte r E h ino f th t h l g d y v ig
n as u- s o ne o e ree e en ar so er e ns .

v d f l T ll th b i g p h y f mp hi
,

22
C hi l i ti t l
a nn a s , s a e r e se r e or r u er s o ca e o ra o an e r e ss c

f m w k i wh i h th v t f th tim f ll i t pl i by
.
,

an d it
u se as a ra e or n c o er e en s o e e a n o ac e s,

i mpl i t i
ca m l i d m t f f m l v ig Si t h f ti
on, a ora n f hi
o r se en o a e a e so er e n . n ce e u nc on o a s

t i d i g t th i
o r a n , a cco r i t t d iti
n w t g i v i mpl i d v l
o j d gm t by m
s an c e n ra o n, as o e e a ue u en e ans

o f t i
ce r a n l ddw d oa ph Li H i h
e id d P
or K d S
s or m Ch i r ase s , u s e co n s er e an u s
’
an su - a
’
en s
’

a ppl i ti f th t m hi t th b i g p hy f th mp h igh ly
ca on o e er bl
c o e o ra o e e r e ss ce n su r a e .

26S th
ee B k f Hi t y M h ih Sh g h t g hi
e oo o 9 94s or ,
“
u s -
,
”
an -
s u
’
un -
c en , 00 1 -0 0 .

24 Ch u n ch hi ng -c h u a n y i n -te , I o o /Hs i 9 /4 Ku
iu
’ ’
-
c .

25 Q
u ee n Hs ifa n o f C
h i n h a d i ic i t r e a t io n s
’
it h a ar ar ia n i n ll l w b b k g .

26 Shi h -c h i “ Hs i u n -n u i e h -
chu a n g l
m v
.
,

27 E mp r e ss L i i , t h e co n so r t o f th e
'

r st e ero r t h e Ha n , r e mp
o ed e fi Of
ero rs ro mp f m
h
th e t r o n e , m
urd er ed r in ce s o f t h e L iu a p i , and ad e e f m ly m
e r s o f h e r o wn L ii m mb '

f
am i ly p
r i nce s , a n a ct i n d i r e ct d e a n ce to t h e fi
i o f t he d e ce as e d r s t e w ll
er o r fi mp .

26 I n t h e p
r e se n t c ase , L i u h ad in in d t he a icat io n o f t h e t e r m c hi ppl m .

29 E mpr e ss Y
ilan was th e co n s o r t o f E e r o r Y ii a n [4 33 B C ] a nd E
8 -
mp r e ss P i n g , . . mp
t h e co n so r t o fE mp e ro r P ing
’

[ D
A . . 1
9 0 Hi t s o r i ca l Wr i ti n gs

[o f th e Th r ee Kingdom s
] by Ch e n Shou how e v er a r e l u cid in th e i r
’

,
”
,

l ang u age an d s oun d in th ei r se l ection o f m ate r i al Hsii n an d Ch ang

, .

cor r e ctly comp ar e d th e m to th e wo r k s of Ssu m a Ch i en an d P an Ku “ -

’
.
9

R e co r d s a bou t the Chin d y n a sty a r e num e r o u s L u Chi [2 61 303] .

-

m a de a s tar t b u t d i d n o t cov e r the whol e fi eld W an g Shou [ chih ]

, .
-

compl e te d h i s o wn p r o j e ct b u t d i d n o t b r i n g i t to the concl u sion ,

“
r e q u e s te d o f him Kan P ao [o f the Chi n ] wr o te C hi o r C h i n ch i
0
.
-
,

which be c a use o f hi s go o d j u dgm en t in cho o sing the r igh t cr i te r ion

,

fo r hi s to r ic a l compo si ti o n h as b ee n we ll p r ai se d ; an d Su n Sh e n g s
41 ’
,

Y a n g ch i u h a s b ee n p r onou n c e d an abl e pi e c e o f wo r k o n a ccoun t o f

’
-

i ts conci s en e ss .

I h av e obser v e d th a t the wr i ter s o f comm e n tar i e s o n th e Cl assic o f

Ch u n ch i u fo r mul ate d c e r t ai n p r i n cipl e s an d ge n e r a l sch e m es gov
’ ’
-

er ni n g t he w r i ting o f hi s to r y B u t f r o m Sh i h a n d Ha n
c hi
] shu
] .
- -

downwar d n o cr i ter i a we r e e stabli sh e d It was Ten g Ts an [o f th e

, .
’

Chin ] who i n h i s C hi n c hi fir s t cr e ate d a se t of ge n er a l p r i n ciple s He

,
-
.

was abl e to sh ak e him s e lf loo s e fr om th e i n flu e n c e o f the Han an d

the W e i an d r e a ch b a ck to th e Yin an d th e Cho u fo r h i s p r incipl e s .

“
Al tho u gh h e wa s a r u sti c s chol ar fr om the v all ey of H si ang h e t ook ,
2

th e fo r m s o f ti e n an d m u a s his id ea l s W h en A n kuo [Su n Sh e n g ]

” -
.

l ater for m u l ate d hi s p r i n cipl e s h e was u si n g the p r i n ciples T eng ,

h a d p r e s c r ib e d .

In wr i tin g a hi sto r ic a l r e cor d o ne h as to k e ep in mi n d [a numb e r ,

36 T h e h i s to r i e s o f th e th r e e k i gd m
n o s, W e i Shu , , and Wu , by Ch ’
en Sh o u o f th e
C hi n , 2 33 -2 9 7

k w t h v g t d m i ti
.

Ch g f t C h g H ( 3
39 an r e er s wh w o an u a, 2 2 o as no n o a e r ea a ra on

for Ch Sh S Ch ’
en bi g p h y i th C hi h B t i t i d i fli lt t id tify
ou ee
’
en s
’
o ra n e n -s u. u s cu o en

h w v h Sp k
.

H su n Th . ly p whe m t m i d i H ii H
on e r so n o co es o n s s n su o e er , e o e

di p gi gly f C h ( C h b i g p hy ) It i b ly p ibl th t H ii m ight

’ ’ ’
s ar a n o en se e en s o ra . s ar e o ss e a s n

h v h g d hi p i i b t Ch v p i d f t im ’
a e c an e s o n on a ou en o er a er o o e .

W g Sh f Li S g i g h i f th th T i y
’ ’
4°
anhih 3 8 4 35 o u -c ,
t 0- , o n- un , us n s a er s n o es on e a -
ua n

( 37 39 )
6 6 -
d L g ( 3 7
9 4 4 )
an p i d w t
un t h C h i A-t ian Y g
—h i ( Hi t y
-
0 er o s, ro e e n n- an c
’
u s or

d i g th
ur n ig f Emp e re A f th C h i D y
n o t y [39 7 It w g d th t
ero r n o e n n as as s o oo a

h w
e kdt
as as ti it t the d f th d y
o co n ty wh i h l t dnu e ti l 4 9 B t W o g e en o e n as , c as e un 1 . u an

b ght it p ly t th i th y
rou u f I h i 4 3
on o e n n e ar o -
s , 1 .

K
41 f ll w d T h
an o hio x mpl e s o -c ua n as s e a e .

T g w f m Ch g h i m d H
42 en as ro w t d by th R iv H i g S
’
an -
s a, n o er n u n an , a er e e er s an . ee

h i b i g p h y i t h C hi
s o ra h n e n -s u .

46
S t bv
ee no e 2 a o e .
Hi t s o r i ca l Wr i ti n gs 9 1

o f hi n gs ] : the r e co r d m u st i n cl u de s o u r ce s co lle cte d by h u n d r ed s o f

t

a u tho r s ; s tan d th e t e s t o f t im e fo r t hous a n d s o f y ea r s ; s how t h e

e vi d e n c es o f r i se an d d e cli n e o f a s ta te an d d e mo n st r a te t h e r e a s o n s
,

fo r i ts r i se a n d d e cli n e ; th r o u gh s uch a r e co r d th e in sti t u tio n s of a

dyn asty m ay b e m a d e to l ast a s lon g as the su n an d the moon a n d ,

t h r o u gh i t th e a ccompli s hm e n ts Of a gov er nm e n t wh e th e r r u l e d by ,

mo r al su asion o r by fo r ce m ay b e com e as gr e at an d l asti n g a s h e av en

,

an d ea t h r It was fo r t hi s r e as o n th at at th e b e gi n n i n g of th e Han
.

dyn asty the o fli ce o f histo r i an was consi d e r e d o n e of e x tr em e imp o r

tan c e : a ll doc u m e n ts an d s t a ti s tic a l r e po r t s wer e fi r s t coll e c te d i n t h e

Offi ce o f the gr an d hi st or i an the p u r po se b e i n g to a cqu ai n t him wi th

,

t h e l a w s an d i n s t i tu ti o n s o f th e n ation an d h e wa s e x p e c te d t o look ,

i n to the s to n e buildi n g [the r oy a l lib r ar y ] an d the m e ta l [book ] ch e sts

a n d t o u n r oll b r o k e n pi e c e s o f s ilk an d e x ami n e f r agm e n t s of b amboo

s lip s i n o r d e r to ga in e x te n siv e e x p e r i e n c e in th e a r t o f i n q u i r ing

44

i n to an tiqui ty .

In fo r mi n g id e as an d s e l e c ti n g wo r ds t o e xp r e s s t h e m h e wa s t o ,

es t a bli s h h i s r u l es on th e b asis o f t h e Cl as sic s ; a n d i n givi n g e n co u r

“

a e m e n t o r w a r n i n g app r o v a l o r di s app r ov a l h e was to r e s t o n t h e

g , ,

p r i n ciple s for m u l ate d by the S age Fo r on ly so wo u ld his j udgm en t s .

be cle ar an d p r e ci se fr ee fr om b o t h a c r imo n y a n d unw ar r an te d

,

gene r osi ty .

T h e c hi is a fo r m o f ch r on ology an d t h e c h u a n a fr am e wo r k fo r
a r r an gi n g e v e n t s ; t h e y a r e n o t i n co n s e qu e n ti a l w r i ti n gs b u t f a c tu a l ,

r e co r d s Howe v er
. wh e n ch r onolog y str e tch e s o u t to o l o n g i t i s d iffi
, ,

c u lt to li st wi th an y p r e ci sion e v en t s h app ening e i th e r at t he sam e tim e

o r a t a di ff e r e n t t im e ; an d wh e n e v e n t s a r e a cc u m u l a t e d i n m a s s i t ,

is e asy to be car ele ss abou t th e i r b e gi n n in gs an d e n d i n gs Thi s is why .

i t i s di ffi cul t t o ob t ain a sy n op tic vi e w Som e time th e s a m e a chi e v e m e n t

.

i s sh ar e d by m a n y ch ar a c te r s ; if i t is r e co r d e d i n e v e r y c a se th e wo r k
‘
,

will su ffer fr om r e d u nd an cy ; an d if i t is m e n tion e d on ly on c e th e ,

wor k will suff er fr om b e i n g p er fun c to r y Thi s i s why i t i s n o t e asy t o .

h ave a gene r al ar r an ge m en t o f m ater i al Th e se ar e th e ki n ds o f ar gu .

44
B o th s i lk and b mb
a oo s l ip w
s er e w i i
r t n g m a te r ials .
92 Hi s t o r ca i l Wr iti n gs
m e nts which we r e b ase d Ch ang H en g s cr i ticisms o f Shih [Ch i en ]
on
’ ’

an d P an K
[ ] u a n d Fu H s ii a n s [ 7 7 ]
2 1, 2 8 s a r c a s t ic r e m a r k s abo u t th e ’
-

r e co r d s o f t h e L a te r Han .

In r e c api tul ati n g the life o f the di stan t p ast the far the r b ack the ,

p ast i s the mo r e ch ance s th e r e will b e th at the r epo r ts ar e u n r e li abl e

, .

Kung y ang Kao m a de the r em ar k W h at i s tr an smi tte d di ffe r s in

-
"5
,
“

di ffe r e n t an d Hsii n K u an g s ai d R e co r d i n g th e di s t a n t
’

,
“
,

“
th e y ar e n e gl e c t i n g th e r e c e n t ? A S a m a tte r o f f ac t wh e n i n doub t 7
, ,

d o n o t r e co r d b e c a us e i t i s e ss e n ti a l to h av e r e li abl e hi sto r ic al r e co r ds
, .

Howe v er p e ople in ge ner a l lo ve wh at i s str ange an d p ay n o atten ti o n

, ,

e i th e r t o f a c t s o r t o wh a t ough t t o b e In t r a n smi tti n g wh a t t h e y h e a r .

,

t h e y m agn ify i t in pompous styl e an d in r e co r di n g th e di stan t p a s t , ,

t h e y d e sc r ib e i t in d e t a il Th e y t h r ow o u t wh a t i s commonpl a c e an d .

pick o u t wh a t is unu su a l bor i n g an d diggi n g t o fin d s uppo r t fo r ,

un war r an te d vi e ws b r agging th at in my book i s re cor d e d what ,

“

ca nn o t b e found in ear li er hi sto r i e s Thi s is the s our ce o f all er r o r .

an d e x agge r a t io n s th e gr e ate s t o f poisono u s influ e nc e s in w r i ti n g abou t

,

t he p a s t .

W h e n we com e to the tr ea tm en t o f con te mpo r ar i e s m an y fac t s ar e ,

Ofte n disto r te d W hile Confuci u s j u dgm e n ts concer ni n g the p er iods

.
’

o f D u ke Ting an d D uk e Ai a r e couch e d i n s ub t l e l a n g u a ge [h i s
”

e x ampl e i s to o s e ldom followe d ] ; se c u l a r opinio n s a r e s t ill i n fl u e n c e d

45
W ho w r o te the K g y g mm
un -
an co e nt ar y on the Ch
’
u n ch -
’
iu .

46 T he Ch
’
u n ch
-
’
iu c hi ng -c h u a n y i n -
te , 4 /Y in K un g; 25 /Hu an K un g;
4 87 /A i K un g .

47 Th i s ph r as e is no t f o u nd in th e Hsu ntz u W h at is . f oun d th e r e is the i

V e w th t a ,

b ecau s e o f t h e n a tu r e o f c ir cu mt s a n ce s , a n acco u n t o f t h e d ista n t a s t i s n ece ss a r p i ly b i f r e ,

m is i g d e ta i l Hs unt z u , c h ii a n 3 , h a te r C p 5 p 5
'

a nd t h a t o f r e ce n t t i es n r e a te r . Se e , . 2 .

Se e l
a so Ha n s hih we i c h ua n ( Hs ii e h
- - -
ts i n t ao -y ii a n
’
c h ii a n 3, p . 1 5a . Th er e m ay
be a x l
t e tu a co r r u pti bif i
o n, di g
and the te t x m i gh t be e m en d ate d to r ea d r e n r eco r n

th p t d dt
e as i th
an t f th p
e a t Thi w ld b m i li with
il de n e acco u n o e r es e n .
”
s ou e ore n ne

H ii t
s id
n z u s d l
’
w ith wh t f ll w i th t x t L i H i h l d h v m i q t d
ea a n a so a o o s n e e . u s e co u a e s uo e

Hi t
'

s in z ut pp t h i w v i w l th gh t h m i q t d t t m t wh v i w d
o su or s o n e , a ou e s uo e s a e en , en e e as

a cr it i l m k i t
ca re i ly ar t y t Hi t vi w
s no n e ce ss a r co n r a r o
'

s in z u s
’
e .

D k T i g 5 9 4 9 5 B C ; D k A i 4 9 4 4 6 8 B C Th y w
,

46 u e n , 0 -th l t tw d k . . u e ,
-
. . e er e e as o u es

o f L t ut d i C f i Ch
r ea e hi wh nw hi t mp i
o n uc u sC f i ’ '
un c -
’
u, o er e s c o n- e o r a r es . o n u c us

S t pp d w iti g i 4 8 th f t th y f D k Ai wh h h d th t i
o e r n n 1, e o u r ee n ear o u e , en e ea r a a u n co r n ,

a ymb l
s f g g v
o m t w
o sapt d e o er n en , as ca u re .
94 Hi t s o r ca i l Wr iti n gs
T h e Ts a n
Hi stor ic a l wr i ti n g be gan d u r ing the time o f the Y e ll o w Emp e r or ,

And i ts for m was p e r fe cte d by D u k e Chou an d Confuci u s .

His tor y r el ate s the de v e lopme n t of e ven ts fr om ge n er a ti o n t o ge ner atio n ,

And i t i s the fin al book of j udgme n t o n wh at i s good an d wh at is ev il .

In i t t he good i s hono r e d an d t he e vil c e nsu r e d ,

An a ct which sti r s the s oul o f all tim es .

F o r the b e a u ty o f his to r ic a l wr i ti n g we go t o [T s o ] C h i u mi n g
’
-
, ,

B u t fo r th e co u r age o f c a lli n g a sp ad e a sp ad e we p ay tr ib u te t o N an ,

S h ih a n d Tung H
[ ] [ ] u .

X VII Sp e c u lati ve Wr i ti ngs

.

Sp e cu l ati v e wr i ti n gs a e wor k s by m e n who h av e e n te r e d i n t o the r

r e a lm o f T a o a n d h a v e s e e n t h e T r u t h O f the se m e n those o f the .

,

high est o r de r aim a t the e st abli shm en t o f vi r tu e ; m en of a lowe r or der

see k to immo r t a liz e th e i r convic t ions in wo r d s T he m as se s o f p e opl e ?
,

living in h e r d s ar e pl agu e d by the r e fle ction th at th e y ar e lo st i n oblivion

,

50
B o th Na n T g x h i b it
d r e a t co u r a e i n r eco r d i n
a nd un ea c ts g
C h u n c h i u c hi n
e g gf ’
-
’
g
T
.

c h u a ng y i n -t e , 30 5 /Hs ii a n g 2 5 /2 T s o : I n 5 4 8 B C , s u i C hu u r d e r e d Du e hu a n
’
m k C g
T
. .

o f C h i T h e h i s to r i an p u t t h e r e co r d i n t h e
’
. oo :
“
s u i C hu u r d e r e d h is r u e r
”
He b k ’
m l
T
.

k ll
wa s i e d b y s ui b
T h e r o t h e r o f t h e h i s to r i a n i c e d u p t h e r u s h a n d
’
r o te t h a t p k b w
T T A
.

s u i ha d
’
m
u r d e r e d h is r u e r He to o wa s i e d b y s ui l
no t h e r r o t h e r was a s o k ll ’
b l
T
. .

k ll
i ed by s u i fo r a t t e
’
ti n mp g
t o p u t h i s r e i c i d e o n r e co r d W h e n t h e o u r t h r o th e r g . f b
cam t e o d o h i s d u ty , T ’
s u i le t h i m l
a o ne . At t h at t i m e Na n Sh i h m w i th h i b
ca e s r u sh ,

f i g
ear n t h a t a ll t h e C h i h i s to r i a n s h a d
’
b ee n k i ll ed an d t ha t n o o n e w l ft t p tas e o u the

regi id c e on r e co r d W hile on h is wa y , h e h e a r d t h a t t h e r e co r d h d b a md een a e a nd

T g
.

r e tu r n e d ho m e . Re f m e r e n ce 8 /H i to un Hu i s a so o u n d i n th e sa l f e so u r ce , 1 1
'

s i an

/4 T 6 7 B C Ch m d d D k Li g f C h i C h T w Ch g ’
2 I so : n 0 ao u an ur er e u e n o n ao un as

Sh w h
. . .

th th
en p im m i i t T
e r t t th
e m i i h d f il d i h i d ty f k p i g
n s er o o a e n st er a a e n s u o ee n

imi l T g H
.

or d i th
er t t n d d li g t j t p
e s a e an i h m t t th wh w
ea n ou us un s en o e cr na , un u, o as

th hi t i
e w t i t h b k th t C h T m d d h i l W h C h T
s o r an , ro e n e oo a ao un ur er e s r u er . en ao un

t i d t
r e g w i th T g h
o ar iv d
ue v m ll un e r ec e e a se er e ora e sso n

bb v i t d q t ti f m th T h w h v i i ti g
.
,

1
A n a re a e wh Sh P uo a on ro e s o -c ua n , er e u -su n ao , en s n

Chi w n, g g d i d i i f i mm t l ity S C h
as en a e hi hi g h
n a yi t s cu s s o n o or a ee
’
un c -
’
u c n c ua n n- e,

f i mm t l i t y v i t hi v
.

3 /H i g 4 T T h
02 s an ig i l t x t g i v
2 I th ty p so . e or na e es r ee es o or a : r u e, ac e e

m t en s,d w d an or s .
Spec ulati ve Wr iti ngs 95

a mong th e i r m an y p e tty activi ti e s ; an d e v e n ge n t l em e n i n findi n g ,

a pl a c e fo r t h e m se lv e s i n t he w o r l d a r e v e x e d t h a t th e i r n a m e s a n d ,

vi r tu es ar e n o t kn own On ly tho se wi th o u tstan ding t al en ts a n d u n iq u e .

power of comp r e h en sion ar e able to pe r p e tu ate th e i r b r illi ance i n

wo r d s so th a t th e i r n am e s ar e susp en de d o n high like the s u n an d
,

moon Fe ng h o u L i m a an d I y i n wer e all by m e n o f thi s typ e Th ese

.
-
,
-
,
-
?

wr i ti n gs co n tain the wor ds of the anci e n t s age s an d wer e r e co r d ed

d u r i n g th e W ar r i n g S tate s p e r iod Y ii H s i u n g a m an wh o u n d e r s to o d .
,

T a o was a n advi ser to Ki n g W e n [of Cho u ] a n d h i s wo r d s an d th e

, ,

r e co r ds o f h i s life w e r e coll e c te d t o fo r m t h e Y u tz u [o r M a st e r ( Ph i
'

lo so p he r ) Y ii ] T h e p r a c tic e o f d e sign ati n g a wo r k a s tz u o r a philo

.
,

s ophic a l o r sp e cul at iv e wo r k b egan wi t h thi s Y u tz u Th en c ame ,

'

P o y an g [O a n e x p e r t o n c e r e mo n i a l r i t es t o wh o m Con fu ciu s
-
r L a o tz u
] , ,

we n t fo r in str u ction ; hi s sp e cul ati o n abou t ta o an d te h ea d s th e li st o f

a ll phil o s ophic a l wo r k s N ow Y ii [H s iu n g ] was Ki n g W e n s fr i en d ?
,
’

while Li [Erh th at i s L ao tz u ] was Con fu ci u s te ach er ; an d fr om the se

, ,
’

“
sag e s a n d wo r t hi es a ll co n te mpo r a r i e s i s s u e d the two di s tinct st e am s
, , r ,

“
of the Cl a s sics an d the Tz u philo sophic al o r sp e cul ati v e wr i ti n gs , .

2
See Ha n-s h u , I -we n -ch i h .

3 Ta o m ea n s the fi r st p i ipl r nc e o f th e w ld or , and te th e p a r t cu a ri l p r i nci pl es of ta o

wh i ch ar e e mb o d ie d i n p ti l ar cu ar th i n g s . Ro u h g ly T , ao co r r e s p on ds to the P l a to n ic

Id e a , an d te , t o P l a to s
’
i d ea s o f i n d i id u a v l thin s g Th . er e was a tr a d i t io n th at L ao tz u,

wh en h e was a b tt ou o g o i n to r etir e m ent, w r o te at a fi

r end s
’
re q u e st a b k oo of fiv e
th o u s a n d w ords k w no n as Tao -
t e -c hi ng ( A l
c a ss ic o f Tao an d Te) .

In r e er r in f g to L aOtz u as C f o n uc us i
’
t ea ch e r , L iu Hs i e h was gi v i g n a vi we wh i ch

h as b t d ly q ti d Sip T i T g p i Sh K h i l d W g ’ ’ ’
een re ea e u es o ne nce s u un -
s -
u ss u ao - s n u an an

C h g L t k i f th C h i g tim I m d tim w i h h p i bl x p ti
un
’
s ao a n
’
ao - o e
’
n es . n o er n es, t t e o ss e e ce on

Of H Sh ih m t h l b l i v th t th T t hi g m g d i b k f m d i g
u , os sc o ar s e e e a e a o - e -c n e er e n oo or ur n

th eW i g S p i d 48
ar r n B C d
ta te s ld t h v m f m L
er o wh , 1 -2 2 2 , an co u no a e co e ro ao tz u o

g v C f i d v i A t t h th t i i t y f L t
. .

a e o n uc us a h i t i l fig
ce . th i g
s o e au en c o ao z u as a s o r ca u r e, no n

d fi it h b t bl i h d th Shi h hi S m Ch i w l d y i
’
e n e as I e en es a s e . n e -
c ,
su -
a en as a r ea u n ce r t a n

ab t h im H t lk d b t t l t th d iff t p
ou . e a d w
e a wh h
ou a e as ree er en e r so n s , an as not su r e et er

th y w
e d th er em p o ne wh w t T t h i g N f th f t h
an e sa e e r so n o ro e a o - e -c n . o ur er ac as

em gd i er h
e whi h s n celd v m t l y h i t t p ibl l t i
t en f th
c co u e en re o e n a a o ss e so u on o e

t
en an gl d p bl m e ro e .

Yi 4
wh w
’

i id
, d w th y w
o as t mp y f Ki g W
co ns ereid d a or , as a co n e o r ar o n en , co n s er e

a sa g d Lie , anw th y w t mp , y f C f i
a g
or , as a co n e o r ar o o n uc us, a sa e .

5
Y ut d L t
'

z up h i l p h i l w i ti g w h i l t h B k f C h g i w h
an ao z u ar e o so ca r n s, e e oo o an es , n o se

co mpl ti K i g W h d p t d th b k f P t y Hi t y Rit M i
e on n en a d a ar , an e oo s o oe r , s or , es , us c , an

th Ch
e Ch i w i th w h i h C f i w
’
un -
’
u, id d by h b i g i ti c o n uc u s as co n s er e our au t or as e n n

m t ly
a e t d Cl ico nn ec e , are a ss cs .
96 Sp eculati ve Wr i ti ngs
D u ing r th e p iod
Ch i k u o [the W ar r ing S tat e s 4 80 222
er o f
’
-
,
-

whe n migh t was the p r inciple o f gove r nm en t abl e m e n swar m e d like ,

bee s Meng K O [o r Mencius ] who emb r ace d Confu ci ani sm wo n

.
’

, ,

r e sp e c t ; Chu a ng Ch ou a tta in e d fr e e d om an d spo n t an e i ty i n his e luci

d ation o f the Ta o ; Mo Ti uph eld the vi r tu e s o f fr u gali ty an d simpl e

living ; Yin W en discu ss e d the p r o bl e m o f cor r e spo n de nce b e tween
n am e an d fact ; Y eh lao b ase d h i s th e or y o f gove r n m en t o n good u tili z a
- °

t ion o f l and an d T s o u tz u [o r Tsou Y e n b ase d h i s o n a s tr onomic a l

, ]
Ob ser v ations ; Sh eri [P u h ai ] an d Sh an g [Y ang ] in sti tu te d the l aws -

thr ough th e applic ation o f th e swo r d a n d s a w a s in s tr u m en ts of p u n ish

“
me nt ; Ku e i k u wo n succe ss by m e an s o f c as u is tr y ; Shih Chi a o was
-

v er s e d in all the misce ll an e ou s ar ts ; an d a s fo r th e Ch i ng s hi h i t was ’

-
,

wo ve n o u t o f th e str e e t talk o f the tim es And the wor ks wr i tte n u n d er .

th e influ e n ce o f th e s e ar e num e r ous All o f t h e m ar e ch a r a c te r i z e d b y .

fligh t s o f r h e to r ic an d mo v i n g ar tfuln e s s an d the i r au tho r s wer e o v e r ,

wh e lm e d wi th honor an d glor y .

T h e d e v a s tati n g fir e ligh te d by the r u thl e ss Ch i n e mp e r o r d e s tr oy e d

’

m u ch a nci ent li ter atu r e ; i t bur n t mor e fu r iou sly th an th at o n the 7

“
r idge o f a j a d e p r od u ci n g moun t ; b u t i ts en v e lopi n g fl am e s l e ft th e
-

wr i tings o f the v ar ious philosoph er s unt ouche d .

D ur i ng the r e ign o f Emp e r o r Ch e ng o f the Han [32 7 t ho u ght

’
-

was gi v e n t o th e p r obl e m o f s a lv agi n g boo k s fr om Oblivio n an d T z u ,

ch e ng [o r Liu Hsi ang ] was en tr u ste d wi th t he t ask o f e di ting an d

“
coll ating the v ar i an t te x ts A s a r e s u l t the Ch i lue h gi ve for th the i r .
,
’
-
’

p r ofus e fr agr ance an d the wo r ks o f the Nin e School s wer e colle c te d

,
”

6 Th i
p b bly f t K i —
s ro ak d i ipl
r e er s S Ch i d C h g I wh b
o ue m u s
’
sc es , u
’
n an an , o e ca e

p im m i i t b
r e f th i
n s ers b i l it y t p
eca u s e d p pl t o pt t h i v i w
e r a o e r s ua e eo e o acc e e r e s .

T h fi t mp
7 f th C h i t ig h t h i t t l it i l b t i 3 B C
’
e rs e t er o r o e n, o en s o a ar an ru e, ur n n 21 . .
,

w i th f w x p t i e ell Cl i
ce hi t i o ns , f th t ta h h d d t y das s cs , d w k s o r es o e s a es e a es r o e , an or s

w hi h w c t i h m y w i th t h S p i i t f h i
er e no n ar l O y l t h b i d l iv
on e r o s ru e . ne e ar a er e ur e a e

sc h l wh d i p t d h i p l i y
o ar s o s u e s o c .

M 6 i g th fi d t y
e an n t et k re b t h th j d d k m k i g d i t i
es r o s a o ne s r o e o e a e an roc s, a n no s nc

b tw w h t i v l bl d wh t i t fig t k f m th Y i C h g i
,
“ ”
ti on e ee n a s a ua e an a s no a ure a en ro e n -
en n

fi
,

th B k f Hi t y Sh g h t g hi
e oo o s or 7 L i hang d t-h s tuw d ’
un -
c e n, -
. u c an e e rs or

w it h t h w v h g i g t h m i g
.

o f th p h e r as e ou o e er , c an n e ean n .

S v
,

9 Ep i t m
e en f Li t t w h i h i l d l i p h i l p h y p t y m i l it y
o es o er a u r e, c nc u e c ass c s , o so ,
oe r , ar

t ti
ac d iv i ti
cs , d m l gy d th k i ll f t h ici
na on an nu i cl d i g m ed ical
er o o , an e s s o ec n an s , n u n

p t it i
r ac S th
o ner s I w . hih i th H
ee e hu
“
-
en c
”
n e a n -s .

10
Se t
5
e C h t
no e 2
p XV , a er
9 8 Speculati ve Wr i ti n gs
an coll ap se o f the ear th in th e H uai na n tz u
d a r e all e x ample s - -
18 —th e se
o f th e imp u r e .

Fo r this r e as on the wo r ld h as a lw a ys though t ill o f sp e c u l a tiv e wo r k s

b e c ause the y ar e a d u l te r a te d wi th e mp ty an d ab su r d di scussi o n s Fo r .

e x ampl e t h e C la s s i c o f K u e i ts a n i spl ay s a g r e a t a r r a y o f e x ampl e s

”
, g d -

o f t h e u n b e li e v abl e a n d st r a n ge : t h e r e i s m en ti o n o f 1s s h o o ting t e n
’

s un s t o d e a th an d t h e fl e e i n g o f Ch a n g O t o t h e m o o n
, If th e B o o k ’
-
? 0

o f Ch a n es Of t he Y i n r Sh an g dy n as ty hi n wh
”
g [o
] i s o f t s a t u r e a t ca n ,

o n e e x p e c t o f th e r e s t o f t h e sp e c u l a tiv e w r i t ing s ? I n t h e B o o k o f L o r d

Sha n g an d th e H a n fei tz u r e sp e c tiv e ly ar e d i s c u sse d Si x Lic e

” 22
-
an d -

“
Fi v e W o r m s i n which fili a l pie t y i s n e gl e c t e d a n d vi r t u e ab a n
,
” 23

d o n e d I t was n o a cci d e n t th a t Lo r d Sh an g wa s t o r n t o pi e ce s an d
.

“
Ha n Fei was poi s on e d T h e ar g u m en ts abou t t h e whi te ho r s e an d
?

th e o r ph a n e d c al f by K u n g su n [L u n g t z u ] ar e e x e r ci ses i n c a s u i str y - -
,

b u t th e y l a ck logic a l v a lidi ty ; a n d i t was n o t wi thou t r ea s on th at W e i 25

“
Mo u comp ar e d th e m t o the no te s o f the o wl W h e n Pr i n c e Tu n g ?

p ing a ske d to see the sp e cu l ativ e w o r k s an d the Shi h chi th e H an c o u r t

’
-
,

did n o t gr an t him the r e ques t b e c au se the Shi h chi con tain s a gr e at

” -

d ea l of mili t ar y s t ate gy an d the sp e c u l ative wo r k s abo u n d in so phi str y

r .

B u t m e n o f wi d e l e ar n i n g sh o u l d tr y to g e t the gi st of th e se wr i ti n g s ,

16
In t h e Ti ’
en -
we n h su n in th e Hu a i -
na n tz u
-
. Al so in Ch
’
u tz u ,-
’
T i e n -we n
’
.

19
Su pp o se d ly a v
d i i n a t io n b k oo o f t h e Sh a n g dy n a s t y , co r r e s p o nd in g to the ook B o f
C h a ng es Ch S o t bl w
f t he ou . ee no e 2 1 e o .

Ch g
20 gi l w ll w d i mm t l ity p ill ; h fl d t th m
’
an -
o , a r , s a d b
o em an or a s e e o e oon an ec a e

th eg dd f h m
o e ss o t e oon.

Th21
th er e b k f Ch g ar e ll d l i g w i t h d i v i t i
r ee ooTh t f t h H i
s o an es , a ea n na on . a o e s a

i k w
s no Li h th t f Sh g K i t g d th t f th C h
n as en s -
un , a Ch o I an as ue -
sa n , an a o e ou as o u- .

Si L i
22 “
d i tw h pt i t h B k f L d Sh g C h p t
”
x di ce ar e s cu ss e n 4 o c a ers n e oo o or an , a ers

an d Th y y l y p f d g d th i g pl
20 . e are e armb iti dcr o s,Y ly oo , oo n s, e asu r e s , a on , an ca r e e r . ea r

cr op df d s an th w i f f m ; g d th i g d pl
oo ar e e th v il i fl
o r r es o ar er s oo n s an e as u r e s , e e n u e nce s

of m h t ;
er c d mb i t i an s d th an f ffi i l
a on an ca r e e r , e co n c e r n s o o c a s .

F i v W m i th t it l f C h p t 4 9 i H f i t d i i g fi t y p f
23 “
e or s s e e o a er n an- e -
z u, scu ss n ve es o

ev il f w h i h m y
o r ce s t h d w f ll f c t t d th a f S h l d b l im i t d
c au s e e o n a o a s a e an , ere o r e, ou e e na e .

Th d
24 h f L d Sh g i
e e at d d i Ch o k t (
orK h ii h h i —pan t g s r e co r e n a n- ao s e
’
uo -
s e c en
’
s un

d T ip i ) p H F i d h i d d i h i b i g p h y i th
’
h h ii
’
s u c 3 5a e t c an 1 an e s ea s r e co r e n s o ra n e

S h i h w h i h ( T ip i
. .
.
, , ,

E h— 63 p 5
“ ”
h ii
’
Shi h hi -
c ,
r -
u s -
a e ,
c an , . a .

S 25
K g ee l g t Ch pt
un W h it H
-
su n ( Cunh t h-i h
z u, g d i t i ) a er 2 on
“
e o r se u -
z u c -
c
’
en e on ,

pp 4 7 ; d C h g t y i t
.
-
an 78 ua n z u n- e , -
.

Ib i d
26
45/ 7/ 68 77 B
. t ,
h t h mp 1i i m d b - t w K . g u L g t
e re e co ar so n s a e e een un su n
-
un -
z u

an d f g i w ll w h
a ro tl ki n a i ly l m
i i ted — t wl o se o u oo s n e cess a r e no an o .

Th i t k pl i th fi t y f K i g H ii f th H d y ty ( 73
,

27 s oo a ce n e rs ear o n s an o e an n as
Spec ulati ve Wr iti n gs 99

giving a cas u al gl an ce to the flower s b u t e nj oyi n g th e fr u i ts w ee d ing ,

o u t th e f a l se a n d a cc e p ti n g th e tr u e A p an o r am a o f a ll th e d i ffe r e n t
.

vi e ws con tai n e d in th ese wr i ti n gs wo u ld b e a gr e at sch o l ar ly sp e ctacl e .

A ft er e x ami n a tio n we fin d th at the wo r ks o f M e n ci u s an d Hsii n t z u

-
,

a r e ch ar ac te r i z e d by t h e i r s o u n d mo r a l id ea s an d g r a ce f u l s tyl e ; t ho se

o f K u an Ch un g a n d Y e n [Ying ] by t h e cl ar i ty o f t h e i r f a c t u a l
[ ]
a ccou n t s a n d t h e pu r i t y o f t h e i r l a ngu ag e ; th a t o f Li e h y ii k o u [o r
’
- -

Li e h tz u ] by i ts Vigo r o u s spi r i t a n d won d e r fu l h e to r i c ; t h at o f T so u t z u r

by i ts wild im agin ati o n an d for ce ful e x p r essi o n s ; th o se of M o ti an d -

h s d i s cipl e u i ch a o by t h e cl ar i ty o f t h e i r i d e a s a n d th e s implici ty
[ i ] S
’
-

o f th e i r l an gu a ge ; t ho se of Shih Chi a o an d W e i Li a o by t h e i r fu ll

u nd e r s tan di n g o f t h e a r t s an d t h e bl u n t n e s s o f t h e i r w o r d s T h e H o .

k u an tz u co n tin u o u s an d un br oken c o n tain s d eep u tte r an ce s an d the

-
, , ,

Ku e i ku tz u v ast an d boundl ess r e t u r n s to p r o fou n d id e as T o ar ti cu

- -
, , .

l ate h i s fe e li n gs wi th sp ar kli n g cl ar i t y i s a sp e ci a l gi ft o f W en tz u ;
Yin wen knows the se cr e t o f fo r gi n g ph r a se s which a r e b o th te r se a n d
-

r efin e d Sh eri T ao was cl e v er i n an aly z i n g i n tr icate syllogi sm s an d

.
,

Han Fe i was kn o wn fo r h i s w ea l th o f p ar abl e s an d fabl e s L ii shih .

.
-

wa s p r e s ci e n t in id e as an d p e r fe c t i n s tyl e an d H u ai n an who se ,
-
,

se l e c tio n o f h i s m a ter i a l s wa s u n u s u a lly b r o a d a n d e x t e n s ive c o u ch e d ,

t h e m i n b eau tif u l l a n gu age Th e se wr i ter s ar e the flower s of the

.

whol e p r ofe ssi o n o f philo sophy ; a n d th e l angu age th e y empl oy e d i s ,

in ge n er al the v e r y e sse nce o f li te r ar y wr i ting

, .

A s to L u Chi a s H s i n y a Chi a I s H si n s h u Y an g Hsi u n g s F a y e n

’ ’ ’
- - -
, , ,

Liu H si an g s Sh u o y u a n W an g F u s Ch i e n fu Ts u i Shih s C he ng lu n
’
-
'

,
’ ’
-
,
’ ’
-
,

Ch u n g Ch an g [ ’
C h a n g y e n an d T u I s Y u c h i u s o m e o f
-
,
’
-
’

th e se a r e d i s co u r ses o n t h e Cl a ss ics whil e o the r s d e a l wi t h th e a r t o f

,

gover n me n t B u t a l tho u gh th e y ar e all kn own a s lu n o r d i sco u r se t h e y

.
, ,

s ho u l d b e cl a ss ifi e d as phil o s ophic a l w o r k s W hy ? B e cau se a phil o .

s ophi ca l tr e a ti s e i s co n c e r n e d wi th a c o mp r e h e n siv e e l u cid a ti o n o f a ll

t hi n gs whil e a di s cou r s e i s d e v o te d to th e s t udy o f a sp e cific s u bj e c t

, .

Th e r e fo r e Si n ce the wo r k s q u o te d h er e a r e compl e x i n su bj e ct m atte r

, ,

th e y s hould b e cl a ssifi e d as philo sophic a l t r e a ti se s P io r to th e Si x . r

S tate s [o r W ar r ing S tates ] p e r i o d wr i te r s wer e n o t v e r y far r emov e d

,
100 Sp eculati ve Wr itin gs
in time fr om th e S age so th at th e y could discour se in high sty l e ov er
,

th e h e a ds o f th e i r co n te mpo r ar i e s an d ea ch could op e n up a n e w v is ta ,

fo r him se lf T h e y e ar s after th e two Han p e r iod s wi tne s s e d a gr a du al

.

d ecline in v igor o f this for m o f wr i tin g T he wr i ter s whil e p er fectly .

,

cl ear abou t the b r o a d highway [o f t he Confu ci an sch ool ] b efor e

“ ”

th em h ad ge n e r all y b e com e de p e nde n t an d e cl e c tic This sign a li z e d

28
, .

th e gr a du a l c h a nge t a ki n g pl a ce b e t we e n th e t im e clo se to th e S age

an d th a t fa r th er a w a
y
Al as ! O nly wh en a m an is o u t o f tune wi th his tim e s is i t possible
“
fo r h i s i d ea s an d o r thodo x p r inciple s to fin d a chan ce fo r e x p r e ssion ?

He pl ace s hims e lf in h i s mind among the anci e n ts an d tr a nsmi t s his

though t to p e opl e wh o com e thou s ands o f y e a r s af te r him Mu sic a l .

ins tr u men ts o f me ta l an d s tone m ay h ave p er ish e d ; b u t must th ei r

music be sile nce d to o ?
T h e Tsa n
Men o f ch ar acter h av e a cer tain way o f conducting t he m se lve s in the
wor ld :
Endowe d as t h ey ar e wi th p r e cious gifts an d ou ts tan ding ex ce llence ,

And wi th powe r to b r ing all th ings to e xp r e ssion ,

And wi th inte lle ct e nough to comp r eh end the uni v er se .

Th e y e s tablish v i r t ue ; they allo w no thi n g to r em ain hidden ;

Th e y ins tr uct b eing in posse ssion o f Ta o
,
? 1

Th e y follow e a ch his o wn i n cli n ation in hi s p ar ticu l ar d eve lopment ,

B e c a u se t h e i r s e v er a l fi e lds a r e cl ea r ly d e lin e ate d .

26 B y th e ti m e o f E mp C f i S h l h d hi v d
ero r Wu o f t he Ea r ly Ha n , the o n uc an c oo a ac e e

a p it i f os on o e mi
i t h t h g h t l if
n e n cef th Ch i
n p pl e ou -
e o e n ese eo e .

Ph i l
29 ph i o so i t C hier s w n ft f t t d h l wh f i l i g t wi
a nc e n na er e o en rus ra e sc o ar s o, a n o n

th f th
e ea r s o l d m k th m l v
e ru er s an v i bl t m a t de q tly
e se es s er ce a e o so e co u r , an co n s e uen

f il i g t fi d w y t p t th i id
a n o n a a d p i ipl
o i t p
u ti t t d t
e r q it e as an r nc es n o r ac ce , r e r ea e o a u e

s p t it h t t h
o e er t ow i t t h gi v i g t h i d
e ac or o b tt h r t
e, v iv us n ese e as a e er c a n ce o sur e .

C f i
o n uc us an d M i tw f th m t
e n c u s ar e pi x mpl o o e os co n s cu o u s e a es .

Li H i h w
6° u t yi g t
s e i l th
as rpp t d iff
n o f tw w y f l if
r e co n c e e a ar e n e r e nc e o o a s o e : o ne ,

th t f t bl i h i g v i t
a o es a d th
s th
n th t f t bl i h i g w d L i
r ue, an tt mp t d h
e o er , a o es a s n or s . u a e e er e

t m k m f vi t l
o a e a an o m f l ttr u e a so a an o e er s .

Ex p
51 i g t h ght i m i l
r e ss n t th p vi l i
ou s ar o e re ous ne .
10 2 Tr eatise a nd Di s c uss i o n

t hings ; p r eface o r fo r e wor d Th ey ar e e igh t di stinc t fo r m s

d yi n ,
an a , .
,

bu t a ll h a v e th e
s a m e ul tim a te impo r t a s th e lu n L u n m e an s t o t a k e .

i n to co n si d e r ation a v ar i e ty o f s tate m e n ts fo r t he p u r po se o f e x ami n i n g

mi n u te ly a sp e cific i d e a The r efo r e Chu an g Cho u [o r Chu angtz u ] .
,

e n ti tl e d h i s ch ap te r o n t h e e q u a li t y o f a ll t hing s lu n a n d in th e ,

Ch u ch i u o f [L ii ] P u we i t h e r e i s an o r d er ly a r r a nge me n t o f si x
’ ’
n- -
,

lu n T h e d i s c u s sio n s on th e Cl a ss ic s o n ce h e ld a t Shih ch ii p a l a ce
? ’
-
,

a r oy al lib r a r y i n d o c h ll w
[ 5 1 B C ] a n n e
, i n P a i h u a
[i n A D 79 ]
. e r.e -
.

p ar ticip ate d i n by a gr o u p o f schol ar s the r e su lt s of whose discu s sion s ,

wer e e n ti tle d lu n a mo st p r o p er d esign ation P an Pi a o S W ang ming

, .
9 “
-

l
[ ]u n a n d Y e n
”
Y u s S a n chi an g chii n lu n ] gi v e a v i v i d e xp r e s sion
’ “
- -

o f t h e i r t hough t an d m a b i clud d in t h g n f his t o ic l w i ting

y e n e , e e r e o r a r .

D u r i n g the p e r iod wh e n the W ei fi r s t c am e i n to power logic an d ,

law we r e the s t u d i e s of t h e d ay F u Ku [209 255] an d W an g Ts an

’
-
.

we r e e x p er ts i n the logical an aly si s of n am e an d r e ason B y the tim e of .

Ch e ng shih [2 40 -
lite r atu r e b e cam e the fi r st conc er n I t was Ho Y e n .

24 9 ] a n d his g r oup how e v e r

-
who we r e r espo n sible fo r b e ginning , ,

th e w r i t i n g of th e m e t aphy sic a l tr eati ses A t t hi s t im e T a n [o r L ao t z u ] .

,

a n d Cho u o r Ch a n g tz u c a me in t o focu s a n d comp e te d wi t h N i fu

[ ] [or -

Confu ci u s ] fo r the highway T h e Ts ai h sing o f L an shih [o r Fu .

“ ’
-
”
-

C h u fa o f Ch u n g hsii an [o r W an g T s a n ] the an a lysi s

“ ”
th e
’
- -
’ 5

o f s o u nd by Shu y e h [o r H si
“
the P en h sii an o f T a i ch u
’ ’
- - - -

o r Hsi a h o u Hs ii a n Eluci a tion s of o r W ang

“ ”
[ ] -
t h e t wo d F u ssu , [
7 -

“
Pi ] a n d th e t wo t r eati se s o f P i n g Sh u [o r Ho Y e n ] ar e all th e r e su l ts
8 ’
-
,

o f p r ofound an d u niq u e i n s igh t s or igin al wi th e ach au tho r an d all , ,

3
Se e n o te 12, Ch pt a er XV I .

4 A t r e a tis e on t l ta en See h i s bi g phy

o ra in W e i ch ih -

vd
. .

5 On t he e limi n a t io n o f se lf -
co n c e i t The t r e a tis e h as n o t b e en p r e se r e

A m th t h m v i h
. .

6
t r e a ti s e o n t h e t h e e a u an o ce as n o i n tr i n s i c q l it y x p
ua e r ess n i g sa d n e ss
or ha pp i n e ss S ee hi ll t d w k
s co ec e or s

S
. .

7 O n th e or ig i lly m y t i
na Th h t s er o us . e c ar ac e r h su a n , m e an i n g my s t e r io u s , eem s

to be a l
c e r ic a l A d i g t ll th v il bl
err o r cco r n o a o er a a a it s ho u d b e wu ,
e s o u r ce s , l “ ”
m ean n i g
d l w i th t h T i t v
.

g
no th i n n e ss . Th t e ti r ea se ea s e ao s co n ce t o f n o t h i n n e ss o rp g o id . See
h i b i g p hy i t h W i h ih l C g mm y
“ ”
i th Sa n -k uo c hi h , a n d a s o h a n s co
’
s o ra n e e -
c , n e e n ta r

i th
n C h g i p i i t h L i ht
e
“
un -
n
’
en
”
n e e z u .

O ly
6 i nd d T h El i d t i
o ne s r e co r e ,
“
e uc a on o f th e B oo k of C h a ng es , l
a t ho u gh he w r o te

co mm i b th t h B k f C h g
e nt a r e s o n o e oo o an es a n d L a o tz u .

O9 tw i mp t t T i t
n o pt o r an ao s co nce s: n o n a ct io n an d t h e u n na m bl
a e .
Tr eatise a nd D i s c ussi o n 10
3

ar e ch ar acter iz e d by p en e tr a ti n g an d sp ar kli n g ar gum en ts cr ea ti n g

logic th at i s clo se kni t an d fl awl e ss Th ese au tho r s we r e i n dee d m en
-
.

o f o u ts t a n d i n g t a l e n t s .

Th en we h av e Li K ang s Y un ming [lu n ] which d e al s wi th a

’ ’ “
-
,

t h e m e s imil ar t o t h at d ea l t wi th i n th e L u b u t s u r p asse s th e 11
h e ng n-

l atter i n q u ali ty an d Lu Chi s Pie n ,

which wa s m o d e l e d ’ “

afte r th e p a t te r n o f th e Kuo ch i n b u t fe ll sho r t o f i t How

’
-
.

e v e r b o th pi e c es m a b e co n si d e r e d b ea u t if u l
, y .

In the Sun g dyn asty [420 479 ] Ku o H si an g who se my stic a l insigh t -

,

p en etr ate d the r e alm o f the mys ter ious an d I fu [o r W ang Y e n ]

”
,
-

an d P e i W e i W ho h a d a co n tr o v e r sy ov er t h e p r o bl e m o f b e i n g a n d
’

non b e i n g d o mi n ate d th e i r d ay l eavi n g t h e i r n am e s b ehi n d th e m

”
,
.

Howe v er tho se wh o saw o n ly the p r i n ciple o f b e i n g we r e t i e d t o

,

physic al m an ifestation s ; whil e th o se e mph asizi n g nonb e i n g con fin e d

th e ms e lv e s t o t h e s il e n t an d th e void E ach m ay h a v e h a d a p e n e tr a ti n g .

vi sion o f o n e asp e ct o f the p r oble m b u t n ei th e r gr o u p ar r iv e d at th e

“

fin al tr uth M ay n o t the con di tion in which on e s though t i s abl e t o

.
’

p en e tr ate th e s our ce o f the my ster y b e the u l tim a te s ta te o f

T h e comm o n d i s c u ssio n s d u r i n g th e p er iod o f th e E a st e r n Chi n w e r e
a ll c e n te r e d a r o u nd m e taphysic a l su bj e c ts Al t ho ugh n o t a d a l ck d
y a e .

i t s n e w a g u m e n t s the p r i n cipl e s w e r e t ak e n fr o m p r e vio u s wr i ter s

r , .

A S to Ch an g H e n g s Chi shih which r ea d s lik e a pi e c e o f comic

’ “ ”
-
,

16 On f
w h i h t h m i th m
a te , o f p f i
c th elt f t l a n e es a r e : e ace o r co n u s o n a r e e r e su o na ur a

ev l ti ;
o u on l if wh th f t t d
one s
’
f l th
e, lt f f t ; d h
e er rus ra e or su cce ss u , e r e su o a e an o no r or

h mbl
u t ti e s ath l t f id t i tim
o n, e r e su o a cc en s n e .

11By W g C h g f th L t H
an AD
’

7 un o e a er an , c . . 2 -
100 .

Ex p
12 i g th id th t W f th th k i gd m w h L f m i l y w ’
r e ss n e ea a u , o ne o e r ee n o s ere u s a as a

v y p mi t
er ro h ld nen t h v f ll t th C h i
o n e, s ou no a e a en o e n .

19Th f lt f th C h i b y C h i I f h E ly H
’
e au s o e n, a o t e ar an .

14K AD uo, 3 w t mm t y th C h g t
.
-
12, r o e a co e n ar on e ua n z u .

W g
15
55 3
an T i t h l d v t d th t b i g w th fi t p i ipl
, 2 -
1 1, a ao s sc o ar , a o ca e a no n e n as e rs r nc e

f th i g ; wh i l P i 67 3 C f i w t y d h i g t th p i ipl
’
-
o n s e e , 2 00, a o n u c an , ro e an es sa a er n o e r nc e

Of b i g H w v d i g th i p i d
e n . o e t v y h thi
er , ur n lly t k s er o , a co n r o er s su c as s u su a oo on a

B d d hi t ti g
u s n e .

P ii ? m
16 ra r e wi d m d
e an st d i g w h i h i t h p i ip l m
s o b y it or un er s an n , c s e r nc a e an s , s en

lig h t m en f t i i g t
e nt, i va
o Li Hi h w
at a n n B d d hi t h l d ok th n r na . u s e as a u s sc o ar, an to o e

B d d hi t
u w h tl y b f
s vo h di d H w v
s or i th W h i th i i th
e ore ly i e e . o e er , n e e n- s n, s s e on o ccas o n

on whi h w fi d h im i g B dd h i t t m xpl i itly

c e n us n a u s er e c .
104 Tr eatise an d Di sc uss o n i

w i i g K u n g Yu ng s H i li e n which i n d u lges i n sa ti r e s an d
r t n ,
’ ’
s ao - , ,

Ts a o Chib s P i e n tao which loo ks like a copybook th ese ar e n o t

’ ’ “
-
,
”
,

wr i tte n i n the o r th o d o x te r m s an d i t se ems b etter th at no lu n o f this

,

t yp e b e w r i tte n a t a ll .

A S a ge n r e th e lu n p e r fo r m s the fu n c tio n o f e st abli s hi n g wh at i s

,

t r u e a n d wh at i s n o t I t go es ov e r a ll a v a il a bl e t angibl e e vid e n c e an d
.

p u r s u e s tr u th to the r e alm o f the i n t an gibl e It bor es h ar d to g et u n d er .

s t an d i n g a n d d r op s i t s hook d ee p to ob t ai n p r of u ndi t y
“
It i s t h e n e t .

a n d hoof o f all t hough t an d i t i s a l s o t h e m e a s u r e of a ll t hi n g s

” ”
, .

H ence i t s id e o logic a l con te n t S hould be coh e r e n t an d i ts l an gu age fr ee

fr om v e r bo si ty ; i t s hould b r ing the mi n d an d the r e ason t oge th er in
p e r fe ct a cco r d an d l ea v e n o sign o f p atchwor k in the or gan i z ation ;
t he e x p r e s s io n s i t e mplo y s sho u ld b e s o in t im ate ly coo r d i n ate d wi th

th e t ho u gh t th a t th e e n e my i s b a ffle d a s t o wh e r e t o a tt a ck In t h ese .

qu ali ti e s con si sts the e s sen ce o f th e lu n In a lu n i t i s as i f o n e we r e .

,

s pli t ti n g wo o d ; th e m ai n t hi n g i s t o spli t i t a cco r di n g t o i t s g r ai n .

W h e n the axe i s sh ar p i t ofte n c u ts a cr o ss the gr ain ; j u s t so wh e n ,

on e s l angu age i s cle v er he often vio l ate s the r easo n in o r d e r to

’

r at i o n a li z e a n d r e a c h an u n d e r st an d i n g Som e t im e s a lu n m ay app e ar .

t o b e a cl e v e r pi e c e o n the s co r e o f i t s l an g u age b u t in Vi e w of th e ,

e vid e nc e i t a dd u c e s i t will b e se e n t o b e ab su r d O nly a m an of vi r t u e i s .

a bl e t o comp r e h e n d t h e d e s11e o f th e p e opl e o f th e wo r ld W h y should .

o n e r e s o r t to s o phi str y in w r i ting a lu n ?

A S to comm e n tar i e s in t h e se the lu n p e r fo r c e d i sin te gr ate s a s a

,

gen r e a l thou gh th r o u gho u t the wide v ar i e ty o f s u ch mi sce ll an e ous

,

wr i ti n gs the u l tim ate pur por t r e m ains the sam e Howe v e r the co m .
,

m en tar y by Ch in Y e n chii n [o r Ch i n Ku n g ] o n the Y ao ti e n r un s

’
-
’ “
-
”

to ov e r o n e h u n d r e d tho u sand wo r d s a n d C h u P u s o n the B o o k o f

’ ’

H i s t o r y to th r ee hund r e d tho u san d Me n o f l e a r ni n g imp at i e n t wi th .

,

s uch wo r dy d e t a ils h ave k e p t t h e m se lv e s cl e a r o f l abo r ing wi t h philo

,

17 N i h pi
e t er e ce is p vd
r e se r e .

16 Q g uo t n i and re u f ti g f t
n m t h e r e i io u s
a n a s t ic i
s to r e s f
a o is ts , wh o
ro e ie ed i n lg T bl v
t he i mm t l ity
or a o f m an a n d t he e ff e ct o f a n e i i r o f ife lx l .

1 9 T h e fi u r e s o f t he n e t a n d th e ho o
g
'

a r e ta e n ro f
t h e C h ua n tz u , k f m
h er e the a r e g w y
u sed as e t er n a s x l ymb l
o s fo r th e ca tu r i n o f t h e in n e r p
s te r g
o f th in s my y g .
10 6 Tr eatis e and Di sc ussi o n

s h o r t tac tics ? T h e Ch u an wan ch ar ge s fo r war d wi th i ts cl e v er

” -

“
ph r ases an d th e Fei ch i e n i s th e e mb o d im ent o f tactic al dex ter i ty
,
“
-
’ ” ?

T he e l o q u en c e o f o n e m an was mo r e we igh ty t h a n the p r e cio u s n i n e

“
t ipo d s ; a t o n g u e t h r e e i n ch e s l n g wa s s t r o n ge r t h a n a millio n t r o ops
?
r o

“
B r illi a n t an d sci n till a ting [Su Ch i n ] c ar r i e d th e S i x se a l s ; r ich a n d
0
’

o p u l en t Ch g I w f o d wi h ci i
[ ] f fi 31
a n a
, s e n e f e t v e t e s .

“
After the Han h a d dispo se d o f Ch i n an d Ch u the so phi sts s lowe d ’ ’

,
2

t h e i r p a c e Li chi b o il e d a liv e i n K i
[ I B C ] w d
’
2 O
3 a s a n u a
- -
.
, . .

“
T un g b ar e ly e sc ap e d the Han cau ldr o n Al though we h av e L u Chi a
’ ?
,

a l g ea ue in o pp o s i t io n to t he s ta t e of Ch i ’
n, wh i ch is k w no n as ts u n g , or v e r t i ca l
f e d e r a tio n .

27 T he l gon an d sho r t t act ics r e er sf to t h e t act ics a d o pt ed by th e w ar r in g s t a te s in

u p s ett n i g o ne a n o th e r s
’
pl ans, t a ct i cs whi ch w ere m wh t
so e a Mach i a v e ll i an in c h a r a cte r .

In h i s p f r e a ce to th e C ha n k u o ts e ( T h e
-
’
t a c t i cs o f th w e a r r in g sta t e s ) L i u Hs i a n g o f
S
,

th e Ha n sa i d t hat
“
k uo -
ts
’
e
”
( s tate tact ics ) w er e a so l k w no n as
“
t u a n ch a n -
’
g ”
( th e h o r t
a nd the l g) on . C ha n -
ku o
’
t se,
“
Pr e f a ce ,
”
p 1 L iu Hs i e h i n Ch p t a er XV I i n te r p r e te d

S l ip S
. .

’
ts e a s b mba oo s, and C ha n -
ku o
’
t s e as
“
r e co r ds o f th e w i gar r n tat e s . Se e p . 86 .

B u t L iu Hs i a n g a pp ar e n t ly to o k th e te r m ts e
’
in a d iffe r e n t s e n se , m ea n in g t act ics He r e
v
.

L iu Hsi e h s ee m s to ha e the sa m e id ea i n mi nd , l
a th o u gh the te r m ts e
’
d o es no t

a ct u a ll y pp a e ar .

Ch w
26 “
d F i hi
u an -
tw anh pt i K i k t
an h iq f e -
c
’
en ar e o c a er s n ue -
u- z u, on t ec n u es o

ro u gh ly M h i v ll i h t K i k t w th t h f S C h i d C h g I
ac a e an c ar ac e r ue -
u- z u as e e ac er o u
’
n an an

f v p tiv l y
.
,

l d ea er s i l f d
o ti d h i
e r t ca t l ll i e er a on an or z on a a a n ce , r es ec e .

29
S Shih hi b i g p h y f P i P i g y ii M S i g t i th h h l d ’
-
ra r n ce n -
ee c , o o an . ao u , a u es n e o u se o

f P i P i g y ii f th f Ch by h t lk i g p d d th k i g f C h
’ ’
o r n ce t t n -
an o e s a e o ao , s ee r a n , e r su a e e n o u

t o m t Ch
co e o wh th l tt w tt k d b y th t f C h i T h p i
’
a o s r e scu e , en e a er as a ac e e s ta e o
’
n . e r n ce

s p k f hi l q
o e o m w ight y th th i t ip d d f h i t h i h t g
s e o u e nce a s ore e an e n ne r o s , an o s r e e - nc on ue

t
as s r o n g th m ill i t p
er an a on roo s .

S w
3° u t t d w ith t h p m i h ip b y t h l
as e n r u s e f th i t t i m i g e re er s e r u er s o e s x s a es n ce ent n

th v ti l f d ti g i t Ch i T h l w mbl m ti f th p mi h ip
e er ca e er a on a a ns
’
n . e sea as e e a c o e re er s .

C h g p l i y t f m h i t l ll i
61
an
’
s o t c pp t Ch i w o f l
or a or z on a a a n ce o su or
’
n as so s ucc e ss u

h t C h i m d h im th i f ffm t i g ti d
’
t a n a e s e n eo en n ra tu e .

T h Ch i
62
w d yd i 7 B C b y th mb i d f f H d Ch
’ ’
e n as es t r o e n 20 . . e co ne o r ce s o an an u .

th i g t ggl b tw H d Ch w hi h l d ti l B C H
’
I n e e n su n s ru e e ee n an an u, c as t e un 202 .
, an

h vi
.

e m gd er e as d t bl i h d
t e w dy ty c to r an es a s e a ne n as .

W ith p w f l l q
66 d d i p d i g th l f Ch i t d
’
Li
o er u e o u e n ce , su cc ee e n e r su a n e r u er o o su r r e n er

m h
o re t v y i i t H w it h t h t i g
a n se ent w B t th g
c t es l fH o an ou s oo n an ar ro u a no er ene r a o an ,

g d d by K i T g
.

H anH i s n,B C -
z oo k d C h i p ly f th p p
. .
, oa e
’
ua
’
un , at t ac e
’

, ar t or e ur o se

f p y i g th t i y f C h i d p tl y f t h d ti f L i I hi H v i g
’
o o cc u n e e r r to r o an ar or e es t r u c on o -
c a n

y p y H w v L i w b il d l iv b y C h i
.
,

b e e n so f d b y L i t lk C h i w
te n e
’
s a
’
as a n e a s re o e er , as o e a e
’

p i t Th i t k pl i
.
,

as H H i
an k m d h im s n s
’
a tta c 4 B C a e a co n s ra o r s oo a ce n 20

Lt K iT gp v l g i t th H W h H H i
. . .

64 a er d d H
’
H i t
ua
’
un e r su a e an s n o re o t a a ns e an en an s n

b t t b x t d h d pl d t h f t th t h h d t l i t d t K i T g
.

w
’ ’

as a ou o e e e cu e , e e ore e ac a e a no s ene o ua un .

i g th i K — fi mp f th H d d K i b b il d ’

O nh e ar n t th s, ao su , e r st e ero r o e an, or ere ua to e o e

a l i v B t K i w p d w h h m d t h p i t th t t t h t i m w h h p
e u
'
’
ua as s ar e d d en e a e e o n a a e e en e e r su a e

v l t t h i i f th mp i w till ttl d A y b d y w
.

H H i t
an s n o re o ,
i tl d
e s t u at o n o e e re as s u n se e . n o as e n t e

t o hi mbiti A d it w
s a t i ly d
on t H . Hi n p id ity d wi ll i g t as en re ue o an s n s
’
s tu an un n n es s o
Tr eatise and Disc ussi o n 107

fa m e d fo r his li ter ar y abili ty Ch a n g Shih chih ] so e ffe c tiv e i n h i s ,

-
,

discour se T u Ch i n lucid in his li te r ar y e xp r e ssion an d L o u Hu wi th

,
’

, ,

hi s e loq u en c e s om e p r oudl y m aki n g t h e i r poi n ts on the s teps o f t h e

,

r oy a l co u r t an d som e a tt acki n g th e d e fe c tiv e a t t h e t abl e o f th e

“ ”? 5

nobles th e y a ll ten d e d to b e nd wi th the wi n d a n d no n e d ar e d go

, ,

u ps tr ea m ag ain s t th e flow Th e impo r t an t t hi n g in e mployin g th e s h u o .

,

o r di s c u s sio n i s t o gr a sp t h e oppo r t u n e m o m e n t s om e tim e s discu s si n g

, ,

wi th l ei su r e ly e ase an d some time s wi th te n sion ; fu th e r the s h u o n e e d r ,

n o t a lw ay s b e e ffe c te d in sp ee ch fo r i t can a l s o b e e x e c u te d i n w r i ti n g ,
.

F an S u i s [l e tte r t o Ki n g Ch ao o f Ch i n ] d i sc u ss ing a ff ai r s of s t ate

’ ’

, ,

a n d Li S s u s [m emo r i a l t o t h e fi r s t e mp e r o r o f th e Ch in ] a r gui n g
’ ’

ag a in s t t he l a tt e r s o r d e r t o g e t r i d o f a ll g u e s t m n i s te r s d r i v e hom e
’
i ,

th e impo r t an t p o i n ts an d e v e r y w o r d in t he m hi t s th e r igh t m ar k
,
.

Al thou gh [i n te n de r in g th e se m em o r i al s bo th m e n ] we r e touchi n g
the r e v e r se d s c a l e s [o f th e th e y s u cc e e d e d in pu tti n g ov e r

th ei r id e as Th e se m ay b e con sid e r e d the b e st e x ampl e s o f s h u o as

.

e mbo d i e d i n m e mo r i a ls T so u Y ang s a tte mp ts to war n P r ince W u

.
’

an d P r i n c e Li an g w e r e e x p r e s se d i n cl e v e r m e t apho r s an d i r r e fu t a bl e

a r g u m e n t s ; t h e r e fo r e a l tho u gh i n d an g er h e c am e o u t un s c at h e d B u t
, ,
.

Chin g t u n g s [o r F en g Ye n s ] a dd r e s se s to i n flu en ce the min d s o f P ao

-
’ ’ ’

[ Y u ng ] a n d T e ng
[ ]
Y ii a r e s low in n a r r a tiv e a n d p r og r e s s io n a n d
v e r bo se i n l an gu age so th at i n all hi s atte mp ts h e faile d to win
,
-

co n fide n ce .

T h e c r u ci a l r e q u i r e m e n t i n a s h u o i s to p r e se n t at a n oppo r tu n e
m o m e n t id e as which ar e cr ys ta l cle ar an d tr ue Po si tiv e ly o n e s abili ty -
.
,
’

i n the ar t o f s h u o s h o u ld h e lp him e x e cu te h i s d u ty wi t h s u cc ess ; an d

n e g a t iv e ly i t m a
y e
, n a bl e him t o a void di s g r a c e E x c e p t wh e n d e a li n g .

wi th a d ecei tfu l en e my i t s p r i n cipl e s h av e alway s b ee n loy al ty an d ,

li
st e n to ad vi ce tha t Ha n Hs i n h a d m e t h is so r r o u wf l f a te and Kao -
tsu had b m
ec o e

wh at h e was Se e .
’
b g p y
Ha n Hs i n s io r a h i n t h e Shi h c hi -

A
.

65 “
t tac ki g n th e De f e ct i v e is a ch a pt er in th e Ku e i —
ku t z u , o i n t i n
-
p g out th e im
po r ta n c e o f d e te c ti n g an d a t ta c ki g n an y de f e cts t ha t we mg
i ht h a e a n d v pl an n in g to
m end th e m .

66
It i s c e r ta in d ea th to to u ch t h e r e e r s e d s ca e s o f a v l dra g on Thi s fig ti v ly x p
ura e e r e ss e s

v
.

bi g
e n ca u ght i fit n a o f an g er o f t he l
r u e r , a r o u se d by ad e r se cr iti i m
c s .

97
Se e h i bi g p hy
s o ra in th e Ho u ha n s hu - -
.
1 08 Tr eatise a nd D i sc ussi o n

tr uthfu lne s s In i t o n e o p e n s his h e ar t b efor e the r u ler an d con ve y s

.

h i s id e as in winge d wo r d s Th ese a r e th e fu n d ame n tal s o f a s h u o . .

“
M aster L u [Chi ] spoke of s hu o as b r illi an t an d y e t de cei tful “ ”
,
8

o n e migh t w e ll a sk W h ?
y ,

Th e Ts a n
Logic a l r ea so n tak e s for m i n wo r d s ,

And th e i r accoun t o f thi s r e aso n fo r m s a lu n .

W o r ds p r obing th e d ep th s o f m an an d n atu r e
R eac h far tho u gh o r igi n ating in th e sq u ar e i n ch [o f hum an
“
, th e

W h e t h e r th e p r osp e ct i s d ar k o r b r igh t [a lu n wr i te r ] follows , o ne

si n gl e p r i n ciple ,

And wi th o u t e v asion faces the gho sts an d spi r i t s .

Ex er ci sing co n tr ol th r o u gh sp e e ch ,

Ex h ali n g an d inh aling he r e str ain s an d e ncou r ages , .

XIX Edi ct . and Scr ip t ( Th e Ch a o an d th e Ts

’
e
)

T r a n s la t o r
’
s n o te : F r om th e te t o f t x hi h p t s c a er
,
it se e m s O b vi ous t h at n o

one o f t he te r m s u se d to s ta n d fo r d i ff t ty p
er en es o f wr i t in g h as a s p ifi
ec c

se n se in w i c h h it is u se d c o n s i st e n tly i d i ff n e rent co n te xts ; an d it is a sol

O b vi ous h
t at o u r au t o r l y th i h f i m ad e
A no a t te m p t t o c ar i f s co n u s o n . S a

m tt a f f t thi t d
er o y t t t t m wh i h h m y
ac ,
s en en c if o r ea a er , c as an s e n se s , a s

it h d ly
a on d t i i t t th t t
o n e se n se , a n f g whil i g o r a se o e s a us o a en r e , e us n

it i
as i t tly it
n co n s s e n igi lly w d i d i ffas t tt i g ori f na a s u se n ere n se n s, s o ne o

th m j
e f lt f L i H i h g i t wh i h w h v
a or au s o l gi t i m t m
u s e , a a ns c e a e a e a e co

pl i t M k h w t h t m h
a n . ar d t o t t d i eth i er h pt A t s c ao an s e
'
ar e r ea e n s c a er .

fi t th y
rs t t d
e i f th y w
ar e t h i lt m
r ea e vi g t d ig t
as e er e ec n ca er s, ser n o es na e

sp i fi t y p f w i ti g B t w g l g w fi d t
ec c es o r n .g i f th t u as e o a on , e n o o ur r e a

96 A li ne f m ro Lu Chi ’
s W e n fu Se e
-
. n o te 1 3, Pr e f ace .

69 The a nc i e n t C hi n ese , l ik e Ai r sto tle , b lie e vd

e the hu m an he a r t to be th e s ea t o f
r e a so n i n g .
1 10 Ed i ct a n d Scr ipt
[ or Y ao ] , [ Shuan n
]d a ll r o yoa l p
f Yu
r onou n c e m e n t s w e r e c all e d
or ,

m i ng which m e an s t he au tho r i ty which d e fi n e s n at u r e

,
“
D u r ing .
”2

th e p e r iod o f th e Th r ee D y n a s ti e s [H s i a Sh an g an d Cho u ] th e m i n g , , ,

h ad the fu r the r f u nc tio n o f a p r ocl a m atio n o r an o ath A n o at h was .

u se d in con n e ction wi th th e con d u ct o f mili tar y affai r s an d a p r ocl am a ,

tion i n co n ne c tion wi th th e p r o se c u t io n o f gov e r n m en t a l a c tivi ti es .

T h e m i n g o r m and ate i s r e v e al e d by h eav e n ; h e n c e i t i s e mploy e d

, , ,

fo r appoi n t i n g o ffi ce r s an d confer r i n g bl es si n gs U n d e r t h e h e x agr am .

o f h o u in th e B o o k o f C h a n g e s i t is s a id T h e r ul e r d e sp atch e s hi s
“
, ,

“
m i n g to b e p r ocl aim e d to th e fou r di r e c tio n s ? T h e m an d ate t hus p r o
“
cl aim e d would s ti r th e p e ople as the wind u nder heav en sti r s th e gr ass .

L ater dur ing the S ev en S tate s p er iod the ter m li ng was u se d It m e a ns

, , .

to commi ssion W h en t he Ch in u n ifi e d the empi r e the te r m m i n g

“ ” ’
.
,

was d r opp e d an d in i ts pl ac e c hi h o r t o i n s ti t u te was u s e d In the , , .

ea r ly y e ar s o f th e Han wh e n r ul e s an d r egul a tions w e r e fi r s t fo r m u

g

l ate d the m i ng wer e cl as sifie d under four c ategor ie s : the ts e s hu o r

,
’
-
,

scr ip t o f e nfe offm e n t ; th e chi h sh u o r or dinance ; the cha o s hu o r -

,
-
,

p r onouncem ent ; an d the chi e h ch ih o r war ni n g T he r oy al war n ing -

’

, .
“ ”

was is s u e d to the loc al O ffici als ; the r oy al p r onounc e m e n t was i s s ue d

“ ”

t o t he h u n d r e d c e n t r a l o ffi ci a l s ; the or din ance was i s sue d to de cl ar e “ ”

a n a mn e sty r oy a l sc r ip t was i s su e d to inv e st p r inc es an d

”
a n d th e ,

lor ds wi th fiefs T he te r m ts e o r scr ip t h as t he li te r a l m e aning a

.
’

, ,
“

b amboo S lip ; chi h o r or din an ce to i n s ti tute ch ao o r p r onoun ce

”
, ,
“
,

m en t to p r ocl aim ; an d ch i h o r war n i n g to co r r ec t T he B o o k

,
“ ” ’

, ,
“
.
”

ys e v e r e nc e th i s b amboo slip ; o o k of Cha n es

“ ”
o f P o e tr
y s a R , t h e B g
5

s ay s Men o f vi r tue o n the b asis o f this [im age o f limi tation ] i nsti tu te
,
“

m easur e s an d the C h o u li sp e a ks o f th e p r ocl am at ion o f -

2 A cco r d i n g to Fa n W e n Ia n -
, hs i ng ( n a tu r e ) Sh ou ld be e m e n d a te d to r ea d hs i n g
( su r n a me ) , be ca u s e in a n c ie n t C hi na o n ly a no bl e h ad a su r n a m e; e a ch was g r a n te d by
th e r u er . l He n ce , the te r m p a i -
hsi n g ”
( o n e h u nd r ed na m es ) m ea n t
“
o ne h u n d r ed
o ffi ce r s .
”
Ho w e e r v , ther e d o es n o t see m to be any n ec e ss i ty f or t h is r e a d i n g . In L i -c hi
( L
se e i -
c hi y i n -
te , i t is s ta te d ,
“
He a v en ly m a n d ate , o r mi n g , is ca ll ed n a tu r e , or

hs i ng It .
"
a es mk p f t e r ec s e n se to th in k of ro ylp a r o n o u n ce m e n ts as de fi n in g t h e n a tu r e

o f e ac f ti
h u nc o n o r a o n pp i tm e nt .

9
C h o u -i y i n -t e , 2 7 / 4 4 / h s ia n g .
4
L u n -y u y i n -t e ,
5
Ma o s h i h -
y i n -
te , 6 C h o u -i y i n -te , 3 6/ 60 / h s ia n g .
Ed i ct a n d Scr ipt 1

an ligh te n e d r u l er ; an d the B o o k of His to r y sp e ak s o f k e epi n g

en
7

onese lf cor r e ct in the c ar r ying o u t o f the m an da te of a ll t h e se

te r m s ar e g r o u n d e d i n th e Cl as sics T h e r e s t r ic tion o f th e u se of c h a o .
,

o r p r ocl am at ion t o r e a ch afa r a n d t h at o f m i n g o r o r a l dic t a te t o

“ ”
, , ,

“
co n tr ol the n e a a r e p r actice s i n sti t ute d i n t he Ch i n T he L i chi
r
” ’
.
-

say s h e wo r d s o f a r ul e r a r e lik e ] s ilk [fib er s wh e n u n s pok e n ]

“
[ t at t h ,

a n d lik e t h e a d wh e n spok e n ? an d t h e s e wo r d s ar e in st r um e n t s fo r
[ r
]
th e s ucc e ssful m an age m e n t o f th e r ul e r s r e l ations wi t h th e v ar ious
’

Chi e ft ain s Y ii [Shu n ] e mph asi z e d th e impo r t an c e o f th e O ffi c e whos e

'

r e spo n sibili t y i t wa s to r e c e iv e th e r ul e r s wo r ds an d th e Chou con

” ’

si d e r e d t h a t O ffi c e th e th r o at an d t ong u e o f t h e kin g s T he t wo Han

11
.
,

th e r e fo r e ma de r e spo n s ibili t y fo r th e c h a o ka o o r p r onounc e m e n t an d

,
-
,

p r o cl am ati o n p ar t of t he offi ce o f the gr an d hi st or i an T h e wo r d s

, .

spok e n by t h e ki n g w er e al ways se t d own i n th e his t o r ic a l r e co r d s fo r ,

wh e n sp o k en the wo r d s o f the king be com e r op e an d like S we at

,
12
, ,

once o u t th ey can n e v er b e r e c alle d Th er efor e Emp er or W u [of

”
.
,

Han 140 87 ,
-
b e c au se [hi s uncle ] Pr i n ce H u ai n an was a m an o f -

li ter ar y di sti n ction h ad [Ssu m a ] H si ang j u look o v e r the le tte r s h e

,
- -

“
d r afte d to t his p r i n ce And as i n Lun g y u [in p r e s en t K an s u ] th er e?
-
,

we e m an y li ter ar y schol ar s Emp er o r Ku ang wu [of the L ate r Han

r ,
-
,

A D 25 57 ] p aid p ar ticul ar a tte n tion t o the li t er ar y q u ali ty o f h i s m e s

.

s age s to t h e m Thi s wa s don e ri o t m e r e ly t o wi n p r a is e of th e d a b t

.
y u ,

a l s o t o s how a r e v e r e n t c a r e fo r t he op i n i on o f l ate r tim e s .

T he styl e of th e ch a o p r i o r to Emp e r o r s W en [179 157 B C ] an d -

. .

Chi n g [156 14 1 B C ] was fr ivolou s an d impur e b u t d u r i n g th e t ime

-
. .
,

o f Emp er o r W u wh o i n cli n e d t owar d s Con fu ci ani sm i t was gr and

, ,

7
C h o u -Ii y i n -t e , 9 / 2 8b . M in g ch u n
-
( an en l i gh t e ne d r u er l ) s ho u ld be r ea d mi gn

sh e n
”
b g
( r i h t s i r i ts ) p .

6 Sha ng s h u t u ng -c hi e n ,
’
-
7
-
.

9
T he L i -
c hi :
“
T he w ords o f th e r u er l ar e l ik e S ilk fib er s , but wh en th e y ar e Sp k o en

th ey a r e l ik e t h r e ad s ; t h e w ords o f a r u er l ar e l ik e t h r e ad s , bu t wh en th e y ar e s pk o en
t h e y ar e l ik e ro p es .
”
The g
r ea t e ff e ct o f w o rd s, es p e ci a ll y w hen s pk o en by t h e r u er , l i s

gi v en a fig u r ati v e tr e a t m ent h e r e Se e L i -c hi y i n -t e , 33 7
. .

1° Sha ng s h u t u ng -c hi e n ,
-
’
- 11 Mao -s hih i t e , 7 1 / 2 60 / 3
4 y n -

v
. .

12
See n o te 9 a b o e .

16
See t h e b i g phy
o ra o f L iu Hs i an gi n th e Ha n -s hu .

See Pr in ce Hu a i -n a n
’
s bi g phy i
o ra n th e Ha n -s h u .
 1 12 Ed i ct a n d Scr ipt
an p r ofo u n d Hi s scr ip ts o f e nfe offm e n t to the th r ee p r i n ce s [Ch i
d .
’

Y en an d K u a ng li n g ]
,
”
h av e the s am e li te r a r y q u ali ty as the hs u n an d -

”
ti e n ; the l ess on a n d w a r n i n g th e y co n v e y e d w e r e bo t h p r ofou n d an d

gr acefu l good e x ampl e s fo r l ate r ge n e r ation s to imi tate In h i s le tte r

, .

t o Y e n T s u Emp e r o r W u m e n tio n e d t h a t Y e n h a d t i r e d o f h i s d u ty
,

i n the Ch e n g mi n g lu ; this in f a c t s how s in wh at g r e at fav o r th e

’ 17
-
, ,

e mp e r o r h e l d Y e n L a t e r t h e e pi st l e o f Emp e r o r Hs ii a n
[73 49 C ]
B .
,
-
. .

to G o v er no r Ch e n Su i e x p r e ss e s t h e d ep th o f h i s fe e lings fo r h i s o ld
’

fr i e n d ”
.

W h e n Emp e r or K u an g— wu [25 57] b r o u gh t o r d e r to the ch ao tic -

wor ld he was de e ply con ce r n e d abou t hi s l angu age Howeve r in th e

, .
,

h eat o f the momen t h e ofte n l o st his poi se in e x p r e s si n g hi s j o y o r ,

a ng e r In h i s l e tte r to T e n g Y ii h e d e sc r ib e d t he o ffi c e of Ssu t u as

’
.
-
,

th at o f Y ao a n d in h i s t h r ea te n i n g l e tte r t o Ho u P a l s o a Ss u
19
, [a

he r e fe r r e d t o th e e x e cu tion axe ”
R oy a l l e tte r s lik e th e s e ar e ind ee d .

con tr ar y to the for m o f cha o de m an de d by good ta ste Emp er o r s Ming .

15
Se e th e bi g p h i
o ra es o f th e thr e e p r i n ce s in the Shi h -c hi .

16 B o th t h e hs un
'

a nd t h e ti e n a r e c h a t e r t i t e s p l in the B oo k o f His to r y Hs u n m e ans .

to gi v i e n s t r u ct i o n . T h e Hi s to r y h as a ch a pt er e n ti t e dl “
I h su n
-
”
( T h e i n st r u ctio n o f I
Y i ) by n a T
g m i i t W h T g d i d hi g d ’
an d d t th th
n s er . d I en
’
an e , s r an so n as ce n e o e r o n e , an

w t th iro e f th b fi t Of th y g l A t th ti th fi t tw h p t f t h
s or e en e e o un r u er . s o e e n, e rs o c a er s o e

Hi t y i l d t h i t m i th i t i t l H u ti d i mply l i l “ ”
s or nc u em y b d s er n e r es . s n -
en a e r en er e s as c a ss ca .

S 17 Y T b i g p h y i th H h Y T h d g w y f m t t b
ee en su s
’
o ra n e a n -s u . en su a o ne a a ro co u r o e

th g v f K i hi i m d Ch k i g h i ti v pl T h mp pp tl y
’
e o e r no r o ua -
c , n o er n e an , s na e ac e . e e er o r a ar e n

l t h im g w i th l t Ch g mi g l w h ll i th p l wh d t
’
e o r e u c a n ce tt . en -
n u as a a n e a a ce er e a en an

mi i t t y d
n s er s s a e .

Emp
16
H wh h mbl ft l t t h i f i d Ch S i i g m d w
’
er o r su an , en u e, o en os o s r en en u n a es a n as

u na bl t p y Aft h b m mp
e o a h m d Ch
. fi i l
er d v t lly w t
e e ca e e er o r , e a e
’
en an o c a , an e en u a ro e

h im l tt m ti i g j k i gly th t th pp i tm t w i p ym t f h i g mbl i g
a e er en on n o n a e a o n en as n a en o s a n

d bt t Ch
’
e s o en .

19
I th C h t im w f th i C h i f Mi i t ; i th H p im ’
n S te ou e, su -
u as o n e o e s x e n s er s n e an , a r e

mi i t w k w
n s er S t as f t h th G d Mi i t T g w m d S t
no n as su -
’
u , one o e r ee r an n s er s . en as a e su -
’
u

by K g w I A D 5 wh K g w
u an -
u . d d th
n h T gw i h g f . 2 , en u an -
u a sce n e e t r o ne , en as n c ar e o

th m il it y x p d iti i th w t W h h d l y d h i p ti g i t C h g
e ar e e o ns n e es . en e e a e s o era on a a ns
’
an -
an ,

th ld
e p it l K g w
o ca t h im t iff l tt
a i whi h h d l uan d th t S -
t u se n a s e er , n c e e c ar e a a su -
’
u

x mpl y l f th p t) d th t h S h l d th f
,

w i
as , ff t n Y ( the ec , a ao e e e ar r u er o e as , an a e ou er e o r e

m k ll h t t b i g h i mp ig t
a e a as e f l mpl ti i d t giv
o r n s ca a n o a s u ccess u co e on, n or er o e su cco r

t
o th l g ff i g p pl f th w t S h i b i g ph y i t h H h h
e on -
su er n eo e o e es . ee s o ra n e ou- a n -s u .

H2° P mm d d
ou t i p
a r e co w h m Emp K g w h t d ; p ti g
en e a ce r a n e r so n o er o r u an -
u a e su s ec n

th t H a w b ib d h
ou t h im asl tt t h t i g t x t h i m S t h b i g p h y
r e , e sen a e er r ea en n o e ecu e . ee e o ra

f F g C h i i th H h h
’
o en n n e ou- a n -s u .
 1 14 Ed i ct a n d Scr ipt
of the pu r i ty o f h i s li ter ar y S tyle was app o in te d r oy a l sec r e tar y F r om
, .

thi s tim e o n i n te r e s t i n t h e i r li ter a r y qu a li ty b e c am e a s tr o n g i n fl ue n c e

,

o n th e composi t ion o f e dic t s .

T h e wo r d s o f a r u l er a r e l o fty an d l a d e n wi t h m e an i n g ; h e n c e t h e y
a r e s u sp e n d e d o n high fo r all t o look up to t h e y ar e th e l a w s t o a ll ,

C hi e ft ai n s an d t h e y a r e pl e dge s c ap a bl e o f wi n n i n g t h e c o n fi d e nc e o f
,

all s ta te s Th e r e fo r e in m a ki n g appoi n t m e n ts an d s e l e c ti n g th e vi r t uo u s
.
,

fo r s u ch appoi n t m e n ts an e dic t s ho u ld co n t ai n i d e as as b r igh t as th e

,

s u n a n d th e moo n ; in e n fe o ffm e n t i t s ho u ld b e r ich i n li te r ar y q u a li t y

, ,

wi th the gr a ce o f the b r e e z e an d the tim e ly r ai n ; i n w ar ni n g o r or di n ar y

de cr ee i t sho uld h av e b r illi an ce th at flows fr om the b r u sh sp ar kling
, ,

lik e star s i n th e Milky W ay ; i n con n e c tion wi th the co n d u ct o f mili ta r y

e x p e di tio n s i t s h o uld t hu n d er fo r th i n r olli n g m aj es ty ; in givi n g
,

p ar d o n i t sh o uld be as gr acio u s as th e d e ws i n the sp r i n g ; an d in the

,

j us t application o f law an d p u nishm e n t i ts l an gu age S ho u l d be a s ,

sh ar p as the autu mn fr os t Th e se ar e the m ai n p r i n ciple s gov e r n i n g

.

t he r oy a l e d ic t .

C hi e h ch ih o r r oy a l w ar ning a r e e dic t s w r i tte n in l an g u ag e which

’
-
, ,

is shar p an d cutti n g T he o r d er gi v e n by Ki n g Mu o f the Cho u [1023

.

o Chi a o fu to r e c e i v e r e g u l ation s go v e r ni n g t he r oy a l w a r n
8
9 3 B C
.
] t .
-

ing m ay be ci te d to ill u s tr ate thi s poi n t King W u [o r T s a o T s ao ]

“ ? ’ ’

o f W e i s a id t h at in w r i t ing a w ar ning t he l a ngu age sho u ld b e di r e c te d ,

to th e fa c ts an d n o v a g ue n e s s s ho u ld b e a llow e d This r e m a r k m a n i
,
.

fe sts h i s wi s dom wi th r e sp e ct to gov er nme n t ad mi n i str a tion And .

Emp e r or W u o f the Chin ser v e d all his mini ste r s wi th war nings ; he
war n e d the mili tar y go v er no r s o f the impo r tance o f mili tar y affai r s ;
he war n e d th e civil gov e r no r s Of th e impo r t anc e o f h an dli n g s u b
o r d i n ates ; he w ar n e d p r e fe c ts of the impor tance o f b e ing kind to the
p e ople an d n o t to o obs er v an t o f th e i r fau l ts ; an d he war n e d the gu ar d
o f th e i r du t y in d e fe n s e His ar e w ar ni n gs which m ay be con si d er e d
.

cl as sical .

C hi e h o r to a dvi se a gains t m e an s li ter ally t o t ak e c a r e Y u [of the

, ,
.

t he Ma t i e n -t z u c h u a n
'
26
Se e - .
Ed i ct a n d Scr ipt 1 15

Hsi a ] spoke of th e fu nction o f a chi e h as good N ow the r ul er an d

'

.
,

th e f a th e r r an k fi r s t a mo n g th e r e sp e c te d a m o n g t h e t h r e e wi t h ,

b o u n dle ss gr ace [which i t i s impo ssible fo r o n e t o an d bo th

t he a d vic e of Emp e r o r Ka o t su o f th e Ha n [2 02 1 92 B C ] to th e h e i r - -
. .

app a r e n t a n d T u n g— fan g So s a d mon i shm en t t o h i s so n a r e o f the ’

s am e n a t u r e a s t h e Ku mi n g ? F r om Ma Y i i an [14 B C A D 49]
” “
-
'

-
. . .

do wn war d e ach wr i te r ha s left b e hi n d h i s advice to his family A n d

,
.

th e a dvic e to h e r d a u gh t e r s by P a n Chi [o r P an Ch a o c 1 1 6 s i s te r ,
-
.
,

o f P a n Ku t h e hi s t o r i an ay b e c o n si d e r e d wo r d s f r om t h e mo u t h of
,] m
a wom an tea ch e r

C hi a o o r t o te ach li te r ally m e an s hs i a o o r to imi tate W o r d s onc e

, , ,
.

s p o k e n fo r m t h e m o d e l s fo r p e opl e t o imi t a t e — fo r e x ampl e th e five ,

te achi n gs d i sse m i n ate d by H si e h ; th e r e fo r e th e w o r d s o f ki n g s a n d

”

lo d s h av e co m e to b e gr u p e d u n d e r the ge n e r a l te r m ch ia o o r te ach
r o ,

i n g Ch e n g Hu n g s t e a chi n g s d u r i n g h i s t e n u r e a s th e p r e fe c t of N an
’
.

y an g wer e we ll r e m e mb e r e d by l a te r ge n e r ati o n s b e c au se t h e y we r e
”
,

cle ar State m e n ts o f hi s a dmi n i str atio n O n th e o th er h an d wh e n K u n g .

,
’

Y u n g was the p r efe ct of Pei h ai h i s de cl ar ati o n s to th e p e ople we r e -

,

m a k e d wi th li te r ar y e mb e lli shm en t s b u t l acki n g i n r ati on al s u b stan ce

r .

Hi s i s a p r a c tic e con tr ar y to the r igh t p r i n ciple o f gov e r n m e n t A s to .

both the s kill i n d e tail an d the su cci n c tn es s o f C h u k c K u n g—mi n g -

’

[ t h at i s C h u k c Li an g
, a g r ea t s t r a t e gi s t o f th e Th r e e Ki n gd o m s
-
,

p er iod ] an d the b r illi an t j u dgm e n ts o f Y ii Chih k u n g [o r Y ii I ] b o th -

'

a r e w e ll gr o u n d e d i n r ea so n a n d h a v e a chi e v e d th e r igh t s t a n d ar d i n

l an gu age Th e y fu r ni sh th e b e st e x ample s o f c hi a o
. .

In a d d i tion to chia o th e r e i s a l so m i n g o r m an d ate It i s sai d i n th e

, , .

B o o k o f P o e t y Th e r e i s m i n g fr om h e av en s howi n g th e impo r t an c e
“ ”
r , ,

27
T he f m wh m w iv b
th ir d o n e dl g i th hro o e r e ce e oun e ss r ac e s e t e ac er .

I 26
th B k f Hi t y C h pt 4 th d v i whi h K i g C h g f th C h
n e oo o s or , a er 2, e a ce c n
’
en o e ou,

h i d thb d g v t h i Ki g K g ’
on s ea e , a e o s so n n an .

Hi h w
29
m i i t f Sh wh pp i t d h im b h S t
s e as a mi i t i
n s er o u n, o a o n e to e t e su -
’
u, a n s er n

ch g f d
ar ti
e o Th fi te hi g
u ca f th j i m th l v l d b th
on . e ve e ac n s ar e : a er s
’
u st ce , o er s
’
o e, e er ro
’
er s

ki dn y g b h
n e ss , p t d
o un fil i l p i y S Sh g h t g hi
er rot er s
’
r es ec , an so n s
’
a et . ee an -
s u
’
un c e n,

9 8, and Ch h iu h i ng h ua n y i n -t e , 1 7 6/ W e n
’
T SO
’
-
un c c -
c .

66
T h is is no t m e n t io n e d in th e b g p y io r a h o f h e n Hu n C g g in th e H o u ha n s h u
- -
.
1 16 Ed i ct a n d Scr ipt
Of m i ng in the C h o u li the Shih shih h ad the d u ty o f ke eping
? 1
And -
,
-

“
the r u l e r i n fo r m e d o r c h a o s h o wi n g th a t t h e c h a o was t h e n r e l a
2
,

“
t i ve ly u n impo r tan t In o u r o wn d ay th e c ha o i s impo r t an t a n d the
?
,

m i n g unimpo r t an t ; t hi s indic ate s the ch ange fr om a n ci e n t to mod e r n

tim e s .

T h e Ts a n
T he gu st king in givi n g o r der s
au , ,

Shows in ne r r e v er e n ce an d o u te r r e sp e c t i n hi s p r on o u n ce men ts .

His wo r ds ar e like silk ”

,

And all the p e ople lov e to h e ar th e m .

Th ei r br illi an t s o u nd so ar s high ,

And o n migh ty winds i s c a r r ie d to a di stanc e .

Vi gor ous i d eas an d liv e ly l angu age

D e cor ate th e s e his m aj e stic comm ands
, .

XX War Pr o cla m a ti o n
. an d Dispatch ( The Hsi a n d th e I)

As ligh tning p r e ce d e s th u nder so a we s ome p r ocl am ations p r e ce de ,

mili tar y exp e di tion s Jus t as the S igh t o f ligh tni n g e voke s a fear o f the
.

e n su ing t h u nd e r SO th e h e a r ing o f a p r ocl a m a tion m a k e s the lis te n e r

,

fr eez e wi t h fe ar of mili tar y s tr e ngth It h as long b ee n a p r actice to s end .

o u t p r ocl a m a tion s b e fo r e mili t a r e x p e di tion s Y u y ii [Shun ] was th e

y
-
.

fi r s t to s oun d the war n i n g to h i s sta te ; the r u l er o f H si a was the fi r s t

to t a k e the o a th i n the a r my ; Yin [o r Sh an g t ook the o a th o u t sid e
]
th e a r my c amp ; a n d th e Ch ou t ook th e o at h imm e d i a te ly b e fo r e th e

91 Mao s hih -
y i n -
te ,
92 An Offi ce w h o se f u n cti o n was to in f m
or , or c hao , the r u e r l of wh at is g ood . Se e
C ho u li
-
k
,
“
Ti -
u an
”
( Sh i h -
san ch i n g c h u -su e d . ) c h ii a n 14 , p . 2a .

69 R l ti v ly
e a e mp t
u ni o r ant b e cau s e i t was u se d by
the o ff c ai i l an d was no t u se d l ik e

mi n g m
as a d t f m
an a e ro h ea v e n , no r as ro yl a d ecr e e .

9 b v
64 See n o te a o e .
1 18 War Pr o cla m ati o n a nd Di p s at c h

c ame to b e k n own as hsi H si m ean s clear cl ear ly r e ve al e d cle ar ly .

, ,

under s too d Ch ang I wh e n sen d i n g a hsi to C h u wr o te i t d own o n a

.
,
’

b amboo s lip on ly o n e foo t an d two i n ch es lon g T he cl e ar ly exp r esse d ?

l an gu age of the hsi is gr asp e d a s a pos ter i s gr asp e d wh e n i t is p r e

s en te d b efor e the e ye s an d e ar s .

T h e pu r po se o f a mili t ar y e x p e di tio n i s to r e sto r e p eace an d i t m u st ,

n o t b e ini ti a te d o n o n e s o wn a cco u n t Fo r m e r ly wh e n th e Son o f

’
.

Hea v e n took ch ar ge o f an e xp e di tion i n p e r son h e w o u ld s ay : I ,

“

r e sp e c tfully e x e c u t e t hi s a ct o f pu n i s hm e n t in t he n am e o f h e av e n .

And wh en i t was a v assal lo r d who l au n ch e d the c amp aign h e wo u l d ,

“
R e v er e n t ly I impos e thi s p e n a l ty i n th e n am e o f t he ki n g ? In
“
s ay :

this way th e So n o f H e a v e n S h a r e d h i s r e spo n s ibili t y wi t h his ge n e r a l s

a n d g av e th e m e ncou r age m e n t a n d th e ge n e r a l s r e c e iv e d o r d e r s
”
,

fr om the e mp er or him se lf to un d er take pu n i tiv e e xp e di tion s Thi s was .

d on e n o t only to in s u r e succe s s i n de s tr oyi n g th e e n e my b u t a l so to ,

p r ovid e the u tmo st oppor tun i ty fo r couchi n g the or d er s i n se v er e lan

gu age e xp r e ssiv e o f a mili tan t spi r i t Such p r ocl am ation s woul d h av e a .

r e s ou n ding imp a c t like th at o f sto r my wi n d s an d th e i r mili tan t

, ,

spi r i t w o u ld d e s tr oy th e e n e my s mo r ale lik e t h e com e t s w e e pi n g a w ay

’

[ e vils wi th i t s t a il
] Th e y e x p r esse d m a r t i a l i n dign atio n a n d c o n st r a i n e d
.

the spi r i t s o f th e m al e fa c t o r s Th e y g av e e vid e nc e i n d ic a ti n g t h e r ip e n .

i n g mom e n t Of e vil an d poin te d o u t th at the d ay s o f the m al e fac to r s

, ,

whos e cr im e h ad r each e d i ts limi ts we r e n u mb er e d Th ey str u ck , .

t e r r o r t o th e h ear t s o f the e vil b u t g a v e c o nfid e n c e to tho se wh o w e r e ,

7 Ch g an I wa s w ron gl y a cc u s e d f s te a i n
o ad e l gj p wh il b i g t t i d t t h
cu s e e n en er a n e a e

Ch
’
u co u r t a n d was co n s e u e n t q ly lash e d W h en he b m h p im m i i t f C h i
e ca e t e r e n s er o
’
n,

w l t l C h i ti A h i i m ti m
.

he Ch a hs i to th e e ff e ct th a t h e n o w ou d
’ ’
se nt u s ea u c es . s s so e es

de fi ne d as
“
a f
o o t a n d t wo .

6
S ha ng hu t u ng -c hi e n ,
’
- -
73
-
s 13 ; .

9
See K ’
un y g
Sh Y in g -
’
ta s 73 co mm e n ta r on a n g -s hu
’
t un -
c hi e n , -
.

1° L it lly d i v i i b y h ity g t th h l d d p h t th h i t p p h
er a s on t e c a e r es o an a us o e c ar o , ar a r ase

l i f m th b i g p hy f F g T g i P K H —h T h igi l l i i
,
’
f
’
o a ne ro e o ra o en an n an u s an s u . e or na ne n

th H e h an s -
Y v t d d i g Emp
—
u r uns : W —h “
d th t i
o u r seri t t im an a r ess n er o r en ea r a n a nc en es

wh en ki g d i p t h d g
a n l x p d i ti h w l d k l d w
s a c e gi v t h
a ener a on an e e on, e ou ne e o n to e e

g e ne r al h i t p h d y W i t h i t h t h h l d f t h ity g t I
’
s c ar o a us m p i an sa :
‘
n e r es o o e c a e a ssu e r es o ns

d b y d t h th h ld y my g l m f ll p ibi l ity L t ’
b i li y t an e on e r es o ou, ener a ass u e u r es o ns . a er

d iv i i by th h l d m t m d iv i i f p ib i l ity d t giv th h i t
, , ,
” “
s on r es o ca e o ea n s on o r es o ns , an o e e c ar o

a p h m t t gi v
us
”
gm t
ea n o e e n co u r a e en .
 War Pr o clam ati o n a nd Di p s at c h 1 19

fai thfu l an d ob e di ent Th e y cau se d h u ndr e d foo t ch ar io ts to b r e ak .

-

b efo r e a wr i tte n n o te sc ar ce ly a foot lon g a n d a ci ty w all o f te n thou

t o c r u mbl e u n d er th e w e igh t o f a h s i W e i H si ao s h s i r e
’
s an d c h i h
11
.

”
co u n ti n g the th r e e cr im es [o f W ang M an g ] ca u se d the Hsin dyn asty
”

t o c o ll ap s e Tho u gh u n e mb e lli sh e d i ts l a n gu ag e i s s u c ci n ct a n d i ts n a r
.
,

r ati ve cl e ar In i t t h e s chol a r s of Lu n g y u fo u n d a mode l fo r th e hsi

” -
. .

Ch en Li n s h si agai n st Ts ao Ts ao i s m a k e d wi th st e n gth an d cou r

’ ’ ’ ’
r r

ag e ; al t h o u gh i ts e xp o se o f th e fa mily b a ckg r o u n d i s e x agge r a t e d as ,

i n i ts asse r t io n t h at T s ao s gr andfath er was a e u n u ch an d h i s fat h er

’ ’

a b e gg ar r e c e ivi n g su ppo r t f om o t h e r s ; a n d a l t ho u gh i t c o n t a i n s th e r

a ll e g a tio n mor e fal se th an a cr imon io u s th at T s ao had the imp e r i al

, ,
’

t o mb s d u g up fo r t h e i r t r e a su r e i t s s tr o n g l an gu age i n d e sc r ibi n g ,

T s ao s c im e s i s a s s tar k a s e x po se d b o n e s W i th gr e a t co u r age h e
’ ’
r .

br ave d the an ger o f T s a o T s a o ; an d i t was a sh eer str o ke o f luck th at ’ ’

h e was n o t d es tr oy e d a lo n g wi th th e cliq u e of Y ii an Ch u n g
Hu i [2 25 i n h i s hsi to th e ge n e r a l s i n Sh u ci te d h i s e vi d e n ce co n ,

vi n ci n ly an d t h e hs i of H u a n W e n g in b r b a i an s
”
g , [3 373]
12 a a s t t h e a -
r

is e ve n mor e te lli n g i n r e co u n ting th e i r r uthle s sn ess Th e se ar e all .

p r oducts o f V ig o r O IIS b r u sh e s .

In gen e r a l a hs i sp ea ks e i t h e r o f o n e s o wn ki n d n e ss an d fai r j u d g
’

m en t o r of the e n e my s r u thle ssn e ss a n d cr u e l ty It s tr e sse s sali en t

,
’
.

fa c to s o f t im e li n e s s an d h u m an r e l a tio n s an d d i sc u ss e s comp a r at iv e
r ,

mili tar y s tr e n gth s an d str ate gic p o si ti o n s ; i t r e fe s to o r ac u l ar r e v e l a r

t io n s of th e fu tu r e a n d t o th e l ess o n s r e fl e ct e d i n th e p e n d an t mi r r o r
,

o f the p as t Al th o u gh i t i s b ase d o n the r e a li ti e s o f the n atio n a l si tu a

17
.

tio n i t u t iliz e s the d e c e p tiv e ta c tic s a lw ay s i n volv e d i n mili t a r y a r t

, .

11
Ab fifty m i l
out es .

12
C im g i t h
r es a a ns ea v en , e ar t h, and m en . See W e i Hs i a o ’
s bi g p hy
o ra in th e Ho u
ha n -s h u .

16
C r ea te d by W a n g Ma n g wh o u su r p e d th e , th r o n e in A D .
9 . His d y n as t y a s t e d l
u n ti l AD . 23 . He ch o s e Hs i n as h is d y n a s tic ti t l e b e c au s e h e wa s en f e o ffe d L
o r d Hs i n t u -
.

14
Pr e s e n t d a y -
K a n su .

15
He w r o te th e hs i fo r Y u an Sh a o , who was pl a nn in g a p u n it i v xp d i i
e e e t on a g a i n st

T ’
s ao T s ao
’
.

16
Re f er r n i g t Sh iho L e , who was o v e r r u n n in gN o r th Ch i na at the ti m e .

17
Fo r t h e m i g ea n n of th ep en d a nt mi rror , s ee n o te 25, Ch p a te r XI .
“
T he p e n d a nt

mi r r o r o f th e p t m as
”
e a ns hi t y
s or .
1 20 War Pr o cla m ati o n a nd Di p s atc h

To p ut o v er i ts idea s i t m ak e s u se o f de ce i t ; an d to giv e fo r ce to i ts
,

cl aim i t employ s b r illi an t l an gu age Th e s e ta ctics ar e imp e r ativ e i n all

, .

hs i wr i ting Th er e fo r e in fo r mul ati n g i d e as fo r a hsi o r in at te mp ting

.
,

t o m a k e i ts wo r d s fly hom e th e impo r t an t t hi n g t o r e m e mb e r i s ,

s tr en gth T o m ake the wo r d s fly hom e i s e ssen ti ally to giv e th e m

.

sp e e d to avoid a S low movi n g style ; an d as a hsi i s to b e po ste d fo r

,
-
,

a ll to s ee n e v e r to a llow i ts id e as to b e v a g ue
, It s f ac ts sho u ld b e .

e vid e n t i t s r e a s on s o u n d i t s spi r i t high

, an d i ts l an g u age cl ea r cu t ; , ,
-

t h e se a r e th e esse n ti al s o f a h s i A s t o i n volv e d s tyl e o r d e lic a te a n d cl e v e r .

con ten t th e y ar e n o t m a te r i a ls fo r the gen r e

, .

W e migh t a dd t h at wh en loc a l o ffi ci al s c all fo r r e c r u it s t h e i r p r o cla

m ations ar e al so kn own a s hsi s i n ce the i r i d e a is to an n o u n ce an ,

in ten tion cl e ar ly .

I o r to tr an sfo r m o r d i sp atch m e an s li te r a lly to ch an ge to t r a n sfo r m

, , ,

way s an d ch an ge mor e s to disp atch an o r d e r fo r p e ople t o follow , .

[ S s u m -
a
] Hsi a n g j u s di sp at ch r e f u t i n g t h e o pi-
n io n
’
s o f t h e
“

p e opl e o f
Shu [who o ppo se d co n tactin g the s o u t hwe ste r n tr ib es ] i s l u cid i n
l an gu age an d comp r eh e n s ive i n ar gume n ts ; i t m ay be co n sider e d the
v e r y bon e o f bo th i an d hs i Liu Hsi n s di sp a tch r e b u ki n g schol ar s i n .
’

th e T ai ch ang mini str y is couch e d i n s tr on g l an gu age con tain s idea s

’
-
” ’

which ar e cle ar an d m ay b e co n si d e r e d the b e st o f all civil di sp atch e s

,
.

Lu Chi s disp at ch to the hun d r e d o ffi ci al s i s simple i n l a n gu age an d

’ ”

pl ai n in r e co u n ti n g fac ts an d m ay b e said to be the b e s t o f all mili tar y ,

di sp atch e s Th ese e x ampl e s de mon str a te th a t the h si an d the i m ay be

.

use d o n bo th civil an d mili tar y occasio n s In a mili t ar y si tu ation the .

,

h s i i s u se d to a dd r e ss the e n e my an d the i t o a d d r e ss t he a lli es ; the

di sti n ction i s m a d e fo r the p u r pose o f r ooti n g o u t a ny su spicion i n the
16
T he T
’
ai c -
h
’
an g mi n i s tr y was i n c ha r g e o f r ite s , a f u n ct o ni s i mil ar to t h at o f a

m o d er n mi d u cat io n Sc ho ar s wh o
n is t r y o f e er e e e r ts i n t h e s t u d y o f
. l a r t i cu a r w xp p l
l
c a s s ic s er e a w pp
o i n te d Po -s h i h ( e a r n e d m e n ) i n t h e l
i n i st r y L iu Hs i n r o o se d to m . p p
c r e a te t h r ee n e w P o -s h ih fo r t h e t h r e e c ass ics : t h e o o k o f H is t o r y , l
a r t i cu a r y t h e B p l l
p
c ha t e r
“ ”
T a i s h i h , t h e r e a t o a th
-
’
in W u g
ad e a t t h e e i n n in o f his eK g e d i t io n m bg g xp
g g
a a i n s t t h e Sh a n , t h e t h i r t y -n i n e c h ap t e r s o f t h e n e y r e c o e r e d o o k o f R i t e s , a nd wl v B
t h e Ts o -c h u a n , T SO s co e n t a r o n
’
t h e C h mm
u n -
ch i u y
He was e h e e n t o o sed b y
’ ’
. v m ly pp
t h e PO -s h i h i n t he T a i -ch a n i n i st r , a n d h e r e u e d t h e
’ ’
gm y
i n t h e d is a tch r e e r r e d b k m p f
to her e .

19
No t r e co r d e d , p r esu m bly l a o st .
 122 Sac r ifices to H ea ve n a n d E ar t h

“ “
s o u th ; mov e s P o l a r i s an d giv es s u pp o r t bo th to the common p e opl e
he
an d t o t h e Vi r t u o u s ly e mi n e n t H a s su ch a r u l e r e v e r fa il e d to i n s c r ib e .

h i s imp e r i a l a chi e ve m e n ts by w e avi n g toge t he r th e T a o o r fi st p r in , r

ci p le a n d th e t e
, o r p a r tic u l a p r i n ciple s as the war p a n d the w o o f
, r ,

a r e w o v e n t o g e th e r ? T h e G e en D i agr am s ay s Th r o u gh whi r l an d “
r
”
,
“

p er m eation the t e n th o u s a n d thi n gs a e e v o l u tio n ally t r an sfo r m e d

, r ,

e x p r es si n g th e e ffe c t o f t h e i n fl u e n c e o f g r e a t vi t u e
“
A n d th e R e d r .

B o o k say s T h e way will b e s moo th i f r igh te o u sn e ss o v e r com e s se lfi sh

” “
,

d e si r e s an d di sa s tr o u s i f s e lfi s h d esi e s ov e r c om e r igh te o u sn e ss sh o w
, r ,
”

i n g the imp o r ta nc e of e x tr e m e r e v e r e nc e a n d Vigil an c e S u ch r e v e e nc e .

5
r

a n d vigil an c e se r v e t o b u ild t h e r u l e r s vi r t u e u o i t s m aj e s t ic h e igh t ;

’

p t

a n d thi s high m o r a l q u a li t y Of h i s a chi e v e s th e e v o l u ti o n a l t r a n sfo r m a

t io n r e fe r e d t o Acco r d i n gly t h e r e h a v e b e e n s e v e n ty two mo n ar ch s

r .
-

“
who i n the p ast h av e off e r e d s ac r ifices to h ea v en an d e ar th .

L o n g ag o the Y e llow Emp er o r b e cau se o f the spi r i tu ali ty of hi s ,

p e r so n ali ty was the r e cipi en t o f mo st au spici o u s blessi n gs an d he

, ,

i n scr ib e d a r e c o r d o f h i s m e r i t o n the l o fty Mo u n t [T ai ] an d had ’

t r ip o d s ca s t a t Mo u n t C hi n g Sh u n s s a c r ific e to T a i sh an i s cl e a r ly
’ ’
-
.

r e co r de d i n t h e Y ii t i e n A n d we h e ar o f th e s acr ific e s t o h ea v e n an d
“ ”7
-
.

e ar th m a d e by Ki n g Ch e n g an d King K a n g [o f Ch o u ] a s r e co r d e d
’ ’

i n th e ap o c r yph a o f the Clas s i c o f M usi c W he n D u k e H u an o f Ch i

’
.

h ad b e com e d r u n k wi th pow e r h e c ast h i s e y e s t ow ar d imp e r i a l r u l e , .

B u t I wu [o r K u an Ch u n g ] sh r e w d ly r e m o n s tr a te d wi t h him by
-

d e taili n g th e e x tr ao r di n a r y om e n s n e c essar y fo r ass u mi n g th e imp e r i al

6
In t he C h u a n g tz u ( fo r Na n -
mi en , i . e .
, f ac n i g so u t h, see C h u a ng t z u yin
-
te ,

in we h a v e the ph r ase
“
Na n -
mi w g
en - an ,
”
a ki g n wh o
f B C ho u —
”
a ce s so u t h ) , an d in the Sh u o -k u a o f the oo k o f C h a n g es ( se e i y i n -te ,
50 / Sh uo / we fin d m i
e nt o n o f the r u er l f acin g so u t h , bu t no wh er e h as a f
s a ti s a cto r y

e xpl a n a t io n fo r t h is p r ac t ic e b f e en o u nd . In th e Sh u o k u a -
i t is m ly er e sa i d that the

so u t h is b i ght
r , h e n ce t h e sa e g f ac e s so u t h in a u d i e n ce wi h t the p pleo e o f the w ld or ,

as he f a ce s t h e l i g ht i n his l
ru e .

4 S ppu o se d l y th fi e r s t s ta r in t he U r sa Maj o r co n s te ll a t io n , co n c e i vd e in a n ci e n t Chi na

as th fi
e r st hea v en . If th e m v thi fi t t
l
r u er o es s rs s ar , aro u nd whi ch a ll o t h e r h ea v en ly
b o d ie s re v lv
o e, he i
s v id t l y t h p i m m v i
e en e r e o er n th e w ld or .

5 B o th th e
“
G r e en Di g m a ra d h R d B k
”
an t e
“
e oo
”
ha v b m
e ee n e n t io n e d in Ch pt a er IV ,
p 23 . Se e n o te 5, C h p IV
a te r .

vm
.

6 Re p ort n i g to he a v en a nd e ar t h on t h e ir a c hi e e e n ts , the e xp r e ss io n o f e x m tr e e

re v e r e n ce and Vi gil a n ce .

7 “
Sh u n -t ie n ,
”
t h e s e co n d c h a t e r o f t h e p B oo k o f Histo r y .
Sacr ifices t o Hea ve n a nd E ar t h 123

“
r ole an d for e st all e d his attemp t F r om thi s i n cide n t we l e ar n th at
,
.
,

j ade table ts an d gold inscr ip tions ar e the spe ci al om en s o f a n e mp e r o r .

“
B u t wh at h as b ee n s aid o f th e chi e n app e ar i n g i n th e w est an d th e , ,

app e a r i n g in th e ea st i s i d l e ch a t ter wi th o u t b a s i s ; wh a t i s r e ally

”
ti e h , ,

m ean t i s the r u l er s gr e at vi r tu e T he m o n o gr aph F e n g sh am ’

.
11 “
-
”

( S a cr ific e s t o h ea v e n a n d e a r t h ) a m o n g t h e e igh t t r ea ti se s i n t h e Sh i h

c h i of Shih ch i e n o r Ssu m a Ch i e n ] i s abo u t s p e ci a l r i te s o f s a c r ific e s

[
’ ’
- -

which wer e als o occasi o n s fo r r e co r d ing the m e r i ts o f the r u l e r s a n d

o ff e r i n g se c r e t p r ay e r s W e fin d i n t hi s mo n og r aph a t r u ly gr an d
”
.

sp e c t a cl e o f h e av e n wo r s hip T h e i n s c r ip t io n s of Ch i n Shih h u a n g— ti
’
-
.

[ fi r s t e mp e r o r o f t h e Ch in
] o n Moun t T a i w e r e fr o m th e b r u s h of
’ ’

Li Ssu ; wr i tten in the l an gu age o f a l e galis t th e i r style i s n e i th e r ,

e l e v a te d n o r s mo o t h Howe v e r cl e an a n d Vigo r o u s t h e y w e r e t h e b es t
.
,
-
,

li te r ar y e ffor ts o f t he tim e .

D ur ing the h e igh t o f the two Han Emp e r o r W u p er fo r m e d sacr ifice s ,

to h e a v e n a n d ear t h a t Mo u n t Su j a n a n d Emp e r o r K u a n g wu p e r - -

for me d sa c ifice s to h e av en an d e ar th at Mo u n t Li ang fu ; bo th r e co r d s

r -

a r e m a s te r pi e c e s glo r ifyi n g th e i r vi r tu e an d p r e se r vi n g t h e i r m er i ts
,

i n m e mo r y T h e Fe n g sh am o f [Ssu m a ] H si an g j u i s e l e g an t an d
” “
-
”
- -
.

le ad s the gen r e in b e au ty It tr ace s i ts o r igi n n a r r ate s success iv e p er .

,

fo r m an ce s o f the sov er e ign s an d ki n gs at s acr ifice s m en tio n s cl ea r ly ,

the phy s ic al sy mbols o f th e m and a te o f h e a v e n an d m ak e s t h e g r e a t ,

a chi e v e m e n t s of p ast r u l e r s s hi n e I n i t H si ang j u r e ach e d b a ck t o .

-

a n t iq u i t y fo r e v id en c e t h a t wa s o f s e r vic e t o t he co n te mp o r a r y r u l e r

Emp r or W u d x oll d his good b illi ig bov h

[ e
] a n e t e a n d ,r an t r e n a e t o s e

6 T he d u k
m th p iti e s
’
f th S fa mb iti on to a ssu e e os on o e on o He a v en wa s f r u str a ted

th gh t h f i l
rou f t i m t m t i l i Th
e a m ur e o c er a n o e ns o a er a z e . e se o en s w er e t hen c o n s tr u e d

to b th p e g ti v f e l m d t d by h v
r er o a es o a r u er an a e ea en .

A hi i
9
wi g d b i d Th b i d fly ly i p i
c en s a o ne - n e r . e se r s on n a rs .

16
A ti h i y d fi h Th fi h w i m l y i p i
e s a o n e -e e s . e se s s on n a rs .

Th 11
hi d ti h t h j d t bl t
e c d g ld i
en ip t i an e , e a e a e s an o n sc r o ns , ar e , a cco r d i n g to K u an

I w -
m f th th i g wh i h m t pp
u, so e oymb l f i v e n s c u s- a ea r as s o s o n es t it u r e by the m and ate

of h ea v en .

Se e Shi h — F g ( T ip i S p
12
c hi , en -
s ha n sh u a e , Er h -s h i h -wu - h i h ch u a n 2 8, . 10 6 .

In 1 67 B C . .
, E mp ero r W en b li h d
a o s e s ecr e t p y ra ers by m ea ns o f whi ch the sa cr i fiil c a

o fli cia ls a tt e mp t d t h ift e o s ca a l m i ty f m ro the e mp er o r to t h e p pl eo e . I bid .

,
p . i z a .

13 Str ic t ly p ki g t h s ea n , ey ifi d t
s acr ce o h ea v en at Mo u n t T a i ’
a nd to e a r th at Mo u n t
Li g f an -
u . See
“
W u ti -
ch i
”
in the Ha n s h u -
and
“
K u an gw-
u ch i
”
in th e Ho u -h a n s h u -
.

L iu Hsieh s
’
s tate m en ts ar e e ll ip ti c fo r th e p pur o se o f eu ph o ny .
1 24 Sacr ifices to H ea ve n a n d E ar t h

o f p r e vious s age ki n gs He s ang h i s p r ai se of the r e ign by ci ting au s

.

i i o u s o m e ns an d pl e a d e d wi th t h e e mp e r o r t o o to o ffe r s a c r ific e s
p c , g
to h ea v e n an d ear th at th e g r e a t mo u n t ain Such a pi e c e i s wi thou t .

p ee r a cr eatio n comple te ly n e w
, .
14

T he s t on e in sc r ip ti o n e x tolli n g Emp e r o r K u an g— wu s vi r t u e was

’

fr o m the b r u sh o f Ch an g Ch u n Its fi r st p ar t i s i n the [cl as sic al ] style ’

.

o f ti e n m a a n d i t s l a st p ar t i n t h e s tyl e of a p r ay e r
-
, o r ch u It ci te s , .

p r ogn o s tic ati o n s fr o m the apocr yph a d e s cr ib e s th e ch a otic time s , ,

15

a n d giv e s a n a cco u n t o f Ku a n g wu s mili t a r y m e r i t s a n d civil vi r tu e s

’
-
.

Luci d i n n ar r ativ e an d ar ticul ate i n r e aso n i n g al th o u gh i t is some wh at ,

l acki n g in e mb elli shme nt i t i s mo r e th an a d e q u ate i n i ts conten t , .

Th e se two wr i ter s [Ssu m a H si an g j u an d Ch an g Ch un ] l e ft b ehi n d - -

’

con cr e te e viden ce o n s to ne o n Moun t T ai Al tho u gh Y a n g Hsiu n g s ’

.
16 ’

“
Ch ii ch in an d P an Ku s Ti en y i n h av e n o t be en i n sc r ib e d th e y
-
’ ” 17 ’ “
-
” 18
,

a r e in t h e s t yl e o f th e c h i o r ch r o n icl e o f r u l e r s an d s h ah o r s a c r ifici al
, , ,

wr i ti n gs Ch ii ch in w as p atte r n e d afte r the wo k o f Ch an g—

.
“
-
’ ”
ch i n g r
’ ’

o r Ssu m a H si an g j u ; i t e mb o d i e s st r a n ge st o r i e s t ol d i n a s o p h i s t i
[ -
] -

c a te d l a n g u a ge a n d t o u ch e s t h e su p e r n a t u r a l How e v e r wi th i t s cl o se .
,

k n i t str u ctu r e an d coh e r e n t an d sm o o th l an gu age i t i s i n d ee d the ,

r e su l t o f t h e u t mos t in t e ll e c t u a l e ff o r t T h e su bj e c t m a tt e r d e a l t wi th .

in the Ti en yin h as the q u ali ti es o f gr ace an d b eau ty B ase d o n th e

“
-
”
.

e x p e r i e n c e h e ob t a i n e d t h r o u gh a s t u d y of p r e vio u s wr i tl n g s i t see ms ,

to h av e a chi e v e d th e r igh t p r incipl e I t su cc ee d s wi t h flyi n g c o lo r s i n .

e x p r es si n g ide as in ad e q u ate l a n g u ag e : fo r e x ampl e i t s p e ak s o f ,

“
Fe n g sh an as b eau tifu l an d n o t e legan t an d o f C hu —
-
”
ch i n as ,
” “ ’ ”

e l e gan t an d n o t t r u e Thi s se e ms to ill u str ate the tr u th th at hi n d sigh t

”
.

i s e as ily cl e ar e r th a n fo r e sigh t an d th at t aki n g a dv an t a ge of a n e x i sti n g

si tu ation giv e s o n e a b e tter ch an c e fo r su cce ss th an c r e a ti n g an ew .

W h e n we com e to the Shou ming ( R e c e p tion o f m an d a te ) o f “

-
”

Han t a n -
we find i t only the e ch o o f fo r m e r so u nd s ; fo r lik e
14
Th i s pi e ce is f
oun d i n Sh ih -c hi , Ha n -s h u , an d W e n -hs u a n .

15 Re f er r in g to t h e t i m e o f c o n u s io n su f b q se u e n t to t h e u su r p a t io n b y W an g Ma n g .

13 T he s to n e i n sc r i p ti on o f Hs ia n gj -
’
u s w iti g
r n is no t m ti en o ned l wh
e se er e .

17 T he f ll ti l i u t e s: Ch ii
“
-
ch
’
in g m ei -
h s in ,
"
cr i ti ci z i g Ch i
n
’
n and e x ll i g
to n Hsi n
W an g M g d y ti an
’
s n as c ti tl e .

18
Ex t ll i g t h v i t
o n e r u e o f th e Ha n .
XXII Me m o r i a l Par t I ( Th e Ch ang a n d the Pi a o )
.
,

Offic es c r e ate d to c ar r y o n the v ar ious function s o f gov e r n m en t

ar e ,

a n d o ffici a ls o f a ll r a n k s wo r k t oge th er W hil e the So n of H e av e n .

,

wi th fr inges o f p e ar ls o n his cr own holds co u r t lo r d s an d v ass als , ,

co me to see k au d i e n ce tin kli n g wi th j ade p end an ts Th ey r e p o r t o r ally

, .

i n w o r d s who se v a lidi ty i s op e n ly ch e ck e d by r e fe r e n ce to th e i r a c tu al
a ccompli s hm e n t s Thu s wh e n Y ao co n su l te d t h e fo u r chi e fs wh o we r e
.
,

i n ch ar ge o f t he v a ss a l lo r d s o r wh e n Shu n r e comm e n d e d the e ight ,

wo r thi e s [to Y ao ] o r wh e n offici als r ep e ate d th ei r cour te ous r e fu sal

,

o f t h e i r a ppoin tm e n t s o r wh en t he r ul e r di sp a t ch e d h i s minis te r s o n
1
,

ss n —
mi io s in all th e se ca se s the wor ds we r e u tte r e d at cou r t wi thou t ,

r e s o r t to p ap er an d b r u sh H e nc e t h e m e a n i n g o f th e t e r m c h a n.
g pi a o -

i s a r e po r t [th at i s ts o u ] by wo r d o f mo u th an d a n e x ami n a tio n o f

, ,

th e v a lidi t y o f th e wo r d s by r e fe r e nc e t o a ccompli shm e n ts s tan d s fo r

th e c er e mony o f b e s t owi n g a t i t le o f n o bili ty W h e n T ai chi a [T an g s

’ ’ ’
-
.

g an d so n ; 1 738—
r
7 5
1 2 B C ] a s c e n d e d the t h r o n e I Yin w r o t e a m e mo r i a l
. .
,

war n i n g him o f cer tai n pi tfalls ; an d wh en T ai— chi a again b ecam e 2 ’

h e e dfu l o f the con s tan t p r i n cipl e o f r igh t an d r e tu r n e d to Po I Y i n ,

3

ag ain wr o te m e mo r i a l s t o p r a i s e his e ff o r t Thi s was the fi r st instance 4

.

we fin d of s u ch a dvic e o ffe r e d as wr i t ten m e mo r i al s .

T h e Cho u h aving the a dv an t age o f the e x p er i e nc e s o f the p r e v iou s

,

two d y n a s ti e s wi t n es s e d fu r th er li ter ar y d e v e lopm e n t s It wa s c u s to m

,
.

a r y t o e x p r e ss o n e s g r a ti t ud e by ko wt owi n g a n d l a u d i n g h i s m aj e s t y s
’ ’

gr aci o u s m an d ate o r to ex p r e s s on e s s en se o f h u mili ty b efo r e the

,
’

gr e at e nligh ten e d o r d e r of en fe offm e n t or ally ; fo r a t the tim e o r a l an d

,

wr i tte n fo r m s we r e n o t y e t clear ly di sti n gu i she d b u t exp r ession s o f ,

gr a ti tu de can be r e a dily se e n .

D u r i n g the p e r i o d o f the S e ven S t ates n o ch an ge in the old fo r m

t ook pl a c e W h e n m e mo r i a li z in g the th r on e o n e was sa id to p r e s e n t
.
,

1 Th i s i nc l u d es th e d e c in in l g o f the f
o f er o f th e thr o n e .

2
Se e n o te I 6, C p
ha te r XIX .
3
C p it l
a a of Sh a n g .

4 T he t h r ee cha pte r s in t he B oo k 0 / His t o r y ent itl d e

“
T
’
a i -c h i a , g ro u p e d to g e the r as

Ch p ta er 14 i n t h e S ha ng -s h u f a ng -c hi e n .
Me m o r ial Par t I ,
12 7

a s h i t, o r l e tt e r Ch i n which fi r st i n s ti tu te d the ch an ge fr om
. It was th e
’

s h i t t o t s o u o r m e mo r i a l A c co r d ing t o t h e Ha n i n s t i t u t io n t h e r e w e r e
, .
,

fo u r ca tego r i e s : cha n g o r to m ak e cle ar o r a r ti c u l ate ; ts o u o r to m e

, ,

m o r i ali z e ; p i a o o r t o e x p r e ss ; an d i o r to di s c u s s T h e pu r po se o f the
, , .

cha n
g w a s t o m a k e cl e a r o n e s f ee ling o f g a t i t u d e ; o f t h e ts o u
’
t o r ,

i n v e s tigate an d t o imp each ; o f the pi a o to e x p r e s s o n e s o wn fe e li n gs ; ,

’

a n d o f th e i t o m ai n t ai n a di ff er e n c e of opi n i o n C h a n g li t e r a lly m e an s
,
.

“
cl ear o r ar tic u l ate In the B o o k of P o et y th e r e i s a li n e : fo r mi n g
.
”
r

ch a n
g i n h e a v e n which m ea n s t h a t i t
, s p
”5
a t t e r n i s m a d e ar t ic u l a t e A s .

an e x ampl e o f a n applic a t i o n of t h e id e a to m at e r i a l t hi n g s a mi x t u r e ,

of r e d wi th whi te i s c all e d cha ng Pia o m ea n s li te r a lly to p o st .

6 “
.
”

Ch ap te r o o k o f R i tes i s e n ti t l e d i o chi m a n i n g t h at
“ ”
[ 3 ]
2 i n t h e B P a e -
,

o n e s i n n e r vi r t u e i s po ste d o u tside in on e s m an n er s A s an e x ampl e of

’ ’
.

th e applic ati o n of thi s id e a to m a te r i al t hi n gs to m e a su r e t he s h a dow ,

on a s u n di al i s known as pi a o Th u s the te r m cha n g pi a o seem s to .

-

h a ve o r igin ate d .

W e fin d i n c l ud e d in th e Ch i lue h an d I wen [chih ] r e co r d s

’
- -
”7

o f a ll po e ti c w r i ti n g s ; an d
y e t t h e ch a n
g p i a o tso u a n d i a ll c r u ci a l , , , ,

in the con d u ct o f gov e r n me n t ar e omi tte d be c au se th e y we r e co n , ,

cer n e d wi th the affai r s o f v ar i o u s or gan s of go v e r n m en t an d we r e k ep t

i n t h e fil e s o f t h e i r go v e r nm e n t o ffi ce s F e w o f t h e p i a o o f t h e E a r ly .

Ha n p e r io d a e s till e x ta n t A n d d u r i n g th e L a te r Han o n e o f th e
r .

co n di tion s fo r be i n g se le c te d fo r o ffici al app o i n t men t was t o p a ss an

e x am i n ati on i n t h e c h a n d T H i d i which
“
’

g a n t s o u s o s u n
g s t o u a n . s ,

se t th e p a tter n fo r doc u m e n t s of t h e G r an d S e c r e t a r i a t an d Hu Ku an
’

g s ,

c h a n g a n d ts o u the b e st in th e co u n tr y w e r e b o th g r e a t li t e a r y p r o
, , r

d u cti o n s A p e r u sa l o f P o shih s [o r H u Ku a n g s ] h a n g o n his vi si t

8 ’ ’
-
. c

t o th e r oy a l tomb s will c o nvinc e u s of th e e l e g a n ce o f h i s cl assic a l s tyl e 9

.

5
The B oo k o f P o e tr y ,

6 T he li ne is q u o te d f m ro K a o ku ng
’
-
c hi , whi ch m e ans to gi v f m e or or to mk a e

l
a r t ic u a t e . See a so l C h o u Ii , -
ch ii a n 4 0, p . 25a :
“
[A m ix tu r e o f ] d w i h wh i
re t te is ll d
ca e

c ha ng f
’

7
Se e n o te 9, C h p t X V II a er .

8 T so Hs iu n g fl ihd d our s e u r in g th e b gi
e n nin g o f th e s e co n d ce n t u r y ; Hu K u an g
liv d f m 9 t 7
e ro 1 o 1 2 .

Th w k i l t
9
e or s os .
128 Me m o r i al Par t I ,

Lon g ag o D u ke W e n o f Chin [636 62 8 B C ] accep te d th e o r de r o f

,
- . .

e n fe o ff m e n t o n ly aft e r d e clini n g i t t h r e e t im e s H e nce s inc e th e e n d .

,

o f th e H an n o o n e h a s m e mo r i a li z e d m o r e t h an th r ee t im e s i n d e cli n i n g

his appoi n tm en t A n d T s a o [Ts a o ] co n side r e d i t u nn e ce ssa y fo r an

.
’ ’
r

o ffici a l t o m e m o r i ali z e t h r e e t im e s in co u r t e sy d e clini n g an d a l so fe l t ,

t h a t th e m e m o r i a l s h o u l d n o t co n tain an y su p e r fici a l an d flowe r y

r h e t o r ic F o r t hi s r ea s o n
. t h e p i a o an d c h a n g d u r ing t h e fi r s t y e ar s o f
,

th e W e i dy n a s ty w e r e w r i tte n in a m a tte r o f— fac t s tyl e If o n e s i n te r e st

’
-
.

i s i n the b e a u ti ful th e n t h e r e i s li ttl e h e r e th a t m ay b e co n sid e r e d

,

p r ai se wor thy B u t W en ch ii s [o r K un g Y un g s ] m e mo r i al r eco m

.
-
’ ’ ’

me nding Ni Hen g i s m a r k e d wi th li ve ly spi r i t an d flyi n g color s ,

a n d t h o se o f K u n g mi n g o r Chu k e Li ang biddi n g f a r e w e ll t o t h e

[ ]
’
- -
,

yo u n g r u ler fu lly e x p r e ss hi s i d e a s which w er e cou ch e d i n smoo thly

,
11
,

flowi n g l an gu age Th e se wr i tings m ay differ in t h at W e n chii s i s

.
-
’

b eau tifu l whil e Chu k e s ar e f actu al b u t bo th ar e h er o e s in the ge n r e

-
’

o f p i a o T h e ch a n g an d p i a o of [Ch e n ] Lin a n d [Ju an ] Y ii wo n t h e m

’
.

gr e a t fame du r i n g th e i r tim e ; K u n g— c h ang s

[ o r Ch e n Li n s
] w as
’ ’ ’ ’

p ar ticul ar ly k n own fo r i ts li te r ar y vigor Hi s pi a o i s in d e e d the s tan d ar d .

of i ts ki n d Ch e n s s u s [o r T s ao Chi b s ] pi ao is the b e s t of all t h e se

.
’
-
’ ’ ’

t a l e n te d wo r k s e l e g an t i n s tyl e m e l o d ic in p r o sody p u r e in l an gu age

, , , ,

a n d cl e ar in t h o u gh t He a r tf u lly a d ap t e d his t a l e n t s t o t hi n g s a s t h e y
.

we r e an d alw ay s de scr ib e d the ch angi n g si tu ation wi th the s am e li fe

,

a n d s pi r i t J u st b e ca u se h e wa s i n f u ll c o n tr ol a t th e r e i n h e wa s abl e t o
.
,

m ain tai n an e qu a lly ev e n p ace wh e th er he was slowing down o r

s pe e di n g u his t mpo
p e .

D u r i n g the fi r s t y e ar s o f the Chi n dy n asty Ch an g Hu a [232 300 ] ,

-

wa s th e l e a der a mo n g w r i te r s o f this ge n r e T h e th r ee m e m o r i als i n .

which he d ecli n e d the in v e s ti tur e o f a lo r d ship ar e co mp r e h e n siv e in

r eas o n ing a n d s u cci n c t i n l a n g u age ; i n e l a b o r a t i n g i d e a s a n d in com

p ar i n g fa c ts he a lw ays s u ccee de d i n p r o d u ci n g a m atch e d p ai r T he

,
.

10 Fl o u r is h i n g d u r in g th e Chi e n -a n p e r io d , 1 9 6- 2 2 0 .

11 L iu Ch ’
an , the s eco n d l r u er o f Sh u , o ne of th e k i gd m H l d f m
th r ee n o s . e ru e ro

2 2 3 to 2 63, wh en he su r r e n d e r e d to t h e W ei . In t h e se m m i l K g m i g tl i d
e o r a s,
’
un - n ou ne

his pl a ns fo r the in v a s io n o f W ei and g a v e ad vi ce to th y g le i g th

o un r u er co n c e r n n e

a ff a i r s o f t h e s ta te .
130 Me m o r i al Par t I ,

his ide a i s th at li ter ar y e xp r ession s an d i d e as sho u ld b e m ad e o n e .

Hsii n Ch ing once r e m ar k e d th at i t was m o r e sa ti sfyi n g t o se e a m an s

’ ’

bea utiful li te r ar y ex p r e s sion s th an w o v e n p atter n s o f silk D id h e .

15

n o t e x p r e ss an id e a simil a r to T z u —
Ku n g s ? ’

Th e T sa n
In p r e sen ti n g p ia o a t the imp e r i al gate
O r o ffe r i n g a d v ic e b e fo r e th e e mb r oid er e d s c r ee n ,

W o r d s sh o u ld b e p u r e a n d cl ea r
A n d i d ea s s t ate ly an d g r an d ,

R e sp e c tfu l i n t he n ar r a t ive o f d e tails ,

A n d n e a tly o r d e r e d i n p u tti n g fi r st thi n gs fi r s t an d

,

W h e n e ndowe d wi th li ter ar y t a le n t a m an o f vi r tu e ,

Pr o d uce s wo r k s which ar e tr uly wo r ks o f ar t .

XXIII Me m o r i al Par t II ( Th e Ts o u an d th e C h i )
.
,
’

T he mi n i ster s o f the T an g an d Y u d yn asti e s m e m o r i aliz e d the th r on e

’

by wor d of mou th D ur i n g the Ch in a n d the Han the m e mo r i al s o f

.
’

the o ffi ci a ls we r e k n own a s ts o u W h e th e r t he m e mo r i a l wa s conc er n e d .

wi th poli tica l affai r s i n s ti tu tions an d r i te s a r e po r t o f an em er ge ncy

, , ,

o r a n a cc u s a tio n a n d imp e a chme n t i t s ge n e r a l n am e wa s ts o u Ts o u ,

.

m eans to p r e sen t th at i s to p r e s e n t i n wor d s the fee li n g o f the m asses

, ,

o f th e p e opl e b e fo r e t h e t h r o n e T h e fo r m ts o u wa s c r e ate d by th e .

fi r st emp er o r o f th e Ch in T he wr i tings o f the [Ch i n ] l e gali sts ’

.
’

,
1

h o we ver we r e n o t kn own fo r th ei r li te r ar y qu ali ty If we e x ami n e

,
.

r im e Mi n i s te r W a n g W a n s m e mo r i a l lan d i n g t he mili t ar y me r i t s
[ ]
’
P

14
Ch u n ch i ti hi n g -c h u a n y i n — t e , 4 84 /a i 1 2 /3 T so
’ ’
-
c

fid
.

15 Hs ii nt z u c hi -c hi e h , c h ii a n 3 , h a te r 5 ,C p 5 3 L iu Hs i e h p . . m odi e t h e s tat e m e n t to

su it h is p pur o se .

16
Se e n o te 1, Ch p t XIX
a er .

1
T he Ch i ’
n b il t it l
u l g li t p
s ru e on e a s pl
r i n ci es .
Me m o r i al Par t II ,
131

an vi r tu e o f [the fi r s t e mp er o r ] wi th i ts ter s e exp r ession s an d simple

d ,

i d eas o r th at o f Li Ssu about [the t omb at ] Moun t Li b r i e f in n ar r ativ e

, ,

a n d a b su r d i n id eas we sh all see t h at th e l a ck o f g r a c e an d b e nign ,

spi r i t i n go v e r n m en t h a s fou n d e x p r e s s ion i n t h e w r i t i n g s o f th e

d y n as ty Sinc e th e Han m e m o r i al s h av e al s o b ee n k n own a s s h a n g

.
2
,

h a t i s p r ese n t at ion of a sh i t s t h er e h av e be en good s ch o l ar s

3
sh i t
[ t ] A, .

i n gr e a t n u mb e r the li ter a r y q u ali ty o f t h e s h i t h a s b ee n mo st c o m

,

me nd able Chi a I s m emo r i al on the impo r ta n ce of agr ic u l tu r e Ch ao

. .
’
,
’

T s o s o n mili tar y aff ai r s K u a n g H e n g s o n s ac r ifici al r i te s t o h ea v en

’ ’ ’ ’

, ,

W an g Chi s o n th e p r i n cipl e o f co n duc t o r li W e n Sh u s on mi tigati n g

’

, ,
’

cr imin a l p u n i shmen t an d Ku Y u n g s r emo n str ati n g agai n st the b e li e f ,

’

in the imm o r tal s ar e wor k s m ar k e d by cle ar cu t an d e ffe ctiv e r e a son

4
-

i n g an d smoo th an d r e a d abl e li t e r ar y s tyle Th e s e wr i te r s m ay b e s a id

, .

t o h av e known th e m a in fin e p o in t s of th e ge n r e .

T h e L ater Ha n wi tn e sse d th e e m er ge n c e of m an y wo r t hi e s the ,

br illi an ce of who se m agn ifi ce n t u tter an ce s h as n o t b e en d imm e d Y an g .

Ping s u r g e n t r e mo n s tr an c e wi th the e mp e r o r o n th e b asis o f a n a tu r a l

’
.

c al ami ty an d Ch e n F an s indign ati o n ab o u t di s cr imi n ato r y gr a n ts

,
5 ’ ’

o f r oy al fa vo r ar e w o k s ch ar a c t e r i z e d by a dvic e so f r a nk a s t o b e
[
6
r

p ai n ful i n the e ar ] a s a fishb o n e [in th e th r o a t ] Ch an g H en g s cr i ti .

7 ’

ci sm of e a r li e r hi s t o r ic a l w o r k s a n d T s a i Y u n g s c o n c er n a bo u t c o u r t
8 ’ ’

r i tu a l s a r e sp e cim e n s o f e r udi t i o n a n d lucidi t y

9
.

2
Ag ood i ll u s tr a ti o n o f th e assu m ed lit er ar yp r i n ci pl e t h a t th e q l i ty
ua o f a g o v er n m en t

is re fl e ct e d in t he li te r a ry w i ti g f t h r n s o e ti m e .

3
m Sh u
t a e an s o na l y y t m ti ll y
z e s s e a ca .

A b li f d v
4
t e e a o ca e d b y th l igi T e re o us a o i s ts . Ma n y Chi n ese l
r u er s , d es p e r a te fo r i m
m t l ity
or a mb d t it , su ccu e o .

Emp
5
H 4 7 67 v i d lg d
er o r u an , 1 -
1 , o er n u e in pl e asu r e s . O n e d ay wh h w en t v i it
e as o u s

i g
n g t t w bl w d w
, a r eat r ee as o n o n , r o o s a nd a ll, by a b ig wi nd . Y g Pi g t k th i
an n oo s as

an om wh i h g d i ll f th mp
en c au ur e or e e er o r i f h e d id no t m en d hi w y
s S h i bi g
a s . ee s o

r ap h y i n Ho a -ha n -s h a .

6
Al so w i tt d i g t h
r en ur n e r ei g n of E mp er o r Hu a n
i gh tf w d d v i
.

7 Str a h u r ts fis hb o n e i n
’
th r o a t h u r ts h is
’
or ar a ce o n e s car as a o ne s t hr o a t
vi
.

He n c e a fis hb o n e i n t h e th r o at b m e co es a fig ure fo r f ran k ad ce .

Ch g H g i h i
8
an en , n s mm il t
e or a o Emp er o r An , 1 0 7 -1 2 5 , li ts ed o v er ten i te m s in
m Ch i Shih hi d P Ku Ha n s h u wh i h w wi th l
’ ’
S
’
su -
a en s -
c an an s -
c er e n o t in a cco r d h is to r i ca
f t
ac s ,d xp d th d i
an e r e ss e e es r e to w k or in th e T gk un -
u an wh er e a ll h is to r ica l r ec o r d s

w k pt S hi b i g p hy i
er e e . ee s o ra n th e Ho u ha n -s h tt -
ch ii a n 89
ha n —
, .

S9
h i b i g p h y i th H
ee s o ra n e o u- s hu, ch ii a n 9 0 h s ia .
1 32 Me m o r i al Par t II ,

In th e W e i d y n a sty t he
m an y p r omi n e n t mi n i ster s wh o re a r o se ,

p r od u ce d a l ar ge n umb e r o f li ter ar y wo r k s Kao T ang s [o r Kao T an g .

’ ’ ’

lun g s ] a str ologic al m emo i al H u an g Ku an s m e mor i al o n e d u c ation

’
r ,
10 ’

W an g L an g s o n e co n omy an d Ch e n I s o n th e c o mp e ti t iv e e x amin a
’

,
’

t ion s d e a l t wi th th e i r s u bj e c t m a t te r s e x h a u s tiv e ly a n d wi t h a t ho r ough ,

knowl e dge o f go v er nm en t .

T h e Chin dy n asty wa s afflic te d wi t h a gr e at d ea l o f t r o u bl e an d ,

unde r t he se a dver se ci r c u m s tan ces m a s ses o f p e ople we r e for ce d to tak e

t o th e r o a d Liu Su n g s m e mo r i a l e x p r e ss i n g h i s co nc e n a bo u t th e
’
. r

si tu ation of the times an d th at o f W e n Ch i ao e x p r e ssi n g h i s an x i e ty

,
’

a bo u t t h e l a v i s h e x p e ndi t u r e s on co n st r u c ti o n s e t th e p a t te r n o f l o y a l t y
,

fo r tho s e in ch a r ge o f th e m an age m e n t o f the sta te .

T h e ts o u as a fo r m o f w r i ti n g de m an d s as i ts fo u n d atio n th e q u ali ti e s
of l u cidi ty tr u thfu ln e ss simplici ty an d si n cer i ty ; an d i t o p e n s wi th an
, , ,

app r o a ch which i s a n a ly t ic a l a n d s y s t e m a tic T h e i d e as e x p o u n d e d .

s ho u ld b e coge n t e no u h t o fi e e n th u s i a sm fo r c a r r yi n g t h e t a s k t o
g r

comple tion an d the exp e r i en ce o f th e au tho r b r o ad en ou gh to en able

,

him to fo llo w o u t all the r amific ation s o f the r e a son i n g He sh o u ld .

con sider the p r i n cipl e s p r e v aili n g in a nci en t tim e s i n h i s m an age m e n t

o f t he p r ese n t an d k ee p t he m a s s of d e ta il s u n d e r co n t r o l a n d r e d u c e
,

th e m t o th e e sse n t i a l I t i s in th e se t h a t th e su b st an c e o f thi s fo r m
.

o f w r i t i n g co n s i st s .

T h e ts a n s fu n c t io n i n a cc u sa tio n a n d imp e achm e n t i s to cl ar ify

’

th e la w an d r i d th e st ate of e vil T h e T ai p u o f th e Ch o u ch e ck e d a
’ ’
-
.

—
cr imin a l act an d cor r e cte d e vil con d u c t ; the Y ii shih o f the Ch i n ’

e n fo r c e d t h e la w ; th e H an c r e a te d th e Ch u n g ch e n t o b e i n ch ar ge of
’
-

a ccu s a tio n a n d imp e a chm e n t Th e se offi ce r s o ccu pi e d a po si tion simi 11

.

lar to t h a t o f a s t r iki n g h a wk a n d so h ad t o g i n d a n d s h a r p e n
12
,
r

t h e i r s pi r i t s to s u c h a p o i n t th at s to r my wi n d s wo u l d whi r l f r om th e

10 C e r ta i n a s tr o n o mi l ph
ca eno m e na w er e ta k en to be a w ar n in g giv en by th e A u g
u st

He a v e n to t h e So n o f He a v en fo r h is mi sco n d u ct .

11 T
’
ai -
p
’
u, Y ii -
s h ih , and Ch g un -
ch e n
’
w er e la w -
f
e n o r ci n g o ffice s o f t he r es p e ct i v e

d y n as t i e s .

12
Ha wk is u se d as a fig ur e fo r a la w-e n f o r ci n g o f ce rfi b e ca u s e o f the si mil ar n atu r e

o f l
r u th es s n e ss .
134 Me m o r i al Par t , II
s ee m to b e good at s colding b u t ofte n miss the gol d e n me an If on ly , .

th e y co u ld op e n wid e th e g ate o f mo r a ls a n d po st high p r i n cipl e s o r ,

e r e c t a s ta nd ar d by poin ti n g to th e r o a d o f r igh te o u sn e s s t h e n t ho se ,

wh o climb e d ov e r fo r bidd e n w all s w o u ld h ave t h e i r l e gs b r o k e n a n d

t ho se wh o s o u gh t u n sa n c tion e d s h o r t c u t s wo u ld los e t h e i r t o e s And
21
.

wh e r e wo u ld b e the n e cessi ty fo r ho t wo r d s an d s can d alo u s u tte r an c es ,

o r the d e si r e t o bl am e a n d c e n s u r e ? Thus in an e ffo r t t o e s t abli s h a ,

s t an d ar d an d t o apply i t s c r i te r i a fo r t hi s fo r m o f wr i t i n g o n e s hould ,

fi r st u n d er stand i ts e sse n ti a l n atu r e Its str uct ur e should confo r m to a .

ce r t ai n cl a ssic fo r m a n d i t s l an gu age p o sse s s a s tyl e wo r t hy o f b e coming

a p r e v a ili n g s t a nd a r d In o r d er t o b e a n o u t s t a n di n g h e r o amo n g th e
.

fea sti n g guests up r igh t an d r e ve r en t wi thin an d r igh te o u s an d imp ar

,

t i a l wi th o u t a w r i te r i n t his ge n r e shoul d po s s e s s t h e l e g ali st s pi r i t o f

,

law a n d the li te r ar y vigo r o f th e Con fuci ans ; h e sh o u ld b e abl e t o .

oppo se powe r fu l an d r u thle s s fo r ce s un afr aid an d conve y hi s co n 22

V I CtI OIl s t h r ough ink givi n g n o qu a r t e r t o c r ook e d e l e m e n t s ; i n d ee d 23

, ,

h i s v oic e should b e a mo v i n g i n fl u e nc e b e yon d th e b amboo s tr ips .

C i o r t o info r m m ea n s li ter a lly to op

h
'

,
e n,
ao —
W h e n K t su n g
“
.
”

Emp er o r W u — ing e Sh an g ; 1 33 1 2 7 s aid O p e n yo u r

“
[ t o f t h 9 9 B C ] -
. .
,

h e ar t an d fer tili z e my mi n d he was u sing th e te r m i n t his s e n se ,

” 24
.

T h e n am e of Emp e r o r Ching [o f th e E ar ly Han ] was Ch i h e nce i t

’

was t aboo du r ing th e Han an d the t e r m ch i was n o t us e d I t wa s

’ 25
.

dur ing the W e i p er iod th at shor t n o te s to the th r one wer e calle d ch i ’

.

Som e tim e s at the en d o f a m e mor i al chi ng ch i [ I r e sp e c tfu lly op e n ,

-
’ “

my he ar t o r r esp e ctfully su bmi tte d ] was u se d as a clo si n g ph r ase

,
” “ ”
.

Since the tim e of Chi n ch i ha s b e com e cu r r e n t in u se It i s u se d ei th er

,
’
.

a s a p i a o o r a s a tso u In p r e se n ti n g poli tica l v i e ws i t i s use d as an

.

21 Cl imb i g w ll n a s a nd ta ki g n s ho r t c ut s ar e fig u r es fo r b e v
h a io r wh i c h d o es no t

f m t th
co n o r go e r e co niz ed m l ora s ta n d a r d .

22
M a o -s hi h y i n -
te, 23 I bi d .
,

24 Kao -tsu n gp r o cu r e d th e se r vi ce s o f Eu Y u e h , an a bl m i
e n i s te r wh o h a d a pp ear e d to

h im i n a d r ea m T he li ne q uo te d was ad d r e ss e d to Eu T he te r mfo r o p en
”
is ch
’
i
—
. . .

Sha ng s h u t u ng -c h i e n ,
’
-
5 .

25 p pl
The eo e ar e no t a ll wo e d to s p k
ea or w it r e t h e c h a r a c te r w hi ch ha pp en s to be
p t f th m
ar o e
'

na e o f t he ir l
r u er o r o f t h ei r f a ther . To vi l
o a te t h is tab o o is co n s i d er ed an

t f
ac oil g sac r e e.
Me m o r i al Par t II ,
135

l
a t e r n a t e t o th e ts o u , a n d b e c m e s a s u b sti tu te fo r the pi a o wh en i tit o

i s u se d t o d e cli n e t h e c o n fe r m e n t o f a ti t l e of n o bili ty o r t o e xp r e s s
gr a ti tu d e fo r r o y al gr ac e It i s o f the v er y e ssen ce o f i ts n a tu r e to b e .

p u r e to be co n fo r m able to th e p r i n ciple s o f r h e to r ic an d swift in te mpo

, ,

t o b e d i s ti n c t a n d cl e an i n p r e s e n ti n g a r gum e n t s an d to b e i n b ea u tif u l ,

li te a r y fo r m b u t wi tho u t e x ce ssiv e o r n am e n tatio n Th e se i n gen e r al

r .
, ,

a r e s o m e o f t h e i d ea s go v e n i n g th e g e n r e ch i
’
r .

A g ai n t h e p i a o an d ts o u co n ta in id eas which ar e fir m an d t o th e
,

p o i n t ; the y ar e known a s fr a nk sp e aki n g a n d [b eca u se i t i s fr an k “

,
”
,

a im s a t co r r e c t i n g th e bi as ; of c o u r se i f the ki n gly wa y i ts e l f i s i n
] ,

fe s te d wi th p e r son a l bi as th e spi r i t o f the b r o a d an d g r a n d i s viol a te d

, .
26

r a t e i t i s b e ca u se o f i t s a imi n g a t co r r e c t i n g h p e r so n a l
[ B u t a t an
y ] [
, ] t e

bi as [t h a t thi s fo r m
z7 ‘

] i s k n own a s f r a n k s p e a ki n g A n d Emp er o r .

Ch e n g o f the Han highly p r ai se d Pan Po s fr an k a ddr e ss j u st b e cau se

’ ’

h e v al u e d s tr aigh tfo r w ar d n e ss .

Ev er since the est abli shm en t d u r i n g the H an d yn asty of the e igh t

t al e n te d sch o l ar s t h e r e h a v e b ee n s e c r e t m e mo r i a ls c o n c e r ni n g th e
28
,

p r i n ciple s o f y i n an d y a ng Th ese m e mo r i a l s we r e su bmi tte d i n se ale d .

bl ack po u ch e s a ci r cu m sta nce whi ch e ar n e d th e m the n ame o f sea le d

,
“

m emo al s No w wh e n Ch ao T s o h ad r e ce iv e d i n st u ction i n th e
ri .
,
’ ’
r

B o o k o f Hi s to r y [fr o m F u sh e n g ] he c am e b ack an d r e po r te d to t h e -
,

e mp e r o r o n
p i en i
[ t h at is on a ll t h a t was c o n v e n i e n t
-
( p i en
) ,t o t h e

gove r n m en t an d all th at wa s su i tabl e ( i ) to the p e ople ] A n d l a ter .

s u ch pi e n i we r e o ften a ttach e d to the s eal e d m e mo r i al s the i d e a

-
“
,
”

b ei n g to keep the r epor ts a to p gov er n m en t se cr e t T he ki n g s min i s .

’
~

te r s u n se lfi s h i n m o t iv e will alway s sp e ak fr an kly So wh e n th er e 29

.
, ,

26
In th e
“
Hu n g Fa n o f the B oo k o f Hi s to r y we h a v e: Th er e is n e it h e r o n e -s i d e d

ness no r p ti ar sa n s p i it
r , fo r b r o ad and g r an d is th e k i gly w
n ay ; and th e r e is n e i t h er

p ar t i s a n sp i it r no r o n e s i d e d n e ss ,
-
fo r th e k i gl yn wa y i lvl s e e a nd pl a in .
”
S ha ng -s h u
f a ng -c hi e n , -
505 .

27
T he te x-t is co r r u pt . T h e i n te r p r e t a ti o n giv en h er e is b ase d on th e e m e n d ate d r ea d

in g s o f P a n W e n la n -
a nd W an g Li -
ch
’
i .

28
Each w i th
o p i l d ty m i h g f h m i i g
f th e s e was e n tr u s t e d o ne s ec a u : so e n c ar e o ar on z n

th yi
e g p i ipl
n m i h g f th l d m i t S H ii
a n d th e y a n r nc es , so e n c ar e o e ca e n ar , u s c, e c . ee
“
s

li y ii h h i h i H h h d Ch g h i mm t y ’
- - -
e c n oa an s u , an an -
ua s co en ar .

29
A bb v i t d q t ti f m th B k f C h g t t m t tt h d t l i tw
n a re a e u o a- o n ro e oo o an es , s a e en a ac e o ne o

f t h h x g m hi T h f ll l i T h ki g m i i
“
S Ch i yi t 4 /39
’
- -
o e e a ra c en . ee ou n e, 2 2 . e u ne : e n s n s t er
136 Me m o r ial Par t II ,

ar e good mi n i ster s the r e will b e good gove r n m e n t Th e r e fo r e

, .

n e ce ss ar y to dw e ll a t l e n g th o n t his fo r m o f wr i t i n g .

T h e Ts a n
Th e Ssu chih i n bl ack ga r b
-
30

Keep s gov er n m en t cl e an o f all e vil i n fl u en ces .

W i th b r u s h s h a r p a s a s w o d r

A n d i n k d ea d ly a s poi so n o u s wi n e ,

Hi s ce n s o r io u s cu t m ay p e n e tr a te th e bon e ,

A n d y e t i t will n o t m ar th e compl e x io n .

In offer ing p o li tic al vi e ws o r su gge sting polici es ,

He i s t h e m a n t o t r u st .

XXI V Dis cussi o n . ana

7
A ns we r ( Th e I a n d th eT a i )

O n the P l ain of Cho u [Ki n g W e n s gr an dfath e r the an ci e n t l o r d T an ’

fu ] a s ke d q u e s ti o n s an d d i sc u sse d [m at te r s ] a n d d isc u s si o n i s th e 1 “ ”
,

m e ani n g o f the te r m i T he li te r a l m ean i n g o f i o r to d i scu ss i s i o r

.
, , ,

a pp r op r i ate so th a t t h e c o mpl e t e co n c e p t i s ] a n e x ami n a ti o n o f m at

[ ,

te r s t o fin d o u t wh at i s app r op r i ate I n th e B o o k o f C h a n g e s u n d e r
”
.

th e h e x agr a m c hi e h o r limi t at io n i t i s s a i d , [G u id e d by h e x ag r a m , ,

h e s up er io r m an c r e a te s m e a s u r es an d d i s c u s s e s th e n a t u r e o f
chi e h
] t

vi r tu e a n d cond u ct N o w the B o ok of Chou [i n the B o o k of

.
2 “ ”

Hi s t o r y ] s ays W h e n affa i r s ar e d i s c u sse d acc o r di n g to c e tai n r u l e s

“
,
r

is b e se t by b to s r u ct i o n u p on o bt i
s r u ct o n , b u t it is no t due to h is se lfi h m ti v
s o e .

30 An i
o fl ce cr e at e d in th e Ha n to a ss i s t th e p im mi
r e n i s te r in e x p i g th
os n e co r r u pt
lm
e e e n ts in th e g o v er n m en t .

1 A co mb i f i d ea s co n ta in e d i n two i n e s i n Po e
n a t io n o 2 37 i n t h e l
o o k o f P o e tr y m B .

I n t h is o e p m
th e fi
r s t e ff o r t i n t h e u i d in o f th e b l g
h o u d y n a s t is d escr i e d T an -fu C y b .

wa s d iscu ss i n g p bl m w
ro e s i th th o se who c h o s e to o o h im t o Mo u n t C h i , to f ll w
h ich
’
w
the y re m v
o e d u n d e r the p r e ss u r e o f th e e s te r n tr i e s w
A s i s tr u e i n s o an b
ca s es, m y
v x
.

i t i s th e t e r
“
m g w
d i scu ss in
”
h ich a ttr ac ts o u r a u t ho r i n h a te er co n t e t i t o ccu r s w .

2 C h o u -i y i n —
t e , 36
138 Di scus si o n a n d A ns wer
is n o t p u r e b u t mi x e d i t i s ch ar acte r i z e d as p o W i th the e x plici t , .

d efini tion o f the i du r i n g the t wo Han p e r iod s i t achie v e d a d i sti n ct ,

fo r m A s the cou r t was cr ow d e d wi th tale n te d schol ar s i t was fille d

.
,

wi t h th e i r di scour s e Chi a I i n h i s effo r t to e xp r e ss the i d e as fo r the .

,

o ld schol ar s a t cou r t wa s a n e x ampl e o f a nimbl e t a l e n t fo r d i sc u s s i o n

10
, .

A s fo r Chu — fu s i ar gui n g agai n s t th e p r o hibi t i o n o f c a r r yi n g bows

’

H n ku o s ar g u m e n t abo u t t h e H u n s Chi chi

[ ] A h b
’ 12
C
’
an -
a ii a n s c o n -

te n t io n o v e r th e e x p e d i tio n ag ai n s t C h u y a i a n d L i u Hsi n s i o n t h e
’
-
,

con tr o v er s y ov er the wo r ship of the r o y a l a n ce sto r s th e y m ay di ffe r ,

14

i n co n te n t a s w e ll as in l an gu age b u t t h e y h av e a ll a chi e v e d th e ,

e s se n ti a l a im s o f t h e ge n r e .

Th en t he r e we r e Ch an g Mi n s j u dgmen t o n t he law gove r nin g ’

i n s u lt Kuo Kung s ar gu m en t abo u t e x e r ci si n g the power o f execu

,
15 ’

tio n o n on e s o wn a u tho r i t y Ch e n g Hsi ao s co n dem n atio n of the

’ 16 ’ ’

10 b i g p h y i Shih hi
See h i s o ra n -
c .

11 “
h ld b W b i g p h y f W h i Sh w g i
” “
Ch h i th
’ ’
F u u s S ou e u c -
u . ee e o ra o u c -
u ou- an n

H h
a n -s wh t h i i
u, d d
ere e s r e co r e .

12
S h i b i g p hy i H
ee s h
o ra n a n -s u

H —
.

13
S h i bi g p h y i
ee s h
o C h y i i th
ra p t H i n i l d th f
an s u . u- a s e r esen a -
n an s an so u o

K g g p vi
u an tu n Th ti v
ro b ll d g i t th H
n ce . l e d th wna t lk f es re e e a a ns e an r u e, an er e as a o

sen di g n xp d iti g i t th m Ch i C h ii h ih g d g i t it
an e e on a a ns e . a a n -c ar ue a a ns .

14
D i g th fi t y
ur n f Emp e Ai ( 6 rs ft l g t v y v th
e ar o er o r a er a on co n r o ers o er e

p bl m f h w m y
ro e o to l h ll w t b m i t i d b y th l i g h
an a n ce s r a d a s er e o e a n a ne e ru n o u se an

w h i h w t b d i t i d ft
c er e o e t i p i d L i H i m f th w ith t h
sco n nu e a er a ce r a n er o , u s n ca e or e

p p l b d t h W g h i h ( t h K i g I t i t t i ) i th L i h i t h t t h S
ro o sa , ase on e
“
an -
c
”
e n
’
s ns u on n e -
c , a e on

o f H v eami ti ven t
a n a n l h ll w h i h h d f d d g i t v i
se en th p
a n ce s r a a s, c e e en e a a ns ar o u s o er ro

p l i l di g
o sa s , nc u th t l y fi h ll b m i t i d L i H i l b l i v d t h t
n one a on ve a s e a n a ne . u s n a so e e e a a

l w i h g t h i v m t h l d h v h ll m i t i d p m tl y H i l d d
r u er t r ea ac e e en s s ou a e a a a n a ne er a ne n . e nc u e

i th i
n g y th h ll f Emp
s c a te or W w h i h it h d p v i ly b
e a o g d h ld b ero r u, c a re ous e en ur e s ou e

di ti
s co n d t nueg iv t im a a en e .

D i g th
15
ur n ig f Chi he ( 7 6 83)
re k i ll d m wh h d i l t d h i
n o e n -c
’
u -
a so n e a an o a n su e s

f th Emp
a er . Ch g ( 7 6 88) p d d h im v i g h im f m x ti th p i h
er o r an -
ar o ne , sa n ro e e cu o n, e un s

m t f k i ll i g D i g th x t ig th t f Emp
en or n ur n H ( 89 thi ep d t ne re n, a o er o r o s r e ce en

l w g v
.

b m eca bl i h d l w k w
e e s ta s eth as i g i l t C h g Mi f id t h t
a no n as e a o er n n n su an n, a ra a

pt d hi d vi
.
,

th i m ig ht l
s d t l wl ea g d g i t it Emp
o a H e s sn e s s , a r ue a a ns er o r o a cc e e s a ce .

b di t f G
.

D i g th ig f Y g p i g (58 Ch i P g l ’ ’
16 -
’
n en a su or na e o en er a
ur n e re n o un n ,

T ou K w g iv u, p t mm d H x t d p pl
as en a se hi w
a r a e co h i ty T an . e e e cu e eo e on s o n au t or . ou

K u rep t d i t t th t h
or e o f i b d i ti T h mp
e h d th m i i t
r o n e as a c as e o nsu or na on . e e er o r a e n s er s

a t t di
co u r th m tt W ith th x p ti f K K g ll m i i t w i f v
sc u s s e a er . e e ce on o uo un , a n s er s ere n a or

o f T K ou p i i th t C h i P g h d
’
u s o n on th it y t x t p pl w ith t fi t
a
’
n
’
en a no au or o e e cu e eo e ou rs

re p ti g th
or n t hi p i K
e c a se g d th t i P g h d b gi v
o s su er o rp uo ar ue a s n ce
’
en a e en en a se a r at e

l v hi f
.

co mm d h h l d l x i th
an , e s ou h it y f t a so e it w ld b
er c se e au t or o co n r o o er s o r c es , as ou e

im p i bl f
o ss h im t
e y t hi d ty w ith y d g
or o f ffi i
car r y if h h d t ou s u an e r ee o e c e nc e a o
Di s c uss o n a n i d A ns wer 139

chi ao shih Ssu — -

m a Chi b s d i s c u ss io n abo u t t he u se o f c o i n
,
17
Ho ’

,
18

T sen g s p r opo sal to e xemp t m ar r i e d d au gh te r s fr om b eing involv e d

’

i n the c r im e o f th e i r fath e r s family Ch in Hsi u s su gge sti o n o n ’ 19 ’ ’

Chi a Ch u n g s po sthumous ti tle ; a ll th ese ar e go o d an d app r op r i ate

’ ’ 20

in vi e w o f the facts th ey we r e d ea li n g wi th T h e au tho r s m ay b e s ai d .

t o h a v e u n d e r s t o o d th e p r i n cipl e s o f th e fo r m o f 1 .

D u i n g the Han p e r io d Yi n g Sh ao le d th e gr o u p o f the b e s t d i s

r

t n t s ; a n d d u i n g Chin tim e s i t was Fu H si e n wh o st o o d o u t a mo n g

p u a r

th e a bl e i w r i te r s Ch u n g y ua n [o r Yi n g Sh a o ] a l e a r n e d s chol a r o f .
-
,

an t i q u i t y wa s s y s te m a tic i n e x pl an ati o n an d o r g a n iz a t i o n ; Ch a n g—ii

’

, y
o r F u H si e n on h o t h e r h an d ho gh po i g c o n s i d e r abl e
[ ] t e t u ss e ss n , ,

kn o wl e dge o f gov er n m en t was r ath er l o o se an d v er bo se in h i s p e sen ,

r

t a ti o n L u Chi s j u d gm e n t i n h i s d i s cu ssi o n [of th e p r o p e r fo r m fo r

’
.

th e bi o gr aphi e s o f the fi r s t t h r e e r ul e r s o f th e Chin dy n a s t y

21
] i s

co n s ul t h is su p er i o r in m a tte r s whi ch r e q u rei d i mm e d i a te d e ci s i o n . T he e mp er o r a cc e p te d

h is o pi n io n .

17
The c h i ao - s h i h i w
cr e a t e d d u r i n p p
the r e i n o f E
er e a ll- er o r W u
ur o se o ff ci a s l g g mp
o f Ha n to e e t a c e r ta i n e m e r e n cy ; t h e y e ca e ery o er u m g
an d a r r o a n t d u r in b m v pw f l g g
th e ti e of m h ia - i n C p g
( 2 4 9 2 5 4 ) o f th e W e i d y n as ty T h e y i n te r er ed ith e e r o ffi ce ,
’
-
. f w v y
si mpl by e cau s e t h e r e w a s n o c e a r -
cu t d e n i t i o n o f t h e i r l
u n ct io n s A s a r e su t o f h en s fi f . l C ’
g ’

ar ug m ge n t a a in st t h e , t he o f fi ce was a o i s h ed m bl .

13 n
I 22 1 E mp
e r o r W e n o f t h e W e i d y n a st a o i s h e d th e u s e o f c o i n a n d o r d e r e d y b l
g r a in s a n d si lk
to b e u s e d i n i ts s te a d D u r i n t h e n e t r e i n , s e cu ato r s w e t t h e r a in . g x g p l g
a n d r e d u ce d t h e e i ht o f the si , cr e a t i n w ga r ea t d ea o f c o n u s i o n Ssu —ma h ih lk g g l f . C
l
co u n s e e d r e t u r n i n to t h e u s e o f coi n E g er o r Min o r d e r e d th at th e u s e o f c o i n . mp g
be r e s to r e d .

19
wm hdb
Pr e i o u s y v l
i m i ll y i mpl i t d if i th
a ho f th f m i l y
an a ee n cr na ca e e er er a er s
’
a or

h h b d h d mm itt d im H T g i th m m i l p p d f h im b y
’
er us an s a co e a cr e . o se n , n e e or a re ar e or

Ch
’
g Hi
en g d th t it w g i t th p i it f th l w t pl
s en , ar ue wm i a as a a ns e s r o e a o ace a o an n

d bl j p d y Hi fi l
ou e eo t tiar w th t . m i d w m h ld b i v lv d
s na co n e n on as a an u n ar r e o an s ou e n o e

on l y i h f th n im d
er m id wm a er sly i h t f h h b d f mil y
’
cr e, an a ar r e o an on n t a o er us an
’
s a .

20C hi C h g f th
a t g m wh h lp d th h
’
un f S —
one m i o pi g e s ro n en o e e e o u se o su a n u su r n

f T
,

th t h
e f m th h
r o ne ro d t bl i h i g t h Chi d y e y d i d w i th t m l
o u se o
’
s ao an es a s n e n n as t , e ou a e

issu e Hi w i f
. d p t d ths f t h i d gh te a wh o m w H te y e so n o e r au er , o s e su r n a e as an , o c ar r on

th e l i Ch i H i id i l d th i t W h th imp i l d
ne .
’
n s u m t h t p th m
r cu e s ac . en e er a or e r ca e a a os u ous

tit l b gg t d f C hi Ch g C h i H i p p d h g titl t d iti lly ' ’

e e su es e or a un , n s u ro o se ua n , a e ra o na co n

f d p th w h
er r e u d t w
on t i o se d w ith th t p i ipl
o s e co n Th uc as n o n acco r a n ce e co r r e c r nc es . e

p p lw
ro o sa t pt d as n o a cce e

p i i i th i m tt i p v d i C h h h hi
.

21L u s
’
o n on n ll ti d i t d by
s a er s r e se r e n
’
u -s ue c a co ec o n, e e

f th T
,

H su C hi t l en g d th e api . f t h i mp i l p
o g L C hi
e
’
an un er e au s ces o e er a er so n a e . u

b l i v d th t h fi t h
e e e l a f th C h i d y
t e ty h d b mi i t
rs tf th W iree r u ers o e n n as a ee n n s ers o e e

dy t y th
n as g h t th i l i v rou d h h i l ivou h l d b w it i th f m f
e r es, an e n ce t e r es s ou e r te n n e or o

t rue d b t th t i
r e co r th y j y d th m f l th tyl h l d b th t
s, u a s n ce e en o e e na e o r u er s e s e s ou e a

o f hi c , l S Ch p t XV I Hi t y
or an n a s . ee a er on s or .
14 0 Di i
s cuss o n an d A ns wer
s h ar p k ee n H o we v e r i ts li te r ar y vigor s u ffe r s fr o m h i s v e r bo si ty
an d .
, .

B u t n e v e r th e l e ss e a ch w r i ter h a s h i s o wn b e a uty a n d h a s p r e se r v e d
fo r u s h i s ch ar ac te r i stic s tyl e .

Ac tion s h o u ld b e p r e ce d ed by di scu ssion an d under stan d ing mus t 22

come fr om i n v e s tig ation o f the d o u b tfu l ; fo r i t i s th u s th a t o n e i s 23

e n a bl e d t o app r o a ch t h e t a s k of d ea li n g wi t h a ffa i r s of s t a te i n a spi r i t

o f r e v er e n ce an d v igil an c e c ap a bl e o f r e n d e r i n g h i s st a t e scr aft wid e ly

e ffe c tiv e Th e r e fo r e i n s u b s t a nc e th e i m u s t b e b a s e d o n an a d op t i o n
.
, ,

o f th e Cl a ssic s a s piv o t ; o n a s e l e c t ion o f f ac t s fr o m p r e vio u s t im e s ,

a d ap t e d t o t h e ch a n gi n g n e e d s o f th e p r e s e nt ; o n r e a s o n i n g whi c h

do es n o t tr y to complic ate m atte r s by a dd u ci n g i n con s eq ue n ti a l r am ifi

c a tion s an d m u st u se r h e to r ic which d o es n o t e l abo r a te an y emb e l
,

li sh m e n t u n n e c e s sar ily W h e n d ea li n g wi th wo r s hip an d s a c r ific e t h e

.
,

Wr i ter sh o u ld k n ow th o r o u ghly the r i te s con n e c te d wi th i t an d i n ,

mili tar y m atter s h e sho u l d b e v er se d in th e ar t of war A k n owle d ge

, .

of agr icul tu r e i s a p r er e qui si te fo r dealing wi th agr ic u l tu r a l m atter s ,

a n d a t h o r o u gh u n d e s t an d i n g o f law i s t h e s i n e u a n o n of an
r
q y
a tte mp t to p a ss a l e g a l j u dgm e n t W he n a ll t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n ts h a v e .

b e en m e t the wr i ter m ay b r i n g fo r th i d e a s which ar e tr an sp ar en tly

,

c l ear s u ccinc tly couch e d in l an gu ag e which i s bo th a cc u r a te a n d p r op e r

, .

Hi s abili ty to u se l a ngu age s houl d app e ar in th e l u ci d i ty an d p u r i ty

of hi s style an d he s ho u ld n o t ai m a t ar tifice th r o u gh e x ce ssiv e o r n a
,

m e n t In d e ali n g wi th e v e n ts he sho u ld str iv e fo r cl e ar n ess an d t hor

.

o u h n e s s a n d h e s ho u ld n e v e r s ee k o r igi n ali t y by se e mi n gly p r ofo u n d

g ,

b u t v a gue p e se n ta ti o n Thi s i s th e ge n e r a l o u tli n e o f th e fo r m o f i

r . .

If a wr i ter ign o r a n t o f the ar t o f go v er n m e n t wi e ld s hi s b r u sh an d

pl ay s wi th li te ar y compo si ti o n piling r an d om ph r ase u pon ph r ase
r , ,

fa b r ic ati n g an d co n coc ti n g to s how h i s cl e v e r n e s s n o t o n ly i s h i s ,

e mp ty r h e t o r ic r e fu te d i n t h e fa c e o f fa c t s b u t e v e n t h e li tt l e r e as on ,

h e m ay h a v e i s b u r i e d u n d e r the pil e o f h i s own aiml e ss r h e to r ic Long .

t he M a r q u i s o f Ch i n wh o was m a r r yi n g h i s d a ugh te r to th e
’
ag o , ,

P r i n c e o f Chin s e n t a lo n g [se v e n ty ] b eau ti fu lly d r e s se d m aid s i n

,
—
23
Ch o u i y i n
- -
te , 4 1 /h i h s ia n
s g /6 .
23
Sha ng s h u t u ng -c hi e n ,
-
’
-
40 .
14 2 Di sc ussi o n a n d A ns we r
mo d er n s o u r ce s ; hi s l an gu age i s cle ar — cu t a n d e ff e c t iv e a n d th e f a c t s ,

he ci te s ar e p e r t i n e n t an d w e ll ch o se n Hi s pl ac e m e n t a t th e to p o f th e .

li st was v e r y well j u stifi e d indee d [T u n g ] Chun g— s hu s t u i ts e co n .

’
-
’

t i n u e d th e t r a di ti o n se t fo r t h in t h e C h u ch i u Hi s was gr ou n de d
’ ’
n- .

i n th e tr a n sfo ming p r i n cipl e s o f th e y i n a n d th e y a n g an d h e was

r ,

fu lly c o gn iz an t o f the ch an ge s which took pl ace i n s ucceed i n g dyn asti e s .

He h a d to d e al wi th a l ar ge m a ss o f m ate r i al b u t he r e m ai n e d fr e e ,

fr om di str a ction This was b e c au s e h e th o r o u ghly u n de r stood the

.

p r i n cipl es of thin gs K u n g su n [Hu ng s ] t u i ts e is b r i e f showi n g n o

.
-
’
-
’

s ign o f l e a r n e d s chol ar s hip ; b u t in v i e w of his co n c e n t r a tio n o n e s

se n ti a ls a n d e x p r e ss ion o f t h e m i n s u cci n c t l an g u age a n d th e p e r t i ,

n e n ce o f th e f a c t s h e ci te d to m a k e cl ear th e t r u e n at u r e o f th e si t u a t io n ,

h e d e s er ve d h i s e l e v ation to the to p by th e Son o f H eav en i n spi te o f

h i s low r a ting by t he T ai ch an g Tu Ch i n s t u i— t e wa s s k e t chy
’
-
’
.
31 ’ ’
s
’

a n d l e ft s om e of t h e imp e r i a l q u e s t i o n s u n a n s w er e d b u t i t p o i n te d ,

o u t th e r e a l so u r c e o f th e e mp e r o r s tr o u bl e ; h e wr o te to e x p r es s h i s 32
’ ’

vi e w s o n poli tics an d gov e r n m en t ; h e wa s n o t wr i ti n g simply fo r

wr i ti n g s sak e In the L ater Han L u P e i s t u i ts e was si n ce r e an d
’
.
,
’ ’
-
’

s impl e in l a n g u ag e an d i n s pi r i t He b r o u gh t to the for m the gr a ce .

an d e l e gan c e of a g r e a t Co n f u ci an an d f r om a mo n g mo r e t h an a
[ ,

h u n d r e d schol ar s ] he a lon e was pl a ce d at the to p T h e five wr i te r s .

li ste d abov e se t the br igh t stan d ar d o f fo r m e r tim es Si n ce th en W ei .

an d Chin w r i ter s h av e gon e i n fo r li te r a r y e mb e lli s hm e n t W e can .

e x p e c t a g r e a t d eal o f d i ffi c ul t y wh e n o n e who s e chi e f i n te r es t i s in

e mb e lli s hme n t t r i e s t o r e co r d f a c t s ; an d t ho se s e l e c t e d to a n s we r i m

p er i a l q u e stion s i n l ate r tim es often ple a d e d illn e ss an d k e p t aw ay f om r

the te sts Th u s i t b e c a m e impo ssibl e to g e t wr i ti n g which wa s e v e n

.

li te r ar y D u r i n g the Han tim e wh e n a feast was giv e n in ho n or o f t he

.

r l e a r n e d s chol a r s ph a s a n t s ga t h e r e d i n t h e co u r t b
33
o s hih ut
p o e
-
, , ,

31 An i
o fl ce in c h ar g e o f ce r e m o n ia l r i te s , whi ch t r a d i tio n a lly is a sol in char g e of

e d u ca t io n a nd s tat e e x mi
a na t i o n .

3 2 T he q u e s t io n s fo r an s w
m f m Emp e r s ca e ro er o r Ch
’
en g ( 3 7
2 -
wh o i n d u lg ed

in wm o en . At t he en d f T Ch i
o w h u
’ ’
n s a ns er , e ad m o n is h e d th e e mp er o r a b out h is
d lg whi h was th mp l t bl ’
in u e n ce , c e e ero r s r ea ro u e .

33 Thi s h pp a e ned in 8 B C th t h i d y
1 . f .
, e r ea r o Hu n g C h ia ( 2 0 - -
17 B C . .
) d u r in g the
 Di sc ussi o n a n d A ns wer 14 3

wh en th e Chin [e mp e r o r ] e x amin e d th e h s i u ts a i o r o u t st a ndi n g t al

’
-
,

“
e n ts o n ly c h ii n
, o r a sp e ci es o f d e e r app e a r e d
,
Th e r e i s n o thi n g , .

s t a n g e ab u t t h e se [c o n tr a s t i n g ] ci r c u m s ta n c es
r o b e c au se in o n e c ase ,

th e e x ami n a ti o n s y s t e m wa s w e ll k e p t whil e i n the o th er c ase i t ,

s h o w e d s ig n s o f n e gl e c t .

i s a m e mo i a l in which o n e ar gu es o n e si d e d ly an d e a ch
3s
A po i -
r -
,

a r g u er hol d s t o h i s o wn opi n io n In a t u i ts e o n e d e v e l o p s h i s poi n t

’
-
.
,

o f Vi e w i n a n sw e r t o th e imp e r i a l qu es ti o n s i n o r d er t o b r i n g fo r t h

t h e p r i n cipl e s o f go v e r nm e n t In d e a li n g wi t h th e e v e n t s o f th e d ay .
,

h e show s h i s d eep u n d er s tan d i n g o f th e ar t o f r u li n g an d i n p r ese n ting ,

h i s r ea son s h e p r o v e s to b e a m an o f i n sigh t wi th r e sp e c t t o the c u r r e n t

,

s i t u a t io n He go e s b a ck t o t h e Th e e S o v e r e ign s a n d t h e Fiv e Emp e r o r s

. r

fo r s u gge sti n s to mo u ld th e p r e s e n t wo r ld an d h i s i s n o t ci c u i to u s
o ,
r

high so u n d i n g e mp t y t alk He r e comme n d s m e as ur e s which a r e e x

-
.

d i n t n d er ch a ngi n g ci r c u m st a n c e s t o t t h p opl u t of d i ffi c u l ty

p e e u g e e e e o ,

an d his i s n o t th e s h ar p e loq u e n c e o f a s ophi st Lik e wi n d s s we e pi n g .

o v e r t h e v a s tn ess o f sp a c e a n d r e a chi n g far o r a r iv e r fu ll a n d et no t

y ,

o ve fl o wi n a t u i s u ch a s t hi s i s an e x c e ll e n t a n s w e r i n t h e c o u t o f
r
g r
-

th e ki n g .

D i ffic u lt i n dee d i s the t ask o f e v al u a ti n g the t ale n t o f a s ch o l ar He .

m ay b e v e r s e d i n the ar t o f r u li n g b u t l a ck th e abili ty to w r i te o r h e ,

m ay p o s se ss li te r a y abili ty an d y e t b e i n e x p er i e n c e d i n gov e r n m e n t
r .

r ei gn o f E mp
Ch g T h g h i g f p h
ero r t w
’
en id
. d g d m
e at er n o e a sa n s as co n s er e a oo o en ,

h a ppi en n t g ly
t im w h th w g d g v m t d p
on a a e d wh
en er e as oo o ern en an e ace , an en ar t

an d l it t
er a u r e w
pt i d t t
er e a ro n z e a co u r .

Th
34 t ti f h t m hu i t l S Sh g t k i t t b pi i '

e co n n o a on o t e er c n s no c e ar . un en oo o e a n au s c ous

o m i d i ti g p t g f t d l i t
en , n ca n t
a ro na t S C hi eh o W h i g hi
ar an t er a u r e a co u r . ee n s -
u,
“
u -
s n -
c .
”

In th i sit pp
se n s e , ld b s id
a d tim l y
ea r a n c e i th co u f th e co n s er e as un e , as n e cas e o e

a pp f th
ea r a n c e o i wh i h p mp t d C f i t gi v p d iti g h C h
e u n co r n , c hi ro e o n uc u s o e u e n t e
’
un c -
’
u .

F m th t xt h w v th m h u m t g ill p h p y mb l i l k ’

ro e co n e t , o e er , e er c n se e s o au ur , er a s to s o z e a ac

o fp t g f t d l it t I C h p t XLV III L i H i h t d hii w ith li

a r o na e o ar an er a u r e . n a er u s e co n r as t e c n ft ,

th elg d y i
e en ar B t t h i i h d ly
u n co r n fli i t v i d . t ut bl i h t h s t tis ar su c en e e nce o es a s e co n n o a on

o f th t m h i e erb i th t h p t
c a n, h l t
e ca u set d hi h ph
n t w hi h
a c a er e a so co n r as e c a e as a n c

p h i x t h m k i g hi h
, ,

m ea n s g d m i a oo p t o t x t w ith f g
en n our r e se n co n e , en , a o en , us a n c

ily
n e ce s s ar y mb l f a m th i g t p i i
s o P h por th i i so the f
n no au s c ous . er a s, s s ano er ca s e o o ur

au th l
or s
’
i th
o o se n e s sf t m n e u se o er s

9 b v
.

S35 t no e
ee a o e .
14 4 Di s c ussi o n an d A nswer
T he obj ect of se l ec ti o n th r o u gh tu i ts e sho u l d b e m en o f v er satile -
’

t al e n t s m e n f u ll o f i d e a s who h av e e n o u gh li te r a r y abili t y to communi

,

ca te th e m far an d wi d e R ar e i n de ed i s s u ch tal en t ! .

T h e Ts a n
T he obj e c t o f the i is poli tic al pl an n i n g ,

A n d t h e r e s ho u ld b e a c o mpl e te a cco r d b e t wee n th e wo r d an d th e fa c t .

Th e r e sho u l d a lways b e a v alid r e ason fo r m aki n g an y j u dgm ent ,

A n d t he l an g u age i n which i t i s e xp r e s se d sho u l d n e v e r b e w eak .

In an s we r i n g imp e r i al q u es tion s at cou r t ,

M an y mi n ds m ee t at the s am e tim e to r e ach co n c o r d .

T h e p r inciple s o f gov e r n m e n t a r e h e ld i n hi gh e stee m ,

And ar e conve y e d far an d wide in e legan t for m .

XX V Ep is t o la r y Wr i ti ng ( Th e Sh u a n d th e Ch i )
.

T he gr eat Sh u n [o f th e Y u d y n asty ] s ai d T he fu n ction o f s h u i s to ,

k ee p r e cor d s th at i s to r e co r d the e v en ts o f the d ay Fo r s h u i s th e

,
”1
,
.

ge n er a l n am e fo r the wo r ds o f sage s an d m en o f v i r tue It i s the n atu r e .

o f t h e s h u t h a t i t s p r incip a l e mph as i s is o n w o r d s Y an g H s i u n g sai d .

,

“
W o r d s a r e th e s o u n d o f the mi n d ; an d s h u i s i ts pic t u r e W h e n th e .

mi n d s so u n d an d pictu r e tak e fo r m we sh all b e able to see in th em

’

t he ch ar a c t e r o f t h e m an wh e th e r h e i s a m a n of vi r t u e o r a p e tty m a n
,
.

Th u s by s h u i s m ean t to ex p r e s s th at i s to e xp r ess on e s mi n d in wo r d s ,
’

an d u t t h e m down o n b amboo o r wood e n s lip s Thi s i s t h e r es ul t of

p .

taki n g a su gge s tion fr om t he h e x a gr am k u a i wh o se e mph asi s i s on ' 3

,

cle ar —cu t l u cidi ty .

1
Sha n g s hu
-
t u n g -c hi e n ,
’

5/ 0 2 7 1 -4 . Sh u h e r e m e an s w iti g
r n in the f m or of a b k oo .

L a te r it ca m e to m ea n l e tte r w r i ti n g .

Y g t i y ( Ch t
2 an -
z u a- en u- z u ch i -c h e n
’
g ch u a n 5, p . 14 . He r e s hu a pp a r e nt ly
m w i ti g d w t h w d
e an s r n o n e or s

—
.

H x g m
3
e 43a S I hi ra no . . ee c ng , I, 1 77 .
14 6 Epi st o lar
y Wr i ti n g
br oid er y o n a foo t o f silk ex p r essing all the fl u tte r i ng s an d o scill a ,
10

tion s of t he squ a r e inch h e a r t

11
-
.

In the L a ter Han p er iod T s u i Y u an was esp e ci ally good at the ,

’

a r t o f l e tter w r i ti n g D u r i n g t h e W e i Y u an o r J u an Y ii P wa s
.
y ii [ ] ,
-

d e scr ib e d a s ligh t a n d s wi ft A n d th e wr i ti n g s o f W e n —
“ ” 12
ch u
.
[or

K u n g Y u n g ] wer e all p r e se r v e d i n cl u di n g fr agmen ts [in r e cogn i tion

’

o f t h e i r e x c e ll e nc e
] H s i u —
li en
[o r Ying Ch ii
.
13
] lo v e d l e t t e r w r i t i n g an d
p aid m u ch a tten tion to i ts p er fe ction b u t his m u s t b e r an k e d as se c ,

o n d ar
y H si . K a ng s l e t t e r s e v e r ing fr i e n d ly r e l a ti o n s
’ ’

[ wi t h Sh a n T a o ;
’

205 2 83 is o n e m ar k e d by lof ty id e a s an d a g r a n d s tyl e Ch o Chi s

]
14
b
’
-
a .

lette r [to Hsi F an ] de picti n g his s a dn e ss at sep ar ation i s e xp r e ssiv e o f

th e e age r n e ss a n d imp a t i e nc e o f you t h As to th e hund r e d l e tte r s dic ta te d .

by Ch e n T su n each con ve y s hi s fe eli n gs in ex ac tly the r igh t m e asu r e

’

, ,

a n d as to th o se w r i tte n by N i H e ng f o r H u ang T s u a ch is a
[ ] e p ,

o r i a te in e x p r e ssi n g s e n t im e n t s t ow ar d r e l at ions o f a ll d egr e e s o f

p pr

clo se n e ss Th ese two wer e e sp e ci ally tal en te d in the a r t o f le tte r wr i ting

. .

A ge n er al s u r v ey o f the n atu r e of s hu r e v ea ls th at i ts p u r pose is to

s t ate on e s fe e ling s i n wo r d s wi t h o u t r e s e r v e a n d i t s fu n c tion is t o u n
’
‘

bur de n the mi n d o f i ts m e l an choly thou gh t i n the for m o f e l egan t

color s Th e r e for e i ts s tyle sho u ld b e or de r ly an d smooth c ap abl e o f
.
,

e x p r e s si n g th e spi r i t of th e w r i t e r e as y a n d s o ft a n d pl easa n t t o th e ,

r ea d e r W i t h i ts l a ngu age cl e a r an d n at u r a l i t i s i n d e e d t h e p r ese n t at ion

.
,

o f t he s ou n d o f th e h e ar t .

T he di sti n c tion o f m en o f ho n o r an d nobili ty i s b r ough t o u t by th e

a tti tu d e o f r e v er e nc e e x p r e ss e d i n th e c e r e moni a l fo r m B e fo r e th e .

W ar r i n g S tate s p e r io d t he e pi s tl e s o f bo th th e r u l e r an d the mi n i ste r s

,

we r e s tyle d s h u W i th the e s tabli shmen t of Ch i n i n s ti tu tion s we o b

.
’

10
Si lkwa s t h e n t h e r i t in a te r i a w gm l .

11 S
eep b v
1 0 8 a o e , a n d n o t e 39 , h a te r III C p XV .

A m T
.

W e i W e n t i — s ao P e i—u se d in h is e tte r to W u h ih l
2 3 0 ) to d e s c r i e C b
’ ’
12 te r ~ -

Iu a n Y l
fi s e tte
’
r r i t i n S w
e e W e g
n -hs u a n ( Ss u p u p e i -y a o c h ii a n 4 2 , 4 21 p . .

K v
.

13 W
e i W e n ti i ed -
un lk un s r it i n
’
so g Y g w
u ch t h a t h e o r d e r e d
’
g
e er th i n m y g
w r i t te n by p
h i m to b e r ese n te d t o t h e co u r t fo r r i z es o f o d a n d s i p gl lk .

1 4 Sh a n T ao
, a
’
b
o u t to r e t i r e , was o in to r e co e n d Hs i ang g to t a e h is ace mm K g ’
k pl .

h
O n e ar i n th is , Hs i g r o te a e tte r sw e ar in l
to h a e n o t h i n to d o w g
i th h i m Hsi , who v g w .

T b
h ad a ao ist e n t , was a r a id to b e f mx
i e d u p i n th e o it ics o f t h at t u u tu o u s t i e p l m l m .
Ep ist ola y r Wr iti n g 14
7

s er ve the fi r st app e a an ce o f pi a o a n d ts o u In the case of the e pis tle s

r .

t o p r i n c e s an d d u k e s th e te r m ts o u s h u o r m e mo r i al l e tte r wa s a lso
,
-
, ,

u se d T h e ts o u s h u o f Ch a n g Ch a n g t o t h e mo t h e r o f P r i n ce Chi a o
’
-
.

t u ng e x p r es s e s e x ce ll e n t id e a s V ar io u s te r m s app e ar e d d u r i n g the .
16

Later Han In the office o f the [San k u n g [the th r e e high e st mi n i ste r s ]

.
,

th e te r m ts o u c h i , o r l e t te r p r ese n t i n g th e r e c o r d wa s u se d [fo r co r r e
-
,

s o n d e n ce whil —
n t h e h e a d q u ar t e r s o f loc a l ge n e r a l s ts o u c h i e n o r
’

p ] e i , , ,

l e tter p r e sen ti n g the n o te was u se d C hi m e an s to e xp r e ss o n e s i d e as

,
.
’

t h a t i s to p r e se n t h i s i d ea s C h i e n m ea n s to e x p r e s s t h at i s t o e x p r e s s
’

, .
, ,

a n d indic a te o n e s f e e li n g s T s u i Shih s t o u chi [to Li an g Chi ]

’ ’ ’ 17
. s -

s o u n d e d t h e mo r a l t on e of se lf e ff a c e m e n t a n d yi e lding ; whil e Hu an g -

H si ang s ts o u — ’
c h i e n a t C hi an g h si a left b e hi n d a p atte r n in e x p r e ssi n g
’
-
18

r e v e r e nc e Kun g—k a n s [o r Liu Ch e n s ] ch i n an d c hi o r l e tter s to

.
’ ’ ’
e ,

high mi n i ste r s an d lo c a l ge n e r al s o r le tte r wr i ti n g i n gen er al a e , ,

r

beau tifu l an d co n ta i n i d e a s which p r ov e to be b en efici al a dvice to

the r e c e iv e r s A n d y e t T z u h u an [o r T s a o P e i ] l e f t him o u t [o f his
’ ’
-
.

e ss ay o n li ter a t u r e a fa c t which a ccou n t s fo r h i s n e gl e c t by th e wo r ld

] ,
.

If we o v e r look the r ep u tation an d con ce n t r ate o n th e fa c t we sh all see ,

th at L i u Ch e n s e pi s to l ar y wr i ti n gs ar e m u ch mo r e b ea u t iful t h a n his
’ ’

po e tr y L i u I s le tte r e xp r e ssi n g hi s gr ati tu d e fo r r oy al gr ace con tains

.
’

p e r ti n en t simil es r e fle c ti n g h i s since r e sen tim en t an d Lu Chi s l e tter ,

,
’

d e fe ndi n g him se l f i s tho r o u gh in e x p r e ssi n g h i s fe e li n g an d ar tfu l in

fo r m B o th m ay b e con si d er e d good sp e cime n s o f the ch i e n C h i e n
.
’
.
’

a n d c hi a r e r e l a te d t o the p i a o o r th e m e mo r i a l e x p r es si n g g r a t i t u d e , ,

o n o n e h and an d to th e s h u o r m e mo r i a l l e t t e r
, o n t he o t h er Th e y , , .

should b e w r i tte n in a spi r i t o f r e v er e nc e wi t h o u t an ig n f f

y s o ea r ,

a n d should b e s uccinc t wi t ho u t showi n g a n r r o g an c e p d

y a u r e a n ,

gr aceful in unfoldi n g the we al th o f the wr i ter s t al en ts a n d b r igh t an d ’

color fu l i n e mbodyi n g th e i r so un d s in a li ter ar y fo r m Th ese ch ar a c .

te r i sti cs fo r m th e sp e ci a l p r o vm ce o f ch i e n an d chi
’
.

15 SeeCh pt a ers XXII an d XXIII .

16 Th p i m th i d lg d i h u t i g C h g C h g c i te d g d x mpl f m
’ ’
e r n ce s o er n u e n n n . an an oo e a es ro

the p tt w
as o ar n her i g h
co n c e r n n i d lg er n u e n ce

T
.

17 s u i ser
’
vd e u nd er L i g C h i T h l tt i l t
an e e er s os

Al
. .

18
so l o st .
14 8 Epist la y o r Wr i ti n g
T he cop of s eis v ast co v er i n g a numb er o f for ms Since
s h u -c h i
19
, .

d ays o f o ld th e r e h ave b ee n m any ter ms u se d to d e sign ate v ar ious

kinds o f note s an d r e co r ds Fo r th o se use d in r uli n g an d g uiding the .

p e opl e we h ave : p u o r ch r on icl e ; chi o r r e gi ste r ; p u o r war r an t ; an d

,
'

, , ,

la o r r e co r d ; i n m e d ici n e ch r o n ology a str ology a n d d ivi n a tio n we

, , , , ,

h a ve : fa ng o r p r e scr i p ti on ; s h u o r o p e r ati o n ; c ha n o r d ivin atio n ;

, , ,

a n d s hi h o r fo r m u l a ; in p r ocl a imi n g l a w s an d mili t ar y mo v e m e n t

, ,

we h av e : lit o r law ; li n g o r o r d e r ; fa o r r e gul at io n ; an d c hi h o r

, , , ,

o r d ina nce ; i n cr e ati n g co n fide n ce in tr a d e r e l ation s we h av e : fu , ,

o r t a lly ; ch i o r con tr a c t ; c h u a n o r bo n d ; a n d shu o r s a l e s slip ;

’

, , ,

i n go v e r nm e n t r e que s t s fo r i n fo r m a tion we h av e : k u a n o r c r e d e n ti al ; , ,

t z u o r to pi e r c e ; c hi e h o r r e c o r d o f se ttl e m e n t ; an d ti e h o r m e mo
’

, , ,

r an d u m ; an d in e x p r e s s i n g t h e i r fe e li n gs th e p e ople u se : ch u a n o r , ,

notice ; li e h o r n ar r ativ e a cco u nt ; tz u o r vi r a vo ce ; an d y e n o r p r ov

,
’

,
r ,

e r b All th e s e giv e u tte r an c e to t he r e as o n s fo r m e d in t he mi n d an d

.

p r e sen t i t in wo r d s Al th o ugh th e y ar e insign ific an t as li te r ar y fo r m s

.
,

t h e y p r e c e d e e v e r y t hi n g e ls e in impo r t a nc e i n h a n d li n g gov e r n m e n t

aff ai r s .

P u o r ch r onicl e m e a n s li te r a lly p u o r comp r e h e n siv e [Thi s fo r m ]

’ ’

, , , .

p r e se n ts the or de r o f succe ssi ve ge ner ati o n s ; i t 18 comp r e he nsi ve in

i ts i n clu sion o f all e v e n ts Ch e n g Hsii an in p r e p ar ing a p u fo r the
’
.
,

B o o k o f P o e tr y app ar e n t ly a dop te d t his s e ns e o f th e te r m fo r h i s

20

composition .

C hi o r r e gi ste r m e an s li te r a lly chi e h o r to bo r r ow E v e r y y e ar the

, , , .

gov er n men t bor r ow s a l abor fo r ce fr om the p e ople an d k eeps a cl assi ,

fie d ce n su s o n a wood e n s lip D u r i n g the Ch un ch iu p e r iod an offi ce

’ ’
-
.
,

was e st abli sh e d i n ch ar ge o f the c e n su s r e gi ster an in st a nc e o f c h i ,

.

P u o r w ar r a n t m eans li ter a lly p u o r a v e ge tabl e g ar d e n ; t he

’

, , , ,

cl assifi e d colle ction o f go v er nme n t docume n ts is simil ar to the pl an n e d

pl an ting of gr asse s an d tr ee s in a gar de n Ch an g T ang and Li Ku ang .
21 ’

19 Th i x p s e r e s s io n h as b een r en d e r ed as pi t l y w
e s o ar r it i n g . But f m wh t m
ro a ay be
g ath e r e d f m th i l t t i f th
ro s as s ec on o e ch a p t it mer , s ee s to ha v e a b d ro a p er s co e, sug

g es t i g th
n E gl i h t m m m
e Th i
n s er
“
e o.
”
s is a n o th e r cas e o f t h e l oo s e u se o f t m er s .

20 Th w k i k w Shih p — a c h r o n ic e o f th e l B k of P o e tr y
’
e or s no n as -
u oo .

21 App tl y p i l d i th
ar e n u s a so u se n e s e n se o f a file Ho w th is is
. co n n ec te d w ith t he

sens e o f w t i t la r r an s s no c ear .
1 50 Ep i t s o lar y Wr i ti n g
And wi th the for m u l a ti o n o f l a ws fo r go v e r n i n g the p e o ple t he eigh t ,

ki n d s o f p u n i shm en ts m ay be j ustly appli e d To c all s u ch l aws la shows .

'

t h a t th e y ai m a t th e go ld en m e an o r th e no r m .

L i n g o r o r d er m e an s li te r ally m i n g o r m an d at e A m an d a te p r o
, , , .

cl aim s ce r tai n p r o hibi tion s as i f o n the au thor i ty o f h e av e n ly o r igi n

, .

T h e o r d e r giv e n by Ku an Ch u ng p r e v ai le d lik e a flowing str e a m

be c au se h e h ad the abili ty to g e t the p e ople to o b ey i t vol u n t ar ily .

F a o r r e gu l a ti o n m e an s li te r a lly hs i a n g o r sign o r sign al Mili tar y

, , , .

t a c t ic s d o n o t co n fi n e t h e m s e lv es t o followi n g a p r e s c r ib e d pl a n ; b u t

wh e th er an o p er a tion i s goi n g to b e a s u r p r i se o r t o fo ll o w o r thod o x ,

p r oc e d u r e t h er e m u st a lw ay s be s om e sign [o r sign a l ] to i n dic ate i t s

,

co u r s e H e n ce th e u se o f t he ter m fa o r r egu la ti o n o r sign

.
, .

Ch i h o r o r di n an c e m e a n s li te r a lly ts a i o r t o cu t o r t ailo r A ch i h
’

, , , .

i s i ss u e d by th e su p e i o r s to p r es c r ib e th e co n d uc t o f th e su bo r d in a te s
r ,

i n th e s am e m an n e r a s a c r aftsm a n m an u factu r e s h i s v e sse l s .

Eu o r ta lly m ean s li te r a lly i a o r a u th e n tici ty In c a lli n g a n d s u m

, , ,
.

m o n i n g tr o op s o n e h as to gu ar d aga i n st fa lse o r d er s ; so the co mm an d

,

h a s to h a v e e vi d e n ce f i n n e r au th e n tici ty D u r i n g the Th r ee D y n as
o .
27

t i e s j a d e wa s u se d as a t ally while d u r i n g t h e H a n t im e s m e t a l an d
, ,

b amb o w er e u se d In l ate r time s th es e we r e d i scar d e d an d wr i tte n

o .
, ,

t a lli e s w e r e s u b s t i t u te d fo r t h e m .

Ch i o r c o n t a c t m e a n s c hi e h o r t o ti e a k n o t Life wa s s impl e i n
'

, r , , .

r e m o te a n t iq u i t y a n d k n o tte d c o r d wa s u s e d t o m a k e a c o n t r a c t bi n d
,

i n g T h e way m o d e r n tr ib e s i n t h e w e st co u n t an d th e way p e dd l er s
.

k e ep r e co r d s o f th e i r m o ne y a r e r emi n i sc en t of thi s p r actice .

Ch u a n o r b o n d m ean s li t e a lly s h u o r t o bi n d o r co n tr ol th a t is
, , r , , ,

to s t a te bi n d i n g c o n d i t i o n s cl e a r ly t o a v o i d po ssibl e fr au d B e c a u se .

t h e c h a a te s o n a c h u a n a r e cu t i n t o h a lv e s i n Ch o u t im e s a ch u a n
r c r ,

w a s k n w n as h alv e d w r i ti n g In a n c i e n t tim e s th e r e was a l s o an i r o n

28
o .

b o n d to s tr e n gth e n o n e s cr e d i t T h e bon d W an g Pa o wr o te wh e n h e
,
’
.

27 “ I nn r
e au t h e n t ic i t y is a r e n d er in g o f c h u ng -Iu , the si xyfi t -
r st he xg m
a ra in the

B oo k o f Ch a ng es .

28 T he ph r as e
“
p
’
a n -s hu o ccu r s in Hs i ao -
ssu - k
’
ou in C h o u -Ii ( C h o u -
Ii y i n -
te ,

9 24 a ) . A cco r d i n g t o a co mm e n ta to r , p
’
a n -s h u m eans ha lv ed w r i ti n g .
Epi t s o lar y Wr iti n g 5 1

bo u gh t th e b e ar d e d s l a v e m ay b e consid er e d a h u mo r ous p atte r n of

a bond
29
.

Sh u , l lip m ean s li te r ally p u o r to sp r e a d o u t i n the se n se

or s a es s , , ,

o f s p r ea d i n g o u t s a l e s a r t icl e s a n d i te mizi n g t h e m wi t h r o u gh d e

s c i ti o n s
r
p H e n c e s m a ll b o n d s a n d s ho r t w r i ti n g s a r e know n a s s h u
. .

Ku a n o r p a ss o r c r e d en ti a l s m e an s p i o r t o cl o se P e o pl e e n te r an d
, , , .

o o u t t h o u gh a g a te a n d o n e m u s t b e c a r e fu l i n k e e pi n g t h e g a te
g r ,

clo se d In gove r n m en t i t i s imp o t an t to kn o w tho r o ughly the co n d i

. r

ti o n s p r o mo ti n g s m o o t h w o r ki n g o r b o tt l e n e ck s i n gov e r n m e n t op e r a

it o n s W h en Han Fei a sk e d [Ku n g—] Su n T an h u i wa s a vi r tu o u s

.
,
“ ’
-

mi n i ster s o why was he confin e d to h i s d i str i ct ? h e h a d i n mi n d thi s

,
”

ki n d of c ar e fu ln ess .
30

T z u o r to pi e r c e m ean s li te r a lly ta o r to c o n v e y T h e A n ci e n t P o e t
’

, , , .

pi e ce d wr o n gd o i n g by m ean s of sati r e s ; an d i n the Ch o u li we fin d

r -

th e e s i t u a t io n s i n which t z u was e mploy e d : W h e n a n ar r a tiv e

’ 31
r

a c c o u n t o f t hi n g s i s s u cc e ssfu lly co n v e y e d i t i s lik e t h e pi e cing of a , r

s t opp ag e by m e a n s of a n e e dl e .

C h i e h o r to u n ti e o r a r e co r d o f s e tt l e m e n t m e an s li te r a lly s h ih o r
, , , ,

to r e s olv e th at i s t o u n t i e a n d r eso lv e [o r se tt l e ] a k n o t t y p r o bl e m by
, ,

ci ti n g facts a s e viden ce .
32

Ti h o r m e mo a n d u m m e a n s li te r a lly y e h o r a l eaf Sh o r t b amb o o

e ,
r , , .

s lip s bo u n d i n t o ti e h a e lik e l e a v e s o n t h e b r a n ch W e n sh u of
[ ]
L u
[ r .
-

Han ] cu t th e l e av e s o f u sh e s [to fo r m a ti e h fo r th e p u r po se o f k eepi n g r

r e co r d s ; t hi s ill u s t r a te s wh at i s m e a n t by t i e h e fo r e a d e cisio n i s
33
] B .

29
W hen W an gP bl gdt hao s to pp ed at th e h o u se of a wid w o , a s a l v e t h at h ad e on e o er

d d h b d
ea t gus t d b y wi f h im E
an f d
g d W g gg t d t h t
r e u se o o ou an u ne or nra e an su es e a

l d b y h m T h l v id t h t h w l d t d
.
,

h eh s ou u y th i g w h i h w
t e t
an . e s a e sa a e ou no o an n c as no

expl i it ly t d i th b d S W g d f d th b d d ib i g i d t i l th m
c s a te n e on o an r a te e on e sc r n n e a e an s
’

wh i h i l d d ll f m f v i i m gi bl Aft
.
,

d tiu es, c d i g th
nc u b d the a or s o ser ce a na e . er r ea n e on , e

l v k wt w d d p l gi d y i g th t h w l d th d i h b m W g
s a e o o e an a o o z e , sa n a e ou ra er e t an e co e an
’
s

l v H th b d i t l y w t t t b y wi f W g S S H i g y H ii
s a e . e en o e en en ou o u ne or an . ee un s n -
en , s
—
k we n
u -
y ua n , c h ii a n 2 0
—
.

30 See Ha n -fe i t z u, c huan 17, p

C h a te r 4 2 , p 30 2
— fficial
. .

31
See C h o u -Ii , Ch i k
“ ’
u- u an
”
u nd er
“
Ssu -t z
’
u
”
o s in ch a r g e o f pi erc n i g . The
t h r e e t z u : to g e t
’
i f m ti
n or gv a on o g h i gh m i i t t g t i
e r n in n s ers, o e n or f m a tio n a b o ut lw o er

l
o ffi c i a s , a n d to g e t i f m ti b
n or a on a t th p pl S C h —
ou Ii y i t
e eo e ee ou n- e, 9 /1 4 b , 2 6b

l v
. .

32
Fo r e x mpl
a e, a r e co r d o f tt l m
se t f eq en m o a u ar r e o er so e t e r r ito r i a l b o u n d ar y .

33
Fo r L u W e n sh u -
, s ee h is bi g p hy i H —h
o ra n an s u .
152 Epist o lar
y Wr iti n g
r ea ch e d i n gov er nm en t pl anning shor t ti e h ar e ke p t fo r r e fe r e nce an d ,

di sc u ssion So a mo r e d e taile d ti eh is kn own as a ch i e n o r note

.
’

, .

Ch i e n li te r a lly m e an s fin e o r d e tail e d
’
.

C h ua n o r n o t ic e incl u di n g obi t u a r y m e an s li te r ally m a o o r d e

, , , ,

s c r ip tio n t h a t i s t o d e s c r ib e a cco d i n g t o th e o r igi n a l so u r c e in o r d e r

, , r

to es tabli s h th e f a c ts Me mor i al s s u gge s ting po sthumou s ti tle s fo r .

m e n o f vi r tu e o f p r e vio u s t im e s all co n tain obi t u a r ie s d e sc r ibi n g the

ch ar acte r s o f these m en This is the mos t impor tan t for m o f ch ua n . .

L i e h o r n ar r ativ e a ccou n t m e a n s li te r a lly ch e n o r t o e x hibi t e x

’

, , , ,

hi bi ti n g tr u e si tu ations so th at t h e y will b e cl ear ly di s c e r nibl e .

T z u o r vi z a uo ce m e an s li te r ally wo r d of mo u th by m e a ns o f
’

,
/ , ,

which o n e con ve ys his ide as to o the r s T z u ch an [o f the s tate o f .

-
’

Ch en g ] wa s gifte d wi th tz u an d the v ar iou s lo r ds p r ofi te d fr om i t ’

, .

Inde e d i t i s impossibl e to d o wi thout tz u

,
’
.
34

Y e n o r p r ov er b m e ans li te r a ll y a s tr aigh tfo r w ar d s ta te m e n t A s

, , .

con d ol ences a r e al so un ado r n e d th ey to o ar e kn own as y e n A simple ,

.
35

e x p r e s si o n o f th e m ar k e t pl a c e is : Fr ui ts wi thou t flo we r s D uk e Mu “
.

o f T s ou m a d e t h e s ta te m e n t : A l e akin g b a s ill holds hings Th “ ” 36

g t t e se .

ar e e x ampl e s o f y e n In T ai — shih i t i s said Th e r e is an a n ci en t sayi n g “ ’ ” “

.
,

A he n s hould n o t h e r ald th e app r oach o f mor ning A n d in T a y a

‘ ’ ” 37 “ ”
-
.

i s the s tate m e n t : P e opl e u se d to say Th r ough gr i e f I gr ow o ld

“ ‘ ’ ”3 8
.
,

34 Se e C h
’
u n ch -
’
iu c hi n g h u a n y i n—
-
c te , 33 5 Hs ia n g 3 /6 T T h v i l d m 1 so : e a r o us or s ca e

to p a y r e s e c ts to p Chi n, a nd er e w
u a r te r e d i n h u q mbl d w ll i g W h t h D k f e e n s . en e u e o

Ch g i v d h w
en ar r t giv e di , e as n o e n an au e n ce T. h m i i t f C h g t h gh
z u c -
’
an , a n s er o en , ro u

hi l q
s e o v i d t h C h i f th i
u e nce , co n n ce e n o e r mi t k is a gl ti g th i d ty f t ti g
e n ne ec n e r u o r ea n

th l ed p p ly A or s l t th C h i d
ro er . s a r e su , e n or er e d p p q ro b ilt t h t h v i i ti g
er u ar te r s u o o u se e s n

l d or s .

Y35 m i g p v b d y m i g d l
en e an n tw
ro d iff
er t h tan en e an n co n o e n ce ar e o er e n c ar ac e r s .

O urth au ly h t th f
o r u ses o n m f b th m i g bo ne c f th ia r ac e r , e or er o n e , or o ean n s, ecau s e o e r

p h ti d p b bly m ti l i k Th i i th fi t k w i t
o ne c an ro a se wh th w d an c n . s s e rs no n n s a n ce er e e or

i d i b th
s u se n o s e nses .

“C hi I H i
3 h Ch a hi p i s n s -
u,
’
un c -
’
u
’
en .
,

Th i t t m t i f d i M h i h C h p t
37 s s a e en i t h B k f Hi t y
s o un d t n u -s , a er 22 n e oo o s or , an no

i n
“
T i h ih wh i h i Ch p t
’
a -
s Ch ,
”
hi hi g h c yi t s 4 a er 21 .
’
un c -
’
u c n -
c ua n n- e, -
.

T h i l i i f d i th H i y
38 s ne ti s f th B k f P t y i p m
oun n e
“
s ao - a
”
sec on o e oo o oe r , n oe no .

971 t i t,
l d H ien P d
e t i t h “
T y s ao t i F t h ’
m an, t h fi
"
t pan t no n e
“
a- a sec on . ur er ore, e rs ar

f t h q t ti P pl g i l x M hi h i
“
o e d t
uo a y i on, t i th i eo t t e y use t o sa , s no n e or na e . a o -s n- e ,
 Epi t l s o ar y Wr i t i n g
T h e Ts a n
Li te r ar y w i ti n g d e v e lop s in to m an y for m s
r
,

O f which o n e i s the epi stol ar y

I t app e ar s lik e a g a llopi n g s tee d c ap ar i so n e d i n go l d ,

B u t fu lfill s i t s fu n c ti o n t h r o u gh simpl e u tte r an c es .

F om the tim e o f an tiqu i ty i ts s o u n d h as b e e n h e ar d

r
,

And i t br ings r e sponse fr om a thousand li a way .

T h e m as s o f e n tangl e d affai r s
B e c o m e s c o mp r e h e n siv e th r o u gh th e i r b e ing r e co r d e d .

XX VI Sp i r i t u a l Th o ugh t o r I m agi nati o n ( S h e n —

. ss u
)

An A n ci e n t s aid O n e m ay b e on th e r iv er s an d se a i n body b u t hi s
, ,

mi n d r e m ai n s at the p a l ace gate Thi s i s wh at I m e an by s hen — .

”1
ss u o r ,

spi r i tu a l t ho u gh t o r im agi n a ti o n O n e wh o is e n gage d i n li ter ar y .

tho u gh t tr av e l s fa r in spi r i t Q u i e t ly a b s o r b e d i n co n te mpl a tion his

.
,

thinking r ea ch e s b a ck o n e t hou s and y e a r s ; a n d wi th o nly t he s ligh te s t

move men t o f h i s co u n ten a nce his vi sion p e ne tr ate s ten thou san d li ;
,

h e c r e ates t h e mu sic o f p ea r l s an d j a d e b e t wee n his po e tic li n e s an d ,

h e Wi tn esse s th e r olling o f win d an d clo u d s r igh t b efo r e h i s b r ows an d

l a sh e s Th ese things ar e pos sibl e b e cau se o f the w o r k of th e im agin ation
. .

Th r o u gh th e s u bt le ty of the im agi n ation the spi r i t co m e s i n to con ,

t ac t wi th e x te r n a l t hi n gs T h e spi r i t r e sid e s in t h e mi n d an d the k e y

.
,

t o i t s s e cr e t i s co n tr oll e d by bo th th e fe e ling s an d th e vi t a l fo r c e .

Phy sic a l things r e a ch o u r mi n d s th r ough o u r ear s an d e y e s an d t he ,

k e y t o t h e i r app r e h e n si o n i s t h e s kill e d u se of l an g u ag e W h en th e .

k ey wo k s smoo thly th er e i s no thing which will n o t app e ar i n i t s tr u e

r ,

1 C h u a n g tz u y i n - g l x
t e , 7 9 2 8 5 6 In i t s o r i in a co n t e t , t h e i n e s e a s o f l p k the w l d lyor

wv
.

a mb iti on o fa m
m a n wh o i s i n r e ti r e e n t Ho e e r , L iu Hs ie h i n o r e s t h is i
. g mpl i cat i o n a n d

is co n ce r n ed on ly w ith the a m i gp w
az n o er of h gh t wh i
t ou ch t r an s p o r ts o ne to pl a ce s

wh er e h is b ody is no t .
Spir it ual Th o ught or I m agi nati o n 155

for m ; b u t wh e n i ts op er ation i s o b str u cte d the spi r i t lo ses i t s r atio n ale ,

.

F o r thi s r e a so n v ac an cy an d tr a n q u ili ty ar e impo r ta n t i n th e d e v e l o p

,

m e n t o f li te r ar y thi n ki n g : the achi ev e m en t o f thi s st ate o f v a c an cy an d

tr an q u ili t y e n ta il s th e cl e an s i n g f t h e five vi sc e a a n d th e p u r ifi ca tio n
o r

o f th e spi i t O n e h a s a l s o t o a cq u i r e l e a r n i n g i n o r d e r t o m a i n t ai n a
r .

s to r e o f p r e c o u s i n fo m a t i o n a n d t o c o n t e mpl a te t h e n a t u e o f r e a s o n
i r ,
r

so a s to e n r i c h h i s t a l e n t s ; h e m u s t s ea r c h d ee ply an d e x p e r i e n ce wi d e ly

in or d e r th at he m ay e x h a u stiv e ly e vok e the so u r ce o f ligh t ; h e m u st

m aster li ter ar y tr adi ti o n s in o r d e r to m ak e hi s e xp r e ssi o n s fe lici to u s
a n d s m o o th I t i s o n ly t h e n t h at h e co mmi ss i o n s th e my s t e r i o u s
“
.

b u tch e r [wh o d we ll s wi thi n him ] to wr i te i n a cco d wi th m u sic al

”2
r

p atte r n s ; an d i t i s th e n th at he se ts the i n comp ar ably b illi an t m a ster r

“

wh ee lw igh t [wh o d we ll s wi thi n him ] to wi e l d the ax i n h a m o n y

r
”3
r

wi th h i s i n tu ti v e i n sigh t Thi s i n shor t i s the fi r st s tep i n th e a t

i .
, ,
r

o f w i ti n g
r a n d t h e m ain p r i n cipl e e mploy e d i n th e pl a n n i n g o f a
,

li te r ar y pi ece .

W h e n s h e n s su [o r spi r i tu a l tho u gh t ] i s i n op e r ati o n all p o ssibl e

-
,

v i sta s op en u p b efo r e i t R u le s a n d p r i n cipl e s b e co m e m e r e fo r m a li ti e s

.

a n d t h e r e i s n o t t h e l e a st t a ce of c a r vi n g o r r W h en o n e
a s c e n d s mo u n t a i n s in su ch a n i n spi r e d s ta t e h e wh o l e mo u n t a i n
[ ] t ,

will b e ti n ge d wi th the co lo r in g o f h i s o wn fe e lings ; a n d wh en h i s

e y es r ov e o v e r t he se a s t h e s eas will b e s a t u r a te d wi t h h i s id e as H e
, .

ca n r o am a s c o mp an io n o f th e wi n d a n d t h e c lo u d s a cc o r d i n g t o t h e

m easu r e o f hi s tale n ts A t the mom en t wh e n a wr i ter fi r s t pick s u p hi s

.

e n a n d b e fo r e a n y t hi n g h a s e t b e e n wr i t te n h e fe e l s a s if h i s c r ea ti v e
p , y ,

vigo r wer e d o u bl e d ; b u t at the comple tion o f the pi e ce h e u su ally ]

2
Ibi d .
,
—
7 8 3 2 -1 2 . The my i
s ter o u s b u tc h er , i n h isg c u tt i n o f a b ll x h ib it
u h, e s su c

p f
r o o u nd g
f t h e u t h a t h is n e s
u n d e r st a n d i n o b ll s e een k i f w i m b tw
e o n s an s s th j i t d i ti ll
a s s h ar p a s if n e wl v f
y h o n e d , e e n a te r n i n e te e n y ear s o f s er i ce ou u an z u, v A l t h gh C h g t
T
.

a ao i s t , wa s t h e o r e t ica o lly pp
o se d t o a ll e r essi o n s , xp
i te r a r y o r o t e r l
se , t s u tc er h wi hi b h
b m
h a s e co e t h e s y o mb l
o f t h e h i h e s t a ch i e e g
en t i n vm l
i t e r a r c r e a t i o n He i s o n e wh o y
wk
.

g p
o r s t h r o u h t h e s i r i t r a t h e r t h a n th r o u h t h e s e n s e s g
W
.

3
I bid , 3 6 / 1 3 6 8—
.
74 The a st e r
. m
hee r i ht ie d s h is a x to lw g w l a e a h e e in a mk w l
m b l l q
a nn e r a s o u t e y u n i u e , a n d h e n c e n o t co u n i ca e mm bl
He i s a n o t h e r e a e o f th e
. x mpl
g w
a r t i s t ic h e i h t h ic h i s r e a c h e d n o t b y e ffo r t b u t in tu iti e i n s i h t by v g .

4 R f g lb
e er r in to a o r i o u s e ffo r t .
1 56 Spi r it ual Th o ug ht or Im agi nati o n
h as su ccee de d in co nv e ying on ly h alf o f wh a t h e h a d a t fi r s t con tem
pl ate d W hy i s thi s so ? B e cau se o ne s i d eas m ay e asily b e e x tr a or d i n ar y
.
’

wh e n h e i s fr e e t o wor k in the r ealm of fan cy b u t i t i s v e r y diffi cul t ,

fo r o n e t o giv e b e au ty to his l angu age wh e n h e i s ti e d d o wn t o the

fac tu al d e tails Th er efo r e a lth o u gh the i d e a tak e s sh ap e fr om spi r i tu al
.
,

t hi n king a n d th e l a n gu age r e c e iv es i t s fo r m fr o m th e id ea id e a
, , ,

t ho u gh t an d l an gu age m ay b e so clo se ly r e l ate d t h at t h e y ar e e xp e r i

,

e n ce d a s o n e o r t h e y m a di ff e r a s s tr iki n gly a s if th e y w e r e a t ho u s a nd
, y
li fr om e a ch o th e r A w r i te r m ay g o b e y o n d t h e wo r ld in s ear ch o f
.

p atter ns which ar e th e r e in the squ ar e i n ch o f h i sh ear t an d s om etime s ,

h i s tho u gh t s tr ay s ov e r moun tain an d r iv er fo r id e a s which ar e o n ly a

fe w inch e s o r fee t a w ay So b e vigil an t ov er you r h ear t an d c u l tiv ate
.

t he i n t ui t i v e m e t hod ; th e r e is li tt l e n ee d o f o n e r ous m en t a l e ffo r t fo r ,

o n e wh o i s e n dow e d wi th n atu r a l e x c e ll e nc e b a l a nc e d a s a h a r m o ni o u s

whol e h as n o n ee d to str ai n himself .

I n d ivid u als v ar y wi th r e sp e ct to th ei r n atur al t ale n ts ; s om e ar e slow

a n d s o m e a r e quick A n d wh e n th e y e x p r e s s th e m s e lv e s in li te r ar y
.

for ms th e y al s o e x ce l in m any di ffer e n t ways [Ssu m a ] Hsi ang—

, j u .
-

che we d hi s b r u sh to bi ts Y an g H siung had nigh tm ar es b e cau se of his

,

i n abili ty to con tin u e wr i ting H u ang T an fe ll ill b e c au se o f on e r o u s ,

’

thi n king W a ng Ch u ng e x h aus te d h i s v i t a li ty i n his in te ll e c tu al l abo r s

’

, ,

Ch an g H eng too k ten y ear s to study th e c api tal s [fo r hi s fu ] an d ,

5

T s o Ssu took t we lv e y ear s to coll e c t m ate r i al fo r th e wr i t i n g o f his

f u o n c a pi t a ls I t i s t r u e .t h6
a t a ll of t h e s e m e n s wo r k s a r e of imm e n s e
’

m agn i tu de b u t th e y a r e all the r e sult of thinki n g which i s s low an d

,

l abo r io u s O n the o the r h a nd P r ince Hu ai n an [o r L i u An ] co mpl e te d

.
,
-

h i s fu o n En c o u n ter i ng So r r o w b e fo r e the mo r ning wa s sp e n t Mei ,

Kao h a d h i s pi e ce r ea dy as s oon as h e r e c e iv e d the r oy a l commission ,

T z u chi e n [o r Ts a o Chi h ] wr o te po e tr y as easily as if h e we r e r e ci ting

’
-
,

Ch u ng hsii an [o r W ang T s an ] let hi s b r ush fly as if copying fr om a

-
’

5 He w r o te o ne in on the w e s te r n ca p it la an d o ne on t h e e a s te r n c a p it l a . See Wen

hs u a n , c h ii a n 2 a n d 3
v ly
.

6 He h a s th r e e i n o n t h e ca ita s o f th e th r e e in d o s p l k g m k w no n co ll ect i e as
“
San
fu z Sh u , W u , a n d W e i Se e W e n -hs ua n c h uan 4 a n d 5
”
tu - .
, .
158 Spi r it ual T h o urg ht or Im agi n ati o n
soul un d e r s tan d s t he i r se c r e t an d only the mo st spi r i tu al mind comp r e ,

h en d s th e i r n u mb e r T h e [m aste r ch ef] I Chih wa s u n abl e to te ll p e o ple

.

h o w h e cook e d an d Wh e e lwr igh t P ie n co u l d n o t i n fo r m p e o pl e how

,
7

h e wi e l d e d h i s ax [G r ea t a r t ] i s i n fi n i te ly s ub tl e ?
.

T h e Ts a n
U n der th e op e r ation o f th e spi i t r th e ph e n om en a l wor l d b e co m e s
icu l ate
ar t ,

B u t do e s so r e spon si v e to v a r yi n g e mo ti o n al si tu at io n s .

Thi n gs ar e app r e h e n d e d by m ean s o f th e i r app ear an ce s ,

A n d th e mi n d r e spon d s by th e applic atio n o f r e a so n .

I t c ar v e s an d e n gr a v e s i n ac co r d an c e wi th s o u n d p atte r n s ,

For gi n g me tapho r s an d alle gor i e s as i t goe s .

It g at h e s t oge th er all i t s i d eas an d wo r k s th e m i n to h ar m o n y

r ,

A n d [lik e Ge n e r a l Ch an g Li an g ] wi n s vic to r y afa r whil e s i tti n g i n i ts

?
t en t

XX VII Style a n d Nat ur e T i —

h si n g)
.
’

W h e n th e mo tion s ar e m o v e d th ey exp e ss th e m se lv e s i n wo r d s ; an d
e , r

wh e n r e aso n i s bo r n i t e m e r ge s in a p a tte r n Fo r we st ar t wi th th e
, .

imp e r cep tible an d fo llo w th r o ugh to the r e v eale d an d o n the b asi s ,

o f in n e r r e a li ti e s s e e k e x te r n a l r e a li ti e s i n h ar mo n y wi t h t h e m How .

e v e r p eo pl e di ff e r i n t a l e n t in phy sic a l vi t a li t y in s chol a r s hip an d i n

, , , ,

m an n er : i n ta len t some ar e m e d iocr e a n d s om e b r illi an t ; i n physic al

7 La -
s hi h c h u n c h
’
-
’
iu ( C hu -
t z u c h i ch e n -
’
g ed .
, g
Sh a n h a i , ch u a n 14 , pp . 14 0 —
41 .

C hih i
I th m f I Y i wh i
”
s ano w t T g q ti
er na y Th e or n, o, n an s er o
’
an
’
s u es o n , sa s, e

ch g anwh i h t k pl i
es ld c b tl d d l i t
a e i th xp ibl i
a ce n a ca u ro n are su e an e ca e , ne er e r e ss e n

w d b y t h m th i v bl by t h m i d
”
or s e ou no r c o n ce a e e n .

S 8 t 3 bv
ee n o e a o e .

It w
9 id f C h g L i g f t h H
as sa h l h gh m i i g i h i m y t t
o an an o e an t at , a t ou re a n n n s ar en

wh h m pp d t h i mp ig t t gy h w v i t i
en e a e ou th d Ii w y S s ca a n s ra e , e on c o r es o n e o u san a a . ee

h i b i g p h y i th H
s o h
ra Th p ll l p iti f th m i d th p i it i h i t d
n e a n -s u . e ar a e os on o e n or e s r s n e

at her e .
 Sty le a nd Nat ur e 159

vi tali ty so m e a r e s tr ong an d some we ak ; in s ch o l ar ship s o m e a r e sup e r

fici al an d so m e p r o fo u n d ; i n m ann e r so m e a r e g r a ce fu l an d s om e
vulgar All th ese ar e p ar tly the ou tco me o f t emp e r am en t an d n atu r e
.
,

an d p ar t ly t h e r e s ul t of a p r oc e ss of t r ai n ing F o r t hi s r e as o n we fin d .
,

i n th e d o m ai n o f th e b r u sh fo r e s t v a r io u s gr o tesq u e fo r m s t aking s h ap e
lik e r olli n g clo u d s ; an d i n th e gar d e n of li te r a tu r e d i ffe r en t a c tivit i e s
b u r ge on fo r th as wave s su r ge u pon w av e s Th u s in the u se o f lan .
,

gu age an d i n the gr asp o f con te n t a m an i s d e sti n e d to b e e i the r ,

m e diocr e o r b r illi an t an d n o o n e can m ak e him wh at is con tr ar y t o

,

h i s tal e n t ; in t e mp e r a n d d i spo si ti o n h e i s d e s ti n e d to b e e i th e r v i t a l,

o r spi r i t l ess a n d no o n e ca n ch a nge th e d e g r e e o f h i s phy s ic a l v i t a li t y ;

,

i n h i s r e a ctio n s to thi n g s an d gr a sp o f m e an i n gs h e i s d esti n e d t o b e ,

e i t h e r s u p e fi ci a l o r p r o fo u n d an d n o o n e h a s e v er h ea r d o f a chi e v e
r ,

m e n t o u t o f p o p o ti o n to a m an s s chol ar ship ; a n d in styl e an d for m

r r
’

h e i s d e s tin e d t o b e e i t h e r g a ce fu l o r v u lg a r an d fe w can b e wh a t
r ,

i s co n t a r y t o th e i r t ai n i n g E a ch fo ll o w s th e w a y h e ch e r i sh e s i n h i s
r r .

h e ar t an d p e ople s h e ar ts di ff er a s m u ch a s th e i r face s All i n all we

’
.
,

m ay e n u me r ate e igh t di ffe r e n t s tyl e s : fi r s t e l e ga n t a n d gr a c e fu l o r i n , ,

th e s tyl e of ti e an d y a ; n se c o n d far — '

r a n gi n g a n d p r o fo u n d ; t hi r d
1
, ,

p o li sh e d an d con ci se ; fo u r th l u ci d an d l o gic a l ; fifth p o fu se a n d

, , r

fl we y ; si x th vigo r o u s an d b e au tifu l ; se v e n th f e sh an d e x tr ao r d i n ar y ;
o r , ,
r

a n d e igh t h ligh t a n d t r ivi a l

, .

T h e s tyl e whi ch i s d e fin e d a s e l e g a n t an d g r ace fu l m o d e l s i t se lf

afte r the cl a s s ic a l fo r m s a n d a d o p t s t h e C on fu c i an p i n cipl es ; th e far r

r a n gi n g a n d p r o fo u n d c o u ch e s i t s co n t e n t i n c yp t ic ph r a s e s a n d o b s c u r e r

e x p r e s s ion s t r e a ti n g o f t r u th s d e e p s e a t e d i n t h e n at u r e o f t hi n g s ; t h e
,
-

p li sh e d an d co n ci se h a s m aste e d the p r o bl em s o f dic ti o n an d sen

o r

t en c e s tr u ct u r e a n a lyzi n g th e m d o w n t o th e mi n u t e st d e t a il s ; th e l u ci d
,

d l o gi ca l e mpl o y s st aigh tfo w a d l angu age to ex p r e s s cl e ar i d e a s

r r r

wi th r e asoni n g s o p e ti n e n t th a t i t sa ti sfie s o u r mi n d s ; th e p r o fu se an d
r

flo we r y i n d u lge s i n cr e ati n g b ea u tifu l p atte n s th o u gh a we al th o f r r

m e taphor s aimi n g at b r igh te n i n g an d ill u mi n ati n g all b r an ch e s an d

,

1
Th at is , the st yl e o f the B oo k o f Hi s t o r y and th e B oo k o f P o etr y .
1 60 Sty le a nd Nat ur e

ra mific ati o n s o f i ts su bj e c t ; the vigo r o u s a n d b e au tifu l di sti n gu i she s

i tse lf by e loq u e n t di sco ur s e an d gr an d comp o si ti o n gl o wi n g wi th
r e m a r k abl e col o r s ; t h e fr e sh a n d e x t r a o r d i n a r y s h u n s t h e h a c k n e y e d

a n d c o mp e t e s fo r su cc e s s in t h e v o g u e of th e m o m e n t d e vo ti n g i t s e lf ,

t o th e u n co n s id e r e d the bi a se d th e d iv e r t i n g a n d t he s tr a n ge ; a n d the
, ,

ligh t an d tr ivi a l i s ch ar acte ize d by i ts fr ivolou s l an gu age we akly o r

r

g a n i z ed f o ll o
, wi n g t h e l e a d o f t h e v u lg a r wi t ho u t a n
y s t r e n gt h o f ,

i ts o wn A s we s ee th e gr a c e fu l con tr as ts wi th th e e x tr a o r d i n a r y t he
.
, ,

p r ofo u n d d iff e s fr om the l u cid the p r o fu se co n flict s wi th the con ci se

r , ,

a n d t h e v igo o u s cl ash e s wi t h t h e ligh t W h e n we u n d e r s t a n d t h e s e

r .

s t yl e s we ca n m a k e th e pl a n t of li te r a r y compo s i t io n g r ow r oo t s l e av e s
, , , ,

a n d a ll in th e g a r de n o f li t e r a t u r e
, .

Since the eigh t styl e s ar e con stan tly i n ter ch an ge d s u cce s s d ep en d s ,

2

o n s chol ar s hip T ale n t r e side s wi thi n an d i s bor n o f the physical

.
,

v i tali ty of the blood Thi s phy sic al [an d h e n ce temp e r am e n t al ] vi tali ty

.

gives su b stan ce to o u r fe e li n g an d idea s an d t he se de ter mi n e th e fo r m ,

l angu age will tak e T h e b eau ty o n e imp ar ts to his l an gu age d ep e n d s

.
,

t h e r efo r e e n ti e ly o n h i s te mp e r am e n t a n d n a tu r e
-
,
r T he sh ar p an d .

q u ick wi tte d Chi a I p r oduce d li ter ar y pi e ce s wi th a cle a n an d pu r e

-

s tyle ; Ch an g—ch ing [o r Ssu m a H si ang j u ] p r ou d an d e ccen tr ic ov e r

’ ’
- -
, ,

b u r de n e d his wor k s wi th e x agger ate d r e asoni n g an d e x ce ssiv e wo r d i

ne ss ; the wr i tings o f T z u y ii n [o r Y ang H siun g ] ar e ab str u se al -
,

t hough givi n g th e r ea d e r a ta s te which linge r s b e c a us e o f h i s r e ti r i n g ,

a n d r e ti c e n t n a t u r e ; T z u Ch e n g o r L i u H si a n g w a s cl ear i n his id e a s
[ ] -

a n d e x h au s t iv e in h i s tr e atm e n t s o f f a c t s b e c au s e h e was u n a ssu mi n g ,

a n d s impl e ; M e ng chi e n o r P an Ku a m a n o f g r a c e a n d e x c e ll e nc e
[ ] -
, ,

was c ar e fu l i n compo si tion an d r e so u r c e f l in ho gh ; u t u t P n —

i g tz u [o r ’

Ch an g Hen g ] wide ly l e ar n e d was thor o u gh in inv e s tigation an d well

, , ,

o r gani z e d a s we ll as c o lor fu l in e xp r e ssion ; Ch u n g h sii an [o r W an g -

T s a n ] h a s ty an d spi r i te d e x hibi te d o u tstan di n g wo r k s i n dicating

’

, , ,

f i f l
a r u t u ta en t ; l Ku n g — k an [o r L i u Ch e n ] n ar r ow mi n d e d an d bi as e d ,
-
,

2 Thi s see m s to f
r e er to t he p o ss i bl e ch a n gi g f m
n ro one sty e l to a n o the r by an

in d iv i d
ua l .
162 Sty le a nd Nat ur e

And th e r e ar e fo r m s which ar e the r e sul t o f l abo r io u s ar tifice b u t ,

o n ly s u cc ee d i n t u r n i n g t h e v e r milio n i n t o th e v u lg a r pu pl
[
?
] r e

B y tr ai n i n g a wr i te r m ay a chi e v e a r esu l t a s tr u e a s [n atu r e i t se lf ] ,

A n d thi s ki n d o f b e a u ty i s r e a ch e d by a g r ad u a l p r oce ss o f l ab o r .

XX VIII Th e . Wi n d a n d th e B o n e ( Fe n g -
k )
u

T he B o o k o f Pco n tai n s six e l em e n ts a n d o f th e se fe ng o r wi n d

o e tr y , , ,

s t a nd s a t t h e h e a d o f t h e li st I t i s t h e so u r c e o f t r a n sfo r m a ti o n
. an d ,

t he co r r e l a te o f e mo t io n an d vi ta li t y He wh o wo u l d e x p e s s m o u r n f u l
. r

e m o t io n s m u s t b e gi n wi t h t h e wi n d an d t o o r g an iz e h i s li n g u i stic
,

e l e m e n t s h e m u s t a b o v e a ll e mph a siz e t h e b o n e Li t e r a r y e x p r e ss io n s
.

a r e c o n di t i o n e d by t he bon e i n m u ch th e s a m e wa a t h e s t andi n g
y s

po s tu r e o f a b o d y i s co n d i ti o n e d by i ts s ke le ton ; fe e li n g giv e s fo r m to
t h e wi n d v e r y much a s a phy s ic a l fo r m e n v e lop s th e vi ta li t y which

a n im a t e s i t W h e n e x p r e ssi o n s a r e o r g an iz e d o n t h e r igh t p r incipl e s

.
,

li ter ar y bone i s th er e ; an d wh e n the e mo tion an d vi ta li ty e mbodi e d

a r e s wi ft a n d fr e e t h e e we fin d t h e p u r i t y o f th e li te r a r y wi n d If a
, r .

li te r ar y pi e ce h a s n o thi n g b u t r ich an d br illi an t colo r s wi tho u t wi n d ,

a n d bo n e to k e e p i t a i r — b o r n e th e n o n e sh aki n g i s e n o u gh to de str oy
,

i ts spl e nd o r l acki n g as i t d o e s the vigo r which c an j u s t ify fam e Th er e

,
.

fo r e a co n d i tio n fo r o r gan i z i n g o n e s tho u gh t an d pl an ni n g o n e s

’ ’

compo si ti o n i s t o d e v e lop to the fu ll o n e s vi tali ty ; fo r wh en o n e i s ’

s t r o n g a n d whol e h e will s hi n e wi t h fr e s h b r illi an c e T h e conc e p t h e r e

,
.

appli e d t o li ter a r y c o mpo s i tion i s e n r i c h e d by comp a r iso n wi t h o u r

o b s e r v a ti o n o f th e u s e o f wi n g s by a bi r d of p r e y He wh o se bo n e .

st r u c t u r e i s w e ll e x e r c i se d will a lw a y s b e v er se d i n r h e t o r ic ; a n d h e

who i s d ee p o f wi n d will a lway s b e ar ticul ate i n e x p r e ssi n g his fe e l

ings T o b e fir m an d e x ac t i n dictio n an d i n r es on an ce s u r e wi thou t
.
,

3 Se e n o te 19 , Ch pt
a er IV .
T he Wi nd a nd t he B o ne 63

b ein g h e a vy : thi s i s wh at i s m e an t by vigo r o f wi n d an d bon e N o w .

to b e thin i n id e a s a n d fa t in wo r d s o r co n fu se d an d d i s o r g a n iz e d , ,

wi th o u t un i ty ar e su e sign s o f l a ck o f thi s kin d o f b o n e A n d wh en

, r .

i d eas ar e i n c o mple te an d i n comp r eh en siv e life l ess an d wi th o u t vi tali ty , ,

i t i s an e vid e n c e o f th e ab se n c e o f t he wi n d L o n g ag o wh e n P a n H s ii
’
.
,

wr o te h i s e d i ct c o n fer r i n g th e ni n e ho n o r s o n P r ince W e i h e p at ,
1

te r n e d h i s t h o u gh t aft e r t h e Cl a ss ic s All o t h e r t a l e n t s o n se e i n g h i s .
,

wor k hid the i r b r u s he s be cau se h i s ha d thi s vigo r o f b o n e an d m ar r o w

, ,
.

T h e fu o n th e imm o r tals b y [Ss u m a ] H s i an g j u e x hibi te d a v i t ali t y

z
- -

which so a e d to th e clo u d s He was p r ocl aim e d po e t l au r ea te b e c a u se

r .

hi s wo r k p o ss e s se d s u ch powe fu l str e n gth o f wi n d If o n e h as th e r .

a bili ty t o s ee t h e es s e n ti a l s ill u s tr a t e d i n t h e se c a s e s h e m ay b e abl e t o ,

s ucc e e d i n h i s li te a y p u r s u i t s B u t n o a m o u n t o f e mb e lli shm e n t will

r r .

d o him an y go o d i f h e fa il s to fo ll o w th ese e s s e n ti a l p r i n cipl es

, .

I t was fo r thi s r e aso n t h at W e i —

we n [o r T s ao P e i ] s ai d V i t ali ty i s
’ ’

,
“

the m ain fac to r i n w r i ting T h e su b s tan ce o f t hi s vi t a li t y i s e i th e r .

clear o r tur bid an d i ts state s can n o t be achi e v e d by e ffor t In dea li n g

, .
”3

wi th K ung Yu n g h e s ai d T h e su b stan ce o f h i s vi tali ty i s lofty an d

’

, ,
“

e x q u isi te ; in th e c a s e of Hs u Ka n h e s ai d
”
O ccasion ally Hsii ex hibi ts , ,
“

th e [r ath er lo w v i ta li ty which is known to ch ar ac te r i z e th e di s tr ic t o f

]
Ch i ; an d i n the c ase o f L i u Ch en he s aid He pos sesses tr an s ce n d en t
’ ” 4
, ,
“

vi tali ty Ku ng Kan [o r L i u Ch e n ] also r e m ar k e d M as ter K u n g s

.
”
,
“ ’ ’

s t yl e i s lof ty a n d s ta te ly d e fi n i te ly po sse s sing e x t r a o r di n ar y vi t ali t y, a ,

vi ta li ty n o t e xp r e ssibl e i n br u sh an d ink Th e se wr i ter s l a id a commo n .

”5

e mph asi s o n v i t a li t y .

A phe asan t wi th all i t s color ful fe ath er s i s limi te d in i ts scop e o f

, ,

fligh t to a h u nd r e d p aces b e ca u se i t is fat— fl e sh e d an d h as li ttl e o r no ,

1
Se e n o te 22, Ch pt a er XIX .

f g whi h w p Ta— mp mp
2 “
Re er r in to h is t d t th
j e n fu , c as r ese n e o e e er o r . The e er o r

wa s so e n th ll d h t h f l t h w fl ti g p l d m k i g
ra e t a e x e e as oa n u on c ou s, a n an e cu r s i o n t hr o u gh
th e u n i e r s e v S
. S m H i g j
ee b i g ph y i th H —h
su - a s an -
u s
’
o ra n e an s u

Th i
.

3 d t h f ll w i g t t m t f d i W iw E y Lit
’
s an e o o n s a e en s ar e o un n e -
en s ssa on e r a tu r e .

See W e n -hs ua n , c h ii a n 52 .

4 L i Sh a n g , t h e co mm e n ta to r o f W e n hs u a n ,
-
sa id th a t t h e d i s t r ic t o f C h i wa s
’
k w no n

fo r l w ty l
a s o s e in w iti g
r n . I bi d .
, c h ii a n 52 .

5
K gK un
’
an s e ss a yi l s o st .
164 T he Wi n d an d t he B one

vigo r A n e agle m ay n o t h ave b eau tiful plum age p a tter n s b u t i ts wi n gs

.
,

car r y i t high i n the sky b e ca use o f i ts str ong bon e str uctu r e an d ,

migh ty vi ta li ty S tr e ngth o f li ter ar y t ale n t is comp ar abl e to th e se c ases

. .

If we h ad the wi n d an d the bon e wi tho u t color s we woul d h av e a ,

gr o u p o f e agl e s in the fo r est o f li ter a tu r e ; b u t if we h ad colo r s wi thou t

the wind a n d the bon e we would h av e a c r owd o f ph e a s a n t s j u mpi n g
,

a bou t i n a ga r d e n o f l e t t e r s O nly wh e n a li te r a r y pi e c e h as bo th b e au
.

tif u l colo r s a n d th e abili ty to s o ar high d o we h av e a s i n ging pho e ni x

in the wor ld o f li ter atur e .

W h e n a wr i ter ca sts an d mold s h i s wo r ks after the p atte r n s of th e

Classics s o ar s an d aligh ts in the m a n n e r in which philosoph er s an d
,

hi stor i an s h av e so ar e d a n d aligh te d an d is e qu ipp e d wi t h a p r ofo u n d ,

6

knowl e d ge o f the e ver ch anging e mo ti o n s an d the abili ty to d i spl ay

-

wi th a d elic ate to u ch s tyl es sui table to them he will b e abl e to con ce iv e ,

n e w id e a s a n d c ar v e e x tr a o r din ar y e x p r e ss ions F o r th e w r i te r wh o .

k n ows wh at s tyl e i s fi tti ng will be a ble to fo r m n e w i d e as wi tho u t i n

t r o d u ci n g confu sio n ; a n d h e wh o knows th e e v e r v a r yi n g e mo tio n s will -

b e a bl e to a dop t e x tr ao r di n ar y e x p r e s si o n s wi thou t e v e r ov e r doi n g i t .

B u t if b e fo r e the bon e a n d th e e mo ti o n a l p a tte r ns ar e f u ll gr own o r -

,

if b efor e the wind an d the r h e tor ic h av e bee n suffi cie n tly cu l tiv ate d a ,

wr i ter should p as s ov e r the o ld r u l e s an d r u n after n ew cr e atio n s h e ,

wo u l d mor e ofte n th an n o t m eet wi th failur e a l th o u gh h e migh t o c ,

ca si o n ally com e up wi t h s om e cl e v er id e a s Fo r a pi e c e which i s co n .

s tr u c te d o f m e r e e x tr a o r d in ar y ph r a s e s i s a mis t a k e an d how can o n e ,

con si d er i t a con stan t p r inciple ? T he B o o k o f C h o u sa y s In wr i ti ng ,

“

o n e should e mph asi z e th e e ss e n ti a l a n d s ho u ld n o t in d u lg e i n th e e x

T h e p u r pos e o f this s tate m e n t i s to p r e v e n t e x c essiv e

”7
t r ao r d i n ar y .

li ter ar y e mb e llishme n t B u t the ar t o f wr i ting h as m any av enu es an d

.
,

e a ch schol a r m ay choos e wh a t d e ligh t s him Howe v e r b e cau se th o se .

,

wh o know d o n o t i n str u c t a n d tho se wh o r ea lly s tu d y h av e n o te ach e r s

8
,

6 l phi l w k
Ph i o so ca or s a nd h i sto r i e s h a v e a lw ay s b ee n he dl as e x mpl
a es o f g oo d

l it e r ary tyl S C h p t
s e . ee a er s XV I a nd X VII b a o v e .

9 Ch pt
7 S t
ee n o e 1 a er II .
,

3 Th t f w i ti g i
e ar o r n s to be g p r as ed in tu i i v ly
t e a nd n o t d iscu r s i vl
e y .
166 Flexi ble A d apta bility
O nly by ob vi g thi u th can a wr i ter gallop o n a r o ad th at doe s
se r n s tr

n o t e n d in an imp a s se o r d r ink o u t o f a sp r i n g which i s in e x h a u s t ibl e

, .

W h e n o n e h as to e n d u r e hi s thi r st b e c a u se th e we ll r op e i s to o sho r t ,

o r giv e u t h a d b e c a u se h i s l e g s a r e ti r e d i t i s n o t b e c a u se h e h a s
p e o r
,

e x h au s t e d t h e applic abili t y o f li te a r y p i n cipl e s b u t b e c au se h e i s i n e x r r ,

r i e n ce d i n t h e a r t o f fl e x ibl e a d ap t abili t y Li te r a t u r e m a b look d

p e
y e e a t .

as v e r y m u c h lik e g a ss e s an d pl an t s : th e i r r oo t s a n d t r u n k s which ar e
r
,

a t t a ch e d t o t h e s o il a r e a ll o f th e sa m e n a t u r e
; t h e i r s m e ll s an d t a ste s
, ,

which ar e e xp o se d to th e su n d i ffe r fr om i n divid u al to i n d ivid u al , .

1

In the ly r ic s an d son gs o f the n i n e d yn asti es we fin d th at fe e ling ,

2

t o n e a n d li te r a r y p atte r n a gr ee wi t h e ach o t h er i n e ach o n e Th e T u an

“
.

o f th e p e i o d o f t h e Y e llow Emp e r o r is a n e x a mpl e o f e mph a si s

”
ch u r

o n e x t e m e s impli c i ty ; Tsai o f t h e T an g th e n d e v e lop e d

“
t he
3 ’
r

b e y o n d i t T h e Ch i n g— .
y ii n o f t h e Y ii
“
i s mo r e r ichly
’
e mb e lli s h e d ”
t h a n
t h a t of t he T a n g a n d th e Ti a o ch i an g o f the H si a is e v en m o r e
’ “ ’ ”
-
,

l avi shly o r n am en te d th an th at o f the Y ii W h e n we co m e to the Sh an g .

a n d th e Chou we fin d t h e i r po e tr
y
,
v a s t ly mo r e b ea u tif u l th a n t h at o f

th e H si a B u t t h e y a ll a g r ee i n b e ing th e e x p r e ss ions o f g e n u i n e fe e l
.

i n g an d t he n a r r a tiv e s o f th e i r tim e s D u r ing th e Ch u p e r iod sa o was

’
.
,

p r o d u ce d o n the p atte r n o f the Cho u p o e m s ; an d the fu an d s u n g o f

Han tim e s r e fl e c t th e fo r m s o f th e C h u so n gs W e i s po e tic comp o si tion
’ ’
.

d efe r s to the s tyl e o f the Han i n a spi r i t o f admi r ati o n a n d Chin s ,

’

li te r ar y wr i ti n gs p atte r n th em se lv es afte r the color fu l wo r k s o f the

W e i A c a r e fu l an aly si s will show th at the li te r a r y p r od u c ti o n s d u r ing
.

1 A t t ac h m e nt to t h e so il f r e ers to the de fi n it e co r r e s p o nd e nce b tw e ee n the n a m e a nd

co n te n t o f a g en r e , a n d th xp e e o su r e to t h e su n r e e r s to a f d p t b i l it y t
a a o v a r y in g s i t u a t io n s .

2
T wo li t f d y n as e s o o
s s o ti f ll w
T h e r s t is t . fi l c o n ta i n s : Y ll w Emp
e o er o r p e r io d , T ’
an g ,

Y ii , Hs ia , Sh a n , g C
h o u , C h u , Ha n , W e i , a n d li t t i
’
Ch i n , te n in a ll . T he s e co n d s co n a n s ,

h g— t t l f l v A Li Hi h w k w mpl t d i ’
in d d i
a t i t t on S o ese , un a o a o e e en . s u s e s or as co e e n

C h i th d y t y w h i h f ll w d t h S g t h l tt h l d b i l d d I t m t h t
’

, e n as c o o e e un , e a er s ou e nc u e . s ee s a

th p i d f t h Y ll w Emp
e er o o d th t f C h
e h l d b th b
e o l imi t d th ero r an a o
’
u s ou o e e na e : e

Y ll w Emp
e o p id b it w
er o r p d y ti tim
er o d Ch ,
b it w
e cau s e as a re n as c e, an
’
u, e c au s e as a

p t f t h C h W i t h t h w h v l t g t h i d y ti
ar o e ou . ou t e se, e a e a o e er n ne n as es .

T h
3 “ f lk g
u a n -c i t
u, f f
”
a tw w d li
o f wh i h t h m
so n i g i , co n s s s o o ur o- or nes, o c e ea n n s

no t l It
c e ar . B mb b k ; B mbr u ns : ti d ; D t fly i g ; Ch i g m t
“
a oo ro en a oo co n nu e us n as n ea .
”

Th e so ngi d d i t h W y ii h h
s r e co r hi by Ch
e Y h f th H
n dy e ty u -
e c
’
un c -
’
u, ao e o e an n as .

N t i d tifi bl
4 o en a e .
Flexi ble A d apta bility 167

th e t im e s o f the Ye llow Emp e r o r an d the T an g a r e pur e an d simple ; ’

d u r i n g th e Y ii a n d H si a s impl e an d r ati o n a l ; d u r i n g the Sh an g an d

,

Cho u b eau ti fu l an d gr acefu l ; d u r i n g the C h u a n d Han e x agger ate d

,
’

a n d a ll u r i n gly c h a mi n g ; i n t h e t im e s o f t h e W e i a n d Chi n s u p e r fici a l

r ,

a n d o r n a m e n t a l ; a n d a t th e b e g n n i n g o f th e S u n g p r e t e n t i o u s a n d
i ,

n o v e l ty r i d d e n
-
D e cli n ing fr om th e simpl e to the p r e te n ti o u s li te r a r y
.
,

t a ste b e c o m e s thi n n e r a n d t hi n n e r a s i t app r o a ch e s o u r o wn tim e T h e .

r ea s o n fo r t hi s i s fo u n d i n th e f a c t t h a t a r iv a l r y in p r o d u ci n g s o m e t hi n g

n e w to th e n e gle c t o f th e a n ci e n t v a l u e s h a s l u ll e d th e wi n d a n d s app e d
, ,

vi tali ty .A t p r e sen t mo st o f the o u tsta n d i n g tale n te d sch o l a s wh o

, r

d e v o te th e m s e lv e s to li te r a tu r e ov e r lo o k the Han pi e c e s an d e m u l ate

th e e x ampl e s o f t h e S u ng p e r io d Ev e n i f th e y h a ve e a d all the
. r

s t an d ar d li te r a r y wo r k s bo t h an ci e n t an d mod e r n t h e y s ee m t o a t t a ch ,

t h e m se lv e s t o th e r e c e n t an d a v o r d t he r e mo t e B u t t h e c o lo r bl u e i s .

p r ep are d f o m i n digo an d the color r e d i s p r ep ar e d fr o m m adde r A n d

r .

a l tho u gh bl u e a n d r e d ar e b e t t er colo r s t h an t h e i r s o u r c e s th e y a e , r

i n c ap abl e o f fu r th er ch an ge H u an C hii n sh an [o r H u an T an ] s ai d
.
-
’

A s I r e a d th e m u ch o r n am e n te d wo r k s o f r e c e n t wr i te r s I fe e l t h at
“

t h e y m ay b e b e a u t i fu l b u t I a tta ch n o w e igh t t o t h e m B u t wh e n I
, .

r e a d w o rk s by L i u H si n d Y g H i g I f n p ofi by
5
[ ] a n a n
[ s u n
] o t e r t ,

the m .Th i s i s an e x ampl e i n poin t If o n e wi sh e s to r e fine u pon th e

”
.

bl u e an d p u r i fy the r e d o n e m u st r e tu r n to the in d igo an d the m add e r

,

a n d b e gin t h e r e ; j u st so t o co r r e c t p r e te n t iousn e ss a n d cu r e su p er
,

fici ali ty a wr i te r mu s t c o m e b ack to th e Cl a ssic s an d b e gin th e r e O n ly

, .

wh e n a wr i ter i s able to s tr ike a mi dd l e r o ad be t we e n the d e m an d s of

s u b st a n c e an d o f fo r m an d t o f o llow t he r igh t p r i n cipl e s wh e n c o n
,

fr o n te d wi t h a ch o i ce b e t ween a gr a ce ful an d a vulgar e x p r e s si o n i s h e ,

a m an wi th wh om we c an di s cu s s th e p r o bl e m o f fl e x ibl e a d ap t abili t y .

A t the b e gin n i n g o f th e H an dyn asty t h er e was a l r e a d y s tr e n u o u s ,

e ff o r t t o p e r fe c t th e d e s c r ip tion s o f th e s o u n d s an d o u t w ar d app e ar an ce s

of n atu e Late r wr i te r s p u r su e d thi s te nd ency Al tho u gh occ asi o n ally

r . .

t h e y s o ar e d b e yo n d th e o ld cou r se th e y i n v a r i a bly c a m e t o r e s t i n th e
,

5
L iu Hs i a n g s g bibl i p h i l Han d y n a s t y He d i e d i n A D
’
so n , a r e at o e o f th e . . 23 .
1 68 Flexi ble A d apta bility
c age o f the tr adi tion al Me i Sh en g in h i s Ch i fa wr o te A s I lo o k o ve r .
’
-
,

the E as te r n Se a I see u n r o ll e d b e fo r e m e th e v a s t sp a c e m e r gi n g wi th
,

t h e bl ue s k y Th e n [Ssu m a ] H si an g j u wr o te i n h i s Sh an g li n fu
” “ ”
- - -
.
,

A s I look a t [t h e pl ai n ] t h e r e i s n o b e gi n n i n g t o i t ; an d wh e n I
“
,

i n v e stigate i t th e r e i s n o e dge to i t : the su n i se s f o m i ts e aste r n po o l

, r r

an d t h e m o o n e m e r ge s o n i t s we s t e r n s l p e M a Y u n g w r o te i n h i s ”6 7
o .

“
u a n —
K g ch e n g su ng H eav e n an d e ar th me r ge i n to o n e ; t h e e i s
’

,
” “
r

n o b e ginni n g a n d n o e dge ; fr om t h e e a s t r i s es th e g r e at l u mi n a r y h
[t e

a n d o n th e w es ter n s lop e i s bo r n th e moo n Y n g H si u n g wr o te

”8
su n
] , a .

in h i s Chi ao li e h
“
He r e r i se an d se t the s u n an d moon an d h eav e n
-
,
”9 “
,

a n d ea r t h me e t A n d fi n a lly Ch an g H en g w r o t e i n h i s Hsi chi n g fu

” “ ”
-
.
,

“
J u st h e r e the su n an d m o o n i se an d se t the symbol s o f fu — s a n an d r ,

m eng ss u -
Th e se five wr i te r s i n th ei r se ve r a l atte mp t s t o d e sc r ib e
.
” 10
,

wh a t is v ast an d u nbo u n d e d se em to b r eath e o n e spi r i t Th er e ar e , .

m any s uch e x ampl es ; th e wr i ter s alway s tr y to e m u l ate o n e an oth er .

A n d to k n ow which e l e m e n t s to p e ser v e an d which to ch an ge i n a r ,

complicate d si tu ation i s t o po ssess fle x ible ad ap tabili ty ,

.

Th e r efo e in l ayi n g d own p r i n cipl e s gov e r n i n g li ter ar y tr a di ti o n s

r , ,

o n e m u s t h av e a b r o a d v i e w o f th e li t e r ar y fo r m s He sh o u ld fi r s t .

b r o a d en h i s exp e r i en ce in or de r to d eep e n hi s p e r cep ti o n an d a cq u i r e

,
,

a s yn th e t ic o u t look which c r e a tes h ar m o n y a mo n g a ll t h e li te r a r y

p r e ce p ts ; the n he m ay op en up n e w vi sta s an d cr e ate pivo ta l p o i n ts o f

h i s o wn [Th e se a cc o mpli shm e n ts won ] h e will b e i n a p o si tion t o k ee p
.
,

h i s ar t und e r h ar n es s con tr olli n g i t as if fr om a d i s tan c e an d p r o g r e s s

, ,

a t h i s l e i su r e ; h ese a ccompli s hm e n t s wo n ] h e will b e a bl e t o a chi e v e

[t ,

a n a r ti s tic h ar m o n y p e r fe c tly in acco r d wi t h h i s t e mp e r a m e n t a n d s u s

t ai n his v i ta li ty a d ap ting i t to v a r ying s i tu atio n s T o h i s wo r k will

,
.

6 Th e li ne h e r e d iff e r s f m ro the o r i gi l w h i
na , ch sa y s th e m oo n s e ts do w n the

w t es er n s o lp e . Th i s is a d e scr ip ti o n of th e v as tn e ss o f t h e pl ain on wh i ch t h e au th o r s
’

ey fes e ast .

7 Ag r ea t Ha n co mm e n ta to r o f t h e Cl ass i cs ( 79
8 Ad p ti f th v t
e s cr i on o e a s n e ss o f t h e u n i v er s e .

ig i l t itl i Y ii —
li h “
9 Th e or na e s e fu .

1° Ad ip ti
e s cr f th v t on o e a s n e ss o f t h e u n i v er se . Fu —
sa n i s the my hi l
t ca t r e e th e t o p o f

wh i h c th e fi t t h i it
su n rs o uc es n s co u r s e f m th
ro e eas te r n s k y; and m e ng -s s u , th e m y thi lca

p li
oo n to wh i h i t t c se s .
1 70 On Ch o i ce o S
f yt le

h ge n r e s B y s tyl e i s m e an t th at r h e to r i c al fo r m mo st n atur ally

t o t e se .

s u ggeste d by a spe cific ge n r e It follow s j ust as n atu r ally a s the str aight
.

cour se o f an ar r o w sho t fr om a bow o r the whi r lpo o l a t the b en d of a ,

r apid mou n ta in s tr eam T h e r ound h ea v e n b e c au s e o f i t s r o u nd n e ss

[ ].
, ,

te nds n a tu r a lly to r o ta te ; th e squ ar e e ar t h b c a u se o f i t s s q u ar e n e s s

[ ] e , ,

te n d s n a t u r ally t o r e m ai n a t r e s t Li te r ar y ge n r e an d styl e like wi se ?

foll o w n atu r a l te ndenci es Those who p atter n t hei r wr i ti n g after the

.

cl as sical gen r e will a chi e v e the e x ce lle n t q u ali ti e s o f se v er e e le gance

a n d gr a c e ; a n d t hos e who p atte r n t h e i r s afte r th e s a o ge n r e will
4

s u cc e e d in c ap t u r i n g th e flow e r s o f ch ar m a n d high mi n d e d n e ss Sup e r -

.

fici al wr i ti n gs ar e as a r ul e sh allow in s tyl e an d thos e which ar e cl e ar cu t ,

-

i n l an gu age an d l o gic a l a n d simpl e in id ea s a r e ge n e r a lly d e voi d o f

e mb e lli s hm e n t F o r i t i s th e n a t u r a l te n d e ncy s hi h o r s t yle o f r apid
.
[ ] ,

wate r s n o t to b e r ippl e d an d o f wi th er e d tr ee s n o t to gi v e sh ade .

In p a i n ting i t i s colo r s which p r e s e n t the i n fini te possibili ti e s o f

,

fo r m ; an d in li te r atu r e, i t i s li ter ar y ph r as e o logy whi ch atte mp ts the

a d e qu a t e e x p r es sion o f e mo t ion a l mood s D i ff e r e n t mi x t u r e s o f colo r s .

p r od u ce the for m s o f d o gs an d o f ho r se s ; differ en t e motion al moods

p r od u ce the di ff e r e n t s tyl e s o f which s om e ar e gr ace fu l an d som e,

v u lgar In thi s ar t o f li ter ar y c a sti n g e ach pi ece h as i ts o n e sp e cific

.
,

p r i n ciple a n d e v e n if i t h as n o r igi d ly d e fin e d scop e i ts limi ts should

, ,

n o t b e tr e sp ass e d How e v e r tho se wh o wo u ld b e we ll v e r s e d in li te r a r

.
, y
co mpo si t i o n mu st comp r e h e n d a ll po ssibl e st yl es F o r a l t ho u gh th e .

e cc e n t r ic an d t he o r thod o x a r e oppo se d t o each o th e r bo th shou ld b e ,

m aste r e d ; an d al tho u gh the vigo r o u s an d the d e licate a r e d i ffer e n t ,

e a ch s ho u l d b e u se d a t t h e app r op r i at e mom e n t If o n e lov e s t h e e le .

an t ly se v e r e a n d d i s lik e s the o r n a te h e will b e o n e s id e d wh e n h e l d

g
-
,

u p a g a i n st th e s t a nd a r d o f c omp e h e n s iv e m a s te r y W e a r e r e mi n d e dr .

o f th e t wo m e n o f H si a o n e bo as ti n g a b o u t h i s bow a n d a n o t h er abo u t
,

h i s ar r ow [n o t knowi n g th at ] wi th n e i th e r a l o n e wo u l d i t b e pos sible

,

to shoo t If a w r i te r a llows him se lf to i n cl u d e bo th th e gr a c e f u l a n d th e

.

3 T he r o u nd a n d s q u ar e ar e sy mb l o s o f h ea v en an d ea r th , r es p e ct i v ly
e .

4
T he B oo k o f Hi st o r y is c h a r a ct e r i z e d by se v er e e e lg a n ce an d th e B oo k of P o et r y by
g r a ce .
On Ch o i ce o S
f y
t le 17 1

v u lgar i n the same li te r a r y pi e ce h e viol ates the p r i n ciple o f uni ty ,

This i s like th e m an of Ch u who while p r ai sing his shi e ld [a s ’

, ,

imp en e tr able ] h awk e d hi s sp ear [as i r r e sis tibl e wi thou t r e ali z ing th at ]
, ,

i t wo u ld b e di ffi c u l t to se ll bo t h [o n su ch r e comm en d ati o n s ]

?

W h e n a wr i te r e n comp asse s all ge n r e s wi thi n h i s s c o pe h e m u s t ,

e x e r ci s e d isc r imi n a ti n g j u d gm e n t W h e t h er th e mo d e o f k u n g o r t h e .

mo d e o f s ha ng o u gh t to be u se d o r wh ethe r the color r e d o r the colo r

6
,

p ur pl e shou ld b e appli e d d ep e n d s u pon the ci r c u m stan ce s ,

.

In w r i ti n g th e c ha n g o r m e mo r i a l e x p r e ssi n g t h an k s ; p i a o o r m e
“

, ,

mor i al exp r e s sin g feeli n g ; ts o u o r me mo r i a l to imp e ach ; an d i o r , ,

m e mor i al to d i s c u ss o n e sho u l d ai m at e l egan ce a n d gr ace ; fo r the ,

7

wr i ti n g o f fu o r po e tic n ar r ativ e ; s u n g o r ce r e m o n i al o d e ; ke o r
, , ,

s o n g ; a n d s h i h o r po e t r y pur i ty an d b eau ty ar e the st an d a d ; in th e 8

r
'

, ,

c ase o f the i n o r tally ; hsi o r p r o cl am a tion ; s h u o r e p i sto l ar y wr i ti n g ;

, , ,

a n d i o r d e sp at ch co r r e ctn e ss o f s tyl e d em an d s l u ci d i ty an d cl e ar cu t
9 -
, ,

j u d gm en t ; i n the c ase o f the s hi h o r hi sto ic a l wr i ti n g ; lu n o r es say ; , r ,

h s u o r p refac e ; an d ch u o r comm e n tar y th e s tyli st i c fe at u r e s wo r thy

10
, , ,

o f im i t a t i o n ar e t ho r oughn e ss an d p e r t i n e n c e ; in w r i ti n g t h e c h e n or ,

a d mo n i t i o n ; m i n g o r i n s cr ip t i o n o n a r ticl e s ; ei o r i n s c r ip t io n o n
p , ,

m o n u m en ts ; an d lei o r e l e gy on e s styl e sho u l d b e c o mp r e h en siv e , ,

11 ’

a n d d ee p ; an d fi n a lly in w i ti n g li e n ch u o r conti n u o u s str i n g o f ,

r -
,

p e a l s an d ch i tz u o r po e tr y in the for m o f s ev e n
r ,
’
-
’

, o n e s houl d
“
,
” 12

s e e k a ti s tr y an d ch ar m o f s tyl e In a ll t h e se c a se s o n e ch o o s e s a s tyl e
r -
.
,

in a cco r d wi th a ge n r e ad ap ti n g hi s s tyle to the p ar tic u l ar si tu a ti o n , .

5 Fo r t h e m e n o f Hs ia w i th th e ir bo w a nd ar r o w , see Y u -la n , ch u a n 34 7 ; an d fo r the

m an o f Ch
’
u w i th h is s p ear an d shi e ld , s ee Ha n fe i -
t z u , c h ii a n 1 5 ,
-
Ch p a te r 3 6, Nan —
i
Am A
,

p . 2 65 . an o f Hsi a sa i d,
“
My b o w is g o o d , so I need no arr o w . n o th e r sa id ,
“
My
ar r o w is g oo d, so I do no t n ee d a bo w . T h e m an o f Ch
’
u was se ll i g n a s h ie dl and a

s p ear . He fi r st p r a is e d h is s h ie d : l “
My s l
h ie d i s so s tr o n g tha t n o t hi g n ca n pi e r ce it
Th
.

en he p r aise d h isp s ear :

“
My s p ea r is so s h ar p t ha t it pi e r ce s a n y th i g n .
”

6 Fo r t h e five wh l —t o e o ne s ca e , l o f whi ch k u ng a nd s h a ng ar e t wo t o n es , s e e n ot e 2,

Ch p t a er V II Ea ch
. o f th e s e to n e s m ay be u se d a s a p im y r ar n o te , giv i g t h
n us five m o d es

VIII
.

7 Se e C h pt XXII
a er .
8
S Ch p
ee a te r s V I , V II , , and IX
C h p t XX XXIV
.

9 See a er s , , an d
‘

XXV .
10 S C h pt
ee a er s V II I , XV I , and XVIII .

11 See Ch p t XI d XII
a er s an .

12
Fo r li e n chu
-
se e n o te 4, Ch pt a er XIV ; an d fo r ch
’
i tz u ,
-
’
se e n o te 2, on c hi
’
-
fa
( se v en s ho ts ) , i n t h e sa m e ch a pt er .
172 On C hoi ce o S
f y
t l e

Al though th e r e m ay be an occ asi o n a l blen di n g o f s tyl es cr e ati n g a ,

tap e s tr y o f d iv e r se li te r a r y p a s sa ges simil a r to a v ar i e g ate d b r oc a d e ,

su ch a br ocad e m u st of n ece ssi ty h av e o n e fund ame n tal colo r t he

”
,

colo r o f the b asic fab r ic .

Hu an T an o n ce sai d W r i te r s h ave e ach hi s o wn lov e Som e l o v e

’

, .

wh at i s app ar en t ly d az zli n g n o t kn o wi n g th e v al u e of wh at i s soli d ,

a n d v e r i ta bl e ; s o me lov e a g r ea t q u an ti ty o f i n fo r m a ti o n bli n d t o th e ,

impor ta nce o f wh at i s e ssen ti a l an d s impl e Ch en ssu [o r T s ao Chih ] .

” ’
-
’

a l s o s aid Amon g co n te mp o r ar y wr i te r s som e lov e v e r bo si ty an d

“
, ,

e r u d i tion k e epi n g the i r m ean i n g d ee p a n d ob sc u r e ; s o m e lov e to

,

a n aly z e t h e i r t e r m s an d s e n te n c e s tr u c t u r e i n t o cl e ar cu t d i s t i n c t io n s -

to th e poin t of h ai r spli tting T h e d i ffe e n c e in th e i r t a s te i s a n a t u r a l

. r

conse qu en ce o f the di ffer en c e i n th e i r tr ai n i n g In o th e r wo r d s the y .

,

d i ffe r in t h e i r n at u r al b en ts o r s tyl e s .

L i u Ch e n o n ce s ai d T h e e s se n c e o f li ter atu r e m ay b e e x p r e sse d

“
,

i n a v ar i e t y o f s tyl e s : the r om a n tic th e r e a li sti c th e vigo r o u s a n d the , , ,

d e li cate Am o n g all th e co n te mpo r ar y w r i te r s t h e r e i s o n ly o n e o f who se

.

wr i ti n g i t m ay be sai d th at e v en wh e n he h a s s aid a ll th e r e i s to b e sai d ,

h i s s tyl e i s still u n sp e n t Ku ng k an [o r Liu Ch e n ] h er e u se s the

” 13
-
.

wor d [s hi h o r style ] a l so in the s e n se of ch i o r vi t ali ty o r fo r ce T he '

, .

fo r ce by which a li te r ar y pi e ce i s c a r r i e d alon g m ay b e e i th er vigo r o u s

o r w e a k a n d us e d in t hi s s e n se fo r c e n e e d n o t n e c e ssa r ily m e a n o n ly
,

vigo r o u s e x p r ession an d h e r oic mood L u Y ii n said th at be fo r e he .

,

h e ar d the li ter a r y o pi n io n o f M a s ter Ch an g he him se lf te n d e d i n hi s ,

li te r ar y j u dgme n ts to e mph asize ex p r e s sion s r ath er th a n fe e li n g an d ,

t o p ay mo r e a tte n t io n to th e fo r c e [in th e s e ns e o f vigo r ] th a n to th e

beau ty o f a style bu t th at after h e ar ing Ch an g s vi e w he p r efer r e d

,
’

to a cc e p t i t T h e con te n t s ho u l d o f cou r s e b e e mph asi z e d o v e r li te r ar y

14
.

e x p r e ss io n b u t i t is j u s t a s n e c e ss ar y fo r the s tyl e to b e b e au tifu l as

,

o b e fo r c e f u l Al hough miss e d t he t r u th a t fi r s t h e was

[ t ] t [L u Y ii n
.
] ,

abl e l a te r to follow good a dvic e .

13
T he q u o ta t i o n is u n id e n t i fi bl a e , and it is no t k w whi
no n ch w it
r er h e h as i n mi nd .

14 Q uo te d f m ro Lu Yii n
’
sl tt e er to h is e ld er b th L
ro er u Chi, th e a u t ho r of the

We n i a-
. Ch g i an s no t id e n t ifi bl a e .
174 On Ch o ce o i S
f y
t le

An d ow tr ave ls in a str aigh t line

an ar r .

W he n g allopi n g a ch a r ger follow i ts n atur al te nde n cy ,

16
.

Em o tion al mood s an d the i r li ter ar y e x p r e s sion s will bl e nd i n

h ar mo n y .

B u t if o n e go e s o u t o f his way to imi t a te th e steps o f o th er s ,

Hi s e ff o r ts will h av e the s am e r e w a r d as thos e o f Sho u ling -

.

XXXI E m o ti o n . an d Li ter ar y Exp r essi o n

T he li ter ar y wr i tings o f the s age s an d wo r thy m en ar e summ e d up

u nd e r t h e ph r a s e we n c h a n li t y p t t W h t i t his if i t is
g o r e r a r a e n a s
-
r , .
,

n o t li te r a r y d e c o r at iv e n e ss ?

W a ter by n at u r e is p l as tic a llowi n g the for m ation o f r ippl e s ; an d ,

1

i t i s o f the e s se n ti a l n a tu r e o f tr ee s to b e s olid s u ppo r ti n g flow er s on ,

t h e i r c a ly x e s T h e o r n am e n t al p a tte r n o f a thi n g is of n e c e s s i t y condi

.

ti o n e d by i t s e sse n ti a l n at u r e O n the o t h e r h an d tige r s an d l e op ar ds .

, ,

d ep r iv e d o f th e i r p atter ns would h ave the s am e kind o f h ide as dogs ,

a n d s h e e p ; a n d r hinoc er o s s kins r e q u i r e r e d v ar ni s h wh e n th e y ar e
[
m a d e i n to ar mor ] T he e s s e n ti al n atu r e o f a thing also d e p en d s o n i ts
.

or n am en ta l p atte r ns .

F o r th e d e pic tion of o u r inn e r spi r i ts o r the de s c r ip tion o f physic a l ,

obj e cts the con te n t s of the mind ar e i n scr ib e d in the m ar kings o f

,
“

bi r d s [th at i s in wr i ting ] an d i n the li te r ar y e xp r e ssions wov e n o n

”2
,

13 “ A ch ar g er r e ersf fig u r a ti v ly e to a g en r e , th e n a tu r a l te nd e n c y of wh i h c is th e

p p
ro e r s ty e l .

/7 9 H v h e ar d f Sho u i n l gy t z u s e ff o r ts t o im ita te
’
17
C h u a ng t z u, 45 17 : a e you no t o -
u -

p
th e st e s o f o t h e r s a t Ha nl y d id h f i l t l
-
ta n ? th [d No t ] t p f th
on e a o e ar n e a n ce s e s o e

m a s te r , l he a so l t hi tiv bi l ity t w lk H h d t
os s na wl ll th w y h m
e a o a . e a o cr a a e a o e .
”

igi l t m i h u m i g mp ty T h d i g it pl ti “
Th
1 f
'

e or na er s s , e an n e . e r ea so n or r en er n as as c

i th t it i m
s a s a c t h d b y th
e t m hih m i g
e l i d i t h x t l i F th m t h
er s , ea n n so , n e ne ne . ur er o re, e

t m mp y d
er e t o es n o t m t x p t h i gh t i d L i H i h m t b t y i g t h w
s ee o e r e ss e r ea . u s e see s o e r n o s o

th fl x ib i l i t y
e e o f w t by w h i h it m y p d
a er , ippl Th i fl x i b i l i t y I t y t x p
c a ro u ce r es . s e r o e r es s

by t h t m pl
e er as t ic .

2
See n o te 15, Ch pt a er I .
Em o ti o n a nd Li t e r ar y Exp r ess o n i 175

fish s [th at i s p ap e r ] B r illi a nce a chi e v e d i n thi s way we c all

net ,
?

li ter ar y de co r ative n e s s Th r ee m ain p a tte r n s ar e i n v o lv e d in the cr e a

.

t i o n o f li t e r a tu r e : th e c o l o r p a tt e r n m a d e u p of t h e five col o r s ; t he
4
,

s o u n d p a t t e r n m a d e u p of th e five s o u n d s ; a n d t h e e mo t i o n a l p a tt e r n
5
, ,

m ad e u p o f the five e mo ti o n s It is the mi x i n g o f the five b asic co l o r s

“
?

which p r o d u ce s e le gan t e mb r oide r y ; i t i s the h ar mo n izi n g o f the five

b asic so u n d s which c r e ate s the an ci e n t m u sic su ch as the pi e ce Sh ao ,

h si a ; an d i t i s th e e xp r es sion o f the five emo tion s which giv es u s th e

” 7

es s e n c e of li te r a t u r e All t h ese p r oc e sse s ar e n at u r a l r es ul t s o f th e op e r a

.

t ion o f D ivin e R ea s o n .

In the B o o k of Fi li al Pi e ty a cl assical ex ample illu str ate s the d ic tu m

th at d u r i ng th e mo u r n ing p e r iod o n e s wo r d s o u gh t n o t t o b e a d o r n e d ;
’

fr om thi s we m ay i n fe r t h a t d u r i n g no r m al tim e s th e wo r d s o f a m an
o f vi r t u e a r e n o t wi t h o u t a d o r n m e n t I t i s b e c au se L ao tz u h at e s
?

hypocr i sy th at he s ay s B eau tifu l wor d s ar e n o t tr u st wo r t hy al ,

“
,
”9

t h o u gh h i s o wn five t h o u san d wo r d s a r e r e fi n e d a n d wo n d e r f u l ;
“ ‘ ” 10

h e n e v er s a cr ific e s b e a u ty Ch u an g Cho u sp ea k s of e loq u e n c e c ar vi n g

“
.

liken esses o f the te n tho u sand things Thi s app ar e n tly r efe r s to li ter ar y .
”

d e co r a ti v e n e s s A n d Han F e i s p e a k s o f e nch an t i n g app e a l i n a r gu

11 “
.

m en t an d di scu ssion m e ani n g emb r oide r e d b ea u ty B u t to a chi e v e

,
”
.

a m er e ly e mb r oid e r e d b e au ty by gr af ti n g e nch an ting app e a l u po n

o n e s ar gu m e n t a n d to e ff e c t m e r e li te r a r y d e c o r at iv e n e ss by th e
’

im age c ar vi n g o f e loq ue nce ar e e x a mpl e s o f an e x tr e m e de cli n e i n

-

li ter ar y ten d en cy A c ar efu l stu d y o f the B o o k of Fili a l P i ety an d th e

.

9 Pa p er wa s fi r st m f
a n u a c tu r e d o f b k
ar , he mp , ra g s, and fish n e ts by T s ai
’
L u n in
AD . 105 .

4
Fi v e co o r s : l g y ll w d wh i
r e en , e d bl k S o , re , te , a n ac . ee I ch i
-
”
in th e B oo k o f His to r y
T
,
’
s a i Sh e n
’
s co mm t y e n ar .

5
Fi v e so u n d s : s e e n o e 2 , t C h p t V II a er .

6 Fi v e e m o tio n s :j y g o d , plan d er , sa n e ss , e asu r e , an r ese n t m ent .

7
Se e n o te 1 9 , Ch p t V II a er S S h i g .
8 ee
“
an c -
’
n
”
in th e B oo k o f Fi li a l Pi ety .

9
Se e L a o t z u, Ch p t 8 a er La t 1 t i
.
1°
o z u co n a n s r o u gh l y five th o u s a n d w ords .

11
C h u a ng t z y iun -
te ,
12
Ha n -
e —
f t z u , c h ii a n
i 1 1, Ch p 3 a te r 2,
“
W a i ch -
’
u shu o , tso , s h a n g p
, . 204

fi
.

13
T he te r m is pi en or c h g A an e . s u se d h er e , i t d e n i te ly impl i es
“
l
d ec i n e , th e se n s e
in wh i h it i
c s u se d in co n n e c ti w it h on th e pi f
e n - e ng a nd pi y en- a , the ly r ics wh i ch ha v e

d ec li d i m
ne n o ra lt o ne .
1 76 Em oti o n a nd Li t e r ar
y Expr essi o n

L a o tz shows u s th at bo th the i r r he tor ic an d conte n t ar e con di tione d

u

by i n n er fee li n g an d emo tion while a study o f the C h ua ng tz u an d ,

Ha n fe i tz u r e v e al s to u s th at th e y ind u lge d in l an gu age far mor e

- -

flower y th a n n e ce s sar y to exp r e s s the facts If we choo se c ar efu lly .

14

b e t wee n the s our ces o f the Ching R iv er an d the W ei ; an d if we r ei n 15

our se l ve s i n befo r e we d e cide bet we en the r igh t an d the wr on g cou r se ,

we s h all b e able to h ar n e ss li te r ar y d e co r a ti v en e ss p r op er ly fo r o u r u se .

Cosme tics ar e use d to be au tify the compl ex ion bu t the e nch an ti n g app e al ,

i n the look is bo r n of n at u r a l b e au ty ; simil ar ly th e f u n c tio n o f li te r ar y

d e cor ative n ess i s to a dor n di scour se an d b e au ty o f e loq u e nce is b ase d ,

o n r e a l e mo tion Th er e fo r e e motion i s the war p o f li te r ar y p atter n

.
, ,

li n gui stic for m the wo of o f id eas O n ly wh en the w ar p i s s tr aigh t .

ca n the woof b e r igh t ly fo r m e d an d only wh e n i d e a s a r e d e fi n i t e can ,

li n gu i stic fo r m be m eanin gful This is the fund am en tal p r i n cipl e i n .

li ter ar y cr eation .

T h e Anci e n t Po e ts, i n wr i ting th e i r po e ms buil t th e i r li te r ar y ,

for ms o n e mo tion while l ater poe t s i n wr i ti ng th e i r fu an d s u ng

, , ,

c r e ate d e mo tion to fit li ter ar y for ms How d o we know this is so ? .

B e c a us e the r i se of the fe ng an d y a wa s d u e to the fac t th at th e Anci e n t

P o e ts full o f r ea l e mo tions an d opinion s s ang o f t he se e mo tions an d
, ,

op i n i ons i n s ati r ica l r emon str ance s again st th ei r s up er ior s : this i s

wh at i s m ean t by building li ter ar y for m s o n e mo tion T h e philosoph er s .
,

o n th e con tr ar y fe l t n o r e a l fr u s tr a tion b u t i n dulge d in e x agge r a te d

, ,

or n am e n tation m er ely fo r the sake o f winning fam e an d fi shing fo r

wor ldly glor y : thi s i s wh a t is me an t by cr e ati n g e mo tion to fit a li ter ar y
for m A li ter ar y pi e ce will be p e r tin e n t simple an d r e alis tic if i t is
.
, , ,

b ase d o n fee ling ; b u t i f i t aims mer e ly at li ter ar y achi e v em en t tho u gh ,

i t m ay h a v e d e c ep ti v e ly a llu r ing ch ar m i t will be p r oli x an d di ffu se , .

14 Th i s m t m t h t b th C h g t
m ay s ee o d H F i h
ea n l d b i ti i d f
a o uan z u an an e s ou e cr c z e or

th ie r mp h i e l it y d m t A m tt of f t l it y d m t i x tly
as s o n e r ar a orn en . s a a er ac , e r ar a o rn en s e ac

wh t th tw p hi l p h w t y i g t
a e o o so Li H i h q t
er s th
ere xp ir n t o c e n su r e . u s e u o es e e r e ss o n s o u

t xt t i g th w g i mp i i th m i d f th d Li i ti i m
’
of co n e , cr e a n us a ro n r e ss o n n e n o e r ea er . u s cr c s

of th p h i l p h i t h b d t h i w i ti g
e se o so er s s ra wh l ther th
as e li on e r r n s as a o e an o n e se n es .

15 R iv Chi g d W i m t f m
er s n an b d y i Sh i T h Ch i g i m d d y
e co e o or o ne o n ens . e n s u ,

whil th W i i l ; h
e e e t
s d i ti g i h b tw
c e ar th Ch i g d th W i m
e nce o s t n u s e ee n e n an e e ea n s o

d i ti g i h b tw
s n u s wh t i p
e een d wh t i m d d y a s ur e an a s u .
17 8 Em o ti o n a n d Lit e r ar y Exp r ess o n i

c assi a b ai t i s to l o se the c atch T he s aying R e ason is cov er e d u p by .

”
,

flowe r y e xp r ession s p r ob ably m e an s j u st this She is d r e s se d in a

”? 1
.
“

b r oca d e d r e s s ov e r which i s an u n lin e d slipover r ob e : i t i s di slik e o f

,
”

t he ga u d i n e s s o f the b r o c a d e d r e ss th at p r omp t s th e u se of th e s lipo v e r

r o be In th e h e x agr a m p i [o f th e B o o k o f C ha n g e s ] u n d er h si ang
” “ ”
.
, ,

th e ul tim at e colo r i s s a id t o b e whi te T h e i mpo r tan t t hi n g i s to r e tu r n

”
.

t o the fu n d am e n ta l s
”
If a wr i ter can wo r k o u t a pl an fo r e xp r e ssi n g
.

h i s i d e a s an d fo r m u l ate a b asic ou t lin e fo r sp e a king h i s min d [th e n

h i s id e a s will b e we ll o r gan iz e d an d his mi n d will b e a t r e st ] W h e n .

h i s mi n d is a t r e st h e m ay th e n b e gin to fo r m u l ate a s o u nd p atter n

, ,

an d wh e n h i s id e a s ar e w e ll o r d e r e d h e m ay t h e n a r r ay t h e m wi th ,

li te r ar y d e cor ativ e n ess In this m an n e r the su b stance will n o t b e

.
,

d am age d by the li ter ar y a d o r n m e n t an d th e mi n d will n o t b e d r owne d ,

in a m ass o f e r udi te i n fo r m ation T h e cl a ssic p atter n will shi n e for th .

i n v e r milio n a n d indigo an d th e v u lga r colo r sch em e o f bl u e an d

,

p u r ple will b e su ppl ante d O n ly th e n m ay a wr i ter b e spok en o f thu s :

”
.

“
Car v e d an d chi se ll e d is h i s e x ter n al a n d i t will b e s aid o f

hi m : He i s ind e e d a m an of v i r t u e who se e x ter n al fo r m p e r fe c tly b al

“
,

an ce s h i s inn e r sub s t a nce

” 27
.

T h e Ts an
W or d s tr a e v l
b e c au se of the i r li te r ar y b e au ty
far :

Thi s i s v er y fu lly b o r n e o u t by e x p e r i e nce .

W h e n the t ho u gh t in the mi n d is we ll fo r m e d ,

I t bl o o m s fo r th in glo r y .

T h e silk fr om W u e asily fa de s ,

A n d the blo o ms o f the s h u n t r ee ar e b eau tifu l to no good p u r pos e .

20 Ma Ku o b a n -
,
Y u ha n
-
s ha n - ha n c hi —
i s hu , chu an 7 2 .

21 C h ua n gt z u y i n -
te ,
22
Ma o -s h i h y i n -te ,
23 C h o u -i y i n -te , 15 /22 /s h an g , hsia n g . Pi , th e n a e o f the hem xg a m m
ra , e ans o r na

m e n tal T he o r i in a
.
g l li ne r u n s :
“
To w h it
u se e as an o r n a m ent is f r ee f m mi f
ro s o r tu n e .
”

24 I n t h is ca s e ,w h it e i s th e f d un a m tl l
en a co o r fo r m
o r na ent.

25 Fo r th e co n n o ta t i o n of p plur e, s ee n o te 19 , Ch pt a er IV . Lik p pl bl
e ur e, ue is a

s eco n d a r y l co o r , a n d h e n ce h a s a si m il a r co n n o ta t i o n .

29 Mao s hi h
-
y i n -
te ,
27 Ap ph
ar a r as e o f a li ne in t he A n a lec ts See L u n -y u y i n -t e ,
. 10 6 18 .

29 T he flw o er s o f th e s h u n tr ee , a sol k wno n a s ch i n , ad e in f a d ay .
C as ti n g a nd C utti n g 179

Flower y r h e tor ic wh en l acking in genuin e feeli n g

, ,

Soon d u lls o u r t as te .

XXXII Cas ti ng an d C u tti n g o r On Ed i ti n g of Id eas

.
, ,

( —
an d R h e t o r i c Iu n g ts a i )
’

W hen mo ti o n s an d id e as ar e i n o r d er li te r ar y p atte n s b e co m e ap
e ,
r

—
p ar e nt T he n atu r e o f th e i d eas e xp r esse d i n a li ter ar y pi e ce the i r vigor
.

o r t h e i r d e lic a cy— d e t e r mi n e s th e choic e o f a f u n d am e n t a l f o r m fo r a

”

pi e ce ; an d the fl ex ibl e a d ap t abili ty to ch angi n g si tu ation s e n abl e s o n e

t o m e e t th e v a r yi n g n e e d s o f di ff e r e n t ti m es In e s t a bli s hi n g f u n d a .

m e n ta l fo r m th e r e ar e de fin i te ge n r e s to choo se fr om a l th o u gh o n e
, ,

m ay e r r th r o u gh p e r so n al bi as B u t t h er e i s no d e fi n i te fo m u l a fo r
. r

mee ti n g the n e e d s of the t ime ; h en ce r h e to r ic o fte n s u ff e r s fr o m ver

b o si ty an d c o n fu si o n T h e impo tan t t a sk fo r a w i te r th en i s to cast
. r r , ,

a n d t o c u t t h at i s o n t h e o n e h an d t o giv e fo r m t o h i s e m o t io n s a n d
, ,

id ea s an d o n the o th er to poli sh h i s r h e to r i c F o r j u g o r c asti n g

, . n , ,

m ean s to giv e fo r m to fu n d a men tal s an d t a i o r cu tti n g m e an s to ,

s
’

, ,

s h e a r a w a y o r d e l e te su p e r fl u o u s wo r d s T h e o p e r a t io n o f c u tt i n g will
.

p r e ve n t the gr o wth o f v e r b a l wee d s a n d the p r o ce ss o f c asti n g will

,

b r i n g i n to r e li ef the imm an en t lo gi ca l o r de r T h e r e su l ts m ay b e com .

p ar e d to the cl e ar ly m a ke d di sti n c ti o n s o f a c ar p en te r s li n e an d th e
r
’

r e li e f c u t o u t wi th t h e bl a d e o f an ax A d o u bl e t o e o r fi n ge r i s a .

s u p e r fl u o u s p a t o n e i s b o r n wi th an d a tu mo r o r go i ter i s a su p er
r ,

fl u o u s p ar t acq u i r e d by o n e s b o dy In li te r a tu r e r ep e ti tio n o f a n id e a
’
.

i s an i n te ll e ct u a l poly d ac tyl ; an d the r e d u n d an c e o f a ph r ase o r se n

te n c e co n s ti t u tes a t u mo r o f th e rh e t o r i c .

D u i n g the fi r st m o m en ts o f o u r thi n ki n g we a r e ofte n v e x e d wi th

r ,

a w e l te r o f li n g u i s t ic ch o ic e s L a ck o f a s t an d a r d i n o u r mi n d s will
‘

ce r tainly le ad to a mi spl a ci n g o f e mph asi s Fo r thi s r e ason we e stablish .

,
180 C ast n i g an d C utti n g
th r e e cr i ter i a to be con sider e d wh e n a li ter ar y pi e ce is con te mpl ate d
a good b e gi n n ing co n s is ti n g in choosi n g th e co r r e c t ge n r e a s th e a
, p
r o r i ate m e dium fo r e x p r e ssing th e inn e r fee ling ; a s t he n e x t p r op e r
p p
s te p th e coll e c tion o f m a te r i a l which is r e l e v a n t t o th e th e m e ; a n d a s
,

the fi n a l s te p t h e c r e a tio n o f ling u is tic p a tte r ns fo r c e f u l e n o u gh t o

,

r a is e th e impo r ta n t poin t s in t o r e li e f And t h e n o n e m a tt nd t t h

.
y a e o e

flor al emb e lli shm e n t an d the ar r an gem en t o f facts to be tr eate d ; o r he

m ay d e cid e wh a t n e w p a ss age s to ad d o r s e n te nce s to d e l e te S tr ic t .

applic a tion o f li te r a r y p r incipl e s a n d s e l e c t iv e c ar v i n g o f m ater i al “

wi th in tr i n sic ex ce lle nce will n atu r a lly r es ul t in uni ty coh e r en ce an d , ,

or der If a wr i ter fails to m as ter these cr i ter i a an d a llows h i s mind t o

.

g o w h e r e v e r r h e t o r ic l ea d s i t h e will b e ov e r wh
, e lm e d by mis t a k e s a n d
bur den e d wi th li ter ar y double t oe s an d t u mor s .

No w th at we h av e e s tablish e d the thr ee c r i ter i a we m ay b e gin to ,

con side r the choice o f wor d s o r for ming o f sen tence s If th er e is an y

, .

s en te nce th at can be delete d we k n ow the wr i ting i s loose And wh e n

, .

n o t a wo r d ca n b e r e mov e d we know th e wr i ting is we ll kni t E s s e n ti a l

,
-
.

ide as an d impo r tan t statem en ts gi v e us a shor t pi thy for m an d , ,

winding though t an d r un nin g r h etor ic ar e always len gt hy an d dis

cur si ve T h e choice o f wh e th er to b e discur si ve o r pi thy dep end s o n
.

the wr i te r s t as te O n e m ay e l abo r a te two s e n te nc e s in t o o n e ch ap te r

’
.
,

o r he m ay cond e ns e a ch ap te r in t o two s e n te nc e s A r e sou r ce ful th ink e r .

is usu ally a good e l abor a tor an d a logical tale n t i s u su ally a good co n

,

d e nser A good conde nser d el ete s wo r ds while he p r eser ve s th e ideas

.
,

an d a goo d e l a bo r a to r u se s a n u mb e r o f di ffe r e n t e x p r e ssions to m a k e

th e id e a s cl ear If the cl ar i ty of the id ea s su ff e r s b e c a u se o f t he r e d u c

.

t ion th e r e sul t will b e po v er t y o f id e a s ins te ad o f logic ; an d if li n g u is tic

,

r e d und an c e r e s u l t s fr om th e r h e t o r ic a l e mb e lli s hm e n t th e r e sul t will ,

b e wee d y an d v agu e i n s te a d o f r e sou r c e ful .

Ch an g C hii n once s aid o f Hsi e h Ai an d W ang Chi bo th li te r ar y

1
,

schol ar s o f Hsi ho A i s wr i ti n g i s l e ngt h y bu t no p ar t o f i t can b e

-
2 “ ’

de l ete d while C hi s is shor t b u t no thi n g can be a dde d to i t Th e se two

,
.
”

1
Se e h is bi o g ra phy i n th e C hi n s h u
-
.
2 In p r e se n t Sha ns i .
1 82 Casti ng a nd C utt n i g
Con sider ing wh a t to en r ich an d wh at to thi n ,

Cu tti n g shor t the l en g thy an d she ar i n g a way the we e dy ,

Thi s i s the way to av oi d te d ious b u r den .

XXXIII M usica l n ess .

T he o r igin o f m u sic is fo u n d in the h u m an voice i n h er e nt in which ,

i s the sc a l e o f k u ng an d s h a n g M u sic a l qu ali ty of t h e h u m an v oic e .

1

is i n h e r en t in m an s ve r y h e ar t blood an d phy sic al vi tali ty O n thi s

’
.

b asi s e ar ly ki n gs cr e ate d m u sic an d s ong So we k n o w th at m u sic al

, .

i n str u m e n ts d epic t the h u m an v oic e : the h u m an v oice d oe s n o t imi tate

th e s ound s o f th e in s tr u m e n t s L a n g u a ge m ay b e t he c r u x o f li t e r a r y .

wr i ti n g an d the k ey to th e divi n e i n te lligen ce [im agi n ation ] b u t the ,

m u sicaln e ss o f the v oice i s the r esu l t o f the mov em en ts o f the lip s an d

mo u th only .

In an tiqui ty i n str uc tion i n s i n gi n g wa s p r e c e de d by a s tu dy of

,

m u sica l l a ws accor d i n g t o which q u ick n o te s we e to acc o r d wi th

, r

u n g an d s l o w o n e s wi t h chi h K d high o s whil 2

k un
g a n s h a n g a r e n t e e .
,

c hih a n d m i a r e lo w n o te s F r om t he d i ffer e n c e i n t he mov em e n t o f th e

?

th r o a t to n gu e lip s an d t ee th i t i s po s sibl e to d i s ti n gu i s h th e d i ffer e n t

, , , ,

t on a l q u ali ti es cl e ar ly .

W h e n o n e d e te c ts a di sco r d an t n o te whil e pl aying a l u te h e i s aw ar e ,

1 T wo o f the five n o te s , t h e o t h e r s bi ge n c hu eh, c hi h , a n d y ii . K u ng i s C; s ha ng , D;

chii e h , E ; chi h , G ; an d ya, A . T he u se of t wo n o te s to s ta n d fo r th e wh l o e s ca e l is a

y
s n ecd o ch e .

Ha n —
fei t z u , c h ii a n 1 3, Ch pt W a i ch u -s h u o , han g p
’
2
Se e -
a er 34 ,
-
yu, s , . 24 5 .

3 The ori gi lna r ea d in g :

“
Sh a ng and c hi h ar e hi h g n o tes , wh il e ku n g d an yu
'

ar e lo w
n o te s
”
A cco r d i n g to Hu a n g K a n
’
the li n e s ho u ld run :
“
Ku ng an d s ha ng ar e hi h g n o te s

Se e h is W e n —
.
,

a n d c hi h d y u a r e lo w n o te s
an
'

.
”
hsi n t ia o -lu ng c hu-c hi ( Pe i i n , p g
p . 64 . w v p g
Ho e e r , i nt e r r e ti n Ku ng -s ha n to b e e e to n es , a n d c h i le h -y u a r u t t o n e s , g l vl ’ '

b p
W ang L i k i , wh o e d i t e d L e We n Si n T i a o o n g ( Pe i n , c ho o s e s t he in L k g f ll w g
’
- o o

r e ad i n g :
“
g
C hi h a n d y ti a r e h i h n o te s , a n d k u n a n d s h a n lo w n o te s
' ”
Hu a n s r e a d in g g . g ’
g
is ad o p t ed h e r e , e ca u s e i t isbo r e r e aso n a e to t hi n m
of e e to n es a s h i h n o te s a n d bl k l vl g
a b ptru to n e s a s lo w n o te s t h an th e ot he r wa y r o u nd .
Musical ness 183

of i t an d will r e tu n e the str i n g B u t if the r e i s an y fau l t i n a li te r a r y .

compo si ti o n the wr i ter se ldom r e cogn ize s i t a n d m ak e s the n e cessar y

,

cor r e c ti o n s T he music a l n o te is p r o d uce d on str ings an d y et i t i s

.
,

po ssibl e to achi e v e h ar mon y ; b u t o n e ofte n fails to a chi e v e co n co r d

wi th the so u n d s which ar e b o r n i n the min d W hy ? B e cau se i t i s e a sy .

to b e cl e v e r wh en lis te n i n g to n o te s fr om an e x te r n a l s o u r c e b u t d i fli

cul t to be u n der stan di n g wh en li ste ni n g to the i n n e r voice T h e r e a so n .

fo r thi s i s t h a t wh e n we li ste n t o in s tr u m en t a l n o te s i t i s o u r h an d s
, ,

which a dj u st th e str i n gs ; b u t wh e n we lis ten to the i n n e r voice we ,

o f te n c o n f u s e t h e s o u n d s wi t h o t h e r m e n t a l a c t ivi t i e s M u sic m ay b e .

gov er n e d by m ath em atica l fo r m u l as b u t th ese c anno t be a d ap te d fo r ,

ve r b al e xp r e ssion s .

Ton es are o f two ki n d s : the flyi n g o r p i ng li te r ally l e ve l an d the ,

’

, ,

s inki n g o r ts e li te r a lly a b r u p t ; an d co n s o n a n c e i s a l s o o f t wo v a r i e t i e s
, ,

a p a i r o f a lli t e r a te d wo r d s o r a p ai r o f r hym e d wo r d s N e i th e r a n a l .

li te r a te d n o r a r hym e d p ai r c an b e s ep ar a te d i n a li n e o r i n a se n te nce
wi tho u t d o i n g so m e h ar m to the p r o so d y F u r th e r mor e a si n ki n g .
4
,

t o n e wh e n e n u n ci ate d a l o n e so u n d s ab r u p t as if cu t s ho r t ; a n d a
, , ,

flyi n g ton e a l o n e h a s a te n d e ncy to fly a way n e v e r to r e t u r n All th e se ,

.

e l e m e n t s m u s t b e i n te r wov e n t o p r o d u c e a t igh t ly k n i t h a r m o n io u s

who le Sho u l d an y o n e e l em e n t in the co nc ate n atio n go ami s s a d i sco r d

.
,

will r e su l t It i s a typ e o f d is ea se which m ay b e ca ll e d a st u tte r i n

.

li te r ar y wr i ti n g .

T h e li te r ar y s tu tte r r e su l ts fr om a lo ve o f th e o d d In ch asi n g af te r .

th e n e w a n d s tr an ge the wr i te r n a t u r a lly e mb r a n gl es h i s th o at an d
, r

lip s T o g et r i d o f thi s stu tter i n g h e mu st b e fir m i n attacki n g i t If

.
, .

o b s tr u c te d o n th e l e ft h e s ho u l d t r h i fo r t u n e o n t h e r igh t ; i f h a m
y s ,

p e r e d in the r ear he sh o u l d see k a so lu tion ah e a d On ly th e n will th e

, .

to n e r i n g lik e r e so n a n t j a d e an d th e l an g u age fill t he c ar wi t h s moo t h

n e ss lik e th a t o f a str i n g o f b e a d s : th e b ea u ty o r th e u gli n e ss o f the

4
B o th p a ir e d a ll it e r a t io n an d p a ir e d rh ym e ar e co n s i d e r e d a co mp o u nd , a lw ay s to be
k p t t g th
e o e er . T he B oo k o f P o e tr y a b oun d s in t h e se co mp ounds Ts
’
en ts
-
’
i is an a ll it er a t e d

T
.

pi dy
a r an a o ti ao a r h y
-
m ed p a ir . Se e p m oe no . 1 . l it
r an s e r a ti o n is Ka r lg r e n
’
s .
184 Musical ness
s pok e n sound a n d the gr aphic pic tu r e app e ar s in the m etr ical ch ant 5

i n g o f i t Li te r a r y t as te i s e x p r es se d in wor d s a n d s en te nces ; an d
.

vi tali ty finds i ts fu ll m anife station in h o o r h ar mony an d y un o r , ,

'

r hym e B h i m n t t h h mony of di ff n t sou d d t on d

y o . s e a e ar er e n s a n e s a n ,

by y un the con s on an t r e spon se o f the sam e fi n al v owel T he wi n h as

'

,
?

a d e fi n i te p a tte r n so i t i s comp ar a tiv e ly e as y t o a r r an ge th e so u nds t o

,

fit the p atte r n ; b u t the h o e l e m en t s ar e s o m e t im e s lo w an d som e tim e s

high so i t i s r ath er d ifli cu lt to h ar monize all the t on e s Al th o ugh i t
, .

m ay b e e a sy fo r a w r i te r to b e d e ft in wi e l d i n g a p en h e will fin d i t ,

d i ffi c u l t to se l e c t t on e s which will b e h ar mon io u s ; o n the o th e r h an d i t ,

i s di fficul t t o a chi e v e p e r fe c tion in li ter ar y wr i ting a l though i t is e a sy ,

to v e r s ify a cco r di n g to a r hym e s ch e m e Howe v e r a l though the s u b t l e .

,

a n d d e lic ate n a tu r e o f th e e mploym e n t o f d h i di fficul '

y u n a n o s t t o

d escr ib e we h av e h er e to u ch e d up o n th e m ain p r inciple s i n volve d

, .

P e r fe c t a cc u r a cy in m u sic i s ill u s tr ate d in t he blowing o f a flu te .

T h e choic e of no te s to achi e v e h ar mony is illu str ate d in the pl aying

of a lu te In pl aying a l u te the musici an mus t mov e th e b r idge con
.
,

s t an tly a n d m a
y t h e r e fo r e occ a sion a lly m ak e mis t ak e s ; b u t in flu te

pl aying since th e note s ar e all o f a fi xe d n atu r e i t doe s n o t m atte r

, ,

h o w the m u sici an pl ays he will a lways p r oduce the no te in ten d e d T h e , .

wr i ting o f Ch e n Ssu [o r T s a o Chih ] a n d P an Y ii eh is o f the n atu r e

’ ’ ’
'

o f a fl u te blowing m e lody whil e t h at o f L u Chi a n d T so Ssu is o f t h e

-
,

n atu r e of the b r idge mo ving h ar mony o f the l u te pl ay er O n the b asis

-
.

o f t h e se e x ampl e s o n e m ay d r a w m a ny fu r th e r i n fe r e n c e s .

T h e A n ci en t P oe ts ge n e r ally e mph a si z e p u r i ty a n d conci se n e ss in

t h e i r r hym e sch e m e B u t th e s ongs o f C h u m anife s t Ch u ch a r a c te r
’ ’
.

i sti cs an d th e i r p r e te n tious r hym e sch e m e i s v er y complic ate d i n d ee d

,
.

W h e n Ch ang Hua tr e ate d o f r hyme h e s aid t h at Shih— h eng [o r Lu ,

Chi ] ex hibi ts m any C h u ch ar a c ter i stic s ; an d in the We n fu Lu him ’

-
,

s e lf m e n tion e d Keep the full d et ails wi thout ch an ge [L u ] m ay be

,
“
.
”7

5 “
T he f m li f Y g H i
so u n d and pi ctu r e is ro a ne o an s u ng s
’
Eu-y e n , q u o ted in an

e ar l i h p t S C h pt XXV p 4 4
er c a er . ee a er , . 1 .

3 Tw m li
o or d i g i th m v wl o re n es e n n n e sa e o e .

Ch i W i i W h u h ii 7 p 74 L i Hs ie h q t h is li
7 L n
’
s e n- a n e n- s a n, c an 1 . 1 . u u o te s ne to
, ,

sho w L Ch i l v f p t ti
u tyl
’
s o e o r e en ous s e .
1 86 M usicaln ess
W h e n th e o r s in sound p atter n ar e elimin ate d
er r ,

It will be di ffi c u l t to hide th e mu sic a l qu ali ty o f a pi ece .

XXXI V Pa r agr ap h . a nd Se n te n ce

Th er e i s a d efi n i te o r d e r to b e ob ser ve d in th e tr eatm en t o f emo tion s

an d id e as an d t h e r e i s a d e fi n i te po s i t io n fo r ea ch wo r d T h e o r d e r ing
, .

o f e mo tion an d id e a s i s known as ch a n p r agr aphi n g ; an d th e

g o r a ,

pl ace m e n t of wo r d s i s c alle d ch u o r con s tr u c ti n g a s en te n ce C ha n g '

, .

m eans li te r ally to m ak e cl ear an d ch u to d efi n e a po si tion To

“
,
'
“
.
”

d e fin e the po si tion s of wo r d s i s to s tr ing wo r ds to ge th e r to for m a d i s

ti n c t s e n te nc e ; a n d t o m ak e cl ear e mo tio n an d id eas is t o giv e u n i ty

of though t compl e te fo r m Al th o u gh th e y d i ffer the fu nction s o f .

,

ch a ng a n d c h u c r o s s e a ch o t h e r lik e m a i n r o ad s an d s id e s t r ee t s aff o r d
'

ing good con di tions fo r comm u n ica tion .

In o r d e r to e x p r e ss wh at o n e h as to s ay o n e n e e d s to fo r m s e n te nce s ,

fr om wor d s to or gan ize sen ten ce s i n to p ar agr aphs an d to o r gan i z e

, ,

p ar agr aph s i n to complete d composit ions T he br illi ance o f a li te r ar y .

pi ece d ep e nd s o n the faul tle ssn e ss o f e ach p ar agr aph ; the cl ar i ty o f the
p ar agr aph de p e nd s o n th e fl awle ssn ess o f each sen tence ; an d the p u r i ty
o f t he se n t e n c e d e p e nd s o n a h appy ch o ic e o f wo r ds Fo r wh e n t h e .

s te m s tands up the b r an che s n atu r a lly follow ; an d wh e n o n e u nder

,

s ta nd s a u n ifying p r incipl e h e und e r st ands all abo u t th e te n thous a nd

,

[ ph e n om e n a s ub su m e d u n d er th at p r inciple ] .

Li ter ar y co mpo si tion s ar e s ometime s lon g an d some tim es s ho r t ; an d

th e d ivi s i o n i n t o p a r agr aphs an d the co n s tr uc tio n o f se n te nc e s co n fo r m

to di ffe r e n t t e mpo s a t di ff e r e n t tim e s F o r th e s e di ffer e nc e s th er e is no .

15 Th ese er r o r s f
r e er to th e e g f lt
i ht au s in so u n d p a tt e r n s , f m l t d by Sh Y h
or u a e en ue

and o ther s . Se e K6 B 6 D a i Sh i
’
s B u n Ky o Hi Fu R o n , wh er e th f lt
e se xt iv ly au s are e ens e

t r eat ed . Ko B o D ai Shi Ze ns h u ( o o ,
' ’

T ky Vol . VIII , h ii
c 5 pp 38 73 I
an , . 1 -
. n

a d d i t io n g
to t h e s e e i h t, K6 B 6 D a i Sh i d iscu s s e d t w tyen o th e r f l t F th
au d d i ti
s . l or es e a o na

f lt
au s , s ee es p e cia lly pp . 1 5 1 - 62 .
Par a gr ap h a nd Se nte nce 1 87

fi xe d r u l e an d o n e must adap t hi s m ethods to v ar ying ci r c u m stance s

,
.

A sen ten ce is compos e d of s e v er al wor ds which m u st b e gr oup e d t o ,

m ak e se n se ; an d a p ar agr aph comp r e hen ds all asp e cts o f o n e id e a an d ,

a ll mu st b e f u lly e x p r esse d b e fo r e th e p ar ag r aph m ay b e co n s id e r e d

a p ar a gr aph T h e wa e mo tions an d id e a s a r e i n t r od u c e d a n d e x p r e sse d

.
y ,

a t t empo s v ar ying wi t h di ffe r e n t s i t u at ion s m ay b e lik e n e d t o the ,

whi r l an d swi r l o f a d ance in which each d ancer has his sp e ci a l posi

,

ti o n i n th e fo r m a tion an d a sp e ci a l limi t wi thi n which h e is c o ns tr a i n e d ;

i t m ay a l s o b e lik e n e d to in t on a tion in singing wi th r i sing an d fa lling ,

c ade nce .

T h e Anci e n t P o e ts in fo r gi n g m e tapho r s ofte n t ak e id e a s o u t o f

, ,

th e i r con te x t ; how e v e r i n a composi tion o n e o r gan i z e s p ar agr aph s an d

,

con str ucts se n tences i n an or der ly m ann er fr om b e gi n n ing to e n d j u st ,

a s o n e wo u ld p u ll a s ilk th r ea d fr om a cocoon T h e b e gin n i n g li n e s .

should lead to the id easto be embodi e d in the middle o f the composi

t i o n an d th e concl u di n g s e n te nc e s sho u ld r e i te r ate th e though t e x
,

p r e sse d i n wh at h as gon e b efo r e Thus o n e m ay achi ev e li ter ar y b e auty

.

i n fo r m an d o r g anic uni ty in con te n t a n d th e pi e ce fr om b egi n ni n g ,

to e n d will b e such a tigh tly kni t composi tion th at i ts di ffe r e n t p a r t s

will b e to e ach o th er like flower to caly x Fo r wor ds if the y los t th ei r .

,

app r op r i ate comp anion s would b e isol a te d wi thou t fr i en d s ; a n d fee l

,

i n gs an d ide as wh en set down o u t o f or de r would flo at ar ou nd for e ve r

, ,

wi th no pl ace to r est Ther e fo r e in constr u cti n g s e n tence s o n e mus t

.
, ,

a v oid r e v e r sing th e p r op e r o r d er o f wo r ds ; an d in fo r ming p a r agr aphs ,

o n e mus t t t n t ion t th o d in whic h t h id s t t d Thi

p ya a e o e r e r e e a a r e r e a e s .

is the p r incipl e in dealing wi th fe e lings an d ide as an d the ge n er a l r ul e ,

gov er ning r hetor ic .

Ne i the r a composi tion n o r th e se n te nce s i t con tain s ar e a fi x e d

1

l e ngth bu t th e n u mb er o f wo r ds in a compo si tion o r in a se n tence m ay

,

b e ar bi tr ar ily fi x e d A fou r wo r d lin e is a clo se kni t b u t unhur r i e d uni t ;

.
- -

a s i x— wo r d lin e though loo se is n o t slow ; an d som e tim e s th e p atte r n

, ,

i s ch ang e d to th r ee wo r d o r five wo r d lin e s as an a dj u stm e n t t o m ee t

- -

g w i th W an g L i— pi mp
“
1 Re ad i n k i e n -c h u
’
o s iti o n and th e
’
a co s e n t en ces [i t
fo r
“
pi ch it
-
”
b r u sh a nd s e nten ces ) .
188 Par a gr aph a nd Se nte nce
an e x ige ncy poems an d o f the s u ng o r s acr ifici al
. T he for m o f th e ,

ode s in the B o o k of P o etr y i s m ar ke d wi th a digni ty whose p r op er

, ,

p atte r n is the fo u r — wor d lin e ; ex cep tion s ar e Ch i fu an d Ch ao yin ’

-
”
-
,
”2

which ar e m a de up o f two wor d li n es A s far a s we can d eter min e the -

.
,

t wo wo r d li n e p a tte r n b e gan wi th the

-
Tu an chu a folk s on g ae com “
-
,
”

p a n i e d by t h e b amboo flu t e which w a s p o pul a r d u r i n g t h e t im e of ,

Emp er or H u ang ; the th r ee wor d lin e p atter n fi r st app ear e d in th e 3

-

“
O d e to the Chi e f compos e d d u r ing th e Y ii p er iod ; the fou r wo r d
“
-

li n e p atter n flo u r i she d d ur i n g the tim e o f the H si a as i s see n in the ,

s ong o f Lo j ui [th at is Song o n the Tr en d o f the R ive r

“ ” “
-
t he ,

five wo r d lin e p atte r n m a d e i ts app e ar ance in the Chou dyn as ty wi th

-
,

th e po e m Hsing lu a s o n e e x ampl e ; an d t he si x wo r d an d se v e n wo r d
”6
- - -

li n e p at te r ns ar e found i n both the B o o k of P o e tr y an d the So ngs o f

C h u [T h e l a st t wo p a tter n s ] a chi e v e d p e r fe c tion in th e W e s te r n Han
’
.

p e r iod T he e volution o f the p atter ns in exp r essin g fee ling h as gone

.
7

full ci r cle o n e for m r epl acing another in accor d ance wi th the n ee ds

,

o f e a ch a e
g .

W hil e som e wr i te r s v ar y th e i r r hym e s o th e r s r ep e at the s am e ton e , ,

in or der to gi v e c ade nce an d r hy thm to thei r e xp r e ssion an d b r e ath .

Chi a I an d Mei She ng ch ange d t he i r r hym e s e v e r y two lin es while ,

Liu Hsin an d H u an T an s tuck to the same o n e fo r a hund r e d lin e s ’ ‘

In c as e s like the se e ach is car r yi n g o u t his o wn i n ten tion W ei wu in , .

-
,
8

comm en ting o n fu o r poe tic p r ose exp r e ss e d disgust wi th the r e p e ti , ,

9

t ion o f r hym e s a n d p r ai se d t ho se wh o we r e g o od a t ch an gi n g t h e i r

r hym e s Lu Y ii n also s aid th at in the c as e of the fou r wor d li n e

” -
.

2 Se e no s . 1 85 a n d 2 68 in th e B oo k of P o e tr y .

3 Ch pt XX IX 7 Ch pt
3 See n o te S t I a er
4 ee no e 1 a er .
, .
,

C ld th i b wh t i ll d th W i ti g f m th R i v L ? S
5 ou s e t Ch pt
a s ca e e
“
r n ro e er o
”
ee n o e 12, a er

I A d i g t th W h i g h ih i th H LO R iv W iti g w gi v
“ ” “ ”
. cco r n h tho e u- s n c n e an s -
u, e er r n as en

to Y ii t h t, f th H i d y ty d i
e cr e a o rt i d i Ch pt 4 i oth B k e s a n as , an s co n a n e n a er 2 n e oo o f
Hi t y
s or ti t l d H gf
, Th p t
en id d t b th e LO Ri v W it i g i w itt
“
un -
an .
”
e ar co n s er e o e e
“
er r n
”
s r en

in a f w d l i p t t th g h i t i t
our - or g p m w w ld xp t S
ne a er n , ou s no a so n or a oe , as e ou e ec . ee

Sha ng -s h u t u n g -c hi e n , 2 4
’
0 0 9 0 -0 1 5 5 .

3 No . 17 i n t he B oo k of Po etr y .
7Al k w so no n as F m or er Ha n .

3 Or T s a
’
o T s a o , t he
’
f a th e r o f T ’
s ao P ei
’
an d T Ch ih
’
s ao .

9 Se e Ch p t a er VIII .
19Th i q s uo ta tio n is not id e n ti fi bla e .
a r ea l func tion to p er for m Cl e ve r wr i te r s will u se th e m de x ter o u sly t o
.

fill in wh ate v er is l acking in the style as sis ti n g the s en ten ce s wi th th ese

,

e x tr a wo r d s If n o mis ta k e can b e p e r mi tte d in th e u se o f e x t r a wo r ds

.
,

h o w much l e ss can i t b e a llowe d wh e n o n e i s e ngag e d in fo r mi n g

p ar agr aphs an d cons tr ucting se n tences !

Ther e ar e r ule s abou t the or gani z ation o f a p ar agr aph ,

Thou gh se n te nce con str uction i s wi tho u t a de fin i te p atter n .

Ideas s hou ld b e de ve lop e d ar ound a cen tr a l th em e ,

And e lem en ts o f r h etor ic should n e ver be wi th out app r op r i ate co m

p anions .

D efin e e mo tion by the choice o f a p r ope r tu n e ,

So that the y m ay enci r cl e an d r e spond to e ach o th e r .

W h e n to s ep ar ate wh en to m e r ge wh e n t o e mph asiz e simil ar i ty a n d

, ,

wh e n to e mph asi z e di ffer e nce

Th e se de ci sion s ar e wor thy o f on e s u tmost eff or t ’
.

XXX V Li ng uisti c Par a lle lis m

.

Nat u r e cr e atin g living b e ings e ndows

,
m wi th limb s in p ai r s T h e
, th e .

divi n e r eason op er ate s in such a way that n o thi n g s tands alon e T he .

mi n d cr e ate s li ter ar y l an guage an d in doi n g this i t o r ganize s an d

,

s h ap e s o n e h u n d r e d d i ff e r e n t t ho u gh t s m a king wh at is high s u ppl e

,

men t wh at is lo w an d spon tan e o u sly p r od u cing li n gu is tic p ar alle li sm

,
.

D u r i n g the age s o f the T an g an d the Y ii wh e n l an gu age was n o t

’

,
1

a do r n e d t o an g r e a t e x te n t w e a l r e a dy find Kao Y ao using t he

y ,

following e xp r e ssion :

ts u i i we i ch i n g
’

k u ng i wei ch u n
g
1 D y n a s t ie s l
r u ed by Y ao a nd Sh u n , t wo a n cie n t lg
e e n d ar y ki gn s .
Li g n i
u sti c Par allelis m 19 1

[C r im e : wh e n i n doub t t h e n d ee m i t ligh t ; ,

Mer i t : wh en in doub t th en de em i t h eav y ] ,

.
2

an d I [an o the r mini ste r of Shun ] sa yi n g

m an c ha o sun

ch ien sho n i
’

[F u ll n e s s o f se l f b r i n g s d e c r e ase ;

Mo d esty r e ce ives incr e ase ] .

3

W i tho u t i n ten ding to p r o d u ce co u pl e ts th ey did so spo n t an e o u s ly T h e , ,

.

W e n y e n a n d Hsi tz u o f th e B o o k o f C h a n g e s e mbo d y th e p r o
“ ” “ ’ ”
- -

fo u nd th o u gh t o f the S age In the n ar r ation of the fo u r vi tu es of th e . r

h ex agr am ch i e n the sen te n ce s a r e m atche d i n co u ple ts an d i n the

'

, ,

d e s c r ip tion of the ki n d s o f r espo n se s e vok e d by th e d r ago n a n d th e

t ige r th e wo r d s a r e a ll p a r a ll e l e d i n p ai r s W h en d e s cr ibi n g t h e h e x a
, .

gr am s of ch i e n an d k u n as e asy an d simpl e r e sp e ctiv e ly the p a ss age

’ ’

wind s an d t ur n s wi th li n e s smoo thly wov en i n to o n e an o th er ; an d in

,

d epic ti n g the go i n g a n d coming of the su n an d th e mo o n t h e a l te r n ate ,

li n es for m coupl e t s O cc a sion ally th e r e m ay b e s o m e v ar i ation in th e

.

s tr u c t u r e o f a se n te n c e Or s o m e ch a n ge in wo r d o r d e r b u t p a r a ll e li s m
, ,

i s a lw ay s th e a im A s t o the p ar a ll e li sm found in t h e wo r k of th e
?

An ci e n t P oe ts o r in the antiphon al li n e s of the Cho u mini ste r s bo th r

,
5

con tain bo th si n gle e lem en ts an d couplets each app r o p r i ate fo r th e e

,

s i t u at ion a t h an d ; an d t h ese com e fo r t h spo n t a n e ou s ly wi t h n o t r a ce

o f l abo r In th e h and s of Y an g [H s i u ng ] [Ssu

. M a [H si an g j u ] ,
-
,

Ch ang [H e ng ] an d Ts a i [Y u n g ] all o f whom str e sse d li n g ui sti c ’

p ar alleli sm p ar tic u l ar ly str ongly c o u ple t wr i ting flo u r i s he d as sp ectacu ,

2
The B oo k o f Hi s t o r y ( Sh i h —
sa n ch i n -
g ch u -s h u 4 /7 a . Kao Y ao was a mi n i s t er

of Sh u n . I ha v e ar r an g ed th e t wo li nes in su c h a wa y a s to s ho w th e p ll l tar a e s tr u c u r e .

Mo r e f ly
r ee t r a n s a te d :l “
W h e n we ar e in d o u bt b a o ut m
th e cr i e co mm it d w w l d te , e ou

l wh bt b m m it w
.

r a th e r o n t h e s id e o f e n i e n ce ; a n d we in d o u
’
er r en ar e a o u t so eo n e s er , e

w ld ou r at h e r er r in giv i n g a h ea ie r v re w d ar than i s d e s er vde .

”

I bi d 4 /i 4 a
3
. .
,

4
Fo r t h e te t x o f t h is p assa g e, s ee C h o u -i y i n -t e , 1 /1 /y e n , 2 /1 /y e n , 39 /Hs i s ha n g/ 1,

46 Hsi h s ia /3 .

5
I t wa s t he g e n er a lp r a ct i c e at t ha t ti m e fo r d i pl m
o at i c e n v o y s to s n i g th e r i mi ss i o n s

in v er se , and to be an s w er ed in v er se .

3 I u se
“
e e lm e nt,
”
b e cau s e i t m ay f
r e e r to c h a r a cte r s , ph r as e s , o r s e n t e n ces .
19 2 Li n g ui sti c Pa r allelis m
lar ly as S u n g p ainti n g an d W u casti n g? an d i n fact they to o indulge d
7

in a sp e ci es of c ar vi n g an d en gr a vi n g ; as a r esu l t o f i t we fin d th e i r ,

co u pl e d sen te nce s d e v e lopi n g si d e by si d e wi th colo r fu l p atte r n s an d ,

th e i r p a r a ll e li sm b u r st i n g fo r t h i n c o n j u n c t ion wi t h e x q u isi te t o n a l

a r r a n ge m e n t T h e ho s t o f t a l e n te d wr i ter s du r i n g the W ei an d th e
.

Chi n an aly z e d s en te nce s tr uctu r e wi th s c r u p u lo u s atte n tion an d coi n e d

ph r ases i n h ar mon y wi th th e i r tho u gh t ; th e y e v e n spli t h ai r s an d ,

s c r u t i n i z e d t h e i n fi n i te s im a l B u t o n ly tho s e wh o s tr uck th e my s te r io u s
.

sp r i n g en ter e d i n t o the r e alm o f a r t T h e su p er fici al an d the so p hi sti .

ca te d l abo r e d t o no a v a il .

O f the for m s of co u ple t the r e ar e fo u r ki n d s : the v er b al cou plet the ,

factu al co u ple t the co u ple t o f con tr ast an d the cou plet o f agr e eme nt
, ,
.

It is e asy t o compo se a v e r b a l co u pl e t b u t i t is comp ar a tiv e ly d ifli cu lt ,

t o m a k e a f a c t u a l o n e ; a c o u pl e t of c o n tr a st i s s up e r b b u t o n e o f agr e e ,

men t i s comp ar ativ e ly poor In a v e r b al co u plet o n e m atch es m er e .

,

wo r d s ; in a factu al couple t o n e must d e al wi th wh at i s a ctu ally exp er i ,

e n ce d ; a coupl e t of co n tr a st i s o n e in whic h di ff e r e n t w ays o f r ea so ning

m ee t on common gr o u n d ; an d a coupl e t of agr eem e n t o n e in which

d i ff e r e n t fa c ts illu s tr ate a si n gl e id e a .

F o r e x ample
T h e v e b al c o u pl e t : L abo r to imp r ov e you r de m e ano r in th e gar de n
r

of r i tes ; le t yo u r se lf s o ar in the fi e ld o f b o o ks Fr om the Sh ang lin fu .

” “
-
”

by Ch an g—ch i n g [o r Ssu m a H si an g j u ]
’ ’
- -
.

T he fa c tu al co u pl e t : [T h e a nci e n t b e a u ty ] M ao ch i an g hiding
“ ’
-
,

h e r se lf b e hind h er l ap e l m ay n o t b e t he sta n d ar d t o comp a r e [the ,

goddess ] wi th ; [the an ci en t be au ty ] Hsi shih h er face cov e r e d los t -

,

color b efo r e [the F r om the She n n u fu by Su n g Y ii “

-
”
.

7 C h u a n g tz y i n —te , 5 6 /2 1 /4 5 :
u T h e r u e r o f Su n wa s h a i n l g v gpg m d A ll i
a n t in s a e .

the pa in t e r s g g
ath e r e d to e t h e r a n d s to o d U p ce r e o n io u s a te r m ly f i v i g th i m
r e ce n e r co

m is s io n s a n d d o i n g b
o e isa n c e to t h e r u e r One a i n te r ca l p m l t w lk i g e a e, a n un ~

v
.

ly
h u r r i ed , a n d w
h e n h e r ece i e d h is co i s s io n h e d i d n o t s t a n d mm p I t d h w t u . ns e a , e en

to h is q u a r te r s . T he ru erl se n t m so eo n e to w a t ch h im . H f e d th t th p i t
oun h da e a n er a

k e n o ff h is d r e ss a nd k d with h is t wo lg t h d t Th l i d Th i
‘
ta s at n a e e s str e c e ou . e r u er sa , s

is t he ri ght w a y to b e ha v e . He i s i n d e e d a tr u e p a i n te r .
’

3 T he s ta te o f W u is fm a o us fo r cas ti n g w s or ds . Se e th e Ho lu -
n e i -ch u a n in th e

Wu y ii eh h h iu
’ ’
- -
c un c .
1 94 Li g n ui sti c Pa r alle lis m
Such r e dund ance m ake s th e se lin e s e x amples o f polyd actyli sm in
p ar all e l s e n te nce s .

In a v er b al coupl et the b e au ty li e s in ar tis tr y an d cl e v e r n e ss ; b u t i n

,

a f a c t u a l coupl e t th e impo r t a n t t hing is a pp r op r i a te n e ss W h e n t wo

, .

ve r b al e xp r ession s o f u n e qu al qu ali ty ar e m atch e d i n a couple t i t i s ,

lik e h ar n e ssi n g to a two hor se c ar r i age a t h o r o u ghb r e d o n the le ft an d

-

a na o n t h e r igh t An i s ol a t e d f a c t u n m a t ch e d i s lik e th e o n e l e gge d

g
-
.

m o n s ter k u e i which hobbl es an d limps If a li ter ar y pi e ce l ack s won

’

, .
13

d e r fu l spi r i t o r vi tali ty o r if i t s l an gu age i s wi tho u t e x tr a o r di n ar y

,

p atter ns th en ev e n if i t i s fu ll o f b eau tifu l p ar alle l e xp r e s sio n s t he i r

, ,

m e diocr i ty ser v e s m er e ly to m ak e o u r e ar s an d e y es dr owsy an d to p u t

u s to s l e ep W h at i s impo r tan t h e r e t h en i s t o m ak e th e r e a soning
.

co h er en t an d the factu a l r efe r ence p er tinent ; to fill th e p ar agr aphs wi th

d a z z ling j a de i n p ai r s to u se al te r n a tingly si n gl e an d co u pl ed ele me n ts
, ,

a n d t o mod e r a te t h e b r illi a n c e o f th e e ff e c t t h r o u gh th e v a r i e t y o f t h e

p end ants If o n e gen er aliz e s o n the b asis o f th ese obs er v ati ons he will
.
,

se e th e m ain p r incipl e s u n r a v e l o f t h e m s e lv e s .

A body r e q u i r e s i ts limbs t o be in p ai r s ;
A ph r ase once fo r ge d mu st h av e i ts cou nter p ar t
, ,
.

W i th the l e ft h an d o n e lifts ; an d o n e hold s wi th th e r igh t ,

To attain both the e ssen ce an d the fl av o r .

P a r a ll e li sm gl e a ms an d d a z zl e s lik e flowe r s which a r e e n t wi n e d ,

R e fl e c ting wi thou t dis t o r tio n lik e a c a lm mi r r o r .

I t flows i n t wo s tr e am s smoo th a s j a d e , ,

G iving r hy thm a s do th e p e nd ant j e wels .

L iu K ’
un s
’
v
l i h v x t l y th m th m t h t i t h t C f i w
e r se b ot h nes a e e ac e sa e e e, a s, a o n uc us as

sad on h i g f th
e ar n pt f th o i d i g th h t i t h w t
e ca u re o e u n co r n ur n e un n e es .

12C h g H p m i f d i th Yii t i h i y g mp il d b y H Li g 5 7
an ua s
’
oe s o un n e -
’
a s n- an , co e su n , 0

5 83 ; L i K u p m’
i f
un s d i
’
W h itoe s oun n en- s an .

l gg d m t H — — C p W i h h
’
13F th
or e one -
f ei t e h h t 3 3
o n s e r , se e an e z u, c u an 1 2 , a er , a -
c u -s uo ,

tso , h i s a,p ; d Ch
. 222 gt yi t an ua n z u n- e,
14
Se e L i —
ch i y i n -t e , 13 17 .
XXX VI Metap h o r A lleg o r y ( Pi a n d Hsi n g
1
. an d

B r o ad p r o fo u n d i s the B o o k of P o e tr y in whi ch ar e con tai n e d the

an d ,

Si x El eme n ts M as ter M ao i n hi s comm e n t ar y howe v e r d r e w p ar

? 3
, ,

ti cu lar a tte n t ion t o th e h s i n g o r a ll e go r y a lo n e ; was t hi s n o t p er h ap s , ,

b e cau se the fe ng o r lyr ic spon tan e ously st i r s th e e mo ti o n s the fu o r

, , , ,

n a r r a tiv e migh t aff e c t t h e m indi ff e r e n t ly an d th e i o r m e t aph o r is

, p , , ,

obvio u s b u t the h si ng a lon e i s ob sc u r e ? Pi i n volv es r e ason ing b y

,

an alogy an d h s i n g r e spo n se t o a s t im u lu s W h e n we r e a so n by a n a lo y
'

, g .
,

we gr o u p t hing s by comp ar i n g th e i r gen e r a l ch ar a c te r i stic s ; a n d wh e n

we r e sp o n d to s ti muli we fo r m u l ate o ur ide as a cco r ding to th e s u b tl e ,

i n fl u en ce s we r e ce iv e T h e hsi n g i s the r e sul t o f o u r r e spon di n g t o a

.

s tim u l u s a n d t h e i co s q c of o ni n g by a n a logy F o r m a lly

p ,a n e u e n e r e a s .
,

th e p i i s a li n g u i stic e x p r e ssion ch ar ge d wi t h a cc u m u l a te d i n dig n a ti o n ,

a n d t h e h s i n g i s an a dmo n i t i o n e x p r esse d t h r o u gh a n a r r a y o f p a r abl e s

?

Sin ce the An ci en t Po e ts h a d to tr eat of a v ar i e ty o f si tu atio n s wi th

e v e r ch angi n g s ign ific an c e
-
th e y n e e d c d th e se t wo d e vic e s t o e x p r e s s ,
-

t h e i r r e spo n se s t o th e m .

T h e p ar abl e s e mploy e d in th e h s i n g app e ar s u b tl e b ut th e y ar e s o ,

app ar e n t ! Th e y m a o u n d i n s ign ific an t b t t h y p f d i

y s u e a r e r o o u n n ,

t h e i r implic a tio n s F o r e x ampl e i n th e Ku an chii th e fishh awk s “ ”5

-
.
,

know a for m a l sep ar a ti o n o f t he sex e s an obliqu e r e fer e n ce t o the ,

vi r tue o f the qu ee n ; an d th e s hi h chi u bi r d [i n a n o th e r p o e m ] i s -

6

ch aste which i s al so symb o li c o f the ch ar ac te r o f the r o y a l m ate D o

, .

1
M e ta p h o r i s u sed t o co v er b o th s i mil e and m t ph e a or

V
.

2
Se e n o te 2 , Ch pt a er . Ch p t XVIII
3 Se e n o te 20, a er .

4
N o te th e m l i ti
ora s c co n ce pti on o f p t y fi t p p
oe r d d i th p f rs ro oun e n e r e aces o f th e
B f P o etr y : th e Ma i n Pr e f d th p f i d i v id l p m tt i b
“ ”
oo k o a ce an t e r e a ce s o n ua oe s, a r u te d to

W ei Hdn g o f t h e L a te r Han .

5
The
“
K
p m i th B k f P t y d m t b m i g
u an c -
h ii
”
is th e fi r st oe n e oo o oe r , an se e s o e a ar r a e

g B t it i t d iti ll y i t p t d t b p m l b ti g th v i t f th b id
so n . u s ra o na n er re e o e a oe ce e ra n e r ue o e r e

of Ki g W f t h f K i g W h f d f h C h d y y C h i t hi fi hh wk
n en , a er o n u, t e oun er o t e ou n as t -
c n, s a s,

ymb l f v i t b b l i v d t p ti
.

ar et k t b th
a en o th y
e e s f ml o o r ue, e cau se e ar e e e e o r ac ce a or a

sep t i b tw t h x i t h v
ar a on e f x lh
ee n F e th i se h e s, . e .
, o a e a se n se o se ua o no r . or s r e as o n , t e

p m i th ght t ll d t th v i t f Q
oe s ou W o a u e o e r ue o u ee n en .

T h th m
3 f th e p m i th B k f P t y
e e o S hi h h i
an o h gh t t b
er oe n e oo o oe r , no . 12 .
-
c n, t ou o e

d v o k b l i v d t b l y l t th i m t h
e s o r cu c o o s , ar e y mb l f h ti ty
e e e o e o a o e r a es , e n ce , a s o o c as .
19 6 Me t a p h o r and A lleg o r y
not co nj e ct u r e ab o u t th ese bi r d s fo r wh at is inten de d to b e emph asi z ed ,

to u s i s ch as t i ty ; a n d d o n o t le t t h e se bi r ds o f p r e y di s tr a c t ou mind
y r ,

b ec au se the imp o r t an t thing i s the vi r tu e o f sex u al sep ar ation S uc h .

p ar able s ar e lik e the fi r s t r ay s of ligh t b efor e the b r e ak o f d awn s till ,

e nv e l o p e d in ambig u i t y Thi s is the r e ason why co mme n tar ie s ar e .

r e q u i e d t o m a k e t h e m e a n i n g cl e ar
r .

W h at d o we r ea lly m e an by p i ? A de s cr ip ti o n of t hi n gs u se d t o st an d
fo r id e a s an d th e u se o f fig u r e s o f sp ee ch t o in tim ate th e n atu r e o f
,

cer tain facts Thus gold an d p e w ter ar e use d to s tand fo r illu str iou s
.

vi r tu e a j a d e tally sign ifi es an o u ts t an d i n g m an a c ate r pill ar m ean s

, ,
7

e d u c a t io n ? cic a d a s an d gr a sshopp e r s d e no te h o wl ing an d s ho u t i n g ?

washi n g clo th e s symboliz e s s adn e ss of he ar t an d the r olling u p o f a

”
,

m at is us e d a s a fig u r e fo r fi r mn e ss o f will : t he se ill u s tr ate t h e m e an

11

i n g o f the pi A s t o li n es s u ch as Yo u r h emp r ob e i s lik e s n ow

“ ”12
. or , ,

T he two o u tsid e ho r s e s go as if t h e y w e r e d ancing t h ey all b e lo n g

“ ” 13
,

to t he p i c a te go r y .

W h e n Ki n g H si an g of Ch u tr u ste d i n the wo r d s of the sycoph an t s ’

th e San hi
”
fille d wi th loy a l ty an d mo r al i n dign ation cr e ate d the
-
, ,

Sa o i n th e spi r i t o f the B o o k o f P o e tr y ; th e Sa o in te n d e d as a r e mo n ,

st r a nc e e mploys bo t h t h e pi an d t h e h s i n g
15
.
,

T h e Han dyn as ty m ay h av e p r o sp e r e d ge n e r ally b u t the po e t s we r e ,

we ak T he p r inciple o f r e mon str an ce was for go tte n an d the m eani n g

.
,

o f h s i n g lo s t I n t h e i r s t ea d we find t h e fu o r n ar r a t iv e a n d th e s u n g
.
, , ,

o r s a c r ifici a l song lo u d i n chor u s an d p i for ge d p r ofu se ly a s clo u d

, ,

p at ter n s S u ch co n fu sion an d h as te wen t coun ter to the p r i n cipl es o f o ld

. .

Th er e i s a v ar i e ty o f way s i n which a p i th at is a m e taphor m ay be , , ,

7 See th e B oo k o f P o e tr y , p m oe s nos .
55, 252 .

Mi n g l i n g p i ll fi He li o t hi s a r m i g er a
“
I bi d is f i n s e ct i d e n t i e d as
96
3 . no . .
-
a cat e r ar o an .
,

9 Ibid no 2 55 .
19
I bi d .
, no . 26 .

A
. .
,

11 I bid . ct u a lly , the li ne r u ns : My h e ar t is no t a m at , y o u ca n n o t r o ll it . ll g

R o in
up a m at w ld m t ou see o co n n o te the o pp o s i te of fim r n e ss . B u t in l
c as s ica l ll a i
u s o ns ,

C hi n e se h l ft q t
sc o ar s o en uo e o ut o f co n t e x t , an d xp t th
e ec e r ea d e r to u n d e r s ta n d th e

m ea n i n g by f i g i h i r e err n n s o wn mi nd to t h e o r ig i l
na t xt co n e a nd t h e o r i gi l m
na ea n i n g .

Ibi d 78
13
12 I bi d .
, no . 15 0 . .
, no . .

14 T he o ffi ce Ch u Y u an pi o ccu ed bf
e o re h e was a l i e n a te d T h e . f u n ct i o n o f the o ffi ce

wa s to e d u cat e t h e y o u n g m mb e e r s o f t he t h r e e r o y a l l c a ns .

15
Fo r C h ii ’
Y ii a n a nd h i s L i -sa o , s ee C h pt
a er V a b o v e .
198 Metaph or a nd A llego r y
Ying fu th e lin e Shooting gold in a san dy b ea ch an d in Chi y in g s
-
, ,
-
’

[ o r Ch a ng H a n s ] mi s c e ll an e ou s po e m s th e lin e
’
G r e e n b r anch es look ,
“

lik e a b u ndle o f j a d e ar e both in the t r ue spi r i t o f th e pi

” ”
.

Th r ougho u t all the v ar i ety o f th e p i the e x ce lle nce li e s in the ap tn ess ,

o f t he r e p r e se n t a ti o n A w r i ter i s v a l u e l e ss i f t r ying t o c a r v e a s w a n
.
, ,

h e s ucc e e d s on ly i n app r o x im ating a d u ck .

T h e Tsa n
T h e p i an d the hs i n g o f th e Anci e n t P o e ts
A r e p e r fe c t p e r c ep tion s r e sul ti n g fr om t h e i r re spon ses t o th e stimuli
fact s
o f .

Things which ar e a s far ap ar t as H u [i n th e n o r t h ] an d Y u eh [i n th e

sou th ]
May thr o ugh th e i r s imil ar i ti e s b e a s clo se a s t he liv er an d th e gall .

Fo r a wr i te r to b e abl e t o b e f ai thfu l t o th e o r igin a l in h i s r e p r e se n tatio n

dep e nds o n the wor king o f hi s mind ;
And in th e for gi n g o f l an gu age he mu st b e bo th fir m an d d ar i n g .

In cr e ati n g ly r ics an d po ems the m ass o f m ater i al s sho u ld b e so o r gan ,

i z e d a s to flow as smoo thly a s a s tr eam .

XXX VII E m be llis h m e n t as D escr ip ti o n

.

W h at i s beyond shap e is call e d ta o an d what is wi thi n sh ap e is calle d ,

ch i
’

[
.Ch
”1
i m e ans li te r a lly i n str u m e n t t h e t angibl e h e nc e the
’

p h e , , ,

nom emal ] It is di ffi cul t to d epict the noum en al tao fo r e v e n wor d s

.
,

which h av e bee n r e fin e d c an n ot app r o x im ate i t ; b u t th e ph enom en al

ch i a r e e asy t o d e scr ib e fo r th e i r fo r ms can b e a cc u r a tely pict u r e d
’

22
B ot Ch g p m
h P
’
f d i th W h
an s an
’
d an
’
s oe s ar e oun n e en -
s ua n . T h e th e m e of P
’
an s
’

ia
i th fi fl i
s e w h i h pp l ik h ti g g l d i
re es , c dy b a e ar e s oo n o n a s an e ach

gt y i —
.

/5 /7 F m t h p i t f v i w l iv
23 “
Ch t
ua n z u n e, 12 : ro e o n o e o f d iffe r e n ce , th e d
er an

g ll
a f p t Ch
a r e as
-
d Y ii h
ar a Li H i h m d
ar as
’
u an e .
”
u s e a e u se o f t hi f
s r e e r e n ce w i th m so e

m d ifi t i
o ca o ns .

1
C h o u -i y i n -t e , 4 4 / hs i s h a ng / 1 2 .
Em b lli e s h m e n t as D es cr i p ti o n 1
99

h o u gh v igor o u s l an gu age Amo u n t of tale n t wh e th er gr e a t o r sm all

t r .
, ,

h as n o b e ar i n g o n thi s ; i t is d u e to th e n at u r e of th e ta o o r p r i n cipl e , ,

a n d t h e ch i o r p a r tic u l ar t hings th e ms e lv e s [I n th e ph e nom e n a l

’
.
, ,

wor ld ] all thi n gs fr om heave n an d e ar th down war d p ar tak e o f s oun d

an d s h ap e W h e n ev e r l an g u ag e i s u se d to de s c r ib e t h e m t h e r e i s a lw ay s
.
,

e mb e lli shm e n t i n th e d e s c r ip tion Ev e n in th e B o o k o f P o e t y an d th e . r

B o o k o f H i s t o r y who se l an gu age i s m ar k e d wi th cl a ssic g r a ce an d

, ,

m ay se r v e a s th e s tan d ar d fo r the whol e wo r l d to l o o k up t o we fin d ,

e x agge r at e d a cco u n ts o f fa c t s e x p r e sse d in highly o r n a m e n te d l an gu a ge ,

.

F o r e x ampl e : to d e s cr ib e h e igh t we h av e : Lofty i s [th e S a cr e d Mo u n

“
,

t ain ] ; gr an dly i t r e a ch e s t o h e a v e n ; t o de sc r ib e n ar r own e ss we h a v e

” 2
,

W say s t h e R iv e r i s b r o a d ? s n o t e v e n wid e e n o u gh fo r a
“
[ h o ] I t i
kn ife like c an o e R efe r r i n g to a gr e at numb er we h av e : His s o n s
.
”3
,
“

a n d g r a nd son s will b e a t ho u s an d a hu n d r e d t hous a n d ; an d r e fe r r i n g

” 4
,

to a s m a ll n u mb er we h av e : O f th e p e opl e [o f Cho u ] the r e wa s n o t

“
,

o n e b o dy l e f t u n d am ag e d In d es c r ibing [h o w the gr e at flo o d ] i n u n
”5
.

d ate d moun tai n s [the B o o k o i Hi s to r y ] t alk s abo u t i ts o v er flowing

“
,

h e aven ; an d i n sp ea ki n g o f th e m u ti n y [o f the Sh an g tr oops agai n st

” 6

t h e i r o wn r u l er ] i t s ay s t h a t p estl es flo ate d in the bloodsh e d T he “ 7

, .

l an gu age i n all th ese cases i s cer tainly e x agger ate d ; b u t i t d o e s n o t d o

an y vi o l e n ce to t h e ide a s T h e c r ying o f an owl h a s a lw ay s b e e n ugly ; .

co u ld i ts cr y b e com e pl e asan t b e cau se i t se ttl e d i n the gr ov e by the

se mici r cul a r m o at ? T h e t u pl an t s t a s t e bi tt e r ; could t h e i r t a s t e b e c o m e
8 ’

s w e e t b e c au s e t h e y g r e w o n t h e Cho u pl ai n ? Y e s fo r in t h e se c ase s
9
,

th e r e a l in te n ti o n i s t o p r a is e a n d th e di s to r t ion o f t h e id e a s se r v e s
”
,

2
The B oo k f o P o e tr y , no . 2 59 . Kar lg r e n
’
s l
t r a n s a tio n .
3 I bid .
, no . 61 .

4 I bi d 5
I bi d 25 8
3
Sh a ng s hu t u ng - c hi e n ,
’
.
, no . 249 . .
, no . .
- -
0 30 2 .

7 I bi d .
, 23 / o 34 3-0 35 5 . In the acco u n t o f Ki g n Wu
’
s ca mp ig g ia n a a n st th e l a st r u er l
o f t he Sh a n g dy y it i
n as t , s sa i d t h at wh en th e Sh a n g tr o o p v l t d th
s re o e er e was so m uc h
bl oo d sh ed th at p tl fl
es es o a te d in i t .

3 T he B oo k o f P o e tr y , no . 29 9 : Fl u t te r n i g ar e t ho s e fl y i g wln o s, th e y s ett e l in th e
g v by th
ro e e se mi c i r cu a r l m o at ; the y e at th e f r u i ts o f o u r m lb y u er r t r e es , a n d co mf ort

usw ith t h i e r fin e n o te .
”

9 I bi d .
, no . 2 37 : The pl ain o f Ch ou was r i ch a nd a mpl e: e v en t he c h in
’
a nd t u
’

w er e s wy kee t l ik e ho n e -
ca es .
”

P m 99 i i p i
1°
oe f m q i 2fL l b t i g h i i t t i th
s n r a se o a ar u s o u , ce e ra n s n e r es n e s ta te c o ll g e e,

y mb l i d b y t h
s o m i i l m t A d p m 37 p i t h
z e e t se c r cu a r oa . n oe 2 r a ses e a n ce s o r s o f th e Ch ou,

wh th gh th i k d th i h d m d th pl i f C h i h b it bl
o, rou c an n, a a e e a n o ou n a a e .
200 Em b llish m e e n t as D escr i pti on

as kind of or n am e n t T he gr e at S age s r e cor d ed r em ar k s m ay be

a .
’

t r e a te d a s p r i n cipl es e x p r e s s e d by M e nci u s i n th e followi n g wo r d s :

,

“
Tho se wh o comm en t upon the B o o k of P o et y sho u ld n o t b e cause o f r

o n e te r m mi s con s t r u e th e m ean ing o f a se n t e nc e ; a n d s h o u ld n o t

b ecau se of a sen ten ce mi scon s tr ue the o r igi n al ide a .

” 11

L avi sh ex agger ation in de scr ip tion wa s fi r st e mploy e d i n the wor k s

o f Sung Y ii an d Chi n g C h a ; a n d s u m a ] Hsi a n g u w h g av e
[
’
S j o - -
,

Emp o r W u hims e l f s flyi g wi con ib d

”
[ er
] a e n s e o f n o n t he n d tr u t e t o ,

t he a s c e nd a ncy o f li ter ar y oddi t i e s a n d e x c e s s e s In h i s Sh an g— lin fu he “ ”

.

s aid th at shoo ting s tar s an d an a r ching r ai n bow en ter e d the wi n dow

o f th e Sh a ng lin p a l a c e ; a n d e l s e wh e r e in a d e s c r ip t ion of a s ucc e s sfu l
-
,

hun t h e wr o te th at fei lie n an d chi a o m i ng wer e c augh t Y ang

,
” ” - -
14
.

H siung follo wing in his w a ke spoke of the p r e cio u s i n h i s Kan ch ii an

, ,
“
-
’

fu by bo r r o wing th e ge m s o f j a de tr e e s an d o f he igh t b y r efe r r ing t o

”
,

the fa ll o f gho st s a n d d e i t i e s A s t o [P an Ku s m e n tion o f] th e o n e

” ’
.

e y e d fish swimming i n p ai r s in his i —

Hs t u fu an d
[Ch an g Hen g s
‘
“
,
” 17 ’

m en tion o f] the se a d e i ty in the ligh t of r eason th er e is no po ssibl e

”
,

way to p r o v e th e m b u t as c a s e s o f e x agger at ion t h ey h av e n o t gon e

, ,

t o e x t r e m e s W h e n Tzu y ii n [0 1 Y a ng H s iung ] in his Y ii li e h fu

“ ”
- -
.
, ,

flogge d Fu fei to fee d Ch ii Y ifan o r wh en Ch ang Heng in his

-
” ’

, ,

11 Me n g t z u y i n -
te ,
12
See Ch p t XXVIII
n o te 2 , a er .

13
F i li e i -
myth l gi l b i d wi th th b d y f bi d d th h d f d
en s a o o ca r , e o o a r an e ea o a eer ,

k w no thn asd g p w e ra o n -s ar r o .

A th myth l gi l bi d mbl i g p h ix
14 no er o o ca r , r e se n a o en .

Sh g li f
15 “ i f d i th W
”
an -
n uh s oun n e e n- sua n .

K
13 “
h ii an c f -
i l f d i th W h
’
an u
”
s a so oun n e en- sua n .

F ll wi g C hi m d ti
17 o o n f di g Hi t
’
s f e T g t whi h i p
en a on o r ea n s -
u or un -
u, c s a

p t
ar enly m i t k aS t h W
s a —h i e . ee e en sz a n
’

A l f d i th W h it
13 so oun n e en - s an .

F f i w
19 u- e i d t b t h d gh t
as sa f F h i m y th l gi l h t Sh d w d
o e e au er o u- s , a o o ca c a r ac e r . e ro ne

i th LO R i v th b mi g G d d f LO C h ii Y ii m ti d h f th
’
n e er , us e co n o e ss o . an en one er as o n e o e

b ti h w t d b t f i l d t g t I th igi l p i th l i
e au es e an e u a e [Emp W
o e n e or na ec e e ne r u ns : er o r u s
’

fl gg d E f i d f d Ch ii Y ii P g d H ii S W —
.
,

h t i g p ty ]
“ ”
h u
’ ’ ’

un n ar o e u- e an e an , en , an s . ee en s a n,

ch ii an8 Y g H i g h . an t i d t p i t t th x t v g t l f th mp
s un er e r e o o n ou e e ra a an s ca e o e e er o r s
’

h ti g x p d i t i
un n e H d i t b d th LO R i v
e on. i th th
e f wh i h F —
s ur f i w e th e er n e no r , o c u e as e

d i ty h d th b k f th iv i th th w h C h ii Y ii P g H i ’ ’
e d, an r e ac e e an s o e r ers n e so u er e an, en s en ,

an d W T uh ii d w d Fl gg i g
z u- s d f di g ro fig f ne h i g th
. iv
o n an ee n ar e u r es or r e ac n ese r er s .

Li H i h di
u s e g d d th igi l t x t d mb i d th tw i t
sr e ar e e or th fl gg i g
na co n e an co ne e o n s a n ce s , e o n

d th f d i g if th p t w fl ggi g E f i t f d C h ii Y ii m i tt i g i t h ’
an e ee n , as e oe as o n u- e o ee an , o n , n e
202 Emb lli e s h m en t as D e c i pti s r on

[ H si ang j u
] so-
, th at e a x gger ation is h e ld wi th in p r op er limi ts , an d

a do r nm e n t d o e s not involv e fal sehood , th e n he will ce r tainly a chi ev e

tr u e e x c e ll e nc e .

T h e Ts a n
Ex agger a tion an d ado r nm e nt h ave th e i r fu nction
W h en h as li te r a tu r e e v e r fo llowe d a s tr a i ten e d p ath ?
T h e sw e ep o f w o r d s i s alw ays lik e n e d t o th e mov e m en t o f a g r eat r oc

a c r o s s th e
[
A n d the e x p an sion o f vi t ali t y t o th e gr a du al r i sing o f gee s e .

P ou r o u t th e sea to g e t the p e ar ls ,

And l e v el M o u n t K u n fo r j a de z ” ’

Th ese figur e s ar e ex agge r ation s b u t the y ar e n o t e x ce ssiv e , ,

Ex tr a v agan t th e y ce r tainly ar e b u t still faul tles s , .

XXX VIII Fact ua l A ll usi o n an d Te xtua l R efe r e n ce

.

F ac tual allu sion an d tex tu al r e fe r e nce ar e fac tor s outsid e th e r ealm o f

li ter ar y composi tion In a fa ctu al allusion o n e adduce s a fact to suppor t
.
,

s om e g e n e r a li z a tion ; an d i n a te x t u a l r e fe r e nc e o n e ci te s an a nci e n t ,

te x t t o s u ppo r t a s t a te m e n t W h e n Ki ng W e n w r o te p r oposi tion s fo r .

t he line s of th e h e x agr ams which h e h a d fi x e d in h i s comm e n t o n t h e ,

ni n e i n the—
-
thi r d —
-
pl ace line in the h ex agr am chi— ch i h e a llud e d t o t h e

mili tar y ex p e di tion o f Kao — ts un g in th e p a s t ; an d in h i s comm e n t o n

1

the si x i n the fifth pl ac e lin e o f h e x ag r a m m i ng —

- - - -
i h e m e n tio n e d th e ,

23
Th e roc is a fb l
a u ous bi d r o f eno r m o us s iz e , flyi gn at a he i ht g o f Ii . See
C h u a n tz g u y i n -
te ,
24 Mo u n t K u n i s j d b i d i it It f ll m i K —
’
fm a o us k g fo r a e ur e n s u na e s
’
un an .

A h x g m i t f i li Th li
.

1
e a ra f tw k i d
co n s s s o th yi i s x b k n es . e n e s ar e o o n s: e n, . e .
, a ro en

l i l ik
ne e d th y g i b k l i l ik
an e Th l i
an mb d e , an un ro en ne e e se n es ar e nu er e

ix
.
, .

u pw d f m th b tt m Th y i l i
ar ro e k wo o d th y g
. i e n n es are no n as s es an e an as n n es .

Th fi t y g li h x g m i ll d th i i t h fi t pl d th fi t
“
e rs i an ne n a e a ra s ca e e n ne n e rs ace , an e rs

yi n l i th i i th fi t pl
n e, e t
s x H x g m hi hi i
n e mb 63 f th 64
rs a ce ,
”
e c. e a ra c -
c s nu er o e

—
t g w f th Y i l g
su n lly k w asW ti g wh o ne o e n r u er s , en er a no n as u- n , o

re ig d f m 3 4 t
ne 66 B C D i g h i
ro 1 2 ig h l d
o 12x p d i i g i t th d v i l
. . ur n s re n e e an e e t o n a a ns e e
’
s
A llusi o n a nd R efer e n ce 2 03

s te a d fastn e s s Chi i n r e ce n t tim e s In th e s e e x ample s facts

of Pr i n c e
?

a r e a dd u c e d t o illus tr a t e c e r ta in id e a s [In th e B o o k o f Hi s t o r y ] wh e n .
,

L o r d Yin le d hi s ex pe di tion again st Hsi an d Ho? te achi n gs fr om the

C h e ng — ti e n we r e q u o te d [by Lo r d Yin ] an d Ki n g P a n k e n g r e p e ate d
’
-

to h i s pe o pl e th e s ayings of Ch ih j e n In the s e c ases m ax im s of an tiq ’

-
?’
,

uit ar e ci t e d a s ge n e r a l p r incipl e s It is t h e n th e r u l e of t h e S age s a n d

y .

t h e i r ge n e r a l p r a c tice in t he Cl a s sic s to ci te o ld m ax im s t o cl a r ify ge n e r a l

p r inciple s an d t o allude to sociohis tor ica l facts to illus tr a te ide as .

T h e Hs i a n g comm e n tar y to h e x agr a m T a ch u s ay s : T h e su p e r io r

’ 6 “
-

m an a cq u ai n t s him se lf wi th m an y s ayings of a n t iq u i ty an d m any d e e d s

of the p ast so i t i s po ssibl e th at th e se migh t al so b e e ncomp asse d
,
”

wi thin the scop e o f li ter ar y wr i ting Ch ii [Y ii an ] an d S u ng [Y ii ] ar e ? ’

kn own to h ave followe d the e x ample o f t he A n ci en t Poe ts i n th e i r

poe tr y ; b u t o n close e x ami n ation we fin d th at al tho u gh th e y ci te d the ,

A n ci en t P oe m s th ey d i d n o t follow the o r igi n al te x ts Howe v e r Chi a I

,
.
, ,

in hi s F u [ ni ao ] fu pionee r e d wi th hi s di r e ct q u o tation fr o m th e
-
,
”

H o k u a n tz u ; an d [Ssu m a ] Hsi ang j u in h i s Sh an g— li n fu q u o te d

8 “ ”
- - -
, ,

co u n t r y that is , the Hu n s , an d co n q u er e d th e mSe e C h o u -i y i n t e , 3 8 63 /3 -

.

v vl
, .

2
Mi ng i is h e -
xg ma ra 3 6 P r i n ce C h i , a re l ati e o f t h e e i ty r a n t C h o u h s i n , t h e -
l ast

vi
.

r u er l o f th e Sh a n g d y n as t y m , a i n ta i n e d h i s fir m co n ct i o n p
d e s i te h i s cr u e l t r e a tm en t

at th e han d s o f th e y
t r ant . I bi d .
, 23 3 6 /5 h s i an g .

Chen g
Y in — xp p B
“
f Hi s t o r y
”
(The e d i t ion o f Y i n ) , C h a 9 i n th e k
3
Se e t h e e ter oo o .

Hs i a n d Ho f il a ed in th e ir d u ti e s a s a s tr on o m e r s b e ca u s e o f t h e i r ind u lg e n ce in d r i n i n k g .

He n ce t h e p u n i ti v e ca mp ig a n .

4
C h e ng -ti e n i s b li v
e e ed to be a w k or of gv o er n m ent i n s t it u t i o n s i n the Hs i a d y n a s ty .

The t e ac h i n s c i te d :g “
W h e n th e y an t i ip c a te the t im e, le t th e m b e p u t to d e a t h wi h t ou t

m y ; wh th y
er c en e are b eh i nd th e tim l e, et the m b e p u t to d ea t h itho u tw e r cy m .
”
Jm a es

L gg T h C hi
e e, e n es e Clas s i cs , V o l III , Pa r t I , . p . 1 66 Sha ng -s h u t u ng -c hi e n ,
’
-
0 1 77

Th y f t Th
. .

“
e
”
r e er s o as tr o n o m er s . ey w er e he d l r es p o n si bl e fo r th e a ccu r a t e ca cu a t i o n l l
of th pp e a e ar a n c e o f the h e a v en ly p h e no m en a .

P k gw5 ’
an - en as a r u e r o l f th e Y i n . Ch i h j
’
-
en s s ay i n
’
g s: I n m en , we se e k in d i id u a v l s

of ld f m i l i ; i
o a es n v e s se s , l we d o n o t k
s ee o ld o n es , b ut ne w .
”
L gg e e, T h e C hi n es e
pp Sha ng — g “
Class i cs , V o l s hu ch i e n , 04 26 ih
’
. I I I , Pa r t I , . 2 29 -
30 . t un - -
. Fo r
d i vid u a ls o f o ld fa m i lii es
”
L gg e e l
a so su gg e s ts
“
o ld , e xp e r i e n ce d m en,
”
wh i h c s ee m s to

be a b e tte r r e n d er in g .

3 Ta -
ch u
’
is h e xg ma ra 26 . Fo r t h e q u otat o n i s ee C h o u i y i n -t e ,
-
17 /2 6/h s i an g , an d

a sol I -c h i ng , I , I I I .

7 “
Th es e
”
f
r e er s to f a ctu a l ll a u sio n a nd l fx
t e tua wh i h t th r e e r e n ce , c a e o u ts e t of th e

ch a pt w er e r e co n s i d e r e d as bi ge n o u ts i d e o f l it y mp iti
e r ar co os on .

3 By Ch a ou au th o r , wh o se na m e is no t k w T h w k i m ix t
no n . e or s a ur e o f T ao i s m
a nd l g li m
e a s .
2 04 A llusi on a nd Re fe r e nce

fr om le tter wr i tten by Li Ssu B u t the se e x ample s occu r only once

a
?

i n t e n thous an d i n s tan c e s .

B y t he tim e Y a ng Hsiung q u o te d p as s age s fr om th e B o o k o f P o e tr y

an d th e B o o k o f Hi s t o r y in w r i ti n g his P a i k u a n ch e n an d Liu H sin
“
-
,

qu ote d fr om p as t hi sto r i e s in wr i ting h i s Sui ch u fu wr i ter s h ad “

-
’

,
”

come gr a du ally to e mploy s u ch all u sio n s an d r efer e n ce s fai r ly com

m o n ly A n d wh e n Ts u i [Yin P an [Ku ] Ch ang [H e ng ] an d
’
.
, , ,

Ts ai [Yu ng ] began to s e l e ct p as sage s fr o m the Cl assics an d hi stor i e s

’

sp r eading th ei r flowe r s an d fr u i ts far an d wide an d e stablish e d th ei r ,

r e p u t a t io n s th r o u gh w r i t i n g t h e y b e c am e mod e l s wh o w e r e imi tat e d

,

by l ater s ch o l ar s .

Al though gi n ger an d c assi a ne e d s oil to gr ow the i r bi tter taste come s ,

fr om th e i r n atu r e ; simil ar ly alt h o ugh li ter ar y composi tion r e qu i r e s ,

h ar d stu dy r e a l abili ty to compo se com e s o u t o f on e s n atu r a l e n d ow

,
’

m e n t T al en t is su e s fr om wi thin an d study i s achi e v ed by ex te r n a l

.
,

e ffo r t Som e t im e s o n e i s e r u d i te an d y e t l a cki n g i n t a l e n t a n d som e

.
,

t im e s o n e i s t a l e n te d an d y e t a p au p e r in l ear n i n g P o v e r ty i n l e a r n i n g .

m ak es a wr i te r h e si tan t in all u di n g to facts to p r ove hi s idea s ; while a

l a ck of ta len t r e s u l ts i n a l abor iou s eff o r t to coin ph r a se s to e x p r e ss
a de q u a te ly th e fee lings Thi s ill u s tr a te s t h e dis t i n c tion b e t w e e n wh a t
.

p r o ce e d s fr o m wi thin an d wh at i s achi e v e d by e x ter n al effo r t .

Th u s in li te r ar y wr i ti n g the mind op e r ate s in h ar mon y wi th the

, ,

wr i ti n g b r u sh wi th t ale n t pl ayi n g the p ar t of l ea de r an d lear n i n g

, ,

th e r ol e of i ts a ss i s ta n t W h e n l ead e r a n d assi s t an t wo r k i n p e r fe c t
.

h ar m o n y vivid li ter ar y p atte r n s will e m e r ge ; b u t if e i th er t al en t o r

,

l e ar n i n g i s o n e side d o r n ar r ow the r e su l t a l though i t m ay h av e ar tis tr y

-
, , ,

will se ld o m b e a wor k o f high q u ali ty T z u— y ii n [o r Y a n g H si u ng ] .

,

wi th a ll hi s ta le n t said o f him se lf in a m emo r i a l th at h e was a m an

,

de fici en t i n l e ar n ing an d th at h is li te r ar y achi e v em e n t was the r e sul t

,

o f t he s t u d y h e did in t h e S t on e Ch amb er Th at the inn er an d the

”
.

9 Fl o u r is he d i n the l a t te r p ar t o f th e t h i r d ce n t u r y B C . . Se e D . B o dd e
’
s C hi na
’
s Fi r s t
Uni fier .

1° T h e Sto n e C h mb a er wa s b i l t by
u Hs ia o Ho , th e fi r st p im m i
r e n i s te r o f t he Ha n
2 06 A llusi o n a nd Re fe r e nce

o f his t o r ic al facts is both e n ti r e ly r e ason able an d v er y sign ifican t Fo r .

wh en facts ar e adduce d app r op r i ate ly to m ake a poin t the se facts , ,

th ough n o t e sp e ci a ll y impo r ta n t in t h e ms e lv e s will y i e l d r e a l f r ui t , .

Th ei r fun cti on m ay b e comp ar e d to th at o f the li n chpin o f a wh ee l

which tho u gh on ly an i n ch in len gt h con tr ols th e whole wh e el o r to
, , ,

the bol t of a g a te which t hough only a foo t i n l e ngth con tr ols th e g ate , , .

W h en sub tl e wor ds an d fi tting fa c t s ar e mispl ac e d s o t h at th e i r sig n i fi

c an ce i s los t i t is like usi n g gold an d j a d e to d e cor ate o n e s le gs o r
,
’

applying cosm e tic s t o on e s ch e st W h e n a wr i ter s allusions to p ast ’ ’

.

e v e n t s a r e app r op r i ate t o th e si t u at ion in que s ti on i t i s as if h e hims e lf ,

h as c r eate d th e m B u t if th e f act s allud e d to ar e o u t o f h ar mon y wi th

.

the co n t e x t th e i r u se will alwa y s b e a bl e mish

, .

Ch e n ssu [o r Ts a o Chih ] was the ou t st andi n g talen t o f th em all

’
-
’
.

B u t i n h i s l e tte r to K u ng Ch ang h e s a id T he song o f Ke ti e n was

’ “
-
,

sung by a thous and v oice s an d th o se who chime d in numb er e d ten ,

thous and ; an d fo r t his r e a son p e opl e did n o t v a lue t h e a nci e n t music

“

o f Sh a o h s i a Thi s i s a mistake n a ll u sion fo r the song o f Ke ti e n was

-
.
”
,
-

sung by a chor us o f th r ee m en A n d [Ssu — m a ] Hsi an g j u in h i s Sh ang .

-
,
“

li n fu s aid Th er e was th e d ance o f T ao —

, ,
“
t an g an d th e s ong o f
’ ’

Ke — t i e n which wa s su ng b y a t h o u s a nd a n d chime d in wi t h by t e n
,

th ous and T h e o n e t hous and singe r s an d ten thous and chime r s i n

” “ ” “ ”
-
.

a r e p r oduc ts of Hsi ang j u s o wn im agin ation an d a fligh t t o o fa r a fie ld

’
-
,

o f t he o r igin a l s ong of K e —
t i e n ; to e x agge r a te t h r e e in to t e n t ho u s and
”
is loos e r epo r ti n g an d i r r e sponsibl e r e nd er ing cl ear ly an ab s ur di ty , .

T h e Y ii an a po e m o n a g ar d e n s u nflow e r by Lu Chi r u ns , ,

[T hi n g s ] s h e lt e r t h ir
e f e et b y th e s am e i n s t i n ct ,
But e ac h has a uni q ue l if p
e a tte r n whi h c d i ffe r s fr o m te n

h
t o u sa n d o t e r s h .

T he su n flo we r
’
s a bili ty to p r o tect i ts f e et was ci te d [by Co n fuci u s ] to

’
ts u n gh
-
o y i n -
t e , 7 6 3 b a n d 1 5 /3 6b T h e n a e o f t h e r e t a i n e r i s Mao
. S u i , m a nd t he n a m e

of t he l b
su o r d i n ate o ffic i a is L i n Hs ia n — j u Fo u is a u s ica i n s tr u g . m l m e nt m ad e o f
e ar th w
en D ipp i g fi g i bl
ar e . n a n er n oo d
”
m e an s ki g
ta n o ath a t t h e s ig i g
n n o f a tr e a t y .

13
S m Hi gj w
su - th fi t
a s an -
u as e rs o ne to m k th ia e s e x gga e r a te d s ta te m e nt, w hi ch

was l t q t d by T Chih
a er uo e s ao
’
.
A ll usi o n a nd Re f e r e n ce 20 7

r idicul e l s
ch u ang [ tz u ] an d th at cr eep er s know ho w
th e ar t e s P ao - -
,

t o s h e lte r t h e i r r o o ts was s t a te d by Yu e h Y ii So if [Lu Chi ] m ean t

”
. .

to lik e n th e su n flow e r to th e c r e ep e r s his a llu sion i s a mi st a k e ; an d if ,

h e tho u gh t th at s he lte r was a b e tte r te r m to u se th an pr o t e t t h en h e los t c ,

”
s igh t o f t h e t r u e n at u r e of t h e o r igin a l s i t u at ion s i n h i s modific at i o n .

This i s a c a se o f ve r y sl o v en ly thinki n g W he n m e n as b r illi an t an d

'

ke e n as T z u chi e n [o r T s a o Chih ] o r as p e n e tr ati n g an d m e ticul o u s

-
’

as Shih h e n g o r Lu Chi c o u ld n o t a void m a ki n g mi s t ak e s of t hi s

[ -
]
kind we m ay as we ll sav e o u r ce n sur e in a c ase lik e th at o f T s ao Jen
,
’
,

wh o m ad e a mi s tak e i n all u d ing to Kao

An ar tificer m ak e s j u dgm e n ts ab o u t t imb e r an d a li ter ar y m an ,

m ak e s choice s am o n g the Cl a ssic s G oo d t imb er is tr a n sfo r m e d in to .

de fini te for m by th e applic ation of an ax ; app r o p r i a te facts ar e t u r n e d

in to a p ar t o f a li te r ar y wo r k th r ough t he e xe r ci se o f kni fe an d b r u s h .

May schol ar s who se fu nc ti o n i t i s t o t hink b e wo r thy o f th e i r n am es

, ,

i n the face of t he a r ti ficer !

T he T sa n
P r ofound an d r ich a r e th e Cl assics an ci en t tex t s
d an ,

Thei r l angu age is e x qui s i te an d t h e i r id ea s h av e fa r -

r ea chi n g i m p li
c ation s ,

— C f
f

14
Ch u n -c h iu c h i n g -c h u a n yin 24 7 /C h T so : o n u c iu s s a id ,
’ ’ ’ ‘
t e, eng 17 5 P ao
ch u a n gt -
z u d id no t ha v v e e en the i n s ti n c t o f flw a su n o er , fo r e v en a su n flw o er is a bl e

p f C f i ts m ad e t h is r e m k wh h e h ea r d th a t P ao —
ch u an gt
’
o n u ciu s
’
to r o t e ct e et . ar en -
z u s

lg hdb
e s t ff by t h
a ee n cu o mpl i ti i t ie Du k e o f Ch i
’
b e cau s e o f a c h ar g e of i ca on n a ce r a n

t i t ig
co u r f wh i h P n r w bl t l h im lf [It l i m i
ue o c ao as u na e o c e ar se a cs ne

—h i hi g h
. .

5 5 /W D k Ch [ f S g] w
“
7 /5 T
15
Ch yi t
’ ’
-
un c u c n c ua n n -
e, 1 en so : u e ao o un as

b t t di p f th p i Y ii h Y ii id Th i i t i gh t T h y l l th
‘
a ou o s o se o e r n ce s . e sa , s s no r . e ro a c an s a r e e

b h r a nc d l v f th
es y l h
an Sh l d th y b d i p d f th w ld b
ea es o e ro a o u se ou e e s o se o er e ou e

Ev
.
,

no th i g t h lt
n it t o sp k w h w t h lt t h i
e er s k d t
roo s . en cr ee er s no o o s e er e r tr u n s an r o o s,

h w m h m d w xp t l f t t t b bl t d [It l i
’
o uc or e o e e ec a r u er o a s a e o e a e o o so . a cs

mi ne .

T k p th
13
oll i f f m f i i t d f h l t th i f
ee e a us o n L C hi r ee ro co n u s o n , ns ea o s e er e r ee t , u

h ld h v p t t th i f t b p t t w i g i lly d w i th f t
“ ” “ ”
s ou id a e sa , r o ec e r ee , ecau s e r o ec as or na u se ee

in
“

ai t ti w h th
s ua fl w w ited
on mp i
en L m d i fi ti
e v
su n o er as c as a co a r so n . u s
’
o ca on s er es

on ly to f t h pi t co n u s e e c ur e .

T J h ld b T H g wh i h i l tt t W i W ti T P i
17 s ao
’
en s ou e
’
s ao un , o, n s e er o e en - , or s ao
’ ’
e ,

id t h t p pl wh p by K t g i g i th m f W g P
“ ”
id It i
’
sa , s sa a eo e o ass ao -
an s n n e a n n er o an ao .

A d i g t M i it w Mi C h d t W g P wh w
cco r n o e nc u s , i g t as en u, an no an ao , o as a s n er a

K — g d wh g v y wi h d t l M gt yi t 4 8 6B 6
’
aot an , an S o s e so n e er o ne s e o e ar n . ee en z u n - e, .
20 8 A llusi o n a nd Refe r e nce

Th e i r r ealm is v ast as r iv er s an d se a s ,

A n d fr ui tful a s Mo u n t K un an d Fo r e s t T en g ;
’

Th e y ar e [fille d wi th li te r ar y all u sion s an d timb er ] fo r a li ter ar y

c ar p en te r to choos e an d t ake ,

A n d j a d e a n d p ear ls in abund an c e a s gift s .

To be abl e t o u se the wor d s o f oth er s as if th ey we r e o n e s o wn cr e ation ’

Is to h ave p er fe c t u nder stan d ing o f the p ast .

XXXIX P h i l o l o gy an d Ch o i ce of Wo r d s
.
1

W h en th e y o f wr i tten sign s was comple te the p r actice o f knot

ar r a ,

tyi n g wa s d i s co n tin u e d ; i t was th e m ar k i n gs of bi r d s w hich s h o we d

th e way t ow ar d th e c r e at ion o f ch ar a c te r s Th e se s ign s an d ch ar a c te r s .

m ak e up the e x ter n a l app e ar an ces o f o u r sp ee ch an d ar e t he dwe lling

pl ace o f li ter ar y for m W h e n Mini s te r Ts ang Chi e h fir st d e vi se d the m .
’

ghosts c r i e d an d h ea ve n r ai n e d gr ai n [as an om e n o f the power o f th e

ch ar acte r s ] T he Ye llow Emp er o r thr ough th ei r u se m a de o ffi ci al s
?
, ,

fulfill th ei r du ti e s an d ch r o n icle d the con d i tion s o f the p e ople in bold

r e li e f Acco r di n g t o th e p r incipl e s e st abli sh e d by t he ear ly king s
. all ,

ch ar a cte r s ou gh t to be wr i tte n i n th e s am e s tyle A n d r oy al e mi s s ar i e s .

wer e se n t o u t to r e cor d opinion s an d u sage amon g the p e ople fo r the ,

p u r pos e o f stand ar di z ing the s cr ipt a n d p r onunci ation In the C h o u Ii .

-

( B o o k o f Ch o u in st i t u t io n s
) t h e r e is m e n tio n e d P a o shih whos e du t y -
,

13
Fo r Mo u n t K u n , Ch p t XXXVII F t T g i l g d y f t
’
se e n o te 2 4 , a er . o r es en s a e en ar o r es

m ti d i th H i
en o ne t n T i —h i g K f [ p i i t l b t ] th w w y
e ua -
na n - z u ,
“
su s n
“ ’
ua- u a s r ua e as re a a

hi s t ff w h i h t
s a d i t F
, t T
c g u r ne n o o r es en .

1 T h fi t p t f th i
e h pt
rs i b ar d th o Ep i l g t th sSh c w a whi h er s as e on e o ue o e uo - e n, c

i
s a l xi by H
e h l
co n m d H ii S h T h b k w
a an scmpl t d i A D
o ar na e s e ri . e oo a s co e e n . 100 .

T g Ch i h m i i t f th Y ll w Emp w d it d with th inv ti

2 s an
’
e a n s er o e e o er o r , as cr e e e en on
— T g
,

o f hc I h P
a r a ct e r s — h i .g h ii n f t h H
t i e
“
t it i id t h t w h
en c n -
s n
”
o e ua na n z u s sa a en s an
’

Ch i h i v t d h t h v
e n en e i d g i
c d gh t i d t i gh t W
a r ac e r s , eag Ch gen r a n e r a ns an o s s cr e a n . an
’
un ,

a H h l
a n sc d t li t
o ar v i i gl y f t d th i t m t wh i h gg t d th
an a na ur a s , co n nc n re u e s s at e en c su es e e

e v i l ff t f th i v ti f h t S h i L h g K b ti p i ( C h t
e ec o e n en on o c a r ac e r s . ee s un -
en ,
“
an - s
’
en
”
u- z u

c hi h -
cg
’
p 5en . 2 .
2 10 Philo l o gy a nd Ch o i ce o f W o r d s

an d Y ang H siung wr o te philologica l e luci d ati o ns o f s tr ange char ac

ter s B o th [Ch a ng an d Y an g ] w er e v e r se d in the l ex ic o ns [Er h y a ”
11
.

an d
[ T s a ng —]
’
ch i e h p i e n
" ”
a n d m a d e a comp r e h e n,s iv e s t u d y o f bo t h
t h e p r o n unci ation an d t h e m eaning o f ch a r a c te r s Th e s e wo r k s c am e .

to b e t ho r o u ghly u n d e r s to od by a ll who w e r e g r ea t w r i te r s Th ese .

w i te r s co mp o se d n ar r at iv e fu o n c api tal ci ti e s an d gar den s employi n g

r ,

lo an ch ar a cter s an d phon etic co mpoun d s Fo r this r e ason the philo .

,

logic a l s tu di e s o f the For m er Han wer e co n cer n e d m o stly wi th r e

m ar k ab ly impo r tan t ch ar a c ter s Thi s was d u e n o t o n ly t o t h e i r u n iq ue .

philol o gica l sy ste m b u t a lso to th e u n u su a l fac t th at su ch a sy stem

,

wa s common knowl e dge amo n g all wr i ter s .

B y the tim e o f the L ate r Han the s tu dy of philology w e n t i n t o ,

e clips e A tt e n t ion wa s di r e c te d t o d o u ble scr ip t an d ob sc u r e co m

“ “
.

m en tar y o f which h alf i s good an d h alf is poo r

,
” ”
.

D u r ing th e W ei dyn asty th e e mph asis was o n li ter ar y p atter ns an d , ,

t h e r e was a g e n e r a l r u l e gov e r n i n g t h e u se o f ch a r a c te r s W h e n p e opl e .

r e t u r n e d t o th e wo r k s o f t h e Ha n t h e y fo u n d t h e m di ffi c u l t an d d ee p , .

Thu s Ch e n Ssu [o r Ts ao Chih ] spok e o f the wo r k s o f Y ang [H si u ng ]

’ ’

an d
[ S su
] m a
[H
-
s i a ng —
j ]
u a s obsc u r e in a i m a n d d ee p i n p u r po s e t h e i r ,

l angu age incomp r e h e n sibl e in th e ab sence o f a te ach er an d th e i r idea s

n o t u n d e r s ta nd abl e wi t hou t b r o a d sch o l ar ship Thi s wa s d u e n o t o n ly .

to th e fa c t th a t Y ang a n d Ssu— m a w e r e o u t s t an d i n g t a l e n t s b u t a l s o ,

t o th e fa c t th a t t h e ch ar a c te r s which t h e y u se d h a d b e com e ob s c u r e .

Sinc e the tim e o f the Chi n wr i ter s in gen er a l h ave u s e d simpl e an d ,

e a s y ch a r a c te r s F o r i f e v e r ybody i s u s e d t o th e e as y wh o will e s s ay t h e
.
,

d i fli cu lt ? No w o n e s tr a nge o r u n famili a r ch ar ac te r would ar ou se a

,

s t a r t l e d fee li n g a bou t a ll o f a w r i te r s s e n t e n c e s a n d would b e d es cr ib e d

’

as impi sh if u n r ecogn i z e d by th r e e p e opl e B u t wh at e v e r ybody

“ ”
.

k n ows b e com e s e asy e ven though i t was or igin ally d ifli cu lt an d wh at

, ,

11
Y g w k
an
’
s or is k w
no n as Hsu n -
t su a n pi
’
en , a sol a l xi
e co n . Se e th e I -we n ch i h

in t he Ha n s h u
-
.

12
A p re Ch in
— ’
l xie co n , t r e a ti n g f h t f
o c a r ac e r s o und i n th e Cl a ss ics .

13
A n o the r l xi e co n , w i tt r en by L i S th fi su , e r st p im m i i t
r e n s er o f th e Ch in d y n a st y .

Li u sed th e n a m e o f th fi t
e rs l xi g ph
e co hi
ra er as s t it l
e .

14
E x mpl
a es of
“
d blou e s cr ip t
”
d b an
“
o scu r e co mm t y e n ar m ay b e f o un d in th e

E ipl g o ue
”
to t h e Shu o -we n .
P h i l o l o gy a nd Ch o ce o i f W o r d s 211

h as b ee n discar de d by the age b ecom es d ifficul t e v e n though i t m ay ,

h ave bee n e asy o r igi n ally W e should ex er cise the u tmo st di scr e tion
.

i n o u r choice o f wo r ds .

T h e Er h y a was compil e d by the discipl e s o f Co n fu ci u s an d is t he

-
,

l ape l an d sash o f the P o e tr y an d Hi stor y T he le x icon Ts a ng — c h i e h wa s

.
’

compile d by Li Ssu an d i t i s the r e mn an t ve stige s o f Hi s to r i an Chou s

,
’

a nci e n t s c r ip t b ase d on bi r d m ar ki n gs T h e l e x icon Er h y a i s th e p r im e

-
.
-

s o u r c e o f philologic a l e l u ci d a t i o n ; t h e T s a n g —
c hi e h a ga r d e n o f wo n
’

d r o u s li ter ar y fo r m s Th e y d i ff er fr om e a ch o th e r b u t su ppl e m en t e a ch
.

o th er lik e the le ft an d r ight limbs Tho se who u n d e r stan d the n ew by

.

i n fer e nce fr om the old ar e sav an ts in the ar t o f wr i ting .

Th e m e an i n g of a ch ar acte r ch an ge s wit h the p assi n g o f tim e a s ,

n e w se n se s ar e a dop te d a n d o ld o n e s ar e di s c ar d e d I t a l s o e volv e s fr om .

s impl e i n t o compl e x fo r m s di ffe r ing in th e i r e s th e t ic app ea l T h e sou n d

, .

o f th e mind is e x p r e s s e d in sp e e ch an d sp e e ch r e sid e s in ch ar a c t e r s :
,

when r e ci ting we fin d be a u ty in ku ng an d s ha ng th at is the co n

, , ,

son ance o f the sp ee ch ; an d whe n we compo se o u r abili ty i s m a d e

”
,

m anife s t by the fo r ms o f the ch ar a cter s which we ch oose .

In gr o u ping wo r d s an d compo s ing a pi e c e a wr i te r m u st b e v e r se d ,

in the choice o f wor d s : fir s t o f all he mu st av oid wh at is o d d an d ,

s tr an ge ; s e co n d h e mu st a v oid ch ar a c te r s wi t h th e s am e r a d ic a l ; t hi r d
, ,

h e mu st w e igh c ar e fu lly hi s r ep e ti tion s ; an d fo u r th h e mus t b e b al ,

an ce d i n th e u se o f th e s impl e a n d compl e x fo r m s B th odd n d t h

y e a e .

s tr a nge i s m e a n t ch ar ac te r s which ar e u n usu a l Ts a o Ch ii fo r ins t anc e

’
.
, ,

h as a po e m which r uns :
’
ch i p u y u a n ss u y u
i e n hs i n wu hs i u n
p g nu

[ t is
I not t htI a do no t wi h t m k th
s o a e is tr i p ,

But my n a r r o we d m in d h t b wli g ]
a es ra n .

Hs i u ng an d n u ar e t s tr ange wo r d s which spoil the b eauty

wo o dd an d ,

o f th e whol e pi e c e Th e r e ar e o th er wo r ks u si n g wo r ds e v en m o r e
.

o dd an d s t r a nge t h an the s e Ho w can th e y b e look e d upon wi thou t

.

av e r sion
 Philo lo gy a nd Ch o i ce o f W o r d s

By ch ar acter s o f the same r a dic al is mean t se v er al ch ar a cter s in

s u cc e s sion wi t h o n e r a d ic a l t h a t is o n e h alf o f e a ch o f t h e i r fo r m s, , ,

in common In the d escr ip tion o f moun tai n s an d r i ve r s such a dev ice

”
.
,

h as b e e n u se d i n all age s ”
B u t wh e n appli e d t o o r d i n ar y w r i ti n g th e
.
,

p r actice i s a de fi n i te d e fe ct be ca use i t off e n d s o u r se n sibili ti e s If i t , .

c ann o t b e h e lp e d i t m ay b e p er mi ssible fo r the n u mb e r to gr ow t o

,

th r e e i n succ e ss io n O n c e i t is a llow e d t o g o b e yo n d th r ee i s i t n o t
.
,

vi r tu ally a glos sar y ?

B y r e p e ti tion i s m e a n t th e co n flic t c r eate d by th e app ear ance o f t he
s am e ch ar ac te r mo r e t h a n o n ce i n t h e s am e p o e m Such occu r r e n c e s in .

th e P o e tr y a n d th e L i s a o ar e spo n t an e ous an d a cci d e n t a l B u t in r e c e n t

-
.

tim e s th e y ar e co n sid e r e d b ad t a ste Howe v e r if bo th po s i t ions r e qui r e .

,

th e s am e wo r d i t is wis e r t o a llow th e s e con d u se t h an t o w eak e n th e

,

compo si tion by av oiding i t Th er efor e good wr i ter s who h av e the .

,

we alth of ten th o usand li te r ar y pi ece s to the i r c r e di t m ay s ometim e s

find th e m se lv e s p au p e r s wi th r e sp e ct to the av ail abili ty o f o n e single
’

wor d Fo r at tim e s a single wor d loom s l ar ge be ca u se it i s di ffi cul t

.
,

to avoid r e p e ating i t .

Simpl e an d compl e x for ms r efer s to th e pl u mp o r the bony app ear

a nc e o f the ch ar a c te r s If s en te nce after se n tence con t ai n s a hos t o f
.

bon y wor ds the li n e s will b e thin an d sp ar se ugly to look at ; if o n the

, , ,

o th er h and a pi e ce i s fille d wi th plump ch ar ac ter s th e whole pi e ce will

, ,

b e d ar k an d blo tte d O n e who can choos e wo r d s we ll will u se the

.

simpl e an d the compl ex in so h ar monious a p atter n th at v i su ally they

will fo r m a str i n g o f p e ar ls .

T h e fo u r poin ts e n u m e r ate d h er e a l t ho u gh n o t n e ce s s ar ily r e l e v an t ,

t o a ll wr i ting mu st b e co n sid ere d o n ge n e r a l gr ounds Should o n e

,
.

h app e n to p r a ctice th em wi tho u t a co n scious r e ali z ation o f th e i r tr u th ,

he h as n o t ob tai n e d the inne r u n d er s tan d i n g o f th e a r t o f wr i ting .

N 3 b v li t wh i h i ph
s s t h e s ixti mp d l x ig p h i p r inc i pl es , o f
15
o te a o e e ra c c o ne s o ne c co oun s .

A ph o ne tii tmp d
c co oun v i g t h p h ti d
co n s s s o vi g f tw p t o a r s , o n e se r n as e o ne c, an o n e se r n

asth e s ig ifi
t n Cht ct d. th i p i ipl lw y mpl t t t ;
a r ac e r s co n s r u c e on s r nc e ar e a a s co e e s r u c u r es

h
e ac t it t m y b
co n s d i l I th Ch i
uen l g g th
a e a 4 d i l It i
ra ca . n e n e se an ua e er e ar e 21 ra ca s . s

p ibl t f m
o ss e t o f v
or l w d w i th t h m d i l
a s e n e n ce o se era or s e sa e ra ca .

Th t i i t i l g i l t
13
a s, h t w i t h t h m t i d i l w h d ib i g
s o ca o u se c ar ac e r s e oun a n ra ca en e scr n

m ti d h
o u n a ns , a nt w ith t h w t d i l w h d i bi g i v
c a r ac e r s e a er r a ca en e s cr n r ers .
2 14 Phi l o l o g y a nd Ch o i ce o f W o r d s

ch an g [o r W an g Y u n g 4 67 493] i n h i s Pr e face e mploy e d pi e h fe n g

,
-
.

Thu s we kn ow t h at l o v e fo r the s tr an ge is a we akn e s s common to all

wr i te r s bo th p r e sen t an d p a st T h e te x tu a l l a cu n a h as b een tr e ate d
, .

wi th c au ti o n b y the S age If o ne i s abl e to giv e u p wh at is str ange

”
.

fo r wh at i s in h ar m o n y wi th the no r m al s en se h e will b e in a b e tte r ,

po si tio n to d i sc u s s the p o blem o f the r ight ch o ice o f wo r d sr .

T h e T sa n
C h u a n , t he sea l s cr ip t
squ ar e s tyle in flu en ce e ach ot her ;
,
an d Ii , th e ,

T h e l e x i co n s T s a n g —
ch i e h an d Er h cl i fy an d e l u cid ate
'

y a a ss -
.

T h e old s c r ip t an d th e n e w di ffe r in th e i r fo r ms .

Th e y di ff er t o o i n th e i r e sth e tic app eal .

Ch ar a cte r s e a sily b e co m e c o r r u p t ,

M aki n g the fr e e flow o f li ter ar y wr i ting di fficu l t .

If bo th the p r o n u n ci ation an d the str ok es of ch ar ac ter s ar e cle ar

cor r e ct ,

Li ter a r y p atte r n s will d an ce wi th vigor an d liv e lin ess .

1
XL Th e R e c o n di te a n d
. th e C o nspicuo us Yi n -
h si u)

T he m o ve m e n t of o u r tho u gh t r e a ch e s r em o te di stance s an d li ter ar y ,

fee li n g d e v e lo p s fr o m d e eply b u r i e d s o u r ce s A s o u r ce which is p r o .

fo u n d p e r mi ts g ow th i n m an y d i r e c tio n s a n d vigo r o u s r oo ts fo ste r

r ,

co n spic u o u s b r an ch es In the c ase o f the b e au ty o f a li te r a r y compo si

.

t i o n i t t o o h a s b o t h c o n spi cu o u s a n d r e co n d i t e e l e me n ts T h e r e c o n d i te
, .

e l e m e n ts a e th e w e igh t y id e as b e yo n d the e x p r e ssio n s

r a n d t h e co n ,

24
Y u a n -C ha n g ’
s Pr e f a ce
”
h as b een i d e n ti fi ed as h is Ch
’
u sh u
-
i shi h h s ii
-
.
”

25
See L u n -y il y i n -t e ,
1 T p
h i s c h a te r i s o n y l a f gm ra e nt . Li n es q u o te d in a w k or o f th e So u t h e r n Su n g
p e r io d , 1 1 2 7 -1 2 79 , ar e no t f d o un he r e . An a tt e mp t wa s md a e to f g or e the mi
ss i n g
p i
o r t on, but no sc h o a r l was d e ce i vd e .
 The R ec o n d i t e and the C o ns pi c u o us 2 15

sp i cu o u s ling e x ce llen ci e s in the pi e ce T he b ea u ty o f t he

t he s ta r t .

r e co n d i te li e s in i ts my ste r y a n d th a t o f th e c o n spic u o u s i n i ts st a r t ling

,

tr a n s c e n d e n cy I t i s th e se which a r e p r ee mi n e n t ly the e x q u i si t e q u ali ti e s

.

o f th e a n ci e n t li t er a t u r e a n d fo r m t he h appy co n j u n c t io n of t a l e n t
,

a n d fe e li n g T h e r e con d i t e as a fo r m s u gge st s id e a s which a r e b e y o n d

.
, ,

lin gu i stic e xp r e ssi o n an d ar e comp r e h en d e d i n di r e ctly th r o u gh ab s tr u se

ove r ton es which un ob tr u siv e ly r e v e al hi d den b e au ty Thi s cr e ation
,
.

of m ea n i n g m a b comp a r e d t o th e p r a c t ic e of fo r mi n g a n e w h e x a
y e

gr am by r e a lign i n g the li n es of a no th er ? o r r e c alli n g how r iv e r s co n tai n

p e a ls an d j ade T h e r e alignm en t of the li n e s o f a h e x agr am give s bi r th
r .

fo u r im age s a n d t he p e ar l s an d j a d e in th e d ep t h s of t h e
“ ”3
t o th e ,

wa te r c au se the fo r m ati o n o f sq u ar e an d r o u n d wa v e s ?

No r th wi n d mo v e s a u tu m n g
r a ss ;

Ho r se s at th e b or d er t hi n k o f r e tu r n i n gh ome .

Th ese li n e s sp e ak o f co ld weath e r an d sa d e v en ts the l am en t o f a ,

m an wh o find s him se lf e x ile d fr om h o m e G e n e r a lly i n a vol u m e o f .

,

colle cte d wo r k n o t o n e ten th m ay b e con si d e r e d goo d ; an d o f thi s

,

te n t h s ca r c e ly t wo p e r c e n t co n tai n s li n e s o f st ar t li n g e x c e ll e n ce T h e .

e x c e ll e n t an d con spic u o u s com e a s th e r e su l t o f s po n t a n e o u s t ho u gh t ;

th e y ar e n o t t o b e s o u gh t by l a bo r io u s e ffo r t Fu r th e r mo r e so me w r i te r s .
,

tr y to app e ar d ee p by b e i n g ob s cu r e ; t h e i r wo r k m ay h av e p r ofu n d i ty ,

b u t n o t th e qu a li t y d esc r ib e d a s the r e c o n d i te O th e r s p ai n s ta ki n gly .

e n g r a v e an d c a r v e t o a t t a i n a r ti s tr y ; th e i r wo r k m a h v b t y b t
y a e ea u u ,

n o t s tar t li n g e x c e ll e n c e N atu r a l b eau t y i s lik e t h a t o f pl a n ts li t u i n th e

.
p
spl e n do r o f t h e i r blo s so m s a n d c o lo f u l a d o r n m e n t m a b c mp d
y , e o a r e r

to s ilk dy e d r e d an d gre e n T h e r e d an d gr ee n o f d y e d s ilk s a r e d e e p .

a n d i n d e e d r ich an d f r e sh ; an d th e bl o s so m s t h a t b r igh t e n th e t ee s
, , r ,

who se b eau ty i s comple te ly e x hibi te d o n th e su r fa ce glo w i n bl az i n g ,

2
Tk a e, fo r e x mpl h x g m
a e, e a ra k
’
u ei , n o .
38 o ne m ay f m
or a n o th e r he xg a ra m
by ta ki gn th e s e co n d, th ir d , an d f o u r th li n es ,
3 , and th e t h ir d , f o u r th , a nd fifth
li
n es , to f m
or he xg m
a ra c hi -c hi : wh i ch is no . 63 .

3 See n o te 15, p
C h a te r II .

4
Fo r t h is b li f
e e , see
‘

Shi h -t z u, q u o te d in th e —
I we n lei -c hu , ch ua n 8 .
2 16 T h e R e c o nd i t e a nd t he C o ns pi c u o us

glo r y In . th e s a m e m an n e r , o u ts ta n di n g line s glow in th e gar den o f

li te r atu r e .

T he Ts a n
P r o fo u n d li te r ar y wr i ti n g con tai n s hi d de n b e au ty
W i th a fl a vo r th at is r ich an d e ndur i n g .

T h e i n te r l a ci n g o f th e l an g u age
M ay b e c o mp ar e d to th e r e align i n g of the li n e s i n a h e x agr am .

A n o u ts tan d i n g lin e
Is th e h u b wh e r e ar e g ath e r e d th e te n thou s a nd t hough t s “

It mov e s th e mi n d an d st ar t l e s th e e ar s ,

W i t h th e m u sic o f a s h e n g o r a p ao ’ ?

XLI Li te r a r y Fla ws
.

Ku a n C h u n g o n ce s aid Th at which fli e s wi tho u t wi n gs i s so u n d

, .

a n d th a t which i s fir m wi tho u t r oo t s i s fee li n g B e c a u se s o u n d do e s .

n o t d e p e nd on wings i t i s v e r y e a sy fo r i t t o fly ; a n d b e c a u se fe e li n g
,

d o es n o t de p en d on r oots i t i s n o t at all difficu lt fo r i t to gai n a fir m

,

foo ti n g Si n ce thi s appli e s p ar ticul ar ly to li ter ar y wr i ti n g sho u ld o n e

.
,

n o t comp o se wi th th e u t mo s t c a u tio n ?
1

Schol ar s h av e since e ar li e st tim es b ee n comp e ti to r s ev en though th e y ,

m ay h av e liv e d in di ffe r e n t ages Som e a r e e n dowe d wi th ou t sta nding .

ta l en t vigo r o u s an d q u ick ; o t h e r s ar e de e ply con te mpl a tiv e clos e ly

, ,

a t t e n t iv e t o d e t a il s Ho we v e r i t i s d i fli cu lt to achi e ve p e r fection in
.
,

thi n ki n g an d r a r e ly i n d ee d h as tho u gh t e v e r b ee n wi th o u t fl a w s T he
,
.

wr i ti n g o f Ch e n ssu [o r T s a o Chih ] i s the mo st ta l en te d of a ll an d

’
-
’
,

5 m i li t m t
Sh e ng is a i ti g fu s camb f p ip f d iff t l g h
ns r u en co n s s n o a nu er o es o er e n en t s .

P
’
i aol m i l i t m t m d f b tt l g d
s a so a u s ca ns r u en , a e o a o e our .

Th 1 l ig h t t m i t k i l it y w i t i g w l d b b d t w i h t w i g
e s es s a e n d er a r r n ou e ro a ca s t ou n s, an

b m fi ml y t bl i h d i th m i d f p pl th gh wi th t t H
e co e r es a s e n th e n s o eo e, ou ou roo s . e n ce e

i y f xt m
n e ce s s t o ti e re e cau on .
2 18 Li t er ar
y Flaws
t imes ] s an g comple te ly o u t of t une wi th the n atur e o f th e occa si o n
,
?

L anguage u s e d wi th ar tis tr y e asily wins appl ause b u t th er e is no way ,

to co v e r up s t upid e x p r e ssio n s F o r a fl aw in l angu age m a li v n

y e e e .

d e ep e r th an a fl aw i n whi te j a d e an d still b e s ee n ”
As i t i s impo ssible .

t o giv e e x a mpl e s o f all kinds only fou r ki n d s o f fl a ws h av e b ee n m en ,

ti o n e d h e r e .

T h e fa c t o r s o f p r im e impo r t an c e i n li ter ar y c o mpo si tion ar e th e

choice an d the m ean i n gs of wor d s Co r r e ct choice of wor ds r e sul ts .

fr om a s o u nd gr o u nding i n philolog y an d cl a r i ty o f m e an i n g com e s ,

fr om a p r oces s of car efu l r e ason ing B u t at the en d o f the Chin dyn asty .
,

v agu eness b e cam e the or der o f the d ay A t fi r s t the followi n g wor d s .

w er e i n u se : s ha ng to app r e ci ate ; chi to b e i n the mid st of ; ch i

,
“ ”
,
“ ” ’

th e s tr a ng e o r e x tr a o r din ar y ; an d ch i h to ar r iv e th e u l tim a te ;
“ ” “ ”
or , ,

a n d th e n t h e r e c am e in t o v ogu e fu to t ouch ; k o u t o knock ; c h o u

“ ” ’ “ ” ’

, , ,

“
to pl e dge wi t h wi n e ; a n d ts o to pl e dge a h os t i n wine
”
O fte n a ,
“
.
” 11

single wor d was u se d to indic ate a cer tain feeling N ow wor ds lik e
—

to app r e ci a te hs u n to e l u cid ate o r a dmoni sh

“ “ ” “
s ha n g hsi
'

, , t o co n , , ,

t o b e s tow d o n o t conc er n the u nd e r st an ding o f th e

” “ ”
fe r , an d Ia i , ,

min d ; n e i th er do fu to touch hs u n to a d mon i sh chi h to gr asp ,

“
,
”
,
“
,
”
,
“
,
”

t o h o ld h av e any thi n g to do wi th fe eling an d r e ason I

“ ” ”
a n d wo , , .

h ave n o t h e ar d of any r e fer e nce to th e se wor ds in the y a an d the s u ng ,

n o r h a v e I s ee n t h e m u se d in th e Han an d W e i wr i ting s T h e t opic s o f .

the w r i tings t a k e n by t h e ms e lv e s s e e m t o indic ate cl e ar id eas ; b u t a clo se

s t udy of th e co n te n t r e v ea ls t h at i t i s no n se n se Thi s i s th e co n d i tio n .

we fin d wh e n w r i ter s b e com e p r e te n tious in e x p r e ssi n g th e i r fe e li n gs ,

9 I bi d .
, 2 84 /Hs ia n g
T s o Kao Ho u , a
16 /3i n is te r r o. C h i , sa n a so n a t th e m f m ’
g g
di pl m o f
a t ic co n e r e n ce ca e d b y ll
h i n I t wa s th e e n e r a Cr i n ci e o f th e ti
. e to s i n g l p pl m g
so n g w s h i ch er e a w pp p
r o r i a te to t h e o ccas i o n B u t Kao Ho u s e e ct e d s o n s h ich er e . l g w w
no t in har o ny m w
i t h t h e t h e e o f t h e c o n e r e nc e m
h i s io a t io n o f t h e r i n ci e wa s f . T v l p pl
ta k by
en th e C
h i n s t a t e t o b e a n a t te t o n th e mp
a r t o f C h i to c h a e n e t h e ea d e r sh i p ’
ll g l p
o f C hi n

A
.

19 A f
r e e r e n ce to th e Boo k o f fl aw i n a
P o etr y . Se e Ma o s h i h-
y i n t e , 68 /2 5 6 /5 :
-
“

w j ll g w
h it e ad e c a n st i b e r o u n d a a y ; a fl aw i n a n u a e , fo r t h a t n o th i n ca n b e d o n e
”
l g g g .

1 1 It i s i o ss i mp bl
e to d e te r i n e t h e s e c i c cas e s to m
h ich th e s e r e e r Su ffice it t o s a y p fi w f .

h
t h at t e s e a n d an o th e r sm ye r e u s e d d u r in w
t he Si x D n a s t i es e r io d i n a wa y t o o g y p
v a g ue to be co n s id e r e d
“
co r r e ct
”
or
“
l
c ea r
”

fi m lv
.

12 No s p e ci c cases f
o f er the se es to i ll u s tr a te th e i d ea o ur a u th o r h as i n mi nd in
ci ti n g t h e u s e o f t h e se w or ds .
Li t e r ar
y Flaws 2 19

l
th e r e s u t o f a li t e r ar y tr e n d o f i n c r e a s ing d e c a d e n c e W r i t e r s s i n ce t h e .

—
S u ng [420 479 ] a e h v do n e no t hi n g t o a l t er t h e t r e nd ; i t is a li t e r a r y
h abi t which r e su l ts fr om the c u m u l ative effe ct o f con stan t p r actice fo r ,

s u ch a t r e n d i s n o t t h e wo r k o f o n e d ay .

c
Re e t n po e t s a r e of t e n s u s picio u s Th e y a r e a ddic t e d t o t h e h a bi t .

of co n s tr uing a n y t hi n g w r i t t e n t o m e a n s om e t hi n g ob n o x io u s e i t h e r ,

”
by hom o phon o u s r ea d i n g o r by a fo r m o f r e v e r se sp e lli n g S u ch a .

p r ac tice al th o u gh i t wo u ld n e v er h ave b ee n to l e r ate d i n the p ast m u st

, ,

”
be t ak e n i n to c o n sid er atio n a t th e p r e s e n t t im e .

W h e n we fin d o u r wr i ti n g simil a r t o o t h er s wo r k i t w o u l d s e e m to
’

be o u r o bligation to d e l e te i t W h y pl agi ar iz e b e au tifu l e x p r e s si o n s a s .

if the y we r e o u r own cr e ation s ? T h e p r e ci o us cer e mon i al j a de an d

gr an d bow of L u will n e v e r b e lon g to [the r e b e l mi n i ste r Y an g
Some i n d u lge in whole s al e pl agi ar i sm c ar r yi n g a way the tr un k ,
“
,

an d o th e r s i n se l e c te d c o pyi n g pi cki n g o u t o f a satche l Howe v er ,

“ ” 16
,

if o n e pl agi a iz es the A n ci e n t s he will b e r egar de d wi th sm all co n

r ,

te mp t whil e if h e pl agi ar iz es h i s con t e mpo r a r i e s h e is s imply c o u r t i n g

, ,

dis aster .

In wr i ti n g commen tar i e s the p u r pos e i s to e xpl ain an d e m en d fa cts

a n d p r i n c ipl e s B u t if the a u t ho r m a k e s a mi s t ak e in h i s e ff o r t t o do
.

s o h i s concl u sions m ay b e compl e te ly u n fou n d e d In [C h an g H e n g s

]
’
.
,

13
Fo r h o m ph
o p h p t h b t O th
o no u s r e ad i n g , an e x mpl
a e of a l a te r ag e is er a s e es . n ce e

fi t mp
rs e f th M i g d y ty w
er o r o l gi d i th f ll wi g w d w i hih t
e n n as as eu o z e n e o o n or s: e s so

d d f th w l d B t b i g pi i i t d th i k i g t h t
“ ”
tse , t b th to e e s an ar o e or . u , e n su s c ous n n a u r e an n n a

th w i t w i d i l i g h im b
e r er h
as r f m th l w t l v l f i l h i
cu n hy e cau s e e r o se ro e o es e e o so c a e r ar c ,

h e r ead th i w i hi h t t t b th th i f f th w l d
s as e s A x mpl f v
so se,
“
o e e e o e or .
”
s an e a e o re e r se

s p ll i g l t m it th f ll wi g
e n e J F g ( 4 6 5 8)
e c e e mm t d p H S g
o o n c as e : en an 0- 0 co en e u on o en

p ty bi g k — l ft y l ik h v
,

d th i k w i gh t y l i k “ ”
h ih h th
’
c s oe r as e n ao ou, o e ea en an c or e e e ar .

H S g h ih
o d d ly b
en m
-
c gd b su by p ll i g t th tw w d i
en e ca e en r a e e ca u s e , s e n ou e o or s n

re v i t d f k —h h g t k h b k i g f d g
e r se , n s ea o ao ou e o ou -
ao ,
“
ar n o a o
”

p t m ig h t i v l v
.

C l
14 i th i
a r e e ss n e ss ni p i f l xp i
s r es b ec f th n o e o ne n a n u e e r e n ce , e ca u s e o e

su s pi i t f t h w it
c o u s na ur e o f t h t im e r er s o e e .

A f
15 t Ch hi hi g h
r e e r e n ce y i —
to 4 5 /T i g
’
un cY gH-
h
’
u c n -
c ua n n e, 2 n an u, a o u se

m i i t f th H
n s er f C hi t h m i i t
o e f th t t
o u se f L o H v i g f il d i , p e n s er o e s a e o u . a n a e n a co u

d et t Y g H g t h l d f th p i j d d g d b w i ig i f d p
’
a , an u o o o e r ec o u s a e an r an o , ns n a co n er r e u on

th D k
e f Ch uby K i g W t h f d f th C h d y ty Lit y pl g i i m
e o ou n u, e oun er o e ou n as e r ar a ar s

mp d t th th i v i g f th t t i ig i by
.

i hs e r e co ar e o b l mi i t
e e n o e s a e ns n a a re e n s er .

C y i g w y th t k d p i k i g t f t h l
13 “ ar r n a a e p i d ib i g
run
”
an
“
c n ou o a sa c e
”
a r e ex r es s o n s es c r n

th d t f
e co n th f f d i Ch
uc o gt a yi t 3ie /, oun n ua n z u n- e, 2 10 1, 2 .
22 0 Li t e r ar
y Fla ws
Hsi —
chi n g fu m e n tion s Chun g h u an g Y u an d Huo H sie h
, he -
, , .

T su ng in hi s comm e n t o n th em s ai d th e y we r e e un u ch s This p r ove s

, , .

t h at H si e h Tsu n g h a d n o t h e ar d o f t h e m an wh o c ap t u r e d [a mo n k e y

wi th his l eft h an d ] while [wi th h i s r igh t ] he was tr yi n g to h i t a ,

v ar i e gate d tiger A n d in the Ch o u Ii o r Cho u i n sti tu tion s in co n

.
17 -
,
“
,

n e cti o n wi th l a nd t a x t h e r e i s th e fi r st u se o f th e ter m
“
i
’

p m a, o ne ,

o f a p ai r o f N o w Yi n g Sh a o e x pl ai n e d p i p r op e r ly o n e
” ’

o f a p ai r a s a su i t abl e a dj e c t iv e t o apply t o h e a d o r hoov e s C an we

”
.
,

c all thi s the p r op er way to e xpl ai n the m atte r ? Acco r d i n g t o the

”

p r op er u se o f ter ms in anci e nt t im es the ter m li a ng a co u pl e is ,

“
,

appli e d t o c a r r i age s a n d th e te r m p i a p ai r to ho r se s B o th p i a n d
’ ” ’
.
, , ,

li a n g ar e u se d t o e x p r es s p a r a ll e lism F o r in t he c a se o f c a r r i ages th e r e .
,

mu st b e a se cond ar y car r i age s uppo r ti n g the m ai n c ar r i age And in the .

c ase o f the hor se s th er e ar e two ou tsi de hor se s an d two i n n e r ho r se s

, .

Since n ei th er c ar r i age s n o r ho r se s e v er go a lon e ei th er m ay p r op e r ly ,

b e modifi e d by a te r m implyi n g a p ai r W h e n thi s p u r pos e o f givi n g .

ter m s i s p r op e r ly u n d e r s t ood th e n e v e n wh e n t h e r e i s only o n e ho r s e , ,

th e ter m p i is a l so appli e d F o r wh e n we sp eak o f p i — husb d

’ “ ”
f
’
u o n e a n .
, ,

an d p i — wif id p i impli d
“ ” ” 21 “ ”
f h f i
’
u o n e e t
, e e a o a a r s e , .

N o w t hi s m atte r o f c ar r i age s an d ho r s e s is c e r t ainly n o t o f gr e at

p r ofun di ty y et i t h as b ee n mi s under s tood fo r age s ; an d the ar t o f
,

17 C hu n gh -
u an g [Hs ia ] Yu, an d [W u ] Hu o w er e m en o f st r e n gt h an d co u r a g i e n

tim Ch g h g Ch g He n g Hs i ch i n gf
“
L i Sh a n g
”
a n ci e n t
’ ’
es . Fo r un -
u an , se e s n o te to an s -
u,

and fo r Y ii and Hu o , se e C ha n -
k uo ts e
-
’

( Ku o h s ii e h -
ch i -
p en
’
ts u n g h -
s u Vol . I,
c h ii a n 5, p 4 0

A
. .

13 ct u a ll y th x p i e e r e ss o n o ccu r s Ch g H
in en su an s co
’
mm e n tar y to Hs ia o -
ssu
’
t u
”
in
th e C ho u - Ii , d Ch g h
an en er e w as q i gf mS
uo t n ro s u -m a fa , an a n ci e n t w k or on g o v er n

m ent an d m i l i t y i ti t t i ar ns u o ns . Se e C h o u -Ii ( Sh i h -
sa n -
ch i n g ch u - s h u cd .
, c h ii a n

1 1, p . 6b .

19
Fl our s i h in g in the l a tte r p
f the s eco n d ce n tu r , a u t h o r o f Fe n s h u t u ng ,
ar t o y g -
’

expl a n a to r y
n o te s o n d iff e r e n t c a te o r i es o f t h i n s g g .

29 Y g
i n Sh a o s F e ng -s h u t u ng , as i t e i s ts t o d a y , is r o a y n o t co
’ ’
x
e te , fo r i t d o e s p b bl mpl
n o t co n ta in t h e c i te d e a n a t io n o f th e t e r xpl
p i m ’

T
.

21
h e se two e r e ss io n s a e ar e act xp t h e sa pp x ly
e i n t r a n s i t e r at i o n ; t h e r e o r e i t m ay m l f
p l g
b e u z z i n to th e u n in i ti a t e d i th r e a r d t o t h e w
h i n ese a n u a e I n g
h i n e se , t h e C l g g . C y
app e a r i n d i ff e r e n t or s , an d t he ir f m
r o n u n c i a t i o n i s a so d i ffe r e n t Fu , pe a n in hu s l . m g
b and ,
”
is t h e r s t to n e , a n d fu , fi ea n i n
“ ”
i e , th e o u r th m g wf f
T v v
.

22 Fo r th e er te r v
s fu a n d fu yu tu a mi each o th e r he m lly mply
o u d n e er h a e . yw l
b e e n co n s i d e r e d as s ta n d i n g a lo n e .
XLII T h e N o ur is h i n g of Vi ta li ty
.

W ang Ch un g [o f the L ater Han ] wr o te a book o n th e th e me o f nour

’

i sh i n g on e s v i ta li ty ; i t wa s b ase d o n h i s o wn p e r s o n a l e x p e r i e n ce an d
1
’

n o t j u st o n un fo u n d e d sp e cul a ti o n E ar s e ye s n o se an d mo u th ar e .
, , ,

o r gan s which s e r v e o u r physica l li fe ; thinki n g pon d e r i n g sp eech an d , , ,

lingu i stic e x p r e ssion a e fu n ction s o f o u r spi r i t W h en all the se op er ate

r .

spo n t an e o u sly i n a cco r d a nc e wi t h o u r n atu r e a n d i n p e fe c t h ar mo n y

, r ,

t h e p r i n cipl es o f t hi n gs a r e r e v e al e d an d fe e li n g fi n d s u n ob s tr u c te d

e x p r es s ion B u t if a m a n w o r k s t o o h ar d h e b e c o m e s w ea r y i n spi r i t
.
,

a n d s app e d i n vi t a li t y Thi s i s t h e la w g o v er ni n g o u r n a t u r e a n d fe e li n g
. .

D u r i n g th e tim e o f the Th r ee S o v e r e ign s the l an gu age was simpl e , ,

a n d t he r e was n o d e s i r e t o e mb e lli s h i t T h e a e of th e Fiv Emp er or s

g [ e
] .

fi r st wi tn e sse d the e m er ge nce o f li n gu i stic a dor n m ent an d the r e was ,

a g e n e r a l e mph asis o n a r r an gi n g t h e wo r d s i n a r ti st ic p a tt e r n s Al .

t ho u gh t hi s t en d e ncy to e mb e lli s hm e n t gr a d u a lly gr e w t h r o u gho u t th e

p er i o d o f the Th r e e D yn asti e s an d the Sp r ing an d A u tu mn p e r iod i t ,

r e m ai n e d a lw ays in p e r fe c t a cco r d wi t h th e i n n e r fee li n g o f t h e w r i te r s ,

s howi n g n o sig n o f l abo r fo r ci n g th e n a tu r a l bo u nds o f ta l e n t B u t by .

the t im e o f t he W ar r i n g S t a t es p e r iod the e mph a si s h a d b e e n shif te d ,

to s ophi s tr y an d w r i te r s w e r e l abo r i n g t o b e o r igin a l an d t o b e o r n a

,

m e n tal in th e i r di sco u r se Fr o m Han tim e s to the p r ese n t n e w ele .

,

m e n ts in li te r ar y l an gu age h ave b ee n a dd e d e ve r y d ay comp e ti n g i n ,

th e i r b r illi an c e an d i n t h e i r di spl a y o f colo r ful p att e r n s a n d inv o lvi n g ,

a n e x h au s ti n g w a ste o f m e n t a l e ff o r t T h e di ff e r e nc e b e t w e e n a s imple .
,

so u nd l an gu age an d a s ophi stic ate d p r ete n tio u s o n e is so app ar en t th at ,

i t can s till b e r e cogn iz e d after a l ap se o f a tho u san d y e ar s T h e o n e .

foll o ws the n atu r e o f th e mi n d an d the o th e r e x h au sts the fee lin gs ; ,

th e y a r e te n t h o u s a n d mil e s ap ar t fo r o n e is spo n tan e ous an d th e o th e r ,

W ang Ch g A D w L u n -h e ng ( C r i tica l y ) the l as t ch a pt of

’
1 un 2 7 -c 10 0, r o te e ss a s er
, . . .
,

wh i ch is
'

a u t o b i o g r ap h i c a l In t h is c h a pt er mis e n tio n e d hi s w r i ti n g on th e n o u r i sh i n g
vi xp
.

o f l i ty i i x t
ta n s ee n ch a pt e rs, b as e d co mpl t ly e e on h is o wn p e r so n a l e e r ie n ce . Se e
h g ( Ch t ch i - ch e n g p 2 88
’
L u n- en u- z u . .
The No ur ishi ng o f Vi ta i ty l 23

l abor ious In thi s we m ay see the r e aso n why the Anci en ts we r e a lway s
.

l ei s ur ely an d a t e ase an d l a ter wr i ter s so hu r r i e d an d h asty ,

.

It i s tr u e in ge n e r a l th at m e n in t h e i r te n d e r y e a r s a r e i n e x p e r i e n c e d
b u t e x tr e m e ly ambi tious whil e m e n of ag e h av e s tr o n g con v ic tions ,

b u t ar e wea k i n vi tali ty T h e ambi tio u s ar e q u ick i n t hough t a h abi t .

,

which r e li e v e s th e m o f l abor io u s eff o r t ; b u t the we a k i n vi t ali ty ar e

e x h au s ti v e in t he i r t hinki n g a h abi t which d e pl e t e s t h e i r vi t a l spi r i t ,
.

Th ese ar e the gen er a l ch ar acte r i stic s o f m e d iocr e m e n ph e n om e n a ,

ge n er a lly e xp e cte d o f p e ople of d i ffe r e n t ag e . .

N ow a m an s c ap aci ty an d n a tu r a l p ar ts ar e limi te d b u t h e m ay
’

wor k his mi n d wi thou t limi t Th er e ar e m e n wh o ar e a sh ame d o f .

th e i r sho r t wild duck l e gs an d a spi r e to t ho s e of th e c r a n e : t h e y will

“ ” 2

for ce them se lves to wr i te an d th e i r mi n d s to fun ction In so doi n g .

,

th e y we ar o u t the vi ta li ty wi t hi n which f a d es a w a y lik e th e f e e bl e ,

wav e s of a str e am o r m ak e th em se lv e s as gau n t an d em aci ate d as the

,

tr e es o n Mo u n t N i u In such a state o f wor r y an d an x ie ty i t i s on ly ?

,

n atur al fo r a m an to s oon fall v ic tim to di sease Ch u n g j en [o r W an g .

-

Ch u n g ] pl ace d [br u sh es an d ] i n k ston e s [all ov er his house ] so th at

’

h e co u ld w r i te [his c r i tic al e s s ay s wh e n e v e r h e wa s inspi r e d to do so ] ;

an d Sh u t u ng o r Ts a o P a o w n t t o sl e e p wi h a b r u s h in his
[ ] [ ]
’ ’
-
e t

b o som in o r de r to d e vo te him se lf wh o l e h ear ted ly to hi s wor k Y e ar

,
?

in an d y ear o u t th r ough all seaso n s t h e y we r e e xpo se d to the h e a t o f

,

an x i e t y a n d d a y in a n d d ay o u t a t all hou r s t h e y w e r e b e i n g r o a s t e d
, ,

ov er the fir e of an x i e ty No wo n der th at M a s te r T s ao sho u l d e x p r e s s .

’

th e conc e r n t h at li te r ar y composi tion t e nds t o r u in a m an s li fe an d

’

L u Y ii n s ho u l d r eg e t th a t ov e r thinking di s tr esse s t h e spi r i t : th ei r

r -

o pi n io n s a r e by n o m ea n s u nfound e d .

2
T h e id e a m p i ty i l i m i t d b t h i d i t
th at an s h i m i d i wi h t
’
ca ac s e u s es r e o u se s n s t ou

t i t i
r es r a n m d ifi d v i s f Cha gt o id th t e l i f i l i m i d w h i l th
er s o n o u an z u s
’
ea a our e s te , e e

p f k wl d g i b d d S C h g t y i —
sc o e o no e et s Th un t y f th w i l d
oun e . ee ua n z u n e, e s or o e

d k h t l g d th l g l f m C h g t I bi d /8 9
’
i
’
uc s s or e s an e cr a n e s on o n es s a so ro ua n z u . .
,
21 -
10 .

3Th l t f e i t Mas i w he m l d p v ity i mp d

r e e r e n ce s oh d e n c us , re o ra e ra s co ar e to t e sa

co n d i ti f th t
on M o t Ni f eth y t
r e es tl y t th
on m y f h x oun u, or e are co n s a n a e er c o t e a es

an d b i ll d th tt l
s , an d g t S M gt e cayi t 4 4 6A /8 e an oa s ee en -
au n- e ,

T P d v d h im lf t th t k f ti i g wh t Sh — T g h d t t d
. .

4 ’ ’
s ao ao e o te se o e as o co n nu n a u su n un a s ar e

at t h b gi e i g f th H
e dy ty i
nn n f m l ti g m i l it l S h i b i g p h y
o e an n as n or u a n ce r e on a r ua s . ee s o ra

in th e Ho u ha n s h u -
.
224 Th e N o ur is hi n g o f Vita i ty l
Le ar ning r e qui r es dilige nc e ; th e r efo r e [Su Ch i n ] p r ick e d h i s leg ’

wi th an a wl [to k eep him se lf aw ak e to st u dy ] B u t i n li ter a y com ?

r

p o si ti o n th e p u r p o se i s to e xp r e s s fee li n g which h as b een r ep r esse d ;

,

t h e r e fo r e i t i s n e c e ss ar y t h a t th e w r i t e r b e a bl e t o giv e f r e e v e n t t o h i s
,

fee li n gs i n a h appy an d spo n t a n e o u s m an n er If i n th e p r o ce s s h e h as .

to b u r n u p h i s i n n er fo r c e a n d d r y u t h h a m o n i o u s n a t u a l flow
p e r r

of h i s vi tali ty hi s wr i ting will on ly ser v e t o shor ten hi s y ear s an d d o

,

viol en ce to his n atu r e Could this h av e bee n th e con scio u s pu r po se o f

.

th e s age s a n d w o r thi e s o r i n d ee d th e r e as o n fo r a n li t r y w r i ti n g ?
, y er a

F u th e r mo r e so m e tim e s we ar e sh ar p an d s om e tim e s dull in think

r ,

i n g ; a n d t h e r e a e mom e n ts wh e n we ar e i n spi r e d an d a l so m o m e n ts
r

wh e n all o u r sen ses se e m to b e cl o gge d W h e n o n e i s w a shi n g h i s .

“

h ai r hi s h e ar t [the se at o f hi s r easo n ] i s o u t o f po s i ti o n an d the r e su l t

, ,
”

i s ab n o r m a l thi n ki n g Simil ar ly an d wi t h gr e ate r coge n cy wh e n o n e s

? ’

spi r i t is ov e r com e by d ar kn e s s th e mo r e i t i s sp u r r e d o n , th e mo r e ,

b en igh te d i t b e com e s Th e r efor e in the ar t of li ter ar y wr i ti n g t e mp er

.
, ,

a n c e an d r e a di n e ss fo r e x p r e ss io n a r e o f p r im e imp o r t a n c e : t h a t i s i t ,

i s e sse n ti a l to k ee p the mi n d p u r e an d t r an q u il s o th a t i ts vi t ali t y m ay

find spon ta n e o u s e xp r essi o n A s soon a s o ne fee l s v ex e d h e should .
,

imme d i ate ly giv e u p thinkin g so as n o t to le t h i s mi n d be come ,

ch o k e d W h en inspi r e d giv e v en t to y o u r h e ar t an d e n tr u st i t to th e
.
,

br u sh ; b u t wh e n ide as hi d e th e m se lv e s p u t the b r u s h d own an d fold ,

u
p yo u r mi n d A pl e a s a n t tr ip i s a s u r e c u r e fo r w e a r i n ess a n d t alk an d
.
,

l au gh ter will b r ing r e s to r ation fr om fatigu e O n e shou l d a l way s tr y .

t h e s h a r p n ess o f h i s t a l e n t in l e i s u r e an d sp ur o n h i s li te r a r y co u r age ,

p ti g f W e n hs i n t i a o —
g l u n h s i n s h u , e d i t e d b y W a n L i ch i g g ’
5 I am ad o n the r e a d in o - - -

k g
( Pe i n , m g l
i n o i tti n two in e s , t h e o r e r y o f o n e o f f g
h ich i s a a r e n t , e ca u s e w pp b
o f th e a n ac h r o n i s m
i n i ts r e e r e n ce Su f C
h i n o f t h e W a r r i n Sta tes e r io d d r o e h i s e
.
’
g p v m lf
to s t u d y a n d p k
r ic e d h i se m lf w
i th a n a w l t o ee a a e k p wk .

C h u n c h i u c h i ng — /H / T f T H f m
’
3 ch u a n i i
’ ’
-
y n t e , 1 2 3 s -
2 4 so u 1 : o u su a or e r ,

a tte n d a n t o f th e D u e o f k
h in , Cr e u e s t e d an a u d i e n c e q T h e d u e r e us e d t o s e e . k f
h im b
e cau s e h e was as h in w g
h is h a i r [T o u h s ii ] to d h is o o e r s
.
’
W h en o n e is
-
l f ll w ,
‘

w as h i n g
h i s h a i r , h i s h e a r t i s o u t o f o s i t io n , a n d t h i s p i a e h im t h i n i n a wa y w ll m k k
co n t r a r y t o t h e n o r amlm a n n e r I t i s n a tu r a t h a t t h e d u e l
i n o t s ee m e o te t hat k w ll N .
’

A l y l bl v
.

a n ci e n t C
h in ese er ew g ood r i s to t e i a n s y ch o o i s ts , fo r t h ep a so lg
e i e e d t h at t h e

fu n ct i o n o f t h i n i n k gbl g
e o n s to t he h e a r t L iu Hs ie h c i te d t h e s to r. to i u s tr a te t h is y ll
p o in t that th e r e a r e m m
o w
e n ts h e n , d u e to c i r c u sta n c e s s u c h as t h is , t h e t h i n i n m k g
m ay no t be no r ml I h m m
a . n su c o e n ts , it is b e st n o t to f o r ce the he ar t to th i n k .
2 26 Og r a n i z at i o n

or gani z e s the wh o le pi e ce in su ch a way th at though compose d o f a ,

v ar i e ty of e l e m e n ts i t will n o t as a whol e fall shor t o f the p r op e r

,

s t an d ar d I t m a.
y b e c o mp a r e d t o th e r o l e o f th e fo u nd a t ion in th e b u ild

i n g of a h o u s e an d t he t ailo r s p atte r n in t he m aki n g o f a d r e s s bo th

’

n e c e ss a r y i n t h e i r r e sp e c t iv e fi e ld s W h e n a child s t a t s to l e ar n th e a r t
. r

of wr i ti n g h e m u st fi r st be t au gh t co r r e c t o r gan iz ation : i t c o n si sts o f

,

fe e li n g an d ide as as the s o u l o f facts an d m e ani n g as the bon e an d ,

m ar r ow o f li n gu i sti c p a tte r n s a s the mu s cul atu r e an d i n tegu men t an d

, ,

of ku ng an d s ha g th at i s the r e s on an ce of the l an gu age as i ts v oice

n , , ,

an d b r e a th O n ly a ft e r h e h as l e ar n e d t his i s h e abl e to e v a lu a te bl a ck
.

an d y e llow? t o r i n g o u t t h e s o n o r o u s t on e s o f m e t a l a n d j a d e ? t o o ffe r

wh at i s app r op r i ate an d a dvis e agai n st wh at is n o t an d th u s to r ea ch ,

wh at i s co n side r e d the m e an F o r i t i s in fu h u i th at we fin d the l asting

? -

p r i n cipl e fo r th e o r gan iz ati o n of tho u gh t .

In ge n e r a l a li ter a r y comp o si tion h as [like a tr e e ] i ts b r an ch e s an d

,

[ lik e a s tr e am
] i t s fo r k s To ar r a n ge t he fo r ks an d b r an ch e s in o r d er
.
,

o n e m u s t follow th e implic a t i o n s o f th e s p r i n g a n d t h e t r u nk Simi .

la r ly i n b r i ngi n g o r d e r a n d u n i t y i n t o l i n gu i sti c e l e m e n ts a n d i d e a s
, ,

o n e mu s t h a v e a comp r e h e n s iv e p r i n cipl e by m e an s o f which h e will ,

b e abl e to achi e v e h i s go al by te n t h o u san d d i ffe r e n t r o u te s an d giv e ,

coh e r en ce to o ne hun dr e d di ffe r e n t ki n d s of id eas so th at fo r all the , ,

v ar i e ty o f ide as th e r e will b e n o mi spl ace m e n t o f em p h asi s an d fo r f

a ll th e di ffer e n t li n gui s tic e l e m e n t s t h e r e will b e no co n fu sio n ; lik e ,

a t r ee h e will b e a bl e t o s e n d o u t som e s hoo ts t o m ee t th e su n shin e

,

an d k e e p i n r e se r v e o th e r s which r e m ai n i n th e sh a d e In t hi s way he .

will achi e ve a cl o se kni t or gan iz atio n fr o m b egi nn i n g to e n d which

-
,

m an ife sts a u n i ty o f e x te r n al an d i n n e r e lem e n t s Th e se a chi e v e m en ts .

co n sti tu te the a r t of fu h u i o r o r gan iz ation -

, .

T h e p a i n te r wh o p ays clos e a tte n ti o n to a h ai r mi ss e s the po r tr ai t ,

2 Se e n o t e 2 , Ch pt Ia er . In C h p t XXX I
a er ,
t h is is ca ll e d hs i n gw -
l p tt
e n , t he co o r a er n .

3 T he so u n d p a tt e r n , se co n d f th e t hr ee
o ain m
a tte r n s p
e n t io n e n m d i Ch p t XXX I a er .

4 L iu Hsie h i np it h y
a se n t e n ce , m a y h a e e v
r e ss e d t h exp our a n f m i f ti wh i h
u nc o ns c

v
,

a l it y p i
e r ar e ce m ay p l p
ser e: l
h i o so h ica , ce r e o n ia , as m e l
o r ia s , a n mm l d asy a n ec e ssa r

to o l f th
or e r u nn i n g fg v m t
o o er n en .
Og r a n i z ati o n 227

an d th e ch e r who aim s at the v e r y s m all mi sse s the wa ll P r eo ccu

ar
?

ati o n wi th th e fin e a n d sm a ll n at u r a lly i n volv es loo s e n e ss i n t h e g e n

p
er a l s t r uc t u r e o f th e whol e Th er e fo r e we s h o u l d b e n d a n i n ch t o m a k e
.
,

a foo t s tr aigh t a n d b e nd a fo o t t o s tr a igh te n u p e igh t ; i n s ho t we 6

r ,
,

should gi ve up the o n e side d cle v er n e ss to g ain t he b e au ty th at i s

-

a ll e n comp a s si ng This i s th e ge n e r a l p r incipl e go v e r n i n g t h e pl an n i n g

-
.

of a li ter ar y co mposi tion .

Th er e i s n o o n e d efini te way i n which a compo si tio n m ay b e d e

ve lo p e d an d opinio n s abou t d e v e l o pm e n t ar e r a th e r co n fu s e d T o b e
,
.

to o te r s e i n tr e a tm e n t l ea v e s th e i d ea s i s l a te d b u t t o a tt e mp t t o o o ,

b r o ad a tr e a tm e n t r es ul ts i n a v e b al mon s tr o si ty ; to b e to o str aigh t r

for war d will mo st ce r tai n ly i n v o lv e m an y mi st ak es an d y e t to b e t o o ,

con si sten tly ten tati v e will al s o d o h ar m to th e compo si ti o n F u r ther .

m o r e p eople di ff e r i n th e i r n atu r a l t al en ts an d gi ft s an d i n th ei r way s

, ,

of thin ki n g Some pl an the i r compo si tion s fr om b egin n i n g to en d a s

.

a whol e an d s o m e c o mp o s e pie ce m ea l a ddi n g a t o n e t im e a fo o t a n d a t

, ,

an o th e r an i n ch B u t t h e e ar e fe w i n d ee d who m a k e ov e r a ll pl an s i n
. r -
,

comp ar i son wi th the m any who u se the pi e cem eal me tho d N o w i f the .

wr i ter lo se s sigh t of the ge n er a l p i n ciple h i s l an gu age will b e c o me r ,

confu se d ; an d if hi s id ea s ar e n o t l o gic ally d e v e lop e d h i s styl e will ,

see m d r y a n d li fe l e s s O n ly o n t h e b a s i s of a t r an s c e n d e n t k n owl e dge

.

of the s tr u c tu r a l p r i n cipl e of thewhole will he be abl e t o achi e v e amon g

t he di ffe r e n t p ar ts o f h i s c omp o si t io n a h a r mo n io u s coh e sion as spo n

ta n e o u s as t h a t o f gl u e to wood o r s to n e to th e j ad e which i t co n tai n s , .

J u st as a te am of fo u r ch ar ger s m ay di ff e r in t h ei r s tr e n gth whil e th e i r ,

s i x r e i n s op e r a te lik e th e s tr i n gs o f o n e l u te an d t h e y p r oc ee d a b r e a s t

i n a fo r m a tio n as p er fe c t a s th at of t h e spok e s ga th e r i n g a t o n e h u b ,

so i n a li t er a r y compo s i tio n a s imil a r m e tho d o f co n t r ol m u s t b e e x e r ci se d .

W h e t h e r to p r o ce e d o r t o st op i s un d er the con t r ol of the mi n d as ,

wh e th er to loo se the r ei n s o r tigh te n th e m i s u n de r the gu id an ce o f

5
Th i s is a q u o ta t io n f m
ro the Lu s hih
-
ch u n c h
’
-
’
i u ( C h u tz u -
c h i ch e n
-
’
g ch u an

25 , p .
32 4 , wi h t t h e o r d e r o f t h e two li n es r e v e r s e d ; th e o r i i n ag lbi g e n ,
“
An a r ch er wh o
m
ai s at the mi n u te mi ss e s th e w ll a , and a p a i n t e r wh o p
ay s c l tt o se a e n t io n to a h ai r
mi ss e s th e p o r tr a i t .
”

3 Se e M e ng -t z u y i n -
te , 22 /3B 1 . Hs u n m e ans e g f
i ht eet .
22 8 Og r a n i z at i o n

th e h and s ; fo r all th at is n e ces s ar y to insu r e the desi r e d u nifo r m p ace

i s to con tr ol t h e r e ins .

Th e r e for e in th e h an d s o f tho se who ar e go od at o r gan i z a tion e v e n

, ,

id e as which d i ffe r m ay b e gi v e n as close a r e lati o n ship as the live r an d

the g all ; a n d i n th e h an d s o f tho s e wh o ar e poo r a t o r gan i z a tio n e v e n ,

t o n e s o f th e s a m e q u a li t y will s e e m as v a s tly d i ff er e n t a s Hu a n d Y ii e h
?

I t i s mo r e d i ffi c u l t to r e vi se a n e x i sti n g compo s i tio n t h an t o w r i te a

n e w o n e an d i t i s mo r e d i fficul t t o ch a nge a l r e a d y w r i tte n w o r d s th a n
,

t o wr i te a ne w se n te n c e Thi s h as b ee n p r ov e d by th e e x p e r i e n c e o f
.

wr i ter s o f the p ast Ch ang T an g [o f the Han ] at o n e tim e h ad hi s

.
’

m emo r i al t wic e r ej e cte d an d Y il Sun g [of the W e i ] was r ep eate d ly

'

r e b u k e d b e c a us e o f his ; in ea ch c a se t he r eas o n fo r th e w r i te r s m i s
’

for tun e li e s in the fac t th at hi s r e asoni n g i s n o t clear an d he i s co n fu se d

i n h i s l an gu age a n d id e as Howe v e r a fte r N i K u an h a d r e vi se d Ch an g
’
.
,

T an g s m emor i a l an d Chun g Hui h ad ch an ge d a fe w wor d s i n Y ii

’ ’

Su ng s Emp er o r W u was a m az e d by the e x tr ao r d i n ar y q u a li t y o f

’

Ch angs m emor i al an d Emp er or Chi n g of the Chi n highly p r ai se d

’

,
8

th a t of Y ii This wa s b e c au s e th e r e vi se d pi e c e s a r e logic a l in r ea so n i n g
.

an d cl ear in p r es e n ting f a c t s a n d th e r e vi se r s ar e q u ick wi t te d ,

an d -
,

u se app r op r i a te l a n g u ag e In t h ese e x amples we se e the v a st d i ff e r en ce

?

be t ween tho se wr i ter s wh o ar e cl e ver a t o r gani z ation an d those wh o

ar e clumsy .

A s to s topping the b r u sh a n d b r ingi n g a p a s s age to a clo se i t i s lik e ,

r a i s ing th e o ar whil e r iding i n a bo a t ; a n d fi tt i n g e x p r e ss io n s t o i d e as

i s lik e d r a wi n g o n the r e i n s whil e u sing the whip A wr i ter wh o can .

su stain the m er i ts o f hi s pi e ce to the e n d achi e v es the e xp r e ssi o n o f

7 “
Liv er an d g ll
a fig m l
fo r i n t i a te r e a tio n s h i a n d s i i a r i t , a n d Hu a n d
is a ur e p ml y
”
Yii e h fo r g
r e a t d iff e r e n ce Hu a n d Y ii e h a r e t wo ar a r i a n d is tr icts h eseb b u r es a r e T fig
v
. .

k
ta e n r o f m t he C h u a ng t z u Se e C h u a ng tz u y i n t e , 1 2 /5 /7 :
-
“
ro the o in t o f ie F m
of p w
v lv
.

t h e d iffe r e n t , e e n th e i e r a n d a g ll w l lk
o u d b e i e C h u a n d Y ii e h C h u , a s ta te
’
h ich .
’
w
was as d iffe r e n t r o f m l
Y ii e h as co u d b e i a in e d , i s ch a n e d to Hu mg L i u Hs ie h , g i th by w
no a pp r e cia bl
e d iffe r e n ce i n s e n se .

3 Ss u -m a S i h
, i e h
n t h e ogv
s t h u o u s t i t epo f E e r o r m h i n hle n h i s mp
n e h e SC s u -
magw p w
p
Y e n u s u r e d t h e t h r o n e o f t h e W e i i n 2 65 a n d c r e a t e d t h e h i n d nast C y y .

9 Fo r C g
h an a nd Ni , see he io a t r h o f N i b g p y
u a n i n K
th e H a n -
s h u ; fo r Y ii a n d
’

Ch g un , s e e co mm e n ta r y to t h e b i g ph y f Ch g H
o ra o un ui in th e We i -c hi h .
2 30 Di s c u ss i o n o n t he Ar t o f W r i ti n g
b ack o n ly a shor t tim e Fo r ex ample Y en Y en ni e n [o r Y en chih 384 .
,
- -
,

4 ]56 b e li e v e d t h a t p i a s a g e n r e is y e n wi th p a tt er n ? th at is t h a t a ll ,

Cl a s sics ar e y e n an d n o t p i whil e th ei r comm en tar i e s ar e pi an d n o t ,

y en W?
e m a y e a s ily u s e Y e n s o w n sp e ar t o pi e r c e his s hi e l d How ?
’ ?

T ak e the W e n y en in the B o o k of C ha ng e s fo r ex ampl e : i s i t n o t

“
-
”5
,

wo r d s wi th p a tte r n ? If accor d i n g to Y e n p i i s r eally y e n wi th p atter n

, , ,

th e n h e h a s no r igh t to s ay t h a t th e Cl assic s a r e n o t i I n m a ki n g th e
p .

a b o v e s t a te m e n t s Y e n i n te n ds to es tabli s h a th e o r y of his o wn ; b u t I
,

d o n o t se e h o w i t can s tan d .

In my opi n ion o r a l s tatem e n t s ar e pl ain wo r d s an d wh e n e v er th e s e

, ,

a r e commi tt e d to th e b r u sh t h e y a r e li te r a r y w r i t i n gs A n d th e W a , y .

whi ch i s con stan t i s c all e d a Cl assic while th at which e lucid ate s the ,

C l assic i s kn own as a commen tar y T he wor ds [of the sage s ] co m .

m i tte d to th e b r u sh fo r m the Cl a s sic s a n d th e i r comm e n t ar i e s T h e .

b r u sh i s at the se r vice o f the wo r d s an d m ay b e e i the r v igo r ou s o r ,

we ak T he e te r n a l v a li di ty o f the six Cl assics li e s i n th e i r se ve r e ele

.

gance an d p r ofun di ty r ath er th an in th e i r li ter ar y qu ali ti e s The , .

We n fu o f M a s te r L u [Chi ] h a s b e e n known fo r i ts p e n e tr a ting an d

-

e x h au st iv e d isc u ssion o f t h e ar t o f w r i ting b u t i n i ts sup er fici a l at te n ,

t ion to d e t ail s i t h as n o t a d e q u a te l y d e a l t wi th the s u b s t anc e F o r we

, .

kn ow th at if o n e is a ble to r etu r n to th e co n stan t W ay in all his m any 6

ch an gi n g si tu a tion s he will n e v er be e x h auste d ; an d i t is di fficul t to

,

b e p e r fe c t i n the choic e o f go o d wo r d s
?

Tho se who a r e i n te n se ly i n te r e ste d i n li te r ar y compo si tion ofte n vi e

wi th o n e ano the r i n cr ea ti n g n e w an d e l ega nt ph r a s es Mo st o f t h em .

Lit lly y with w

2
er a , en en .

Y
3 t t m
en s
’
t t f
s a e d i hi ll t d w k H i m k i g d i ti ti
en s ar e no oun n s co ec e or . e s a n a s nc on

b tw t h
e ee n t g i r ee
y pl i w d ; p i w d with p tt b t w ith t h y m ;
ca e o r es : en, a n or s , or s a er n u ou r e

an d w w iti g wh i h i h ym d I d i i g h Cl i
en, r n d th i
c mm t i
s r e . n sc u ss n t e ass cs an e r co e n ar es ,

on ly th fi t tw t g i
e rs lv t o ca e o r es a r e r e e an .

p hi ld t m 5 Ch p t XXX
“ ” “
4
F th or f d
e u se o t d i ti
s t
e ar an s e o e a n co n r a c o n , se e n o e , a er .

5
S t
ee n o e Ch pt I 1 1, a er .

Lit ll y i h g
3 era i
“
d t m
n ne c m y an es ,
fl
n ne u se o ea n an .

Th i l t t t m t i q t d f m th W —ti hi i th H h wh i h q t
,
“ ”
7 s as s a e en s uo e ro e u c n e a n -s u, c u o es

it f m P t y
ro p m bl y th B k f P t y A d i g t Y i g Sh t h m
“
oe r ,
”
r esu a e oo o oe r . cco r n o n ao , e co

m t t
en a o r ,thi f t l t p m f th B k f P t y T h l tt p t f th t t
s r e ers o a os oe o e oo o oe r . e a er ar o e s a e

m t i im d t t h imp f t w k f L C h i
en s a e a e e r ec or o u .
Di sc uss i o n o n t h e Ar t o f Wr i t i n g 231

ar e ob se sse d wi th the de si r e to r efin e the i r li n gu i stic e xp r e ssio n s b u t ,

non e wi sh to a tten d to the fu n d ame n tals o f the a r t As a r e s ul t b r il .

,

li an t j a d e i s o fte n l o st i n a pile of r o cks while co mmon sto n es t ak e o n ,

th e app ea r a nc e of j a d e A p e n e tr a ti n g mi n d i s co n ci se a n d b r i ef y e t
.
,

a mi n d th a t i s l a c ki n g i n s ch o l ar s hip i s a l s o p ar s imo n io u s o f w o r d s ;

th e e r u d i te mi n d is comp r e h e n s iv e i n s cop e b u t t h e co n fu se d mi n d i s ,

j u st as lon g— wi n de d ; the l o gic al mi n d i s cle ar an d tr an sp ar en t b u t ,

t h e mi n d which i s sh a llow m ay b e j u st a s u n r e se r v e d ; an d the p r o

fo u n d mi n d i s r ich i n c o n n o tation an d diffic u l t to fathom b u t th e mi n d ,

which i s m er e ly p r e te n tious m ay also s ound imp r e s siv e ly ar ch aic .

Some tim e s splen did id e a s ar e ex p r esse d in so u nd s which a r e somb e r

an d f e e bl e ; som e t im e s u n r eas o n abl e ar gum e n t s ar e clo t h e d in b r illi an t

l angu age Fr om s uch ci r cum stan ces we know h o w d i fficul t i t i s to m ak e

.

th e t on e s of b e ll s h ar mo n ious an d how far f r om e as y i t i s t o t u n e a l u t e

, .

No w the si z e s o f the be lls which m u sici an s d e cl ar e to b e i n h ar mon y

n ee d n o t b e a b s ol u te ly e x a c t ; n e i th e r n e e d th e op e r a tion o f th e fan

b e of e x ac tly the s am e pi tch fr om b egi n n i n g t o e n d A n d W e i we n ? -

o r Ts a o P e i his omp i on f li y w i i g m ic mply

[ ]
’ ’
i n c a r s o
, t e r a r r t n t o u s i s a ,

bor ne o u t T he poin t i s th at a s b efo r e applyi n g the bl a de o f a knife

.
,

to kno tte d r oo ts we c an no t p r ov e th e sh ar pn e ss of th e k n ife lik e wi se

, , ,

b efo r e we m ak e an e ff or t to discove r the se cr e t of good li te r ar y compo

s i t io u ,t h e r e i s n o way t o d e ter min e wh e th e r a giv e n t a l en t i s t r uly

comp r eh en siv e T o b e comp r e h en siv e the wr i ter mu st b e v er se d i n

.
,

th e a r t If h e l a cks e i t h er a comp r e h e n siv e Vi e w o f his fi e ld o r t h e

.

p e ne tr ation n e ce ss ar y to m ak e i ts str uctu r e ar ticu l ate h o w can h e ,

po ssibly h ar n es s hi s inner fe e ling fo r the tr ium ph an t d r iv e th r o ugh

th e gar d e n o f li te r at u r e ?

Th e r e for e wh en o n e pli es this ar t as the r ein wi th which h e gu ides

,

his composi tion he m ay b e lik ene d to a go od che ss pl ay e r who k n ows

,

his mov e s an d th e ine vi table r e s u l ts o f the m B u t the o n e wh o ab an don s .

the a r t fo r th e whims o f his o wn mi n d i s lik e a g ambl e r who se su cc ess

i s a m atter o f luck T h e gambl e r s w r i ti n g m ay b e cl e v e r a ccid e n t ally ;

’
.

3 T he o p e r a t io n f th e fa n se e
o m t
s o f
r e er t o th e t u n i n g of a l u te , t he bi g m
fa n e n so e

p ar t o f i t Ho . w e v e r , t he m
e anin gi s l
n o t c e ar , a n d th e a ll i
us on h as no t b i d t ifi d
ee n en e .
232 Di s c uss o n o n i t he Ar t o f W r i t i n g
but l ho u gh h is i n i ti al e ff o r t m ay be su cce ssfu l i t i s diffi cul t to count
a t ,

on h is be i n g able to co n ti n ue wi th an y con si sten t comp eten cy He i s .

un able to g o on wr i ti n g wh en h e h as li ttle to wr i te abo u t ; an d h e will

a l s o b e b affle d by th e p r obl e m o f s e l e c ti n g a n d omi t t i n g wh e n h e i s

confr on te d wi th to o much m ater i al If h e i s u n able t o ov e r c o m e the .

d i fli cu lty o f h avi n g e i th e r to o much o r to o li tt l e m ate r i al how ca n ,

h e b e e x p e c te d to b e abl e to di stingu i s h b e t w e e n th e b e au ti fu l an d th e
u gly ? T h e m an wh o w r i t e s a s a goo d ch e ss pl ay e r pl a y s fo llows d e fini t e

p r inciple s o f the a r t He mov e s i n an o r d er ly fashi o n a ccor di n g t o

.

cer tain p atter n s as he r e sponds to e mo ti o n s m aki n g tim e ly an swer s to ,

v a r ying ci r cum stanc e s ; in a wor d he m o v e s i n p er fe ct h a r mon y wi th ,

th e p r ope r s tan d ar d If a w r i te r s m o v e m e n t i s p e r fe c t ly m a tch e d t o

’
.

th e e x a c t r e q u i r e m e n t s o f e ach s i tu atio n his n a t u r a l r e spo n s iv e n e ss ,

to th e wo r king o f th e my ster ious sp r i n g will fin d e x p r e ss io n in t h e

e x c e ll e nc e o f h i s wo r k In the wo r k o f su ch a wr i ter we sh all fin d

. .

gallopi n g in p ar ad e lik e spi r i te d ch ar ge r s a h o st of b r illi an t i d e a s a n d ,

a clus te r i n g g a l ax y o f e x qui s i t e e x p r e ss ions T o t h e e y e s i t i s b r oc ad e .

,

o r p a i n ti n g ; to th e e a r s so no r ous m u sic ; i t i s s w ee t an d m e llo w in

,

t as te a n d fr agr an t as s c e n te d p e n d an ts In the se achi e ve m e n ts o n e ?

, ,

r e a ch e s the pin n a cl e of li te r a r y w r i t i n g .

T h e l e gs o f a t ho r o u ghb r e d m ay b e s t r o n g b u t i t will n o t b e abl e to ,

co v er o n e thou sand li if the cor d s ar e to o lon g T h e l e n gth o f the co r d s .

i s only o n e f ac to r among te n t hous an d a n d y e t i t i s e n o u gh t o c au se ,

failur e How m u ch mo r e s u r e ly will this p r i n ciple op e r ate i n the

”
.

c ase o f the li ter ar y composi tion wh e r e also m an y factor s m u s t wor k ,

in p er fe ct h ar mon y ; fo r h e r e the sligh te st we akne s s i n an y o n e o f th em

will mos t ce r tainly ca u se the coll ap se o f the whole Fo r this r e ason I .
,

h av e gi ve n con side r a tion to all th e s e fac tor s in thi s ch ap ter to p r ep ar e ,

the s t u d e n t fo r all e v e n tu ali ti e s This ch ap te r is lik e the hub wh e r e th e .

th i r ty spok e s conv e r ge T h e vi e w giv e n m ay n o t b e wo r thy o f a tte n

.

t ion b u t i t is my ho n e s t v i e w
,
.

9 Re f er r in g to f g ra r an t flw o er s u se d as p e n d a n ts .

(T ip i K g hu d ) Vol ch u an 2 8,
’
1°
C ha n k h s ii e h ch i -p e n
’
-
ao ts e a e , uo - ts un -
s e . .
3,
Ha n 3, p .
54
234 Li t e r ar y D e ve o l pm e nt an d Ti m e
the gov e r nm en t wa s go od an d the p eopl e li ve d an e a sy life ; th e r uler
compo se d the so n g Hsii n fe ng an d the mini ste r s the song L an
” “
-
,
“

B o th of th e se s ong s a r e e x tr e m e ly b e au ti fu l W hy ? B e c a u se wh e n .

o n e i s h appy a t h e a r t h i s voic e will b e p e a c e fu l , .

I n th e tim e o f G r e at Y ii th e l an d was d ivid e d so th at t h e i n u n d atio n ,

migh t b e e asily con tr olle d a n d th er e wer e so n gs t e lli n g o f his n i n e ,

r e g u l a te d a cc o mpli shm e n t s
?

Ch e ng—t an g was s age an d r e v e r e n t an d hi s achi e v e m e n ts we r e su n g

’ ’

i n th e I y ii s u n g A t th e t im e o f Ki n g W e n b e c au se of th e gr e at
“ ” ? 7
-
,

vi r tu e o f Chi ? the Ch o u — n an ly r ics e xp r e sse d th e h ar d wor ki ng

“ ” 9
-

s pi i t of th e p e opl e wi t h o u t b e t r a yi n g a n t a c f compl ai n t And th e

r
y r e o .

i n fl u en ce o f T ai w an g was so b e n efici al th at th e so n gs co lle cte d

” ’
-

fr om Pi n s h o w an e n j o ym e n t of life which d o e s n o t i n d u lge in

11

e x c e sse s B u t d u r i n g t h e d a k y e ar s o f Ki n g Y u [781 77 1 B C ] an d
. r -
. .

Ki n g Li [879 842 B C ] the p o em s P an an d T an g e xp r e ss th e

-
” ”
. .
“ ” “ ”

a n g e r o f th e p e o pl e A s Ki n g P i n g f r e d a p e r iod
[77 7 20 B C
]
’
0 su f e
.
-
. .

o f d e cli n e
”
we h av e th e po e m Sh u Ii ?
,
”
which e xp r e sse s sadn e ss “
-

[ ov e r th e d e s ol a tio n of th e o ld c api t a l
] F r om t h e se we k n o w t h a t fo lk .

so n g s an d t h e i r con t e n t s ch an g e wi th t he ch an gi n g t im e s a n d wh e n ,

th e wi n d m o v e s o n th e s u r f ac e w a v e s a r e whipp e d up d own b e l o w ,
.
.

3 Al so k w no N f g n as an - en See no te 10, Ch pt a er VI
g i giv i Sh
. .

4 T he so n s en n a ng -s h u ta -c h u a n . Mo d e r n sc ho l ar s tend to q u e st i o n i ts
a u t h e n t ic i t y .

5
Se e n o te 1 8, Ch pt a er I .

3 No 30 1 i n th e B oo k o f P o e tr y Fo r sung as one o f t h e s ix e e lm e n ts i n P o etr y , see

V
. .

n o te 2 , C ha te r p .

7 FK i g W wh t bl i h d th C h d y ty
at her of n u, o es a s e e ou n as .

Th3
m f Ki g W
e su r na e o n en

Th fi t l v
.

9 p m i th B k f P t y ll t d f m
e rs e e en oe gi s th nf Ch e oo o oe r ,
co ec e ro a re o n so u o ou ,

wh K i g Wer e i fl n w f lt en s
’
n u e n ce as e .

G d f th f K i g W
1° r an a er o n en .

11
Pi w th pl w h T i w g m d h i i fl
n as e a cef l t d th ll ti er e
’
a -
an a e s n u e n ce e , an e co ec on

i l d
nc u p m 5 4 t 6 i th B k f P t y
es oe s 1 o 1 0 n e oo o oe r .

P m
12
54 oe mpl i i g
no b t.t h 2m i y d,
t h col f K i g L i
a n n a ou e se r un er e ru e o n .

P m
13
55 d
oe i t i g wno i g . t K 2i g L i ,
i g h ir ec p t ln B t h ar n n s o n c o n ce r n n s co r r u ru e . o

p m w d i t d w d Ki g L i b t i Y
oe s ere r ec e d L i h d lw y b
to ar m ti d n u , s n ce u an a a a s ee n en o ne

t g th
o by f
e f h b it L i H i h t i g
er , o r ce h m og th a u s e s r n s t e to e er .

K i g P i g w f d t m v h i p i t l t L i th p
14
n
’
n as t L
o r ce y g d th o o e s ca a o o -
, e r e se n o - an , un er e

p f h w t
r e ssu r e o t ib t e e s er n r es .

P m
15 65 oe no . .
Li t e r ar y D e ve o l pm e nt a n d Ti m e 2 35

Afte r the Sp r i n g an d A u tu mn p er i o d the state s w ar r e d amon g ,

th e m se lv e s fo r di stinc ti o n T h e Si x Cl as s ic s hid t h e ms e l v e s i n th e m u d
.

like d r ago n s an d the hu n d r e d thi n ker s ar o se like gu sts o f wind A t

”
.

t hi s tim e Han an d W e i ga v e all t h e i r at te n t ion t o s tr e ngth e n i n g t h e i r

,

r ule Y e n a n d Ch a o m a d e e x p e d i e n c y t h e i r p r i n cipl
,
e a dn t h e W u —tu ,
“ ”

an d Liu— s hih
“
for m e d the con te n t o f the st r i n ge n t co d e o f Ch i n
”1 7 ’
.

Ch i an d C h u we r e the only state s i n which th e r e was an y e mph asi s

’ ’

o n li te r at u r e In Ch i r e sid e nc e s w e r e b u il t a l o n g t h e m a i n a v e n u e t o
’
.

house s chol ar s an d Ch u e nl ar ge d the p a l ace of L an t a i to r ece iv e m en

,
’
-
’

o f l e tte r s M en ci u s wa s tr e a te d a s a g u est mi n i s te r [i n Ch i ] an d H sii n

’
.

ch ing [o r Hsii n tz u ] was m a de the m agi str ate o f a d i s tr ict [i n C h u ]

’ ’
.

So i t was a t the Chi h si a gate [in Ch i wh e r e schol ar s gath e r e d ] th at

-
’

t hi s p u r e win d r e c e iv e d i ts fa nning a n d in L an li n g [th e m agi st r a cy

‘

-
,

o f Hsii n t z u h hi s pl a n t e nj oy e d i ts l u x u r i a n t gr o w t h [In Ch i ]
] ]
’
t at
[t ,
.

Tso u tz u [o r T sou Y en ] b e c am e famo u s b e c au se o f hi s di scou r se on

-

h e av en an d the n am e o f T s ou Shih r an g far an d wid e o n acco u n t of

,

h i s d r ago n c ar v ing [In Ch u ] the po e tr y o f Ch ii P i n g [o r Y ii an ]

’ ’ ’
.

was as b r illi an t a s the s u n a n d the m o on an d S u ng Y fi s wr i ti n g was

’

as col o r fu l as th e cloud s b e fo r e th e wi n d A s t u dy o f t h e i r b eau t if u l .

w r i t i n g r e v e a l s t h a t i t h a s th e g r a c e o f th e y a a n d t h e s u n g A n d t h e .

glow an d d az z l e of the i r e x tr aor d i n ar y thou gh t i s thu s t he r esul t o f

t he imp r essi v e succ ess wo n by t h e p e opl e in t h e p o li tic a l p r ac tic e o f

v e r tic al fe d e r ation an d hor i z on ta l alli ance ”

.

T h e Han d y n a sty s u cc ee d e d th e th e l at t e r b e i n g th e dy n ast y

d i g whi h book w co ig
u r n c s e r e n s n e d t o t e fl am e
h s a —
K o t su [th e fi r s t .

e mp e r o r 20 6— d mili y f i i ic l d h l
1
95
, B C ] s t r e ss e t a r .a f a .r s ; h e r d u e s c o a r s ,

a n d p aid n o a tte n t io n t o l ea n ing Al t ho u gh t h e fi r s t s te p i n th e e s t ab r .

li s hm e n t of r i tu al an d th e codific at ion o f law wa s t ak en n o a tte mp t ,

was m ad e to m ak e the P o e t y an d H i s t o r y o bj e c t s o f s er i o u s s t u dy r .

13
Dr a g o ns ar e e xp e ct e d to be fl y i g i th k y th i t
n n e s e r na ur a l b
h a i ta t B u t ther e ar e

m lv
, .

ti m es wh en , u n d er ad v e r se c ir cu mt th y h v
s a n ce s ,t h id e a e o e the se es in the mud .

Pa n Ku u se d th e fig ur e in h is a
“
n T pi g h i
s ee S W e n - s a n , c h ii a n 4 5 , 1 1 b
h u. .

17 T he
“
C p Wu -
tu is h a te r 4 9 i n Ha n fei t z u , a n d th e L i u s h i h
- -
” “
( s i x i ce , -
l or s ix

h ar mf l th i g )
u m n s C p ar e e n t io n e d i n h a te r s 4 a n d 2 0 i n T h e o o k o f o r d S h a n g B L . Si n c e
Ha n d L d Sh g
an lgl
or an ar e e a i s ts , th e s e two e xp
r e s s i o n s a r e u s e d to e an e a is m lgl m
XVIII
.

13
S t
ee 6 Ch p t
no e 2 , a er .
236 Lit er ar y D e ve o l pm e nt a n d Ti m e
How v ong Kao —
t su s feng an d Hung k u m ay be con ” “
’
e er , s s, Ta - -
,

s i d e r e d th e wo r k s o f a g e ni u s
”
.

F r om Emp er or Hui [194 1 88 B C ] to Emp er o r s W en [179 157 B C ] -

. .
-
. .

an d Chi n g cl s s ic a l s t u d y wa s i n th e as c e n d an t
[5 4
1 6 1 1 a -
an d ,

poe ts we n t i n to e clipse Thi s m ay b e se e n fr om th e fr u str ation o f Chi a I .

an d th e d is appoin tm e n t of T s o u Y a ng M
[ ] a n d e i
Emp er or W u [140 87 B C ] s howe d gr eat r e sp e c t fo r schol ar s an d -
. .
,

o ffer e d e n thusi astic e ncour agem en t to th e p u r su i t of l ea r ning D u r i n g .

his r e ign r i te s an d mu sic v i e d wi th e ach o the r in b r illi ance an d s chol ,

ar s comp e te d in li te r a r y p r od u c t io n In th e Towe r o f P o li an g h e .
-
,

ini ti ate d [th e r ound r obin typ e ] o f poetr y wi th feasti n g as i t s th em e ; 21

a t th e b r ea k o f th e r iv e r dik e h e e x p r e s s e d his co n c e r n a bo u t th e p e o pl e ,

in a poem ; he s e n t a car r i age wi th r u sh— c u shi o n e d wh e e l s fo r Mei

S he ng an d allowe d Chu fu Y en to fu lfil h i s ambi ti o n to e at fr o m
,
-

”
a tr ipo d He e le v ate d Ku ng su n [H u ng ] t o the to p o n a cco u n t o f his
.
-

t ui a n d e x p r e s se d a dmi r at io n fo r t h e m e mo r i a l d r afte d by N i

K u an [C h u ] Mai —
’
. ch e n a wo o d car r i e r b e c am e a we ar e r o f th e’

, ,

b r oc ade d r ob e of an offici al an d [Ssu m a ] H si an g j u wh o wash e d ,

- -
,

d i s he s was als o clo th e d in e mb r oid e r y [Ssu m a ] Ch i e n the hi sto r i an

’
-
, .
, ,

[ W u ch iu
]
-
Shou ’
w an g Y en An
[ ] Ch -
u ng
[C h ii n
] M e i Ka o
, an d , , ,

t h e i r gr oup w er e n o t onl y n o t n a r r owly limi t e d i n t h e i r r e spo n se s t o

th e imp er i al qu e s tio n s b u t we r e a l s o e v er r e s ou r c e f u l i n t h e i r st r ic t ly
,

li ter ar y p r oduction T he str o n g li te r ar y e n thu si asm an d b e auty o f

.

e x p r e s sion t h e y m an ife st e d h a v e n e v e r b e e n e q u a ll e d s i n c e t h e i r t im e .

S u b se q ue n tly Emp e r or Ch ao [86 74 B C ] an d Emp e r or Hsii an

,
-
. .

[73 49— B C ] c o n t i n u e d t h e t r e n d which h a d b e e n i n i t i a te d by Emp e r o r

. .

W u Schol ar s ar gue d an d di s c u sse d [the p r obl e m s o f the Cl as sics ] i n

.
”

19 Th T f g e g i f d i h i h i l i Shi h
a -
en so n s o un n s c ro n c e n -
chi , a n d the Hu n gk
-
u so n g
in th b i g p hy f L i h i C h g Li g
e o ra o u- ou, . e .
, an an .

2° S th i
ee p ti v b i g p hi i th H h
e r r es ec e o ra es n e a n -s u .

21
S t Ch pt V I
ee n o e 2 0 , a er

p ti v b i g p h i
.

22
F M i ord Ch f th i
e an u -
u , s ee e r res ec e o ra es in the Ha n -s hu Eatin . gf m ro

a t ip d i
r o y m b l f h
s a s d t t i t h ffi iol d m o o no r e s a us n e o c a o .

23
S C h pt XXIV b v D i i
ee a er d A w a o e,
“
scu s s o n an ns er . K un g -
su n s
’
—
t u i ts e
’
is f o u nd

in h i b i g p hy i t h H
s o hra n e a n -s u .

L it lly g ll p d
24 er a ,
“
a o e .
238 Li t er ar y D e ve o l pm e n t and Ti m e
sa ke them T he t win lumin ar i e s Emp e r or Ming [A D 58 75] an d
.
, . .
-

Emp er or Ch ang [A D 76 88] h ad gr e at r e sp e ct an d lov e fo r schol ar s . .

an d the i r l e ar ning Emp e r o r Mi n g disco u r se d o n r i t e s in P i t a ng

? 2
[ ]
’
-
.

[ in A D 59 ]
. a n d [
. Emp er o r Ch a n g ] h e ld di s cu ss io n s o n t h e Cl a ss ics i n

P a i— h u h a ll [in A D W e a r i n g h i s b r u sh [in h i s cap ] M e ng chie n

. .
,
-

[ o r P an Ku du r i n g th e r e ign o f Emp e r o r Mi n g ] t ook p ar t in p r e

,

p ar ing th e hi stor y of the dyn a s ty ; an d [d u r ing the r eign o f th e s am e

e mp e r o r Chi a K u e i wa s gi v e n b r u s h an d p ap e r t o d r a ft a s u n g o n
]
’

th e occ a sion o f th e a usp i c i o u s a pp e ar a nc e [o f di v i n e sp a r r ows in th e

p al aces ] Pr ince Tun g— .

34
p ing [o r Ts an g ] di stingu ish e d himse lf wi th ’ ’

h i s e l e gan t wr i ting [o n r i te s ] an d P r ince P e i [o r Fu ] m ad e th e g e n

’

e r a l p r incipl e s o f the Cl a ssics h living issu o f t h e d ay T h e r i t u als

[ ] t e e .

”
o f th e imp e r i a l cou r t a n d th e p r o t ocol conc e r ning th e fo r e ign t r ib e s
”

ill u mine d each o ther wi th th e i r r e sp e ctiv e b r illi ance .

D u r in g the p er iod b et wee n Ho A n [Empe r o r Ho A D 89 105 a n d -

, . .
-
,

Emp er or An A D an d Sh u n —
, . H u an [Emp er or Sh u n A D
.
, . .

an d Emp e r o r Hu an h o s e P an K
126 1 -
44 , A D 1
47 t e r e r
[ ] u , . .
,

Fu [I ] the Th r ee Ts ui W ang
, Ma [Yung ] Ch a ng [H en g ]
’

,
39
,

an d T s a i Yung w h o m ay a ll b e co n sid e r e d b r illi a n t schol a r s ; t h e r e

[ ]
’

wa s n o l ack o f tale n t B u t as to li ter ar y pi e ce s o f high q u a li ty we mus t .

,

r ese r v e o u r j udgm e n t Af te r th e r es t o r atio n o f t h e Han by Emp er o r

[ .

Ku ang wu ] t ale n te d wr i te r s mo r e o r l e ss modifie d the tr adi tion al

-
,

cus tom an d by emp h asi z ing bo th the flower an d the fr uit th ey r e so r te d

, ,

to cl as sic a l e x p r e s s io n s F o r after a numb e r o f cl ass ic al di s cu ss io n s und e r

.

p as t r eigns a schol ar ly cl assical atti tude gr adually p r ev aile d

, .

32 Pi , a w i th h l i t h
r o u nd t ij ymb l f h
ad e a o e n e cen e r , s a s o o ea v en Pi -
’
t an g is a

h v l y h ll
.

ea en l k w a Mi g t g
, a so f th h llno mpl t d n as n -
’
an , o ne o r ee a s co e e in A D 59 . . .

33W i g th b h i p i fig f h i t i wh pp
e ar e d i n
’
e ar n e ru s n o n e s ca s a u re or a s o r an , o a co u r t

w i th b h i h i p
a rus dy t nd h pp i g t
s ca t r ea o r e co r a en n s a co u r .

b i g p h y f C hi K i i th H h h
,

34S th ee e o ra o a
’
ue n e o u- an s u .

35Th i f t th it l d i d by Emp Mi g d th
s r e ers o e r ua s scu sse ero r n an o se d e ise d v by Pr i n c e
T g P i g S P i T g P i g b i g p h y i th H h h
un -
’
n ee r n ce un -
’
n
’
s o ra n e o u- an s u.

Th i f t th d w itt by C h i K i th g th i g v
.

33 s r e er s o e o e r en a
’
ue on e a er n o f the d i i ne s p ar

ro w f t h l tt w
s, or eid d a m f th p v i l i g f C h i
er as c o n s ere an o en or e re a n o na s
’
in fl u e n ce a b r o ad .

37
O m i t i g Emp Sh g wh
t n ldf h t t im i A D
er o r an , o ru e or a s or e n . . 10 6 .

O m i t i g Emp C h g wh l d f h t t im i A D 1 4 5 , a nd E mp
’
33 t n er o r un o ru e or a s or e n . . er o r
,

C h i h wh l d i A D 4 6 o ru e n . . 1 .

T i Y i th f th T i Y th d T
,

i Sh i h th g r a nd so n
’ ’
39 ’
s u n e a er , s u ua n e so n , a n s u e .
Li t er ar y Dev l p m e o e nt a nd Ti m e 2 39

Emp er o r Li n g [A D 168 2 19 ] occ asion ally i n d u lge d i n li ter a r y . .

-

cr eation He wr o te Hsi h u a ng p i e n o p en ing the way fo r schol ar s t o

.
-
’

gath er toge th e r at the H u n g tu gate to wr i te fu Y i i e h S u n g an d his

'

-
.

gr o u p gather e d togeth e r m e n o f sh allo w le ar ning an d v ulgar tas te ,

wh o m Y an g Ssu call e d H u an T o u [afte r an u p star t mi n i ste r of th at 4o

n am e ] an d Ts ai Y u n g comp ar e d t o acto r s an d j e ster s T h e tr en d

,
’
.
41

th e y c r e ate d an d th e wo r k s t h e y p r od u c e d a r e n o t wo r thy o f o u r

a t te n tion .

D ur ing the r eign o f Emp er o r H si e n [A D 1 90 who was co n . .

s t an tly fo r c e d t o mo v e fr om o n e pl a c e t o a no t he r t h e fate of li te r a r y
”
,

m en wa s lik e th at o f dish e v e ll e d gr a s se s t o s se d abo u t by a fu r i o u s wi n d

“

O nly at the e n d of the Chi en an p er io d [A D 196 220 ] was th er e an y -

. .
-

sembl an ce o f p eace Emp er or W u of the W ei ? who was th e n a p r i n c e

.
3

a n d p r im e mini st e r h ad a d e ep lov e fo r po e tr y ; Empe r o r W e n [o r

,

Ts ao P ei ] wh o was th en the h e i r app ar en t was him se lf v er se d in tz u

’ ’

, ,
’

a n d fu ; a n d Ch e n — [o r T s a o Chih
] wh w h f p r i n ce
’ ’
s su o a s t e so n o a , ,

wi e lde d a b r u sh whos e styl e was as b r illi an t as the so n o o u s j a de r .

Th ese th r ee impor tan t as th e i r posi tion s we r e all sh o we d gr e at r e sp e c t

, ,

fo r o th er s wh o h ad o u t stan d i n g li ter ar y t al e n t H e n c e m an y t a l en te d .

wr i te s gath er e d ar o u nd th e m like v ap o r s an d clo u d s Chun g hsii an

r .
-

o r W a ng T s an w o r e a ll e gi a nc e a t H an — in p H —
[ ] [ h
’
s n a n t e r e se n t u
p ]
e i ,

K u n g—
’
ch an g [o r Ch en L in ] s u bmi tte d him se lf at Ho p ei W e i— ’
ch an g -
,
’

[ r Hs ii Kan j i d h g Ch i g — d Ku g K
]
’ ’
o o n e t e e n t o u r a e a t n t u a n n a n ,

[ o r L i u Ch e n
] e n li s te d fo r s e r vi ce a t Ha i
y ii A n d h er e T e —li e n [ o r -
.

Ying Y ang ] or gan ize d hi s li ter ar y tho u gh t an d Y ii an y ii [o r J u a n Y ii ] ,

-

enj oy e d h i s a r t of l e tte r w r i t i n g W e n we i T ui H i
[ L ]
’
o r u s u
p [
-
s o o r.
,
-

P o Ch in ] T z u sh u [o r Han ta n Ch u n ] T e— tsu [o r Y a ng H si u ] an d
’ ’
- -
, ,

th e i r gr o up gobl e t s i n h an d p r oudly showe d t h e i r e l eg a n t s tyl e a n d

, , ,

m o vm g Wi t h l e i su r e ly gr ac e whil e t h e y fe aste d fo r m e d s o n g s wi th a ,

4°
Y g b i g p h y i th H h
Se e an
’
s o ra n e ou- an s hu . Hu a n T o u was o ne of the u nr u ly
m i i t d i g th ig f Y
n s er s d Sh
ur n e re n o ao an un

bi g ph y f T i Y g
.

41
H h ou h -
an s u, o ra o
’
s a un .

42 B tw e AD 9 wh Emp
e en Hi . . 1 0, en er o r s en a sce n d e d to the th r o n e , and A D 1 9 6,

f d t m v fi ti m
. .

h w
e as o r ce o o e ve es .

43
S t
ee Ch p t XL I
no e 2 , a er .
240 Li t er ar y D e ve o l pm e n t a nd Ti m e
swi n g o f the b r ush an d o u t o f the we ll gr ound ink cr e ate d wi tty pi e ce s
,
-

which ser v e d as su bj e cts o f talk an d l au gh te r An e x amin ation o f th e i r .

wr i tings r e ve als th at mos t o f th em ar e full o f fee ling Thi s is b e cau se .

t h e y liv e d in a wo r ld m a r k e d by di s o r d er an d s e p ar a tio n an d at a t im e ,

when mor a ls de cline d an d the p e ople wer e compl ai n i n g ; th ey fel t all

this d e e ply in th e i r h ear t s an d t hi s fe e li n g wa s e x p r e s se d in a s tyl e ,

which is moving Fo r t hi s r e as on th ei r wor ks ar e fu ll o f fee ling an d li fe

. .

D u r i n g th e r e ign o f Emp er o r Mi n g [227 239 ] the e mp e r o r him se lf -

wr o te po etr y an d compose d m u sic al scor e s He collecte d wr i ter s an d .

h ous e d th e m in t he Ts ung we n ku an mon aster y H e r e Ho [Y e n ]

’
-
.
,

Liu [Sh a o ] an d o ther li ter ar y m en v i e d to ou tshin e o n e ano th er

, .

Among the you n g r u le r s wh o succee d e d Mi n g Kao k u e i [h si ang— ku n g ,

-
,

o r M ao 2 lo n e wa s a m a n o f r e fi n e m e n t an d gr a c e ; his v e r y
54 2 60
, ] a -

gl ance con v ey e d an imp r e ssion o f li te r ar y e le gance an d the wor ds he ,

u tter e d for m e d p er fe ct e s says T he p er iod was still under the linger i n g .

influen ce o f the Cheng shih p er iod so th at we fin d the wo r k s light an d -

“

detach e d In this p er iod we find Hsi

”
. J u an [Chi ] Yi n g ,

[ Ch ii ] an d Miu
,
Hsi
[ ] g a llopin g ab r e a s t o n t he tho r oughf ar e o f

li ter atur e .

D ur ing the Chin dy n as ty Emp er o r Hs u an b egan t o b u ild the ,

found ation o f the dyn asty ; Emp er or W en an d Emp e r o r Ching wh o ,

followe d s tr e ngthen e d the s tr uctu r e D u r ing the i r tim e s schol ar s an d

,
”
.

poe ts wer e in e clipse as the r uler s wer e d eeply in ter e ste d i n p u r s ui n g

,

poli ti cal i n tr igue s W h e n Emp er or W u [265 306] cr e ate d the n e w

.
-

Chin dyn asty he r e ce i v e d the m and ate o f h e av e n at a time o f p e ace

,
.

B u t h e h ad n e v er b ee n conce r n e d wi t h li te r ar y c r eation Late r bo th .

,

44 Ch g en -
s p i d h t i d by d i i
h ih , is a
2 4 0 - 2 4 8, f th T f T i m er o c a r ac e r z e scu s s o n s o e ao o ao s ,

un d th
er i mp t e m M t p h y i w h i h h d t b th m i i t t f
ac o f B u d d h is e a s cs , c a no een e a n n er es o

Th i p h m
.

Ch i h l
n es e scb m t l th m
o ar s , e ca e th e m y b xpl i d by ce n r a e e . s eno e no n a e e a ne

th f t t h t th p i d w
e ac a p i d f di d
e er o d h d t w t h wh t
as a id er o o so r er , an o ne a o a c a o ne sa ,

f
or m igh t b i v l v d i p l i ti l i t ig b y
o ne e n l i tl
o ei dv t t w d
n o ca n r ue as t e as o ne na er e n or .

M t phy i
e a b i g d t h d bj t d t l ik ely t i v l v y i t bl
s cs , e n a e ac e m su ec an no o n o e an o ne n ro u e , ca e

to f i h f c d b h i d w h i h t h id
urn s a a a e p l iti l ll gi
e n c o e o ne s
’
o ca a e a n ce .

Sim i l
45 t th ar f Emp o W f t h W i th
e cas e o C h i mp v w er o r u o e e , e se n
“
e ero r s ne er er e

e mp T h t it l w
ero rs . giv t th m p th m ly by Emp
e e as W when p d tho e os u o us er o r u, o u su r e e

th f m th W i i m
r o ne ro lm t id ti l t t h t i w h i h W i w
e e n a p d it
a n n er a os en ca o a n c e -
e n u su r e

f m th H S
ro e t C h p t XXIV
an . ee n o e 2 0 , a er .
24 2 Lit er ar
y D e ve o l pm e nt a nd Ti m e
Emp er o r Ch e n g [326 342 ] an d Emp e r o r K an g [343 344 ] bo th di e d
’
-
’
-

youn g an d Emp e r or Mu [345 361 ] a n d Emp er o r Ai [362 365 ] r u l e d

,
- -

fo r o n ly b r i e f p e r i o d s B u t wi th the r i se o f Emp e r o r C hi e n we n [371 .

-

d e e p i n te r es t was s h o w n i n li te r ar y c r e a ti o n wh o se s tyl e wa s
ch ar a c te r i z e d by p u r i ty an d l o fti n e ss S u b tle wo r d s a n d p r ofo un d p r i n .

ci les s w ar m e d o v e r t h e m a t s o f th e m e t aphy s ici an s d p cul iv 49

p a n s e a t e ,

t hinking c o u ch e d i n b r oc a d e d e x p r ess io n s sp r i n kl e d t he g ar d e n o f

li ter atu r e .

Emp er o r H si ao wu [373 395] h ad n o succe ssor ; an d the r eign s o f

- -

Emp e r or A n [396 4 1 8] an d Emp er o r K u n g [4 19 420 ] m ar k e d the en d

- -

o f th e dy n a s t y D u r ing thi s p e i o d Y ii an [H u n g ] Y i n [Ch u n g

.
51
r ,

we n ] Su n [Sh e ng ] Kan [P ao ] a n d th e i r gr o u p d i sti n gu i sh e d th e m

, , ,

se l ve s i n li te r ar y an d hi stor ical wr i ti n g Th e y migh t n o t h ave b een .

e q u a lly t ale n te d b u t in Vi e w o f t h e i r j a d e lik e ch a r ac te r s th e y all s e r v e d

, ,

we ll in state fun cti o n s .

M e taphysic al d i scu ssi o n was emph a siz e d d u r i n g the e ar ly Chi n an d ,

r ea ch e d i t s h e igh t in t h e E as t e r n Chi n S u ch di s cu ssion s l e ft th e i r .

influen ce upon the li te r ar y t e n d s o f th e tim e Fo r thi s r e ason al tho u gh r .

,

th e t im e wa s a t im e o f t u r m o il i ts li t e r a t u r e i s ch a r a c te r iz e d by c a lm ,

a n d se e n t y i n b o t h i t s l an g u ag e an d i t s t ho u gh t In po e t r y L ao t z u s
’
r i .
,

phil o s ophy b e c am e the in e vi tabl e th e m e an d i n fu i t was C h u ang tz u s , ,

’

ide as t h at fur ni sh e d the con ten t It ill u str ates fo r u s how de eply li ter ar y .

de v e lopm en t i s influ en ce d by the co u r se o f wor ldly e v en ts an d how ,

di r e c t ly the r i se an d fall o f poli tic al powe r s b e ar o n the tr e n ds of li ter a

49
The Chim l ik th J p
n es e wh b b d g t d l f Ch i
at th a t t i e, e e a a n e se , o a so r e a r ea ea o n ese

cu lt t
ur e, m t whsa g g d i di i
on a s en en a e n sc u s s o n .

H i A t fi t [b f b i th f Emp H i —
“ ” “
5° C hi h n -sw hi u, th s ao - w ]
u c : rs e ore e r o er o r s ao u

Emp Chi w w p yp h l t t m t whi h Th f t f th Ch i

‘
er o r en- en sa an a o cr a s a e en c r an : e a e o e n

d wi h Ch g m i g A t th tim Emp H i w w i v d Emp Li

’ ’
en s t an -
n e e er o r s ao - u as c o n ce e r e ss

p i i t l m i d m t h t h w l d g i v b i th t b y d h l d
.
,

w ast ld by o a s r ua an n a r ea a s e ou e r o a o an s ou

na m h im C h g m i g W h h w b
e
’
it b g
an -
t d w i th n t S
. th b by en e as orn, e an o a n n e e as . o e a

w as m d [Ch g —
na e mi g m i g p p ’
d b i gh t ] W h
an Emp n Chi w , e an n ro s er o us an r . en ero r en - en

l
ea r n e d th i h bb d I th Shih h h i y u Y ii y p i
s, e so e mm t t n e -
s uo s n -
'

,
-
en
’
en ,
”
a co en a o r

giv di g h w v
.

gh ly th m
es r o u d t e sa i th w d f Emp
e a n ec C hi w o e, en n , o e er , n e se or s o ero r en - en ,
“
I nev ti ip t d th t Ch g m i g w ld pp i my w f m il y Si
er an c a e a d
’
an -
n ou a e ar n o n a .
”
n c e , a cco r

i g t th
n o p yph l e am t h C h i d y y w t d w ith C h g m i g h
o cr a sta te e nt , e n n as t as o en
“ ’
an -
n ,
”
e

is sa id to ha v e n o s u cce sso r .

51 w B o th er e m ur d er e d by L iu Y u , wh o u su r p ed th e th r o n e a nd e s ta bl i hs ed the

dy ty k
na sw no n as L in -su n g . A n was m u r d er ed in 4 1 8 an d K g un in 4 20 .
Li t e r ar
y D e ve o l pm e nt and Ti m e 43

tu r e If we a dop t the m e thod of d e te r mi n ing a give n ou tco m e by

.

e s t abli shi n g t h e s o u r c e f o m which i t d e v e lop e d i t i s n o t d i ff i c u l t to r ,

te ll wh a t th e d e v e lopm e n t will b e e v e n i n th e di s ta n t f u t u r e one ,

h u n dr e d gen er a ti o n s h en ce .

D u r i n g the [L i u ] S u n g [420 Emp e r o r W u [420 423] was -

d e v o te d t o li te at u e a n d Emp e r o r W e n [424 453] achi e v e d a li te r a y

r r ,
-
r

s t yl e ch ar a c t er iz e d by b a l an c e a n d g a ce Th ey m ay b o th b e s aid to 52
r .

h a ve p sse sse d high li te r ar y vi r tu e A n d Emp e o r H si a o wu [454

o . r -

a m an o f g r e a t t a l e n t cr e a te d w o k s o f a b e au t y comp a r abl e t o th e ,
r

p a tter n s o f clo u d s B u t th e y e ar s d u i n g an d afte r th e r e ign o f Emp er o r

. r

Min g [465 471 ] wi tn e sse d the d e cli n e o f b o th li te r a r y fo r m an d

-

li te r ar y i d e as .

Howe ve r am o n g the ge n t r y wr i te r s r o se lik e v a r i e gate d cl o u d s

“

, ,

befor e a whi r li n g wi n d T he W an gs an d the Y ii a n s we r e r e l ate d by .

t i e s w r o u gh t i n [li te r a r y f r m s a s b eau ti ful a s ] d r ago n s p a tt er n s ; an d

’ 53
o

th e Y e n s an d t he Hs i e h s ge n e r a ti o n after ge n e r a t i o n p o d u c e d wo r k s , ,
r

a s wo n d r o u s a s th e colo s o f ph o e n i x e s A n d th e r e we r e a l s o the Hos 54

r .

[ Ch a n g y ii
’
Ch e n g t i en
-
,
Sh a n g c hih
] t h e F a n s [F an T a i a n d h i s
’
-
’

,
-
,
’

so n Y e h
] t h e Ch an g s Eu an d Y u n g ] a n d t h e Sh e n s Y ii e h H u a i we n
[, [ , ,
-
,

an d H u ai — d h i r i n n u m e r a bl e fe ll o w s All t h e se w r i t e r s a r e
y ii a n
] a n t e , .

we ll known so I m en tion th e m i n p a ssing ,

-
.

W h e n o u r a u gu st C h i [479 502 ] c am e to r u l e all go o d fo r tu n e ’

-
,

d esc e n d e d u pon th e vi r tu o u s an d e n ligh te n e d T ai t su [479 55 ’

- .
-

52
bl By h i m a an c e er e s eant a s e n se o f bl a a n ce b tw e ee n co n t e n t a n d f m or ,
or i d ea s
an d th i l i g i ti e rxp i n u s c e r e ss o n s .

D g
53 “ p t ra m o ns
’
at er n s
”
e a ns b e a u ti u f l l it er a r y f mor s . A cco r d i n g to th e Su ng -s h u , i n
th W g f mily w
e an Ta a er e n, Sh ao -
c h ih Ch , un c -
h ih , T
’
a n sh e n — g , Se n gt -
a, W ei e tc .
; a nd

T
,

i t h Y ii
n f m i l y w Sh
e an a er e u and
’
s an .

W h e n Y e n a n d Hs i e h ar e m e n t io n e d to ge th e r t h e y g e n e r a ll y r e f e r
54
, to Y e n Y e n -ch i h
a n d Hs i e h L i n y ii n He r e L iu Hs i e h m u s t h a e i n m i n d t h e l i te r a r y
-
v m mb e er s of th e
v
.

t wo f mi l i
a es . m lf d h i
In th e Y e n f mily
a we h a e Y en -
ch ih hi se an s t wo so n s , G ii n b and

T z ;
’
d
e i t h H
an i h w n L i —
y ii h i m lf th
e s e f mily
a the r e er e n n se , e co u s i n of h is f a th e r s
’

g ti
e n er a mdH on d hi i
na H i li e d Ch un, an s co u s n s u -
en an an

A l t h gh L i H i h l i v d i t t h L i g d y t y d i g
.

55 ou u s e e on n o e an n as an s ener a ll y c o n s id e r e d to
b l g t t h L i g h i W h i ti l g w
e on o e mpl t d i th
an , s en -
s n ao -
un as co e e n e Ch i d
’
y n ast y . H e n ce
h i l d t y h t i w i th f th Ch i l ’
s .
au a or t r e or c r e e r e n ce o e r u er s .

53
T i t Hi
’
T a h -
g w th fi t l f t h C h i d y
su , s ao ao c -
’
en , as e rs r u er o e
’
n as ty . He c r e a t ed th e
dy ty by
n as p ti i 4 79 u su r a on n .
2 44 Li t e r ar y D e ve o l pm e nt a nd Ti m e
s age an d m ar ti al r e cei v e d the m and ate o f heav en ; Kao tsu a m an o f
,
-
,

s agaci ty an d li ter ar y qu ali ty con tinu e d to fur the r the d yn as tic for tune ; ,

Emp er o r W en was b r illi an t as the two cel e s ti a l lumin ar i e s an d

58
,

bo u n tiful as the m anifold for m s o f e ar th ; an d Chung t sung endowe d -

,
‘59

wi th the high est wi s dom m ad e fur ther a d v ance s to fulfil the dyn astic ,

de sti n y All th e s e r uler s we r e gifte d wi t h li ter ar y tale n t an d all wer e

.

m e n of e nligh ten m e n t ; con t inuou sly b r illi an t th e y h av e enj oy e d gr eat ,

bl e s sings .

N ow Hi s M aj e sty h as j us t beg un hi s s age r e ign a n d the wo r ld i s ,

b ath e d i n the ligh t o f his li ter ar y though t T he d ei ti e s o f the se as an d

”
.

the moun t ain s b e s t ow upon him d i v in e p e r c e p tio n c au sing his n at i v e ,

t a l e n t to flow e r fo r th He d r iv e s the flying d r agon s t h r ough th e he av e nly

.

p ath an d h ar n e ss e s the th or oughb r e ds fo r a ten thou sand li tr ip W or k s

,
- -
.

o n th e Cl a s s ics a n d gov e r nm e n t ins ti tu t ions und e r his r e ign h a v e s u r

p asse d those o f the Chou an d can look down upon tho se o f the Han
wi th con temp t Th ey ar e comp ar able to those o f the T ang an d th e Y ii ;
.
’

t h e y a r e wo r ks which m a y b e c a ll e d t r uly g r e at Such g r e at s t yl e an d .

won dr ou s b e a u ty I wi th m y sl u ggi s h b r u sh h ar dly d ar e tr y to de pict .

So I l e ave i t t o t hos e who a r e b e tter e ndowe d wi t h insigh t a n d wisdom

t o s ing p r ais e t o th e t im e .

T h e Tsa n
Agai n st the b a ckgr o u nd o f ten dyn a s tie s ,

Li ter ar y tr e nd s h av e ch an ge d nin e tim e s ”

.

On ce ini ti ate d at the ce n tr al pivot ,

57 No C h i
’
r u erl was gi v en t he p o st hu m o us l
t it e o f Kao -
tsu T he p o st hu m ous t it e l
v bl
.

o f t h e s e co n d r u er l i s Sh i h -ts u . It is co n ce i a e th at L iu m ad e a mi t k s a e h er e . T he
s e co n d l
r u er r ei g ned f m ro 4 83 to 4 9 3
ly g v
.

53 He d i e d as h e ir pp
was o s th u o u s
a ar en ti en a nd p m t he t i t e o f l E mp er o r W en
w h e n h is so n , Y ii li n , su ccee d e d to t he t h r o n e
- .

59 T l
h e r e was n o r u e r i n th e C h i d y n a s t wh o a n s e r s
’
y w to t h is t it e l . It co u ld ha v e

b een E mp
e r o r Mi n ( 49 4 w h g
o w as i e n t h e o st hu gv p m o us t it l e o f Kao -ts u n g , as

Fa n W e n -Ia n su gg e s ts

fi T
.

3° Pr e su m bly f
a r e er r n i g to the f
r st y e ar s o g un -
hu n h o u , 4 9 9 -5 0 1 .

31 T he te n d y n a s t ie s : T g
a n , Y ii , Hs i a , Sh a n ,
’
g C ho u , Ha n , W e i , h i n , Su n C g , a nd

Ch i
’
. B w
et e en t he C
ho u a n d Ha n was a s h o r t d n as t y y , t C
he h i n ,
’
w
h ich L iu Hsi e h t r e a ts

as p a r t o f t he C ho u
Ch p t XLIV
.

32
Fo r th e m e a n in g o f t he te r m n i ne , s ee n o te 6, a er .
246 T he Phy sical Wo r ld
bo u n dl ess s lee t an d sn ow o u r so u l s b e come b u r d en e d wi th s e r i o u s ,

a n d p r o fo u n d r e fl e c ti o n s M a n y d i ffe r e n t t hi n g s app e a r i n th e co u r se
.

o f th e y e a r a n d e a ch h a s a n u mb e r o f ph a s e s
, O n e r e sp o n d s wi th .

v ar ying em o tion s to th e se v ar yi n g ph a se s an d the fo r m of l an gu age ,

u se d d e p e n d s o n t h e e mo t i o n O n e s i n gl e l e af m a gg t om t hi n g
y s u e s s e .

s ign ific a n t? a n d th e chi r pi n g o f i n sec t s i s o ft e n e no u h t o i n d u c e an

g
i n ne r mo o d So h o w m u ch gr eate r an i n fl u en c e will b e fe l t if we
.

e x p e r i e nc e a cl ea r wi n d a n d a b r igh t m o o n o n t h e s a m e n igh t o r a ,

b r igh t su n an d a sp r i n g fo r e st o n th e sam e mor n i n g !

In r espo n di n g to t hi n g s t h e A n ci e n t P o e t s op e r ate d o n th e p r i n cipl e
,

o f e n d l e ss a ss oci a tion o f i d ea s Th e y lo s t t h e m se lv e s i n th e my r i a d s of .

t hi n g s compl e te ly a b s o r b e d i n th e vi s u a l an d a u d i t o y se n sa tio n s O n
, r .

th e o n e h a n d t h e y d e pic te d t h e a tmo sph e r e an d p a i n t e d th e app ea r a nce s

,

o f t hi n gs i n p e fe c t h ar mo n y wi t h t h e i r ch an gi n g a sp e c t s ; a n d o n th e
r

oth er the li n gu i stic an d ton a l p atte r n s t he y u se d clo se ly c o r r e sp o n d e d

,

wi th th e i r p e r cep tion s ; Fo r e x ampl e : Sh a o s h a o b r illi an t i s u se d t o -

, ,
”

d epic t th e b r illi an ce o f p e a ch bl o s s om s ; i i fee li n g of a t tachm e n t t o

“
-
, ,

d e s c r ib e th e s w e e pi n g will o w t r e e s ; ka o ka o b r igh tly b u r n i n g t o “ ”

-
, ,

d e s cr ib e th e comi n g o u t o f th e su n ; p i a o p i a o f ast an d h e a vy t o s ug '

“ ”
-
, ,

ge st an im age o f r ain an d snow ; chi e h c hi e h chi r pi n g to imi tate the -

, ,

s o u n d o f o r iol es ; b z z in g imi a te t h e s o u n d o f i n s e c t s
“ ” ?
y a o y a o u t o t -
, ,

Th e n again i n ch ia o j i h th e b r igh t su n a r efe r e n ce to fid e li ty o r

-
, ,
,
”
,

h u i hs i n g
-
li ttle star s a r e fe r e n ce to h u mili ty e ach o n ly a simpl e
,
“
,
”
,

ph r a se t he A n ci e n t P o ets p r ob e i n to the d ep th o f the fu n d ame n tal

,

n a tu r e o f thi n gs ? an d wi th ts a n tz u [d e scr ibi n g the u n e v en l en gth s ’

-
’

4
Fo r e x mpl
a e, t he f ll i g f th fi
a n o e r st l f
ea in t h e a u tu m n

All
.

5 th e se ar e ta k f m th B
en ro e oo k o f P o et r y . Fo r s h a o -s h a o , see Ma o s hi h y i n -
t e,

fo r i -i , fo r ka o -ka o , pi pi f fo r ao - ao , or c hi e h -c hi e h ,

1 /2 / 1 ; a n d fo r y a o -y a o , l b t ltd
I -i h a s a so l x i t e en r a ns a e as
“
u u r an
”
( Ka r lg r e n ) ,
“
fr e sh a n d g r e en
”
L gg p “
( e e ) , a n d s r ea d t h e i r
h d ( W l y ) It m t m t h t th s a e
”
a e . s ee s o e a ese

r end er in sg l m
o s e th e e l m
o ti o n a p t i g t v l wh l k
ood of a d e th w i ll w ar n ra e er , o oo s on e o

tr e es f d ly l t t t l v
on d th
r e u c an p j t h i m ti l t t t t h t
o ea e , an d en r o ec s s e o o na s a e on o e r e es an

f l i g f tt h m t F th t v l th w i ll w t
,

a tt i b t
r t
u es th m h m o e u an ee n s o a ac en . or e ra e er , e se o r ees a r e

s y mb l f
o s oh m gg t i gob y t h i w p
e , su i g m es t h nw t d g t l t m p h
e r s ee n an ner e s ee an en e a os er e

o f h m o C h i h —hi h
e . d y e y c mt b e f
an mtp i ao - a o see o e cas es o o no a o oe a .

3 C h i j i b i f m th B k f P t y p m
“
ao - s ro 73 ymb l f fi d l ity ; h i
e oo o oe r , oe no .
, a s o o e
“
u

h i g t f mbi t i l th gh it i gg t d by th
“ ”
an d s n d i ar e h no oun n su c a co na o n, a ou s su es e e

f th l i whi h h i h i g p t d by p ti l ( “ ” “ ”
t t
s r uc ure oi e d ne n c u an s n o ccu r se ar a e a ar c e se e
The P hy si ca l Wo r ld 47

of water pl an ts ] an d wo j o [d e scr ibing the gl o ssi n e ss of mulb er r y t r e e s ] -

e a ch con s i s ti n g o f only t wo ch ar a c te r s t h e A n ci e n t P o e t s h a v e giv e n ,

u s p e r fe c t ly r e a li s t ic d es c r ip t io n s of t hi n g s In all t h ese e xp r e s sio n s ?

,

t h e y h a v e u se d a p ar t to s u m u p t h e whol e l ea vi n g n o thi n g wh e th e r in ,

th e i r fee li n g o r i n t he app ear an c e o f thi n g s u n d e s c r ib e d In spi te o f th e

?

t ho u s a n d y ea r s o f tho u gh t t h a t h a v e go n e i n t o t hi s m at te r o f p o e t ic

d i ctio n n o a l te r a tion can b e m a de wi tho u t d i ffi cu l t y

,
.

B y th e tim e th e Li s a o c am e u pon th e s ce n e t yp e s o f d es c r ip ti o n h ad
-
,

m u l tipli e d an d i t was p r actic ally imp o ssibl e to depict all the asp e c ts
,

of thi n gs wi th fai thfu ln e ss to th e i r n atu e Fo r i t h ad th e n b ee n fo u n d r .

n e ce ss ar y t o d e s c r ib e th e sam e t hing s i n a v a r i e ty o f fo r m s So v a r io u s .

te r m s to d es c r ibe c r aggy h e igh t o r to d e s c ib e l u x u r i an t gr owt h c a m e ,

r ,

to b e coll e c te d Ch an g ch i n g [o r Ssu m a H si a n g j u ] an d h i s gr o u p
’ ’
- - -
.

a dop t e d a p r e t e n tio u s s tyl e an d e x t r a o r d i n a r y t o n a l p at t e r n s a n d t h e i r ,

d e scr ip tion s of mou n tain s an d water s co n si st o f str i n gs o f wo r d s i n

r ow s lik e c o l u m n s o f fish S u ch a s t a t e o f t hi n g s m ay ill u s t r a te th e
, .

tr u t h o f th e s t at e m e n t t h at th e fu po e t r y o f t h e A n ci e n t Po e t s i s b eau

ti fu l an d y e t w e ll b al an c e d an d th e i r l an g u age i s ter se an d comp ac t ; ,

whil e the po e tr y o f the Tz u wr i ter s i s b e au ti fu l b u t e x ce ssiv e an d th ei r ’

li n es a r e good e x ample s o f v er bo se d iction ?

In the y a s e cti o n [of th e B o o k o f P o e t y ] th e blo ssoms o f th e p u n u s r r

”
j ap o n i ca ar e d e scr ib e d a s b e in g som e y e llow a n d so m e an d

i n th e Sa o o r Ch u tz u t he au t u m n o r chi d i s d es c r ib e d a s h avi n g
’ ’
-
, ,

“
gr ee n l e a ve s an d p u r ple s te m In th e applic ation o f the five colo r s
” “
.
” 11
,

i t i s impo r tan t t o k ee p in mi n d th e app r o p r i ate n e s s o f di ffe r e n t c o lo r s

see n a t di ffe r e n t t i m e s If g r ee n an d y e ll o w a r e u se d r o u t i n e ly . th e y ,

p m oe no . or by t wo w ords ( see p m oe no . Tk a en to g e th e r , t h e ph m
r a se e an s
“
l it tl e s ta r s , si g i fy i g
n n a s ta t o n i o f i lf e tha t is h u mbl e an d yet a n e ce ss a r y lm t
e e en in
the h ar m o ny o f th wh l e o e .

7
Fo r ts a n tz u , s e e t h e
’
-
’
B oo k f o Po e tr y , 4, 5; a nd fo r wo -
ia , se e i bid .
,

3 L iu Hs i e h h e r e giv es th e fi r st l
c e ar s ta te m ent o f a s y n ec d o ch e
Th giv
.

9
e se l as t c lau s e s ar e a p ph ar a r as n i g o f a s ta t e m ent en in Y g an Hs iu n g ’
s Fa -y e n ,
Wu pi
-
tz u
’
en .
”

S m y ll w
1° “
dom wh i e e o an so e te is f d i n Ma o -s hih y i n -te , 5 3 /2 1 4 3
oun h i s h r as e . T p
is m t t d ib fl w i g
ea n o e scr e o er s n ener a l , p fi ll
a n d n o t s e c i ca y t h e p
r u n u s j a o ni c a , as s t a te d p
i n L i u Hs i e h
’
s te t x .

11
Se e C h
’
u tz-
’
u ( Ss u k -
’
u p e i -y ao chua n 2, p .
33 .
24 8 Th e Phy sical Wo r ld
m er e ly add to the wor din e ss o f the pi e ce wi thou t a ccomplishing an y
t hing o f v a lu e .

R e ce n tly li te r ar y w r i te r s h av e e mph a si z e d r e a lism in d e sc r ip tio n

, .

Th ey pi e r ce th r ough to the inn er str u ctu r e o f a l andsc ap e an d p e netr ate

the app e ar anc e s o f pl an t s W h ate v e r t h e i r th em e t h e y usu ally succ e e d
.
,

in e xp r es sing som e thing d eep an d p r ofoun d in thei r poetr y T o a chi eve .

p er fe ction in th e de scr ip tion o f things dep en d s o n an in tim ate k n owl

e d ge o f t h e fi tn e s s o f te r ms fo r c e r ta in sp e cific d e sc r ip ti v e pu r po se s .

Th is p e r fec t ap tne s s o f the h appy exp r e s sion to the fo r m o f things m ay

b e lik e n e d to th e r e l ation b e t w ee n a se al an d th e s e al i n k p aste fo r ,

th e imp r e s sion m a d e r e p r oduc e s the s e al e x a c t ly to the minu te s t d et ail

wi thou t fur th er c ar v ing an d cu tting B e c ause o f such skill we ar e able

.
,

to se e the app e a r an c e s o f things th r ough th e d e s c r ip ti v e wo r ds o r t o ,

e x p e r i e nc e t he se as o n t h r ough the dic tion .

No w the mod e s o f phy s ic a l thin gs h av e a cer tain r e gul ar i ty b u t o u r ,

t hinki n g is mo r e th an afi x e d r ou t in e Som e tim e s we a chi e v e p e r fe c t ion

.

t h r o u gh s pon t an e ous t hinking a n d som e tim e s fo r all o ur l abo r iou s

, ,

r e a s oning o u r r e sul t s a r e loos e an d unsys te m a tic F u r t h e r mo r e

,
. wh a t ,

is fo u nd in the B o o k of P o etr y an d the L i sa o s eems to h ave cov er e d

-

a ll th e s tr ategic gr ound a n d th is b e li e f h as m a d e l ate r w r i te r s afr a id

,

t o wi e ld th e i r o wn cl e v e r b r u sh e s in comp e t i tion The y a ll s e e k t o

.

ob tain s kill by followi n g in t he di r e ction o f the [B o o k of P o etr y an d the

L i sa o ] an d hop e th at in acc ep ti n g th e s e p atte r n s th e y m ay p e r ch an ce
-
,

a chi e v e th e e x t r a o r din a r y th e ms e lv es F o r if a wr i te r is good at a d ap ting

.

e ss e n ti a ls to n e w si t u atio n s, th e n e v e n if th e esse n t i als a r e o ld his

, ,

wr i ti n gs will always see m fr e sh .

T h e fo u r se as ons r e p eat th e i r cycl e p r olife r a ting fo r m s in gr eat co n

,

fusion ; b u t t o u se the m a s the e le m e n ts o f poetic allego r i e s r e qui r e s

measu r e an d con tr ol T he physic a l wo r ld p r e sen ts a v a r i e ty o f colo r ful
.

obj e c ts b u t the l angu age o n e use s to an aly z e th e m m u st be b r i ef Such

,
.

con tr ol o f con te nt an d l angu age m ak es the r e ader e x p er i ence a se nse

o f e x hil a r a ting ligh t n e ss ,
a n d p u ts him i n a n e mo t ion a l mood e v er

r e f r e shin gl n w
y e .
2 50 L it er ar
y Tale n ts
follows we sh all di s c u s s b r i e fly the li te r ar y fashion s an d r h e to r ic al s tyl e
p r e v ailing i n tho se p e r io d s .

D u r i n g the Y ii an d th e H si a we h av e Ka o Y ao wh o d we l t o n t he 2

Si x V i r tu es ? K u ei wh o h ar m o n iz e d the e igh t timb r e s ; I wh o

” ’

,
4
,

wr o te a [moni t or y ] ts a n ; an d the five br o th e s wh o comp o se d a son g 5

r
6

o f c o mpl a i n t o h n l a n g u age a n d i n co n te n t t h ese w o r k s po s s e s s

[ ] B t i .
,

wa r m th an d gr a ce a n d th e y co n s ti tu te a v e r i table st an d ar d o f li ter ar y
,

e x c e lle n c e fo r a ll t im e .

D ur i n g th e p er i o d o f the Sh ang an d Chou th e r e wer e p r od u ce d the ,

a p o l o ge t i c o f Ch u n g Hu i vic f I n ? an d th e po e t r y
“
K
”
[ ] ao t h e a d e o Y i ,
7

an d s u n g of Y i n Chi fu a n d h i s gr oup Th ei r the mes ar e o f cou r se ?

-
, ,

cl assi ca l a n d i n a dd i ti o n t h ei r l an gu age fu r n i she s mode l s wo r thy o f

, ,

imi tation .

D u r i n g th e Ch u n ch i u p e r io d mi n i ster s p aid p ar tic u l ar atten tion

’
-
’

to t h e i r l an gu age d u r i n g th e i r dipl o m a tic mi s s ion s Th e i r r e p a r te e .

sci n till ate s lik e a gar d en o f j ade an d j e we l s ; i t gli sten s an d shi n e s lik e
br oc ad e sp r ea d o u t i n the m a k e t pl a ce W ei A o compil e d l aw s an d r .

the s t a te o f Ch u Shih u i of Su i i n s ti t u t e d r i te s fo r
”
s t a t u t e s fo [ ] H
’
r ,

th e s ta te of Chi n Ch ao Sh u ai s li ter ar y gi ft e ar n e d him a pl ace a t

11 ’

t h is b koo wa s w r i tt e n — th e C h i— i s
’
no t inc l u d e d in t h is ch a pt er , we h a v e on ly n in e

d y n a stie s .

2
The B oo k o f Hi st o r y Ch p te
, a r 2 . Kao Y a o was a i n is t er o f Sh u n , t o ho m w m he
p r e se n t e d pl ans fo r th e gv m t
o er n en
“
i n t h e Ka o y ao
”
-

Th v
.

3
e se a r e gi v en in th e C h o u Ii : -
w m b l
i s d o , e n e o e n ce , sa e n ess , r i h teo u sn ess , o g g l y l ty
a ,

a nd har m o ny . Se e C h o u -Ii y i n -t e , 3 / i g a .

4 K ’
u ei was a n o th e r m
i n i s te r o f Sh u n , an d h e was a so l a m u s c ani i . T he B oo k o f
His t o r y C p h a te r 2 Fo r th e e i ght timb r es , see n o te 4 0 , C h a t e r V II p
gi v
.
, .

5
I wa s l a so a mi n iste r of un, Sh wh o se tsa n wa s an a d i ce t o Sh u n v . It is en in
Ch p t a er 3 in th e B oo k of Hi st o r y .

3
Se e n o te 12, Ch pt a er VI .

7 T he B oo k o f Hi st o r y Ch pt a er 1 1, Ch g h i h ih k un Ch g H i w-
u mi i t c -
ao . un u as a n s er

v
,

o f T an g ,wh o , a t e r f an q u ish i n g the Hi d p tti g C h i h t h l t

s a an l f th H i
u n e , e as r u er o e s a,

in e x il e, w i th mwas s i tte n
f m re o r se or hi d t g i t hi f m
s co n l d Ch g H i
uc a a ns s or er or . un u ,

inth i K s t i d t
“
j tify T g ao ,
”
d t r e o us
’
an
’
s co n uc .

E i t l d I h ii C h p t 3 f th B k f Hi t y
“ ”
3 nt -
s n, a er 1 o e oo o s or
e

Th i g imply m
.

9 s sun g d h l d b d i ti g i h d f m t h
s eans so n s an s ou e s n u s e ro e s u ng whi ch

m ean s ifi i l d d i
s a cr f th
c a i l m t f th B k f P t y
o es an s o ne o e s x e e en s o e oo o oe r . The te r m
sung i d b s Y i C
u se h i f h i m lf d t h i
e cau s et m t f t t h p m n -
u se u se s er o r e er o e oe he w r o te .

S p m 5 9 d 6 i th B k f P t y
ee oe s 2 an 2 0 n e oo o oe r .

Ch 1° hi hi g h yi t 9 6 /H ii /3 T
’ ’
un c -
u c n -
c ua n n- e, 1 s an 12 so .

11
I bi d .
, 20 6 /Hs ii a n 16 /T s o , fu .
Li t e r ar
y Tale nts 25 1

th e feas t [give n in Ch u n g er h s honor by D uk e Mu o f Ch i n ] an d ’

-
’ ’

Kuo ch i ao [o r T z u ch u an ] was e n able d by m e an s o f h i s m as te r y of

-
’
-
’

”
r h e t o r ic to d e fe n d Ch e n g .

[D u r i n g t h e t im e wh e n T z u c h an was a t th e h e lm o f t he gov e r n -
’

m e n t o f Ch en g ] T z u t ai shu [won hono r ] b e c au se he wa s gr ace fu l -

’
-
.

an d ge n t l e an d gi fte d i n li t e r a r y ar t a n d Ku n g s u n Hu i b e c a u se h e -
,

was a d ep t i n diplom atic con v e r s ation Th ese wer e the e li te a m o n g

”
.

th e li te r ar y t a l e n t s o f th e t im e .

D u i n g th e W ar r i n g S tate s p e i o d the e mph asi s wa s on the ar t of

r r

war ; howe v e r t h e r e wa s no d ear th o f m e n o f l e tt e r s T h e sp e c u l ativ e

,
.

wr i ter s dr e w u pon philo so phic al ide as as so u r ce m ate r i al ; Ch ii Y ii an ’

an d S u n g Y ii e x hibi t e d t h e i r li te r ar y t a l e n t in C h u tz u ; Y u e h I s r e ply
’ ’ ’
-

t o [th e ki n g of Y e n ] i s c o n vi n ci n g an d m o r a lly s o u n d ; F an C h ii s
15 ’

m emo r i a l t o [the ki n g o f Ch i n ] is thor o u gh an d p en e tr ati n g ; Su ’

Ch i n s a gu me n ts t o win ov er th e r u l er s o f the v a r i o u s st ate s ar e

’ ’
r
17

vigo r o u s an d to the p o i n t ; an d Li S su s m e mo r i al [ar gu i n g agai n st ’

ge tti ng r i d o f gue st m i n i ste r s ] i s b e au tifu l an d p er su asiv e If th e se

”
.

wr i ter s h ad liv e d at a time wh en i n ter e st i n li t er a tur e wa s gr e at t h e y ,

wo u ld ce r tai n ly h av e b een the e qu al s of Y ang [H si u ng ] an d P an [Ku ] .

A n d Hsii n K u an g [o r Hs ii n tz u ] a li te r a r y lio n c all e d his d e scr i p

’
-
, ,

t io n s o f t hi n g s fu ; i n th e se fu h e a chi e v e d a b a l a n c e b e t w een sub st a n c e

12
Ch ’
un g -
er h, Chi fl d h i
t h e ch i e t y f
d w t t
co n te n d e r to t h e t h r o n e o f n, e s co u n r an en o

Ch i ’
t f i t
n o n a cc o u n l h H d t p w owith th bl i g f Ch i i
n er n a c ao s . e r e tu r n e o o er e ess n o
’
n n

63 6 B C C h Sh i f t h f ll w wh fl d w it h C h g h w k w f ’
-
. . ao ua , o ne o e o o ers o e un er , as no n or

h i l its y b i l it y L i t y b i l it y t t h i t i m m t t h b i l i ty t
er ar a .
yer ar v a a s e ea n e a o ca r r on a co n e r sa

ti on p p ly d i g t t f ti
ro er w i t h t v i l ti g y i l p l i t i l t b O
ur n s a e u nc o ns, ou o a n an so c a or o ca a oo . ne

o f th q l ifi t i e w t b ua bl t it
ca pp p i t p m t xp d l i t i d
o ns as o e a e o r ec e a ro r a e oe s o e r e ss e ca e e as .

13
Ch hi hi g h
’

yi t
un c -
3 7 /H i g 5 /7 T
’
u c f S C h pt
n -
c II
ua n bv n- e , 0 s an 2 so u 2 . ee a er , a o e .

14
Ch —h i hi g h ’

yi t
un c 336 /H i
’
g 3 /T f 6
u c n -
c ua n n- e, s an 1 so u .

Y ii h I
15
i gi lly ge l f Y w l i t d f m th K i g f Y
or na a d fl d
ener a o en, as a ena e ro e n o en an e

f ff d L d f W g h Th t h K i g f Y
,

to C h wh h w ao , er e e a s e n eo g tt d i t e or o an -
s u . en e n o en re re e

an d t l t t Y ii h I q ti g h im t t
sen a et e r t Y oI hi pl y Y ii h I
e , re u es n o r e urn o en n s re e

xpl i d w ith g t d l f m l v i ti wh y h
.
,

e a ne a ld t t t Y
r ea ea o ora co n c on e co u no re urn o en .

13
S h i b i g p h y i t h Sh ih h
ee s o ra n e -
c i

B f S C h i w t t d W th h g v m t f th i t t i v ti l
17
e o re u
’
n as en r us e i t e o er n en o e s x s a es n a er ca

f d ti
e er a g i t th t t f C h i h h d t t v l f m
on a a ns t t
e ts a e th t o
’
n, e a o ra e ro o ne s a e o ano er o

co n v i t h i l f th i
n ce e r q f t f mi g
r u er s o ll i i th f e s e r o u s co n s e u e n c es o no or n an a a n ce n e ace

o f th v —xp d i g Ch i Shi h hi hii 69

e e er e an n
’
n .
-
c , c an .

L i m m i l i i th W
13
h it
’
s e or a s n e en- s an .
2 52 Li t e r ar y Tale nts
an li te r ar y fo r m which m ad e him the fi n e st of the Con fu ci an wr i te r s
d .

U n d e r th e Ho u s e o f Han L u Chi a wa s th e fi r st t o p r o d u c e wo r ks ,

of wo n d r o u s b ea u ty He w o te a fu o n Me n g an d p r o d u ce d
. r
“

the H si n y ii In bo th he s h o w e d a w ea l th o f ar g u m e n tat iv e t a l e n t
-
. .

Chi a I an o u tstan di n g tal e n t wa s q u ick e r o f wit th an a co u r se r i s flee t

, ,

o f f o o t Hi s r e a s oni n g i s so u n d a n d h i s fu p u r e He h a s n o t a chi e v e d
. .

hi s fam e wi thou t m e r i t T h e C h i fa o f M e i Sh e n g an d th e m e m o r i al
” “ ’ ”
-
.

to [P r i n c e H s i a o o f Li an g ] by T so u Y an g a r e t h e w o r k o f b r u sh es
”

which ar e both b r illi an t an d sm o o th ; th e y e x p r e ss the so u l s o f the

wr i te r s i n movi n g l an gu age T u n g Ch u n g sh u was a d e v o te d C o n .
-

fu ci an an d T z u ch an g [o r Ssu m a Ch i e n ] a p e fe ct hi sto r i an Th e i r
’ ’

,
- -
r .

wo r k s as b eau ti fu l as e mb r oi d e r y m ay be c o mp ar e d to the l am en tati o n s

, ,

o f th e A n ci e n t P o e ts H i n g u a n a vi d e a de r m o d e led
”
[Ss u m a
] s a j .
- -
, r ,

his wr i ti n g o n th at o f [Ch ii ] Y ii an an d [S u n g ] Y ii He h as en te r e d ’
.

i n t o the r ealm o f b ea uty an d wo n the accl aim o f a poe t l au r eate ,

.

Howe v e r if o n e tr i e s to an a ly z e hi s id eas wi th an y d e gre e o f th o r ough

,

n e s s o n e will fin d t h a t his r ea so n i n g i s t o o w ea k fo r h i s li te r ar y fo r m
, .

It i s t hi s which e vok e d fr om Y ang [H si u n g ] th e st a te m e n t Ch an g “ ’

ch i n g [o r Ssu m a Hsi an g j u ] is o n e whos e wr i ti n g t ho ugh b e au tiful

’
- -
, ,

i s o f li ttl e u se This j u dgm en t i s s ou n d i n d e ed W an g P ao s r h e tor ic

.
” 25
.
’

is ch ar acter i z e d by i ts tigh t s tr u ctu r e an d a r tfu l e xp r e s si o n s Hi s in ti .

m ate d e scr ip tion s o f sigh t s an d s ounds m ak e h i s wo r k s ligh t an d

r ea d abl e T z u y ii n [o r Y ang Hsiung ] m ay b e c o n sid e r e d th e m o st
.
-

19
Hs ii n tz u w
w h i h h t t f L i [R it ] Ch i h [K wl d g ]
r o te Fu - pi ’
en, in c e r ea s o es no e e ,

T
,

[C l d ] [Si lkw m ] t S C h p t 6 i t h H ii t pp 3 3
” “ ’
Y ii n ou s , s an or , e c . ee a er 2 n e s n z u, . 1 -
20 .

T h Fi t M
2° “ h i Sp i g w l t
”
e rs o nt n r n , no os .

A w k p p d i g m i ly C f i p i ipl
21
or ro o un n a n o n uc an r nc es .

22
S t eeC h p t XIV
no e 2, a er

T Y g w f m C h i i wh t i p tly Sh gt g H m t Li g i
.

23 ’
n r esen an un ca o an n
so u an as ro , a s . e e ,

wh t i w H
a s w it h t h p p
no f g tt i g
o nan , pp i tm t f m t h p i Hi e ur o se o e n an a o n en ro e r n ce . s

li y l t
te r a r d j l
ta e n y t th p i a r o u se t d h w th w i t pi
ea o u s a e r nce s
’
co u r an e as ro n n o r so n .

ly v d hi
,

Th m m i l t
e e h p i w itt i p i
or a o t t e k b t m d h im
r nce r en n r so n no on sa e s nec , u a e

an h d g t
o no r e f th p i S h i b i g p h y i th H
u es o h
e r n ce . ee s o ra n e a n -s u .

B th w t f
24
o th th m f th f
ro e ti f h l
u on e e e o e r u str a on o sc o ar s .

Th i l i i f d i Y g H i g F y C hii t ( h t hi h g
25 s ne s o un n an s un
’
s a- en,
“
n- z u c u- z u c -
c
’
en

p 3 8 T h id m y l b
. . e i t h f ll w i g q t t i
ea a f m W t pi
a so If
e se e n n e o o n uo a on ro u- z u
’
en
”
:

C f i hd i l ddf
o n uc us a f t h d p tm t [ f
nc u ed i ] Chi I m y b
it as o ne o e e ar en s o s tu es , a a e co n

v g ll g — v g
.

s id d
er e h i as d d th h a d nS m H i j
a sc e n h i t de t h e a , an su - a s an u as a n en ere e

h mb H w v bl i t h t th i w k f l i ttl Ibid p 4
”
c a er th i t
. o e er, e r ro u e s a e r or s are o e u se . .
, . .
254 L it e r ar y Tale nts
an d l e ar n e d , chi e v ed b eau ty o f p atter n b u t l acke d str e ngth
an d a ,
.

H s hou fu r t h er e d h i s a mbi t ion an d achi e v e d o u t s ta n di n g

[ i s so n
] Y e n -
,

b eau ty i n hi s wo r k His d escr ip t ive abili ty r e call s th e m aste r ful h and

.

o f M e i Sh e n g Ch an g Hen g lea r n e d a n d br illi ant an d T s ai Y u n g ’

.
, , ,

pe n etr a ti n g an d gr acefu l two b eacon s i n two gen er a tion s wo n e qu al

, ,

di stinction i n bot h li ter ar y an d hi stor ical wr i ti ng Th e y m ay h av e .

d i ffe r e d i n th e i r h e ar ts a s t he b a mboo an d cyp r e s s di ff e r i n t h e i r te x tu r e ,

b u t th e y a r e e qu ally fi m ; a n d t h e y m ay h av e di ffe r e d in t h e i r s ubs tan ce

r

a s g o l d an d j a d e d i ff e r in t h e i r n a t u r e b u t th e y ar e bo th tr e asu r e s , .

T h e ts o u an d i o f L i u H si ang co n v e y an e ar n e st n e s s o f pu r pos e al ,

t hough e a sy in t e mp o ; th e po e tr y o f Ch ao I h o we ve r ov er b u r d e n e d , ,

wi th id eas i s incoh er en t an d loose ; K u n g Y u ng shows gr eat vigor

,
’

in the fi e ld o f p i an d Ni Hen g i s ad r oi t in the wr i ti n g o f we n E ach

,
'

o f t h e s e fou r w r i te r s h as h i s o wn m e r i t P an Hs ii ow e s t h e a bili t y h e
’
.

d i spl a y s to th e s upp o r t o f the Cl assic s an d th e r e fo r e h i s co n fe r m e n t ,

e dic t i s t h e o u t s ta n d i n g sp e ci m e n o f i t s t yp e ;
”
W an g L an g se n si tiv e
‘

an d a t ic u l at e did we ll fo r him se lf i n the r e alm o f h u a n d m i n g '

r ,
s .

W r i te r s b e fo r e th e tim e o f Ch i n g [o r Ss u m a H si an g j u ] an d Y ii an
’
- -

o r W an g P ao mo s t ly w r o te o u t o f t h e i r n at u r a l i n cli n a t i o n s an d
[ ] ,

s e l d o m t o o k a d v a n t age o f th e e x p e r i e n c e o f o t h e r s ; b u t a ft e r t h e t im e

of
[ Y an g ] Hsi u ng a n d [Li u ] H s i a n g m a ny w r i ter s b e g an to q u o t e ,

th e wo r k s of p a st a u tho r s t o h e lp t h e m i n t h e i r o wn w r i t i n g I t i s at .

t hi s p o i n t t h a t we fin d th e li n e d r a wn b e t w ee n t ho se who t a k e an d

tho s e wh o giv e a d i s t i n c tio n which we s ho u ld n o t a llow t o b e com e

,

bl ur r e d in o u r mi n d s .

T h e w r i ti n g o f W e i we n [o r T s a o P e i ] i s the wo r k o f a fin e t a le n t
’ ’
-
,

a n d i s di s ti n gu i sh e d by a s tyl e which i s pu r e a n d b e a u ti fu l B u t h e i s .

d e p r e ci ate d by m an y w r i te r s wh o b e li e v e d th at h e i s a t ho u s an d Ii
,

b ehind [T s a o ] Chih It i s tr ue th at Tzu chi en [o r Ts a o Chih ] q u ick

’
.
-
’

in thinking an d ou tstan d ing in tale n t wr i te s b e autiful po etr y a n d fin e ,

m e m o r i al s an d T z u hu an [o r T s ao P ei ] b e cause he is th or ough in
,
-
’ ’

d e lib er a tion a n d slow i n exe cu tion i s u n able to comp e te wi th him i n ,

sp ee d B u t T s a o P e i s y u e h fu s o n g s ar e p u r e a n d e x qui si te an d h i s
’ ’ ’ '

-
. ,

23 See no te 2 2 , Ch pt a er XIX .
Li t er a r y Talents 55

Ti e n lu n -
lo gica l an d to the p o i n t ; hi s cr i ti cal j u d gme n t
[lu n we n
] i
-
s ,

fu r th e r m o r e i s c e r t ai n ly fa r fr o m p o i n t l e ss Si n ce p e ople in gen e r al
”
.
,

r e p ea t t h e o pi n i o n s o f o t h e r s i n m a ki n g t h e i r o wn j u dgm e n t s it is ,

p r ob abl e th at m any h av e be e n i n fl u e n ce d by tho se wh o d ep r e ci ate d

th e t a l e n t of W e n t i [o r T s a o P e i ] b e c au s e h e occ u pi e d t h e p o s i ti o n o f
’ ’
-

highe s t hon o r an d t e n d e d to o v e r r ate the tal e n t o f P r i n ce Ssu [o r T s a o

,
’

Chih ] b ecau se he was p e se c u te d by h i s [e mp e r o r b r o th er ] S u ch r -

? 0

j u d gm en t can n o t b e h e l d to b e v alid .

Ch u n g h sii an [o r W an g T s an ] ph e n o m en ally ta l e n te d i s bo th
-
’

, ,

a d r oi t an d t h o o u gh ; m s t o f h i s wo r k s a e g o o d i n e v e r y w a y se l d om
r o r ,

m ar r e d by an y h e to i ca l fa u l ts J u d gin g him o n the b asi s o f hi s po e tr y

r r .

an d fu we m u s t r an k him a t t h e t o a m o n g t he S e v e n M ast e s o f the

, p [ r

Chi en an p e r io d ] [Ch e n ] L i n a n d [J u an ] Y ii ar e k n o wn fo r th e i r
-
.
’

fu [o r ta lly ] an d hs i [o r p r ocl am ati o n ] ; Hsii Kan i s p r a i se d fo r hi s

f u a n d lu n ; L i u Ch e n c o u ch es h i s d e e p fe e li n g i n b r o ca d e d r h e to r i c ;
Ying Yan g su cce e d s o n th e str e n gth o f hi s so u n d schol a r ship ; L u T s u i ’

a n d Y a ng H si u v d f w i i g
21
4] [ 73 9 ] i t h t t m m
-
1 2 a r e e r se n e a r o r n -
e 1

oi r s ; Ti n g I 200 ] an d Han —t an [Ch u n 1 32 P] e x hibi t b e au ty i n th e

-
’

,
-

wr i ti n g o f e ssay s All o f t h e se wr i te r s m ay be n u mb e r e d a mo n g th e
.

b e st .

L i u Sh ao s Ch ao t u fu m ay b e comp a r e d wi th t h e fu o f e a li e r
’ ” 3l
-
r

wr i te r s an d Ho Y e n s Chi n g fu ti en fu i s a b e aco n to y o u n g wr i te r s
,
9 “
- -
”? z

t o com e H si u li e n [o r Yi n g Ch ii ] ch a r a c te r i z e d by pu r i t y o f s tyl e
.
-
, ,

po u r s fo r th hi s fe e li n gs i n the Po i an d Chi fu
[o r Yi n g Ch e n
]
“
-
,
” sa
-
,

well v e r se d in r he to r i c sp r e ad s o u t his v ar i e gate d p atte r n i n h i s L in

-
,
“

Hsi K an g s e s say s e x p r e s s the mi n d o f a m a ste r a ti s t a n d

”g4
t an fu
’ ’
. r ,

J u an Chi s p o e tr y i s p er m e a te d wi th hi s wh o le spi r i t a n d li fe Toge th e r

’
.
,

t h e se w i t e r s c o mpo se a s ympho n y o f di ffe r e n t s o u n d s a n d fly i n p e r fe c t

r

fo r m ati o n a ltho u gh e ach h a s a u n ique p ai r of wi n gs

, .

29 The cr i t ica l j d gm
u m pp
d h e r e a a r e n t y r e e r s to h i s c r i ti c a r e a r s a o u t
ent e n tio n e l f l m k b
v
t h e Se e n M a s t e r s o f t h e C
h i e n -a n e r io d i n h i s T i e n -lu n l u n we n p -

T T
.

3°
g l
h e r e was a r ea t d e a o f u n d e r cu r r e n t r i ct i o n et e e n t h e t wo f
r o th e r s , b w
s ao b ’

C b g v m T
h i h e in t h e icti a nd s ao P e i the e r s e cu to r
’
L i u Hs i e h is e
’
p
r e s si n a n o i n io n
. xp g p
mm
co m y l y
o n to an i te r ar cr i t ics , t h a t eo e s ud e nt a o u t the p pli te r ar
’
j gm
u a i ty o f b l y q l
b
t h e t wo g l flr o t h er s i s r e a t y i n u e n ce d the ir sy a t h y fo r t h e by
i ct i mp v m
C p XXXV
.

31
S e
e n o t e 12, h a te r III 3 2
See W e n -hs ua n , c h ii a n 1 1
. .

C
3 3 36
6 n o t 39 ,
e h a
p t e r V I 34
s e
, e I -
w e n l ei -
212, c h ifan 8
61 .
256 Li t e r ar
y Tale nts
T he ho r t pi e ces o f Ch ang Hu a sp a r kle b r illi an tly p u r e an d smoo th
s , .

Hi s Chi a o li ao fu ”
i s as g r e at an a ll e go r ic a l pi e c e a s Han F e i s
“ ” ’
-

Sh u o T so Ssu an e x tr ao r di n ar y t a l e n t is a m an of p r o found
“
, ,

tho u gh t Hi s whol e life a n d spi r i t i s sp e n t wi tho u t r ese r v e i n th e w r i ti n g

.

i n which h e di s ti n gui s h e s him se lf in h i s t r e at m e n t

“ ”37
o f th e San tu fu - -
,

o f hi s t o r ic a l t h e m e s P a n Y ii e h quick Wi tte d has a smoo th flowi n g

’
-
.
, , ,

s tyle He give s his b e s t in th e wr i ti n g o f the Hsi Ch e n g

.
y e t h as
“
-

e n e r gy to sp a r e t o d e v o te to th e w r i t i n g o f th e a i o r l am e n t an d le i , , ,

o r e le His is h r e su l t o f h i s n a t i v e e nd o wm e n t a n d d
gy ar t
.
[ t e
] i s n o t ue

t o e x te r n a l i n fl u e nc e s L u Chi h a s a n a t u r a l te n d e n cy to p r ob e d e e ply
.

in to the se cr et o f thi n gs an d s ee k s in his l angu age to a dop t all av ail able

,

p atte r n s Th er e for e h e i s able to couch hi s ide as in ar tistic fo r m

.
, .

Howe v er h e fail s to ch e ck hi s i n clin a tion towar d v er bosi ty Shih lun g

, .
-

o r Lu Y u n is l u cid an d w e ll d i s cipli n e d a n d m an age s t o b r i n g o r d e r

[ ] -
,

o u t o f co n f u s ion t h r o u gh a wi d e r an ge o f k n owl e dge 8 0 h e i s a bl e t o .

a chi e v e fr e s h n e ss a n d p ur i ty o f s tyl e He i s p ar ticul a r ly k ee n in the .

a r t o f wr i ti n g s ho r t pi e ce s Su n Ch u o r gani z e s his though ts wi th

’
.

di r e c t r e l e v an ce to the si tu ation ; an d Chih Y ii ex p r esse s hi s fee li n gs

wi th w ar m th an d gr ace always i n con for mi ty to the b e st li ter ar y ,

s tan d ar d Yfi s attemp t to e v a l u ate an d cl assify li te r ar y wo r k s i s sy ste m

.
’

a t ic a n d s ound Fu Hsii an s w r i t ing i s fill e d wi t h e x ho r t a tions ; whil e

’
.

th e m e mo r i als o f Ch a n g— H i n ch ar a c te r i z e d by
? 9
[ F ]
’

y ii o r u s e a r e

r e s ol u ti o n an d i n t e g r i t y B o t h po sse ss t h e ch a r a c t er o f [Liu Ch e n an d
.
]
H K b u t n e i t h er m a r v e a s b r illi an t s te m an d c aly x fo r
[ sii ] an , y se

flower s Ch e n g— . k u ng T z u an [o r Ch e ng—kun g Su i ] wr o te the mo st

’
-
’

b eau tifu l fu o f hi s tim e an d H si a ho u H si ao j u [o r H si a hou Ch an ] ,

- - -

p r od u ce d wo r k s which ar e all Cl assic s i n mini atu r e T s ao Shu i s p u r e .

’

a n d b ea u t ifu l in hi s lo n g p i e c e s a n d Chi ying [o r Ch an g Ha n ] cl e ar ,

-
,

c u t in h i s s ho r t r hym es Ea ch of th e se wr i te r s h as h i s good poin t . .

35
C hia o —
li ao ar e tiny b i d wh i h i p
r s c mpl l y lf ffi i t
, n s i t e o f t h e i r s i z e , a r e co e te se -
su c en .

As m ll i
t h e ir s a s z e ren d th m
er s l th y e p d th m
u s e e ss , f l bi d e ar e s ar e as o er o re u se u r s,

h
su c p k
as e a co c s , a r e no t D v l p i g th i d
. e e o f q l ity fi t p p
n d d by Ch
e gt
ea o e ua rs ro oun e u an z u,

Ch g d w l
an ra s a e ss o n f m th x i t
ro f th hi
e eli F th f
s e n ce W h u
o e c ao - ao . or e u, see en- s a n,

ch ii a n 13 .

33 Ha n fe i tz u
- -
, ch u an 4, C p h a te r 13 .
37 See n o te 6, Ch p t XXV I
a er .

3 3 W e n hs ii a n Hsii an
’
39
-
, c h ii a n 10 . Eu s so n .
2 58 Li t e r ar
y Tale nts
W e ste r n C api ta l th e Fo r m e r H an ] ; a n d t he g ar d e n o f li te r a tu r e

o f t h e C hi n i s e q u a l i n b e a u t y t o t h a t o f Y e h t u Howe v e r d u r ing -
.
,

t h e W e i dy n a s ty th e li t e r ar y w o r ld a lw a ys r e fe r r e d t o th e Y il an fe n g -

p e r i o d [1 10 105 B C ] a s th e p e r i o d i n which li ter a r y d e v e lopm e n t

-
. .

r ea c h e d i ts h e igh t ; in t h e S g dyn y w a s th e Chi e n an

[ ]
L i u u n a s t i t ,
-

p er iod [A D 196 220 ] which wa s the s u bj e ct o f comm o n ad mi r ation

. .
-
.

W hy ? B e c au se th e se we r e the g l d e n a ge s wh e n li te a tu r e was r e o r

sp ecte d t h e p er iod s o f gr a c io u s p a t r on ag e u n d e r whi c h t a l e n t e d w r i t e r s

,

wer e gath er e d t oge th er T h e A n ci e n ts d i d n o t th en e mph asi z e th e

.
, ,

spi r i t o f tim e wi tho u t r e aso n .

T h e T sa n
R ar e in d ee d i s tal e n t !
E ach i n d ivid u al i s u n iqu e in hi s n atu r a l gi ft .

If fo r on ce o n e su ccee d s i n p r odu ci n g a ta l en te d pi e ce ,

W e h a v e a b r o c ad e d w o r k whi ch will l a s t a thou s an d y e ar s ;

T h e wond er fu l p atter n s h e l e av e s b e hi n d will p e p e tu ate th e m se lv e s r

B y p r ofo u n dly i n fl ue n ci n g fu t u r e styl es .

T h e wo r k o f th e t al e n te d m an will b e fr ee fr om a dmi x t u r e an d
a d u l te r a tio n ,

P u r e an d b r igh t a fit obj e c t fo r an app r e ci ati v e e y e

, .

1
XL VIII A n Un d er s ta n d i ng
. Cr itic ( Ch i h Yi n )-

It is i n d ee d d ifli cu lt to find an u n d e r standi n g cr i tic o f p e r son a l t h o u gh t .

I t is tr u e t h at p e r s o n a l tho u gh t i s i n tr i n sic a lly di ffi c u l t to u nde r st and ;

b u t wh a t i s s till mo r e di ffic u l t i s t o fin d som e o n e who po sse s se s r ea l

42 C p it l f
a a o the W e i d y n as t y .

43 Th ep i it
s r o f m
is r e e a t e d
ti e e p ly mp
h as i z e d i n t h e B
o o k o f C h a n es g
Se e C h o u -i .

y i n -
te , g
4 4 /h s i , Sh a n / 1 1 ; 4 5 /h s i , h s ia / 1 ; a n d an m y
o the r s A n d Me n ci u s
.

p r e s e n te d to C o n fu ci u s t h e t i t e o f
“
h
T e Sa e o fl i e ign e ss Tm l
”
M e n .
-
t z u y i g
n -
t e , 39 5 B 1 .

L
1 ll
i te r a y ,
“
C
hih y in
-
”
m
e a n s o n e w h o u n d e r s ta n d s m
u s ic , t h a t i s , o n e wh o h as a

s
y mp a th e t ic e ar B y e . x
t en s io n , i t c o es to e a m m
n an u n d er s tan d i n g r i en d f ,
A n Un d e r s t a n d i n
g C r it c i 2 59

u nder stan d in g H ar d ly once i n a t hou san d ye ar s do we h app e n upon

.

a n u nd e r s t a n di n g c r i t ic T h e [so c all e d ] u nd er st anding c r i tics h av e .

-

s i n c e t im e o f o ld d e spi se d t h e i r co n t e mpo r a r i e s an d d e vo t e d t h e m se lv e s

to t ho se wh o h a v e p asse d i n t o an tiq u i t y j u s t a s i t i s s a id O n e di s d ains

“
, ,

to h ar n es s th e h o r se s which a r e p r e s en t e d t o him e v er y d ay b u t d r ea m s ,

o f u s i n g t ho se who s e n e ighi n g h e h e ar s f r o m a di s t a nc e
”2
.

W h e n [H an F e i s ] C h u s h u o fi r st app e ar e d th e fi r st e mp er o r o f
’ “ ’ ”3
-
,

th e Ch i n e x p r e s se d gr ea t r e gr e t fo r n o t b e i n g H an s co n te mpo r ar y ?
’ ’

a n d Emp e r o r W u o f th e H an fe l t th e s a m e way ab o u t [Ssu m a -

Hsi an g j u ] w h en he fi r st r ea d H si an g j u s Tzu h sii fu B u t on ce

- -
’ “
-
.
”s

i t was known t h at t h e y w e r e co n te mpo r ar i es Han [F e i ] was th r own ,

in to p r i son an d Ss u m a H si ang j u ligh tly r e gar d e d A r e th e se n o t cl e ar

- -
.

e x ampl e s o f th e co n te mp t i n which c o n t e mpo r ar i e s a r e u su a lly h e l d ?

Th en the e wer e P an Ku an d F u I who se a chi e v em e n t s in li ter ar y

r ,

wr i ti n g a e abo u t e qu al an d y e t P an Ku r i d icu l e d F u I an d s aid O n ce

r , ,
“

h e st ar ts h e d o e s n o t k n o w h o w to s t op And Ch en ssu [o r Ts ao ”6 ’ ’
-
.
,

Chih ] i n h i s di s c u ssi o n o f t al en t a l so se v e r e ly cr i tici z e d K u n g ch ang

, ,
’
-

o r Ch e n L i n u t t o th e r e q u e s t o f Chi n g li [o r Ti n g I h
[ ] B
’
. t at -
,

Ts ao Chih poli sh h i s wr i ti n g Ts a o r e spon d e d wi th a wo r d o f p r ai se

’

,
’

fo r him Th e n th e r e was [L i u ] Chi h sii n o t a g e at w r i te r him se lf

.
-
,
r ,

who lov e d to cr i ticiz e an d was comp ar e d to T i e n P a by T s a o Chih ,

’ ’ ?

2
Q u o te d f m ro t h e Ku e i —
ku tz u
-
. See T
’
ao T su n gi -
, Sh u o -fu , c h ii a n 7 1 , p . 1 6a .

3 Se e Ha n fe i - -
tz u , Ch p t a er s 3 35
0 -
.

4
Th i b f th mp
s was k w th t H F i w
e ore t lly h i
e t mp
e y er o r ne a an e as ac u a s co n e o r ar .

B t wh
u h f end th t t d e d d i g tti g him t h i
o un a t h oup mp t ly an s u cc ee e n e n o s co u r , e ro

th w h i m i t
re pi th d vi n-o f th j l Li S
r so n B y t h t i m th m p
on e a ce o e ea o u s su . e e e e er o r

r eal i d h i m i k H F i h d l d y b p i d by d f L i S
z e s sta e, an e a a r ea een o so n e or er o su .

5
S th b i g p h y f S m H i g j i t h S hi h hi w h t h m p
ee e o ra o i su - a s an -
u n e -
c , er e e e er o r s

p t d t h v i d ft d i g th f W h t mi f t t liv
“
re or e o a e sa th t I
, a er i th
r ea n e u, a a s o r u ne a c a nn o e n e

sam p i d with th i m ! Shi h hi h ii

e er o 7 p 3 b s an
”
-c
, c an 11 , . a- .

3 Th i w s fi t i d by T
cas e P i i h i Ti
as l l rs w Sc teW h s ao
’ ’
e n s en- u n u n- en. ee e n- s ua n,

h ii A P K d F I w t mp i i ti l p i i f E i
’
c 5
an 2 . s an P u an u er e co n e o r ar es , an s cr ca o n on o u s

cit d h
e t pp t Li
er e t t mo t th tsu d pi hi
or t mp i
u s
’
s a e en a o ne es se s s co n e o r ar es .

7 A y g b th f Ti g I wh t i C h g Ii T h ld b th i m ti d
oun er ro er o n , o se z u s en -
. e e er ro er s en o ne

i th l t h p t
n e B th d i d t pp x im t ly t h m ti m
as c a er . o e a a ro a e e sa e e

Th w ll T Ch ib
.

3 t mp i m t i d i h i l tt t Y g H i
’ ’
e se er e a s ao s co n e o r ar es, en o ne n s e er o an s u .

Yii Y g T t W Hi h h w t l i lly ”
S ee h anh u h ii 4 eLi -
su s u, e n- s an, c an 2 u s e er e ro e a co n ca

w ith T C h ih l tt t Y g H i T C hi b
.
,

a ss u mi g h i nd q i t s r ea er s
’
ac u a n a n ce s ao
’ ’
s e er o an s u s ao
’ ’
s

p i f Ti g I w p mpt d by th l tt f k p i i f h im lf ; d h m
.

’
r a se or n as ro e e a er s r an o n on o se an e co
260 A n Un d er stan di n gC r i ti c

In th e se in stan ce s we h av e a glimp se o f Ts a o Chi b s opinion W h e n ’ ’

.

W e i wen [o r T s a o P e i ] s a id Li te r a r y m e n d e spi se e ach o th e r

-
’ ’
his , ,
”9

s t a te m e n t was c e r t a i n ly n o t g r ou n d l e s s .

C h ii n ch ing [o r L o u H u ] a m an of gr e a t e loq u en ce mi s tak e nly

’
-
, ,

e stim a te d his o wn a bili t y wh e n h e d abbl e d in li te r a r y d i s c u s s ion He .

once m ade the s tate m e n t T he hi stor i an [Ssu m a ] Ch i en i n th e ,

“
-
’

wr i ting o f hi s w o r k s o u gh t a dvice fr om T u ng—fan g So , H u an T a n .

’

a n d h i s gr oup n o te d t hi s wi t h s n e e r i n g l au gh t e r No w i f [Lou Hu ] .
,

who wa s only a gambl er wa s cen s u r e d fo r p a ssing j u d gm e n t ligh t ly , ,

ca n o n e wh o con si d er s him sel f a m an o f l e tter s aff o r d to m ake

gr o u n d l es s r em ar ks ?
Th e r e ar e m en o f high i n te lligen ce an d k ee n p en e tr ation wh o v alue
th e a n ci e n t an d d e spi se th e m o d e r n like the two r u le r s m e n tio n ed ,

a bov e Th e r e ar e o th e r s m en o f t a l e n t wh o h a v e a t e n d e n cy t o es te e m
.
, ,

t h e m se l v e s a n d look d own u pon o t h e r s lik e P an Ku a n d T s a o Chih

’

,
.

Th e r e ar e s till oth er s who al th o u gh th e y ar e m en o f l e tter s l a ck , ,

s ch o l a r s hip a n d a r e bli n d t o t r u t h a n d c r e d u l o u s o f f a l se hood

, like ,

Lou Hu [L i u Hsin s ] e xp r e sse d app r e h en sio n th at [wor k o f p r o

.
’

fu n d i ty ] m ay b e f a te d to c o v e r p i ckl e j ar s c an n o t b e d ismi sse d a s a

c ase o f o v er sen si tivi ty .

N o w th e unico r n an d phoe ni x a r e v as tly d i ffe r e n t fr om a ch u n o r ,

hor n l e ss d eer an d a phe asan t ; an d p e ar l s a n d j ade a r e imm easu r ably

,

s up e r io r t o g r a v e l an d s t o n e ; a n d y e t in b r o a d d a yligh t a n d cl e a r ly

p r e sen te d b efo e the e y e [t he se thi n gs h av e b een mi stak e n fo r e a ch

r ,

p ar e d L i u C h i -h s u to Ti ’
en Pa , a sop hi t i s n the W a r r i n g Sta te s p id b
er o e ca u s e b o th

Ti m lv l k
,

L iu and
’
en w er e f o nd o f c r i t ic i z i g th
n o er s , l
a th o u gh th e y th e se es ac ed l
ta e n t .

9 T he o p enin g s e n t e n ce i n h is T i e n -lu n l u n - we n
T
.

Q d by Ssu —
ma Ch f the g d y ty i h i mm y t o th e l as t c h u a n
’
1° u o te en o an n as n s co e n ta r

o f the Sh i h -c h i , c h ii a n 1 30 , p . 29 b, as a m k md
re ar a e b y Hu a n T
’
an . A cco r d i n g to

L i u Hs i e h , t h e s ta t e m tw m en as ad e by L o u Hu , and Hu a n T
’
an wa s cr i t i ci z in g h im
fo r h i s a u d a c it y in m ki g it
a n .

11 b i g p h y f Y g H i g m t i t h t ft L i
Pa n Ku , i n h is ts a n t o t h e o ra o an s un , en o ns a a er u

Hi h d s n d Y g
a T i h it
r ea w k p tt d ft th B k f C h g
an
’
s
’
a - d s an , a or a erne a er e oo o an es , an

F y a- en, a w k p tt d ft th A l t h id t Y g H i g Y l b wi ll
or a er n e a er e na e c s , e sa o an s un ,
“
o ur a or

a ll b i v i e At p
n t h
a n. d w l th w i t h l
r ese n wh d t d th B k
, o no r an ea a a sc o ar s o un er s an e oo

o f C h g d
an t i ll t h i
es , a n w h
s lly d t d i t H w
er e th y b x p t d
s n o o ne o r ea un er s an s . o ca n e e e ec e

d d y T i h it ? I m f id p pl wh m ft w i ll it t
’
t o un t ers an our a -
s an a a ra eo e o co e a er us u se o

co v th i j f p i kl S H h hu 87 h i p 7
er e r ar s o c es . ee a n -s u, c an , s a, . 1 a .
2 62 A n U n d e r st a n d i n gC r i ti c

No w b efor e we b e gi n
pi e ce o f li ter atu r e we sho u ld p ayto s t udy a ,

a t te n t i o n to si x poi n ts : i t s ge n r e a n d s tyl e i t s r h e t o r ic i ts applic a t ion o f , ,

th e p r i n cipl e o f fl e x ibl e a d ap t abili t y i ts co n fo r mi ty o r n o n co n fo r mi ty ,

t o o r t hodo x p r i n c ipl e i ts fac t u a l an d i n te ll e c tu al c o n te n t a n d i t s

, ,

m u sic al p atter n On ce cl ear a bo u t th e se poi n ts we sh a ll b e able to

.
,

we igh i ts m er i ts an d i ts faul ts .

T h e w r i te r s fi r st e x p e r i e nce i s his i n ne r fe e li n g which h e th en s e e k s

’

t o e x p r es s i n wo r d s B u t th e r e a d e r o n t h e o th er h an d e x p e r i e nc e s
.
, ,

th e wo r ds fi r s t an d th e n wo r k s him se l f i n t o th e fee li n g of t h e au tho r

, .

If he can tr ace the w ave s b ack to th e i r so u r ce th e r e will b e no thi n g , ,

howe v e r d ar k an d hi d den th at will n o t b e r e v e ale d to him Al though , .

th e li fe o f an ag e m ay h a v e p asse d b e yo n d o u r vi e w we m ay oft en , ,

th r ough r e a ding i t s li t e r a t u r e su cc ee d in gr a spi n g th e h e a r t of i t W e , .

ough t n ev er to bl ame a wor k fo r b e in g to o p r o fo u n d fo r o u r failu r e ,

t o und e r s t and i t is ofte n d u e to o u r o wn la ck of e x p e r i e n c e a n d k n owl

e dge If i t is po ss ibl e fo r a m an s imp r e s sion s o f mou n t a i n s a n d r iv e r s

’
.

t o fin d e x p r ess ion in h i s l u te pl ayi n g how m u ch e asi er i t m u s t b e

”
,

to d e pic t phy s ic ally t a ngibl e fo r m s wi th a b r u sh fr om which n o inn er ,

fe eli n g o r ide a can b e su cce s sfu lly hidden O u r mi n d r e fle cts r e as on .

j u st as o u r e y e s p e r ce iv e phy sica l fo r m s ; a s lon g as o u r e y e s ar e ke e n ,

th e r e ar e n o phy s ic a l fo r m s which c a n no t b e di st i n g u i sh e d an d a s ,

lon g as o u r mind i s a le r t th er e ar e no fee lings o r id e as which c an no t ,

b e co n v e y e d Howe v er b e c au se th e pop u l ar t aste is co n fu se d p r ofoun d

.
, ,

wr i ti n gs h av e com e to be d i scar d e d an d the s u pe r fici al t yp e s h av e ,

gain e d p o p u l ar i ty Thi s is why Ch an g Chou r idic u le d C he y an g

.
“
-
”

m u sic an d Sun g Y ii was str u ck wi th m e l an choly at the [fo r lo r n ]

”
,

13 P0 Y a , m i i w pl y i g l t
a n a n ci e n t d Ch g T h i f i d w i th
u s c an , as a n a u e, an un z u -c , a r en

an a pp i ti v r ec aw l i t i g W h i l h w pl y i g P Y th ght f M t T i ;
e ear , as s en n e e as a n o a ou o oun
’
a

Ch g T h i id Ex q i it y m i i j t m j ti M t T i I l itt l
.
,
“ ’
un z u -c sa , u s e, ou r us c s us as a es c as oun a n a e

w h i l P Y th gh t f i v ; C h g T h i g i id Ex q i it y m i ll
.

“
-
e, o a ou o a r er un z u c a a n sa , u s e, our us c ro s

f ll l ik fl w i g iv
u e a Wh oCh g T hi d i d P Y d h d hi l t t pi
n r er .
”
en un z u -c e , o a as e s u e o e ce s

an d v d i g h i l if tim d id h pl y g i F h b l i v d th t th w
ne er ur n s e e e a a a n . or e e e e a er e as n o o ne

l
e se d t
un di g gh t m k h i pl y i g w thwh i l S L hi h h
er s an n e no u hi o a e s a n or e . ee u s -
c
’
un c-
’
u,

ch ii an4 p 1
4 C h g
, T .h i l
1 k w 0 C.h g C h i h lw
uny b p t d z u -c , a so no n as un , as a a s e en r e s ec e

as th m t d t d i g it i i C h i
e os un e r s an n cr c n na .

19
S Ch gt
ee yi t ua n 9 G t m i f i l t wi p p l
z u n b t wh
-
e, 1:
“
r ea us c a s o n o u ar e ar s, u en

Ch y g g h i pl y d th y ll t t t l gh t l d B th C h y g ” “ ”
H ’
‘ ‘ ’
e - an or u an -
ua s a e , e a s ar o au ou ou . o e - an

an d H
“
gh u an i t p p l
-
m i l pi
ua
”
ar e a nc e n o u ar u s ca ece s .
A n Un d er s t and i ng C r i ti c 2 63

fa te o f h su e h ? Lo n g ag o C h u P i n g [o r C h u Y u an ] s aid
P ai -
” ’ ’ ’

“
Th er e i s i n my i n n er n atu r e b o th fo r m an d s u b stan ce b u t the p e opl e ,

d o n o t k n ow th e i r wo n d e fu l p a tte r n s I n d e e d an u n d e r s tan d i n g ” 21
r .
,

c i t i c a lo n e i s c ap a bl e o f se e i n g wh a t i s inw a r d ly ] wo n d e r fu l Y an g
r
[ .

H si u n g o n ce c alle d him se lf a l o v e r o f li ter ar y wo r k s which a r e bo th

p ofo u n d ly e r u d i te an d b e a u ti fu l Fr om thi s statem e n t i t i s app ar e n t
r .

t h a t Y an g d i d n o t i n d u lg e i n th e su p e r fici a l a n d s h a ll o w .

O n ly tho se wi th de ep kn o wl e dge an d p r ofo u n d i n sigh t will [giv e

t he a u tho r an ] e x p er i e n ce o f i n n e r j oy which e x p e r i e n c e m ay b e com ,

p ar e d to th e w ar m th p e opl e fee l whil e asce n d i n g a te r r ace i n the

sp r ing o r t o th e fee li n g o f a w ayf a r e r h a l t i n g h i s s te p fo r m u s ic an d
”
,

vi an d s F o r i t i s sai d th a t the or chid which i s the m o st fr agr an t t hi n g

”
.
,

i n th e co u n tr y will giv e fo r t h i t s f u ll s c e n t only wh e n wo r n ; a n d

,

s imil ar ly li ter ar y wor k s which to o ar e n at i o n al tr e asu r es mu st b e

, , ,

app r e ci a t e d t o d i s pl a y t h e i r b ea uty M ay t h o se who c o n si d e r t h e m se lv es .

u n d e r s t an di n g c i tics co n s id e r t h e se w o r d s w e ll
r .

T h e Tsa n
Gr an d b e lls hou s an d w e igh ts
o f te n t

Ne e d K u e i an d K u an g t o d e t e mi n e t h e i
’
t on e s
’
r r .

B o o k s i n the bo x m ay b e o f e x c e ll e n t q u ali t y ,

B u t t h e y d e p en d o n e x p e r t k nowl e d ge fo r an app r ai s a l o f t h ei r v a lu e .

T h e p o p u l ar v ulgar m u sic d r o wn s on e s so u l ;
’

So d o n o t le t yo u r h ear i n g b e mi sle d by i t .

O n ly the p r i n ciple s p r opou n de d h e r e

Mar k o u t the p ath s which a r e fr ee fr o m mi stak e s .

2° “
Pa i h su e h
-
”
is l
c as s ica l m i
u s c, no t a pp r e c iat e d by p pl eo e at l gar e . See Su n g Yu
’
s

Tu i C h
’
u -
w g an we n ,
”
W e n hs ua n ch ii a n
-
, 45 .

21
Ch
’
u —
tz u , c h ii a n 4,
“
Hu a i s h a-
”
.

22
L a o tz u p e n -
i ( C h u -
tz u c h i - ch e n
’
g Ch pt a er 17, p . 15 .

23
Ib i d .
, C ha p te r 30 , p . 27 .

24
B ot h K ’
uei an d K ’
u an gw er e m a s te r s o f m u s ic in a n ci e n t t i m es .
XLIX Th e Capa ci ty o f a Vesse l ( Ch
.
’
e n g ch i
)-
’

Schol ar s i n the d iscu ssion in the B o o k of Chou ar e comp ar e d to

, ,

th e wo r k o f th e c ar p e n te r ? b e c au s e t h e i r v a l u e consi s ts bo t h in t h e i r

p r actica l abili ty an d in th e b e au tifu l p atter n s i n which th at abili ty i s

e x p r e sse d In th e s am e way only after a block h as b e e n c ar ve d i s
.
,

v er milion appli e d an d only afte r th e walls ar e up ar e c ar v i n g an d ,

v ar nish p u t o n ?

Howe v er mode r n wr i ter s lov e the flowe r s an d di sc ar d the fr ui t s

, .

Thi s mo v e d W ei we n [o r Ts a o P ei ] to r e m ar k All wr i te r s p r e se n t
-
’ ’

, ,

an d p a s t a lik e a r e ge n er ally c a r e l es s i n th e s m a ll m a tte r s o f the i r

,

li ve s A n d W ei T an in h i s cr i ticism con de m n e d a n u mb er o f
.
”4
, ,

wr i te r s L ater cr i tics r e i ter ate the s e opi n ion s like thun d er r e spon ding
?

to t h u n d e r tr a gic a lly mo n o to n ou s an d r e p e ti t i v e
, .

T h e followi n g a r e s ome o f th e f aul ts of li ter ar y w r i te r s : [Ssu m a ] -

H si an g j u stol e a wife an d r e ce i v e d b r ib e s ; Y ang H si u n g lov e d to d r i n k

-

an d wa s q u i t e l o s t a s t o how to pl a n fo r his d aily living ; Ching t u n g

’
-

o r F e ng Y e n w h e r u n discipli n e d ? T u T u wa s p e r s is t e n t i n
[ ] a s r a t

a s ki n g f av o r s a n d was n e v e r s atisfi e d ; P an Ku u n a s h am e dly fl a tte r e d

T o u [H si e n ] t o add to h i s o wn p r e stig e ; Ma Y u n g a lli e d him se lf wi th

Li ang [Chi ] an d was i n sati abl e i n his thi r s t fo r b r ibe s ; W e n ch ii [o r -

K u n g Y u n g ] h au gh ty an d co n ce i te d h asten e d his o wn d e ath ; Ch e n g

’

, ,

p ing [o r Ni H e n g ] wild an d n aiv e cour te d his o wn ex e cu tion ?

’

, ,

Ch u n g h su an [o r W ang T s an ] wa s fr ivolous an d ho t h e a d e d ; K un g
-
’
-
’

ch an g [o r Ch e n Lin ] was h as ty an d car e le s s ; Ting I was a gr ee dy

’

1 The Ch ou s e ct i o n o f th e B oo k o f His t o r y
A
.

2 “
Tz u Ch p t a er 3 1 in t h e B o o k o f His t o r y . ctua lly , i t i s t he l
s ch o a r s a
’
b i l ity to

m ana g e f
t h e a f a i r s o f t h e s t at e wh i ch is comp ar e d to a ca r p e n te r s
’
w k or .

3 Fo r t h e s o u r ce o f th e se fig u r es , see Ch pt a er 31 , the Bo ok o f H is t o r y . Sha ng -s h u

t u n g -c h i e n ,
’
-
0 170 .

4
See h is s e co n d e t te r l C h ih i W h
to Wu h il n e n- s uan , c an 42 .

W g T
,

5 I nc l
d in ude cr c z e t h e is t
e ar e : l i ti i d by W i an
'
s an, Po Ch i J ’
n, uan Yu, Ch ’
en

L in , an d L u T z u i ee e o ra
’
o an
. S th b i g ph y f W g T i th ’
s an n e
“
W ei shu -
,
”
in the Sa n -k u a
c hi h , c h ii a n 2 1 , 6b -7 a pp . .

3 b g p
See t h e i r io r a h ie s i n t h e Ha n -s h u .

7 See t h e i r b g p
i o r a h ies i n t h e Ho u -ha n -s h u .
2 66 Th e Cp a aci ty o f a V esse l
Howe v er the fam e o f T z u hsi a [o r K un g Ku ang ] as a gr e at schol ar
,
-
’

did n o t s uffe r o n acco u nt o f h i s conduct n o r was C hii n ch un g [o r ,

-
’

W an g Y u ng ] e x clu d e d fr o m the B amboo G r o v e ”

b ec a use o f hi s
“ ”
.

This i s b e c au se th e y ha d both a chi e v e d gr e at n ame s an d the cr i tici sms ,

l e ve ll e d agai n st th em we r e s om e wh at mod er ated .

B u t [on th e o th e r s id e o f th e l e d ge r ] we h av e th e l o y al ty o f C h u
’

Y ii an th e vigil an c e an d a l e r tn e s s o f T s o u [Y an g ] a n d M ei [Sh e n g ] ?
,
5

th e p e r fe c t fili a l pi e t y o f H u an g H s i an g a n d th e r e t ic e n t a n d r e t i r ing
”
,

n atu r e o f Hsii Kan So wh o can say th at all wr i te r s h ave s taine d

.

ch ar ac ter s ?
M an is e ndow e d wi th five e l e m e n t al abili ti e s N o t all m e n ar e .
17

e q u a l in th e se gift s an d t he y d o n o t t t h e m t o t h e s a m e u se s Sho r t
p u , .

o f a s age o f th e fi r s t o r d e r t h e r e i s r a r e ly a n y o n e wh o ca n b e p e r f e c t
,
.

Howe v er gen e r a l s an d gr eat mi n i ster s o n accoun t of th e i r high station

, , ,

u su ally en j oy gr e at fame while wr i ter s b ei n g lowly an d h u mble in

, ,

th e i r o ffici a l po s i t ion s e a sily b e com e th e obj e c t o f c r i tici sm F o r s imil a r

, .

r e a s on s r iv e r s a n d s tr ea m s r o ll m aj e s t ic ally a lo n g whil e b r ooks an d

, ,

cr ee k s h av e to str uggl e f r e v e r y i n ch th e y co v e r Now j u st as th er e

o .
,

i s a r eas on why s om e p e opl e a r e famous an d o th e r s unk n own so th e r e ,

i s a r e a son why s om e p e opl e ar e p r osp er o u s an d o t h e r s fr us tr ate d T he .

r e a son fo r gi v ing a n appoin tm e n t t o a s chol a r li e s in his u se ful n es s in

14 T he na m es o v
f t h e Se e n W o r t h i e s o f t h e a B mb G v
oo ro e a r e i s t e d i n L i u I ch i n l
s -
’
g ’

Shi h -s h u o h s i n -y d , c h u a n 5 , C p g
h a t e r 2 3 ( C h u t z u ch i c h e n - -
’
1 88 : J
uan C hi, p .

K g
Hs i a n , Sh a n T ao , L i u
’ ’
L g J g
i n , u a n Hs i e n , Hs ia n Hs iu , a n d W a n un g Y g mb
I u ed .

w p
it h th e s i r i t o f T a o , t h e er e y w m ly
o st w at o d d s it h t h e way o f t h e w l g
o r d , a n d so u h t

tolv lv
i e t h e i r i es s o n t a n e o u s p ly mp l
a s th e i r i f l g u s es a n d ee i n s d i r e cte d t h e m .

15 T
s o u a n d Me i w v
e r e se n t to s e r e a t t h e co u r t o f P r i n ce W u y
W h e n t h e d is co e r edv .

tha t th e p
r i n ce wa s e n t e r ta i n i n g b ll
r e e io u s i n te n t io n s a n d ou d no t w l l
i st e n t o th e ir
re m o n s tr a n ce s , t h e y e t W u a nd lf e n t to w ia n L g Se e so u . an s T Y g b g p y
io r a h i n the
’

Shih c hi -

—
.

13
Se e hi s i o r ab g p
h y i n t h e H o u ha n s h u -

T
.

17 h e r e a r e t h r ee d i ffe r e n t d e n it io n s o f wu ts a i fi ( five i n d s o f
-
’
k
a te r i a s o r m l
lm
e e e n ts ) : t h e fir s t — e ta , m l wood, e a t h e r ald e ,j a n d ea r t h — is i e n i n gv
h e n Hs ii a n s C g ’

—
,

comm y e n ta r to
“
-k g
K ao u n ch i , t h e ast s e ct io n o f t e C h o u i
’
l h I T h e s e c o n d -
e ta ,
. m l
w w
ood , t
a e ,r fi r e, a n d e ar t h — gv
i s i e n i n t h e co e n ta r mm
to a y
in e i n t h e Ts o c h u a n l -

g
T i e n s he n
’
wu ts a i [ He a e n r o d u e s
-
“ ’
v c p t h e fi v e S e e C h u n -
c h i u c hi n
’ ’
g
c h u a n y i n t e , 3 1 8 Hs i a n
- 2 7 fu g 2 T h e t h i r d — r a er , b
i sd o ,v y w m b
e n e o e n ce , t r u st v l
gv
.

w o r t h i n e ss , a n d oya t —
l ly i s i e n i n t h e L i u -
t ao , h e r e t he s e
’
w ere u o ted as w q
u a i ti e s q l
a g en er a l m
u st o ss e ssp L iu Hs i e h , in u sin
. g
t h is t e r m
wu ts a i , s e e s to b e -
’
mer e m ly
f
r e e r r ing to t he a b i l i ties o f a m an in g e n e r a l
.
Th e Capacity o f a Vessel 267

p r ac tica l affai r s [Chi ] Ching Chi an g o f L u was j u st a wom an o f

.
-

i n te llige n ce b u t she h ad se n se en o ugh to i n fe r fr om h er we a vi n g

,

p r i n ciples applicable to th e m an age me n t of a sta te Ho w t h e n can ”

.

i t b e e x pl ain e d wh e n a m an wh o h as m a d e a chi e v e m e n ts in li te r a tu r e

y e t k n ows no t hi n g ab o u t go v e r n m e n t ? T h e r ea s o n Y a ng [H s i u n g ]

an d a [H si a n g j u ] f o r e x ampl e r e m ain e d h u mbl e i n s t a t i o n

[ S su
] m - -
, ,

t h r o u gho u t t h e i r liv e s i s t h a t a l tho u gh t h e y e x hibi te d g r e a t li t e r a r y

,

e x c e ll e n c e th e y l a ck e d r ea l con t e n t Y ii Y ii an k u e i [o r Y ii Li a n g ] o f
,
.
-

th e Chin wa s a m an o f b r illi an t t a le n t ; b u t b e c au se h e h a d a chi e v e d

r e n own as a mili t a y g e n e r a l h i s li t e r a ry fam e wa s e clip se d If h e h a d

r ,
.

n o t b ee n a g r e a t mi n i ste r a n d ge n e r a l h e wo u l d h a v e b ee n know n a s ,

a t a l e n te d w r i te r B u t b o t h the ar t o f li te r at u r e an d t h e a r t of wa r fit
.

i n wh er e v er th e r e i s t al e n t Hsi Hu j u st b e c aus e h e wa s v e r se d i n t h e
.
,

Cl assics was app o i n te d a mili tar y co mm an der in chi e f W he n d i d

,
” - -
.

h e n e gl e c t mili t ar y affa i r s b e c a u se h e lov e d li ter at u r e ? Su n W u [ t z u s ]

’
-

wo r k o n mili tar y sci en ce [Su n tz u ] i s w r i tte n i n a l an g u age as b ea u tifu l -

a s p e ar l s a n d j a d e B u t wh e n d i d h e b e c au se h e wa s skill e d in mili t a r y
.
,

a t s ig n o r e li t e r ar y e x c e ll e n c e ?
r ,

A m an o f vi r tu e k e ep s h i s abili ty hid d e n an d wai ts fo r th e r igh t ,

momen t to act O n e wh o aim s a t achi e v e m e n t i n aff ai r s o f s tate sho u l d

.

o n the o n e h an d s tr iv e fo r p er f e c t i o n i n c u l tiv a t i n g th e e x c e ll e n c e of

the i n n er m an a n d o n th e o th e r b e a bl e t o e x p r e s s t hi s i n n e r e x c e ll e n ce

e x te r n a lly in b eau ti fu l p a t t e r n s In o t h e r w o r d s h e sho u l d h a v e a n a tu r e

.

lik e ce d ar an d a tr u n k lik e c amph o r l au r e l Hi s p u r po se in wr i ti n g -

.

will b e to co n tr ol affai r s of sta te ; an d wh e n h e i s a sk e d to sh o u l d e r

h eavy r e spon sibili ti e s h e will b e as d ep end able as a pill ar o r a be am
, .

W h e n fr u s tr ate d h e will cul tiv ate hi s i n n er e x ce ll e nc e in r e ti r e m e n t

,

a n d immo r ta liz e i t i n wo r d s ; wh e n in o ffi ce h e will t a k e a d v an t ag e of ,

th e oppo r tu ni ty t o a chi e v e wo r l d ly s u cc e s s S u ch a w r i t e r will m e e t .

the r e q u i r e m en ts se t up fo r schol ar s in th e Tz u

13 See L iu Hs ian g ’
s L i e h -n u c hua n, chu an 1, p . 12 .

3o /Hs i
19
Ch u n ch iu c h i n g -c h u a n i
’ ’
-
y n -
te , l T so .

2°
Se e n o te 2 a b o v e .
 The C pacity a o f a Vesse l

Ob vse r e twr i te r s o f th e p as t
he
Som e h ave achi ev e d p e r fec tion in bo th li ter ar y qu ali ty an d m o r al v i r tue !
T h e f am e of s om e o f t h e m r i n g s o u t in Ch u in the So u th
’ 21
,

A n d th e li te r ar y e x ce lle nc e o f o th e r s s h a k es Li a n g i n th e N o r th .

If a wr i ter h as no c ap aci ty fo r p r actic al affai r s th e n d espi te his l abor i o u s ,

c ar v i n g ,

W h at good will his e x ce ll e nce be to p e opl e ?

Li te r atu r e should n o t o n ly b e an or n am e n t fo r i ts c r e ato r ,

B u t s ho u ld s e r v e a lso t o glo r ify the s ta te .

21 Re f i
er r n gt o Ch u Yu a n a nd Chi a I, a cco r d in g to Fa n W e n -la n
T
.

22 Re f er r in gt o so u Y g
an an d Me i She n g , acco r d i n gt o Fa n .
2 70 G1

ch i ha i
-
s h e -h o cr o ss th e r iver on t he d ate o f
c h i -h a t

ch u a n comm en tar y , or to comme n t

c h ua n no ti ce including obi tuar y

,

ch u a n t o t r an sfe r

ch u a n

middl e , or nor m

a mid p ar ticle
-
to s how a tr ansi tion
o r a ddi tion

re gu l ation

p r e scr ip tion

a sat r i ical wr i ti n g

su
p er fici ali ty an d un tr u th

a u the ntici ty

a p ar ticle to ini ti ate the ide as

e x p r e ss e d
G lo ssar y

n at u r e

sur n a me

an en dp ar ticl e to exp r ess ei th e r

,

a que st ion o r an e x cl am ation

a pp r op r i ate

e nding

an p ar ticl e
en d , to i n dic ate th e

comple tion o f an ide a

a mid p ar ticle to show

-
i n str u
men tali ty r eason e tc
, , .

to a d her e

to di s c u ss
2 72 G l o ss a r
y

a conj unction to show a c ausal

r e l a tion b e t w e e n t he s e n t e nc e i t

in tr oduce s an d th e p r e v ious o n e
2
4 072 p as s , or c r e d e n ti a l s

to p er us e

n ar r ati v e a ccoun t

e ng y i n -
y u s tr ong wind an d con tin u o u s ra in
o r der

re cor d

a r oad

law, or pi tch pip e

a p r ! cis

to discou r se

t o se t in o r d er

a shor t song

mao d e sc r ip tion
2 74

hi stor i an

for m u la

s i tu ation , or condi ti o n , or c o n to u r

k
to t a e a n o ath , or mili tar y
p r ocl am ation

op er a tion

s a le s s lip

to bind or c o n tr ol

to s e ap k , or to discus s

one o f th e b r anch es

s imil ar

to conv e y

bo dy sub stance fo r m
, , , or gen r e
G l
o s sar y 275

i mpo r tan t docume n t

an en d p ar ticle , to e xp r e s s an

e x cl a m a tion

t o cu t o r t a ilo r

a pi ece o f ins tr um en tal music

p r i nci pl e

to ple ase

to pi er ce

vi va vo ce

a p ar ticl e to show a con tr a st t o th e

i d e a i n the p r e v i o u s se n te n ce

we i s h i h tso ts e to b e t he st a nd ar d o f the wo r l d

to b e t he t hi ef of the wo r ld

to i n qu i r e

five p e r son s

a folk s ong su n g wi tho u t i n s tr u

m e nt a l a ccompanime n t

an en dp ar ticl e t in d ic a te
, o th e

concl u sion o f a sen te nce

co n d ol e nc e

p r ov e r b

to ta lk

e nigm a

a sa d ch an ting

to h ide

a c or n er

a mid p ar t icl e to e x p r e ss a r e l ation

-

ship o r comp ar ison

to ple ase

a song
2 78 Inde x
B oo k f o P o e tr y (C o n ti n u e d ) Na n -
tu fu , 19 7 ; p ll l i m
ar a e s , 19 1 ; sty e , l
o n ts e ,
’
1 10 ; v e r s i o n s o f, 2 6 n ; Ya , 11, 1 60 ; u se o f c hi f
or wm o en , 88 ; u se o f
247 ; ya a nd s u ng , 29n q u o t at o n , i 204 ; ti a o to , 7 2 ;
“
Yi g wn -
en ,
”

B oo k o f R i t es ( L i c hi ) -
, xv n , xxi , 17 , 7 8; 74 ;
“
Y u an -
pi en ,
”
35 ;
“
Y ii -
li eh fu ,
”
200

co mm e n tar y 105 ; on co mp i a r so n , 2 17 ; C han g Hs i e h s e e hi n y a n C g -

g
xlv
, ,

“
J h s in g
u- ,
”
14 ; l it er ar y f m or s, 20 ; me C han g Hs ii e h c h e n o n L iu Hs i e h-
’
g , ,

m or a i l o f c e n su r e , 1 33 ;
“
P ao -
chi ,
”
127 ; C h an g Hu a ( Ma o h s i e n ) r o y a s e c r e ta r -
, l y ,

“
W an g -
ch ih , 1 3 8n ; on w or ds o f a 37 , 1 1 3 , 2 4 1 ; c h a n g a nd pi ao , 12 8f .

r u er , l 111 ;
“
Y ueh -
li gn ,
”
97 C h i a o - i ao fu ,
”
256; l comp iti os o ns , 42,
B k fS
oo o o ng s , se e B oo k o f P o e tr y p ll l i m 9 3 ;
ar a e s , 1 on r hy m 84 ; e, 1 su b

B k b
oo s, urn n i g o f, 33 , 9 6 , 209 , 2 35 ; er j f j t 8
ce t o es , 0

rots in copyi g 3 n , 21 Ch g I 96
an 6; h i,8; i ig n, 10 s , 11 n tr ue, i o5n

Bo w and arro w 7 , 1 0 C h g K g 36
an
’
an , n

B h r ea t , or p i it
s Ch i r , s ee
’
Ch g L 55
an ao ,

B h r e at co n r o t l 5 , 22 Ch g Li g H g
an l 58 an , an ene r a , 1

B i
ro nz e , n s cr i b d 66 e ,
Ch g Mi 3 8
an n, 1

B d d h i m xx i v 3
u s , 10 n, z 4o n C h g pi
an -
l p t 6
ao , o ra re o r s, 12

C h g Sh g 6 9
,

B ll bl k
u ifi f ac , s a cr ce o , 54 ; r ed , 57 an en ,

C h g Sh i h h i h
,

B h p bl f x v i i
u tc er , ar a e o ,
an 7
-
c , 10

Ch g T g f th H
an 48
’
8 an o e an , 1 22

g T i ( M g y g)
,

C l m it i
a a d l f 7 es, co n o e n ce s or, 1 Ch an
36
sa en -
an , 1z n, n, 61 ,
C l d
a en C h 84 ; H i 84
ar , ou , s a, n 1 93

C i g i ip t i
arr a 59
e, n scr o ns on, C ha n g Y i g 89 n ,

C vi g f d g m i g f xxx v i ii Ch g y ii ( F H i )
’
an 1 39 , 2 5 6
-
n o ra o ns , ean n o u s en 1 33 ,
ar , ,

C i g d ti g 7 9 ff
a st n an cu t n 1 .
C h ao , H mp an e er o r , 4 1 , 65 , 2 36

ki g f Ch i
, ,

C m i l it
er e d
on a g 5 r es , an sun , 0 C hao , n o
’
n, 5 7 , 60 , 107

C f ti
e n su r e , f p y 33 ; l u nc on o o etr ,
see a so C ha o , d e cr ee , 20, 109

Pr a is e C hao Chi e n - tz u , 39 n
C ha n , d iv i n a t io n , 14 8; and c ha n , to s p y o r Ch ao C h ih , 14 6

w a t ch , 149
C h a o -h u n , 3 0

C ha n g H mp 3 39
an e er o r , 1 1 2 C ha o I , 2 5 4
m
, ,

Ch
’
g an W ki g f Ch
see en , n o ou C ha o - k a o , t e r , 111

Ch K g w x lvi
,

Ch g m t
’
-
ao un u,
an 7 5 as er , 1 2, 20
p m
,

Ch g an h pt 77 9; t
c mk l
a er , 12 o a e c e ar ,
C ha o -s h u, r o n o u n ce en t, 1 10

5 f
, ,

7
12 8 6 ; m m i l
1 f h k 7 e or a o t an s, 20, 1 1
C h ao Sh i ua , 2 0 .

Ch g Ch g 6 4 7 9
an
,

’
an , 0, 1 , 20
Ch
’
ao T mm il
s o
’

, e or a , 131 re p ort o n pi en

i, i
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Ch
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Ch g Ch an 4
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C h g C h ii 195
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8
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Ch ’
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C h g d p t b i l ity t
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a a o , s ee e e a a
C he n , d m i ti
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,

Ch g f m i ly 4 4 3
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Ch
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Ch g H an C hi y i g an , se e -
n
Ch
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C h g H g ( P i g t ) 4 37
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38
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C he n ear l o f, 1 3, l 4 5n
C h i pi
,

Ch g mp w
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C h i h ih
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54 ; 75 ; en , Ha n
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,

cr t c s o
9 ; E h s o r ca r er s , 2 r f mro Tu Ch i 4 ; ’
n, i z n a n tho o l gy o r d er ed
hi g 47 ; i xxx 5 6 ; h i t i l b y , 34 ; lv g b k 9 6; fu
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w k 3 ; H i hi g f
or s, 1 68 9f ;1
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s -
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mm il e p y p h l w i ti g 5 ;
or a re a o cr a r n s, 2 C h g mp
en , e er o r o f th e Ch i ’
n, 51
I nd e x 2 79

Ch g k i g
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Ch g t t 4 3 7
en , s a e, , 1, 25 1 Ch i,
’
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Ch g l i t i m
en , ce n ous u sic, 8s u C hia , h i gh e st ca t e g o ry , 14 1

Ch e ng c h i, 2 64 ff C h ii a n -c h i h , 138
’ ’
-
. C h ia
Ch en g C h i f S g i ii ’
ao o un , xv n Ch i Ch g p
a
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t i t e , 1 39

Ch ’
en g h i b ttl 64
-
c
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a , an o et, 30 , 4 7 , 7 2 , 2 36; d is
Ch ’
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n iao ,
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4 8, 197 ,

Ch en g H ii 4 5 4 8 s an , , 10 , 1 2 03 f; . mm il e or a , 1 31 ; r hy m e s ch e m e,

Ch gH g 5 t yl pi of C h ii’
en un , 11 1 88 ; s 6 ; ti
e, 1 0 ao to s r it
Ch ’
engk g T -
( Ch g k g
un z u -a n
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24 1, 256 C h i K i 7 6 38 5 3
a
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Ch g Mi
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a , 2

Ch g p i g
en -
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an W an er o r en , 1 1 3n

xxx v i
,

Ch g h ih
en -
s , 102 ; p e r io d , , 240 C hi g h an C h P 65 -
ou ou o, 2

Ch g t g
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C h e n g -t i e n , 2 03 C hi g t an p i d 36 -
so er o ,

Ch en I, 1 32 Ch i H i l
ao , 7 f s a r u er , 2 .

Ch
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ch a n g Ch i g
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Ch
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Ch ’
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1 14

Th
,

Ch ’
en Sh o u , R e co r d s o f th e r ee Ki g n C hi a o -j ih , b i gh t 46 r su n , 2

do m s, 90 C hi ao - li bi d 5 6
ao , r s, 2 n

Ch (T Chih ; Tz u -ch i e n ) xx v C hia o —m i g m y th l gi l bi d

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35 , 37 f ; Ch i 7 5 ; e as e i n
.
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r it
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i n g , 1 5 6 ; e e i e s , 65 ; fl a w i n r iti n lg w g Chi a o -s h ih ffi i l 3g , o c a s, 1 n

o f, z 1 6 f ; Hs ii s h u , 5 ;
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.
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r n ce o u , x x, 0, 43
on l tl t
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K e we n ,
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C hi -c hi h x g m ;
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74 ; K g h g re
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67 C an o u, 2

i 4 3 ; m t ph pi 1 2 8; C h i d y n a s ty , ii i , 4 1 , 2 4 3 xxx
’
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4; p y l l
“
Pi e n - ta o , 10 ra er , 5 6; r id d es , 82 ; C h i e h , as t o f t h e Hs i a d y n as ty , 28

so n g 4 4 ; y l 84
s, st e, 1 , 2 39 ; u se o f a ll u C hi e h , t o ad vi se a g a i n st , l 14f .
; w ar n in g ,

i
s on, z o6 f; .
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te ,
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125 ; re Y g an 62
g gj
g

Hs i u n an d Ssu m a Hs ia n C hi e h ,
"
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u, 2 10 ; a ll, a n d hs i e h , 7 9
w k or s, 254 C hi e h , t o w b orro , 14 8

Ch
’

en Su i , gv o er n o r , 1 12 C hi e h , h x g me a ra , 1 36

Ch
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ch i u , 67
’

C hi e h , m m t o nu en 67
T
,

Ch ’
en su n , 14 6 C hi e h , r e co r d o f s e tt e lm ent, 14 8; to u n tie ,
Ch e ss gm a e, ca r vd e on Mo u n t Hu a 60 , 15 1

C hi, d k u e o f C h o u , 84 C hi e h , t o t ie or k no t, 1 50

C hi, pi r n ce , o f t h e Sh a n g , 203 C h i e h -c hi e h , ch ir pi g n , 24 6
C hi , l
an n a s , 87 , 1 3g n ; ch r o n ic e l o f r u er s, l C h i e h -c h i h , l imi t a t io n and re g l u at io n , 1 37

2 0, 5 3, 124 ; an d c h ua n , 9 1 C hi e h -
c h ih,
’
w a r n in g , 1 10 , 1 14

C hi , to b e i n t h e m i d s t o f, 2 1 8 “
Ch i ’
en , 10

C hi , t o e xp r e ss i d eas, 147; mm e o ir , 1 65 C hi e n , a nd fu , 4 5n
C hi , re gi t s er , 14 8 C hi e n , h e xg ma ra , 1 35 n

C h i,
’
s ta t e , 7 1, 2 35 C hi e n , o ne - wi g d bi d n e r 1 23

xx v i ;
,

C h i,
’
b r e at h o r s p i it r xi v , as l it er ar y Ch i en,
’
t xp f l i g
o e r e ss ee n s, 1 4 7 ; l e tt e r s , a n d

l xx v i
,

s ty e , , 74 ; vi ta l i ty or f o r ce , 1 72 ch i, 1 47 ; h x g m 9 e a ra , 1 1 ; n o t e , a n d ti e h ,

Ch i ,
’
c o n t r a ct , 14 8 152

Ch i , dua
’

l m ea n i n g as pi ao or ts o u , 1 34 Chi p i d fi w d li
e n -a n er o , ve - or -
ne p o e tr y , 35
Ch i ,
’
ins trum e n t, 1 9 8; p a r t icu a r l t h in s , g l m t w i t 69 ; S v
a en r er s , e en Mas ter s , 255

I 99 C h i k i ty 6
en - e, c , 1
2 80 I nd e x
Chi en -
we n mp , e er o r , 24 2 C h i g d y ty x l v
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C h i fu ( Yi g C h ) Ch i g h i g ki g f Ch 8l
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-
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s an , n o u, n

Ch ih , H m ian u s c an , i 41 Ch i g K 5 3
n
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C hi h , t o ar r i v e, 70, 2 1 8; a nd ti a o , 70 Ch i g Ii n Ti g I
-
, s ee n

C hi h , to g p r as , 218
“
Ch i g mi ’
n g
-
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sun and , 51
C h i h , to i n s t i t u te , o r d i n a nce , 1 4 8, C h i ng —
s hi h , 9 6
’
1 10 ; 150

C hi h ,m i l u s ca n o te , 1 82 Ch i g t g ( F g Y ) f lt
n -
’
un en en , au s, 2 64 ; fu ,

Chih p i l
, ar t c e , 1 89 53; i
2 ip t i 6 ; h 7 n sc r o ns , 1 s uo , 10

C hi h p h ,
t e asa n , l 4 3n Ch i g y g ( Ch g H i h ) 3 6
n -
an an s e , n, 37 , 2 57

C h ih g t g Hs i u
“
t h e t wo T he , C h in
’
d a e an ate s , 19 , 1 39

Ch ih h
’

3
-
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’
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’
n e n -c un

C hi h -t a o , vi i s t o f co n d o e n ce , l 70 C h i Sh ih h g 6
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Ch i h y
’
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tu n es , 41 C h i Y h ii ( Ch i K g )
’
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n
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C hi h y i n ,-
t er m , 2 5 8n Ch i po, 44
’
-

C h i h Y ii ( Ch g un 5 , 64 f .
, 24 1 ; e r it i C h i -s h u , o r d i n a n ce , 1 10

wii g 5 f; t he f u n c t io n of Ch i — p y in t he f m f v
’ ’
ca l r t n , 1 . on tz u , o e tr or o se e n,

li t e r a tu r e , xxx ; s hu , 5 3 ; s ty l e, 256 171

Ch i k uo , W a r r i n Sta te s g p er io d C hi a — c ha n g , 3 0 ,
’
-
s ee 14 9

C h i -lii e h , 9 6, C h i u -c h i u , 1 7
’ ’
127

Chi p i n, f 4 f
r n ce o , 1 0 . C h iu - f gan Y en , 1 53

Chi d k f 6
n, u e o , 2n C hi n -h u ai , 3 0
Ch i t t 4 3 7 5
n, s a e, 1, 2 0 C hi u —ko , 30
v g t bl 85
,

C hi n, e e a e, 1 C h iu -
’
mi g n ,
s ee T so Ch i m i g ’
u- n

C h i d y y i 4 5 8 ; d iffi l t t im
n n ast , x , 2 0, 2 cu es,
“
C h iu n g ,
”
s u ng and , 51
3 ; fi t th
1 2 l rs 39 ; i w i t r ee r u er s , 1 r ers, p
C hi u - i e n , 3 0

39 ; l i t
1 y w k xx v ii 3 6 67 ; m
e r ar or s, , , 1 e
“
Ch i h u -sd g 5 ao , an sun , 0

m i l 8f ;
o r a s, d m i 4 ; 12 d . an u s c, 2 r eco r s, C h i Yi g ( Ch g —
-
nH ) 98 56 an an , 1 , 2

9 ; t l t 9 ; w d i C h i Y ii f th Ch i g d y
’
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E xxx v i 36 3 ; l it t
a s te r n , 4 ; , n, 11 era ur e , 2 2 Ch ou, mp 8; ed w i ll w t er o r , 2 an o r ee , 2 3n

m t phy i l d i i
e a 3
s ca scu ss o n s , 10 Ch ki g
ou, M n , s ee u

Ch i m q i f 4 f
’
n, ar u s o , 1 0 . Ch Ch
o u , s ee gt u an z u

Ch i t t b i g f b k 33 9 ; Ch d k f T
’
n, s a e, urn n o oo s, , 20 ou, u e o , s ee an

d t y d b y th H
“
C h o u , h i s to r i a n ,
”
es ro e 6; L i h ih e an , 10 -
u s ,
209

35 ;
2 d th w i g t t
an 86 ; W e ar r n s a es ,
“
u Ch ou, s ta te , 84
tu , 2 35 Ch
’
ou,pl d g w ith wi
to 8 e e ne, 21

Ch i ’
n d y n ast y , 8 6 n ; d e s t r u c t io n o f a n ci e n t C h d y ty
ou 5 ; mp d w i h t h
n as , 1 1, 2 0 co ar e t e

l it e r a tu r e , 9 6; f u, 46 f .
; m u s ca i l l c as H xx iii ; l gi t K i g W 65 ;
an , e e es o n en ,

i
s cs , 4 0 ; o ri gi n o f ts o u , 1 30 ; u s e o f c ha o fi w d li
ve - 88 ; i or ip t i b k ne , 1 n sc r on o n uc

and m i ng , 111 th w 5 9 ; l i y d v l pm t
orn ar r o , t e r ar e e o en s ,

Chi l g g h d l i 64 ; P i k
“
n es e an ua e, c a r act e r s , 2 0 8, 2 10 ; 6; mi g
12 n h an e , a -
uan c en ,
”

m l tipl m i g
u e ean n s, o f te r m x lvi
s, , 1 0 8, 6 ; p t y
1 66 ; i t
oe r f Sh g , 1 r e s s a n ce o an

1 10
; ig i fi lm s n c e e e nt , 79n ; to n a l p at b th t 7 ; d t h l w d
ro ers o, 2n an e r u er s
’
or s,

ter n , xxx i ; to ne a nd m ea n in g , 220 n 111

; f t ip h y 9
u se o an on , 1 1

Chi n g C h i mp
,
n e er o r , 2 2 8, 240 C h H i h 67
ou s e ,

Ch i n g H mp , an e er o r , 1 1 1, 1 34 ; s u ng , 51 Ch Ii ( B k f C h
ou- i ti t t i )
oo 6 o ou ns u o ns , 11 ,

Ch i g pi P i h ai 8f; y l p l m ti ; t m
-
n , r n ce , s e e e 20 . on ro a ro c a a on, 1 10 er

C hi n g m t , oun , 122 p i m a , 2 2 0 ; tz u ,
’ ’
15 1

C hi n g Cl i p i ipl
, a ss c r nc es, 7 , 86, 10 1 C h o u T u n -i , 3 l n
Chi n g Ch ’
a, 200 Ch r o no o l gy , i n h is to r ica l w iti g r n , 90
C hi n g—h i l i g p h
c
’

, c os n r as e , 1 34 Chu , n o te or co mm e n ta r y , 10 1, 17 1

Chi n g h (K P )
-
c
’
un uo
’
u , 4 8, 24 1 ; Chi ao Chu , p l ea r , 76
fu , 257 ;
“
Ke
’
-
ao , 74 ; u se o f t sa n , 53 Chu, p y ra er , 20, 5 4 ff .
, 124
2 82 In d ex
C l a s s ics ( Co n tin u e d ) C w
ro , r ed , 24

97; w k or s of the sa g es and w o r th i es ,

95; as y e n, 2 30 D a n c e s , 4 1 ; a n d s u ng , 5 o u
Cl ass i fica t io n , l it e r ar y , xx xn lg
D e a d , e e y fo r , 64 ; u n t i e y , ml lm a ent fo r ,
C o in , u se o f, 1 39 69
Cl o or, p a tte r n s , 8, 175 ; u se o f, i n d escr ip D e i t ie s , s a cr i fi ce to , 54
t io n , 247 f .
D e r i s io n , so n g s o f, 7 8
C mm m
o e o r a tio n , s u ng , 51 D es cr i p ti on, e x gg a e r a t io n as e mb ll i h m e s ent,
C mm t
o e n ar es, i lu n i n , 1 04 ; as pi, 2 30 ; w it r 19 8 ff ; re p e t i t io n o f r a d i ca li ; n, 2 12 a nd
f
.

in g o f, 2 19 .
so u nd p a tt e r n s , 24 6

C mp i
o a r so n , p p ro er u se o f, 2 17 D ia l g o u e, h o st an d g u e st , 125
C d l
on fo r , 7 0 ; y e n , 1 5 2
o e n c e , o c c as o n s i D is cu ss io n , 1 36 ff
f i C g p p b
.

C o n uc us
( h u n -
ni) , a o cr y h a a t tr i Dia g m 3 ra s, 2
u te d to , 2 2 f ; io r a h y o f, l 8n ; o n . b g p D ipl m y l g g o f ac an ua e o 2 50 f
B xv
, , .

th e o o k o f P o e tr y , x i i ; c a n o n i z e d
, ii ; D i ipl i
scl it y xxx i ; ne , er ar of p o e tr y , 31
Cl
,

an d C h u n -c h i u , 85 ; a n d t h e
’ ’
a ss i cs , v
D i i n a tio n , 7 n , 12, 9 8n
1 1, 17 , 9 5 n, 10 1 ; e e l gy f or, 64 ; a nd g
Dr a o n ( s) , 2 7 , 2 8, 2 35 ; ca r vi g n see Em
l it f m l it
,

L a o tz u, 95; e r ar y or , 13 ff ; . er b e lli s h m e n t ; ta i l o f, 8 1 ; y e ll w gift

o o f,
w k 6; m 4;
,

i n L iu Hs i e h d r ea
’
ar y or s, 1 s
57
m l vl
,

on or a a ue of p o e tr y , x ii ; a nd t he D r ea m s, o f L i u Hs i e h , 3
p pl f L
eo e o u , 50 ; on p er o i ds of Du k e D y n ast i e s , n in e , r ite r s o f, w 249 ff ; ten ,
Ti g d D k
.

n an u e Ai, 9 2 ; a nd t h e r acco o n 244 f

g 78 ; l Ch
.

so n , n r e a ctio n to d e c ine o f ou,

85 ;
“
San fu , -
”
14 ; s ch o o l o f Wr i i g
t n , 100 ; Ea r t h , g o d o f, sa cr i fi c e to , 55 ; p a tt e r n o f, 9
so u r c e o l
f i ter ar y i n s i r a t io n , p xx i ; Sp i r ng
Ed ic ts , e e i a c , 5 6 ; lg r o ya l , 1 10 , 1 14
a nd A ut u m n , 14 ; and the Ts o -
ch ua n ,
Elg e a n ce , t i e n and y a, 159
27n; re su n flw o er , 206 f ; . a nd the u n i
El m e n ts , l it y in B k of P o e tr y , 2 6n ;
co r n , l 4 3n ; w ar n i n g of a t i te dl v e ss e l ,
e

s x,i 33
er a r , oo

5 9 ; a n d th e
“
W in g s
”
o f t he B oo k o f E mb l li hm e nt, li t e r ar y , xxx i xxx v u i x li ,
xxx v
e s , ,

C h a ng es , , 10
3, 1 6, 1 59 f, 1 63 , 174 ff ; as d e sc r i p ti o n,
C g t l ti d l
. .

on d
ra u a o ns, an co n o e n ce s , 71 19 8 ff ; d e vl e o pm ent o f, 222 ; e x ce ss i v e,
C k i d f 83
.

o n so n a n ce , n s o , 1
14 1, 1 64 , 177 f 20 1 ; a nd f a ctu a l w r it
C pyi g
.
,

o i n 3 er rors n, 21
,
ing , 14 2
C pl t x l ii 37 9
ou e s, , , 1 1
Em e r so n , Ra lp h W a do l l 77n
C t i mp i l pi t
our , er a , ao o, 129 ; r e c i ta l of
Em o t io n ( ) s , a nd c h o ic e
,

o f l it er ar y f m or ,

che n, 63
1 80 five , 175 ; f u n c t io n f m u s ic a nd ,
C t f St C m ; o
our

C b 78
o a te ere o ny , -
52 x v ; li te r ar y xp e r e ss i o n o f, xxx i x x l ii , , 6,
ra

C iv p
,

x v xxx iii f 158 f

32 , 129, 1 74 ff ;
. and s ty e , l 1 64 , 1 69 f .

r e at

1 62 ,
e

1 7 8,
r o ce ss ,

1 80 ,
,

m a in
, 155

p
.
,

a t te r n s in ,
.
,
Enf ffm t ip t
eo en , scr o f, 109, 1 12

E l i gh t m t m y l
204 ;
17 5 f .
; n at u r e o f, xx iv ; o n e n e ss w i th ap
n

E v y b f
en en , s t ca i , xv n

p r e ci a t i ve cr i t ic , xxx v i ii 258 ff ; an d s h e n ,
n o s, ear er s o s hu , 14 5

E h p ti l
.
,

x v ii ; a nd vi li yta t 2 23 ; W e n [u -
r e, xx v ii r , 89 ar c e, 1

C imr e, in v lv m
o e en t
,

o f i n n o ce n t wm o en ,
E h h ih
r -
mp s , e ero r o f th e Ch i ’
n d y n as t y ,

1 39 7 1a 79
C i i
r t c, u n d e r s ta n d i n g 258 ff Er h -y a , d ic t io n a r y , 1 8, 2 10

l mp h xp
.
,

C r i t ic i s m l , i te r ar y xl , 2 64 ; b as ic pl p r i nci e, Es s e n t ia , th e , e as i s o n, 15 ; e r e ss i o n

57 ; d v l p
,

xx v ; re co n te mp o r ar i es , 2 e e o o h 174 f .

m e nt o f, i n a n cie n t Ch i na , i ff ; p b
x ro Eu n u ch s , 220

v
.

le m o f se m a n t i cs , 109 ; r e d u ce d to dog E l
a u a t io n s , li ter ar y , 7 ; cr ite r i a o f, xxx i x ;
m a, xx ii ; te r m xxx v ii ;
, u ti li tar i a n at s ee a ls o Ciiim l r t c s , i te r a r y
t i tu d e , xii E x gga e r a tio n , i n d e s cr i pi t on , 199 , 20 6
I r ui e x: :2 83;

E x mia n a t io n s , mp tit i v co e e, 1 32 , 14 1 ; fo r Eu , p r i n ce , see P

’
ei

o fli ci a l a pp i tm t 7 ;
o n en , 12 s ta te , 24 1 Fu , a u t h e n ti c i t y , 150

E x e cu t o n , i p w f 38o er o , 1 Eu , p a r tic e , l 1 89

Pu , p o e tic p r o s e , x vn i , xx v i xx ix , , 20, 1 65 ,

Fa , re g l u a tio n , 1 4 8, 1 50 17 1 , 1 7 6, 1 8 8, 19 5, 19 6; ana ly s is o f,
Fl a co n , v eno mb -
ea r in g , 29 4 5 ff ; . o f th e Ha n ,
1 66 ; hu m o r o us , 79 ;
Fm a e, a ch i e vm e ent o f, xxx v i ii , 3 ori gi n o f, xxxv i f; . an d pi , 1 9 7 ; the m es ,

Fa n C h ii , 19 7 , 2 5 1 47; and ti a o , 71; to n a l p a tt e r n , xxx i ;

Fa n f mily 4 3
a , 2 u se of l o an ch ar ac te r s , 2 10 ; w r it e r s o f ,

Fa n g p , ip t i r e s cr on, 1 4 8, 149 xx f .
, 24 2, 25 1 f .

Fa n Su i , shuo , 107 Fu , ta ll y , 14 8, 1 50, 17 1

Fa n W e n la n -
, 1 10n F i t , to to u ch , 2 18

Fa n Y e h o f L i u Su n g , xviii n Eu -fe i , 29

Fe i Li en, 60 F u -h s i , se e P ao -h s i
Fe i — m y th l gi l b i d
li e n , Fu Hs ie n , Ch gy
’
o o ca r , 20 0 s ee an -
u

F g g
en , sa e, 12 Fu Hs ii a n , 4 2 , 9 2 , 241 ; f l
au ts , 2 65 ; sty e ,l
F g l y i l ty l
en ,
li 6 5 95
r ca49 ; s e, x , 2 ,
0 , 1 , 2 256

d y
an p i i t f 9 ; l it y f m 7 6 f
a, s r o , 2 er ar or , 1 .
Fu -h u i , m ea n i n g , 225

p h ix 4 3 ; ti 7 7 ; wi d 6
o en , 1 n sa r e, n , 1 2 Fu I , p o et, 35 , 2 3 8, 2 53; C h i -c h i ,
’

75 ;
Fe ng h o u , 9 5-
e e l gi es , 65 f .
, 2 13 ;
“
Hs i e n tsu n -
g ”
s u ng ,

F gl g g d 9
en -
un ,
o , 2
52 ; Pa n Ku r e, 259 ;
“
Hs i C h e n -
g , 51;
“
F g h en it - f s ifi an , 3 ff r es o s a cr ce , 12 .
s ty e , l 253

F gYen C hi g t ge n , s ee n -
’
un Fu - K g en -
s g xlv
hen ,

Fi l d d ity f 5 4
e , e o , F u -sa n , th m y th i l t
e ca r ee , 1 68

Fi g f p
u r es h 96 9 9 ff ;
o l s e ec , 1 , 1 . see a so Fu -
ss u ( W g Pi ) an , 102 , 105

All g y ; M t ph e or e a or Pu T sen g h i g xlv

-
s an ,

Fi h s y,
d p bl
o n e -e
; f 8 ; w h it e , 200 ar a e o ,
1 e, Fu Yii e h , 1 34 n

24

Fi h s gi g f 7 6
e y e s , st r i n n o , G m
e ese , by nor s et , 125

Fi h h wk
s p bl 9 5 ; i 9
a s, ar a e, 1 s x, 1 G l f l 65
e n er a s, au ts , 2

Fi v Emp e p id 7 er o r s er o , 11 , 222 G i xxx v iii x l ii

e n u s, , , 258 ff ; . s e e a lso C r ea

Fl x ibl d p bi l ity t h g xx xx iii f

e e a a ta o c an e, ,
.
, iv p
t e r o c e ss

xxx xxx iii xxx v i , , 1 5, 1 65 ff .

, 1 79 , 2 4 8; G l d ll w
o ye o 24

Gv m
, , ,

vs . tr a d i t i o n a li m x li ii s , o g m
er n en t , ar u e nt re ch a n g es i n,
Fl w o er s, as p ti l moe c e e e n t, 37 1 37 n ; Eu an d , 47 ; e mm o r i a ls , 127 ; and
Fl u te , 1 84 , 197 m u s ic , x i x , 4 0 ; o ffic e fo r c o lle c t i n gp m oe s

F lko so n g s, 1 66 n ; five — o r d w f or m , 69 ; of an d so n g s, 33n ; and s huo , 105 ; six

fic i a lly co ll e ct e d , 40 ; t wo - w or d li ne , 1 88 f u n c t io n s , 4; s t a te o f, re fl e ct e d in l it er a

F m l it
or s, e r ar y , xx v xx i x ;
i, a da pt a t io n of tu r e , xi x , xxx v i , 131, 2 34 , 240, 242 f .

ty l ts e o , 1 65 ff .
, 17 1 ; c h o i ce o f, G i d
r at t u f 6 pi e, e xp i r e ss o n o ,
12 ; ao , 147

179 ff ; . c as si l fi ca t i o n , 109 ; co m m u n i ca G Ch g mb f 6 f
r eat an e, nu er o , .

ti o n thr o u gh , 31 ; C f o n u ci u s and , 13; G Op i

r e at mb f 7 e r at o n , nu er o , n

co n u s o n f i in u se o f t m er s fo r , 10 8; de G Ti i 7
r eat r n ty , 1 , 21

v e lo p m e n t o f, 11 ; an d e m o t o na i l s i tu a G V id N b i g
r e at o s ee on e n

xxx v ; G
,

t io n , 1 57 ; f u n ct i o n s , h i s to r i c a l l i l
r e e ce ,i c ass ca er a, x

ch a n g es in , xxx i x ; an d i n d i id u a v ltl a e nt ,
“
G Di g m p ph
r een a ra ,
”
a o cr y a, 23, 122

170 ; or i gi n in the Cl a ss ic s , 2 0 ; t wo a r ch e

t yp aL 9 Ha i n a n is a n d 1 3 8n l ,

m i l i t m t 5
Fo u , u s ca ns r u en , 20 l
Ha l o f R i te s 1 1 3 ,
“
F k p k i g 35
r an s ea n ,
”
1 Ha n A n k u o a r u e n t 1 3 8
-
, g m ,

F i p i l m t 37
r u ts , a s o et c e e en , Ha n d y n a s ty ca t e o r i es o f e , g mm i
o r a s, l 127 ;

F t ti xp i f 7 5
r us r a on, e r e ss o n o , co mp a r ed wi th th e C ho u , xx iii ; co n ce t p
2 84 Ind e x
Ha n d y n asty ( C o n ti n u e d ) Ho r s e , a nd car r i a g e, 220 ; hea v en ly , 41;
o f l it e r atu r e , xi v ; C our t f Stat e
o er e C f u ner a lf or , 7 9 ; wh it e, 57
m o ny , 52 ; e e l gi es , 44, 6 4 f fit . 4 7 ; fit Ho r s e d r a o n 2 2
-
g ,

a nd su n g , 1 66 ; i w it r er s , 1 39 f; . l it era Ho t a n ch ia 4 0
-
’
-

T
,

tu r e , 2 3 5 f .
, 252 ; mm e o r ia s , l 127 ; o ath , Ho s e n g 1 39 ,

57 ; o ffi ce o f h is to r ia n , 9 1 , 1 11 ; p o e tr y Ho t u s e e Y e ll o w R i
-
’

, v er Map
o f, l 77n, 1 9 6; p o — i , ter , m 1 37 ; r e co r d Ho u h e a r a , 1 1 0
, xg m
o f ml i ita r y hi v m ac e e e n ts , 86 ; r u es l o f Ho u c h i , a n ce s to r o f t h e h o u , 65
-
C
c h a r a ct e r w i ti g r n , 2 09 ; sa cr i fi ce s , 55 ; H o u -ha n s h u , a n n a s a n d io r a h ie s , 89
-
l b g p
s ch o a r s , l I o n , 1 3 5 , 2 3 5 ; ta ll y , 150 ; t h r ee Ho u i , 62-

tu n e s , F m x v i i f 37 ; p h i l
42 ; or er , .
, o Ho u P a , o ffi cia , 1 1 2
’
l
l gi l hi v m t
o ca8; i w d ac d e e en s, 20 s x- or an Ho Y e n ( P i n s h u ) , 3 6 1 0 2 , 2 4 0 , 2 5 5’
g -
,

se v w d l i 88; L t i xv iii
en- or n es , 1 a er , x , ,
“
Ho -y ii e h , u s i ca a cco an i m
ent , 4 l n l mp m
2 57 f . Hs i , e mp
r ess , 5 1

Ha n Fe i , 9 9 ; Ch
’
u - sh u o , 2 59 : on e m , k
Hs i d u e o f L u 1 37 ,

b e llis h m e n t , 175 ; q u er y re K g—
S un un Hsi , to co n e r , 2 1 8 f
T
’
a n -h u i , 151 ;
“
Shu o -
n an ,
”
256 Hsi m , lp
e t r ic a ar t i c e , 1 89 l
Ha n fe i t z u
-
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-
,
“
Fv m ”
p lm
Hs i , r o c a a tio n , 2 0 , 1 1 7 , 1 1 8 1 7 1 ,

Ha n fe i -t z u e
-
e i sh en t in 176 , mb ll m , y
Hs i a , s to r o f ho w a n d a r r o , 1 7 0 w
Ha n s h u 9 0 z 3 o n
-
, ,
b
Hs i a C h i a s u r d i t i es , 9 7
,

Ha n ta n , c i t
-
a it 76 y g , , y
Hs ia d n as ty 2 8n , 2 5 0 ; r o n z e t r i o d , 5 9 ;
, b p
Ha n t a n - C
h u n s ee T z u s h u
’
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f w d li
our - or ne, 1 88 ; k ao , 84 ; n ine ac

Ti
,

Ha n ts u ( Kao t s u )
-
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r s t Ha n e ero r 41 -
, fi mp , , co m p li s h m e n t s , 11 ;
“
ao 1 66

44 , 1 1 5, 1 9 3, 24 4 ;
"
Ta -
f g
en
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and Hsi a h o u Hs iao j u ( Hsia h o u
- - -
Ch an ) , 24 1 ,

Hu n gk -
u, 2 35 f . 25 6
Ha n Y ii 32 n ,
Hs ia h o u Hs uan s ee T a i ch u
-
,
’
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’

Hao , 1 0 Hs i A n 4 1 ,

m y
Ha r o n , i n m u s ic a n d in l it e r a tu r e , 1 84 ; Hs ia n g k g
in o f C h u 7 9 1 9 6
,
’

, ,

r u es ol f , 39 g
Hsi a n g s i n o r s i n a , 1 5 0
, g l
He a v en ( ) s ,
c e n tr a l , 39 ; n in e , v
i n o ca t i o n
“
g
Hs i a n h o k o u s i ca
-
a cco , m l mp i m
an en t,

o f, 5 8 ; p a t te r n o f, 8 ; s ac r i fi ce to , 54 4 2 7z
He n p r o e r b r e
, v , 152 g
Hs i a n Hs iu o f t h e h i n 2 1 7 C ,

He a gr a m s 1 o n
x , , 15, 1 35 n ; c hi e h , 1 36 ; Hs ia n j u s e e Ssu -m a Hs ia n —
g -
, ju g
ch
’
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’
u n, Hs i an Y ii g i n o f C h u , 86n , k g ’

19 1 ; pi , 1 7 8; Ki n g W en r e, 202 ; re Hsi a o r i n ce o f
, p ian 252 L g ,

a l ig m n ent li o f ne s , 2 15 Hs ia o to i i ta te 1 1 5
, m ,

His to r ia n fid li y t f t e t o ac 9 3; o ffi c e o f, 84 f .
,
Hs i ao h u i e -
mp
e r o r o f t h e Ha n
, 88 f
xxv
, , , .

91, 111 ; t m t r eat en of co n t e mp o r a r ie s , K g L g y

Hs iao a n o f i a n d n as t y , ,

92 Hs i ao s h a n s ee Su Sh u n
-
,

Histo r y l it y f m xx xxx i x 83 ff ;
er ar or ii, ,
. Hs i ao un ofT ian d y n as ty ,
’
g
; We n
, L g xxx
xxv
, ,

p r inc ipl f w iti g f 9 ; p g i v

es or r n o ,
0 ro r e ss e hs i t a n ,
''

, xxxn

t he o r y f Fl x ibl d p t b il i y
o ,
s ee e e a a a t to Hs ia o wu , e -
ero r 242 mp ,

ch an g; di g f
e 8 ; ti
r e co rd b i n o , 20 en an ra n, Hs i a o y a 2 6-
,

2 57 ; y i n in r e co r d s o f, 82
“
Hs ia y u
”
-
so n 34 , g ,

Hist o r y o f i a n i L g x xx v ,
C
Hs i h i e n , 67
Ho e ,
mp
er o r 2 38 ,
h
Hs i e , five t e ac h i n s 1 1 5 g ,

,
m
Ho h a r o n y 1 84 ,
Hs i e h h u o r 7 9, m ,

Ho a i , 2 4 3 f m ly Hs ie h A i 1 80 ,

Ho k u a n tz u , 9 9 2 0 4
- -
, Hs i e h C h e n 89 g ’

mp
Ho o ho n e p ei 66n ,
’

,
“
Hs i e h c h i n
”
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g f lk
so n , 34 , g
mp
Ho o ho n o u s r e ad in , g 2 19 Hs i e h a i 24 3 f m ly ,

Ho r ace , iii xxxv Hs ie h Sh u -y ii an ( Hsi e h Hu n ) , 257

2 86 I nd ex
I, mi n is te r o f Sh u n ( Yu) , 52, 19 1, 250 J ui Li g f
u 78 an -
,

I, to a d h e r e , 68 f .
l u ng c a s t i n g 1 7 9
, ,

I , d i s co u r s e an d d iscu ss i o n , xx v i , 10 1, 127, Ju n a n p r in ce o f th e
-
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q m w
,

1 37 f .
, 14 4 , 17 1 ; re u re i e n ts fo r r it Ju tz u Y in g 89
-
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ing f, t u i ts e a n d s h e ts e ,
’ ’
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14 1

I, to d is p at c h , 120, 17 1 p ti l
Ka i , ar c e, 1 89

1, p a r ti c e , l 1 89 K g ki g
’
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gh t
.

I, ri e o u s n e ss , xi v Ka ng i
, 5a
I, su ta i bl e, 1 35 K g h i ( K g k g)
’
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u un -
un , 29

I Ch i, 54
’

K L g 37
an un , 1

I C h ih ( I Y in ) , x iii , 52 , 1 5 8; I h su n ,
-
K P an f th C h i 9 ao o e n, 0, 24 2, 257
250 ; mm e o r ia l to T
’
a i -ch i a , 126; shuo , K t Imm l
an , anu e , 1z n

105 K mp
ao , 39 e er o r , n

I C hi ng , se e B oo k of C h a n g es K t i f m 7 6 ; ty l
ao , o n or s e o f, xxx v i 84
Id e as , a sso ci a t i o n o f, 24 6; l
c ar i fi ca t i o n o f, K H ao f Ch i 7 f ou o
,
’
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,

v l pm lit yf m
.
,

1 86 ; de e o e n t o f, 227 ; er ar or K k ao -b i gh tl y b i g ao , r ur n n 24 6

xp l
,

o f e r e s s io n o f, 14 , 179 ff .
, 2 3 ; 1 re a K k i hi gk g l
ao -
ue s an -
un r u er , s ee Mao
g l g g
,

t io n to th o u h t an d an ua e, 15 6 K T ao gl g 3 ’
an -
un 1 2

( W an g
,

I -fu Yen) , 103 Ka o ts u , s e e Ha n tsu

- -

I -i , f li g
ee n o f a ttac h m ent , 24 6 Ka o tsu n ( W u ti n ) ,
-
g -
g e mp er o r , 1 34 , 202

I ll t ti
us ra Fi v 5 o ns, e, 1 Kao Y a o 1 9 0 , 2 5 0 ,

Im g a F es , 5 5 o ur , 1 , 21 Ka r lg r e n , e r n a r d , 2 7 n B
Im gi ti
a x l ii 5 4
na on, , 1 Ke , f lko so n g 2 0, 17 1

I mm t l i t y b l i f i lt
,

or a 3 ; , e e n, 1 1 cu o f, 3 6 ; “
Ke
’
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ch u ,
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g u e st - h o s t fu 4 6n
q t f 94 ; T i m d 5
,

u es or , ao s an , 22 n Ke Hu n g of t h e C h i n d y n as t y , xx iii , xxx f .

I mp hm t t
e ac 3 en , so u , 1 2 Ke ng k u e i , -
’
r id d e , 8 1 l
I ip ti
n s cr g l d 3 ; f imp i l
o ns , o , 12 o er a a c h ie v e Ke t ie n so n , 2 0 6
-
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m t en s ,
; t 66 4 122 s o ne , , 12 Xc t i e n -s h i h , 3 2 , 39
-
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I i gh t i t i i v
ns 9
, 55 f 57 n u t e, 10 , 1 .
, 1
“
K g
in W it h o u t ro n, C w t it e l of C o n fu
I p i ti
ns C f i
ra on , o n uc us as s o u r ce o f, xxi ; c iu s , 1 2

W e n fu -
on, xx v i ii K o u , to
’
no c , 2 1 8 k k
I n s t r u ct i o n , f our lm e e e n ts o f, 21; and K u r u er , 5 0
’
l
xx v i ;
,

g e n iu s , x l ii ; an d t l a ent, s ee a lso Ku , a r tic e 1 89 p l ,

L ea r n i n g K u ai h e a r a , 1 5 , 1 4 4
’
, xg m
I n su lt l w , 38 a re, 1 K ’
ua i K ’
uei, 55
I tr ib Ki g Ch
e, n ao s
’
o at h to , 57 K ’
u ai T ’
un g , 106

I Tu n, 2 53 Ku a n ,
p ass or c r e d e n t ia s , l 31 n, 1 4 8; and

I -we n ch ih , 1 27
pL 151

I -wu , see K u an Ch g un K u an Ch g un ( I wu ) -
, 122 ; f lt
au s, 2 65
°

I Y in , see I C h ih hs i , 1 17 ; li ng , 150 ; o n p r a c ti c e o f i, 1 37

I -y i n , 9 5 on so u n d an d e m o t io n , 2 16; w k or s, 99
K ’
uan g m i m t , us c as e r , 4 1, 2 63

J ad e , p e n d an t , 81 , 1 85 ; p ip e, 4 2n ; p wdo er , K ’
uan g H g 3 en , 1 1

2 37 ; p plur e, 24 ; ta bl e ts , 10, 12 3 ; t lly a , K u an g w mp -

u, e er o r o f the L a te r Ha n , 24 ,

150 ; v l e ss e , 57 1 1 1, 3 8 ; l tt 2 e er s , 1 12 ; sa cr i fi ce s , 123;

Jao ch a o i ip t i an d T u T u , 65
’ ’
-
,
ts e , 14 5 s to n e n scr on , 124 ;
Io u l 5 n
, K u an Y in , 2 65

J u an C hi , s ee Ssu tsu n -
g “
Ku ch u , -
oe
”
p m o n, 35
J u an Hs ie n , 42 K u e i , a n ci e n t
’
m us c i m as te r , 4 1, 2 63 ; e i ght
J u an Y ii ( Yu a n Yu) , 2 39 ; c h a ng a nd pi ao , ti mb r es, 250

1 2 8; f u and hs i , 255 ; l tt w i i g
e er -
r t n , 1 4 6, K
’
ue i, o ne - e l gg e d m o n s te r , 19 4

157 ; on L iu Hs i e h , x l v ; ti 7 ao , 2
“
K u e i -h u a , tu n e , 41
Ind ex 2 87

K i k u, 96
ue -
te n t , 2 4 8 ff ; d i pl m o a t ic , 2 50 ; a nd em o

xxx v xxx i x
.

K u ei —k tz u , 9 9 ,
u -
1 0 6n t io n , , , 2 4 6; an d i d e as , 9 8 ;
“
Ku -
in ,m g
”
1 15 k ey to a pp r e h e n s io n , 154 ; an d t r u th ,

K un
’

,
”
10 x vi ; s ee a ls o W o rds
K un ,
’
o u nt m , 20 2, 208 L ao tz u ( Po -
y a n ; T a n ) , 37 , g 1 02 ; o n b e au

K u n he a r a
’
xg m 19 1 f l w d
ti u or s, 175 ; a nd C f o n u ciu s , 95;
x v iii
, ,

K u ng u s i ca, m l to n e , , 17 1, 1 82 , 211 ; phi l phy o so , 242 ; Tao p i ipl

r nc e, 3 6n ; on

an d s ha n g , 2 26 ta o and te , 9 5

K gA k
’
un n- uo , 1 7 n, 105 L a w, i
o ff c e r s o f, 1 32 ; s tu d i es o f, 102

K g h g
’
un -
c an (Ch
’
en L in ) , 2 39 , 2 5 9 ; c ha n g L e ar n i n g , an d e xp e r ie n ce , 15 5 , 157 , 1 6 8,

d pi an ao , 1 2 8; f l au ts , 2 64 ; fu an d hsi , 2 61 ; and l it er a t u r e , xi v ; p p m
ro er eth o d

2 55 ; h si a g a i n st T s ao
’
T ’
s ao , 1 19 ; pi ao , o f, 1 61

1 2 8; p ro v er b , 1 53 L g li m i g m
e a s , n ar u en t , 1 37 n

K ’
un g C h i f th H i d y ty a o e s a n as , 39 L g li t 3
e a s s, 1 1

K ’
un g Ch i C f i ’
u, s ee o n uc us L i el gy xx v i xx ix
, e e , , , 20, 4 5 n , 5 6 , 64 , 17 1,

K ’
un g J g K g Y g
un ,
s ee
’
un un 2 5 6; and s u ng , 66
K un g K Li Chan , s ee u en L tte h er s , c ; typ ao as , 111 es o f, 1 53

K ’
un g K g 33 65 66 u an , 1 , 2 , 2 L xi g phy 9
e co ra , 20

K ’
un g K i 6 ’
ue , 0 L i ki g
, 34 n , 2

K un g—k g K gh i
un , s ee
’
an -
u Li d k
, f Ch i
u
7 e o n, 11

K un g Ii ( C h g Ch g
-
un
’
an 87 , 9 9 Li m , t 3 oun , 1 1

K ’
un g m i g ( C h k Li g)
-
n u- e an , 1 15, 128 Li h x g m
, e 5 a ra , 1

K un g -
H g
sen 36 un , 2 L i p i ip l
, f
r nc d t xv e o co n uc , , 131

K g ty l ip t
un -
(L g t ) 98
su n un -
z u ,
Li , f s
9 e o s cr , 20

K un g -
H i
su n 5 u 2 1 Li g p i
an
7 , r n ce , 10

Li g d y ty i xx v
,

K un g -
H g
su n 4 36 un , 1 2, 2 an n as , x , , xx xn i

K un g -
su n P i n -ch i , se e Hs ii a n , e mp ero r Li an
g pl , a co u e, 220

K u n g—
su n T
’
a n -h u i , mi n i st e r , 151 L i g C h i 64
an , 2

K un g Y g 9 an ,
1 n Li g f m t 3
an -
u, oun , 12

K un gy g K 9
-
an ao , 2 Li i 9 8
ce , s x,

K ’
un g Y g (W h ) 5 ; f l h g
un en c -
u , 11 a se c ar e L i -c hi , s ee B oo k o f R i t es
a g i t 33 ; f l
a ns ,
64 ; H i 1li au t s , 2 s ao - en ,
”
Li Ch ’
un g , xxxn

10 4 ; l tt 4 6 ;em m i l N i H
er s, g 1 e or a re en ,
Li e h , c h ar a ct e r , 2 1 3 ; n a r r a ti v e a cc o u n t , 1 4 8,
12 8; pi 54 ; i ip t i
,
67 ; v i t l
2 sto n e n s cr o ns, a 152

i ty , 1 63 Li e h -c h u a n , bi g phi o ra es , 87
K un—
ka n g
’
m t 53 oun 2 Li eh y ii k - -
’
ou ( Li h e -
tz u ) , 97, 99
L i e n—
, ,

K u n lu n
’
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ou n a n , 2 , m ti 7 ch u , co n t i n u o u s s tr i n g o f p l ear s , 74 ,
K u n wu ,
’
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e a ur s , m t ll gi t 5 9 7 6, 1 7 1
Ku o h an C2 g 65 ,
L i I -ch i , 1 0 6
Ku o c h iao s ee T z u ch u a n
-
’

,
-
’ “
L i ho -
p m ”
oe s, 38
“
Ku o c h i n lu n , 1 0 3
-
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Li K g 3 ’
an , 10

K u o fe ng 2 6
-
,
Li K g 48
u an , 1 , 177 n

Ku o Hs i a n , 1 0 3 g Li L i g 34 n ,

Ku o un K g
1 38 ,
L i -m a , 9 5
K uo P u , see
’
h in y a n
’
C g -
g L in , see h C ’
en L in
Ku o Y u t ao , 67 - L in, u n i co r n , 1 4 3n

Ku Y g
u n , 131 Li n g mp, e er o r , 2 39

Li n g d k
, u e of W e i 60 ,

b tw 8
L ai , to es o , 21 Li n g d , or er , 1 1 0 , 1 4 8, 1 5 0

L t
an,p 77 o e r u se , Li n g—h ii c n, s ee C h ii Y ii a n
L g g b ty f
an ua e, ea u o , 1 5 6, 1 60 ; a nd ce r e L i -s a o , x l iii , 72 ; a nd th e Cl ass i cs , xxx v i ;
m y 4; h i on , 1 c o ce o f, xxn , I 5; a nd co n f a n t a st i c ta e s l in , 29 ; as m ode l , 24 8
2 88 I nd e x
Li Ss u , p im m i
r e n is te r , 204 , 2 17 ; a nd Lo, g o d d es s o f, 201

Ch i ’
n s
’
c h ua n , 209 ; l g li t i
e a s n s cr i pti o ns, L gio c, in f und a m e n ta l p r nc i i pl es, xxx v ;
123; l xie co n , 2 1 o n, 211 ; m m e or a i l 3
, 1 1, in l it e r a r y s ty e , 1 5 9 l ; s t u d i es o f, 1 0 2
25 1 ; s hu o , 107 L or d s, m il i ta r y e xp e d i t io n s , 1 17

Li T ’
an g o f Sh a n g , 54 L o -s h u , se e W r i t in g fr o m t he Ri v er Lo
Li t er ar y co mp o si ti o n , ch o i ce of w or ds an d L ou Hu , s ee C h ii n -
ch
’
in g
c h a r a cte r s , flw i211 Lv ; g 43
c u t t in g , 2 32 ; a s n, o e so n s,

2i 6 ff ; i mm l i ti th gh 9 4 ; L y l ty l i x mpl f 8 7
. o r ta z a on rou , o a , c as s c e a e o , 2 , 2n

m i ll s ce f m 7 3 ff ; p i g d L ii H mp
a n eo u s or s, 88 . o en n an , an e r ess ,

l i g 8 f ; g i ti
c os n , 22 5 ff ; . L t t
or i 7 f 5
an z a o n, 22 . re u, s a e, x x, 2 .
, 0

co nd it d pi e an lm 4 ff ;
co n s L d 4 8f
cu o u s e e e n ts , 2 1 . u, r e co r , 1 .

i
s x pi t f t dy
o n s 6 ; t t orL d s u49 , 2 2 s r uc ur e, u, roa , 1

186 ff ; W f . ii f ; w i de n- u d L ii l w 4 8 f ; p it h p i p
o n, x xv 49 . n an , a , 1 . c e, 1

b one, 6 ff 1 2 L l i 47 ua n , co n c u s o n ,

pp i tiv iti d x l v ; l
.

L it t er a u r e , a r ec aL C h i f th C hi e cr ( Sh i h h g )c an i 48 , c as u o e n -
en , x ,
°

ifi t i
s ca xxx ix ; d v l pm t xxx v iii
on, d h i b th e Y e o 4 ; hi en47 , , an s ro er un , 2 1 c
’
en, 1

23 3 ff ; f t i xxx li ; g
u nc w t h i d i
on, i f b i g p
, h i x39 ; f l t ro n s cu ss o n o o ra es, 1 au s,

xx iv ; l w d m it
.

esth t i w e c a a r e n e ss , 65 ; h i t i l w i ti g 9 ; i t t h h a an er 2 s o r ca r n s, 0 o e un

of 69 ; d l
1 i g x v i ii ; an d d d fli i l
e ar n n ; i fl , f Ch g an na re o c a s, 1 20 n u e n ce o u an

xxx v xxx v iii ; p x x i i x x v xx v iii f ; K g

,
“
t ur e, , t ur e, 5 ; l i h , z u, . un 2 e n -c u,

Li u A A
n, pi f H i
see n, 7 6 ; m i
r n ce l t f
o w i ti g 8 su4; -
n an u s ca na u re o r n , 1

Li u C h ( K genK ) 5 3 5 3 8 un 39 ; P i w g an 3 ; , g , 4 4 ; t y l , , 2 en- an ,
”
10 so n s, s e,

ch
’
ien a nd ch i, 14 7 ; li e n —
chu , 7 6 ; o n 1 6 1 , 1 8 1 , 2 5 6 ; ti a o t o W e i W u 7 2 ; We n ,

l it er ar y l
sty e s , 1 7 2 ; m p e ta h o r s , 1 9 7 ; r h e t _

f u, q u o t ed , xxvii ff .
, xxx v i i , 5 , 1 81 ,

o r ic , 2 5 5 ; st yl e, 1 60 ; vi ta l it y , 1 63 1 84 , 2 30 ;
“
Y u an 20 6

L iu C hih -
ch i , xlv Lu C hihis to r i a n , 4 7 ,
a, 106 f ; Ch .
’
u -ha n

L iu C h i -h s ii , 2 59 ch u n —c h
’
i u , 86 ; H s i n -
y it, 9 9 ;
’
w k or s, 252

L iu F g an , se cr e ta r y o f th e W ei , 1 13 L ii e h , r ! c i s , 77 p
L iu Hs i a n g
Ch e n g see Tz u- L ii Hs ia n g ,
hs i , 1 17

vi
,

L iu Hs ie h ( a l i a s Y e n h o ) xi -
, , xxx ii i ; d an L ii -h s i e n , in Sh a n gt g p un ro n ce , xxxu i

B u m 3 ; B d d hi
d d h is 1o n u st na m xxx i v ; e, L u I, ch
’
ien, 147

l i i m xxx i v x l iii ff ;
c a ss c s C f ,
. on o n u ci u s , L it Ia n
-
( L u -
s hi h ch u n
’
86 f .
, 9 7, 9 9
l tyl x l i v ; p d i l w
,

6; p
1 e r so n a s e, r o so c a s, L u n , d is co u r s e , 20, 99 , 10 1 ff .
, 1 37 ; e ssa y ,

xxx i ; v i w f l it y iti i m xxx v ii ; e o er ar cr c s , xx v i xx ix , , 171

W h i ti
e n- l g xxx ff s n ao - u n ,
. L g h
un , s ort so n g , 77
Li uHi k g 7 s en -
un ,
11 L gtun -
z u , s ee K un g su n
-

L iu Hs i n , 1 67 , 2 5 3, 2 60 ; i, 1 20, 1 38 ; L gyun -
u, c it y , 111

h ym h m
“ ”
h fu , A nale cts
’
u i -c L u n -y i t ,
’

r 88 ; S e sc e e, 1 u 204 ; se e

Y g Hi g i
re an s un , xx L u P ei,
’
14 2

Li K f t h C hi i o a th , 5 8; m e hi P u -W e i ,
’
u un o e n, ron 102

m i l t Empor a Y ii o er o r an , 1 29 ; p ll l
ar a e L ii Sh a n g , l oi n
‘

s ee a lso Lu W ang
9 3 ; ty l L it s hi h c h u n -c h ia , L it-Ia n
’

i m s , 57 1 s e, 2
-
s ee

L iu -s h a , 27 L u te , 1 84

L i u Sh ao , Ch 24 0 ; ao tu -
fu , 205, 2 55 Lu T s ui
’

( W e n we i ) -
, 2 39 ; char g egi a a n st

L iu Su n g mm il e or a 1 32 K ’
gY g
un un , 1 33 f lt
au s, 2 65 ; mmi e o rs,

5 5 ; p v ty
, ,

L iu Su n g p i d 43 er o , 2 , 2 57 , 258 2 o er o f, 2 65

L iu T
’
ao , 65 Lu W g 59 ; an , see a so l L u Sh a n g
L iu— t wo lu n , Lu W e n shu of Ha n
’
t ao 10 1
-
, 15 1
,

L iu W ei , o f C hi n , 1 33 , 2 4 1 Lu Y ii n ( Sh i h -
l g)un , 5, 2 23 ; on f mor

L i Y en -
n ie n , co mp o ser , 4 1, 44 vs . co n t e n t , 1 7 2 ; o n f our - w ord li n e , 1 88 ;

L i Yu, in an d m i ng , 25 3 ; i n scr i p ti o ns , 61 st yl e, 1 81 , 2 5 6
2 90 In d e x
N ot h in g n e ss , or v o id , 10 2n Pa r t i c l es, 1 89

Nu , w or d, 211 Pa -
so , 17

Pa t te r n ( s ) , ch a n g es in , 12 ; hu m an , 9 f ; .

Oath , 5 7 f , 1 1 0 , 1 1 6 f , 2 0 5 . . l it e r ar y , xxx i x f ; m . u s ca i l , 1 85 ; so u n d ,

O d d a n d s tr a n e , i n it e r a r y g l w k or s, 1 60 , xxx i ; t h r ee ( co lo r , so u n d , a n d e m ot oni ) ,

1 83 , 211, 222 f .
, 2 30 f .
; w g ron u se o f, 175 ; as u n i v e r sa lq u a li t y , 8
1 64 P e a ch pl m t and77 u r e es, 1

Od e s , xxx v ii , 11 Pe a r l i m g li
s, n4 ; a no a ca s e , 1 1 str i n gi g n , 76
O ffic i a l s, c h a r a ct e r o f, 2 65 ; e xh o r ta t o n s i to , P
’

ei (F ) p i 38 u , r n ce , 2

61 ; o ne hu nd r ed , 6 1 f . Pe i i , ip i xx i x 66 7
n s cr t on, , , 1 1

O m en s , 85 , 122 f .
, 14 2 Pe i h i (P i
-
aC h i g ) 66 r n ce n ,

O r a cu l ar j d gm
u e n ts, 11 Pe i h i
-
F pi
s en 4 u, r n ce , 2

ei W ei 103
’
P ,

P a i -h s i n g , t er m , 1 10n P
’
en g Hs i e n , w ort hy o f t h e Y i n d y n as t y , 29

Pa i -h u h ll a , 102 P h e a sa n ts , g ood o m en , 142

Pa l ace s , fu o n, 47 Ph i l l gy 8 ffo o , 20 .

Pa n , wm o an pl a a ce o fli c i a l, 34 Ph i l phy i
o so , an c ent Chi na , xi , w on ; a nd

Pa n C h i ( Pa n Ch ao ) , i
s s te r o f P a n Ku , 115 l it xx ii
e r atu r e , , 176; w k or s o f, 9 4 ff .

P
’
an Hs ii ,
Cl i a ss c s as mdl o e fo r , 1 63 ; Ph o e n i x , 27, 85
“
Ch i u- hsi , 1 13; co n e r f m t en e d i ct , 254 ; P h o n e t ic co mp ound , 2 12n

li e n -c h u , 7 6 ; on ta ll i es , 62 Pi , b r us h, 229 n ; unr hy m e d p r o se , 6, 229 ;

P an - e n , Y in
’
k g ru er , l 203 u se u l f li t e r a t u r e , xx i v
Pa n g
Ku ( M e n c h i e n ) , h i sto r i a n , 9 2 2 3 8,
-
, Pi , h e xg ma ra , mm , 17 8

2 39 , 2 65 ; c hi to E r e ss L ii 88 ; r e mp , Pi , m ph e ta or, 2 6n , 195, 19 6 f .

C h ii Y il
’
an , 27 ; a nd th e C la ss ics , 20 5 ; P i,
’
o ne o f a p a ir , 220

i i i m
cr t c s o f, 9 3 ; f l au ts , 2 64 ; e p ig p h ra , Pi a o , c hi
’
u se d as, 1 34 ; to e xp r ess , 127,

60 ; fu, xxx , 46; re Eu I , 2 59 ; h i s to r i ca l 129 m m i l f f li g 7

; e or a o ee n , 1 1

w r i ti n g s, 87 ;
“
Hs i -
tu fu ,
”
200 Li g
;
“
an Pi a o pi f t d h v y 4 6
— ao , as an ea , 2

tu ,
”
4 8; l it er ar y l
ta e n t , 2 5 3 ; m ph e ta o r s, Pi e h , c h a r a ct e r , 2 13

197 ; Pe i -
Ch en g ,
”
51 ; P i n -h s i ,
”
74 ; Pi e n , g m t 37 ar u en , 1

p r ay e r to Me n g -
sh a n , 57 ; sty e , l 1 60 ; Pi h g
en, 75c an e, 1 n

s u ng , 51 ; Ti e n -y n , i
”
124 ; tsa n , 5 3 ; u se Pi
’
l it y f m 7 7
e n, e r ar or ,

of q u o ta t io n , 204 Pi i t m
e n- 35 , er , 1

P
’

an Ni 36n , , 62 Pi f
’
-
p ll l i m i
u ,
f ar a e s n u se o , 220

Pa n Pi ao ( Sh u 7 2 , 87 ; e mm o r ia s , l Pi m
’
m a, te r , 220

2 38;
“
W an g mi g
-
n lu n , 102, 2 53
“
Pi ly in
”
d B k r cs , s ee un er oo o f P o e tr y
Pi g H mp
’

Pa n Po , 1 35 n , 4 9 an e e ro r , 2 , 20

l gi 5 7 , 65 ; Pi g mp 88
’

Y ii e h ( A j e n ) , 3 6n ; e
’
P an n -
e es ; n , e r e ss ,

w g f g d p P i g k i g f th Ch 84 f
’

flaw i n r i ti n o f, 2 1 7 ; or e r ay e r , n , n o e ou , .
, 2 34

2 65 ; f u, 4 8;
“
Hs i —h e n C g fu ,
”
256; j k
o e, P i g
’
n it i q ,
cr ue, 10 1

80 ; lm a e n ts , 69 ; p v b ro er , 1 53 ; s ty l e, P i g fly i g t
’
n , 83 n o ne , 1

Yi g f 97 f Pi g h H Y
“ ’

1 61 , 1 84 n s ee o en
- -
; n u, 1 . s u,

C P i g t Ch gH g
’

Y ii e h han ,
’
P an 24 1 n -
z u , s ee an en

m l i m e nt , 2 1 6 P i g y ii pi 6
’

i
’
P ao , u s ca n s tr u n -
an , r n ce , i o n

P ao -c h u a n g -
tz u , 207 P i tc h , s ta n d ar d , 4 2
P a o -h s i ( Fu -
hsi ) , lg d y l
e en ar r u er , 10 , 24 , p ip 39 4
P i tc h es , n, 2, 14 9

88 ; a nd the s x i l x ig p h i p e ra c r nci i pl es , P l gi i m
a 9 ar s , 21

z o8 f.
Pl t ii 9 5
a o, x , n

Pao Y g 7un 10 P m i x d 37 f
o, e , 1 .

T
,

Pa r a bl es,95 1 Po -
c h ie h , see s a
’
i Y g un

Pa r a g p h 86
ra , 1 Po C h in ,
’
s ee Hs i u p o -

Par a ll l i m l i g
e s , n u i s t ic , 19 0 ff .
, 2 20 f . P o -c h ii , 3 0
 29 1

Po C h u -i , l i ig h t i an d m ora ns , x x Re m o ns tr a n c e , i n s cr i pti o ns, 59 ; mm e i

or a s l
Po e t y r3 Cl i l d fi iti 1 xp d d ass c a e n on e an e , o f, 131 ; p i
o e t c , x x, 2 i 8, 3 4
xx i x f xxx ii i ; d v l pm t d f ti
,

.
, e e o en an u nc on Re p e t i t io n , o f c h a r a c te r s , 2 1 2

o f 3 ff ; d i t i g i h d f m f 4 6 ; l
, 1 . s n u s e ro u, e e Re v e r e n ce , e xp r e ss i o n o f, 146

m t f 37 m ien s o d l it yf m
, e ot on an e r ar or ,
Re vi i s on, li t e r ar y , 2 2 8

17 6; f i f m tu n ct o n d d o re o n s r a n ce an a R h e to r ic , 1 65 ; e d i ti n g o f, 17 9 ; o v e r u se o f,

m ii i ;
on t on, x x d g v m t i ; li an o er n en , x x ne 14 0

p t xxx ii 34 37 3 8 69 7
a t e r n s , xxx n , , , , , , 0, Rh y m e, 1 83 , 1 88

187 ; d m i if
an 3 5 ; u s c, xxx v .
, 2, 0 72 R i ch a r d s , I A . .
, xlvi
d
r oun bi 36 ; d d 4 3 ; th
ro n,
”
2 an so u n , e R id d l es , 82
or y f i ; ti l it i
o v i w f xxx v i
, x u ar a n e o , R it e s , Fi v e, 4; i mp e r ia l , 2 3 8 ; s e e a ls o B oo k
Po e ts , l ifi d by m it xxx ii
c ass e er , o f R i t es
Po -
i , d l t
co n 7 o e n ce s o, 2 Ro u n d bi ro n p o e tr y , 34 n , 3 8
Po —i m m i l
, 37 fe 43 or a , 1 .
, 1 Ru l mtl
e, e a , fo r m e asu r i n g p it ch , 42
Po —l i g t w 34 3 8 36
an , o er , , , 2 Ru l hi
er s , c r e ser vd e fo r , 8 8n ; i n s cr i pi t o ns

Po —lii , 36n to , 59 f .
, 122 ; p ro hi b i ti on re na m e o f,

Po -s h i h , s ee Hu K u an g 1 34 n ; wm o en , 88 ; w d or s o f, 111

Po -s h ih , l e ar n e d m en , 1z on, 142

Po y a n-
g , see L ao t z u Sacr ifice ( s ) , to a ll the d e it ie s , 5 4 ; g e n
Pr a i s e , f u nct o n i o f p o e tr y , m i x d w i th
33 ; e e r a s as , l 69 ; to hea v en a n d e ar t h , 1 2 1 ff ; .

ce n su r e , 5 2 , 5 3 ; in sa c r ifi i l p y
c a 56 ra er , o ffi c e r o f, 5 5 an d w ll d a e t e r r ac e s , 66
Pr aj na , g fi d g v m
’

103 Sa e, de n itio n , 1 3 ; an o er n e n t , xx n i

Pr a y e r s , 5 5 , 1 2 3 Sa n -fe n , 10, 17

Pr e t e n t io u s n es s , i t e r a r l y 73 , 1 , z i 8f .
Sa n - k g un ,
i
o ff c e , 147

Pr o f u n d i ty , in li te r a r y w k or s, 159 , 2 60 Sa n lii , 5 1 , 1 9 6
-

Pr o n u n c i a t i o n , s ta n d a r d i z e d , 209 f . lm
Sao , a e n t , 2 4 9 ; ana ly sis o f, 25 ff ; a n d .

p
Pr o h e cy , mp y mb l a s as s o s o f, 23
f e ng an d ya, xxx v i ; an d fu , l
4 6 ; ite r a r y
Pr o so d y , l w f xxx i
a s o , sty e , l 17 0 ; u se o f pi and hs i n g , 196

Pr o v b er s , a n ci e n t , 1 5 2 Sa o o f th e C h
’
u , see Ch
’
u -
tz u
’

Pu, to s p r ea d o u t, 15 1 Sa r co h a p g us, 60
Pu , w ar r a n t , 14 8 Sca l e, ch r o m a t ic , 14 gn ; fiv e -
n o te , 17 m ,

P u, l 48 ch r o n i c e , 1 1 8z n ; i n te r v a ls , 39 ; n o te s , 4 2n, 1 4 8,

P
’
u, v g bl g d e e ta e ar en , 14 8
1 82 ; t w lv e e - to n e , 1 85
Pu r pl l 5 e, co o r , 2
Sc h o l ar ( )
s , co mp eti ti o n a m g on , 2 16; d efi
Pu we i ,
-
s ee L u Pu -we i n i tio n , 13; d i s c u s s io n s ll d l
ca e un, 102 ;

ei gh t ta le n t e d , 1 35 ; an d g v o er n m en t ,
Q u o ta t io n , f m ro e ar l i w it
er r er s , 25 4
2 66 ; l
s e e ct io n o f, 14 1, 43 f
1 .

R acco o n , 7 8
Sc h o o l Ni s, ne , 83 , 9 6
Scr ip t d bl
l p f
R a d ic a , r e e t i t io n o , 2 12
, ou e, 2 10

Se a so n s , 84 ,
Ra i n,p y f 54 ra er s or ,
245

Ra i b w
n 69 o 1
Se n g —y u, e d i ts B u d d h is t s u tr a s , xxxu i

Re a d i g h m ph n
,
Se n te n c e , 1 86 , 1 89 f .

R ea l i m i d i p ti
s
,

n
o o

e sc r
o no u s,

on,
2 19

24 8
Se v p m
en E ito es o f Lit e r a tu r e , 9 6n
R e aso n i g i Sp i g n
,

n r n a nd A u t u m n A n na ls , Se v S p
en t a te s er o i d, l tte e r s, 14 5 ; li n g , 110 ;

mm il f
,

e o r a s, 126
I 9
.

R e cr u its , hsi re, 120 Se v en W o r th i es of the B mba oo G v ro e,

R e co r d s , t e r m s fo r , 14 8 2 66n
Red , l
co o r , 25, 1 67 ; mix e d w i th w h i t e, Sh a n , 24, 124

12 7 ; w o r ds, 1 0 Sh a n g ( Y in ) , 9n; a n ce s t o r o f the Sh a n g ,

R ed B k oo ,
”
a p o cr y ph a , 2 3, 122 33 . 65 72, 1 1 6, 2 0 3

Re f e r e n ce , te tu a x l , 202 ff . S h a ng , to a pp r e c a te , i 2 18
 29 2 In d e x
S ha ng , m u s ica l n o te , x v iii , 17 1, 1 82 , 211 Sh i h T s
’
en, 51
Sh a n g dy n as ty , 1 1, 2 8n , 2 50 ; b k
oo of Sh ih W ei , 46
v
d i in at io n , 9 8n ; p o e tr y , 1 66 ; s hi h , 84 ; Sh o u - i n l g H t g it 7 6 , an - an a , , 17 4

s u ng , 50 Sh o u - y g m t 7
an , o un , 2n

Sha ng -s h u , m e an i n g , 1 31 Sh u , t obi d t l 5 n or co n r o , 1 0

Sh a ng -s h u t o -c h u a n , 2 13 Sh u , e p i t l xx v i 7 3
s e, 12 1 1, 14 4 , 1 65 , 1 7 1

v
, ,

Sh a n gY g an , 9 6, 1 37 Sh u , n a r r a ti es, 53
S ha n -s hih , co n to u r of a m o u n ta n , i 1 69 n Sh u , o p e r a tio n , 14 8 f .

Sh ao , d u k e , o n c h e n a nd fi t , 45 Sh u , sa es l s l ip , 1 4 8, 15 1

Sh a o , x ii Sh u -
ch
’
i, co n d o e n ce s t o , l 72
Sh ao h ao , -
24 Sh u -c hi , f m
or s o f, 1 4 8

Sh ao h s i a , -
”
4 1, 175, 206 Sh u -c hi ng , s ee B oo k o f Histo r y
Sh a o -
k g ’
an , 2 7 n , 2 8n Sh u j k 8
Hs i , o e, 0

Sha o -s h a o , b i ll i
r an t, 24 6 Sh h i g f C h i
u- s an7 o n, 11

Sh e , l d or o f, 8 1 Sh un ( Y y ii ) l g d y l 8
u- , e en ar r u er , xu n , 2 ,

Sh e e p , s acr i fice o f, 55 38 ;
2 Hu f g 33 f ; N f g
“
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2 .
“
an -
en ,
”

Sh ee p ki s n, in cr y p ti m c e ss a g e, 82 n 3 2, 89 ; p t y 3 ; p y t th
1 on oe r , 1 ra er o e

She n , pt f i
co n ce o , xv fi l d d ity 5 4 ; y l w i g 6 ; i
e e , ro a ar n n , 11 sa c r

Sh e ri C h g f t h N th C h
un o e or er n o u , xv i ii n fic e to T
’
a i -s h a n , 122 ; re s hu , 144

Sh e ri f m i ly 4 3
a 2 Sh u n t r ee , 17 8

xx ix
,

Sh e n g m i l i t m t
, 6 u s ca n s ru en , 21 Sh u o , ar g m u e nt , , 20 , 4 5 n, 10 1, 105,

Sh e n g hi Ki g M
-
c bi 5 6
,
n
’
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Sh e n - h t m xx Sh u p i , Pa n Pi a o
’
-
ua , er see

T
,

Sh e n N g I Ch i un , s ee
’
Sh u -su n
’
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Sh e n Pu —h ai , 9 6 Sh u -t
’
un g , s ee T s ao
’
Pao
Sh e n Sh u -i o f W u , 8 1 Sh u — Hs i K g ’

ya , see an

Sh e n -ss u , s pi r i tua l th o u gh t or i m gia n at io n , lm

Sig n ific e e en t, 2 1 2n

15 4 ff . Si lkw m 7 8 or ,

Sh e n T ao , 9 9 Si x D y n as t i e s p i d x liv er o

x xx i x l v
,

Sh e n Y ii e h , , S am ll T a ,
”
83 lk l i y f m te r ar or ,

Sh e ts -
mm ’
e, e or a i l , 14 1 Sn a il t ,f 97 an e n n a o ,

Sh i l d
e d p an s ea r , 17 1 So c i l a t m B k f Rit d
cu s o8 s, oo o es a n , 1

Sh i h f m l
, or u a, 14 8 f .
So n g i 39 ; p p l 7 8; fl ti
s, n ne, o u ar , re ec on o f
Shi h , h i sto r ic a l w r it i n g , 17 1 ; o fli c ia l, 6 4 , g v m t i 34 ; t i g d w i d
o er n en n, 2 s r n an n -
ac

84 co mp i d 4 ; ty l f t h i d y
an e , 2 s e o e n ne n as

Shi h , o at h, 4 5 n, 7 7 t i es , 1 66

Shi h , p o e t r y , 3 1 ff .
S o ng s o f Ch
’
u , 1 88

Sh i h , t o r eso lv e, 151 So n of He a v en , 59 , 118

Shi h , so l id , l 74 n So r ce r e r , 5 2 n , 5 6
Sh i h , s ty l e, 1 69 n , 170 So u n d s , c h o ic e o f, 1 85 ; p a tte r n o f, 175,
Sh ih Ch ao , 71 1 86, 2 1 1 , 2 4 6

Shi h -c hi , 9 0 , 9 8 Sp w d ivi
ar r o s, ne , 23 8
Sh i h Ch ia ,
-
”
io b g phi ra es , 87 n Sp e ech k g d , un an s h a ng , 2 1 1

Sh i h Chi ao , 9 6, 9 9 Sp ll i g
e v n , re e r se , 2 1 9
Shi h -c hi ng , s ee B oo k of Sp i i t p y
r s, t ra er s o, 5 0 ; ti a o to , 7 1
Shih -c hi n bi d r , 19 5 Sp t ity x l i i i
o n an e 2 15
pl
, ,

Sh i h -ch ii Sp i g
’
a ace , 102 r n d A t an u um n A n nals , xxi ; em
Sh i h -h en g , s ee L u C hi b e lli s h m e n t, 2 22 ; Fi v e I ll u s tr a ti o n s , 17 ;
Shi h -hs ii , 2 33 ff .
l it e r ar yf m or s, 2 0
Sh i h Hu i of Su i , 250 Ss u , p r nc e i ( T s ao
’
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l g
,
Sh ih - un see L u Y ii n Ssu -ch i h , fli ci a ls ,
, o 1 36
2 94 I n d ex
T a o -t e -
c hi ng , xx i , 95n T d i i li m
ra fl x ibl d p b i l i y
t o na s , vs . e e a a ta t ,

T a o Y ii a n , 3 8 x l iii
T as t e , s e n s e o f, 10 5, 1 85 T q ili
r an d li ump i i ty , a n te r ar y co os t on, 224
T a -y a , mj a or y a, 2 6n T ig m
r 7ra s, 10 , 1 n, 22n

Te , p pl 9 5
a r t ic u a r l p r n ci
i e, , 122 T ip d ( ) b
r o i ib d 6 6 s , ro nz e, 59 ; n s cr e , 0, 3;
T lie- Yi g Y g
en , see n an i 6
n ne, 10

T mp m ff t l it
e er a ent, e ec on e r ar y w k or s, 1 5 9 T h im f i db
r ut , a tta n en t o , xv ; a n e au t y , xxu ;
T mpl
e t l 66 e s , a n ce s r a , f li i exp i f xx i x f
c to u s i e r e ss o n o ; u n ct o n

T g f t 8
,

en o res , 20 of lu n , 104

gT
,

T f h Ch i T sa i , vy p a r t ic e , l
’
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T g Y ii 7
,

en , 10 ,
1 12 Ts
’
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ta i o r , 1 5 0 , 1 7 9

T t e (Y g H i )
-
su 39 an s u , 2 , 255 T s a
’
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l or d, 1 17

T h gh i d i v id
ou l p d t, n ua s ee o f, 1 56; or T s a
’
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g a n iz a t io n o f, 226 T s a
’
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ch ie h ) , 7 2 , 2 3 8, 2 54 ; re

T hr ee Ki gd m pn o s er oi d ( Hs i a , Sh a n g , co u r t r i tu a s , l 1 31 ; e p ig p h ra s, 61 ;
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’
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51;
“
Hs i h u i -
,
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74 ; p ll l i m
ar a e s ,

emb ll i h m t e ; f m f g m t
s en , 222 or o a r ee en , 19 1 ; s to n e i n s cr i p ti o ns , 67 ; u se o f q t uo a

57 ; l g g i i m
an f ; l
ua i t y e n t e o , 222 e r ar t io n , 20 4

w k 9 ; mi g
or s, 2; l d v i d by n , 1 10 r u er s a se Tsa n , co mm e n ta r y , 52, 87 , 10 1 ; eu o l gy ,

comm p pl 37 ; S — on f f 7; t l eo e, 1 an en o , 1 a 20

ly , I 50 T s an
’
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r nce , s e e T un gpi g
-
’
n

T i,
’
g en r e, 1 6g n T s an
’
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e h , h i s to r i a n , 84 ; i n v e n t io n o f
Tiao , t o c o n d o le , a n d c hi h , 70 c h a r a c te r s , 208

Ti ao Hs i e h 24 1 Ts
’
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chie h pi ’
en, l xi
e co n , 2 1 0

Ti vi
,

“
l g
ao - u n ,
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dra g on c ar n g , 3n T san g H 78 o ,

Tie h, mm e o r an d m u , 1 4 8, 151 T
’
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Tieh , o n e ey e — d fish , 1 23 T san g W —h g 59 SM en C un , 82 n

ip t i v p h
, ,

T i e n , d o cu m e n ts , 7 6, 84 , 8 6, 1 12n ; lit Ts
’
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dz
’
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er ar y f m or , 90 ; sty e l o f, xxx v i , x li , 1 59 Ts
’
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ns r u 77 en a u s c,

T ien,
’
1 8, 1gn T s ao
’
C h ih Ch , see
’
e n - ssu

Tien —
k ao , s ty e , l 28 T s ao
’
C hi i ,
'

211

Ti ’
e n - lu k o , 74 T s ao
’
Hu n g , 2o 7n

Ti en- ma , 124 T s ao
’

Je n , 207

Ti ’
en Pa , 2 59 T s ao
’
Mo , 57
T i e n - we n , 3 0
’
T s ao
’
Pa o ( Sh u 24 , 2 23

T i e n y a , s ty e , l x l iv Ts
’
ao P
’
e i,f oun d er of W e i d y n as t y , se e

T i - h s i ng ,
’
158 ff . W en , e mp ero r

Timb r es, ei gh t , 44, 2 50 T s ao

’
Sh u , 25 6

T in g d k 9 ,
u e, 2 T s ao
’
T s ao
’

, s ee W u W ei , e mp eror

T i g I ( C h g—
n li ) 55 64 f en , 2 , 2 . Ts e , p r nc i pl i e, 149

Ti g I ( C hi g—Ii ) 5 9
n n , 2 Ts e , i
s n ki g n to n e , 1 83

Ti g li M t y xxx iii
n -
n o n as e r ,
Ts
’
e, e d ict , 20 ; h o r se w h ip an d b mb
a oo

T i hi h t m
-
s 69 , er , 1 n s l ip , 1 4 sn ; r e co r d s , 86 ; s cr i pt , 109

T i l b t w l f 6 ; p th m
t e, es o a o , 12 os u o u s, 64 , T s e ng —
Iu n , m te r , 1 37

Ts h ip t f e n eo ff f m
’
e -s u, sc r o en t, 1 10
70, 1 39 , 1 52

T mbo s, m o nu m t d en s an , 67 Ts o , t pl d g
o e e a ho st i n wi ne , 2 18

T o n es , 39 in l g g an ua e , an d co o u r s ,l xxx i ; T so Ch i m i g ’
u- n , 5 0 , 85 , 87 f .
, 94
m i u s ca l ki, nd s o f, 1 82 T s o -c h u a n , 27

T i o r to s e , v
d i in e , 22 ; s he ll s, 12, 61, 12 1 T s o Hs i u n g , 127

T o u Hs i e n , 6 o n , 2 64 (T ai 38, Ch i
’
T so
’
Ss u 24 1 ;

To u J g un ( Ma r qu is T a i ) , 51 f g en ,
”
75, 2 17 ; fu , 4 8, 1 5 6; m u s i ca l na
In d ex 2 95

tu r e o f w i i g r t n , 1 84 ; Sa n -
t u -fu , 2 5 6; hs u n , 5; j d gm
u e n ts or o r acu a r l s ta te

T h r ee C pi l F a ta u, xx i x f . m e nt, 12n, 20 ; an d pi , 19 7 ; vi va vo c e ,

Ts o u , ch
'
i u se d as , 1 34 f .
; mm e o r ia l xx v i
, , 14 8, wi 152 ; r te r o f, 4 8

xx ix , 20, 127, 1 32 , 147, 17 1 ; w d f or o Tz

’
u, l g g 4 an ua e,

m out h, 1 2 6, 1 30 Tz
’
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to 48 5 e r ce , 1 , 1 1

Ts o u -
c hi , te r m , 14 7 Tz u -a n ( W g K g — i) an un su , 48
Ts o u — m Tz h f Ch g
’
ch i e n ,
’
te r , 14 7 u c -
an 4 o en , 1 , 14 5, 152

T so u Sh i h , 3 , 2 35 Tz u -c h g (Li en H i g) u s an , e d ito r of t he

Ts o u shu,
-
mm e o r ia ll e tte r , 14 7 C l a s s i cs , 4 4 , 9 6 , 2 37 ; o n fu , 4 6 ;
“
Hs i n
T so u t z u( T s o u Y e n ) , 9 6, 9 9 , 2 35 h s ii ,
”
2 5 3 ; Sh u o -y ita n , 9 9 ; s t e, yl 1 60 ;

T so ug Y a n , H a n o e t , 2 3 6 ; c h a r a ct e r , p 2 66 ; ts o u a n d i, 2 54

mm il e or a , 2 52 ; shuo , 107 Tz u -C h ia of C hen g , 14 5

T so u Y en, se e T so u t z u Tz u ch i e n ,
-
se e Ch
’
en Ss u
T i f m il Tz u ch u a n ( Ku o
’ ’
s u a y , 238 -
25 1

T i hih
s u
’
S , C h e ng lu n , 9 9 ; -
Ta -
ch i , 74 ; Tz u - fa n , 14 5

ts o u c h i , 1 4 7 — Tz u -h s ia , x v i ii , 1 8, 33
C h i— Tz hu an ( Ts Pe i ) , W e n W ei m
’ ’
Ts ui 76
’ ’
Ssu , su , u- ao s ee , e

Ts
’
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, 95n p ero t

T s ui
’
Y in ,
“
C h i—
i,
’ ”
75 ; l
c a ss i ca l ll i a us o ns, Tz u hu ng
— , c hi to , 89
204 ; e e l gy fo r C hao , 65 ; P i k
“
a -
u an ,
”
Tz u- k ao , 5 0 , 7 8n
62 ; Ta -
c h ih ,
”
74 ; s ty e , l 2 53; w p ea on Tz u K g un , 1 3n , 1 29 f .

i n scr i p ti o n s, 61 Tz —
u sh u ( Ha n -
ta n Ch
’
un ) , 12 4, 2 39 , 2 55

T s ui
’
Y ii an , 2 53 ; Ch i
’
-
su , 75 ; e e lg ies , Tz u shu— C h in g -
sh u , 145

65 , 2 17 ; lm a e nt , 69 ; l e tt e r w r i ti n g , 1 4 6; Tz u -s hu n , 5 0 n
W e n h sii e h
”
Tz t a i sh u , 2 5 1
’

51
- -
, u-

T s a ng —
s hu , ar t o f w i i g 9 ff
r t n , 22 . Tz
’
u w r i te r s , p o e tr y , 247

Ts
’
ui i g we n
-
K u an m t y 4 o n as e r ,
2 0 Tz u - y ii a n , see W an g P ao
Tu, 24 Tz u -y ii n , s ee Y g an Hs i u n g
T
’
u, pl an t, 1 9 9

T u an —
mu , 10 5 U n ico r n , C o n uc us f i an d, 1 4 3n , 193; as

T u C h in ,
’
107, 142 o m en , l 4 3n ; sy mb l o
“

, 85
T ui , to pl e as e , 105 Uni v e r se , l gi l
e s at o n i fo r , 12

Ta i -
ts e ,
’
mm e or a i l , 14 1 f .
, 23 6 Un na m bl a e, the , 1o2n

T ui —
we n , li te r ar y f m or , 73
Tu K i 4 ’
ue , 2 V aca n cy a nd tr a n q i l i ty
u , 155

T un g Ch g un -
s hu , x v ii 14 2 , 2 52 V as t n e ss , as th e m e, 1 68

T (T Vi
,

un gf gS
-
an o gf gM un -
an an 47, r tu e ( s) , in fl u e n ce o f, 122 ; inner , 1 27 ;

5 6, 2 60 ; a d m i hm hi on s e nt to s so n , 1 15 ; an d li te r a r y e x ll ce e n ce , 1 30 ; m an o f,

eni gm as , 8 ; f lt
2 8 ; K au s, 0
“ ’
e -n a n , 74 ; 100 ; m i ng a nd , 59 ; n in e , 40
l e tt e r , 145 Vi ta l i ty p h y s cai l li
, t e r ar y c o mp i i os t o n and ,

T
,

un g Hi 33 65 s en , 1 2 1 60 , 1 62 f 172 , 222 ff ; m if an e sta t o n i

T
. .
, ,

un g H 94 u, o f , 1 84

Tun gk -
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u an , a ca e ,
V o ic e , h u m an, 1 82

T
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-
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T
,

un gpi g -
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98 r n ce , 238 ll
W a e d t e r r ac e p e i , 66
T
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un g T 58 so , n W a n C h i 62 g , , 1 3 1 , 1 80

T un g y h C hi h m
-
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g ( C hu n gj -
en ) , x xn , 1 5 6,

T
’
u s -
h a n , 39 2 38; on c h a r a ct e r s , 2 o 8u ; L a o ta n k
’
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i ,

Tu T u , 2 53 ; e e l gi es, 65 ; f lt
au s, 2 64 ; le i , 95n ; L u n -h e n g , 1 03; on n o u r is h i n g
2 37 ; li e n c h u , 7 6 ; o
-
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t , 222 ; ro r ess e th e o r y of h is
Tz u, p l ph i o s o h i ca or , 95 lw k to r y xxx ; w i i g m h
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Tz f m f p W an g f mily 4 3
’
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296 In d e x
W a ng Eu , 9 9 W en C h i e
,
’
mp er o r , 2 4 4

W ang I, 2 7, 2 53 f . W en hin e
, C mp er o r , 240

W a ng K g un -
su i, s ee Tz u -a n W e n Ha n e
, mp er o r , 1 1 1, 1z 3n ; hs i e n Ii -

W an g L g an , 62 , 1 32 , 2 54 a ng , 14 1 ;
“
Ss u -s h i h , 41
W ang M g an , 1 19 W en ( T s ao
’
P
’
ei ) W ei e mp er o r , 35 , z o7 n,

v x v i ii xx v i
,

W an g Pa o , 4 7 , 4 8 , 2 3 7 ; b on d fo r s a l e, 254 , 255 ; co n ce t io n p o f c h i,
’

T
, ,

150 f ; r h e to r i c , 2 5 2 ;
.
“
un ghi
-
s ao ,
”
19 7 x l ii ; e d ic ts , 1 13; e e l gy
fo r , 65 ; e ss a y on

W an g Pi , see Fu -
s su l it e r atu r e , 147 ; Hs ie n s a d ica t io n
’
b in
W an g Sh o u -c h ih , h is to r ia n , 9 0 fv a or o f, i 1 3n ; i n s cr i b e d w p ea o ns, 61 ;
W an g -
su n , C h i a o - hs i n ( T h e a r t i s t ic
’
mi nd ) , j k o es , 80 ; re l it er ar y cr i t i cs , 2 60 ; r i d d e s , l
3 82 ; Sh u -ti e n , 5 ; s e , 2 5 4 ; s u s t i tu t io n s ty l b
W a n g T a o 67 , fo r co in , 1 39 n ; T i e n -lu n lu n - we n , xxv
T
,

W a n g s a n s ee C h u n g h s u a n and fu p
’ ’

; tz
-
, 255 u , 2 39 ; u s u r er , 72n ; on

W a n g W a n m e m o r i a l 1 30 f , , . vi ta l i ty f o sty e , l 1 63 ; on w r i te r s , 2 64 ;
W a n g Y e n s e e I fu ,
-
on w iti g r n and m u s ic, 2 3 1 ; y ii e h -
fu , 254

W a n g Y e n s ho u 4 7 n 4 8 -
, , W en ki g n o f Ch ou , 95;
“
Ch ou

W a n g Yu n g s e e Y ii a n c h a n g ,
-
’
nan ly r i cs , 2 34 ; on he xg m a ra s, 2 02 ;
W a r p r o cl a m a tio n o f 1 1 6 ff
, , . j d gm t
o r a cu a r l ; d th R d u en s, 11 an e
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e

W a r n i n g ( s ) a s t r o l o g i ca l 1 3 z n ;
, , roya l , 1 10 , B k 3 g h i g 65
oo ,
”
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1 14 w iti g f
; r n o , 62 W en , d k f Ch i uf l f pp i t e o n, r e u sa o a o n

W ar r i g St t
n p a es e r io d , 99 ; mb ll i h m t e e s en , m t 8 en 12

xx iv ;
,

222 ; g t m r ea en o f, 9 6 ; l it y w k e r ar or s, W en, t i q i 77 ; p
o l it t n u r e, ure er a u r e ,

29 f .
, 62 , 95, 25 1 ; p l m ti f
roc a a o ns o h y m d w it i g 6 8
r e 9 r n s, , , 22

wa r , f ; s hu , 1 4 6; V e r t i ca l A lli a n c e W —h g l i t y p tt xl 4 74
‘

1 17 . en c an , er ar a er n , , , 1

an d Ho r i z o n ta l C f o n e d e r a cy , 86 , 105, W en Ch i y l t y 67
’

3f
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, 2 1

2 35 h
c 6 ; m m i l
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W a y o f He a e n d o ctr i n e 1 6 v , , , 2 30 W h
e n -c K gY g u , s ee
’
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W e ap o n s i n s cr i b e d 6 1
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-
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W e i k i n g o f C h i 7 9 82
,
’

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W ei p a r tic l e 1 89
, , W e n T a i ch e n s e e W e n h i ao
’
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A
W e i O l aws 2 5 0 W e n tz u 1 4 9 9
xx v x l
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W e i ch a n g ( Hs ii Ka n ) 35
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lw g
W h e e r i h t x vn i ii 1 5 5 , , , , , 158

4 8, 255 ; lm a e n ts , 69 ; vi ta l ity , 1 63 , l
W h i te co o r 33 5 2 5 4 1 7 8 , , , ,

W e i h ia nC g , o f Chi n, 62 W in d 4 0 ; o r
,
r e at h i n it e r ar b , l y w k or ,

W e i d y n asty , xx v , 4 1 f .
, 89 , 1 32 ; l tt e er 1 62 ff .

w iti g
r n , 14 6; pi ao a n d c h a ng , 12 8 ; ph il W ind an d o n e xli B ,

l gi l
o o ca s tu d ies , 2 10 ; p o etr y , 1 66 f ; tr i W o to h o d 2 1 8 l
p v
.
, ,

p od , 60 ; w r i te r s , 19 2 ; Y u an - en f g p e W o j o d e s cr i t i e t e r
-
,
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r io d , 258 m
W o e n in o e en t i n ,
v lv m a f mily
a cr i m e,

W e ig h ts a n d m e asu r e s 2 0 9 n ,
1 39 ; as l 88
r u er s ,

W e i Hs ia o 1 1 9 ,
W o n d r o u s th e , , 37
W e i Hu n g i ii ; P r e fa c e, xv o f B oo k o f W o r d s c h o i ce
,
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, 2 1 8,

P o e tr y a s cr i b ed t o , xi 2 30 , 2 4 8 ; e mp h i as s o n , in s hu , 14 4 ; or d er
W ei K ai , 1 1 3
’
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1 a r ed , 19 1

W ei K o 60
’

,
m
W o r ca r n -
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”

W ei Li ao , 99 m
W o r s five 9 8 ; n i ,
in o n ,
bbl g l v
ea es , 23

Wei -
Iii e h , 89 W r i te r s cr i t ic i s
,
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, 2 64

W ei M e n g 33 W r i t in g
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; e m g er e n ce

xx v i i ;
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29
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Y it, p i
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mp Ch i “
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Y ii a n , Ha n e mp er o r , 2 37 Y u y ii ,-
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