fi rm s fi ning

SYSTE M O F P H I LO S O P H Y
’
L OTZ E S

"
PAR T II

M E TA P H YS I C
 M ar a tho n 18 m m ; gra n it e:

M ETA P H YS I C
I N T H REE B OO K S

T
ON OLOGY, COSMOLOGY, AND P SYCHOLOGY

H E R M A NN L O TZ E

E NGL I S H TR A NS LA TI ON

E D I TED BY

B E R NA R D B OSA NQ U E T , MA . .

F E LLOW OF U N V E R S TY COLL EG E OXFO R D

I I ,

QBx f u r h
AT THE CL A R E N D O N P RE S S

A ll r ig fi t : r es e r v e d ]
 ’
A U T H OR S P R E FA C E .

T HE p u b li c a t i o n o f t h is s e c o nd vo lu m e h a s b e e n d e la y e d

by a va r e t y o i f h i nd r a nc e s , w h i c h ca u s e d a le ng t h e ne d i nt e r
ru p t io n o f it s p a s s a g e t h r o u g h t h e p r e s s . I n the m e a nt i m e

s e v e ra l wo r ks h a ve a pp e a r e d wh i c h I sh o u ld h a v e be e n g la d

to i
no t c e ; b u t it wa s i m p o s s i ble , fo r th e a bo v e re a so n, to

co m m e nt u
p o n the m in t h e a pp ro
p r a i te p a r t s o f my bo o k ;

a nd I the r e fo r e r e s e r ve wh a t I ha ve to sa y a b o u t t he m .

I ca n p r o m ise no t h ng i in r e s pe ct o f th e t h ird vo lu m e bu t

th a t, sh o u ld I ha ve s t r e ng t h to fi ni s h it , it w i ll b e co n fi ne d
to a discu ss io n o f th e m a n i p ro b le m s o f P r a c t i c a l P h i lo so h
p y,
A e s t h e t i c, a nd t h e P h i lo s o p h y o f R e li g i o n . I sh all t r e a t

e a ch o f th e se s e p a ra t e ly , a nd wi t h o u t t h e le ng t h i ne s s wh i c h

wa s u na v o d a b le i in t h e p r e s e nt vo lu m e o wi ng t o a d ive r

g e nc e fr o m p r e v a le nt i
v e ws .

T H E A U TH OR .

G OTT N G E N I : D e e e m be r 2 3, 1 878 .
 P R E FA C E
’
E D I TO R S .

T H E T r a ns la t i o n o f t h e M e t a p h y s i c h a s be e n ike e x e cu t e d, l

tha t f t h e L o g ic , b y s e v e r a l h a nd s
o . T h e wh o le o f B o o k I

( O n t o lo g y ) a nd t h e c h a p t e r
‘
O f T i m e ( B o o k I I c h iii ) w e r e
, .

t r a ns la t e d by t h e la t e M r T H G r e e n, W h yt e P r o fe s s o r
’
. . . s

o f Mo ra l P h i lo s o p h y O x fo r d ; c h a p t e r s i , ii , a nd iv , o f
a t
Bo o k II by M r . B B o s a nq u e t , F e llo w o f U ni v e r s i t y Co lle g e ,
.

O x fo rd ; ch a p t e rs v —v iii i( nc lu s i v e ) o f Bo o k II by t h e R e v .

C A W h it t u c k, F e llo w
. . f B r as e no s e Co lle g e , O x fo r d ; a nd
o

t h e wh o le o f Bo o k I I I by M r A C B r a d le y , F e llo w o f B a lli o l
. . .

Co lle g e , O x fo r d . T h e I nd e x a nd T a b le o f C o nt e nt s w e r e
a d d e d by t h e E d i t o r .

T h e e nt i r e t r a ns la t i o n h a s b e e n re v s e i
d b y t h e E d i t o r , wh o
is r e s po ns i ble in e v e ry c a s e fo r t h e r e nd e r i ng fi na lly a d o p t e d .

Th e E d i t o r h a s t o t h a nk M r .
J . C W i ls o n,
. o f O r i e l C o lle g e ,

O x fo r d , fo r a m p le a nd r e a d y a s s s t a nc e i wh e n c o ns u lt e d o n

p a s sa ge s i nv o lv i ng th e t e ch n i c a l la ng u a g e o f M a t h e m a t i cs
Ph ys ics ; if t h e A u t h o r m e a ni ng in s u c h h b
’
o r s
p la c e s a s een

i nt e lli g i b ly d, t h i s lt is wh o lly d u e t o M r W i ls o n s
’
c o nv e y e re s u .

h e lp .

In c o nv e y ng i h is a sse nt to the p o
r p o s a l o f a n E ng li s h
t r a ns la t io n , th e A u tho r ex
p e sse
r d a wi s h t o wo r k o u t Bo o k III
o f t h e M e t a ph y s i c (th e P s y c h o lo g y ) m o r e fu lly b u t h a d ,
no t
t m i e to ca r ry i nt e nt i o n F o r t h e t h i r d v o lu m e
o u t h is .

o f the A u t h o r s S y s t e m o f P h i lo s o h
’
‘

p y a l lu de d t o in t h e ,
’

P r e fa c e no m a t e r i a ls we r e fo u nd a ft e r h is d e a t h s u ffi c i e nt ly
,

a d v a nc e d fo r
p u bl i c a t i o n e x c e p t i ng a p a p e r s u b s e q u e nt ly,

p u b li s h e d in N o r d u nd S Lid ‘

(J u ne u nd e r th e t i '

t le
’

‘
D ie P r i nc i p i e n d e r E t h i k T h e A u t h o r s v i e ws o n t h e s u b .
’ ’

j e c t s r e s e rv e d fo r t h e v o lu m e in q u e
s t i o n m a y b e g a t h e r e d in

p a r t f r o m h is e a r li e r wo r k M ik r o k o s m u s wh i c h w i ll s o o n ‘ ’
, ,

it m a y b e h o p e d b e m a d e a c c e s s i b le t o E n li s h r e a d e r s a nd
,
g ,

m o r e fu ll f m h is le c t u r e s r e c e nt ly p u b li s h e d u nd e r t h e
y r o

t i t le s G r u nd i ii e d e r A e s t h e t ik
‘
d e r P r a k t i s c h e n P h i lo s o p h i e
’ ‘ ’
g , ,

a nd d e r R e li g i o ns p h i lo s o h i e ’

p .
 TA B L E OF C O NT E NT S .

B OOK 1 .

0n t h e C o nne x io n o f T hi ng s .

I N T ROD U CT I ON .

S e c t io n 1 . R l ity ea , inc l d ing Ch ng t h

u a e , e su b e ct o j f M e t a ph ys ic
II . O r ig in o f ex p t t i n wh i h
ec a o s c c o nflic t wit h p ex e r ie nc e

III . Th e fo u nd a ti n f o p in o ex er e ce

IV . Co ns is t e nt a nd inc o ns is t e nt sce pt i i mc s
V P . ro b a bi it l y d p nd e e s on th e a ssu m pt i n o o f co nne x io n a cc o r d ing to
La w
VI . Rl e a t io nof M e t ph y ic t o e pe rie nc e
a s x

VII . Th e m e t h o lS in d f M t a ph y ic n t t h a t f N a t
o e s o o u ra c e ce

V I I I I n wh t n t h E n f Th ing i nkn w bl
. a se se e s se ce o s s u o a e

I X M t ph y i t h f nd t i n f P y h l g y n t i
. e a s c? e o u a o o s c o o , o v ce v e r s e

X I d f L w nd f P l n M t ph y i m t st t f m t h
. ea o a a o a . e a s c u s ar ro e fo r m e r
XI N l t b f nd in t h D i l t i M t h d
o c ue o e ou e a ec c e o

t b f nd in t h f m o f J
.

XI I N l . o c ue d g m nt o e ou e or s u e

X I I I D ivi i n f t h bj t
. s o s o e su ec

XI V Th n t .l n pt i n f t h niv
e a u ra co ce o o e u e rse

C H AP T E R I .

ON TH E B E I N G OF TH I NG S .

t
-Re a l a nd u nr e a l
O
b S e ns a t io n th e o n ly vid e e nc e o f R l it y ?
ea
O
S e ns a t io n g i v
e s a s s u r a nc e o f no t h ing be y o nd it s e f l
kB . e ing o f Th ing s a p a rt fr o m C o ns c io u s ne s s . Th e ir a c t io n o n e a ch o t h e r
5 . Q u e s t io ns o f the o r zg z n a nd
'

t h e na t u re o f re a l ity di t ing s u is h e d

6 . Ob j v l t i n p pp
e ct i e r e a o s re su o se t h e B e ing o f Th ing s .

7 . Be ing p t f m l ti n m
a ar ro re a o s e a ning e l ss
8 9 -
. Pu re e B ing l g it im t b t a e a e a s r a c t io n, bu t no t a ppl i bl ca e to R l ity
ea

10 . P o s it io n ’
a nd A fiir m a t io n m
’
e a ning e s s a l p a rt fr o m re al t io ns
11 . P o s it io n ’
a pp e a rs t o in v lvo e t h e d if fi lti
cu es a t t a c h ing t o c r e a t i e v a c t io n
12 . H e rb a r t
’
s
‘
ir r e v o ca b e l P o s it io n ’
.

13 . H e r ba r t ’
s ind iffe r e nc e o f T h ing s to l
r e a t io ns , inc o ns is t e nt with t h e ir en

t e r ing int o l
r e a t io ns
“
14 . Th e is o l a t io n o f T h in g s a m e r e a bs t r a c t io n
 Ta d/e of Co fl le nls .

CH AP T E R II .

O F TH E Q U AL I T Y o r TH I N G S.

15 . Th e e s s e nce o f T h ing s
16 . A Th ing is t a k en t o be m
t h a n it s q u a it ie s
o re l
17 . H e r ba r t
’
s p
c o nc e t io n o f t h e e s s e nc e o f a h ing a s a s im e
‘
T pl Q l it y ua

18 . A Q u a l it y ne e d no t b e a b s t r a c t no r d e e nd e nt o n a s u b e c t p j
19 . How ca n wh a t is s im pl e h a ve v ar i
y g
n s t a te s
"
P
2 0 Th e
. c o m m o n e e m e nt l in se ns a t io ns o f co l o ur

21 . Th ing s o n ly va r y w it h in c e r t a in li m it s
22 . Th e v nt f m o em e o c o ns c io u s ne ss no t a na o l go u s to th e v a r ia t io ns
im pl Q l it y
‘ ’
s e ua

23 . S im pl Q l it i p e ua es re r e s e nt e d by co m p o t md e x p r e s s io ns ( H e r ba rt )
24 . I f t h e re a re Th ing s , th e ym u st be ca p bl a e o f c h a ng e , as th e so u li s

HAPTER I I I
C .

OF TH E E AL A ND R EAL I TY
R .

Th ing s no t o f t h e na t u r e of im pl Q l it i
‘
s e ua es

Th ing s c o m m o nly de s cr ibe d by t h e ir s t a t e s

A c o m pl e t e c o nc e pt io n wo u l d inc l u de pa s t a nd fu t u r e h is t o r y o f T h ing
M a tte r as im p a r t in
g re a l it y t Q l it i o ua es

M a t te r wh ic h h a s no Q l it i
ua n iv
e s ca r e ce e no ne

M a tte r ex pl a ins no t h ing if it is m e re P o s it io n

‘
R l ea
’
is a p r e d ic a ti v e c o nc e pt i n o , no t a s u b je ct
A Th ing a s a L a w
A L a w ne e d no t be G e ne r a l?
W h t i t h t wh i h nf m t t h e L w ?
a s a c co or s o a

D g f t h nt ith i b t w n t h w l d
na er o e a es s e ee e o r o f I de a s a nd R a l ity
e

D iffi ly
t f p ing t h e n t i n f L
cu o ex r e ss o o o a a w o r I d e a wh ic h is na t u r a lly
re a l

H A P T ER I V C .

OF B ECO M I N G A ND CH A NG E .

S o f T h ing my t l
b t
u n m d s a fb h i ce a o e o e av o ur
'

n t s, o a s e r io u s nu c e u s
H w i h ng
o bj t ts c t in l im it a
t b n i
e su ec o ce r a s, o e d?
L w f I d nt ity d n t v n p
q o ce v e

f Th ing s
a o e
th nt in o es o e e ro v e e co u o u s e x is t e nc e o
R l t i n f ll p m n n int B m ing
e so u o o a er a e ce o e co
Bin/ a p t : a nd é v é p ye z a in t wo
‘

s e ns e s
W hy a re c o ns e
q ue nc e s r e a li se d ?
Th e Th ing s m u st &e su ch re a li ti n sa o s
Th is w o u d On l ly pl ex a in de v l pm nt
e o e , no t c a u s a t io n
I n t r a ns e u nt a c t io n c h a ng e s in t h e a
g e nt m u s t be no t ic e d by t h e
‘ ’
p a t ie nt
I m m a ne nt a c t io n u s u a
a s s u m e d a s o b v io u s lly
N o t io n o f B e c o m in
g c o m a r e d it h no t io n o f s t a t e s p w o f
’
a p e r s is t nte Th ing
Q u a nt it a t iv e c o m a r a b i it p
o f fa c t o r s in e e 1 l y v
h

y effec t
D e g r e e s o f I nt e ns it
o f B e in
g
y j

O a 0
 Co m m ie
“
Ta é /e f
o . 1X

C H AP T E R v .

N A T U R E OF P H YS CAL A CT I O N OF THE I .

50 N . ff t d0 e t ing l a t iv
ec ue o a s e c e ca u s e

51 C . R n nd t h R l t i n wh i h init i t
a u se , e a so ti n
, a e e a o c a es ac o

5 2 M difi t i n f C
. o nd R l t i n by ff t
ca o o a u se s a e a o e ec

i n l C nd S t im l i
’
53 O
. cca s o a a u se s a u

5 4 M t th
. l t i n wh i h init i t
us e re a ti n b nt t? o c a es ac o e co ac

55 A . t n i n i
ca u sa nly p l im in y t
ra ti n s e s s o re ar o ac o

5 6 D ifii lt y f
. n i i g th p
cu g of f co t t f m ce v n e a ssa e o a o rce o r s a e ro A to B
57 . O r ig in o f e rr o ne o u s ide a t h a t c a u s e a nd c fi e c t l nd l ik m u st be e qu a a e

58 . Rl e a t io n o f c o ns e q u e nc e to gro u nd m y b ynt h t i w ll n lyt i

a e s e c as e as a a c

59 . H o w fa r m u st Th ing s be ho m o g ne in deoust t p n h t h ? or er o re a c u o eac o er

60 . De s ir e to ex pl a in a ll p r o ce s s e s a s o f n k ind L ik k n wn nly by l ik
o e .
‘
e o o e

61 . A t t e m pt t o d is p e ns e wit h t ra n nt
se u ti n O i n li m a c o . cca s o a s

62 . N e it h e r m e re ‘
L a w no r m e r e
’
l t i n n pl in int t i n f t w
re a o
’
ca ex a e ra c o o o

T h ing s
63 . L e ibnit z ’
s l
P r e -e s t a b is h e d H a rm o n y
64 . Wh a t h is co m pl t ly d e e e t e r m ine d w ld g or a ins by re a li s a t io n

65 . Co m pl t d t m ini m
e e e er s inc r e d ib l e

66 . C o rr e s p nding t t
o s a es o f d iffe r e nt M o na ds . I ll t u s r a t io no f t h e t wo c ocl k s

67 . O p e ra t io n a cc o r d ing t o g e ne r a llw a s ne ce s s a r yf v
o r a c t i e c a u s a t io n

C H AP TE R V I .

TH E U N I TY OF TH I N G S .

W h a t is in v lv o ed in t h e id e a o f t n nt p ti
ra se u
’
o e ra o n
P l u r a l is m a nd M o nis m

Spe a ra te Th ing s no t r e a lly inde pe nde nt o f e a ch o t h e r

Unity o f T h in s a na lyt ic a lly invo l v e d 1 n r e c ip r o c a l a c t io n
g
H o w t h e ir u nit yi s c o ns is t e nt w ith pp nt d g a a re e re e s o f ind e p e nd e nc e

Th e re a l t io n o f th e O ne t o t h e M ny nn t b
a ca o e e xh ibit e d t o P e r c e pt io n
All e g e d c o nt r a dic t io n o f r e g a r ding t h e O ne a s t h e M a ny
Th e L o g ic a l c o pu l a ina d e qu a t e t o t h e r e l a t io n b e t w e e n t h e O ne a nd th e
M ny a

R l ity
ea su b j e ct t o La w o f I d e nt it yl n fo rm b u t no t in fa c t
Th e O ne a nd the Ma ny ill u s t r a t e d by H e rba r t s
’ ‘
a c c id e nt a l vi e ws
’

H e rba r t a dm it s m u l t ipl i ity c ln t h e na t u r e o f indi id u a v l Th ing s

Le ibnit zw ld wh n ing t b im m n nt in G d h
’
or , e ce a s o e a e o , a s no u nit y
R l t i n b tw n th nt nt f id
e a o s n nly
e i t f ee e co e s o e a s ca o ex s o r Th o u g h t
V i bl R l t i n b t w n Th ing m t b m difi t i n
ar a e e a o s e ee s us e o ca o s in t h e t h ing s

C H AP T ER V I I .

CON C L U S I ON .

82 . R l R l ti n
ea e a o s a re th e r e ci r o c a
p l t i n f Th ing ac o s o s c o ndit io ne d by t h e
nit y wh i h in l
u c c u de s the m .

83 . W h v n tt
e a e o o a cco u nt fo r t h e o rig in o fM o t io n
x Ta é /e o f Co fi t e nt s .

PA E
G

Th e pt i n f M t i n is n t th m t h ing t h
a ss u m om pt i n f o o o o e sa e as e a s su o o

L if ( pi it l i t n e )
e as s r ua ex s e c

Th d m in nt p i ipl
e o f ny l w l d p ib d by it n t
a r nc es o a re a or are re s cr e s a u re

nda n t p i t it a re o r o r o

Th f e n t ny
re e r e l w l d th t h n t h t wh i h i t i
ce o
‘
a
’
re a or , o er a a c e x s s, s

im g in y nd ill t t iv
a ar a u s ra e

C n i t n y f
o s s e ti n h n m c ning p t f m t h
o mp i n f
ca u s a o as o ea a ar ro e co a r so o

with in t h t l w l d
ca s e s e ac ua or

H g l S h lling W i —N
e e , c it y nd Fe d m ,
e s se , e ce s s a re e o

N it y
e ce ss n pp n p d d wit h in l ity I d l i m nd
as a a e a ra ce ro u ce re a . ea s a

R li m ea s

Th e I d e a m u st h a ve a co nc r e t e c o nt e nt
Th e Ph a s e s o f t h e I de a m u st be ca u s a lly c o nne c t e d

wh i h it i
Th e I d e a g e ne r a t e s a m e c h a nic a l yt s s em by c s re a li se d

R l y f g iv int p t
e a is m re c o g nise s t h e ne c e s s it o re r e ss e er re a t io n
S bj t ivity in l t i n t th p ibilit y f Kn wl dg
u ec re a o o e o ss o o e e

F i h t n t h w ld f Spi it nd t h w ld f Th ing
c e o e or o r s a e or o s

A pi it l n t
s r m n y f Th ing if t h y
ua a ur e se e s e c e ss a r o r s e a re t o be su b j e ct s
o f sta te s
N e ed Th ing s e x is t a t a ll ?

As m e r e m e dia o f e ffe c t s , t h e y ca n ha rd ly b e s a id to e x is t

B OOK I I .

Co s m o lo g y .

C HA PTE R I .

SU J
‘

E CT V TY
or OTH EP E RC E P T ON O S PA B I I OF UR I F C E .

99 . Th g n i e f e id f Sp
es s o n t t f it v l id it y
o ur ea o a ce o es o s a

1 00 . E l id n Sp i wh t w h v t d i
uc ea a ce s a e a e o s cu s s

1 01 . Sp i n t
a ce Th ing P p ty
’
s o R l ti n a , ro er , o r e a o
1 02 . Sp n t m ly G n n pt
a ce o e re a e u s -c o ce

1 03 . K nt n m pty Sp
a o e a ce

1 04 . K nt n Sp
a o
g n a ce a s i ve

1 05 . W h y K nt d ni d t h al ity f Sp e e e re a o a ce .

1 06 . F init n I nfi it y f W l d d n t d id t h q
e ess o r ti nn o or o o ec e e u es o

1 07 . N d o r I nfi nit d i i ib il it y f
o es l l m nt th ev v s o re a e e e s, o r e re e rs e

1 08 .
R l d iffi l t i Wh t i Sp
ea cu nd h w est hing in it ?
. a s a ce , a o a re s
1 09 .
R l ity f S p d n t pl in it p p t i
ea o a ce o es o ex a s ro er es

1 10 . D t h p int
o f e l Sp t p n
o h th ?
s o re a a ce a c u o eac o er
111 . C n t
o ti n f Sp
s ru c t f t iv p int
o s o a ce o u o ac e o s
1 12 . C n t
o ti n f
s ru c l Sp nd h yp t h i f bj t iv Sp
o s o re a a ce a o es s o su ec e a ce
1 13 .
N t h ing g in d by t h ind p nd nt a l ity f Sp
o a e e e e e re o a ce

1 14 .
T h i g w Sp n s n h yp t h ie f it b i g a ce bj t iv , o o es s o s e n su ec e
115 . Th ing n n ind p nd t ly i t ing Sp
s l a e e en ex s a ce

116 . R l t i b t w n t h i g nd
e a o ns t i n f t h ing
e ee n s a re a c o s o s
1 17 . Th m v bil it y f t h ing
e o a o s
 Ta t /e (
if Co nte nt s .

C H AP T E R II .

D E D U CT ONS I OF S P A CE .

Spin nC no za o o s c io u s ne s s a nd Ex t e ns io n
S h ll ing n t h
c e o e t w o fa c t o r s ln N a tu re a nd M ind
Lim it f wh t o a ca n b e d o ne b y s p l t iv
e cu a e c o ns t ru c t io n . Hege l
We i sse

De d u c t io ns o f t h e t h r e e d im e ns io ns
T h re e q u e s t io ns invo lve d in P syc h o l o g ica l D e d u c t io ns ’
o f Sp a ce

A l t e rna t ive s s u g g e s t e d by id e a o f s u bj e c t ive Spa c e

Ca n a ny Sp p nt wh t Sp will n t ?
a ce r e re se a our a ce o

Sy l l p t i l
m bo ic a ng m nt f snd t a a a rr a e e s, o so u s, e c .

N Sp will p nt di p t q l it i
0 a ce re re se s a ra e ua es

O th Sp erth n m m n Spa ce s n wh t n p ibl a co o a ce 1 a se se o ss e

G m t y d p nd nt n it d t
eo e r e e e o s a a

A ll n t t i n p
co s ru c
pp t h S p p p t i
o n s re su o se e a ce - e rce o

C n t
o ti n f t ig h t l in pl n
s ru c o t p pp t h m
s o s ra e, a e, e c. re s u o se e

Th m f th
e su ng l f t i ng l
o e a es o a r a e

H l m h l t n t h p ibl ig n n f t h i d d im n i n
e o z o e o ss e o ra ce o a r e s o

D w ll e n phe rs o f nd p ll l l ina s e r e -s u r a c e a a ra e es

An l gy f m g n n
a o f t h i d d im n i n t ig n
ro 1 n ff o ra ce o r e s o o o ra ce o o u r th

Th nn t b f
e re ca i p p ndi l t
o h the o u r se r e s
‘
er e cu ar
’
o eac o er

Ex t e ns io n m u s t be h o m o g e ne o u s
Ri m e a nn s
’ ‘
mu l plt i ic it ie s a r e no t Sp a ce u l
n e s s u nifo r m

C H AP T E R III .

OF TI M E ,

138 . Sp a t ia l p nt t i n f Tim
re r e se a o s o e

1 3 9 Th e
. co n p t i n f m pt y T im
ce o o e e

1 4 0 Th e
. c o nne x io n o v nt in it f ‘
Tim e ’
w it h e e s

1 41 K nt i w f T im bj t iv
’
. a 5 v e o e a s su ec e

1 42 . K nt p f t h t t h w l d h
a
’
s ro o b g inning n T im a e or as a e l e

1 43 . Th nd l
e e n f T im n t l f nt di t y
e ss e ss o e o se co ra c or

144 . T h p t n d n t b fi nit b
e as h v nt i fi ni h
ee o e e e ca u se e a c e e s s ed

1 45 A n infi nit g iv n
’
. i m yb e se r e s a e
‘
e

1 46 . T im m d f
e as a pp h n i n o e o our a
’

re e s o

1 47 . E m pty Tim n t v n nd it i n f B m ing

e o e e a co o o e co

148 . T im e as a n a b s t r a c t io n fr o m o c c u rr e nc e

1 49 . T im e wh l i S bj t iv
as an in nit efi o e s u ec e

1 50 . N m o y t m t i l t i n pl i P nt nd P t
e re s s e a c re a o ex a ns r e se a
‘
as
’

1 51 . I nd i t i n f P
ca nt t o
S j t
b o
‘
re s e
’
o a u ec

S bj t iv Tim n d n t m k t h P t t ill i t
«

1 52 . u ec e e ee o a e e as s ex s

1 53 . Ab n sef l io n
ce o n i bl by a pp im a tio n
re a su c ce s s co ce va e ro x

1 54 . Ev n t h g h t C nn t n i t f m
e o u i n a o co s s o a e re s u cce s s o

1 55 . B t F t
u nno t b c m
u u r e ca P nt w ith t i n e o e r e se ou s u c ce s s o

E m pty Tim S bj t iv b t i n in p bl f m R l it y
(

’
1 56 .
‘
e u ec e, u s u c ce s s o se a ra e ro ea

1 5 7 Ex is t e nce
. o f Pa s t a nd Fu t u r e
Xii Ta t /e o
f C077t e 72 t s.

C HAPTE R IV .

OF MOT ON I .

La w o f Co ntinu it y
Co nt inu it y e s se nt ia lt o Be c o m ing
G ro u nd s fo r t h e L a w o f Pe rs is t e nce
Th e Pe rs is t e nc e o f R e st

Th e Pe r s is t e nc e o f M o t io n
M o v bl wit h t L w f P i t n
t io n inc o nc e i a e ou a o e rs s e ce

P ibil ity f bs l t M t i n n d t in f l Sp
o ss o a o u e o o , o o c r e o re a a ce

P ib il ity f b l t R t t i n
o ss o a so u e o a o

A m nt nd d i t i
o u f M ti n t b
a pt d l ik ny n t nt re c o n o o o o e a cc e e e a co s a

D iffi l ty f ll g d i d iff
cu f Th i g t
o h ng f pla e e n e r e nc e o n s o c a e o a ce

O i w f ph
nv e l S p p ipi t bj t wit h g ni m i
o e no m e na a ce e rc en su ec or a s s e ss e n

ti l t an f M ti n
o o cc u r r e ce o o o

S l it y M t i n p ibl if b v i g nt d
o ar o o o ss e , o ser er s ra e

St t a p nd ing t P i t nt M t i n
e co rr e s o o a e rs s e o o

M o t io n is no t t h e sa m e a s th e M e a su r e o f M o t io n
P a r a lle l o g r a m o f M o t io ns a k in t o La w o f P e r s is t e nce
P a r a ll e l o g r a m ne c e s s a r i ly t ru e if o n ly m o t io ns a r e c o ns ide r e d

C H APT E R V .

THE T H E O R ET I CAL C ON S T R U CT I O N OF M A TE R AL TY I I .

M a tte r h o m
g e ne o u s , o r h e t e r o g e ne o u s
o wit h m m n p p ti co o ro er es ?
Lim it a t io n o f th e r o b e m p l
D Spin
e s c a r t e s a nd n C n i n nd E t n i n o za o o sc o u s e ss a x e s o

S h ll ing nd H g l p bl m t t m pt e d by t h l t t
c e a e e ro e s a e e a er

K nt d a n t nn t h i vi w
o es f M tt nd of Sp co ec s e s o a er a o a ce

W h y K nt pl in d M t t b y F
a ex a e a er o r ce

F inv l
o r ce l t i n b t w n t h ing o ve s r e a o e ee s
‘
F o r ce p p ty f n l m nt fi gas a f p h ro er o o e e e e a u re o s eec

K nt ig h t ly im pl i
a r t ivit y n t h p t f Th ing n t m es ac o e ar o s, o e re se
qu e nc e
a c c o r d in
g t o La w
K a nt s
’
t wo fo r c e s a m e r e a na ly i s s o f the p o s it io n o f a t h ing
S llti a m e c h a nic a l yts s em o f fo r ce s e s s e nt ia l a nd s e v e r a lm a
y a t t a ch t o
l
,

e a c h e e m e nt

F o r ce c a n o n ly a ct a t a dis t a nce
I de a o f ‘
c o m m u nic a t io n
’
o f M o t io n
Sp a ce no s e f-e l vid e nt h ind r a nc e t o a c t io n

C H AP T E R VI .

THE S M PL EI E L E M E N TS OF M A TTER .

g r o u nd s in fa v o u r o f A t o m is m
1 88 P r zm a
’

f a e ze
’

1 89 .
Lu c r e t iu s ,
-
d iffe r e nc e s in t h e A t o m s
1 9 0 Co ns e u e nc e s
.
q o f th e
, Unit y o f a n e x t e nd e d A t o m
 Ta d/e o f Co nté nt i . x 11 1

1 91 . N o t io n o f u ne x t e nde d A t o m s —H e r b a r t
1 92 . H e rba rt 5
’
v ie w m o difie d —t h e A t o m s no t inde p e nd e nt o f e a ch o th e r
1 93 . Is M a t te r h o m o g e ne o u s o r o f se v l k ind
e ra s ?
1 94 .
H o m o g e ne o u s M a t t e r no t p r o v ed by c o ns t a nc y o f Ma s s
1 95 . C o nne x io n o f t h e l
e e m e nt s wit h e a ch o th e r in a s yt s em a t ic u nit y
1 96 . l l y
P u r a it in S a c e p o f id e nt i l l ca e e m e nt s m e r e ly ph e no m e na l
1 97 . Se lf m u 1t iplic a t io n o f A t o m ic
.
c e nt r e s c o nc e iv b l a e

C H AP T E R VII .

TH E LAW S OF TH E A CT I V I T I E S OF TH I N G S .

Th e s qu a r e o f t h e d is t a nc e , - d ifiic u lt ie s in t h e
‘
ra d ia t io n o f F o r ce

No m e c h a nic a ld e d u c t io n o f a p im y Fr ar o r ce

A ll e g e d in fi nit e a t t r a c t io n a t no dis t a nc e
H e rba r t S ti f ti n f F
’
s v ie n t w o f the a s ac o o o r ce , o l v
c o nc u s i e

P h il ph y d i o so n p im y l w f ti n e s re s o e r ar a o ac o

A ffi nity w l d n t lly p nd t t h D i t n
o u a u ra c o rre s o o e s a ce l
it s e f
A t t m pt t e nt f Sq f Di t n o a cco u o r u a re o s a ce

C nFa d p nd n m t i n
o r ce f t ing l m nt ? e e o o o s o a c e e e s

D F o es q i t im t t k ff t t
o r ce r e di t n u re e o a e e ec a a s a ce ?
C ti n nd Tim —R ip
a u sa o l ti n a e ec ro ca ac o

I d l i m dm it n
ea p ilLw
s a b l t s o s ec a a s as a so u e

C n v ti n f M
o se r a o o a ss

C n t n y f th S m f M t i n
o s a c o e u o o o :

A bs o rp t io n o f Ca u s e in Effe c t
No t s e lfl e v id e nt t h a t t h e re ca n b e no g a in in ph y i l s ca a c t io n
E q u a lity a nd E q u iv a le nce d is t ing u is h e d
vl
E qu i a e nc e d o e s no t u s t if j y r e d u c t io n t o o ne p r o ce s s

mp n t io n y S l
’
‘
Co e sa in int e r a c t io n o f Bo d a nd ou .

Th e P r incipl e o f P a r s im o ny .

R VI I I C H AP T E .

TH E F O R MS OF TH E C O U R S E OF N A T U R E .

D d t i n f t h f m f l ity im p ibl
e uc o s o e or s o re a o ss e

P ibil it y f pl ining n t l p
o ss in d t il n th
o ex w f a a u ra r o c e s se s e a o e v1e o

bj t iv S p
su ec e a ce

S t h t t f t h m th d
u c ce s s f ph y i l s i n
e es o e e o s o s ca c e ce

M h ni m t h t i n f m b in d l m nt
ec a s ding t g n
e ac llw o o co e e e e s a cco r o e e ra a s

M h ni m
ec d i t in t m d
a fn t
s l t ivity— fi t i n
as a s c o e o a u ra ac a c o

Th pl n t y y t m l ig h t nd
e a nd
e ar s s e a so u

E l t i ity nd Ch m i t y h l d n t b h p ly pp d t M h ni m
,

ec r c a e s r s o u o e s ar o o se o ec a s

M t iv f f m ing t h n pt i n f Vit l F
o es or or e co ce o o a a o r ce

V it l F a ld n t b n f ll O g ni m
o r ce c o u o e o e o r a r a s s

D iff n b tw n g ni nd in g ni b t n p ve n t h ing
e re ce e ee o r a c a o r a c su s a ce s ro s o

b t V it l F
a o u a o rce

A Lif p in ipl w l d h v t p t m h m lly

‘
e r c e
’
o u a e o o e ra e ec a ca

. M h ni l p t f O g ni m
ec a ca as ec o r a s s

M ch a nic l vi w indi p ns bl e b t n t e h u s t ive

e a . e s e a u o x a
x iv T a é le o
f Co zte nt s .

P u rpo s e pl i bj t —G d t h im l e s a su ec o , e so u

V nB o np p in N t
aer o ur o se a ure

Unity f w l d d t m in ll m d
o f ti n or e er es a o es o ac o

Th m h ni l
e d n d n t
ec ld p g a ca o r er ee o exc u e ro re ss

I th
s fi d n m b f N t l Kind ?
e re a xe u er o a u ra s

C it i i m f t h q
r ti n 1
c s l it fi nit
o infi nit e ues o
‘
5 re a e x s e nc e e o r e ?
’

D v l pm nt f th C m — nly it g n l p i ipl
e e o e o e o s os o s e e ra r nc es a
q u e s t io n fo r
M t ph y i e a s c

A t l d v l pm nt f l if q t i n f N t l H i t y
c ua e e o e o e a ues o or a u ra s o r . Co nc l u s io n

B OOK I I I .

P s y c h o l o gy .

C HAPT ER I .

M ETA P H Y CAL ON EP T ON OF TH E SOU L

THE SI C C I .

I nt d t y ro R t i n l nd Em m n l P y h l gy
uc or . a o a a ca s c o o

R n f t h b l i f in S l — F d m i n
e a so s o r n e e e a
‘
o u . I . re e o s o re a so

2 M nt l nd phy i l p
. e a di p t
a s ca r o ce s s e s s a ra e

Di p t n
s n p a ra e f f p t p y hi l b t n
e ss o ro o o se a ra e s c ca su s a ce

3 U nit y f C n i
. n o o sc o u s e ss

Unity f t h n i o S bj t e co sc o u s u ec

Th bj t in wh t
e su n ll d b t n
ec a se se ca e
‘
su s a ce

K nt n t h S b t nt i l ity f t h S l
a o e u s a a o e ou

W h t t h S l i ; nd t h q t i n f it m m t lit y
a e ou s a e ues o o s 1 or a

O ig in f t h S l m y b g d l
r o e ou a e ra u a

Id f p y h i l nd p y h phy i al m ch ni m
eas o s c ca a s c o - s c e a s

I nt t i n b t w n B dy nd S
e ra c o l e ee o a ou

Id f b nd b t w n B d y
ea o ad S l o e ee o an ou

Th S l n t e l t nt f ph y i l t i n
o u o a re su a o s ca ac o s

M ning f pl ining t h S l
ea p l i f m f m bin ti n
o ex a e ou as a e cu ar o r o co a o

b t w n l m nt
e ee e e e s

C n i o n nd M t i n in F h n
sc o u s P y h Ph y ik
e ss a o o ec er s
’ ‘
s c o - s
’

C H A P TER II .

SEN S A T I ON S A ND TH E C O U RS E OF D E A S I .

Th e phy i l t im l fs ca s u us o se ns a t io n
Th e ph y i l g i l t im l
s o o ca s u us o f s e ns a t io n
Th e c o ns c io u s s e ns a t io n

A de q u a t e a nd ina d e q u a t e s t im u li o f s e ns e
Th e c o nne xio n o f va rio u s l
c a sse s o f s e nsa t io n
\Ne be r s La w
’

Hyp o the se s as to th e re a so no f We b e r s La w
’

Th e so ca
-
ll e d c h e m is t r
y o f id e a s
)
 XV
PA E
G

26 1 . Th e dis a pp e a r nc e o
a f ide a s fr o m c o ns cio u s ne s s . Th e ch e c k ing o f ide a s 4 59
262 . Th e s t r e ng th o f ide a s 4 60
2 63 . D im id e a s 462
2 64 . Th e m o re int e r e s t ing i d e a c o nq u e r s
4 63
265 . A s s o c ia t io n o f ide a s 4 65
2 66 . H e rb a rt
’
s th e o r y re s p e c t ing t h e re p ro du ct ion o f a s u c ce s s i e v se r 1e s o f
id e a s

C H AP T E R I II .

ON T H E M E N TAL A CT o r
‘
R E LA T I O N .
’

S im pl e ide a s a nd t h e ir re a l ti n o s

y d i t in t i n b t w n t h m
Th e ne c e s s a r s c o e ee e

P y h ph y i l t t m pt t
s c o -
pl in id s ca f l ti n a e s o ex a eas o re a o

H b t ther y f t h p y h i l m h ni m
ar
’
s eo r o e s c ca ec a s

Th t evi w p t i g im pl id
ru e r nd id
e f l ti
re s ec n s e ea s a eas o re a o n
in H b t i n l g g e er ar a an u a

Th f ing t ivit y
e r e e rr p d ing niv l n pt i n ac as ro uc u e rsa co ce o s

A t t nt i n en t ivit y f
o f n as a ac o re e re ce

A t t nt i n nd t h int t p
’
e o a d b y id e
‘
e re s o s se s s e eas

C H AP T E R IV .

FO R M A T ON OF O U R D E AS OF S PAC ETHE I I .

2 7 5 Th
. bj t i it y f
e su p pt i n f Sp ec v o o ur e r ce o o a ce

27 6 H w th p
o pt i n f p t i l l t i n p ibl ?
15 e e rce o o S a a re a o s o ss e

h n th S l
.

2 7 7 D i t in t i n d p ndi g n S p
. s c nn t b p
o s vd e e n o a ce ca o e re se r e a s su c 1 e ou

27 8 A l
. n d d f c ue th ng m ntee f mp i n by t h S
e l
or e a rr a e e o 1 re ss o s e ou

im p l ’
2 7 9 Th
. t e i n e x ra l -
l jg n re ss o as a c ue o r o ca sz

28 0 D . th l l ig n i in t h m n v fib
o es e
‘
o ca t h m in im p
s i n?
’
a r se e sa e er e- re a s e a re ss o

28 1 .L l ig n m t b n t m ly diff nt b t m p bl
‘
o ca s s us e o e re e re u co a ra e

282 .L l ig
‘
m
o ca t b n i s n ti nns
’
u s e co sc o u s s e sa o s

2 8 3 —7 On t h l
. l ig n nn t d with vi l n t i n
e o ca s s co ec e su a se sa o s

2 8 8— 9 L .l ign nn t d wit h t h n f t h
o ca s s co ec e e se se o ouc

290 H w t h
. of l ing i t d w it h m v m nt
e se ee s a re a s s o c a e o e e

C H AP T E R V .

THE P HYS I CAL B A S I S OF M E N TAL A C T I V I TY .

Th e ‘
se a t
’
o f th e S l ou

Th e S ln o u o t o m nip nt w it h in t h
r e se e bo d y
No re a so n t o su pp t h t it h n
o se a as a a c t io n g ra du a t e d a cc o r ding t o d is
t a nc e
No su it a b l pl e a ce ca n b e fo u nd fo r it on th e h yp o t h e s is t h a t it a ct s by
c o nt a c t nly
o

It m u s t a ct d ir e ct ly a nd ind e p nd nt ly
e e o f Sp a ce , bu t o n ly at c e r t a in

ne c e s s a r yp o int s
 xvi Ta o/e f
o Co nt e nt s .

PA E
G

2 96 . Wh i h t h e s e po int
c s a re is d e t e r m ine d fr o m t im e t o t im e b y t h e vit i
a ct i es

wh i h g c o o n in t h e m 0
.

29 7 . O u r ig no r a nc e o f the s p e c ia l f n ti n
u c o s o f the c e nt r a ln v
er o u s o r a ns
g
nd Mo to r zu m
'

I de a s f
'

2 98 . o a
‘
S e ns o r z u m co m m u ne a co m m u ne

2 99 . Th e o rga n o f l a ng u a g e

3 00 H o w t h e
. so u l init i t a e s a c t io n
3 01 . R p d ti n f t h
e ro uc o o e r ig h t co nc o m it a nt fe e ing l
3 02 . Appl i t i n f t h i
ca o o s vie w to t h e o rg a n o f a ng u a g e l
3 03 . Ph n l g y
re o o .

3 04 . Th e c o nne x io n o f Co nsc io u sne s s with b o d i ly sta te s

3 05 . Do e s m em or y d p nd n ph y i l t
e e o s ca r a ce s l e ft 1 n t h e b r a in ?
3 06 . Lo s s o f m e m y
o r

3 07 . Ex is t e nc e o f th l d ing n n
e so u ur u co s c io u s ne s s

Co nc l u s io n

I NDE X
 B OO K 1 .

O N T H E CONN EXI O N OF T H I N G S .

I NT R O D U C T I O N .

I . R EA L is a te r m wh i c h we a pply t o t h i ng s t h a t a r e in o pp o s i t i o n
t o t h o s e t h a t a r e no t ; t o e v e nt s t h a t h a pp e n in di s t inc t i o n fr o m t h o s e

t h a t do no t h a pp e n ; t o a c t u a lly e xi s t i ng r e l a t i o ns in c o nt r a s t wi t h

t h o s e t h a t do no t e xi s t T o t h i s u s a g e o f s p e e c h I h a v e a l re a dy h a d
.

o c c a s i o n t o a pp e a l . I r e c a ll it no w in o r de r t o give a s u m m a r y
i ndi c a t i o n o f t h e o bj e c t o f t h e fo ll o wi ng e nqu i r i e s I t is no t t h e .

w o r l d o f th e t h i nk a bl e w ith th e i ne x h a u s t ibl e m u l t ipli c i t y o f it s inne r Q

,
?

r e l a t i o ns — r e l a t io ns w h i c h a r e e t e r na lly v a li d— t h a t h e r e o c c u pi e s u s .

Ou r c o ns i de r a t i o ns a r e e xp r e s s ly dir e c t e d t o t h i s o t h e r r e gi o n o f ,

wh i c h t h e le s s p a lp a bl e c o nne xi o n wi th t h a t r e a l m o f i de a s e ve r ,

s i nc e t h e a t t e nt io n o f P l a t o wa s fi r s t fa s t e ne d u p o n it h a s r e m a i ne d ,

t h e c o ns t a nt ly r e c u r r i ng q u e s t i o n o f P h i lo so p h y I t is a r e gi o n t h a t
.

h a s b e e n de s c r ib e d in o pp o s i t e t e r m s I t h a s b e e n c a ll e d a w o r ld
.

o f a pp e a ra nc e o f m e r e p h e no m e na — a nd t h a t in a de p r e c i a t o r y s e n
, se
—by m e n wh o c o nt a s t e d th e v a r i a ble m u l tipli c i ty o f it s c o nt e nt s wi t h
r

t h e i m p e r t u r b a bl e r e p o s e a nd c le a r ne s s o f t h e w o r ld o f ide a s To 0 .

o t h e r s it p r e s e nt e d i t s e l f a s t h e t r u e re a lit y I n it s u nfa il ing m o v e

.

m e nt a nd in t h e i nnu m e r a bl e a c t ivi t i e s p e r v a di ng it t h e y de e m e d
, ,

t h e m s e lv e s t o h a v e a m o r e v a l u a bl e p o s s e s s i o n t h a n c o u ld b e fo u nd

in t h e s o l e m n s h a do w l a nd o f u nch a ng e a bl e i de a s
-
T h is div e rs i t y
.

o f a pp e ll a t io n r e s t s o n a d e e p ant it h e s i s o f c o nc e p t i o n w h ic h wil l ,

a t tr a c t o u r no t i c e t h r o u gh o u t a ll p h il o s o p h y M y o nly r e a s o n fo r
.

m e nt i o ni ng it h e r e is t h a t t h e t wo vi e w s w h il e w h o lly d iffe r e nt in t h e i r
,

e s tim a t e s o f v a l u e , s e r v e e qu a lly t o b r ing t o lig h t t h e c e nt r e r o u nd

w h ic h met a h Q EQLQ PQ U iTie S s o fa r a s t h e ir e s s e ncel s g pnc e ne d

-
:
- u
r ,

w ill a lw a y s m o v e ; i e- t h eTa c t o f e hafige W h il e p e di c a ble

h

. . . r

m e t a p ho r o f a ny t hi ng th a t is m e r e ly o bj e c t o f t h o u g h t c h a ng e c o m
"

vo L . 1. 13
 ,1
I nt r o du c t z o n . [ B OO K 1

l t e l do m i na t e s t h e w h o l e ra n e g
li ty I t s v a r i o u s fo r m s
o f re a
p e y
.

b e c o m ing a nd de c a y a c t io n ,
a nd s ffe ing m o t i o n a nd d e v e lo p m e ntu r ,

—a e a s a m a t te r o f fa c t a nd h is t o y t h e c o ns t a nt o c c a s i o ns o f t h o s e
r ,
r ,

en q u i i e s r w hi c h ,
a s fo r m in g a d o c t i n e o f t h e fl u x o f t h ingrs in

o pp i
o s t oi n t o t h e p e m a n e nrt b e in g o f i d e a s h a v e fr o m a n t iq u ity be e n ,

u nit e d nde r t h e na m e o f M e t p h y s i c
u a .

I I I t is no t t h a t w h i c h e xpl a i ns it s e lf bu t t h a t w h i c h p e r pl e x e s u s
.

th a t m o v e s t o e n q u i y M e t a
r p h y s i c
. w o u l d n e v e r h a v e c o m e i nt o

b e i ng if t h e c o u r s e o f e ve nt s in t h a t fo m in w h ic h it wa s p re s e nt e d
,
r

by im m e dia t e p e r ce p tio n h a d no t c o nflic t e d wi t h e xp e c t a tio ns t h e

, ,

fu lfil m e nt o f w h ic h m e n d e e m e d t h e m s e lv e s e nt it l e d t o d e m a nd fr o m
w h a t e ve r wa s t o b e r e ck o ne d a s t ru ly e x is t i ng o r t r u ly t a k ing pl a c e .

T h e s e e xp e c t a t io ns m igh t b e a c co u nt e d fo r n v a r o u s w a y s T h e y l l .

m igh t b e h e l d t o b e inna t e t o t h e int e ll ig e nt s p ir it I f t h a t we r e t ru e .

o f t h e m it w o u l d fo ll o w t h a t
,
in t h e fo r m o f ne c e s s a y a s s u m p t i o ns
,
r

a s to t h e m o de o f ex i s t e nc e a nd c o nne xi o n o f a ny t h ing t h a t c a n
p o s s ibly b e o h a pp e n th e y de t e r m ine o u r j u dgm e nt u p o n e ve ry
r ,

e nc e wi t h wh ic h o b s e r va t io n p r e s e nt s u s Or t h e y m igh t b e
'

o cc u rr .

t a k n t o c o ns i s t in r e qu i e m e nt s a r i s ing in t h e h e a r t o u t o f it s ne e ds
e r ,

h o p e s a nd w is h e s ; in wh i c h c a s e t h e ir fu lfil m e nt by t h e e x t e r na l
,

wo l d a s s o o n a s a t t e nt io n wa s r e ca ll e d t o it w o u l d b e no l e s s
r , ,

s t o ngly de m a nde d
r O fi na lly it m ig h t b e h e l d t h a t wi t h o u t c a r y n
. r ,
r

a ny int e ll e c t u a l ne c e s s it y in t h e i o wn r ig h t t h e y h a d a r i s e n o u t o f t h e
r ,

d f / c o ns t i t u t i o n o f e xp e r ie nce a s c o nfi m e d h a bi t s o f a pp r e h e ns io n
e ac o r ,

s gg e s t ing t h a t in e v e r y l a t e r p e c e p t io n t h e s a m e fe a t u r e s w e r e t o b e
u r

m e t wi t h a s h a d b e e n fo u nd in t h e e a r li e r T h e h is t o y o f p h il o s o p h y . r

m a y c o nv inc e u s o f t h e e q u a lly s t o ng viv a c it y a nd a s s u r nc e w it h r a ,

wh i ch t h e s e di ffe r e nt vi e w s h a ve a s s e t e d t h e m s e lv e s T h e t e nde nc y r .

o f t h e p r e s e nt da y h o w e v e r is t o de ny t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f inna t e c o g
, ,

nit io n t o r e fu s e t o t h e d e m a nds o f t h e h e a t e v e r y t it l e t o a s h a e in
, r r

t h e de te rm ina t io n o f t r u t h t o s e e k in e xp e r ie nc e a l o ne t h e s o u r c e o f
,

t h a t c e r t a i n k no wl e dg e w h i ch we w o u l d fa i n a c qu i re in r e g a r d t o t h e

c o nne x io n o f t h ing s .

I I I P h il o s o p h y h a s b e e n t o o p a i nfu lly t a u gh t b y t h e c o u r s e o f it s
.

h i s t o y h o w t h e ne gl e c t o f e xp e rie nc e a v e ng e s i t s e l f fo r a ny fr e s h
r
,

r e m inde r o f it s i ndis p e ns a bl e ne s s t o be r e q u i e d T a k e n by i t se l f r .
,

h o w e v e r a nd a p a r t fr o m e v e r y p r e su pp o s i t i o n no t fu r nis h e d by it s e l f
, ,

e xp e r ie nc e is no t c o m p e t e nt t o yi e l d t h e k no wl e dg e w h ic h we s e e k .

Fo o u r w ish is no t m e r e ly t o e nu m e r a t e a nd de s c ib e w h a t h a s
r - r

h a pp e ne d o r is h a pp e ning W e a l s o w a nt t o b e a bl e t o p r e dic t wh a t
.

u nde r de fi ni t e c i r c u m s t a nc e s will h a pp e n B u t e xp e r i e nc e c a nno t .

B OO K E xp e r ie nce a nd K now le dg e .
3

S h o w u s th e fu tu r e ; a nd c a nno t e ve n h e lp u s t o c o nj e c tu re w h a t it
will be u nl e s s we a r e c e t a i n b e fo r e h a nd th a t t h e c o u r s e o f t h e w o r l d is
r

b o u nd t o fo ll o w c o ns i s te ntly b e yo nd t h e li m i t s o f pr e vi o u s o b s e rv a t i o n
, ,

t h e pl a n o f w h ic h t h e b e gi nning is p e s e nt e d t o u s wi t h i n t h o s e l im i t s r .

A n a s s u r a nc e h o w e v e o f t h e v a li dity o f t h i s s u pp o s i t i o n is w h a t
,
r,

e xp e r ie nc e c a nno t a ffo r d u s G r a nt a s m u c h a s yo u pl e a s e t h a t
.

o b s e r v a t i o n in it s c e a s e l e s s p o g e s s h a d u p t o a c e r t a i n m o m e nt o nly
r r

lig h t e d o n c a s e s o f c o nfo r m it y t o t h e u l e s w h ic h we h a d i nfe r r e d fr o m r

a c a e fu l u s e o f e a l ie r p e r c e p t i o ns : s t ill t h e
r r p r o p o s i tio n t h a t t h i s
a c c u m u l a t i o n o f c o nfi r m a t o r y i ns t a nc e s wh ic h h a s s o fa r g o ne o n wi t h ,

o u t a ny e x ce p t i o n b e i ng m e t w it h h a s i nc r e a s e d t h e p r o b a b il it y o f a
,

l ike c o nfi rm a t i o n in t h e fu t u e is o ne t h a t c a n o nly be m a int a ine d o n

r ,

t h e s t r e ng t h o f a p r e vi o u s t a c i t dm i s s io n o f t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e
a ,

s a m e o d e r w h i c h g o v e ne d t h e p a s t c o u s e o f t h e w o r l d w ill a l s o
r r r

g a bl e to l l
c a c u a t e a n t h in y g
fu t u r e w ith c e r ta inty bu t r o b s h i m s e l f a t t h e s a m e t im e o f t h e
,
o nly 13;

b a s i s o n w h i c h t o fo u nd t h e m o e m o de s t h O pe o f b e i ng a ble u nde r
r

d e fi ni t e c i c u m s t a nc e s t o c o ns i de r t h e o c c u r e nc e o f o ne e v e nt a s
r r

m o r e p r o b a bl e t h a n t h a t o f a no t h e r .

IV T h e r e h a v e b e e n p h il o s o p h e r s o f s c e p t i c a l t e nde nc y wh o h a v e
.

s h o w n t h e m s e lv e s w e ll a w a r e o f t h i s H a vi ng o nc e give n u p t h e .

c l a i m t o b e p o ss e s s o r s o f a n s u c h i nna t e t r u t h a s w o u l d a l s o be t h e
y
t r u t h o f t h i ng s t h e y h a v e a l s o c o ns i s t e nt ly d is c l a i m e d a n p r e t e ns i o n
, y
fr o m a g iv e n r e a l ity t o i nfe r a c o nt i nu a t io n o f t h a t r e a li ty w h ic h wa s
no t g iv e n w it h it N o t h i ng in fa c t wa s l e ft a c c o r ding t o t h e m in t h e
.
, ,

wa y o f k no wl e dg e b u t t h e p r o c e s s e s o f p u r e M a th e m a t ic s in w h i c h ,

i de a s a r e c o nne c t e d wi th o u t a ny c l a i m b e i ng m a de t h a t t h e y h o l d g o o d
o f e a l it y o r h i s t o y a nd t h e de s c ip t io n o f w h a t is o r h a s b e e n
r , r r A .

s ci e n c e o f na t u r e w h ic h s h o u l d
, nd e r t a k e fr o m t h e fa c t s o f t h e p r e s e nt
u

t o p r e d i c t t h e ne c e s s it y o f a fu t u e r e s u l t t h e y h e l d t o b e im p o s s ibl e
r , .

I t wa s o nly n p ra c t i c al life tha t th o s e wh o s o tho ug h t r e li e d wit h a s

W ‘ J
1 a
fi / W

m u ch c o” nfi de“n”c e a s t h e i r Op p o ne nt s o n t h e t r u s t w o r t h ine s s o f t h o s e

h y s i c a l p r i nc iple s w
W T
W oo

p h i c h wi t h i n t h e s c h o o l t h e y m a int a i ne d t o be
,

qu it e w ith o u t j u s t ific a tio n T h e p r e s e nt p r o fe s s o r s o f na t u r a l s c i e nc e

.
,

wh o by t h e i r no i s y gl o ri fi c a t i o n o f e xp e r i e nc e c o m p e l e v e r y m e ta .

B 2
 B OO K 1
I

[
4
.

p h y s i c a l e nqu i ry a t th e o u ts e t t o th is p r e li m i na ry pp e a r
s e lf- de fe nc e , a

t o be o nl s a e dy v by a h a ppy i n c o n s is t e n c y f o m t h e r n e c e s s i t y o f a l ik e

l
dis c a m ei r .
Wi t h l a u d a bl e m o d e s t y t h e y q u e s t i o n i n m a n y i n d ivi d u a l

ca se s w h e t h e r t h e y h a v e y e t d i s c o v e r e d t h e t u e l a wr w h i c h g o v e n s r

so m e g o
r u p o f p r o c e s s e s u n d e r i n v e s t ig a t i o n : b u t t h e y h a v e n o d o u b t

in t h e a s tr ab c t a s t o t h e p e s e n c e o
r f l a w s w h ic h c o n n e c t a ll p a r t s o f
t he w o r l d s
’
c o u r S e in s u c h a w a y t h a t if o n c
,
c o m p l e
e t e k n o wl e d g e h a d
b e e n a t ta i ne d i nfa llibl e i nfe r e nce s m igh t be m a de fr o m o ne t o t h e
,

N o w e xp e r i e nc e e ve n if it b e g a nt e d t h a t in it s na tu r e it is
,
r

c a p a bl e o f e v e p r o v ing t h e c o r re c t ne s s o f t h i s a s s u m p t io n c e ta inly
r ,
r

c a nno t be h e l d t o h a v e ye t d o ne s o T h e r e s t ill lie b e fo e u s v a s t

. r

r e gi o ns o f na t u r e a s t o w h i c h s i nc e we k no w no t h i ng o f a ny c o n
, ,

ne x io n o f t h e i r e v e nt s a c c o r ding t o la w t h e a s s e rt i o n t h a t t h e y a r e ,

t h r o u gh o u t p e r v a de d by a c o nt i nu o u s s y s t e m o f la w c a nno t r e s t o n
t h e e v ide nc e o f e xp e r i e nc e b u t m u s t b e v e nt u r e d o n t h e g o u nd o f a
,
r

co
w w h i c h m a ke s t h e s y s t e m a t i c c o nne x io n o f a ll r e a li t y a

p im a y c e t a i nty
r r r .

V T h e e a r e v a r i o u s w a y s o f t ryi ng t o c o m p r o m s e t h e diflic u lty

. r i .

S o m e tim e s th e a dm is s io n is m a de t h a t t h e s c ie nc e o f na t u r e is o nly
a n e xp e im e nt in w h i c h we t r y h o w fa
r we c a n g o wi t h t h e a r b it r a y
r r

a s s u m p t io n o f a la w e g u l a t ing t h e c o u s e o f t h i ng s ; t h a t o nly t h e
r r

fa v o u a bl r e s u l t w h ic h e xp e ie nc e yi e l ds t o t h e e xp e i m e nt c o nvi nc e s
r e r r

u s o f t h e c o r re c t ne s s o f t h e a s s u m p t i o n m a de Up o n t h is we c a n in
.

f c t o nly e p e a t t h e e m a r k a l re a dy m a de a nd p e r h a p s it w ill no t be
a r r ,

u s e l e s s a c t u a lly t o r e pe a t it I f a qu e s t io n is r a is e d a s t o t h e na tu r e
.

o f t h e c o nne x io n b e t w e e n t wo p ro c e s s e s o f wh ic h t h e m u tu a l de
,

p e n d e n c e is n o t d e d u c ibl e f o m a ny p r e v io u s ly k no w n t r u t h
r it is ,

u s u a l no do u b t t o a iv e a t t h e r e qu ir e d la w by h e lp o f a n h yp o th e s i s
rr ,

o f w h ic h t h e p o o f l ie s in t h e fa c t t h a t no e x c e p t i o n c a n be fo u nd t o
r

it s a ppl ica t i o n B u t in t r u t h a n h yp o t h e s is th u s a c c e dit e d is int rin

. r

s ic a lly a ft e r a ll no th ing m o r e t h a n a fo m u l a o f t h o u g h t in w h ic h we r

h a v e fo u nd a s h o t e xp e s s i o n fo r t h e c o m m o n p r o c e du r e w h ic h Ir
r r a:

be n o b s e v a bl e in a ll ins t a nc e s h it h e rt o no t ic e d o f t h e c o nne x io n in
e r
, ,

T h e c h a r a c t e o f a la w is o nly i m p a r t e d t o t h i s e xp e s s io n
r r

rt h e r t h o u gh t wh i ch e xp e ie nc e c a nno t a dd bu t w h ic h w
, r e
,

t h o gh t t h a t in t h e fu t u r e m e m b e rs o f t h i s e ndl e s s s e r ie s o f
u

t h e s a m e r e l a t io n will h o l d g o o d w h i c h a s a m a t t e o f e r x
,

we h a ve o nly fo u nd t o h o l d g o o d b e t w e e n t h e p a s t m e m b e r s
1e s .

by a re p e tit i o n o f w h a t I h a v e a l e a dy s a i d t h a t I
r

ca n re ply to t h e fu r t h e r e xp a ns i o n o f t h e vi e w r e fe r r e d t o I t m ay .
 na t n I dea f Law
’
P e o oa oz lz ty
' '

11 0m . a e o .
5

r e a di ly be ll o w e d t h a t t h e o b s e r va t i o n o f t h e s a m e c o nne xi o n b e t w e e n
a

t wo o c c u r r e nc e s w h e n co ns t a nt ly r e p e a t e d wi t h o u t a n ins t a nc e t o t h e
,

c o nt a ry give s a n e v e r i nc e a s ing p ro b a bili ty t o t h e a s s u m p t i o n o f a

r ,
r

la w c o nne c t ing t h e m a nd r e nde r s t h e i r c o inc i de nce e xpli c a bl e o nly

o n t h i s a s s u m p t io n B u t o n w h a t a ft e r a ll d o e s t h e g o w ing p o w e r o f
. r

t h i s s u rm is e re s t ? I f t o b e g in w it h we l e ft it a n o p e n q u e s t io n
w h e t h e r t h e e is a ny s u ch t h i ng a s la w a t a ll in t h e c o u r s e o f t h ing s
r ,

we s h o u l d no l o ng e b e e nt i t l e d t o wi s h t o fi nd a n e xpl a na t i o n fo r a
r

s u c ce s s i o n o f e v e nt s a nd in c o ns e q u e nc e
,

t e xp lic a bl e .

d o x
f e pla na t i o n t h e e fo e a nd t h e igh t t o de m a nd it r e s t s
,
r r ,
r ,

m a r y c e r t a i nt y o f c o nvi c t io n t h a t no t h i ng c a n in t r u t h b e

w h ich h a s no t t h e g o u nd o f it s p o s s ib ility in a c o nne c t e d

r

a nd t h e g o u nd o f it s ne c e s s a r y r e a li s a t i o n a t a d e fi ni t e
r

p a t i c u l a r fa c t s o f t h i s u nive s e I f we o nc e dro p t h is
r r .

n no t h i ng any l o ng e r r e q u ir e s e x pl a na t i o n a nd n
, o t h i ng

a dm i t s o f it ; fo t h a t m u t u a l de p e nde nc e w o u l d no lo ng e r e xi s t w h ic h
r

t h e e xpl a na t i o n c o ns i s t s in p o int i ng o u t O r t o e m pl o y a d i ffe e nt .

,
r

e xp e s s i o n : if we d id no t s t a rt f o m t h e a s s m p t io n t h a t t h e c o u r s e o f
r r u

t h i ng s wa s b o u nd by a c h a in o f la w t h e n a nd fo r t h a t r e a s o n it w o u l d
6
,

no t b e a w h it m o r e im p r o b a bl e t h a t t h e s a m e p r o c e s s e s s h o u l d a lw a y s

o c cu r in a u ni fo r m a nd ye t p e fe c t ly a c c i de nt a l c o nne xi o n t h a n t h a t
,
r , ,

t h e r e s h o u l d be t h e w il de s t v a r i e t y o f t h e m o s t m a nifo l d c o m bi na t io ns .

A nd j u s t b e c a u s e o f t h i s t h e m e r e fa c t o f a c o ns t a nt ly r e p e a t e d c o i n
c ide nc e w o u l d b e no p r o o f o f t h e p e s e nc e o f a u niv e r s a l la w by t h e r ,

h e lp o f wh i c h a fu r t h e r fo r e c a s t m ig h t b e co m e p o s s ibl e a s t o t h e ye t
s e s t h a t lie in t h e fu t u r e I t is no t t il l t h e c o nne xi o n o f
.

a c co di ng t o la w is e s t a bli s h e d a s a u n v e r s a l p r i nc ipl e
r i

s t ing u is h ing a p o s s ibl e f o m a n im p o s r

a p r o b a bili t y fr o m a n i m p r o b a b ili t y No t t ill t h e n c a n t h e o ne .

w h ic h h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d t o o c c u r t o t h e e x c l u s io n o f t h e m u l ti ,

t u de o f e qu a lly p o s s ibl e c a s e s w a r r a nt u s in a s s u m ing t h e p e r s i s t e nc y

,

o f a s p e c ia l r e l a t io n w h ic h in a c c o r da nc e wi t h t h e
,
niv e s a l r e ign o f u r

la w y ie l ds t h is o ne e s u l t a nd e x c l u de s o th e r e s u l t s t h a t a r e in t h e m
r r

s e lv e s e qu a lly p o s s ibl e .

All e xp e ie nc e a c co r di ngly s o fa r a s it be li e v e s i t s e l f t o di s c o v e r a l
r ,

r e la t io n o f m u t u a l d e e nde nc e b e t w e e n t h i ng s a c c o r d i ng t o la w is in
p ,

t h is o nly c o nfi r m ing t h e s u pp o s i t i o n p e vi o u s ly a dm i t t e d a s c o rr e c t ,
r l ,

o f t h e r e b e ing s u c h a r e la t i o n I f t h e s u ppo s it i o n is s t ill l e ft in d o u bt

.
,
m m w v w ‘a r m m m w r -
H W
 [ BOOK 1 .

i n
e r e ce c a m p g y
g g p r gy ie t A n d t h e a c t u a l p r o c e d u e o f p h y s ic a l r
e
xp fl
fl fi fi g

e n q u ir y i s i n c o m pl e t e h a r m o n y w it h t h i s s t a t e o f t h e c a s e Ev e n .

w h e re t h e p o c e s s e s o b s e rv e d s e e m t o c o nt a dic t e ve r y t h o u gh t o f a
r r

u nit ing la w t h e inv e s t ig a t o r ne v e r t a k e s h im s e l f t o h a v e fo u nd in

,

t h e s e e xp e ie nc e s a dis p o o f o f t h e s u pp o s it i o n s t a t e d s u c h a s w o u l d
r r ,

e nde r fu t h e r e ffo r t
r r se le ss H e m e e ly l a m e nt s t h a t a c o nfi r m a t io n
u . r

o f it is no t fo t h c o m ing b t ne v e r de s p a i s o f a r r ivi ng a t s u c h a c o n
r ,
u r

fi m a t io n by f t h e r e s e a r c h
r ur r .

V I I f t h e n we e nq u i e no t s o m u c h int o o s t e ns ibl e p i nc ipl e s w h i ch

. r r ,

a e g e ne a lly d a w n u p fo r c o nt e nt io u s p u r p o s e s a s int o t h o s e w h i c h
r r r ,

w ith o t b e ing p u t int o w o ds a re c o nt inu a lly a fli m e d by p r a c t ic e we

u r
‘
r ,

m a y t a k e t h e p r e v a l e nt s p irit o f t h e na t u a l s c ie nc e s t o b e e p e s e nt e d r r r
’9 5 by
t h e c o nfe s s i o n t h a t t h e c e r t a int y o f t h e r e b e ing a r e l a t io n o f m u t u a l

d e p e nde nc e b e t w e e n t hing s a c c o r ding t o la w is ind p e nd nt o f e p e e e x

l r ie nc e N a
.
y it is c o m m
,
o n i n t h e s e s c i e n c e s t o t a k e t h a t r e l t i o n fo a r

g a nt e d in t h e p a r t icu l a r fo r m o f a e l a t io n a c c o r ding t o u nive s a l la w

r r r

w i th a n e x c l u s ive ne s s w hic h p h il o s o p h y c a nno t a c c e p t o ff h a nd Bu t -

.

a dm is s io n t h a t t h e r e a r e l a w s t h e inv e s t ig a t o r o f na t u r e s t il l

t h a t a ll h e h a s d o ne h a s b e e n t o a d m i t a g e ne a l p o i nt o f r

T h e q u e s t i o n w h a t t h e l a w s o f r e a l it y a e w h i c h in fa c t inc l u de s r ,

9) e ve r y o bj e c t o f fu r t h e r e nqu i y h e r e s e r v e s a s o ne t h a t is t o be de a l t
r ,

w ith e x c lu s ive ly by t h e e l a b o r a tio n o f e x p e ri e nc e H e d e ni e s t h e

'

ne c e s s i t y o r p o s s ib ili t y o f a ny m e t a p h y s i c a l e nqu ir y w h i c h in t h is r e gi o n

m ig h t a s p ir e t o a d d a ny t h ing t o t h e e s u l t s t h a t e xp é ie nc e m a gi
r
y v e r .

A g a ins t s u c h c l a i m s t h e o nly a de q u a t e d e fe nc e o f M e t a p h y s ic w o u l d
l
c o ns i s t in t h e c o m pl e t e e x e c u t i o n o f it s a im s fo r i t w o u l d o nly b e in
;
d e t a il t h a t it c o u l d b e m a de i nte ll ig ibl e h o w t h e m a nip u l a t io n w h i c h ,

e xp e i e nc e m u s t u nde r g o in o r de r t o y ie l d a n
r r e s u l t is im p o s s ibl e
y , ,

l u nl e s s by t h e a id o f v a r i o u s de fi nit e i nt e rm e di a y ide a s w h i c h c o nt a in r ,

m u c h t h a t do e s no t a ris e o u t o f t h e m e r e g e ne r a l i de a o f c o nfo r m i t y

t o la w a s s u ch a nd o f w h ic h o n t h e o t h e r h a nd t h e c e r t a int y c a nno t
, ,
‘ , ,

l in t u n b e fo u nde d o n e m pi r i ca l e v ide nc e
r .

Fo r t h e p r e s e nt t h is b ie f h i nt o n t h e s u bj e c t m a b e t a k e n t o s u ffi c e
r
y
t h e m o r e s o a s it is t o b e i m m e dia t e ly fo ll o w e d by a c o m p e h e ns iv e r

c o nc e s s io n t o o u r o pp o ne nt s I n o u r vie w M e t a p h y s ic o u g h t no t t o
.

r e p e a t th e a t te m pt w h ich by it s i ne vi t a bl e fa il r e h a s br o u gh t t h e u
,

s c ie nc e int o dis r e p u t e I t is no t it s b u s i ne s s t o u nde t a k e a de m o n

. r

s t a t io n o f t h e s p e c ia l l a w s w h ic h t h e c o u s e o f t h ing s in it s v a io u s
r
r r

di e c t io ns a c t a lly fo ll o w s
r u On t h e c o nt a r y w h il e c o nfi ning it s e l f
. r ,

t o a n nq iry int o t h e u nive s a l c o ndit io ns w h ic h e v e y t h ing t h a t

e u r r
,

is t o b e c o u nt e d a s e x is t ing o r h a pp e nin a t a ll m u s t a c c o d i ng t o it
g , ,
r ,
 M e t ap /cy s ic ao z cl Na t u r a l Scie nce
‘

'

B OO K .
7

be xp e c t e d t o fu lfil it m u s t a ll o w t h a t w h at do e s in r e a l ity e xi s t o r
e , _ fi

hap p e n 3 a t1h i n g w h i c h it c a n n o t k n o w o f i t s e l f b u t c a n o nly c o m e t o

k no w by e xp e r ie nc e B u t it is o nly fr o m t h is fi na l k no wle dge o f fa c t

.

t h a t t h o s e d e t e m ina t e l a w s o f p r o c e du r e c o u ld b e de iv e d by w h i c h
r r ,

t h i s p a t i c u l a r r e a l it y s a t i s fi e s t h o s e m o s t g e ne r a l r e qu ir e m e nt s w h ic h
r

h o l d g o o d fo r e v e r y c o nc e iv a bl e r e a li t y M e t a p h y s i c a cc o dingly will . r

o nly b e a bl e t o u nfo l d c e r t a in i de a l fo r m s if t h a t e xp r e s s i o n m a y b e
(
a ll o w e d w i c h t h e r e l a t i o ns b e t w e e n t h e e l e m e nt s o f e v e r y t h i ng
) t o , h
r e a l m u s t c o nfo m I t c a n s u pply no ne o f t h o s e d e fi ni t e p r o p o r t i o ns
r .
,

c o ns t a nt o r v a r i a b l e by t h e a s s ignm e nt o f w h i ch it m igh t g ive t o

,

t h o s e fo r m s t h e s p e c i a l m a t h e m a t i c a l c o ns t r u c t i o n ne c e s s a r y t o t h e ir Q

a ppli c a b ili ty t o a r e a l w o l d t h a t is t h r o u g h o u t d e t e m ine d in r e s p e c t

r r

o f q u a l ity m a g ni t u de
,
nu m b e r a nd s e q u e nc e
,
A ll t h i s M e t a p h y s ic
,
.

le a v e s t o e xp e ie nc e r I t will s t ill h o w e v e r c o nt i nu e t o d e m a nd t h a t
.
, ,

t h e r e s u l t s a t wh i c h e xp e r i e nc e a iv e s s h o u l d a d m it o f b e ing s o int e r
rr

r e t e d a s t o fi t t h e s e i de a l fo r m s a nd t o b e i nt e ll igibl e a s c a s e s o f t h e i r
p
a ppl ic a t io n ; a nd t o t r e a t a s fi c t io ns o r a s u ne x p l a i ne d fa c t s t h o s e

wh i c h r e m a i n in c o nt r a di c t i o n w ith t h e m .

V I I T h e r e w o u l d b e no t h ing t h e n t o fo r bi d u s fr o m i de nt i fyi ng
. .

M e t a p h y s i c w it h t h e fi na l e l a b o r a t i o n o f t h e fa c t s wi t h w h i c h t h e
s c i e nc e s o f e xp e i m e nt a nd o b s e r v a t i o n m a k e it a c q u a i t e d
r n — bu t a n
e l a b o r a t i o ndis t i ng u is h e d f o m s u c h s c ie nc e s by t h e p u r s u it o f o t h e r
'

a im s t h a n t h o s e t o w a r d s w h ic h t h e y a r e d i r e c t e d wi t h s u c h la u da bl e
l a nd u nr e m i t ting e ne r gy N a t u ra l s c ie nc e w h il e e m pl o y ing
, .
,

c e p t io ns o f c e t a in e l e m e nt s a nd fo r c e s m o s t
r

s i t io u o f k no wl e dg e fo r e g o e s t h e a tt e m p t t o
,

na t u r e o f t h o s e e l e m e nt s a nd fo r c e s In a .

c o v e r ie s le a di ng t o r a p id p r o g r e s s in fu t h e r i ns ig h t h a v e b e e n m a de
, r ,

by a ppl ic a t i o n o f t h e c a l c u l u s t o c er t a i n a s s u m e d p r o c e s s e s a t a ny ,

p o s s ibl e c o n s t r u c t io n o f w h i c h s c i e n c e i t s e l f h a s b e e n u na bl e t o

a rr iv e W e t h e re fo r e do no inj u s t ic e t o s c i e nc e in t a king it s o bj e c t
' '

.
_
,

L eo ns is t in a p r a c tic a l co m ma nd 9 e 1: p h e no m e na ; in o t h e r w o r ds __
v ,

t h e c a p a b il it y h o w e v e r a c qu i r e d o f i nfe i ng fr o m giv e n c o nd i t io ns o f
, , rr

t h e p e s e nt t o t h a t w hic h e i th e r will fo ll o w t h e m o r m u s t h a v e p re
r
,

c e de d t h e m o m u s t t a k e pl a c e c o nt e m p o r a ne o u s ly w it h t h e m n p a t s
,
r i r
”
o f t h e u niv e r s e ina c c e s s ibl e t o o b s e v a t io n T h a t fo r t h e a c qu is it io n:
r .

o f s u c h c o m m a nd m er e ly Su pp o s ing a m u t u a l de p e nd e nc e o f p h e no
‘

m e na a c c o r ding t o s o m e la w o r o th e r t h e c a e fu l c o m p a ris o n o f ,
r

p h e no m e na s h o u l d t o a g re a t e x t e nt s u ffi c e w ith o u t a ny a c qu a i nt a nc e ,

wi t h t h e t u e na tu re o f w h a t u nde rl ie s t h e m is a s t a t e o f t h ing s int e l

r ,

i e in i t s e l f a nd o f w h i c h t h e h i s to r o f s c i e nce give s a m pl e e vi de nc e
\ l gibl y .
 l nt r o a u ct zh n
’
8 . 1 .

That th e s a m e pro ce s s
l d a lw a y s s u ffi c e fo r th e p u rp o s e is no t s o
sh o u

e as y to b e l ie v e O n t h e c o n t ra y it s e e m s l ik e
r ly t h a t a ft e r r e a c h ing a
l c e ta in l im it in t h e e x t e nt a nd d e p th o f it s e nqu i i e s na tu r a l s c i e nc e
. ,

1 r r ,

w ill fe e l t h e ne e d in o r de r t o t h e p o s s ibil ity o f fu rt h e r p r o g re s s o f

, ,

e v e t ing t o t h e t a s k o f de fi ning e x h a u s t iv e ly t h o s e c e nt r e s o f r e l a
r r

t io n t o w h ic h it h a d p e v io s ly b e e n a bl e t o a t t a c h it s c a lc u l a t i o ns
,
r u

w h il e l e a ving th e i r na tu r e u nde te m i ne d ‘ I n t h a t c a s e it w ill e i th e r . r

o ig ina t e a n w M e t a p h y s ic o f it s o wn o r it will a do p t s o m e e xi s t i ng
r e

sy ste m So fa r a s I c n j u dg e it is no w v e r y a c t iv e ly e ng a g e d in
. a ,

do i ng t h e fo r m e r I t s e ffo r t s in t h a t di r e c t io n we o b s e r v e wi th g e a t
. r

int e r e s t b u t w it h m ix e d fe e l ing s T h e e nvia bl e a dv a nt a g e o f h a ving

.

a c q u i r d by m a ny S id e d inv e s t ig a t i o n a n o ig ina l k no wl e d g e o f fa c t s
e - r ,

fo r w h ic h no a pp o p r i a t i o n o f o th e r m e n s k no wl e dg e ca n fo r m a p e r
’
r

fe e t s u b s t i tu t e s e c u r e s a fa v o u a bl e j u dg m e nt in a dva nc e fo r t h e y
,
r

e xp e r i m e nt s o f na t u r a li s t s : a nd t h e r e is t h e m o r e r e a s o n t h a t t h is

sh o u ld be so s i nc e t h e p h il o s o p h ic a l i ns t i nc t w h ic h is a bl e t o e ns u r e
, ,

t h e i r s u c c e s s is no t t h e s p e c i a l p r o p e t y o f a c a s t e b u t a n i m p u l s e o f
,
r ,

t h e h u m a n s pi r i t w h i c h fi nd s e xp r e s s i o n fo r i t s e l f wi t h e q u a l i nt e ns it y

a nd i nv e nt iv e ne s s a m o ng t h o s e o f e v e r y s c i e nt ifi c a nd p r a c tic a l c a ll ing .

B u t t h e r e is a dr a wb a c k e v e n h e r e I t a i s e s f o m th e i nv o l u nt a r y
. r r

li m i t a t i o n o f t h e r a ng e o f t h o u gh t t o t h e h o r i o n o f t h e a cc u s t o m e d z

o c c u p a t i o n t o e x t e r na l na tu r e a nd f o m t h e u nh e s it a t ing t r a ns fe e nc e
, , r r

o f m e t h o ds w h i c h s e r v e d t h e p ri m a ry e nds o f na t u r a l s c i e nc e c o r r e c t ly

e no u g h t o t h e t e a t m e nt o f qu e s t io ns b e a r i ng o n t h e u l t e r i o r r e l a t io ns
,
r

o f t h e fa c t s o f w h ic h m a s t e r y h a s b e e n o b t a ine d a nd o n t h e ir l e s s ,

p a lp a bl e d e p e n d e n ce u p o n p in c ipl e s t o w h
r i c h r e f e r e n c e h a s b een

s t u dio u s ly a v o ide d in t h e a s c e t a i nm e nt o f t h e fa c t s t h e m s e lv e s
r .

O f c o u s e it is no t m y i nt e nt i o n t o indic at e h e e t h e s e v e r a l p o i nt s
r r

a t w h i c h a s it s e e m s t o m e t h e s e d a ng e r s h a v e no t be e n a v o i de d
, , I .

c o nt e nt m y s e l f w it h r e fe r r ing o n t h e o ne h a nd t o t h e i nc o ns ide r a te

h a b it o f no t m e e ly re g a r ding t h e w h o l e s p irit u a l li fe f o m t h e s a m e
r r

u l t i m a t e p o i nt s o f vi e w a s t h e p r o c e s s e s o f e x t e na l na t u r e bu t o f r ,

a pply ing t o it t h e s a m e s p e c i a l a na l o g ie s a s h a v e de t e r m i ne d o u r c o n

c e p t io n o f t h o s e p r o c e s s e s ; a nd s e c o ndly t o t h e i nc l ina t i o n t o c o u nt

an
y c h a n c e h y p o t h e s is o f w h ic h t h e o bj e c t is o ne t h a t a dm i t s o f b e ing

r e s e nt e d t o t h e m ind o fa ili ng o f t h is o f b e ing m e r e ly indic a t e d in

p ,
r, ,

wo d s g o o d e no u gh t o se v e a s a fo u nda t i o n fo r a w h o lly ne w a nd
r , r

p a r a do xi c a l t h e o ry o f t h e w o r l d I do no t igno e t h e m a ny v a l u a b le . r

r e s u l t s t h a t a e d u e t o t h is m o b il it y o f i m a gi na t io n
r I kno w t h a t m a n .

m u s t m a k e t ia l o f m a ny t h o u g h t s in o de t o
r e a c h t h e t ru t h a nd t h a t
r r r ,

a h a ppy c o nj e c t u r e is a t t o c a rr y u s fu rt h e r a nd mo r e q u i c kly o n o u r
p
 B OO K M o l ao a of ’
t ie Tr e a t is e .
9

wa y t h a n t h e l w
s o s te p o f m e th o di c a l c o ns i de r a t i o n . S t ill th e r e c a n be
no v
a d a nt a g e in m a king a t t e m p t s o f w h ic h t h e i nt r i ns i c im p o s s ib il it y
a nd a b s u r di t y w o u l d b e a pp a r e nt if i ns t e a d o f l o o ki ng s o l e ly a t t h e
,

s i ngl e p o bl e m o f w h i c h t h e s o l u t i o n is b e ing u nd e rt a k e n we c a rr i e d
r ,

o u r vi e w t o t h e e nt i e c o m pl e x o f q u e s t i o ns t o w h i c h t h e r e qu i e d
r r

s o l u t i o n m u s t b e e q u a lly a ppl ic a b l e I do no t t h e r e fo r e de ny t h a t t h e
.

m e t a p h y s ic a l e nt e p r i s e s o f r e c e nt p h y s ic a l i nv e s t ig a t o r s a l o ng wi t h
r ,

t h e g r e a t i nt e r e s t w h i c h t h e y a r e u ndo u b te d ly c a l c u l a t e d t o e x c i t e ,

e p e t ty m u ch t h e s a m e p i o n e m m e t h o u g h wi t h a s o m e
mak r i m e s s r l ,
-

w h a t d. iff e r e nt cg l O u r igg a.
s 5
w as I,gg dn e o n t h e o t ah
r ie s o f fl
e x
v a c t s c i e nc e

W a m d m n u e c u n sa t in wa x v
me r a m o ts p ss t r .

O u r b u s i ne s s h o w e v e r is no t wi th s u ch i ndiv idu a l i m p r e s s i o ns
, ,
I .

o nly g a v e a p a s s ing e xp r e s s i o n t o t h e m in o r d e r t o t h o w ligh t o n t h e ?) r

u rp o se o f th e fo ll o wi n g d i t t i n T h q lifi a t i o n o f b e i n g
p s s e a o r e u a . c

c o ndu c t e d a c c o ding t o t h e m e t h o d o f na t u r a l s c i e nc e by w h i c h it is
r ,

no w t h e fa s h i o n fo r e ve r y e nqu i r y t o e c o m m e nd i t s e l f is o ne w h i c h
r ,

I p u r p o se ly di s c l a i m fo r m y t r e a t i s e I t s o bj e c t is i nde e d a m o ng .

o th e t h i ng s t o c o ntr ib u t e w h a t it c a n t o t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e d i ffic u l t
r

p ro bl e m o f p r o vi ding a p h il o s o p h ic a l fo u nda t i o n fo r na t u r a l s c i e nc e ;

b u t t h is is no t it s o nly o bj e c t I t is r a t h e r m e a nt t o r e s p o nd t o t h e
. .

i nt e r e s t w h ich t h e t h inki ng Sp ir i t t a k e s no t m e re ly in t h e c a l c u l a t io ns ,

by w h i c h t h e s e qu nc e o f p h e no m e na o n p h e no m e na m a y b e fo r e t o l d
e ,

b u t in a s c e r t a ini ng th e i m p a lp a bl e r e a l b a s i s o f t h e p o s s ibili tyo f a ll

p h e n o m e n a a n
, d o f t h e n e c e s s i t y o f t h e i r c o n ca t e n a t i o n T h i s i nt e r e s t .
,

r e a c h i ng b e y o nd t h e r e g io n o n w h i c h na t u r a l s c i e nc e s p e nds it s

la b o u r m u s t ne c e s s a r ily t a k e it s de p a t u r e fr o m o t h e r p o i nt s o f vi e w
, r

t h a n t h o s e wi t h w h i c h na t u a l s c ie nc e is fa m ili a r no r w o u l d I di s g u i se
r ,

t h e fa c t t h a t t h e u l t i m a t e p o i nt s o f vi e w t o w h i c h in t h e s e q u e l it wil l

le a d u s will no t be in d i r e c t h a r m o ny wi t h t h e a c c u s t o m e d v ie ws o f
‘

na t u a l s c ie nc e
r .

V I I I T h e r e is a r e p r o a c h h o w e v e r t o w h i c h we la y o u r s e lv e s
.
, ,

o p e n in t h u s s t a t ing t h e p r o bl e m o f M e t a p h y s ic I t is no t m e r e ly t h a t
.

e xp e i e nce is v u nt e d a s t h e s ingl e a c t u a l s o u r c e o f o u r a s c e t a ine d

r a r

k no wl e dge Ev e yt h ing w h ich c a nno t b e l e a nt fr o m it is h e l d t o be

. r r

c o m pl e t e ly u nk no w a bl e : e v e y t h ing w h ic h in o pp o s i t io n t o t h e o h
r

s e v a bl e s u c c e s s io n o f p h e no m e na we a e a t t o c o v e
r r by t h a t co m r
p
p r e h e ns ive de s ig na t io n t h e e s s e nc e o f t h ings T h e e ffo t s t h e e fo r e
, . r , r ,

t o w h ic h we p r o p o s e t o de v o t e o u r s e lv e s w ill be fo ll o w e d wi th t h e

p it y in g r e p u dia t i o n b e s t o w e d o n a ll a tt e m p t s a t d e s ir a bl e bu t im

p r a c t ic a bl e u nde t a ki ng s B e y o nd t h e g e ne r a l c o nfi de nc e t h a t t h e e
r . r

is s u c h a t h i ng a s a c o nne xio n o f t h i ng s a c c o r di ng t o la w t h e h u m a n ,
 W
I O [ B OO K 1 .

p i it it is h e ld h a s no s o u c e o f k no wl e dg e wh i c h m igh t s e ve t h e
s r , ,
r , r

p u r p o s e o f c o m pl e ti ng o c o e c t ing e xp e ie nc e I t w o l d b e a m e e
r rr r . u r

c c e nt i c ity t o r e fu s e t o a dm it t h a t a c o nfe s s io n o f t h e ins c r u t a b il it y

e r .

o f t h e e s s nc e o f t h ing s ine r t in s ns m u s t a t l a s t b e e l ic it e d fr o m
,
a ce a e e,

e v e y p h il o s o p h y ; bu t w h a t if t h e m o e e x a c t d t e r m ina t io n o f t h is
r r e

s e ns a nd t h e j u s t ifi c t io n o f t h e w h o l e a s s e t io n o f s u c h ins c r u t a b il it y
e ,
a r ,

s h o u l d b e j s t t h e p o bl e m o f M e t a p h y s ic w h ic h o nly p o m is e s t o
u r ,
r

e nqu i e bu t do e s no t fi x b e fo e h a nd t h e li m i t s wi t h in w h ic h it s
r ,
r

e nq ir y m a y b e s u c c e s s f l ?
u A nd it is l e a t h a t t h e a s s e t i o n in
u c r r

q s t io n if p e fix e d t o a ll e nqu i y is o ne th a t t o a c e t a in e x t e nt c o n
ue ,
r r ,
r

t r a dic t s it s e l f So l o ng a s it s p e a k s o f a n e s s e nc e o f t h ing s it s p e a k s
.
,

o f s o m e t h ing a nd p s u pp o s e s t h e r e li t y o f so m e t h ing a s t o t h e
re a

e x is t e nc e o f w h ic h a c c o ding t o it s o wn s h o w ing e xp e ie nc e c a n t e a c h
i r r

lno th ing A s s o o n a s it m a i nt a i ns t h e u nk no w a bil ity o f t h i s e s s e nc e

.
,

it i m pl ie s a c o nvi c t i o n a s t o t h e p o s i t i o n in w h i c h t h e t h inki ng Sp i it r

i s t a nd s t o t h e e s s e nc e w h ic h Si nc e it c a nno t b e t h e r e s u l t o f e xp e r i e nc e
,
, ,

m u s t b e de iv e d fro m a p e v io u s ly r e c o g ni e d c e t a i nt y in r e g a d t o
3 r r z r r

t h a t w h i c h th e na t u r e o f o u r t h o u gh t c o m p e l s u s t o Opp o s e a s t h e ,

e s s e nc e o f t h ing s t o t h e s e r i e s o f p h e no m e na
,
B u t it is j u s t t h e s e .

95 t a c i t p e s u pp o s it i o ns w h ic h r e t a i n t h e i p o w e r o v e r u s a ll th e t i m e t h a t
’
" r ,
r

we a e dis p u t ing o u r c a p a c i t y fo k no wl e dg e t h a t s t a nd in ne e d o f t h a t
r r ,

e xpl a na t io n c r i t i c is m
, a nd l im i t a t io n w h ic h M e t a p h y s ic d e e m s it s
, ,

p r o p e b u s in
r e s s N o r h a v e.w e a ny ig h t t o t a k e fo r g a n t e d t h a t t h e r r

bu s ine s s is a v e ry e a sy o ne a nd t h a t it m a y b e p r o p e ly dis c h a g e d by
, r r

s o m e r e m a k s w e ll a c c e dit e d in g e ne a l o p inio n t o b e p e fix e d by
r -
r r , r

wa y o f i nt o du c tio n t o t h o s e i nt e r p r e t a t i o ns o f e xp e r i e nc e fr o m w h i c h
r

a l o ne a p r o fi t a bl e r e s u l t is l o o k e d fo r W h e n we a s s u m e no t h ing bu t .

c o nfo m it y t o r la w in t h e c o s e o f t h i ng s t h is e xp r e s s io n s i m pl e ur , ,

i t s e lf s e e m s s i m pl e in it s s ig nifi ca t i o n : b t t h e no t io ns a t t a c h e d t o it
, u

t u rn o u t t o be v a r i o u s a nd fa t r e a h ing e no gh a s s o o n a s it h a s t o -
c u ,

b e e m pl o y e d in p e c is e ly th a t i nt e r p r e t a t i o n o f e xp e r ie nc e w h i c h is
r

Opp o s e d t o M e t a p h y s ic .

I w ill no t e nl a ge o n th e p o i nt t h a t e v e y p h y s i c a l e nqu i y e m pl o y s
r r r

t h e l o g ic a l p r inc ipl e s o f I de nt it y a nd Ex c l u de d M iddl e fo t h e a t ta i n r

m e nt o f it s r e s u l t s b o th a r e r e ck o ne d a s a m a tt e r Of c o r s e a m o ng u

t h e m e t h o ds wh ic h e v e y inv e s t ig a t io n fo ll o w s
j

r B u t m e a nwh ile it is .

fo r go t t e n t h a t t h e s e p inc ip le s c o u l d no t b e v a l id fo r t h e c o nne c t e d
r

s e rie s o f p h e no m e na w it h o u t h o l ding g o o d a l s o o f t h e c o m pl t ly u n e e

l k n o wn b a s is fr o m w h ic h t h e p h e no m e na is s u e Ye t m a ny fa c t s giv e .

s u ffic ie nt o c c a s io n fo r t h e s u m is e t h a t t h e y a pply t o t hing s t h e m s e lve s

r

a nd t h e i r s t a t e s in s o m e diffe r e nt s e ns e fr o m t h a t in w h ic h t h e y a pply
 B O OK A s s u mp t io ns f
o Na t u r a l Scie nce .

t o the j u dg m e nt s w h ic h a r e s u gge s t e d t o u s in t h inki ng a b o u t t h e s e

s ta t e s .W e S h o w a s l itt l e s c ru pl e in a v a il ing o u r s e lve s o f m a t h e m a t ic a l
t u t h s in o r de r t o a d va nc e fr o m de du c t io n t o d e du c t i o n
r ,
I t is t a c it ly .

a s s u m e d t h a t t h e u nk no w n e s s e nc e o f t h ing s fo r o ne m a ni fe s t a t i o n o f ,

w h i c h we b o r o w fr o m e xp e r i e nce a de fi ni t e nu m e ic a l v a l u e will
r r ,

ne v e r o u t o f it s r e s i d a y a nd s t ill u nk no w n na t u e s u pply t o t h e c o n
u r r

s e q u e nc e w h ic h is t o b e l o o k e d fo r u nde r s o m e c o ndit i o n a n in

c a l c u l a bl e Co e ffic i e nt w h i c h w o u l d p r e v e nt t h e c o r e s p o nde nc e o f o u r
,
r

m a t h e m a t ic a l p r e di c t i o n wi t h t h e a c tu a l c o u r s e o f e v e nt s .

No r is t h i s a ll B e s i de s t h e s e p r e s u m p t i o ns w h i c h a r e a t a ny r a t e
.

g e ne a l in t h e i c h a a c t e r a nd w h i ch a r e a ll t h a t c a n b e no t ic e d a t th e
r r r

o u t s e t in t h e a c t u a l i nt e r p re t a t i o n o f e xp e ie nc e t h e r e a r e i m pl ie d
,
r

m ny u np r o v e n j u dg m e nt s o f a m o r e s p e c i a l s o r t w h i c h c a n o nly b e
a ,

no t ic e d in t h e s e q u e l Fo r lo g ic a l l a w s h o l d g o o d p r i m a r ily o f
.

no t h ing b u t t h e t h ink a bl e c o nt e nt o f c o nce p t i o ns m a th e m a t i c a l la w s ,

o f no t h ing bu t p u r e q u a nt it i s I f b o t h a r e t o be a ppl ie d t o t h a t
e .

wh i ch m o v e s a nd ch a ng e s w o r k s a nd s u ffe r s in s p a c e a nd t i m e t h e y
, , ,

s t a nd in c o ns t a nt ne e d o f fr e s h i de a s a s t o t h e na t u r e o f t h e r e a l ,

w h ic h a s c o nne c t ing li nk s m a k e it p o s s ible t o s u b o dina t e t o t h e r

t e r m s o f t h o s e l a w s t h i s ne w r e g io n o f t h e i r a ppli c a t i o n I t is v a in : .

fo r u s t h e r e fo e t o s p e a k o f a s c ie nc e fo u nde d o n e xp e ie nc e t h a t
r r

s h a ll b e p e fe c t ly f e e f o m p r e s u pp o s iti o ns W h il e t h i s s c ie nc e
r r r .

t h ink s s co r n o f s e e ki ng s u pp o t f o m M e t a p h y s i c a nd d is c l a i m s a ll
r r

k no wl e dg e o f t h e e s s e nc e o f t h i ng s it is e v e ryw h e r e p e ne t a t e d by
, r

u nm e t h o d is e d a s s u m p t io ns in r e g a r d t o t h is v e r y e s s e nc e a nd is in ,

t h e h a bi t o f i m p r o vi s i ng de v e l o p m e nt s a s e a c h s e p a a t e q u e s t io n s u g
,
r

g e s t s t h e m o f t h o s e p i nc ipl e s w h i c h it do e s no t de e m it w o r th w h il e
,
r

t o s u bj e c t t o a ny s y s t e m a t ic c o ns i de r a t i o n .

I X I n m a k ing t h e s e r e m a k s I ha v e no o bj e c t in vi e w b u t s u c h a s
. r

m a y p r o p e ly b e s e r v e d by a n i ntr o du c t i o n
r I wi s h t o p r e p o s s e s s .

t h a t na t u a l fe e l ing o f p r o b a bili t y w h i c h in t h e l a s t i ns t a nc e is t h e
r ,

j u dge o f a ll o u p h ilo s o ph ic a l u nde ta ki ng s in fa v o u r o f t h e p r o j e c t o f

r r ,

p u t t i ng t o g e th e in a s y s te m a t i c wa y t h e p r o p o s i t i o ns in r e g a d t o t h e
r r

na t u e a nd c o nne x io n o f w h a t is r e a l w h ic h i nd e p e nde nt ly o f e
r
, ,
x

p e r ie nce a n d in a nswe t o t h e qu e s t io ns wi t h w h i c h e xp e ie nc e c h a l
r r

le ng e s u s we b e l ie v e o u s e lv e s t o h a v e no o p t io n b u t t o m a i nt a i n
, r .

I e xp e s s ly dis c l a im h o w e ve t h e d e s i e t o j u s t ify t h i s b e l ie f fr o m
r , r, r ,

w hi c h a s a m a t t e r o f fa c t we a r e no ne o f u s e x e m p t by a n a nt e c e de nt ,

t h e o r y o f c o g ni t io n I a m c o nvinc e d t h a t t o o m u ch l a b o u r is a t
.

p r e s e n t s p e nt in t h i s d i r e c t i o n w it h r e s u l t
, s p o p o r t io na t e t o t h e r

g r o u ndle s s ne s s o f t h e c l a i m s w h i c h s u ch t h e o r i e s m a k e T h e re is
,
.
 y
’
I nt r o a u c t z o n .
1 .

o m e t h i ng v
c o n e nie nt ive in t h e pl a n o f wi th d a wi ng a t
a nd s e du c t r
s

t e nt io n fr o m t h e s o l u t io n o f d e fi nit e q e s t io ns a n d a pply i n g o n e s e l f t
u o

g e ne a l qu e s t io ns in r e g a r d t o c o g nit ive c a p a c itie s o f w h ic h a ny o ne

r ,

cou ld a va il him s e l f wh o s e t s e i o u s ly a b o u t it r I n fa c t h o w e v e r t h e .
, ,

h is t o ry o f s c ie nc e s h o w s t h a t t h o s e wh o e s o l u t e ly s e t t h e m s e lv e s t o r

m a s t e i ng c e t a in p o bl e m s g e ne r a lly fo u nd t h a t t h e ir c o g nis a nce o f

r r r

t h e a va il a bl e a pplia nc e s a nd o f t h e u s e o f t h e m g re w k e e ne r in t h e
p ro c e s s ; w h il e o n t h e o t he r h a nd t h e p r e te nt io u s o c c u p a t io n with
t h e o ie s o f c o g nit io n h a s s e l do m le d t o a ny s o li d r e s u l t
r I t h a s no t .

it s e l f c e a t e d t h o s e m e th o ds w h i c h it e nt e r t a ins it s e l f wi t h e x h ibi t ing

r

b t no t e m pl o y ing
u O n t h e c o nt r a r y it is t h e a c t u a l p r o bl e m s t h a t
.
,

h a v e c o m p e ll e d t h e d i s co v e r y o f t h e m e t h o d s by w h i c h t h e y m a y b e
s o lve d Th e c o ns t a nt w h e t t ing o f t h e k ni fe is t e di o u s if it is no t
.
,

p r o p o s e d t o o u t a ny th i ng w ith it .

I k no w t h a t s u c h a n e xp r e s s i o n o f o p ini o n is in u nh e a r d o f o pp o s i -

t io n t o t h e t e nde nc y o f o u ti m e I c o u l d no t h o w e v e r r e p e s s t h e
r , ,
r
.
c o nvi c t io n t h a t t h e r e is a n i nt insic u ns o u nd ne s s in t h e e ffo t s m a de
'
’
r r

t o fo u nd a M e t a p h y s ic o n a p s y c h o l o gi ca l a na ly s i s o f o u r c o g nit i o n .

T h e nu m e o u s dis s e r t a t io ns di e c t e d t o t h i s e nd m a y b e c o m p a r e d t o
r r

t h e t u ning o f i ns t ru m e nt s b e fo r e a c o nc e r t o nly t h a t t h e y a r e no t s o ,

ne c e s s a ry o r u s e f l I n t h e o ne c a s e it is k no w n w h a t t h e h a m o ny
u . r

is w h ic h it is s o u gh t t o p o du c e : in t h e o t h e r c a s e t h e m e nt a l r

a c t iv itie s w h ic h a r e b e l ie v e d t o h a v e b e e n di s c o v e e d a e c o m p a r e d r r

w ith a c a no n wh i c h t h e dis c o v e e s p ro fe s s t h a t t h e y h a ve s t ill t o r r

fi nd o t u I n t h e l a s t r e s o t h o w e v e r e v e r y o ne a ll o w s th a t a s t o t h e
. r , ,

t u t h o f o u r c o g ni t i o n a nd it s c a p a b il it y o f t r u t h no v e dic t c a n be
r r

c o m p a s s e d w h i c h is i nde p e nde nt o f t h a t c o g nit i o n i t s e l f I t m u st .

it s e l f d e t e m ine t h e l im it s o f it s c o m p e t e nce
r I n o r de r t o b e a bl e t o . ,

d o t h is — in o r de r t o de c ide h o w fa r it m a y t r u s t i t s e l f t o j u dg e o f t h e
na t u r e o f t h e r e a l it m u s t fir s t a r iv e a t a c l e a r no t io n o f t h e p o p o s i
, r r

t i o ns w h ic h it is p r o p e ly o bl ig e d— o bl ig e d in t h o r o u gh a g e e m e nt
r r

wi t h it s e f—
l t o a s s e t o f t h is e a l I t is by t h e s e a s s u m p t io ns wh i ch
r r .
,

a e s im ply ne c e s s a y t o R e a s o n t h a t t h e c o nc e p t io n o f t h e r e a l wh i c h
r r ,

is s u pp o s e d t o be in qu e s t io n is de t e m ine d ; a nd it is o nly t h e i r c o n r

t e nt t h a t c a n j u s t i fy R e a s o n wh e n t h e q u e s t i o n is r a i s e d in fo rm i ng
, ,

a ny j d g m e nt w ith r e g a d t o it s fu r t h e r r e l a t io n t o t h is it s o bj e c t
u r

e it h e r t h a t is in m a int a ining t h u nk no w a b il it y o f it s c o nc e t e na
e r

t u re o r in c o m ing t o t h e c o nc l u s i o n a s t h e o nly o ne c o m p a t ibl e wi t h

,

th e e c o nc il ia t io n o f a ll it s t h o gh t s
r t h a t t h e c o nc e p t io n o f t h ing s
u ,

wh ich it g ne a t e s h a s no inde p e nde nt o bj e c t o in pe r s i s t e nt ly r e

e r , r

t a ining a b e l ie f in s u c h a n o bj e c t in s o m e s e ns e w h ic h r e a s o n i t s e l f
'
B OO K M e t a pn
y s ic a na
’
P v c/io logy
'
. I 3

d e t e rm i n e s — a be li e f w h i c h be ca u s e o f s u c h a na t u r e ne i t h e r r e qu i r e s
, ,

no r a dm i t s fu r t h e r p r o o f On t h e o t h e r h a nd it s t ik e s m e a s qu i t e
. r

u nj u s t ifi a b le t o t r e a t t h e m o s t o b s c u r e o f a ll q u e s t i o ns t h a t o f th e ,

p s y c h o l o g i c a l o r ig in o f k no w le dg e a nd t h e p la y o f c o nd i t i o ns w h i c h

co Op e ra e t in p o d u c i ng rit a s a p e li m i na r y
, q u e s t i o n t o b r
e e a s ily d e a l t l .

wi th o f wh i ch t h e l s s u e m igh t s e t tl e de c is iv e ly t h e v a l idity o r i nva lidity

,

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t ru t h .

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tio n s u b m i t t e d t o h im a nd o f e v e ry fa c t wi t h w h i c h e xp e r i e nc e p r e
:
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g g ’

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W I in t h e la s t i ns t a nc e ; ‘
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a m o u nf t o a r e pe t it i o n o f t h e a s s e r t io n w h i c h e v e r y s p e cu l a t iv e :

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. r .

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.

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l

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a ,

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.

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r r

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.

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.

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,

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, ,

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.
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,

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m o v e m e nt o f t h e u niv e r s e in w h i c h a c co r ding t o it s o wn s u pp o s it io n
,
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t h a t Sp i i t is a v a nis h i ng p o i nt
r H a v ing fo r it s v o c a t i o n h o w e v e r t o
.
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r r

t h e w h o l e t h e h u m a n s p iri t w ill m o r e e a s ily p o s s e s s a n im m e d i a t e

,

c o ns c io u s ne s s o f t h i s ne c e s s i t y by w h ic h it l ik e e v e r y t h ing e l s e is d e

t e r m ine d .

C o ns i de r a t i o ns o f th i s so rt l
se t t e no t h n i g o bj e c t ive ly : bu t t h e y
su ffi c e to j u s ti fy the b s t r a c t li m it a t i o n o f o u r p re s e nt p r o bl e m
a .

M e ta p h y s i c h a s m e r e ly t o sh o w w h a t t h e u niv e r s a l c o ndi t i o ns a r e
1 6 I nt r o du ct ion . [ BOO K 1 .

w h i ch m u s t be sa t s i fie d by an yt hi ng o f wh i c h we c a n s a y wi t h o u t
c o ntr a dic t in g our s e lv e s t h a t it is o r th a t it h a pp e ns T h e q u e s t io n
.

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, ,

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r ,

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r h o u g h t a s c o nd i t i o ns o f it s ,

r e a li s a t i o n w h ic h t h i s t h o u gh t i m p o s e s o n i t s e l f .

X I I n o de r t o t h e d is c o v e r y o f t h e t r u t h s we a r e in s e a r c h o f it
. r

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r

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ing o u s e lv e s o f a r e s o u rc e in w h ich c o nfi de nc e wa s pl a c e d by t h e
r

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r .

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m e t h o d t h e y h a d s e cu r it y fo r t h e c o m pl e t e ne s s a nd c e t a i nt y o f t h e
,
r

fo rm u l a e in w h ic h t h e y u nfo l de d t h e t r u e c o nt e nt o f t h e u niv e r s e .

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r r .

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by t h e c o nce nt ra t e d im p r e s s io n o f a ll t h e i m p e r fe ct io ns by wh ich t h e
w o r l d o u t ra g e s a t o nc e o u r kno wl e dge o u r m o r a l j u dgm e nt a nd t h e ,

wi s h e s o f o u r h e a t s I n o pp o s i t i o n t o t h a t i m p e s s io n t h e r e a r o s e in
r . r

t h e ir m i nds w it h gr e a t viv a c it y b u t a s wa s no t d e nie d in c o m pl e t e , ,

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r ,

s h o r t c o m ing s a nd a t t h e s a m e t i m e t o s o lv e t h e d iffic u l t p o bl e m o f r

r e nde i ng t h e p r e s e nc e o f t h e s h o t c o m ing s i nt e ll ig ibl e

r r T h is fo e . r

c a st ,
int o w h ic h t h e y h a d g a t h e r e d a ll t h e ne e ds a nd a s pi a t io ns o f r

t h e h u m a n Spi i t t h e y s o u gh t by t h e a ppli c a t i o n o f t h e i r m e t h o d t o
r ,

u nfo ld i nt o it s c o m pl e t e c o nt e nt I n t h e i r o wn l a ng u a g e th e y s o u g h t
.

a is e t h a t int o c o nc e p t i o n wh i c h a t th e o u t s e t h a d b e e n a p p r e
1
to r

h e nde d o nly in t h e i nc o m pl e t e fo r m o f i m a gi na t i o n 2
.

I do no t p o p o s e t o r e ve r t t o th e c r i t i c i s m o f t h i s m e th o d o n th e
r ,

lo gi c a l p e cu l ia i ty o f w h i c h I h a v e e nl a r g e d e ls e wh e r e
r I t is e no u gh .

h e r e t o r e m a k t h a t in a c c o r da nc e w it h t h e s pi r i t o f t h e t h e o rie s in
r

w h i ch it wa s tu r ne d t o a c c o u nt it h a s le d o nly t o t h e a s s ignm e nt o f
,

c e r t a i n u niv e r s a l fo rm s o f a pp e a r a nc e w h i c h c a nno t b e a b s e nt in a

w o r l d t h a t is t o b e a c o m ple t e e c typ e o f t h e s u p r e m e i de a I t h a s .

no t le d t o th e d is c o v e y o f a n p i nc ipl e s a v a il a bl e fo r t h e s o l u t i o n o f
r r
y
qu e s t io ns r e l t ing t o th e m u t u a l q u a lifi c a t i o n o f t h e s e ve r a l e l e m e nt s
a ,

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inco m pl e t e ly a t t a i ne d T h e m e t h o d m ig h t c o nc e iv a bly b e t r a ns
.

fo m e d s o a s t o s e r v e t h i s o t h e e nd fo r it s e s s e nt ia l t e nde nc y wh ic h
r r , ,

is t o c l e a r u p o b s c u r e i de a s wil l giv e o c c a s i o n e v e r yw h e r e fo r it s u s e
,
.

[ V t ll ng ]
1 2
o rs e u
Bo x Tne D ia le ct ic M e t nod . 1 7

B u t in t h i s t ra ns fo rm a ti o n it w o u l d l o s e t h e m o s t p o t e nt p a rt o f t h a t
w h i c h fo m e r ly g a v e it it s p e cu l ia r c h a rm I t s a ttr a c t io n c o ns i s te d in
r .

t h is t h a t it s o u g h t in a s e r i e s o f int u it i o ns w h i c h it u nfo l d e d o ne o u t
, ,

o f t h e o th e r t o c o nv e y a n i m m e dia t e i ns ig h t i nt o t h e v e r y i nne r
,

m o v e m e nt w h i c h fo r m s t h e l ife o f t h e u niv e r s e e x c l u di ng t h a t l a b o u ,
r

o f d i s c u r s iv e t h o u g h t w h ic h s e e k s t o a r r iv e a t c e rt a int y in r o u nda b o u t

w a y s a nd by u s e o f th e m o s t v a i o u s s u b s i dia r y m e t h o ds o f p r o o f r .

A s m a ki ng s u c h c l a im s t h e m e t h o d c a n a t b o t t o m o nly b e a fo r m o f
,

t h a t p o c e s s o f e x h ibi t i ng a l r e a dy d is c o v e r e d t r u t h s w h ic h u nfo l ds
r

t h e m in t h e o r de r w h i c h a ft e r m u c h l b o u r o f t h o u g h t in o t h e r d i r c o a

t io ns c o m e s t o b e r e c o g nis e d a s t h e p o p e r a nd na t u a l s y s t e m o f r r

t h o s e t ru t h s I f h o w e v e r t h e m e t h o d is t o b e e m pl o y e d a t t h e s a m e
.

t i m e a s a fo m o f dis o ve in t u t h t h e p r o c e s s qu e s t i o na bl e a t b e s t
r r r
g c , , ,

o nly a d m i t s o f b e i ng in s o m e m e s u e c a r i e d o u t in r e l a t i o n t o t h o s e a r r

u niv e r s a l a nd s t a bl e fo r m s o f e v e nt s a nd p h e no m e na w h ic h we h a v e ,

r e g a r d i ng a s a n o bj e c t iv e de v e l o p m e nt o f t h e w o l d s
’
r e a s o n fo r r

c o nt e nt o r o f it s i d e a I n r e g a d t o t h e u nive r s a l l a w s by w h i c h
. r ,

t h e r e a li s a t io n o f a ll t h e s e fo m s is u ni fo r m ly g o v e r ne d we c e r t a inly r ,

c a nno t a s s u m e t h a t t h e y c o ns t i t u t e a s y s t e m in w h i c h a n i ndi s p u t a b le

p r i nc ipl e Op e ns o u t i nt o a c o nt inu o u s s e r i e s o f de ve l o p m e nt s W e .

c a nno t in t h is c a s e a s c r ib e t h e de v e l o p m e nt t o t h e r e a l it y
1
as o h

j e c t i e b
v u t ,o n ly t o o u r t h o u g h t s a b o u t t h e r e a li t y a s s u bj e c t iv e
1
.

T h e D i a l e c t i c m e t h o d w o u l d t h e e fo r e h a v e t o s u b m it t o c o nv e r s io n r

i nto t h a t s i m pl e r di a l e c ti c o r t o s p e a k m o r e pl a i nly into t h a t m e r e

, , ,

p r o ce s s o f c o ns i de a t io n in w h ic h t h e e l e m e nt a ry t h o u gh t s t h a t we
r

e nt e t a i n a s t o t h e na t u r e a nd int e r c o nne c t i o n o f t h e r e a l a r e c o m
r

p a r e d wi t h e a c h o t h e r a nd wi th a ll t h e c o ndit i o ns wh ic h w a r r a nt a
j u dg m e nt a s t o t h e i r c o rr e c t ne s s a nd in w h i ch it is s o u gh t t o r e pl a c e ,

t h e c o nt r a di c t i o ns a nd s h o t co m i ng s t h a t t h e r e u p o n a pp e a r by b e t t e r
r

de fi nit io ns N o th ing is m o r e na t u r a l a nd fa m ili a r t h a n t h i s m o de o f

.

p o c e du e bu t it is a l s o o bvi o u s t h a t it do e s no t o f it s e l f de t e r m ine
r r ,

b e fo e h a nd e ith e r t h e p o int o f de p a t u e fo r t h e c o ns ide a t i o ns o f

r r r r

w h i c h it c o ns i s t s o r in de t a il t h e k ind o f p r o gr e s s wh i ch sh a ll be
m a de in it .

XI I . O th e r a tt e m pts at the di s c o v e r y o fa c uel h a ve s t a r te d fr o m

S a ch e wh t v n m n t nd f i
1n t h is wo r t n iv wit h
km e a ns a e er a a e ca s a o r, s co e x e s e

V t ll b I nh l t ( nt nt wh i h n b p nt d in n id ) L g i
o rs e a re r a a co t e c ca e re se e a ea , o c, s e c .

bj t i it y ( O bj t i it at ) L g i
’
34 nd t h
2, f ah e re o re t 3 ; n th
as
‘
o th ec v ec v ,
o c, se c . o e o er

h nd it i m
a h wid t h n D ing ( t h i g ) wh i h h
s uc n t nly O bj
er t i it t b t
a a n , c as o o ec v a u

l V i kli h k it ( n t t n l l ity); p L g i
a so
‘ V
r c e
’
t 3co Thcre i n e ex er a re a c . o c, se c . . e re s o

t Eng l i h q iv l nt f
e xa c S h in t h i n ]
s e u a e o r
‘
ac e s se se

VO L I . . C
1 8 I nt r o du c t io n . [ B OO K 1 .

a c o nce p t i o n o f c l a s sifi c a t i o n T h e e lie s a na t u ra l c h a rm in t h e a s

. r

su m p t io n t h a t no t o nly w ill t h e c o nt e nt o f t h e u niv e s e b e fo u nd t o r

fo rm a n o d e d a n d
r r o u n
er d e d w h o l e c c o r d ing t o s o m e s y m m e t ic a l a r

m e t h o d bu t a l s o t h a t t h e r e a s o n o f w h ic h it is t h e v o c a t i o n t o k no w
, ,

it p o s s e s s e s fo t h is p u p o s e inna t e m o de s o f c o nc e p t i o n in o g a nis e d
,
r r r

a nd c o m pl e t e d ay T h e l a t t e p a r t o f t h is no t i o n a t a ny a t e wa s
a rr . r ,
r ,

c e o f K a nt s a t t e m p t by a c o m pl e t i o n o f A i s t o t l e s d o c t ine
’ ’
th e so ur r r

o f C t e g o rie s t o fi nd t h e s u m o f t u t h s t h a t a r e ne c e s s it ie s o f o u r
a r

t h o u gh t I n t h s e ns e w h ic h A i s t o t l e h im s e l f a t t a c h e d t o h is C a t e
. e r

o i s a s a c o ll e c t io n o f t h e m o s t u niv e s a l p e dic a t e s u nde w h ic h r r r

g er , ,

ev y t e m t h a t we c a n e m pl o y o f int e ll igibl e i m p o r t m a y b e s u b
er r

s m e d t h e y h a v e ne v e r a dm it t e d o f s e i o u s p h il o s o p h i c a l a ppl ic a t io n
u ,
r .

A t m o s t t h e y h a v e s e r v e d t o r e c a l l t h e p o int s o f vi e w f o m w h ic h r

q e s t io ns m a y be p u t in e g a r d t o t h e o bj e c t s o f e nqu i r y t h a t p r e s e nt
u r

t h e m s e lv e s Th e a ns w e s t o t h o s e qu e s t io ns a lw a y s la y e l s e w h e r e
. r

no t in c o nc e p t io ns a t a ll bu t in fu nd a m e nt a l j u dg m e nt s di e c t i ng t h e
,
r

a ppl ic a t io n o f t h e c o nc e p t io n in t h is wa y o K a nt s e fo m e d ’
th a t r . r r

t a bl e o f C a t e g o ie s s u ffe s p im a ily f o m t h e s a m e d e fe c t ; b u t h e
r r r r r

s o u g h t t o g e t r id o f it by p a s s m g n fa c t fr o m it t o t h e p inc ipl e s o f
i r

Unde r s ta nding w h ic h a s h e h e l d w e e m e r e ly c o nt a c t e d in t h e '

’

, ,
r r

C a t e g o ie s i nt o t h e s h a p e o f c o n c e p t io ns a nd c o u l d t h e r e fo e b e a g a in
r r

e l ic it e d f o m t h m r T h e a tt e m p t is a w o k o f g e niu s b u t a g a ins t t h e
e . r ,

r e a s o ning o n w h i h it is fo u nd e d a nd t h e c o nse q u e nc e s dr a w n f o m
c r

it m a ny s c u ple s s u gg e s t t h e m s e lv e s
r K a nt fo u nd fa u l t w it h A is t o t l e . r

fo h a ving s e t u p h is C a t e g o ie s w it h o u t a p inc ipl e t o w a r a nt t h e ir

r r r r

c o m pl e t e ne s s O n t h e o t h e r h a nd pl e nt y o f p e o pl e h a v e b e e n fo t h
.
, r

c o m ing t o p o int o t t h e e x c e ll e nc e o f t h e p inc ipl e s o f div is io n w h i c h

u r

A i t o t l e is s u pp o s e d t o h a v e fo ll o w e d
r s I do no t l o o k fo r a ny r e s u l t .

fro m t h e c o nt o v e s y o n t h is p o int r G iv e n a pl u a l it y o f u nk no w n
r . r

e x te nt if it is p o p o s e d t o r e s o lv e it no t m e r e ly by wa
r o f d ic h o t o m y
, y
int o M a nd no n M b u t u l t i m a t e ly i nt o m e m b e r s o f a p ur e ly p o s itiv e
-

s o rt M N 0 P
, , Q t h e r e c a n b e no s e c u ity in t h e wa y o f m e t h o d
, , , , r

fo r t h e c o m pl e t e ne s s o f t h i s d is j u nc t iv e p r o c e s s F r o m t h e na tu r e o f .

t h e c a s e we m u s t a lw a y s o o n t o t h in k f id y m m b R o f
g o a r e s u a e e r r ,

w h ic h no t h ing is k no w n bu t t h a t it is diffe e nt f o m a ll t h e p e c e ding r r r

m e m be s A ny o ne wh o b o a s t s o f t h e c o m pl e t e ne s s o f t h e d iv is io n
r .

is m e e ly s a yi ng t h a t fo r h is p a t h e c a nno t a dd a fr e s h m e m b e r R
r r .

W h o e ve r de nie s t h e c o m pl e t e ne s s a ffir m s t h a t a fu t h e r m e m b e r R r

h s o c c u e d t o h im w h ic h w it h e q u a l r igh t b e l o ng s t o t h e s e rie s
a rr .

A is t o t l e m a y h a v e h a d t h e m o s t a dm i a bl e p inc ipl e s o f d ivi s io n ; b u t

r r r

t h e y do no t p o v e t h a t h e h a s no t ic e d a ll t h e m e m b e r s wh i c h p r o p e r ly
r
B OOK Tn ro d
e m e t/ f
o Cla s s ifica t io n . 1 9

fa ll u nde r the m . B u t th e sa m e re m a r k h o lds e qu a lly g o o d a g a i nst

K a nt I t . m ay be c o nce de d t o h im t h a t it is on ly in t h e fo rm o f t h e
j u dgm e nt th a t t he a cts o f th o u h tg a re p e r fo r m e d by m e a ns o f w h i c h

we a ffi rm y th i ng o f t h e r e a l I f it is a dm itt e d fu th e r a s a c o n
an . r

s e qu e nc e o f t h i s t h a t t h e re will be a s m a ny di ffe r e nt p r i m a r y p r o

p o s it i o ns o f t h i s ki nd a s t h e r e a r e e s s e nt i a lly di ffe r e nt l o gi c a l fo r m s o f

j u dg m e nt s t ill t h e a dm is si o n t h a t t h e s e diffe r e nt fo r m s o f j u dg m e nt
,

h a v e b e e n e x h a u s t iv e ly d is c o v e r e d c a nno t b e i ns i s t e d o n a s a m a tt e r ,

p r o p e r ly s p e a ki ng o f m e t h o do l o gi c a l ne c e s s i ty T h e a dm i s s i o n w il l
,
.

b e m a de a s s o o n a s we fe e l o u r s e lv e s s a t i s fi e d a nd h a v e no t h i ng t o
a dd t o t h e c l a s s ifi c a t i o n ; a nd if t h is a g e e m e nt w e r e u niv e r s a l th e
r ,

m a t t e r w o u l d b e p a c t i c a lly s e tt l e d r fo r e v e r y i nv e nt o r y m u s t b e
,

t a k e n a s c o m pl e t e if t h o s e wh o a r e i nt e r e s t e d in it s c o m pl e t e ne s s
,

c a n fi nd no t h ing m o r e t o a dd t o it B u t t h a t ki nd o f t h e o r e t i c a l
.

s e c u i t y fo r a n u nc o nd i t i o na l c o m pl e t e ne s s w h i c h K a nt wa s in qu e s t
r ,

o f is s o m e t h ing i nt r i ns i c a lly im p o s s ibl e

, .

T h e s e h o w e v e r a r e l o gi c a l c o ns i de r a t i o ns wh i ch a r e no t v e ry ,

d e c i s iv e h e r e I t is m o r e i m p o r t a nt t o p o i nt o u t t h a t t h e v e r y
.

a dm i s s i o n fr o m w h i c h we s t a r t e d is o ne th a t c a nno t b e m a de Th e .

l o g ic a l fo rm s o f j u dg m e nt a r e a ppl ie d t o e v e r y p o s s ibl e s u bj e c t
m a t t e r t o t h e m e r e ly t h i nk a bl e a s w e ll a s t o t h e r e a l t o t h e d o u b t (3
, ,

fu l a nd t h e i m p o s s ibl e a s w e ll a s t o t h e c e r ta i n a nd t h e p o s s ibl e .

W e c a nno t t h e r e fo r e b e th e l e a s t s u r e t h a t a ll th e di ffe r e nt fo r m s ,

wh i c h a e i ndi s p e ns a bl e t o t h o u gh t fo r t h i s it s wi de r e a c h i ng e m
r -

plo y m e nt a r e a l s o o f e qu a l i m p o t a nc e fo r it s m o r e lim it e d a p
, r

pl ic a t i o n t o t h e r e a l So fa r h o w e v e r a s th e i r s ig nifi c a nc e in fa c t
.

e x t e nds a l so t o t h i s l a tt e r r e gi o n it is a s ig nifi c a nc e w h i c h c o u l d
,

no t b e g a t h e r e d in it s firll de t e m ina t i o n fr o m t h a t g e ne r a l fo r m in
r

w h i ch it wa s e qu a lly a ppl ic a bl e t o t h e no n r e a l T h e c a te g o r i c a l -
.

fo r m o f j u dg m e nt l e a v e s it q u it e a n o e n qrie s t io n w h e th e r t h e
p ,

s u bj e c t o f t h e j u d m e nt t o w h i c h it a d ds a p r e di c a t e is a s i m p le

no m ina l e s s e nc e ”
g
r e m a i ni ng ide nt i c a l wi t h it s e lf o r a w h o l e w h ic h
‘
x
,

p o s s e s s e s e a c h o f it s p a t s o r a s u b s t a nc e c a p a bl e o f e xp e r ie nc ing a
r ,

s u c c e s s io n o f s t a t e s T h e h yp o th e t i c a l fo r m o f j u dg m e nt d o e s no t
.

d is ti ng u is h w h e th e r t h e c o ndit io n c o nt a i ne d in it s a nt e c e de nt c l a u s e is
t h e r e a s o n o f a c o ns e q u e nc e o t h e c a u s e o f a n e ffe c t o r t h e de
r
, ,

t e m ining e nd f o m w h ic h t h e fa c t s t a t e d in t h e c o ns e qu e nt p r o c e e ds
r r

a s a nec e s s a y c o ndi tio n o f it s fu lfil m e nt

r B u t t h e s e diffe r e nt c o n .

c e p t io ns w h ic h a e h e r e p e s e nt e d in a l ik e fo rm
, r r a r e o f diffe re nt im ,

p o r t anc e fo r t h e tr e a tm e nt o f t h e r e a l T h e m e t a p h y s i ca l s ig ni fi ca nc e
.

1
Einfa ch e r
C 2
 I nt r o du ct io n . [ B OO K 1 .

o f t h e Ca t e g o r i e s is , t h e r e fo r e , ve n a cco rd n i gK a nt s vi e w o nly ’
e to ,

a m a t t e r o f h a ppy c o nj e c t u r e a nd r e s t s u p o n m a t e r i a l c o ns i de r a t io ns
, ,

w h ic h a r e u nc o nne c te d wi th th e fo r m s o f j u dgm e nt a nd t o w h ic h ,

t h e s y s t e ma t is a tio n o f t h o s e l o gi c a l fo r m s h a s m e r e ly gi v e n e x t e r na l

o c c a sio n . I t is o nly t h e s e i nc ide nt a lly s u gg e s t e d t h o u gh t s t h a t h a v e

g iv e n t o th e Ca t e go r i e s in K a nt s h a nds a s e m bl a nc e o f i m p o r ta nc e
’

a nd p r o du c t iv e ne s s w h ic h t h e s e pl a y t h i ng s o f p h il o s o p h y t h e o bj e c t
, ,

o f s o m u ch c u r io s it y c a nno t p r o p e r ly c l a i m
,
T h is r o u nda b o u t r o a d
.

o f fi rs t e s t a bl is h ing a fo r m a l m e t h o d a ff o r d s u s no b e t t e r s e c u r i t y

t h a n we s h o u d l h a v e i f w e s e t s t r a ig h t t o w o r k a t t h e t h ing — a t th e

m a t t e r o f o u r e nqu i ry .

X I I I W e a r e e nc o u r a g e d t o t h i s di r e c t c o u r s e b y t h e r e c o ll e c t i o n
.

t h a t it is no t a c a s e o f t a k ing p o s s e s s i o n fo r t h e fi r s t t i m e o f a n

u nk no w n l a nd . T h a nk s t o t h e z e a l o u s e ffo r t s o f c e nt u ri e s th e o bj e c t s
we h a v e t o d e a l w ith h a v e l o ng b e e n s e t fo r th in d i s t i nc t o r de r a nd ,

t h e qu e s t io ns a b o u t t h e m c o ll e c t e d w h ic h ne e d a n a ns w e r No r h a d .

t h e p hil o s o p h y wh ic h h a s p r e p a r e d t h e wa y fo r u s i t s e l f t o b r e a k

w h o lly ne w gr o u nd I n r e g a r d t o th e m a i n divis io ns o f o u r s u bj e c t
.

it h a d l it t l e t o do b u t t o r e p e a t w h a t e v e ry o ne le a r ns a ne w fr o m h is
o wn e xp e r i e nc e o f t h e w o r l d . N a t u r e a nd s pi r i t a r e t wo r e g io ns s o
d iffe r e nt a s a t fi r s t s igh t t o a dm it o f no c o m p a r i s o n a nd de m a ndi ng ,

t wo s e p a r a t e m o de s o f t r e a t m e nt e a ch
,
d e v o t e d t o t h e e s s e nt i a l
c h a r a c t e r by w h ic h t h e t wo r e gi o ns a r e a lik e s e l f i nv o lv e d a nd s e p a
-

r a t e fr o m e a ch o t h e r . B u t o n t h e o t h e r h a nd t h e y a r e de s t i ne d t o
s u c h c o ns t a nt a c t i o n u p o n e a c h o t h e r a s p a r t s o f o ne u niv e r s e t h a t ,

t h e y c o ns t r a i n u s a t t h e s a m e t im e t o t h e qu e s t fo r t h o s e u niv e r s a l
fo r m s o f a n o r de r o f t h ing s w h ic h t h e y b o t h h a v e t o s a t is fy a l ik e in
t h e m s e lv e s a nd in t h e c o nne x io n w it h e a c h o t h e r I t m igh t s e e m a s
.

if t h is l a s t m e nt io ne d b r a nc h o f it s e nqu ir y m u s t b e t h e o ne t o wh i c h
-

e a r ly s c i e nc e w o u ld b e l a s t b r o u gh t A s a m a t t e r o f h i s t o r y h o w e ve r
.
, ,

it h a s t a k e n it in h a nd a s s o o n a s t h e o t h e r t wo b r a nch e s a nd h a s ,

l o ng de vo te d i t s e l f t o it w ith g r e a t e r p a r tic u l a r i ty t h a n c o ns i de ri ng ,

t h e s m a ll p r o g r e s s m a de in t h e o t h e r b r a nc h e s it c o u l d fi nd c o ndu c ive
,

t o s u cce s s . B u t w h a t e v e r m a y b e t h e c a s e h is t o r i c a lly no w a t le a s t
,

w h e n we t ry t o w e igh t h e a m o u nt o f t e na bl e r e su l t w h ic h h a s b e e n
wo n fr o m s u ch p r o tr a c t e d l a b o u r we a r e j u s tifi e d in b e g inning w it h
,

t h a t w h i c h is fi r s t in t h e o r de r o f t h ing s t h o u g h no t in t h e o r de r

o f o u r k no wl e dg e ; I m e a n w ith O nt o l o gy w h ic h as a d o c t rine
, ,

o f t h e b e ing a nd r e l a t i o ns o f a ll r e a l it y h a d p r e c e de nc e g iv e n t o
,

it o v e r Co s m o l o gy a nd P s y c h o l o gy— t h e t wo b r a nch e s o f e nq u ir y
w h ich fo ll o w th e r e a l ity i nto it s Opp o s i t e di s t i nc t ive fo rm s I t is
,
.
 T/i e div is io ns M a n i
B OO K L ] f
o e t p y s c ,

to i divi s i o n o f th e s u bj e c t th a t wi t h s ligh t a ddi t i o ns o r o m i s s i o ns

th s ,

Me t a p h y s i c u nde r e ve r y fo r m o f t r e a t m e nt h a s t o a ll i nt e nt s a nd
p u rp o s e s r e tu r ne d Th e v a r i e ty in t h e c h o i ce o f t e r m s o c c a s i o ne d
.

by p e c u l ia r p o int s o f V1e w a do p t e d a nt e c e de nt ly to t h e c o ns i de r a t i o n
o f t h e na t u r a l d ivi s i o n o f t h e s u bj e c t h a s i nde e d b e e n v e r y g r e a t
, .

B u t t o t a k e a ny fu r th e r a c co u nt o f t h e s e v a r i a t i o ns o f t e r m ino l o gy ,

b e fo r e e nt e r i ng o n t h e r e a l m a t te r in h a nd s e e m s t o m e a s u s e l e s s a s
,

t h e a t t e m p t t o de t e rm ine m o r e e x a c t ly t h a t li m i t a t i o n o f th e p r o bl e m s
b e fo re u s w h i c h m e t a p h y s ic i a ns h a ve h a d b e fo r e t h e m in p r o m i s i ng
-

t o t r e a t o nly o f r a t i o na l c o s m o l o gy a nd p s y c h o l o gy a s Opp o s e d in a ,

ve ry i nt e lligible m a nne r t o t h e fu r t h e r kno wl e dge w h i c h o nly e x

e i n c e a n c o nv e y
p r e c .

X I V No p e r i o d o f h u m a n li fe is co nc e iv a b le in w h i ch m a n did
. ,

no t ye t fe e l h im s e l f in Opp o s i t i o n t o a n e x t e na l w o l d a o u nd him r r r .

L o ng in do u b t a b o u t h i m s e l f h e fo u nd a r o u nd h im a m u l t i t u de o f
,

p e r c e p t ib ly divi de d o bj e c t s a nd h e c o u l d no t live l o ng wi t h o u t
,

h a vi ng m a ny i m p r e s s io ns fo rc e d u p o n h im a s t o t h e i r na t u r e a nd
c o nne xi o n Fo r no ne o f t h e e v e r y d a y b u s i ne s s t h a t is u nde r t a k e n
.
-

fo r t h e s a t i s fa c t i o n o f w a nt s c o u l d g o o n wi t h o u t t h e u ns p o k e n c o n
v ic t io n t h a t o u r wi s h e s a nd t h o u g h t s h a v e no t b y t h e m s e lv e s t h e

p o w e r t o m a k e a ny a l te r a t i o n in t h e s t a te o f t h e o u t e r w o l d bu t t h a t r ,

t h i s w o l d c o ns i s t s in a s y s t e m o f m u tu a lly d e t e m ina bl e t h i ng s in
r r ,

w h i ch a ny a l te a t io n o f o ne p a r t t h a t we m a y s u c c e e d in e ffe c t ing is
r

s u e o f a d e fi nit e p o p a g a t io n o f e ffe c t s o n o th e r p a r t s
r r Mo e o v e . r r

no s u c h u nde r t a k ing c o u l d b e c a r r i e d o u t wi t h o u t c o m i ng o n s o m e

r e s is t a nc e a nd t h u s givi ng r i s e t o t h e r e co g nit io n o f a n u na c c o u nt a bl e
,

i nde p e nde nc e e x e r ci s e d by t h ing s in wi th s t a ndi ng a c h a ng e o f s t a t e .

All t h e s e t h o u g h t s a s w e ll a s t h o s e w h i c h m ig h t r e a dily be a dde d o n

a c o nt inu a t io n o f t h e s e r e fl e c t io ns w e r e p r i m a r ily p r e s e nt o nly in t h e
,

fo r m o f u nc o ns c i o u s ly de t e m ini ng p i nc ipl e s w h i c h r e g u l a t e d a c t io ns
r r

a nd e xp e c t a t i o ns in r e a l li fe I t is in t h e s a m e fo m t h a t wi t h a l m o s t
. r

i de ntic a l r e p e t it io n t h e y s till a r i s e in e a ch indivi du a l c o ns t it u t ing t h e

,

na t u a l O nt o l o gy w it h w hi c h we a ll in r e a l l ife m e e t t h e d e m a nd fo r
r

j u dgm e nt s o n e ve nt s T h e re fl e ct iv e a tt e m p t t o fo r m t h e s e a s s u m p
.

t i o ns i nt o c o ns c io u s p inc ipl e s o nly e ns u e d w h e n a t t e nt io n wa s c a ll e d

r

t o t h e ne e d o f e s c a pi ng c o nt r a dic t i o ns wi t h w h ic h t h e y b e c a m e e m

b a r a s s e d w h e n t h e y c a m e t o b e a ppli e d wi t h o u t c a r e fo r t h e c o n
r

s e qu e nc e s t o a wi d e r r a ng e o f k no wl e dg e .

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,
r , .

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r r

b e e n i nde p e nde nt o f th e na t u ra l o r de r in wh i ch o ne qu e s t i o n su gge s t s

22 I nt r o du ct io n .

a no th e r .
S t ill o wi ng t o a c c i de nt a l c ir c u m s ta nc e s th e y h a ve O ft e n
d r if t e d i nt o d e vi o u s tr a c k s ; h a v e
a s s u m e d a n d a g a in g iv e n u p
v e r y v a ri o u s t e nde nc ie s T h e e is no ne e d h o we v e r in a t e a t i s e
. r , ,
r

w h ic h a im s a t ga t h e r i ng t h e p r o du c t o f t h e s e l a b o u r s t o e p e a t t h i s ,
r

c h e q u e r e d h is t o r y I t m a y f s t e n d ir e c t ly o n t h e na t u r a l c o nc e p t io n
.
a

—
o f t h e u niv e r s e w h i c h we no t ic e d j u s t no w t h a t co nc e p t i o n w h i c h

fi nds t h e c o u s e o f t h e w o r l d o nly int e ll igibl e o f a m u l t ipl ic ity o f p e r

r

s i s t e nt t h ing s o f v a i a bl e ,
r e l a t io ns b e t w e e n t h e m
r a nd o f e v e nt s ,

a r is i ng o u t o f t h e s e c h a ng e s o f m u t u a l r e l a t io n Fo r it is j u s t t h is .

v ie w o f t h e niv e s e o f w h ic h t h e e s s e nt ia l p u p o t m a y b e t h u s s u m
«
u r ,
r r

m a is e d w h ic h r e ne w s i t s e l f w it h c o ns t a nt ide nt it y in e v e r y a g e
r ,
.

O t s ide t h e s c h o o l s we a ll a c c o m m o da te o u s lve s t o it No t t o u s
u r e .

m e r e ly b u t t o a ll p a s t l a b o u e r s in t h e fi e l d o f p h il o s o p h y it h a s
,
r ,

p r e s e nt e d it s e l f a s t h e p o i nt o f de p a tu e a s t h a t wh i c h h a d e it h e t o r r , r

b e c o nfi r m e d o r c o nt r o v e t e d U nl ike t h e dive g e nt t h e o ie s o f s p e
r . r r

c u la t i e m e n t h e e fo e it de s e r v e s t o b e r e c k o ne d a s it s e l f o ne o f t h e
v ,
r r ,

na t u a l p h e no m e na w h i c h in t h e c h a a c t e r o f e g u l a r e l e m e nt s o f
r ,
r r

t h e u niv e s e e nc h a in t h e a t t e nt io n o f p h il o s o p h y
r , Fo r t h e p e s e nt . r

h o w e v e r a ll t h a t we ne e d t o b o o w fr o m h is t o y is t h e g e ne a l c o n rr r r

v ic t io n t h a t o f t h e S im pl e t h o u g h t s w h ic h m a k e u p t his v ie w t h e r e is
no ne t h a t is e x e m p t f o m t h e ne e d o f h a vi ng it s a c t u a l a nd p o s s ibl e
r

im p o t s c ie nt ifi c a lly a s ce r t a ine d in o r d e t o it s b e ing h a r m o ni s e d wi t h

r r

a ll t h e e s t in a t e na bl e w h o l e
r N o l e ng t h y p o l e g o m e na a r e ne e de d
. r

t o de t e m i ne t h e c o u r s e w h ic h m u s t b e e nt e e d o n fo r t h i s p u r p o s e
r r .

W e c nno t s p e a k o f o c c u rr e nc e s in e l a t io ns w it h o t p e vio s ly t h ink

a r u r u

ing o f t h e t h ing s b e t w e e n w h ic h th e y a r e s u pp o s e d t o t a k e pl a c e o t o r

s u b s is t O f t h e s e t h ing s h o w e v e — m a ni fo l d a nd u nl ik e a s we t a k e
.
, r

t h e m t o be — we a t t h e s a m e t im e a ffi r m a l o ng wi t h a dis tinc t io n in ,

t h e indivi du a l b e ing o f e a c h a lik e ne s s in r e s p e c t o f t h a t fo m o f

,
r

r e a lit y w h ic h m a k e s t h e m t h ing s I t is w it h t h e s im pl e i de a o f t h is
.

b e ing t h a t we h a ve t o b e g in T h e li ne to be fo ll o w e d in t h e s e qu e l m a y
.

b e l e ft fo t h e p e s e nt u nfi x e d
r r Ev e ry t hing c a nno t b e s a id a t o nc e
. .

T h a t na t u a l v ie w o f t h e w o r l d f o m w h ic h we t a k e o u r de p a r tu e
r r r ,

s im pl e a s it s e e m s a t fi s t S ig h t e t c o nt a in rs v a r io u s int e w o v e n r
y ,

t h e a d s ; a nd no o ne o f t h e s e c a n b e p u r s u e d wi t h o u t a t t h e s a m e t i m e
r

t o u c h ing o t h e r s w h ic h t h e r e is no t t im e a t t h e o u t s e t t o fo ll o w o u t o n

t h e ir o wn a c co u nt a nd w h ic h m u s t b e r e s e r v e d t o a m o e c o nv e nie nt r

se so n
a Fo o u r e li e r c o ns ide a t io ns t h e r e fo r e we m u s t a s k t h e
. r ar r , ,

ind lge nc e o f no t b e ing d is tu r b e d by o bj e c t io ns o f w h ic h du e a c c o u nt

u

s h a l l b e ta k e n in t h e s e q u e l .
 C H A PT E R I .

On Me B e ing f
o Tning s .

1 . ONE o l de s t th o u gh t s in P h il o s o ph y is th a t o f th e o pp o
f th e o

s i t i o u b e t w e e n t ru e b e i ng a nd u nt ru e b e ing Ill u s i o ns o f t h e s e ns e s
.
,

c a u s ing w h a t is u n e a l t o b e t a k e n fo r w h a t is r e a l le d t o a p e r c e p t io n
r ,

o f t h e d is t inc t i o n b e t w e e n t h a t w h ic h o nly a pp e a r s t o u s a nd t h a t
G !

w h ich is inde p e nde nt o f u s Th e o b s e rv a t i o n o f t h ing s t a u gh t m e n

.

t o r e c o g ni s e a c o ndit i o na l e xi s t e nc e o r a r e s u l t o f c o m bi na t io n in t h a t
w h ic h t o b e gi n w it h s e e m e d s im pl e a nd s e l f de p e nde nt Co nt inu o u s -
.

b e c o m i ng wa s fo u nd w h e r e o nly u nm o vi ng p e r s i s t e nt i de nt ity h a d i ,

b e e n t h o u gh t vi s ibl e T h u s t h e r e wa s o c c a s io ne d a c l e a r c o ns c i o s
. u

ne s s o f t h a t w h ic h h a d b e e n u nde s t o o d by t r u e b e ing a nd w h ic h
‘ ’
r ,

wa s fo u nd w a nt i ng in t h e o bj e c t s o f t h e s e o b s e v a t i o n s I nde p e nd r .

e nc e no t o nly o f u s b u t o f e v e y t h ing o t h e r t h a n i t s e l f s i m pl ic i t y a nd
r ,

u nc h a ngi ng p e r s i s t e nc e in it s o wn na t u e h a d a l wa y s b e e n r e c k o ne d r ,

it s s ig ns I t s s ig ns we s a y bu t s t ill o nly it s s ig ns
.
, ,
fo r t h e s e c h a r a c
t e is t ic s t h o u gh t h e y s u ffi c e t o e x c l u d e t h a t o f w h ic h t h e y a r e no t
r ,

r e di c a bl e f o m t h e r e g io n o f t r u e b e ing d o no t d e fi ne t h a t b e i ng
r
p ,

i t s e l f I nde p e nde nc e o f o u r o wn i m p r e s s io ns in e ga d t o it is w h a t
. r r

we a s c r ib e t o e v e r y t r u t h I t h o l ds g o o d in it s e lf t h o u gh no o ne 1
.
,

t h i nk s it I nde p e nde nc e o f e ve y t h ing b e s i de i t s e l f we a ffi r m no t

. r

i nde e d o f e ve r y t u th bu t o f m a ny t u th s wh i c h ne i th e ne e d no r
r ,
r r

a dm it o f p r o o f S im pl ic i ty e x c lu s ive o f a ll c o m bi na t i o n b e l o ng s t o
.

e v e y s ingl e s e ns a t io n o f s w e e t ne s s o
r r e dne s s ; a nd m o t io nl e s s s e l f
r

s u b s i s t e nc e ina c c e s s ibl e t o a ny c h a ng e is t h e p o p e r c h a r a c t e r o f
, ,
r

t h a t w o l d o f ide a s wh ic h we Opp o s e t o r e l ity o n t h e g o u nd t h a t

r a r

w h il e we c a n s a y o f t h e i de a s t h a t t h e y e t e r na lly Izo ld g d we c a nno t oo

sa y t h a t t h e y a I t fo l lo w s t h a t in t h e c h a a c t e r is t ic s s t a te d o f B e i ng
r e. r

no t o nly is s o m e thing w a nt i ng w h i c h h a s b e e n t h o u gh t t h o u g h no t

e xp e s s e d b u t t h e m is s i ng s o m e t h ing is t h e m o s t e s s e nt ia l e l e m e nt o f
r

t h t w h ic h we a r e in qu e s t o f W e s t ill w a nt t o k no w wh a t e x a c t ly ’
a
1
.
,
,

t h a t B e i ng i t s e l f is t o w h i c h t h o se t e r m s m a y b e a pp li e d by wa y o f
 On Me Be ing of T/nng s B OO K 1
'

24 . [ .

i i gu i sh i ng t h e tr u e B e i ng fro m t h e a pp a r e nt o r wh a t t h a t r e a li ty
d st n ,

c o ns i s t s in b y w h ic h a n i nd p e nde nt s im pl e a nd p e r s is t e nt B e ing
e

dis t ing u is h e s it s l f f o m t h e u nr e a l i m a g e in t h o u g h t o f t h e s a m e
e r

i nde p e nde nt s im pl e a nd p e s is te nt c o nt e nt -
r .

2 T o t his q e s t io n a v e r y s im pl e a ns w e r m a y b e a t t e m p t e d
. u It .

s e e m s qu it e a m a t t e r o f c o u r s e t h t t h e t h i nk ing fa c u l t y s h o u l d no t b e
a

a bl e by a ny o f it s o wn r e s o u r c e s by a ny t h o u gh t t o p e ne t a t e a nd
, ,
r

e x h a u s t t h e e s s e nt i a l p o p e r t y o f e a l B e ing in w h ic h t h o u g h t o f i t s e l f
r r ,

r e c o g nis e s a n Opp o s it io n t o ll m e re ly inte ll igibl e e x is t e nc e

a Th e .

m o s t t h a t we c a n c l a i m it w ill be s a id is t h a t r e a l B e ing yi e l ds u s a
, ,

l iving e xp e ie nc e o f it s e l f in a m a nne r qu ite diffe r e nt fr o m th i nki ng

r ,

a nd s u c h e xp e r ie nc e s b e ing o nc e g iv e n a g r o u nd o f c o g nit i o n wi t h ,

r e fe e nc e t o t h e m t h e r e u p o n a d m it s o f b e i ng s t a t e d w h i c h is ne c e s s a r y
r ,

no t i nde e d fo t h e p u p o s e o f infe r i ng t h a t p r e s e nc e o f e a l B e ing

r r r r

wh i ch is m a tt e r o f im m e dia t e e xp e ie nc e bu t fo r m a int a i ning t h e t ru t hr

o f th is e xp e ie nc e a g ins t e v e r y do u b t
r a Up o n t h i s vi e w no p r e t e nc e .

is m a de o f e xpl a ining by m e a ns o f c o nc e p t io ns t h e diffe re nc e o f r e a l

B e i ng fr o m t h e c o nc p tio n o f t h e s a m e b t W
e u
1 é
,

h a s a lw a y s b e e n l o o k e d u p o n a s t h e g o u nd o f c o g nit i o n w h ic h is o u r l r

w a rr a nt fo r t h e p re s e nc e o f e a l B e ing Eve n a ft e r t h e h a bi t h a s
r .

b e e n fo m e d o f p u t t i ng t r u s t in p o o fs a nd c r e dibl e c o m m nic a t i o ns
r r u ,

we s h a ll s t ill s e e k t o s e t a s ide a ny d o u b t t h a t m a y h a v e a i s e n by r

r o u s ing o u r s e lv e s t o s e e a nd h e a r w h e t h e r t h e t h i ng s e x is t a nd t h e

o c cu e nc e s t a k e pl a c e o f wh ic h i nfo m a t i o n h a s b e e n
rr iv e n urs no r
g ;
do e s a ny p o o f p r o v e t h e e a li ty o f it s c o nc lu s io n u nl e ss
r r pa t f o m ,
a r r

t h e c o e c t ne s s o f it s l o g ic a l c o nc a t e na t io n no t m e e ly t h e t ru t h o f
rr
, r

it s o r ig ina l p r e m is s e s a s m a t t e r o f t h o u gh t b u t t h e e a l it y o f it s
, , r

co n t e n t is e s t a i h —
bl s e d a r e a l ity w h ic h in t h e l a s t r e s o t is g ive n o nly r

by s e ns u o u s p e c e p t io n I t m a y b e t h a t e ve n s e ns a t i o n s o m e t im e s
r .

de c e ive s a nd p e s e nt s u s wi t h w h a t is u n e a l ins t e a d o f w it h w h a t is
r r

re a l . S t ill in t h o s e c a s e s w h e e it do e s no t de c e ive it is t h e o nly

r ,
-

l dfp g f r g l k r q o ned
.

o s ib g yi p o e lit I t m in i e b i
’ s
fl
g m y u
a
y . e m a n n e u e s t
w h e th e s e ns a t io n give s u s i ns igh t i nt o th e e a l
r it is S t ill of t/ r as . 2e

f act t n t s o m t h ing w h ic h r e a lly is u nde r l ie s it

a e s e ns a t io n d o e s no t ,

s e e m t o a ll o w a do u b t .

3 T h e t wo o bj e c t io ns j u s t no t i c e d t o t h e v a l u e o f s e ns a t i o n c a nno t
.

h e e b e dis cu s s e d in fu ll b u t wi t h t h e s e c o nd t h e e is a diffic u l ty c o n
r , r

ne c t e d w h i c h we h a v e t o c o ns i de a t o nc e T h e c o nt e nt o f s im pl e
r .

s e ns a t io ns c a nno t b e s o s e p a a te d f o m t h e s e ns it iv e a c t a s t h a t
r r

de t a c h e d im a g e s o f t h e t wo c o m pl e t e in t h m s e lv e s s h o u l d r e m a in
, e ,

S in l i h n 1
n c e
C H A PT E R a nd S 6 73 5 d f2bfl . 2 5

a ft e r t he se p a r a ti o n . We ca n i
ne t h e r p r e s e nt
w e e t ne s s r e dne s s , s ,

a nd w a r m t h t o o u r s e lv e s a s t h e y w o u l d b e if t h e y w e r e no t fe l t no r ,

t h e fe e l ing o f t h e m a s it w o u l d be if it w e r e no t a fe e li ng o f a ny

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6 P hil o s o p h y h a s b e e n v e y u na nim o u s in de nyi ng t h a t it h a s

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t h ing s is diffe e nt fo r e ve y s e c o nd t hing fr o m w h a t it is fo r t h e t h ir d

, r r ,

a nd w h ic h P h il o s o p h y h o p e s s o m e h o w t o de du c e a s a s u p e r v e ni ng

r e s u l t fr o m t h e p u r e B e ing .
 cw m P u r e Be ing s tr ic t ly m e a ning le s s .

7 . I pro po se Sh o w th a t e xp e c t a t i o n di r e ct e d t o t h i s m e t a p h y s
to
u s e o f t h e c o nce p t i o n o f p u r e B e i ng is a de l u s i o n a nd t h a t ,

na t u r a l t h e o r y o f t h e w o r l d in w h ic h no t h i ng is h e a r d o f it is o n
, ,

p o i nt ne a e r t h e t ru th t h a n t h i s fi r s t no t i o n o f S
r

c o nce p t i o n w h ich is t o a dm it o f a ny p r o fi t a bl e a ppl ic a ti o n m u s t

, ,

a ll o w o f a c l e a di s t i nc t i o n b e t w e e n t h a t w h i c h is m e a nt by it a nd t h a t
r

wh ich is no t m e a nt by it So l o ng a s we l o o k e d fo r th e B e i ng o f
.

t h ing s in t h e r e a li t y o f r e l a t io ns in w h i c h t h e t h i ng s s t a nd t o e a c h

o th e r we p o s s e s s e d in t h s e r e l a t i o ns s o m e t h i ng by t h e a flir m a t io n o f
‘
, e

wh i ch t h e B e ing o f th a t w h i c h is dis t i ngu i s h e s i t s e lf fr o m t h e no n

,

B e i ng o f t h a t w h i ch is no t Th e m o r e we r e m o v e fr o m t h e c o nc e p ~
.

t i o n o f B e i ng e v e r y t h o u g h t o f a r e l a t i o n in t h e a ffi r m a t i o n o f w h ic h ,

it m ig h t c o ns is t t h e m o r e c o m p le t e ly t h e p o s s ibili t y o f t h is d i s t i no
,

t i o n dis a pp e r s Fo r no t t o b e a t a ny pl a c e no t t o h a v e a ny p o s i
a .
,

t i o n in t h e c o m pl e x o f o th e r t h i ng s no t t o u nde g o a ny o p e a t io n ,
r r

fr o m a ny th i ng no r t o di s pl a y i t s e l f by t h e e x e r c i s e o f a ny a c t ivi t y
u p o n a ny t h i ng ; t o b e t h u s v o i d o f r e l a t i o n is j u s t t h a t in w h i c h we

s h o u l d fi nd t h e no ne nt i t y o f a t h i ng if it wa s o u r p u p o s e t o de fi ne it r .

I t is no t t o t h e p u r p o s e t o o bj e c t t h a t it wa s no t t h i s no ne nt i t y bu t
B e i ng t h a t wa s m e a nt by t h e de fi ni tio n I t is no t do u b t e d t h a t t h e .

la t t e r wa s t h e o bj e c t o f o u r de fi ni t i o n b u t t h e o bj e c t is no t a t t a i ne d
, ,

s o l o ng a s t h e s a m e d e fi ni t i o n i nc l u de s t h e o pp o s i t e o f t h a t w h i c h we

i nt e nde d t o inc l u de in it .

No do u b t a n e ffo r t will b e m a de t o r e b u t t h i s o bj e ct i o n in it s t u rn .

I t will b e u g e d t h a t if s t a t i ng fr o m t h e c o m p a i s o n o f t h e m u lt ifo r m
r ,
r r

B e i ng o f e xp e r i e nc e we o m i t a ll t h e r e l a t i o ns o n w h ic h it s di s t inc t i o n
,

r e s t s t h a t w h i c h e m a i ns a s p u r e B e ing is no t t h e m e r e p r iv a t io n o f
, r

r e l a t i o ns b u t t h a t o f w h i c h t h i s v e r y u nr e l a t e dne s s s e v e s o nly a s a r

p r e di c a t e a nd wh i ch r e s t i ng o n i t s e l f a nd i nde p e nde nt is dis tin

, , ,

g u is h e d by t h i s h a r dly t o b e indi c a t e d b u t s t ill p o s it iv e t r a i t fr o m t h a t

wh ic h is no t No w it is t ru e t h a t o u r u s a g e is no t t o e m pl o y t h e s e
.

a nd l ik e e xp r e s s i o ns o f t h a t w h i c h is no t o r o f t h e no t h ing b u t t h e ,

u s a g e is no t s t r ic t ly j u s t ifi a bl e s o l o ng a s we a pply t h e e xp r e s s i o ns t o

t h is p u re B e ing T h e y o nly ~h a v e a n i nt e ll ig ibl e s e ns e b e c a u s e we

.

a l r e a dy liv e in t h e t h o u g h t o f m a ni fo l d e l a t i o ns a nd w it h in t h er ,

Sp h e r e o f t h e s e t h e t u e B e ing h a s o pp o t u ni t y o f s h o w ing by a
r r

de fi ni t e o r de o f p r o c e du e w h a t is t h e m e a ning o f it s i nd e p e nde nc e
r r

a nd s e l f s u b s i s t e nc e
- O nce dro p t h is im pl ica t i o n a nd a ll t h e a b o v e
.
,

e xp r e s s i o ns in th e c o m pl e t e e m p t i ne s s o f m e a ni ng t o w h i c h t h e y
,

t h e r e u p o n s i nk a r e u nq u e s t i o na bly a s a ppli ca bl e t o N o t h ing a s t h e y

,

a r e t o B e i ng fo r in fa c t i nde pe nde nc e o f e ve r y th i ng e l s e s e l f s u b
, ,
-
 3 0 072 a a Be ing f
o T/t ing s ‘

. [ B O OK 1 .

i
s s t e nc e a nd c o m ple t e a b s e nc e o f r e la t o n a r e i no t l e s s p r e di c a b l e o f
th e o ne th a n o f th e o th e r .

1
8 . We xp e c t h e e t h e i m p a t ie nt r e j o i nde r T h e r e s t ill r e
m ay e r

m a ins t h e e t e na l d iff e r nc e t h a t t h
r u nr e l a t e d B e i ng is w h il e t h e
e e

u nr e l a t e d no n B e ing is no t - a ll t h a t c o m e s o f y o u r s u p e r s u b t l e
: -

i nve s t ig a tio n is a c o nt a dict io n o f yo u r o wn p r e vi o u s a dm is s o n

r i .

Fo t h e m e a ning o f B e ing in t h e s e ns e o f e a l it y a nd in o pp o s it io n
r ,
r

t o no t b e ing is a s yo u s a y u nde fi na ble a nd o nly t o b e l e a r nt by a c t u a l

-
,

livi ng T h e c o g nit io n t h u s ga i ne d ne c e s s a rily a nd r igh t fu lly pr e

.

s u pp o s e s t h e c o nc e p t io n o f p u r e B e i ng a s t h e p o s it iv e e l e m e nt in ,

t h e e xp e ri e nce d B e ing W e h a v e no t t h e r e fo e t h e p r o bl e m o f dis

. r

t ing u is h ing B e i ng f o m no t B e ing a ny lo ng e r b e fo e u s

r -
T h a t is r .

s e t t l e d fo r u s in t h e e xp e r ie nce o f l ife O u r p r o bl e m m e r e ly 8 . 1

wit h in r e l B e ing by ne g a t i o n o f a ll r e l a t i o ns t o is o l a t e t h e pu re
a

B e ing w h ic h m u s t be t h e e t o b e gin wi th in o r de r t o t h e p o s s ib ili t y

, r

o f e nt r a nce i nt o a n r e l a t io ns w h a t e v e r I n f o r m i ng t h i s c o nc e p t io n
y .

o f p u e B e i ng t h e e fo r e
r T h o u gh t is qu i t e wi t h in it s r igh t a l t h o u gh
r , ,

fo r t h a t w h ic h it l o o k s u p o n a s t h e p o s it iv e i m p o t o f t h e c o nc e p t io n r

it c a n o nly o ffe r a na m e o f w h i c h t h e i nte ll igibili ty m a y b e fa i ly

,
r

r e c k o ne d o n no t a de s c ip t i o n
’
,
r .

No w by wa y o f r e ply t o t h e s e o bj e c t i o ns I m u s t r e m i nd t h e re a de r
{
t h a t w h a t I dis p u t e d wa s no t a t a ll t h e le g it i m a c y o f t h e fo r m a t i o n o f
I t h e ide a in qu e s t io n b u t o nly th e a ll o w a bil ity o f t h e m e t a p h y s ic a l u s e
:
w h ich it is s o u gh t t o m a ke o f it Th e p o int o f t h i s dis t inc t io n I will .

e nde a v o u r fi r s t t o ill u s t r a t e by e x a m pl e s B o die s m o v e in s p a c e wi th .

v a io u s v e l o c i t ie s a nd in v a r i o u s di e t i o ns No do u b t we a r e j u s ti
r r c .

fi e d a s a m a tt e r o f t h o u gh t in fix ing a r b it r a r ily a nd o ne s ide dly no w -

o n o ne c o m m o n e l e m e nt no w o n a no t h e r in t h e s e v a io u s ins t a nc e s
, ,
r ,

a nd t h u s in fo m i ng t h e c o nc e p t io n o f d i e c t io n wi t h o u t
r e fe r e nc e t o r r

v e l o c it y th a t o f v e l o c ity a p a rt fr o m dir e c t i o n t h a t o f m o t io n a s t h e
, ,

c o nc e p t i o n o f a c h a ng e o f pl a c e w h ic h l e a v e s di e c t i o n a nd v e l o c i t y ,
r

u nno t ic e d T h e r e is no th ing w h a t e v e r ill e git i m a t e in t h e fo m a t io n

. r

o f a n o f t h e s e a b s t a c t io ns No r is it i nc o m p a t ibl e wi t h t h e na t u r e
y r .

o f t h e a b s t a c t i o ns t h a t i ns t a nc e s o f e a c h o f t h e m s h o u l d b e s o c o n
r

ne c t e d in t h o u g h t a s t o yi e l d fu t h e r k no wl e dg e N o ne o f t h e m r .
,

h o w e v e r i m m e dia t e ly a nd by i t s e l f a ll o w s o f a n a ppl ic a t io n t o r e a l it y
,
‘
Vvit h o u t b e i ng fi r s t r e s t o r e d t o c o m b ina t io n wi t h t h e r e s t fr o m w h i c h
ou r T h o u gh t in a b it a r y e x e r c i s e o f it s r igh t o f a b s t a c t io n h a d
,
r r r ,

de t a c h e d t h e m T h e r e w ill ne v e r b e a v e l o c it y wi th o u t dir e c t i o n ;
.

ne v e a di e c t io n 6 in t h e p r o p e r s e ns e o f t h e t e r m wi t h o u t a v e l o c it y
r r a

l e a ding fr o m t o 6 no t fro m 6 t o a T h e e will ne v e r be a m o t i o n

, a . r
C H A PT E R P u re Be ing 5y it s e lf u nr e a l .
3 1

th a t is a m e r e ch a n e g o l
wi th o u t di r e c t i o n a nd v e l o c i t y
f p a c e , a s ye t
a nd w a it ing t o a s su m e q l fi ca t io ns l a t e r o n T h a t w h ic h
t h e s e t wo ua i .

we a r e h e e s e e k ing t o c o nv e y is e s s e nt i a lly if no t a l t o g e t h e r t h e
r , ,

fa m il ia t r u th t h a t
r i de a s a r e no t a ppli c a bl e t o t h e r e a l w o l d r

in t h e ir g e ne r a l it y bu t o nly b e c o m e s o a ppl ic a bl e w h e n e a c h o f t h e ir
,

m a r k s t h a t h s b e e n l e ft
,
a nd e t e m i ne d h a s b e e n li m i t e d t o a c o m
u r ,

p le t e ly in d iv id u al d e t e m ina t e ne s s o t o u se a n e p r e s s io n m o r e
r ,
r,
~
x

s u i t e d t o t h e c a s e b e fo e u s w h e n t o e a c h p a r t i a l c o nce p t io n ne c e s
r ,

s a r y t o t h e c o m pl e t e de fi nit i o n t h e r e h a s b e e n a g a i n s u ppl ie d in c a s e

it e xp r e s s e s a e la t io n t h e e l e m e nt t o w h i c h t h e r e l a t i o n a t t a c h e s
r , .

9 W e t a k e t h e c a s e t o b e j u s t t h e s a m e wi th t h e c o nce p tio n o f
.

p u r e B e ing I t is a n a b s t a c t io n fo r m e d in a p e r fe c tly le gi t im a te
. r

wa y w h i h a i m s a t e m b a c ing t h e c o m m o n e l e m e nt th a t is t o b e
,
c r

fo u nd in m a ny c a s e s o f B e i ng a nd t h a t dis t ing u is h e s t h e m f o m no t r

B e ing W e d o no t v a l u e t h is a b s tr a c t io n t h e l e s s b e c a u s e t h e s im
.

p li c it y o f w h a t it c o nt a i ns is s u c h t h a t a v e b a l i n d i c a t i o n o f th i s r

c o m m o n e l e m e nt a s d is t inc t fr o m a ny s y s t e m a t i c c o ns t u c t i o n o f it
,
r ,

is a ll t h a t is p o s s ibl e S t ill like t h o s e t o w h i c h we c o m p a r e d it it

.
, ,

do e s no t a dm it a s it s t a nds o f a ppl ic a t i o n t o a ny th i ng r e a l
, , Ju s t a s .

a n a b s t a c t m o t i o n c a nno t t a k e pl a c e j u s t a s it ne v e r o c c u r s b u t in
r ,

t h e fo m o f v e l o c it y in a de fi nit e di e c t i o n s o p u e B e i ng c a nno t in
r r ,
r

r e a l it y b e a n a nt e c e de nt o r s u b s t nc e o f s u c h a ki nd a s t h a t e m p i ic a l a r

e x is t e nc e w it h it s m a ni fo l d d e t e r m i na t io ns s h o u l d b e in a ny s o r t a

s e c o nda y e m a na t io n f o m
r it e it h e r a s it s c o ns e q u e nc e o
r a s it s
, r

m o difi c t io n a I t h a s no r e a l ity e x c e p t a s l a t e nt in t h e s e p a t ic u l a r
. r

c a s e s o f it in e a c h o f t h s e de fi ni t e fo m s o f e xi s t e nc e
,
e I t is m e r e ly r .

in t h e s y s t e m o f o u r c o nc e p t i o ns t h a t t h e s e s u p e r v e ne u p o n it a s
su b s e qu e nt a nd s u b o di na t e ki nds T h e r e wa s a c o r e c t fe e l ing o f
r . r

t h is in w h a t I c a ll t h e na t u r a l t h e o r y o f t h e w o r l d I t wa s q u it e .

a w a e o f t h e int e ll e c t u a l p o s s ibili t y o f d e ta c h i ng t h e a ffir m a t i o n t h a t

r

is t h e Same in all c a s e s fr o m t h e d i ffe r e nc e s o f t h e m a ni fo l d r e la t i o ns

w h ich a e a ffi me d by it in t h e diffe r e nt c a s e s o f B e ing j u s t a s t h e
r r ,

u nifo m id e a o f q u a nt i t y c a n be de t a c h e d fr o m t h e diffe r e nt nu m b e r s
r

a nd s p a c e s w h ic h a r e s b o r dina t e t o it .

B u t it ig h t ly h e l d t o t h e
u . r

v ie w t h a t t h e p u e B e ing t h u s c o ns titu t e d h a s no t r e a li ty a s p r e bu t
r u

o nly in t h e v a r io s i ns t a nc e s in w h i c h it is a l a t e nt e l e m e nt ; j u s t a s
u

is t h e c a s e w it h q u a nt ity w h ic h ne v e r o c c u r s a s p u r e Qu a nt ity bu t ,

o nly a s t h i s o t h a t d e fi ni t e Q u a nt u m o f s o m e t h ing
r .

1 0 T h e l e ng t h o f t h is e nq u i y w h i c h l e a ds t o a r e s u l t s e e m in
.
‘
r ,

s o s im pl e m u s t b e j s t ifi e d o y t h e s e q u e l I t m a y be u s e fu l I t h i
'

,
u .
,

t o e p e a t t h e s a m e t h o u g h t o nc e a g a i n in a n
r o t h e r fo r m The re .
3 2 On t ne Be ing o
f Tning s . [ B O OK 1 .

o th e r t e r m s wh i c h h a v e b e e n a ppl ie d t o p u r e B e i ng in t h e de s i r e t o ,

m a k e t h a t w h ic h a dm i t s o f no e xpl a na t o r y a na ly s i s a t l e s t m o r e a

i nt e ll ig ibl e by a v a ie ty o f s ig ns Q T h u s it is u s u l t o s p e a k o f it a s a n
r .
.
a

u nc o ndit io na l a nd i r e v o c a bl e P o s it io n o r P u t t ing I t w ill b e r e a dily

1
r .

no t i c e d t h t a s s o a ppl ie d e a c h o f t h e s e t e r m s is u s e d w it h a n e x
a ,

t e ns io n o f m e a ning in w h ic h it c e a s e s t o e p r e s e nt a n
y c o m pl e t e r

t h o u gh t T h y a l ike t e nd t o g iv e a s e ns u o u s e xp r e s s i o n t o t h e ide a
. e

in q e s tio n by r e c a ll ing t h e im p o t in w h i c h t h e y a r e p o p e ly u s e d ;
u r r r

a nd w h e n t h a t o n w h ic h t h e i p r o p e r m e a ning r e s t s h a s a g a i n t o
r

b e e xp e s s ly de nie d t h e r e s u l t is o b s c u i t y a nd c o nfu s io n
r We r .

c a nno t s p e a k o f a p u t t ing o r P o s it io n in t h e p o p e s e ns e o f t h e r r

t e r m w it h o u t s t a t ing w h a t it is t h a t is p u t A nd no t o nly s o t h is .
,

m u s t b e p t s o m e w h e r e in s o m e pl a c e in s o m e s i t u a t io n w h ic h is
u , ,

t h e r e s u l t o f t h e p u t t i ng a nd dis t ing u is h e s t h e p u t t i ng t h a t h a s t a k e n
pl a c e f o m o ne t h a t h a s no t t a k e n pl a c e A ny o ne wh o a ppl ie d t h i s
r .

t e m t o p u r e B eing w o u l d t h e e fo r e v e y s o o n fi nd h im s e l f p u s h e d
r r r

b a c k a ga in t o a s t t e m e nt o f r e l a tio ns in o r de r t o give t o t h is P o s i
a ,

t i o n o r p u r e B e ing t h e m e a ning ne c e s s a r y t o it s dis t i nc t io n f o m t h e

’
r

no t p u t t ing t h e p u e no n B e ing
-
,
r T h e no t io n w h ic h it is c o m m o nly
-
.

a t t e m p t e d t o s u b s t i t u t e fo r t h a t o f a n a c t o f pl a c ing p u r e a nd
t h is —

s i m pl e w h ic h l e a v e s o u t o f s ig h t e v e y e l a t i o n c o ns t itu t e d by t h e a c t
,
r r

—r e m a i ns a n a b s t r a c tio n wh ich e xp r e s s e s o nly t h e p u p o s e o f t h e r

p e s o n t h inking t o t h i nk o f B e i ng a nd no t o f no t B e i ng w h il e o n t h e
r
-
,

o t h e r h a nd it c a r e fu lly o bl it e r a t e s t h e c o ndit i o ns u nde r w h ic h t h is

p u r p o s e c a n a t t a in it s e nd a nd no t t h e p e c is e o pp o s it e o f t h is e nd r .

No w o u l d it b e o f a ny a v a il t o be a lw a y s r e v e t ing t o th e p o p o s it io n
r r r

t h a t a ft e a ll it is by t h is a c t o f p u tt i ng t h a t t h e e is c o ns t itu t e d t h e
’

r r

v e y inte ll igibl e t h o gh no t fu r t h e r a na ly s a bl e ide a o f a n o bj e c tivit y

r u

wh ic h c a n b e a s c ib e d o nly t o t h a t wh ic h is no t t o no th ing Fo r
r ,
.
,

a p a r t f o m e v e y o t h e r c o ns ide a t io n if we in fa c t no t m e r e ly p e r
r r r ,

fo m e d t h e a c t o f m e e p u t ting a s s u c h b u t by it p u t a de fi nit e
r r , ,

c o nt e nt wi t h o u t h o w e v e r a dding wh a t s o t o f p r o c e du e o r wh a t
,
r r

r e l a t io ns w e r to e s u l t t o t h e o bj e c t f o m t h is a c t o f p t t ing
e r the r u ,

c o ns e q u e nc e w o u l d m e r e ly b e t h a t t h e t h ing p u t w o u l d b e p e s e nt e d r

t o o r c o ns c io u s ne s s a s a n e s s e nc e w h i c h s ig nifi e s s o m e t hing a nd
u

d is t ing u is h e s it s e l f f o m s o m e th ing e l s e b u t no t a s o ne t h a t is in
r ,

Opp o s it io n t o th a t wh i c h is no t R e a l B e ing a s dis t inc t f o m t h e .

,
r

m e e t u t h o f t h e t h i nk a bl e c a n ne v e r h e a r iv e d a t by t h is b a r e a c t
r r ,
r

1
P o Sit iOn Od Ser e t z u ng .
’
It se e m s u na v o id a b l e th a t t h e Eng l ish w o rd P o si
t io n
’
sh o u ld b e u se d , t h o u g h it h a s o f c o u r s e no a c t iv e m e a ning s u c h a s be l on s
g to
P o s it io n a nd
C H A PT E R Be ing as
"
P o s it io n or Afi r m a t io n .
33

o f p u tt i ng bu t o nly by t h e a ddi t i o n in th o gh t o f t h o s e r e l a t i o ns
,
u ,

t o b e pl a c e d in w h i c h fo r m s j u s t t h e p r e r o g a t iv e w h ic h r e a li t y h a s

o v e r c o gi t a bil it y .

T h e o t h e r g e ne r a l s ig nifi c a ti o n w h i c h t h e e xp r e s s i o ns P o s i t i o n
‘ ’
,

a nd
‘
p u t t i ng h a v e a s su m e d ill u s tr a t e s t h e s a m e s t a t e o f th e c a s e
’
, .

W e c a nno t a fiirm s i m ply s o m e t h i ng we c a n o nly a ffi r m a p ro p o s i t i o n ,

—no t a s u bj e c t bu t o nly a p r e dic a t e a s b e l o ngi ng t o a s u bj e c t No w

,
.

it is p s y c h o l o gi c a lly v e r y i nt e ll ig ible th a t fr o m e v e ry a c t o f a ffir m a t io n

we s h o u ld l o o k fo r a r e s u l t w h i c h s t a nds o bj e c t iv e ly a nd p e r m a ne nt ly
,

b e fo re t h o u gh t w h ile a ll ne ga t i o n i m pl ie s t h e o pp o s i t e e xp e c ta t i o n
, ,

t h a t s o m e t h i ng will v a ni s h w h i ch p re vi o u s ly th u s s t o o d b e fo e it It r .

is qu i t e na t u ra l th e r e fo r e t h a t we s h o u l d fa ll i nt o t h e de l u s i o n o f
i m a gini ng t h a t in t h e p u r p o s e a nd go o d will t o a flir m t h e r e li e s a
c r e a t iv e fo r c e w h i c h if it is d ir e ct e d t o no de fi ni t e p r e di c a t e bu t
,

e x e r c i s e d in a b s t r a c t i o n w o u l d c e a t e t h a t u niv e r s a l a nd p u r e B e i ngr

w h i ch u nde li e s a ll de t e r m i na te B e i ng I n fa c t h o w e ve r t h e a ffirm a
r .

t i o n do e s no t b r i ng i nt o B e i ng t h e p r e d i c a t e w h i c h fo r m s it s o bj e c t ,

a nd it c o u ld j u s t a s w e ll t h o u g h fo r p s y c h o l o gi c a l r e a s o ns no t s o
,

na t u r a lly a s s e r t t h e no t B e i ng o f t h i ng s a s t h e i r B e i ng
,
-
T h e B e i ng .

o f t h i ngs th e r e fo r e w h i c h is in qu e s t i o n c a nno t b e fo u nd in t h e
, , ,

a ffirm a t i o n o f t h e m m e r e ly a s s u c h b u t o nly in t h e a ffir m a t i o n o f

t h e i r B e i ng W e a r e t h u s b r o u gh t b a c k t o t h e ne c e s s ity o f fi r s t
.

de t e r m ini ng th e s e nse o f t h is B e i ng in o de r t h e p r e s e nc e o f a
%
r

p o s s ibl e o b j e c t o f t h e a ffirm a t i o n a nd t h i s de t e r m na t i o n we h a v e s o
,
i ,

fa r a t l e a s t fo u nd no m e a ns o f c a r yi ng o u t e x c e p t by p r e s u pp o s i t i o n
, r

o f r e la t i o ns in t h e r e a li t y o f w h i c h t h e B e i ng o f t h a t w h i c h is c o ns i s t s
,

in a nt i th e s i s t o t h e no t B e i ng o f t h a t w h i c h is no t -
.

1 1 T h e r e is a fu r th e r r e a s o n fo r a v o i d ing t h e e xp r e s s i o n w h i c h
.

I h a ve j u s t b e e n e x a m ini ng P o s i t i o n a nd p u t t i ng fo r t h a r e a l ik e
.
’ ’

a c c o r di ng t o t h e i r v e b a l fo r m t e r m s fo r a c t io ns
r No w it m a y s e e m l
.

t r i fl i ng bu t I c o u nt it i m p o r t a nt a ll t h e s a m e t o e x e r c i s e a p r e c a u t i o n
, ,

in t h e c h o i c e o f p h il o s o p h i c a l e xp r e s s io ns a nd no t t o e m pl o w o r ds
y
wh i c h a l m o s t u na v o i d a b ly c a rr y wi t h t h e m a n a s s o c i a t i o n w h i c h h a s a
di s t u r bi ng i nfl u e nc e o n t h e t r e a t m e nt o f t h e m a tt e r e xp r e ss e d I n t h e .

c a s e b e fo r e u s t h e p r e j u dic ia l e ffe c t s a p e h e nde d h a v e no t r e m i ne d

p r a

in a b e y a nc e I t h a s no t i nde e d b e e n b e l ie v e d p o s s ibl e t o a c h i e ve
.

a p u tt i ng fo r t h w h i c h s h o u l d c r e a t e B e ing b u t t h e r e wa s a lw a y s :

a s s o c i a t e d wi t h t h e a ppli c a t i o n o f t h e w o r d t h e no t io n t h a t it h a s b e e n

b y a c o rr e s p o ndi ng a c t fr o m w h o m s o e v e r p r o c e e di ng th a t th is B e ing
, ,

s o u na c c o u nt a b ly p re s e nt e d t o u s h a s o igi na t e d a nd t h a t we t h e n r

1
[v . no t e o n p .

V OL . I. D
34 Of t ne Be ing
'

f
o i
T ing s . [ B OO K 1 :
p e ne t r a t e t o it s t ru e i de a w h e n we r e p e a t in t h o u gh t t h i s h i st o y o f it s r

o r igi n .W e s h ll fi an d t h e im p o r t a n c e o f t h is e r o rif we r e v e r t t o t h e
r,

re p r o a c h b r o u gh t a g a in s t t h e n a t u r a l t h e o y o f
r th e w o rl d I t is .
"

o bj e c t e d t h a t in l o o ki ng fo r t h e B e ing o f e v e r y t h ing in it s r e l a t i o ns t o

o t h e r t h i ng s it l e a v e s no u n c o n d it i o n e d e l e m e n t o f e a t —
li y no ne r
,

t h a t w o u l d no t h a v e o t h e s fo r it s p r e s u pp o s i tio n
r I f a c a n o nly
.

e x is t in r e l a t io n t o 6 t h e n it is s a i d 6 m u s t b e t h e r e b e fo r e h a nd ;
, , ,

if 6 e x is t s o nly in e l a t i o n t o r the n
c, m u s t b e it s a nt e c e de nt
c A nd if .

c h a n c e t h e r e w e r e a l a s t e l e m e nt 2 de p e nde nt no t o n a ny fu r t h e r
p er

e l m e nt s b u t o n t h e fi r s t a
e t h is it will b e u r g e d w o u l d o nly m a k e
, , ,

s till m o r e a pp a r e nt t h e u nt e na bili ty o f a c o ns tr u c t i o n o f r e a li t y w h ic h

a ft e r a ll h a s t o m a k e t h e b e i ng o f a i t s e l f t h e p r e s u pp o s it i o n o f t h is

B e ing B u t t h i s w h o l e e m b a r r a s s m e nt c o u l d o nly be inc u rr e d by o ne

. ,

w h o s e p ro bl e m it wa s t o m ke a w o r l d ; no r w o u l d h e i ncu r it u nl e s s
a ,

a l im it a t io n o n h is m o de o f o p e r a t io n i nt e fe r e d wi t h t h e m a ki ng o f r

m a ny t h ing s a t t h e s a m e t i m e a nd c o m p e ll e d h im t o le t a n i nt e r v a l o f

t i m e e la p s e in p a s s i ng fr o m t h e e s t a bl is h m e nt o f t h e o ne e l e m e nt t o

t h a t o f t h e o t h e r : fo r u ndo u b t e dly if B e i ng c o ns is t s o nly in t h e r e a lit y

,

o f r e la t i o ns c o u l d no t s t a nd by it s e lf a nd t h e e fo r e c o u l d no t e x is t
,
a r

t ill t h e c r e a t i ng h a nd h a d c o m p le t e d t h e c o ndi t io n o f it s b e i ng by t h e
a ft e cr e a ti o n o f 6
r- B u t w h a t c o u l d j u s t ify u s in i m p o r t ing i nt o t h e
.

no t i o n o f t h i s p r o du c t iv e a c t ivi ty t h is h a b it o f o u r o wn t h inki ng fa c u l t y ,

wh i ch do e s it is t r u e in p r e s e nt i ng r e l a t i o ns t o i t s e l f p a s s fr o m o ne
, ,

p o int o f r e l a t io n t o a no t h e ? W h y s h o u l d we no t r a th e r a s s u m e t h a t
r

t h e t h i ng s a s w e ll a s t h e r e l a t i o ns b e t w e e n t h e m w e r e m a de in a

s i ngl e a c t s o t h a t no ne o f t h e m ne e de d t o w a it a s it w e r e h u ng in
, ,

t h e a ir du r i ng a c e r t a i n i nt e r v a l fo r t h e s u ppl e m e nt a r y fu lfil m e nt o f t h e
,

c o nd it i o ns o f it s r e a l it y ? W e will no t a tt e m p t h o we ve r fu th e r t o r

d e pi c t a p r o c e s s w h i c h c a nno t b e h e l d t o b e a m o ng t h e o bj e c t s o f
,

p o s s ibl e i n v e s t ig a t i o n .I t is n o t o u r b u s i n e s s t o d i s co v e r i n w h a t w a y
t h e r e a li t y o f t h ing s h a s b e e n b r o u gh t a b o u t b u t o nly t o s h o w wh a t it ,

is t h a t it m u s t b e t h o u gh t o f a nd r e c o g nis e d a s b e i ng wh e n o nc e in
'

s o m e wa y t h a t we c a nno t c o nc e iv e it h a s c o m e t o b e W e h a v e no t
.

t o m a k e a w o l d b u t s o t o o r de r o u r c o nc e p t io ns a s t h a t t h e y m a y
r

c o r e s p o nd wi th o u t c o nt r a d i c t i o n t o t h e s t a t e o f t h e giv e n w o r l d a s
r

it s t a nds . S u ch a c o nt a dic t io n we m a y b e i nc li ne d t o t h ink is

r

i nvo lve d in t h e th o u gh t o f a c re a tive P o s i t i o n wh i ch c o u l d o nly p u t ,

’

fo th t h i ng s t h a t r e a lly a r e u nde r t h e c o ndi t io n o f t h e i b e ing m u t u a lly

r r

r e l a t e d ye t o n t h e o t h e r h a nd c o u l d o nly u t t h e m fo t h o ne a ft e r r
, p
t h e o th e r B u t t h e r e is no c o nt r a dic t i o n in t h e r e c o g ni tio n o f a
.

p r e s e nt w o l d o f
r r e a li t y o f w h i c h t h e c o ll e c t iv e e le m e nt s a r e a s a
,
 M e a ning of ir r e vo ca 6le P o s it io n
’

H A PT E R
‘
C .
35

m a tte r o f fa c t so ii
by t h e t e ns i o n o f m u t u a l r e l a t e dne s s
c o nd t o ne d
t h a t o nly in t h is c a n t h e m e a ni ng o f t h e i B e i ng a nd it s di s t i nc t io n r

f o m no t B e i ng be r e c o g ni se d
r - .

1 2 T h e fo r e g o i ng r e m a k s c o nt a i n a n o bj e c t i o n t t h e m e t a p h ys i
p
. r

c a l do c t i ne o f H e b a r t w h i c h r e q u i r e s s o m e fu r t h e r e xpl a na t i o n
r r ,
It .

ne e d no t be s a i d t h a t H e b a r t ne v e r e nt e t a i ne d t h e u np h il o s o p h i c a l
r r

no t io n t h a t t h e ir r e v o c a bl e p o s it i o n in wh i c h h e fo u nd th e t ru e ’

B e i ng o f t h i ngs wa s a n a c t ivi t y s t ill t o be e x e r c i s e d H e t o o l o o k e d

,
.

o n it a s a fa c t t o be r e c o g ni s e d A s t o h o w t h e fa c t c a m e t o be so it
.

wa s in h is e y e s t h e m o re c e r t a i n t h a t no th i ng c o u l d b e s a i d a s b e ing ,

u nc o ndit i o ne d a nd u nc h a ng e a bl e a c co r di ng t o h is u nd e r s t a nding o f

t h o s e t e r m s it e x c l u de d e v e r y q u e s t io n in r e g a r d t o o igi n a nd s o u r c e
,
r .

B u t a c e t a in a m b ig u i ty s e e m s t o m e t o lie in t h e u s a g e o f t h i s e
r x

p r e s s io n o f a n i r r e v o c a bl e p o s it i o n
‘
.
’

T h e r e a r e t wo de m nds w h i c h m a y no do u b t b e i ns i s t e d o n I n
a .

t h e fi r s t p l a c e a s s u m ing t h a t we a r e in
,
ndo u b t e d p o s s e s s i o n o f t h e
u

t r u e c o nc e p t i o n o f B e ing we s h o u l d be b o u nd t o b e o n o u r g u a r d in
,

it s a ppli c a t io n a g a i ns t a t t a c h i ng it t o q u a li t i e s w h i c h o n m o r e e x a c t
c o ns i de r a t i o n w o u l d be fo u nd t o c o nt r a dic t it N o th ing c a n t h e n .

c o m p e l u s o n t h is a s s u m p t i o n t o r e v o k e t h e a ffi r m a t i o n o r p o s it i o n ’

as a n a ct p e r fo r m e d by o u s e lve s b y w h i c h we r e c o g nis e d t h e
r ,

p r e s e nc e in s o m e p a r tic u l a r c a s e o f t h a t p o s i t io n no t t o be p e r ‘
,
’

fo r m e d by u s in w h ic h t u e B e i ng c o ns i s t s
,
r I f o n th e o t h e r h a nd .

i ns t e a d o f b e i ng in p o s s e s s i o n o f t h e c o r r e c t c o nc e p t i o n o f B e i ng we ,

a r e o nly j u s t e nde a v o u r i ng t o fo r m it i nt e ndi ng a t a l a t e r s t a g e t o l o o k

,

a b o u t fo r c a s e s o f it s a ppl ic a t i o n in t h a t c a s e we h a v e s o t o c o ns t ru c t
,

it a s t o e xp r e s s c o m pl e t e ly w h a t we m e a nt a nd ne c e s s a r ily m e a nt t o , ,

c o nv e y by it N o th i ng t h e r e fo r e o u gh t t o b e a bl e t o c o m p e l u s a g a i n
.

t o r e v o k e t h e r e c o g nit i o n t h a t in t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s fo u nd by u s t h e r e
is a pp e h e nde d t h e t r u e na t u r e o f t h a t p o s i t i o n w h i c h we h a v e no t t o
r

m a k e bu t t o a c c e p t a s t h e B e i ng p r e s e nt e d t o u s H e r e a r e t wo s o t s . r

o f r e qu i r e m e nt o r ne c e s s i t y bu t in ne i t h e r c a s e h a v e we t o do wi t h
,

a ny t h ing e x c e p t a n o blig a t i o n i nc u m b e nt o n o u r p r o c e du r e in t h i nk

ing . T h e p r o p o s it i o n— B e i ng c o ns is t s in s o a nd s o a nd t h e p r o p o s i ,

t i o n— th i s is a c a s e o f B e i ng o u g h t a lik e t o b e s o fo r m e d a s t h a t we
,

s h a ll no t h a v e t o r e v o k e e i t h e a s p e m a t u r e o r i nc o r r e c t
r r B u t a s to .

t h e na t u r e o f B e ing i t s e l f no th i ng w h a t e v e r is s e t t l e d by e i t h e e qu i r e r r

m e nt a nd it is no t s e l f e vi de nt t h a t t h e i w h i h i ’
-
p o s t io n c c o n s t tu
‘
t e s

B e i ng a nd wh i c h is no t o ne th a t w a i t s t o b e p e r fo r m e d by u s ,

is in i t s e l f a s i r r e vo c a bl e a s o u r t h o u gh ts a b o u t it s h o u l d b e Th e .

c o m m o n vi e w o f t h e w o r ld do e s no t a s a m a t t e r o f fa c t a t le a s t a t t h e ,

D 2
36 [ B OO K 1 .

b e g i nni ng m a k e t h i s c l a i m fo r B e i ng T h e fi e dne s s o f B e i ng w h ich

,
. x ,

it a s c rib e s t o t h ing s o nly a m o u nt s t o t h is t h a t t h e y s e r v e a s e l a t iv e ly

, , r

p e s is t e nt p o i nt s o n w h ic h p h e no m e na f s t e n a nd f o m wh ich o c c u
r a r r

r e nc e s is s u e B u t a c c o ding t o t his v ie w if o nc e r e a s o n h a d be e n
. r

fo u nd t o s a y o f a th i ng I t h a s b e e n it w o u l d in s p i t e o f t h i s e v o ca ~
’
, , r

t io n o f it s fu t h e p e s is t e nc e s t ill be h e l d t h a t s o lo ng a s it h s b e e n
r r r , a ,

it h a s h d f ll e nj o y m e nt o f t h e g e nu ine a nd t u e B e i ng b e s ide
a u r ,

w hic h t h e e is no o th e r s p e c ifi c a lly diffe e nt B e i ng

r r .

T h e q e s t io n w h e t he r s c h a vie w is ig h t o r w r o ng I r e s e r v e fo
u u r r

t h e p re s e nt H e b a t de c ide d c o m pl e t e ly a g a ins t it
. r r T r u e B e ing .

a c c o d ing t o h im is o nly c o nc e iv e d w it h i r r e v o c a bl e c o
r e c t ne s s if it rr ,

is a pp r e h e nde d a s i t s e l f a w h o lly i r e v o c a bl e p o s it i o n T h i s ne c e s s a r y
’
r

w
.

r q
e u ir e m e n t h o w e,
v e it h h im i n v o lv e d t h er,o t h e — t h e r e q i e m e nt r u r

t h a t e v e r y r e l a t i o n o f t h e o ne t h i ng t o a no t h e r wh i c h c o u l d b e h e l d ,

ne c e s sa r y t o t h e B e ing o f t h e T h ing s h o u l d be e x c l u de d a nd t h a t , ,

w h a t we c a ll t h e t r u e B e ing s h o u l d be fo u nd o nly in t h e p u r e p o s i t io n ,
’

v o id o f r e l a tio n wh ic h we h a ve no t t o e x e c is e bu t t o e c o g nis e No
,
r r .

d o u b t it is o u r d u t y t o s e e k s u c h a c o g ni t io n o f t h e r e a l a s w ill no t
h a v e a g a in t o b e giv e n u p B u t yI c a nno t dr a w t h e d e du c t io n t h a t
.

t h e o bj e c t o f t h a t c o g ni t i o n m u s t it s e l f b e p e r m a ne nt a nd t h e e fo r e ,
r

I c a nno t a s cr ib e s e lf e vide nt t r u th t o t h is c o nvi c t io n o f H e b a r t s

-
r
’
.

I t is a M e t p h y s ic a l do c t ine in r e ga r d t o w h ic h I s h a l l h a v e m o e
a r r

fr e qu e nt o pp o r t u ni t y l a t e r o n o f e xp r e s s i ng a g r e e m e nt a nd h e s i t a t i o n ,

a nd w h ic h I w o u l d no w o nly s u bj e c t t o c o ns id e r a t i o n wi t h e fe r e nc e r

p o int wi th w h i c h we a e s p e c ia lly o c c u pi e d I n o r de t o
,
r . r

p r e s e r v e t h e c o nne x io n o f o u r t h o u g h t s I o nc e a g a in e c a l l t h e p o int ,
r

t h a t t h e co nc e p t i o n o f a p u e c o m pl e t e ly u nr e la t e d B e ing t ne d o u t
r ,
ur

t o be c o e c t ly fo r m e d i nde e d b u t p e r fe c t ly i na pp li c a b le
rr W e we re ,
.

a bl e t o a c c e p t it o nly a s a n e xp r e s s io n o r indic a t io n o f t h a t m o s t

g e ne a l a ffir m a t i o n wh i ch is c e r ta inly p r e s e nt in e ve ry B e i ng a nd
r , ,

d is ti ngu is h e s it f o m no t B e ing B u t we m a int a i ne d t h a t it is ne v e r

r -
.

m e e ly by it s e l f bu t o nly a s h a v ing de fi ni t e r e l a t io ns fo r it s o bj e c t t h a t
r , ,

t h is a flirm a t io n c o ns t i t u t e s t h e B e i ng o f t h e r e a l ; t h a t t h u s p u e B e ing
‘
r

ne it h e r it s e l f is no r a s na k e d P o s it i o n o f a n u nr e l a t e d c o nt e nt fo r m s t h e
,
‘ ’

r e a l ity o f t h a t c o nt e nt no is igh t ly e nt i t l e d t o t h e na m e o f B e ing a t a ll

r r .
,

1 3 O n t h e qu e s t io n h o w de t e rm ina t e o r e m pi ic a l B e ing is s u es
. r

fr o m p u e B e i ng t h e e a r li e t h e o r ie s w h ic h s t a t e d fr o m t h e inde p e n
r , r ,
r

de nc e o f p u r e B e ing p r o no u nc e d in a m e e ly figu a t iv e a nd inc o m pl e t e

, r r

m a nne r . T h e w is h e d fo r c l e a ne s s we fi nd in H e b a t A c c o ding t o r r r . r

h is do c t ine p u r e B ing d o e s no t lie b e h ind in a m y t hic a l p a s t

r e Ea ch .

individu a l t h ing e nj o y s it c o ntinu o u s ly for e a c h t h i ng is in v ir tu e o f a ,

 8 R e la t io ns
.
,
C H APT E R 3 2 71
g ( 1 72 d .
37

p o s iti o n w h i ch is a l ie n t o a ll r e l a ti o ns a nd ne e ds t h e m no t I t is j u s t .

t h e c o m pl e t e indifi e r e nc e o f t h ing s t o a ll r e l a t i o ns a nd it a l o ne t h a t , ,

m a k e s it p o s s ibl e fo r t h e m t o e nt e r i nt o v a r i o u s re l a t i o ns t o w a ds e a c h r

o th e r o f w h i c h in c o ns e qu e nc e o f t h i s i nd iffe e nc e no ne c a n in a ny
,
r

wa y a d d t o o r d e t a c t fr o m t h e B e ing o f t h e t h i ng s
r Fr o m t h is c o m .

m e r c e b e t w e e n t h e m w h i c h do e s no t t o u c h t h e ir e s s e nce a r is e s t h e
, ,

\ c h e q u e e d v a ie ty o f t h e c o u s e o f t h e g lygfl w o r ld
r r
n
r ,
.

I c a rii t p e r s u a de m y se l f t h a t t h i s is a n a dm i s s ibl e wa y o f p r e
'

s e nt i ng t h e c as e G r a nt ing t h a t t h e r e r e a lly is s u c h a t h ing a s a n

~ -
.

e l e m e nt in t h e e nj o y m e nt o f t h is u n e l a t e d Po s it i o n o f b e i ng ‘ ’
a r

u na ffe c t e d by o t h e r s a nd no t r e a c t ing u p o n t h e m it do e s no t i nde e d ,

c o nt r a di c t t h e c o nc e p t io n o f t h is B e ing t h a t i d e a s o f r e la t io n s h o u ld

a ft e r w a ds be c o nne c t e d wi t h it
r B u t in e a l it y it is i m p o s s ibl e fo r . r

t h a t t o e nt e r int o r e l a t io ns w h i c h wa s p e v io u s ly u nr e l a t e d Fo r r . a

c o u l d no t e nt e r i nt o r e l at io ns in g n l At e a c h m o m e nt it c o u l d e er a .

o nly e nt e r i nt o t h e d e fi nit e r e l a t io n m t o w a ds t h e d e fi nit e e l e m e nt 6

.
r ,

t o t h e e x c l u s i o n o f e v e r y o t h e r r e l a t io n 1 t o w a d s t h e s a m e e l e m e nt 1 r .

T h e r e m u s t t h e r e fo re b e s o m e r e a s o n in o p e a t i o n w h ic h in e a c h r

i ndivi du a l c a s e a ll o w s a nd b ing s a b o u t th e e a l is a t io n o nly o f m no t

r r ,

t h a t o f a c h a nc e i B t s inc e is indi ffe e nt t o w a r d s e v e r y r e l a t io n

t . u a r ,

t h e r e c a nno t b e c o nt a ine d in it s o wn n t u r e e i t h e r t h e r e a s o n fo r t h is a

d e fi ni t e 772 no r e v e n t h e r e a s o n wh y it s h o u l d e nt e r i nt o a r e l a t io n
, ,

t h a t d id no t p e vi o u s ly Ob t a in w it h 6 a nd no t a t h e r wi t h
r Th a t
,
r c .

w h ic h de c i de d th e p o int c a n t h e e fo e o nly be l o o k e d fo r in s o m e r r
‘
.

e a r l ie r r e l a t i o n
1 w h i c h h o w e v e r i ndiffe r e nt it m ig h t be t o
,
a nd 6 in a ,

fa c t S u b s is t e d b e t w e e n t h e m I f a a nd 6 h a d b e e n p e s i s t e nt ly
. r

c o nfi ne d e a ch t o it s o wn p u r e B e i ng wi t h o u t a s ye t b e l o ng ing a t a ll ,

t o t h is e m p i ic a l e a l it y a nd its t h o u s a nd fo l d o de r o f r e l a t io ns t h e y
r r r ,

w o u l d ne v r h a ve is s u e d f o m t h e i r o nt o l o g ic a l s e c lu s io n a nd b e e n
e r

w o u gh t int o t h e we b o f t h is u nive s e Fo t h is e nt y c o u l d o nly h a v e

r r . r r

t a k e n pl a c e int o s o m e r e g io n in s p a c e a t so m e p o int o f t im e a nd in , ,

a d i e c t io n s o m e w h it h e r ; a nd a ll t h i s w o u l d
r im ply a d e t e r m in t e a

pl a c e o u t s ide t h e w o l d w h i c h t h e t h i ng s m u s t h a ve l e ft in a de t e
r ,
r

m ina t e d i e c t io n r T h e e fo r e w h ile t h u s se e m ingly p u t o t s ide t h e

. r ,
u

w o l d i nt o t h e v o id o f p u e B e ing t h e T h ing s w o u l d h a v l e a dy
r r ,
e a r

s to o d no t o u t s ide a ll e l a t io ns t o t h e w o l d b u t o nly in o t h e
,
r a nd r ,
r

lo o s e r r l a t io ns ins t e a d o f in t h e c l o s o ne s w h ic h a e s u pp o s e d t o
e er ,
r

b e e s t a bl is h e d l a t e r A nd j u s t a s it w o u l d b e im p o s s ibl e fo t h e m t o
. r

e nt e int o e l a t io ns if p r e v io u s ly u n e l a t e d s o it w o u l d b e i m p o s s ibl e
r r r ,

fo t h e m w h o lly t o e s c a p e a g a in fr o m t h e we b o f r e la t i o ns in wh ic h
r

t h e y h a d o nc e b e c o m e i nv o lv e d .
3 8 0f ine Be ing o
f Tning s . [ B OO K 1 .

I t m a y nde e d be i ur ge d wi th so m e pl a u si b il ity th a t s i nc e we t a k e ,

l
t h e r e a t io ns o f t h n i gs to be m a nifo ld a nd v a ria bl e B e ing c a n a t t a c h
,

t o no s n i gl e o ne o f th e m , a nd t h e r e fo re t o no ne at a ll : t h a t t h e r e fo r e

it c a nno t be B e i ng wh ic h T h ing l o s e s
pp o s e a ll it s e l a
th e ,
if we su r

t io ns s u c c e s s iv e ly t o d is a pp e a B u t t h is a r gu m e nt w o l d o nly b e a r. u

r e p e t it i o n o f t h e c o nfu s io n b e t w e e n t h e c o ns t a nc y o f a g e ne a l i de a r

a nd t h e r e a l it y o f it s indiv idu a l ins t a nc e s C o l o u fo i ns t a nc e is no t . r, r ,

ne c e s s a rily g r e e n o r e d bu t it is no c o l o u r a t a ll if it is no ne o f t h e s e
r ,

d iffe r e nt k inds W e r e it c o nc e iv a bly p o s s ibl e t h a t a ll r e la t i o ns o f a

.

t h ing s h o l d dis a pp e a r w it h o u t in t h e i dis a pp e r a nc e g iv ing is e t o

u r a r

ne w o ne s — a p o int o f w h c i h I s v t e o s de a t o
r e e e h c n i r i n — we c o u l d no tr

lo o k u p o n t his a s t h e r e t u r n o f t h e t h ing i nt o it s p u r e B e ing bu t o nly ,

a s it s l a p s e int o no ne nt it y A t r a ns it i o n t h e e fo r e f o m a s t a t e o f nu
.
,
r , r

r e l a t e dne s s int o r e l a t io n o vi v is u nint e ll ig ibl e t o u s

,
r A ll t h a t
ce er s a , .

is int e lligibl e is a t a ns i t io n fr o m o ne fo r m o f e l a t io n t o a no th e r
r r .

A nd a n a s s u m p t io n w h ic h w o u l d fi nd t h e t u e B e ing o f T h ing s in r

t h e i b e i ng p t fo th w it h o u t e l a t io ns s e e ms a t t h e s a m e t i m e t o m a k e
r u r r ,

t h e c o nc e p t io n o f t h e s e t h ing s u na v il a bl e fo t h e M e t a ph y s i c a l e x a r

p l a n a t i o n o f t h e u n iv e r s e w h il e it w a s o nly t o r e nde r s u c h e xpl a na t i o n

,

p o s s ibl e t h a t t h e S u pp o s i t io n t h a t t h e r e a r e Th ing s wa s m a de a t a ll .

14 T h e e is ye t o ne wa y o u t o f t h e di ffi cu l ty t o b e c o ns i de r e d I n
. r .
‘

i t s e l f it m a y be s a i d p u e B e ing is fo r e ig n t o a ll r e l a t io ns a nd no
,
’
,
r ,

T h ing in o r de r t o b e h a s a ny ne e d w h a t e v e r o f r e l a t io ns B u t j u s t
, ,
.

b e c a u s e e v e ry th i ng is i ndiffe re nt t o th e m t h e r e is no t h i ng t o p r e v e nt ,

t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e e nt r y o f a ll t h i ng s i nt o r e l a t io ns h a s l o ng

a g o t a k e n e ffe c t No t h ing h a s b e e n l e ft a c t u a lly t o e nj o y it s p u r e

.

B e ing w it h o u t t h e s e r e l a t i o ns t h a t a r e i ndi ffe r e nt t o it a nd it is in t h is ,

s h a p e o f r e l a t e d ne s s t h a t t h e s u m o f t h ing s fo r m s t h e b a s is o f t h e

w o l d s ch a nge a bl e c o u s e
r
’
O r t o a do p t w h a t is s u r e ly a m o r e
r .
’

c o r e c t s t a t e m e nt
r I t h a s no t b e e n a t a ny p a t ic u l a r t i m e in t h e p a s t r

t h a t t h is e nt y i nt o r e l a t io ns h a s t a k e n pl a c e w h i c h a s we p o i nt e d
r , ,

o u t is u nt h ink a bl e
, Ev e ry t h ing h a s s t o o d in r e l a tio ns fr o m e t e r nit y
. .

N o ne h a s e v e e nj o y e d t h e p u e B e i ng w h ic h w o u l d h a v e b e e n p o s s ibl e
r r

fo r it s na tu r e I n t h i s l a t t e r t r a ns fo m a t io n h o w e v e r t h e t h o gh t
’
. r , ,
u

w o u l d e s s e nt i a lly c o inc ide w ith th a t wh ich we a ll e g e d in o pp o s it io n t o

it . I t w o u l d a m o u nt s i m ply t o t h is t h a t t h e r e m gh t 6 a p u r e B e ing ,
i e ,

in w h ic h T h ing s is o l a t e d a nd e a c h e s t i ng o n it s e l f w it h o u t a ny
, r ,

m u t u a l e l a t io n w o u l d e t 6
r t h t t h e is n o s u c h B e in g h o w e v e r
y , a e r e , ,

b t in it s s t e a d o nly t h a t m a nifo l dly de t e m ine d e m p i ic a l B i ng in

u r r e ,

e ch s e v
a a l fo r m o f w h ic h p u e B e ing is l a t e nt l
er p e s e n t B e t w e e n r
y r .

t h e vi e w t h u s p t a nd o u o wn t h e r e w o u l d no
u l o ng e be a ny
r r
C H APT E R Ca n Tning s e nt e r int o R e la t io ns 39

d i ffe r e nc e , e xce pt t h e fir s t pa rt o f th e s t a t e m e nt , s u p po s i ng it t o b e
a dh e r e d t o . A B e ing wh i c h
,
igh t be bu t is no t w o u ld fo r u s be no
m ,

B e i ng a t a ll T h e c o nc e p t i o n o f it w o u l d o nly p u r p o r t t o be t h a t o f a
.

p o s s ib ili t y o f t h o u g h t no t t h e c o nc e p t i o n o f t h a t r e a li t y o f w h i c h a l o ne
,

M e t a p h y s ic p r o fe s s e s t o t r e a t W e S h o u l d c e r t a i nly p e r s i s t in de ny ing
.

t h a t t h is p u r e B e ing s o m u c h a s o ld 6 c u e l s e wh e r e
e t h a n in o u r

t h o u gh t s . W e t a k e t h e no tio n o f s u c h B e i ng t o b e m e r e ly a n a b s t r a e
t i o n w h i c h in t h e p r o c e s s o f t h i nki ng a nd in it o nly s e p a r a t e s t h e
, ,

c o m m o n a ffir m a t i o n o f w h a t e v e r is r e a l fr o m t h e p a t i c u l a r fo r m s o fr

r e a l ity a s a ppli e d t o w h i c h a l o ne t h e a ffir m a t i o n is i t s e l f a r e a l it y

, .
 CH A PT E R II .

Of a .!
Q ua lity o f Tning s .

15 . ACCO R D I N G t o t h e na t u r a l t h e o r y o f th e w o rl d , as we h a v e so

fa r fo ll o w e d it t h e B e i ng o f T h i ng s is o nly t o b e fo u nd in t h e r e a l ity
,

o f c e t a i n r e l a t i o ns b e t w e e n o ne a nd a no t h e r
r T h e r e a e t wo dir e c t i o ns
. r

t h e r e fo r e in w h ic h we a r e i m p e ll e d t o fu r th e r e nq u i r y W e m a y a sk .

in t h e fi r s t pl a ce w h a t is t h e p e c u li a r na t u e o f t h e s e r e l a t i o ns in t h e
, r ,

a ffir m a t io n o f w h ic h B e ing is s u pp o s e d t o lie ? I n t h a t c a s e it s de fi

nit io n w o u l d a s s ig n a nu m b e r o f c o ndit io ns w h i c h w h a t e v e r is t o b e a ,

T h i ng m u s t s a t is fy W e fe e l s e co ndly w ith e qu a l s tr e ng th t h e ne e d
.
, ,

0 fi nd fi r s t in t h e c o nc e p t i o n o f t h e T h ing t h e s u bj e c t w h ic h

c a p a bl e o f e nt e r i ng int o t h e p r e s u pp o s e d r e l a t io ns Th e .

o der o f t h e s e q u e s t i o ns do e s no t s e e m t o m e o t h e r t h a n i nt e r c h a ng e
r

a bl e no r is it inde e d p o s s ibl e t o k e e p th e a ns w e r s t o t h e m e nt i e ly
, r

a p a rt I t m a y b e t a k e n a s a p a do na bl e l ib e ty o f t e a t m e nt if I give
. r r r

p r e c e de nc e t o t h e s e co nd o f th e m u t u a lly i m pl ie d fo r m s o f t h e p o b l e m r .

I t t o o a dm it s o f a do u b l e s ig nifi c a t i o n Fo r if we Sp e a k o f t h e e s s e nc e
.

o f T h i ng s we m e a n t h is e xp e s s io n t o c o nv e y s o m e t i m e s t h a t by
, r

w h ic h T h ing s a r e di s t i ng u i s h e d a nd e a ch is wh a t it is s o m e t im e s t h a t ,

in vir t u e o f w h i ch t h e y a ll a r e l ing s in o pp o s i t i o n t o t h a t w h i ch is
no t a T h ing T h e s e t wo q u e s t io ns a g a in a r e o bvio u sly v e y c lo s e ly
. r

c o nne c t e d a nd it m ig h t s e e m t h a t t h e m e nt io n o f t h e fi r s t wa s fo
, us r

s u p e flu o u sr Fo r it c a nno t b e t h e b u s ine s s o f o nt o l o gy t o de s c r ib e
.

t h e p e c u l ia r qu a l it i e s by w h ic h t h e m a nifo l d T h i ng s t h a t e xi s t a r e r e a lly
dis t i ng is h e d fr o m e a c h o t h e r I t c o u l d o nly h a v e t o ind ic a t e g e ne r a lly
u .

w h a t th a t is o n t h e p o s s ibl e v a I e t ie s o f w h i c h it m a y b e p o s s ibl e fo r
r

dis t inc t io ns o f T h i ng s t o r e s t B u t t h i s fu nc t i o n it s e e m s t o f lfi l in
. u

inv e s t ig a ting t h e c o m m o n s t u c t u e o f t h a t w h ic h c o ns t it u t e s a T h i ng
r r

a s s u c h ; fo r t h i s ne c e s s a ily inc l u de s t h e ide a a nd na t u r e o f t h a t by

r

p a ticu la i s a t io n o f wh ic h e v e y i ndivi du a l T h ing is a ble t o be wh a t it

r r r

i s and t o dr a w l im it s b e t w e e n it s e l f a nd o t h e T h ing s T h e s e qu e l o f
r .

o u r dis c u s s io n m a
y h o w e v e r j u s t i fy o u r
p r o c e du r e in a ll o wi n g o u r s e l ve s
 Tning s as S u é /e ct s f
o P r e dica t es .
4 1 .

t o b e dr iv e n t o u w e r t o th i s s e c o nd qu e s t i o n b y a pr e
nde r t a ke a n a ns

li m i na r y a t t e m p t a t a ns w e r i ng t h e fi r s t .

1 6 W h a t t h e o c c a s i o ns m a y b e w h ic h p s y ch o l o gi c a lly giv e r i s e in
.

u s t o t h e i de a o f t h e T h i ng is a q u e s t io n by w h i c h t h e o bj e c t s o f o u r
,

p r e s e nt e nqu i y a r e wh o lly u na ffe c t e d T h e i de a h a vi ng o nc e a i s e n

r . r ,

a nd it b e i ng i m p o s s ibl e fo r u s in o u r na t u r a l vi e w o f t h e w o l d t o g e t r

r id o f it a ll t h a t c o nc e r ns u s is t o k no w w h a t we m e a n by it a nd
, ,

wh e th e r we h a v e r e a s o n t a ki ng it a s it is fo r r e t a i ni ng it o r fo r giv ing
, ,

it u p . A s we h a v e s e e n s e ns a t i o n is o u r o nly w a r r ant fo r t h e
,

c e r t a i nt y t h a t s o m e t h i ng is I t no d o u b t a t t h e s a m e t i m e w a r a nt s
. r

th e c e rt a int y o f o u r o wn B e i ng a s w e ll a s t h a t o f s o m e t h i ng o t h e r t h a n

o u r s e lv e s I t is ne c e s s a y h o w e v e r in t h is p r e l im ina r y c o ns i de r a t io n
. r , ,

t o fo r g e t t h e r e fe r e nc e t o t h e fe e li ng s u bj e c t j u s t a s t h e na t u a l v ie w ,
r

o f t h e w o l d a t fi s t fo g e t s it lik e wi s e a nd l o s e s i t s e l f c o m pl e t e ly in
r r r

th e s e ns ibl e qu a lit ie s o f w h i c h t h e r e v e l a t io n b e fo r e o u r e y e s is a t t h e
,

S u pp o s e d s t a ge o f t h a t vi e w a cc e p t e d by it a s a s e l f e vi de nt fa c t I t is -
.
’

o nly in s e ns a t i o n t h e r e fo r e t h a t it c a n lo o k w h e t h e r fo r t h e c e r t a int y ,

o f t h e r e b e i ng s o m e t h i ng o r b e y o nd t h i s fo r t h e qu a li t i e s o f t h a t
”
, , ,

w h i c h is Ye t fr o m it s v e ry e a l ie s t s t a g e it is fa r fr o m ta k ing t h e s e
. r

s e ns ibl e q u a l it i e s a s i de nt i c a l wi t h t h a t w h i c h it r e g a r ds a s t h e t r u e I

B e i ng in t h e m No t t ill a la t e r s t a g e o f r e fl e c t io n is it a t t e m p t e d t o
.

m a int a i n t h a t w h a t we t a k e t o be t h e p e r c e p t io n o f a t h i ng is me

m q e t h a n a pl u r a l it y o f c o nt e m p o r a y s e ns a t io ns h e l d t o g e th e r
r r ,

no t h i ng b u t t h e i de nt i t y o f t h e p la ce a t w h ic h t h e y a e p r e s e nt e d r

u s a nd t h e u ni t y o f o u r c o ns c i o u s ne s s w h ic h bi nd s
,

it s i nt u i t i o n T h e na tu r a l t h e o r y o f th e w o r l d ne v e r s o j u dg e s
. Un .

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v
,

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, , A l th o u gh it is in th e s e s e ns ible l
.

‘5
qu a li t i e s t h a t we find a ll t h a t we e xp e r i e nce o f it s e s s e nc e s t ill t h is ,

e s s e nc e do e s no t a dm i t o f b e i ng e x h a u s t iv e ly a na ly s e d i nt o t h e m In .

o r d e r t o c o nv e y w h a t is in o u
v
m i nd s w h e n we p e di c a t e s u c h qu a l it ie s
r r

o f a T h i ng t h e t e r m s w h i c h c o nno t e t h e m m u s t in g r a m m a t ic a l
, ,

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, s,
’
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s it i e s e ns e w h ic h a c c o r ding t o t h e u s a g e o f l a ng a g e is o nly int r a n

v , u

s it iv o T h e o t h e r w a y s o f p t t i ng t h e s a m e p r o p o s i t io n s u c h a s t h e ‘
. u ,

th i ng t a s t e s s w e e t o r it l o o k s r e d h e lp t o S h o w h o w in t h e m id s t
’ ‘ ’
, ,

o f t h e s e p r e dic a t e s a s t h e i r s u bj e c t o r t h e i a c t iv e p o int o f de p a r t u r e
, r ,

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m u lt ipl ic it y T h is i de a h o w e v e r fa it m a y be f o m b e i ng w o u gh t
.
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r r r .

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r ,

p r a c t i c a l p r o c e du r e w h e r e we a ct a gg r e s s iv e ly u p o n th e e x t e rna l w o r ld ,
4 2 0f ili e Q u a lity of Tning s .

se e ki ng to g e t a h o ld o n th i ng s t o ,
fa s h io n the m , to o ve r c o m e th e ir
r e s is t a nc e a c c o r di ng t o o u r pu r po se s .

I ne e d no t dw e ll o n t h e o c c a s io ns — r e a dily s u gg e s t i ng th e m s e lve s
t o t h e r e a de r — w h i c h c o nfi m u s in t h i s c o nc e p t io n w h il e a t t h e s a m e
r ,

t i m e t h e y u g e nt ly de m a nd a t r a ns fo rm a t io n o f it w h ic h w il l m a k e
r

go o d it s de fe c ts S u c h a re t h e c h a ng e in t h e p o p e r t i e s in wh i ch t h e
. r

na t u r e o f a de t e r m i na t e t hing p r e v io u s ly s e e m e d t o c o ns i s t a nd t h e ,

o b s e r v a t io n t h a t no ne b e l o ng s t o t h e t h ing a b s o l u t e ly b u t e a c h o nly ,

u nde r c o ndit io ns wit h t h e r e m o v a l o f w h i c h it dis a pp e a r s

,
Th e m o r e .

ne c e s s a r y t h e d is t i nc t i o n in c o ns e q u e nc e b e c o m e s be t w e e n t h e t h i ng

i t se lf a nd it s c h a nge a ble m o de s o f a pp e a a nc e t h e m o r e p re s s ing r ,

be c o m e s t h e qu e s tio n wh a t it is t h a t c o ns t it u t e s t h e t h i ng i t s lf in
,
e ,

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r B u t I d o no t p r o p o s e t o d w e ll o n t h e
.

m o r e o bv io u s a ns w e r s t o t h is qu e s t io n a ny m o r e t h a n o n t h e o c c a
'

s i o ns w h ic h s u gg e s t it S u c h a r e t h e s t a t e m e nts t h a t t h e T h i ng i t s e l f
.

is t h a t w h i c h is p e r m a ne nt in t h e c h a nge o f t h e se p r o p e r t i e s t h a t it is ,

it ing bo nd o f t h e i r m u l t iplic i t y t h e fix e d p o i nt to w h i c h c h a ngi ng ,

a tt a c h t he m s e lv e s a nd fr o m w h ic h e ffe c t s i s s u e All t h i s is no .

do u b t r e a lly inv o lve d in o u r o r dina r y c o nce p t io n o f t h e T h i ng bu t a ll

,
,

t h i s t e ll s u s m e r e ly h o w t h e t r u e T h ing b e h a v e s no t w h a t it is All , .

t h a t t h e s e p o p o s i t i o ns do is t o fo r m u l a t e t h e fu nc t io ns o bl ig a t o r y o n
r
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t h a t w h ic h c l a im s t o b e r e c o g nis e d a s a T h ing T h e y do no t s t a t e .

w h a t we w a nt t o k no w v iz w h a t t h e T h ing m u s t b e in o de r , . r

t o be a bl e t o p e r fo r m t h e s e e q u i r e d fu nc t i o ns I r e s e r ve h e r e t h e
r .

qu e st io n wh e th e r a nd h o w fa r we m a y p e r h a p s in t h e s e qu e l b e c o m
p o lle d by l a c k o f s u cc e s s in o u r a tt e m p t s t o c o nt e nt o u s e lv e s w ith
, ,
r

t h is s t a t e m e nt o f p o s t u l a t e s T h e o bj e c t o f o nt o l o g ic a l t h inki ng
.

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b il ify o f f lfi ll ing t h e o nt o l o gic a l p o bl e m de p e nds— t o di s c o v e r t h e
u r

na t u r e o f t h a t to w h i c h t h e r e qu i r e d u nit y p e m a ne nce a nd s t a bili ty ,

r ,
I

b e l o ng .

1 7 I t is a d m itt e d t h a t s e ns a t io n is t h e s ingl e s o u r c e fr o m w h ic h
.

we no t o nly de iv e a s s u r a nc e o f t h e e a li t y o f s o m e B e i ng bu t w h i c h
r r ,

by t h e m ltiplic i ty o f it s dis t ing u is h a bl e p h e no m e na h o m o ge ne o u s a nd

u ,

h e t e r o g e ne o u s fi s t s u gge s t s a nd giv e s c l e a r ne s s t o t h e i de a o f a p a r
,
r

t ic u la r e s s e nc e wh ich di s t ingu i s h e s i t s e l f fr o m s o m e o th e r p rt icu l a r

1
a

e s s e nce I t is q u i t e i ne vi t a bl e t h e r e fo r e t h a t we s h o u l d a t te m p t t o
.

t h i nk o f t h e r e qu i e d e s s e nc e o f t h ing s a ft e r t h e a na l o gy o f t h is s e n
r
2

s ibl e m a t e ia l s o fa r a t a n r a t e a s is c o m p a t ibl e w ith t h e s i m u l t a ne o u s

r
y,

D ie V o r st e ll u ng e ine s W as , da s vo n e ine m a nde r n W a s s ich

3
 ’
H APT E R H Simp le Q u a lit ie s
’
6a r t
‘
C er s .
43

p o bl e m o f a vo i di ng e v e ry th i ng w h ich w o u l d di s qu a l ify s e ns a t i o ns fo r
r

a de q u a t e ly e xp r e s s ing t h is e s s e nc e
1
.

T his a t t e m p t h a s b e e n r e s o l u t e ly m a de in t h e o nt o l o gy o f H e r b a r t 3 ..

T o ins is t o n t h e m e r e u ni ty s t a b il ity a nd p e r m a ne nc e o f T h i ng s wa s
, , ,

a c o m m o n p la c e w it h e v e r y p h il o s o p h y w h ic h s p o k e o f T h ing s a t a ll
-
.

I t wa s t h e n l e ft t o t h e i m a g ina t i o n t o a d d in t h o u g h t s o m e co nt e nt t o
w h ic h t h e s e fo m a l c h a r a c te ri s t i c s m igh t b e a ppli c a bl e H e r ba t 15
r . r
.

de fi ne s t h e c o nt e nt A p e fe c t ly s i m pl e a nd p o s it iv e q u a l it y h e h o l d s
. r , ,

is t h e e s s e nc e o f e v e r y s ingl e t h ing i e o f e v e r y S ingl e o ne a m o ng ,

. .

t h o s e r e a l e s s e nc e s t o t h e c o m b ina t io ns o f w h ic h in e ndl e s s v a r i e t y
,

we a r e c o m p e ll e d by a c h a i n o f t h o u g h t o f w h ic h t h e r e a de r c a n ,

e a s ily s u pply t h e m is s i ng l ink s t o r e du c e t h e s e e m i ngly i nde p e nde nt

,

T h ing s o f o r dina y p e r ce p t io n No w if H e r b a r t a ll o w s t h a t t h e s e
r .

s im pl e q u a li t ie s o f T h ing s r e m a i n c o m pl e t e ly u nk no w n t o u s ; t h a t

no t h ing c o m e s t o o u r k no wl e d ge b u t a pp e a a nc e s fl o wi ng f o m t h e m r r

a s a r e m o t e c o ns e q u e nc e t h e n a n d v nt g t h t m ig h t o t h e wi s e be 1
y a, a a e a r

d e r iv e d f o m h is v ie w w o u l d di s a pp e a r u nl e s s we v e nt u e d t o l o o k fo r
r r

it in t h i s t h a t his u nk no w n by b e i ng b r o u g h t u nde r t h e c o nc e p t io n
,

a nd g e ne a l c h a r a c t e r o f q u a li t y w o u l d a t l e a s t o b t a i n a n o nt o l o gi c a l
r

qu a lifi ca t io n by wh ic h it w o u l d be di s t ingu i s h e d f o m a m e r e p o s t u
, r

la t e a s b e ing a c o nc r e t e fu lfil m e nt o f s u c h p o s t u l a t e
, .

I f h o w e v e r we t r y t o i nt e r p e t t o o u r s e lv e s w h a t is g a i ne d by t h i s
r

s u b o r dina t io n we m u s t c e t a inly c o nfe s s t h a t Qu a l it y in it s p r o p e r

, r

s e ns e is p e s e nt e d t o u s e x c l u s iv e ly in s e ns a t i o ns
r a nd in no o t h e r ,

i ns ta nc e s Ev e y t h ing e l s e w h i ch in a l o o s e r wa y o f Sp e a k ing we s o
. r

c a ll c o ns i s t s in d e t e m ina t e r e l a t i o ns w h ic h we g a t h e r u
r it i s t ru e in
p , , ,

a dj e c t iv a l e xp e s s i o ns a nd t r e a t a s p o p e r t i e s o f t h e ir s u bj e c t s b u t o f
r r ,

w h ic h t h e p r o p e r s e ns e c a n o nly be a pp e h e nde d by a dis c u r s iv e r

c o m p a r i s o n o f m a ni fo l d r e l a t e d e l e m e nt s no t in a n i nt u it io n The re .
,

w o u l d be no th ing in t h i s h o w e v e t o p e ve nt u s f o m g e ne r a li s i ng
, r, r r

t h e c o nc e p tio n o f Q u a li ty in t h e m a nne r a t w h i c h t o m e e t H e r b a r t s
’

vi e w we s h o u l d h a v e t o a im Ou r o wn s e ns e s o ffe r u s i m p re s s i o ns
, .

w h ich do no t a dm it o f c o m p a r i s o n T h e c o l o u r we s e e is c o m pl e t e ly .

h e t e o g e ne o s t o t h e s o u nd we h e a r o r t h e fl a v o u r we t a s t e
r u Ju st a s .

wi th u s t h e n t h e s e ns a t io ns o f t h e e ye fo m a w o l d o f t h e i o wn
, , r r r ,

i nto w h i c h t h o s e o f t h e e a r h a ve no e nt y s o we a r e p e p a r e d t o h o l d r ,
r

o f t h e w h o l e s e r i e s o f o u r s e ns e s t h a t it is no t a fi nis h d o ne a nd t o e ,

a s c r ib e t o o t h e r s pi i t s s e ns a t io ns w h ic h
r e m a in e t e na l ly u nk no w n t o r r

u s bu t o f w h i c h no t wi t h s t a nd ing we im a g ine t h t t o
, , t h o s e wh o a r e
, a

c a p a bl e o f th e m t h e y w o u l d e x h ib it t h e m s e lve s wi t h t h e sa m e

1
 44 Of t ne Q u a lity of Tning s . [ B OO K 1 .

c h a ra cte r b e i ng vivi dly a nd de fi ni t e ly pi c t u r e d wi th wh i c h t o

o f ,

u s t h e s e ns a t i o ns o f c o l o u r fo r i ns t a nc e a pp e a r a s r e v e l a t i o ns o f
, ,

t h e m s e lve s .

I t is a lw a ys di ffi c u l t in t h e c a s e o f th e S im pl e s t i de a s by t h e h e lp o f
w o ds a b o u t t h e m to e p e s e nt t h e c h a r a c t e ri st ic t r a i t s c a r c e ly e x
r r r ,

p r e s s ibl e b u t by t h e i de a s t h e m s e lv e s in vi r t u e o f w h i c h t h e y s a t i s fy
,

c e rt a i n s t r o ngly fe l t ne e ds o f t h o u g h t S t ill I t r u s t t o be s u fli c ie ntly

.

i nt e ll igibl e if I fi nd in t h e c h a r a c t e r j u s t m e nt i o ne d o f b e ing p r e s e nt , ,

a bl e a s a m e nt a l p ic t u r e o r im a g e im m e d ia t e ly w it h o u t t h e h e lp o f a

d is c u s ive p o ce s s t h e r e a s o n o f o u r p e fe r e nc e fo r a pp e h e nding
r r ,
r r

t h e e s s e nc e o f a t h i ng u nde r t h e fo rm o f a s im pl e qu a l it y J u st a s .

t h e c o l o u r r e d s t a nd s b e fo r e o u r c o ns c i o u s ne s s c a ing s o t o Sp e a k t o ,
r , ,

ex h ib it no th ing b u t it s e l f p o int ing t o no th i ng b e y o nd i ts e l f a s t h e

,

c o nd it io n o f it s b e i ng u nde r s t o o d no t c o ns t it u t ing a d e m a nd t h a t ,

s o m e t h ing S h o u l d e xi s t w h ic h h a s s t ill t o b e fo u nd o u t bu t a c o m pl e t e ,

fu lfil m nt ; s o it is t h o u gh t t h a t t h e s u p e s e ns ibl e Q a lit y o f t h e

e r- u

T h i ng s im pl e a nd s e l f c o nt a ine d w o u l d r e ve a l its e s s e nc e no t a s
,
-
, ,

s o m e t h ing s t ill t o be s o u g h t fo fu r t h e r b a c k b u t a s fi na lly fo u nd a nd

r ,

p e s e nt A nd e ve n w h e n fu t h e r e fl e c t io n m igh t b e s u pp o s e d t o
r . r r

h a ve s h a k e n o u r fa it h in t h e p o s s ib il ity o f s a t is fy ing t h is c a vi ng fo r r

a n int u it iv e k no wl e d g e a nd l im it e d u s t o l a yi ng do w n m e r e fo m s o f r

t h ink ing w h ic h d e t e rm i ne wh a t t h e e s s e nc e o f t h ing s is no t ; e v e n

t h e n we c o ns t a nt ly r e v e r t t o t h i s l o ng ing fo r t h e i m m e dia t e p re s e nt

a b il it y o f t h is e s s e nc e w h ic h a ft e r a ll c a n o nly b e s a t is fi e d w it h t h e
,

lik e ne s s o f t h e q a e it m t o a s e ns ible qu a l it y
u s u W e m a y h a ve t o .

fo e g o int u it io n ; bu t we fe e l it s a b s e nc e a s a n a b idi ng im p e r fe c t io n o f
r

ou kno wl e dg e
r .

5 1 8 T h a t t h e de m a nd I n qu e s t i o n m u s t r e a lly be a b a ndo ne d S no t
. I

in dis p u t e W h a te ve r e t e na l S im pl e a nd Su p e r s e nsibl e Q a li ty we
. r -
u

m a y c h o o s e t o t h ink o f a s t h e e s s e nc e o f t h e T h ing it w ill be s a id ,

t h a t a s a Q a l it y it a lw a y s e m a i ns in ne e d o f a s u bj e c t t o w h i c h it
, u ,
r ,
-

m a y b e l o ng I t m a y fo r m a H o w b u t no t t h e W h a t o f t h e T h ing I t
.
,
.

will b e s o m e t h ing w h ic h t h e T h ing h a s no t w h ic h it is , .

T h is o bj e c t io n fa m il ia r a s it is t o u s a ll w it h t h e ne w r e l a t i o n w h i c h
, ,

it a s s e r t s b e t w e e n S u bj e c t a nd Qu a l it y r e s t s m e a nw h il e o n t wo ,

gr o u nds o f w h i ch t h e fi r s t do e s no t s u flic e t o r e nde im p o s s ibl e t h e r -

p e vio u s ly a s s u m e d ide nt ity o f t h e T h i ng wi th it s s im pl e qu a li ty I n

r .

ou rt h o u g h t a nd in it s v e b a l e xp r e s s io n t h e Q u a l it ie s — r e d s w e e t
r , , ,

w a r m — a pp e a a s g e ne l it ie s wh ic h a wa it m a ny m o e p e c i s e d t e r
r ra r r e
,

m ina t io ns in t h e wa o f S h a de o f i nt e ns it y o f e x t e ns io n a nd o f fo m
, y , , ,
r ,

fr o m s o m e th ing w h ic h b e l o ng s t o t h e na t u e o f t h e i ndiv idu a l c a se in r

C H APT E R A Q u a lity ne e d no t 6e g e ne r a l .
45

w h ic h th e ya r e s e ns ibl e a nd th u s no t t o t h e q u a li t i e s t h e m s e l ve s W e
, .

t h u s p e s e nt t h e m t o o u r s e lv e s in a n a dj e c t iv a l fo r m a s no t t h e m s e lv e s
r ,

a m o u nt i ng t o r e a li ty bu t a s c a p a bl e o f b e ing e m pl o y e d b y t h e r e a l ,

wh i c h li e s o u t s ide t h e m t h r o u gh s p e c i a l a dj u s t m e nt t o c lo t h e it s
,

e s s e nc e ; a s a s t o r e o f p r e dic a bl e m a t e r i a l s fr o m w h i c h e a c h t h i ng
,

m a y c h o o s e t h o s e s u i t a bl e t o t h e e xp r e s s i o n o f it s p e c u l ia r na t u r e .

T h e n o f c o u r s e t h e qu e s t i o n is r e ne w e d a s t o t h e a c t u a l e s s e nc e wh i c h
wi th t h is na t u r e o f it s o wn l ie s b e h ind th i s s u r fa c e o f Q u a li t y .

B u t we m u s t be o n o u r g u a d a g a i ns t r e p e a t i ng in t h i s c o nne xi o n a
r

qu e s t i o n wh i ch in a no t h e r fo r m we h a v e a l r e a dy di s c l a i m e d W e ga ve .

u p a ll p r e t e ns io n o f b e i ng a bl e t o fi nd o u t h o w th ing s a r e m a d e a nd

we c o nfe s s e d t h a t th e p e c u lia r a ffir m a t i o n o r p o s i ti o n by w h i c h t h e

’

r e a l is e t e r na lly dis t i ng u is h a bl e fr o m t h e t h i nk a b le m a y i nde e d b e

,

i ndi c a t e d by u s — bu t t h a t we c a nno t fo llo w its c o ns t r u c t i o n a s a

r o c e s s t h a t is t a ki ng pl a c e B u t it is p r e c i s e ly t h i s o bj e c t i o n t h a t
p .

m a y no w be b r o u gh t u p a g a i ns t u s t h a t we a r e ill e g it i m a t e ly a t t e m p t
,

ing t o c o ns tr u e t h a t i de a o f t h e T h i ng w h i c h m u s t c o m p r e h e nd t h e
,

s im pl e s u p r a s e ns ibl e Q u a li ty a l o ng wi t h it s r e a li t y i nt o t h e h i s t o r y o f
-
,

a p r o c e s s b y w h i c h t h e t wo c o ns t it u e nt i de a s w h i c h m a k e u t h e i d ea
p
o f t h e T i g
h n — o r r a t h e r t h e o bj e c t s o f t h e s e i de a s —h a v e c o m e t o

c o i nc ide . Fo r if we m a i nt a i n t h e a bo v e o bj e c t i o n in it s fu l l fo r c e
e o bj e c t i o n fo u nde d o n t h e dis t i nc t i o n b e t w e e n t h e Q u a li ty o f t h e
[ t h
T h ing a nd t h e T h ing i t s e l f] a nd r e fu s e t o k e e p re v e r t ing t o t h e s u p
p o s i t io n t h a t s o m e s t ill m o r e s u b t l e q u a li t y c o ns t i t u t e s t h e T h i ng
i t s e l f w h il e a qu a l ity o f th e ki nd j u s t o bj e c t e d t o m e r e ly s e r ve s a s a
,

r e d ic a t e o f t h e T h i ng t h e r e s u l t will be t h a t we s h a ll h a v e o n t h e o ne
p ,

s i de a Q u a li t y s t ill o nly g e ne r a lly c o nc e iv e d u nli m i t e d a nd u nfo r m e d

, , ,

a s it p r e s e nt s i t s e l f m e r e ly in t h o u g h t a nd t h e r e fo r e s t ill u nr e a l ; o n

t h e o t h e r s i de a p o s i t i o n w h i c h is s t il l wi t h o u t a ny c o nt e nt a r e a li t y
’
,

wh i c h is a s ye t no o ne s re a li t y I t w o u l d be a h o pe l e s s e nt e p r i s e t o
’
. r

t r y t o s h o w h o w t h e s e t wo — s u c h a qu a li t y a nd s u c h a p o s it io n ‘ ’

c o m b ine no t in o u r t h o u g h t t o p r o du c e a n i de a o f t h e T h i ng bu t in
, ,

r e a l it y t o p o d ce t h e T h ing i t s e l f
r u .

T h is h o w e ve r wa s no t w h a t wa s m e a nt by t h e vi e w w h i c h s o u gh t t o ,

i de nt ify th e e s s e nc e o f t h e T h i ng wi th it s s i m pl e s u p r a s e ns ibl e Q a li ty - u .

I t wa s e m p h a t ic a lly no t in t h e fo m o f a s t ill Unde t e r m i ne d g e ne a l it y

r r

- no t a s t h e r e d ne s s o r s w e e t ne s s w h i c h we t h i nk o f bu t o bvi o u s ly ,

o nly in t h a t c o m pl e t e d e t e rm ina t io n in w h i c h r e d o
,
s we e t c a n b e t h e
r

o bj e c t o f a n a c t u a lly p r e s e t s e ns a t i o n
n — it wa s o nly in t h i s fo r m t h a t
t h e Q u a li ty u ni t e d wi th t h e p o s i ti o n s p o k e n o f wa s th o u gh t o f a s
‘ ’
, ,

i de nt i ca l wi th th e e s s e nt i a l B e i ng (t h e o f T h i ng s I t wa s no t
'
1 1 .
 4 6 0f Q u a lity 0f Tning s t
. [ B OO K I .

su pp o s e d th a t th e r e h a d e v e r b e e n a p o c e s s by wh i c h t h e r e a l it i e s r

s ig nifi e d by t h e s e t wo c o ns t it u e nt ide a s h a d c o m e t o b e u nit e d o r by ,

w h ich t h e c o m pl e t e de t e r m ina t e ne s s o f t h e Q a l it y a s fo m ing t h e u r

e s s e nt ia l B e ing o f t h e T h ing h a d b e e n e l b o a t e d a s a s e c o nd a r y ,
a r

m o difi c a t io n o u t o f t h e p r e vi o u s inde t e r m i na t e ne s s o f a g e ne r a l

Qu a l ity I t is t u e t h a t in o u u s a ge o f t e r m s t h e r e u na v o ida bly

. r ,
r

a t t a c h e s t o t h e w o r d Q a l it y a no t i o n o f d e p e nd e nc e o f it s r e q u i ing
‘ ’
u , r

t h e s u pp o t o f a s u bj e c t b e y o nd it ; a nd it is t h is no t i o n w h ic h o c c a
r

s io ns Qu l ity t o b e t e a t e d a s s y no nym o u s wi t h t h e G e rm a n
a
’
r

E ige ns c h a ft B u t in t r t h t h is i m p r e s s i o n o f it s de p e nd e nc e i s s u e s
u

o nly f o m t h e g e ne a l a b s t a c t io n o f Q u a li t y w h ic h we fo r m in
r r r ,

t h o u g h t a nd is im p o p e r ly t a ns fe r r e d t o t h o s e c o m pl e t e ly d e t e r m i ne d
,
r r

q a l it ie s wh ich fo r m t h e c o nt e nt o f r e a l fe e li ng s a nd c o ns t i tu t e t h e
u ,

o cca s i o ns o f t h e s e a b s t r a c t i o ns .

1 9 B u t t ru e a s t h i s d e fe nc e o f t h e vi e w r e fe rr e d t o m a y b e we
.
, ,

s t i l g a i n no t h i ng by it U ndo u b t e dly if a q u a li t y in t h e c o m pl e t e
l .
,

d e t e m i na t e ne s s w h i c h we s u pp o s e d Si m pl e a nd u nbl e nde d wi t h a ny
r ,

t h ing e ls e fo r m e d a n u nc h a ng e a ble o bj e c t o f o u r p e c e p t i o n we s h o u l d
,
r ,

h a v e no r e a s o n t o l o o k fo r a ny t h i ng e l s e b e h i nd it fo a s u bj e c t t o ,
r

wh ich it a tt a ch e d B u t if we j u s t no w t o o k t h is in th e s e ns e t h a t t h i s
.

qu a l ity m igh t in t h a t c a s e p a s s di r e c t ly fo t h e T h i ng it s e l f we m u s t r ,

no w su bj o in t h e c o u nt e r r e m a k t h a t in t h a t c a s e if no t h ing e l s e w e e
-
r ,
r

g ive n we s h o u ld h a v e no o c c a s i o n a t a ll t o fo r m th e c o nc e p t io n o f a
,

T hing a nd t o ide nt ify t h a t q a li t y w ith it Fo r t h e i m p u l s e t o fo rm u .

t h e c o nc e p t i o n a nd t h e s e c o nd o f t h e r e a s o ns w h i c h fo r b id t h e ide nt i
fi c a t io n o f t h e s i m pl e qu a l it y wi th t h e T h ing lie in t h e g iv e n c h a nge , .

qu a l it i e s wh i ch fo r m t h e i m m e dia t e o bj e c t s o f o u r
p e ce p t io n ne ith e r p e r s is t w ith o u t c h a nge no r c h a nge wit h o u t a p r i n
r ,

c iple o f c h a ng e bu t a lw a y s in t h e ir t r a ns it i o n fo ll o w s o m e la w o f
,

c o ns e c u tiv e ne s s h a s le d t o t h e a t t e m p t t o t h i nk o f t h e T h i ng a s t h e
,

p e r s is t e nt s u bj e c t o f th i s ch a ng e a nd o f th e fe l t qu a l it i e s m e e ly a s r

r e d ic a t e s o f w h i c h o ne giv pl t t h t h W h t h e t h is
p e s a c e o e o e r e r .

e m p t is j u s t ifi e d a t a ll— w h e t h e r a n e nt i r e ly diffe e nt i nt e r p r e t a t i o n r

o f t h e fa c t s o f e xp e i e nc e o u gh t no t t o b e s u b s t i t u t e d fo r it — is a
r
‘

qu e s t i o n w h i ch we r e s e r ve a s p r e m a t u re Fo r t h e pr e s e nt o u r b u s i ne s s .

is o nly t o c o ns i de in w h a t m o e d e fi ni t e fo rm t h i s a s s u m p t io n o f
r r

T h i ng s in c a s e it is t o be r e t a i ne d m u s t be p r e s e nt e d t o t h o u gh t if
, , ,

it is t o e nde r th a t s e r vi c e t o o u r c o g nit io n fo t h e s a k e o f wh i c h it is
r r

l m a de ; if i e it is t o m a k e th e fa ct o f ch a ng e t h i nk a ble wi th o u t
?
, . .
,

c o nt r a dic t i o n .

[lit
 ’
C H A PT E R l e T/z ing a nd it s
‘
s ta te s .
47

And in r e g a r d t o t h i s p o i nt I c a n o nly m a i nta i n t h a t s p e cu l tive p h il o a

S o ph y w h il e t ry ing t o fi nd a u nity o f e s s e nc e u nde r c h a ng e wa s wr o ng i 3

l
, ,

in b e li e vi ng t h a t t h is u nit y wa s t o be fo u nd in a Si m p li c i t y w h i c h in f ,

it s na t u r e is i nc a p a bl e o f b e i ng a u ni t y o r o f fo rm i ng t h e p e s i s t e nt r

e s s e nce o f t h e c h a ng e a bl e C h a ng e o f a t h i ng is o nly t o b e fo u nd .

w h e r e a n e s s e nc e , wh i c h p r e vi o u s ly wa s in t h e s t a t e a e m a i ns r

i de nt i c a l wi th i t s e l f wh il e p a s s i ng i nt o t h e s t a t e I n t h i s c o nne xi o n I a
2
.

s t ill le a v e qu i t e o n o ne s i de t h e d i ffic u l t i e s w h ic h lie n t h e c o nc e p t i o n I ,

a pp a e nt ly s o s i m pl e
r o f a st a te Fo r t h e p r e s e nt it m a y s u fli c e t o
,
.

r e m a r k t h a t we a r e o blig e d by t h e no t io n we a t t a c h t o t h e t e r m
‘
sta te

t o s a y no t t h a t t h e e s s e nc e is i de nt i c a lly lik e i t s e lf bu t o nly t h a t it is 1

,

i de nt i c a l wi th i t s e l f in it s va r i o u s s t a t e s Fo r no o ne will de ny t h a t a
,
.
,

if it fi nd s i t s e l f n t h e s t a t e c a nno t b e t a k e n t o be e x a c t ly lik e
I c
l
,
a
2

wi t h o u t a g a in c a nc e ll ing t h e di ffe r e nc e o f t h e s t a t e s w h i c h h a s b e e n
,

a ssu m e d A ll t h a t we g a i n by t h e di s t i nc t io n h o w e v e r is t o b e g i n
.
, , ,

wi th t wo w o r ds Fo r t h e qu e st i o n s t ill r e m a i ns : I n w h a t s e ns e c a n
, .

t h a t a t di ffe r e nt m o m e nt s r e m a i n i de nt i c a l wi t h i t s e lf w h i c h ye t in o ne ,

o f t h e s e m o m e nt s is no t i de nt i c a lly lik e i t s e lf a s it wa s in t h e o t h

I t is s c a r c e ly ne c e s s a y t o r e m a r k h o w e nt i r e ly u np r o fi t a b le t h e r

a ns w e r s a r e w h i c h in t h e o r di na r y c o u r s e o f t h o u g h t a r e c o m m o nly

g iv e n t o t h i s q u e s t i o n ; s u ch a s T h e e s s e nc e a lw a y s r e m a i ns t h e ,

s a m e wi t h i t s e l f o nly t h e p h e no m e no n c h a ng e s ; t h e m a t t e r r e m a i ns
,

t h e s a m e t h e fo r m a l t e r s ; e s s e nt i a l p r o p e r t i e s p e r s i s t b u t m a ny u n ii
, ,
-‘ 1

e s s e nt ia l o ne s c o m e a nd g o ; t h e T h ing i t s e lf a bi de s o nly it s s t a t e s ,

a r e v a i a bl e A ll t h e s e e xp r e s s i o ns p r e s u pp o s e w h a t we w a nt t o
r .

k no w W e h a ve h e r e p a i r s o f r e l a t e d p o i nt s o f wh i c h o ne t e rm c o r
.
,

r e s p o nd s in e a c h c a s e t o t h e T h i ng t h e o t h e r is o ne o f it s s t a t e s a ,

a
1
,
0 H o w c a n t h e fi r s t m e m b e r a o f t h e s e p a i r s b e i de nt ic a l wi t h
2
.

i t s e l f if t h e s e ve r a l s e c o nd m e m b e r s a r e no t i de nt i c a l wi th e a ch
,

o t h e r a nd if no t wi t h s t a ndi ng t h e r e la t i o n b e t w e e n t h e t wo m e m b e r s
, , ,

o f e a c h p a i r is t o b e m a i nt a i ne d in t h e s e ns e t h a t t h e s e c o nd m e m b e r , ,

wh i c h is t h e F o m t h e P h e no m e no n t h e S t a t e is t o b e Fo r m P h e
r , , , ,

no m e no n o r S ta t e o f t h e fi r s t m e m b e r ?
,

So l o ng a s we a e de al i ng with t h e c o m p o u nde d vi s ibl e t h i ng s o f

r

Gl e ich h e it ,
’
u se d h e re , a nd in 59 a nd 2 68, wit h a s t r ic t ins is t a nc e o n a ll

th a t lv d n it m ning f q l ity ; i n t h q l it t iv l ik n
IS inv o e I s ea o e ua v z . o e ua a e e e ss, wit h o u t
wh i h m p i n by m
c co m nt i im p ibl
a r so Th th pl e a su r e e s o ss e . u s 1h e a ce s r e fe rr e d to
t h t m wh i h l l l k l
’
i h d d i h i
‘ '
e er
g s n n n c t qa re n e c a re a a a , a e er e ua or e t r a ns a tes

gl i h d q t ly ; it in l d d in L g i
’ ’
‘
e c a b th e I d nt ity w
u a e c u es o .
‘
e as u se o c, 3 3 5 ff , .

b t w ill n t d h
u b f th
o nt t with t h
o nt in d id nt it y
e re , e ca u s e o e co ras e co ue e ,
‘
I d e nt it at ,
’

im p t d t u et l ing ] o a z .
4 8 Of Me Q u a lity of Taing s .
[ B OO K 1 .

co m m o n p e rc e p t i o n t h e p r e s su e o f th i s di ffi c u l ty is bu t sligh t I n
,
r .

u
s c h c a s e s w e l o o k u p o n a co nn e c t e d pl u a li t y o f P e di c a t e s pg a s r r r ,

t h e e s s e nc e o f a t h ing T h is c o h e re nt s t o c k m a y no t o nly a s s u m e
.

a nd a g a in c a s t o ff v a r ia bl e a ddit io ns s a nd I bu t it m a y in it s e l f by , ,

h
t e i nt e n a l
r t r a n s p o s it io n o f it s c o m p o ne n t s in g p rpg o q e xp e ie nc e r , , , r ,
r

s o m e t h i ng wh ic h we m ig h t c a ll it s o wn a l t e a t io n in o pp o s i t io n t o t h e r

m er e v a i t i
r ao n o f t h o s e e x t e n a l r e l a t i o ns r O r fi na lly it m a y be t h e fo rm .

o f c o m b ina t io n t h a t r e m a ins t h e s a m e w h il e t h e e l e m e nt s t h e m s e lv e s , ,

d r v a y w it h in c e t a in l im it s I n t h e s e c a s e s t h e i m a g ina t io n
p g a n ,
r r .

s t ill fi nds t h e t wo s ide s o f it s o bj e c t b e fo r e it a nd c a n a s c r ibe t o o ne ,

o f t h e m t h e ide nt it y t o t h e o t h e r t h e difle r e nc e
l
,
Wh a t j u s tifi e s it 2
.

in u nde s t a nding t h e fl u c t u a t io ns o f t h a t w h i c h do e s no t
r e m a in r

e x a c t ly l ik e i t s e l f a s a s e i e s o f s t a t e s o f t h e I d e nt ic a l is a q u e s t io n
r ,

wh ich is l e ft t o t a k e c a r e o f it s e l f Th e diffic u l ty i nv o lv e d in it c o m e s .

pl a inly int o vi e w if we p a s s fro m t h e a pp a re nt t h ing s o f p e r c e p tio n

t o t h o s e w h ic h we m igh t in t r u th r e g a r d a s i nde p e nde nt e l e m e nt s in
o f t h e U niv e s e a nd we t h ink o f e a c h o f t h e s e a s de t e
’

t h e o de r r r ,
r

m i ne d by a s im p le qu a lit y T h e S im ple if it a l t e r s a t a ll a l t e s
,
a .
, , r

a l t o g e th e r a nd in t h e t a ns it io n fr o m a t o 6 t h e r e r e m a ins no th ing
, r ,

o ve r t o w h ic h t h e e s s e nce w o u l d w it h d a w a s t o t h e k e r ne l t h a t r ,

r e m a ins t h e s a m e in t h e p r o c e s s o f c h a ng e O nly a s u c c e s s io n 6 .
,
a c,

o f diffe e nt e s s e nc e s — o ne
r p a s s i ng a w a y th e o th e r c o m i ng int o ,

b e i ng — w o u l d be l e ft a nd w ith t h i s dis a pp e a r a nc e o f a ll c o nt i
,

nu it y b e t w e e n t h e diffe r e nt a pp e a r a nc e s t h e r e w o u l d dis a pp e a r t h e

o nly e a s o n w h i c h le d u s t o
r e ga r d the m a s r e s t i ng o n s u bj e c t
r

T h ing s .

2 0 T h is i nfe r e nc e c a nno t be i nv a li da t e d by a n o bj e c t io n w h i c h
.

r e a dily s u gg e s t s i t s e l f a nd w h i c h I h a v e h e r e o th e r r e a s o ns fo r
no t ic i ng I t is t o th e i ns t a nc e o f s e ns a t io ns th a t we m u s t c o ns t a nt ly
.

r e v e t if we w o u l d e xpl a in t o o u s e lv e s w h a t s u p r a s e ns ibl e Q u a l it ie s
r , r -

r e a lly m e a n t o u s w h e n we c o m b ine t h e m wi th s e ns a t io ns u nd e r t h e

c o m m o n ide a o f Q u a l it y L e t u s t h e n t a k e a s im pl e R e d c o l o u
. r, a ,

in w h ic h we fi nd no m ix tu e w it h o t h e c o l o u r s s t ill l e s s a c o m bi na t i o n
r r ,

o f o th e r c o l o u r s as e p r e s e nt ing t h e m a nne r in w h i c h t h e s i m pl e
, r

qu a l ity o f a n e s s e nc e w o u l d a pp e a t o u s if it w e r e p e r c e iv a bl e by
,
a , r ,

t h e s e ns e s I t w ill t h e n be a rgu e d a s fo ll o w I f t h is R e d p a s s s int o

. e

a n e q u a lly s i m pl e Ye ll o w t h e e s t ill u ndo u b t e dly r e m a ins a c o m m o n

r
,

e l e m e nt w h ic h we fe e l in b o t h c o l o u s t h o u gh it is i ns e p a r a bl e f o m
, r r
,

a a nd 6 t h , u niv e r s a l C o f c o l o u r
e N e it h e r t h e r e dne s s in t h e r e d
.
,

no r t h a t w h ic h m a k e s t h e y e ll o w w h a t it is h a s a n e x is t e nc e e i t h e r in
y ,

1 3
 m co m m o n e le m e t
n in s e ns a t io ns .
49

fa c t or in t h o u g h t a p a rt fr o m t h e l u m i no u s a pp e a r a nce in wh i ch t h e
na t u r e o f c o l o u r c o ns is t s no r h a s th is a pp e a r a nc e a ny e xi s t e nc e o f it s
,

o wn o th e r t h a n in t h e e d ne ss o r y e ll o w ne s s
r O n t h e c o ntr a r y it s w h o l e
.

na t u r e s h o w s i t s e l f no w in o ne c o lo u r no w in t h e o t h e r , I n th e s a m e
.

wa y t h e e s s e nc e o f t h e t h i ng will no w b e th e p e r fe c t ly s i m pl e a no w ,

t h e e q u a lly s i m pl e 6 wi th o u t t h i s i m plyi ng a dis a pp e a r a nc e o f t h e c o m

,

m o n C th e p r e s e nc e o f wh ic h e nt i t l e s u s t o r e g a r d
,
a nd 6 m e r e ly a s
a

it s vgr ying s t a t e s o r p e di c a te s I t w o u l d b e i dl e t o m e e t t h i s a r g u m e nt
r .

by s a yi ng t h a t t h e c o m m o n e l e m e nt C o f c o l o u r is o nly a p r o d u c t o f
o u r i nt e ll e c tu a l p r o c e s s o f c o m p a r i s o n ; na y no t e v e n s u c h a p r o du c t , ,

bu t m e r e ly t h e na m e fo r t h e de m a nd s im ply u nr e a li s a b l e w h i c h we
, ,

m a k e u p o n o u r i nt e ll e c t t o p o s s e s s i t s e l f o f t h is c o m m o n e l e m e nt

p r e s u m e d t o b e p r e s e n t in r e d a nd y e ll o w in d e ta c h m,e nt f r o m b o t h
c o l o u rs . Fo r t he fa c t it m ig h t h e r e pl ie d w o u l d s t ill r e m a i n t h a t we
, ,

s h o u l d no t m a k e t h i s i m p r a c t i c a bl e de m a nd if it w e r e no t fe l t in t h e ,

p e r c e p t i o n o f r e d a nd ye llo w T h e re is s o m e t h i ng t h e r e w h i ch w
,
‘
,
e

lo o k fo r t h o u gh we d o no t fi nd it a s a ny th i ng p e r c e iv a b le o r s e p a r a t e ,

t h i s c o m m o n C fo r w h i c h we h a v e m a de t h e na m e c o l o u r
’
.
,

No w s i nc e we r e a dily fo r e go t h e pr e t e ns i o n o f a pp r e h e ndi ng t h e
e s s e nc e o f t h i ng s in t h e wa y o f a c t u a l i nt u i t i o n a nd c o nfi ne o u r s e lv e s ,

t o e nqu i r i ng fo r t h e fo r m o f t h o u g h t u nde r wh i c h we h a v e t o c o nc e iv e

its u nk no wn na tu r e we m igh t c e rt a i nly c o nt i nu e t o l o o k u p o n t h e

,

c o m p a r i so n j u s t s t a t e d a s co nve yi ng t h e t r u e i m a ge o f t h e m a tt e r in

h a nd i e t h e i m a ge o f t h a t r e l a t i o n in w h i c h t h e s i m pl e e ss e nc e
, . .
,

s t a nds t o it s c h a ng e a bl e s ta t e s W e m igh t a t t h e s a m e t i m e r e g a r d
.

t h i s a na l o g y o f o u r s e ns a t i o ns a s a p r o o f o f t h e fa c t t h a t t h e de m a nd

w h ich we m a k e u p o n t h e na tu r e o f th i ng s fo r a n i de nt i ty wi th i n t h e
d i ffe r e nce do e s no t a s s u c h t r a ns g r e s s t h e li m i t s o f t h e a c t u a lly
, ,

p o s s ibl e . I n m o r e d e t a i l t h e c a s e m ig h t b e p u t t h u s : W h a t m a y b e

t h e l o o k o f t h a t p e r s is t e nt C w h i c h m a int a ins i t s e lf in t h e c h a ng e o f
,

t h e s i m p le qu a li t i e s o f t h e T h i ng o f t h i s it is tr u e we h a v e no k no w
,

le dg e a nd we a s li t tle e xp e c t t o k no w it a s we i ns i s t o n s e e i ng t h e
,

ge ne r a l c o l o u r C w h i c h m a inta i ns i t s e l f in t h e tr a ns i ti o n fro m R e d
,

t o Ye ll o w . T h e m e r e fa c t h o w e v e r t h a t in o r de r t o r e nde r t h i s
, ,
'

t r a ns i t i o n p o s s ibl e t h e c o nt inu o u s e x is t e nc e o f t h i s u niv e s a l is no t r

m e r e ly de m a nde d w ith o u t e vide nc e b y o u r t h o u gh t bu t is i m m e di a t e ly ,

t e s t ifi e d t o by s e ns a t i o n a s pl a inly p r e s e nt t h o u gh no t s e p a r a b le fr o m

p a r t ic u l a r s e ns ib le o bj e c t s — t h is p r o ve s t o u s t h a t th e c o nt inu a nc e o f a
c o m m o n e l e m e nt in a s e r i e s o f d iffe r e nt a nd a b s o l u t e ly s i m pl e m e m b e r s

is a t a ny r a t e s o m e t h i ng p o s sible a nd no t a c o m b i na t i o n o f w o r ds t o
,

w h ic h no r e a l i ns t a nc e c o u ld c o rr e s p o nd .

V OL . 1. E
 Of t n Q Tning s
’

e u a lity f
o . [ Bo o x I ;

21 . b o ve w ill I h Op e h a v e m a de pl a in t h e m e a ni ng o f t h is
Th e a , ,

r e j o inde I s h o u l d wi s h u l t im a t e ly t o S h o w t h a t i t i s i na ppl ic a bl e
r . ,

b u t b e fo r e I a t t e m p t t h is I m a y b e a ll o w e d t o a v a il m y s e l f o f it fo r
,

t h e p u r p o s e o f m o e e x a c t ly de fi ning c e t a in p o int s s o a s t o s a v e t h e
r r

ne c e s s it y o f e nl a g e d e xpl a na t io ns fu r t h e r o n
r W h e n in o u r c o m .

p is o n we c h o s e t o p a s s fr o m t h e s im pl e qu a li ty r e d t o a no th e r
ar

e q u a lly Sim pl e t o p o int t o y e ll ow a s th is s e c o nd qu a l ity s e e m e d a

,

s e l e c t io n w h ic h m ig h t b e m a de w it h o u t h e s it a t io n B u t s o u r o s we e t . r

m ig h t e q u lly h a v e p e s e nt e d t h e m s e lv e s
a r I t wa s o nly t h e fo m e r . r

t ns it io n h o w e v e
ra , ( f om e d t o y e ll o w w h ic h l e ft s o m e t h ing a c t u a lly
r,
)r r

in c o m m o n b e t w e e n t h e diffe e nt m e m b e r s w h il e t h e s e c o nd o n t h e
r

c o nt a y (f o m r e d t o s w e e t) w o u l d h a v e l e ft no Oth e
r r r c o m m u ni ty t h a n r

t h a t w h ic h b e l o ng s t o o u r s u bj e c t iv e fe e l ing a s di r e c t e d t o t h o s e

m e m be r s O u r s e l e c t i o n t h e r e fo r e wa s na t a l fo r we k ne w w h a t
. ur ,

t h e p o int wa s a t wh ic h we wi s h e d t o a r r iv e a nd a ll o w e d o u r s e lv e s t o

b e di e c t e d by t h is r e fe e nc e
r T h e fa c t h o w e v e r t h a t t h e o th e o r de r
r . r

o f p o c e du e is o ne w h i c h we c a n e qu a lly p e s e nt t o o u r s e lv e s r e m i nds
r r r

u s t h a t t h e t r a ns it io n fr o m o ne s im pl e q u a l it y t o a no t h e r is no t in

e v e y c a s e p o s s ib le w it h o u t l o s s o f t h e c o m m o n e l e m e nt C
r T h is .

h o w v e r is no
e a lid o bj e c t i o n.
v I t w ill b e a t o nc e r e pl ie d t h a t in
.

s p e a k ing o f c h a ng e it h a s a lw a y s b e e n u nde s t o o d t h a t it s c o u r s e wa s r

t h u s l im it e d t o c e r t a i n de fi nit e d i e c t i o ns No o ne wh o t a k e s t h e r .

e s s e nc e o f a t h ing t o a dm it o f c h a ng e ca n t h ink o f it a s c h a ng e a bl e

wit h o u t m e a s u e a nd w it h o u t p i nc ipl e
r T o d o s o w o u l d b e a g a in t o
r .

a b o l is h t h e v e y r e a s o n t h a t c o m p e ll e d u s t o a s s ig n t h e s u c c e s s io n o f
r

va yi ng p h e no m e na t o a r e a l s u bj e c t in t h e T h ing ; fo r t h a t e a s o n
.
r r

la y m e r e ly in t h e c o ns e cu t iv e ne s s wi t h w h ic h de fi nite t r a ns it io ns t a k e

p l a c e w h il e o t h e r s r e m a i n e x c l u d e d Th e o n ly s e ns e th e e fo e t h a t . r r

h a s e v e r a tt a c h e d t o t h e c o nc e p t i o n o f c h a ng e t h e o nly s e ns e in ,

wh i c h it will b e t h e o bj e c t o f o u r fu r th e r c o ns ide r a t i o n is t h a t in ,

wh ic h it i ndic a t e s t r a ns fo r m a t i o ns o r m o v e m e nt s o f a t h i ng wi th in a
li m it e d s p h e e o f qu a li t ie s r B e y o nd t h i s w ill b e a no t h e r e qu a lly
.

lim it e d s p h e r e o f q u a l it ie s fo r m ing t h e r a nge wi t h i n w h ic h a no t h e r

,

e s s e nc e u nde r g o e s c h a ng e b u t it is u nde r s t o o d t h a t i c h a ng e t h e
,
p
t h ing ne v e r p a s s e s o v e r f o m o ne s p h e r e int o t h e o t h e r r A s r e g a ds . r

t h e m o r e p r e c is e de fi nit io n o f t h e s e s p h e r e s o u r c o m p a i s o n wi t h , r

c o l o u r s c a n o nly s e r v e a s a fig u e o r ill u s t r a t io n A s c o l o u r s h ift s t o

r .

a nd f o f o m o ne o f it s h u e s t o a no t h e r wi t h o u t e v e r a pp r o x im a t ing
r r ,

t o s o u nds o r p a s s i ng i nt o t h e m it s e r v e s w e ll a s a s e ns ibl e i m a g e o f ,

t h a t l im it a t io n o f r a nge w h ic h we h a v e in v ie w B u t t h is d o e s no t .

se tt l e t h e qu e s t io n w h e t h e r t h e va r i o u s fo r m s 2 i nt o w h i ch a
1
a
2
1
3
.
 H APT E R Tnz ng s m u s t 6e na ng e a6le
'

5 I
'

C e

t h e e s s e nc e a m igh t ch a n e g no w a nd a ga i n ,
a re ki nds Of a co m m o n

C o n ly in t h e sam e s e ns e in wh ich th e c o lo u r s a re so , o r wh e th e r
th e y a re lly c o nne c t e d wi t h e a ch o t h e in s o m e di ffe r e nt fo m
re a r r ,

w h ich l o gi c a l s u b o dina t i o n u nde r t h e s a m e g e ne r i c i de a do e s no t

r

a d e q u a t e ly s y m b o l is e .

2 2 I t is t im e
. h o w e v e r t o S h o w t h e u ns a t i s fa c t o i ne s s o f th is
, ,
r

a t t e m p t t o j u s t i fy a b e li e f in t h e c a p a c i t y fo c h a ng e o n t h e p a t o f r r

a T h ing o f w h i c h t h e e s s e nc e wa s c o nfi ne d t o a p e r fe c t ly s im pl e
‘
,

Q u a l ity If o u r i m a gi na t i o n r a ng e s t h r o u gh th e m u l tipl ic i ty o f s e n
.

s ibl e q u a li t i e s it fi nd s c e t a i n g o u p s o f t h e s e wi t h i n w h i c h it s u c c e e ds
,
r r

in a r r e s t i ng a c o m m o n e l m e nt C w h il e b e y o nd th e m it fa il s t o do s o
e , .

T h is wa s t h e p o i nt o f de p a r t u e o f o u r p r e v io u s a gu m e nt P a s s i ng r r .

fr o m t h i s c o ns i de r a t io n o f a n i nt e ll e c t u a l p r o c e s s t o c o ns i de r a t i o n o f
t h e T h i ng we s a id ; if t h e e s s e nce o f a th i ng c h a ng e s t h e l im it a t io n
, ,

wi th i n i t s e l f o f s u c h a Sph e r e o f s t a t e s a ffo r ds it t h e p o s s ibili t y o f

c o m pl e t ing it s c h a ng e wi t h i n t h e s p h e r e wi t h o u t l o s s o f it s a bi ding

na t u r e C O nly if it p a s s e d b e y o nd t h e s e li m i t s w o u l d a ll c o nt i nu i t y
.

di s a pp e a r a nd a ne w e s s e nc e t a k e it s p la c e V e r y w e l l ; bu t w h a t
’
.

e s p o nde nce is t h e r e b e t w e e n t h e se t wo if s w h ic h we a ll o w e d t o ‘ ’
co rr

fo ll o w e a c h o th e r a s if co m pl e t e ly h o m o g e ne o u s ? T h e fo r m e r r e fe r s
t o a m o v e m e nt o f o u r int e ll e c t M e a nwh il e t h e o bj e c t p r e s e nt e d t o t h e
.

i nt e ll e c t s t a nds b e fo e it c o m pl e t e ly u nm o v e d Th e g e ne ra l c o l o u r
r .
,

o f w h ic h we t h ink is no t s o m e t im e s R e d s o m e t i m e s Ye ll o w b u t is
, , ,

a lw a y s s i m u lt a ne o u s ly p e s e nt in e a c h o f t h e s e c o l o u r s a nd in e a c h o f
r

t h e o t h e r h u e s w h ic h we c la s s t o g e t h e r a s e q u a lly e x t e r na l p r i m a y
,
r

s p e c ie s o f co lo u r I n t h e T h i ng h o w e ve r t h e s u pp o s e d C c a nno t
.
, ,

b e m a de s o s im ply t o s t a nd t o w a r ds t h e m a nifo l d in th e r e l a a
1
a
2
a
3

t i o n o f a u niv e s a l ki nd t o it s Sp e c i e s
r Ev e n w e r e it t h e c a s e t h a t in .

r e s p e c t o f t h e i na tu e a dm it o f b e i ng r e g a r de d a s s p e c i e s o f C
1 a 3
r r a d a ,

s t ill i f,
t h e t h i ng c h a ng e s t h e y a r e no t c o nt a ine d in it a s in a u ni
, ,

v e r s a l C wi th t h e e t e r na l Si m u l t a ne i ty o f s p e c i e s t h a t e xi s t o ne a l o ng
,

wi th t h e o th e r T h e y s u c c e e d e a ch o th e r a nd t h e e s s e nc e a if it is
.
, ,

c
l
fo r t h a t r e a s o n e x c l u de s f o m it s e lf
, a nd T h u s it is j u s t t h is
r a
2
a
3
.

t h a t r e m a ins t o b e a s k e d h o w t h a t s e co nd if c a n b e u nd e s t o o d
, ho w r

we a r e t o c o nc e v e t h e s t a t e o f t h e c a s e by w h i c h it c o m e s a b o u t t h a t
i

t h e t h i ng m o v e s —m o v e s if yo u lik e wi t h in a c i c u m s c ib e d s p h e r e o f 3
, , r r

qu a li t ie s a
1
b u t s t ill wi t h in it d o e s m o v e a nd s o p a s s s fr o m
a
2
a
s
.
,
e

o ne t o t h e o t h e r o f t h e qu a li t i e s a s t h a t b e i ng in t h e o ne it e x c l u de s
.

, ,

th e o th e r s h o w it is t h a t it s o m o v e s w h i le ye t t h e se q u a li t i e s a r e t h e
S p e c i e s o f a u niv e r s a l C e t e r na lly s i m u l t a ne o u s a nd o nly d iffe r i ng a s
,

p a r t s o f a sy s te m A nd be it o b s e r ve d we a r e a t pr e s e nt no t e nqu i ri ng
.
, ,

E 2
 5 2 Of 6126 Q 2/62 2 2?)l T/cing s .
[ BO K 1
O .

t fo r a c a u se wh i c h p r o du c e s i
t h s m o t o n, i bu t o nl y ho w the e ss e nc e a is
to be t h o u h t g o f in c a se th e m o t io n t a ke s pl a c e T h is qu e s t io n we
,
. .

c a nno t a ns w e w it h o u t c o m ing t o t h e c o nc l s io n th a t t h e c h a nge is

r u

no t r e c o n c il a bl e w i t h t h e a s s u m p t io n o f a S im pl e q u a l it y c o ns t it t ing ,
u

A t t h e m o m e nt w h e n a h a s t h e fo m
1
t h is e s s e nc e .
a nd in c o u s e r a

e x c l u de s t h e fo r m s it c a nno t w ith o u t e s e v a t io n b e
2 s
u e n ce a nd a a r r
q ,

i de ntifi e d w ith a C w h ich i nc l u de s e qu a lly in i t s e l f I t wo u l d

1 2 s
a 0 a .
,

h a ve t o be C in o de r t o b e
l 2
1
C in o r de t o b e
r a
,
2
a nd t h e s a m e r 0
,

c o u r se o f c h a ng e s w h ic h we w is h e d t o c o m bi ne w it h a p e r s is t e nt

s im pl e q u l it y w o u l d fi nd it s wa y b a c kw a ds int o t h i s q u a l it y it s e l f
a r .

2 3 I c o l d no t a v o id t h e a pp e a r a nc e o f i dl e s u b t l e t y if I p u r s u e d
. u

t h is c o u s e o f t h o u g h t wi t h o u t h a vi ng s h o w n t h a t it is fo r c e d u po n u s
r .

W h y it w ill be a s k e d do we t o u bl e o u r s e lv e s o u t o f o b s t ina t e
, , r ,

p a t ia l ity fo r t h e c o m m o n vie w t o give a s h a p e t o t h e ide a o f t h e

r ,

T h ing in wh i c h it m a y inc l u de t h e c a p a c i ty o f c h a ng e ? W h y do we
no t fo ll o w t h e e nligh t e ne d vi e w o f m e n o f s c i e nc e w h i c h fi nds no

d iflic u lty in e xpl a i ni ng t h e m u l t ipli c it y o f p h e no m e na by t h e h e lp o f

c h a ng e a bl e r e l a t io ns b e t w e e n u nc h a ng e a bl e e l e m e nt s T h e r e is t h e
m o r e r e a s o n fo r t h e q u e s t io n s i nc e t h i s s u pp o s it i o n no t o nly fo r m s

t h e b a s i s o f t h e a c t u a l p o c e d u r e o f na t u a l s c ie nc e bu t is p e c is e ly
r r r

t h a t fo r w h i c h H e b a r t h a s e nfo r c e d r e s p e c t o n t h e p a r t o f e v e r y
r

e t a p h ys ic a l e nqu ir e r.

L e t u s p u s u e it t h e n in t h e de fi ni t e fo r m w h ic h t h i s p h il o s o p h e r
r

h a s giv e n t o it A c c o r di ng t o h im no t o nly a s a m a tt e r o f fa ct d o
.
,

e l e m e nt s w h ic h u nd e r g o no c h a ng e in t h e c o u s e o f na t u e u nde li e
,
r r ,
r

p h e no m e na bu t a c c o ding t o t h e ir i de a t h e r e a l e s s e nce s t h e t u e
,
r ,
r

t h ing s w h ic h we h a v e t o s u b s t it u t e fo t h e a pp e nt t h ing s o f p e r c e p r ar

t io n a r e u nc h a ng e a bly ide nt ica l w it h t h e m s e lv e s e a c h

, e s t ing o n , r

i t s e l f s t a nding in ne e d o f no e l a t io n t o e a c h o th e r in o r de r t o t h e ir
, r

B e i ng bu t fo r t h a t r e a s o n t h e m o e c a p a bl e o f e nt e i ng int o e ve r y
, r r

k ind o f r e l a ti o n t o e a c h o t h e r Of t h e ir Si m pl e q u a l it ie s we h a ve no
.

k no wl e dg e bu t u ndo u b te dly we a e e nt it l e d t o t h ink o f t h e m a s

, r

diffe e nt f o m e a c h o t h e r a nd e v e n a s o pp o s e d in v a r i o u s de gr e e s
r r

wi th o t b e i ng o blig e d in c o ns e qu e nc e t o t r a ns f r a ny s u c h p r e dic a t e s
u e ,

s u pp o s i ng t h e m t o b e fo u nd by o u r c o m p a r is o n t o t h e q u a l it i s ,
e

t h e m s e lv e s a s be l o ng ing t o t h e ir e s s e nc e ; a s if t h a t is s o m e o f t h e , ,

qu a li t ie s w e r e a ct ive ly ne g a te d by o t h e r s a nd s o m e w e e p e s pp o s e d ,
r r u

by a nd b e c a u s e o f o t h e r s T h is a dm is s io n m a de le t u s s u pp o s e th a t
.
,

t wo e s s e nc e s A a nd B , c o m e int o t h a t r e l a t io n M t o e a c h o t h e r
,

w h ich H e ba t de s cr ib s a s t h e i r b e i ng t g th e I p o s t p o ne m y
r r e o e r .

ge m a k s a b o u t t h e p o p e r s e ns e o f t h is t o g e t h e r
’
r r A ll t h a t we no w ‘
.
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’

m a int e na nce o
’
6a r i s lf f
’
cm m x n) . H er
‘
se -
.

k no w o f it is t h a t it is t h e i
wh i c h w h a t H e b a r t c o n
c o nd t io n u nde r r

s i de r s t o b e t h e i ndiffe e nc e o f e s s e nc e s t o w a r ds e a c h o t h e r c e a s e s
r .

Su pp o s m g t h e m t h e n t o b e t g t l e r it m ig h t h a pp e n t h a t A a nd B
‘ ’
o e z ,

wi th o u t de t r i m e nt t o t h e i r s i m pl ic ity m igh t ye t b e r e p r e s e nt a bl e by t h e
c o m p o u nd e q u iv a le nt e xp e s s io ns +y a n dr —
B y I n t h a t c a se th e a .

c o nt inu a nc e o f t h i s s t a t e o f b e i ng t o g e t h e r w o u l d r e q u ir e t h e s i m u l
‘

fa c ns s u b s s e nc e o
u o i t f +y a n d — y ; i e t h e c o nt in u a n c o f t w o . . e

o pp o s i t e s w h ic h if we pu t t h e m t o g e t h e r in t h o u g h t s e e m ne c e s s a ilv
, , r

t o c a nc e l e a c h o t h e r B u t t h e y c a nno t e a lly d o s o
. N e it h e a e t h e r . r r

S im pl e e s s e nc e s A a nd B a c c o r ding t o th e i na tu re a c c e s s ibl e t o a r

c h a ng e , no r a r e t h e o pp o s it e e l m e nt s w h i c h o u r T h o u g h t in it s e ,

c o m p a r i ng p r o c e s s m ig h t d i s t ing u i s h in t h e m a c t u a lly s e p a r a b le f o m
, , r

t h e r e s t in c o m b ina t io n w it h w h ic h t h e y b e l o ng t o t wo a b s o l u t e ly
,

s im pl e a nd indiv is ibl e Q u a li t i e s .

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, ,
r

a s it is ! T his is t h e e x c l a m a t i o n w h ic h H e r b a r t e xp e c t s t o h e a r
’
,

b u t h e a dd s t h a t we o nly u s e s u c h l a ngu a g e b e c a u s e we a r e in fu ll
s a il fo r t h e a by s s w h i c h s h o u l d h a v e be e n a v o i de d I m u s t h o we v e r .

r e p e a t it Wh a t h a s t a k e n pl a c e h a s b e e n t h i s W e t h e t h i nk e s
. .
, r ,

h a v e i m a g ine d t h a t f o m t h e c o nt a c t o f Opp o s i t e s t h e e a r o s e s o m e
r r

d a ng e r fo t h e c o nt inu a nc e o f th e r e a l e s s e nc e s W e h a ve t h e n t e
‘

r .

m i nd e d o u r s e lv e s t h a t t h e ir na t u r e is ina c c e s s ibl e t o t h is d a ng e r .

T h u s it h a s b e e n we wh o h a v e m a i nta ine d th e o n p t io n o f th e e l c ce r a

e s s e nc e in it s i nt e g i t y a g a i ns t t h e r fa l s ifi c a t io n w h i c h w o u l d h a v e
inv a de d it in e v e r y a t t e m p t t o a c c o u nt it s o bj e c t c a p a bl e o f b e ing
a ffe c t e d by a ny dis t u r b a nc e fr o m wi t h o u t T h is h a s t a k e n pl a c e in .

o u r t h o u g h t b u t in t h e e s s e nc e it s e l f no t h ing h a s in fa c t h a pp e ne d
,
.

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-
,
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o n t h e p a r t o f t h e T h ing s c a n a t t h is s t a g e o f h is t h e o y a s ye t m e a n
,
r

no t h ing b t t h e c o m pl e t e ly u ndi s t u b e d c o nt inu a nc e o f t h a t w h ic h in

u r

it s na t u r e is i na c c e s s ibl e t o e v e ry d is t u b a nce t h a t m igh t t h e a t e n it r r .

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r , ,

it indic a t s a s l it t l e a s a e a l e v e nt w h ic h m ig h t o c c u r t o t h e m
e r A nd .

j u s t fo t h is r e a s o n t h e m u l t ipl ic it y o f kinds a nd m o de s in w h ic h
r ,

H e r b a r t w o u l d h a v e it t h a t t h is s e l f m a i nt e na nc e t a k e s e ff c t c a nno t -
e .

r e a lly e x is t fo r it T h e u ndis t b e d c o nt inu a nc e is a lw a y s t h e s a m e

. ur ,

a nd e x c e p t t h e v a i a t i o n o f t h e e x t e na l
r e l a t io ns t h ro u gh w h ic h t h e r r ,

s o c a ll e d
-
b e i ng t o g e th e r o f t h e e s s e nc e s is b ro u gh t a b o u t a nd a ga in
a nnu ll e d no t h ing ne w w h a t e v e r in c o ns e q u e nc e o f t h i s b e i ng
‘
, to

g e th e r h a pp e ns in th e u niv e r s e .

24 . Q u i te diffe r e nt fr o m t h is s e ns e o f s e l f m a i nt e na nc e wh ic h -
,
54 0f t /i e Q u a lity of Tning s .

H e rb a r t h im s e l f xp r e s s ly a ll o w s in th e M e t a p h y s i c is t h a t o th e r
e ,

s e ns e in w h i c h h e a ppl ie s t h e s a m e c o nc e p t io n in t h e P s y c h o l o gy .

O nly t h e inv e s tig a t o o f N a t u e c o u l d h a v e s a t is fi e d h im s e l f w it h t h e

r r

c o nc l s i o n j u s t
u e fe r e d t o r Fo r h im t h e o nly c o nc e r n is t o a s c e rt a in
r .

t h e e x t e r na l p o c e s s e s o n w h ic h fo
r u s t h e c h a ng e in t h e q u a l it a
,
r

t i e ly difle e nt p r o p e t ie s o f t h ing s a s a m a t t e o f fa c t d e p e nds It

'

v r r r .

is no p a r t o f h is t a s k t o e nqu ir e in w h a t wa y t h e s e p o c e s s e s s u p r ,

p o s ing t h e m t o t a k e pl a c e b ing it a b o u t t h a t t h e e is s u c h a t h i ng a s
,
r r

a n a pp e a a nc e t o u s r I f it is t h e b e l ie f o f t h e s t u d e nt s o f N a t u a l
. r

S c ie nc e t h a t t h e t h e o y w h ic h r e g a ds a ll t h o s e p o c e s s e s a s m e r e
r ,
r r

c h ng e s in t h e
a e l a t io ns o f e l e m e nt s t h e m s e lv e s u nc h a ng e a bl e
r is ,

a de qu a t e fo it s p u p o s e — t h o u gh in t h e s e q u e l I s h a ll h v e t o de ny
r r a

t h a t a c c o r d i ng t o t h is wa y o f p e s e nt ing t h e c a s e a ny b u t a n inc o m r

le t e v ie w e v e n o f t h e c o u r s e o f e x t e r na l na t u e is p o s s ibl e — ye t fo r r
p
t h e p e s e nt I a m r e dy t o a ll o w t h a t t h e r e m a y b e
r a pp a e nt s u c c e s s a r

u p o n t h is m e t h o d in t h e a t t e m p t t o e l im in t e a ll c h a ng e s o n t h e p a t a r

o f t h e r e a l it s e l f fr o m t h e c o u s e o f t h e o u t e r w o r l d r .

B u t t his o nly r e nde s t h e a dm is s io n o f c h a ng e a ye t m o r e in

r

e vi t a bl e ne c e s s it y if we b e a r in m i nd t h a t t h e nti
, o r de r o f t h e e re

u niv e s e w h ic h fo m s t h e o bj e c t o f M e t a p h y s ic a l e nq u i y i nc l u d e s t h e
r r r

o ig in o f t h e p h e no m e no n in u s no l e s s t h a n t h e e x t e na l p r o ce s s e s
'

r r

w h ic h a r e it s d f to c o ndit i o ns T h u s if t h e p h y s i ca l i nv e s tig a to r
e ac .
,
'

e xpl a i ns t h e qu a lit a t ive ch a nge o f t h i ng s a s m e r e a pp e a a nce t h e r ,

m e t p h y s ic ia n h a s t o c o ns ide h o w a n a pp e a r a nce is p o s s ibl e

a r Her .

b a t is qu it e igh t— a nd I do no t fo r t h e p e s e nt t o u ble m y s e l f w ith

r r r r

t h e r e p r o a c h e s w h i c h m igh t b e b o u g h t a g a i ns t t h is p o int o f h is r

d o c t i ner in as s u ming t h e s i m pl e r e a l e s s e nce o f t h e s o u l a s t h e in

- d

dis p e ns a bl e s u bj e c t fo r w h i c h a l o ne a n a pp e a a nc e c a n a r i s e
, r .

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r r r

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-
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. r r -
, ,

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a , .B e tw e e n t h e s e
. .

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r u

r e a c t io ns f o m w h ic h is s u pp o s e d t o r e s u l t in a m a nne
, r wh ic h we r
,

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.

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-
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s is t i ng a t o ne t im e in a s e ns a t io n a t a no t h e in t h e h e a ing o f a r r
,

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u r no w in t h a t o f w m t h r, ar

a e m nif s t ly no l o ng e r s im pl
r a e c o nt inu a t io ns o f t h e im p e t u b a bl e e r r

e s s e nc e f th e s o l
o T a k ing a dir e c t io n in k ind nd fo m c c o d ing
“
u . . a r a r

t o t h e k ind a nd fo m o f t h e t h e a t e ning dis t u b a nc e t h y a e fu nc

r r r e r
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’

H A PT E R s ou l s a 6le
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t io ns , ivi ti e s o r r e a c t i o ns o f th e s o u l w h ic h a r e no t p o s s ibl e t o a n
a ct , ,
‘

u nc ha ng e a bl e b u t o nly t o a c h a ng e a bl e B e ing F o r it is no t in a .

m e e ly t h r e a t e ne d dis t u b a nc e b u t o nly in o ne w h ic h h a s a c t u a ll y
r r

t a k e n e ffe c t t h a t t h e g o u nd c a n lie o f t h e de fi ni t e r e a c t i o n w h ic h
r ,

e ns u e s a t e v e r y m o m e nt t o t h e e x c l u s i o n o f m a ny o t h e r s t h a t a s fa r ,

a s t h e na t u r e o f t h e so u l g o e s a re e q u a lly p o s s ibl e fo
, it I n o r de r . r

t o b e a bl e t o m e e t t h e t h r e a t e ne d d is tu r b a nc e a by a n a c t o f s e l f
m a i nt e na nc e t h e o t h e r dis t u r b a nc e 6 by a no t h e r a c t B t h e s o u l
a
, , ,

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a nd no t 6 o r 6 a nd no t a
, t h a t de m a nd s t h e e x e r c i s e o f it s a c t iv it y
, .

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,
r

f o m th e o t h e r
r T h is c h a ng e o n it s o wn p a r t— I s a y c h a ng e fo r it
.
,

w o u l d b e u s e l e s s t o s e e k t o de ny t h a t v a i o u s ki nds o f s u ff e i ng a e r r r

i nco nc e iva bl e w ith o u t v a r io u s kinds o f c h a nge o n t h e p a t o f t h e r

s u bj e c t s u ffe r i ng — c a nno t b e r e pl a c e d by t h e m e e c h a ng e in t h e r

r e l a t io ns b e t w e e n t h e s o u l u nc h a ng e d in it s e l f a nd o t h e r e l e m e nt s , .

A ny s u c h r e l a t i o n w o u l d o nly b e a fa c t fo r a s e c o nd o b s e r v e r w h ic h ,

m ig h t a w a k e n in h im t h e a pp e a r a nc e o f a c h a ng e t a ki ng pl a c e in t h e

o b s e r v e d s o u l w h i c h in r e a l ity d o e s no t t a k e pl a c e : b u t e v n fo r t h i s
,
e

o b s e v e r t h e a pp e a r a nc e c o u l d o nly a r i s e if h e o n h is o wn p a r t a t
r ,

l e a s t a c tu a lly p o s s e s s e d t h a t c a p a bili ty o f c h a ng e wh i ch in t h e o h
s e r v e d s o u l h e h o l d s t o b e a m e r e a pp e a r a nc e .

I t is t h e r e fo r e q u i t e im p o s s ibl e e nt ire ly t o b a ni s h t h e i nne r li a bil ity

t o c h a ng e o n t h e p a r t o f t h e r e a l fr o m a n e xpl a na t i o n o f t h e c o u r s e
o f t h e u niv e r s e I f it w e r e fe a s ibl e t o e x c l u de it fr o m a t h e o r y o f t h e
.

o u t e r w o l d it w o u l d b e l o ng t h e m o r e i ne vi t a bly t o t h e e s s e nce o f
r ,

t h a t r e a l B e i ng fo r w h i c h t h is o u t e r w o r l d is a n o bj e c t o f p e r c e p t i o n
,
.

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, ,
-

p o s s ib il ity fo r t h e r e a l e l e m e nt s w h ic h we r e ga r d a s t h e ve h i c l e s o f
,

na t u r a l Op e r a t io ns T h a t o n t h e c o nt r a ry it is a nec e s s i ty e v e n fo r
.
, ,

t h e s e we S h a ll t r y t o S h o w l a t e r o n
,
.

O u r c o ns i de r a t io n o f t h e q u e s t i o n h o w e v e r s o fa r r e s t s o n a c e r
, ,

t a i n s u pp o s it io n ; o n t h e ne c e s s ity in o de r t o r e nde ,
t h e fa c t o f
r r

a pp e a a nc e i nt e ll ig ibl e o f c o nc e iv ing a s im pl e r e a l s u bj e c t t h e s o u l
r , , .

T h e r e is no ne e d fo m e h e e t o j u s t ify t his a s s u m p t io n a g a ins t t h e

r r

o bj e c t i o ns w h i c h a r e s p e c ia lly d i e c t e d a g a ins t it r I t is no o bj e c t .

o f o u r e nqu ir y s o fa r t o d e c ide w h e t h e r t h e c o nc e p t i o n o f T h ing s is

, ,

t e na bl e a t a ll ; w h e t h e r it do e s no t r e qu i e t o b e s u p e s e de d by r r

a no t h e r c o nc e p t i o n I r e p e a t ; it is o nly in a T h ing s e t o be
. c se ar

t a k e n t o e x is t a nd t o s e r v e t o m a k e t h e w o l d i nt e ll ig ibl e t h a t we r ,

t h e n e nqu ir e in w h a t wa y t h e y m u s t b e t h o u g h t o f A nd t o t h a t .
 0f t /ce Qu a lity of Tning s
’

5 6 .

qu e st io n we h a v e give n th e a ns w e r t h a t E s s e nc e T h i ng o r S u b s t a nc e
, ,

c a n o nly b e t h a t w h i c h a dm it s o f C h a ng e . Only t h e p r e dic a t e s o f

T h i ng s a r e u nc h a ng e a bl e T h e y v a r y i nde e d in t h e i r a ppl ica bili ty t o
.

T h ing s bu t e a c h o f t h e m r e m a i ns e t e r na lly t h e s a m e with i t s e l f I t

, .

is o nly t h e T h ing s t h a t c h a ng e a s t h e y a d m i t o f a nd r e j e c t no w o ne
,

p r e d i c a,
t e no w a no t h e
. r T h is t h o u g h t i nde e d is no t ne w .I t h a s

a l r e a dy be e n e xp r e s sly s t a t e d by A r i s t o t l e
. Fo r u s h o we v e r it ne ce s
, ,

s a ily ra i s e s a t o nc e q u e s t i o ns t h a t a r e ne w
r .
 C H A PT E R III .

0f tne Rea l a nd R e a lity .

25 . THE g
cha n e s wh i c h we s e e g o i ng o n a nd th e c o ns e c u t ive ne s s
,

w h ic h we b e li e ve t o b e di s c o ve r a bl e in th e m c o m p e ll e d u s t o a s s u m e
,

t h e e xi s t e nc e o f T h ing s a s t h e s u s t a i ne r s o r c a u s e s o f t h is c o nt i nu it y
,
.

T h e ne x t s t e p wa s if p o s s ibl e t o a s c e nd fr o m t h a t w h i c h ne e d s e x
, ,

p la na t io n t o t h e u nc o ndi t i o ne d in r e g a r d t o w h i ch o nly e co gni t i o n is

,
r

p o s s ibl e . F o r t h i s p u r p o s e we t r i e d t o t h i nk o f t h e T h i ng a s u n

c h a ng e a bly t h e s a m e wi t h it s e l f a nd i m p r e s s e d wi t h t h e ne e d o f
, ,

a s s im il a t i ng t h e ide a o f it a s m u c h a s p o s s ib le t o w h a t is c o nt a i ne d in

s e ns a t i o n Si nce s e ns a t i o n a l o ne a c t u a lly give s u s a n i nde p e nde nt

,

s o m e t h i ng i ns t e a d o f m e r e ly r e q u i r i ng it we t o o k it s na t u e t o c o ns i s t
,
r

in a s im pl e q u a l ity W e c o nv inc e d o u r s e lv e s h o w e v e r t h a t a n u n
.
, ,

c h a ng e a bl e a nd s im pl e q u a li t y is no t t hink a bl e a s a s u bj e c t o f c h a ng e

a bl e s t a t e s o r a pp e a r a nc e s a nd t h u s we a r e c o m p e ll e d t o g iv e u p t h e
,

c l a im t o a ny s u c h im m e dia t e c o g ni t i o n a s m ig h t r e v e a l t h e e s s e nc e o f

T h ing s t o u s in a s i m pl e p e r c e p t i o n I do no t m e a n t o i m ply by
.

t h is t h a t we S h o u l d h a v e h o p e d r e a lly t o a t t a in t h i s p e r c e p t io n Bu t .

we i ndu lg e d t h e t h o u g h t t h a t fo r s u c h a Spi r i t a s m ig h t b e c a p a bl e o f
,

it t h e r e w o u l d be no th i ng in t h e e s s e nce o f T h i ng s i nc o m p a t ibl e
,

wi t h t h e i r b e ing t h u s a pp r e h e nde d T h i s c o nvi c ti o n in it s t u r n we

.

h a v e no w t o a b a ndo n I n it s v e y na t u r e t h a t w h i c h is t o b e a T h ing
. r

in t h e s e ns e o f b e i ng a s u bj e c t o f c h a ng e w o u l d r e pe l t h e p o s s ib ili t y
o f b e i ng p r e s e nt e d a s a n u nm o vi ng o bj e c t o f a n i nt u i t io n A n ew
y .

fo r m h a s t h e r e fo e t o b e s o u gh t fo r t h a t w h ic h is t be a c c o u nt e d t h e
r o

e s s e nc e o f a ny T h ing ; a nd in o r de r t o fi nd it we a g a in t a k e o u r

d e p a r t u r e fr o m t h a t na t u r a l t h e o r y o f t h e w o r l d w h ic h w ith o u t d o u b t
h a s t r i e d a ns w e r s o f it s o wn t o a ll t h e s e q u e s t i o ns t h a t a r e c o ns t a ntly
r e a s s e r t ing t h e m s e lv e s wi t h f e s h i ns is t a nc e
r .

2 6 I n r e g a r d t o t h e c o m m o n o bj e c t s o f p e r c e p t i o n we a ns w e r t h e
.

qu e s t io n Wh a t a r e th e y ? in t wo w a y s o f w h i c h o ne s o o n r e du c e s
, ,

i t s e l f t o th e o t h e r P r o du c t s o f a r t wh i c h e xh ibi t a p u r p o s e o n t h e
.
,
5 8 0f t /ce R e a l a nd R e a lity . [ BOO K 1 .

pa rt o fa ma ke
by r e fe r nc e t o th e e nd fo wh i c h t h e y a re
r, we de no t e e r

int e nde d s e t t ing a s ide t h e v a ie t y o f fo m s in w h ic h t h e y fu lfil t h a t

,
r r

e nd . T h e c h ng e a bl e p o du c t s o f n t u e in t h e s t r u c t u e o f w h ic h a
a r a r , r

go v e ni ng p u rp o s e is m o e o r l e s s o b s c u re t o u s we c h a c t e is e
r r , ar r

a cc o r ding t o t h e k ind a nd o r d e o f p h e no m na int o w h ic h th e y r e

d e v e l o p e o f t h e m s e lv e s o w h ic h c o u l d be e li c it e d fr o m th e m by r

e x t e n l c o ndi t i o ns
r a I n b o th c a s e s by t h e e s s e nc e o f t h e t h ing
.

t h a t we a e in q u e s t o f we u nde r s t a nd t h e p o p e t i e s a nd m o de s o f
r r r

p o c e du r e by wh ic h t h e T hing is dis tingu i s h e d f o m o th e t h ing s

r ,
r r .

T h e o t h e s e ie s o f a ns wer s o n t h e c o nt r a r y e x h ib it s a s t h is e s s e nc e
r r , ,

t h e m a t e ia l o t o f w h ic h t h e t h ing s a e m a de o v e l o o k ing t h e v a io u s
r u r ,
r r

k inds o f b e h a v io u a nd e x is t e nc e t o w h ic h in t h e c a s e o f e a ch t h i ng
r

t h e p a t ic l a r fo r m a t i o n o f t h is m a t e i a l g iv e s r is e Ye t a ft e r a ll t h is
’

r u r .

s e c o nd m o de o f a ns w e r ing t h e q u e s tio n u l t im a t e ly p a s s e s o v e r int o

t h e fo m e r r I t s a t is fi e s o nly s o l o ng a s it c o ns is t s in a r e du c t io n o f a
.

c o m p o u nd t o m o r e s im pl e c o m p o ne nt s S u pp o s ing u s t o h a ve dis .

c o v e e d t h i s s i m pl e m a t t e r
r h o w t h e n do we a ns w e t h e qu e s t io n ,
r ,

W h a t a ft e a ll is t h e s i m pl e m a t te r it s e l f ? W h a t fo ins t a nc e is th e
r r

Q u ic k s ilve r o f wh ic h we will s u pp o s e o u r s e lv e s t o h a v e dis c o v e e d

, r

t h a t s o m e th ing e l s e c o ns is t s o f it ? So l o ng a s o u r c o nc e n wa s t o r

r e du ce t h is o t h e r t h ing t o it it wa s t a k e n fo r s o m e th ing s im pl e , Bu t .

i ts e l f in it s s i m pl ic it y w h a t is it ? W e fi nd it fl u id a t o u o r dina r y
,
r

t e m p e r a t u re s fix e d a t l o w e r t e m p e r a t u e s v a p o o u s a t h ig h e r o ne s ;
, r ,
r

b u t we c o u l d no t s a y w h a t it is in i t s e l f s u pp o s ing it no t t o b e a c t e d ,

o n by a n o f t h x t n l n di t i n by n o f t h o t h o n
y e s e e e r a c o o s o r a y e e c r

d it io ns u nde r w h i c h it s p h e no m e na l p r o p e t ie s c h a ng e in ye t o t h e r
, r

wa ys .

W e c a n in fa c t o nly a ns w e r t h a t it is in i t s e l f t h e u na s s ig na bl e ,

s o m e t h i ng w h i c h u nd e r o ne c o ndit io n a pp e a s a s
1
, u nde a no t h e r r a , r

a nd o f w h ic h we a s s u m e t h a t if t h e s e c o n
2
u nd e r a t h i d a s
3
as a
, r a
, ,

d it io ns s u c c e e d e a c h o t h e r in e v e s e o de r it w ill p a s s a g a i n f o m r r r ,
r a
3

int o a nd
a
2
w ith o u t e v e b e ing c o nv e t e d i nt o 6 {3 o r 8 — fo m s
a
1
, r r
1
,
2 3
r

w h ic h in a l ike m u tu a l c o nne x io n e x h ib it th e v a io u s p h e no m e na o f r

a no t h e r t h i ng s a S ilv T h it m b s t a t e d a s g e ne r a l t u t h
y e r , u s a y a
.
,
e r ,

t ha t o ide a o f t h a t w h i c h m a k e s a T h ing w h a t it is c o ns is t s o nly in

ur

t h e t h o u g h t o f a c e r t a in e g u l a i t y wi t h w h ic h it c h a ng e s t o a nd f o r r r

wi th in a l im it e d c i c le o f s t a t e s w h e t h e r s p o nt a ne o s ly o u nde r
r u r

vis ibl e e x t e na l c o ndit io ns w it h o u t p a s s ing o u t o f th is c i c l e a nd

r ,
r ,

wi th o u t e ve h a ving a n e xi s te nc e o n it s o wn a c c o nt a nd a p a t f o m
r u r r

t h e fo m s w h i h w it h in t h is c i c l e it r a n a ssu m e c Th is r c .

wa y o f p e s e nting t h e c a s e w h il e fu lly s u ffic ie nt fo r t h e ne e ds o f

r
,
CH AP T E R L
il/ ( m es c ma
’
La w .
59

o rd i na r y j u dg m e nt h a s g iv e n o c c a s i o n t o v a r i o u s f r th e r m e t a p h y s i c a l
,
u

e xp e i m e nt s r .

27 I f a t t e nt i o n is dir e c t e d t o t h e qu a li t i e s b y w h i c h o ne T h i ng
.

d is t ing u is h e s i t s e l f fr o m a no t h e r it s e s s e n c e in t h is s e ns e c a nno t a ny ,

lo ng e r b e t h o u gh t o f a s o bj e c t o f a s im pl e p e c e p t i o n bu t o nly in t h e r ,

l o gic a l fo r m o f a c o nce p t io n wh i c h e xp r e s s e s th e p e rm a ne nt ly u ni ,

fo m o b s e r v a nc e o f la w in t h e s u c c e s s io n o f v a r i o u s s t a t e s o r in t h e
r

c o m b i na t i o n o f m a ni fo l d p e dic a t e s F r o m t h is p o i nt a v e y na t u a l
r . r r

c o u r s e o f t h o u g h t l e a d s u s t o t wo w a y s o f a pp e h e nding t h e T h ing r .

W e m a y de fi ne it fi r s t by t h e c o ll e c t iv e m a k s w h i c h a t a giv e n m o r ,

m e nt it e x h ib it s in t h e ir d f t o c o nd i t io n
,
T h i s g iv e s u s a s ta t e
e ac .

m e nt o f w h a t t h e e s s e nc e is n a c c o r ding t o A r i s t o t l e s e x
’ ’
6 1 ,
T 7 ea

p r e s s io n B u t .it w o u l d b e c o nc e iv a bl e t h a t l ik e t wo c u r v e s w h ic h ,

h a v e a n i nfi nit e ly s m a ll p a r t o f t h e i r c o u s e in c o m m o n s o t wo r ,

d iffe r e nt t h i ng s A a nd B s h o u l d c o i nc ide in t h e m o m e nt a y c o n
, ,
r

d it io n o f t h e ir m a r k s bu t s h o u l d a ft e r w a d s div e r g e i nt o p a t h s o f
, r

de v e l o p m e nt a s d i ff r e nt a s w e r e t h e p a t h s t h a t b o u g h t th e m t o t h e
e r

s t a t e o f c o i nc ide nc e I n t h a t c a s e t h e e s s e nce o f e a c h will b e h e l d

.

o nly t o b e c o r e c t ly a pp r e h e nde d if t h e g iv e n c o ndit io n o f e a c h is

r ,

i nt e r p re t e d a s t h e r e s u l t o f t h a t wh i c h it p r e vi o u s ly wa s a nd a t t h e ,

s a m e t i m e a s t h e g e r m o f t h a t w h ic h it will b e T h i s s e e m s th e .

na t r a l p o i nt o f de p a t u e f o m w h ic h A r is t o t l e a rr iv e d a t t h e fo r
u r r r

m u la n f H e did no t c o m pl e t e it by t h e o t h e r e q u a lly v a l u a bl e
’
e ua t .

f t h o u gh t h e no t io n t h a t m ig h t h a v e b e e n s o e xp e s s e d
’ ’
n é a ra t e va t
,
r

wa s no t a li e n t o h is wa y o f t h ink ing I n p r a c t ic e it m u s t b e a d
'

.
,

m it t e d t h e s e d e t e r m ina t io ns o f t h e ide a o f t h e T h i ng w h ic h t h e o e t i
, ,
r

c a lly a r e o f i nt e r e s t c a nno t b e c a r i e d t h r o u gh
, Eve n t h e a c tu a l r .

p r e s e nt c o ndit i o n o f a T h i ng w o u l d no t a dm i t o f e x h a u s t iv e a na ly s is ,

W it h o u t o u r t h ink ing o f t h e m u t a l c o nne xi o n b e t w e e n t h e m a nifo l d u

p h e no m e na w h i c h it e x h ibi t s a s a l e a dy s p e c ifi c a lly o r de r e d a c c o r di ng ,
r

t o t h e s a m e la w w h ic h w o u l d a pp e a r s t ill m o r e p la inly u p o n a c o n

s id e a t io n o f t h e v a io u s s t a t e s
r p a s t a nd t o b e e xp e c t e d o f t h e
r , ,

T h ing T h e s e c o nd fo m u l a t h e e fo e o nly giv e s g e ne a l e xp r e s s io n

. r r r r

t o t h e int e nt io n o f c o ns t a nt ly g a ining a d e e p e vi e w o f t h e e s s e nc e o f r

t h e T h i ng s in a p o g e s s io n w h i c h a d m it s o f inde fi nit e c o nt inu a nce

,
r r ,

w h il e a fu ll e r e g a r d is fo e v e r b e ing p a id t o t h m u l t iplic ity o f t h e

r r e

diffe r e nt w a y s in w h ic h t h e T h ing b e h a v e s u nde r diffe e nt c o ndit io ns

. r ,

to i ts c o nn e xi o n w i h t e r e s t o f t h e w o l d
t h a nd l a s t ly — a c c o d ing r ,
r

t o a di e c t io n o f e nqu i y v e r y na t u r a l t h o u g h s t ill o u t o f pl a c e in t h is
r r ,

p a r t o f M e t a p h y s i c s— t o t h e fi na l p u p o s e o f w h ic h t h e f lfilm e nt is r u

t h e T h ing s v o c a t io n in t h e u niv e r s e A s a m e a ns o f s e t t i ng a s ide t h e

’
.
,
60 ‘

0f i/z e R e a l a nd [ B oo x I .
‘

d iffic u t l i e s w h i c h b e s e t u s a t t h i s p o i nt t h e e xp r e s s i o ns e fe rr e d t o
, ,
r

h v e no t in fa c t b e e n u s e d no d o t h e y s e e m a t a ll a v a il a bl e fo r t h e
a ,
r

pu po s e
r .

2 8 W e p r o c e e d t o p a r t i c u l a i s e so m e o f th e s e
.
H a d we s u cce e de d
r .

in m a ki ng t h e e s s e nt ia l ide a o f a t h ing s o c o m pl e t e ly o u r o wn t h a t ,

a ll m o de s o f p o c e d u r e o f t h e t h ing u nde
r a ll c o ndit io ns w o u l d flo w r

f o m t h e i de a s l f e v ide nt ly a s it s ne c e s s a r y c o ns e q e nc e s we
r e -
u ,

sh o u l d ft e r a ll in s o d o ing h a v e o nly a t t a ine d a n i nt e ll e c t u l im a g e

a a

o f t h a t by w hic h a s by it s s ni a t h e T h ing is dis t ing u is h e d fr o m

‘

es e z

e v e y t hing e l s e
r T h e o ld qu e s t io n w o u l d r e p e a t it s e l f w h a t it is
.
,

w h ic h m a k e s t h e t h ing i t s e l f m o r e t h a n t h is it s im a g e in t h o u gh t o r ,

vh a t m k e s t h e o bj e c t o f o u r i d e a o f t h e t h ing m o r e t h a n t h i nk a bl e
a
y ,

a nd g iv e s it pl a c e a s a e a l t h ing in t h e w o l d J u s t a s t h e Q u a lit y
'

a r r .

d e m a nde d a S u bj e c t t o w h ic h it m igh t a t t a c h s o s t ill m o e do e s t h e ,

r

ide a l e s s inde p e nde nt t h a n t h e q u a l ity s e e m t o r e q u i e a fix e d k e r ne l

, ,
r

t o g iv e it s m a tt e r th a t r e a l ity w h ic h a s t h e m a t e ia l c o nt a i ne d in a n ,
r

ide a it do e s no t p o s s e s s
, I f we h a v e o nc e fo r b idd e n o u r s e lv e s t o
.

l o o k fo r th e e s s e nc e o f t h e T h i ng in a s i m pl e u nifo m q u a l it y t h a t r

m a y b e g a s p e d in p e c e p t io n ; if we r e s o lv e d a t h e r t o fi nd a n e x
r r r

p r e s s i o n fo r it in t h e la w w h ich go v e rns t h e s u c c e s s io n o f it s p h e no —

m e na t h e n t h a t w h i c h we a e in q u e s t o f h a s t o fu lfil fo r a ll t h ing s
r

t h e s a m e i ndi s t ing u is h a bl e fu nc t io n I t s e l f w ith o u t c o ns t itu e nt qu li

. a

t i e s it h a s t o g iv e r e a l it y t o t h e v a y ing q u l it ie s c o ns t it u e nt o f t h ing s
r a .

W e a e t h u s b r o gh t t o t h e no t io n o f a m a t e r i a l o f e a l ity a R e a l
r u r ,

p u e a nd s im pl e w hic h in i t s e l f is ne i t h e r t h is no r t h a t b t t h e p i n
r , ,
u r

c ip le o f e a l it y fo r e v e y t h ing r r .

T h e h is t o y o f P h il o s o p h y m igh t r e c o u nt nu m e r o u s fo r m s u nde r
r

w h ich th is no tio n h a s b e e n r e ne w e d ; bu t it is ne e dl s s t o t e a t t h e m e r

h e in de t a il
er T h e na t u r a l r e qu ir e m e nt s o f t h e c a s e h a v e a lw a y s le d
.
,

w h e n o nc e t h i s p a th h a s be e n e nt e r e d o n t o t h e s a m e g e ne r a l de t e r ,

m ina t io ns a s P l a t o a s s ig ne d t o t h is M T he c o ns ide r a t io n t h a t o b
7
1 .

s e v a t io n p e s e nt s u s w it h a n i nde fi nit nu m b e r o f m u t u a lly ind e p e nde nt

r r e

T hings pe m a ne nt o r t r a ns i t o ry c a u s e d t h i s p r im a y m a t t e o f a ll
, r
,
r r

t h ing s t o be e g a d d by t h e im a g ina t i o n a s d iv is ibl e in o de r t h a t

r r e ,
r

t h e r e m ig h t be a p ie c e o f it in e a c h s ingl e t h i ng s u ffi c ie nt t o s t iff e n ,

t h e t h i ng s ide a l c o nt e nt i nt o r e a l it y B u t t h is c o nc e p t io n o f divi s i
’

b ility in it s t u r n h a d t o b e t o a c e t a in e x t e nt wi t h dr a w n Fo r it w o l d r . u

im ply t h a t b e fo r e it s d ivi s io n th e m a t t e h a s p o s s e s s e d a c o nt in it y r u ,

a nd t h is w o u l d b e u nth ink a bl e w it h o u t t h e a s s u m p t io n o f it s h a v ing

p o p e t ie s o f s o m e kind by wh i h it w o u l d h a ve b e e n p o s s ibl e fo r
r r
,
l
c

t his m a t e r i a l o f r e a l it y t o b e d i s t ing u is h e d f o m o th e r t h ink a bl e m a t e r - r

C H A PT E R I I I ] . M a fl er 62 5 1 2 6 7 R 6 62 ] . 61

i
r a ls . B u t th u s u nde r s t o o d, as l
y de fi ni t e ly qu a lifi e d it w o u l d
a re a d ,
’

no t h a v e dis p o s e d o f t h e m e t a p h y s ic a l q u e s t i o n w h i c h it wa s m e a nt t o

s o lv e .Fo r t h e qu e s ti o n wa s no t w h a t q u a li t y o f p r i m a r y m a t t e r a s a
,

m a t t e r o f fa c t fo r m e d t h e b a s i s o f t h e indivi du a l t h i ng s t h a t fa s h io n
- -

t h e m s e lv e s o u t o f it b u t w h a t it is t h a t is ne e de d t o h e lp a ny a nd
,

e v e r y t h ink a bl e q u a l it y t o b e m o e t h a n t h ink a bl e t o be
r e al If , r .

t h e e fo r e t h
r i m a gina t io n did no t w ith s t a nding a s we do no t do u b t
e ,

t h a t it d id p e s e nt t h i s u l t im a t e R e a l t o it s e l f m a inly a s a c o nt i nu o u s
,
r

a nd div is ibl e s u b s t a nc e t h i s d e li ne a t io n o f it o c c a s io ne d b y r e fe r e nc e
, ,

t o t h e o b s e r v a t i o n o f na t u r a l o bj e c t s s t ic t ly s p e a k ing w e nt b e y o nd
, r

t h a t w h ic h in th i s c o nne xi o n it wa s i nt e nde d t o p o s t u l a t e A ll t h a t '

.

h a d t o be s u pp o s e d wa s t h e p r e s e nc e in e v e y s ingl e t h i ng h o w e v e r r ,

m a ny t h i ng s t h e e m ig h t b e o f s u c h a k e ne l o f r e a l it y w h o lly v o i d
r ,
r ,

o f p r o p e t ie s r T h e r e w e r e t h e e fo re a c c o r di ng t o t h is no tio n a n
. r

i nde fi nit e nu m b e r o f i ns t a nc e s o f t h is c o nc e p t i o n o f t h e r e a l bu t th e y ,

did no t s t a nd in a ny c o nne xi o n wi th e a c h o th e r a ny m o r e t h a n in a ny
o th e r c a s e m a ny i ns t a nc e s o f a g e ne a l i d e a m e r e ly b e c a u s e t h e y a e
r , r

a ll s u b o r di na t e t o t h a t id e a s t a nd in a ny a c t u a l c o nne x io n wi t h e a c h
,

o th e r B u t I w ill no t c o nt i nu e t h is li ne o f r e m a r k ; fo r th e o b s c u r i t y
.

o f t h i s w h o l e c o nc e p t io n is no t t o b e g o t rid o f by c r i t i c i s m bu t ,

by p o i nt ing o u t it s e nt i r e u s e l e s s ne s s .

2 9 I t is m a ni fe s t t h a t a r e p r e s e nt a t i o n w h i ch h a s it s v a lu e in t h e
.

t r e a t m e nt o f o r dina r y o bj e c t s o f e x pe r i e nc e h a s b e e n a ppl ie d t o a V , ,

m e t a p h y s i c a l q u e s t io n wh i c h it is w h o lly ins u ffic i e nt t o a ns w e

,
In r .

s e ns u o u s p e r c e p t io n we a r e p e s e nt e d w it h m a t e ia l s w h ic h a s s u m e
r r ,

u nde r o u r h a nd s s u c h fo r m s a s we w ill o r a re t r a ns fo r m e d by o p e ,

r a t io ns o f na t u r e int o t h ing s o f t h e m o s t v a i o u s a pp e a ra nc e Bu t r .

a li t t l e a t t e nt i o n info r m s u s t h a t t h e y a e bu t r e la t iv e ly fo m l e s s a nd r r

u nd e t e rm ine d Th e p o s s ib il it y o f a s s u m i ng ne w fo r m s a nd o f m a nifo l d
.

t r a ns m u t a t i o n t h e y a ll o we t o t h e p e fe c t ly de t e r m ina t e p r o p e t ie s r r

w h i ch t h e y p o s s e s s a nd by w h i ch t h e y o ffe r de fi ni te p o int s o f c o nt a c t
,

t o t h e c o ndit io ns Op e r a t ing o n t h e m T h e wa x w h ic h t o t h e a nc i e nt s
.
,

r e p e se nt e d t h e p i m a ry m a t t e r o n w h i c h t h e i de a s w e r e s u p po s e d t o
r r

b e im pr e s s e d in o r de r t o t h e ir r e a l is a t i o n w o u ld no t t a k e t h is im ,

r e s s io n a nd w o u l d no t r e t a in t h e fo r m im p r e s s e d o n it b u t fo t h e
p , r

e c u l ia r u ne la s t ic du c til it y a nd t h e c o h e s i o n o f it s m inu t e p a r t s a nd
p ,

a ny fi ne r m a t e r ia l w h ic h we m igh t b e inc l ine d t o s b s t itu te fo r it u ,

t h o u g h it m ig h t p o s s e s s a s t il l m o e m a ny —
s ide d pl a s t ic it y w o l d a t
r , u

t h e s a m e t im e b e s t ill l e s s c a p a bl e o f p e s e r vi ng t h e fo r m c o m m u ni ~ r

ca te d t o it .

I t is t h e re fo r e a co m ple t e de lu s ro n t o h O e
p ‘
by th si wa y o f a sc e nt s
 Of Me R 6 4 ] 0 7 20
’
R e a lity . [ B o o x I .

to a rr iv e at s o m e t h in g wh ic h wit h o u t
q u a l ifi c a t i o n o n i t s
,
o w n a ny

p a rt s h o u l d s t ill b e a r t h is h a c t e o f p u e r c p t ivity ne c e s s a y t o
,
c ar r r e e ,
r

t h e R e a l we a e in q e s t o f r A ft a ll we s h ou ld o nly a rr ive a t a
. er u

b a e n m t t e r R w hic h w o u l d b e e q u a lly inc a p a bl e o f r c ivi ng a

rr a ,
e e

d e fi nit e s h a p e a nd o f du ly e t a ining it w h e n r e c iv e d Fo t h a t w h ic h
,
r e . r

w a s w ith o u t a ny n t u r e o f it s o wn d iffe e nt f o m v e y th ing e l s e c o u l d

a r r e r ,

no t b e a c t e d o n by a ny c o ndit io n 19 a t a ll no by a ny c o ndit io n p ,
r

o t h e r w is e t h a n by no t h e r 9 N0 p o s it i o n o f c i c u m s t a nc e s t h e r e fo r e
a . r

w o u l d v e r o c c r nde wh ich t h a t inde t e m i na t e s u bj e c t R c o u l d be

e u u r r

a ny m o e c o m p e ll e d o r e nt it l e d t o a s s u m e a c e t a in fo m r a th e r r r
'

r 11

t h n a ny o t h e r we l ik e
a I f we s u pp o s e d h o w e v e r t h i s u nt h i nk a bl e
,
x.

e ve nt t o c o m e a b o u t a nd R t o b e b r o gh t int o t h e fo r m th e re wo u l d u

b e no t h ing t o m o v e it t o t h e r e t e nt io n o f t h is fo m t o t h e e x c l u s i o n o f r

a ny o t h e r s inc e e v e r y o t h e
K, w o u l d be e qu a lly p o s s ibl e a nd e qu a lly
r
‘

i ndiffe r e nt t o it I n t h i s a b s e nc e o f a ny r e s i s t a nc e w h ic h c o u l d o nly
.
,

r e s t o n s o m e na t u r e o f R s o wn e v e r y p o s s ib il ity o f a n o de r e d c o u r s e
’

, r

o f t h e w o l d w o u l d di s a pp e a r
r I n e v e r y m o m e nt o f t i m e e v e r y th ing
.

t h a t wa s t h ink a bl e a t a ll w o u l d h a v e a n e q u a l c l a i m t o r e a li t y a nd ,

t h e e w o l d b e no ne o f t h a t p e do m ina nc e o f o ne c o ndit io n o v e r
r u r

a no t h e r w h ic h is i ndi s p e ns a bl e t o a c c o u nt fo r a ny o ne s t a t e o f t h ing s

o r t o b i ng a b o u t a d e t e m ina t e c h a ng e o f a ny s t a t e o f t h ing s
r r Bu t .

no t o nly w o u l d a ny o igi n o r p r e s e v t i o n o f i ndiv idu a l fo r m s b e e

r r a r

d u c e d t o no th i ng by t h e c o m pl e t e a b s e nc e o f q u a l it i e s o n t h e p a t o f r

th e Re a l Th e e l a t i o n i t s e l f w h ic h a t e a c h m o m e nt m u s t b e s u p
. r ,

p o s e d t o o b t a in b e tw e e n it a nd t h e c o nt e nt t o w h ic h it g ive s r e a l ity ,

w o u l d fr o m a m e t a p h y s i c a l p o i nt o f vi e w be u nm e a ni ng W o ds no . r

do u b t m a y b e fo u nd by w h i c h t o i nd i c a t e it m e t a p h o i c a lly We r .

s p e a k o f t h e p o p e r t i e s w h ic h c o ns t i tu t e t h e w h o l e e s s e nc e o f a T h i ng
r ,

a s i nh e ing in t h e u nq u a l ifi e d s u b s t a nc e o f t h e R e a l o
r a s a t t a c h i ng , r

t o it o a s s u s t a ine d by it
, r B u t a ll t h e s e fig u r a t iv e e xp e s s i o ns wi t h
. r

t h e u s e o f w h ic h l a ng u a g e c a nno t di s p e ns e a r e in c o ntr a dic t io n w it h ,

t h e p e s u pp o s e d e m p t ine s s a nd fo r m l e s s ne s s o f t h e m a t t e r
r N o t h i ng .

c a n s u s t a in a ny t h ing o r a ll o w it t o a t t a c h t o o, de p e nd u p o n i t s e l f r ,

w h i ch do e s no t by it s o wn fo r m a nd p o w e r s a ffo r d t h i s o th e r p o i nt s
o f c o nt a c t a nd s pp o r t O r t o Sp e a k wi th o u t a fig u r e it is im p o s
u .
, ,

s ibl e t o s e e w h a t i nne r r e l a t i o n c o u l d b e m e a nt if we a s c r ib e d t o a
,

c e r t a i n R e a l a p o p e ty o r a g o u p o f p o p e r t ie s
r r 7r a s it s o wn r r
'

11 .

R w o l d b e a s v o id o f r e l a t io n t o t h e p r o p e r t y o g r o u p o f p r o p e r t ie s
u r ,

a s a l ie n t o it a s a n o t h e r R 1
y , .

3 0 T h e se s h o t c o m ing s o n t h e p a t o f t h e c o nc e p t i o n o f t h e R e a l
. r r

w o u l d m a k e t h e m s e lve s a cu te ly fe l t a s s o o n a s a n a t te m pt wa s m a de ,
CH AP TE R M a t ie r ils e £3 né ifi zhzg . 63

no t m e r e ly t o se t it u p in s o a t e i l
d a b s tr a ct i o n ,
b u t t o tu r n it t o a c c o u nt

fo r t h e a ctu a l e xpl a na t io n o f t h e co u rse o f th n i gs . It wo l d u th e n

b e c o m e e vi de nt t h a t no th i ng c o u l d b e b u il t o n it w h i c h h a d a ny
lik e ne s s t o a S t a t ic o r M e c h a ni c o f c h a ng e B u t it w ill be o bj e c t e d .

t h a t we a r e fig h t i ng h e e a g a i ns t gh o s t s r a is e d by o u r s e lv e s s o l o ng
r ,

a s we s p e a k o f p r o c e s s e s by w h ic h t h e c o nne x io n o f t h e r e a l wi t h t h e

q u a li ti s it c o nt a ins is s u pp o s e d fo r t h e fi r s t t im e t o h a ve c o m e a b o u t
e .

T h is h o w e v e r it will be s a i d is w h a t h a s ne ve r b e e n m e a nt Ev e n
, , , .

t h e a nc i e nt s wh o o r ig ina t e d t h e c o nc e p t io n o f m a tt e r in qu e s t i o n we
, ,

fi nd w e r e a w a r e t h a t a t no pl a c e o r t i m e d id t h e na k e d a nd u nfo r m e d
m a tt e r e xi s t by i t s e l f I t h a d e xi s t e d fr o m e t e r nit y in u nio n wi th t h e
.

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, , , ,

h a d b e e n f s h io ne d o u t o f it
a I n t h e pl a ine s t wa y it wa s s t a t e d t h a t
.
,

t a k e n by it s e l f it wa s a t h e r w it h o u t b e ing a m) 3
,
r a nd t h a t B e i ng ,
p,

fi r s t a o s e o u t o f it s i nde fe a s ibl e u nio n wi t h t h e qu a li t a t iv e c o nt e nt

r

s u ppl ie d by t h e I de a s T h i s m a y b e fa i ly u g e d a nd in t h i s e x
. r r ,

p l a na t i o n we m ig h t p e r fe c tly a c q u i e s c e if i t w e r e o ne t h a t r e a lly ,

a dm it t e d o f b e i ng t a k e n a t it s w o r d I f it w e r e s o t a k e n it w o u l d .
,

a m o u nt s i m ply t o a c o nfe s s i o n t h a t w h a t t h e t h e o r y u nde r s t o o d a nd

lo o k e d fo r u nde r t h e d e s ig na t i o n o f t h e R e a l is no t h ing m o r e t h a n
the
‘
P o s it i o n t h r o u gh o u t ins e p a r a bl e fr o m t h e c o ns t i t u e nt q u a li t i e s
,
’

o f B e i ng by w h i c h t h e s e q u a l it ie s no t m e e ly a r e t h o u g h t o f bu t
, e r ar

a nd t h t c o nse q u e nt ly it w o l d b e i m p r o p e r fo r t h is P o s i t io n w h ic h ’
a u ,

o nly in t h o u g h t c a n b e d e t a c h e d a s t h e u nifo r m m o de o f p u t t i ng

fo r t h f o m t h a t w h ic h is p u t fo t h by it t o b e r e g a r de d in a s u b
r r ,

s t a nt ive c h a a c te r a s i ts e l f a
r s o m e t h ing a R e a l t h e t r u ly e xi s t i ng , ,

T h i ng ; i m p r o p e r t h a t c o m p a r e d wi th it e v e ry t h i ng w h i c h o n o th e r
, ,

g r o u nds we t o o k t o fo r m t h e e s s e nc e o f t h e T h i ng s h o u l d be fo r c e d ,

i nt o t h e s e c o nda ry p o s i t i o n o f a n u ne s s e nti a l a pp e nda g e .

Th e do c t r ine s h o w e v e r w h ic h s p e a k o f t h e e a l m a t e r i a l o f B e i ng
, , r ,

a e fa r fr o m c o nv e y ing t h i s u nre s e r v e d a dm i s s i o n e v e n in t h e e x
r

p l a na t i o n a d d u c e d O n t h e c o n t ra y t h e y c o n t in u e t o i nt e r p
r re t th e

3
.
,

d is t inc t io n b e t w e e n t h e p i nc ipl e t h a t giv e s r e a l it y a nd t h e r e a l i t s e l f

r

a s if it e p e s e nt e d s o m e t h in t l W h h y ib e t o th e
r r
g a c u a e n t e a s c r .

m a t t e r w h ic h h a s no i nde p e nde nt e x is t e nc e s u c c e s s iv e c h a ng e s o f
, ,

fo r m t h e y do no t m e e ly m e a n by t h is t h a t t h e i ne xpli ca bl e P o s it i o n
'
,
r

p a s s e s f o m t h e c o nt e nt t o t h e o t h e r c o nt e nt
r 71
'

I n t h a t c a s e a ll x.

t h a t w o u l d b e a t t a i ne d w o u l d b e a s u c c e s s io n r e g u l a t e d o r u nr e g u ,

la t e d o f s t a t e s o f fa c t wi t h o u t i nne r c o nne xi o n
, T h e i r o bj e c t r a t h e r .

is t o be a bl e t o t r e a t t h e m a t t e r R a s t h e r e a lly p e rm a ne nt c o nne c t i ng
m e m b e r w h i c h e x p e r i e nc e s a nd o r e x ch a ng e s t h e o ne fo r t h e
7r x, ,
6 21 . Of t /Ee R m ! a nd R e a /23y .
[ B OO K 1 .

o t h e r , a s s t a t e s o f t s e f, a nd i l w h i ch , in vi r uet o f it s o wn na t u r e , fo r bi ds
t h e a s su m p ti o n p h e no m na a nd f o r t h e r e a l isa tio n o f
o f o th e r e t
,

a no t h e r o de r o f s u c c e s s io n
r Wi th o u t th i s l a s t a ddi t i o n t h e c o nc e p t io n
.

o f t h e R e a l R w o u l d no t u p o n t h is vi e w a ny m o r e t h a n u p o n o t h e r
, ,

h a v e a ny v a l u e Fo I r e p e a t it is o nly u nde r t h e o bl ig a t i o n o f e x
. r ,

pl a ining a p a t i cu l r c o ns e c u t ive ne s s in t h e c o u r s e o f t h e w o l d
r a r ,

w h ic h do e s no t a llo w a ny a nd e v e ry th ink a bl e v a r i a ti o n in th e
sta te o f fa c t s t h a t we a e c o ns t r a i ne d i ns t e a d o f r e s t i ng in t h e
,
r ,

p h e no m e na t o lo o k fo r s o m e th i ng be h i nd t h e m u nde r t h e na m e
,
'

o f th e R e a l h o w e ve r t h a t is t o b e c o nc e iv e d
,
A flu x o f a b s o l u t e .

b e c o m ing wi th o u t a ny p r i nc ipl e o nc e a ll o w e d de m a nds no e xpl a na , ,

t i o n a nd ne e ds no a s su m p t io n t o b e m a de w h i c h c o u l d l e a d t o s u c h a n

e xpl a na t i o n i nt r ins ic a lly i m p o s s ibl e a s t h e o ne g iv e n

, T h e do c t i ne s , . r

in qu e st i o n t h e r e fo r e u nde r t h e gu i da nc e o f t h is na tu ra l ne e d w h ic h
, ,

t h e y t h i nk t o s a t i s fy by t h e s u pp o s it io n o f t h e R e a l p u e a nd s im p le r ,

d o no t in fa c t m a k e t h e a dm i s s i o n w h i c h t h e y s e e m t o m a k e Al .

t h o u g h t h e ir m a tt e r R no w h e r e e x is t s in it s na k e dne s s t h is is so t o
’

, ,

s p e a k o nly a fa c t in t h e w o l d s h i s t o y w h i c h ne e d no t fo ll o w fr o m
’

, r r ,

t h e i de a o f R A l th o u gh a s a m a t t e o f fa c t e ve ryw h e r e i m p is o ne d
. r r

in v a r io u s ly qu a l ifi e d fo rm s s t ill in a ll t h o s e fo r m s R c o nt inu e s t o ,

e xi s t a s t h e s i ngl e s e l f s u b s is t e nt i nde pe nde nt B e ing a nd i m p a r t s it s

-

o wn r e a li ty t o t h e c o nt e nt w h ic h c h a ng e s in d e pe nde nc e o n it Thu s .

t h e m a tt e r c o ns i de r e d by i t s e l f a nd in de t a c h m e nt fr o m t h e fo m s in
,
r

w h i c h it a pp e a s is s till no t p r o pe r ly a s it is c a ll e d a m) bu t
r , , ,

a c c o ding t o t h e p r o p e r s e ns e e v e n o f t h e do c t r i ne s w h ic h s o d e s ig na t e
r

it m e r e ly a n i m 3 if w e igh t m a y be l a id o n t h e s e l e c t io n o f t h e s e
, a v,

e xp r e s s i o ns A nd a g a i ns t t h i s p e rm a ne nt r e s i du u m o f t h e d o ct r i ne o f
.

th e th e o bj e c t i o ns a l e a dy m a de r e t a i n t h e i r fo r c e
r I t is i m p o s s i b l e .

t o t r a ns fe r t h e r e sp o ns i b il it y o f p r o vi ding fo r t h e r e a li ty o f t h e de t e r ~

m i na t e c o nt e nt t o a R e a l wi th o u t c o nt e nt u nde r s t o o d in a s u b s t a nt iv e ,

s e ns e fo r no ne o f t h e c o nne c t ing t h o u g h t s a r e p o s s i b l e w h ic h w o u l d
,

be ne e de d in o r de r t o b r i ng t h i s R e a l i nt o t h e de s i r e d r e l a t i o n wi t h
t h e qu a l it ie s a s s ig ne d t o it .

3 1 I c a nno t t h e r e fo r e b e li e ve t h a t i nt e r p e t e r s a s t h e y w e nt de e p e r
. r ,

int o t h i s a nc i e nt no t io n o f a n e m p t y R e a l a s s u c h o f a n e x is t ing ,

no t h i ng w h ic h e t p o t s t o be t h e g r o u nd o f re a l it y t o a ll d e fi ni t e
r
y u p r

B e i ng w o u l d fi nd in it a p r o p o ti o na t e ly d e e p e r t ru t h T o u s it is
, r .

o nly a n e x a m pl e o f a n e r r o r o f t h o u g h t w h ic h is m a de t o o o ft e n a nd ,

t o o e a s ily no t t o d e s e r v e a n o ft e n e p e a t e d no t ic e I f we a s k w h e nc e -r .

t h e c o l o r o f a b o dy p r o ce e ds we u s u a lly t h ink a t fi r s t o f a p ig m e nt
u
,

wh i ch we s u pp o s e t o c o m m u ni ca t e t h e c o l o u r t o it A nd in t h is we .
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'

cm m iz 7 7% co m m u . 65

a re o ft e n r igh t ; fo r p ini g
co i t
m m a y e a s ily be t h t a
o u nd t h n s p o a r .

p er t y ,
w h i c h s e e m s t o b e s p re a d o ve r t h e w h o l e o f t h e m a tt a che s ,

o nly t o a s i ngl e c o ns t i t u e nt B u t we a e w r o ng a l r e a dy in a s fa r a s
. r

o u r p h ra s e i m pl ie s t h a t t h e p g m e nt c o m m u ni c a t e s it s c o l o u r t o t he
i

w h o l e b o dy N o t h ing o f t h e s o t r e a lly h a pp e ns bu t a c o m bi na t i o n
. r ,

o f p h y s i c a l e ffe c t s b r i ng s it a b o u t t h a t in o u r s e ns a t io n t h e i m p r e s s io n

o f c o l o u r p r o d u c e d by t h e pig m e nt c o m pl e t e ly di s g u is e s t h e o t h e r

i m p e s s i o n w h i c h w o u l d h a v e b e e n p r o du ce d by t h e o th e r c o ns t i tu e nt s
r ,

o f t h e b o dy t h a t h a v e t h r o u g h o u t r e m a i ne d c o l o u l e s s
, B u t w h e n we r .

r e p e a t o u r q u e s t i o n it a pp e a s t h a t t h e s a m e a ns w e r c a nno t a lw a y s
‘

,
r

b e r e p e a te d Th e pig m e nt c a nno t o we it s c o l o u r t o a ne w pig m e nt

.

S o o ne r o r l a te r t h e c o l o u i ng m u s t b e a dm it te d a s t h e i m m e dia t e
r

r e s u l t o f t h e p r o p e r t ie s w h i c h a b o dy p o s s e s s e s o n it s o wn a cc o u nt

a s it s p r o p e r na t u r e a nd d o e s no t b o r o w fr o m a ny t h ing e l s e
,
r .

O u r p r o c e du e h a s b e e n j u s t t h e s a m e wi t h r e fe r e nc e t o t h e t h ing s
‘

a nd t h e i r r e a li t y W e de s i e d t o k no w w h e nc e t h e i r c o m m o n p o ~
. r r

p e r t y o f r e a li t y is d e r iv e d a nd in i m a g in a t
,
i o n i n t r o du c e d i nt o e a c h o f .

t h e m a g r a in o f t h e s t u ff o f r e a li ty w h i c h we s u pp o s e d t o c o m m u n i

c a t e t o t h e p r o p e r t i e s g a t h e r e d a b o u t it t h e fix e dne s s a nd c o ns i s t e ncy

o f a T h i ng W h a t a c t u a l b e h a vi o u h o w e v e o r w h a t p o c e s s t h i s
. r, r, r

e xp r e s s i o n o f c o m m u ni c a t i o n s o e a s ily u s e d is t o s ig nify r e m a i ne d
‘ ’
, ,

m o r e t h a n we c o u l d s a y I n fa c t j u s t a s l it t l e a s a pig m e nt w o u l d
.
,

r e a lly c o nv e y it s c o l o u i ng t o a ny t h i ng e l s e c o u l d t h e m e r e p r e s e nc e
r ,

o f t h e R e a l c o nv e y t h e r e a l ity w h i c h is e m p h a t ic a lly h e l d t o b e
,

e c u l ia r t o it t o a n e s s e nc e in t h e wa f q u a l it i e s w h ic h we a r e t o
p , y o , ,

s u pp o s e h a v e s o m e h o w g ro u p e d t h e m s e lv e s a o u nd it
, I nde e d t h e r .
,

m e t a p h y s ic a l r e p e s e nt a t io n is in m u c h w o r s e c a s e t h a n t h a t w h i c h
r

we m a de u s e o f in t h e e x a m pl e j u s t i ns t a nce d Fo r o f t h e p igm e nt .

we did no t dre a m t h a t it wa s i t s e l f no t m e e ly c o l o u r l e s s bu t in it s r ,

na t u r e c o m pl e t e ly i ndiffe r e nt t o t h e v a r i o u s c o l o u r s t h a t m a b e
y
t h o g h t o f a nd t h a t it p r o c e e de d t o a s s u m e o ne o f th e m a s if t h e
u ,

c o l o u r s b e fo r e t h e y w e r e p r o p e r t i e s o f a t h ing
, a lr e a dy p o s s e s s e d a ,

r e a l it y w h i c h e na bl e d t h e m t o e nt e r i nt o a r e l a t i o n t o b o die s a nd t o

le t t h e m s e lv e s b e a s s u m e d b y b o die s I n t h i s c a s e we w e r e a w a r e
.

t h a t t h e R e dne s s wh ic h we a s c r ib e t o t h e p ig m e nt is t h e i m m e dia t e
, ,

r e s u l t o f it s o wn na t u e u nde r d e fi nit e c i c u m s t a nc e s
r t h a t it c o u l d
; r

no t e xi s t t h a t no t h i ng c o u l d h a v e it u nt il t h e s e c i c u m s t a nc e s a ct e d
, ,
r

o n t h i s na t u r e a nd t h a t it w o u l d c h a ng e if t h e b o dy i ns t e a d o f b e ing
, ,

w h a t it is w e e a no th e r e qu a lly de t e m ina t e b o dy B u t in o u r m e t a
,
r r .

p y s i ca l l a ng u a g e w h e n we s p o k e o f t h e p r o p e r t i e s in Opp o s it io n t o
h ,

t h e r e a l e s s e nc e o f th i ng s we in fa c t s p o k e a s if t h e t h i nk a b l e qu a li
,

V OL . I. F
 d R e a lz ly B OO K 1
'

66 0f Rea l (H i . [ .

t ie s , by w h i ch o ne t h i ng is d is t ing i s h e d fr o m a no th e r b e fo r e t h e y u ,

re a lly e xi s t e d a s q u a l it ie s o f a T h i n g m ig h t a l e a dy p o s s e s s a r a l it y r e

w h ic h s h o u ld e na bl e t h e m t o e nt e int o a de fi nit e r e l a t io n t o a n e m p t y r

R e a l — a re l a t io n by w h i c h w i t h o u t h a,v in g a n y fo u n d a t io n m o e t h an r

a ll o t h e r q u a l it ie s in t h e na t u e o f t h i s R e a l it wa s p o s s ibl e fo r t h e m
r ,

t o be co m e p r o p e t ie s r .

c o m p a i s o n h o w e v e r t o b e p u r s u e d o n a no t h e r o c c a
r , ,

s io n . A p a r t fr o m fig u e o u r m i s t a k e wa s t h is
r ,
W e d e m a nde d t o .

k no w w h a t it is o n w h ic h t h a t B e ing o f T h ing s w h i c h m a k e s t h e m
T h ing s r e s t s B y wa y o f a ns w e r we i nv e nt e d t h e S u b s ta nt ive c o n
.

ce p t io n o f t h e R e a l p u r e a nd s i m pl e a nd b e lie v e d t h a t by it we h a d ,

r e p e s e nt e d a r e a l o bj e c t o r r a t h e r t h e u l t i m a t e
r , R e a l it s l f I n f ct e . a

h o w e v e r e l is a n a dj e c t iv a l o r p r e di c a t iv e c o nc e p t i o n a t i t l e b e l o ng
r a ,

ing t o e v e r y t h ing t h a t in s o m e m a nne r no t ye t e xpl a ine d b e h a v e s a s a .

T h i ng — ch a nge s t h a t is t o s a y in a r e gu la r o r de r e m a ins i de nt i c a l
, , ,
r

w it h i t s e l f in it s v a ri o u s s t a t e s a c t s a nd s u ffe r s fo r it is t h i s t h a t we
,

a s s u m e d t o b e t h e c a s e w ith T h i ng s s ppo s ing M l t h r e , e R ing s

u a e ar :

Th e qu e s t i o n wa s o n w h a t g r o u nd t h i s a c t u a l b e h a vi o u r r e s t s
,
I t is .

a q u e s t io n t h a t c a nno t b e s e t t l e d by t h inki ng o f o u r w h o l e r e qu i r e

m e nt a s s a t is fi e d in g e ne a l by t h e a s s m p t i o n o f a R e a l a s s u c h o f
r u ,

w h i ch a ft e r a ll a s h a s b e e n s h o w n we c o u l d no t p o i nt o u t h o w in
, ,

e a c h s ingl e c a s e it e xpl a i ns t h e r e a l it y w h i c h it s e l f is ne v e r p e s e nt e d r

t o u s a s u niv e s a l a nd h o m o g e ne o u s bu t o nly a s a s u m o f innu m e r

r ,

a bl e diffe r e nt i ndiv idu a l c a s e s .

T h e c o nc e p t io n o f t h e R e a l t h e r e fo r e is li a bl e t o a c i t ic i s m s im il a r r

Q t o t h o u g h s o m e w h a t d iff e r e nt fr o m t h a t w h i c h i s c a ll e d fo r by t h e co n
fc e t io n o f p u e B e i ng T h is la t t e r we fo u nd c o rr e c t ly fo m e d bu t
p r . r ,

ina ppl ic a b le s o l o ng a s t h e de fi ni t e r e l a t i o ns a e no t m a d e g o o d
,
r

a g a in w h ic h h a d b e e n s u pp e s s e d in it by t h e p o c e s s o f a b s t r a c t io n
, r r .

Of t h e c o nc e p t i o n o f t h e R e a l o n t h e c o nt ra y it m a y be m a int a ine d r
3"
’
t h a t it is u nt u ly fo r m e d r T h a t wh i ch is c o nc e iv e d in t h is c o nc e p t io n
.

e v e ryw h e r e p r e s u pp o se s t h e s u bj e c t t o wh i ch it m a y b e l o ng a nd ,

c a nno t it s e l f b e s u bj e c t Fo r t h is r e a s o n it c a nno t b e s p o k e n o f in
.

s u b s t a nt iv e fo r m a s t h e R e a l bu t o nly a ppl ie d a dj e c t iv a lly t o a ll t h a t

,

is r e a l I t w o u l d be w e ll if t h e u s a g e o f l a ngu a g e fa v o u r e d t his wa y
.

o f s pe a k ing m o r e l e ng t h y t h o u g h it is in o de r t o k e e p t h e t h o u g h t
, r
,

c o ns t a nt ly a l iv e t h a t it is no t t h o u gh t h e p r e s e nc e o f a R e a l in t h e m
r

t h a t T h i ng s b e c o m e o r a r e r e a l bu t t h a t p i m a ily t h e y a e o nly c a ll e d
,
r r r

r e a l if t h e y e x h ib it t h a t m o d e o f be h a v io u r w h ic h we d e no m m a t e

r e a l it y I n r e ga r d t o t h i s we h a v e s t a t e d w h a t we m e a n by it
.
Th e .

m o de u nde r w h i ch it m a y b e t h ink a b l e h a s s till t o b e a s c e r t a ine d .

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T/é o Ta t a g La w 6 7
‘

m ]
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0 i5 m a s a .

32 . W ith
vi e w t o a ns w e i ng t h e a b o ve qu e s t io n we a r e na t u ra lly
a r

le d t o t h e o pp o s it e p a th t o t h a t h it h e t o p u s u e d Le t u s s e e h o w r r .

fa r it w ill t a k e u s T h e t wo inc o m pl e t e ide a s by t h e u ni o n o f w h i c h

.
,

we fo m t h e c o nc e p t i o n o f t h e T h i ng— t h t o f t h e c o nt e nt by w h i c h it
r a

is dis t ing u i s h e d f o m o t h e r t h ing s a nd t h a t o f it s r e a l it y — c a nno t b e a ny

r

l o ng e t a k e n to e p r e s e nt t wo a c t u a lly s ep a a bl e e l e m e nt s o f its B e i ng
r r r .

T h e Re a l it y m u s t s im ply b e t h e fo m in w h ic h t h e c o nt e nt a c t u a lly e x is t s
r ,

a nd c a n b e no t h ing a p a t fr o m it B u t t h e e q u i r e m e nt t h a t t h is s h o u l d
r . r

b e s o m e e t s a t o nc e wi t h a s e r i o s o bj e c t io n So l o ng a s we c o u l du .

a ns w e r t h e q u e s t i o n Wh a t t h e T h ing is by c a ll ing it a s im pl e q u a l it y we ,

h a d a u ni fo m c o nt e nt a pp r e h e ns ibl e in i nt u i t io n b e fo r e u s t o w h i c h
r , , ,

it s e e m e d t o b e gi n wi t h a t l e a s t t h a t t h e P o s it i o n o f r e a li t y m igh t
, ,

be a ppl ie d wi t h o u t c o nt a di c t io n W e h a ve no w de c id e d t h a t t h i s
r .

e s se nc e is o nly t o b e fo u nd in a la w a c c o r d ing t o w h ic h t h e c h a ng e a bl e ,

s t a te s p ro pe t ie s o r p h e no m e na
, r o f t h e t h ing a re c o n
,
ne c t e d
a
1
a
2
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,

wi t h e a c h o t h e r B t h o w c o u l d a la w be t h a t w h ic h if s im ply e ndo w e d
. u ,

w it h e a l it y w o u l d c o ns t it u te a t h ing ? H o w c o u l d it be gi fte d wi t h
r ,

t h o s e m o de s o f b e h a vi o u r w h i c h we de m a nd o f w h a t e v e r c l a i m s t o be

a T h ing ?

T h is q u e st i o n i nv o lve s r e a l diffi c u l t y bu t it a l s o e xp re s s e s do u b t s ,

wh i c h m e r e ly a r i s e fr o m a s c a r c e ly a v o id a bl e im p e fe c t io n in o u r r

li ng u i s t i c s a ge u T h e fi r s t o f t h e s e d o u b t s is a na l o g o u s t o t h a t
.

w h ic h we r a is e d a ga ins t t h e s i m pl e Q a l ity a s e s se nc e o f th e T h i ng u ,

a nd w h ic h we fo u nd t o h a v e no j s t ifi c a t i o n A s l o ng a s we t h o u g h t
u .

o f t h e Q u a l it y in t h e wa y p r e s e nt e d t o u s in l a ng u a g e by a dj e c t iv e s ,

a s a g e ne r a l it y a b s t a c t e d f o m m a ny i ns t a nc e s dis t inc t inde e d f o m

r r ,
r

o t h e r q u a l it ie s bu t u nd e t e r m i ne d in r e s p e c t o f i nt e ns it y e x t e nt a nd ,

l im it a t i o n ; s o l o ng it c o u ld no t b e a c c e p t e d a s t h e e s s e nc e o f a
.

T h ing A ft e r a ll t h e de t e m ina t e ne ss s t ill la c k ing to it h a d b e e n m a de

_ '
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'

. r

g o o d it m igh t h a v e b e e n s o a c c e p te d if t h e ne c e s s a ry r e qu i re m e nt o f
, ,

c a p a b ili t y o f c h a ng e h a d no t p r e v e nt e d t h is I n lik e m a nne r t h e c o n .

:

c e p t io n o f la w is a t t h e o u t s e t u nde r s t o o d in a s i m il a r g e ne r a l se ns e .

Ab s t a c t e d f o m a c o m p a r iso n b e t w e e n t h e m o de s o f b e h a vi o u r o f
r r

di ffe e nt t h ing s it r e p e se nt s p i m a ily t h e r u l e a c c o d ing t o w h ic h

r ,
r r r ,
r

fr o m a de fi nit e g e ne a l c l a s s o f c o ndit io ns a d e fi nit e c l s s o f e s lt s

r a r u

is d e r iv e d T h e r u l e i nde e d is s u c h t h a t t h e e is a p e m a ne nt p r o p o r
. r r

t i o n a c c o r di ng t o w h ic h d e fi nit e c h a ng e s in t h e r e s u l t s c o r e s p o nd t o r

d e fi nit e c h a ng e s in t h e c o ndit io ns ; b u t t h e c a s e s in w h ic h t h e la w w il l
h o l d g o o d a nd t h e d e t e r m i ne d v a l u e s o f t h e c o ndi t io ns w h i c h giv e i s e
,
r

in e a c h o f t h e s e c a s e s t o e qu a lly de te rm i ne d v a l u e s o n t h e p a r t o f
t h e e ffe c t s — t h e s e a r e no t c o nt a i ne d in t h e la w i t s e l f o r c o nt a i ne d in

F 2
 0/ Me R e a ! R e a lity B OO K 1
'
’
68 a aa . [ .

it o n ly as p o s s ibili ti e s wh i ch a re th o u gh t o f a o l ng wi th it , b u t o f
wh ic h it a s s e r ts no ne a s a fa c t . I n th is sh a pe a la w c a nno t be t h a t o f

w h i c h t h e i m m e di a t e e a l ity e v e n if it w e r e t h ink a bl e wo u l d fo m a
r , , r

T h i ng B u t t h i s is no t w h a t is m e a nt by t h e t h e o ie s w h i c h e m pl o y
.
r

s u c h a n e xp r e s s i o n [w h i c h i de nt ify t h ing a nd la w] W h a t t h e y h a ve in .

i’ i w to
v e , p u t it s h o tly is no t a g e ne a l la w b u t a n i ns t a nc e o f it s
r ,
r

a ppli c a t io n T h is la t t e r e x pr e s s io n h o w e v e r ne e ds fu th e r e xpl a na
‘

.
, ,
r

t io n a nd l im it a t io n .

3 3 I f in t h e o r di na y g e ne a l e xp r e s s io n o f a la w fo r a ll q u a nt i t i e s
.
r r ,

le ft i nde fi nit e we s b s t i t u t e de fi nit e v a l u e s it is no t o u r h a bi t it is

,
u , ,

ru e t o c a ll t h e ind ivi du a l i ns t a nc e t h u s o b t a i ne d a ny l o ng e a la w a t
B t ,
r

a ll b e c a u s e u nl e s s we r e v e t t o t h e g e ne a l fo m o f w h i c h it is a n
,
r r r

a ppl ic a t io n it is no l o ng e fi tt e d t o s e ve a s a g o u nd o f j u dgm e nt
r r r

u p o n o t h e r lik e c a s e s a nd t h is a s s i s t a nc e in r e a s o ning is t h e c h ie f
,

s e r ic e wh ic h in o dina y t h ink ing we e xp e c t f o m a la w I u t in

'

v r r r . r

s ic a lly h o w e v e ,
t h e r e is no s u c h
r, e a l d iff e e nc e b e t w e e n t h e in r r

B d ivi d u a l i ns t a nc e a nd t h e u niv e s a l a s w o u l d fo bi d u s fr o m subr r

s u m ing t h e fo m e r u nde r t h e na m e o f L a w
r O n t h e c o nt r a y it is . r ,

it s e lf w h a t it is in r e s p e c t o f it s w h o l e na t u e o nly in c o ns e qu e nc e o f r

t h e la w a nd c o nv e s e ly t h e la w h a s no o t h e r r e a l ity b u t in t h e c a s e o f
,
r

it s a ppl ica t i o n I t is t h e e fo e a l e g it i m a t e e x t e ns io n o f t h e u s a g e o f
. r r

t e r m s if we a pply t h e na m e o f a la w t o t h e d e fi nit e s t a t e o f fa c t s
,

it s e l f wh ich inc l u de s a p lu r a l it y o f e l a t i o ns b t w e e n e l e m e nt s w h i c h
,
r e

a r e c o m bi ne d a c c o di ng t o t h e dic t a t e s o f t h e g e ne a l la w
r I t m ay r .

b e t h e g e ne r a l la w o f a s e ie s o f q u a nt i t i e s t h a t e a c h s e q u e nt m e m b e r
r

is t h e n t h p o w e r o f t h e p e c e di ng o ne I t is no t h o we ve r in t h i s
r .
, ,

g e ne r a l fo r m t h a t t h e la w fo m s a ser i e s W e h a v e no s e r i e s r .

t ill we i nt o du c e in pl a c e o f n a d e fi ni t e v a l u e
r a nd a t the sam e ,

t im e t o giv e t o s o m e o ne o f t h e m e m b e r s s a y t h e fi r s t a d e fi ni t e , ,

q u a nt ita t ive va l u e A pplyi ng t h i s t o o u r p re s e nt c a s e t h e g e ne a l la w

.
, r

wo u l d c o r re s p o nd o nly t o t h e a b s t a c t c o nc e p t io n o f a Tl ng a s /
’

r zz sue z

t h e a c t u a l s e i e s o n t h e o t h e h a nd w h i c h t h is l a w s g o v e ns t o t h e
r r ,
r ,

c o nc e p t i o n o f s o m e i ndiv idu a l T h ing A nd it is o nly in t h i s l a tt e r .

s e ns e a s c o r r e s p o ndi ng t o t h e a c t u a l s e r i e s th a t it c a n b e i nt e nd e d t o

r e p r e s e nt a la w a s b e i ng t h e e s s e nc e t o w h i c h P o s i t i o n a s a T h i ng
b e l o ng s .

Up o n t h i s illu s tr a t i o n t wo r e m a r k s h a v e t o b e a dde d I n o u r .

p a r a ll e l t h e d e fi ni t e s e r i e s a pp e a s a s a n e x a m pl e o f a g e ne a l la w r r ,

o f w h ic h innu m e ra bl e o th e r e x a m pl e s a r e e q a lly p o s s ibl e I t m ay u .

t u r n o u t in t h e s e q u e l t h a t t h i s t h o u g h t h a s a n e q u a lly ne c e s s a y pl a ce r

in t h e m e t p h y s i c a l t e a t m e nt o f t h i ng s ; bu t a t t his p o int it is s t il l
a r
cm m m ) . A la w nee d no ! 5e g e ne r a l . 69

fo re i g n to o ur en u r q iy . I t do es no t b e l o ng t o th a t e s se nc e o f a t h i ng
o f w hic h we a re h e r e in qu e s t
w h i c h o r de r s it s c o nte nt s h o u l d
,
t h a t th e la w
a pply a l s o t o t h e c o nt e nt o f o t h e t h i ng s O n t h e c o nt r a r y it is
r .
,

c o m pl e t e ly i nd ivi d a l a nd s i ngl e o f it s ki nd d i s t i ng u i s h i ng t h is t h i ng
u ,

fr o m a ll o t h e t h i ng s r O n t h i s p o i nt we a r e o fte n in e r r o r m i s l e d by
.
,

t h e u nive r s a l t e nde nc y t o c o ns t u c t r e a l it y o u t o f t h e a b s t ra c t io ns
r ,

w h i c h t h e r e a l ity i ts e l f h a s a lo ne e na bl e d u s t o fo rm Th e c o u r s e .
,

w h i c h i nve s t ig a t i o n c a nno t a vo i d t a ki ng t h o o u gh ly a c c u s t o m s u s t o ,
r

l o o k o n ge ne r a l l a w s a s t h e P r iu to w h i c h th e m a ni fo l d fa c t s o f t h e s,

r e a l w o l d m u s t a ft e r w a d s a s a m a t t e r o f c o u r s e
r r , s u b o r di na t e t h e m ,

s e lv e s a s i ns t a nc e s W e m igh t h o we v e r e a s ily r e m i nd o u s e lve s t h a t

.
, ,
r

a s a m a t t e r o f fa c t a ll g e ne a l l a w s a i s e in o u r m i nd s f o m t h e c o m
r r r

p a r is o n o f i ndividu a l c a s e s T h e s e a r e t h e r e a l P r i u s a nd t h e
.
,

g e ne a l la w w h i h we d e ve l o p e fr o m t h e m is p rim a ily o nly a p o du c t

r c r r

o f o u r th o u gh t I t s v a l idity in r e fe r e nc e t o m a ny c a s e s is e s t a bl is h e d
.

by t h e e xp e i e nc e s f o m t h e c o m p a r i s o n o f w h ic h it h a s a r i s e n a nd
r r ,

is e s t a bli s h e d j u s t s o fa r a s t h e s e c o nfi r m it H a d o u r c o m p a r i s o n; .

i ns t e a d o f b e i ng b e t w e e n o ne t h i ng a nd o t h e r th i ng s b e e n a c o m ,

p a r i s o n o f a t h ing wi t h i t s e l f in v a i o u s s t a t e s — a nd t h a t is t h e s o t r r

o f c o m p a i s o n t o w h ic h a l o ne o u
r p r e s e nt c o u rs e o f e nqu i ry w o u l d
r

p r o p e ly l e a d— t h e n it w o u l d by no m e a ns h a ve b e e n s e l f e vi de nt t h a t
r -

t h e c o ns e c u t iv e ne s s a nd c o nfo m i t y t o la w w h ic h we h a d fo u nd t o r ,

o b t a i n b e t w e e n t h e s u c c e s s iv e s t a t e s o f t h e o ne t h i n m u s t b e t a n s r
g ,

fe a ble t o t h e e l a t i o ns b e t w e e n a ny o t h e r e l e m e nt s w h a t e v e r t h y
r r e

m i g h t be a nd t h u s t o t h e s t a t e s a nd na t u e o f a no t h e r t h i ng
,
W e: r .

‘
s h o u l d h a v e no igh t t h e e fo r e t o r e g a r d t h e e s s e nc e o f t h e T h i ng a s
r r

a n ins t a nc e o f a u niv e s a l la w t o w h i c h it wa s s u bj e c t
r A t th e s a m . e

t i m e it is o bvi o u s t h a t t h is la w o f t h e s u cc e s s io n o f s t a t e s in a s ingl e

t h i ng w h o lly i ndivi du a l a s it is if it w e r e a pp r e h e nde d in t h o u g h t

, , ,

w o u l d c o nt inu e l o gi c a lly t o p r e s e nt i t s e l f t o u s a s a n i de a o f w h i c h ,

t h e e m ig h t b e m a ny p r e c i s e ly s i m il a r c o p ie s
r I t is qu i t e p o s s ibl e t o .

a tt e m p t to m a k e p l r a l s e v e n o f th e i de a o f t h e
u niv e r s e a nd o f t h e u

s u p e m e B e ing
r I t is c o ns i d e a t i o ns in a di ffe r e nt r e gi o n no t l o g ic l
. r ,
a

b u t m a t e r i a l t h a t a l o ne e x c l u de t h e p o s s ibil ity o f t h e e b e i ng s u c h
, r

pl u a l s ; a nd it is t h e s e a l o ne w h ic h in o u r M e t a p h y s ic c a n in t h
r e

s e q u e l de c ide fo o g a ins t t h e m u l t ipl ic it y o f p r e c is e ly s im il a r th ing s

r r a ,

fo r o r a g a ins t t h e v a l id it y o f u niv e s a l l a w s w h ic h t h e y h v e t o o b e y r a .

T o m a k e m y m e a ni ng c l e a e r I w ill s u ppl m e nt t h e p r e vi o u s ill u s

r ,
e

t r a t io n o f a nu m e i c a l s e r i e s by a no t h e
r W e m a y co m pa re the r .

e s s e nc e o f a t h i ng t o a m e l o dy I t is no t d is p u t e d t h a t t h e s u c c e s s iv e
.

s o u nd s o f a m e l o dy a r e g o v e r ne d by a la w o f ae s th e t i c co ns e c u t iv e
 Of f/1 e R e a l a nd R e a lity 13 00 121
7 o . .

ne s s ,
bu t t h i s la w is g
at n s e dth ea s o n e sam e
p e fe c t ly t mei re c o i r

i ndiv idu a l T h e r e is no s e ns e in r e ga r ding a p t ic u l m e lo dy a s a

.
ar ar

k ind ,
o i ns tra n c e o f t h e a ppl ic a t io n o f a g e n e r a l m e lo dy L e a ving ,
.

t o t h e r e a de s e fle c t io n t h t a s k w h ic h m ig h t be a lo ng o ne o f
’
r r e , ,

m a k in g g o o d t h e s h o r t c o m in g s f o m w hi c h t h i s ill u s t a t io n l ik e t h e
r r ,

p r e vi o u s o ne s u ffe r s I p o c e e d t o t h e s e c o nd s u p p le m e nt
, ,
r y r m a k ar e r

wh ic h I h a v e t o m a k e .

I f we de v e l o p e a g e n a l la w fr o m t h e c o m p a r i s o n o f diffe e nt er r

t h ing s u nde diffe e nt c i c u m s t a nc e s t wo p o int s a r e l e ft u nde t e

r r r ,
r

m ine d— o ne t h e s p e c ifi c na t u r e o f t h e t h ing s t h e o t h e
,
th e pa ,
r, r

t ic u la r c h a a c t e o f t h e c o nd it io ns u nde w h ic h t h e t h ing s w ill be h a v e

r r r

in o ne wa y o r in a not h e L e t bo t h p o int s b e de t e r m ine d a nd w

r .
,
e

a rr ive a t t h a t e s u l t i de nt ic a l wi t h it e l f a nd u nc h a ng e a bl e w h ic h we
r ,
s ,

r p e s e nt e d by c o m p a is o n w it h a d e fi nit e s e ie s o f q a nt it ie s
e r r bu t r u ,

wh ic h c a nno t a ns e w o u r p p o s e — th e p r p o s e o f a pp e h e nding t h a t
u r ur r

e s s e nc e o f t h e T h i ng w h ic h r m a ins u nifo m in c h a ng e W e h a ve
e r .

t h e r e fo e a s a l e a dy r e m a r k e d o nly t o c a r y o u t t h e c o m p a r is o n o f a
r ,
r ,
r

t h ing w it h it s e l f in it s v a io s s t a t e s _ Th e c o ns e c u t iv e ne s s a nd c o n
r u .

fo rm i t y t o la w t h a t w o u l d t h u s a pp e
,
w o u l d be th e indi id gy w o a r, v u a r

e s s e nc e o f t h e T h ing in o pp o s it io n t o t h e c h a ng e a bl e co nd it io ns t h a t

h a v e no w t o b e l e ft u nde t e r m ine d O ne m o r e m is u nde s t a nding I . r

s h o u l d l ik e t o g e t id o f in c o nc lu s io n r I t is no p a r t o f o u r p r e s e nt .

qu s t io n w h e th e r a nd h o w t h is c o m p a i s o n a nd t h e dis co ve y o f th e
e r r

a b id i ng la w is p o s s ibl e fo u s wi t h r e fe e nc e t o a n p a t ic u l g
.

y r t h in r r ar .

O u p o bl e m m e r e ly is t o fi nd t h e fo m o f t h o u g h t in w h ic h it s
r r r

e s s e nc e c o u l d be a d e q u a t e ly a p p e he nd e d s u pp o s ing t h e r e t o b e no r

h ind a nc e in th e na tu r e o f o u r c o g ni t io n a nd in it s p o s it i o n t o w a r d s
r

T hing s t o t h e p e fo m a nc e o f t h e p r o c e s s T h e s a m e e s e r v e is m a de
r r . r

by e v e ry o th e r m e t a ph y s ica l vi e w Eve n th e m a n wh o l o o k s fo th e . r

e s s e nc e o f t h e T h ing in a s im pl e Q u a l ity d o e s no t e xp e c t t o k no w

t h a t Qu a l it y a nd t h e e fo e s a t is fi e s h i m s e l f w it h e s t a bl is h ing t h e
r r

g e ne a l fo rm in w h i c h it w o u l d a pp e a r t o h im b t de ni e s h im s e l f
r , u

t h e p o s p e c t o f e v e l o o k ing o n t h is a pp e a a nc e
r r r .

So m u c h fo r t h o s e o bj e c t i o ns t o t h e no t io n o f a la w a s c o n
s t it t ing t h e e s s e nc e o f t h e T hing w h ic h a dm it o f b e i ng s e t a s id e by
u
,

a n e xpl a na t i o n o f o r m e a ning I n fa c t f we t h o u g h t o f t h e
u . i
,

P o s it io n w hich c o nv e y s r e a l ity a s l ig h t i ng u p o n t h i s i nd v id a l la w i u ,

it w o u l d fo rm j u s t t h a t p e m ne nt ye t c h a ng e a bl e e s nc e o f T hing r a se
1
a

wh ic h we a e in s e a c h o f r T h e e a de r ho we v w ill fi nd l it tl s a t i s
. r r, e r, e

fa c t io n in a ll t h is Th e q e s t io n k e e p s r e c
. ing w h e t h e r a ft e a ll
u u rr r

1
D a s b e s t a nd ig e u nd d e nno c h v e r ande r lic h e
 Ca x pr m nm Co nf o m nily t o L a t e} .
7 1

th a t
‘
Po s itio n ’
o f re a li ty ,
a ppli e d to th s i c o nt e nt , ca n in fa c t ex

h a u s t iv e ly co ns t t u t e i the l T h ing ; wh e t h e r we h a v e
e sse nc e o f a re a

no t c o ns t a nt ly t o s e a r c h a fr e s h fo r t h e s o m e t h i ng w h i c h w h il e fo l ,

lo wi n g t h i s la w w o u l d c o
,
n v e y t o it — c o nv e y t o w h a t is in i t s e l f a

m e r e ly t h i nk a bl e m o d e o f p r o c e du r e — e a li t y ? I n p r e s e nc e o f t h i s r

c o ns t a nt ly r e c u r r i ng do u b t I h a v e no c o u r s e b u t t o r e p e a t t h e a ns w e r

w h ic h I b e l ie v e t o be c e r ta inly t u e L e t u s in t h e fi r s t pl a c e r e c a ll
r .
, ,

t h e fa c t t h a t in w h a t we a r e no w a s ki ng fo r t h e r e is s o m e t h i ng in

t ins ic a lly u nt h ink a bl e

r W e a r e no t s a t is fi e d wi t h t h e do c t r i ne t h a t
.

t h e T h ing is a n indiv idu a l la w W e b e l ie v e t ha t we g a i n s o m e t h i ng

.

by a s s u m ing o f it t h a t in it s o wn na t u re it is s o m th ing m o r e a nd e

o t h e r t h a n t his a nd t h a t it s c o nfo m i ty t o t h i s la w by w h ic h it d is
,
r ,

t ing u is h e s i t s e l f f o m e v e r y t h ing e l s e is m e r e ly it s m o de o f p r o c e du r e
r ,
.

C a n we h o w e v e r fo m a ny no t io n o f w h a t c o ns t i t u t e s t h e p r o c e s s
r

w h i c h we i ndi c a t e by th is fa m ili a r na m e o f c o nfo m ity t o la w ? I f r

t h is nu c l e u s o f r e a li t y Wh i c h we de e m it ne c e s s a y t o s e e k fo
, p o s r r,

s e s s e d a d e fi ni t e na t u r e a l ie n t o t h a t w h i c h t h e la w e nj o i ns
, ho w ,

c o u l d it ne v e r t h e l e s s c o m e t o a dj s t i t s e l f t o t h e la w ? A nd if we
u

w o u l d a s s u m e t h a t t h e r e a re s u ndry c o ndi t i o ns o f w h ic h th e Op e r a t i o n
u p o n it m ig h t c o m p e l it t o s u c h o b e di e nc e w o u l d t h i s c o m p u l s io n b e ,

i t s e l f i nt e llig ibl e u nl e s s it s o wn na t u r e g a ve it t h e la w t h a t u p o n t h e s e
,

c o ndit io ns s u p e r v e ning it s h o u l d o b e y t h a t o t h e r la w s u pp o s e d t o b e

qu i t e a li e n t o it s na t u e ? I n a ny c a s e t h a t w h i c h we c a ll c o nfo r m i ty
r

t o la w o n t h e p a r t o f a T h ing w o u l d b e no t h i ng e l s e t h a n t h e p r o p e r
b e ing a nd b e h a vi o u r o f th e T h i ng i t s e l f O n t h e o t h e r s ide : W h a t .

e x a c t ly a e we t o t a k e t h e l a w s t o b e b e o r e t h e y a e c o nfo m e d t o ?
r
f r r

W h a t s o t o f r e a li ty o t h e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e T h i ng s c o u l d b e l o ng t o
r , ,

t h e m s u c h a s t h e y m u s t c e t a inly h a v e if it is t o b e p o s s ibl e fo r a
,
r

na t u r e o f T h i ng s a s s u m d h i t h e r to t o lie b e y o nd t h e m
, e t o a dj u s t ,

i t s e l f t o th e m ? T h e r e is o nly o ne a ns w e r p o s s ibl e t o t h e s e qu e s t io ns .

I t is no t t h e c a s e t h a t t h e t h ing s fo ll o w a m o de o f p r o c e du r e wh ic h
w o u l d in a ny p o s s ibl e fo r m h e a c t u a lly s e p a a bl e f o m t h e m T h e i x
c5
r r . r

o c e d u r e is w h t e v e r it m a b e a nd by it t h e y y ie l d t h e s u l t w h ic h
p r a y e
, r

we a ft e r w a ds u p o n e fl e c t iv e c o m p a i s o n c o nc e iv e a s t h e i m o d e o f
r ,
r r ,
r

p r o c e du r e a nd t h e r e u p o n e ndo w in o u r t h o g h t wi th p io i ty t o t h e u
'

r r

T hing s t h e m s e lv e s a s if it w e e t h e p a t t e n ft e r w h ic h t h y h a d
,
r r a e

g u i de d t h e m s e lv e s I f we w o u l d a v o id t h is c o nc l u s io n by de ny ing t o
.

t h e r e qu i r e d nu c l e u s O f t h e T hing a ny na t u r e o f it s o wn we s h o u l d ,

b e b o u g h t b a c k t o t h a t c o nc e p t i o n o f t h e a b s o l u t e R e a l R w h ic h
r , ,

we h a v e a l r e a dy fo u nd s o u s e l s s Eve n if t h is r e a l N o th ing w e e
e . r

i t s e l f t h i nk a bl e it w o u ld c e r t a i nly no t be c a p a bl e o f di s t ib u t i ng t h e
,
r
 7 2 Of l/i e R e a l a nd R e a lily . [B O O K 1 .

re a li t y w h i c h ,
it is s u pp o s e d t o h a v e o f i t s o w n o v e r t h e c o n t e n t ,

w h i ch fo rm s t h e e s s e nc e o f a de t e rm ina t e T h i ng I t c o u l d no t t h e r e .

fo r e r e p r e s e n t o u r g l m t h e s o m e t h in g
a a es z u
'

o f w h i c,
h w e r q i e a e u r

ll
s o ca e d c- o n fo m it y t o a d e t e rm in a t e m o d e o f p o c e d ur e T h e e is r r . r

h
t e e fo r e
r it i s c l e a,
r n o t h i n g l e ft fo r u
,
s b u t t o a t t e m p t t o d e fe n d t h e

i i h h e r e a l T h ing is no t h i ng bu t t h e r e a li s e d indivi du a l
Ela w o f its p o c e du r e
p pr O o s t o n t a t t ,

r .

3 5 I s h a ll b e le s s w e a is o m e if I c o nne c t m y fu t h e r r e fle c t i o ns o n
.
r r

t h e s u bj e c t w it h a n h is t o ic a l a nt it h e s is o f t h e o i e s r I de a l is m a nd r .

R e a l is m h a v e a lw a y s b e n l o o k e d u p o n a s t wo O p p o s it e p o l e s o f t h e
e

m o v e m e nt o f p hil o s o p h ic a l t h o u g h t e a c h h a v ing d iff e e nt t h o u g h ,

r

c l o s ly c o nne c t e d s ig nifi c a t io ns
e a c c o di ng a s t h e e nqu i y int o w h a t ,
r r

r e a lly is o r t h e r e fe e nc e t o t ha t w h ic h is t o b e v a l u e d a nd s t r iv e n
,
r

a ft e r in l ife wa s t h e m o e p r o m ine nt ,
T h e o pp o s it io n wa s in t h e
r .

fi s t ins t a nc e o c c a s io ne d by t h e qu e s t i o n w h ic h no w o c c pi e s u s I n
r u .

t h e i ne x h u s t ibl e m u l t ipl ic it y o f p e c e iv a bl e p h e no m e na P la t o no t i c e d
a r

t h e r e cu e nce Of c e t a in u nifo m P e dic a t e s fo r m ing t h e p e m a ne nt

rr r r r ,
r

s t o e f o m w h ic h in e ndl e s s v a i e t y o f c o m b in t io n a ll t h ing s d e iv e
r r ,
r a ,
r

t h e i p a t ic ul a e s se nc e o r t h e na t u e by w h ic h o ne d is t ingu is h e s i t s e l f
r r r r

fr o m t h e o t h e a nd ea c h is wh a t it is r And j u s t a s t h e s im pl e e le m e nt s .
,

s o th e a l c o m bi n t io ns o f t h e s e w h ic h t h e
re a co rse o f na t u r e e u x

h ibit e d w e e no m u l tipl ic it y w ith o u t a P inc ipl e bu t w e e s u bj e c t o n

,
r r ,
r

t h e ir o wn p t to p e m a ne nt typ e s w ith i n w h ich t h e y m o v e d

ar r , .

Fu r th e r t h e s e r ie s o f r e l a t io ns int o w h ic h t h e d iffe e nt t h ing s m igh t

, ,
r

e nt e r wi t h e a c h o t h e r — u lt im a t e ly e v e n t h e m l tiplic it y o f t h a t w o l d u r

wh ic h o u r O wn a c t i o n m igh t a nd s h o u l d ins t it t e — t e s t ifie d no le s s t o u

t h is inne o de r o f a ll e l it y r r T h e c a s e wa s no t s u c h a s t h e S o p h is t s
r a .
,

h is p e de c e s s o r s in p h il o s o p h y h d t i d t o m a k e it o u t t o b e
r , a It r e .

w a s no t t h e c a s e t h a t a s t r a m o f B e c o m ing wi t h no c h e c k u p o n it s e ,

w a v e s fl o we d o n int o e v e r ne w fo m s u nh e a r d o f b e fo r e w ith o u t
, r , ,

o bl ig a t io n t o r e t u n a g a in t o a s t a t e t h e s a m e w it h o r lik e t o t h a t
r

f o m w h ic h it s e t o u t
r O n t h e c o nt a r y e ve r y th i ng w h ic h it wa s t o
. r ,

b e p o s s ibl e fo r R e a l it y t o b i ng a b o t wa s c o nfi ne d w ith in fix e d r u

l im it s O nly a n i m m e a s u a bl e m u l tipl ic ity o f pl a c e s o f tim e s a nd o f

.
r , ,

c o m b ina t i o ns e m a ine d o p e n t o it in w h ic h it
r e p e a t e d w it h v a r i a t i o ns r
,

t h i s c o nt e nt o f t h e I d e a l w o l d r .

T h e f ll v a l u e o f t h is m e t a p h y s i c a l c o nc e p t io n I s h ll h a v e t o b i ng
u a r

o t la tu F o t h e p e s e nt I wi s h t o c a ll a t t e ntio n t o t h e m is l e a di ng
er . r r

p t h n ve a c t u lly a v o ide d int o wh ic h it h a s d a w n m e n a s t a y I t

a , e r a
, r r .

wa s j u s t t h e m u l t ipl ic i ty in s p a c e a nd t im e o f s ca t t e e d s u c c e s s iv e a nd r

i nt e r s e c t ing p h e no m e na — t h e c o u r s e o f th i ng s — t h a t p o p e ly c o ns t i r r
C H APT E R I de a s a r e s nos e g ne nl lo R e alily .
73
t u t e d t h e t ru e li ty th e p i m a ry o bj e c t g iv e n u s t o b e p e r c e ive d a nd
re a ,
r

k no w n T h a t w o l d o f I de a s o n t h e o t h e r h a nd w h i c h c o m p e
. r , ,
r

h e nde d t h e p e m a ne nt e l e m e nt in t h is c h a ngi ng m u l t ipl ic ity a nd t h e

r

r e cu e nt fo r m s in t h e t r a ns m u t a t i o n o f t h e m a ni fo l d wa s in c o nt r a s t
rr ,

wi t h it s o m e th i ng s e c o nda y h a vi ng h a d it s o r ig in in t h e c o m p a i s o ns
r ,
r

i ns t it u t e d by o u r t h o u gh t a nd s o fa r a s o f th is o igin ne i th e r r e a l
, ,
r ,

no r c a lc u l a t e d t o p r o du c e in t u n a ny r e a li t y o u t o f i t s e l f r H o we v e r .

g r e a t t h e v a lu e o f th e Ob s e r v a t i o n t h a t R e a lit y is s u ch a s t o e na bl e u s
by t h e c o nne xi o n O f th o s e ide a s o f o u r s t o a r r ive a t a c o r e s p o nde nc e r

wi t h it s c o u s e ; s t ill it wa s w o ng t o t a k e t h is w o l d o f i de a s fo a ny
r r r r

t h i ng e l s e t h a n a s y s t e m o f a b s t r a c t i o ns o r i nt e ll e c t u a l fo r m s w h ic h ,

o nly h a v e r e a li t y s o fa r a s t h e y c a n b e c o ns ide r e d t h e m o de s o f p r o

c e du r e o f t h e t h i ng s t h e m s e lv e s b u t w h i c h c o u l d in no s e nse be
,

Opp o s e d t o t h e c o u s e o f t h i ng s a s a P u s t o w h i c h t h is c o u s e
r rz
'

a dj u s t s i t s e l f c o m pl e t e ly o r i nc o m pl e t e ly a s s o m e th i ng s e co nda y
, ,
r .

I n o de r t o m a k e m y m e a ni ng qu i t e c l e a r I m u s t e m p h a s i z e t h e
r ,

p o p o s iti o n t h a t t h e o nly e a l ity give n u s t h e t ru e r e a l ity i nc l u de s a s

r r , ,

a n i ns e p a a bl e p a r t o f i t s e l f t h is v a yi ng flo w o f p h e no m e na in s p a c e
r r

a nd t i m e t h is c o u r s e o f T h i ng s t h a t h a pp e n
,
T h i s c e a s e l e s s ly a d .

v a nc in m l d y f v n t — it a nd no th i ng e l s e — is t h e m e t a p h y s ica l
g e o o e e

p la c e in w h i c h t h e c o nne c t e dne s s o f t h e w o l d o f I de a s t h e m u l ti r ,

p li c it y o f it s h a m o n i o u s r r
e l a t i o ns n o t o nly is fo u n d by ,
u s b u t a l o ne

h a s it s r e a l it y W ith i n th i s r e a l it y s i ngl e p o du c t s a nd s i ngl e o c c u

. r r

r e ne e s m ig h t b e l e g it i m a t e ly r e g a r de d a s t r a ns i t o r y i ns t a nc e s po n ,
u

w h i c h t h e w o l d o f i de a s i m p r e s s e d i t s e l f a nd fr o m wh i ch it a g a i n
r

wi th d e w : fo b e fo r e a nd a ft e a nd b e s i de th e m t h e livi ng I de a r e
r r r

m a i ne d a c t iv e a nd p r e s e nt in i nnu m e r a bl e o t h e r i ns t a nc e s a nd w h il e ,

c h a ng ing it s fo r m s ne v e r di s a pp e a r e d fr o m r e a li t y B u t th e wh o l e o f .

r e a l it y t h e w h o l e o f t h i s w o r l d k no w n a nd u nk no w n t o g e th e r c o u l d
, , ,

no t p o p e ly b e s e p a r a t e d fr o m t h e w o l d o f I de a s a s t h o u g h it w e e
r r r r

p o s s ibl e fo r t h e l a tt e r t o e xi s t a nd h o l d go o d o n it s o wn a c co u nt
b e fo e r e a l is ing i t s e l f in th e giv e n w o l d a nd a s t h o u gh t h e r e m igh t
r r ,

h a v e b e e n innu m e a bl e e qu iv a l e nt ins t a nc e s — innu m e a bl e o th e r

r r

o r —
w l s b e s ide s th is in w h ic h t h e a nt e c e de nt s y s t e m o f p u r e I de a s
d ,

m ig h t e q u a lly h a v e e a l is e d it s e l f
r J u s t a s th e t r u th a b o u t th e in
.

d ivi du a l T h i ng is no t t h a t t h e e is fi rs t t h e c o nc e p t io n o f t h e T h i ng
r

w h i c h o r da i ns h o w it is t o b e a nd th a t a ft e w r ds th e r e c o m e s t h e
,
r a

m e r e u ni nt e llig ibl e fa c t w h i c h o b e y s t h is c o nc e p t io n b u t t h a t t h e
, ,

c o nc e p t io n is no t h i ng m o r e t h a n t h e life o f t h e e a l i ts e lf ; s o no ne r

o f t h e I de a s is a n a nt e c e de nt p a t t e r n t o b e i m i t t e d by wh a t is ,
a .

R a th e r e a c h I de a is th e i m i t a t i o n e s s a y e d by T h o u gh t O f o ne o f t h e
,
74 Of f/1 e R e a l a nd R e a lily . [ B OO K 1 .

i
t ra t s wh i ch th e e t e na lly r e a l e xp e s s e s i t s e l f I f th e i ndivi du l
in r r . a

I de a s a pp e r t o u s a s ge ne a l it ie s t o wh ich i nnu m e r a bl e ins t a nc e s

a r ,

c o r r e s p o nd W e h a ve t o a s c ibe t h is a l s o t o t h e na t u re o f t h a t s u p e m e
,
r r

I de a i nt o wh i c h we ga th e r th e individu a l I de a s T h e v e r y m e a ni ng
,
.

o f t h e r e b e ing s u c h a n I de a is t h a t a s t r e a m o f p h e no m e na do e s no t

w h i l o n i nt o t h e im m e a s u r a bl e wi th no i de nt ity in s u c c e s s iv
r e

m o m e nt s wi t h o u t e v e r r e t u r ning t o w h a t it wa s b e fo e a nd w it h o u t
,
r

r e l a t io ns h ip b e t w e e n it s m a nifo l d e l e m e nt s T h e g e ne a l ity o f t h e . r

I de s th e e fo e is im pl ie d in th e s y s t e m a t i c c h a r a c t e r o f w h a t fill s
a r r

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, ,

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r r .

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r r -

o f w ha t si — o f a p o s s ibili t y w h ic h in o r de t o a r iv e a t r e a l it y w o u l d
,
r r ,

r e q u i e t h e h e lp o f a s e c o nd C o s m o s o f a r e a l a nd o f m o v e m e nt s o f
r ,

t h e r e a l t h a t a r e no p a r t o f i t s e l f .

3 6 I s h a l l h a v e fr e q u e nt Opp o r t u ni t y in t h e s e qu e l o f dw e lli ng
.

a g a i n o n t h is s y s t e m o f t h o u g h t ; no r in fa c t c a n I h o p e t o m a k e it

p e fe c tly c le a r t il l I s h a ll h a v e h a ndl e d in de t a il th e m a nifo l d diffi

r

c u lt ie s w h i c h o pp o s e a r e t u r n t o it I s a y e xp r e s s ly— a e t u r n t o it ;. r

fo r t o m e it s e e m s t h e s i m pl e s t a nd m o s t p i m a y t ru t h w h ile t o r e r r ,

p r e s e n t t i e s oa f t h e p
v r e s e nt i nt r i c a t e p h a s e o f s c i e n t ifi c Op in i o n it

u s u a lly pp e a s a r a s h a nd o b s c u re i m a g ina t i o n P s y c h o l o g ic a lly it

a r .

is a l m o s t a n u na v o ida bl e ne c e s s it y t h a t th e g e ne r a l l a w s w h i c h we ,

h a v e o b t i ne d f o m c o m p a i s o n o f p h e no m e na s h o u l d p e s e nt t h e m
a r r ,
r

s e lv e s t o u s a s a n i nde p nde nt a nd o da ining P i e wh ic h p e c e de s r r u s, r

t h e c a s e s o f it s a ppli c a t io n Fo r in r e l a t io n t o t h e m o v e m e nt o f o u r
.

c o g nit i o n t h e y a r e r e a lly s o Bu t if by t h e i r h e lp we c a l c l a t e a fu tu r e
. u

r e s u l t b fo e h a nd fr o m t h e g iv e n p r e s e nt c o ndit io ns we fo g e t t h a t
e r ,
r

w h a t c o m e s fi s t in o u r e fl e c t io n a s a m a j o p r e m i s s is ye t o nly th e
r r r

e xp e s s io n o f t h e p a s t a nd o f t h a t na t u e o f it s o wn w h i c h R
r l ity in r e a

the pa st e ve a l e d t o u s
r So a c c u s t o m e d a r e we t o t h is m is u nde r
.

s t a nd ing s o m a s t e r e d by t h e h a b it o f fi s t s e t t ing w h a t is in t u t h t h e
, r r

e s s e nce o f t h e R l o ve r a g a i ns t t h e R e a l a s a n e x t e r na l i de a l fo r it
ea ,

t o s t iv e a ft e
r a nd o f t h e n f u it l e s s ly s e e k ing fo r m e a ns t o
r, r ni t e w h a t u

h s b e n im p o p e r ly s p a a t e d t h a t e v e r y a s s e r t io n o f t h e o r ig ina l
a e r e r ,
.

u nit y o f t h a t w h i c h h a s b e e n t h u s s u nde e d a pp e a s de t im e nt a l t o t h e r r r

s c ie nt ifi c a c c u a c y t o w h ic h we a s pi re r T u e t h e ne e d o f bl e nd ing r
.
,

I de l a nd R e a l a s t h e p h a s e is h a s a t a ll t i m e s b e n ke e nly fe l t ;
a
, r ,
e

b u t it s e e m s t o m e t h a t t h e a t t e m p t s t o fu lfil t h is p o bl e m h a v e s o m e r

t im e s p m o t d t h e e o r w h ic h t h y c o m b a t e d
ro e rr I n d m a nding a e . e

s p e c i l a c t o f s p e c u l a t io n in o r de r t o a c h ie v e t h i s g re a t
a e s u l t th e y r ,
CH AP TE R Th e L a w r ea l
,
no l r ea lis e d .
75

m a i nt a i n t h e b e lie f in a gu l f no t r e a lly t h e r e wh i c h it ne e ds a b o l d
, ,

le a p t o p a s s .

Fo r t h e p r e s e nt h o w e v e r I p r o p o s e t o d r o p t h e s e g e ne r a l c o n
, ,

s ide r a t io ns a nd if p o s s ibl e t o g e t
, ,
id o f t h e o b s c u i t y a nd a pp a e nt
,
r r r

i na dm i s s ib il ity O f t h e r e s u l t j u s t a ive d a t One i m p o v e m e nt is rr . r

d i e c tly s u gg e s t e d by w h a t h a s b e e n s a i d
r W e a nno t e xp r e s s o . c ur

T h e s is a s we did j u s t no w in th e fo m : T h e T h i ng is th e e a l is e d r r
ED
, ,

i ndividu a l la w o f it s b e h a vio u T h i s e xp e s s io n if we w e ig h it s
r.
’
r ,

t e m s w o u l d c o nt a in a ll t h e fa l s e no t i o ns a g a ins t w h ic h we w e e
r ,
r

a nxi o u s t o g u a d I ns te a d o f t h e r l la w it w o u l d c l e a ly b e
‘
’
’ ’
r . e a zs e a r

b e t t e t o s p e a k o f t h e la w ne v e r r e a l is e d bu t t h a t a lw a y s h a s b e e n r e a l
r , .

B u t no v e b a l e xp e s s i o n t h a t we c o u l d fi nd w o u l d s e r v e t h e p u p o s e
r r r

o f e x c l u ding t h e s u gg e s t e d no t io n w h i c h we wi s h t o b e e xp e s s ly r

e x c l de du Fo r in s p e a k ing o f a la w we did no t m e a n o ne w h i c h
.
, ,

t h o gh r e a l a s a la w h d s t il l t o w a it t o b e fo ll o w e d bu t o ne fo ll o w e d
u ,
a ,

e t e r na lly ; a nd s o fo ll o w d t h a t t h e la w wi t h t h e fo ll o wi ng o f it wa s
e

no t a m e r e fa c t o r a n e v e nt t h a t t a k e s pl a c e b u t a s e l f c o m pl e t ing ,
-

a c t iv it y A nd t h is a c t ivi ty o nc e m o r we l o o k u p o n no t in t h e na t u r e
.
,
e,

o f a b e h a vi o u r s e p a a bl e f o m t h e e s s e nc e w h ic h s o b e h a v e s b u t a s
r r ,

fo mr in g the e s e
s n c e i t s e l f— t h e e s s e nc e no t b e ing a de a d p o int b e h i nd

t h e a c t ivi ty b u t i de nt i c a l wi t h it
,
B u t h o w e v e r fa i n we m ig h t b e t o
.

s p e a k o f a r e a l L a w o f a l ivi ng a c t iv e I d e a in o r de r t h e b e tt e r t o
, ,

e xp r e s s o u r t h o u g h t l a ng u a g e w o u l d a lwa y s c o m p e l u s t o p u t t wo
,

w o ds t o g e th e r o n w h ic h t h o r di na r y c o u s e o f t h i nki ng h a s s t a m p e d
r ,
e r

t wo i nc o m p a t ibl e a nd c o nt r adic t o r y m e a ni ng s W e t h e re fo e h a v e . r

t o gi ve u p t h e p r e t e ns io n o f r e m a i ni ng in c o m pl e t e a c c o d w ith t h e r

Us a g e o f s p e e c h .
 C H A PT E R IV .

0f B e c o m ing Cna ng e
’
a na
é
.

37 WH EN I fi s t v e nt u r e d m a ny y e a s a g o o n a s t a t e m e nt o f
. r ,
r ,

m e t a p h y s ic a l c o nvi c t i o ns I g a t h e r e d u p t h e e s s e nc e o f t h e t h o u g h t s
, ,

w it h w h ic h we w e e j u s t t h e n o c c u pi e d in t h e fo ll o wi ng p o p o s it i o n
r ,
r

I t is no t in v ir t u e o f a s u b s t a nc e c o nt a i ne d in th e m t h a t T h ing s a r e
‘

t h e y a e w h e n t h e y a e q u a l ifi e d t o p r o du c e a n a pp e a r a nc e o f t h e e
r , r r

b e ing a s u b s ta nc e in th e m I wa s fo u nd fa u l t wi th a t th e t im e o n t wo .
’

g o nds I t wa s s a id t h a t t h e p r p o s i t i o n wa s m a te i a lly u nt u e a nd
r u . o r r ,

t h a t in r e s p e c t o f fo m t h e t wo m e m b e s o f t h e p o p o s it io n a pp e a e d
r r r r

no t t o c o e s p o nd a s a nt i t h e s e s
rr T h e l a t t e r o bj e c t i o n w o u l d h a v e .

b e e n u nim p o t a nt if t u e : bu t I h a ve no t b e e n a bl e t o c o nv inc e
r ,
r

m y s e l f o f it s t u th o r o f t h e m a t e r i a l i nc o r e c t ne s s o f m y e xp r e s s i o n
r , r .

V A c co ding t o a v e y c o m m o n u s a g e t h e na m e
r r S u b s t a nc e wa s ‘ ’

e m pl o y e d t o i ndic a te a r igi d r e a l nu c le u s w h i ch wa s t a k e n a s a , ,

s e l f e vi de nt t ru t h t o p o s s e s s t h e s t a b il ity o f R e a li t y — a s t a bil it y w h i c h
-
,

c o u l d no t be a dm i t t e d a s b e l o ngi ng t o t h e t h ing s t h a t c h a ng e a nd ~

diffe r f o m e a c h o t h e r w it h o u t s p e c ia l j u s t ifi ca t i o n b e ing de m a nde d o f

r

it s p o s s ib il it y F o m s u c h nu c l e i t h e R e a li ty wa s s u pp o s e d t o s p r e a d
. r

i t s l f o v e r t h e diffe e nt p r o p e r t ie s by wh ic h o ne t h i ng dis tingu is h e s

e r

i t s e l f f o m a no t h e r I t wa s t h u s by it s m e a ns a s if it wa s a c o a g u
r .
,

l tiv e a g e nt w h ich s e v e d t o s e t wh a t wa s in i ts e l f t h e u ns t a bl e
a , r

fl u id o f t h e qu a li t a t iv e c o nt e nt t h a t t h i s c o nt e nt wa s s u pp o s e d t o ,

a c q u ir e t h e fo m a nd s t e a d fa s t ne s s t h a t b e l o ng t o t h e T h ing
r I t wa s .

m a t t e r o f i nd iffe e nc e w h e t h e r t h is p e c u l ia c r s t a ll is a t io n wa s t h o u g h t
r
y r

o f a s a n o ccu e nc e t h a t h a d o nc e t a k e n pl a c e a nd h a d giv e n a n
rr

o r igi n in t im e t o T h i ng s o r w h e t h e r t h e s o li di fy ing o p e a t i o n o f t h e r
,

s u b s t a nce wa s e g a de d a s a n e t e na l p o c e s s
r r c a r i e d o n in t h ing s r r ,
r

e q u a lly e t e r na l a nd w it h o u t o ig in in t im e a s a n e s s e nt ia l c h a a c t e r i s t ic
r r

o f t h e i na t u e r I n e it h e c a s e t h e c a u s a l e l a t io n e m a ine d t h e s m e
r . r r r a .

I t wa s by m e a ns o f a s u b s t a nc e e m p t y in it s l f t h a t R e a l it y w it h it s e ,

fi e dn s s in t h c o u s e o f c h a ng e s wa s s u pp o s e d t o be l e nt t o t h e
x e e r ,

de t e r m ina t e c o nt e nt .
 T/z e a pp ea r a ne e of s nos ia ne e .
77
I b e li e ve m y s e l f t o h a ve s h o wn t h a t no o ne o f t h e t h o u gh t s i nvo lv e d
in t h i s vi e w is p o s s ibl e I n g o i ng o n ho w e v e r t o s u ppl e m e nt t h e
.
, ,

c o nc l u s i o n t h a t it is no t in vi r t u e o f a s u b s t a nc e t h a t T h ing s a r e by ,

t h e fu r t h e r p o p o s i t i o n t h a t if t h e y a r e q u a lifi e d t o p o d u c e a n
r ,
r

a pp e a r a nc e o f t h e s u b s t a nc e b e i ng in t h e m t h e n t h e y a e I did no t
,
r ,

i nt e nd a ny c o r e s p o nde nc e b e t w e e n t h i s a nd t h e o th e r m e m b e r o f t h e
r

a nt it h e s is in t h e s e ns e o f o pp o s i ng t o t h e r e j e c t e d c o ns t r u c t i o n o f t h a t

w h i ch m a k e s a T h i ng a T h i ng a no th e r lik e c o ns t ru c t i o n W h a t I in .

t e nde d wa s t o s u b s t i tu t e fo r e v e ry s u c h o n / d i n (w h ic h is a n im
e s r a a

p o s s ibili t y )t h a t w h ic h a l o n e i s p o s s i l
g le t h e, d fi n it io n
e o f w h a t c o ns t i t u t es
t h e T h ing . T h e no t i o n w h i c h it wa s s o u g h t t o c o nv e y c o u l d o nly be
t h i s t h a t w h e n we s p e a k o f s o m e t h i ng t h a t m a k e s a T h i ng a s s u c h
, ,

(
‘
d ie w e m e a n t h e f o m o
r f r e a l e xi s t e nc e b e l o n g n g to a i

c o nt e nt , o f w h i c h t h e b e h a vi o u r p r e s e nt s t o u s t h e a pp e a r a nc e o f a

s u b s t a nc e b e i ng p r e s e nt in it t h e t r u t h b e i ng t h a t t h e h o l di ng
;
g r o u n d w h i c h u nd e r t h i s d e s ig n a t i o n o f s u b s t a n c e we s u pp o s e t o b e

s u ppl ie d t o T h i ng s is m e r e ly t h e m a nne r o f h o l d ing i t s e l f e x h ibi t e d by

t h a t w h i c h we s e e k t o s u pp o t in t h i s i m p o s s ibl e wa y
r .

3 8 T h e r e wa s no g r e a t di ffic u l ty in s h o wi ng th e u nt h i nk a bl e ne s s o f
.

t h e s u pp o s e d r e a l in i t s e l f- -
Th e d e ni a l is e a s y b u t is t h e a ffi m a t i o n
.
, r

o f a t e na bl e vi e w e q u a lly e a s y ? S e t t ing a s i d e t h e a u x il ia r y c o nc e p t i o n

j u s t e x c l u de d h a v e we o th e r a nd b e t te r m e a ns — a r e we l e ft wit h
,

m e a ns t h a t s t ill s a t i s fy u s — o f e xpl a i ni ng t h e fu nc t i o ns w h ic h we

c a nno t b u t c o nt i nu e s t ill t o e xp e c t o f T h i ng s if t h e a s s u m p t io n o f ,

t h e i r e xi s t e nc e is t o s a t i s fy t h e d e m a nds fo r t h e s a k e o f w h i c h it wa s

m a de ? On t h i s qu e s t i o n do u b t s will a r is e e v e n fo r a m a n wh o
r e s o lv e s t o a do p t by wa o f e xp e r i m e nt t h e r e s u l t o f t h e p e vi o u s
y r

c o ns i de ra t i o ns I r e p e a t : A w o r l d o f u nm o v e d i de a l c o nt e nt s if it
.
,

we r e t h ink a bl e wi th o u t p r e s u pp o s i ng m o t i o n a t le a s t o n t h e p a r t o f
h im t o w h o m it wa s o bj e c t o f o b s e v a t i o n w o u ld c o nt a in no t h i ng t o
r ,

o c c a s i o n a q u e s t fo r T h i ng s b e h i nd t h is g iv e n m u l t ipli c i t y No r is .

t h e m e r e v a r i e t y o f t h e s e p h e no m e na b u t o nly t h e r e g u la r i ty o f
,

ki nd p e c e iv e d o s u m i s e d in it t h a t c o m p e ls u s t o t h e a s s u m p t i o n
r r r ,

r s is t e nt p inc ipl e s by w h i c h t h e m a ni fo l d is c o nne c t e d

p e r .

Co m m o n Opi ni o n u nde r a m i s t a k e s o o n r e fu t e d h a d t h o u g h t t o
, ,

fi nd t h e s e s u bj e c t s o f c h a ng e in t h e T h i ng s p e r c e iva bl e by t h e s e ns e s .

Fo r t h e s e we s u b s ti tu t e d s u p r a s e ns ibl e e s s e nc e s o f p e r fe c t ly s i m pl e
-

q u a lity . B u t t h e v e r y s im pli c i ty o f t h e s e w o u l d h a v e m a de a ny
a l t e r na t iv e bu t B e ing o r no t B e i ng i m p o s s ibl e fo r t h e m
-
a nd w o u l d ,

t h u s h a v e e x c l u de d c h a ng e .Ye t c h a ng e m u s t r e a lly t a k e pl a c e
s o m e w h e r e if o nly t o r e nde r p o s s i b l e t h e a pp e a r a nc e o f ch a ng e s o m e
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we t h ink o f c h a ng e a s t a k ing pl a ce t h e n t h e la w w h ic h c o m p r e h e nds ,

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o u t t h e c h a ng e ; bu t h o w c a n we t h i nk t h e c h a ng e i t s e l f w h ic h we ,

t h u s p r e s u pp o s e ? H o w t h i nk it s l im it a t io n t o t h e s e c o nne c t e d
m e m b e s o f a s e r ie s ?
r A nd t h e n we s h a ll h a v e t o a s k : W o u l d t h e
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3 9 U nde r t h e na m e c h a ng e in t h e fi r s t p la c e t h e r e l u k s a
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.

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. ec e

(c o m e s int o b e i ng) in t h a t s e ns e o f t h e t e m wh ic h it is s o u g h t t o r

a v o id . I t is j u s t t h is t h a t c o ns t i t u t e s t h e dis t i nc t io n b e twe e n t h e
o bj e c t o f Me t a p h y s i c a nd t h a t w o l d o f i de a s in w h ic h t h e c o nt e nt o fr ,

a t ru th is inde e d fo u nde d o n t h a t o f a no t h e 5 bu t fa r f o m a is i ng
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I f no w we e nqu ir e h o w t h is b e co m i ng i nv o lve d in e ve r y c h a ng e is
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t o be t h o u g h t o f w h a t we w a nt t o k no w a s we na tu ra lly s u pp o s e is
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by w h ich we w o u l d m a k e it i nt e ll igibl e No r c a n e v e n th e no tio n o f .

b e c o m ing be r e p re s e nt e d a s m a de u p o f s i m pl e r no t io ns wi th o u t t h e
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.

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a .

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t h e de du c t i o ns t h o gh t t o b e de r iv a bl e fr o m t h i s la w
u No do b t t h i s . u

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c h a ng e c a nno t b e a l t o g e t h e r a v o i d e d by a do p t i ng a n e nt i r e ly Opp o s i t e

p o i n t o f vi e w .

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.

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,
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t h o u gh t h e y h a ve s e t s u c h v a lu e o n t h e i ne x h a u s t ible v a r i e ty o f
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r wi t h o u t di e c t i o n Ev e n in r r .

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. r

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w h a t s e qu e nt c a n b e c o nt a i ne d B dn in w h t a nt e c e de nt a nd if it vu a a ,

c o l d b e s h o w n w h a t is t h a t C w h ic h m u s t s p e v e ne in o r d e r t o g iv e
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r e a l it y t o t h e p o s s ibl e t a ns it i o n fr o m 8 6m
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e xp la na t i o n m igh t h a v e b e e n wis h e d fo T h e e x a m pl e s o f w h i c h r.

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,

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’ '
r r e ve u q
py ,

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do no t d e v e l o p e t h e m s e l ve s T h e y a r e p o s s ibili tie s o f s o m e th ing .

V OL . I. G
 82 0f Beco m ing a nd CIi a ng e . [B OO K 1 .

fu t u r e b e c a u s e th e y a r e a v a il a bl e fo r t h a t s o m e t h i ng if m a de u s e o f by
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. r r

c o nne xi o n b e t w e e n diffe r e nt e l e m e nt s o f w h ic h o ne a c t s o n t h e o t h er

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,
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r

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it s o wn na t re t h e p inc ipl e o f u a nd t h e p inc ipl e o f e x c l u s io n o f

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r ,

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, r

4 2 I s h a ll m o s t e a s ily e xpl a in a t o nc e t h e m e a ning o f t h is q u e s t io n

.

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wh ich we m igh t be t e m p t e d t o e m pl o y by w y o f s e t t ing t h e qu e s t io n a

a s id e a s s u p e fl u o u s I t is s e l f e vi de nt we m ig h t s a y t h a t
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u .

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rr u

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r ur r

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r r ,

o f ou q r s t io n ueI e s e ve fo th e p e s e nt t h e e nqu i y int o t h e m a nne r

. r r r r r

in w h ic h we t h ink in a ny c a s e o f t h e int e ll ig ibl e na t u o f a c o ns e re

q u e nc e F a s c o nt a ine d in t h e na tu e o f it s e a so n G W h a t e ve r r r
1
.

[ G nd F f t t h G m n w d G nd nd F
1
a re e r o d h e er a o r s u se ere ru a
 ’
c nm m 1v 1. Rea so n a na Co ns e q u e nl . 83

i s e l a t i o n m a y be t h e m e r e fa c t t h a t it o b t a i ns do e s no t s u ffic e t o
th r ,

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r We r e r .

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,
r NO r o u nd .

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we e v e n h a v e a m o t iv e t o s e e k fo r it T h e u niv e s e o f a ll t u t h s
. r r

c o nne c t e d in t h e wa o f r e a s o n a nd c o ns e q u e nt w o u l d s t a nd b e fo r e
y
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, ,
r .

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.

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,

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.

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.
, a nd fo r ,

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r

e v o k ing im a g e s o f t h e i nnu m e r a bl e c o ns e q u e nc e s F o f w h i c h th e , ,

c o nt e nt is in p i nc ipl e inv o lv e d in w h a t t h e s e i de a s c o nt a i n I f
r .

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, , , ,
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—c o ns is t i ng e qu a lly in t h e g e ne r a l s itu a t io n o f t h e s o u l fo r t h e
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y
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r I t m a y a t a ny m o m e nt e xp e r ie nc e
.

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. r

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r I t is ne v e r d ir e c t ly by t h e l o g ic a l
.

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r ,

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r Of th e ur .

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r e c o g nis e r r

m o e t h a n j u s t s o m u c h a s t h e lik e c o nne xi o n o n t h e p a r t o f o u r o wn
r

s t a t e s e na bl e s u s t o s e e o f it .

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r ,

c o nt e nt o f G in it s e l f l o g ic a lly o r ne c e s s a ily c o ndit i o ns t h a t o f F

, r ,
,

a nd t h t t h e e fo e in r e a l ity a l s o F w ill e ns u e u p o n G
a r r T h e q u e s t io n .

r a t h e r is wh
y t h e T h i ng s t o u bl e t h e m s e lv e sr a b o t t h is c o nn e x io n u

b e tw e e n ne c e s s i t i e s o f t h o u gh t ; wh y t h e y do no t a ll o w t h e p ri nc ipl e
G w h i c h t h e y c o nt a i n t o b e fo e v e r a b a e n p r i nc ipl e b u t a c tu a lly
r rr ,

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r r u ,

w h a t a ddit io n o f a c o m pl e m e nt a r y C m s t be s u pp o s e d in o r de r t h a t u

t h e T h ing s in t h e i r r e a l b e ing m a y p a s s fr o m G t o F j u s t a s o u r

G 2
 84 0f Be co m ing a na
’
Cna ng e . riam 1 .

t h o u gh t —no t a lw a y s or u nc o ndi t i o na lly — p a s s e s fr o m th e k no wl e dg e

Of G t o t h e k no wl e dge o fF .

43 . We a re th u s br o u gh t b a c k
p r o p o s i t i o n w h ich I s h a ll o fte n to a

i n t h e s e q u e l h a v e o c ca s i o n t o r e p e a t na m e ly t h a t t h e e o li e s j u s t : rr r

an t h is in fi r s t s e t t ing u p in t h o u g h t a n a b s t r a c t s e i e s o f p i nc ipl e s
,
r r

a nd c o ns e q u e nc e s a s a la w giv ing p o w e r t o w h i c h it is s u pp o s e d t h a t
-
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e v e r y w o l d t h a t m a y p o s s ibly b e c r e a t e d m u s t b e s u bj e c t a nd in t h e n
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$ 1 a dding t h a t a s a m a t t e o f s e lf e v ide nc e t h e r e a l p o c e s s o f b e c o m i ng
,
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c e e r

s t a c t s y s t e m o f la w h a s m a k e d o u t b e fo e h a nd
r I t w ill ne v e r b e
r r .

i nt e llig ibl e w h e nc e t h e c o nfo r m ity o f T h i ng s t o r u l e s o f i nt e ll e c t u a l

l e s s t h e i r o wn na t u r e i t s e l f c o ns i s t s in s u c h
t h e m a t t e r m o r e c o r r e c t ly a s I s t a t e d in ,

d e t a il a b o v e it is j u s t t h is r e a l na t u r e o f t h ing s t h a t is t h e F i s t r

in e B i g — na y t h e o nly B e i ng T h o s e ne c e s s a r y l a w s a re i m a g e s in
)
n .

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,
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w h ic h t h e T h i ng s r e se m bl e I t is t h e e fo r e o f no a v a il t o a pp e a l t o
. r

t h e inde fe a s ibl e ne c e s s it y by w h ic h H e r a c l it u s t h o u gh t t h e w a v e s o f
,

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r . r ,

t h i s A dym ; w o u l d h a v e h a d no c o nt r o l o ve r it s c o u r s e I t be c a m e
’
u .

i ne vi t a bl e t h a t B e c o m ing s h o u l d b e r e c o gni s e d a s c o nt a i ni ng t h e
r i nc ipl e o f it s di r e c t i o n in it s e l f a s s o o n a s we a dm i t t e d t h e ne c e s s i t y
‘
0
p ,

o f s u b s t i tu t i ng it s m o bili t y fo r t h e s t a t i o na i ne s s o f t h ing s
i No w if r .

we a t t e m p t t o fi nd th e ne c e s s ity in t h e B e c o m ing o ne t h ing is c l e a , r .

B e t w e e n t h e e x t i nc t i o n o f t h e r e a l ity o f m a nd t h e o r igi n o f t h e ne w
r e a li t y o f i no g a p no c o m pl e t e ly v o i d c h a s m c a n b e fix e d
t
, , Fo t h e . r

m e r e r e m o v a l o f 7n w o u l d in i t s e l f b e e x a c t ly e qu iv a l e nt t o t h e e m o v a l r

o f a ny t h i ng e l s e 1) o r 9 t h a t we l ik e t o i m a gi ne
, , A ny o t h e r ne w .

r e a li t y t h e e fo r e r o w o u ld h a ve j u s t a s m u c h o r a s lit t l e r igh t t o
r x,
'

,
71

fo ll o w o n t h e a b o l is h e d 772 a s t h a t p a nd it w o u ld b e i m p o s s ibl e t h a t
,
.

d e fi ni t e c o ns e qu e nt s s h o u l d flo w f o m de fi nit e a nt e c e de nt s I t is r .

i m p o s s ibl e t h e r e fo r e t h a t t h e c o u s e o f na t u e s h o u l d c o ns i s t in r r

s u c c e s s iv e a b o l it io ns o f o ne a nd o ig ina t i o ns o f a no t h e r e a l it y Eve y r r . r

e ffo t t o c o nc e iv e t h e o r de r o f e v e nt s in na t u r e a s a m e r e s u c c e s s i o n
r

o f p h e no m e na a c c o r di ng t o la w c a n o nly b e j u s t ifi e d o n t h e g o u nd ,
r

t h a t it m a y b e t e m p o r a r ily d e s ir a bl e fo r m e t h o do l o g ica l r e a s o ns t o
fo e g o t h e s e a c h fo a n i nne r c o nne xi o n
r r r A s a th e o y o f t h e t ru e . r

c o ns t it u t io n o f r e a l it y it is i m p o s s ibl e .

B u t t h e t h e o r y o f B e c o ming m ig h t wi t h p e r fe c t j u s t ifi c a t i o n a dm i t
.

a ll t h is a nd o nly c o m l a i n o f a m i s i nt e r p r e t a t i o n o f it s m e a ni ng
p .
CH AP TE R I V ] . Be co m ing m ay inclu de P e r s is t e nce . 85

J u s t a s m o t i o n it wil l be s a i d c a nno t b e g e n r a t e d by s tr i ngi ng

, , e

t o g e t h e r m o m e nt s o f r e s t in t h e pl a c e s a c s o B e c o m ing c a nno t b e , ,
c,

a pp r e h ende d by s u pp o s i ng a s u c c e s s i o n o f r e a li t i e s c o f wh i c h e a c h a , ,
c,

is de t a c h e d fr o m t h e r e s t a nd l o o k e d u p o n a s a s e l f c o nt a i ne d a nd
,
-

r —
fo r h o w ev e r b i e f a n i nt e r v a l m o t i o nl e s s B e i ng O n t h e c o nt a y t o . r r ,

e a c h s i ngle o ne o f t h e s e m e m b e r s t h e s a m e c o nc e p t i o n o f B e c o m ing

m u s t be a ppli e d a s t o t h e s e r i e s a nd j u s t a s t h e de finit e ly dir e c t e d ,

v e l o ci ty wi t h w h ic h t h e m o vi ng Obj e c t wi t h o u t s t o ppi ng t ra v e r s e s it s
,

m o m e nt a y pl a c e a r ne c e s s a r ily c a r r i e s it o v e r i nt o t h e p la c e a a nd
,

a g a i n t h r o u g h it i nt o a no t h e r s o t h e i nne r B e c o m ing O f t h e r e a l a
, ,

a s r ig h t ly a pp r e h e nd e d is t h e p r i nc ipl e o f it s t ra ns i tio n i nto 5 a nd i nt o 6

,

o nly Fo r t h is is s e l f e v ide nt : t h a t j u s t a s it is no t Be ing t h a t is

.
-
, ,

bu t T h i ng s t h a t a r e so it is no t B e co m i ng t h a t b e c o m e s bu t t h e
, ,

p a t i c u l a r b e c o m ing t h i ng ; a nd t h a t c o ns e qu e ntly th e r e is no l a c k o f
r

v a r i e ty in th e qu a l it ie s c w h i ch a t e a c h m o m e nt m a r k o u t in a dva nc e
a , ,
c,

t h e d ir e c t i o n in w h ic h t h e B e c o m i ng is t o b e c o nt inu e d .

I do no t do u b t t h a t t h i s de fe nc e w o u l d h a v e e xp r e s s e d t h e m i nd o f
H e r a c li tu s wi t h w h o se m o r e l ivi ng t h o u g h t t h a t m o de r n i nv e nt i o n o f
,

t h e s c h o o l s w h i c h e xpl a i ns B e c o m ing a s a m e r e s u c c e s s i o n o f p h e no
m e na s t a nds in u nfa v o u r a bl e c o nt r a s t A nd we m ig h t g o fu r t h e r in .

the s a m e s pi i t Yo u we m ig h t s a y wh o t r e a t a m o t i o nle s s c o nt e nt
’
r .
, ,

a s e x is t ing h a v e c e t a inly no o c c a s io n t o c o nt e m p la te it s c h a ng e ; b u t
, r

fo r a ll t h a t we h a v e no t h ing b u t y o u r o wn a s s u r a nc e fo it t h a t t h e
“ ”
r

P o s it io n by w h i c h yo u s u pp o s e to h a v e b e e n o nc e c o ns t i tu t e d wil l a

e ndu e fo r e v e r r I n r e a l it y yo u c a n a s s ig n no r e a s o n wh y s u c h s h o l d
. u

b e t h e c a s e wi t h it u nl e s s yo u l o o k u p o n t h e a o f o ne m o m e nt a s t h e
,

c o ndit io n o f in t h e ne x t m o m e nt a nd t h u s a ft e r a ll m a k e a b e c o m e
a

a . B u t in t h e na t u r e o f r e a l it y t h e e m y b e c o nt a ine d t h e Sp i ng s o f r a r

m o v e m e nt w h i c h a r e l a c ki ng t o m e r e t h o u g h t I f we t h i nk O f a n a .
,

O f w h ic h t h e e s s e nc e c o ns i s t s o nly in t h e m o t i o n t o c we a r e i nde e d ,

a s l it t l e a bl e t o s t a t e h o w t h i s a a nd it s e fflu x is m a d e as
y o u w o u ld ,

b e t o s t a t e h o w yo u r a nd it s r e s t is m a d e a B u t y o u r c o nc e p t i o n h a s .

no a dva nt a g e o v e r o u r s Fo r t h e m o t io n w h i c h (a s e x t e nde d t o
.
,

T h ing s t h e m s e lv e s ) yo u find fa u l t wi th yo u a ft e a ll h a v e t o a ll o w in ,
r

r e g a d t o t h e e x te r na l e l a t io ns o f y o r T h ing s w h e r e
r r o u a r e a s l it t l e j
u
y ,

a bl e t o c o ns t r u c t it a s in t h e inne r na t u r e o f T h ing s .

if a dm it t e d (w it h i n T h i ng s ) a s a c h a a c t e r is t ic o f t h e r e a l it a ffo r ,

t h e p o s s ib ili ty o f e xpl a ini ng no t m e r e ly t h e m a ni fo l d c h a ng e s in

c o u s e o f na t u r e b u t a l s o a s a s p e c ia l c a s e t h a t p e r s is t e nc y in it wh
r

o u a r e fo nd o f p u t t i ng in t h e fo e g r o u nd w it h o u t g o i ng i nt o p a r t ic u
r
y ,

l a r s a s s o m e th i ng i nt e ll igibl e o f i t s e l f bu t wh i ch a t b o tt o m yo u p r e s e nt
, ,
86 0f Be co m ing a nd Cflang e . [ B OO K 1 .

to y o u r s e lv e s m e r e ly a s a n o b s t u c t io n t o y o u r o wn th o u gh t s Yo r r . u

la w o f I de nt i ty m o e o v e r w o u l d b e e qu a lly s u it e d by o u r a s s u m p t io n
,
r ,
.

W e c o u l d no t i nde e d s u pp o s e t o b e c o m e 6 a nd in t h r e e s u c c e s s iv e
’
a c

m o m e nt s u nl e s s it w e e p e c is e ly c in t h e s e c o nd m o m e nt a nd
,
r r ih c .

t h th
e i d — t h s a t e a c h m o m e nt e x a c t ly w h a t it is
r u Mo e th a n th i s . r

m o r e t h a n t h e e q u a l ity w it h it s e l f o f e a c h o f t h e s e m o m e nt a y fo r m s r

c a nno t b e eq u i e d by t h e la w o f I de nt ity
r r T h a t t h e r e a l ity o f t h e .

o ne m o m e nt s h o l d b e t h e s a m e a s t h a t o f t h e o t h e r c o u l d no t b e
u ,

m o e p r o p e ly de m a nde d a s a c o ns e q u e nc e o f t h i s la w t h a n c o u l d t h e
r r

e x a c t o pp o s it e o f it s m e a ning ; na m e ly t h a t e v e yt h i ng s h o u l d b e r

s im ply id nt ic a l wi t h e v e y t h i ng e l s e
’
e r .

4 4 I f t h e v ie w j u s t s t a t e d w e e t h e t r u e m e a ni ng o f t h e t h e o ie s
. r r

wh ic h m a i nt a ine d t h e s o l e r e li t y o f B e c o m ing t h e i r f nda m e nt a l a ,

u

t h o u gh t w o u l d no t b e e x a c t ly e xp r e s s e d e it h e by t h is c o nc e p t io n o f r

B e c o m ing o r by t h a t o f Ch a ng e I t w o u l d no t b e e xp e s s e d by t h e . r

fo m r b e c a u s e w h e n in c o nne xi o n wi th s u c h s p e c u l a t io ns we o pp o s e
e r,

B e c o m i ng t o B e ing we do no t c o m m o nly a s s o c ia t e w ith it in t h o u g h t

a ny s u c h c o nt i nu it y a s h a s b e e n d s c i be d ; a c o nt inu it y a cc o ding t o e r r

wh ic h e v e y l a t e r p h a s e in t h e be c o m ing ins t e a d o f m e e ly c o m ing

r ,
r

i nt o b e ing f t t h e e a li e i s s u e s n! f it I t w o l d no t be e xp e s s e d
a er r r, o o . u r

by t h e c o nce p t i o n o f c h a ng e b e c a u s e in it th e l a t e do e s in fa c t a is e,
r r

o u t o f t h e c o m p le t e e x t inc t io n o f t h e e a l ie ; b e c a u s e 6 is c o ns e r r

q u e nt ly a no th e r t h a n a a nd a p a t f o m th a t c o ns ta nc y o f c o nne x io n , r r ,

t h e e is no t h o u g h t o f a p e m a ne nt
r e s i du u m o f w h ich w o u l d h a ve
r r a

u nde g o ne a c h a ng e in a d o p t ing e a s it s s t a t e
r .

W e m a y g o o n t o r e m a k t h a t h o w e v e m u c h o f t h e i nt e p r e t a t io n
r ,
r r

g ve n we m a y t a k e t o b e o f s e it is a t o nc e a pp a re nt t h a t t h e t h e o r y
i u ,

is i ns u ffic i e nt t o e xpl a in e v e y t h ing w h ic h we b e l ie v e t o be p e s e nt e d

r r

t o u s in e xp e r ie nc e I t w o u l d b e c o nv inc ing ly a ppl ic a bl e o nly t o t h e

.

c a s e o f a d e v e l o p m e nt w h ic h w ith o u t a ny dis t u b a nc e f o m w it h o u t ,
r r ,

g a du a lly e x h ibi t e d t h e ph a s e s 5
r ly ing in t h e di e c t io n o f fh e ,
c,
’
a ,
r

m o v ing I n e a l it y h o w e v e r we fi nd no u nm i s t a k e a bl e i ns t a nc e o f
a . r , ,

s u ch d v e l o p m e nte N o ne b u t a n a t ifi c ia l v ie w w h ic h we m u st
. r ,

no t ic e l a t e h a s a t t e m p t e d t o e xpl a in a w a y w h a t s e e m s t o be a n
r,

Obvi o u s fa c t— t h e m u tu a l i nfl u e nc e o f s e ve a l s u c h de ve l o p m e nt s o n r

e a ch o th e r o t h e c h a ng e t h a t p o c e e ds f o m t h e r e c ip o c a l a c t i o n o f
, r r r r

d iff e e nt t h ing s
r T h e ne x t p o int fo o u c o ns i d a t io n w ill t h e r e fo e
. r r er r

b e w h a t we h a v e t o t h ink in o r d e t o a pp e h e nd t h is m u t a l i nfl u e nce
, r r u ,

t a k ing it fo t h e p e s e nt t o b e m a t t e r o f indiff e nc e h o w w j dg e o f
r r er e u

t h m e t p h y s i c a l na t u r e o f t h e T h ing s b e t w e e n w h i c h t h e i nfl u e nc e is
e a

e x c h a ng e d .
C H APT R I V ) E . Tr a ns e u nt A c t io n . 87

45 . I n the fi r st ins t a nc e we o n ly fi nd o cca s o n i fo r a s su m n i g the

e xe r c is e o l
f a n in fl u e nc e by
o ve a no t h e r 6 in a h a ng e
o ne e e m e nt a r c

t o B w h i c h o c c u s in 6 wh e n h vi ng b e e n c o ns t a nt ly p r e s e nt i nc u r s
r a a

a c h a ng int o I t is no t m e e ly s u pp o s e d t h a t t h e c o nt e nt s o f a nd B
e a . r a
,

a s t h e y e x is t fo r t h o u gh t s t nd t o e a c h o t h e r o nc e fo r a ll in t h e r e l a
,
a

t io n o f r e a s o n a nd c o ns e q u e nc e ; b u t t h a t s o m e t im e s is s o m e t i m e s a ,

is no t a nd t h a t in a c co r d a nc e wi t h t h is c h a ng e a ble m a j o r p e m is s t h e
,
r

c h a nge fr o m 5 int o B s o m e t i m e s w ill e ns u e s o m e t i m e s will no t , .

No w we k no w t h a t it m ig h t b e o d a ine d by a la w e x t e r na l t o a a nd r

e t h a t 6 s h o u l d d ir e c t it s c o u r s e a c c o d ing t o t h e s e d iffe r e nt c i r c u m r

s t a nc e s : b u t it w o u l d o nly o b e y t h i s o d ina nc e if it w e e s u p e fl u o u s r r r

a nd if it s o wn na t e m o v e d it t o c a r y o u t w h a t t h e o r dina nc e c o n
ur r

t a ins I n o de t o t h e p o s s ib ili ty o f t h i s th a t diffe e nc e o f c o ndit io ns

. r r r ,

c o ns is t ing in t h e fa c t t h a t a t o ne t im e is a t a no t h e r is no t m u s t a
, ,

m a k e a d iffe r e nc e fo r o it s e l f no t m e r e ly fo a n O b s e r v e r r e fl e c t ing o n
,
r

t h e t wo 5 m u s t b e in a d iffe r e nt s t a t e m u s t b e o t h e w is e
. ffe c t e d ,
r a ,

m u s t e xpe r i e nc e s o m e t h ing d i ffe r e nt in it s e l f w h e n is a nd w h e n ,

a a

is no t : o r t o p u t it in a s h o r t a nd g e ne r a l fo r m
, if T h ing s a r e t o t a k e
a diffe e nt c o u r s e a c c o ding t o d iffe e nt c o ndi t io ns t h e y m
r r s t t k no t r ,
u a e e

w h e t h e r t h o s e c o ndit io ns e x is t o r no T wo t h o gh t s t h . u

I n o de r t h a t m a y be fo ll o w e d by 8 no t by B o r :3
‘ 2
r a , ,

s t a nd in t h e e l a t io n o f p i nc ipl e o r nfi n a nd
’

r ti r ra o s cz e s

B u t in o de r t h a t B m y a c t a lly c o m e int o b e ing a nd no t r e m a in t h e

r a u

fo r e v e r v a inly p o s t u l a t e d c o ns e q u e nc e o f th e t io s nfi
’

n m st ra c zc s u

l
a
,

be co m e fi i e n t h e f
ca u s a
o u nd a t io n i
en r e a
czs o n ms, u s t b e c o m e a p o r -

du c t i e a g e nc y : fo t h e g e ne r a l de s c r ip t iv e c o nc e p t io n O f t h e a g e nc y o f
v r .

o ne t hing o n a no t h e c o ns is t s in t h i s t h a t t h e a c t u a l s t a t e s o f o ne e s s e nc e
r

d a w a ft e t h e m a c t u a l s t t e s O f a no t h e w h ic h p e v io u s ly d id no t e x is t
r r a r, r .

N o w h o w it c a n c o m e a b o u t t h a t a n o c c u r e nc e h a pp e ni ng t o t h e o n j r e

t h ing c a n b e t h e o cc a s i o n o f a ne w o c c u
a e nc e in t h e t h ing 5 is j u s t rr ,

w h t c o ns t itu t e s t h e m y s t e ry o f t h is i nt e fe e nc e o r ‘t r a ns e u nt a c t io n
a r r
’

w ith w h ic h we s h a ll s h o r t ly b e fu th e r o c c u pi e d W e int o du c e it r . r

h e e t o b g in w it h o nly a s a d e m a nd w h ic h t h e e m u s t in s o m e w y
r , e , ,
r a

b e a p o s s ib il it y o f s t i fy ing if a n o de r o f e v e nt s d e p e nde nt o n c o n
a s ,
r

d it io ns is t o b e p o s s ibl e b e t w e e n ind iv id a l t h ing s u .

4 6 S u pp o s ing u s h o w e v e r t o a s s u m e t h a t t h is u ni nt e ll ig ibl e a c t h a s
.

t a k e n pl c e f o m t h e i m p e s s io n w h ic h 6 h s e xp e ie nc d a s it s o wn
a ,
r r a r e

i nne r s t a t e we l o o k fo a ft e e ffe c t s wi th in it s e l f ; a c o nt i nu a t io n o f it s
r r

B e ing o o f it s B e c o m ing d iff e e nt f o m w h a t it w o u l d h a ve b e e n

r r r

w ith o t t h a t e x c it e m e nt T o de t e rm i ne in o u t li ne t h e fo r m o f t h is
u .

c o nt i nu a t io n is a t a s k w h i c h we l e a v e t o t h e s e q u e l A s r e ga r ds t h e .
 0f Be com ing
’
88 a na C/z a ng e . [ BOO K 1 .

q u e s t i o n o f it s o rigi n we a r e a p t t o l o o k o n o u r difiic u lt ie s a s g o t r id
,

o f w h e n t h is p o i nt is e a ch e d T
r h i s im m a ne nt o p e a t io n w h ic h de r
’
.
,

v e IO p s s t a t e o u t o f s t a t e wi t h in o ne a nd t h e s a m e e s s e nt ia l B ing we e ,

5 tr e a t a s a m a t t e r o f fa c t w h ic h c a ll,
s fo n o f u r t h e r e ffo t o f t h o u g h t r r .

T h a t t h i s o p e r a t io n in t u n r e m a ins c o m pl e t e ly i nc o m p e h e ns ibl e in
r r

[l r e s p e c t o f t h e m a nne r in w h ic h it c o m e s a b o u t we a e m e a nw hil e ,
r

w v e y w e ll a wa re Fo r h o w a s t a t e o f a t h ing a b e g ins t o b i ng
r . a
1
r

a b o u t a c o ns e qu e nt s t a t e in t h e s a m e t h ing we do no t u nde s t a nd
2
,
a
, ,
r

a t a ll b e t t e r t h a n h o w t h e s a m e s e t s a b o t p r o du c ing t h e c o n
1
a u

s e q u e nc e B in a no t h e r b e ing 6 I t is o nly t h a t t h e nity o f t h e

‘
. u

e s s e nc e in w h i c h t h e u nint e ll ig ibl e p r o c e s s in t h is c a s e g o e s o n
, ,

m a k e s it s e e m s u p e fl u o u s t o u s t o e nq u ir e a ft e r c o ndit i o ns o f it s
r

p o s s ib ili ty W e a c q u ie s c e t h e e fo e in t h e no t io n o f im m a ne nt o p e a
. r r r

t io n no t a s t h o u g h we h a d a ny ins ig h t i nt o it s g e ne s is b u t b e c a s
, ,
u e

we fe e l no h i ndra nc e t o r e c o g ni s ing it wi t h o u t qu e s t i o n a s a g iv e n
l
fa c t Co nditio ns o f t h e s a m e s u bj e c t we fa nc y m u s t ne c e s s a ily
( .
, ,
r

h a v e infl u e nc e o n e a c h o t h e r : a nd in fa c t if we e fu s e d t o b e g i de d r u

by t h i s fu nda m e nt a l t h o u g h t t h e re w o u l d b e no h o p e l e ft o f fi ndi ng
,

m e a ns o f e xpl a na t i o n fo r a ny o c c u r e nc e w h a t e v e r r .

47 T o w a r ds t h e s e no t i o ns t h e t wo t h e o i e s a s t o t h e e s s e nc e o f
. r

t h ing s w h ic h we h a v e h i t h e t o p u s u e d s ta nd in diffe e nt r e l a t io ns
,
r r ,
r .

O n t h e p e li m i na r y q u e s t io n h o w it c o m e s a b o u t t h a t t h e inw a dly
r r

m o vi ng a a t t a ins a n infl u e nc e o v e r t h e e q a lly p a s s ing 6 t h e do c t i ne u r

o f B e c o m i ng m u s t lik e e v e y o t h e r a d m i t ig no r a nce fo r t h e p r e s e nt
r .

B u t s u pp o s i ng t h is t o h a v e c o m e a b o u t it w ill l o o k fo t h e Op e ra t io n ,
r

o f t h is i nfl u e nc e o nly in a n a l t e e d fo m o f B e c o m ing wh ic h r s t iv e s
r ,
a r

t o im pre s s o n 6 T h e ne x t fo ll o wi ng p h a s e o f 6 w ill c o ns e qu e nt ly
.
-

no t b e 8 bu t a r e s u l t a nt c o m p o u nd e d o f B a nd t h e t e nde nc y im p a t e d
, r

f o m w it h o u t
r H e nc e fo t h t h is ne w fo m w o u l d d e t e r m ine t h e p o
. r r r

g r e s s i e B ve c o m ing o f t h a t o r igi na l 6 if it c o nt i nu e d t o b e l e ft t o ,

it s e l f : b u t e v e y ne w i nfl u e nc e o f a
r w o u ld a l t e r it s dir e c t io n a ne w c .

I f e a c h o f t h e s e s u c c e ding p h a s e s is c a ll d a T hing o n t h e gr o u nd
e e ,

t h a t it is c e t a i nly c a p a bl e o f r e c e ivi ng i nfl e nc e s fr o m w it h o t a nd
r u u

o f e x e r t ing t h e m o n it s l ik e s t h e n T h ing w ill fo ll o w T h ing a nd in it s

,

t u r n p a s s a wa y b t it w ill b e i m p o s s ibl e t o s p e a k o f t h e u nit y o f a T h i ng

, u

w h ic h m a inta ins it s e l f u nde r c h a ng e I t is p o s s ibl e t h a t t h e e s i du a ry . r

e ffe c t s o f a n o igi na l 6 in a ll m e m b e r s o f t h e s e r ie s m
r fa r o u t w e ig h a
y
t h e infl u e nc e o f a c t io n f o m w it h o u t r I n t h a t c a s e t h y w o u l d a ll . e ,

lik e d iff e e nt m e m b e s o f a s ingl e p e dig e e b e a r a c o m m o n fa m ily

r r r ,

ch a a ct r is t ic in Sp it e o f t h e a dm ix t u e o f fo r ig n bl o o d bu t t h e y
er r e ,

w o u l d b e no m o e o ne t h a n a e s u c h m e m b e s I t is a no th e r p o s s ibl e
r r r .
 CH AP R I V ] Co nt inu ity la ine d 6y E s s e nce ? 89
TE . ex
p
c a se th a t 6 wi th o u t dis tu rb a nc e fr o m
wi th o u t s h o u l d de ve l o p e i t s e l f
i nt o it s s e i e s 6 r3 (3 I t s m e m b e s w o u l d t h e n be c o m p a r a bl e t o
r ,
1
,
2
. r

t h e s u c c e s s iv e g e ne a t i o ns o f a n u nm ix e d p e o pl e b u t a g a i n w o u l d
r ,

fo m a r e a l u ni t y a s li t t l e a s d o t h e s e
r Ev e n if 6 r e p r o du c e d it s e l f .

wi t h o u t ch a ng e e a c h m e m b e r o f t h e s e r i e s 6 6 6 w o l d i nde e d be a s
,
u

l ike t h e p re c e ding o ne a s o ne da y is l ik e a no th e r bu t w o u l d a s l it t l e ,

6 t h e p e c e ding o ne a s t o d y is y e s t e r da y
c r -
a .

5 T h i s l a c k o f u ni ty w ill a f f o r d m a t t e r o f c e ns r e a nd c o m p la i nt t o u

t h e t h e o y w h ic h t e a t s t h e T h ing a s p e s i s t e nt ; b u t it is t i m e t o
r r r

no t i c e t h a t t h is t h e o y h a s it s e l f no u nq u e s t i o na bl e c l a im t o t h e p o s
r ~

s e s s i o n o f s u c h u nit y T h o s e wh o p o fe s s t h e t h e o ry r igh t ly r e j e c t
. r

t h e no t io n w h i c h w o u l d r e p r e s e nt t h e v a ni s h i ng r e a li t y o f o ne t h i ng
a s s im ply fo ll o w e d by t h e i nc ipi e nt r e a li ty o f t h e o t h e r w it h o u t c o n

ne c t ing t h e t wo by a ny inw a d t ie ; bu t t h e y t h i nk s c o r n o f r e c o g r

nis ing t h is c o nt inu it y in a n c t u a l t h o u g h u nint e ll ig ibl e b e c o m i ng o f

a , ,

t h e o ne o t (y t h e o t h e r a nd h o p e t o m a k e it i nt e ll igibl e by t h e i nt e r
’
u

p o la t io n o f t h e p e r s i s t e nt E s s e n c e B u t t h i s im pl ie s t h a t t h.e y a r e in

fa c t r e du c e d s im ply t o t h e im p o s s ibil ity o n w h ic h we h a v e a l r e a dy ,

t o u c h e d o f a t t a i ning t h e m a nifo l d o f c h a ng e by a m e e ly o u t w a r d t ie
,
r

t o t h e u nc h a ng e a bl e s t o c k o f t h e T h ing T h i s is m e e ly d is g i s e d . r u

f o m t h e m by t h e p o w e r o f a w o r d t h e u s e o f w h ic h we h a v e fo u nd
r ,

it i m p o s s ibl e t o a v o id b u t a e h e e c a ll e d u p o n t o r e c t ify r rW h e n we .

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1 3
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2
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p r o s p e c t t h a t t h is e xp e s s io n w o u l d r e m a i n u nch a ll e ng e d a nd w o u l d
r

be t h o u g h t t o c o nt a i n t h e fu lfil m e nt o f a de m a nd fo r w h ic h it m e r e ly ,

s u ppli e s a na m e Q u i te o f i t s e l f t h i s e xp e s s io n g iv e s i s e inc ide nt a lly

. r r

t o t h e r e p r e s e nt a t i o n o f a n e s s e nc e wh i c h is o f a ki nd t o s u s t a in t h e se

s ta t e s t o c h e is h t h e m a s it s o wn a nd t h u s t o m a int a in i t s e l f a s
,
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a g a ins t t h e m B u t w h a t do e s t h is m e a n a nd h o w c a n t h a t be w h i c h
.
, ,

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r a r

t f —
i s e l we c a ll t h e s t a t e O f a n e s s e nc e ? A nd in w h a t do e s t h a t
r e l a t io n c o ns is t — a r e l a t io n a t o nc e o f i ns e p a r a bl e ne s s a nd diffe r e nc e

w h ic h we i ndic a t e by t h e inno c e nt s e e m i ng p o s s e s s iv e p r o no n ? - u

SO l o ng a s we m a int a in t h e p o s it io n t h a t
“
a s in t h e s t a t e is s o m e a a
1

t h i ng o t h e t h a n w h a t it is a s in t h e s t t e
r
; s o l o n g a g a in a s w e a a

fo e g o t h e a s s u m p t io n t h a t t h e r e is p r e s e nt a n i de nt ic a l r e s idu u m
r

o f o n w h ic h b o t h a l ik e m ig h t h a v e a m e e ly e x t e r na l
2
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d e p e nd nc e ; s o l o ng a s we t h u s r e p r e s e nt
e a s p a s s ing in c o m pl e t e a

int e g it y int o b o t h s t a t e s — w h il e t h is is s o t h e e xp r e s s io ns r e fe e d t o
r ,
rr

c o nv e y m e r e ly t h e wi s h o r d e m a nd t h a t t h e e s h o u l d b e s o m e t h ing ,
r

w h ic h w o u l d a dm i t o f b e i ng a de qu a t e ly e xp r e s s e d by t h e m o r w h i c h ,
90 0f Be co m ing a na
’
Cna ng e . [ B OO K 1 .

wo ld u i y
i l o ng ing a fte r i de nt i ty in diffe e nc e a fte r p e rm a
sa t s f th s r ,

ne nc e in c h a ng e T h e y do no t c o nv e y t h e c o nc e p t io n o f a ny t h ing
.

w h ic h w o u l d b e in c o ndit io n t o s a t is fy t h is de m a nd .

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t h is P o s t u l a t e c a nno t b e f lfill e d o nly a s u np r o v e n t h a t it c a n b e

u , .

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r ,
r u

it . T h e f c t o f B c o m ing wa s e no u g h t o c o nvi nc e u s t h a t t h e e is
a e r

s u c h a t h ing a s a u nio n o f B e ing a nd no t B e i ng w hic h we e v e n w h e n -

,

it l ie s b e fo e u s a e no t b le t o r e c o ns t u c t in t h o u gh t m u c h l e s s
r r a r ,

c o u l d h a v e g u e s s e d a t if it h a d no t b e e n p e s e nt e d t o us I t is r .

p o s s ibl e th t we m a y o ne d a y find a fo m o f r e a l t y wh ic h m a y t e a c h
a r 1

u s by it s a c t h o w t h o s e u n e c o nc il a bl e d e m a nds a r e fu lfill e d a nd p o v e
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,
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r, r

a n e m p t y c o m b in t io n o f w o d s t o w h i c h no t h ing in
a e a l it y c o r e
r ,
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s p o nd s I t w ill no t be t ill a v e y l a te s t a g e in t h e s e e nq i ie s t h a t we
. r u r

s h a ll h a v e Opp o t u nit y o f a is ing t h is q u e s t io n a g a in

r Fo r t h e p r e s e nt
r .

we t a k e t h e r e a l p e m a ne nt u ni t y o f t h e T h ing u nde r c h a ng e o f s t a t e s
r

t o b e a do u b t fu l no t io n w h ic h is o f no v a l u e fo r t h e im m e dia t e o bj e c t s
,

o f o u c o ns id e a t i o n
r r .

4 8 If . o a is t o a c t o n 6 6 m u s t in a ll c a s e s be diff e r e nt ly
r a
,

a ffe c t e d by t h e e xi s t e nc e O f a nd by it s no n e xi s t e nc e
'

Th e t a n
a -
.
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r

a c ti o n o f o n 6 w o u l d t h u s l e a d b a c k t o a n Op e r a t io n i m m a
’
s e u nt a

T h e p o x im a t e c o ndit io n w h ic h b ing s a b o u t t h e c h a ng e
’
ne nt in 6 . r r

o f 6 m u s t h a v e l a in in 6 i t s e l f
,
W e u s u a lly di s t ing u is h it a s a n im p r e s
.

s io n f o m t h e r e a c t io n— a u s a g e o f s p e c h o n w h ic h we m a y h a v e t o
r e

dw e ll b e l o w Fo r t h e p e s e nt we s t is fy o u r s e lv e s w it h t h e e fl e c t io n
. r a r

t h a t a ny t h ing w h ic h 6 is t o e xp e r ie nc e t h o g h t h e a c t io n o f m u st r u a

r e s u lt f o m t h e c o nflu x o f t wo p inc ipl e s O f m o t io n ; fr o m t h a t w h ic h

r r

a o r da ins o r s t iv e s t o b i ng a b o u t a nd f o m t h a t w h ic h 6 e i th e r in
r r r ,

s e l f m a int e na nc e o
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r -
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r ,

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. r r ,

t h e o ne c o ndit io ns s o m e t h ing e l s e t h a n w h a t t h e o t h e r c o nd it io ns .

N e it h e o f t h e s e t wo c o m m a nds t h e e fo e c o u l d r e a li s e i t s e l f if e a c h
r r r ,

o f th e m we e a bso lu te r Fo r ne ith e r t h e o ne no . t h e o th e o f r r

t h e m w o u l d h a v e a ny p e r o g a t iv e b o th b e ing t o r e ve r t t o t h e o ld
r , ,

p h r a s e s t a t e s o f t h e s a m e e s s e nc e 6 A de t e rm ina t e r e s u l t is
, , .

o nly p o s s ibl e o n s u pp o s i t i o n t h a t no t o nly a t h i d g e ne a l fo r m o f r r

'

c o ns e q u e n e is t h ink a bl e int o w h ic h b o t h im p u l s e s m a
c b e bl e n d e d
, y ,

b t t h t a l s o t h e t wo p inc ipl e s h a v e c o m p a a bl e q a nt i t a t iv e v a l u e s
u a r r u .

I n th e inv e s t ig a t io ns o f na t u r a l s c i e nc e it is no t do u b t e d t h a t t h e de t e r
CH AP TE R 1 v 1 . I nt e ns it ie s of Be ing .
9 I

i
m na t io n o f a v a i o u s c o i nc i de nt c o ndi t i o ns a lw a y s pr e
re su lt fr o m r

s u pp o s e s o v e r
a nd a b o v e t h e a s s ig nm e nt o f t h a t w h i c h e a c h c o ndit i o n
,

d e m a nds t h e m e a s u r e o f t h e viv a c i ty w it h w h i c h it de m a nd s it I t is no t
,
.

m e e ly in na t u r e h o w e v e r b u t in a ll r e a li ty t h a t s o m e th ing g o e s o n
r , ,

w h i c h h a s no pl a c e in t h e syll o gi s t i c s y s t e m fo r m e d by t h e c o m bi na
t io n o f o u r t h o u g h t s I n t h e l a t t e r o f t wo o pp o s i t e j u dg m e nt s o nly
.
,

o ne c a n b e v a l id I n e a l ity di ffe r e nt o Opp o s i t e p r e m i s s e s c o nf o nt

. r r r

e a c h o th e r w it h e q u a l c l im t o v a l idit y a nd b o t h a s k t o b e s a t i s fi e d o n
a

t h e g r o u nd o f a c o m m o n rig h t I a m t h e e fo r e o nly fil ling a g a p

. r

wh ic h h a s h i t h e t o b e e n l e ft u nfill e d in M e t a p h y s i c w h e n I s e e k t o
r ,

b r i ng o u t t h e ne c e s s i ty o f t h i s m a th e m a t ic a l e l e m e nt in a ll o u r j u dg
m e nt s o f r e a li t y l e a v ing it s fu r t h e r e x a m i na t io n t o t h e s e qu e l
,
.

Q u o pl u s e a lit a t is a u t e s s e u na q u a e q u e r e s h a b e t e o p lu r a
‘
4 9 . r ,

a tt ib u t a e i c o m
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p e t u n t S o s a y s S p. in
’
o a ; a n d n o t h i n g s e e m s t o z
l

fo bi d t h e c o nv e r s e p o p o s it io n t h a t a g e a t e r o l e s s m e a s u e o f
r r ,
r r r

B e ing o r o f r e a li ty b e l o ng s t o t h i ng s a c co r ding t o t h e de g e e o f t h e i r r

r fe c t i o n I nn t h t h d i pp v l w h i h t h i n t i n f t h
p e c a o . s a e e s a o a r c s o o o e rer

b e ing v a i o u s de g r e e s o f s t e ng th o f B e ing h a s O ft e n i ncu r e d I t is

r r r .

no do u b t qu i t e c o rr e c t t o s a t h a t t h e g e ne a l c o nc e p t i o n o f B e i ng r
y ,

i de nt i c a l wi t h i t s e l f is a ppl ic a bl e in t h e s a m e s e ns e w h e e ve r it is
,
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a ppl ic a bl e a t a ll a nd t h a t a l a r g e t h i ng h a s no m o r e B e ing in b e ing

,

o f l a g e s i e t h a n a l itt l e t h ing in b e i ng o f s m a ll s i e
r z I do no t fi nd z .

a ny e a s o n h o w e v e
r fo r e m p h a s i ing n M e t a p h y s ic t h is l o gi c a l e q a l it y
,
r, z 1 u

o f t h e c o nc e p t i o n o f B e ing w it h i t s e l f s i nc e M e t a p h y s i c is c o nc e ne d ,
r

wi th t h is c o nc e p t i o n no t a s it is by i t s e l f bu t in it s a ppl ic a t io n t o
it s c o nt e nt — t o t h e t h i ng s t h a t a r e B u t in t h i s a ppl ic a t io n it s h o u l d
.

no t a s it s e e m s t o m e b e l o o k e d u p o n a s if t h e P o s it io n w h ic h it ‘ ’
, ,

e p r e s s e s r e m a ine d c o m pl e t e ly u na ffe c t e d by t h e q u a nt ity o f t h a t

x

o n w h ic h t h e P o s i tio n fa ll s I n t h e s a m e wa y m o t io ns t h e s l o w e s t
’
.
,

a s w e ll a s t h e q u ic k e s t a ll e nj o y t h e s a m e e a li t y W e c a nno t s a y r
, .

t h a t th e y bu t t h e y a ll t ke p l
a r e, o ne a s m u c h a s a no t h e
a a ce , N e i th e r r .

in t h e ir c a s d o e s t h is r e a l it y a dm it o f i nc e a s e o r dim i nu t io n fo a ny
e r r

s ingl e o ne o f t h e m T h e m o t i o n wi t h t h e v e l o c ity C c nno t w h il e

. a ,

r e t a i ning t h is v e l o c it y b e t a k ing pl a c e e it h e r m o e o r l e s s B u t fo r r
, .

a ll t h a t t h e v e l o c it y is no t m a t t e r o f ind iffe e nc e in r e l a t io n t o t h e r

m o tio n W h e n it is e du c e d t o no t h ing t h e m o t io n c e a s e s ; nd c o n
. r a

v e s e ly no m o t io n p a s s e s o u t o f
r e a l it y i nt o u n e a l ity o t h e r w is e t h a n
r r

by t h e g a du a l e du c t i o n o f v e l o c i ty
r r .

No w t h a t w h ic h we a dm it in t h e c a s e o f t h e e x t r e m e li m it— t h e
c o nne xi o n o f B e ing o in t h is c a s e o f t a k ing p la ce wi t h t h a t w h i c h is
,
r ,

[ E t h i P p i ] 1
. . ro . x .
9 2 0f B e co ming a na Cna n e
g
’
.

o r h a pp e ns — wh y sho u ld we no t a ll o w
l go o d wi th i n t h a t to ho d
i nt e r va l in wh i ch t h i s qu a nt ity s t ill h a s a r e a l va l u e ? W hy s h o u l d we
,

lo o k o n t h e v e l o c i ty a s a s e c o nda y p o p e r ty o nly a c c i de nt a lly a t t a c h

r r ,

ing t o t h a t c h a ra c t e r o f t h e m o t io n w h ic h c o ns i s t s in it s b e ing s o m e
t h ing t h a t o c c u s w h e n a ft e
r ,
a ll it is j u s t s o f r a s t h is p o p e t y
r a r r

v a ni s h e s t h a t t h e m o t io n co nt inu o u s ly a pp r o xi m a t e s t o t h e r e s t in
w h i c h no th ing o c c u rs ? T h e f c t is t h a t t h e v e l o c i ty is j u s t t h e de g e e
a r

o f i nt e ns i t y w ith w h ic h t h e m o t io n c o e s po nd s t o it s o wn I de a a nd
rr ,

t h e o cc u r e nc e o f t h e qu i c k e r m o t io n is t h e m o r e i nt e ns iv e o cc u r
r

I f no w we a pply t h e t e r m B e i ng a s is p r o p e r in M e t a p h y s i c
’
r e nc e .
, ,

no t t o t h e e m p t y P o s it i o n w h ic h n /t f ll u p o n a c e t a in c o nt e nt
‘ ’
z a r ,

b u t t o t h e fill e d a nd p e r fe c t ly de t e r m i na t e r e a li ty a s a l r e a dy i nc l u d ing
t h a t o n w h i ch t h e P o s it i o n h a s a c t u a lly fa ll e n I s h o u l d in t h a t c a s e
’
,

h a v e no s c r u pl e a b o u t s p e a ki ng o f diffe r e nt q u a nt i t i e s o r i nt e ns i t i e s o f
t h e B e i ng o f T h ing s a c c o r di ng t o th e m e a s u r e o f t h e p o w e r wi t h
,

wh ic h e a c h t h ing a c t ive ly e x e rt s i t s e l f in t h e c o u s e o f ch a ng e a nd r

r e s is t s o t h e r im p u l s e s No r in t h i s a r g u m e nt m I by a ny m e a ns
. a

m e e ly int e re s t e d in
r e s c u i ng a fo r m o f e xp r e s s i o n t h a t h a s b e e n
r

a s s a il e d . I s h o u l d s e io u s ly p e fe r t h is e xp e s s io n fo r t h e e a s o n t h a t
r r r r

it h e lp s t o k e e p m o r e c l e a ly in m i nd w h a t I t a k e t o b e t h e c o r r e c t
r

vi e w ; v iz t h a t B e ing is r e a lly a c o nt inu o u s e ne gy a n a c t ivity o r

. r ,

fu nc t io n o f t h i ng s no t a d o o m t h u s t u po n t h e m o f p a s s iv e p o s i
”
‘
,
r

tio n . Th e c o ns t a nt r e m i nde r o f t h i s w o l d be a m o e e ffe c t u a l u r

se c ur it y a g a ins t s h a ll o w a t t e m p t s t o d e du ce t h e R e a l f o m t h e c o r

i nc ide nc e O f a s t ill u n e a l e s s e nc e wi th a P o s itio n s u pp o s e d t o be

r
‘ ’

fo r e ig n t o th i s c o nt e nt a nd t h e s a m e fo r a ll T hing s i ndiffe r e ntly .

P ivi h
1
a ss sc er
 C H A PT E R V .

Of Me Na t u r e of P ay s zca l A c t io n
°

O UR co nc e r n s o fa r h a s b e e n t o give p t i o n O f B e c o m i ng
t o t h e c o nc e

a fo m in w h i c h it a dm i t s o f b e i ng a ppli e d t o t h e R e a l
r I n s e e ki ng .

t o do s o we w e r e le d t o t h i nk t h a t t h e c o nne xi o n b e t w e e n a c a u s e

a nd it s e ffe c t s m u s t be m o r e t h a n a nd t i n n co
g o fi toh e o nie by t h e

o t h e r ; t h a t it m u s t c o ns i s t in a n a t io n o n t h e p a r t o f t h e c a u s e
c ,

o r r e q u i r e s u c h a n a c t i o n fo r it s c o m pl e t i o n O nly t h u s c o u l d it b e
.

c o m e i nt e ll ig ibl e t h a t e ff e c t s w h i c h in a w o r l d o f i de a s a r e c o ns e
,

u e nc e s t h a t fo ll o w e t e r na lly fr o m t h e i p r e m i s s e s — p r e m i s s e s no l e s s
r
q
e t e na l ly t h i nk a bl e
r ,s h o u l d in t h e w o l d o f r e a l ity s o m e t i m e s o c c u r
r ,

s o m e t i m e s no t . M a ny a nd v a r i o u s h a v e b e e n t h e vi e w s a s t h e h i s t o y , r

o f P h il o s o p h y s h o w s w h i ch h a v e b e e n s u c c e s s ive ly c a ll e d fo r t h by
,

t h e ne e d o f s u pplyi ng t h i s c o m pl e m e nt t o t h e i de a o f c a u s e a nd by

t h e di ffic u l t y o f do i ng s o wi th o u t c o nt r a dic t i o n M a ny o f t h e m h o w
.
,

e ve r, a e fo r u s a l e a dy e x c l u de d no w t h a t it b e c o m e s o u r t u n t o
r r ,
r

m a k e t h e s a m e a t t e m p t by t h e p r e c e di ng c o ns i d e a t io ns
,
r .

5 0 I n t h e fi s t pl a c e we m e e t a t t i m e s wi th a dis p o s i t i o n— no
. r

l o ng e r i nde e d a dm it t e d a m o ng m e n o f s c i e nc e bu t s t ill p e va l e nt in r

t h e u nt t o r e d t h o u gh t s o f m a nk ind
u — t o a s c r ib e t h e na t u r e nd r e a l it y a

o f a c o ns e qu e nt w h o lly a nd e x c l u s iv e ly t o s o m e o ne b e ing w h ic h is ,

s u pp o s e d t o b e th e c a u s e t h e S ingl e c a u s e o f t h e ne wly a pp e a r i ng
, ,

e v e nt . Th e u n e a s o na bl e ne s s O f t h i s vi e w is e a s ily e vi nc e d
r I t co n .

d e ns e s a ll p r o du c t iv a c t iv it y i nt o a s ingl e e l e m e nt o f r e a li t y w h il e a t
e ,

t h e s a m e t im e it de e m s it ne c e s s a y t h a t t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e a c t iv ity
r

s h o u l d be e x h ib it e d in c e t a in o t h e r e le m e nt s
r w h i ch s t a nd t o t h e
,

e x c l u s iv e ly c a u s a l e l e m e nt in t h e r e l a t io n o f e m p t y r e c e p t a c l e s fo r

e ffe c t s w it h t h e fo r m a nd a m o u nt o f w h ic h t h e y h a v e no t h i ng t o do .

A s we h a v e a l r e a dy s e e n e v e r y t h ing w h ic h we c a n p o p e r ly c a ll a
, r

r e c e p t ivi t y c o ns is t s no t in a n a b s e nc e o f a ny na t u r e o f a t h i ng s o wn
’
, ,

bu t in t h e a c t ive p r e s e nc e o f de t e r m i na t e p r o pe t i e s w h i c h a l o ne r ,

m a k e it p o s s ibl e fo r t h e r e c e pt iv e e l e m e nt t o t a k e u p i nt o i t s e l f t h e
94 0f t ne Na t u r e of P 6y s ica l A ct io n . [ BOO K 1 .

i m p e s s i o ns t e nde e d t o it a nd t o c o nve t t h e m i nt o s ta te s o f its o wn

r r r .

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e r

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,
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a a s .

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r ou b e c e a t e d by ,
r r

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e .

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r r

c ei ing t h e a c t io n O f a c a u s e o f w h i c h I h a v e j u s t s p o k e n
v The su p .

p o s itio n is a ll o w e d t o s t a nd o f t h ing s w h ic h t h e a c tive c a u s e r e qu i re s

in o r d e t o fu lfil it s a c t ive i m p u l s e in t h e m
r b u t a s t h e s e a c c o r d ing :

t o t h e c o nc e p t i o n in qu e s tio n c o nt ib u t e no t h i ng t o t h e na t u e o f t h e r r

ne w e v e nt t h e y a r e in fa c t m e r e ly e m p ty i m a g e s w h i c h s e v e t o m e e t
,
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s c e ne s u p o n w h i c h a n a c t w h o lly u nco ndi t i o ne d by t h e s e s c e ne s o f ,

it s e xh ib it io n o ig ina t e s o u t o f no th i ng a nd in no th ing s o m e ne w
,
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. r

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. r

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i na ppl ic a bl e wh e n t h e fa c t t h a t r e q i e s e xp la na t io n is t h is t h a t i ndi u r ,

v idu a l th ing s in t h e i r c h a nging s ta t e s de t e m i ne e a ch o th e r s b e r

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h a vi o u r W e r e it p o s s ibl e fo r o ne o f t h e s e fi ni t e e l e m e nt s A o r B t o
.
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ur r r -
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r e ,
r

t o d e c ide u p o n t h e c o nfl ic t ing c l a i m s w h ic h a ny o ne o f t h e s e o m ni
p o t e nt b e i ng s m igh t m a k e o n a ny o t h e T h e o dina nc e s o r B o r y r . r ,
a ,

w o u l d b e e a l is e d wi th e qu a l i nde p e nde nc e o f a ll c o ndit io ns in a ll

r , ,

b e i ng s C D E T h is no t io n if it w e r e p o s s ibl e t o c a y it o u t in
, , .
, rr

t h o u gh t w o u l d a t a ny r a t e no t l e a d t o t h e i m a g e o f a n o de e d c o u s e
, r r r

o f t h e u niv e s e in w h ic h u nde r de fi ni t e c o ndit i o ns diffe r e nt e l e m e nt s

r ,

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r a fe r e nt incide nt s w h il e o t h e i nc ide nt s e m a in im p o s r r
,

s ibl e t o t h e m A ny a s s u m p t io n t h a t A o r B ca n o nly giv e r e a li t y t o

.
CH AP TE R v i .
Ca u s e a nd R e a so n .
95

it s c o m m a nd u p o n C o r D no t u p o n E o r F w o l d fo r c e u s ba c k , , u

u p o n t h e c o nc e p t io n t h a t C o D a e no t o nly diffe r e nt f o m E a nd F r r r ,

b u t t h a t in vi t u e o f t h e ir o wn na t u e t h e y a r e j o int c o ndit io ns o f t h e
r r

c h a a c t e r a nd r e a li t y o f t h e
r ne w o c c u r e nc e w h ic h we p r e v io u sly r ,

r e g a de d a s du e t o a m a ni fe s t a t i o n o f p o w e r o n o ne s i de o nly t o a
r ,

s i ngl e a c t iv e c a u s e .

5 1 N a t u r a l s c i e nc e s o lo ng a s it m a i nt a i ns it s s c i e nt ifi c c h a r a c t e r
.
, ,

is c o ns t a i ne d by e xp e r i e nc e t o r e c o g ni s e t h i s s t a t e o f t h e c a s e
r It .

h a s r e du c e d it t o t h e fo r m u l a t h a t e v e y na t u a l a c t i o n is a r e c ip o c a l r r r

a c t i o n b e t w e e n a pl u a l it y o f e l e m e nt s I t wa s a p t t o be t h o u g h t
r .
,

h o w e v e t h a t t h e p o p o s it io n in t h is fo rm e xp e s s e d a p e c u l i r ity o f
r, r r a

na t u r a l p r o ce s s e s a nd it wa s a s e v ic e , e nde e d by H e b a t t o p o int r r r r r

o u t it s u niv e r s a l v a li di t y a s a p i nc ipl e o f M e t a p h y s i c s in h is d o c t ine r r

t h a t e v e y a c t io n is du e t o s e v e r a l c a u s e s
r T h o u g h t h e s e t h ing s a e . r

u l t i m a t e ly s e l f e vi de nt t h e m e r e e s t a bl is h m e nt o f a
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r .
,

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r

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b r o u gh t a b o u t— l e a ds t o t h e o c c u r r e nc e o f fa c t s t h a t w e e no t p e r r

v io u s l
y p r e s e nt T h e c o m pl e
. x o f t h e s e ne w fa c t s we c a ll t h e e ffe c t ,

i Ge
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h a ll e m pl o y r s

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,
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fo r m e r m a ni ng T h e R e a s o n o n t h e o t h e r h a nd is ne it h e a t h i ng
e . r

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3
, r

t h ing s a nd t h e i r na t u r e s ; r e l a t io ns f o m w h i c h t h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e r

s u p e v e ni ng e ffe c t is d e du c ib le a s a l o g ic a lly ne c e s s a r y co ns e q u e nce

r .

N o w j u s t b e c a u s e we do no t t h ink o f t h e ne w e v e nt a s i s s u i ng fr o m
a cr e a t iv e a c t ivi ty i nde p e nde nt o f c o ndi t i o ns ;t h e e xpl a na t io n o f a ny

e ffe c t w o l d e qu i e u s b e s ides a s s ig ning t h e c a u s e s U s a c h e n)t o s h o w

u r r , ( r

t h e e a s o n (G u nd) w h ic h e n
r r t it le s th e c a s e s to be c a u s e s o f j s t th i s u u

e ffe c t a nd no o t h e F u r th e j u s t b e c a u s e s e ve a l c o ns t itu e nt s o f t h is
r. r, r

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( r r ,
r

e m b o die d o r e a lis e d in t h e fo m o f r e a l p o p e t ie s o f e a l t h ing s a nd

r , r r r r

o f a c t u a lly s u b s i s t i ng r e l a t io ns b e t w e e n t h e m t h e c o ns qu e nc e d o e s ,
e

no t m e r e ly r e m a in o ne l o gic a lly ne c e s s ar y w h ic h we s h o u l d b e e n

t it le d t o p o s tu l a t e bu t b e c o m e s a p o stu la t e f lfi ll d a n a c t u a l e ffe c t u e
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N i h t D ing n h
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°

9 6 e [ Va t u r e o
f . [ B OO K 1 .

i ns t e a d o f a n u nr e a l ne c e s s i ty o f t h o u gh t . F ina lly ,
o b se r v a tio n c o n
v inc e s u s i g wi th o u t c h a nging t h e i na t u e ye t s o m e t i m e s do
t h a t th n s , r r , ,

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,
r I t a pp e a r s .

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1
r

t h e t h ing s — r e l a t i o ns w h ic h u p o n c o m p a ris o n o f t h e ir na t u e s w o u l d r

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d u c t iv e a c t ivi ty b u t t h a t a s a c o nd it i o n o f t h i s a c t iv ity t h e e m u s t
, , ,
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b e s i de s s u p e v e ne a v a ria bl e r e l a tio n C I r e s e r v e t h e q u e s ti o n
r ,
.

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t h o s e inc l u de d in w h a t we m e a nt t o b e u nde r s t o o d by t h e c o m pl e t e

R e a s o n (G u nd) o f t h e e ffe c t
r A do u b t b e ing p o ss ibl e o n t h i s p o i nt
.
,

w h i ch will de m a nd it s o wn s p e cia l i nve s t iga t i o n we wil l p r o vi s i o na lly ,

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r

h
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w h ich is s o m e t h ing o v e a nd a b o v e t h e R e a s o n (G u nd) t h a t de t e

r r r

m i ne s t h e fo r m o f t h e e ns u i ng e ffe c t .

5 2 A c c o r ding t o t h is
. s a g e o f t e r m s t h e c a u s e s (U r s a c h e n o f a
u
)
gu np o w de r e xpl o s io n a e t wo th i ng s o fa c t s iz t h e p o w de r A a nd
-
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r .
, ,

a c t io n u p o n e a c h o th e is p r e s e nt e d t o u s in t h is c a s e a s t h e i r
r

a pp r o xi m a t i o n o r co nt a c t in s p a c e T h e r e a s o n (G r u nd) o f t h e e ffe c t
.

li e s in t h is t h a t t h e h e igh t e ne d t e m p e r a t u r e a nd t h e e xp a ns ive ne s s o f
,

t h e g a s e o u s e l e m e nt s c o nde ns e d in t h e p o w d e r a r e t h e t wo p e m is s e s r

fr o m w h i c h t h e r e a r i s e s fo r t h e s e e l e m e nt s a ne c e s s i t y o f i nc r e a s e in
t h e ir v o l u m e a s e ffe c t T h e fi na l qu e s tio n h o w in t h is c a s e t h e
.
,

e ffi c i e nt a c t t a k e s pl a c e we d o no t p o fe s s t o b e a bl e t o a ns w e r
, r Of .

wh a t e v e c o nj e c t u r e a s t o t h e na t u e o f h e a t we m a y a v a il o u s e lv e s
r r r

fo t h e p u p o s e we find it i m p o s s ibl e in t h e l a s t r e s o r t t o s t a t e h o w it
r r ,

is t h a t t h e h e igh t e ne d t e m p e a t u e Op e a t e s in biing ing a b o u t in t h e

r r r

e xp a ns iv e m a t e i a l s t h e m o v e m e nt o f dil a t a t io n w h ic h t h e y a c t u a lly
r

u nde g o
r . I t is o nly t h e e ffe c t t h e r e su l t b r o u gh t a b o u t w h i c h in th i s
, ,

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o u r o b s e v a t io n
r .

I n o ne r e s p e c t t h is i ns t a nc e is u ns a t is fa c t o r y I n t h e c a s e s u pp o s e d .

we h a v e no e xp e r i e nc e a s t o w h a t b e c o m e s o f t h e Sp a k w h ic h wa s r

s u pp o s e d t o fo r m o ne o f t h e t wo c a u s e s o f t h e t o t a l e v e nt I f o n th e .

o th e r h a nd we t h o w a re d h o t b o dy r -
B i nt o s o m e w a t e r A we
, , , ,

no t ic e o v e r a nd a b o v e t h e s u dde n c o nv e s i o n o f w a t e
, i nt o s t e a m r r ,

wh ich in t h is i ns t a nc e c o r r e s p o nds t o t h e e xpl o s i o n o f t h e p o w de r in

t h e o th e r t h e c h a ng e w h i c h B h a s u nde g o ne
, L o w e re d in it s t e m
r .
CH AP TE R v 1 . Co /z t r i6u t o ry Ca u s es .
97

p e r a t u r e , p e rh a p s wi t h it s i ts e l f di s s o lve d in w h a t
s t ru c t u r e s h a t t e re d, o r

is l e ft o f t h e w a t e t h e r e e m a ins w h a t wa s p r e vi o u s ly t h e h e a t e d b Ody
r, r .

T h u s e v e n t h e e ffe c t in t h i s c a s e c o ns i s t s o f s e v e r a l diffe r e nt c h a ng e s
w h i c h a r e s h a e d by t h e diffe r e nt c o nc r e te c a u s e s (U s a c h e n)t h a t h a v e
r r

b e e n b o u gh t i nto c o nt a c t F ina lly s i nce t h e e v a p o r a t ing w a t e dis

r .
,
r

s ip a t e s i t s e l f in t h e a ir l e a vi ng b e h i nd it t h e c o o l e d m o t io nl e s s bo d y
, ,

t h a t c o nt a c t b e t w e e n t h e t wo w h ic h p e v io u s ly fo r m e d t h e c o ndi t io n r

o f t h e ir e ffe c t u p o n e a c h o t h e h a s c h a ng e d int o a ne w e l a t i o n in r, r

s p a c e be t w e e n t h e a l t e re d b o die s Co m bi ning a ll t h e s e c i c u m s t a nc e s . r ,

we m a y s a y t h a t wh e e a d e fi ni t e r e l a t i o n C giv e s o c c a s i o n t o a n
,
‘

r , ,

e x e r c i s e o f r e c ip o c a l a c t io n b e t w e e n t h e t h i ng s A a nd B
r A p a s se s ,

i nt o B int o B a nd C into 7
a
, , .

5 3 T h e p a t ic u l a r fo m s a nd v a l u e s wh i c h t h e s e t a ns it i o ns A —
. r r r a
,

B — B C— y t a k e in ind iv id u a l c a s e s c a n o nly b e de t e m ine d by s o

, , ,
r

m a ny s p e c i a l inve s t ig a t i o ns a nd t h s e w o u l d b e b e y o nd t h e p r o vi nc e
,
e

o f Me t a phy s ic s Ev e n t h e t a s k o f m e r e ly s h o w ing t h a t a ll ki nds o f

.

c a u s a t i o n a dj u s t t h e m s e lv e s in g e ne a l t o t h e fo m u l a j u s t giv e n w o u l d r r

b e o ne o f i no r d ina t e l e ng th a nd m u s t b e l e ft t o b e c o m pl e t e d by t h e ,

a t t e nt iv e r e a de r T h e o nly p o i nt w h ic h I w o u l d b i ng i nt o r e l ie f is
. r

t h i s t h a t a l ik e t h e c o nt r ib u t io ns w h ic h t h e s e v e r a l c a u s e s (U s a c h e n)
,
‘
r

m a k e t o t h e fo r m o f t h e e ffe c t a nd t h e c h a ng e s w h ic h t h e y th e m s e lv e s ,

u nde g o t h o u g h t h e p o c e s s o f p o d u c ing it a d m it o f v a ia t io n in a
r r r r ,
r

v e r y h igh d e g e e I n vi e w o f t h i s v a r ie ty t h e u s a g e o f s p e e ch h a s
r .

c r e a t e d m a ny e xp e s s i o ns fo r s t a t e s o f t h e c a s e o f w h ic h t h e dis t i no
r ,

t i o n is w e ll fo u nde d a nd v a l u a bl e fo t h e c o ll e c t iv e e s t im a t e o f t h e
-
r

i m p o t a nc e o f w h a t t a ke s p la c e bu t w h ic h do no t e x h ibi t a ny dis t inc

r

t i o ns t h a t a e fu nda m e nt a l in a n o nt o l o g ic a l s e ns e
r I f e l s t ic b o di e s . a ,

m e e t ing e x c h a ng e t h e i m o t io ns wi t h e a c h o t h e r w h o lly o r in p a r t
, r ,

we h a ve no d o u b t a b o u t t h e ne c e s s i ty o f r e g a d ing b o t h a s m e t a r

p h y s ic a lly e q u iva l e nt c a u s e s o f t h i s r e s u l t Th e y b o th c o nt r ib u t e .

a l ik e t h o u gh in diffe e nt m e a s u r e t o d e t e m i ne t h e fo m o f t h e r e s u l t
, r r r
, ,

a nd t h e e ff c t p r o d u c e d vi s ibly d iv id e s i t s e l f b e t w e e n t h e t wo
e .

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r H e re .

e v e y t h ing t h a t c o nd itio ns t h e fo r m o f t h e
r e s u l t a pp e a r s t o li o n o ne r e

s i de ,i in t h e p o w de in t h e c a p bil ity o f e xp a ns i o n p o s s e s s e d by
v z . r, a

t h e e l e m e nt s c o nde ns e d in it T h e s p a k c o nt ib u t e s no t hing b u t a n. r r

u l ti m a t e c o m pl e m e nt a y c o ndit io n — t h e h ig h t m p e a tu e
r na m e ly e r r , ,

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v io u s l e x is t ing i m p u l s e t o e xp a ns io n b u t w h ic h w o l d no t b e q u a l ifi e d
‘

y ,
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t o s u pply t h e a b s e nc e o f t h a t i m p u l s e Fo r t h is e a s o n we l o o k u p o n . r

t h e s e t wo c a u se s o f t h e e ffe c t in diff e r e nt lig h t s I t is no t i nde e d a s .

.
V OL I . . H
9 8 0f t /ze Na t u r e of R aj /s ica l A ct io n . [ B OO K 1 .

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i t s e l f t h is m e r e ly s u ffi c e s t o m a i nt a i n t h e p e s e nt s ta t e o f t h i ng s I t r .

is o nly t h e int r o du c t i o n o f a h e igh t e ne d t e m p r a t u r e t h a t p r o du c e s e

t h e ne c e s s it y o f e xpl o s o n T h e o c c a s io na l c a u s e t h e e fo e b ing s
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, ,

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( r ,

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a ,
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’
re a so n

wh ic h wa s i nc o m pl e t e ly c o ns t i t u t e d b e fo r e S im il a r r e fl e c t i o ns will .

h a v e t o b e m a de in a ll t h o s e c a s e s w h e e o ne c a u s e s e e m s o nly t o r
‘

r e m o v e a h ind a nc e w h i c h im p e d e s t h e o t h e r c a u s e s in a c t u a lly b ing

r r

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.
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. r x

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.

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r c o nd it io ns a r e p e s e nt r r r

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, ,

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. r

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o ne o f t h e m w ill b e w h o lly w it h o u t s u c h a s h a e E a c h o f t h e m is a r .

c o nt ib u t io n w it h o u t w h ic h t h e c o m pl e t e ( r u nd) o f t h e
’
r re a so n G ‘

a c t u a l e ffe c t c a nno t b e c o ns t i t u t e d No o ne o f t h e m s e v e s a s a m e r e . r

m e a ns o f c o nv e r t ing int o fa c t a p o s s ib il it y a l r e a dy w it h o u t it c o m , ,

p l e t e ly d e t e m in e d rin ki nd a n d q u a n t i t y I t is e x c l u s iv e ly wi t h t h i s .

o nt o l o gi c a l e q u iv a l e nc e o f t h e m a nifo l d c a u s e s o f a fa c t t h a t we a re

h e r e c o nc e r ne d I t will o nly b e a t a l a t e r s t a g e t h a t it w il l b e c o m e
. ,

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r r

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by th e fa th e r c o ns ide a t io n o f t h e i ns t a nc e s a l r e a dy give n S u c h
r r .

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e l u s iv e ly t o a n o ne o f t h e c o Op e a t iv e c a u s e s b u t r a t h e r d i s t r ib u t e s r
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5 4 A ft e r a ll t h e s e e m a r k s h o w e v e r t h e p r o p e r o bj e c t o f e nq u i r y
. r , ,

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. r ,

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r

m e t a p h y s ic a lly ? T he ne e d in w h ic h t h i s q u e s t i o n s t a nds o f s p e c i l a

c o ns ide a t io n is m o s t r e a dily a pp r e h e nde d if we t r a ns fe r o u s e lv e s

r r

t o t h e o nt o l o gi c a l p o s it io n o f H e r b a r t H is t h e o r y s t a r t e d e xp r e s s ly .

fr o m t h e s u pp o s it io n o f a c o mpl e te m u t u a l inde p e nde nc e o n t h e p a t r

o f t h e r e a l B e i ng s o f th e i b i ng u nc o nc e ne d w it h a ny R e l a t io n
, r e r .

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o th e r t h e e a d ine s s t o m a k e t h is a dm is s i o n r e s t s s i m ply o n t h e s u
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p o s it i o n t h a t t h e y r e m a in u na ffe c t e d by s o do i ng A t t h e s a m e t i m e .

t h is m e t a p h y s ic a l t h e o y e c o g nis e s a r e l a t i o n u nde r t h e na m e o f t h e
r r ,

c o e xi s t e nc e o f t h e r e a l B e i ng s w h ic h do e s a w a y wi t h t h e i r c o m pl e t e
1
,

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lit .

H 2
 Na t u r e of P /zy s ica l A c t io n B OO K 1
’ ‘

1 00 Of t /i e .
[ .

indiffe r e nc e t o w a r ds e a ch o th e r , a nd c o m pe ls th e m t o a c ts o f m u tu a l

i
d s tu r b a nce a nd o f se l f-m a int e na nc e .

I n wh a t , h o we v do e s t h is c o e xi s te nc e s o p r e g na nt wi th c o n
e r,
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,
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’

r
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a er ,
r

ind ic a t io n o f a p o s t u l a t e no t t h e i ndic a t i o n o f t h a t by w h i c h t h is ,

p o s t u l a t e is f lfill e d T h e c o e x is t e nc e is s o fa r no t h ing bu t t h a t
u .
‘ ’

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, , ,

e nt y o f w h ic h t h e i s im pl e q u a l it i e s c a n no l o ng e r
r r e m a in u na ff e c t e d r

by e a ch o th e r bu t a re c o m p e lle d t o a s s e t a n a c t iv e r e c ip r o c a l in r

flu e nc e T h u s nde r s t o o d le t u s c a ll th e c o e x is t e nc e I
. u Th e
,
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.

c o e x is t e nc e h o w e v e r w it h it s s p a t i a l a s s o c i a t io ns h a vi ng o nc e
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t e rm , , ,

be e n c h o s e n fo r th i s Q a e it nz a pp e a s t o h a v e b e e n th e o nly s o u c e u s u ,
r r

b a t s c o s m o l o gi c a l c o nv ic t i o n t h a t a s a s e l f e vi de nt t u th t h e
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o f H er r ,
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o nly fo m in w h i c h t h e o nt o l o g ic a l c o e x is t e nc e
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t h e c o ndit io n o f
‘
r

e ffic ie nt c a u s a t i o n c a n o c c u in t h e w o l d is t h a t o f c o inc ide nc e in

,
r r ,

s pa ce A t l e a s t I do no t fi nd a ny fu r t h e r p r o o f o f t h e t i t l e t o h o l d
.

t h a t t h e a b s t a c t m e t a p h y s ic a l p o s tu l a t e I a dm i t s o f r e a lis a t io n in
‘
r

t h is a nd in no o t h e r i m a g ina bl e fo m I s h a ll h a v e o c c a sio n b e l o w 1
r .

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a g a i ns t t h e i m p o t a nc e t h u s a tt a c h e d t o c o nt a c t in s p a c e a s a c o n
r

d it io n o f t h e e x e t io n o f p h y s i c a l a c t i o n r H e e we m a y v e r y w e l l . r

c o nc e de t h e p o int t o t h e c o m m o n o p i nio n if a pp e a l is m a de t o ,

t h e m a ny i ns t a nce s in wh ic h a s a m a t t e r o f f c t t h e a pp r o x im a t i o n , a ,

o f b o d ie s t o e a ch o t h e p r e s e nt s it s e l f to u s a s a ne c e s s a y p e
r r r

l im ina y t o t h e i r a c t io n u p o n e a c h o th e r A s s u m ing t h e n t h a t c o n
r .
, ,

t a c t c a n b e s h o w n u niv e r s a lly t o b e a n i ndis p e ns a bl e p e l im i na y r r

c o ndi t io n o f p h y s ic a l a c t io n e v e n t h e n we s h o l d o nly h a v e dis ,

u

c o v e r e d o r c o nj e c t u e d t h e e m p i ic a l fo m C u nde r w h ic h a s a m a t t e r r r r

o f fa c t t h a t m e t a ph y s ic a l I t h e t r u e g r o u nd o f a ll p h y s ic a l a c t i o n;
‘

p e se nt s i t s e l f in t h e w o l d Th q u e s t io n w o u l d e m a in a s t o t h e
r r . e r

la w w h i c h e nt it l e s t h is c o nne x io n in s p a c e t o m a k e t h a t p o s s ibl e
a nd ne c s s a y wh ic h w o l d no t o c c u
e r w it h o u t it u r .

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r e s o t t o e xpl a i n i t s e l f o f w h i c h c o nt i nu e d o b s e r v a t i o n h a s p e s e nt e d
r ,
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u s w it h f e q u e nt i ns t a nc e s r I t c a nno t t h e r e fo e b e m a t t e o f s u p r is e
.
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t o m e if y o u ng e r a nd c o ns e q u e nt ly k e e ne r i nt e ll e c t s u nde r t k e t o
'
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t e a ch m t h a t in t h i s c a s e I d o no t u nde r s t a nd m y s e l f
e W h a te ve r m y .

e rr o m a y be I c a nno t g e t
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,

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, r
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TE . Co nt a c t t ne co ndit io n o f a c t io n

o f c o nt a c t p a c e a nd th a t o f m u tu a l a c t i o n a s to m a k e it s e l f
in s

e v ide nt t h a t o ne i nv o lv e s t h e o t h e r G r a nt e d t h a t t wo B e i ng s A a nd
.
,

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r e l a t io n t h a t e a c h c o l d m a int a i n it s c o m pl e t e e xi s t e nc e wi t h o u t re g a r d
u

t o t h e o t h e r a s it w e r e in a w o l d o f it s o wn ; t h e n t h o u gh it m a y b e
,
r ,

e a s y t o pi c t u r e t h e t wo a s c o e x is t i ng in t h e s a m e p o i nt o f a s p a c e
’

it s e e m s t o m e i m p o s s ibl e t o s h o w t h a t fo r t h i s r e a s o n a l o ne t h e
i ndiffe e nc e t o e a c h o t h e r m u s t di s a pp e a T h e e x t e rna l u nio n o f
r r .

t h e ir s it u a t i o ns w h i c h we p r e s e nt t o o u m i nd s e ye m u s t e m a in fo r
’
r r

t h e m a s u ne s s e nt ia l a s p e vi o u s ly e v e y o t h e r r e l a t i o n wa s
r rI nw a dly . r

t h e i s e v e r a l na t u r e s c o nt inu e a li e n t o e a c h o t h e r u nle s s it c a n b e
r ,

s h o wn th a t t h i s c o e xi s t e nc e in s p a c e C is m o r e t h a n a co e x
‘ ’ ‘
, ,

is t e nc e in s p a c e t h a t it i nc l u de s p r e c i s e ly t h a t m e t a p h y s ic a l c o
’
,

e xi s t e nc e w h ic h r e nde s t h e B e i ng s t h a t w o u l d o t h e w is e b e s e l f
,
r r

s u ffic ing s u s c e p t ibl e a nd e c e p t iv e t o w a d s e a c h o t h e r

,
r No t b e l ie vi ng
r .

m y s e l f in t h e c o rr e c t ne s s a s a m a t t e r o f fa c t O f t h is t h e o r y o f c o nt a c t
, , ,

I h a v e na tu a lly no r e a s o n t o a t t e m p t s u c h a p o o f w h i c h m o r e o ve r
r r , , ,

w o u l d c a r r y u s p r e m a t u re ly b e y o nd t h e p r o vi nc e o f o nt o l o gy A s .

qu e s t io n o f o nt o l o gy it o nly r e m a i ns t o a s k w h a t t h e P is i e wh a t
, ,
. .

is t h e c o ndi t i o n w h i c h we m u s t s u pp o s e fu lfill e d if in a ny e l a t i o n C ,
r ,

w h e th e r it be o u t O f c o nt a c t in s p a c e o o f s o m e w h o lly diff e r e nt r

fo r m we s u pp o s e t h i ng s p r e vi o u s ly i nd iffe r e nt t o e a c h o t h e r t o
,

b e c o m e s u bj e c t t o t h e ne c e s s i ty o f h a ving r e s p e c t t o e a c h o t h e r a nd
o f e a c h o r d e r i ng it s s t a t e s a c c o r ding t o t h e s t t e s o f t h e o t h e r T a .

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o t h e r f o m t h e s t a t e w h ic h is no t o ne o f c o e xi s t e nc e t o o ne t h a t is s o
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t i o n o t o b e e nt it l e d t o d e ny t h a t t h e r e is a ny s u c h t r a ns i t io n t h a t t h e y
r ,

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u ni v e s e r .

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s i de d wa a s a n e m a na t io n p r o c e e ding f o m a n a c t iv e B e i ng o nly r
y ,

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t h e m inu t e s t p a r t ic l e s c h a ng e s a s t h e l iq u id fo c e s it s wa y a m o ng r

the m . A s t h e y a r e fo c e d a s u nde t h e y fo m a l a g e r v o l u m e a nd
r r, r r

t h e c o nne xi o n b e t w e e n t h e m b e c o m e s t o u g h e r w h il e t h e d y ing , r

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o f t h e w a t e r d o e s no t s u flic e fo r t h e ir e xpl a na t io n A ft e r t h e w a t e r .

h a s r e a c h e d it s ne w p o s it io n in t h e s e c o nd b o dy B t h e q u e s t i o n . ,

a is e s c o m pl e t e ly a ne w w h a t t h e infl u e nc e is w h ic h
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a bl e t o e x e r c i s e — a n infl u e nc e s u c h t h a t t h e c o ns t it u e nt s o f B a re

c o m p e ll e d t o a l t e r t h e ir e l a t iv e p o s i t io ns I n l ik e m a nne t h e qu e s
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t r a t io n will b e fo u nd niv e s lly a ppli c a bl e u W h e e v e a n e l e m e nt F

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m e nt int o s o m e t hing m o e s u b t l e t h a n a t h ing W h t v e s p i it u a l ‘ ’

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w o u l d e c u r w h o lly u na ns w e r e d
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.

m o n vi e w I ns t e a d o f t h e c a u s a t iv e t h ing (U r s a c h e ) we s u pp o s e a
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fo c e a n a c t i o n o r a s t a t e E t o p a s s fr o m A t o B
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r r , ,

t o h a v e s o fa r a c l e a r no t io n a tt a c h e d t o t h e m t h a t t h e y de no t e s o m e

t h i ng e ls e t h a n a t h i ng T h e y t hu s a vo i d t h e qu e s ti o n h o w th e
.

t h ing a c t s o n o t h e r t h ing s a ft e r it s t a ns i t i o n h a s b e e n e ffe c t e d r Bu t .

in t h a t c a s e t h e y a r e l ia bl e t o t h e o bj e c t i o n fa m ili a r t o t h e o ld M e t a ,

p h y s ic a t t ibu t a no n s e p a a nt u r a s u b s ta nt iis NO s t a t e E c a n s o
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r a s a s ta t e o f ,

ne i t h e r a nd t h e n t o u nit e i t s e l f wi t h B in o r de r t o b e c o m e it s s t a t e
, .

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w e r e s u pp o s e d by a c h a ng e o f e xp r e s s i o n t o b e a n a c t i o n a nd t h u s
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. r ,

in a c h a ng e o f w h ic h it c o ns i s t s a nd l e a v e t h i s A u nc h a ng e d b e h ind
,

it in o r de r t o m a k e it s w a y i nde p e nde nt ly t o B A c c o r ding t o t h i s .

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, ,

t h u s s u pp o s e d t o t r a ns fe r i t s e l f w o u l d s i m ply b e t h e w h o l e p r o c e s s o f

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d t io n in it s e lf int e ll ig ibl e w h i c h w o u l d a c c o u nt fo r t h e r e s u l t b e i ng
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b r o u gh t a b o u t .

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r

b i ng th e a dva nt a g e t h e y w e re m e a nt t o b r i ng A s in r e ga r d t o t h e
r .

tra n s it io n o f i nde p e nde nt c a u s a t iv e t h i ng s s o in r e g a r d t o t h e t ra ns i

: ,

t io n o f t h e s t a t e o r e v e nt E fr o m A t o B t h e o ld q u e s t i o n w o u l d

r e cu r . G r a nt i ng t h a t E c o u l d s e p a r a t e i t s e l f fr o m A w h a t g a v e it it s ,

d ir e c t i o n a t t h e p a t ic u l a r m o m e nt t o B r a t h e r t h a n t o C ? I f we a s
r ,

s u m e t h a t A h a s giv e n it t h is d i r e c t i o n we p e s u pp o s e t h e s a m e , r

r o c e s s o f c a u s a t iv e a c t i o n a s t a k ing pl c e b e t w e e n A a nd E fo r
p a

w h ic h we h a v e no t ye t fo u nd a n i nt e ll ig ibl e a c c o u nt a s t a k ing pl a c e
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. . r

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r r ,
An
r a r .

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r a nd no t a t ,

t h e s a m e t im e t o a ny a c t i o n o f C a nd t h a t t h e r e t h u s a r i s e s in it t h e
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a c t o n, i in t h e e x e rc se i o f wh i ch it no w e j i
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t r a ns it io n t o B a nd no t t o C . Th u s fo r t h e s e c o nd t im e we sh o u ld
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,

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b e e xpl a i ne d by t h e t r a ns fe r o f a ny infl e nc e bu t t h a t w h a t we c a ll u ,

s u c h a t r a ns fe r is no th i ng bu t a de s ig na t io n o f t h a t w h i c h h a s t a k e n

p l a ce in t h e s t ill u ne xpl a i ne d p r o c e s s o f c a u s a t i o n o r w h i c h m a y b e

re g ar de d a s it s r e s u l t .

5 7 A p a r t fr o m it s be i ng w h o lly u nfr u i t fu l t h e vi e w o f wh i c h we
.
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h a v e b e e n s p e a k ing h a s b e c o m e p o s itiv e ly m is c h ie v o u s t h r o u g h p e r

j u dic e s wh ic h ve r y na tu r a lly a tt a c h t h e m s e lve s t o it I t t r e a t s t h e .

t a ns m i t t e d e ffe c t E a s o ne r e a dy m a de
r a nd m e r e ly no t i c e s t h e -
,

c h a ng e o n t h e p a t o f t h e t h i ng s o f w h i c h inc ide nt a lly it b e c o m e s a

r

sta te . No do u b t t h e r e is a t a c i t e xp e c t a t io n t h a t u p o n it s b e i ng ,

ca rr i e d o v e r t o B m a ny f r t h e inc i de nt s will t h e r e fo ll o w in it s t r a i n
, u r

o f w h i c h no m o r e e xpl ic it a c c o u nt is t a k e n B u t in o r de r t h a t t h e .

vi e w m a y h a ve a ny s o t o f c l e a r ne s s it m u s t in a ny c a s e a s s u m e t h a t
r ,

B w ill a ffo d t o E o n it s a r iv a l t h e s a m e p o s s ibility o f r e c e p t i o n a nd o f

r r

e xi s t e nc e in it w h i c h wa s o ffe r e d it by A T h e r e t h s a i s e j o i nt ly t h e . u r

no t io ns t h a t t h e e ffe c t m u s t b e t h e p e c is e c o u nt e p a t o f it s c a u s e o r a t r r r

le a s t r e s e m bl e it a nd t h a t a ll b e i ng s b e t w e e n w h ic h a e c ip r o c a l a c t i o n
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Ou r p re vi o u s i de a t i o ns c o m p e l u s t o c o nt r a di c t t h e s e vi e w s a t
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. r

p o s s ibl e fo r it t o t a k e t o i t s e l f a ny e a dy m a de s t a t e fr o m wi th o u t r -

a s a n a c c e s s io n t o it s na t u r e Fo e v e ry t h ing w h i ch is s u pp o s e d t o . r

a r i s e in it a s a s t a t e t h e e is s o m e e s s e nt ia l a nd i ndis p e ns a bl e c o
,
r

Op e r a t ing c o ndit i o n in it s o wn na t u re I t is o nly j o i nt ly wi th t h is .

c o ndi t io n t h a t a n e x t e na l i m p a c t c a n fo r m t h e s u ffi c i e nt r e a s o n w h i c h
r

de t e r m ine s t h e k ind a nd fo m o f t h e e s u l t ing c h nge r So l o ng a s r a .

t h e r e is s p e ki ng g e ne a lly a c e t a in j s t ifi c a t io n o w ing t o t h a t p e e n
a r r u ,

lia ity o f th e c a s e s c o nt e m pl a t e d w h i c h we m e nt i o ne d a b o v e , fo r
r

t r e a t ing o ne t h i ng A p r e x e ll nc a s t h e c a u s e a s e c o nd B a s t h e
a c e e ,

s u s t a i ne r o f t h e e ffe c t o r a s t h e s c e ne o f it s m a nife s t a t io n in s u c h ,

c a s e s we s h a ll e v e n fi nd t h a t t h e fo r m o f t h e e ffe c t p o du c e d by A r

de p e nds in q u i t e a p e p o nde r a ti ng de g r e e o n t h e na t u e o f t h e B
r r ,

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r . r

s ibl e a nd a pp o p r i a t e t o t h i s it s na t u r e t h a t B a ll o w s i t s e l f t o b e c o n
r

s t r a ine d by e x t e r na l i nfl u e nc e s I t is l it t l e m o r e t h a n t h e de t e r .

m i na t i o n o f t h e de g r e e s in w h i c h t h e s e o c c u r r e nc e s a r e t o p r e s e nt
t h e m s e lv e s t h a t is d e p e nd e nt o n c o r e s p o nd ing v a i e t ie s in t h e e x r r

t e r na l e x c it ing c a u s e s T h i s is t h e c a s e no t o nly wi th liv ing b e i ng s

.
,

b u t wi t h ina nim a t e b o die s Up o n o ne a nd t h e s a m e bl o w o ne .

c h a ng e s it s fo m y ie l dingly a no t h e r s pl it s i nt o fr a g m e nt s a t h ir d fa ll s
r , ,

i nt o c o nt inu o u s vib r a t io ns s o m e e xpl o de W h a t e a ch do e s is th e

, .

c o ns e q u e nc e o f it s c o m pl e t e ly de t e m ina t e s t r u c t u r e a nd c o ns t i t u t i o n r

u p o n o cc a s io n O f t h e o u t w a r d e x c i t e m e nt .

T h is b e i ng s o if it is i m p r o p e r t o s p e a k o f a t r a ns m i s s i o n o f a
,

r e a dy m a de e ffe c t it is s t ill m o e s o t o s p e a k o f a u niv e s a l ide nt i t y

-
, r r

in ki nd a nd d e g e e o f c a u s e w it h e ff e c t
r
1
I t w o u l d in i t s e l f b e a n .

i ne x a c t ne s s t o b e g in wi t h t o t y t o e s t a bl is h a n e qu a t io n b e t w e e n t h e
, ,
r
‘
ca u se
’

(U s a che
) w
r h ic h i s a T h,
i ng a nd t h e e f
f e c t w h ic h i s a s ta t e ,

o r a n o cc u e nc err All t h a t c o u l d b e a t t e m p t e d w o u l d b e t o m a int in

. a

t h a t w h a t t a k e s pl a c e in t h e o ne c o ns id e e d a s a c tiv e is ‘ ’
ca u se r

i de nt i c a l w it h t h a t w h i c h will t a ke pl a c e in t h e o t h e r c o ns i d r e d a s e

p a s s iv e ; o t o p u t t h e p o p o s it io n m o e c o r e c t ly c o ns i de r ing t h e
r, r r r ,

nu m b e r o f o bj e c t s w h ic h a e e q u a lly e nt it l e d t o b e c s sr e a ch au e ,

will p r o d c e in t h e o th e r t h e s a m e s t a t e in wh ich it wa s it s e l f Ex
u .

s s e d in t h i s fo m we m ig h t e a s ily b e m is l e d int o l o o k ing u p o n it

p r e r ,

a s in fa c t a u niv e s a l t ru t h T h e s c ie nc e o f m e c h a nic s a t l e a s t in
r .
, ,

t h e dis t ib u t io n o f m o t io ns f o m o ne b o dy t o a no t h e r p u t s a nu m b e
r r ,
r

.o f i ns t a nce s a t c o m m a nd w h ic h w o u l d a d m i t o f b e i ng r e du c e d t o t h is

Gl i hh it v n t n p 1
e c e ,
’
. o e o .
 1 06 Na t u r e of P n s ica l A c t io n
Of t /z e
y [ B 1 . OO K .

p o int o f vi e w a nd w h i c h m igh t a w k n t h e c o nj c t u e t h a t o t h a e e r er

o
cc nc s o f a diff e nt ki nd w o l d
u rr e e p n i nv s t ig t i o n h e f nd
er u u o e a ou

e xpl i bl in t h e s m e w y A g a in t t h i s d l s io n I m u s t c a ll t h e
ca e a a . s e u re

p e v io s e xp e s s io n o f m y c o nvic t io n ; th t ve n in c s e s w h e e a s a
r u r a e a r

m tt a o f f t a p f t ly id nt i c l e ip o
er ac l a c t io n Z is e x e c is d
er ec e a r c r ca , ,
r e

b e t we n A nd B it y t a nno t a i s e in t h wa y o f a t ns m is s io n o f
e a ,
e c r e ra

a e dy m a d
r a s t a t e Z ; t h a t w h a t t k s pl
-
e e in A a nd B is e v e n in
,.
a e ac

t h e s e c s s lw y s t h e p o du c t i o n ne w o f
a e a a Z c o nf m a bly wi th th r a a ,
o r e

ne c e ity w ith w h i h Z u nde t h e c t io n o f B a i s e s o t o f t h na t e

ss c r a r u
:

e ur

o f A a nd nd ,
t h e a c t io n o f A a i s e s o u t o f t h e n t u
u er o f B ; th t r a re a ,

w h il it i p o s s ibl e s e w h i c h o u t h e o y by no m a ns e x c l u de s
e s a ca ,
r r e ,

th t th e s a t wo c t io ns s h o l d be t h e s m e ; t h e i
e a q l it y is no t a u a r e ua

niv s a l o ndit io n w h i h we a e t o c o ns i d
u er c in t h e a b s t a c t a s e s s e n
c r er r

t ia l t o t h o c c e n e o f an e c ip o c l u rr
a c t i o n c re r a
y .

5 8 Th e f t l e o o n w h i h we h v a a b e n dw lli ng is no t o ne t o
rr r, c a e e e
9 b li h t
.
,

g ly p a s s d o v
e T h e c o nvi c t io n m u s t b e e s t a bli s h e d t h a t o f
e er .

th ll g e d ide nt ity b t w e e n c s e a nd ffe c t no th i ng is l ft bu t th e

e a e e au e e

mo g e n l t t h wi t h w h i h we e f m ili a
re e ra ru T h is t th is t h a t c ar a r . ru

th n tu e s o f t h e T h ing s w h ic h a t
a re n ch o t he t h e inne s t t s in c o ea r, r a e

w h ic h fo t h e m o m e nt t h e y h pp e n t o be a nd t h e x a t l t io n
r a e c re a

w h i h p e v il s b t w e n t h e m — t h t a ll t h is fo m s th e c o m pl e t e
c r a e e a r

f o m whi h t he s l t ing ff c t a s a w h l e is s e s Ev e n
’
e so n r a r c re u e e o u .

t h at t h i s o ns e q nc e is nt in d in it s r e s o n is m o
c ue t h n we S h o l d co a e a re a u

b nt it l d t o
e e nl e s s w e
e a t l e s t c o n
sa c iv a s i mu m d ia t ly i n v o lv ed a e e e e
y ,

in t h n t o f t h e t h i ng s a nd
e a u re l dy in l ivi ng Op t io n t h o s e a re a e ra

h ig h t g o nds o f d t e m in t i o n a c c o ding t o w h ic h it is d c i d d
es r u e r a ,
r e e

w h t o ns q nce s h ll fo ll o w f o m wh t s o n in t h a t u l w o l d
a c e ue a r a re a e c a r
'

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s a e r u u e a a e

b k t o t h v i w w hic h we
ac he
e c o m b t ing
e F f w h t is c o n a re re a . o r o a

t in d in t h o e h ig h e s t
a e c o ndit i ns w h ic h s d t e m ine w h t s h l l o e r a a

m n t e f m w h t in t h
e a a a ct ro l w l d s c o ns e q e nt f o m c a s e o
a e ua o r ,
a u r u r
,

so n w
re a h v no t in f c t t h e k no wl dg w h i h we m ig h t h
, e a e bea e e c e re

in l in d t o c l im T h e e is no t h i ng t o w a nt th s s nc e t h t it
e c a . r a rr e a u ra a

is x l s iv ly by g e ne l l a w s t h s m in inn m
e c u e bl i n t nc s o f
ra ,
e a e u e ra e s a e

t he i ppl i t io n t h t t o e a c h s t t e o f fa c t a s it m y a t ny t im e
r a ca ,
a a s, a a

s t nd t h e ne w s t t
a ,
w h i h is t o be it s c o n q nc is dj t d I t a e ,
c se ue e ,
a us e .

is n ss a n e in w h i c h t h e wi s h is f t h
a u ra c to th t h o gh t It a er e u .

n t lly is o t o f o c vi ng fo k no wl dg f it is do b t l s s
a u ra ar es u ur ra r e e ,
o r u e

nlyo p o n t h is s pp o it io n t h t ny c o ns q n
u u n b e de iv d s a a e ue ce ca r e

n ly t i lly f m it s nde s t o o d s a n ins t a nc e o f a

’
be
‘
a a ca so n o ro re a r u r a

g e ne a l c h a c t i t i c
r ar er s .
CH APT E R V .
] I O7

Bu t wh a t is t h e r e t o e x c l de in lim in t h e o th e r p o s s ibili ty ; t h a t
u
‘
e
’

s o m e o ne pl a n w h i c h in t h e c o m pl e x o f r e a l it y o nly o nc e c o m p le t e s
,

i t s e l f a nd no wh e r e h o ve r s a s a u niv e s a l la w o v e r a n i nde fi nit e r

nu m b e r o f ins t a nc e s s h o u l d a s s ig n t o e a c h s t a t e o f fa c t s t h a t c o n
,

s e q u e nc e w h ic h b e l o ng s t o it a s a fu t h e r s t e p in t h e e a l is a t io n o f
r r

t h s o e h s to y
i n i — s o b e l o ng s t o it h o w e v e r b u t o nc e a t t h is d e fi nit e
r , ,

p o i nt o f t h e w h o l e ne v e r a g a in a t a ny o th e r p o int ? O n t h a t s u pp o
,

s it io n i nde e d o u r k no wl e dg e w o u l d no l o ng e r c o nfr o nt e a l ity wi t h r

t h e p r o u d fe e l ing t h a t it c a n e a s ily a s s ig n it s pl a c e t o e v e r y th ing t h a t

o c c u r s in it a s a k no w n i ns t a nc e o f g e ne ra l l a w s
, a nd c a n p e d e ,
r

t e m ine a na ly t i c a lly t h e c o ns e qu e nc e w h i c h m u s t a t t a c h t o it
r Th e .

s e i e s o f e v e nt s w o u l d u nfo ld it s e lf fo r u s s y nt h e t i c a lly ; a n o bj e c t o f
’

w o nde r ing c o nt e m pl a t io n a nd e xp e r ie nce b u t no t a n o bj e c t o f a c t a l ,

u

u nd e s t a ndi ng t ill we s h o u l d h a v e a pp e h e nd e d t h e m e a ning o f t h e

r r

w h o l e a s dis t ing u is h e d fr o m t h a t w h ic h e p e a t s i t s e l f w it h in t h e w h o l e
, r

a s a g e ne a l m o d e o f c o nne xi o n b e t w e e n it s s e v e r a l m e m b e r s
r .

5 9 W e will no t h o w e ve r p u r s u e t h e s e u l t i m a t e t h o u gh ts ; I
.
, ,

m e e ly h int a t t h e m h e r e in o de r t o d i s l o dg e c e r t a in wi de ly s p e a d
r r -
r

p re j u dic e s f o m t h e i r e s t ing pl a c e bu t c a nno t no w w o k t h e m o u t

r r -
,
r .

W e will t a k e it fo r g ra nt e d t h a t e v e r y e ffe c t in t h e w o l d a dm it s o f r

b ing a pp e h e nde d in a c c o da nc e wi t h t h e e q u i e m e nt s o f k no w
e r r r r

l e dge a s t h e co nc l u s io n o f a s yll o g is m in wh ic h t h e c o ll e c t iv e da t a o f ,

a s p e c ia l c a s e s e v e a s m ino r p e m is s t o a m a j o r p r e m is s fo r m e d by
r r

a g e ne r a l la w Ev e n o n th i s s u pp o s itio n it w o u l d s t ill be a n u n
.

w a r a nt a bl e u nde r t a k ing t o s e e k t o li m i t t h e c o nt e nt o f th a t g e ne a l
r r

la w i t s e l f a nd t h a t r e l a t io n b e t w e e n it s c o ns t it u e nt m e m b e r s w h ic h is
s u pp o s e d t o s e r v e a s a m o de l fo r t h e c o nne xi o n b e t w e e n t h e fa c t s

give n in t h e m i no r p r e m i s s S u pp o s ing t h is c o nt e nt o f t h e la w t o be
.

s y m b o l is e d by we a r e no t t o g o o n fo e v e r a t t e m p t i ng t o r

d e d c e t h e t it l e o f + B t o b e a c c e p t e d a s t h e e a s o n o ff fr o m h ig h e r
u a r

a nd m o e g e ne r a l l a w s
r E a c h o f t h e s e h ig h e r l a w s w h ic h we m igh t
.

h a v e e a c h e d w o l d r e p e a t t h e s a m e fo m
r u + l3 =f a nd w o u l d c o m r a
l .
1 1

e l u s a t l a s t t o t h e c o nfe s s io n t h a t w h il e u ndo u b t e dly a c o nc e p t io n

p
o f t h e i ndiv id u a l a dm it s o f b e i ng d e r iv e d a na ly t i c a lly fr o m t h e g e ne a l r ,

t h e m o s t g e ne r a l l a w s a e g iv e n s y nt h e t ic e l a t io ns o f e a s o n a nd c o n
r r r

s e q u e nt w h ic h we h a v e s i m ply t o r e c o g nis e w it h o u t in t u r n m a k ing

,

t h e ir r e c o g ni t io n d e p e nde nt o n t h e fu lfil m e nt o f a ny c o nd it io ns
w h a t e v e r No do u b t in t h e pl a n o f t h e w o l d a s a w h o l e t h e s e g ive n
.
,
r

r e l a t io ns a r e no t is o l a t e d u nc o nne c t e d d a t a
,
A ny o ne wh o wa s a bl e ,
.

t o a pp e h e nd a nd e xp r e s s t h is h ig h e s t ide a w o u l d fi nd t h e m b o u nd
r

t o g e t h e r no t i nde e d ne c e s s a r ily by a l o g ic a l c o nne xi o n ; b u t by a n

,
1 08 Of t h e Na t u r e of P hys ica l A ct io n . [ B OO K 1 .

ae s t h e t c i i y a nd j u s t i c e Fr o m fi ni t e k no wl e dge th i s a c tu a l
ne c e s s t .

s yste m o f e a l ity is h i d de n
r I t h s no s ta nda d a t c o m m a nd fo r
. a r

d e c iding w ith wh a t c o m b ina t io n + B t h is s y s t e m a s s o c i a t e s a c o n a

s e q u e nc e f ; t o w h a t o th e c o m bi na t io n + 18 it fo r b ids e v e y c o n
r (1
1 l
r

s e q e nc e
u I n j u dg ing o f p a t ic u l a r p h e no m e na t h e na t u a l s c ie nc e s
.
r r

c o nfo m t o t h is s o u nd p inc ipl e

r I t is t o e x pe i e nc e a l o ne t h a t t h e y
r . r

lo o k fo r e nl ig h t e nm e nt a s t o a ll t h o s e s i m pl e s t a nd m o s t p im a ry r

m o de s o f a c t io n o f b o die s u p o n e a c h o t h e t o w h ic h by wa y o f e x r,

pl n t io n t h e y e d c e t h e individu a l c h a r a c t e i s tic s o f t h e give n c a s e s

a a r u r .

T h is m ke s u s w o nde r th e m o e a t t h e ge ne a l inc l ina t i o n t o v e n

a r r

t u e r e c kl e s s ly j u s t a t t h i s m o s t d e c is iv e p o int u p o n a n a p r io i
r , ,
r

p o p o s itio n o f a kind f o m w h ic h s c ie nc e w o u l d s h i nk if it w e e a
r r r r .

q e s t io n o f t h e p r i m a y l a w s o f m a t te r a nd m o t i o n a nd t o m k e t h e
u r ,
a

o s s ib ili t y o f a ny r e c ip r o c a l a c t io n d e p e nd o n i de nt ity o f k ind a nd

p
de g e e c o m p a a b il it y o r lik e ne s s o n t h e p a r t o f t h e a g e nt s b e t w e e n
1
r , r

w h ic h it is t o ta k e pl a c e W h e e t h is ide nt i ty re a lly e x is t s it do e s . r ,

no t h lp t xpl
e o e a in a n y i g n i t h e r t h e na t u r e o f t h e e ffe c t no r t h e
t h n — e

m a nne r in w h ic h it is b o u gh t a b o u t Fo r o u r m i nds no do u b t
r .
, ,
a

a nd a u p o n c o m ing t o g e t h e r fo m t h e s u m bu t h o w t h e y w o u l dr 2a,

b e h a ve in e a l ity— w h e t h e r o ne w o u l d a dd it s e l f t o t h e o t h e r w h e t h e r
r ,

t h e y w o u l d fu s e w it h e a c h o t h e r w o u l d c a nc e l o r in s o m e wa y a l t e r , ,

e a c h o t h e r — is w h a t no o ne c a n c o nj e c tu e o n t h e g r o nd o f t his r u

re ci s e l ik e ne s s b e t w e e n t h e m A l it t l n w nj t w h y
p s e c a e c o e c u r e.

t h e y s h o u l d a c t u p o n e a c h o t h e r a t a ll a nd no t r e m a in c o m pl e t e ly

i ndiff e nt I n Sp it e o f th i s l ike ne s s t h e y w e e o n t h e s u p p o s i t io n
er . r , ,

t wo m u t u a lly i nde p e nd e nt t h ing s b e fo e t h e y c a m e t o g e t h e W hy r r .

t h e ir l ik e ne s s s h o u l d c o m p e l t h e m t o b e co m e s u s c e p t ibl e t o e a c h
1

o th e s infl u e nc e is fa l e s s i m m e dia t e ly inte llig ibl e t h a n it w o u l d b e

’
r r

t h a t d iffe r e nc e a nd o pp o s i t io n s h o u l d h a v e t h i s e ff e c t Th e se a t .

l e a s t i m ply a de m a nd fo r a n a dj u s tm e nt t o be e ffe c t e d by a ne w e ve nt ,

wh e e a s fr o m a n e x is t ing l ik e ne s s t h e a b s e nc e o f a ny r e c ip o c a l
r r

a c t io n w o u l d s e e m t h e t hing t o b e na t u a lly l o o k e d fo r Su ch co n r .

s id er a t io ns h o w e v e r S im ply s e t t l e no t h ing A ll t h a t we c a n b e c e t a in . r

o f is t h e c o m pl e t e g o u nd l e s s ne s s o f e v e y p o p o s it io n w h i c h c o nne c t s
r r r

t h e p o s s ib il it y o f e c ip r o c a l a c t io n be t w e e n t h ing s wi th a ny o th e r
r ,

h o m o g e ne ity o n t h e p a t o f t h e t h ing s t h a n t h a t w h ic h is g u a r a nt e d
'

r e

by t h e fa c t o f t h is r e c ip o c a l a c t io n T o c o nne c t t h e e c ip o c a l a c t io n
r . r r

w it h th i h o m o ge ne ity is a n ide nt ic a l p r o p o s it io n If t h e t h ing s a c t

s .

u p o n a nd a e a ffe c t e d by e a c h o t h r t h e y h a v e j u s t t h is in c o m m o n
, r e
, ,

t h a t t h e y fa ll u nde r t h e c o nc e p t io n o f s u b s t a nc e o f w h ic h t h e e s s e nc e ,

Gl i h h it v n t n 5 7 Eq l ity w ld n t it t h g m nt h ]
e c e ,
’
. o e o . ua
’
ou o su e ar u e e re
C H A PT E R V ) . A ss u mp t io n 0 / H 07720g €7l €i0h

is de t e r m ine d m e re ly by
p e di c a t e s B u t t h e r e is no o th e r
t he s e t wo r .

o bl ig a t io n t o a ny fu r t h e u ni fo r m i t y o n t h e i r p a t in o de r t o t h e i r
r r r

a dm itt ing o f s u b s u m p t i o n u nde r t h i s c o nc e p t io n o f s u b s t a nc e .

6 0 T h e r e h a v e b e e n t wo di e c t i o ns in w h ic h t h e m is c h i e v o u s
. r ,

i nfl u e nc e o f t h e p e j u dic e s we h a v e b e e n c o m b a t i ng h a s c h ie fly
r

a s s e r t e d i t s e lf O ne o f it s na t u ra l c o ns e qu e nc e s wa s t h e e ffo r t t o
.

r e du c e w h a t e ve r h a pp e ns t o a s i ngl e c o m m o n de no m ina t io n t o ,

d i s c o v e r p e h a p s in s p a t i a l m o t io n a t p e s e nt fo r ins t a nce in t h e
’
r ,
r , ,

fa v o u i t e fo m o f v ib a t i o n no t o ne k ind o f e v e nt bu t t h a t in w h i c h
r r r , ,

a ll e v e nt s a s s u c h c o ns i s t ; t h e p r im a y p r o c e s s v a i a t i o ns o f w h i c h
, ,
r ,
r

no ne o f t h e m b e ing m o t h a n v a r i a t io ns in qu a nt it y — h a d no t o nly
re

t o a ffo r d t o a ll o t h e e v e nt s diffe i ng in k ind a nd fo m t h e o c c a s i o ns

r , r r ,

fo r t h e ir o c c u e nc e bu t t o p o du c e t h e m a s fa a s p o s s ibl e e nt i e ly
rr ,
r r r

o u t o f t h e m s e lv e s a s a n a c c e s s i o n t o t h e i o wn b e ing t h o u g h i nd e d
,
r , e

a n u nint e ll ig ibl e o ne T h is i m p o v e is h m e nt o f t h e u nive s e by r e

. r r ,

d c t io n o f it s w h o l e m a ny c o lo u e d c o u s e t o a m e r e dis t ib u t io n o f
u -
r r r

a p r o c e s s o f o c c u r e nc e w h i c h is a l wa y s ide nt i c a l wa s in fa c t s c a r c e ly
r ,

a v o id a bl e if e v e y ffe c t in r e s p e c t o f a ll t h a t it c o nt a ine d wa s t o b e
r e

t h e a na ly t i c a l c o ns e q u e nce o f it s p e s u pp o s it i o ns I t is e no u g h h e r e r .

t o h a v e r a is e d t h is p e l im ina y p r o t e s t a g a i ns t t h e o nt o lo gi c a l p r i n
r r

c iple s o n w h ic h t h i s e du c t io n is fo u nde d T h e r e w ill be o c c a s io ns

r .

l a t e r fo e nl a g ing f r t h e r u p o n t h e o bj e c t i o ns t o it
r r u .

T h e o t h e r q u a lly na t a l c o ns e q u e nc e o f t h e p e j u di c e in qu e s t io n
e ur r

wa s t h e o ffe nc e t a k n a t t h e m a ni fo l d v a ie t y in t h e na t u e s o f t h ing s
e r r .

T h is h a s b e e n a t t h e b o t t o m o f vi e w s no w p e va l e nt o n m a ny qu e s r

t io ns a nd e s p e c i a lly o n t h a t o f t h e r e c ip r o c a l a c t i o n b e t w e e n s o u l a nd
,

b o dy O n t h is p o int a nc ie nt p h ilo s o p h y wa s a l e a dy u nde r t h e in

. r

flu e nc e o f t h e m i l e a ding v ie w T h a t l ik e c a n o nly b e k no w n by
s .
1

l ik e wa s a n e s t a bl is h e d s p e s t i tio n t o w h i c h u t t e a nc e h a d b e e n giv e n
u r r

b fo e t he e la t i o n o f c a u s a li ty a nd r e c ip o c a l a c t io n b e c a m e a n o bj e c t
e r r r

o f e nq u i y in it s m o e g e ne a l a s p e c t
r W h a t t ru th t h e e m a y be in
r r . r

t h is a nc i nt v ie w is o ne o f t h e qu e s t io ns t h a t m u s t b e de fe r r e d fo r
e

s p e c ia l inv e s t ig a t i o n ; b u t I c a n s c a c e ly p a s s it o v e r a t o nc e fo r d o r ,

I no t a l r e dy h e a r t h e a pp e a l I f t h e e ye w e e no t o f t h e na t u r o f
a ,
‘
r e

t h e s u n h o w c o u ld it b e h o l d t h e
, B u t t h e fi n s t v e r s e s do e

no t s e tt l e a ny m t a p h y s ic a l qu e s t io n a nd t h is g e a t ly m is a ppl ie d
e ,
r

u t t e ra nce o f G o e t h n e x ce p t io n T o t h e l o g ic a l a n ly s t in
’

s is no t e a . a ,

s e a r c h fo r c l e a ne s s it c o nv e y s a no t h e r i m p e s s io n t h a n t o t h e s e ns i
r ,
r

War nich t da s A u g e s o nne nh a ft

W ie k d a s Lich t e r bl ic k e n ? —
Zahm e X e nie n IV ]
’
o nnt e es .
 0f t h e Na t u r e f
o P hy sica l A c tio n . [ B OO K 1 .

b ilit y t h a t de m a nds t o be e x c it e d . I t is no t t h e e ye a t a ll t h a t se e s

th e su n : th e s o u l se e s it . No r is it t h e s u n t h a t s h ne s , i bu t t h e se e n

i m a g e p r e s e nt o nly in t h e s o l t h a t y ie l ds t o t h e s o u l th e b e a u t if l
1
,
u , u

i m p r e s s io n o f ill u m i na t i o n L igh t in t h a t s e ns e in wh ic h it r e a lly .

i s s u e s f o m t h e s u n— t h e s y s t e m a t i c vib a t o y m o t i o ns o f th e e th e r
r r r

we do no t s e e a t a ll bu t t h e r e s u p e v e ne s u p o n it o wi ng t o t h e na t u r e
, r

o f o u r s o u l t h e ne w p h e no m e no n w h o lly i nc o m p a a bl e w ith it o f ,
r ,

l u m i no u s c l e a ne s s W h a t c o nfi m a t io n t h e n c o u l d t h e e be in G de th e s
r . r r
’

ins pi e d l ine s fo r t h e a s s u m p tio n t h a t lik e c a n o nly b e kno w n by lik e

r ,

kin by kin ? T o t h e p o e t it is no r e p r o a c h t h a t h e s h o u l d h a v e s e i e d z

a nd e xp e s s e d a g e ne a l t r u t h o f g r e a t int e e s t in a b e a u t ifu l fo r m
r r r ,

t h o u g h t h e p e s u a s iv e fo c e o f t h a t fo r m o f e xp e s s i o n l ie s l e s s in it s
r r r

e x a c t ne s s t h a n in t h e s e du c t iv e p e s e nt a t i o n t o t h e m ind s e e o f a
’
r
y
fa s c i na t i ng i m a g e P e h a p s t h i s p o e t s p ivil e g e h a s b e e n s o m e wh a t ’
. r r

t o o f e e ly u s e d in t h e s e c h a r m ing v e s e s o f w h ic h t h e m a t t e r is fa l s e
r r ,

in e v e y s i ngl e fib r e ; bu t we m u s t c a nd idly c o nfe s s w h a t we a ll fe e l

r ,

t h a t a t a ll e v e nt s t h e y e xp e s s fo c ibly a nd c o nvi nc i ngly t h e p e g na nt r r r

t h o gh t o f a u niv e r s a l m u t u a l r e l a t ivi t y w h i c h c o nne c t s a ll t h i ng s in

u

t h e w o l d a nd a m o ng t h e m t h e k no wi ng Sp i i t w it h t h e o bj e c t o f it s
r , r

k no wl e dge a nd w h ic h is ne i th e r l e s s r e a l no r l e s s i m p o t a nt if it is
, r

n o t p r e s e nt in t h e l im i t e d a nd o ne s i de d fo m o f a h o m o g e ne ity o f -
r

e s s e nc e T h e t ru th o n t h e c o nt r a r y is t h a t t h e e is no l im i t t o t h e
. r

o s s ibl e nu m b e r a nd v a ie t y o f t h e t i e s c o ns t i t u t e d by th is r e l a t iv ity
r
p ,

by t h e m u t u a l su s c e p t ibili ty a nd r e c ip o c a l a c t io n O f t h ing s T h e r .

m e t ph ys m a n wh o s t a nds u p fo r t h is w e a l t h o f v a i e t y a g a ins t e v e y
a r ,
r r

le v e lli ng p r e j u dic e w h ic h w o l d a t t e nu a t e it wi t h o u t r e a s o n is c e r u ,

t a inly in de e p e r s y m p t h y wi t h t h e s p i it o f t h e g r e a t p o e t t h a n a r e
a r

t h o s e wh o u s e t h is u t t e r a nce i t s e l f o p e n t o s o m e o bj e c tio n a s a , ,

w it ne s s in fa vo u r o f a wh o lly o bj e c t i o na bl e s c i e ntifi c m is t a k e .

6 1 SO m c h by wa y o f dig e s s io n
. u L e t u s r e t u n t o t h e o bj e c t r . r

b e fo r e u s I t wa s i m p o s s ibl e we fo u nd in t h e c a s e o f t wo c a u s e s
.
, ,

o p e a t i ng o n e a c h o t h e
r t o r e p e s e nt a ny th ing a s p a s s i ng f o m e c h
r, r r a

t o t h e o t h e r w h i c h w o u l d e xpl a i n t h e ir r e c ip o c a l i nfl u e nc e Ye t r .

it a pp e a e d t o b e o nly u nde r t h i s c o ndit io n t h a t t h e c o nc e p t i o n o f

'

c a u s a l a c t i o n wa s a ppli c a bl e T h e o nly a l t e r na t iv e le ft t h e r e fo r e is .
, ,

t o r e nde r t h e c o u s e o f t h e u niv e r s e e xpl ic a bl e wi t h o u t p e s u pp o s i ng

r ,
r

t h i s im p o s s ibl e a ct io n
T h e fi r s t a t t e m p t in t h i s dir e c t i o n is t h e do c t i ne o f O c c a s i o na l is m r

1
[ I k n w f n t h wo d t h n iom g b yow h
o i h B il der n h
o r b n d da
‘
a e c
’
ca e re e re e re ,

tt h t h w d in
'
b t it m t b nd d th t n m ning f lih n t ‘
u t
u s e u ers o o a o ea o e ess a ac es o e or

t h is c o nne x io n]
 Occa s io na lis m no t le te th e o r
Ca r m a v 1
. a co m
p y .

th e do c t r i ne w h i c h w o u l d t e a t a r e l a t i o n C a ri s i ng b e t w e e n A a nd B
r

o nly a s t h e o c c a s io n u p o n w h i c h in A a nd B wi th o u t a ny m u t u a l ,

i nfl u e nce o f t h e t wo u p o n e a c h o t h r t h o s e c h a ng e s t a k e pl a c e i nt o e ,

a a nd B w h i c h we c o m m o nly a s c r ib e t o
,
r e c ip o ca l a c t io n b e t w e e n r

the m I n t h i s s i m pl e fo r m t h e e w o u l d b e l it t l e in t h e d o c t i ne t o
,
r r

e x c it e o u r a t t e nt i o n I t is e a s y t o s e e t h a t a n o c c a s i o n w h i c h c a nno t
.

b e u s e d is no o c c a s i o n B u t in o r de r t o b e u s e d it m u s t be o b s e v a ble
.
, r

by t h o s e wh o a r e t o m a k e u s e o f it I f A a nd B u p o n a n o c c as i o n C .
, ,

a e t o b e h a v e o t h e r wi s e t h a n t h e y w o u l d h a v e do ne u p o n a n o c c a s i o n
r

7 ,
t h e y m u s t a l e a d y in rc a s e C b e o t h e wi s e a ffe c t e d t h a n th e y w o u l d r

h a v e b e e n in c a s e 7 T h a t t h i s s h o u l d b e s o is o nly t h i nk a bl e o n
.

s u pp o s it i o n t h a t s o m e a c t i o n w h e r e v e r it m a y h a v e c o m e f o m h a s
,
r ,

a l e a dy t a k e n e ffe c t U p o n t h e m
r Th e o cc a s i o n a c c o r dingly w h i c h
.
, ,

wa s t o m a k e it p o s s ibl e fo t h e a c t iv e p r o c e s s t o b e d i s p e ns e d wi th
r ,

p e su pp o s e s it o n t h e c o nt ra y a s h a vi ng a l e a dy t a k e n pl a c e O th e r
r r r .

wi s e t h e o c c a s i o n c o u l d no t s e ve a s a n o c c a s i o n fo r a fu rt h r r e a c t io n
r e .

O c c a s i o na li s m th e e fo r e c a nno t b e a c c e p t e d a s a m t p hy i l th e o y
r e a s ca r .

T h e no t io n t h a t it c a n is o ne th a t h a s o nly b e e n a s c r ib e d t o m e by a
m i s i nt e r p r e t a t i o n w h ic h I wi s h e xp e s s ly t o g u a r d a g a ins t As I re
r .

m a k e d a b o v e I c a n o nly r e g a d O c c a s i o na l is m a s a p r e c e p t o f ‘ ’
r ,
r

Me t h o do l o gy w h i c h fo r t h e p u p o s e o f de fi nit e e nqu i i e s e x c l u de s a n
,
r r

i ns o l ble qu e s t i o n— o ne a t a ny r a t e wh ic h do e s no t p r e s s fo r a s o l u
u

t io n— in o r de r t o c o nc e nt a t e e ffo t u p o n t h e o nly a t t a i na bl e o r o nly

r r ,

d e s i r a bl e e nd ,
I f it is a qu e s t io n o f t h e r e c ip o c a l a c t i o n b e t we e n
. r

, p
s o u l a nd b o dy it is o f i m o t a nce t o i nve s t ig a t e t h e p a r t ic u l a
r Spi r i t u a l r

p o c e s s e s t h a t a r e in fa c t So a s s o c i a t e d wi th p a t i c u l a r b o dily o ne s
r r

a c c o ding t o g e ne r a l r u l e s t h a t t h e m a ni fo l d a nd c o m pl e x o c c u r e nc e s
r r ,

p e s e nt e d t o u s by o u r inne e xp e ie nc e b e c o m e r e du c ibl e t o s i m pl e
r r r ,

fu nda m e nt a l r e l a t i o ns a nd t h u s a n a pp o xi m a t e fo r e c a s t o f t h e fu t u e
,
r r

b e c o m e s p o s s ibl e O n t h e o th e r h a nd it is fo r t h is p u r p o s e a m a t t e r
.
,

o f indif fe r e nc e t o k no w w h a t a e th e u l t im a t e m e a ns by w h ic h t h e r

c o nne x io n b e t w e e n t h e t wo s e r i e s o f e v e nt s is b o u g h t a b o u t Th u s r .

fo r t h is qu e s t io n a s t o b o dy a nd s o u l — a nd it wa s t h is t h a t a s a m a t ,

t e r o f h is t o y t h e do c t ine o f O c c a s i o na l is m wa s fr a m e d t o m e e t — it
r , r

m a y be a s s e r vi c e a bl e a s fo P h y s ic s w h i c h it s e lf is c o nt e nt t o e nq u ir e
r ,

in t h e fir s t ins t a nc e i nt o t h e diffe e nt m o de s o f c o nne x io n b e t w e e n r

d iffe e nt t h ing s no t i nt o t h e wa y in w h ic h t h e c o nne x io n is b o u g h t

r , r

a bo u t Me t a p h y s i c s h o w e v e r h a vi ng th i s l a t t e r p r o bl e m fo r it s e x
.
, ,

p re s s o bj e c t c a nno t be s a t i s fi e d wi th p a s s i ng it o v e r bu t m u s t s e e k
, ,

it s s o l u t i o n .

6 2 Me a nw h il e I m a y m e nt i o n a spe c i a l e xp r e s s i o n o f t h i s vi e w
.
,
 0f t h e Na t u r e of P hy s ica l A c t io n .
[ BOO K 1 .

w h ic h wi th o u t s o m e pl a u s ibili ty W h y it will be a s k e d if it
is no t .
,
’

,
‘

is o nc e a ll o w d t h a t t h e r e l t io n C b e t w e e n A a nd B is t h e c o m pl e t e
e a

r e a s o n o f a d e fi nit e c o ns q u e nt F d o we g o o n t o s e e k fo r s o m e
e ,
‘

t h ing fu t h e by wh i c h t h e s e q e nc e o f t h i s c o ns e q u e nt is t o be c o n
r r u

dit io ne d ? W h t p o w e r in t h w o l d c o u l d t h e r e b e w h ic h w o u l d b e
a e r

a bl e t o h ind e t h e fu lfil m e nt o f a u niv e s a l la w o f na t u

r if a ll c o n r re ,

dit io ns a e f lfill e d t o t h e r e a l is a t i o n o f w h ic h t h e la w i t s e l f a t t a c h e s
r u

t h e r e a l is a t io n o f it s c o ns e q u e nt ? S h is t h e a r g u m e nt t h a t w ill b e ’
u c

u s d a nd it m a y b e s u ppl e m e nt e d by a p e v io u s a dm is s i n o f o u r
e ,
r o

o wn t h a t w h ne v e r t h e r e is a n a pp e a r a nc e a s if t h e o cc u r e nc e o f
,
e r
.

a c o ns e q u e nt o f w h ic h a ll t h e c o ndit io ns a e p e s e nt w e e ye t d e
,
r r ,
r

la y e d p e nding a fi na l im p u ls e o f e a l is a t io n it w ill a lw a y s be fo u nd
,
r ,

o n c l o s e r o b s e v a t io n t h a t in fa c t t h e s u m o f co ndi t i o ns wa s no t c o m
r

le t e d n d t h
a a t it wa s fo r it s c o m pl e t i o n no t fo t h e m e r e r e a l is a t io n r
p ,

o f s o m e t h ing o f w h ic h t h e c a u s e wa s a l e a dy c o m pl e t ly giv e n t h a t r e ,

t h e m is s ing de t a il r e q i e d t o b e a d de d
1
u r .

T h is a g u m e nt h o w e v e r is o nly a ne w fo m o f a n o ld e rr o r a nd
r , ,
r ,

our e j o inde r c a n do no m o e t h a n r e p e a t w h a t is fa m ili a r

r r Th e .

a s s e t i o n t h a t t h e e o b t ins a g e ne a l la w w h i c h no t o nly c o nne c t s

r r a r ,

ne c e s s a y t u th s w it h e a c h o t h r b u t r e l ity wi t h r e a l ity is S m ply a n

r r e a ,
i

e xp e s s io n o f t h e r e c o ll e c t io n o b s e v a t io n a nd e xp e c t a t io n t h a t in a ll
r ,
r ,

c a s e s w h e r e t h e c o ndi t i o n fo m ing t h e h yp o t h e s i s o f t h e la w h a s b e e n
r ,

is o r w ill b e e a l is e d t h e e v e nt fo r m i ng it s c o nc l u s i o n h a s o c c u r e d
,
r , r ,

is o c c u i ng o r w ill o c c u
rr ,
W e a e t h e r e fo r e no t e nt i t l e d t o t e a t t h e
r . r r

v a l idity o f t h e la w a s a n inde p e nde ntly t h ink a bl e fa c t t o wh ic h it s ,

s u p e r v e ning fu lfil m e nt a t t a c h e s it s e l f a s a ne c e s s a r y c o ns e qu e nc e .

R a t h e r it is s im ply t h e o b s e v e d o e xp e c t e d fu lfil m e nt i t s e l f a nd we r r ,

s h o l d h v e t o fa ll b a c k o n t h e b a
u a e n p o p o s it io n t h a t w h e r e v e th e rr r r

la w f lfil s it s e l f it do e s fu lfil i t s e l f w h il e t h e qu e s t i o n h o w t h i s r e s u l t
u ,

c o m e s a bo u t w o u l d e m a in w h o lly u na ns w e r e dr O t o e xp e s s t h e . r, r

s a m e e rr o r in a no t h e r wa y ; w e e we e a lly t o c o nc e iv e t h e la w t o b e r r

v a l id m e e ly a s a l w it w o u l d fo ll o w t h a t it wa s o nly h yp o t h e t ic a lly
r a ,

va l id a nd wa s no t in a s t a t e o f c o ns t a nt fu lfil m e nt : fo r in t h e l a tt e r
,

c a s e it w o l d b e no la w b u t a n e t e r na l fa c t
u Ev n o n th i s s u pp o s i t io n
, . e

it w ill o nly f lfil i t s e l f w h e n t h e c o ndi t i o ns i nv o lv e d in it s a nt e c e de nt

u ,

wh i c h fo m t h e s o l e l e g it im a t io n o f it s c o nc l u s io n h a ve b e e n c t a lly
r ,
a u

r e a l is e d I f t h e n t h e fo c e c o m p e ll ing t h e r e a l is a t io n p o c e e de d fr o m
. r r

t h e l w t h is m u s t b e i nc i t e d t o t h e m a ni f s t a t i o n o f it s fo c e by t h e
a , e r

g iv n c a s o f it s a ppl ic a t io n w h ic h i m pl ie s t h a t it m u s t i t s e l f b e
e e ,

o t h e r w is e a ffe c t e d in t h a t c s e t h a n in t h e ca se w h e r e it is no t
a

1
[c p
 H APT E R V ]
’
A Law 76 0! a Ca u s e
‘
C . . I 1 3

a ppli c a bl e W e s h o u l d t h u s be c l e a ly p r e s u pp o s ing a n a c t i o n e x e r
. r

c is e d u p o n t h e la w i t s e l f in o r de by h e lp o f t h e p o w e r o f t h e la w t o r, ,

d i s p e ns e wi t h t h e a c t io n o f t h e t h ing s p o n e a c h o th e r u .

I f t h e n we d e c i de t o giv e u p t h e s e p e c u li a r v ie w s in w h i c h t h e la w
, ,

is t e a t e d a s a t h ing t h a t c a n a c t a nd s u ffe r ; if we a l lo w t h a t w h a t e v e
r , r

h e t h e o dina nc e o f t h e la w it m u s t a lw a y s b e t h e t h i ng s t h a t t a k e
r ,

u p o n t h e m s e lv e s t o e x e c u t e it t h e n A a nd B a t t h e m o m e nt w h e n, ,

t h e y fi nd t h e m s e lv e s in t h e r e l a t io n C m u s t b e in s o m e wa y a w a r e o f ,

t h i s fa c t a nd m u s t b e a ffe c t e d by it o t h e r w is e t h a n t h e y w o u l d b e by

a ny o t h e r e l a t io n y no t a t p r e s e nt o b t a ini ng
r ,
Th e u p s h o t o f t h e s e .

c o ns ide a t i o ns is t h a t ne it h e
r t h e v a l idi t y o f a g e ne a l la w no r t h e
r r

m e r e s u b s is t e nc e o f a e l a t io n b e t w e e n t wo t h ing s is e no u g h t o e x
r

pl a i n t h e ne w r e s l t t h e e u p o n a ri s i ng wi th o u t t h e m e dia t i o n O f s o m e
u r

a c t io n O n t h e c o nt a r y w h a t we c a ll in t h i s c o nne x io n t h e a c t i o n
. r ,

s u p e r v e ning in c o ns e q u e nc e o f t h e r e l a t io n is in fa c t o nly t h e e a c ti o n ,
r

u p o n a no t h e r a c t i o n t h a t p e c e d e s it a nd t o w h i c h t h e t h i ng s h a d
r

a l e a dy b e e n s u bj e c t f o m e a c h o t h e
r I t wa s o u r m is t a k e t o l o o k
r r .

U p o n t h i s a s a r e l a t io n m e r e ly s u b s i s ti ng b u t no t ye t o p e a t ive a r ,

r e l a t i o n m e re ly i nt o du c i ng a nd c o ndit io ni ng t h e
r c a u s a t iv e a c t io n .

Th e e c o g ni t io n o f t h is t r u t h is o f fu nda m e nt a l i m p o r t a nc e
r We .

s h a ll b e o ft e n o c c u p ie d in t h e s e qu e l wi t h it s fu r t h e r e xp o s i t i o n .

T h is p r e l im ina y s t a t e m e nt o f it m a y s e r ve t o t h r o w l ig h t o n t h e
r

c o m pl e t e u nt e n bl e ne s s o f O c c a s io na l is m e v e n in t h is r e fi ne d fo r m
a

a nd t o s h o w t h a t it c a n a s l it t l e d is p e ns e a s c a n a n o t h e r t h e o r y wi t h
y
t h e p r o bl e m a t i c a l p o c e s s o f c a u s a t iv e a c t i o n by h e lp o f w h i c h a l o ne
r ,

it c a n e xpl a i n h o w it is t h a t a la w is a l t e r na t e ly fu lfill e d a nd no t
fu lfill e d a c co di ng a s it s c o ndit io ns a e fu lfill e d o r no
r r .

6 3 A no t h e r s e ie s o f ki nd e d a t t e m p t s m a y b e g r o u p e d u nd e r t h e
. r r

na m e g iv e n by L e ib ni t z t o t h e m o s t e l a b o r a t e o f t h e m t h a t o f t h e ,

‘
P e e s t a bl is h e d H a m o ny
r -
I n l a yi ng d o w n t h e p i nc ipl e t h a t t h e
r .
’
r
‘

Mo na ds a e w it h o u t windo w s L e ib nit s t a r t s f o m t h e s u pp o s i t io n o f
r ,
’
z r

a r e l a t io n o f c o m pl e t e m u t a l e x c l u s io n b e t we e n t h e s im pl e e s s e nc e s
u

o n w h ic h h e b u il d s h is u niv e r s e T h e e xp e s s i o n is o ne t h a t I c a nno t . r

a dm i e b e c a u s e I c a n fi nd no r e a s o n fo
r , it w h il e it s u m m a ily e x c l u de s r ,
r

a p o s s ib il it y s t o wh ic h a t a na a t e a q u e s t io n s t ill r e m a ine d t o b e r
y
/

a s ke d T h a t Mo na ds t h e p o w e r s o f w h ic h t h e w o r l d c o ns is t s a r e
.
, ,

no t e m p t y s p a c e s w h ic h b e c o m e p e ne t a t e d by e a dy m a d e s t a t e s r r -

t h o u g h o p e ning s t h a t a r e l e ft in t h e m wa s a t u t h t h a t did no t ne e d
r ,
r

e xpl na t io n b u t t h is p o v e d no t h ing a g a ins t t h e p o s s ib il it y o f a l e s s

a ,
r

p a lp a ble c o m m e c e b e tw e e n t h e m t o w h ic h t h e na m e r e c ip r o c a l
r ,
‘

m igh t h a v e b e e n fi t ly a ppl ie d I t w o u l d no t th e r e fo r e h a v e
’
a c t io n .

V OL I . . I
 1 1 4 Of t h e Na t u r e of P hy s ic a l A c t io n [ B OO K 1 .

ca u se d m e a ny s u r p ise
r if L e ib nitz ha d e m pl o y e d t h e sam e fig u r e in
ane x a c t ly Opp o s i t e wa y a nd h d t a u gh t t h a t t h e M o na ds a h a d w indo w s ,

t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e i r i nne s t a t e s w e r e c o m m u nic a t e d t o e a c h o t h e r
r .

T h e r e w o u l d no t h a ve b e e n l e s s r e a s o n p e h p s t h e e w o u l d h a ve ,
r a r

b e e n m o r e fo r t h is a s s e r t io n t h a n fo r t h a t w h ic h h e p e fe r e d T o
,
r r .

le t t h a t p a s s h o w e v e r w h e n o nc e r e c ip o c a l a c t io n h a d b e e n r j e c t e d
, ,
r e ,

t h e e wa s no t h ing l e ft fo r e xpl a na t i o n o f t h e d f
r t c o r r e s p o nde nc e e ac o

w h i c h t a k e s pl a c e b e t w e e n t h e s t a te s o f t h i ng s b u t a n a pp e a l t o a
h ig h e r a ll e nc o m p a s s i ng b o nd t o t h e de i t y w h ic h h a d de s ig ne d t h e i r
-
,

de ve l o p m e nt s B e fo e t h e u nde s t a nding o f G o d t h e e h o v e r i nnu

. r r r

m e a ble i m a g e s o f p o s s ibl e w o r l ds : e a c h o f t h e m s o o d e e d in t h e
r r r

m u l t it de o f it s de t a il s a s is r e q u i e d wi t h c o ns is t e nt ne c e s s it y by
u r

c e r t a in e t e na l l a w s o f t r u t h b inding fo r G o d h im s e l f a nd no t a l t e r
r ,
.

a bl e a t h is pl e a s u r e I n t h is inne r a r a ng e m e nt o f e a c h w o l d G o d
. r r

ca n a lte r no t h i ng I f in t h e v a io u s w o l ds h is w is do m fi nd s
. r r

va r io u s de gr e e s o f p e fe c t io n h e ye t c a nno t u nit e t h e ir s c a tt e r e d
r ,

s u p e i o it i e s i nt o o ne wh o lly p e fe c t w o r l d
r r H is w il l c a n o nly g a nt r . r

fo t h a t o ne w h i c h is r e l a t iv e ly m o s t p e r fe c t j u s t a s it is a dm i s s io n
r , ,

to re a l it y .

T h e fu r t h e r e l a b o r a t io n o f th e d o c t r i ne m ig h t b e lo o k e d fo r in
e i t h e r o f t wo diffe r e nt d ir e c t io ns I t m ig h t h a v e b e e n e xp e c t e d e it h e r
.

t o t a k e t h e li ne o f c o nfi ni ng t h e o ig ina l d e t e m ina t io n t o t h e g e ne r a l r r

l a w s g o ve ning t h e w o r l d t h a t h a s b e e n c a ll e d int o e xi t e nc e a s
r s ,

dis t inc t f o m t h e s m o f t h e c a s e s in w h i c h t h e s e l a w s m a y b e a ppli e d

r u ,

o r t h a t o f s u pp o s ing t h e s e c a s e s o f t h e ir a ppl ic a t io n a l s o t o h a v e b e e n

o nc e fo r a ll i r e v o c a bly d e t e m ine d
r T h e fi s t s su m p t io n w o u l d o nly
r . r a

h a v e le d b a c k t o t h e e m b a s s m e nt s o f O c c a s io na l is m j u s t no t ic e d
rr a .

L e ib nit de c i de d u nh e s it a t ingly fo r t h e s e c o nd J u s t s in o u fi s t
z . a r r

p a e nt s t h e wh o l e s e i e s o f de s c e nda nt s is c o nt a i ne d wi t h a ll d e t il s
r r , a

o f t h e ir i ndivid a l it y wi t h t h e i a c t s a nd de s t ini e s s o is e v e y na t u ra l
u ,
r , r

o c cu rre nc e d o w n t o t h e di e c t io n w h ic h t h e fa ll ing r a in d o p t a k e s
,
r -
r

t o da y in t h e s t o m c o m pl e t e ly p r e de t e m ine d
-
r ,
B u t t h is is no t t o b e r .

u nd e s t o o d a s if t h e m a nifo l d c o ns t it u e nt a g e nt s o f t h e w o l d by t h e i r
r r

c o o p e a t io n a t e a c h m o m e nt b o u g h t a b o u t w h a t is c o nt a ine d in t h e
-
r r

ne x t m o m e nt o f t h e w o l d s e x is t e nc e F o r e a c h s i ngl e c o ns t it e nt
’
r . u

t h e s e r i e s o f ll it s s t a t e s is e s t a bl is h e d f o m t h e b e g inning a nd t h e
a r ,

i nne r de v l o p m e nt s o f a ll t a k e pl a c e a fte r t h e m nn o f a p a a ll e l
e a er r

i nde p e nd nt c o u s e wi th o u t i nt e fe e nc e with e a c h o t h e
e r ,
Th e co r r r . r

r e s p o nde nc e w h ic h is ne v e t h e l e s s m a int ine d b e t w e e n t h e m is t h e

r a .

u na v o ida bl e c o ns e q u e nc e o f t h e i fi s t a r a ng e m e nt if we c o ns ide r t h e r r r ,

w o r l d a s a c r e a t io n o f t h e divine de s ig n o r s im ply t h e ir d f a to ,
e c
C H APT E R v i . D e t e r m inis m o
f L e i6nit z . I I 5

c h a ra ct e r, if we c o ns ide r it m e re ly as a n u na t e r a l bl e o bj e c t o f the

vi
d i ne int e ll e c t .

64 . T h is no t a bl e th e o r y im p re s se s us in diffe r e nt wa y s , a cco rd i ng
a s o ne o r o th e r o f it s fe a t u r e s is p u t in c e a r e r r e ie f Th e d o c t r ine l l .

o f a tho ro u gh m u tu a b w l
r e a t io n l
l v
e t e e n a ll e e m e nt s o f t h e u ni e r s e ,

a nd t h e o t h e r do c t i ne o f t h e i nde p e nde nce o f t h o s e

r l e m e nt s a e in e ,
r

it a l ik e c a i e d t o a d e g e e o f e x a g g e r a t io n a t w h ic h b o t h c o nc e p t i o ns
rr r

se e m t o a pp r o a c h t h e u nint e llig ibl e Th e w h o l e c o nt e nt o f t h e .

Univ e r s e a nd o f it s h is t o y is s u pp o s e d t o b e p e s e nt t o t h e divi ne
r r

u nd r s t a nding a t o ne a nd t h e s a m e t i m e a s a s y s t e m o f e l e m e nt s
e

m u t u a lly a nd u na l t e r bly c o ndit io ne d in m a ni fo l d w a y s s o t h a t w h a t

a ,

a pp e a r s in t i m e a s fo ll o wi ng a n a nt e c e de nt is no t l e s s t h e c o ndit io n o f

t h a t nt e c e de nt t h a n is a ny a nt e c e de nt t h e c o ndit io n o f t h a t w h ic h it
a

p e c e de s T h u s L e ib nit c o u l d s y t h a t no t m e r e ly do w ind a nd
r . z a

w a v e s i m p e l t h e s h ip bu t th e m o t io n o f t h e s h ip is th e c o ndit i o n o f t h e
m o t io n o f w ind a nd w a v e s T h e im m e dia t e c o ns e q e nc e o f t h u s
. u
'

s u b s t i t u t ing t h e c o nne xi o n o f a s y s t e m o f c o ns is t e nt i de a s fo r a
‘

c o nne x io n in t h e wa o f aO t i e c a u s a t i o n is t o t a k e a w a y a ll int e lli

v
y
g ib l e m e a ni ng f o m t h e Rre a l i t y w h ic h G o d is s u pp o s e d t o h a v e v o u c h
s a fe d t o t h is w o l d w h il e h e de nie d it t o t h e o t h e r im a g ina y w o l d s
r ,
r r

w h ic h w e r e p r e s e nt t o h is int e ll e c t a s c o ns is t e nt a r t ic u l a t io ns o f w h a t
wa s c o nt a i ne d in o t h e r ide a s T h e de v e l o p m e nt in t im e a dd s no t h i ng
.

t o t h e e t e na lly p r e d t e r m ine d o d e r
r e I t m e re ly p r e s e nt s it a s a r .

s u c c e s s io n W h t ne w r e l a t i o n t h e n is c o ns t i t u te d fo r G o d o t h e
. a r

w o l d by t h is r e a l ity s o t h a t it s h o l d c o u nt fo r s o m e t h i ng m o e a nd
r ,
u r

b e t te r t h a n t h e p e vi o u s p e s e nt t io n o f t h e ide a o f a w o r l d t o t h e
r r a

m i nd o f G o d ? I t is o f no a v a il t o s a y t h a t t h e n t h e w o l d wa s r

m e r e ly t h o u gh t o f w h e e a s no w it i ,
I t is no t Op e n t o u s c o n
r s .

s is t e nt ly w it h t h e s y s t e m o f L e ib ni t z a s it m ig h t be e l s e w h e e s i m ply ,
r ,

t o e co g nis e t h is a nt it h e s i s a s o ne t h a t is g iv e n h o w e v e r h a r d t o d e fi ne
r ,
.

W h e n t h e s u pp o s i t i o n is t h t o f a w is e w ill w h ic h h a d t h e a l t e na t ive
a ,
r

o f a ll o w ing e a l it y t o a n i de a o
r o f r e f s ing it t h e q u e s t io n w h a t ne w
r u , ,

G o o d c o u l d a is e m e e ly by t h e e a l is a t io n o f w h a t p re vi o u s ly wa s
r r r

p e s e nt t o T h o gh t m u s t b pl a inly a ns we e d
r u , e r .

I f t h e a t is t is no t s a t is fi e d w it h t h e c o m pl e t e d im a g e o f t h e w o k
r r ,

w hic h h o ve s b e fo e h is m ind s e ye b t w is h e s t o s e e it in b o d ly fo m
r r
’

,
u i r

w ith t h e bo dily e ye ; o r if t h e be e r o f a t a l e b e t r y s h is i nt e e s t by ar a r

e nq u i r ing w h e t h e r it is t u e ; w h a t is t h e s o u r c e o f t h e c a vi ng fo r
r r

r e a l ity in t h e s e t wo c a s e s w h ic h we m a y c o m p a r e w it h t h e c a s e in
,

q u e s t i o n ? I n t h e fi r s t c a s e I t h ink it is s i m ply t h is th t t h e e is a , , , a r

t a c it e xp e c t a t i o n o f s o m e g r o w t h in t h e c o nt e nt o f t h e w o r k o f a r t

I 2
 Of t h e Na t u r e of P hy s ica l A c t io n .
[ B OO K 1 .

a r is in g fr o m it s re a l is a t i o n
w a lk a b o u t in t h e b il ding a s a c t u lly
. To u a

b u il t is s o m e t h ing d iffe e nt f o m t h e a ng e o f im a gin ti o n th o u gh t h

r r r a r e

d e t a il s o f t h e pl a n No t o nly t h e m a t ia l s o f t h e b il ding bu t t h e
. er u ,

w o r l d o u t s ide it m o ng t h e infl e nc e s o f w hic h — infl e nc s s u bj e c t t o

,
a u u e

inc l c u l a bl e c h a ng e — t h e w o k w h e n r e a l is e d is pl a c e d c e a t e a
a r , , ,
r

m u l t it de o f ne w im p e s s io ns w h i c h t h e inv e nt iv e fa nc y m ig h t i nd e d
u r ,
e

h o p e fo bu t w it h o u t b e ing a bl e t o c e a t e t h e im p e s s io ns t h e m s e lv e s
r r r .

T h is a d va nta g e o f e a l is a t io n is o ne t h a t L e ib nit c o u l d no t h a v e h a d
r z

in v ie w s inc e h is t h e o y o f t h P re e s t a bl is h m e nt o f a ll t h a t is c o n
r e -

t a ine d in t h e w o l d h a d e x c l u de d t h e p o s s ib il ity o f a ny t h ing ne w a s

r

w e ll a s t h e r e c ip r o c a l a c t io n f o m w h i c h a l o ne a ny t h ing ne w c o u l d r

h a v e is s u e d T h e o t h e w is h — t h e w is h t h a t
. s to y h e a d m a y be
r a r r

t rue o r (in o t h e c s )t h a t it m y no t b e t u e a is e s fr o m t h e i nt e e s t
r a se a r ,
r r

w h ic h t h e h e a t f e l s in t h e d e p ic t e d r e l a t io ns o f t h e fig e s b o u g h t
r e u r r

o n t h e s c e ne I t is no t e no u g h t h a t e v e y h a ppy m o m e nt o f s p i it a l
. r r u

l if s h o u l d m e ly b e a t h o gh t o f t h P o e t a nd a n e nj o ym nt im
e re u e e

p a te d t o t h e b e a
r o f w h ic h t h e e x h ib it io n o f u nr e a l fo m s is t h e
re r, r

m e diu m W e w is h t h e s e fo m s t h e m s e lv e s t o l iv e in o d e r t h a t it
. r ,
r

m ig h t b e p o s s ibl e fo t h e m a l s o t o e nj o y t h e g o o d w h ic h d e l ig h t s u s
r

in t h e im a g ina y t l e I n l ike m a nne we c o ns o l e o u s e lv e s w it h t h e

r a . r r

u n e a l it y o f w h t we h e a
r o r ae a d if we a e d is t e s s e d by t h e i m a g e s
r r , r r

p r e s nt e d t o u s o f u nh a pp ine s s o w o ng
e r r .

T h i l ine o f t h o gh t wa s no t e x c l u de d by t h e c o nc e p t io n w it h w h ic h
s u

L e ib nit z b e g a n b t it c o u l d o nly b e w o k e d o u t o n o ne s u pp o s it io n
,
u r .

T o g iv e e l ity t o a n ide a o f a w o l d wa s o nly w o r th d o ing if t h e s u m

r a r

o f th G o o d wa s inc r e s e d by t h e s u m o f t h o s e wh o m igh t b e c o m e
e a _

i nd p e nde nt c e nt e s o f it s e nj o y m e nt ; if ins t e a d o f t h a t w h ic h wa s
e r ,

t h e o bj e c t o f G o d s a pp o v a l r e m a i ni ng s i m ply H is t h o u g h t t h e
’
r ,

b ing s o f w h o m th e im a ge a nd c o nc e p t io n w e e i nc l de d in t h e
e ,
r u

a pp r o v e d pl a n o f a w o l d w e r e e na bl e d t h e m s e lv e s t o t h ink it a ndr ,

h a v e e xp e r ie nc e o f it in t h e i r liv e s I e s e r ve t h e q e s t io n h o w fa . r u r

t h is vi e w c o e s p o nds w it h L e ib nit the o y A l ie n t o h im it wa s no t

’
rr z r . .

S o m e t h ing a t l e a s t a na l o g o u s t o Sp i i tu a l l ife wa s a c c e p t d by h im fo r e , r

wh a t e v e r r e a s o n a s t h e c o nc r e t e im p o t o f t h e b e ing w h ic h h is
,
r

M o na ds p o s s e s s e d .

6 5 T his l ine o f t h o u g h t h o w e v e r w h ic h al o ne s e e m s t o m e t o
g . .
, ,

co e s p o nd t o t h e no t io n o f a n a d m is s io n t o r e a l it y O f a w o l d o t h e
rr r r

w is e o nly p e se nt in ide a t o G o d is s c a c e ly c o ns i t nt w it h t h e c o m
r ,
r s e

p l t
e e
p e e t a bl
r is-
h m es n t o f a ll e v e n t s W h e n w e t n t
'

o th im pl i a t io ns . u r e c

o f n tu al s c ie nc we fi nd t h a t it t o o if it a ll o w s no l im it s t o it s
ra e , ,

p r in c ipl e o f c a u s a l it y a n d d e n i e s t h e p o s s ib il it y o f a ny ne w s t a t in g r
C H APT E R v 1 D e t e r m inis m h o w f a r imp lie d in Scie nce
. . II7

p o i nt fo e ve nt s c a nno t a v o id t h e c o nc l u s io n t h a t e ve y de ta il in t h e
r ,
r

e s t a bl is h e d c o u s e o f t h e u niv e r s e is a ne c e s s a y c o ns e q u e nc e o f t h e
r r

p a s t a nd u l t im a t ly t h o u gh t h is g e s s c a n ne ve r be c o m pl e t e d o f
,
e ,
re r ,

s o m e s t a t e o f t h e u niv e s e w h ic h it d c ide s t o e g a d a s t h e p r im a y
r e r r r

s ta t e B u t it d o e s no t t a k e t h i s d o c t r ine t o m e a n t h t t h e s m o f a ll
. a u

t h e s e c o ns e q u e nc e s h a s b e e n fix e d in s o m e p im a y p r o v id e nt ia l r r

c o m p u t a t io n Th e c o ns e q u nc e s a e s u pp o s e d r e a lly t o c o m e int o
. e r

b e ing fo r t h e fi s t t i m e a nd t h e va l idity o f u nive s a l l a w s is t k e n t o

r ,
r a

b e s u ffi c i nt t o a c c o u nt fo r t h e ir e a l is a t i o n w it h o u t a ny s u c h p e
e r r

a rr a ng e m nt T h s l a w s a r e e no u g h t o p o v ide fo r l im it a t i o n t o a
e . e e r

d e fi nit e dir e c t io n in t h e de v e l o p m e nt o f t h e ne w o u t o f t h e o ld In .

t h e i u l t im a t e c o ns e q u e nc e s t h e t wo d o c t r i ne s c o i nc ide s o fa r a s t h is
r ,

t h a t t h e y l e a d t o t h e b e l ie f in a n ir r e v o c a bl e a r a ng e m e nt o f a ll e v e nt s r .

Ye t in t h e a c t u a l p u s u it o f p h y s ic l inv e s t ig a t io ns s o m e t h ing e l s e
’
r a

s e e m s t o m e t o b e im pl ie d W e s h r ink fr o m s u e nd e ing o u r s e lve s . rr r

t o t h is la s t de d u c t io n f o m t h e c a s a l ne x u s No na t u a l la w a s
r u . r ,

e xp e s s e d by a u niv e s a l h yp o th e t ic a l j u dg m e nt i ndic a t e s by it s e l f t h e
r r ,

c a s e s in w h ic h it c o m s t o b e a ppl ie d I t w a i t s fo t h e r e q u is ite
e . r

p o int s o f a ppl ic a t io n t o b e s u ppl ie d f o m s o m e o t h e r q u a te r r r

W e k no w o f c o u r s e t h a t u p o n s u pp o s i t io n o f t h e u niv e r s a l
, ,

v a li di ty o f th e c a u s a l ne x u s ne i t h e r a c c ide nt no r fr e e do m is dm i s a

s ibl e ; t h a t a c c o d ingly w h a t e m a i ns u nde t r m ine d in o u r c o nc e p t io n

r r e

o f t h e la w c a nno t b e r e lly u nde t e r m i ne d ; t h a t t h u s e v e y la t e r p o i nt

a r

o f a ppl ic a t i o n o f a la w is i t s e l f o nly a p r o du c t o f e a l ie a ppl ic a t i o ns r r .

T h is is d m it te d w ith o u t q u a l ifi c a t io n in r e fe r e nc e t o e v e r y l im it e d
a

s e c t io n o f e a li t y s inc e b e h ind it o ne s t ill u ninv e s t ig a t e d m a

r b e c o n
, y
c e i e d in t h e p a s t a s t o w h i h s il e nc e m a y b e k e p t
v ,
B u t wi t h e v e y c . r

i nc l ina t i o n t o t r e a t t h e s p i i tu a l l ife in it s t u r n a c c o ding t o l ik e r r

p inc ipl e s we s h ink fr o m p r o no u nc i ng fl a t ly t h a t t h e w h o l e o f

r ,
r

r e a l it y inc l u ding t h e h is t o y o f s p ir it s is o nly t h e s u c c e s s iv e u nfo l d

, r ,

ing o f c o ns e q u e nc e s b s o l u t e ly p e de t e r m i ne d T h a t in t h e e a l
a r . r

p a s s a g e o f e v e nt s s o m e th ing s h o u ld r e a lly c o m e t o p s s s o m e th ing a ,

ne w w h ic h p e v io u s ly w s no t ; t h a t h is t o y s h o u l d b e s o m e t h ing m o r e
r a r

t h a n a t a ns l a t io n int o t im e o f t h e e t e r na lly c o m pl e t e c o nt e nt o f a n
r

o de e d w o l d
r r t h is is a d e e p a nd i e p e s s ibl e de m a nd o f o u s p i it
r rr r r r ,

u nde r t h e infl u e nc e o f w h ic h we a ll a c t in l ife W ith o u t it s s a tis .

fa c t io n t h e w o l d w o u l d b e no t ind e d u nt h ink a bl a nd s e l f c o nt a dic

r ,
e e - r

t o r y b u t u nm e a ni ng a nd inc r e dibl e
,
W h e n we a dm it t h e u niv e s a l . r

v a l idit y o f l a w s it is a t b o tt o m o nly in th e t a c it h o p e t h a t a m o ng t h e
, ,

c h a ng ing p o i nt s o f a ppl ic a t io n w h ic h a r e p r e s e nt e d t o t h o s e la ws in

t h e c o u r s e o f e v e nt s t h e r e m a y t u r n o u t t o b e ne w o ne s i nt o du c e d
,
r
 0f t h e Na t u r e of P hy s ica l A c t io n . [ B OO K 1 .

fr o m wh i c h t h e c o ns e qu e nc e s o f t h e la w s m a y t a k e dir e ct i o ns no t
p e v io u s ly de t e m i ne d N a tu a l s ym p a t h y t h e e fo r e is w h a t t h e
r r . r ,
r ,

P e e s t a bl is h e d H r m o ny d o e s no t c o m m a nd
r - a Eve n if it fu lfill e d it s .

m e ta ph ys i c a l p u p o se t h is h yp o t h e s is o f L e ib nit z w o u l d h a v e a n
r ,

a tifi c i lity w h i c h w o u l d p e v e nt it f o m c o m m e nding it s e l f t o

r a r o r ur

s e ns e o f p r o b a b il it y I a dm it t h a t th i s r e p u gna nc e r e s t s m o re u p o n
.

fe e l ing t h a n u p o n t h e o e t ic a l r e a s o ns ; m o r e a t a ny r a t e t h a n u p o n
r

s u c h r e a s o ns a s fa ll wi t h i n t h e p o p e r do m a in o f Me t a p h y s ic s It r .

r e m a ins t h e r e fo r e,
fo r u s t o e nq u i e h o w fa t h is vi e w s e r v e s t h e p u r
,
r r

o s e o f a th o r e t i l e xpl a na t i o n o f t h e
e ca niv e r s e u
p .

6 6 I n e a c h Si ngl e M o na d a c co ding t o L e ib ni t z
. s t a t e fo ll o w s
,
r ,

u p o n s t a t e t h o u g h a n i m m a ne nt a c t io n w h ic h is a c c e p t e d a s a f c t
r , a ,

u nint e ll ig ibl e i nde e d bu t fr e e fr o m c o nt a di c t io n I t wa s o nly r .

t r a ns e u nt a c t io n o f w h ic h t h e a s s u m p t io n wa s t o b e a v o id d
’
‘
If e .

t h is e x c l u s i o n o f t a ns e u nt a c t io n is t o a c c o d w it h t h e fa c t s t h e t wo
r r ,

s ta te s a nd B o f t h e Mo na d s A a nd B
a w h ich o b s e r v a t io n e xh ibi t s ,

t o u s a s a pp a r e nt p r o du c t s o f a e c ip o c a l a c t io n m u s t o c c u r in t h e r r ,

se pa a te r c o u r s e s o f d e v e l o p m e nt o f t h e t wo b e ing s a t t h e s a m e
m o m e nt I f we h a d a igh t t o a s s u m e t h a t
. rwa s s e p a r a t e d fr o m a a

r e v io u s sta te o f A by a s m a ny int e r v e ning p h a s e s a s B f o m

a r
p
a s t a t e 6 c o r r e s p o nd ing t o a we s h o u l d no t ne e d t o a s c ib e a ny th ing
,
r

bu t n e q u a l v e l o c it y t o t h e p o g e s s o f t h e d e v e l o p m e nt o f a ll
a r r

Mo na ds B u t s inc e
. m a y b e r e m o ve d f o m a by a l a r g e r nu m b e r r a

O f p h a s e s t h a n B f o m 6 we s h o u l d b e o bl ig e d t o a t t ib u t e t o e v
r , y r er

s ingl e Mo na d it s s p e c i a l v e l o c i t y o f d e v l o p m e nt in o de r t o u nd e e r r

s t a nd t h e c o inc id e nc e o f t h e c o e s p o nding s t a t e s T h is s s u m p tio n

rr . a

do e s no t s e e m t o m e in c o nt a dic t io n w it h t h e fu nda m e nt l v ie w r a

w h ic h g o ve r ns t h e th e o y in qu e s t io n A s wa s a b o ve e m k e d t h e
r . r ar ,

t h o u gh t o f L e ib nit a pp o x im a t e s t o t h a t i nt e p r e t a t io n o f b e co m ing
z r r

w h ic h we c o nc e iv e d t o be t h e p e s u pp o s it io n o f H e a c l it u s : o nc e r -
r

gr a nt t h a t t h e b e ing o f e v e y T h ing if t h e na m e T h ing is t o be r ,

‘

a c c e p t e d fo r a c l o s e d c y c l e o f p h a s e s c o ns i s t s in a c o ns t a nt e ff o r t t o ,

p a s s f o m o ne s t a t e t o a no th e r t h e n it is na t u r a l t h a t diffe e nt t h ing s
r , r

s h o u l d b e d is t ingu is h e d fr o m e a c h o t h e r no t m e e ly by t h e dir e c t io n r

b u t a l s o by t h e v e l o c ity o f t h e i b e c o m ing i e by a n int e ns it y o f t h e i r , . . r

b e ing o r r e a l it y w hic h if it is t o e xp e s s i t s e l f s u bj e c t t o t h e fo m o f
, r r

t im e w ill a pp e
, p a r t ly a t l e a s t a s ve l o c ity
ar .

I c a nno t r e c a ll a ny e xpl a na t io n g ive n by L e ibnit z o n t h is p o i nt .

H e m ig h t h a v e e fu s e d a ny a ns w e r r H e m ig h t h a v e s a id t h a t t h e .

h idd n a t io na l it y wi t h o u t w h ic h no im a g e o f a wo l d w o l d h a v e
e r , r u

b e e n p o s s ibl e a t a ll h a d p r o vi de d fo r t h is c o r e s p o nde nc e o f a ll
, r
C H A PT E R V ] . M o na ds a nd CZOCé S ' . I I 9

o c c u r r e nc e s th a t g o t o ge t he r . O nly in t h a t c a se it w o u l d be d iffic u l t
to sa y w h o l e do c t r i ne wa s di s t ing u is h e d fr o m t h e m o de s t
h o w th e
e xpl a na t i o n t h a t e v e y t h ing is f o m t h e b e gi nni ng s o a r a ng e d t h a t
,
r r r

t h e u niv e s e m u s t be e x a c t ly w h a t it is
r T h e fe e l ing w h i c h L e ib ni t . z

h a d o f t h e ne c e s s it y o f a c c o u nt ing in s o m e wa y fo r t h e c o r r e s p o nd
e nce is b e t r a y e d I t h i nk by his r e fe r e nc e t o t h e e x a m pl e b o rr o w e d
, , ,

f o m G e u linx o f t h e t wo c l o c k s w h i c h k e e p t h e s a m e t i m e ; fo r it
r ,

wa s s c a r c e ly r e q u ir e d a s a m e r e ill u s t r a t i o n o f t h e m e a ning o f h is
a s s e r t io n w h ic h is s im pl e e no u g h
,
A s a n e x pl a na t io n h o w e v e. th i s ,
r,

c o m p a r i s o n is o f no a v a il Mu t u a l i nfl u e nc e it is t r u e t h e t wo c l o c k s
.
, ,

d o no t e x e r c i s e B u t in o r d e r t h a t t h e y S h o u l d a t e v e r y m o m e nt
.

p o int t o t h e s a m e t im e it wa s no t e no u gh t h a t t h e a rt ifi c e r o r de r e d it
,

s o t o be A nd o n t h e o th e r h a nd t h e m e c h a ni s m w h i c h h e h a d t o
.
,

im p a r t t o t h e m w it h a v ie w t o t h is e nd is a c c o r di ng t o it s i de a p r e ,

c is ly no t t r a ns fe r a bl e t o t h e M o na ds
e s h u t u p in t h e m s e lv e s a s t h e y,

a e s u pp o s e d t o b e
r E a ch o f t h e t wo c l o c k s A a nd B is a s y s t e m
.
, ,

o f d iffe r e nt m u tu a lly c o nne c t e d p a t s

,
T h e m a t e r ia l s o f w h i c h t h e y
r .

a r e c o ns t u c t e d a s w e ll a s t h e m o v e m e nt s w h i c h m a
r b e i m p a r te d t o
, y
t h e s e a e s u bj e c t t o g e ne r a l m e c h a ni c a l l a w s w h i c h a pply t o o ne a s
,
r ,

m u ch a s t o t h e o th e r F r o m t h e m it fo ll o w s t h a t wi t h e fe e nc e t o a
. r r

t im e w h i c h is m e a s u r a bl e a c c o r ding t o t h e s a m e s t a nda r d fo r t h e r a t e
,

o f m o t i o n o f A a nd B diffe e nt q u a nt i t ie s o f m a t t e r c a n b e SO
,
r

a r r a ng e d t h a t t h e e nt i e s y s t e m s A a nd B c a n p a s s a t t h e s a m e
r , ,

m o m e nt s i nt o c o ns t a nt ly c o r e s p o nd ing p o s it i o ns a a nd 6 r a nd B , ,
a .

B u t t h a t w h i c h in t h i s c a s e c a r r i e s o u t t h e c o r r e s p o nding t r a ns i t io n is
no t h i ng b u t t h e t r a ns e u nt a c t i o n w h ic h o ne e l e m e nt by c o m m u ni ,

c a t i o n o f it s fo r c e a nd m o t i o n e x e r c is e s o n t h e o th e r T h e inde p e nd .

e nc e o f m u t u a l infl u e nc e o n t h e p a r t o f t h e t wo c lo c k s is c o m e n
p
s a t e d by t h e c a r e fu lly e a a ng d i n fl u e n c e w h i c h t h e le m e n t s o f
p r r e r e
-

e a ch o f t h e m e x e r c i s e u p o n e a c h o th e r I t is m e r e ly t h e .

t h e e fo e o f t h e t r a ns e u nt a c t io n t h a t is s h ift e d by t h is c o m p a is
’
r r ,
r

I t is no t s h o w n t h a t it c a n b e di s p e ns e d wi t h in a c c o u nt i ng fo r
c o r e s p o nde nc e o f t h e e v e nt s
r .

A ll t h i s i nde e d is o f li t t l e i m p o r t a nc e Fo r it m u s t c e r t a i nly be .

a d m i t t e d t h a t in t h is c a s e o f th e c lo cks a s m u c h a s in a ny o t h e ,
r,

L e ib nit z w o u l d de ny th e t ra ns e u nt a c t io n wh ic h a pp e a r s t o u s t o be
dis c o v e a bl e in it
r I t is no t h e w o u l d s a y t h a t o ne w h e e l o f t he
.
, ,

c l o c k a c t s m o t iv e ly o n t h e o t h e r it is o f it s o w n im p u ls e th a t t h e
;
l a t t e r w h e e l p u t s i t se l f in m o t io n— t h e m o t io n w h i c h a c c o ding t o o u r r

o r dina y a pp r e h e ns i o n is t h e e ffe c t o f t h e fo m e r w h e e l
r Up o n t h is r .

it m a y be r e m a r k e d t h a t c o m p ar i so ns a r e u s u a lly e m pl o y e d in o r de r
 0f t h e Na t u r e of P hy s ica l A c t io n . [ 13 00 14 1 .

th a t so m e p r o c e s s w h i c h a s de s c ib e d ge ne ra lly s e e m s i m p o b a ble
,
r , r

o r c a nno t b e b o u g h t b e fo e t h e m ind s e ye m a y b e ill s t t d by a n

’
r r ,
u ra e

i ns t a nc in w h ic h it is p e s e nt e d wi th a c l e ne s s t h a t ll o w s o f no
e r ar a

c o nt a dic t io n
r T h e c a s e s t h e e fo e w h ic h o ne s e l e c t s fo c o m p a i s o n
. r r r r

a e no t s u c h a s
r b e fo r e t h e y c a n s u pply t h e de ir e d d m o n t a t io n
,
s e s r ,

eq i e l ik e L e ib nit c l o c k s t o b e e nd e d by n e ffo t o f t h o gh t
’
r u r z ,
r er a r u
,

int o ins t a nc e s o f t h e p o c e s s o f w h ic h a s e ns ibl e ill u s t a t io n is s o g h t

r r u .

G a nt ing a ll t h is h o w e v e
r o u r e nqu ir y w ill h a v e s h o w n no
,
r, m o re

t h a n w h a t wa s w e l l k no w n wi t h o u t it t h a t L e ib nit wa s ne v e ve y ,
z r r

h a ppy in h is c o m p is o ns T h e p o s s ib il ity in it s e l f o f w h a t be m a in
ar .

t a ins m u s t ne v e t h e l e s s b e a l lo w e d r .

6 7 Fo r t h e c o m pl e te
. e c o nc il ia t io n o f t h e o r y a nd e xp e r i e nc e o ne
r

t h ing m o r e is ne e de d T h a t t h e c o nne x io n o f o c c u e nc e s a c c o r d
. rr

ing t o g e ne a l l a w s is int ll ig ibl e we m y a t l e a s t w it h r e fe nc e t o

r e ,
a ,
re

a ll na t a l e v e nt s r e g a d a s a fa c t
ur , I t is a fa c t h o w e v e w h i h l ik e
r . r c ,

a ny o t h e w o u l d de m a nd it s e xpl a na t io n— no t inde d a n e xpl a na t io n

r, e

o f h o w it c o m e s a b o u t fo t h a t w o u l d b e p r e e s t a bl is h e d lik e
,
r ve y -
e r

t h ing e l s e b u t a n e xpl a n t i o n o f t h e m e a ning w h ic h it s p e e s t a bl is h

,
a r -

m e nt w o u l d h a v e in t h e L e ib nit i n t h e o r y o f t h e u niv e s e t a k e n a s a z a r

w h o le I m a g e s o f p o s s ibl e w o r l ds t o w h ic h G o d m igh t v o u ch s a fe
.
,

r e a l it y we fo u nd dis t ing u is h e d fr o m im p o s s ibl e o ne s w hic h m u s t

, ,

afwa ys e m a in w it h o u t
r e a l it y T h e a dv a nt a g e o f c o ns is t e nc y w h ic h
r .
,

di s ti ng u is h e s t h e fo r m e s o t we m ig h t s u pp o s e t o lie in t h is t h a t
r r , ,

t h e y no t m e r e ly c o m b ine t h e i r m a nifo l d e l e m e nt s a c c o d ing t o a r

pl a n bu t t h a t a t t h e s a m e t im e t h e e le m e nt s w hic h in s o do ing t h e y
, , ,

b ing t o g e th e r a e s u c h a s a r e r e a lly c o nne c t e d w it h e a h o t h e r

r r c

a c c o d ing t o g e ne r a l l a w s
r I t is o bv io u s t h a t is t o s y t h a t e v e r y
.
,
a ,

im a g ina y w o l d m u s t a pp e a r a s a w h o l e a nd it s d e v e l o p m e nt in t im e
r r ,

a s t h e r e a l is a t i o n o f a p e c o nc e iv e d pl n in w h ic h fo r a ll p h a s e s o f a r
,

t h e i nt e na lly m o v e d M o na d s — fo r
r a nd B B B a s fo r a
1
, 0
2
,
at
8 1
,
2
,
3
,

t h e s e v e r a l pi e c e s o f a m o s a ic t h e ir s e qu e nc e a nd t h i c o inc id nc e , e r e

a e p r e s c ib e d
r B u t t h e e wa s no ne c e s s it y fo r a ny s ingl e o ne o f
r . r

t h e s e p h a s e s t o o c c u r m o e t h a n o nc e in t h i s w h o l e I t wa s a c c o r d
r .

ing ly no s e l f e vi de nt ne c e s s i ty t h a t t h e r e s h o u l d b e
-
n a l l a w s e er
g
l a w s c o nne c t ing th e e p e t it io ns o f wi t h r e p e t i t io ns o f B Wit h o u t
r a .

a ny s u c h r e p e t i t i o n t h e s s e ie s o f e v e nt s m ig h t s t ill b e c o ns t a nt ly
, e r

ca y ing o u t a p e de te m ine d pl a n I t is a s o m e wh a t a r b it a y int e r

rr r r . r r

p r e t a t io n w h ic h I t a k e l e a v e t o a do p t s inc e L e ib nit h im s e l f g iv e s u s z
,

no l ig h t o n t h e m a t t e w h e n I u nde r s t a nd t h a t a t i o na l ity w h ic h
r, r ,

dis t ing u is h e s t h e e a l is a bl e im a g e s o f w o l d s f o m t h e u n e a l is bl e t o
r r r r a ,

im ply no t m e r e ly a n a g r e e m e nt wi t h l o g ica l t r u t h s o f t h o u g h t b u t
,
 Why
.

C H APT E R v 1 . a ssu me G e ne r a l L a ws 1 2 1

t h is d e fi ni t e ch a ra cte r y t o g e ne a l l a w s w h i c h in it s l f
o f c o nfo r m it r ,
e

is no ne c e s s ity o f t h o u gh t in o t h e r w o d s t h fa c t t h t t h e d e m a nd s r ,
e a

m a de by t h e r e a l is a t io n o f t h e w o l d pl a n a e m t by h e lp o f a m u l t i r - r e

p lic it y o f c o m p a r a bl e e l e m e nt s w h i c h fa ll u nd e c o m m o n g e,
n e r ic r

c o nc e p t io ns a nd by r e p e t it io ns o f c o m p a a bl e
, e v e nt s w h i c h fa ll r ,

u nde r g e ne a l l a w s r .

B u t ne it h e w it h t h i s i nt e p e t a t io n no r wi t h o u t it a r e we p o p e ly
r r r r r

s a t is fi e d I f in t h e l a s t r e s o r t it is t h e g r e a t e s t p e fe c t io n w h ic h de
. r

t e r m ine s t h e d iv ine c h o ic e b e t w e e n d iffe r e nt r a t io na l im a g e s o f

w o l ds is it t h e n s e l f—
r ,
e v id e nt t h a t a m o ng t h e i ndis p e ns a bl e p e r

c o nd it io ns o f t h e p e fe c t io n is t o b e r e c k o ne d a b o v e a ll t h is c o n
r

fo m ity t o u niv e s l la w a nd t h a t a ny t h ing w h i c h l a c k e d it wa s no t

r r a ,

e ve n o p e n to ch o i c e ? Fo r t h e c o h e r e nc e o f o s c ie nt ifi c e ffo t s t h i s ur r

c o nfo m it y t o la w w h ic h is t h e s o l e fo u nda t io n fo
r , o u k no wl e dg e o f r r

t h i ng s h a s inde e d a tt a ine d s u c h o v p o w e ing im p o t nc e

, t h a t it s er r r a ,

o wn inde p e nde nt v a l u e se e m s to u s a l m o s t u nq e s t io na bl e Ye t u .
,

a ft e r a ll is it c e r t a in t h a t i nt r ins ic a lly a g e t e r g o o d is a t t a in d if
,
r a e ,

e ve ry is a lw a y s fo ll o w e d by t h e s a m e B t h a n if it w e r e fo ll o w e d
a
,

s o m e t i m e s by B s o m e t i m e s by y s o m e t im e s by 8 j u s t a s w s a t e a c h
, , ,
a

m o m e nt e q u i e d by t h e c o ns t a nt ly c h a ngi ng r e s id u e o f t h e pl n s t il l
r r a

t o b e fu lfill e d ? M igh t t h e r e no t b e a s g o o d e a s o n t o fi nd fa l t r u

wi th t h o s e g e ne a l l a w s a s a t b o t t o m v e x a t io s h indr a nc e s c u t t ing
r u ,

sh o t a r m u l t it u d e o f b e a u t ifu l de v e l o p m nt s w h ic h b t fo r t h e i e u r

t r o bl e s o m e int e r v e nt io n m ig h t h a v e m a de t h e s y s t e m o f t h e m o s t
u

p e fe c t w o l d s t ill m o r e p e fe c t ? I f we p u r s u e t h i s t h o gh t it b e
r r r u ,

c o m e s c l e a r w h a t is fo r u s t h e s o u r c e o f c o nfi de nc e in t h e ne c e s s a r y

v l idity o f niv e s a l l a w s I n a d e a m w h ich ne e ds no f l f l m nt

a u r . r ,
u i e ,

we fi nd a s u c c e s s io n p o s s ibl e o f t h e m o s t b e a t if l e ve nt s c o nne c t e d u u ,

o nly by t h e c o h e e nc e o f t h e i i m p o t : a nd t h e c a s e w o u l d b e t h e
r r r

s a m e if a r e a l is a t io n o f t h i s dr e a m c o u l d c o m e a b o u t t h o u gh t h e r

ins t a nt a ne o u s s p e ll o f it s a dm is s io n a s a w h o l e t o e a l it y wi th o u t t h e r ,

r e q ir e m e nt by e a c h s u c c e s s iv e c o ns t it u e nt o f a l a b o u r o f p o du c t io n
u r

o n t h e p a r t o f t h e p e v io u s o ne s r .

I f o n t h e o th e h a nd we fo ll o w o u r o d i na r y c o nc e p t i o n o f t h e
, r , r

w o r l d w h ic h fi nds t h is l a b o u ne c e s s a y t h e s t t e o f t h e c a s is d iff r r r , a e e

e nt .S u pp o s ing t h t in t h e m o m e nt t a n e l e m nt a o f t h e wo l d e a r

h a pp e ne d t o b e in t h e s t t e nd s u pp o s ing it t o b e indi p e ns a bl e
a a
,
a s

t h a t in o de t o t h e c o m pl e t io n o f t h e pl a n o f t h e w o l d o
, r r t o th r r

r e s t o a t i o n o f it s e q il ib iu m o
r t o c o ns e c u t ive ne s s in it s d v e l o p m e nt
u r r e ,

a t t h e s a m e m o m e nt t 6 a l s o s h o u l d p a s s int o t h e s t a t e B t h e n t h e
, ,

fa c t 2 o f t h is ne c e s s ity i e t h e p r e s e nt s t a t e o f t h e r e m a i ning
, . .
 0f t h e Na t u r e of P hy s ica l A c t io n .

e le m e nt s , R, o f th e w o rl d t o g e t h e w ith r th e ch a n e g o f a i nto a, m u st

e xe rt a n a c t io n u po n 6 . B u t in o r de r tha t o n ly B a nd no t a ny o th e r

c o ns e q e n c e m a a i s e in 6 z arn d B— t h e e fo r e a l s o n d B — m u s t r
u y , a a

me re ly in e s p e c t o f t h e i c o nt e nt wi th o u t e fe e nc e t o t h e p h s e o f
r r ,
r r a

d e v e l o p m e nt o f t h e u niv e r s e a s a w h o le b l o ng t o g e t h e r a s m e m b e r s , e

t h a t c o ndit io n e a c h o t h e a nd fo r t h a t r e a s o n in e v e y c a s e o f t h e
r : r

r e p e t it io n o f t h e s a m e c o ns e q u e nc e B w ill o c c u r s o f r a s it is no t
a
,
a

im p e de d by o t h e e l a t io ns t h t c o nd it io n t h e s t a t e o f t h e c s a fo r t h e
r r
e a

m o m nt e Up o n t h is s u pp o s it io n t h e e fo e w h ic h is h a b itu a l t o u s
.
,
r r , ,

t h a t t h e c o u r s e o f t h e w o l d is a g r a du a l b e c o m ing p r o du c e d by r

a c t iv e c u s a t io n it s c o nne x io n a c c o d ing t o g e ne ra l l a w s a pp e a r s t o
a ,
r

u s t o b e ne c e s s y B t t h is wa y o f t h ink ing is no t e c o nc ile a ble

ar . u r

w it h th e v ie w s o f L e ib nit H e l o o k s u p o n t h e w h o l e s u m o f e a lity
z . r

a s p r e de t e r m ine d in a ll t h e d e t a il s o f it s c o u r s e a nd a s c o m i ng i nt o

b e ing a ll a t o nc e t h o gh t h a t m y s t e r io s a dm i s s io n t o e x is t e nc e
r u u

wh ich h e h a s u nh pp ily d o ne s o l it t l e t o d e fi ne
a No w o k is l e ft t o . r

b e g a d u a lly do ne wi t h in it
r B u t if t h i s s u pp o s it i o n is g r a nt e d h im
.
,

t h e l im i t a t io n o f r e a l is a bil ity t o s u c h p o j e c t e d w o l ds a s h a v e t h e ir r r

e l e m e nt s c o nne c t e d a c c o ding t o g e ne a l l a w s is a n a b it a y a s s u m p
r r r r r

t oi n . A ny c o m b in a t io n w h a t e v e r o f m a n i fo l d o c c u r e nc e s — a n y r

d e am
r — m ig h t in t h is wa y h a v e j u s t a s w e ll o b t a ine d a fo o t i ng in

e a l it y W e h a v e h e e t h e r e fo e a n i nc o ns is t e nc y in Le ib ni t z do c
’
r . r r

t ine
r . I f t h e ne c e s s it y o f g e ne r a l l a w s wa s t o b e s a v e d f o m d is r

a pp e a ing t h e r e w e e o nly it w o u l d s e e m
r ,
r t wo w a y s o f do ing it
, He ,
.

s h o l d e i t h e r h a ve e x h ib it e d t h e m a s a c o nd it io n o f t h a t p e fe c t io n
u r

o f th e w o l d w h i c h e nde s it w o t h y o f e x is te nc e — a nd it is no t
r r r r

i m p o ba bl e t h a t h e w o u l d h a v e de c ide d fo r t h is a l t e r na t ive o we
r -w
r

s h o u l d h ve g iv e n u p t h e a t t e m p t t o
a s u b s t itu t e fo r t h e u nint e ll igibl e

a c t io n o f o ne t h ing o n a no t h e r a n e v e n m o r e u ni nt e ll ig ibl e p re

e s t a bl is h m e nt o f a ll t h ing s .
 CH A PT E R V I .

Th e Unity f
o Th ing s .

68 . T HER E is o nly o ne c o nd t io n, a s we i h a v e fo u nd, u nde r wh ich

th e c o nc e p t io n o f a t a ns e u nt Op e r a t io n c a n be b a ni s h e d f o m o r
‘
r
’
r u

v ie w o f t h e w o l d a nd r e pl a c e d by t h a t o f a h a r m o ny b e t w e e n inde pe n
r

de nt i nne d e v e l o p m e nt s O f T hing s
r T h e c o ndit io n is t h a t w m a k e . e

up ou m ind s t o a t h o r o u g h ly c o ns is t e nt D e t e r m inis m w h ic h r e g a ds
r ,
r

a ll t h a t t h e w o l d c o nt a ins a s c o ll e c t iv e ly p e d e t e r m ine d t o it s m inu t e s t

r r

de t a il s . So lo ng h o w e v e a s we s h r i nk f o m t h is c o nc l u s io n a nd
,
r, r ,

c l ing t o t h e h O p e fo r w h i c h we h a v e in t h e m e a nt i m e no j u s t ifi c a t i o n
,

b t w h ic h is s t ill i ns u pp e s s ibl e t h a t t h e c o u s e o f T h ing s in w h ic h we

u r ,
r

liv e a dm i t s o f e ve nt s b e ing i nit ia t e d w h ic h a e no t t h e ne c e s s a y c o n ,

r r

s e q u e nc e o f p e vi o u s d e v e l o p m e nt — s o l o ng a s t h is is t h e c s e t h e
r a

a s s u m p t io n o f Op e r a t io n c a nno t be dis p e ns e d w it h by
‘ ’
t r a ns e u nt

h e lp e it h e r o f t h e t h e o y o f a p e de t e rm ine d s y m p a t h e t i c c o nne x io n
r r ,

o r by t h a t o f a n u nco ndit i o ne d v a li dit y o f u niv e r s a l l a w s O u r fi na l .

p e r s u a s i o n t h e e fo r e m igh t s e e m t o de p e nd o n t h e c h o ic e we m a k e
,
r ,

b e tw e e n t h e t wo a b o v e m e nt io ne d p e s u pp o s it io ns (t h a t o f c o m pl e t e
-
r -

d e t e m i nis m a nd t h a t w h i c h a ll o w s o f ne w b e g inning s ) a c h o i c e
r —
,

w h ic h t h e o r e tic a l r e a s o ns a e no l o ng e r s u ffic ie nt t o de c i de B u t if
r .

t h i s w e e r e a lly t h e c s e — a p o i nt w h ic h I e s e v e fo r l a t e
r a i nv e s t ig a r r r

t io n— t h e o p t io n l e ft Op e n t o u s w o l d b e a j u s t ifi c a t io n fo r d e v e l o pi ng u ,

in t h e fi s t pl a c e h yp o t h e t i c a lly t h e fu t h e r c o nc p t io ns w h i c h we
r ,
r e

s h o u l d h a v e t o fo m a s t o t a ns e u nt Op e r a t i o n if h a v ing a do p t e d t h e
’
r r

s e c o nd o f t h e s u pp o s it i o ns s t a t e d we m a int a ine d t h e ne c e s s it y o f

a s s u m ing g u c h o p e a t i o n I c a nno t h o w e v e r a pply m y s e l f t o t h is

s
b r .

t a s k w it h o u t o nc e a g a i n r e p e a t ing in o de r t o p e v e nt m is u nde r
‘

,
r r

s t a nd ing s a w a r ni ng t h a t h s a l e a dy b e e n O ft e n g iv e n
,
a r .

My p u p o s e c a nno t b e t o g ive S titch a de s c ipfio n o f t h e p o c e s s by

‘

r r r

w h ic h e ve r y Op e a tio n c o m e s a bo Lft a s ;rnay e na ble t h e e a de r t o

r .
r

p e s e nt it t o h is m ind s e y a nd t h u s by de fiio ns t t ing h w it h a pp ns

r
’
e ,
ra o e

t o g iv e t h e m o s t c o nvi nc i ng p r o o f t h a t it a n h a pp e n T h e o bj e c t in c .
 Th e U nity o
f Th ing s .
11300 14 1 .

v ie w is m e r e ly fi c u l t i e s wh i c h m a k e t h e c o nc e p tio n
to ge t r id o f t h e d if
o f a t a ns e u nt o p e a t io n o b s c u
r to s w h il e a l t h o u g h in fa c t u nd
r re u , er

s t a nding j s t s l it t l e h o w a n im m a ne nt o p e a t io n c o m e s a b o t we
’
‘
u a r u ,

m k no s ca e pl e a b o t a c c e p ting it a s a g iv n f c t H o w in a ny c s e
ru u e a . a

a c o ndi t io n if r e a l is e d b e g ins in t u n t o giv e

, ,
e a lity t o it s e ff ct o r r r e ,

h o w it s e t s a b o u t p o o t ing a p e s e nt s t a t e o f a ny th ing a nd p la nt ing

u r r

a no t h e r s t a t e in t h e r e a l w o l d o f t h t no a c c o u nt c a n b e g iv e n
— r a .

Ev e y de s c ip t io n t h a t m ig h t b e a tt e m p te d w o u l d h a ve t o de p ict
r r

p o c e s s e s a nd m o de s o f a c t io n w h i c h ne c s s a ily p r e s u pp o s e th e v e y
r e r r

Op e a tio n t h a t h a s t o be e xpl a i ne d s a l r e a dy t a k ing pla c e m a ny t im e s

r a

o ve b e t w e e n t h e s e v a l e l e m e nt s w h i h a e s m m o ne d t o p e fo m
r er c r u r r

it . I nde e d t h e s o u c e o f m a ny o f t h e o b s c itie s a t t a c h ing t o o u r

r ur

no t io n o f Op e a t io n l ie s in o u r p e s is t e nt e ffo t t o e xpl a in it by im a g e s
r r r

d e iv e d f o m c o m pl e x a ppl ic a t i o ns o f t h e no t io n it s l f w h ic h fo r t h a t
r r e ,

e s o n l e d ne c e s s
r a a ily t o a b s u dity if s u pp o s e d t o h a v e
ar ny b e a r ing
r a

o n it s s im pl e s t s e ns e If w vo id t h e s e np o fi t a bl e a t t e m p t s a nd
. e a u r ,

c o nfi ne o s e lv e s t o ur s t a t ing t h a t w h ic h o p e a t io n a c t u a lly c o ns is t s r

in we m u s t s t a t e it s im ply t h u s t h a t t h e r e a l ity o f o ne s t a t e is t h e
,
:

c o nd it io n o f t h e e a l is tio n o f a no t h e r
r T h is m y s t e io u s c o nne x io n
a . r

we a ll o w s o l o ng a s it s p o du c t is m e r e ly t h e d e v e l o p m e nt o f o ne a nd
r

t h e s a m e B e ing w it h in t h e u nit y o f t h a t B e ing s na t u e Wh a t s e e m s ’

r .

u nt h ink a bl e is h o w it c a n b e t h a t s o m e t h i ng w h ic h o c c u s t o o ne r

B e ing A c a n b e t h e s o c e o f c h a ng e in a no th e B
, ,
ur r, .

6 9 A ft e . o m ny fa il u r e s in t h e a t t e m p t t o b idg
r s a a g u l f o f w h ic h r e

we h a v e no c l e a v is io n in t h e p e c is e m o d e d e m nd e d by im a g ina
r ,
r a

t io n we c a n o nly h O p e fo
,
a b e tte r e s u l t if we m a k e t h e p o int c l e a
r r r

in w h ic h t h e c a s e o f o u difii c u lt y l ie s u I n th e c o
r se o f o u r co n . ur

s ide a t io n o f t h e w o l d we w e e le d a t t h e o t s t t o t h e no t io n o f a
r r r , u e ,

pl u l ity o f T h ing s T h e i m l tipl ic ity s e e m e d t o o ff th e m o s t c o n

ra . r u er

“
ve nie nt e xpl a na t io n fo r t h e e q u a lly g e a t m l t ipl ic ity o f a pp a a nc e s r u e r .

T h e n th e im p l s e t o b e c o m e a c qu a int e d w it h t h e nc o ndit io ne d
IB e ing w h ic h m u s t lie a t th fo u nda t io n o f th is p o c e s s o f t h e c o n
u u

e r

dit io ne d wa s t h e o c c a s io n o f o u r a s c ib ing t h is u nc o ndit io ne d B e ing r

w ith o u t s u s p ic io n t o t h e ve ry m u l tipl ic i ty o f e l e m nt s w h ic h we fo u nd e

t o e x is t I f we s t o pp e d s h o t o f a s s ig ning t o e v e y e a l it y a p r e
. r r r u

B e ing t h a t c o l d dis p e ns e w it h a ll e l a t io ns t o o t h e r B e ing s ye t e v e n

u r ,

3 w h il a ll o w ing
e e l a t i o ns we did no t g iv e
r up t h e inde p e nd e n e o f c

T h ing s a s a g a ins t e a c h o th e r w h ic h we a s s u m e d t o b e g in w it h I t .

wa s s s o m a ny inde p e nde nt u nit i s t h a t we s pp o s e d t h m t o nt r

a e u e e e

or int o s u c h p e c u l ia e la t io ns t o e c h o t h e r a s c o m p e ll e d t h e i
r r se lf
a r

s u fli c ing na t u e s t o a c t a nd r e a c t u p o n e a c h o t h e
r B u t it wa s im r .
 C H A PT E R v 1 1 . A ss u mp t io n o f I ndep e nde nt Th ing s . 1 2
5
p o s s ibl e t o s t a t e in w h a t th is t a ns iti o n f o m a s t a t e o f i s o l a ti o n t o
r r

m e t a p h y s i c a l c o m b ina t i o n m ig h t c o ns is t a nd it r e m a ine d a s t a nd ing ,

c o nt r a dic t io n t h a t T h i ng s h a v ing no d e p e nd e nc e o n e a c h o t h e s h o u l d 49 r

t e n t r i nt o s u c h a l t i o n o f d p nd n h t n n i t l f
y e e e a e r e e c e a s e a c o c o c e r s e

w it h th e o th e r a nd t o c o nfo m it s e l f in it s o wn s t a t e s t o t h o s o f t h e
,
r e

o th e r . T h is p r e j u di ce m u s t b e g iv e n u p T h e e c a nno t b e a . r

p lic it y o f i nd e p e nd e n t T h i n g s b u t a ll e l e m e nt s i
,f r e c ip o c a l a c t io n is ,
r

t o b e p o s s ibl e b e t w e e n t h e m m u s t b e r e g a r de d a s p a t s o f a s ingl e
,
r

a nd r e a l B e i ng T h e P l u r a lis m wi t h w h ic h o u r vi e w o f t h e w o l d
. r

b e g a n h a s t o g ive pl a c e t o a M o ni s m t h o u gh w h i c h t h e t a ns e u nt ,
r
‘
r

o p e a t io n a lw a y s u ni nt e ll ig ibl e p a s s e s int o a n i m m a ne nt Op e a t io n
‘ ’
r , , r .

A fi s t s u gg e s t i o n o f t h e i m p o s s ib il ity o f t h a t u nl im it e d pl u a l is m
r r

wa s s t ic t ly s p e a k ing a ffo r de d a s s o o n a s we fe l t t h e ne c e s s i ty o f
,
r ,

a pp e h e nd i ng t h e e v e nt s w h ic h fo m
r t h e c o u s e o f th e w o l d a s r r r ,

Co ns e qu e nt s t h a t c a n b e k no w n f o m A nt e c e de nt s I f no e l e m e nt s r .

o f t h e w o l d a dm it t e d o f c o m p a is o n a ny m o e t h a n do o u r fe e l ing s o f
r r r

s w e e t a nd r e d it w o u l d b e i m p o s s ibl e t h a t wi t h t h e u ni o n o f t h e t wo
,

A a nd B in a c e r t a i n e l a t i o n C t h e r e s h o u ld b e c o nne c t e d a c o n
r

s e q u e nc e F t o t h e e x c l s i o n o f a ll o t h e r c o ns e q u e nc e s
,
u Fo r in t h a t .

c a s e t h e r e l a t io n o f A t o B w h i c h a l o ne c o u l d j u s t ify t h is c o nne xi o n
, ,

w o u l d b e t h e s a m e — t h e t wo e l e m e nt s b e ing c o m pl e te ly i nc o m p a a bl e r

a nd a l ie n t o e a c h o t h e r — a s t h a t b e t w e e n a n t w o o t h e r e l e m n t s A
y e ,

a nd M B a nd 1V M a nd N
, ,
T h e r e w o u l d a c c o r dingly b e no
. .

l e gi t im a t e g r o nd fo c o nne c t ing t h e c o ns e qu e nc e w it h o ne r a th e r
u r

t h a n a no t h e r p a i o f r e l a t e d e l e m e nt s o r inde e d fo r a ny d e fi nit e c o n
r ,

ne x io n w h a t e v e r H e nc e it a pp e a r s th a t t h e i nde p e nde nt e l e m e nt s o f
.

t h e w o l d t h e m a ny r e a l e s se nc e s w h ic h we s u pp o s e d t h a t t h e r e w e e 2
r ,
r ,

c o l d by no m e a ns h a v e h a d u nl im it e d l ic e nc e o f b e ing w h a t t h e y
u

l ike d a s s o o n a s e a c h s i ngl e o ne by s im pl ic it y o f it s qu a l ity h a d

s a t is fi e d t h e c o ndi t i o ns u nde r w h ic h it s p o s i t i o n wa s p o s s ibl e ’
.

B e t w e e n t h e ir qu a l it i e s t h e r e w o u l d h a v e h a d t o b e t h r o u gh o u t a c o m
m e ns u a b il it y o f s o m e k ind w h i c h r e nde r e d t h e m no t i nde d m e m b e r s
r , e

o f a s i ngl e s e r i e s bu t m e m b e s o f a s y s t e m in w h i c h v a r i o u s s e ie s a e
,
r r r

in s o m e wa y e l a t e d t o e a c h o th e r
r A ll h o w e v e r t h a t t h is p i m r y
. r a

u nit y ne c e s s ily im pl ie d o n t h e p a t o f t h e e l e m e nt s o f t h e w o l d wa s
ar r r

s im ply t h is c o m m e ns a b il it y T h e ir o ig in f o m a s ingl e o o t o r
ur . r r r ,

t h e i p e m a ne nt im m a ne nc e in o ne B e ing it o nly e nde e d p o b a bl e

r r ,
r r r .

I t is no t t ill we c o m e t o t h e c o ns ide a t io n o f c a u s e nd e ffe c t t h a t w e r a

fi nd a ny ne ce s s it y t o a do p t t h is fu t e v e w h i — t o h o l d t h a t T h ing s c a n
r r

o nly x is t a s p a t s o f a s ingl B e ing s e p a a t e r e l a t iv e ly t o o u r a pp re

e r e ,
r

h e ns io n b t no t a c t u a lly ind e p e nd e nt
,
u .
 Th e U nity o
f Th ing s . [ B OO K 1 .

70. This c o nc u s io n o l four co ns id e r a t o ns r e i qu ir e s so m u ch to be

a dde d in t h e wa y j u s t ifi c a t io n a nd de fe nc e t h a t t o b e g in w ith m y
o f
o nly co nc e r n is to e xpl a in it L e t M b e t h e S ingl e t u ly e xi s t ing s b
. r u

s t a nce A B, ,
a nd R t h e s ingl
,
T h ing s int o w h ic h e l a t ive ly t o o u
e ,
r r

fa c u l t ie s o f p e s e nt t io n a nd o b s e v a t io n t h e u nit y o f M s o m e h o w
r a r ,

re so lv e s it s e lf— A a nd B b e ing t h o s e u p o n t h e de s t inie s o f w h i c h o u r

a t t e nt io n h a s t o b e e m pl o y e d R t h e s u m o f a ll t h e o t h e t h ing s t o
, r

w h ic h h a s t o b e a ppl ie d by h e lp o f a n l o gy a ll t h a t we la y do w n,
a ,

a b o u t A a nd B T h e n by t h e fo m u l a M qt (A B R )we e xp e s s t h e
. r : ) r

t h o u gh t t h a t a c e t in de fi ni t e c o nne xi o n o f A B a nd R i ndic a t e d by
r a ,

e x h ib it s t h e w h o l e na t u e o f M r

I f we a ll o w o u r s lv e s fu t h e r t o a s s u m e t h a t o ne o f t h e i ndiv idu a l
e r

e le m e nt s h a s u n e g o e a t
d n a nsr it io n fr o m A int o r — h o we v e r t h e a

e x c i t e m e nt t o t h is t a ns it i o n m y h a v e a i s e n— t h e n t h e fo m e r
r a r r

e q u a t io n b e t w e e n (I)
( B R ) a n d M a w ill n o l o n g e h o l d I t w o u ld o nly r .

b e r e e s t a bl is h e d by a c o rr e s p o ndi ng c h a ng e o n t h e p a t o f t h e o t h e r
.
-
r

m e m b e s o f t h e g o u p a nd I) (a 6
r r ,
M w o u l d a ne w e xp e s s t h e
( r

w h o l e na t u e o f M L e t u s no w a dm it t h e s pp o s itio n t h a t t h e
r . u

s u s c e p t ib il it y w h ic
,
h w e h a d t o r e c o g n is e in e v e r y fi n it e B e ing — a su s

c e p t ibility in vi r tu e o f w h i c h it do e s no t e xp e i e nc e c h a ng e s w it h o u t r

m a int a ining i t s e l f a g a ins t t h e m by e a c t i o n— t h a t t h is b e l o ng s a l s o t o r

t h e o ne t h e t u ly e x is t ing M ; t h e n t h e p r o d c t io n o f t h e ne w s t a t e s
,
r u

6 a nd R in B a nd R will b e t h e ne c e s s a y c o ns e q e nc e o f t h e c h a ng e
I
r u

t o a t h a t h a s o c c u r e d in A rB u t t h i s c h a ng e wa s t h r o u g h o u t no t
. a

m e r e ly a c h a ng e o f t h e o ne e l e m e nt A fo r s u c h a c h a ng e w o u l d h a v e ,

ne e de d s o m e m e diu m t o e x t e nd it s c o ns e q u e nc e s t o B a nd R I t wa s .

a t t h e s a m e t im e w ith o u t h a v ing t o w a it t o b e c o m e s o
,
a c h a ng e o f ,

in w h ic h a l o ne in r e s p e c t o f B ing a nd c o nt e nt A h a s it s r e a li ty
,
e ,

a nd s b s i s t e nc e
u I n lik e m a nne t h is c h a ng e o f M do e s no t ne e d t o
. r

t a v e l in o de r a s by t a ns it io n i nt o a do m a in no t it s o wn t o m k e it s
r ,
r r ,
a

s ig n in B a nd R I t t o o w it h o u t h a vi ng t o b e c o m e s o by s u c h m e a ns
.
, ,

is a lr e a dy a c h a ng e o f B a nd R w h ic h in r e s p e c t o f wh a t t h e y ,

c o nt a in a nd a e e qu a lly h a v e r e a li ty a nd s u b s is t e nc e o nly in M
r , O r

if we p e fe r a no t h e r e xp e s s i o n in w h ic h we s t a r t f o m t h e a pp a nt
r r ,
r re

ind e p e nde nc e o f A B a nd R — t h e o nly m e dia t io n w h ic h c a u s e s t h e .

c h a ng e s o f B a nd R t o fo ll o w o n t h o s e o f A c o ns is t s in t h e id e nt it y

o f M w it h i t s e l f a nd in it s s u s ce p t ib il ity w h ic h d o e s no t a d m it a
,

c h a ng e a w it h o u t a g a in r e s t o ing t h e s a m e na t u e M by p o du c t io n o f r r r

t h e c o m p e ns a t o y c h ng e 6 a nd R T o o u r o b s e va t io n p e s e nts
’

1
r a . r a r

i t s e l f a s a n e ve nt w h i c h t a k e s pl a c e in t h e is o l a t e d e l e m e nt A 6 a s a
s e c o nd e v e nt w h i c h b e fa ll s t h e e qu a lly is o l a t e d B I n a c c o r da nc e .
CH AP T E R v 1 1 to im m a n
’
Tr a ns e u nt r e d u ce d e nt o e r a t io n
’ '

‘ ‘
.
p . 1 2 7

wi th t h i s a pp e a a nc e we c a ll t h a t a t ra ns e u nt o p e ra t io n o f A u po n
r
‘
’

B w h ic h in t r u t h is o nly a n im m a ne nt o p e r a t i o n o f M u p o n M
, A .

p r o c e s s t h u s s e e m s t o u s t o be r e qu i s it e t o b i ng t h e e l e m e nt s A a nd r

B o igi na lly i ndi ffe e nt t o w a r ds e a c h o th e r i nt o a e l a t io n o f m u tu a l

, r r , r

s ym p a th y I n t u t h t h e y a lw a y s s t a nd in t h a t r e l a t io n fo r a t e v e y
. r , r

m o m e nt t h e e a l it y w h i c h t h e y s i m u l t a ne o u s ly p o s s e s s h a s it s c o n
r

ne io n in t h e im p o r t o f M a nd A o r a is t h e c o m pl e m e nt t o B a nd R
x .
, ,

a s t h e c a s e m a y b e ) r e q u ir e d by M in o d e r t o
I
o r t o 6 a nd R
( t h e , r

m a i nt e na nc e o f it s e q u a l it y wi t h i t se l f j u s t a s B o r 6 is t h e c o m pl e ,

m e nt r e q i e d t o A a nd R o r t o a a nd R
I
u r .

O u r e a r l ie r i de a t h e r e fo r e o f m a ni fo l d o igi na l e s s e nc e s nu
, ,
r
,
“ -

c o nd i t i o na lly e x is t i ng a nd o f i nde p e nde nt c o nt e nt W t h Offly c a m e

I M
’

a ft e r w a ds t o fa ll t o g e t h e r int o v a ia bl e a c t i o ns a nd
r e a c t io ns u p o n
r r

e a c h o t h e r p a s s e s i nt o a d iffe e nt i d e a
,
t h a t o f m a nifo l d e l e m e nt s
r , ,

o f w h i c h t h e e xi s t e nc e a nd c o nt e nt is W th é
‘

“ — ” “
na t u r e a nd r e a li t y o f t h e o ne e xi s t e nc e o f w h ic h h e y a e o r g a ni c
T m T
m w - ‘ A

l
r e a t io n o f de p e nde nc e o n e a ch wh o s e
o th e r a s o n it ; a c c o r d in g to

c o m m a nd wi th o u t p o s s ibili t y o f o ffe r i ng r e s is t a nc e o r o f e nde r i ng a ny

,
r

h e lp w h i c h s h o u l d be du e t o t h e ir o wn inde p e nde nt r e a l it y t h e y s o ,

o r d e r t h e m s e lv e s a t e v e y m o m e nt t h a t t h e s u m o f T h ing s p e s e nt s a
r r

ne w i de nt i c l e xp r e s s io n o f t h e s a m e m e a ning a h a m o ny no t p e
a ,
r r

e s t a bli s h e d b u t w h ic h a t e a c h m o m e nt r e p o du c e s i t s e l f t h r o u g h t h e
, r

p o w e r o

.
f t h e o ne

e
e x is t e nce

r
.

7 1 B fo e p a s s ing t o de t a il s le t m e r e m a r k t h a t I w o u l d no t h a ve ,
g
t h e s e s t a t e m e nt s r e g a d e d a s m e a nt t o de s c r ib e a p r o c e s s w h ic h
r

ne e de d t o b e h it u p o n by c o nj e c t u r e a nd did no t na t u r a lly fo ll o w ,

f o m t h e m e t a p h y s i c a l d e m a nd w h ic h it wa s it s p u p o s e t o s a t is fy
r r .

O r t o u se a no t h e r e xp r e s s io n I d o no t i m a g ine m y s e l f t o h a v e
, ,

s t a t e d w h a t we h a v e t o t h ink in o r de r t o r e nde r r e c ip r o c a l a c t i o n

i nte ll igibl e b u t w h a t we in fa c t do th ink a s s o o n a s we e xpl a i n t o

,

o u s e lv e s w h a t we m e a n by it
r I f we s u pp o s e a c e r t a in B e ing A t o
.

c o nfo m i t s e l f t o t h e s t a t e 6 o f a no t h e r B e i ng B a nd t o f ll int o t h e
r a

s t a t e a t h is t h o u g h t d i e c t ly i m pl ie s t h e o t h e
,
r t h a t t h e c h a ng 6 w h ic h r, e

a t fi r s t s e e m e d o nly t o b e fa ll B is a l s o a c h a ng e fo t h e o t h e r B ing r e ,

A . T h e m y b e r e q u i e d i nv e s t ig a t io n o f t h e m o de in w h ic h 6 is a
er a r

c h a ng e a l s o fo A bu t t h e r e c a n b e no d o u b t t h a t it h a s t o b e b o g h t
r ,
r u

u nde r t h e s a m e fo m a l c o nc e p t io n o f a s t a t e o f A w h i c h we a t fi s t
r r

o nly a ppli e d t o B u t t h e i de a t h a t t h e s t a t e s o f a B e i ng B a e a t
a . r

t h e s a m e t im e s t a t e s o f a no t h e B e ing A inv o lv e s t h e dir e c t ne g a tio n r ,

o f th e p o p o s i t i o n t h a t A a nd B a e t wo s e p a r a t e a nd i nde p e nde nt
r r
 Th e U nity o
f Th ing s . [ B OO K 1 .

B e i ng s : fo r a un i ty o f th e e x c l u s ive k ind by w h i c h
wo u ld s e t a e a ch

b a ie r b e t w e e n it s e l f a nd t h e o t h e if it is t o b e m o e t h a n v e r b a lly
rr r, r

m a int ine d — a if it is t o b e m e a s u d a c c o r ding t o w h a t m a y b e c a ll e d re

it s p c t ic a
ra l v a l u e — c a n o nly c o ns is t in c o m pl e t e im p e ne t b il it y o n ra

t h e p a t o f t h e o ne a g ins t a ll c o ndit io ns o f t h e o t h e
r a r .

it wa s no t n c e s s a y t h a t t h e u nit y o f a ll i ndivi du a l B e i ng s
e r

e c o nj e c t ed o dis c o v e r e d a s a n h yp o t h e s is e na bli ng u s t o
ur r

c e t a in diffic u l t i e s t h a t a e in o u
r wa y I t is a s it s e e m s t o r r .
,

a t h o u g h t w h ic h by m e e a na ly s is c a n b e s h o w n t o b e inv o lv e d in r

c o nc e p t io n o f r e c ip o c a l a c t io n I f we fa nc y it p o s s ibl e t o m a n
r . i

t a in t h t T h ing s a e t o b e g in w it h s e p a r a t e a nd m u t u a lly inde p e nde nt

a r

U nit i e s b u t t h a t t h e e a ft e w a ds a is e s b e t w e e n th e m a e l a tio n o f
,
r r r r r

U nio n in Op e r a t i o n we a e de s c ibing no t a n a c tu a l s t a t e o f Th ing s

,
r r ,

o r a r e a l p o c e s s b u t m e r e ly t h e m o v e m e nt o f t h o u g h t w h ic h b e g ins
r ,

w it h a fa l s e s pp o s it io n a nd a ft e r w a r ds u nde r th e p e s s u e o f p o bl e m s
u ,
r r r

w h ich it h s it s e l f a is e d s e e k s in i m p e fe c t fa s h io n t o e s t o r e t h e
a r ,
r r

co e c t v ie w w h ic h it s h o u l d h a v e h a d t o s t a r t wi t h
rr .

7 2 M o r e o v e r in t h e l o g ic a l e q is it e s o f a t h e o y t h is vi e w o f t h e
.
,
r u r ,

o ig ina l u nit y o f a ll T h ing s in M is by no m e a ns i nf i o r t o t h e o t h e r

r er

vie w o f t h e ir c h a nge a bl e c o m bina t i o ns I t m ig h t b e u r ge d i nde e d .

tha t o u vie w r e p r e s e nt s a ll T h i ng s t o o indis c r im ina t e ly a s c o m p e

r r

h e nde d o nc e fo r a ll in t h e u ni ty o f 6 1 a nd t h u s h a s no pl c e fo r , a

t h e g r a da t i o ns t h a t e x is t in t h e i nt im a c y o f t h e ir e l a t i o ns t o e a c h r

o t h e r ; t h a t t h e Opp o s i t e V e w by r e c o g nis i ng o n t h e o ne h a nd t h e 1 ,

p o g e s s f o m a c o m pl e t e a b s e nc e o f r e l a t io n t o a n e ve r g e a t e c l o s e
r r r r r

n s s o f r e l a t io n a nd o n t h e o th e
e , th e l x a t io n o f e la t io ns t h a t r re a r

p e v io u s ly e x is t e d a l o ne a dm it s o f du e a dj u s t m e nt t o e xp e ie nc e
r ,
r ,

wh ic h t e s t ifie s in o ne c a s e t o a l iv e ly a c t io n a nd r e a c t io n o f T h ing s
‘

u p o n e a ch o th e in a no t h e r t o t h e ir m u t u a l indiffe e nc e I n t th t h e
r, r . ru

r e ve s e s e e m s t o m e t o be th e c a s e
r So fa r we e g a d M a s e xp e s s i ng . r r r

o nly t h e fo m a l t h o u gh t o f t h e o ne a ll c o m p e h e ns iv e B e i ng
r A s to r .

t h e c o nc e t e c o nt e nt o f t h a t w h ic h is t o o c c u py t h is s u p e m e p o s it i o n
r r

o f M we k no w no t h ing a nd t h e r e fo e c a n s e t t l e no t h ing a s t o t h e ,
r

fo r m in w h i c h a c c o ding t o it s na t u e it a t e a c h m o m e nt c o m p r e
r r

h e nds t h e s u m o f fi nit e r e a li t ie s T h e r e is no th i ng h o w e v e r a g a ins t

.
, ,

o ur a s s u m ing t h e p o s s ib il ity o f t h e v a io u s e q u a t io ns M 1( A B R ) r : <) ,

M 4 ( p) M I ( BR ) M 1) ( B R ) O f t h e s e e q a t io ns
I
: A B )r A ,
: () ,
: < a . u

t h e s e co nd w o u l d e xp e s s t h e p o s s ib il it y o f a c h a ng e in t h e s m o f t h e
r u

m m b e s R i nt o r — a c h a ng e w h i c h is b a l a nc e d by a s e c o nd p a nd
e r ,

t h e fo e d o e s no t e qu i e a c o m p e ns a t o r y c h a ng e o n t h
er r r r pa t o f A e r

a nd B T h is b e ing s o t h e t wo l a t t e r w o u l d a pp a r u na ffe c t e d by t h e
.
,
e
C H APT E R v 1 1 . D eg r e e s o f I nt e r a ct io n . I29

a l te r a t i o n o f t h e r e s t Of t h e w o r l d in w h ic h t h e y a r e i nclu de d Of t h e .

t h ir d e q u a t i o n t h e m e a ning w o u l d b e t h a t ano t h e r c h a ng e o f R viz , .

i nt o R o nly r e q u ir e s a c h a ng e B in B t o w h i c h A w o u l d a pp e a r in
‘
, ,

d i ffe r e nt ; w h il e t h e fo u t h w o u l d r e p r e s e nt a r e c ip r o c a l a c t i o n w h i c h
r

e x h a u s t s i t s e l f b e t w e e n A a nd B l e a v ing t h e r e s t o f t h e w o ld nu
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a ff e c t e d .

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g r a da t io ns w h i c h t h e m u tu a l e x c i t a b il ity o f t h e w o l d s e l e m e nt s in r
’

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.

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r

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, ,

a ll t h e a pp e a r a nc e o f b e i ng t wo i nde p e nde nt nt i t i e s ; o r in w h ic h o n e ,

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, ,

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’

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. r

b e t h a t e l e m e nt s o r ig ina lly i nde p e nde nt w e r e d a w n t o g e t h e r by r

v a r ia bl e r e l a t i o ns r a ngi ng in i nt e ns ity fr o m no u gh t t o a ny de g r e e we
l ik e t o i m a gi ne T h e ir s o u c e w o u l d b e t h a t t h e pl a n o f t h a t u ni t y
. r

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o r to t h e m a int e na nc e o f t h e ir p e vi o s s t a t e w h ic h i nv o lve s t h e
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t h ing s t a k e t h e a pp e a r a nc e o f i nde p e nde nc e a s a g a i ns t e a c h o t h e r is

no t t h a t t h e U nit y I ll in w h ic h t h e y a e a lw a y s c o m p e h e nde d
,
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is s o m e t i m e s m o r e s o m e t i m e s l e s s r e a l o e v e n a l t o g e t h e r c e a s e s t o
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r

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, r

de g e e o f e l a t iv e inde p e nde nc e w h ic h t h i ng s e x h ibi t a s a g a ins t e a c h

r r

o t h e r is it s e l f t h e c o ns e q u e nce o f t he i r e nt i e w a nt o f i nde p e nde nc e r

a s a g a ins t I ll w h ic h ne v e r le a v e s t h e m o u t s i de it s u nit y Th a t re la ‘

, .

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7 3 Th e ne x t q u e s t i o n t o b e e xp e c t e d is no t i nde e d w h a t M c o n
.
,

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, r ,

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, ,

e l e m e nt s d e p e nd e nt o n it is t o b e t h o g h t o f W e h a v e co nt e nt e d u .

o u s e lv e s w it h de s c i b ing t h e s e e l e m e nt s a s p a r t s o f t h e infin
r r ite M
W e s h o u ld fi nd no l a c k o f o th e r de s ig na t io ns if we c a r e d t o no t i c e
a ll t h e t h e o r ie s wh ic h t h e h i s t o y o f p h il o s o p h y
. e c o r d s a s h a vi ng o n
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v a io s gr o u nds a rr ive d a t a s im il a r M o nis m W e m igh t r e a d o f

r u .

V OL . 1 . K
I 3 0 Th e U nity f
o Th ing s . [ B OO K 1 .

m o difi c a t i o ns o f th e i nfini t e su b s t a nce , o f it s de ve l o p m e nts a nd dif

fe r e ntia t io ns , o f em a na t io ns a nd r a dia t io ns fr o m it . M u c h di s c u s s io n
a nd e nt h u s ia s m g a t h e re d r o u nd t h e s e t e r m s T h e ir v a i ty s e v e s
ha s . r e r

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r

w e e le d t o th e s a m e p e s u a s io n S t ipp e d o f t h e i r fig u ra t ive c l o th ing

r r . r

— a c l o th ing m e r e ly int e nde d t o s e r v e t h e u na t t a ina bl e p r p o s e o f u

p e s e nt ing t o t h e m i nd s e ye t h e p o c e s s by w h ic h th e a s s u m e d e l a
r
’
r r

t i o n b e t w e e n t h e o ne a nd t h e m u l t it u de o f fi ni t e b e i ng s is b o u gh t r

a b o u t— a ll t h a t t h e y c o ll e c t iv e ly c o nt a i n in r e g a d t o t h e im p o t o f r r

t h is r e l a t i o n a m o u nt s m e r e ly t o a ne g a t i o n T h e y a ll de ny t h e i nde .
~

n d e n t r e a l it y o f fi nit e t h ing s b u t t h e y c a nno t de t e r m i ne p o s i t iv e ly

p e ,

th e na tu r e o f t h e bo nd w h i c h u nit e s t h e m .

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. r ,

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r r ,

m a y c la im t o b e a p h il o s o p h ic r e s u l t e v e n w h e n it is i m p o s s ibl e t o

p r e s e nt a ny t h ing t o t h e m ind s e ye by w h ic h t h p o s t u l a t e is fu lfill e d

’
e .

A n i nt u i t i o n h o w e v e r — a p r e s e nt a t i o n t o t h e m ind s e ye — O f t h t
’

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.
,

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r

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a ,
r r

c a s e b e fo r e u s is j u s t t h e p o int a t i s s u e B t it do e s no t fo ll o w t h a t . u

t h e e is no m e a ni ng in t h e c o nc e p t io n o f t h a t r e l a t io n o f d e p e nde nc e
r

o f th e m a ny u p o n t h e o ne T h o u gh u na bl e t o s t a t e wh a t c o ns t i t u t e s
.

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r r

r e a li ty we c a n ye t s e e k o u t t h e c o m pl e x m o de s in w h ic h it s u n
,

im a g ina bl e a c t ivit y c o ndi t i o ns t h e fo r m o f t h e i r c o nne x io n a nd t h e :

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, ,

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o f a n u nl im i t e d gr o w t h o f o u r k no wl e dg e .

7 4 I n s a y ing t h is h o w e v e r I do no t o v e r c o m e t h e o bj e c t i o n w h i ch
.

o u r vi e w e x c it e s I t w ill r e a dily b e a ll o w e d t h a t t h e e l a t io n O f t h e
. r

O ne be i ng t o t h e m a ny do e s no t a dm it o f b e ing e xh ibi t e d in a ny
p o s it iv e wa y . I t will be u g e d h o w e v e r t h a t it o u gh t no t t o i nv o lv e
r

a c o nt a dic t i o n if it is t o b e a dm itt e d e v e n a s a p o s t u la t e
r e t h o w is
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it t o be c o nc e iv e d t h a t w h a t is o ne s h o u l d no t o nly ca u s e a m a nifo l d
’

t o is s u e o u t o f i t s e l f bu t S h o u ld c o nt i nu e t o be t h is m a ni fo l d ?
, Th is
C H APT E R V I ) . 076 6 a nd t h e M a ny . l 3I

q u e s t io n h a s a t a ll t im e s fo r m e d o ne o f t h e diffi c u l t i e s o p h il o s o p h y
f
fo r the re a so wh a te ve m a y h a ve b e e n
n th a t in fa c t , r t h e p o i nt o f

d e p a t u e a t h o u s a nd w a y s l e a d b a c k t o it
r r ,
I ne e d no t g o fu th e r . r

b a c k t h a n t h e la t s t p a s t o f G e m a n p h il o s o p h y Fo t h e ide l is tic
e r . r a

s y s t e m s w h i c h e nde d in H e g e l no t m e r e ly t h e
, e l a t ivi t y o f e v e y t h i ng
,
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fi nit e bu t a l s o t h i nne vi t a l ity o f t h e infi nit e w h ich p o j e c t s t h e fu ll

, e r r

ne s s o f t h e m a nifo l d o u t o f it s u nit y wa s a p r i m a r y c e t a int y w h ic h , r

fo c e d it s e l f o n t h e Sp ir i t w it h a n ae s t h e t i c ne c e s s it y a nd d t e m i ne d
r e r

e ve y o th e
r c o nvi c t io n a c c o dingly
r I t m u s t b e a ll o w e d t h a t t h i s
r .

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r r -
r ,

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a dh e e nc e t o it s la w o f i d e nt i t y h a s b e e n
r a th v ig o o u s ly a s s e t e d ,
r er r r

t h a n c l e a r ly d fe nd d a g a i ns t t h e a t t a c k s m a de o n it in t h e int e e s t
e e r

o f t h i s la w I n t h e b o l d p a do x t h a t it is j s t in c o nt d ic t io n t h a t
. ra ,
u ra
.

t he e re s ts t he r d e e p e s t t u t h t h t w h ic h h d o ig in lly b e e n c o n r ,
a a r a

c e i e d a s t h e m y s t e y o f t h ing s c a m e t o
v b e t a ns f
r d in a v e r y r e rr e

q u e s tio na bl e wa y t o o u r m e t h o ds o f t h o gh t T h e e e ns u e d in t h e u . r

p h il o s o p h y o f H e r b a t a vig o r o u s s e l f de fe nc e o n t h e p r t o f fo m al
r - a r

l o gic a g a ins t th is a t t a c k— a de fe nc e w h ic h no do u b t h d it s u s e a s a

r e s t o ing t h e fo r m s o f inv e s t ig a t i o n t h a t h a d d is a pp e a e d du ing t h e

r r r

r s h a nd h u r y o f d i a le c tic a l d e v e l o p m e nt b u t w h ic h in t h e la s t
‘ ’
u r ,

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r , c a n o nly s u c c e e d by p e s pp o s ing a t t h e
,
r u

de c i s iv e p o int s t h e a c t u a l e is t e nc e in s o m e r e m o t e d is t a nc e o f t h a t
x , ,

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a

o f dm i t t ing
a O n t h is w h o l e qu e s t io n u nl e s s I a m m is t a k e n t h e r e is
.
, ,

no t m u c h e l se t o b e s a id t h a n w h t is o bj e c t e d by t h e y o ng S o c r a t e s a u

in t h e P a r m e ni de s t o t h e a s s e t io ns o f Z e no I s t h e r e no t o ne
’ ‘
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r .

i de a o f l ike ne s s a nd a no t h e r o f nlik e ne s s ? A nd a we no t c a ll e d u re

l ike o u nl ik e a c c o r ding a s we p a t a k e in o ne o r t h e o th e r ? No w
r r

if s o m e t h ing p a r t o o k in e a c h o f t h e Opp o s e d i de a s a nd t h e n h a d t o ,

b e c a ll e d l ik e a nd u nlik e a t t h e s a m e t im e w h a t w o u l d t h e e be t o ,
r .

s u p i s e u s in t h a t ?
r r No do u b t if a m a n t r ie d t o m a k e o u t lik e ne s s
a s s u c h t o b e e qu iv a l e nt t o u nl ik e ne s s a s s u c h t h a t w o u l d b e in
i
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c r e dibl e B u t t h a t s o m e t h ing s h o u l d p a t k e in b o t h ide a s a nd in

. r a

c o ns e qu e nc e s h o u l d b e b o t h lik e a nd u nl ik e t h a t I de e m a s l it t l e ,

a b s r d a s it is t o c a ll e v e ry t h ing o ne o n a c c o u nt o f it s p a t ic ip a t i o n
u r

in t h e i de a o f u ni t y a nd a t t h e s a m e t i m e m a ny o n a c c o u nt o f it s
e qu a l p t ic ip a t io n in t h e id e a o f m u l t iplic it y
ar Th e o nly t h ing t h a t .

we m a y no t do is t o ta k e u nit y fo r m u l tipl ic it y o r m u l t ipl ic ity fo r ,

75 . I t m ay se e m at fi r s t s igh t as if S o cr a te s ha d on ly p u sh e d t h e
K 2
 Th e U nity o
f Th ing s . [ B OO K 1 .

u lt
y a s te p fu r t h e r b a ck . Th e p o s s ib il ity ,
it m a y be s a id , o f
l
s im u t a ne o u s p a t i c ip a tio n in t h o s e t wo ide a s is j w
r w of u st h a t t h e la s
t h o u g h t fo r b id t o e v e y s u bj e c t W ith t h is o bj e c t io n I c a nno t g e e
r . a r .

I h a ve p e v i s ly p o int e d o u t t h e m e e ly fo m a l s ig nifi c a nc e o f t h e
r o u r r

p r inc ipl e o f ide nt ity A ll th a t it s a y s is t h a t A A th a t o ne is o ne

.
:

a nd t h a t m a ny a r m a ny ; t h a t t h e
e e a l is r e a l a nd t h e im p o s s ibl e r

i m p o s s ibl ; in s h o t t h a t e ve y p e d ic a t e is e q u iv a l e nt t o it s l f a nd
e r , r r e ,

e v e y s bj c t no l e s s s o
r u e B y it s e l f it s a y s no th ing a s t o t h e p o s s ib il it y
.

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a l p e dica t e s s im u l t a ne o u s ly o r e ve n o nly o ne t o
ra r , ,

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u . r r r a

t wo t h ink a bl e c o nt e nt s S a nd P s s u bj e ct a nd p r e d ic a t e — th e m e t a
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u u

o f l o gi c l e xp e s s io n— is w h a t c a nno t it s e l f b e e xp
a r sse d o r co n re

s t u c t e d by m e a ns o f a n l o g ic a l fo r m
r T h e o nly l o g ic a l Obl ig a t io n
y .

is w h e n o nce t h e c o nne x io n h a s b e e n s u pp o s e d o r r e c o g nis e d t o b e ,

c o ns is t e nt w it h o s e lv e s in r e g a d t o
ur it T h e e fo e t h e la w o f r . r r

e x c l d e d m id dl e in it s u na m big u o
u s fo m a s s t s t h is a nd o nly t h is ; u r er ,

j u dg m e nt s wh ich s e v e r a lly a ffi m a nd de ny o f t h e s a m e r

e s a m e p e d ic a t e P o nly o ne c a n b e t u er Fo r v e n t h a t r . e

l Oo p u l w h ic h u nit e s S a nd P w h a t e v e r it m a y c o ns is t
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,

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r Q w h i c h c a n b e c o n ne c te d - :

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, , e .

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e S h a s w e ig h t Q
,
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L o g ic fi nds t h e m c o m !
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.
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p a tibl I t c o u l d no t h o w e v e r s t a t e t h e e a s o n o f th e ir c o m p a tib il it y
e . r ,

fo t h e m e t a p h y s ic a l Co p u l a V b e t w e e n S a nd P — i e t h e e a l b e
r , , . . r

h a v io u r o n t h e p a t o f t h e b o dy w h i c h c o ns t itu t e s it s e x t e ns i o n o r t h e
r ,

m o de in w h ic h e x t e ns i o n a t t a c h e s t o it s e s s e nc e — is a s u nk no w n a s
t h e Co p u l a W— t h e b e h a vi o u r w h ic h m a k e s it h a vy S t ill l e s s c o u l d e .

we S h o w p o s it iv e ly h o w it is p o s s ible fo r V a nd W t o s b s is t u n u

di s t u r b e d a l o ng wi th e a c h o t h e r T h a t is a nd r e m a ins a m y s t e y o n . r

t h e p a t f th t h ing
r o e .

L e t u s no w a pply t h e s e c o ns i de r a t io ns t o t h e m a t t e r in h a nd If .

M is o ne t h e n it is u nt r u e t h a t it is no t t h is u nit y P
, I f it is m a ny ,
.
,

t h n it is im p o s s ib le t h a t it s h o u l d no t b e t h i s m u l t ip lic i t y
e
Q I f it , .

is at nc e u nit y a nd m u l t ipl ic it y t h e n it is i m p o s s ibl e t h t e it h e r

o a
,

s h o u l d be u nt u e o f it r B u t fr o m t h e t u t h o f o ne de te m i na t io n
. r r
CH AP T E R v 1 1 . Law o f I de nt ity m e r e ly f or ma l . 1 33

t h e r e is no i nfe r e nc e to th e u nt r u t h o f th e o th e r . T h i s wo u l d o n ly
be th e ca se if it co u ld be sho wn th a t th e co nc r e t e na t u r e o f M is
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.

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t

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.
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.

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r

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,
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pl a ins h o w t h e e x t a va g a nt u tt e a nc e c o u l d be v e nt u e d u p o n t h a t it
r r r ,

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u r Th o se r .

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r r r r

t o l o gi c a l l a w s — w h ic h do e s no t ind e e d a b o g a t e t h e m in t h ir r e

l e g it im a t e a ppl ica t io n bu t a s t o w hic h no s o r t o f p o s it ive c o nj e c t re

,
u

c o l d p o s s ibly b e fo r m e d a s a
u e s u l t o f s u c h a ppli c a t i o n r .

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.
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g a ding t h e m a s l im i ta t i o ns o f w h a t is e a lly p o s s ibl e wo u l d o bl ig e u s

r r ,

t o t e a t a s i na d m i s s ibl e t h e m o s t im p o r t a nt a s s u m p t io ns o n w h i c h o u
r r

c o nc e p t io n o f t h e w o r l d is fo u nde d A ll i de a s o f c o ndi t io ning o f .

,

c a u s e a nd e ffe c t o f a c t ivi t y r e q u i r e u s t o p r e s pp o s e c o nne x io ns o f

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t h ing s w h i c h no t h o u gh t c a n s u c c e e d in c o ns t r u c t i ng
,
Fo r t h o u g h t .

o c c u p ie s it s e l f w it h t h e e t e r na lly s u b s is t ing e l a t io ns o f t h a t w h ic h r

fo r m s t h e c o nt e nt o f t h e k no w a bl e no t wi t h e a l e x is t e nc e a nd wi t h ,
r

t h a t w h ic h e nde s t h is e xi s t e nc e fo r e v e r s o m e t h i ng m o r e t h a n t h e
r r

w o rl d o f t h o u gh t s I n r e g a r d h o w e v e t o a ll t h e r e s t o f t h e se
.
,
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a s s u m p t i o ns t h e im a g ini ng s o f s p e c u l a t io n h a v e b e e n b u s ie d t h o g h ,
u

in o u r e y e s ine ffe c t u a lly in b a nis h ing t h e m fr o m o u r t h e o r y o f t h e

,

w o l d I t wa s o nly B e c o m i ng it s l f t h a t it c o u l d no t d e ny e v e n
r . e ,

a ft e r r e d c i ng p o fe s s e d ly e v e y a c t iv it y t o a
u r e l a t io n o f c a u s e a nd
r r

e ffe c t a nd e v e y s c h r e l a t io n t o a m e e s u c c e s s io n o f p h e no m e na
,
r u r .

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r

o f e v e nt s a m e e a pp e a a nc e o f s u c h s u c c e s s i o n it c o u ld no t bu t
r r ,
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r e co g ni s e a r e a l B e c o m i ng a nd s u c c e s s i o n o f e v e nt s a t l e a s t in th o s e
b e i ng s in a nd fo r wh i ch t h e s u pp o s e d a pp e a a nc e u nfo l de d i t s e l f r .

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,
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o u r s e lv e s in o r de r t o c o nv e y t h e im p e s s io n o f h o w m u c h m a y e x is t r

in r e a l it y w it h o u t p o s s ib il it y o f b e i ng r e p o du c ed by a l o g ic l c o n r a

ne io n o f o u r t h o u gh t s
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t h e fa c t o f B e c o m i ng a t a ny a t e im m e dia t e p e r c e p t io n c o nvinc e d u s
r .

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r

b e t w e e n th e o ne u nc o ndit io ne d r e a l a nd th e m u l t ipl ic ity o f it s c o n

d it io ne d fo m s is m o e t h a n a p o s t l a t e o f o u r e fl e c t io n t h a t it is a
r ,
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p r o bl e m e t e na lly s o lve d in a fa s h io n a s m y s t e io u s a s is B e c o m ing

r r

it s e l f .

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t h e u nit y o f t h e m a ni fo l d in o ne fo r m o r a no t h e r is a l wa y s p r s s ing
, ,
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i t s e l f p o n u s a ne w Eve n t h e m e t a p h y s ic o f H e b t t h o gh s o
u . r ar u

u nfa v o u a bly dis p os e d t o it h a s t o d m it it a m o ng th o s e a c c ide nt a l

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s i m pl e q u a l it i e s a a nd 6 o f r e a l b e ing s s o fa r co m p a a bl e w it h e a c h
, , , r

o t h e r a s t o e xpl a in t h e p o s s ib il it y o f a r e c ip o c a l a c t io n t a k ing pl a c e r

b e t w e e n t h e m I f t h e s im pl e wa s t a k n t o p + x t h e no l e s s
. a e : .

s i m p le 6 t o g
— x t
: h e s e s u b s t i t u t io ns w e r e t o b e c a ll e d
, a c c i d e nt a l ’

o nly fo r t h e r e a s o n t h a t t h e p r e fe e nc e o f th e s e t o o t h e s de p e nde d r r

o n t h e u se t o w h i c h it wa s i nt e nde d t o p u t t h e m no t o n t h e na t u r e ,

o f t h e t h ing s I f t h e o bj e c t h a d b e e n t h e e xpl a na t i o n o f a no t h e r
.

p r o c e s s m igh t j u s t a s w e ll h a v e b e e n t a k e n t o
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b e r e nde r e d c o m p a a bl e w ith (s a y) r
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m o d e s o f t e a t m e nt t h e e s s e nc e o f
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t h ing s m igh t b e h e l d t o b e t h e i a ppl ic a t i o n a lwa y s i nv o lv e s t h e p e

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s u pp o s it io n t h a t t h e p e fe c t s im pl ic ity o f q u a l it y
r f o m w h ic h a ny , r

s o r t o f c o m p o s i t io n is h e l d t o b e e x c l u d e d m a y n e s p e c t o f it s c o n ,
1 r

t e nt b e t r e a t e d a s a b s o l u t e ly e qu iv a le nt no t m e r e ly t o s o m e o ne bu t

t o a g r e a t nu m b e o f c o nne c t e d m u l t ipl ic i t ie s
r .

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, ,
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b e s h o w n t o b e e q u iv a l e nt t o a s i m pl e o ne h a s m a d e t h e a pp lic a t i o n ,

o f t h is vi e w t o t h e e s s e nc e o f t h ing s s e e m l e s s q u e s t io na bl e t h a n it is .

Fo r t h a t w h ic h is indic a t e d by t h o s e s im pl e m a t h e m t ic a l e xp e s s io ns a r

m a k e s no s o t o f c l a im t o a n indis s o l u bl e m e t a p h y s i c a l u nit y o f c o n
r

t e nt a s do t h e r e a l e s s e nc e s O n t h e c o nt a r y t h e p o s s ib il it y o f in
. r ,

nu m e a bl e e q u iv a l e nt s b e ing s u b s t i t u t d fo r
r e s t s in t h is c a s e o n
e -
a r

t h e a dm it t e d infi nit e div is ib il it y o f w h i c h a ll o w s o f it s b e ing b o k e n

a ,
r

up a nd t h e fr a g m e nt s r e c o m p o u nde d in a n nu m b e o f f o m s ; or r r
,
y ,
 H A PT E R V I ] H e r ha r t d M l l S M u lt ip lic ity
’
’
d
C . .
37

l
e se , g e o m e t ry o n t h e fa c t t h a t is i nc l u de d in a s y s te m o f r e
in , a

l t io ns o f p o s i t io n w h ic h im pl ie s t h e p o s s ibil ity in a ny g iv e n c a e o f
a ,
s

b ing ing i nt o vie w th o s e e x t e r na l r e l a ti o ns o f t o o th e e l e m e nt s o f

r a r

s p a c e by w h ic h it m a y c o nt ib u t e t o t h e s o l u t i o n o f a p r o bl e m p o
r r

p o s e d w it h o u t t h e e b e ing a ny ne c e s s ity fo a n a l t e a t io n in t h e c o n
r r r

c e p t io n o f t h e c o nt e nt o f a it s e l f T h e e s s e nc e o f t h ing s c a nno t b e
.

t h o u gh t o f in e i th e r o f t h e s e w a y s Th e i nt r o du c t io n o f m a t h e .

m t ic a l a na l o g ie s c o u l d o nly s e rv e t o ill u s t r a t e
a no t t o j u s t ify t h is , ,

m e t a p h y s i c a l u s e o f a c c ide nt a l p o i nt s o f vi e w W h o e v e c o u nts
‘ ’
. r

it a dm i s s ibl e m a int ins in s o do ing t h e ne w a nd inde p e nde nt p o

a , ,
r

p o s it i o n t h t t h e u nity o f t h e u nc o m p o u nde d qu l ity by wh ic h o ne

a a ,

r e a l e s s e nc e is di s t ing u i s h e d fr o m a no th e r is ide nt ic a l wi th m a ny ,

m u t u lly c o nne c t e d m u l t ipli c it ie s

a .

7 8 A fu th e r s t e p m u s t b e t a k e n a c c ide nt a l vi e w s
’
. r The a e .
‘
r

no t m e r e ly c o m pl e x e xp e s s io ns by w h ic h o u r t h o u g h t a c c o r ding t o
r ,

a wa y o f it s o wn c o nt r iv e s t o p r e s e nt t o i t s e l f o ne a nd t h e s a m e

s im pl e e s s e nc e ; no t m e ly o u r diffe r e nt w a y s o f a r iv ing a t t h e
er r

s a m e e nd T h e c o u r s e o f e ve nt s i t s e l f c o r r e s p o nds t o t h e m
. I n th e .

p nt t i n f + d f 6 — h w m r e th a n
r e s e a o o a a s p x a n o a s g
: x t e e a s o : r

a m e re vi e w o f o u s I n t h e o pp o s it io n t h a t we a s s u m e d t o t a k e
r .

pl a c e b e t w e e n + x a nd — x w h i c h w o u l d de s tr o y e a ch o t h e if t h e y ,
r

c o u ld la y t h e a c t iv e de t e r m i ning c a u se o f a n e ffo t o f s e l f m a int e n

, r -

a nc e o n t h e p a rt o f e a ch b e ing w h i c h wa s no t e li c it e d by t h e ,

m u t u a lly i ndiff e e nt e l e m e nt s p a nd r N o w w h e t h e r we do o r d o
9 , . .

no t s h a e H e r b a t s vi e w s a s t o t h e r e a l o r a pp a r e nt h a pp e ning o f
’
r r

w h a t h a pp e ns a nd a s t o t h e m e a ning o f s e l f m a i nt e na nce t h is in a ny -
,

c a s e a m o u nt s t o a n a dm is s io n t h a t no t m e e ly t h e c o nt e nt o f t h e r

s im pl e qu a l it i e s is a t o nc e u nit y a nd m u l t ipl ic it y bu t a l s o t h a t t h e ,

t h ing s s o fa r a s t h e y a e t h ing s in t h e i r do i ng a nd s u ffe r i ng a r e a t

, r ,

o nc e o ne a nd m a ny I t is o nly wi th t h a t e l e m e nt x o f it s e s s e nc e
.

tha t a s s e r t s i t s e l f a nd b e c o m e s Op e a t iv e
a w h ic h fi nds a n Opp o s it e r ,

e l e m e nt in 6 B u t fo r a ll t h a t x r e m a i ns no l e s s in i nd is s o l bl e c o n
. u

ne x io n wi t h p w h i c h fo r t h e p r e s e nt h a s no o c c a s io n fo r a c t iv it y a nd
“
, ,

wh ich w o u l d c o m e int o pl a y if in a no th e r b e ing d it m e t w it h a

t e nde nc y p Opp , o s e d t o ,
it .

Fo r r e a s o ns t o b e m e nt io ne d p e s e nt ly I c a nno t a d o p t t h i s wa y o f r

t h i nki ng I h a ve o nly p u s u e d it s o fa r in o de r t o S h o w t h a t it
. r r

a s s e t s t h e u nit y o f t h e m a ni fo l d
r a nd t h a t in r e g a d t o the re a l ,
r ,

t h o u g h in a d iffe e nt p la c e f o m t h a t in w h ic h it s e e m e d t o m e
r r

ne c e s s a r y T h a t w h ic h in it is t a k e n t o be t ru e o f e v r y r e a l e s s e nc e
.
e

is w h a t in o u r t h e o ry is r e q u ir e d o f t h e o ne R e a l ; e x c e p t th a t wi t h
1 38 Th e U nity f
o Th ing s . [ B OO K 1 .

H e r b a rt t h a t b u p t i s o l a t i o n o f i ndivi du a l b e ing s c o nti nu e s in wh i ch

a r

w e fi nd a s t a nding h i nd a nc e t o t h e r e a l e xpl a na t io n o f th e c o u s e o f
r r

th e wo ld H e b a r t wa s u ndo bt e dly r ig h t in h o l ding t h t a n u n

r . r u a

c o nd it io ne d wa s im pli e d in t h e c h a ng e s o f t h e c o ndit io ne d B u t th e e . r

wa s no ne c e s s it y t o s e e k t h i s u nc o nd it io ne d s t a ig h t w a y in t h e m ni r a

fo l d o f t h e e l m e nt s w h ic h no d o u b t h a v e t o b e p r e s u pp o s e d a s
e

p o x im a t e p i nc iple s o f e xpl na t io n fo t h e c o u s e o f e ve nt s Th e
r r a r r .

e xp e im e nt is no t m a de o f a dm it t ing t his m u l t ipl ic it y b u t o nly a s a

r ,

m l t ipl ic it y t h a t is c o nd it io ne d a nd c o m p e h e nd e d in t h e u ni t y o f a
u r

s ingl t r u ly r e a l B e ing
e Ye t it is o nly a v o ide d a t t h e c o s t o f a dm it
.

t ing in t h e ind iv idu a l r e a l a m u l t ipl ic i t y s o c o ndit io ning it s e l f a s t o “

b e c o m e o ne o f t h e v e y s m e kind a s t h a t w hic h is o s t e ns ibly de

,
r a

nie d t o t h e R e a l a s wh o le a .

7 9 I e t u n o nc e m o e t o L e ib nit
. r r H e t o o c o nc e iv e s m a nifo l d
r z .

m t u lly ind p e nde nt M o na ds a s t h e e l e m e nt s o f t h e w o l d in a n

u a -
e r ,

t it h e s is h o w e v e , t o t h e unit y o f G o d by w h o s e u nde s t nding a c

r, ,
r a ,

c o ding t o L ib ni t
r is de t e m ine d t h e c o nt e nt o f w h a t t a k e s pl a ce in
e z ,
r

t h e w o l d e ve n a s it s r e a l it y is de t e m ine d by h is w ill
r , I f we c a n r .

m a k e u p o u m inds t o a b s t a in f o m a t o nc e d is m is s ing t h e s p p o r t s
r r u

d w n f o m a p hil o so p h y o f r e l ig io n w h ich L e ib nit h a s g iv e n t o

ra r ,
z

h is t h e o y t h e e is no t h ing t o p r e v e nt u s f o m g o ing b a c k s t il l
r , r r

f t h e t o a n e t e na lly m o b il e P h a nt a s y o n t h e pa t o f G o d t h e
ur r r r ,

c e a t iv e s o u c e o f t h o s e im a g e s o f w o l d s w h ic h h o v e
r r b e fo e H is r r r

u nde s t a nding
r T h o s e o f t h e im a g e s w h ic h by t h e r a t io na l ity o f t h e ir
.

c o nne x io n j u s t ify t h e m s e lv e s t o t h is u nde s t a nd ing a e t h e p o s s ibl e r r

w o l ds t h e b e s t m o ng w h ic h H is w ill e nde s a l No w s o l o ng
’

r a r r re .

a s we t h ink o f a w o l d im a g e A a s e xp o s e d t o t h is t e s t i ng ins p e c
r -
, ,

t io n o n t h e p a t o f t h e divine B e ing s o l o ng we c a n u nde s t a nd wh a t

r ,
r

is m e a nt by t h a t t u t h r a t io na l it y o c o ns is t e nc y o n w h ic h t h e p o s s i
r , r ,

b il ify o f it s r e l is a t io n is h e l d t o de p e nd I t is t h e s t a t e o f l iving
a .

s a t is f c t io n o n t h e p a t o f G o d w h ic h a is e s o u t o f t h e fe l t f ic t i o nl e s s
a r ,
r r

h a m o ny b e t w e e n t h is i m a g e a s u nfo l ding i t s e l f in G o d s c o ns c io u s
r
’

ne s s a nd t h e e t e na l h a b it s o f h is t h o u g h t
r I n t h is a c t iv e divine .

i nte ll ige nce w h ic h t h ink s a nd e nj o y s e ve r y fe a t u e o f t h e w o l d i m a g e r r

in it s c nne x io ns w it h o t h e r fe a t u e s — in it w h ic h k no w s h o w t o
o r

h o l d e v e y t h ing t o g e th e r — t h e s e v e r a l l ine s o f t h e i m a g e a r e c o m
r

b ine d a nd fo m no t a s c a t t e e d m u l t ipl ic it y b u t t h e a c t ive t o t a l it y

r r

o f w o l d w h ic h is p o s s ibl e b e c u s e it fo m s s u c h a c o m pl e t e w h o l e
a r a r .

I h a v e p e vio u s ly no t ic e d t h e difficu l ty o f a s s igning a ny fu t h e r de t e r

r r

m ina t io n w h ic h a c c r u e s t o t h is w o l d a l r e a dy t h o u g h t o f a s p o s s ibl e r , ,

if it is no t m e r e ly t h o u g h t bu t by G o d s will c a ll e d i nt o r e a l it y Ho w
’
.
CH AP TE R v 1 1 . L e i6nit z de s t r oy s U nity . 1 39

so e v e r t h i s m a y b e it c o u l d o nly e nj o y t h is fu th e r s o m e th i ng w h ic h
,
r

r e a lit y y ie lde d u nde r o ne o f t wo c o nd it io ns I t m u s t e it h e r c o nt i nu e .

wi t h in t h e i nne l ife o f G o d a s a n e t e na l a c t iv ity o f h is B e ing o r

r r ,

e nt e r o n a n e x is t e nc e o f it s o wn a s a p o du c t w h ic h d e t a c h e s it s e l f ,
r

fr o m h im 1 n a n 1 nd e p e nde nc e s c a r c e l t o b e d fi ne d
,
y e .

T h e fi r s t o f t h e s e s u pp o s o
i t i ns — t h a t o f t h e w o l d s I m m a ne nc e in r
’

G o d— we do no t fu t h e p u u e I t w ill l e a d d i e c t ly b a c k t o o u r
r r rs . r

vi e w t h a t e ve ry s ingl e t h ing nd e v nt c a n o nly be t h o g h t a s a n

'

a e u

a c t iv it y c o ns t a nt o r t a ns it o r y
,
o f the o ne Ex is t e nc e it s r e a li ty
r , ,

a nd s u b s t a nc e a s t h e m o de o f b e i ng a nd s u b s t a nc e o f t h i s o ne Ex is t

e nc e it s na t u r e a nd fo m a s a c o ns is t e nt p h a s e in t h e
,
r nfo l d i ng o f u

th e sam e .

I f, o n the o the r h a nd , we fo ll o w L e ib nit z in p r e fe r r in g th e o th e r

su pp o s it io n t h a t t h e r e a l w o r l d is c o ns t itu t e d by a s u m o f de v e l o p
m e nt s o f is o l a t e d M o na d s — de v lo p m e nt s m e r e ly p a a ll l a nd no t int e
e r e r

fe ing w it h e a c h o t h e in w h a t p e c is e fo r m h a s t h is w o l d p e s e v e d
r r, r r r r

t h e v e y p o p e r t y o n w h i c h r e s t e d it s c l a im t o b e c ll e d i nt o
r r e l it y ? a r a

I m e a n t h a t t u th c o ns is t e nc y o r a t i o na l ity w h ich e nde e d it

r , , r ,
r r

s u p e io r t o t h e u nr e a l is a bl e d r e a m s o f t h e d iv ine P h a nt s y ?
r Wh t a a

w o u l d be g a ine d by s y ing t h a t in t h is w o l d w h il e no ne o f it s m m be s
a r , e r

c o ndit i o n e a c h o t h e e v e y t h ing g o e s o n a s if t h y a ll d id s o ; t h a t
r, r e

a c c o d ingly w h il e it d o e s no t r e a lly fo m a w h o l e
r t t o a n i n t lli r
, ye e ,

g e nc e di e c t e d t o it it w ill h a v e t h e a pp e a a nc e o f do ing s o ; t h t in
r ,
r a ,

o ne w o d it s r e a l it y c o ns is t s in a h o ll o w a nd d e l u s iv e im it a t io n o f
r ,

t h a t inne c o ns is t e nc y w h ic h wa s p r o no u nc e d t o
r be a s s u c h t h e , ,

u l ti m a t e e a s o n wh y it s
r e a l is a t io n wa s p o s s ibl e ?
r I c a n a nt ic ip a t e a n
o bj e c t io n t h a t w il l h e r e b e m a de ; d o u b t l e s s it w ill b e s a id b e t w e e n , ,

t h e e l e m e nt s o f t h i s w o l d t h e e e xi s t e c ip o c a l c o nd it io ns t h o u gh
r r r r ,

it m a y no t fo ll o w t h a t t h e e le m e nt s a c t u lly o p e a t e o n e a c h o t h e r in a r

a c c o da nce w it h t h e s e c o nd it io ns
r t h e y e x is t in t h e fo r m o f a s u m o f

a c t u lly p e s e nt r e l t io ns o f a ll e l e m e nt s t o a ll b t t h e p e s e nc e o f
a r a ,
u r

t h e s e r e l a t io ns do e s no t im ply a n I nt e llig e nc e t h a t c o m p e h e nds r

t h e m ; l ik e a ny t u t h t h e y c o nt inu e t o h o l d t h o u g h no o ne t h ink s o f
r ,

th e m .

5 The b s t a nce o f w h a t I h a v e t o s a y a g a i ns t t h e a dm is s ib il it y o f
su

s u c h v ie w s I p o s t p o ne fo a m o m e nt H e I w o u l d o nly e m ind t h e
r . er r

r e a d e r t h a t a ll t h is m ig h t e q u a lly b e s a id o f t h e u n e a l is e d w o l d r r

i m g e A a s s u pp o s e d t o b e s t ill h o v e ing b e fo e t h e d ivine u nde

a r r r

s t a nding A t t h e s a m e t im e s o m t h ing m o e m ig h t b e s a id o f it
. e r .

Fo in t h is l iv ing t h o g h t o f G o d it wa s no t m e e ly t h e c a s e t h a t a
r u r

p a r t o f th is i m a g e s t o o d t o a no t h e p a t 6 in a c e t a in r e l a t io n
a r r r ,
1 4 0 Th e U nily o
f Th ing s . [ B OO K 1 .

w h i c h m igh t v e b e e n dis c o v e e d by
ha r th e a tte nt o n oi
i nd di re c t e d fa m
to it . Fo r in fa c t t h i s c o ns c io u s ne s s a c t u a lly w a s c o ns t a nt ly d i c t d re e

t o it, a nd in t h is c o ns c io u s ne s s , in it s re l a t ing a c t ivi t y t h s e r e l a t i o ns ,

e

h a d t h e ir b e ing . Th e p r e s e nt a t io n o f a wa s in fa c t in s u ch a n in
s t a nc e the e ffic i e nt ca u se wh ic h b ro u gh t the p r e s e nt a t io n o f 6 int o
vi
t h e d i ne c o s c o s n i n e s s o r — if t h is is h e l d t o b e t h e o ffic e o f th e
u ,

P h a nta s y— w h ic h a t a ny a t e e t a ine d it in c o ns c i o u s ne s s a nd r e r r

c o g ni s e d it a s t h e c o ns is t e nt c o m pl e m e nt t o T h e a c t iv e c o nd it io n a .

ing o f 6 by is a b s e nt fr o m t h e e l e m e nt s o f r e l it y a nd is e xp e s s ly
a a r

r e pl c e d a a c c o d ing t o t h e t h e o y in q e s t i o n by t h e m e r e c o e x is t
,
r r u ,

e nc e w ith o t a ny a c t iv e o p
,
u a t io n o f o ne o n t h e o t h r o f t h ing s t h e er e ,

sa m in c o nt e nt w it h t h e p e s e nt a t io ns o f t h e d iv ine c o ns c io u s ne s s
e r .

T h u s t o s a y th e l e a s t t h e e a l is e d w o l d s o fa f o m b e ing ic h e r
, ,
r r ,
r r r ,

is p o o e in c o ns e q e nc e o f it s s u pp o s e d i nde p e nde nt e xi s t e nc e a s
r r u

d e t a c h e d f o m t h e D iv ine B e ing— in c o ns e q u e nc e o f it s c o u s e e
r r r

s u lting no l o ng e f o m t h l iv ing p e s e nc e o f G o d b u t o nly f o m n

r r e r r a

o d e r o f e l t io ns e s t a bl is h e d by h im
r r a The q i e m e nt t h a t G o d . re u r

a nd t h e w o l d s h o u l d no t b e s o bl e nde d a s t o l e a v e no Opp o s i t io n
r

b e t w e e n t h e m is in i t s e l f p e fe c tly j u s t ifi e d B u t t h e igh t wa y t o r . r

s a t is fy it w o u l d h a v e b e e n no t by t h is u nint e ll ig ibl e s e c o nd a c t o f

c o ns t it u t io n by t h e r e a l is a t io n o f w h a t wa s p e v io u s ly a n im a g e o f a
,
r

m e e ly p o s s ibl e w o l d bu t by t h e r e c o g nit i o n t h a t w h a t in t h is t h e o y
r r ,
r

is p e s e nt e d a s a m e e p o s s ib il it y nd p r e l im ina y s u gg e s t io n (t o t h e
r r a r

m ind o f G o d ) is in fa c t t h e fu ll e a l it y b u t t h a t ne v e t h e l e s s t h e o ne r ,
r

r e m a ins d iffe re nt f o m a ll t h e m a nifo l d w h ic h o nly e x is t s in a nd

r ,

t h o u g h t h e o ne
r .

8 0 I no w r e tu r n t o t h e t h e s i s o f w h i c h I j u s t no w p o s t p o ne d
.
,

t h e s t a t e m e nt fo a n ins t a nt I t a t o nce fo r m s t h e c o nc l u s io n o f a
r .

c o u s e o f t h o u g h t p e v io s ly e nt e r e d o n a nd h a s a de is iv e b e a r i ng
r r u c

o n a ll t h a t I h a v e t o s a in t h e s e q u e l A t t h e o u t s e t o f t h is d is
y .

c s s io n we t o t h e c o nc l u s io n t h a t t h e p o p o s it io n t h ing s
‘
u cam e r ,

e x is t h a s no int e ll ig ibl e m e a ning e x c e p t t h a t t h e y s t a nd in e l a t io ns

’ ’

, r

t o e a c h o th e r B t t h s e e l a t io ns we l e ft fo r t h e p e s e nt w it h o u t a
. u e r r

na m e a nd c o nt e nt e d o u r s lv e s by wa y o f a fi r s t i nte p e t a t io n o f o r
, e ,
r r u

t h o u g h t wi t h e fe r e nc t o v a io u s r e l a t io ns in t h w a y o f s p c e t im e
,
r e r e a , ,

iu s e a nd e ffe c t o f w h ic h t h e s u b s is t e nc e b e t w e e n t h ing s
’
a nd o f é z ,

c o ns t it u t e d fo r o u e v e y da a pp r e h e n rio n t h a t w hric h we c ll t h e s a
y
-

r e a l e x is t e nc e o f t h e w o l d B t b e t w e e n t h e c o ns t it u e nt s o f t h e
r . u

w o l d o f id a s — c o ns t it u e nt s m e e ly t h ink a bl e s o pp o s d t o e a l
r e r a e r

w fo nd a c o m pl e x o f e l t io ns no l e s s ic h
e u N y o u m o bil er a r . a ,
r

t h o u gh t it s e e m e d h a d m e e ly t o will it a nd t h e nu m b e r o f t h e s e
, ,
r ,
 o 6 e ct io e
j
’

IV h a t r e la t io ns ?
‘
cw m vi 1 . a re 1 4 1

l i
r e a t o ns m ig h t be i nd e fi ni t e ly i nc r e a s e d by t r a ns i t i o ns in t h e wa y O f

c o m p a i s o n b e t w e e n p o i nt s s l e c t e d a t pl e a s u e
r T h is c o ns i de a t io n
e r . r

c o u l d no t b u t e li c i t t h e de m a nd t h a t t h e e l a t i o ns o n w h i c h t h e b e i ng r

o f t h i ng s e s t s s h o u l d be
r s o gh t o nly a m o ng t h o s e w h ic h o b t a in u

o bj e c t iv e ly b e t w e e n t h e m no t a m o ng s u c h a s o u r s u bj e c t iv e p o c e s s
,
r

o f t h inki ng c a n by a bi t a y c o m p a r i s o ns e s t a bl is h b e t w e e n t h e m
r r r .

T h i s di s t inc t i o n h o w e ve is u nte na bl e I r e p e a t in e g a d t o it r . r r

w h a t I h a v e a l e a dy in m y L o g ic h a d Opp o r t u ni ty o f e xpl a ini ng in

r
1

d e t a il .I n t h e p a s s g e r e fe e d t o I s t a t e d wi t h c o ns i de ing h o w
a rr r r

a r p e s nt a t io n o f r e l a t i o ns b e t w e e n t wo m a t t e s o f c o ns c io u s ne s s a
re e r ,

a nd 6 is p o s s ibl e
, T h e c o ndi t i o n o f it s p o s s ib ili ty I c o u l d no t fi nd
.

e i the r in t h e m e e s u c c e s s io n o r in t h e Si m l t a ne it y o f t h e t wo s e v e r a l i
r u

p r e s e nt a t i o ns a nd 6 in c o ns c io u s ne s s bu t o nly in a e l a t ing a c tiv ity

,
a , ,
r ,

wh ic h di e c t s i t s e l f f o m o ne t o t h e o t h e r h o l ding th e t wo t o g e t h e r
r r , .

H e wh o fi nds e d a nd y e ll o w t o a c e t a in e x t e nt diffe e nt ye t a k in
r r r ,

b e c o m e s c o ns c io s no do u b t o f t h e s e t wo r e l a t i o ns o nly by h e lp o f
u , ,

t h e c h a ng e s w h ic h h e a s a s u bj e c t o f ide a s e xp e ie nce s in t h e t a ns
, ,
r r

it io n f o m t h e i de a o f r e d t o t h a t o f y ll o w ; bu t I a d de d h e will
’
r e , ,

no t in t h i s t r a ns it io n e nt e t a i n a ny a pp e h e ns io n l e s t t h e r e l a t io n o f r r

r e d t o y e ll o w m a in i t s e l f b e s o m e t h ing d if f e nt f o m th a t o f the er r
y
a ffe c t io ns w h i c h t h e y s e v e ra lly o c c a s i o n in h im ; l e s t in i t s e l f ed r

s h o u l d b e l ik e y e ll o w a nd o nly a pp e a r dif f e e nt f o m it t o s o r le s t r r u ,

in e a li ty t h e e s h o u l d be a g r e a t e r d ffe r e nc e b e t w e e n t h e m t h a n we
r r i

k no w w h ic h o nly a pp e s t o u s t o i nv o lve ne ve th e l e s s a c e t a i n
, ar r r

af fi ni t y D o u b t s l ik e t h e s e m igh t b e e nt e r t a i ne d a s t o t h e e x t e na l
. r

c a u s e s t o u s s t ill u nk no w n o f o u r fe e li ng s
, B u t s o l o ng a s it is no t
,
.

t h e s e c a u s e s bu t o nly o u r o wn ide a s a ft e r t h e y h a v e b e e n e x c i t e d in ,

u s t h a t fo m t h e o bj e c t o f o u r c o m p a is o n we d o no t d o b t t h a t t h e
,
r r ,
u

like ne s s e s diffe e nc e s a nd e l a t io ns w h i c h t h e s e e x h ibi t o n t h e p a r t o f

z
, r , r

o u r p r e s e nt a t iv e s u s c e p t ibili ty i ndi c a t e a t t h e s a m e t im e a r e a l e l a t i o n r

o n t h e p a t o f w h a t is r e p r e s e nt e d t o u s
r Ye t h o w e x a c t ly is t h i s .

p o s s ibl e ? H o w c a n t h e p r o p o s it io ns is t h e s a m e a s a a nd a is dif , a , ,

fe e nt fr o m 6 e xp e s s a n o bj e c t iv e r e l a t io n w h ich a s o bj e c t iv e w o u l d
r , r , , ,

s u b s i s t i nde p e nde nt ly o f o u r t h o u gh t a nd o nly b e d is c o v e e d o r r

r e c o g ni s e d by it ? S o m e o ne m a y p e h a p s s t il l s u pp o s e h im s e l f t o r

k no w w h a t h e m e a ns by a s e l f—e xi s t e nt i de nt ity o f w it h a ; bu t 3
a

w h a t w ill h e m a k e o f a s e l f e x is te nt di s t inc t io n b e t w e e n a nd 6 ? - a

a nd w h a t o bj e c t iv e l a t io n w ill c o r e s p o nd t o t h is 6 tw n t o w h ic h ’
re r e ee ,

we o nly a t t a c h a m e a ni ng s o l o ng a s it s u gg e s t s t o u s t h e di s t a nc e in
,

33 7.
3
[
‘
Gl e ich h e it g . l e ic h .
’
V no t e o n
1 4 2 Th e U nity of Thing s . 11300 1; 1 .

Sp a c e wh i c h w in c o m p a ing a nd 6 m e t a p h o i c a lly i nte r p o l a t e d

e, r a , r

fo t h e p u p o s e o f h o l d ing t h e t wo a p a t a nd t t h e s a m e t im e a s a
r r r ,
a

c o nne c t ing p a t h o n w h ic h o u m ind s e ye m ig h t b e a bl e t o t a v e l f o m

’
r r r

o ne t o t h e o t h e ? —
Or t o p u t t e c a s e o t e w s e
r h h i — s i nc e d iff e r e nc e r ,

lik e a ny o t h e e l a t i o n is ne it h e r a p e d ic a t e o f
r r ,
t a k e n by it s e l f no r o f r a

6 t ke n by it s e l f o f w h a t is it a p re dic a t e ? A nd if it o nly h a s a
a ,

m e a ning w h e n a nd 6 h a v e b e n b o g h t i nt o
a e l a t io n t o e a c h o t h e r
e r u r ,

w h t o bj c t iv e c o nne x io n e x is t s b e t w e e n a nd 6 in t h e s u pp o s e d c a s e
a e a

w h e e t h e r e l a t ing a c t ivit y by w h ic h we c o nne c t e d th e t wo in c o n

r ,

s c io u s ne s s is no t b ing e x e r c is e d ?
‘

,
e

T h e o nly p o s s ible a ns w e t o t h e s e q u e s t i o ns we fo u nd t o be t h e r

fo ll o wi ng I f a nd 6 a s we h a v e s o fa r t a k e n t o b e t h e c a s e a e no t
. a , , r

t h i ng s b e l o ng ing t o a r a l it y o u t s ide a nd i nde p e nde nt o f o u t h o u g h t

e r ,

b u t s im ply c o nt e nt s o f p o s s ibl e ide a s l ik e r e d a nd y e ll o w s t a ig h t a nd ,

r

c u ve d t h e n a
r ,
e l a t io n b e t w e e n t h e m e x is t s o nly s o fa
r a s we t h i nk it r

a nd by t h e a c t o f o u t h ink ing it B u t o u r s o u l is s o c o ns t it u t e d a nd
r .
,

we s u pp o s e e v e r y o t h e s o u l whic h i nw a dly r e s e m bl e s o u r o wn t o b e
r r

s o c o ns t it u t e d t h a t t h e s a m e , a nd 6 h o w o ft e n a nd by w h o m s o e v e r
a ,

t h e y m a y b e t h o u gh t w ill a lw a y s p r o du c e in t h o u gh t t h e s a m e e l a
, r

t io n— a e l a t io n t h a t h s it s b i ng o nly in t h o g h t a nd by m e ns o f
r a e u a

t h o u ght T h e e fo e t h is e l a t io n is i nde p e nde nt o f t h e i ndivi du a l

. r r r

t h i nk ing s bj e c t a nd i nde p e nde nt o f t h e s e v r a l p h a s e s o f t h a t s u b

u ,
e

j e c t
’

s t h o g h t T
u h i s is a ll t h a t we m e a n w h e n we
. e g a r d it a s h a v ing r

a n e x is t e nc e in it s e l f b e t w e e n a nd 6 a nd b e l ie v e it t o b e d is c o v e r a bl e
a

by o u r t h o u gh t a s a n o bj e c t w h ic h h a s a p e m a ne nc e o f it s o wn I t r .

r e lly h s t h is p e m a ne nc e b u t o nly in t h e s e ns e o f b e ing a n o c c u r

a a r ,

r e nc e w h ic h w ill a lw a y s e p e t i t e l f in o r t h ink ing in t h e s a m e wa y

r a s u

u nde t h r s a m e c o ndit io ns
e S o l o ng t h e r e fo r e a s t h q u e s t io n c o nc e ns
. e r

an a a nd 6 o f w h ic h t h e c o nt e nt is g iv e n m e e ly by im p e s s io ns a nd
,
r r

i de a s t h e dis t inc t io n o f o bj c t iv e e l a tio ns o bt a ining b e t w e e n t h e m

, e r ,

f o m s u bj e c t iv e r e l a t io ns e t b lis h e d b e t w e e n t h e m by o u t h o u g h t is
r s a r ,

w h o lly u nm e a ning A ll r l a t io ns w h ic h c a n be dis c o v e r e d b t w e e n

. e e

t h e t wo a r e p r e dic a bl e o f t h e m o n e x a c t ly t h e s a m e fo o t ing ; a ll t h a t ,

is t o s a y a s infe r e nc e s w h i c h t h e i o wn c o ns t a nt na t u r e a ll o w s t o o u r
, r

t h o g h t a nd e nj o ins u p o n it ; no ne a s s o m e t h ing w h ic h h a d a n e x is t
u

e nc e o f it s o wn b e t w e e n t h e m p io r t o t h is infe e nt i l a t iv it y o n o u r r r a c

p a rt T
. h e e l t io n ro f a
a t o 6 in s u c
1
h c a s e s m e a ns c o nfo r m a bly t o t h e ,

e t y m o l o g ic a l fo r m o f t h e t e m o u r a c t o f r e fe r e nc e
2
r ,

8 1 W e no w p a s s t o t h e o t h r c a s e w h ic h c o nc e ns u s h e r e a s
. e ,
r

U r e H a nd l u n
[
3
n
‘
s e g de s
C H APT E R v 1 1 . R e la t io ns o f Q u a lit ie s a nd o f Th ing s . 1 43

de a l ing no lo ng e r wi th l o gi c bu t wi th m e ta phy s i c s Le t a nd 6 indi . a

c a t e e xp r e s s ly R e a li t ie s E nt i t i e s o r T h ing s ,
The g o u p a nd 6 o f
,
. r s, a ,

s e ns ibl e o r i m a gi na bl e qu a li t i e s by w h i c h t h e s e t h i ng s a r e d is t ingu is h e d
,

fr o m e a c h o t h e r we c a n s t ill s u b m it w it h t h e s a m e e s u l t a s be fo e
,
r r

t o o u r a r bi t r a r y a c t s o f c o m p is o n a nd e v e y r e l a t io n w h ic h by s o ar ,
r

do ing we fi nd b e t w e e n t h e q u a l it i e s w ill h a v e a s ig nifi c a nc e fo r t h e

t wo t h ing s a a nd 6 e q u a lly e s s e nt ia l o r u ne s s e nt i a l o bj e c t iv e o no n ,
r

o bj e c t iv e No r e l a t i o n b e t we e n t h e m c o u l d be di s c o v e r e d if it w e e
. r

no t fo u nde d o n t h e na t u e o f e a c h b u t no ne is fo u nd b e fo e it is
r ,
r

s o u gh t

B t it is no t t h e s e r e l a t i o ns t h a t we h a v e in v ie w if in o de r t o
u , r

r e nde r i nt e ll igibl e a c o nne xi o n o f t h e t h i ng s a a nd 6 w h ic h e xp e r ie nc e

fo r c e s o n o u r no t ic e we a pp e a l t o a ,
l a t io n C w h i c h s o m e t im e s do e s re , ,

s o m e t im e s do e s no t o b t a in b e t w e e n ,
a nd 6 ; w h ic h is t h s no t o ne a u

t h a t b e l o ng s t o t h e c o ns t a nt na t u r s a nd 6 o f t h e t wo t h i ng s b u t a e , a , ,

r e l a t i o n i nt o w h i c h t h e t h ing s a s a l r e a dy c o ns t i t u t e d i nde p e nde nt ly o f

,

it do o r do no t e nt e r
,
I n t h is c a s e t h e c o nc l u s io n is u na v o i da bl e
.

t h a t t h is o bj e c t iv e r e l a t i o n C t o w h i h we a pp e a l c a nno t be a ny t h ing
, c ,

t h a t t a k e s pl a c e 6 tw n a a nd 6 a nd t h a t j u s t fo r t h a t r e a s o n it is no t
e ee ,

a r e l a t i o n in t h e o r d ina r y s e ns e o f t he t e r m b u t m o e t h a n t h is Fo , r . r

it is o nly in o u t h o u gh t w h il e it p a s s e s f o m t h e m e nt l i m a g e o r
r ,
r a

p r e s e nt a t io n o f t o t h a t o f
a 6 t h a t t h e r e a r i s e s a s a p,
e c e p t io n i m m e ,
r

d ia t e ly i nt e ll ig ib le t o t h o u gh t t h a t w h i c h we h e e c a l l a 6 t w n ,
It r e ee .

w o u l d be q u it e f t il e t o t y o n t h e c o nt r a r y t o a s s ign t o t h is 6 t w n
u r , ,
e ee ,

a t o nc e co nne c t ing a nd s e p a r a t ing a nd 6 w h ic h is a m e r e m e m o i a l a ,

r

o f a n a c t o f t h o u g h t a c h i e v e d s o l e ly by m e a ns o f t h e u ni t y o f o u r c o n

s c io u s ne s s a r e a l v a li di ty in t h e s e ns e o f it s h a vi ng a n i nde p e nde nt
,

e x is t e nc e o f it s o wn a p a r t f o m t h e c o ns c io u s ne s s w h ic h t h ink s itr .

W e a e a ll it is t r u e a c c u s t o m e d t o t h ink o f t h i ng s in t h e ir m l t ipl i
r , ,
u

c i ty a s s c tt e e d o v er a s p a c e t h o u g h t h e v o i d o f w h i c h s t e t c h t h e
a r ,
r r

t h r e a d s o f t h e i r c o nne c t i ng e l t io ns ; w h e t h e r we i ns i s t o n t h i s wa y o f
r a

th inki ng a nd c o ns i de r t h e e xi s t e nc e o f t h i ng s t o b e o nly p o s s ibl e in

t h e s p a c e w h i c h we s e e a o u nd u s o r w h e t h e r we a r e d i s p o se d w it h
r ,

m o e o r l e s s c l e a ne s s a s a g a i ns t t h e no t i o n o f a s e ns ibl e s p a c e t o
r r , ,

p r e fe t h a t o f a n i nt e ll ig ibl e s p a c e wh ic h w o u ld a ffo r d t h e we b c o m
r

p o s e d o f t h o s e th e a ds o f e l a t io n e q a l c o nve ni e nc e o f e xp a ns io n B t
r r u . u

e v e n if we c a nno t id o u s e lv e s o f t h e s e fig u r e s we m u s t a t l e a s t a ll o w
r r ,

t h a t t h a t p a r t o f t h e t h r e a d o f r e l a t i o n w h i c h li e s in t h e v o i d be t w e e n
a a nd 6 c a n c o nt r ib u t e no t h ing t o t h e u ni o n o f t h e t wo i m m e d ia t e ly
,

b u t o nly t h o u gh it s a tt a ch m e nt t o
r a nd 6 r e s p e c t iv e ly No r do e s a .

it s m e e c o nt a c t wi t h a a nd 6 s u ffice t o y ie l d t h i s r e s u l t
r I t m u st .
1 44 Th e U nity of Th ing s .

co m i b o t h a de fi nit e t e ns i o n p r e v a l e nt t h r o u gh o u t it s o wn
m u n c a te t o ,

le ng t h s o t h a t t h e y a r e in a d iff e nt c o ndi t i o n f o m t h a t in w h ic h
,
er r

t h e y w o l d be if t h is t e ns io n w e r e o f a diffe e nt de g r e e o r t o o k a dif
u r

fe r e nt di e c t i o nr .

I t is o n t h e s e m o difi c a t i o ns o f t h e i r i nne r s t a t e w h ic h a a nd 6 s u s ,

t a i n f o m e a c h o th e r
r — o n t h e se a lo e
n — t h a t t h e r e s u l t o f t h e r e l a t io n

b e t w e e n t h m de p e nds ; a nd t h e s e a e o bv io u s ly inde p e nde nt o f t h e

e r

le ng t h a nd o f t h e e x is t nc e o f t h e i m a g ine d t h e a d o f r e l t io n
e The r a .

t e m ini
r a nd 6 c a n p r o du c e im m di t l
a y in e a c h o t h e r t h e s e r e c ip r o c a l
e a e

m o difi c a t i o ns w h ic h t h e y in t h e la s t r e so r t m u s t p o du c e e v e n o n
,
r

s u pp o s it io n t h a t t h e y c o m m u nic a t e d t h e ir t e ns io n t o e a c h o t h e r by

m e a ns o f t h e t h re a d o f e l a t io n ; s i nc e no o ne w o u l d s o fa r m i s u s e
r

t h e fig u r e a s t o m a k e t h e t h r e a d w h ic h wa s o s t e ns ibly o nly a n a da p t a
,

t i o n t o s e ns e o f t h e e l a t io n b e t we e n t h e t e m ini i nt o a ne w r e a l
r r ,

m a t e i a l c a p a bl e o f c a u s ing a t e ns io n t h a t h a s a r i s e n in it s e l f f o m
r , ,
r

t h e e c ip r o c a l a c t io n o f it s o wn e l e m e nt s t o a c t o n ine r t t h i ng s
r a nd
, ,
a

6 a t t a c h e d t o it
,
L e t u s d i s c a d t h e n t h is e a s y b t u s e l e s s a nd c o n
. r , , ,
u

fu s ing fig u r e ,
L e t u s a dm i t t h a t t h e r e is no s u c h t h i ng a s t h is int e r v a l
.

b e t w e e n t hing s in w h ic h a s it s v a i o u s p o s s ibl e m o difi c a t io ns we

, ,
r ,

s o u g h t a pl a c e fo r t h o s e r e la t i o ns C t h a t we s u pp o s e d t o fo r m t h e
, ,

g o u nd o f t h e c h a ng ing a c t i o n o f t h ing s u p o n e a c h o th e r T h a t
r .

w h ic h we s o u g h t u nde r th i s na m e o f a n o bj e c t iv e r e l a t io n b e t w e e n
t h ing s c a n o nly s u b s is t if it is m o r e t h a n m e r e r e l a t i o n a nd if it s u b ,

s is t s no t b e t w e e n t h ing s bu t i m m e dia t e ly in t h e m a s th e m u t u a l a c t io n

w h ic h t h e y e x e c is e o n e a c h o th e r a nd t h e m u tu a l e ffe c t s w h i ch t h e y
r

s u s t a in f o m e a c h o t h e r
r I t is no t t ill we di e c t o u r t h o u g h t in t h e
. r

wa y o f c o m p a i s o n t o t h e v a i o u s fo r m s o f t h is a c t io n t h a t we c o m e
r r

t o fo m t h is a b s t ra c t c o nc e p t io n o f a m e r r e l a t io n no t ye t a m o u nt ing
r e ,

t o a c t io n b u t p e c e ding t h e a c t i o n w h ic h r e a lly t a k e s pl a c e a s it s
r

g o u nd o r c o ndi tio n
r .
 C H A PT E R V I I .

Co nc lu s io n .

82 . WE m ay no w a t te m p t by wa y o f su m m a r y to de t e r m i ne h o w
m an y o f th e o nt o l o gi c a l q u e s t io ns s o fa r p o p o s e d a dm it o f a fi na l ,
r ,

a ns w e r I n t h e fi s t pl a c e t o s t a nd in e l a t io ns a pp e a e d t o u s a t
. r ,
r r

t h e b e g inni ng o f o u r d i s c u s s io n t o b e t h e o nly int e ll ig ibl e i m p o t o f r

’

t h e b e i ng o f t h i ng s T h e s e e l a t io ns a e no th i ng e l s e t h a n t h e im
. r r

m e dia t e i nt e na l r e c ip o c a l a c t io ns t h e m s e lv e s w h ic h t h e t h ing s u n
r r

r e m it t ing l
y e x c h a ng e B e s i d e t h e t h i ng s a nd t h a t w h ic h g o e s o n in
.

t h e m t h e r e is no t h ing in r e a li t y Ev e ry t h ing w h i c h we e g a rd a s . r

m e re e l a t io n— a ll t h o s e r e l a t io ns w h ic h s e e m
r t o e x t e nd t h o u g h t h e r

c o m pl e t e v o id o f a e a l m ig h t
’
6 tw n th ing e s o t h a t th e
ee -
nt r into
s, r e e

t h e m — s u b s i s t s o le ly a s i m a g e s w h ic h o u r p r e s e nt a t iv e fa c u l ty o n
it s o wn a c c o u nt m a k e s fo r it s e l f T h e y o ig ina t e in it a nd fo r it a s
. r ,
/

in it s r e s t l e s s a c t ivi t y it c o mp a e s t h e l ik e ne s s d iffe r e nc e a nd s e
’

r , ,

q u e n c e o f t h e i m p r e s s io n s w hic h t h e Op e r a t io n o f A B C u p o n u s , ,

b i ng s i nt o b e ing— t h i s Op e r a t i o n a t e a c h m o m e nt c o r e s p o nding t o
r r

t h e c h a ng e a bl e i nne r s t a t e s a 6 w h ic h A B C e xp e i e nc e th r o u gh
, , c, , ,
r

t h e i a c t io n o n e a c h o t h e
r T o p u s u e t h is T h e s is fu th e r is t h e p r o bl e m
r . r r

o f C o s m o l o gy w h ic h d e a l s wi t h t h i ng s a nd e v e nt s a s r e s t i ng o
,
pa ss r

ing in t h e s e e m ingly p r e e x is t e nt fo r m s o f s p a c e a nd t im e a nd w h ic h
-
,

w ill h a v e t o s h o w h o w a ll e la tio ns o f s p a c e a nd t im e w h ic h we a r e
r ,

a cc u s t o m e d t o e g a r d a s p i o r c o ndi t io ns o f a n Op e r a t io n ye t t o
r r

e ns u e a r e o nly e xp r e s s i o ns a nd c o ns e q u e nc e s o f o ne a lr e a dy t a k ing
,

pl a c e .

W e fi nd a n a ns w e r fu t h e r t o t h e e nq u i y a s t o t h a t m e ta p h y s i c a l
r r

C t h a t e l a t io n w h i c h it s e e m s ne c e s s y s h o u l d S u p e v e ne in o d e r
, r ar r ,
r

t h a t t h i ng s w h i c h wi t h o u t it w o u l d h a v e r e m a i ne d ind iffe e nt t o e a c h
,
r

o t h e r m ig h t b e pl a c e d u nde r t h
, ne c e s s it y a nd b e c o m e c p a bl e o f
e ,
a ,

o p e r a t io n o n e a c h o t h e r T h e q e s t io n is a ns w e e d t o t h e e ffe c t t h a t
. u r

s u c h a t hing a s a no n C a s e p a t io n w h ic h w o u l d h a v e le ft t h e t h ing s
-
,
ra

i ndiffe r e nt t o e a ch o t h e r is no t t o be m e t w ith in a l ity a nd t h a t

,
re

t h e e fo e t h e qu e s t io n a s t o t h e t r a ns it io n fr o m t h is s t a t e i nt o t h a t o f
r r

V OL 1 . . L
1 4 6 Co nc lu s io n . [ B OO K 1 .

co m b ina t i o n is a q u e s t i o n c o nc e ning no th i ng T h e u nity o f M is r .

t h is e t e na lly p e s e nt c o ndit io n o f a n i nt e c h a ng e o f a c t io n u n e m it
r r r ,
r

t ing b u t v a yi ng t o t h e h ig h e s t d e g e e o f c o m pl e x it y
r F o ne ith e r r . r

do e s t h is u nit y e v e r r e a lly e x is t in t h e g e ne a l fo m i ndic a t e d by t h i s r r

c o nc e p t io n a nd na m e o f u nit y a nd by t his s ig n M I t e a lly e x is t s a t r

e a c h m o m e nt o nly a s a c a s e h a v ing a d e fi nit e v a l u e o f t h e e q u a t io n

, ,

fo r w h i c h I g a v t h e fo m l a
1
e a nd in s u c h fo r m it is a t t h e s a m e t im e
r u ,

t h e e fli c ie nt c a u s e o f t h e a c t u a l it y o f t h e s t a t ne x t e ns u ing a s w e ll a s e -

t h e c o ndit io ning g o u nd o f w h a t t h is s t a t e c o nt a ins

r Th u s the s t e a m o f . r

t h is s e l f c o nt a ine d o p e r a t io n p r o p a g a t e s i t s e l f o u t o f it s e l f f o m p h a s e
-
r

t o ph a s e I f a s e ns ibl e i m a g e is ne e d e d t o h e lp u s t o a pp r e h e nd it
.
,

we s h o u l d no t t h i nk o f a wi de s p e a d ne t o f r e l a t i o ns in t h e m e s h e s -
r ,

o f w h i c h t h ing s lie s c a t t e e d s o t h a t t ig h t e ni ng o f t h e t h e a d s no w a t
r ,
r ,

t h is p o i nt no w a t t h a t m a y d a w t h e m t o g e t h e
, , a nd fo c e t h e m t o r r r

sh a e e a ch o th e r s s t a t e s
r W e s h o u l d a t h e r e c a ll t h e m ny s im u l
’
. r r a

t a ne o u s P a t s o f a pi e c e o f p o lyp h o nic m u s ic w h ic h w it h o u t b e ing in

‘ ’
r ,

pl a c e a e e x t e na l t o e a c h o th e in s o fa a s t h e y a r e di s t ing u ish e d by
r r r r

t h e i r p it c h a nd t o ne a nd o f w h ic h fi r s t o ne a nd t h e n a no t h e r
,
i s ing , r

o r f ll ing s w e ll ing o r dyi ng a w a y c o m p e l s a ll t h e r e s t t o v a y c o r

a , , r

r e s p o nd ing ly in h a m o ny w it h it s e l f a nd o ne a no t h e r fo r m i ng a s e i e s
r ,
r

o f m o v e m e nt s t h a t e s u l t in t h e u nit y o f a m e l o dy w h i c h is c o ns i s t e nt
r

a nd c o m pl e t e in i t s e l f .

8 3 O r l a s t c o ns ide r a t i o ns s t a r t e d fr o m t h e s u pp o s i t io n t h a t in a
. u

c e r t a i n e l e m e nt A o f ll! a ne w s t a t e h a s s o m e h o w b e e n i nt o du c e d a r .

I t is na t u ra l t h a t no w a fu t h e q u e s t io n s h o u l d b e r a is e d a s t o t h e
r r

p o s s ibil ity o f t h is p r im a y c h a ng e f o m t h e e a l o c c u e nc e o f w h ic h
r , r r rr

fo ll o w s t h e c o u r s e o f r e a c tio ns d e p ic t e d T h is q u e s t io n a s t o t h e .

b e g inning o f m o t io n h a s b e e n a r e c o g nis e d o ne s i nc e t h e t im e o f
A is t o t l e b u t it h a s b e e n g a du a lly dis c o v e e d t h a t t h e a ns w e t o it
r , r r r

c a nno t b e d e r iv e d f o m t h e u nm o v e d wh i c h s e e m e d t o A is t o t l e t h e
r , r

u l t im a t e t h ing in t h e w o r l d Th e m o s t v a io u s b e li e fs a s t o t h e . r

na t u r e a nd s t u c t u r e o f e a l it y a g r e e u p o n t h is t h a t o u t o f a c o n
r r ,

dit i o n o f p e fe c t e s t a b e g inni ng o f m o t i o n c a n ne v e a is e
r r No t r r .

m e e ly a m u l t ipl ic i t y o f o ig ina lly g iv e n r e a l e l e m e nt s bu t a l s o g iv e n

r r ,

m o t io ns b e t w e e n t h e m a r e p e s u pp o s e d in a ll t h e t h e o r i e s in w h ic h
,
r

p o fe s s o s o f t h e na tu a l s c ie nc s no l e s s t h a n o t h e r s s t iv e t o e xpl a in
r r r e , , r

t h e o igi n o f t h e a c t u a l c o u s e o f t h e w o l d o u t o f it s s im pl e s t p in
r r r r

c iple s T o u s w it h t h a t h u ng e r fo r e xpl a na t io n w h i c h c h a a c t e is e s
.
, r r

o u r t h o u gh t it l o o k s l ik e a n a c t o f d e s p a i
, t o de ny t h e d iva b il it y r er

f o m a ny t h i ng e l s e o f som e g e ne a l fa c t w h e n in r e g a r d t o it s
r r ,

[Cp 70
 ch u m vi1 .
) M igh t t h e wo r ld h a ve 6e e n dzj é r e nt 8
. 1 4 7
vi l q i fo r t h e c o ndit io ns o f t h e i
’

indi du a fo r m s o ne is a c c u s to m e d t o e n u re r

r e a l e xi s t e nc e W e Q pe ie nc e t h i s fe e l ing o f d e s p a ir if we fi nd o r
. r u

s e lv e s c o m p e ll e d t o t r a c e b a c k t h e m u l t ipl ic it y o f c h a ng e a bl e b o d ie s

t o a nu m b e r o f u nc h a ng e a bl e e l e m e nt s Ye t t h e q e s t i o n wh y it . u ,

is j u s t t h e s e e l e m e nt s a nd no o th e s t h a t e nj o y t h e p r e o g a t iv e o f r r

o ig ina l r e a li t y do e s no t fo r c e i t s e l f u p o n u s
r , O u r fa nc y d o e s no t .

a v a il b e y o nd t h e e l e m e nt s giv e n by e xp e r i e nc e t o p o du c e i m a g e s o f
, ,
r

o t h e s w h ic h m igh t h a v e e x is t e d b u t w e r e in s o m e u ni nt e ll igibl e wa
r , y
c h e a t e d o f t h e ir e q u a l c l a i m t o r e a li t y O f t h e m o t io ns o n t h e c o n .
,

t r a y o f w h i c h t h e s e e l e m e nt s o nc e giv e n a e c a p a bl e we s e e fi s t
r , , ,
r ,
r

o ne a nd t h e n a no t h e r t a k e p la ce in r e a l it y a c c o ding a s t h e i r c h a ng ing r

c o ndi t io ns b ri ng t h e m a b o u t N o ne o f t h e m a pp e a s t o u s s o . r

s u p e io r t o t h e
r e s t t h a t it e x c l u s iv e ly a nd w it h o u t d e p e nd ing in it s
r ,

t u r n o n s im il a c o ndit io ns s h o u l d c l a i m t o b e r e g a de d a s t h e fi s t
r ,
r r

a c t u a l m o t io n o f t h e r e a l .

T h e s e c o ns ide a t i o ns l e a d o n t h e o ne s ide t o a n e ndl e s s r e g r e s s in

r

t im e . I t is no t ne c e s s a y h o w e v e r a t t h is p o int t o c o m pl ic a t e o u r
r

e nq u i ry by r e fe e nc e t o t h e d i f fi c u l t i e s c o nne c t e d wi t h o ccu r e nc e in
r r

t im e .Ou r e ffo t will b e t o e x c l u de t h e m fo r t h e p r e s e nt

r But n o .
,

m a t t e r w h e th e r we b e li e v e o u r s e lv e s t o r e a c h a r e a lly fi s t b e g inni ng r

o r w h e t h e r we p r o l o ng t h e c h a in o f o c c u r e nc e in e ndl e s s r e t r o g r e s r

s io n t h e e s t a bl is h e d c o u r s e o f t h e w o l d is a ny h o w a s ingl e r e a li ty in
,
r

c o nt a s t w it h t h e i nnu m e a bl e p o s s ib il it ie s
r w h ic h w o u l d h a ve b e e n
r ,

r e a l is e d if e i t h e r t h e p r i m a y m o t io n h a d b e e n d iffe r e nt a s it m ig h t
r ,

h a v e b e e n o r if w h i c h is e qu a lly t h i nk a bl e t h e e ndl e s s p r o g e s s io n
, , ,
r ,

a s a w h o l e h a d t a k e n a d i ffe r e nt dir e c t io n
,
Fo r w h e th e r in r e a l ity it .

b e fi nit e o r i nfi nit e in e i t h e r c a s e it s i nt e r na l a r ra ng e m e nt a dm i t s o f
,

p e r m u t a ti o ns w h i c h a s it is a r e no t r e a l , , .

A ll t h e s e do u b t s h o w e v e r r e o nly d iff e r e nt o ff s h o o t s o f a g e ne r l
, ,
a - a

c o nfu s i o n in o u r wa y o f t h i nk ing a nd a c o m pl e t e m i s u nde s t a nding r

o f t h e p r o bl e m s w h i c h a m e t a p h y s i ca l e nq i y h a s t o s o lv e Th e u r .

w o l d o nc e fo r a ll is a nd we a e in it I t is c o ns t i t u t e d in a p a t icu
r ,
r . r

la wa y a nd in u s fo r t h a t r e a s o n t h e e liv e s a T h o u gh t w h ic h is a bl e
r ,
r ,

t o dis t ing u i s h d iffe r e nt c a s e s o f a u niv e r s a l No w t h a t a ll t h is is s o .

,

th e re m a y a i s e in u s t h e im a g e s a nd c o nc e p t i o ns o f p o s s ib il it ie s
r

w h ic h in r e a l ity a r e no t ; a nd t h e n we im a g ine t h a t we w it h t h i s ,

T h o u g h t o f o u s a r e t h e r e 6yb r a ll r e a l ity a nd h a v e t h e b u s i ne s s o f
r ,
c e

de c iding w h a t e a l ity s h o u l d a r is e o u t o f t h e e e m p t y p o s s ib il it ie s
r s ,

wh ic h a r e ye t a ll a like o nly th ink a bl e b e c a u s e t h e e is a e a lity r r

f o m w h ic h t h is T h o u g h t s p i ng s
r Wh e n o nc e in t h is T h o u gh t r .
, ,

a ffirm a t io n a nd d e ni a l o f t h e s a m e c o nt e nt h a v e b e c o m e p o s s ibl e we ,

L2
1 4 8 Co nclu s io n . [ B OKO

ca n p o p o s e a ll t h o s e p e ve t e d q e s tio ns a ga ins t w h ic h we h a v e s o
r
‘

r r u

o ft e n p r o t e s t e d —W h y t h e e is a w o l d a t a ll w h e n it is t h ink a bl e t h a t
r r ,

t h e r e s h o u l d be no ne ? W hy a s t h e e is a w o l d it s c o nt e nt is M ,
r r ,

a nd no t s o m e o t h e d a w n f o m t h e fa r e a c h ing d o m a in o f t h e
r r r -r

no n M ?-
G iv e n t h e e a l w o l d a s M wh y is it no t in e s t b u t in
r r r

m o t io n ? G iv e n m o t io n wh y is it m o t io n in t h e d i c t io n X a nd no t
,
re

in t h e e qu a lly t h ink a bl e di e c t io n Z ? T o a ll t h e s e qu e s t i o ns t h e e is
r r

o nly o ne a ns w e r I t is no t t h e b u s ine s s o f t h e m e t a p h y s ic i a n t o
.

m a k e r e a l it y b u t t o r e c o g nis e it ; t o i nv e s t ig a t e t h e i nw a r d o r d e r o f

w h a t is g iv n no t t o de du c e t h e g ive n f o m wh a t is no t give n I n
e ,
r .

o r de t o fu lfil t h is o ffic e
r h e h a s t o g u a r d a g a ins t t h e m is t a k e o f
,

r e g a d i ng a bs t r a c t io ns by m e a ns o f w h ic h h e fix e s s ingl e de t e m ina
r ,
r

t io ns o f t h e r e a l fo r h is s e a s c o ns t u c t iv e a nd ind e p e nde nt e l e m e nt s
u ,
r

wh i c h h e c a n e m pl o y by h e lp o f h is o wn r e s o u c e s t o b il d u p t h e
,
r ,
u

re al .

I n t h is m i st a ke we h a v e o ft e n s e e n m e t a p h y s i c ia ns e nt a ngle d .

T h e y h a v e fo m e d t h e id e a o f a p u e b e ing a nd g ive n t o t h is a
r r

s ig nifi c a nc e a p a t f o m a ll e l a t io ns in t h e a ffi m a t io n o f w h i h a nd
r r r ,
r c

no t o t h e r w is e it indic a t e s e a l it y T h e y h a v e p e t ifi e d t h a t r e a l ity
r . r

w h i c h c a n o nly t t a c h t o s o m e t h ing c o m pl e t e ly d e t e m i ne d int o a

a r ,

r e a l in it s e l f d e s t itu t e o f a ll p r o p e t i s
- -
T h e y h a v e Sp o k e n o f l a w s r e .

a s a c o nt r ll ing p o weo b e t w e e n o b e y o nd t h e t h ing s a nd e v e nt s in

r r

w h ic h s u c h l a w s h a d t h e ir o nly r e a l v a l idity I n l ik e m a nne r we .

a e inc l ine d t o t h ink a t t h e o u t s e t o f t h e t r u ly e xi s t ing M t h e c o m pl e x

r
,

o f a ll t h ing s a s a m o t io nl e s s o bj e c t o f o u
, c o nt e m pl a t io n ; nd we a e r a r

r ig h t in d o ing s o a s l o ng a s in c o nc e iv ing it we t h ink m e e ly o f t h e r

fu nc t io n c o ns t nt ly ide nt ic a l w it h it s e l f w h ic h it s ig nifi s t o u s
, a F om , e . r

t his f nc t io n it is t r u e S im ply a s c o nc iv e d no m o t io n fo ll o w s
u , , Bu t e ,
.

we fo g e t m e a nt im e t h a t it is no t t h is c o nc e p t io n o f t h is fu nc t io n t h a t
r

is t h e r e a l b u t t h a t wh i c h a t e a c h m o m e nt t h e fu nc t i o n e x e c u t e s a nd
, ,

o f w h ic h t h e c o nc e t e na t u r e m a nrt in a ki n d o f f lfil m n t f t h co a
y u e o e

fu nc t io n w h ic h d o s no t f ll w f o m t h t c o nc e p t io n o f it
, e o o I n wh a tr a .

wa y t h a t o ne a ll e m b r a c ing M s o lv e s it s p o bl e m — w h e t h e r by m in r a

t a ini ng a c o ns t a nt e qu a li ty o f c o nt e nt o by a s u c c e s s io n o f innu , r

m e r a ble d iffe e nt ins t a nc e s o f w h ic h e a c h s a t is fi e s t h e g e ne r a l e qu a

r ,

t io n p r e s c ib e d by it s pl a n— t h a t is it s o wn a ffa i
r B e t w e e n t h e s e t wo r .

t h i nk a bl e p o s s ibil it ie s it is no t fo u s t o c h o o s e a s we w ill Ou r r .

b u sine s s is to e c o g nis e w hich e v e o f th e m is giv e n a s r e a l ity No w

r r .

w h a t is g iv e n t o u s is t h e f c t o f B c o m ing No de nia l o f o u s c a n a e . r

b a nis h it fr o m t h e w o l d I t is no t t h r e fo e a s a s t a t io na y ide ntit y

r . e r r

w ith it s e l f bu t o nly a s a n e t e r na l ly s e l f s u s t a i ne d m o t io n t h a t we h a ve -
cw m M u st a s
p ir it u a l B e in
g 6 e a ss u m ed 2 ’
1 49

to r e co g ni s e g iv e n b e i ng o f t h a t w h i c h t u ly is A nd a s give n
the r .

w it h it we h a v e a l s o t o r e c o g ni s e t h e d ir e c t i o n w h i c h it s m o t io n
t a ke s .

84 . I ha ve i w h i c h a g r e e wi th m y o wn in
r e fe r r e d to the th e o r es

b e i ng M o ni s t i c I n a ll o f t h e m m o t i o n is a t th e s a m e t i m e e g a de d
. r r

a s a n e t e na l a tt ib u t e o f t h
r s u pp o s e d u l t im a t e g o u nd o f t h e w o l d
r e r r .

T h is m o t io n h o we v e r wa s g e ne r a lly r e p r e s e nt e d a s a c e a s e l e s s
, ,

a c t ivi t y o n t h e Opp o s it i o n o f w h ic h a s livi ng a nd a nim a t ing t o t h e n

, , , u

int e ll igibl e c o nc e p t i o n o f a s t a k a nd de a d r e a l ity t h e w r i t e r s e fe r e d r r r

t o l o v e d t o d w e ll S u c h l a ngu a g e s h o w s t h a t t h e m e t a p h y s i c a l r e a s o ns
.

fo b e l ie vi ng in t h e U nity o f B e ing h a v e b e e n r e info r ce d by ae s t h e t ic

r

i nc l ina t i o ns w h ic h h a v e y ie l de d a c e t a i n p e j u dic e a s t o th e na t r e r r u

o f t h e B e ing t h a t is t o b e c o u nt e d s u p r e m e I t wa s no t t h e m e r e .

c h a a c t e is t ic o f l ife a nd a c t ivi t y b u t t h e ir w o th a nd t h e h a pp ine s s

r r r

fo u nd in t h e e nj o y m e nt o f t h e m w h i c h it wa s fe l t m u s t b e l o ng in
so m e s u p e m e m e a s e t o t h a t in w h i c h a ll t h i ng s h v e t h e ir c a u s e a nd
r ur a

re a so n S c h a p o p o s i t i o n is m o e th a n a t t h is s t a g e o f o u e nq ir y
. u r r r u

w e a r e e nt it l e d t o m a int a in L i fe a nd A c t i ity o nly c a y t h e s p e c i l

. v rr a

m e a ning t h s a s s o c ia t e d w it h t h e m o n s u pp o s it io n o f t h e s p i i t u a l it y
u r

o f th e B ing o f w h ic h t h y a e p r e di c a t e d T h e o nly ne c e s s a y
e e r . r

i nfe e nc e h o we v e fr o m t h e r e a s o ning w h ic h h a s s o fa r g u ide d u s i

r ,
r, s

t o a n im m a ne nt Op e r a t io n t h o u g h w h ic h e a c h ne w s t a t e o f w h a t I
, r s

b e co m e s t h e p o d c t iv e o c c a s io n o f a s e c o nd s e qu e nt u p o n it bu t
r u ,

w h ic h fo r a ny t h ing we h a v e ye t s e e n t o th e c o nt a y m a y b e b lind r r a

o p e r t io na I w o u l d no t i nde e d c o nc e a l m y c o nv ic t io n t h a t t h e re is
.

j u s tifi c a t io n no t wi th s t a nding fo r a b e li e f in t h e L ife o f t h a t w h ic h is

, ,

t h e g o u nd o f t h e w o r l d b u t it is a j s t ifi c a t io n o f w h i c h I m s t p o s t
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p o ne t h e s t a t e m e nt I w o u l d o nly a s k s u bj e c t t o th is p o vi s o t o b e
.
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a ll o w e d t h e u s e o f e xp e s s i o ns fo r t h e s a k e o f b e v it y O f w h ic h t h
r ,
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fu ll m e a ning is i nde e d o nly int e ll igibl e u p o n a s u pp o s it io n a s we h a v ,

e

s e e n s t ill t o b e m a de g o o d bu t w h i c h w ill g iv e a m o e v iv id m a ning

, ,
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t o t h e p r o p o s it io ns we h a v e ye t t o a d v a nc e t h a n t h e c o ns t a nt r e p e t i

t i o n o f m o e a b s t a c t t e m s c o u l d do
r r r .

8 5 So lo ng a s a ll we k no w o f ll! is t h e fu nc t i o n w h i c h it i
.
s

re u q i e d tor fu lfi l— t h a t na m ly o f b e ing t h e U nit y w h ic h r e nde s a ll

,
e ,
r

t h a t t h e w o ld c o n a ns wt i h a t t
r i i s — s o l o ng we c a n d iv e no t h i ng er

f o m t h is t h o u g h t b t a s e e s o f g e ne l a nd a b s t a c t d e d c t io ns
r u r1 ra r u .

Eve y s ingl e b e ing w h i h e x is t s e x is ts in vi t u e no t o f a ny b i ng o f

r c ,
r e

it s o wn bu t o f t h e c o m m i s s io n g iv e n it s o t o s p e k by t h e o ne M ; ,
a ,

a nd it e x is t s j u s t s o l o ng a s it s p a r t ic u l a r b e ing is r e q i e d fo r t h e u r

f lfil m e nt o f t h e e q u a t i o n M M A g a i n it is w h a t it is no t a b s o
'

u :
,
I 5 0 [ B OO K I .

lu te ly a nd in m m e m o r i i a l i nde p e nde nc e o f a ny th i ng e l s e ; it is t h t a

w h ic h t h e o ne M c h a g e s it t o b e O ne th ing fi na lly o p e a t e s o n
r .
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a no t h e r no t by m e a ns o f a ny fo c e o f it s o wn b u t in v i t u e o f t h e r ,
r

O ne p r e s e nt in it a nd t h e m o de a nd m o u nt o f it s o p e a t io n a t e a c h
,
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m o m e nt is t h a t p e s c ib e d it by I f! fo r t h e r e e s t a bl is h m e nt o f t h e
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r r

e q u a t io n j u s t s p o k e n o f .

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r r r r r

p e s e nt ly T h a t w h ich is im pl ie d in a ll o f t h e m is a de ni a l o f a ny
r .

k no wl e dg e a nt e c e de nt t o a ll e xp e r i e nc e — a de nia l w h ic h g o e s m u ch
de e p e r a nd i nde e d b e a s qu it e a no t h e m e a ning t h a n is u nde s t o o d by
,
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t h o s e w h o a e s o fo nd o f i ns is t i ng o n t h is r e nu nc ia t io n o f
r p i i a r or

k no wl e dg e I t is no t in p h il o s o ph y m e e ly b u t in t h e p o p o s it io ns
. r ,
r

o n w h ic h s c ie nt ifi c m e n v e nt u e t h a t we t r a c e t h e infl u e nc e o f t h e r

p e j u dic e t h a t i nde p e nde nt ly o f t h e c o nt e nt e a li s e d in t h is w o l d

r ,
r r ,

M :
M t h e e a r e
r c e r t a in u n iv e s a l m o d e s o f p o c e d r e c er t a i n i g h t s r u ,
r r

a nd du t ie s w h ic h s e l f e v id e nt ly b e l o ng t o a ll e l e m e nt s a s s u c h t h a t
,
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, ,

a e t o b e u nit e d in a ny p o s s ibl e w o l d a nd w h ic h w o u l d b e j u s t a s
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v a l id fo a wh o lly d iffe e nt w o l d N N a s fo r t h a t in w h ic h we
r r r ,
:
,

a c t u a lly liv e T h e e h a s t h u s a i s e n in p h il o s o p h y a s e ie s o f p o p o
. r r r r

s it io ns w h ic h p u p o t t o s e t fo t h t h e p o p e r t ie s a nd p e o g t iv e s o f
r r r r r r a

s b s t a nc e s a s s u c h ind e p e nde nt ly o f t h a t c o u r s e o f t h e w o l d in w h ic h
u r

t h e y a e inw o v e n
r T h e y Obvi o s ly r e s t o n t h e im p r e s s io n t h a t e v e r y
. u

o t h e r o r de r o f a u niv e s e wh a t e ve r it m igh t be t h a t c o u l d e ve c o m e
r , ,
r

int o B e ing w o u l d h a v e t o r e s p e c t t h e s e p o p e t ie s a nd p e o g a t iv e s
,
r r r r

a nd c o u l d e x a c t no fu nc t i o n fr o m T h ing s o t h e t h a n w h a t in v i t u e o f r ,
r

a n t u e b e l o ng ing t o t h e m a nt e c e d e nt ly t o t h e e x is t e nc e o f a w o ld
a r r ,

t h e y w e e fi tt e d
r nd ne c e s s it t e d t o
a e nd A nd no l e s s in t h e
a r er .

p r o c e d e o f t h e p h y s ic a l s c ie nc e s h o we v e m a ny l a w s t h e y m a y
ur ,
r

t e a t a s o b t a ining m e e ly in t h e wa y o f m a t t e r o f fa c t t h e e is y t
r r ,
r e

im pl ie d t h e no t io n o f t h e e b e i ng a c e r t in m o e l im it e d nu m b e o f r a r r

m e c h a nica l p inc ipl e s t o w h i c h e v e y p o s s ibl e na t u e h o w e v e r h e t e r o

r , r r ,

g e n e o u s f r o m n a t u e a s it is w
r o u l d ne v e t h e l e s s h a,
v e t o c o nfo m r r .

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r ,
r ,

p r e r o g a t ive s o f S u b s t a nc e wa s to b e a tt a ine d by p u e t h inki ng w h il r ,

e

t h e m e n o f s c ie nc e m a int a i n t h a t t h e k no wl e dg e o f u lt im a t e l a w s is

o nly t o h e a iv e d a t by e xp e r ie nc e
rr B t a s t o t h e m e t a p h y s ic a l v a l u e
. u

o f t h a t wh ic h t h e y s u pp o s e t o b e d is c o v e e d in t h e s diff e nt w a y s r e re

t h e y a e b o t h a t o ne
r T h e y t a k e it a s t h e s u m o f p r e m u nda ne t t h
.
- ru ,

w h ich diff e e nt w o l ds M : M a nd N 1V do b t e x h ib it in diffe e nt

r r ,
:
, u r

c a s e s o f it s a ppl ic a t io n .

T h is is t h e no t io n w h ic h I s e e k t o c o nt r o v e r t P i o r t o t h e w o l d . r r ,
C H APT E R v r1 ) No th ing . m ore p r im a ry t h a n R e a lity . 1
5 1

o r p i o r t o t h e fi s t th i ng t h a t wa s r e a l th e r e wa s no p r e m unda ne o
r r ,
-
r

p r e -
e r
a l r e a l it y in w h i ch it w o u ld h a ve b e e n p o s s ibl e t o m k o u t w h a t
, a e

w o u l d b e t h e igh t s w h i c h in t h e e v e nt o f th e re c o m ing t o be a r e a li ty
r , ,

e a c h e l e m e nt t o b e e m pl o y e d in it s c o ns t r u c t io n c o u l d u r g e fo r it s

p o t e c t io n a ga ins t a ny th i ng i nc o m p a t ibl e wi t h its igh t a s a s u b s t a nc e

r r ,

o r t o w h ic h e v e r y fo c e m ig h t a pp e a l a s a j u s t ifi c a t io n fo r r e fu s ing
r

fu nc t io ns no t im p o s e d o n it by t h e t e m s o f it s o ig ina l p h a t e r r r r .

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e r r ,

o r ig ina l e a l ity M o r I V
r G ive n M o r I V t h e e fo ll o w s f o m t h e o ne
, _ .
,
r r

M fo r it s w o l d M M t h e s e i e s o f l a w s a nd t ru t h s w h ic h h o ld
r ,
: r ,

go o d fo t h is w o l d I f no t M bu t N w e r e t h e o igi na l r e a l ity t h e n
r r . r ,

fo r t h e w o l d N N t h e r e w o u l d fo ll o w t h e o th e r s e e s O f r e g u l a t e d
r : r1

p o c e s s e s w h ic h w o u l d h o l d g o o d fo r t h i s o t h e r w o l d T he re is
r r .

no t h i ng w h ic h c o u l d Opp o s e t o t h e s e o di na nc e s M o r N a n c l a i m o f r
y
it s o wn t o p e s e va t i o n o r e s p e c tr r r .

8 6 H e e t h e o bj e c t o w ill int e p o s e : G r a nt i ng t h i s a r e yo u no t
. r r r ,

li a bl e t o t h e c h a r g e o f h a v ing h e r e in y o u r t n g ive n u tt e a nc e t o o ne ur r

o f th o s e m u nda ne t u t h s o f w h ic h
-
f t o d m i t t h e v a li d it y ?
p e r
y o u r e u s e a r ,

H a v e yo u no t o f y o u r o wn a c c o d e xp e s s ly a ll e g e d t h e c a s e o f t wo r r

w o l ds M a nd N w h ic h yo u s u pp o s e w o u l d b o th b e o bl ige d t o
r , ,

c o nfo r m t o t h e g e ne a l u l e s t a t e d ? No w I h a v e p u p o s e ly c h o s e n
’
r r r

t h e s e e xp e s s io ns in o r d e r t o m a k e m y V ie w w h ic h c e t a inly s t a nds in
r ,
r

ne e d o f j u s t ifi c a t io n a g a i ns t t h e a b o v e o bj c t i o n p e r fe c t ly c l e a r In e ,
.

t h e fi s t pl a c e a s e g a d s t h e w o l d N w h ic h I pl a ce d in Opp o s it i o n
r ,
r r r ,

t o t h e e l w o l d I ll I h v e t o r e p e a t w h a t I h a v e a l e a dy m o e t h a n
r a r , a r r

o nc e p o int e d o u t T h e w o l d M is a nd we t h i nk ing s p i it s a e in
. r , ,
r ,
r

it h o l ding a p o s it io n w h i c h if! in vi t u e o f it s na t u e a s M c o u l d no t
, r r

bu t a s s ig n t o u s T o t h is p o s it io n a e a dj u s t e d t h o s e g e ne a l p o c e s s e s
. r r r

o f o u r T h o u g h t by w h ic h we a e t o a ,
ive a t w h a t we c a ll a k no w r rr

l e dge O f t h e r e s t o f t h e w o l d A m o ng t h e s e is t h a t v e y i m p o t a nt r . r r

o ne ,
no do b t c o r e s p o nd ing t o t h e pl a n o n w h i c h t h e w o l d M is
u r r

o r d e e d w h ic h e na bl e s u s no t o nly t o fo m g e ne a l ide a s a s s u c h b u t
r ,
r r ,

t o s b s u m e a ny g iv e n m a ni fo l d u nde r a ny o ne o f it s m a r k s o f w h ic h
u ,

a g e ne a l id e a h a s b e e n fo r m e d a s a s p e c ie s o r ins t a nc e t h e e o f
r ,
r .

T h is inte ll e c tu a l c p a b il ity o nc e giv e n do e s no t s bj e c t it s e l f t o a ny

a , ,
u

l im it s in it s e x e r c is e Ev e n t h a t w h ic h w h e n we c o ns ide r it m e t a .
,

p hy s ic a lly we e c o gni s e a s in r e a l ity t h e a ll c o nt a ining a nd u nc o n

, r -

dit io ne d we m a y a s a m a tt e o f l o g ic t a k e fo r o ne o f t h e v a r io u s
,
r

ins t a nc e s a dm it t ing o f s u b s u m p t i o n u nde r t h e g e ne r a l i de a o f t h e u n

c o ndit io ne d H e nc e w h il e it is o nly o f p a r t ic u l a r t h ing s t h a t we
.
,

a s s e r t m u l t ipl ic i t y a s a m a t t e r o f r e a l it y we a t t e m p t o n t h e o t h e r ,
 Co nclu sio n . [ B OO K 1 .

h a nd t o fo rm a plu r a l p t i o n U niv e r s e a nd Opp o s e t h e

o f th e c o nc e ,
’

r e a l 71! t o m a ny o t h e
. p o s s ibl e U niv e r s e s
r .

B u t t h e c a p a c ity o f do ing t h is we o we no t t o t h e k no wl e dg e o f a
la w t o w h i c h M a nd N a l ik e a r e s u bj e c t b u t o nly t o t h a t w h ic h ,

a c t u a lly t a k e s pl a c e in M a nd t o a c e t a in t e nde nc y t a ns fe ed f om r r rr r

it t o s a s c o ns t i t u e nt s o f M : t h e t e nd e nc y t o t h ink o f e v e y t h ing
u r

r e a l a s a n ins t a nc e o f a k ind o f w h i c h t h e c o nc e p t io n is d e iv e d by
‘ ,
r

a b s t a c t io n f o m t h a t t h i ng
r r a nd t h u s a t l a s t t o t h ink e v e n o f t h e
,

p i m a y a ll e m b r a c ing R e a l M i t s e l f a s a n i ns t a nc e e p r e s e nt ing t h e
r r -
, ,
r

i de a we fo r m o f it a nd s o t o d e a m o f o th e r ins t a nc e s e x is t ing a l o ng
,
r

wi th it T h u s a is e s t h e no t io n o f t h a t w o r l d N a p e r fe c t ly e m p ty
. r ,

fi c t io n o f t h o u g h t t o w h i c h we a s c r ib e no m a nne r o f e a l ity a nd o f r ,

no v a l u e e x c e p t l ik e o t h e
, ,
i m a gi na y fo r m u l ae t o ill u s tr a t e t h e o t h e r
r r ,

c o nc e p t i o n M w h ic h is no t i m a gi na y A nd I e m pl o y e d N e x c l u s iv e ly r .

fo r t h is p u p o s e F u r th e r w h e n we s a i d t h a t if N e x is t e d t h e l a w s
’

r .
, , ,

v a l id fo r N w o u l d flo w f o m t h e e q u a t io n N N in j s t t h e s a m e
r : u

wa y a s t h o s e v a l id fo r M flo w f o m t h e e q u a t io n 61 M th i s wa s
r . :

no t a c o nc l u s i o n d a w n f o m k no wl e dg e o f a n o bl ig a t io n bi nd ing o n
r r

b o th o f th e m O n t h e c o nt a y it wa s a n a n l o gy n w h ich w h a t wa s
. r r ,
a i

t r u e o f t h e r e a l M wa s t a ns fe r r e d t o t h e i m a g ina y I V
r I n e a l ity we r . r

h e o
a v n t i t l e t o m a k e t h i s t a n s fe r fo r — t o p u t itrs i m ply — w h o c a n,
t e ll
wh a t w o u l d b e a nd w o u l d h a pp e n if e v e y th ing w e r e o t h e r t h a n it is ? r

B u t if we do o pp o s e t h is i m a gi na r y c a s e t o t h e r e a l o ne in o de t o r r

e xpl a i n t h e l a t t e r we m u s t t r e a t it a ft e r t h e t yp e o f t h e r e a l
,
O th e r .

wi s e a s wh o lly di s p a r a t e it w o u l d no t e ve n s e r ve t h e p u p o s e o f ill u s
, ,
r

t r a t ing t h e r e a l by c o nt a s t wi t h it — t h e o nly p u p o s e fo r w h i c h it is
r r

i nt o du c e d
r .

8 7 Ye t a t h i r d Obj e c t i o n r e m a i ns t o b e no t i c e d
. T h e s t a t e m e nt .

t h a t fr o m M fo ll o w s t h e s e r i e s o f l a w s t h a t h o l d g o o d fo th is wo l d r r

M o bvi o u sly d o e s no t m e a n m e r e ly t h a t t h e s e l a w s p o c e e d a ny h o w
,
r

f o m M ; it m e a ns t h a t t h e y a r e t h e p ro p e r c o ns e q e nc e s o f it s
r u

B u t w h a t is m e a nt by a p o p e r c o ns e q u e nc e w h e n it c a n ‘ ’
na t u r e . r

no lo ng e r b e dis t ing u is h e d f o m a n i m p r o p e r c o ns e q u e nce a s c o r r e

r

s p o nding t o s o m e r u l e t o w h i c h t h e i m p o p c o ns e q u e nc e d o e s no t r er

c o r r e s p o nd ? H a ve we no t a ft e r a ll t o p e s u pp o s e s o m e l w o f t h e
. r a

ne c e s s it y o p o s s ib il it y o f t h o u g h t a b s o l t ly p r io r t o t h e w o l d a nd
r ,
u e r

r e a l it y w h i c h de t e m ine s in r e g a d t o e v e y r e a l it y t h a t m a y c o m e t o
,
r ,
r r

b e w h a t d e v e l o p m e nt o f it s p a r t i c u l a r na t u e c a n fo ll o w c o ns is t e nt ly
,
r

fr o m t h e na t u e o f t h e p i m a y r e a l M o r N in dis t inc t i o n f o m s u ch
r r r , ,
r

a d e v e l o p m e nt a s w o u ld b e i nc o ns is t e nt ?

T h is va r i a t io n o f t h e Old e r o r c a n o nly be m e t bya v a r i a t i o n o f t h e

r
 cu m “ v11 ] Co ns is t e ncy
’
r e yu ir e s Co mp a r is o n . 1 53

Old a ns we r . At fi rs t s igh t
p le o na s m t o de m a nd th a t a c t u a l it se e m s a

c o ns e q u e nc e s s h o u ld no t b e i nc o ns e q e nt S t ill t h e e xp e s s io n h a s u . r

a c e r t a in m e a ning H ith t o we h a fe t a k e n t h e ide a o f r e a s o n a nd

. er

c o ns e q u e nt t o b e m e e ly t h is t h a t f o m a d e t e r m ina t e s o m e t hing t h e r e
r ,
r

fl o ws a no t h e r d t e m ina t e s o m e th ing T h e q e s ti o n w h t de te m ina t e

e r . u ,
a r

s o m e t h ing a d m it s o f b e i ng c o nne c t e d w it h wh a t o t h e by c o h e e nc e r, r

o f t h is s o r t h a s b e e n l ft a s ide
, T h e i d a o f r e a s o n a nd c o ns e q nt a s
e . e ue ,

a b o v e s t a t e d w o l d b e s a t is fi e d if wi t h t h e v a io u s r e a o ns
2
,
u
g g g t h e , r s
1 3

c o m pl e t e ly de t r m ina t e c o ns e q u e nc e s p g e w e r e a s a m a t te r o f fa c t r

a s s o c i t e d w it h o u t t h e e b e i ng a ny a ffi nity b e t we e n p q a nd r c o rr e
a , r

s p o nd ing t o t h a t b e t w e e n g g g W e s h a ll fi nd t h t o u r k no wl e dg e 1 2 3
. a

o f r e a li t y is in fa c t u lt im a t e ly a r r e s t e d by s u c h p a i s o f c o h e ing r r

o c c u r e nce s r Fo r i ns t nc e b e t w e e n t h e e x t e na l s t im u l i o n w h ic h t h e
. a ,
r

s e ns t io ns o f S ig h t a nd h e a ing d e p e nd we a r e a bl e t o
a p o int o u t r ,

a ffi nit ie s w h i c h m a k e it p o s s ibl e t o p e s e nt th o s e s e ve a l m o de s o f
”
r r

s t i m u l t io n a s k ind s g o f o ne p o c e s s o f v ib a t io n g
1
a a nd g ,
Bu t ,
r r ,
.

b e t we e n s o nds a nd c o l o u s we a r e q u i t e u na bl t o di s c o v e t h e s m e
u r e r a

t o p o v e t h a t if s e ns a t io ns o f s o nd fo ll o w u p o n g
1
a fii nity o ,
r r , s e ns a u ,

t io ns o f c o lo u r m u s t in c o ns i s t e nc y p r e s e nt t h e m s e lv e s o n o c c a s io n

o fg ” .

T h i s e x a m p le ill u s t r a t e s i g o f t h a t c o ns i s t e nc y o f c o ns e
th e m e a n n

q u e n c e w h ic h in o u vi e w a s s,t a t e d a bo ve c a n w i
rt h in c e t in l im it s ,
r a

b e a c t u a lly d is c o v e r e d a nd de m o ns t a t e d in t h e a l w o l d b u t b e y o nd r re r ,

t h o s e l im i t s is a s s u m e d t o o b t a i n u niv e s a lly in s o m e fo m o o th e r r r r .

T h e U nit y o f B e ing wi t h o u t w h i c h t h e r e w o u l d b e no p o s s ib il ity o f

,

t h e e c ip o c a l a c t io n w ith i n a w o l d o f t h e s e e m ingly t h o u gh no t r e a lly

r r r

s e p a a t e e le m e nt s o f t h a t w o l d e x c l u de s t h e no t io n o f a m u l t ipli c it y
r r ,

o f i s o l a t e d a nd fa t a li s t i c o r dina nc e s w h i c h w it h o u t e fe r e nc e t o e a c h ,
r

o t h e r s h o u l d bi nd t o g e t h e r s o m a ny s ingl e p a i s o f e v e nt s T h e re r .

m u s t b e s o m e u l e o r o t h e r a c c o d ing t o w h ic h t h e c o nne x io n o f t h e
r r

m e m b e s o f e a c h s i ngl e p a i g a nd f wi t h e a c h o t h e r d e t e m ine s t h a t
1
r r, , r

o f a ll t h e o th e p a i s g m a nd fm I t is o nly in e fe e nc e t o t h e c o m
r r ,
. r r

p a is o n o f v a r i o u s c a s e s wi t h e a c h o th e r w h i c h t h u s b e c o m e s p o s s ibl e
r ,

t h a t t h e e is a n m e a ning in s p e a k ing a s we did o f c o ns is t nc y

‘
r e
y .

T h e e xp r e s s io n h a s no m e a ning in r e l a t i o n t o a ny s ingle p a i g a nd r,

f , w h ic h w e m ig h t h a v e m a d e t h e p o int o f d e p a r t u e fo r o u p e r r r

l im i na y c o ns i de a t io n o f t h e r e s t T h e c o h e r e nc e b e t we e n t wo
r r .

m e m b e s w o u l d a t t h e o u t s e t b e a n i nde p e nde nt fa c t o f w h ic h
r

no th ing c o u l d b e k no w n b u t s im p ly t h a t it wa s t h e f c t Fo r a .

1
[ g nd f t nd f
‘ ’
a G nd nd F l g h
’
s a n p 83
o r Cp l
ru p 96
’
a
‘
o e
’
e re , as o . . . a so .

wh G nd (R n) i d i t ing i h d f m U h
e re ru e a so s s u s e ro rsa c e
1 54 Co nclu s io n . [ BOOK 1 .

su pp o s i ng we ch o s e to th ni k o f t h e ir a d j u s t m e nt to e a ch o the r as

co nne c t e d wi th
lfil m e nt o f a s p e m e c o ndit io n Z r e q u i i ng
the fu u r r

c o ns is t e nc y t h e y wo u l d s t ill o nly o
, p o n d t o t h i s c o ndit io n Th e c r r es .

a c t u a l c o nc e t e m o d e in w h i c h t h e y s t is fi e d it t h e c o nt e nt in V i t u e
r a , r

o f w h ic h t h e y s b o r di na t e d t h e m s e lv e s t o it
u w o u l d b e s o m e t h ing ,

w h ic h it w o u l d be im p o s s ibl e t o s u pp o s e de te m ine d by Z i t s e l f ; th e r

m o e s o in p r p o t io n a s Z wa s m o e e xp r e s s ly t a k e n t o b e a n o r
r o r r

d ina nc e t h a t w o l d h a v e t o b e fu lfill e d indi ff r e ntly in inn m e a bl

u e u r e

ca se s n y e v e n in t h e m o s t v a r io u s w o l ds
,
a S u pp o s ing Z t o b e r .

ne it h e r t h e d t e m ining g r o u nd o f t h e c o nt e nt o f g a nd j ;no r t h e p r o
e r

d u c t i e c a u s e o f t h e i r e a l e x is t e nc e t h e p o p o s it io n t h a t a c o nne x io n
v r ,
r

b e t w e e n t h e t wo e ns u e s in a c c o r da nc e w it h Z c a nno t be a s t a t e m e nt ,

o f a r e a l m e t a p h y s ic l o r de o f s u p e m a c y a nd s b o r dina t io n
a r b u t is r u

j u s t t h e r e v e r s e o f t h e e a l o de r T h e p im a y inde p e nde nt fa c t o f
r r . r r

t h e c o nne x io n b e t w e e n a nd i f h a ch a a c t e
1
h h 1
g f s o s c t t t e co m u r r a

p a is o n o f it w it h g a nd f g a nd f e na bl e s u s fi s t t o pp e h e nd
r
2 2
,
3 3
,
r a r

a u niv e s a l m o de o f p o c e du e o n t h e p a t o f t h e v a r io u s c o nne x io ns
r r r r

o f e v e nt s in t h e w o l d— a c o nc e t e p o c e du r e r p e c u lia r t o th is w o l d r r ,
r

M a nd t h e n u p o n c o nt inu e d a b s t r a c t io n t o g e ne r a t e t h e c o nc e p t io n
—
, ,

o f a c o nd it io n Z w h ic h w o l d ho l d g o o d fo , t h e o g ni a t io n o f a ny
u r r a z

w o l d 1V s o l o ng a s t h e m e nt a l i m a g e o f N wa s fo r m e d a fte r th e
r , ,

p a t te r n o f t h e g iv e n r e lity M a ,

8 8 A t t h e p e s e nt d a y fe w will u nde r s t a nd t h e e a s o ns fo t h e p e r
. r r r

s i s t e nc y w it h w h ic h I d w e ll o n t h e s e c o ns ide a t io ns a nd s o o ft e n r

r e tu n t o t h e m
r W e l iv e q ic k ly a nd h a v e fo g o t t e n w it h o u t s e t t l ing
. u ,
r , ,

a c o nt o v e s y w h ic h fo ty y e a s a o wa s s t ill a m a t t e r o f t h e l iv l ie s t
r r r r e
g
int e e s t a m o ng t h e p h il o s o p h e s o f G e m a ny T h e diffi c l t i e s inv o lv e d
r r r . u

in H e g e l s s y s t e m o f t h o g h t w e e t h e n b e g inning t o m a k e th e m s e lv e s
’
u r

fe l t e v e n by t h o s e wh o l o o k e d w it h fa v o u r o n h is e nt e p i s e — o f r r

r e p e a t ing in t h o u g h t by a c o ns t u c t iv e p r o c e s s t h e a c t u a l de v e l o p m e nt r

o f th e w o l d f o m t h e g r o u nd o f t h e
r r b s o l u t e I t wa s no t a ft e r a .

H e g e l s m ind t o b e g in by de t e m ining t h e s u bj e c t iv e fo m s o f
’

r r

t h o gh t u nde r w h i c h a l o ne we c a n a pp r e h e nd t h e c o nc e t e na t u r e
u ,
r

o f t h is g o nd o f t h e U niv e r s e — a na t u e p e h a p s t o u s ina c c e s s ibl e

r u r r .

F o m t h e o u t s e t h e l o o k e d o n t h e m o t io n o f o u r t h o u gh t in it s e ffo t
r r

t o g a in a c l e a r i de a o f t h is s t ill o b s c u re g o a l o f o r a s p i a t io n a s t h e u r

p o p e r inw a d de ve l o p m e nt o f t h e a b s o l u t e it s e l f w h ic h o nly ne e d e d
r r ,

t o b e p u s u e d c o ns is t e nt ly in o de r g r a du a lly t o b r i ng int o c o ns c io u s
r ,
r

ne s s ll t h a t t h u niv e s e c o nt a ins
a e r .

T h t h e m o s t a b s t a c t o f o bj e c t s c a m e t o b e t h o u gh t o f a s t h e
u s r

r o o t o f t h e m o s t c o nc e t e — a wa o f t h i nk in g w
r h ic h it wa s s o o n fo u nd
y
CH AP TE R V I I ] . Co ns t r u ct io ns f
o t h e wo r ld . 1 55

i m p o s s ibl e y o u t Ev e n in de l ing wi t h t h e p h e no m e na o f
to c a rr . a

na t u e r t h o u g h t h e y w e r e fo r c e d int o c t e g o i s
,
nd c l a s s ific a t io ns a r e a

w it h o u t s u ffic ie nt k no wl e dge it h a d t o b e s u pp o s e d t h a t t h e p o c e s s
, r

o f d e v e l o p m e nt o nc e b e g u n wa s c a ,
i e d o n w ith a s u p e ra bu nda nc e
,
rr

in t h e m u l t ipl ic a t io n o f fo m s fo r w h ic h no e xpl a na t i o n w s t o b e
r a

fo u nd in t h e g e ne r a l iti e s w h i c h p r e c e d e d t h e t h e o ry o f na t u e A ll r .

t h a t t h e s e c o u l d do wa s t o m a k e u s a nt i c ip a t e s o m e s u c h s lt ; fo r t h e a us

t a ns it i o n o f o ne d e t e r m i na t i o n nt o it s Opp o s it e o a t a ny r a t e int o
r i ,
r

h a d b e e n o ne o f t h e s u pp o s e d c h a a c t e is t ic s o f t h e
’
o t h e ne s s
‘
an r , r r

m o t io n w h ic h wa s h e l d t o g e ne a t e t h e w o r l d T h e s a m e di ffic l ty r . u

m ig h t h a v e b e e n fe l t w h e n t h e t u n c a m e fo r t h e c o ns t u c t i o n o f t h e r r

s pi it u l a nd h i s t o i c a l w o l d i nt o w h ic h na t u e wa s s u pp o s e d t o p a s s
r a r r , r

o ve r .T h e r e a r e m a ny r e a s o ns h o w e v e r e v e n in a c t u a l l ife fo r no t , , ,

b e ing c o nt e nt wi t h t h e de iv a t i o n o f o u ide a s o f t h e b e a u t ifu l a nd t h e

r r

g o o d f o m t h e l iving fe e li ng w h ic h in fa c t a l o ne c o m pl e t e ly a p p e
r r

h e nd s t h e i r v a l u e b u t fo g iv ing t h e m g e a t e r p r e c is io n by r e qu i ing
,
r r r

t h e m t o s a t i s fy c e r t a i n g e ne r a l fo m a l de t e m ina t i o ns I t is t r u e t h a t r r .

t h e y t o o u nde g o a s e ns ibl e d e g a da t io n if t h e y a r e lo o k e d o n m e r e ly
r r

a s ins t a nc e s o f a b s t r a c t r e l a t io ns o f t h o u g h t bu t t h is wa s t a k e n a l m o s t ,

l e s s no tic e o f t h a n t h e s a m e fa c t in r e g a r d t o t h e ph e no m e na o f na t u re ,

fo r o w ing t o t h e l a t t e r b e ing o bj e c t s o f p e r c e p t io n it c o u l d no t b e ,

ig no e d h o w m u c h m o e t h e y w e r e t h a n t h e a b s t a c t p r o bl e m s w h i c h
r r r

a c c o r d i ng t o t h e H e g e l ia n p h il o s o p h y t h e y h a d t o f lfil u .

H e g e l h i m s e l f wa s qu it e a w a r e o f t h e e r o r i nvo lv e d in t h is wa y o f r

r e p r e s e nt i ng t h e w o ld s c o u r s e o f d e v e l o p m e nt H e r e p e a t e dly ins is t s
’
r .

t h a t w h a t a pp e a s in it a s t h e t h i d a nd l a s t m e m b e r o f t h e d i l e c t ic a l
r r a

m o v e m e nt d s c ib e d is in t u t h r a t h e r t h e fi r s t
e r A nd a s s e dly t h is
r . ur

r e m a k is no t t o b e l o o k e d u p o n a s a n a ft e r t h o u g h t o f w h ic h no
r -

fu r t h e r a ppl ic a t i o n is m a de b u t e xp r e s s e s t h e t u e i nt e nt i o n o f t h is
,
r

b o ld M o ni s m w h ic h u nde r t o o k fa r m o e t h a n h u m a n p o w e r s c a n
,
r

a c h ie v e b u t o f w h ic h t h e l e a ding i de a by no m e a ns l o s e s it s v a l u e
,

t h o g h t h e g e a t de fe c t s in it s e x e c u t i o n
r u r F r o m t h e e r o s no t i c e d . r r

S c h e ll ing t h o u gh t t o s a v e u s I t wa s t im e h e t o l d u s t h a t th e h ig h e
.
, ,
r,

t h e o nly p o p e a nt it h e s is s h o u l d b e b o u g h t int o v i w — t h e a nt it h e s is
r r, r e

b e tw e e n f e e do m a nd ne c e s s ity in a pp e h e nding w h ic h a nd no t o t h e
r ,
r ,
r

w is e we r e a c h t h e inm o s t c e nt e o f p h il o s o p h y I w ill no t dw ll o n
,
r . e

t h e m a nne r in w h ic h h e h im s e l f w o r k e d o u t t h is v ie w in it s a ppl ic t io n
’

t o t h e p h il o s o p h y o f r e l ig io n I t w s W e is s e wh o fi s t s o u g h t t o . a r

d e v e l o p e it s y s t e m a t i c a lly T h a t w h ic h H e g e l h a d t a k e n fo r t u e
. r

B e ing h e l o o k e d u p o n m e r e ly a s th e s u m o f p r io r c o ndit io ns w it h o u t
,

w h i ch s u ch B e ing w o u l d be u nt h i nk a bl e a nd c o u l d no t b e b u t w h ich ,
1 56 Co nc lu s z o n . [ B OO K 1 .

the m se l v e s h a v e no t b e i ng T h u s u nde r s to o d t h e y fo r m e d in h is .
,

vie w th e o bj c t o f a c e t a in p a r t o f p h il o s o p h y a nd t h a t c o m p a r a t iv e ly
e r ,

s p e a k ing a ne g a t iv e p a t na m e ly M e t a p h y s i c r I t wa s fo r e xp e i e nc e
,
. r

o n t h e o th e h nd— t h e e xp e ie nc e o f t h e s e ns e s a nd t h a t o f t h e m o a l
r a r
'
r

a nd l ig io u s co ns c io u s ne ss — a s a p o s it iv e e v e la t i o n t o giv e u s k no w
re r

l e dg e o f th e e l it y b il t o n th t a b s t a c t fo u nda t io n
r a u a r .

S u c h e xp e s s i o ns m igh t e a s ily b e e xpl a i ne d in a s e ns e wi t h

r

wh i c h we c o l d a g e e u I t w o u l d b e a d iffe r e nt s e ns e h o w e v e r
r .
, ,

f o m t h a t w h ic h t h e y w e e i nt e nde d t o c o nv y
r A c c o ding t o t h a t
r e . r

o ig ina l s e ns e t h e g e ne a l t h o g h t s
r w h ic h it wa s th e bu s ine s s o f
r u ,

Me t a p hy s ic t o u nfo l d w e e m o e t h a n t h o s e fo m s O f a pp e h e nding
,
r r r r

t u e B e ing wi t h o u t w h i c h we c a nno t t h ink

r T h e y w e e u nde r s t o o d . r

i nde e d t o b e t h is b u t a l s o s o m e th i ng m o e I n t h e ir s u m t h e y w e r e
,
r .

h e l d t o c o ns t it u t e a n a b s o l u t e ly ne c e s s a y m a t t e r fo r w h i c h it wa s r

i m p o s s ibl e e ith e no t t o be o t o be o t h e r t h a n it is bu t w h ic h no t
r r , ,

w ith s t a nding t h is ne c e s s ity no twi th s t a nding t h is u nc o ndit io na l be ing

, ,

wa s a ft e a ll a no t h ing w it h o u t e s s e nc e a nd wi t h o u t r e a li t y ; w h il e
r ,

o v e r a g a i ns t it s t o o d t h e t u e B e ing fo w h ic h a c c o r di ng t o t h is
r , r

t h e o r y it is p o s s ib le no t t o b e o r t o b e o t h e r t h a n it is t h s b e i ng
, ,
u

c o ns t it u t e d no t by ne c e s s i t y b u t by f e e do m I s h a ll no t Sp e nd t i m e r .

in d is c u s s ing t h is u s g e o f t h e t e r m s fre e do m a nd ne c e s s i ty I w o u l d
a , .

m e e ly p o int o u t t h a t t h e l a t t e r t e m if no t c o nfi ne d t o a ne c e s s i t y o f
r r ,

t h o u g h t o n o u r p a t bu t e x t e nde d t o t h a t w h i c h is e xp e s s ly h e l d t o
r ,
r

b e t h e u nc o ndit io ne d c o ndit i o n o f a ll t h a t is c o ndit i o ne d w o u l d h a v e ,

s im ply no a s s ig na bl e m e a ni ng a nd w o u l d h a v e t o b e r e pl a ce d by t h e

no t io n o f a d f to u niv e s a l v a lidity The do p t io n o f t h e t e r m

‘

e ac r . a

F r e e do m t o indic a t e t h e o t h e r s o t o f r e a l ity e xp e s s ly r e c o g ni s e d a s
’
r r

m e r e ly d f e t o — t h e r e a l it y o f t h a t w h ic h m ig h t j u s t a s w e ll no t b e
ac

is t o b e e xpl a ine d by t h e infl u e nc e o f i de a s d e r ive d f o m a no t h e r r

s p e r e o f p h il o s o p h y
h — th e p h il o s o p h y o f r e l g io n
i — w h ich c a nno t be
fu r t h e r no t ic e d h e e T a k e n a s a w h o le t h e th e o ry is t h e e xpl ic it
r .
,

a nd s y s t e m a t i c e xp r e s s i o n o f t h a t D u a l is m w h i c h I fi nd w h o lly u n

t h i nk a bl e a nd a g a ins t w h ic h m y dis c u s s i o ns h a v e s o fa r b e e n di e c t e d
,
r .

I n t h i s fo m a t a ny r a t e it c a nno t b e t u e
r I t is i m p o s s ibl e t h a t t h e e r . r

s h o u l d fi s t be a n a b s o l u t e P i
r c o ns is t i ng in a s y s t e m o f fo m s t h a t
r u s r

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rr u r ,

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r ,

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r e a l is a t i o n o f j u s t s o m u c h a s t h e s e l im it s w ill a ll o w T h e r e a l a l o ne
’
.

is a nd it is t h e e a l w h ic h by it s B e ing b ing s a b o u t t h e a pp e a r a nc e
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o f t h e e b e ing a ne c e s s it y a nt e ce de nt t o it j u s t a s it is t h e livi ng b o dy
r ,
c la m s VI I ]
. I de a lis m a nd R e a lis m . 1 57

t h a t fo r m s wi th i n i t s e l f t h e s k e l e t o n a r o u nd wh i c h it h a s t h e a pp e a r~
a nce o f h a vi ng g r o w n .

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.

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,
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r ,

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.

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r u a

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r , r r ,

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2
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i u

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, ,

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u W e a e m o e l ia bl e t o it in . r r

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, , u ,

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r We a .

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a r

le a v e t o t h is r e a l ity w o u ld r e s t o n a de nia l o f t h e o t h e r de t e m ina t e r

qu l it i e s w h i c h we e x c l u de d f o m it a nd w h ich in o de r t o t h e
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,

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r e a l ity T h is r e a l ity c a n th e n o nly b e r e a c h e d by a n e x t inc t io n o f

.

a ll c o nt e nt w h a t e v e r T h u s t h e t e nde nc y w h ic h s o o ft e n e c u s in
.
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i t f h r — t h e t e nde nc y t o lo o k
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r r r r

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r r

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. e ar

t h e y i m ply a r e f s a l t o a s c ib e t o t h e s u p e m e M a s a s o t o f p r e
u r r r

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, u fom r -
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r

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r r r r .

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r r r

p inc ipl e o f e a l ity is t o b e fo u nd in a de fi nit e ly c o ncr e t e I de a M

r r ,

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r . .

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M is in t h e fo r m o f a mm m g n t o w h i c h M a dm i t s o f b e ing
su u e us

s u b o dina t e d a nd a s a ne g a t io n o f t h e no n M
r I t is no t e v e y d t e r - r e

m ina t io n t h a t r e s t s o n ne g a t io n O n t h e c o nt a y t h e e is a n o ig ina l . r r ,
r r

P o s itio n w ith o u t w h ic h it w o u l d b e i m p o s s ibl e fo u s t o a pp e h e nd r r

t h e c o nt e nt o f t h a t P o s i t io n a s a de t e m ina t io n a nd t o e xpl a in it by r

t h e ne g t io n o f s o m e th ing e ls e
a l
.

9 1 T h e m o de o f d e v e l o p m e nt ; a c co r dingly w h i c h is i m p o s e d o n
’t h e w o l d by t h e I de f w h i h i h xp r e s s io n w o u l d de p e nd o n
.
,

3 r a o c it s t e e ,
 ’

HAPTE J Th e I de a nd it s p h a s e s 1 59
‘

C R VII a .

t h e c o nt e nt o f t h e I de a i t s e l f, ly be s e t fo th by o ne wh o
a nd c o u ld o n r

h a d p e v io u s ly m a de h i m s e l f m a s t e o f t h i s c o nt e nt
r So t o m a k e r .

h im s e l f m a s t e r o f it m s t be t h e m a in b u s ine s s o f t h e I d e a l is t a s m c h
u u

a s o f a ny o ne e l s e T h e o nly p r e li m i na r y e nl ig h t e nm e nt w h i c h h e
.

wo u ld h a e t o s e e k w o l d r e l a t e t o t h a t c h a ra c t e i s ti c o f t h e c o s m ic
. v u r

o d r in t h e wa y o f m e r e fo r m w h ic h is im pl ie d in t h e fa c t t h a t
r e ,

a c c o r ding t o h im it is in t h e fo m o f a g o v e ning I d e a t h a t t h c o n
,
r r e

t e nt j u s t Sp o k e n o f w h a t e v e r it m a y b e c o ns t it u t e s t h e b a s is o f t h i s
, ,

o r de r . Fo r h im M m e a ns s i m ply a p e r s i s t e nt T h o u g h t o f w h ic h t h e ,

im p o r t r e m a i ns t h e s a m e w h a t e v e r a nd h o w g e a t s o e v e r in e a c h
,
r

ins t a nc e o f it s r e a l is a t io n m a y b e t h e c o ll e c t i o n o f e l e m e nt s c o m b ine d
t o t h i s e nd T h e w o r l d t h e e fo r e w o u l d no t b e b o u nd by M e it h e r
. r

t o t h e c o ns t a nt m a int e na nc e o f t h e s a m e e l e m e nt s o t o t h e m a in r

t e na nc e o f a n i de nt i c a l fo m in t h e i c o nne x io n r No t o nly w o u l d r .

A B R a dm it o f r e pl a c e m e nt by 6 a nd Bp b t a l s o t h e i m o d o f a r a
, u r e

c o nne xi o n 15 by X o <
40 if it wa s o nly in t h e s e ne w fo r m s t h a t t h o s e
r

a l t e r e d e l e m e nt s a dm i tt e d o f b e ing c o m bi ne d int o i de nt ity w it h M

I t w o u l d b e idl e t o s e e k u niv e r s a lly b inding c o ndit io ns w h i c h in e a c h

s ingl e fo m o f M s e a li s a t i o n t h e c o h e r e nt e l e m e nt s w o u l d h a v e t o
’
r r

s a t is fy s i m ply in o r de r t o b e c o h e e nt W h a t e a ch r e qu i e s o n t h e r . r

e s e s p e c ia l c a s e s is no t a s c e r t a ina bl e f o m a n
p a t
r o f t h e o t h e i n t h r
y r

s o u r c e wh a t e v e r e i t h e r by c o m p t a t i o n o r by s yll o g is m W e h a ve
u .

no o t h e r a na l o gy t o g u ide u s in j dg ing o f t h is c o nne x io n t h a n t h a t u

o ft e n n o t ic e d a b o v e — o f ae s t h e t ic fi t ne s s w h ic h w h e n o nc e we h a v e ,

b e c o m e a c q u a i nt e d w ith t h e fa c t o f a c o m b ina ti o n b e t w e e n m a nifo l d

e l e m e nt s c o nv inc e s u s t h a t t h e r e is a p e fe c t c o m p a t ibil ity a d e e p
,
r ,

s e a t e d m u t a l u nde s t a nd i ng
u b e t w e e n t h e m w it h o u t e na bl ing u s t o
r , ,

p e r c e ive a ny g e ne r a l r u l e in c o ns e qu e nc e o f w h ic h t h is r e s l t m igh t u

h a ve c o m e a bo u t Th e r e l a t io n h o w e v e r o f t h e I de a M t o t h e
.
, ,

v a io u s fo r m s t h u s c o ns t it u te d Of it s e xp r e s s io n
r , ,
B R ] x[ 6 ] , a r ,

— g p i p i
4 [ p]
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t h e o th e r —m o t i ndiffe e nt ly f o m a ny o ne int o a ny o t h e r bu t in d e
r r ,

fi nit e s e ie s f o m 1 t h o u gh X i nt o
r r <) r No I de a l is m a t a ny a t e h a s r

y e t f il a
e d t o i n s i s t o n t h e s u pp o s it io n — a s u pp o s it io n w h ic h e xp e i nce r e

b e a s o u t— t h a t it is no t m e e ly in a ny s e c t i o n o f t h e w o l d w h ic h
r r r

m ig h t be m a de a t a ny giv e n m o m e nt b u t a l s o in t h e s u c c e s s io n o f it s ,

p h a e s t h a t t h e nity o f t h e I de a w ill a s s e r t i t s e l f
s ,
u .

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r

w h ich qb a nd X h a ve t o s a t is fy in o r de t o th e p o s s ibil ity o f s e qu e nc e r

u p o n e a c h o t h e r w h il e it is i m p o s s ibl e fo r 1 t o a is e d i e c t ly o u t o f
,
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61 ?
1 O f a ll t h e o r i e s I de a li s m is m o s t c o m pl e t e ly de b a rr e d f o m a n r
 Co nclu s io n . [ B OO K 1 .

a pp e a l to a p ra su -
m u nda ne m e c h a nis m , wh i c h ma ke s th e o ne su c

c e s s io n ne c e s s a y r , th e o th e r i m p o s s ibl e . In c o ns is t e nc y it m u st

pl a c e th e m a int e na nc e o i tio na lly a s t h e fo m a

f t h is o r d e r a s u nc o nd r

t io n o f it s s u c c s s iv e m e m b e s in t h e h a nds o f t h e I de a it s e l f w h i c h
e r

is d i e c t e d by no t h ing bu t it s o wn na t u r e
r O n t h is na tu r e w ill de .

p e nd th e a do p t io n o f o ne o r o th e r o f c t a in c o u r s e s ; o r r a th e r it er

w ill c o ns is t in o ne o o t h e r o f t h e m I t w ill r e qu i e e i th e r a p e
r . r r

fe c tly u nc h ng e d s e l f m a int e na nc e o r t h e p e s e va t io n a l o ng w ith

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in t h e t o t a l ity o f p h e no m e na ; i t h e r a p r o g r e s s t o c o ns t a nt ly ne w e

fo r m s w h ic h ne ve r e t u ns u p o n it s e l f o r a r e p e t it i o n o f t h e s a m e
r r

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r .

o b s e r v a t i o n c o nt a di c t s in t h e c a s e o f t h e giv e n w o l d
r O f t h e o th e r s r .

we fi nd i ns t a nc e s in de t il ; b u t if we w e e c a ll e d t o s a y w h ic h o f
a r

t h e m b e a s t h e s t a m p o f r e a l ity a s a w h o l e o u
r c o ll e c t iv e e pe ,
r x

r ie nc e wo u l d a f f o d no g u ide t o a n a ns w e r r A ll t h a t we k no w is .

t h a t t h e s e v e a l p h a s e s o f t h e c o s m ic o de
r w h a t e v e t h e na tu e o f t h e r r, r r

c o h e e nt c h a i n fo m e d by t h e i
r s e i e s a s a wh o l e
r a r e m a de u p o f
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c o m b ina t io ns o f c o m p a r a bl e e l e m e nt s t h a t is s we a r e in t h e h a b it , ,
a

o f s u pp o s ing o f s t a t e s a nd c h a ng e s o f p e r s is t e nt t h i ng s
, T h i s is .

t h e j u s t ifi c t io n o f o u r wa y o f e m pl o yi ng t h e e qu iv a l e nt l e tt e s o f
a r

d iffe e nt a lp h a b e t s t o i ndic a t e t h e c o ns t i t u e nt s w h ic h in diffe r e nt

r

s e c t io ns o f t h e c o s m i c o d e r s e e m t o r e p la c e r e a ch o th e r I f we .

a ll o w o u s e lv e s t h e n t o p u s u e t h is m o de o f
r e p e s e nt a t i o n a nd c o n
r r r

c e de t o I de a li s m t h a t t h e I de a M de t e m i ne s t h e s e ie s o f it s fo m s r r r

w it h o u t b e ing in a ny wa y c o nditio ne d by a ny th ing a l ie n t o it s e l f ,

s t ill by t h is v e r y a c t o f de t e r m ina t io n it m a k e s e a c h p e c e ding p h a s e r ,

w ith it s c o nt e nt t h e c o nditio n o f th e e a li s a t io n o f t h a t w h i ch fo llo w s

,
r .

I t is no d e t a c h e d e x is t e nc e h o w e v e r t h a t we c a n a s c ib e t o t h e
, ,
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fo r m s o f it s p o s s ibl e r e a li s a t i o n W e m a y no t p r e s e nt it t o o u r .

s e lv e s a s c o ns t a nt ly dippi ng a f e s h int o s u c h a r e p e r t o r y o f fo m s r r ,

w it h a de fi ni t e s e r i e s in v ie w fo r th e p u p o s e a fte r di s c a ding t h e ,
r ,
r

p io p h a s e o f c l o th ing i t s e l f in t h e ne w o ne w h ic h m igh t b e ne x t in
r r ,

t h e s e ie s A t e a c h m o m e nt t h e I de a is e a l o nly in o ne o f t h e s e
r . r

fo r m s I t is o nly a s h a vi ng a t t h i s p a t ic u l a t im e a r iv e d a t t h is p a r t i
. r r r

c u la e xp e s s io n o f it s m e a ni ng t h a t it c a n b e t h e d e t e m ining g o nd
r r ,
r r u

fo t h e s u r e nde o f t h i s m o m e nt a y fo m a nd fo r t h e r e a l is a t io n o f
r r r r r

th ene x t s u c c e e ding o ne T h e ae s t h e t ic o r if t h a t t e m is p e fe rr d
.
,
r r e ,

t h e d i l c t ic c o nne x io n b e t w e e n s c h p h a s e s o f e a l it y a s s t a nd in a
a e u r

de fi nite o r de r o f s u c c e s s i o n w h i c h wa s i m pl ie d in t h e ir b e i ng r e ~
,
CH APT E R v 1 1 1 . Th e I de a a nd it s M e ch a nis m . 1 6I

g a r de d a s a n e xp r e s s i o n o f o ne I de a m u s t p as s o v e r i nto a c a u s a l ,

c o nne xi o n in w h i c h t h e c o nt e nt a nd o g a ni a t io n o f t h e w o l d a t
,
r z r

e a c h m o m e nt is d e p e nde nt o n it s c o nt e nt a nd o r g a ni a t i o n a t t h e z

p r e vi o u s m o m e nt .

9 2 Th e diffic u l t i e s i nvo lv e d in t h i s do c t r i ne h a v e b e e n t o o m u c h
.

igno e d by I de a li s m in t h e fo r m s w h i c h it h a s s o fa r t a k e n I n
r , .

s e e ki ng t o t h r o w ligh t o n t h e m I p o p o s e t o c o nfi ne m y s e l f t o t h e
,
r

s u c c e s s i o n o f t wo p h a s e s o f t h e s i m pl e fo m 4) [A B R ] a nd 1 [a r <1

w h ich w e r e t r e a te d in § 7 2 a s p o s s ibl e c a s e s T h is de t e r m ina t e .

s u c c e s s i o n c a n ne v e r b e c o m e t h ink a bl e if e a c h o f t h e s e p h a s e s is
,

r e p r e s e nt e d a s a n i ne r t c o m bi na t i o n o f i ne r t e l e m e nt s : fo r in t h a t

c a s e e a c h is a n e q iv a l e nt e xp r e s s i o n fou M a nd t h e t a ns i ti o n f o m r r r

e a c h i nt o e a c h o f t h e i nnu m e r a bl e o t h e r e xp r e s s io ns o r p h a se s o f M

is e qu a lly p o s s ibl e a nd e q u a lly u nne c e s s a y E it h e r t h e inc l de d r . u

e l e m e nt s m u s t b e c o ns i de r e d t o b e in a d e fi nit e ly d i e c t e d p r o c e s s o f r

b e c o m ing o r t h e c o m m o n fo rm o f c o m b ina tio n

, m u s t be c o n ,

s ide e d a m o t io n w h ic h dis t r ib u t e s i t s e l f u p o n t h e m in v a r i o u s d e fi ni t e
r

qu antit ie s T h is a s s u m p t i o n is no t i nc o ns is t e nt e ith e r w ith t h e p r i n

.

c iple s p r e vi o u s ly l a i d d o w n a c c o r d ing t o w h i c h a s t a t io na r y b e i ng
,

o f t h ing s c o u l d no t b e h e l d t o b e a ny t h ing bu t a s e l f m a i nt e -

na nc e o f t h a t w h i c h is in c o ns t a nt p r o c e s s o f b e c o m ing o r wi t h ,

t h e s pi i t o f I de a l is m ; fo r I de a l is m i nc l de s in it s c o nc e p t i o n o f
r u

e v e y fo rm
r o f b e i ng t h e dia l e c t i c a l ne g a t ivi ty w h i c h d iv e s t h e b e i ng ,
r

o u t o f o ne g iv e n fo r m o f it s r e a l it y i nt o a no t h e r Fo r t h e s e t wo .

u nm o v ing m e m b e r s t h e r e fo r e we s h o u l d h a v e a t o nc e t o s u b s t i t u t e

t h e o ne inde p e nde nt fa c t o f a p r o c e s s by w h ic h A p a s s e s i nt o a nd a

B i nt o 6 w hil e R r e m a i ns t h e s a m e
, No w t h is fa c t is a n e qu iv a l e nt
.

e xp e s s io n o f t h a t fo m
r o f b e c o m i ng w h ic h a t t h is m o m e nt c o n
r

s t it u t e s t h e r e a l it y o f M A a a nd B 6 a c c o di ngly a r e t wo o cc u r
- -
,
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r e ne e s o f w h i c h in t h e e xp e s s i o n o f t h e i de a w h ic h c o ns t it u t e s M
,
r

o ne c a nno t t a k e pl a c e w ith o u t th e o th e r T a k e n by t h e m s e lve s .

,

i nde e d t h e y w o u l d h a ve no s u ch m u t u a l c o nne xi o n Th e c o n
, .

ne io n do e s no t
x e p e s e nt a ny s u p r a m u nd a ne
r r la w h o l di ng g o o d
-
,

fo r t h e w o l d N a s w e ll a s fo r t h e e a l M
r I t is o nly in t h is e a l
r . r

M — w h ic h m e a ns fo u s in f c t n o ndit io n lly — t h a t t h e y b e l o ng
r a u c a

t o g e t h e r a s e a c h t h e c o ndit io n o f t h e o t h e r s o l o ng a s t h e r e is no ,

c h a ng e o n t h e p a t o f t h e r e m a ining m e m b e r R t o a f
r fe c t th e p u r e
o p e r a t io n o f t h e t wo o n e a c h o t h e r .

S u pp o s i ng it no w t o c o m e a b o u t in t h e c o u r s e o f t h i s w o l d M
, , r

t h a t c e t a in p r e c e d ing p h a s e s o nc e a g a in g a v e is e t o t h e o c c u r e nc e
r r r

A a a nd a l o ng wi t h it t o a n u nc h a ng e d R o r a n R c h a ng e d o nly
-

V OL . 1 . M
 Co nclu s io n . [ B OO K 1 .

in re s p e ct o f i nt e r na l m o difi c a t i o ns w ith o u t e x t e r na l e ffe c t t h e n we ,

S h o u l d i nfe r th a t in t h i s c a s e o f r e p e t it io n o f A th e o c c u r r e nc e -
a ,

B 6 m u s t a l s o r e a pp e a r a s it s c o ns e q u e nc e r e q u ir e d by t h e na t u r e
-

o f M I f h o w e v e r t h e p e c e ding p h a s e s ne c e s s it a t e d a l o ng w ith
, ,
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A a a t r a ns i t io n o f R t o r t h e n t h e t e nde nc y o f t h e fo rm e r o c c u r
-
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r e nce t o p o du c e B 6 w h il e c o nt inu ing

r -
,
w o l d no t b e a bl e t o , u

r e a li s e i t s e l f p u r e ly W h a t w o u l d e a lly t a ke pl a c e w o u l d be a r e
. r

s u lt ing o cc u r re nc e t h e i s s u e o f t h o s e t wo i m p u l s e s d e t e rm i ne d by a
, ,

r e l a t i o n o f m t u a l im pl ic a t io n in M j s t in t h e s a m e wa y a s in t h e
u u ,

c a se o f th e i nd iffe r e nce o f R B 6 is de t r m ine d by A ,

-
Or e -a
.

to e xp e ss th e s a
r m e g e n e a lly — t h e t r a ns it io n o f t h e o ne p h a s e 1 int o
r <)

t h e o t h e r X is b o u g h t a b o u t by t h e c o m bi na t i o n o f t h e r e c ip o ca l
r r

e ffe c t s w h ic h t h e s e v e a l m o v e m e nt s c o nt a i ne d in (i o nc e fo r a ll o x e r
,
r )

c is e in vi t u e o f t h e i r na t u r e ind e p e nde nt ly o f t h e p h a s e in w h ic h
r ,

t h e y h a pp e n t o b e c o m b ine d o r o f t h e p o i nt in t h e w o r l d s c o u s e a t
’
r

w h ich t h e y f o m t im e t o t im e a pp e a
r r.

W e th s c o m e t o b e lie ve in t h e ne c e s s i t y o f a m e c h a ni c a l s y s t e m
u ,

a c c o d ing t o w h ic h e a c h m o m e nt a y r e a l is a t io n o f t h e I d e a is t h t
r r a

wh ic h t h e p r e c e ding s t a t e s o f fa c t a c c o r d ing t o c e t a in l a w s o f t h e ir r

o p e r a t io n h a d t h e p o w e r t o b ing a b o u t No r is it in a ny f t a l is t ic
r .
,
a

wa y a s a n a l ie n ne c e s s it y i m p o s ing it s e l f o n t h e I de a t h a t t h is
, ,

m e c h a nis m is t h o u g h t o f b u t a s a n a na ly t ic a l c o ns e q u e nc e o f o u r
,

c o nc e p t i o n o f t h e I de a — o f t h e s u pp o s it io n t h a t it e nj o ins u p o n

i t s e l f a c e r t a in o de r in it s m a ni fo l d p o s s ibl e m o de s o f m a nife s t a t io n
r

a nd by s o do ing m a k e s t h e o ne a n a nt e c e de nt c o nd i t io n o f t h a t
w h ic h fo llo w s So l o ng h o w e v e r a s I de lis m c o nt in e s t o e g a d
.
, ,
a u r r

t h e im p o t o f t h e I de a a s t h e m e t a p h y s ic a l P iu s w h ic h de t e m ine s
r r r

t h e s u c c e s s io n o f e v e nt s s o l o ng t h e r e l ie s a diffi c l t y in t h is t w o fo l d
,
u

de m a n d t h e d e m a nd t h a t w h a t is c o ndit io ne d by t h e I de a a f o nte
u
r

s h o u l d b e a lw a y s ide nt i c a l wi th t h a t t o w h ic h t h is m e c h a ni s m o f it s r e

a li a t io n i m p e l s a t g o
s At a l a t e r s t a g e O f m y e nqu ir y I s h a l l h a v e
er .

t h i s q u e s t io n I t wi ll b e a t t h e p o int t o w h ic h
.
,

t h e r e a de w ill h a ve b e e n l o ng l o o ki ng fo wa r d w h e t h e a pp e a
r r ,
er r

a nc e with i n na t u e o f l iv ing b e i ng s b ing s h o m e t o u s w it h s p e c i a l

r r

c o g e nc y t h e t h o u g h t o f r e l a t i o n t o a n e nd a s g o v e ning t h e c o se o f r ur

t h ing s o ,
o f a n ide a l w h o l e p r e c e ding t h e r e a l p a t s a nd t h i c o m
r r e r

bina t io n Th e qu e s t io n c a n th e n b e dis c u s s e d o n m o e d fi nit e

. r e

p r e m i s s e s I n t
. h e e gi o n o f g e n
r a l it y t o w h ic h I a t p e s e nt c
er o nfi ne r

m y s e l f I de a l is m c o u l d s c a c e ly a ns w e o t h e w is e t h a n by t h e m e e
r r r r

a s s e r t io n ;
‘
Su ch is t h e fa c t : s u ch is t h e na t u r e o f th e c o nc r e t e

I de a , a nd s u c h th e m a nne r o f its re a l is a t io n a t e ve y r m o m e nt , t h a t
C H APT E R V I I .
] I 63

e v e ry th i ng w h i c h it o r da i ns in vi r tu e df it s o wn i m p o r t m u st i s s u e a s
a ne c e s s a r y r e s u l t in o r de r e d s u c ce s s i o n fr o m t h e bl ind c o Op e r a t i o n -

o f a ll t h e s e v e r a l m o v e m e nt s i nt o w h i c h it di s tr ibu te s i t s e lf a nd ,

a c c o di ng t o t h e g e ne r a l l a w s w h i c h it h a s i m p o s e d o n i t s e l f
’
r .

9 3 I t is no t e ve r y p o bl e m t h a t a dm it s o f a s o l u t i o n no r e v e ry
. r ,

go a l h o we v e r ne c e ss a r ily we p r e s e nt it t o u r s e lv e s t h a t c a n be
,
o ,

r e a ch e d W e S h a ll ne v e r b e a bl e t o s t a t e t h e fu ll i m p o r t o f t h a t I de a
.

M w h i ch we t a k e t o be t h e a ni m a t i ng s o u l o f t h e C o s m o s
,
No t t h e .

fra g m e nt a ry Ob s e r v a t i o n w h ic h is a l o ne a t o u r c o m m a nd bu t o nly
, ,

th a t c o m pl e t e vi e w o f t h e w h o l e w h ic h is de ni e d c o u l d t e a c h u s ,

w h a t t h a t fu ll i m p o r t is Na y no t e v e n a n u nli m i t e d e x t e ns i o n o f
.
,

o b s e v a t io n w o u l d s e r v e t h e p u r p o s e
r T o k no w it we m u s t liv e it .
,

wi th a ll t h e o r g a ns o f o u r s o u l A nd e v e n if by s o m e ki nd o f c o m .

m u nic a t io n we h a d b e e n p u t in p o s s e s s io n o f it a ll fo r m s o f t h o u g h t ,

w o u l d b e l a c ki ng t o u s by w h i c h t h e Si m pl e fu l ne s s o f wh a t wa s
,

giv e n t o u s in vi s i o n c o u l d be u nfo l de d i nt o a do c t i ne s c i e nt ifi c a lly r ,

a t ic u la t e d a nd c o nne c t e d
r Th e r e nu nc i a t i o n o f s u c h h o p e s h a s
.

be e n p r e s cr ib e d t o u s by t h e c o nc lu s i o n t o w h i c h we w e r e b o u gh t r

in t r e a t ing o f P u r e L o g ic I t r e m a ins a s we h a d t h e r e t o a dm it a n
.
,
‘
,

u nr e a l is a bl e i de a l o f t h o u gh t t o fo ll o w t h e p r o c e s s by w h i ch t h e
s u p e m e I de a
r d a w s fr o m no o t h e r s o u r c e b u t it s e l f t h o s e m i no r
r

Pr e m is s e s by m e a ns o f w h ic h it s i m p o t w h il e fo r e ve r t h e s a m e is r , ,

le d u p t o t h e de v e l o p m e nt o f a r e l ity t h a t c o ns is t s in a m a ni fo l d a

c h a ng e H e re h o w e v e r a s t h e e we c a n m a int a i n t h e c o nvi c t i o n
.
, ,
r

“
t h a t in r e a l ity t h a t is p o s s ibl e w h i c h o u r t h o u g h t s a e i na de q u a t e r

t o r e p ro d c e I t is no t a ny c o ns t r u c t io n o f t h e w o r l d o u t o f th e
u .

i de a o f w h ic h t h e p o s s ibili ty is th u s im pli e d bu t m e r e ly a r e g r e s s iv e ,

i nt e p r e t a t io n w h ich a tte m p t s t o t r a c e b a c k t h e c o nne xi o n o f wh a t

r ,

is g iv e n u s in e xp e i e nc e a s we g r a d u a lly be c o m e a c qu a i nt e d wi t h it
r , ,

t o it s i ne ffa bl e s o u r c e .

T o t h is a c t u a l l im i t a t io n u p o n o u r p o s s ibili t i e s o f k no wl e dge t h e
s e co nd o f t h e v ie w s a b o v e
“ dis t ing u is h e d Re a li s m — a dj u s t s it s e l f
b e t te th a n I de a l is m t h o u gh it h a s no t a t b o tt o m a ny o t h e o m o r e
r , r r

s a t is fa c t o y a ns w e r t o g iv e t o t h e q u e s t io ns j u s t r a i s e d
r R e a l is m do e s . .

no t e nqu i e h o w t h e c o u r s e o f t h e w o l d c a m e t o b e de t e r m ine d a s it
r r

is I t c o nt e nt s it s e l f wi t h t e a t ing t h e c o ll e c t iv e s t u c t u r e o f t h e w o r l d a t
. r r

a ny m o m e nt a s t h e ine v it bl e p o du c t o f t h e fo r c e s o f t h e p a s t o p e a t i ng
a r r

a c c o ding t o g e ne a l la w s
r O n o ne p o int h o w e v e r I t h i nk t h e o r di na r y
r .
, ,

no t io n e nt e t a ine d by t h o s e wh o h o l d t h is Vi e w h a s a l r e a dy b e e n
’

c o rr e c t e d T h e y c o m m o nly s ta r t fr o m t h e a s s u m p t i o n o f a n i nde fi ni te
.

L o g ic , 1 5 1 .
9
Lo g ic , lo c . c it .
3

M 2
I 64 Co nc lu s io n . [ B OO K 1 .

nu m be r o f m u t u a lly
i nde p e nde nt e l e m e nt s w h ic h a r e o nly b r o u gh t ,

e v e n i nt o c o m bi na t i o n by t h e fo r c e o f l a w s T h a t t h is is i m p o s s ibl e
.

a nd t h a t fo r t h i s P l u ra li s m t h e r e m u s t b e s u b s t i t u t e d a M o nis m is w h a t

I h a ve t r i e d t o S h o w a nd ne e d no t r e p e a t I t is no t t h u s f o m t h e
”
.
,
r

na t u re o f o bj e c t s bu t f o m t h e na t u e o f t h e o ne o bj e c t t h a t we m u s t
‘
,
r r , ,

e v e n in R e a l is m de r iv e t h e c o u r s e o f t h i ng s
,
I n fa c t t h e dis t inc t io n
.
,

b e t w e e n t h e two vi e w s w o u l d r e du c e i t s e l f t o t h i s t h a t w h il e t h e ,

I de a lis t c o nc e ive s h is o ne p inc ipl e a s a r e s t l e s s ly a c t ive I de a th e

r ,

R e a l is t c o nc e iv e s h is a s s o m e t h ing o bj e c t iv e w h i c h m e r e ly s ufl r s t h e s
,
e

c o ns e qu e nc e s o f a n o igi na l dis i nt e g a t i o n i nt o a m u l t it u de o f e l e m e nt s
r r

t h a t h a v e t o b e c o m b ine d a c c o r di ng t o la w— a di s i nt e g a ti o n w h i c h r

b e l o ng s t o t h e d f a to chns t it u t io n o f it s na t u r e a s give n b e fo r e
e c ,

kno wle dge b e g ins T h e m o de o f th e i r c o m b ina t i o ns m a y b e c o m e

.

k no w n t o u s t h r o u gh t h e e la b o r a t i o n o f e xp e r i e nc e : a nd t h i s kno w
l e dg e give s u s a s m u ch p o w e r o f a ntic ip a t ing t h e fu tu r e a s s a t i s fi e s
t h e r e qu i r e m e nt s o f a c t iv e li fe A n u nde r s t a nding o f t h e u niv e r s e is
.

no t w h a t t h is m e t h o d will h e lp u s t o a t t a in T h e g e ne a l l a w s t o . r ,

wh ic h t h e r e c ip r o c a l Op e a t i o ns o f th ing s c o nfo r m — in t h e fi r s t in
r

s t a nc e s p e c i a l t o e a c h g o u p o f p h e no m e na — a r e p r e s e nt e d a s l im i t a
r

t io ns c o e v a l wi t h k no wl e dg e i m p o s e d by R e a l it y o n i t s e l f a nd w it h in
,

w h i c h it is a s a m a t t e r o f fa c t c o m p e ll e d to r e s t r a i n t h e m u l t ipl ic it y o f
, ,

it s p o du c t s
r .T h e o v e r p o w e r i ng i m p e s s io n h o w e v e r w h i c h is m a de
r , ,

b y t h e i r r e f a g a bili ty o f t h e s e li m i t s is no t j u s t ifi e d b y a ny v a l u e wh i c h
r ,

in r e s p e c t o f t h e i r c o nt e nt t h e y p o s s e s s fo r o u r u nde r s t a nding .

T h e y w o u l d t h u s o nly s a t i s fy h im wh o c o u l d c o nt e nt h im s e l f wi th
t h e m e r e r e c o g ni t i o n o f a s t a t e o f t h i ng s a s u nco ndi t io na l m a t t e r o f
fa c t. B u t e v e n w it h i n t h e r a nge o f r e a l is t i c v ie w s t h e i nvi nc ibl e
Spi r i tu a l a s s u r a nc e a s s e r t s i t s e l f t h a t t h e w o r l d no t m e r e ly is b u t h a s
a m e a ning . T o s u c c e e d in g ivi ng t o t h e l a w s t h a t a r e fo u nd a s a ,

m a t t e r o f fa c t t o o b t a i n s u c h a n e xp e s s i o n a s m a k e s t h e r e a s o n in
, r

th e m , th e r a tio leg i m a t t e r o f dir e c t a pp r e h e ns i o n is e v e r yw h e r e

s, ,

r e c k o ne d o ne o f t h e fi ne s t a c h i e v e m e nt s o f s c i e nc e No r c a n t h e .

r e a li s t i c m e th o d o f e nq u i r y r e s i s t t h e a d m is s i o n t h a t t h e e nd s t o w h i c h

e ve nt s c o nt r ib u t e c a nno t a lw a y s b e c r e dibly e xpl a ine d a s m e re p o ,

r

du c t s o f a i m l e s s o p e r a t i o n I t is no t m e r e ly o r g a nic s t r u c t u r e s t o
.

w h ic h t h i s r e m a r k a ppli e s Eve n t h e pl a ne t a y s ys t e m e x h ib it s fo rm s
. r

o f s e l f m a int e na nc e in it s p e r i o dic c h a ng e s w h i c h h a v e t h e a pp e a r a nc e
-
,

o f b e i ng p a r t i c u l a r c a s e s e s p e c i a lly s e l e c t e d o u t o f i nnu m e r a bl e

e q u a lly p o s s ibl e o r m o r e e a s ily p o s s ible

,
e s u l t s o f s u c h o p e r a t io ns I t
,
r .

is t r u e t h a t o u r o b s e r v a t i o n is u na bl e t o s e t tl e t h e q e s t io n w h e t h e r u

[ S h
2 ‘ 3
ac e .
Co m m v11 ] R e a lis m a nd Te le o logy . 1 65
th e s e c a se s p ta t i o n t o e nds a r e t o be t h o u gh t o f a s Si ngl e
o f a da

is l a nds fl o a t i ng in a b o u ndl e s s s e a o f a i m l e s s b e c o m i ng o r w h e t h e , r

we s h o u l d a s c ib e a lik e o r de r in it s c h a ng e s t o t h e c o ll e c t iv e u niv e r s e
r .

R e a l is m c a n fi nd a n e xpl a na t io n o f t h e s e s p e c i a l fo r m s o nly in t h e
a s s u m p t i o n o f a n a r a ng e m e nt o f a ll o p e r a t iv e e le m e nt s w h ic h fo r a ll
r ,
/
t h a t de p e nds o n t h e g e ne r a l la ws m ig h t j u s t a s w e ll h a v e b e e n a no t h e r,
/
b u t w h ic h b e i ng w h a t it is a nd no t a no th e r ne c e s s a r ily le a d s in
, ,

a c c o r da nc e w it h t h o s e l a w s t o t h e giv e n e nd s I t t h u s a pp e a l s o n it s .

p a r t t o th e c o o p e r a tio n a s a m a t t e r o f fa c t o f t wo p rinc ipl e s i nde

-
, ,

p e nde nt o f e a c h o t h e r wh ic h it k no w s no t h o w t o u ni t e ; o n th e o ne
h a nd t h e g e ne ra l l a w s o n t h e o th e r h a nd t h e g iv e n s p e c i a l a rr a ng e
'

m e nt o f t h e ir p o int s o f a ppli ca t i o n I n t h i s r e s p e c t Re a li s m c a n
.

c la im no s u p e i o r i t y o v e r I d e a li s m
r A t th e s a m e t i m e it is o nly e nqu i i e s
. r

c o ndu c t e d in t h e s p i i t o f R e a l is m t h a t will s a t i s fy t h e wi s h e s o f I de a l is m
r .

T h e y w ill i nde e d ne v e r u nv e i l t h e fu ll m e a ni ng o f t h e I de a B u t t h e r e .

is no th i ng b u t r e c o g ni tio n o f t h e d f to r e l a t i o ns o f t h ing s t h a t c a n e ac

m a k e o u t h o u gh t s a t l e a s t c o nv e r g e t o w a r ds t h is c e nt r e o f t h e u niv e r s e
r .

9 4 Th e c o nc e p t io n o f a T h ing w h ic h we a do p t h a s b e e n e xp o s e d
.

t o m a ny tr a ns fo m a t i o ns h it h e r t o wi t h o u t de c i s iv e iss u e
r , D o u bt s h ve . a

a t l a s t b e e n r a is e d w h e t h e t h e u nio n o f o ne ne s s o f e s s e nt ia l b e ing
r

wi th m u l t ipl ic ity o f s o c a lle d s t a t e s h a s a ny m e a ning a t a ll a nd is a ny

-

t h ing b e t t e t h a n a h e m p t y j u x t a p o s it io n o f w o d s
r I n a pp r o a c h i ng r .

ou r c o nc l u s io n o n t h is p o int we m u s t t a k e a o u nda b o u t o ad Th e r r .

m is g ivi ng j u s t e xp r e s s e d r e a c h e s fu t h e I n a ll t h e a r g u m e nt s r r .

wh ic h we u l tim a t e ly a d d u ce d a nd in w h i c h we p a s s e d na if j u d g m e nt s
,

o n t h e i nne rm o s t e s s e nc e o f t h e r e a l o n w h a t is p o s s ibl e a nd im p o s ,

s ibl e fo r it a c c o ding t o p r inc ipl e s u na v o i da bl e fo r o u r t h o u g h t w h a t

,
r ,

w a r a nte d t h e a s s u r a nc e t h a t t h e na t u re o f t h i ng s m u s t c o rr e s p o nd t o
r

o u r s u bj e c t iv e ne c e s s i t i e s o f t h o u g h t ? Ca n s u c h r e a so ni ng s a m o u nt
t o m o r e t h a n a h u m a n vi e w o f t h ing s b e a r ing p e r h a p s no s o t o f lik e ,
r

ne s s t o t h a t wh i c h it is c re dit e d wi t h r e p e s e nt ing ? r

T h is g e ne a l do u b t I m e e t wi th a n e q u a lly g e ne r a l c o nfe s s i o n
r ,

w h ic h it m a y b e w e ll t o m a ke a s a g a ins t t o o a s p ir ing a n e s t im a t e o f
w h a t P h il o s o p h y c a n u nde r ta ke I r e a dily a dm it t h a t I t a k e P h il o .

S o p h y t o b e t h o gh o u t m e e ly a n inne r m o ve m e nt o f t h e h u m a n
r u r

s p i it
r . I n t h e h is t o y o f t h a t s p irit a l o ne h a s P h il o s o p h y it s h is t o r y
r .

I t is a n e ffo t w it h in t h e p e s u pp o s e d l im it s e v n t o o u r s e lv e s a b s o
r ,
r , e

lu t e ly u nk no w n w h ic h o u e a t h ly e x is t e nc e im p o s e s o n u s t o g a in a
,
r r ,

i
c o ns s t e tn V ie w o f t h e w o r l d— a n e ffo t w h ic h c a r ie s u s t o s o m e t h i ng
r r

be y o nd t h e s a t is fa c t io n o f t h e w a nt s o f l ife t e a c h ing u s t o s e t be fo e
’

,
r

o u s e lv e s a nd t o a t t a i n w o r t h y o bj e c t s in livi ng
r A n a b s o l u t e tr u t h .
,
I 66 C0726 [ B OO K I .

su c h as th e g l in h e a ve n w o u l d h a ve to a c c e p t is no t its
a rch a n e s ,

Obj e ct no r do e s t h e fa il u r e t o r e a l is e s u ch a n o bj e c t m a k e o u r e ffo r t s
,

bo o t l e s s W e a dm it t h e r e fo r e t h e c o m pl e t e ly h u m a n s u bj e c t ivi ty o f
.

a ll o u r k no wl e dg e wi t h t h e l e s s a m b ig u it y b e c a u s e we s e e c l e a ly
,
r

m o r e o v e r t h a t it is u na v o ida bl e a nd t h a t a l t h o u g h we m a y fo r e g o
,

t h e c l a i m t o a ll k no wl e dg e w h a t e v e r we c o u l d p u t no o t h e r k no wl e dg e
,

in t h e pl a c e o f t h a t o n w h ic h do u b t is t h r o w n t h a t w o u l d no t b e Op e n ,

t o t he s a m e r e p r o a ch Fo r in w h a t e v e r m ind a ny th ing m a y p re s e nt
.

it s e l f w h i c h m a y b e b r o u g h t u nd e r t h e i d e a o f k no wl e d g e it w ill ,

a lw a y s b e s e l f e vi de nt t h a t t h is m i nd c a n ne v e r g a i n a V ie w o f t h e
-

o bj e c t s o f it s k no wl e dg e a s t h e y w o l d s e e m if it did no t s e e t h e m
u ,

b u t o nly a s t h e y s e e m if it s e e s th e m a nd in r e l a t io n t o it t h e s e e i ng
,

m ind . I t is qu i t e s u p e r fl u o u s t o m a k e t h i s s i m pl e t r u t h s t ill m o r e
pl a i n by a de li ne a t i o n o f a ll t h e s e v e r a l s t e p s in o u k no wl e dg e e a c h r ,

m o no t o no u s ly fo ll o w e d by a p r o o f t h a t we e v e ryw h e e r e m a in w it h in r

t h e l im i t s o f o u r s u bj e c t iv it y a nd t h a t e v e r y j u dg m e nt in t h e wa y o f ,

r e c o g nit i o n o r c o r r e c t i o n w h i c h we p a s s f o m o ne o f t h e h igh e r o f
,
r

t h e s e s t e p s u p o n o ne o f t h e l o w e r is s t ill no m o r e t h a n a ne c s s it y o f
, e

t h o u g h t fo r u s A t m o s t it is w o t h t h e t r o u bl e to a dd t h a t — s t ill o f
. r
,

c o u r s e a c c o r di ng t o o u r wa y o f t h in in —
k g t h is is no Sp e c ia lly p j u re
,

dic ia l lo t o f th e h u m a n Spi r i t bu t m u s t r e cu r in e v e r y b e ing w h ic h

,

s t a nds in r e l a t i o n t o a ny t h i ng b e y o nd it .

J u s t fo r t h is r e a s o n t h i s u niv e r s a l c h a r a c t e r o f s u bj e c tivi ty b e l o ng ,

ing t o a ll k no wl e dg e c a n s e tt l e no t h i ng a s t o it s t ru t h o r u nt u t h
, r .

I n p u t t ing t r u s t in o ne c o m p o ne nt o f o st e ns ibl e k no wl e dg e w h il e
we t a k e a no th e r t o b e e r r o ne o u s we c a n b e j u s t ifi e d o nly by a c o n
s i de ra t io n o f t h e i m p o r t o f t h e t wo c o m p o ne nt s W e h a ve t o r e j e c t
.

a nd a l t e r a ll t h e no t io ns w h ic h we b e g a n by fo m ing b u t w h ic h
, r

c a nno t be m a i nt a i ne d w it h o u t c o nt a d i c t io n w h e n o u r t h o u g h t s a r e
r

s y s t e m a t iz e d w h il e t h e y c a n wi t h o u t c o nt r a di c ti o n be r e pl a c e d by
,

o the s r A s r e g a r ds t h e u l t im a t e p r i nc ipl e s h o w e v e r w h ic h we fo ll o w
.
, ,

in t h is c it i c i s m o f o u r t h o u gh t s it is q u it e t u e t h a t we a e l e ft w it h
r , r r

no t h i ng bu t t h e c o nfi de nc e o f R e a s o n in i t s e l f o r t h e c e r t a int y o f b e l ie f
’

in t h e g e ne a l t u t h t h a t t h e r e is a m e a ning in t h e w o r l d a nd t h a t t h e
r r ,

na t u r e o f t h a t r e a li t y w h ic h inc l u de s u s in i t s e l f h a s g iv e n o u r s pi r i t
, ,

o nly s u c h ne c e s s it i e s o f t h o u g h t a s h a r m o ni s e w it h it .

9 5 O f t h e v a i o u s fo r m s in w h i c h t h e s c e p t ic i s m in qu e s t i o n
. r

r e a pp e a r s t h e l a s t is t h a t o f a d o u b t no t a s t o t h e g e ne r a l c a p a c it y fo r

t ru t h o n t h e p a r t o f o u r c o g ni t io n b u t a s t o t h e t u t h o f o ne o f it s
,
r

u t te a nc e s — a de t e r m i na t e t h o u g h v e r y c o m p r e h e ns iv e o ne
r I t r e la te s .

t o t h a t w h o l e w o r l d o f th i ng s w h i c h s o fa in c o nfo r m i ty wi th th e
r,
cu m o n v r1 .
1 Fich t e on Th ing s a nd Sp ir it s . 1 67

u su a l wa y o f t h i nki ng we h a v e t a ke n fo r g r a nt e d A ft e r th e a dm ir a bl e
, .

e xp o s i t io n w h i c h F ic h te h a s giv e n u s o f t h e s u bj e c t in his V o c a t io n
o f Ma n I ne e d no t S h o w o ve r a g a in h o w e ve ry th ing wh ic h info rm s
,
’

u s a s t o t h e e x i s t e nc e o f a w o l d wi t h o u t u s c o ns is t s in t h e l a s t r e s o t
r ,
r

m e r e ly in a ffe c t io ns o f o u r o wn eg o o — t o u s e l a ng u a g e m o r e fr e e , r

f o m a s s u m p t io n— in fo r m s w h i c h h o v e r b e fo e o u r c o ns c i o u s ne s s
r r ,

a nd fr o m t h e m a ni fo l d Va r i a t io ns a nd c o m b ina t io ns o f w h i c h t h e r e

a is e s t h e i d e a — a nd a lw a y s a s o u r i de a — o f s o m e t h i ng p re s e nt wi t h
r

o u t u s o f a w o l d o f t h ing s
, No w we h a ve a r ig h t t o e nqu i e w h a t
r . r

v a li dit y t h is i de a i re s p e c t ive ly o f it s p r o x im a t e o r ig in m a y c l a im in
,
r ,

t h e w h o l e o f o u r t h o gh t s ; bu t it w o u l d h a v e b e e n a s im pl e f ll a c y
u a

m e r e ly o n a c c o u nt o f t h e s u bj e c t iv it y o f a ll t h e e l e m e nt s o u t o f w h ic h

it h a s b e e n fo m e d t o d e ny it s t u t h a nd t o p r o no u nc e t h e o u t e r w o rl d
r ,
r

t o b e m e e ly a c e a t i o n o f o u r i m a g ina t io n
r r Fo r t h e s t a t e o f t h e c a s e .

c o u l d b e no o t h e r w e r e t h e r e t h ing s wi t h o u t u s o r no
, O r k no w . u

l e dge in t h e o ne c a s e o u i m a g ina t io n in t h e o th e c o u l d a l ik e o nly

,
r r,

c o ns is t in s t a t e s o r a c t ivi t i e s o f o u r o wn b e ing— in w h a t we c a ll im

p re s s io ns m a de o n o u r na t u r e s u pp o s ing t h e s e t o b e t h i ng s bu t o n , ,

no s u pp o s it io n in a ny t h ing o t h e r t h a n a s u bj e c t ive p r o p e t y o f o u r s r .

A s is w e ll k no w n F ic h t e d id no t d r a w t h e p im a y infe e nc e w h ic h
, r r r

o f
-
fe ns iv e a s it is — w o u l d b e l o g ic a lly inv o lv e d in t h e e r o r no t ic e d r ,

t h e infe e nc e na m e ly t h a t t h e s ingl e s u bj e c t a do p t ing s u c h a p h il o

r , , ,

s o p h y w o u l d h a v e t o c o ns ide r i t s e l f t h e s o l e r e a l it y w h ic h in it s o wn
, ,

i nne r w o l d ge ne r a t e d t h e a pp e a r a nc e o f a c o m p a nio n Unive r s e I n

r .

r e g a r d t o S p i it s h e fo ll o w e d t h e c o nvi c t io n w h ic h I j u s t no w s t a t e d
r .

I t is o nly by m e a ns o f s u bj e c t iv e e ffe c t s p r o du c e d u p o n h im l ik e ,

t h o s e w h i c h m is l e a d h im i nt o b e l ie vi ng in t h ing s t h a t a ny o ne c a n ,

k no w o f t h e e xi s t e nce o f o t h e r S p ir it s ; bu t j u s t b e c a u s e t h i s m u s t
e q u a lly be t h e c a s e if t h e e r e a lly a e S pi i t s t h is fa c t p r o v e d no t h i ng
r r r ,

a g ins t
a t h e ir e x is t e nc e I f t h e e fo e F ic h t e a ll o w e d t h e e x is t
. r r

e nc e o f a w o l d o f S p i i t s w h il e h e i ne x o r a bly de ni e d t h a t o f
r r ,

a w o l d O f T h ing s t h e g r o u nd o f h is d e c i s i o n w o l d o nly lie in t h e

r ,
u

j u dg m e nt w h ic h h e p a s s e d o n t h e s e v e a l c o nc e p t i o ns in r s p e c t r e

s im ply o f t h ir c o nt e nt — in t h e fa c t t h a t h e fo u nd t h e c o nce p t io n o f
e

S p iri t no t o nly a dm is s ibl e b u t indis p e ns a bl e in t h e e nt ire t y o f h is V ie w

o f t h e w o l d t h a t o f t h e T h ing o n t h e c o nt a r y a s i na d m is s ibl e a s
r , r

su pe fl u o u s
r T o t h is c o nv ic t io n h e wa s c o ns t nt
. T o h a v e no l o ng e r a .

a n e ye fo m e r e t h ing s wa s inh is e y e s a r e q ir e m e nt t o b e m a de o f
r u

e v e y t r u e p h il o s o p h y
r .

9 6 I p o c e e d t o c o nne c t t h is b i e f h is t o i c a l r e t r o s p e c t w it h t h e
. r r r

diffic u l ti e s w h ic h a s we s a w h a v e s t ill t o be de a l t wi t h
,
W e fo u nd
,
.
 C076 6 [ B OO K I .

it i m p o s s ibl e g bl e w h i c h we t r e a t e d a s a t h i ng
fo r t h a t t o b e u nc h a n e a ,

a . I t d id no t e v e n a dm i t o f b e ing de t e r m ine d by v a r yi ng p e s is t r

e nc ie s o n t h e p a r t o f diffe r e nt q u a l it ie s W e w e r e fo r c e d t o t h i nk 1
.

o f it a s in c o nt inu o s b e c o m ing e it h e r u nfo l ding i t s e l f int o t h e o ne

u ,

s e ie s o r m a int a ining i t s e l f in t h e o t h e r a a by c o ns t a nt ly
‘ 9 3
r a ,
a a , , , , a ,
, , ,

ne w p o du c t io n r E a ch o f t h e s e m o m e nt a y p h a s e s h o w e v e r we s a w
. r , ,

m u s t b e e x a c t ly l ik e i t s e l f b u t is d i ffe r e nt fr o m e v e y o th e r 1 1
,
a a r .

Ev e n t h e e x a c tly s i m il a r m e m b e s o f t h e l a t t e r s e i e s t h o u gh e x a c tly r r ,

Si m il a r w e r e no t o ne a nd t h e s a m e Fo r a ll t h a t we a s s e r t e d t h a t in
,
.

t h is c h a ng e t h e U nit y o f a t h ing m a i nt a ine d i t s e l f W e c o u l d no t bu t .

a s s e t t h is if we w e e t o c o nc e iv e t h e m u t a l s u c c e s s i o n o f t h e s e v e ra l
r r u

fo m s w h i c h c o u l d no t a i s e o u t o f no th ing b u t o nly o u t o f e a c h
r ,
r

o th e r W e w e e no t in a c o ndit i o n h o w e v e r t o s a y wh a t it wa s t h a t
. r , ,

r e m a i ne d ide nt ic l wi t h i t s e l f in t h is p o c e s s o f b e co m ing
a W e to o k r .

a d v a nt a g e o f t h e t e m s ta te s wh i c h we a ppl ie d t o t h e c h a nging fo rm s
r
2
, ,

b u t we c a m e t o t h e c o nc l u s io n t h a t in s o do ing we w e e o nly e xp e s s r r

ing o u r m e nt a l de m a nd w it h o u t s a t is fyi ng it W e s a w t h a t a n im .

m e d ia t e p e c e p t io n wa s ne e de d t o S h o w u s t h is
r e l t io n o f a s u bj e c t r a

t o it s s t t e s a s a c t u a lly u nde r o u r h a nds a nd t h e r e by c o nv inc e u s o f

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it s p o s s ib il ity .

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r

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,

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in t h e c o m p a s s o f m e m o y I s h o l d be m isu nde s t o o d if t h is s t a t e
’

r . u r

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r it s s t a t e s o r t o r e c o g nis e i t s e l f a s a n
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. r

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,

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we b e c o m e a w a r e wh a t is m e a nt by t h e a pp re h e ns io n o f a c e r t a i n a

a s a s t a t e o f a s u bj e c t A I t is o nly t h r o u gh t h e fa c t t h a t o u r a t te n
.

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. r

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r

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.

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r r a ra a ll it is ne c e s s a r y t o
r r er

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t h i s a s s u m p t io n u po n u s T h e e a e t wo p o int s inde e d w h ic h I
. r r

s h o u l d m a int a in a s e s s e nt i a l : o ne t h e e x is t e nc e o f s p i it a l b ing s ,
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a

s u bj e c t : t h e o t h e r t h e u nity o f t h t B e ing in w h ic h t h e s e s bj e c ts
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, B u t wh y o v e r r .

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,

s i o ns o r m e a ns fo p o du c ing in s p i i t u a l s u bj e c t s e p e s e nt a t io ns
r r r r r

w h ich a ft e r a ll w o u l d h a v e no l ik e ne s s t o t h e i r p o du c t ive c a u s e s ? r

C o u l d no t t h e c r e a t ive p o w e r d is p e ns e wi t h t h is r o u nda b o u t wa y a nd
giv e i s e di e c t ly in Sp i it s t o t h e p h e no m e na w h ic h it wa s int e nde d
r r r

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r r r r

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c o u l d ne v e r b e s e e n a s it w o u l d be if ns e e n ? A nd t h is p o w e r b e i ng u

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r ,
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c o r e s p o nd e nc e b e t w e e n t h e s e v e r a l a c t ivit ie s w h ic h it e x e t s in t h o s e
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r r

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r r

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r u r

t io ns o f t h e s a m e w o l d a nd s h o u l d b e a bl e t o a dj u s t t h e m s e lv e s in it
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w h i c h a c c o di ng o t h e r a nd r

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r

inde p e nde nt e x is t e nc e — wh y s h o u l d we no t s u b s tit u t e fo r t h e m a

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r r ,

c r o s s a nd m o d ify e a c h o t h e r wi t h in t h e l ife o f t h e o ne B e ing t h t a

t u ly is ? I f s o t h c h a ng e s w h ic h o u r w o l d i m a g e u nde g o e s w o u l d
r ,
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r

a t e a c h m o m e nt i s s u e d ir e c t ly fr o m t h e c o ll is io n o f t h e s e a c t iv it ie s

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r

p e nde nt s o u r c e s o f Op e a t io n b i ngi ng t h e s e c h a nge s a b o u t e x t e r na lly

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to u s .

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I n fa c t , if t h e r ,

p h e no m e na lly giv e n t o u s int e ll ig ibl e we c o u l d di s p e ns e w it h t h e c o n

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r r ,

d e fi nit e r e l a t io ns t o o t h e r l ik e a t o m s a nd o nly c h a ngi ng a c c o ding t o r

fix e d l a w s t h o u gh t h e ir e ffe c t u p o n it W e c o u l d e v e r yw h e r e s u b s t it u t e
r .

fo r t h i s ide a o f t h e a t o m t h a t o f a n e le m e nt a r y a c t i o n o n t h e p a t o f
’

t h e o ne B e i ng — a n a c t io n w h i c h in lik e m a nne r w o u l d s t a nd in

d e fi nit e r e l a t i o ns t o o t h e r s l ik e it a nd w o u l d t h r o u g h t h e m u nd e r g o a
,

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.

a d v a nt a g e b u t s u c h a s c o ns i s t s in f c ilit y o f e xp r e s s io n Ev e n t h is we
a .

c o u l d s e c u r e if w h il e r e t a i ni ng t h e t e r m t h ing s we s im ply e s t a bl is h e d
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t h is de fi nit io n o f it ; t h a t t h ing s m a b e a c c e p t e d in t h e c o u r s e o f
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ou e nqu i y a s s e c o nda r y fix e d p o i nt s bu t fo r a ll t h a t a r e no t r e a l
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C . . 1 7 1

e xi s t e nc e s in t h e m e t a p h y s i c a l s e ns e bu t e le m e nta ry a c t i o ns o f t h e
,

o ne B e ing w h ic h fo r m s t h e g r o u nd o f t h e w o l d c o nne c t e d wi t h e a c h r ,

o t h e r a c c o di ng t o t h e s a m e l a w s o f r e c ip o ca l a c t i o n w h ic h we c o m
r r

m o u ly ta k e t o a pply t o t h e s u pp o s e d i nde p e nde nt t h i ng s .

9 8 Fo r t h e p r o s e c u t i o n o f o u r fu r t h e r e nq u i i e s it is o f l it tle im
. r

p o r t a nce t o d e c i d e b e t w e e n t h e t wo vi e w s d e li ne a t e d B u t a t h ird .

r e m a i ns t o b e no t ic e d w h i c h de ni e s t h e ne c e s s it y o f t h i s a l t e r na t iv e ,

a nd u nde rt a k e s t o j u s t i fy t h e c o m m o n no t i o n o f a T h ing w it h o u t a

S e l f W h e n we s e t a b o u t c o ns t r u c t i ng a B e i ng w h i c h in t h e c h a ng e
.

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, ,

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e nt it l e s u s h o w e v e r t o r e c k o n t h is s o l u t io n t h e o nly o ne ? W h y m ig h t
, ,

t h e r e no t j u s t a s w e ll b e a no t h e r o f w h i c h we c a n fo r m no m e nt a l
,

pi c t u e o nly fo t h e r e a s o n t h a t we h a ve h a d no e xp e r i e nc e o f it a s
r r

o u r o wn m o de o f e xi s t e nc e ? W h y m a y no t t h e t h ing b e a B e i ng ‘

o f it s o wn p a rt ic u l a k ind de fi ne d fo r u s o nly by t h e fu nc t i o ns w h ic h
r ,

it fu lfil s bu t no t b o u nd in t h e e x e c u t i o n o f t h e s e t o m a int a in a ny s u c h
,

r e s e m bl a nc e t o o u r S p i it a s wi t h t h e e a s y p r e s u m p t io n o f a n a nt h r o
r ,

p o m o p hric im a gi n a t i o n w e fo ,
c e u p o n i t? r

T h i s co u nt e r vi e w is o ne t h a t I c a nno t a c c e p t So l o ng a s w h a t we
-
.

p r o p o s e t o o u r s e lv e s is t o give s h a p e t o th a t c o nc e p t io n o f t h e w o l d r

w h ic h is ne c e s s a r y t o u s we a llo w o u s e lve s t o fill u p t h e g a p s in o r

,
r u

k no wl e dge by a n a pp e a l t o t h e u nk no w n o bj e c t t o w h ic h o u r t h o u gh t s ,

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u nk no w n o bj e c t o f s u c h a k ind a s w o u l d w it h o u t e a s o n c o nfl ic t w it h r

t h e i nfe r e nc e s w h ic h we c a nno t a v o id No w it s e e m s t o m e t h a t t h e
.

s u gg e s t io ns j u s t no t ic e d im ply a r e s o r t t o t h e u nk no w n o f t h is u n

w a r a nt a bl e k ind I n t h e fi s t pl a c e it is no t e a s y t o s e e why th e
r . r

c o nc e p t io n o f t h e T h ing in t h e fa c e o f t h e d u ly j u s t ifi e d o bj e c t io ns t o
,

it ne e d s t o be m a int a i ne d a t th e c o s t o f a n a pp e a l t o w h a t is a ft e r a ll
,

a w h o lly u nk no w n p o s s ibil ity o f it s b e ing t r u e S e c o ndly w h il e .

,

r e a d ily a ll o w ing t h a t a ny t h ing w h ich r e a lly e xi s t s m a h a v e it s o wn

y
m o de o f e x is t e nc e a nd is no t t o b e t e a t e d a s if it fo ll o w e d t h e t yp e
, r

o f a n e x is t e nce a l ie n t o it we m u s t p o int o u t t h a t w h e r e s u c h
,

p e c u lia r it y o f e x is t e nc e is a s s e r te d t h e fu r t h e r p e dic a t e s a s s ig ne d t o r

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.
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u niv e r sa l c h a r a c t e r i s t ic s o f a ni m a t e e xi s t e nce e v e r y a c t iv e r e l a t i o n t o
,

i t s e l f e ve r y a c t iv e dis t inc t i o n fr o m a ny th i ng e l s e ? O f t h a t w h i ch h a d
’

no c o ns c i o u s ne s s o f it s o wn na t u r e a nd qu a l it i e s no fe e li ng o f it s ,
I 7 2 Co nclu s io n . ( B OO K 1 .

s ta te s, w h i c h in no wa y p o s s e s s e d i t s e l f a s a S e l f ? Of th a t o f w h i c h
t h e w h o l e fu nc t i o n c o ns i s t e d in s e v ing a s a m e diu m t o c o nve y e ffe c t s
r ,

fr o m w h i c h it s u ffe r e d no t h i ng i t s e l f t o o t h e r t h ing s l ik e it s e l f j u s t a s
, ,

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a nim a t e B e ing s t h e r e s h o u l d a is e in t h e s e a nd no t b e fo r e a c o m p r e
r , ,

h e ns i e im a g e o f t h e w h o l e s e ie s o f fa c t s I f we m a i nt a in t h a t in fa ct
v r .

s u c h a t h ing c a nno t b e s a id t o 6 it is no t t h a t we s u pp o s e o u r s e lv e s
e,

t o b e e xp e s s ing a n i nfe r e nc e w h ic h w o u l d s t ill h a v e t o b e m a de

r ,

g o o d a s a is ing o u t o f t h e no t io n o f s u c h a t h ing it is t h a t we fi nd
r

dir e c t ly in t h de s c ip t io n o f s u c h a t h ing t h e de fi ni t i o n o f a m e r e
e r

o p e r a t io n w h ic h in t a ki ng pl a c e p r e s u pp o s e s a e a l B e i ng fr o m
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t h i r d o u t s ide t h e t wo T h a t o u r i m a g ina t io n w ill ne v e r th e l e s s c l ing

.

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, r r

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.

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,

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. r

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wh ic h c o ns i s t s in r e l a t io n t o s e l f— wh e t h e '

in b e i ng o m t h ing a s r s e

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1
M ikr o k o s m u s iii 53 o , . .
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o ne ,

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,
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t o a s s ig n a ny p r o p r m e a ni ng w e re t h e a nt e c e de nt c o ndit i o n o n w h i c h
e ,

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r , ,

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I t is no t t h a t t h e
.

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r

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.

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,

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 B O O K II .

O F T H E C O U R S E O F N A T U R E (CO S M O L O GY) .

C H A PT E R 1 .

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c o u rs e o four o nt o o

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,

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r . r

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.

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r

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. r ,

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we o nly w a nt t o k no w w h a t ki nd o f e a l it y we a t o a s c ib e t o s p a c e
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a na I 75

a s to the o r igi n o r
igi n o f o u r s p a t i a l p e r c e p t i o n To de sig na t e
no - o r .

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' '

it a s a n a pr zo r z

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,
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s u c h c o m bi na t i o n o f t h e m a nifo l d B u t a g a i n a s s u ly a s we /z o ld .
,
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,

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r

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, r

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m e nt a nd t h e s u c c e s s i o n o f t h e s e ns e i m a g e s in his o wn m ind He - .

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,

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r ,

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r . r ,

o r ig ina t e d in s t h e no t io n o f a w o r l d o f t h i ng s o u t s i d e o u
u c o ns c io u s r

ne s s a s t h e c a u s e o f t h e s e Sp a t i a l a pp e a r a nc e s W e s h a ll fi nd t h i s a .

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,
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-
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o f t h ing s no r o f t h e a dm i s s ib il it y o f t h i s p o s t u l a t e i t s e l f
,
A s wa s .

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u p c a n b e d e c i s iv e o f it s t u t h o u ntr u t h o nly in c a s e s w h e r e a p i o r
r r ,
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div e g e nc e
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. r , r ,
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w h i c h m int a ins t h e p a na t u e o f t h e s p a c e p e c e p t io n t h e e is
a r zo r z
' '

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r , r

o nly o ne s e ns e in w h ic h t h e qu e s t io n o f it s o bj e c t iv e v l id it y is a ns w e a r

a bl e : na m e ly w h e t h e s u c h a p e c e p t io n a s we in fa c t p o s s
,
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c a nno t g e t r id o f h o w e v e r it a o s e is c o ns is t e nt wi t h o u r no t io ns o f
, r ,

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r ar r u u r ,

d i e c t ly o r in it s r e s l t s it is i nc o m p a t ibl e w it h t h e m
r u , .

1 00 A fu th e r int o du c t o y r e m a k is c a ll e d fo r by r e c e nt i nv e s t ig a
. r r r r

t i o ns W e a dm i t t e d t h a t o u r ide a s o f S p a c e a r e c o ndit i o ne d by t h e
.

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u i n e d in t h t o f a n o t h e r Ba u t t h i s in d e fi n .it e

ne s s in t h e o bj e ct o f o u r q u e s t io n is e a s ily r e m o v e d M o d e s o f .

m e nt a l p e s e nt a t io n
r w h ic h a r e s u s c e p t i bl e o f s u c h d i ff e r e n c e s o f

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o m e nt m a y h a v e t h e ir s im pl e s t p h a s e s s t i ll in a g e e m e n t wi t h r

th e o bj e ct t o w h ic h t h e y e l a t e w h il e t
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o n s i s t e n t e v o l u t io n e v o k e s

g e rm s o f o nt ra dic t io n l a t e nt b e fo e T h e e fo r e w h e n t h e ir t ru th is
c r . r

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in u e s t io n w e h,
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in w h ic h a ll p o s s ib ili ty o f fu t h e r s e l f t a ns fo r m a t io n is e x h a u s t e d a nd
r -
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t h e ir re l a t io n t o t h e e n t i e t y o f t h e i rr o bj e c t is c o m pl e t e d .

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, , ,

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c a n fi nd no g o u nd in t h e na t u e o f t h is e x t e ns io n fo r it s c e a s i ng a t
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a ny p o int a nd b ing s t h e pi c t u e t o c o m pl e t i o n in t h e ide a o f infi ni t e

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Sp a c e T h i s t h e n t h e i ne vi t a bl e r e s u l t o f o u r m o de o f m e nt a l p o r
. ,

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a ,

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. I t is no lo ng e r .

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r -

h o m o g e ne o u s in a ll di r e c t i o ns a t w h i c h m e n h a v e in fa c t a r iv e d a nd ,
r ,

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r r r ,

c o ns is t e nt fo r m o f c o m b ina t io n fo r s im pl e p e r c e p t i o ns o f t h i ng s b e s i de

o ne a no t h e r S o m e h o l d t h a t o t h e r fi na l fo r m s a r e c o nc e iva bl e
.
,

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c a p a c it y t o a m e nd t h e ir c u s to m a y p e r c e p t io n o f s p a c e by a b e t t e r r

gu ide d h a bi tu a t io n o f t h e ir e p r e s e nt a tive p o w e s T h i s l a s t h op e we
r r .

m a y s im ply ne gl e c t t ill t h e m o m e nt wh e n it s h a ll b e c o w ne d w ith

, r

s u c c e s s ; t h e fo m e r s u gg e s t i o n in it s e l f a n o bj e c t o f liv e ly i nt e e s t we
r , r ,

a r e a l s o j u s t ifi e d in dis e g a ding fo r t h e p r e s e nt : fo r a ll t h e o t h e r
r r

fo r m s o f s p a c e w h o s e c o nc e iv a b ili t y t h e s e s p e c u l a t io ns u nde t a k e t o r

de m o ns t r a t e w o u l d s h ar e t h e p r o p e r t i e s o n w h i c h o u r de c is io n de p e nds
,

wi th th e o nly fo r m wh i c h we no w p r e su pp o s e ; t h a t na m e ly w h o s e , ,

na t u r e t h e c u r e nt g e o m e t r y h a s u nfo l de d
r .

1 01 T h e ki nd o f r e a l it y w h i c h we o u g h t t o a s c rib e t o t h e c o nt e nt
.

o f a n i de a m u s t a g r e e w it h w h a t s u c h a c o nt e nt c l a im s t o b e
; we
c o u l d no t a s c ib e t h e r e a li ty o f a n i m m u t a bl e e x is t e nc e t o w h a t we
r

t h o u gh t o f a s a n o c c u r r e nc e ; no r e ndo w w h a t s e e m e d t o b e a

p r o p e rt y w ith t h e s u b s t a nt ive p e s is t e nc e w h ich w o u l d o nly s u i t it s r

s u b s tr a tu m T h e r e fo r e we fir s t t y t o de fi ne w h a t s p a c e a s r e p r e s e nt e d
. r
 '

Sp a ce Tkz zzg , P
'

07? Co ncep t
‘
CH A P T E R 7 201 r o
p er ty , I 77
in o u r m nds i c la m s i t o be ; o r , to fi nd an ac k no wl e dge d go y o f
c a te r

e s ta bl is h e d e xi s te nc e u nde r w h i c h if e x t e nde d t o it it , c o u l d fa i ly b e r

s a id t o fa ll .

S o m e d iffi c u lty will be fo u nd in t h e a tt e m p t T h e o nly p o int .

w h i c h is c l e a a nd c o nc e de d is th a t we do no t r e g a d it a s a t/ ng bu t
r r zz
'

di s t i ng u is h it fr o m t h e th ing w h ic h a r e m o v e a bl e in it ; a nd t h a t s

t h o g h m a ny de t e m ina t io ns w h i c h a re p o s s ibl e in s a c e a r e p r o p e r tie s

u r
p
o f t h i ng s s p a c e it s e lf is ne v e r s u c h a p o p e t y
,
F u r t h e ; t h e de fi ni r r . r

t io ns a c t u a lly a t t e m p t e d a r e u nt e na bl e ; s p a c e is no t a l im i t o f t h ing s ,

bu t e v e r y s u c h l im it is a fig u e in s p a c e ; a nd s p a c e it s e l f e x t e nds r

w it h o u t i nt e r u p t io n o v e r a ny s p o t t o w h ic h we r e m o ve t h e t h i ng s I t
r .

is ne it h e r fo m a a ng e m e nt no r e l a t i o n o f t h ing s bu t t h e p e c u li a r
r , rr ,
r ,

p i nc ipl e w h ic h is e s s e ntia l t o t h e p o s s ib ili ty o f c o u nt l e s s diffe e nt

r r

fo m s a a ng e m e nt s a nd r e l a t io ns o f t h ing s ; a nd a s t h e i r a bs o
r ,
rr , ,

lu t e ly u nc h ng e a bl e b a c kg r o u nd is u na ffe c t e d by t h e a l t e na t io n a nd
a , r

t a ns it io n o f t h e s e d e t e r m ina t io ns o ne i nt o a no t h e r
r Eve n if we .

c a ll e d it fo r m in a no t h e r s e ns e l ik e a v e s s e l w h i c h e nc l o s e d t h ing s
‘ ’
,

wi th in it we s h o l d o nly be e xpl a i ni ng it by i t s e l f ; fo r it is o nly in

,
u

a nd by m e a ns o f S p a c e t h a t t h e e c a n b e v e s s e l s w h ic h e nc lo s e t h e ir r

c o nt e nt s b u t r e no t id e nt i c a l w it h t h e m
a T h e s e u ns u c c e s s fu l a t t e m p t s .

s h o w t h a t t h e e is no k no w n g e ne a l c o nc e p t t o w h ic h w e c a n s b
r r u

o r d ina t e s p a c e ; it is a nd t h e q u e s t io n o f w h a t k ind it s
’ '

g n r su z e e zs ,

r e a l it y is c a n o nly be d e c i de d a c c o di ng t o
, t h e c l a i m s o f t h is it s r

d is t inc t iv e p o s it io n .

1 02 A s t h e c o ndit i o n o f p o s s ib il it y fo r c o u nt l e s s fo m s r e l a t i o ns
. r , ,

a nd a r a ng e m e nt s o f t h i ng s
r t h o u gh no t i t s l f a ny de fi nite o ne o f,
e

th e m it m ig h t s e e m t h a t S p a c e s h o u l d b e o n a l e v e l wi t h e v e r y
,

u niv e s a l g e nu s c o nc e p t a nd a s s u c h m e r i t no fu r t h e r v a l idi t y
r -
,
L ik e , .

it a g e nu s c o nc e p t w e a r s no ne o f t h e de fi ni t e fo r m s w h i c h b e l o ng t o
,
-
,

it s s u b o dina t e s p e c i e s ; b u t c o nt a ins t h e r u l e w h ic h g o v e r ns t h e
r

m a nifo l d g r o u pi ng s o f m a k s in t h e m a ll o w s a c h o ic e b e t w e e n c e r t a i n
r ,

c o m b ina t i o ns a s p o s s ibl e a nd e x c l u d e s o t h e r s a s i m p o s s ibl e

, .

J s t s c h is t h e p o s it io n o f S p a c e A l t h o u g h fo m l e s s in c o m p a r i s o n
u u . r

wi th e v e y o u t l ine w h i c h m y be s k e t c h e d in it ye t it is no p a s s ive
r a ,

b a ckg o nd w h i c h w ill le t a ny c h a nc e t h i ng b e p a inte d o n it bu t it

r u

c o nt a i ns b e t w e e n it s p o int s u nc h ng e a bl e e la t io ns w h ic h de t e r m ine a r ,

t h e p o s s ib ili t y o f a ny d a wi ng t h t we m a y wi s h t o m a k e in it
r I t isa .

no t e s s e nt ia l t o fi nd a n e x h a u s t iv e e xp r e s s io n fo r t h e s e r e l a t io ns a t

t h is m o m e nt ; we m a y c o nt e nt o u s e lv e s l e a v ing m u c h u nde t e r m i ne d r , ,

w it h de fi ning th e m t h u s fa r — t h t a ny p o int m a y be pl a c e d w it h a ny a

o t h e r p o int in a c o nne xi o n h o m o g e ne o u s wi t h t h a t in w h ic h a n
y
V OL . I. N
r 78 S u éyee t z w ty
' ' '

f
o our P e r e ej zflo n o
f Sp a ce .
[ BOOK 1 1 .

th di r p o int m a y b e pl a c e d w it h a n y f o u t h ; t h a t t h is c o n n e xi o nr is

ca
p b le o f m e a s u a e
a bl d e g r e e s or f p o x im i t y a n d t h a t it s m e ra s u e r

b e t we e n a ny t wo p o int s is de fi ne d by t h e ir l a tio ns t o o th e s No re r .

m t te a as r,I s id w ha t ma o e a
,
c c u a t e e xp re s s io n r m a y b e r s b s t it u t e d u

fo t h t i e n
r g av in a s f r ,
a s o r p c e p t i oan o f s p a c e
u c o n ert a i n s s u c h a

l e gisl a t iv e u l we m igh t r e ga d e v e y g o u p o f m a nifo l d e l e m e nt s

r e r r r ,

w h ic h s a t i fi e d t h is ru l e a s s u b o dina t e t o t h e u niv e s a l c o nc e p t o f
s ,
r r

S p a c e B t we s h o u ld fe e l a t o nc e t h a t s u c h a de s ig na t i o n wa s
. u ,

u ns i tua bl e s c h g o uu p m i g h t ab e c a ll er d a c o m b in a t io n o f m u l t ipl i c it y
in s a ep c b t n o t,
a n
u i n s t a n c e o f s p a c e i n t h e s n s e i n w h ic h w e ,
r e g a d e r

e v e y a nim a l w h o s
r s t r u c t u e fo ll o w s t h e l a w s o f h is g e nu s a s a s p e c i e s
e r

o r ins t a nc o f t h a t g e nu s
e T h e p e c u l ia i ti e s o f w h a t we i ndic a t e d
. r

a b o v e a s t h e la w o f s p a c e i n g e n e a l c r e a t e o t h e r e l a t i o n rs b e
1
t w e e n r

t h e diffe re nt c a s e s o f it s a ppli c a t io n t h a n o b t a in b e t w e n t h e s p e c ie s ,
e

o f na t a l G e ne a
ur E a c h o f t h e l a t t e r r e qu i e s i nde e d t h a t it s r le o f
r . r u

t h e g o u p ing o f m a k s s h a ll b e o b s e v e d in e a c h o f it s s p e c i e s ; b u t it
r r r

p u t s t h e diffe r nt s p e c ie s w h ich do th is in no e c ip o c a l c o nne x io n

e r r .

T h y a e t h e e fo r e s u b o dina t e t o it ; bu t w h e n we c a ll t h e m a s
e r r r ,

s p e c ie s o f t h e s a m e g e nu s c o o d i na te w it h o ne a no t h e r we r e a lly -
,
r ,

m e n no t h ing by t h is c o o r dina t io n b u t t h e u ni fo m i ty o f t h e ir lo t in
a
-
r

t h a t s b o r dina t io n
u S u pp o s ing we u nit e bi ds fi s h e s a nd o t h e r
. r , ,

c e t u e s u nde r t h e u niv e s a l c o nc e p t
’

r a r a nim a l r a ll we fi nd is t h a t t h e ,

c o m m o n fe a t u e s o f o g a niz a t i o n d e m a nde d by t h e c o nc e p t o c c u r in
r r

a ll o f t h e m ; t h is t e ll s u s no t h i ng o f t h e r e c ip o c a l a t t it u de a nd b e r

h a v io u r o f t h e s e c l a s s e s t h e m o s t we c a n do is c o nv e s e ly t o a t t e m p t ,
r ,

a ft e rw a r ds a c l o s e r s y s t e m a t ic u ni o n by t h e fo m a t io n o f na r o w e r ,
r r

ge ne a b e t w e e n t h o s e w h ic h we h a v e a s c e r ta ine d f o m o th e r s o u ce s
r , r r

o f e xp e ie nc e t o p o s s e s s r e c ip r o c a l c o nne x io ns
r .

On t h e o t h e h a nd t h e c h a r c t e r o f S p a c e in g e ne r a l r e qu i i ng
r , a
1
, r

e v e r y p o int t o b e c o nne c t e d wi t h o t h e r s fo r b ids u s t o e ga r d th e r

,

v a io s p a r t i u l a fig u e s wh i c h m a y s a t is fy it s r e qu i e m e nt s a s is o l a t e d
r u c r r r

ins t nc e s ; it c o m p e l s u s t o c o nne c t t h e m wi t h e a c h o t h e r u nde r t h e

a

s a m e co ndit io ns u nde r w h ic h p o int s a e c o nne c t e d wi t h p o int s w it h in r

t h e fi g u e s t h e m s e lv e s
r I f we c o nc e iv e t h i s d e m a nd s a t i s fi e d a s fa r
.
,

a s t h e a d dit io n o f f e s h e l e m e nt s b i ng s a c o ns t a nt ly r e c u r i n
r r p o s s i
g r

b ilit y a nd ne c e s s it y o f s a t is fy ing it t h e r e s u l t w h i c h we o b t a in is ,

Sp : t h e s ingl e a nd e nt i e p ic t u r e t h a t is no t o nly p e s e nt by t h e
‘ ’ 2
a ee r r
,

u nifo m it y o f it s na t u r e in e v e r y l im i t e d p a r t o f e x t e ns i o n b u t a t t h e
r
,

s a m e t im e c o nt a ins t h e m a ll a s it p a r t s t h o u gh o f c o u s e it is no t s ,
r ,

a s a wh o l e t o b e e m b r a ce d in a s ingl e vi e w : it is l ik e a n i nt e g a l r
,

1
[ Rziu m lic h ke it
’
‘

fl 2
[
‘
de r
 Sp a ce Co eee e z v a é le 9
'

CH A P T E R E . I 79

o bt a i ne d by e x t e ndi ng th e e la t i o n wh ic h c o nne c t s t wo p o i nt s t o t h e in
r ,

fi nit e n m b e r o f p o s s ibl e p o int s

u T h e o nly p a ll e l t o t h is c o ndit i o n . ar ,

is in o u r h a b it o f e p e s e nt ing t o o u r s e lv e s t h e c o u nt l e s s m l t i tu de s o f
r r u

m a nk ind no t m e r e ly a s ins t a nc e s o f t h e i r g e nu s bu t a s p a t s u nit e d ,

r

w it h t h e w h o l e o f Hu m a ni ty ; in t h e c a s e o f a ni m a l s t h e p e c u li a r

e t h ic l r e a s o ns w h ic h b i ng t h i s a b o u t a r e w a nt i ng a nd we a e no t in
a r , r

t h e h a b it o f s p e a ki ng in t h e s a m e s e ns e o f a ni m a l ity
’
.

1 03 O f c o u s e in t h e a b o v e r e m a k s I o we t o t h e gu i da nc e o f
. r ,
r ,

K a nt a ll t h a t I h a v e h e e s a id in a g r e e m e nt w it h h is a c c o u nt in S e c t 2
r .

o f t h e T r a ns c e nde nt a l A e s t h e t ic ; a s r e g a ds w h a t I h a v e no t m e n r

t io ne d h e r e I a v o id fo r t h e m o m e nt e xp r e s s ing a s s e nt o r d i s s e nt e x
, ,

c e p ting o n t wo p o i nt s w h i c h lie in t h e t r a c k o f m y d is cu s s i o n I t is .

i m p o s s ibl e K a nt s a y s t o r e p e s e nt t o o ne s s e l f t h a t t h e r e is no
,
’ 1
,
‘
r
’

s pa ce t h o u g h it is p o s s ibl e t o c o nc e iv e t h a t no o bj e c t s s h o u l d b e m e t
,

w ith in Sp a c e U nne c e s s a r y o bj e c t io ns h a ve b e e n r a i s e d a ga ins t t h e

.
’

s e co nd p a r t o f t h is a s s e t i o n by e q u i ing o f t h e t h o u g h t o f e m p t y
-

r ,
r r

s p a c e w h ic h K nt c o ns i de s p o s s ibl e t h e vivi d ne s s o f a n a c t u a l p e
, a r , r

c e p t io n o r o f a n i m a g e in t h e m e m o r y r e c a lli ng a ll t h e a c c e s s o y
, r

c o nd it i o ns o f t h e p e c e p t i o n T h e n o f c o u r s e it is q u i te r igh t t o
r .
, ,

p r o no u nc e t h a t a c o m pl e t e v a cu u m c o u l d no t b e r e p r e s e nt e d t o t h e
m ind w it h o u t a t l e a s t
, e s e r v ing a pl a c e in it fo r o u r s e l f ; fo r w h a t
r

e v e r pl a c e o u t s id e t h e v a c u u m w h ic h we w e r e o b s e r vi ng we m ig h t
, ,

a tt e m p t a s o b s e r ve
, t o a s s ig n o u r s e l f we S h o u l d u na v o ida bly co n
r, ,

ne e t t h a t p la c e in it s t u r n by Sp a t i a l r e l a t i o ns wit h t h e im a gi ne d , ,

e x t e ns io n W e s h o u l d h a v e t h e s a m e r igh t t o a s s e r t t h a t we c o u l d
.

no t c o nc e iv e s p a c e w it h o u t c o l o u r a nd t e m p e r a t u r e ; a n a b s o l u t e ly

i nvi s ibl e e x t e ns io n is o bvio u s ly no t p e r c e p t ibl e o r e p r o du c ibl e a s a n r

i m a ge in m e m o y : it m u s t b e o ne w h ich is r e c o g nis e d by t h e e ye
r

a t l e a s t a s d a k ne s s a nd in w h i c h t h e o b s e r v e r w o u l d i nc l u d e t h e
r ,

t h o u gh t o f h i m s e l f w ith s o m e s t a t e o f Ski n s e ns a t io n w h ic h l ik e c o l o u r -
, , ,

h e t a ns fe s a s a p o p e r t y t o h is s u r r o u nding s
r r r B u t t h e q u e s t io n is .

no t in t h e l e a s t a b o u t s u c h im p o s s ibl e a t t e m p t s t h e a d m it t e d m o bil it y

o f t h ing s is by it s e l f a s u ffi c ie nt p r o o f t h a t we im ply t h e i de a o f c o m

p le t e ly e m p t y s p a c e a s p o s s ibl e in it s o
, w n n a t u r e e v e n w h il e w e a e ,
r

a c t u a lly c o ns ide r i ng it a s fill e d w it h s o m e t h i ng r e a l T h is is m o s t .

s im ply s e l f e vi de nt fo r a t o m is t ic vi e w s ; if t h e a t o m s m o v e e v e r y p o int
-
,

o f t h e s p a c e t h e y m o v e in m u s t b e s u c c e s s iv e ly e m p t y a nd fu ll ; bu t

m o ti o n w o u l d m e a n no t h ing a nd b e i m p o s s ibl e u nle s s t h e a b a ndo ne d ,

e m p t y pl a c e s r e t a ine d t h e s a m e r e c ip r o c a l p o s i t io ns a nd d i s t a nc e s

w h i c h t h e y h a d w h e n o c c u p ie d ; t h e e m p ty t o ta li ty o f s p a c e is t h e r e
1
[ T r a ns A e s t b . 2 .

N2
 ’
Sp a ce B OO K n
’

f P
' '

fy
' ‘

1 80 S u éj e e l z w ty (3 ou r e r ee zo n (31 . [ .

fo e u na o d
r v i a bly c o n c e iv e d s t h e in d e p e n d e n ta b a c kg r o n d f o r w h i c h u ,

th e o c c p t io n uby re a a l m t t r is a n o t u n
a v a yi n e g d s t in y r e .

To p r e fe r t h e d y n a m ic a l vi e w o f c o n t in u o u s ly fill d s p a c e l e a d s t o e

t h e s m e ae s u l t D e g
r e e s o
.
f d e n s it y r c o l d m e a n a b s o l u t e ly n o tuh in g ,

a nd w o l d b e u i m p o s s ibl e u n l e s s t h e s a m ,
e v o l u m e c o u l d b e c o n

t in o suly o c uc u p i e d by d iff e e n t q a n t it i e s o f r e a l m a t t
u r ; b u t t h i s t o o r e

im pl ies h
t at t h e l im i t s o f t h e v o l u m p o s s e s s a n d p e s e v ee t h e i r r r

g o m tr ic a l e la t io ns inde p e nde nt ly o f t h e a c t u a l t h ing o f w h ic h t h y

e e r e

a re t h e pl a c e ; a n d t h e y w o l d c o n t i n u e t o p o
u s s e s s th e m i f w e su p ,

p o s e d t h e de ns ity t o de c r e a s e w it h o u t l im it a nd t o a pp ro a c h a n
a b s o l te va c u u m u T h e r e fo e it is c e r t a in t h a t we c a nno t i m a g ine
. r

o bj e c t s in s p a c e w ith o u t c o nc e iving it s e m p ty e x t e ns io n a s a b a c k
g o u nd p e s e nt t o b e g in w ith ; a l th o u g h no e m e m b e d i m a ge o f a
r r r er

p e c e p t io n o f it is p o s s ibl e w it h o u t a r e m e m b a nc e o f t h e o bj e c t s
r r

w h ich m a de it p e c e p t ibl e t o s e ns e r .

1 04 W it h t his int e r p e t a tio n we m y a l s o a dm it t h e fi s t p t o f t h e

. r a r ar

K a nt ia n a s s e t io n I t is t u e t h a t we c a nno t p
r . r nl t o o u s e lv e s t h re r es e r e

no n e x is t e nc e o f s p a c e a s s o m e t h ing t h a t c n b e e xp e i e nc d a nd
-
a r e ,

e e xp e r ie nc e d in m e m o r y I t is h o we v e r no t n o m v é l t o u s a b s o
' '

t -
. z e ez a e

l t e ly ; b u t o nly nde r t h e c o ndit io n t h a t a n a gg e g a t e o f a c t u a l e x is t

u u r

e nc e c a p a bl e o f c o m b ina t io n in s h o t a e a l w o l d is t o b e g iv e n a nd
, ,
r r r , ,

t h a t t h e s u bj c t s w h i h h a v e t o b ing it b e fo e t h e m a e o u m inds
c e r r r r .

No wt his r e a l w o l d is g ive n u s m e t p h y s ic e s t s e nt i e ly o n t h is fa c t
r a r r ,

a nd o nly inv e s t ig a t e s it s inne r u nifo m it y w it h o u t indu lgi ng in c o n r

t e m p la t io n o f t h e nr e a l : it is e no u g h t h e n fo h e r t o c o ns ide s p a c e t o
u r r

be g ive n a s t h e u niv e s a l u nc h a ng e a bl e a nd v e r p e s e nt e nvi o nm e nt

, r , ,
e r r

o f t h ing s j s t a s m u c h a s t h ing s a nd t h e i
,
u q u a l itie s a r e e c o g nis e d to r r

b giv e n a s c h a ng e a bl e a nd a l t e r na t ing
e .

I n t h is s e ns e I m y c o u pl e K a nt s a s s e r t i o n w it h a no t h e s y ing
’
a r a

o f h is ; s p a c e is im a g ine d a s a n infinit e g iv e n m g nit u de

‘
I t has a

b e e n o bj e c t e d g ins t th i s t o o t h a t a n infi nit e m a gnit u de c nno t be

a a , a

im a g ine d a s g iv e n ; bu t no o ne k ne w t h is b e t t e t h a n K a nt A r .

r e a s o na bl e e xp o s it io n c a n o nly t k e h is e xp e s s io n t o m e a n t h a t
a r ,

s p a ce is a b o v e a ll t h i n s i n n d i n t l ik n iv l f w h ic h
g g v a s o e e a u
, s a o er

t h e e c a n be a d o u b t w h e t h e r it a ppl ie s t o a ny th i ng o r no t
r a nd t h a t

f t h e in e v e y a c t u a l l im i t e d p e c e p t i o n s p a c e is g iv e n a s a m a
ur r, r r
g ,

nit u d w h o s e na tu r e de m a nds a nd p e m it s th a t a s e x t e nding

e r , ,

u nifo m ly b e y o nd e v e y l im it it s h o u l d be p u r s u e d t o infi nit y

r r H nc e e
, .
,

t h e infi nity o f s p a c e c l e a ly is g iv e n
; fo t h e r e is no l im it s u c h t h a t
r r

p ro g r e s s b yo nd it a l t h o u gh c o nc e iv a bl e ye t w o u l d no t be r e a l in
e , ,

1
[ T r a ns A e s t b . 2.
 CH APTER Gr o u n K
’
ds f
o e nt s D o c t r ine . 1 8 1

t h e s a m e s e ns e a s t h e i nt e r v a l l e ft b e h i nd e v e r y inc e m e nt o f e x t n r e

s io n a s it is p o g e s s iv e ly im a g ine d m s t b e a d d e d t o t h e fo m
,
r r ,
u r er

qu a nt it y a s e q a lly a g iv e n m a g nit u de u .

F ina lly a ll t h s e o b s e r v a t io ns s t ic t ly Sp e a ki ng do no th i ng b u t
,
e r

r e p e a t a nd de pi c t t h e i m p e s s io n u nde r w h i c h we a ll a r e i n e v e y d r -
y r a

life . T h e m o m e nt we e x e t o u s e ns e s no t h ing s e e m s s u r e r t o u s r r ,

t h a n t h a t we a r e e nvi o ne d by S p a c e a s a r e a l it y in w h o s e d e p th s th e
r ,

a c t a l w o r ld m a y l o s e i t s e l f t o o u r s ig h t b u t fr o m w h i c h it c a n ne v e
u , r

e s c a p e ; t h e e fo r e w h il e e v e y p a t ic u l a r s e ns e p e c e p t io n r e a dily f ll s
r r r -
r a

u nde r s u s p ic io n o f b e ing a p u e ly s u bj e c t iv e e x c it e m e nt in u s t o do u b t r ,

t h e o bj c t iv it y o f S p a c e h a s a lw a y s s e e m e d t o t h e c o m m o n a p p r e
e

h e ns io n a n u nint e ll ig ibl e p a a do x o f s p e c u l a t io n r .

1 05 T h e m o t iv e s t o s c h a s t a tl ing t a ns fo m a t i o n o f t h e o r di na r y
. u r r r

vi e w w e e fo u nd by K nt no t in t h e na t u e o f s p a c e it s e l f bu t in c o n
r a r ,

t a dic t io ns w h ic h s e e m e d t o e s u l t fr o m it s p re s u pp o s e d e l a t io n t o t h e
r r r

r e a l wo ld T h e tt e m p t o f t h e T r a ns c e nd e nt a l A e s t h e t i c t o de m o n
r . a ,

m e nt a l p ic t u r e o f s p a c e t o b e a n p i f
’

s t a te o
r ur p i o s s e s s o n o o r a r or z u

m i nd do e s no t in i t s e l f r u n c o u nt e r t o c o m m o n o p ini o n
,
Fo . r

s u pp o s e a s ingl e s p a c e t o e x t e nd a ll r o u nd u s a nd t o c o nt a i n wi t h in

it o u s e lv e s a nd a ll t h i ng s ; p r e c i s e ly in t h a t c a s e it is o f c o u r s e im
r

p o s s ibl e t h a t t h e s e v e a l v is io ns o f it e x is t ing in s e v e r a l t h inki ng

r ,

b e ing s c o u l d b e t h e s p a c e i t s l f ; t h e y c o u ld no t b e m o r e t h a n s u b
,
e

j e c t i e rve p e s e nt a t io n s
r o f it i n t h o s e b e i ng s : s o w h e t h e r t h e y b e l o ng
t o u s o ig in lly o r a is e in u s by a c t io n fr o m wi t h o u t
a ,
r r t h e r e is no ,

p rzm
'

o
f h i nd a n
a e ze c e t o t h e i b e ing q
'

r i m a g e s b e l o n g i n g rt o c o g , ua

nit io n s im il a t o a s p a c e w h ic h e x is t s in fa c t
,
r .

N o t h ing s h o t o f t h e a nt i no m ie s in w h ic h we b e c o m e e nt a ngle d if
r ,

we a t t e m p t t o u nit e o u r ide a s o f t h e e nt i e t y o f t h e w o l d o o f it s r r r

u lt i m a t e c o ns t it u e nt p a t s w it h t h i s p e s u pp o s it i o n o f a n a c t u a l S p a ce
r r ,

d e c ide d K a nt fo h is a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e s p a c e p e r c e p t io n w a s
r -

no ll ng -onl a s u bj e c t iv e fo r m o f a pp e h e ns io n w it h w h ic h t h e na t u e
'

zz r r

o f th e e a l w o r l d t h a t h a d t o b e p e s u pp o s e d h a d no t h ing in c o m m o n
r r .

W it h t h is i ndir e c t e s t a bl is h m e nt o f h is do c tr ine I c a nno t a g e e r

b e c a u s e t h e p u e ly p h e no m e na l na tu e o f s p a ce do e s no t p o p e ly
r r r r

s p e a ki ng r e m o v e a ny o f t h e d iff c u l t ie s o n a c c o nt o f w h i c h K a nt f l t i u e

c o m p e ll e d t o a s s e t it I t is qu it e i na dm is s ibl e a ft e r t h e fa s h io n
r .
,

e s p e c ia lly o f p o p l a r t e a t i s e s o f t h e K nt ia n s c h o o l w h i c h e x u l t e d in
u r a

t h is no t io n t o t e a t T h i ng s in t h e m s e lv e s a s u t t e ly fo r e ig n t o t h e
,
r r

fo m s u nd e r w h i c h t h e y w e e ne v e t h e le s s t o a pp e a r t o u s t h e e m u s t
r r r r

b e de te r m ina t io ns in t h e r e a l m o f t h ing s in t h e m s e lv e s p e s c ibi ng t h e r r

d e fi ni t e pl a c e s fo r m s o r m o t i o ns w h i c h we o b s e r v e t h e a pp e a r a nc es
, , ,
 Sp a ce
’

f
o ou r P e r o efl zo n o f . riz m 11 .

in s p a ce py x w p w g
t o o c cu s u s t a in o r e e c u t e i t h o u t t h e o e r
,
o f c h a n i n g
, ,

th m a t o u r
e pl e a su e I f T h in g
r s a
.
e n o t t h e m s e lv e s r o f s p a t ia l fo m r

a nd do no t s t a nd in s p ce e l a t io n s t o a o n e -r a n o t h r t h e n t h e y m u s t b e e ,

in s o m e ne t o w k o f c h
r a n g a bl e i n t e ll i g i bl e er e l a t i o n s wi t h o n a n o t h e r ; e

t o e a c h o f t h e s e t r ns l a t,
e d by ua s i n t o t h e l a n g a g e o f s p t i a l i m a g e s u a ,

p d d fi n i t p — r e l a t i o n t o t h e e x c l u s i o n o f
th e e m u s t c o
r e s o n
rr o n e e e s a c e

e ve ry o th e r H o w we a e in a p o s itio n t o a pply o u r i nna te a nd c o n

. r

q
s e u e nt ly u n ifo m p e c re p t io n o f s p r a c e w h i c h w e a r e s a id ,
t o b i n g t o r

o r e
u xp e ie nc e sr e d y m a d e
r s o
a t h a t p a t i c u
,
l a a pp a e n t t h i n g
r s fi n dr r

t he r i d e fi n it e pl a c e s i n i t i s a q u e s t i o n t h
,
e w h o l e o f w h i c h K a n t h a s

l e ft u na ns w e d ; th e re s l t s o f t his o m is s io n a s I t h ink it w o r th wh il e
er u ,

to s h o w b ie fly r e n c u m b,
e r e v e n h i s d e c i s i o n u p o n t h e a n t i n o m y o f
Sp a ce .

1 06 T h e r e a l w o l d it is s a id c a nno t b e i nfi ni t e in Sp a c e b e c a u s e
. r , , ,

infi nity c a n o nly be c o nc e iv e d a s u nl im it e d s u c c e s s io n a nd no t a s ,

s im u l t a ne o u s No w h o w is o u r p o s it io n b e t t e r e d by de ny ing a ll
.

e x t e ns i o n t o t h e r e a l w o r l d w h il e fo c e d wi t h K a nt t o ,
r a d m it t h a t in
, ,

a ll o r e xp e ie nce
u r s p a c e is t h e o ne p e s i s t e nt ly v a l id fo m u nd e r r r

wh ic h t h a t w o l d a pp e a s ? I c a nno t p e s u a de m y s e l f t h a t t h is s o
r r r

c a ll e d e m p i ic a l r e a l it y o f s p a c e
r is r e c o nc il a bl e w it h t h e g o u nds r

w h ic h c a u s e t h e r e j e c t io n o f it s t a ns c e nde nt a l va li dity fo r t h e w o r l d r

o f T h ing s in t h e m s e lve s .

I n t h i s w o r l d t h e w o r l d o f e xp e i e nc e if we p o c e e d o nw a r ds in a
, r ,
r

s t a igh t l ine we s h a ll a dm it t e dly

r ,
ne v e r c o m e t o t h e e nd o f t h e l ine ;
, ,

bu t h o w do we s u pp o s e t h a t o u p e r c e p t io ns w o u l d b e h a ve du i ng
r r

o u r infi nit e l ine a p r o g r e s s ? W o u l d th e e a lw a y s b e s o m e th ing t o

r r

p e r c e ive h o w e v e fa we a dv a nc e d ? A nd if t h e wa s w o u l d t h e e
, r r er ,
r

be s o m e p o int a ft e w h i c h it w o u l d b e lw a y s t h e s a m e o w o u l d it
r a r

ke e p c h a nging a ll t h o u gh ? I n b o t h o f th e s e c a s e s t h e r e m u s t be
r

p e c is e ly a s m a ny dis t ing u is h a bl e e l e m e nt s in t h e w o l d o f t h i ng s in
r r

t h e m s e lv e s a s t h e e a r e diffe e nt p o int s o f s p a c e in t h i s w o l d o f e r
r r
p r

c e p tio n fo r a ll t h e t h ing s t h a t a pp e a in diffe e nt pl a c e s w h e t h e r r r ,

l ike o r u nl ik e m s t be s o m e h o w diffe r e nt in o de t o h a v e t h e p o w e r
, u r r

o f s o a pp e a ing a nd s o m u s t a t l e a s t c o ns is t in a nu m b e r o f s im il a r
r ,

el e m e nt s c o e s p o nding t o t h e nu m b e r o f t h e i dis t ing u ish a bl e pl c e s

, rr r a .

Co ns e qu e nt ly o n t h is a s s u m p ti o n s p a c e c o u l d o nly p o s s e s s it s e m
, ,

p i ic r
a l e a l it y if t h e r e w e e
r c o nc e d e d t o r the e a l wo l d t h a t ve y r r r

co u nt l e s s ne s s o infi nit y t h e i m p o s s ib il it y o f a dm it t ing w h ic h wa s t h e

r

re a s o n fo r e s t ic t ing s p a c e t o a n e m p i ic a l r e a l it y
r r I t u s t t h a t it
r . r

w l no t b e a t te m p t e d t o o bj e c t t h t in fa c t t h e i nfi ni t e e c tiline a
i l a r r

p o g e s s i o n ca n ne ve r be c o m pl e t e d M o s t c e r t a i nly it ca nno t a nd
r r .
,
 H APT E R W OI ZCZ L l 7fl l t €d
o o
I
C T/Eé ’ ’
Sp a ce 9 . 1 83

d o u b t l e s s we g i ns t a dva nc i ng s o fa r in s p a ce a s t o g iv e
a re s e c u re a a

p a c t i c l u r g e nc y t o t h e q e s t io n h o w o u r p e r c e p t io ns w ill b e h a v e
r a u

b u t in t r e a t ing o f t h e fo m a t i o n o f o u r id e a o f th e w o l d we m u s t r r ,

c o ns id e r t h e d is t a nc e s w hic h we k no w we s h a ll ne v e r r e a c h a s in

t h e i r na t u e s im u l ta ne o u s ly e xi s t e nt j u s t a s m u c h a s t h o s e w h ic h
r ,

we h a ve a c t u a lly t a v e r s e d a e h e l d s i m u l t a ne o u s ly p e s is t e nt ; it is
r r r

im p o s s ibl e fo r u s t o a s s u m e t h a t t h e fo m e r a r e no t t h e e t ill o u r r r

p e c e p t i o n a iv e s a t t h e m a nd t h a t t h e l a t t e r c e a s e t o be w h e n we
r rr , ,

no l o ng e r p e c e v e t h e m r i .

No w o ne w o u l d th ink t h e o th e r a s s u m p t io n e m a i ns ; s u pp o s e a t
, ,
r

a d e fi ni t e p o i nt r e a c h e d in o u a d v a nc e t h e w o l d o f p e c e p t io n c a m e r ,
r r

t o a n e nd a nd wi t h it a ll t r a ns m i s s io n o f p e c e p t i o ns a r i s ing fr o m t h e
, ,
r

a c t u a lly e x is t ing c o nt e nt s o f t h e dis t a nc e s p e vi o u s ly t r a v e r s e d T h is r .

w o u l d g ive t h e im a g e o f a fi nit e a c tu a l w o l d v o l u m e fl o a t i ng in t h e r -

i nfi ni t e e x t e ns io n o f e m p ty s p a c e K a nt t h ink s it i m p o s s ibl e ; h is ide a .

is t h a t in s u c h a c a s e we s h o u l d h a v e no t m e r e ly a r e l a t i o n o f t h ing s
in s p a c e b u t a l s o o ne o f t h i ng s t o s p a c e ; b u t a s t h e w o l d is a
,
r

w h o l e a nd o u t s ide it t h e r e is no o bj e c t o f p e r c e p t i o n w it h w h i c h
,

it c a n s t a nd in t h e a ll e g e d r e l a t io n t h e w o l d s r e l a t io n t o e m p t y
’

,
r

s p a c e w o u l d be a r e la t io n o f it t o no o bj c t T h e no te w h i c h K a nt 1
e .

s u bj o i ns h e r e s h o w s c l e a ly w h a t h is o nly r e a s o n is fo r s c r u pl ing t o
,
r

a dm it t h is r e l a t io n o f a l im it a t io n o f t h e r e a l w o l d by s p a c e : h e r

s t a r t s w it h h is o wn a s s u m p t io n t h a t s p a c e is o nly a fo r m t o b e
a t t a c h e d t o p o s s ibl e t h ing s a nd no t a n o bj e c t w h ic h c a n li m i t o t h e r ,

o bj c t s e B u t t h e p o p u l a r v ie w w h ic h h e o u g h t no t t o d is e g a r d a s
.
, r

s p o i nt h e h a s no t e xpl ic it ly d i s p u t e d it a pp e h e nd s s p a c e t o
2
u
p t o t h i ,
r

b e a s e l f e xi s t e nt fo m s u c h a s t o i nc l u de po s iol t h i ng s b u t c l e a ly
- r s e ,
r

in t r e a t ing it t h u s by no m e a ns t a k e s it fo r a fo m w h ic h c a n o nly r

e xi s t in a t t a c h m e nt t o t h ing s a s o ne o f t h e ir q u a l it ie s o r fo r a s i m ple ,

no n e nt i ty -
R a t h e r it is h e l d t o b e a s o m e t h ing o f it s o wn e nig m a t ic
.

ki nd no t inde e d a n o bj e c t l ik e o t h e r o bj e c t s bu t wi th it s p e c u l ia r
, ,

s o r t o f r e a l it y a nd s u c h t h e re fo r e a s c o u l d no t b e k no w n w it h o u t
,

p o o f t o be inc a p a bl e o f fo r m ing t h e b o u nda y o f t h e e a l w o l d

r r r r .

B u t in a ny c a s e we s h o l d h a v e no o c c a s i o n t o e xp e c t o f e m p t y s p a c e u

a r e s t r i c t ing e ne gy w h ic h s h o u l d a c t iv e ly s e t l im i t s t o t h e w o l d a
r ,
r ,
s

if it w e r e o bv io s t h a t in de f u l t o f s u c h e s i s t a nc e t h e w o r l d m u s t
u a r

e x t e nd i nt o i nfi nit y T h e fa c t is r t h e t h a t t h e w o l d m u s t s t o p a t
. a r r

it s l im it b e c a u s e t h e r e is no m o e o f it ; we m a y c a ll t h is a e l a t i n
,
r r o

o f th e w o ld t o no o bj e c t b u t s u c h a r e l a t io n is a t l e a s t no t h ing
’
‘
r ,

K k H i d 6 F d R m i t bl
’
1
i i d V 8 8 t ‘

[ t r p 3 7 t n
. tr. n . t
. n 0 ,
ar e s e s e . 1 . o o o e , er au s o s

di F m [ p
2
C
’
e t ]
or , e c .
 f P e r m/wo n f Sp a ce B OO K n
'

1 84 S noj ee t ty o our o . [ .

y
m ste o u s o i r r s s p i c i o u s ;u m o e o v e r it w o l d h v e t or e m a i n ,
t u e u a r r

v
e en o f o u sn p t
uri l w o l d o f a t h in gas i n t h mrs lv e s ; t h is a l s o t h e e e ,

t o ta l it y o f e x is t e n c e w o u l d b e in t h
,
e s a m e w a y b o u n d e d by N o t h i n g .

So i f in o u p o g r e s s io
r n trh r o u g h t h e w o l d o f e xp e i n c e t h e c o h e r e n
r t r e ,

wh o e o l f o o b s v aurt io n s c o n
er vi n c e d u s t h a t t a n y p o in t t h e e a l a r

w o l d c a m e t o a n e nd th is f c t l o ne w o u l d no t c a s u s t h e diffic l ty
r ,
a a u e u

by wh ich K a nt wa s i m p e ll e d t o o v e r th o w t h e c o m m o n ide ; w e e r a r

it b u t c l e a w h a t is m e nt by s a y ing o f t h ing s t h a t t h e y a e in Sp a c e
r a r ,

we s h o u ld n o t b e d is t u b e d a t t h e i n o t b erin g e ve yw h e e r r r .

O n t h e o th e r h a nd it c a nno t b e d e nie d t h a t t h is b o nde d ne s s o f ,

u

t h e w o l d in s p c e w o u l d a l s o b e r e c o nc il a bl e w it h K a nt s do c t ine
’

r a r ,

if t h is w e r e o nc e a c c e p t e d a nd s u ppl e m e nt e d in t h e wa y I s u gg s t ,
e .

I f t h w o l d o f t h ing s in t h e m s e lv e s w e e a c o m pl e t e d w h o l e ; if t h e y
e r r

a ll s t o o d t o e a c h o th e r in g a d a t e d i nt e ll ig ibl e r e l a t io ns w h i c h o u r r u ,

p e c e p t io n h a d t o t a ns fo m i nt o s p a t i l o ne s ; t h e n t h e p h e no
r r r a

m e na l im a g e o f s c h a w o r l d w o u l d b e c o m pl t e w h e n a ll t h e s e
u e

a c t u lly a x is t ing e l t io ns o f it s e l e m e nt s h a d fo u nd t h e i s p a t ia l
e r a r

e xp re s s io n in o u a pp e h e ns io n r B u t b e y o nd t h is b o u nde d w o r l d
r .

p ic t u e t h e re w o u ld a pp e a t o e x t e nd a n u nb o u nde d e m p ty s p a c e ;
r r

a ll c o nc iv a bl e b u t u n e a l is e d c o nt inu a t i o ns o
e r h ig h e int e ns i t ie s o f r r

t h o s e int ll ig ibl e c o ndit io ns w o u l d l ik e t h e m e nt e

e i nt o o u p e r c e p r r

t io n b t o nly a s e m p ty p o s s ib il it i e s
,
u T o i ndic a t e it b ie fly ; e v e y . r r

p a i o f c o nv g ing l ine s a 6 a nd
r er wh o s e e x t e m it ie s we fo u nd c o
’
r

a t t a c h e d t o i m p e s s i o ns o f r a l t h i ng s w o u l d r e q ir e t h e ir p o int o f
r e ,
u

i nt e r s c t i o n t o b e in t h e infi nit e v o id s u pp o s ing t h e m no t t o fi nd it

e ,

wit hin t h e pi c tu e o f t h e e a l w o l d r T h e b o nde d ne s s o f t h e e a l

r r . u r

w o r l d is t h e e fo e a dm is s ibl e b o th o n K a nt s v ie w o f s p a c e a nd o n
r r
’

t h e p o p l a V ie w a nd s o t h e c h o i c e b e t w e e n t h e m is u nde t e m ine d ;
u r , r

it is e qu a lly u nde t e m ine d if we a s s u m e t h e u nb o u nde d ne s s o f t h e

r

w o l d a s ne ith e o f t h e vi e ws in q e s t i o n by it s e l f r e m o v e s t h e
r ,
r u

d ifli c lt ie s w h ic h a e fo u nd in t h e c o nc e p t io n o f t h e infi nit y o f e x is t

u r

ing t h ing s .

1 07 I int e nd m e e ly t o s u bj o i n in a fe w w o ds th e c o r r e s p o nding
. r r

o b s e v a t io ns o n t h e infi nit e d iv is ibil ity o

r t h e i ndiv is ibl e ne s s o f t h e r
, ,

u l t im a t e e l e m e nt s o f r e a l e x is t e nc e I f we b ide s t r ic t ly by t h e e m . a

p ir ic a l e a l ity o f s p a c e t h e n in t h ink ing o f t h e s u b div is i o n o f e x t e nde d

r
,

o bj c t s a s c o nt i nu e d b e y o nd t h e l im it s a t t a ina bl e in p a c t ic e we m u s t
e r ,

c o m e t o o ne o f t wo c o nc l u s i o ns a b o u t t h e r e s u l t e it h e r w e m u s t
;
a rr iv e a t u l t im t e a c t u a l s h p e s i ndivi s ibl e no t o nly by o u
a a m e th o ds r
,

b u t in t h e i n t u r e ; o e l s e t h e div is ib il it y r e a lly c o ntinu e s t o i nfi ni ty

r a r .

I f e a l t h ing s w e r e i nfi ni t e ly divi s ibl e t h e d ifficu l ty w h i c h we s h o u l d

r
Ca m “ I n fi nfle I 85

see in t h e fa c t w o u l d b e no m o r e r e m o v e d by a s su m i ng s p a c e t o b e
p u e ly p h e no m e na l t h a n wa s t h e s im il a d iffic u l ty in t h e i de a o f
r ,
r

i nfi nite e x t e ns io n : e v e y r e a l T h ing wh i c h p e s e nt e d i t s e l f p h e no
r , r

m e n lly t o o u r p e c p t io n a s s o m e t h ing s ingl e a nd fi nit e o c c u py

‘

a r e

ing s p c e w o u l d h a v e t o b e it s e l f infi nit e ly divi s ibl e int o u ns p a t i l

a ,
a

m u l t ipl ic it i s fo r e v e y p a t o f t h e d iv is ibl e s p a c e im a g e m u s t a s it
e r r -
, ,

a pp e ar s in a d i ff e e nt p o i nt o f s p a c e f o m e v e y o t h e r p a t b e de
r r r r ,

p e nd nt o a r e a l e l e m e nt w h ic h h a s a n e xi s t e nc e o f it s o wn a nd in
e u

it s u ns p a t i a l fa s h io n is dis t inc t s o m e h o w f o m a ll o t h e r p o int s , ,

r .

I f o n t h e c o nt r a ry we a r iv e d a t t h e c o nv ic t io n t h a t de fi ni t e r ,

m ini m u m v o l u m e s o f r e a l t h ing s w e e i ndiv is ibl e w h il e t h e s p a ce t h e y r ,

o c c u pi e d o f c o u s e r e t a ine d it s infi ni t e g e o m e t r i c a l d iv is ib ili ty

r we ,

m ig h t s t ill t h ink it o b s c u e w h a t c o u l d b e m e a nt a t a ll by s a y ing t h a t

r

r e a l t h ing s o c c u py s p a c e bu t if we a s s u m e t h is a s i nt e ll ig ibl e w e
: ,

s h o u ld no t b e a s t o nis h e d t h a t in v ir t u e o f it s na t u e a s a p a t ic u l a r r r

ki nd o f u ni t e a c h r e a l t h ing s h o u l d o c c u py j s t t h i s vo l m e a nd no
, u u

o th e r, a nd a ll o w no s u b divi s io n o f it H e e o nc e m o r e t h e o b s c u e . r r

p o int r e m a k e d u p o n is m a de no c l e a e r by t h e a s s u m p t io n th a t s p a c e is
r r

m e r e ly p h e no m e na l W e s h o u l d h a v e t o e p e s e nt t o o u s e lv e s t h a t
. r r r

e v e r y T h ing in i t s e l f t h o u g h in i t s e lf u ns p a t i l
, ye t b o e i n i t s in a ,
r

t e llig ible na t u e t h e r e a s o n wh y it is fo r c e d t o p e s e nt it s e l f a s a
r r

l im i t e d e x t e ns io n t o a ny p e c e p t io n w h ic h t a ns l a t e s it i nt o s p a t ia l
r r

a pp e a a nc e r T h is i de a inv o lv e s a no t h e r t h a t t h e r e a l T h ing th o u gh
.
,

i ndivis ibly o ne is ye t e qu iva l e nt t o a n i ndi s s o l bly c o m b ine d u nity o f

, u

m o m e nt s h o w e v e r t o b e c o nc e iv e d
, e v e y p o int o f it s s m a ll p h e no r

m e na l v o l u m e in o d e r t o d i s t ing u i s h i t s e l f f o m e v e ry o t h e r a nd
,
r r

fo m a n e x t e ns i o n w it h t h e i h e lp p e s u pp o s e s a c a u s e o f it s p h e no
r r ,
r

m e na lit y in t h e T h i ng in i t s e l f di s t inc t f o m t h e c o
- -
e s p o nd ing c a u s e
,
r rr

o f e v e y o t h e r p o i nt a nd
r e t in d i o l u bly b o u nd w i t h t h o s e c a u se s
y s s , u
p .

H o w t o s a t is fy t h e s e p o s tu l a t e s we do no t ye t k no w ; c o m m o n Op inio n ,

w h i c h s a y s t h a t t h e T h i ng is a c tu a lly e x te nde d in a n a c tu a l s p a c e ,

p r o b a bly th i nk s t h a t it is no l e s s w is e a nd m u c h m o e c le a r a b o u t ,
r ,

t h e f c t o f t h e m a t t e t h a n t h e v ie w o f t h e u n e a l it y o f s p a c e w h i c h
a r r ,

c o m m o n Op ini o n h o l ds t o b e a t a ll e v e nt s no t m o e s u c c e s s f l in c o m r u

p r e h e nding it .

H e e a s in th e l a s t s e c ti o n I di s m i s s th e Obj e c t i o n th a t t h e e is a
r , ,
r

p r a c t ica l l im i t ; t h a t we c a n ne v e r g e t s o fa in t h e a c t u a l s b divi s i o n r u

o f w h a t is e x t e nde d a s t o b e e na bl e d t o a s s e t e it h e
, i nfi nit e divis i r r

b ilit y o t h e e xi s t e nc e o f i nd iv is ibl e v o l u m e s
r O ne o f t h e t wo m u s t .

ne c e s s a ily b e t h o u g h t o f a s t ki ng pl a c e a s l o ng a s t h e e m pi i ca l
r a r

r e a lit y o f s p a c e is a ll o w e d u niv e r s a l v a li dity ; t h a t is a s l o ng a s we

 Sp a ce
’

of P e r o ef é z o n f
'

1 86 S noj e o f o z fyi ou r o . [ B OO K 1 1 .

a s su m e th a t ho we v fa r we g o in dividing t h e o bj e c t s o f o u r dir e c t
er

e xp e ie nc e r ,
s p t ia l
a ide a s w ill fi nd ne c e s s a ry a pp lic a t i o n t o a ll t h e
p o du c t s o f t h is
r s u b div is io n ; t h a t t h e r e w o u l d ne v e r b e a m o m e nt

w h e n t h e d i u p t io n o f w h a t is in s p c e w o u l d s u dde nly p re s e nt u s
sr a

w ith no n s p ti l e l e m e nt s -
a a .

1 08 T h e fo e g o ing dis c u s s io ns h a ve b r o u g h t m e t o t h e c o nvi c t i o n

. r

t h a t t h e d iffic l t ie s w h ic h K nt dis c o v e r s by his t e a t m e nt o f t h e A nt i

u a r

no m i s ne it h e s ffic e t o r e fu t e t h e o dina y v ie w o f t h e o bj e c t iv it y
e ,
r u r r

o f s pa c e no w o u ld be g o t id o f by it s Opp o s i t e ; b t t h a t o th
,
r r u er

m o t iv e s fo t h c o m ing t h o u g h l e s s no t i c e d by K a nt w h ic h ne ve r
a re r , ,

t h e le s s fo c e u s t o a g e e w ith h im
r r .

T h e w a nt o f o bj e c t ive v a l idity in t h e s p a t i a l p e r c e p t io n is r e v e a l e d
b fo e we c o m e t o a pply it t o t h e u nive r s e o r t o it s u l ti m a t e e l e m e nt s ;
e r

W e h a v o nly t o a s k t wo o t h e a nd m o e g e ne a l q u e s t i ons h o w c a n
e r r r

Sp a c e s c h a s it is a nd m u s t b e c o nc e ive d wh e th e r o c c u p i d o r no t
,
u e ,

h a v e a s c ib d t o it a r e a l ity o f it s o wn in v i t u e o f w h ic h it e xi s t s
r e ,
r

b e fo e its p o s s ibl e c o nt e nt ? A nd h o w c a n w h a t we c a l l t h e e xi s t
r

e nc e o f t hing s in s p a c e b e c o nc e iv e d w h e t h e r s u c h o c c p a t io n by ,
u

r e l t h ing s c o nc e r ns it s e nt i e infi ni t e e x t e nt o r o nly a fi ni t e p

a t o f it ? r ,
ar

T h e fi s t o f o u r q u e s t io ns m o e e s p e c i a lly b u t t h e s e c o nd a s w e ll
r
,
r , ,

r e q u i e a fu t h e r int r o du c t o r y
r em a k
r W e m u s t g iv e u p a ll a t t e m p t r r .

t o p ve t h e wa fo a ns w e ing t h e t wo q u e s t i o ns by a s s ig ning t o s p a c e
a
y r r

a diffe e nt na t u e f o m t h a t w h i c h we fo u nd fo r it in o u r fo r m e r de
r r r

s c ip t io n
r T h e re is o bvi o u s t e m p t a t i o n t o do s o in o r de r t o m a k e t h e
.

s u b s t nt iv e e x is t e nc e o f s p a c e a nd it s li m it ing a c t i o n o n e a l t h i ng s
a r
, ,

se e m m o e int e ll ig ibl e T h u s we a r e inc l ine d t o s u pply t o Sp a c e

r .
,

wh ic h a t fi s t we t o o k fo r a m e r e t i s s u e o f r e l a t io ns s o m e s u b s t a t u m
r
, r

O f p o p e r t ie s
r u nde fi na b le o f c o u r s e , bu t s t ill s u c h a s t o s e r v e fo r ,

a s u b s t a nt iv e s u pp o t t o t h e s e e l a t io ns W e g a in no t h ing by do i ng
r r .

s o ; we do no t s o m u c h c o u p t t h e c o nc e p t io n o f s p a c e a s m e r e ly rr ,

t h r o w t h e diffi c u l ty b a c k a nd t h a t qu i t e u s e l e s s ly Fo r t h e s e c o nd o f .
,

o u qu e s tio ns wa s h o w r e a l t hings c a n a t a ll s t a nd in r e l a t io n t o
r
,

s p a ce P c ise ly t h e s a m e q e s t io n w ill b e r a is e d o v e r a ga in by t h e
. re u

ne w s u b s t a t u m in w h ic h s p a c e is s o m e h o w t o i nh e e
r T h e e fo r e r . r

we m u s t a b ide by t h is t h e e is s im ply no t h ing b e h ind t h a t t is s u e o f r

r e l a t io ns w h ic h a t s t a t ing we e p e s e nt e d t o o u r s e lv e s a s s p a c e ; if
r r r

we a s k q e s t i o ns a b o u t it s e x is t e nc e a ll t h a t we do o r c a n w a nt t o
u
,

k no w is wh a t k ind o f e a l ity c a n b e l o ng t o a t h ing s o e p r e s e nt e d t o

, r r ,

t his e m p t y nd u ns u b s t a nt i l s p a c e a a .

1 09 No do u b t w h e n s o s t a t e d t h e qu e s t io n is a l e a dy d e c ide d in
.
, r
,

m y o wn c o nvic t io n by w h a t I s a id a b o v e c o nc e r ning th e na t u r e o f a ll
C H APT E R H 020 5? n R ea l ? I 87

‘
r e la t io ns
l ’
: th a t th e y o n ly e xi s t e i th e r
i de a s in a c o ns c i o u s ne s s as

w h i c h i m p o s e s t h e m o r a s inne r s t a t e s w it h in t h e r e a l e l e m e nt s
, ,

o f e x is t e nc e w h ic h a c c o r ding t o o u r o r di na y p h r a s e s ta nd in t h e
,
r

r e l a t io ns
’
.

S t ill I do no t wi s h t o a ns w e r t h e p r e s e nt qu e s t i o n m e r e ly b y a
de du c tio n f o m t h i s p r e v io u s a s s e r t i o n o f m ine
r bu t s h o u l d t h i nk it
m o e a d v a nt a g o u s if I c o u l d s u c c e e d in a r iv ing a t t h e s a m e r e s u l t
r e r

by a n i nde p e nd e nt t r e a t m e nt B u t I do no t h ide fr o m m y s e l f h o w l ia bl e .

s u c h a n a t t e m p t is t o fa il ; it is a h a d a c h i e v e m e nt t o e xp o u nd by r

disc u s iv e c o ns id e r a t io ns t h e e s s e nt i a l a b s u r dit y o f a n i d e a w h i c h
r

a pp e a s t o b e j u s t ly fo r m e d b e c a u s e it is e ve y m o m e nt fo m i ng i t s e l f
r r r

a ne w u nde r t h e o v e r p o w e i ng i m p r e s s io n o f a di r e c t p e r c e p t i o n ; a n
r

ide a t o o w h i c h ne v e r d e fi ne s p r e c i s e ly w h a t it m e a ns a nd w h ic h
, ,

t h e e fo e e s c a p e s i m p a lp a bly a ll a t t e m p t s a t e fu t a t io n
r r , ,
r .

T h is is o u r p e s e nt c a s e I t is a n i m p r e s s io n w h i c h we a ll s h a r e
r .

t h a t s p a c e e x t e nds b e fo r e o u r c o nt e m p la t i ng v is i o n no t m e r ly a s a n ,
e

e x a m p le o f e x te r na l b e i ng i nde p e nde nt o f u s b u t a s t h e o ne t h i ng ,

ne c e s s a y t o m a ki ng c r e dibl e t o u s t h e p o s s ibil it y a nd i m p o r t o f
r

a ny s u c h b e i ng T h e i de a t h a t it w o u l d s t ill r e m a in t h e r e e v e n if
.
,

t h e r e w e r e no v is i o n fo r it t o e x t e nd b e fo e is a n i nfe r e nc e h a r d t o r ,

r e fu t e fo it do e s no t e xpl a in in w h a t t h e a ll e g e d b e ing o f t h a t s p a c e
r

w o u l d a ny l o ng e r c o ns is t if it is t o be ne i th e r th e e xi s t e nc e o f a t h ing
w h i c h c a n a c t no t h e m e r e v a l idity o f a t u t h no r a m e nt a l r e p t e
,
r r ,

s c u t a t i o n in u s I t is v a in t o e p e a t t h a t s p a c e i t s e l f t e a c h e s u s w it h
. r ,

d a li ng c l e a ne s s t h a t t h e re a r e o t h e r a nd p e c u l ia r ki nds o f r e a l ity
’

zz r

b e s ide s t h e s e ; t h is is o nly t o r e p e a t t h e c o nfu s io n o f t h e g iv e n p e r

c e p t io n w it h t h e infe r e nc e d a w n f o m it ; t h e fo m e r d o e s find s p c e r r r a

a pp e a r i ng in it s m a v e ll o u s fo m o f e x is t e nc e ; bu t p e c e p t io n c a nno t
r r r

g o o u t s id e i t s e l f a n d v o u c h t h a t t h e r e c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h i s r e a l it y w h ich

is a n o bj e c t o f p e r c e p t io n a s im il a r r e a l it y w h ic h is no t ; t h i s no t io n
c a n o nly b e s u bj o ine d by o u r t h o u g h t a nd is p m f a a qu e s t i o n
' '

,
rz o c ze

a bl e s u pp o s i t io n .

I no w w is h t o a t t e mp t t o S h o w h o w l it tl e t h i s h yp o t h e s i s do e s t o
m a k e t h o s e p r o p e t ie s i nt e ll ig ibl e w h ic h we c a n e a s ily u nde s t a nd t o
r ,
r

b e t r u e o f s p a c e if we co nc e iv e it m e ly a s a n i m g e c e a t e d by o u r re a r

p e c e p tive p o w e a nd fo t h c o m ing fo r it o nly

r r, r .

1 1 0 Ev e y p o int p o f e m p t y s p c e m u s t b e c r e di t e d w it h t h e s a m e
. r a

r e a l it y w h a t e v e r t h a t m a y b e
,
w h ic h b e l o ng s t o Sp a c e a s a w h o l e ; ,

fo r w h e th e r we r e g a d t h is l a t t e r a s a s u m o f p o int s o r a s a p o d c t
r ,
r u

o f th e ir c o nt i nu o u s c o nfl u e nc e wi th o ne a no t h e r in a ny c a s e it c o u l d ,

]
I
81 , e nd .
 P e r oefit z o n f Sp a ce B
' '

S noj i
e e t o z ty o f
'

1 88 o nr o .
[ o o x 11 .

no t xi et n l e s
s s ,
t h e yu e x is t e d A g i n w e fi n d e v e y p o i nt p e x a c t ly
. a ,
r

l ik e ve y o th e 9 o
e r nd no r h ng e w o u l d b m a d if we t h o u g h t
r r ,
a c a e e

o fp a s pl c d by q o r by
re a e A t t h e s a m e t im e s u c h a n int e c h a ng e
r . r

is q ite im p o s s ibl e o nly e a l le m e nt s c n c h a ng e t h i

u ,
r e la t io nse a e r r

w i g p y p —
p o int s ; b t t h e s e
( h ic h w a e no t no w e di
r s cu s s n ) t o e m t s c e ,
a u

l t t e t h e m s e lv e s s t nd im m o v a bl e in fix e d e l t io ns w h ic h a r e dif
a r a r a ,

f e rent fo r a ny o ne p a i a nd fo a ny o t h e r r r .

O f c o s e no o ne e v e n wh o h o l d s s p a c e t o b e r e a l r e g a r ds it s
ur , ,

e m p ty p o int s a s t h ing s l ik e o t h e t h ing s a c t ing o n e a c h o t h e r by r ,

m e ns o f p h y s ic l fo c e s N e v e th e l e s s w h e n we s a y S p a c e e x is t s ’
a a r . r , ,

it is o nly t h e s h o t ne s s o f t h e p h a s e t h a t giv e s a s e m bl a nc e o f s e t t l ing

r r

t h e m t t e by h e lp o f a s im pl e
a r p o s it io n o r a c t o f p e s e nt ing it s e l f 1
r ,

e a s ily a s s ig ne d o t h o gh t o f a s a s s ig ne d t o t h i s t o t a li t y w h ic h we
r u ,

c o m p e h e nd u nd e
r t h e na m e o f s p c e r B u t in fa c t fo r Sp a c e t o a .
, ,

e x i t s e v e y t h ing t h a t we h a v e
,
r a ll de d t o m u s t o r ; e v e r y p o int u cc u

m s t e x is t a nd t h e e xi s t e nc e o f e c h t h o u g h it is l ik e e v e r y o t h e
u ,
a ,
r,

m u s t c o ns is t in d is t ing is h ing it s e l f f o m e v e y o t h e r a nd de t e m ining

u r r ,
r

na l te a bl e p o s it io n fo i t s e l f c o m p a e d w ith a ll a nd fo a ll c o m ‘

an u r r r ,
r

p a e d w ith it H e nc e t h e fa b ic o f s p c e if it is t o e x is t w ill h a v e t o
r . r a , ,

r e s t o n n e fl c t u a l e c ip o c a l d e t e m in t io n o f it s e m p t y p o i nt s
a e r r t h is r a

c a n in a ny c a s e b e b o u gh t u nd e r t h e i de a o f a c t io n a nd r e a c t io n r ,

w h a te ve dis t inc tio n m y be fo nd b e t w e e n it a nd t h e o p e r a t io n o f

r a u

p h y s ic a l fo c e o b e t w e e n e m p t y p o int s a nd e a l a t o m s
r ,
r r .

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r r r

h a v e no t t o m a k e s p a c e bu t o nly t o c o ns ide r it a s e x is t ing we h v e , ,

a

no o c c a s io n t o c o ns t ru c t it s fa b ic bu t m a y a c c e p t it a nd t h e e fo e r , ,
r r

t h e p o s it io n o f a ll it s p o int s a s g iv e n T u e we do no t w a nt t o ,
. r ,

m a k e s p a c e a s if it h a d no t e x is t e d b fo r e bu t t h is v e r y a c t t h e
, e , ,

r e c o g nit io n o f it s g iv e n m e a ns p r e s u pp o s ing t h a t p e c is e a c t io n a nd
a r
,

r e a c t io n o f it s p o int s w h ic h I de s c r ib e d NO p o i nt s o l e me nt s . r e ,

u nl e s s t h o u g h t o f s d is t ib u t e d in a n a l e a dy e x is t ing Sp a c e c o l d
a r r u
,

c o nc e iv bly be a s s e t e d s im ply t
a 6 in p a t i c l r pl a ce s wi t h o u t b e ing
r o e r u a ,

r e s p o ns ibl e fo it t h e m se lv e s a nd t o s h a e in t h e e l a t io n s u b s is t ing
r r r
,

b e t w e e n t he s e pl a c e s b u t t h e p o int s o f e m p ty s p a c e c a nno t b e t a k e n
a s l o c a l is e d in t n in a p e vi o u s s p c e s o a s t o h a v e t h e ir r e c ip o c a l
ur r a r
,

r e l t io ns d e iv d f o m t h e i s it u a t io n in it
a r e r it m u s t b e irl c o ns e q u e nc e
r

o f w h a t t h e y th e m s e lv e s a e o d o t h a t t h e y h a v e t h e s e e l t io ns a nd
r r r a
, ,

by t h e i m e a ns c o ns tit u te s p a c e a s a w h o l e H e nc e if t h e t wo p o int s
r .
,

p a nd q e x is t t h e i d is t a nc e p g is s o m e t h ing w h ic h w o u l d no t be t h e e
, r r

w ith o u t t h e m a nd wh ich t h y m u s t m a k fo t h e m s e lve s

, e e r .

v 1
.
CH APTE R T/z e 6e t we e n Sp a t ia l P o int s . 1 89

I c a n i m a gi ne th e fo m e r o bj e c t i o n b e ing h e r e r e p e a t e d in a no t h r
r e

S h a p e ; t h a t we did no t c o nc e iv e t h e s p t ia l r e l t io ns a s p io in a a r r,

o r de r t o pl a c e t h e p o i nt s in t h e m a ft e r w a r ds ; a nd s o no w we a e ,
r

no t t o a s s u m e t h e p o i nt s fi s t s o t h a t t h e y h a v e t o c e a t e t h e r e l a t i o ns
r ,
r

a fte w a d s ; t h e t wo t o g e t h e r t h o u g h t in c o m pl e t e c o h e s io n t h e
°

r r , ,

p o int s in t h e s e r e l a tio ns p u t b e fo r e u s a t o nce a nd c o m pl e t e t h e

, , ,

d a t u m w h ic h we c a ll e x is t ing s p a c e G a nt ing t h e n t h a t I c o l d . r , u

a t t a c h a ny m a ning t o p o int s b e ing in e l a t i o ns s i m ply a s a fa c t

e r ,

wit h o u t e it h e r c r e a t ing o s u s t a i ning t h e m by a ny t h i ng in t h e m s e lv e s

r

s t ill I s h o u l d h a v e t o i ns is t o n t h e c i c u m s t a nce t h a t e v e r y r e l it y r a ,

w h i c h is m e r e ly give n in fa c t a dm i t s o f be ing do ne a w a y a nd it s ,

no n e xi s t e nc e a s s m e d a t l e a s t in t h o u g h t
-
u No w no t o nly do e s no .

o ne a t t e m p t t o m a k e a n a c t u a l h o l e in a c t a l m p ty s p a c e ; bu t e v e n u e

in t h o u g h t it is v in t o t y t o di s pl a c e o ne o f t h e e m p ty s p a c e —
a r p o int s
o u t o f th t e l a t io n t o o t h e s w h ic h we a e t o l d is a m e e d a t u m o f
a r r r r

fa c t ; t h e l a c u na w h ic h we t y t o c e t e is a t o nc e fill e d u p by s p a c e r r a

a s g o o d a s t h a t s u pp e s s e d No w o f c o u s e I c a nno t s u pp o s e t h a t
r . r

a ny o ne wh o ffi m s t h e e a l it y o f s p a c e w ill s e t d o w n t his in u lne r

a r r v

a b ili t y o nly t o h is s u bj e c t iv e p e r c e p t io n o f it a nd no t t o e x is t ing ,

Sp a c e i t s e l f ; o bv io u s ly t h is m i a c u l o u s p o p e t y w o u l d h a ve t o b e r r r

a s c ib e d t o r e a l e x t e ns io n a s w e ll
r .

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r r r r

p h e no m e na l na t u r e o f s p a c e I f a c o ns c io u sne s s w h ic h e c o ll e c t s it s
. r

o wn d i ffe e nt a c t s o r s t a t e s
r e xp e r i e nc e s a nu m b e r n o f i m p e s s i o ns
, r

o f a ny k ind in a s c c e s s io n w h ic h it c a nno t a l t e r a t pl e a s u e ; if
u r ,

in t h e t a ns i t i o n f o m e a c h i m p r e s s io n t o t h e ne x t it e xp e ie nc e s
r r ,
r

a l t e r a t i o ns s e ns ibly h o m o g e ne o u s a nd e q u a l o f it s o wn fe e l ing ; if
, , ,

a g a in it is c o m p e ll e d t o c o nt e m pl a t e t h e s e d iffe e nc e s no t m e e ly a s
,
r r

fe e l ing s bu t o wi ng t o a r e a s o n in it s o wn na t u e a s m a g ni tu de s
, r ,

o f a spa ce w h o s e p a r t s a e b e side e a ch o t h e r ; a nd if fi na lly r , ,

a fte r f e q e nt ly e xp e ie nc ing t h e
r u sa m e r ki nd o f p o g e s s i o n it a b r r ,

s tr a c t s f o m r t h e v a io u s qu a l it ie s o f t h e im p r e s s io ns
r e c e iv e d a nd r

o nly c a ll s t o m ind t h e fo m u nde r w h i c h t h e y c o h e r e d ; t h e n fo r r ,

the i c o ns c io u s ne s s a nd t h is o nly t h e e w ill a i s e b fo e t h

'

r ,
m ind s ,
r r e r e

e e t h e p ic t u r e o f a n o de ly s e i e s o r s y s t e m ro f s e ie s r in e a ch o f
r r
y ,

wh c i h b e t w e e n t h e t e m s 772 — 1 a nd 772 + r it is i m p o s s ibl e fo m t o 1 r

b e m i s s ing I f t h e r e w e e no im p r e s s io n t o o c c u py t h e pl a c e
. r 272,

s t ill t h e im a g e o f t h e e m p t y pl a c e in t h e s e ie s w o u l d be a t o nc e r

s ppl ie d by h lp o f t h e im a g e s o f t h e t wo c o nt ig u o u s pl a c e s
u e nd a

by m e a ns o f t h e s i ngl e s e lf ide nt ic a l a c tivi ty o f t h e e p r e s e nt ing c o n r :

s c io u s ne s s .
 f
'

f P e r e efi t z o n Sp a ce
' '

1 9 0 S noj e e t z o z ty o ou r o . [ 1300e

A ll is diffe r e nt if we x is t ing Sp a c e a nd c o nc e ive t h e

re
q u ire an e ,

a b s nc e o f t h i
e c o ns c io u s ne s s
s w h ic h c o m b ine s it s i m a g e s e v o k e s, ,

s o m e t o j o in o t h e r s a nd ne v e p a s s e s f o m o ne t o t h e o th s w ith o u t
,
r r er

al o s p e s e nting t h e diffe r e nc e w h ich d iv ide s t h e m T h e n t h e

re r .
,

e m p t y p o in t s o f s p a c e w o u l d h a v e t o t k e u p o n t h e m s e lv e s w h a t t h e a

a c t iv e co ns c io u s ne s s d id ; t h e y w o u l d h a v e t o p e s c ib e t h e i pl a c e s r r r

t o e a c h o t h e by a t t c t io n
r nd r e p l s io n a nd t o e x e t o f t h e m s e lv e s
ra a u , r

t h e e x t r a o dina y e p o d c t iv e
r r p o w e by w h ich s p a c e h e a l e d it s
r r u r

m u t il a t io ns A nd in s p it e o f a ll we s h o u l d a t o nce g e t i nt o fr e s h
.

diffi c u l t ie s .

1 1 1 Fo . t h e e l a t i o n o r int e r v a l p g w h ic h t h e t wo e xi s t i ng p o i nt s
r, r ,

a nd g w o u ld b e b o u nd a c co r di ng t o t h e i na t u e t o e s t a bl is h b e t w e e n r r
p
t h e m o u g h t a t t h e s a m e t im e t o b e diffe
,
nt f o m e v e y o t h e r s im il a r re r r

r e l t io n w h ic h ,9 a nd
a o g a n d f o s i m
r i l r e a s o n s w o u l d r s e t u p r ar r

b e t w e e n t l m B u t t h e c o m pl e t e s i m il a ity o f a ll e m p t y p o int s in
ze . r

v o lve s o n t h e c o nt a r y a n im p o s s ibil ity o f p a nd g de t e m ining a ny

,
r ,
r

o t h e r r e l a t io n b e t w e e n t h e m s e lv e s t h a n a ny o t h e r p a i o f p o int s ,
r

c o l d b e t w e e n t h e m s e lve s ; e v e n I V a nu m b e
u o f c o nne c t e d p o int s ,
r ,

c o nc e iv e d w it h de t e m ina t e r e l a t i o ns a l e a dy e x is t i ng b e t w e e n t h em
r r ,

c o u l d a s s ig n no pl a c e in p a t i c u l a r t o a no t h e p o int 9 w h ic h we m igh t
r r .

s u pp o s e t h o w n in b e c a u s e a ny o t h e r I o r
r , w o u l d h a ve a s go o d a ,
u ,

r ig h t t o t h e s a m e pl a c e .

I t is e a s y t o fo e s e e t h e a ns w e r t h a t will a t O nc e b e m a de ; t h a t it
r

is q u it e i ndiffe r e nt w h e t h e r th e p o i nt is de s ig na t e d by o r t o r
, it s u

is in it s e l f a ye t u nde fi ne d a nd t h e r e fo e in s t r ic t ne s s a na m e l e s s ,
r , ,

p o int ; it is o nly a fte r N h a s a s s igne d it a p a t ic u l a pl a c e t h a t it r r

b e c o m e s t h e p o int 9 w h i h is no w dis t inc t f o m t h e p o int s t a nd n

.
, c r ,

w h ich a e diffe e ntly l o c a l is e d by N B u t t h is Ob s e r va tio n th o u gh

r r .
,

q it e c o e c t in i t s e l f is o u t o f pl a ce h e r e I t w o u l d o nly a pply if we
u rr , .

w e e e g r di ng a s t h e m e e ide a o f a n e x t e m e t e m b e l o ng ing t o
r r a s r r r

a s e i e s N b e g u n in o u r c o ns c io u s ne s s ; s u c h a n i de a o f 3 w o u l d b e
r

c e a t e d by o u
r c o ns c io u s ne s s in t h e a c t o f r e q ir ing it in t h e p a r
r ,
u ,

t ic u la r e la t i o ns t o N w h ic h b e l o ng e d t o it ; t h e e w o u l d b e no in
r r

d u c e m e nt t o t h e p r o du c t i o n o f a ny o th e r i m a g e w hic h h a d no t t h e s e
r e l a t io ns O r a g a in ; o u r c o ns c i o s ne s s m a y no t e s t i c t i t s e lf t o it s
. u r r

im m e dia t e p r o bl e m b u t r e ca ll ing p r e v io u s e xp e i e nc e s m a y fi r s t fo m
, r r

t h e ide a o f a n e x t re m e t e m g fo t w o s e i e sr w h ic,h ec o.n v e g e. wi

r t h o u t r r ,

b e ing a w a e wh a t pl a c e it w ill h o l d in a s y s t e m o f o th e r ind p e nde nt

r e

t e m s w h i h is t o s e r v e a s t h e m e a s u e o f it s p o s it i o n ; t h e n we h a v e
r c r

a t e rm or w h ic h h a s a s e t n o n m n d w h i h i n t p t i l ise d
, y a e a c s o a c u a r , r

as s t o r , , t ill we c o m e a c c u r a t e ly t o c o ns i de r t h e la w a c c o r ding t o
u ,
 Sp a t ia l P o int s A o t z o e 9
’

C H APT E R A re I 9 I

w h ic h e a ch s e r i e s p r o g e s s e s a nd s o th e s i m u l t a ne o u s de t e r m ini ng
r ,

eq ua t io ns a r e b o t h s o lv e d .

S u ch a p o d u c t iv e p r o c e s s o f de t e r m i na ti o n r e a li s i ng w h a t it a i m s
r ,

a t is e xpl a ine d in t h i s c a s e by t h e na t u e o f o u r s i ngl e c o ns c io u s ne s s

,
r ,

w h ic h c o nne c t s wi t h e a c h o th e r a ll t h e p a t ic u l a i m a gi ne d p o int s o f r r

it s c o nt e nt ; b u t if i ns t e a d o f m e nt a l i m a g e s o f e m p t y p o int s we a r e
t o Sp e a k o f a c t l e m p ty p o i nt s t h e n we s h o u l d r e a lly b e c o m p e ll e d
ua ,

t o a s s m e e tl r t h a t e v e y e xi s t ing nu m b e r o f p o i nt s N is c o ns t a nt ly
'

u ,
z ze r

c r e a t ing ne w p o i nt s w h ic h by t h e a c t o f t h e i r p o du c t io n e nt e r i nto
,
r

t h e r e la t io ns a pp o p i a t e t o t h e m ; o r t h a t by e x e r t ing a de t e m ini ng
r r r

a c t iv it y N i m p o s e s t h e s e r e l a t i o ns o n p o int s a l r e a dy e xi s t ing w h o s e

o wn na t u r e is i ndiffe e nt t o t h e m r O bvi o s ly we S h o u l d no t c o nc e iv e
. u

e it h e r o f t h e s e c o ns t r u c t i o ns a s a h is t o y o f s o m e t h i ng t h a t h d o nc e r a

t a k e n pl a c e bu t o nly a s a d e s c ip t io n o f t h e c o nt inu a lly p r e s e nt

,
r

u nm o v ing t e ns io n o f a c t iv it i e s w h ic h s u s t a ins in e v e y m o m e nt t h e r

a pp a e nt ly i na c t iv e
r na t u r e o f s p a c e H a vi ng o nc e g o t s o fa r i nt o
.

t h is r e g io n o f i nt e r e s t ing fa nc ie s I w is h t o p u r s u e t h e fo r m e r o f t h e s e

h yp o t h e s e s o ne s t e p fu t h e r ; t h e s e c o nd m y r e a de r s will gl a dly
r ,

e x cu s e m e f o m c o ns id e r i ng
r .

1 1 2 W e c a nno t s e r i o u s ly m e a n t o r e g a d a p a t i c u la r r e a dy —
. rm a de r

v o lu m e N a s t h e c o e o u nd w h ic h th e r e s t o f Sp a c e c ys t a lli s e s No t
r r r .

m e e ly a ny N w h a t e v e r b u t u l t im a t e ly e v e y i ndivi d u a l e m p t y p o int
r , r ,

w o u l d h a v e t h e s a m e igh t t o p o s s e s s t h i s p o w e r o f p r o p a g a t io n a nd
r ,

we s h o l d a r iv e a t t h e i de a o f a a di a nt p o i nt in s p a c e fu nda m e nt
u r r ,

a lly in t h e s a m e s e ns e in w h ic h it is k no w n t o g e o m e t r y Th e n th e .
,

r a d ia nt p o i nt p w o u l d p r o d u c e a ll t h e p o i nt s wi t h w h ic h it s na t u r e

m a k e s a g e o m e t r ic a l e l a t i o n p o s s ibl e a nd e a c h o f t h e m in th e p r e c is e
r ,

r e l a t i o n w h ic h b e l o ng s t o it in r e s p e c t O f p ; a m o ng o t h e r s t h e p o int

9 ,
w h i c h i s d e t e r m i n e d by t h e d is t a n c e a nd d i e c t io n 5
1 g A l l t h i s i
rs .

j u s t a s t r u e o f a ny o t h e r e m p t y p o i nt ; it w o u l d s t ill h o l d g o o d if
a m o ng t h e m wa s a g a nd t h e n a m o ng t h e i nnu m e ra bl e p o int s w h i c h
,

9 w o u l d c r e a t e t h e r e w o u l d b e o n e s t a nd in g t o q in t h e e l a t i o n 9p r ,

t h e s a m e w h ic h wa s a b o v e d e s ig na t e d in a d i ffe e nt o r de r by p g ,
r , .

A nd no w it m ig h t b e s u pp o s e d t h a t we h a d d o ne w h a t we w a nt e d ,

a nd o b t a i ne d a c o ns t r u c t io n o f s p a c e c o e s p o nding t o it s a c t u a l
rr

na tu e ; fo it s e e m s o bv io u s t h a t p g a nd
r r indic a t e t h e s a m e dis !

t a nc e b e t w e e n t h e s a m e p o int s a nd t h a t t h s t h e ,
a di a nt a c t ivi t i e s o f
u r

a ll p o int s c o i nc i de in t h e i r r e s u l t s s o a s t o p r o du c e o r di na r y e x t e n
,

s i o n wi t h it s g e o m e t i c a l s t r u c t u r e
r .

B u t t h i s e xp e c t a t i o n is fo u nde d o n a s u b r e p t i o n B e fo r e we c o m .

l e t e d o u r c o ns t r u c t i o n we k ne w no t h i ng m o r e o f t h e e m p t y p o i nt s
p
 f Sp a ce
'

f P
' '

S noj p
’
e e t z w ty o ou r e r ce s e o n o B t
2 [ K i
1 9 . OO

fro m wh ic h it wa s t o s t a r t, t h a n th a t t h e y a re a ll s m i il a r to o ne

a no the r , a nd l ity a t t a h e s t o a ll o f t h e m ; bu t b e y o nd
th a t th e s a m e re a c

t h is t h e y h a d no c o m m nit y wi t h e a c h o t h e I t is t h e e fo e by no
u r. r r

m e a ns s l f e v ide nt e t h a t t h e p e nc il o f r a y s w h ic h s t a t s f o m t h e
-
,
r r

e x is t ing p o in t p w ill e v e r m e e t t h e o t h e e m it t e d by t h e in d e p e n d e n t r,

p o int o b o th o f t h e m m y ins t e a d o f m e e t ing e x t e nd a s if into t wo a , ,

d iff e rent w o l ds a nd e m a in e v e
r ,
s t a ng e t o e c h o t h e
r e ve n m o e r r a r, r

n t u a lly t h n t wo l ine s in s p a c e w h ic h no t b e ing in t h e s a m e pl a ne

a r a ,

neit h e r int e s e c t no a e
r p a a lle l T h e p o int o g e ne r a t e d by t h e
r r r .
,

r a d i nt p o int p is no t o bv io u s ly t h e s a m e o w it h t h a t w h ic h a s g iv e n
a , , ,

inde p e nd nt ly we e xp c t e d t o g e ne a t e p ; t h e s e c o nd p g e ne a t e d
e ,
e r r

by t h e g ive n o ne d no t c o i nc ide w ith t h e fi s t p no r t h e l in o p w ith

e r ,
e

t h e p e v io s l ine p o ; in a w o d w h a t is g e ne a t e d is no t a s ingl e
r u r ,
r

Sp a c e in w h i ch a ll e m p ty p o int s w o u l d be a r a ng e d in a s y s t e m b t
,
r ,
u

as m a ny e c ip o c a lly ind p e nde nt

r r spa ce s a s we a ssu m e d
e a d i a nt ,
r

p o int s ; a nd f o m o ne o f t h e s e s p a c e s t h e e w o u l d be a b s o l t ly no
r r u e

t a ns it i o n int o a no t h r
r Ou r a nt ic ip a t io n o f fi nd ing t h a t o nly a S ingl e
e .

s p a c e is g e ne r a t e d s t a t e d w it h t h e t a c it a s s u m p t io n t h a t s p a c e wa s
,
r

r ll—
p e s e nt a s t h e c o m m o n a c o m p e h e nding b a c kg o nd in wh ic h t h e r r u ,

r a dia t io ns f o m t h p o int s c o l d no t h e lp m e e ting

r e u .

S till if a ll t h e e s o c e s o f a dis p u t t i o u s fa nc y a r e t o be e x e t e d
,
r ur a r

in de fe nce o f t h e a t t e m p te d c o ns t u c t i o n t h e r e m ig h t b e th is e s c a p e r .

S pp o s e t h e e a e c o u nt le s s diffe e nt Sp a c e s it m ig h t b e s a id s t ill j u s t
u r r r , ,

b e c a u s e t h e y do no t c o nc e r n e a c h o th e r fo r t h a t v e y e a s o n t h e y do ,
r r

no t c o nce n u s ; e x c e p t ing t h a t p a t ic l a o ne in w h ic h we a nd a ll o u r
r r u r

e xp e i e nc s a e c o m p e h e nde d a nd wit h w h ic h a l o ne
r e r r a s t h e o the r s
, ,

ne v e c o m e in c o nt a c t w it h u s a t a ll M t a p h y s ic h a s t o d o
r T h n le t ,
e . e

u s c o nfi ne o u s e lv e s t o t h e s p a c e w h ic h is g e ne a t e d by t h e r a dia nt
r r

p o int p T h e p o int o wh ic h it c r e a t e s h a s e qu a l e a l ity wi t h p a nd

.
,
r ,

s o s h a e s it s r a dia nt p o w e r
r i t m u s t in it s t u r n d e t e m i n e a p o in t r
; , ,

t o w a r d s w h ic h it im p o s e s o n i t s e l f t h e r e l a t io n d h i p i
op ; a n t s o n t p
w ill c e t a inly be no o t h e t h a n b u t t h e s a m e w ith t h a t w h i c h fi s t
r r , ,
r

im p o s e d o n it s e l f t o w a r ds o t h e r e l a t i o n p o t h e r e fo e t h e li ne s o p r

a nd p o w ill c e r t a inly c o inc ide .

B u t e v e n t h is do e s no t g iv e u s t h e r e s u l t a im e d a t A s we c a nno t .

re g ar d a p a t ic l a r p o int p e x c l u s iv e ly b u t a e a ble t o r e g a d a ny
r u r r
,

w h a te v a s t h e s t a t ing p o int o f t h is g e ne s is o f s p a c e th e r e s u l t o f
e r, r -
,

o u r e p e s e nt a t io n t a ns l a t e d f o m
r r t h e p a s t t e ns e o f c o ns t u c t io n i nt o
r r r

t h e p e s nt o f d e fi nit io n is s im p ly t h is
r e t h a t i t is t h e f a c t t h a t in
; ,

e x is ting Sp a c e e v e y p o int h a s it s p a t ic u l a r pl a ce a nd t h a t a l ine p o r r ,

Of de t e rm i na t e d ir e c t io n a nd m a g ni t u de t a k e n in t h e o pp o s it e dir e c
,
CH AP TE R G e ne s is f
o Sp a ce ,
a ct u a l or int e lle c t u a l ? 1 93

i
t o n o p, r e t u r ns i g p o i nt No do u b t t h i s is c o r e c t ; b t
to it s s ta rt n -
. r u

no o ne w ill a ffi r m t h a t t h is l a s t c o ns t u c t io n fu lfil s it s p u p o s e o f r r

e xpl a ining s u c h a c o ndit io n o f t h ing s ; t h e e is s o m e t h ing t o o e x t a r r

o r dina y in t h e no t i o n t h a t a n e xi s t ing p o i nt g e ne r a t e s o u t o f i t s e l f a n
r

i nfi nit e nu m b e r o f p o int s wi th e q u a lly e a l e x is t e nc e a nd s o m e r ,

t h ing t o o s t a ng e in t h e r e s u l t t h a t e v e y e is t ng e m p t y p o int h a s a s
r r x t

it w e r e a n infi nit e de ns it y b e ing c r e a t e d a nd p u t in it s pl a c e by e v e r y

,

o t h e r p o i nt no t m e r e ly by o ne ; a nd fi na lly
,
t h e w h o l e i de a is t o o ,

e m p t y a fi c t io n wi t h it s r a dia nt p o we r w h ic h if it is no t t o l e a d t o a
,

p u r e ly i nt e ns iv e m u l t ipl ic a t io n o f b e i ng i nto i ts e l f bu t t o a n Ex t e ns io n , ,

m u s t in a ny c a s e p e s u pp o s e a Sp a c e in w h i c h it s e ffe c t m a y a s s u m e
r ,

t h i s v e y c h a r a c t e o f r a d ia t io n
r r .

N e v e t h e l e s s a ll t h e s e inc e dibili t ie s a pp e a r t o m e t o be nu
r r

a v o id bl e a as l o ng a s we p e r s is t in th i nk ing o f e m p ty s p a c e wi t h
,

it s g e o m e t r i c a l s t r u c t u e a s a c t u a lly e x is t ing ; bu t t h e d o c t i ne o f
r r

it s p u r e ly p h e no m e na l na t u r e a v o ids t h e m f o m t h e b g inni ng ; r e

a nd it is h a dly r e qu is i t e t o p r o v e t h i s by a p r o t r a c t io n o f t h is lo ng
r

e xp o s it io n .

O ne c a n u nde r s t a nd h o w fo r a c o ns c i o u s ne s s w h i c h r e m e m b e r s it s
,

p r e v io u s p r o g e s s i o n t h o u gh t h e t e m s p o r
r t h e rre a i s e s t h e e xp e c t a r ,
r

t io n o f a h o m o g e ne o u s c o nt i nu a nc e o f t h is s e i e s in b o t h d ir e c t i o ns r ,

wh ich im pl ie s a n a pp a e nt p o w e r o f r a di a t io n a s a b o v e in t h o s er , ,

p o i nt s o nly w h a t t a k s pl a c e h e e is no t a s e l f m u l t ipl ic a t io n o f s o m e
e r -

t h i ng e x is t e nt b u t a g e ne ra t i o n o f i de a s o u t o f i de a s i e o f f e s h s t a t e s
, , . . r

o f a s ingl e s u bj e c t o u t o f it s fo r m e r s t a t e s in a c c o r d a nc e w it h t h e l a ws ,

o f it s fa c u lty o f i d e a s a nd t h e m o v e m e nt o f it s a c t iv it i e s w h i c h wa s in

p r o g r e s s b e fo r e I t is o n t h is h yp o t h e s is e qu a lly e a s y t o u nde r s t a nd
.
,

t h a t t h e c o nv e r s e m a r c h o f t h e m o v e m e nt r e t u r ns fr o m o t o t h e s a m e

p ,
i e. r.e p r o du c e s t h e id e nt ic a l im a g e p f o m w h ic h it s t a r t e d ; fo r t h e r

i m a ge o h a s o nly s u c h a dia nt p o w e a s it de ive s f o m e p r e s e nt ing

r r r r r

t o t h e m ind t h e p u r p o t o f t h e s e i e s s o t h a t o by i t s e l f a s l o ng a s it
r r ,

is e p e s e nt e d a s a t e r m in t h e s e i e s c a n ne v e r i ndu c e a d iv e g e nc e
r r r ,
r

f o m t h e di e c t io n o f t h a t s e i e s
r r r .

O n t h e o t h e r h a nd s t a t ing w it h a qu a l it a t iv e ly de t e m i ne d i m p e s
,
r r r

s io n w h i ch fill s th e g e o m e t i c a l pl a c e o f t h e t e r m p t h e r e m y b e r ,
a

a n a dv a nc e t o o t h e r i m p e s s io ns a nd p s u c h t h a t t h e diffe e nc e s
r x ,
r

7r -
K ,
x
p m a y b e,
c o m p a a bl e wi t h e a c h o t h e r t h o u g h no t c o m
r ,

p a r a bl e w ith t h e diffe r e nc e o f t h e s e ie s p o T h e n we h a v e t h e r , ,

c a s e w h i c h we m e nt i o ne d a b o v e ; r a dia t s t o o bu t s o t o s p e a k 71
'

e , , ,

int o a no t h e r w o l d a nd t h e s e r ie s r p fi nd s in fa c t no pl a c e in
,
7r , 1< , ,

s p a c e p e r c e p t io n a nd in r e s p e c t t o it s r e l a t i o ns wi t h i n i t s e l f c a n o nly
-
,

V OL . 1 . o
 1 94 Su oj e e t io ity f
o ou r P e r cept io n f
o Sp a ce . [ B OO K 11 .

be m e ta p h o r i c a lly
y m b o l ic lly e porr e s e n st e d b y c o n sa t r u c t i o n s
r i n

p
s a ce b t c a ,
n n o t ub e s h o w n t o h a v e a s p a t ia l s i t u a t io n .

11 3 I a m . s u e t h a t t h e w h o l e o
r f t h is a c c o u n t o f t h e m a t t e r h as

o n ly c o n v in c e d t h o s e w h o w e r e c o n v i n c e d b e f o r e a n d w i ll n o t h a v e ,

d o ne m u c h t o s h k e t h e p fe e n c e a fo r a n e x i t
rei n g s p ar c e L et u s s .

t h e e fo e a s k o nc e m o r e w h e r e in s t ic t ne s s t h e diffe e nc e o f t h e t wo
r r r r

vie w s lie s ; a nd w h a t im p o rt a nt a dv a nt g e t h e e is t h a t c a n o nly be a r

s e c u e d by t h e a s s u m p t io n o f t h is e nig m a t ic e x is t e nce
r s o c o ns t a nt ly ,

r e a ffi m e d r o f a n e m p ty e x te ns io n a nd t h a t m u s t b e l o s t by c o n
, ,

c d ing t h t it s im p o t is p
e a ly p h e no m e na l ? T h e c l e a ne s s a nd
r u re r

s l f e v id nc e with wh ic h o u r p e ce p t io n s e e s Sp a c e e x t e nd d a o u nd
e -
e ,
r e r

u s is e q
,
lly g t foua b o t h v ie w s ; we do no t in t h e l e a s t t ra v e r s e
re a r

t h is p e c e p t io n w h ic h is e ndo w e d w it h s u c h s e lf e v ide nc e ; bu t o nly

r ,
-

t h e a ll e g a t io n o f a b e ing t h a t u nd e l ie s it w h ic h m u s t b e ina c c e s s ibl e r ,

t o p e ce p t io n a nd SO c a nno t s h a r e it s s e l f e vi de nce
r No do u b t fo - . r

c o m m o n Op inio n e v e y p e c e p t io n c a r i e s a r e v e l a t io n o f t h e
r r e a li t y o f
r r

wh a t is p e c e i e d ; b u t in t h e w o l d o f p h il o s o p h y I de a l is m c la im s t h e
r v r

fi s t h e a ing w it h it s p o o f t h a t w h a t is p e r c e iv e d in t h is c a s e s p a c e
r r ,
r , , ,

is giv e n t o b g in w it h m e e ly a s t h e s bj e c t iv e p e c e p t io n o f o u r
e r u r

m inds N o w o f c o u r s e in co m m o n l ife we do no t ne e d t o g o t h o u gh
. . r

t h e l o ng t o il o f infe e nc e f o m p e c e p t i o n b e fo r e r r tt ining t h e ide a r a a

t h a t w h a t is p iv e d is a l ; b u t in t h e w o r l d o f p h il o s o p h y t h is
e rce re

inv e s t ig t io n is a s s e nt i a l t o d e c ide w h e t h e r we m a
e , y r t in t h is i d e a e a

fo r I r e p e t th a t in t h is r e gi o n it is no t t h e p i m a y d a t m bu t r e
a r r u ,

m ins p o bl e m a t ic t ill it is p r o v e d t o b e ne c e s s a y
a r r .

S u ch a p o o f in s t ic t ne s s h a s ne v e r b e e n a t t e m p te d ; t h e b u de n
r ,
r ,
r

o f dis p o o f h a s b e e n t h r o w n o n t h e Opp o s it e vi e w a nd it s o pp o ne nt s
r ,

h v e t k n t h i s t a nd o n t h e p o b a b il it y o f t h e i o wn Op inio n a s im
a a e e r r r

p o r t ing a v a l id p r e s u m p t io n o f it s t u t h T h e pr o b a bil it y s e e m s t o e s t r . r

o n t h is ; t h a t a s p a c e w h i c h e x is t s by it s e l f wi t h a ll t h e p r o p e r t ie s
,

a s c ib e d t o it by o u
r p e r c e p ti o n m a k e s t h e o ig in o f t h i s p e c e p t io n
r r r
,

se e m m u c h m o e na t a l t h a n do e s r o u ur m o e a t ifi c ia l do c t i ne ; r r r r

a c c o ding t o wh i c h it a is e s f o m a c o m b ina t io n o f inne

r r r sta t s o f r e

o u r c o ns c io u s ne s s w h o lly d is s im il t o it B u t t h e a t ifi c ia lity h e e ar . r r

o bj e c t e d t o m u s t be a dm it t e d e v e n if s p a c e w e r e a s e a l a s co u ld h e r
,

w is h e d T h e p ic tu e s wh i ch a e m a de o f it in t h e c o u nt l e s s m i nds
. r r

wh ich a e a ll h e l d t o b e w ith in s p a c e c o l d no t be m o e th a n
r
,
u r

p ic tu e s o f it t h y c o u l d no t o it ; a nd a s p ic t u e s t h e y c o u l d o nly
r
, e e r

h vea is e n by m e a ns o f o p e t io ns o n t h e m ind w h ic h c o u l d no t be
ar ra

e x t e ns io ns b t c o l d o nly be inne r s t t e
, u u s co e s p o nding t o t h e na t u e a rr r

o f th s u bj c t o p e r t e d u p o n
e e I n e v e y c a s e o u r m e nt a l r e p e s e nt a
a . r r
 Ca m e ra Sp a ce as
‘
r ea l a s a ny P e r ce
p t io n . 1 95

i
t o n o f sp a ce m u s t a r se i in t h i s wa y ; we c a nno t g e t it m o r e c h e a ply ,
wh e t h e r we i m a gi ne b e ne a t h t h e pi c t u r e p r e s e nt e d t o o u r m i nd a n
e x is te nc e li ke it o u ts i de i ly dis p a a t e
u s , o r o ne e nt r e r .

W h a t c a n b e g a ine d t h e n by m a int a i ni ng th e vi e w w h i c h we
o pp o s e ? M e n w ill g o o n r e p e a t i ng t h e r e t o t ; th a t it is i m p o s s ibl e r

t o d o u b t t h e r e a li t y o f s p a c e w h i c h is s o c l e a ly b o u gh t h o m e t o u s
,
r r

by i m m e di a t e p e r c e p t i o n B u t a r e we de nyi ng t h i s r e a li ty ? O u gh t
.

no t p e o pl e a t l e ng t h t o g e t t i e d o f r e p e a ting t h i s co nfu s io n o f i de a s
r ,

wh ic h s e e s r e a li ty in no t h ing b u t e x t e na l e xi s te nc e a nd ye t is r e a dy r ,

t o a s c r ibe it t o a b s o l u t e v a c u ity ?
: I S p a i n m e re ly a de c e i t f l a ppe a r u

a nc e a nd u nr e a l b e c a u s e it s u b s is t s o nly fo
, ,
t h e m o m e nt in w h ic h it r

is fe lt ? A e we t o de ny t h e r e a lity o f c o l o u s a nd to ne s b e c a u s e we
r r

a dm i t t h a t t h e y o nly s h ine a nd s o u nd w h il e t h e y a r e s e e n a nd h e a d ? r

Or is t h e i r e a li ty le s s l o u d a nd b r ig h t b e c a u s e it o nly c o ns i s t s in b ing
‘
r e

fe l t a nd no t in a s e l f s u s t a i ne d b e ing i nde p e nde nt o f a ll c o ns c i o u s ne s s ?

-

S o t h e n s p a c e w o u ld lo s e no t h ing o f it s c o nvi nc i ng r e a l it y fo r o u r
.

p e r c e p t i o n if w e a d m it t e d t h a t it p o s s e s s e s it o n ly in o u r p e rc e
p t io n .

W e l o ng a g o r e j e c t e d t h e c a r e l e s s e x a gg e r a t i o n w h i c h a t ta c h e s t o
t h is i de a ; s p a c e is no t a m e e s e m bl a nc e in u s t o w h ic h no t h ing r ,

t h e r e a l w o r l d c o r r e s p o nd s ; a t h e e v e r y p a r tic u l a r fe a t u
r r r

p e r c e p tio ns c o r e s p o nds t o a g r o u nd w h ic h t h e r e is fo r it in t h e w
r

o f t h i ng s ; o nly s p ac e c a nno t r e t a in t h e p r o p e r t i e s w h ic h it h a s in
,

c o ns c io u s ne s s in a s u b s t a nt iv e e x is t e nce a p a r t fr o m t h o u gh t a nd
,

p e r c e p t i o n I n fa c t t h e r e is o nly o ne di s t inc t io n fo r th c o m ing a nd

.
, ,

t h a t o f co u r s e e m a i ns a s b e t w e e n t h e t wo vi e w s ; fo r o u r v ie w a ll
r

s p a t i a l de te m ina t i o ns a r e s e c o nda y qu a l it i e s w h i c h t h e r e a l r e la t i o ns
r r ,

p u t o n fo r o u r m i nds o nly fo r t h e o pp o s i te v ie w Sp a c e a s t h e
e xi s t i ng b a c kg r o u nd w h i c h c o m p r e h e nds t h ing s is no t m e re ly s e c o nd a r y

bu t p i m a ry a s a t o talit y o f d e t e rm i ni ng l a w s a nd lirnits w h ic h t h e
r
,

B e i ng a nd a c t i o n o f t h ing s h a s t o o b e y s o t h a t t h e t h i ng s a nd o u r s e lv e s ,

a r e in s p a c e ; w h il e o u r vi e w m a int a ins t h a t s p a c e is in u s T h is br i ng s .

u s na t u r a lly t o t h e s e c o nd o f t h e q u e s t i o ns w h i c h w e re p o p o s e d 1
,
r

a b o ve .

1 1 4 W h e n I w a nt t o k no w w h a t p r e c i s e ly we m e a n by s a y ing t h a t
.

t h ing s a e in s p a c e I c a n o nly e xp e c t t o m e e t w ith a s t o ni s h m e nt a nd

r , ,

w o nde r w h a t t h e r e is in t h e m a t t e th a t is o p e n t o qu e s t i o n ; no t h ing r ,

it w ill b e s a id is pl a i ne r A nd in fa c t t h is Sp a t ia l r e l a t io n is g iv e n s o
, .
,

c l e a r ly t o o u p e r c e p t i o n t h a t we fi nd a ll o th e r r e l a t io ns in t h e m
r , ,

s e lv e s no t o f t h e s p a t ia l ki nd e xp r e s s e d in l a ng u a g e by de s ig na t io ns
,

b o r o w e d fr o m Sp a c e W e e ve n m e e t wi th p h il o s o p h i c a l vi e w s wh i c h
r .

[S t 1
ec .

0 2
1 9 6 S u é /e ct io ily f
o ou r P e r cept io n f
o Sp a ce . [ BOOK 1 1 .

no t o n ly de m a nd c o ns t r u c t io ns in s p a c e by wa y o f s e ns u o u s e l u c ida tio n
o f a b s t a c t t h o u g h t b u t p e fe
r t o r e g a d t h e p o bl e m O f c o g ni t i o n a s
,
r r r r

u ns o lv e d t ill s u c h c o ns t r u c t io ns a e fo u nd I h a ve no h o p e o f r .

m a k ing c l e a t h e i m p o t o f m y q e s t io n t o s u c h a s c i nt ifi c m ind
‘ ’
r r u e .

B u t t h e a s s u m p t i o n o f a p u r e ly p h e no m e na l s p a c e h a s l it t l e diffic u l ty
in a ns w e i ng it r .

O nly I fe e l c o m p e ll e d t o r e p e a t t h e w a r ni ng t h a t t h i s a s s u m p t i o n ,

d o e s no t a ny m o r e t h a n t h e o t h e r a im a t d e ny ing o m o difyi ng t h e r

di e c t ne s s o f t h e o v e wh e l m ing i m p e s s io n w h i c h m a k e s Sp a c e a pp e a r
r r r

t o u s t o inc l u de t h ing s in it it o nly p o p o u nds e fl e c t i o ns o n t h e t u e r r r

s t a t e o f t h e fa c t s w h i c h m a k e s t h is i m p r e s s io n p o s s ibl e ; a nd we
,

e xp r e s s ly a d m i t o f o u r r e fl e c t i o ns t h a t t h e y a r e u t t e ly fo r e ig n t o th e r

c o m m o n c o ns c io u s ne s s T h e p o w e o f o u s e ns e s t o s e e c o l o u r s a nd
. r r

fo m s o r t o h e a r s o u nds s e e m s t o u s q u it e a s s im pl e ; we ne e d we
r , ,

t h ink o nly t o b e p e s e nt a nd it is a m a t t e r o f c o u s e t h a t s e ns a t io ns
,
r , r

a r e fo r m e d in u s w h i c h a pp e h e nd a nd e p e a t t h e e x t e r na l w o l d a s it
,
r r r

r e a lly is ; t h e na t u r a l c o ns c i o u s ne s s ne v e r h a s a n inkli ng o f t h e

m a nifo l d i nt e r m e dia t e p o c e s s e s e qu i e d t o p r o du c e t h e s e fe e l ing s

r r r

a nd o ne wh o h a s g a ine d s c ie nt ifi c ins ig h t i nt o t h e i ne c e s s it y d o e s r

no t fe e l t h e m a wh i t m o re no t ic e a bl e in t h e m o m e nt o f a c t u a l

s e ns a t io n .

I t is t h e t a s k o f p s y c h o l o gy
i n th e s e i nte r m e dia t e p o to a s ce r t a r

c e s s e s fo r t h e c a s e in h a nd ; it s s o l u t io n will no t p o int t o a ni m a g e o f

e m p t y s p a c e fo m e d p i o r t o a ll p e c e p t io ns i nt o w h ic h t h e m ind h a d
,
r r r ,

s u b s e q e nt ly t o t r a ns pl a nt it s i m p e s s i o ns ; it is r a t h e
u t h e s e ri e s o f r r

p e c lia r c o nco m i t a nt fe l ing s o f h o m o g e ne o u s ch a ng e o f it s c o nditi o n

u e ,

e xp e ie nc e d in t h e
r t a ns it io n f o m t h e i m p r e s s io n p t o t h e o th e r
r r

im p r e s s m n o t h a t is fe l t by it a s t h e d is t a nc e p o ; a nd f o m t h e
, r

c o m p a i s o n o f m a ny s u c h e xp e ie nc e s t h e e a r i s e s a s I i ndic a t e d j u s t
r r r ,

no w by h e l p o f a b s t r a c tio n f o m t h e c o nt e nt o f t h e v a i o s im
, r r u

p e s s io ns t h e p ic tu r e o f e m p ty e x t e ns io n A ft e it h a s a is e n t o
r , . r r ,

lo c a l is e a n i m p r e s s io n o in a p a r t ic u l a r p o i nt o f t h is Sp a c e S im ply
m e a ns : t a k ing a n im p e s s io n p a s t h e i nit i a l s t a t e f o m w h ic h t h e
r r

m o v e m e nt o f c o ns c i o u s ne s s s t a r t s t o c o nt e m pl a t e t h e m a g ni t u de o f ,

t h e c h a ng e w h i c h c o ns c io u s ne s s fe l t o r m u s t fe e l in o r de t o r e a c h o r ,

u nde r t h e fo r m o f a d i s t nc e p o a .

T h e s e di ffe r e nt c o nc o m it a nt fe e li ng s w h ic h dis t ing u ish t h e im ,

p r e s s i o ns p a nd o a r e i nde p e nde nt o f t h e qu a l it a t iv e di ffe nc e o f

,
re

t h e ir c o nt e nt a nd m a y a t t a c h t o l ik e a s w e l l a s t o u nlik e im p r e s s i o ns
, .

T h e e fo e m e t a p h y s i c ca n o nly de r iv e t h e fe e l ing s f o m a diffe e nc e

r r r r

in th e e ffe c t s p r o du c e d o n t h e s o u l by t h e r e a l e l e m e nt s w h i c h c o r r e
 0 1 .1 m m ) . Sp a ce a nd t ne tning s in it . 1 97

s p o nd t o th e m , in c o nfo r m i t y wi th a d i ffe r e nc e o f a c t u a l r e a t o ns l i in
w h ic h th e r e a l it i e s s t a nd t o th e s o u l a nd c o ns e qu e nt ly wi th a de t e r , ,

m i na t e a c t u a l e l a t i o n in w h i c h t h e y s t a nd t o e a c h o t h e r I r e s e r v e fo r
r .

a m o m e nt m y fu r t h e r e xpl a na t io ns c o nc e r ni ng t h e s e i nt e ll ig ibl e r e la

t i o ns a s we m a y c a ll t h e m o f t h e r e a li t ie s w h i c h we r e g a r d a s c a u s e s
, , ,

o f o u r p e c e iv e d r e l a t io ns o f s p a ce ; I o nly e m p h a s i s e h e r e t h e fa c t
r

t h a t t h e y c o ns is t in a c t u a l r e l a t i o ns o f t h ing a nd t h ing no t o f t h ing s ,

a nd s p a c e ; a nd t h a t it is no t t h e y a s m e r e ly s u b s i s t i ng b e t w e e n t h e ,

t h ing s bu t th e c o nc e nt r a t i o n in t h e u ni t y o f o u r c o ns c i o u s ne s s o f
,

e ffe c t s o f t h e t h i ng s v a y ing in c o nfo r m it y wi t h t h e m r t h a t is t h e ,

p r o x im a t e a c t iv e c a u s e o f o u r s p a ti a l i de a in wh i c h we pi c t u r e t h e ir
l o c a l ity a nd t h e ir dis t a nc e fr o m e a c h o th e r
, .

1 1 5 Fr o m t h i s p o int we m a y o b t a i n a c o ns p e c t u s o f t h e diffic u l tie s

.

w h ic h s p i ng fr o m t h e o pp o s i t e vi e w t h a t s p a c e h a s a n e xi s t e nc e o f
r ,

it s o wn a nd t h a t t h ing s a e in it
,
I f s p a c e e x is t s a nd c o ns e qu e nt ly
r .
,

t h e p o int p e xi s t s w h a t is m e a nt by s a yi ng t h a t a r e a l e l e m e nt
, is in 71

t h e p o int p ? Ev e n if p it s e l f is no t t o be t a k e n t o be a r e a l th i ng ,

s t ill,
b e t w e e n it a s s o m e th ing e xi s t e nt a nd th e r e a l ity so m e ,
11 ,

r e c ip r o c a l o p e r a t i o n m u s t b e c o nc e iv a bl e by t h e s u b s i s t e nc e o f w h ic h

t h e p r e s e nc e o f in p is dis t ing u i s h e d fr o m it s no t b e i ng p r e s e nt in p
11 .

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r 11

o n t h e c o nt a r y it r e m a ins t h e s a m e in w h a t e v e r pl a c e it m a y be ;
r ,

t h e r e fo e t h e e is no t h i ng w h ic h t a k e s pl a c e in it by w h ic h it s b e ing in
r r

p is d is t i ng u i s h a bl e f o m it s b e i ng in o ;r t h e t w o c a s e s w o u l d o n ly b e

dis t ingu is h a bl e t o a n o b s e r v e wh o h a d r e a s o n o n t h e o ne h a nd t o r,

dis t ing is h p f o m o a nd o n t h e o t h e r t o a s s o c ia t e t h e i m a g e o f
'

u r , in 11

t h e m o m e nt o f p e r c e p t io n o nly wi t h p a nd no t wi t h o
.

I f we g o o n t o a s k w h a t h a pp e ns t o t h e p o i nt p w h e n is in it we 71 ,

s h o u l d s u pp o s e t h a t t h e na t u e o f p w o u l d b e j u s t a s li t t l e c h a ng e d a s
r

th a t o f ; b u t
11 no d o u b t t h e a n s w e r will b e : t h e v e r y f a c t t h a t p si
o c c u pie d by dis t ing u is h e s it fr o m o w h i c h is no w no t t h e p la ce
11 ,

o c c u p ie d by A g a ins t t h is a ns w e r I a m d e fe nc e l e s s
11 . I t is i nde e d .

u na s s a ila bl e if we c a n o nc e c o nc e iv e a nd a c c e p t a s a s a t is f c t o y, a r

s o l u t io n t h a t b e t w e e n t wo r e a l it ie s t h e p o i nt p a nd t h e a c t u a l e l e m e nt
, ,

11 , t h e e s h o u l d b e a r e l a t io n a s t o w h ic h ne it h e r o f t h e
r e l a t e d p o int s r

t a k e s no t e o f a ny t h ing e x c e p t t h a t it t h e r e l a t io n s u b s i s t s w h il e in , , ,

e v e y o t h e r r e s p e c t t h e t wo t h ing s a e e x a c t ly a s t h e y w o u l d be if it d id
r r

no t s u b s is t I m ig h t a d d t h a t p wo u ld no t b e p e r m a ne nt ly fill e d by
.
,

b u t in t u r n by o t h e r r e a l e l e m e nt s
, , o r p ; s u re ly t h e o ne c a s e o u g h t
1:

s o m h o w t o di s t i ng u is h i t s e l f f o m t h e o t h e r a nd t h e p o int p t o b e
e r ,

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11 x.
1 98 S u lj e c t io ity o
f ou r P e r cep t io n o
f Sp a ce . 1130011 1 1 .

Bu t th si wo u l d be u na va il ing ; I S h o u l d '
hé a ns we r e d w ith th e sa m e

a c u t e ne s s : t h a t in a ll th e se
p ca se s re m a v e ry i ns j u st th e sa m e in e

o t h e r r e s p e c t a nd t h e d is t inc t io n b e t we e n t h e m is c o ns t it u t e d by t h e
,

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, , ,

is c ie d o u t by i n o ne c a s e a nd by K in a no t h e r A s a ll t h is m o e
a rr « . r

o ve is a s t u e o f o a s o f p I c a n o nly m e e t t his e a s se t io n by r e a s
’

r r ,
r r

s e t i ng t h e Opp o s it e no t io n ; t h a t t h e w h o l e s t a t e o f t h ing s
r ll e g e d is a

inc o nc e iv a bl e t o m e a s in r e a l e x is t e nc e a nd o nly c o nc e iv a bl e a s in ,

t h e t h o u g h t o f a n o b s e r v e r wh o a s I i ndic a t e d h a s , ,
e a s o n t o d is ,
r

t ing u is h p f o m o a nd a t t h e m o m e nt t o c o m bi ne e it h e r
r , ,
o r wi th 11 x

p o or— t o m a k e o n e c o m bi n a t io n a nd no t a no t h e r .

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,
r 11 x

wh ic h o c c u py t h e po int s p a nd o we do no t in fa c t t r e a t t h is l o c a l is a t io n
,

a s u nim p o t nt in o u r a fu t h e r inv e s t ig a t io n o f t h ing s ; fo r we b e l ie v e

r r

t h e int ns it y o f e c ip o c a l a c t io n b e t w e e n
e r r a nd t o b e c o ndi t io ne d 11 x

a cc o ding t o t h e m a g nit u de o f t h e d i s t a nc e
r B u t t h e ir a c t io n c a nno t .

b e g i de d by t h is c h a ng e a bl e dis t a nc e u nl e s s it is s o m e h o w b o u gh t
u r

h o m e t o t h e m ; h o w a e we t o s u pp o s e t h is t o b e do ne ? T h e d is t a nc e
r

po is n o t in t h e p o in t s p a n d o b u t b e t w e e n t h e m i f w e s u pp o s e t h e

e m p t y p o int o e p e s nt e d a t p by s o m e e ff e c t p r o d u c e d by o o n p
'
r r e ,

wh ic h m a k e s t h e d is t a nce p o a lw a y s p r e s e nt t o p a nd c o ns e qu e nt ly
‘

, ,

t h o g h I c a n s e e no
u e a s o n fo r t h er infe e nc e p r e s e nt a ls o t o t h e r ,

e l e m e nt in p a nd d e t e m ini ng it s b e h a vi o u
11 r s t ill t h is w o u l d h o ld r,

e qu a lly g o o d o f a ny o t h e r e m p t y p o int r o r s A ll o f t h e m w o u l d be .

r e p r e s e nt e d a t p c o ns e qu e nt ly t h e y w o l d a ll h a v e a n e q u a l r igh t t o
, u

de t e m ine t h e be h a i o u r o f t h e e l e m e nt
r v a t p ; t he p e e m ine nc e o f 11 r -

o w h i c h i s a t t h e m o m e nt o c cu p ie d by t h e
'

e a l e l e m e nt c o u l d o nly r

de p e nd o n t h e l a t t e r a nd w o u ld h a v e t o b e a c c o u nt e d fo r t h u s th e
‘

, :

e m p t y p o int o m u s t u nde r g o a c h a ng e o f s t a t e by b e c o m ing fill e d ,

m u s t t a ns m it t h e c h a ng e t o p t h r o u g h o p a nd t h e e t r a ns f
r it t o t h e r er

e l e m nt ; a e a c t i o n b e t w e e n e a l e x is t e nc e a nd t h e v o id w h ic h
e 11 r :
r ,

w o u l d be a s i ne vi t a bl e a s it is ine xplic a bl e Th e a g u m e n t m igh t b e . r

pu r s u e d fa r t h e r b u t I c o nc l de h e e hO ping t h a t t h e m a s s o f e x
, u r ,

t a a g nc e s in w h ic h we s h o u l d b e inv o lv e d h a s p e r s u a de d u s o f t h e
r v a

inc o nc e iva b il it y o f t h e a pp a e nt ly S im pl e a s s m p t io n t h a t s p a c e h a s
r u

inde p e nd e nt e xi s t e nc e a nd t h a t t h ing s h a v e t h e i b e ing in s p a c e r .

1 1 6 Th e o pp o s it e v ie w w h i c h I a m no w m a int a ini ng le a ds t o a
.

s er ie s o f p r o bl e m s w h ic h I w ill no t u nde r t a k e t o t e a t a t p re s e nt ; it r

is e no u g h t o c h a r c t e i s e t h e i im p o r t a s fa r a s is e qu is it e t o e s t a bl is h
a r r r

t h e g e ne r a l a d m i s s ib ili t y o f t h e do c t ine W e m y b e g in by e x r . a

p e s s ing o u r s e lve s t hu s ; t h a t we r e ga d a sy s t e m o f r e la t io ns b e t w e e n
r r
CH AP TE R R e a lity ex
p r es se d 5y s
p a t ia l r e la t io ns . 1 99

th e re a li t ie s
p a t i a l i na c c e s s ibl e t o p e r c e p t i o n a nd p u r e ly in
,
u ns , ,

t e llig ibl a s t h e fa c t w h ic h l ie s a t t h e r o o t o f o u r Sp t ia l p e r c e p t io ns
e ,
a .

Wh n th e s e o bj e c t iv e e l a t i o ns a e t r a ns l a t e d int o t h e s u bj e c t iv la n
e r r e

gu a ge o f o u r c o ns c io u s ne s s e a c h o f t h e m fi nds it s c o u nt e r p a r t in o ne
,

d e fi nit e s p a t ia l im a g e t o t h e e x c l u s io n o f a ll o t h e s I s h o u l d a v o id r .

c a ll ing t h is s y s t e m o f e la t i o ns a n i nt e lligibl e s p a c e a nd dis cu s s ing ‘

r

w h e t h e r it is like o r u nl ik e t h e s p a c e w hic h we e p e s e nt t o o u s e lve s r r r

by h e lp o f o u r s e ns e s I s t t f o m t h e o pp o s it e c o nv ic t i o n t h a t
. ar r ,

t h e e e x is t s no r e s e m bl a nc e b e t w e e n t h e t wo ; fo r it w o u l d t r a ns fe r
r

t o t h e r e a li t y o f t h e ne w c o ndit io n o f th ing s a ll t h e difficu l t i e s w h ic h

we fo u nd in t h e r e a l it y o f e m p t y s p a c e .

H o w e v e it is no t w o th w h il e t o k e e p u p t h e ide a o f s u c h a
r, r

s y s t e m o f r e l a t i o ns w h ic h wa s o nly o f u s e a s a b ie f p e l im i na y e x
,
r r r

p e s s i o n o f t h e fa c t ; we no w r e tu n t o t h e c o nv ic t io n xp e s s e d a b o v e
r r e r

it is no t r e l a t io ns w h e t h e r Sp a t i a l o r int e ll ig ibl e o tz o n t h e t h ing s

, ,
e ee ,

o nly d i e c t r e a c ti o ns w h i c h t h e t h ing s a e s u bj e c t t o f o m e a c h o t
r r r

a nd e xp e ie nc e a s i nne r s t a t e s o f t h e m s e lv e s w h ic h c o ns t it u t e t h e
r ,

fa c t w h o s e p e r c e p t io n we s p in o u t i nt o a s e m bl a nc e o f e t e ns x

L e t P a nd Q b e t wo r e a l e l e m e nt s t h o u gh t o f a s u nr e l a t e d le t P a nd x

Q i ndic t e t h e m w h e n in t h e s t a t e s o f t h e m s e lve s w hic h a r e s e t u p

11 a

by a m o m e nt a r y m u t u a l r e a c t i o n ; t he s e s t a t e s o f t h e ir s c o nt a in t h e
r e a s o n wh y P a nd Q o r a t t h e m o m e nt P, a nd Q pp e a in o u K 11 , a r r

p e c e p t io n in t h e p l a c e s p a nd o s e p a a t e d by t h e inte va l p o I t
r ,
r r .

ne e d h a dly b e o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e m e e fa c t o f t h e r e a c t io n s u b s is t ing
r r

be t w e n P a nd Q c a nno t by it s e l f s e t u p o p e r c e p t io n ; bu t c a n o nly
e ur

d o s o by m e a ns o f a n a c t io n o f P a nd Q u p o n u s c o nfo r m a bl e t o ,

t h e i m o m e nt a r y s t a t e s
r a nd ; a nd t h e e fo r e o t h e r t h a n it w o u l d
1c 11 r

h a v e b e e n in t h e m o m e nt o f a d i ffe r e nt m u t u a l e a c t io n The r .

m e t ing o f t h e s e t wo a c t io ns in o u r c o ns c io u s ne s s c a u s e s fi s t in
e ,
r ,

vi t u e o f it s u nit y t h e p o s s ibil it y o f a co m p a is o n a nd r e c ip ro c a l
r , r

r e fe r e nc e o f t h e t wo ; s e co nd ly in v ir t u e o f it s p e c u lia r nat u e t h e
, r

ne c e s s ity t ha t t h e r e s u l t o f t h is c o m p a r i s o n s h o u l d a s s u m e t h e fo m r

o f di s t a nc e in s p a c e t o o u p e r c e p t i o n ; a nd fi na lly t h e m a g nit de o f
r , u

t h e diffe e nc e w h ic h is fe l t b e t w e e n t h e t wo a c t io ns o n u s de t e r m ine s
r , ,

t o p t it s h o t ly t h e v is u a l a ng l e by w h ic h we s e p a a t e t h e im
u r r
'

p e s s io ns o f t h e t wo e l e m e nt s
r .

T h u s t h e t h e o y a t t a c h e s it s e l f t o a m o e g e ne a l p o int o f i e w
r r r v ,

w h i c h I a do p t in Oppo s it io n t o a p e do m ina nt t e nde nc y o f t h e r

p h il O SO p h ic s p i i t o f t h e a g
r e h o l d in g t h a t t h o u g h t s h o u l d a lw a y s g o

b a c k t o t h e l iv ing a c t iv it ie s o f t h ing s w h i h a c t iv it i s a t o b e , c e re

c o ns id e r e d a s t h e e ffi c i e nt c a u s e o f a ll t h a t we eg d a s e x t e na l r ar r
:
2 00 S u oj e c t io ity o
f ou r P e r cep t io n o f Spa ce . [ B OO K 1 1 .

l
r e a t io b e t we e n t h ing s Fo in c a ll ing t h es e l a tt e r e l a t i o ns we a re
n . r r

in fa c t u s ing a m e e na m e ; we c a nno t s e i o u s ly c o nc e iv e t h e m t o b e
r r

r e a l a nd t o s b s is t a p t fr o m t h o u gh t
u I r e g r e t t h a t t h e e is a n in
ar . r

c e a s ing ly w ide s p e a d inc li na t io n in t h e o pp o s it e d i e c t io n n m e ly t o

r r r , a ,

a pp e h e nd e v e y t h ing t h a t t k e s pl a c e a s t h e p o du c t o f p e e xi s t ing a r -
r r . r

a nd v a y ing e l a t i o ns
r o v e r l o o k ing t h e c i c u m s t a nce t h a t u l t im a t e ly
r r ,

e v e n s u pp o s ing t h a t s u c h r e l a t io ns c o u l d e x is t by t h e m s e lv e s no t h ing ,

b u t t h e v it a l s u s c e p t ibil it y a nd e ne gy w h ic h is in T h ing s c o u l d r

u t ilis e t h e m o r a tt a c h t o a ny o ne o f t h e m a r e s u l t d iffe e nt f o m t h a t
,
r r

a t t c h ing t o t h e o t h e s
a r .

117 A s a n e l u c id a t io n a nd m o e o r l e s s a s a c a u t i o n I a dd w h a t
.
,
r ,

fo ll o w s I f t h e a a ng e m e nt o f p e c e iv a bl e o bj e c t s in Sp a c e w e e
. rr r r

a lw a y s t h e s a m e we m ig h t t h ink o f t h e m a s t h e im a g e o f a s ys
,

t e m a t ic o r de r in w h i c h e v e y e l e m e nt h a d a r ig h t t o it s p a t i c l r r r u a

p la c e in vi t u e o f t h e e s s e nt ia l ide a o f it s na t u e I t w o u l d no t b e
,
r r .

ne c e s s a r y t h a t t h e l e m e nt s w h ich p e s e nt e d a g e a t e r e s e m bl a nc e o f
e r r r

na t u e S h o l d o c c u r in c l o s e c o nt ig u it y in s p a c e
r u o t h a t d is s im il a
r ,
r r

t h ing s s h o l d b e m o e w ide ly s e p a a t e d ; t h e e nt i e s c h e m e o f M
'
u r r r ,

w h ich e a l i s it s e l f in t h e S im u l t a ne o u s ly c o m bine d m a nifo l d o f

r se

t h ing s m igh t e a s ily n c e s s i t a t e a m u l t it u de o f c r o s s ing e l a t io ns o

,
e r r

r a c t io ns b e t w e e n t h e m
e o f s u c h a k ind t h a t S im il a ,e l e m e nt s s h o u l d r

r e p e a t e d ly o c c u a s ne ce s s a y c e nt e s o f
r e l a t io n a t v e y diffe e nt r r r r r

p a t s o f t h e wh o l e s y s t e m wh il e v e y dis s im il a r o ne s w o u l d h a v e t o
r ,
r

s t a nd s ide by s ide a s im m e d i t e ly c ndit io ning e a c h o t h e

,
a o r .

T h e m o v a b il it y o f t h ing s m a k e s it s u p e fl u o u s t o g o de e p e i nt o r r

t h is no t io n ; t h e g o u nd o f l o c a l is a t io n is c l e a ly no t in t h e n t
r e o f r a ur

t h e t h ing s a l o n bu t in s o m e v a ia bl e inc ide nt w h ic h o c c u s t o t h e m

e, r r ,

c o m p a t ibl e w it h t h e i na t u e b u t no t d e t e m i ne d by it a l o ne
r r T h is
, r .

m ig h t l e a d t o t h e id e a t h t it wa s s im ply t h e int e ns it y o f t h e s u b is t
,
a s

ing r e a c t io n b e t w e e n t h e m w h ic h dic t a t e d t h e a pp a e nt s it u a t io n o f r

t h ing s in s p a c e ; w h e t h e we p e s u m e t h a t in a ll t h ing s w h a t t a k e s r r

pl a c e is t h e s a m e in kind a nd v a ie s o nly in de g e e ; o t h a t t h e r r r,

i nne s ta t e s p o d c e d in t h ing s by t h e ir e a c t io ns a e diff e nt in

r r u r r er

k ind bu t s o fa co m p a a bl e t h a t t h e ir e x t e na l e ffe c t s a e c a l c l a bl e a s
,
r r r r u

d e g r e e s o f o ne a nd t h e s a m e a c t iv ity .

I t w o u l d b e no o bj e c t io n t o t h is t h a t it is o b s e v e d t h a t t h e r e o ft e n r

a e e l e m e nt s c o nt ig u o s in s p a ce w h ic h s e e m q it e indiffe r e nt t o e c h
r u u a

o th e w h il e dis t a nt o ne s b e t a y
r, liv ly e c ip o c a l a c t io n N 0 r a e r r .

e l e m e nt m u s t b e t o r n fr o m it s c o nne x io n w it h a ll o t h e s a nd no ne o f r ,

it s s t a t e s f o m t h e i c o h e s io n w it h p e vio u s o ne s ; c o nt ig o u s e l e m e nt s
r r r u

wh ic h a r e i ndiffe r e nt a r e t o g e t h e r no t b e c a u s e t h y de m a nd o ne e
CH A P T E R I n t e r a c t io n a nd ne a r ne s s in p
s a ce . 2 01

a no t h e r , b e c a u s e t h e i r r e la t i o ns t o a ll o th e s de ny t h e m e very
bu t r

o t h e r pl a c e a nd o nly l e a v e t h e m t h i s o ne u ndis p u t e d ; t h e
, e m o te r

e l e m e nt s in q u e s t i o n a c t p o w e f lly o n o ne a no t h e r b e c a u s e t h e
r u ,

c e a s e le s s s t e a m o f o c cu
r e nc e h s p o du c e d c o u nt e a c t i o ns
rr a r wh ic h r ,

h i nde r t h e t wo e l e m e nt s fr o m a t t a ining t h e s t a t e t o w a d s w h ic h t h e y r

a r e no w s t ivi ng r .

H o w e v e r it is no t m y i nt e nt i o n t o c o nt i nu e t h e s u bj e c t no w o r t o
, ,

Sh o w by w h a t g e ne a l l ine o f t h o u gh t m y vi e w o f Sp a c e m ig h t b e
r

r e c o nc il e d wi t h t h e p a t i c u l a r fa c t s o f N t r e
r T h e fo ll o w ing s e c t io ns
a u .

will c o m p e l u s t o m a ke t h i s a t t e m p t b u t t h e y w o u l d e nt ir e ly dis ,

a pp o i nt m a ny e xp e c t a t i o ns u nl e s s I b e g a n by c o nfe s s ing t h a t t h e

t h e o r y o f a p h e no m e na l s p a c e w h e n a ppl ie d t o t h e e xpl a na t i o n o f t h e

m o s t g e ne a l r e l a t io ns o f na t u e w ill by no m e a ns dis t i ng u i s h i t s e l f
r r

fo r fa c il ity a nd s i m pl ic it y in c o m p a is o n wi t h t h e c o m m o n v ie w r .

O n t h e c o nt a r y ; t h e l a t t e r is a gi ft w h ic h o u r m e nt a l na t u r g iv e s
r e

u s a s a m e a ns t o c l e a ne s s a nd v ivi d
r e a li s a t io n B u t I i ns is t u p o n
r .

it t h a t m y vi e w is no t p o p o u nde d fo r it s p a c t ic a l u t il it y b u t Si m p ly
r r ,

b e c a u s e it is ne c e s s a y in i t s e l f h o w e v e r m u c h it m igh t u l t im a t e ly
r ,

e m b a r a s s a d e t a il e d e nq i y w e e
r we b o und t o k e e p it e xpl ic i t ly
u r r

b e fo r e u s a t e ve ry s t e p W e s h a ll s e e t h a t we a e no t o bl ige d t o do
. r

s o ; b u t a t p e s e nt I m a int a in w it h a p h il o s o p h e s o b s t ina c y
’
r th a t r ,

a bo ve a ll t h ing s t h a t m u s t h o l d g o o d w h ic h we fi nd t o b e in it s
na t u e a ne c e s s a y r e s u l t o f t h o u g h t t h o u gh a ll e l s e b e nd o r b e a k
r r ,
r .

I n no c a s e m a y we e g a d o t h e h yp o t h e s e s a s d e fi nit iv e t u t h (c o n
r r r r

v e u le nt a s t h e y m a y be fo r u s e a nd t h e e fo r e t o be a dm itt e d in u s e ) r ,

if t h e y a e in t h e m s e lv e s a s u nt h i nk a bl e a s t h e inde fi ni t e s p e c i e s o f
r

r e a l it y w h i c h t h e o r dina r y v ie w a t t ib u t e s t o e m p ty s p a c e
, r .
 C H A P T E R II .

118 . A M ON G t h e king s o f m o de r n p h il o s o p h y
c o m m o ne s t u nde r t a

a r e t o b e fo u nd a t t e m p t e d d e du c t io ns o f S p a c e ; a nd t h e y h a v e b e n e

e s s a y e d w it h d iff e e nt p u r p o s e s
r A dh e r e nt s o f ide a li s t ic v ie w s c o n
.
,

v inc e d t h a t no t h ing c o u l d be o h a pp e n w it h o u t b e i ng r e q u i e d by r r

t h e h ig h e s t t h o u g h t w h ic h g o v e ns e a li ty h a d a na t u r a l int e e s t in r r ,
r

s h o w ing t h a t S p a c e wa s c o ns t a i ne d t o be w h a t it is o r t o b e r e
r ,

p e s e nt e d a s it is e p r e s e nt e d t o u s b e c a u s e it c o u l d no t o t h e wi s e
r r ,
r

fu lfil it s a s s ig ne d p u p o s e S e l f e vide nt a s t h e b e l ie f fu nd m e nt a lly is

r .
-
a ,

t h a t e v e y t h ing in t h e w o l d b e l o ng s t o a
r a t io na l w h o l e
r th e r e a e r ,
r

o bv io u s e a s o ns wh y it s h o u l d b e e q u a lly u nf u it fu l in t h e a c t u a l de
r r

m o ns t a t io n o f t h is c o nne x io n in a w h o l e ; a nd e v e n t h e de d u c t i o n
r

o f S p a c e h a s h a d ly g iv e n e s l t s w h ic h it is ne c e s s a r y t o d w e ll o n
r r u .

T h e s o l ida r it y o f t h e w h o l e c o nt e nt o f t h e u niv e s e wa s m a i nt a ine d r ,

in t h e d a w n o f m o de n p h il o s o p h y by S p ino a ; b u t in a wa y w h ic h
r , z

r a t h e r e x c l u de d t h a n fa v o r e d t h e de d c t io n o f S p a c e
u Th e r e a s o n u .

la y in a n e nt h s ia s m s o m e w h a t d e fi c ie nt in c l e a ne s s fo t h e ide a o f
u , r , r

I nfi nity a nd fo e ve y t h ing g r e a t a nd u nu tt e a bl e th a t fo m a l l o gic a l

,
r r r r

a c m e n c o m b ine d w it h a n im g ina t io n b e nt o n t h ing s o f p ic e c o u l d

u a r

c o nc e nt a t e in t h a t e xp e s s io n
r H e nc e h e Sp o k e o f i nfi nit e ly nu m e
r .

r o u s a t t ib u t e s o f h is o ne infi nit e s u b s t a nc e
r a nd e p e s e nt e d it a s ,
r r

m a nife s t i ng it s e t e r na l na t u e by m e a ns o f m o difi c a t io ns o f e a c h o f
r

the m . O u h m a n e xp e ie nc e inde e d wa s r e s t r i c t e d t o t wo o nly o f

r u r , ,

t h e m c o ns c io u s ne s s a nd e x t e ns i o n t h e t wo c l e a r fu nda m e nt a l no t io ns
, ,

u nde r w h ic h D e s c a t e s h a d dis t ibu t e d t h e t o ta l c o nt e nt o f t h e

r r

u niv e r s e ; a nd t h e f t h e r p r o gr e s s o f t h e S p ino is t ic p h il o s o p h y
ur z

t a ke s c c o u nt o f t h e s e t wo o nly
a B t it a d h e s t o t h p inc ipl e . u er e r

l a id do w n a t it s s t a ting a b o u t a ll a t t ib u t e s ; e a c h o f t h e m e s t s
r r r

w h o lly o n it s e l f nd c a n b e u nde r s t o o d by u s o nly by m e a ns o f

, a

it s e l f ; we fi nd it e xp e s s ly s u bj o i ne d t h a t t h o u g h it is o ne a nd t h e
r ,

sam e s u b s t a nc e w h i c h e xp r e s s e s it s e s s e nc e a s w e l l in fo r m s o f
 Co nsc io u s ne s s a nd E x t e ns io n . 2 03

e x te ns i o n as in fo r m s o f t h o u g h t ; ye t t h e sha p e wh i ch it a s su m e s in
o ne o f th e se a t t ri u t e sb v
c a n ne e r b e d e r ive d fr o m th a t wh i c h it h a s
a s su m e d in the o th e r . This p ro h i ts bi a ny a t te m pt to d e du c e t h e
b
a t tr i u t e s o f Spa ce fr o m w h a t is no t S pa ce ; b u t a t th e sa m e t im e

Co ns c io u s ne s s a nd Ex t e ns io n a re co ns ide r e d t o be as i
m a n fe s t a t io ns

o f the a b s o l u t e qu i t e o n the sa m e l e ve l ; in i ng t h e s h a p e o f
a ssu m

e x te ns i o n , it do es a p o s i t ive a ct as m u ch a s in giv ing e xi s t nc e t o e

fo r m s o f c o ns c io u s ne s s ; ne it h e r o f t h e s e is t h e m e r e r e s u l t o r se m

b l a nc e o f the o t he r .

11 9 . Th e s e i nfl u e nc e d S c h e ll ing A ft e r K a nt h a d de s
no t io ns .

t r o ye d a ll ra t io na l c oh e s io n b e t w e e n t h ing s in t h e m s e lv e s a nd s p a t i a l - -

p h e no m e n a i t w a s n a t u ,a l t o m a k e t h e a t t e m p t t o r e s t o r e S pa c e t o
r

so m e ki nd o f o bj e c t iv e v a l idity I f we m a y h e e e l im i n t e t h e m a ny . r a

s l ig h t a l t e ra t io ns w h i h S c h e lli ng s vi e w s u nd w e nt t h e fo llo wi ng ’
c er ,

w ill be fo u nd a p r e t ty c o ns t a nt s e i e s o f t h o g h t s in h im E mp gy r u .

S p a c e is fo r h im t o o o nly t h e s u bj e c t iv e ly r e p r e s e nt e d im g e w h ic h
.
a ,

r e m a i ns t o o u r pi c t o r i a l im a g ina t i o n w h e n it dis g a ds t h e de fi nit e re r

fo m s o f r e a l e x is t e nc e in S p a c e t h a t is o f m t t e
r : it is no t a p r i o r , ,
a r

c r e a t io n o f t h e a b s o l u t e w h i c h g e s b e fo e t h e p o du c t i o n o f t h e o r r

t h ing s t o b e r e a l is e d in it bu t m a t t e r it s l f is t his fi s t p o d u c t io n a nd
,
e r r ,

s p a t ia l e x t e ns io n is o nly r e a l in m a t t e r bu t in it is a c t u a lly r e a l a nd ,

no t a m e r e s u bj e c t iv e m o d e o f t h e s p e c t a t o s a pp e h e ns io n Ho w
’
r r .

h e r e p e s e nt s t h e c r e a t io n o f m a t t e r a s c o m i ng t o p a s s we ne e d no t
r ,

d e s c ib e h e e ; bu t in g e ne a l it is e a s y t o s e e h o w t h e de s i r e t o
r r r
'

e xpl a in by o ne a nd t h e s a m e r o o t t h e d is t inc t io n w h ic h e xp e i nc e r e

p r e s e nt s b e t w e e n t h e m a t e r i a l a nd s p i itu a l w o l d m igh t l e a d t o r r ;

de ny ing t h e p r i m a r y p r e s e nc e o f t h e c h a a c t e i s t ic p e di c a t e s o f t h e s e r r r

t wo w o r l d s in t h e A b s o l u t e t h e r o o t r e q u i r e d ; w h il e c o nc e ivi ng in
, ,

t h e c o m pl e t e inde fi nit e ne s s t h u s o b t a ine d o f t h is a b s o l t e I de nt it y u ,

t wo e t e na lly c o — r e x is t e nt im p u l s e s t e nd nc ie s o r fa c t o s o u t o f , e ,
r ,

w h ic h t h e dis t inc t io n t h a t h d b e e n c a nc e ll e d m igh t a g a in a ris e a .

S o m e i nt er e s t a t t ac h e s t o t h e d iffe e nt e xp e s s i o ns w h ic h S c h e ll ing r r

e m pl o y s t o de s ig na t e t h e m h e Opp o s e s t o t h e e a l o bj e c t iv e p o d c ing r r u

fa c t o w h ic h e m b o di e s t h e infinit e in fo r m s o f t h e fi nit e t h e id e l
r, ,
a

s u bj e c t iv e de fi ning fa c t o w h ic h t e m o l ds t h e fi nite into t h e in

r -
u

fi nit e ; it is t h e fo m e r w h o s e p e do m in nc e c e a t e s N t u r e t he
r r a r a ,

la t t e r t h a t c r e t e s t he w o r ld o f M ind ; t h o u g h t h e t wo a r e s o in
a

s p a a bly
e r nit e d t h a t ne it h e r c a n p o du c e it s r e su l t wi t h o t t h e c o
u r u

o p e a t io n a nd p a t ic ip a t io n a s a d e t e m ining fa c t o
r ,
r o f t h e o th e r r, r.

T h is a c c o nt a dm it s o f no i de a o f a d e d c t io n p o pe o f S p a c e ;
u u r r

s t i ll I t h i nk t h a t t h e e q u a l r a nk a s s ig ne d t o t h e a b o v e d e s ig na t io ns
-
2 04 D e du ct io ns f
o Sp a ce . [ 1300 11 1 1 .

i
c o nt a ns a n i ndi c a ti o n o f t h e r e a s o n w h ic h m a de th e s p a c e g e ne r a t ing -

a c t iv it y o f t h e a b s o l t e a pp e r indis p e ns a bl e t o t h e id a o f it
u I t be c a m e
a e .

Obv io s no t o nly t h a t no t h ing c o u l d be g e ne a te d o u t o f t h e vo id o f

u r

a b s o l u te I d e nt ity bu t it wa s a l s o i m p o s s ibl e fo t h e d e t e r m ina t io ns

,
r

w h ic h m ig h t h a ve b e e n h e l d t o be inc l u de d in it a s m e e ly ide a l t o r ,

b e m o r e t h a n u n e a l is a bl e p r o bl e m s fa il ing o ne c o ndit io n ; t h a t
r

s o m e t h i ng S h o u l d b e fo t h c o m ing g iv e n w it h c o nt e nt r a nd fo r p e r , , ,

c e p t io n ; s u c h a s t h e i de a l fo m s c o u l d ne v e c e a t e a nd a s a ppl ie d r r r ,

to w h i c h o fo m s o f it s r e l a t io ns a nd s o o nly t h e y w o u l d p o s s e s s
,
ua r , ,

r e a l it y T h u s no t w it h o u t a e m inis c e nc e o f K nt s c o ns t u c t io n o f ’
.
,
r a r

m a t t e r o u t o f xp a nd ing a nd c o nt r a c t ing fo c e s S c h e ll ing m a k e s t h e

e r ,

o ne ,t h a t is t h e p r o du c t iv e fa c t o p r o v ide a b o ve a ll t hing s fo t h e r, r

c e a t i o n o f t h a t w hic h t h e ide a l fa c t o r h a s o nly t o fo m a nd t o de t e r

r r

m ine ; it is o nly by t h e a c t iv it y o f t h e fi r s t t h a t r e s u l t s a r e m a de l r ea ,

w h ic h fo r a ll t h e s e c o nd c o l d do w o u l d ne ve r be m o r e t h a n a u ,

p o s t u l a t e t h a t is a n ide a Ev e n th e a c t u a l fo r m w h ic h t h e c e a tio n
, ,
. r

a s s u m e s is de t e m ine d by t h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e p o du c t iv e f c t o r ; fo r r r a

it is o nly t h is c h a a c t e t h a t c a n t h o u g h u nde r t h e c o nt o l a nd
r r ,
r

g ida nce o f t h e o t h e r fa c t o r c e a t e s u ch S ha p e s o f r e a l ity a s a r e

u ,
r

wi th in it s a ng e r .

1 2 0 Th e inde fi nit e ne s s o f t h e a b s o l u t e I de nt i t y h a s di s a pp e a r e d
.

i n H e g e l a nd t h e p o s it io n o f t h e t wo fa c t o r s h a s a l t e e d ; t h e c o m
,
r

p e h e ns iv e s ys t e m o f no t io ns w h ich fo m s h is L o gic m a y b e e ga de d
r r
'

r r

a s t h e int e r p r e t a t io n o f w h a t t h e i d e a l fa c t o no w t h e p o x im a t e a nd r, r

p im y e xp e s s io n o f t h e A b s o lu t e de m a nds ; t h e c o nsc io u s ne s s
r ar r , ,

h o w s t o ngly a ll t h e s e de t e m ina t io ns inv o lv e a nd p o s t u l a t e t h a t a s

r r

d e t e m ina t io ns o f w h ic h t h e y m u s t b e p r e s e nt e d in o de t o b e r e a l
r r r ,

a pp e a s a s t h e u r g nc y o f t h e id e a l fa c t o
r o r h it h e to p
e e ly l o g ic a l r r ur

i de a t o p a s s o v e r int o it s fo m o f o th e r ne s s ; t h a t is int o a s h a p e
,
r ,

c p a bl e o f di e c t o
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r . O ne w o u l d t h ink t h a t t h e Opi ni o n H e g e l e xp e s s e s c o u l d no t r

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t h e s e ns u o u s i de a o f Sp a c e ; b u t w h a t h e a dds o n t h e s u bj e c t c a n

m a k e no o ne a ny w is e r a s t o h is t r u e m e a ni ng ; a s a r u l e t h e

vi e w s o f h is s ch o o l h a v e a dh e r e d t o e x t e ns i o n a s a r e a l a c tivi ty o f
th e Ab s o l t e u .

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. r , ,

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a nt e c e de nt c o ndit i o ns o f t h a t w h i c h t h e i de a s e t s i t s e l f t o r e a l is e
wi th i n s p a c e ; bu t th e m o s t nu m e o u s a nd l e a s t fo r tu na t e e nde a v o u r s r

M t phy ik p 3 7 1
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h a ve b e e n de v o t e d to th e t h r e e d im e ns io ns
'
. T h e re a re t wo p o int s

in t h e s e innu m e ra ble a tt e m p ts th a t h a ve a lw a y s be e n inc o m pre

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c o ndit io n t h a t e a c h m u s t be u

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u r

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,
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t o t h re e dis t inc t ide a l m o m e nt s (h o w e v e r t h e s e m a y b e dis t i ng u i s h e d ) ,

s h o u l d be a t igh t a ngl e s t o o ne a no t h e r
r .

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w it h w h i c h e v e r y de m o ns t r a t i o n p a r ta k ing o f m a t h e m a t i c a l fo m t h a t r ,

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.
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r r

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r :

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d e m o ns t a t io n t h a t t h e s e e l e m e nt a y fo r m s o f s p a c e b e ing o nc e
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o b ta ine d w e r e c o m ple t e ly d e c is iv e o f it s w h o l e p o s s ib le s t u ct u r e r .

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e r r

c o ns t it u t e d in it by t h e r e l a t i o ns o f it s p a t s ; if it s p o p e r t i s a r e . r r e

t o c o e s p o nd b e s ide s t o c e t a in i de a l r e l a t io ns t h e n it o u g h t t o h a v e
rr r

b e e n s h o w n t h a t th i s c o r r e s p o nde nc e de m a nde d j u s t t h o s e p im a y r r

s p a t ia l r e l a t io ns f o m w h ic h t h e p r o p e r t i e s m u s t p r o c e e d a s ine v it a bl e
r .

r e s u lt H o w e v e r it is no t w o r th w h il e t o g o a t g r e a t e r le ng th i nt o
.
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u ,
.

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122 O . a t t e nt io n w ill b e m u c h l o ng e
ur de t a ine d by o th e r i nv e s t i r

g a t io n s w h i c h a r e s o m e t i m e s w r o ngly co m p r e h e nde d u nd e r t h e na m e

o f P y c h o l o g ic a l D e du c t io ns o f S p a c e
s I n v i tu e o f t h e t it l e P s y c h o . r

l o g ic a l th e y w o u l d no t c l a i m m e nt io n t ill l a t e r ; b u t t h e y t e a t in
’
r

de t il o r t o u c h in p a s s ing t h e e dis t i nc t
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s e p a r t io n o f w h ic h s e e m s t o m e ind is pe ns a bf
,

a e .

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r , ,
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P sy cno b i ca l o u e s t io ns
g a oo u t s
p
a ce . 2 07

to P s y c h o l o gy : it is t h i s : wh a t is t h e r e a s o n t h a t t h e s o u l r e c e iving ,

fr o m t h ing s m a nifo l d i m p r e s s i o ns w h i c h c a n o nly be t o b e g in w ith

u ne x t e nde d s t a t e s o f it s o wn r e c e p t iv e na t u r e is o bl ig e d t o e nvi s a g e
,

t h e m a t a ll u nd e r t h e fo r m o f a s p a c e wi t h p a r t s o u t s i de e a c h o t h e r ?
.

T h e c a u s e o f t h i s m a r v e ll o u s t r a ns fig u r a t io n c o u l d o nly be fo u nd in
t h e p e c u l ia r na t u r e o f t h e s o u l bu t it ne v e r w ill b e fo u nd ; t h e q u e s t i o n
,

is j u s t a s u na ns w e r a bl e a s h o w it c o m e s t o p a s s t h a t t h e s o u l b r ing s
b e fo r e c o ns c i o u s ne s s in t h e fo r m o f b righ t ne s s a nd s o u nd t h e e ffe c t s
wh i c h it c a n o nly e xpe r ie nc e by m e a ns o f l igh t a nd s o u nd vi b r a
t i o ns t r a ns m it t e d t h r o u g h t h e s e ns e s . I t is im p o r t a nt t o m a k e c l e a r
t o o u r s e lv e s t h a t t h e s e t wo q u e s t i o ns a r e p r e c i s e ly a l ik e in na t u r e a nd

t h a t t o a ns w e r t h e fi r s t is ne ith e r m o r e e s s e nt ia l no r m o r e p o s s ibl e

t h a n t o a ns w e r t h e s e co nd w h i c h e v e r y o ne h a s l o ng de s is t e d fr o m
,

a t t e m p t i ng . A ll e nde a v o u r s t o de r iv e t h is e l e m e nt a r y a nd u niv e r s a l
c h a r a c t e r o f ide a s o f s p a c e t h is e x t e r na l it y w h ic h a pp e a r s t o u s in t h e
, ,

s h a p e o f a n e x t e nd e d li ne ,
fr o m a ny p o s s ible a b s t r a c t r e l a ti o ns w h ic h ,

a r e s t ill u ns p a t i a l b e t w e e n p s y c h ica l a ffe c t io ns h a v e inv a r ia bly le d t o

, ,

no t h i ng bu t fa ll a c i e s o f s u b r e p t i o n by w h i c h s p a c e a s it c o u ld no t be
,

m a de in t h is wa y wa s b r o u gh t in a t s o m e s t e p o f t h e d e du c t i o n a s a n
,

u nj u s t ifi e d a d dit i o n .

2 . O n th e o th e r h a nd if we po s t u l a t e a s giv e n t h e c a p a c i t y a nd
,

Obl ig a t i o n o f t h e s o u l t o a pp r e h e nd a n u ns p a t i a l m u l tipl ic i ty a s in
spa ce t h e n t h e r e a ris e s t h e s e c o nd p r o bl e m w h ic h I h o l d t o b e
'

, ,

c a p a bl e o f b e ing s o lv e d t h o u g h a l o ng wa y fr o m be i ng s o ; W h a t s o r t

o f m u l t ipl ic it y d o e s t h e s o u l p r e s e nt in t h is p e c u l ia r fo r m o f it s a p p r e

h e ns io n P— fo r t h e r e a r e s o m e w h ic h it d o e s no t t r e a t t h u s A nd .

u nd e r w h a t c o nd it io ns ,
by w h a t m e a ns a nd fo llo wi ng wh a t c l u e
,
.

d o e s it c o m b ine it s o c c a s io na l p a r t ic u l a r i m p r e s s i o ns t u t h e d e fi ni t e
S itu a t i o n in s p a ce in w h ic h t h e y a r e t o u s t h e e xp r e s s im a ge
o f e x t e r na l o bj e c t s ? A S no p e r c e p t io n o f t h is v a r ia bl e m a nifo l d c a n
t a k e pl a c e bu t by t h e i ns t r u m e nt a l it y o f t h e s e ns e s t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h is
,

qu e s t io n c o nc e r ning t h e l o c a l is a t io n o f s e ns at io ns b e l o ng s w h o lly t o
t h a t p a r t o f p s y c h o l o gy w h ic h inv e s t iga t e s t h e c o nne x io n o f s e ns a

t io ns a nd t h e a s s o c i a t io ns o f t h e s e r e m e m b e r e d i m a g e s ; w h ic h l a t t e r
,

a r e p a r t ly c a u s e d by t h e c o nj o int a c t io n o f ne r v o u s s t im u l i p a r t ly by ,

t h e a c t ivi t y o f c o ns c i o u s ne s s in c r e a t i ng r e l a t io ns
'

T h e r e r e m a ins a t h ir d qu e s t io n t h a t o f t h e g e o m e t r i c a l s t ru c t u r e
3 .
,

o f e x t e ns io n w hic h a r i s e s if we de v e l o p e a ll t h e c o ns e q u e nc e s th a t t h e

g iv e n c h a r a c te r o f t h e o rigi na l e x t e r na l it y ne c e s s i t a t e s o r a dm it s ; a nd
w h ic h is w a nt e d t o c o m pl e t e t h e t o t a l ity o f t h e S p a c e i m a g e in w h o s e
-

u nifo r m ly p r e s e nt e nvi r o nm e nt we a r e o bl ig e d t o s e t in a r r a y t h e
 D e du ct io ns f
o Spa ce . [ 13 00 11 1 1 .

v a rio u s i m p re s s o i ns o f s e ns a t io n . T h is i nv e s t ig a t i o n wh i c h , h a s fa lle n
to the sha re o f M a t h e m a t ic s , h a s h it h e r t o by t h a t be e n co nd u c t e d

s c ie nc e in a p u ly l o g ic a l s p i it ; it t o o k no a c c o u nt o f t h e pl a y o f
re r

p sy c hic a l a c t iv it ie s w h ic h b ing a b o u t in t h e indiv id a l a pp e h e nding

,
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s u bj e c t a p e c e p t io n o f t h e t r u t h o f it s s c c e s s iv e p r o p o s it i o ns a pl a y
r u ,

o f w h i c h in t h e s e d a y s we t hink we k no w a g e a t d e l a nd e a lly k no w r a ,
r

no t h i ng ; it a t t a c h e d t h e c o nv inc ing ne s s o f t h e i t r u t h p u e ly t o t h e r r

o bj c t iv e ne c e s s it y o f t h o u g h t w it h w h ic h giv e n p e m is s e s d e m a nd
1
e r

the ir c o nc l u s io ns B u t t h e p m is s e s t h e m s e lv e s a s w e ll a s t h a t
. re ,

c o m b ina t io n o f t h e m o n w h ic h t h e c o nc l u s io n h a s t o e st we e r ,
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s im ply a c c e p t e d by M a t h e m a t i c s f o m w h a t it c a ll e d D ir e c t o In
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t u i t io na l P e r c e p t i o n No c o l d t h e w o r d p e r c e p t io n b e h e l d t o
2
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de s ig na t e a ny p sy c h ic a l a c t ivi t y w h ic h c o u l d b e s h o w n t o p o s s e s s a
,

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r r

s a y w h a t p e r c e pt i o n do e s m u s t e nd w ith t h e a dm i s s i o n t h a t it e a lly
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d o e s no t h ing t h a t t h e r e is no v is ibl e w o k ing o p o c e s s a t a ll a s a

,
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m e a ns t o t h e p o d c t io n o f it s c o nt e nt ; b u t t h a t o n t h e c o nt a y it is
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.
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t h e m a t te is g ive n t o w h ic h it is t o r e fe r ; b u t a g a in it w ill o nly

r ,

c o ns i s t e v e n w h e n t h e m a tt e r is fo r t h c o m i ng in p r e s e nt ing o ne by
, ,

o ne t o t h is r e c e p t ivi t y a ll t h e d e t il s w h ic h do no t fa ll a t o nc e in t h e
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l ine o f o u m e nt a l vis io n ; a nd de fi ni ng th e ir diffe r e nc e s o s im il a it ie s

r r r

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o t h e r o f t h e s e fe a t u e s t h e j u dg m e nt s a b o u t t h e m m a de by d i e c t p e r
r r

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,
a r er .

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r a

h e a d ; I will o nly a d d no w t h a t it wa s p o s s ibl e fo r t h e E u c l ide n a

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r , ,
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o

b e li e v e d t h a t is t h a t we h a d in it if no t a r e a l t h ing a t l e a s t t h e
, , ,

a c tu a l a nd p e c u l ia r fo r m a t t a c h i ng t o r e a l t h ing s I t wa s no t i nde e d .

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, , ,
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o nly a s u bj e c t iv e m o d e o f p e r c e p t i o n t h a t d is t u r b e d t h i s u ns u sp ic io u s ,

s e cu i t y a nd
r a i s e d s u c h q u e s t io ns a s t h e s e ; o f h o w m
r h t h a t is uc

t u e a b o u t t h e w o l d c a n we p o p e r ly b e s a i d t o g e t e xp e ie nce by
r r r r

h e lp o f t h i s fo r m o f a pp e h e ns io n ; c o u l d t h e r e no t b e o t h e r Sp e c i e s
r

o f p e r c e p t io n t h a t m ig h t t e a c h u s t h e s a m e t u t h a b o t T h ing s b e t t e r r u ,

o r o t h e r t r u t h s qu it e u nk no w n a nd fi na lly m y no t t h e w h o l e fa b ic ,
a r

1 2
C H APT E R l nf e r e nce s f r o m S u oj e c t io iij / o
f Sp a ce . 2 09

o f o ur p a t i l p e c e p t i o ns be i nc o m pl e t e p e h p s c h a ge d w it h i nne r
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r r

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a spe ct a nd I b g in m t a s k by a v e y fr a nk c o nfe s s io n
e I m q it e r
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e u r

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h a ve a is e d in t h e n m e o f t h e l a t t e r a g a ins t m a ny m t h m t ic a l
r a a e a

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b u t w h il e o n t h e c o nt r y I p l inly s a y t h a t t h e w h o l e o f t h is s p e c
ar a u

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r a re ,
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s h o u l d h a v e t h e g o o d fo r t u ne t o p r o v o ke a t h o o u gh a nd de c i s iv e r

r e fu t a t io n .

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. er r

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r r r ,
u u . e ,
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is no th i ng t o int fe r e w it h o u t hink ing o f b e ing s e ndo we d w it h m e nt a l

er r

im a g e s s d iffe ing in na t u e w it h in v e y wi de l im it s ; o
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a s s ig ning t o e a c h o f t h s e k inds a m o d e o f a pp e h ns io n o f it s o wn e r e ,

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, ,
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. r u e

s u c h fo m s c o u l d b e t o t h s e m i nds if t h e y w e e o nly a s bj e c t iv e
r e ,
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r r .

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r ,

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pl a c e t o pp e a in a th e r t h a n no th e r W e m s t t h e e fo e ne c e s
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wh ic h t h e y a e t o g a s p T h e f ll o w ing c a s e s w ill h a ve t o be
r r . o

di s ting u is h e d .

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e r

o u r s pa ce S w h ic h we a b it a ily a s s ig n t o two k inds o f b e i ng s

,
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e nd o w e d wi t h m e nt a l im g e s a nd o g a ni e d d iff e nt ly f o m u s a ,
r z e r r .

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VOL I . . P
 D e d u ct io ns Q/ Sf d i e
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. [ B OO K I I .

p o s e d th e w o lds w h ic h a e t o b e p e c e fve d by t h i m e a ns t o diffe

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,

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u u r u r r tu

t r na l c o nt a dic t io n in fa c t s t ic t ly a m
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f a m e o f E l id n s p c e S a pp e a s t o o t h e int e ll e c t u l b ing s in
r u c ea a ,
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t h e u t t e ly h e t r o g e ne o s s y s t e m t ic fo r m s X o r Z
r e u O n t h is s u p a .

p o s it io n a l s o t h e r e a e t wo c a s e s t o b e k e p t s e p a a t e Th e a c t io ns
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a nd r e a c t io ns w h ic h t h e t h ing s o f t h is w o r l d J ! r e c p r o c a t e w it h e a c h
V i

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r r r

t h a t t h e y o nly c o ns is t in s u c h a c t iv it i e s a s c a u s e u s t o l o c a l is e t h e
t h ing s in s p a t i a l r e la t io ns in a c c o r da nc e w it h t h e m o n t h e c o nt a y r r ,

m u c h m a y g o o n wi t h in t h e t h ing s t h a t is no t a bl e t o fi nd e xp e s s io n r

in t h e i a pp e a a nc e in s p a c e e v e n w it h t h e h e lp o f m o t io n T h e fo e
r r ,
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t h e e is s t ill t h is a l t e na t iv e ; e it h e
r r t h e fo m s o f p e c e p t io n X a nd r, r r

Z e p o du c e e l a t io ns o f t h ing s w hic h c a nno t be r e p r e s e nt e d in o u r

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s p a c e S a nd do no t o c c u r in it a b o u t t h is a s s u m p t io n we c a n h a v e

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.

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a pp e a rto u s a s e la t io ns in s p a c e S a r e a c c e s s ib le t o o t h e r b e ing s
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u nde r t h e d e v ia t ing m o de s o f p e c e p t io n X o r Z ; a nd o n t h i s p o int r

we s h a ll h a v e s o m e t h i ng m o r e d e fi nit e t o s a y .

1 2 4 L e t u s b e g in wi t h t h e fo m e
. a l t r na t iv e ( ) W e a r e r r e 11 . a .

j u s t ifi d in s b o r dina t i ng t h e ide a o f s p a c e S t o t h e m o e u niv e s a l

e u r r

c o nc e p t i o n o f a s y s t e m o f a r r a ng e m e nt o f e m p t y pl a c e s w ith in w h ic h ,

t h e r e c ip r o ca l p o s it io n o f a ny t wo t e m s is fu lly d e t e r m ine d by a r

nu m b e n o f e l a t i o ns o f t h e t wo t o o t h e s
r r A nd t h e e is no t h ing t o r . r

p e ve nt u s a s l o ng a s no o t h e r r e qu i re m e nt s a r e a nne x e d f o m c o n
r , ,
r

c i ing m a ny o t h e
e v s p e c ie s o f t h is g e nu s
r in w h ic h t h e e c ip r o c a l ,
r

d e fi nit io n o f t h e t e m s m igh t b e e ffe c t e d by o t h e r r u l e s t h a n t h o s e

r

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,
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c o nd it io ns t h a n a e r e q u ir e d in it r S t ill it s e e m s t o m e u nf it fu l t o .
,
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r e fe rfo r fu r t h e ill u s t a t io n o f s u c h i de a s t o t h e we ll k no w n a t t e m p t s
r r -

t o a r a ng e in a s p a t ia l c o ns p e c t s e it h e r t h e w h o l e m u l t ipl ic it y o f
r u

s e ns a t io ns o f m u s ic a l s o u nd w it h e fe r e nc e t o s t e ng t h p it c h q u a l ity
,
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a r r r

g o u nds N o th ing i nde e d is m o r e c e r ta in t h a n t h a t ( ) we h e r e h a ve

r . I
 — Sy nz é o lic r e s e nt a t io ns in Spa ce
re
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Cu m m . 2 1 1

b e fo r e us l i
re a t o ns o f the te rm s to be a rra n e g d fo r th e a de qu a t e
re p re se nt a t io n o f wh ic h
p a c e S is u nfi t t e d bu t a t t h e s a m e t im e
o ur s

I t h ink no th ing c a n be m o e do u b t fu l t h a n t h e i m pli e d i de a by w h ich

r
,

w h e th e r fu r tiv e ly o r e xpl ic i tly we c o ns o l e o u r s e lve s t h a t ( ) t h e r e

, , 2

m a y b e o t h e m o de s o f p e r c e p t i o n X o r Z w h ic h p e r m it t o b e ing s o f
r

d iffe e nt o r g a ni a t io n t h e fe a t w h ic h we c a nno t p e r fo m
r z I m u st r .

s p e a k m o e fu lly o f b o t h p a rt s o f m y a s s e r t io n
r .

1 2 5 ( ) W e m a y a rr a ng e m u s ica l no t e s in a s t r a igh t li ne a c c o r di ng
. 1

t o t h e i r r i s e o f pi t c h ; b u t a s t h e re a pp e a r s t o be a n i nc r e a s ing d iv e r
g e nce f o m t h e c h a a c t e r o f t h e k e y no te u p t o t h e m i ddl e o f t h e
r r

o c t a v e a nd f o m t h a t p o int a g a in a n inc e a s ing a pp o x im a t io n t o it

,
r r r ,

h a v ing e g a r d t o t h is we m a y e p re s e nt t h e no t e s s t ill m o r e c l e a ly by
r r r ,

a rr a ng ing t h e m a s D r o b is c h d o e s in a s pi a l w h i c h a ft e r e v e r y c i r c u it r ,

c o rr e s p o nding t o a n o c t a v e r e t ns t o a p o int v e r t ic a lly a b o v e t h e

ur

s t a r t ing p o i nt
-
B u t in d o ing s o we s h o u l d b e a r in m ind t h a t a ll t h i s
.
,

l k e a ny o t h e r a pp o p r i a t e d e vi c e wh ic h m ig h t b e a dde d t o t h e s c h e m e
i r ,

is s t ill a y m l li l c o ns t r u c t i o n ; t h e no t e s
s o ca no t in t h e s p a c e in are

wh i c h we l o c a li s e t h e m fo r t h e c o nv e ni e nc e o f o u r p e c e p t io n no r is r ,

t h e i nc r e m e nt e l e m e nt Ap o f t h e p it c h p r e a lly t h e e l e m e nt A s o f a
-

li ne in s p a c e s t o w h ic h fo r t h e p u r p o s e o f o r p e r c e p t io n we t r e a t
, ,
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it a s e q u iv a l e nt No o ne r e f s e s t h i s c o nc e s s i o n ; bu t it is no t p r e
. u

c is e ly in t h i s t h a t t h e g o u nd o f m y d ifli c u lty li e s
r S e e ing t h a t I h a v e .

a s s e r t e d t h e p h e no m e na l na tu r e o f s p a c e t h e r e is no l o ng e a ny m e a n r

ing fo r m e in dis t i ng u is h ing T h i ng s a s in Sp a c e f o m s o u nds a s o nly ,

r

t o b e p r o j e c t e d i nt o it by wa y o f s y m bo l is m W h e n T h i ng s a pp e a . r

t o u s in s p a c e w h a t we d o t o t h e m is j s t t h e s a m e a s t h e t e a t m e nt
,
u r

t o w h i c h we s u b m i t t h e i de a s o f no t e s in t h e a b o v e c o ns t u c t io ns ; r

l ik e t h e m t h i ng s h a v e ne ith e r pl a c e no r fig u r e in s p a ce no s p a t ia l
, ,
r

r e l a t i o ns it is o nly wi t h in o u r c o m b ini ng c o ns c i o u s n s s a nd o nly t o e

it s vi s io n t h a t t h e liv ing r e a c t io ns w h ic h T h i ng s i nt e c h a ng e wi th e a c h r

o t h e r a nd wi t h u s e xp a nd i nt o t h e s y s t e m o f e x t e ns i o n in w h i c h ,

e v e r y p h e no m e na l e l e m e nt fi nd s it s c o m pl e t e ly d e fi nit e pl a c e S o if .

t h e i nnu m e r a bl e m e nt a l r e p r e s e nt a t io ns o f s o u nd s c o m p e ll ed u S a s

u na m b ig u o u s ly t o pl a c e e a c h o f t h e m in d e fi nit e s p a t ia l r e l t io ns t o a

o th e s r ,
I S h o u l d no t b e a bl e t o s e h o w s u ch a n a r a ng e m e nt m u st be
e r

le s s l e g it i m a t e fo r t h e m t h a n fo t h ing s fo r w h i c h a l s o it r e m a i ns a
r ,

s u bj e c t iv e a pp r e h e ns io n in o u r m ind s .

I t will fu r t h e r b e o b s e r v e d a nd q u it e c o r r e c t ly t h a t T h i ng s a r e
, ,

m o v a bl e in s p a c e a nd t h e ir pl a c e a t a ny t im e o nly e xp r e s s e s th e s u m
,

o f r e l a t i o ns in w h i c h t h e y s t a nd t o o t h e r t h i ng s w h i c h s u b s i s t s a t t h e ,

m o m e nt bu t is e s s e nt i a lly v a r i a bl e ; it t e ll s no t h i ng o f t h e T h i ng s o wn
’

P 2
 D e d u c t io ns o
f Sp a ce . [ B oo x 11 .

na t u r e ; w h e r e a s s u c h c o ns t u c t io ns o f th e r e a lm s o f c o l o u r o s o u nd
r r

a im a t a c o m pl e t ly d iffe e nt r e s l t ; t h e y a t t e m p t t o
e a s s ig n t o e c h
r u a

o ne o f t h e s e s e ns a t io ns c o nfo m a bly w it h t h e p e c li r c o m b ina t io n r u a

in w hic h e a c h nit e s d e fi nit e v a l u s o f t h e

u niv e s a l p e d ic t e s o f e u r r a

c o lo u a nd s o u nd a s y s t e m t ic p o s i t i o n b e t w e e n a ll o t h e s w h ic h it
r ,
a r

c a n ne v e e x c h a ng e fo
r a no t h e r pl a c e No do u b t t h is diffe e nc is
r . r e

i m p o r ta nt a s g a d s t h e na t u o f t h e e l e m e nt s w h ic h it is p o p o s e d
re r re r

t o s y s t e m t is in t h e t wo c a s e s ; s t ill t h e e is no e s s e nt i l o b s t a c l e t o
a e r a

c o m ing t h t e na l a nd p e m a ne nt a t ic u la t io n o f
e e r s yste m o f c o n
r r a

t e nt s fix e d in t h e s h a p e o f i de a s by m e ns o f t h e s a m e m o de o f p e r
1
a

c e p t io n w h ic h is u s e d t o e p e s e nt t h e v ia bl e a ng m e nt o f e a l
r r ar rr a e r

T h i ng s I n fa c t fo r e v e y s ingl e indivi s ibl e m o m e nt t h e e x is t ing

.
,
r

a rr a ng e m e nt o f r e a l t hing s in s p a c e w o u l d b e p e c i s e ly t h e t o t a l e x r

p e s s i o n o f t h e c o m pl e t e s y s t e m a t ic l o c l is a t io n a pp o p ia t e t o t h e
r a r r

indiv idu a l t h ing s in v i t e o f t h e a c t io ns w h ic h int e s e c t e d e a c h o t h e r

r u r

in t h e m a t t h t m o m e nt T h e c i c u m s t a nc e t h a t w it h in t h ing s t h e e
a . r r

is m o t io n w h ic h w ill no t a dm i t o f b e ing
,
p e s e nt e d fo r e v e r by t h e re r

s a m e fix e d s y s t e m is a fa c t w it h it s o wn im p o t a nc e bu t no t a p o o f
,
r ,
r

t h a t t h e s p a c e fo r m is i n de qu a t e t o e xp e s s s y s t e m t ic r e l t io ns a r a a .

T h e e fo e t h e fe l t in de qu a c y o f t h e s p a c e fo m S c a n o nly e s t o n t h e
r r a -
r r

fa c t t h a t it s a t ic u l t io n t h o u g h fi t t e d fo w h a t we p e c e iv e in it is
r a ,
r r ,

no t fi tt e d fo s u c h m a t t e r a s t h e s e s e ns a t io ns w h ic h we p o j e c t int o it
r r .

1 2 6 T h ing s t h e n o bvi o u s ly do no t a r a ng e t h e m s e lv e s in Sp a c e
. r

a c c o d ing t o a c o ns t a nt a ffi nit y o f t h e ir na t u e s
r b u t a c c o ding t o r ,
r

s o m e v a ia bl e o ccu
r e nc e w ith in t h e m c o ns is t ing o f t h e e a c ti o ns
rr ,
r

w h ic h t h e y int e c h a ng W e a e no t j s t ifi e d in a s s m ing a n e
r e . r u u u

t i e ly h o m o g e ne o u s fo r m o f e v e nt a s p o du c e d in a ll o f t h m by
r r e

t h e s e a c t io ns ; b u t we c a nno t h e lp g ding a s h o m o g e ne o u s a ll th a t re ar

p t o f s u c h e v e nt s w h ic h h a s it s e ffe c t in fix ing t h e ir pl c e in s p a c e
ar a

in d e s ig na t ing it by t h e na m e o f m e c h a nic a l r e l a t io ns o f t h ing s we ‘

a pp o c h th e c o m m o n vi e w o f p h y s ic a l s c ie nc e w h ic h c o ns ide s th a t
r a ,
r

in e v e y m o m e nt th e pl a c e w h ic h a b o dy o c c u p ie s a b a ndo ns o t e nd s
r r

t o is d e te m i ne d by t h e j o i nt a c t i o n o f e nt i e ly c o m p a a bl e fo r c e s a nd
,
r r r

im pu lse s .

No w it is j u s t t h i s c o m p a a b ili ty w h i c h is w a nt ing t o t h e m u s i c a l r

p o p e t ie s o f s o u nds ; t h a t is t h e fe l t p r o p e tie s fo r we a e o nly

r r ,
r ,
r

s p e a ki ng o f t h e m no t o f t h e c o m p a r bl e p h y s ic a l c o nd it io ns o f t h e ir
, a

p o du c tio n T h e g a du a t e d s e r ie s o f l o u dne s s i a nd o f p it c h p m a y
r . r
2

2
To ns t ar ke n .
’
I ha v e r e t a ine d th e 1
'

be c a u s e it p ro ba b ly s t a nds fo r I nt e ns it at
’

(int e ns it ) y
 Spa ce p e r cep t io n -
a nd disp a r a t e o u a lit ie s . 2 1 3

no d o u b t b e fo r m e d, e a ch se p a r a t e ly by ,
a d di t i o n o f ho m o ge ne o us

i nc re m e nt s ; bu t w h e n we co m e t o t h e s e r ie s o f q l it i e s
ua
o w e fi nd it

c a nno t x h ib it e d in t h is wa y ; a nd in a ny c s e
be e a A p , a nd n
o
w o u l d m in q i t e inc o m p a ra bl e w ith e a ch o t h e r Th e line s p a nd o
re a u .
, ,

t h o u g h we m ig h t s u pp o s e t h a t e a c h c o u l d b e c o ns t u c t e d by i t s e l f r ,

y e t w o u l d d iv e g e f o m a ny p o int in w h ic h t h e y w e e u ni t e d
r r a s it r ,

w e r e i nt o d iff e nt w o r l ds a nd if o ne o f th e m w e r e a bi tr a ily fix e d
er r r

in s p a c e s t ill t h e r e w o u l d b e no t h ing t o d e t e m i ne t h e a ngl e s a t w h i c h r

t h e o t h e s w o u l d c o s s it o
r p a t f o m it r r r r .

I t w ill o f c o u r s e b e s a i d t h a t t h is a s w e ll a s t h e di ffi c u l t i e s r a i s e d in
t h e l a s t s e c t i o n wa s k no w n l o ng a g o ; b t t h a t no o ne c a n b e s u e
,
u r

t h a t ( 2 ) b e ing s diff e e nt f o m s h a ve no t a t c o m m a nd fo r m s o f
r r u

a pp e h e ns io n X o Z w h ic h a t t c h t h e m s e lv e s t o t h e c o nt e nt t o b e
r r ,
a

a rra ng e d j s t a s u na m b ig o u s ly a nd p e fe c t ly a s o u r s p a c e S d o e s t o
u u r ,

it s m a t t e r t h e m e c h a nic a l
,
l a t io ns o f t h ing s Ye t I c a nno t s e e h o w
re .

t h i s s h o u l d b e s u pp o s e d p o s s ibl e a s l o ng a s we a s c ib e t o t h o s e b e i ng s r

t h e s a m e a c h i e v e m e nt a s t h t in w h ic h we fa il I f i ns t e a d o f t h e
a .

qu a lit a t iv e ly diffe e nt c o lo u r s a nd t o ne s w h ich we s e e a nd h e a t h e y

r r,

p e c e iv e d o nly u nifo m p hy s ic a l o p s y c h ic a l a c t io ns fr o m a m ix t u e
r r r ,
r

o f w h ic h t h o s e s e ns a t io ns a o s e in u s I do no t d is p u t e t h a t in t h a t r ,

c a s e t h e y m ig h t h a v e fo s u c h a c t io ns a n a de q u a t e p e r c e p t iv e fo m X
r r

o r Z ; bu t th e e l t io ns w h ic h t h e y w o l d h a v e t o a r a ng e w o u l d a g a i n
r a u r

b e p u r e ly m e c h a nic a l o nly m e c h a nic a l in a d iffe r e nt wa y fr o m t h o s e

,

wh ic h we p o du c e in o u s p a c e S
re r r .

O n t h e o th e h a nd if t h o s e b e i ng s a r e s u pp o s e d t o fe e l t h e s a m e dif
r ,

fe e nce b e t w e e n e d a nd bl u e a s we do o r t o fe e l t h e p it c h o f a no t e a
r r ,
s

i nde p e nde nt ly o f l o u dne s s a nd qu a l ity a s we fe e l it t h e n t h e diffe r e nt ,

p o g e s s io ns i p o w o u l d b e a s i nco m p a a bl e fo r t h e m a s fo r u s ;
r r , , ,
r

t h o u g h t h e y m ig h t a b itr a ily r e du c e t h e r e l a t io ns o f t o ne s a nd c o l o u s
r r r

t o t h e fo m s X a nd Z by w y o f s y m b o l is m w it h t h e s a m e s o t o f
r a , r

a pp o x im a t io n a s we o b t a in in o u r s p a c e S
r B u t I h o l d t h a t a s p e c ia l .

co lo u s pa ce X o
r- t o ne s p a c e Z is a n i m p o s s ib il it y ; a n im p o s s ibil it y
r -

t h a t is a s a n e ndo w m e nt o f t h e s u pp o s e d b e ing s w it h t wo fa c u l t i e s o f
,

t h e na t r e o f e m p t y fo m s o f a pp e h e ns io n p io t o a ll c o nt e nt a nd
u r r , r r

s o h a v ing no ne o f t h e i o wn b t a bl e t o dic t a t e p a t ic l a r s it a t io ns
r ,
u r u u

t o d is p a a t e e l e m e nt s s u b s q u e nt ly
r e c e iv e d int o the m s o l ly in
e r ,
e

v i tu e o f t h e u l e s o f c o nne x io n b e t w e e n individu a l pl a c e s w h ic h
r r

t h e y c o nt a in No fo r m o f p e c e p t io n X b e it w h a t it m a y c a n
. r , ,

e na bl e e l e m e nt s wh i c h r e m a in d is p a a t e e v e n fo r it t o p e r r

s c ib e t h e i r pl a c e s in it d e fi nit e ly a nd u na m b ig u o u s ly t o e a c h o th e
r r .

A nd c o nv e s e ly ; t h e r e m a y no do u b t b e r u l e s o f c r it ic is m fo r v a r i o u s ly
r
2 I 4 [ B OO K I I .

co m bi ne d va l u e s o ispa
p r e di ca t es w h i c h b e i ng b a s e d o n a n
f d r a te , ,

e s t im a t e o f t h e e fli c ie nt c a u s e s w h ic h p o du c e s u c h c o m b in t io ns r a ,

s h o w h o w to e x c l de i m p o s s ible t e m s a nd t o a a ng e p o s s ibl e
u r rr

o ne s in s e ie s a c co d ing t o
r t h ir v a io u s a s p e c t s ; b u t a fo r m o f
r e r

p e c e p t io n X s u c h a s t o u nit e a ll t h e s e diffe r e nt s e ie s o f i de a s bo t
r r a u

t h e m a t e r i a l int o a s i ngl e im a g e f t h e m a t e ia l s e e m s t o m e im p o s o r

s ibl e .

I c a nno t s e e h o w we l o s e m u ch if we a dm i t t h i s ; th e m a ny s ide d -

a ffinit ie s r e s m b la nc e s
,
ea nd c o nt a s t s o f c o l o u s a nd t o ne s a r e no t
,
r r

l o s t t o s b e c a u s e we c a nno t s a t i s f c t o ily s y m b o lis e t h e m in s p a c e ;

u a r

w e h a v e t h e e nj o y m e nt o f a ll o f t h e m w h e n we c o m p a r e t h im p e s s io ns e r

wi th e a c h o th e No w it s e e m s t o m e t h a t no b e ing c a n g t b e y o nd
r . e

t h is dis c u s iv e k no wl e dg e in e s p e c t o f e l e m e nt s w h ic h in t h e ir s m o f
r r u

p re dic a t e s c o m b ine d iffe e nt p o p e r tie s t h a t r e m a in dis p a a t e e ve n fo

r r r r

t h a t b e i ng a fo m o f p e c e p t io n in t h e s e ns e o f a n o d e e d s y s t e m
r r ,
r r

o f e m p t y pl a c e s c a n o nly e x is t fo , s u c h r e l a t io ns o f e l e m e nt s a s a r e r

c o m pl e t e ly c o m p a a bl e a nd e a c h o f w h ic h is s p a a t d f o m a s e c o nd
r , e r e r

by a diffe e nc e o f t h e s a m e k ind a s s e p a t e s t h is s e c o nd f o m a ny
r ra r

t h i d o r fo u t h
r I t is p o s s ibl e t h a t t h ing s c o nt a i n s o m e s y s t e m o f
r .

u nifo m o c c u e nc e s w h ic h e s c a p e u s bu t fo m t h e o bj c t o f p
r rr c p ,
r e er e

t io n fo o t h e r b e ing s a nd a e in fa t a pp r e h e nde d by t h e m in fo m s
r ,
r c r

O f p e r c p t io n w h ic h d iffe r fro m o u r s p a ce fo m S a nd a da p t t h e m
e -
r

s e lv e s t o t h e p e c u l ia r a t ic u l a t io n o f t h o ccu e nc e s ; bu t t h is ide a
r e rr

b e i ng m o t iv e d by no de fi ni t e s u gg e s t io n ne e d no t be p u s u e d f th e r u r r,

a t l e a s t fo t h e m o m e nt
r .

1 2 7 W e a e m u c h m o r e i nt e r e s t e d in t h e o th e r o f t h e c a s e s d is
. r

t ing u is h e d a b o v e (ii B) I f t h e s a m e e l a t io ns o f t h i ng s w h ic h a e
1
. . r r

im a g e d by u s a s in s p c e w e e s u pp o s e d t o m e e t w it h fo r m s o f a
a r

d iffe e nt k ind in o t h e b e ing s ; a t l e a s t we k no w t h a t t h e e is no t h ing

r r r

in t h e na t u e o f t h e s e e l a t io ns t o m a k e t h e m int a c t a b le t o c o m b in
r r r a

t io n b e fo r e t h e m ind s e ye i nt o o ne e nt i e i m a g ; s u c h a n X o r Z
’
r e

u ndo u b t e dly m ig h t h e a r t h e c h a r a c t e r o f p e r c e p t iv e fo m s Th e y r .

w o u l d no t ne e d t o be in t h e l e a s t l ik e o u r s p a c S ; t h e diffe r e nc e e

b e t w e e n t wo pl a c e s o f th e s y s t e m w h ic h a pp e a s t o u s in o u r s p a c e a s r

t h e l ine s w o u l d r e p e s nt it s e l f in t h e m in t h e fo m x o
, r e 2 ; bo th r r

o f w h ic h w o u l d b e a s dis p a a t e f o m a s t h e int e r v a l b e t w e e n t wo
r r s

no t e s f o m t h e d is t a nc e b e t we e n t wo p o i nt s
r A s l o ng a s we m int in . a a

t h e s e p o s t u l a t e s we h a v e no r e a s o n t o d e ny t h e p o s s ib il it y o f th e s e
,

pe ce p tio ns X a nd Z ; b u t a s we do no t po s s e s s t h e m t h e i a s s u m p
r r

t io n r e m a ins a n e m p ty i d e a a nd we k no w a b s o l u t e ly no t h i ng fu th e r r
,

[5 1 2 3
1
, e nd .
]
CH AP TE R Co m m o n e le m e nt s o
f a lleg e d Sp a ce s .
’
2 1 5

o f h o w th n i g s p r e s e nt t h e m s e lve s a nd w h a t th e y l o o k l ik e u nde t ho s e r

fo m s r O nly we m u s t no t e q u i e m o e o f t h e m t h a n o u r o wn Sp c e
. r r r a

a pp e h e ns io n c a n a c h ie v e ; no t t h e e fo e t h a t t h e b e i ng s w h ic h e nj o y
r ,
r r ,

t h e m s h a ll b e e na bl e d by t h e m in e a c h indiv idu a l p e c e p t io n t o a p p e r r

h nd t h e t u e r e l a t io ns o f w h a t is p e c e ive d
e r T h is is m o e t h a n e v e n r . r

o u r s p a c e S d o e s fo r u s ; fo r ins t nc e we h a v e to a s s ig n o u s e lv e s a a r

pl a c e in it w ith t h e c h a ng e o f w h ic h t h e w h o l e c o ns t e ll a t io n o f o u r
,

im p e s s io ns is dis pl a c e d ; e v e n t o s o w ing t o t h e l a w s o f t h e o p t ic a l
r u ,

i m p e s s i o ns m a de o n u s p a a ll l l ine s ine v it bly a pp e a r t o c o nv e ge

r ,
r e a r

a t a d is t a nc e m a g nit u de s t o d im in ,
is h a nd t h e h o i o n o f t h e s e a t o ,
r z

r is e a b o v e t h e l e v e l o f t h e s h o e A S we e q i e t h e c o m p a is o n o f r . r u r r

m a ny e xp e ie nc e s t o e na bl e u s t o a pp e h e nd t h
r t ru e e l a t io ns in r e r

d e s p it e o f t h e p e r s is t e nt s e m bl a nc e o f t h e f l s e no m o e t h a n t h is a , r

o g h t t o b e d e m a nde d o f t h e n t
u e o f X a nd Z ; t h a t is t h a t c o m a ur ,

b in d e xp e ie nc e s s h o u l d g iv e c it e ia fo r t h e l im ina t io n o f t h e c o n
e r r r e

t a dic t io ns a nd m is t a k e s o f i s o l a t e d o ne s
r W e m a y s y t h e n s u bj e c t . a ,

t o s c h c o ndit io ns t h a t t h e s a m e
u e l a t io ns o f t h ing s a s a pp e a r t o
, s r u

in s p a c e a d m i t o f o t h e ki nds o f p e c e p t io n c o m pl e t e ly u nk no wn t o
r r

u s b t l e a ding t o
u e q u lly t u e c o g nit io n S t ill e v e n t h i s is by no
a r .

m e ns w h a t is a s a l e in p e o pl e s m inds ; it is e xp re s s ly o th e p ’
a ru r s a ce

p e r c e p t io ns t h a n o u s t h a t it is h o p e d t o m a ke c o nc e iv a bl e in t his
r

w y a I t is t o b e t a k e n a s s e tt l e d t h a t t h e e la t io n o f t wo e l e m e nt s
. r

p e s e nt e d t o p e c e p t io n is giv e n by p e r c e p t io n t h e s h p e o f t h e e x
r r a

t e nde d l ine a nd t h e e l a t io n o f t wo s u c h r e l a t io ns t h a t o f t h e a ngl e

s, r
; a

a nd s t ill e v e n s o t h e e is t o b e a p o s s ib il ity t h a t by h e lp o f o t h e r c o m
r

b ina t io ns t h is a nd m a y fo m no t o u r s p a c e S b u t a diff e e nt o ne
s a r r

S o S l ik e o u s in e s p e c t o f t h e c h a a c t e r o f it s e l e m e nt s a nd
I
r
2
,
r r r s a

a s pi c t u r e d t o t h e m ind bu t u nl ik e in t h e fa b ic o f t h e w h o l e w h ic h
, r

t h e y g e ne a t e P e h a p s it w il l no t b e t o o p a inf l t o t h e fe e l ing s o f
r . r u

p h il o l o g is ts if I p o p o s e fo t h e s e fo rm s S o r S t h e na m e o f R a
r r
I 2
u

m o id s
[ q u a si
l ‘
I k no w no s h o r t e r wa y o f e xp e s s ing t h e r

diff e e nc e b e t w e e n t h e s e fo m s a nd o u p e v io u s fo m s X a nd Z ; nd
r r r r r a

a s I m e a n to m a int a in t h a t t h e e c a nno t b e R u m o id t h e i na m e r a s, r

w ill s o o n dis a pp e a r a g a in s u pp o s ing I a m r ig h t ; if I a m w o ng I r ,

m k e a p r e s e nt o f it t o m y a nt a g o nis t s a s t h
a o nly t h i ng I c a n d o fo e r

the i ca u s e
r F o I s h a l l h a dly m y s e l f b e b o u g h t t o s u e nde r m y
. r r r rr

c o nv ic t i o n t h a t t o a c c e p t a nd a s e l e m e nt s o f s p a c e is t o d e c ide it s
s a

t o t a l fo r m a nd inne r s t u c t u e fu lly u na m b ig u o u s ly a nd q u i t e in t h e
r r , , ,

s e ns e o f t h e g e o m e t r y w h i c h h a s h it h e t o p e v a il e d r r .

1 2 8 I h o l d it s t i c t ly Sp e a ki ng u nre a s o na b le t o r e q u i r e a ny o th e r
.
,
r ,

1
[ F ro m
‘
R au m,
’
 D e du ct io ns o
f Sp a ce : [ 1300 11 1 1 .

p r o o f o f th is th a n th a t wh ic h l ie s in th e de ve l o p m e nt o f t h e s c i e nc e
d o w n t o t h e p e s e nt t im e r T h a t a s s u m ing t h e e l e m e nt s a nd t h e y
. s a

a d m it o f o t h e r m o de s o f c o m b ina t io n t h n c a n b e p e s e nt e d in o a r ur

s p c e S ; a nd t h t t h e s e
a o t h e r c o m b ina t i o ns d o no t r e m a in m e e
a r

a b s t a c t na m e b u t l e a d t o k ind s o f p c e p t io n S a nd S ; a ll t h is
1 2
r s, er

c o u l d o nly b e p o v e d by t h e r c t a l dis c o v e y o f t h e p e c e p t io ns ina u r r

q u e s t io n B t it is a dm it t e d t h a t o u h u m a n m o de o f e p e s e nt t i n
. u r r r a o

c nno t dis c o v no t h i ng bu t S c a n b e e v o lv e d o u t o f it ;
2
a S a nd S er
I

t h e r e fo e if t h r l o g ic l s e q e nc e o f t his e v o l t i o n w e r e e s t bl is h e d
e a u u a ,

a nd we s t ill b l ie v e d in o t h e r b e ing s wh o c o u l d fo m div e g e nt p e

e r r r

c e p t io ns o t o f th u s a m e e l e m e nt s ea nd w S h o u l d h a v e t o c r e d it s a , e

t h e m w it h o t h e l a w s o f t h o g h t t h a n t h o s e o n w h ich t h e t th o f
r u ru

k no wl e dge e s t s fo s S ch a n a s s u m p t io n w o u l d de s t o y o u r
r r u . u r

int e e s t in t h e qu e s t io n ; t h o u g h no d o b t it w o u l d no t in t h e l e a s t
r u

r u n c o u nt e t o t h e t s t e o f a n g e w h o s e t e nde nc y is s o ind lg nt a s
r a a u e

t o t a k e a ny t h ing fo p o s s ibl e w h ic h c a nno t b e a t a m o m e nt s no t ic e

’
r ,

d e m o ns t r a t e d im p o s s ibl e .

B u t t h e is a p o int a t w h ic h o u g o m e t y h a s l o ng b e e n t h o u gh t
er r e r

d e fi c ie nt in c o ns e c u t i e ne s s o f de d c t io n ; t h t is in t h e do c t ine o f
v u a r

p ll e l l ine s nd o f t h e s u m o f t h ngl e s o f a t ia ngl

a ra a S t ill it e a r e .

a pp e a s t o m e a s if p h il o s o p h ic l l o gic c o l d ne it h e r d v nc e no r
r a u a a

p o p e ly Sp e king dm it th e p e c li c l im s t o s t ic t ne s s o f p o c e d e
r r a a u ar a r r ur

m a de a t t h is p o int by t h l o g ic o f m t h e m a t ic s A ft e r a ll dis c u s iv e
e a .
,
r

p o o f c a nno t m k e t u t h b u t o nly fi nds it ; t h e p e c e p t io n o f s p c e

r a r , r a

w it h t h e v a ie ty o f it s inn r e l t io ns fa c e s u s a s t h e g iv e n o bj e c t o f
r e r a

i nne r xp e ie nc e ; o ne w h i c h if no t s o g iv e n w S h o l d ne v b e
e r , ,
e u er

a bl e t o c o ns t c t by a l o g ic a l c o m b ina t io n o f
ru ns p a t ia l e l e m e nt s o r u ,

e v n o f t h o s e e l e m nt s o f s p c e w h ic h we
e e s s u m e d ; ll de m o ns t a t io ns
a a a r

c a n b t s e r v e t o d is c o v e
u c e t in d fi nit e e l a t io ns b e t w e e n a n m b e r
r r a e r u

o f a b it r ily c h o s n p o int s t o b e im pl ie d in t h e na t u e o f t h e w h o l e
ra r e r .

Fo s c h dis c o v e y p fe c t s t ic t ne s s o f r e a s o ning is indis p ns a bl e ;

r u r er r e

a nd e l g a nc e o f e e p r e s e nt a t i o n m ar
y a l s o e q u i e t h a t t h e m u l t ipl ic it y r r

o f r e l a t io ns S h ll b e r e d u c e d t o t h e m inim u m
a nu m b e r o f di e c t ly r

e v id e nt a nd fu nd a m e nt a l o ne s ; bu t it w ill a lw a y s b e f it l s s t o ru e

a s su m e f w e r i nde p e nde nt p inc ipl e s t h a n t h e na t

e o f t h e fa c t s
r u re

r e q ir e s a nd a lw a y s e rr o ne o u s t o p e s pp o s e t h a t it do e s no t
u , eq i e r u r u r

a c o ns id e a bl e n m b e r W e c o nv inc d o u s e l e s in t h L o g ic t h a t
u r . e r v e

a ll o u r c o g nit io n o f f c t s r e s t s o n o u a ppl ic a t io n o f s y nt h e t ic j d g
a r u

m e nt s ; t h e la w o f I de nt it y w ill ne v e t ll u s m o e t h a n t h a t e v e y A r e r r

is t h e s a m e a s it s l f ; t h e e is no fo m l m x im w h ic h g iv s u s a ny
e r r a a e

h e lp a b o u t t h e r e l a t i o n o f A t o 8 e x c e p t t h e o ne la w w h ic h s im ply ,
CH A PT E R Co ns t r u ct io ns p r es u
pp o se Sp c
a e -
p e r ce
p t io n . 2 I 7

dis j o i ns b e c a u s e t h e y a r e no t t h e s a m e ; e v e ry p o s i t ive e l a t io n
th e m r

w h ich we a s s e r t b e t w e e n A a nd B c a n o nly e xp e s s a c o nt e nt w h ic h r

is g iv e n u s a s y nt h e s is
, s u c h a s c o u l d b e d e iv e d ne it h e fr o m A no r r r

fr o m B no f o m a ny o t h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e m w h ic h w s no t
,
r r r a

it s e l f in t u r n g iv e n t o u s in t h e s a m e w y I t is i m p o s s ibl e t o p u s u e a . r

t h is h e e in it s g e ne r a l s e ns e b u t it w ill b e u s e fu l t o e l c i da t e it in
r , u

r e l a t i o n t o s p a c e in p a t i c l a r u r.

1 2 9 T h e fi s t c o ns e q e nc e o f w h a t h a s b e e n e fe r e d t o is t h a t a
. r u r r

c a s e is p o s s ibl e in w h i c h we a e u na bl e t o giv e a d e q u t e d e fi nit io ns r a

e i th e r o f A o o f 8 w ith o u t i nv o lving t h e
r . e l a t io n C in w h i c h t h e y a e r r

g iv e n t o u s a nd e qu lly s o to de fi ne t h is l t io n a p a t f o m A a nd B
,
a re a r r .

I t w o u l d b e im p o s s ibl e t o s a y w h a t a p o int o f s p a c e is a nd h o w
d is t ing is h e d f o m a p o int o f t im e u nl e s s we inc l u de in o u t h o u g h t
u r , r

t h e e x t e ns io n in w hic h it is a nd t e a t it fo i ns t a nc e a s E c l id do e s
, r ,
r ,
u ,

a s t h e e x t e m it y o f a l ine ; no m o e c o u l d w e c o ns t
r c t t h is l in o ut
r ru e

o f p o int s w it h o u t l ik e p e u pp o s it io n T wo p e c is e ly s im il a nd
a r s . r ar

c o e xi s t e nt p o int s m a y h a v e inn m e a bl
-
diffe r e nt r e l t io ns o f t h e k ind
u r e a

w h ic h we k no w a s t h e i g e a t e r o l e s s dis t a nc e s f o m o ne a no th e ;
r r r r r

b u t h o w c o l d we g u e s s o u nde s t a nd t h is u nl s s t h Sp a c e in w h ic h
u r r e e

t h e y a r e d is t ib u t e d b e ing p e s e nt t o t h e m ind s e ye t a gh t
’
r ,
r s at ,
u u

o nc e t h t t h e p o bl m is s o lu bl e a nd w h a t t h e s o l t io n l o o k s l ik e ?
a r e u

J u s t a s l it t l e c a n a line b e g e ne a t e d by m o t io n ; it c a n o nly b e r

fo ll o w e d ; fo r we c o u l d no t S et a b o u t t o de s c ib e t h e t a c k l e ft b e hind r r

u s w it h o u t t h e id e a o f a s p a c e in g e ne a l w h ic h f nis h e s t h e pl c e r ur a

fo it r a g a in a ny d e fi nit e l ine c o u l d o nly b e g ne a t e d in s p a c e if in e r

e v e y p o int wh ic h we p a s s t h o u g h t h e f
r th e d i e c t io n w h ic h we
r ur r r

m e a n t o t a k e w e r e a l e dy p r e s e nt t o o u i m a g ina t i o n
r a r .

A g a in in a ny l ine w h e n we c o m p a e it wi t h o th e s we s h a ll b e a bl e
,
r r

t o d is t ing u is h it s le ng t h f o m it s di e c t io n ; b t we c a nno t m a k e t h e
r r u

s im pl e s t a s s e t io ns a b o u t e it h e r p o p e ty w it h o t l e
r ning t h e m f o m r r u ar r

p e r c e p tio n T h t t h e a ddit io n o f t wo l ine s o f t h e l e ng th g ive s a

. a a

line o f t h e l e ng t h s e e m s a S im pl e
2 a ppl ic a t io n o f n a i t h m e t ic a l a a r

p inc ipl e ; b t s t ic tly a ith m e t ic t e c h e s o nly t h a t s c h a n dd it io n

r u r r a u a

r e s u l t s in t h e s u m o f t wo l ine s o f t h e l e ng t h j s t a s p u t t ing t o g e th e r a ,
u

t wo a ppl e s w e igh ing h a l f a n o nce e a c h g iv e s o nly t h e s m o f t h s e u u e

t wo no t o ne a ppl e t wi c e t h e w e igh t
,
T h e p o s s ib il it y o f u nit i ng t h e .

o ne li ne w it h t h e e x t e m it y o f t h e o th e r s o t h a t it b c o m e s it s u n
r e

b o k e n c o nt inu a t i o n a nd th e t wo l e ngth s a dd u p int o o ne o nly fo ll o w s

r

f o m t h e m e nt a l p o t y a l o f a s p a c e with in w h ic h t h e j nc t io n c a n
r r ra u

b e e ffe c t e d I s a y e xp r e s s ly o f a p ; fo r no t e v e n t h e c o ns ide r a
.
,
‘
s a ce
’

t io n t h a t t h e t h i ng s t o b e u ni t e d a r e t wo l ine s is su ffi c ie nt ; o n t h e
2 1 8 D e d u ct io ns f
o Sp a ce . [ 11 0011 1 1 .

c o nt r a r y
k no w th t a t h o u s a nd l ine s if t h o u gh t o f a s b e t w e e n
, we a
‘
,

t h e s a m e e x t r e m it i e s will fo r m no m o e t h a n o ne a nd t h e s a m e l ine
,
r

t h e y m u s t be p t t o g e t h e l e ng t h w a y s a nd t o do t h is t h e im a ge o f
u r ,

th su
e o nd ing s p c w h ic h g iv s t h e ne c e s s a r y o o m is ind is p e ns a bl e
rr u a e e r .

G e o m e t y o nly e xp r e s s e s t h e s a m e t h ing in a no t h e fo m wh e n it s a y s
r r r ,

t h a t e v e y l ine is c a p bl e o f b e ing p r o d c e d t o i nfi nit y

r a u .

A s e g d di c t io n it is e a s ily s e n t h a t it is a d e l u s io n t o s u pp o s e
r ar s re ,
e

t h a t we h a v e a c o nc e p t io n o f it t o w h ic h s t ig h t ne s s a nd c ve dne s s ra ur

c n b
a s u b o d ina t d
e s c o o r dina t e s p e c ie s ; it s c o nc e p t io n is o nly
r e a -

int e ll ig ibl e s c o m pl e t e ly c o inc id ing w it h t h a t o f t h e

a s t a ig h t l ine r

w h i h is c ll e d f o m no th e r p o int o f v ie w in e l a t io n t o it s e t e m i
c a r a ,
r x r

t ie s t h e d is t a nc e b t w e n t h m ; e v e y i d a o f a c
, e e v e inc l d s t h a t
e r e u r u e

o f a de v ia t io n f o m t h e s t a ig h t d i e c t io n o f t h e t a ng e nt s a nd c a n o nly
r r r

b e fix e d in t h e p t i u l a r c a s e by t h e m e a s u e m e nt o f t h is d e v ia t io n
ar c r .

T h s we c a n it is t e a s s ig n a c it e io n fo r a ny e x t e nde d l ine wh ic h
u ru r r

is s e c u it y fo it s s t a ig h t ne s s ; t h d is t a nc b e t w e e n it s e x t e m it ie s
r r r e e r

m u s t b e e q a l t o t h e s u m o f t h e d is t a nc e s b t w e e n a ll p a i s o f p o int s
u e r

by w h ic h we m y c h o o s e t o divid t h e l ine ; bu t o f c o s e w do no t
a e ur e

by t h is g t id o f t h e c o nc p t io n o f s t a igh t ne s s in p inc ipl e ; t h e

e r e r r

dis t nc e b t w e n t h e e x t e m it ie s a nd e a c h o f t h e s e int e m e d i t e
a e e r r a

d is t a nc e s c n o nly b e c o nc e iv e d nde t h a t c o nc e p t io n
a So in fa c t it
u r .

is no t p o p e r t o s a y t h a t t h e s t ig h t l ine is t h e s h o t e s t dis t a nc e
r ra r

b e t we e n t wo p o int s ; it is r a th e th di t n it s e l f ; t h e diffe e nt c ir c it s r e s a ce r u

t h a t m a y b e m a de in g o ing f o m t o 6 h a v e no th ing t o d o w it h
'

r a

t h is dis t a nc e w h ic h is a l wa y s o ne a nd t h e s a m e ; bu t t h e i p o s s ib il it y r

c a ll s o u a t t e nt io n t o t h e c i c u m s t nc e t h a t p e c e p t io n is in t h t f c t
r r a r a a

t e ll ing u s s o m e t h ing m o r e t h a n w o u l d fo ll o w f o m it s t e a c h i ng u p t o r

t h a t p o int t a k e n a l o ne .

1 3 0 I f a s t ig h t li ne c a n b e d a w n b e t w e e n a a nd 6 a nd a no t h e r
. ra r

b e t w e e n a nd it do e s no t in t h e l e a s t fo ll o w f o m t h e s e is o l a te d
a c, r

p r e m is s e s t h t t h e s a m e t h ing c a n o r m u s t t a k e pl a c e b e t w e e n 6 a nd
a

c ; t h e t wo l ine s m ig h t div e r g e f o m a a s if int o diffe e nt w o l ds a nd r r r ,

t h e i e x t e ns io ns h a v e no r e l a t io n t o e a c h o t h e r
r B u t t h e y h a v e o ne .

o u r Sp a t ia l p e ce p t io n a nd no t h ing e ls er e v e a l s t o u s t h e a ngl a nd r e a ,

S h o w s u s t h a t s p a c e e x te nds b e t w e e n t h e t wo l ine s a nd a ll o w s a
c o nn x io n b e t w e e n t h e p o int s 6 a nd
e by m e a ns o f a s t a ig h t l ine 6 c r c

o f t h e s a m e k ind a s 6 a nd ; i t t e a c h e s ua s a t t h e s a m e t im e t h a t
ac

t h e e is t h i s p o s s ib il ity fo r a ll p o int s o f 6 a nd
r a nd s o c e a t e s t h e a a c, r

t h i d e l e m e nt o f o u r ide a o f s p a c e t h e pl a ne T h i ft h v ing
r
p s a e ,a s o .
,
r

d is co v e r e d it we a re a bl e t o d e fi ne a s t h e fig u r e in s p a c e a ny p o int o f
,

St igh t l in f 1
] ra es o co u rs e
C H APT E R L ine , A ng le , P la ne da t a ,
o f P e r cep t io n . 2 1 9
wh i c h m a y b e c o nne c t e d w ith a ny o th e r p o i nt by a s t a ig h t li ne ly ing r

w h o lly in t h a t fi g u re T h is de fi nit io n h o w e ve r t h o u g h I s h o u l d t h ink

.
,

it a s u ffi c i nt o ne c o nt a i ns no r u l e fo r c o ns t u c t io n a c c o di ng t o
e , r r

wh ic h we c o l d p o du c e fo r o u r s e lve s t h e pl a ne p w ith o u t h a v ing h a d

u r

it b e fo e rfo r w h a t is e a lly m e a nt by e q u i ing a ll c o nne c t ing l ine s t o

r r r

b e c o nt a ine d in t h e s p t ia l fig u e w h i c h is t o be d r a w n is o nly m a de
a r

c l e a r by t h e Sp a t i a l p e r c e p t i o n o f t h e pl a ne No w I w ill no t de ny .

t h a t it m a y b e o f u s e in t h e c o u r s e o f s c i e nt ifi c inv e s t ig a t i o ns t o

d e m o ns t r a t e e v e n s im pl e c o nc e p t io ns a s t h e e s u l t o f c o m pl ic a t e d r

c o ns t u c t i o ns ; in c a s e s t h a t is t o s y in w h ic h it is o u r o bj e c t t o
r ,
a ,

Sh o w th a t t h e c o m pl ica te d c o ndit io ns p e s e nt in a p o bl e m m u s t h a v e r r

p r e c is e ly t h is s im pl e c o ns e q u e nc e ; b u t I c a nno t c o m p e h e nd t h e r

a c u m e n w h ic h s e e k s a s t h e b a s is o f g e o m e t y t o o b t a in t h e m o s t r

e l e m e nt a y p e c e p t io ns by h lp o f p e s pp o s it io ns
r r w h ich no t o nly
e r u ,

c o nt a in o f ne c e s s it y t h e a c t u a l e l e m e nt s in q u e s t io n bu t a l s o m o e r

b e s ide s t h e m .

I t is p o s s ibl e t o r e g a d t h e s t a ig h t l ine a s a li m it i ng e a s e in a
r r

s e ie s o f c u v e s ; bu t it w o u l d no t b e p o s s ibl e t o fo m t h e s e ie s o f
r r r r

t h e s e c u v e s w it h o u t in s o m e wa y e m pl o y ing fo r t h e i d e t e m ina t io n
r r r

a nd m e a s u e m e nt t h e m e nt a l p e s e nt a t io n o f t h e s t a ig h t l in
r f om r r e r

w h ic h t h e y Sh o w a m e a s u a bl e de via t io n W h o e ve r Sh o u l d give it a s
r .

a c o m pl e t e d e s ig na t io n o f a s t a ig h t l ine t h a t it wa s t h e l ine w h ic h r ,

b e i ng r o t a te d b e t w e e n it s e x t e m it ie s did no t c h a ng e it s pl a c e w o u l d
r ,

pl u nge u s i nt o s il e nt e fle io n a s t o h o w h e c o nc e ive d t h e a x is o f t h a t
r x

r o t a t io n ; a nd by w h a t wi t h o u t s u pp o s ing a s t a ig h t li ne s o m e w h e e
,
r r ,

h e w o u l d m e a s u r e th e c h a ng e o f pl a c e w h ic h t h e c u r v e e xp e r ie nc e d in
s u c h a r o t a t io n .

I h o d itl qu ite a s u s e l e s s t o c o ns tr u c t th e p la ne p o v e r a g a i n a fte r ,

it h a s o nc e b e e n giv e n by p e c e p t iv e c o g nitio n ; no d o u b t it is a l s or

t h e s u r fa c e in w h ic h t wo s p h e e s int e s e c t a nd r e a pp e a s a s t h e r r ,
r

r e s u l t o f c o u nt l e s s c o ns t r u c t io ns o f t h e k ind ; b u t e v e y fa i r j d g e w ill r u

t h ink t h a t it is th e p e e p t io n o f t h e pl a ne w h ic h e l u c ida t e s t h e i d e a o f
rc

t h e i nt e s e c t io n a nd no t v i e v r s a
r c e .

A nd no w if we m y le t a l o ne t h e s e a tt e m p t s t o c l e a r u p w h a t is
,
a

cle a r a l a dy we a r e inv it e d t o a m o e s e io
re ,
s d e fe nc e o f t h e ig h t s o f r r u r

u niv e s l L o g ic by t h e d
r a l ing p la y o f a m b igu it ie s wh i h e nd a v o u s
azz c e r

t o c o nt o v e t a nd t h r e a t e ns t o fa l s ify t h e p e r c e p t io n it s l f A fi nit e a c
r r e . r

o f a c i c l e o f c o u s e be c o m e s p e p e t a lly m o r e l ik e a s t a ig h t l ine a s
r r r u r

t h e a d i s o f t h e c ir c l e t o w h ic h it b e l o ng s is inc e s e d ; b u t t h e w ho l e
r u r a

c i c l e ne v e r c o m e s t o b e l ik e o ne
r H o w e v e r i nfi nit e ly g e t we m a y . r a

c o nc e iv e t h e a d iu s a s b e ing no t h ing c a n p e v e nt u s fr o m c o nc e iv ing

r ,
r
 D e d u ct io ns o
f Sp a ce . 1 1300 11 1 1 .

'
it t o co m ple te it s ro t a t io n ro u nd t h e c e nt r e ; a nd t i ll s u ch r o t a t o n i is
co m pl e t e d w h ve no ig h t t o a pply t h e c o nc e p tio n o f a i c l e t o t h e
e a r c r

figu e w h ic h is g e ne a t e d ; d is c o u s e a b o u t a s t igh t l ine w h i h

r r r ra c ,

b ing in s e c e t a c i l e o f infi nit e dia m e t

e r e t u r ns int o it s e l f is no t a
rc e r, r ,

p o t io n o f a n e s o t e ic s c ie nc e b u t a p r o o f o f l o g ic l b a b is m J s t
r r a r ar . u

t h e s a m e i s h o w n by p h ss e s a b o u t p a a ll e l l ine s w h i c h a e s pp o s e d
ra r r u

to cu t c h o th e
ea a t a n infi nit e d is t a nc e ; t h e y d o no t c u t e c h o th
r at a er

a ny fi nit dis t a nc e a nd a s e v ry d is t a nc e w h e n c o nc e iv e d a s a t t a ine d

e ,
e ,

w o l d b e c o m e fi nit e g in t h e e s im ply is no dis t a nc e a t w h ic h t h e y

u a a ,
r

do s o it is u t t e ly ina dm is s ibl e t o p e v e t t h is ne g t io n int o t h e p o s i

r r r a

t iv a s s t io n t h a t in infi nit e d is t a nc t h e e is a p o int a t w h ic h int e

e er ,
e r r

s e c t io n o c c u s H e e a g in h o w e v e I a m no t d ny ing t h a t in t h e
r . r a ,
r, e

c o nt x t o f a c a l c u l a t io n g o o d s e v ic
e m a y be e nde e d w it h in c e t a in r e r r r

l im it s by m o de s o f d s ig n tio n w h ic h r s t o n a s s m p t io ns lik e t h e s e
e a e u

s o m u c h t h e m o e u s f l w o u l d b e a p e c is e inv e t ig t io n w it hin w h t
r e u r s a a

l im it s t h y m a y b e e m pl o y d in e v e y c a s e wi th o u t c o m m e nding t o
e e r ,

no t i e a b s o l t no ns e ns e by h lp o f p e t e nt i o u s c a l c l t io n
c u e e r u a .

1 3 1 I t is o bv io u s t h t a c c o d ing t o t h e a b o v e g e ne l dis c u s s io n
. a r ra ,

I c a nno t p o p o s e t o s o l e t h e dis p t e a b o u t p a a ll e l s by t h e de
r v u r

m o ns t t i e m t h o d c o m m o nly d e s ide a t e d ; I
ra v e m c o nt e nt w it h e r a x

p e s s ing m y c o nv ic t i o n by s a y ing t h a t ih p s e nc e o f di e c t p e c e p t io n
r re r r

I c n s e no e a s o n wh t v fo is ing th e d is p u t e W e c a ll p a ll e l
a e r a e er r ra . ra

t h e t wo s t a ig h t l ine s a nd 6 w hic h h a v e t h e s a m e d i e c t io n in Sp a c e
r a r ,

a nd we t e s t t h e ide nt it y o f t h i di c t io n by t h e c it e i o n t h a t w it h a e r re r r

t h i d s t a ig h t l ine
r r in t h e s a m e pl ne p t h e s t a ig h t l ine s
c a nd 6 a ,
r a

fo m o n t h e s m e s ide o f t h e m
r a t h e s a m e a ngl e I n s y ing t h is s, a . a

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e r u a r

c le a d a t a o f p e c p t io n ; s t ill t h e y m ig h t b o t h b e e l im in t e d by t h e
r r e a

fo ll o w ing e xp e s s io n ; a nd 6 a e p a
r ll e l if t h e e x t e m it ie s a nd B
a r ra r a

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e a a a r r

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r r a nd 6 a e a lw a y s a t t h e s a m a dis t a nc e f o m o ne ,
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r . r 6 w ill r r ,
a

a l s o be p a ll e l t o 3 ; a nd a t t h e s a m e t im e f o m t h e m t t e o f th e
ra a r a r

d e fi nit io n t h a t a nd 6 a s l o ng a s t h e y a e s t a ig h t l ine s m u s t r e m a in
,
a ,
r r ,

a t th e s a m d is t nc e fr o m e a c h o t h e
e a m e a su e d a s b o ve ; e ve y r, r a r

q e s t io n w h e t h e t o p r o du c e t h e m t o i nfi ni ty w o l d m a k e ny c h a ng e
u r u a

in t h is is o t io s e a nd c o nt dic t s t h e p r e s u pp o s i t io n w hic h c o nc e iv e s
, ra

id e nt it y o f d i e c t io n t o infi nit y a s inv o lv e d in t h e d i e c t io n o f fi nit e

r r a

p o t io n o f a s t a ig h t l ine T h a t t h e s u m o f t h e int e io ngl e s w hic h

r r . r r a

a a a nd 6 6 m a k e w it h a 6 o w ith 3 is e qu a l t o t wo r igh t a ngl e s r 11 ,

o nly qu i e s th e fa m il ia e l u c ida t io n
re r r .
c u s pm — in M a t h e m a t ica l P e r cept io n v M e a s u r e m e nt . . 2 2 1

No w if a t r i a ngl e is t o be m a de b o th th e l ine s b e twe e n a d a nd 68

m u s t c h ng e t h e i p o s it io n o
a o ne o f t h e m its p o s it io n r e l a t iv ly t o
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r e

t h e o th e I f we s u pp o s e a n t o t u r n a b o u t t h e p o int
r . s o th a t t he a

a ngl e w h i c h it fo m s wi t h a 6 is d im inis h e d o u r s p a t i l p e c e p t io n , r a r

s h o w s u s t h a t t h e int e v a l b e t w e e n it s int e r s e c t io n w it h
r 8 a nd t h e a

e x t e m it y B o f t h t l ine m
r s t a l s o d im ini s h ; if t h e t r ni ng is c o nt in e d
a u u u

t h is int e v a l is ne c e s s a ily e du c e d t o
r e o a nd t h e n
r r 6 3 a nd 6 B z r ,
a ,
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e nc lo s e t h e e q u i e d t ia ngl er W h e n t h is h a s b e e n do ne t h e l ine B
r r . a

a nd t h e l ine o f it s fo m e r p o s it i o n m a k e a n a ngl e w h i h is no w x
r a a , c e

c lu de d f o m t h e s u m o f t h e a ngl s w h ic h w e r e b e fo r t h e int e i o r a ngl e s

r e e r

b e tw e n t h e p a a ll e l s a a nd 6 B ; b t t h e v e t i c a l a ngl e Opp o s it t o
e r a u r e

t his a ngl e nd t h e e fo e t h e a ngl e it s e l f is e q u a l t o t h e ne w a ngl e w h ic h

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a r r ,

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t h e s u m o f t h e a ngl e s o f t h e t ia ngl e w h ic h is b e ing m a de w h ic h s um r ,

a s it l o s e s a nd g a ins e q u lly e m ins t h e s a m e a s it wa s in t h e o p e n

a ,
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s p a c e b e twe e n t h e p a ll e l s ; t h t is in e ve y t ia ngl e w h t e v e its

ra a , r r , a r

s h p e m a y b e it is e q u l t o t wo r ig h t a ngl s
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a r

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a t ia ngl e e x c e p t o n o ne c o ndit io n ; t h t it s h o ld no t o nly p o e e d

r , a u r c

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r r rr

it s a s s u m p t io n w it h e q a l o bvi o u s ne s s a nd l u c id it y u F o in fa c t it is . r

no t o bv io u s wh y if t h e s u m o f t h e a ngl e s o f a t i a ngl e w e e g e ne r a lly

, ,
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r r r e

n ce ss y
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c a n ne v e r c o m e t o a n u nd e r s t a nding w it h t h e a t t e m p t w h ic h it m u s t

a lw a ys fi nd u t t e ly i nc o m p e h e ns ibl e r t o d e c ide u p o n t h e v a li dit y o f

r ,

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r So r r r .

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rr r r a ,

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, e u

we h a d dis c o v e e d a ne w a nd v e r y s t ng e k ind o f r e f a t io n w h i c h
r ra r c ,

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r r r ir

th a t is we s h o l d i nfe r a p e c u li a r c o ndit i o n o f p h y s ic a l e a l it ie s n
,
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s p a c e b u t c e t a i nly no t a r e a l c o nd it io n o f Sp a c e it s e l f w h ic h w o u l d
,
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c o nt a di c t a ll o u r p e r c e p t iv e p r e s e nt a t i o ns a nd b e v o u c h e d fo r by no
r

e x c e p t i o na l p r e s e nt a t i o n o f it s o wn .
 D e d u ct io ns o
f Sp a ce . [ 13 00 1. 1 1 .

132 . Ho we ve r p e c i a l zo nc e r n o f g e o m e t ry wi th o u t
a ll t h is is t h e s ,

e s s e nt ia l i m p o t a nc e fo r m t a p h y s ic
r T h e r e is a no t h e r s t o f ide a s
e . e

in w h ic h t h e l a t t e r h a s a g e a t e int e e s t I a dm it t e d a b o ve t h a t a
r r r .

b e ing ndo we d w it h i de s w o u l d no t e vo lve fo m s o f s p a c e p e c e p t io n

e a r -
r

w h i h no o c c a s i o n wa s giv e n h im t o p r o du c e O th e r s h a v e c o nne c t e d
c .

with s u c h a n i d a t h e c o nj e c t u r e o f a p o s s ib il it y t h a t e v e n o u r
e

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e xp i nc e is e it h r a b s e nt o r a s ye t u nno ti c e d
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s u pp o s e s t h e c a s e o f int ll ig e nt b e i ng s l iv ing in a n infi nit e p la ne a nd

e ,

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a r ,
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p e r c e p t i o ns l ik e o u s w it h in t h e e x t e ns i o n o f t h e pl a ne in wh ic h t h e y
r ,

c a n m o v e f e e ly I t w ill b e a dm it te d t h a t t h e s e b e ing s w o u l d e s t a bl is h
r .

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r
’

b u t t h e i r i d a s w o l d no t inc l u de t h e t h i d dim e ns io n o f s p a c e
e u r .

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r r r r

s e c o nd c s e in w h ic h int e ll ig e nt b e ing s w it h t h e s a m e f e e p o w e r o f
a ,
r

m o v e m e nt a nd t h e s a m e i nc a p a c ity o f r e c e iv ing im p s s io ns f o m re r

w ith o u t t h e ir dw e ll ing s p a c e a r e s u pp o s e d t o l ive o n t h e s fa c e o f

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a s ph e re A t l e a s t I s u pp o s e I o u g h t t o i nt e p e t a s I did in t h e l a s t
.
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s e nt e nc e t h e e xp e s s i o n t h a t t h e y h a v e no t t h e p o w e r o f p e r c e iving 1 ‘
r

a ny t h ing o u t s ide t h i s s u fa c e ; t h e o t h e r int e r p e t a t io n t h a t e v e n if

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i m p e s s io ns c a m e t o t h e m f o m w ith o u t t h e s u r fa c e t h e y ne v e r th e l e s s
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r r ,
r

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t o th e im p o t o f s u c h de s c r ip t io ns o g h t o nly t o r e s u l t f o m t h e l a c k
r u r

o f a pp o p i t e s t im u li
r r a U nd r s u c h c o nditio ns t h e di e c t p e ce p t i o ns
. e r r

o f t h e s b e i ng s w o u l d c e t a inly l e a d in t h e fi r s t pl a c e t o t h e ide a s w h ic h
e r

H e l m h o l t a s c r ib e s t o t h e m ; bu t I c a nno t p e s u a de m y s e l f t h a t t h e
z r

m a t t e w o u l d e nd t h e r e s u pp o s i ng we a s s u m e t h a t t h e m e nt a l na tu r e
r ,

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c o m b ine s ingl e p e c e pt io ns i nt o a w h o le a s a s e l f c o ns is te nt a nd
r -

c o m pl e t e im a g e o f a ll t h a t we p e c e iv e r .

Fo r s h o t ne s s s a k e I t a k e t wo p o int s N a nd S a s t h e N o rt h a nd
’
r

S o u t h p o l e s o f t h e s u r fa c e o f t h e Sp h e e a nd s u pp o s e t h e w h o l e ne t r ,

o f g e o g a p h ic a l c i r c l e s t o
r b e d r a w n u p o n it S u pp o s e fi r s t t h a t .

a b e i ng B m o v e s f o m a p o i nt a l o ng t h e m e idi n o f t h i s p o int
r a r a .

W e m u s t a s s u m e t h e n t h a t B is no t o nly c a p a bl e o f r e c e ivi ng qu a li

Po pu l a r Le c tu r e s on S c ie nt i c fi S bj u e ct s ;
’
A t k ins o n s ’
t r a ns l a t io n, zu d s e r ie s ,

P
CH AP TE R
’
Th e h e r e dw e lle r t i
s
p
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s
p e r ce
p o ns . 2 2 3

t a t iv e ly il a r im p r e s s i o ns fr o m E s t a nd W e s t ; it m u s t
diffe r e nt o r s im a

b e i nfo m e d by s o m e fe e l ing by w h a t e v e m e a ns p o d c e d o f t h e
r ,
r r u ,

fa c t o f it s o wn m o t i o n a nd a t t h e s a m e t im e h a v e c a p a c it y t o int e r p e t
,
r

t h is fe e li ng i nt o t h e fa c t o f it s m o t io n t h a t is int o t h e c h a ng o f it s , , e

r e l a t io n t o o bj e c t s w hic h fo r t h e t im e a t le a s t a e fix e d ; it m u s t ,
r

fi na lly h a v e e q a lly di e c t f l ing s wh ic h e na ble it t o d is ting u is h t h e

u r ee

p e s is t e nt a nd s i m il a r c o nt in a nc e o f t h is m o ti o n o r c h a ng e f o m
r u r

a c h a ng e o f dir e c t i o n o a e t n in t h e s a m e d ir e c t io n
r H o w ve r
r ur . e

t h e s e p o s t u l t e s m y b e s a t i s fi e d in t h e b e ing B
a a it is c e r t a in t h a t if ,

we a e t o c o u nt u p o n a ny de fi nit e c o m b ina t io n o f t h e im p e s s io ns it
r r

r e c e iv e s it c a n e xp e ie nc e no c h a ng e o f it s fe e l ing o f d i e c t io n in it s
,
r r

c o nt i nu o u s j o u ne y a l o ng t h e m e id i a n ; fo
r by t h e h yp o th e s is it is r r

i ns e ns ibl e t o t h e c o nc v ity o f it s p th t o w ds t h e c e nt e o f t h e a a ar r

Sp h e e So if h a vi ng s t a t e d f o m it p a s s s t h o u gh N a nd S a nd
r . r r a e r

r e t u ns t o
r k e e p ing t o t h is p a t h s u c h a fa c t a dm it s o f t h e fo ll o w ing
a , ,

i nte r p e t tio ns fo it s int e ll ig e nc e

r a r .

A s l o ng a s o nly dis t ing is h e s i t s e l f f o m 6 o r

a by t h e q a lity o f
u r c u

t h e i m p e s s i o n it m a k e s o n B it will e m a in u ne s t a bl is h e d t h a t t h e
r r

a
'
wh ic h h a s e c u rr e d is t h a t f o m w h ic h it s m o v e m e nt s t a t e d ; it
r r r

m a y b e a s e c o nd l ik e t h e fi r s t b u t no t i de nt i c a l w ith it
, O n th e .

o th e h a nd t h e fe e l ing s w h i c h a i s e in
r , B fr o m it s a c tu a l m o v e m e nt m a yr '

p r o v e t o it a c h a ng e in it s o wn r e l a t io n t o o bj e c t s bu t a s l o ng a s t h is ,

is a ll it is no t s e lf e vi de nt t h a t t h e fe e l ing s c n o nly indic a t e

-
c h ng e a a a

o f p t i l re l a t io n t o t h e m
s a a t h e fe e l ing s a e s im ply a r e g u la r s e i e s o f r r

s t a t s t h e r e p e a t e d p a s s a g e t h r o u g h w h ic h is a lw y s c o m b ine d w it h
e , a

t h e e cu r e nc e o f o ne a nd t h e s a m e s e n a t io n
rr v e y m u c h t h o u gh s a r ,

no t e x a c t ly l ik e r u nning u p t h e m s ic a l s c a l e w h e n we f e l a c o n
,
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e

t inu o u s inc r e a s e in t h e s a m e di e c t io n o f o u r e x e r t i o n o f t h e v o c a l r

o g a ns
r w h i c h b r ing s u s b a c k in c e r t a in p e i o ds no t i nde e d t o t h e
, r

s a m e no t bu t t o it s o c t a v e w h ic h r e s e m bl e s it
e , .

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e , a -

r a t e d ; in o d e r t h a t it s h o u l d b e
r a fu t h e r s e p a a te po st la te is ,
r r u

r e qu i e d ; 15 m s t b e fo c e d by t h e p e c u l i na t u re o f it s int e ll ig e nc e
’
r u r ar

t o r e p e s e nt t o it s e l f v e r y d iff e nc e b e t we e n t wo o f it s fe l t s t a t e s a s
r e er

a d i t a nc e in Sp a c e b e t we e n t wo pl ce s o
s p o int s Und e t h is n w a r . r e

c o nd it io n t h e int e p r e t a t io n o f t h e e xp e ie nc e g a ine d is s t ill d o u b t f l

r r u ,

u nt il t h e id nt ity o f t h do e s no t
’
t wo e s is d t e m ine d ; a s B e a e r

e xp e i e nce a de vi a t i o n t o E a s t o r W e s t
r nd by t h e h yp o t h e s is d o e s ,
a

no t fe e l t h e c u v a t u e o f it s p a t h i nw ds it m ig h t s u pp o s
r r it s e l f t o ar ,
e

h a v e m o v e d a l o ng a n infi nit e ly e x t e nd d s t r a ig h t li ne fu r ni s h e d a t
'

e ,

d e fi nit e e q u a l i nt e r va l s wi t h Si m il a Obj e c t s a r .
2 24 D e d u ct io ns o f Sp a ce . [ 13 00 14 1 1 .

e nd t im lL
B u t it is no t w o r th w h il e yp o th e s i s ; le t u s to s p f -
o n th s i h
s u pp o s e t o nc e t h a t 8 m o v e s f e ly o n t h e s u fa c e a nd is
a bl e t o r e r a

c o m p a e in it s c o ns c io u s ne s s inn m e a bl e e xp
r i nc e s a q i e d in u r er e c u r

s c c e s s io n ; t h e n it w ill fi nd m a ns t o e s t a bl is h no t o nly t h e e x a c t
u e

e s e m bl a nc e b t t h e ide nt ity o f t h t wo I f t h is h a s t a k e n pl a c e
1 ’
r u s e a .

it s j o u ne y a l o ng t h m e idia n f o m
r by N a nd S b a c k t o w ill
e r r a a

a pp e a r t o it t o e s t a bl is h t h e fa c t t h t by fo ll o w ing a e c t il ine a m o ve a r r

m e nt in s p c w it h o t c h ng e o f di e c tio n o t u ning b c k it h a s
a e ,
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r a a u r e

li s h e d it is o f c o u s e e q u a l t o t h s u m o f a ll t h e int
r m e dia t d is e er e
p ,

t a nc e s f o m p o int t o p o int o f t h is j o u ne y a nd s o f ll s u nd e
r th e r a r

c o nc e p t io n o f s t a ig h t ne s s w h ic h w s d e t e m ine d a b o v e ; a nd o n t h e
r a r

o th e h nd we c a nno t a s s u m e t h a t B w o u l d d e t e c t in e v e y e l e m e nt
r a r

t h t m a de p a t o f h is j o u n y t h e e fo e in e a c h o f t h e m inim m
a r r e ,
r r u

dis t nc e s f o m p o int t o p o int t h e c h a a c t e o f t h e a r c o f a c i c l e ;

a r ,
r r r

it w o u l d th e n p o s s e s s t h e p o w e d e nie d t o it o f p e c e vm g c o nv e x it y r r 1

in t e m s o f t h e t h i d d im e ns io n ; a nd t h e e in it w o l d a t o nc e h a v e
r r r u

a b s is fo a t h e c o m pl e t e d e v e l o p m e nt o f t h e ide a o f t h a t d im e ns io n
r ,

it s p o s s e s s io n o f wh ic h is dis p u t e d .

B u t s c h a n ide a m u s t u nd o u b t e dly a s e n it s m ind no t o n

u ri i ,

g o nds o f di e c t p e c e p t io n bu t by e a s o n o f t h e int o le bl e c o n
r u r r , r ra

t a dic t io n w h ic h w o u l d b e inv o lv e d in t h is s t a ig h t l ine r e t r ning int o

r r u

i t s e l f if t h is a pp a e nt e s u l t o f e xp e ie nc e w e e a ll o w e d t o p a s s s a n
, r r r r a

a c t u a l fa c t Fo p o we r o f m nt l p o t a y l w h ic h h a s g o t s o fa r a s
. r a e a r r a

t o im g ine m a nifo l d p o int s

a ng e d b e s ide e a c h o t h e in s p a t ia l ra r a

o de
r t h e c o nt e nt o f t h e e xp e ie nc e w h ic h h a s b e e n a c q u ir e d is
r r

no t h ing b u t t h e de fi nit io n o f a c u v e a nd i nde e d a ll t h ing s c o n r , ,

s ide e d o f t h e u nifo m c u v e o f t h e c i c l e ; b u t a s it c a nno t t u n

r ,
r r r r

e it h e E a s t o We s t t h e m u s t ne c e s s a r ily b e a t h i d dim e ns io n o u t
r r ,
re r ,

o f w h ic h im m e di t e im p e s s io ns ne v e co m ea a nd w h ic h c a nno t
r r ,

t h e r e fo e b e t h e o bj e c t o f a s e ns e p e r c e p t i o n fo r t h e b e ing B in
r -

t h e s a m e wa y a s t h e t wo o t h e r di m e ns io ns ; b u t w h ic h ne v e t h e r

l e s s w o u l d b e m e nt a lly e p r e s e nt e d by B w it h th e s a m e c e r t a inty r

w ith wh ich we c a n im a g ine t h e int e io r o f a p h y s i c a l b o dy a l th o u gh r

h idde n by it s s u f c e A s s o o n a s t h is c o nc e pt io n o f t h e t h i d
r a . r

dim e ns i o n is e s ta bli s h e d t h e b e ing B w o u l d e v o lv e f o m t h e c o m r

p a i s o n o f a ll it s e xp e i e nc e s a c c o di ng t o t h e m o s t u nive s a l l a w s
r r r r

o f l o gi c a nd m a t h e m a t i c s p r e c is e ly t h e s a m e g e o m e t r y t h a t we a c q u ir e

Gl i hh it e c e .
CH AP TE R Th e —
s h e r e dwe lle r nd p a lle l line s
p a ra . 22 5

m o re e a si ly
vi ng t o c a ll t o o u a id a dim e ns i o n wh ic h fo
, no t ha r r

o u r s e ns u o u s p e c p t i o n is i m a gi na y t o r e du c e t h i ng s t o o de r ; t h e
r e r , r

b e i ng B w o u l d by t h i s t im u nde s ta nd it s d we lli ng s p a c e t o b e w h a t
e r -

it is a fig u e in s p a c e w h ic h is e x t e nde d in t h e e dim e ns i o ns ; a nd
, r r

w o u l d b e in a p o s it io n t o e xpl a in t h e e x t a o r di na y p h e no m e na wh i c h r r

it s e xp e r i e nc e o f m o t io n h a d p r e s e nt e d t o it by h e lp o f t h i s fo r m o f
i de a .

1 3 3 P a a ll e l li ne s H e l m h o l t c o nt i nu e s w o u l d b e q u i t e u nk no w n
. r ,
z ,

t o t h e inh a b it a nt s o f t h e s p h e e ; t h e y w o u l d a s s e t t h a t a ny t wo l ine s
r r ,

t h e s t a ig h t e s t p o s s ibl e wo l d if s u ffi c i e ntly p o du c e d cu t o ne a no t h e r
r ,
u r ,

no t m e ly in o ne p o i nt b u t in t wo
er I t de p e nds s o m e w h a t o n t h e .

d e fi nit io n o f p a a ll e l is m a nd o n t h e i nt e p e ta t io n o f t h e a s s u m p t io ns
r r r

w h ic h a e m a de w h e th e we a r e fo c e d t o a g e e t o t h e fo rm e r a s s e r
r r r r

t io n . M o v m e nt s a l o ng t h e m e i dia ns c o u l d o f c o u s e no t le a d t o t h e
e r r

i de a o f p a a ll e l l ine s ; bu t s till in c a s e o f f e e p o w e r t o m o ve B
r ,
r ,

m ig h t t a ve s e s u c c e s s iv e ly t wo c i c l e s o f t h e s a m e no r t h a nd s o u t h
r r r

l a t it u de ; it w o u l d fi nd t h a t t h e s e c i c le s h a v e e qu a l l e ngt h s t o t h e ir r

r e t u n t o t h e s t a r t ing p o i nt t h a t t h e y ne v e r e it h e r c u t o r t o u c h e a c h
r -
,

o t h e ; b u t t h a t c o u nt i ng f o m t h e s a m e m e r i d ia n t h e e x t r e m i t i e s o f
r r

e q a l s e g m e nt s o f t h e t wo h a v e a lw a y s t h e s a m e d is t a nc e fr o m e a c h
u

o th e r T h i s s e e m s t o m e s u ffi c i e nt g o u nd fo r c a lli ng t h e m p a r a ll e l
. r ,

a nd in fa c t we u s e t h e t e r m p a a ll e l o f t h e c i cu m fe r e nc e s o f s i m il a ly
r r r

d i e c t e d s e c t io ns o f a c yl inde r w h ic h in t h i s c a s e t h e t wo c i r c l e s
r ,

w o u l d r e a lly b e .

B u t t h a t w o u l d b e a s I s a i d m e r e ly a qu e s t i o n o f na m e s ; I
, ,

m e nt io n t h e s e m o v e m e nt s h e e fo r a d iffe r e nt r e a s o n r Th e t a n .

g e n t ia l pl a ne s o f t h e s u c c e s s iv e p o i nt s o f t h e s o u t h e r n c i c l e c u t r

e a c h o t h e r in s t a ig h t l ine s w h i c h c o nv e g e t o t h e s o u t h ; t h e c o r
r r

r e s p o nd ing s e c t io ns fo r t h e no t h e n c i c l e d o t h e s a m e t o t h e no t h ;
r r r r

t h e qu e s t io n is w h e t h e r t h e b e ing B w o u l d b e a w a r e o f t h is d i ffe e nc e r

or no t I f it w e re no t t h e n B w o u l d e a lly s u pp o s e i t s e l f t o t r a v e s e
.
,
r r

t wo p a t h s o f p r e c is e ly t h e s a m e d i e c t i o n w h ic h w o u l d in fa c t b e
‘

r ,

p a a ll e l in t h e s a m e s e ns e a s t h e a b o v e c yl inde r s e c t i o ns ; a nd t h e n
r -

it m ig h t a s l o ng a s no o t h e r e xp e r ie nc e s c o nt r a dic t e d t h e i de a c o n
, ,

c e iv e b o t h p a t h s t o b e in o ne pl a ne a s c ir c l e s t h e c e nt r e s o f w h i c h ,

a e j o ine d by a s t r a igh t li ne g r e a t e r t h a n t h e s u m o f t h e i r r a d i i
r .

T h is w o u l d no t b e s o in t h e o t h e r c a s e w h ic h we m u s t a ny h o w ,

r e g a r d a s t h e m o r e p r o b a bl e h yp o t h e s i s O f c o u s e it is h a d t o . r r

o b t in a p e fe c t ly c l e a
a r i de a o f w h a t we m e a n by c a lli ng B s e ns i t ive
r

o nly t o im p re s s io ns in t h e s u r fa c e o f t h e Sp h e e ; b u t we m a y a s s u m e r

t h a t it w o u l d b e c o m e a w a r e o f t h e s l o p e o f t h e t a ng e nt i a l pl a ne s t o
V OL . 1. o ,
2 2 6 D e du c t io ns f
o Sp a ce . 1 130 0 1 1 1 .

.
N o rth a nd S o u th fr o m t h e fa c t t h a t th e me ri i
d a ns , k no w n to it fr o m
o th e r xp e i e nc e s m a k e s m a lle r a ngl s with it s p a th o n t h e s id o n
e r ,
e e

w h ic h t h e pl ne inc line s t o t h e p o l a nd gr e a t e o n t h Opp o s it e s ide

a e ,
r e .

H o w e v e r t h is m ig h t p o du c e it s fu t h e e ffe c t o n B s f e l ing s o f
'

r r r e

m o t i o n t h e o nly c r e dibl e
,
e s l t w o u l d b e t h a t it w o u l d t h ink it s p t h
r u a

a l o ng t h e s o u t h e n p a a ll e l c o nc a v e t o t h e s o u t h
r r a nd t h a t a l o ng t h e

no r t h e r n p a a ll e l c o n ve t o th e no th ; in o th e s p e c t s it w o u l d
.

r ca r r re

t a k e t h e m fo c i c le s ret ning int o t h e m s e lv e s

r ,
r T h e s e t wo im
ur .

p e s s io ns g ive n by t h is s e c o nd c a s e w o l d no t be c a p a bl o f b e ing
r u e

r e c o nc il d w it h t h e e xp e ie nc e
e bo v e m e nt i o ne d o f t h e c o ns t a nt dis
r a

t a nc e m a int a ine d b e t w e e n e q u a l s e g m e nt s o f t h e t wo p t h s t k ing a ,

a

t he s e l tte a a s t r a ns fe re d int o a pl ne ; a nd t h is c s e
r r a ls o wo u ld a a

ne c e s s it a t e in o de t o ,
c o nc il e t h e
r c o nt a dic t io n it inv o lv e s
r re the r ,

inv e nt io n o f t h e t h i d dim e ns o n t h o u g h no t d i e c t ly p e c p t ibl e

r i r r e .

1 34 T h is e s u l t m s t g ide u s in fo m ing o u Op inio n o n t h e

. r u u r r

v e x e d qu e s t io n o f t h e fo u th d im ns io n o f s p a c e I o m it a ll e f e nc er e . r er

t o f nc ie s w h ic h c h o o s e t o
a e co m m e nd t o no t ic e e it h e r t im e o r t h e
r ,

de ns it y o f e a l t h ing s in Sp a c e o a ny th ing e l s a s b e i ng t h is fo u r t h
r , r e

d im e ns io n ; if we do no t i nt e nd a n u nm e a ning p la y u p o n w o ds w e r

m s t t k e it fo r g a nt e d a t l a s t t h a t a ny ne w dim e ns io n is f lly
u a r e u

h o m o g e ne o u s nd int e c h a ng bl w it h t h o s e t o t h e nu m b e r o f w h ic h
a r ea e

it is a dde d ; m o e o v e if it is t o b e r dim e ns io n o f p
r it m u s t a s a s a ce ,

t h e fo u t h b e p e p e nd ic l a r t o t h e t h r e e o th s j u s t a s e a c h o f t h e m
r r u er ,

is t o t h e e m a ining t wo
r .

I t is c o nc e de d t h a t fo r o u p e c e p t i o n t h is c o ndi t io n c a nno t b e r r

f lfill e d ; b t t h
u t t e m p t is m a de t o inv a l ida t e t h is o bj e c t io n by e
u e a r

f ing t o t h e b e ing s w h ic h h a v e b e e n d e p ic t d w h o s e k no wl e dg e
e rr e ,

s t o p s s h o t e v e n o f t h e t h i d d im e ns io n o f s p a e be c a u s e p e r c e p t io n
r r c

a ffo d s t h e m no s t im u l u s t o
r e p e s e nt it t o t h e ir m inds T h e e fo r e
r r . r ,

it is a r g u d a f t h e de v e l o p m e nt o f o u
e , ur r e c e p t iv it y m igh t p e h a p s r r r

p e m it t o s a n i ns ig h t int o a f u t h dim e ns io n no w nk no w n t o u s
r u o r , u

f o m l a k o f inc it e m e nt t o c o ns t u c t it
r c T h e p o s s ib il ity t h a t s o m e r .

b e i ng s c o nt e nt t h e m e lve s w ith a p t o f th e s p a c e p e c e p t io n a t t a in
s ar -
r

a bl e c a n o f c o u s e b e no p r o o f by it s e l f t h a t t h is fo m o f p e r c e p t io n
r r

is no t in i t s e l f a w h o l e w it h ce t a i n li m i t s ; o r t h a t it a d m its o f p e r r

p e t u a l a d d it io ns e v e n b e y o nd t h e b o u nd y we h a v e e a c h d ; bu t we ar r e

m u s t a dm it t h a t fo r t h e m o m e nt t h e a pp e l t o t h e s e im a g in y c a s e s a ar

a t l e a s t o b s c u r e s t h e l im it a t w h ic h we m a s pp o s e t h e m e n t a l im a g e u
y
t o h a v e r e a c h e d s u c h a de g e o f c o m pl e t e ne s s a s f b id s a ny f t h e r re o r ur

a ddit io ns T h is m a k e s it a ll t h e m o e ne ce s s a y t o s e e w h a t t h a t
. r r

a pp e a l c a n r e a lly c l a im T h e im a g ina y b e ing s w h ic h c o u l d o nly

. r
cu m m n i Th e f o ur t h dim e ns io n . 2 2 7

r e ce ive p e r c e p t i o ns fro m a s ingl e pl a ne w o u l d h a v e b e e n in t h e m o s t ,

fa v o r a bl e s i t u a ti o n su pp o s i ng c h a ng e d l ife co ndit i o ns t o b i ng t h e m
u ,
- r

i m p r e s s i o ns fr o m o u t s i de it fo r t h e u til is a t io n o f s u ch ne w p e c e p
,
r

t io ns ; t h e y w o u l d h a ve b e e n a bl e t o a dd t h e g e o m e t y o f t h e ne wly r

dis c o v e e d d i r e c t io n t o th e P l a ni m e t r y w h i c h t h e y p o s s e s s e d wi t h o u t
r

h a vi ng t o c h a ng e a ny t h i ng in t h e i r p r e v io u s p e r c e p t i o ns .

W h e n we c a m e t o th e b e i ng s o n t h e s ph e e s u fa c e we a t o nc e r - r ,

fo u nd a diffe r e nt s i t u a t io n ; t h e y w e r e fo r c e d t o de vi s e t h e t h i r d d i
m e ns io n by t h e c o nt r a d ic t i o ns in w h i c h t h e c o m bi na t io n o f t h e i r

i m m e dia t e p e c e p t i o ns e nt a ngl e d th e m ; bu t ye t t h e y ne v e r fo u nd a
r

d ir e c t p e s e nt a t i o n o f it giv e n a nd c o u l d no t do s o wi th o u t r e
r ,

m o de ll ing a ll t h e i r i ni t ia l i d e a s o f s p a c e .

I f we m e a n t o u s e t h i s a na l o gy t o s u pp o r t t h e p o s s ib ili ty in o u r o wn
c a s e o f a Si m il a e x t e ns io n o f o u p e rc p t iv e c a p a c it y I h o p e t h a t a t t e n
r r e ,

t io n will b e g iv e n t o t h e d iffe e nc e s w h ic h e x is t b e t w e e n o u p o s i t io n
r r

a nd t h a t o f t h o s e i m gi na r y b e ing s aI n p a rti c u l a ; th e y we e c o m
. r r

p e lle d p e cri s e ly by t h e c o nt a d ic t io ns in t h ir o b s e r v a t io ns t o p o s t u
r e

la t e t h e ne w d im e ns i o n ; we h a v e no c o ntr a dic t io n p e s e nt t o u s o f r ,

a ki nd t o fo c e u s a s in t h e i r c a s e t o r e g a r d o u r s p a c e im a g e a s in
r -

c o m pl e t e a nd t o a d d a fo u t h t o it s t h r e e d im e ns i o ns
,
r At th e s a m e .

t i m e we a e no t a t a ll e v e nt s j u s t no w in t h e p o s it io n o f t h e b e ing s
r , ,

in t h e pl a ne wh o w e r e u ns u s p e c t ingly c o nt e nt w ith t h e i r P l a nim e t r y

,

a nd ne v e e v e n c o nj e c t u e d t h e t h ir d dim e ns io n w h ic h we k no w ;
r r ,

fo t h e i de a o f a fo u r t h di m e ns io n w h i c h is no w m o o t e d o n a ll s i de s
r

is s o f a s u b s t i t u t e fo r t h e a b s e nt i nc it e m nt s o f e xp e i nc e t h a t it
ar e r e

d o e s no t l e v e u s q it e u ns u s pi c i o u s o f t h e e nl a g e m e nt o f o u r s p a c e
a u r

p e r c e p ti o n w h i ch m a y be p o s s ibl e bu t d a w s o u a t t e nt io n t o it m o r e
,
r r ,

s e r io u s ly t h a n in fa c t is w o r th w h il e I f s u c h a n e nl a r g e m e nt w e r e
.

p o s s ibl e t h ing s w o u l d h a ve t o g o o n v e r y s t a nge ly fo r t h e e x a m i na

, r

t i o n o f s p a c e a s we pi c t u e it t o o u r s e lv e s no t t o r e v e a l it t o u s r

e v e n wi th o u t s u gg e s t i o ns o n t h e p a r t o f o b s e r v a t i o n ; o n t h e o t h e r

h a nd if t h e r e qu ir e d o b s e r v a t io ns c a m e t o u s wi th o u t t h e p o s s ib il it y ,

o f r e m o u l ding o u r s p a c e i m a g e s o a s t o r e c o nc il e t h e ir c o nt r a dic
-

t i o ns we s h o u l d s im ply h a v e t o a c q u i e s c e in t h e c o nt r a d ic t io ns
, .
.

No w t h e fo ll o wi ng diff e r e nc e s u b s is t s ; th e b e ing s o n t h e Sp h e r e
s u r fa c e w e e no d o b t c o m p e ll e d by o b s e v a t io ns t o a lt e r t h e ir ini t ia l
r u r

g e o m e t i c a l i m a g e s bu t t h e n t h e y fo u nd t h e a l t e r a t i o n p r a c tic a bl e ;
r ,

we a e no t in a ny wa y c o m p e ll e d t o m a k e t h e a t t e m p t a nd b e s i de s
r , ,

we fi nd it u t t e ly i m p ra c t ic a bl e ; in o u s p a c e S it is a dm it t e dly im
r r

p o s s ibl e t o c o ns t u c t a fo u t h dim e ns io n p e p e ndic u l a r t o t h e o th e r

r r r

t hr e e a nd c o i nc i de nt wit h no ne o f t h e m T h is s e e m s to m e t o s e tt l e .

Q 2
 D edu ct io ns o
f Sp a ce f 1 13 00 14 1 1 .

'
th e m a t te r ; fo r no o ne s h o u l d a pp e a l t o th e p o s s ib ili ty t h a t t h e s a ce p
S, w it h o u t i t s e l f b e c o m ing diffe r e nt , m a y s t ill a dm it o f a diffe re nt
a pp r e h e ns io n, .
e x h ib it ing a fo u r t h d im e ns io n in it . As l o ng as the

c o ndit io n is m i
a nt a ine d t h a t t h e d im e ns io ns m u st be a t r ig h t gl e s
an

t o e a c h o th e r , s u ch a n a pp r e h e ns io n is im p o s s ibl e ; if it is d o pp e d
r ,

w h a t we o b t i n is no no ve l ty ; fo in o de t o a da p t o u r fo
a r r r m u l ae t o
r

p e cu l ia r e l a t io ns o f w h a t e x is t s o r c a n b e c o ns t u c t e d in s p a c e it h a s
r r

l o ng b e e n t h e p r a c tic e t o s e l e c t a p e c l ia r nd a pp r o p ia t e s y s t e m o f u a r

a xe s N o t h ing w o u l d p e v e nt u s f o m a s s ig ning t o t h e pl a ne l o ne
. r r a

t h e e dim e ns io ns c u tt ing e a c h o t h e r a t a ngl e s o f

r w h ic h w o u l d
g iv e a m o r e c o nv e nie nt c o ns p e c t u s o f m a ny e l a t io ns o f p o int s dis r

t ib u t e d in s p a c e t h a n t wo dim e ns io ns a t igh t a ngl e s

r r .

T h e r e fo r e o nly t h e o t h e r q e s t io n e m ins p o vi s i o na lly a d u r a r

m is s ibl e ; w h e t h e r t h e r e c a n b e a no t h e r fo m o f a pp r e h e ns io n X o r r

Z nl ik e t h e s p a c e S w h ic h p e s e nt s fo u r o r m o e dim e ns io ns
,
u , r r ,

p e r fe c tly h o m o ge ne o u s int e c h a ng e a bl e a nd h a vi ng t h a t im p a t ia l
,
r ,
r

r e l a t io n t o e a ch o t h e r w h ic h a pp e a r s in t h e p o p e r t y o f b e ing r

a t r igh t a ngl e s a s k no w n in t h e s p a ce S I S h a ll r e t u r n t o it .

d i e tly ; m e a nt im e I m u s t ins is t u p o n t h e l o g ic a l o bj e c t io n fo r w h ic h
r c

I h a v e b e e n c e ns u e d ; it is a b s o l t e ly u na ll o w a bl e t o t a ns fe t h e
r u r r

na m e a nd c o nc e p t i o n o f a s p a c e S t o fo m a t io ns w h ic h w o u l d o nly r

b e c o o dina t e w ith it u nde r t h e c o m m o n t it l e o f a s y s t e m o f a r a ng e

-
r r

m e nt c a p a b le o f di r e c t p e s e nt a t io n t o t h e m ind ; b t w h o s e s p e c ia l
r u

p r o p e t ie s a e e nt i e ly i nc o m p a t ibl e w ith t h e c h a r a c t e i s t i c diffe e nt ia

r r r r r

o f t h e s p a c e S t h a t is wi th t h e l ine
, t h e pl a ne p t h e a ngl e a nd t h e
s, ,
a ,

r e l a t io ns w h ic h s u b s is t b e t w e e n t h e s e e l e m e nt s I t is t h is d a ng e o u s . r

u s e o f l a ng a g e t h a t p r o du c e s t h e c o ns e qu nc e s w h ic h w
u h a v b e fo e e e e r

u s ; s u c h a s t h e s u pp o s it io n t h a t t h e s p a c e S in w h ic h we l iv e e a ll r
y ,

h a s a fo u r t h d i m e ns io n o v e a nd a b o v e it s t h r e e o nly is m a l ic io u s
r ,

e no u g h no t t o le t u s fi nd it o u t ; b u t t h a t p e h a p s in t h e fu t u r e we r

m a y s u c c e e d in g e tt ing a gl im p s e o f it ; t h e n by it s h e lp we S h o u l d

b e a bl e t o m a k e e qu a l a nd s im il a b o die s c o i nc i d e a s we no w c a n r ,

e q u a l a nd S im il a r pl a ne fig u e s T h is l a s t e a s o n fo r t h e p r o b a b il ity
r . r

o f t h e fo u t h dim e ns i o n is m o r e o v e r o ne w h ic h I fa il t o u nd e r s t a nd ;
r

wh a t g o o d wo u l d it do u s t o b e o c c p ie d w it h fo l ding o v e r e a c h o t h e r u

b o die s o f t h e s a m e Si e a nd s h a p e a nd wh a t do we lo s e no w by
z ,

b e ing u na bl e t o d o it ? a nd fu r th e ; m u s t e ve ry th ing b e t r u e w h ic h r

w o u l d be a fine t h ing if it w e e ? No do u b t it w o u l d be c o nv e nie nt ifr .

t h e c i r c u m fe e nc e o f t h e c i c le o
r a ny r o o t wit h ind e x
r a is e d t o a ny
r .
r

p o w e in t h e c a s e o f a ny nu m b e r c o u l d b e e xp e s s e d r a t io na lly ; bu t
r r

no o ne h o p e s fo r a n e x t e ns io n o f a it h m e t i c w h i c h w o u l d m a k e t h is r
C H A PT E R I I J Th r ee d im e ns io ns in t h e a 6s t r a c t . 2 29

p o s s ibl e W h a t h a ve we c o m e t o ?
. x e c is e o f i nge nu ity H a s th e e r

k ill e d a ll o u s e ns e o f p r o b a b il ity ?
r T h e a nt ic ip a t i o n o f s u c h t r a ns
fig u r a t io ns o f o u r m o s t fu nd a m e nt a l k ind s o f p e c e p t io n c a n o nly r

r e m ind u s o f t h e d r e a m s o f t h e F o u r i e i s t s wh o e xp e c t e d f o m t h e r ,
r

s o c i l a d va nc e o f m a n a c o rr e s p o nd ing r e g e ne a t i o n o f n
a a tu re ex r ,

t e nding t o t h e t a m ing o f a ll s a v a g e ne s s a nd fe r o c ity in it s c e a t u e s r r .

B u t p e r h a p s t h e t wo p r o c e s s e s m a y h e lp e a c h o t h e r ; it w ill b e a fi ne
t h i ng w h e n we c a n r i de o n t a m e w h a l e s t h ro u g h t h e fo u r t h dim e ns i o n

f th e
’
o ca n s u cr e s e a .

135 . To b o ve qu e s t i o n I a m c o nvi nc e d c e r t a i nly

r e tu rn t o th e a
:

, ,

t h a t t h e t ipli c ity o f p e p e ndic u l a r d im e ns 1 o ns is no s p e c ia l p o p e t y

r r r r

o f o u r s p a c e S ; bu t t h e ne c e s s a r y p r o p e r t y o f e v e r y p e r c e p t i o n R

w hic h p r e s e nt s h o w e v e r diffe r e nt ly f o m o u r s p a c e a b a c kg ro u nd o r
,
r ,

c o m p r e h e nd ing fo m fo r a ll t h e s y s t e m a t i c r e l a t i o ns o f a c o e x is t e nt
r -

m u l t ipli c it y S t ill I c o u l d w is h t h t I h a d a s tr o ng e r a r gu m e nt t o
. a

s u s t a in m y c o nvi c tio n t h a n w h a t I a m no w g o ing t o a dd T o a v o id .

a ll c o nf s io n wi t h ide a s t a k e n f o m e x is t ing Sp a c e w h ic h o f c o u r s e
u r

p r e s s u p o n u s a s t h e m o s t o bvi o u s s y m b o l s t o a do p t le t u s c o n ,

c e iv e a s e i e s o f t e m s X b e t w e e n w h ic h p u t t ing o u t o f s ig h t t h e i
r r , , r

qu a l it a t iv e c ha r a c t e r w h i c h we t e a t t h e r e fo r e a s w h o lly u nifo m t h e e
r r ,
r

a r e s u c h r e l a t io ns h o m o g e ne o u s in na t u r e b u t no w no t o t h e r wi s e
,

k no w n t h a t e ve y t e rm is s e p a r a t e d fro m it s t wo ne x t ne igh b o u r s by
, r

a d iff e e nc e 27
r H o w in s u c h a s y s t e m o f a a ng e m e nt R t h is diffe
. . rr r

e nc e x w o u l d b e i m a gi ne d o pi c t u r e d t o t h e m ind we l e a ve qu ite
,
r ,

o u t o f t h e q u e s t io n ; it is m e r e ly a fo m o r v a l u e o f a n u nk no w n r r ,

a nd c o e s p o nds t o w h a t a pp e a r s in o u r s p a ce p e r c e p t io n a s t h e
rr -

s t a ig h t l ine s o r a s t h e di s t a nc e in s p a c e b e t w e e n t wo p o i nt s
r No w .

le t 0 be t h e t e m o f t h e s e i e s X f o m w h i c h we s t a t ; t h e n t h e
r r r r

d i ffe e nc e s b e t w e e n it s pl a c e in t h e s e r ie s a nd t h a t o f a ny o t h e r
r

t e r m t h a t is t h e diff e e nc e s b e t w e e n t h e p a r t ic u l a r e l e m e nt s o f t h e r e
,
r

qu i r e d p e r c e p t i o n R i t s e l f m e a s u re d in t h e u nk no w n fo r m will be
o f t h e fo m r ne w h e r e 772 is t o b e r e pl a c e d by t h e nu m b e r s o f t h e
o ,

na t u r a l s e i e s No w 0 m a y be a t t h e s a m e t im e a t e r m o f a no t h e r
r .

se rie s 1 o f p r e c is e ly S im il a f m t io n w h o s e t e rm s we w ill d e s ig na t e
"
r o r a ,

by :1; my s o t h a t e a ch my is no t m e r e ly l ik e in kind bu t a l s o e qu a l t o
o we .

T he re a re t wo c o ndit o ns i wh ich t h e s e t wo
i X a nd Y w o u l d h a ve se r e s

t o s a t is fy in o r de r t o s t a nd in a e l t io n c o
e s p o nding t o t h t o f t wo r a rr a

l ine s in s p a c e a t igh t a ngl e s t o e a c h o th e r Fi s t p o g r e s s io n in th e

r . r ,
r

s e ie s F h o w e v e r fa r c o nt inu e d s h o u l d b ring no i nc r e m e nt o f o ne s i de d
r , ,
-

re s e m bl a nc e in t h e t e r m s m y s o a r is i ng t o + m x o r — 7noc bu t e v e y ,
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 D e du c t i o ns a Sp ace . ra m 11 .

l
my s h o u d h a e it s d ffe r e nc e fr o m v i mx e qu lly ga re a t W ith t h a t fr o m

—m x in h a t e e r s u c h d iff e r e nc e
w v co ns is t s . S e c o ndly ,
t h is d iffe r e nc e

sh o u d l no t c o ns is tqu l ity b u t s h o l d b e c o m p a a bl e
in a ny c h a nc e a ,
u r

b o th in k ind a nd in m a g nitu de b o th w ith x a nd w ith y T his s e c o nd .

c o ndit io n m u s t b e r e m a k e d ; o bv io u s ly c o u nt l e s s s e r i e s lik e 1 c a n b e
’
r

co n c e iv e d s t a t ing f o
,
m a t e r m 0 rc o m m o n t o it ra nd X a n d e x t e n d
ing s o t o s p e a k i nt o d iffe e nt w o r l ds w h o s e t e m s w o u l d a pp o c h
, ,
r ,
r r a

ne it h e r x no r o r b e c a u s e q u i t e i nco m p a r a bl e w ith e it h e ; b t r u

s u c h s u pp o s it io ns w o u l d h a v e no t h ing t o d o w it h o u r s u bj e c t In o ur .

s p a c e S t he d iffe e nc e b e t w e e n my a nd m ac is a l ine r j u s t a s m x a nd s,

my t h e m s e lv e s a e l ine s o f t h e k ind s ; in t h e o t h e r s y s t e m o f pl a c e s
r

I? w h i c h we a r e h e r e s u pp o s ing t h is d i ff e nc e is o f t h e o t h e w is e er r

u nk no w n ki nd j u s t a s m x a nd my a r e c o m p a a bl e fo r m s o r va l e s
r ,
r u

o f r .

Fr o m th s i p o i nt
p o c e e d in diffe r e nt w a y s W e m igh t
we m i h t g r .

a t t e m p t t o fo m t h e ide a s t ill p o bl e m a t ic o f s e v e r a l s e ie s I
’
r ,
a ll o f r , r ,

w h i c h s a t isfy t h e s e c o ndit io ns ; bu t a ga ins t t h i s s u gge s t io n it is igh t ly r

u r g e d t h a t a s l o ng a s we a e w it h o u t t h e c o nc e p t io n o f a s p a c e w h o s e
,
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l i l e nt e d diffe nc e s o f d i e c t io n w o u l d s h o w u s h o w t o k e e p
'

p a n yp e s r re r

a s u nd e r t h e s e s e v e r a l F s s o l o ng t h e y a r e a ll in t h e i r e la t i o n t o
’

,
r

X (a nd s o fa t h e y a e de fi ne d by no th ing e l s e ) t o b e c o ns ide r e d a s
,
r r ,

o ne s ingle s e i e s ; t h e y wo u l d no t b e m a ny t il l t h e s a m e diffe r e nc e
r ,

s h o u l d s u b s is t b e t w e e n t h e m a s b e twe e n th e m a nd X a nd t h a t , ,

wi th o u t i nt e fe ing w it h t h e i c o m m o n diff r e nc e f o m X N o w le t u s
r r r e r .

c o ns i de o ne o f t h e s e Y s a s g iv e n ; t h e o t h e s w h ic h in t h e a b s t r a c t
’
r r , ,

s e ns e w h ic h we e xpl a ine d a r e a s w e ll a s t h e g iv e n I p e p e ndic u la r ’

,
r

t o t h e s e r ie s X m a y h a v e t h e m o s t d iv e r s e r e l a t io ns t o t h e fo m e ;
,
r r

t h e ir p o g e s s iv e t e m s m a y a pp o x im a t
r r m o e o r le s s t o the
r my r e r

o r my o f t h e fi s t g iv e n s e ie s b u t a m o ng a ll t h e s e s e i e s t h e e c a n
r r r r

c o nc e iv a bly b e o nly o ne w h i c h we w ill c a ll Z w h o s e s u c c e s s iv e t e m s , r

7 2 t h o u g h c o m m e ns u a bl e w it h :1; m
72 s t ill h a v e e q u a lly g e a t d iffe r
r r
y
e nc e s f o m t h e p o s it iv e a nd f o m t h e ne g a t iv e b a nc h o f I
"
r I t is t u e r r . r

t o o o f t h is t h i d s e r i e s Z a s l o ng a s it is d e fi ne d by no t h ing b u t it s
r

r e la t io n t o I t h a t it is o nly t o b e e g a de d a s o ne ; b u t o f it t o o we
"
, r r

m a y fo r m t h e p o bl e m a t ic ide a t h a t it is fo th c o m ing in a n m b e r o f
r r u

i ns t a nc e s a ll o f w h ich s ta nd in t h e s a m e r e l a t io n o f b e ing p e p e n
, r

d ic la r t o I I f we no w c h o o s e o ne o f t h e s e m a ny Z S t h e n t h e e s t
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u . r
,

m a y s t a nd t o it a g a in in t h e m o s t d iv e s e e l a t io ns ; b t g a in o nly r r u a

o ne w h ic h we will c a ll V c o u l d b e s u c h t h a t it s p o g
, s s iv e t e m s r re r
,

m o w o u l d h a v e a lw a y s e qu a l diffe e nc e s f o m t h e 1722 a nd t h e r r

m s o f t h a t o ne de t e r m ina t e Z O b s e r va t io ns o f t h is k ind m igh t b e .

C H AP TE R Fo u r se r ie s p e rp e ndicu la r t o e a ch o th e r .

c o nt nu e i ve r ; bu t th e e is a n a b s o l u t e ly e s s e nt i l a nd de c is iv e
d fo r e r a

p o int w h ic h a s t h e y s t a nd t h y j u s t o m it , e .

W e h a v e s o f r o nly s u pp o s e d t h e Y s p e p e ndi c u la r t o X t h e Z s
a
’
r ,
’

t o Y a nd t h e V 5 t o Z bu t h a v e no t de c ide d t h e qu e s t i o n h o w f
, , ,
ar

t h e r l a t io n o f Z s a t ig h t a ngl e s t o Y b ing s t h is Z int o a ne c e s s a ily

e a r r r

d e du c ibl e e l a t io n wi t h X o t h a t o f V t o Z h s
r s im il a e ffe c t u p o n
,
r a a r

V a s r e g a ds F o X I f we r e a lly a dde d no t h ing f t h e t h is w o u l d

r r . ur r

b e a c a s e o f w h a t I h a v e m o r e t h n o nc e e xp e s s e d in m e t a p h o ; t h e a r r

Z S w o u l d no do u b t h a v e t h e s a m e e l a t io n t o t h e Y s t h a t t h e Y s
’ ’ ’
r

h a v e t o t h e X s ; o nly t h e e l a t i o n o f t h e Z s a s p e p e ndic u l a t o 1
’ ’
’
r r r

w o l d a s it w e e p o i nt i nto a no t h e w o ld f o m t h a t o f th e Y s a s
u r r r r
’

p e p e ndi c l a r t o X ; a nd t h o u gh we s h o ld b e a bl e t o h a v e a p e
r u u r

c e p t io n o f e a c h p a t ic u l a o f th e se e l a t i o ns th a t o f th e Y s
'

o ne r r r ,

t o t h e X s a nd t h a t o f t h e Z s t o t h e Y s ye t we s h o u l d no t b ing
’ ’ ’

,
r

t o g e t h e r t h e s e t wo ins t a nc e s o f o ne a nd t h e s m e e la t io n int o a ny a r

d e fi nit e m e nt a l p ic t u re a t a ll in Sp it e o f t h e c o m m o n s t a t ing , r

p o int 0 .

T h e e fo e in t h is wa y we s h a ll ne ve r o b t a in t h e c o ll e c t iv e p e c e p
r r r

t io n R w h ic h we w e e l o o k ing fo
,
a nd w it h in w h ic h we h o p e d t o
r r

dis t ib u t e in de t e m ina t e pl a c e s a ll t h e p o i nt s we m e t wit h in it s

r r
‘

a ll e g e d n d im e ns io ns ; o nly t h e a c c u s t o m e d p c e p ti o n o f s p a c e S er ,

w h ic h we int o du c e u na w e s m is l e a ds u s int o t h e s u b e p t io n t h a t
r ar , r

it is s e l f e v id e nt t h a t t h e s e s u c c e s s iv e p e p e nd ic u la b r a nc h ing s o f
-
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th e X s f o m I o f t h e Y s fr o m Z a nd o f t h e Z s f o m V t a ke
’ ’
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r , ,
r

pl a ce in a c o m m o n int u i t io na l fo m P B t in fa c t t o s e c u e t h is r . u ,
r ,

t h e p a t i c l a r c o nd it io n m u s t b e a dde d t o w h ic h I dr e w a tt e nt io n
r u

a b o ve A Z w h i c h is p e p e nd ic u l a r t o a
. o r d e vi a t e s in a m e a s u
r r

a bl e d e g r e e f o m t h e p e p ndic u l a r t o
r it m u s t by t h is c i c m s t a nc e
r e ,
r u

e nt e rl s o i nto a p e fe c tly de fi nite r e l a t i o n w it h X t o w h ic h t h a t Y is

a r ,

p e p e ndi c u l a r A t p e s e nt we h a v e o nly t o do w ith o ne o f t h e s e

r . r

v a r io u s r e l a ti o ns ; w h ich is t h is ; a m o ng t h e Z s p e p e ndic u l a t o ’
r r

t h a t o ne wh ic h is a l s o t o b e p e p e ndi c l a r t o X m s t ne c e s s a ily b e
”
r u u r

o ne a m o ng t h e m ny 1 s a s t h e y inc l u d e d a ll t h e s e ie s t h t h a d t h is
,
a r a

r e l a t io n t o X t h e r e fo e e v e n t h is t h i d dim e ns io n c a nno t e x is t in R
r r

wi th o u t it s c o i nc i ding w ith o ne a nd t ki ng X a s g iv e n w it h a p a , a ,
r

t ic u la o ne o f t h e m a ny ins t a nc e s o f t h e s e c o nd dim ns io n ll p e p e n
r e a r

dic u la r t o X ; s t ill l e s s c a n t h e e b e a fo r t h dim e ns io n V a t o nc e r u ,

p e p e ndic l r t o X I a nd Z a nd ye t d is t i nct fr o m t h e o ne p a
r u a ,
"
, ,
r

t ic la Z w h ic h s t a nds a l o ne in a ns w e r ing t o t h e t wo c o ndit io ns o f

u r

b e ing p e r p e ndic u l r t o X a nd a t t h e s a m e t i m e t o Y I m int in

a . a a

t h e e fo e t h a t in no i nt u i t i o na l fo r m R
r r h o w e v e u nl ik e o u s p a c e ,
r r
2 3 2 D e d u ct io ns f
o Spa ce . 1 13 001 1 1 .

S, p r o vi de d th a t it e a lly is t o h a v e r p re h e ns ive
th e c h ar a c t e r o f a co m

int it io na l fo m fo r a ll c o e x is t ing
u r l a t io ns o f t h e c o nt e nt a a nge d
- re rr

in it c n t h e r e b e m o e t h a n t h e e d im e ns i o ns p e r p ndic u l a t o e a c h
, a r r e r

o t h e r ; t a k ing t h e de s ig na t io n p e r p e ndi c u l a in t h e a b s t a c t m e a ning

‘ ’
r r

w h ic h I a s s g ne d it a nd w h ic h r e fe s no t o nly t o l ine s a nd a ngl e s

i ,
r s a

b u t t o e v e r y e l e m e nt h o w e v e r c o ns t it u t e d in s u c h a fo m o f p e ,
r r

c e p t io n R O f c o r s e t h is wh o l e a c c o u nt o f t h e m a t t e r is a nd
. u ,

in v ie w o f t h e fa c t s c a n b e no t h i ng b t a s o t o f , e t a ns l a t io n u r r r

f o m t h e c o nc e t e o f g e o m e t r y int o t h e a b s t a c t o f l o g ic ; p e h p s
r r r r a

o th e s m a y s u c c e e d b e t t e r in w h a t I h a v e a t t e m p t e d
r I b e l ie v e t h a t .

I a m n a g e e m e nt wi th S c h m it D u m o nt o n t h is qu e s t io n a s w e ll s
i r z -
a

o n so m e o f th e p o int s a l e a dy dis c u s s e d b u t I fi nd it h a d t or ,
r

a do p t t h e p o int o f v ie w r e q u i e d by t h e w h o l e c o nt e x t o f h is e x r

p o s itio n .

136 A m o ng t h e p r o p e t i e s w h i c h o u
. c o m m o n a pp r e h e ns io n
r r

b e l ie v e s m o s t i ndis p e ns ble t o S p a ce is t h e a b s o l t e h o m o g e ne o u s
a u

ne s s o f it s i nfi nit e e x t e ns o n Th e r e a l e l e m e nt s w h ic h o c c u py it o r
i .

m o v e in it m a y we t h ink h a v e d iffe r e nt d e ns it ie s o f t h e i a gg e g a
, ,
r r

t i o n a nd diffe r e nt u l e s fo r t h e ir e l a tiv e p o s it io ns a t diffe e nt p o int s ;

r r r

Sp a c e it s e l f o n th e o t h e r h a nd a s t h e im p a tia l t h e a t e o f ll t h e s e
, ,
r r a

e v e nt s c a nno t p o s s e s s l o c a l d iffe e nc e s o f it s o wn na t u e w h ic h m igh t

,
r r

int e fe e wi th t h e l ib e ty o f e v e y t h ing t h a t is o h a pp e ns a t o ne o f it s
r r r r r

p o int s t o r e p e a t i t s e l f w ith o u t a l t e a t io n a t a ny o th e r No w if we r .

c o nc e iv e a nu m b e r o f e a l e l e m e nt s e it h e r u nit e d in a s y s t e m a t r e s t
r ,

o r s e t in m o t io n by t h e e a c t io ns w hic h t h e i
, r na t u e m k e s t h m r r a e

e x e t o n o ne
r no t h e r t h e n fh e r e a is e s
a , fa c e s a nd l in s w h ic h c a n r ur e ,

b e d a w n in s p a c e b u t a e no t a p t o f it s o wn s t u c t u e ; t h e y
r , r ar r r

u nit e p o int s in a s e l e c t io n w h ic h is s o l e ly d e p e nde nt o n t h e l a w s o f

t h e fo r c e s w h ic h a c t b t w e e n t h e r a l t h ing s e M a th e m t i s c a n e . a c

a bs t a c t f o m th e
r re c o ll e c t io n o f t h e s e c a s e s o f s p e c ia l fig
r e s in u ur

s p a ce a nd ne e d no t e t a in m o e t h a n t h e s pp o s itio n o f a la w
r r u ,

s e g a r ding it s o ig in i g w fi
( d i r
) a c c o d nr t o ,
h ic h d e n it e c
r o n n e c t e d s e ie s r

o f p o int s p e s e nt t h e m s e lv e s t o o u r p e c e p t io n o u t o f t h e infi nit e

r r

u nifo r m it y o f e x t e ns io n a s fig u e s l ine s o r s u f c e s r , ,
r a .

So fa r o r dina y id e a s h a v e n r o d iffi c u l t y in fo ll o w ing t h e e nde a v o u r s

o f g e o m e t r y w h e n in o b e die nc e t o t h e la w o f c o m b ina t io n o f a m u l t i

p lic it y g iv e n in a n e q u a t io n i t s e a r c h e s fo t h e s p a t ia l o u t l in e s w h ich r

u nit e in t h e m s e lv e s t h e p a t ic u la r s e t o f s p a t ia l p o int s t h a t
r o e s p o nd c rr

t o t h is la w B u t in t h e m o s t e c e nt Sp e c u l a t io ns we m e e t w it h a
. r

no t io n o r a t l e a s t im a g ine we m e e t w ith it w h i c h we c a nno t u nd e r

, ,

s ta n d a nd do no t k no w h o w t o j u s t ify I t is p o s s ibl e t h a t t h e di th .
<
 nd fig u r e s in Sp a ce
’
c nx p m n) . Spa ce s ,
a . 2 33

c u lt ie s which I g o ing t o s ta t e a r e b a s e d o n a m is c o nc e p t io n o f th e
am

p u p o s e s a im e d a t by t h e a na ly ti c a lly c o ndu c t e d i nve s t ig a t i o ns o f t h is

r

s u bj e c t ; b u t t h e n it is a t l e a s t ne c e s s a r y t o p o int o u t pl a i nly w h e r e

t h e ne e d e x is t s fo i nt e ll igib il it y a nd e xpl a na t i o n w h i c h h a s no t b e e n
r

in t h e l e a s t m e t by t h e e xp o s it io ns h i t h e to giv e n r .

T o pu t it S h o r t ly I a m a ll u di ng t o t h e no t io n t h a t no t o nly m a y
,

t h e r e b e in i nfi nit e u ni fo r m e x t e ns io n i nnu m e a bl e s u r fa c e s a nd li ne s r

w h o s e s t u c tu r e w ith in t h e p a rt ic l a r e x t e nt o f e a c h is ve y fa f o m
r u r r r

u nifo r m t h a t is o sb o m dfi b u t th a t a l s o th e re
’

, f ,
a r zo u
g s i n p ; / r e ure s a ce

m a y be p s o f a pe cu li
s a ce s t ru c t u r e s u ch th a t ni fo r m it y o f t h e i r
ar ,
u

e nt i e e x t e ns io n is e x c l u de d
r I t is l e a r t o u s w h a t we a r e t o th ink . c

o f a s a s p h e ic a l o r p s e u do s p h e r i c a l s fa ce bu t no t c l e a r wh a t c a n
r -
ur ,

b e m e a nt by a Sp h ic a l o r p s e u do s p h e ic a l s p a c e ; de s ig na t i o ns
er -
r

wh ic h we m e e t w it h in t h e dis c u s s io n o f t h e s e s u bj e c t s w it h o u t a ny
h e lp b e i ng g iv e n t o u s in c o m p e h e nding t h e ir m e a ning I n th e r .

fo ll o wi ng e m a k s I s h a ll o nly e m pl o y t h e fo m e r o f t h e s e d e s ig na
r r r

t i o ns t h e m e nt i o n o f p s e u do s p h e ic a l s p a c e w h i c h is h a r de t o
‘ ’
-
r r
,

p r e s e nt de fi nit e ly t o t h e m ind c o u l d o nly e info c e o u r i m p r e s s i o n o f ,

r r

m y s t e r i o u s ne s s wi t h o u t c o nt ib u t ing t o t h e e xpl a na t i o n o f t h e m a t t e r
, r

a ny m o r e t h a n t h e a ll u s i o n t o t h e fa m il ia s p h e i c a l fig u e T h e i de a r r r .

o f a s p h e r i c a l s u fa c e b e i ng t h a t o f a fig u e in s p a c e p e s u pp o s e s t h e
r , r ,
r

c o m m o n p e r c e p t io n o f s p a c e ; t h e Si t u a t io n o f it s p o int s is d e t e r m i ne d ,

a t l e a s t h a s b e e n h it h e t o by s o m e s y s t e m o f c o o r dina t e s w h ic h
r ,
-

m e a s u e s t h e ir d is t a nc e a nd t h e di e c t i o n o f t h t dis t a nc e fr o m a n
r r a

a s s u m e d p o int o f o ig in a c c o r di ng t o t h e r u l e s w h ic h h o l d fo r a
r

u nifo m Sp a c e
r T o p a s s f o m t h e s p h e i c a l s fa c e t o a s p h e ic a l
. r r ur r

spa ce ,o ne o f t wo a s s e t io ns se e m s to m e t o b e ne e de d ; e it h e r
r

t h is s u fa c e i t h e w h o l e Sp a c e w h ic h e xi s t s r e a lly o r t o t h e m i nd s
’
r s ,

e ye ; o r t h is t o t l ity o f s p a c e a i s o u t o f t h e Sp h e i c a l s fa c e by a r se r ur

m a k ing t h e c o o d ina t e s p a s s c o nt i nu o u s ly t h o u g h t h e w h o l e s e i e s o f
-
r r r

v a l e s c o m p a t ibl e w it h t h e la w o f t h e i r c o m b ina t io n I f we do t h e
u .

l a t t e th e r e a is e s by th e u nb o ke n a t t a c h m e nt o f e a c h Sp h e i c a l s u r
r r r r

fa c e t o t h e p r e vi o u s o ne t h e fa m il ia i m a g e o f a s p h e r i c l V o l m e
,
r a u ,

wh ic h we m y e it h e r l im it a b it a ily a t a p a tic u l a p o int o r c o nc e ive

a r r r r r

a s g r o wi ng t o i nfi nity a s t h e e q a t i o n o f t h e s u r fa c e r e m a ins c a p a bl e
, u

o f c o ns t c tio n fo r a ll v a l e s o f t h e
ru a di s in t h i s wa y we a t t a in t o
u r u

no th i ng m o e t h a n t h e a d m i s s ibl e b t p u
r ly inc ide nt a l a s p e c t t h a t u re ,

t h e infi nit e u nifo m e x t e ns io n o f Sp a c e is c a p bl e o f a c o m pl e t e

r a

s e c o nda r y c o ns t u c t i o n if f o m a ny g iv e n p o int o f o ig in we s u p
r ,
r r

p o s e d a m i nim u m s p h e r i c a l s u f c e t o e xp a nd in a ll di e c t io ns c o n r a r

fo r m a bly t o it s e q u a t i o n B u t in t h e i nt e r i o r o f t h i s Sp h e r ic a l v o l u m e
.
2 34 D e du c t io ns f
o Sp a ce . 1 130011 1 1 .

t h e re is no fu r th e r s t r u c tu r e re ve a le d th a n t h a t o f u i
n fo r m s pa c e ,
o n

the b a s is o f w h ic h t h e co y s fa c e a t e a c h
-
o r d ina t e s o f th e b o u nd a r -
u r

p a t ic u l a r m o m e nt h a d b e e n de t e m ine d : t h e i nt e i o do e s no t
r r r r

c o ns is t p e m a ne nt ly a nd e x c l s iv e ly o f t h e s e p a ra t e s p h e i c a l s h e ll s
r u r

o u t o f w h ic h in t h is se o u e p e s e nt ing fa c u l ty c e t e d it s r e p e
ca r r r r a t

s e nt a t io n ; t h e p a s s a g e f o m p o int t o p o int is no t in a ny wa y b o u nd
r

t o r e s p e c t t h is m o de O f c e t io n o f t h e w h o l e a s t h o u g h s u c h a
r a ,

p a s s a ge c o u l d t a k e pl a c e b e tt e o r m o e e a s ily in o ne o f t h e s p h e i c a l
r r r

s ur fa c e s t h a n in t h e di e c t io n o f a c h o d w h ic h s h o u l d u ni t e a ny
r r

pl a c e s in t h e int e io T h e c o nce p t io n o f a m e a s e o f c r v a t u e
r r . ur u r

h a s it s p o p e r a nd fa m il ia r im p o r t fo r e a c h o f t h e s f c e s dis t ing u i s h
r u r a ,

a bl e in t h is s p a c e by t h o u gh t bu t w h o lly o bl it e r a t e d in t h e s p a c e,

i t s e l f ; bu t it is im p o s s ibl e t o c o nc e iv e a p r o p e r ty o f s p a ce it s e l f t o
w h i c h it c o u l d a pply .

I n t h e c a s e o f t h e s p h e r e it s la w o f fo m a t i o n p e m it t e d t h e c o n r r

t inu o u s a t t c h m e nt o f s
a fa c e t o s u f c e ; bu t e q a t io ns a e c o n
ur r a u r

c e i a b le w h ic h if c o ns t u c t e d a s a s y s t e m o f p o s it io ns in s p c e w o u l d
v r a

p ro du c e e ith e a s e ie s o f dis c r e t e p o int s o o ne o f dis c e te s u fa c e s

r r r r r ,

p e h a p s p a tia lly c o nne c t e d o r p h p s no t a t a ll W e k no w s u ch

r r er a .

c o ns t c t io ns p im a ily a s fig u e s in s p a ce
ru r r a nd no t h ing e l s e a nd r ,

c o nc e iv e t h e ir p o du c t io n a s c o ndit io ne d by e q u a t io ns b e t w e e n c o
r

o d ina t e s w h o s e p o w e r O f b e ing r e c ip r o c a lly d e fi n

r e d by e a c h o t h e r

co rre s p o nds t o t h e na t u e o f nifo m s p a c e no w k no w n a s E c li de a n

r u r ,
u

s p a c e ; bu t le t u s a s s m e t h t we h a d e s c a p e d f o m t h a t p o s t u la t e
u a r

a nd h a d e m pl o y e d c o o r d i na t e s w h i c h t h e m s e lv e s p a t o o k o f t h e
-
r

s p e c ia l na t u e o f t h r v a io u s ly fo m e d s p a c e w h ic h is t o b e o b t a ine d
e r r .

I t m a y t h e n b e diffic u l t t o p o j e c t a n im a g e o f t h e s e s t a ng e fig u e s
r r r

wi th in o u a c c s t o m e d m o de s o f s p a c e p e c e p t i o n ; I a t ta ch m o e
r u -
r r

w e igh t t o a no th e r diffi cu l ty t h a t o f de t e m ini ng w h a t we p o p e ly ,

r r r

m e a n w h e n we s p e a k o f t h e m a s Sp a c e s L e t u s a s su m e t h a t t h e .

fu nda m e nt a l la w b e ing c a p a bl e o f a lg e b a ic a l e xp e s s io n w h ic h p e
,
r r ,
r

v a il s in a s y s t e m o f e l t e d p o int s no t ye t e xpl ic it ly pp e h e nde d a s

r a a r

Sp a t ia l c o ndit io ns a s y s t e m atic o r de r o f t h e m w h ic h c o u l d o nly b e

,

r e p r e s e nt e d in o u s p a c e S by a nu m b e r o f c u r v e d S h e e t s no t w h o lly
r

a t t a c h e d t o o ne a no t h e r ; t h e n t h e fa c t fo m a nd d e g e e o f t h e i ,
r ,
r r

d iv e g e nc e c o u l d o nly b e o b s e v e d by u s t h r o u g h t h e m e diu m o f
r r

d is t a nc e m e a s r e d a c c o ding t o t h e na t u e o f t h e s p a c e S a s e x is t i ng
u r r ,

b e tw e e n p a t ic u l r p o i nt s in t h e diffe r e nt sh e e t s
r a .

Ho we v l t u s e v e n p u t o u t o f t h e qu e s t io n a ll i de a o f a Sp a c e S
e r, e

a s t h e ne u t a l b a c kg o nd o n w h ic h t h e fig u e X wa s c o ns t u c t d a nd
r r u r r e ,

a tte m pt to e g a d t his X a s t h e s o l e
r r p r e s e nte d s p a c e s t ill t h e re
 Sp a ce wh ich is no t u n
if or m . 23 5
d iffe r e nt s h e e ts o f it co u ld
p o s s ibly e x te nd a s if i nto diffe nt
no t re

w o l ds s o a s t o p re v e nt t h e e b e i ng a ny m e a s u r bl e t a ns i t i o n f o m o ne
r ,
r a r r

t o a no t h e j u s t a s li ttl e c o u l d t h a t w h ich s e p a t e s t h e m a nd m a k e s
r ra

t h e m d iv e r g e b e a m e r e no t h ing ne s s w h e n c o m p a r e d t o t h e s p a c e X

i t s e l f a nd c a p a bl e o f no m e a s u a bl e de g e e s w h a t e ve ; e v e n in th is
,
r r r

c a s e t h a t w h ic h g a v e t h e e a s o n fo t h e i b e ing s e p a a t e c o u l d no t
r r r r

bu t b e a s p a t ia l m a g ni tu de o di s t a nc e u nifo r m a nd c o m m e ns u a bl e r ,
r

wi t h t h e m a g nit de s w h i c h fo m e d t h e a c t a l s p a c e X T h u s o u r
u r u .

a t t e m p t w o l d b e a f il u e ; we s h o u l d no t b e a bl e t o
a ur e ga d th a t X r r

a s s p a ce b u t o nly a s a s t u c tu e in a Sp c e ; we m ig h t no do b t
,
r r a u

a ssu m e fo t h e m o m e nt o f t h is s p a c e t h t in e a c h o f it s m in t s t
,
r ,
a u e

p a t s it h a d a s t r c t u r e o th e r t h a n t h a t o f o u r s p a c e S bu t we s h o u l d
r u ,

h a v e t o a dm it a t o nc e t h a t it fo r m e d a c o nt inu o u s w h o l e w ith t h e
s a m e i nne s t r u c t u e in e v e y o ne o f it s p a t s
r r Fo r p o vi de d t h t
r r .
, r a

t h is t e nt a t iv e ly a s s u m e d s p a c e X is no t t o be e g a de d a s s o m e th ing r r

r e a l b u t a s t h e e m p ty fo m o f a s y s t e m fo
, t h e e c e p t io n o f p o s s ibl e
r r r

r e a lit ie s t h e r e c a n b e no d iffe e nc e o f
, e a l it y o r v a l u e b e t w e e n t h e
r r

p o int s c o nt a ine d in t h o s e s h e e t s a nd th e o th e p o int s by t h e int e p o s i '

r r

t io n o f w h i c h t h e i div e g e nce a i s e s ; t h e y w o u l d a ll a c c o ding ly h a v e

r r r r

e qu a l c l a im s t o b e s t a t ing p o i nt s o f t h e r c o ns t u c t io n in q u e s t io n
-
r ,

a nd f o m t h e int e s e c t io n o f a ll t h e s e c o ns t r u c t io ns t h e e w o l d o nc e
r r r u

m o r e b e fo m e d t h e ide a o f a s p a c e u nifo r m t h o u g h a n infi nit e e x

r r

t e ns i o n a nd i ndiff e r e nt t o t h e s t u c t u e o f t h e fa b ic s de s ig ne d in it
, r r r .

No t e v e n a b r e a k in t h e o th e wi s e u nifo r m e x t e ns io n is p o s s ibl e ; r

s u c h a b e a k is o nly c o nc e iv a bl e if in t h e fi s t pl a c e t h e r e is a s o m e
r r

t h ing b e t w e e n th t e m s w h i c h k e e p s t h e m a s u nde r a nd if m o e o v e r
e r ,
r

t h a t s o m e t h ing is c o m p a ra bl e in k ind a nd m a g nit de wi t h w h a t it u

b o u nds o n b o t h Si de s o f i t s e l f ; h e nc e s p a c e c a nno t c o ns is t o f a n
i nfi nit e nu m b e o f i nt e s e c t i ng l ine s w h ic h l e a v e m e s h e s o f w h a t is
r r

no t Sp a c e b e t w e e n t h e m ; it u nc o nt r o ll a bly b e c o m e s a g a in t h e c o n

t inu o u s a nd u nifo r m e x t e ns io n w h ic h we s u pp o s e d it t o b e a t fi s t ; r

a nd t h e m nifo l d c o nfig u a t io ns o f t h e k ind X a r e c o nc e iv a bl e in it

a r

o nly a s b o u nde d s t u c t re s no t a s t h e m s e lv e s fo m s o f Sp c e
r u ,
r a .

137 I fe e l m y s e l f o bl ig e d t o m a int a in t h e c o nvic tio ns w h ic h I h a v

.
e

e xp e s s e d e v e n a g a ins t R ie m a nn s inv e s t ig a t io ns int o a m u l t ipl ic it y e

’
r x

t e nde d in n d i e c t io ns r My o bj e c t io ns a r e o n t h e w h o l e d i e c t e d t o t h e
.
r

p o int t h a t h e e a ga i n t h e c o nf s io n w h ic h s e e m s t o m e t o da k e n t h e
,
r u r

w h o l e qu e s ti o n h a s no t b e e n a v o ide d ; t h e c o nf s io n o f t h e u nive s l u r a

l o c a l is a t io n s y s t e m o f e m p t y pl a c e s p e s e nt e d t o t h e m ind a sy s t e m in
- r ,

w h ich s t u c tu e s o f a ny sh a p e o r a ny e x t e nt c a n b e a a ng d w it h t h e
r r rr e ,

s t r u c t u r e a nd a t i c u la t io n b e l o ngi ng t o t h a t w h ic h h a s t o b e a
r a ng e d rr
2 3 6 D e du ct io ns f
o Sp a ce . 1 13001 1 1 .

in t h i s sy s t e m ; o r t o r e p e a t t h e e x pr e s s io fi e m pl o y e d a b o v e th e c o n ,

f s io n o f s p a c e wi th s t u c t u r e s in s p a c e
u r I n II 4 o f h is t e t is e o n . . r a

t h e h yp o t h e s e s w h ic h lie a t t h e fo u nda t i o n o f G e o m e t y R i e m a nn r ,

e xp e s s e s h im s e l f a s fo ll o w s :
r M l t ipl ic it i e s w h o s e m e a s u e o f c u v a u r r :

t u r e is e v e yw h e r e r e ro m a y b e t e a t e d a s a p a r t ic u l a r c a s e o f m u l t i
z ,
r _

p li c it i e s w h o s e m e a s u e o f c u r va t e is e v e r yw h e e
r c o ns t a nt T h eur r .

c o m m o n c h a ra c t e r o f m u l t ip lic i t i e s w h o s e de g e e o f c u v a t r e is r r u

c o ns t a nt m a y be e xp e s s e d by s a yi ng t h a t a ll fig u r e s c a n b e m o v e d
r

in t h e m w it h o u t s t e t c h ing Fo r o bv io u s ly fig u r e s c o u l d no t b e m a de
r .
, ,

t o s l ide o r o t a t e in t h e m a t pl e a s r e u nl e s s t h e de g r e e o f cu r v a t u e
r u ,
r

w e e c o ns ta nt On t h e o th e r h a nd by m e a ns o f t h e c o ns t nt de
r .
,
a

g e e o f c u r va t r e t h e e l a t io ns o f m e a s u r e m e nt o f t h e m u l t iplic it y in
r u r

qu e s tio n a r e c o m pl e te ly de t e r m i ne d ; a c c o r dingly in a ll di e c t io ns r

a b o t o ne p o i nt t h e r e l a t io ns o f m e a su e m e nt a e e x a c t ly t h e s a m e
u r r

a s a b o u t a no t h e r a nd t h e r e fo e t h e s a m e c o ns t r u c t io ns a e p a c t i c
,
r r r

a bl e s t a t ing fr o m t h e o ne a s fr o m t h e o t h e r a nd c o ns e qu e nt l y in
r

m l t ipl ic it ie s w it h a c o ns t a nt m e a s u r e o f c u r va t u r e figu e s c a n b e
u r

giv e n a ny p o s it i o n ’
.

No w I h a v e no do u b t a t a ll t h a t by a n ly t i c a l t r e a t m e nt o f m o e a r

u niv e s l fo m u l ae t h e p o p e r t ie s o f s p a c e indic a t e d m a y b e d e du c e d
r a r r

a s a s p e c ia l c a s e ; bu t I m u s t a dh e r e t o m y a s s e t io n t h a t it is o nly r

w ith t h e s e Sp e c ia l pr o p e t i e s t h a t s u c h a n e x t e nde d m u l t ipl ic it y is

r
‘ ’

a s p a ce o r c o r r e s p o nd s t o t h e i de a o f a s y s t e m o f a
,
a ng e m e nt fo r rr

p e c e p t io n ; a ll fo r m l ae wh i c h do no t c o nt a in s o m u c h a s t h e s e de
r u

t e m ina t io ns o r w h ic h co nt a in o t h e s o pp o s e d t o t h e m m e a n e it h e r
r ,
r ,

no t h ing o r o nly s o m e t h ing w h ic h a s a s p e c i a l o

,
p e cu l ia fo m a t io n r r r

m a y b e fi t t ing ly o r u nfi t t ing ly r e d u ce d t o o de in t h a t u niv e s a l fr a m e r r r .

A s y s t e m o f pl c e s w h ic h wa s o t h e wi s e fo r m e d in a ny o ne o f it s
a r

p a r t s t h a n in a no t h e r w o u ld c o ntr a dic t it s o wn c o nc p t io n a nd
, e ,

w o u l d no t b e w h a t it o gh t t o be t h e ne u tr a l b a ckg ro u nd fo t h e
u ,
r

m a nifo l d r e l a t io ns o f w h a t wa s t o b e a a ng e d in it ; it w o u l d b e rr

it s e l f a s p e c ia l fo m a t io n a m u l t ipl ic i t y e x t e nd e d in n d i e c t io ns
‘ ’
r , r

i ns t e a d o f b e i ng t h e n di m e ns i o na l m u l tipli c i ty of e x t ns io n a b o u t
-
e ,

wh ic h th e qu e s t io n r e a lly wa s .

I c a nno t b l ie ve th a t a ny s kill in a na ly s i s c a n c o m p e ns a t e fo r t h i s
e

m i s co nce p t io n in t h e ide a s ; a ll e g e d s p a c e s o f s u c h s t u c t e t h a t in r ur

o ne p a t o f t h e m t h e y w o u l d no t b e a bl e t o r e c e iv e wi t h o u t s t e t c h
r ,
r

ing o r c h a ng e o f s i e a fig u e w h ic h t h e y c o u l d s o r e c e iv e in a no t h e
z , r r,

c a n o nly b e c o nc e iv e d a s e a l s h e ll s o w a ll s e ndo we d w ith s u c h

r r ,

fo c e s o f e s is t a nc e a s t o h i nde r t h e e nt a nc e o f a n a pp o c h ing e a l
r r r r a r

fig e b u t i ne vi t a bly do o m e d t o be s h a t t e r e d by it s m o r e vi o l e nt im
ur ,
cr a p U nif o r m Spa ce imp lie d in a ll o t h e r Sp a ce s . 2
37

p a c t I t r u s t t h a t o n t h is p o i nt p h il o s o p h y will no t a ll o w i t s e l f t o be
.

im p o s e d u p o n b y m a t h e m a t ic s ; s p a c e o f a b s o l te ly u nifo m f b r ic u r a

w ill a l wa y s s e e m t o p h il o s o p h y t h e o ne s t a nda d by t h e a s s m p t i o n o f r u

w h ic h a ll t h e s e o th e r fig u e s b e c o m e i nt e ll igibl t o it T h is m a y b e
r e .

ill u s t r a t e d by t h e a na l o gy o f a i t h m e t i c T h e na t u a l s e i e s o f nu m b e r s
r . r r

w ith it s c o ns t nt diffe e nc e a nd it s di r e c t p o g r e s s io n a c c o ding t o

a r I ,
r ,
r

w h i ch t h e diffe r e nc e o f a ny t wo t e rm s is th e s u m o f t h e diff r e nc e s o f e

a ll i nt e m e d ia t e t e r m s m a
r b e t r e a t e d a s a s p e c ia l c a s e o f a m o e
y ,
r

g e ne r a l fo m o f s e r i e s j u s t a s m u c h a s c a n u nifo r m s p a c e B u t by
r .
,

wh t e v e
a niv e s a l t
r u rm it m ig h t b e a t t e m p t e d t o e xp r e s s t h e la w o f
er

fo m t io n o f t h is s e r ie s it c o l d h a v e no p o s s ibl e m e a ni ng wi t h o u t
r a ,
u

p e s u pp o s ing t h e s e ie s o f nu m b e r s Eve y e xp o ne nt o r e v e y c o
r r . r r

e ffi ie nt w h ic h t h is u niv e s a l fo rm u l a c o nt a ine d w o u l d b e o f u na s s ig n
c r ,

a bl e im p o t u nl e s s it h a d e it h e
r a c o ns t a nt v l u e in t h e na t u a l s e ie s
r a r r

o f nu m b e s o r e l s e a v a i bl e o ne
,
r r ad e p e nd ing in p a t ic u l a r c a s e s o n
,
r

t h e v a l u e m e a s u a bl e o nly in t h i s s e i e s o f nu m b e s o f t h e m a g ni t u de s
,
r r r ,

wh o s e fu nc t io n it m ig h t b e Eve y o t h e r a i th m e t ic a l s e ie s o nly
. r r r

s t a t e s in it s la w o f fo m a t io n h o w it d v ia t s h e p o g e s s io n o f
r
f m t e e ro r r

t e m s o f e q u a l a nk w h ic h fo r m s in t h e s e i e s o f n m b e s ; no o t h e r
r r r u r

s t a nda r d c a n b e s u b s t it u t e d fo r t his wi t h o u t s t a nd ing in ne e d in it s

,

t u n o f t h e s im pl e s e r ie s o f nu m b e s t o m a k e it i nt e ll ig ibl e
r r P e c i s e ly . r

t h e s m e s e e m s t o m e t o b e t h e c a s e in t h e m a t t e r o f s p a c e ; a nd I
a

c a nno t p e s u a de m y s e l f t h a t s o m u c h a s t h e ide a o f m u l t ifo m s p a c e

r r

o r o f a v a i bl e m e a s u r e o f c u v a tu e in Sp a c e c o u l d b e fo r m e d a nd
r a r r

d e fi ne d wi th o u t p r e s u pp o s ing t h e e l e m e nt s o f u ni fo r m s p a c e r e c t i
, ,

li ne a r t a ng e nt s a nd t a ng e nt ia l pl a ne s in fa c t u nifo m s p a c e in it s ,
r

e nt i e t y a s t h e o ne int e ll ig ibl e a nd i nd is p e ns bl e s t a nda r d f o m w h ic h

r ,
a ,
r

t h e fo r m a t i o n o f t h e o t h e if it c o u l d b e pi c t u r e d t o t h e m i nd a t a ll
r,
,

w o u l d p r e s e nt de fi ni te de via t i o ns .
 C H A PTE R III .

TH E P s y c h o lo gi s t m a y if h e pl e a s e s m a k e t h e gr a du a l de v e l o p m e nt
o f o u r ide a s o f T im e t h e o bj e c t o f h is e nq u ir y t h o u g h b e y o nd s o m e
, ,

o bv io u s c o ns ide r a t io ns w h ic h le a d t o no t h ing t h e r e is no h o p e o f h is
,

a r r iv ing a t a ny im p o t a nt r e s u l t
r . T h e M e t a p h y s i c ia n h a s t o a s s u m e
t h a t t h is de v e l o p m e nt h a s b e e n S O fa r c o m pl e t e d t h a t t h e T im e in

w h ich a s a m a t t e r o f fa c t we a ll l ive is c o nc e ive d a s o ne c o m p re h e n

, ,

s iv e fo r m in w h ic h a ll t h a t t a k e s pl a c e b e t w e e n t h ing s a s w e ll a s o u r

o wn a c t io ns a r e c o m p r e h e nde d . T h e o nly q u e s t io n w h i c h h e h a s t o
a s k is h o w fa r T im e t h u s c o nc e iv e d h a s a ny a ppl ic a t io n t o t h e R e a l
, ,

o r a dm it s o f b e i ng p r e dic a t e d o f it w it h a ny s ig nifi c a nc e .

1 3 8 I n r e g a r d t o t h e c o nc e p t io n I m u s t in t h e fi r s t p la c e p r o t e s t
.

a g a ins t t h e h a b it w h i c h S ince t h e t im e o f K a nt h a s b e e n p r e v a l e nt
,

with u s o f s p e a k ing o f a dir e c t p e r c e p t i o n o f T i m e c o o r di na t e w it h

, ,
-

t h a t o f Sp a c e a nd w ith it fo r m ing a c o nne c t e d p a i r o f p r im a r y fo r m s

o f o u r p r e s e nt a t iv e fa c u l ty
. O n t h e c o nt r a r y we h a v e no p r im a r y a nd
p r o p e r p e r c e p t i o n o f it a t a ll Th e c h a r a c t e r o f dir e c t p e r c e p t io n
.

a t t a c h ing t o o u r i d e a o f T i m e is o nly o b t a ine d by im a g e s w h ic h a r e

b o rr o w e d fr o m S p a c e a nd wh ich a s s o o n a s we fo ll o w t h e m o u t
, ,

p r o v e inc a p a bl e o f e x h ib it ing t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ne c e s s a r y t o t h e
t h o u g h t o f T im e . W e s p e a k o f T im e a s a li ne bu t h o w e v e r la r g e
,

t h e a b s t r a c t io n wh ic h we b e l ie v e o u r s e lv e s a bl e t o m a k e fr o m t h e

p r o p e r t ie s o f a l ine in s p a c e in o r de r t o t h e s u b s u m p t io n o f T im e
u nde r t h e m o r e g e ne r a l c o nc e p t io n o f t h e l ine it m u s t c e r t a inly b e
,

a dm i t t e d t h a t t h e c o nc e p t io n o f a l ine inv o lv e s t h a t o f a r e a l it y b e

l o nging e qu a l ly t o a ll it s e l e m e nt s T im e h o we ve r do e s no t c o r
.

r e s p o nd t o t h is r e q u ir e m e nt . T h o u g h t o f a s a l ine it w o u l d o nly ,

p o s s e s s o ne r e a l p o int na m e ly t h e p r e s e nt F r o m it w o u l d i s s u e t wo
, ,
.

e ndl e s s bu t im a g ina r y a r m s e a c h h a v ing a p e c u lia r dis t inc t io n fr o m

,

e a c h o t h e r a nd fr o m s i m p le nu ll it y v iz
,
Pa s t a nd F u t u r e T h e dis
. .

t inc t io n b e tw e e n t h e s e w o u l d no t b e a de qu a t e ly e xp r e s s e d by t h e
 No p ict o r ia l p e r cep t io n of Tim e . 2 39

o pp o s i t i o n o f dire c t i o ns in s p a ce No r c a n we s t o p h e re Eve n . .

t h o u gh we l e a v e o t o f S ig h t t h r e l a t io n in w h ic h e m p ty T im e s t a nd s
u e

t o t h e o c c u r e nc e s w h ic h fa ll wi t h in it s t ill e v e n in i t s l f it c a nno t b e
r , e

t h o u gh t o f a s a t r e s t T h e s i ngl e r e a l p o int w h i c h t h e P r e s e nt c o n
.

s t it u t e s is in a s t a t e o f c h a ng e a nd is c e a s e l e s s ly p a s s ing o v e r t o t h e

im a gi na y p o int s o f t h e P a s t w h il e it s pl a c e is t a k e n by t h e r e a li s a t i o n
r

o f t h e ne x t p o i nt in t h e F t u r e u .

H e nc e a is e s t h e f m ilia r e p t e s e nt a t io n o f T i m e a s a s t r e a m
r a r A ll .

h o w e v e t h a t in t h is r e p e s e nt a t io n c a n b e m e nt a lly pi c t u e d o igi na t e s
r r r r

in r e co ll e c t i o ns o f s p a c e a nd l e a ds o nly t o c o nt a dic t io ns W e c a nno t r .

s p e a k o f a s t e a m w ith o u t t h ink ing o f a b e d o f t h e s t e a m : a nd in

r r

fa c t w h e ne v e we s p e a k o f t h e s t e a m o f T i m e t h e r e a lw a y s h o v e s
, r r ,
r

b e fo e s th e im a g e o f a pl in w h ic h t h e s t re a m t a v e s e s bu t w h i c h
r u a r r ,

a dm it s o f no fu t h e d e fi nit i n r I n o ne p o int o f it we p la nt o u se lv e s
r o . r

a nd c a ll it t h e P e s e nt O n o ne s ide we r e p e s e nt t o o u s e lv e s t h e
r . r r

F t u e a s e m e g ing o u t o f t h e dis t a nc e a nd fl o w ing a w a y int o t h e

u r r

P a s t o c o nv e s ly — t o m a k e t h e a m bigu it y o f t h is i m a g e y m o r e
,
r r e r

m a nife s t — we t h i nk o f t h e s t r e a m a s is s u ing f o m t h e P a s t nd r a

r u nning o n int o a n e nd l e s s F u t u r e I n ne i t h e c a s e do e s t h e im a g e . r

c o r r e s p o nd t o t h e t h o gh t Fo r t h i s ne v e r e nding s t e m is a nd
u .
- r a

r e m a ins o f e q u a l e a li t y t h o u gh o u t w h e t h e
r a s it a l e a dy fl o ws o n t h e
r ,
r r

s i de w h e e we pl a c e t h e fu t
r e o a s it is s t ill fl o wi ng o n t h a t w h ic h
ur r

s t a nd s fo t h e p a s t ; a nd t h e s a m
r e a l it y b e l o ng s t o it a t t h e m o m e nt e r

o f it s c o s s ing t h e P r e s e nt
r No r is it t h i s a lo ne t h a t dis t b s u s in
. u r

t h e u s e o f th e i m a g e Ev e n t h e m o v e m e nt o f t h e s t e a m c a nno t be
. r

p re s e nt e d to t h e m ind s e ye e x c e p t a s h a v ing a de fi nit e c e l e ity w h ic h

’
r ,

w o u l d c o m p e l u s t o s u pp o s e a s e c o nd T im e in w h i c h t h e fo r m e r ,

( i m a g e d a s s t e a m ) m igah t t r a vre s e l o ng e r o r s h o t e r d i s t a n c e s o f r r

t h a t u nint e ll igibl e b a c kg r o u nd .

1 3 9 S u pp o s e t h e n t h a t we t y t o di s p e ns e wi th t h i s i na pp r o p i a t e
. r r

im a g e r y nd c o ns ide w h a t e m p t y t im e m u s t b e s u pp o s e d t o b e w h e n
,
a r ,

it is m e ly t h o u g h t o f w ith o u t t h e h e lp o f i m g e s p e s e nt e d t o t h e
re , a r

m i nd s e ye N o t h ing is g a ine d by s u b s t it t ing t h e m o e a b s t a c t c o n

’

. u r r

c e p t io n o f a s ie s fo r t h e u n v a il a bl e im a g e o f a l ine
er I t wo u ld a .

o nly be t h e o r d e o f t h e s ingl e m o m e nt s o f T im e in r e l t i o n t o e a c h
r a

o t h e r t h a t th is c o nc e p t i o n w o u l d de t e m ine I t is no do u b t inv o lv e d r .
, ,

in t h e c o nc e p t io n o f T im e t h a t t h e e is a fix e d o de o f it s c o ns t it u e nt s r r r

a nd t h a t t h e m o m e nt 772 h a s it s pl a c e b e t w e e n m + a nd m 1 a lso 1

t h a t it s a d v a nc e is u nifo m a nd t h t t h e int e v a l b e t w e e n t wo o f it s
r a r

m e m b e s is t h e s u m o f t h e int e v a l s b e t w e e n a ll t h e int e r v e ning m e m

r r

b e rs T h u s we m igh t s a y t h a t if T i m e is t o be c o m p a r e d wi th a li ne
.
 [ B OO K I I .

a t a ll, it co u l d o nly be w ith a s tra i gh t liné

'
. Ti m e itse l f co u ld no t be
s p o k e n o f a s r u nning a c i c u l a r c o u r s e T h e r e m a y be e cu e nc e
r . a r rr

o f e v e nt s in it b u t t h is w o l d no t b e a r e c u r e nc e if t h e p o i nt s o f
,
u r

T im e a t w h i c h w h a t is int ins ic a lly t h e s a m e e v e nt o cc u s w e r e no t

,
r r ,

t h e m s e lv e s d iff e e nt So fa t h e c o nc e p t io n o f a s e ie s s e r v e s t o
r . r r

e xpl a in w h a t T im e is b u t it d o e s s o no f th e r
, T im e do e s no t ur .

c o ns is t m e re ly in s c h a n o r d e r a s h a s b e e n d e s c ib e d
u T h a t is a n r .

o der r in V i t e o f w h ic h t h e m o m e nf m w o u l d h a v e it s pl a c e e t e na lly
r u r

b e tw e e n m + a nd m — I T h e c h a a c t e r i s t ic o f T i m e is t h a t t h is
1 . r

o de r is t a v e s e d a nd t h a t t h e v a nis h ing m is c o n t a nt ly e pl a c e d by
r r r s r

m + 1 ,
ne v e r by m 1 O u r t h o u g h t s t h u s t u n t o t h a t m o t io n o f o u r
. r

c o ns c io u s ne s s in w h i c h it a ng s b a c kw a d s a nd fo w a r ds a t pl e a s u e
r e r r r

o v e r a s e ie s w h ic h is in i t s e l f a t r e s t
r I f T im e w e r e it s e l f a e a l . r

e x is t e nce it w o u l d c o r r e s p o nd t o t h is m o t i o n w it h t h e q u a l ifi c a t io n o f
, ,

b e ing a p o c e s s di e c t e d o nly o ne wa y in w h ic h t h e r e a l ity o f e v e r y

r r ,

s t a g e w o u l d b e t h e o ffs p ing o f t h e v a ni s h e d o r v a ni s h ing r e a l it y o f

r

t h e p e c e ding o ne a nd it s e l f in t u r n t h e c a u s e o f it s o wn c e s s a t i o n
r

a nd o f t h e c o m m e nc ing e a l ity o f t h e ne x t s t g e
r W e m ig h t f i ly a . a r

a c q u ie s c e in a n i m p o s s ib il it y o f l e a ning w h a t t h e m o m e nt s p o p e ly r r r

a e a t w h ic h t h e s e o c c u
r e nc e s t a k e pl a c e a nd w h a t a e t h e m e a ns by
rr r

w h ic h e xi s te nc e is t r ns fe r e d f o m o ne t o t h e o t h e r I n t h e fi r s t
a r r .

pl a c e it w o u l d be m a inta ine d t h a t T im e is s o m e t hing s i g ne i no t u e r s,

t o b e d e fi ne d by c o nc e p t io ns p o p e r t o o t h e r e a l it i e s a nd s e c o ndly
r r

we k no w t h a t t h e de m a nd fo r e xpl a na t io n m u s t h a v e it s l im it a nd m a y
no t i ns is t o n m a k ing a S im pl e s t p o s s ibl e o c c u r e nc e int e ll ig ibl e by r

c o ns t u c t i o ns w h ic h w o u l d p e s u pp o s e o ne m o r e c o m pl e x
r r B u t w ith .

o t w a nt i ng t o k no w h o w T im e is m a de it w o u l d s t ill b e t h e fa c t t h a t
u ,

we w e r e b ing ing it u nde r t h e c o nc e p t io n o f a p o c e s s a nd we S h o u l d

r r

h a v e t o a s k w h e t h e r t o s u c h a c o nc e p t i o n o f it a ny c o m pl e t e a nd
c o ns i s t e nt s e nse c o u l d b e g iv e n .

W e c a nno t t h i nk o f a p r o c e s s a s o c c u i ng in w h ic h no t h i ng p o rr r

c e e ds in w h i c h t h e c o nt i nu a t io n w o u l d b e indis t ing u is h a bl e f o m t h e
,
r

b e gi nning t h e r e s u l t p r o du c e d fr o m t h e c o ndit io n p o du c ing it T h is

,
r .

h o w e v e r w o u l d b e t h e c a s e wi t h e m p t y T im e Eve r y m o m e nt in it .

w o u l d be e x a c t ly lik e e ve r y o t h e r W h ile o ne p a s s e d a w a y a no t h e r
.
,

w o u l d t a ke it s pl a c e w ith o u t diffe ing f o m it in a ny th ing bu t it s

,
r r

p o s i t io n in t h e s e r i e s T h is p o s it io n h o we v e it w o u l d no t i t s e l f i ndi
. r

c a t e by a s p e c i a l na t u r e i nc o m p a t ibl e w it h it s o c cu py ing a no t h e r
,
It .

wo u l d o nly b e t h e c o ns c io u s ne s s o f a n o b s e r v e wh o c o u nt e d t h e r,

wh o l e s e ie s t h a t w o u l d h a v e o c c a s i o n t o dis t ing is h it by t h e nu m b e r
r ,
u

o f pl a c e s c o u nt e d b e fo r e it wa s r e a c h e d fr o m o t h e r m o m e nt s wi t h
 .

CH AP TE R
’
Ca n Tir ne a ct o n R e a lity
‘
em
py
t 24 1

wh ich it m i h t b e g p a e d B u t if s o t h e r e w o u l d no t in T i m e i t s e l f
co m r .
,

be a ny s t r e a m b r i ngi ng t h e ne w i nt o t h e pl a c e o f t h e o ld
,
No r c a n .

a pp e a l h e m a de t o t h e vi e w p r e vi o u s ly s t a t e d a c c o r di ng t o w h i c h ,

e v e n t h e u nc h a ng e d d u a t i o n f a c e r t a i n s t a t e is t o b e r e g a r de d a s
r o

t h e p r o du c t o f a p r o c e s s o f s l f m a i nt e na nc e in c o ns t a nt e x e c i s e a nd
e -
r

t h u s a s a p e m a ne nt e v e nt t h o u g h t h e r e w o u l d b e no o u t w a r d c h a ng e
r ,

t o m a k e t h is vi s ibl e I f t h is Vie w w e r e a ppl ie d t o T i m e it w o u l d o nly

.
,

h e lp u s t o t h e i de a o f a T im e fo r e v e r s t a t i o na r y no t fl o wi ng a t a ll
,
, .

A dis t i nc t io n o f e a li e r a nd l a t e r m o m e nt s in it w o u ld o nly b e p o s s ibl e

r

o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e p r e s e nt a t io n t o t h o u gh t o f a s e c o nd T im e in w h ic h ,

we s h o u l d be c o m p e lle d t o m e a s u r e t h e e x t e nt in a de fi ni t e di r e c t i o n
o f t h e fi r s t T i m e t h e T im e s u pp o s e d t o b e a t r e s t
,
.

1 4 0 S u c h is t h e o b s c u i ty w h ic h a t t a c h e s t o t h e no t i o n o f a s t r e a m
. r

o f e m p t y T i m e w h e n t a k e n by i t s e l f
,
T h e s a m e o b s c u i ty m e e t s u s
. r

wh e n we e nqu i e int o t h e r e l a t i o n o f T im e t o t h e t h i ngs a nd e ve nt s

r

wh i ch a r e s a i d t o e x is t a nd t a k e pl a c e in it H e r e t o o t h e c o nve nie nt .

p e p o s i t i o n o nly di s g u i s e s t h e u ni nt e lligibl e ne s s o f t h e e l a t io n w h i c h
r r

it h a s t h e a pp e a r a nc e o f e na bl ing u s t o pi c t u r e t o t h e m i nd Th e re .

wo u l d be no m e a ning in t h e s ta t e m e nt t h a t t h i ng s e xi s t in T i m e if
t h e y did no t i nc u r s o m e m o difi c a t i o n by s o e xi s t ing w h i c h t h e y w o u l d

no t inc u r if t h e y w e r e no t in T im e W h a t is t h is ? To s a y t h a t t h e '
.

s t e a m o f T im e c a rr i e s t h e m a l o ng wi t h it w o u l d b e a fa u l t y i m a g e
r .

No t o nly w o u l d it be i m p o s s ibl e t o u nd r s t a nd h o w e m p ty T i m e c o u l d e

e x e r c is e s u c h a fo r ce a s t o c o m p e l w h a t is no t e m p t y b u t r e a l t o a

m o t i o n no t it s o wn T h e r e s u l t t o o w o u l d b e s o m e t h i ng i m p o s s ibl e
.

t o s ta te Fo r e v e n s u pp o s i ng t h e r e a l t o b e t h u s c a r i e d a l o ng by t h e
. r

s t e a m o f T im e it w o l d b e in j u s t t h e s a m e c o ndit i o n a s b e fo r e a nd
r
,
u ,

t h u s o u r e xp e s s i o n w o u l d c o nt r a dic t w h a t we m e a nt it t o c o nv e y
r .

Fo r it is no t a m e r e c h a ng e in t h e pl a c e o f s o m e t h i ng w h ic h t h r o u gh
out e t a ins it s r e a li t y
r bu t a n a nnih il a t i o n o f o ne r e a l it y a nd a n
,

o r igi na t i o n o f a no th e r t h a t we m e a n t o s ig nify by t h e p o w e
,
a t o nc e r

de s tr u c t iv e a nd c e a t iv e o f t h e s t r e a m o f T im e
r B u t s o u nde r s t o o d .
, ,

t h i s p o w e r w o u l d inv o lv e a g r e a t e r iddl e s t ill I t s w o k o f d e s tr u c

r . r

t i o n w o u l d b e u nint e ll igibl e in it s e l f no w o u l d it b e p o s s ibl e t o c o n ,

r

c e i e th e
v e l a t io n b e t w e e n it a nd t h a t v it a l p o w e r o f t h ing s t o w h ic h
r

m u s t b e a s c ib e d t h e gr e a t e r o r le s s r e s is t a nc e w h i c h t h e y o ffe r t o
r

t h e ir a nni h il a t i o n E m p ty T im e w o u l d b e t h e la s t t h i ng t h a t c o u ld
.

a ffo d a n e xpl a na t io n o f t h e s e l e c t i o n w h i c h we s h o u l d h a v e t o s u p
r

p o s e it t o e x e r c is e in c a ll ing e v e n t s wi t h a ll t h e ir v a r ie t y i nt o e xi s t e nc e
, ,

in a de fi nit e o r de r o f s u c c e s s i o n .

B u t if a w a r e o f t h i s i m p o s s ibili t y we t r a ns fe r t h e m o t iv e c a u s e s o f
, ,

V OL I . . R
2 4 2 [ B OO K I I .

t h is v a r i e ty o f e v e nt s to th a t t o wh ic h fh e y re a lly b e l o ng ,
v iz . to th e

na t u r e a nd i nne
x io n o f t h ing s wh a t a e we th e n t o m a k e o f t h e
r co nne ,
r

i nde p e nde nt fflu x o f e m p ty T i m e wi t h w h ic h t h e de ve l o p m e nt o f

e ,

t h i ng s w o u l d h a v e t o c o inc id e wi t h o u t a ny i nt e na l ne c e s s ity o f do ing r

so ? T h e e w o u l d be no th ing o n t h i s s u pp o s it io n t o e x clu de t h e
r

a dv e nt u r o u s t h o u gh t t h a t t h e c o u s e o f e v e nt s ru ns c o u nt e r t o t im e
r

a nd b ing s t h e c a u s e int o r e a l ity a ft e r t h e e ffe c t

r I n S h o r t wh i ch e v e r .
,

w a y we l o o k a t t h e m a t t e we s e e t h e i m p o s s ib il it y o f t h is fi s t fa m il ia
r, r r

v ie w a c c o r ding t o w h i c h a n e m p t y T im e h a s a n e x is t e nc e o f it s o wn
, ,

e it h e r a s s o m e t h ing p e m a ne nt o r in t h e wa y o f c o nt inu a l flu x
r ln ,

c l u ding t h e s u m o f e v e nt s wi t h in it s b o nds a s a p o w e p io t o a ll u , r r r

r e a li t y a nd g o v e r ne d by l w s o f it s o wn B u t t h e c e r t a int y wi t h
a .

w hich we r e j e ct t h i s V i e w do e s no t h e lp u s t o t h e a ffi rm a t i o n o f a ny
o th e r .

14 1 . D o u bts h a ve
i nde e d b e e n c o ns t a nt ly e nt e r ta ine d in r e ga r d t o
t h e r e l it y w h ic h is c o m m o nly a s c ib e d t o T im e a nd m a ny a t t e m p t s
a r

h a v e b e e n m a de in t h e int e r e s t s o f a p h il o s o p h y o f r e l igio n t o
, ,

e s t a bl is h t h e r e a l e x is t e nc e o f a T i m e l e s s B e ing a s a g a i ns t c h a ng e a bl e

p h e no m e na A m o e m e t a p h y s ic a l b a s is wa s fi r s t give n t o t h i s
. r

e x c e p t io n l V ie w by t h e l a b o u s o f K a nt
a H e wa s le d by t h e c o nt r a
r .

didt io ns w h i ch t h e s u pp o s it io n o f t h e e a li t y o f T im e s e e m e d t o i nt o
,
r r

du c e e v e n i nt o a p u r e ly Sp e cu l a t iv e t h e o r y o f t h e w o l d t o e g a r d it r ,
r

e q u a lly wi t h Sp a ce a s a m e e ly s u bj e c t iv e fo r m o f o u r a p p e h e ns io n
r r .

T h i s is no t t h e l ine wh ic h I h a v e m y s e l f t a k e n I t se e m e d t o m e a .

s a fe r c o u r s e t o s h o w t h a t T i m e in i t s e l f a s we u nde s t a nd it a nd a s , r

we c a nno t c e a s e t o u nde r s t a nd it wi t h o u t a c o m pl e t e t a ns fo m a t io n r r

o f th c o m m o n v ie w
e e x c l u de s e ve y ,a t t ibu t w h ic h w o u l d h a v e
r r e

t o b e s u pp o s e d t o b e l o ng t o it if it h a d a n i nde p e nd e nt e xi s t e nc e

p r io r t o o th e r e x is t e nc e O n t h e o th e r h a nd I c a nno t fi nd in t h e
.

a s s u m p t io n o f it s m e e ly p h e no m e na l r e a l it y a s u m m a y s o l u t io n o f
r r

d iffic u l t i e s w h ic h o nly
, m t o a r is e o u t o f t h e a ppl ica t io n o f T im e t o
s ee

t h e R e a l bu t in t r t h a r e ins e p a r a bl e fr o m t h e i nt i ns ic na t u r e o f t h e
u r

Re a l O n t h i s s u bj e c t I m a y b e a ll o w e d t o int e r p o s e s o m e e m a r k s
. r .

1 4 2 W e r e it int ins ic a lly c o nc iv a bl e t h a t a n inde p e nde nt e x is t e nc e

. r e

o f a ny k ind s h o u l d b e l o ng t o T im e a nd w e r e it fu t h e r p o s s ibl e t o ,
r

c o nc e iv e a ny wa y in w h ic h t h e c o u r s e o f t h e w o r l d c o u l d e nt e r int o

r e l a t io n t o it t h e n t h e diffi c u l t ie s w h i c h K a nt fo u nd in t h e e ndl e s s ne s s
,

o f t i m e w o u l d c a u s e m e no s p e c i l d is t u b a nc e T h a t th e wo l d h a s
a r . r

o f ne c e s s it y a b e gi nning in T im e is t h e T h e s is o f h is a nt ino m y a nd
, ,

t h is a c c o ding t o t h e m e th o d o f dn y yi) h e s e e k s t o p r o v e by d is
r a m

p r o ving th e a nt i th e s i s I t m a y be no ti c e d in p a s s i ng t h a t fo r th o s e
.
CH P T R
A E Ka nt on th e e nd le s s ne s s of Tim e . 2 43

wh o do no t , t o b e g in wi th fi nd s o m e t h ing u nth inka bl e in e m p ty T im e

,

a s h a vi ng a n e x is t e nc e o f it s o wn t h e r e fe e nc e t o t h e w o l d w h i c h , r r

fill s T im e is e v e n h e e r e a lly s u p e fl o u s T h e T h e s i s m ig h t j u s t a s
r r u .

w e ll a s s e rt o f T im e i t s e l f t h a t it m u s t h a v e a b e g inni ng a nd t h e n ,

p o c e e d a s it do e s Fo o n s u pp o s it i o n t h a t Tim h a s no be gi nning
r . r
1
e ,

b e fo e a ny giv e n m o m e nt o f T im e t h e r e m u s t h a v e e l a p s e d a n e t e r nit y
r ,

a n e ndl e s s s e ie s o f s u c c e s s iv e m o m nt
r No w t h e e ndl e s s ne s s o f a e s .

s e r i e s c o ns is t s in t h is t h t it c a n ne v e r b e c o m pl e t e d by s u c c e s s iv e
,
a

s y nt h e s is A n e ndl e s s p a s t l a p se of Tim is t h e e fo r e i m p o s s ibl e a nd

. e r

a b e g inni ng of it ne c e s s a r y
’
.

I c o nfe s s t o h a ving a lw a y s fo u nd s o m e t h i ng qu e s t i o na ble in t h e

r e l a t iv e p o s it io n w h i c h K a nt h e e a s s ig ns t o t h e t h o u gh t o f t h e e nd
r

le s s ne s s o f T im e o n t h e o ne h a nd a nd t h a t o f t h e im p o s s ib il ity o f ,

c o m pl e t ing t h e e ndl e s s s e r ie s by s y nt h e s is o n t h e o t h e r H e t h ink s .

it o bvi o u s t h a t t h e l a t t e c o ns t it u t e s a r e a s o n a g a ins t t h e fo m e r
r r ,
.

w h e e a s o ne m ig h t b e t e m p t e d o n t h e c o ntr a y t o c o ns i de it m e r e ly
r r r

a n o bvi o u s b u t u nim p o r t a nt c o ns e q u e nc e o f t h i s t h e s is Fo u n . r

do u b t e dly in c o nt e m pl a t ing a n e ndl e s s l a p s e o f t im e we s u pp o s e t h a t

, ,

a r e g e s s f o m t h e p e s e nt int o t h e p a s t w o l d ne v e r c o m e t o a n e nd
r r r u ,

a nd t h a t a c c o di ngly we c o u l d no t e x h a u s t t h e e l a p s e d t i m e by a
r

s u c c e s s iv e s y nt h e s is o f t h e s t e p s t a k e n in t h is e g fe s s T h e t wo r .

t h o u g h t s a e t h u s p e fe c t ly c o ns is t e nt a nd t h e e nd l e s s ne s s o f t h e p a s t
r r ,

w o u l d no t be fo u nd t o inv o lve a ny c o nt r a dic t io n u nt il we c o u l d

s u c c e e d in d is c o v e r ing a l a s t s t a e in t h e g P e s u m a bly i nde e d
g e e s s r r . r

Ka n t m e e ly m e a nt by t h e s e c o nd t h o g h t t o e x h ib it m o r e c l a ly a n
r u e r

a b s u dit y a l r e a dy i m pl ic it in t h e fi r s t
r B u t it is j u s t o n t h is p o int t h a t .

I c a nno t a c c o d h im a n u nqu a l ifi e d a s s e nt
r .

1 4 3 T o b e g in wi t h I p o p o s e t o p u t m y o bj e c t i o n in t h e fo llo w ing
.
,
r

g e ne a l fo m : t h e r igh t a nd du t y t o a dm it t h a t s o m e t hing is o r
r r

h a pp e ns do e s no t de p e nd o n o u a b il ity by c o m bi ni ng a c t s o f t h o u g h t r

t o m h it in t h a t fa s h io n in w h ic h we S h o u l d h a v e t o p e s e nt it t o
a e r

o u s e lv e s a s b e ing o r h a pp e ning w e e t o b e o r t o h a pp n I i
r
f i t t,
s i r e .

e no u g h t h a t t h e a d m is s io n is no t r e nde r d im p o s s ibl e by a n inne r

y e

c o nt a dic t io n a nd is e nd e e d ne c e s s a y by t h e b idding o f e xp e i e nce

r ,
r r r r .

B y no e ffo r t o f t h o u g h t c a n we l e a n h o w t h e w o l d o f B e i ng is m a de ; r r

bu t th e e wa s no c o nt a dic t io n in t h e c o nc e p t io n o f it a nd e xp r ie nc e
r r ,
e

c o m p e ll e d u s t o a do p t t h e c o nc e p t i o n W e h a v e h a d no e xp e r i e nc e .

h o w t h e w o r l d o f B e c o m i ng is m a de o n t h e c o nt ra r y th e a t t e m p t t o , ,

c o ns t r u c t it in t h o u g h t c o ns t a nt ly b r ing s u s t o t h e e dg e o f inne co n r

[A l t d f m K nt K it ik d V n nft p 3 4 ( H t n t in
1 ’
Th
’
e re ro a s r . r . er u , . 0 ar e s e s e

w d in it l i
or s L t a lt t i n ]
cs a r e o ze s a
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e ra o s

R 2
244 [ BO K I IO .

t r a dic t io ns , a nd it is o n ha s s h o w n u s t h a t t h e re m y
ly e xp e r ie nc e t h a t a

h pp e n in e l it y w h a t w c nno t
a r a c e a t e in t h o g h t W e c nno t
e a re r u . a

m ke o t h o w th e
a u p t io n o f o n t h ing o n no t h i b o gh t b o u t
o e ra e a er s r u a ,

a nd in t h i s c s we fo u nd it im p o s s ibl e t o o v e c o m e t h i nne c o nt a
a e r e r r

d ic t io n i m pl i d in t h e s pp o s it io n t h t i nde p nde nt l e m e nt
e u in no a e e s,

w y on a c n d w it h e a h o t h
ce r e s h o l d y t c o nc n t h m s e lv
c wi th e r, u e er e es

e ac h o t h e s o f t h a t t h e m o v e m e nt o f o ne s h o l d b e r g u l a t d by
r ar u e e

t h t o f t he o th e
a T h i s c o nc p tio n o f o p e a t i o n a c c o dingly we
r . e r ,
r ,

c o l d no t
u dm it w it h o t dis c d i ng t h s pp o s it io n o f t h e o b s t c t iv e
a u ar e u ru

ind p e nd nc O f t h ing s a nd s o e nd ing p o s s ibl t h a t m t a l

e e e , gu r er e u u re

l a t i o n o f t h e i m o t io n w h i h e xp e i e nc e s h o w s t o b a f c t C o u l d
r s, c r e a .

t h e a sc ip t i o n t o e m p ty s p a c e o f a n e xi s t nc o f it s o wn i nde p nd nt
r e e , e e

ie d o t w it h o t c o nt dic t i o n t h e infi nit e

'
o f o c o ns c io s ne s be
ur u s ,
c a rr u u ra ,

e x t e ns io n i ns p a bl e f o m it s na t u e w o u l d no t h a ve wi thh e l d u s
,
e ra r r ,

f o m e co g nis ing it s e a l it y a l t h o g h we w e r e a w a e t h a t we c o l d
r r r ,
u r u

n v e r e xh s t t h is i nfi nit y by a s c c s s i e a dd it io n o f it s p o int s o r o f
‘
e au u e v

t h e s t p s t k n by s in t a v e s ing it
e a e I t wa s no b s i ne s s o f o u s t o
u r r . u r

m a k S p ce e I t is t h c o nc e n o f S p c e it s e l f h o w it b ing s t h t t o
a . e r a r a

p a s s w h i c h t h e c t iv it y o f o i m g i
an a t i o n c a nno t c o m p s s C e t a i nly
ur a a . r ,

if a s e l f s s t ine d e x is t e n e it wa s no t b o nd t o b e s m a ll no u gh fo
- u a c , u e r

u s to b a bl t o fi nd it s l im i t s
e e I n it s infi ni t y no c o nt dic t io n wa s . ra

i nvo lve d F o m v y l im it t w h i h we m igh t h a l t fo t h m o m nt

. r e er , a c r e e ,

ro g e s s to r no t h li m i t w
aa s p o s s ibl e w h i c h m e ns t h a t s u c h p o g e s s
er a r r
p ,

w s a lw ys p o s s ibl
a a A c o nt dic t i n w o l d o nly h v e a i s e n p o n a
e . ra o u a r u

p o int b i ng fo u nd b e y o nd w h ic h f th e p o g s s w o l d no t h ve
e a ur r r re u a

b e e n ll w e d w ith o t a ny e a s o n fo t h e s t o pp a g b ing ffo de d by

a o ,
u r r e e a r

th e l w w h ic h h a s g o v e ne d th e p o c e s s t h o g h t h s t g s p v io
a r ly r r u e a e re us

t a v e s d a nd g ins t t h e e q u i e m nt o f t h t la w
r r e ,
a a F o m t h is infi nit y
r r e a . r

o f Sp t h e i m p s s ib ili t y o f e x h u s t i ng it by s u c e s s iv e
a ce o y nth e s is a c s

w o ld h a v e fo ll o w d a s a ne c s s a y bu t a t t h e s a m e t im u nim p o rt a nt
u e e r , e ,

c o ns q e nc e : e u nim p o r t a nt b e c a u e t h e
u s se nc e o f S p a s a co m, s e ace ,

pl e x o f s im l t ne o s no t s u c c s s ive e l e m nt s w o l d h a v e b e e n q u ite
u a u e e ,
u

u na ff t d by t h
ec e qu e s t io n w h e t h e a m o d o f o igi na tio n w h ic h is
e r e r ,

c er t a inly no t t h t o f S p a c e is p o s s ibl e a , .

I n t his r e s p c t t h e s is u nd o u b t d ly q i t e diffe e nt in r e g a d t o
e ca e e u r r

T im e I t is by t h e s u c c e s s io n o f m o m e nt s t h t e v e y s t io n o f T im e
. a r ec

c o m e s int o b ing T h e e fo r e no w o ng is do ne it by t h e q s tio n

e . r r ue

wh t h e it infini ty is a t ta in bl by t h m e t h o d o f s u c c e s s iv e s y nt h s is
e r s a e e e ,

w h ic h e s e s in th is a s e t o b m ly t h s bj e c t iv m t h o d fo ll o w d
c a c e e re e u e e e

by o u t h gh t B t e v e n h e t h e im p o s s ibil ity o f o m ing t o a n nd

, r ou . u re c e

c a nnot b e e g a de d s d is p r o v ing t h e e ndl s s ne s s o f T im

r r a K a nt e e .
 Th e s u cce s s ive s nt h s is is in Tim e
cu m
y e . 24 5
s p e a k s e xp r e s s ly o f a iv s y nt h e s is a nd o f t h e c e t a inty t h a t t h e
s u cce s s e , r

infi nit e s e r i e s c a n n v r be e x h a u s t e d by it e e I f we i ns i s t o n t h e s e .

e xp e s s i o ns it is c l e a r t h a t t h e c o u s e o f T i m e
r , t h e infi ni ty o f w h ic h is r ,

a l o ne o s t e ns ibly i m p u g ne d is i t s e l f a l r e a dy r e g a r d e d a s a r e a l c o nd it io n
,

a nt e c e d e nt o f t h a t a c t ivi t y o f im a g ina t io n w h i c h a t t e m p t s t h e s y nt h e s is ,

s a i d t o b e fr u i t l e s s T h e s e v e r a l s t e p s o f t h i s a c t ivi t y fo ll o w e a c h
.

o th e r No w w h a t e v e r t h e c e l e i t y w it h w h i c h t h i s t a s k o f a ddi ng
. r

m o m e nt t o m o m e nt m a y b e s u pp o s e d t o b e c a i e d o n no o ne w ill rr ,

m a int a in t h a t it is a c h ie v e d m o r e q u i c kly t h a n t h e l a p s e o f t h e

m o m e nt s w h ic h it c o u nt s T h e m e nt a l r e c o ns t ru c t io n o f T i m e in
.

t im e by m e a ns o f t h e s u c c e s s ive s y nt h e s i s o f it s m o m e nt s w il l t a k e a s

m u c h t im e a s T im e i t s e l f t a k e s fo r it s o wn c o ns t r u c t i o n t h e re fo e a n r

e ndl e s s T i m e if T i m e is e ndl e s s
, A nd t h i s is in fa c t a s it s e e m s t o
.
,

m e t h e e a l m e a ning o f t h e w o r d n v
,
r in t h e a b o v e c o nne xi o n It e er .

c a nno t h a v e t h e m e r e fo c e o f ne g a t io n no t I t o nly a s s e r t s w h a t is
r , .

in i t s e lf int e ll ig ibl e t h a t no s u c c e s s io n in T im e ne i t h e r t h a t o f o u r
, ,

m e nt a l e p r e s e nt a t io n o f T im e no
r t h a t o f T im e i t s e l f c a n m e a su e r ,
r

a n i nfi nit e T im e in a fi nit e T im e B u t no inne r c o nt r a d ic t io n l ie s in

.

t h is p r o g r e s s fr o m p o i nt t o p o i nt T h is is t h e m o e a pp a r e nt f o m t h e
. r r

c o ns i de a t i o n t h a t t h e p r o g r e s s m u s t b e s u pp o s e d r e a lly t o t a k e pl a c e
r

if we a e t o c o nc e iv e t h e p o s s ibil it y o f t h e s u c c e s s iv e s y nt h e s is by
r ,

w h ic h we a r e s a i d t o l e a n t h a t it c o nt i nu e s s o e ndl e s s ly a s ne v e r t o b e
r

c o m pl e t e d I t is no t wi t h i t s e l f t h e r e fo e t h a t t h e e ndl e s s ne s s o f T im e
. r

is in c o nt a dic t io n b u t o nly wit h o u r e ffo t t o i nc l u de it s i nfi ni t e

r ,
r

p r o g r e s s in a fi nit e o ne o f t h e s a m e k ind .

14 4 I n w i t ing t h u s I a m no t u na w a r e o f t h e p o s s ibl e o bj e c t io n
. r ,

t h at t h is V i e w a d m it s o f u nfo c e d a ppl ic a t io n o nly t o t h e F u t u r e w h i c h

r ,

no o ne w o u l d s e io u s ly d o u b t t o b e w it h o u t l im it s
r I t m a y b e s a id .

t h a t t h e F u t u e a s we c o nc e iv e it c o nt a i ns t h a t w h i c h is c o m ing t o be
r , ,

b u t h a s no t ye t t a k e n s h a p e a nd t h e e nd l e s s ne s s o f it s p r o g r e s s io n
,

a g e e s wi t h t h is c o nc e p t io n : w h e e a s t h e P a s t I fi y
r
( if n nit is to be r

a s c r ib e d t o it w o u l d c o m p e l u s t o a s s u m e a fi nis h e d a nd r e a dy m a de
) -

I nfi nity I c a nno t h e lp t h i nki ng h o w e ve r t h a t we h a v e h e r e a c o n

.
, ,

fu s io n o f ide a s .

I n the fi s t pl a c e I w o u l d dis p o s e o f t h e di ffi c u l ty wh ic h m a y be
r ,

s u gg e s t e d by K a nt s e xp e s s io n t h a t p
’

p t a n y m o m e nrt o f t h e e s,
e nt ‘
u o r

a n infi nit e s e r i e s o f T i m e m u s t h a v e e l p s e d
’
I t s e e m s t o m e im a .

p o p e t o e p e s e nt t h e P r e s e nt a s t h e e nd o f t h is s e ie s I t is no t t h e
r r r r r .

s t r e a m o f T im e o f w h ic h t h e di e c t io n c a n b e de s c ib e d by s a yi ng r r

t h a t it fl o w s o u t o f t h e P a s t t h o u gh t h e P r e s e nt int o t h e fu t u e
, r It ,
r .

is o n ly h
t at w hci h fi ll s T i m e — t he o c e e
c n r t c o u r s e o f h
t e w o r ld — th a t
2 4 6 [ B OO K 1 1
c o ndit io ns wh a t is c o nt a ine d in t h e l t e r by w h a t is c o nta i ne d in t h e a
‘

e a li rr e E m p t y T i m e it s e l f if t h e r e w e e s c h a t h ing w o u l d t a ke t h e
.
,
r u ,

Opp o s it e d i e c t io n T h e F t e w o l d p a s s u nc e a s ingly i nt o t h e
r . u ur u

P e s nt a nd t h i s int o t h e P a s t I n p e s e nt ing it t o o u s e lve s we

r e . r r

S h o l d h a v e no o c c a s io n t o s e e k t h e s o u c e o f t his s t e a m in
u r r

th e p a s t .

T h is c o r e c t io n h o w e ve r o nly a l t e s t h e fo m o f t h e a b o v e o bj e c
r , ,
r r

t i o n w h ic h m ig h t b e
,
e p e a te d t h u s — I f th e P a s t is h e l d t o b e
r

infi nit e t h e n t h e e m u s t b e c o ns id e e d t o h a v e e l a p s e d a n infi nit e

,
r r

re p e t itio n o f th a t m y s t e io u s p r o c e s s by w h ic h e v e r y m o m e nt o f r ,

t h e e m p t y F t u e b e c o m e s t h e P r e s e nt a nd a g a in p s h e s t h e P e s e nt
u r ,
u r

b e fo e it a s a P a s t T h e t r e g o u nd h o w e v e o f t h e m is u nde
r . u r ,
r, r

s t a nding is a s fo ll o w s F u t u e a nd P a s t a l ik e a e n t ; bu t th e m a nne
. r r o r

o f t h e i no t b e ing is no t t h e s a m e
r -
I t is t ru e t h a t in r e ga d t o e m p t y . r

T im e t h o u g h we w o u l d fa in m a k e t h is dis tinc t io n we c a nno t s h o w

, ,

t h a t it o b t ins fo o ne p o int o f t h e e l a p s e d v o id is e x a c t ly l ik e e v e y
a ,
r r

p o int o f t h e v o id t h a t h a s s t ill t o c o m e B t if we t h ink o f t h a t c o s e . u ur

o f t h e w o l d w h ic h fill s T im e t h e n t h e F u t u e p e s e nt s it s e l f t o u s a s
r ,
r r

t h a t w h ic h fo u s a t a ny a t e is s h a p e l s s d b io u s s t ill t o b e m a de
,
r r ,
e , u , ,

w h il e t h e P a s t a l o ne is de fi nit ly fo m e d a nd e a dy m a de O nly t h e e r r -
.

P s w h ic h inde e d i no t b t s t ill h a s k no w n wh a t B e ing is — we

a t — s , u

t a k e a s g iv e n a nd a s in a c e t a in wa b e l o ng in g t o r a l it y F o r v e y r r
, y e e .

m o m e nt o f w h a t h a s b e e n t h e s e ie s o f c o nd itio ns is fi nis h e d— t h e r

c o ndit io ns w h ic h m u s t h v e b e e n th o u g h t o r m u s t h a v e b e e n a c t iv e in a

o de r t o m k e it t h e d e fi nit e o bj e c t w h ic h it is
r a T h is c h a c t e o f . ra r

wh a t h a s b e e n s inc e it b e l o ng s t o e ve ry m o m e nt o f t h e p a s t is
, ,

S h e d by t h e w h o l e p a s t o f t h e w o l d s h is t o y a nd is t a ns fe d by
ar r
’
r ,
r rre

u s t o e m p t y T im e T h u s a s a m t t e o f c o s e w h e n we s p e a k o f
.
, a r ur ,

a n e ndl e s s P a s t we t a k e it t o be t h e s a m e t h ing a s s a y ing t h t t h is

” , a

e ndl e s s P a s t h 6 n B u t it is q it e a diff e nt no t io n t h a t K nt
‘
as ee . u er a

c o nv e y s by h is e xp e s s io n g o ne by T h is is t h e t e r m u s e d o f a ‘ ’ 2
r .

st e a m
r o f w h ic h it is a l r e a dy k no w n o r a s s u m e d t h a t it h a s a n
, nd e

a nd e x h a u s t s it s l f in it s l a p s e Bu t the e is no t h ing in t h e s s e nt ia l . re e

c h a a cter o f t h e P a s t t o j u s t ify t h is a s s m p t io n
r N o t h ing is fi nis h e d u .

b u t t h e s u m o f c o ndit io ns w h ic h m a d e e a c h s ingl e m o m e nt w h a t it
has b e n e T o s a y h o w e v e r t h a t t h is de t e m ina t io n is in e a c h c a s e
.
, , r

fi nis h e d is q u ite a diffe e nt t h ing f o m s a y ing t h t t h e s e r ie s o f e p e r r a r

t it io ns o f t h is p o c e s s is it s e l f c l o s e d a nd m u s t b e h e l d t o be g iv e n a s
r
,

a c l o s e d s e ie s o t o h v e g o ne by if it is t o b e e q u iv l e nt t o t h e s ie s
r r a a er
,

o f wh a t h a s b e e n T h e l a t t e r is i nde e d t h e a s s e t io n o f K a nt bu t t h e
.
r ,

1
Se i 2
 H A PT E R I I I ) R e a lity fi
’ ’

fi l té
C . Zfl 24 7
th o u gh t xp r e s s e d is no t o ne ne c e s s a r ily i nvo lve d in t h e c o nc e p t io n
so e

o f t h a t w h ic h h a s b e e n s o a s t o b e a ll e g e d a s a dis p r o o f o f t h e
,

a s s u m p t io n o f a n i nfi nit e p a s t A ll t h a t c a n b e s a id is t h a t w h o e v e r
.

t h ink s o f a n infi nit e p a s t t h ink s o f a n infi nit e t h a t h a s b e e n W h y h e

, .

s h o u l d no t t h ink t h is d o e s no t a pp e a H e w ill s im ply d e ny t h a t t h e r .

c o nc e p t i o n o f w h a t h a s b e e n co nt a ins a p r e s u m p t io n o f it s b e i ng fi nit e .

B u t t h a t o n s u pp o s i t io n o f a n infi ni t e p a s t we S h o u l d ne v e r c o m e t o
, ,

a n e nd in a n a t t e m p t t o r e c o ns t r u c t t h e p a s t by t h e s u c c e s s iv e s n
y
t h e s is o f a p r o c e s s o f i m a g ina t i o n is no t a ny t h i ng t o s u p is e u s ,
It r r .

is t h e na t u r a l r e s u l t o f o u r a s s u m p t i o n A c o nt r a d i c t io n w o u l d o nly .

a r i s e if t h e i nfi ni t y a s s e r t e d b r o k e O ff a nyw h e r e .

1 4 5 T h e do c t ine t h a t o u
. im a g ina t i o n c a n o nly a pp r o a c h t h e
r r

i nfi nit e ly g e a t by a p o g r e s s w h i c h c a n be c o nt inu e d be y o nd e ve y
r r r

l im it t h a t m a y b e fix e d fo r t h e m o m e nt m a y b e m e t w it h e l s e w h e re

t h a n in K a nt I do no t dis p u t e t h e c o r e c t ne s s o f th is do c t ine B u t
. r r .

if it is m e a nt t o c o nv e y a d e fi nit i o n o f t h e infi nit e I m u s t o bj e c t t h a t ,

it w o u l d be a d e fi nit io n o f t h e o bj e c t o nly by o ne o f it s c o ns e q u e nc e s
w h ic h m a y s e ve a s a m a k o f it no t by t h e p r o p e r na tur e f o m w h i c h
r r ,
r

t h e s e c o ns e q u e nc e s flo w Fo r t h a t t h e p r o g e s s in q u e s t io n a dm it s o f
. r

b e i ng c o nt inu e d b e yo nd e ve r y l im it is s o m e th ing t h a t c a nno t h a ve .

be e n l e a r ne d by a ny a c t u a l e xp e im e nt A ny su ch e xp e r im e nt m u s t r .

ne c e s s a ily h a v e s t o pp e d a t s o m e fi ni t e li m it wi t h o u t a ny c e t a int y t h a t
r r

t h e ne x t s t e p in a dv a nce w h i c h h a d u nfo t u na t e ly no t be e n t a k e n
,
r ,

m ig h t no t h a v e e x h a u s t e d t h e infi nit e R a t h e we de r iv e t h is c e ta int y . r r ,

t h a t t h e im a g ina t io n w it h it s p o s t e i o r c o ns t r u c t i o ns w ill no t e x h a u s t
r

it f o m a p io r c o nc e p t io n w h ic h do e s e x h a u s t it w e e it o nly t h e
,
r r ,
r

S im pl e r e c o g nit i o n t h a t t h e i nfi nite h a s no t a n e nd a nd t h a t th e r e fo r e , ,

a s a m a tt e r o f c o u r s e , s u c h a n e nd c a nno t b e fo u nd .

Th e b o ve de fi nit io n by c o ns e q u e nc e s m a y no t wi th s t a nd i ng h a ve
a , ,

it s u s e W h a t m u s t o n t h e c o nt r a y b e dis p u t e d is t h e c o nc l s io n
.
,
r ,
u

c o nne c t e d w it h it t h a t in t h e r a ng e o f o u r t h o u g h t s a b o u t t h e r e a l a
,

c a s e c a n ne v e r o cc r in w h ic h we m ig h t r e c o g nis e t h e i nfi nit e a s
u

a c t a lly p e s e nt a nd g iv e n ; o r t o
u r u t it o t h r w is e t h a t a n infi nit e
p e , ,

c a n ne v e r p o s s e s s t h e s a m e r e a l ity w h ic h we a s c ib e t o fi nit e m a g ni r

t u de s o f t h e s a m e k ind I f we c o nt inu e t h e s e r i e s o f nu m b e s by t h e
. r

a d d it io n o f u ni t s t h e infi ni t e c a nno t it is t u e
, b e fo u nd a s a nu m b e r , r ,
.

To e q i e t h a t it s h o u l d be s o fo u nd w o u l d b e t o c o nt a dic t o u
r u r r r

de fi nit io n o f it B u t t o e v e r y fu t h e nu m b e r a d m it t e d b e y o nd t h e l a s t
. r r

w h ic h we p r e s e nt e d t o o u s e lve s we h a ve t o a s c ib e t h e s a m e v a l idit y
r , r

a s t o t h is l a s t T h e s e ie s do e s no t s o b re a k o ff w h e e o u r s y nt h e s is
. r r

c o m e s t o a n e nd a s t h a t t h e fu r t h e r c o nt i nu a t i o n s h o u l d b e in a ny wa y
2 4 8 [ B OO K I I .

di s t ingu i s h a b l e fr o m th e pi e c e a l e a dy c of mte d a s th e m e r e ly p o s s ibl er ,

o r im g ina r y f o m s o m e t h ing r e a l o
a r g iv e n O n t h e c o n t a y t o o u r r . r r ,

c o nc e p t io n t h e s e ie s h a s u nd im ini s h e d v a l idit y a s a n infi nit e o ne

r ,

a l t h o u g h o n t h e m e t h o d o f a ddit i o n o f u ni t s it c o u l d ne v e r b e b e g o t t e n

fo r o u r i m a gi na t io n T h e T a ng e nt o f a n a ngl e inc e a s e s w ith t h e

. r

inc r e a s e o f t h e a ngl e No t o nly h o w e v e d o we c o nt inu o u s ly a p

.
,
r,

p r o x im a t e t o t h e c a s e in w h i c h its v a l u e b e c o m e s infi nit e ; we a c t u a lly

a r r iv e a t it if t h e a ngl e is a r igh t a ngl e a nd t h e T a ng e nt p a a ll e l t o t h e r

S e c a nt . T his i nfi nit e l e ng t h e m a ins t h o u gh o u t u nm e a s u a bl e by r r r

s u c c e s s iv e s y nt h e s is o f fi nit e l e ngt h s : b u t we a e a t t h e s a m e t im r e

fo c e d t o a dm it t h a t a s t h e c o nc l u ding m e m b e r o f a s e r i e s o f fi nit e
r

T a ng e nt v a l u e s w h i c h a dm it o f b e i ng s t a t e d t h is i nfi nit e i ne x h a u s t ibl e
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e x h a u s t ibl e W e s a y w it h e qu a l v l dity a nd t h a t is a ll t h a t we c a n
. a i ,

s a y fo r no ne o f t h e s e l ine s a e
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p e s e nt t o t h e m i nd s e ye B u t I fi nd no t hing t o p r o v e th a t in t h e
r
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.

c o nc e p t io n o f r e a li t y a s s u c h t h e e is a ny t h ing t o h inde
, ,
s f o m r r u r

r e c o g nis ing b e s i de fi nit e v a lu e s w h ic h we

,
fo c e d t o a dm it t h e a re r ,

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t h o u g h t s c o m p l s u s t o do s o e .

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r , ,

p o s s ibl e s u ch a ne c e s s i ty l ie s no t m e e ly in t h e fa c t t h a t no m o m e nt
,
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o f t h is t i m e h a s a ny b e t t e r t it l e t h a n no t h e r t o fo m t h e b e g nn ng a r i i .

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r r ,
r , r

c a nno t b e r e g a de d a s a ny th i ng b u t a p r o c e s s in w h i c h e v e r y s m a l le s t
r ,

p a t h a s t h e c o ndit i o n o f it s e a l ity in a p r e vio u s o ne T h e e t h u s

r r . r

ar is e s t h e ne c e s s ity o f a n infi nit e p o g e s s io n— a ne c e s s it y e qu a lly n r r u

a v o id a bl e if o n t h e o t h e r h a nd we l o o k m e r e ly t o t h e
, e a l pro ce s s o f
, r

e v e nt s a nd e g a r d t h is a s p r o du c ing in s o m e wa
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y
b e ing a n e m p t y T im e I t is im p o s s ibl e t o t h ink o f a ny fi r s t s t a t e o f
.

t h e w o l d w h ic h c o nt a i ns t h e fi r s t g e m o f a ll t h e m o t io n t h a t t a k e s
r ,
r

pl a c e in t h e w o r l d in t h e fo r m o f a s t ill m o t io nl e s s e xi s t e nce a nd ye t ,

m o r e i m p o s s ibl e t o s u pp o s e a t r a ns it io n o u t o f no t h ing by m e ns o f ,
a

wh ic h a ll e a l it y t o g e t h e wi t h t h e m o t ive im p u l s e s c o nt a ine d in it
r ,
r ,

fi r s t c a m e int o b e ing .

1 4 6 A ll t h e s e r e m a k s h o w e v r h a v e o nly b e e n m a de o n s u pp o
. r ,
e ,

s it io n t h a t a s t e a m o f e m p t y T im e is in i t s e l f p o s s ibl e
r S inc e we .

fo u nd it im p o s s ibl e we w ill t y h o w fa r we a e h e lp e d by t h e Opp o s it e

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v ie w t h a t T i m e is m e r e ly a s u bj e c t iv e wa y o f a pp r e h e nding wh a t is
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no t in T im e A diffic l t y is h e r e o bv io u s w h i c h h a d no t t o b e e u
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p u rel
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j
u 6 e c t iv e . 2 49

no t ge ne a lly r a dm i t
w h ic h fo r m s t h e i r c o nt e nt b e i ng p r e dic a t e d
o f tha t
o f th e m T h e i de a o f Re d is no t i t s e l f r e d no t h a t o f c h o l e c h o l e ic
.
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no r t h a t o f a c u r v e c u r v e d T h e s e i ns ta nc e s m a k e t h a t c l e a a nd
'

. r

c r e d ibl e t o u s w h i c h in it s e l f no t wi t h s t a nding is m o s t s t r a ng e ; t h e
, ,

na t u e na m e ly o f e ve y i nt e ll e c t a l p r e s nt a t io n no t it s e l f t o b e t h a t
r , ,
r u e ,
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w h ic h is p r e se nt e d in it I t m a y i nde e d be difli c u lt fo r t h e i m a g ina t io n

.
,

w h e n t h e e xp a ns e o f S p a c e s p e a ding b e fo e o u r p e c e p t io n a nno u nc e s
r r r

i t s e l f s o c o nvi nc i ngly a s p r e s e nt o u t s ide u s t o e g d it a s a p o du c t , r ar r ,

o nly p r e s nt fo r u s o f a n a c t ivi t y w o ki ng in u s w h i c h is i t s e l f t o no
e ,
r

c o nd it io ns o f S p a c e S t ill in t h e c o nc e p ti o n o f a n a c t ivi ty t h e e is
.
,
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no t h ing t o m a k e u s l o o k fo r e x t e ns io n in S p a c e o n t h e p a t o f t h e r

a c t ivi ty it s e l f a s a c o nd it io n o f it s a c t iv it y O n t h e c o nt a ry h a d we . r ,

b e li e ve d t h a t t h e i m p e s s io ns o f S p a c e in o r inne r m n c o u l d t h e m
r u a

s e lv e s h a v e p o s i t i o n in S p a c e we s h o u l d h a v e b e e n o bl ig e d t o s e e k
,

o u t a ne w a c t iv it y o f o b s e v a t io n w h ic h h a d c o nv e t e d t h is i nne r c o n
r r

d i t io n i nt o a k no wl e dg e o f it a nd t o l o o k t o t h is a c t it’ity fo r t h a t ,

s t a ng e a pp e h e ns io n o f w h a t is in S p a c e w h i c h m s t d o it s w o r k
r r u

wi th o u t b e ing in S p a c e i t s e l f .

I f o n t h e o t h e h a nd we t y t o Sp e a k in a Si m il a wa y o f a t im e l e s s
,
r , r r

p r e s e nt a t io n o f w h a t is in t i m e t h e a t t e m p t s e e m s t o b e k do w n ,
r a .

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t iv e s u s c e p t ib il it y c a nno t t a k e a w a y f o m t h e p e s e nt a t io n i t s e l f t h e
, r r

c h a a c te r o f a n a c t ivi t y o r a t l e a s t o f a n e v e n t a nd a n e v e nt s e e m s
r ,

i nc o nc e iv a bl e w it h o u t p r e s u pp o s it io n o f a l a p s e o f t im e o f w h i ch t h e ,

e nd is dis t ing u is h a bl e f o m t h e b e g inning T h u s T im e u nl ik e S p a c e

r .
, ,

is no t m e r e ly a p o du c t o f t h e s o u l s a c t iv it y bu t a t t h e s a m e t im e t h e
’
r ,

c o ndit io n o f t h e e x e r i s e o f t h e a c t ivi t y by w h ic h T i m e t s e lf a s a p o
c 1 r

du c t is s a id t o h a v e b e e n o b t a ine d a nd t h e p r e s e nt a t io n t o c o ns c io u s ,

ne ss o f a ny c h a ng e s e e m s i m p o s s ibl e w it h o t t h e c o rr e s p o ndi ng r e a l u

c h a ng e o n t h e p a t o f t h e p r e s e nt ing m i nd
r No w it m u s t be b o ne in . r

m ind t h a t in no c a s e c o u l d T im e b e a s u bj e c t iv e fo r m o f a pp re h e ns io n

in s u c h a s e ns e a s t h a t th e p o c e s s o f e v e nt s w h ic h we p e s e nt t o o u r
r ,
r

s e lv e s in it s h o u l d b e i t s e l f Opp o s e d t o t h e fo r m o f a pp e h e ns io n a s
, r

b e i ng o f a c o m p le t e ly a l ie n na t e W h a t e v e r b a s is in t h e wa y o f u r .

t im e l e s s e a l it y we r m a y b e d is p o s e d t o s pply t o p h e no m e na in u

T im e ,
it m u s t a t a ny r a t e be su ch t h a t it s o wn na t u r e a nd c o ns t it u t io n

r e m a in t r a ns la t e a b le i nto fo r m s o f T im e . To t h is h idde n t im e e ss l
re al ity it ,
m a
y b e su gg e s t e d
v ity o f t h o u gh t w o u l d it s e l f be l o ng
,
tha t a cti ,

o f w h ic h t h e p r o du c t in o u r c o ns c io u s ne s s w o u l d be t h a t c o se o f ur

o c c u rr e nc e s a nd o f o u r i de a s wh i c h is s e e m ingly in T im e O f it nd .
,
a

by c o ns e qu e nce o f e v e y a c t ivi ty a s s u c h it m u s t be s o u gh t t o Sh o w
r , ,
 Of Tim e . [ B OO K 1 1 .

a c co r d n i g to V i e w w h ic h
ke s Tim h t o b e m e e ly o u r fo rm o f
th e ta r

a pp e h e ns i o n t h a t w h il e no t it s l f u nning a c o u r s e in a t im e a l e a dy
r ,
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p r e s e nt it m a y ye t p e s e nt it s e l f t o s e ns e in it s p o du ct s a s u nni ng
,
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s u ch a c o u r s e L e t u s p u s u e t h e c o ns ide a t io n by w h ic h it m a y b e
. r r

a t t e m p t e d t o v indic a t e t h is p a ra d o x ic a l no t io n .

1 4 7 No o ne w ill m a int a in t h a t t h e s t r e a m o f e m p t y T im e b ing s

. r

fo t h e v e nt s in t h e s e ns e o f b e i ng t h a t w h ic h d e t e m ine s t h i c h a
r r e r

r a cte a nd t h e s c ce s s io n o f t h e v a r io u s s e i e s o f t h e m
r u I t w o u l d be r .

a dm itt e d t h a t a ll t h is is de c i de d by t h e a c t u a l inne r c o nne x io n o f

t h i ng s B u t a l t h o u g h t h a t w h ic h h a pp e ns a t o ne m o m e nt c o nt a ins
.

t h e g o u nd G o f t h a t w hic h a t t h e ne x t is t o a pp e a r a s c o ns e q u e nc e
r

F it m a y b e f nc ie d t h a t t h e l a p s e o f T i m e is a o ndit io in o
,
a n n c s e ua o

w h ic h m u s t b e f lfille d if t h e gr o nde d c o ns e qu e nc e is e lly t o fo ll o w

u u r a

f o m it s g o u nd
r A e fe e nc e t o t h e g e ne r a l r e m k s p e v io s ly
r . r r ar r u

m a de u po n th e
, s e v e a l k ind s o f c a u s e dis t ing u is h e d in c o m m o n
r

p a l a nc e m a y m e a nw h il s u ffi c e t o c o nvinc e u s t h a t w h a t we c a ll a
r , e

c o ndit i in o o s n n c a n s t a nd in no o t h e r r e l a t io n t o t h e e ff e c t e s u l t
e u a o r

ing t h a n d o e s e v e r y o t h e c o Op e a t iv e c a u s e T h e m e e p e s e nc e o f
r -
r . r r

t h a t w h ich n e a c h c a s e is s o c a ll e d is ne v e
1 s ffi c ie nt t o d aw a r u r

d is t i nc t e v e nt in t h e wa y o f c o ns e q u e nc e a ft e r it The ca se t h e is . ra r

t h a t t h e p e s e nc e o f s u c h a c o m pl e m e nt a y c o ndit i o n m u s t a lw a y s
r r

m a nif s t it s e l f by a n e ffe c t e x e r c is e d o n t h e o t h e r r e a l e l e m e nt s
e

w h ic h w ith o u t it w o u l d no t h a v e s u ffi ce d fo r t h e p r o du c ti o n o f t h e
c o ns e qu e nc e F .

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m o m e nt a s t a t e o f t h ing s G is e a lly g iv e n w h i c h fo m s t h e c o m pl e t e , , r r

g o u nd o f a ne c e s s a y c o ns e qu e nc e F th e r e is no c o nc e iv a bl e e s p e c t
r r , ,
r

in w hic h t h e l a p s e o f a n e m p t y T im e T s h o u l d b e ne c e s s a y o r , ,
r ,

c o u l d c o nt r ib t e t o b ing a b o u t t h e p r o du c t io n o f F by G
u ,
r G a nt d . r e

tha t du ing t h e t im e T G h a s c o nt i nu e d w it h o t c h a ng e ne it h e r
,
r , u ,

p o du c ing F no r a m o e im m e di a t e c o ns e qu e nce f , p l im ina ry t o

r r ,
re

t h e o t h e r t h e n a t t h e e nd o f t h e int e v a l T e v e r y th ing w ill b e j s t a s

, r u

a t t h e b e g inning a nd t h e l a p s e o f t im e T w ill h a v e b e e n p e fe c t ly
, r

b a r e n I f o n t h e o t h e h a nd d u r i ng t h e s a m e int e va l G h a s p a s s e d
r .
,
r , r

i nto t h e s e ie s o f c o ns e q e nce s f j f
r e a ch e l t e d t o t h e ne x t
u
] , g, 3
r a

fo ll o w ing a s g o u nd t o c o ns e qu e nc e th e s a m e r e m a r k is a ppl ic a bl e t o
r
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a ny t wo p r o x im a t e ly r e l a t e d m e m b e s o f t h i s s e r ie s I f f is t h e s o l e r .
,

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r
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2

c a n b e ne it h e c o nt ib u t o y no r e s s e nt i l t o t h e p r o d c t io n by f i
r r
f r o t s a u 2

e ffe c t f I t w ill no d o u b t b e o bj e c t e d t h a t t h e fla w o f o u a r g u
,
. r

m e nt c o ns is t s in t h i s t h a t we fi x a c e r t a in m o m e nt a y s t a t e o f t h ing s
,
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G, a nd c o ns i de r
fix e d s t a t e o f t h ing s in c o m pl t e ide nt ity w it h
t h is , e

i t s e l f t o a c t a s t h e Op e r a t ive c a u s e o f a n e ffe c t ; w h e e a s in fa c t G
,
r

o nly b e c o m e s s u c h a c u se t h o u g h a l a p s e o f T i m e d u ing w h i c h it is
a r r

it s l f in c o nt i nu o u s p o c e s s o f b e c o m ing
e r Fo t h is r e a s o n it w ill be . r ,

s a i d t h e s e ie s o f de t e m ina t e c a u s e s a nd e ffe c t s u nfo l d s it s e l f a s a

,
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p r o c e s s o f e v e nt s w h il e o n o u r s u pp o s itio n it r e m a ins o u t o f T im e
,

a nd j u s t fo t h a t r e a s o n c a nno t fo m m o e t h a n a s y s t e m o f m e m b e r s
r r r

w h ic h s ta nd t o e a c h o th e r e t e na lly in g a du a t e d e l a t io ns o f de p e nd r r r

e nc e w it h o t e v e r m o v ing in t h e s e r e l a t io ns
u I t m u s t b e a d m it t e d .

t h a t w h o e v e r p u t s t h is o bj e c t i o n s t ik e s a m o s t e s s e nt ia l p o i nt H e is r .

p e fe c tly igh t in i ns is t ing u p o n c e a s e l e s s m o t i o n o u nint e r u p t e d

r r r r

b e c o m ing a s c o ns t it u e nt s o f t h e r e a l Fo u ndo u b te dly if o nc e t h e . r ,

p e fe c tly u nc h a ng ing fa c t G w e e e c o g nis e d a s give n t h e n th e c o n

r r r ,

s e q u e nt F o f w h ic h it c o nt a ins t h e s u ffi c i e nt r e a s o n w o u l d a s s p e e n
, ,

la t i e ly v a l id t u t h s u b s is t p e r m a ne nt ly a l o ng w it h G w h il e c o ns ide e d
v r , ,
r

a s r e a l it y it w o u l d e it h e a lw a y s e x is t a l o ng w it h it o r ne v e co m e r r

i nt o b e i ng o u t o f it Fo t h e n t h e a ddit i o n o f t h e l p s e o f a n e m p ty
. r a

T i m e t w o u l d no t p o du c e t h e m o t io n a b s e nt f o m G a t a ll a t a ny
r r ,

r a t e no t p o du c e it m o r e o r l e s s t h n w o u l d t h e l a p s e o f o
r t o t a r 00 .

T h is s h a ll b e m o e f lly c o ns ide e d b e l o w Fo t h e p e s e nt m y
r u r . r r

c o nc e n is t o S h o w t h a t fo r t h e v e y p o c e s s o f B e c o m ing in qu e s t io n
r r r

t h e m e e l p s e o f T im e c a n
r a ffo d no m e a ns a ny p o s s ibl e a p p li a r ,

c a t io n o f w h ic h c o u l d b e ne c e s s a y t o b ing ing it a b o t The p o o f r r u . r

o f t his h o w e v e ,
I h o l d t o be invo lve d in w h a t h a s b e e n a l e a dy s a id
r, r .

Fo h e r e it c o m e s t o t h e s a m e t h ing in ffe c t w h e t h e we o nly s p e k

r e r a

o f a s e ie s o f d is t inc t c a u s e s w h ic h p o du c e t h e i s e v
r a l e ffe c t s s o t o r r er ,

Sp e a k by j m p s o r w h e th e t a k ing t h e c a s e o f c o nt inu i ty we u nde s t a nd

,
u ,
r r

by f f f c o ns t it u e nt s o f a c o nt inu o u s s t e a m o f c a u s a t io n— c o n
] , 2, ;
r

s t it e nt s w h ic h
u a e o nly a b it a ily fix e d in t h o u g h t b t
r o f w h ic h
r r r u

r e a lly e a c h in t u r n m o v e s O n t h e l a t te r s u pp o s it i o n it w o u l d b e j s t
. u

a s im p o s s ibl e t h t t h e int e n l m o tio n w h ic h a e s u l t s in t h e e m i s s io n

r a ,
r

o ff f o m f 3
rs h o u l d b e d e p e nde nt o n t h e l a p s e o f t h e e m p t y t im e
2,

t — t in s c h a wa y a s t h a t it c o u l d no t t a k e pl ce u nl e s s t h is l p s e
,, 2
u a a

o f t im e p e c e de d r S c h a n infl u e nc e is u nint e ll ig ibl e u nl e s s we s u p

. u

p o s e t h a t t e l a p s e o f e m p ty t im e c a n a nno nc e it s e l f t o f
h — na y t h a t u
g

t h e co m pl e t io n o f t h e p e io d t — t m a k e s it s e l f fe l t a s d iff re nt f o m
r
s 2
e r

t h a t o f t h l g pe o d
o n e e i t — t in o de r t h a t in t h e fo m e r t h e e m a y
r r r r r
, 2,

b e o c c a s io n fo r t h e a d v a nc e o f t h e p o c s s o f b e c o m ing f o m f o nly r e r
2

to j in t h e l a t t e t o f
} , B u t t h e e nds o f t h e t wo p e io d s a e c o m
r
l
. r r

p le t e ly l ik e e a c h o t h e a n d lik e e v e y o t h e r m
r o m e n t o f e m p t y t im e r .

Th e e nt ry o f t h e o ne h a s no s u c h dis ti nc t i o n fr o m t h a t o f t h e o t h e r
 [ B OO K I I .

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a s can jgive to ;
t h e s i na g l v a nc e F
fo r t h is
o o r t h a t a m o u nt o f ad . r

t h a t e a s o n t h e s u m o f t h e c o nt i nu o u s ly fl o wi ng m o m e nt s w h ic h fo m s
r ,
r

t h e du a t io n o f e a c h p e io d c a nno t m a k e it s e l f fe l t by t h e o p e a t iv e
r r ,
r

p o w e f a s a m e a s u e o f t h e w o k w h ic h it h s t o do in t h e w y o f p o
r
2
r r a a r

d c t io n o f B e c o m i ng
u O n t h e c o nt r a y it will o nly b e in t h e s a m e
. r ,

wa y in w h ic h we m e a s u e a p e io d o f T im e fo p p o s e s o f o r k no w r r r ur u

l e dg e t h a t t h e l e ng th o f t h is p e r io d c a n a nno u nc e i t s e l f t o f s o a s t o 2

d e t e m ine t h e m g ni tu de o f t h e c h a ng e w h ic h f h a s t o u nde g o
r a ;
r .

T h is is by t h e e nu m e r t io n o f t h e e p e t i t io ns o f a s im il r p o c e s s
a r a r ,

w h ic h a t t h e e nd o f s o m e p e i o d o f T im e e x h ib it s a diffe r e nt s t a t e o f '

r e a li t y fr o m w h a t it did a t t h e b e gi nning So f as o u k no wl e dge . ar r

is c o nc e ne d t h e p e c e p t io n o f t h e di ffe e nt p o s itio ns w h ic h a
r ,
r r

p e ndu l m fo r ins ta nc e o c c u p ie s a t t h e b e g inning a nd a t t h e e nd o f

u , ,

it s v ib a t io n w o u l d s u ffi c e fo r t h e p u r p o s e
r , Fo a e a l ity w h ic h wa s . r r ,

t o t a k e a c c o u nt o f t h e l a p s e o f T im e in o de r t o di e c t it s b e co m ing r r

a c c o dinglyr th e w o u l d b e ne e d e d t h e c o ns t a nt s m m ing o f t h e
,
er u

i m p e s s io ns r e c e ive d by it f o m a no th e e a l p r o c e s s by m e a ns o f
r r r r ,

wh i ch it i t s e l f o it s o wn c o ndit io n h a d b e e n s o c h a ng e d a s t o b e
r

a bl e t o s e v e a s indic a t o r o f t h e l ng t h o f T im e e l a p s e d
r Th e c o n e .

e l u s io n pl a inly is t h a t a p o c e s s o f b e c o m ing B w h ic h r e q i e d ar , , u r

la p s e o f t im e in o de t o c o m e a b o u t m u s t h a v e a l r e a dy t a v e rs e d in
r r ,
r

it s e l f a s u c c e s s io n o f d i ffe r e nt s t a g e s in o r de r t o fe e l in t h a t s u c c e s ,

s io n t h e l e ng t h s o f t h e p e r i o ds a c c o r ding t o w h ic h it is s u pp o s e d t o

d i e c t it s e l f a nd w h ic h it is s u pp o s e d t o e m pl o y fo r t h e p u p o s e o f
r , r

e ffe c t ing t h e t ra ns i t i o n fr o m o ne s t a g e t o a no t h e r .

14 8 T h e s e c o ns ide r a tio ns do not l e a d u s a t o nc e t o t h e e nd o f

.

ou r ta sk Fo r t h e p e s e nt I m a y p u t t h e i
. e s l t w h ic h I s h a ll no t
r r r u ,

a g a in dis c u s s a s fo ll o w s I t is qu it e u na ll o w a bl e t o pu t t h e s y s t m o f
, . e

de fi nit e c a u s e s a nd e ffe c t s w h ic h g iv e s it s c h a r a c t e r t o a ny o c c u r e nc e
, r ,

o n o ne s ide a nd o n t h e o t h e r s ide t o s u pp o s e a s t e a m o f e m p t y r

T im e a nd t h e n t o t h o w t h e d fi nit e ly c h a a c t e i s e d e v e nt i nt o t h e
,
r e r r

s t r e a m in e xp e c t a t io n t h a t it s fa b r ic o f S im u l t a ne o u s c o ndit i o ns w ill

in t h e fl u idity o f t h is s t e a m m e l t i nt o a s u c c e s s io n in w hic h e a ch o f
r ,

t h e g a d u a t e d r e l a t io ns o f d e p e nd e nc e will fi nd it s a pp o p ia t e p o int
r r r

o f t im e a nd t h e p e i o d o f it s m a nife s t a t io n r I t is o nly in t h e a c t u a l .

c o nt e nt o f w h a t h a pp e ns no t in a fo r m p e s e nt o u t s ide it int o w h ic h , r

it m a y fa ll t h a t t h e r e a s o n c a n b e fo u nd fo it s e l e m e nt s b e i ng e l a t e d
, r r

t o e a c h o t h e r in a n o r de r o f s u c c e s s io n, a nd a t th e sa m e t im e fo r t h e
i
t m es at wh ich the y su cce e d e a ch o th e r .

Th e o th e r V i e w t h e r e fo r e b e gins to pr e s s i t s e l f u p o n u s — t h e V i e w
th a t it is no t T i m e t h a t p r e c e de s t h e p r o c e s s o f B e c o m ing a nd
 ’
CH AP R Be co m ing p r o du ce s Tim e
‘
TE . 2 53

A c t ivi t y , b u t t h i s t h a t p r e c e de s T i m e a nd b i ng s
r fo r t h fr o m l
it s e f
e it h e r th e re a l co u rs e o f T im e o r th e a pp e a r a nc e in us o f th e re b e ing
s u ch a th ni g . Th e c o ns t a nt ve s a l o f th e
c o nt r a dic t io n to t h is re r

h a bi tu a l wa y o f l o o ki ng a t t h e m a t t e r w h i c h o u r i m a g ina t i o n w o u l d
p r e s e nt we c o u l d no m o r e g e t id o f t h a n we c o u l d o f t h e h a b it o f
,
r -

s a yi ng t h a t t h e s u n r i s e s a nd s e t s W h a t we m igh t h Op e t o do w o u l d .

be t o u nde s t a nd o ne ill u s i o n a s w e l l a s t h e o t h e r
r I t is a l s o o u r .

h a b it t o s p e a k o f g e ne a l l a w s s t a ndi ng o u t s ide t h ing s a nd o c

r ,

c u rr e nce s a nd r e g u l a t ing t h e ir c o u r s e ; ye t we h a v e b e e n fo c e d t o r

t h e c o nvi c t io n t h a t t h e s e h a v e no r e a l it y e x c e p t in t h e v a i o u s p a r r

t ic u la r c a s e s o f t h e i r a ppl ic a t i o n O nly t h a t w h ic h h a pp e ns a nd .

a c t s in d e t e m ina t e fo r m s is t h e
r re a l T h e g e ne r a l la w is t h e .

p r o du c t o f o u r c o m p a i s o n o f t h e v a i o u s c a s e s A fte r we h a ve
r r .

dis c o v e e d it it a pp e a s t o u s a s t h e fi s t a nd t h e r e a li t i e s o u t o f
r ,
r r , ,

t h e c o ns i de r a t i o n o f w h ic h it a o s e a s de p e nde nt o n it s a nt e c e de nc e
r , .

I n j u s t t h e s a m e wa y a ft e r t h e m a nifo l d we b o f o c c u r r e nc e h a s
,

in c o u nt l e s s i ns t a nc e s a s su m e d fo r u s fo r m s o f s c c e s s io n in u

T i m e we m i s u nde r s t a nd t h e g e ne r a l c h a a c t e r o f t h s e fo m s w h ic h
,
r e r ,

r e su lts f o m o u r
r co m pa ri so n o f h
t em — t h e e p y flo w g T e
m t in im — a nd

t a k e it fo r a c o ndit io n a nt e ce de nt t o w h i c h t h e o c c u e nc e o f e ve nt s ,
rr

m u s t a dj u s t i t s e l f in o d e r t o b e p o s s ibl e r T h a t we a e m i s t k e n in . r a

s o d o i ng a nd t h a t t h e o p e a t i o n o f s u c h a c o nd it io n is u nt h ink a bl e
r

e d u c t io a d i m p o s s ib il e w h i c h I h a v e s o u gh t t o m a k e o u t is it
’
t h is
‘
r , , ,

m u s t b e a dm it t e d t h e o nly t h i ng w h i c h c a n b e Opp o s e d t o t h i s
,

u na v o ida bl e h a b it o f o u r m e nt a l v is i o n .

1 4 9 T h e p o s it iv e V i e w w h ic h we fo u nd e m e r g ing in pl a c e o f t h e
.
,

ill u s i o n r e j e c t e d is s t ill a m b ig u o u s
,
I s it a r e a l T im e t h a t t h e p o . r

c e s s o f e v e nt s in it s p r o c e s s p o du c e s o o nly t h e a pp e a r a nc e o f
, , r r

T i m e in u s ? I n a ns w e i ng t h is q e s t i o n we c a nno t s im ply a ffi rm

r u

e i th e r o f t h e a l t e r na t iv e s O ne t h ing is c t a inly c l e a
. t ha t t h e er r,

p r o d c t io n o f T im e m u s t b e a p o du c t io n s i g ne is T im e do e s
u r u e r .

no t r e m a in a s a r e a l is e d p r o d u c t be h ind t h e p r o c e s s t h a t p o du c e s it r .

A s l itt l e do e s it lie b fo e t h t p o c e s s a s a m a t e r ia l o u t o f w h i ch
e r a r

t h e p r o c e s s c a n c o ns t a nt ly c o m pl e t e it s e l f P a s t a nd F u tu e a r e no t . r ,

a nd t h e r e p e s e nt a t io n o f t h e m b o t h a s d im e ns i o ns o f T im e is in f c t
r a

b u t a n a r t ifi c ia l p o j e c t io n w h ic h t a k e s pl a ce o nly fo r o u r m ind s e ye
’
r , ,

o f th e u n e a l p o n t h e pl a ne w h ich we t h ink o f a s c o nt a i ni ng t h e
r u

w o l d s e a l s ta t e o f e x is t e nc e
r
’
r .

U ndo u b t e dly th e re fo r e T im e c o nc e ive d a s a n i nfi ni t e w h o l e wi th

it s t wo o pp o s i t e e x t e ns i o ns is b u t a s u bj e c tiv e p e s e nta t i o n t o o u l
,

,
r r

m i nd s e ye ; o r r a th e r it is a n a tt e m p t by m e a ns o f i m a g e s b o r r o w e d
’

,
 [ B OO K I I .

Sp a c e p
wh ic h we e nt e ta in a s bl e
'

fr o m ,
to re nde r s o re se nt a a tho u gh t r

t o t h e inne d e p nde nc e o f t h e indiv id u a l c o ns t i t u e nt s o f t h a t w h ic h

r e

h a pp e ns W h a t we c a ll P a s t we r e g a r d p r im a ily a s t h e c o ndit io n
.
,
r

in o a n n o f t h e P e s e nt a nd in t h e P e s e nt we s e e t h e ne c e s s a y
’
s e u o r ,
r r

c o ndit io n o f t h e F u tu e T h is o ne s ide d r e l a t io n o f de p e nd nc e
r .
-
e ,

a b s t a c t e d f o m t h e c o nt e nt s o
r r e l a t e d a nd e x t e nde d o v e a ll c a s e s r r

w h ic h it in it s na tu e a dm i t s o f l e a ds t o th e i de a o f a n infi nit e T im e
r , ,

in w h ic h e v e y p o i nt o f t h e P a s t fo r m s t h e p o int o f t a ns it io n t o
r r

P e s e nt a nd Fu t u e b u t no p o int o f P e s e nt o r F u t u e fo m s a p o int
r r ,
r r r

o f t a ns it io n t o t h e
r P a s t T h a t t h is p r o ce s s m u s t a pp e a r infi nit e.

s c a r c e ly ne e d s t o b e p o int e d o u t T h e c o ndit io n o f t h a t w h ic h h a s .

a d fi nit e c h a a c t e r c a n ne v e r lie in a c o m pl e t e a b s e nc e o f s u c h
e r

ch a a c t e r
r Ev e y s t a t e o f fa c t s a c c o dingly o f w h ic h we m igh t t h ink
. r ,
r ,

fo r a m o m e nt a s t h e b e g inni ng o f r e a l it y w o u l d im m e dia t e ly a pp e a r ,

t o u s e it h e r a s a c o nt i nu a t io n o f a p e vi o u s l ik e s t a t e o f fa c t s o a s a r ,
r

p r o du c t o f o ne u nl ik e ; a nd in l ike m a nne r e v e y s t a t e o f fa c t s r

m o m e nt a r ily a s s u m e d t o b e a n e nd w o u l d a pp e a a s t h e c o ndit io n o f r

t h e c o nt inu a nc e o f t h e s a m e s t a t e o f fa c t s o r in t u r n a s t h e b e g inning ,

I f fi na lly t h e c o u s e o f t h e w o r l d w e e t h o u g h t o f a s
'

o f a ne w o ne . r r

a h i t o y w h ic h r e a lly h a d a b e g inni ng a nd e nd s t ill b e y o nd b o t h

s r , ,

a lik e we s h o u l d p r e s e nt t o o u r s e lv e s t h e i nfi nit e v o id o f a P a s t a nd

F tu r e j u s t a s t wo s t a ig h t li ne s in s p a c e w h ich c u t e a c h o t h e a t t h e
u ,
r r

l im it o f t h e r e a l s till de m a nd a n e m p ty e x t e ns io n b e y o nd in w h ich
,

t h e y m a y a g a in d iv e g e r .

1 5 0 I t w ill b e fe l t h o w e v e r t h a t we h a v e no t ye t e a c h e d t h e e nd
.
, ,
r

o f ou do u b t s
r I t w il l b e m a int a ine d t h a t t h o u gh t h e p o c e s s o f B e
. r

c o m ing do e s i nd e e d m a k e no a b id ing T i m e it ye t do e s r e a lly b ring , .

int o b e ing o r inc l u de t h e c o u s e o f T im e by m e a ns o f wh ic h t h e r ,

v a r i o u s p a r ts o f th e c o nt e nt o f w h a t h pp e ns s t a nding t o e a c h o th e r a ,

in t h e e l a t io n o f d e p e nde nc e d e s c ib e d a b o v e h a v ing b e e n a t fi s t o nly

r r ,
r

s o m e t h ing f t u r e a c q u i e s r i t im t h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e P r e s e nt a nd
u , r e a

th e P a s t I f we c h o s e t o c o nfi ne o u r s e lv e s s im ply t o h ig h ly de v e
.

l o p e d t h o u gh t a nd t o r e g a r d t h e dim e ns i o ns o f T im e m e r e ly a s
,

e xp r e s s io ns fo r c o ndit i o ne d ne s s o r t h e p o w e r o f c o ndi t io ning t h e n -

,

t h e w h o l e c o nt e nt o f t h e w o l d w o u l d a g a i n c h a ng e int o a m o t io nl e s s r

s y s t e m a t i c w h o l e a nd e v e y t h ing w o u l d d e p e nd o n t h e p o s it io n w h ic h
,
r

a c o ns c io u s ne s s c a p a bl e o f vi e w ing t h e w h o l e m igh t pl e a s e t o t a k e u p

fa c ing s o t o s p e a k s o m e o ne p a t o f it m F o m t h is p o i nt o f d e p a r tu r e
, , r , . r ,

m t h e c o nt e m pl a t o r w o u l d r e c k o n e v e r y t h ing a s b e l o ngi ng t o t h e P a s t
, ,

m 1 in w h i c h h e h a d r e c o g ni s e d t h e c o ndit io ns t h a t m a k e t h e c o n
,

t e nt o f 772 w h a t it is w h il e h e w o u l d a s s ig n t o t h e F u t u r e m + I a ll t h e
, , ,
CH APT E R P a s t, P r e s e nt , a nd Fut u r e, wit h o u t Tim e . 25 5

c o ns e q u e nc e s w h i ch t h e ne c e s s it ie s o f t h o u g h t c o m p e ll e d h im t o d a w r

fr o m it a nd t h i s a s s ig nm e nt o f na m e s w o u l d c h a ng e a c co ding a s m r

o r u m igh t b e m a de t h e p o int o f d p t u r e fo r t h is j u d gm e nt T h is
e ar .

h o w e v e r do e s no t e p e s e nt t h e e a l s t a t e o f t h e c a s e
r r T h is c a p a
r .

c it y o f t r a ing o u t t h e c o nne x io n o f o c c
c r e nc e s in b o t h d ire c tio ns ur

—
fo r w a r d s a nd b a c kw a d s w o u l d o nly b e p o s s ible t o a c o ns c io u s ne ss
r ,

s t a ndi ng o t s i d e t h e c o m p le t e d c o u s e o f t h e w o l d
u I t b e l o ng s t o u s
r r .

o nly in r e l a t i o n t o t h e p a s t s o fa r a s t h e p a s t h a s b e c o m e k no w n t o
,

u s t h o u g h t r a dit io n
r I m m e dia t e e xp e r ie nc e is c o nfi ne d t o a d e fi nit e
.

r a ng e , a nd ne i t h e r do e s t h e r e c o ll e c t io n o f t h e p a s t r e p r o d u c e fo r

e xp e r i e nc e it s a c t u a l du r a t i o n no r do e s t h e s e fo r e s ig h t o f t h e
, ur

fu t u e in t h e fe w c a s e s w h e e it is p o s s ib le t a k e t h e pl a c e fo r e x
r ,
r ,

rie nce o f t h e e a l o c c u r e nc e o f t h e fo r e s e e n e v e nt
r r
p e .

W h a t t h e n is t h e p r o p e r m e a ni ng o f t h e R e a l it y w h ic h in t h i s ,

c o nne x io n o f t h o u g h t we a s c ib e o nly t o t h e P e s e nt ? r Or c o n r

ve r s e l
y w h a t
,
c o ns t i t u t e s t h i s c h a a cte o f t h e p r e s e nt w h ich wre r ,

s u pp o s e t o b e l o ng s u c c e s s iv e ly in u na l t e a bl e s e ie s t o t h e e v e nt s o f r r

w h i c h e a c h h a s it s c a u s e in t h e o th e r a nd t o be e q u iva l e nt t o r e a l ity ? ,

I will no t a tte m p t t o p r e p a r e t h e wa y fo r a n a ns w e r t o t h is q u e s t i o n ,

o r t o l e a d u p t o it a s a d is c o v e r y I will m e ly s t t e w h a t s e e m s t o
. re a

m e t h e o nly p o ss ibl e a ns w e r t o it I t is no t t he m e r e fa c t t h a t t h e y
.

h a pp e n w h ic h a t t a ch e s th i c h a a c t e r t o t h e c o nt e nt o f e v e nt s
s r On .

t h e c o nt a r y t h e i m p o t o f t h e s t a t e m e nt t h a t t h e y h a pp e n is o nly
r r

e xp la ine d by t h e e xp e s s io n th e P r e s e nt in w h ic h L a ng u a g e a p t ly
‘ ’
r ,

m a k e s u s a w a e o f t h e ne c e s s ity o f a s u bj e c t in r e l a t i o n t o w h i c h
r ,

a l o ne t h e t h i nk a bl e c o nt e nt o f t h e w o l d s c o u r s e c a n b e d is t i ngu i s h e d
’
r

e i t h e r a s m e e ly t h ink a bl e a nd a b s e nt o n t h e o ne h a nd
r o o n the ,
r

o th e r a s e a l a nd p e s e nt
r T o e xpl a in t h is h o w e v e I a m o bl ig e d
r .
,
r,

t o g o i nt o d e t a il t o a n e x t e nt fo r w h i c h I m u s t a s k ind u lg e nc e a nd

p a fi e nce .

151 . Le t us c o ns ide r fi nit e Sp i it u a l b e i ng s lik e o u r

o ne o f th e r

s e lv e s w h ic h S h a ll b e
, c a ll e d S I n t h e c o ll e c t ive c o nt e nt o f t h e
.

w o l d M wh i ch t o b e g in w ith we w ill t h i nk o f a s we did b e fo re

r , , ,

m e r e ly a s a r e gu l a ly a a ng e d w h o l e o f c a s e s a nd e ffe c t s S h a s it s
r rr u ,

p r o p e pl a c e i t h e s y s t e m a t
r n be twe e n a p t a s m — I w h ic h c o n
772 ,

t a ins it s c o ndit io ns a nd a fu t e m + 1 o f w h i c h it is it s e l f a j o int

,
ur ,

c o nd i t i o n W e w ill fi s t a s s u m e t h a t t h e pl a c e 772 w hic h S h o l ds in

. r ,

I II is w it h o u t e x t e ns io n
,
B y t h is I m e a n t h a t it is o nly in t h is S ingl e
.

pl a ne o f a s e c t io n m t h ro u g h t h e m a nifo l d int e l c ing s e rie s o f c a u s e s r a

a nd e ffe c ts w i
h c h fo rm s t h e c o t n e n t o f M — no t in a ny o t h e r 712 1 o r

m +1 — t h a t t h e r e lie t h e c o ndi t i o ns o f S : wh il e a t t h e s a m e t i m e
 Of Tim e . [ BOO K 1 1 .

eve ry e l e m e nt o f M —S am o n g o t h e r s -9-m a y be su pp o s e d to ve
ha
k no wl e dge i m m e dia t e ly a nd
,
no t by g ra du a l
qu i s it io n a s t o t h e ac , wh o le
s t u c t u e a nd c o nt nt o f M
r r e A ll t h a t w o u l d be im pl ie d in t h is s u p
p o s it io n w o u ld be t h a t S w o l d no l o ng e r be a bl e a t it s pl e a s u e t o
u r

s e e k o u t p o s it io ns i nd iffe e nt a s c o nc e r ne d i t s e l f fo r it s s u r v e y o f t h e
r

w h o l e o f M B e ing o nly a bl e t o pl a nt i t s e l f in t h e p o s it i o n 772 e v e r y ,

t h ing in w h ic h it r e c o g nis e s a j o int c o ndit i o n o f it s o wn b e ing wil l

a pp e a t o b e l o ng t o a diffe r e nt b r a nc h m o f t h e w o l d s c o nt e nt
’
r 1 , ,
r ,

fr o m t h a t in w h ic h it fi ds n e a ct io s
n fr orm it s o w n e xi s t e nc e — th a t

e x is t e nc e w h ic h is c o nfi ne d t o m A t t h e s a m e t im e t h is k no wl e dg e
.

o n t h e p a r t o f S t h a t it is m e e ly c o o r di na t e d in t h i s e nt i e s y s t e m
,
r - r

o f c o nd i t io ns wi t h t h e o th e r p a r t s o f t h e w o l d s c o nt e nt t h a t a r e in
’
r

c l u de d in 772 w o u l d r e m a i n a m e r e s p e c u l a t iv e i ns ig h t w h i c h w o u l d
, ,

e x c it in S no s t r o ng e r i nt e r e s t in t h is
e a nd o ne o f no o t h e r na t u r e
772, ,

t h a n t h e i nt e r e s t in t h e fa c t o f t h e d e p e nde nc e o f m u p o n m — I a nd

o f m + u p o n 172
1 T h u s a l th o u gh S w o u l d d is t i ngu is h a c c o r ding t o
.
,

t h e ir i m p o t t h e t wo b r a nc h e s o f t h e s y s t e m o f c o ndit i o ns t h a t h a v e
r

t h e ir p o int o f d e p a r t u r e in m it w o u l d ye t h a v e no o c c s i o n t o
,
a

o pp o se t h e m b o t h t o m a s w h a t is u nr e a l a nd a b s e nt t o w h a t is r e a l

a nd p r e s e nt A nd t h is w o u l d s t il l be t h e c a s e t h o u gh we s o fa r
.
,

a l t e e d o u r a s su m p t i o n a s t o
r s u pp o s e S t o be no t o nly c o nt a ine d in

t h e o ne s e c t io n pl a ne m o f -
bu t a l s o t o b e c o o dina t e d wi t h t h e - r

c o nt e nt s o f o t h e r pl a ne s m — a nd m + a a w ith o u t u nde r g o ing a ny ,

c h a ng e in i t s e l f T o u s i nde e d wh o a r e a c c u s t o m e d t o t h e i d e a o f
.
,

T im e th is p o s i t io n o f S in a s y s t e m w o u l d p r e s e nt it s e l f a s a du a t io n
,
r ,

a s t h e fill ing by S o f t h e p e r i o d o f t im e 2 a : b u t t o S i t s e l f if S
, ,

c o nt inu e d t o p o s se s s th e im m e di a t e k no wl e dge s u pp o s e d it c o u l d ,

o nly c o nv e y t h e Sp e c u l a t iv e im p r e s s io n t h a t S is i nt e w o v e n in a n r

e x t e nde d s e c t io n o f 111 wh il e S wo u l d s t ill h a ve no o c c a s i o n t o

,

o pp o s e t h is s e c t io n a s p e s e nt t o o t h e r s a s a b s e nt
r .

A ll t h i s w o u l d be c h a ng e d o n o ne s u pp o s i t i o n o nly w h i c h i nde e d ,

fo r o th e r r e a s o ns m u s t b e m a de ; th e s u pp o s i tio n na m e ly t h a t t h e , ,

pl a c e o f S in t h e s y s t e m c o nt a i ns no t o nly t h e c o ndit io ns o f it s e xis t

e nc e b u t t h o s e o f it s k no wl e dg e I n th i s is i m pli e d t h a t o nly t h o s e
.

e le m e nt s o f m c a n b e a n o bj e c t o f it s k no wl e dg e w h i c h no t o nly
1

s y s t e m a t ic a lly p r e c e de it a s c o nd it io ns bu t o f w h ich t h e c o ns e qu e nc e s

a e c o nt a ine d in m a nd o nly a s fa r a s t h e ir c o ns e q u e nc e s a e s o c o n
r , r

fa ine d O f 772 + 1 o n t h e c o nt r a r y a ll t h a t will b e k no w a bl e w ill b e t h e

.

i m p u l s e a l e a dy p r e s e nt
, r of 1 + 1 Eve n 77 .

t h e e nt i e c o nt e nt o f m
r m a n o bj e c t o f r

k no wl e dge t o S Eve n t h e fa c t o f be l o ngi ng t o m is fo r e a ch e le m e nt

.
 —m Th e indica t io n of Tim e t o t h e Su 6j
cu s p 1 1 e ct . 2 57

o f it o n ly t h e c o nd t o n o ii
Sp e c i a l r e la t i o n t o S wh i c h we m y
f a m o re , a

c a ll it s e ffe c t o n S in t h e wa y o f p r o du c i ng k no wl e dg e I f no w we .

r e t u n t o o u r s u pp o s i t i o n t h a t in is a pl a ce wi t h o u t e x t e ns io n t h e n
r ,

t h e k no wl e dg e p o s s e s s e d by S w il l b e a n u nc h a ng e a bl e p r e s e nt a t i o n
t o c o ns c i o u s ne s s wi t h o u t t h e e b e ing a ny o c c a s io n fo r t h e dis t inc t i o n
,
r

o f P r e s e nt f o m F u tu r e in it r I f o n t h e c o nt r a y S fo u nd i t s e l f c o n
. r

t a ine d in t h e w h o l e e x t e nde d s e c t i o n 2 o f M t h e n it w o u l d fo ll o w a ,

s i nc e we a e no w s u pp o s ing it s k no wl e dg e t o r e s t u p o n t h e e ffe c t
r

p r o du c e d in it by t h e c o nt e nt o f t h i s s e c t i o n— th a t S is no l o nge r
i de nt i c a l wi th i t s e l f in a ll p o int s o f b u t h a s t o b e de fi ne d by 2 a ,

s
1,
s s 2,
c o r r e s p o ndi ng t o t h e v a r i o u s
3,
c o ndi t i o ns t o wh i c h it is
s u bj e c t in t h e v a io u s p o i nt s o f 2 a r B u t t h u s S w o u l d fa ll a s u nde r
.

i nt o a m u l tip li c i ty o f fi ni t e b e i ng s u nl e s s s o m e t h ing s u p e ve ne d t o , r

j u s ti fy u s in a dh ing t o t h e u nity a s s e t e d o f it a nd t h is j u s t ifi c a t i o n
er r , ,

if it is no t m e r e ly t o e s t a bl is h a n a c c ide nt a l V ie w a b o u t s in u s
b u t t o c o ns tit u t e a n e s s e nt ia l u ni t y o n t h e p a t o f c a n o nly c o ns i s t r s,

in a n a c t i o n o f it s o wn o n t h e p a r t o f s by w h ic h it u nit e s t h e
s e v e ra l
’
s s .

T h is r e qu i r e m e nt h o w e v e r is no t s a t i s fi e d by t h e a s s u m p t i o n o f a n
S h a vi ng u ni t y w h i c h di s t i ng u i s h e s t h e s e v e r a l s in it s e l f a s it s
’

,
s

s ta te s S a s t h u s c o ns ti t u t e d w o u l d s t ill ne v e r live t h o u g h a ny
. r

e xp e r ie nce T h e w h o l e c o nt e nt o f it s b e i ng w o u l d b e p e s e nt e d t o it
. r

j u s t in t h e s a m e wa y a s o n o u r p r e vio u s s u pp o s i t i o n T h e r e w o u ld .

i nde e d be a c l e a i ns igh t i nt o t h e pl a n u p o n w h ic h t h e e l e m e nt s
r

a r e fo rm e d i nt o a c o nne c t e d w h o l e bu t t h e w h o l e w o u l d b e p r e ,

s e nt e d s i m u l t a ne o u s ly j u s t a s is t h e fr a m e w o k o f t h e o r e t i c p r o
,
- r

p o s i ti o ns w h i c h a pp e a r t o u s no t a s a i s i ng o t o f e a c h o t h e r in a r u

co u rs o f t im e b u t a s a lw a y s h o l d ing g o o d a t t h e s a m e t im e a l t h o g h
e ,
u

we u nd e s t a nd t h e i r d e p e nde nc e o n e a c h o t h e r
r O nly o ne o f t h e .

s
’
s c a n in a n c s b e t h e k no wi ng s u bj e c t b u t in i t — in let us s
y a e , 3,

s a y —t h e c o nt e nt o f s m u s t no t o nly b e c o nt a i ne d by it s c o u s e
,

q u e nc e s t h r o u gh w h i c h it h e lp s t o c o ns t i t u t e t h e na t u e o f s b u t
,
r
,,

t h i s c o nt e nt a s p r e s e nt e d t o c o ns c i o u s ne s s m u s t b e d i s t i ng is h a bl e u

in t h e fo m o f a r e c o ll e c t i o n f o m t h a t w h i c h b e l o ng s t o
r r a s it s s
3

o wn fe e l ing o r p e r c e p t i o n O n t h is c o ndi t i o n o nly is it p o s s ibl e fo r

.

s ,
t o d i s t ing u i s h t h i s l a t te r e xp e i e nc e a s p e s e nt f o m t h a t r e p e
r r r r

s e nt e d c o nt e nt a s a b s e nt a nd o n t h e s a m e c o ndit i o n S inc e t h e s a m e
, ,

r e p o du c t i o n o f
r in s h a s a l e a dy t a k e n pl a c e t h e w h o l e s e r i e s o f
s r ,
1 2

t h e s e m u t u a lly de p e nde nt c o nt e nt s a s r e p r e s e nt e d in c o ns c i o u s ne s s , ,

w h il e p re s e r ving it s i nne r o r de r will b e p u s h e d b a c k t o v a r i o u s dis

,

t a nc e s o f a b s e nc e Th e qu e s t i o n i nde e d a s t o th e fo u nda t i o n o f t h i s
.

V OL . 1 . s
2 5 8 [ B OO K 1 1 .

fa c u l ty o f d i s t i ng u i s h i ng a r e p r e s e nt e d~a b s e nt o bj e c t fr o m o ne ex

p e rie nc e d p e s e nt is a q u e s t io n u p o n w h ic h a ny p s y c h o l o gi c a l
as r

o r p h y s io l o gi c a l e xpl a na t i o n m a y b e t h a nk fu lly a c c e p t e d in it s pl a c e .

H e e h o w e v e r it w o u l d be u s e l e s s W h a t we a e no w c o nc e r ne d
r . r

w it h is m e r e ly t h e fa c t it s e l f th a t we a e a bl e t o m a k e t h is di s t i nc t i o n
,
r

a nd t o e p e s e nt t o
r r o u s e lv e s w h a t we h v e xp e i e nc e d w it h o u t
r a e r
’

e xp e ie nc ing it a g a i n
r T h is a l o ne e nde s it p o s s ibl e fo r ide a s o f
. r r

a pro pe s u c c e s s io n t o b e d e v e l o p e d in u s
r in w h i c h t h e m e m b e r ,
71

h a s a diffe e nt k ind o f r e a l it y fr o m n +
r I t w o u l d h a ve b e e n m o r e 1 .

c o nv e nie nt t o a iv e a t t h is r e su l t o t h e r w is e t h n by t h is t e d io u s p o
rr a r

c e s s o f dev e l o p m e nt I t h o u gh t t h e p r o ce s s indis p e ns a bl e h o we e
.
,
v r,

b e c a u s e it l e a ds t o s o m e p e c u l ia r de du c tio ns w h i c h r e qu i e fu th e r ,
r r

p a t i e nt c o ns i de a t io n r .

1 5 2 Fo . i ns t a nc e ; w h a t h a s b e e n s a id w ill be fo u nd ve y in
r r

t e l li ib le — n o t t o s a Obv io u s — i f o nly w e a ll o w o u r s e lv e s t o int e r

g y ,

o l a t e th e t h o u gh t t h a t c e a s s t o e xi s t w h e n it h a s p o du c e d s
p e s
2
r 3

t h a t t h u s t h e e is a t im e in w h i c h t h o s e s e c t io n pl a ne s o f M o r o f 2 a
r -

s u c c e e d e a c h o th e r B u t it w il l b e t h o u g h t t o b e a s i m p o s s ibl e a ft e r
.

o u r d is c u s s io n a s it wa s b e fo e it t o l o o k u p o n t h e c o nt e nt o f t h e r ,

w o r l d a s o u t o f t im e a w h o l e o f w h ic h t h e m e m be s a e e l a t e d
, r r r

s y s t e m a t ic a lly b u t no t s u c c e s s iv e ly w h il e ye t t h e r e a is e s in p a r t s o f , r

it t h e a pp e a a nc e o f t h e e b e ing a la p s e o f t i m e o n t h e p a t o f t h e
r r r

e io ds w h i c h t h o s e p a t s o b s e v e F o r if t h e r e i n iv
p r r s r
o s u c c.e s s e

a l t e n t i o n o f B e ing a nd no t B e i ng t h e n it wil l be s a id e v e r y s t a g e
r a -
, , ,

o f d e v e lo p m e nt s w h ich a s u bj e c t s b e l ie v e s i t s e l f t o h a ve e x
, 2, , 3,

p e r i e n c e d in t h e p a st will p o sse ss a s a g o u nd o f s
, t h e s a m, e r
,,

r e a li t y a s t h e c o ns e q u e nc e s it s e l f A c c o di ngly we s h o u l d b e c o m
3
. r

ll e d it w o u l d s e e m t o t h ink o f a ll t h a t is p a s t — a ll h i s t o i e s a c t io ns
p e , , r , ,

a nd s t a t e s o f a n e a le i
i r t m e — a s s t ill e x is t ing a nd h a pp e ni ng ; a nd
r

e v e r y i ndiv idu a l b e i ng s w o u l d h a ve a l o ng s i de o f i t se l f a s m a ny
n,

d o u bl e s s s s c o m pl e t i ng t h e m s e lv e s o ne a ft e r a no t h e a s it c o u nt s
, 1, 2, 3,
r,

va io u s m o m e nt s in t h e e x is t e nc e w h i ch it s e e m s t o h a ve live d t h r o u gh
r .

A g a i ns t t h is o bj e c t io n h o w e v e r we m u s t m a int a i n t h a t s u c h p e c u
, ,

li a r vi e w s w o u l d no t b e t h e l o g ic a l c o ns e q u e nc e o f o u r de ni a l o f t h e
la p s e o f T i m e bu t o n t h e c o nt r a r y o f t h e i nc o ns is t e nc y o f a ll o wi ng
,

t h e s u c c e s s io n t h a t h a s b e e n de ni e d a g a i n t o m ix i t s e l f w it h o u r

t h o u gh t s Fo o nly t h is h a bi t u a t i o n o f o u r im a g ina t i o n t o t h e ide a o f

. r

T i m e c o u l d m is l e a d u s i nt o t e a t ing t h e e l e m e nt s o f t h e w o r l d r ,

wh i c h a e o f e q u a l v a l u e —a ll t h a t is t o s a y e q u a lly i nd is p e ns a bl e t o
r , ,

t e wh o l e
h — a s if t h e y m u s t b e c o nt e m p o a ne o u s u nle s s t h e y a r e t o r

b e s u c c e s s iv e w h e n a ll t h e w h il e o u r p u p o s e wa s t o S h o w t h a t e v e r y
,
r
c li m ax D e v e lop e d v ie w o f S u 6j i
e c t ve Tim e . 2 59
d e te r m i na t i o n in t h e wa y o f t i m e is i na ppli c a bl e t o t h e m , a s s u c h .

W e S h a ll ne ve r s u c c e e d in r i ddi ng o u r s e lve s o f t h i s h a bi t o f fa nt a s y .

O nly in t h in in k g S h a ll bl e t o c o nvi nc e o u r se lve s in s t a ndi ng

we be a ,

c o nfl ic t wi t h o u d e m a nd fo r i m a g e s p r e s e nt a b le t o t h e m ind s e ye
’
r ,

t h a t a dh e r e nc e t o t h e a s s u m p t i o n o f t i m e l e s s ne s s do e s no t l e a d t o t h e

c o nse q u e nce s in w h ic h we h a v e j u s t fo u nd a s t u m bli ng b l o c k -

.

T h e r e w o u l d no t i nde e d o n o u r vi e w h e t h a t ki nd o f p a s t i nt o w h i c h
t h e c o ndit io ning s t a g e o f de v e l o p m e nt w o u l d b e s u pp o s e d t o v a ni s h

i ns t e a d o f ille git i m a t e ly c o nt i nu ing in t h e p r e s e nt a l o ng s i de o f t h e

c o ns e qu e nc e c o ndit io ne d by it — t h a t c o ns e q u e nc e t o w h i c h it o u g h t

t o h a v e t r a ns fe r r e d t h e e x c l u s iv e p o s s e s s i o n o f t h e q u a li t y o f b e i ng

p r e s e n t T.h e h i s t o i e s o f t h e p ars t w o u l d n o t c o n t i n u e t o liv e in t h is

p re s e nt p e t ifi e d in e a c h o f t h e i r p h a s e s a l o ng s i de o f t h a t wh i ch
,
r ,

fu r th e r p o c e e de d t o h a pp e n in t h e c o u r s e o f t h i ng s
r I t w o u ld no t .

be t h e c a s e t h a t s r e a lly e xi s t e d e a li e r t h a n s a nd s t r a ng e ly c o n
l
r
2

t i nne d a l o ng w it h it b u t r a t h e r t h a t it h a d r e a li t y o nly s o fa r a s it wa s
,

c o nt a i ne d in s a nd wa s p r e s e nt e d by t h e l a tt e r t o
2
i t s e l f a s e a li e r r .

I t will be wi th T i m e a s w it h S p a c e A s we s a w t h e re is no s u c h
.
,

t h i ng a s a S p a c e in w h ic h t h ing s a r e s u pp o s e d t o t a k e t h e i r pl a c e s .

T h e c a s e r a t h e is t h a t in s pi r i tu a l b e i ng s t h e r e is fo r m e d t h e i de a o f
r

a n e x t e ns io n in w h i c h t h e y t h e m s e lv e s s e e m t o h a v e t h e i r lo t a nd in
,

w h i c h t h e y s p a t i a lly p r e s e nt t o t h e m s e lve s t h e i r no n s p a t i a l r e la t i o ns -

to e a ch o th e r I n l ik e m a nne r t h e r e is no e a l T i m e in w h i c h o c c u r
. r

r e nce s r u n t h e i r c o u r s e b u t in t h e s i ngl e e le m e nt s o f t h e U nive r s e

,
/

w h i c h ar e c a p a bl e o f a li m i t e d k no wl e dg e t h e re de ve l o p e s i t s e l f th e i de a
o f a T i m e in w h i c h t h e y a s s ig n t h e m s e lv e s t h e i r p o s it io n in r e l a t i o n t o

t h e i m o r e r e m o t e o r ne a r e r c o ndi t io ns a s t o w h a t is m o e o r le s s
r r
'

lo ng p a s t a nd in r e l a t i o n t o t h e i r m o r e r e m o t e o r ne a r e r c o u s e
,

q u e n c e s a s t o a fu t u r e t h a t i s t o b e l o o k e d fo r m o r e o r l e s s l a t e .

I t is no t o u t o f w a nt o nne s s t h a t I h a ve g o ne s o fa r in d e li ne a t i ng
t h is p a a do xi c a l wa y o f l o o k ing a t t h i ng s
r I t is w h a t we m u s t c o m e
.

t o if we w is h t o p u t c l e a ly b e fo r e u s t h e vi e w o f t h e m e r e ly s u bj e c t iv e
r

v a l idity o f T im e in e l a t i o n t o a t i m e l e s s r e a l ity I t is ve x a tio u s t o

r .

lis t e n t o t h e m e e a s s e v e r a t io n o f t h i s a nt ith e s is wi th o u t t h e q u e s t io n
r

b e i ng a s k e d w h e t h e r w h e n a do p t e d it i nt r i ns i c a lly a dm it s o f b e i ng in
, ,

a ny wa y c a r i e d o u t a nd w h e t h e r it w o u l d b e a s u ffic ie nt g u ide t o t h e
r ,

u nd e r s t a nding o f t h a t e xp e r i e nc e f o m w h ic h we a ll s t a r t r T h e de .

s c r ip t io n w h ic h h a s b e e n giv e n will b e e no u g h t o r a i s e a d o u b t w h e t h e r

t h e l a t t e r is t h e c a s e T h e r e a s o ns fo r t h i s do u b t h o w e v e r a r e no t
.

a ll o f e qu a l v a l u e I n r e g a d t o t h e m a g a i n w h il e p a s s ing t o t h e c o n
. r ,

s i de ra t io n o f t h is c o nt a di c t i o n I m u s t a s k t o b e a ll o w e d s o m e d e t a il
r , .

S 2
2 60 Of Tim e . [B OO K 1 1 .

153 . In o rd re to fi nd p o int o f de pa r tu r e in w h a t is fa m il ia r I
a ,

w ill fi s t r e p e a t th e o bj e c t io n w h i c h wil l a lw a y s r e c u r P o int ing t o

r .

t h e e x t e na l w o r l d t h e o bj e c t o r w ill e nq u i r e
r I s it no t t h e n t h e c a s e
t h a t s o m e t h i ng is fo r e v e r h a pp e ni ng ? D o no t t h i ng s c h a ng e ?
D o t h e y no t o p e r a t e o n e a c h o t h e r ? A nd is a ll t h i s i m g ina bl e a

wi t h o u t a l a p s e o f t i m e ? I m a gi na bl e it c e r t a i nly is no t a nd we
’

h a v e ne ve r m a i nt a ine d t h a t it is s o . B u t in w h a t r e la t io n do t h e
la p s e o f T i m e a nd t h i s h a pp e ni ng s t a nd t o e a ch o t h e r w h i c h m ig h t ,

e na bl e u s t o m a i nt a i n t h e c o r r e c t ne s s o f t h i s im a g ina t i o n o f o u s ? r

T h a t it is o nly in w h a t is c o nt a i ne d in a s u ffic ie nt c a u s e G t h a t , ,

t h e r e li e s a ne c e s s i t y fo r t h e c o ns e q u e nc e F — t h a t t h e ne c e s s i t y if
, ,

o t h e r wi s e l a c k ing c o u l d no t s u p e r v e ne t h r o u g h l a p s e o f a t i m e
, T ,

t h is we fo u nd o bvi o u s ly t r u e I t wa s a dm i t t e d a l s o t h a t G b e i ng
.
,

g iv e n it wo u l d ne i th e r b e i nt e ll igibl e w h e r e t h e h i ndr a nc e s h o u l d
,

c o m e fr om w h i c h s h o u l d r e t a r d it s t r a ns i t io n i nt o F no h o w th e
,
r

la p s e o f e m p t y T i m e c o u l d o v e r c o m e t h a t h indr a nc e Thu s c o n .

s t r a i ne d t o c o nfe s s t h a t o u r h a b it o f t h i nk ing t h e e ffe c t a s f t t h e a er

c a u s e do e s no t p o i nt t o a ny t h ing w h ich in t h e t h i ng s t h e m s e lv e s c o n

t r ib u t e s t o t h e p r o du c t i o n o f t h e e ffe c t w h a t o t h e r c o nc l u s i o n c a n we
,

dr a w t h a n t h i s t h a t s u c c e s s i o n in T im e is s o m e t h i ng w h i c h o u r m o de
,

o f a pp e h e ns i o n a l o ne i ntr o du c e s i nt o t h i ng s — i nt o du c e s in a wa y
r r

a b s o l u t e ly i ne vi t a bl e fo r u s s o t h a t o u r t h o u g h t a b o u t t h i ng s r e m a ins
,

c o ns t a nt ly in c o nt r a di c t i o n wi t h o u r h a b it o f p r e s e nt i ng t h e m t o t h e

m i nd s e ye ?
’

O ne m a y a t t e m p t t o m a k e t h i s t h o u g h t c l e a r t o o ne s e l f b y g r a du a l
a pp r o xi m a t i o n T o a de fi ni te p e r io d o f T im e it is o u r h a bi t in
.

c o m m o n a pp r e h e ns i o n t o a s c r ib e a c e t a i n a b s o l t e qu a nt i t y
r u I f we .

a s k o u r s e lv e s h o w e v e r h o w lo ng a c e nt u y o r a n h o u r p o p e r ly l a s t s
, ,
r r ,

we a t o nc e r e c o ll e c t t h a t t h e t i m e fill e d by o ne s e r i e s o f e v e nt s we
a l wa y s m e a su r e Si m p ly a c c o r d ing t o it s r e l a t i o n t o a no t h e r s e i e s r ,

wi th t h e e nds o f wh i c h t h o s e o f t h e fi r s t s e r i e s do o r do no t c o i nc ide .

O u r o r dina r y i m p r e s s i o n o f th e du r a t i o n o f p e r io ds o f t im e is i t s e l f
t h e u nc e r t a in r e s u l t o f s u c h a c o m p a r i s o n in w h i c h we a r e no t c l e a ly
, r

c o ns c i o u s o f t h e s t a nda r d o f o u r m e a s u r e m e nt H e nc e t h e s a m e
.

p e r i o d m a y a pp e a r l o ng o r S h o r t in m e m o ry T h e m u l tipl ic i ty o f
.

t h e e v e nt s c o nt a ine d in it giv e s it g r e a t e r e x t e nt fo r t h e i m a g ina t i o n .

P o v e r t y o f e v e nt s m a k e s it s h ri nk i nt o no th ing I t h a s i t s e l f no .

e x te ns iv e q u a nt i ty w h i c h is p r o p e r ly it s o wn T h e r e fo re no h i nd a nc e
. r

m e e t s u s in t h e a t t e m p t t o s u pp o s e a s s h o r t a t i m e a s we will fo r t h e

c o ll e c t iv e c o u r s e o f e v e nt s H o w e v e r s m a ll we t h ink it s t ill it is no t
.
,

in it bu t in t h e de p e nde nc e o f e v e nt s o n e a c h o t h e r t h a t t h e r e a s o n
CH AP T R E Su cce s s io n e ss e nt ia l t o R e a lity 61

lie s o f th e w h i ch e ve nt s o cc u r a nd th e e nt i r e h i s to ry w h i c h
o r de r in
fill s c e ntu r i e s a dm i t s o f b e i ng p r e s e nt e d in a s i m il a r i m a ge a s c o n ,

d e ns e d i nt o a n i nfi ni t e ly s m a ll s p a c e o f T i m e t h r o u g h p r o p o r t i o na l
d im i nu t i o n o f a ll dim e ns i o ns .

Wi t h t h i s a dm i s s i o n h o w e ve r it will be t h o u gh t ne c e s s a ry t o c o m e
t o a sto p H o w e v e r s m a ll it will b e s a i d s t ill t h i s d iffe r e nt i a l o f
.
, ,

T im e m u s t c o nt a i n a di s t i nc tio n o f b e fo e a nd a ft e r a nd t h u s a l a p s e r , ,

t h o u gh o ne i nfi nit e ly s m a l l B u t we w a nt t o k no w e x a c tly why

. .

U ndo u b te dly t h e t ra ns it io n t o a m o m e nt c o m pl e t e ly wi t h o u t e x t e ns i o n
w o u l d de p r iv e H is t o r y o f t h e c h a a c t e r o f s u c c e s s i o n in T i m e ; bu t
r

t h e n o u r q u e s t i o n is j u s t t h i s w h e t h e r t h e r e a l ne e d e d t h i s s u c c e s s i o n
,

o n it s o wn p a r t in o de r t o it s a pp e a a nc e a s s u c c e s s iv e t o u s
r r A nd .

in r e g a r d t o t h is we m u s t c o ns t a nt ly r e p e a t w h a t h a s b e e n a l re a dy
s a i d ; t h a t ne i t h e r c o u l d t h e o r de r o f e v e nt s b e c o ns t i t u t e d by T im e ,

if it w e e no t de t e r m i ne d by t h e i nne r c o nne xi o n o f t h i ng s no r is it
r ,

int e ll ig ibl e h o w T im e s h o u l d b e gi n t o b r i ng t h a t w h ic h a l e a dy h a s a r

s u ffi c i e nt c a u s e t o r e a lit y if t h a t r e a l ity is s t ill la c k ing t o it

, On th e .

o th e r h a nd we b e l ie v e t h a t we
,
do u nde s t a nd h o w a p r e s e nt a t ive r

fa c u l ty s u c h a s to de iv e fr o m it s o wn na t u e t h e h a b i t o f vi e wi ng t h e
r r

w o l d a s in t im e s h o u l d find o c c a s io n in t h e i nne r co nne x io n b e t w e e n

r ,

t h e c o ns t it u e nt s o f t h a t w o r l d a s c o ndit i o ni ng a nd c o ndi t i o ne d by
,

e a c h o th e r t o t r e a t it s p a r t s a s fo ll o wi ng e a c h o t h e
,
in a d e fi ni t e r

o de r a nd a s a s s u m i ng l e ng t h s — de fi nit e in r e l a t i o n t o e a c h o t h e r b u t
r ,

a p a r t fr o m s u c h r e l a t i o n q u it e a r b it a y — o f t h is i m a gi ne d T i m e
,
r r .

T h u s e ve n u p o n t h i s m e th o d by h e lp o f t h e i de a o f a n i nfi ni t e ly
,

s m a ll m o m e nt we S h o u l d h a v e m a s t e e d t h e t h o u gh t o f a c o m pl e t e
,
r

t i m e l e s s ne s s o n t h e p a t o f w h a t fill s t h e w o r l d
r Fo r in t h a t c a s e we .

S h o u l d c e r t a i nly no t g o o u t o f o u r wa y t o t h i nk o f t h a t e x t e ns io n o f
t i m e wi t h in w h ic h t h is m o m e nt w o u l d s e e m o f a v a ni s h ing s m a ll ne s s
, ,

a nd s o b ing o n t h e w o r l d t h e r e p o a ch o f a s h o r t a nd fl e e t i ng
r r

e x is t e nc e a s c o m p a r e d w it h t h e d u r a t io n w h i c h e xp a ns i o n i nt o in
,

fi nit e T im e w o u l d h a ve p ro m is e d it .

1 5 4 A ft e r a ll it w ill b e o bj e c t e d we h a v e no t ye t t o u c h e d t h e
.
, ,

p r o p e r diffi c u l ty I f a ll t h a t we h a d t o ta k e a c c o u nt o f w e e a n
. r

e x t e r na l c o r s e o f t h e w o l d t h e n it w o u l d inde e d c o s t u s l it t l e e ffo r t
u r ,

t o r e g a r d a ll t h a t it c o nt a ins a s t im e l e s s a nd t o h o l d t h a t it is o nly in ,

r e la t io n t o o u r wa y o f l o o k ing a t it t h a t it u nfo l d s i t s e l f into a s u c c e s

s io n . B u t t h e m o t i o n w h ic h we s h o u ld t h u s h a ve e x c l u de d fr o m t h e
,

o u t e r w o l d w o u l d s o m u c h t h e m o e s u r e ly h a v e b e e n t a ns fe r r e d
r ,
r r

i nt o o u T h o u g h t w h ic h o n t h e give n s u pp o s i t io n m u s t i t s e l f p a s s
r , , ,

fr o m o ne o f t h e e l e m e nt s w h i c h c o ns t i t u t e t h e w o r l d t o a no t he r in ,
2 62 [ B OO K I I .

o r de r to k e t h e m s u c c e s s iv e fo r it s c o nte m pl a t i o n Fo r t h e u n
ma
"
.

fo l ding by w h i c h wh a t is ln it s e l f ti m e l e s s c o m e s t o b e in t im e c a nno t
, ,

t a k e pl a c e in u s wi t h o u t a r e a l l a p s e o f T i m e ; t h e a pp e a r a nc e o f s u c c e s
s i o n c a nno t t a k e pl a c e w it h o u t a s u c c e s s io n o f i m a g e s in c o ns c io u s

ne s s no r a n a pp a e nt t r a ns it io n o f a i nt o 6 w it h o u t t h e r e a l t a ns it io n
,
r r

w h i c h we s h o u l d in s u c h a c a s e e ffe c t fro m t h e im a ge o f t o t h a t o f 6 a .

B u t c o nv inc ing a s t h e s e a s s e r t io ns a e t h e y a e a s fa f o m c o n r ,
r r r

t a i ni ng t h e w h o l e t t h O n t h e c o nt r a r y wi t h o t t h e a ddit io n o f
ru .
,
u

s o m e t h i ng fu r t h e r t h e do c t i ne w h ic h t h e y a ll e g e w o u l d b e fa t a l t o
,
r

t h e p o s s ibil it y o f t h a t w h ic h it is s o u g h t t o e s t a bl is h I f t h e ide a o f .

t h e la t e 6 in fa c t m e e ly fo ll o w e d o n t h a t o f t h e e a l ie
r r th e n a r r a ,

c h a ng e o f i de a s wo u l d i nde e d t a k e pl a c e b u t t h e e w o u l d s t il l b e no ,
r

ide a o f t h is c h a ng e T h e re w o u l d be a l a p s e o f t i m e b u t no t a n
.
,

a pp e a a nc e o f s u c h c h a ng e t o a ny o ne
r I n o de t o a c o m p a i s o n in
. r r r

w h ic h 6 S h ll be k no w n a s t h e l a t e r it is ne c e s s a ry in t u n t h a t th e
a r

t wo p r e s e nt a t i o ns o f a a nd 6 s h o u l d be o bj e c t s t h r o u gh o u t s i m u l ,

t a ne o u s o f a e l a t ing k no wl e dg e w h ic h i t s e l f c o m pl e t e ly indivi s ibl e

,
r , , ,

h o l ds t h e m t o g e t h e r in a S ingl e i ndivi s ibl e a c t I f t h e e is a b e li e f . r

o n t h e p a r t o f t h i s k no wl e d g e t h a t it p a s s e s f o m o ne o f it s r e l a t e d r

p o i nt s t o a no th e r it will no t it s e lf fo m t h is ide a o f it s t a ns i t i o n
,
r r

t h r o u gh t h e m e e fa c t o f t h e t r a ns it i o n t a k ing pl a c e
r I n o de r t h a t . r

t h e i d e a m a y b e p o s s ibl e t h e p o int s w ith w h ic h it s c o u s e s e v e r a lly

, r

be gi ns a nd e nds b e ing s e p a r a te in t i m e m u s t a g a i n b e a pp e h e nde d

, ,
r

in a Si ngl e p ic t u r e by t h e m i nd a s t h e li m i t s b e t w e e n w h i c h t h a t
c o u rse l e s i A ll ide a s o f a c o u r s e a di s t a nc e a t r a ns i t io n a ll in
.
,
— , ,

S h o r t wh ic h c o nt a in a c o m p a ns o n o f s e ve l e l e m e nt s a nd t h e r e
,
ra

la t i o n b e t w e e n t h e m c a n a s s u c h o nly b e t h o u g h t o f a s p r o d c t s o f u

a t im e l e s s ly c o m p r e h e nding k no wl e dg e T h e y w o u l d a ll b e im .

p o s s ibl e if t h e p r e s e nt a tive a c t i t s e l f w e e w h o lly e du c ibl e t o th a t

,
r r

s u c c e s s io n in T i m e w h ic h it r e g a r ds a s t h e p e c u l ia r i t y o f t h e o bj e c t s

p r e s e nt e d by it Na y if we g o fu r th e r a nd m a k e t h e p r o vi s io na l
.

a dm i s s io n t h a t we r e a lly h a d t h e i de a o f a b e fo r e we h a d t h a t o f 6 ,

s t ill a c a n o nly b e k no w n a s t h e e a r l ie o n b e ing h e l d t o g e t h e r w it h 6 in

r

a n indiv is ibl e a c t o f c o m p a i s o n I t is a t t h i s m o m e nt a t w h i c h a is
r .
,

no l o ng e r t h e e a r l ie r no r 6 t h e l a t e r t h a t fo r k no wl e dg e a a pp e a s a s
,
r

t h e e a l ie r a nd 6 a s t h e la t e r
r I n a s s ig ning t h e s e de t e r m ina t e pl a c e s
.
,

h o w e v e r t o t h e t wo t h e s o u l c a n o nly b e g u ide d by s o m e s o r t o f
, ,

q u a li t a t ive diffe r e nc e s in t h e ir c o nt e nt— by t e m p o r a l s ig ns if we l ike ,

t o s a y s o c o r r e s p o ndi ng t o t h e l o c a l s ig ns in a c c o r da nc e w it h w h ic h
,

t h e n n s p a t ia l c o nsc i o u s ne s s e xp a nds it s i m p r e s s i o ns i nt o a s y s te m o f
o -

Sp a t i a l j u xt a p o s i ti o n .
CH AP T E R Tim e dis t inct io ns
-
a nd
‘
Te mp o r a l s ig ns .
’
2 63

S u ch co u ld no t bu t be t h e we re a
s t a te o f the c a se e ve n f i t h e re

la p s e o f T i m e in w h i c h o u r i d e a s s u c c e s s iv e ly fo r m e d t h m s e lv e s e .

T h e e a l l a p s e o f T i m e w o u l d no t i m m e d i a t e ly a s s u c h be a s u ffi c i e nt
r , ,

c a u s e t o t h a t w h i c h c o m b ine s a nd k no w s o f t h e s u c c e s s io n in T im e

w h i ch it p r e s e nt s t o it s e l f I t w o u l d be s o o nly m e di a t e ly th o gh
. r u

Sig ns de r ive d by e a c h c o ns t i t u e nt e l e m e nt o f t h e w o l d f o m t h a t r r

pl a c e in t h e o r de r o f T i m e int o w h ic h it h a d fa ll e n B u t s u c h va io u s . r

s ig ns c o u l d no t b e s t a m p e d o n t h e v a r io u s e l e m e nt s by e m p t y t i m e ,

e ve n t h o u g h it e l p s e d s inc e o ne o f it s e l e m e nt s is e x a c t ly lik e e ve r y
a ,

o th e r . T h e y c o l d o nly b e d e iv e d fro m t h e p e c u l ia r m a nne r in

u r

w h i c h e a c h e l e m e nt is inw o ve n i nto t h e t e x t u r o f c o nditio ns w h i c h e

d e t e r m ine t h e c o nt e nt o f t h e w o l d B u t j u s t fo t h a t e a s o n t h e r e
r . r r

wa s no ne e d o f a r e a l s e q u e nc e in T im e t o a nne x t h e m t o o u r ide a s
a s c h ra c t e r is t ic inc ide nt a l d is t inc t io ns
a T h u s it w o u l d c e r t a inly b e .

p o s s ibl e fo a p e s e nta t iv e c o ns c i o u s ne s s w it h o u t a ny ne e d o f T im e
r r , ,

t o b e le d by m e a ns o f t e m p o r a l s ig ns w h ic h in t h e ir t u r n ne e d no t ,

h a v e t h e ir o ig in in T i m e t o a r a ng e it s s e v e r a l o bj e c t s in a n a pp a r e nt
r ,
r

s u c c e s s i o n in t h e wa y o f T i m e .

1 5 5 I a m p a inf lly a w a r e t h a t m y r e a de r s p a t ie nc e m u s t be
’

. u

ne a ly e x h a u s t e d
r G a nt e d h e w ill s a y t h a t in e v e y S ingl e c a s e in
. r , ,
r

w h ic h a e l a t io n o c o m p a is o n is ins titu t e d t h is t im e l e s s fa c u l t y o f
r r r

k no w ing is a c t ive : it r e m a ins no ne t h e l e s s t r e t h a t nu m b e l e s s u r

r e p e t it io ns o f s u c h a c t i o n re a lly s u c c e e d e a c h o t h e Ye s t e da y o u r r . r

t i m e l e s s fa c u l ty o f k no wl e dg e wa s e m pl o y e d in p e s e nt i ng t h e s u c r

c e s s io n o f a nd 6 t o da y it p e s e nt s t h a t f o m
a ,
-
to d T h e re a e
r r c . r

t h s it wo u l d s e e m
u , m a ny ins t a nc e s o f T im e l e s s o c c u r e nc e w h ic h
,
r

r e a lly s u c c e e d e a c h o t h e r in T im e I ve nt u e h o w e ve o nc e a g a in . r ,
r,

t o a s k W h e nc e a r e we t o k no w t h a t t h is is s o ?
,
A nd if it w e r e s o o
,

in w h a t wa y c o u l d we k no w o f it ? T h a t c o ns c i o u s ne s s t o w h ic h ,

t h e c o m p a r is o n m a de y e s t e r da y a pp e a r s a s e a l ie r t h a n t h a t m a de r

t o d y m u s t ye t b e t h e c o ns c io u s ne s s w h i c h we h a ve t o d y no t
-
a ,
-
a , .

t h t w h ic h m a y h a v e b e e n y e s t e da y a nd h a v e v a nis h e d in t h e c o u r s e
a r

o f T im e T h a t w h ic h a pp e r s t o u s a s o f y e s te da y c a nno t s o
. a r

a pp e a r t o u s b e c a u s e it is n t in o u c o ns c i o u s ne s s b t b e c u s e it
o r ,
u a

is in it ; w h il e a t t h e s m e t im e it is s o m e h o w s o q a l it a t iv e ly d e t e r
a u

m ine d t h a t o u r m e nt l v is io n c a n a s s ig n it it s pl a ce o nly in t h e p a s t
,
a

b ra nc h o f a pp a r e nt T im e .

I w ill a llo w h o w e v e th a t t h is l s t r e ply yi e l ds no e s l t T h e

,
r, a r u .

P a s t i nde e d o f w h i c h we b e l ie v e o u s e lve s a l e a dy t o h a ve h a d l iving

,
r r

e xp er i e nc e o ne m a y t ry t o e x h ibi t a s a s y s t e m o f t h ing s w h ic h h a s
,

ne v e r r u n a c o u r s e in T i m e a nd w h i c h o nly c o ns c io u s ne s s fo r it s
, ,
2 64
. [ B OO K I I .

o wn b e ne fi t e xp a nds i nt o a p r e c e di ng h iSto ry in T i m e B u t h o w t h e n
,
.

w o u l d t h e c a s e s t a nd wi th t h e F u t u e w h ich we s u pp o s e o u r s e lve s r ,

s t ill o n t h e wa y t o m eet ? Le t a c c o r ding t o th e sym bo l s p re s

,,

v io u s ly u s e d s t a nd fo t h is Eg o w h ic h s a nd s ne v e r r e a lly p e c e de d
,
r , 2 1
r

b u t a lw a y s s e e m t o h a v e p e c e de d w h a t t h e n is wh ic h s in t u r n
r ,
s
4 3

will t h u s s e e m t o h a v e p r e c e de d ? W h a t c o u l d p e v e nt f o m b e ing r s
3
r

c o ns c i o u s a l s o o f it s o wn f t u e if t h e t e m p o r a l s ig ns w h ic h t e a c h
s
,,
u r ,

u s t o a s s ig n t o s ingl e i m p r e s s io ns t h e ir p o s i t io n in T i m e de p e nde d ,

o nly o n t h e s y s t e m a t ic p o s i t i o n w h i c h b e l o ng s t o t h e ir c a u s e s in t h e

c o m pl x o f c o nd it io ns o f a t i m e l e s s u niv e s e ?
e I t m a y be t h a t t h e r

c o nt e nt o f w h ic h fo ll o w s s y s t e m a t ic a lly u p o n is no t de t e r m ine d
s
,,
s
3,

m e r e ly by t h e c o ndit io ns w h ic h a r e c o nt a i ne d in , a nd p r e vi o u s ly in s
3

s
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a nd s b u t j o int ly by o th e s r e s t i ng o n t h e s t a t e s o f o t h e r b e i ng s
,,
r ,

wh ic h do no t c r o s s t h o s e o f S t ill a l a t e r s t a g e o f t h e s y s t e m Fo r .

t h a t r e a s o n s m ig h t b e o b s c u e t o
4
a nd t his m igh t c o ns t itu t e t h e
r s
3

t e m p o r a l c h a a c t e r wh ic h g iv e s it in t h e c o ns c io u s ne s s o f s t h e s t a m p
r
3

o f s o m e th ing fu t e B u t if t h is w e r e t h e c a s e t h e p r o c e s s w o u l d
ur .
,

h a v e t o s t o p a t t his p o int I t w o u l d o nly b e fo a no t h e b e ing s t h a t

. r r 4

w h a t wa s F u t u r e t o c o l d o w ing t o it s l a t e r pl a c e in t h e sy s t e m b e
s
3
u , ,

p re s e nt O n t h e o th e h a nd in a t i m e l e s s sy s t e m t h e r e w o u l d b e no
. r

p o s s ibili ty o f th e c h a ng e by m e a ns o f w h i c h s w o u l d be m o ve d o u t 3

o f it s p la c e int o t h a t o f s : ye t t h is w o u ld be ne c e s s a y if t o o ne a nd
,
r

t h e s a m e c o ns c i o u s ne s s t h a t is t o b e c o m e P e s e nt w h i c h wa s p e r r

v io u s ly F u t u r e t o it I f o ne a nd t h e s a m e t i m e l e s s b e i ng by it s t im e
.

l e s s a c t ivi ty o f i nt e ll e c t u a l p e s e nt a t i o n give s t o o ne c o ns t i tu e nt o f it s
r

e xi s t e nc e t h e P a s t c h a a c t e r o f a e c o ll e c t io n t o a no t h e r t h e s ig ni
r r ,

fi c a nc e o f t h e P r e s e nt t o t h i d u nk no w n e l e m e nt t h a t o f t h e F u t u r e
, a r ,

it c o u l d ne v e r if it is t o b e e a lly t im e l e s s c h a ng e t h is d is t ib u t io n
,
r ,
r

o f c h a r a ct e r s Th e e c o ll e c t io n c o u l d ne v e r h a v e
. r b e e n Pr e s e nt ,

t h e P e s e nt c o u l d ne v e
r b e c o m e P a st a nd t h e F u t u r e w o u l d h a v e t o
r

r e m a in wi th o u t c h a ng e t h e s a m e u nk no w n o b s c u r ity B u t if t h e r e is .

a c h a ng e in t h i s d is t ib u t io n o f lig h t ; if it is th e c a s e t h a t t h e in
r

d e fi nit e b u r de n o f t h e F u t u r e g r a du a lly e nt e r s t h e p e s e nc e o f l iv ing r

e xp e i e nc e a nd p a s s e s t h o g h it i nt o t h e o t h e
r a b s e nc e o f t h e P a s t ;
r u r

a nd fi na lly if it is im p o s s ibl e fo t h e a c t ivi t y o f int e ll e c t u a l p r e s e nt a

r

t i o n t o a l t e r t h i s o de o f s e qu e nc e ; t h e n it fo ll o w s ne c e s s a rily t h a t
r r

no t m e e ly t h is a c t iv it y b u t t h e c o nt e nt o f t h e r e a li t y w h ic h it p re
r ,

s e nt s t o i t s e l f is inv o lv e d in a s u c ce s s i o n o f de t e r m ina t e d i e c t io n
, .
r .

T h is b e ing s o we m u s t fi na lly de c ide a s fo ll o w s : T i m e a s a

, ,

w h o l e is w ith o u t do u b t m e e ly a c e a t i o n o f o u p r e s e nt a t iv e int e ll e c t
, r r r .

I t ne it h e r is p e m a ne nt no r do e s it e l a p s e
r I t is b u t t h e fa nt a s t i c .
CH PT E R
A Su cce s s io n ins ep a r a 6te f r o m R e a lity . 2 65

i m a g e w h i ch we s e e k r a t h e r th a n a r e a bl t o p r o j e c t b e fo re t h e
,
e ,

m ind s e ye w h e n we t h ink o f t h e l a p s e o f t im e a s e x t e nde d t o a ll t h e

’

p o i nt s o f r e l a t i o n w h i c h it a dm i t s o f a d infi nit m a nd a t t h e s a m e u ,

t im e m a k e a b s t r a c t i o n o f t h e c o nt e nt o f t h e s e p o i nt s o f r e l a t i o n B t . u

t h e l a p s e o f e v e nt s in t im e we do no t e li m ina t e fr o m r e a l it y a nd we ,

r e c k o n it a p e fe c t ly h o p e l e s s u nde t a ki ng t o r e g a r d e v e n t h e ide a o f
r r

t h is l a p s e a s a n a p i r i m e r e ly s u bj e c t iv e fo m o f a pp r e h e ns io n
r o r ,

w h i ch de v e l o p e s i ts e l f w it h in a t im e l e s s r e a l ity in t h e c o ns c i o u s ne s s o f ,

s pi r i t u a l b e ing s .

1 5 3 T h u s a t t h e e nd o f a l o ng a nd t r o u bl e s o m e j o u ne y we c o m e
.
,
r ,

b a c k a s it will c e rt a inly a pp e a r t o c o m pl e t e a g e e m e nt w ith t h e

, ,
r

o r dina y V i e w r I f a h o w e v e r t h a t e m na nt s o f a n e r o r s t ill s u r viv e

. e r r r

w h ic h c a ll fo a s p e c ia l a t t a c k — r e m na nt s o f a n e r o r wi t h w h ich we
r r

a r e a l re a dy fa m il ia r a nd w h i c h h a v e h e e ne e d e d t o b e de a l t w it h o nly r

in a n w fo r m v i th e dis int e g r a t io n o f t h e e a l i nt o it s c o nt e nt a nd
e ,
z . r

it s e a l ity
r W e a re u na v o ida bly le d by o u r c o m p a is o n o f t h e m a ni
. r

fo l d fa c t s giv e n t o u S t o t h e s e p a r a t i o n o f t h a t o n t h e o ne h a nd w h i c h
d s t i g u is e s o ne e a l o bj e c t r o
i n h f m ra no t h e r — it s p e c u l ia r c o nt e nt w h ic h
ou r t h o u g h t c a n fix in a b s t r a c t io n f o m it s e xi s t e nc e — a nd o n t h e r

o t h e r h a nd o f t h a t in w h i c h e v e r y t h i ng e a l r e s e m bl e s e v e y o t h e r r r

t h e r e a l ity i t s e l f w h ic h a s we fa nc y h a s b e e n i m p a t e d t o it
, ,
Fo r t h i s r .

is j u s t w h a t we g o o n t o im a g ine — t h a t t h is s e p a a t io n a c h i e v e d in o u r r ,

t h o u gh t s e p e s e nt s a m e t a p h y s ic a l h is t o y ; I do no t m e a n a h is t o r y
,
r r r

w h ic h h a s b e e n c o m pl e t e d o nc e fo a ll bu t o ne w h ic h p e p e t a lly r ,
r u

c o m pl e t e s i t s e l f ; a r e a l r e l a t io n t h a t is t o s a o f s u c h a ki nd t h a t
y , ,

t h t c o nt e nt a p a t f o m it s r e a l it y is s o m e t h ing t o w h ic h t h is r e a l it y
a ,
r r ,

c o m e s t o b e l o ng T h e p r e v a l e nc e o f t h is e o r is e vi de nc e d by t h e
. rr

a b u nda nt u s e w h ic h p h il o s o p h y no t l e a s t s i nc e t h e t i m e o f K a nt h a s
, ,

m a de o f t h e c o nc e p t io n o f a P o s it io n w h ic h m e e t ing w it h t h e
‘ ’

t h ink a bl e c o nt e nt e s t a bli s h e s it s r e a l it y I n a n e a l ie r p a r t o f t h is . r

w o k we de c l a e d o u s lv e s a g a i ns t t h is m is t a k e W e w e e c o n
r r r e . r

v inc e d t h a t it wa s s im ply u nm e a ning t o s p e a k o f b e i ng a s a k ind o f

pl a c ing w h ic h m a y s im ply s p ve ne u p o n t h a t int e ll ig ibl e c o nt e nt o f
u er

a t h ing w it h o u t c h ng ing a ny th ing in t h a t c o nt e nt o r e s s e nc e o r

, a

e nt e r ing a s a c o ndit io n int o it s c o m pl e t e ne s s A s se p a te f o m th e . ar r

e ne r gy o f a c t io n a nd p s s io n in w hic h we fo u nd th e a , e a l b e ing o f t h e r

t h ing t o c o ns is t it wa s im p o s s ibl e e v e n t o t h ink o f t h a t e s s e nc e im

, ,

p o s s ibl e t o t h ink o f it a s t h a t t o w h ich t h is e l ity o f a c t io n a nd r a

p a s s io n c o m e s f o m wi th o u t a s if it h a d b e e n a l e a dy in c o m pl e t e
r , r ,

r e s t t h e s a m e e s s e nc e w hi h it is u nde r t h is m o t io n
, c .

I t is t h e s a m e i m p o s s ib le s e p a ra t i o n t h a t we h a v e h e r e o nc e a g a i n ,
 [ B OO K I I .

in c o ns ide r a t o i n o f the p r e v l e nc e
i s u nde r s t a nding c a e f lly
a o f thE m ,
r u

p s u e d t o it s c o ns e q u e nc s in t h e fo r m o f t h e s e v e r a nc e o f t h e
u r e

t h ing w h ic h h a pp e ns f o m it s h pp e ning I t wa s t h u s t h a t we w e r e
r a .

le d t o t h e e x p e r im e nt o s e e k ing t h e e s s e nc e o w a
f f h t h n —
pp e s t h a t 1
a

by w h ic h t h e a c t u a l h is t o y o f t h e w o l d is di s t ingu is h e d f o m a no th e r
r r r

w h ich m ig h t h a pp e n bu t do e s no t— in a c o m pl e x s y s t e m o f l a t io ns re

o f d e p e nde nc e o n t h e p a r t o f a t im e l e s s c o nt e nt o f t h o u gh t ; w h il e

t h e m o t i o n in t h is s y s t e m w h ic h a l o ne c o ns tit u t e s t h e p o c e s s o f b e
,
r

c o m ing a nd h pp e ning wa s e g a d e d a s a m o de o f s e t t ing it fo th w h ic h

,
r ar r

m ig h t s im ply b e im p o s e d o n t h is e s s e nt ia l m a t t e o r o n t h e o th e r r,

h a nd m ig h t b e w a nting t o it w ith o u t c h a ng ing t h e d is t inc t iv e c h a a c t e r

,
r

o f t h e e s s e nc e W e c o u l d no t h e l p no t ic ing inde e d t h e g e a t diffe r

.
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r

e nc e b e t w e e n r e a l it y a nd t h a t s y s t e m o f i nt e ll ig ibl e c o nt e nt s I n th e .

l a tt e r t h e e a s o n inc l de s it s c o ns e q e nc e a s e t e na lly c o e x is t ing w ith

r u u r

it
. I n t h e fo m r t h e e a l ie r s t a t e o f t h ing s c e a s e s t o b e in c a s ing
r e r u

th e la te r T h e n b e g a n t h e a t t e m p t s t o u nde s t a nd t h is s u c c e s s io n
. r ,

w h ic h im p o s e s i t s e l f like a n a l ie n fa t e o n t h e s y s t e m in it s a t icu l a r

tio n . T h e y w e e a ll in v a in W h e n o nc e t h e l a p s e o f e m p t y t i m e
r .

a nd t h e t im e l e s s c o nt e nt h a d b e e n d t a c h e d f o m e a c h o t h e r no t h ing e r ,

c o u l d e na bl e t h e s e t na t u e o f t h e l a t t e r t o e s o lv e it s e l f int o a c o n
r r

s t a nt flu x in t h e fo r m e r I t wa s c le a r t h a t in t h is s e p a a t io n we h a d
. r

fo g o t te n s o m e t h i ng w h ic h fo r c e d t h a t c o nt e nt — i nv o lving a s it d id
r ,

if it m o v e d t h e b a s is o f a n o d e o f t i m e —t o p a s s in fa c t int o s u c h a
, r r

s t a t e o f m o t io n I will no t s u pp o s e t h a t c r u de s t a t te m p t t o be m a de
.

a t s u pplyi ng t h e ne c e s s a r y c o m pl e m e nt — t h e r e fe r e nc e t o a p o w e r

s t a nding o u t s ide t h e w o l d w h ic h l a id h o l d o n t h e e t e r na l c o nt e nt
r

o f t h ing s a s o n a s t o e o f m a t e r ia l in o d e
,
t o dis p o s e it s e l e m e nt s
r ,
r r

in T im e in s u c h a wa y a s t h e i i nne o de t o w h ic h it l o o k e d r r r r,

a s a p a t t e r n d i e c t e d it t o do ,
L e t u s r a t h e r a d o p t t h e V ie w t h a t
r .

in t h e c o nt e nt i t s e l f l ie s t h e im p u l s e a ft e r r e a l is a t io n w hic h m a k e s
it s m a nifo l d m e m b e r s is s u e f o m e a c h o t h e r S t ill e v e n o n th a t V i e w
r .
,

it w o u l d be a m is t a k e a s I h o ld t o t h i nk o f t h e m e a s u e a nd k ind o f
, ,
r

t h a t t im e l e s s c o nd it io ne d ne s s w h ic h m ig h t o b t a in b e t w e e n t wo e le ,

m e nt s o f t h e w o l d s c o nt e nt a s t h e a nt e c e de nt c a u s e w h ic h c o m
’
r ,

m a nde d o r fo r b a de t h a t Op e a t iv e i m p l s e t o e l ic it t h e o ne e l e m e nt r u

fr o m t h e o th e r Wh a t I a m h e r e a dva nc i ng is o nly a fu t h e r a ppli

.
r

[Th is is sti ll ‘
th e c o nt e nt th a t wh i h c d is t ing u is h e s o ne re a l o b j e ct fr o m
a no th e r .
’
A V e r ba l d iffi lty i cu s d b y t h e d is t inc t io n b e ing h e r e pe r a c c id e ns ,
ca u se ,

b e t we e n t h e a c tu a l w ld d or an a n im a g ina r y l
wo r d , s o t h a t b u t fo r t h e c o nt e x t w e
m ig h t t a k e
‘
e ss e nc e
’
to be u s e d in u s t t h e o j pp
o s it e s e ns e t o t h a t o f p 2 6 5, a nd .

to r e fe r t o t h a t wh ich d is t ingu is h e s wh at is re a lf ro m wh a t is u nr e a l]
.
 ’
Wko le dj
'

CH A P T E R Tz m e as a su ec flw . 2 67

i
ca t o n o f gh t w h i c h I h a ve p r e vi o u s ly e xp r e s s e d Ev e ry r e l a
a th o u .

t i o n I h a v e s a i d e xi s t s o nly in t h e s pi r i t o f t h e p e s o n i ns t it u t i ng t h e
, ,
r

r e l a t i o n a nd fo r h im W h e n we b e l ie ve t h a t we fi nd it in t h i ng s t h m
. e

s e lv e s it is in e v e ry c a e m o r e t h a n a m e r e r e l a t i o n : it is i t s e l f a l r e a dy
,
s

a n e ffi c ie nt p r o c e s s i ns t e a d o f b e i ng m e r e ly p r e l im i na r y t o e ffe c t s .

On th e s a e m p r i nc ipl e w e s a y
— I t is no t t h e c a s e t h a t t h e r e is fi ! rs

a r e l a t io n o f u nc h a ng ing c o nd itio ne dne s s b e t w e e n t h e e l e m e nt s o f

t h e w o l d a nd t h a t a ft e w a r ds in a c c o r da nc e wit h t h is r e l a t i o n t h e
r ,
r

p r o du c t iv e Op e r a t io n e ve n t h o u g h it m a y no t c o m e f o m w ith o u t b u t
, r

m a y lie in t h e t h ing s t h e m s e lv e s h a s t o d i e c t it s e l f in o de t o g iv e , r r r

r e a l it y t o l e g it im a t e c o ns e qu e nc e s a nd a v o i d t h o s e t h a t a e ille g it i r

m a te . O n t h e c o nt a r y fi s t a nd a l o ne is t h e r e t h is fu ll liv ing o p e r a
r r

t io n it s e l f T h e n w h e n we c o m p a e it s a c ts we a e a bl e in t h o u g h t
.
,
r ,
r

a nd a b s t a c t io n t o p e s e nt t o o u s e lv e s t h e c o ns t a nt m o d s a g n
’ '

r r r u e a z,

s e l f de t e m i ne d w h ic h in a ll it s m a ni f s t t io ns h a s e m a ine d t h e s a m e
- r ,
e a r .

T h is a b s t r a c t i o n m a de we c a n s u b o r dina t e e a c h s ingl e p o du c t o f t h e
,
r

Op e r a tio n a s we l o o k b a c kw a r d t o t h is m o de o f p o c e du e a s t o a n
, ,
r r

o r da ining p s a nd r e g a r d it a s de t e r m i ne d by c o ndit io ns w h ic h a r e
’

r zu

in t ru t h o nly t h e o r dina y h a b it o f t h i s o p e r a t io n i t s e l f
r T h i s p ro c e s s .

o f c o m p a is o n a nd a b s t a c t io n l e a ds u s in o ne d ir e c t io n t o t h e id e a
r r

o f g e ne a l la w s o f na t u e
r w h ic h a r e fi s t v a l id a nd t o w h ic h t h e e
r ,
r r

t h e n c o m e s a w o l d w h ic h s u b m it s i t s e l f t o t h e m
r ,
I n a no th e r di .

r e c t io n it l e a ds t o t h e s u pp o s it io n o f a n e m p t y T i m e in w h ic h t h e ,

s e r ie s o f o c c u rr e nc e s s u c c e e d e a c h o t h e r a nd w h ic h in t h e c h a a c t e r ,
r

o f a n a nt e c e d e nt ndit i 72 2 m a k e s a ll Op e t io n p o s s ibl e Bu t
’

n gu co o sz e a 07 ,
ra .

t h i s l a s t wa y o f l o o k ing a t t h e m a t t e r we h a v e fo u nd a s u nt e na bl e

a s w o u l d be th e a t t e m p t t o e p r e s e nt v e l o c it ie s a s p io r t o m o t io ns
r r

e w h a t a s if e a c h m o t io n h a d t o c h o o s e a n e x is t i ng v e l o c it y) a nd
( s o m ,

t o i nt e p r e t t h e c o m m o n e xp r e s s i o n a c c o di ng t o w h i c h t h e m o t io n
r ,
r

o f a b o dy a s s m s t h is o t h a t v e l o c i ty a s s ig nify ing a n a c t u a l fa c t ;
u e r ,

w h e e a s n t r u th t h e m o ti o n 8 no th ing bu t t h e v e l o c i ty a s fo ll o w ing a
r i 1

d e fi nit e dir e c t io n .

I n t h is s e ns e we m a y fi nd m o e c o r e c t ne s s in t h e e xp r e s s io ns th a t r r

m a y b e o ft e n h e a r d a c c o r ding t o w h ic h it is no t T im e t h a t is t h e
,

c o ndi t i o n o f t h e Op e r a t io n o f t h ing s b u t t his Op e a t io n t h a t p o du c e s ,

r r

T im e O nly w h a t it b r ing s fo t h w h il e it t a k e s it s c o u s e is no t a n
. r ,
r ,

a c t u a lly e x is t ing T im e a s a n a b iding p r o du c t s o m e h o w e x is t ing o r ,

fl o wi ng o r i nfl u e nc ing t h ing s b u t o nly t h e s o c a ll e d v is io n o f t h is ,

-
‘ ’

—
T i m e in t h e c o m p a r ing c o ns c io u s ne s s O f t h s t h e e m p t y t o t a l
i
i m a g e o f t h a t o r de r in w h i c h we pl a c e e v e nt s a s a s e rie s —it is t h u s
.

t ru e t ha t it is o nly a s u bj e c t iv e fo r m o f a p p e h e ns i o n ; w h il e o f t h e r
 [ B OO K I I .

su cce s s o n i b e l o ngi ng p e ra t i o n i t s e l f w h i c h m a k e s t h is
to th a t o
.
,

arr a ng e m e nt o f e v e nt s p o s s ibl e t h e r e v e r s e is t u e na m e ly t h a t it is
,
r ,

t h e m o s t p r o p e r na t u r e o f t h e r e a l .

1 5 7 I s h o u l d no t b e s u p ri s e d if t h e vi e w w h i c h I t h u s p u t fo w a d
. r r r

m e t wi t h a n i nvi nc ibl e r e s is t a nc e fr o m t h e i m a g ina t i o n The u n .

c o nq u e a bl e h a b it w h ic h w ill s e e no t h i ng w o nde fu l in t h e p i m a y
r ,
r r r

g r o u nds o f t h i ng s bu t ins i s ts o n e xpl a ini ng t h e m a ft e r t h e p a t te n o f r

t h e l a t e s t e ffe c t s w h ic h t h e y a l o ne r e nde r p o s s ibl e m u s t h e r e a t l a s t ,

c o nfe s s t o b e i ng c o nf o nt e d by a r idd l e w h i c h c a nno t be t h o u gh t o u t

r .

W h a t e x a c tly h a pp e ns — s u c h is t h e q u e s t io n w h ic h t h is h a b it wil l
p r o m p t w h e n t h e Op e r a t io n is a t w o k o r w h e n th e s u c c e s s i o n t a k e s
— r

pl a c e w h ic h is s a id t o b e c h a a c t e i s tic o f t h e o p e r a t ive p r o c e s s ?
,
r r

H o w d o e s it c o m e t o p a s s — w h a t m a k e s it c o m e t o p a s s — t h a t t h e
r e a l ity o f o ne s t a t e o f t h i ng s c e a se s a nd t h a t o f a no t h e r b e gi ns ?,

W h a t p r o c e s s is it t h a t c o ns tit u t e s w h a t we c a ll p e ri sh i ng o r t r a ns it i o n ,

i nt o no t b e i ng a nd in w h a t o t h e r diffe r e nt p r o c e s s c o ns i s t s o igin o r
-
,
r

be c o m ing ?
T h a t t h e s e qu e s t i o ns a r e u na ns w e r a bl e — t h a t t h e y a i s e o u t o f t h e r

wi s h t o s u pply a pr t o w h a t is fi r s t in t h e w o l d— t h is I ne e d no t
’

zu s r

no w r e p e a t bu t in t h is c o nne x io n t h e y h a v e a m u c h m o r e s e r i o u s
:

b a c kgr o u nd t h a n e l s e w h e e fo r h e e t h e y a r e e ve r a ne w e x c it e d by
r ,
r

t h e o b s c u e p r e s s u r e o f a n u nint e ll ig ibil it y w h i c h in o r dina y t h inki ng

r ,
r

W e a r e a pt s o m e w h a t c a r e l e s s ly t o o v e l o o k W e l igh t ly r e p e a t t h e
r .

w o r ds bygo ne s a e bygo ne s ; a r e we qu i t e c o ns cio u s o f t h e i r

‘
r
’

g a vity ? Th e t e e m ing P a s t h a s it r e a lly c e a s e d t o b e a t a ll ? I s it

r
,

qu it e b o k e n o ff f o m c o nne x io n w ith t h e w o r l d a nd in no wa y
r r

p e s e r ve d fo r it ? T h e h is t o y o f t h e w o r l d is it e d c e d t o t h e
r r ,
r u

infi nit e ly t h in fo r e v e r c h a ng ing s t r ip o f l igh t w h i c h fo r m s t h e

, ,

P e s e nt w a v e ing b e t w e e n a da r k ne s s o f t h e P a s t wh ic h is do ne wi t h
r , r ,

a nd no l o ng e r a ny t h ing a t a ll a nd a d a k ne s s o f t h e F u t u r e w h i c h is
,
r ,

a l s o no t h ing ? Eve n in t h u s e xp r e s s ing t h e s e qu e s t io ns I a m e v e r ,

a g a i n y ie l d ing t o t h a t i m a gi na t iv e t e nde nc y w h i c h s e e k s t o s o ft e n t h e ,

m o ns t r u m infa ndu m w h ic h t h e y c o nt a in Fo r th e s e t wo a by s s e s o f
’
.

o b s c u i t y h o w e v e r fo m l e s s a nd e m p t y w o u l d s t il l b e t h e e ;
r , r The y ,
r

w o u l d a lwa y s fo r m a n e nv i o nm e nt w h ic h in it s u nk no w n wit h i n
r

w o u l d s t ill a ff o d a ki nd o f l o c a l h a bi ta t io n fo r t h e no t b e ing i nt o
r -
,

w h i c h it m igh t h a v e di s a pp e a r e d o f o m w h i ch it m igh t c o m e fo rth r r .

B u t le t a ny o ne t y t o dis p e ns e w it h t h e s e i m a g e s a nd t o b a nis h f o m
r r

t h o u gh t e v e n t h e t wo v o id s w h i h l im it b e ing : h e w ill t h e n fe e l h o w
,
c

i m p o s s ibl e it is t o g e t a l o ng w ith t h e na k e d a nt it h e s is o f b e ing a nd

no t b e i ng a nd h o w u nc o nqu e r a bl e is t h e de m a nd t o b e abl e t o t h ink
-
,
CH A PT E R I I I ] . R e a /27y Qd S t d 72 0
,
F u fu r e . 2 69

eve n o f th a t wh i ch is no t as s o m e u na c c o u nta ble c o ns t i t u e nt o f th e

re a l.

T h e r e fo r e p e a k o f d i s t a nc e s o f t h e P a s t a nd o f t h e
it is t h a t we s

F u tu r e c o v e r i ng u nde r t h i s s p a t i a l i m a g e t h e ne e d o f l e t ting no t h i ng
,

s lip o m pl e t e ly fr o m t h e l a rg e r w h o l e o f r e a l it y t h o u g h it b e l o ng no t
c ,

t o t h e m o r e li m i t e d r e a l ity o f t h e P r e s e nt Fo r t h e s a m e r e a s o n e v e n
.

t h o s e u na ns w e a bl e q u e s t i o ns a s t o t h e o igi n o f B e c o m ing h a d t h e i r
r r

m e a ni ng So l o ng a s t h e a by s s f o m w h i c h r e a li ty d a w s it s c o nt i nu
. r r

a t i o n a nd t h a t o t h e r a by s s i nt o w h i c h it l e t s t h e p r e c e de nt p a s s a w a y
, ,

s h u t in t h a t w h i c h is o n e a c h s ide s o l o ng t h e r e m a y s t ill b e a c e r t a i n
,

la w v a l id fo r t h e w h o l e r e a l m o f t h is h e t e r o g e ne o u s s y s t e m a c c o r ding
, ,

t o t h e d e t e r m ina t i o ns o f w h i c h t h a t c h a ng e t a ke s pl a c e w h i c h o n t h e ,

o t h e r h a nd b e c o m e s u nth i nk a bl e t o u s if it is a ch a ng e f o m no t h i ng
,
r

t o b e i ng a nd fr o m b e i ng t o no th ing T h e e fo e t h o u g h we w e re
. r r ,

o bl ig e d t o g iv e u p t h e h o p e l e s s a t t e m p t t o e g a r d t h e c o u r s e o f e v e nt s
r

in T i m e m e r e ly a s a n a pp e a a nce w h i c h fo r m s i ts e l f w it h in a s y s t e m
r ,

o f t im e l e s s r e a li t y we ye t u nde r s t a nd t h e m o t iv e s o f t h e e ffo t s w h i c h
,
r

a re e ve b e i ng r e ne we d t o i nc l u de t h e re a l p o c e s s o f b e c o m i ng wi t h i n
r r

t h e c o m p a s s o f a n a b idi ng r e a li ty T h e y will no t h o w e v e r a t t a in
.
, ,

t h e i r Obj e c t u nl e s s t h e r e a li ty w h i c h is g r e a t e r t h a n o u r t h o u g h t
, , ,

v o u c h s a fe s u s a P e r c e p t i o n w h i c h by s h o wi ng u s t h e m o de o f s o lu
, ,

t i o n a t t h e s a m e t i m e p e r su a d s u s o f t h e s o l u b ili t y o f t h is r i ddl e
, e I .

a b s t a i n a t p r e s e nt fr o m s a yi ng m o r e o n t h e s u bj e c t T h e g r o u nd .

a ffo r de d by t h e p h il o s o p h y o f r e l igi o n o n w h i c h e ffo r t s o f t h i s ki nd

,

h a v e c o m m o nly b e g u n is a l s o t h a t o n w h i c h a l o ne it is p o s s ibl e fo r
,

t h e m t o be c o nt i nu e d .
 C H A PT E R IV

Of M a l ia /z .

THE p e r c e ive d fa c t s o f m o t i o n a r e a p a r t i cu l a r ly fa vo u r a b l e s u bj e c t
m a t te r fo r nu m e r i c a l c a l c u l a t io n ; b u t o u r p r e s e nt i nt e r e s t is no t in
t h e m a nifo l d r e s u l t s o b t a i ne d by t h e m a t h e m a t i c a l t e a t m e nt o f a c c e p t e d
r

r e la t io ns o f p r o p o t io n b e t w e e n i nt e r v a l s o f s p a c e a nd o f t i m e ; b u t
r

s o l e ly in t h e q u e s t io n w h i c h p h o r o no m ic a nd m e c h a ni c a l i nv e s t ig a t i o ns

a r e a bl e t o dis r e g a d fo r t h e i i m m e dia t e p u r p o s e
r r t h e q u e s t io n w h a t

m o t i o n i m pl ie s a s t a ki ng p la c e in t h e th ing s t h a t m o v e .

1 5 8 C o m m o n a pp r e h e ns i o n t a k e s m o t io n w h il e it l a s t s t o b e t h e
.
, ,

t r a v e r s ing o f a n i nt e r v a l o f s p a c e ; a nd it s r e s l t a t e v e r y m o m e nt in
u

wh ic h we c o nce iv e it a s a r r e s t e d t o be a c h a ng e o f pl a c e o n t h e p a r t
o f t h e t h i ng m o v e d W e s h a ll b e o bl ig e d fo r t h e m o m e nt t o i nv e r t
.

t h i s o r de r o f o u r i de a s in o r de r t o r e m a in in a g r e e m e nt wi t h o u vi e w
,
r

o f t h e m e r e ly p h e no m e na l v a li di t y o f s p a c e T h i ng s c a nno t a c tu a lly
.

t r a v e s e a s p a c e w h ic h do e s no t a c tu a lly e x t e nd a r o u nd t h e m a nd
r ,

w h o s e o nly e x te ns io n is in o u r c o ns c i o u s ne s s a nd fo r it s p e c e p t i o n ; r

w h a t h a pp e ns is a th e r t h a t j u s t a s t h e s u m S o f a ll t h e i nt e ll igible
r

r e l a t i o ns in w h ic h a n e l e m e nt t a give n m o m e nt s t a nds t o a ll o t h e r s
e a

a s s ig ns it a pl a ce p in o u r s p a t i a l i m a g e ; e x a c t ly in t h e s a m e wa a n
y y
c h a ng e o f th a t s u m o f r e l a t i o ns S int o 2 wil l d e m a nd t h e ne w pl a ce
'

71

fo r t h e i m p e s s io n w h i c h is t o u s t h e e xp r e s s i o n i m a g e o r indi c a t io n
r , ,

o f 6 . T h e e fo r e c h a nge o f pl a c e is t h e fi s t c o nc e p t i o n t o w h i ch we
r r

a r e le d in t h is c o nne x io n ; a nd fr o m t h a t p o i nt we do no t a r r iv e q u i t e

d i r e c t ly a t t h e no t i o n t h a t a j o u r ne y t h r o u gh Sp a ce is e s s e nt i a l t o t h e
c h a ng e ; e v e n a n a pp a re nt j o u r ne y t h a t is fo r we no lo ng e
, ,
t h ink a
r

r e a l o ne p o s s ibl e .

I t o nly fo ll o w s fr o m w h a t wa s s a i d j u s t no w t h a t in e v e r y m o m e nt
t h e t h ing s s it u a t i o n p o r in a pp a r e nt s p a c e is d e t e r m i ne d by t h e
’
77

t h e n fo r t h c o m i ng s u m S o r 2 o f it s i nt e lligibl e e l a t io ns ; it is s t il l
r

u nde c ide d in w h a t wa t h e t r a ns i t io n t a k e s pl a c e f o m o ne s i t u a t i o n t o
r
y
a no th e r H o w e v e r it o nly h a pp e ns in fa i r y t a l e s t h a t a t h i ng dis
.
,
-
 Tfle L a w f
o Co nt inu ity .
2 7 1

a pp e a r s in o ne pl a c e a nd s u dde nly r e a pp e a r s in a no th e r w ith o u t ,

h a v ing t r a v e r s e d a p a t h l e a d ing in s p a c e fr o m t h e o ne pl a c e t o t h e
o t h e r ; a ll o b s e r v a t i o n o f na t u r e a s s u m e s a s s e l f e vi de nt t h a t t h e -

m o vi ng o bj e c t r e m a i ns in a ll s u c c e ss iv e m o m e nt s a n o bj e c t o f p o s s ibl e

p e r ce p t io n in s o m e p o i nt o f a s t ra igh t o r c u r ve d p a th w h ich u ni t e s ,

it s fo r m e r a nd s u b s e q u e nt p o s i t i o n wi t h o u t b e a c h o f c o nt i nu it y r We .

h a v e no i nt e nt io n o f d o u b t ing t h e v a l idity o f t h is a s s u m p t i o n it
i nvo lve s fo r u s t h e fu r th e r o ne th a t in lik e m a nne r t h e s u m S o f
,

i nte lligibl e e la t i o ns do e s no t p a s s i nt o a no th e r 2 wi t h o u t t ra ve s ing

r r

a ll int e r m e di a t e v a lu e s t h a t c a n b e i nte c a l a t e d wi t h o u t b e a k t h o u g h
r , r

no t ne c e s s a ily wi t h u ni fo r m s p e e d
r A nd t h is is w h a t we e a lly t h i nk
. r

o f a ll v a i bl e s t a t e s w h ic h a e in t h i ng s a s fa r a s o u r m o de r n h a bi t
r a r ,

o f r e fe r i ng e v e y e v e nt t o a n a l t e a t io n o f e x t e r na l r e l a t i o ns w ill a ll o w
r r r

u s t o s p e a k o f s u c h s t a t e s a t a ll W e do no t b e l ie v e t h a t a s e ns a t io n
.

c o m e s s u dde nly i nt o b e ing w it h it s f ll i nt e ns i ty ; no u t h a t a b o dy a t a r

t e m p e a t u r e 1 p a s s e s t o a no t h e r 1
r ,
wi t h o u t s u c c e s s ive ly a s s u m ing a ll
2 ,

i nt e m e dia te t e m p e r a tu e s ; no r t h a t f o m a p o s it i o n o f r e s t it a c q u i r e s
r r r

t h e v e l o c i ty wi th o u t c q u i r i ng in u nb o ke n s e i e s a ll de g r e e s o f it
a r r

b e t w e e n 0 a nd T h u s we s p e a k o f a L a w o f C o nt inu i ty t o w h ic h
we b e l ie v e t h a t a ll na t u a l p o c e s s e s a e s u bj e c t ye t h o w e v e fa m il ia r
r r r r

t h e i de a m a y b e t o u s a nd h o w e v e r i r e s is t ibl e in m o s t c a s e s t o w h i c h
, r

it is a ppl ie d s t ill it s ne c e s s i ty is no t s o s e l f e vi de nt t o t h o u gh t t h a t a ll
,
-

c o ns ide t io n o f t h e g o u nd a nd l im i t s o f it s v a li dit y is w a s t e d
ra r .

1 5 9 O f c o u r s e t h e a ppl ic a t i o n o f t h e la w o f C o nt inu i t y is no t
.

a tt e m p t e d w h e r e d is p a a t e ne s s b e t w e e n t wo
r e x tr e m e s e x c l u de s a ll

p o s s ib il it y o f a p a t h l e a ding f o m o ne t o r t h e o t h e r in t h e s a m e

m e di u m . NO o ne c o nc e ive s a m u s ic a l no t e a s c h a ngi ng c o nt inu o u s ly

i nt o c o l o u r ; a t ra ns it io n b e t w e e n th e t wo c o u l d o nly b e e ffe c t e d by
a nni h il a t io n o f t h e o ne a nd c r e a t i o n o f t h e o t h e r a ne w ; b u t t h a t

ne g a t io n o f t h e no t e w o u l d no t h a v e t h e i m p o r t o f a de fi nite z e r o in a

s e ie s s u c h a s c o u l d no t b u t e xp a nd int o c o l o u r s o n t h e o t h e r s i de o f
r

it it w o u l d b e a p u r e no t h ing o f w h ic h t a k e n by i t s e l f no t h ing c a n
,

c o m e b t a ft e r w h ic h a ny t h ing m a y fo ll o w t h a t we c h o o s e t o s a y is t o
, u ,

fo ll o w . O n t h e o th e h a nd in w h a t r e l a t io n t o e a c h o t h e r a e B e i ng
r , r

a nd no t B e ing t h e a c t u a l t ra ns it i o n b e t w e e n w h i c h is p u t b e fo e u s in
-
, r

e v e y ins t a nc e o f c h a ng e ?
r A r e we t o a s s u m e t h a t b e c a u s e t h is t r a ns i
t io n t k e s pl c e it t o
a a m o t c o m e t o p a s s by c o nt inu o u s t r a v e s ing o f
u s r

i nt e m e d ia t e v a l u e s b e t w e e n B e i ng nd no t B e ing ? W e u nh e s i ta t ingly
r a -

ne g a t iv e t h i s s u gg e s t io n if it is t o ,
e q i e fo r o ne a nd t h e s a m e
r u r

c o nt e nt a g r a da t i o n o f e x is t e nc e s u c h a s w it h o u t c h a ngi ng
a itse lf t o a

r e m o v e it by d e g r e e s fr o m r e a li t y t o u nr e a l it y o r v i e ver s a ; we co u ld c
2
7 2 0f M OZZbIZ . [ BOO K I I .

a t t a ch no i g t o t h e a s s e r t io n o f a v a ry i ng i nte ns i ty o f b e i ng
m e an n

w h i c h s h o u l d m a ke a p e r m a ne nt u nva y ing p a r ta k e o f r e a lity in

r
1
a

a gre a te r o rle s s de g r e e W e s h o u l d o n t h e o th e r h a nd a s s e nt t o
.

t h is ; t h a t t h e c o nt nt o f i t s e l f c o u ld no t dis pp e a r a nd c o u l d no t
e a a

c o m e i nt o b e ing w it h o u t t r a v e s ing a ll t h e v a l u e s i nt e r m e dia te be

r

t w e e n 0 a nd w h i ch it s na t u e m a de p o s s ibl e ; t h e no t b e i ng o f
a ,
r -
a

is a lw a y s in t h e fi s t pl a c e t h e b e i ng o f a n r w h i c h is c o ntinu o u s a
,

wi t h a a s t h e v a l u e im m e dia t e ly a b o v e o r b e l o w it T h e e fo e t h e . r r

t r a ns it i o n fr o m b e i ng t o no t b e ing o f t h e s a m e c o nt e nt is no c o n
-

t inu o u s o ne b u t i ns t a nt a ne o u s ; s t ill no v a lu e
,
o f a na t u ra l p o c e s s
,
a r

o r s t a t e a is e s t h u s ins t a nt a ne o u s ly o u t o f a b s o l u t e no t h i ng ne s s b u t
r ,

a lw a y s o u t o f a r e a l ity o f it s o wn k ind w h o s e v a l u e is t h e p r o xi m a t e
,
a

i nc e a s e o r dim i nu t io n o f it s o wn
r .

T h e c a s e is diffe r e nt wi t h t h e i nc r e a se o r de c r e a s e w h i c h p r o p e t y r ,

fo r i ns t a nce is e xp o s e d t o in g a m e s o f c h a nc e o r in c o m m e r c e
, A .

s u m o f m o ne y w h i c h we h a v e s t a k e d o n a c a s t o f t h e d ic e b e c o m e s

o u s o r no t o u r s in it s w h o l e a m o u nt a t o nc e a nd is w h ic h e v e r it is
r ,

i m m e dia t e ly in t h e fu ll e s t s e ns e I t wa s no o ne s p ro p e ty a s l o ng a s
.
’
r

t h e g a m e wa s u nde c ide d ; o u r h o p e s o f c a ll ing it o u r o wn a r e a

m a t t e r o f de g r e e a nd no do u b t m ig h t ,
is e p e s ll t h o u gh no t r r a a s,

c o nt inu o u s ly a s o ne d ie a ft e
, a no t h e r c a m e t o r e s t ; b u t ne it h e r t h i s
r

no r a ny o t h e r i nt e r m e dia t e p r o ce s s e v e n if s o m e o f t h e m w e r e ,

c o nt inu o u s c a n a l t e r t h e e s s e nt ia l s t a t e o f t h e fa c t s ; o n t h e o ne h a nd
,

o u r c o m pl e t e igh t o f o w ne r s h ip b e g ins i ns t a nt a ne o u s ly o n t h e a g g r e
r

g a t e r e s u l t o f t h e t h r o w b e c o m i ng qu i t e c e r t a in a nd s o fa r fr o m ,

e xi s t ing t o a l e s s d e g r e e t h e m o m e nt b e fo r e h a d t h e n no e x is t e nc e a t ,

a ll . O n t h e o t h e r h a nd t h is s u d de nly c e a t e d ig h t a ppli e s a t o nc e
,
r r

t o t h e w h o l e s u m in qu e s t i o n wi t h o u t e x t e nding by de g r e e s o v e r m o r e
,

a nd m o r e o f it I n t h i s i ns t a nc e a nd in i nnu m e r a bl e s im il a r o ne s
.

p r e s e nt e d by h u m a n i nt e r c o u r s e b a se d o n c o nt r a c t a p e r fe ct ly a b i ,
r

t r a r y o dina nc e h a s a t t a c h e d t o a n a b s o l u t e ly p e c u li a r c a s e S a c o n
r

s e qu e nc e F o f w h i c h S is no t t h e o bvi o u s p o du c i ng c a u s e ; t h e r e fo r e r

by a n e qu a lly a bitr a ry o r dina nc e a ll th e c a s e s s s s w h i c h na tu r a lly

r
1 2 3

b e l o ng t o t h e s a m e s e i e s a s S m a y be m a de c o m pl e t e ly i ne ffe c t u a l ;
r

a nd a ll e qu a lly s o i rr e s p e c t iv e o f t h e i r g r e a t e r o r l e s s a pp o xi m a t i o n
,
r

t o t h e fa v o u a bl e c o ndit i o n S
r S u c h r e l a t io ns c a n o nly o c c u r in
.

a r t ifi c i a l i ns t it u t i o ns in w h i c h a c o v e na nt q u i t e fo r e ig n t o t h e na t u r e
, ,

o f t h e t h ing a t t a c h e s a ny t h i ng we pl e a s e t o a ny th i ng e l s e a nd a t t h e
, ,

s a m e t im e o u r lo y a l t y t o t h e c o v e na nt is t h e o nly pl e dg e fo r t h e

e x e c u t i o n o f w h a t wa s a g r e e d o n ; a s it will no t e x e cu t e i t s e lf .

[v . no t e o n 519 , su pr a ]
 Co nlz nu iiy nd Su cce s sio n
'

a
e nm m rv a . 2 73
I n a ll na tu r a l pr o c e s s e s o n t h e c o nt r a r y
wh i ch a r e s u lt F
the S to
is s u pp o s e d t o c o r r e s p o nd is t h e a c t u a l a nd a pp r o p r i a t e g o u nd G o f r

t h is c o ns e q u e nt F ; s u c h a s no t o nly de m a nd s t h e r e s u l t in q u e s t io n

b u t b ri ngs it a b o u t by i t s e l f a nd u na i de d by a ny o r di na nc e o f o u r s
h e nc e t h e c a s e s s s s w h i c h we h a v e a r igh t t o r e g a d a s o t h e r
1 2 3
r

qu a nt i t a tive v a l u e s o f t h e s a m e c o ndit io n S c a nno t be w it h o u t e ffe c t ,

b u t m u s t in l ike m a nne p r o du c e t h e c o ns e qu e nt s f f fl p o p o t i o na l
r,
1 2 ,
r r

t o t h e i r o wn m a g ni tu de s a nd o f t h e s a m e ki nd wi t h F H e nc e a r i s e s
.

t h e p o s s ib il it y o f e g a r di ng t h e a m o u nt o f a na t u r a l p h e no m e no n o h
r

t a ine d u nde r a c o ndi t io n F a s t h e s u m o f t h e i ndivi du a l c o ns e qu e nt s

r o du c e d in s u c c e ss io n by t h e s u c c e s s iv e i nc e m e nt s o f t h e c o nd it i o n
p r .

B u t t h is p o s s ib il ity is a t t h e s a m e t i m e in a c e r t a in s e ns e a ne c e s s i t y .

W e a r e no t h e r e c o nc e r ne d wi th a r e l a t io n o f de p e nde nc e v a li d i r e , r

s p e c ti e o f t im e b e t w e e n t h e i de a l c o nt e nt o f F a nd t h a t o f 6 it s
'
v ,

s u ffic i e nt r e a s o n b u t w it h t h e g e ne s i s o f a n e ffe c t F w h ic h d id no t
,

e xi s t b e fo r e so t h a t t h e c o ndit i o n S in lik e m a nne r c a nno t b e

a n e t e r na lly s u b s i s t i ng r e l a t i o n bu t c a n o nly b e a fa c t w h i c h did no t

,

e xi s t b e fo r e a nd h a s no w c o m e i nt o b e ing .

No w if we c h o s e t o a s s u m e t h a t S a r o s e a ll a t o nc e wi th it s
,

h igh e s t q u a nt i t a t iv e v a l no do u b t it w o u l d s e e m t h a t F a s t h e
ue ,

c o ns e q u e nc e o f t h is c a u s e c o u ld no t b u t e nt e r u p o n it s r e a l it y a ll a t

o nc e ; b u t in fa c t it w o u l d no t s t il l h a v e t o e nt e r u p o n it s r e a li t y fo r ,

it w o u ld b e in e x is t e nc e s im u l t a ne o u s ly wi t h S ; no t h i ng c o u l d c o n
c e iva bly h a v e t h e p o w e r t o i nt e r p o s e a n i nt e r v a l o f t i m e v a c a nt a s in ,

t h a t c a s e it w o u l d b e b e t w e e n c a u s e a nd co ns e qu e nc e
, Th e s a m e .

w o u ld h o ld g o o d re g r e s s iv e ly ; if S a r o s e a ll a t o nc e t h e c a u s e o f its ,

r e a l it y t o o m u s t h a v e a i s e n a ll a t o nc e a nd t h e r e fo r e
r , s t r i c t ly s p e a k
,

ing h a ve e xi s t e d c o nt e m p o r a ne o u s ly wi th S r a t h e r t h a n a r is e n b e fo r e it
,
.

T h u s we fi nd t h a t it is i m p o s s ibl e t o r e g a r d t h e c o u r s e o f t h e wo r l d
a s a s e r ie s o f s u dd e n d i s c r e t e s ta t e s c o nditio ni ng e a c h o t h e r wi th o u t

c o m pl e t e ly r e t ra ns fo r m i ng it i nt o a m e e s y s t e m o f e l e m e nt s w h i c h
- r

a ll h a v e t h e ir v a li dit y o r e x is t e nc e s im u l t a ne o u s ly ; q u it e u nl ik e r e a li t y ,

t h e t e r m s o f w h ic h a e s u c c e s s iv e b e c a u s e m u t u a lly e x c l u s iv e
r I s h a ll .

no t p r o l o ng t h is inv e s t ig a t io n ; it wa s o nly m e a nt t o s h o w t h a t c o n

t inu it y o f t r a ns it io n is no t a fo r m a l p r e d i c a t e o f s t ill p r o bl e m a t ic
v a l idity w h ic h we m igh t a s s ig n t o B e c o m ing a ft e r s o m e h e s i ta t i o n a s
,

t r u e in fa c t ; it s v a l idit y is a t h e r a n i ndis p e ns a bl e
r p re s u pp o s i ti o n
wi th o u t w h ic h th e r e a l ity o f B e c o m i ng in ge ne r a l is i nc o nc e iva bl e .

1 6 0 I h a v e no w t o g iv e a s o m e w h a t d ifi e re nt fo r m t o t h e i de a s
.

wit h wh i c h I b e g a n I n t h e ar t ifi c ia l a r a ng e m e nt s wh ic h we m e n
. r

t io ne d t h e c o ns c io u s de lib e r a t io n o f t h e p a r t i e s t o t h e a g r e e m e nt h a d
,

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V OL I .
. r
 2 74 Of M [ B OOK 1 1 .

p r e vi o u s ly de te rm i ne d t h e r e su lt wh iclf wa s t o fo ll o w fr o m a p a r

t ic u la r o c c u rr e nc e in t h e fu t u r e ; a nd in t h e s a m e wa y in a ll o u r
i
a ct o ns th e re p i
r e s e nt a t o n in o u r m inds o f a n a im t h a t is no t ye t

r e a lis e d, o f a g i p
o a l t h a t h a s ye t t o b e r e a c h e d , m a y t s e lf be r e s e nt

a nd e ffe c t u a l a m o ng t h e c o ndi t i o ns o f t h e a c t ivi t i e s w h i c h a r e s e t in

m o t i o n t o a tt a i n o u r p u rp o s e W e s h o u l d be w r o ng in t a ns fe r r i ng
. r

t h is a na l o gy t o o u r p e s e nt s u bj e c t m a t t e r by c h o o s ing t o r e g a r d t h e
r -
,

a l t e r e d s u m o f r e l a t io ns 2 w h i c h by i t s e l f w o u l d b e t h e c a u s e o f t h e

qu ie s ce nc e o f t h e e l e m e nt 6 a t t h e p o i nt a s be i ng a t t h e s a m e t i m e 77 ,

th e c a u s e o f it s s e e ki ng a nd fi ndi ng t h is ne w pl a c e T h e re c a nno t b e .

a n i nne r s t a t e 9 o f a ny t h i ng s u c h a s t o b e fo r t h a t t h i ng t h e o ndit io n c

o f it s a ing in a no t h e r p a r t i c u l a r s t a t e
g O u r r e fle io n m igh t a nt i c i x

p a t e wi th c e r t a i nt y th a t t h is s t a t e r w o u l d c o nt a i n no r e a s o n fo r
fu r th e r c h a ng e ; bu t t h e t h i ng i t s e l f c o u l d no t fe e l t h a t it wa s s o u nt il
t h e s t a t e b e g a n a nd t u r ne d o u t t o b e t h e c o ndi t i o n o f a m o r e p e r fe c t
,

o r qu i t e p e r fe c t e qu ilib r i u m .

T h u s in o u r i ns t a nc e ; t h e s u m 2 o f a t h i ng s r e la t i o ns if it h a d ’

a lw a y s e x is t e d w o u ld h a v e c o rr e s p o nde d t o t h e pl a c e
, ; b u t w h e n 7r

s o m e t h ing ne w h a s t o a r i s e o u t o f t h e t r a ns i t io n fr o m S t o 2 it s ,

a c t io n c a nno t c o ns i s t in a s s ig ning t o t h e t h ing a ne w p a r t i cu l a r

pl a c e a s o ne w h ic h w o u ld s u i t t h e t h i ng b e t t e r
77 , if it o nc e w e r e ,

t h e r e ; it c a n o nly c o ns i s t in e xp e lli ng t h e t h i ng fr o m t h e pla ce p

w h e r e it s na t u r e a nd c o ndi t i o ns no l o nge r h o l d it in e qu il ib iu m r .

B u t in t h e r e a l w o r l d t h e ne g a t i o n o f a n e xi s t i ng s t a t e c a n o nly b e
t h e a ffir m a t io n o f a no t h e r ; b e s i de s t h e r e c a n b e no s u c h t h i ng a s ,

w a nt o f e qu ilib i u m in ge ne r a l bu t o nly b e t w e e n s p e c ifi c p o i nt s in r e
r ,

l a t i o n a nd b e twe e n t h e m o nly w ith a Sp e c ifi c de g e e o f viva c i ty

,
r .

T h e e fo e t h e p o w e r o f ne g a t i o n e x e r t e d by a s t a t e w h i ch is t o a c t
r r ,

a s t h e c o ndit i o n o f a fr e s h o c c u r r e nc e c a n o nly c o ns i s t in d i s pl a c i ng

t h e e l e m e nt in qu e s t i o n fr o m it s p r e s e nt i nt e lligib le r e la t i o ns in a

s p e cifi c di r e c t i o n w h i c h we h a v e s t ill in t h e fi r s t pl a ce t o c o nc e iv e a s
,

u ns p a t i a l a nd wi t h a s p e c ifi c i nt e ns i t y
, Th e s p a t ia l p h e no m e no n .

c o r r e s p o ndi ng t o t h i s p r o ce ss w o u l d be a s p e c ifi c v e l o c i t y wi t h w h i c h

t h e e l e m e nt de p a r t s fr o m it s pl a c e p in a s p e c ifi c d i r e c t io n i m p e ll e d ,

t h e r e fo r e a la g o wi th o u t a p r e de t e r m i ne d g o a l bu t no t a t t r a c t e d a
r

f r o n f
e by t h e ne w pl a c e ; t h i s l a t t e r c a nno t a ct e i th e r by r e t a i ni ng
7r

o r by i m p e lli ng t il l it is r e a c h e d So w h a t t a k e s pl a c e in t h e t h i ng s
’

.
,

t h e m s e lv e s a nd w h a t we m igh t c a ll o f c o u r s e in q u i t e a di ff e r e nt
, ,

s e ns e fr o m t h a t r e c o g ni s e d in m e c h a ni c s t h e 72 s a im o f t h e ir m o t i o n
'

, 2 ,

is t h i s v e l o c i t y w it h w h ic h in t h e i nt e ll igi b l e s y s t e m o f r e a li t i e s t h e y
,

l e a v e th e p la c e w h e r e t h e y w e r e o u t o f e qu i libr iu m o r t o o u r p e r c e p , ,
 '

CH AP T E R I V ]
. The L a w qf P e r s z s fe m e . 2 75
i
t o n, a pp e ar t o l e a ve a s i t u a t i o n in s p a c e ; w h a t l e ng th o f Sp a c e th e y
m a y t r a v e r s e w h e t h e r wi t h u nifo r m o r v a r yi ng m o t i o n w h e t h e r in
, ,

s t r a igh t l ine s o r in c u r v e s is t h e r e s u l t o f th e e xi s t i ng c i r c u m s t a nc e s ;
,

t h a t is o f t h e ne w p o s i t i o ns i nt o w h ic h t h e y a r e b r o u g h t by t h e a c t u a l
,

m o t i o n w h i c h t a k e s pl a c e w h ic h p o s i t i o ns r e a c t o n t h a t m o t i o n a s
,

m o dify ing fa c t o s r .

1 6 1 I n t h i s wa y we h a v e a r ive d di r e c t ly a t t h e la w o f P e r s i s t e nc e
. r ,

t h e fi s t p r inc ipl e o f t h e d o c t ine s o f m e c h a ni c s a c c o r di ng t o w h i c h

r r ,

e v e r y e l e m e nt m a int a i ns it s s t a t e o f r e s t o r m o t i o n u na l t e r e d a s l o ng

a s it d o e s no t c o m e in c o nt a c t wi t h t h e m o difying i nfl u e nc e o f e x
.

t e r na l c a u s e s . Th e fi r s t p a r t o f t h e la w t h e p e r s i s t e nc e o f r e s t h a s
, ,

s e l do m c a u s e d a n di ffi c u l t y ; fo r it c a n h a r dly b e u r g e d a s a s e i o u s r
y
o bj e c t io n t h a t t h e na t u e o f a n a c t u a l e l e m e nt a is q u it e i na c c e s s ibl e
r

t o u s a nd t h a t e l e m e nt m a y c o nt a in inne r r e a s o ns u nk no w n t o u s fo r

s e tt ing it s e l f in m o t i o n Wh a te v e r u nc o nj e c t u r a bl e s t a t e s t h e i nne r
.

b e ing o f a t h i ng m a y e xp e i e nc e s t ill t h e y c a n o nly s e t u p a m o t i o n

r ,

wh ic h did no t e xi s t b e fo re by b e gi nning a t a p a rt ic u l a r m o m e nt t o
m a nife s t t h e m s e lv e s a s r e a s o ns fo r t h a t m o t io n I n th a t c a s e th e y
.

p r e s u pp o s e a p r e vi o u s h i s to r y o f a B e c o m ing wi t h i n t h e t h i ng ; b u t if
t h e re h a d o nc e b e e n a m o m e nt o f c o m pl e t e r e s t in w h ic h a ll s t a t e s ,

o f t h i ng s w e r e in e q u il ib r iu m wi th e a ch o th e r a nd t h e r e wa s no ,

v e l o c ity inh e it e d fr o m a n a nt e c e de nt p r o c e s s o f B e c o m ing w ith

r

w h i c h t he y m igh t h a v e m a de t h e ir wa y t h r o u gh t h e p o s i t i o n o f
e q u il ib r iu m , su ch qu i e s c e nc e c o u l d ne ve r h a v e g ive n r i s e t o a
b e gi nning o f c h a ng e O u r ig no r a nc e o f t h e r e a l na t u r e o f t h i ng s
.

o nly j u s tifi e s u s in a s s u m i ng a s a p o s s ibili t y t h a t s u ch a s u c c e s s i o n o f

s t a t e s r e m a ins fo r a t i m e a m o v e m e nt wi th i n t h e t h i ng ne i t h e r c o n ,

d it io ne d by i nfl u e nc e s fr o m wi t h o u t no r ca p a b l e o f a l t e r ing t h e
,

r e l a t i o ns o f t h e t h i ng t o e x t e r na l r e l a t e d p o i nt s a n d t h a t a s a r e s u l t
; ,

o f t h is h i dde n l a b o u r a re a so n s u ffi c i e nt t o a l t e r e v e n t h o s e e x t e r na l
,

r e l a t i o ns w h e t h e r t o o th e r t h i ng s o r t o s u rr o u n ding s p a ce m a y be ,

g e ne a t e d a s a ne w fa c t o r a t o ne p a r t ic u l a r m o m e nt B u t e ve n t h e n
r .

t h e m o v e m e nt in s p a c e w o u l d no t b e p r o du c e d o u t o f a s t a t e o f r e s t ,

bu t o u t o f a h id de n m o v e m e nt w h i c h wa s no t o f t h e s a m e ki nd wi t h
it ; a s is t h e c a s e wi t h a nim a t e d b o di e s w h i c h i ni t i a t e th e i r c h a nge s o f
pl a ce by i nde p e nde nt im p u l s e I n t h e fi r s t pl a c e h o we ve r e ve n
.
, ,

t h e s e o we t h e a c t ivi ty wi t h i n t h e m w h i c h g e ne r a t e s t h e ir r e s o l u t i o ns

t o t h e s t i m u li o f t h e o u t e r w o r l d ; a nd in t h e s e c o nd p la ce t h e ir r e s o
l u t io ns c a n o nly give r i se t o m o v e m e nt in s pa c e by a p r e c o ntr ive d
c o nne xi o n o f s e v e r a l p a r t s w h i c h a r e a c c e s s ibl e t o t h e a c t i o n o f t h e

m ind a nd u nde r it s i nfl u e nc e m o v e in t h e di r e c t i o ns p r e s cr i b e d t o
'
r z
2 7 6 0f M o t io n . [ B OO K I I .

th e m by i r p e rm a ne nt p o s i t io n in th e pla n o f t h e o r ga ni c s tru c t u r e
th e
a nd t h e ir s i t u a t i o n a t t h e m o m e nt in e x t e r na l s p a c e .

T h i s a na l o gy is no t t a ns fe a bl e t o a s o l it a ry e l e m e nt t o b e c o n
r r ,

c e iv e d a s s e t t ing i t s e l f in m o t i o n l n e m p t y s p a c e I n a nim a t e d b e i ng s .

t h e e l e m e nt w h ic h is c h a g e d w it h t h e u ns p a t i a l w o k w it h i n d o e s no t
r r

s e t i t s e l f in m o t io n b u t o nly o t h e r e l e m e nt s w it h w h ich it is in
,

i nt e r a c ti o n ; a nd it do e s s o by de s t o yi ng t h e e qu il ib i u m o f t h e r r

fo r c e s o p e r a t iv e b e t w e e n t h e m a nd l e a v ing t h e w a nt o f e qu il ib r i u m
,

w h ich e s u l t s t o de t e r m ine t h e a m o u nt a nd dir e c t i o n o f t h e m o t io n t o

r

b e g e ne a t e d r T h e s o li t a r y e l e m e nt h a s no ne o f t h e s e de t e m i ning
. ,
r

r e a s o ns ; it c o u l d no t m o v e w ith o u t t a king a de fi nit e di e c t io n r

t h o u g h t h e p o int z o f e m p t y s p a c e t o t h e e x c l u s io n o f a ll o t h e r s ;
r

t o s e cu r e t h is it w o u l d no t b e e no u g h t h a t t h e di e c t io n 2 S h o u l d b e r 6

g e o m e t r ic a lly dis t inc t f o m a ny o t h e ; t h e di s t inc t i o n w o u l d h a v e t o

r r

b e b r o u gh t t o t h e c o g nis a nc e o f s i nne r na t u r e t h a t is 2 w o u l d
’
a , ,

h a ve t o a c t o n d iffe e nt ly f o m a ny o t h e r p o i nt in s p a c e
e r r Bu t a s .

a n e m p t y p o int it is in no wa y d is t ing u is h e d f o m a ll t h e o th e r r

p o int s ; it c o u l d o nly be giv e n p r e e m ine nc e b e fo r e a ll t h e o t h e r s by

-

t h e p e s e nc e o f a e a l e l e m e nt o c cu pyi ng it
r r So e v e n if we a dm it a n .

a b u nd a nc e o f inne r li fe in e v y t h i ng s till we c a nno t de iv e t h e

er , r

i ni t ia t i o n o f a m o v e m e nt in s p a c e f o m t h a t l ife bu t o nly f o m e x r ,
r

t e r na l de t e r m ining c o ndit io ns .

S till t h i s is n e xp e s s io n w h i c h we S h a ll do w e ll t o m o dify
’

,
a r .

W h a t e v e r a t t a c t ive o r r e p u l s ive fo rc e we c o nc e iv e t o p ro ce e d fr o m 2 ;
r

it c a nno t d e t r m ine e t o m o t io n by r e a s o n o f it s o wn s t a r t ing f o m 2

e r ,

b u t o nly by r e a s o n o f it s a r r iv a l a t o r a th e t h o u gh t h e a l t e a t io n
e, r r r r

wh ic h it e ffe c t s in t h e i nne r s t a t e s o f I t is t h e e fo r e in f c t t h is 6 . r ,
a ,

s t a t e o f i nne r w a nt o f e q u il ib i m w h ic h h ind e s e f o m r m a ini ng a t

r u r r e

r e s t ; o nly t h i s s t a t e c a nno t h a v e a r is e n in a wa y t o d e t e r m i ne t h e

line o f m o t i o n u nl e s s e is c o nc e iv e d a s p a r t o f a u niv e s e w h ich by

,
r

t h e c o nfigu r t io n o f it s o t h e r p a r t s a t a ny m o m e nt h e lp s t o d e t e rm i ne
a

t h a t o f s inne r b e i ng
’
a .

1 6 2 T h e o t h e r p a r t o f t h e la w t h e c o nt inu a nc e o f e v e r y m o t io n
.
,

t h a t h a s o nc e b e gu n r e m a i ns a p a r a d o x e v e n w h e n we a r e c o nv inc e d
,

o f it . I f we s e p a r a t e t h e r e q u ir e m e nt s w h ich we m a y a t t e m p t t o
s a t i s fy ; in t h e fi r s t pl a c e t h e c e t a int y o f t h e la w o r it s v a l id it y in
r ,

p o int o f fa c t is v o u c h e d fo r b o th by t h e r e s u l t s o f e xp e im e nt a nd by
,
r

it s pl a c e in t h e s y s t e m o f s c ie nc e T h e b e t t e r we s u c c e e d in e x
.

c l u d ing t h e r e s i s t a nc e s we a e w a e o f a s i nt e fe r i ng w ith a m o t io n
r a r r

t h a t h a s b e e n im p a t e d t h e l o ng e r a nd m o r e u nifo m ly it c o nt in e s ;
r , r u

we igh t ly c o nc l u de t h a t it w o u l d c o nti nu e u nv a r y ingly fo r e e r if it

r v ,
CH PT E R 1 v )
A . Co nt inu a nce f
o M o t io n . 2 77
w e re p e rm a ne ntly l e ft t o i t s e l f wi th o u t a ny c o u nt e r a c t i o n A nd o n .

t h e o t h e r h a nd h o w e v e r a m o t i o n t h a t is g o i ng o n m a y b e m o d ifi e d
,

a t e v e r y m o m e nt by t h e infl u e nc e o f f e s h c o ndit io ns s t il l we k no w r ,

t h a t o u o nly wa y o f a r iv ing a t t h e a c t u a l p r o c e s s in c a l c u l a t io n is t o
r r

e s t i m a t e th e v e l o c it y a tt a ine d in e v e r y m o m e nt a s c o nt inu ing in o r de r ,

t o c o m b ine it wi th t h e e ffe c t o f t h e ne x t s u c c e e ding fo r c e .

I f we g o o n t o a s k w h e t h e r t h is do c t i ne b e ing c e t a i n in p o i nt o f r r

fa c t h a s a l s o a ny j u s t ifi c a t io n a s c o nc e iv a bl e a nd r a t i o na l we c a n a t ,

le a s t s e t h e fu t il ity o f t h e a s s u m p t i o ns w h i c h p r e v a il e d in a nt iq u it y
e ,

w h e n u nde r t h e i nfl u e nce o f i na pp o p i a t e a na l o g ie s m n h e l d t h a t
, r r ,
e

t h e g a du a l s l a c k e ni ng o f a ll m o t i o n wa s t h e b e h a vi o u r m o e na t u r a lly
r r

t o b e e xp e c t e d I f t h e y h a d s a id t h a t a ll m o t io n is w h o lly e x t in
.

g u i s h e d in t h e v e y m o m e nt in w hric h t h e c o nd it i o n t h a t p r o du c e s it

c e a s e s t o a c t t h e ide a p u t fo r w a r d w o u l d a t l e a s t h a v e b e e n a n in
,

t e llig ible o ne in it s e l f ; b u t by t r e a t ing t h e m o t io n a s b e c o m ing

g ra du a lly w e a k e r t h e y a c tu a lly a dm i tt e d t h e la w o f p e r s i s t e nc e fo r
a s m u c h o f t h e m o t i o n a s a t a ny g iv e n m o m e nt h a d no t d i s a pp e a r e d .

S t ill t h e m o r e de fi nit e ly we a s s u m e t h e o r din a y i de a s o f m o t io n t h e

,
r ,

m o r e r e m a r k a bl e d o e s t h e la w o f p e s is t e nc e a pp e a r ; if m o t i o n is r

no t h i ng b u t a n a l te r a t i o n o f e x t e na l r e l a t io ns by w h i c h t h e i nne r
r

b e i ng o f t h e m o vi ng o bj e c t is in no wa y a ffe c t e d a nd w h ic h in no ,

wa y p o c e e d s f o m a ny im p u l s e b e l o ng ing t o t h a t o bj e c t why S h o u l d
r r ,

s u c h a n a l t e r a t i o n c o nt i nu e w h e n t h e c o ndit io n w h i c h c o m p e ll e d it

ha s ce a se d ?
We lo o kv a i n fo r m o re g e ne r a l p r i nc ipl e s w h i c h m igh t de c ide t h e
in .

qu e s t io n I s a id a b o ve in t h e L o gic
. 6 1 ) t h a t t h e la w C e s s a nt e 2
‘

c a nno t s a fe ly b e h e l d t o m e a n m o e t h a n t h a t
’
c a u s a c e s s a t e ffe c t u s r

a ft e r t h e c e s s a t io n o f a c a u s e we d o no t fi nd t h e e ffe c t w h ic h t h e

c a u s e w o u l d h a v e h a d if it h a d c o nt i nu e d b u t t h a t it e m a ins do u b t fu l r

w h e th e th e e ffe c t w h i c h is a l e a dy p r o du c e d e qu ir e s a p r e s e r ving
r r r

c a u s e fo it s c o nt in a nc e
r I t a pp e a r e d t o m e t h e n t h a t e v e ry s t a t e
u .

w h ic h h d in r e a l ity o nc e b e e n p o du c e d w o u l d c o nt inu e t o e x is t if it
a r ,

we r e ne it h e r in c o nt a dic t io n w it h t h e na t u r e o f t h e s u bj e c t t o wh ic h
r

it o c c s no r w it h t h e t o ta l it y o f th e c o nd i ti o ns u nde w h ic h t h a t
ur , r

s u bj e c t s t nds t o w a d s o t h e r t h ing s
a B t e v e n t h is fo m u l a is u s e l e s s
r . u r

fo t h e e is s till t h is v y q u e s t io n w h e th e r m o t io n w h ic h h a s b e e n
r r er ,

ge ne a t e d in a t h ing no t by it s o wn na tu r e b u t o nly by m e a ns o f
r ,

e x t e na l c o nd it i o ns is t o c o nt a m o ng t h e s ta t e s w h i c h a r e c o nc e iva bl e
r ,
u

a s g o ing o n t o i nfi ni t y w it h o u t c o nt a d ic t ing t h a t na t u r e a nd t h o s e r e l a
r

t io ns . O n t h e o th e r h a nd it h a s b e e n s u gg e s t e d t h a t t h e e s o n fo r
, r a

t h e pe r s i s t e nc e o f s t a te s o f m o t i o n in t h i ng s m u s t in e v e r y c a s e lie in
2 7 8 0f M o t io n . [ B OO K I I .

t h e a ctu a l f t h e t h i ng s ; I a m
na t u r e o xpla na t o n c Onvince d t h a t no e i

is t o b e fo u nd in t h i s dir e c t io n ; we S h o u l d o nly b e o bl ige d a ft e r ,

e x e c u t ing s o m e u s e l e s s c ir c u it s t o a s s e r t t h e p inc ipl e o f P e s is t e nc e ,

r r

a b o u t s o m e m o t io n o r o t h e wi th i n r e a l t h i ng s wi th no m o r e s u c c e s s
r ,

in de du c i ng it t h a n if we h d t a k e n t h e s h o t e r wa y o f g a nt ing it s a r r

v a l idi ty a t o nc e fo r m o t i o n in s p a c e I ns t e a d o f a dir e c t de m o ns t r a t io n .

o f t h e la w I b e l ie v e t h a t no t h i ng m o r e is p o s s ibl e t h a n a n i ndir e c t
,

t r e a t m e nt w h i c h I s u bj o in
,
.

1 6 3 L e t C b e t h e c o ndit i o n w h ic h s e t s in m o t i o n a n e l e m e nt c
.
,

wi th de fi nit e v e l o c it y a nd di e c t io n s o a s t o t a v e s e t h e di s t a nc e x r r r a
’

in t h e t i m e d 1 L e t u s s u pp o s e t h a t t h e a c t iv it y a nd e ffe c t o f C
.
,

c o nt inu e t h o u g h t h e du r a t io n o f a l b u t c e a s e w h e n a t t h e e nd o f t h a t
’
r ,

int e r v a l h a s t r a v e s e d t h e S h o t dis t a nc e d x h a s t h u s c h a ng e d it s
6 r r ,

p o s i t io n a nd h a s fo r t h is r e a s o n c o m e u nde r t h e infl u e nc e o f th e ne w
, .

c o ndit i o n T h is a ga in if Op e r a t iv e du i ng a n e qu a l t im e a t w ill
,
r ,

m a k e a no t h e e qu a l j o r ne y or p o s s ibl e fo r c a nd w ill c e a s e w h e n
’
r u a ,
(2

h a s t r a v e r s e d it I t is pl a in t h a t a s l o ng a s we t r e a t d oc a s a r e a l
.

d is t a nc e h o w e v e r s m a ll t h e e l e m e nt a c t e d u p o n by t h is s e r i e s o f
,
(2,

s u c c e s s iv e ly a nnih il a t e d infl u e nc e s w ill p a s s t h r o u gh a fi ni t e l e ng t h o f ,

Sp a c e in t h e t im e
B u t o u r a s s u m p t i o ns a s we m a de t h e m j u s t no w h a v e t o be
, ,

m o difi e d C m u s t c e a s e t o a c t no t wnn bu t of o c h a s a r iv e d a t
.
,
c ,
c r e, r

t h e e x t r e m e p o int o f t h e fi r s t di s t a nc e x ; by t h e t im e c h a s a e c o m
’
a

p li s h e d t h e s m a ll e s t p o t io n o f t h a t s h o t d i s
r t a nce it s p o s i t io n w o u l d r

b e c h a ng e d a nd w o u l d no l o nge r be t h a t w h ic h a c t e d u p o n it a s t h e
,

m o t iv e im p u l s e C ; if in Sp it e o f t h is we s u pp o s e
,
t o t a ve r s e t h e e r

w h o l e dis t a nc e x in c o ns e q e nc e o f t h e im p u l s e C th e o nly p o s s ibl e

d
’
u
,,

r e a s o n fo r it s do ing S O w il l b e t h e p o s t u la t e d v a l idi t y o f t h e la w o f

p e r s is t e nce ; t h e m o t i o n p o du c e d by C will h a v e l a s t e d a fte r C it s e l f

r
1 ,

h a d c e a s e d t o e x is t o r a c t B u t if we do no t e g a d t h i s la w a s v a l id
. r r ,

t h e n no t e v e n t h e s m a ll e s t p o r t io n o f t h e S h o r t j o u r ne y i n qu e s t io n wil l
'

r e a lly b e a c h ie v e d ; t h e m o m e nt t h a t C S o m u c h a s t h r e a t e ns t o ,

c h a ng e t h e pl a c e o f c a nd s o t r a ns fo m i t s e l f i nt o
, t h e d e t e m ini ng r r

fo c e wi t h w h ic h it p u p o s e d t o p r o du c e t h is r e s u l t m u s t d is a pp e a a t
r r r

o nc e a nd t h e m a t t e r w il l ne v e r g e t a s fa r a s t h e e nt a nc e i nt o a c t i o n
,
r

o f t h e fr e s h c o ndit i o n C wh ic h c o u l d m a int a in t h e m o tio n ; fo r t h e

2

m o t io n ne v e r b e g ins I f y is a fu nc t io n o f x t h e e m a y b e a fi ni t e
.
,
r

int e g a l o f t h e fo r m u l a y x a s l o ng a s we r e g a d x a s a r e a l m a g ni
r o
’
r a
7

t u de ; a nd t h e c a l c u l a t io n w o u l d b e m o r e e x a c t a s t h is int e r v a l is l e s s

fo r w h i c h we t a k e a v a l u e o f y a s c o ns t a nt ; b u t t h e w h o l e i nt e g r a l
b e co m e s 0 if we r e g a r d a x a s v a ni s h ing e nt i r e ly
,
’
.
CH A PT E R I V ] . P e r s is t e nce ina iy e ns a ole t o A c t io n
'
. 2 79
I n th e p re s e nt c a s e we s h o u l d a pply th i s c o m m o n m o de o f r e p t e
s e nt a t io n a s fo ll o w s if y is t h e v e l o c i ty g e ne a t e d by C o r e xi s ting r
,,

a l o ng wi t h s o m e i ni t i a l v a l u e o f x a c c o ding t o t h e la w o f P e r s is t e nc e
,
r

t his y will h o l d g o o d fo r t h e w h o l e i nt e v a l fo r w h i c h t h e i nt e g r a l is
r

r e qu i r e d T h e s u c c e e di ng c o ndi t i o n C will b e p a r t ly s a t i s fi e d in
.
, ,

r e s p e c t o f w h a t it h a s in c o m m o n wi t h C by t h e m o t i o n y w h i ch
,,

a l r e a dy t a k e s pl a c e in c o ns e qu e nc e o f C ; o nly t h a t in w h i c h C 2
,

de vi a t e s f o m C is a f e s h a c t iv e c o ndit i o n w h o s e c o ns e qu e nc e y a
’
r r a
, ,

p o s i t iv e o r ne g a t ive i nc r e m e nt o f v e l o c i ty c o nt i nu e s in l ik e m a nne r
,

f o m t h a t m o m e nt t h o u g h t h e e nt i r e i nt e r v a l o f t h e i nt e g a t io n I t is
r r r .

t h e s u m m a t io n o f t h e i nit i a l v a l u e y a nd o f t h e s e c o nt i nu o u s ly s u c
,

c e e ding i nc r e a s e s o r de c r e a s e s t h a t give s t h e t o t a l o f t h e r e s u l t
,

o b t a i ne d b e t w e e n t h e l im it s in q u e s t i o n .

Th e t e nde nc y o f a ll t h is is o bvi o u s ; o f c o u r s e it c a nno t t e ll u s h o w ,

s t r ic t ly s p e a k ing it c o m e s t o p a s s t h a t m o t io n w h e n o nc e g e ne r a t e d
,

m a int a i ns i t s e l f ; b u t s t ill we c a n s e e t h a t t h e la w o f P e r s i s t e nc e is no t

a m a r v e ll o u s no v e l t y o f w h i c h it m igh t b e qu e s t i o ne d wh e t h e it w o u l d r

o r w o u l d no t be t r u e o f a g iv e n na t u a l m o t i o n in fa c t it s t u t h is a n
r r

i nt e g a l p a r t o f o u r i de a o f m o t i o n Ei t h e r th e re is no s u c h t h ing
r .

a s m o t i o n o r if a nd a s t h e re is it ne ce s s a r ily o b e y s t h e la w o f P e r
, , ,

s i s t e nc e a nd c o u l d no t c o m e t o p a s s a t a ll if r e a lly a nd s t i c t ly t h e
,
r

e ffe c t p o du c e d h a d t o e nd wi t h t h e c a u s e t h a t p r o du c e d it
r Fo r t h e .

la w h o l ds g o o d no t m e e ly a s a ppli e d t o m o t io n b u t w ith t h i s m o r e
r ,

ge ne ra l S ignifi c a nce No c o ndi t io n c a n a c t wi t h o u t h a vi ng a r e s u lt

.

w h ic h is s pe a ki ng g e ne r a lly a m o difi c a t i o n o f t h e s t a t e o f t h i ng s th a t
, ,

c o nt a ine d t h e s t im u l u s o r i m p u l s e t o a c t i o n a nd t h e r e fo e a p a t fr o m r r

t h e p inc ipl e o f P e r s is t e nc e no r e s u l t c o u l d e v e r b e r e a c h e d
r th e e c i x

t a t io n w o u l d b e gi n t o b e i na c t ive a t t h e m o m e nt in w h i c h it b e gan
t o a ct .

164 . I f t wo l
e e m e nt s g
i r di s t a nc e f o m o ne a no th e r in
cha n e th e r

spa ce , r e a l m o t i o n m u s t in a n
y c a s e h a v e o c c u r e d ; b u t it erm a i ns r

do u b t fu l w h ic h o f t h e t wo m o v e d o w h e t h e r b o t h d id s o a nd in t h e
r ,

la t t e r c a s e t h e s a m e ne w p o s i tio n m a y h a v e b e e n b o u gh t a b o u t e it h e r r

by Opp o s it e m o t io ns o f t h e t wo o r by m o t io ns in t h e s a m e di e c t i o n
,
r

b u t o f d iffe e nt a m o u nt r T h is p o s s ibil ity o f inte r p r e t i ng w h a t t o o u r

.

p e r c e p t io n is t h e s a m e r e s u l t by diff e r e nt c o ns t ru c t i o ns c o nt inu e s t o
e x is t m o s t o bv io u s ly a s l o ng a s we l o o k e x c l u s iv e ly t o t h e e c ip r o c a l r

r e l a t i o ns o f t wo e l e m e nt s wi t h o u t e g a d t o t h e i r c o m m o n e nvi ro n
r r

m e nt no r d o e s it c e a s e w h e n we c o ns ide r t h e l a tt e r a l s o ; o nly in

t h a t c a s e t h e p o s s ibl e c o ns t u c t i o ns w ill no t a ll s e e m e qu a lly a pp r o

r

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 [ B OO K I I .

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v
g t h a t o ne a s a t e s t ra n d ,
t h e w h o l e s y s t e m o f t h e nu m e r o u s

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.

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.

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t h a t in a p a r t ic u l a r di r e c t i o n ? A g a in in w h a t c a n it s m o t i o n c o ns is t
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t ing u is h t h e di r e c t i o n in w h i c h it w o u l d m o v e f o m t h e o t h e di e c t io ns r r r

in wh ich it w o u l d no t m o v e ? I t h ink we m u s t a ns w e w ith o u t r

h e s i ta t io n : a s l o ng a s we a dh e r e t o o r di na r y i de a s by Sp e a k ing o f
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pl a c e a nd no ne t h e r e fo r e a ga i ns t r e c o g nis ing s o c a ll e d a b s o l u te
,
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m o t i o n a s a r e a li t y I f p e r fe c t ly e m p t y s p a c e is w h o lly d e v o i d o f
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.

r e l a t e d p o i nt s fo r p u p o s e s o f c o m p a i s o n e v e n o f dis t i nc t io ns b e t w e e n
r r ,

t h e qu a t e r s o f t h e h e a v e ns s t ill t h i s do e s no t pl u ng e t h e m o t i o n i t s e l f
r ,

int o a ny s u ch a m big u i t y o r inde fi nit e ne s s o f na t u r e a s t o p r o h ibi t it

fr o m a c t u a lly o c c u rr i ng ; o nly we l o s e a ll p o s s ibili t y o f de s ig na t i ng
wh a t o c c u r s H o w e v e r li tt l e we m a y b e in a p o s itio n t o di s ting u i s h
.

int e ll ig ibly b e t w e e n t h e p o int 2 w h ic h is in t h e d i e c t io n o f t h e m o vi ng r

o bj e c t a nd o t h e r p o int s w h ic h a r e no t s t ill it w o u l d o dis t i nc t f o m

e , e r

a ll o t h e s a s l o ng a s we
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by it s de finit e p o s it io n t o w a r ds a ll o t h e r p o i nt s it h e lp s t o c o ns t i t u t e .

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m o v e s fr o m o t h e r d ir e c t io ns b e fo r e we h a d a g iv e n li ne in a p a r
,

t ic u la r pl a ne w h i c h w o u l d d e fi ne t h e p o s i t io n o f z by h e lp o f t h e o

a ngl e fo r m e d b e t w e e n t h e m s t ill, s wo u l d o
o in it s e l f a p e fe c t ly
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d e fi ni t e di r e c t io n ; fo r s u c h a n a ngl e w o u l d no t be c a p a bl e o f b e ing
e v e r a s c e r t a i ne d a nd d e t e rm i ne d u nl e s s t h e
, p o s it io n o f z w e e o r

a lr e a dy u na m big u o u s ly fix e d a t t h e m o m e nt w h e n we a ppl ie d o u r

s t a nda r d o f c o m p a r i s o n in o r d e r t o de fi ne it .

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r

m is s ib ilit y o n t h e i m pli c a t i o n o f a c h a ng e o f r e l a t io ns in w hic h t h e r e a l

e l e m e nt in m o t io n s t a nds t o o t h e s l ik e it r I nde e d du ing e v e ry m o m e nt

.
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c o r din g t o t h e la w o f p e s i s t e nc e t h e m o vi ng e le m e nt m o ve s w ith
r ,

p re c is e ly t h e k ind o f r e a l ity wh i c h is h e l d in t h e a b o v e c a se t o be o f
do u b t fu l p o s s ib il it y T r u e in t h is c a s e we a r e in a p o s it i o n t o a s s ig n
.
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r e l a t i o ns t o o t h e r r e a l it ie s a nd t o th e Sp a c e w h ic h t h e y d ivi de a nd

i ndic a t e S t ill a ll t h e s e r e l a tio ns in th is c a s e o nly e nte i nt o c o ns ide r a

. r

t i o n a s i nt e fe r i ng o r m o di fyi ng c a u s e s
r t h e p e r s i s t e nt v e l o c it y o f t h e

e l e m e nt w h ic h we m u s t no t le a v e o u t o f o u r c a l c u l a t i o n is in i t s e l f in
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r e l a t iv e in w h a t wa y s h o u l d we s u pp o s e it t o t a k e pl a c e ? I f we u nde r
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s t a nd by it o ne w h ic h inv o lv e s a r e a l a nd a s s ig na bl e c h a ng e o f r e l a t iv e

o s it i o n o n t h e p a r t o f t h e e l e m e nt s h o w c a n t h is c h a ng e h a v e a r i s e n
p ,

u nl e s s o ne o r s e v e r a l o f t h e e l e m e nt s in o r d e r t o a pp r o a c h o r t o

s e p a r a t e fr o m e a c h o t h e r h a d a c t u a lly t r a v e r s e d t h e l e ng th s o f s p a c e

wh i ch fo r m t h e i nt e r va l t h a t di s t i ng u i s h e s t h e ir ne w p la c e f o m t h e i r r

o ld ? B u t s u pp o s e we u nde r s to o d by r e l a t iv e m o t i o n o ne w h ic h wa s
m e r e ly a pp a r e nt in w h i c h t h e r e a l dis t a nc e s b e t w e e n p a i s o f e l e m e nt s
, r

u nde r w e nt no c h a ng e S t ill it is c l e a r t h a t s u ch a n a pp e a ra nc e c o u l d
.

no t it s e l f b e p r o du c e d a p a r t f o m m o t i o n r e a lly o cc u r r i ng s o m e wh e r e
r ,

s u ch t h a t t h e s u bj e c t t o w h o m t h e a pp e a r a nce is p e s e nt e d c h a ng e s r

it s p o s i t io n t o w a r ds o ne o r m o e o f t h e e l e m e nt s in qu e s t io n
r .

1 6 5 O u r c o nc l u s io n w o u l d na t u a lly be j u s t t h e s a m e a bo u t t h e
. r

o t h e r c a s e w h ic h is o ft e n a ddu c e d ; t h e r o t a t i o n o f a s o li t a r y s p h e r e

in e m p t y Sp a c e No do u b t it w o u l d be a b s o l u te ly u nde fi na ble t ll a
. i

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-
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w h i c h it s a xi s c o u ld be c o m p a r e d B u t th e r e is a l s o no do u b t th a t.

t h e s p e c ifi c d i e c t i o n o f t h e o t a t io n is no t m d by t h e s e a x e s w h i c h
r r a e

s e r v e t o d e s ig na t e it ; t h e o t a t io n m u s t be g in by b e ing t h o o u gh ly
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de fi nit e in i t s e l f a nd diffe e nt fr o m a ll o t h e r s t h a t it m y b e c a p a bl e
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o f b e ing u na m b ig u o u s ly r e du c e d t o a s y s t e m o f c o o r d ina t e s All t h a t - .

s u ch a e du c t io n is w a nt e d fo r
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,

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c a p a c it y fo r b e i ng k no w n d e m a nds pl e nt y o f a u x il ia y c o ndit i o ns r ,

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t h e o c c u r r e nc e i t s e l f S u pp o s e we h a d t h e c l e a r e s t p o s s ibl e s y s t e m
.

o f c o o dina t e s a t o u r d is p o s a l a nd s a w a Sp h e e in a p a ti c u l a r pl a c e
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o f th a t s y s t e m ; s t ill we s h o u l d fa il t o a s c e r t a in w h e t h e r it wa s t u r ni ng
 0f M o t io n . [ BOO K n .

o r no t , o r in wh a t di re ct o i n, c o ns is t gd
p e rfe c tly Si m il a r p a r t s a
if it o f
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. r

a ppe a r a nce a in t h e s a m e p o i nt o f s p a c e ; we S h o u l d h a v e no m e a ns

o f dis t i ng u is h ing o ne i ns t a nc e o f t h e im p r e s s io n fr o m a no t h e r ; a r e we

t o infe r f o m t h is t h a t a s p h e r e o f u ni fo r m c o l o u r c a nno t t u r n r o u nd
r

in s p a c e bu t o nly a c h e qu e r e d o ne ; a nd e v e n t h i s o nly w ith a li m it e d

,

v e l o c ity fo r fe a t he diffe r e nt im p r e s s io ns o f c o l o u r Sh o u l d bl e nd i nto

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a n u nd is t ing u is h a bl e m i x t u r e t o o u e ye s ? r

H e nc e we m a y be s u r e t h a t s u c h a b s o l u t e r o t a t i o n a b o u t a n a x is is
p e
r fe c t ly c o nc e iv a bl e ; in fa c t it is no t in t h e l e a s t a p o bl e m a t i c c a s e r ,

b u t is c o nt inu a lly g o ing o n W e h a v e no p o o f o f a ny a c t io n o f t h e

. r

h e a v e n o f t h e fix e d s t a s o n t h e m o t io ns w it h i n o u r pl a ne t a ry s y s t e m
r ,

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r r b o t h it a nd th e infl u e nc e s
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r

d is t u b ing c a u s e s w h e n we a e c o ns ide r i ng t h e r e v o l u t io n o f t h e e a r t h
r r

a nd s u n r o u nd t h e i r c o m m o n c e nt r e o f g r a v it y ; t h e s e t wo b o die s

t h e e fo e a c t u a lly m o v e a s a s o l it a y p a ir in u niv r s a l s p a c e
r r r A nd e .

a g a in t h e e a t h by i t s e l f c o nt inu e s it s e x is t ing r o t a t io n a b o u t it s a xi s
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,

r o t a t io n o f t h is ki nd t h e p o s s ib il it y o f w h ic h is do u b t e d r e a lly o c c u r s
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o n it ; i nde e d t h e i ns t a nc e o f a s p inni ng t o w h ic h m a int a ins it s

p
p l a n e o f r o t a t io n a nd o pp o s e s e s is t a n c e t o a n y r c h a n g e o f it p r e s e nt s ,

it s t r ik ing ly t o o u r s e ns e s T h e i d e a o f t h e r e a l it y o f a n infi ni te
.

e m p t y s p a c e a nd t h e o t h e r o f a n a b s o l u t e m o t io n o f e a l e le m e nt s in r

Sp a c e a e t h u s m o s t na t u ra lly u nit e d a nd a e e q a lly j s t ifi a bl e ; no r

r r u u

w ill it e ve r b e fe a s ibl e t o s u b s t it u t e fo r t h is m o de o f r e p r e se nt a t io n
a no t h e r w hic h c o u l d fo m a s c l e a r a p ic t u e in t h e m ind
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1 6 6 A s we h a v e s u r r e nde r e d t h e fo r m e r o f t h e s e ide a s we h a ve
.
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no w t o r e c o nc il e t h e l a tt e r w it h t h e c o nt a y no t i o n w h i c h we a do p t r r .

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r

t h e a b s o l u t e m o t io n o f a n e l e m e nt in e m p t y s p a c e wa s c o nc e iv bl e a s a

a p o ce s s a l r e a dy in a c t i o n
r w h t s t ill a pp e a r e d i m p o s s ibl e wa s it s
; a

b e gi nning a nd t h e c h o ic e o f a dir e c t i o n a nd v e l o c i ty o u t o f t h e i nfi ni t e
nu m b e r o f e q u a lly p o s s ibl e o ne s T h is a l o ne w o u l d g iv e no de
.

c is i e a r g u m e nt a g a i ns t a n e xi s t i ng Sp a c e
v a nd a n a c t u a l m o t i o n

t h r o u g h it ; w h a t e v e r i nne r de v e l o p m e nt we c h o o se t o s u b s t itu t e fo r

t h i s a pp a e nt s t a t e o f fa c t s a s t h e r e a l a nd t u e o c c u r e nc e t h e im
r r r ,

p o s s ibil ity o f a fi r s t b e g inning w ill a lwa y s r e c u r W e Sh o u l d h a ve t o .

b e s a ti s fi e d wi th s e t t i ng do w n t h e fa c t o f m o t i o n wi th it s dir e c t i o n a nd
 is
’
R e la t io e I fi
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e nm m iv 1. no t . 2 83

v e l o c i ty a l o ng wi th t h e o th e r o r igi na l r e a li t i e s w h ic h we h a ve t o l o o k
o n a s s i m ply giv e n a nd w h i c h we c a nno t d e d u c e fr o m a ye t u nde
,

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p o p e r ty o f th ing s t h e de gr e e o f e ve ry fo r ce a nd a ll p h y sic a l c o n
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r,

qu e s t i o n ; wh y a re t h e y o f th is Sp e c ifi c a m o u nt a nd no o th e r o u t o f ,

t h e i nnu m e a bl e a m o u nt s c o nc e iv a bl e ?
r

I ne e d o nly m e nt io n in p a s s i ng o nc e m o r e t h a t th e u na v o i da bl e ,

r e l a t ivit y o f a ll o u r d e s ig na t io ns o f s u c h c o ns t a nt s is no t t o s e du c e u s

i nt o t h e m i s t a k e o f c o ns ide ring t h e c o ns t a nt s t h e m s e lve s a s i nde fi nite .

T h e u ni t s t o w h i c h we r e fe r t h e m e a s u re m e nt o f a c e r t a i n fo c e g r ,

a nd in w h i c h we e xp r e s s it a r e a r bi t r a r ily c h o s e n ; b u t a ft e r t h e y a r e
,

c h o s e n it r e s u l t s fr o m t h e p e c u li a r a nd d e fi ni t e i nt e ns it y o f t h e fo r c e

t h a t a c c o r d ing t o t h is s t a nda r d it s m e a s u e m e nt m u s t b e g a nd c a n r

no t b e n g A s e m ic ir c u l a r m o v e m e nt w h ic h g o e s f o m r ig h t t o l e ft
. r

w h e n lo o k e d a t f o m t h e z e nith wil l g o fro m l e ft t o r igh t w h e n

r ,

lo o k e d a t fr o m t h e na dir o f it s a x is T h i s do e s no t p r o v e t h a t it s
.

d i e c t io n is o nly d e t e r m i ne d r e l a t iv e ly t o o u r p o s it i o n bu t j u s t t h e
r
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r e v e s e ; t h a t it is de fi nit e in i t s e l f i nd e p e nde nt ly o f t h a t p o s i t io n a nd
r ,

t h e e fo e t o s u it t h e o b s e r v e r s d iffe r e nt p o int s o f v ie w m u s t b e e x
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r r

p re s s e d by diffe r e nt de finit io ns r e l a t i ng t o t h o s e p o i nt s .

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r ,
r u ,

p e r f e c t ly d e fi ni t e
y e t t a k e n by t,
h e m s e lv e s i n c a p a b le o f b e i ng d e s ig
na t e d ; t h e y m u s t b e s e t do w n a s d e fi ni t e e v e n w h il e t h e y v a r y in

v a l u e a cc o r di ng t o a la w u nde r va ying c o ndi t i o ns ; fo r t o a dh e e t o

,
r ,
r

t h e e x a m pl e o f t h e fo r c e a b o v e m e nt io ne d its i nt e ns ity u nd e r a ne w ,

a nd de fi ni t e c o ndit i o n will a lw a y s b e m e a s u r e d by a fu nc t i o n o f
g ,

a nd ne v e r by t h e s a m e fu nc t i o n o f n I t is a s h a s b e e n o b s e rv e d
g .
,

m o r e t h a n o nc e a l r e a dy o nly by a ppl ic a t io n o f o u r m o v a bl e t h o u gh t
, ,

wi th it s co m p a is o ns o f diffe r e nt r e a l t h i ng s t h a t t h e r e c a n a r i s e
r ,

e i t h e r t h e id e a o f c o u nt l e s s p o s s ib il it i e s w h i ch m igh t e qu a lly w e ll ,

h a v e e x is t e d bu t d o no t ; o r t h e s t a ng e h bi t o f l o o k ing o n w h a t is r a

r e a l a s e x is t e nt t o s o m e e x t e nt b e fo e it e x is t s a nd a s t h e n p r o c e e d r ,

ing t o a c q u i e c o m pl e t e e x is t e nc e by a s e l e c t i o n fr o m a m o ng p o s s i
r

bilit ie s T h e e fo r e if we r e c o g nis e t h a t t h e fi s t g e ne s is o f r e a l
. r ,
r

t h ing s is a l to g e t h e r inc a p a bl e o f b e ing b ro u gh t b e fo r e o u r m ind s by

us ,
t h o u gh we fi nd t h e ir c o nt i nu a nc e i nt e llig ibl e we m a y a c c e p t ,

a b s o l u t e m o t io n in s p a c e a nd it s d ir e c t io n a s o ne o f t h e i m m e m o r i a l

d a ta fr o m w h ic h o u r fu t h e r c o ns ide a t io ns m u s t s t a t
r r r .

167 B u t it c a nno t b e de ni e d t h a t o ne t h o ny q u e s t i o n is l e ft
. r .

W e a dm i t a ll c o ns t a nt s w h i c h s p e a ki ng g e ne ra lly fo rm t h e e s s e nce
, ,
2 84 [ B OO K I I .
‘

o f th e th n i g wh o s e fu th e r b e h a vio u r is t o be a c co u nte d fo r ; bu t h e r e
r

we h a v e o n o ne S ide a n e m p t y s p a c e w h i c h is a b s o l t e ly ind iffe e nt u r

t o a ll e a l t h i ng s a nd c o u l d e x is t w it h o u t t h e m a nd o n t h e o t h e r s ide
r ,

a wo ld O r f r e a l t h ing s w h ic h e v e n s u pp o s ing it t o s e e m t o u s in ne e d
,

o f a s p a t i a l e x t e ns i o n o f it s o wn is ye t e xp e s s ly c o nc e iv e d a s w h o lly
, r

i ndiffe e nt t o th e pl a c e w h ic h it o c c u p ie s a nd t h e r e fo r e j u s t a s in
r ,

d iffe e nt t o t h e c h a ng e o f t h a t pl a c e a nd inc a p a bl e o f d e t e r m i ning

r ,

by it s o wn r e s o u c e s t h e dir e c t i o n o f a ny m o t io n t o b e initia t e d
r
,

a l th o u g h a c t a lly e ng a g e d in o ne m o t io n o u t
u o f i nfi nit e ly m a ny .

S e ns u o u s p e c e p t io n m a y fi nd no diffic u l ty in s u c h a fu nda m e nt a l
r

i nco h e re nc e b e t w e e n de t e rm i na t i o ns w h i c h ne ve r th e l s s do c o h e re e

t o g e t h e r ; bu t t h o u gh t m u s t p r o no u nc e it q u it e i nc e dibl e ; fo r t h e r

e nde a v o u s o f t h o u g h t w ill a lw a y s b e d i e c t e d t o de r ivi ng t h e c a u s e s

r r

wh ic h de t e r m ine t h e de s t iny o f e xi st i ng t h i ng s fr o m t h e na tu r e o f t h e
t h ing s t h e m s e lv e s T o s a y t h a t m o t io n is t h e na t u ra l s t a t e o f t h ing s
.

is u t t e ly w o r th l e s s a s a p h il o s o p h i c a l i de a ; no t h ing is na t u a l t o a
‘

r r

t h ing b u t t o b e w h a t it is ; s t a t e s o f it m a y b e c a ll e d m a t t e o f fa c t r ,

bu t c a nno t b e c a ll e d na t u r a l ; t h e y m u s t a lwa y s h a v e t h e ir c o ndit i o ns

e i t h e r in t h e t h i ng s o r w it h o u t t h e m E a ch p a t i cu l a r t h ing o n t h e o t h e r
. r ,

h a nd c a nno t b e in m o t io n m e r e ly in g e ne r a l bu t it s m o t io n m u s t h a v e
, ,

a c e t a in d ir e c t i o n a nd v e l o c it y ; fu t h e r
r t h e w h o l e a s s u m p t io n o f
r ,

o r ig ina l m o t i o n is o nly o f u s e by a s c r ib ing d iffe r e nt di e c t i o ns a nd r

v e l o c i tie s t o diffe r e nt e l e m e nt s ; bu t a s a t t h e s a m e t im e it p e r s is t s
, ,

in r e g a d ing t h e e l e m e nt s a s u nifo m it is a ll t h e l e s s a bl e t o c o nc e ive

r r ,

s u c h diffe e nc e s a s na t u r a l s t a t e s a nd is c o m p e ll e d t o t r e a t t h e m s i m ply
r ,

a s m a t t e r o f fa c t a nd inde e d a s a l ie n t o t h e na t u r e o f t h e t h ing
,
.

I n r e a l ity it wa s t h is c a u s e l e s s ne s s t h a t wa s t h e p inc ip a l o b s t a c le r

t o t h e r e c o g ni t io n o f a b s o l u t e m o t i o n ; fo r w h a t s t r ic t ly s p e a k ing , ,

do e s h a pp e n if t h e a dv a nc i ng e l e m e nt t a v e s e s o ne e m p t y Sp a c e
e r r

p o i nt a ft e r a no t h e wi t h o u t b e ing in i t s e l f a t a ll diffe r e nt wh e n it
r,

r e a c h e s t h e t h ir d fr o m w h a t it wa s w h e n in t h e fi s t o r s e c o nd ? o r r ,

f u it l e s s a s t h e t r a ns it i o n is w it h o u t s o m u ch a s r e c e iv ing a n i ndic a
r ,

t io n o f t h e fa c t o f it s fr u it l e s s o c c u rr e nc e : fi na lly wi t h o u t m a ki ng it ,

p o s s ibl e fo r e v e n a n o b s e r v e r f o m w it h o u tr w e e it o nly by h e lp o f
,
r

r e l a t io ns t o o t h e r o bj e c t s s o m u c h a s t o g iv e a b a r e de s ig na t i o n o f
,

t h e s u pp o s e d p r o ce e ding ? A nd a e we t o s u pp o s e t h a t a p r o c e s s s o
r

u nr e a l a s t h is a b e c o m ing w h i c h b i ng s no t h i ng t o p a s s
,
r m u st o f ,

ne c e s s it y l a s t fo r e v e r w h e n o nc e s t im u l a t e d t o a c t i o n t h o u g h t o ,

b e g in w ith i nc a p a bl e o f o r ig ina t ing wi th o u t e x t e na l s t im u l u s ? T h e s e r

inc o nc e iv a b il it ie s h a ve a t a ll t im e s le d t o s o m e r e b e ll io n a g a ins t t h e
vi e w a do p t e d by m e c h a ni cs (th o u gh it yi e l ds s o c l e a r a m e nt a l p ictu r e
 R e la t ive M o t io n
’
C AP T
H ER 1v ) . a na A pp a r e nt Sp a ce . 528 5

a nd is so i ndi s p e ns a b l e in p r a c ti c e ) w h i c h m a k e s t h e m o vi ng e le
,

m e nt m e e ly t h e s u b s t r a tu m o f t h e m o t i o n wi t h o t a ny p e c u l ia r
r , u

na t u r e w h ic h is a ffe c t e d by t h e m o t i o n o r g e ne r a t e s it by b e i ng

a ffe c t e d . I t is o bj e c t e d t h a t m o t io n c a nno t c o ns is t in t h e m e r e
c h a ng e o f e x t e r na l r e l a t io ns b u t m u s t in e v e r y m o m e nt b e a t ru e
,

inne r s t a t e o f t h e m o vi ng b o dy in w h ic h it is o t h e r t h a n it w o u l d b e
in a m o m e nt o f r e s t o r o f d iffe e nt m o v e m e nt T h e n c a n t h e vi e w
r .

w h i c h c o nce de s t o s p a c e no m o r e t h a n a p h e no m e na l v a l idi ty o ffe r

a ny t h ing s a t is fa c t o r y by wa y o f a r e s o l u t i o n o f t h i s d o u b t ?

1 6 8 L e t u s s u pp o se a r e a l e l e m e nt e t o b e in i nne r s t a t e s w h i c h
.

we will s u m u p in t h e e xp r e s s i o n p T h e n t h e qu e s t io n fo r u s c o u l d
.

no t be w h e t h e r w o u l d p r o du c e a m o t i o n in Sp a c e bu t o nly
e
p ,

w h e t h e e c o u l d fo r m t h e g ro u nd o f a n a pp a r e nt m o t io n o f w it h in
r
p
e

s p a c e fo r a c o ns c io u s ne s s w h i c h s h o u l d p o s s e s s t h e p e r c e p t io n o f
su ch s pa ce W e w ill b e g in by m a k ing t h e s a m e a s s u m p t io n a s we
.

m a de in t h e dis cu s s i o n o f t im e ; t h a t t h e c o ns c i o u s ne s s in q u e s t io n
l

is a n a b s o l u t e ly i m m e di a t e k no wl e dg e o f e v e ry t h i ng i nc l u di ng t h e r e ,

fo r e a nd is no t b a s e d o n t h e a c qu i s it io n o f i m p e s s i o ns by m e a ns r

o f a ny e ff e c t p r o du c e d by o o n t h e k no wi ng s u bj e c t ; a nd t h e r e fo r e
p

do e s no t c o m p e l u s t o a t t r i b u t e t o t h i s s u bj e c t a ny s p e c ifi c a nd
a s s ig na bl e r e l a t io n t o e .
p

T h e n I t h ink we m a y c o ns i s t e nt ly c o nc l u de a s fo ll o w s S u c h a
, ,
.

c o ns c i o u s ne s s h a s no m o r e g r o u nd fo r a s c r ibi ng a p a t ic u la r Sp o t in r

t h e Sp a c e o f w h i c h it h a s a m e nt a l p ic t u r e o r m o t i o n in a p a r t ic u l a r ,

d ir e c t i o n t o t h e e o f w h i c h it is a w a e t h a n
, ,
h a s p o w e r in a n r ,
e
p

a c t u a l e m p t y s p a c e t o p r e fe r o ne p la c e t o a no th e r a s it s a b o de o r o ne ,

di r e c t i o n t o o th e r s fo r it s m o t i o n w h ic h h a s t o be i ni t ia t e d I f we .

w a nt t o br ing b e fo r e o u r s e lve s in s e ns u o u s fo r m w h a t a pp e a r s t h e
r e a s o na b le r e s u l t u nd e r s u c h i m a gi na r y c o ndit io ns we c a n o nly ,
-

t h i nk o f a m s ic a l no t e t o w h ic h we do no do u b t a s c ib e r e a l it y in
u ,
r

sp a ce , b u t l o c a l is e it m o s t im p e fe c t ly a nd t h e n o nly in e s p e c t o f
r ,
r

it s o ig in : o r we m u s t t h ink o f a s u c c e s s io n o f no t e s w h ic h we do
r ,

no t e x a c t ly t a k e t o s o u nd o u t s ide s p a c e b u t w h i c h s t ill r e m a i ns ,

a p u r e ly int e ns iv e s u c c e s s io n a nd h a s d e fi ni t e d ir e c t i o n o nly in t h e
,

r e a l m o f s o u nd a nd no t in Sp a ce
, .

I Sh o u l d no t a ddu c e s u ch u tt e ly fi c t i t i o u s c i c u m s t a nc e s w e re th e y
r r ,

no t a b o u t o n a p a w it h w h a t is u s u a lly p u t fo r w a r d by p o p u l a r
r

a c c o u nt s o f t h e K a nt i a n vi e w ; a r e a dy m a de i nna t e p e r c e p t io n o f -

s p a c e wi t h o u t a ny d e fi nit e r e l a t i o ns b e t w e e n t h e s u bj e c t w h i c h h a s it
, ,

a nd t h e o bj e c t s w h i c h t h a t s u bj e c t h a s t o a pp r e h e nd u nde r it Bu t .

1
[Cp p . . 2 56 s u p .
]
 0f M OFZOfl B O OK I I
O

. [ .

in re a li t y we find t h e c o ns c i o u s ne s s in q tfe s t io n i nva i a bly a t t a c h e d t o r

a d e fi nit e i nd ivi du a l b e i ng a nd in pl a c e o f i m m e dia t e k no wl e dg e

6
,

we fi nd a c o g ni t io n w h ic h is a lw a y s c o nfi ne d t o t h e o p e r a t i o ns o f
e on 6. B e s ide s t h i s p o s t u l a t e h o w e v e r so m e t h ing m o r e is r e qu i e d
, ,
r

fo r t h e g e ne s i s o f p h e no m e na o f m o t i o n in t h e e xp e r i e nc e o f 6.

W h a t e ve r t h e i nne r s t a t e p wi th in e m a y b e a nd in w h a t e v e r wa y it ,

m a y a l t e r i nt o 9 a nd it s e ffe c t o n i nt o s t ill fo r a n t h a t is s i m pl e
7r e x, ,
e

a nd u ndiffe e nt i a t e d in i t s e l f a ll t h i s c o u l d o nly b e t h e g r o u nd fo r a
r

p e r c e p t i o n o f s u c c e s s iv e c o nt e nt s no t fo r t h e i r l o c a li s a t io n in Sp a c e
,

a nd fo r th e i r a pp a r e nt m o t i o n M o r e is r e qu i e d t h a n e ve n a pl u r a li ty
. r

o f e l e m e nt s ,
ee
p , q,
in diffe r e nt s t a t e s o f e x c it a t i o n o p e r a t ing
er , ,

Si m u l ta ne o u s ly o n a s i m pl e No do u b t t h e fe l t di ffe r e nc e s o f t h e i r
6. ,

a c t i o n m ig h t fu nis h r s u pp o s i ng it a bl e a nd o bl ig e d t o a pp r e h e nd
e
,

th e m by s p a t i a l p e r c e p t i o n wi t h a c l u e t o t h e d e t e m i na t i o n o f t h e
,
r

re la tiv p o s i t io ns w h ic h t h e i r m a g e s w o u l d h a v e t o o c c u py in Sp a c e
e i .

A nd a l t e r a t io ns o f t h e i r a c t i o n w o u ld t h e n l e a d t o t h e p e r c e p t io n o f
t h e r e l a t iv e m o t io ns by w h i c h t h e s e i m a g e s c h a ng e d t h e i r a pp a e nt r

pl a c e s a s c o m p a r e d w ith e a c h o t h e r B u t t h e w h o l e o f t h e c o ll e ct ive.

m e nt a l p ic t u e w h ic h h a d t h u s a r is e n wh e t h e r a t r e s t o r in m o t i o n
r , ,

w o u l d s till be w ith o u t a ny de fi ni t e Si tu a t i o n r e l a t ive ly t o t h e s u bj e c t

w h ic h p e r ce iv e d it T h e c o m pl e t e h o m o ge ne o u s ne s s o f t h i s l a t t e r
.

w o u l d m a k e it a na l o g o u s t o a u nifo r m s ph e r e SO t h a t it c o u l d t u r n ,

r o u nd w it h in t h e m u l t ipl ic i t y w h ic h it pi c t u r e d t o it s e l f wi t h o u t e x

p e r i e n c i n g,
in d o i n g s o a n y a lt
, e r a t i o n in t h e a c t i o ns t o w h ic h it is

s u bj e c t e d o r a ny t h e r e fo r e
, , in it s o wn p e r c e p t i o ns
,
T o m a k e o ne .

a r r a ng e m e nt o f p h e no m e na a o d i s t i ng u i s h a bl e fi o m a no t h e r a r
c

r a ng e m e nt c 6 a o r a do w nw a r d m o t i o n t o t h e r ig h t f o m it s c o u nt e r r

p a r t in a n u pw a d m o t i o n t o t h e l e ft it is e s s e nt ia l th a t t h e dir e c t io ns
r ,

in qu e s t io n s h o u l d b e u nm is t a k a bly dis t i ngu i s h e d in t h e s p a c e im a g e -

fo r e i t s e l f by a qu a li ta t iv e m a k ; t h e n wil l be a bl e t o e fe r e v e y
r e r r

a c t io n o r m o difi c a t i o n o f a n e l e m e nt t o t h a t dir e c t i o n t o w h i c h it

b e lo ngs a c c o r di ng t o t h e qu a l it a t iv e na tu r e o f th e i m p re s s io n m a de o r
o f t h e m o difi c a t i o n o f t h a t i m p r e s s i o n .

T h e r e s u l t o f t h e a gu m e nt c o m e s t o t h i s a ft e r t h e i ns e r t i o n o f
r ,

s o m e i nt e r m e di a t e i d e a s w h ic h I r e s e r v e fo r t h e p s y c h o l o gy I t is .

tr u e t h a t a s im pl e a t o m e ndo w e d wi t h a p e r c e p tio n o f s p a c e m igh t

, ,

fi nd o c c a s i o n in t h e qu a li t a t iv e diffe r e nce s o f t h e im p r e s s i o ns r e c e ive d

fr o m i nnu m e r a bl e o th e r s t o p r o j e c t a s p a t ia l pi c t u r e o f p h e no m e na
with a de fi ni te c o nfigu ra t i o n o f it s o wn B u t fo r t h i s s a m e a t o m t h e r e .

w o u ld be no m e a ni ng in th e qu e s t io n w h a t pl a c e o r dir e c t io n in
a b s o l u t e Sp a c e s u c h i m a g e s o r th e i r m o t io ns o c cu pi e d o r u s u e d
p r .
CH AP T E R 1 v ] P o s it io n in A ppa r e nt Sp a ce . 2 87

Wh a t co u ld b e m e a nt by s u ch an e xp r e s s i o n
g e ne r a l w o u l d no t in
b e c o m e i nt e ll igibl e t o it t ill it h a d c e a s e d t o be a n i s o l a t e d a t o m
e ndo w e d w it h k no wl e d g e a nd h a d c o m e i nt o p e r m a ne nt u ni o n wi t h
,

a pl u r a li ty o f o t h e r e l e m e nt s we m a s a a t o n c wi t h n O g n i m
y y , e a a s ,
r

s u c h t h a t it s s y s t e m a t ic fa b i c t h o u g h s t ill t o b e c o nc e iv e d a s it s e l f u n
r ,

Sp a t i a l S h o u l d s u pply p o l a r c o nt r a s t s b e t w e e n t h e qu a l ita t ive ly de

,

fi nit e i m p r e s s i o ns c o ndu c t e d fr o m it s d iffe r e nt li m b s t o t h e c o ns c i o u s

c e nt r e . T h e di e c ti o ns a l o ng wh i c h c o ns c i o u s ne s s di s t r ibu t e s t h e se
r

i m p r e s si o ns a s t h e y r e a ch it in it s pi c t u r e o f s p a c e a nd in w h i c h it
, ,

di s p o s e s s u c h i m a g e s a s a pp e a r t o it o f it s o wn b o dily o r g a ni s m ,

w o u l d a l o ne fu r nis h c o ns c i o u s ne s s wi t h a pr i m a ry a nd u na m
b ig u o u s s y s t e m o f c o o r dina t e s t o w h i c h fu r t h e r a ll im p e s s io ns
-
,
r

w o u l d h a ve t o be r e du c e d w h ic h m igh t a r is e fr o m va ri a b le i nt e r c o u r s e
wi t h o th e r e l e m e nt s t h e s u bj e c t o f p e r c e p t i o n m a y t h e n g a in
. 6

fu r th e r e xp e r i e nc e s in t h i s i nt e c o u s e s u c h a s p r o v e t o it t h a t p e r
r r ,

m a ne nt r e l a t io ns e xi s t b e t w e e n t h e o t h e r e l e m e nt s t o w a r ds t h e t o t a lit y

o f wh i c h c a n giv e i t s e l f a nd it s bo dy v a yi ng p o s it i o ns ; a nd t h e n
r
o r

t h e i ndu c e m e nt a r i se s t o l o o k in t h e s p a t i a lly p r e se nt e d p ic t u r e o f t h e
o u t e r w o r l d fo r a fr e s h s y s t e m o f c o o r dina t e s b e l o ngi ng t o t h a t -

w o rl d t o wh i ch b o t h it s p e r m a ne nt r e l a t i o ns a nd 8 5 va y ing po s it i o ns
, r

s h a ll b e m o s t r e a dily r e du c ibl e .

B u t it will a g a in be e s s e nt ia l t o a ny s u c h fr e s h s y s t e m t h a t it S h o u l d
b e de fi ne d by a q u a li t a t iv e dis t inc t i o n b e t w e e n t h e p e r c e p t io ns
wh i ch a r e a s sig ne d t o t h e Opp o s it e e x t e m it i e s o f o ne o f it s a x e s ; r
‘

t h o u gh o n th e o t h e r h a nd w h a t pl a c e t h is w h o l e s y s t e m wi t h it s i nne r

a r t i c u l a tio n h o l ds in a b so l u t e s p a c e o r in w h a t dir e c t i o n o f a b s o l u t e
,

s p a c e t h i s o r t h a t o f it s a x e s e x t e nds a r e qu e s t io ns w h i c h o n o u r vi e w ,

w o u ld c e a s e t o ha ve a ny a s s ig na bl e m e a ning a t a ll Fo r t h is is j u s t .

w h a t do e s no t e x is t a n a b so l u t e Spa c e in w h ic h it is p o s s ibl e fo r t h e
,

s u bj e c t o f s p a t i a l p e r c e p t io n wi t h a ll t h e o bj e c t s o f it s p e c e p t i o n t o r ,

b e c o nt a ine d o v e r a g a i n a nd o c c u py a pl a ce h e r e o r t h e e
, S pa c e r .

o nly e x is t s wi t h i n s u c h s u bj e c t s a s a m e nt a l i m a g e fo r t h e m ; a nd is
,

s o a r t i c u l a t e d fo r t h e m by t h e q u a l it a t iv e diffe r e nc e o f t h e i r i m p r e s

s i o ns t h a t t h e y a e a bl e t o a s s ig n t h e a pp e a r a nc e s o f o t h e r e l e m e nt s
,
r

t h e ir de fi nit e p la c e s in it ; a nd fi na lly it is t h e t h o r o u gh c o h e r e nc e o f ,

a ll r e a lit y w h ic h b i ng s a b o u t t h a t e a c h o f t h e s e s u bj e c t s a l s o p r e s e nt s
r

i t s e l f in t h e s p a c e p ic t u r e d by e v e ry o th e r in a s t a t io n a pp o p ia t e t o r r

th e t o t a li ty o f it s r e l a t i o ns w ith t h e r e s t o f w h a t t h e w o r l d c o nt a i ns ;
a nd t h u s it h a pp e ns t h a t e a c h o f t h e m c a n r e g a d t h e s pa c e w h ich is r

[ T h i ll d t t h d i t in t i n f p nd d wn f ni h d by th f ling f
s a u es o e s c o o u a o ur s e e ee o

it n
re s s a ce t th fo e fgo r ce oity Cp ra v . .
2 88 0f M OZZbfl ‘
. [ BOO K I I .

in it s o wn p e r c e t o n a s a s t a pi
g e c o m m o n t o a ll o n wh i ch it c a n i t s e l f ,

m eet w it h o t h e r e r c ie nt s u p ip
bj e c t s t h a n i t s e l f a nd c a n be in r e l a t i o ns ,

w h ich a g e e w ith th e ir s t o ye t a no t h e r s e t o f s u bj e c t s
r , .

1 6 9 B u t it is s till ne c e s s a r y t o r e t u rn e xp r e s s ly t o t h e t wo c a s e s
.

g ive n a b o v e in o r de r t o i ns is t o n t h e p o i nt s in t h e m wh i c h r e m a i n
,

o b s cu er . W e s a w t h a t t h e y p e s e nt no s p e c i a l diffi c u l t ie s o n t h e
r

c o m m o n vi e w ; if we h a v e o nc e de c ide d t o a c c e p t e m p t y s p a c e a s a

r e a l e x t e ns i o n a nd m o t i o n a s a n a c t u a l p a s s a g e t h o u g h it
, th e n r ,

r e c t il ine a r p r o gr e s s a nd r o t a t i o n o f a s o l it a y e le m e nt m igh t be r

a c c e p t e d i nt o t h e b a r g a in a s p r o ce s s e s no l e s s r e a l a l t h o u gh u nd e

fi na ble . B u t we S h o u l d no w h a v e t o s u b s t it u t e fo r b o t h o f t h e m a n
i nt e r na l c o ndi tio n o f e s a y 15 w h o s e a c t i o n o n a n e ndo w e d wi th
, , 72
'

p e r c e p t io n p r o du c e s in t h i s l a tt e r t h e Sp e c t a c l e o f a m o t i o n o f th r o u g h e

t h e s p a c e m e nt a lly r e p r e s e nt e d by No w a c c o ding t o t h e c o m m o n
6 . r

vi e w t h e a b s o l u t e m o t i o n o f wh e t h e r p r o g e s s iv e o r r o t a t o r y t h o u gh
e, r ,

it r e a lly t o o k pl a c e ye t wa s u nde fi na ble , T h e r e a s o n wa s t h a t t h e

.

o b s e r v ing c o ns c io u s ne s s w h i c h h a d t o de fi ne it wa s t r e a t e d o nly a s a n

o m nip e s e nt im m e di a t e k no wl e dg e p o s s e s s ing i t s e l f no p e c u li a
r , e l a t io n r r

wi t h it s o bj e c t wh i c h h e lp e d t o de fi ne it s p e c e p t io n ; t h e r e fo r e th e de r

s ig na t io n o f t h e a c t u a l o c cu r r e nce w o u l d h a v e b e e n e ffe c t e d in t h i s c a s e

by c o o r di na t e s i nde p e nde nt o f th e o b s e v e r ; a nd a s no ne su ch w e r e
- r

fo u nd in e m p t y Sp a c e t h e p r o bl e m o f de s ig na t ing t h i s o c c u rr e nc e r e
m a i ne d i ns o l u bl e t h o u gh it s r e a l it y wa s no t t h e r e by m a de l e s s r e a l
, .

Fo r u s t h e c a s e is d i ffe r e nt W h a t we w a nt t o e xpl a in is no t a r e a l
.

m o v e m e nt o u t s ide u s bu t t h e s e m bl a nc e o f o ne w h ic h do e s no t t a k e
, ,

p l a c e o u t s ide wi t h i n u s , t h e r e fo r e fo r u s t h e p r e s e nc e o f t h e o b se r vi ng

s u bj e c t fo r w h o m t h e s e m bl a nc e is s u pp o s e d t o b e fo t h co m ing a nd
e r ,

t h e de fi nit e r e l a t io n o f t o t h e e x t e na l e fli c ie nt c a u s e o f t h is s e m bl a nc e
e r ,

is no t m e e ly t h e c o ndit i o n o f a p o s s ibl e de s ig na t i o n a nd de fi ni t io n o f
r

t h e a pp a r e nt m o t i o n b u t is a t t h e s a m e t i m e t h e c o ndit i o n o f it s
,

o c c u rr e nc e a s a pp a r e nt
, So we t o o wi t h i n t h e p h e no m e na l w o r l d
.
,

w h i ch we r e p e s e nt t o o u r m i nds m a y a c c e p t t h e p r o gr e s s o r r o t a t i o n
r ,

o f a s o l it a y fo r a r e a l o c c u r r e nc e if we do no t fo r g e t t o i nc l u de
r e ,

o u r s e lv e s in t h e c o nc e p t i o n a s t h e o b s e r v e r in w h o s e m i nd a l o ne 6
,

t h e r e c a n b e a s e m bl a nc e a t a ll Fo r t h e n t h e r e m u s t in a ny c a s e
.

b e a r e a c t io n a nd a v a r yi ng o ne b e t w e e n a nd a s e l e m e nt s in o ne e e

a nd t h e s a m e w o l d a nd it is t h e wa y in w h ic h t h e a c t io n o f
r ,
onus e

c h a ng e s f o m r to w h il e e is i t s e l f u nde r g o i ng a n inne r m o difi c a t io n

71
'

x ,

t h a t w ill d e fi ne t h e d i e c t i o n o f t h e a pp a r e nt m o t io n in q u e s t io n wi t h
r

r e fe r e nc e t o s o m e s y s t e m o f c o o r di na t e s w it h w h ic h we m u s t im a gi ne
-

t h e s p a c e p e r c e ivi ng
-
t o b e e q u ipp e d fr o m t h e fi r s t if it s u niv e r s a l
e
CH APT E R 1 v ] o nd in M o t io n
’
St a t e s
‘
. co r r e s p g t o . 2 89

p e rc e p ti o n is t o a dm it o f a ny m e th o d o f a ppli c a t i o n t o p a r t i c u la r
g
t h in s .

17 0 . S t il l I fe e l t h a t t h e s e do c t r i ne s
i na de qu a te a s s tr o ngly a s I
a re ,

a m p e r s u a de d th a t t h e y a r e c o rr e c t ; t h e y l e a v e in o b s c u r i t y a p a t i c u l a r r

p o i nt o n w h i c h I will no t p r e t e nd t o s e e m o r e c l e a ly th a n o th e r s I t r .

c o nc e r ns t h a t t r a ns i ti o n o f f o m o ne i nne r s t a te t o a no th e r w h ic h in
e r

a c t i ng o n u S p r o du ce s fo r u s t h e s e m bl a nc e o f a m o t i o n o f e I t m u st o f .

c o u r s e b e c o nc e iv e d a s g o ing o n a t t i m e s w h e n it d o e s no t a c t o n u s o r ,

b e fo e it b e gi ns t o a c t o n u s ; a nd a t t h o s e t i m e s it c a n be no th i ng bu t a n
r

i nne r u ns p a t i a l o c c u r r e nc e wh i c h h a s a c a p a c i ty o f a pp e a r i ng a t s o m e
l a t e r t i m e a s m o ti o n in Sp a c e by m e a ns o f th a t a c t i o n u p o n u S w h i c h it
is fo r t h e m o m e nt wi th o u t H e r e we a r e o b s t r u c t e d by a n i nc o nv e ni e nc e
.

o f o u r d o c t r i ne w h i c h I r e g re t bu t c a nno t r e m o v e ; we h a v e no li fe
,

l ik e i de a o f i nne r s t a t e s o f t h i ng s W e a r e fo r c e d t o a s s u m e th e m in
.

o r de r t o giv e a p o s s ib ili ty o f fu lfi lli ng c e r t a i n p o s t u l a t e s o f c o g nit i o n

w h ic h w e e di s c u s s e d a b o v e ; bu t we c a nno t p o r t a y t h e m ; a nd a ny
r r

o ne wh o a b s o l u t e ly s c o r ns t o c o nc e iv e t h e m a s e v e n a na l o g o u s t o t h e

m e nt a l s t a t e s w h i c h we e x p e r i e nc e in o u r s e lv e s h a s no p o s s ibl e i m a g e ,

o r ill u s tr a tio n o f t h e c o ns t it u t io n by h e lp o f w h i c h t h e y a c c o m pli s h t h i s

fu lfil m e nt o f e s se nt i a l r e q u ir e m e nt s .

T h is l a c k o f pi c t o r i a l r e a li s a t i o n w o u l d no t in i t s e l f b e a h i ndr a nc e
t o a m e t a p h y s i c a l e nq u i y ; bu t it b e c o m e s o ne in t h i s p a r t i c u la r c a s e
r

wh e r e we a r e de a l ing wi th t h e c o nc e iva b ili ty o f t h e m o ti o ns in qu e s t i o n .

W h e n t h e e l e m e nt e tr a ve r s e s a n a pp a r e nt p a th in o u r p e r ce p t i o n it is
t r u e t h a t t h e b e g inni ng o f t h e s e i e s o f i nne r s t a t e s w h o s e s u cc e s s iv e
r ,

a c t i o n o n u s c a u s e s t h i s p h e no m e no n m u s t be l o o k e d fo r no t in e i t s e l f
, ,

bu t in t h e i nfl u e nce o f o t h e r e l e m e nt s ; b u t s t ill th e u nde ni a bl e v a l idit y

o f t h e la w o f p e r s i s t e nc e c o m p e l s u s t o t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t a n i m p u l s e

t o m o t i o n w h e n it h a s o nce a r i s e n in b e c o m e s t o o u r p e r c e pt io n
e

i nde p e nde nt ly o f a ny fu t h e r i nfl u e nce s th e c a u s e o f a n a pp a r e nt

r

c h a ng e o f pl a ce o f t h e s e ns e i m a g e w it h u nifo r m co nt i nu a nc e
-
,
Th e .

s a m e a s s u m p t i o n is fo r c e d o n u s b y a no t h e r i ns ta nc e t h a t o f t wo ,

s i m il a r e l e m e nt s w h i ch u nc e a s i ngly t r a v e r s e t h e s a m e c ir c l e b e i ng a t
e ,

t h e o pp o s i t e e x tr e m it ie s o f it s d ia m e t e r .

W e c a n e a s ily e m pl o y t h e o dina y i de a s o f m e c h a ni c s t o h e lp o u t
r r

o u r vi e w s o fa r a s t o a s s u m e a n i nne r r e a c t i o n be t w e e n t h e t wo

e l e m e nt s w h i c h if l e ft t o i t s e l f w o u ld S h o r t e n t he dis t a nc e b e t w e e n
, , ,

th e i r s e ns e i m a g e s in o u r p e r c e p t i o n ; t h e n t h e r e w o u l d s t ill r e m a i n
-

t o b e e xpl a i ne d t h e r e c t ili ne a r t a ng e nt i a l m o t i o n w h ic h c o nt i nu i ng , ,

in c o ns e q u e nc e o f th e La w o f P e r s i s t e nc e w o u l d c o u nt e r a c t t h i s ,

a t t r a c t io n t o t h e a m o u nt ne e de d to fo r m t h e p h e no m e na l c i r c le .

V OL . I. U
 2
90 Of M o t io n .

No w h a t w i n n e r c o n s t i t u t i o n c a n w e c o h c e iv e e t o p o s se s s c a p a b l e o f ,

p ro d u c i n g i n o u r e y e s t h e p h e n o m e n o n o f t h i s i n e r t ia o f m o t i o n ?
C o ns ide e d a s a qu ie s c e nt s t a t e it c o u l d ne v e r c o ndi t io n a ny t h ing bu t
r

a p e r m a ne nt s t a t i o n o f e in o u r s p a c e c o n s i d e r e d a s a p r o c e s s i t s t ill
g
o u h t no t t o c h a n g e e
,
i n t o e i n s u c h a w a
, y t h a t t h e n e w m o m e n t a r y
s t a t e 9 sh o u d l e mr o v e t h e r e a s o n fo r t h e c o n t i n u a n c e o f t h e s m e a

p r o ce s s w h i c h t o o k pl a c e du ri ng of ; we s h o u l d h a v e t o s u pp o s e a n
v
e e nt t h a t ne e v r c e a s e s o c c u r in g l ik e a ivre t h a
, t fl o w s o n r e v e r r t h e

sam e w it h o u t s t o ppi n g o r a n u n,
r e s t i n g e n d e a v o u r a p r o c e s s w h ic h ,

the r e su t t l h a t i t g e n e r a t e s n e it h e r h in d e r s n o r p o h i b it s f o m c o n r r

t inu ing t o p r o du c e it a fr e s h T h is c o nce p t io n a pp e a r s e x t ra o r dina y

.
r

e no u gh a nd j u s t ifi e s a m is t r u s t w h ic h o bj e c t s t o a dm i t t i ng it b e fo r e
,

it is p r o v e d by a n e x a m pl e t o s ig nify s o m e t h i ng t h a t d o e s h a pp e n ,

a nd no t t o b e a m e e c e a t io n o f t h e b r a inr r .

I t is c e rt a i nly m y b e l ie f t h o u gh I will no t a t t e m p t a m o e de fi ni t e
,
r

r o o f t h a t m e nt a l l ife w o u l d p e s e nt i ns t a nc e s o f s u c h r a s e lf
p ,

p e r p e t u a t ing p r o c e s s w h ic h w o u l d c o e s p o nd in t h e i r o wn wa y t o
.

,
rr

t h e ide a e x t a o di na y a s it is t h o u g h no t fo e ig n t o m e c h a nic s o f
,
r r r r ,

a s ta t o f m o t io n
e P e h a p s t h e e m a y e v e n b e s o m e o ne wh o c a e s t o
. r r r

d e v o t e h i m s e l f t o p u s u i ng t h e s e t h o u gh t s fu t h e ; a ft e r we h a v e b e e n
r r r

s o lo ng o c c u pi e d wi t h t h e u na t t a ina bl e p u p o s e o f r e du c i ng a ll t u e r
“
r

o c c u r e nc e t o m e e c h a ng e o f e x t e na l r e l a t i o ns b e t w e e n s u b s t a t a
r r r r

w h ich a r e in t h e m s e lve s u nm o ve d e v e n fa s h i o n m igh t e qu ir e a ,

r

t r a ns it io n t o a n a t t e m p t a t a c o m p e h e ns iv e s y s t e m o f m e ch a nic s o f r

i nne r s t a t e s ; t h e n we S h o u l d p e rh a p s fi nd o u t w h a t Sp e c i e s a r e
a dm i t t e d a s p o s s ibl e o e x c l u de d a s im p o s s ibl e by t h is c o nc e p t i o n o f
r

a t t a s s u c h w h ic h h a s hith e t o b e e n a s a u l e a t h e
s a e ,
r c a r e l e s s ly r r r

h a ndl e d T ill t h e n o u no t io ns o n t h e s u bj e c t h a v e no t t h e c l e a r
.
,
r

ne s s t h a t m ig h t b e d e s i r e d a nd t h e la w o f p e r s is t e nc e r e m a ins a
,

p a r a do x fo r u S a s fo r o th e s I w ill o nly a dd t h a t it p r e s e nt s no m o r e
r

e nig m a s o n o u r v ie w t h a n o n t h e c o m m o n o ne T h e fa c t o f s u c h a n .

e t e na l c o nt inu a nc e
r o f o ne a nd t h e s a m e p r o c e s s is a c t u a lly a d

m itt e d by m e c h a nic s ; t h e s t ra ng e ne s s o f t h e fa c t is w h a t it ig no r e s

by h e lp o f t h e c o nve nie nt e xp r e s s i o n w h ic h I h a v e q u o t e d S t t o f ,
‘
a e

m o ti o n
’
.

1 7 1 I m a y e xp e c t t o b e m e t wi t h t h e q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r it w o u l d
.

no t b e m o r e a dvi s a bl e t o a b s t a i n fr o m su c h fru i t l e s s c o ns i de r a t io ns ;

it is no t h o w e v e m e e ly t h e p e c u l ia ity o f t h e p e s u pp o s it io ns t h a t
, r, r r r

we h a pp e n t o h a v e m a de w h ic h o c c a s io ns t h e m Po is s o n in 1 2 .
,
1

o f h is M e c h a ni c s in Sp e a k ing o f u nifo m m o t i o n a c c o r di ng t o t h e
‘
,
’
r

la w o f p e r s is t e nc e o b s e r v e s ; t h e s a c e t r a v e r s e d in a u nit o f t im e
‘
, p
CH AP T R 1 v ) Mo t io n na t n M e a s u r e of M o t io n
’
a e
E . . . 2 9 1

is on ly t h e m e a s u r e o f v e l o c i ty no t th e v e l o c i ty i t s e l f ; t h e v e lo c i t y o f
,

a m a t e r i a l p o i nt w h ic h is in m o t io n is s o m e t h ing w h ic h e s i d e s in
, r

t h a t p o i nt m o v e s it a nd d is t ingu is h e s it f o m a m a t e r i a l p o int wh i c h
, ,
r

is a t e s t ; a nd h e a d ds t h a t it is inc a p a b l e o f d e t a il e d e xpl a na t io n
r .

I a m b e t t e r pl e a s e d t h a t t h e ill u s t r i o u s t e a ch e r s h o u l d h a v e e xp r e s s e d
h im s e l f s o m e w h a t c a v a l ie r ly o n a diffi c u l t p r o bl e m t h e s o l u t io n o f ,

w h i c h wa s no t de m a nde d by h is im m e dia t e p u p o s e t h a n if h e h a d r ,

p h il o s o p h i s e d a b o u t it o u t o f s e a s o n H e h o we ve r is no t o p e n t o t h e .
, ,

c h a r g e o f t a ki ng a m e r e fo r m u l a o f m e a s u r e m e nt fu ni s h e d by o u r r

c o m p a r i ng c o g nit i o n fo r a r e a l it y in t h i ng s ; o n t h e c o nt a r y he r ,

j u s t ly c e nsu e s t h e c o m m o n no t io n a s o ve l o o ki ng a r e a l ity t o w h i c h
r r

t h a t fo m u l a S h o u l d o nly s e r v e a s m e a s u r e
r V e l o c it y a nd a c c e l e a . r

t i o n a re no t m e r e ly t h e fi s t a nd s e c o nd diffe e nt i a l qu o t ie nt s o f
r r

Sp a c e a nd t im e ; in t h a t c a s e t h e y w o u l d o nly h a ve a r e a l v a l u e in a s
fa r a s a l e ng t h o f Sp a c e wa s a c t u a lly t r a v e s e d ; bu t it is no t o nly r

wi th in a n infi ni t e ly Sh o t dis t a nc e bu t in e v e r y i ndivi s ibl e m o m e nt

r ,

t h a t t h e m o vi ng b o dy is d i s t ingu i s h e d fr o m o ne no t m o v ing ; a l th o u gh

if t h e t i m e is e r o t h a t w h ic h d is t i ng u is h e s t h e m h a s no Opp o t u nit y
z ,
r

t o m a k e it s e l f c o g ni s a bl e by t h e b o dy de s c r ibi ng a p a t h in Sp a c e a nd

by t h e r a t io o f t h a t i nt e v a l t o t h e t im e e xp e nde d
r .

I t is i m p o s s ibl e t o de ny t h i s w h il e we Sp e a k o f t h e la w o f p e r
s is t e nc e I f a n e l e m e nt in m o t io n t h a t p
. t / o ng na p o i nt w e r e
, a sses zr ,

e v e n in t h e u ne x t e nde d m o m e nt o f p a s s i ng p e c is e ly l ik e a no t h e r r

w h ic h m e r e ly in t h e p o int it s c o ndi tio n o f re s t w o u l d a c c o di ng t o

'

2s ,
r

t h a t la w l a s t fo e ve r T h e r e fo e we s h a ll no t inde e d c o nc l u de wi t h
r . r ,

Z e no t h a t t h e fly ing a rr o w is a lw a y s a t e s t b e c s e it is a t e s t in r ,
au r

ev e n ;
} p o int o f it s c o u r s e B u t we s h a ll m a int a in t h a t it w o u l d h a v e
.

t o r e m a in a t r e s t fo r e v e r if it w e e a t r e s t in a S ingl e p o int r nd t h a t ,
a

s o it w o u ld ne v e b e a bl e t o r e a c h t h e o t h e r pl a c e s in w h ic h a c c o r d
r ,

ing t o Z e no s s o p h is m (w h ich r a th e r fo g e t s i t s e l f a t t h is p o int ) t h e

’
r ,

s a m e s t a t e o f e s t is t o b e a s s ig ne d t o it
r No w if t h a t in w h ic h t h is .

e s s e nc e o f m o t io n c o ns i s t s c a nno t e xi s t in a n i ndivi s ibl e m o m e nt a s

v e l o c ity i e a s a r e l a t i o n o f s p a c e a nd t im e bu t ne v e r t h e l e s s m u s t
, . .
,

e x is t w it h fu ll r e a l it y in s u c h a m o m e nt t h e n o f c o u s e no t h ing ,
r

r e m a ins b u t t o e g a d it a s a n inne r s t a t e o r i m p u l s e o f t h e m o v ing

r r

o bj e c t w h ic h is in e xi s t e nc e p r io r t o it s r e s u l t W e m a y a dm it t o o .

t h a t t h is im p u l s e m o v e s t h e e le m e nt ; fo h o w e v e r it m a y it s e l f h a v e r

a r i s e n by t h e a c t io n o f e x t e r na l fo r c e s s t ill P o i s s o n a nd we w e e o nly ,
r

s p e a ki ng o f t h e im p u l s e w h ic h h a s a is e n in a s fa r a s it is fo r t h e r ,

fu tu e t h e c a u s e o f t h e p e s is t e nc e o f t h e m o t i o n
r r .

1 7 2 T he p a r a ll e lo g r a m o f m o t io ns t e a c h e s u s t h e r e su lt o f t h e
.

U 2
 2 9 2 [ B OO K I I .

m eet n i g o f two i m p u l s e s in t h e s a m e m o v a bl e m a t e i a l po i nt I ts r .

v a l idi ty is s o c e rt a i n t h a t a ll p r o o fs w h i c h o nly a im a t e s ta bli s h i ng its

c e rt a int y h a v e m e r e ly l o g i c a l int e e s t ; we Sh o u l d h e r e be e x c l u s iv e ly
r

c o nc e r ne d wi t h a ny w h i c h m ig h t a dd u c e a t t h e s a m e t im e t h e m e a n

ing o f th e do c t r i ne o t h e r t io Zg is w h i c h fi nds in t h i s p r o p o s i t io n
,
r a e

its m a th e m a t ic a l e xp r e s s io n a s a ppl ic a bl e t o fa c t s .

I f a s u bj e c t S h a s a p e dic a t e p a t t r ib u t e d t o it u nde r a c o ndit i o n

r 7r

t h is s a m e S a s d e t e rm i ne d by c o u ld p o s s e s s no o t h e r p r e di c a t e
'
71
q;
fo r e v e r y c o ndit i o n c a n b e t h e gr o u nd o f o ne c o ns e q u e nt o nly a nd o f
no o th e r T h u s t he t wo p r o p o s it i o ns S is p a nd S is g e a c h o f
.
, ,r , , ,

wh ic h m a y be c o r r e c t in i t s e l f s p e a k o f t wo diffe r e nt c a s e s o r t wo
,

di ffe r e nt s u bj e c t s ; m e r e l o gi c a l c o ns i de r a t i o n g iv e s no de t e r m ini ng
p i
r n c ipl e t o d e c i d e fo r w h a t p r e d i c a t e g r o u nd w o u ld be giv e n by t h e

c o e xi s t e nc e o f t h e t wo c o ndi t io ns a nd in t h e s a m e c a s e o r in t h e
'

71 x

s a m e s u bj e c t T h e r e a l w o r l d is c o ns t a ntly p r e s e nt ing t h is p r o bl e m ;
.

d iffe e nt c o ndit i o ns m a y s e i e u p o n a n e l e m e nt w h i c h t h e y c a n de t e r
r z ,

m ine , no t m e r e ly in s u c c e s s i o n bu t a t o nc e ; a nd a s lo ng a s no
,

s p e c i a l p r e s u pp o s it i o ns a e m a de no o ne o f t h e m c a n b e p o s t p o ne d
r

o r p e fe r e d t o t h e o t h e r s
r r .
j u s t a s lit t le c a n t h e c o n fli c t o f t h e ir
c l a im s r e m a i n u nde c id e d ; in e v e r y c a s e a r e s u lt m u s t b e g e ne r a t e d

wh i c h is de t e rm ine d by th e t wo c o ndit io ns t o ge t h e r .

I t h o u gh t t h i s c h a r a c te r i s t i c o f t h e r e a l w o l d wo r th a fe w w o r ds o f r

e xp r e s s no t i c e ; it is g e ne r a lly p r e s u pp o s e d a s s e l f e v ide nt a nd a t t e n -

t i o n t u r ne d a t o nc e t o d e t e r m ini ng t h e fo r m o f s u c h a e s u l t I f we r .

a re t o a tt e m p t t h is in a n a b s o l u t e ly g e ne r a l wa y we S h a l l fir s t h a v e t o ,

r e fl e c t o n t h e po s s ib il it y t h a t t h e c o ndi t io ning fo r c e o f t h e t wo m a y

de p e nd o n t h e i r p r io i t y in t i m e a nd c o ns e qu e nt ly t h e e m a y b e a
r , r

di ffe r e nt e s l t if r u 1:fo ll o w s a nd if
71
'
fo ll o w s K 7r I n the ca s e o f .

m o t io n t h i s do u b t is s o lv e d by t h e la w o f p e r s is t e nc e T h e e l e m e nt .

m o v e d by t h e c o ndi t i o n 71 is a t e v e r y m o m e nt in t h e e x a c t s t a t e o f
'

m o t i o n i nt o w h i c h it wa s t h r o w n a t t h e m o m e nt in w h i c h t h e m o t i o n

wa s fi r s t im p a r t e d . T h e r e fo r e a t w h a t e v e r m o m e nt t h e s e c o nd c o n
d it i o n b e g ins t o a c t a ll t h e r e l a t io ns a r e j u s t t h e s a m e a s if wa s
x 71
'

o nly b e g inning t o e x e r t it s i nfl u e nc e s i m u l t a ne o u s ly wi t h a nd so t h e x,

o r de r o f t h e t wo c o ndi t io ns in t im e is indiffe r e nt B u t e v e n S O it .

r e m a i ns do u b t fu l w h e t h e r K will e nde a v o u r t o giv e a n e l e m e nt e a c t e d

o n a t t h e s a m e t i m e by t h e c o ndit io n t h e s a m e ne w m o v e m e nt
'
11

9 w h i c h it w o u l d h a v e i m p a r t e d t o it in t h e a b s e n c e o f I f w e c o n 7r .

c e iv e d p a s t h e m o t io n p o du c e d fi s t by r a l o ner t h e n th e m o ti o n
7r ,

r e s u l t ing f o m t h e t wo c o nd i t i o ns m ig h t p o s s ibly be no t m e re ly p
r qor
pg b, u t a l s o g)( j ; )
I 8 o r pg ( i I if fi r s t g h a d b e e
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o M o t io ns . 2 93

a o l by ne ii
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w o u l d t u r n it i nt o 9 p (I i ) o r ( p + 9)
t h e a dd t o n o
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71 s

( 1 i
) I t is o bvio u s ly i ndiffe r e nt w h i c h o f t h e t wo fo rm u l ae we
s .

c h o o s e ; t h e o nly fu nc t i o n o f t h e m a th e m a t ic a l s y m b o l is t o de s ig na t e

p a n d g a s a b s o l u t e ly e q u a l in r a nk t h e re s u l t w h ic h is p o d u c e d is r

S tri c t ly s p e a ki ng ne i t h e r s u m no r p r o du c t No w a s t h e o r de r in .

t im e o f t h e c o ndit i o ns is i ndi ffe e nt p g (I j ; 8)m u s t 1 g ( I i ) a nd

r) ,
: e

t h i s e qu a t io n is s a t is fi e d by e i t h e r o f t wo a s su m p t i o ns ; t h a t 6 o r e
,

t h a t bo t h o I do no t th ink it p o ss ibl e t o de c i de o n g e ne r a l gr o u nds

:2 .

fo r o ne o r o th e r o f t h e s e a s s u m p t i o ns wi t h r e fe r e nc e t o t h e j o i nt
a c t io n o f a ny t wo c o nc e iv a bl e c o ndi t i o ns h o w e ve r c o ns t i t u t e d o n th e

c o nt r a r y I a m c o nvi nc e d t h a t t h e fi r s t h a s it s s ph e r e o f a ppl ic a t i o n a s
,

w e ll a s t h e o th e r ; t h e r e fo e t h o u gh it is a fa m il ia r fa c t t h a t t h e s e c o nd
r

h o l ds g o o d fo r m o t i o ns a nd t h e ir c o m b ina t i o ns I c a n o nly r e g a r d ,

it in it s pl a c e in m y t r e a t m e nt o f t h e s bj e c t a s a fa c t o f th e r e a l
,
u ,

w o l d s u c h a s is e a s ily int e r p e t e d wh e n e s t a bli s h e d o n o th e r e vide nce

r ,
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bu t s u c h a s in de f u lt o f th a t c o nfi r m a t io n c o u l d no t b e r e l ia bly p ro v e d
a

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r zo r zh e
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. m e a ning o f t h i s fa c t t h e n is t h a t s im u l t a ne o u s ,
7:

m o t io ns p o d u c e in t h e e l e m e nt
r in a u nit o f t im e t h e s a m e c h a nge
e

o f pl a c e w h ic h t h e y w o u l d h a v e p o du c e d in n u ni t s o f t im e if t h e y h a d
r

a c t e d o n e s u c c e s s ive ly e a c h b e gi nning a t t h e p l a c e w h ic h e h a d
,

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r I t is u nne c e s s a r y t o o b s e r v e h o w t h e fi na l pl a c e o f
. e

a nd a l s o a s t h e s a m e r e l a t i o ns h o l d g o o d fo
, e v e r y infi nit e ly s m a l l r

p o r t io n o f tim e t h e p a t h o f a s w e ll de te m ine t h e m s e lve s by t h is

,
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p inc ipl e in a c c o r da nce wi t h t h e p a r a ll e l o gra m o f fo r ce s

r .

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r

s i s t e nce j u s t a s by t h e l a tt e r a m o ti o n o nc e in e x is t e nc e is ne v e r l o s t
if l e ft t o its e l f s o t o o in it s co m po s it i o n wi t h o t h e s no ne o f it is lo s t
, r ,

in s o fa r a s t he c o ll e c t ive r e s u l t c o m pl e t e ly i nc lu de s t h e e s u l t o f e a c h r

s e p a a t e m o t io n
r O nly t h e p r o c e s s by w h ic h t h is co ll e c t ive c o u s e
.
,

q u e nc e is a t t a i ne d m u s t b e S ingl e a t e v e ry m o m e nt a nd c a nno t c o nt a in

t h e m l t ipl ic i t y o f im p u l s e s a s a p e r s is t e nt m u l tipl ic i ty ; it is t h e e s u lt a h t
u r ,

w h ic h bl e nds t h e m T h e e xp r e s s io n p + g w o u ld c o r re s p o nd t o t h e
.

fo m e r ide a by indi c a t i ng t h e t wo m o t io ns wh ic h m a y be a ll o w e d t o
r .

s c c e e d o ne a no t h e r wi t h a vi e w t o o b t a i ning t h e s a m e r e s u l t ; t h e
‘

o t h e r p 9 w o u l d e xp e s s t h e l a t t e r t h e p r o c e ss by w h i c h t h is r e s u l t is
, ,
r ,

r e a c h e d ; na m e ly t h a t t h e m o t i o n in t h e di e c t io n 9 w o u l d b e c o n r
,
t inu o s ly dis pl a c e d p a a ll e l t o i t s e l f t h r o u g h t h e c o nd itio n 9
u r .

1 7 3 I n de c l ining t h e p r o bl e m o f a de du c t i o n o f t h e la w o f t h e
.

p a a ll e l o g r a m I e xp e s s ly sa i d t h a t I o nly did SO in it s pl a c e in m y
r r

d is c s s i o nu B u t if we m a k e t h e o di na y a s s u m p t io ns o f m e c h a ni c s I
. r r

b e l ie ve t h a t t h e r e s t ic t i o n o f it to m e re e m p iri ca l v a li di ty is qu i te
r
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2 94 . [ B OO K I I .

b a s e l e s s I find it m a i nt a i ne d th a t a ll a t t e m p t s t o p r o ve it a s a ne c e s
.

s a y t u t h o f t h e u nd e r s t a ndi ng h a v e t o m e e t t h e a r g u m e nt t h t t h e e
r r a r

is no th i ng in o u r e a s o n t o c o m p e l u s t o a s s u m e p r e c is e ly th is a
r ng e rr a

m e nt t o e xi s t in na t u T h e e w o u l d b e it is s a id no c o nt a dic t io n
re . r , ,
r

t o t h e na t u re o f o u e s o n in s c h a n a s s u m p t i o n a s t h a t t h e p h y s ic a l
r r a u

o r c h e m ic a l q u a l it y o f t h e m a t e ia l p o int s a nd t h e m o d e o f g e ne a t i o n
r r

o f t h e fo c e s b o u g h t into pl a y h ad a n i nfl u e nc e o n t h e a m o u nt a nd
r r

d i r e c t i o n o f t h e r e s u l t nt Fo i ns t a nc e fo r c e s o f e l e c t ic o igin
a . r ,
r r

m ig h t infl u e nc e d e g e e a nd dir e c t io n o f t h e r e s u l t a nt di ffe e nt ly f o m

r r r

fo c e s o f g r a v it a t io n o r a t t a c t iv e fo rc e s diffe r e nt ly f o m r e p u l s iv e ; it
r ,
r r

is a dm it t e d t h a t t h i s is no t t h e c a s e b u t a ll e g e d t h a t it is o nly e x p e ,

r ie nc e t h a t t e ll s u s s o A s a g a i ns t t h is a g u m e nt I m u s t e m ind m y
. r r

r e a de r s t h a t t h e g e ne r a l s c i e nc e o f m e c h a nic s t r e a t s o f fo r c e s o nly

in a s fa r a s t h e y a r e c a u s e s o f p e fe c t ly h o m o g e ne o u s m o t io ns d is r ,

t ing u is h e d by no t h ing b u t di e c tio n v e l o c i t y a nd int e ns it y a nd no t

r , , ,

wi th r e fe r e nc e t o o th e r a nd s e c r e t p r o p e t ie s T h e la w o f t h e p a a l r . r

le lo g r a m a ppl ie s d i e c t ly t o no ne b u t t h e a b o v e m o t io ns a nd t o t h e m
r ,

o nly a s a l r e a dy i m p a r t e d a nd s o b o u g h t nde r t h e u nifo r m la w o f r u

p e r s i s t e nc e a nd t h is a ppli c a t i o n e x c lu de s a ll r e fe r e nc e t o t h e h is t o y r

o f w h a t p r e c e de s t h e i r o igi n I n t h e s a m e wa y t h e m o v a bl e e l e m e nt s
r .

a r e t a k e n t o b e s i m ply a nd s o l e ly s u b s t r a t a o f m o t io n a nd p e fe c t ly , r

indiffe e nt t o it r T h a t c o m p o ne nt w it h e s p e c t t o w h i ch t h e y a r e
.
, r

p u e ly h o m o ge ne o u s m a s s e s p o s s e s s ing a q a nt i ta t iv e ly m e a s u a bl e
r u r

infl u e nc e o n t h e c o u s e o f t h e i r m o t io ns o nly by t h e e s i s t a nce o f

r r

ine t ir is c o nc e iv e d a s s t a nding o u t s e p a r a t e ly t o b e g in wi t h f o m t h e
a ,
r

r e s t o f t h e i r q u a l it a t iv e na t u r e .

G a nt ing t h e s e p o s tu l a t e s o u r e a s o n h a s no l o ng e r a nu m b e r o f
r r

p o s s ibl e c a s e s b e fo r e it ; o n th e c o nt ra y it is c e t a in t h a t t wo m o t io ns r ,
r

w h ich a r e no th ing bu t c h a ng e s o f pl a c e a nd h a ve no fo r c e b e h ind t h e m ,

w h ich c a n i nfl u e nc e th e ir p e r s i s t e nc e c a n p o du c e no m o r e t h a n t h e ir ,
r

s u m if t h e y a r e S im il a r o r t h e i r diffe e nc e if t h e y a e Opp o s e d
, T h is
r r .

d e t e r m ine s t h e m a x im u m a nd m inim u m o f t h e c h a ng e b e c a u s e no ,

i nc re a s e o r dim i nu tio n o f w h a t e xi s t s c a n t a k e pl a c e wi t h o u t a e a s o n r .

B u t s u pp o s ing t h a t t h e r e a r e o t h e r r e l a t i o ns b e t we e n t wo m o t io ns
b e s i de s c o m pl e t e a gr e e m e nt a nd c o m pl e t e o pp o s i t io n it is e qu a lly ,

c e t a in t h a t if t h e na t u r e o f t h e c a s e a dm it s o f b o t h i m p u ls e s b e ing
r

o b e y e d a t o nc e b o t h w ill h a v e t o b e s a t is fi e d a s fa r a s it a dm it s ;

fo r a g a in no t h ing c a n b e s u b t r a c t e d fr o m t h e i r c o m pl e t e s a t is f c t io n
, a

u nl e s s t h e ne w p h e no m e no n o f s u b t a c t io n h a s a c o m p e ll ing c a u s e r

t h a t h inde s t h e c o m pl e t e c o nt i nu a nc e o f w h a t a l e a dy e x is t s
r No w r .

it is t h e na t u r e o f s p a c e w h i c h in vir t u e o f t h e i nfi ni t e v a r i e t y o f
C H APT E R 1 v )
. M o t io ns no t Fo r ce s . 2 95

dir e c t i o nsp o s s ibl e in it i

a dm t s o f the se r e la t io ns i p e r fe c t o pp o
o f m
Sit io n b e t w e e n m o t i o ns . A nd t h i s s a m e na t u r e o f Sp a c e by p e r m it t ing
,

t h e diffe r e nt di e c t io ns t o b e c o m b ine d a nd c o m p e ns a t e d by e a c h
r ,

o th e r, m a k e s p o s s ibl e t h e c o m pl e t e a nd S im u lt a ne o u s fu lfil m e nt o f t h e

d iffe re nt im p u l s e s ; a nd t h e e fo e t h e de t e r m ina t io n o f t h e r e s u l t in
r r

a c co d a nc e w it h t h e la w o f t h e p a r a ll e l o g r a m is o f c o u r s e a ne c e s s it y
r

a nd t h e r e is no a l t e r na t iv e w h ic h c a n b e t r e a t e d a s e qu a ll p o s s ibl e
y .

T h i s wa s t h e p o p e r o c c a s io n t o no t i c e t h e o bj e c t io n j u s t r e fu t e d fo r
r

a s l o ng a s t h e q u e s t i o n wa s h o w t h e inne r m o v e m e nt s o f t h ing s m o dify

e a c h o t h e r it wa s p o s s ibl e fo r t h e t o t a l r e s u l t o f t wo Si m u lt a ne o u s

i m pu l s e s to be a n i nc r e a s e o r dim inu t io n o f t h e p h e no m e no n in
qu e s ti o n de p e nde nt o n t h e qu a lita t ive p e c u l ia r it ie s o f t h e im p u l s e
it s e l f
. B u t w h e n it c o m e s t o b e d e c i de d t h a t t h e i r r e s u l t s in t h e e
w h ich is a c t e d o n a r e no t h i ng bu t t wo h o m o ge ne o u s m o t io ns a nd w h e n ,

t h e s e m o t i o ns c o m e t o b e r e g a r de d a s a l e a dy p r o du c e d o r a s c o m m u
r

mi c a t e d t o e, t h e n t h e fu r t h e r c o m p o s it io n o f t h e m o t i o ns c a n o nly
r e s u l t a c c o r di ng t o a S im pl e la w t h a t r e g a r ds w h a t t h e y a r e a t t h e

m o m e nt a nd no t t h e u t t e ly e x t inc t h i s t o r y o f t h e i r p a s t
r .
 C H A PT E R V .

T/z e t ne o r e t ica l co ns t r u c t io n o f M a t e r ia lity .

17 4 . THE l
e e m e nt s o f Re a l Exi st e nc e
b e e n Sp o k e n h a v e h it h e r t o
o f o nly in s o fa a s r e g a ds r r t h e p o s i t i o ns
o c c u pi e d by t h e m in S p a c e

a nd t h e c h a ng e s in t h o s e p o s it io ns ; a s e g a r d s t h e fo r m a nd na t u e r r

o f t h a t w h ic h t a k e s u p a nd c h a ng e s it s p o s it i o ns we h a v e b e e n Sil e nt , .

T h is l a tt e r qu e s t io n w h ic h a t t h e p o int we h a v e no w e a c h e d we
,
r

S h a ll be c a ll e d o n t o c o ns ide r is u s u a lly s t a t e d a s t h e t h e o r e t ic a l c o n
,

s t r u c t io n o f M a t t e r I f I w e e t o g ive t h is na m e t o t h e fo ll o w ing
. r

i nve s t ig a tio ns it c o u l d o nly be w ith t h e r e s e r va t io n t h a t I u nde r

,

s t a nd t h e p h il o s o p h i c a l p o bl e m w h ic h is c o m m o nly d e s ig na t e d by
r

it in a c h a ng e d s e ns e Fo r t h is M a t t e
. t h e c o ns t u c t io n o f w h i c h r, r

is r e qu ir e d is no t a r e a dy m a de fa c t o p e n t o o b s e r va t io n
,
- Re a l .

Ex s e c e a s k no w n t o u s in S p a c e — c o ns is t s m e r ely o f a n in
i t n —
d e fi nit e nu m b e r o f i ndiv idu a l o bj e c t s v a r i o u s ly dis t i ng u is h e d by
i nh e e nt d iffe r e nc e s in t h e i s e ns ibl e qu a lit ie s A t t h e s a m e t im e
r r .
,

h o w e v e r we l e a n by Ob s e r v a t io n a nd c o m p a iso n o f t h e s e o bj e c t s t o
,
r r

p e rc e i v e a nu m b e o f c o m m o
r n p r o p e t ie s in w h i c h t h e y a ll t o a r ,

g e a t e r o l e s s e x t e nt p a t i ip a t e T h e y a r e all a l ike e x t e nde d in

r r , r c .

s p a c e ; a ll a l ik e S h o w a c e t a in t e nde nc y t o m a i nt a in t h e i r p o s it io ns
r

a g a ins t a ny a t t e m p t t o c h a ng e t h e m ; t h e y a ll Opp o s e a c e r t a in 72
'

2s

in t t o a ny e ffo r t s t o m o v e t h e m T h e s e c o m m o n p r o pe rt ie s o f
'

e r za e .

t h ing s w h ic h a r e c o ns is t e nt a l s o w it h t h e m o s t m a ni fo l d d i ffe r e nc e s
, ,

m a y b e c l a s s e d t o g e t h e r u nde r t h e g e ne r i c na m e M a t e ria l it y a nd ,

M a t t e r w o uld t h e n b e a g e ne r a l t e r m s t a nding fo r a ny t h ing w h i c h

p a r t ic ip a t e d t o wh a t e ve r e x t e nt in t h e a b o ve m e nt i o ne d m o de s o f
, ,
-

b e h a vi o u r Th e p o bl m o f p h ilo s o p h y w o u l d be t o de t e r m ine w h a t
. r e

is t h e s u bj e c t o f w h ic h t h e s e a r e t h e a tt ib u t e s a nd u nde r w h a t c o n r ,

dit io ns t h e e a i s e in t h e i s u cc e s s iv e g a de s t h e fo rm s o f e xi s t e nc e
r r r r

a nd o f a c t io n w h ic h we c o m p e h e nd u nde t h e na m e o f M a t e ia l it y
‘ ’
r r r .

A g e ne r a l c o ns ide r a t i o n o f t h e s e qu e s t i o ns m u s t h a v e re g a d t o t wo r

p o s s ibl e m o de s o f a ns w e i ng t h e m Co nc e iva bly t h e R e a l Exi s t e nc e

r .

w h ic h a pp e a r s t o u s u nde fo r m s o f a c t i o n s o h o m o ge ne o u s m a y be
r
,
 I s M a t ter ‘ ’
a no ncog e ne o u s r ea lity 2 97

no t m e r e ly o f lik e bu t o f qu i t e i de nt i c a l na tu r e t h r o u gh o u t a nd m a y
, ,

o we t h e d i ffe r e nc e s w h ic h c h a a c t e r i s e it t o s u b s e q u e nt a c c e s so ry c o n
r

ditio ns B u t it is e qu a lly c o nc e iv a bl e t h a t B e i ng s o rig ina lly d is t i nc t

.
, ,

a nd s u c h a s c a nno t b e c o m p r e h e nde d in t h e t o t a l it y o f t h e i r na t u r e

u nd e r a ny o ne no t io n S h o u l d ye t b e b o u nd b y t h e pl a n o f t h e w o r l d
, ,

in w h ic h t h e y a r e a ll inc l u de d t o e xp e s s t h e i r o wn i nm o s t a nd h e t e r o ,
r

g e n e o u s B e ing w h e r e t h e y c o m,
e int o m u t u a l r e l a t io ns in a l a ng u a g e ,

o f c o m m o n c u r e nc y i e by m e a ns o f t h e p o p e r t i e s o f m a t t e r
r ,
. . r .

1 7 5 I S h a ll no t no w a t t e m p t t o d e t e rm ine w h e t h e r t h e p r e se nt
.
,

a g e wi t h it s m o r e e x t e nde d k no wl e dg e o f na t u e h a s d is c o v e e d r r

g oun
r ds d e c is iv e ly fa v o u ing t h e fi s t o f t h e s e s u pp o s it i o ns — w h a t is
r r

c e t a in is t h a t t h e a nc i e nt s wh o fi s t p r o p o u nde d t h is vi e w p o c e e de d
r , ,
r ,
r

o n no s u ch s u ffi c i e nt g r o u nd s T h e c o nc e p t io n o f a n a t t r ib u t e .

a dm itt i ng o f b e ing a ppl ie d t o t h i ng s d iffe r i ng f o m e a c h o th e r t h e y r ,

h a s t ily t a ns fo m e d int o t h e c o nc e p t io n o f a r e a l id e nt ic a l s u bj e ct
r r

u nde lyi ng t h e v a r ie t i e s o f p h e no m e na
r T h is e x a m pl e h a s u nfo t u na te ly . r

b e e n v e y g e ne a lly fo ll o w e d by P h il o s o p h y in s u b s e qu e nt t i m e s a nd
r r ,

t h e da y s a r e s t ill qu it e e c e nt w h e n t h e m o s t s t r e nu o u s a tt e m p t s w e r e
r

m a de t o c o ns t r u c t t h is u niv e s a l s u b s t r a t u m t h o u gh e v e n if it h a d
r ,

b e e n s h o w n t o e x is t it w o u l d h a v e be e n m o s t diffi c u l t if no t a l t o g e th e
, ,
r

i m p o s s ibl e t o de du c e f o m it t h e diffe re nt m a t e ia l b o die s t o t h e

, r r

e xpl a na t io n o f w h ic h it wa s s u pp o s e d t o b e n c e s s a y I n a ny c a s e e r .
,

t h is u niv e r sa l m a tt e r c o u l d no t h a v e b e e n a de q u a t e ly de t e r m ine d by

r e fe r e nc e t o t h o s e p e dic a t e s w h ic h c o ns t i t u t e it s m a t e r ia l it y
r Fo r a ll o f .
,

t h e m e x t e ns io n r e a c t io n v i n r t ia de no t e m e r e ly t h e m a nne o r m o de
'

s z e e, r
, , ,

in w h ic h a t h i ng b e h a v e s o is e l t e d T h e y do no t in ny wa y t o u c h r r a . a

t h e na t u e o f t h a t t o w h ic h t h e s e c h a ng e s o f b e h a vi o u r a e a tt ibu t e d
r r r .

T h e r e a e t wo w a y s in w h i c h it m a y be a t t e m p t e d t o g e t t h e b e t te r
r

o f t h is diffi c u l ty A s we a r e u nd e r no o bl ig a t io n t o la y c l a i m t o
.

u niv e s a l k no wl e dg e
r s o it m a y S im ply b e g a nt e d t h a t M a t t e r is a
,
r ,

r e a l d t e m ina t e t h ing b u t kno wn t o u s a nd i nt e llig ibl e o nly in r e s p e c t

e r , ,

o f it s b e h a v io u r T h is is r o gh ly t h e p o i nt o f vi e w w h ic h is a do p t e d
. u

by P h y s ic a l S c i e nc e S c ie nc e dis t i ngu is h e s t h a t w h ic h is e x te nde d

.

a nd Op e a t iv e in s p a c e r fr o m t h e e m p t y e nv i o nm e nt in w h ic h it r

a pp e a s r B u t it l e a v e s t h e o ig ina l na t u r e o f t h i s s b s t a tu m u nde
. r u r

fi ne d o r a s c ib e s t o it o nly s u c h g e ne a l c h a a c t e is t ic s a s a e fo r c e d
,
r r r r r

u p o n it by t h e a na ly s i s o f i nd ivi du a l o bj e c t s B y s o do ing S c ie nc e .
,

g iv e s u p t h e a t t e m p t t o c o ns t r u c t a t h e o y o f a u niv e s a l m tt e r
p e r r a ,
r

fe i ng a th e r t o e x a m ine int o t h e na t u r e o f p h e no m e na s ingly w h il s t

rr r ,

a s s u m ing t h e e x is t e nc e o f a c o m m o n b a s is u nde lying t h e m On t h e r .

o th e r m e t h o d if we a t t e m p t t o de du c e t h e g e ne r a l p r o p e r t i e s o f
,
2 9 8 Tne tne o r e t ica l co ns t r u c t io n o f M a te r ia lit
y .
[ B OO K n .

m a t t e r fr o m t h e na t u r e o f t h e g o f w h i c h t h e y a e p r e dic a t e s
re a l t h in r ,

we a e m e t by a w e ll k no w n d iffic u l t y
r W e c o nv inc e d o s e lv e s
-
. u r ,

w h e n t e a ting o f o nto l o gy t h a t t o l o o k fo th e e s s e nc e o f a t h ing in a

r , r

fix e d q a l ity a nd th e n t o e p e s e nt t h e m o de s o f it s a c t ivit y a s c o n
u r r

s e q u e nc e s d e r iv a t iv e f o m t h is wa s a m e th o d w h ic h c o u l d ne v e
r ,
be r

su cce ssf l W e s a w t h a t a ll t h o s e fo m s o f ins igh t w h ic h s e e m e d

1
u .
,
r

t o e xpl in t h e inne r na t u e o f t h ing s w e e o nly p o s s ibl e b e c a u s e t h e y

a r r

w e r e no th ing bu t fo m s o f vis i o n a pp e a a nc e s s u c h a s a c o ns cio u s ne s s

r , r

m a y p r e s e nt t o it s e l f W h a t la y a t t h e b o t t o m o f s u c h p e c e p t io ns in
. r ,

e x t e na l
r e a l it y a lw a y s c o nv e t e d i t s e l f i nt o s o m e k ind o f a c t iv it y
r ,
r

o r p r o c e s s o r m o de o f r e l a t io n A nd h o w e v e r s t r o ng m a y b e t h e .

im p u l s e t o a t t r ib u t e t h e s e l iving p r o c e s s e s t o s o m e s u bj e c t we h a d t o ,

g iv e u p t h e a tt e m p t t o e xpl a in t h e m a ve ll o u s fa c t o f a c t ive b e i ng by r ,

r e p e s e nt ing it s a c t iv it y a s t h e m e r e p e dica t e o f a n ina c t iv e s u bj e c t

r r .

S im il a ly in t h e p e s e nt c a s e it w o u l d b e l a b o u r m is s p e nt t o a t te m p t
r , r ,
-

t o de s c ib e t h e e a l it y u nd e r lyi ng t h e fo m s o f m a t e i a l e x is t e nc e p r e
r r r r

v io u s t o a nd inde p e nd e nt o f t h e s e it s m a nife s t a t io ns T h e e do e s . r

h o w e v e s t ill e m a in s o m e t h ing t o b e d o ne
r r iz t o de t e m i ne t h e pl a c e ,
v . r

w h ic h t h is ina c ce s s ibl e s u b s t r a t u m o c c u p ie s in t h e s u m t o t a l o f e x is t -

e nc e . A t a ny r a t e we m u s t b e c l e a r a s t o w h e t h e r we m e a n t o e g a d r r

it a s s o m e t h ing a b s o l u t e ly o igi na l a nd s p e c ifi c s t a nding in no c o n r ,

ne x io n w it h o t h e fo r m s o f e a li t y o r a s it s e l f no l e s s t h a n it s p o
r r , ,
r

p e r t ie s a n
,
i n t e llig ibl e p a t o f t h e o d e r o f t h e u n iv r
e r s e Th e a t t e m p t r .

t o e xpl a i n t h e o ig in o f m a t t e r m e c h a ni c a lly is no w r e g a r de d a s im
r

p o s s ibl e ; n o t h e o y o f a u n iv e r s a l
r m a t t e r c a n S h o w h o w t h e e x i s t e nce

o f m a t t e r fi s t b e c a m e p o s s ibl e a nd t h e n a c t u a l
r A ll t h a t c a n b e .

do ne is t o i ndic a t e t h e m nn r o f it s e xi s t e nc e a nd it s pl a c e in t h e a e

o r de r o f th e w o l d No t u nt il t h e na t u e o f m a t t e h a d b e e n t h u s
r . r r

e xpl a ine d a nd s o c o u l d be t a k e n fo r g a nt e d c o u l d t h e a tt e m p t be
,
r ,

r e ne w e d t o d e r iv e indiv idu a l p h e no m e na by m e c h a ni c a l l a w s fr o m t h e

u niv e s a l fa c t o f m a tt e r
r .

1 7 6 T h e e h a s ne v e r b e e n a de a r th o f s u c h a t t e m p t s
. r I S h a ll c o n
t e nt m y s e l f wi t h a b r ie f m e nt i o n o f o nly a fe w ; c o nfi ning m y s e l f t o
t h o s e w h i c h s t a nd in t h e c l o s e s t r e l a t i o n t o e xi s t i ng o pi nio ns o n t h e

s a m e s u bj e c t A c c o r d i ng t o D e s c a r t e s e x t e ns i o n a nd c o ns c i o u s
.
,

ne s s c o ns t i t u t e d t o g e t h e r t h e t wo u l t i m a t e fa c t s o f p e r c e p t io n b o t h ,

b e ing e qu a lly c l e a r a nd ne it h e r a dm it t i ng o f b e i ng m e ge d in t h e o t h e r r .

H a ving m a de t h i s d i s c o v e y D e s c a t e s p o c e e d e d w it h a l ig h t h e a r t r ,
r r

t o t e a t a ls o th e r s x t n
r a nd t h e e gei t n a
e s e qu a lly S im pl e
sa r es co o s

a nd c l e a r H e c o ns ide r e d t h a t t h e s e w e r e t h e t wo o ig ina l e l e m e nt s
. r

[ p
C B k I Ch p 1
. . . a . 2,
C H APT E R v 1 . D e s ca r t e s a na Sp ino z a
’
. 2 99

o f the wo rld , a nd h e m a i nt a ine d t h a t t h e y h a d no fu r th e r c o m m u nit y

o f na t u r e llo w e d fr o m t h e i h a ving bo th s p u ng f o m
th a n s u c h a s fo r r r

t h e will o f t h e c e a t o a nd b e i ng i nv o lv e d in a r e l a t io n o f c a u s e a nd
r r,

e ffe c t w h ic h t h e s a m e w ill h a d e s t a bli s h e d

,
D o u b t l e s s a n a d v a nce .
,

wa s m a de u p o n t h is vi e w by S p ino a in s o f a s h e c o nc e iv e d o f z , ar

c o ns c io u s l ife a nd m a t e r i a l e x is t e nce no t m e r e ly a s s p i ng ing f o m t h e r r

a r b it r a y w ill o f t h e c e a t o r b t a s t wo p a a ll e l l ine s o f d e v e l o p m e nt
r r ,
u r ,

i nto w h ic h by r e a s o n o f it s t wo e s s e nt ia l a t t ib u t e s t h e o ne a b s o l u t e
,
r ,

s u b s t a nc e s e p a a t e d i t s e l f At a ny a t e it wa s e s t a bli s h e d t h a t t h e
r . r ,

m a t e ia l w o r l d do e s no t p r o c e e d fr o m a ny p i nc ipl e p e c u l ia t o i t s e l f
r r r ,

a nd o f u nde m o ns t a bl e o ig in : t h e R e a l it y u nde ly ing t h e fo r m s a nd

r r r

r e l a t io ns o f m a t t e r in s p a c e s t h e s a m e a s t h e R e a li ty w h ic h in t h e
j ,

i nt e llig ibl e w o rld a s s u m e s t h e fo m o f T h o u gh t r .

B u t I c a nno t c o nv inc e m y s e l f t h a t S p ino a g o t fu r t h e r t h a n t h i s z

p o i nt t o w a r ds a s o lu t i o n o f t h e qu e s tio ns no w b e fo re u s T h o g h . u

i ns i s t i ng o n th e ne c e s s a y c o nc a t e na t i o n o f a ll t h ing s e v e n t o th e
r ,

e x te nt o f de ny ing e v e y k ind o f f e e do m h e h i nde r e d t h e de v e l o p m e nt

r r ,

o f h is vi e w by int o du c ing b a
,
e n l o gi c a l c o nc e p t io ns o f r e l a t io n t h e
r rr ,

m e t a p h ys ic a l v a l u e o f w h ic h r e m a ine d o b s c u r e A l o g ic a l e xp e s s io n . r

m a y o ft e n b e fo u nd fo r t h e c o nt e nt o f a c o nc e p t io n by e nu m e t ing a ra

nu m b e r o f a t t ib u t e s c o o dina t e d in it
r A ll t h a t t h is r e a lly m e a ns is
- r .

t h a t e v e y s u c h de t e r m i na t io n
r is im p o s e d u p o n t h e S ingl e o bj e c t
a

in q u e s t io n by t h e g iv e n c o ndit io n p w it h t h e s a m e i m m e dia t e me c e s ,

s ity wi t h w h i c h in a no t h e r c a s e t h e de t e r m ina t i o n a s w o u l d fo ll o w u p o n
t h e o c c u e nc e o f 9 rr B u t we c a nno t t e ll in w h a t c o ns is t s t h e u nit y o f
.

a s u b s t a nc e w h i c h a p a t f o m a ll s u c h c o ndi t io ns e x h ibit s t wo o r igi na l

,
r r .

di s p a a t e s e t s O f a t t ib u t e s l e a vi ng it o p e n a s t o w h e t h e r t h e s e a r e
r r ,

e t e r na l fo r m s o f B e ing a nd a s s u c h h e lp t o c o ns t it u t e t h e

na t u r e o f t h e s u b s t a nc e o r w h e t h e r we a e t o u nde s t a nd by t h e m
,
r r

m e r e ly t wo m o de s in w h ic h t h e na t u r e o f t h is s u b s t a nc e is a pp r e h e nde d

by u s T h e fa c t t h a t in r e s p e c t t o t h e infi nit e s u b s ta nc e e ve ry influ

.

e nce o f e x t e na l c o ndit io ns m u s t b e de nie d m a k e s it a ll t h e m o r e

r ,

ne c e s s a y t h a t t h e inne r e l a t io ns w h ic h a e c o nt a ine d in it s e s s e nt ia l
r r r

u nit y is s ing a s t h e y d o in s u c h v e y d iffe e nt m o de s o f m a nife s t a t io n

, u r r ,

Sh o l d b e e xpl a ine d a nd h a m o nis e d T h e s t iking p e c u l ia ri ty o f t h e

u r . r

c i r c u m s t nc e t h a t T h o u g h t a nd Ex t e ns io n S h o u l d b e t h e a t t ib u t e s
a r

t h u s c o ll ig a t e d is no t e xpl a ine d a w a y it is o nly h idde n fr o m vi e w by

, ,

t h e s u gg e s t io n t h a t b e s ide s t h e s e a t t ib u t e s t h e e a r e a n infi nit e r ,

r

nu m b e r o f o t h e s w h i c h t h o u g h ina cc e ss ibl e t o o u r k no wl e dg e a e
r ,
r

y e t c o o r d-
i na t e d t o g e t h e r in t h e na tu r e o f t h e a b s o l u t e a ft e r t h e s a m e

i nc o m p r e h e ns ibl e fa sh i o n .
3 00 The t ne o r e t ica l co ns t r u ct io n of M a t e r ia lity . [ B OO K 1 1 .

A g a i n, ve r y i ndivi du a l e x i s t e nc e in t h e m a t e r i a l w o l d m a y b e
e r

l o g ica lly s u b s u m e d u nde r t h e u nive rs a l a t t ribu t e w h i c h is c a ll e d by t h e

no t v e y a ppr o p i a t e na m e e x t e ns io n a s Sp e c i e s o r s u b s p e c ie s ; bu t
r r , ,

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r ,

w h a te ve r t o de t e r m ine wh y o u t o f t h e infinit u de o f p o s s ibl e m o difi c a

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h o d r d n —
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h e l d t h a t in t h e i nfi ni t e u ne xpl o e d t o t a l it y o f e xi s t e nce a ll t h e s e r

nu m b e l e s s p o s s ibil it ie s a s a m a t t e r o f fa c t
r e r e a li s e d t h e r e m u s t s t ill ar ,

be s o m e r e a s o n wh y t h e e ve nt s wi t h i n t h e l im it s o f o u r o wn e xp e r ie nc e
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a bl e t o d e v e l o p e m e r e ly t h e s y s t e m o f a ll p o s s ibl e c o ns e qu e nc e s

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r

u s ; in o r d e r t o a r iv e a t t h a t we ne e d e it h e r a pl u r a l it y o f u nde r iv e d
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,
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p j y o f t h e

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b u t a r e ly a nd a ll in s u c h infi nit e ly v a i o u s co m bi na t i o ns
r , r .

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r ,

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r

c a nno t inv al id a t e t h e p o s s ib il it y o f t h e ir s y nt h e t ic c o m b ina t io n in

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. r r

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a t q e o do e t c o nne x io i de a t u m W h a t e ve r r e fe r e nc e th i s p r o p o s itio n
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u r .

m a y be s u pp o s e d t o h a v e w h e t h e r t o t h e p a a ll e l is m o f t h e fo m s o f
,
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B e ing in t h e t o t a l it y o f t h e w o r l d o r t o t h e c o m bi na t io n o f p h y s ic a l ,

a nd p s y c h ic a l fu nc t io ns in t h e l ife o f e a c h i ndivi du a l a s l o ng a s ,

c o ns c io u s ne s s a nd e x t e ns i o n h a v e a dm itt e dly no c o m m o n t e m t h e r e r ,

c a n b e no c o m m o n t e r m b e t w e e n t h e o r de r a nd c o nne x io n o f t h e ir

r e s p e c t iv e m o difi c a t io ns T h e ir a ll e ge d ide nt i ty c a n o nly b e u nde r

.

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c o r e s p o nding c h a ng e o f 5 int o 6
r B u t t h e r e is no p r o o f t h a t t h e .

c o r e s p o nde nc e w h ic h is e x h ibi t e d a s a m a t t e r o f fa c t b e t w e e n a
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C H APT E R V ] .

3 0 I

a nd o [3 r e s ts o i y o f na tu re ; o r in o th e r w o r ds t h a t t h e
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t r a ns it io n b e t w e e n t wo m o difi c a t io ns O f t h e o ne a t t ib u t e is o e xp r e s s e s r r

o r r e pe a t s t h e s a m e t h i ng in a d iffe r e nt fo rm a s t h e c o r e s p o ndi ng r

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, .

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p o int ; bu t in t h t c a s e we m u s t a dm i t t h a t we h a v e a r ive d a t a
, a , r

r e s u l t w h ic h is w o r t h a l m o s t no t h ing a nd we S h a ll no t fe e l b o u nd t o ,

m a k e a ny p r o fe s s io n o f e nt h u s ia s m o n a c c o u nt o f s u c h a tr ifli ng

a ddit io n t o o u r k no wl e d g e .

17 7 . I S h ll t o c h o nly b ie fly o n t h e k indr e d s p e c u l a t i o ns wh i c h

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o u r o wn id e a l is t p h il o s o p h y h a s d e v l o p e d m o r e r e c e nt ly e S c h e ll ing .

c o nt e nt e d h i m s lf a t fi r s t a s S p ino a h a d do ne wi t h t h e r e c o g nit io n
e ,
z ,

o f t h a t La w o f P o l a i t y w h ic h a s a fa c t co ns t r a ins t h e a b s o l u t e t o
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d e v e l o p e i t s e l f u nde r t h e t w o fo l d fo rm o f I de a lit y a nd R e a l it y He .

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, ,

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diffe e nc e s o f t h ing s a s a i s i ng f o m t h e p e po nde r a nc e o f o ne o o t h e r

r r r r r

o f th e m B u t it s o o n b e c a m e e v ide nt (a s w o u l d h a v e a p p e a r e d e v e n
.

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r

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o f d iffe r e nt ia t io n i nv o lv e d in t h e o ig ina l na t u e o f t h e A bs o l u t e r At a r .

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d e v e l o p m e nt wi th in w h i c h t h e m a t e ia l w o ld a pp e a r s a s a n a nt i c ip a r r

t io n o f t h e h igh e life o f t h e S p i i t Of t hi s de ve l o p m e nt H e ge l
r r .

b e l ie ve d h i m s e l f t o h a v e dis c o ve e d t h e la w r .

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r e p r e s e nt a t i o n O f t h e g o v e r ni ng p u r p o s e o f H e g e l s a c c o u nt w h ic h
’

s h o u l d b e a t o nc e fa it h fu l t o t h e o r igi na l a nd a t t h e s a m e tim e ,

a da p t e d t o o u r p r e s e nt h a b it s o f t h o u g h t I S h a ll c o nfine m y s e l f .
,

t he re fo r e t o a t t e m p t ing t o S h o w t h a t h e h a s c o nfu se d t wo c la s s e s o f
,

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t h a t t h e p u r p o s e o f t h e w o l d is t h e r e a l is a tio n o f s o m e o ne a ll
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m e nt o f t h e fo r m s o f e xi s t e nc e a nd a c t ivi ty in a fix e d s y s te m is r e
 3 0 2 Tne tne o r e t ica l co ns t r u ct o n o i f M a t e r ia lit
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qu ir e d a s a m e a ns li s a ti o n o ne m a y p r o ce e d t o a s k w h a t is
t o t h is re a , ,

t h e pl a c e o f m a t t e r in s u c h a s y s t e m ? w h a t ne c e s s a r y a nd p e c u li a r

f nc t io n is s e r v e d by it ? I t w o u l d t h e n b e n
u a tu a l to s p e a k fi rs t o f r

m a t te in it s m o s t u niv e s a l fo m
r m a t e ria l ity a s s u c h ; a nd we
r r ,
e .

m ig h t h O p e t o fi nd t h a t t h e s a m e inne r p o c e s s o f d e v e l o p m e nt r ,

fo ll o wi ng w h i c h t h e o r ig ina l ide a o f m a t t e r b re a k s i t s e l f u p int o

c e r t a i n d e fi ni t e p o s tu l a t e s o f e x is t e nc e ne c e s s it a t e d by t h e c o r e , r

s p o nde nc e o f t h e i de a w it h t h e w h o l e Sp h e r e o f e a li t y w o u l d be r ,

fo ll o w e d in l ik e m a nne r by t h e c o nc r e t e fo r m s w h ic h diffe r e nt Obj e c t s

a s s u m e in fill ing in t h e c o m m o n o u t l ine a nd t h a t t h e s e w o u l d b e ,

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t his p o j e c t is r e a l is a bl e s t ill l e s s t h a t it h a s b e e n r e a l is e d
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,

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p o bl m s I a llu de d t o t h a t o f S h o wi ng h o w t h e p o s t u l a t e s dic t a t e d by
r e ,

t h e I de a a r e s a t is fi d b o t h in e xi s t e nc e a s a w h o l e a nd in t h e c o m pl e x
e ,

c o u s e o f a c t u a l e v e nt s in p a t ic u l a r
r A S r e g a d s t h e fo m e r p o int it
r . r r ,

m a y be s u ffic ie nt t o b e a r in m ind t h a t t h e s e l f d e v e l o p ing ide a is no -

m e r e s y s t e m o f c o nc e iv a bl e p o s s ibil it ie s o f t h o u gh t b u t it s e l f l ivi ng ,

r e a l it y T h e s a m e r e fle x io n c a nno t h o w e v e a s o ft e n it is w o ngly
.
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m a d e t o do s e v e t h e pl a c e o f a s y s t e m o f m e c h a nic s d e t e m ining in
,
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r e fe r e nc e t o e a c h c o nc r e t e e xi s t e nc e in S p a c e a nd T im e wh y p e c is e ly r

h e re a nd no w t h is r a th e r th a n s o m e o th e r m a nife s t a t io n O f t h e id e a
sh o u l d ne c e s s a ily b e r l is e d re a .

1 7 8 M o e in a c c o r da nce wi th t h e s c i e nt ifi c vi e w s a t p r e s e nt h e l d
. r

is t h e t e a c h ing o f K a nt I c a n r e m e m b e h o w a fe w de c a de s a g o t h e
. r

s t u de n t u s e d t o h e a it s a id t h a t o f a ll K a nt s e p o c h m a k ing w o r k s
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t h e d e e p e s t w e r e t h o s e w h ic h t e a t e d o f t h e M e t a p h y s ica l b a s is o f
r

N a tu a l S c ie nc e W h il e a dm itt ing t h e w o th o f wh a t K a nt h a s w it t e n
r . r r

o n t h is s u bj e c t I c a nno t v a l u e it qu it e s o h ig h ly
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, r

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t h o s e o f t h e C it iq u e o f t h e R e a s o n
r T h e ide a l na t u r e o f Sp a c e w h ic h
.

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s t r u c t io n o f m a t t e r is a t t e m p t e d e x c l s iv e ly f o m t h e o dina r y p o i nt o f
u r r

vi e w a c co ding t o w h ic h t h e e is a r e a l e x t e ns io n a nd t h e e m u s t be
,
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a ct ivi t i e s a da p t e d t o fill it I l a m e nt no l e s s w h a t h a s p r e v io u s ly b e e n
.

o b s e r v e d by H e g e l v i t h a t t h e e s h o u l d e m a in s u c h u nc e t a i nt y a s
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t o t h e s u bj e c t t o w h ic h t h e a c t iv it ie s t h u s m a nife s t i ng t h e m s e lv e s in
S p a c e a nd s o c o ns t it u t ing m a t te r a r e t o be a t t r ib u t e d T h a t t h is
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s u bj e c t is w h a t m o v e s in S p a c e a nd t h a t it is t h e r e a li ty w h i c h u nde r
,

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wh i ch a r e no ive d fro m w h a t t h e p ro p e r t i e s o f m a tt e r S h o w t h e m
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s e lv e s t o be by t h e ir s u b s e qu e nt e ffe c t s W h o o r w h a t t h is is t h a t is .

t h u s m o v a bl e o r e a l e m ins u ne xpl a i ne d r r T a k ing i nt o c o ns i de r a

a .

t io n t h e fa c t t h a t K a nt u s e d t o Sp e a k o f t h ing s in t h e m s e lv e s in t h e

pl u a l it s e e m s p r o b a bl e t h a t h is t h o u gh t s o n th i s s u bj e c t did no t p a s s
r ,

b e yo nd t h e c o nc e p tio n o f a n inde fi ni t e m u l tipli c i ty o f r e a l e l e m e nt s ,

a n o bv io u s h yp o t h e s is w h i c h wa s l ik e ly t o r e c o m m e nd it s e l f t o h im
,

fo r t h e p r p o s e s o f P h y s ic a l S c ie nc e
u T h i s vi e w is c o nfi m e d by h is . r

m o de o f d e iv ing t h e diffe r e nc e s o f i ndivi du a l e xi s t e nc e s f o m c o m

r r

b ina t io ns o f t h e t wo p im a y fo r c e s in v a yi ng de g e e s o f int e ns i t y
1
r r r r ,

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t h e s e diffe e nc e s o f c o m b ina t i o n w o u l d h a v e no t h ing t o s t a nd u p o n if

r

t h e y a e no t b a s e d o n s p e c ifi c diffe e nc e s o f na t u e in t h e r e a l e l e m e nt s
r r r

w h ic h t h e y c o m bi ne A l th o u gh th e re fo e it is no t e xpl ic itly l a id do w n
.
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t h a t t h e R e a l e l e m e nt s a e o ig ina lly d is t inc t s t ill t h is int e p e t a t io n is

r r , r r

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r , e

w h ich a r e de ve l o p e d w it h in t h is fo m in c o nse qu e nce o f t h e c h a ra c t e r r

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,

t h is t o b e a dm it t e d we S h o u l d s t il l b e a t a l o s s t o e xpl a in h o w t h i s
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,

t h ing s e t tle d b u t o nly in t h e ne g a t iv e

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i t s e l f e x te nde d no r c a n t h e r e la t io ns in w h i ch it is e xp r e s s e d be o th e r
,

t h a n p u r e ly i nt e ll ig ibl e o n s T h e p o bl e m w o u l d t h e n h a v e b e e n t o
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Sh o w h o w t h e e l e m e nt s o f R e a l e x is te nc e a r e a bl e t o p e s e nt t h e m r

s e lv e s t o o u r c o n s c io u s ne s s — i n w h i c h l n
a o e s a cep is
2
c o nt a ine d— in
s u c h a wa y t h a t t h e y no t m e e ly t a k e u p de fi nit e p o s it io ns b u t a l s o r ,

h a v e t h e a pp e a r a nc e o f b ing e x t e nd e d in S p a c e K a nt ne v e r r e a lly
e .

h a ndl e d t h is q u e s t io n T h e fo c e s o f a t t a c t i o n a nd re p u l s io n w h ich h e
. r r

m e nt io ns c a n o nly be u nd e r s t o o d o n t h e s u pp o s it i o n o f c e t a in d e fi nit e r

p o int s f o m w h ic h t h e y a e p u t in o p e r a t io n by t h e u l ti m a te e l e m e nt s
r r .

M o e o ve r if S p a c e w h ic h is c o nt inu o u s is t o be c o nt inu o u s ly fi ll e d w it h
r ,

m a tt e d iffe ing i nde e d in de g r e e s o f de ns it y bu t s t ill s u c h t h a t no

r, r ,

s m a ll e s t p a r t ic l e o f it c a n b e a b s o l u t e ly d r iv e n o u t o f S p a c e e v e n by t h e

g re a t e s t p r e s s e a nd if m a t t e is t o a n u nl im i te d e x te nt divi s ibl e int o

ur , r

p a t s w h ic h s t ill e m in m a tt e t h e e s e e m s t o be no t h ing l e ft fo r o u r
r r a r, r

im a gi na ti o n bu t t o c o nc e ive o f e x te ns io n in S p a c e a nd im p e ne t a b ili ty r

a s o igi na l a nd fix e d c h a r a c te is t ic s o f t h e
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thu s b e c o m e s th e b a s i s o f fu r th e r e nqu i ry B u t in t h a t c a s e w h a t we .
,

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r .

c o m m o n ch a c t e i s t ic in r e a l e l e m e nt s o t h e r w is e
ra r div e s e in o de r r , r

t h a t it m ig h t s e r v e a s a b a s is fo r i nv e s t ig a t io n int o t h e r e l a t io ns

s u b s i s t i ng b e t w e e n diff e r e nt m a t e ia l e x is t e nc e s T hi s e s u lt wo u l d r . r

no t b e v e r y u nl ik e t h a t w h ic h is s o o n e a c h e d by t h e o r dina r y r

r e fle x io n u p o n N a t u e D iffe e nt k inds o f u nk no w n e l e m e nt s a r e
r . r

a s s u m e d w h ic h o w ing t o c a u s e s a l s o u nk no w n we c o m e u p o n e a c h
, ,

o f t h e m in nu m e o u s Sp e c im e ns a t diffe e nt p o i nt s in S p a c e
r At , r .

t h e s e diffe r e nt p o int s e a c h fill s a c e r t a in v o l u m e w it h it s p e s e nc e ; r

t h e ir p e s e nc e is m a ni fe s t e d by t h e c h a ng e s o f p o s it i o n w h i c h t h e y
r

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r t h e ir o c c u p a nc y o r t o

l e s s e n it s e xt e nt I n o th e r w o ds we t h i nk t h a t t h e r e a e m a ny
. r , r

diffe r e nt k inds o f m a t t e w h i c h a r e dis t ing u is h e d fo r u s by t h e diffe e nt

r r

c o e flic ie nt s w h i c h we a e c o m p e ll e d t o a s s ig n in e a c h o f t h e m t o
r

t h e a c t io n o f c e r t a i n fo r c e s o r i nh e r e nt t e nde nc ie s c o m m o n t o

th e m a ll .

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Th e a r r r

e xpl a in t h e fu nda m e nt a l q u a l it ie s o f m a t t e h a s a lw a y s b e e n r e g a r de d r

a s t h e m o s t v a l u a bl e a d va nc e o f K a nt s P h il o s o p h y o f N a t u r e t h o u g h
’
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t o s o m e it h a s s e e m e d t o g o fu r t h e r t h a n e xp e r ie nce w o u l d w a r a nt r .

K a nt h i m s e l f do e s no t a pp e a r t o m e t o h a v e a ll o w e d t h e m o t iv e
c l e a ly e no g h t o e m e r g e w h i c h le d h im t o t h i s V ie w t h o u g h t h e r e c a n
r u ,

b e no d o u b t a s t o w h a t it wa s a nd we m a y t r a c e it t h u s , H e m e ntio ns .
1

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e xis t e nc e A c c o di ng t o L a m b e r t it fo ll o w s f o m t h e v e r y c o nc e p
. r ,
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t io n o f R e a l it y o r in o t h e r w o r ds it is a c o ns e q u e nc e o f t h e L a w o f
, , ,

Co nt r a di c t io n t h a t t h e m e e fa c t o f t h e p r e s e nc e o f a t h ing in S p a c e
,
r

m a k e s it im p o s s ibl e t h a t a ny o th e r t h ing S h o u l d o c c u py t h e s a m e

p o s iti o n a t t h e s a m e t i m e A g a inst th i s it wa s c o nt e nde d by K a nt

.

t h a t t h e L a w o f C o nt r a di c t i o n c o u l d no t by it s e l f k e e p b a c k a ny p a t r

o f m a tt e r fr o m a pp o a c h ing a nd m a k ing it s wa y i nt o a
r p o s it io n
a l r e a dy o c c u p ie d by so m e o t h e r p a r t T his o bj e c t io n is no t q u it e .

fa i r . W e S h o u l d no t e xp e c t t h e p h y s i c a l im p o s s ib il it y r e fe r e d t o r

t o b e p r o du c e d éy t h e P i nc ipl e o f C o nt a di c t i o n b u t o nly in a r r ,
o

c o r da nce wit/ z t h a t p r i nc ipl e a nd b y t h e f a c t o f s o l id i t y w h ic h fo r

p r a c t i c a l p u r p o s e s we a s s u m e a s a n a t t r ib u t e o f R e a l Exi s t e nc e
,
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o f his D y na m ic t h a t t o m a k e w y i nt o a p o s i t io n is a m o t i o n ; a nd t h a t
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a m o t i o n p r o c e e d ing fr o m a n Opp o s i t e q a t e r o r r a t h e r a s o m e t h ing u r ,

w h i c h c a n p o du c e s u c h a m o t io n a m o t ive fo r c e Fo r th e vi e w o f
r , .

a t o m i s m a c c o r d ing t o w h ic h t h e s m a ll e s t p a r t i c l e s o f m a t t e r a r e p o s

s e s s e d o f s o l id ity t h o u g h it w o u l d a dm i t t h a t m o t i o n m a k e s it s wa y
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u p t o t h e s u fa c e o f a b o dy w o u l d no t a d m it t h a t it m k e s it s wa y
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int o t h e b o dy ; yc t a c c o r ding t o t h i s vi e w t h e e ffe c t s o f t h e i m p a c t

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c o m m ni c a t e d w o u l d no t v a ni s h wi t h o u t p r o du c i ng a n e ffe c t a t t h e
u

s u fa ce o f t h e s o l id m a t t e
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to a no t h e r o r to s e ve a l a t o m s
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a nd s o b e c o m e i m p e c e p t ibl e r , r .

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e nte r e d o n by K a nt w o u l d h a ve b e e n r e qu ir e d in o r de r t o e x h ib it

th e m .

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, .

a dm it s t h a t in c o ns t u c t i ng a c o nc e p t i o n it is a ll o w a bl e t o a s s m e a ny
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da t u m t o s t a t wi th e g s o l idity w it h o u t a tt e m p t ing t o e xpl a i n w h a t

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t h e da tu m it s e l f is T h is h o w e ve r h e s a y s giv e s u s no ig h t t o a ffi r m
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t h a t t h e h yp o t h e s i s is a l t o g e t h e i nc a p a bl e o f b e ing e xpl ine d by r a

m a th e m a t ic s I t s e e m s t o h im t h a t s u c h a vi e w w o u l d o nly h inde r u s
.

in t h e a t t e m p t t o p e ne t r a t e t o t h e fi r s t p r inc ipl e s o f s c i e nc e Bu t .

s u pp o s i ng we w e e w ill ing t o g o s o fa r w it h K a nt r s to a s su m e th e a

fo r c e o f e xp a ns i o n t o w h ic h h e g iv e s p r e c e de nc e w o u l d t h is be m o e
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t h a n a d a t u m w h ic h c o u l d b e u s e d c e ta i nly t o e xpl a i n s u b s e q u e nt
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m a nife s t a t io ns b u t wa s i t s e l f t a k e n fo
,
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o f b e ing d e du c e d f o m t h e na t u e o f e a l e x is t e nc e a s s u c h ?
r Th e r r

p o int a t w h ich a m a n w ill de cl e h im s e l f s a t is fi e d in t h is m a t t e e a lly ar r r

de p e nds in e a c h c a s e o n h is indiv id l t s t e T h e r e c o u ld b e no r e a l ua a .

ne c e s s i t y t o fo ll o w K a nt in a s s m ing s o m e t h ing m o r e t h a n s o l id it y a s u

a fa c t p e a nd Si m pl e u nl e s s it c o u l d b e S h o w n t h a t s o l idity it s l f
ur , e

is e i t h e r i m p o s s ibl e o r ina de q a t e No w t h e q u e s t io n w h e t h e r it is u .

i m p o s s ibl e m u s t fo th e p e s nt b e l ft o u t o f a c c o u nt ; i na de qu a t e
r r e e ,

h o w e v e r it c e t a i nly is
, T h e f c t t h t no v is ibl e b o dy is o f u nv a r y
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ing e x t e ns io n bu t a ll a e s u s c e p t ibl e o f c o m p re s s io n o r e xp a ns i o n
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w o u l d it is t r u e a p a r t fr o m K nt s s s m p t io n o f a c o nt inu o u s
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p le n m u in Sp a c e f o m no i m m e d ia t e d is,
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qu e s t i o n t h o u g h t h i s o bvi o u s ly i m pl ie s th e a ll g a t i o n o f u nva y ~
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3 0 6 Tae t ne o r e t ica l co ns t r u ct io n o f M a t e r ia lit
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.
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it s s o l id e l e m e nt s w o u l d h a v e a d iffe r e nt e xp la na t io n fo t h e v a ryi ng
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w h i c h de t e m i ne d t h e m t o c h a ng e h a v e c e a s e d t o Op e r a t e p o ve
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b e y o nd qu e s t io n t h a t th e r e m u s t lie in t h e ve ry na t u r e o f e a l e x is t r

e nc e c o nditio ns c a p a bl e o f p r o d u c ing s t a t e s o f B e i ng w h ic h a s ye t

a r e no t . T h e fo r m a nd e x t e ns i o n c o ns e qu e nt ly w h ic h a n o bj e c t o f , ,

s e ns ibl e p e c e p t i o n a s s u m e s
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,
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fi x e d p o p e r ty bu t a r e r a t h e r a v a yi ng s t a t e o f it s e xi s t e nc e d e t e r m ine d
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by i nne r c o ndi ti o ns i nh e r e nt in it s B e ing S o m e ti m e s t h e o bj e c t is .

,

e r m itt e d t o a pp e a r in it s t r u e fo r m s o m e t i m e s it is h inde r e d f o m r
p ,

do i ng s o ; in t h e l a t t e r c a s e h o w e v e r i e w h e r e t h e i nne r s t a t e s o f
, , . .

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r ,

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infl u e nc e s T h e s e i nne r de t e r m i na t io ns m a y be s p o k e n o f a s f o s
. r ce ,

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r I t w ill t h e n b e s e e n no t
r e e .

t o b e e no u g h t o a s c r ib e s o l idi t y a s a p o p e r t y t h o u gh it w e r e o nly t o
,
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t h e s m a ll e s t p a r t i c l e s o f m a t t e T h e a t o m s t h e m s e lv e s m u s t h a v e
r .

c e r t a i n m o vi ng fo c e s a tt a c h i ng t o t h e m
r in o de r t o m a k e t h e e v e r ,
r

c h a ngi ng v o l u m e e v e n o f c o m p o s i t e b o die s i nt e ll ig ibl e .

T h u s we m a y s a y p r o vi s i o na lly th a t Ka nt e g de d a s fu nda m e nt a l r ar

in t h i s p r o bl e m o f S c i e nc e t h a t p r i nc ip le w h ich we c a n no t dis

e n s e w it h e v e n t h o u gh we p r e fe r t h e o th e r p r inc ipl e ; b u t w h ic h m a y
p
v e r y w e ll h e lp t o e xpl a in t h a t o t h e r p r i nc ipl e T h i s s o li d m a t t e r wa s .

no t a fa c t Op e n t o o b s e r v a t io n ; it wa s no t s o e v e n a s a pp lie d t o t h e
s m a ll e s t p a r t i c le s ; it wa s a n h yp o t h e s is H e nc e it c o u l d be d e nie d .
, ,

a nd e v e y o c cu p a t io n o f s p a c e no t m e r e ly by l a g e v is ib le b o die s b u t
r r ,

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,

s t a t e p r o du c e d by t h e fo c e o f e xp a ns i o n a c c o ding a s it s a c t io n wa s
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r ,
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fr e e o r i m p e de d S t a t e d in a fe w w o r ds t h e c a s e s t a nds t h u s I f
. .

e v e r y m a t e i a l e xi s t e nc e
r r e m a ini ng a lw a y s i ndiv is ibl e
, o c c u p ie d t h e ,

s a m e s p a c e a t o ne t i m e a s a t a no t h e r s o l idi t y m ig h t b e p e di c a t e d o f , r

it a s a n o r ig ina l q u a l ity w h i c h it m u s t no t b e a t t e m p t e d f t h e r t o e x ur

pl a i n B u t no w ina s m u ch a s e x t e ns i o n t h o u gh a n r t r
.
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is no t a /za a t r nz a i oili o f m a t t e r t h e e x t e ns io n w h i c h a t h ing

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c r c e z ' r a s ,

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a t t h a t m o m e nt m a y v a r y a t o t h e m o m e nt s ; o ne o f t h e s e c o ndi t io ns
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o ne t o t h o s e w h ic h c o m e f o m wi t h o u t
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w h ic h I h a ve r e fe r e d b e t w e e n a fix e d qu a lity a nd a fo c e W e h a v e
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a r e r e a lly o nly m o de s w h i c h t h e y a s s u m e o r m a nife s t a t io ns w h i c h ,

b e c o m e k no w n t o u s a s t h e r e su l t o f t h e i r i nt e ra c ti o n T h i ng s do .

no t h a v e c o l o u r e x c e p t a s s e e n by u s a nd a t t h e m o m e nt w h e n in ,

c o m bi na t io n wi t h w a v e s o f l ig h t t h e y s t i m u l a t e t h e e ye T h e y a re .

no t h a r d e x c e p t in r e l a t i o n t o t h e h a nd wh ic h a t t e m p t s t o m o v e o
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we m e a n B y a qu a li ty is m e a nt th a t w h ic h a t h ing is fo r i t s e l f a nd
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i nde p e nde nt ly o f a ny o f it s r e l a t io ns t o o t h e r t h i ng s H e nc e in o r de r .
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w it h by t h e m A fo r c e o n t h e o th e r h a nd is no t l ik e a qu a li t y
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,
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t h o u g h we do Sp e a k o f it s h a vi ng a fo r c e o f s e l f c o ns e v a t io n in - r ,

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t h a t t h e c h a r a c t e r o f a t h i ng is ne it h e u nc h a ngi ng no r ye t o n t h e r ,

o t h e r h a nd de t e rm i na bl e t o a n u nl im i te d e x t e nt fr o m w it h o u t R a th e r .
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it i m pli e s t h a t w h e n t h e t wo t h ing s m e e t t h e y b o t h u nde r g o a r e a l ,

c h a ng e t h e c h a ng e o f t h e o ne d e pe nding o n t h e na t u re o f t h e o t h e r
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bu t e a c h a t t h e s a m e t im e by it s o wn na t u r e fo bi d di ng a c h a ng e r

w ith o u t l im i t s o o ne wh i ch w o u l d a m o u nt t o a s u r r e nd r o f it s e s s e n
r e

t ia l B e i ng I f q u a l it i e s a t t a c h t o t h i ng s in t h e ir i s o l a t io n fo c e s c a n
.
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o nly b e l o ng t o t h e m in c o ns id e r a t io n o f t h e i r r e l a t io n t o e a c h o t h e ; r

t h e y a r e in fa c t c o ndit io ns w h ic h e na ble o ne t h i ng t o a ff e c t a no t h e r
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a nd t o p la c e i t s e lf t o it in d i f fe r e nt r e l a t i o ns I t is in t h is s e ns e t h a t .

K a nt Sp e a k s o f t he fo r c e s wh ich fill Sp a c e ; t h e y b e l o ng t o t h e s e p a r a t e
p a r t s o f m a t t e r a nd a re b o u g h t i nt o a c t iv ity by t h e s e p a r t s in t h e ir
,
r

m u t u a l e l a t io ns ; t h e ir a pp r o p ia t e e ffe c t s t h e y e i t h e r s u c c e e d in p o
r r r

du c ing o r e l s e S h o w t o b e p e s e nt by t h e r e s is t a nc e w h ic h t h e y o ffe
, r r

t o o t h e r fo r c e s t e nd ing t o h inde r t h e m H e e h o w e v e r it m y b e . r , ,
a

o bj e c t e d t h a t K a nt d id no t c o nfi ne h im s e l f t o t h e e xp o s it io n o f
t h is p r o c e s s bu t t h a t t a k ing t h is fo r g ra nt e d a s a u niv e r s a l ly p r e
,

s u pp o s e d fa c t h e i m p o t e d int o t h e d is c s s io n c o ns ide ra t io ns o f q u i t e
, r u

a d iffe r e nt o d e a t t a c h ing t o t h e t e m F o c e w h ic h h e s e l e c t d ‘ ’
r r, r r ,
e .

I do no t b e l ie ve t h a t K a nt h im s e l f is l i bl e t o t h e c h a g e h e e m a de a r r

a g a ins t h im ; bu t th e p o p u l a r v ie w o f na t u r e w h ic h wa s s u gg e s t e d by

X 2
3 0 8 Tue t ne o r e t ica l co ns t r u ct o n i of M a t e r ia lity . [ Be e r 1 1.

h is do c t r ine s , h a s g ive n r i s e t o a nu m be f o f f l s e o pi nio ns a nd t h e s e a ,

t h e r e fo e we s h ll no w p o c e e d t o e x a m ine m o r e a t l e ng th
r a r .

1 8 1 I t is no do b t m o s t u s e f l t o be a bl e t o e xp e s s t h e im p r t
. u u r o

o f a n i nt ic a t e r e l a t io n b e t w e e n s e v e r a l c o nne c t e d p o int s by m a ns
r , e

o f a s ingl e w o d a t t h e s a m e t im e t h e e is da ng e r in do ing
r , r

t h is A ft e t h e w o d h a s b e e n c a ll e d int o e xi s t e nc e no t o nly
. r r we ,
a re

a bl e t o co m b ine it wi t h o t h e r w o d s b u t we a e le d t o s u pp o s e t h a t r ,
r

e v e r y s u c h g r a m m a t i c a l c o m b ina t io n h s s o m e th ing r e a l c o e s p o nd a rr

ing wi t h it in fa c t T h u s we Sp e a k fi s t o f a ll o f fo c e a nd t h e n o f
.
, r r ,

t h e fo r c e o f m a t t e r T h e u s e o f t h e g e nit iv e in t h is ins t a nc e im ply ing

.
,

a s it d o e s t h a t m a tt e is p o s s e s s e d o f fo c e o r t h a t fo c e is e x e c is e d
r r , ,
r r

by m a tt e r h a s s u gg e s t e d th e s e int e rm i na bl e q u e s t io ns c o nc e ning t h e
,
r

na t u e o f fo c e a s s u c h
r r nd it s e l a t i o n t o m a t t e r o f w hic h it is a
, a r

fu nc t i o n S u c h qu e s t i o ns c a nno t be e a s ily a ns w e r e d a t o nc e w h e n
.
,

s t a t e d in t h is fo r m T o u nde r s ta nd h o w e v e . the pp li t i n o f ,
r, a ca o s

w h ic h t h i s c o nc e p t io n o f fo c e a dm it s we h a ve o nly t o o b s ve t h e r , er

o di na r y u s g e o f P h y s i c a l S c ie nc e
r a P h y s ic s m k e s no m nt io n o f . a e

F o r c e in i t s e l f b t o nly o f it s e ffe c ts i e o f t h e c h nge s t o w h ic h it

,
u ,
. . a

g ive s is e o w h ic h it h inde s I t is m o o v e r a g ins t th e L a w o f

r ,
r r . re a

P e is t e nc e t h t n e l e m e nt Sh o l d o f it s e l f m o dify it s o wn s t t e s t h e
rs a a u a

i m p u l s e t o c h ng e m u s t c o m e f o m s o m o th e r e l e m e nt T h u s a n
a r e .
,

e l e m e nt a is no t p o s s e s s e d o f a fo c e p u nt il a s e c o nd e l e m e nt 6 is r

p e s e nt e d t o it o n wh ic h it m a y t a k e e ffe c t Th e fo c e is re a lly p r o
r . r

du c e d in by t h e r e la t i o n t o 6 a nd it c h a ng e s t o g o r r if e i th e th e
a r

n t u e o f t h e s e c o nd e l e m e nt o
a r t h e r e l a t i o n o f a t o it is c h a ng e dr .

No w o b s e v t io n s h o w s t h a t t h e e is no th ing im p o s ibl e in t h e
,
r a r s

a t t m p t t o d e t e m ine t h e na t u e o f t h e e l e m e nt s t h e
e r e l t io ns in w h i h
r ,
r a c

t h y m y s t a nd t o e a c h o t h e r a nd t h e c h a ng e s w h ic h t h y
e a ,n e u

(le t
g o in c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h e s e r e l a t i o ns W e c a n u nde s ta nd h o w . r ,

w h n e l e m nt s c o nt ining s p e c ifi c a m o u nt s o f g e ne ic p o p e t ie s e nt e r
e e a r r r

int s p c ifi c fo m s o f s o m e g e ne a l e l a t io n t h e e a e g ne a l ff c t s
o e r r r ,
r r e r e e

w h ich fo ll o w a nd v a r y p r o p o r tio na lly a c c o ding to de fi nit e l w s Th e r a .

p o p o s it i o n a is p o s s e s s e d o f t h e fo c e p w h e n a ll t h a t it im pli e s is
r ,
r ,

f lly s t a t e d in t h e fi r s t i ns t a nc e m e e ly c o nv e y s t h e a s s
u , n e tha t r u ra c

w h e ne v e r is b r o u gh t i nt o a s p e c ifi c r e l a t i o n n wit h a giv n e l e m e nt
a 7 e

6 c h a ng e s o f s t a t e will b e e xp e r i e nc e d b o t h by
, a nd by 6 w h i h w ill a c

g o t o g e t h e r t o fo r m t h e n e w o c c u e n c e o f fix e d c h a a t e r a nd rr , r c

a m o u nt , H a vi ng a rr iv e d a t th is e s l t we m a y t h e n g o o n t o r u

s p a k o f t h is fix e d d t e m ina t e fo c e in a no t h e
e e r w y a s if i e it w e r r a , ,
. . e r

p s nt in a in a n in ff c tive a nd inde t e m ina t fo m it s d fi nit ffe c t

re e e e r e r . e e e

b e ing s u pp o s e d t o de p nd o n s b s e qu e nt c o ndi tio ning i cu m s t a nc s

e u c r e ,
C H APT E R V ] . d o r m a nt F 07 56 .
3 09
e . g . t h e na t u r e o f th e e le m e nt s 6 o r cw h i c h c o m e i nto c o nt a c t wi t h a ,

t he p e c u l ia ity o f t h e e l a t io n m o r
r r n int o w h ic h is b o g h t t h p r ea r u , e

s e nc e o b s e nc e o f s o m e t h ir d c i r c u m s t a nc e T o a ll t h e s e c a u s e s
r a .

th ea ct l r e a li s a t io n o f t h e r e s u l t o r m igh t b e a s c ib d Eve n
ua 72
'

x r e .

t h is m o de o f s t a t e m e nt h o w e v e r e xp e s s e s no m o r e t h a n a s um r
, p re p ,

t io n s t o w h a t w ill ne c e s s a ily h a pp e n in a g iv e n s u pp o s e d c a s e
a r It .

fo ll o w s in a c c o r d a nc e wi t h t h e g e ne a l la w w h ic h c o nne c t s t h e c h a ng e s r

o f t h ing s w it h o ne a no t h e r t h a t t h e c i cu m s t a nc e s b e ing s u c h a s t h e y
, r

ar e no o t h e r r e s u l t c o u l d h a v e h a pp e ne d
,
E a c h o f t h e e l e m e nt s in .
,

v i t u o f it s o wn na t u e c o nt ibu t e s t o t h is r e s u l t a nd it is a n a ll o w
r e r ,
r ,

a bl e m o de o f s t a t e m e nt fi s t o f a ll t o r e p e s e nt t h e m a s c o nt a ining
r r

se v lly a nd individu a lly a ll t h e e q ir e d c o ndit io ns nd t h e n t o

e ra r u ,
a

r e c t ify t h e e o r o f s u c h a n a s s u m p t io n by a dd ing t h a t t h e fo c e
rr r

p o t nt ia lly i nh e e nt in e a c h e l e m e nt c a nno t b e c o m e a c t iv e u nt il
e r

t h e e l e m e nt e nt e s i nt o s o m e Sp e c i a lly d e t e m ine d r e l a t io n
r As r .

a m a t te o f fa c t
r it is t h is s p e c ia l e la t io n w h i c h g iv e s r is e t o t h e
,
r

fo c r I f we de s ir e a d e fi nit io n o f fo c e we m a y s a y t h a t it is
e . r ,

t h a t q u a nt it a t iv e ly a nd q u a l it a t iv e ly de t e m i ne d r e s u l t w h ic h m a y o r , r

m u s t e ns u e w h e ne v e r a ny o ne e l e m e nt e nt e r s int o a s p e c ifi c e l t i o n w it h
,
r a

a ny o t h e r I t is o nly fo r c o nv e nie nc e o f s p e e c h t h a t t h is fu t u r e e s u l t
. r ,

w h ic h u nde r g ive n c o nditio ns we a e j u s t ifi e d in e xp e c t ing is a nt e r ,

d a t e d a s a p o p e ty a l e a dy p e s e nt t h o u g h i no p e r a t iv e in t h e e l e m e nt
r r r r .

T h is b e ing u nde s to o d t h e e c a n be no h a m in t h u s Sp e a k ing o f a

r ,
r r

fo c e a s b i ng a s l e e p a nd a w a it ing t h e m o m e nt o f it s a w k e nm e nt
r e a ,

a c c o d ing a s t h e c o nd itio ns w h ic h t o g e t h e r wi t h t h e Sp c ifi c na t u r e
r , e

o f t h e e l e m e nt c o ns t it u t e a ll t h a t is ne c e s s a r y t o p r o du c e t h e r e s l t u ,

a e p e s e nt o
r r a b se nt W e s h a ll p e h a p s m a k e t h e m a t t e r c l e a re r if
r . r ,

we a d du c e o t h e i ns t a nc e s b e s ide s t h o s e o f p h y s ic a l fo r c e s w it h
r

w h ic h we a r e m o e i m m e dia t e ly c o nc e r ne d T h u s it is t h e s a m e
r .
,

c o nc e p t io n o f fo r c e w h ic h we h a v e in vi e w w h e n we s p e a k o f t h e ,

r n u —
p o w e s o f th e m ind t h e r e v e e y ie l ding p o w e r o f a c o u nt y o r th e
,
r ,

p c h a s ing p o w e r o f m o ne y I n t h is l a s t c a s e no o ne s e rio u s ly
u r .
,

b l ie v e s t h a t t h e c u e nt c o in c o nt a ins s o m e la t e nt p r o p e ty w h ic h
e rr r

g ive s it it s v a l u e T h e p o s s ib il it y o f o b t a ini ng a g iv e n q a nt it y O f
. u

g o o ds in e x ch a nge fo r s o m u c h m o ne y de p e nds o n h igh ly c o m

pl e x l a t io ns wh ic h m e n e nt e int o fo r p u p o s e s o f t r a ffi c ; a nd t h
re r r e

v a l e o f t h e m o ne y ch a nge s no t o w ing t o a ny c h a ng e in t h e s u b s t a nc
u e

o f t h e m e t a l b u t t o a c h ng e in s o m e o ne o f t h e c o ndit io ns by w h ic h
,
a

t h e v a l e o f t h e m o ne y is fo
u t h e t im e b e ing de t e r m ine d T h e e w o l d
r . r u

b e no p o w e r o f p u rc h s e in m o ne y if t h e e w e e no m a k e t in w h ic h
a r r r

t o e x c h a ng e it S i m il a ly we a e qu i t e j u s t ifi e d in s p e a ki ng o f t h e
. r r
3 0 1 Tne tne o r e t ica l co ns t r u c t io n o f M a t e r ia lic u
j [ B OO K 1 1 .

P o we r p r o p e r ty o f m in
dg m e nt d W h e n we m a k e a n a s s e r
j o f u as a .

t io n in r e g a r d t o a ny g iv e n m a t t e r b e fo e u s w h ic h is w h a t p o p e ly r , r r

c o ns t it u t e s a j u dg m e nt it is c e t a inly o u int e ll e c t u a l na t u e t h a t is
,
r r r

c a ll e d i nt o e x e c is e ; a t t h e s a m e t im e h o w e v e r it w o u l d b e no ns e ns e
r , ,

t o s p e a k o f a p o we o f j u dg m e nt w h i c h b e l o ng e d t o u s b e fo r e we
r ,

c a m e t o m a k e u s e o f it o r o ne w h ic h wa s c o ns t a nt ly b e i ng e x e c is e d
,
r

wi th o u t r e fe r e nc e t o a ny dis t inc t Obj e c t m a t t e r I t is im p o s s ibl e t o -

.

s a y m o r e t h a n t h a t we a r e c o ns t i tu t e d by na t u r e in s u c h a wa y t h a t

t h e m ind w h e n it is a c t e d u p o n by im p r e s s i o ns fr o m wi t h o u t no t o nly
, ,

r e c e iv e s t h e im p r e s s io ns s i ngly b u t r e a c t s u p o n t h e m in t h a t wa y o f ,

c o m p a i s o n o f t h e i di ffe r e nt c o nt e nt s w h ic h we c a ll j u dg m e nt
r r I t is .

o nly a t t h e m o m e nt w h e n it is e x e r c is e d t h a t t h e P o w e r o f J u dg m e nt

is l iv ing a nd p r e s e nt a nd t h i s a ppli e s no t o nly t o t h e r e a l it y o f t h e

,

a c t iv it y bu t a l s o t o it s na t u r e a nd c o nt e nt ; t h e s e l ik e wi s e b e i ng
,

d e p e nde nt o n t h e c o ndit io ns w h ic h b i ng t h e m int o e x is t e nc e fo t h e r r

t im e b e ing W e m a y s a y t h e s a m e a s e g a ds t h e c o nc e p t i o n o f fo r c e
. r r

w h i ch o b t a i ns in M e c h a ni c s T h u s wh e n we s p e a k o f c e nt rif g a l fo c e
. u r ,

we do no t m e a n t h a t t h is fo c e is p o s s e s s e d by B o di e s a s s u c h w h e n t h e y
r ,

a e a t re st
r W e a t o nc e s e e t h a t we a e s p e a k ing o f e ff e c t s w h ic h m a y
. r

o r m s t t a k e pl a c e w h e n b o die s a e r o t a t ing o r b e i ng s w u ng
u o u nd r r .

I f we dis t ing u is h f o m t h e se fo c e s c e t a i n o t h e s s u c h v i a s t h e
r r r r ,
z .

a t t r a c t io n w h ic h b o die s e x e fdis e u p o n e a c h o t h e r a nd c a l l t h e l a t t e r ,

p im a y fo c e s inh e e nt in th e b o die s a s s u ch a ll t h a t we m e a n is t h a t
r r r r ,

t h e c o ndit io ns u nde w h i c h s u c h fo r c e s a r is e a r e e x t e m e ly s im pl e a nd
r r

a lw a y s f lfill e d u I n o de r fo t wo e l e m e nt s t o b e dr a w n t o e a c h o th e r
. r r

by t h e fo r c e o f a t t a c t io n a ll t h a t is e qu i e d is t h a t t h e y S h o u l d e x is t
r , r r

a t t h e s a m e t im e in t h e s a m e w o l d o f s p a c e T h is o ne c o ndit io n r .
,

h o w e v e is indis p e ns bl e ; it w o u l d h a v e no m e a ni ng t o s a y t h t a n
r, a a

e l e m nt g a v it a t e d if t h e r e w e e no s e c o nd e l e m e nt t o de t e m ine t h e
e r , r r

d ir e c t io n o f it s m o t io n .

We sha ll p t t o de t e r m i ne w h a t a c t u a l r e l a t io n
no t, t h e r e fo r e , a t t e m

s u b s i s t s b e t w e e n fo c e s a nd t h e b o die s w h ic h a e t h e ir s u b s t r a t a b e
r r ,

l ie v ing a s we do t h a t t h e p r o bl e m it s e l f r e s u l t s f o m a m is u nders t a nd r

ing No s u c h r e l a t io n e xi s t s in t h e s e ns e t h a t a fo c e c a n in a ny
.
r

wa y b e s e p a a t e d f o m t h e b o dy w h ic h we c a ll it s s u b s t r a t u m
r r I ts .

na m e fo c e is o nly a s u b s t a nt iv e na m e e m p lo y e d t o e xp e s s a p o
r -
r r

p o s itio n t h e s e ns e o f w h ic h is t h a t c e t a in c o ns e qu e nc e s fo ll o w u p o n
, , r

c ert a in c o ndit io ns Wh a t it s ignifi e s is ne it he r a t h ing no r a ny e x is t

.
,

ing p r o p e t y o f a t h ing no r a g a in is it a m e a ns o f w h i h a th ing c o l d

r , c u

a v a il its e l f in o r de t o p o du c e a ny g ive n e s u l t I t m e e ly a ffi m s t h e
r r r . r r

c e t a inty t h a t a g iv e n e s u l t w ill h a pp e n in a g iv e n c a s e
r r s u pp o s i ng a ll ,
CH AP T E R v 1 . Fo r ce in P n
y s ica l Sc ie nce .
3 I I

t h e ne c e s s a r y i ti o ns t o be c o m pli e d wi th No c a n we o u r s e lve s
c o nd . r

a t t a c h a ny m e a ni n g t o t h o se h a s t ily c o nce ive d m a xi m s w h i c h a r e

-
,

p o p u l a ly h e l d t o e xp r e s s t h e t r u t h o n t h i s s u bj e c t s u c h e g a s th a t
r
, . .

t h e r e c a n b e no fo r c e wi th o u t m a t t e ; a nd no m a t t e r w it h o u t fo r c e
r , .

T h e s e e qu a lly s t a le p r o p o s i t i o ns m e r e ly a dd a s m a ll g r a in o f t ru t h t o
t h e o ld e rr o r in a m o r e p e r v e t e d fo r m I t is r a t h e r t r u e t h a t t h e r e is
r .

no fo r c e i nh e e nt in a ny m a t te r a nd no m a t t e r w h ic h by i t s e l f h a s o r
r ,

b r i ngs wi th it a ny ki nd o f fo r c e Eve ry fo r ce a t t a c h e s t o s o m e
.

s p e c ifi c r e l a t io n b e t w e e n a t l e a s t t wo e l e m e nt s O n t h e o th e r h a nd .

no o p ini o n is h e r e e xp r e s s e d w it h r e g a d t o t h e qu e s t i o n a s t o w h e t h e r
r

it is p o s s ibl e fo r t wo e l e m e nt s t h u s t o b e b r o u g h t in r e l a t i o n wi th o u t
s o m e fo r c e b e i ng e ng e nde r e d I t is da ng e r o u s t o a t t e m p t t o la y
.

d o w n p r o p o s i t io ns by t h e wa y w it h r e g a r d t o m a tt e r s o f fa c t m e r e ly ,

fo r t h e s a k e o f m a ki ng a v e r b a l a nt it h e s i s .

1 8 2 I f t h e s e c o ns i de a t io ns a r e r e g a r de d a s c o nc l u s iv e t h e t e r m
. r ,

fo r c e w ill b e u nde s to o d no t i nde e d in t h e s e ns e in w h ic h it is

r ,

s o m e t i m e s u s e d v iz a s a L a w a c c o r di ng t o w h ic h t h ing s t a k e pl a c e
,
.
,

b u t a s a n a s s e t i o n in r e g a r d t o e a c h S ingl e c a s e t o w h ic h t h e t e r m is
r

a ppli e d t h a t we h a v e in t h a t c a s e a n i ns t a nc e o f t h e o p e r a t io n o f

t h e La w T h u s u nde r s t o o d t h e t e r m will no t s u gg e s t a ny m e t a
.
,

p h y s ic a l e xpl a na ti o n a s t o wh y t h e p a ti c u l a r fa c t s m s t fa ll u nde r r u

t h e g e ne r al L a w .

I t is t h i s s e ns e w h i c h P h y s i c a l s c i e nc e is c o nte nt t o a do p t w h e n
m a k ing u s e o f t h e t e r m Fo t h e p r a c t i c a l a im o f s c ie nc e t h t o f
. r ,
a

c o nne c t i ng e v e nt s in s u c h a wa y a s will e na bl e u s o n t h e b a s is o f

p e s e nt fa c t s t o p e dic t t h e F u t u r e o r u nr i ddl e th e P a s t it is fo u nd
r r ,

a m ply s u ffi c ie nt t o k no w t h e g e ne r a l la w o f t h e s u c c e s s io n o f p h e no

m e na a nd by i ns e t ing t h e Sp e c ia l m o difi c a t io ns o f it s c o ndit i o ns

r

w h i c h o c c a s io n p re s c ib e s t o de t e m ine t h e na t u r e o f t h e r e su l t
r r .

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w h ic h r e s u l t s a e m a de to fo ll o w a nt e c e de nt s I t c a nno t be m a in
r .

t a ine d t h a t t h is wa s a ll t h a t K a nt int e nde d t o be u nde s t o o d by h is r

c o nc e p t io n o f fo r c e H e e ve yw h e r e s p e a k s a s if h e m e a nt t o e x
. r

pl a i n e x t e ns io n no t a s a s i m pl e c o ns e q u e nc e o f t h e e x is te nc e o f
m a t te r,b u t r a t h e r a s d u e t o t h e a c t io n o f a fo c e T his is a v e y r . r

diffe e nt c o nce p t io n o f fo c e f o m t h a t a c c o ding t o w h ic h it is

r r r r

r e g a r de d Si m ply a s t h e c o nne x io n o f p h e no m e na in a c c o da nc e w it h r

La w . Cl e a ly h e m e a ns by F o c e s o m t h ing w h ic h is a c t ive in t h e
r r e

s t ic t s e ns e o f t h e w o d s o m e t h ing w h ic h h e b e l i v e s will p o d u c e
r r , ,
e ,
r

r e a l c h a ng e s o f s t a t e ; w h e r e a s t h e c o u nt e t h o y c o nfi ning it s e l f
,
r- e r ,

wi th in na r o w e r li m i t s a s s e r t s o nly t h a t t h e y fo ll o w e a ch o th e r in
r ,
3 1 2 Tne tne o r e t ica l co ns t r u c t o n o i f M a t e r ia lity . [ B OO K n .

o r de r ly su c c e s s o n p o p u la r vi e w Of na tu r e wh i c h b a s e d i t s e l f
i . Th e
o n K a nt s d o c tr ine i m p o r t e d i nt o t h e ide a o f p h y s i c a l fo c e a ll t h o s e
’
r

a s s o c i a t io ns w h ic h a r e s gg e s t e d by r e fle io n o n o u r o wn c o ns c io u s
u x

a c t ivi t y I n o r d e fo
. t h is do c t i ne no t t o s e e m t o b e a t v a ia nc e
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wi t h t h e o b s e v e d fa c t s o f t h e o u t e r w o l d it h a d t o b e t o ne d do w n
r r , ,

a nd in s pi t e o f t h e m a nifo l d c o nt r a d ic t io ns w h ic h t h e id e a inv o lv e d
, ,

t h e a c t ivi t y wa s e g a de d a s W ill o r I m p u ls e u nc o ns c i o u s o f it s e l f
r r .

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a r-
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le a v e t o t a k e c a r e o f t h e m s e lv e s I t wi ll h o w e v e r b e u nde s t o o d.
, ,
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a s r e g a ds t h e r e l a t io n o f c a u s e a nd e ffe c t t h a t t h is v ie w w h ic h h a s
r ,

b e e n m a de t o b e a r s o h e a v ily o n K a nt is o ne in w h ich I f lly a g e e ,

u r

wi th h im —I a g e e w it h h im in t h e g e n a l r e co gnit i o n o f a n i nne r
r er

p r o c e s s a nd a c t ivi ty in vi tu e o f w h ic h t h ing s a e a b l e t o be t h a t
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w h ich a c c o r ding t o t h e f e qu e nt e xp e s s i o n o f P h y s i c is t s it a l o ne
,
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b e l o ng s t o t h e m o f r ig h t t o be v i int e c o nne c t e d p o int s s e r vi ng a s ,

z . r

t h e b a s i s o f e v e r v a r y ing c o m b ina t io ns c e nt r e s f o m w h ic h fo r c e s
-
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r o c e e d a nd t o w h ic h t h e y r e t n p o i nt s o f int e r s e c t io n a t w h ic h
ur
p ,

di ffe r e nt c o nv e r gi ng p r o c e s s e s m e e t a nd c r o s s e a c h o t h e r in fix e d
su cce s sio n I do no t e g re t t h a t K a nt s h o u l d h a v e r e fu s e d t o p u t
. r

t h is V i e w o n o ne Si de I r e gr e t r a t h e r th a t h e S h o u l d no t h a v e
.

b ro u gh t u s t o c l o s e r qu a rt e r s w ith it Th e g e ne a l p o s it io n fo r wh ic h . r

I h a v e a l r e a dy c o nt e nde d do e s no t r e qu ir e t o be fu r th e e l a b o a t e d r r

in r e fe r e nc e t o t h is s p e c ia l c a s e o f P h y s ic a l c a u sa t io n A n e l e m e nt a .

c a nno t p r o du c e t h e e ff c t p m e r e ly b e c a u s e t h e e is a g e ne a l la w L
e r r ,

w h i ch p e s c ib e s t h a t w h e n a s t a nds in t h e r e l a t io n m t o 6 t h e r e s u l t
r r ,

p S h a ll fo ll o w N o d o u b t t h is
. e s u l t do fo ll o w in t h e g iv e n c s e
r es a ,

i e we wh o a e t h e s p e c t a t o r s s e e a nd k no w t h a t it do e s s o B u t in
. . r .
,

o r de r fo r t h e c h a ng e it s e l f t o t a k e pl c e in o r de r fo r t o g iv e bi t h a ,
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t o a n a c t iv it y u nde t h e s e ne w c o ndit i o ns w h ic h it did no t p e v io u s ly

r r

p o du c e it m u s t u nde g o a n e xp e i e nc e t h r o u gh b e ing pl a c e d in th e
r ,
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r e l a tio n m w h ich o th e r w is e it w o u l d no t h a v e u nde r go ne a nd , ,

s i m il a ly r t h e e ffe c t p c o u l d ne v e r b e b r o u gh t h o m e t o 6 m e e ly
, ,
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b e c a u s e t h e r e l a t i o n 7n e x is t e d b e t w e e n 6 a nd a T h e e xi s t e nc e o f .

t h e r e l a t i o n 772 m u s t h a v e b e e n f lt by 6 b e fo r e it c o u l d h a v e b e e n e

a ct e d o n H e nc e t h e r e s u l t s w h ic h a is e in e a c h c a s e a re no t c o n
.
, r

s e qu e nc e s o f m e r e r l t i ns w h ic h s u b s is t b e t w e e n
e a o a nd 6 Th e se a .

r e l a t io ns a s we c a ll t h e m
, a e r e a lly i nne r s t a t e s o f B e ing
, r w h ic h ,

t h ing s e xp e i nc e a s t h e r e s u l t o f t h e i r m u t u a l a c t ivit y
r e I t is no t t o b e .

e xp e c t e d t h a t t h is t h e o y o f a n u nc e a s ing a c t ivi t y o f t h e i nne

r l ife o f r

t h i ng s w ill be o f m u c h r e a l a s s i s t a nc e in t h e e xp la na t i o n o f e a c h
CH APTE R v 1 A t t r a c t io n
’
. a na Rep u ls io n .
3 3 I

se pa r a te fa c t o f na t u r e . I t is a su pp o s i t i o n , h o we ve r , wh i ch it is
ne c e s s a r y fo r u s t o e nt e r ta in if we a r e t o c e a s e to r e g a r d t h e w o l d r

f o m a p o i nt o f vi e w w h ic h h o we ve r u s e fu l it m a y b e fo p a c t i c a l
r ,
r r

p u p o s e s is fu ll o f i nco nc e iv b il itie s t h e vi e w i t h a t th e e l e m e nt s
r a , ,
v z .

o f e x is t e nc e a e wi t h o u t i ndiv id a l ity a nd wi t h o u t li fe e nd o w d wi t h
r u ,
e

r e a l it y m e e ly b e c a u s e a ne t w o k o f r e l a t i o ns is e s t a bli s h e d b e t w e e n
r r

t h e m by t h e a g e nc y o f g e ne a l l a w s T h e u s e f l ne s s o f t h is l a t t e r
r . u

p o int o f v ie w if c o ns ide r e d m e e ly a s a h a l f s ta t e m e nt o f t h e
,
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t r u t h I h a ll no t d is p u t e w h il s t
, s t t h e s a m e t im e I S h ll p o i nt o u t
,
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r

n c e s s a y t o r e c u r t o w h a t a c t u a lly t a k e s p la c e in t h e na t u r e o f
e r

t h ing s .

1 8 3 O t o f t h e m u l t it u de o f Opi ni o ns w h ic h o ff r t h e m s e lv e s fo r
. u e

c o ns id e a t io n a t t h i s p o int I s h a ll m a k e m e nt io n fi s t o f K a nt s v ie w
’
r ,
r , ,

a c c o d ing t o w h ic h t h e r e a r e t wo fo c e s ne c e s s a y t o e v e y m a t e ia l
r r r r r

e x is t e nc e t h e fo c e o f a tt a c t io n by w h i c h th ing s a e m a d e t o c o h e r e
,
r r ,
r ,

a nd t h e fo c e o f e p u l s io n by w h ic h t h e y a r e e xp nde d ; t h e t wo
r r a

t o g e th e r fo m i ng a s t a nd ing e l e m e nt in t h e c o u nt l e s s a t t e m p t s a t
r

e xpl a na t i o n w h ic h h a v e b e e n m a d e s inc e K a nt s t im e I m u s t c o nfe s s ’

.

m y s e l f t h a t I do no t fe e l m u c h int e r e s t in t h e s e t wo fo r c e s Wh e n .

t h e p o int is r a is e d a s t o h o w it c a n b e t h a t a giv e n m a t t e r h a s

de fi nit e ly fix e d l im it s o f e x t e ns io n it is e a s y t o s e e t h a t t h e e m u s t b e ,
r

s o m e r e a s o n wh y it is w h a t it is — ne i th e r m o e no r le s s i e th e r e r -
. .

m u s t b e a n a t t r a c t io n o f t h e p a t s w h ic h if it w e e a ll o w e d t o w o k r ,
r r

a lo ne w o ld r e du c e t h e e x te ns io n t o nil a nd t h e e m u s t a l s o be
u ,
r

r e p l io n w h ic h s im il a ly if it w e e t h e o nly p inc ipl e a t w o k w o u l d

u s ,
r ,
r r r ,

m a k e t h e e x t e ns io n i nfi ni t e T h is is S im ply a l o g ic a l a na ly s is w h ic h
.

m ig h t b e a ppl ie d t o t h e c o nc e p t io n o f a ny e a l e x is t e nc e w h i c h h a s r

a d e fi nit e m a g nit u d e in s p a ce T h e e nq i y d o e s no t b e c o m e m e t a
. u r

p h y s ic a l u ntil it de l s w it h t wo fu th e r qu e s t io ns ; h o w t h a t is t h e s e
a r , ,

t w o m t u a lly Opp o s e d fo r c e s a e p o s s ibl e b o t h a t t a c h ing a s t h e y do

u r ,

t o t h e s a m e s bj c t ; a nd w h a t t h a t is w h ic h p o du c e s a nd m a in
u e r

t a ins t h e m in s u c h v a y ing p o p o r t io ns a s a e r e q i e d in o de r t or r r u r r

g ive i s e t o t h e m a nifo l d diffe r e nc e s o f m a t e i a l t h ing s in p o int o f

r r

e x t e ns i o n ?

Th e fi s t o f t h e s e t wo q u e s t i o ns h a s b e e n m a de a s u bj e c t o f in
r

v e s t ig a t io n by P h y s ic s I t wa s c o ns i de e d t h a t t o a s c ib e t o m a t t e r
. r r

t wo e q a lly o r ig ina l o pp o s e d fo c e s w o u l d inv o lv e a c o nt r a d ic t io n in

u r

te m s
r .T h e a t t e m p t wa s t h e r e fo r e m a de t o a s s ig n t h e t wo fo c e s t o r

d iffe r e nt s u bj e c t s T h e m t a l a t t a c t io n o f t h e p a t s p o c e e d e d fro m
. u u r r r

t h e p o nde r a bl e e l e m e nt s t h e r e p u l s io n wa s r e g a r d e d a s c o nfi ne d t o
,
3 41 Tn ce o r e t ica l
e t/ co ns t r u ct io nof M ate r ia lity . [ B OO K 1 1 .

p a r ti c l e s o f i m p o nde r a bl e e th e r ; a nd thi r dly a n i nt e r c h a ng e o f a c ,

t i it ie s b e t w e e n t h e t wo c l a s s e s o f e l e m e nt s wa s a dm i t t e d in o de t o
v , r r

e xpl a in t h o s e v a y ing s t a t e s o f e q u il ib iu m
r be t w e e n a t t r a c t io n a nd r

r e p u l s io n w h i c h t h e fa c t s r e qu ir e d W h e t h e r t h i s l a s t r e s u l t wa s .

s e c u r e d by t h e h yp o t h e s e s is fo r o ur p r e s e nt p u p o s e i ndi ffe e nt It r r .

m a y b e a dm it t e d t h a t t h e r e a s o ning is l o g ic a lly s o u nd t h o u gh t h e ,

c o nc l u s io n is o nly ne c e s s a r y if in c o m pl ia nc e wi t h t h e u s a g e o f
, ,

l a ngu a g e b o t h fo c e s a e c o nc e ive d a s o igi na l a nd e s s e nt ia l a t t r ibu t e s

,
r r r

o f t h e s bj e c t s t o w h ic h t h e y a t t a c h
u H o w t h e w h o l e m a t t e r m a y be .

r e g a de d f o m a d iffe e nt p o int o f vi e w fo r w h ic h t h e c o u r s e o f m
r r r
y ,

a r g u m e nt w ill a l e a dy h a v e p r e p a r e d t h e wa y I s h a ll no w p r o ce e d
r ,

g ra du a lly t o u nfo l d ig no ing p r o v is io na lly a g u m e nt s de iv e d fr o m t h e

,
r r r

a ll e g e d i de a l it y o f s p a c e Ev e n if we a do p t e d t h e o r dina y v ie w o f
. r

t h e na t u e o f s p a c e it w o u l d no t r e a lly b e c o m e a ny l e s s diffi c u l t t o
r ,

e xp la in wh y t h e m u t u a l r e l a t io n b e t w e e n t wo e l e m e nt s b e l o ngi ng t o
, ,

t h e s a m e w o l d S h o u l d be o ne o f a b s o l u t e r e p u ls io n w h e n t h is fa c t
r , ,

w o u l d s e e m r a t h e r t o S h o w t h a t t h e w o r l d t o w h ich t h e y b e l o ng e d
wa s no t t h e s a m e ; no w o u ld it b e l e s s w o nde f l t h a t t wo o t h e r
r r u

e l e m e nt s b o t h o f t h e m
, s i m il a ly s u pp o s e d t o b e l o ng t o o ne a nd t h e
,
r ,

s a m e w o l d o f e x t e nde d m a t t e r s h o u l d b e d a w n t o w a d s e a c h o t h e r
r ,
r r

by s u c h a n a b s o l u t e fo c e o f a t t r a c t i o n a s t h a t if t h e r e w e r e no
r ,

c o u nt e a c t ing
r p r inc ipl e t h e w h o l e p o s s ib ili ty o f t h e ir e x te ns io n
,

w o u l d b e a nnih il a t e d O nc e g a nt t h a t th e w o l d is a Si ngl e
. r r

w h o l e a nd no t a m e r e c o nfu s e d a gg e ga t e o f e xi s t e nc e s a nd it
,
r ,

w ill fo ll o w t h a t it s c o m p o ne nt e l e m e nt s c a nno t be g o ve r ne d by
a ny a b s t a c t rp i nc ipl e s o f a tt a c t io n o r r e p u l s i o n d ivi ng t h e m
r r ,
r

c o nt i nu a lly o u t o f o r int o o ne a no t h e bu t m u s t a im a t t h e c o ns e r v a r,

t i o n o f t h e w h o l e o r de w h ich in a c c o r da nce w ith t h e int e ntio n o f

r, ,

th e who l a s s ig ns t o e a c h o ne o f t h e m it s pl a c e a t e a c h m o m e nt o f
e,

t im e . T h e fo c e w h i c h p o c e e d s f o m t h e c o ll e c t ive m a s s o f t h e
r r r

e l e m e nt s is o ne w h ic h d e t e m i ne s t h e p o s i t io n o f t h o s e e l e m e nt s a nd
, r

w h ic h w h ile it s e e m s t o r e s ide in e a ch individu a l e l e m e nt r e a lly s e t s

, ,

it s e l f a g a ins t a ny de vi a t io n f o m t h e la w i m p o s e d o n a ll r I t S ts . e

li m i t s t o t h e ne a r ne s s o r r e m o t e ne s s o f o bj e c t s a s r e g a r ds e a c h o th e r ,

a pp e a ing in t h e o ne c a s e a s t h e fo r c e o f r e p u l s io n in t h e o th e
r as ,
r,

t h a t o f a t tr a c t io n ; in b o t h c a s e s a c t ing a s a c o e c t iv e w h e e v e r t h e r e rr r

is a t e nde ncy in t h e o bj e c t t o Opp o s e t h e r e qu i m e nt s o f t h e w h o l e re .

I wis h t o s e e t h e o r de r o f o u r t h o u gh t s o n t h iS Su bj e c t r e ve r s e d ‘ '

W e a e a c c u s t o m e d t o r e g a r d t h e p o s it io n o f a t h ing a s t h e e s u l t o f
r r

c e t a in fo c e s a c t ing u p o n it
r r T h e fi s t c o ns ide r a t io n a s I t h ink o n
. r , ,

t h e c o ntr a r y is p e c is e ly t h e p o s i t i o n w h ic h a t h i ng o c c u p ie s a s de t e r
,
r ,
 H A PT E R v 1 Tning s a t ne ir P o s it io ns
’ ‘

a n
C . .
3 5 1

m ine d by it s na t u r e w o r l d s y s t e m a nd t h e fi s t
a nd c h a r a c t e r , in t h e -
, r

a nd o nly
fu nc t i o n w h ic h a t h ing a s a n indiv id a l h a s t o p e fo m u r r ,

s e e m s t o m e t o be t o r e t a in t h is p o s i t i o n ; w h il e a t t r a c t i o n a nd r e

p u l s i o n we m a y r e pr e s e nt t o o u r s e lve s a s t h e t wo e l e m e nt s i nt o w h ic h
t h is s e l f c o ns e rv a t io n o f t h i ng s a dm i t s l o g ic a lly o f b e i ng a na ly s e d
-
.

I n r e a li ty h o w e v e r w h a t h a pp e ns is t h a t t h e s e l f c o ns e r v a t io n a s s u m e s -

o ne o r o t h e o f t h e s e fo rm s a c c o ding a s t h e ne e ds o f t h e m o m e nt
r r

giv e o c c a sio n t o it W e m u s t p o s t p o ne t h e c o ns i de a t i o n o f th e
. r

q u e s t i o n a s t o w h a t t a ke s pl a c e in t h e i nne na t u re o f t h i ng s w h e n
, r

t h e pl a c e in w h i c h t h e y fi nd t h e m s e lv e s a t a ny g iv e n m o m e nt is o u t o f

h a r m o ny wi t h t h e pl a c e m a r k e d o u t fo t h e m A s a p h e no m e no n in r .

Sp a c e th e t e nde ncy t o r e t u r n t o a n e q u il ibri u m m u s t ne c e s s a ily a pp e a r

,
r

in it s s im pl e s t fo m e it h e r a s t h e a pp r o xi m a t io n o r a s t h e s e p a a t i o n o f
r ,
r

t wo e l e m e nt s H e nc e it is p o s s ibl e t o r e fe r a ll p h y s ic a l p r o c e s s e s t o
.

m o t iv e fo c e s c o ns is t ing o f a t t r a c t i o n o r e p u l s io n
r B u t it is no t t h e c a s e r .

t h a t o n a ll o th r o c c a s i o ns t h ing s a r e e m p t y o f c o nt e nt a nd t h a t
e ,

t h e s e fo c e s a t t a c h t o t h e m m e r e ly fo
r t h e t im e b e i ng R a t h e r l ike r .
,

t h e g e s t u r e s o f l ivi ng b e i ng s t h e fo r c e s a r e m e re ly t h e o u t w a r d e x
,

p r e s s io n o f wh a t is g o ing o n wi th i n .

1 8 4 T h u s fa r no d o u b t t h e s t a t e m e nt o f o u r vi e w s h a s c o nv e y e d
.
, ,

t h e im p e s s io n t h a t we r e g a de d t h e w o r l d l ik e a p ic t u r e h a v ing fix e d
r r

o u t l ine s w it hin w h ic h e v e r y S ingl e p o i nt i nv a r ia bly o c c u p ie s t h e s a m e

,

p o s i t io n a nd c l ing s t o it wi th e qu a l t e na c ity S u c h a p ic t u r e w o u l d .

be li t t l e in a c c o r da nc e w it h t h e fa c t s W e h a v e l o ng k no w n t h a t t h e .

w o l d is ne v e a t r e s t a nd t h a t t h e p ic tu r e w h ic h it p e s e nt s is fo r
r r r

e v e r c h a ng ing Ye t t h e w h o l e c a s e is no t s t a t e d e v e n w h e n we h a v e
.
,

g a s p e d t h is t th A dm i tt ing t h a t t h e pi c t u re o f e a l ity is w h a t it is
r ru . r

a t a ny g iv e n m o m e nt in vi t u e o f it s e s s e nt ia l co nne xi o n w it h r th e

a r a ng e m e nt t h a t p r e v a il e d t h e m o m e nt b e fo e a nd t h a t w h i c h is t o
r r

p r e v a il t h e m o m e nt a ft e r t h e fo r c e s e m a na ting f o m t h e diff r e nt
,
r e

p o int s o f s p a c e m u s t s t ill de iv e t h e ir p o w e r t o a c t o n e a c h s e p a a t e
r r

o c c a i o n f o m t h e la w w h ic h p e r v a de s t h e w h o l e
s r Th e c o nne x io n .

b t we e n t h e w h o le a nd t h e p a r t is p e c u li a t o e a c h c a s e nd is v e y
e r ,
a r

d iffe r e nt fr o m a m e r e ins t a nc e o f t h e o p e a t io n o f la w in g ne ra l r e ,

s u c h a s is k no w n t o u s by o b s e v a t io n a nd m a k e s it p o s s ibl e t o u s r

t o a pp re h e nd t h e p o c e s s o f t h e w o l d a s t h e r e s u l t o f innu m e a bl e r r r

i ndiv id a l fo c e s w o k ing by inv a r ia bl e u l e s I h a v e h o w e ve r

u r r r .
, ,

a l e a dy e nde a v o u e d t o S h o w t h a t t h is pl a n o i de a c a nno t be m a de
1
r r r

r e a l in t h is o ff h a nd wa y o f it s e l f a nd w it h o u t m e a ns ; a t h e r i nde e d
-
r

t h a t it p r e s u pp o s e s u nifo m it y o f a c t io n o n t h e p a r t o f t h e e l e m e nt s
r ,

[ g
E
3 6 1 D ie tne o r e t ica l co ns t r u ct io n f
o M a t e r ia lit
y . [ B OO K I I .

S O t h a t u nde r l ike c o ndit o ns i lik e co ns e q u znc e s fl o w fr o m t h e m q u it e ,

inde p e nde nt ly
pl c e w h i h e a c h o c c u p ie s in t h e
o f th e a c u niv s a l pl a n
er .

H e nc e e v n a s s u m ing t h a t t h e w o l d is c a s e l s s ly in a s t a t o f fl x
, e r e e e u ,

o u r v ie w t h t t h e p e m a ne nt t e nd e nc y o f e a c h t h i ng is t o m i nt i n
a r a a

t h e pl a c e w h ic h b e l o ng s t o it in t h e s y s t e m o f t h e u niv e s e a nd t h a t r ,

t h i s is w h a t g iv e s t o it it s fo c e d o e s no t e x c l de t h e o pp o s it e o r ,
u r

p h y s ic a l v ie w a c c o r ding t o w h ic h t h e c o u s e o f e ve nt s in t h e w o l d is r r

e xpl a ine d a s d e t o v a ry ing c o m b in t io ns o f c o ns t a nt fo c e s

u I a r .

m a y d d t h a t t h e s u pp o s it io n o f a nu m b e o f fo c s a t t a c h ing t o t h e
a r r e

s a m e e l e m nt s a t t h e s a m e t i m e
e b t a c t ing in d iffe e nt d i e c t io ns ,
u r r ,

d o s no t s e e m t o m e t o b l ia bl e t o a ny o f t h e o bj e c t io ns w h ic h a e
e e r

c o m m o nly u g e d a g a ins t it r No d o u b t it w o u l d b e u nint e ll ig ibl e a s

.
,

a ppl ie d t o t wo e l e m e nt s w o ki ng in is o l a t io n b u t it is no t s o a s r ,

a ppl ie d t o e l e m e nt s b e t w e e n w h ic h a c o nne xi o n h a s b e n e s t a bl is h e d e

o w ing t o t h e ir b e l o ng ing t o o ne a nd t h e s a m e w o l d We m a y le a rn r .

t o c o m p e h e nd t h is by t h e e xp r ie nc e o f o u r o wn l iv e s
r Ou a c t i o ns
e . r

are c o nd it io ne d by m a ny diffe e nt s y s t e m s o f m o t iv e s w h i c h o p e r a t e
r ,

o n u s a t t h e s a m e t im e Th e s a t is fa c t io n o f o u r p h y s ic a l w a nt s m a y
.

e g
. be inc o ns is t e nt wi th t h e s o c ia l g o o d
. W h a t fa m ily a ffe c t io n .
-

r e qu i e s o f u s m a
r c o n fl ic t w it h o d u t y a s c it i e ns a nd w it h in t h i s u r z
y ,

l a s t s p h e e we fi nd o u r s lv e s p a r t s o f m a ny diffe r e nt ins t itu t i o ns wh o s e

r e

c l im s it is no t
a a lw a y s e a sy to h a r m o nis e A l ik e int e p e t a t i o n . r r

m s t b e g iv e n o f t h e w o l d in wh ic h we l iv e
u W h e n we s p e a k o f a
r .

s y s t e m a t ic c o nne x io n b e t w e e n t h ing s we do no t m e a n a S ingl e u ni ,

fo m c l a s s ifi c a t io n in w h ic h we c o u l d fi nd a ny g iv e n m e m b e by
r r

fo ll o w ing o u t o ne p inc ip le o f d iv is io n r R a th e t h e r e a e m a ny . r, r

c o ss pu po s s a t wo k
r -
r e a c h o f w h ic h
e e qu i e s t h a t t h e
r e l e m e nt s r r
,

s h o l d b e d is t ib u t e d
u x c l s iv e ly w it h e fe e nc e t o it s o wn s a t is f c t io n
r e u r r a .

E c h e l e m e nt m a y be s t a t io ne d a t t h e int e s e c t ing p o int o f s e v e r a l

a r

d iff e nt t e nd e nc ie s w hic h u nit e a nd div ide t h e w o l d

er A S l o ng r .
,

t h e e fo e a s t wo e l e m e nt s a r e c o ns ide e d a s b e l o ngi ng t o s u c h a
r r ,
r

wo l d t h e r e is no r e a s o n wh y t h e i r m u t u a l a c t ivi t ie s S h o u l d no t b e
r ,

re g de d a s t h e e s u l t o f a pl u r a li t y o f fo c e s a c t ing s i m u l t a ne o u s ly
ar r r ,

a nd d iffe i ng e nt i e ly in t h e e ffe c t s t h e y p r o d c e in r e s p o ns e t o e a c h
r r u

c h a ng e in t h e c i c u m s t a nc e s o f t h e e nvi r o nm e nt ; o w ing t o t h e
r

diffe e nt p o i nt s o f vi e w u nde r w h ic h t h e y b i ng t h e s a m e s e t o f c ir
r r

c m s t a nc e s a nd t o t h e c o ns e q u e nt v a ie t y o f t h e r e a c t io ns s e t u
u r
, p .

1 8 5 T h e r e s t il l
. e m a ins t o b e c o ns i de r e d t h e q e s t io n a s t o
r u

w h e th r it is a ll o w a bl e t o s p e a k o f fo r c e s w h i c h t a k e e ffe c t f o m
e r

a dis t a nc e o w h e th e r t h o s e a e no t igh t wh o r e g r d t h e p o s s ibil it y

,
r r r a

o f a t h i ng s a c t i ng w h e r e it is no t a s i nc o nc e iv a bl e I c a nno t h e lp
’
.
CH APT E R v 1 . A ct io n at a dis t a nce .
3

a ddin g t o th e t wo c o n ic t n fl i g vi e w s w h ic h a re he ld o n th s i q u e s t io n,

a th i r d o ne o fmy o wn . It se e m s to me t h a t m o t io n c a n o nl
y be a n

e ffe c t o f fo r c e s a c t in g at dis t a nc e ; t o s
a pe a k o f a c t io n whe n the

l
e em e nt s a r e in l
c o se c o nt a c t, I
re a r d a s g a c o nt a d i c t i o n Le t r . us

su pp o s e Sph e r i c a l b o die s o f
t wo be e q u a l d i a m e t e r a nd d e ns it y t o

pl a c e d SO a s e x a c t ly t o c o nt a in e a c h o th e r I f th e n t h e na tu e o f .
, , r

t h e m a t e i a l s o f w h i c h t h e b o die s a e c o m p o s e d is s u c h a s t o a d m it
r r

o f t h e i r re c ip ro c a l a c t io n a nd if we a r e t o dis r e g a d a ll p o s s ib il ity o f
,
r

e ffe c t s t a ki ng pl a c e a t a dis t a nc e it w ill fo ll o w t h a t e v e y p o int , r a

o f t h e o ne b o dy w ill p o du c e a n e ffe c t o n t h e p o i nt 6 o f t h e o t h
r b o dy er ,

wi th w h ic h it c o inc ide s No w I do no t dis p u t e t h a t t h e t wo l e m e nt s

.
, e

m a y b e a ffe c t e d in a v e r y r e a l wa y by e a s o n o f t h is c o inc id e nc e t r a

t h e s a m e g e o m e t ic a l p o i nt B u t w h e th e r t h e e ffe c t s t h u s p d
r . d ,
ro u ce

a re s u c h a s t o i nt e ns ify o r s u c h a s t o dim inis h t h e c o nd it i n in o

w h ic h t h e e l e m e nt s fi nd t h e m s lv e s i e w h e th e t h y t e nd t o t e , . . r e a

t r a c t io n o p u l s i o n in no c a s e c a n t h e s e i nne r o c c u nc e s e l t in
r re ,
rr e r su

m o t io n a nd 6 b e i ng a l e a dy s t a t i o ne d a t t h e s a m e p o int o f s p c e
. a r a

c a nno t by a ny a t t a c t i o n b e b o u g h t ne a e r ; no r c o u l d a ny fo c e o f
r r r r

m u t a l r e p l s i o n h o w e v e r a c t iv e ly m a nife s t e d in o t h e w a y
u u , a v il t o r s, a

p a t th e m su nde t h e r e b e i ng no e a s o n wh y t h e init i l m o v e m nt
r a r, r a e

t e nd i ng t o s e p a a t e t h e m s h o u l d t a k e a ny o ne d i e c t i o n r a t h e r t h a n
r r

a no th e r .

No r ne e d we co n ne fi
b o di e s p e r fe c t ly c o i nc ide nt in
o u rse lv e s to

e x t e ns io n No m a t te r w h a t fo m t h e t wo b o die s a s s u m e t h e y w o l d
. r ,
u

ne v e be a bl e t o ffe c t e a c h o t h e s m o t io ns if t h e e w e e no dis t a nc e
’
r a r , r r

i nt e r ve ning b e t w e e n t h e m ; fo t h o s p a t s o f t h e t wo b o di s w h ic h r e r e

w e r e c o i nc ide nt w o u l d a dm it o nly o f b e ing a ffe c te d int n lly by t h e ir er a

m u t u a l a c t io n a nd t h u s t h e e w o u l d b e no e x t e na l m o t io n I t m a k e s
,
r r .

no diff e e nc e a s e g a r d s t h is c o nc l u s io n t h a t e ffe c t s a r e Sp o k e n o f a s
r r ,

t a k ing pl a c e b e t w e e n o nt ig b o die s a nd t h a t t h e a m b ig ity t o

c u ou s ,
u

w h ic h t h is m a th e m a t ic a l co nc e p t io n s o e a s ily l e nds it s e l f is m a de t o ,

yi e l d a p e pl e x ing s o l u t io n o f a diffic u l ty w h ich is o ne o f fa c t I f we

r .

c o nfi ne o u r s e lv e s t o t h e c a s e in wh ic h t h e t wo b o d ie s e Sp h e e s ar r ,

t h e i v o l u m e s c a n o nly m e e t a t o ne p o int
r No w we m s t b .
,
u e

s u r e t h t w h a t we h a v e in vi e w is a r e a l c o nt a c t o f t h e b d i s in
a o e

q e s ti o n nd we m u s t b a nis h f o m o u r m i nds a ll t h o u g h t o f t h e
u ,
a r er

b e i ng ny dis t a nc e e v e n a n i nfi nit e s im a l o ne int e ve ning b t w e n

a , ,
r e e

th e m A s l o ng a s we h a v e a ny s u c h i d a we h a v e in p in ipl e
. e r c

a d m it t e d t h e a c t io n o f fo c e a t a d is t a nc e t h o u g h w it h o u t a ny e s o n
r ,
r a

r e s t ic t ing t h e d is t a nc e t o a n infi nit e s im a lly s m a ll o ne ; a c o n e p t io n

r c

.
w h ic h b e s ide s o th e diffic u l ti e s it is t o s a y t h e l e a s t no t e a sy t o
, r , , ,
3 8 1 Tne tne o r e t ica l co ns t r u ct io n o f M a t e r ia lity . [ B OO K n .

e xpl a in p h ys i c a l p r i nc ipl e s I t is e q u aI ly i na dm i s s ibl e t o s u b s t i t u t e

o n .

fo a po int o f c o nt a c t a n infi nit e ly s m a ll s rf s u pp o s ing t h e

'

r or u a ce , ,

c o nt a c t t o be b e t w e e n fla t s u fa c e s t o im a g ine t h a t t h e l a y e s w h i c h
r , r

a e in c o nt a c t a nd w h ic h t h u s p o du c e t h e e ff c t c a n h a v e a n
r r e v e n e
y , ,

t h e s m a ll e s t c o nc e iv a bl e de g e e O f t h ic k ne s s I t m u s t be t ke n a s
r . a

s e t t l e d t h a t t h e b o die s w hic h a e in c o nt a c t h a v e t h e ir b o u nda r i e s r

co m m o n o c o i nc ide nt in t h e fi s t c a s e in a p o int w it h o u t e x t e ns i o n
r ,
r , ,

in t h e s e c o nd in a s rfa ce w it h o u t t h ic k ne s s
,
u W h a t e v e r w y we m a y . a

t y t o t u n t h e s e ide a s t h e fa c t w ill a lw a y s
r r ,
e m a in t h a t r e a l e l e m e nt s r ,

w h ic h o c cu py t h e s a m e p o s it i o n in S p a c e w ill e x e c i s e no e ffe c t a s r

r e g a d s t h e p o du c t i o n o f m o t io n a nd s u c h e ff e c t a s do e s t a k e pl a c e
r r ,

w il l Sp ri ng o nly f o m t h o s e p a t s o f t h e b o die s w h ic h a e r e a lly

r r r

s e p a a t e d f o m e a c h o t h e r by i nt e v a l s o f S p a c e
r r A s fo r a c o nt a c t r .

w h ic h do e s no t invo lve e i th e r s e p a a t i o n o r c o i nc ide nce a t t h e s a m e r

p o i n t in S p a c e t h e i d e a is i n t e
, ll ig ibl e e n o u g h a s a ppl ie d t o t h e w h o l e

v o lu m e o f e a ch o f t h e t wo b o die s b r o u gh t i nt o c o nt a c t bu t it h a s no ,

m e a ni ng a s a ppl ie d t o a p o s s ibl e i nt e r a c t i o n o f Si ngl e p o int s s u c h a s

we h a v e b e e n h e r e c o ns ide r i ng .

T h is s a m e o b s e r va t io n h o l ds g o o d a s r e g a r ds t h e a t t e m p t t o
s u b s t it u t e i ns t e a d o f fo c e s o p e
,
t ing b e t w e e n diffe e nt e l e m e nt s a
r ra r ,

r e fl e xiv e p o w e r o f e xp a ns io n o r c o nt r a c t io n in vi t u e o f wh ic h a t h i ng ,
r

a s s ig ns t o i t s e lf a g e a t e r o r le s s s p a ce o f it s o wn a c c o r d
r I f th e .

t h ing h e e s p o k e n o f is u nde r s t o o d a s a m a t e r i a l e xi s t e nc e e x t e nde d

‘ ’
r

a nd div is ibl e t h i s p o w e r o f s e l f e x t e ns io n b e l o ng ing t o t h e w h o le m u s t

,
-

in e v e r y c a s e b e c a p a bl e o f b e i ng fi na lly e fe r r e d t o t h e r e c ip o c a l r r

r e p u l s i o n o f t h e p a t s t h e s e b e i ng a l r e a dy d is t ing u is h e d in S p a c e
r ,
If .
,

o n t h e o t h e r h a nd t h e t h ing is h e l d t o b e e nd o w e d wi t h t h is p o w e r
,

in c o ns e q u e nc e o f a r e a l m t a p h y s ic a l u ni t y p io r t o it s m u l t ipl ic a t i o n
e r

in S p a c e we S h a ll t h e n h a v e t o fa c e a no t h e r e nq u i y w h ic h is fo t h e
,
r ,
r

m o s t p a r t o v e r l o o k e d in t h e s e a t t e m p t s t o c o ns t ru c t a t h e o y o f r

m a tt e vi t h is H o w d id t h is r e a l it y fi r s t g e t fo r m a nd e x t e ns io n in
r, z .
,

S p a c e — t h a t fo r m a nd e x t e ns io n w h ic h a e a lw a y s p r e s pp o s e d in r u ,

o de r t h a t fo c e s o f t h e k ind m e nt io ne d a b o v e m a y b e f
r r nis h e d wi t h ur

p o int s t o w h ich t o a tt a c h t h e m s e lve s ? T h i s q u e s t io n we p o p o s e t o r

c o ns ide r in t h e ne x t c h a p t e r .

1 8 6 A ll t h a t t h e a b o v e de m o ns t a t io n p o v e s is t h a t m e r e c o nt a c t
. r r

o f e l e m e nt s c a nno t p r o d c m o t io n I f h o w e ve it s h o u l d b e fo u nd
u e .
,
r,

t o be e q lly inc o nc e iva bl e t h a t e ffe c t s s h o u l d t a k e pla c e a t a d is t a nc e

ua ,

we s h a ll be c o m p e ll e d t o de ny t h a t m o t io n is a r e s u l t o f fo r c e in a ny
S h p e w h a t e v e a nd o u r t a s k w ill t h e n be l im it e d t o t h e a t te m p t t o
a r,

c o nc e iv e o f p h y s i c a l e ff e c t s a s t a k ing pl a c e o wi ng t o t h e s u pply o f
CH AP TE R v 1 . Co m m u nica t io n o
f M o t io n .
3 9 I

i
m o t o n a lr e a d y in e xi s t e nc e b e i ng p e r p e t u a t e d pp e a r s t h a t . B u t it so o n a

t h e e xp r e s s io n m m ni a tio n o r dis t i6 t i n of m o t i n t h o u g h e na b ling

,
co u c r u o o ,

u s t o pi c t u r e t o o u r s e lv e s r e s u l t s w h ic h a r e c o ns t a nt ly p a s s ing b e fo e r

o u r e y e s do e s no t giv e a ny t e na bl e c o nc e p t io n o f t h e p o c e s s t o w h i c h
,
r

t h e r e s u l t s in qu e s t io n a r e du e T a k e e g t h e fa m ili a r i ns t a nc e
. , . .

o f t h e e ff e c t s o f i m p a c t o n i ne la s t i c b o di e s S u pp o s e 6 t o be a b o dy .

in m o t i o n a nd a a b o dy a t e s t t h e n w h e n 6 s t r ik e s a ga i ns t a we s a y
r , , ,

t h a t it c o m m u nic a t e s t o it a c e r t a i n p a r t o f it s o wn m o t i o n a nd t h i s , ,

no do u b t is a n e x t e m e ly c o nv e ni e nt wa y o f S ig na l is i ng t h e ne w fa c t
,
r

w h i c h h a s t a k e n pl a ce in c o ns e qu e nc e o ft h e t wo b o die s h a vi ng b e e n
,

b r o u gh t t o ge t h e r W e c a nno t h o w e v e r s e i o u s ly s u pp o s e t h a t t h e
.
, ,
r

m o t i o n p r o du c e d t h e re s u l t by c h a ngi ng it s pl a c e I f we m a y r e p e a t .

w h a t h a s b e fo e b e e n s a id it is fo r e ve r im p o s s ibl e t o c o nc e iv e t h a t a
r
1
,

s t a t e a by w h ic h a r e a l t h ing 6 is a ff c t e d S h o u ld l o o s e i t s e l f f o m 6
,
e ,
r ,

a nd p a s s o v e r t o a y e t t h i s is s u c h a c a s e ; b e fo e t h e m o t i o n c o u ld r

t ra ns fe r it s e l f fr o m t h e l im i t s o f 6 t o it w o u l d h a v e t o t r a v e r s e no a , ,

m a t t e r in h o w s h o r t a t i m e a c e r t a i n s p a c e i nt e rm e dia t e b e t w e e n t h e
,

t wo a nd du i ng t h i s t i m e it w o u l d b e a s t a t e w h i c h wa s t h e s t a t e o f
,
r

no t h i ng .T h e a b s u r dit y o f t h is no t i o n is h e r e e v e n fu r t h e r i nc r e a s e d
b y t h e fa c t t h a t it is o nly by a fr e e u s e o f l a ng u a g e t h a t we a r e a bl e t o
Sp e a k o f m o tio n a s a t t a t a ll M o tio n in fa c t is no t a qu a l it y
s a e .
, ,

p e r m a ne nt ly at t a ch ing t o a ny t h i ng ; it is a n o c c u r e nce m e e ly o r a r r ,

c h a ng e w h ic h t h e t h i ng m o v e d u nde r g o e s H e nc e t h e v e y c o nc e p .
,
r

t i o n o f a m o t io n w h i c h is i t s e l f s e t in m o t i o n in o r d e r t o p a s s f o m
,
r

o ne t h i ng t o a no th e r is ips o f a to i m p o s s ibl e
,
B u t w h a t s h o u l d we
c .

h a v e g a i ne d s u pp o s ing t h a t t h is inc o nc e iv a bil ity w e r e a fa c t ? I f t h e

,

m o t i o n h a s p a s s e d o ve r t o a it is no w w h e r e a is bu t t h a t w o u l d no t
, ,

m a k e it a s t a t e o f a no r w o u ld it e xpl a i n wh y it s h o u l d e v e r m o v e a
, .

I na s m u ch a s it wa s p o s s ibl e fo r t h e m o ti o n t o b e c o m e de t a c h e d fr o m
6 e it h e r w h o lly o r in p a r t wh y S h o u l d it no t c o nt i nu e o n it s c o u r se
, ,

a c co ding t o t h e s a m e la w o f P e r s i s t e nc e w h ic h it fo ll o w e d wh il s t o n
r

t h e wa y f o m 6 t o r ? W h y s h o u l d it no t l e a v e
a a t r e s t a nd a g a in a ,

b e c o m e a m o t io n b e l o nging t o no o ne a s b e fo r e a nd s o o n d infi ni ,
a

t m fl I t r e s u l t s t h e e fo r e t h a t t h is t h e o r y fa il s t o giv e a ny r e a s o n fo r
u ,
r ,

t h e m o t i o n o f t h e b o dy w h i c h r e c e iv e s t h e i m p u l s e a nd it g iv e s o nly ,

a n o b s c u e r e a s o n fo r t h e d e c e a s e d m o t io n o f t h e b o dy f o m w h ic h
r r r

t h e i m p u l s p r o c e e ds
e O f c o u s e it will b e a gu e d t h a t b o t h t h e s e
. r ,
r

fa c t s a e du e t o t h e i m p e ne t a bl e na t u r e o f b o die s wh ic h m a k e s it
r r ,

i m p o s s ibl e fo r o ne o f t h e m t o find a p a s s a ge fo r it s e l f t h r o u g h th e
Sp a c e o cc u pi e d by th e o th e r B u t t h i s i m p o s s ib il ity t a k e n by .

[t
3 0
2 Tne tne o r e t ica l co ns t r u c t io n o f [ B OO K 1 1 .

i tse lf ra t h e r su gg e s t s a dil e m m a th a n fu r nis h e s

‘
us wi t h a so u t o n l i
o f it. .

b o die s c a nno t b o t h o c c u py t h e s a m e p o s i tio n in S p a c e a nd

I f t wo ,

if ne v e t h l e s s it is t h is a t w h ic h o ne o f t h e m a im s t h e q e s t io n a is e s
r e , u r

a s to h o w t h e s e t wo c o nfl ic t ing p o p o s it io ns a e t o b e r e c o nc il e d r r .

H o w t h e y a e e c o nc il e d a s a m a t t e o f f c t we s e e b e fo e u s we s e e
r r r a r

m o t i o n o ig ina t e d in t h e o ne c a s e a nd a c o
r e s p o nding d e c e s e o f , rr r a

m o t io n in t h e o t h e B u t we c a nno t s u pp o s e t h a t t h is h a ppy s o l u t io n
r .

c o m e s t o p a s s o f it s o wn a c c o r d b e c a u s e it is a n i ng e nio u s ide a ; it

m u s t a t h e r b e t h e ne c e s s a y c o ns e qu e nc e o f w h a t t h e b o die s a e in
r r r

t h e m s e lve s a nd o f wh a t t h e y p a s s t h o u gh a t t h e t im e
, I f f th e w r .
, ur r, e

b e a r in m ind th a t in o de a de qu a t e ly t o e s t im a t e t h e r e s u l t a c c o u nt
r r ,

m u s t b e t a k e n o f t h e m a s s o f t h e t wo b o d i e s we s h a ll be le d b c k t o ,
a

t h e c o nc l u s i o n t h a t t h i s i m p ne t a b il it y w h ic h t h e c o m m u nic a t io n o f
e r ,

m o t i o n r e q i r e s is a n e ffe c t p r o d c e d by t h e c o nfl ic t ing t e nd e nc ie s o f
u ,
u

v a i o u s fo c e s w h ich t h u s give is e t o m o t io ns in o pp o s ite di e c t io ns

r r , r r ,

s o t h a t b o di e s a t r e s t a r e s u ppl ie d wit h m o t io n w h ic h b e fo e t h e y w e e r r

w ith o u t w h il s t t h e b o die s s e t in m o t io n l o s e s o m e o f t h ir v l o c it y
, e e

o wi ng t o t h e r e s is t a nc e o f t h e b o die s a t e st B u t it is im p o s s ibl e t o r .

r e p e s e nt s u c h a
r e p u l s io n a s a is ing w h e n t h e b o d ie s a e in c o nt a c t
r r r ,

a nd no t b e fo r e Fo if a t t h e p o i nt o f c o nt a c t t h e e is no i nt e r
. r, r

p e ne t r a t io n o f t h e t wo s u f c e s th e c o nt a c t i ns t e a d o f b ing a e a l o ne
r a , e r

b c o m e s a m e r e g e o m e t r i c a l e l a t io n ; it c a n h a v e no infl u e nc e o n t h e
e r

b o di e s t h e m s e lv e s b u t o nly o n t h e l im it s by wh ic h t h e y a r e b o u nde d
,
.

I f h o w e v e r we s pp o s e t h a t t h e b o di s int e p e ne t a t e e a c h o th e r
’
, ,
u e ao r r

a t t h e p o int o f c o nt a c t it will fo ll o w f o m o u r p ,
v io u s c o nc lu s io ns r re

t h a t t h e fo r c e s p o c e e ding f o m t h e t wo b o die s c a n o nly a ffe c t e a c h

r r

o th s m o t io ns a t t h o s e p o int s w h ic h a e s t ill s e p a a t e d by a n i nt e r v a l
’
er r r

o f spa ce No c a n it be s a i d th a t t h e m o t io n a w h ic h is c o m mu ni
. r ,

c t e d t o a b o dy a t r e s t
a by a b o dy in m o t i o n 6 de t e r m ine s wh a t
a ,

w o u l d o th e r wi s e b e u nde t e r m ine d i th e di e c tio n o f th e t wo ,

v z . r

b o die s a t t h e m o m e nt o f t h ir div e ge nc e Fo r fr o m t h e m e r e fa c t e r .
,

t h a t t h m u t u a l r e p u l s io n t a k e s pl a c e a t th e m o m e nt t h a t t h e b o dy 6
e ,

w h il s t t e nding in t h e di e c t i o n a c o m e s i nt o i m m e di t e c o nt a c t w ith
r , a

a ,
it c o u l d o nly b e a g u e d in o pp o s i t i o n t o a ll e x pe r ie nc e t h a t 6 w o u l d
r , ,

p a s s t h o u gh in it s fo r m e r di e c tio n a w ith a c c l e a t e d s p e d w h il s t
r a r e r e ,

a w o u l d b e g in t o m o ve in th e di e c t io n a I t s e e m s t o m e th e e f e r .
,
r o r ,

t h a t u nd e r t h e s e c i c u m s t a nc e s we c a nno t bu t c o nc l de t h a t e v e n t h e
r u

c o m m u nic a t io n o f m o t i o n is a n e ffe c t d e p e nde nt o n t h a t io n o f e c

m o v ing fo c e s a nd t h a t in t h is c a s e a s in a ll o t h e s fo c s c a n o nly
r , ,
r ,
r e

p o du c e m o tio n w h e n th e b o di e s a r e r e m o v e d fr o m e a ch o th e w h il e
r r, ,
 6
o

H A PT E R V ] 4 t kl flg 6 iii /
‘
C . 1 ca n 072 / 66 7
3 2 1

c o nt ra r iwi s e ,
th e y a re p o we rle s s to p r o du c e it wh e n th e b o die s a re

in c o nt a c t .

187 . i s r e a s o ni ng wo u l d be t o no p u rp o s e if t h e r e wa s r e a lly
A ll t h ,

a ny i ns u p e r a bl e d iffi cu l t y in c o nc e iv ing o f fo c e s a s t a ki ng e ffe c t a t a r

d is t a nc e B u t I m u s t s a y fo r m y s e l f t h a t it qu i t e p a s s e s m y c o m p r e
.

h e ns io n t o u nde r s t a nd o n w h a t g o u nd s it c a n b e m a int a ine d t o be t h e r

m o s t s e l f e vi de nt o f fa c t s t h a t a t h ing c a n o nly a c t w h e r e it is
-
Wh a t .
,

we m a y a s k is t h e m e a ning o f t h e a s s e r t io n
,
is a t t h e p o i nt ? Ca n ,
a a

t h e r e e v e r be a ny o t h e r e vi de nc e o r m a ni fe s t a t io n o f a t h ing s B e i ng
’

t h a n by m e a ns o f t h e e ffe c t s w h ic h a r e t r a ns m it t e d fr o m t o t h e p o int a

p ,
w h e r e w e o u r s e lv e s a r e ? O f c o u rse it w ill b e i n s t a nt ly o bj e c t e d ,

No do u b t t h e e ffe c t s o f a a nd t h e di r e c tio ns w h i c h t h e s e fo ll o w in
,

t h e c o u s e o f t h ir t a ns m i s s i o n t o u s a e t h e o nly s o u c e s o f t h e
r e r ,
r r

kno wl dg wh ic h j u s t ifi e s u s in c o nc l u d ing t h a t
e e is a t t h e p o int ; t h e a a

fa c t it s e l f h o w e v e r is i nde p e nde nt o f t h e m e a ns by w h ic h we c o m e
, ,

t o k no w it B u t w h a t c o nc p t io n c a n b e fo m e d o f t h is fa c t it e l f if
’
. e r s ,

we a b s t r a c t a ll t h e e ffe c t s w h ic h t h e g iv e n fo r m o f e x is t e nc e 6 e m it s
fr o m t h e p o i nt w h e r e it is s t a t i o ne d ? I s t h e e xi s t e nc e o f a in
a
,

g e ne r a l a c o nc e p t i o n w h ic h h a s a ny t hing de fi nit e c o rr e s p o nding w it h

it ? a nd h o w c a n t h e l im i t a t i o n o f t o t h e p o int b e u nde r s to o d if it
a a
,

d o e s no t giv e r i s e t o a ny e ffe c t s a t t h a t p o int dis t ing u is hing t h a t p o int

f o m a ll o th e r Si m il a r p o int s o f S p a ce w h e e
r is no t p e e nt ? I t is ,
r a r s

a n ill u s i o n t o b e l ie v e t h a t t h e m e r e 6 n g a t a c e r t a i n pl a c e c a n give a ez

t h ing a ny de t e r m ina t e c h a r a c t e a nd t h a t it a c q u ir e s r, 6 g ntb t o su se ue /

t h is t h e c a p a c it y t o p r o du c e t h e e ffe c t s w h ic h s e e m t o be diff u s e d

a r o u nd t h a t p o int W e o u g h t r a t h e t o s a y o n t h e c o nt a y : B e
. r , r r

c a u s e in t h e d is p o s i tio n a nd s y s t e m a t i c a rr a ng e m e nt o f t h e w o l d a s
, r

a wh o le a nd in t h e w o l d o f S p a c e w h ic h is it s c o u nt e p a t
,
r is a r r ,
a

m e e t ing p o int fo r r e l a t io ns o f t h e m o s t v a r io u s ki nds a nd a c t s u p o n ,

t h e o t h r e l e m e nt s a s t h e s e e l a t io ns p e s c ib e fo t h i s e a s o n a nd fo r
e r r r ,
r r

no o t h e it h a s it s fix e d pl a c e a m o ng s t t h e m ; o r m o e c o e c t ly— it
r, r rr

is t h is w h ic h j u s t ifi e s u s in m a k ing u s e o f t h e c o m m o n fo r m s o f
Sp e e ch is a t t h e p o int a nd a c t s f o m t h e nc e
,
a a r .

T h is h o w e v r w ill fo r m t h e s u bj e c t o f fu t h e r i nve s t ig a t i o ns
, e ,
r .

P u t t ing t h is qu e s t io n a s t o t h e r e l a t io n b e t w e e n e a l e x is t e nc e a nd r

S p a c e fo r t h e p e s e nt a s ide we S h a ll m a k e u s e o f a ve y s im pl e id a
r , r e

t o e xp o s e t h e fa ll c y o f th e do c t i ne h e e r e fe rr e d t o
a Le t u s s pp o s e
r r . u

t h a t a t t h e c o m m e nc e m e nt o f t h e ir e x is t e nc e t h i ng s w e e s ta t io ne d r

e a c h a t s o m e o ne p o i nt o f S p a c e e g a nd 6 : w h a t e a s o n wo u ld
, . . a r

t h e e b e wh y t h e i nt e r va l
r 6 b e t w e e n t h e m s h o u l d p e v e nt t h m
a r e

fr o m m u tu a lly a ffe c ti ng e a c h o th e ? I t is o bvi o u s a nd se l f e vi de nt

r
‘
-

V OL . I. x
 Tne tneo r e t ica l co ns t r u c t io n f M a t e r ia lit B OO K I I
' ’

o
3 22 y . [ .

t h a t it w o u l d do s o w ill
b o dy s t in m o t io n do e s
it be r e pl ie d — th e
‘
, e

no t fe e l t h e im p u l s e
to m o ve nt il th e i m p e ll ing b o dy e a c h e s it
, u r .

T h e e c a n b e no s e ns e o f v is io n nt il t h e ne v e s h a ve b e e n t o u c h e d by
r u r

t h e m o v ing p a t ic l e s o f t he e t h e r T h a t w h ic h is inc a p a bl e o f t r a ns r.

nd is fo r u s a s if it h a d no e x is t nc e The se ’
m is s io n h a s no e ffe c t ,
a e .

i ns ta nc e s h o w e v e r m a y b e m e t by o th e r s T h e s t o ne fa ll s wi t h o u t
, ,
.

r e q u ir ing fi s t t o b e im p e ll e d ; a n e l e c t r ic
r e p u ls io n t a k e s pl a c e t o a ll r

a pp e a a nc e q i t e ind e p e nd e nt ly o f a ny c o nne c t ing m e diu m

r u I f a ny . ,

o n w is h e s t o
e e fe t h e s e p h e no m e na t o t h e c o m m u ni c a t io n o f m o t i o n
r r

a l e a dy in e x is t e nc e h e m y do s o
r b u t h e w ill b e a pp e l ing no t t o
,
a a

o b s e v e d fa c t s
r bu t t o h is o wn h yp o t h e s e s ; h e w ill b e e m pl o y ing
,

w ith o t a ny j u s t e a s o n t h e p a t icu l r fo r m w h ic h o ne c l a s s o f e ffe c t s

u r r a

a s s m e s a s if it w e r e t h e u niv e r s a l fo m wh ic h m u s t ne c e s s a r ily b e
u ,
r

a s s u m e d by a ll o t h e r e ffe c t s A nd ye t e v e n t h e s e h yp o th e s e s w h i c h
.
,

a im a t t h e a v o id a nc e o f a ll di s t a nt e ffe c t s in t h e c a s e o f l a r g e b o d ie s ,

c a nno t h e lp i nt e p o s ing S p a c e s b t w e e n t h e i nfi ni t e s i m a l p a t ic l e s o f
r e r

t h e m e dia w h i c h a e h e l d t o e xpl a in t h e t a ns m is s io n o f t h e im p u l s e
r r .

T h e r e c o u l d be no p r e s u m p tio n in fa vo u r o f t h e a b o v e i nt e r p e t a t io n r

u nl s s it c o u l d b e S h o w n t h a t c o nt a c t in S p a c e wa s a s o bv io u s ly a c o n
e

d it i o n fa v o r a bl e t o t h e a c t io n o f fo r c e a s s e p a a tio n in S p a c e is
u ,
r

m a i nt a ine d t o b e u nfa v o u a bl e t o it B u t t h is is no t t u e wi th e g a r d
r . r r

t o c o nt a c t in S p a c e Fo r it c a nno t b e c o nc l u de d t h a t a ny t h ing m u s t
.
,

O f ne c e s s it y h a p p e n fr o m t h e m e r e fa c t t h a t t wo e l e m e nt s t o u c h a t t h e

s a m e li m i t o r a e s t a t io ne d a t t h e s a m e p o i nt o f S p a c e
,
r no t h ing c a n

c o m e o f t h e c o nt a c t o f t h e e l e m e nt s if t h e y a r e no t fi t t e d by N a t u r e

m u t u a lly t o a ffe c t e a c h o t h e r a nd w h e n t h is c o ndit io n is w a nt ing , ,

Sp a t ia l c o nt a c t c a nno t p r o du c e it A S fo r t h e a s s e t io n t h a t e l e m e nt s . r

w h ich h ve t h i s c a p a c it y t o a ff e c t e a c h o th e r e q ir e c o nt a c t in S p a c e
a r, u

in o d e t o m a k e it s e x e c is e p o s s ibl e it e s t s o n t h a t a r b it ra y s l e c
r r r ,
r r e

t io n o f ins t a nc e s m e nt i o ne d a b o v e ; wi t h t h o s e in w h o m it h a s b e c o m e

a c h e r i s h e d p e j u di c e it is ine a dic a b le b u t it is no t in it s e l f ne ce s
r r ,

s a y no
r , c a p a bl
r o f b e i ng S h o w n by t h e e vi de nc e o f u ndo u b te d fa c t s
e

t o h o ld g o o d u niv e s a lly W e o u s e lve s it is t ru e a r e no t e ndo w e d

r . r , ,

w it h a ny c a p a c ity fo r p r o du c ing e ffe c t s a t a di s t a nc e T h e o bj e c t s .

o n wh ic h we a t t e m p t t o b ing o u a c t iv it y t o b e a r we no d o b t s e t
r r , ,
u ,

in m o t io n by m e a ns o f a c o nt inu o u s s u c c s s io n o f int e r m e dia t e e ffe c t s e ,

w h ich s ve t o b ing u s a nd t h e m t o g e th e r B u t t h is is no t e no u g h t o
er r .

m a ke s c o nc l d e t h a t t wo
u ue l e m e nt s b e t w e e n w h ic h t h e e is a n ,
r

i nt va l o f S p a c e b e l o ng a s it w e re t o t wo diffe r e nt wo l ds s e p a a t e d
er , , ,
r r

by a g u l f w h ic h no th ing c a n b id g e o v e r W e a r e c o m p e ll e d in o r de r r .
,

to u nde r s ta nd t h e i r s u b s e qu e nt e ffe c t s t o c o nc e iv e o f t h e m b o th a s
,
,
CHAP TE R V ] . Afi nity indepe nde nt f
o Sp a ce .
3 3 2

su bj e c t t o t h e s a m e l a w s a fa c t w h i c h we a r e a c cu s t o m e d t o c o ns i de r
a s s e l f e vi de nt
-
wi th o u t e nqu i i ng i nt o t h e p r e s u pp o s it io ns w h ic h it
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a ,

s o l u t io n o f it ; it s t ill r e m a ins t h a t t h e fo m w h ic h t h e a t o m s a e t o r r

a s s u m e is de t e m ine d by a n a b it a ry c a u s e
r r r .

T h e fu th e r e l a b o r a t io n o f th e s y s t e m p e s e nt s l it t l e t h a t c a n
r r

int e e s t u s
r T h e c o m m o n na t u r e o f w h a t is r e a l w hic h wa s d c l a e d
.
,
e r

t o b e t h e t u e s u b s t a nt iv e e x is t e nc e c o nt a i n d in a ll t h e c o u nt l e s s
‘

r e

a t o m s m ig h t o ne w o u l d h a v e t h o u g h t h a v e s u gg e s t e d t h e h yp o t h e s is
, , ,

o f a n i nne r e l a t io n e x is t i ng b e t w e e n t h e m
r a nd f o m t h is m ig h t h a v e ,
r

b e e n de ve l o p e d t h e c o nc p ti o n o f fo c e s by w h ich t h e y m u t a lly a ffe c t

e r u

e a c h o th e r ; fo r c e s w h i c h w o u l d a s s u m e d iffe e nt m o de s o f Op e r a t io n
, r ,
3 8
2 Tne s im le
p e le m e nt s o f M a t te r . [ B OO K
i g we
'

a c co rd n th e u lt im a t e co m o n nt a r t ic le s o f th e a to ms re
as p e p
d iffe r e nt ly co m bi ne d . Bu t no u se wa s m a de o f t h is t h o u h t g . The
c o m m u nic a t o n o i f mot i o n by im pa ct r e m a ine d as th e so le fo r m in
w h ich g a ffe c t e a c h o th e a nd t h e r e s ist a nc e wh ich t h e y Opp o se
t h in s r

t o t h e f ll ing a s nd
a o f t h e i p a t s wa s no l e s s i na d e q u a t e ly e xpl a ine d
u er r r

t h a n t h e invi nc ibl e t e nde nc y o f t h e u l t im a t e e l e m e nt s t o c o m b ine in t h e

fo r m o f an a to m .

1 90 . P a s s ingv e r th e v a r o u s fo r m s wh ich At o m i s m a s s u m e d a ft e r
o i

it h a d b e e n r e viv e d by P h y s ic a l S c ie nce I s h a ll m e nt io n o nly t h e l a s t ,

o f th e m .A S l o ng a s e x t e ns io n a nd s h a p e w e r e a s c r ib e d t o t h e a t o m s ,

no m a t t e r w h e t h e r a ll w e e s u pp o s e d t o b e t h e s a m e in t h e s e r e s p e c t s
r ,

o r s o m e t o be di ffe e nt fr o m o t h e r s
,
r it c o u l d no t b u t a pp e a r t h a t a
,

qu e st io n wa s b e i ng s o lv e d in r e fe r e nc e t o t h e l a r g e r b o die s by t h e
a s s u m p t io n o f t h e s m a ll e o ne s w h ic h wa s l e ft u ns o lv e d a s
r e g a r de d r

t h o s e s m a ll e r o ne s I t wa s im p o s s ibl e t o g o o n fo r e v e r de iving e a c h
. r

a t o m fr o m a t o m s s t ill s m a ll e r ; s o m e p o int o f s p a c e m u s t a t l a s t b e

r e a c h e d w h ic h is co nt inu o u s ly fill e d by t h e R e a l t h i ng B u t he re a .

do u b t s u gg e s t e d i t s e l f H o w c a n t h e c o nt i nu o u s s u b s t a t u m b e i ndi
. r

v is ibl e if t h e s p a c e w h ic h it o c c u p ie s is infi ni t e ly divis ibl e ? T h a t a

,

p o r t io n o f s p a c e s h o u l d be h e l d int a c t a g a ins t a ll a t t e m p t s t o e nc o a c h r

u p o n it w o u l d s e e m t o b e c o nc e iv a bl e o nly a s t h e c o m bi ne d e ffe c t
,

o f a c t ivi t i e s p r o c e e ding f o m p o i nt s e x t e na l t o e a ch o t h e r a nd
r r ,

p r e s c r ibing t o e a ch it s fix e d p o s it io n in r e l a t io n t o t h e r e s t S u ch .

a c t iv e p o i nt s h o w e v e r w o u l d ine v it a bly c o m e a g a i n t o b e
, , e g a r de d a s r

s o m a ny di s c e t e e l e m e nt s f o m w h i c h t h e wh o l e is fo m e d o nly by
r ,
r r

a gg r e g a t io n I t s e e m s t o m e t h a t th e r e gr e s s io n i nt o i nfi nit y w h ic h
.

w o u l d t h s r e s l t c o u ld no t b e e s c a p e d f o m by a ny a pp e a l t o t h e
u u ,
r

m e t a p h y s i c a l u nit y o f t h e e s s e nce w h ic h fo r m s t h e r e a l c o nt e nt o f a n

a t o m a nd w h ic h p r e s e r v e s it f o m t h e d ivi s io n o f it s a pp e a ra nc e in
,
r

S p a c e T h is dis t inc t io n b e t w e e n t h e r e a l e s s e nc e a nd it s a pp e a a nc e
. r

in S p a c e w o u l d b e a m e a ningl e s s h e t o r ic a l p h r a s e if it did no t s u gg e s t
r

qu e s t io ns fa r de e p e r t h a n a ny o f th o s e wi th w h ic h A t o m is m rs c o n
c e r ne d a nd q u it e i ndiffe r e nt t o it .

A t o m is m c o ns ide r s e x t e nde d a nd t a ngibl e m a t te r a s r e a li ty p u r e

a nd S im pl e no t a s a m o de in w h ic h R e a l it y m a nife s t s i t s e lf a nd
, ,

wh i c h e qu i r e s a p o c e s s o f int e m e dia t i o n t o c o nne c t it wi t h R e a l it y

r r r .

No w it is m o s t diflic u lt fo m a ny r e a s o ns t o a pply t o t h is e x t e nde d

r

R e a l t h i ng t h e c o nc e p t i o n o f u ni t y I do no t m e a n t o m a int a in th a t.

t h e q u e s t io n is a t o nc e de c ide d by t h e fa c t t h a t in o de r fo r a fo m o f ,

r r

m a tt e r t o e m a in u na ffe c t e d by a ll e x t e na l fo r c e s it w o u ld h a v e t o be
r r ,

c r e di t e d wi t h a s i m ply u nli m i t e d p o w e r o f r e s is t a nc e s u c h a s w o u l d ,
C H APT E R V I .
] 3 9
2

be v e y l it tl e
r in h a r m o n y wi th
p i nc ipl e s o f o u r k no wl e dge o f
t he fi rst r

m e h a nic s I do no t s a y t h is ; fo r in t h e l a s t e s o t t h e e w o u l d be no
c . r r r

t h ing t o p r e v e nt u s f o m c o nc e ivi ng o f t h e a t o m s a s e l a s t ic ; a nd t h e n
r

e a c h a t o m w o u l d r e a lly u nde g o a c h a ng e o f fo r m p o p o t io ne d t o r r r

t h e fo c e a c t ing u p o n it ; o nly t h a t t h e e w o l d b e a n a c c o m p a ny ing

r r u

r e a c t io n s u ffi c ie nt t o r e s t o e t o t h e a t o m it s o ig ina l o u t l ine

,
r a nd p r e r ,

s e v e it f o m d is int e g a t io n
r r N o do u b t in a s e ns e it is t u e t h a t t h e
r .
,
r

a t o m w o u l d r e qu ir e t o h a v e a n u nl im it e d p o w e o f c o h s io n in o de r r e r

t o a dm it o f t his p o c e s s B u t t h e r e is no t h ing in it inc o ns is t e nt w it h

r .

w h a t we k no w a b o u t m e c h a nic s in o t h e r e s p e c t s T h e fo c e i nh e e nt r . r r

in a n a t o m w o u l d no t b e indiffe e nt t o a ll e x t e na l i nfl u e nc e s ; r a t h e r r r,

it w o u l d r e a c t w it h a de g re e o f i nt e ns i t y p r e c i s e ly c o r r e s p o nd ing w it h
t h e o ig ina l s t im u l u s
r .

B u t a no th e r e q is it i o n m u s t be c o m pli e d wi th if th e m e t a p h y s ic a l
r u

u nit y o f a n e x t e nd d e a l t h ing is t o m a k e it s e l f fe l t a s
e r n a c tu a l f c t a a

a nd no t b e a m e r e na m e E s s e nt i a l u nity o f na t u r e c a nno t c o nt a in
.

p a t s w h ic h a r e a ffe c t e d by e xp e r i e nc e s p e cu l i t o t h e m s e lve s a nd
r , ar ,

no t s h a e d by t h e r e s t
r Ev e y i m p r e s s i n by w h ich th e p o int o f
. r o a

an
y s u c h u n it y A i s a ff e c t e d m u s t a t o nc e h e a s t a t,e o r i m p e s s io n o f r

t h e w h o l e A w it h o t a ny p r o c e s s o f i nt e c o m m u nic a t io n b e i ng t e
,
u r

q u i e d t o t a ns m it t h e i m p r e s s io n f o m a t o 6 o r t o t h e o t h e r p o i nt s
r ,
r r ,

c o nt a ine d in t h e v o l u m e A t a ll e v e nt s if t h e p t s o f A a e s o d if
.
,
ar r

fe r e nt t h a t w h a t e a c h e xp e r i e nc e s h a s t o b e t ns m i t t e d t o t h e r e s t I ra ,

fa il t o s e e in w h a t w o u l d c o ns is t it s e s s e nt ia l u ni ty o r h o w s ince a , ,

s y s t e m o f dis c e t e e l e m e nt s w o u l d ne c e s s a ily p r o c e e d in p e c is e ly t h e
r r r

s a m e wa y t h e e c a n b e a ny dif
,
r f r e nce b e t w e e n t h e t wo B e fo r e p r o
e .

c e e ding fu r t h e r I m u s t g a d t h e s e s t a t e m e nt s a ga i ns t a p o s s ibl e
,
u r

m is u nde s t a nd ing r I c a nno t fi nd t h a t t h e r e is a nyt h ing i nc o m p a t ible

.

b e tw e e n t h e e s s e nt ia l u nity o f A a nd t h e e x is te nc e a t t h e s a m e t i m e
o f d iffe r e nt m o de s o f it s B e ing B y w h i c h a r e ne c e s s it a t e d by diffe re nt
a
,

i nfl u e nce s a c t ing p o n A S im u l t a ne o u s ly : I o nly wi s h t o m a int a i n

u

t h a t b o th a nd B a r e e q u a lly s t a t e s o f t h e w h o l e A
a a nd t h e r e fo re ,

t h a t t h e y a e ne i t h e r o f t h e m p o d ce d by i nfl u e nc e s w h ic h m e e ly
r r u r

a ffe c t t h e m s e lve s bu t a e b o t h m o d ifi e d by t h e fa c t o f t h e i c o nt e m
,
r r

p o r a n e o u s e xi s t e n c e in t h e s a m e e s s e n t ia l u nity L e t u s s u pp o s e . a

a nd 13 t o b e m o t iv e s t im u l i a ffe c t i ng t wo p o int s a nd 6 in t h e s a m e a

a to m . T h e r e s u l t w o l d no t b e t wo s e p a a t e m o v e m e nt s o f t h e s e t wo
u r

p o i nt s wh ic h a t s o m e l a t e r p e r i o d m e ge d in a c o m m o n r e s u l t ; b u t
, r

in t h e p o i nt a w h ic h wa s t h e p a t a ffe c t e d by
, t h e w h o l e R e a l t h ing
r a
,

w o u l d be p r e s e nt in th e s a m e c o m pl e t e f l ne s s a s in t h e p o int 6 u ,

wh i c h is a ffe c t e d by B T h e i m m e di a t e e ffe c t s o f b o th i m p u l s e s
. .
3 30 T6 6 s im ple e le m e nt s of flf a l le r . [ B OO K I I ‘
.

w o u l d be l e qu lly a t b o t h p o int s a nd t h e r e s u l ta nt p w o u l d b e b u t
fe t a ,

o ne m o t io n w h i c h w o u l d a t o nc e la y h o l d o f t h e w h o l e e x t e nde d s u b

s t a nc e F u t h e s inc e e v e y c h a ng e e qu i e s fo it s o c c u e nc e a c e
. r r, r r r r rr r

t a in s p a c e o f t im e a nd a cc o r ding t o t h e la w o f P e r s is t nc e l e a v e s a
,
e ,

t ra c e o f it s e l f b e h ind it is q u i t e i nt e ll igibl e t h a t a p im
,
y s t im u l u s r ar

a s h o u l d no t t ill a ft e s o m e int e v a l S h o w it s e l f a s t h e c o nd it io n o f t h e
r r

ne x t s t im u l u s B ; a nd t h a t a ne w im p e s s io n o f t h e k ind s h o u l d m a ke r a

i t s e l f fe l t in m o dify ing t h e s t a t e s c o nne c t e d w ith it b e fo r e it m o difi e s

t h o s e t h a t a r e c o nne c t e d wi t h B W h e n t h i s h a pp e ns we a e a c cu s .
,
r

to m e d to say : o nly o ne id o f th e w h o l e B e i ng o f t h e t h ing wa s

‘
s e

a ffe c t e d t h e o t h e r r e m a ine d u nt o u c h e d B u t by t h e u s e o f t h is fig u e
’
. r

de iv e d f o m S p a c e we e xp e s s m o s t i na pp r o p ia t e ly o u b e t t e a nd
r r ,
r r r r

t u e r m e a n ng
r A t e a c h m o m e nt t h e w h o l e e s s e nt ia l B e ing is b o t h
r .
,

a c t ing a nd b e ing a c t e d u p o n ; o nly it b e l o ng s t o t h e na t u e o f t h is r

indiv is ibl e u nity t h a t t h e s e v e r a l a c t ivi t ie s w h i c h e x t e na l c o ndit io ns r

e l ic it f o m it s h o u l d a s t h e y s u c ce e d e a c h o th e r e x hib it t h e m o s t
r , ,

v a ri o u s de g e e s o f m t u a l de p e nde nc e a nd Sh o u l d be s o m e m o r e a nd
r u ,

s o m e l e s s c l o s e ly a s s o c ia t e d t o g e t h e r .

L e t u s a pply t h e s e l e gi t im a t e i de a s t o t h e c a s e b e fo e u s W h a t we r .

s h o u l d b e e nt it l e d t o s a y w o u l d be no t t h a t t h e a t o m A r e s p o nd s ,

so im m e di a t e ly t o t h e s t im u l u s by p o du c ing th e r e s u lt tha t a r a

t h e r e is a b s o l u t e ly no i nt e v e ning i nt e r v a l o f t im e b u t r a t h e r t h a t t h e
r ,

r e a c t io n in it d o e s a lw y s fo ll o w u p o n t h e s t im u l u s a a t h o we ve in ,
r

fi nit e s im a lly s m a ll a n int e r v a l o f t i m e ; s o t h a t w h t t a k e s pl a c e h e e a r

t o o is t h a t A is fi s t a ffe c t e d o n it s r e c e p t iv e s ide a nd o nly efl

r ,
er

w d a nd in c o ns e qu nc
ar s o f t h is o n it s s ide e o f r e a c t io n
e T h is .

im g ine d s pl it t ing u p o f t h e s u b s t a nc e int o p a t s h a s no t h ing in

a r

c o m m o n w it h t h e fa l s e no t io n o f t h e r e b e ing in a ny s u c h s e p a r a
f t ac

t i o n b e t we e n t h e m a s w o l d be t h e c a s e if we m e a nt t h a t a n im
,
u ,

p s s io n p o du ce d u p o n a n a t o m is c o nfi ne d t o a p o i nt f o m
re 0 r a , r

w h ic h p o int it do e s no t p a s s o n t o t h e r e m a ini ng p o int s 6 a nd u nt il c,

a ft e s o m e l a p s e o f t im e
r I n s u c h a c a s e t h e re w o u l d a s I h a v e
.
, ,

b e fo e e m a k e d be no t h ing l ft t o d is ting is h th e p e t e nde d u nit y o f

r r r ,
e u r

t h is A f o m t h e c o m m u nic a t io n o f e ff c t s w h ic h t a k e s pl a c e in e v e y
r e r

a s s e m bl a g e o f d is c e t e a nd inde p e nde nt e l e m e nt s w h e n b o u gh t i nt o
r r

a c t iv e c o nt a c t I f we a e s e i o u s in s u pp o s i ng t h is u nit y t o e x is t we
. r r ,

m u s t a s s e r t t h a t e v e y m o t io n c o m m u nic a t e d t o a p o int
r in a n a t o m a ,

i a l s o l it e a lly a m o t i o n o f t h e p o int
s r a t th e o th e e nd o f a d i m e t e r a
‘
r a

o f th e a to m Th e m o t io n c o ns e q u e nt ly w o u l d h a v e t o b e t a ns
.
, ,
r

m it t e d a ll a l o ng t h e int e v e ni ng l ine in a b s o l u t e ly no t im e a t a ll
r a a
1

a nd t h e o r dina y ru l e a c c o di ng t o w h ic h t h e i nt e ns it y o f a fo c e v a i e s
r r r r
CH A P T ER V I 1 . A t o m s wa nt a re no t ex t e nde d .
33 r

w ith it s di s ta nc e w o l d h a v e in t h i s c a s e t o be s u s p e nde d t h e e ff c t
,
u e

p o du ce d u p o n t h e r e m o t e p o int a m u s t be a s s t ro ng a s t h a t p r o
r r
1

du c e d U p o n a T h e s e c o ns e q u e nc e s w h i c h a s it a pp e a s t o m e
.
,
r ,

a r e i ne v it a bl e c a nno t b e ,e c o nc il e d wi t h t h e o r dina y p inc ipl e s o f

r r r

Me c h a ni c s B u t if t h e y a e t o b e a v o ide d e i t h e r t h e u ni ty o f t h e a t o m
. r ,

o r its e x t e ns i o n m u s t b e g iv e n p u .

1 9 1 P h y s i c a l t h e o i e s in fa v o u o f t h e la t t e r o f t h e s e t wo a l t e r na
. r r

t iv e s h a v e a s s u m e d a v a ie t y o f fo r m s T h o u gh t h e y h a v e no t
r .

be e n e xp e s s ly b a s e d o n t h e a b o ve m e nt io ne d a g u m e nt s w h ic h h a v e
r -
r ,

le d m e t o infe r t h a t e x t e ns io n is no t a p r e d ic a t e o f a s im pl e o r s ingl e
s u b s t a nc e bu t t h e a pp e a r a nc e a s s u m e d by m a ny d iffe r e nt e l e m e nt s
,

wh e n c o m b ine d t h e y h a v e o ig ina t e d in a g e ne r a l fe e l ing t h a t t h e v e y

, r r

t h i ng w h i c h it wa s i nt e nd e d t o e xpl a i n in c o m p o s it e bo die s by m e a ns

o f t h e a t o m s c o u l d no t b e c o ns i s t e nt ly a s s u m e d a s a l e a dy e x is t ing in
, r

th e t o m s
a T h e e x t e ns io n o f t h e S im pl e e l e m e nt s wa s no t a fa c t g iv e n
.

in e xp e ie nc e ; no wa s t h e r e a ny ne c e s s i t y fo r a s s u m ing it
r r A ll t h a t .

wa s e q ir e d wa s
r u c e t a in p o int s in s p a c e f o m w h i c h fo r c e s o f
,
r ,
r

a t t a c t io n a nd
r e p u l s i o n c o u l d o p e a t e wi t h a c e t a i n i nt e ns it y
r Th e r r .

u ne x t e nd e d a t o m s a s t h e v e h ic l e s o f t h e s e fo r c e s s e r v e d q u it e a s w e ll
, ,

t o e xpl a in p h e no m e na a s t h e y w o u l d h a v e d o ne o n t h e a l m o s t
,

i nc o nc e iv a ble h yp o t h e s is o f t h e i e x t e ns i o n H e nc e s inc e a ll t h a t r .
,

wa s ne e de d wa s a w o r k ing h yp o t h e s is it b e c a m e t h e c u s t o m fo r ,

P h y s ic is t s t o de s c ib e t h e a t o m s S im ply a s c e nt e s t o a nd f o m w h i c h
r r ,
r

F o r c e s a nd O p e r a tio ns a r e t r a nsm it te d le a v ng it u ne xpl a ine d h o w ,

r

t h e s e r e a l p o int s a r e dis t i ngu is h e d fr o m t h e e m p ty p o i nt s o f s p a c e

w h i c h t h e y fill T h is o m is s io n m a y e a s ily be s u ppl ie d A e a l th ing

. . r

c o u l d ne v e r by b e i ng e x t e nde d in s p a c e p o d u c e a n e ffe c t w h ic h it r

wa s no t in v i t u e o f it s na t u r e c a p a bl e o f p o du c i ng w h e n in e l a t io n
r r r

w ith th e o th e r t h i ng in qu e s t io n A t m o s t t h e Sp a c e w hich it o c c u .
,

p ie s c o u l d o nly p e s c ib e t h e Sp h e r e o f o p e ra t i o n w ith i n w h i c h
r r ,

c a p a c it i e s d e no t t o e x t e ns io n bu t t o th e i nh e e nt na t u e o f w h a t t h e
u r r

t h i ng is a e e x e c is e d
, r I f fu r t h e it is im p o s s ibl e t o c o nc e iv e o f
r .
,
r,

m o t io n a s p o d ce d u nde r c o ndit io ns o f a c tu l c o nt a c t a nd if
r u a

d is t a nc e is ne c e s s a y t o t h e Op e r a t i o n o f fo r c e a c t l r e a l it y b e c o m e s
r ,
ua

inde p e nde nt O f e x t e ns i o n in s p a c e a nd t h e e l e m e nt s t h o u gh t h e y , ,

h a v e inde e d p o s it io ns in s p a c e a r e w it h o u t e it h e r v o l u m e o s h a p e ,
r .

T h i s p o int o f V ie w g e w u p no t m e e ly a s a c o nc l u s io n a r iv e d a t
r r r

by P hy s ic s ; it is a n a nc i e nt p o s s e s s io n o f Ph il o s o ph y H e r b t r e fe r s . ar

b a c k t o L e ib nit ; fo m y s e l f I p e fe r h is o wn de fi nite e xp o s it io n t o
z r ,
r

t h e do c t rine s o f h is fo e ru nne r w h ic h c a n o nly b e a r iv e d a t by a r ,

r

so m e w h a t du bi o u s i nt e p r e t a t i o n H e rb a r t s o nt o l o gy s t a r t s fr o m t h e
’
r .
33 2 7 6 c s im p le e le m e nt s f
o M a t te r . [ BOOK
U

a s su m p tio n o f c o u nt l e s s s im pl e s b s t a nc e s wi th o u t p t s o r e x t e ns i o n
u ar ,

w h i h fo r m t h e e l e m e nt s o f t h e w o r l d H is c o ns t r u c t io n o f m a t t e r
c .

c o u l d t h e e fo r e o nly l e a d t o A t o m is m : a nd h e t e ll s u s q u it e c l e a r ly
,
r , ,

wh a t a r e t h e o ig ina l s u bj e c t s fr o m w h ic h t h e a c t ivi t ie s fo m a t ive o f

r r

m a t t e r p o c e e d a nd a s t o w h ic h we fo u nd K a nt s e xpl a n t io n u n
’
r ,
a

s a t is fa c t o r y H e r b a r t dis t ing u is h e s h is o wn t h e o y f o m t h e t h e o ie s
. r r r

o f t h e P h y s ic is t s b y c a ll ing it Q a l it a t ive A t o m is m H e g iv e s it
‘ ’
,
u .

t h is na m e no t o nly t o S h o w t h a t h is s im pl e s u b s t a nc e s o wing t o t h e i r
,

q a l it a tive diff r e nc e s a e e ndo w e d wi t h dis t inc t c o nc e t e na tu e s

u e r r r ,

a nd no t m e r e ly s u b s t a nt ia t e d a b s t r a c t i o ns o f a s ingl e h o m o g e ne o u s

r e a l it y ; h e u s e s t h e t e r m in a fa m o e im p o t a nt s ig nifi c a t i o n t h a n
r r r

t h is t o i m ply t h a t fr o m t h e i nne r e xp e r i e nc e s t o w h i c h t h e s e d iff e r

e nc e s o f na t u r e g iv e r i s e a ll t h e s e F o r c e s a nd L a w s o f r e l t i o n a r e
,
a

d e r iv e d w h i c h t h e c o m m o n m o de s o f Sp e a ki ng a nd t h ink ing in
,

P h y s ic a l S c ie nc e r e p r e s e nt wi t h o t a ny f r th e r a t t e m p t a t e xpl a na
,
u u

t i o n a s p e dic a te s i nh e r e nt ly a t t a c h ing t o t h e u l t im a t e e l e m nt s
,
r e .

B e ing a s I a m q it e a t o ne w it h H e r b a r t in r e ga r d t o t h is g e ne r a l
, ,
u

c o nc e p t io n I r e g e t t h a t o w ing t o a c e r t a i n o nt o l o gic a l do c t ine

,
r r ,

w h ic h I do no t m y s e l f s h a r e wi t h h im h e S h o u l d h v e b e e n ,
a

de p iv e d o f t h e f u it s o f t h e s e c o nc l u s i o ns in c o ns t u c t ing h is t h e o r y
r r r

o f m a t te r .

The ei r e i nde p e nde nc e wh i c h h e a s cr ib e d t o e a ch o f th e e s s e nt ia l

nt

e l e m e nt s p r e v e nt e d h im fr o m h o l d ing t h e do c t r i ne o f a p e r v a ding
c o nne xi o n in vi t u e o f w h ic h t h e s t a t e s by w h ic h o ne is a ffe c t e d
,
r

b e c o m e t h e im m e dia t e c o ndit io n fo r w h a t is e xp e r ie nc e d by t h e e s t r .

A no t h e r o f his a s s u m p t io ns t h e o r ig in o f w h ic h I a m ig no r a nt o f le d
, ,

h im t o r e g a d c o nt a c t in Sp a c e a s t h e o nly c a s e c a p a bl e o f dis t u b
r u r

ing t h e m u tu a l i ndiffe e nc e o f t h e e l e m e nt s a nd fo r c ing t h m int o

r e

a c t iv e r e l a t i o ns h ip A s o n t h i s V i e w it wa s i m p o s s ibl e fo r t h e
.
, ,

e s s e nt i a l e l e m e nt s t o a c t o n e a c h o th e r f o m a d is t a nc e H e rb a r t r ,

b e ca m e i nv o lve d in t h e h o p e l e s s a t t e m p t t o s h o w h o w p o i nt s nu
e x t e nde d t h o u gh r e a l a r e b r o u g h t int o c o nt a c t in o d e r t h a t t h e y
, ,
r

m a y a c t u p o n e a c h o t h e r bu t ye t no t a b s o l u t e ly i nt o c o nt a c t in o de r
, , r

t h a t t h e i c o m b ine d e ffe c t s m a y e ndo w a m u l t ipl ic i t y w it h a n e x t e ns i o n

r

w h ic h a t t a ch e s t o no S ingl e o ne o f it s c o m p o ne nt p a t s I t is a vie w r .

w h ic h r e q ir e s t o be c h a ng e d o nly in a S ingl e p o i nt th o u g h t h is no
u ,

d o u b t is a v it a l o ne T h e s im p le e l e m e nt s o f r e a l ity o n w h ic h t h e
.
,

co n s t it u t io n o f t h e w o l d p r i m a r ily de p e nds m s t b e r e g a de d a s c o n
r ,
u r

d it io ne d no t i nde p e nde nt a nd t h e e fo e a s in u nc e a s ing e l a t io n t o

, ,
r r r

e a c h o th e r B y m a k ing fo c e s w h i c h a c t a t a dis t a nc e e m a na t e fr o m
. r

t h e S im pl e e l e m e nt s e l e m ent s no t e m p t y bu t o f a de fi ni t e i nt e r na l
,
Ca r m a v1 1 . A to m s a na P
’
ne no m e na l E x te ns io n .
33 3

c h a ra c te r , we i nte llig ible p ic t u r e o f t h e fo rm s o f m a tt e r

ca n fr a m e an ,

a s s y s t e m s o f re a l u ne x t e nd e d p o int s l im i t e d in s p a c e a nd e ndo w e d , ,

wi th fo r c e s o f c o h s i o n a nd r e s is t a nc e in v e r y v a i o u s d e g r e e s
e r .

1 9 2 No w a t t h is p o i nt we m ig h t s t o p if it w e e no t fo r a no t h e r
.
, ,
r

a s s u m p t io n w h ic h t h e s e t h e o i e s c o m m o nly c o nt a i n t h a t i o f an r , v z .

a c t u a lly e x t e nde d Sp a c e in w h i c h t h e e a l e l e m e nt s t a k e u p t h e ir
,
r

p o s it i o ns T h e c o nt r a ry c o nvi c t i o n in s u pp o r t o f w h i c h I h a ve c o n
.
,

t e nde d c o m p e l s m e t o int r o du c e s o m e fu r t h e
,
m o difi c a t io ns i nt o t h e r

V ie w w h ic h I h a v e fi r s t s ta t e d in o r de r t o a r iv e g a du a lly a t t h e i de a r r

wh ic h I w is h u l t im a t e ly t o e s ta bl is h I c o nt inu e fo r t h e p r e s e nt t o .

m a ke th e s s u m p t io n o f a n inde fi ni t e nu m b e
a o f i nd ivi du a l e x is t e nc e s ; r

a n a s s u m p t io n f o m w h ic h t h e e xpl a na t io n o f t h e v a i e t y o f p h e no l
r r

m e na m u s t a lw a y s m a k e it s fi s t s t a t No t m u c h ne e d b e a dde d t o r r .

wh a t h a s b e e n a l r e a dy s a id a s t o t h e g e ne a l e l a t io n o f t h e s e e x is t r r

e nc e s t o s p a c e T h e s e S im pl e e l e m e nt s h a v ing a s s u c h no c o nne x io n
.
,

w ith Sp a c e s ta nd t o e a ch o th e r in a va s t va i e ty o f r e l a t io ns w h ic h
,
r ,

o nly fo r o u m o de s o f a pp e h e ns i o n a s s u m e t h e fo r m s o f p o s it io n a nd
r r

d is t a nc e in s p c e I t is fo r P s y c h o l o gy t o s u p pl e m e nt t h e s u gg e s t io ns
a .
’

w h i c h h a ve b e e n a l r e a dy m a de by t e lling u s h o w th is m o de o f p p e a r

h e ns io n is o igi na t e d ; h e e we a e o nly c o nc e r ne d w it h t h e ide a s w h ic h

r r ,
r

we m s t fo m o f t h e na t u e o f R e a l e xi s t e nce in o r de r t o m a k e in
u r r ,

t e llig ib le t h e p a r t i c u l a r m o de in w h ic h it p e s e nt s i t s e l f t o o u r s u b ~ r

j e c t ive co ns c io u s ne s s .

I n th e fi rst pl a c e ve a l r e a dy m e nti o ne d it
,
t h e n, t o re p e a t wh a t I ha ,

is e q u i s it e t h a t we s h o u l d e ve r s e o ne o f o r o r dina y w a y s o f t h ink
r r u r -
o

ing W h e n a c e ta i n e l e m e nt is in a c e r t i n p o s it i o n we t hink o f
. r a a a
,

t h i s fa c t a s if it wa s s o m e t h ing in it s e l f a s if it wa s in v i t u e o f t h is , r

th a t t h e e l e m e nt h a d t h e po w e r t o p o d c e e ff c t s o n o t h e r t h i ng s in r u e

c e t a in d e fi nit e w y s
r B t a c c o r ding t o a ll t h e r e s u l t s a t w h i c h we
a . u ,

h a v e s o fa r a r iv e d we o u g h t c o nt a r iwi s e t o s a y — T h a t t h e e l e m e nt
r ,
r

is in t h e p o s it io n c n o nly m e a n fo it t h a t it h a s r e c e iv e d s o
‘ ’
a a
, a r ,

m ny a nd s u c h im p e s s io ns f o m a ll t h e o t h e r e l e m e nts w h ic h b l o ng
a r r e

t o t h e s a m e w o r l d t o w h i c h it b e l o ng s t h a t if we e g a r d th e wh o l e , , r

m a s s o f e xi s t i ng fa c t s o f t h a t w o l d u nde r t h e fo m o f s p a c e no pl a c e r r

e xce pt c o r e s p o nd s t o t h a t w h i c h is a s s ig ne d t o a in t h e u niv e s a l
a r r

O de r H e nc e t h e p o s i t i o n w h ic h a n e l e m e nt o c c u pi e s m u s t a lw a ys
r .
,

b e r e g a r de d by u s a s t h e e s u l t o f t h e fo c e s t h a t de t e rm i ne it a nd in r r ,

s o d e t e r m i ning it a e in a s t a t e o f e qu il ib i u m
, T h is c o nc l u s io n t h e
r r .

S c i e nc e o f Me c h a ni c s o nly h a l f a dm i t s I t a dm it s no do u b t t h a t .
, ,

du ing e v e ry m o m e nt t h a t a n e l e m e nt r e m a ins a t r e s t t h e fo c e s
r ,
r

w o rking u po n it m u s t be in a s t a t e o f e q il ib r i u m B u t t h e c o n u . .
'

334 Tlce s im
ple e le m e nt s f
o M a t t er .
[ B OO K I I .

c e p t io n s t ill r e m a i ns p o s s ibl e t h a t a n e le rfi e nt m igh t O c c u py a p o s it io n

in Sp a c e w ith o u t a ny c t io n o f fo c e w h a t e v e a nd t h a t fo c e s a i s ing
a r r, r r

s u b s e q e nt ly m ig h t fi nd it t h r e a nd a c t u p o n it
u e .

F th e I h a v e a b nd nt ly s h o wn t h a t by t h is s y s t e m a t is e d a r a ng e
ur r, u a r

m e nt o f u ne x t e nde d p o i nt s w h ic h I b e l ie v e t o b e w h a t c o ns t i t u t e s t h e
,

w o r l d a s a wh o l e I u nde s t a nd no t t h e o r de o f a r igid c l a s s ifi c a t io n
,
r r ,

b u t a n o de r w h ic h i nc e s s a nt a s is t h e m o v e m e nt o f t h ing s a nd
r , ,

m a ni fo l d a nd v a i o u s a s a r e t h e fo r m s w h i c h t h e s u m o f c o ndit i o ns
r

a t e a c h m o m e nt a s s u m e s m a int a ins t h r o u g h o u t a c o nt i nu o s a nd
, u

u nc h a ng ing p u p o s e T h e p o s i t io n t h e e fo e w h ic h a n e l e m e nt
r .
,
r r ,

a s su m e s w h e n it a p pe a r s in s p a ce do e s no t s i m ply indi c a t e t h e
, ,

pl a c e wh ic h it o c c u p ie s fr o m a ll e t e r nity in a c l a s s ifi c a t io n o f t h e
w o l d s c o nt e nt s bu t r a th e r t h e pl a ce w h ic h a t t h a t m o m e nt wa s t h e
r
’

, , , , ,

o nly p o i nt a t w h ic h t h e c h a ngi ng c o ndit io ns t o w h i c h it is s u bj e c t

c a m e to a c h a ng e a bl e e q u il ib r i u m I t w o u l d be t o o s i m pl e a n e x
.

pl a na t i o n o f wh a t t a k e s pl a c e t o s u pp o s e t h a t w h e n t wo e l e m e nt s
,

a a nd 6 m a k e t h e i r a pp e a r a nc e a t t wo p o int s o f s p a c e in c l o s e p r o x

im ity , a nd 6 t h e y h a v e b e e n a c c r e di t e d t o t h e s e p o s i t i o ns o w ing t o
a ,

t h e s p e c i a l s y m p a t h y o f t h e i r na t u r e s o r t h e i nt i m a c y o f t h e i r i nt e r

a c tio n R a t h e r t h e y m a y h a v e b e e n q u it e i ndiffe r e nt t o e a c h o t h e r a nd
.
,

y e t h a v e b e e n fo r c e d i nt o t h i s j u x t a p o s it i o n Si m ply b e c a u s e t h e ,

d e m a nds m a de by a ll t h e r e s t o f t h e e l e m e nt s a nd t h e i r m o t i o ns
c a n fi nd no b e t t e r s a t i s fa c t i o n t h a n in t h e m o m e nt a y p o xi m ity o f r r

t h e s e t wo e l e m e nt s t h o u gh it m a y no t a ns w e r t o a ny v it a l c o n
,

ne x io n b e t w e e n t h e e l e m e nt s t h e m s e lv e s R e fl e xi o n u p o n t h i s .

c o ns t a nt m o t io n o f t h e w o l d will c a u s e u s t o m o dify o u r p e vi o u s
r r

V i e w o a t a ll e ve nt s t o d e fi ne it m o e a c c u r a t e ly Th e p o s it io n
,
r, ,
r . a

o f a n e l e m e nt t h o u gh a l wa y s no do u b t it e xp e s s e s t h e b a l a nc e o f
a ,
r

t h e s e v e r a l fo c e s fo r t h e t i m e b e i ng a ffe c t ing
r m a y a l s o a t th e s a m e a,

t im e b e t h e e xp r e s s i o n o f a n u na v o ida bl e w a nt o f e q u il ib r i u m b e t w e e n

t h e p r e s e nt s t a t e o f a a nd t h a t s t a t e t o w h ic h it s na t u e giv e s it a
, r

c l a i m in t h e t o t a li t y o f e x is t e nc e ; a n e xp r e s s i o n t h e r e fo e o f a d is ,
r ,

c o r da nt T e ns i o n w h i c h r e m a ins u nt il,
in t h e c o u s e o f e v e nts t h e , r ,

c a u s e s w h ic h o c c a s i o ne d it a g a in di s a pp e a r .

I m a k e th e s e r e m a k s in o de r t o giv e a n i de a o f t h e c o m pl e x
r ,
r

ki nds o f r e l a t i o ns w h i c h h e r e p e s e nt t h e m s e lve s a nd in o de r t o r ,
r

r e m o v e t h e i m p e s s i o n t h a t t h e r e is a ny c o
r e s p o nde nc e b e t w e e n t h e rr

a pp e a a nce o f t h e w o r l d in s p a c e a t a ny giv e n m o m e nt a nd a n int l

r e

l ig ibl e o de o f t h ing s in w h i c h t h e p o s it i o n o f e a c h e l e m nt wo u l d
r r , e

c o r e s p o nd wi t h t h e
r c o nc e p t io n w h ic h p e m a ne nt ly r e p e s e nt s it s r r

na t u r e B u t I h a s t e n t o a dd t h a t t h i s r e fe r e nc e t o a di s p r o p o r t i o n o f
.
C H APT E R V I .
) 33 5
s t a te s, b o ve m e nt i o ne d s e ns e m u s t no t b e m ix e d u p wi t h a ny
in t h e a -
,

s e c o nda y a s s o c i a t io ns o f t h a t w h i c h o g h t no t t o be t h t w h ic h is
‘ ’ ‘
r u , a

o u t o f pl a c e wh i c h c o nt ra dic t s t h e p u r p o s e o f th e w h o l e
’ ‘ ’
o r , .

W h e t h e a ny th i ng o f th is ki nd e ve r h a pp e ns w h e t h e r i e t h e e is
r , , . . r

a ny t h ing in t h e w o l d s c o u s e w h ic h c a n b e c o m p a r e d w it h d is c o d s
’
r r r

in a m u s ic a l p o g e s s io n we S h a ll no t h e r e e nq u i e
r r ,
T h e d is p o r . r

p o r t i o n o f w h ich we h a ve b e e n Sp e a ki ng is p im a rily no th ing bu t t h e r

i m p u l s e t o a c h a ng e o f s t a t e w h i ch is s u gg e s t e d by t h e c o u s e o f r

e v e nt s a nd w h ic h t e nds t o o
,
a c c o m pl is h e s t h e t r a ns i t io n t o p o s i
r

t i o ns a c c o r d ing a s it is im pe de d o u nim p e de d T u r ni ng no w f o m r . r

t h e s e g e ne a l c o ns ide a t io ns we will a pp ly o u r s e lv e s t o t h e s o l u t i o n
r r ,

o f c e t a in s p e c i a l q e s t i o ns w h i c h a c q ir e f o m o u r p e s e nt p o int o f
r u ,
u r r

vi e w e i th e r t h e w h o l e o f th e i r Signifi c a nc e o r a diffe e nt s ig nifi c a nc e r

fr o m t h a t w h ic h is c o m m o nly a s s ig ne d t o t h e m .

1 9 3 L e t u s s t a r t a s b e fo re fr o m t h e s u pp o s i t io n o f a g iv e n pl u r a li t y
.

o f a c t iv e e l e m e nt s ; r e m e m b e i ng a t t h e s a m e t i m e h o w f e q u e nt ly r r

it h a pp e ns a s h a s b e e n p r o v e d by e xp e r im e nts t h a t a pp a e nt ly
, , r

d i ffe r e nt p o p e r t i e s a e r e a lly o nly th e r e s u l t o f d iffe e nt c o m bi na

r r r

t i o ns o f a s ingl e h o m o g e ne o u s s u b s t a nc e T h e q u e s t io n w ill t h e n .
, ,

o bvi o u s ly b e m u s t we in o r de r t o e xpl a i n t h e fa c t s a s s m e t h e e x is t
, , ,
u

e nc e o f a m u l t ipl ic it y o f o r igi na lly dis t inc t m a t e i a l s ? o r S h a ll we r ,

e xpl a i n e v e n t h e c h a a c t e r i s t i c d iffe r e nc e s b e t w e e n t h e c h e m ic a l Ele

r

m e nt s a s m e e m o difi c a t i o ns o f a S ingl e h o m o g e ne o u s m a t t e ?
r Th e r

e a g e ne s s w h ic h is no w S h o w n in fa v o u r o f t h e a t t e m p t t o e xpl a i n
r

a w a y t h e s e d iffe r e nc e s s e e m s t o m e t o b e b a s e d t o s o m e e x t e nt o n a

fa l s e p r i nc ip le o f m e t h o d Fo r p r a c t ic a l p ur p o s e s S c ie nc e is o f
.
,

co u rs e a lwa ys i nt e r e s t e d in r e du c ing t h e
, .
nu m b e r o f i nde p e nde nt

p r inc ipl e s u p o n w h i c h t o b a s e it s e xpl a na t io ns a nd in m a k ing c a lc u ,

la bl e t h e c o u s e o f e v e nt s by s u b o dina t i ng t h e c o m p le x de iva t iv e
r r r

p r e m i s s e s t o a fe w p r i m a y o ne s B t no t l e s s c e t a in is it t h a tr . u r

S c ie nc e c a nno t de s i e ny m o r e c o m pl e t e u nity t h a n a c t u a lly e xi s t s

r a ,

a nd u nt il t h e p o int is de c ide d by e xp e i e nc e a u nit y w h ic h e m a ins r ,

r

s t ill u nk no w n m u s t no t b e p e s u pp o s e d a s c e t a inly e x is t ing e x c e p t r r

in c a se s in w h ic h wi t h o u t it a c o nt r a dic t i o n w o u l d b e int o d u c e d r

int o t h e na t u r e o f t h e s u bj e c t m a t te r -
.

No w o ,i d a o f N a tu e im pl ie s t h re e th ing s ( ) A s ys te m o f
u r e r . 1

u niv e s l l a w s
r a w h ic h de t e m ine t h e s e q u e nce o f c a u s e a nd c o ns e
, r

u l t it u de o f c o nc re t e p o int s t o w h i c h t h e s e l a w s m a
q u e n c e ( )
2 . A m y
a t t a c h a nd s o fi nd t h e ir a ppl ic a t io n (3 ) L a s t ly a p u p o s e t o e a l.is e ,
r r

w h ic h t h e s e a c t u a l e x is t e nc e s a e c o m bi ne d t o ge th e r Ev e y t h e o y o f r . r r

S c i e nc e a dm i t s th e t wo fi r s t o f t h e s e p o s t u l a t e s t h e la s t is no do u b t , ,
33 6 D ie s im ple e le m e nt s f
o M a t te r . [B OOK It .

th e su bj e c t o f co n fl ic t i ng Op ini o ns . B flt w h e r e ve r th e th o u gh t o fa
pu po s
r e i d it s t a nds t o r e a s o n t h a t t h e e c a n be
in na t u re is ch e r sh e ,
r

b u t o ne a nd t h a t a ll s e e m i ngly inde p e nde nt t e nde nc ie s m u s t b e r e a lly

,

s u b o dina t e t o t h i s u nity a nd a pp e a
r a s m o m e nt s in it s B e ing No t r .

l e s s ne c e s s a y is t h e u nity o f t h e s u p r e m e la w s w h ic h g o v e n t h e
r r

c o nne xi o n o f e v e nt s T h e s e c o ns is t no t s o m u c h in t h e ru l e s t o
.

w h i ch va io u s fo c e s v a r i o u sly c o nfo m a s in t h e u nive s a l t u t h s o f

r r r , r r

m a t h e m a t ic s t o w h ic h a ny s e l f c o ns is t e nt w o l d e v e n t h o u g h it w e e
,
-
r , r

qu it e o th e w is e c o ns titu t e d t h a n t h e e xi s ting o ne w o u l d a lwa y s h a ve

r ,

t o s u b m it t h o u g h o u t it s w h o l e e x t e nt a l ik e
r I t is i m p o ss ibl e t o c o n .

c e iv e a n o r d r o f na t u re u nl e s s it c a n b e de t e m ine d a c c o d i ng t o t h e
e ,
r r

s a m e r u l e s o f m e a s u e m e nt in e v e r y i ns t a nc e w h a t r e su l t s m a y b e
r

d e du c e d f o m t h e p e s nc e o f a c t iv e e l e m e nt s in g iv e n p r o p o r t i o ns
r r e ,

a nd f o m r the i r e c ip r o c a l int e a c t i o ns in c a l c u l a bl e
r de g e e s o f in
r r

t e ns i t y O n t h e o t h e r h a nd t h e a c t u a l e xi s t e nc e w h ich h a s t o
.
, ,

fu nis h t h e s e l a w s wit h c a s e s in w h i c h t h e y w ill a pply h a s t o fu lfil no

r ,

r e q i e m e nt b u t t h e p i m a y o ne o f b e i ng m a nifo l d
u r r r No is t h e r e th e . r

s l ig h t e s t e a s o n wh y a t h e o y w h ic h t a k e s no e x c e p t io n t o t h e do c t r ine
r r

o f a n o ig ina l pl r a l it y o f h o m o g e ne o u s a t o m s s h o u l d r e g a d w it h
ur r

s u s pi c i o n t h e h yp o t h e s e s o f o r ig ina l d iffe r e nc e s o f q u a l it y No fu th e r . r

like ne s s o f na t u e ne e d be a t t ibu t e d t o t h e a t o m s th a n s u c h a s is
r r

r e q u ir e d t o e na bl e t h e m t o c o m b ine t o g e t h e r in t h e s a m e o r d e r o f

t h ing s I t m u s t be p o s s ibl e in s o fa r a s t h e y a ffe c t e a c h o t h e r by wa y

.

o f int e r a c t i o n t o e x h ib it t h e ir na t u r e s a s c o m b ini ng in d e fi ni t e de g e e s
,
r

o f i nt e ns it y c e r t a in u niv e r s a l m o de s o f a c t ivi t y B t t h e r e a pp e a s t o . u r

m e t o b e no ne c e s s it y fo r e g a ding t h e g r o u p o f s p e c ifi c c o e ffi c i e nt s
r r

w h ic h t h e s e g e n r a l m o de s o f a c t io n a e fo u nd t o t ke in a ny p a r
e r a

t ic u la r l e m e nt a s a tt a c h e d t o a s u b s t a nc e o f l ik e na t u e th o gh
e ,
r r u

o u t o r m o r e s t i c t ly a s a t t a c h e d t o w h a t is m e e ly t h e s u b s t a nt ia t e d
, ,
r , r

a b s t a c t io n o f r e a l it y
r Th e g o u p m a y e qu a lly w e ll b e e g a r d e d
. r r

a s t h e e xp e s s i o n o f a Sp e c ific q u a l it y
r s o fa r a s s u c h e xp e s s io n , r

is a ll o w e d by t h e m u tu a l i nt e r c o u r s e o f t h e v a ri o u s fo r m s o f
m a t te r .

P r a c t i c a lly t h e i m p o r ta nc e O f t h e di ffe r e nc e b e t w e e n th e s e t wo
vi e w s w o u l d c o ns i s t in t h is t h a t t h e l a tt e r w o u l d a l to g e t h e r e x c l u de
,

t h e p o s s ib il it y o f o ne c h e m ic a l e l e m e nt p a s s i ng i nt o a no t h e r w h il s t , ,

a c c o r d i ng t o t h e fo r m e r v ie w t h is w o u l d b e a t a ny r a t e c o nc e iv a bl e
, .

I t w o u l d i nde e d b e m o r e t h a n c o nc e iv a bl e I t w o u l d r a t h e r b e in .

e xpl ica bl e t h a t t h r o u g h o u t t h e e nd l e s s p r o c e s s o f c o m b ina t i o n d is ,

s o l u t i o n a nd t r a ns fo r m a t io n t o w h i c h t h e p a r t s o f m a t t e r a r e s u bj e c t ,

no e l e m e nt S h o u l d e v e r l o s e it s i de nt ity o r m e r g e it s o wn i ndivi du a li ty ,
C H APT E R v ra Tne Co nce t io n
p o
f Ma ss
‘
.
’

33 7

in t h a t o f so m e o th e r . I f th e e s s e nt ia l ch a r a ct e r o f e a ch l
e e m e nt

de p e nds ly o n a p e c u l ia r a r a ng e m e nt o f h o m o g e ne o u s p a t i c l e s
m e re r r ,

it m a y b e c o nj e c t u r e d t h a t t h e s a m e c o u r s e o f e v e nt s w h ic h g a v e
b i th t o o ne o f th e fo r m s th u s c o m p o s e d m igh t a g a in p o du c e t h e
r , r

c o nd it i o ns w h i c h w o u l d l e a d t o it s b e ing e i t h e r d i s s o lv e d o t r a ns r

fo rm e d int o s o m e o t h e s h a p e B u t if it wa s m e a nt t h a t it c o u l d
r .

b e S h o w n t h a t t h e r e a r e c e t a in fo m s o f c o m b ina t io n w h ic h h a v ing
r r

o nc e o r igi na t e d c a n ne v e r by a ny p o s s ibl e c o nj u nc t io n o f fo c e s r

b e d i s s o lv e d it w o u l d s t ill b e o p e n t o a s k W hy a t a ny a t e t h e r e
, ,
r

is no t t h o u g h a fu th e r c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e S im pl e s t u c t u r e s a
,
r r r r ,

c o ns t a nt inc e a s e in t h e nu m b e r o f t h e s e i rr e v o c a bl e c o m b ina t io ns ?
r

Fina lly if it is t o be r e g a de d a s a n e t e r na l fa c t t h a t t h e s e c o m
, r

b ina t io ns a r e a ll a l ik e i nde s t u c t ibl e a nd a t t h e s a m e t im e i nc a p a bl e

r

o f fu t h e r de v e l o p m e nt
r it w o u ld be diffic u l t t o S y in w h a t w o u l d
,
a

c o ns i s t t h e d iffe e nc e b e t w e e n t h is V i e w a nd t h a t w h ic h a s s m e s a n
r u

o r ig ina l diffe e nc e b e t w e e n t h e e l e m e nt s
r A s r e g a ds t h e p r a c t i c a l . r

e xp la na t io n o f na t u r e t h e r e w o u l d b e no d iffe r e nc e b e t w e e n t h e t wo
id e a s ; it w o u l d b e a d iffe e nc e m e r e ly o f t h e o e t ic a l vi e w r T he r .

p o b a b il it y o f a ll r e a li ty b e ing h o m o ge ne o u s in e s s e nc e u nl e s s c o n
r ,

fi rm e d by fu t u r e xp e ie nc e c o u l d o nly b e m a i nt a ine d u p o n c o n
e r ,

s ide r a t io ns o f a d i ffe r e nt a nd m o e i ndi e c t ki nd r r .

1 9 4 T o t h i s c la s s o f c o ns ide r a t io ns b e l o ng t h e v ie w s c o m m o nly
.

h e l d in r e g a d t o t h e m a s s o f m a t t e r it s c o ns t a nc y a nd it s i nfl u e nc e
r , ,

in de t e r m ini ng t h e c h a r a c t e o f diffe e nt k ind s o f e ff e c t s r I t is no w r .

q i t e s u p e r fl u o u s t o r e c u r t o w h a t wa s o nc e a m i s t a k e o f fr e q u e nt
u

o c c u re nc e in p h il o s o p h y by p o i nt ing o u t t h a t t h e ide a o f m a s s is
r ,

no t e x c l u s iv e ly a s s o c i a t e d w it h t h a t o f w e igh t a nd h e a v ine s s ; b u t t h a t , ,

a s a ppl ie d t o t h e r e c ip r o c a l a c t io n o f a ny t wo m a t e i a l b o die s t h e r ,

t e r m e xp r e s s e s t h e i nt e ns ity o f t h e fo r c e w h i c h e a c h c o nt ib u t e s t o r

t h e c o m m o n r e su l t L e t u s s u pp o s e t h a t we h a v e fo m e d t wo b o d ie s
. r

f o m m a nd p nu m b e s o f u nit s o f t h e s a m e m a t t e r a nd h a ve o b
r r ,

s e r v e d t h e ir b e h a v io u t o a t h ir d b o d c in g a d t o a c e t a in e ffe c t o f
'

r re r r
y
t h e ki nd p I f h a v ing o b s e v e d t h i s we t h e n fi nd t h a t t wo o th e
. r ,
r

b o di e s b o th d e m o ns t a bly fo m e d fr o m t h e s a m e m a t e ia l b e h a v e
, r r r ,

in t h e s a m e wa y t o w a ds a s t h e t wo fi r s t in r e s p e c t o f t h e s a m e
r c

e ff e c t p we r igh t ly c o nc lu de t h a t t h e y a ls o c o nt a i n m a nd p nu m b e r o f
,

u ni t s o f t h e s a m e m a t t e r S u pp o s e h o w e v e r t h e s e t wo l a t t e r b o di e s
.
, ,

e x h ibi t e d d iv e g e nt p o p e t i e s r so t h a t t h e ir c o ns is t ing o f t h e s a m e
r r ,

m a t te r wa s Op e n t o do u b t a nd ye t t h a t in r e g a d t o p t h e y w e r e
, ,
r ,

a ffe c t e d t o w a ds c p r e c is e ly a s t h o s e t wo s u b s t a nc e s h a d b e e n w h ic h
r

we h a d o u r s e lve s fo r m e d fr o m a de m o ns t ra bly c o m m o n m a t t e it r,

V OL . 1 . z
33 8 D ie s im p le e le m e nt s o
f M a t te r .
[ am 11 .

w o u l d no do u b t b e l a nd o bv i o u s c o nj e c tu r e t h a t t h e ir
a na t u r a

b e h a vi o u r wa s a l s o du e t o t h e p e s e nc e o f m a nd , u nit s o f a h o m o r 1.

e n e o u s s u b s t a nc e t h o u g h t h is l ik e ne s s wa s h i d de n in t h e i r c a s e by
g ,

s e c o nd a r y diffe r e nc e s o f q u a li t y A t t h e s a m e t im e t h is c o nj e c t u e .
,
r

w o u l d g o b e yo nd t h e fa c t s All t h a t t h e fa c t s t e a ch is t h a t in r e s p e c t
.

o f t h e e ff e c t p t h e t wo b o die s in qu e s t i o n a r e
, q i v l nt t o m a nd n
i e u a e

nu m b e r s o f t h e b e fo r e m e nt i o ne d m a t t e r ; no t t h a t t h e y a c t u a lly
-

c o ns i t of t h e m
s T h e re is no th ing t o p e v e nt t h e m fr o m b e ing in a ll
. r

O th e r e s p e ct s diffe r e nt in o igina l qu a li t y f o m e a ch o th e r a nd f o m
r r r , r

c, a nd ye t b e ing c a p a bl e o f a Sp e c ia l i nt e ra c t io n o f t h e ki nd p
b e t we e n t h e m a nd in wh i c h t h e i r c o nt r ib u t i o n t o t h e c o m m o n r e s u l t
c,

a d m it s o f a nu m e ic a l e xp r e s s i o n m a nd p a s i de nt i c a l o
r c o m p a r a bl e , r

wi t h th a t o f t h e t wo b o die s fi s t c o ns ide re d I f no w a s s u m ing th e m r .

,

t o h a v e t h e a b o v e Sp e c ifi c q u a l it y we p r o c e e d t o c o ns ide r t h e ir int e r ,

a c t i o n wi t h a f e s h b o dy d r e s u l t i ng in a diffe r e nt ki nd o f e ff c t a we
r e ,

s h a ll no t b e j u s t ifi e d in a s s u m ing t h a t t h e p r o p o r t i o n in w h ic h t h e y

c o nt rib t e t o t h is r e s u l t is t h e s a m e
u iz m p a s t h a t in w h ic h t h e y ,
v .
,

c o nt ib u t e d t o p o du c e p
r R a t h e r it is c o nc e iv a bl e t h a t in t h e ir ne w
r .
,

r e l a t i o n t o d b ing ing i nt o pl a y a s it w o u l d ne w fo r c e s t h e y w o u l d b e
, r ,

lik e w h e e t h e y h a d b e fo e b e e n u nl ik e a nd u nl ik e w h e r e t h e y h a d
r r ,

b e e n lik e ; o r in a w o r d th a t in e g a d t o t h e e ffe ct a t h e y w o u l d
, , r r ,

a s s u m e t h e qu a nt it ie s m a nd # d iffe r e nt f o m t h e p e vi o u s q u a nt i t i e s
, 1,
r r

m a nd a I n p o int o f fa c t a t a ny r a t e a t fi s t s ig h t t h i s is h o w th e
.
, r ,

s e v e r a l e ffe c t s p a r p r o d c e d by t h e r e c ip o c a l a c t io n o f t h e b o die s
, , ,
u r

in q u e s t io n a r e r e l a t e d a nd it is ne v e r c e r t a i n t h a t
, ,
wh ich in r e g a r d a

t o p is g re a t e in q u nt i t y t h a n 6 will s t ill e m a in s o in r e g a r d t o 9
r a ,
r .

W h e th e r t h e s e diffe r e nc e s c a n b e i nt e ll ig ibly e xpl a ine d o n t h e

h yp o t h e s i s o f a h o m o g e ne o u s m a t t e r a s s e c o nda y e ffe c t s du e t o ,
r

diffe e nt m o de s o f c o m bi na t io n m u s t h e e b e l e ft u nde c ide d

r O wi ng
, r .

t o t h e e x t e m e v a i e t y o f t h e p h e no m e na t o b e t a k e n i nt o a c c o u nt
r r ,

s u c h a c o nc l u s i o n c o u l d o nly b e e s t a bl is h e d if a t a ll in t h e dis t a nt , ,

fu t r e u .On t h e o t h e r h a nd it is o f c o u s e a lwa y s p o s s ibl e t o e xp e s s

, r r

e a c h o f t h e ne w q u a nt i t a t iv e de t e r m i na t io ns t h a t a r i s e e g m a nd .
,
.
,

by m e a ns o f t h e o ld o ne s i e by 6 m a nd p a nd s o by a s s igning fo r , . . x , .

e a c h ki nd o f s p e c i a l e ffe c t a s p e c ifi c c o e f fic ie nt t o b r ing t h e fi c t io n o f

a h o m o g e ne o u s m a s s int o h a m o ny wi t h t h e giv e n fa c t s I n a m e ta
r .

p h y s ic a l p o int o f vie w t h i s w o u l d de c ide no t h i ng T h e p o s s ibl e .

q a l it a t iv e di ffe e nc e b e t we e n t h e p a r t s o f m a t t e r is a s li t tl e m a de t o
u r

d is a pp e a r by t h is e du c t io n a s c o r n a nd m e a t c e a s e t o b e t wo
r ,

d iffe r e nt t h i ng s a ft e r t h e i r v a lu e h a s b e e n e xp r e s s e d in t h e c o m m o n
t e r m o f m o ne y T h e d o c t r ine t h e n w h i c h I a m m a i nt a i ning is no t
.
C H APT E R v 1 1 . U nity wi ne is no t H om o
g e ne o u s .
3 39

Op e n t o a ny ge ne r a l o bj e c t i o n o n th e s e g ro u nds t h o u gh it ca nno t be ,

a ppl ie d t o e xpl i n t h e p a r t i c u l a r fa c t s
a I t a t a ny a t e do e s no t o b lig e .
,
r ,

u s t o t h ink o f t h e di ffe e nt e l e m e nt s a s d iffe r i ng wi t h o u t a ny p r i nc ipl e

r .

B e l o ng ing a s t h e y w o u l d t o o ne a nd t h e s a m e w o r l d t h e i r qu a lit ie s ,

w o u l d b e m u t u a lly r e l a t e d m e m be r s o f a s i ngle i nt e r c o nne c t e d s y s te m ,

wi th in wh ic h t h e y wo u l d be co m b ine d in diffe r e nt dire c t io ns in dif ,

fe r e nt s e nse s a nd wi t h v a r io u s de g r e e s o f i nt im a c y
,
S t a t i o ne d a t t h e .

m e e t i ng p o int o f m a ny o pp o s ing t e nde nc ie s a n e l e m e nt m ig h t o n

-
,

o ne o f it s s ide s di s pl a y a g r e a t e r de gr e e o f fo r c e t h a n it s ne i g h b o u r o n ,

a no t h e r a n e q u a l de g r e e w h il s t o n a t h i r d s i de it s fo r c e m igh t be
, .

l e s s a nd if we k ne w t h e p u r p o s e o f t h e w h o l e s y s te m w h i c h we do
, ,

no t k no w we S h o u l d b e a bl e t o d e du c e fr o m t h e m a s s w h ic h a n
,

e l e m e nt e x h ibi t e d in t h e p r o du c t io n o f t h e e ffe c t p t h e s p e c ifi c c o ,

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irr e m o v a bl e B u t t h e do c t i ne h e e m a int a i ne d is e s s e nt i a lly dis

. r r ,

t ing u is h e d fr o m t h e do c tr i ne o f P h y s i c s I u nde r s t a nd by t h i s a b s o .

l u t e B e i ng no t a Re l e x is t e nc e infi nit e in q u a nt i t y a nd o f l ik e
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se c o nda r y s e ns e by m e a ns o f th e v a r io u s po s s ible c o m b ina tio ns o f

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m e e h o m o g e ne o u s a ggr e g a t e o f ide a s bu t a se l f a t i c u l a t e d w h o l e
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o f v a r io u s ly i nt e w o v e n p a t s r e a c h o ne o f t h e se p a t s a s w e ll a s t h
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s e v e r a l e l e m e nt s w h i c h c o m p o s e it a c q u i ing a d e t e r m ina t e q u a nt it y ,
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a c c o r di ng t o it s v a l u e a nd p o s i t i o n in t h e w h o l e .

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34 o s . .

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.
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be m e a n i ngl e ss if t h e y w
, e r e n o t a g a in c o m p o s e d o f w o r d s — w o r ds o f
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e a c h o t h e r t h a t t h e y a dm it o f b e i ng j o ine d t o g e t h e r in v e r y v a r io u s

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m u tu a l r e l a t i o ns t h e y o b s e r v e t h e s a m e la w s o f b e h a vi o u Bu t r. ,

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t h e y s t ill r e m a i n diffe e nt a s r e g a d s e a c h o t h e r a nd inc a p a bl e of r r,

b e ing r e fe rr e d t o m e r e div is i o n a nd r e c o m bi na t i o n o f a u nifo r m -

s u bs t r a tu m T h e m a t h e m a t i c a l m o de o f r e g a ding t h e q u e s t io n
‘

. r

w h i ch fa v o u r s t h i s l a t t e r vi e w a nd wh i c h h a s v e r y e x t e ns ive r igh t s in ,

t h e t r e a t m e nt o f na t u r e is s t ill no t t h e o nly wa y o f c o nc e ivi ng it s

,

u ni t y ,no r d o e s it p e ne tr a t e t o th e u l t im a t e g r o u nd o f t h ing s
M e r e ly wi t h i n t h e lim i t s o f o u r o b s e r va t i o n t h i s m a t h e m a t i c a l c o n
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, Tha t , .

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b a s e d o n a n o r de r o f t h i ng s t h e s ynt h e t i c c o nne xi o ns o f w h i ch we ,

c o u l d ne v e r h a v e a r iv e d a t by a ny l o g ic a l a na ly s is
r W e h a v e c a ll e d .

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sc c e ly t o s t a nd in a ny r e l a t i o n t o o ne a no t h e r a t a ll
ar O l a s t ly we . r, ,

m igh t p r e fe r t o u s e t h e t e m dia l e c t i c a l u ni ty in m e m o y o f a l a t e
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ph a s e o f o u r G e r m a n P h il o s o ph y w h ic h wa s t h o o u gh ly a l iv e t o t h e , r

t u t h o f t h is do c t i ne b u t fa il e d a s it s e e m s t o m e b e c a u s e it be
r r , , ,

lie e d it s e l f a bl e t o a pply t o d e t a il s o f fa c t p i nc ipl e s w h ic h c a n o nly

v r

in a o u gh wa y p e s c r ib e a g e ne ra l di r e c t i o n t o o u r t h o u g h t s
r r .

1 9 6 T h i s t r a ns fo r m a t io n o f o u r vi e w s i nt o du c e s u s t o a fu r th e r
. r

q u e s t i o n wh ich t o P h y s i c a l A t o m is m a pp e a r s t o be no qu e s t io n a t a ll
,
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C H A PT E R v 1 1 . o .
34 I

a s s u m e d, b e yo nd w h ic h we c a nno t g o in t h o u gh t no do u b t t h e ir ,

d is pe r s io n t h o u g h o u t Sp a ce c a n a l s o b e i nc l u de d in t h e nu m b r
'

r e

o f fa c ts t o be t a k e n fo r g ra nt e d w h ic h we m u s t r e c o gni s e wi t h o u t
,

a t t e m p t ing t o e xpl a in B u t to u s wh o h a v e c o nc e iv e d e v e ry q a l it a
.
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t i e ly dis t inc t e l e m e nt a s o ne o f a c o nne c t e d s e r i e s o f a c t s e m a na t ing

v

f o m t h e s p r e m e p inc ipl e o f t h e u niv e r s e it is ne c e s s a ily p e pl e x ing

r u r , r r

t o fi nd t h a t t h e ins t a nce s in w h ic h e a c h e l e m e nt o c c u r s a r e s c a t t e e d r

o v e r a c o u nt l e s s nu m be r o f d iffe r e nt p o i nt s in s p a c e No r is t h is a n .

e nig m a m e re ly f o m o u r p o i nt o f vi e w r W e c a n no do u b t by a n .
, ,

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a t h o u s a nd t im e s o v e r a nd we c a n d is t ing u is h t h e t h o u s a nd c e a t io ns
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o f o u r im a g in t io n by l o c l is i ng t h e m a t d iffe r e nt p o int s o f Sp a c e
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w h e n t h e y fi r s t s u gge s t e d t h e m s e lv e s to u s B u t h o w s t r i c t ly s p e a k .
,

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t im e s o v e r ? M u s t no t t h e m e r f c t t h a t t h e e a e s e ve r a l m a k e it e a r r ,

ne c e s s a r y t h a t s h o u l d be in o ne c a s e s o m e t h ing d iffe r e nt f o m w h a t
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r, a

c o ns t it u t e s t h e o bj e c t iv e d iffe e nc e b e t we e n t h e m w h ic h m a k e s a t r u t h
— r ,

o f fa c t o f t hF T Ogic a l a s s u m p t io n t h a t t h e y a r e s o m a ny l ik e i ns t a nc e s
o f a g e ne a l no t io n o r a c o m m o n na t u e ? W e r e m e m b e r wh a t a
r r

s t u m bl ing bl o c k t h is q u e s t io n wa s t o L e ib nit
-
I t s e e m e d t o h im t o z .

be im p o s s ibl e t h a t t wo t h ing s s h o u l d a c tu a llyo c cu r u nl e s s t h e i r d u a l it y ,

wa s b a s e d o n a diffe e nc e o f na t u r b e t w e e n t h e m
r H e w o u l d no t e .

e v e n a ll o w t h a t t wo l e a v e s o f a t e e c o u l d b e e x a c t ly a l ik e T h is r .

diffi cu l t y s c a r c e ly a t t a c t s a ny a tt e nt io n no w
r I m u s t s a y h o we ve .
,
r,

t h a t it s e e m s t o m e t o h a v e b e e n s o m e wh a t t o o h a s t ily p a s s e d o v e r

by th o s e wh o h a ve fo ll o w e d in t h e fo o t s t e p s o f K a nt W h a t T h o u gh t .

c o l d no t a c h ie ve
u wa s h e l d t o b e m a d e p o s s ibl e by Sp a t i a l p e r
,

c e p t io n . I t wa s in a nd t h o u g h s p a c e t h a t it wa s c l e a ly s h o w n
r r

h o w t h i ng s c o u l d b e a t o nc e l ike a nd m a ni fo l d ; t h e y m ig h t d iffe r

in p o s it io n b t b e p e fe c t ly ide nt ic a l in t h e na t u r e w h i c h o c c u p ie s
, u r

t h e p o s it io n .

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r , a

s o l u t i o n o f t h e diffic u l t y A ll t h a t it do e s is t o b ring t h e p r o bl e m it s e l f
.

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w o u l d s c a r ce ly h a ve b e e n s u gge s t e d No w if s c i e nc e a dm it t e d t o a n .
,

u nl im i t e d e x t e nt t h e p o s s ib il it y o f t h ing s a c t ing u p o n a c h o t h e at a e r

d is t a nc e it m ig h t no do u b t be g a nt e d t h a t o ne a t o m is ne v e s u bj e c t
,
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t o p r e c is e ly t h e s m e s u m o f e x t e r na l infl u e nc e s a s
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,

if it w e r e fu r t h e r g r a nt e d t h a t t h e a t o m s e xp e i e nc e c h a ng e s o f i nne r r
34 2 Tko s im
p le e le m e nt s o f [ Wa lt e r [am It .

s t a te p o nding wi th t h e s e e x t e r nal i nfl u e nc e s it w o u l d fo llo w

c o rre s ,

tha t a n a to m w o ld b e in s o m e wa y diffe r e nt a t e a ch m o m e nt o f
a u

it s e x is t e nc e fr o m a s e c o nd a nd o th e wi s e S im il a r a t o m S inc e it s r ,

i nt e r na l s t a t e s a t a ny m o m e nt a e no t a n e x t a ne o u s a pp e nda g e t o r r

ist n a t u e b u t a
r n a,
c t u a l c o ns t it u e n t o f w h a t it i s a t t h a t m o m e nt .

B u t t h is m o de o f s t a t e m e nt w o u l d s t ill i nv o lv e t h e l a t e nt s u pp o s it io n ,

t h a t t h o u g h t h e s t a t e s by w h i c h a n a t o m is a ff e c t d c h a ng e ye t e ,

t h o gh a ll t his c h a ng e t h e a t o m
r u it s e l f e m a ins a s a c o ns t a nt r

q u a nt it y w h ic h w o u l d h a v e m a int a ine d i t s e l f in it s p o s it io n e v e n if
,

t h e r e h a d b e e n no fo r c e s a c t i ng o n it a nd w h ic h o nly b e c o m e s ,

d is t ing is h e d fr o m o t h e a t o m s o f t h e s a m e k ind a s it s e l f o w ing t o

'

u r

e x t e na l i nfl u e nc e s wh ic h m ig l t no t h a ve b e e n o p e r a tiv T h s we
r z e . u

a e b o u g h t b a c k t o t h e q u e s t io n W h a t d o e s it r e a lly m e a n t h a t
r r , n a

e l e m e nt o c c u p ie s a p o int in s p a c e ? a nd h o w c a n it b e t h a t in vi r t ue

o f it s p o s i t io n it is d is t ing u is h e d f o m o t h e r e l e m e nt s s e e ing t h a t a ll r ,

p o int s o f s p a c e b o th in t h e m s e lv e s a nd in t h e i r e ffe c t s o n t h e
,

e l e m e nt s a r e p r e c is e ly a l ik e ?
,
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q e s t i o n I t s v e y t e m s a r e m e a ningle s s f o m t h e p o int o f vi e w
u . r r r

w h ic h e ga ds s p a c e a s s o m e t h ing a ct u a lly e x is t i ng by e fe r e nc e t o
r r r

w h ic h t h ing s a e de t e r m i ne d T h ing s do no t fi s t fi nd t h e m s e lv e s in
r . r

c e rt a in p o s it i o ns a nd t h e n b e c o m e e na bl e d t o
, t a k e e ffe c t bu t it is ,

t h e k ind a nd de g e e o f t h e e ffe c t s w h ic h t h e y a l r e a dy e x e c is e u p o n
r r

e a ch o t h e r t h a t m a k e s t h e m o c c u py t h o s e po s it io ns fo r th e p e r

c e p t i e c o ns c i o u s ne s s w h ic h s e e m t o u s t o b e t h o s e w h i c h o r ig ina lly
v ,

b e l o ng t o th e m .

T his a ns w e r h o w e v e r do e s no t a t o nc e r e m o ve o u r p e s e nt d if
, , r

fi c u lty I n o r de r t o find a e a s o n wh y t h e s e q u a l it a t iv e ly dis t ing u i s h e d

. r -

e le m e nt s S h o u l d a s s m e t h e fo r m o f a s c a t t e r e d m u l t it u de o f in
u

div idu a l a t o m s it s e e m s a s if we s h o u l d be c o m p e ll d t o s pp o s e
, e u

t h a t in t h e i nt e ll igibl e w o r l d w h i c h r e fl e c t s i t s e l f in s p a c e t h a t a c t io n
, ,

o r t h o u g h t wh ic h we de s ig na t e d a s t h e na t u r e o f a n e l e m e nt m u st
‘

r e p e a t i t s e l f a s o ft e n a s it s p h e no m e no n I s s u c h a r e p e t it io n l e s s .

u na c c o u nt a bl e t h a n t h e e a s y h yp o t h e s is o f a pl u a l it y o f a t o m s wi t h r

w h ic h P hy s i c s is c o nt e nt ? I fe e l m y s e l f a bl e t o a ns w e r in t h e
a ffir m a t iv e I t is m e r e ly o wi ng t o t h e e ffe c t o f c o ns t a nt a s s o c i a t io n
.

wi t h t h e fo r m s o f s p a c e t h a t w h e n we c o m e t o r e p r e s e nt t o o u s e lve s
, r

r e pe a te d a c t io ns we c o nc e iv e t h e m a s fa ll ing int o a nu m b e r
’
th e se
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,

o f d is c o n ne c t e d g ro u p s s e p a r a t e d f o m o ne a no th e r by e m p t y i nt e r v a l s r

j u s t a s t h e p a t s o f Sp a c e a r e s e p a a t e d by th e i r l ine s o f dis ta nc e
r r .

T h e r e is r e a lly no s u c h r e l a t io n b e t w e e n t h e m j u s t a s in o u r o wn .

inne r e x pe r i e nc e t h e s e l f s a m e p r inc ipl e o r t h e s a m e c o nc e p t io n r e c u r s

-
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f A t o m ic Ce nt r e s .
34 3

in t h e m o s t var i o u s c o nne xi o ns ,
a nd e x e r c is e s a l im i t ing or de te r
m inin g infl u e nce o f m a ny diffe r e nt k inds o n a ny o t h e o f o u r t h o u gh t s r

w it h w h ic h it h a pp e ns t o be a s s o c i a t e d j u s t s o t h e ide a w h ich de te , , r

m ine s t h e q u a l it a t iv e na t u r e o f a n e l e m e nt o f m a t t e r s e r v e s in t h , e

o r de r o f t h e u niv e s e a s a p o i nt o f i nt e r s e c t io n fo r t h e d iffe re nt
r

t e nde nc i e s w h i c h m a k e t h a t u niv e r se i nt o a c o nne c t e d w h o l e ; c o n

ne c t e d a s I m u s t a g a in i ns i s t no t m e r e ly a s a r igi dly c l a s s ifi e d s y s t e m
, , ,

b u t a s a n e t e r na lly p o g r e s s iv e h i s t o r y r W e a r e t h e r e fo r e no t c a ll e d .
, ,

u p o n no r a r e we i nt e r e s te d t o
,
m a int a in t h a t t h e e a r e d i s t inc t Sp e c i a l r

e x is t e nc e s c o rr e s p o nding in nu m b e r w it h t h e fu nc t io ns w h ic h t h e
sam e i de a m u s t fu lfil w h e n t h u s a s so c ia t e d w ith o t he r s in t h e s e
v a io u s c o m bina t i o ns T h e nu m be r o f s c a tt e r e d a t o m s is m e r e ly t h e
r .

nu m b e r o f t h e s e p a r a t e a pp e a r a nc e s w h ic h a n e l e m e nt a s s u m e s t o

o u r p e c e p t i o n o f s p a c e o w ing t o t h e m a nifo l d e l a t i o ns in w hic h it is

r r

inv o lv e d w it h o t h e r e l e m e nt s .

1 9 7 T h e e x t e m e ly p a r a do x ic a l na t u e o f t h i s c o nc l u s io n s h a ll no t
. r r

p r e ve nt m e fr o m m e nt io ning a l s o a c e rt a in c o r o ll a r y w h ich fo llo w s

fr o m it W e h a ve no w a rr ive d a t a p o i nt o f vi e w fr o m w h i c h t h e
.

a t o m i c t h e o ry c a n no l o ng e r s a t is fy u s no t e v e n a ft e r t h a t tr a ns fo r m a ,

t io n o f it s f nda m e nt a l ide a t o w h ic h it s e e m e d no t t o be d is inc l ine d

u ,
.

So l o ng a s t h e u ne x t e nde d p o int s fr o m a nd t o w h ic h fo c e s p o ce e d ,
r r ,

p o int s w h i c h h a v e inde e d p o s it io ns in Sp a c e bu t no vo l u m e w e e c o n ,
r

c e i e d a s h a ving
v no t l e s s t h a n t h e e x t e nde d a t o m s h a d p r e v io u s ly
,

be e n c o nc e ive d a s h a vi ng a n o b s t ina t e ly inde s tru c t ibl e n t u e t h e re

,
a r ,

c o u l d o f c o u s e b e no m e nt io n o f a f r t h e
r div is i o n int o p a t s ; S inc e u r r

t h a t w h ic h wa s t o b e divi de d wa s a s it s v e ry na m e i m pl ie d i ndiv is ibl e , ,

.

T h is m o de o f r e p r e s e nt a t io n no l o ng e h o l ds g o o d I f t h e Singl e r e a l r .

ide a w h ic h d e t e m ine s t h e na t u r e o f a q u a li t a t ive e l e m e nt ne c e s s a r ily

r

m a nife s t s i t s e l f u nd e r a nu m b e r o f d is t inc t fo r m s a nd if t h e r e is no ,

l im it t o t h e m u l tipl ic a t io n o f th e r e l a t io ns w h i c h it m a y a s s u m e t o w a r ds
o th e ide a s wh y s h o u l d it b e s p e c ia lly a t t a c h e d t o j u s t t h o s e p o i nt s in
r ,

Sp ace w h e e it h a pp e ns to be a c t iv e a t a ny g ive n m o m e nt ? W h y S h o l d
r u

no t t h e p o s it io ns w hic h it m a y o c c u py a l s o a dm i t o f b e i ng m u l t ipl ie d

ind fi ni t e ly s e e ing t h a t no ne o f t h e m a nif s t a t io ns o f t h e e l e m e nt

e , e

h a v e a ny o t h e c l a im t o a s e p a ra t e e x is t e nc e e x c e p t s u c h a s d e p e nds
r

o n t h e m a nda t e o f t h e w h o l e o d e w h ic h a s s ig ns t o t h e m t h is a nd no
r r

o the p o s it io n ?
r

No t t h a t I h a v e a ny de s ir e t o e t u r n t o t h e no t io n o f a c o nt in o u s ly
r u

e x t e nde d i nfi nit e ly d iv is ibl e m a t t e r no r t o t h a t o t h e

,
no t io n a c c o d
,
r , r

ing t o w h ic h t h e r e a l a t o m a t l e a s t in it s Sp a t ia l p h no m e no n is
, e ,

qu it e c o nt i nu o u s in th e s e ns e th a t it is e qu a lly p r e s e nt a t e v e y p o int r
34 4 Tne s im p le e le m e nt s o
f M a t te r .

w it h in it s o wn na r o w v o l u m e I wo u ld r a th e no t in a ny wa y de
r . r

p a t fr o m t h e r e s u l t s o f At o m is m m o s t r e c e nt ly a iv e d a t a c c o ding
r rr , r

t o w h ich a n a t o m is c o nc e iv e d a s d e v e l o p ing it s a c t iv it y f o m a r

g e o m e t ic p o int B u t I c a n s e e no r e a s o n fo r r e g a ding t h e a m o u nt
r . r

o f fo r c e w h i c h is t h u s d iffu s e d — a fo c e w h ic h is no w no l o ng e in r r

a ny s e n s e a n i nde s t r u c t ibl m e t a p h y s ic a l
e u nit y — a s e t e na lly a t t a c h e d r

t o t h is o ne p o int R a t h e r it w o u l d a dm i t o f p a t i t io n in Sp a c e j u s t
.
,
r ,

a s it is it s e lf o nly a p a t ia l m a nife s t a t io n o f a S ingl e i de nt ic a l f nc t i o n

r u

o f th e wh o le I n p r o p o t io n a s ne w c o m bi na t io ns o f p h e no m e na
. r

w e e r e qu i e d t o e x is t by t h e c o u r s e o f t h e w o l d e a c h c e nt e o f
r r r , r

a c t ivi t ie s w o u l d h a v e t h e p o w e r o f b r e a k ing it s e l f u p int o s e v e a l r

c e nt e s r wh ic h w o u l d t h e n a s s u m e diffe r e nt p o s i t io ns in s p a c e a c
,

c o ding a s t h e ne w c o ndit io ns t o w h ic h t h e y w e r e s bj e c t p r e s c r ib e d
r u .

T h e s e c o ndit io ns m a y b e v e r y d i ffe e nt T h e ir e ffe c t m a y b e no t r .

m e e ly t o c o m p e l t h e ne w c e nt r e s o f a c t ivi t y t o c o m bi ne wi t h a t o m s
r

b e l o ng ing t o o th e r e le m e nt s bu t a l s o t o c a u s e a n inc r e a s e in t h
, e

vo lu m e o f a ny p a r t ic u l a r a t o m by fo c ing it s c o ns titu e nt e le m e nt s t o r

e xp a nd a nd fa ll a s u nd e r T h e e w o u l d t h u s c o m e t o be diffe e nc e s
. r r

in t h e d e ns it y o f t h e a t o m s O w ing t o t h is c o ns t a nt p o c e s s o f inne
. r r

dis s o l t io n ne w p o i nt s o f d e p a t u e fo r e ffe c t s w o u l d b e m l tipl ie d

u ,
r r u ,

a nd t h e r e w o u l d a is e t h e a pp e a a nc e s w h ic h w e e fo r m e ly b e l ie v e d
r r r r

t o b e o nly c a p a bl e o f b e ing e xpl a i ne d o n t h e h yp o t h e s i s o f a c o n

t inu o u s a nd r e a l e x t e ns io n in s p a c e a nd w h i c h a r e o nly a c c o u nt e d ,

fo r a t t h e c o s t o f a p e r m a ne nt i m p o b a b il it y by t h o s e wh o b e l ie v e r
,

wi th o dina r y a t o m is m t h a t a ll t h i ng s a r e u l t i m a t e ly a na ly s a bl e int o
r ,

r e a l e x is t e nc e a nd e m p t y s p c e I n t h is wa y we s h o u l d be b r o u g h t
a .

t o t h e id e o f a n infi nit e dy na m ic d iv is ib il it y o f u ne x t e nde d a t o m s

a ,

a n ide a w h ic h it is t o b e h o p e d w ill s e e m l e s s f igh t f l t h a n t h

, , r u e

b a b a o u s na m e by wh ic h in o r de r t o dis t ingu is h it fr o m t h e t r a
r r ,

d it io na l t h e o i e s I b e l ie v e t h a t it m a y m o s t b ie fly b e d e s c ib e d
r , It r r .

w ill no do u b t h a ve b e e n t a k e n fo g a nte d th a t th e de g e e o f i nt e ns i ty r r r ,

o r t o p u t it S h o r t ly t h e m a s s o f e a c h o f t h e p a r t s will b e d im ini h e d
, , s ,

w h il e t h e s m o f t h e s e m a s s e s e m a ins t h e s a m e I h a ve no t h ing t o
u r .

s a y a g a ins t t h is a dd it io n b u t t h e p inc ipl e o n w h ic h it is m a de w ill

, r

r e q i e f r th e r d is c u s s io n in o u
u r u ne x t c h a p t e r r.
 C H A P T E R V II .

Tko L a ws o f t il e A c t iv it ie s o f T/z ing s .

OF t h e i nne m o ve m e nts o f t h i ng s we k no w no th ing S t ill l e s s do

r .

we k no w w h a t a r e t h e c o ns t a nt m o de s o f c o Op e a t io n w h ic h t h -
r e

o r de r o f t h e U niv e r s e e qu i e s t h e m t o a s s u m e
r r H e nc e e xp e r i e nc e .
,

a l o ne c a n dis c o v e r t o u s t h e m o t iv e fo c e s int o w h ic h t h e c o u r s e o f r

na t u r l e v e nt s c n b e a na ly s e d a nd t h e la w a c c o ding t o w h ic h e a c h
a a r

o f t h e s e s e v e a l fo r c e s m a y b e c o nc e iv e d a s t a k ing e ffe c t
r Bu t a .

s u ffic ie nt ly c a r e fu l a nd c o m p r e h e ns iv e o b s e r v a t io n h a s l o ng s i nc e
e s t a bl is h e d c e t a i n g e ne a l
r e s u l t s w h ic h de s e v e
r r by w y o f s u ppl e
,
r ,
a

m e nt a t a ny a te to r e c e iv e a n i nt e p r e t a t io n in c o nne x io n w it h
r ,
r

m e t a p h y s ic a l v ie w s a nd w h ic h s u gg e s t t h e
,
q u e s t io n w h e t h e r t h y e

a r e r e a lly no t h ing b u t t h e e xp r e s s io n o f w h a t h a s b e e n o b s e v e d t o r

t a k e pl a c e a nd no t
, a th e o f ne c e s s i t ie s o f t h o u g h t t o w h ic h e x
r r

p er i e n ce h a s d i e c t e d o u r ra t t e n t i o n o n ly s u b s e q u e nt ly ? I s h a ll

a tt e m p t t o i nve s t iga t e t h is p o i nt t h o gh w e ll k no w ing b e fo e h nd ,

u - r a

t h a t m y l a b o u s a e no t l ik e ly t o p ro du c e a ny c o ns ide a bl e r e s u l t
r r r .

T h e y will s e v e m e e ly t o d a w a t t e nt io n t o t h e a m b ig u it y o f t h o s e
r r r

s p e c u l a t io ns p h il o s o p h i c a l no l e s s th a n s cie nt ifi c w h ich w ill ne ve

, ,
r

c e a s e t o b e di e c t e d t o t h is u np o m is ing s u bj e c t
r r .

1 9 8 I n t h e fi s t pl a c e it is u niv e s a lly a d m it t e d t h a t t h e i nt e ns i t y
. r ,
r

o f t h e e ff c t s w h ic h a fo r c e p r o du c e s a t a d is t a nc e
e is d e p e nde nt o n ,

t h e int e v a l b e t w e e n t h e e l e m e nt s b e t w e e n w h ic h it Op e a t e s
r A nd r .

t o t h is c o nc l u s io n t h e do c t r i ne w h ic h is h e r e m a int a ine d m s t a l s o u

l e a d t h o u gh it e m a ins t o be s e e n l a t e r by w h a t s t e p s I f t h e
, r .

p o s itio ns o f th ing s in s p a c e a e m e re ly e xp e s s io ns o f th e fo c e s r r r

w h ic h a re a l r e a dy a c t i ng u p o n t h e m f o t i i e v e y im p u l se
, at o r or r

fu r t h e r a c t iv it y w ill de p e nd u p o n t h e s e int e a c t io ns b e t w e e n t h e e le r

m e nt s a nd o n t h e d is t a nc e s in w h ic h t h o s e i nt e a c t io ns m a nife s t r

t h e m s e lv e s T h is m e e ly g e ne a l c h a c t e i s a tio n is no t h o w e v e
. r r ra r ,
r,

e no u g h t o d e t e r m ine p r e c is e ly t h e na t u e o f t h e c o nne x io n b e t w e e n r

fo r c e s a nd th e di s t a nc e s o f e l e m e nt s B u t t h e o t h e r a s s u m p t io n
.
,
34 6 l e L a ws f
o t /z e A ct iv it ie s o
f Tning s . [ Be e r 11 .

w h ic h is a s s e rte d w it h a lm o s t as m u ch a s s u r a nce as th e la st , v iz .

th a t th e int e ns it y v e r s e r a t io t o t h e d is t a nc e
o f th e e ffe c t is in an in ,

h a s no t h ing t o e c o m m e nd it if we e x c l u d e
r t h e fa m il ia r ins t a nc e s

f r nis h e d by e xp e i e nc e e x c e p t t h e ina dm i s s ibl e i de a t h a t Sp a c e a c t s

u r ,

a s a n o b s t a c l e w h ic h c a nno t b e o ve c o m e e x c e p t by a p a t ia l s a c ifi c e r r r

o f fo rc e .

O th e r p r e co nc e ive d
bi ne w ith t h is o ne t o p o du c e a n
no t io ns c o m r

im p r e s s io n t h a t t h is de c r e a s e o f fo r ce is a fix e d la w h o l ding g o o d in ,

a ll ca s e s in w h ic h fo r c e s a c t a t a dis t a nc e T h a t a fo r c e e m a na t ing .
,

f o m a c e r t a in s t a t ing p o int d iffu s e s it s e l f t h r o u gh s p a c e is no t

r r -
, ,

m e e ly o u r m o de o f e xp r e s s ing t h e fa c t t h a t it s e ffe c t s d iffe in d e g r e e

r r

a t diffe e nt dis t a nc e s
r Unfo r t u na t e ly we b e l ie ve o u s e lve s t o b e
.
,
r

de s c ibi ng no t o nly a fa c t bu t a n a c tu a l p r o c e s s by w h ic h t h e ne c e s
r

s ity o f t h is diffe r e nc e is e xpl a ine d A s t h e fo r c e is t a ns m it t e d t o . r

l a g e r a nd l a r g e r s p h e r i c a l s h e ll s it s e e m s a s if it s t e nu ity m u s t
r

inc e a s e in t h e s a m e r a t io a s “
r t h e a r e a w h i c h it o c c u p ie s t h e r a t io o f ,

t h e s qu a r e o f t h e d is t a nc e f o m it s s t a t i ng p o int T h is c o inc i de nc e
r r - .

o f a S im pl e g e o m e t r i c r e l a t i o n w it h a g e ne a l la w w h ic h we s e e ill u s r

t r a t d in t h e e ffe c t s p r o du c e d a t a dis t a nc e by gr a vit a t io n a nd by

e

e l e c t ic a nd m a g ne t i c a g e nc i e s is t o o t e m p t ing no t t o inv it e o ft e n
r ,

r e p e a t e d a t t e m p t s t o e s t a b li s h t h e c l o s e s t c o nne x io n b e t w e e n t h e m .

N o ne o f t h e a s s u m p t i o ns h o w e v e r w h ic h a r e r e qu ir e d a s l ink s in th e
, ,

c o nne x io n c a n b e a dm it t e d A fo r c e c a nno t be s u pp o s e d t o p r o c e e d
.

fr o m a p o i nt wi th o u t a t o nc e b e i ng r e g a r de d a s a n i nde p e nde nt
c,

fl u i d m e di m T h a t it s t e nu ity s h o u l d inc e a s e wi t h it s i nc e a s i ng
u . r r

e x t e ns io n w o u l d no do u b t no t b e a l t o g e t h e r i nc o nc e iv a bl e
, B u t s t ill .

we s h o u l d h a v e t o dis c o v e r t o w h a t t h e m o t i o n o f t h e fl u id w s du e a .

T h is c o u l d o nly u l t im a t e ly a r is e fr o m a ne w fo c e a fo c e o f e p u l r ,
r r

s io n e x e t e d u p o n t h e flu id by t h e t h i ng p e s e nt a t
, r W e sh o u l d r c .

h a v e a l s o t o S h o w w h a t b e c o m e s o f t h e fo c e t h u s diff u s e d if it r ,

m e e t s wi t h no o bj e c t o n w h ic h t o t a k e e ffe c t a nd fu t h e r fr o m wh a t ,
r

s o u r c e t h e c o ns t a nt s u pply o f fo r c e a t is de iv e d T h e s e q u e s t i o ns c r .

c a nno t b e e v a de d by s u pp o s i ng t h a t t h e fo c e do e s no t l f
ifl
'

i
’
t s e r a u se

a o u nd
r bu t is a s it w e e a p e m a n nt a t m o s p h e r e a l e a dy diffu s e d
c, , r ,
r e r

a r o u nd it T o d e ny t h e fa c t o f t h e m o v e m e nt o f r a dia t io n w o u l d b e
.
,

t o t a k e a w a y t h e o nly j u s t ifi c a t io n fo t h e p inc ipl e t h a t t h e d e ns it y r r

d e c re a s e s wi th i nc e a s e o f dis t a nc e rw h il s t it w o u l d c o nt ib u te , r

no t h ing t o w a r ds t h e e xpl a na t io n o f t h e e ffe c t e v e nt u a lly p o d c e d r u .

L e t u s t h e n s u pp o s e t h a t a g iv e n fo c e w h il s t p r o c e e ding f o m
, , r r c,

m e e t s in t h e p o int p w it h a n o bj e c t wh ic h it is t o a c t o n H o w is .

t h is a c tio n p o s s ibl e ? a nd h o w c a n t h e fo r c e i m a r t t o t h e b o dy
p
C H APT E R V I I .
] D ifi CZt /t ifl f Qf R d d f
l t l l ll o
f F o r ce .
334 7
m o t io n in a ny pa r t ic u a r l d i re c t io n ? All t h a t co u l d be ,
c o nc u l de d
fr o m t h e a rr iva l o f t h e fo r c e at p, w o u l d be t h a t it wa s no w p re s e nt at

th a t p o int— no t , t h a t a b o dy Si t u a te d a t
p o i nt m u s t o w ing t o t h e tha t ,

a c t io n o f t h e fo c e be s e t in m o t io n
r ,
B u t e v e n g a nt i ng t h a t it w e .
,
r er

t h u s s e t in m o t io n w h a t d ir e c t i o n c o u l d t h e m o t i o n t a k e ?
,
The
m o t io n a s s u c h c o u l d s t a nd in no r e l a t i o n t o t h e p o int ; fo i if t h e c ,

a c t ivi t y o f t h e fo r c e is m a de t o de p e nd o n t h i s p r o c e s s o f it s diffu s io n ,

it fo ll o w s t h a t it o nly a c t s a t p j u s t a s fa r a s it is t h e r e ; it m a k e s no
d iffe e nc e w h e t h e r it wa s t h e e a lw a y s o r w h e nc e it c a m e t h e e
r r r .

S u pp o s ing it t h e n t o c o i nc i de e x a c t ly a t p wi t h s o m e r e a l e l e m e nt ,

it c o u l d no t i m p a rt a ny m o t io n t o t h a t e l e m e nt fo r t h e r e w o u l d b e ,

no r e a s o n why it S h o u l d p e fe r o ne dir e c t i o n t o a no t h e r I f o n th e ‘
r .
,

o t h e r h a nd we s u pp o s e t h a t a t t h e fi s t m o m e nt o f it s b e g inni ng t o
, r

e x e c is e it s a c t iv it y t h e fo c e i
r s e p a a t e d f o m t h e e l e m e nt by e v e
, r s r r r

s o s m a ll a n int e r v a l we a r e m a ki ng a c t i o n a t a Sl ig h t d is t a nc e s e v e
,
r

a s a n e xp la na t io n o f a c t i o n a t a n a n d e v e r y d is t a nc e t h o u g h we
y ,

c a nno t b r ing t h e fo m e r u nde r a n dr fi n i t e la w a nd m u s t t h e refo e r

y e ,

fa il in t h e a tt e m p t t o de du c e t h e la w o f t h e l a tt e r .

Eve n if t h e s e difli c u ltie s c o u l d b e g o t r id o f it w o u l d s t ill r e m a i n a ,

qu e s t i o n wh e th e r t h e r e s u lting m o t i o n w ill t a k e t h e di e c t io n p o r t h e r c ,

o pp o s it e o ne p Fo t h is p o c e s s o f r a dia t i o n w o u l d b e j u s t t h e s a m e
c . r r

fo r a n a t t r a c t iv e a nd fo a r e p u l s iv e fo r c e r E a c h s m lle s t p a t i c l e o f . a r

t h e fl u id w o u l d in s u c h a c a s e s t ill h a v e t o e x e rt a t t r a c t i o n o r e p u l s i o n
, ,
r

u p o n w h a t e v e r it m ig h t m e e t w it h a t t h e p o i nt t o w h i c h it h a d co m e ,

a s a p r o p e r t y p e c u l ia r t o i t s e l f a nd no t a d m it t i ng o f fu r t h e r e xpl a na

t io n . B u t if t h a t w e e s o t h e r e w o l d b e no l o ng e r a ny o c c a s io n fo r
, r , u

c o nfi ni ng t h e s e e ffe c t s t o t h e p a r t s o f t h e fo c e w h ic h c o m e 6 f o r p r e e

in t h e l ine p; t h c
e p a r t s o n t h e o t h e r s i d e o f p w h i c h la y in t h e ,

c o u s e o f t h is l ine w h e n p r o du c e d o r w h i c h h a d c o m e t h e r e w o u l d
r
, ,

e x e r c i s e a n infl u e nc e o n t h e e le m e nt a t f h ki n d t h o u gh
p o t e s a m e ,

in a c o nt r a r y d ir e c t io n T h e e ns u ing m o t io n w o u l d t h e n b e t h e
.

r e s u l t o f t h e s e d iffe e nt im p u l s e s ; a t a n
r r a t e it c o u l d n o t c o r r e s p o nd
y
w it h t h e Si m pl e la w w h ic h it wa s ho p e d c o u l d be de du c e d f o m it r .

F in lly t h e a tt e m p t m a y b e m a de t o g e t r id o f t h e s e difli c u lt ie s by
a , ,

s u pp o s ing t h a t t h e a dia t ing fo r c e i m p a r t s it s o wn m o t io n t o t h

r e

e l e m e nt w h i c h it l ig h t s u p o n a nd d e t e m ine s by it s o wn d i e c t io n ,
r r

t h a t w h ic h t h e e l e m e nt in it s t u r n is t o t a k e P t t ing a s ide h o we v e r . u , ,

t h a t t his is a t ra ns it io n f o m o ne ide a t h a t o f a fo c e a c t ing a t a

r ,
r

dis t a nc e t o a no t h e r t h e ide a o f c o m m u nic a t io n o f a l r e a dy e x is t i ng

, ,

m o t i o n a ll t h a t w o u l d b e e xpl a i ne d by t h is m e th o d w o u l d b e t h e
,

[Cp
34 8 Tne L a ws o
f t lia A c t iv it ie s f
o Tnirzg s . [ B OO K I I .

c e nt r ifu g a l e ffe c ts o f r e p u l s i o n ; e ve r y c a s e o f a t tr a c t i o n w o u ld r e qu i e r

a c e nt ip e t l p e s s u r e s u c h
r a r s h a s inde e d o ft e n b e e n a s su m e d b t
,
a , , , u

h a s no t h it h e t o h a d a ny i nt e ll ig ibl e e xpl a na t i o n g iv e n o f it
r .

1 9 9 O n t h e s e g o u nds I no t o nly h o l d t h a t t h e s e a tt e m p t e d de
. r

du c t io ns h a v e fa il e d t o e s t a bl is h t h e ir o wn s p e c i a l c o nc l u s i o ns bu t t h e ,

s p ir i t in w h i c h t h e y h a v e b e e n u nde r t a k e n s e e m s t o m e t o b e inco n

s is t e nt w it h it s e lf O f c o u s e m a ny o f t h e o c c u r e nce s w h i c h t a k e
. r ,
r

pl a c e in t h e w o l d a r e o f a c o m p o u nd ch a r a c t e r a nd a r is e f o m
r , r

m e c h a nic l c o m b ina t io n o f o t h e r s
a I t is p o s s ibl e t h a t g a vi t a t io n . r

a nd o t h e r s im il a p h e no m e na w h ic h s e e m t o u s t o be t h e e xp e s s io ns
r r

o f t h e S im pl e s t p im a r y fo c e s m a e a lly b e c o m p o u nd r e s u l t s p o
r r r r
y ,

du c e d by fo c e s s t ill m o r e S im pl e
r A n e l a b o a t io n o f e xp e ie nc e s o . r r

a dv a nc e d a s t o S h o w t h is t o b e t h e c a s e w o u l d r e a lly h a v e s u c c e e de d

in fu ni s h i ng u s w it h a g e ne t ic t h e o y o f t h e L a w o f G a vi t a t io n
r If r r .
,

o n t h e o t h e r h a nd t h e s e a nd a ll e ff e c t s o f a l ik e k ind a r e r e g a d e d a s
,
r

t h e e xp e s s io n o f s i m pl e a nd p im a r y fo c e s we m u s t no t a t t em p t a s
r r r , ,

is do ne by t h e s e t h e o ie s t o give a m e c h a ni c a l e xpl a na t io n o f t h e i r
r ,

o ig in
r ,by e fe r i ng t h e m t o a d iffu s io n a nd a t t e nu a t io n o f fo c e
r r r .

T h e o nly p o o f t h a t c a n be e xp e c t e d o f t h e s e e l e m e nt a r y p r o c e s s e s
r

a nd t h e ir L a w s is t h e s p e c u l a t iv e o ne t h a t t h e y h a v e a ne c e s s a y ,
r

pl a c e in t h e r a t io na l o r de r o f t h i ng s Th e R tio l g i m igh t b e give n . a e s ,

b u t no t t h e m a c h ine r y by w h ic h it is c a ie d int o e ffe c t The t e a t rr . r

m e nt t h e n o f t h i s p r o bl e m b e l o ng s wi t h o u t d o u b t t o P h il o s o p h y
, , , , ,

no r d o I c o m pl a i n t h a t t h e r e s h o u l d h a v e b e e n s u c h innu m e a bl e r

a t t e m p t s t o s o lv e it t h o u g h u nfo t u na t e ly I k no w o f no ne t h a t h a s
,
r

b e e n s u c c e s s fu l I do no t t h e r e fo e c o nt inu e m y o wn inve s t ig a t io n
. r

w ith a ny h o p e o f a r r iving a t a r e s u l t t h a t c a n b e fi na l bu t m e e ly in ,
r

o d e r t o b ing o u t m o r e c l e a ly s o m e o f t h e dis t inc t iv e fe a t u r e s o f m

r r r
y
g e ne a l vi e w
r .

2 00 O w ing t o t h e d o c t i ne w h i c h I h a v e a l e a dy e xp o u nde d in
. r r

r e g a d t o t h e na t u e o f fo r c e s I do no t fe e l t o
r r c h e d by a n o bj e c t io n
,
u

w h ic h P hy s ic is t s h a v e u r g e d a g a ins t t h e a b s o l u t e v a l idit y o f t h e La w
o f G a vi t a t io n a n Obj e c t io n w h i c h if it h l d g o o d w o u ld r e nde
r , un ,
e , r

t e na bl e t h e w h o l e o f t h is d o c t ine w h ic h Sp e c u l a t io n s o o b s t ina t e ly r

a t t e m p t s t o d e du c e a p i i ; w h e e t h e dis t a nc e r or t h e a t t a c t ing r o ,
r

fo c e m u s t a c c o r d ing t o t h is la w it is s a id b e infi nit e

r I w ill no t , ,
.

no w s t o p t o e nq u i e w h e t h e r t h is r e s u l t is a l t o g e th e
r ina dm is s ibl e r .

I t wo u l d b e Op e n fo r t h o s e wh o m a int a in t h e o dina y h yp o t h e s is o f r r

a c o nt inu o u s ly e x t e nde d m a t t e t o u g e t h a t c o nt a c t t a k e s pl a c e o nly r r

b e t w e e n p o int s line s o r su r fa c e s w ith o u t t h ick ne s s a nd c o ns e q e nt ly

, , ,
u

t h a t t h e m a s s e s w h o s e d i s t a nc e 0 m u s t in e v e r y c a s e th e m s e lv e s o ,
2
CH APTE R v ru A t t r a ct io n a t no D is t a nce .
34 9

l
a so . I f t h e hyp o t h e s i s x te nde d a t o m s c o nc e iv e d a s p o int s h e
o f u ne

p r e fe re d
r we S h o u l d c e t a i nly h a v e t o a s c ib e t o t h e m a n i nfi nit e
,
r r

po we ro f e s i s t i ng s e p a a t io n in c a s e t h e y h a d o nc e g o t u nite d in t h e
r r ,

s a m e p o i nt by a t t a c ti o n r B u t a ll t h a t w o u l d be ne ce s s a y w o u l d be
. r

t o t a k e c a r e t h a t s u c h a c a s e ne v e r a r o s e I t w o u l d be e a s y i nde e d .

s o to a l te t h e fo r m u l a o f th e la w t h a t in c a s e o f a ll o b s e r v a bl e d is
r ,

t a nc e s e v e n t h e s m a ll e s t it S h o u l d c o r r e s p o nd a s ne a ly a s p o s s ibl e
, , r

w ith t h e r e s u l t s o f o b s e r va t i o n w h ile in t h e c a s e o f v a ni s h i ng dis

,

t a nc e s it s h o u l d s t ill no t i m ply t h e i nfi ni ty o f t h e fo r c e o f a t t r a c t io n .

B u t I t h i nk we c a n a c h i e v e t h e s a m e e nd wi t h o u t i nt r o du c i ng a
, ,

m o difi ca t i o n o f t h e la w s u c h a s w o l d be p u r e ly a r b it a r y a nd in u r

c a p a bl e o f e v e r b e i ng p r o v e d All t h e s e v e r a l fo r c e s w h i c h P h y s ic s
.

is le d by e xp e r i e nc e t o a s s u m e s t a nd in o u r V i e w m e e ly fo r t h e , r

v a ri o u s c o m p o ne nt s i nt o wh ic h t h e S ingl e p o we r o f i nt e r a c t i o n in
h e re nt in t h e na t u r e o f t h ing s a dm i t s o f b e ing a na ly s e d I t is no t .

t h e e fo e a t a ll s u p i s i ng t h a t a la w w h i c h e xp r e s se s wi t h p e fe c t p r e
r r r r r

c is io n t h e o p e r a t io n o f o ne o u t o f t h is nu m b e r o f c o m p o ne nt s s h o u l d .

ne v e r t h e l e s s yi e l d i nfi ni t e de g r e e s o f int e ns i ty o r o t h e r i na ppl ic a bl e

v a lu e s if t h e c o m p o ne nt is s u pp o s e d t o c o nt i nu e it s o p e r a t io n i s o l a t e d
a nd u nc o nt r o ll e d T h e s e c a s e s o f is o l a te d a c t i o n a re p r e c i s e ly th o s e
.

w h i c h a r e ne ve r m e t wi th ; t h e y e xp r e s s m e e ly w h a t w o u l d o c c u r r

u nde r c e t a in im a g ine d c o ndit io ns

r bu t w h a t u nde r e xi s ting c o n ,

d it io ns ne v e r do e s o c c u r
,
H e nc e it is no t ne c e s s a ry t o m o dify t h e
.

fo rm u l a o f t h e w e ll k no w n la w o f g a vi t a t i o n c o ns ide r e d a s Si m ply
- r ,

c l a i m i ng t o i ndi c a t e t h e v a i a t io ns o f t h e a t t r a c t iv e a c t io n ; in t h is
r

s e ns e t h e fo m u la m a y b e p e r fe c tly p e c is e ; o nly t h e l im it ing c a s e

r r

ne v e r o c c u r s fo r w h ic h a l o ne it w o u l d yi e l d s u c h p o bl e m a t ic a l v a l u e s r .

I n p r o p o r t i o n a s t h e e l e m e nt s w h i c h a e a t t ra c t e d a pp r o a c h e a c h r

o t h e r m o r e ne a r ly t h e t e nde nc y t o r e p u l s io n will b e fo u nd t o g r o w

e v e n m o r e r a p idly a nd if ny o ne o f t h e p r o p o s e d m o difi c a t i o ns o f
,
a

t h e la w c o u l d b e S h o w n t o h o l d g o o d in a c t u a l e xp e r i e nc e it w o u l d

no t b e a m o r e c o r r e c t e xp r e s s io n o f t h e a t tr a c t i o n t a k e n by it s e l f s o

m u c h a s o f t h e t o t a l e ffe c t in w h i c h a t t a c t i o n a nd r e p u l s i o n a e r r

a l e a dy u nit e d
r M o e o ve it is e a s y t o s e t h a t w it h o u t t h is s u p
. r r, e

p o s i t io n th is p a t ia l la w e xp r e s s i ng m e r e a t tr a c t io n w o u l d y ie l d e s u l t s
r r

w h i c h w o u l d be no t s o m u c h i nc o nc e iv a bl e a s m e e ly ina pplic a bl e in r

o u r vi e w o f na t u e L e t u s s u pp o s e t wo e l e m e nt s
r . a nd 6 b e t w e e n a

wh i ch t h e r e is a t tr a c t io n bu t ne ve r e p u l s io n t o a ppr o a c h th e p o int r ,

c fr o m o pp o s i t e Si de s T h e y w o u l d t h e n a t t h e m o m e nt o f m e e t ing
.

h a v e no t o nly a n i nfi ni t e a t t a c t i o n g bu t a l s o infinit e th o u gh r ,

Opp o s i te v e l o c i t i e s + v No w a s t h e v e l o c ity l a s t re a c h e d v h a s
.
, ,
35 0 Tne L a ws f
o tne A c t iv it ie s of Tning s . [ B OO K n:
a r is e n by th e s u m m a t io n o f a ll th e a c cele r a t i o ns wh i c h h a v e b e e n
i nc r e a s ing infi nit e ly u p t o t h e v a l u e g we c a nno t bu t e g a d th e , r r

i nfi nit e qu a nt ity v a s g e a t e r t h a n t h e infi ni t e qu a nt i ty g H e nc e if

r .
,

t h e e w e e no r e p u l s io n g c o u l d no t p e v e nt t h e t wo e l e m e nt s f o m
r r ,
r r

p a s s ing wi th o pp o s it e v e l o c it ie s t h o u gh e a c h o t h e s m i ds t a nd t h u s r r
’

d is t a nc e w o u l d b e e s t o e d b e t w e e n t h e m a nd t h e a m o u nt o f t h e i
r r r

a t t r a c t io n w o u l d b e c o m e fi nit e a g a i n .

2 01 A s p e c i a l o bj e c t io n t o t h e r e c e iv e d v ie w s h a s b e e n u g e d by
. r

H e r b a r t H e will no t h im s e l f a dm i t t h e o p e a t io n o f fo r c e s a t a dis
. r

t a nce b u t fo r t h o s e w h o d o a dm i t it h e h o l ds t h a t t h e o nly l e g it im a t e ,

a s s u m p t io n is t h i s t h a t t h e i nt e ns i t y o f e a c h fo r c e is d i m i nis h e d in
,

p r o p o r t io n a s it is s a t i s fi e d by t h e a t t a i nm e nt o f it s r e s u l t T h a t a .

r e p u l s io n t h e r e fo re ,
S h o u l d de c re a s e wi th t h e di s t a nc e w h ich it h a s
,

p r o du c e d r e qu ir e s no e xpl a na t io n On t h e o t h e r h a nd th e fo r c e
,
.
,

o f a t t a c t i o n w h ic h b e c o m e s a lw a y s m o r e i nt e ns e in p r o p o t i o n a s it
r ,
r

h a s dr a w n it s o bj e c t ne a r e r e m a i ns a p a r a do x fo h im T h is
r, r .

o bj e c t i o n is p la u s ibl e e no u g h if t h e o bj e c t is t o e xpl a in t h e o b s e r v e d .

e ffe c t s o f t h e la w by r e fe e nc e t o it s inne r m e a ning ; b u t I c a nno t r

t h i nk t h a t t h e p a rt ic u la r p s y c h o l o g ic a l a na l o gy t o w h ic h it o w e s it s ,

c o nc l u s iv e ne s s w ill a d m i t o f t h i s g e ne a l a pplic a t i o n
,
I e nt ir e ly a g r e e r .

wi th H e b a t t h a t th e r e a r e i nne r p r o c e s s e s in t h ing s f o m wh i c h t h e
r r ,
r

fo c e s m o vi ng t h e m a e de r iv e d a nd I w ill co nc e d e t o h im t h a t in
r r ,

b o t t he c a s e s wh ic h a r e h e r e b r o u g t o g
h h t e t h e r — p s y c h ic a l e nde a v o u r
a nd p h y s ic a l m o t io n— t h e i m p u ls e t o w h a t is do ne l ie s in a di ffe r

e nc e b e t w e e n a t h ing s a c t u a l s t a t e o f b e i ng a nd s o m e o th e r s t a t e
’
:

w h i ch if it c o u l d be r e a l is e d w o u l d be m o r e in c o rr e s p o nde nc e wi t h
, ,

it s na t u r e B u t I dis p u t e t h e c o nc l u s i o n w h i c h is s o h a s t ily dr a w n
.

f o m t h e s e p r e m is s e s
r H e r b a r t s h o w s h im s e l f in t h i s m a t t e r t o b e
.

infl u e nc e d by h is m a in c o nc e p t io n a c c o r ding t o w h i c h e a c h c h a ngi ng ,

s ta te o f a t h ing is a d is t u b a nc e o f it s o r igi na l na t u e r so tha t r ,

t h e o nly m a ni fe s t a t io n o f a c t iv it y w h i c h c a n fa i ly be a t t ib u t e d t o r r

re a l e x is t e nc e is t h a t O f s e l f c o ns e r v a t i o n o r r e c u r e nce t o t h e
,
-
r

s ta t o
us o a nut e I n t h a t c a s.e n o d o u b t s u pp o s in g M , t o b e t h is ,

p e m a ne ntly fix e d a im a nd a t h e s t a te w h ic h is a de p a r tu r e f o m it
r
,
r ,

t h e r e s u l t t o b e a c h ie v e d a t e a c h ins t a nt w o u l d c o r e s p o nd t o t h i s r

diffe r e nc e M g S t ic t ly s p e a k ing it do e s no t a t o nc e fo ll o w fro m

. r ,

t h is t h a t t h e i nt e ns ity o f t h e fo r c e w h ic h e x e t s i t s e l f t o r e c o v e r t h e
, r

fo rm e r s t a t e m u st v a y di e c t ly a s t h e a m o u nt o f d iv e g e nc e r e p t e
,
r r r

s e nt e d by a n d i n v ly t h l t l r a d y o b t a in e d A ll t h a t w o u l d
a e s,e a s e r e s u ar e .

b e m e a s u r e d by M — g is t h e e x t e nt o f w h a t is e qu ir e d in o de r t o r r

a t t a in t h e giv e n e nd B u t t h e r e w o u l d b e no t h ing t o p r e v e nt t h e
.
CH APTE R v ri ) . Tne sa t isfa ct io n of Fo r ce .
3 5 1

fo r c e fr o m i i g
Op e r a t e wi th u nva yi ng i nt e ns i ty u nt il t h is
c o nt nu n to r

d iffe e nc e h a d b e e n m a de t o di s a pp e a r j u s t a s a l a b o u r e r in fill ing u p

r ,

a p it do e s no t a t fi s t w o r k m o r e r a p id ly a nd a ft e r w a d s w it h l e s s
r r

e n r gy b e c a u s e t h e s p a c e t o be h e a p e d in w a s a t t h e b e g inning
e ,

l a g e a nd h a s s inc e b e c o m e s m a ll e r b u t h e w o r ks th o u gh o u t a t
r r , r

the s a m e pa ce .

Eve n h o we v e r a dm i tt i ng t h i s a s s u m p t io n i nsu ffic i e ntly p r o v e d a s

, , ,

it is I d o u b t t h e r e l e v a nc y o f t h e a na l o gy w h ic h w o u l d m a k e t h e
,

o ccu e nc e o f a p h y s ic a l e ffe c t c o rr e s p o nd wi t h t h e s a t i s fa c t i o n o f
rr a

p sy ch i c a l im p u l s e I f t a ki ng a n i m a g ina r y c a s e we c o m p a e a s u pp o s e d
.
, ,
r

q u a nt i ty M o f w h i c h we h a ve a n i de wi t h a s m a ll e r g iv e n q u a nti t y a
,
a , ,

no d o u b t we k no w t h a t M —o e xp e s s e s t h e a m o u nt w h i c h m u s t b e r

a dde d t o a in o r d e r t o m a k e it, M I n t h i s c a s e M t h o u g h no t .
,

p e se nt be fo r e u S in e x t e r na l r e a l ity wa s a s a de q u a t e ly e p r e s e nt e d by
r ,
r

it s i de a a s g wa s a nd t h e e s t im a t io n o f t h e di ffe r e nc e b e t w e e n t h e m
,

w a s t h u s m a d e p o s s ibl e I f h o w e v e r we e xp e i e nc e d a s t a t e a a nd th is
.
, ,
r ,

w e r e m e r e ly a m a nne r o r m o de o f o u r c o ns c io u s ne s s s o m e fo m ,
r

p e h a p s o f fe e l ing th is fe e li ng w o u l d no t b e a bl e by i t s e l f t o p r o du c e
r ,

in o u m inds t h e i de a o f t h e a b s e nt M
r K no wl e dg e o f t h e c h a r a c te r
a nd e x t e nt o f t h e d iffe r e nce b e t w e e n a a nd M c o u l d o nly i s e if we ar

h d h a d a e a l e x pe ie nc e o f M a s w e ll a nd it w e e t o e nt e i nt o o u
a r r ,
r r r

c o ns c io u s ne s s in t h e fo m o f a fe e l ing o r t h e e m e m b a nc e o f a fe e l
r r r

ing s i m il a r in k ind t o 9 A l th o u gh t h e e fo e t h e d is t u b e d s t a t e o f
.
, r r ,
r

o u r f e l ing s m a y de p e nd u p o n t h e d iff e e nc e M
e a y e t t h is d i ff e e nce r , r

o nly e x is t s p i m a r ily fo r t h e c o m p a r i ng m i nd o f a n o nl o o k e r ; it is
r

no t a e a l e l e m e nt in t h e e xp e ie nc e o f t h e b e i ng wh o is a ffe c t e d by
r r

t h e s t a t e a a t a ny r a t e no t u nl e s s t h e r e is s o m e
,
e m e m b r a nc e o f t h e r

s ta t e M I t c a nno t t h e r e fo e b e t h e o bv io u s s t a nda d by w h ic h s u c h r r

a b e i ng w it h a s o t o f p r e fe r e nc e fo r w h a t is r e a s o na bl e a nd j u s t
, r ,

de t e r m ine s t h e int e ns i ty o f t h e e ffo r t w h i c h it h a s t o m a k e H o we v e . r

fa r t h e n we m a y g o in a s s im il a t ing t h e i nne r s t a t e s o f t h i ng s t o
, ,

p o c e s s e s o f m i nd s o l o ng a s we do no t b e l ie v e t h a t t h e p h y s ic a l
r ,

Op e a t io ns o f th ing s a e r e gu l a t e d lik e a c t s o f o u r o wn by u l e s d a w n
r r r r

fr o m e xp e ie nc e a s l o ng a s we b e l ie v e r a t h e t h a t t h e e is a ne e s s ity
r , r r c

i m p o s e d o n t h e m t o c o m e t o p a s s a s t h e y do t h e diffe r e nc e be t w e e n ,

a n a c t u a l a nd a b e t t e s t a t e o f t h i ng s c a nno t be t h e d t e r m ining r e a s o n
r e

by w h ic h P h y s ica l ff ct s a e re g u l a t e d e e r .

O n t h e o th e r h a nd t h e e is no r e a s o n we a t l e a s t c a n s e e no ne
, r , ,

wh y t h e o r de o f t h e u niv e se w h ic h p e s c r ib e s t o a ll t h ing s t h e ir
r r r

na t r e a nd m o de o f w o k ing S h o u l d no t h v e a t t a c h e d t o a a bl ind
u r ,
a

a nd u np u r p o s e d a c t iv ity w h ic h wa s a s a m a t t e r o f fa c t m e a s u e d by
, r
35 2 m e L a ws f
o tne A c t iv it ie s o
f T/z ing s . [ BOO K 1 1 .

the diffe r e nc e —
M q ,
th o u gh i ndividu a l
th e t h in g wh ic h wa s a ffe c t e d
by th e diffe r e nc e wa s i t s l f u nc o ns c i o u s o f it
e . B u t, as th e r e is no t h in g
to h inde r t h is
pp o s it io n s o t h e e is no th ing t o m a k e it ne c e s s a y ;
su ,
r r

it e m a i ns a p o s s ibl e t h o u g h bu t a n a r b it a y a s s u m p t io n t h a t t h e
r r r

co u se r o f t h ing s is no t h ing b u t a c o ns t a nt e ffo r t t o a t t a in t o an

e q u il ib i u m a nd t o
r e p r o du c e a s t a t e M w h ic h c a n o nly b e e ffe c t e d by
r

g e t t ing id o f th e ir p r e s e nt s t a t e T h e r e is e q a lly no t h ing t o p r e v e nt

r . u

u s f o m a dm i t t ing t h e c l a im s t h o u g h no t t h e e x c l u s iv e c l a im s
r , ,

o f t h e Opp o s it e v ie w a c c o d ing t o w h ic h t h e a t t a inm e nt o f a s t a t e

,
r

m e a n s a c h a ng e in t h e c o ndit io n o f t h ing s w h ic h t e nd s t o r e p r o du c e
a ,

it s e l f in a m o e e m p h a t ic a nd int e ns ifi e d fo r m
r T h a t o t h e r th e o r y .
,

t h e w a t c h w o d o f w h i c h is dis t u b a nc e h a s t h o u g h t o nly o f p a in ;
‘ ’
r r ,

a nd t h e n it s e e m s q u i t e na tu ra l t h a t t h e s e l f— c o ns e r v a t iv e a c t iv it y

d ire c t e d t o t h e r e m o v a l o f p a in s h o u l d d e c r e a s e in p o p o r t i o n a s it , r

s c c e e ds
u I t h a s t a k e n no a c c o u nt o f pl e a s u e w h ic h j u s t a s
. r ,

na t u a lly c e a t e s a s t im u l u s t o t h e i nt e ns ifi c a t io n o f t h e s t a t e w h ic h
r r

wa s de s i re d a nd is pl e a s a nt Fo it is no t t r u e e x c e p t in t h o s e
. r ,

c a s e s in w h ic h t h e s o u c e o f e nj o y m e nt lie s p a t ly in t h e b o dy t h a t
r r , ,

pl e a s u r e is du ll e d wi th s a t i s fa c ti o n Th e b o dy no do u b t is fo bidde n .
, ,
r

by t h e h a bi t s o f it s a c t i o n f o m c o nt ib u ting t o t h e int e ns ifi ca t io n o f
r r

fe e l ing a nd i nt e r u p t s it by w e a r i ne s s a nd s a t i e ty I t will no t h o w e v e r
,
r .
, ,

b e m a i nta ine d t h a t t h e p u s u it o f k no wl e dg e a nd it s r e s l t s o r t h e
r u ,

a s pi r a t i o n a ft e r b e a u t y a nd g o o dne s s is l e s s e ne d by a pp r o x im a t io n ,

t o t h e i de a l .

B u t we w ill l e a v e t h e s e a na l o gi e s w h i c h de c i d e no t h ing Th e ,
.

g e ne r a l c o nc l s i o n t o wh ic h we c o m e is t h is t h e r e is a bl ind
u :

t e nde nc y in e a c h t h ing o wi ng t o it s p la c e in t h e a ll e m b r a c ing o de

,
-
r r

o f t h e w o l d w h e ne v e r it is in a n
r g iv e n s t a t t o p o du c e a n r
, y a e ,

e ffe c t . Th e c h a a c t e r a nd e x t e nt o f t h is e ffe c t a r e no t r e g u la t e d by
r

a ny la w i nh e r e nt in t h e na t u e o f s u b s t a nc e o r fo r c e a nd b indi ng
r ,

t h ing s wi th o u t r e g a r d t o t h e p u p o t o f t h i s u niv e r s a l o de r r I t is r r .

t h i s o r de r a nd t h is a l o ne w h ic h in a c c o r da nc e w ith it s o wn a im s
, , ,

c o nne c t s r e a s o n a nd c o ns e q u e nt a nd it is a s a bl e t o de t e m i ne t h a t , r

t h e fo r c e o f r e a c t i o n S h o u l d i nc r e a s e wi t h t h e a tt a i nm e nt o f r e s u lt s ,

a s t h a t it s h o u l d dim i nis h n p o p o r t io n a s t h e y a r e a t t a ine d

1 r .

2 02 I t is e a s y t o s e e t h e c o ns e q e nc e s t h a t fo ll o w f o m t h is
. u r

c o nv ic t i o n A s we do no t k no w t h e i de a w h i c h is e nde a v o u i ng
. r

e a l is e i t s e l f in t h e w o r l d it is fr o m e xp e i e nc e o nly a s I h a ve
.

to r , r ,

b e fo r e r e m a ke d th a t we ca n de r iv e o u r k no wl e dge o f t h e r e c u r e nt
r , r

o p e a t io ns o f t h ing s a c c o r di ng t o g e ne r a l l a w s
r W e c a nno t t h e r e fo r e .
, ,

t a k e it a m is s t h a t P h y s i c s fo ll o wi n t h l a d o f o b s e r va t i o n s h o u l d
g e e , .
C H APT E R V I I ] A P r im a ry L a w of Fo r ce
. a na
’
D is t a nce ? 3 53

a ss ig n to the d iffe r e nt fo p ti o n o f w h ic h is fo u nd t o
r ce s, th e a ssu m

b e ne c e s s a r y l a w s o f a c t io n o f t h e m o s t v a r io u s k inds
,
T h e s e La w s .

P h ys ic s r e ga r ds m e r e ly a s e xpr e s s i o ns o f th e fa c t s wi t h o u t a t t e m p t ing ,

a ny m e t a p h y s i c a l i nt e r p e t a t io n o f t h e m a nd e v e y i de a o f t h is k ind
r ,
r ,

s e r v ing t o c l e a r u p a g o u p o f i nt e r c o nne c t e d p h e no m e na a nd e na bl ing

r ,

u s t o infe t h e fu t u re fr o m t h e p e s e nt de s e r v e s r e s p e c t a s a n e nl a g e
'
r r , , r

m e nt o f o u r k no wl e dg e P h il o s o p h y is a l t o g e t h e r in t h e w r o ng w h e n
.
,

s h e d e p r e c ia t e s e s u l t s o b t a ine d in t h i s wa y m e e ly b e c a u s e t h e y d o no t
r ,
r

p e ne t r a t e t o th e u l t im a t e t r u th ; bu t s h e is c e t a inly w it h in h e r igh t r r ,

w h e n s t a r t i ng f o m h e r o wn p o i nt o f V ie w s h e a t te m p t s t o s u pply t h e
,
r

int e r p e t a t i o n w h i c h is s t ill l a c ki ng t o t h o s e e su l t s
r W h a t e v e r m a y be r .

t h o u g h t o f s p a c e a nd o f e x is t e nc e in Sp a c e if o nc e t h e i nt e ns it y o f i nte r ,

a c t io n b e t w e e n t wo e l e m e nt s is m a de t o de p e nd o n t h e d i s t a nc e s e p a

r a t ing t h e m a nd j u s t s o fa r a s it is m a de t o de p e nd o nly o n t h i s it s e e m s
, ,

t o be i m p o s s ib le t h a t d i ffe e nt fo r c e s c o l d be d e t e m ine d by t h is c a u s e
r u r

t o a c t in diffe r e nt w a y s ; t h e s a m e d is t a nc e it w o u l d s e e m c o u l d , ,

o nly m a k e it s e l f fe l t by t h e e l e m e nt s a nd d e t e rm ine a ll t h e ir r e c ip o c a l r

e ffe c t s in t h e s a m e wa y I t is t h i s w h i c h h a s p e p o s s e s s e d p h il o
‘

. r

S o p h e r s in fa vo u r o f th e vi e w t h a t t h e diffe e nt m o de s o f a c t io n wh ic h r

P h y s ic s a s s u m e s wh e n it m a k e s d iffe e nt fo c e s de p e nde nt o n dif

,
r r

fe r e nt p o w e r s o f t h e di s t a nc e c a nno t h a v e a p i m a y ig h t o f e x is t e nc e
,
r r r ,

bu t t h a t t h e r e m u s t b e o ne fu nda m e nt a l la w fo r t h e r e l a t io n o f a c t io n
t o d is t a nc e a nd t h e d e v ia t i o ns f o m it w h i c h e xp e r ie nc e c o m p e ls u s
,
r

t o a dm i t m u s t b e du e m e r e ly t o t h e c o m pl e x ity o f t h e c i c u m s t a nc e s r .

B y a n e a s ily u nd e r s to o d t a ns it io n t h is fu nd a m e nt a l la w t h e n c a m e
r ,

t o be ide nt ifi e d w it h t h e L a w o f G a v it t io n t h i s b e i ng a L a w w h ic h r a ,

is o b e y e d by m a ny f m il ia r e ffe c t s diffe ing f o m e a c h o t h e r a nd

'

a ,
r r

o c c u r r ing u nde r a pp a e nt ly v e r y s im pl e r c ir c u m s t a nc e s I c a nno t .

m y s e l f s h a r e t h i s p r e p o s s e s s i o n e x c e p t wi t h g e a t r e s e v a t io ns,
I t is r r .

ne c e s s a y fi r s t o f a ll t h a t a c e r t a in a s s u m p t io n f o m w h ic h a ll s u c h
r r

a t t e m p t e d e xpl a na t i o ns s t a r t S h o l d b e c l e a ly s t t e d T h a t a s s u m p t io n
, u r a .

is m a de by t h ink e s by w h o m p e h p s in t h e i r u l t i m a t e e s s e n e
r ,
r ll
a c a

t h i ng s a r e m y s t io u s ly m e r g e d in t h e u ni t y o f a n i nfi ni t e s u b s t a nc e
er

a nd a Si ngl e c e a t iv e p la n w h e n t h e y
r ft e w a d s l e a v e o u t o f s ig h t
,
a r r

t h e c o nt inu o u s o p e r a t io n o f t h is s ingl e p inc ipl e a nd e xpl a in t h e r ,

w h o l e c o u r s e o f t h e w o l d m e ly f o m t h e p e r m a ne nt qu a l iti e s r re r

a nd t h e c h a ngi ng r e l a t io ns o f i nd iv idu a l e x is t e nc e s a nd t h e co n ,

s e qu e nc e s w h i c h by c o m m o n l o g ic , s e e m t o fo ll o w fr o m t h e s e t wo ,

p r e m is s e s .

2 03 Up o n t h is a s s u m p t i o n we a r e no t j u t ifi e d a c c o ding t o
. ll s ,
r a

t h a t h a s p r e c e de d in r e g a r ding t h e int e r v a l o f dis t a nc e it s e lf a s t h a t

,

VO L I . . A 9 .
 3 54 T/i e L a ws f
o tne A c t iv it ie s
f
o T/cing s .
[ B OO K 1 1 .

wh i c h de t e r m i ne s t h e i s e d b e t w e e n t wo e l e m e nt s
a m o u nt o f fo r c e e xe r c ,

a a nd 6 T h i s is d e o nly t o t h e i nne r s t a t e s o f th e e l e m e nt s w h ic h
. u

c o r e s p o nd t o t h e dis t a nc e s b e t w e e n t h e m
r Eve ry m o de o f t r e a t ing .

t h e q u e s t io n m u s t a dm i t s o m u c h a s t h is Eve n if we a do p t t h e .

o r dina y vi e w o f Sp a c e a s o bj e c t iv e ly e xi s t i ng t h e di s t a nc e o f t h ing s
r ,

w ill s t ill o nly b e dis t a nc e 6 tw n t h e m ; t h e dis t a nc e a nd it s m e a s u r e

.
e ee

is t h e r e fo r e a e a l it y p im a f i o nly fo r a n Ob s e r v e r wh o is a bl e t o
, ,
r r ac e

r e p r e s e nt t o h im s e l f t h e s p a c e w h i c h m u s t b e t r a v e s e d in o r de r t o r

p a s s f o m t o 6 I f a a nd 6 a r e t o be g u ide d by it in w h a t t h e y do
r a .
,

it m u s t b e p o s s ibl e fo t h e m a nd no t fo r a n Ob s e r v e r o nly t o t a k e
r

no t e t h t t h e di s t a nc e b e t w e e n t h e m is in o ne c a s e a a nd in a no t h e r
’
a

c a s e 8 ; t h u s in o de r t o a c t t h e y m u s t fi s t b e a c t e d u p o n by t h e v e r y
r r

s a m e c o ndit io n w h i c h is t o r e g u l a t e t h e r a c t ivi t y Th i s wo u l d l e a d
i .

us — Su pp o s ing t h e m e e ly p h e no m e na l c h a a ct e r o f s p a c e t o b e
r r

a s s u m e d —t o t h e c o nc l u s i o n t h a t e v e r y a c t u a l d i s t a nc e b e t w e e n
, a

a nd 6 is no t h ing bu t t h e m a nife s t a t io n in s p a c e o f t h e s u m o f th e

e ffe c t s w h ic h t h e y e xp e r i e nc e a t t h e m o m e nt fr o m o ne a no t h e r a nd

fr o m t h e w h o l e a nd w h ic h a r e a l s o t h e c a u s e o f t h e i r e ffe c t u p o n u s
, .

T h e u niv e s a l o r de r is h o we v e r ne i th e r a c c o r ding t o o u r v ie w no r
r , , ,

a c c o r ding t o t h e o r dina r y vi e w a r igi dly c l a s s ifi e d s y s t e m , s u ch t h a t ,

e a c h e l e m e nt p e r s is t e nt ly o c c u pi e s t h e p la c e w h ic h c o r e s p o nds r

wi th it s c o nc e p t io n S u ch a s y s t e m no do u b t e xi s t s bu t it s p a r t s
.
,

w h ic h r e in c o ns t a nt s t a t e o f c h a o t i c flu x a r e e v e r y m o m e nt
a a ,

fa lli ng int o r e l a t iv e p o s it i o ns w h ic h d o no t c o r r e s p o nd t o t h e p e r
m a ne nt a ffi nit i e s o f t h e i r na t u r e s .

W e k no w w h a t t h i s m e a ns in t e r m s o f o r di na r y s p a t ia l p e c e p t i o n r

it is no t t h e e le m e nt s wh ic h a r e by t h e i r na t u re m o s t fi t t e d fo r a c t iv e
i nt e r c o u s e wh ic h a r e a lw a y s t h e ne a r e s t ne ig h b o u s ; t h e a c tio n o f
r r

s o m e th i d o fo u r t h e l e m e nt m a y s e p a r a t e t h o se w h ic h a r e c o h e r e nt
r r ,

o r b r ing t o g e t h r t h o s e w h i c h a r e i ndi ffe r e nt

e I t is i nde e d im p o s .

s ib le t o g iv e a p ic t u e o f w h a t t h i ng s u nde r g o o
r e xp e ie nc e in t h e i r r r

inne na tu r e w h e n t h e y e nt e r i nt o t h o s e c h a ng ing i nt e llig ibl e r e l a t i o ns

r

wi th wh ic h we a r e fa m ili a r in Sp a t i a l p e r c e p t io n a s di s t a nc e s o f
g e a t e r o l e s s e x t e nt A s o bj e c t s o f s u c h p e c e p t io n i e a s d is
r r . r ,
. .

t a nc e s t h e s e e la t i o ns s e e m t o u s o b vi o u s ly t o im ply a g e a t e r o r le s s
,
r r

a m o nt o f e s t r a ng e m e nt o r o f s y m p a t h y in t h e t h ing s a nd u p o n t h is
u ,

t h e d e g e e o f t h e i r e c ip r o c a l a c t io n is na t u a lly s u pp o s e d t o d e p e nd
r r r .

Ye t o u r p e vi o s i nv e s t ig a t io ns h a v e s h o w n t h a t we c a nno t a c c o u nt
r u

fo r t h e m a nne r a nd d e g r e e in w h ic h t h ing s a c t u p o n e a c h o t h e r fr o m
t h e m e e fa c t o f t h e ir b e ing o u t s ide o ne a no t h e r ; it is o nly fr o m
r

wh a t t h e y g e t o r e xp e i e nc e fro m t h i s fa c t o r fr o m t h e wa y in w h ic h
r ,
C AP T R v rm Afi nity m a r n
’
H E ea 6y t /ce D is t a nce .
3 55

it c o nne c ts th e m ,
t h a t we c a n do s o . We c a nno t , t h e re fo r e , s a y t h a t t h e

d is t a nc e b e tw e e n t h ing s i t s e l f e x e r c i s e s a n i nfl u e nc e o n t h e i nte ns it y o f
t h e i r fo r c e it is m e r e ly t h e m o de in w h i c h t h e g r e a t e r o r l e s s de g r e e
o f t h e ir m e t a p h y s i c a l a ffinity is m a nife s t e d t o u s v a yi ng a s t h is do e s ,
r

wi t h t h e diffe r e nt c o m b ina t io ns i nt o w h ic h t h e y a r e b ro u gh t by t h e
c o u r s e o f e v e nt s T h r o u g h o u t t h i s p r o c e s s t h e t h i ng s r e m a in w h a t
.

t h e y a r e a nd c o nt i nu e t o a c t u p o n e a c h o t h e r c o nfo r m a bly t o t h e i r
,

na t u e s
r A t t h e s a m e t i m e t h e d iffe r e nt de gr e e s t o wh i c h t h e y a r e
.
,

t e m p o r a ily di s pl a c e d fr o m t h e i r p o s it i o n in t h e s y s t e m c a nno t bu t
r ,

h a ve s o m e i nfl u e nc e o n t h e i r b e h a vi o u r ; a c h a ng e in t h e c l o s e ne s s
o f t h e ir m e t a p h y s i c a l a ffi ni ty inv o lv e s a c o r r e s p o ndi ng c h a ng e in t h e

o f t h e i nt e ns i ty p w it h w h ic h t h e y s t im u l t e t h o s e m u t u a l
'

a m o u nt 2 a

a c t io ns fo r w h ic h t h e i r na t u e h a s fi tte d th e m r I f t h e s e v e ry .

a b s t r a c t c o ns i de r a t i o ns h a v e s o fa r i ns pi e d a ny c o nfi de nc e we no w r ,

s t a nd b e fo r e a c o nc l u s io n w h ic h s e e m s c e r t a in a nd b e fo e a n a l t e r ,
r

na t iv e w h ic h we a e q u it e u na bl e t o de c i de r N 0 r e a s o n c a n b e a ny .

w h e re di s c o v e e d wh y t h is m e t a p h y s ic a l a ffi ni ty s h o u l d c o e s p o nd t o
r rr

a ny b u t t h e fi s t p o w e r o f t h e d i s t a nc e w h i c h is t h e dis t a nc e i t s e l f
r On , .

t h e o t h e r h a nd a ft e r w h a t h a s b e e n s a i d a b o v e it s e e m s q u i t e a s
, ,

p o s s ibl e t h a t t h e e ffe c t o f t h is a ffinity Sh o u l d va r y dir e c t ly a s t h a t it

s h o u l d v a r y inv e s e ly wi t h t h e di s t a nc e
r ,
T h e t wo fo r m u lae .

—
i = p a a nd i
Z
’

wo u l d be t h e on ly
l ae in wh i c h t h i s p o i nt o f Vie w c o u l d r e s u lt
fo r m u ,

a nd t h e y w o u l d b e o f e q u a l v a l id i t y .

2 04 I n m a k ing u s e o f t h e s e e xp r e s s i o ns I wi s h it t o b e b o r ne in
.
,

m i nd t h a t a s I u nde r s t a nd t h e m t h e y h a v e no t t h e s a m e m e a ning a s

an
y o f t h o s e q u a n t i t ie s t o w h i c h t h e o r d i n a r y m e c h a nic a l vi e w o f

P h y s ic s l e a ds u s W e d o no t u s e i t o de s ig na t e a ny ki nd o r de gr e e
.

o f o u t w a d p e r fo r m a nc e b u t m e r e ly t h e i nt e ns i t y o f t h e s t i m u l u s w it h
r ,

w h ic h in v ir tu e o f th e e l a t io n a t t h e t im e b e i ng s u b s is t ing b e t w e e n
, r

t wo e l e m e nt s o ne o f t h e m e x c it e s a nd is e x c it e d by t h e o t h e r t o a ny
,

o r a ll o f t h o s e p o s s ibl e fo r m s o f r e c ip o c a l a c t iv it y w h ic h Sp ing f o m r r r

t h e i r a ffini ty t h e i d i ff e e nc e o r g e ne r a lly t h e ir r e s p e c t ive pl a c e s in t h e

, r r ,

syst e m A S r e g a r ds w h a t fo ll o w s fr o m t h e s t i m u l u s a fr e s h a nd Sp e c ifi c
.

d e t e m ina t i o n is r e q u i e d t o d e c ide w h e t h e r it is t o b e a t t r a c t io n o r
r r

r e p u l s io n a nd e t a n o t h t d i d it m n t T h fi s t r e q u ire
y , e o e c e s r
a o u e . r

m e nt h o w e v e r m a y p e h a p s be a s um e d t o b e a l e a dy fu lfill e d by t h e
, ,
r s r

c o e ffi c i e nt p Fo t h o u g h we h a v e h it h e t o s p o k e n o f t h is m e r e ly a s a
. r r

qu a nt ity it is de p e nd e nt o n t h e na t u e o f t h e int e r a c ting e l e m e nt s

,
r ,

a nd t h e e fo r e r s t r i c t ly Sp e a k ing c o l d o nly b e a c o nc r e t e nu m be r
, , u .

A a 2
35 6 T/ze L a ws of t ne A c t iv it ie s f
o T/z ing s . [ B OO K 11 .

On th e o th e r h a nd, as re ga r ds th e am Otrnt o f th e i ni tia l m o t io n,

I c a n s e e no r e a s o n l d no t be c o ns i de e d a s s im ply p o
wh y it sh o u r r

p o r t io n a te to t h e s t i m u l u s i w h ic h is it s m o t iv e c a u s e , I s h a ll .

no t t h e r e fo e
,
m a k e a ny fu t h e r c o m p a is o n b e t w e e n t h e fo m u l a
r ,
r r r

2
'

p d w h ic h
,
w o u l d i n d i c a t e a s o t o f m e t a p h y s ica l e l a s t i c it y a nd r ,

w h a t we m e e t wi th u nde r th e s a m e na m e t h o u gh g e ne r a lly u nde r ,

h ig h ly c o m pl ic a t e d c o ndit i o ns in t h e s p h e r e o f P h y s ic s ,
A s re .

g a ds t h e s e c o nd fo rm u l a I do no t s e e h o w t h e de s i re d e s u l t
r ,
r ,

v iz . de p e nde nc e u p o n t h e s q u a e o f t h e di s t a nc e c o u l d be S h o w n r ,

ne c e s s a r ily t o fo ll o w fr o m it .

I w ill h o w e ve r m e nt io n t h e a s s u m p t io n w h i c h w o u l d h a ve t o be
m a de in o r de r t o b ing t h is la w i nt o u l t im a t e h a r m o ny wi t h t h e o t h e r
r

o r m e t a p h y s ic a l vi e w I c a nno t e s t e e m a s o f a ny va l u e fo r s u c h a
.

p p o s e t h e a pp e a l t o t h e r e c ip r o c i t y o f a ll e ffe ct s w h ic h s o m e
ur ,

dis t ing u is h e d a u t h o r i t ie s h a v e i nt r o du c e d i nt o t h e di s c u s s i o n If .

g is t h e i nt e ns it y wi th w h ich o ne l
e em e nt is a tt r a c t e d by a no th e r

a nd a t th e sam e t im e t e nd s o f its e lf w a r ds it I c a nno t s e e a ny

to ,

re a so n pp o s ing t h e r e s u lt t o
fo r su e qu a l t h e p r o du c t o f t h e t wo

a c t iv it ie s ; lik e e v e y o t h e r r e s u l t a nt
r ,
it w o u l d b e t h e m o f th e m ; su

it is o nly t h e i nt e ns it y o f t h e e ff e c t no t th e fu nc t io n o f t h e dis t a nc e ,

u p o n w h ic h it d e p e nd s t h a t w o u l d b e a ffe c t e d , P e rh a p s h o w .
,

e ve it w ill b e u r g e d t h a t t h e e ffe c t o f a fo r c e d e p e nds no t m e r e ly

r, ,

o n wh a t t h e fo r c e int nd s t o do bu t a l s o o n h o w m u c h it is
e ,

a bl e t o do i e in t h e c a s e be fo r e u s no t m e e ly o n t h e a m o u nt
,
. .
,
r

o f m t u a l e x c i t a tio n b u t a l s o o n t h e c o n
u , di t io ns w h ic h p o m o t e o r r

c h e c k t h e s a t is fa c t io n o f t h e d e m a nd s T o p u t t h e m a tt e r S h o t ly . r

a nd c l e a ly ; t h e dis t a nc e d b e t w e e n
r a nd 6 i ndic a t e s a de g r e e o f a

e s t r a ng e m e nt b e t w e e n t h e m a nd t h e i r w ill ing ne s s t o a c t u p o n e a c h
,

o t h e r is t h e r e fo e inv e r s e ly p o p o r tio na l t o
r t h a t d i s t a nc e r B u t th e .
,

w e a k e r w ill is no t o nly w e a ke r bu t h a s Opp o s e d t o it t h e g e a t e r , r

o b s t a c l e in t h e s h p e o f t h e g e a t e r d is t a nc e w h ic h w e a k e ne d it
, a r Th e .

a c t iv e fo r c e t h e r e fo r e w h i c h c a n be e x e r te d is fo u nd by m u l t iply ing
, , ,

t h e e ffo t by t h e r e c ip r o c a l o f t h e r e s is t a nc e t o b e o v e co m e ; a nd
r r

a c c o r di ngly is i nv e s e ly p r o p o t i o na l t o t h e s q a e o f t h e d is t a nc e
r r u r .

S u ch a m o de o f e xp e s s io n c o l d inde e d o nly s e v e t o indic a t e b i e fly

r u r r

t h e e s s e nc e o f t h e ide a ; in r e a l t ru t h t h e dis t a nc e d e v e n if it w e r e ,

a r e a lly e x t e nd e d s p a c e b e t w e e n a nd 6 c o u l d no t be r e g a d e d a s a n a ,
r

o b s t a c l e t o t h e e ffe c t A c c o ding t o t h e vi e w w h i c h we h a v e m a i n
. r

t a ine d it c o u l d no t a c t iv e ly c o ndi t io n t h e inc ip ie nt p r o c e s s e x c e p t in s o

, ,

fa r a s it wa s r e p r e s e nt e d wi th i n t h e e le m e nt s a a nd 6 by m e a ns o f t h a t
CH APTE R v 1 1 ) . R a t io na le f
o Sq u a r e o
f D is t a nce .
3 57

h i dde n s t a t e x ci t a t io n wh i ch we fo u nd o u r s e lv e s o blig e d t o a s s u m e
o fe
in a ll c a s e s B u t p e rh a p s it is p e c is e ly t o t h is inne r s t a t e o f t h ing s
. r

t h a t a n a r gu m e nt O f t h is ki nd m a y s e e m t o b e m o s t r ig o o u s ly r

a ppli c a b le I t m a y p e h a p s s e e m i nc r e dibl e t h a t w h e n t wo e l e m e nt s
. r

a a nd 6 a e s e p a a t e d by t h e di s t a nc e s d o r 8
r r t h e y s h o u l d in b o t h ,

c a s e s a l ik e t h o u g h no t e x
, c i t e d t o a c t i o n t o t h e s a m e d e g r e e ye t in ,

Sp it e o f t h i s diffe e nc e a im a t p r o du c i ng o ne a nd th e s a m e e ff c t I t
r e .

m a y b e t h o u gh t t h a t t h e o 6 j t o f t h e i r e ff o r t a s w e ll a s it s i nt e g r i t y
ec

w o u l d va ry a nd v a y p r o p o r t io na t e ly to t h e de g e e o f t h e i e x c i t a t i o n
,
r r r .

T h e a m o u nt o f t h e a c t u a l e x t e rna l r e s u l t w o u l d t h e n b e fo u nd by
m u l t iply ing i int o a q u a nt ity p o p o t i o na l t o i a nd w o u l d t h u s v a y r r ,
r

i nve s e ly w ith t h e s q u a e o f th e dis t a nc e

r r .

I S h a ll no t a tte m p t t o de c i de w h e th e t h e r e is a ny t h i ng o f v a l u e in r

t h is s u gg e s t io n : I wi s h o nly t o p o i nt o u t t h a t t h is ne w wa y o f

c h a a c t e is ing
r r a n int e nde d r e s u l t a s o ne w h ic h inc e a s e s in p o , r r

p o tio n t o t h e s t im u l u s is j u s t o ne w h ich c a nno t be de c is ive ly

r ,

e s t a bli s h e d if no t h ing is a s s u m e d b u t i ndivi du a l e l e m e nt s wi t h t h e i

,
r

na t u e s a nd t h e r e l a t i o ns s u b s is t i ng b e t w e e n t h e m
r T h e r e is no .

u niv e s a l M e t a p h y s ic o f M e c h a nic s
r c a p a bl e o f S h o w ing t h a t e v e y , r

t im e a ny t wo e x is t e nc e s c o m b ine in a e l a tio n t h e y m s t h a ve s o r ,
u

c o m bi ne d W h e ne ve r a ny s u c h r e l a t io n o c c u s it is a m a t t e r o f fa c t
. r , ,

w h i h f o m a M e t a p h y s ic a l p o int o f v ie w c a n o nly b e r e g a r de d a s a n
c ,
r ,

e ffe c t o f t h e a ll e m b a c i ng M i e t h e i de a o f t h e w h o l e
-
r ,
. I t m u st be
. .

t h is ide a w h ic h is p e s e nt a nd a c t iv e in a ll i nd iv id u a l e l e m e nt s
r ,

a s s ig ning t o e a c h it s m o de o f m a nife s t a t io n in e l a t io n t o t h e r e s t r ,

w h ic h o th e r w is e w o u l d no t flo w ne c e s s a ily f o m t h e m e r e c o n r r

c e p t io n a nd t h e na t u e o f t h e e l e m e nt s r B u t a s we do no t k no w t h e .
,

c o nt e nt o f t h is id e a we c a nno t a ffi m p o s it iv e ly t h a t it i m p o s e s a
,
r

ne c e s s i t y o n t h ing s t o a s su m e t h e s e fo m s a nd no o t h e s a nd h e nc e r r ,

t h e w h o l e a t t e m p t t o e s t a bl is h t h e e x is t e nc e o f a s ingl e o ig ina l a nd ,
r ,

o nly l e g it im a t e la w fo t h e Op e a t io ns o f a ll fo r c e s is e nt i e ly fr u it l e s s
r r r .

2 05 N o th ing is l e ft t o u s b u t t o a c c e p t w ith t h a nk s t h e e m p i ic a l
.
,
r

r u l e s w hic h e n bl e P h y s ic s t o e xp e s s in c o nfo m i t y w it h o b s e v t io n
a r ,
r r a ,

t h e e ffe c t s a c t u a lly p o d c e d by t h e s e v e r a l fo r c e s o n e a c h o c c a s io n
r u

o f t h i a c t iv it y
e r P h il o s o p h y s h o u l d no t t u n a w a y f o m a s s u m p t io ns
. r r ,

u nl e s s t h e y e i nh e e nt ly a b s u d
ar a nd t h o s e m a de
r by P h y s ic s a e
r ,
r

s e l do m t h a t T h u s no o ne h a s e ve a t t e m p t e d t o e xpl a i n a n inc e a s e
.
,
r r

o r d im inu t io n in t h e int e ns it y o f f c e a s d e p e nding o n m e e T im e o r r

w h e r e o b s e v a t io n s e e m e d t o c o nfi m s u c h a Vie w t h e T im e wa s in
r r ,

e v e y i ns t a nc e o c c u p ie d by a c t u a l o c c u
r e nce s e a c h o f w h ic h c o n rr ,

t a ine d in i t s e l f t h e e ffi c i e nt c a u s e o f t h a t w h i c h wa s t o fo ll o w ; t h e s e
 T/ze L a ws tne A c t ivit ie s of Tning s
35 8 f
o . [ B OO K n .

p r o ce s s e s , t h e n, a nd no t t h e m e re la pse o f T im e ,
m u st ha ve de t e r
m ine d t h e v a yi ng int e ns ity o f fo r c e s O n t h e o t h e h a nd th r e is no
r . r ,
e

r e a s o n o n p h il o s o p h ic a l g ro u nd s t o d e ny t h a t t h e a m o u nt o f fo r c e

w h ic h r e s u l t s f o m t h e i nt e a c t io n o f t wo e l e m e nt s de p e nds t o s o m e
r r ,

e x t e nt a l s o o n t h e i r m o t io ns Fo r a c c o r ding t o o u r v ie w m o t io n is
.

no t m e r e ly a c h a ng e o f e x t e r na l r e l a t io ns w h i c h t a k e s no e ffe c t o n ,

t h e t h ing s t h e m s e lv e s a s t h o s e r e l a t io ns de p e nd o n inw a r d s t a t e s o f

t h e t h ing s s o t h e r a p idit y w it h w h i c h t h e y c h a ng e t h e m is a l s o a n
,

i nw a r d e xp e ie nc e a nd o ne w h i ch a t e ve r y m o m e nt m a y h e lp t o
r ,

d e t e r m i ne t h e ir s u b s e q u e nt b e h a v io u r B e s ide s t h e d e g e e o f i nt e ns i t y . r

w h ic h a fo r c e w o u l d h a ve c o e s p o ndi ng wi t h t h e dis t a nc e a t th e
,
rr

m o m e nt b e t w e e n t h e t wo e l e m e nt s fr o m w h ic h it } p r o ce e ds t h e r e ,

w o u l d t h u s b e a p o s i t ive o r ne ga t ive i nc r e a s e o f t h e fo r c e de p e nde nt ,

o n t h e r a p idit y wi t h w h i c h t h e e l e m e nt s t a v e l t h r o u gh t h e s p a c e r

w h i ch th e y a t p r e s e nt o c c u py B u t it is no t e xp e die nt t o c o nt inu e .

t h e di s c u s s io n o n t h is p o i nt ; fo r w h il e t h e h yp o t h e s i s h a s b e e n

e m pl o y e d by P h y s ic is t s o nly wi th e x t e m e r e s e v in r e g a r d t o t h e r r e ,

i nt e ra c t io n o f e le c tr i c cu r r e nt s —a c a s e in w h ic h it s e e m e d t o be ,

r q
e u ir e d — ,t h e r e w o u l d be no l im it s t o it s a ppl ic a t i o n w h e n t r e a t e d ,

a s we s h o u l d h a v e t o t r e a t it a s a g e ne r a l p inc ipl e , O nc e a d m itt e d r .

,

t h e de p e nde nc e o f fo r c e u p o n v e l o c i t y o f m o t io n a nd u p o n it s s u c ~ ,

c e s s i e a c c e l e a t i o ns
v w o u l d a pp a e nt ly h a v e t o b e r e g a r de d a s a
r ,
r

u niv e r s a l c h a r a c t e is t ic o f p h y s ic a l a c t i o n
r .

2 06 Co nne c t e d wi t h t h is qu e s t io n is t h e o t h e r o ne
. D o fo r c e s in ,

o r de r t o t a k e e ffe c t re q u ir e T i m e ? ,
S t a t e d in t h is fo r m i nde e d a s it , ,

o c c a s io na lly is t h e q u e s t io n is a m b ig u o u s
,
I t is a u nive r s a lly a d .

m it t e d t ru t h t h a t e v e y e ffe c t in it s fi na l
, r e su lt is fo r m e d by t h e
,
r ,

s u c c e s s iv e a nd c o nt i nu o u s a d dit io n o f i nfi ni t e s i m a l p a r t s w h ic h o o n
g
a c c u m u l a t i ng f o m e o u p t o t h e fi na l a m o u nt
r z r I n t h i s s e ns e s u c .

c e s s i o n in o t h e
, w o r ds e xp e nditu r e o f T im e is a c h a a c t e r is t i c o f
r , , r

e v e r y e ff e c t a nd t h i s is w h a t d is t i ng u is h e s a n e ffe c t fr o m
, a m e e r

c o ns e q u e nc e w h i c h h o l ds go o d s i m u l t a ne o u s ly w it h it s c o ndit io n
, .

V a i n h o w e v e r w o u l d it b e —a s we s a w in o u r inv e s t ig a t io n o f T im e
, ,

t o s e e k t o g o fu r t h e r t h a n t h i s a nd t o di sc o ve r t h e i ns c u t a bl e p r o c e s s
,
r

by m e a ns o f w h ic h s u c c e s s i o n o f e ve nt s in T im e c o m e s t o p a s s a t a ll .

T h e qu e s t i o n we a r e c o ns i de r i ng wa s p r o p o s e d o n t h e a s s u m p t io n o f
t h e diffu s i o n o f fo r c e in S p a c e S u pp o s i ng it w e r e p o s s ibl e t o .

ins t a nc e a m o m e nt o f T i m e in w h i c h a p e v io u s ly no n e x is t e nt fo c e r -
r

c a m e int o B e i ng w o u l d a ll t h e v a r io u s e ffe c t s w h ic h it wa s c a l c u l a t e d
,

t o p r o du c e in d iffe r e nt pl a c e s b o t h ne a r a nd r e m o t e be a t o nc e
, ,

r e a l is e d ? O w o u l d a c e r t a i n i nt e r v a l o f T i m e be r e q u ire d j u s t a s it
r, ,
C H APT E R V I I ] . [ 3 F O7 66 t r a ns m it t e d Tim e 9
,
3 59

is in t h e c a se o f L ig h t w h ic h
,
t r a ns m t s i i t s e l f t o di ffe r e nt o bj e c t s
ra p idly ,
i ns t a nt a ne o u s ly a nd
b u t no t ,
m u s t fi r s t c o m e int o c o nt a c t

w it h t h e m b e fo r e it c a n b e r e fl e c t e d by t h e m 7 .

I t is no t ne ce s s a y t o e m b e lli s h t h e q u e s t i o n by i nt o du c ing c o n
r r

d it io ns w h ic h m a k e a ny de c i s i o n i m p o s s ibl e T h e e is no ne e d t o . r

i m a g ine e ith e r t h e s u dde n a pp e a r a nc e o u t o f no t h ing o f s o m e ne w

b o dy in th e w o l d o r t h e di s a pp e a a nc e o f o ne a l e a dy e x is t ing a nd
r ,
r r ,

t h e n t o e nqu i e w h e t h e r t h e a ddit i o n o f g r a v ity a s in t h e fi r s t c a s e

r , ,

( m
t h e e w b o d y b e ing l ik e wi s e s u pp o s e d s u bj e c t t o t h e la w o f g a v it a r

t io n) o ,
t h e s u b t r a c t io n o f g r a vi t y a s in t h e s e c o nd w o u l d m a k e
r , ,

i t s e l f fe l t by dis t a nt s ta s i m m e dia t e ly o r no t t ill a ft e r a m e a s u r a bl e

r ,

i nt e r va l ? T h e a c t io n o f fo r c e in it s b e gi nni ng s m a y h e ill u s t a t e d by r

e x a m pl e s ne a r e t o h a nd E a c h s m a ll e s t i nc e a s e in t h e v e l o c ity o f
r . r

t wo e e m el n t s w h ic h a e w o r
, ki n g u p o n e a c h o t h
r e r — w h e t h e by a tt ra e r

t io n o r e p u l s io n— a t a d i s t a nc e by t h e v e y f c t t h a t t h e e l e m nt s a e
r , r a e r

b o u gh t ne a r e r t o o a r e p a r te d fr o m e a c h o th e r b r ings a b o u t a n
r r ,

inc r a s e o f a t t r a c t i o n o r r e p u l s io n in o t h e r w o ds a ne w fo r c e
e ,
r , ,

t h o u g h no ne w v e h ic l e o f it S im il a ly t h e e l e c t i c a l a c t i o ns o f
. r , r

bo di s d p e nding a s t h e y do u p o n a c o ndit i o n w h i c h is no t lw a y s
e ,
e a

p r e s e nt fu r nis h a n e x a m pl e o f a b e g inning o f fo r c e in T im e I t
, .

m a k e s no diff e r e nc e t h a t t h i s c o ndit io n i t s e l f d o e s no t c o m e i nt o

e x is t e nc e a t o nc e a nd w it h a p e m ne nt int e ns it y b t o nly by d e g e e s r a ,
u r

a t a ny r a t e a m o m e nt c a n b e a s s ig ne d fo r e v e ry o ne o f it s d g r e e s
, e

b e fo e w h ich it did no t e xi s t a nd fro m w h ic h it s e ffe c t m u s t b e gin

r , .

H a ving r e g a d t o s u c h c a s e s t h e q u e s t io n t h a t h a s b e e n r is e d c a n
r a

o nly b e a ns w e r e d in t h e ne g a t iv e t h e r e c o u l d be no p o s s ib il it y o f a n

a ffi m a t iv e a ns w e r e x c e p t o n t h a t s u pp o s i t i o n o f a d i ff u s io n o f fo r c e
r ,

w h ic h we fo u nd t o be i m p o s s ibl e B u t e v e n o n t h a t s pp o s it i o n 1
. u ,

it is t h e p a s s a g e t h r o u g h Sp a c e w h ic h s t ic t ly s p e a k ing w o u l d h a v e ,
r ,

t o be r e g a d e d a s t h e fi s t w o k o f t h e diffu s e d fo r c e
r r t h e w o k d o ne
r r

u p o n it s a iva l a t t h e dis t a nt o bj e c t w o u l d be o nly s e c o nd a nd s u b

rr

s e q u e nt fo r it s p e s e nce a s fo c e w o u l d no t b e fe l t by t h e o bj e c t
,
r r nt il u

it h a d c o m e int o t h e ne c e s s a y c o nt a c t w ith it I t m u s t no t h o w e v e r
r .

be s u pp o s e d t h a t a ft e r t h e fo r c e h a s c o m e int o B e ing a bl a nk s p a c e ,

o f t im e t is e q u ir e d t o p a s s b e fo r e t h e m o t io n b e g ins t o b e t a ns
r r

m itt e d ; no r a g a in t h a t a ft r t h e fo c e h a s r e a c h e d it s o bj e c t a nd s o
, e r ,

s e c u e d it s
r c o nt o l o v e r it it s h o u l d r q u i e a S im il a r s p a c e o f
r , e r

T im e t in o r de t o t a k e e ffe c t I f th is s p a c e o f T im e I w e e
,
r . r

r e a lly bl a nk e v e y t h ing w o u l d r e m a in a t t h
,
r e nd o f it a s it wa s e

a t t h e b e g inning a nd t h e e ffe c t m ig h t j u s t a s w e ll b e e xp e c t e d t o
,

1
[CP
3 6 0 Tne L a ws o
f tne A c t iv it ie s o
f Tning s . [ B OO K 1 1 .

o ccu r a t t h e e nd o Sp a c e o f T im e n t ; if o n t h e o t h e r
f so m e o th e r
'

h a nd a ny p o s it iv e c h a ng e in t h e p h e no m e na t a k e s pl c e d ing t h i s
,
a ur

t im e t h is c h a ng
,
is a l ink by m e a ns o f w h i c h C t h e im p e fe c t ly
e , , r

r e a l is e d c o nd it io n o f t h e r e s l t F is c o m pl e t e d a nd p e fe c t e d : t h a t u ,
r

p t o f C h o w e v e w h ic h w s a l e a dy p e s e nt h a s a t t h e m o m e nt
ar , r, a r r ,

o f it s c o m i ng t o b e im m e d i t e ly p r o du c e d t h a t c o e s p o nding p a t o f
,
a rr r

F w h ic h it w s a de qu a t e t o p o du c e a r .

2 07 I t w ill b e o bj e c t e d t h a t r e a l e v e nt s a r e a s I s t a t e d a b o v e no t
.
, ,

r e l a t e d t o e a c h o t h e r in t h e s m e wa y a s c o ndit i o ns t o t h e ir c o ns e a

q u e n c e s b e c a u s e t
,
h e e s u l t in t h e fo r m e c a s e a lwr a y s f o ll o w s t h e r

c au s e w h i c h p o d c e s it ; b u t fo r t h is s u c c e s s io n e v e nt s w o u l d b e
u r ,

t r a ns fo r m e d int o a s y s t e m o f c o t e m p o a ne o u s p a r t s wh ic h w o u l d diffe r ,
r

o nly in t h e d iffe r e nt d e g e e s o f t h e i d e p e nde nc e u p o n t h e fi s t o f t h e r r r

s e r i e s : C a nd F t h e r e fo e t h o u gh it is t
, e t h e e c o u l d b e no bl a nk
r ,
ru r

int e r v a l o f T im e b e t w e e n t h e m w o u l d a lw a y s c o m e int o c o nt a c t in t h e ,

o r de C F no t in t h e o d e r F C T h is t u e r e m a r k a g a in s gg e s t s a n
r ,
r . r u

e nig m a t h e i ns o l u b ilit y o f w h ic h we h a v e a l r e a dy a dm it t e d
,
Fo s u c . r

c e s s i o n in t im e c o u l d ne v e r a is e f o m t h e s e c o nt a c t s w h ic h o c c u py no r r

t im e h o w e v e r o ft e n e p e a t e d b e t w e e n m e m b e r s wh ic h fo ll o w o t o f o ne
,
r ,
u

a no t h e we s h o l d s t ill h v e m e r e ly a s y s t e m a t ic o de if C a nd F did
r u a r r

no t e a c h fill a c e r t a in e x t nt o f t im e o f it s o wn ; if t h e y did t h e n it e , ,

s e e m s F w o l d h a v e t o w a it t ill C h a d c o m pl e t e d it s i nt e r v a l o f t im e
,
u .

B u t e v e n t h is is no t a wa y o u t o f t h e d iffi c l ty S u pp o s e C a nd F u .

b o th t o c o ns is t o f a s e ie s o f p a t s fo ll o wing e a ch o t h e in u nb o k e n r r r r

s u c c e s s io n e g , . . A r e w t h e n t o s u pp o s e t h a t t h e
c
,,
c
, ,
e

o c c u rr e nc e o f F is c o nd it io na l o n t h e c o m pl e t io n o f t h e g ro u p C ?

t h a t it c a nno t i e c o m m e nc e u nt il , . is e a c h e d a nd t h a t no t h ing o f
.
,
c
,
r ,

t h e n t u e o f F t a k e s pl a c e
a r nt il t h is t e m is r e a l is e d ? The e a e u r r r

f c t s e no u g h w h ic h s e e m t o c o nfi m t h i s v ie w a nd indic a t e t h a t t h e
a r ,

r e s l t F is a t t c h e d t o
u a Sp e c ifi c de t e m ina t io n o f C A c l o s e
a r . r

e x a m ina t i o n will ne v e t h e l e s s no t fa il t o S h o w t h a t t h e fo c e C a ll
,
r , r ,

t h e t im e t h a t it s e e m e d t o b e i nc e s ing in a m o u nt wi t h o u t p r o du c ing r a

a ny e ff e c t wa s e a lly a l e a dy o c c u p ie d w it h t h e r e m o v l o f h indra nc e s
,
r r a

w hic h s t o o d in t h e wa y o f t h e o c c u rr e nc e o f a ny th ing o f t h e n t u r e a

o f F W h e n a t l a s t t h e a m o u nt is r e a ch e d t h i s e m o v a l is c o m
, ,
o
s , r

p le t e d a nd f, o m t h is p o i n t it
r s fi s t p o s it iv e a n d v is ibl e e f f ct co m r e

m ne e s t h o u g h no t a b s o l u t e ly it s fi s t e ff c t
e ,
A S r e g a d s t h is e ff c t r e . r e ,

a g a in we do no t b e l ie v e t h a t a fi ni t e a m o u nt o f it f a is e s dd ng r su e x
, , ,,

s o s o o n a s C is e nde d R a t h e r e a c h s m a ll e s t a ddit io n w h ic h is m a de
.
,

to B inv o lv e s a c o e s p o ndi ngly s m a ll a ddit io n t o F ; b t b e t w e e n

, rr u

t h e s e t wo o c c u e nc e s t h e e is no bl a nk i nt e r v a l o f T im e
rr r co e rr
C H APT E R v rm Tim e a nd R e cipr o ca l A c t io n .
3 6 1

S p o nds i m m e di a t e ly B u t t h e a s s u m p t i o n we h a v e m a de a s
to c ,, .

r e g a d s C i t s e l f inv o lv e s t h e s a m e diffic u l t y
r I f C r e m a ins u nc h a ng e d .

d u r ing t h e w h o l e s p a c o f T im e t w h ic h it is s u pp o s e d t o fill t h e e
e , , r

is no b e tt e r e a s o n why F s h o u l d fo ll o w a t t h e c l o s e o f t h a t t i m e t h a n
r

a t it s c o m m e nc e m e nt I f h o w e ve r we a s s u m e a s wa s a s s u m e d t h a t
.
, ,

C t r a v e s e s t h e s e ie s
r t h e n a s t h e o de r o f t h e s e ie s is s u p
r c
,
c
2
c
, , ,
r r

p o s e d t o be fix e d e a c h t e r m m u s t be th e c o ndit io n o f t h e s u c c e e di ng
,

o ne a nd a s in t h e p e v io u s c a s e if t h e y a r e t o fo rm a s u c c e s s i o n in
, r ,

t i m e t wo a dj a ce nt t e m s c a n ne it h e r h a v e a ny bl a nk i nte r v a l o f t i m
’
, r e

be t we e n t h e m no r c a n t h e y be s im u l t a ne o u s
, .

T h e c o nc l s io n t o w h ic h t h i s p o i nt s is c l e a r
u T h e w h o l e na tu e o f . r

B e c o m ing is u nk no w n t o u s a nd we c a nno t r e c o ns t r u c t t h e o r ig in o f ,

it in t h e o y I n t h is q u it e g e ne a l s e ns e it is t u e t o s a y t h a t e v e r y
r . r ,
r

o pe r a t iv e c o ndit io n a nd e v e y fo c e w i q a nd it s
d a s t s c o ns e u e nc e s r r r

e ffe c t s a
f t e r it . B u t in o r de r t o do t h is , it is no t so m u c h th e ca se

tha t the y ne e d a
3 la pse
y a t h is l a p s e o f t im e
o f t im e ,
as h a t the re

it s e l f ; o nly b e c a u s e t h e y a e t h e m s e lv e s in a p o c e s s o f b e c o m ing c a n
r r

t h e y c o nv e y t h a t s a m e p o c e s s t o t h e i c o ns e q u e nc e s B u t t h e e is no
r r . r

m e a s u a bl e i nt e r v a l o f T i m e b e t w e e n t h e c o ndit io n
r a nd it s t u e a nd c ,, r

i m m e di a t e e s u l t t h e e is no t h ing b u t t h e e nig m a t ic a l fa c t o f
r r

t h e i c o nt a c t a fa c t w h ic h c a nno t b e ig no r e d a ny m o r e t h a n it c a n b e
r ,

e xpl a ine d .

I f we no w l e a v e t h e s e g e ne a l c o ns i de r a tio ns a nd r e t u r n t o t h e r ,

s u bj e c t w hic h fi s t s u gg e s t e d t h e m r t h a t o f fo r c e s a c t ing a t a d is t a nc e , ,

it m u s t fo ll o w f o m t h e d o c t r ine w h ic h h s b e e n s t a t e d t h a t a t t h e
r a , ,

s a m e m o m e nt t h a t t h e fo c e w h i c h is a c t iv e in t h e e l e m e nt p p a s s e s
r

fr o m int o
c
2
th e e w ill b e a S im il a t r a ns i t io n in t h e e l e m nt a no
o
s , r r e ,

m a tt e h o w e m o t e it m a y b e f o m
r r
f t o
f p r o vi de d t h a t a nd f a e ,
r
2 ,,
c r

c a u s a lly c o nne c t e d t h o u g h t h t i nne s y m p a th e t i c

r a ffinity u p o n a r

w h ich ll a c t io n de p e nds M o e o ve j u s t a s
a in t h e e l e m e nt p
. r r, c
2

c a n o nly c h a ng e int o c o nt inu o u s ly t h a t is by p s s ing t h o u g h a ll

o , a r
s ,

t h e int e m e dia t e v a l u e s in e x a c t ly t h e s a m e wa y in t h e e l e m e nt a
r , ,

w ill p a s s by s u c c e s s io n int o f B u t t h e ide t h a t a l a p s e o f T im e is 3

. a

r e q u i e d in o r d e
r t h a t p s h o l d t a ns m it it s fo r c e t o a t a ll is b r r e d
r u r a ,
a ,

a m o ng o t h e c o ns id e a t io ns
r by t h a t o f t h e e c ip o c l a c tio n o f t h e
r , r r a

t wo e l e m e nt s w h ic h is niv e r s lly a d m it t e d t o b e a ne c e s s a ry a s
, u a

s u m p t io n No fo c c o u l d b e d iffu s e d f o m p t o w a ds 9 no c o u l d
. r e r r ,
r

a ny fo c e e v e n o ig ina t e in p u nl e s s it w e e a w a k ne d a nd s o l ic it e d
r r , r e

in p by a o n t h e o t h e r h a nd
a c o u l d no t p o d u c e t h is e x c it t i o n , r a ,

u nl e s s it wa s i nvi t e d by p No a c t io n t h e e fo e c o u l d e v e r t k e pl a c e
.
,
r r ,
a

b e t w e e n p a nd a if it w e re r e q u i e d th a t a fo r c e s h o u l d fi r s t p r o ce e d
,
r
3 6 2 Tli e L a ws of t ne A c t iv it ie s o
f T/cing s . [ BOO K 1 1 .

fr o m p t o a ; fo r t h e o n ly
g wh i ch c o u l d e x c i te t h is fo c e t o s e t
t h in r

o u t fr o m p w l
o u d be t h e s t im u l u s o f a no t h e r fo r c e s t t ing f o m g ; ar r

a nd t h i s s t i m u l u s it w o u l d ne v e r h a v e b e c a u s e a w o u l d b e w a it ing fo r ,

a n i nv it a t io n fr o m p T h is c o nne x io n o f m u tu a l a ffinity b e tw e e n t h e
.

e l e m e nt s t h e s o u c e o f t h e ir a c t io n u p o n e a c h o t h e r do e s no t a t o ne
, r ,

t im e o r a no t h e r om into e x is t e nc e t h r o u g h a d iffu s io n o f fo c e s in
c e r

Sp a c e it a l wa y s x i t th u s e nde r i ng it p o s s ibl e t h a t c h a ng e s o f
e s s, r

S t a t e e xp e ie nc e d by o ne e l e m e nt s h o u l d i nv o lve c o r e s p o nding
r r

c h a ng e s in a no t h e r .

2 08 O wing t o t h e b o u ndl e s s c o m pl e xi ty o f t h e m a nifo l d c o n

.

dit io ns w h ic h m e e t in t h e c o u r s e o f na t u r e we c a nno t e xp e c t t o b e ,

a bl e t o e xpl a in e v e y e v e nt d i r e c t ly fr o m t h e j o int a c t io n o f t h e fo c e s
r r

w h i ch c o m bine t o p o du c e it H e nc e t h e de s i e h a s o fte n b e e n fe l t
r .
,
r

t o d i s c o v e r c e r t a in c u s t o m a r y r u l e s by w h i c h a t a ny r a t e t h e c o se , ,
ur

o f t h e na t u r a l w o l d is r e g u l a t e d r I t wa s h o p e d t h a t in c a s e s w h e r e
.

k no w le dg e o f th e s p e c i a l c o nne x io ns b e t w e e n t h ing s is w a nt ing we ,

m ig h t t h u s b e e na bl e d t o e s t a bl is h e q u a t i o ns e xp r e s s iv e o f g e ne r a l

c o ndi t io ns w it h w h ic h the e su l t s h o w e v e r u nk no w n m a y b e t h e
r ,

m a nne r in w h i c h t h e y a e b r o u g h t a b o u t m u s t c e r t inly c o rr e s p o nd
r , a .

Exp e r i e nc e it s e l f a l s o l e a ds u s t o t h e s a m e ide a s wh e th e r a s s o m e , ,

b e l ie ve it is f o m t h is s o u r c e t h a t t h e y a r e d e iv e d e x c l u s iv e ly o r t h a t
, r r ,

t h e y a e p r e c o nce p t io ns w h ic h e xp e ie nc e m e e ly c o nfi m s a nd w h i c h
r r r r , ,

a s it t h e n s e e m s we m u s t h a v e a r r iv e d a t i nde p e nde nt ly
, .

O pi ni o ns a r e divi de d b e t w e e n t h e s e t wo a l t e r na t ive s Th e R e a lis t i c .

vi e w i nc line s t o t e a t g e ne r a l p r inc ipl e s o f t h i s ki nd e i th e r a s de s ig na

r

t io ns o f m e r e m a t t e s o f fa c t w h ic h m ig h t h a v e o c c u re d diffe r e nt ly
r ,
r ,

o r e l s e t h e ir u niv e s a lit y is e xpl a ine d by w h a t is c a ll e d t h e ir s e l f

r

e vi de nt t u t h rt h o u g h it s o pp o s it e is no t r e g a r d e d a s s t ict ly inc o n
,
r

c e i a ble
v . O n t h e o th e r h a nd t h e I de a l is t v ie w w h i c h is t h a t w h ic h
, ,

we h e r e a d o p t c a n r e c o g nis e no s u p r e m e la w e x c e p t t h e o ne u n
,

c h a ng ing p u p o s e u nde lyi ng t h e

r m u l t ipl ic it y o f p h e no m e na
r a nd ,

s e e k ing fo r it s r e a li s a t i o n in t h e m A t t h e s a m e t im e t h e I d e a l is t
.
, ,

b e i ng u na bl e t o e xp e s s t h e na t u r e o f th i s p u p o s e o r t h e l a w s t o
r r ,

w h ic h it r e q i e s t h a t t h i ng s s h o u l d c o nfo r m c a nno t r e ga r d th e s e
u r ,

u niv e s a l p r inc ipl e s in s o fa r a s t h e y a r e b o r ne o u t by e xp e r i e nc e a s

r , ,

m o r e t h a n h a b it s o f na t u e o n a g e a t s ca l e v a l id w it hin t h e c i r c l e o f
r r ,

o u r o b s e rv a t io n bu t no t i nfa ll ibl e a s r e g a d s t h e f r l a r g e r s p h e r e o f
, r a

r e a l it y w h ic h li e s b e y o nd t h e l im it s o f T i m e a nd S p a c e t o w h ic h o u r

i nve s tiga t io ns a r e c o nfi ne d H e nc e i ns t e a d o f e s t a bl ish ing a ny

.
,

p o s it ive t u t h s t h e d u t y w h ich l ie s b e fo r e m e is t h e l e s s g r a t e fu l
r ,

o ne o f c a ll ing in q u e s t i o n t h e u nli m i t e d v a l idi ty o f p inc ipl e s the r ,

Ca r m a VII ] . Co ns e r v at io n (3f M a s s . 6
3 3

l im ite d va li dity o f wh i c h is o ne o f t h e m o s t i m p o r ta nt a nd u nfa ili ng

a i d s t o s c i e nt ifi c e nq u i r y .

2 09 O ne o f t h e Si m pl e s t o f t h e s e t r u t h s a p p e a r s t o be t h e in
.

v a r i a bili ty a nd t h e c o ns e r va t io n o f m a s s T h o u gh no t e s p e c i a lly o r .
, ,

a t a ny r a t e no t i nv a r i a bly c o nfi m e d by t h e a p pe a r a nc e s o f e v e y da y
,
r r -

life t h i s do c t ine r e c e iv e s s u c h u niv e r s a l s u pp o r t fr o m t h e s y s t e m a t ic

,
r

v ie w o f s c i e nc e t h a t it w o u l d b e s p e r fl u o u s t o a ddu c e a ny de t a il e d
,
u

a r g u m e nt s fo r it s c e r t a i nt y B u t no w t h a t it h a s b e e n fu lly e s t a b li s h e d
.
,

I c a nno t s e e in it a ny ne c e s s i ty o f t h o u gh t t h e la t e di s c o ve ry o f w h i c h
ne e d c a u s e s u r p r i s e I t m a y i nde e d b e s e l f e vi de nt fo r a t h e o y
.
- r

w h i c h r e ga r ds t h e w o r l d a s c o m po s e d o f i ndivi du a l a nd m u t u a lly
inde p e nde nt a t o m s O u t o f t h e a b so l t e v o id w h ic h w o u l d b e a ll
. u ,

t h a t w o u l d lie b e t w e e n t h e s e a t o m s o bv io u s ly no ne w r e a l e xi s t e nc e ,

c o u l d a is e ; t h e p i nc ipl e t h a t o u t o f no t h ing c o m e s no t h ing w o u l d

r r ,

h o l d g o o d a b s o l u t e ly B u t t h is p o int o f vi e w we h a v e b e e n c o m p e l le d
.

t o a b a ndo n I n o r d e t o c o nc e iv e r e c ip o c a l a c t i o n w it h o u t w h ic h no
. r r ,

c o u s e o f na t u e is i nt e ll ig ibl e
r we w e r e le d t o r e g a d t h e i nd ivi du a l
r ,
r

e l e m e nt s no t a s s e l f c o ndi t i o ne d bu t a s d e p e ndi ng fo r t h e be gi nni ng

,
-
, ,

c o nt i nu a nc e a nd e nd o f t h e i , e x is t e nc e o n t h e d e t e rm i na t io n o f t h e
r

o ne B e i ng f o m w h i c h t h e ir na t u r e a nd c a p a c it ie s o f a c t i o n a r e
, r

d e r iv e d No w it is c e r t a i nly a t e m p t ing c o nc l u s i o n bu t it is no
.
, ,

ne ce s s ity o f t h o u g h t t o g o o n t o s u pp o s e t h a t t h i s o ne B e i ng a t
,

l e a s t is a s u m o f r e a li ty whic h c a nno t b e inc r e a s e d o r di m i nis h e d a nd ,

w h ic h c h a ng e s o nly t h e fo m s o f it s m a nife s t a t i o n A nd we o u s e lve s

r . r

i nc li ne d a b o v e t o t h is ide a w h e n we a dm itt e d it t o be na t u a l th a t , r

e a c h i nd ividu a l qu a l it a t iv e ly d is t ing u is h e d e l e m e nt i e e a c h a c t iv it y
-
,
. .

o f t h e o ne e x is t e nc e w h e n c o nfo m a bly w it h t h e pl a n o f t h e w o r l d it
,
r

Spli t s it s e l f u p i nt o va io u s e l e m e nts s h o u l d h a ve a di m i ni s h e d i nt e ns i ty
r ,

in e a c h o f t h e p a r t s s o a r is ing .

B u t a ll t h is w o l d o f q u a nt i t a t iv e d e t e m i na t i o ns h a s no s ig nifi c a nc e
r r

o u t s id e t h a t c o m pl e xi t y o f t h ing s a nd p o c e s s e s w h ic h t h e o ne a nd o nly r

t ru e e a li t y c r e a t e s t o e xp r e s s i t s e l f
r I t is o nly t h e i r m e a ni ng a nd .

fu nc t io n a nd t h e v a l u e w h ic h t h e y t h u s a c q u i r e t h a t g iv e t o t h e
, ,

i ndividu a l e l e m e nt s a nd fo r c e s t h e p a r tic u l a r m a g nitu de s t h e y p o s s e s s

a nd e x h ibi t in c o m p a r is o n wi t h o t h e s B u t w h a t l ie s b e ne a t h t h e m r .

a ll is no t a q u a nt it y w h i c h is e t e r na lly bo u nd t o t h e s a m e l im it s a nd
, ,

c a n o nly r e p r e s e nt t h e s a m e s u m in di ffe e nt w a y s h o w e v e r v a io u s ly r ,
r

d iv ide d O n t h e c o nt r a y t h e r e is no r e a s o n wh y if it is r e q u i e d by
. r , ,
r

t h e I de a w h i c h h a s t o be r e a l is e d o ne p e r i o d o f t h e w o l d s h o u l d no t ,
r

ne e d t h e e ffi c ie nt e l e m e nt s t o be m o e a nd a no t h e r l e s s a nd wh y in r , ,

t h e fo r m e r c a s e e a c h pa rt o f t h e w h o le S h o u l d no t a l so e x e r t i t s e l f wi t h
 6
3 4 Tne L a ws
f
o ine A c t iv it ie s
f
o Tning s . [ B OO K 1 1 .

a gre a te r de gr e e o f fo r c e o n th e re st . Th e h i s to ry o f N a tu r e wo ld u

th e n r e se m bl e a l
v a yi ng s t e ng t h o f t o ne t h e
m u s ic a m e o l dy o f r r ,

s w e ll ing s a nd v y ing s o f w h ic h d o no t Sp ing fr o m no th ing no ye t

ar r ,
r

f o m o ne a no t h e bu t e c h in it s p la c e r e s u l t s f o m t h e r e q u i e m e nt
r r, a r r

o f t h e who le I do no t m e a n t o a fli m t h t t h i s a c t u a lly i wh a t t a k e s
. r a s

pl a ce in N a tu e Q it e c o nc e iv a bly it m a y b e p a t o f t h e h idde n
r . u r

p u r p o s e o f t h e s u p r e m e I de a t h a t a ll it s r e qu i e m e nt s s h o u l d de p e nd , r

fo t h e i r e a l is a t io n o n a fix e d s u m o f r e a l e l e m e nt s a nd t h a t t h e p r o
r r ,

du c t io n o f v ie t y s h o u l d b e e s t ic t e d t o d i ffe e nt a da p t a t io ns o f t h e
ar r r r

s a m e m a t e ia l S t ill le s s o u gh t we t o b e s u p is e d if t h e c o u r s e o f
r . r r

N a t u e s o fa r a s we c a n o b s e v e it S h o w s t h is t o b e p a c t i c a lly t h e
r , r ,
r

c a se . Fo a s fa r a s we c a n s e e wi t h c l e a ne s s we fi nd N a t u e m o v ing
r, r ,
r

in a c y c l e w h i c h m a k e s it c e t a in t h a t fo m s o nc e in e x is t e nc e w ill
, r r

m int a in t h e m s e lv e s in e xi s t e nc e
a T h e o nly p h e no m e na w h ic h s u gg e s t .

a p r o g r e s s w h o lly ne w a p o g e s s w h ic h w o u l d o n s t t o o n
, g e a e
r pr g r r vr

t h a t t h e m a t e ia ls a s w e ll a s t h e r e s u l t s a e c h a ng e d a r e t h o s w h i c h
r r ,
e

c o m e f o m a n a nt iq u it y s o r e m o t e a s t o
r r e clu d e x a c t i nv e s t ig a t io n
p e .

I t w o u ld t h e e fo e b e m e r e fo lly t o c a ll in q e s t io n t h e p inc ipl e o f

,
r r , u r

t h e c o ns e v a t io n o f m a s s s o l o ng a s we c o nfi ne o u r v ie w t o t h e w o l d
r ,
r

o f a c c e s s ibl e fa c t s a nd t o w h a t we m a c ll t h e r e t a il d e l ing s o f t h e a a
y,

p h y s ic a l e l e m e nt s in it B u t it is t h e b u s ine s s o f P h il o s o p h y t o be
.

c o ns t a nt ly re m i nding u s h o w l im it e d is t h a t s e c t i o n o f t h e u niv e r s e

w h i c h is o p e n t o o u o b s e va t io n a nd t h a t t h e w h o l e w h i c h c o m p r e
r r ,

h e nds it is a r e a l it y t h o u gh no t o ne w h ic h we c a n m a k e a n o bj e c t o f
,

p o s it iv e k n o wl e d g e .

2 1 0 S im il a ly t h e a t t e m p t h a s b e e n m a de t o c o nc e iv e o f ti n
. r ,
m su

o f m t i
o n o
s in t h e w o l d a s a c o ns t a n t q u a n t it y
r T h e g e n e ra l s ta te o f .

k no wl e dg e a t t h e t im e w h e n t h is ide a wa s fi r s t e nt e t a ine d did no t r ,

a d m it o f it s b e ing s u b s t a nt i t e d o e v e n e nde e d p o b a bl e by e v id e nc e
a r r r r

d e r iv e d f o m e xp e ie nc e
r Fo a s l o ng a s t h e e ffe c t s w h ic h t h ing s
r . r,

e x e c is e
r u p o n e a c h o th e r w e r e e xpl a ine d a s d e m e r e ly t o co m u

m u nic a t e d m o t io n t h e c o nc l u s i o n c o u l d no t b e e v de d t h a t c o nt a r y
,
a r

v e l o c it i e s o f e l e m e nt s te nding in Opp o s it e di e c t io ns w o u l d ne t r a l is e r u

e a ch o th e e it h e r w h o lly o r in p a t a nd c o ns e qu e nt ly t h a t m o t io n
r r ,

d is a pp e a e d f o m t h e w o r l d wi t h o u t a ny c o m p e ns a t io n A nd o dina ry
r r . r

e xp e ie nc e s e e m e d t o
r c o nfi r m t h i s c o nc l u s io n by a n a b u nd a nce o f

e x a m pl e s w h ic h no o ne k ne w h o w t o e xpl a in in a ny o t h e r wa y
,
On .

t h e o t h e r h a nd it wa s S e e n t h a t liv ing B e i ng s w e r e c e nt e s f o m
,
r r

w h ic h f e s h m o t i o ns w e re init i t e d a t e v e y ins t a nt w h ic h c o l d no t
r a r ,
u

b u t b e t a k e n fo r r e a lly ne w b e g inning s So t h a t n it h e wa s t h e r e . e r

a ny t h ing in e xp e r ie nce w h ic h wa s i nc o ns is t e nt w it h t h e i nde fi nit e

cm m a v ns Co ns e r v a t io n o
f Fo r ce .
365

m u til pli c a t i o n o f m o ti o ns No r fi na lly did e xp e r i e nce s u gge s t a t a ll

.
, ,

t h a t t h i s inc r e a s e a nd di m inu t io n m u s t b a l a nc e e a c h o t h e so a s to r,

m a int a in a co ns t a nt s u m o f m o t i o n S u c h a c o nc e p t io n o ig ina t e s in
. r

a n h yp o t h e s i s a s t o t h e g e ne r a l c h a r a c t e r o f t h e c o u s e o f n t u re r a .

S u c h a n h yp o t h e s i s wa s fu nis h e d by t h e ide a o f a s y s te m h a vi ng no
r ,

o bj e c t bu t t h e m a int e na nc e o f i t s e l f a nd f ni s h e d wi t h fix e d r e s o u r c e s
,
ur

t o t h i s e nd o ne o f t h e s e m e a ns wa s t h e s u m o f m o t io n a s it o nc e fo r ,

a ll e xi s t s w h ic h in t h e e c o no m y o f na t u r e m ig h t no t be s p e nt b u t
, ,

o nly d i ffe r e nt ly d is p e ns e d .

R e c e nt p h y s i c a l s p e c u l a t i o ns t e nd t o r e v e r t t o t h is s a m e i de a So .

m a ny a pp a r e nt ly fix e d q u a l it ie s a nd c o ndit io ns o f t h ing s h a v e b e e n

a l e a dy de m o ns t r a t e d t o b e a c e a s e l e s s p r o c e s s t h a t it m a
r b e d o u b t e d
y ,

w h e t h e r t h e r e is s u c h a t h ing a s R e s t a t a ll e x c e p t in t h e i ndi ,

v is ibl e m o m e nt s o f r e v e s a l in t h e m i nu t e o s c ill a t io ns w it h w h i c h a ll
r

t h ing s a r e v ib r a t i ng P h il o s o p h y c a n h a v e no m o t iv e fo r o bj e c t i ng t o
.

t h e a s s u m p ti o n o f s u c h e t e r na l m o t i o n a s a m a t t e r o f fa c t ; it is a

m e r e p r e j u dic e t o i nfe t h a t b e c a u s e fr o m o u r p o i nt o f vi e w a n
r,

e l e m e nt m u s t b e fi r s t s u pp o s e d a t e s t in o d e r t h a t t h e r e s u l t s o f
r r

va ry ing m o ti o ns w h i c h c o nditio n it m a y b e u nde r s to o d th i s q u i e s c e nc e ,

m u s t h a ve b e e n p rio in r e a l it y a nd t h a t th e im p u ls e t o m o t i o n is a n
r ,

a ddi t io n fo r w h i c h it h a s t o w a i t A t t h e s a m e t i m e it is o nly a s a
.
,

fa c t a nd no t in a ny o t h e r lig h t t h a t we c a n r e g a r d t h is p e r p e t u a l
, ,

m o t io n I t i m pl ie s no t m e r e ly t h a t m o t i o ns a l r e a dy in e xi s t e nc e m a y
.
,

b e c o m m u ni c a t e d bu t a l s o t h a t f e s h m o t io ns m u s t be p o du c e d in
,
r r

c a se s wh e re t wo m o t io ns a r e o pp o s it e a nd t h e i r c o m m u ni c a t i o n ,

c o u l d o nly e s u l t in t h e
r ne u t a l is a t io n o f b o t h
r T h i s e l a s t i c it y o f .

t h i ng s w it h o u t w h i c h it w o u l d be i m p o s s ibl e fo r t h e m t o c o u nt e r a c t
,

t h e s e l f a nni h il a t io n o f m o t i o n is o nly c o nc e iv a bl e if t h e r e a e
-
,
r

i nne s t a t e s o f t h e i r b e i ng c a p a ble o f de ve l o pi ng t h e fo r c e s fr o m
r

w h ic h m o t io ns Sp i ng I t is p o s s ibl e t h o u gh no t p r o b a bl e t h a t e ffe c t s
r .
, ,

p r o du c e d a t a dis t a nc e — a ga i ns t wh ic h t h e r e e x is t s a n u nfo u nde d

p j u di c e — a r e c o nv e y e d in t h is wa y by m e a ns o f m o t i o ns t r a ns m i tt e d
re

f o m p o i nt t o p o i nt o f s o m e c o nne c t ing m e di u m
r B u t e v e n in t h a t .
,

c a s e no t o nly t h e c o nc e p t io n o f fo c e b u t a l s o in a Sp e c ia l s e ns e t h a t
, r ,

o f fo r c e p r o d u c i ng e ffe c t s a t a dis t a nc e is s t ill i nd i s p e ns a bl e in o r de r , ,

t o e xpl a in e a c h o ne o f t h o s e c o u nt l e s s c o m m u nic a t io ns o f m o t io n t h e ,

su m o f w h i c h is u s u a lly h e l d t o c o m p o s e t h e e ff e c t s o f fo c e at r

m e a s u r a bl e d i s t a nc e s I f h o w e v e r fo r c e a l o ne giv e s a s u ffi c i e nt
.
, ,

re a s o n fo r e xp e c t ing t h a t t h e m o t i o n will be r e pl a c e d w h ic h m e r e ,

c o m m u nic a t io n w o u l d p e r m it t o b e l o s t in it s a nt a g o ni s m it c a nno t ,

b e s u pp o s e d t h a t fo r c e i t s e l f is t h e c o ns ta nt qu a nt i t y w h i c h is in
3 6 6 l e L a ws o f tne A c t iv it ie s
f
o Tning s . [ B OO K 1 1 .

re qu e s t ; i nt e ns i t y v a i e s wi t h t h e disfa nc e t h o u gh t h is is i t s e l f
it s r ,

d e t e m ine d by fo r c e
r T h e c o ns t a nt e l e m e nt in t h e c o u r s e o f N a t u r e
.

c a n o nly be a n i nne r c o nne xi o n b e t w e e n t h e c i r c u m s t a nc e s w h ic h g iv e

r i s e t o t h e o p e a t i o n o f fo r c e s a g e ne r a l la w g o v e r ni ng a ll c o m b ina t io ns
r ,

a nd c o nne c t e d s u c c e s s io ns o f e ffe c t s . I t wa s t h u s t h a t t h a t m o st

co m p r e h e ns ive p inc ipl e t h e o ne w hi c h do m i na t e s o u r wh o l e e s t im a t e

r ,

o f p h y s ic l p r o c e s s e s t h a t o f t h e C o ns e v a t i o n o f F o c e fi s t s u gg e s t e d
a ,
r r ,
r

i t s e l f in r e s p e c t t o wh i c h I p o c e e d no w t h o u gh o nly s o f r a s t h e
,
r , a

c o nne xi o n o f m y v ie w s r e qu ir e s t o o ffe r t h e fo ll o wi ng c o ns i de a t io ns , r .

211 T h e S im pl e p r i nc ipl e t h a t o u t o f no t h ing c o m e s no t h ing

.
, ,

r e q u i e s t o b e m o e p e c is e ly d e fi ne d by t h e a d d i t io n t h a t e v e n fr o m
r r r

s o m e t h i ng no r e s u l t c a n fo ll o w s o l o ng a s t h a t s o m e t h ing t h e e v e nt , ,

B is o nly t h e c o ndit io n o r o c c a s io n o f w h a t is t o t a k e pl a c e a nd
, ,

r e m a ins j u s t t h e s a m e a ft e r t h e co ns e q u e nc e F h a s b e e n p r o du c e d a s

b e fo r e O n t h e c o nt r a y 15 m u s t be s a c r ifi c e d e i th e r w h o lly o r in
. r ,
’
,

p a t in o de r t o p o du c e F T h is is t h e diffe e nce s o c o ns t a nt ly
r ,
r r . r

r e fe r r e d t o b e t w e e n a c a u s a l ne x u s o f e v e nt s a nd t h e m e e ly fo m a l r r

c o nne x io n o f c o ndit i o ns a nd c o ns e q u e nc e s O u r o nt o l o g ica l dis .

c u s s io ns p r o v e d t o u s t h a t in t h e S im pl e s t c a s e o f c a u s a t io n a t l e a s t
, ,

t wo fa c t o s a a nd 6 m u s t e nt e int o a r e l a t io n
r , , a nd t h a t t h e r e s u l t r c,

w h ic h t a k e s pl a c e c o ns is t s in t h i s t h a t a b e c o m e s c h a nge d int o 6 ,
a ,

i nt o B i nt o y Eve ry e ffe ct t h e r e fo r e is t h e e ffe c t o f t wo e l e m e nt s

,
c .
, ,

a c t ing u p o n e a c h o t h e r ne it h e o f w h i c h c a n i nfli c t u p o n t h e o t h e r a
,
r

c h a ng e in it s c o ndit io n wi t h o u t p a yi ng a de fi ni t e p i c e fo r it by a, r

c o r e s p o nding c h a ng e in it s o wn
r I f a wi s h e s by a c t ing a t a d is t a nc e .
,

w h e t h e r in t h e wa y o f a t t ra c t io n o r o f e pu l s io n t o c h a nge t h e pl a c e r ,

o f 6 it c a n o nly d o s o by d is pl a c ing i t s e l f in t h e Opp o s it e d i e c t io n t o

,
r

a c o r e s p o nding d is t a nc e
r T h e r e is no r e a s o n fo r e x c e p t ing a ny
.

Si ngl e Op e a t i o n o f na t u r e fr o m t h i s ge ne ra l la w ; it h o l ds go o d e ve n
r

in t h o s e c a s e s o f c o m m u nic a t e d m o t i o n w h e n t h e p o c e s s c a nno t b e r

o b s e v e d in a ll it s de t a il s
r I t is no t p o s s ibl e fo r a m o t io n o f o ne .

e l e m e nt a ft e r i m p a r t i ng a c e t a i n v e lo c i t y t o a s e c o nd t o p e s i s t u n
, r ,
r

c h a ng e d in t h e fi r s t r e a dy t o p r o du c e t h e s a m e r e s u l t a g a in a nd s o
, ,

inc r e a s e it s e ffe c t t o i nfi nit y ; it s i nfl u e nc e is e x h a u s t e d in p r o p o r t i o n

t o t h e d e g r e e in w h ic h it h a s b e e n e x e r t e d .

2 1 2 C e r t a in c o o ll a r ie s o f diffe r e nt de gr e e s o f c e rt itu de a r i s e o u t
. r , ,

o f t h is g e ne a l c o nc l u s i o n r I f we a s s u m e t h a t t h e c o u r s e o f na t u r e
.

i nc l u de s o c cu r e nce s di ffe r i ng in kind fr o m e a c h o t h e r a nd no t

r ,

a dm it t i ng o f b e i ng r e p r e s e nt e d a s m e r e q u a nt it a t iv e o r fo rm a l m o difi

c a t io ns o f a S ingl e h o m o g e ne o u s p r o ce s s we s h a l l no t b e j u s t ifi e d in ,

a s s e r t ing t h a t e v e ry o cc u rr e nc e A c a ll s i nt o e x is t e nc e e v e y o t h e r C , ,
r , ,
 P r og r e s s m ay 6e o s s i6 le
CH A P T E R V I I ] .

p . 6
3 7

o r a dm t s o i i
f m m e d a te i a ppli c a t i o n to it s p ro du c t i o n . It wo u l d be
qu i t e c o nc e iva bl e t h a t t h e r e wa s no wa y x c e pt
fr o m A t o C e t h ro u gh
th e m e d iu m o f a t h ir d, E , A a nd C r e m a i ning u ns y m p a t h e t i c to e a ch

o th e r . I f t h e r e fo r e it c a nno t be ily a ny
s a id t h a t t h e r e is ne c e s s a r

r e c ip r o c a l a c t i o n b e t w e e n e v e r y A a nd e v e r y C it is e q u a lly c l e a r o n ,

t h e o t h e r h a nd t h a t if s u c h a r e l a t i o n d o e s t a k e pl a c e a s p e c ifi c ,

a m o u nt o f A m u s t b e s a c r ifi c e d in O de r t o p o du ce a s p e c ifi c a m o u nt r r

o f C . No r is it l o g ic a lly ne c e s s a r y o r s e l f e vi de nt t h a t e v e y c o n ,
-
, r

ne c t e d s u c c e s s io n o f t wo o c c u r r e nc e s A a nd C m u s t b e c o nv e r t ibl e .

N o do u b t w h a t e v e r is l o s t t o A in t h e p r o c e s s o f p o du c i ng C t e s t ifi e s
,
r ,

t o a n e ffe c t o f C u p o n A ; b u t t h i s e ffe c t is m e r e ly t o im p e de A a nd ,

it is no t a m a t t e r o f c o u r s e t h a t e v e r y C w h i c h is a bl e t o do a w a y
wi t h a n A s h o u l d t h e r e fo r e b e a bl e t o c a ll i nt o e x is t e nc e a n A w h i c h
d o e s no t e x is t T h a t no ne t h e l e s s it s e e m s na t u a l t o u s t h a t th is
. r

s h o u l d b e s o is du e t o t h e a s s u m p t i o n w h i c h u nc o ns c i o u s ly we m a k e
,

t o o u r s e lv e s t h a t t h e e c o no m y o f na t u r e h a s no o th e r o bj e c t t h a n
,

s e l f c o ns e rv a t io n
-
I n a p o c e s s w h i c h i m pli e d p o g e s s t h e o r d e r o f
. r r r ,

e v e nt s m ig h t e a s ily b e s o de t e r m ine d a s t h a t A S h o u l d l e a d t o C b u t ,

t h a t t h e r e s h o u l d b e no wa y b a c k fr o m C t o A .

I t c a nno t t h e r e fo r e b e a ss e r t e d a pr io r i a nd a s a s e l f e vi de nt t r u t h ,
-
,

t h a t a ll t h e p r o c e s s e s in N a t u e m u s t b e m u t u a lly c o nv e r t ibl e b a c k
r

w a ds a nd fo r w a r ds ; h o w fa r t h i s c o nve r t ibili ty e x t e nds c a n o nly be

r

l e a r ne d by e xp e i e nc e B u t e v e n in t h o s e c a s e s in w h i ch it h o l ds g o o d
r .
, ,

it is s t ill by no m e a ns c e t a i n t h a t t h e s a m e a m o u nt r o f C w h i c h wa s c ,

p r o du c e d by t h e a m o u nt a o f A a nd w h i ch t h e r e fo e c a u s e d t o dis ,
r a

a pp e a w o u l d no w r e p r o du c e e x a c t ly t h e s a m e a m o u nt a a s wa s
r, , ,

s p e nt in it s o wn p o du c t i o n T h a t c o u l d no t b e u nl e s s it h a d b e e n
r .

p r e vi o u s ly p o v e d t h a t t h e r e is in N a t u e no t e nde nc y t o w a r ds p r o gr e s s ;
r r

if t h e r e is p o g e s s t h e r e c a n b e no t h i ng t o m a k e it i m p o s s ibl e t h a t
r r ,

e a c h s t g e in a s e i e s o f o c c u rr e nc e s a
a r d a a s h o u l d c o nt a i n
,
c, c
,, ,
c
,,
c
, ,,

t h e c o nd it io n o f a n a dv a nc e in t h e ne x t s t a g e T h i s a s s e r t io n is a t .

v a r i a nc e wi th o dina y i de a s a s h o w e v e r I do no t i nt e nd t o a pply it
r r , ,

t o e xpl a in t h e a c t u a l d e t a il s o f t h e c o u s e o f N a t u e I S h a ll m e r e ly r r ,

r e p e a t by wa y o f j u s t ifi c a t i o n w h a t h a s p r e v io u s ly b e e n s u gg e s t e d v i ,
z .

t h a t t h e na t u e o f b e i ng a nd p r o c e s s is no t li m i t e d by a ny p e m u nda ne
r r

s y s t e m o f m e c h a nic s bu t t h a t it is t h e v e ry im p o r t o f t h is p o c e s s
,
r

w h ich de t e r m in s ll t h e qu a nt it ie s in wh i c h t h e e l e m e nt s m a k e t h e m
e a

s e lv e s f l t e nd t h,
a c o ns q u e nc e s w h ic h t h e ir r e l a t io ns e nt a il
e e .

Fi na lly if p o c e e di ng o n t h e a s s u m p t i o n o f t h e u nl im it e d c o nv e t i
, ,
r r

b ilit y o f m u t u a lly p r o du c t iv e a c t ivi t i e s we s u pp o s e t h a t a nd 6 e nt e r ,

a

i nt o a va y ing r e l a t i o n c th e s u m o f t h e e ffe ct s w h ic h o ne is a b le t o
r ,
368 Td c L a ws of t /ce A c t iv it ie s f
o T/z ing s . [ B OO K 1 1 .

e xe ci se
r o n th e o th e r will be , wi t h in c e r ta i fi de t e r m ina t e va l u e s o f c, a

c o ns t a nt q u a nt it y . As e a ch i nt e rm e dia t e am o u nt o f c is r e a ch e d, th e
ca p a ci ty fo r a c t i o n c o nt inu e s a s e ga ds t h a t p a t o f t h e p o s s ibl e t o t a l r r r

a m o u nt w h i c h it h a s no t y t p r o du c e d ; o n t h e o t h e e h a nd it h a s l o s t r ,

s o m u c h o f it s fo r c e a s wa s r e q u i e d t o p o du c e t h e r e su l t t h u s fa r r r

a c h ie v e d ; t h is l o s s c a n o nly be m a de g o o d by e s t o r ing t h e e l e m e nt s r

t o t h e ir o igi na l s t t e t h a t is by do i ng a w a y w it h t h e re s u l t s a l e a dy
r a , , r

o b t a i ne d I f we c a ll t h i s c a p a c i t y fo r fu t u r e a c t io n p o t e nt ia l e ne r gy 1
.
,

in c o nt r a s t wi t h k ine t i c e ne gy w h i c h is a c t ive a t t h e m o m e nt t h e r
2
,

s u m o f t h e s e t wo fo r c e s w h e n t h e t wo e l e m e nt s a e r e l a t e d a s a b o v e
,
r ,
v

fo r m s a c o ns t a nt q u a nt ity .

I n t h e s a m e wa y a s u m o f m o ne y M s o l o ng a s it r e m a ins
u ns p e nt in o u r p o s s e s s io n h a s a p u r c h a s ing p o w e r , a nd l o s e s t h is ,

p o we r in p o p o r t i o n t o t h e p u c h a s e d g o o ds w h i c h it a c qu i e s I t s
r r r .

o igi na l p u r c h a s ing p o w e r c a n o nly b e

r e s t o r e d a nd a ppl ie d t o o t h e r r

o bj e c t s by e s e ll ing t h e g o o ds
r -
T h i s e x a m pl e t h r o w s l igh t u p o n .

t h e diffic u l t ie s r a is e d a b o v e I t w o u l d b e i m p o s s ibl e fo u s t o k no w
. r

a p rio i t
r h a t t h e p o t e nt i a l fo r c e w h ic h t h e p o s s e s s io n o f t h e m o ne y

w o u l d i m ply c o u l d pu t u s in p o s s e s s i o n o f o t h e r o bj e c t s by b e i ng
,

it s e l f g o t r id o f t h is e x c h a ng e a bil it y de p e nds in fa c t o n h ig h ly , ,

c o m pl e x r e l a t i o ns o f h u m a n s o c i e t y No r s h o u l d we be a ny m o r e .

j u s tifi e d in t a k ing fo r g a nt e d th t t h e g o o ds G by b e ing s i m il a ly

r a , , r

o t r id o f w o u l d p u t u s a g a in in p o s s e s s io n o f t h e m o ne y a nd a s a
g ,

m a t t e r o f fa c t t h is c o nv e t ibil ity w h ic h in l ik e m a nne r p r e s u pp o s e s t h e

,
r ,

c o nne x io n o f h u m a n w a nt s h a s it s li m it s ; fo r it is w e l l k no w n t h a t
,

by bu yi ng g o o ds a nd s e ll ing th e m a g a in we a r e e qu a lly l ik e ly t o ga in ,

a nd t o l o s e I t is no t t h e c a s e t h e n t h a t in t h e c o nv e r s io n o f t r a de
.
, ,

e v e y q u a nt it y r e p o du c e s t h e s a m e q u a nt it y a s t h a t by w h i c h it wa s
r r

p r o du c e d I t is o f c o u r s e o bvio u s a nd ne e d no t b e u g e d a s a n
.
, r

o bj e c t i o n t h a t t h is r e s u l t is du e t o c o nfl ic t i ng c i c u m s t a nc e s a nd t o
,
r ,

t h e i nfl u e nc e w h ic h t h e na t u r e o f h u m a n b u s ine s s h a s in de t e m ining r

t h e r e l a t io n o f M t o G ; it is t o t h e s e d e a li ng s o f m e n wi t h e a c h

o the r ,
no t t o a ny e s s e nt ia l p e c u li a it y o f M a nd G t h a t t h e fa c t o f r ,

t h e ir s t a ndi ng in a ny e l a t io n is d u e B u t t h is is t h e v e y p o int
r . r

w h ich I w o u l d u ge a ga ins t th e o ve r co nfide nt p r o c e du re o f na tu r a l

r -

s c ie nc e I t d o e s no t a pp e a r t o m e s e l f e vi de nt t h a t a p e fe c tly
.
-
r

a de q u a t e g o u nd c a n b e fo u nd fo r t h e m u t u a l r e l a t i o ns o f t h e e l e m e nt s
r

o f N a tu r e e i th e m e r e ly by c o ns i de r i ng t h e i r fix e d c h a r a c t e r s M a nd
r,

G ; h e r e t o o t h e i r e x c h a ng e a bl e v a l u e m a y de p e nd p a r t ly o n s o m e
, ,

l a r ge r c o m m e r c e o f th e w o r l d At th e s a m e t im e I h a ve no do u b t .
,

[Sp nnk ft ] [L b ndig K ft ]

1 3
a ra e e e ra
C H APT E R V I I ] . I de a o
f a s in
g le
p r im it iv e Fo r ce . 6
3 9

a s t o th ep r a c t i c a l t r u t h o f th e p r inc ipl e o f th e Co ns e r va t io n o f F o r c e ,

w ith in t h e li m it s o f o u r e xp e i e nc e M e e ly in t h e i nt e r e s t s o f r . r

M e t a p h y s i c I fe l t c o m p e ll e d t o s p e k o f t h e s e d iflic u lt ie s a nd I wi s h
a ,

no w t o m a k e m e nt io n a l s o o f s o m e a c c e s s o y no t i o ns w h i c h h a v e r

fo m e d r o nd t h i s g e ne a l p r inc ipl e
r
q r .

213 W e a e o ft e n t o l d w it h e nth u s ia s m h o w it h a s a t l a s t b e e n
. r

s h o w n t h a t a ll t h e v a r i o u s p r o c e s s e s o f t h e na t u r a l w o r l d a r e p o du c e d r

by a S ingl e inde s tru c t ibl e fo r c e ne v e v a y ing in it s i nt e ns ity a nd t h a t r r ,

no t h ing c h a ng e s e x c e p t t h e fo r m in w h ic h t h e c e a s e l e s s t a ns fo r m a t io ns r

o f t h is fo r c e a r e p r e s e nt e d I t is e s p e c i a lly t h e i m p o r t a nt c o e s
. rr

p o n d e n c e b e t w e e n m e c h a ni ca l w o k a nd h e a t w h i c hr by a s o m e w h a t , ,

h a s ty g e ne r a li s a t i o n h a s giv e n r i s e t o t h i s i de a o f a t r a ns it io n o f
,

fo c e s i nt o o ne a no t h e r a nd o f a u niv e s a l p r i m i t iv e fo r c e t o w h ic h t h e y
r ,
r

a e a ll s u b o d i na t e
r r T h e s a t i s fa c t io n t h u s g iv e n t o t h a t fe e l ing w h ic h
.

c o m pe ls u s to c o m p e h e nd t h e i nfi nit e m u l t ipl ic it y o f t h i ng s a nd
r

e v e nt s u nd e r s o m e S ingl e p r inc ipl e s e e m s t o m e t o be ill u s o y ,

r .

L i c h t e nb e g o nc e c o nt a s t e d t h e e a ly a g e s o f t h e w o r l d wh e n m a n
r r r ,

ki nd wa s e q u a lly r e a dy t o b e lie ve in G o d a nd in gh o s t s wi t h t h e ,

p r e s e nt a g e wh ich de ni e s b o th ; h e fe a e d c o m p e ns a t io n in a fu t u re
,
r

wh e n a ll t h a t w o u l d be b e li e v e d in w o u l d b e t h e g h o s t s S o m e t h ing .

l ik e t h i s s e e m s t o h a v e h a pp e ne d in t h e c a s e b e fo e u s Fo r a fte r a ll r .

we a e o nly do i ng h o no u
r t o a g h o s t w h e n we d e a m o f a n a b
r , r

s o lu t e ly na m e l e s s p im it iv e fo r c e w h ic h fo m l e s s in it s e l f a nd
r , ,
r ,

c o ns is t i ng o f no t h i ng b u t a n u nna m e d nu m b e r o f c o ns t a nt a m o u nt ,

a s s u m e s a s a t ifl ing a ddi t io n t h a t ne e ds no e xpl a na t i o n t h e c h a ng ing

, r ,

na m e s u nde r w h ic h it is m a nife s t e d I f h o w e v e r we r e fl e c t u p o n
.
, ,

a nd r e a l ise t h e fa c t t h a t t h is o r ig ina l fo r c e ne v e r e xi s t s in t h is na k d e

a nd na m e l e s s s h a p e bu t is c o nt inu a lly p a s s i ng f o m o ne t o a no t h e r
,
r

o f t h e fo rm s w h i c h it a s s u m e s we a r e a g a in a dm it t ing t h a t w h a t
,

r e a lly g iv e s t o e a c h p h e no m e no n it s c h a r a c t e r is t h e c o nc e t e na t u e r r

o f t h a t w h i c h e m b o die s t h e q u a nt u m o f fo c e e i th e w h o lly o r p a r t ly r ,
r ,

fo r t h e t im e b e ing Th e s a m e
. e fle c tio n wo u ld sh o w th a t w h t
r a

m a k e s t h e su c c e s s i o n o f c h a ng ing p h e no m e na p o s s ibl e is a nit y ,

u

o f m e a ning w h ic h p e v a de s a nd c o nne c t s a ll t h o s e c o nc r e t e fo r m s o f
r

b e i ng w it h o ne a no t h e r F ina lly it w o u l d a pp e a th a t th e p e r s is t e nc e
.
,
r

o f qu a nt it y t h r o u g h a ll t h is pl a y o f fo rc e s is o nly a m o de in w h ic h

t h e a l e a dy e x is t e nt e a l ity m a ni fe s t s i t s e l f a nd c a nno t be t h e s o u r c e
r r ,

fr o m w h i c h t h a t r e a li t y wi t h a ll it s v a io u s fo m s o ig ina lly s p r ing s r r r .

T h e la t t e r vi e w w h ic h w o u l d r e v e r s e t h e t r u e o r de r a nd m is t a k e
,

t h e s h a do w fo r t h e s u b s t a nc e s c a r c e ly ne e d s a ny fu r t h e r r e fu t a t i o n
,

m o r e s e r i o u s a r e t h e o bj e c t i o ns w h i c h m a y b e r a i s e d a g a i ns t t h e

V OL 1 . . B b
37 0 Tlie L a ws o f Ca u s a t io n .
[ B OO K 1 1 .

g e ne r a l a ss e rt o n i wh i ch we a dm t t e i d fi
a i o ve , th a t th e c o ns e r v a t io n
o f the sam e su m o f fo rc e is as a m a tt e r o f fa c t t h e ru e l o f ex

p e r ie nc e . In as fa r as p h y s ic a l p o c e s s e s A
we ca n r e du c e t wo r

a nd C t o c o m p a r a bl e p r im a y o c c u r e nc e s c o ns i s t ing in c o m p a a bl e
r r r

v e l o c it i e s v o f c o m p a a bl e m a s s e s m s o fa it m a y b e s h o w n
r , r ,

t h a t C w h i c h is p o du ce d by A rc o nt a ins p e c is e ly t h e s a m e , r

a m o u nt o f e ne r gy w h ic h A by p r o du c i ng it h a s l o s t , Wh e e h o w , . r ,

e v e r t h e t wo e l e m e nt s do no t a dm i t o f t h i s e x a c t c o m p a r i s o n a nd
, ,

we h a v e b e fo e u s m e r e ly t h e fa c t t h a t t h e s p e c ifi c a m o u nt a o f A
r

p o du c e s t h e s p e c ifi c a m o u nt o f C a nd it m a y b e v i e v
r c it is , , ,
c er sa ,

a n e s s e nt ia lly a r b it r a r y c o u r s e t o c o nc l u d e t h a t a nd c o nt a i n c a

t h e s a m e a m o u nt o f e ne gy m e r e ly d is t ib u t e d in e a c h c a s e in a
r ,
r

diffe r e nt fo r m A ll t h a t c a n b e s a i d is t h a t a a nd
. a e q iv l n t , c r e u a e ,

no t t h a t t h e y a r e q l I t is p o s s ibly a j u s t e xp e c t a t io n t h a t a ll t h e
e ua .

v a r i o u s p o c e s s e s o f e x t e r na l na t u r e w ill a dm i t o f b e ing u l t im a t e ly
r

r e fe rr e d t o v a r io s ly c o m b ine d m o t io ns o f infi ni t e s i m a l e l e m e nt s a nd
u ,

a s r e g a d s t h e s e p a t ic u l a r p o c e s s e s t h e a b it r a y int e p r e t a t io n t e
r r r ,
r r r

fe r r e d t o m ig h t be de fe nde d o n t h i s g r o u nd ; b u t t h e ge ne r a l c o n
c e p t io n w h ic h u nde l ie s t h e p inc ipl e o f t h e c o ns e r v a t io n o f F o r c e
r r

m u s t wi t h o u t do u b t a pp ly t o o ne c a s e in w h ic h no s u c h e xp e c t a t io n

c a n b e e nt e t a ine d ; I a ll u de t o t h e int e r c o nne xi o n o f p h y s ic a l a nd

r

s
p yc h ic a fpro c e s s e s .

W h a t e v e e ff t is p r o du c e d o n t h e o ga ns o f s e ns e by a n o u t w a r d
r ec r

i r rita t i o n 1 wh e th e r it is s im ply r e ce iv e d o r t r a ns m it t e d o r di ffu s e d

, , , ,

o r c h a ng e d t h e r e m u s t a lw a y s b e l e ft o v e r f o m t h e p h y s i c a l p o c e s s
,
r r

a e s id u u m i t o w h ic h t h e p s y c h ic a l p o c e s s o f t h e s e ns a t io n s will
r ,
r

s u c c e e d im m e d ia t e ly ; no r c a n we d o u b t t h a t t h e s t e ng t h o f t h e r

s e ns a t i o n w ill c h a ng e w it h t h e c h a ng e s in t h e s t e ng t h o f A g a in r ,

no m a t t e r w h a t c o ns t i t u t e s a n a c t o f w ill W o h o w it m a y a c t ,
r

u p o n o t h e r s t a t e s o f c o ns c i o u s ne s s o r be li m i t e d by t h e m th e e m u st , , r

b e u l t im a t e ly a p a r t o f it w fr o m w h ic h t h e fi r s t m o t io n f ; o f t h e
, ,

b o dy a nd a ll it s c o ns e qu e nc e s t a k e t h e ir r i se a nd in t h is c a s e we do ,

no t do u b t a ny m o e t h a n in t h e o t h e r t h a t t h e e x t e nt o f t h e p h y s ic a l
,
r ,

ef fe c t is d e t e rm i ne d by t h e v a y ing i nt e ns it y o f w No w a c c o r ding
r .

t o a ll o r d ina y vi e ws o f w h a t h a pp e ns in s u c h c a s e s by it s e l f t h e m e r e
r ,

fa c t t h a t t h e re is a n i o r w c o ns ide r e d a s a n o pp o t u nit y o r o c c a s io n
, r ,

is no t e no u gh t o e nt a il t h e e xi s t e nc e o f o r f : I n o r de r t h a t t h e s

r e a c t i o n m a y v a r y w it h t h e v a yi ng a m o u nt o f t h e s t im u l u s
r th e ,

s t i m u l u s m u s t b e p e r c e p t ibl e b y t h a t w h ic h it a ffe c t s in o t h e r w o r d s , ,

m u s t p r o du c e in it a c h a ng e o f s t a t e o f d fi nit e a m o u nt I n t h e t wo e .

c a s e s b e fo r e u s a s in a ll o th e r s it w ill be fo u nd t h a t no e ffe c t c a n
, ,
cum “ v rt 1 . E q u iv a le nce a nd E q u a lity .
37 1

ta k e pla c e i e ne ith e t h a t o f t h e la s t p h y s ic a l m o v e m e nt u p o n t h e
,
. . r

s e ns it iv e s u bj e c t no r t h a t o f t h e l a s t m e nt a l e x c i t a t io n u p o n t h e fi s t
, r

ne r v e e l e m e nt w h i c h it a c t s u p o n wi th o u t a c o rre s p o nding lo s s ;
-
,

h e e t o o t h e p o du c t iv e e ne gy is c o ns u m e d in w h o l e o in p a t in
r , ,
r r , r r ,

b i nging a bo u t t h e r e s u l t B u t ne ve r will it b e p o s s ibl e t o e fe

r . r r

i a nd s o r w a nd f p h y s ic a l a nd p s y c h i c a l p r o c e s s e s t o a c o m m o n
, , ,

s t a nd a r d ; t h e m e m b e r s o f e a c h o f t h e t w o g r o u p s m a y be c o m

p a e d w ith e a c h o th e r bu t t h e u ni t o f m e a s u re m e nt in th e o ne h a s
r ,

no t h ing in c o m m o n w it h t h a t in t h e o t h e r G r a nt i ng t h e n t h a t h e r e .
, ,

is c o m p e ns a t io n fo r p h y s ic a l e ne r gy by p s y c h i c a l o r fo r p s y c h ic a l by
p hy s i c a l s t ill in s u c h a c a s e a s t h i s t h e r e c e a s e s t o b e a ny m e a ning in
,

s y ing t h a t o ne a nd t h e s m e q
a nt ity o f a c t io n o r w o r k is m a int a ine d
a ua

t h r o u g h o u t ; a ll t h a t is o p e n t o u s is t o s p e a k o f a n e q u iv a l e nc e o f ,

t wo a c t ivi t ie s s u c h t h a t a Sp e c ifi c a m o u nt
, p o f t h e o ne m e a s u r e d S .
,

by t h e u nit i c o r r e s p o nd s t o a s p e c ifi c a m o u nt i m o f t h e o t h e
t
,
r,

m e a s u r e d by t h e u nit m No o ne h o w e v e r c a n s y w h e t h e t h e s e
.
, ,
a r

t wo a c t ivi t i e s a re e q u a l in q a nt ity no r w h ic h o f t h e m is t h e u ,

gr e a te r .

214 T h e s e c o ns i de a t i o ns s u gg e s t c e r ta i n o th e r s I n th e fi r s t
. r .

p l a c e w , e m a y a t t e m p t t o g e ne a li s e f o m w h a t h a s b e e n d is c o v e r e d r r

a s r e g a r ds t h e s e p o c e s s e s ; in a ll c a s e s we m a y s a y t h e S im pl e s t
r , ,

f c t t h e fa c t w h ic h fi s t m e e t s u s in e xp e ie nc e is t h is e l a t i o n o f
a ,
r r ,
r

e q u iv a l e nc e b e t w e e n t wo p r o c e s s e s o r fo r c e s W e do no t fi r s t dis .

c o v e r t h a t t wo fo r c e s a r e e q u a l a nd lik e a nd t h e r e fo e p r o du c e r

e q u a l a nd l ik e e ffe c t s ; b u t w h a t we do fi s t is t o o b s e v e t h a t t h e y
‘1
r r

b a l a nc e e a c h o t h e r o t h a t u nde r t h e l ike c i cu m s t a nc e s t h e y p ro du c e
,
r, r

t h e l ik e m o t io ns Fr o m t h is e qu iv a le nc e w h ic h h a s b e e n fo u nd t o
.

o b t a in b e t w e e n t h e m in c e t a i n s p e c ia l c a se s we i nf r t h e i qu a nt i r e r

t a t i e e qu a li t y ; a t t h e s a m e t i m e we a s s u m e fo r t h e e l e m e nt s t o w h ic h
v

t h e fo r c e s in q u e s t i o n b e l o ng t h e q u l it a t iv e ide nt it y w h ic h e na bl e s , a

u s t o a pply t o t h e m t h e s a m e s t a nd a r d o f m e a s u r e m e nt I h a ve no .

m o t iv e fo e nt e ring h e e i nt o
r ll t h e i ndi e c t e a s o ns a nd p o o fs w h ic h
r a r r r

S h o w in w h a t a nu m b e r o f ph y s i c a l p o c e s s e s t h is a s s u m pt io n h o l ds r

g o o d I w o u l d e fe e s p e c ia lly t o t h e ide a o f h o m o g e ne o u s m a s s a nd
r r

o f it s c o ns e r v a t i o n u nde s t o o d a s it h a s b e e n a b o v e C o nfi ning
r .

m y s e l f t o t h e m e t a p h y s ic a l a s p e c t o f t h q u e s t io n I w i s h m e e ly t o e ,
r

p o int o u t t h a t t h e p inc ipl e o f t h e c o ns e v a t i o n o f F o r c e o r a s I

r r , ,

p r e fe r no w t o s a y t h e e qu iva l e nc e o f d iffe e nt e ffe c t s do e s no t im p o se

,
r ,

o n u s a ny o bl ig t io n t o e d u c e a ll p o c s s e s in N a t u e t o t h e S ingle
a r r e r

c l a s s o f m a t e i a l m o ti o n s th p inc ip le a ppl ie s t o t h i s l a t t e r
'

rS o fa . r a e r

cp . no t e o n

n b 2
37 2 D ie L a ws of Ca u s a t io n . [ BO O K 1 1 .

l it is o nly a s p e c ia l i ns t a nc e o f t h a t m o e g e ne r a l c o r e s p o nd nce
c a ss r r e ,

e x is t i ng b e t w e e n h e t e o g e ne o u s t h ing s a s w e ll w h ic h we e xp e ss by
r , r

t h is w ide r t e r m Equ iva l e nc e Fa th e r e fo e f o m b e i ng a ’

o f
‘
. r, r ,
r

m o no t o no u s t a ns m is s i o n o f t h e s m
r u nc h a ngi ng p o c e s s it m ig h t
a e r ,

b e t h a t t h c o u s e o f na t u e is fo r e v e p r o du c i ng u nlik e b y u nl ik e ;
e r r r

t h o u gh t h e e qu iv a l e nc e w h ic h t h e s o v e e ig n p u p o s e o f t h e w o l d r r r

h a s e s t a bl is h e d b e t w e e n t h e s e s e v e r a l dis p a r a t e a c t ivi t i e s w o u l d m a k e ,

inc i de nt a l V ie w p a c t ic a bl e a nd fru it f l a c c o r ding t o w h i c h we

’
t he
‘
r u ,

r e du c e t h e c o nc e t e v a r ie t ie s o f p h e no m e na t o m e e qu a nt it a t iv e v a l u e s
r r

o f a s ingl e a b s t a c t u ni fo r m p r inc ip le j u s t a s we de t e m ine t h e v a l u e

,
r , ,
r

o f t h e m o s t d iffe e nt t h ing s by t h e s a m e a r t ifi c i a l s t a nd a r d o f m o ne y
r .

I k no w w e ll h o ws t u bb o nly t h is vi e w will be c o nt e s t e d T h e v e y
r . r

a na l o gy we h a v e u s e d w ill a pp e a r de fe c t iv e ; t h e p ic e s o f t h ing s it r ,

w ill b e s a i d o nly a dm i t o f c o m p a ris o n b e c a u s e t h e t h i ng s a ll s e v e

, r

m o e o r l e s s t o s a t i s fy h u m a n w a nt s w h ic h t h e m s e lv e s a dm i t o f c o m
r

p i s o n ; a nd t h is im pl ie s t h a t th e e ffe c t s o f t h e t h ing s o n u s a nd
ar ,

u l t i m a t e ly t h e r e fo e t h a t w h ic h is t h e s o u r c e o f t h o s e e ffe c t s m u s t b e
r ,

h o m o g e ne o u s I o n m y S ide a m no t l e s s s t u bb o n in t h e de fe nce
. r

o f m y o wn vi e w I do no t de ny t h t in s o fa r a s diffe r e nt t h ing s
. a

h a v e l ik e e ffe c t s u p o n u s we a e a bl e by m e ns o f a n a r t ifi c e t o
, r a

ig no e t h e i s p e c i fic diffe r e nc e s fo r t h e t i m e b e i ng a nd t o r e g a d
'

r r ,
r

t h e m a s di ffe i ng o nly q u a nt i t a t iv e ly ; b u t t h e t h ing s t h e m s e lv e s a re

r

no t t h e r e fo e lik e b e ca u s e t h e y a d m i t o f t h is j u s t ifi a bl e fi c t io n
r Eve n .

if a ll qu a l it a t iv e diffe e nc e s a r e p r o no u nc e d t o b e m e r e a pp e ar a nc e s
r ,

y e t t h e d iff e r e n c e o f t h i s a pp e a a nc e s t ill r e m a in s arn d b e l o ng s n o ,

l e s s t o t h e s u m t o t a l o f r e a l ity ; t h e u t m o s t t h e e fo e t h a t we c a n
-
, r r ,

d o wil l b e t o e x h ib it t h e e x t e na l w o l d a s a m e c h a ni s m o f h o m o r r

g e n e o u s p a t s w h ic hr p r o d u c e s in s t h e s e a pp e a r a nc e s ; bu t by no
u

p r o c e s s o f Ma th e m a t ic s o r M e c h a nic s w o u l d it be p o s s ibl e t o d du c e e

a na ly t ic a lly c o nc r e t e m a g ni t u d e s f o m a b s t a c t o ne s o m a g nitu de s o f
r r ,
r

d iffe e nt de no m ina t i o n f o m m a g nit u de s o f t h e s a m e de no m i na t io n

r r .

T h e p r o c e s s o f t h e w o l d is no m e e c o m b ina t i o n o f i de ntica l e le
r r

m e nt s b u t a s y nt h e s is o f e l e m e nt s diffe r i ng in q u a li t y a nd o nly
,

c o nne c t e d by u nit y o f pl a n .

2 1 5 B u t a r e we r e a lly c o e c t in w h a t we h a v e l a id do w n wi t h
. rr

r e g a r d t o p h y s ic a l a nd p s y c h ic a l p o c e s s e s ? I s it t r u e t h a t in t h i s
r

c a se a lso t h e a c t iv it y w h ic h o c c a s io ns t h e r e s u l t m u s t ne c e s s a ily be
,
r

s a c r ifi c e d in t h e p o c e s s ? L o ng b e fo r e t h e p r inc ipl e o f t h e Co n
r

s e rv a t i o n o f F o c e h a d e x c i t e d it s p e s e nt i nt e e s t I h a d p o int e d t o
r r r ,

t h is c o nc l u s io n ; b u t it is no t s e l f e v ide nt e x c e p t u p o n t h e a s s u m p t io n
-

w h i ch we a do p t e d a b o ve viz t h a t i s o l a t e d e l e m e nts c a n o nly b e

, .
C H AP E R v 1 1 )
T . I nte r a ct io n o
f Bo dy a nd So u l .
37 3

i nfl u e nc e d by o ne if t h e y
p a bl e o f a c t i ng u p o n o ne
a no t h e r a re ca

a no t h e r a nd t h a t no o ne e l e m e nt will a d a p t it s e l f t o a no t h e
,
wi t h o u t r

r e q ir i ng c o m p ns a t io n f o m it s a m e na b il it y
u e B t it m a y b e s a id
r . u , ,

if a ll t h e e l e m e nt s a a nd 6 m u s t b e r e g a r de d a s m o m e nt s o f th e o ne
, ,

M wi t h no i nde p e nde nc e o f t h e ir o wn wh y s h o u l d no t t h e c h a ng e o f ,

a i nt o s u ffice t o g iv e t h e S ig na l
a w h i c h is Si m ply fo ll o w e d by t h e ,

c h a ng e o f 6 int o 6 a c c o r di ng t o t h e t h e o r y o f O c c a s i o na l is m ?
, W hy
s h o u l d a ny s p e c ia l e ffo r t b e r e q u i r e d in o r de t o b r i ng a b o u t a n r

a ffinit y b e t w e e n t h e e l e m e nt s w h ic h a l r e a dy e xi s t s ? S till it is c l e a r
t h a t if w h a t t h i s t h e o ry de m a nds is c o nc e de d it c a nno t a pply e x

c lu s i e ly t o t h e i nte r a c t io n o f p h y s ic a l a nd p s y c h ic a l p o c e s s e s a s a n
v r

e x c e p t io na l c a s e T h e s a m e c o ns i de r a t i o n w o u l d a pply a l s o t o a ll
.

t h t t a k e s pl a c e b e t w e e n t h e e l e m e nt s o f t h e e x t e rna l w o l d
a Ev e n r .

t h e a t o m s w o u l d fi nd in M a c o ns t a nt b o nd o f u nio n a nd w h a t wa s ,

e xp e ie nc e d by o ne
r a to m w o l d b e t h e S im u l t a ne o u s S ig na l fo r
u

c h a ng e s in a no t h e r wh ic h w o u l d fo ll o w l ike p r e m is s e s f o m t h e i
, r r

c o nc l u s io n wi t h o u t i nv o lvi ng a n s e l f s a c ific e o n t h e p a t o f t h -
r r
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fi s t I f h o we ve we fi nd t h a t th is s a c r ifi ce do e s a s a nra t te o f fa c t
r .
, r, r

t a k e pl a c e a s it c e r t a inly d o e s in t h e e x t e na l w o l d t h o u g h it c a n
,
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s c a c e ly b e
r p r o v e d by e xp e ie nc e in t h e c a s e o f p h y s ic a l a nd r

p sy ch ic a l p r o c e s s e s a ll t h a t r e m a i ns t o u s is t o s u pp o s e t h a t t h is fa c t
,

t o o is a c o ns t it u e nt e l e m e nt in t h e pu p o s e w h ic h fi nd s o
,
o u gh t t o r r

fi nd e xp r e s s io n in t h e r e a l w o l d ; a t t h e s a m e t i m e we m u s t no t r ,

r e p r e s e nt it a s a c o ndit io n i m p o s e d by s o m e ins c u t a bl e ne c e s s i t y r ,

wit h o u t w h ic h t h e w o l d a s it is w o u l d no t b e p o s s ibl r My o nly e .

o bj e c t in m a k ing t h i s e m a r k wa s t o r e p e a t t h a t if a ll c o ndi t io ns
r ,

c o nt i nu e d t o e x is t s im u l t a ne o u s ly wi t h t h e i r c o ns e q u e nce s (w h ic h is

w h a t w o u l d fo llo w f o m t h e p i nc ipl e s o f O c c a s io n l is m ) t h e w o rl d
r r a ,

w o u l d a pp e a r a ga i n a s a m e e ly s y s t e m a t i c w h o l e fr o m w h ic h a llr ,

c h a ng e wa s a b s e nt I f h o w e v e r B e c o m ing t h e a l t e r na t io n b e t w e e n
.
, , ,

B e ing a nd no t B e i ng is t h e v e y c h a a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e e a l w o l d
,
r r r r ,

it a pp e a s t o m e t h a t t h e a b s o p t io n o f t h e c a u s e in t h e e ffe c t is
r r

q u ite a s ne ce s s a y t o t h a t w o l d a s p e s is te nc e is ne c e s s a y t o t h e
r r r r

c o nc e p t io n o f m o t io n Fo r t h o s e s ig na l s w h ic h we Sp o k e o f c o u l d
.

t h e m s e lve s h a v e no s ig na l s fo t h e ir o c c u r r e nc e e x c e p t in t h e s u c c e s
r

s io n o f e ffe c t s ; t h e y w o u l d b e p r o du c e d by o ne s e t o f e ff e c t s t h e y ,

m u s t d is a pp e r a g a in in p o d c ing a no t h e r
a r u .

2 1 6 A m o ng s t t h e g e ne a l h a b it s de s c ib e d a s c h a a c t e i s t i c o f t h e
. r r r r

c o u se o f N t u e
r it is c o m m o n t o h e r P r i nc ipl e s o f P r s im ny
a r , a a o

m e nt io ne d T h e c o nc p t i o n is a v e y v a g e o n a nd e v e n in t h e
. e r u e ,

p i nc ipl e o f l e a st a c t io n t h e wa y in wh i c h it h a s b e e n fo r m u l a t e d is
r
3 74 T/ce L a ws f
o Ca u s a t io n .

no t wi th o u t am W h a t it Sig nifie S is o nly c l e ar in c a s e s w h e r e

big u i ty . ,

t h e r e is s o m e e nd in V i e w w h ic h a dm it s o f be i ng e q u a lly r e a l is e d by

d iff e r e n t m e ns e a c h h
a o w e v e r in
,
v o lv ing a d iffe r e nt a m o u nt o f
e xp e ndit u r e B u t t h e s t a nda d by w h i c h t h i s a m o u nt is e s t im a t e d
. r

is s t ill d e p e nde nt o n c ir c u m s t a nc e s w h ic h m a k e in o ne c a s e t h e ,

s a v ing o f T im e in a no th e r t h t o f dis t a nc e in a no t h e r t h a t o f
,
a ,

m a t e i a l t h e m o r e i m p o r t a nt
r ,
o ca u se u s t o p e fe r a n h a b it u a l,
r r

m e t h o d t o t h e t o u bl e o f l e a ning a ne w o ner I n o de t h e e fo e
r . r r, r r ,

t o s e tt l e w it h a ny c e r t a int y t h e q u e s t i o n a s t o t h e p o c e d u e w h ic h r r

inv o lv e s t h e l e a s t e xp e ndit u e o f m e a ns a s t a t e m e nt o f t h e di e c t io n in
r ,
r

w h ich e c o no m y is m o s t va l u a bl e m u s t be i nc l u de d in t h e o igina l r

d e fi nit i o n o f t h e e nd .

T his a l o ne is e no u gh t o S h o w wh a t a m b ig u i t i e s a r e l ik e ly t o be
i nv o lve d w h e n t h is c o nc e p t io n is t r a ns fe r e d t o t h e Op e r a t io ns o f r

N a t u e A s s u m ing t h a t N a t u e fo ll o w s c e t a in e nds we do no t k no w
r . r r ,

w h a t t h e s e a e no r c a n we de t e r m i ne w h a t dir e c t io n h e p a sim o ny
r ,
r r

m u st ta k e Th e o ne t h ing w h i c h we S h o u l d p e h a p s a s s e r t w o u l d b e
. r

t h is t h a t na t u r e is no t s p a ing in m a t t e r o r in fo c e in T im e
,
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dis t a nc e o r in v e l o c it y a ll o f w h ic h c o s t h e no t h ing bu t t h a t s h e is
, , r ,

s p a ing in p r i nc ipl e s
r I t is t h is k ind o f p a s im o ny w hic h we do in
. r

fa c t b e l ie v e t o e x is t in N a t u r e e s p e c i a lly in t h e o g a nic w o l d ; ,
r r

by v a i a tio ns o f a fe w o r ig ina l typ e s by c o u nt l e s s m o difi c a t io ns o f a

r ,

s ingl e o g a n t h e v a ie t y o f o g a nic b e ing s we b e l ie v e is p o du c e d a nd

r r r , ,
r ,

t h e ir d iffe r e nt w a nt s s u p p li e d H e e Na t u r e s e e m s t o u s if it m a y b e
. r ,

p e r m i t t e d t o o u r s h o r t s igh t e d w is do m t o s a y SO t o be w a s t e fu l o f
-
,

m a t e r i a l a nd T i m e a nd t o r e a c h m a ny o f h e e nds by l o ng c i c u it o u s
, r r

r o u t e s w h ic h it w o u l d h a v e b e e n p o s s ibl e by de p a r t i ng fr o m h e r ,
f

h a b it u a l a nd t ypic a l c o u s e t o h a v e S h o t e ne d T h e s e i de a s do no t h o l d
r ,
r .

go o d o f m e c h a ni c s s inc e m e ch a nic a l l a w s a pply no t t o a ny p a t ic u l a r

, ,
r

t yp e o f e ff e c t b u t t o a ny a nd e v e y t yp e
, W e kno w t h a t w it h in r .
,

c e r t a i n lim it s t h e v a io u s e le m e nt s in a m e c h a nic a l e ffe c t a r e c o n

,
r

v e r t ibl e ; t h u s i nc r e a s e o f ve l o c i ty m a y m a k e u p fo r de c e a s e o f r

m a s s a nd i nc r e a s e o f T i m e fo
, de c e a s e o f fo c e T h e r e c a nno t
r r r .

t h e r e fo e b e a n e c o no m y in a ll e l e m e nt s a t o nce fo r t h e a t t a inm e nt o f
r

a giv e n e nd e ; we m u s t l o o k fo r t h e l e a s t e xp e ndit u r e in t h a t c o m

b ina t io n o f a ll t h e diffe r e nt e l e m e nt s w h i c h a m o nt s t o l e s s t h a n a ny u

o t h e r c o m b ina t i o n e qu a lly p o s s ibl e nde r t h e c ir c u m s t a nc e s u .

B u t t h is g iv e s r i s e t o a f e s h a m b ig u it y I f we l o o k a t t h e m a t t e r
r .

fa i ly it a pp e a r s t h a t
r , wh ich we j u s t no w de s c r ibe d a s t h e e nd o r
e,

a im i no t h ing m o r e t h a n t h e p a r t ic u l a r o c c u r e nce
,
s a nd it ne e d no t r e,

b e s a id t h a t t h e m o de s o f a c t iv ity w h ic h le d t o t h i s r e s l t m u s t h a v e u
CH APT E R v 1 1 ) . Tne P r incip le o
f P a r s im o ny .
375

be e n e x a c t ly qu a te t o p o du c e it B u t u nde t h e s p e c i l c i c u m
a de r .
,
r a r

s t a nc e s in t h e giv e n c a s e t h e m o de s o f a c t ivi t y w e e a t t h e s a m e t im e
,
r

t h e o nly p o s s ibl e o ne s w h ic h c o u l d giv e r is e t o e Fo r in o d e r t o . r

fo ll o w a g iv e n p a th it is no t e no u g h t h a t it p r e s e nt s no o b s t a c l e s
, ,

t h e e m u s t a l s o b e a p o s i t iv e i m p u l s e t o fo ll o w it
r I t is t h e r e fo r e q u i t e .

i dl e t o e x c o g it a t e diffe r e nt m e t h o ds by w h i c h t h e o e t ica lly t h e e nd e ,

r ,

m ig h t h a v e b e e n a rr iv e d a t ; t h a t w o u l d r e q u ire t h a t we S h o u l d a na ly s e

p e c is e ly th e s ta t ing p o i nt A fr o m w h ic h t h e e ffe c t is s u pp o s e d
r r -

t o p o c e e d a nd t h e n a ft e r c o ns ide r ing a ll t h e s e v e ra l p o s s ibil it ie s

r , ,

c o nt a ine d in A t h a t we S h o u l d b e a bl e t o de t e r m i ne t h a t in t h is
,

p a r t ic u l a r c a s e t h e o th e r m e th o ds w e r e s t ill e qu a lly p o s s ibl e B u t .

t h i s we S h a ll ne v e r s u c c e e d in do i ng fo it i nv o lve s a c o nt r a di c t io n ; ,
r

it is t u e t h a t t h e o t h e r m e t h o ds m a y be e v e n in t h i s p a r t i c u l a r c a s e
r , ,

a ll e q u a lly fr e e f o m i m p e dim e nt b u t t h e e c o u l d no t be p o s itive

r ,
r

i ndu c e m e nt s t o fo ll o w t h e m a ll e q u a lly ; o t h e wi s e w h a t w o u l d r

e v e nt u a lly t a k e pl a c e w o u l d be no t bu t E t h e e s u l ta nt o f a ll , e, , r

t h e s e d iffe e nt i ndu c e m e nt s
r I f t h e r e fo e we fi nd o n c o m p a r is o n t h a t
. r

t h e m e t h o d m by w h i c h t h e r e s u l t is a c t u a lly r e a c h e d is t h e e ,

S h o r t e s t o f m a ny c o nc e iv a bl e m e t h o ds w h a t m a k e s t h e p o s s ib il it y ,

a c t u a l r e a l it y is no t t h a t t h is m e t h o d h s b e e n c h o s e n o u t o f m a ny a

o t h e r s e qu a lly p o s s ibl e ; r a t h e r we s h o u l d s a y t h a t m wa s in t h is

c a s e t h e o nly p o s s ibl e m e t h o d b e c a u s e a ny o t h e r d i e c t m e t h o d M ,
r

w h ic h m igh t h a ve le d t o t h e s a m e r e s u l t l a c k e d th e c o ndit io ns fo r ,

c a yi ng t h e m i nt o e ffe c t ; in a d iffe e nt c a s e w h e e t h e s e c o ndit io ns

rr r ,
r

w e e p e s e nt t h e r e s u l t E wo u l d be diffe r e nt a nd t h e s h o t e s t wa y t o
r r ,
r

it w o l d b e M
u W e m u s t no t t h e r e fo r e s p e a k o f p a r s i m o ny in t h e
s e ns e o f a n a c t o f c h o ic e t h e e x e c i s e o f w h ic h is m e e ly a p e cu l ia
,
r r r

h b it no t a c a u s a l ne c e s s ity o f na t u r e
a ,
Th e u t m o s t t h a t we c o u l d
, .

v e nt u r e t o a s s e t is t h a t t h e L a w s o f N a t u r e a r e s o de vi s e d t h a t
r ,

t h e s h o t e s t wa y t o a ny giv e n r e s u l t is in e v e y c a s e a ne c e s s a r y
r r

r e s u l t o f t h e l w s t h e m s e lv e s
a .

Y e t e v e n t h is s t a t m e nt w o u l d b e no b e t t e r t h a n a m b ig o u s
e u .

Fo r t h e ne w t u t h w h ic h it s e e m s t o c o nt a in a nd w h ic h m a k e s it
r ,

a pp e a r m o e s e l f e v id e nt t h a n t h e
r -
p e c e ding o ne is s im ila ly de r ,
r

p e nde nt o n o u bit a y de t e r m ina t io n t o e g a d a s a n e nd w h a t is

r ar r r r r

r e a lly o nly a r e s u l t I t is t ru e t h a t a c co r ding t o t h e k no w n la w o f

.

re fl ex io n a a y o f lig h t t a ns m i t t e d f o m t h e p o int a a nd r e fl e c te d by
r r r

th e s urfa c e S t a k e s t h e s h o t e s t wa y t o
, po int 6 w h ic h l ie s in th e
r a

l ine o f it s r e fle io n o r a g a in th a t a c c o r ding t o t h e k no w n la w o f
x ,

r e f a c t i o n if r e f a c t e d by a n int e r ve ning bo dy it t a k e s t h e s h o t e s t
r ,
r , r

wa y t o a p o i nt 6 in t h e l ine o f it s e xi t f o m th e r e f a c t ing m e d iu m r r .
37 6 Tko L a ws of Ca u s a t io n . [ B OO K 1 1 .

B ut by wh o se c o m m a nd did th e r a y p r cfc e e d fr o m p r e c is e ly t o w a d s a r

t h is p o i n t 6 a n d no o t h e r ? T h a t it a r iv e s a t t h is p o int is no t t o b r e

w o nde r e d a t s i nc e it li e s in t h e l ine o f di r e c t io n w h ic h t h e l a w s a b o ve
,

me n t io n e d p r e s c ib e t o l ig h t ; b u
r t fo t h i s v e r y r e a s o n t h e r
y is n o t r a

t r ns m it t e d t o a ny o f t h e o th e r innu m e a bl e p o i nt s
a wh i c h lie o u t s ide r c,

th a t d ir e c t io n a nd w h ic h m
,
ig h t y e t d e s e r v e t o b e ill u m in a t e d no le ss

th a n 6 . I f we c o nc e iv e t h e a t t a i nm e nt o f t h e p o i nt 6 a s a s o t o f e nd r

w h ic h in s o m e wa y o r o th e r r e a c t s u p o n t h e m e a ns t o it s a t t a inm e nt ,

t h e S h o t e s t wa y w o u l d h a v e b e e n fo t h e r a y a t o nc e t o c h a ng e it s
r r

dir e c t io n a t a nd t r a v e r s e t h e s t a igh t line

a 6 ; t h is h o w e v e r wa s
r a , ,

fo r bi d de n by t h e g e ne a l l a w s t o w h ic h it is s u bj e c t a nd t h e r a y wa s
r ,

c o m p e ll e d t o fo ll o w a c o u r s e no t a b s o l u t e ly t h e s h o r t e s t b u t o nly t h e ,

S h o te s t c o nditio na lly u p o n t h e ne c e s s ity o f it s r e fle x io n I f a ga in

r .
, ,

by a n e qu a lly a bi t r a y a s s u m p ti o n we s u pp o s e a p o i nt a s t h a t
r r ,
c

w h ich h a s t o b e illu m i na t e d t h o s e s a m e l a w s o f r e fle io n no w a pp e a r ,
x

in t h e l ig h t o f h i nd a nc e s wh i c h do no t a ll o w o f t h e a t t a i nm e nt o f t h e
r

e nd e x c e p t by a l o ng e r wa y no t p e h a p s u nt il t h e r a y h a s b e e n , r

s e v e r a l t i m e s r e fl e c t e d u p o n m a ny d i ffe e nt s u fa c e s H e nc e t h e r r .
,

o nly t h ing q it e c e r t a in is t h i s u I n p a s s ing fr o m a ny firlly de t e m i ne d

. r

p o int A t o t h e c o ns e qu e nc e E w h ic h fl o w s f o m it N a t e m a k e s '
r ,
ur

no c ir c u i t s t o w h ic h s h e is no t c o m p e ll e d bu t a l wa y s t a k e s t h e wa y

w h i c h u nde r t h e g ive n c o nditio ns is t h e o nly p o s s ibl e bu t t h e re fo r e

a lso th e ne c e s s a r y o ne T h e p a s im o ny o f N a t u e c o ns i s t s in t h e
. r r

fa c t t h a t g r o u ndl e s s p r o dig a l it y is a m e c h a nic a l im p o s s ib il ity .

S o m e th ing m o r e h o w e ve r e m a ins W e c a n c o nc e iv e l a w s o f
, ,
r .
.

r e fle x io n e g w h ic h w o u l d r e q u i e t h a t e a c h o f t h e p o i nt s o n w h ic h
,
. . r

a r a y o f l ig h t is t o t o u c h t h o u gh lyi ng in t h e l ine o f it s p o j e c t io n
, r ,

S h o u l d ye t b e r e a c h e d by a l o ng e r wa y t h a n th a t by w h i c h t h e y a r e
r e a c h e d a s a m a t t e r o f fa c t T h a t e fle x io n o nc e a s s u m ing it s ne c e s
. r ,
‘

s ity t a k e s pl a c e a c c o d i ng t o t h e k no w n la w o f na t u e in t h e S h o t e s t
,
r r r

p o s s ible g e o m e t ic a l l ine t h is a nd o t h e r l ik e c o ns ide r a tio ns m a y

r ,

c o nfi r m t h e Op inio n a b o ve e xp r e s s e d t h a t t h e c o nc e t e l a w s o f ,
r

N a t u r e a e s o c o ns t itu t e d t h a t it is a ne c e s s a r y c h a r a c t e r is t ic o f
.
r

t h e ir o p e a t i o n t o e ffe c t t h e i r r e s u l t s a t t h e s m a ll e s t c o s t
r I t wil l no t .
,

h o w e v e r b e d o b t e d t h a t t h e la w o f r e fle io n in q u e s t io n is it s e l f a
,
u x

m e c h a nic a lly ne ce s s a y c o ns e q u nc e o f t h e m o t io n o f l ig h t no t a
r e ,

c o dic il s u b s e q u e nt ly i m p o s e d u p o n t h a t m o t i o n by N a t u r e fr o m f e e r

c h o ic e a nd p e fe e nc e fo p a r s i m o ny A ll t h a t we c o m e t o fi na lly
r r r .
,

t h e e fo e
r r is t h e q it e g e ne a l c o nc l u s io n w h ic h is a l s o p e r fe c t ly
,
u r ,

o bv io u s t h a t t h e o de r o f N a t u r e d o e s no t r e s t o n a d is c o nne c t e d
,
r

h e a p o f i s o l a t e d o r di na nce s T h e r e is c o nt a ine d in th e fu nda m e nt a l

.
C H APT E R V I I .
] A pp d 7 ’
6fl Jq
6 R d flbfl tl /ZY/ a tu r e .
377

p r o p e rt ie s li ty t a k e n t o g e t h e r wi th t h e ne c e s s a ry t u th s o f
o f re a , r

M a t h e m a t i c s a w o nde fu l r a t i o n l ity w h i c h a t c o u ntl e s s d iffe e nt

,
r a r

p o int s g ive s t h e i m p e s s io n o f a n e l a b o r a t e ly c o nc e r t e d pl a n a nd fix e d
r

a im s . T h a t e v e n t h e m o s t a x io m a t i c p i nc ipl e s s e r v e a p u r p o s e is
r ,

d u e no t t o ny p o p e r ty i m pl a nt e d in t h e m a s in s o m e S t a ng e s o il
a r ,
r ,

r t h e y h a v e c o m e i nt o b e i ng b u t r a t h e r in t h e s e a xi o m a t ic p r in
af t e ,

c ip le s t h e m s e lv e s t h e e is a de e p a nd p e c l ia r a da p t a t io n t o p u p o s e
r u r ,

w h i c h m ig h t w e ll fu ni sh a n a t tra c t ive s u bj e c t fo r fu t h e r e nqu i y

r r r .
 C H A PTE R VIII .

Th e f or ms f
o t /ze Co u r s e f
o Na t u r e .

217 . I G AVE to i
t h s s e c o nd bo o k t h e na m e
‘
C o s m o l o gy i nt e nding
,
’

to S h o w t h a t it w o u l d be de vo t e d t o t h e c o ns ide r a t io n o nly o f t h o s e
g e ne a l fo m s a nd m o de s o f b e h a vi o u r w h ic h e na bl e u s t o e p r e s e nt
r r ,
r

to o ur s e lv e s h o w m a nifo l d p h e no m e na a e c o nne c t e d t o g e t h e r s o a s r

t o fo m a n o de e d u niv e s e
r r r it r e m a ine d fo r t h e fa c t s t h e m s e lv e s t o
r

d e t e m ine w it h w h ic h a m o ng s t t h e v a i o u s p o s s ibl e fo m a t io ns t h e
r r r

o u t l ine s t h s s k e t c h e d S h o u l d b e fill e d in a nd t h e s e fa c t s w hic h a r e

u ,

w h a t c o ns tit u t e e l ity in t h e f ll s e ns e it wa s p r o p o s e d t h e r e fo r e t o
r a u , , ,

l e a ve t o N a t u a l P h il o s o p h y Ye t a ft r a ll h o w e a s y is it t o i nve nt
r . e ,

w e ll fo u nde d t itl e s fo s c ie nc e s o f t h e fu t u r e I f o nly it w e e a s e a s y

-
r . r

t o dis c o ve r t h e fa c t s w h ic h w o u l d fill u p t h e ir f a m e w o k ! B u t r r

i nde e d we h a ve no t b e e n a bl e t o e s t a bl is h m u ch e ve n a s r e ga r ds ,

t h o s e g e ne r a l t e nde nc i e s o f N a t u r e in Sp it e o f t h e ir s e e m ing t o b e s o ,

ne a r t o t h e r e g io n o f ne c e s s a y t u t h W e fo u nd t h a t t h e y t o o w e e
r r . r

r e a lly d e p e nd e nt o n t h e pl a n w h ic h is w o k ing it s e l f o u t in t h e w o l d r r .

S till l e s s s h ll we be a bl e t o S h o w a s l o ng a s we a r e in ig no r a nc e o f
a

t h a t pl a n t h a t c o nc r e t e p r o c e s s e s a nd p o du c t s w h ic h c a n d p e nd o n
, r ,
e

no t h ing b u t it a e e l e m e nt s a nd s t a g e s in a s y s t e m a t i c de v e l o p m e nt
, r .

S u c h a h o p e wa s o nc e e nt e t a ine d by I de a l is m ; l igh t a nd w e igh t r . ,

m a g ne t is m a nd e l e c t ic ity c h e m i c a l p o c e s s e s a nd o r g a ni c l ife w e r e
r ,
r

a ll m a d e t o a pp e a r a s ne ce s s a r y p h a s e s in t h e e v o l u t io n o f t h e

Abs o l u t e t h e i nne m o s t m o t iv e o f w h o s e w o ki ng wa s s u pp o s e d t o b e
, r r

k no w n ; no t o nly s o bu t h o ld a t t e m p t s w e r e m a de t o e p e s e nt t h e
,
r r

v a r i e t ie s o f pl a nt s a nd a nim a l s a s fo ll o w ing e a c h o th e r in a e gu l a r r

s u c c e s s io n a nd w h e r e a l ink wa s m is s ing t o de du c e it f o m t h e p r e
, ,
r

s u pp o s e d o d e r o f d e v e l o p m e nt e xpl a ining t h e p r e v io u s o v e r s igh t o f

r ,

it a s a n a c c i de nt I s e e no r e a s o n fo r e p e a t ing t h e c r itic is m t h a t
. r

,
h i s to y h a s p a s s e d u p o n th e s e a t t e m p t s
r I t w a s a de l u s io n t o s u pp o s e .
'

t h a t t h e fo m s o f r e a l ity w h il e s t ill i na c c e s s ibl e t o o b s e r v a t i o n c o u l d b e

r , ,
 D e d u c t io n of Na t u r e imp o s s i6le .
3 79

dcdu ce d /r o m Si ngl e fu nda m e nt a l p i nc ipl e : a ll t h a t c o u l d be do ne

a r

w it h s u c h a p i nc ipl e wa s t o r e d to it t h e m a te ria l a l e a dy giv e n by

r u ce r

e xp e r i e nc e wi t h it s a t t e nda nt r e s idu m o f p e c u l ia r i ty w h ic h c a nno t b e

,
u

e xpl a i ne d b u t m u s t be Si m p ly a c c e p t e d a s a fa c t I t did no t o f c o u s e . r

fo ll o w t h a t t h e i nt e p r e t a t i o n o f g iv e n fa c t s w h ic h t h e s e t h e o i e s h a d t o
r r

o ffe r w e r e w r o ng t h o u g h o u t a nd t h e y g a v e r i s e
r t o m a ny f u it f l
, r u

s u gg e s t io ns w h i c h s u b s e q u e nt s c i e nc e h a s t h a nk fu l ly fo ll o w e d t h o u g h ,

t h e y h a d t o be p u t in a ne w lig h t be fo e it c o u l d u t il is e t h e m A t the r .

s a m e t im e t h e r e is o ne di r e c t io n in w h ic h e v e n t h e s c i e nt ifi c V ie w s
,

no w p e v a l e nt e q u ir e t o be o n t h e ir g u a d a ga i ns t t h e c o nt i nu a nc e o f
r r r

a s i m il a r ill u s io n .

T h e l a t e r e xp o ne nt s o f t h o s e I de a l is t do c t r i ne s liv e d l ik e o u ,
r

s e lv e s u nd e r t h e i nfl u e nc e o f t h e c o s m o g r a p h ic a l v ie w s w h ic h
, e c e nt r

s c ie nt ifi c e nq u ir y h a d de v e l o p e d ; fa r f o m p a t ic ip a t ing in t h e fa na t ic r r

no t io ns o f a nt iq u ity a c c o ding t o w h ic h t h e e a t h wa s t h e c e nt e
,
r r r

o f t h e U niv e s e a nd a ll t h ing s b e s id e s w e e m e r e ly s u b s id i y t o
r ,
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it t h e y a dm it t e d t h e C o p e nic a n d is c o v e r ie s a nd r e a l is e d t h a t t h y
, r ,
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p o i nt in t h e s m a ll pl a ne t a y s y s te m Ye t in s p it e o f t h i s t h e y p e
r . r

s u a de d t h e m s e lv e s t h a t t h e s p i it u a l de v e l o p m e nt o f t h e i a bs o l u t e wa s
r r

c o nfi ne d t o t h e S h o r e s o f t h e M e d it e ra ne a n a nd t h a t it s p la s t ic fo c e r ,
r

in t h e p h y s ica l w o r l d wa s e x h a u s t e d in p o du c i ng t h e fo m s o f pl a nt s r r

a nd a nim a l s ne it h e r o f w h ic h
, s t h e y k ne w c o u l d e x is t e x c e p t u p o n
, a ,

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’
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a tte m pt e a lly t o i m g ine w h a t t h e fo r m s o f e x is t e nce a nd l ife m ig h t

r a

h a v e b e e n h a d t h e c i c u m s t a nc e s be e n w h o lly diffe e nt ; a ll s u c h a t
, r r

t e m p t s e s u l t in m e e c l u m s y r e du pl ic a t io ns o f t h e fo m s o f e x is t e nce
r r r

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r . r

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, ,

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r it s r e a l is a t io n c a nno t c a ll t o it s a id
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r

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,

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r

wh ic h ins pi e s t h e m w ill lwa y s r e m a in va l u a ble ; s u pp o s ing p hy s ic a l

r a

s c i e nc e t o b e j u s t ifi e d in a s s u m ing t h a t c e r t a in p h y s ic a l p o c e s s e s r

p r e va il w it h o u t v a r i a t io n o ve r t h e w h o le u nive s e it w o u l d s t ill be r ,

p r e m a t u e t o a s s e t a u nive r s a l u nifo m ity w h ic h e x c l u de d a ny i de a

r r r ,

o f fo ce s p e c u l i r in c h a a c t e r a nd u ne x a m pl e d o n t h e e a rt h
r a r So .

m u c h t h e l e s s g r o u nd is t h e e fo r pl a c ing t h e c o nc e t e fo m s o f r r r

r e a lity w h ic h no m a n c a n nu m b e r
, o n t h e sa m e fo o t ing w it h c o n ,

c e p t io ns w h ic h u nde r t h e h e a d o f c o s m o l o gy we e nde a v o u r e d t o
, ,
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o Na tu r e .
[ B OO K 1 1 .

fo r m o ive r s a l r u le s o f a c t i o n t o wh ic h N a tu r e c o nfo r m s T h e
f th e un .

fo m e r t h e e fo r e I l e a v e t o b e d e a l t wi th by na t u ra l p h il o s o p h y a nd
r ,
r , ,

r e no u nc e t h e p e v a il ing fa s h io n o f e l ie v ing t h e d y ne s s o f M e t a
r r r ;

p h y s ic a l dis c u s s i o n by pi c tu e s qu e ill u s t ra t i o ns s e l e c t e d fr o m th e r

e xp e r i m e nt a l s c ie nc e s .

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.
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o f m e t a p h y s ic I a dm it t h is du t y a nd o nly r e g r e t t h a t it is o ne w h ic h
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,

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. r

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r t o e x e r c is e A m o e m inu t e i nve s t ig a t io n o f
r . r

t he m h o we ve r s e e m e d t o b e fo b id d e n by t h e a dm it t e d im p o s s i
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bility o f k no wi ng t h e m ; a nd t h is w o u l d b e t h e s a m e e v e n if m o e u s e r

w e e m a de t ha n h a s ye t b e e n do ne o f t h e h yp o th e s is t h a t th e ir na t u r e
r

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r . r

o f a n ide a w h i c h we fo u nd t o b e ne c e s s a r y a nd t o w h ic h no o bj e c t io n ,

c a n be fo u nd e it h e r in i t s e l f o r n t h e fa c t s o f e xp e r i e nc e W ith r e 1 .

s p e c t t o t h e P h e no m e na li t y o f S p a c e I h a ve a g u e d a t e q a l l e ngt h
'

,
r u

a nd w it h a m inu t e ne s s w h ic h h a s p o b a bly s e e m e d t e d io u s t h a t t h e r ,

a pp e a a nc e b o t h o f S p a c e it s e l f a nd o f t h e c h a ng e s w h ic h t a k e pl a c e
r

in it is t o b e e f e d t o e l e v e nt s w h ic h do no t t a ke pl a c e in S p a c e
, r e rr r a ,

a nd I r e s e v e fo t h e P s y c h o l o gy w h a t r e m a ins t o b e s a id by wa y o f
r r

s u ppl e m e nt t o t h is b u t in t h is c a s e a l s o it s e e m s t o m e q u it e u nfa ir
, ,

t o e qu i e m y vie w t o b e w o r k e d o u t in de t a il
r r S u c h a e qu is it io n if . r ,

it a ppl ie d t o t h e p a t ic u l a p e r c e p t io ns o f e v e r y da y l ife w o u l d b e a s
r r ,

e x t a v a ga nt a s t h e d e m a nd no t m e r e ly t o s e e w h a t t a k e s pl a c e b e fo r e
r

u s bu t a t t h e s m e t im e t o k no w t h e p h y s ic a l c a u s e s w h i c h m a k e a ll
,
a

t h a t We s e e p e s e nt i t s e l f t o s igh t j u s t a s it do e s ; o nly t h a t h e r e w h a t
r

we S h o u l d a s k t o s e e t h o u g h w o l d b e no t p h y s ic a l c a u s e s b u t t h e
r u

s u p e s e ns u o u s r e l a t io ns w h ic h t h e e l e m e nt s a s s u m e in t h e u niv e r s a l
r

pl a n nd t o w h ic h t he ir a pp e a a nc e in S p a c e is du e
,
a r .

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r ,
r, r

va io u s m a i n g o u p s o f na tu a l p ro c e s s e s t h e h yp o th e s e s w h ic h h a d
r r r ,

be e n c o ns t u ct e d t o e xpl a in t h e m o n th e s u pp o s itio n o f t h e r e a li ty o f
r
C H A PT E R V I I I .
) Ca n R e a l Sp a ce 6e d isp e ns e d w it /c 3 8 1

S pa c e ,
‘

sh o u ld no w giv e pla c e to o th e rs e q u a lly ca p a bl e o f ‘

e x «.

pl a ining the fa c t s , o n the u nde rs t a ndin g th a t t r u e b e ing do e s no t

e x is t in S pa ce . I f t h i s is
w h a t is m e a nt I t h i nk t h e de m a nd w ill ,

in t h e fu tu e c e r t a inly b e c o m pl ie d wi t h bu t a t p e se nt t h is is im
r ,
r

p o s s ibl e o if a pp r o x im a te ly p o s s ibl e is no t t o be r e g a r de d a s
,
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a Sl igh t a dd it i o n t o w h a t h a s b e e n a l r e a dy d o ne I n o r de r t o m a k e .

s u c h a t a ns l a t i o n o f p h y s ic s int o
r m e t a p h y s i c s p o s s ibl e we s h o u l d

r e q u i e fi s t o f a ll t o h a v e t h e w h o l e t e x t w h i c h is t o b e t r a ns l a t e d
r r ,

i nco nt o ve r t ibly fix e d a nd s e t tl e d No t h ing c a n be fu r th e r t h a n

r .

t h is is f o m b e i ng t h e c a se a t p r e s e nt
r A s t h ing s s t a nd no w e v e y .
,
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h yp o t h e s i s w h ic h is u s e d in e xpl a na t i o n o f t h e s e ve r a l b r a nc h e s o f
na t u r a l p h e no m e na is c o m p e ll e d in o r de r no t t o ig no r e a ny p e c u
, ,

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r ,
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, , ,

Si de by s ide a nd a r e no t de r iva bl e t h e o ne fr o m t h e o t h e
,
S t il l r .

m o r e u nt u s t w o t h y is o u r k no wl e dg e o f t h e b o r de r l a nd s in w h ic h
r r -

t h e s e v a r i o u s s p h e r e s o f na t u a l p h e no m e na m e e t Wh a t u s e th e n
r .

w o u l d it be t o s h o w wh a t w o u l d b e a diflic u lt t a s k in i t s e l f—t h a t
—
t h e s e h yp o th e s e s c a n b e r e p la c e d in a ll p o i nt s wi t h e qu a lly fru it fu l ,

re su lts by a vi e w w h i c h s u bs t itu t e d fo r t h e s u pp o s e d o bj e c t s a nd
,

m o t io ns in S p a c e de t e m ina t e s u p e r s e ns u o u s e l a t i o ns a nd e x c it a t io ns
,
r r

in t h e i nne r e l e m e nt s o f t ru e b e ing ? W e S h o u ld s t ill h a ve no o t h e r

wa y o f d e t e r m ining t h e s e i nt e r na l s t a t e s t h a n t h a t by w h i c h p h y s i c s
d is co v e r e d t h e c o r e s p o nd i ng e x t e na l o ne s : we S h o u l d h a v e t o a s
r r

s u m e t h e m a s p i m a y fa c t s w h ic h t h e p h e no m e na in q u e s t io n
r r , e r

qu i e d fo r t h e i r e xpl a na t i o n B u t M e t a p h y s ic if o nc e s h e s e t h e r s e l f
r .
,

t o t h is t a s k w o u l d h a v e t o d o m o e t h a n t h is ; Sh e m u s t be in a
,
r

p o s i t i o n t o S h o w t h a t a ll t h e s e ne c e s s a ily a s s u m e d i nd iv id u a l fa c t s a r e r

a t t h e s a m e t im e t h e lo g ic a l c o ns e q u e nc e s o f t h o s e i nne r s ta t e s a nd ,

t h a t t h e na t u r e a nd c h a a c t e r o f t u e b e ing j u s t ifi e s t h e a t t r ib u t io n o f
r r

t h o s e s t a t e s t o it A s l o ng a s t h is w h ic h is a g a in in fa c t a k ind o f
.
,

d e du c t io n o f r e a l it y is im p o s s ibl e fo r u s t h e r e c a n b e l it t l e g o o d a nd
, ,

s m a ll h o p e o f r e w a d in t h e a t t e m p t t o e d u c e s e ns ibl e fa c t s t o s u p e r
r r

s e ns ibl e o ne s L e a v ing t h e e fo re a ny s u c h a t t e m p t fo r a no t h e o c c a
. r r

s io n I will m e r e ly a dd a fe w g e ne ra l o b s e r v a t io ns o n t h e r e l a t i o n o f
,

s p e cu l a t i o n t o t h e o r d ina y m e t h o d s o f e xp e im e nt a l s c ie nc e
r r .

2 1 9 M a n m u s t m a k e t h e b e s t o f w h a t h e h a s a nd no t de c l ine
.
,

v a l u a bl e k no wl e dge m e r e ly b e c a u s e it do e s no t a t o nc e o ffe r h im t h e ‘

w h o l e t r u th w h i c h h e w is h e s t o k no w I n e ve ry s c ie nc e t h e e w ill . r

a lw a y s be a c o ns ide a bl e g a p b e t w e n t h e m o s t g e ne a l p o i nt s o f
r e r

v ie w f o m w h i ch we s h o u l d wi s h t o r e ga r d t h e give n o bj e c t s a nd th e
r ,
3 8 2 T6 e f o r m s f
o tne Co u r se o f Na t u r e . [ B OO K

a c tu a l k no wl e dge w h ic h we c a n p o s s ib ly a c q u i r e a b o u t th e m ; a nd
t h is g a p p o v e s no t h ing e it h e r a g a ins t t h e r igh t ne s s o f t h o s e u l t i
r

m a t e po int s o f v ie w o r a g a ins t t h e v a l u e o f t h e m e th o ds by w h i c h
we s u c c e e d in inv s t ig t ing p a t icu l a r fa c t s
e W e m u s t be wa e o f tha t
a r . r

d o c t i na i i s m w h i c h w ill a ll o w no c o nc l u s io n t o b e v a l id u nl e s s it is
r r , ,

r e a c h e d by t h e m e t h o d o f a l o g ic a l p a a de g o u nd r e m inding u s r -
r ,

o f M o l ie r e s p h y s ic ia n wh o o nly de m a nde d o f h is p a t ie nt qu il
’ ‘ ’

, ,

m o u r fi t d a ns le s fo rm e s I n r e s p e c t t o a ppli e d L o gi c it m u s t b e
’
.

g a nte d t h a t t h e r e is s o m e t ru t h in t h e c y nic a l r e m a k o f t h e Em p e r o r
r r

V e s p a s ia n Ev e r y m e th o d is p r a i s e w o r th y w h i c h l e a ds t o a s u e
. r

r e su lt e v e n t h e m o s t m o ns t r o u s h yp o t h e s is if it r e a lly e na bl e s u s t o ,

c o nne c t t h e fa c t s t o g e t h e a nd t o e xpl a in t h e i r m u t u a l d e p e nde nc e is

r ,

b e t t e r t h a n t h e ne a t e s t a nd t r i m m e s t t h e o y f o m w h ic h no th i ng r , r

fo ll o w s . H o l di ng t h e s e v ie w s I c a n h a ve no Sy m p a t h y wi t h t h e ,

o ft e n r e p e a t e d a t t e m p t s o f p h ilo s o p h e r s t o S h o w t h a t t h e fu nda m e nt a l

i de a s o f P h y s ic a l S c i e nc e a r e i n de qu a te dis co nne c t e d a nd fr e a , ,

q u e nt ly i nc o ns is t e nt Wi th o u t a t t e m p t i ng t o de te rm i ne h o w m u ch
.

t h e e is o f j u s t i c e o r i nj u s t ic e in t h i s i ndic t m e nt I r e a dily a d m i t t h a t
r ,

it is in t h e m a i n t u e bu t I a m no t s o m u c h s t r u c k by t h e s e de fe c t s
r ,

a s fill e d w it h s inc e r e a nd u nm ix e d a dm ir a t io n a t t h e m a nifo l d v a r ie t y

o f c o ns is t e nt a nd r e l ia bl e r e s u l t s w h ic h w it h s u c h im p e f c t m e a ns a t , ,
r e

h e r d is p o s a l s c i e nc e h a s e s t a bli s h e d by u nw e a r i e d o b s e r v a t i o n a nd by
,

b illi a nc y o f i nve nt i o n
r .

I h o p e a nd b e l ie ve a l s o t h a t if s c i e nc e c o nt i nu e s t o w o r k wi th t h e
, ,

s a m e c o ns c ie nt i o u s ne s s m a ny t r u t h s w h ic h no w a pp e a r o nly in ne c e s
, ,

s a ry j u x t a p o s i t io n a nd m a ny o t h e r s w h ic h a e s e e m ingly o pp o s e d
,
r ,

will e nt e r int o a ne a e a nd b e t t e r e l a t i o n a s diffe r e nt r e s l t s o f o ne

r r r , u

a nd t h e s a m e o ig ina l p r o c e s s ; in fa c t t h a t a s a t t h e e nd o f a l o ng a nd
r ,

c o m pl ica t e d e c k o ning a r S im pl e t o t a l w ill b e le ft o v e r wh i c h t h e

, ,

p h il o s o ph y o f th e fu t u e will b e a bl e t o a pply t o th e s a t is fa c ti o n o f it s
r

o wn s p e c ia l w a nt s T h is m u c h t o be d s ire d r e s u l t h o w e v e c a n
. e , r,

o nly b e o b t a ine d in t h e fi s t i ns t a nc e by m e a ns o f c l e a ly o u t li ne d
'

r r

h yp o t h e s e s fra m e d s o a s t o m e e t t h e o b s e v e d fa c t s a nd m o difi e d
,
r ,

a nd t a ns fo m e d s o a s t o k e e p p a c e wi t h e a c h f e s h d i s c o v e r y : it
r r r

m a t t e r s no t t h a t t h e e xp r e s s io n w h ic h o u r s u pp o s i t io ns a s s u m e in t h is

int e r m e d ia t e s t a g e o f dis c o ve r y is i m p e fe c t in fo r m ; t h e w is h e d fo r r

Si m pl ic it y a nd c l e a ne s s o f s t a t e m e nt c a n b e l o ng o nly t o t h e fi nis h e d
r

r e su lt . No o t h e r m e th o d c a n be s u b s t i t u t e d fo t h i s ; no t t h a t o f r

P o s it ivi s m w h ic h b ids u s b e c o nt e nt w it h ge ne r a l fo m u l ae f r t h e
, r o

o b s e r v e d c o nne x io n o f fa c t s w it h o u t i nt o d u c ing ide a s a b o u t t h e i nne r r

c o nne x io n o f t h i ng s a d vi c e w h ic h a t fi r s t s ig h t c o m m e nd s i t s e l f bu t
, ,
 M e a ning Qf M e cfla nis m
’
C H APT E R V I I I ) .
‘
. 8
3 3

wh ic h is e nti r e ly fr u it l e s s in p r a c t i c e : no t a l o fty p h ilO SO ph i i ntu i c

t i o n w h i c h o nly a g r e a t p o e t ic g e niu s c o u l d de l u de m e n int o e ga d r r

ing a s a n a c t a l m e a ns t o t h e dis c o v e y o f t u t h no t a ny Sp e c l a t ive

u r r u

d e du c t i o n w h i c h h e a r s o nly p a t o f t h e e v ide nc e b e fo r e r u s h ing t o it s

,
r

c o nc l u s i o n T h e s e l e a ve u s w h e re we w e e : Mo s e s m a y s t a nd o n
. r

t h e m o u nt a i n o f s p e c u l a t i o n a nd p a y t h a t t h e l a w s o f t h o u g h t m a y r

b e fa ith fu lly o b s e v e d ; b t fa c t s c a n o nly be b o u g h t i nt o s bj e c t io n

r u r u

by w h a t j o s h u a is do ing in t h e v a ll e y A ft e t h is c o nfe s s io n m y . r ,

p r e s e nt o bj e c t c a n o nly be t o a na ly s e t h o s e c o nc e p t i o ns by t h e h e l p
o f w h ic h p h il o s o p h y d is t i ngu is h e s t h e w e a l t h o f na t u a l p r o c e s s e s i nt o r

gr o p s s e ing in e a c h g o u p e ith e r t h e o p e a t io n o f a Sp e c ifi c p r in
u ,
e r r

c ip le o r a p a t i c u l a r a ppli c a t i o n o f g e ne a l p inc ipl e s a nd r e g a r d i ng

,
r r r ,

t h e m a t t h e s a m e t i m e a s c o nt r ib u t i ng in diffe e nt w a y s t o t h e e a lis a r r

t io n o f t h e a ll e m b a c ing pl a n o f N a t u r e
-
r .

2 2 0 T h e w o d m h ni m w h ic h h a s s o m a ny m e a ning s is u s e d
. r ec a s , ,

by m o de r n s c h o o l s o f t h o u gh t t o de s c ibe s o m e t i m e s a p a t ic u l a r r r

m o de o f a c t io n s o m e t im e s a c l a s s o f e ffe c t s p o du c e d by t h is a c t io n
,
r

in e ith e r c a s e t h e m e c h a nic a l a s p e c t o f N a t u r e is Sp o k e n o f in t e m s
, r

o f m a k e d di s p a a g e m e nt
r a s c o m p a e d wi t h a no t h e r a nd d iffe r e nt
r , r

a s p e c t t o w h ic h it is de e m e d i nfe r i o
, W h a t t h e w o r d m e a ns is m o r e r .

e a s ily l e a r ne d fr o m t h e c u s t o m a r y u s e o f l a ng u a g e t h a n f o m t h e c o n r

flic t ing d e fi nit io ns o f t h e s c h o o l s A ll m o d r n na t io ns s p e a k o f t h e

. e

m e c h a ni s m o f g o v e r nm e nt o f t a x a t io n o f b u s ine s s o f a ny k ind
, , .

Evi de nt ly w h a t is s ig nifi e d by it is t h e o g a ni a t io n o f m e a ns e ith e r

, , r z

w ith a v ie w t o r e a l is ing a p a r ticu l a r e nd o r t o b e ing p r e p a e d fo r , r

ca rr y ing o u t diffe r e nt b u t kindre d o bj e c t s W e do no t h o w e v e r .

, ,

s p e a k o f a m e c h a ni s m o f p o l it ic s ; we e xp e c t p o l it i c a l e nd s t o b e

e ffe c t e d by a n a r t o f s t a t e s m a ns h ip a nd t h is we s h o u l d bl a m e if we
'

, ,

s a w it w o r k ing by m e c h a nic a l r u l e s T h is d is t inc ti o n in t h e u s e o f .

t h e t e m c l e a ly e xp r e s s e s t h e l im i t a t io n t h a t t h e m e c h a ni c a l o g a niz a
r r r

t i o n o f m e a ns is o nly c a l c u l a t e d fo r g e ne a l c o ndit io ns c o m m o n t o a r ,

nu m b e o f k ind e d p o bl e m s a nd m e e t s t h e e qu i e m e nt s in q u e s t io n
r r r ,
r r

by w o king a c co r ding t o g e ne a l l a w s
r r .

No w it is i m p o s s ibl e t o c o nfo m t o a la w in a m e r e ly g e ne a l wa y ;
,
r r

e v e r y a ppl ic t io n o f t h e la w m u s t g iv e r i s e t o a d e t e rm ina t e re s u l t
a

de p e nding o n a d e t e r m i na t e c o ndit io n w h e r e a s t h e la w in it s g e ne r l ,
a

e xp e s s io n m k e s t h e d p e nd e nc e o nly g e ne r a l
r a e I t s e e m s t h e re fo r e .
, ,

u p t o a c e r t a i n p o i nt t o b e p a r t o f t h e v e y e s s e nc e a nd c o nc e p t io n o f r

a m e c h a ni s m t o t a k e a c c o u nt o f t h e d iffe r e nc e s in t h e p a r t i c u la r in

s t a nc e s t o w h ic h it a ppli e s I n t h e fi s t pl a ce t h e l a w s t h m s e lv e s w h ic h
. r ,
e

it o be y s e q u i r e t h a t it s e ffe c t s s h a ll be p ro p o r t io na te t o t h e g iv e n c i
r r
 8
3 4 Tno
f or m s o f t /z e Co u r se o
f N a t u r e . [ BOO K n .

c u m s t a nce s ne xt
i rc u m s t a nc e s t hh m s e lve s t h e ir p e c u l ia r na tu r
, t he c , e ,

r e s is t a nc e a nd e a c t io n m o dify t h e a c t io n a nd c o m b ina t io n o f t h e
, r ,

fo r c e s w h ic h it s e t s in m o t io n— a l s o a c c o r ding t o fix e d l a w s — a nd s o
e na bl e it t o p r o du c e t h e d e s ig ne d e ffe c t e v e n u nde u nfo e s e e n c o nd i r r

t io ns T h e t e c h nic a l i ndu s t y o f t h e p r e s e nt d a y fu ni s h e s m a ny e x
. r r

a m pl e s o f t h i s s e l f r e g u l a t i o n o f m a c h ine y ; b u t w h a t e v e
-
a dv a nc e s it r r

m a y m a k e in m a ny S ide dne s s a nd d e l ic a c y it ne v e r e s c a p e s t h e l im i ,

t a t io ns w h ic h p o p u l a l a ngu a ge a s we s a w i m p o s e s u p o n t h e c a p a
r , ,

b ilit ie s o f m e c h a nis m I t is t h e ing e nu it y o f t h e inv e nt o t o w h i c h

. r

a l o ne t h e h a ndine s s o f t h e m a c h ine is du e ; it is h is c a l cu l a t i o n h is ,

c o m p a is o n o f t h e e nd wi t h t h e m e a ns a nd t h e h indr a nc e s t o it s
r

r e a l is a t io n w h i c h h a s e na bl e d h im s o t o c o m b ine t h e fo r c e s o f N a t u e
, r ,

t h a t t h e y m u s t no w le a d o f t h e m s e lv e s t o t h e d e s i e d r e su l t a c c o r ding r

t o u niv e s a l l a w s o f t h e i
r o wn w h ic h a r e i nd e p e nde nt o f h im
r H is .

p e ne t a t io n m a y h a ve e na bl e d h im t o s e e di s t u b ing c a u s e s in a dva nc e
r r

a nd t o m e e t t h e m by a c o m bi na t io n o f t h e m e a ns a t h is d iS o s a l s o
p
t h a t t h e d is t u b a nc e s t h e m s e lv e s l ib e a t e t h e r e a c t ing fo r c e s w hic h a e
r r r

t o c o m p e ns a t e t h e m ; e v e n dis t u rb ing c a u s e s wh ic h h e h a s no t fo r e

s e e n m a y by g o o d l u c k be ne u t ra l is e d by t h e i nt e na l a da p t a t io n a nd r

p o we r o f s e l f a dj tis t m e nt o f a m c h ine B u t a ll t h e s e fa v o u a bl e
- a . r

r e s u l t s h a v e t h e ir l im it s I f t h e y o c c u r t h e y a e t h e ne c e s s a r y c o ns e
.
,
r

q u e n c e s a c co d i ng t o u n ivr e s a l la w o f t h e j o int a c t io
r n o f t h e m a c h ine

a nd it s c i c m s t a nc e s r u if t h e y fa il t o o c c u r t h e m a c h ine is d e s t r o y e d ; ,

t h e p o w e r o f r e s i s t ing th e c o ndit i o ns h a s no t b e e n g iv e n it fr o m w it h

o t u by t h e g e ni u s o f it s inv e nto r o r by a l u c ky c h a nc e a nd it is
, ,

i nca p a bl e o f g e ne r a t ing s u c h a p o w e r o f it s e l f .

H e r e l ie s t h e diffe e nc e o f s t a t e s m a ns h ip a nd e v e y o t h e r p ra e
r r

t ic a l a t f o m w h a t is m e c h a nic a l
r r Eve ry a t fo ll o w ing a s it do e s . r ,

e nds w h ic h c a nno t b e e a l is e d o f t h e m s e lv e s is c o nfi ne d t o t h e u s e o f
r ,

m e a ns w h i c h it c a nno t m a k e b u t c a n o nly fi nd ; it c a nno t c o m p e l

a ny o ne o f t h e s e m e a ns t o p o du c e e ffe c t s w h i c h a r e i m p o s s ibl e o r r

e x t r a ne o u s t o it s na tu e ; it c a n o nly c o m bi ne t o g e t h e r t h e m e a ns a t
r

it s d is p o s a l in s u c h a wa y t h a t t h e y w ill be c o m p e ll e d by t h e u niv e r s a l
la w s o f t h e ir a c t io n t o p o du ce ne c e s s a r ily a nd ine vit a bly t h e de r

s ir e d r e s u l t Eve ry h igh e r fo r m o f a c t ivi ty c o ns e qu e nt ly wh ic h we

’

.
, ,

a e i nc l ine d t o a s s u m e in N a t u e e v e n t h e m o s t p e r fe c t ly
r n e s t a ine d
r ,
u r r

f e e do m m u s t if it w o u l d b e o p e a t iv e in t h e w o r l d t a k e j u s t t h a t
r ,
r ,

m e c h a ni c a l fo r m wh ic h is s u pp o s e d a t fi rs t t o b e i nc o ns i s t e nt w it h it s

na tu e r T h e o nly p r ivil e g e t h a t di s t ing u is h e s it is t h e p o w e r o f

.
,

v a yi ng a c c o r ding t o it s a im s t h e c o m bina t i o n o f t h e s e ve r a l m e c h a n
r

i c a l e l e m e nt s a nd o f t a ki ng fi r s t o ne a nd th e n a no th e r p a r t o f t h e
, ,
 M e c/za nis m
’
CH AP T E R v 1 1 1 ] . P u re
‘
a Fict io n .
385

m e ch a n s m i p e ra ti o ns th u s m a ki ng e a ch p a r t yi e l d its
fo r it s b a se o f o ,

o wn r e s u l t s B u t it s c a p a b ili t i e s c o m e t o a n e nd a s s o o n a s it s o bj e c t
.

is o ne w h i c h c a nno t be p r o du c e d by a ny c o m bi na t i o n o f m e c h a ni c a l
Op e ra t i o ns o r a s s o o n a s it c a n no lo nge r b r ing a b o u t t h a t p a r t i c u l a r
,

c o m bi na t i o n w h i c h w o u l d h a v e t h e r e s u l t in qu e s t io n .

2 2 1 A S r e g a r ds t h e s p e c i a l m e a ni ng a tt a c h e d t o th e t e r m m e ch ‘
.

in t h e i r e xpl a na t i o n o f na t u r a l p h e no m e na p h il o s o p h e r s u n
’
a nis m ,

do u b te dly u nde r s t o o d by it p r i m a r ily a p e cu li a r m o de o f a c t ivi ty t h e ,

r a ng e o f w h i c h wa s s t ill u nde t e r m i ne d B u t it wa s di s t i nc tly b e li e v e d .

,

a t t h e s a m e t im e t h a t t h e r e wa s a c e rt a in Sp e c i a l c l a s s o f na t u r a l
,

p r o du c t s w h ic h wa s su bj e c t t o t h e Si ngle a nd u ndi s p u t e d s w a y o f t h e
,

m e c h a ni ca l p r i nc ipl e I c a nno t s u b s c r ib e to e i th e r o f t h e s e t wo
.

t h e o r i e s e x c e p t wi t h e s s e nt i a l r e s e r v a t i o ns
,
M e c h a ni s m c o u l d o nly b e .

d e fi ne d in t h e s e ns e in w h i c h it is e m pl o y e d in c u rr e nt l a ng u a g e .

A lw a y s de t e r m i ne d by t h e giv e n c i cu m s t a nc e s a nd g e ne r a l l a w s r

w h ich lie b e h ind it ne v e r by t h e na t u r e o f a n e nd wh ic h li e s b e fo r e it

, ,

it wa s c o nt r a s t e d (I s h a ll r e t u r n t o t h i s c o nt r a s t l a t e r ) a s a c o nc a t e na
t i o n o f bli nd a nd i rr e v o c a bl e fo r c e s wi t h t h o s e o r g a ni c a c t ivi t i e s w h i c h

s e e m e d t o fo ll o w e nds wi t h a c e r t a i n fr e e do m t h o u g h t h e y w e r e a l s o

li a bl e t o fa il in t h e i r a t t a i nm e nt B u t e v e n w it h i n t h e li m i t s o f w h a t wa s
.

c a lle d t h e i no g a ni c w o r l d m e c h a ni s m wa s Opp o s e d a nd d e e m e d in
r ,

fe r io r t o c h e m is m Wh il e in t h e c h e m i c a l Sp h e r e o wi ng t o t h e e le c t iv e
.
,

a ffini t i e s o f t h e e l e m e nt s t h e s p e c ifi c qu a li t i e s o f b o di e s w e r e c o nt i nu a lly
,

d e s t r o yi ng o ld fo m s a nd p r o p e t i e s a nd c r e a ting ne w o ne s t h u s c o
r r ,

o p e r a t i ng d e c i s iv e ly in de t e r m ini ng t h e c o u r s e o f e v e nt s m e c h a ni c a l ,

a c t io n wa s d e p e c i a t e d a s a m e r e e x t e r na l p r o c e s s w h ic h ne v e r g iv e s
r ,

a h e a i ng t o t h e dis t inc t iv e na t u r e o f t h i ng s de a ls w it h t h e m a ll a s
r ,

m e re c o m m e ns u r a bl e m a s s v a l u e s a nd t h e r e fo r e p r o d u c e s no o t h e r
-
,

e ffe c t s bu t v a r i o u s c o m bi na t i o ns s e p a r a t i o ns m o v e m e nt s a nd a rr a ng e , , ,

m e nt s o f i nw a dly i nv a i a bl e m a t t e r
r r .

B u t P h il o so p h y o u gh t ne ve r t o h a v e b e li e v e d in t h e r e a l ity o f a
m o de o f a c t ivi t y w h ic h it r e g a r de d in t h is l igh t A m a n o r a n o ffic i a l .

m igh t b e e p r o a c h e d fo r e x e c u t i ng g e ne r a l l a w s a nd r e g u l a t io ns w it h
r

o u t r e g a r d t o e x c e p t io na l c a s e s w h ic h de s e r v e Sp e c i a l c o ns id e r a t io n ,

a nd fo b e a a nc e
r S u c h a c t io n w h i c h we bl a m e a s m e c h a nic a l o nly
r .
, ,

s u c c e e d s b e c a u s e t h e c o m bi ne d fo r c e o f h u m a n s o c ie ty de p r iv e s t h e

ill tr ea t e d e x c e p t io ns o f t h e p o w e r o f r e s i s t ing B u t t h ing s a re no t

-
.

h inde r e d f o m de fe ndi ng t h e m s e lv e s by a ny s u c h c o ns i de r a t io ns no r
r ,

c a n t h e r e b e a ny th i ng in na t u r e t o p e v e nt t h e m fr o m a s s e r t ing t h e i r r

Sp e c i a l p e c u l ia r i tie s in t h e p o du c t io n o f e a c h e ffe c t t o t h e p r e c is e
r ,

e x t e nt t o w h i c h if we m a y s p e a k o f t h e m a s h u m a n b e i ng s t h e y h a v e
, ,

V OL . 1 . C c
3 8 6 Tnaf o r m s f
o tne Co u r s e o
f Na t u r e . { B OOK 1 1 .

an i nte r e s t in so do i ng . It will
bj e c t e d h o w e v e r th a t it is no t
be o , ,

m e a nt t o c o nc e iv e o f t h i s m e c h a ni c a l a g e nc y a ft e r t h e a na l o gy o f t h e,

i nfle x ible o ffi ci a l a s a n a u th o i t y o f na t u r e i m p o s ing it s e l f a u t o

,
r

c r a t ic a lly u p o n t h i ng s fr o m wi t h o u t ; w h a t is m e a nt is m e e ly a p o ce ss r r

wh ic h is i nde e d d e v e lo pe d f o m t h e i nt e r a c t i o n o f t h i ng s t h e m s e lve s
r ,

b u t w h ic h de r iv e s it s c h a a c t e r f o m t h e v e y fa c t t h a t t h e t h i ng s h a v e
r r r

no i nt e r e s t s o f t h e i r o wn t h a t t h e y h a v e no t r e a c h e d t h e p o i nt o f
,

le t t ing t h e i r individu a l it y be s e e n a nd h e a d b t a e c o nte nt t o be r ,

u r

h a v e a s s a m pl e s o f h o m o g e ne o u s m a s s ; s o f a s t his i ndiffe r e nc e o f ar

t h ings e x te nds s o fa r do e s m e c h a ni s m e x t e nd
,
B u t e ve n w h e n s t a t e d .

in t h i s i m p r o v e d fo r m t h e d o c t r ine is no t t e na bl e u nl e s s e i t h e r a
,

p h y s i c a l p r o c e s s c a n be po i nte d o u t w h i ch t a ke s pl a ce w ith o u t b e ing

in a ny wa y i nfl u e nc e d by t h e d is t inc t ive i di o s y nc r a c i e s o f t h ing s o r it ,

c a n b e S h o w n t h a t r e s u l t s in t h e fi na l fo r m o f w h i c h s u c h i nfl u e nc e s

t h o u gh r e a lly o p e r a t ive s e e m t o h a v e v a ni s h e d a e t o b e c o n s ide e d ,

r r

a s p e co nc e iv e d e l e m e nt s in t h e pl a n o f N a t u r e
r All a t t e m p t s t o .

e s t a bli s h th e fi r s t c a s e a r e fr o m o u r p o i nt o f vi e w b a s e d o n a w r o ng

fo u nda t i o n . A fte r h a vi ng m a inta ine d t h a t a c h a nge o f o u t e r r e l a

t i o ns is o nly p o s s ibl e a s a c o ns e qu e nc e o f m u t u a l s o li cit a t io ns in t h e

i nne na t u re o f t h ing s we c a n o nly e g a d a m e c h a ni s m wh ich c o m

r ,
r r

bi ne s t h ing s in m u tu a l a ct i o n wi th o u t t a ki ng a c c o u nt o f t his i nne r

na t u r e a nd it s c o o p e r a t i o n a s a n a b s t r a c t i o n o f S c i e nc e no t a s a
-
, ,

r e a li t y . S c ie nc e no do u b t h a s ne e d o f t h i s a b s t r a ct i o n
, ,
W h a te ve r .

d i s t i nc t iv e diffe r e nce s t h e r e m a y b e b e t w e e n t h ing s ,a t a ny r a t e t h e

c o nt r i b u t i o ns w h i c h t h e y m a k e t o t h e p r o d u c t io n o f a s i ng l e e v e nt

m u s t a dm i t o f be i ng e xp r e s s e d in v a l u e s o f c o m p a ra b l e a c t io n In .

o r d e r t o be a b l e t o e s t im a t e t h e i r e ff e c t s we m u s t r e fe r t h e l a w s w hic h
,

g o v e r n t h e m t o c e r t a i n i de a lly S im pl e ins t a nce s z e r o va l u e s o r m a x im a , ,

o f t h e ir e ffe c t iv e d iffe r e nc e s a nd t h e n a ft e r c a l c u la t i ng o u r r e s u l t u p o n
, ,

t h i s b a s i s s u bj o i n s u c h m o difi c a t i o ns a s t h e c o nc o m i ta nt c o ndit i o ns
,

o f t h e g iv e n c a s e r e qu ire .

I t is in t h i s wa y t h a t we a r iv e a t t h e i ndi s p e nsa bl e c o nce p t i o ns o f

r

m e c h a ni c s ; t h e c o nc e p t i o n o f a r igi d i m m u t a bl e a to m fr o m w h i c h ,

e v e y q u a li ta t iv e c h a ng e is e x c l u de d
r t h e c o nc e p t io n o f a n a b s o lu t e ly

fix e d b o dy fr o m wh ic h we h a v e e l im ina te d a ny a l t e r a t i o n o f fo r m a nd
,

a ll o t h e r e ffe c t s o f co m p o s i t i o n t t h p in c ipl e l a s t ly w h i c h m a
; a e r
y , ,

s e r v e t o e xp r e s s in t h e s h o r t e s t fo r m w h a t we m e a n by m e c h a nis m ,

t h e p r i nc ipl e t h a t if se v e ra l fo r c e s a c t t o g e t h e r u p o n t h e s a m e o bj e c t
, ,

no o ne o f the m h a s a ny e ffe c t o n th e t e nd e nc y t o a c t io n o f t h e e s t bu t r ,

e a c h c o nt i nu e s t o Op e r a t e a s if t h e r e s t w e r e no t p r e s e nt a nd it is o nly ,

th e se s e v e ra l a nd s i ng ly c a lc u la bl e e ffe c t s w h ic h c o m b i ne t o fo r m a
 Tn
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r e s u lt a nt . No w no ne p t i o ns e xp re s s e s a nyth ing whic h

o f t h e se co nc e

we c a n r e g a r d a s o c c u rr ing in a c t u a l fa c t no t e ve n t h e p ri nc ip le la s t
na m e d B u t s u pp o s i ng t h a t t h is p r i nc ipl e w e r e no t v a lid—a nd i nde e d
,

t h e l im i ts wi th in w h i c h it h o l d s g o o d c a nno t b e fix e d a pr io i—s u p
'

p o s i ng t h a t t h e t e nde nc y t o a c t o f a f o r c e w e re a l t e re d by it s r e l a t i o n t o

o t h e r fo c e s w o r ki ng s i m u l t a ne o u s ly we S h o u l d s t ill r e q u i r e t o m a k e
r ,

u s e o f t h e p r i nc ipl e fo r we c o u l d no t e s t i m a t e t h e na t u r e o f t h e a l te r a
,

t i o n u nl e s s we fi r s t k ne w w h a t t h e a c t i o n w o u l d b e u na l t e r e d ; fo r
,

e v e n t h o u gh it do e s no t o c c u r in it s u na l t e e d fo r m it w o u l d s t ill h e lp r ,

t o c o ndi t i o n t h e v a r i a t i o n w h i c h d o e s o c cu r So fa r h o we v e r a s t h e .
, ,

p r i nc ip le do e s h o l d g o o d it m e r e ly a ll o w s u s t o m e a s u r e r e s u l t s w h e n
,

t h e y t a k e pl a c e it do e s no t t e ll u s h o w t h e y t a k e p la c e : it is no t t h e
,

c a s e t h a t t h e fo c e s h a v e b e e n i ndiffe r e nt a nd t a k e n no a c c o u nt o f
r

o ne a no t h e r : t h e t ru t h ra t h e r is t h a t t h e y o r t h e inne r m o v e m e nt o f ,

t h ing s w h ic h c o r re s p o nd t o t h e m fr m t a k e n t h i s a c c o u nt o f e a c h
, o

o t h e r o nly it h a pp e ne d th a t t h e r e s o lu t i o n a t w h i c h th e y a r r iv e d in
,

t h is p a t i c u la r ca s e wa s t o t h e e ffe c t t h a t e a c h s h o u l d m a i nta i n
r

it s fo m e r t e nde nc y t o a c t j u s t a s in a no th e r c a s e it m igh t h a v e b e e n
r ,

t h a t t h is t e nde nc y S h o u l d be c h a ng e d Fr o m t h i s it a p pe a r s t h a t .

t h e s e v e r y p r o c e s s e s w h i c h a s fa r a s t h e fo rm o f t h e i r r e s u l t g o e s e x
, ,

b ibi t a ll t h e c h a r a c te r i s t i c s o f m e c h a ni s m a r e no t pr o du c e d m e c h a ni ,

ca lly in t h i s s e ns e a t a ll a nd t h e w h o le c o nce p t i o n o f m e l a ni m a s a c z s
,

d i s t i nc t t yp e o f a c t io n b a s e d o n t h e m u t u a l i ndi ffe r e nc e o f t h i ng s
, ,

m u s t b e b a ni s h e d e nt i r e ly fr o m t h e p h il o s o p h i ca l vi e w o f N a t u r e .

No r do e s it r e c e ive m o r e t h a n a s e m bla nc e o f s u ppo rt fr o m o bs e r

v a ti o n .Eve n in c a s e s o f im pa c t t o w h i ch m o s t o f th e so ca lle d
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m e c h a ni c a l p r o c e s s e s a r e r e du c ible t h e e a r e o du c e d a l o n g wi t h
p r ,
r

t h e im pa rt e d t ra ns l a t o r y m o t i o n pe rm a ne nt o r e la s t i c a lly ne u tr a li s e d

c h a ng e s in t h e fo r m o f t h e b o dy i m p ing e d u p o n be s ide s i nne r vib ra

,

t i o ns w h ic h m a k e th e m s e lve s k no w n a s S o u nd o r H e a t T h e nu m b e r .

o f t h e s e s e c o nda y e ffe c ts a nd t h e c o m pl e t e ne s s wi t h w h i c h t h e
r ,

t r a ns la t o ry m o t io n is im p a r t e d de e nds in e ve r y c a s e o n t h e i nne r
p ,

i nt e r a c t io ns w h ic h h o l d t o ge th e r t h e u l ti m a te e l e m e nt s o f t h e b o die s ,

de p e nds i e o n fo c e s w h ic h h a v e t h e i r o rigin in t h e h e a r t o f t h ing s

, . . r ,

a nd w h ic h diffe r fr o m e a c h o t h e r a c c o ding a s t h i ng s t h e m s e lve s r

d iffe r in q u a l it y T he s e i nne r e ffe c t s we a r e a c c u s to m e d a nd fo r

.
,

p u p o s e s o f s c ie nc e o bl ige d t o r e ga r d a s s e c o nda r y a nd a s dis

r
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t u r b a nc e s o f t h e t h e o r e t ic a lly p e r fe c t i ns ta nc e b t in t ki n c co u nt
; u a g a

o f t h e m a s c o r e c t io ns t o be a dde d t o t h e r e s u l t w h ic h s tri c t ru l e s
r

w o u l d give u s we a re r e a lly c o e c ti ng o u r o wn a b s t r a c t c o nc e pt i o n
, rr

o f a p u r e m e c h a ni s m w h i c h a s s u c h h a s no r e a l e x i s t e nc e in Na t u r e
, , , .

C C 2
3 8 8 T6 e f o r m s o
f t /ce Co u r s e f
o N a t u r e . [ 130c m 1 1 .

222 . A s th i s is th e ca se wi th
fi r s t o f t h e t wo a l te r na
r e g a rd to th e

t ive s p r o p o s e d it r e m a ins t h a t t h e P h il o so p h y o f N a t u r e c a n o nly

1
,

u nde r t a k e t h e s e co nd L o o ki ng o nly a t t h e u l t i m a t e fo rm in w h i c h
.

p r o c e s s e s r e s u l t it w o u l d b e p o s s ibl
,
e t o a r r a ng e t h e fa c t s o f N a t u r e

in g r o u p s a c c o r di ng a s th e q u a li t a t iv e na t u r e o f t h i ng s w h i c h is a ,

c o ns t a nt fa c t o r in e a c h p r o c e s s wa s m o e o r l e s s a pp a r e nt in t h e,
r

r e s u l ts A nd t h is is na t u r a lly t h e c o u r s e w h i c h I de a l is m w o u l d h a ve
.

fo ll o w d h a d it b e e n c o ns is t e nt wi th i t s e lf
e ,
I t s o bj e c t b e i ng t o p o i nt .

o u t p h e no m e na in w h ic h a s a s e r i e s t h e e nds o f N a t u r e w e r e s u c c e s

s i e ly r e a li s e d it m igh t h a v e e nt i r e ly di s r e g a r d e d t h e qu e s t i o n h o w
v
:

a ll t h e s e p h e no m e na a r e p r o du c e d a nd h a v e c o ns i de r e d t h e m s o l e ly ,

f o m t h e p o i nt o f vi e w o f t h e i r Sig nifi c a nc e w h e n o nc e in e xi s t e nc e
r ,
.

A ll t h e m i s nd e r s t a nding s w h i c h h a v e a r i s e n b e t w e e n I de a l is m a nd
u

t h e P h y s i c a l S c ie nc e s h a v e b e e n o c c a s i o ne d by t h is e r r o r o f c o nfo u nd
,

ing int e p e t a t i o ns o f t h e ide a l s ig nifi c a nc e o f p h e no m e na w ith e x p la

r r

na t i o ns o f t h e c a u s e s w h i c h h a v e le d t o t h e i r e xi s t e nc e I m p o s ing o n .

o u r s e lv e s t h e n t h is r e s t r i c t io n we m ig h t s e e k in t h e fi r s t pl a c e fo
, , , a , ,
r

de p a r t m e nt o f p r o c e s s e s w h e r e t h e r e s e e m e d t o b e no t ra c e a t a ny
p o i nt o f t h e c o ns t a nt s il e nt i nfl u e nc e o f t h e q u a l it a t iv e di ffe r e nc e s o f
t h i ng s ; o r w h e r e in c a s e t h e e le m e nt s p o du c i ng t h e r e s u l t w e r e
,
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h o m o g e ne o u s t h e e wa s no S ig n o f t h e p e r p e t u a l r e t u r n o f t h e p o
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c e s s int o a nd it s r e p r o du c t i o n o u t o f t h e i nne r na t u r e o f t h ing s

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It .

w o u l d be in s u ch a g o u p o f a c t ivit i e s t h a t we s h o u ld h a ve t o l o o k fo r
r

t h e s m 6i n o f a p e r fe c t m e c h a ni s m
e o ce .

I n t h e s m a ll e v e nt s w h i c h e v e ry d a y p a s s b e fo r e u s in c h a ngi ng
s u c c e s s i o n in t h e m o t io ns w h i c h p a r t ly a t o u r i ns t a nc e p a r tly o w ing
, ,

t o c a u s e s wh ic h e m a in u no b s e r v e d rb o di e s c o m m u ni c a t e t o e a c h ,

o t h e r — we do no t fi nd t h is m e c h a nic a l a c t i o n e x e m p lifi e d I n th e s e .

c a se s t h o u gh v a r y ing in dis t inc t ne s s t h o s e s e c o nda y e ffe c t s a r e

, ,
r

ne v e r w h o lly a b s e nt in w h i c h t h e dive r s i ty o f t h e c o o p e r a t i ng
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e l e m e nt s m a ni fe s t s i t s e l f W e find w h a t we a re l o o ki ng fo r o nly in
.

t h e p r o c e s s o f g a vi t a t i o n o r m o r e p r o p e r ly in t h e
r , , e v o l u t i o ns in ,
r

c l o s e d c u r v e s w h ic h r e su l t f o m t h e a t t ra c t io n o f t h e h e a v e nly b o die s
, r

a nd a n o r ig ina l t a ng e nt ia l m o t i o n A tt r a c t i o n i t s e l f c a nno t b e c o n
.

s ide r e d a s a n e x t e r na l a pp e nda g e t o t h e c o ns t i t u e nt e l e m e nt s o f t h e

pl a ne t s : a s t h e s e e l e m e nt s a r e di ffe r e nt t h e de gre e o f a t t a c t i o n ,
r

w o u l d h a ve t o v a ry t o s u it th e na t u e o f e a ch p a r t B u t th e di ffe r e nt r .

d is t r i bu t i o n in diffe e nt pl a ne t s o f e l e m e nt s v a r yi ng in t h e de g r e e s o f
r

t h e i r e c ip r o c a l a c t i o n de t e m i ne s w h a t we c a ll t h e m a s s o f t h e pl a ne t s ;
r ,
r

1
[T h t et m n t f
re a M h n i m e om d f A
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as a f E ff t o e o c o , as a o ec ,

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a nd so a ft e r h a vi ng
i nc l u de d in the c o nc e p t io n o f t h i s u nc h a ng ing
m a s s e v e y t h ing w h i c h r e l a t e d t o t h e q u a li t a t iv e na t u e o f t h e e l m e nt s
r r e ,

we fi nd o u s e lve s a bl e t o c a l c u l a t e t h e s u b s e q u e nt m o t i o ns o f t h e
r

h e a v e nly b o di e s w it h o u t a s s u m ing a ny th ing b e y o nd t h e i r o r ig ina l

v e l o c i t i e s a nd di e c ti o ns a nd t h e g e ne r a l la w o f t h e v a ri a t i o n o f fo c e
r , r

w ith dis ta nc e ; a nd wi th o u t b e ing o blige d t o r e c u a g a i n t o t h e i nne r r

na t u r e o f t h e e l e m e nt s t h o u g h it is f o m t h is t h a t t h e w h o l e r e s u l t
,
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Sp r ing s I t wa s t h is g r e a t Sp e c ta c le o f t h e u nive r s e m a int a ini ng

.

i t s e l f p e p e tu a lly t h e s a m e t h a t c l a im e d t h e a tt e nt i o n o f P h ilo s o ph y
r , ,

wh ic h s a w in it t h e fi r s t s t a g e o f t h e s e l f de v e l o p m e nt o f t h o u gh t in -

N a t u r e t h e e x h ibit i o n o f t h e u nive r s a l o r de r w h ic h r e m a i ns u ndi s

, ,

t u r b e d by a ny i nne r m o v e m e nt s o f t h e p a t ic u l a r r .

N e x t a nd in c o nt r a s t t o G ra vi t a ti o n o r M a t t e r wh i ch wa s s t ra ng e ly ,

i de nt ifi e d w ith it wa s pl a c e d L igh t o r r a th e r (s inc e a na m e wa s

, ,

w a nt e d w h ich w o u l d inc l u de no t o nly Ligh t bu t a l s o S o u nd) t h o s e

u nd u l a t o y p r o c e s s e s by m e a ns o f w h ic h i m p u l s e s d iffu s e t h e m s e lv e s
r ,

o n a ll s ide s wi th o u t a ny c o ns ide r a bl e t r a ns l a t o y m o t i o n I t wa s
,
r .

no t a l t o g e t h e r wi t h o u t r e a s o n t h a t in t h e s e p h e no m e na o f N a t u r e a n

a na l o gy wa s fo u nd t o M ind ; fo r it is t h r o u g h t h e m no do u b t t h a t , ,

t h ing s c o nv e y t o e a c h o t h e t h e ir fl u c t u a t i ng inne r e xp e r i e nc e s e a c h
r ,

a s it w e r e r e fl e c t ing i t s e l f in t h e o t h e r ; s o t h a t a c o m m u nic a t i o n

be t w e e n t h e m is e s t a bl is h e d s i m il a r t o t h a t w h i ch e xi s t s b e t w e e n t h e
,

k no wing s u bj e c t a nd it s o bj e c t I t wa s o wing t o a m i s c o nce p t i o n t h a t

.

s p e c u l a t iv e P h il o s o p h y r e f s e d t o a ll o w t h e s e p r o c e s s e s t o b e c l a s s e d
u

u nde r m e c h a ni s m a nd t e a t e d m e c h a ni c a lly r T h e e q u a l diffu s i o n o f .

l igh t c o m p e l s u s no do u bt t o e xpl a i n t h e fo r c e w ith w h i ch e a ch

, ,

p a tic l e o f e th e r c o m m u nic a t e s m o tio n t o t h e a dj o i ning p a r ti c l e a s

r ,

du e t o i nne r e xp e i e nc e s a r is ing f o m t h e ir c o ns t a nt a nd s y m p a th e t i c
r r

r e l a t i o nsh ip bu t a s it a l s o l e a ds u s t o a s s u m e t h a t t he e th e r c o ns i s t s
o f no ne b u t h o m o g e ne o u s e l e m e nt s t h e f r t h e r p o g r e s s o f t h is,
u r

o c c u r e nc e o f t a ns m is s i o n a dm it s o f be i ng t r e a t e d in p r e c i s e ly t h e
r r

s a m e wa y a s t h e m o t io ns o f t h e h e a v e nly b o die s I t is o nly w h e n .

t h e s e u ndu l a t i o ns c o m e i nt o c o nt a c t w ith m a t e r ia l b o die s i e w h e n ,

. .

th e y a r e e fl e c t e d re f a ct e d
r ,
di s p e s e d t h a t t h e q u a l ity o f p a r tic u l a r
r ,
r ,

b o di e s m a k e s i t s e l f fe l t in e ffe c t s w h ich ne c e s s i t a t e a nu m b e r o f ne w
,

t u th s de r iv e d f o m e xp e r ie nce
r r a nd s e vi ng a s s t a t ing p o int s fo r
,
r r -

a na ly t ic a l d e du c t io ns I h a v e no int e nt i o n o f d is c u s s i ng in t h i s
.

pl a c e th e v a li dity o f t h o s e f u it fu l h yp o th e s e s o n th e b a s is o f wh ic h
r ,

o pti c s h a s a is e d h e
r i m p o s i ng e difi c e ; no do I wi s h t o e pl a c e t h e m
r r r

by o th e r s I w is h e d m e e ly t o j u s t ify t o s o m e e x te nt t h e o l de r Sp e e n
. r

l a t io n in its vi e w t h a t t h e s e p h e no m e na e xh ibi t a ne w c h a r a ct e ri s ti c
, , ,
39 0 Tfle flt r m s qf t ne Co u r s e o
f Na tu r e . [ B OO K 1 1 .

a nd i m p o r ta nt fo r m o f N a t u r e s a c tivityra fo rm in wh i ch th e i nfl u e nc e s
’

o f t h e s p e c ifi c q u a li t i e s o f t h ing s a r e no t i nde e d qu it e ne u t r a l ise d b u t ,

d o no t a pp e a r t o do m ina t e t h e w h o l e p r o c e s s : t h e g e ne ra l fo r m in fa c t , ,

o f a s t ill i no p e r a t iv e a flinity b e t w e e n d iv e s e a nd c h a ngi ng e l e m e nt s r .

2 2 3 A d iffe r e nt i m p r e s s io n wa s p r o du c e d by t h e p h e no m e na o f
.

e le c t r i ity a nd
c l m i t ry
c ze s P h ilo s o p h y h e e e nc o u nt e r e d t h e do c t r ine
. r

o f t h e t wo e l e c t r i c fl u ids w h i c h h a d a l e a dy b e e n fu lly d e ve l o p e d by
, r

P h y s ic s a nd wa s t h u s c o nfirm e d in r e g a r ding t h i s a s t h e fi r s t c a s e in
,

w h ich th e qu a lit a tive o pp o s iti o n o f th i ng s a pp e a r s a s e a lly de t e rm i ning r

t h e c o u r s e o f e v e nt s Th e fu r t h e r de v e l o p m e nt o f t h i s b r a nc h o f P h y s i c s
.

will c e r ta inly no t b e a bl e t o di s p e ns e wi th th e s p e c ia l p r e s u pp o s itio ns ,

w h ich h a v e b e e n f a m e d in c o nse qu e nc e o f t h i s v ie w T h e r e s e e m s
r .

a t a ny r a t e no p r o s p e c t a t p r e s e nt o f e xp la i ni ng t h a t p e c u l ia r no t i o n

o f a b s o r p t i o n o r ne u t r a l is a t io n in w h ic h fo r c e s o nc e in fu ll a c t iv it y
, , ,

e v a ne s c e w ith o u t l e a v ing a ny t a c e o f t h e m s e lv e s a s d u e t o a m e e
r ,
r

Opp o sitio n o f m o t i o ns s i m il a r t o t h e a b s o p t io n o f L igh t by int

,
r er

fe r e nc e . S u ch a n e xpl a na t io n w o u l d s t ill l e a v e t h e q e s t i o n w h a t is u ,

t h e p inc ip le o n w h ic h t h e s e c o nfl ic t i ng m o t io ns a r e dis t ibu t e d

r r

a m o ng s t t h e b o die s f o m w h i c h t h e e l e c t ic a pp e a a nc e s a r e e l ic i t e d ?
,
r r r

A nd t h is qu e s t i o n c o u l d h a r dly be a ns w e r e d w ith o u t r e i ns t a t ing

h
t ou h g p e r h a p s in a d i f
f e e n t f o m a nr d co nn e x iorn — t h e c o nc e p t io n o f

a p o l a r o pp o s it io n o f a q a l it a t iv e ki nd u B u t t h is a l s o do e s no t c o n
.

c e r n u s h e e : it is s u ffi c i e nt t h a t e l e c t r i c p h e no m e na w h a t e v e r m a y
r ,

be t h e ir o r ig in in t h e fo r m o f t h e i r m a ni fe s t a t io n e xp e s s p re c is e ly
,
[
r

t h i s ide a o f a n Opp o s i t io n inh e e nt in t h e na t u r e o f th i ng s

r .

T h is infl u e nc e o f t h e Sp e c ifi c na t u re o f a ge nt s wa s b e li e ve d t o be
m u c h m o e d is t inc t ly a pp a r e nt in t h e c a s e o f 6 m i l p h e no m e na
r c o ca ,

wh i ch h a d l ik e wi s e b e e n a lr e a dy c o nne c t e d by P h y s ic s wi th e l e c t ic ity r .

T h e ide a t h a t in c h e m ic a l a s Opp o s e d t o SO ca ll e d m e c h a nic a l a c t io n -

,

t h e i ndivi du a l na t u r e o f t h i ng s fo r t h e fi s t t im e a w o k e c o Op e a t e d r ,
- r ,

a nd u nde r w e nt inne r t r a ns fo r m a t i o ns wa s no t s t r ic t ly s p e a k ing s u p, , ,

p o r t e d by o b s e r va t i o n S t iking ch a ng e s w e r e fr e qu e nt ly s e e n t o
. r

t a k e pl a c e in t h e s e ns ibl e q u a l it ie s o f t h ing s in c o ns e q e nc e o f m e e ,
u r

c h a ng e s in t h e ir c o m p o s it io n H e nc e it wa s p o s s ibl e t o s u pp o s e
.

t h a t o t h e r c h a ng e s t h e o ig in o f w h i c h wa s no t S im il a r ly o p e n t o
,
r

e xp e r i m e nt a l p r o o f m igh t a l s o b e d u e t o
, di ffe e nc e s no t d i e c t ly r r

e r c e p t ibl e in t h a rr a ng e m e nt o f t h e u l t im a t e p a r t ic l e s a nd t h e ir
p e

r e s u l t i ng int e r a c t io ns B u t t h e c h e m i c a l p r o c e s s a c c o r di ng t o t h a t
.
,

V ie w o f it w h ic h wa s fa v o u r e d by P h il o s o p h y wa s t h a t o u t o f a nd 6 , ,
a ,

a t h i r d ne w a nd s i m p le p r o d u c t r e s u l t e d in w h i c h b o th a a nd 6 a r e
c ,

m e r g e d t h o u gh by r e v e r s i ng t h e p r o c e s s t h e y m a a g a i n b e p o du c e d r
, y ,
 M e c/za m
'

PT E R v nm nd
'

CH A Cfre m z s m a sm .
39 I

Ou t o f it . Th i s vi e w w h i c h O b vio u s ly i m pl ie s
,
pl te a c o ns t a nt a nd c o m e

i nt e rp e ne tra t i o n o f t h e a c t ive c he m i c a l e l e m e nt s e xp r e s s e d t h e i de a ,

o f w h ic h t h e p h e no m e na o f c h e m i s m fu r nis h e d s e ns ibl e ill u s tr a t i o n .

A s a P h y s ic a l th e o r y it r e m a i ne d b a rr e n be c a u se it fa il e d t o e xpla in ,

h o w s i m il a r c o m bi na t i o ns o f e l e m e nt s ca n g iv e r i s e t o p e r m a ne nt ly
diffe e nt p r o d u c t s a s a l s o be c a u se it l e ft o u t o f a c c o u nt t h e m a ni fo l d
r ,

a na l o g ie s be t w e e n c o m b ina t io ns o f e s s e nt ia lly d is t i nc t e l e m e nt s .

T o t h is vi e w t h e e s u c c e e de d a n e x c l u s iv e ly a t o m i c c o nc e p tio n o f
,
r

c h e m i s t r y T h e e l e m e nt s a a nd 6 w e r e s u pp o se d t o s u b s i s t u nc h a ng e d
.

in t h e r e s u l t a nd t h e p r o p e r t ie s a b o ve m e nt i o ne d w e r e a c c o u nt e d
6, -

fo r by t h e di ffe r e nt p o s i t i o ns w h i c h t h e v a r i o u s s a m pl e s o f a nd 6 m a y a

a s s u m e in t h e p r o d u c t 6 o f t h e ir c o m b ina t io n I do no t u nde r s t a nd
’ .

wh y t h e p ic t u r e s w h i c h we o ft e n s e e o f t h e s t r u c tu r e o f su c h c h e m i c a l
c o m bi na t io ns s h o u l d be a c co m p a nie d by t h e w a r ni ng t h a t t h e y a r e no t

t o b e u nde s t o o d l it e ra lly
r I f t h e y a r e o nly s y m b o l s t h e y a t o nc e
.
,

le a d t o a m e t p h y s ic a l v ie w a c c o r ding t o w h i c h we s h o u l d s p e a k no t
a , ,

o f po s i t io ns in S p a c e bu t o f i nt e llig ibl e r e l a t io ns o f v a r y ing int e ns ity

,

b e t w e e n th e a c t i o ns o f th e a b s o lu t e w h ic h p r e s e nt t h e m s e lve s t o u s
,

s i ngly a s c h e m ic a l e l e m e nt s I f we s h r i nk fr o m m a k ing u s e o f t h s e
. e

c e t a i nly i m p r a c t i c a bl e no t i o ns
r o f w h i c h I h a v e s p o k e n p r e v io u s ly
, ,

a nd m a k e u p o u r m inds t o fo ll o w t h e o r dina r y vi e w o f t h e r e a l ity o f

S p a c e it s e e m s t o fo ll o w t h a t e i th e r t h e s e gr a p h ic r e p r e s e nt a t i o ns
,

m u s t be u nde r s t o o d q u it e li t e r a lly o r t h a t t h e y h a v e no i nt e ll ig ib le
,

m e a ning a t a ll I t is no t h o w e v e r m y p u p o s e t o de s c ib e t h e
.
, ,
r r

c o ns e q u e nc e s w h i c h t h e a t o m i c vi e w o f c h e m is t r y h a s h a d in g e ne r a l ,

a nd e s p e c i a lly o f l a t e t h e h yp o t h e s i s o f A v o g a dr o in i t s e l f a n e nt i e ly ,
r

i m p r o b a bl e o ne I w o u l d o nly c a ll a t te nt io n t o t h e fa c t t h a t a ft e r a ll
.

t h a t c a n b e s a id o u r k no wl e dg e is l im it e d o n t h e o ne h a nd t o t h e
,

e l e m e nts w h i c h e nt e r i nt o c o m p o s i t i o n o n t h e o t h e t o th e a c t u a l a nd
,
r

p ro b a bl e typ ic a l fo r m s w h ic h t h e c o m p o s i t io n fi na lly a s s u m e s ; t h e
r o ce s s by w h ic h t h e c o m b ina t io n t a k e s pl a c e i e t he tr u e c h e m i c a l
p , . .

p r o c e s s s till e s c a p e s u s O u r c o nc e p tio ns o f it c a nno t b e m a de t o

, .

fi t wi t h t h e r e s t o f o u m e c h a ni c a l no t io ns u nl e s s we a dm it a s ne w
r ,

d a t a b o t h t h e o r igi na l diffe r e nc e be t w e e n t h e e l e m e nt s no t r e d c i bl e ,
u

t o p h y s ic a l m o difi c a t i o ns o f a c o m m o n m a t t e r a nd t h e s p e c ia l e le c t ive ,

a ffi ni t ie s o f t h e s e e l e m e nt s w h i c h de t e m i ne t h e i g e ne r a l c a p a c i t i e s
.

,
r r

o f c o m bi na t i o n a nd t h e p r o p o t i o ns in w h ic h t h e y will p e r m a ne nt ly
r

c o m b ine .

Eve n t h e n o ne ph e no m e no n s till e m a i ns da r k th a t wh ic h ga v e t o
r ,

c h e m i s t y it s O ld na m e
r S ch e i de ku ns t (a r t o f d ivi s io n) t h e a na ly s i s ,

o f t h e c o m bi na t i o ns Le t u s s u pp o se t h a t b e t w e e n a ll t h e e l e m e nt s ,
.
39 2 T/c or ms f
o Me Co u r s e o
f Na t ure . [ B OO K u .

a 6 c z, y a ffi ni ty t h a t e xi st s is th a t o f a t t ra c t i o n in v a ryi ng
t h e o nl

de g r e e s o f i nt e ns i t y I n t h a t c a s e if t h e r e is no ne w c o ndit i o n i nt r o
.
,

d u c e d a ny r e c ip r o c a l a c t io n b e t w e e n t h e t wo p a i r s a 6 a nd c d c a n
,

o nly l e a d t o t h e i r a m a lg a m a t io n a 6 d ne v e r t o t h e ir fr e s h dis t ribu

c ,

t i o n i nt o a a nd 6 c A nd e v e n if t h e a fli nit ie s b e t w e e n a a nd 6 c,

a nd d b e e v e r s o m u c h c l o s e t h a n t h o s e b e t w e e n a a nd 6 a nd a
’
r ,
c ,
,

t h e r e c a nno t b e a ny s e p a r a t i o n o f t h e e l e m e nt s : t h e m o s t t h a t c a n

h a pp e n is t h i s , t h a t a n e x t e na l fo r c e 9 it w e r e b r o u gh t t o be a r u p o n
’
r ,

th e w l
h o e co m b in a t io n 6 d— w h ic h w o u l d be th e ne c e s s a r y r e s u l t
a c

o f m e r e fo r c e s o f a t t a cr t io n — w o u l d de t a ch a f o m 6 o r c f o m m o r e r r a
’

e a s ily t h a n a fr o m o r 6 f om a c, A ny r e p u l s io n t h e r e fo r e m u s t
r .
, ,

c o m e fr o m e l s e w h e r e t h a n t h e r e s u lt s o f a tt a c t io n 3 a nd a s t h e r e is r

no e vi de nc e o f di r e c t r e p u l s io n b e t w e e n t h e s ingl e e l e m e nt s it c a n

o nly b e l o o k e d fo r in t h e c i c u m s t a nc e s w h i c h a c c o m p a ny t h e c h e m i c a l
r

p r o c e s s o r a s is p r o b a bl e a c t u a lly c o ns t i t u t e it T h e s e m a y c o ns i s t
, , , .

in m o t i o ns wh i c h di s c o nne c t t h e e l e m e nt s o r in t h e a ffi nity o f t h e ,

e l e m e nt s t o t h e d i ffe r e nt e l e c t i c i t i e s t h e p o la r a nt a g o ni s m o f w h i c h
r ,

m a y r e qu ir e t h e m t o m o v e in t h e s e p a t i c u la r w a y s r .

B u t h o w e v e r t h a t m a y b e m y o nly p u p o s e wa s t o s h o w t h a t
, r

P h il o s o p h y wa s r igh t in a s cr ibi ng t o t h e qu a l it a t iv e d iffe r e nc e s o f

t h i ng s a de c i s iv e i nfl u e nc e in t h e Sp h e r e o f c h e m i s t r y w o ng in de ny ,
r

ing a ny s u c h i nfl u e nc e in t h a t o f m e c h a nic s : a nd t h a t t h e e fo r e t h o u g h r

t h e Opp o s i t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s e p r o c e s s e s o f na t u r e is no t w it h o u t s o m e

r e a s o n in it it is p a c t i c a lly i m p o s s ibl e t o dr a w a s h a p li ne o f d is
,
r r

t i nc t i o n b e t w e e n t h e m s u ch a s w o u l d s e p a r a t e th e ir S h e r e s
, p a nd ,

a s s ig n t o t h e m t wo d iffe r e nt p r i nc ipl e s o f a c t i o n .

2 2 4 B u t a ll t h i s h a s no w s c a c e ly m o e t h a n a n h i s t o r ic a l i nt e r e s t ;
. r r

t h e r e l a t i o n o f fo r c e s t o o r g ni a c t ivi t i e s is s t ill t h e s u bj e c t o f c o n
a c .

flic t ing o p ini o ns I n a n e s s a y o n L ife a nd V i t a l E ne r gy w h ic h ‘ ’

.
,

fo r m s t h e int r o du c t i o n t o R u do lp h W a g ne r s H a nd D ic t io na r y o f
’
-

P h y s io l o gy I de fe nde d s ix a nd t h i r t y y e a s a g o t h e c l a i m O f th e
, ,
- -
r ,

m e c h a ni c a l vi e w t o a p la c e in t h e s c i e nc e o f P h y s io l o gy a c la im ,

wh i c h wa s a t t h a t t i m e s t il l m u c h dis p u t e d S c i e ntifi c t a s te h a s no w .

t o s o m e e x t e nt c h a ng e d ; a t p r e s e nt no t m e r e ly a ll t h e p r a c t i c a l in ,

v e s t ig a t io ns o f P h y s io l o gy bu t t o a g e a t e x t e nt a l s o t h e fo r m u l a t io n
, r

O f it s t h e o r i e s a r e d o m ina t e d by t h e m e c h a ni c a l Sp ir i t t h o s e wh o a r e
Opp o s e d t o it r e p e a t t h e o ld Obj e c t i o ns fo r t h e m o s t p a t in t h e o ld
, ,
r

fo r m . I f t h o u gh w e a r y o f g o i ng b a c k t o t h e s e m a t t e r s I p r o c e e d
, ,

no w t o r e c a pi t u l a t e s h o t ly t h e c o nc l u s i o ns w h i c h w e r e de v e l o p e d in
r

t h e a b o v e m e nt io ne d e s s a y a nd s u b s e qu e nt ly in t h e
-
, G e ne r a l P h y ‘

s io lo g y O f Co rp o r e a l L i fe e ip s i c i fly k
(L ’
it is c h e fo r ,
t h e s a e
CH APT E R V I I I ) —
Vit a l Fo r ce o ne or m a ny
.
3 93

o f a re m a r k wh ich ha s b e e n O ft e n o v e r l o o k e d ,
at the e nd o f th e
e ssa y , a nd wh i ch ily c o nt a ine d o nly
is t o t h e e ff e c t t h a t it ne c e s s a r
t h e o n h a l f O f t h e p r i nc ipl e s w h i c h a c o m pl e t e b io l o g ic a l t h e o r y
e

i m pli e d T h e o t h e r h a l f w o u l d h a v e t o u ch e d o n t h e qu e s t io n h o w
.
,

th e m e c h a ni c a l t e a t m e nt o f vi t a l p h e no m e na r ne ce s s it a t e d by ,

t h e fa c t s h a r m o ni s e s wi t h t h o s e r e q u i r e m e nt s o f a n Opp o s i t e ki nd
, ,

w h i ch th e p r i m a ry i ns t i nc t s o f p h il o so p h y will ne ve r c e a s e t o m a ke ,

a s in t im e s p a s t Fo r t h i s d is p u t e is in fa c t a n Old o ne
. I , , .

s h o u l d h a v e b e e n a b le t o g o b a c k t o A i s t o t l e w h o s e s u b s t a nt i a l r ,

fo r m s e xt e nde d t h e do m i ni o n o f t h e a c t iv ity o f T h o u g h t fa r b ey o nd
livi ng th i ng s t o w h i ch in th e m o de r n c o nt o v e r s y it is c o nfi ne d
,
r ,

w h il e a l e a dy in a nt iqu i ty t h e A ri s to t e li a n vi e w wa s e l a b o a t e ly
r r

Opp o s e d by t h e Epi c u e a n p h y s i c s wh i c h de ni e d t h e a c t ivity o fr ,

t h o u gh t no l e s s u nr e s t r i c t e dly T h e q u e s t i o n did no t h o w e v e r b e .
, ,

c o m e o ne O f p r e s s ing im p o rt a nc e u nt il wi th t h e de v e l o p m e nt o f , ,

m o de n s c ie nc e a de fi ni t e fo r m u l a t i o n h a d b e e n g ive n t o t h e g o u p o f
r , r

i de a s th e a ppl ic a t i o n o f w h i ch t o e xpl a i n li fe m e e t s wi th s o m u ch
,

o pp o s i t io n P u t t ing a s i de t h e m o e e th i c a l ae s th e t i c a nd r e l igi o u s
. r , ,

g r o u nds fo r th i s a ve s io n w h i ch it is no t ne c e s s a ry h e e t o e x a m ine
r , r ,

t h e t h e o e t ic a l m o t iv e w h ic h h a s p r o m p t e d it h a s a lw a y s b e e n t h e
r

sa m e . T h e s c a nt y k no wl e dg e w h ic h we p o s s e s s o f t h e fo r m a t iv e in
flu e nc e s a c t iv e t h o u g h o u t t h e r e s t o f na t u r e d id no t s e e m s u ffic i e nt
r ,

t o e xpl a i n t h e c o m pl e x a nd ye t fix e d fo r m s o f o g a ni c li fe ; t h e i r r

g e rm s a t a ny r a t e it wa s t h o u g h t m u s t h a ve a n i nde p e nde nt o r ig in
, , ,

e v e n if in t h e ir s u b s e qu e nt de v e l o p m e nt t h e y w e re s u bj e c t t o t h e

Unive r s a l L a ws o f N a t u e B u t fu r th e r t h e p e c u l ia r p h e no m e na o f
r .
,

g o w t h nu t i t io n a nd p o p a g a t io n t h e g e ne r a l fa c t O f t h e int e r de
r ,
r ,
r ,

e n d e n c e o f c o n t in u o u s ly a c t iv e fu nc t io ns a nd t h a t o f s e l f p r e s e r v a t io n -
p ,

in p r e s e nc e o f r e pe a t e d dis t u r b a nc e s a ll t h i s s e e m e d t o de m a nd t h e ,

c o nt inu e d p e s e nc e a nd o p e ra t i o n o f t h a t h ig h e r p r inc ipl e t o w h i c h

r ,

h a d b e e n a tt r ib u t e d a t fi s t o nly t h e i nit i a l fo m a t io n o f t h e g e rm
r r .

F ina lly t h e u nde fi ne d b u t o ve p o w e i ng g e ne r a l im p r e s s io n o f p e r

,
r r

v a ding a da p ta t i o n w it ne s s e d t o t h e p e s e nc e o f a n e nd wh ic h g u ide d
,
r

o r g a ni c na t u e a t h e r t h a n t o a p a s t w h ic h bl indly c o m p e ll e d it
r ,
r Th e .

c o nce p t i o n o f a v it l /b a wa s t h e fi r s t fo r m in w h ic h t h e s e ide a s
a r :

w e r e u ni t e d .

2 2 5 A s l o ng h o w e v e r a s t h i s e xp re s s i o n wa s m e r e ly t h r o w n o u t
.
, ,

in a g e ne r a l wa y it c o u l d no t s e ve t o s o lv e t h e d iff c u l ty b u t o nly
, r i ,

t o i ndic a t e it s e x is t e nc e I t wa s no t a ll o w a bl e t o fo ll o w t h e e x a m pl e
.

o f T r e ir a nu s a nd e xpl a i n e v e y th ing f o m t h e by s s u s t o t h e p l m
v , r r a ,

fr o m t h e i nfu s o r i u m t o t h e m o ns t e r o f t h e s e a a s livi ng by V i t a l ,
3 94 Tne f o r ne s
f
o Me Cc u r s e o
f Na i u r e . [ Bo o x 1 i .

Fo r c e i b e tw e e n t h e pa l ma nd th e by s sus h a d a l s o t o be
t h e d ffe r e nc e

t a k e n a c c o u nt o f ; e v e r y s p e c ie s o f livi ng t h i ng s r e qu i r e d it s o wn s p e c ia l

vi t a l fo r c e a nd e ve ry i ndivi du a l o f t h e s p e c i e s ne e de d it s o wn s h a r e o r it s
,

a t i c u l a r s a m pl e o f t h e fo r c e T h g n r a l na m e V i t a l F o r c e indic a t e d
p r e e e .
,

t h e r e fo r e m e r e ly a fo r m a l c h a r a c t e r is ti c w h ic h c o u l d a t t a c h t o m a ny
, ,

di ffe r e nt r e a l p r inc ipl e s ye t t o be di s c o v e r e d I t wa s b e s ide s a n im

.

p r o p e r u s e t o m a k e o f t h e t e r m f o r w h i c h hce ,
a d b e e n a ppli e d by
P h y s ic s in qu i te a d i ffe r e nt s e ns e ; t h e a pp r o p i a t e w o r d wa s impu ls r e

( T rie b ) . F o r w h e n t h e g e ne r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c in qu e s t io n h a d t o be d e

s c ibe d t h e c o nt a s t wa s o bv io u s
r ,
r Eve y p h y s ic a l fo r c e a lw a y sp r o d ce s
. r u

u nde r t h e s a m e c o ndit i o ns t h e s a m e e ffe c t s u nde r di ffe r e nt c o n

,

d it io ns diffe r e nt e ffe c t s ; it is a lw a y s c o ndit i o ne d by a g e ne r a l la w

, ,

i r r e s p e c t ive ly o f t h e e ns u ing r e s u lt ; e ve ryt h i ng t h a t u nde r giv e n c i r

c u m s t a nc e s t h e fo r c e c a n e ffe c t it m u s t ne c e s s a r ily e ffe c t no r c a n a ny

, ,

a r t o f t h e e ffe c t h e k e p t b a c k no r a n a d d i t io n b m d t it w h i c h
p y , e a e o

wo u l d no t h a v e b e e n i ne vi t a bl e u nde r t h e e xi s t i ng c ir c u m s t a nc e s To .

I m p u l s e o n t h e o t h e r h a nd we a s c r ib e t h e p o we r O f c h a ng ing it s
, ,

m a nne r o f o p e r a t io n no t i nde e d w it h o u t r e g a r d t o e x is t ing c i c u m

, r

s t a nc e s bu t w it h r e g a r d a t t h e s a m e t i m e t o a r e s u l t w h ic h do e s no t
,

y e t e x is t ; a p o w e r o f l e a v in g u nd o ne m u c h t h a t it m ig h t d o a n d ,

o f b e g inning s o m e t h ing ne w i ns t e a d w h ic h it is no t b o u nd by t h e

give n c o nditio ns t o do a t a ll I t h a d t o be a dm it t e d h o w e v e r t h a t
.
, ,

t h e vi t a l i m p u l s e ne ve r p r o du ce s a ny t h ing in a v a c u u m bu t o nly ,

w o r k s w it h t h e m a t e r i a l s su ppl ie d t o it by na t u r e ; a nd t h u s a o s e t h e r

o r di na r y vi e w o f vit a l fo r c e a s a p o w e r w h ic h t h o u g h d e p e nde nt in a
, ,

g e ne r a l s e ns e u p o n m a t e i a l c o ndit i o ns is s u p e r io r t o t h e p h y s ic a l a nd
r ,

c h e m ic a l l a w s o f m a t t e r a nd giv e s r is e t o p h e no m e na w h i c h t h o s e
,

la w s w ill no t e xpl a in .

2 2 6 I m u s t t a k e p e r m i s s i o n t o r e fe r t o th e a b o v e m e nt i o ne d e s s a y
.
-

fo r m a ny d e t a il s wh ic h h e e I c a n o nly l igh t ly t o u c h o n b u t c o u l d
,
r ,

no t a l t o g e t h e r o m it w it h o u t l e a vi ng c o ns t a nt ly e c u r r ing fa ll a c ie s o nly r

h a l f r e fu t e d
-
W e a r e c o nt inu a lly b e i ng t o l d t h a t no a ppl ic a t i o n o f t h e
.

i m p r o ve d m e a ns wh ic h we no w h a ve a t o u r c o m m a nd w ill e na bl e u s
t o m a nu fa c t u e a t ifi c ia lly a p r o du c t w h i c h e v e n e m o t e ly e s e m bl e s a
r r r r

living o r g a nis m T h e fa c t m u s t s im ply b e g a nt e d N e ith e r c e ll u lo s e

r .

no r a lb u m e n no r a ny o t h e r o f t h e t i s s u e —
.

,
fo r m ing s u b s t a nce s o f
o r g a nic b o d ie s c a n b e r o du c e d by c h e m i c a l a r t a l t h o u g h t h e d is
p ,

t inc t i o n b e t w e e n t h e t e r na r y a nd q u a t e r na r y c o m bi na t i o ns o f o g a nic r

li fe a nd t h e b ina r y c o m bi na t io ns o f ino g a ni c na t u e w h ic h wa s o nc e r r ,

s o m u c h i ns is t e d o n h a s l o ng s inc e l o s t it s m e a ning : no
,
a r e we a ny r

lo nge r u nde r t h e de l u s i o n t h a t t h e s e c o m bi na t i o ns l a s t o nly s o l o ng a s

 cu m “V III ) . W na t S u 6j e ct h a s Me Vit a ! Fo r ce ? 395

th e vi t a l fo r c e la s ts a de l u s i o n w h i c h a ny t h o u gh t fu l s tu de nt m igh t
,

h a v e be e n d is a b u se d o f fr o m t h e fi s t if he h a d o nly t h o u gh t o f t h e r ,

w o o d o f t h e ta bl e a t w h ic h h e wa s writ i ng o r o f t h e p e ns a nd p a pe r
, ,
.

S till it is t r e t h a t in no ne o f o r a r t ifi c i a l p o du c t i o ns is t h e e a ny
, u u r r

s u c h c o nne c t e d s e i e s o f c h e m i c a l t a ns fo r m a t io ns fo r m m o difi ca t io ns
r r ,
-

a nd fu nc tio ns a s c o u l d b e c o m p a e d wi t h t h e gr o w t h no u r i s h m e nt r , ,

a nd p o p a g a t i o n o f a n o r g a nic B e i ng : e v e n t h e r e c e nt ly o b s e r v e d
r

f
fo rm a t io n o c e s o u t o ll f in o g a n i c s u b s t a n qe s t h o u g h r w o r t h y o f a l l c o n ~
,

s i de a t io n is no t l ik e ly t o p o v e t h e s t a t i ng p o int fo r ne w di s c o v e r ie s
r ,
r r -

in t h is d i e c t io n B u t a ll t h a t t h i s p r o v e s is t h a t in t h e p r e s e nt c o u r s e
r .

o f Na t u e L ife is a s y s t e m o f p o c e s s e s s e l f m a int a ini ng a nd s e l f

r ,
r -

r o p g a t ing a nd t h a t o u t s ide it s s p h e r e t h e e is no c o m bi n a t io n o f r
p a ,

m a t e r i a l s s u c h a s w o u l d m a k e t h e d e v e l o p m e nt o f s c h p h e no m e na
,
u

p o s s ibl e N o .t h in g is t h u s d e c id e d a s t o t h e c o n d it io n s u n d e r wh ich

t h i s pl a y o f fo r c e s is s u s t a ine d f t r it h a s b e g u n a nd ye t t h e s e m u s t a e ,

fi r s t be k no w n b e fo e it c a n b e de te r m i ne d w h a t r e qu i e m e nt s ar r

t h e o r y a s t o t h e fi r s t o r ig i n o f L i fe h a s t o m e e t B u t ne i t h e r t h e .

q u e s t io n c o n c e r ni ng t h e o r ig i n o f t h e w h o le o r g a n i c w o l d n o r th e r , ,

c o ns ide a t io n w h e t h e r in t h e fu t u e it m a y no t be p o s s ibl e t o a dd t o it
r r

by a t ific ia l m e a ns m u s t be al l o we d t o c o nfu s e t h e dis c u s s io n h e e

r ,
r .

T h e o nly p o int t o b e c o ns i de r e d is w h e t h e t h e vi t a l fo c e w h i c h ,
r r

o g a nic b e i ng s a s a m a t t e r o f fa c t e x e c i s e in d e v e l o p ing t h e m s e lv e s
r r

a nd r e s i s t i ng e x t e r na l i nj u r y r e q u ir e s u s t o a s s u m e a p i nc ipl e o f
,
r

a c t io n w h ic h is s t a ng e t o t h e ino r g a ni c w o r l d ; a nd w h e t h e r t h a t
, r

o th e r vit a l fo r c e wh i c h s u c h a p r i nc ipl e o f a c t io n is a s s u m e d t o be
, ,

is c o nc e iva bl e in i t s e l f a nd a de qu a te t o e xpl a in t h e giv e n fa c t s ?

,

227 W e s h a ll r e qu i e in t h e fi r s t pl a c e fo r t h e sa k e o f c l e a r ne s s
. r , , ,

t o b e de fi ni t e ly i nfo r m e d a s t o t h e na tu e o f t h e su bj e c t t o w h i c h t h e r ,

a c t iv it ie s i nc l de d u nde r t h e na m e o f v it a l fo r c e a r e s u pp o s e d t o
.

be l o ng T h e re h a s b e e n no l a c k o f t h e o r i e s w h ic h e nde a vo u e d t o
. r

m e e t t h is q u e s t io n fa i ly S o m e h a v e s p o k e n o f a u niv e s a l s u b
r . r

s t a nc e o f L if w h ic h t h e y fo u nd e it h e r in a p o nde ra bl e m a tt e o r
e ,
r,

in e l e ct ic ity o s o m e o t h e r u nk no w n m e m b e o f t h e m o r e r e fi ne d
r , r r

fa m ily o f e t h e O t h e s r e g a de d t h e s o u l a s t h e m a s t e r b u il de a nd
r. r r - r

c o nt o ll e r o f t h e b o dy
r a s s m ing a t t h e s a m e t im e t h a t pl a nt s h a d
, u

s o u l s w h ic h wa s t o s a t h e l e t n t f a c t o f b e r v a t io n I w ill
, y a s
, o a o s ,
.

o nly m e nt i o n b i e fly t h e c o m m o n de fe c t in a ll t h e s e t h e o r ie s
r I t is .

i m p o s s ibl e t o de du c e diffe e nc e f o m a s ingl e h o m o g e ne o u s p inc ipl e r r r ,

u nl e s s we h a v e a g r o u p o f m ino r p e m is s e s t o s h o w wh y t h e o ne r

p r i n c ipl e s h o u l d n e c e s s a r ily d e v e l o p a t o n e p o in t 6 o r a t a n ao t h e ,
c r .

A s h a s a l r e a dy b e e n s a id we s h o u l d a lw a y s h a v e t o a s s u m e a s m a ny ,
39 6 Tne f o m ns o f we Co u r s e o
f Na m e e /
. [ B OO K 1 1 .

i a l b a s e s o f li fe a s ’
th e r e difle re nt ki nds o f livi ng
diffe r e nt m a t e r a re

g
t h in s ; o r e ls e it w o u l d h a v e t o '

be sh o wn to wh a t s u b s e qu e nt ly
a r is i n g c a u s e s it wa s du e t h a t s u ch diffe r e nt fo r m s a s a n o a k t e e a nd r

a w h a l e c o u l d be p o du ce d o u t o f t h e o ne s u b s t a nc e
r I n th e l a tt e r .

c a s e t h e de v e l o p m e nt o f L ife w o u l d b e a t o nc e b o u gh t a g a in u nde r r

t h e g e ne a l c o nc e p t io n o f a m e c h a ni s m
r Fo r m e c h a nis m in t h e .

wi de s t s e ns e o f t h e t e r m m a y b e s a i d t o i nc l u de e v e y c a s e in w h ic h r

e ffe c t s a r e p o du c e d by t h e e c ip o c a l a c t io n o f diffe e nt e l e m e nt s o f
r
; r r r ,

w h a t e ve r kind w o k ing in a c c o r da nc e w it h u nive r s a l L a w s ; a nd su c h

,
r

c o nfo m i t y t o la w w o u l d h a v e t o b e a s s u m e d by a ll t h e s e t h e o r ie s ; t h e y
r

c o u l d ne v e r l e a ve it Op e n t o do u b t t h a t u nde r t h e i nfl u e nc e o f a n ,

a c c e s s o y c o ndi t io n
r t h e s i ngl e p r i nc ipl e o f li fe wo u l d t a k e s h a p e in
a
,

t h e p o du c t
r ra the t h a n in 6
a r .

B u t m e t a p h y s i c h a s no i nt e r e s t in m a i nt a i ni ng t h e c l a i m s o f t h e
m e ch a ni c a l p i nc ipl e e x ce p t in t h i s v e y g e ne a l s e ns e ; no
r , o n the r r r,

o t h e r h a nd w ill p h y s i c s b e s o na o w m inde d a s t o ins is t t h a t it is

,
rr -

p r e cis e ly f o m t h e s e m a t e r ia l s a nd fo r c e s wh ic h we no w k no w a nd
r
,

a c c o r ding t o t h e e x a c t a na l o gy o f i no r g a ni c p r o c e s s e s t h a t we a r e ,

t o c o nc e iv e o f t h e p h e no m e na o f o g a nic L i fe A ll t h a t p h y s i c s r .

c l a im s is t h a t w h a t e v e r k ind s o f m a t t e r fo r c e o r e ne gy r e m a in ye t
, , , ,
r

t o b e d is c o v e r e d m u s t a ll fa ll w it h i n t h e c o m p a s s o f h e r inv e s t ig a t i o ns
, ,

m u s t a ll b e c o nne c te d t o g e t h e r a c c o r d ing t o U niv e s a l La w s r .

F u r th e r h o we v e r e xp e r i e nc e did no t a t a ll s h o w t h a t t h e c h o i c e
, ,

b e tw e e n t h e s e a c c e s s o r y c o ndi t io ns wa s s o u nr e s t r i c t e d I t is no t t h e .

c a s e t h a t e v e r y O g a ni c k ind e qu ir e s a s t h e b a s is o f it s e x is t e nc e p e cu li a r
r r

ki nds o f m a t t e r w h i ch it pl a c e s a t t h e dis p o s a l o f th e o ne vit a l fo c e r .

T h e m o s t d iffe r e nt p r o du c t s o f N a t u r e a e a ll c o ns t c t e d f o m t h e r ru r

s a m e s t o r e h o u s e o f m a t e i a l e l e m e nt s w h ic h a r e fo u nd o n t h e s u r fa c e
r ,

o f t h e e a th H e nc e h o w e v e r pe c u l ia t h e p i nc ipl e o f L ife m a y b e in
r .
,
r r

i t s e l f it c a n ne v e h a v e b e e n f e e f o m i nt e r a c t io n wi th th a t s m e m a t te r
, r r r a

w h ich we kno w t o be a l s o c o nt r o ll e d by p h y s i c a l l a w s o f it s o wn .

T h e p i nc ipl e m ig h t i s s u e w h a t c o m m a nds it pl e a s e d b u t c o u l d o nly

r ,

c a r y t h e m o u t s u pp o s ing t h e m a t e r i a l s in q u e s t io n no t t o o b e y t h e m
r
(
s p o nt a ne o u s ly ) b e x e t in g t h o s e fo c e s t o w h ic h t h e m a tt e
r is n a t u r a lly
r r
y ,

a m e na bl e W e k no w t h a t in a ll c a s e s t h e c o nt ib u t io n w h i c h is m a de by
. r

t h e s e v e a l c o o p e a t i ng fa c t o r s t o a r e s u lt in t h e fi na l fo rm m a y b e o f
r -
r , ,

t h e m o s t d iff e e nt a m o u nt s r T h u s it m qy b e t h a t t h e fo r m w h ic h L ife
.

is t o a s s u m e in a ny giv e n c a s e is a lr e a dy t a c e d by a nt ic ip a t io n in s o m e r

s p e c ifi c k ind o f s u b s t a nc e ; b u t t h e a c t u a l e x is t e nc e o f t h is l ife is

a lw a y s t h e r e s u l t o f m e c h a nic a l c a u s e s in w h ic h t h e o r ig ina l s u b s t a nc e ,

w o u l d be o nly pr inza int r p c o nt r ib u t ing j u s t s o m u c h t o t h e

e a r es ,
 a ins no in
H APT ER v rm A L if e p l i
‘
C ex ng .
397

r e su lt as ca n a r se i a cco rd i ng to g e ne r a l l a w s fr o m it s co m n i g i nt o
c o nt a c t w it h t h e o t h e r fa c t o r s . lly th e c a s e a t a ny
B u t t h a t t h a t is a c tu a ,

r a t e in t h e s e ns e t h a t t h e r e a r e c e r t a i n ki nds o f m a t t e r s p e c ia lly p r iv i

le g e d in t h i s r e s p e c t c o u l d no t in a ny wa y b e p r o v e d ; t h e na tu a l c o n
,
r

c lu s io n w h ic h t h e fa c t s s u gg e s t is t h a t t h e p h e no m e na o f L ife a ri s e ,

o u t o f a s p e c i a l o m 6 n / o n o f m a t e r i a l e l e m e nt s no o ne o f w h i c h h a s
’ ’

c z a z ,

a ny c l a i m t o b e c a ll e d e x c l u s ive ly o r in t h e de g r e e s u gg e s t e d a b o v e
, , ,

r e e m ine nt ly t h e p r i nc ipl e o f li fe T h e v e r y fa c t w h i c h h a s b e e n t a k e n
p ,
.

t o i m ply a s pe c i a l vi t a l p r i nc ipl e t h e fa c t t h a t L i fe is o nly m a int a ine d

,

b y s u c c e s s iv e s e lf p o pa g a t io n o u gh t a th e r t o l e a d t o t h e c o nc l u s i o n
v
r ,
r

t h a t t h e g e r m o f it s de v e l o p m e nt c a n o nly b e fo u nd in a c e r t a in p e cu li a r

c o m b ina t io n o f m a t e r i a l e l e m e nt s w h i c h m a int a ins a nd r e p r o du c e s,

i t s e l f in u nbr o k e n c o nt i nu ity I t is t h e e fo r e qu i te a m a t te r o f
.
,
r ,

i ndiffe re nc e w h e th e r we s h a ll e ve r s u c ce e d in givi ng a na m e t o t h e
,

g e ne r a l fo rm o r in e xh ib it ing in de ta il t h e de ve l o p m e nt o f s u ch a
, ,

m a t e ia l c o m b ina t io n in w h ic h l ife is i m pl ic it ; t h e p o i nt is t h a t t h e
r ,

s u pp o s it i o n o f s ingl e R e a l p inc ipl e o f L i fe is bo t h i m p o s s ibl e in

a r

i t s e l f a nd qu i te b a rr e n o f r e s u l t s w h il s t o n t h e o th e r h a nd t h e o nly th ing
, ,

w h ic h t h e m e c h a ni c a l vi e w le a v e s u ne xpl a i ne d is t h e u l t i m a t e o r ig in
o f L i fe . I will r e s e r ve w h a t I h a ve to s a y o n t h e S o u l t ill l a t e ; a s r

it ne i th e r c e a t e s t h e b o dy o u t o f no th i ng no r o u t o f i t s e l f it c a n h a v e
r , ,

no Sp e c ia l dig ni t y a s r e g a ds t h e c o ns t ru c t io n o f t h e b o dy (w h a t e v e r
r

o t h e r d ig nit ie s it m a y h a v e ) e x c e p t t h a t o f b e i ng pr im
'

nl p s er z er a re

it m u s t w o k j o i nt ly w ith th e m a t e i a l e l e m e nt s w h i c h a r e s u ppl ie d t o
r r

it . T h e c o nc e p t io n o f m e c h a ni c a l a c t i o n h o w e v e r is w ide e no u g h t o , ,

i nc l u de t h a t o f a c o Op e a t io n a c c o di ng t o u niv e r s a l l a w s b e t w e e n
-
r , r ,

s p ir i t u a l a c t ivi t ie s a nd c o ndit i o ns o f m a t t e r .

2 2 8 I t is t h e wa y o f m a nki nd t o m e e t a t h e o ry no t by di e c t r e fu t a
. r

t i o n b u t by e xp r e s s i ng g e ne r a l dis l ik e a nd p o i nt i ng o u t t h e de fe c t s
,

in t h e w o k ing o u t o f it a nd t o m a g nify s t r iki ng t h o u gh u ne s s e nt i a l

r ,

d iff e e nc e s u nt il t h e y s e e m t o b e im p s s a bl e g u l fs
r I s h o u l d c e r ta i nly
a .

ne v e r o f m y o wn m o t io n s p e a k o f t h e l iv ing b o dy a s a m c h ine t h u s a ,

nu ll ifyi ng t h e dis t inc t io n b e t w e e n t h e p o v e t y o f e v e n o u r m o s t in r

g e n io u s i n v e n t i o ns a nd t h e m ig h t y w o r k s o f N a t u e ; b u t t h o s e w h o r

a r e s o m o b idly a nxi o u s t o l e a v e o u t o f a c c o u nt in t h e i r c o ns ide a t i o n

r r

o f li fe a ll t h o s e o p e r a t io ns w h ic h t h e y c a n s t ig m a t i s e a s m e c h a ni c a l ,

ne e d t o b e r e m inde d t h a t t h e l iv ing b o dy a nd no t ino g a nic N a t u r e r

fu r nis h e s t h e m o de l s o f th e s im pl e m a c h ine s w h ic h o u r a t h a s im it a t e d ; ,
r

t h e p a t te n o f p inc e r s is t o b e fo u nd o nly in t h e j a w s o f a ni m a ls ; th a t o f
r

t h e l e ve r in t h e ir l im b s wh i c h a re c a p a bl e o f m o v e m e nt N o wh e r e e l s e .

a r e t h e r e i ns t a nc e s o f m o t i o ns p r o du c e d in a r t i c u l a r s u r fa c e s by c o r ds
39 8 T6 e f o r m s of Me Co u r s e o
f Na inr e . [ BOO K I I .

s u c h a s t h e m u s c le s a r e , a nd o f t h e i r g fiida nc e by lig a m e nt s in d e fi nit e

d ir e c t io ns : it is t h e l ivi ng b o dy a l o ne w h ic h u il
t is e s t h e pro d u c t io n
o f a va c u u m a nd th e q u e nt i nh a l t io n o f a t m o s p h e ric fl u ids
c o ns e a ,

t h e p r e s s u r e o f c o nt a ini ng w a ll s u po n t h e ir c o nt e nt s a nd t h e v a lv e s
1
,

w h ic h p re s c ribe t h e dire c t io n o f t h e r e su l t i ng m o t io n H o w l it tl e do e s .

a ll t h i s e s e m bl e t h a t m y s t e i o u s p o w e r o f im m e dia t e a g e nc y w h i c h is
r r

m o s t e a g e ly c l a i m e d fo r t h e v it a l fo r c e !
r

T h e e x a gg e r a t e d p ic t u r e s o f th e s u p e r io r i t y o f living m a c h ine s t o
a rt ifi c ia l o ne s do no t r e s t o n a ny b e t t e r fo u nda t i o n Th e c o m p ar i s o n .

o f a n o g a nis m t o a s e l f wi nd ing c l o c k a l t o g e t h e r ig no r e s t h e d r o o p
r -

ing pl a nt w h ic h c a n fi nd no su b s t i t u t e fo r w a t e r if w a te r will no t c o m e ,

t o it a nd t h e h u ng y a nim a l w h ic h is i nde e d a bl e t o s e e k it s o wn
,
r

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.

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e s s e nt i a l c h a r a c t e r o f a ny s ingl e t h ing t h e r e is no t h i ng t o p e v e nt u s
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t h e o t h e r in c o m pl e x a nd m u l t i fo r m o ne s a nd t h e s e l a t t e r r e a c t io ns

m igh t be s u ch t h a t e a c h g a v e r i s e t o so m e e nt i e ly ne w c a p a c it y in r

t h e t h ing o r t h a t t h e y a ll u nit e d t o fo m a s i ngl e de v e l o p m e nt di e c t e d

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it s de v e l o p m e nt s te p by s t e p .

VOL I . .
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o . [ 130c m 1 1 .

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in t h is ca se , th e sfi u l will no l o ng e i m ply r a ny

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r ,

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) e v e n t h o u g h it p o s s e s se d

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t h e t ru e o r ig in o f t h e s o u l l e a ds t o t h e s a m e c o nc l u s i o n , I f it is .

c o nc e iv e d a s e t e r na lly p r e e x is t e nt a nd p r i o r t o t h e B o dy it m u s t s t ill
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b e c o nfi ne d w it h in t h e l im i t s o f t h e c o u s e o f N a tu e w h a t t h e n is it
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a nd w h e r e ? Fo r t o s u pp o s e t h a t it s u dde nly b e c o m e s a p t o f ar

N a tu r e wi t h o u t h a vi ng p r e vi o u s ly be e n s o is vi r t u a lly t o a s s ig n it ,

a n o r igi n . I f t h e n it is a lw a y s a p a t o f N a tu r e we c a nno t h e lp r e r ,

g a r di ng it a s o ne a m o ng o th e r na t u a l e l e m e nt s ; a nd a s t h e r e is no r

r e a s o n fo r s u pp o s ing t h e o th e r e le m e nt s i nfe r io we m u s t a s c r ib e t o r,

t h e m to o ,a nd in a w o r d t o a ll e l e m e nt s w h a t e v e r t h e s a m e i nne r ,

c a p a c it y fo r o r g a nic d e v e l o p m e nt A nd h e r e it s e e m s a s if we w e e
. r

o nc e a g a i n b r o u g h t b a c k t o t h e u nfr u i t fu l ide a o f a c o m m o n m a t e ia l r

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.
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,

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— th o u gh t h e s e m a y b e o f a h igh e r typ e t h a n a ny wi t h w h i c h we a r e
fa m ili a r in P h y s ic o Ch e m i c a l p r o c e s s e s — o r e l s e s u p po s i ng t h a t t r a c e s
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o f a n i nde p e nde nt a c t iv ity s t ill r e m a i n t h e s o u l w h i c h c o nce nt a t e s , ,

r

t h e di ffe r e nt a c t iv e e l e m e nt s u p o n t his p a r t i c u l a r de v e l o p m e nt m u s t ,

c o m e i nt o e xi s t e nc e a fr e s h a t t h e m o m e nt t h a t t h e y u ni t e ; a nd t h e

qu e s t i o n t h e n a r i s e s W h e nc e do e s it c o m e ?
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2 3 1 T h i s difficu l t y o f fi nding a r e a l s u bj e c t c a p a bl e o f fo m a t ive

.
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a c t ivi t y fo r a n e nd h a s le d t o a t t e m p t s t o dis p e ns e w ith a s u bj e c t

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a l t o g e t h e r ; it wa s t h o u g h t t h a t t h e g e ne i c I a e o r fi n w o u l d be
’
r a e

s u ffi c i e nt t o a c c o u nt fo r s u c h a c t ivi ty A r i s t o t l e s e t t h e e x a m pl e w it h
.

t h e u nfo t u na t e b u t o ft e n r e p e a t e d r e m a r k t ha t in l ivi ng t h ing s t h e

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ph e no m e no n o o f o ne w h ic h h e k no w s wil l ne ce s s a ily e x is t in t h e
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f t u r e a s s o o n a s t h e d a t a e x is t w h ich a r e r e q u ir e d t o p o du c e it ? I t
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.
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A V o n Ba e r on P u rp o s e in Na t u r e .
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vi e w it is lwa y s e x h i b i te d in s u bo rdi na ti o n t o c e r ta in I de a s g e ne a l
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no t io ns o r T yp e s ; a nd we m a y a c c o r di ngly g o o n t o s a y t h a t t h e s e
,

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o nly lik e t h a t o f a ll l e gi s l a t iv e a u t h o rit i e s w h o s e c o m m a nds w o u l d ,

r e m a i n u no b s e r v e d if t h e r e w e r e no e x e c u t iv e O g a ns t o c a r r y t h e m r

o ut . N e ve r t h e r e fo r e in O rg a ni c L i fe is t h e w h o l e b e fo e t h e p a r t s
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in t h e s e ns e t h a t it is b e fo r e a ll p a r t s it o nly h a s e xi s t e nc e in s o fa r
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in t h e fu t u r e a s a ne c e s s a r y e s u l t o f t h e g e r m h e r e p r e s e nt a nd no t
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w h o l e f o m t h e p a t s a nd de s i re s t o r e ve r s e t h e r e l a t io n will be
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fi nd t h e i r wa y t h e nc e t o t h e pl a c e w h e r e t h e y a r e a t t r a c t e d t o a n
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N a t u re a s s t r ivi ng t o w a r ds a n e nd r e a lly c a rr i e s u s a ny fa rt h e If ,
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m e e ly a s fa c t is it t h e s u bj e c t o f t h e p e s e nt c o nt o v e s y
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q u e s ti o n a t i s su e is r a t h e r t h i s ; is th e c a u s e w h i c h de t e r m i ne s t h i s
c o m b ine d a c t i o n t o b e fo u nd m e r e ly in t h e c o u s e o f t h i ng s a ft e r t h e y r

h a v e o nc e b e e n s e t in m o t i o n ? i e d o e s t h e c o nv e r g e nc e o c c u r w h e n
. .

t h e re is th i s m o t i o n t o p r o du c e it a nd no t o c c u r w h e n t h e r e is no ,

s u c h m o t i o n ? o r is t h e r e a nywh e e a p o w e r no t s u bj e c t t o t h i s c o n r

s tr a i nt o f a nt e c e de nt c o ndi t i o ns w h i c h o n it s wa y t o t h e a t t a inm e nt
, ,

o f a n e nd b r i ng s t o g e t h e r t h i ng s w h i c h b u t fo r it w o u l d e x is t a p a t ?
, r

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w h ic h m igh t b e a s c ribe d e g t o fa ll ing s t o ne s wh i c h w h ile c o n e rg

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ing fr o m a ll q u a rt e r s o f t h e gl o b e t o w a r ds it s c e ntr e m o ve m e r e ly in ,

o be di e nc e t o a u niv e s a l la w I t is t h e p r e s e nc e o f p u r p o s e a l o ne
r .

wh i c h c o u l d c o ns t i tu t e t h a t di ffe re nc e c o nv e t i ng t h e m e re e nd o f a , r

p r o c e s s i n t o a n a im a nd m o t i o n
,
t o t h a t e nd i nt o a n im p u ls e S u ch .

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0 f
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a p u r p o s e B a e r s t h e o ry a c c e p t s a nd ye t by b a ni s h i ng c o ns c i o u s ne s s
’

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w h ic h is p r e s u pp o s e d by it a t t h e s a m e t i m e e j e c ts F ina lly t o
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,

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w o u l d no t s u i t t h e c h a a c t e r o f t h e i ndivi du a l e l e m e nt s wh i ch va ryi ng
r , ,

a s t h e y do in c a p a b ili t y t e ndi ng no w t o o ne e nd no w t o a no t h e r
, , ,

ne e d s o m e p o w e r o u t s ide t h e m s e lv e s t o i nfo r m t h e m u p o n w h a t p o i nt

t h e y h a v e t o c o nv e r g e in a ny giv e n c a s e ; a nd it is in fa c t f o m Na t , , r ure

t h a t s u c h a t e nde nc y is s u pp o s e d t o p r o c e e d B u t w h e e is t h i s .
,
r

N a t u r e ? I t is a ll o w a ble in o r di na r y di s c o u s e no do u b t t o u s e t h i s r , ,

t e r m in s u c h a m e r e ly g e ne r a l s e ns e ; bu t in t h e p a t ic u l a r c a s e s in r

wh ich th e de s ig na t i o n o f N a t u r e a s a n e flic ie nt c a u se is i nte nde d t o

d e c i de in it s fa v o u r t h e c h o i c e b e t w e e n it a nd o t h e r a g e nt s t h e re ,

s h o u l d b e s o m e m o e a c c u r a t e de t e r m ina t io n o f t h e c o nc e p t i o n o f it
r ,

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t o it s s u b o r di na t e p a r t s W e p r o p o s e no w t o s u pp le m e nt t h e t h e o r y
.

in t h i s p o i nt a nd t h u s t o b r i ng o u r i nv e s t ig a t i o ns t o a c lo s e
, .

2 3 2 T h e g r o u nd s w h i c h h a v e le d m e t o m y fi na l c o nc l u s i o n h a ve
.

b e e n e xp o u nde d a t s u ch l e ng th t h r o u gh o u t m y e nt i r e w o k th a t w h a t r ,

I s h a ll no w a dd wi th r e g a r d t o t h i s m u ch de b a t e d q u e s t i o n w ill be
o nly a s h o t c o o ll a yr M e n h a v e c r e a t e d fo r t h e m s e lve s a fa l s e g u l f
r r .
,

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r .

a ny s p e c ia l r e fe r e nc e t o t h e o pp o s i t i o n w h ic h h a s t o b e r e c o nc il e d

b e t w e e n livi ng B e i ng s a nd i na ni m a t e M a tt e r bu t o n m u c h fa r th e r ,

r e a c h ing a nd m o r e g e ne r a l g r o u nds t h a t I h a v e a ll a l o ng m a i nt a i ne d

t h e i nc o nc e iv a bl e ne s s o f a wo l d in wh i c h a m u l t i t u de o f i nde p e nde nt
r ,

e le m e nt s a e s u pp o se d t o h a v e b e e n b r o u g h t t o g e t h e r s u b s e q u e nt ly
r

t o t h e i r O ig i n a nd fo r c e d i nt o c o m m o n a c t io n by U niv e s a l L a w s
r ,
r .

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r

e le m e nt s s h o w e d t h a t t h e e l e m e nt s c o u l d no t b e w h a t t h e y pl e a s e d
, .

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u , ,

wi th in wh i ch m e a s u r a bl e a dv a nc e s in diffe r e nt di r e c t i o ns l e a d f o m r

o ne m e m b e r t o a no th e r ; o n t h i s c o nd it io n o nly c o u l d t h e y a nd t h e i r

s t a t e s b e s u b s u m e d u nde r t h e g e ne r a l L a w s a s i ns t a nc e s o f t h e i r ,

a ppli c a t i o n B u t t h e v a l idit y o f g e ne r a l L a w s s o e s t a bli sh e d wa s

. , ,

no t e no u g h t o e xpl a in t h e p o s s ibil it y o f t h e i r a ppl ica t i o n in p a r t ic u l a r

c a s e s ; in o r de r t h a t t h y s h o u l d ne c e s s i t a t e o ne e v e nt a t o ne t im e
e

a nd pl a c e a no th e r a t a no th e r
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t h e c h a ng ing s t a t e o f t h e w o r l d a s a
,

wh o l e h a d t o b e r e fl e c t e d a t e a c h m o m e nt in t h o s e e l e m e nt s w h ic h ,

a e w o k ing t o g e th e r fo r a c o m m o n e s l t
r r I t w o u l d b e idl e h o w e v e r
r u .
, ,

t o s u pp o s e t h a t t h e e le m e nt s b e i ng o ig ina lly s e p a r a t e r e q u ire d t h e

,
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m e dia t i o n o f s o m e t r a ns e u nt a g e nc y wh i c h s h o u l d c o nv e y t o t h e m
C H A PT E R V 1 1 1 ] , A ll @ 6 65 depe nd 076 Ufi l
éy W OW/d .
4 05

the g e ne a l c o ndi t io n r l o f th e w o r ld a nd
t h e m t o fu t h e r i
st m u a te r

a c t iv it y : a the r wh a t isr , e xp e r i e nc e d by
o ne e l e m e nt m u s t b e c o m e

im m dia t ly a ne w s ta t e o f a no t h e r
e e H e nc e we s a w t h a t e ve ry a c t io n .

t h a t t a k e s p la c e ne c e s s a ily p r e s u pp o s e s a p e r m a ne nt a nd u niv e r s l
r a

r e l a t i o n o f s y m p a t h y b e t w e e n t h ing s w h i c h bi nds t h e m t o g e t h e r in ,

c o ns t a nt u nio n a nd w h i c h i t s e l f is o nly c o nc e iv a bl e o n t h e s pp o s it io n
.

,
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t h a t w h a t s e e m s t o u s a t fi r s t a nu m b e r o f i nde p e nde nt c e nt e s o f r

e ne gy is in e s s e nc e o ne t h r o u g h o u t
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, .
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a b o u t a ny s p e c ia lly p r ivil e g e d a nd e x a l t e d r e s u l t t h a t t h e a s s i s t a nc e o f ,

t h e infi nit e B e ing M w h ic h we h a v e r e p e s e nt e d a s t h e g o u nd o f ll

,
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,
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e v e n t h e m o s t i ns ig nifi ca nt is du e t o t h e i ndw e lli ng vi t a l it y o f t h i s

,

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,
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c l a s s o f p r o c e s s e s in N a t u e w h ic h u nde r t h e na m e o f m e c h a ni c a l
r , , ,

we c o nt r a s t a s bl ind a nd p u r p o s e l e s s wi th o t h e r s in w h i c h t h e fo m a r

t iv e a c t ivi ty o f t h e One B e ing s e e m s t o s t a nd o u t c l e a r ly t h e c o nt a s t ,

r

is c e r t a i nly no t b a s e d o n t h e fa c t t h a t e ffe c t s o f t h e fo r m ki nd a re er

l e ft t o be g o v e r ne d by a p e cu li a r p ri nc ipl e o f t h e i o wn wh ils t o nly r ,

in t h e l a t t e r do e s t h e o ne u niv e r s a l c a u s e a t t e m p t a ft e r s o m e inc o m
p r e h e ns ibl e fa sh io n t o s u b du e t h i s a l ie n fo r c e I n b o th c a s e s a l ik e .

t h e e ffe c t s p r o c e e d s o l e ly fr o m t h e e t e r na l O ne i t s e l f ; a nd t h e dif

fe r e nc e l ie s in m i a l it e nj o i ne d in e a c h c a s e in t h e o ne c a s e t h e
z , ,

i nv a r ia bl e c o nne xi o n o f a c t io ns a c c o di ng t o u nive s a l l a w s w h ic h r r

c o ns t it u t e t h e b a s i s o f a ll p a r t i c u l a r c o ndit i o ns in t h e o t h e th e i , r, r

d e v e l o p m e nt i nt o th e v a i e t y o f t h o s e p a r t icu l a r s B u t i ns t e a d o f
r .
,

r e p e a t i ng t h i s li ne o f t h o u g h t in it s g e ne r a l ity I s h a ll e nde a v o u r t o ,

s h o w h o w it a ppl ie s t o t h e s p e c i a l qu e s t io n no w b e fo r e u s .

2 3 3 Th e g e r m o f a n o r g a ni c g o w t h is no t d e v e l o p e d in e m p t y
. r

S p a c e in o t h e r w o r ds no t in a w o r l d o f it s o wn w h i c h h a s no c o n
, ,

ne io n wi th t h e w h o l e o f T h ing s
x W h e re ve t h e pl a s t i c m a t e ia l s a r e
. r r

p r e s e nt t h e r e th e a b s o l u t e O ne is l ike wis e p r e s e nt ; no t a s a n ide a

,

t h a t m a y b e c o nc e iv e d no t a s a n i no p e r a tiv e c l a s s t yp e no t a s a
,
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c o m m a nd p a s s ing b e t w e e n t h e e l e m e nt s o f a g r o u p o a w is h w it h o t , r u

th e m o ,
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r e a l a nd p o t e nt e s s e nc e r

p r e s e nt in t h e inne m o s t l ife o f e a ch e l e m e nt No r is it l ik e divis ibl e

r .
,

M t t e di s t ib u t e d a m o ng t h e m in d iffe e nt p r o p o r t i o ns I t m a ni fe s t s
a r, r r .

i t s e l f in e a c h o ne in it s t o t a lity a s t h e u nity t h a t e m b a c e s a nd , r

de t e m ine s t h e m a ll a nd in v i t e o f t h e c o ns is t e nt c o h e e nc e o f it s
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.

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.

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r e p r e s e nt t o o u s e lv e s in t h o u g h t e it h e r t h e o ig in o f r e l it y o u t o f
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t h e w o l d in S p c e
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.
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, , ,

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r r .
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r r r ,

b u t t h a t it o c c u p ie s j u s t s o m u c h r o o m in S p a c e a s it e q u i e s fo r it s r r

m o v e m e nt s nd t h a t t h s it s b o u nda ie s a r e p e p e t a lly s h ift ing

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r

S p a c e p e r ce p tio n h o l ds in r e a dine s s fo r im p e s s io ns t h a t m a y r e qu ir e
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th e m .

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r e a l e x is t e nc e in t h e w o r l d is l im it e d o nl im it e d a q u e s t io n in r u ,

r e fe r e nc e t o w h ic h we fo ll o w a l t e na t e ly t wo Opp o s it e i m p u l s e s r On .

t h e o n h a nd t h e ide a o f i nfi nit y g ra t ifi e s u s j u s t b e c a u s e we c a nno t

e ,

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,

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,
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r r ,
r .

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r

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.
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.

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fo r m a p a r t o f it t h e no t i o n o f t h e s e c o u nt l e s s u nr e a l is e d p o s s ib il it i e s
,

Sp i ng s H e nc e a i s e s th e fa l s e i de a t h a t t h e R e a l w o l d is l im i t e d
r . r r

a nd c o ndi t io ne d by w h a t it do e s no t p o du c e t h o u g h it is t h e R e a l r ,

w o l d a l o ne t h a t do e s p r o du c e t h is e m p ty i m a gina t i o n in o u r m inds
r .

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b e t h e u s e o f a s s u m ing a n i nfi ni t y o f e a l e l e m e nt s if e a c h o n o f r ,
e

t h e m wa s fi nit e ? S u r e ly it w o u l d b e s t ill b e t t e r t h a t e a c h e l e m e nt
s h o u l d be infi nit e Ye t e v e n t h e n we s h o u l d s t ill h a v e o nly a n
.

infi nit e nu m b e r o f i nfi nit e e l e m e nt s W hy no t in o r d r t o g e t r id .

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or infi nit e 4 I 1

w o rl ds b o t h o f i nfi ni te m a gni t u de th e m s e lve s a nd c o m p o s e d o f
, ,

e l e m e nt s w h o s e m a g nit u de wa s i nfi nit e ? T h e r e is t h e e fo e pr im a r r

bj i h fi i h f l xi — w h
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t h e c h a r a c t e r o f i nfi ni t y is o pp o s e d by P h y s i c s no t m e r e ly a s ine x ,

h a u s t ibl by t h o u g h t b u t a l s o a s i nvo lvi ng c e r ta i n s p e c i a l m e c h a ni c a l

e ,

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. a

p o s s ibl e a c o m m o n c e nt r e o f g r a vi ty No o ne p o i nt w o u l d h a v e a ny .

b e t t e r c l a i m t o be r e g a r de d a s s u ch t h a n th e r e s t B u t w h a t is o u r .
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m o t iv e in l o o ki ng fo r a c e nt r e o f g r a v ity ? a nd w h a t e x a c t ly do we

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r e g a de d a s s e l f e v id e nt t h a t t h e s a m e l a w s o f r e c ip r o c a l a c t io n w h i c h
r -

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,
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s i ngl e la w by t h e u ni t i ng fo r c e O f g r a v it y j u s t a s if t h e y w e e m e r e ,
r

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t h e i o wn
r T h e L a w o f G r a vi t a t i o n is o nly k no w n t o a pply t o t h e
.

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r ,

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.

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r

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a s is e g t h e u nifo m diff u s io n o f t h e u ndu l a t i o ns o f l ig h t t h r o u g h
, . . r

a ll S p a c e .

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r ,

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r r r

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t h a t t h e nu m b e r o f t h e r e a l e l e m e nt s o r o f t h e s y s t e m s w h ic h a re ,

fo m e d f o m s u c h e l e m e nt s wa s i nfi ni t e t h e n t h o u g h I s h o u l d
r r , , ,

c e r t a inly no t r e g a d t h e m a s h a v ing no c o nne x io n w it h e a c h o t h e r I

r ,

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b e tw e e n t h e m wa s s o m o no t o no u s ly u nifo r m t h a t t h e y s h o u l d be
t re a t e d a s m e r e s a m pl e s o f h o m o g e ne o u s m a s s e ndo w e d e v e ryw h e r e
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wi th th e sam e fo r c e , i Th e qu e s t i o n o f t h e i r c o m m o n
so as to r a se

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. r

o f t h e p a t s m igh t be e s s e nt i a lly p e c u li a r
. r de p e nding o n t h e pl a n ,

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r r .
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be u nit e d by d iffe e nt ki nd s o f r e l a t io ns i nt o t h e o ne u niv e r s a l pl a n

r .

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qu e s t io n t h u s c o nc e ive d s e e m s t o be o ne o f r e a l i m p o ta nc e I h a v e r .

m o r e t h a n o nc e e xp r e s s e d m y c o nvi c t io n t h a t e v e ry t h ing is s u bj e c t t o

m e c h a ni c a l L a w s b u t I h a v e a t t h e s a m e t i m e a s s e r t e d t h e e s s e nt ia lly
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r I do no t k no w if m y e xp e s s io ns h a v e
. r

b e e n u nde r s t o o d in t h e s e ns e in wh ic h th e y w e r e i nt e nde d Ce r t a i nly .

t h e y w e e no t m e a nt t o im ply t h a t p e v io u s t o t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e
r r

w o r l d th e r e e x is t e d a fix e d s u m o f r e a l e l e m e nt s a l o ng w it h a c o de o f ,

a b s o l u t e m e c h a nic a l L a w s a nd t h a t a n o g a ni i ng p o w e r t h e n e nt e r e d
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o n t h e s c ne a nd h a d t o m a k e t h e b e s t o f t h e s e r e s o u c e s
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.

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m e nt a l s y s t e m o f m o s t g e n e r a l la w s a s a c o ndit io n w h i c h R e a li t y
,

i m p o s e s o n it s e l f a nd it s w h o l e a c ti o n B u t j u s t b e c a u s e de p e nde nt .

o n t h is im p o r t t h e s y s t e m p o s s e s s e d a w e a l t h o f m e a ning a nd p o w e r
,

o f a c c o m m o da t io n a d e q u a t e t o p r o v ide no t m e e ly fo
, t h e u ni fo r m it y r r

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a c t iv it ie s w h ic h a r e r e qu ir e d by t h e a nim a t ing i d e a o f t h e W h o l e I .

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o f v ie w wh ic h a s r e p e s e nt e d by m o d e n m e c h a ni c s c o ndu c t s c a lc u
, r r ,

la t io ns b a s e d o n t h e a b s t r a c t c o nc e p t i o ns o f M a s s a nd it s c o ns t a nc y
F o r c e a nd t h e c o ns e v a t i o n o f F o r c e t h e i ne r t i a a nd inv a r ia b ili ty o f
, r ,

t h e e l e m e nt s No t o nly do we o we t o t h i s m e th o d t h e g r e a t e r p a r t
.

o f ou r p r e s e nt k no wl e dg e o f N a t u r e bu t we m a y a l s o s a fe ly a s s u m e ,

it a s a g u ide t h o u gh o u t t h e w h o l e a ng e o f o u p o s s ibl e o b s e r v a t io n
r r r .

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,
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b e ing a s t h e y a e a b s tr a c tio ns o u t o f t h e f a c t i o n o f t h e w o ld s c o u s e
r r r
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r

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t h e m t o s e v e a s a ke y t o t h e s o l t i o n o f qu e s t i o ns w h i c h a r e s u c h a s
r u

t o t r a ns c e nd ll e xp e r ie nc e o f t h is ki nd
a .

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Cnm a n VI I I ) . W ha t u nit s a re we t o co u nt 4 3
1

b e e n a l e a dy i ndi c a t e d in s e v e a l p a s sa ge s o f m y w o k I f th e r e a lit y
r r r .

o f t h e w o l d is t o b e fo u nd in a t h o u g h t w h ic h fu lfil s i t s e lf in e v e y
r r

m o m e nt t h e q u e s t io n a s t o t h e fi ni t e o r i nfi ni t e c h a r a c t e r o f t h is
,

t h o u g h t is a s m e a ningl e s s a s t h e q u e s t io n a s t o w h e t h e r a m o t i o n is

swe e t o r so u r A s r e g a r ds h o w e v e r t h e diffe re nt a nd e v e c h a ngi ng

.
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r e l a t e d p o i nt s by m e a ns o f w h i c h t h e t h o u g h t
,
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a nd it s l iv ing a c t iv it y p r o du c e s T h i s h e te o do x a s s e r t i o n I h a v e
. r

a l r e a dy v e ntu re d o n t h e r e by p la c i ng m y s e l f in o pp o s i t io n t o t h e
'

do g m a o f t h e c o ns t a nc y o f M a s s S u pp o s i ng we fa nc i e d t h a t we.

h a d a s t a nda r d in t e r m s o f w h i c h t h e s u m o f r e a l e xi s t e nc e a t a ny
giv e n m o m e nt o f it s h i s t o ry = m it m igh t v e y w e ll t t h e ne x t , r a

m o m e nt h e fo u nd t o p I n t h e s a m e wa y a s t h e w o r l d m ig h t
.

t a k e u p j u s t s o m u c h Sp a c e a s it s h o u l d r e q u ir e a t a ny giv e n

m o m e nt so,
t h e I de a w h i c h a ni m a t e s it w o u l d c r e a t e fo r i t s e l f
j s t s o m a ny e l e m e nt s a s a r e ne e de d in o r de r t o a c c o m pli sh its
u

de v e l o p m e nt No t a s if t h e r e h a d b e e n s o m e m a t e i a l s u b s t a nc e
. r

p r e s e nt f o m a ll e te r ni ty w h i c h wa s a fte w a r ds m e r e ly diffe r e ntly

r , r

dis t ib u t e d a c c o r ding a s t h e I de a m igh t r e q u i r e no r ye t a s if t h e I de a

r ,

c r e a t e d ne w e l e m e nt s o u t o f no t h i ng T h e s e ne w c e a t io ns w o u l d . r

s p r ing fr o m t h e I de a i t s e l f w h i c h is t h e c a u s e o f a ll t h i ng s
,
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,

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r

t h a t a fix e d q u a nt i ty o f m a t t e r h a d b e e n o da i ne d t o e xi s t f o m a ll r r

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a c t iv e e l e m e nt s is u nli m it e d o r w h e t h e r t h e r e a r e c e t a in fix e d li m it s
,
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q u e s t i o n i t s e l f invo lve s c o nfu s io n u ntil we h a v e fix e d o n t h e u nit t h e ,

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m e a ning fo r t h o s e wh o h a v e a dm it t e d t h e i nfi nit e d iv is ib il it y o f m a t t e r .

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,

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.

a s s m e t h a t t h e nu m b e r o f m a t e ia l e x is t e nc e s is l im it e d
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r

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, ,

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l a t t e r c a s e th e i m p o s s ibili ty o f r e cko ni ng t h e ir nu m b e r w o u ld be du e
,
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m e re l y to a de fe c t in u s . It w o u l d no f be '
a fa u l t o n th e r s i i de , or in
c o ns s t e nti wi th t h e i r r e a li ty .

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.

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r ,

o r g a nic l ife c o u l d no t h a v e e xi s t e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e s t a g e s o f t h is

p r o ce s s in its p r e s e nt s t a t e T h is i m p o s e s o n u s t h e ne c e s s ity o f
.

a t t e m p t i ng t o S h o w h o w t h e fo r m s o f l ife a t p e s e nt e xi s t i ng w e r e r

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h a s a r e c o g ni s e d pl a c e in t h e H is t o r y o f P h il o s o p h y I n t h e s e co nd .

c h a p t e r o f t h e fo u t h b o o k o f t h e M i c o c o s m u s I t r e a t e d e xp r e s s ly o f
r r ,

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m y s e l f t h a t t h e m o r e r e c e nt a r g u m e nt s fr o m t h e s a m e p o i nt o f vi e w

a dd a ny t h i ng o f i m p o r t a nc e t o t h o s e w e ll k no w n o ne s o f fo r m e r -

t i m e s w h ic h a r e t h e re m e nt i o ne d I c o nt e nt m y s e l f wi th r e fe r r i ng t o
.

wh a t I t h e n s a i d in r e g a r d t o th e de t a il s o f t h e q u e s t i o n My .

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he e r . Th e c o nt r o v e r s y will b e c o m e m il de r w it h t im e ; a t l e a s t t h i s
will be s o in s o fa r a s it is c o ndu c t d in t h e i nt e re s t s o f S c ie nc e a nd
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no t f o m a fe e li ng o f i nvi nc ibl e
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r

s u s p e c t e d o f fa v o u r i ng t h e c a u s e o f R e l ig io n A n i m p o v e m e nt in . r

t h is r e s p e c t is a l e a dy t o s o m e e x t e nt vi s ibl e
r T h o s e wh o p ra y t o o .

m u c h a r e d e s t i ne d s a ys t h e p r o v e r b t o p r a y t h e m s e lv e s t h r o u gh
, ,

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,

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,

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,

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p e o pl e c a ll S p ir i t Life a nd Pr o vi de nc e s e e m s t o p e ve nt t h e m fr o m
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r e l a p s ing i nt o no t i o ns w h i c h t h e y h a v e b e fo r e s t r e nu o u s ly o pp o s e d .
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th e r h a nd, as re

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, , . r ,

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w h ic h a r e b a s e d o n s u fli c ie nt e vi de nc e No t e ve n R e l ig io n s h o u l d .

p r e s u m e t o p e s c ib e t o G o d t h e c o u r s e wh i c h t h e w o l d s de ve l o p
r r r
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m e nt m u s t h a v e fo ll o w e d s b s e q u e nt ly t o it s c r e a t i o n H o we ve r
u .

s t r a ng e t h e p a t h m a y h a v e b e e n we m ig h t be s u r e t h a t it s s t ra ng e ,

ne s s c o u l d no t r e m o v e it f o m H is c o nt r o l Co ns i de ri ng t h a t t h e
r .

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r

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r r ,

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. r

t h a t m a n e s t e e m s h i m s e l f a c c o di ng t o wiza t h e is a nd no t a c c o r d ing r ,

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.

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.

u n e m e m b e r e d a nc e s t o r s s h o u l d h a v e b e l o ng e d t o t h i s i nfe i o r g r a de
r r

o f li fe . Th e o nly p a infu l c o nc l u s i o n w o u l d be t h a t we w e r e de s t i ne d
t o t u r n i nt o a p e s a g a i n a nd it wa s lik e ly t o h a pp e n s o o n ,
I t se e m s .

t o m e t h e re fo e t h a t f o m t h e p o int o f v ie w o f P h il o s o p h y t h e s e
, r ,
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s c ie nt ifi c m o v e m nt s m a y be e g a d e d wi th t h e m o s t p e r fe c t in
e r r

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. r ,
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w e l c o m e d a s a e a l a ddi ti o n t o k no wl e dg e Th e v e r y r e m a r k a b le
r .

fa c t s o f N tu r a l H is t o r y a c c u m u l a t e d by t h e u nw e a i e d r e s e a r c h o f
a r

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,
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, , ,

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r

di s r e ga r de d A ll t h a t P h il o so p h y h e r s e l f c a n c o nt ib u t e t o w a r ds t h e
. r

s o l u t io n o f t h e s e q u e s t i o ns is t o w a r n u s a g i ns t m a k ing u nfo u nde d , a

a s s u m p t i o ns w h i ch wh il s t t h e y a r e th e m s e lve s t o so m e e x t e nt o f
, ,

p h ilo s o p h i c a l o igin r o b S c i e nc e o f it s fa i ne s s Wh a t e ve r m a y h a ve
r , r .

be e n t h e s ta t e o f t h e e a r th s s u r fa c e w h i c h fir s t o c c a s i o ne d t h e ’

p ro du c t i o n o f o g a nic l ife it c a nno t bu t be i m p o b a bl e t h a t t h e

r , r

r e q u i e d c o ndit io ns s h o u l d o nly h a v e b e e n p r e s e nt a t a s ingl e p o i nt ;

r

e q u a lly i m p o b a bl e c o ns i d e r i ng t h e div e s it y o f t h e t e r r e s t i a l e l e m e nt s
r , r r

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r u ,
r

g e m s o f t h e s a m e ki nd o nly s h o l d h a ve b e e n g e ne ra t e d a t a ll
r u

p o int s ; a nd fi na lly it is e x t e m e ly i m p r o b a bl e t h a t t h is p o du c t ive

, r r

p e r i o d s h o u ld h a ve l a s te d o nly lo ng e no u gh fo r t h e o c c u r r e nc e o f a n
i ns t a nta ne o u s c r e a t ive a c t i ns t e a d o f b e i ng s o p r o t ra c te d t h a t t h e
,
4 6 1 T6 e f o r m s o f Me Co u r s e of Na t u r e . [ 13c m 1 1 .

c o nd t o ns , ii l wly a l te i ng wh il e it s t ill l a s t e d m igh t s u p e ra dd fr e s h

s o r ,

c e a t io ns t o t h e e a r l ie r o ne s i ns t e a d o f m e e ly de v e l o pi ng t h e ir fu r t h e r
r r

p h a s e s No r is t h e r e a ny d ifli cu lty in im a g ining t h a t th e s e v a io u s

. r

o g a nic b e i ng s t h o u g h p r o du c e d a t diffe r e nt t im e s a nd o n d i ffe r e nt

r ,

s p o t s o f t h e e a r t h w o u l d s t il l p r e se nt nu m b e r l e s s a na l o g e s o f s t r u c t u r e
, i .

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u

s o a s t o b e c a p a bl e o f l ife w o u l d r e s t i c t a ll p o s s ibl e s o l u t i o ns wi t h i n r

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.
,

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, r r

m u l t ipl ic i t y o f s i m pl e t yp e s h a vi ng a c a p a c i t y fo r de v e l o p m e nt .

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. r

a e no w b e ing m a de t o a
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rr r

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. r

o f t h e gl o b e a nd o f t h e fo c e s t h a t a c t U p o n it do e s e na bl e u s t o
r ,

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r ,
r , , r

t o it s fa t e in t h e fu t u r e ; a nd it is o f i m p o t a nc e fo S c i e nc e t o c o n r r

s i de r t o w h a t e nd t h e p r o c e s s e s w h ic h we no w s e e in o p e a t io n w o u l d r

le a d s u pp o s i ng t h e m t o c o ntinu e u nc h e c k e d a nd t o fo ll o w t h e s a m e
,

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. r , r

i ng e ni o u s c a l c u l a t i o ns w h ic h d a w c o nc l u s io ns a s t o t h e fi na l s t a t e o f
r

t h e w o r l d fr o m o u r e xp e r im e nt a l k no wl e dg e o f t h e e c o no m y o f h ea t .

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, ,

wh i c h d a w o u t t h i s p o r t i o n o f o u r p h y s ic a l k no wl e dg e i nt o it s r e s u l t s
r .

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c o ndi t i o ns w h i c h a r e Op e r a t iv e a t p r e s e nt W h e t h e r t h is h yp o t h e s i s .

w ill b e v e ifi e d o w h e th e r t h e e nd t o wa ds w h ic h t h ing s no w s e e m
r ,
r, r

t o p o int will no t s o o ne r o r l a te
, b e s h o w n by fr e s h d is c o v e i e s in a r r

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,
A t t h e s a m e t im e h o w e v e r t h e f t e
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w h ic h m o s t a tt e m p ts t o fo r e c a s t t h e fu t u e by m e a ns o f s t a t is t i c s h a v e r

h i t h e t o m e t h a s b e e n o f t h e l a t t e r ki nd
r , H e nc e we m u s t b e o n o u r .
,

g u a d a ga i ns t c r e di t i ng a s a p r o p h e t ic a nno u nc e m e nt wi th r e g a d t o
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t h e fu t u r e c o nc l u s i o ns w h i c h fo ll o w no d o u b t
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a r b it r a y a s s u m p t io n t h a t t h e giv e n c o ndit i o ns a r e t h e o nly o ne s t o b e

r

t a k e n i nt o a c c o u nt S t ill l e s s do we i nt e nd t o b u s y o u r s e lv e s wi th
.

t h e fa nc ie s o f t h o s e wh o r e l a t e t o u s j u s t a s if t h e y h a d b e e n t h e m ,

s e lv e s p e s e nt h o w t h ing s w e e fi s t p r o du c d ; h o w e g t h e
r ,
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. .

i no g a ni c e l e m e nt s o f t h e e a r th s c r u s t fo u nd t h e m s e lve s u ni t e d in t h e
r
’

fo r m o f c ry s t a l s c a p a b l e o f i m b ib i t i o n a nd in s y s t e m s e ndo w e d w it h ,

l ife a nd g o w t h ; o a g a i n h o w t h e a t m o s p h e r e o f t h e p i m i tiv e
r r, ,
r

wo rl d s e t t l e d u p o n t h e e a r t h in t h e s h a p e o f p ro t o p l a s m a nd t h e r e ,
C H A PT E R VII I ] . T/z e sp u r io u s nis t o r ica l s e ns e .
4 1 7

s tru c k ro o v a io u s ki nds T h is i ns a t ia bl e de s i e t o g e t
ts o f th e m o st r . r

b e yo nd t h e g e ne a l p r inc ipl e s wh ic h s t ill a dm it o f b e ing a ppl ie d t o

r

t h e i nv e s t ig a t i o n o f t h e s e p r o bl e m s a nd a c t u a lly t o c o nj e c t u e t h o s e , r

s p e c i l c i c u m s ta nc e s w h i c h a r e s im ply i na c c e s s ibl e t o o u r k no wl e dg e
a r ,

m a y by wa y o f p a ll ia t io n b e c o ns ide e d t o be c h a a c t e is t ic o f t h a t
, ,
r r r

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r ,

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r r , ,

b ia s m e n s o u gh t fo t ru th no t in m a t te s o f fa c t b t in ide a s t h a t h a d
,
r r u

no e a l it y in S p a c e a nd T i m e
r Ye t I do no t k no w in w h a t t h e w o r t h
.

o f h is t o y w o u l d c o ns is t
r if fa c t s w e r e in t u th o nly de s c ib e d a s
,
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h a v ing o c c u r r e d in t h i s o r t h a t pl a c e wi t h o u t a ny a tt e m p t b e ing m a de ,

t o p a s s b e y o nd t h e fa c t s a nd t h e i s u c c e s s io n a nd t o la
y b a re t h er ,

ne v e s w h ic h g o v e n t h e c o nne c t e d o r de o f t h ing s a lw a y s a nd e v e r y
r r r

w h e r e B u t fo r t h is p u r p o s e h is to ry m u s t a b o ve a ll t h i ngs be t
. r ue .

Eve y fa c t o f th e P a s t wh ic h c a n be de m o ns t ra te d by c e r ta in p r o o f we
r
‘

s h a ll e s t e e m a s a e a l a nd v l u a bl e a ddit io n t o o u r k no wl e d g e
r a On .

t h e o t h e r h a nd t h o s e r a s h a nt i c ip a t io ns o f k no wl e dg e e nt e t a i ning a t
'

, , r

fi s t bu t w e a is o m e in t h e i r e cu e nc e h a ve no th i ng t o do wi t h t h is
r ,
r r rr ,

l a u da ble h is t o r i c a l s e ns e bu t s p r i ng f o m t h e da nge r o u s inc l ina t i o n

,
’
r

t o a ne c do t e s im ply fo r it s o wn s a k e I t is t h u s t h a t o u r o wn g e ne .

r a t io n m a int a ini ng it s Opp o s it io n t o P h il o s o p h y e nde a v o u s t o c o n

, , r

s o l e i t s e l f fo r it s w a nt o f c l e a r ne s s in r e s p e c t t o g e ne a l p i nc ipl e s by r r

a viv id e x e r c is e o f t h e s e ns u o u s im a gi na t io n I f we c o m e u p o n p il e .

d w e lli ng s in s o m e fo r g o t t e n s w a m p we p io u s ly g a t h e r t o g e t h e r t h e ,

ins ig nifi c a nt r e m a ins o f a dr e a y P a s t s u pp o s i ng t h a t by c o nt e m pl a t i ng

r ,

t h e m we s h a ll g r o w wi s e a nd l e a r n t h a t w h ic h a r gl a nc e i nt o t h e
a ffa i s o f e v e y da y li fe w o l d t e a c h u s wi t h l e s s t r o u b l e
r r u Co m p a re d .

w it h s u c h Obj e c t s a s t h e s e h o w s m a ll a c h a nce o f no t ic e h a ve t h e
P h il o s o p h i ca l i de a s w h i ch e p r e s e nt t h e e ffo r t s o f l o ng a g e s t o
,
r

o b t a in a c l e a e r ins ig h t int o e t e na l t u t h
r I f o nly t h e s e ide a s c o u l d
r r .

b e s t ff d ! T h e n it m ig h t b e p o s s ibl e t h a t b e s i de a fi ne s p e c i m e n
u e

o f t h e P l a t o nic i de a a nd a w e ll p r e s e rv e d A r i s t o t e l ia n e nt e l e c h y e v e n
-

t h e m o r e m o d e s t fa nc ie s wh ic h in t h e s e p a g e s I h a v e de v o t e d t o

s p e e dy o blivi o n m ig h t a t tr a c t t h e a t t e nt i o n o f a h o l ida y s ig h t s e e r
,
-
.

VOL . I.
 B OO K III .

ON ME N T A L E XI ST E N CE (P S YCH O L O G Y) .

C H A PT E R 1 .

Tue M e t ap ley s ic a l Co ncep t io n o f Me S o u l .

THE Old M e t a ph y s i c o f th e S ch o o ls k o ne d a m o ng it s p r o bl e m s
re c

t h e c o ns t u c t io n o f a R a t i o na l P s y c h o l o gy
r T h i s na m e wa s no t
.

m e a nt t o i m ply t h a t t h e s c i e nc e in q u e s t i o n c o u l d di s p e ns e wi t h s u c h
a k no wl e dg e o f it s o bj e c t a s s h o u l d a g r e e wi t h e xp e r i e nc e ; t h e de s ig n

wa s m e r e ly t o b i ng t h e g e ne r a l m o de s o f p r o c e du e w h ic h w e e
r r r

Ob s e r ve d in t h a t o bj e c t i nt o c o nne xi o n wit h m e ta p h y s i c a l c o nvi c ti o ns

a s t o t h e p o s s ib il it y o f a ll b e i ng a nd h a pp e ni ng I w ill no t a s k h e e
. r

h o w m u c h o r h o w li t t le t h e s c i e nc e a c c o m p li s h e d ; bu t I a c c e p t t h e
e nd it s e t b e fo r e i t s e l f a s a l im i t fo r m y o wn d is c u s s io ns Th e re .

is a t p r e s e nt a s t r o ng i nc li na t i o n t o w a r ds t h e e m p i ic a l i nv e s t iga t i o n
r

o f p s y c h ic l p h e no m e na in a ll t h e ir m a nifo l d c o m pl e x it y a nd I a m
a , ,

no t o pp o s ing t h is i nc l ina t io n w h e n I c o nf s s s o m e w a nt o f c o nfide nc e

e

in t h e t u s t w o th ine s s o f it s r e s u l t s
r r . S p e a k ing g e ne r a lly no g r e a t
do u b t c a n be fe l t a s t o t h e na t u r e o f t h o s e a s s o c i a t io ns o f i m p e s r

s i o ns by m e a ns o f w h i c h t h e w h o l e o f o u r s e ns u o u s vi e w o f t h ing s
,

a s w e ll a s t h e r i c h e s o f o u r m e nt a l c u l t u e a e in t h e l a s t r e s o t
r r r

a c q u ir e d ; bu t t h e i nge ni o u s a t te m p t s w h i c h h a ve b e e n m a de t o
d e m o ns t a t e t h e wa y in w h i c h p a r t ic u l a r p o r t io ns o f t h is t o t a l s u m
r

a c t u a lly c a m e int o o u p o s s e s s io n h a v e no t t h e s a m e c e t a int y

r ,
O ft e n
r .
,

i ns te a d o f b e i ng fo u nde d o n e m pi i c a l e vi de nc e t h e y a r e m r e ly
r ,
e

d e s c r ip t io ns o f t h e m o de s in w h ic h we c a n w ith o u t a ny g e a t d i ffi c u l t y r

i m a gi ne t h e m a t e r i a l in qu e s t io n t o h a v e o igina t e d ; s o m e ti m e s
r

t h e y a r e a c c o u nt s o f p r o c e s s e s o f t h e p o s s ibil it y o f w h ic h we p e r s a de u

o u r s e lv e s o nly b e c a u s e we u s e a s s e l f e v id e nt m e a ns o f e xpl a na t io n
-

m e nt a l h a bi t s w h ic h it is r e a lly o u r fi r s t b u s i ne s s t o e xpl a in I t is no t m y .
 P sy c/t o logy ne e a s H yp o Me s e s
’
.
4I9

p u r p o se , h o w e v e r , t o le s s e n t h e de s e r v e d s y m p a t h y
wh i c h t h e s e v a l u a bl e
e ffo r t s h a v e wo n ; b u t t h i s b o o k m u s t c o m e t o a n e nd s o m e w h e r e ,

a nd t h e r e fo r e t h e y a r e e x c l u de d fr o m it ; a nd m y w is h h e e is s i m ply r

t o o v e c o m e fo r a m o m e nt a t l e a s t t h e dis f v o u r w h ic h a ny m e ta
r , ,
a

p h y s ic a l t e a t m e nt o f t h e s e s u bj e c t s is a p t t o e nc o u nt e r
r .

Wh e n we s a y t h a t we a do p t a n e m p i i c a l s t a nd p o i nt we m u s t r -

m e a n m o r e t h a n t h a t we wi s h t o s t a nd s t ill a t t h is p o int ; we r e a lly

i nt e nd it t o be no m o r e t h a n t h e s ta r ti ng pl a c e fr o m w h i c h we m a y -

a pp o p r i a t e t h e fi e ld o f e x pe r i e nc e a o u nd u s
r No w c o ns ide r e d a s r .
,

s u c h a p o i nt o f de p a r t u e t h e k no wl e dg e o f t h o s e fa c t s w h i c h a re
r ,

fu ni s h e d by e xp e r i e nc e is i nd is p e ns a bl e t o e v e ry ps y c h o l o gy a l ike ;
r

a nd e v e n t h o se a t t e m p t s w h i c h h a v e b e e n e s p e c i a lly s t ig m a t i s e d a s

t r a ns c e nde nt a e in t h e e nd s i m ply i nt e r p r e t a t io ns o f t h e m a t e ri a l
,
r

s u ppl ie d by o b s e v a t io n rTh e d iv e r g e nc e o f Op ini o n do e s no t r e a lly

.

be g in t ill we a s k by w h a t m e t h o d we a r e t o a pp r o p r ia te in t h e
fo r m o f t h e o r y t h a t w h ic h f o m t h e e m pi r ic a l p o s i t i o n we a ll s e e wi t h
, r ,

t h e s a m e e ye s I n s pe a ki ng o f t h e p h y s i c a l inv e s t ig a t io n o f na t u r e I
.

p o int e d o u t h o w s ligh t a nd h o w a du o u s it s p r o g e s s w o u l d be if it r r

c o nfi ne d it s e l f t o b a e o b s e r v a t i o n a nd r e fu se d t o c o nne c t t h e giv e n
r

fa c t s by f a m ing h yp o th e s e s r e s p e c t ing t h a t na tu r e o f t h ing s w h i c h

r

c a nno t b e o b s e r v e d A nd I m a y no w a pp e a l fo r c o nfi r m a t i o n t o t h
'

. e

e x c e ll e nt a t t e m p t s w h ic h h a v e b e e n m a de in p s y c h o l o gy t o e a ch a t r ,

l e a s t a t o ne p o int t h e b e g inning s o f a n e x a c t s c ie nc e — th e p o i nt I r e fe r
,

t o is t h e q u e s tio n h o w t h e s t e ng t h o f a s e ns a t io n is r e l a t e d t o t h a t
‘

o f it s e x t e r na l s t im u l u s Fo t h e s e a t t e m p t s h a v e a t o nc e b e c o m e
. r

inv o lv e d in a m a s s o f t h e o e t i c a l a nd s p e c l a t iv e p r o bl e m s t o th e
r u ,

s e t t l m e nt o f w h ic h a fu t u r e e xp e r ie nc e m a
e p e r h a p s c o nt r ib t e m u c h u
y
bu t w h i c h it w ill c e r t a inly ne v e r c o m pl e t e ly s o lv e I f t h e n we a e c o m . r

p e ll e d t o u se a s a b a s is o m h yp o t h e s i s r
s e s p e c t
e in g t h e c o nne x io n o f
p h y s i c a l a nd p sy c h ic a l p h e no m e na why a e we t o t a k e t h e fi r s t ,
r

h yp o t h s is t h a t c o m e s t o h a nd ? W h y no t g o b a c k t o t h e m o s t
e

g e ne r a l i de a s t h a t we ne c e s s a rily fo r m r e s p c t ing a ll b e i ng a nd e

a c t io n a nd s o
, a tt e m p t t o d e fi ne t h e l im i t s w it h in wh i c h we c a n
fra m e s u pp o s it io ns s o m e t im e s t ru s t w o r t h y a nd a t o th e r t im e s a t a ll
,

e v e nt s p o b a bl e ? r B t fu t h e r e v e n s u pp o s ing it w e r e p o s s ible in
u ,
r ,

t h e i nv e s tig a t io n o f t h is s p e c i a l s u bj e c t t o fi nd a p o i nt o f de p ar t r e ,
u

w h i c h s h o u l d be p r o du c t iv e o f e s u l ts a nd ye t s h o u l d i m ply no fix e d
r

p re -
j u dg m e n t a s t o t h e na t u r e o f t h e s u bj e c t a d ifficu lt y w o u l d ,

s t ill e m a in : fo
r t h o u g h t h is fr e e do m f o m p r e s u pp o s it io ns w o u l d
r r -

be po s s ibl e fo r t h is p a r t ic u l a r inv e s tig t io n it w o u l d s t ill be u h a ,

a c c p t a bl e t o u s a s m e n
e W e m a y b e w a ne d t o a b s ta in fr o m dis cu s s ing
. r

E e 2
4 20 Tue M e t ap hy s ica l Co ncep t io n of Me So u l . [ 3 001. 1 1 1 .

qu e s t i o ns w h i c h do no t s e e m t o be s o liible by t h e s pe c ia l m e th o ds o f a
p a ti cu l a r s c ie nc e ; bu t t h e w a ning w ill ne v e de te t h e h u m n r a c e
r r r r a

fr o m r e t u rning t o t h e s e r i d dl e s ; fo r a c o ns i s te nt o p inio n a b o u t t h e m
is no t l e s s im p o t a nt a nd i ndis p e ns a bl e t o it t h a n a e t h o s e e xpl a na
r r

t io ns o f o b s e r v e d fa c t s w h ic h in t h i s fi e ld c a n ne v e r b e m o e t h a n r

fr a g m e nt a r y I s h a ll t h e e fo e a t t e m p t t o e x te nd t h e s e m e ta p h y s ic a l
. r r

c o ns ide r a t i o ns t o t h e Sp h e r e o f P s y c h o l o gy a nd s o t o b i ng t h e m t o a ,
r

c o nc l u s io n Fo r t h e e l a b o a t io n o f m a ny p a r t ic u l a r p o int s I m a y
. r

e fe r t o t h e c o e s p o nding s e c t io ns o f t h e M ikr k s m h e r e I wi s h t o :
r rr o o us ,

b ing t o ge th e r t h e e s s e nt ia l p o int s tr e a t e d in t h e M i ini M P y m/o

r ea c
’
s e z

l g i (L e ip z ig
o e, wh i c h I s h a ll no t r e i s s u e a nd t o sh o w t h e
, ,

m e t a p h y s ic a l c o nne xi o n w h i c h in t h o s e t wo w o k s c o u l d no t be r

s u ffic i e nt ly b r o u gh t o u t .

2 3 8 L e t u s l e a v e o u t o f s ig h t t o b e g in wi t h a ny t h ing w h i c h t h e
.
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e a l ier p a r t o f th is e nqu i ry m igh t o ffe by wa y o f fo u nda t i o n fo w h t

r r r a

is t o fo ll o w I f we d o t h is we s h a ll h a v e t o c o nfe s s t h a t m e nt a l li fe
.
,

is g iv e n u s a s a fa c t o f o b s e v a t io n o nly in c o ns t a nt c o nne x io n wi t h
,
r ,

b o dily l ife A c c o dingly t h e s u pp o s i t i o n a t o nc e s u gge s t s it s e l f th a t

. r

t h is m e nt a l l ife is no t h ing bu t a p o du c t o f t h e p h y s ic a l o g a ni a t io n r r z ,

t h e g r o w th o f w h ic h it is o b s e v e d t o a c c o m p a ny Ye t s u c h a vi e w r .

h a s ne v e r b e e n m o r e t h a n a do c t ine o f s c i e nt ifi c s c h o o l s We m e e t r .

w it h t h e w o r d s o u l in t h e l a ng u a g e s o f a ll c iv il is e d p e o pl e s ; a nd
‘ '

t h is p r o v e s t h a t t h e i m a gi na t io n o f m a n m u s t h a v e h a d r e a s o ns o f

w e igh t fo r it s s u pp o s it io n t h a t t h e e is a n e x is t e nc e o f s o m e s p c ia l r e

na t u r e u nde lyi ng t h e p h e no m e na o f t h e i nne r life a s t h e i r s u bj e c t o

r r

ca u se I t is I t h i nk p o s s ibl e t o e du c e t h e s e r e a s o ns t o t h e e o f
.
, ,
r r ,

v e ry difle e nt v a l u e Th e fi s t I will e fe t o t h a pp e a l t o t h e
'

r . r r r , e

w h ic h is s a id t o c h a a c t e is e m e nt a l l ife a m
f i gp
r em m r d r ,

f m t h e ne c e s s ity o f na t u r e h a s no w e igh t
ro I t is a c o nvic t io n w it h
,
.

w h ich we b e gi n o u r e nq u iry a nd t o w h i c h we h o l d t h a t a ll e ve nt s in ,

e x t e r na l na t u r e fo r m a n u ni nt e r u p t e d s e ie s o f c a u s l c o nne x io n r r a

a c c o ding t o u niv e s a l l a w s ; b u t t h i s ne c e s s it y is no t a fa c t o f o bs e r
'

r r

v a t io n T h e e e m a in a lwa y s va s t tr a c t s o f na t u r e t h e inne c o n
. r r ,
r

ne io n o f w h ic h is s im ply u nk no w n t o u s a nd w h ic h c a n t h e e fo r e
x r

fu r ni s h no e m pi i c a l v e ifi c a t io n o f t h a t p r s pp o s i t i o n
r r B u t wh e n e u .
,

we c o m e t o m e nt a l l ife no t e v e n t h o s e fo wh o m f e e do m is in it s e l f a
,
r r

p o ss ibl e c o nc e p ti o n c a n e g a d it a s t h e niv s l c h a a c t ris t ic o f t h a t

r r u er a r e

l ife T h e y c a n de m a nd it o nly a t o ne de fi nite p o i nt iz t h e r e s o l u t io ns

.
, v .

o f t h e w ill Eve y th ing e l s e t h e w h o l e c o u r s e o f i de a s e m o tio ns a nd

. r , , ,

e ffo t s is no t o nly in t h e s o u l s o f a ni m a l s a nd m e n a l ik e
r , ,
m a nife s t ly ,

s u bj e c t t o a c o nne xi o n a cc o r ding t o u niv e r s a l l a w s bu t t h e de ni a l o f ,

 Co m m o n g r o u nd s o f 6e licy in ' ’
t
‘
cm m so u
n .
4 2 1

t h a t c o nne xi o n w o u l d a t o nc e de s tr o y t h e p o s s i bi li ty o f a ny p s y c h o
l o g ic a l e nqu y S nc e it l ik e e ve y o t h e r e nq u i y c a n be di r e c te d t o
ir i ,
r r ,

no t h i ng b u t t h e d is c o v e r y o f co ndit io ns u niv e s a lly v a l id r .

2 3 9 T h e s e c o nd e a s o n w h ic h le d t o t h e c o nc e p t io n o f t h e s o l
. r u

wa s t h e e nt i e in o m p r 6ility o f a ll i nne r p o c e s s e s — s e ns t io n
c ara r a s,

i de a s e m o t io ns a nd d s i re s — w ith s p a t ial m o t io n fig e p o s i t io n and

, , e ,
ur , ,

e ne gy ; t h a t is
r w it h t h o s e s t a t e s w h i c h we b e li e ve we o b s e v e in
, r

m a t te o r w h ic h we c a n s u pp o s e it t o e xp e r i e nc e if we s e e in it o nly
r,

wh a t t h e p h y s ic a l vie w o f na t u re giv e s it o u t t o be I t is a v e y l o ng . r

t im e s inc e p h il o s o p h y r e co g nis e d t h is i nc o m p a a bili t y a nd it ne e d e d r ,

no ne w d is c o v e ry o c o nfi m a t i o n I t h a s e s c a p e d no o ne e x c e p t
r r .

t h o s e wh o o u t o f t h e i p r e j u dic e in fa v o u
, o f a de s ir e d c o nc l u s io n
r r ,

h a v e no t b e n a f a id o f t h e l o g ic a l e rr o r by w hic h t wo d iffe r e nt t h ing

e r s

a r e h e l d t o b e o f t h e s a m e k ind s i m ply b e c a u s e a s a m a t t e o f fa c t r

t h e y a e c o nne c t e d wi t h o ne a no t h e
r W e m a y im a g ine a qu a nt it y o f r .

m o v e m e nt s o f m a t e r i a l e l e m e nt s a nd we m a y a t t ib u t e t o t h e m w h a t , r

e v e r de g e e o f c o m pl e x it y we c h o o s e ; b u t we s h a ll ne v e r
r e a ch r a

g iv e n m o m e nt a t w h ic h we c a n s a y No w it is o bvi o u s t h a t t h is s u m ,

o f m o v e m e nt s c a n r e m a i n m o v e m e nt s no l o ng e b u t m u s t p a s s int o r

s w e e t ne s s b igh t ne s s o
,
r s o u nd Th e o nly o bv io u s c h a ng e we c o u l d
,
r .

e v e a nt ic ip a t e f o m t h e m w o u l d b e i nto a f e s h s e t o f m o ve m e nt s
r r r .

W e s h a ll ne v e r s u c c e e d in a na ly t ic a lly d e du c ing t h e fe e l ing f o m t h r e

na t u e o f it s p h y s i c a l e x c it a nt ; we c a n o nly c o nne c t t h e t wo s ynt h t i

r e

c a lly a nd t h e p h y s ic a l e v e nt do e s no t b e co m e a c o ndit io n o f t h e is e r

o f t h e fe e l ing u nt il t h e s u m o f m o t io ns in w h ic h it c o ns is t s m e e t s w it h

a s u bj e c t w h ic h in it s o wn na t u e h a s t h e p e c u l ia r c a p a c i t y o f p r o r

du c m g f l ing fr o m it s e l f
ee I n t h is f c t a l im it is a t o nc e pl a c e d t o a ll
. a

p hy s io lo g ic a l a nd p s y c h o l o gi c a l e nq u ir y I t is u t t e ly fr it l e s s t o . r u

a t t e m p t t o S h o w h o w a p h y s ic a l ne r v o u s p o c e s s g ra du a lly t r a ns fo m s r r

i ts e l f (a s we a e t o l d) int o s e ns a tio n o a ny o t h e m e nt a l o c c u e nc e
r r r rr .

T h e e e m a ins o nly t h e diffe e nt b u t e x t e m e ly im p o t a nt t a s k o f dis

r r r r r

c o v e ing m b t p s y c h ic a l e v e nt
r a a nd w l t p h y s ic a l s t im u l s ar a za u a e as

a m t t e r o f fa c t u niv e s a lly c o nne c t e d in t h e o d e r o f na t u r e

a r a nd o f r ,

fi nding t h e la w by w h ic h u nde go e s a de fi nit e c h nge a nd b e c o m e a r a s

8 wh e n
,
by a c h a nge e q a lly d e fi ni t e (bu t de fi na bl e o nly by
a u a

p h y s ic l s ta nda d a nd no t a p sy c h i c a l o ne )b e c o m e s 6 T h is is p o int
a r . a

a t w h ic h t h e p o fe s s e dly e m p i i c a l m e t h o d nd t h e m e t a p h y s ic a l c h a ng e
r r a

the i r ol r T h e fo rm e r in p u s u ing t h e m
es . o f a n id e nt ity o f
,
r

p h y s i a l a nd p s y h ic l p o c e s s e s l e v e s t h e fi e l d o f e xp e r ie nc e fa r
c c a r ,
a

b e h ind it a nd do b a tt l e w it h o u m o s t i m m e dia te c e r t a inty t h t t h y

es r a e

a e no t ide nt ic a l : t h e l a t t e
r w h e n it r e fr a ins f o m de s c ib ing a n e ve nt
r, r r
 4 22 T/e e M e t ap /ey s ica l Co ncep t io n f
o Me So u l . [ B OOK i i i .

v
wh ch i c a nno t o c c u r a t a ll, i s x o n b e t we e n t h e
'

no t d e ny in g th e c o nne i

t wo s e i e s o f e v e nt s ; bu t it l im i t s it s e l f t o a m o e u s e fu l e nq i y it
r r u r ,

inv e s t ig a t e s t h e l a w s a c c o d i ng t o w h i ch t h e r e s u l t s o f t h a t c o nne x io n
r

c h a ng e a nd it fo b e a s t o a s k q u e s t io ns w h i c h t o b e g n wi t h a t a ny
,
r r ,
i

r a t e c a nno t b e a ns w e e d e g a r di ng t h e m o de in w h ic h t h a t c o nne x io n
r r
1

is in a ll c a s e s b r o u g h t a b o u t .

2 4 0 O n t h e o t h e r h a nd we m u s t b e w a r e o f dr a w ing c o nc l u s io ns
.

t o o de fi ni t e fr o m t h i s inc o m p a r a b il ity o f p h y s ic a l a nd p s y c h ic a l p o r

ce sse s All t h a t fo ll o w s u na v o ida bly f o m it is t h a t we s h o u l d e s e r v e

. r r

fo r e a c h o f t h e s e t wo g o u p s it s o wn s p e c i a l g r o u nd o f e xpl a na t io n
r

b t it w o u l d b e g o i ng t o o fa r t o a s s e t t h a t t h e t wo p inc ipl e s wh ic h
u r r ,

w e m u s t t h u s s e p a r a t e ne c e s s a ily b e l o ng t o t wo di ffe e nt s o t s
,
f r r r o

s u b s t a nc e s T h e r e is no th ing t o be s a id a t s ta r t i ng a g a ins t t h e o t h e
. r

s u pp o s it io n a c c o ding t o
,
w h ic h e v e y e l e m e nt o f r e a l ity u nit e s in
r r

it s e l f t h e t wo p i m i t iv e qu a l it i e s fr o m o ne o f w h ic h m e nt a l l ife m a y
r ,

a is e w h il e t h e o t h e r c o nt a ins t h e c o nd it io n o f a p h e no m e na l a pp e a r
r ,

a nc e a s m a t t e r O n t h is V i e w i ns t e a d o f h a ving o n t h e o ne s ide
.
, , ,

s o u l s de s t it u t e o f a ll p h y s i c a l a c t iv it y a nd o n t h e o t h e r a b so l u t e ly , ,

s e l f l e s s e l e m e nt s o f m a t t e r
- we m ig h t s u pp o s e t h a t t h e l a t t e
, l ike r,

t h e fo m e r p o s s e s s in v a i o u s g r a de s a n i nne r l ife t h o g h a l ife

r ,
r ,
u

w h ic h we c a nno t o b s e r ve no r e v e n g u e s s a t s o l o ng a s it h a s no fo m s ,
r

o f e xp r e s s i o n i nt e llig ibl e t o u s A nd wi th r e g a rd t o t h e c a u s e w h ic h .

w o u l d u nit e th e s e t wo a t t rib u t e s in w h a t e xi s t s t h i s th e o y w o u l d b e a s , r

m u c h wi th in it s r ig h t in r e fu s ing t o dis c u s s it a s o u r s wa s in s im p ly

a pp e l ing t o t h e fa c t o f a c o nne xi o n b e t wee n t wo s e r ie s o f inc o m

a

p a ra bl e p ro c e s s e s I t s e e m s t o m e t h a t e v e ry m o de o f t h o u g h t
.
,

w h ic h c a ll s it s e l f M a t e i a l is m u l t im a t e ly e s t s o n t h is s u pp o s i t i o n o
r , r ,
r

o n a l itt l e r e fle io n m u s t b e le d t o it ; t h e m a t t e r fr o m w h ic h s u c h
x

m o de s o f t h o u g h t w o u l d d e du c e m e nt a l p h e no m e na is p iv a t e ly ,
r

c o nc e iv e d by t h e m a s s o m e t h ing m u c h b e t t e r t h a n it lo o k s fr o m

o u t s i de SO it c o m e s a b o u t t h a t it c a n b e h e l d a fa ir p o bl e m t o
. r ,

d e d u ce t h e m e nt a l l ife o f a n o r g a ni s m f o m t h e r e a c t io ns o f t h e r

p s ych ic a l m o ve m e nt s o f t h e c o p o e a l e l e m e nt s in t h e s a m e s e ns e in r r

w hich it s b o dily l ife a is e s a s a e s u l t a nt f o m t h e c o nfl u e nc e o f th e

r r r

p h y s ic a l fo r c e s o f t h o s e e l e m e nt s A nd if we w e e c o nfi ne d t o th e . r

e x t e na l o b s e r va t i o n o f a p sy c h i c a l l ife no t o u o wn I do no t kno w o f
r r ,

a ny t h ing p e fe c t ly d e c is iv e t h a t c o u l d be a ll g e d a g a ins t t h i s s u pp o s i
r e

t io n . B u t a c c o ding t o it e v ry p s y c h ic a l m a nife s t a t io n w o u l d be
, r , e

m e r e ly t h e fi na l o u t c o m e o f a nu m b e r o f c o m p o ne nt s d e s t i t t e o f a n u
y
c e nt r e : w h e e a s o u inne r e xp e i e nc e o ffe r s u s t h e fa c t o f a nity f
r r r u o

c o ns i u s ne s s
c o H e r e t h e n is t h e th i r d a nd t h e una s s a il a bl e gr o u nd o n
.
,
CH APTE R Tr u e nd o f 6c l icy in /3
' '
"
g r ou so u
4 3
2

whi ch the co n vi c tio n

i nde p e nde nce o f t h e so u l c a n s e cu r e ly
o f th e
re s t . T h e na t u e o f t h is p o s i ti o n I p o c e e d t o xpl a i n
r r e .

2 4 1 I t h a s b e e n r e q u i e d o f a ny t h e o y w h ic h s t a r t s wi t h o u t p r e
. r r

s u pp o s i t i o ns a nd f o m t h e b a s is o f e xp e r i e nc e t h a t in t h e b e g inning
r ,

it s h o u l d s p e a k o nly o f s e ns a t io ns o r ide a s wi t h o u t m e nt i o ning t h e ,

s o u l t o w h ic h it is s a i d we h a s t e n w it h o u t j u s t ifi c a t io n t o a s c ib e t h e m
, , r .

I s h o u l d m a i nta in o n t h e c o ntr a ry t h a t s u c h a m o de o f s e t t i ng o u t
, ,

inv o lv e s a w ilfu l de p a r t u r e fr o m t h a t w h ic h is a c t u a lly g iv e n in e p e r i x

e nce . A m e r e s e ns a t io n w it h o u t a s u bj e c t is no w h e r e t o be m e t wi t h
a s a fa c t I t is im p o s s ibl e t o Sp e a k o f a b a e m o v e m e nt w it h o u t
. r

t h i nking o f t h e m a s s w h o s e m o v e m e nt it is ; a nd it is j u s t a s im
'

p o s s ibl e t o c o nc e ive a s e ns a ti o n e x is ti ng wi th o u t t h e a c c o m p a nyi ng

ide a o f t h a t w h i c h h a s it or a t h e r o f t h a t w h ic h fe e l s it ; fo
,
-
th i s
,
r , r

a l s o is inc l u d d in t h e g iv e n fa c t o f e xp e r ie nc e t h a t t h e
e e l a t io n o f t h e ,
r

fe e li ng s u bj e c t t o it s fe e l ing w h a t e v e r it s o t h e c h a r a c t e i s t i c s m a y be
,
r r ,

is in a ny c a s e s o m e t h i ng diffe e nt fr o m t h e e l a t io n o f t h e m o ve d r r

e l e m e nt t o it s m o v e me nt I t is t h u s a nd t h u s o nly t h a t th e se ns a t i o n
.
, ,

is a g iv e n fa c t ; and we h a v e no ig h t t o a b s t a c t fr o m it s r e l a t io n t o r r

it s s u bj e c t b e c a u s e t h is r e l a t i o n is p u z li ng a nd b e c a u s e we wi s h t o z ,

o b t a i n a s t a r t ing p o i nt w h ic h l o o k s m o e c o nv e nie nt b u t is u t t e ly u n
-
r r

w a r a nt e d by e xp e rie nc e I n s a ying th i s I do no t inte nd t o r e p e a t

r .

t h e f e q u e nt b u t e x a gg e r a t e d a s se t io n t h a t in e ve y Si ngl e a c t o f
r r ,
r

fe e li ng o r t h i nki ng t h e e is a n e xp e s s c o ns c i o u s ne s s w h ic h e g a r ds
r r r

t h e s e ns a t io n o r ide a Si m ply a s s t a t e s o f a s e l f ; o n t h e c o nt r a y r ,

e v e ry o ne is fa m ilia r wi t h t h a t a b s o p t io n in t h e c o nt e nt o f a s e ns u o u s r

p e r c e p t i o n wh i c h O ft e n m a ke s u s e nt i e ly fo ge t o u r p e r s o na l it y in
,
r r

vi e w o f it B u t t h e n t h e v e r y fa c t t h a t we c a n b e c o m e a wa r e th a t
.

t h i s wa s t h e c a se p r e s u pp o s e s t h a t we a ft e w a r d s
, e t ie v e w h a t we r r r

o m itt e d a t fi r s t v iz t h e r e c o g ni tio n t h a t t h e p e r c e p t io n wa s in u S a s
, .
,

o u r s ta te B u t fu t h e r t h e e a e o t h e r fa c t s w h ic h pl a c e in a c l e a r e r
.
,
r , r
r

l igh t w h a t in t h e c a s e o f Si ngl e s e ns a t io ns m ig h t e m a in do u b t f l r u .

A ny c o m p a r is o n o f t wo ide a s w h i c h e nds by o u r fi nding t h i c o n ,

e r

t e nt s l ik e o u nl ik e p e su pp o s e s t h e a b s o l u t e ly indivis ibl e u nity o f

r ,
r

t h a t w h ic h c o m p a e s t h m : it m s t b e o ne a nd t h e s a m e t h i ng w h ic h
r e u

fi r s t fo r m s t h e i de a o f th e n t h a t o f 6 a nd w h ic h a t t h e s a m e t im e is
a , ,

c o ns c io s o f t h e na t u r e a nd e x t e nt o f t h e d iff
u e nc e b e t w e e n t h e m er .

T h e n a g a in t h e v a r io u s a c t s o f c o m p a r ing ide a s a nd e fe ring t h e m t o r r

o ne a no t h e r a e t h e m s e lv e s in t u r n
r c ip o c a lly r e l a t e d ; a nd t h is re r

r e l a t io n b ing s a ne w a c t iv it y o f c o m p
r is o n t o c o ns c io u sne s s A nd ar .

s o o u r w h o l e inn r w o l d o f t h o u g h t s is b u il t u p ; no t a s a m e r
e r e

c o ll e c t io n o f m a ni fo l d ide a s e x is t i ng wi t h o r a ft e r o ne a no t h e r bu t a s ,
 Tue M e t a pn s ica l Co ncep t io n of Me S o u l
4 24 y . [ B OO K I I L

a wo r ld wh i ch t h e s e indivi du a l m e m b e r s a e h e ld t o g e t h e a nd
in r r

a rr a ng e d by t h e r e la t ing a c t iv it y o f t h is S ingl e p e r v a ding p inc ipl e r .

n is w h a t we m e a n by t h e u ni t y o f c o ns c io u s ne s s ; a nd it is

we e g a r d a s t h e s u ffi c ie nt g r o u nd fo r a s s u m ing a n i nd ivi s ibl e

r

c o m p a r e d wi t h t h e t h o u s a nd a c t ivi t ie s o f t h is u nit y inv o lv e d

in e v e r y a c t by w h ic h t wo ide a s a e r e fe rr e d t o e a c h o t h e r it is a r ,

m a tt e o f indi ffe
r nc e wh e t h e r a t e v e y m o m e nt t h a t p a r t i c u l a r a c t o f
re r

r e l a t io n is e xpl ic it ly p e fo m e d by w h i c h t h e s e inne r s t a t e s a e a pp r e
r r r

h e nde d i n th e ir t u e c h a r a c t e r a s s t a t e s o f t h is a c t iv e u nity A l t h o u gh
r ,
.

t h is r e fle x io n is p o s s ibl e we c a n t h i nk o f m a ny c o nd it i o ns w h ic h
,

f e qu e nt ly p e v e nt it t a k ing pl a c e
r r B u t t h a t it c a n t a k e pl a c e a t a ll
.

p r o v e s t o u s th e u nity o f t h e a c t ive s u bj e c t w h ic h p e fo m s it
.
r r .

2 4 2 F t h e r dis c u s s io n is h o we v e
. ur ne e de d in o de t o S h o w t h e
,
r, ,
r r

ne c e s s i t y o f o u r c o nc l u s io n a nd t o e xpl a in it s m e a ni ng Fi st a s t o . r ,

it s ne c e s s ity : e v e n if we a d m i t t h e u nit y o f c o ns c io u s ne s s wh y a e ,
r

we b o u nd t o t r a c e it b a c k t o a p a r t ic u l a r indivi s ibl e s u bj e c t ? wh y
s h o u l d it no t e s e m bl e a m o t io n w hic h r e s u l t s f o m t h e c o Op e a t i o n -
r r r

o f m a ny c o m p o ne nt s ; s e e ing t h a t t his r e s u l t a nt l ik e t h e u nit y o f ,

c o ns c io u s ne s s a pp a s p e r fe c t ly S im pl e a nd g iv e s no indic a t io n o f t h e
,
e r

m u l t ipl ic it y o f e l e m e nt s f o m w h ic h it a o s e ? I a ns w e r s u ch a n
r r :

ide a s e e m s p o s s ibl e o nly b e c a u s e we s t a t e t h e m e c h a nic a l la w t o ,

w h ic h we a pp e a l in s l o v e nly S h o r t h a nd ,
W e m u s t no t s a y Fr o m -
.
,

t wo m o t io ns t h e r e c o m e s a t h ir d S im pl e m o t io n t h e f ll fo r m u l a is u ,

W h e n t wo diffe r e nt im p u l s e s a c t S im u l t a ne o u s ly o n o ne a nd t h e s a m e
m a t e r ia l p o int t h e y c o a l e s c e a t t h is p o i nt i nt o a t h i d S im pl e m o t io n
,
r

fo t h i p o
s in t ; t h e y w o u l d no t d o S O if t h e y m e t wi t h d iff e r e nt e l e m e nt s ,

no r w o l d t h e r e s l t nt h a ve ny S ig nifi c a nc e if it w e e no t a m o t io n
u u a a r

o f t h a t v e r y s a m e e l e m e nt in w h ic h t h e y m e t I f we w is h t h n t o . e

m k e a n a na l o g o u s c o ns t u c t io n o f c o ns c io u s ne s s it is indi s p e ns a bl e
a r ,

t h a t we S h o u l d m e nt io n t h e s bj e c t w h o s e s t a t e s we h a v e t o c o m b ine
u .

T h u s if 6 a ,
z a e t h e e l m e nt s o f a l iv ing o g a nis m
, c, r e ch o f
e r ,
a

t h e m m a y h a v e a t o nc e a p h y s ic a l a nd a p s y c h ic a l na t u e a nd e a c h r

o f t h e m m y b e c a p a bl e o f a c t i ng in a c c o r d a nc e w it h it s t wo na t
a es ; ur

b u t t h e fa c t s t ill e m a ins t h a t t h e s e a c t io ns c nno t s t e a m o u t int o t h e

r a r

v o id a nd be s ta t e s o f no b o dy bu t m u s t a lw a y s c o ns is t o f s t t e s w h i h
, a c

o ne e l e m e nt p o d c e s in o t h e r e l e m e nt s
r u S u pp o s ing t h is e c ip o c l . r r a

a c t io n t o o k pl a c e qu a lly a m o ng t h e m a ll t h e n t h e im p e s s io ns e c e ive d
e ,
r r

a nd im p a t e d w o u l d b e e qu a l is e d a nd t h e e nd o f t h e p o c e s s w o u l d
r ,
r

b e t h t e a c h o ne o f t h e e l e m e nt s w o u l d e a c h t h e s a m e fi na l s t a t Z
a r e ,

t h e e s l t a nt o f a ll t h e S ingl im p u ls e s
r u I f t h e n Z we e a c o ns c io s . re u

ne s s t h is c o ns c io u s ne s s w o u l d b e p e s e nt a s m a ny t im e s a s t h e e w e e
,
r r r
CH PT E R
A Co ns cio u s ne s s a R e s u lt a nt 4 5 2

ho m o g e ne o u s e le m e nt s : bu t it w o u l d ne v e r h pp e n t h a t o u t s i de S ide a ,

by S ide wi t h o r b e t we e n th e s e e l e m e nt s a ne w s u bj e c t c o u l d b e fo m e d
,
r ,

p iv ile ge d t o be t h e p e r s o nifi e d c o m m o n Spi i t o f t h e s o c ie ty o f inte

r r r

a c t ing u ni t s D o u b t l e s s h o w e ve t h e h o m o g e ne ity we h a ve a s s u m e d
.
,
r, ,

w ill no t b e fo u nd t o e x is t ; t h e c o ns t i tu e nts o f t h e o ga nis m w ill r ;

diffe r f o m o ne a no t h e r ; t h e y w ill be c o nj o i ne d in a c co da nc e wi t h
r r

t h e i na t u r e a nd w ill h a v e d iffe r e nt p o s it io ns m o e o r l e s s fa v o u r a b le
r , ,
r

t o t h e s p e a d o f t h e ir int e a c t i o ns ; a nd a t w h a t e v e r m o m e nt we s u p
r r

p o s e t h e c o u r s e o f t h e s e i nt e r a c t i o ns t o b e fi ni sh e d t h e r e s u l t w ill ,

p ro b a bly b e th a t t h e diff e nt e le m e nt s w ill h a v e r e a ch e d diffe e nt

er r

fi na l s t a te s A B Z de p e nding o n t h e de g e e o f l iv e l ine s s w it h
, , . .
,
r

w h ic h e a c h e l e m e nt h a s r e c e ive d th e infl u e nc e s o f t h e o th e r s a nd o n t h ,
e

m e a s u re in w h ic h it h a s s u c c e e de d o r fa il e d in c o nc e nt r a t i ng t h o s e

infl u e nc e s in i t s e l f I n t h i s c a se it b e c o m e s s t il l m o e im p o s s ibl e t h a n
. r

b e fo e t o s a y w h ic h o f a ll th is a r a y o f r e s u l t a nt c o ns c io u s ne s s e s is
r r

t h e o bj e c t o f o u s e a c h t h e s o u l o f t h e o r g a ni s m : b u t in t h is c a s e a s
r r ,

in t h e fo m e it is c e t a in t h a t t h e e c a nno t a i s e o u t s ide o f a nd
r r, r r r ,

b e y o nd ll t h e s e e l e m e nt s a ne w s u bj e c t wh ic h in it s o wn c o ns c io s
a ,
u

ne s s s h o u l d b ing t o g e t h e r a nd c o m p a e t h e ir s t a t e s a s we wh o a e
r r ,
r

inv e s t ig a t ing c a n c o m p a e t h e m in t h e u nit y o f o r c o ns c i o u s ne s s ur .

O u r o nly e m a ining r e s o u ce w o u l d b e t o fa ll b a c k o n t h e i de a o f
r r

L ib nit a nd t o s a y t h a t a l th o u gh t h e c o u nt l e s s m o na d s w h ic h c o m
e z

p o s e t h e livi ng c r e a tu e a re e s s e nt ia lly h o m o g e ne o u s t h e r e is ne v e r
r ,

t h e le s s a m o ng t h e m a p im int r p a c e nt r a l m o n d w h ic h in
r a e a r es , a ,

vi t u e p r t ly o f it s s u p e r io r ity in qu a l ity a nd p a tly o f it s f vo ra bl e

r a r a u

p o s i t io n b e t we e n t h e r e s t is c a p a bl e o f t h e i nt e ns e s t m e nta l l ife a nd
,

a bl e t o o v e m a s t e r a ll t h e o t h e s
r- T h i s c e nt r a l m o na d w o u l d b e r .

w h a t we c ll o u r s o u l t h e s u bj e c t o f o u o ne c o ns ci o u s ne s s ; t h e
a ,
r

O th e s t h o u gh t h e y t o o h a ve p sy c h ic a l m o ve m e nt s o f t h e ir o wn w o u l d
r , ,

b e fo r o u r di e c t inw a r d e xp e ie nc e a s ina c c e s s ibl e a s t h e inne r life o f

r r

o ne p e r s o n in a h m a n s o c ie t y is fo u t h a t o f ny o t h e r T h u s t h e e nd r a .

a t w h ic h t h is a tt e m p t e d c o ns t c t io n w o u l d a iv e w o u l d no t b e t h a t
ru rr

it s e t o u t t o e a ch I t t o o w o l d h a ve t o
r . c o g nis e t h e a b s o l t e ly
u re u

indivi s ibl e u nity o f t h a t w h ic h is t o s u pp o t o i nw a d l if : a nd r u r r e ,

ins t e d o f t h e h o p e o f S h o w ing t h is u nit y t o be t h e e s u l t nt o f m a ny

a r a

c o o p e a t ing
-
r l m e nt s t h e e w o u l d e m a in t h e m o e m o de a t a s
e e ,
r r r r e

s m p t io n t h a t t h e s e m a ny
u l e m nt s s t a nd t o t h e o ne b e ing in m a nifo l d
e e

r e l a t io ns o f int e r c t io n S u c h a v i w h a s no l o ng e a ny Sp c ia l p e c u
a . e r e

li ity b e y o nd fi s t t h e ide a t h a t a ll e l e m nt s o f t h b o dy h v e a s o l
ar , ,
r , e e a u

l if l t h o gh th is s o l l ife h a s no t m u c h S ig nifi c nc e fo r o s ; a nd
e ,
a u u -
a ur

s e c o ndly u g h t h i s a ppl ie s o nly t o t h e h yp o t h e s i s I a m de s c ibi ng

( t h o ,
r ,
 6 Tne M e ta n i l C ce t io n
p f Me So u l B OO K I I I
4 2 p y s ca o n o . [ .

a nd no t t o v ag e o f b e i ng a bl e t o a t t ib u te
L e ib ni t z ) th e do u b tfu l a d a nt r

t o t h e o ne e l e m e nt w h i c h is t h e s o u l no t o nly p s y c h ic a l p r e dic a t e s bu t
t h e p e d ic a t e s o f a n e l e m e nt w h i c h is o p e r a t iv e a ft e r t h e fa s h io n o f
r

m a tte r .

24 3 . I sa id t h a t t h e m e a ning o f th e un i ty o f c o ns c i o u s ne s s , as w e ll
as the ne c e s s t iy g it ne e de d s o m e fu th e r e xpl a na t io n
o f a s s u m in ,
r .

My r e m a k s o n t h is m e a ning o u gh t t o b e s a v e d by t h e i c o nne x io n
r r

w ith t h e e s t o f a m e t a p h y sic a l w o r k lik e t h e p e s e nt fro m t h e m is

r r

u nde s t a nd ing wi t h w h ic h m y p e v io u s a c c o u nt s o f th e s u bj e c t h a v e
r r

m et . Th e c o nc l u s i o n we h a v e no w r e a c h e d is u s u a lly e xp e s s e d by r

s a yi ng t h t t h e s o u l is a n i ndivi s ibl e a nd Si m pl e
a s u b s t a nc e ; a nd

I h a ve u s e d t h i s fo r m u l a in a ll i nno c e nc e a s a n i nt e ll igibl e na m e , .

H o w it c a n be m i s u nde r s t o o d I h a v e l e a r ne d f o m t h e wa y in w h ic h r

m y e s t e e m e d f i e nd F e c h ne r in h is A t o m e nl / r c h a r a c t e r i s e s m y v ie w
r e z e

in o pp o s i t io n t o h is o wn I t wa s na tu a l t o h im a s a n i nv e s t ig a t o r
. r

o f N a t u e a nd p r o b a bly h is int im a c y w it h t h e m o s t e m ne nt r e p re s e nt
r ,
i

a t iv e s o f t h e H e b a r t ia n p h il o s o p h y m a de it s t ill m o e na t u r a l
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u nde s t a nd by s u b s t a nc e a p h y s ic a l a t o m o r o ne o f t h e Si m pl e r e a l
r

e xi s t e nc e s o f th a t s c h o o l B u t I h a d g iv e n no s p e c ia l o c c a s i o n fo r
.

t h is m i s u nde s t a nd ing : o n t h e c o nt r a y I h a d p u t fo r w a r d t h e p r o
r r

p o s i t io n w h i c h wa s c e ns u r e d a nd t h e r e fo r e c o u l d no t h a ve e sc a p e d
no t i c e ; I t is no t t h o u gh a s u b s t a nce t h a t t h ing s h a v e b e i ng b u t
‘
r ,

t h e y h a v e b e i ng w h e n t h e y a r e a bl e t o p r o du ce t h e a pp e a r a nc e o f a

s u b s t a nc e p e s e nt in t h e m I h a v e di s c u s s e d th i s p o i nt a t s u ffic ie nt
’
r .

l e ng th in t h e O nt o l o gy a nd h a v e no w o nly t o S h o w it s c o ns e qu e nc e s
,

fo r o u r p r e s e nt q u e s tio n W h e n f o m t h e give n fa c t o f t h e u nity o f

. r

c o ns c io u s ne s s I p a s s e d o n t o c a ll t h e s u bj e c t o f t his k no wl e dg e e x is t

e nc e o r s u b s t a nc e I c o u l d no t p o s s ibly i nt e nd by do ing s o t o d a w a
,
r

c o nc l s io n w h ic h s h o u l d d e du c e fr o m
u it s p r e m is s e s s o m e t h i ng no t
c o nt a ine d in t h e m b u t r e a lly ne w Fo r m y o nly d e fi ni t io n o f t h e i de a
.

o f s u b c
s t a n e w a s t h i S — t h a t it s ig nifi e s e v e y t h ing w h i c h p o s s e s s e s t h e
, r

p o w e r o f p o du c ing a nd e xp e r i e nc ing e ffe c t s in s o fa r a s it p o s s e s s e s

r ,

th a t po we A c c o r dingly t h is e xp r e s s i o n wa s Si m ply a t it l e g ive n t o a

r .

t h ing in vi r t u e o f it s h a v ing p e fo m e d s o m e t h ing ; it wa s no t a nd r r

c o u l d no t b e m e a nt t o s ig nify t h e g r o u nd t h e m e a ns o r t h e c a u s e ,

wh i c h w o u l d e nde r t h a t p e fo m a nc e i nt e ll igibl e
r W a s s u b s t a nc e t o
r r .

be o ne o r m a ny ? I t w o u l d h a v e b e e n t o o a b s u d t o s u pp o s e t h i s r

p o w e r o f p r o du c i ng a nd e xp e i e nc i ng e ffe c t s in ge ne l t o h a ve it s r ra

g r o u nd in o n u niv e s a l s u b s t a nc e a nd t h e n t o e xp e c t t h a t a g r in o f
e r ,
a

t h is s u b s t a nce b u r ie d in e a c h i ndivi d a l t h i ng w o u l d q u ic k e n t h is
,
u ,

g e n r a l c a p a c ity int o t h e p a r ti c u l a r w a y s o f p r o du c ing a nd e x

e
CH AP T E R T/z e So u l in wna t s e ns e a S u 6s t a u ce .
4 2
7

p e r ie nc ing e ffe c t s w h i c h di s t ing u i s h t h a t th i ng f o m a ll o t h e t h ing s r r .

O n t h e o t h e r h a nd th e s u pp o s i t i o n t h a t e a c h t h i ng ins t e a d o f be ing ,

c a r v e d o u t o f t h e m a t t e r o f t h e u niv e r s a l s u b s t a nc e is a s u b s t a nc e o n it s ,

o wn a c c o u nt w o u l d h a v e a t o nc e le d u s ba c k t o o u r s ta t ing p o int r -
,

a nd we S h o l d h a ve r e c o gni s e d t h e na m e s u b s ta nc e t o b e w h a t it
u ,

r e a lly is Si m ply t h e g e ne r a l fo r m a l d e s ig na t i o n o f e v e r y wa y o f p o
,
r

du c ing a nd e xp e r i e nc i ng e ffe c t s bu t no t t h e r e a l c o ndit i o n o n w h i c h

,

in e a c h p a t i c u l a r c a s e t h e p o s s ibili ty o f do i ng s o a nd t h e p a ti c l a
r r u r

wa y o f do ing S O de p e nds I wa s t h e r e fo e ve ry fa r f o m Sh a ring t h e

. r r

vi e w o f th o s e wh o pla c e t h e s o u l in t h e m id c u r re nt o f e ve nt s a s o ne -

h a r d a nd i ndi s s o l u bl e a t o m by t h e Si de o f o th e r s o r a s a n inde s t r u c t ibl e

r e a l e x is t e nc e a nd wh o fa nc ie d t h a t it s s u b s t a nt i a l it y s o u nd e s t o o d
, ,
r ,

o ffe r e d a fo u nda ti o n fr o m w h i c h t h e r e s t o f it s p h e no m e na c o u l d b e

de du c e d T h e fa c t o f t h e u ni ty o f c o ns c io u s ne s s is c ps a t o nc e
. o z o

t h e fa c t o f t h e e x is t e nc e o f a s u b s t a nce : we d o no t ne e d by a p r o c e s s

o f r e a s o ni ng t o c o nc l u de f o m t h e fo r m e r t o t h e l a t t e r a s t h e c o ndi t i o n
r

o f it s e xi s t e nc e — a fa ll a c io u s p r o ce s s o f e a s o ni ng w h ic h s e e k s in
,
r

a n e x t r a ne o u s a nd s u pe r i o r s u b s t a nc e s u pp o s e d t o b e k no w n be fo r e

h a nd t h e s o u r c e fr o m w h ic h t h e s o u l a nd e a c h p a t ic u l a r t h ing
, r

w o u l d a c qu i r e t h e c a p a c ity o f fig u r i ng a s t h e u nity a nd c e nt r e o f
m a nifo l d a c t i o ns a nd a ffe c t i o ns .

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r , ,

na t e t h e s o u l a s s u b s t a nc e o r r e a l e x is t e nc e I S h a ll m e nt io n h e e ,
r

a ft e r w h e n I c o m e t o o pp o s e t h e pl u a li s t ic vi e w s u gg e s t e d by r

F e ch ne r : m y p o i nt wa s no t s o m u ch t h e s u b s t a nt i a l ity a s t h e u nit y
o f t h e s o u l a nd I wi s h e d t o e m p h a s iz e t h e id e a t h a t it is o nly a n
,

i ndivi s ibl e u ni ty w h i c h c a n p o du c e o r e xp e r i e nc e e ffe c t s a t a ll a nd

r ,

t h a t t h e s e w o ds c a nno t be a ppl ie d in s t ric t ne s s t o a ny m u l t ipl ic it y

r ,

—a n i de a wh i c h I a tt e m p t e d t o b i ng o u t m o e c l e a ly in t h e r r r

[ Mik o k m u (i p
r os s, B u t r e lyi ng o n t h e fa c t t h a t t h e i m a g ina t i o n
. .
,

is ac c u s to m e d t o c o nne c t t h is i de a o f u nit y wi t h t h e na m e s u b s t a nc
’
e

r e a l e xi s t e nc e I c o ns ide r e d t h a t t h e s e t wo e xp e s s io ns e v e n in
‘ ’
or , r ,

t h a t m e a nin g o f th e m w h i ch I h a v e de s c ib e d a nd r e p u di t e d m ig h t r a ,

s t ill w h e n o nc e t h e t u e a c c o u nt o f t h e m a t t e r h a d be e n g iv e n be
, r ,

u s e d a s s e vi c e a bl ra bb r e v ia t i o ns o f it
e .

I t is na t u r a l a t t h is p o int t o t h ink o f K a nt s tr e a t m e nt o f t h a t
’
244 .

P a a l o g is m o f t h e p u r e R e a s o n w h ic h s e e k s t o e s t a bl i h t h e s u b
r s

s t nt ia lit y o f t h e s o u l
a W e m y s u m u p h is c itic is m t h u s I t is a
. a r :

fa c t t h a t we a pp e a r in o u r t h o u g h t s a s t h e co ns t nt s bj e c t o f o u r a u

s t a t e s b u t it d o e s no t fo ll o w f o m t h is fa c t t h a t t h e s o l is a c o ns t a nt
, r u

s u b s t a nc e fo r e v e n t h e fo r m e r u nity is in t h e e nd o nly o u r s u bj e c t iv e
4 8 2 Tle e M e t ap n
y s ica l Co nce t io n
p .

f
o Me So u l . [ B OO K I I I .

wa y o f lo o ki ng at i g
t h n s , a nd t h e r e a r e m a n y t h in s g wh ich in t h e m
se lve s m a y b e q u it e d i ffe r e nt
y m u s t ne e ds s e e m t o u s t o fr o m wh a t th e

be . T h is l a s t i de a is c e t a inly inc o nt o v e t ibl e bu t it do e s no t a ffe c t

r r r ,

t h e p o int w h i c h c o ns t i t u t e s t h e ne r v e o f o u a g u m e nt I e p e a t o nc e r r . r

m o r e we d o no t be l ie v e in t h e u ni t y o f t h e s o u l b e c a u s e it a pp e a s a s
, r

u nit y b u t S im ply b e c a u s e it is a bl e t o a pp e a r o r m a ni fe s t i t s e l f in
,

so m wa y w h a t e v e t h a t m a y b e
e ,
T h e m e r e fa c t t h a t c o nc e ivi ng
r .
,

it s e l f a s a s u bj e t it c o nne c t s i t s e l f w it h a ny p r e dic a t e p r o v e s t o u s
c , ,

t h e u nit y o f t h a t w h ic h a s s e r t s t h is co nne x io n ; a nd s u pp o s ing t h e ,

s o u l a pp e a re d t o it s e l f a s a m u l t ipl ic i t y we S h o u l d o n t h e s a m e ,

g o u nds c o nc lu de t h a t it wa s c e t a inly m i s t a ke n if it t o o k it s e l f e a lly

r r r

t o b e w h a t it a pp e a r e d Eve y j u dgm e nt w h a t e ve it m a y a s s e t
. r ,
r r ,

t e s tifi e s by t h e m e e f c t t h a t it is p r o no u nc e d a t a ll t o t h e i ndiv is ibl e

r a ,

u nity o f t h e s u bj e c t w h ic h u tt e r s it .

B u t I a m w e ll a w a r e I s h a ll s t ill b e r e p o a c h e d wi t h h a vi ng
, ,
r

ne gl e c t e d t h e fi ne a nd s u b t l e d is t i nc t io n w h ic h K a nt dr a w s b e t w e e n

t h e s u bj e c t o f o u r inw a d e xp e ie nce a nd t h e u nit y o f t h e S o u l c o nr r

s ide e d a s a t hing in i t s e l f ; h e a dm it s t h e u n
r ity o f t h e fo r m e r b u t ,

p ro h ibits a ny c o nc l s io n t o t h a t o f t h e l a t t e I t is a diff cu l t t a s k
u r. i ,

nd o ne in w h ic h I h a v e no int e e s t t o dis s e c t K a nt s fi n l id e a s in
’
a r , a

t h is s e c t io n o f t h e C it iq e o f R e a s o n ; I s h a ll c o nt e nt m y s e l f wi t h
r u

e xpl a ining c l e a ly t h e d iffe r e nc e b e t w e e n m y vi e w a nd t h a t w h ic h I

r

c o nj e c t u e t o b e his r K a nt is w it h o u t do u b t r igh t w h e n h e is Opp o s ing

.

t h t t r a d it io na l a g m e nt fo r t h e s u b s t a nt ia li t y o f t h e s o l t h e o bj e c t
a r u u ,

o f w h ic h wa s t o m a k e t h a t q u a lit y w h e n it h a d b e e n infe r e d a m
’
t s ,
r ,
ea u

t m in
er fo f e s h c o ns e q u e nc e s a s fo r ins t a nc e t h a t o f im m o r t a l ity ;
us r r , , ,

b u t h e wa s m is t a ke n w h e n h e l o o k e d o n t h is infe e nc e a s a f t h e r r ur

g o a l wh ic h it is o u m is fo t u ne t h a t we a e u na ble t o a t t a in I n
r r r .

t h e v e y p o h ib it io n h e u t t e s a g a ins t a c o nc l u s io n fr o m t h e u nit y o f
r r r

t h e s bj e c t t o t h a t o f t h e s u b s t a nc e h e a dm it s t h a t t h is c o nc l s io n
u ,
u

w o u l d h a v e a n i m p o t a nt h e a ing if o nly it c o u l d be d a w n a nd a ll
r r ,
r

t h a t s e e m s t o h im t o b e w a nt ing is t h e li nk s o f a g u m e nt w h ic h m ig h t r

j u s t ify u s in b inging t h e s o u l u nde t h is f u itfu l c o nc e p t io n Of

r r r

s b s t nce a nd a ll t h e c o ns e q u e nc e s it l e g it im a t e ly inv o lve s

u a Th a t .

K a nt c a nno t f e e h im s e l f f o m t h is ide a is Sh o w n by a fo o t no t e
r r ,
-

w h ic h in t h e fi s t dit io n o f t h e C it iqu e is a pp e nde d t o t h e do c t ine

r e r r

o f t h e P a a l o g is m s I t r u ns a s fo ll o w s : A n e l a s t ic Sp h e e w h ic h ‘
r . r

c o ll id s w it h a no t h e
e in a di c t l ine c o m m nic a t e s t o it it s w h o l e
r re ,
u

e g a d no t h ing b u t t h e i p
m o t io n a nd t h e e fo e
(if w
, e r r ,
o s it io ns in r r r

Sp a c ) it s w h o l e s t a t e No w if o n t h e a n l o gy o f s c h b o di s we
e .
,
a u e ,

s pp o s e s u bs t a nce s o ne o f w h ic h i m p a r t e d t o t h e o t h e r i de a s t o g e th e
u ,
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ca l m
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R K a nt on Me U nity of Me So u l .
4 9 2

w it h the c o ns c io u s ne s s o f th e m , we ca n i m a g ine a w h o l e s e r ie s o f
t he s e su b s t a nc e s , o f w h ic h the fi ge t h e
rs t w o u l d im p a t it s s t a t e r ,
to r

w it h t h e c o ns c io u s ne s s o f th a t s ta te t o t h e s e c o nd t h e s e c o nd w o u l d , ,

im p a r t it s o wn s t a t e t o ge th e r wi t h t h a t o f t h e p e c e d ing s u b s t a nc e t o
,
r ,

t h e t h i d a nd t h is a g a in w o u l d c o m m u ni c a t e t o a no t h e r no t o nly it s
r , ,

o wn s t a t e w it h t h e c o ns c i o u s ne s s o f it b u t a l s o t h e s t a t e s o f a ll it s ,

p r e de ce s s o s a nd t h e c o ns c io u s ne s s o f th e m T h u s t he s t a t e s o f a ll
r .

t h e s u b s t a nc e s w h ic h h a d u nde r g o ne c h a ng e s t o g e t h e r wi t h t h e ,

c o ns c io u s ne s s o f t h e s e s t a t e s w o u l d b e t r a ns fe r e d t o t h e l a s t s u b
,
r

s t a nc e : a nd in c o ns e q u e nce t h i s l a s t s u b s t a nc e w o u l d be c o ns c i o u s o f

a ll t h e s e s t a t e s a s it s o wn a nd ye t in s pi t e o f t h is it w o u ld no t h a v e
, , ,

b e e n t h e s a m e p e r s o n in a ll t h e s e s ta t e s I n th i s wa y a c c o r ding t o .
’
,

K a nt t h e i de nt i ty o f th e c o ns c i o u s ne s s o f o u s e lve s in diffe r e nt t i m e s
, r

w o u l d be p o s s ibl e e v e n wi th o u t t h e nu m e r ic a l u ni t y o f t h e s o u l .

T h e v a io u s a s s u m p t io ns w h i c h a r e m a de a t s t a r t ing in t h is no t e
r , ,

a re so s t r ng e t h a t a c r iti c is m o f t h e i r a dm is s ib il it y w o u l d b e u n
a

b e a a bly p o lix : o ne c a n o nly s a y o f t h e m Ce t a inly if it w e re s o it

r r , r , ,

w o u l d be SO B u t if th e c o m m u nic a t i o n o f a c o m pl e t e d s t a t e t o ge th e
. r

w ith t h e c o ns c io u s ne s s o f it is p o s s ible wh y S h o u l d we no t g o fu th e r , r

a nd m a k e a n a pp r o a c h t o t h e a c t a l s t a t e o f a ffa i s by a s s u m ing t h a t u r ,

o v e r a nd a b o v e t h is t h e fa c t o f t h i s c o m m u nic a t i o n w ill b e a n o bj e c t
,

o f c o ns c i o u s ne s s fo r t h e s o u l r e c e iv ing it ? I n th a t c a s e th e pro ce s s
w o u l d r e s e m bl e t h e p o p a g a t io n o f c u l t u e by t a ditio n a nd ins t c
r r r ru

t io n . I t is in t h is wa y a t l e a s t t h a t t h e b u s y s o u l c o ll e c t s by i ndu s t r y
, ,

t h e t h o u gh t s o f it s p e de c e s s o r s ; b u t t h e n it is a t t h e s a m e t im e
r

c o ns c i o u s t h a t t h e t h o u g h t s it e c e iv e s a r e no t it s o wn bu t w h a t it
r ,

h a s r e c e iv e d A nd fo t na t e ly t h e e is a no t h e r p o int a t w h ic h t h e
. r u r

c o m p a r is o n f il s fo t h e o r igi na l p o s s e s s o d o e s no t l o s e h is t h o u g h t s
a r r

by c o m m u nic a t i ng t h e m A ll t h is h o w e ve r m a t t e s no t h i ng : bu t
.
, ,
r

w h a t is th e m e a ning o f t h e c o nc l u s io n a nd ye t t h e r e h a s no t b e e n ,

t h e s a m e p e s o n in a ll t h e s e s t a t e s
r T h e f c t is t h e v e y e v e s e it a r r r

wa s no t t h e s a m e Sp h e r e t h a t s e v e d a n a b o de fo r t h e p e r s o na li ty ; bu t
r

t h e p e r s o n is o ne in t h e s a m e s e ns e in w h ic h it is po s s ibl e fo r a ny
,

s u b s t a nc e c a p a bl e o f de v e l o p m e nt t o be o n a l t h o u gh a t t h e b e g inning e ,

o f it s h is t o r y it is na t u r a lly p o o r e r in r e c o ll e c t e d e xp e r ie nc e s t h a n it

a ft e r w a d s b c o m e s : a nd w h a t K a nt m int a ins is
r e no t h ing b u t a a

s t a ng e t a ns m ig r t io n o f th e s o u l
r r a in w h ic h t h e p e s o na l it y w h il ,
r , e

it g o w s in c o nt e nt p a s s e s f o m o ne s b s t a t m t o a no t h e r
r , r I will u r u .

no t dw e ll lo ng e r o n t h e o d dit i e s o f t h is u nfo r t u na t e c o m p a r i s o n ; b u t

it s h o w s — a nd t h is is it s o nly s e r i o u s int e e s t —t h t t h e e s e e m e d t o r a r

K a nt t o be s o m e m e a ning in t h e i de a t ha t be ne a th t h e c o nc e t e , r
4 3 0 Tue M e t ap n
y s ica l Co nce t io n
p o f Me So u l . [ B OO K I I I .

na t u r e o r c o nt e nt o f an yth i ng th e re lie s in t h e int e i ll gibl e w o r ld a

t h in g i in t s e f, de s t it u t e l vi ng a s a m a ns o f c o n
o f c o nt e nt , bu t se r e

s o l id a t ing t h e r e a li t y o f t h e c o nc r e t e t h ing o r u s e fu l t o it in s o m e ,

o t h e r wa y I k no w no t w h a t ; a nd t h a t it m a k e s s o m e d iffe r e nc e t o
,

t h e u ni t y o f c o ns c io u s ne s s w h e t h e r it s s u b s t a tu m c o ns is t s o f t h e
,
r

fi r s t o s e c o nd o r t h i d o f th e s e t h ing s in t h e m s e lve s w h e th e r it is
,
r ,
r ,

a lw a y s t h e s a m e o ne o r w h e t h e r it is m a ny o f t h e m in s u c c e s s io n ;
,

a nd t h i s a l th o u g h t h e e w e r e e v e n l e s s d i ffe e nc e b e t w e e n t h e m t h a n
r r

t h e r e is b e t w e e n t h o s e e l a s t i c Sp h e e s t h e p o s it io ns o f w h i c h in s p a c e r ,

a t l e a s t g iv e s a e a s o n fo s u pp o s ing t h a t t h e e is m o e t h a n o ne o f
r r r r

th e m No r wa s t h i s a t a ll t h e o bj e c t w h ic h t h e P a a l o g is m c i t ic is e d
. r r

s o u gh t to r e a ch No o ne wh o wi s h e d t h e do c t i ne o f i m m o t a l it y t o
. r r

b e a s s u r e d c o u ld c o nc e r n h im s e l f wi th a ny th ing bu t t h a t c o nt i nu it y o f
,

h is c o ns c io u s ne s s w h ic h h e de s i e d no t t o l o s e ; h e w o u l d b e h e a r tily r

indiffe r e nt t o t h e q u e s t io n w h e t h e r t h e t h ing in it s e l f w h i c h wa s t o b e
t h s u b s t a t u m o f t h a t c o nt i nu a nc e o c c u pi e d in t h e s e r i e s t h e p o s i t i o n
e r

72 o r
( n I
) .

I c o m e b a c k t h e n t o t h e p o i nt t h a t th e i de nt i ty o f th e s u bj e c t o f ,

inw a d e xp e r i e nce is a ll t h a t we r e q u ir e
r S o fa r a s a nd s o l o ng a s .
, ,

t h e s o u l k no w s i t s e l f a s t h is i de nt i c a l s u bj e c t it is a nd is na m e d , , ,

Si m p ly fo r t h a t e a s o n s u b s t a nc e B u t t h e a t t e m p t t o find it s c a p a c ity
r , .

o f t h u s k no wi ng i t s e l f in t h e nu m e ric a l u ni t y o f a no t h e r u nde ly ing r

s u b s t a nc e is no t a p r o ce s s o f r e a s o ning w h ic h m e e ly fa il s t o r e a c h a n r

a dm is s ibl e a im ; it h a s no a im a t a ll T h a t w h ic h is no t o nly c o n .

c e i e d by o t h e r s a s u nit y in m u l t ipli c it y b u t k no w s a nd m a k e s i t s e l f
v ,

g o o d a s s u c h is s i m ply o n t h a t a c c o u nt t h e t r u e s t a nd m o s t in
, , ,

d iv is ibl e u ni ty t h e e c a n be B u t in K a nt s m i nd s o a t l e a s t it s e e m s
’
r .
,

t o m e t h e p r e j dic e is c o ns t a nt ly r e c u ring t h a t a t h ing m a y in a

, u r ,

c e t a in p e c u l ia r s e ns e 6e u nit y a nd t h a t t h i s is m e t a p h y s ic a lly a m u c h
r ,

p r o u de r a ch ie ve m e nt th a n m e r e ly t o m a k e i t s e l f g o o d a s u nity Si nc e ,

t h i s la s t c a p a c i t y m a y p e r h a p s a ls o b e l o ng t o t h a t w h i c h is no t r e a lly

o r nu m e i c a lly o ne r .

2 4 5 A fu th e r qu e s t i o n no w b e c o m e s i ne vi t a bl e
. r O n w h a t do e s .

t h is livi ng u nit y o f s e l f c o ns c i o u s ne s s r e s t ? Or t o p u t t h e p ro bl e m
-
,

in it s c u s t o m a ry a nd S h o r t e r fo r m w h a t is t h e s o u l a nd h o w a e we , ,
r

t o de c i de e s p e c t ing it s de s t iny
r if o u r d e c is i o n c a n no l o ng e r be ,

d r a w n fr o m t h e c l a im s w h i c h m ig h t b e a d v a nc e d in fa v o u o f e v e r y r

s u b s t a nc e a s s u c h a c c o d ing t o it s t r a dit io na l c o nc e p t io n ? H e r e a g a i n
, r

I ne e d o nly a ns we r by r e c a ll ing th e p e l im ina y c o nvi c t io ns t o wh i ch r r

o u r o nto l o gy h a s le d u s W e k no w t h a t wh e n we a s k w h a t a ny ‘ ’
.

t h ing is we c o m m o nly m e a n b y th i s w o r d t wo d iffe e nt t h ing s ; fi r s t ly

, r ,
Ca l m s Tue so u l is wna t it d o es .
43 1

th a t wh ich di s t i ngu ish e s it fr o m o th e r th i ng s a nd s e co ndly th a t w h i c h , , ,

m a k e s it a t h ing l ik e o t h e r t h ing s
,
T h e e rr o r w h i c h it wa s o u r o bj e c t
.

t o a v o i d la y in t h e b e l ie f t h a t c o rr e s p o ndi ng t o t h e s e t wo c o ns t it u e nt s
,

o f o r c o nc e p t io n t h e r e e xi s t in r e a l it y t wo
u ,
e l e m e nt s c p a bl e o f a

e nt e i ng int o a n a c t u a l r e l a t i o n t o e a c h o t h e r
r B u t we fo u nd o u r .

m o s t s e r i o u s o b s t a c l e in t h e h a bi t o f a d ding t o t h e s e t wo c o ns t i t u e nt s

o f o u r i d e a a t h ir d w h i c h t h o u g h fo r e ig n t o t h e m is s u pp o s e d t o
,

g u a ra nt e e t h e i r c o nne x io n : t h is t h i d c o ns t i t u e nt is t h a t e m p ty m a t t e r
r
‘ ’

o f e xi s t e nc e o n wh ic h t h e c o nt e nt o f t h ing s is s u pp o s e d t o d e p e nd .
.

T o a ny o ne wh o is dis p o s e d t o a g e e wi t h m e in t h e s e o nt o l o gi c a l r

c o nc l u s io ns it m u s t s e e m u t t e r ly i nc o nc e iv a bl e t h a t we S h o u l d a s k fo r
,

the w h a t o f a t h i ng a nd ye t l o o k fo r th e a ns w e r in a ny t hing e x c e p t
’
,

t h a t w h ic h t h is t h ing is a nd d o e s ; o r t h a t we S h o u l d e nq u ir e a s t o

it s b e ing a nd ye t s e e k t h is a nywh e r e e x c e p t in it s a c t ivi t y

’

,
A nd in .

t h e s a m e wa y h e r e it m s t s e e m e q u a lly u nint e ll ig ibl e t h a t we S h o u l d

u

s u pp o s e we do no t k no w t h e s o u l b e c a u s e a l t h o u g h we k no w a ll it s
, ,

a cts we a r e u nl u c kily igno r a nt o f t h e e l a s t i c Sp h e r e t o w h ic h a c

, ,

c o ding t o K a nt s c o m p a r is o n t h e na tu r e m a ni fe s t e d in t h e s e a c t s is
’
r ,

a tt a c h e d ; Or t h a t i ns t e a d o f s e e ki ng t h e livi ng r e a l it y o f t h e s o l in u

it s p r o du c t i o n o f i de a s e m o t io ns a nd e ffo r t s we S h o u l d l o o k fo it in
, , ,
r

a na m e l e s s b e i ng fro m w h ic h th e s e c o nc r e t e fo m s o f a c t i o n c o u l d
’
,
r

no t flo w b u t in w h ic h a ft e r s o m e m a nne r ne v e r t o be e xpl a in d t h e y
, ,
e ,

a e s u pp o s e d t o p a t ic ip a t e
r B u t I h a v e a l e a dy d is p o s e d o f t h e s e
r . r

g e n a li t ie s a nd w ill no t e tu r n t o t h e m Eve y s o u l is w h a t it S h o w s
er ,
r . r

i t s e l f t o be u nit y w h o s e l ife is in de fi ni t e i de a s fe e l ing s a nd e ffo r t s

, , ,
.

T h is is it s e a l na tu e a nd if it w e r e a l o ne in t h e w o r l d it w o u l d be
r r ,

i dl e t o a s k h o w t h i s r e a l it y is p o s s ibl e s ince we h a ve l o ng a g o de c i de d ,

t h a t t h e q e s t i o n h o w t h i ng s a r e m a de is no t a dm is s ibl e
u I t is o nly .

t h e fa c t t h a t t h e s o l is inv o lve d in a l a r g e r w o r l d a nd m e e t s wi t h
u ,

v a ri o u s fo tu ne s t h e r e t h a t m a k e s it ne c e s s a ry t o s e e k wit h in t h i s
r ,

w h o l e t h e c o nditio ns o n w h i c h its e x is t e nc e a nd t h e o r igi n o r ,

p r e s e r va t io n o f t h a t e x is t e nc e de p e nds W ith in t h is s p h e r e t h e s o u l
, .

s h o w s it s e l f t o be t o a c e r t a i n e x t e nt a n i nde e nde nt c e nt e o f a c t io ns r
p
a nd r e a c t io ns ; a nd in s o fa r a s it d o e s s o a nd s o l o ng a s it d o e s s o
-
, ,

it h a s a c l a im t o t h e t i t l e o f s u b s t a nc e bu t we c a n ne v e d a w fr o m r r

t h e e m p t y id e a o f s u b s t a nc e a ne c e s s a y c o nc l u s io n t o t h e p o s i t io n r

w h ic h t h e s o u l o c c u p ie s in th e w o l d a s t h o u gh it s m o de s o f a c t i o n r ,

h a d t h e ir g o u nd a nd j u s t ifi ca t io n in t h a t ide a
r .

I t will be o bvi o u s a g a i ns t w h a t vi e w t h is e m a rk is dir e c t e d A r .

pl u r l is m w h ic h c o nside s t h e o r de r o f t h e w o r l d d iv a bl e f o m a
a r er r

nu m b e r o f e l e m e nt s p e r fe c tly i nde p e nde nt o f o ne a no t h e r a nd s u bj e c t

, ,
 Tue M e t a p /zy s ica l Co ncept io n f Me So u l
'

o
4 3 2 . [ Be e r 111 .

o n ly toppl e m e nta y c o nne x io n th ro g h l a w s na t u r a lly inc l de s in

a su r u , u

it s id a o f t h e o ig ina l na t u e o f t h e s e e l e m e nt s ind e s t u c t ib il it y a nd
e r r r

im m t b il it y U nl e s s t h e n t h e s o l is t o b e c o nne c t d w it h t h e j u x t
u a . u e a

p o s it io ns o f t h e s e s ta bl e a t o m s a s a p e is h a bl e S ide e ffe c t t h e o nly r -

,

re s o u r c e o f t h is v ie w is t o inc lu de it a m o ng t h e nu m b e o f s u ch r

e t e na l e x is t e nc e s
r T h u s th e s o u l c a n r e ly u p o n it s igh t s a s a p r e
. r

m u nda ne s u b s t a nc e a nd r e s t a s s u r e d t h a t in no c h a ng e s o f t h e w o l d
,
r ,

w h a t e v e r t h e y m a y be c a n e ith e r a n o ig in o a n e nd be a s c ib e d ,
r r r

to it .

T h e fa c t t h a t t h is
i g l e a ds t o a do u bl e r e s u l t is o n t h e fa c e
r e a so nn ,

o f it i nc o nv e nie nt
,
W e m igh t b e gl a d t o a cc e p t it s g u a a nt e e fo
. r r

im m o r t a l it y a l th o u g h no g r e a t s a t is f c t io n is giv e n t o o u d e s ir e s by
,
a r

a m e r e co nt i nu i t y t h e na t u r e o f w h i c h r e m a i ns u nde c ide d ; b t t h e u

o t h e r c o nc l s io n w h ic h is fo r c e d o n u s a t t h e s a m e t im e t h e infi nit e
’

u ,

p r e e-x is t e n c e o f t h e s o u l b e fo e t h e e a r t h ly l ife w e k no w r e m a ins l ik e

r , ,

t h e im m o t a l it y o f t h e s o u l s o f a ll a ni m a l s s t r a ng e a nd i m p o b a bl e
r ,
r .

O u m o ni s t i c v ie w h a s l o ng Si nc e r e no u nc e d a ll t h e s e id e a s
r Th e .

o d e r o f t h e wo l d t h e e xi s t e nc e o f a ll t h i ng s a nd t h e i
r r , c a p a c it y fo r r

a c t io n it h a s pl c e d w h o lly a nd w it h o u t
,
a e s e r v e in t h e h a nd s o f t h e r

o ne infi nit e e x is t e nc e o n w h ic h a l o ne t h e p o s s ib il it y o f a ll int e a c t io ns

,
r

wa s fo u nd t o r e s t ; a nd it h a s no w h e r e e c o g nis e d a p i o r w o r l d o f r r

ide a l ne c e s s i ty fr o m w h ic h t h ing s m ig h t d e r iv e a c l a i m t o a ny o th e r
,

lo t t h a n t h a t w h ic h t h e m e a ni ng o f t h e w h o l e h a s giv e n t h e m in o r d e r
t h a t t h e y m a y s e r v e it O u r fi r s t a nd fo r e m o s t r e s u l t is t h e r e fo r e t h is
.

t h e q u e s t io n o f t h e i m m o t a l it y o f t h e s o u l do e s no t b e l o ng t o M e t a
r

p h y s i c W e h a ve no o th e r p i nc ip le fo r de c idi ng it b e y o nd t h is
. r

g e ne r l i de a lis t ic c o nv ic t io n ; t h a t e ve r y cr e a t e d t h i ng will c o nt inu e if

a ,

a nd SO l o ng a s it s c o nt i nu a nc e b e l o ng s t o t h e m e a ning o f t h e w o rl d ;

t h a t e v e ry t h ing w ill p a s s a w a y w h ic h h a d it s a u t h o r is e d pl a c e o nly in

a t r a ns it o r y p h a s e o f t h e w o l d s c o u s e T h a t t h is p i nc iple a dm it s
’
r r . r

o f no fu r t h e r a ppl ic a t io n in h u m a n h a nd s h a dly ne e ds t o be r

m e nt io ne d W e c e r t a inly do no t k no w t h e m e it s w h ic h m a y g iv e
. r

t o o ne e x is t e nc e a c l a i m t o e t e nity no r t h e de fe c t s w h ic h de ny it r ,

t o o the r s .

24 6 . We qu i t e SO qu i c kly o ve r t h e q u e s t io n o f t h e
c a nno t p a ss
or z
g i n o r g e n e s is o f the s o u l H o w it c a n b e b o u g h t b o u t o r h o w . r a ,

t h e c e a t iv e p o w e r o f t h e a b s o l u t e b e gi ns t o b ing it a b o t t h a t a n
r r u ,

e x is t e nc e is p r o du c e d w h ic h no t o nly in a c c o r da nc e w it h u niv e r s a l

la w s p r o du c e s a nd e xp e r i e nc e s e ffe c t s a nd a l t e r a t i o ns in it s c o n
ne x io n wi t h o th e r s b u t a ls o in it s i de a s e m o t io ns , a nd e ffo t s , , r ,

se pa ra te s i t se lf fr o m t h e c o m m o n fo u nda t io n o f a ll th i ngs a nd ,
C H APT E R 6 6 723 5 2 9 0 2 f t fl€ 4 33

b e c o m e s t o a c e t a i n e x te nt a n i nde p e nde nt c e nt r e —t h i s q u e s t io n
r ,

we S h a ll no m o e a t t e m p t t o a ns w e r t h a n we h a v e o t h e r s l ik e it
r .

O u r b u s ine s s is no t t o m a k e t h e w o r l d bu t t o u nde r s t a nd t h e i nne r ,

c o nne x io n o f t h e w o r l d t h a t is r e a l is e d a l r e a dy ; a nd it wa s t h is
p o bl e m t h a t fo c e d u s t o la y do w n o u li m i t ing ide a o f t h e a b s o l u te
r r r

a nd it s inne r c e a t io n o f c o u nt l e s s fi nit e b e ing s

r T h is ide a we fo u nd .

it ne c e s s a y t o r e g a r d a s t h e c o nc e p t io n o f a n u l t i m a t e fa c t ; a nd we
r

c a nno t e xpl a i n t h p o s s ib ili ty o f t h e fa c t by u s i ng t h e i m a g e s o f p r o

e

c e s s e s w h i c h t h e m s e lv e s Sp ing f o m it in a wa y we c a nno t e xpl a i n

r r .

B u t w h e n t h e l ife o f t h e so u l do e s a is e it a i s e s b e fo r e o u r e y e s in r , r

c o ns t a nt c o nj nct io n wi t h t h e p h y s ic a l d e v l o p m e nt o f t h e o r g a ni s m :
u e

a nd t h u s q u e s t io ns a r e s gg e s t e d a s t o t h e r e c ip r o c a l r e l a t io ns o f t wo
-
u

s e ie s o f e v e nt s w h ic h
r s we h a v e a l r a dy r e m a r k e d c a nno t b e c o m
, a e ,

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it c o m e int o t h is b o dy w h ic h is j u s t b e g inni ng t o b e a nd w h ic h wa s ,

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r r r

e ff c t o f t h e p h y s i c a l fo c e s a nd a s h a vi ng it s na t u a l bi r t h pl a c e in
e r ,
r

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a e no t t o pi c t u e t h e a b s o l u t e pl a c e d in s o m e r e m o t e r e gi o n o f e x
r r

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,
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it s infl u e nc e h a s t o r e t a v e r s e a d is ta nc e a nd m a k e a j o u r ne y in o de r
r r

to e a c h t h ing s
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,

t h is s p a c e t o be a m e r e p h e no m e no n t o im g ine a c l e ft b e t w e e n fi ni t e , a

be ing s a nd t h e c o m m o n fo u nd a t i o n o f a ll t h ing s a c l e ft w h i c h w o u l d
'

ne e d t o be b idg e d by m i a c u l o u s w a nde r i ng s W h e r e v e r in a pp a re nt
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,

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,

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. r

t h ing s t h a t p o s s s s a l ife a nd s o u l a r e fo r m e d a s s o m e t h ing u nu s u a l

e

a nd s u p e io r ; b t t h e p e s e nc e o f t h e a b s o l u te w h i c h m a k e s t h is
r u r

p o c e s s p o s s ible is no l e s s t h e b a s is ne c e s s a ily i m plie d in th e m o s t

r r

i ns ig nifi c a nt int e a c t io n o f a ny t wo a t o m s No r a ga in do we t h ink o f

r .

it s p re s e nc e a s a m e r e nifo m b e a t h w h i c h p e ne tr a t e s a ll p la c e s
u r r

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r l ik e th a t s u b tle fo m l e s s a nd , , r ,

h o m o g e ne o u s e t h e f o m w h ic h m a ny s t a ng e t h e o ri e s e xp e c t th e
r r r

v i ifi c a t io n o f m a t t e r int o t h e m o s t v a r i o u s fo r m s
v b u t t h e a b s o l u t e is
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f Me Sou l . is m iii .

p a r t ic l
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, ,

a ddit i o ns o f g r e a t e r m a g ni t u de a nd v a l u e w h e r e t h e y a r e m o r e c o m p li

c ta e d
.
Ev e r yw h e r e it dr a w s o nly t h e c o n s e q u e nc e s w h i c h a t e v e r y ,

p o i n t o f t h e w h o l e b e lo ng t o t h e p re m i s s e s it h a s p re vi o u s ly r e a li s e d a t

t h a t p o i nt . I t is th u s t h a t it giv e s t o e v e r y o r g a nis m it s fi tt i ng s o u l ;
. .

a nd it is t h e r e fo r e ne e dl e s s t o de vi s e a wa y o r m a k e p r o vi s i o n fo r t h e

c o rr e c t c h o i c e w h ic h S h o u l d e ns u r e t o e v e y a ni m a l g e r m t h e s o u l r

w h ic h a ns w e r s t o it s ki nd A g a i n SO l o ng a s t h e s o u l wa s r e g a r de d
.
,

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,

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i de a s o f a n e x t e r na l c o nj u nc t io n we ne e d no lo nge r w is h t o fix t h e
,

m o m e nt a t w h i c h t h e s o u l e nt e r s i nt o a de v e l o p m e nt w h i c h a t fi r s t is

s u pp o s e d t o p r o du c e o nly p h y s i c a l a c t i o ns .

W e h a v e a ll a l o ng r e ga r de d t h e i nt e r a c t i o n o f t h e a b s o l u te wi t h a ll
t h e e l e m e nt s o f t h e w o r l d a s e t e r na l a nd i nc e s s a nt I t is p r e s e nt j u s t .

a s c o nt inu o u s ly in t h e fi r s t d e v e l o p m e nt o f t h e g e r m ; a nd in t h e

s a m e wa y t h e r e is no t h ing t o p r e v e nt u s fr o m l o o k ing a t t h e fo r m a t i o n

o f t h e s o u l a s a n e x t e nde d p r o ce s s in t i m e a p o c e s s in w h i c h t h e
,
r

a b s o l u t e g r a du a lly g iv e s a fu r t h e r fo r m t o it s c r e a t i o n D o u b t l e s s we .

S h a ll ne v e r be a bl e t o pi c t u e t h i s p r o c e s s t o o u r s e lv e s ; bu t a t a ny
r

r a t e t h e r e is no fo r ce in t h e p o s s ib l e o bj e c t i o n t h a t s u ch a g r a du a l
:

de v e l o p m e nt c o ntr a di c t s t h e u ni ty o f t h e S o u l Fo r we a r e Sp e a ki n . g ,

no t o f a c o m p o s i t io n o f pi e c e s a l r e a dy p r e s e nt in s e p a a t i o n bu t o f r ,

t h e s u c c e s s iv e t ra ns fo r m a t i o ns o f so m e t h i ng e s t a b li s h e d a t t h e b e
gi nning o f t h e p r o c e s s A nd if t h i s a ga i n S h o u l d s e e m t o c o nt r a di c t
'

t h e i de a o f o ne u nc h a ng e a bl e s u b s t a nc e I r e c u r t o m y p e vi o u s
, r

a s s e rt io n ; it is no t b e c a u s e t h e s o u l is s b s t a nce a nd u nit y t h a t it u

a s s e r t s i t s e l f a s s u c h bu t it is s u b s t a nc e a nd u nit y a s S o o n a s a nd in
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,

gr e a t e r de gr e e a nd wi th a g r o wi ng S ig nifi c a nc e I S h o u l d no t h e s ita t e
, ,

t o d is t i ng u is h in it s s u b s t a nt ia li t y a nd in t h e i nt e ns it y o f it s u ni t y
, ,

c o u nt l e s s diffe r e nt g r a de s w h ic h it t r a v e s e s b y d e g r e e s w h e n fi r s t it is
r

b e i ng fo rm e d a nd t h e las t a nd h igh e s t o f wh i ch it m a y p e r h a p s be
,

inc a p a b le o f r e a c h ing d u i ng t h e w h o l e o f it s t e r re s tr i a l a nd s u p e r
.
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t e r r e s tria l e xi s t e nc e .

A nd no w a fte r o u r pi c t u r e h a s b e e n t h u s a l t e e d c o ll e c t i ng its
,
.
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v a r io u s t a it sr ,I m a y re t u rn t o a n e a li e r s t a t e m e nt : if a nyo ne w e r e
.
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in a p o s i t io n t o o b s e r ve t h e fi r s t de v e l o p m e nt o f t h e s o u l j u s t a s wi t h
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t h e m c r o s co p e we c a n o b se r v e th e p hy s i c a l de v e lo p m e nt o f th e ge rm ,

t h e r e s u l t w o u l d i nfa ll ib ly be t h a t e v e r y t h i ng w o u l d lo o k t o h im

e x a c t ly a s m a t e r i a li s m b e l ie v e s it a c t u a lly t o t a k e pl a c e As th e .

s t ru c t u r e p o g re s s iv e ly d iffe r e nt i a t e d i t s e l f h e w o u ld s e e a pp e a r i ng
r , ,

no t a ll a t o nc e b u t by de gr e e s t h e fa int a nd g a d u a lly m u l t iply ing

, ,
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t a c e s o f p s y c h i c a l a c t ivi t y ; bu t no w h e re w o u l d h e m e e t wi t h t h e
r

s u dd e n ir ru p tio n o f a p o w e r w h ic h s e e m e d fo r e ig n t o t h e pl a y o f t h e
‘

e l e m e nt s a c t iv e b e fo r e h is e y e s : h e w o u l d s e e t h e w h o l e c o nd i t i o n o f

t h i ng s w h i c h h a s b e e n t h o u g h t t o j u s t i fy t h e vi e w t h a t a ll p s y c h ic a l

l ife is a s i de e ffe c t o f t h e ph y s i c a l p ro c e s s o f fo r m a t i o n T h i s co n
-
.

d iti o n o f t h ings we a dm i t ; a nd t h e vi e w b a s e d o n it we r e j e c t All .

t h e Si ngl e m a nife s t a t io ns w h i c h c o u l d t h u s b e o b s e r v e d m ig h t no
,

d o u b t be r e g a r de d a s p r o du c t s o f t h e i nt e a c t io n o f t h e p h y s i c a l e le
r

m e nt s bu t t h e u ni t y o f c o ns c i o u s ne s s t o w h i c h a t a la t e r t im e o u r
,

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m e e r e s u l t o f t h e a c t ivi t i e s o f a nu m b e r o f e l e m e nt s a nd j u s t a s
r ,

li t t l e c a n th is s u bj e c t h e c r e a t e d by t h o s e a c t ivit i e s No r a ga i n is it .

o u t o f no t h i ng t h a t t h e s o u l is m a de o r c r e a t e d by t h e a b s o l u t e bu t
t o s a t i s fy t h e im a gi na t i o n we m a y s a y it is fr o m i t s e l f fr o m it s o wn ,

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,

a c t ivi t y t h e c o u r s e o f na t u r e t h a t o t he r w h i c h in t h e r u li n pl a n o f
, , g ,

t h e a b s o l u t e is it s na t u a l c o m pl e t i o n
,
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2 4 7 I k no w w e ll t h a t o u r m e ta p h y s i c a l e nq u i r i e s a r e c o ns t a nt ly
.

a nd j e a l o u s ly w a t c h e d by c e rt a i n s ide t h o u gh t s o f o u r o wn
-
a nd h e r e

t h e y r a i s e t h e q u e s t io n w h e t he r w e a r e no t in t h e i nt e r e s t s o f t h e

in t e ll e c t la yi ng do w n p o s i t i o ns w h i c h wil l a ft e r w a r ds p r o v e fa t a l t o
t h e r e qu ir e m e nt s o f t h e e m o t i o na l Si de o f o u r na t u re I n s u bj e c t i ng .

t h e o r igi n o f p s y c h ic a l li fe t o t h e do m i ni o n o f la w a re we no t o nc e ,

m o re r e du c i ng t h e w h o l e c o u r s e o f t h e w o r l d t o th a t ne c e s s a r y e v o lu

t io n o f a m e r e na t u r e in w h i c h no pl a c e r e m a i n s fo r a ny fr e e b e g inni ng

a nd t h e r e fo e no ne fo r a n
, r , y g u i d in g p o vi de nc e ? r I a dm i t t h a t t h e r e

is g r o u nd fo r s u c h do u b t s b u t no t t h a t it is m y d u ty t o m e e t t h e m
,

he re . I f t h e ne e d t h a t is e xp r e s s e d in t h e m is a j u s t ifi a bl e o ne ; s t il l it
is o nly w h e r e it s j u s t ifi c a t i o n is s u c c e s s fu l t h a t we c a n a tt e mp t t o
s a t i s fy it wi t h o u t c a nc e ll ing w h a t we h a v e vi ly f u nd t o be
p e o u s o r

ne c e s s a y fo r t h e t h e o r e t ic i nt e lligib ili ty o f t h e w o l d So lo ng t he n a s
‘

r r .

p sy c h i c a l l ife is re a l is e d in c o u ntle s s i ns t a nc e s a ft e r t h e s a m e u nive rs a l

p a t te rns a nd s o l o ng a s t h e s a m e p o c e s s e s a r e r e p e a t e d c o u ntle ss
, r

t i m e s in e v e r y Si ngl e s o u l we c a nno t r e fu se t o a dm i t a c o nne xi o n

,

w h i c h fo ll o w s u nive r s a l l a w s a nd wh i c h h e e a s e l s e wh e r e S h o w s r , ,

li k e r e su l t s fo ll o wi ng o n lik e c o nd i t i o ns a nd t h e s a m e ch a ng e s in t h e
,

r f2
4 36 Tue M e t ap n
y s ica l Co ncep t io n f
o Me So u l . [ B OO K i i i .

fo r m e r fo ll o wi ng o n t h e s a m e c h a nge s in t h e l a tt e W e m a y pu t r .

a s i d e t h e q u e s t io n w h e t h e r t h is c o nne xi o n is a ll t h a t t h e r e a l it y o f

t h ing s c o nc e a l s o r i nc l u de s : w h a t e v e r m a y b e ne c e s s a ry t o c o m pl e te

it it c a nno t i t s e l f b e d e nie d
,
.

T h e e a e t wo d i e c t io ns t h e re fo re in w h i c h a m e c h a nic a l p o int o f
r r r , ,
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v ie w m a y e x t e nd it s c l a i m o ve r t h e s e s u bj e c t s I t h a s b e e n a t t e m p t e d .

lo ng S inc e in t h e c a s e o f th e i nw a r d li fe o f t h e s o u l a nd t h e c o nc e p ,

t io n o f a p s y c h ic a l m e c h a ni s m is no l o ng e r u nfa m il ia r t o u s : I h a v e

m t w it h l e s s s y m p a t h y fo r t h a t o t h e r ide a o f a p h y s ic o p s y c h ic a l
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m e c h a ni s m t h e o bj e c t o f w h ic h wa s t o b a s e t h e c o m m e c e b e t w e e n
,
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u s e r i e s o f t h o u g h t s Si m il a r t o t h o s e wh ic h we

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r A c c e p t i ng wi t h g r a t it u de .

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r s -
,
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ing e nio s a t t e m p t s h a s b e e n i nt o du c e d i nt o s c ie nc e I w ill o nce

u r ,

m o e a t t e m p t t o d e fe nd t h o s e o u t l ine s o f m y t h e o y w h ic h I s k e t c h e d
r r

in t h e M di nis l P sy /zo log i

e cz c ze A c c o r ding t o So m v ie w s m y
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p ro p o s a l is im p o s s ibl e ; a nd a c c o r ding t o o th e s it is s u p e fl u o u s T h e r r .

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,
r ,

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osse r ,

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r .

2 4 8 I ne e d no t b e p r o l ix in Opp o s i ng t h o s e wh o a ddu c e t h e
.

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a g a ins t t h e p o s s ib ili t y o f a ny int e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e m A d m it t ing .

t h is inc o m p a a bil it y it w o u l d s t ill b e a n u nfo u nde d p j u d ic e t o

r ,
re

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.

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4 37

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To o u r s e ns u o u s im a , ,

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ar r b t it is u

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r r a

a c t io n t h e h o m o g e ne o s c h a a c t e w h i c h it fa nc ie s it u nde t a nd t o
u r r rs s

b e a n e s s e nt ia l c o ndit io n in t h i s p a r t i c u l a r c a s e A nd t h is i j s t . s u

w h e e it de c e iv s it s e l f I h a ve fr e q u e nt ly p o inte d o u t h o w o ft e n w
r e . e

s pp o s e
u o u s e lv e s t o u nd e r s t a nd s o m e t h ing w h e n o u r s e ns s a e
r ,
e r

s im ply O c c u p ie d w it h a v a ie g a t e d a nd u nb r o k e n s e r ie s o f p h e no m e na
r .

S o l o ng a s we a e m e ly l o o ki ng a t t h o u t s ide o f a m a c h ine we do
r re e

no t im g ine t h a t w a c o m p e h e nd it : bu t w h e n it is Op e ne d a nd we
e r

s e e h o w a ll it s p t s fi t int o o ne a no th e
ar a nd h o w a t l a s t it b i ng s o t r, r u

a e su lt u tt
r ly u nl ike t h e im p u l s e fi s t im p a t e d we t h i nk t h a t we
er r r ,

u nde s t a nd it s a c t i o n p e r fe c t ly
r A nd it r e a lly is c l e a r t o u s in SO fa
.
,
r

a s t h e e xpl na t io n o f a a c o m pl ic a t e d p ro c e s s m e a ns it s e d c t io n r u

t o a c o nc a t e n t i n o f v e r y S im pl e a c t io ns w h ic h we h a v e m a de u p
a o

o ur m ind s t o c o ns id e r i nt e ll igibl e ; bu t t h e a c t io n w h ic h t a k pl a c e e s

b e t w e e n e a c h p i o f t h e S im pl e s t l ink s o f t h e c h a in r e m a ins j u s t a s
a r

inc o m p e h e ns ibl e a s b e fo e a nd e q u lly inc o m p e h e ns ibl e w h e t h e

r r ,
a r r

t h o s e l ink s a e l ik e o ne a no t h e r o
r no t T h e w o k ing o f e v e y r . r r

m a c h ine ye t k no w n r e s t s o n t h e fa c t t h a t c e r t a in p a t s o f it a r e s o l id r

a nd t h a t t h e s e p a r t s c o m m u ni c a t e t h e ir m o t io ns b u t h o w t h e e l e m nt s e

m a na g e t o b ind o ne a no t h e r i nt o a n nc h a ng ing S h a p e a nd h o w t h e y u ,

c a n t a ns m it m o t io ns
r — a nd t h is is w h a t is e s s e nt ia l in t h e p r o c e s s o f

h
t e ac o t i n o f m a t t e r o n m a t t e — r e m a ins inv is ibl e a nd t h e S im il a it y
r ,
r

o f th p t s c o nc e ne d in t h e a c t io n a dds no t h ing t o it s inte ll ig ib il ity

e ar r .

W he n t h n we s p e a k o f a n a c t io n t a k ing pl a ce b e t we e n t h e s o l a nd
e u

m a t e ia l e l e m e nt s a ll t h a t we m is s is t h e p e r c e p t io n o f t h a t e x t e n l
r ,
r a

s c e ne y w h ic h m a y m a k e t h e i nfl u e nce o f m a t t e r o n m a t t e r m o
r re

f m il ia t o u s b u t c a nno t e xpl a i n it
a r ,
W e S h a ll ne v e r s e e t h e l a s t .

a t o m o f t h e ne v e im p ing ing o n t h e s o u l o
r the so u l p o n it ; b u t ,
r u

e q u a lly in t h e c a s e o f t wo v is ibl e s p h e r e s t h e i m p a c t is no t t h e

int e ll ig ibl e c a u s e o f t h e c o m m u nic a t io n o f m o t io n ; it is no t h ing b u t

t h e fo m in w hic h we c a n p e r c e iv e s o m e t h i ng h a pp e ning w h ic h we
r

d o no t c m p e h e nd o r .

T h e m is t a k e is t o de s i r e t o d i s c o v e r i ndis p e ns a bl e c o nd i t io ns o f a ll
a c t io n ; a nd we a e o nly r e p e a t ing t h is m i s t a k e in a no t h e r fo m w h e n
r r

we d e c l a re t h e im m a t e r ia l s o u l a s de vo id o f m a s s i nc a p a bl e o f a c t ing
, ,

m e c h a nic a lly o n a d e ns e m a t e ia l m a s s o c o nc e iv e it a s a n i
r ,
r h

v u l ne a bl e s h a do w ina c c e s s ibl e t o t h e a t t a c ks o f th e c o po e a l w o l d
r , r r r .
43 8 Tue M e t ap n
y s ic a l Co ncep t io n f Me So u l
o . [ BO O K 1 1 1 .

We m ight wi t h o u t h e s i t a t i o n t a k e ah Opp o si te p o i nt o f vi e w a nd ,

s p e a k o f t h e s o u l a s a d e fi ni t e m a s s a t e v e r y m o m e nt w h e n it p o du c e s r

a n e ffe c t m e a s u r a b l e by t h e m o v e m e nt o f a c o rp o e a l m a s s A nd r .

in d o ing s o we s h o u l d b e t a ki ng no ne o f it s i m m a t e r i a l it y f o m it ; r

fo r wi t h b o di e s a ls o it is no t t h e c a s e t h a t t h e y a r e fi r s t m a s s e s a nd
t h e n a nd t h e re fo r e p o du c e e ffe c t s o r a c t ; b u t a c c o r ding t o t h e d e g r e e
. r

o f t h e i r e ffe c t s t h e y a e c a ll e d m a s s e s o f a c e t a i n m a g nit u de
r The r .

s o u l a g a i n is no l e s s c a p a bl e o f e iv ing e ffe c t s t h r o u g h t h e s t im u l u s
r ce

o f m a t e r i a l e l e m e nt s t h a n t h e y a r e fr o m o ne a no t h e r a l t h o u gh it d o e s ,

no t s t a nd fa c e t o fa c e w it h t h e m in a n e q u a lly p e r c e p t ibl e S h a p e ;
fo r a s b e t w e e n t h o s e e l e m e nt s t h e m s lv e s s h a p e a nd m o v e m e nt e ,

im p a c t a nd p r e s s u e de t e r m ine no t h i ng bu t t h e e x t e r na l a pp e a a nc e
r ,
r

b e h ind wh ic h a nd t h e s c e ne o n wh ich t h e i m p e c e p t ibl e p o c e s s o f

, ,
r r

a c t io n g o e s o n .

A nd l a s t ly in o u r p r e s e nt m e t a p h y s i c a l di s c u s s i o n we ne e d no t
, ,

h a v e e nt e re d o n t h e s e o bj e c t io ns a t a ll W e h a ve g iv e n u p t h a t .

s im pl e a nd t h o r o u g h d iv is io n o f r e a l it y w h i c h pl a c e s m a tt e r o n o ne ,

s ide a nd t h e m ind o n t h e o t h e r c o nfi de nt a nd fu ll o f f it h in, e ga r d a r

t o t h e fo r m e r t im id a nd do u b t f l a b o u t t h e l a t t e r
, u Eve y t h i ng we . r

s u pp o s e d o u r s e lv e s t o k no w o f m a t t e r a s a n Obv io u s a nd i nd e p e nde nt

e xi s t e nc e h a s l o ng S inc e b e e n dis s o lv e d in t h e c o nvi c t io n t h a t m a tt e r

,

it s e l f t o g e t h e r wi t h t h e Sp a c e by fill ing w h i c h it s e e m e d m o s t c o n
, ,

v inc ing l t o p r o v e it s p e c u li a r na t u re is no t h i ng bu t a n a pp e a a nc e
y ,
r

fo r o u r p e c e p t i o n a nd t h a t t h is a pp e a r a nc e a is e s f o m t h e r e c ip o c a l
r , r r r

e ffe c t s w h ic h e x is t e nc e s in t h e m s e lv e s s u p e r s e ns u o u s p o du c e o n
,
-
,
r

o ne a no t h e r a nd c o ns e q u e nt ly
, a l so u po n t h e s o u l, T he e m y . r a ,

t h e r e fo r e b e s o m e o t h e r wa y in w h ic h t h e s o u l is s e p a a t e d f o m
, r r

t h e s e e x is t e nc e s ; bu t it is no t p a r t e d fr o m t h e m by t h e g u l f o f
t h a t i nc o m p a r a b ili t y w h ic h is s u pp o s e d t o be a b a r t o a ll i nt e r

a c t io n.

24 9 . So l o ng as we b e l ie ve
i gu l f t o e xi s t we na t u a lly t y t o
th s ,
r r

b ridg e it a nd th e r e fo e r a is e th e p o int l e s s qu e s t io n r e s p e c ti ng t h
, r e

b o nd wh ic h h o lds b o dy a nd s o u l t o g e t he r Wh a t is th e u s e o f a b o nd
I
.

e x c e p t t o h o l d t o g e t h e r t h ing s w h i c h b e i ng p e r fe c t ly i ndiffe r e nt t o
,

e a c h o t h e r a nd de s t it u t e o f a ll i nt e r a c t i o n t h e a t e n t o fa ll a s u nd e r ?
- r
,

A nd h o w is a b o nd t o d o it s w o k e x c e p t t h o u g h t h e c o nne x io n o f
r r

it s o wn p a r ts a c o nne x io n w h ic h o ne c a nno t s u pp o s e t o b e in it s
,

t u r n e ffe c t e d by ne w b o nds b e t w e e n t h e s e p a r t s b u t w h ic h m u s t r e s t ,

in th e e nd o n t h e i r o wn i nt e -a c t i o ns ? A nd if in t h is ins t a nc e it is
r

c l e a r t h a t t h e bi nd ing fo c e o f t h e b o nd c o ns i s t s Si m pl
r
y in t h e i nt e r

a c t i o ns wh i c h flo w f o m t h e inne r r e l a t io ns o f it s p a r t s t o o ne a no t h e r
r ,
 HAP ER 6o ncl 6e t we e n Bo dy
’ ’
A So u l 8
‘
C T a na 4 39

wh y s h o u d th e l ca s e i
be t we e n t h e bo dy a nd so u l ? T h e i r
be d ffe r e nt
u nio n c o ns i s t s in t h e fa c t t h a t t h e y c a n a nd m u s t a c t o n o ne a no t h e r ,

a nd no e x t e r na l b o nd w h i h e m b r a c e d t h e m b o t h c o u l d s u pply t h e
c

pl a c e o f t h is c a p a c i ty a nd ne c e s s ity u nl e s s its i nc l u s i o n o f t h e m w e re
,

a l re a dy b a s e d o n t h e i r o wn na t u r e s B e s ide s h o w p o v ty s t i c k e n
.
,
er -
r

is t h e i de a o f t h is s ingl e b o nd w h i c h in o u r p a r s i m o ny we f nc y w il l
,
a

s u ffi c e u s ! Eve n s u pp o s i ng it t o e xi s t w h e r e a r e we t o fi nd th e ,

p o s i t ive g r o u nd o f t h e na t u r e a nd fo r m o f t h o s e a c t i o ns o r e ffe c t s
w h ich a s a m a t t e r o f fa c t t a k e pl a c e ? Th e r e a so n fo r t h e ir e xi s t e nc e
, ,

c a nno t b e fo u nd by a no t h e r a pp e a l t o t h e i ndiffe r e nt b o nd ; it w o u l d

h a ve t o b e s o u g h t in t h e p e c li a r na t u re s o f t h e th i ng s c o nne c t e d
u .

Wh a t e v e r nu m be r o f difle r e nt int e r a c t i o ns b o dy a nd s o u l c a n e ffe c t in

-

v i r t u e o f t h e r e l a t i o n o f t h e ir na t u r e s S O m a ny b o nd s a r e t h e e w h i c h r
‘

u ni t e t h e m a nd h o l d t h e m t o g e t h e r bu t t o l o o k fo r t h e o ne na m e l e s s
b o nd w h i ch Sh o u l d t a ke t h e pl a c e o f a ll t h e s e is va in a b s u r d a nd , , ,

w e a r is o m e Eve n if we u nde r s ta nd it t o be m e r e ly a o nditi s in

. c o e

q u a n o n f o r t h e e x e r c i s e o f c a p a c it ie s b a s e d o n s o m e t h ing e l s e we ,

s t ill m u s t r fu s e t o e a dm i t it ; fo r t h e b o dy a nd s o u l w e r e ne v e r
s e p a r a t e d fr o m o ne a no t h e r l ik e t wo b o d ie s w h ic h c a nno t a c t o n o ne

a no t h e r c h e m i c a lly u nt il t h e y a r e b r o u g h t t o g e t h e r O ne w o d l a s tly . r , ,

o n t h e s a c a s m w h ic h r e p r o a c h e s u s w it h fo m ing t h e p e r so na l it y o f
r r

m a n by a d ding t wo i ng e die nt s t o g e t h e r r I t is j u s t t h is a ddit io n .

t h a t is m a de by t h e o ne e x t e r na l b o nd a nd w h a t we w a nt is no t it

bu t t h e m u l t ipli c i ty o f a c o m pl e x d o u bl e a nd u nit e d l ife B u t in s p it e .

o f t h i s u ni ty we d o no t l o o k fo r m a n s p e s o na l it y in b o dy a nd s o u l
’
r

a lik e bu t in t h e s o u l
,
l o ne W e s e e k in t h e bo dy o nly t h e e c h o o r
a .

a pp e a a nc e o f it s a c t i o n ; fo r t h e b o dy is a nd r e m a ins fo r t h e s o u l
r

a p a rt o f th e e x t e r na l w o l d t h o u g h t h a t p a r t w h ic h it c a n m o s t
r ,

di r e c t ly r u le a nd t o wh o s e i nfl u e nc e it is m o s t i m m e dia t e ly s u sc e p t ibl e .

2 5 0 T h e re is a no th e r qu e s t i o n o n w h ic h I wi s h t o t o u c h a nd
.
,

th e s e r e m a k s a t o nc e s u gg e s t it
r I f t h e int e r a c t i o n o f b o dy a nd
.
-

s o u l is a n e a s y m a t t e r wh y no t o a s t e f t h e i ns t e a d o f s t ill ur r,
, g p
m a int a ining a s e p a a t i o n i nt o t wo int e r a c t ing S ide s ?
r A t h o w m a ny
p o i nt s h a ve we c o m e c l o s e t o a n o pp o s it e v ie w ! W e did no t r e g a r d
t h e s o u l a s s o m e t h ing s t e a d fa s t in it s e l f f o m e t e r ni t y s o m e t h i ng r ,

w h ic h e nt e s a s a n i ndis s o l u bl e su b s t a nc e i nt o t h e m a c h i ne ry o f t h e
r

bo dy s f m a t i o n ; we a dm it t e d t h a t t h e y a is e t o g e t h e r Ev e n t h e
'
o r r .

s u pp o s it io n t h a t th e s o u l a r is e s g a d u a lly a c c o d ing a s t h e r b o d ily r

o ga ni a t io n a pp r o a c h e s it s c o m pl e t io n d id no t s e e m t o u s im p o s s ibl e
r z , .

W h a t is th e e no w t o h inde r t h e c o nfe s s io n t h a t it is S im ply a

r

c o ns e qu e nc e o f th is p h y s i ca l c o nc a t e na t i o n o f a t o m s ? A nd if o n
44 0 Tue M e t apnys ica l Co ncep t io n of Me So u l . [ B OO K I I I .

the o i de it is c o nc e de d t h a t So l o ng a s we a bi de by t h e
th e r s ,

c u s t o m a r y p h y s i c a l id e a s we c a nno t d e d u c e t h e o ig in o f a p s y c h ic l
,
r a

p o c e s s f o m th e c o o p e r a t io n o f m a t e i a l a t o m s wh y ne e d we h o l d
r r - r ,

t o t h o s e ide a s ? W h y no t a do p t t h a t w id v ie w w h ic h h o l ds t h a t if er ,

a nu m b e r o f e l e m e nt s m e e t t o g e t h r t h e n a c c o r ding a s t h e nu m b e r e , ,

o f th e c o nne c t e d p a t s a nd t h e m u l t ipl ic ity f t h i r e l a t io ns

r o e r

inc e a s e s p e f c t ly ne w e ff e c t s o r a c t io ns m a y b e c o nn c t e d w it h
r ,
r e e

t h o se m e e t ing e l e m e nt s e ffe c t s w h ic h do no t fo ll o w o n t h e i nt e r
,

a c t io n o f t wo a t o m s a lo ne a nd w h ic h t h e r e fo e w e ne v e r c a n d is c o v e r
,
r ,

s o l o ng a s we t y t o fi nd t h e c o nc l s io ns o f s u c h c o m pl ic a t e d p e
r u r

m is s e s by m e r e ly a dd i ng t o g e t h e r t h e int e r a c t i o ns o f e a c h p a ir -

o f th e m ?
In w e ing th i s q u e s t i o n I m u s t fi r s t g o b a c k t o a n e a li e r s t a t e
a ns r r

m e nt . Ev e n s u pp o s ing we c o u l d u nr e s e v e dly a pp r o ve o f t h e s e r

ide a s s t il l t h e o nly p p o s e we c o u l d p u t th e m t o w o u l d b e t o de du c e
,
ur

fr o m t h e m w h t is g iv e n u s in e xp e i e nce ; t h a t m s t no t b e p u t
a r u

a s i de a s a m a tt e fo d o b t o n t h e g o u nd t h a t o u r p e s u pp o s it io ns
r r u ,
r r

a e no t fo u nd t o
r l e a d t o it No w wh a t is p o nne c t e d w it h t h e s e.

a s s o c ia t io ns o f m a ny e l e m e nt s is no t m e e ly p s y c h ic a l s t a t e s p h e no r ,

m e na e v e nt s o
,
w h a t e v e we l ik e t o c a ll t h e m Fo r e a c h o f t h s e
,
r r . e

r e s u l t s i ne x o a bly d e m a nd s a s u bj e c t w h o s e s t a t e o
r s t im u l a t i o n it is ; , r

a nd p s y c h ic a l l ife s o fa r a s it is a g iv e n o bj e c t o f inw a r d e xp e r ie nc e
, ,

i nc lu de s fo r u s t h e fa c t o f a niyt o f t h is s u bj e c t t o w hic h t h e u ,

e v e nt s we h a v e s p o k e n o f a e o r c a n b e r e fe r e d a s s o m e t h ing t h a t
r r

b e fa ll s it I w ill no t r e p e a t m y de m o ns t a t io n t h a t t h e a na l o gy o f t h e
. r

fo m a t io n o f p h y s ic a l r e s u l t a nt s c a n ne v e l e a d u s t o t h is u ni t y
r r ,

u nl e s s we t a k e b e fo e h a nd a s a fix e d p o int t h e u nit y o f t h e s bj e c t in
r u

wh ic h a v a r ie t y o f l m e nt s is t o c o m bi ne : I w ill o nly a dd t h a t t h e
e e

ide a s I h a v e b e e n m e nt io ning o ffe no ne w e xp e die nt w h i c h c o u l d r

le a d u s b e y o nd t h a t d e du c t io n o f r e s u lt a nt s S inc e s o m u c h th a t is .

ne w h a s t o a is e f o m t h e c o m bi na t io n o f t h e a t o m s it s e e m s t o m e
r r
,

t h a t we S h o u l d h a v e t o m a k e u p o u m i nd s t o t h e fi na l s t e p a nd r ,

m a int a in t h a t fr o m a c e t a in d e fi nit e fo m o f t h is c o m b ina t i o n t h e r e

r r

a ls o a is e s a s a ne w e x is t e nc e t h a t o ne s u bj e c t t h a t v e r y s o u l w h ic h
r , , ,

c o ll e c t s in i t s e l f t h e s t a t e s p e v io s ly s c a t t e e d a m o ng t h e s bj e c t s
r u r u

o f t h e indiv id a l a t o m s B u t t h e m e r e a dm is s io n t h a t p sy ch ic a l u nit y
u .

Sp r ing s f o m p h y s ic a l m u l t ipl ic ity is no m e it in th e t h e o ry ; it s im p ly

r r

s t a t e s t h e s u pp o s e d fa c t a nd s o g iv e s e xp e s s io n t o a v e r y fa m il ia
, r r

p r o bl e m bu t it o ,f
f e s u s no fu t h e e xp la na t i o n o f it
r On t h e o th e r
r r .

h a nd t h e e xp e s s io n e m pl o y e d is s c a c e ly p e c u l i
, r t o t h e v ie w in r ar

qu e s tio n fo r t h e p sy c h ic a l u nity o f w h ic h it Sp e a k s is s im ply w h a t we

C H A PT E R Q/ S Oll
(
l S ll é é id fl fi e d e-
‘

no vo .
O
44 I

m ean byw o d s u b s ta nce I t is u nde t h is ti t l e t h e n a s s u b s t a nc e

th e r . r , ,

t h a t t h e s o u l w o u l d be c o m e t h fo nd t io n o n w h ic h o u r a c c o u nt e u a

o f t h e r e s t o f it s l ife w o u l d b e b a s e d ; fo by no th ing s h o t o f th is r r

s h o u l d we h a v e c o m pl ie d w it h t h e p o s t u l a t e s w hic h e xp e ie nc e im r

p o s e s o n o u r a tt e m p t s a t e xpl a na t io n A nd a t th i s p o int I s h o l d . u

t a k e l a ve to p e s u e t h e s a m e p o int o f vi e w s t ill fu t h e r
ur A c c o d ing r . r

t o it it is p o s s ibl e t h t a c e t a in s t a t e o f t h ing s m a y be t h e
,
a r eal r

g o u nd o f a c o ns e q u e nc e w h i c h we c a nno t a na ly t ic a lly d du c e f o m
r e r

it b u t c a n o nly c o nj o in t o it a s s o m e t h ing ne w ; b u t if t h is is s o it is ,

p o s s ibl e t h a t t h e s o u l o nc e i s e n m a y g o it s o wn wa y a nd u nfo l d
, ar ,

a c t ivi t ie s w h ic h h a v e t h e ir s u ffi c i e nt g r o nd in it a l o ne (w h e n o nc e it u

h a s c o m e int o b e ing ) a nd no t in t h e l e a s t in t h o s e o t h e fa c t s w h ic h
, r

le d t o it s c e a t io n T h e e w o u l d r e m a in t h e e fo e no t a S h do w o f
r . r r r a

ne c e s s it y fo t h e p o p o s a l t o c o nne c t w it h e v e ry a c t ivi ty o f t h e s o u l
r r
.

a s it s p o d c ing c o nd it io n a c o
r u e s p o nd i ng a c t iv it y o f t h e b o dy a nd rr ,

we s h o l d S im ply c o m e b a c k t o t h a t p s y c h o p h y s ic a l m e c h a nis m
u -

w h ic h a llo w s c h s id a s p h e r e o f int e r a c t io n b u t t t h e s m e t im e
e a e -
,
a a

a cc o r d s t o e a c h a fi e l d fo a n a c t ivi t y o f it s o wn in w h ic h t h e o t h e r
r

has no c o ns t a nt s h a r e .

251 . I ha ve sti ll s o m e t h in g to a dd t o our h yp o t h e s is . Wh e n th e

l
e e m e nt s p q , ,
r a re co m bine d in t h e fo r m F an e ffe c t o r a c t io n Z
is c o n o ine j w ith t h e m wh ic h do e s no t fo llo w f o m t h e S ingl e e ff e c t s
d , r

o f t h e e l e m e nt s w h n t a k e n in p i s t h is is a pl a s i ng e xp e s s io n
’
e a r : e r ,

a nd o ne t h a t s t is fi e s t h e im a g ina t io n a B u t wh o h a s c o nj o ine d t h e .

e ffe c t wi t h t h e m ? O no t t o ins i s t u nfa i ly o n t h e w o ds h o w a e we

r, r r ,
r

t o c o nc e iv e t h e fa c t t h a t a la w h o l ds go o d fo t h e v a io s e l e m e nt s r r u

p g , , w h i c h d e t e m in e s t h e e f
f e c t rZ fo t h e ir f o r m o f c o m bi n a r

t io n F ? H o w a e we t o c o nc e iv e th is o t h e r fa c t t h a t t h o s e e l e m e nt s
r ,

t a k e no t ic e t h a t a t a g ive n m o m e nt t h is F is p e s e nt i e t h a t a c a s e r ,
. .

h a s a is e n fo r t h e a ppl ic a t io n o f t h e la w w h ic h wa s no t p e s e nt t h e
r r

momen t b e fo r e ? O l a s t ly if we r e c o ll e c t t h a t t h a t fo m o f c o m b ina t io n
r , r

s ig nifi s no t h ing b t
e n a ffe c t io n o f t h o s e e l e m e nt s a l e a dy p e s nt in
u a r r e

th e m in c o ns e q u e nc e o f w hic h t h e y a e no l o ng e p g
,
b t r r , ,
u

p x, s t i ll t h e q u e s t io n w o u l d r e m a in h o w d id t hi s c h ng e in t h e ,
a

s t t e o f e a c h b e c o m e no t ic e a bl e by e v e r y o t h e r s o t h a t t h e y c o l d a ll
a ,
u

c o ns p i e t o p o d c e t h e fu t h e r a c t io n Z ?
r r u I h a v e a l e a dy a is e d
r r r

t h e s e q u e s t io ns m o r e t h a n o nc e a nd t h e ne c e s s a y a ns w e to th e m
,
r r

h a s s e e m e d t o be t h a t t h e c o u s e o f t h e w o l d is no t c o m p e h e ns ibl e r r r

by a pl u a l is m w h ic h s ta r ts w it h a n o ig ina l m u l t ipl ic it y o f e l e m e nt s
r r

r e c ip o c a lly i nd iffe r e nt
r a nd h o pe s a ft e w ,
ds t h o gh t h e m e r ar r u re

be h e s t o f l a w s t o fo c e t h e m t o t a k e no t i c e o f e a h o t h e r
r A p a rt c .
44 2 Tue fli e t ap n
y s ica l Co nce t io n
p f
o Me So u l . [B OOK i i i .

fr o m t h e u nit yp a s s i ng R e a li t y w h i ch is a ll t h ing s a t
o f t he e nc o m

o nc e a nd w h ic h de t e r m i ne s t h e ir b e ing a nd na t u r e it is i m p o s s ibl e t o ,

c o nc e iv e t h e a i s ing o f a ny a c t io n a t a g iv e n pl a c e a nd t i m e w h e t h e r
r ,

t h a t a c t io n b e o ne o f t h o s e t h e c o nt e nt o f w h ic h we b e l ie v e t o be

de du ibl e f o m t h e giv e n c i r c u m s t a nc e s o r o ne o f t h o s e w h i c h c a n
c r ,

o nly b e r e g a de d a s a ne w a ddit io n t o t h e m
r I r e p e a t t h is h e r e in .

o r de r t o d e fe nd t h e h yp o th e s i s o f t h e p r e c e ding p a r a g a ph Fo r r .

I sh o u l d c e r t a inly ne ve r s e t a ny o ne t h e ta s k o u t o f t e n e l e m e nt s t o ,

m a k e a n e l e v e nt h a r i s e e qu a lly r e a l wi t h t h e m I t is n o t fr o m t h e m .

t h a t o n t h is h yp o t h e s is t h e s u b s t a nc e o f t h e s o u l w o u l d Sp i ng ; no r
, , r

w o u l d it a is e a b o v e t h e m b e t w e e n t h e m o by t h e s ide o f t h e m
r , ,
r ,

o u t o f no t h ing I t w o u l d be a ne w c r e a t i o n p r o du c e d by t h e o ne
.
,

e nc o m p a s s ing b e i ng fr o m it s o wn na t u e a s t h e s u ppl e m e nt o f it s r

p h ys ic a l a c t ivity t h e e a nd t h e n Op e r a ti ng r .

2 5 2 T o a c e t a in e x t e nt no d o u b t I s h o u l d b e m e r e ly dis p u t i ng
. r

a b o u t w o r d s if I i ns i s t e d o n t h e s e s t a t e m e nt s s t ill fu r t h e
, in Opp o s itio n r

t o Fe c h ne r c o ns id e i n t h a t h is w o k s t e s t ify s o f lly t o h is e nt h u s ia s m
r
, g r u

fo a u ni t y o f a ll t h ing s w h ic h s h o u l d b e a t o nc e i de a l a nd e ffe c t iv e
r Ye t .

it w o u l d no t b e a l t o g e t h e r a v e r b a l q u a rr e l ; I a m a nx io u s t o t a k e t h is
o pp o t u nit y o f d e c l a i ng a g a i ns t a p o i nt o f vi e w w h i c h m a
r b t a n
r
y e a y
r a t e s u m is e d f o m t h e e xp r e s s io ns h e h a s c h o s e n
r r A ft e r w h a t I h a v e .

s a i d I ne e d no t r e p e a t t h a t in m e y e s no t h i ng is g a in e d in t h e wa y
y , ,

o f c l e a r ne s s by t h e i nv e nt io n o f t h e na m e p s y c h o p hy s ic a l o c cu r ‘ -

r e nce or
,
’
p sy c h o p hy s i c a l p o c e s s I a dm it t h a t t h e e xp e s s io n
‘
-
r .
’
r

m a y h a v e a m e a ning w h e n a ppl ie d t o a Si ngl e e l e m e nt in w h ic h a s , ,

I s a i d b e fo r e we c o nc e ive p h y s i c a l a nd p s y c h i c a l s t im u l a t io ns t o e xi s t
,

t o g e th e r B u t w h e n it is u s e d t o e xpl a i n t h a t li fe o f t h e s o u l w h ic h is
.
,

s u pp o s e d t o de v e l o p e i t s e l f fr o m t h e c o Op e r a t i o n o f a s y s t e m o f -

e l e m e nt s it s e e m s t o m e t o b e a t t r a c t iv e o nly b e c a u s e o f it s i ndis t inc t

,

ne s s . W h e r e we fi nd it diffic u l t t o de fi ne t h e c o nne xi o n b e t w e e n t wo
m e m b e r s o f a r e l a t io n w h i c h m u s t b e k e p t a p a t a nd dis t in ct we r ,

a ll fe e l s o m e w e a k ne s s fo r i de a s w h i c h r e p re s e nt t h e t wo a s a n
o r ig ina l ni t y a nd t h e r e by dis m i s s t h e o bj e c t o f o u r e nqu i r y f o m t h e
u r

w o l d I n th e p r e s e nt c a s e I c a n fi nd no c l e a r a c c o u nt o f th e de fi nit e
r .

S ingl e s u bj e c t t o w h ic h e a c h s i ngl e i ns t a nc e o f t h is p o c e s s is a s r

c r ib e d a nd no s t a t e m e nt o f t h e m a nne r in w h ic h t h e s e a c t i o ns o r
,

e ff e c t s w o r k i nt o e a c h o t h e r a nd fo m a c o m p o s i t e w h o l e W h a t is
r .

m o r e i m p o r t a nt h o w e v e r t o m e is t h e d i ffe r e nc e b e t w e e n t h e l ig h t s
, ,

in w h ic h we v ie w wh a t is p e h a p s t h e s a m e s e t o f i de a s r I a llu de t o .

t h e g e ne r a l r e m a k s a t t h e e nd o f t h e s e c o nd v o l u m e o f Fe c h ne r s
’
r

E le m nt a r P sy / p fiy s ik (p I n t h i s p a s s a g e 1 fi nd t h a t h e
’
e e e c zo .
Cu m in. Tue su 6s t r a t u m o f Me P s
y c/z ic a l .
44 3

o bs e r v e s u po n a nd s u ppl ie s t h o u gh in a p e c u li a r fo r m w h a t I l o o k e d ,

fo r in v a in in o t h e r s t a t e m e nt s o f t h e pl u r a l is t ic h yp o t h e s is I do no t .

do u b t a t a ll t h a t fo r t h o s e wh o a r e a c c u s t o m e d t o t h e t e r m ino l o gy
, ,

t h e w a ve s a nd p r i nc ip a l w a v e s o f t h e p s y c h o p h y s ic a l a c t iv it y lik e it s -
,

S inki ng o r it s is ing o ve r c e t a in t h r e s h o l ds a e s o m e t h ing m o e t h a n

r r ,
r r

s h o t a nd p ic t o i a l de s ig na t i o ns o f a c t u a l fa c t s in t h e l ife o f t h e s o u l
r r

t h a t t h e y a e S ig ns w h ic h t h o u g h t h e i r c a p a c i t y o f t a ki ng a m a t h e
r , r

m a t ic a l fo m m a y l e a d t o m o r e de fi ni t e fo r m u l a t io ns o f r e c ip o c a l
r ,
r

r e l a ti o ns o f t h o s e fa c t s B u t I c a nno t h e lp fe e l ing t h a t in t h e s e
.

d e s c ip t io ns o f w h a t h a pp e ns t h e e a l c o ndi ti o n o f it s h a pp e ni ng
r r

is a l s o l o o k e d fo r o r if t h i s is a m is u nde s t a nd ing t h a t a t a ny a t e
,
r , r

t h e r e is m u c h p r o v o c a t io n fo it Fo r if no i de a o f t h i s k ind h a d h a d
r .

a h a nd in t h e m a tt e r m a ny o f t h e e xpl a na t io ns t h a t a r e g iv e n w o u l d
,

be in r e a li ty no t h ing b u t e l e g a nt t a ns c ip t io ns o f fa m il ia r t h o u gh t s r r

i nt o t h i s s ig n l a ng u a ge t r a ns c ip ti o ns w h ic h do no t di e c t ly a dv a nc e
-
,
r r

t h e e nqu i y : a nd t h e r e a de r w ill no t s u pp o s e t h a t h e h a s g i ne d
r a

a ny t h ing by t h e m u nl e s s h e is a ll o w e d t o t a k e t h e s e im a g e s fo r t h e

d i s c o v y o f s o m e t h ing h it h e r t o u nk no w n o f t h e ins t r m e nt a t io n s o
er ,
u ,

t o s p e a k o n w h ic h t h e r e a l is a t io n o f t h e p s y c h i c a l p o c e s s e s e s t s
, r r .

O ne o f t h e l a s t s e nt e nc e s o f t h i s c e l e b a t ed b o o k (p 5 4 6 ) m a y r .

e xp la in w h a t it is I o bj e c t t o Th e s u b s t r a t e o f w h a t is p s y c h ic a l we
.
,

a e r t o l d is s o m e t h i ng d iffu s e d t h o u gh t h e w h o l e w o ld a nd c o n
, r r

ne c t e d int o a s y s t e m by u niv e s a l fo r c e s ; t h e q u a nt i t y o f c o ns c io u s r

ne s s d e p e nds s i m p ly o n t h e q u a nt it y a nd no t o n t h e q u a li t y o f t h e ,

p s y c h o p h y s i c-
a l m o t i o n a n d t h i s q u a l it y S h o u l d r a t h e r b e c o n ne cte d

o nly w it h t h e q u a l ity o f t h e p h e no m e na o f c o ns c i o u s ne s s T h u s .

e v e y m o t io n w h a t e v e r it s fo m a nd w h a t e v e r it s s b s t r a t e
r , r wo u ld o n u , ,

r e a c h i ng a c e t a in Sp e c ifi e d v a l u e c o nt ib u t e s o m e t h i ng t o c o ns c i o u s
r , r

ne s s w h e t h e r t h a t c o ns c io u s ne s s b e o u r o wn o r t h a t o f a no t h e r
,

p e r s o n o r a g e n e ra l c o n s c i o u s n e s s ; a n d e v e r y p r t i c u l a r fo m o f a r

m o t i o n— i e e v e r y p a t ic u l r c o ll o c a t io n a nd s e ie s o f v e l o c it y c o m
. . r a r -

p o n e n t s — w o u l d c a r y w ith it it s a pp o p ia t e p s y c h ic a l p h e no m e no n
r r r

o f t h e a pp o p ia t rfo m s o s o o n a s t h e c o m p o ne nt s e nt e ing int o

r e r , r

t h a t fo m a ll e x c e e d a c e r t a in q a nt i t a t iv e v a l e
r u u .

I n t h is wa y we d i s p e ns e w it h t h e m a gic a l c h a r m t h e gu lit
‘
, a as

occ u lt w h ic h is s u pp o s e d t o q u a l ify fo r p s y c h ic a l e ffe c t s o nly t his o r

a ,

t h a t e x c e p t io na l fo r m o f m o t io n W h a t is u nc o ns c io s a nd w h a t is ’
. u

c o ns c io u s in t h e w o r l d w ill r e p e s e nt m e e ly t wo c a s e s o f t h e s m r r a e

fo m u l a w h ic h is t h e s t a nda r d a t o nc e o f t h e i r e l a t i o n a nd o f t h e i
r , r r

t ra ns it io n i nt o o ne a no t h e r
’
.

I m a i nta in no t h i ng r e s p e c ti ng t h e m e a ni ng inte nde d in t he s e

444 Tue M e t ap /zy s ica l Co ncept io n o
f Me So u l .

wo r ds : I m a int a in o n y m a e a s ily be u nde s t o o d o m is

ly t h a t the r , r

u nde s t o o d
r t o r e c o m m e nd a v ie w
,
th e d m is s ib il it y o f w h ic h I ,
a

c e t inly
r a o nt e s t c H o we v e m u c h we m y b ing t h e ph e no m e na o f
. r a r

w
t o d iffe n t s e i
rees o f v
e e n t s u
r n d e r o n e a n d t h e s a m e fo m u l a — nd r a

I do no t de ny t h a t it is p o s s ibl e o o t d s o — s t ill a ll t h a t t h e fo m u l a r

in a ny c s e d o e s is t o d e s c ib e t h e p h e no m e na a ft e t h e y a e a c t u a lly
a r r r

t h e e ; it is no t t h e
r s o n wh y t h e y a e a c t u a lly t h e r e
re a I f a ll t h e r .

h o p e s h e e e xp e s s e d o f t h e p s y c h o p h y s ic a l c a l c u l u s w e e fu lfill e d
r r -
r ,

w s h o l d n v e th e l e s s s t ill b e u na bl e t o di s p ns e w it h t h a t g lit
e u e r e ua as

o cc ult w h ic h b ing s no t t o a n e x c e p t io na l kind o f m o t io n bu t t o

a ,
r , ,

e v ry m o t io n t h e c p a c it y fo r a n a c t iv it y w h ic h d o e s no t lie in t h e
e a

m o t io n it s e l f I m a y be t o l d t h a t wh a t I m i s is a l e a dy inc l u de d in
. s r

t h e ch a a cte r o f t h e m o t i o n a s psy l o ply i

r l a nd i nde e d it is no t c z -
z s ca

s o m u c h t h e m e a ning o f t h e s e s e n te nc e s t h a t I wi s h t o o bj e c t t o a s
t h e m a nne r in w h ic h it is e xp r e s s e d S t ill t h e e pp e a s e v e yw h e e . r a r r r

a s s o m e t hing fi s t a nd fo e m o s t a r niv e r s a l m e c h a nis m w h ic h o f it s e l f

r u ,

is s u pp o s e d t o p o du c t h is e s u l t t h t in r e l t io n t o c e t a in fo m s
r e r , a ,
a r r

o f m o t io n t h e a is e s a s t h e ir na t u r a l a nd ne c e s s a y c o ns e q
,
er r ,
nc e r ue

a nd a s t h e c o ns e q u e nc e o f no t h ing b e s id e t h e m m e nt l a c t iv it y ; ,
a a

fo e v e n t h g e ne a l fo m l w h ic h is t o i nc l u de c o ns io u s a nd u n
r e r r u a c

c o ns c io u s a s t wo c a s e s m s t o bv io u s ly a s t h e c o m m o n e l e m e nt of
,
u ,

wh ic h t h e y a e c a s e s m e a n no t t h e m e r a b s t a c t fo m u l a b u t a lw a y s
r , e r r ,

in t h e l a s t e s o t t h a t w h ic h is it s e l f u nc o ns c io u s na m e ly m o t io n
r r , ,
.

T h e b e a u t ifu l t h o u g h t s in w hic h F e c h ne r c o nt ra dic t s t h is int p e t a er r

t io n w ill be p t a s ide by m o s t o f h is r e de s a s e xc u s bl e d a y
u a r a

d e a m s ; b u t t h e e a e m a ny wh o w ill m a k e u s e o f h is e xp e s s io ns
r r r r

in o de r t o S h e l t e r u nd e a g e a t na m e t h e ir fa v o it e do c t in o f
r r r ur r e

the g n e ti er a
g io o f e v
o ae e r y t h
u in g a t i
o ca o n a l f o m t h a t w h ic h i s d r
e v o i d r

o f r e a so n .
 C H A PT E R II .

S e ns a t io ns a nd Me Co u r s e of I de a s .

253 . OUR m e nt a l li fe is a ro u s e d a ne w at e ve y r m o m e nt by s e nsa

t io ns wh ich t he e xte r na l w o l d e x c it e s
i g w ith o u t u s
r . Bu t th e th n s

b c o m e t h e c a u s e o f o u r s e ns a t io n no t t h o u g h t h e i r m e e e x is t e nc e
e r r ,

b u t o nly t h o u gh e ffe c t s w h i c h t h e y p o d c e in u s
r t h o u g h m o t io ns r u r ,

in w h i c h e i t h e t h e y t h m s e lve s a pp o a c h t h e s u f c e o f o u b o dy
r e r r a r

u nt il t h e y t o u c h it o r w h ic h t h e y f o m t h e ir o wn fix e d p o s it i o n c o m
,
r

m u nic a t e t o s o m e m e diu m a nd w h ic h t h i s m e di m in t r n p o p a g a t e s
,
u u r

fr o m a to m to a to m u
p t o t h a t s u r fa c e . A nd t h e r e fo re , th o u gh la n
gu a g e de s c r i be s t h in s g
bj e c t s w h i c h we s e e a nd h e a we m u s t
as o r,

no t a llo w t h e s e t a ns it iv e xp s s io ns t o s u gg e s t th e ide a t h a t o u r
r e re

s e ns e s o ,
o u r s o u l by m e a ns o f t h e m
r e x e c is e s o m e a c t iv it y w h ic h ,
r

g o e s o u t t o S ee k fo r t h e e x te rna l o bj e c t s a nd bring s t h e m t o p e c e p r

tio n . Ou r a t t it u de is a t fi s t o ne o f S im pl e w a it ing ; a nd a l t h o u g h
r

w h e n we s t a in o u r e y e s nd e a r s in l is t e ning o r wa t c h ing we m a y
r a

s e e m t o fe e l in t h o s e o g a ns s o m e t h ing o f s u c h a n o u t g o ing a c t ivi ty

r ,

w h a t we r e a lly fe e l is no t t h is bu t a diffe r e nt a c tivi ty —o ne by w h ic h ,

we pl a c e t h e m in a s t a t e o f t h e u t m o s t s e ns i t iv e ne s s fo r t h e i m p e s r

s io ns we e xp e c t .

No w it is s e l f e vi de nt t h a t s e ns a t i o ns w h i c h we h a v e a t o ne t im e
-
,

a nd no t a t a no t h e c a n o nly a i s e fr o m t h e a l t e a t io n o f a p e v io u s
r, r r r

s ta te a nd t h e r e fo e o nly t h r o u g h s o m e m o t io n w h ic h b ing s a b o u t
, r r

t h i s a l t e r a t io n T h e o ld id e a t h e e fo r e t h a t t h e m e r e a s s u m p t io n o f a
. r

s p e c ifi c s u b s t a nc e o r c a l o r i c wa s s u flic ie nt t o a c c o u nt fo o u fe e l ing r r

o f h e a t wa s a p a t fr o m a ll o t h e
,
o bj e c t io ns
r int r ins ic lly fa l s e r fo r ,
a :

t h i s c a l o i c e v e n if it w e e p r e s e nt c o u l d no t in t h e a b s e nc e o f a ny
r ,
r , ,

m o t i o n p r o du c e e i t h e r t h e s e ns tio n o f h e t o t h o s e o t h e e ff c t s w h ic h
,
a a r r e

w o l d p r o ve t h a t it i t s e l f wa s p e s e nt B t t h a t is o ne o bj e c t i o n w h ic h I
u r . u

fe a r w ill b e a is e d a g a ins t t h e do c t ine t h t a ll o

r s n t io ns a nd p e r r a ur e sa

c e pt io ns d p e nd o n m o t i ns o f t h e t h ing s w h ic h a
e o t o b t h e ir o bj e c t s re e .

Fr o m a n o nto l o g ic a l p o i nt o f vi e w I r e g a de d a c e ta i n sy m p a th e t i c r ap r r
 44 6 Se ns a t io ns a nd Me Co u r s e of I de a s . [ B OOK i i i .

p o
r t a s th e li g
u t m a te r o u nd o f e v e r y
p o s Sible i n t e r a c t i o n B u t I m a
y
-
.
,

b e a s k e d if t h is ide a is s o u nd wh y s h o u l d no t t h ing s e x is t fo r o ne
, ,

a no t h e r a p a r t f o m a ny p h y s ic a l int e r m e dia t io n ; a nd wh y S h o u l d no t
r

we p e r ce iv e t h i ng s i m m e di t e ly wi t h o u t h a vi ng t o w a it fo r t h e
a ,

i m p a c t o f t h e i r p o p a g a t e d m o t i o n o n u s ? T h a t sy m p a t h y I a ns w e r
r , ,

t h e na m e o f w h i c h wa s b o rr o w e d fr o m a d u b io u s qu a t e r wa s no t r ,

s u c h a c o m m u ni t y o f a ll t h i ng s a s is de s t i t u t e o f o d e a nd d e g r e e r r .

O n t h e c o ntr a r y we fo u nd t h a t t h e e l e m e nt s o f t h e w h o le s t o o d t o
,

o ne a no t h e r in r e l t io ns v a yi ng w ide ly in t h e i r c l o s e ne s s o r di s t a nc e ;
a r

a nd it wa s t o t h e s e e l e m e nt s we a s c ib e d a n i m m e d ia t e s y m p a t h y
r

w h i c h ne e ds no a t ifi c ia l m e a ns fo r it s p r o d c tio n Th e de g e e o f
r u . r

t h is c l o s e ne s s o r dis t a nce de t e r m ine s fo r a ny t wo e l e m e nt s t h e nu m

be r o f int e r m e d ia t e s ne c e s s a y fo r t h e i r i nt e r a c t io n ; ne c e s s a r y no t
r ,

b e c a u s e th e l a w s o f a pr e m u nda ne s ys t e m o f m e c h a ni c s w o u l d r e nde r
-

t h e i nt e r a c t io n i m p o s s ib le in t h e a b s e nc e o f t h e s e i nt e r m e dia t e s bu t ,

b e c a u s e in t h e ir a bs e nc e it w o u l d be in c o nt r a di c tio n wi t h t h e de g e e
, , r

a nd na t u r e o f t h e r e l a t i o n o n w h i c h it is fo u nde d a nd wi th t h a t ,

m e a ning o f t h e w h o l e w h i c h a g a i n is t h e fo u nda t i o n o f w h a t e v e r

m e c h a ni c a l la w s h o l d g o o d in th e w o r l d T h u s in o u r vi e w t h e
.
,

m o t io ns in q u e s t i o n t h e p h y s i c a l t im li o f t h e s e ns e s a r e no t t h e
, s u ,

i ns t r u m e nt a l c o nditi o ns w h ic h p la c e a ll t h ing s fo r t h e fi s t t i m e in
'

,
r

r e l a t io ns t o o ne a no t h e r a nd t o u s b u t x pr s i ns o f t h a t e x is t i ng
,
e es o

a nd i r re m o v a b le ne t w o r k o f c o nd i t io ns w h ic h t h e m e a ni n g o f th e wo r l d
h a s e s t a bli s h e d b e t we e n t h e s t a t e s o f t h o se t h ing s W e kno w t h a t .

in a ny c h a i n a l o ng w h ic h a n a c t i o n o r e ffe c t is p r o p a g a t e d t h e r e is
, ,

ne c e s s a r ily p e s u pp o s e d in t h e l a s t r e s o t a w h o lly i m m e di a t e a c t i on
r r

b e t w e e n e a ch l ink a nd t h a t w h ic h li e s ne x t t o it T h e fa nt a s t ic i de a .

wh ic h e x t e nds t h is dir e c t r e c ip o c a l i nfl u e nce t o a ny t h ing a nd e ve ry

r

t h ing a nd w o u l d a c c o r dingly pla c e t h e s o u l in a c o m m u ni o n f e e

, , r

fr o m a ll p h y s i c a l i nt e rm e dia t io n w it h di s t a nt o bj e c t s c a nno t t h e r e fo r e
, ,

be t h e o e t i c a lly p r o ve d i m p o s s ibl e B u t i na bil it y t o c o nt r o v e r t a p o i nt

r .

o f v ie w l ie s a l o ng wa y fro m b e li e f in it s v a l idit y Co ns i de ri ng t h a t .

t h e w h o l e o f t h e k no w n a nd w a k ing li fe o f t h e s o u l is b a s e d t h r o u gh

o u t u p o n t h a t p h y s i c a l i nt e rm e d i a t i o n we c a n o nly a ns w e r a s s e r t e d
,

e xp e r i e nc e s o f a n int e r ru p t i o n o f t h is c o nne x io n by t h e m o s t d e c i de d

d is b e li e f a nd t h e s e e xp e r ie nc e s c o u l d c a l l fo r a t t e nt i o n o nly if o c c a
,

s i o ning c a u s e s c o u l d be a s s ig ne d a de qu a t e t o p o du c e s u c h r e m a k a bl e
,
'
r r

e x c e p t i o ns in t h e c o u r s e o f na t u e r .

2 5 4 O n t h e i a r r iv a l in t h e b o dy t h e e x t e r na l s t im u l i m e e t wi th t h e
. r

s y s t e m o f ne r v e fib e s p r e p a e d fo r t h e i r r e c e p t i o n
-
r r Th e c h a ng e wh ic h .

t h e y s e t u p in t h e s e ne r v e fi br e s b e c o m e s t h e i nt e r na l s e ns e s t i m u l u s
- -
,
cw m Tr a ns m is s io n of s e ns e s t im u lu s -
.
44 7

wh i c h is th e m o r e i m m e dia t e c a u s e o f o u r s e ns a tio n W e l e a v e it t o .

p h y s i o l o gy t o a s c e t a i n e x a c t ly
r w h a t t a k e s pl a c e i n t h i s n e r v o u s pr o c e s s .

T h e a ns w e r t o t h a t q u e s t io n c o u l d h a v e a va l u e fo r p s y c h o l o gy o nly if
it w e r e S O c o m pl e t e a s t o e na bl e u S t o de du c e f o m t h e v a io u s m o difi r r

c a t io ns o f t h e p o c e s s t h e c o rr e s p o nd ing m o difi c a t i o ns o f t h e s e ns a
r

t i o n a nd t o e xp r e s s t h e re l a t i o n in a u niv e r s a l la w : w h e r e a s t h e m e re

s u b o d ina t io n o f t h e ne r v o u s p r o c e s s u nde
r a s p e c ifi c c o nc e p t i o n is r

o nly o f im p o r t a nc e fo r t h e q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r we h a v e t o c o ns i de r it

a s a m e e p h y s ic a l p r o c e s s o r w h e t h e r it is i t s e l f s o m e t h i ng p s y c h i c a l
r .

T h e l a t t e r vi e w is fr e qu e nt ly m e t wi th T h e s e ns a t i o n is s a i d t o be
.

fo rm e d a l r e a d y in t h e ne r v e a nd t o b e t a ns fe rr e d by it t o c o ns c i o u s
, r

ne s s . I f t h i s a s s u m p t io n is t o h a v e a ny c l e a ne s s it m u s t na m e t h e r

de fi nit e s u bj e c t to w h i c h it a s c r ib e s t h e a c t o f s e ns a t i o n; fo s e ns a t i o ns r

wh ic h no b o dy h a s c a nno t be e a l it ie s No w t h i s s u bj e c t o f s e ns a ti o n
r .

c ou l d no t b e fo u nd in t h e w h o l e ne r v e a s s u c h w h ic h is a n a gg e g a t e
'

, ,
r

o f u nnu m b e r e d p a r t s : it is o nly e a c h Si ngl e a t o m h o w e v e r m a ny o f ,

t h e m we s u pp o s e t o b e s t u ng t o g e t h e r in t h e w h o l e ne r v e t h a t c o u l d
r ,

b e by i t s e l f a fe e li ng t h i ng
, , B u t t o t h is d ifli c u lty m u s t be a dd e d a
.

fa m ili a r fa c t Th e e x t e r na l s e ns e s t im u l s do e s no t b e c o m e t h e c a u s e
.
-
u

o f a s e ns a t io n in u s u nl e s s t h e ne r v e r e m a ins u nint e rru p t e d t h r o u g h

,

o u t it s w h o l e c o u r s e f o m it s p e r ip h e r a l p o i nt o f s t i m u l u s u p t o t h e
, r

c e nt ra l p o r t io ns o f t h e ne r v o u s s y s t e m I f it s c o nt i nu i ty is b r o k e n by
.

a c u t t h e infl u e nc e o f t h e e x t e na l s t im u l u s o n c o ns c i o u s ne s s is r e
,
r

m o ve d W h e th e r t h e i de a t o w hic h t h i s fa c t na t u ra lly give s r i s e is

.
, ,

co rre c t o r n o t — t h e i de a t h a t t h e s o u l h a s it s s e a t in a p ar t i c u la r s p o t
,

t o w h i c h t h e i nc o m i ng im p e ssio n m u s t be d i e c t e d
r — o r in w h a t o t h e r r ,

wa y we a r e t o xpl a in t h e t r u t h t h a t t h i s int e g r i t y o f t h e ne r v e fi b e is
e - r

a n i ndis p e ns a bl e c o ndi t i o n o f o u r s e ns a t i o n we ne e d no t h e r e dis c u s ,

s.

I n a ny c a s e t h e e is a p r o p a g a t i o n o f t h e s t i m u la t i o n in th e ne rv e
r

i t s e l f a nd a ll it s p a ts c a nno t b e a t o nce in t h e s t a t e o f s e ns a t io n p re
,
r

s u pp o s e d B u t it is im p o s s ible t h a t o ne a nd t h e s a m e s a m pl e o f
.

s e ns a t i o n c a n b e h a nde d o n f o m o ne a t o m o f t h e ne r v e t o a no t h e r
r

l k e a p a c k e t ; a ll t h a t c a n h a pp e n is th a t e a c h s ingl e e l e m e n
i

ne r ve b e c o m e s in v i tu e o f it s o wn s t a t e a s t i m u l u s t o t h e
,
r ,

p ro d u ce t h e s a m e s t a t e in i t s e l f N o w t h a t t h i s e x c. i t a t io n is no t p ro

du ce d by a d i e c t s y m p a t h y is p r o v e d by t h a t int e rr u p t i o n t o it s
r ,

p r p g t io n w h ic h e s l t s f o m a ny m e c h a nic a l b re a c h o f c o nt i nu ity
o a a r u r .

S u c h a s ym p a th y w o u l d p a s s u ndis t u r b e d a c ro s s th e p o i nt o f s e c ti o n '

a nd w o u l d fe e l no e ffe c t s f o m c h a ng e s in p h y s ic a l r e l a tio ns o f w h ic h
r

it w o u ld be f o m it s v e ry na t e inde p e nd nt
.
r ur e .

W e a e t h e re fo r e c o m p e ll e d t o int r o du ce a p h y s i c a l c o nne c ti ng li nk
r
4 48 Se ns a t io ns a na
’
Me Co u r s e of I de a s . [ B OO K i n:

fo r t h e e ffe c t we h a ve p
pp o s e d T h r o u gh t h e e x t e n l s e ns e
re su .
.
r a

s t im u l u s t h e e is p o d u c e d in t h e fi s t ne v e e l e m e nt t h e p h y s i c a l s t a t e
r r r r -

r a nd in c o ns e q e nc e in t h e s a m e e l e m e nt t h e s t a t e o f s e ns a t io n s
, u , .

B y t h i s c h a ng e t h e fi s t e l e m e nt is c o m p e ll e d t o a w a k e in th e s e c o nd
r
,

it s ne igh b o u r t h e s a m e s t a t e , a nd in c o ns e q u e nc e r t h e s e ns a t io n s
, , .

T h u s t h o u g h t h e p h y s ic a l im p a c t o f o ne e l e m e nt o n a no t h e r t h e r e
,
r

w o u l d b e p o p a g t e d a t t h e s a m e t im e t h e c r e a tio n o f t h e c o r r e s p o nd
r a

ing s e ns a t io n B t w h e e w o u l d t his e nd ? W h e e v e r a nd h o w e v e r
. u r r

t h is c h a in o f a t o m s wi t h t h e ir i nt e na l e x c it a t i o ns m a t l rt c o nne c t
y a a s

it s e l f w it h t h e s o u l t h e s e ns a t io n o f t h e s o u l o
, s e ns a t io n w o u l d ,
ur ,

a is e o u t o f t h e s o u l it s e l f s im ply t h o u g h t h e i nfl u e nc e o f t h e l a s t r
r r

wi t h w h ic h t h e la s t ne v e a t o m s t im u l a t e s it in p r e c i s ly t h e s a m e wa y
r -
, e

in w h i c h t h i s s e ns a t io n wa s p o du c e d in link a ft l ink o f t h e c h a in
r er .

W h a te v e r s e v ic e t h e n c a n be e nde e d by t h e ne ve in a id o f t h e
r r r r

p r o du c t io n o f o u r s e ns a t i o n it c a n r e nde j s t a s w e ll by t a ns m it t i ng
, r u r

a m e r e ly p h y s ic a l c h a ng e a s if e a c h o f it s a t o m s e xp e ie nc e d t h e s a m e
, r

p s y c h ic a l s t a t e wh ic h is t o a ris e in u s a t t h e e nd o f t h e wh o l e p o ce s s r .

A p ie c e o f ne w s w h ic h p a s s e s in t h e fo m o f a l e t t e f o m h a nd t o r r r

h a nd a l o ng a s e r ie s o f m e s s e ng e s r e c h e s t h e e c ip ie nt no m o r e r ,
a r

s e c u r e ly a nd is no b e t t e r u nde s t o o d by h im if e a c h o f t h e int e m e d i a t e s
r r

k no w s a nd fe e l s it D o u b t l e s s we S h a ll ne ve be a bl e t o p o r t a y th e
. r r

a c t io n o f t h a t fi na l r o n t h e na t u e o f t h e s o u l ; b t we c a nno t do s o r u

a ny t h e m o e by a d di ng t o t h e p h y s ic a l p r o c e s s r t h e s e ns a t i o n s
r Th is .

s in it s t u n c o u l d o nly o c c a s i o n t h e p o du c t io n o f o u
r s e ns a t io n S in r r

s o m e p e fe c t ly i nde m o ns t r a bl e wa y ; it c o u l d no t it s e l f p a s s o v e
r i nt o r

us . O n t h e o t h e r h a nd t h e p o p a g a t io n in t h e ne r v e o f a p h y s i c a l
r

p r o c e s s u p t o t h is m y s t e io u s m o m e nt is s o m e t h ing w h ic h t h e fa c t
r r ,

o f e xp e ie nc e a ll u de d t o c o m p e l s u s t o a s s u m e
r I t is s u ffic ie nt t h e r e .
,

fo e t o e g a d t h e ne v o s p o c e s s a s a p o p a g a t io n o f s o m e t h i ng
r , r r r u r r ,

t a k ing pl a c e in s p a c e a nd t im e in a de fi nit e di e c t i o n a nd wi t h a r

d e fi nit e v e l o c i t y ; t h e p r e c is e na t u e o f t h a t w h ic h is p r o p a g a t e d c o n r

c e ns u s bu t li t t l e a nd S inc e t h e s e a r e t h e o nly fo m s o f it s p o p a g a t i o n
r , ,
r r

w h ic h a r e o f i m p o t a nc e it m a y b e de s c r ib e d a s m e r e ly p hy s ica l
r ,
.

2 5 5 T h e c o ns c i o u s s e ns a t io n i t s e l f t h e
. ed o bl u e t h a t we s e e , r r ,

t h e s o u nd t h a t we h e a is t h e t h ir d a nd l a s t l ink in t h is s e r i e s o f
r, .

o c cu e nc e s a nd it is fa m il ia r t o u s
rr ,
W e k no w t h a t t h is c o nt e nt Of .

s e ns a t io n a dm it s o f no c o m p a i s o n e i t h e r wi t h t h e e x t e na l s e ns e
r r

s tim u lu s o w it h t h e ne r vo s p r o c e s s e s T h e e is no t hing in t h e r e d
r u . r

ne s s o f r e d t h e bl u e ne s s o f bl u e o r t h e s o u nd o f t h e h e r d t o ne
, ,
a ,

w h ich s u gg e s t s a l a g e r o s m a ll e r nu m b e r o f vib a t i o ns o f a m e di u m ;
r r r

y e t s c ie nce h a s i nd ir e c t ly d i s c o v e r e d s u c h vi b r a t io ns t o be t h e o c c a
CH AP T E R Se ns a t io n m e re ly S u 6j e c t ive .
9
449

i
s o n o f the se i I n t h e s a m e wa y t h e y giv e u s no i nfo r m a
s e ns a t o ns .

t io n r e s p e c t ing t h a t w h i c h di tl
y o c c a s i o ns t h e m t h
r ec
e p r o ce s s w h i c h ,

g o e s o n in t h e Op t ic o r a u di t o ry ne ve a t t h e m o m e nt w h e n t h e s e s e n r

s a t io ns a r e p r o du c e d in u s ; t h e y a r e c o ns e qu e nce s no t c o pi e s o f , ,

t h e ir s t im u l i T h u s t h e y a r e i nte na l p h e no m e na in t h e s o u l a nd in
. r ,

t h is s e ns e o f t h e w o d s t h e do c t r ine o f t h e s u bj e c t ivi t y o f a ll s e ns a t i o ns
r

h a s l o ng b e e n t h e p o p e t y o f p h il o s o p h y a nd r e q u ire d no a c q u a i nt
r r

a nc e wi t h t h e fu nc t i o ns o f t h e ne r v e s .

T h e r e is a no t h e r s e ns e o f t h e w o r ds a c c o r di ng to w h i c h t h e s e n ,

s a t io ns a e h e l d t o b e m r e l
r y i nt e r n a l p h e no m e
e n a a nd t h e e x t e r na l ,

w o r l d t o be ne ith e r e s o na nt no r s il e nt ne i th e r b igh t no r da k bu t
r , r r ,

t o p o s s e s s o nly m a t h e m a t ic a l p r e dic a t e s o f nu m b e r a nd m a g ni t u de ,

o f m o t io ns a nd t h e ir c o m pl ic a t i o ns ; a nd in t h is s e ns e o f t h e w o r d s

t h e do c t r i ne wa s in a nt iq u it y a n ins u fli c ie ntly p r o v e d infe r e nc e nd ,

a

it r e m ins s o fo r t h e p h y s io l o gy o f t h e p e s e nt d a y
a N o ne o f t h e r .

p o o fs wh i c h a r e co m m o nly a pp e a l e d t o in Su pp o r t o f it c a n c lo s e
r ,

e v e r y wa y o f e s c a p e t o t h e Opp o s it e vi e w A ny o ne wh o w is h e s t o .

m a int a i n t h a t t h i ng s t h e m s e lv e s r e m a in r e d o r s w e e t will a fli nl a s we , r ,

d o t h a t it is no t t h r o u gh t h e ir 6 ing t h a t t h e y c a n a pp e a r t o u s a s
,
e

t h e y a e b u t o nly t h o u g h e ffe c t s w h ic h in a c c o r da nce wi t h t h e i r

r ,
r ,

na t u e t h e y p o du c e o n u s
r ,
r T h e s e e ffe c t s o r a c t i o ns w h ic h p r o c e e d
.
,

fr o m t h e m a nd a r e s e ns e s t i m u li t o u s a r e no do u b t o nly m o t i o ns a nd
-
,

t h e m s e lv e s ne it h e r r e d no r s w e e t ; bu t w h a t is t h e r e t o p e ve nt o u r r

s u pp o s ing t h a t by a c t ing t h o u gh o u r ne r v e s th e y m a ke t h a t s a m e
,
r ,

r e dne s s o s w e e t ne s s a r is e a s o u
r s e ns a t i o n in o u r s o u l s w h i c h a l s o
,
r , ,

a t t a c h e s a s a q a lit y t o t h e t h ing s t h e m s e lv e s ?
u S u ch a p r o c e s s w o u l d
b e no m o r e w o nde r fu l t h a n t h e p e r fo r m a nc e s o f t h e t e l e p h o ne w h i c h ,

r e c e iv e s w a v e s o f s o u nd p o p a g a t e s t h e m in a fo rm , r o f m o t io n q u i t e

d i ffe e nt a nd in t h e e nd c o ndu c t s t h e m t o t h e e a r r e t r a ns fo m e d int o

r ,
r

w a v e s o f s o u nd A ny th i ng wh ic h d e p r ive s t h ing s o f t h e m e diu m

.

t h o u gh w h ic h t h e i r e x c i t a t io ns c o u l d r e a c h u s ; a ny t h ing a g a i n w h ic h
r

h a s be fo r e h a nd im p a t e d t o t h e m e diu m m o t io ns w h ic h p r e v e nt t h e
r

p a s s a ge o f t h o s e e x cit a tio ns w o u l d o f c o u r s e e i th e r h i nde r t h ing s

,

f o m a pp e a ing t o u s a t a ll o r w o u l d m a k e t h e m a pp e a r w it h o t h e r
r r

q a l itie s a nd s o w o l d l e a d u s t o s u pp o s e t h a t no ne o f t h e s e qu a l it i e s
u , u

b e l o ng t o th i ng s t h e m s e lve s a t a ll .

T h e r e a e no i ndiv id a l p o o fs by wh i c h t h e s e a s s e t i o ns c o u l d be
r u r r

c o nt ro v e r t e d a nd ye t t h e d o c t i ne o f t h e m e r e s u bj e c t ivi t y o f t h e r

qu a l it ie s o f s e ns a t io n is c e t a inly s o nd T h e i o wn na t u r e m a k e s it
r u . r

i m p o s s ibl e fo r u s r e lly s o t o e p r e s e nt t h e m to o s e lve s a s qu a l it ie s

a r ur

o f t h ing s a s we p r o fe s s t o do
, T h e e is no m e a ning in s p e a k ing o f
. r

V OL I . . G g
4 50 Se ns a t io ns a nd Me Co u r s e of I a e a s ’
.
[ B OOK I I I .

a b righ t ne s s bo dy a t a ll o f th; s o u nd o f a t o ne w h i c h no
se e n by no ,

o ne h e a s o f a s w e e t ne ss w h ic h no o ne t a s t e s : t h e y a r e a ll a s im p o s
r ,

s ibl e a s a t o o t h a c h e w h ic h no bo dy h a s g o t T h e r e is o nly o ne pl a c e .

in w h ic h w h a t is m e a nt by t h e s e w o d s c a n p o s s ibly e x is t t h e c o n r ,

s c io u s ne s s o f a fe e ling b e ing : a nd t h e e is o nly o ne wa y in w h ic h it r

c a n e x is t t h e wa y o f b ing fe l t by t h a t b e ing
,
e W ith o u t do u b t t h e n .
,

t h ing s a e r e d o nly s o fa a s t h e y a pp e a t o u S
r r in i t s e l f a t h i ng c o u l d
r

o nly h a v e a p a t ic u l a r l o o k if it c o u l d l o o k a t it s e l f
r .

2 5 6 A c c o r ding t o a t h e o e m o f t h e d o c t ine o f Sp e c ifi c e ne r g ie s
. r r ,

e v e r y ne r v e by w h a t e v e r s t i m u l u s e x c it e d
,
inv a i a bly c a ll s fo t h s e n , r r

s a t io ns o f o ne a nd t h e s a m e k ind t h e s pe c ia l s e ns a t io ns o f it s o wn ,

se ns e ; a nd it m a k e s no diffe r e nc e w h e t h e r t h e s t i m u l u s is o ne a pp o r

p ri a t e t o t h e n e r v e o r no t I f t h i s w e e a fa ct
. it s p h y s i c a l r e a so n
r ,

w o l d no t be h a r d t o i m a gi ne Le t u s t a k e a c o m p o s it e sy s t e m o f
u .

p a t s Ex t e r na l s t i m u li s o l o ng a s t h e y a re no t So vi o le nt a s t o
r .
,
‘

d e s t r o y t h e int e r na l Co nne xi o ns o f t h is s y s t e m will c a u s e a m o t io n ,

fo ll o w e d by a n e ff o t t o r e tu n t o e q il ib iu m ; a nd t h e s e w ill t a k e
r r u r

pl a c e in fo m s w h ic h e s s e nt ia lly d e p e nd o n t h e s t u c t u r e o f th e
r r

s ys te m w h i c h in t h a t c a s e r e m a ins u nc h a ng e d So w it h t h e ne r ve ;
, .

di s t u b a nc e s o f a c e r t a in m a g ni t u de w o u l d i nj u e it ; bu t t o l e s s
r r

vio l e nt s t im u l i it w o u l d a lw a y s e s p o nd w ith t h e s a m e r e a c ti o ns a nd
r ,

t h e s e r e a c t io ns wo u l d de p e nd o n it s p e c u li a r s t u c tu r e B u t t h e n if r .
,

t h e s e r e a c t i o ns a r e t o b e diffe r e nt in t h e c a s e o f e v e r y Si ngl e ne v e r ,

t h e s t u c t u r e o f t h e v a io u s ne r v e s m u s t be di ffe e nt ; a nd t h is v a r ie t y
r r r

o f s t u c tu r e we do no t fi nd in t h e ne r v e s t h e m s e lv e s t h o u g h we m a
r
y ,

p e r h a p s l o o k fo it in t h e c e nt r a l p o t i o ns t o w h ic h t h e y l e a d
r r .

B t in a ny c a s e t h e fa c t s t h e m s e lv e s a e g e ne a l is e d in th is t h e o r e m
u r r

t o a n e x t e nt w h ic h a c t u a l Ob s e v a t io n d o e s no t j u s t i fy r W e k no w .

no t h ing o f w a v e s o f s o u nd w h i c h p o d u c e in t h e e ye a s e ns a t io n o f r

l ig h t no o f w a v e s o f l igh t w h ic h p r o du ce t o ne s in t h e e a r T h e m a in
, r .

s u pp o t o f t h e h yp o t h e s is lie s in t h e s e ns a tio ns o f l ig h t w h ic h fr e
r

q u e ntly a r i s e in t h e e ye fr o m im p a c t o r p r e s s u r e a s w e ll a s f o m ,
r

e l e c t r i c a l S t im u l a t io n B u t t h e r e a r e o th e r c o ns ide r a t i o ns w h ic h
.

c o m p e l u s t o a s s u m e in t h e m e dia o f t h e e ye t h e p e s e nc e o f t h e sa m e r

e t h e r w h ic h s e r v e s fo r t h e d i ffu s io n o f t h e l ig h t o t s i de ; a nd a c c o d u r

ing ly wh e n in c o ns e qu e nc e o f i m p a c t t h e p o nde a bl e e l e m e nt s o f t h e
,
r

t e ns e e y e b a ll fa ll i nt o o s c ill a t i o n we c a n sc a c e ly h e lp s u pp o s ing th a t
, r

t h e y i m p a r t t h i s o s c ill a t i o n a t t h e s a m e t i m e t o t h e e t h e r Thu s t h e .

s a m e o bj e c t iv e m o t i o n o f l ig h t w h ic h c o m m o nly a s a n a d qu a t e ,
e

s t i m u l u s c o m e s f o m wi t h o u t m a y b e e x c it e d in t h e e ye by t h is o s c il
,
r ,

l a t i o n o f t h e e y e b a ll a nd a S im ila r m o t i o n m igh t b e e x c i t e d by e l e c tr i c
,
c li m ax D o c t r ine f
o s
p i l
ec a Se ns a t io ns .
4 5 1

c u r r e nt s ; s u ch i
m o t o n no t b e i ng su fli c ie nt t o ca st a ny o b s e r v a bl e
ra ys o u t wa r ds , bu t s tro n g e no u ghp r o du ce a
to st m i u a te l v
t h e ne r e t o

s e ns a t i o n o f lig h t A g a in in t h e c a s e o f t h e i na de q u a t e s t i m u li w h ic h
.
,

a c t u a lly do c r e a t e a s e ns a t io n o f s o u nd t h e qu e s t i o n is p u de nt ly , r

a v o i de d w h e t h e r t h e y m a y no t do s o by a c c ide nt a lly e x c i t ing s u ch

v ibr a t i o ns a s fo r m th e na t u r a l s t i m u l u s o f t h e a u dit o y ne r ve s Th e r .

e x c i t a t i o n o f ta t by e l e c t i c i t y c e r t a i nly de p e nds o n t h e a de qu a te
s e r

s t i m u l u s t h e c h e m i c a l p r o c e s s e s w h i c h a r e h e r e s e t u p ; t h e no t i o n
,

t h a t it c a n a l s o b e p r o du c e d by l a c e r a t i o n o f t h e t o ng u e s e e m s t o h a v e
-

b e e n a n illu s io n a nd it wil l be u s e l e s s fo r i ns ipi d dish e s t o l o o k fo r

,

h e lp in t h is q u a r te r : a nd a s t o t h e r e m a ini ng s e ns a t i o ns we d o no t ,

k no w a t a ll w h a t t h e a de qu a t e fo r m o f t h e s t i m u li is wh i ch a c t u a lly
m u s t r e a c h t h e ne r v e s in o r de r t o p r o du c e t h e m .

W e m a y l e a v e it t h e r e fo e t o p h y s io l o gy t o de c i de w h e th e r t h e r e a l
r

m e a ni ng o f t h e p e s e nt wi de ly s p r e a d do c t rine o f t h e divi s i o n o f l a b o u r
r -

is no t a t h e t h is —
r t h a t e v e y ne r v e is e x c i t e d t o it s fu nc t i o n o nly by
r r

it s o wn a de q u a t e s t i m u l u s a nd t h a t o t h e r s t im u l i e it h e r l e a v e it u n
,

a ffe c t e d o r e l s e i nt e fe r e wi t h it b u t t h a t a t t h e s a m e t i m e t h e r e a r e
r ,

s t i m u li o f va r i o u s k inds w h i c h a l o ng wi t h t h e i r o wn e ffe c t s fr e q u e nt ly
, ,

pr o du c e t h e a de q u a t e s t im u li a s S ide r e s u l t s T h e o nly i nt e e s t p sy -
. r

c h o lo g y h a s in t h e qu e s t i o n l ie s in o pp o s i ng t h e fo ndne s s fo r a
m y s t e i o u s p s y c h ic a l a c t ivi t y w h i c h o n t h e au t h o r i t y o f t h e fa c t s I
r ,

h a v e m e nt i o ne d is a t t r ib u t e d t o t h e ne r v e s a nd no t t o t h e s o u l t o
, ,

w h i ch it r e a lly b e l o ng s T o Sp e a k o f a s u b s t a nce o f t h e s e ns e o f
.

Sigh t a nd t o s a y t h a t t h is s u b s ta nc e c o nv e r t s e ve r y p o s s ibl e m o ti o n
,

t h a t r e a c h e s it int o a s e ns a t i o n o f lig h t is no t t o d e s c ib e fa c t s bu t t o , r

u s e a p ie c e o f p h y s i o l o g ic a l m e t a p h y s i c ; o f w h i c h I a m no t s u r e t h a t

it is a t a ll m o r e e l e g a nt t h a n t h e m e t a p h y s i c o f p h il o s o p h y .

257 H o w e v e r c o m pl e t e t h e s e p a ra t i o n m a y be b e t w e e n s e ns a t i o ns
.

a nd t h e s t im u l i w h i c h o c c a s i o n t h e m t h e s e t w o s e i e s o f o cc u r r e nc e s,
r

a re ,
a s a m a t t e r o f fa c t c o nne c t e d a nd we S h a ll no t s u pp o s e t h a t t h i s
, ,

c o nne x io n o f fa c t is d e s t i t u t e o f a ny p r inc ipl e W e s h a ll a l wa y s fi nd .

o u r s e lv e s p e s u pp o s ing t h a t lik e g r o u p s o f s e ns a t i o ns c o r r e s p o nd t o
r

like g r o u p s o f s tim u l i a nd di ff e r e nt g r o u p s o f t h e o ne t o diffe e nt

,
r

g r o u p s o f t h e o th e r ; th a t t h e di ffe r e nc e o f t h e s e c l a s s e s o f s e ns a t i o n
is p o p o t i o na l t o t h e diffe r e nc e w h i c h e xi s t s b e t w e e n t h e c la s s e s o f
r r

S t im u l i ; th a t wh e re ve r t h e s t i m u li o f a giv e n gr o u p a r e a rr a ng e d in a
p r o g r e s s ive s e ri e s o r in t h e i r p o gr e s s r e a ch m a k e d p o i nt s o f
,
r ,
r

e m ine nc e t h e c o rr e s p o nding s e ns a t io ns a e a r r a ng e d in a s im il a r
, r

s e r i e s a nd a cco r di ngly r e p r o du c e b o t h t h e p r o g e s s a nd t h e p o i nt s o f r

e m i ne nc e ; t h a t l a s t ly in t h e u nit y o f t h e s o u l it s v a r i o u s ki nds o f
, ,

G g z
 Se ns a t io ns nd Me Co u r s e of I a e a s ’
'

45 2 a .
[ 1300 1. i n .

s e ns a t o i n no t o n ly r t o g e th e r a s a fa c t bu t in t h e i r m e a ni ng a e
a e , r

c o h e e nt a c c o r d ing t o s o m e r u l e t h o u g h t h a t r u l e m a y no t b e e xp e s
r ,
r

s ibl e in m a t h e m a t ic a l t e m s r .

B u t o f a n e m p ir ic a l c o nfi m a t i o n o f t h i s p r e s u pp o s it io n we fi nd bu t
'

fa int t a c e s
r No t o nly is it i m p o s s ibl e t o s y wh y w a v e s o f e t h e r m u s t
. a

ne c e s s a ily b e f l t a s l ig h t ; b u t e v e n if t h is f c t w e r e g ive n a s a
r e ,
a

s t a r t ing p o int
-
no t h e o r y h o w e v e r m u c h it e m p h a s i e d t h e u ni t y o f
, ,
z

t h e s o u l c o l d p o v e t h a t t h is s a m e s o u l m u s t in c o ns i s t e nc y p e r c e iv e
,
u r

w a ve s o f s o u nd a s t o ne s a nd o t h e r ff c t io ns a s t a s te o r s m e ll So
,
a e .

fa r a s we c a n s e e t h a t nit y p o du c e s f o m a na tu e o f it s o wn w h ic h
,
u r , r r

is q u i t e u nk no w n t o u s t h e v a i o u s c la s s e s o f s e ns a t io n e a c h fo it s e l f
,
r ,
r

a nd a p a r t fr o m t h e o t h e s ; a nd e v e n a ft e r we h a v e c o m e t o k no wr ,

t h e m a ll t h a t we c a n c o nne c t wi th t h e i i m p r e s s io ns a e v g e a nd
,
r r a u

fa nt a s t ic i de a s r e s p e c t i ng t h e o r g a ni a t i o n o f a u niv e s a l r e a l m o f z r

s e ns a t io ns A g a in w h e n we c o m e t o t h e i ndivi du a l g o u p s t h e o nly
.
,
r ,

o ne w h ic h c o nfi m s o u r s u pp o s i t io n is t h e g r o u p o f s o u nd s
r He re .

t h e i nc r e a s e in t h e h e igh t o f a t o ne c o r r e s p o nds t o a n i nc e a s e in t h e r

nu m b e r o f w a v e s w ith i n a g ive n u ni t o f t im e T h e a s c e nding s c a l e .

,

w h ic h is j u s t s c l e a ly a n a s c e nt a s is t h e inc r e a s e in t h e nu m b e r o f
a r

w a ve s a nd ye t is q u it e u nlik e t h a t inc e a s e e p e a t s in it s o wn Sp e c ifi c r ,
r

fo m th e p o gr e s s in t h e s e r i e s o f s t im l i W h e e v e r t h i s s e i s a t t a ins
r r u . r r e ,

t h o u g h t h e d o u bli ng o f a p r e vi o u s nu m b e r o f w a v e s a m a k e d im p o r t
’

r , r ,

t h e r e t h e s e ns a t io n fo ll o w s wi t h t h e m a r k e d i m p e s s io n o f t h e o c t a v e r

o f t h e k e y no t e a nd t h u s a g a i n in it s o wn p a t i cu l a r wa y r e p e s e nt s
-
,
r r

s e ns u o u s ly t h e l ik e ne s s a nd d iffe r e nc e o f t h e t wo s e r ie s O n t h e o th e r .

h a nd t h e c o l o u rs t h o u gh t h e i p is m a t ic o de r e s t s o n a Si m il a r in
,
r r r r

cre a s e in t h e nu m b e r o f w a v e s g iv e no o ne wh o is u np e j u dic e d t h e , r

im p e s s io n o f a s im il a p o g r e s s ; a nd t h e r e a s o n o f t h is p o s s ibly li e s
r r r

in t h p e c u l ia r na t u r e o f t h e ne v o s p o c e s s wh ic h int e v e ne s b e t w e e n
e r u r r

t h e s t im u l u s a nd s e ns a t i o n a nd w h ic h we c a nno t t a k e int o c o ns i de a
, r

t i o n b e c a u s e we do no t k no w it I n t h e c a s e s o f t h e r e m a ining s e ns e s .

we h a v e no e x a c t k no wl e dg e o f t h e na t u e o f t h e i r s t im u l i no r h a v e r
,

we s u c c e e de d in di s c e ni ng a ny fix e d e l a t i o ns b e t w e e n t h ir i ndiv idu a l
r r e

s e ns t i o ns
a W e d o no t p o s s e s s e v e n na m e s fo r t h e v a r io u s s m e ll s
.
,

e x c e p t s u c h a s d e s c ib e t h e m by t h e ir o ig in o
r t h e i i nc i de nt a l e ffe c t s r r r

a nd a m o ng t h e m l t it u d e o f t a s t e s t h e o nly o ne s t h a t c a n b e d is
u

t ing u is h e d a s w e ll d e fi ne d a r e t h e fo u r fo r m s o f a c id a lk a l ine s w e e t
-
, , ,

a nd b it t e H yp o th e t ic a l t h e o rie s c a r y u s no fu t h e r I n t h e c a s e
r . r r .

o f s ig h t a nd h e a i ng a l o ne we k no w t h a t e a c h s e ns a t io n r e s t s o n t h e
r

to t a l ffe c t o f a v e r y l a g e nu m b e r o f s u c c e s s iv e i m p u l s e s a nd c h a ng e s
e r
,

w h e a l t e a t i o ns o f th is nu m b e r wi t h in th e g ve n u ni t o f t im e ;
it h t r i
 F e Mne r
’
CH APT E R s La w .
4 53

w h e th e r th e Si ngl e i m p a c t o f a w a v e o f ligh t o r s o u nd w o u l d b e
‘

o b s e r v a bl e by o u r s e ns e s a nd if s o in w h a t Wa y is u t t e ly u nk no w n
, , r

t o u s S t ill we c a n g e ne a li s e t h i s fa c t wi t h s o m e p o b a b il ity P e h a p s
. r r . r

it is t r u e o f a ll o u r s e ns a t i o ns t h a t t h e y r e s t no t o n a co ns t a nt a nd
i ndis c i m i na t e s t r e a m o f e x c i t a t i o n b u t o n t h e nu m b e r o f a l t e na t i o ns
r , r

o f e x c i t a t io n a nd no n e x c it a t i o n i nc l u de d in a c e r t a in t i m e ; t h e na t u re
-

o f t h e p o c e s s w h ic h t h u s in t h e fo r m o f o s c ill a t io n s t im u l a t e s t h e
r ,

s o u l m ig h t be a m a t t e r o f l e s s i m p o r t a nc e a nd t h e s a m e p e h a p s fo r
, ,
r

a ll t h e ne v e s r B u t t h e n a g a i n t h is s u pp o s i t io n m a k e s it no e a s ie r t o
.

c o nne c t t h e v a ri o u s ki nds o f s e ns a t io n w it h o ne a no th e r in a p o g e s r r

s iv e Sgr ie s ; a nd we h a v e fu r th e r t o a dm i t t h e p o s s ib ili ty t h a t o u r
'

h u m a n s e nse s do no t i nc l u de t h e w h o l e r a ng e o f s ns ibl e e x is t e nc e e ,

a nd t h a t o t h e r l ivi ng b e ing s m a y h a v e o t h e fo m s o f s e ns a t io n u m r r

k no w n t o u s a nd a ns we r ing t o p r o ce s s e s w h i c h e nt ir e ly e s c a p e o u r
p e c e p t io n
r .

2 5 8 T h e r e is a t a ny r a t e o ne p o i nt a t w h i c h t h e m o de rn p s y c h o
.

p h y s i c a l i nve s t ig a t io ns h a ve e s u l t e d in t h e b e gi nning s o f a n e x a c t
r

k no wl e dge r e ga di ng th e r e l a tio n b e t w e e n s e ns a t i o n a nd s t i m u l u s
r .

T h e c o m m o ne s t Ob s e r v a t io n o f a b igh t e ning l ig h t o r a r i s ing s o u nd

r

s h o w s u s t h a t o u s e ns e s c a n de t e c t v e r y Sl ig h t a l t e a t io ns in t h e s t e ng t h
r r r

o f a n i m pr e s s i o n B u t we ne v e r r e a c h a m o m e nt a t w h ic h j u dg ing
'

.
,

m e r e ly by t h e d ir e c t i m p r e s s i o n we c o u l d s a y t h a t o ne b ig h t ne s s w
, as r

t w ic e o r t h ic e a s s t o ng o r o ne s o u nd h a l f a s s t o ng a s a no t h e r
r r , In r , .

c o ns e q u e nc e o f t h i s i na b il it y t o r e du c e t o nu m e ic a l q u iv l e nt s th e r e a

m o r e a nd l e s s w h i c h we p e c e ive it is im p o s s ibl e fo r u s t o pl a ce a
r ,

s e r i e s o f v a l u e s o f s t i m u l i s ide by s ide wi t h t h e v a l u e s o f t h e c o e rr

s p o nding s e ns a t i o ns a nd SO t o fo r m u l a t e a u niv e r s a l la w a c c o r ding t o

,

w h i c h t h e int e ns ity o f t h e l a t t e r w o u l d de p e nd o n t h e s t e ng th o f t h e r

fo r m e r .T h e e is h o w e v e r o ne j u dg m e nt we c a n p r o no u nc e if no t
r ,

wi th a b s o l u t ye t wi th s u ffic ie nt c e r ta int y iz t h a t t h e e is o r is no t
e ,
v . r

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a c c o r d ingly w e r e d ir e c t e d t h o s e e xp e r im e nt s t h e Obj e c t o f w h ic h wa s ,

t o dis c o v e fi r s t o f a ll w h a t a m o nt o f i nc e a s e a s t im l u s e qu ir e s
r, ,
u r u r

in o r d t h a t t h e s e ns a t io n w h ic h b e l o ng s t o it a s i nc e a s e d m a y b e g in
er r

t o dis t ing u i s h i t s e l f f o m t h e s e ns a t i o n o f it s p e v io s s t e ng t h ; o r
r r u r ,

a g a in t o d is c o v e r t h e l im it o f Sl ig h t ne s s d o w n t o w h ic h t h e d if
,
fe r e nc e
b e twe e n t wo s t r e ng th s o f t h e s tim l u s c a n b e dim inis h e d w it h o u t u

r e m o vi ng t h e p o s s ib il ity o f t h e s e nsa t io ns b e ing d is t ing is h e d W it h u .

r e g a d t o t h e m o d e a t e s t im u l i w h ic h a r e s t o ng e no u g h t o e x c it e a
r r r

di s t inc t s e ns a t io n a nd ye t do no t a pp r o a c h t h e p o int a t w h ic h t h e i
,
r

i nt e ns i ty di s tu r b s th e fu nct i o n o f th e ne r v e F e ch ne r a nd m a ny o th e r s ,
4 54 Se ns a t io ns a na
’
Me Co u r s e of I de a s . { h o me 1 11 .

s inc e ,
E H W e b e r s e x a mpl e h a ve m a de a v e ry l a ge
fo ll o wi ng . .
’
,
r

nu m b e r o f e xp e i m e nt s ; a nd t h e s e e xp e im e nt s l e a d w it h s u fli c ie nt
r r

u na ni m it y t o t h e r e s u l t t h a t t h a t difle r e nc e b e t w e e n a ny t wo s t im u l i

wh ic h m a k e s it p o s s ibl e t o dis t i ng u i s h t h e c o r r e s p o nding s e ns a t io ns

f o m o ne a no th e r is no t a c o ns ta nt q u a nt it y bu t in t h e c a s e o f e a c h
r , , ,

c l a s s o f s e ns a t i o ns a m o u nt s t o a d e fi ni t e f a c t io n o f t h e i nt e ns it y
,
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a lr e a dy p o s s e s s e d by t h a t o ne o f t h e t wo s t im u l i fr o m w h ic h we s t a t r .

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r r

t i o ns o f W e b e s La w o r t h e c o r e c t io ns w h i c h it s a ppli c a t i o n h a s
’
r ,
r

a pp e a r e d t o e nd e r ne c e s s a r y ; we m a y a s c ib e t h e
r la t t e r t o t h e r

i nflu e nc e o f t h e p a rt ic u l a r c ir cu m s t a nc e s w h i c h a s in t h e c a s e o f ,

m o s t na t u r a l l a w s p r e v e nt t h e p h e no m e na fr o m a ns we fing p r e c i s e ly
,

t o a la w w h ic h in i t s e l f is v a l id .

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r

d e s c ib e d a b o v e ; t h e y do no t t e ll u s in w h a t wa y t h e diffe e nc e
r r

b e t w e e n t h e s t im u l i m a k e s it p o s s ibl e fo r u s t o dis t ingu i s h t h e r e

s u lt ing s e ns a t i o ns — w h e t h e r it is by p ro du c ing a diffe r e nc e o f s t ng th re

b e t w e e n t h e s e s e ns a t io ns o r w h e t h e r we a e a ide d by qu a l it a t ive
,
r

c h a ng e s s e t u p in t h e c o nt e nt o f t h e s e ns a t io n a nd d e p e nde nt o n t h e

diffe r e nc e o f t h e s tim u l i N o t h ing bu t o u r di e c t i m p e s s io n c a n

. r r

de c i de t h i s p o int a nd it c e r t a inly d o e s no t s e e m t o m e t h a t t h i s im
,

p re s s io n Sp e a k s qu i t e c l e a ly in fa v o u r o f t h e fi r s t a l t e r na t ive A
r .

c o nc e nt a t e d s o l u t io n o f a n a c id do e s no t Si m ply g iv e u s t h e s a m e
r .

t a s t e in a s t r o ng e r fo r m w h i c h a m o e dil u t e d o ne g iv e s u s in a r

w e a k e fo r m ; it a l s o t a s t e s fi nt T wo de gr e e s o f h e a t th o u gh
r a z
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er e .
,

t h e y e s t o n diffe e nc e s o f i nt e ns it y in t h e s a m e s t i m u l u s a r e fe l t a s
r r ,

diffe e nt s e ns a t io ns a nd no t m e r e ly a s diffe r e nt d e g e e s o f s t r e ng t h
r r

in t h e s a m e s e ns a t io n I f t h is is no t s o c l e a r in t h e c a s e o f s lig h t
.

d iffe e nce s t h e fa c t is a ll t h e c l e a r e r t h a t o u di e c t im p e s s io n m a k e s
r , r r r

u s s p e a k o f h e a t a nd c o l d a s t wo p o s it iv e o pp o s it e s a nd do e s no t l e a d
,

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r L a s t ly no o ne
r r .
,

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r r

p a r e d w ith th e g o u nd o n w h ic h t h e y a r e t h o w n fe e l s s u e t h a t h e is
r r ,
r

m e r e ly c o m p a r i ng diffe r e nc e s o f i nt e ns it y in t h e s a m e s e ns a t io n th e
s h a do w is no t o nly a l e s s d e g e e o f ill u m i na t io n bu t it l o o k s d
ifl
'

r n t ,
er e

f o m t h e b igh t e r g r o u nd— bl a c k if it is o n a w h it e g o u nd
r r r .

I do no t w is h t o la y a ny g e a t s t e s s o n th e s e do u b t s ; s t ill t h e y
r r

w o u l d h a ve t o b e r e m o v e d b e fo e we c o u l d fo ll o w wit h e nt i e s e c u it y
'

r r r

t h e t h e o y w h ic h de du ce s fr o m t h e e xp e im e nt s I h a ve a ll u de d t o a la w
r r

r e s p e c t ing t h e s t re ng t h b e l o ng ing t o t h e s e ns a t io n a nd it s de p e nde nc e

,

o n t h e s t r e ng t h o f t h e s t i m u l i S u pp o s i ng t h e m r e m o v e d we S h o u ld
.
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o Se ns a t io n p e r sa lt u s .
4 55

th e n ga d t h e t ra ns iti o n fro m t h e p o i nt a t w h ich t wo s e ns a t io ns a e

re r r

indis t ing u is h a bl e t o t h a t a t w h ic h t h e ir d iffe e nc e is j s t o b s e r va bl e a s r u ,

a n i nc e a s e t h e s a m e in a m o nt in a ll c a s e s in t h e s t r e ngt h o f t h e
r ,
u ,

fi r s t o f t h e t wo — a nd so t h e la w in qu e s t i o n w o u l d t a ke t h is fo rm
,

Wh e e t h e i nt e ns ity o f a s e ns a t i o n i nc e a s e s 6y q a l dgfl n t h a t
r r e u er e ce s ,

is in a rith m e t ic a l p o g re s s io n it im pl ie s in t h e s t re ng t h o f t h e
,
r ,

s t i m u l u s a n i nc r e a s e in g e o m e t ic a l p r o g e s s i o n T h u s t h e a c t ivi t y o f
r r .

s e ns a t io n w o u l d b e o ne o f th o s e a c t ivit i e s w h i c h it b e c o m e s in

c r e a s ing ly d iffi cu l t t o h e igh t e n a s t h e de g e e o f liv e l ine s s a l r e a dy r

a t t a ine d inc r e a s e s .

259 . p r e s e nt e s u l t a c c o di ng t o wh i c h t h e s e ns a t io n do e s no t
Ou r r ,
r

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r r u ,

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, ,
r B u t no ne r r .

o f t h e t h o i s w h ic h h a v e b e e n fo m e d o n t h i s p o int e xpl a i n wh y t h e
e r e r

c o nt inu o u s c u v e o f g o w t h in t h e s tr e ng t h o f t h e S t im u l u s is no t
r r

co nt in ly fo ll o w e d by t h e s l o w e
u ous a u gm e nt t io n in t h e s t e ng t h o f r a r

t h e s e ns t io n — awh y o n t h e c o nt a y t h e e
, , e m a i ns a n i nt e v a l r r , r r r

t h r o gh o u t w h ic h t h e s t im u l u s S tr e ng t h e ns wi t h o u t s h o w ing a ny
u

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, o n it s r e a c h i ng a fi na l d e g r e e o f s t e ng t h
, it r ,

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r er .
,

t h ink is m o s t e a s ily m e t by t h e p h y s i o l o g ic a l vi e w wh ic h a t t e m p t s t o
,

e xpl a in it by r e fe e nc e t o t h e m o de in w h ic h t h e ne v e s a e e x c it e d
r r r .

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m a t e r i a l p a r t s t h a t a fo c e w h i c h i m p e l s c o nt inu o u s ly is ne v e t h e l e s s
r r

p r e ve nte d by i nt e r na l h i nd a nc e s f o m e x e t ing it s infl u e nc e e x c e p t

r r r

i nt e r m it t e nt ly a t c e t a in m o m e nt s F o ll o w ing t h is a na l o gy we s h o u l d
r .

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r a ,

c e ta in a t t a i ne d de gr e e
r o f e x c it a t i o n a d fi nit e c o nc e nt a t io n a nd ,
e r

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t h e ne v e c a n b e p o du c e d a s w ill a ffo d a s t im u l u s t o t h e r i s e o f a
r r r

ne w s e ns a t io n ; t h u s t h e s e ns a t io n w o u l d i nc r e a s e in i nt e ns it y p o r

p o r tio na lly t o t h e s e int e m i tte nt e x c it a t io ns O n t h e o th e r h nd we

r . a ,

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b e p e s u m e d in t h e ne v o u s s y s t e m
r T h e e is l e s s p r o b a b il it y t o m y
r . r

m ind in t h e nd h yp o t h e s is a c c o r ding t o w h ic h t h e ne v o u s e x c it a
s eco ,
r

t io n inc e a s e s p o p o t io na lly t o t h e s t im u l u s a nd c o nt inu o u s ly

r r r T his .

h yp o t h e s is h a s t o l o o k t o t h e na t u r e o f s e ns a t io n it s e l f fo r t h e e a s o n r

b o th o f t h e s l o w e r r a t e a nd o f t h e w a nt o f c o nt inu ity in it s i nc r e a se ;
t h e e is no t h ing in t h e m e e i de a o f s e ns a t io n w h ic h c o u l d w ith a ny
r r

p r o b a b il ity be s pp o s e d t o t a ke t h e pl a c e o f t h e m a ch ine ry w h ic h
u

m u st x ,
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,
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45 6 Se ns a t io ns a nd Me Co u r s e of I de a s . [ B OO K I I I .

Mir d vi e w m o r e c o nvi nc i ng T h e s e fi s a t io n it t e ll s u s i nc r e a s e s in
.
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r r r ,

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r r u

c o ns c i o u s ne s s in a d iffe e nt r e l a t i o n a nd d i s c o nt inu o s ly
r Th e s e p a r a u .

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,

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,
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be a bl e t o fi nd in t h e na t u r e o f a p e r c e iv ing a c t ivi ty a s s u c h a ny , ,

r e a s o n fo r it s no t p e r c e iv ing s o m e t h ing I f t h e i de a c o u l d b e m a de .

pl a u s ibl e t h a t t h e a c t o f dis t ing u is h ing t wo i m p r e s s io ns — a n a c t w h ic h

,

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s ingl e d iff e nc e s b e t w e e n t h e m
er b u t by t h e i g e o m e t r i c a l r e l a t i o n s t ill
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r ,

t wo p it ir s o f i m p r e s s io ns t h is a c t w o u l d fi nd an e q u a lly g r e a t diffe r e nc e
,

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m e m b e s s t o o d t o o ne a no t h e r in t h e s a m e a t io
r B u t I do no t k no w r .

wh y t h a t a c t S h o u l d fa il t o dis ting u is h a t ll t h o s e w h i c h did no t s t a nd a

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2 6 0 No m e t h o d h a s ye t b e e n d is c o v e re d o f e xp e r im e nt a lly de t e r
.

m i ning t h e c o ns e q u e nc e s w h ic h r e s u l t fr o m s im u l t a ne o u s i m p e s s io ns r

o n d iffe e nt S ns e s
r it is e v e n d o u b t fu l w h a t g o e s o n w h e n t h e s a m e
e

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no t io n o f a m e c h a nis m o f ide a s b u t t h e a t te m p t t o g o fu th e r a nd t o r

o pp o s e t o it t h e no t i o n o f a c h e m i s t y o f ide a s c a n b e m e t o nly w it h r ,

t h e u t m o s t dis t s t A S l o ng a s t wo e x t e na l s t i m u li
ru . a nd 6 a r e p r o r a

du c ing e ffe c t s in t h e s a m e ne r v e e l e m e nt t h e r e m u s t e ns u e in t his -

, ,

p h y s i c a l Sp h e e t h e fo m a t io n o f t h a t e s l t a nt w h ic h t h e c o n
r , r r u c

j u nc t io n o f a ll t h e m e ch a nic a l c o ndit i o ns e nde s p o s s ibl e a nd t h e r e r r

fo r e ne c e s s a y T o t h is r e s u l t a nt
r . w h ic h a l o ne e a ch e s th e s o u l a s
c, r

a n e x c it ing m o t iv e co e s p o nds t h e S im pl e s e ns a t i o n y ; a nd t h is y is
,
rr

no t t h e e s l t a nt o f t h e t wo s e ns a t io ns
r u a nd 6 w h ic h t h e t wo s t im u l i a ,

if t a k e n s e p a a t e ly w o l d h a v e p r o d u ce d b u t a pp e a s in t d f t h e m
r ,
u ,
r s ea o ,

s inc e t h e y a r e u na bl e t o a is e I f o n t h e o t h e r h a nd we s u pp o s e
r .
, ,

t h a t a a nd 6 e it h e r b e c a u s e t h e y a r e t a ns m it t e d in diffe e nt ne v e
, r r r

e l e m e nt s o b e c a u s e t h e y do no t fo m o ne i ndis ting u i s h a bl e e s u l t a nt
, r r r

w it h in t h e ne r v e h a ve a c tu a lly p o d c e d t h e t wo s e ns a tio ns a nd B
, r u a
,

t h e r e s u l t w il l b e t h a t t h e c o nt e nt s o f t h e t wo s e ns a t i o ns d o no t bl e nd

in c o nsc io u s ne s s into a t h i d S im pl e s e ns a t io n b u t r e m a i n a p a t a nd
r ,
r

fo r m t h e ne c e s s a y p r e e q u is it e o f e v e r y h ig h e r a c t ivi t y o f m ind in
r -r

t h e wa y o f c o m p a is o n a nd j u dg m e nt r .

A t t h e s a m e t im e I m u s t a ll o w t h a t t h e r e a r e o bj e c t i o ns t o t h i s l a s t
,

v ie w Fo r t h o u gh th e t h e o r e t i c a l a s s e r t io n t h a t t h e s o u l is co m p e ll e d
.
c li m ax Sim u lt a ne o u s Se ns a t io ns .
4 57

by it s o wn o e ne s s t o a t t e m
n -
pt
i nt e r na l s ta t e s i nt o a n
t o fu s e a ll it s
i nte ns ive u nity c o u l d d e c ide no t h ing So l o ng a s o u i nw a r d e xp e ri e nc e
,
r

o ffe e d no e x a m pl e o f s u c h a r e s l t it is o n t h e o t h e r h a nd i nd u bi t a bl e
r u ,

t h a t t h e S im u l t a ne o u s a s s a u l t o f a v a r ie ty o f d iffe r e nt s t im u l i o n d iff e nt er

s e ns e s o r e v e n o n t h e s a m e s e ns e p t s u s i nt o a s t a t e o f c o nf s e d
, , u u

g e ne a l fe l ing in w h ic h we a re c e t a inly no t c o ns c io u s o f c l e a ly
r e r r

dis t ing u i s h i ng t h e diffe r e nt i m p e s s io ns S t ill it d o e s no t fo ll o w t h a t

r .

in s u c h a c a s e we h a v e a p o s it iv e p e r c e p t i o n o f a n a c t u a l u nity o f t h e
c o nt e nt s o f o u r i de a s a i s i ng f o m t h e i r m ix t u r e ; o u r s t a t e o f m ind
,
r r

se e m s to m a th e r t o c o ns i s t in ( 1 ) t h e c o ns c i o u s ne s s o f o u r ina b il it y
e r

t o s e p a r a t e w h a t h a s r e a lly r e m a i ne d div e s e a nd ( 2 ) in t h e g e ne r a l r ,

fe e l ing o f t h e d is t u b a nce p o du c e d in t h e e c o no m y o f o u r b o dy by
r r

t h e s im u l t a ne o u s a s s a u l t o f t h e s t i m u l i A s t o t h e fi s t p o int I e c u r . r ,
r

t o t h a t dis t inc t io n o f s e ns a t io n a nd p e r c e p t i o n t o w h ic h we fo u nd t h e ,

p s y c h o p hy s ic a l t h e o r y o bl ig e d t o a pp e a l T h e a c t o f di s t ing u is h ing
- .

t wo s e ns a t io ns is ne v e a Si m pl e s e ns a t io n ; it is a n a c t o f r e fe ni n
r
g
a nd c o m p a i ng w h i c h m a y s u p e r v e ne o n t h o s e s e ns a t io ns b u t ne e d
r , ,

no t a lw a y s do s o W h e r e it is p e ve nt e d t h e r e s u l t is no t t h a t t h e
. r ,

s e ns a t io ns m e l t i nt o o ne a no t h e r bu t S im ply t h a t t h e a c t o f dis ,

t ing u is h ing t h e m is a b s e nt ; a nd t h is a g a in c e t i nly no t SO f r t h a t t h e r a a

fa c t o f t h e difle r e nc e r e m a ins e nt ir e ly u np e c e iv e d bu t o nly s o fa a s

'

r ,
r

t o p e v e nt u s fr o m d e t e m i ning t h e a m o u nt o f t h e diffe r e nc e a nd fr o m
r r ,

a pp e h e nding o t h e
r r e l a t io ns b e t w e e n t h e d iffe re nt im p e s s i o ns
r A ny r .

o ne wh o is a nno y e d a t o ne a nd t h e s a m e t im e by gl o w ing h e a t ,

da l ing l ig h t de a fe ning no i s e a nd a n o ffe ns iv e s m e ll will c e ta inly

zz , , , r

no t fu s e t h e s e d is p a r a t e s e ns a t io ns i nt o a s ingl e o ne w it h a S ingl e

c o nt e nt w h ic h c o u l d be s e ns u o s ly p e r c e iv e d t h e y r e m a in fo r h im in
u

s e p a a t i o n a nd h e m e e ly fi nds it im p o s s ibl e t o b e c o ns c io u s o f o ne o f
r ,
r

t h e m a p a r t f o m t h e o th e s r B u t fu t h e h e w ill h a v e a fe e l ing o f
r .
,
r r,

d is c o m fo t — w h a t I m e nt io ne d a b o v e a s t h e
r nd c o ns t it u e nt o f h is s e co

w h o l e s t a te Fo r e ve r y s t im l u s w h ic h p o d c e s in c o ns c io u s ne s s a
. u r u

de fi nit e c o nt e nt o f s e ns a t io n is a l s o a de fi nit e de g e e o f d is t b a nc e , r ur

a nd t h e e fo r e m a k s a c a ll u p o n t h e fo c e s o f t h e ne r v e s ; a nd t h e
r e r

s u m o f t h e s e l it t l e c h a ng e s w h i c h in t h e i c h a a c t e r a s d is t u b a nc e s
, r r r

a e no t s o d iv
r s e a s t h e c o nt e nt s o f c o ns c i o u s ne s s t h e y g iv e
er is e t o r ,

p r o du c e t h e g ne a l fe e l ing w h ic h a dde d t o t h e ina b il ity t o dis t ing u is h

e r , ,

d e l u d s u s int o t h e b e l ie f in a n a c t u a l a b s e nc e o f div e r s it y in o
e u r

s e ns a t io ns I t is o nly in s o m e s c h wa y a s t h is a g n t h a t I c n
. u ,
ai ,
a

i m a gine t h a t s t a t e wh ic h is s o m e tim e s de s c ibe d a s t h b e ginning o f r e

ou r w h o l e e du c a tio n a s t a te w h ic h in it s l f is s pp o se d t o be S im pl e
, e u ,

a nd t o b e a ft e r w a r ds d ivi de d i nt o di ffe r e nt s e ns a t io ns by a n a c t iv it y o f
45 8 Se ns a t io ns a nd Me Co u r s e of I de a s .
[ B OO K I I I .

se p a r a ti o n . NO
ivi t y o f s e p a r a t i o n in t h e w o l d c o u l d e s t a bl is h
a ct r

d iff e nc e s w h e e no e a l d ive s ity e x is t e d fo r it w o u l d h a v e no th ing

er r r r

t o g u ide it t o t h e pl a c e s w h e r e it wa s t o e s t a bl is h t h e m o r t o i ndic a t e ,

t h e w idt h it wa s t o g iv e t h e m A s e p a r a t i o n c a n o nly p o ce e d fr o m a
. r

m ix t r e o f i m p e s s io ns w h ic h c o nt inu e t o b e d iv e r s e a nd t h e n o nly if
u r , ,

o wi ng t o fa v o u a bl e c i c u m s t a nc e s
r t h e S ingl e c o ns t it u e nt s o f t h e
r ,

m ix t ur e a e o ne a ft e r t h e o t h e r r a is e d a b o v e t h e
r ,
e s t by a n a c c e s s o f
,
r

s t r e ng t h s o a s t o fa c ilit a t e c o m p a r is o n a nd t h e
,
pp e h ns io n o f t h e a r e

w idth o f t h individu a l diff re nc e s if i de a s o f t h e S ingl e im p r e s s io ns

e e :

h a v e o nce be e n a c q u ir e d it m a y t h e n b e p o s s ibl e t o d i s s o c ia t e t h e m
,

e ve n in t h e u nfa v o u a bl e c a s e o f s c h a m ix t u e a s t h a t d e s c r ib e d
r u r

a bo ve . I t t h i s wa y it m ig h t p e h a p s h a pp e n t h a t m a ny a pp a r e nt ly r

S im ple s e ns a t io ns m a y be d is s o c ia t e d i nt o s e ve a l s e ns a t io ns o f th e r

s a m e k ind ; fo r e x a m pl e in a c o l o u r we m igh t s e p a r a t e t h e o t h e r
,

c o l o u s w h ic h fo m e d it s c o ns t it u e nt s o r in a t o ne t h e p a t i l t o ne s o f
r r ,
r a

w h ic h we we e u nc o ns c io s a t fi s t o r in t a s t e s a nd s m e ll s t h e e l e m e n
r u r ,

t a ry s e ns a t io ns w h ic h w e c o m b ine d in a v a ie ty o f d iffe e nt w a y s a nd
er r r

o f w h ic h a t p e s e nt we h a v e no k no wl e d g e
r T h u s wi t h i n t h e s e na r o w . r

l im it a r e a l c h e m is t y o f s e ns a t io ns c o m bi ning diffe re nt l e m e nt s
s r ,
e

int o a ne w qu a l ity o f s e ns a t i o n is no t inc o nc e iv a bl e B t a ft e r a ll

,
. u

o u r e xp e r ie nc e u t o t h p nt t im it m i ns u n c e r t a in w h e t h e r
p e e s e e e a r r

t h is int e m ingl ing i nt o ne w r e s u l t a nt s h a s no t in a ll c a s e s a l e a dy

r r

t a k e n p l a c e a m o ng t h e p h y s i c a l e x c it a t io ns in t h e ne v e o r in t h e r

ce nt a l p o t io ns o f t h e ne v o s s y s t e m
r r r u .

F r o m t h e s e p re m is e s a g a in a c o nc l u s io n m igh t b e d a w n r e s p e c t ing
,
r

t h o s e s e ns a t io ns w h ic h a tt a c h t o o t h e s in t h e wa y o f c o nt r a s t a nd do r ,

no t ne e d a p a r t ic u l a e x t e na l s t im u l s r I do no t t h ink t h y c a n b e
r u . e

c o ns id e e d r e a c t io ns o f t h e s o u l u no c c a s io ne d by a ny t h ing p h y s ic a l
r .

I t m ig h t be p o s s ib le t o t a k e t h a t vi e w o f t h e fa l s e e s t im a t e s o f m a gni
t u de w h i c h m a k e a s u d de n s ile nc e e ns u ing o n d e a fe ning no i s e o a ,
r

d a r k ne s s e ns u ing o n d a l ing l ig h t a pp e a r e x t a o dina ily de e p ; fo r

zz ,
r -
r r

t h e s e a e no t s e ns t io ns bu t c o m p a is o ns
r a A nd ye t e v e n in t h e s e
,
r .

c a s e s t h e p o b a bl e c a s e o f t h e j u dg m e nt is t h e d is t a nce b e t w e e n t h e
r u

d e g e e s o f e x c it a t io n in t h e ne v e a d is t a nc e j s t a s g e a t a s t h a t
r r ,
u r

b e t w e e n t h e s e ns a t io ns B u t a c o lo u r 6 c a nno t a t t a ch t o a no th e
. r a

by wa y o f co nt r a s t o c o m pl e m e nt t h o u gh a m e r e r e a c t io n o f t h e
r r

so u l . Ev e n if we im a gine in t h e s o u l a dis tu b a nc e w h ic h s e e k s a r

c o m p e ns a t ing a dj u s t m e nt t h e a im o f t h a t s e c h c a n b e no m o r e
,
ar

t h a n a n o pp o s it e N n t h e w h e r e a bo u t s o f wh ic h is u nk no w n
o -
a
,
Tha t .

it is B a nd no th ing b u t 6 w h ic h g iv e s t h e d e s ir e d s a t is fa c tio n we
kno w o nly f o m e xp e r ie nc er t o s e e k t h e r e a s o n o f t h e fa c t in a c o m
C H APT E R D is appe a r a nce o
f Se ns a t io ns .
4 59

pa r is o n o f t h e t wo im p r e s s io ns a a nd 6 , is to se e k it in so m e th n i g fa r
fr o m l f e v ide nt it m u s t lie in t h e wa y in w h ic h t h e ne r ve a c t s a nd
se -
, ,

t his a c t ivi t y o f t h e ne v e m u s t a t t a c h t h e e x c i t a t io n w h ic h l e a d s t o B
r

t o t h e e x c i t a t io n w h ic h p r o du c e s in t h e c h a r a c te r o f a n e ff o r t t o a
,

a t t a in e q u il ib iu m r .

2 6 1 N e it h e o b s e r va t io n no r t h e o r y h a v e SO fa r t h r o w n a ny lig h t
. r

u po n th e i nt e v a l w h i c h i nt e r ve ne s b e t w e e n t h e o c cu rr e nc e o f a ‘

s e nsa t io n a nd it s di s a p pe a ra nce f o m c o ns c i o u s ne s s I f we s a y t h a t r .

it g a du a lly dim inish e s in s t e ng t h u nt il a t l a s t it r e c h e s e o o dis

r r a z r r

a pp e a rs b e l o w t h e t h r e s h o l d o f c o ns c i o u s ne s s we m e r e ly de s c ib e , r

w h a t we t h ink we c a n im a g ine t o be g o i ng o n no o ne c a n 6 er v th e o s e

p o c e s s S inc e t h e a tte nt i o n ne ce s s a r y fo r o b s e vi ng it m a ke s it im
r ,
r

p o s s ibl e W h e th e t h i s h yp o t h e t ic a l vi e w h a s a s u ffi c ie nt t h e o r e t ic a l
. r

j s t ifi ca t io n is do u b t fu l B e s i de t h e p e s u pp o s it io n th a t a d im inu t io n
u , . r

o f t h e a c t iv it y o f p e s e nt a t io n f o m it s s tr e ng t h a t a g iv e n m o m e nt
re r ,
r

d o w n t o it s dis a pp e a ra nc e m u s t b e c o nti nu o u s t h e p h y s i c a l la w o f , ,

p e r s is t e nc e is c a ll e d in in o de r t o m a k e th e u ndim inis h e d c o nt i nu a nc e
,
r

o f t h e s e ns a t i o n a pp e a r a s t h e na t u r a l c o u s e o f e v e nt s a nd it s d is r ,

a pp e a r a nc e f o m c o ns c i o u s ne s s a s t h e p o bl e m t o b e e xpl a ine d
r T h is r .

l a s t i de a is no t f e e f o m difficu l ty A m a t e i a l a t o m u nde g o e s no
r r . r r

i nt e na l c h a ng e du r ing it s m o t io n — a t l e a s t a c c o ding t o t h e o dina y

r ,
r r r

vi e w o f th t m o t i o n a nd it s s t a te in a ny ne w pl a c e g is e x a c tly w h a t
a ,
-

it wa s in it s fo m e r pl a c e p ; it fo ll o w s t h e r e fo e t h t it i t s e l f c o nt a ins
r r a

no t h ing w h ic h w o u l d a t a ny p o int r e s i s t a fu th e r m o t io n a nd t h t r ,
a

t h e c a u s e o f t h e c h a ng e o r t h e c h e c k ing o f t h is m o t io n m u s t c o m e

f o m o u t s ide
r T h e s o u l o n t h e o th e r h a nd w h e n it fe e l s
. f ll s int o
, ,
0
,
a

a n int e r na l s t a t e d iffe r ing f o m it s s t a t e w h e n it fe e ls B : if we c o ns ide r r

'

it c a p a bl e o f e a c t ing a g a ins t s t i m u li a t a ll we m u s t a dm it t h a t t h e re
r ,

m y lie in it s o wn na t u e t h e p e m a ne nt m o t iv e w h ic h s t i s it t o
a r r r

o pp o s e e v e y o ne S ide d m a nife s t a t io n o f it s c a a c it y t h a t m a y b
-
e
r
p
fo c d o n it a nd t h e e fo r e s t i s it a l s o t o e lim ina t e th e s t a t e o f s e ns a
r e ,
r r ‘

t io n fo c e d o n it by t h e e x t e na l s t im l u s
r I f i nde e d it w e e bl e r u . r a

c o mp l t b t o a nnu l w h a t h a s o c c
e e z e d it w o u l d b e w h o lly i m p a s s iv e u rr ,

a nd t h e e fo e inc a p bl e o f int e a c t io n ; b u t m ig h t no t it s Opp o s ing

r r a r

e ffo r t be s t o ng e no u g h t o e p r e s s t h e s e ns a t io n i nt o a c o ndit io n o f
r r

p e m a ne nt u nco ns c io u s ne s s ?
r

I f we l e a v e t h is q e s t io n w h i c h c a nno t be d e c i de d we m a y s e e k
u , ,

t h e c a u s e s o f h ind a nc e o c h e c k ing p a t ly in t h e ne w im p e s s io ns
r r r r

w h ic h riv e f o m o t s ide p t ly in t h o s e fa r l e s s fa m il ia r o ne s w h ic h
ar r u , ar

a e c o ns t nt ly b e ing b r o u g h t t o t h e s o u l by t h e c h a ng ing s t a t e s o f t h e
r a

bo dy T he fi r s t o f t h e s e th e s t u ggl e o f ide a s w it h o ne a no th e
.
,
r r,
 6
4 0 Se ns a t io ns a nd Me Co u r s e of I de a s .
[ B OO K I I I .

se r ve d a s t h e fo u nd a t o i no fli e o ry o f t h e i nte na l m e c h a nis m
f H e r ba r t
’
s r

o f t h e s o u l l ife -
I p u t a s i de a t p r e s e nt t h e do u b t s w h ich a e s gg e s t e d
. r u

by t h e m e t a p h y s ic a l b a s is o f t h is t h e o y ; t h e u nc h a nge a b il ity o f a s o u l
r

w h ic h ye t e xp e ri e nce s c h a nging int e na l s t a t e s ; it s e ffo r t t o fu s e t h e m

r

a ll i nt o a u nity a nd t h e S h ip w e c k o f t h i s e flo t o n t h e diffe e nc e s o f
,
r r r

t h e ide a s t h e a s s u m p t i o n l a s t ly t h a t t h e s o u l fi nds a s a t is fa c t io n in
, ,

a t l e a s t l e s s e ning t h e s t r e ng th o f t h e p a r t ie s w h o s e Opp o s it i o n it h a s

t o t o le a te
r . W e a c c e p t s im ply a s a h yp o t h e s i s w h a t H e b a t o ffe s u s r r r

a s t h e fo u nd a t i o n o f his t h e o r y t h e h yp o t h e s is t h a t id e a s c h e c k o ne
,

a no t h e r a cc o r ding t o t h e de g e e o f t h e ir s t e ng th a nd o f t h e ir o pp o
r r

s it io n ; a nd we u t il is e h is j u s t r e j e c t i o n o f fig u a t iv e m o de s o f Sp e e c h r .

Co ns c io u s ne s s a s h e t e ll s u s is no t a Sp a c e in w h ic h i de a s a pp e a r
, ,

Si de by S ide Ev e n if it w e r e a Sp a c e S t ill t h e ide a s a r e no t e x t e nde d

.
,

t h ing s w h ic h r e qu i e a de fi nit e pl a c e t o e x is t in r ig id b o die s w h ic h a e

r , r

i nc a p a bl e o f c o nde ns a t i o n a nd t h e e fo r e p u s h o ne a no t h e r f o m th is
,
r r

na o w s t a g e
rr No r l a s t ly is t h e e a ny o igi na l r e p u l s io n o f i de a s
.
, ,
r r

a g a ins t i de a s it is o nly t h e u nity o f t h e s o u l in w h ic h t h e y a t t e m p t t o

e x is t a t t h e s a m e t im e t h a t t u r ns t h e ir m e r e diffe e nc e i nt o
, s t u ggl e r a r .

Th e q u e s t io n no w is D o e s o u r i nt e r na l o b s e r v a t i o n c o nfi m t h e se
,
r

h yp o t h e s e s
2 6 2 W e h a v e in t h o u gh t t o s e p a r a te t wo t h i ng s w h i c h ne v e r
.

a pp e a r a p a t in t h e r e a l w o l d ; t h e c o nt e nt t o w h ic h t h e a c t iv it y
r r

o f r e p e s e nt a t io n o r s e ns a t i o n is
r di e c t e d a nd t h is a c t ivi t y it s l f
r ,
e

w h i c h m a k e s t h e c o nt e nt s o m e t h ing r e p e s e nt e d o r fe l t : t o b o t h o f r

t h e s e we m ig h t a tt e m p t t o pply t h e c o nc e p t io ns ( ) o f o pp o s i tio n
a a

a nd 6 o f v a ia bl e s t e ng t h
() r r
( ) N o w I
. c a nno t fi nd a ny t h ing giv e n
a

in i nt e na l o b s e v a t i o n w h ic h t e s t ifi e s t o a c h e c king o f ide a s a c c o ding

'

r r r

t o t h e d e g r e e in w h ic h t h e i nt nt a r e o pp o s e d
r co D o u b t l e s s we h o l d
e s .

a S im u l t a ne o u s s e ns a t io n o f Opp o s i t e c o nt e nt s t h o u gh t h e s a m e ne v e r r

e l e m e nt t o b e im p o s s ibl e ; b u t I d o no t k no w t h a t t h e id e a o f t h e

p o s it iv e a nd o f a ffi m a tio n e x e c is e s a ny s p e c ia l r e p l s io n a ga ins t t h e

r r u

ide a o f t h e ne g a t iv e a nd o f ne g a t io n o n t h e c o nt a y e v e r y p o s s ibl e r r ,

c o m p a is o n o f o pp o s it e s i m pl ie s t h a t t h e t wo m e m b e r s o f t h e c o m
r

p a is o n do n t c h e c k o ne a no t h e r I f o n t h e o th e h a nd we a pply
r o .
,
r ,

t h e Opp o s it io n t o t h e r e p e s e nt ing a tivity it is do u b t l e s s s e l f e vide nt

r c ,
-

t h a t t wo o f it s a c t s w h ic h a r e o pp o s e d in r e s p e c t o f t h e i r a c t i o n w ill

c a nc e l o ne a no t h e r ; bu t t h is p o p o s it i o n if s e lf e ide nt is a l s o
r ,
v
v ,

f u it l e s s fo r we h a v e no igh t w h a t e v e t o p e s pp o s e t h a t t h e ide s
r , r r r u a

o f t wo o pp o s it e c o nt e nt s r e s t o n a n Opp o s it i o n o f t h e r e p r e s e nt ing

a c t ivi ti e s in r e s p e c t o f t h e i r m o de o f a c t io n T h u s we do no t k no w .
C H APT E R Va r ia 6le s t r e ng M I de a s .
4 6 1

wh e re in s u ch a c t o n i we a re to fi nd o pp o s it i o ns wh i c h a re to h a ve a

m e ch a n c a i l va l u e .

(6) T h e p ti o n o f a v a ri a bl e s t re ngt h o f i de a s s u gge s t s s i m il a r

co nc e

do u b t s I n t h e c a s e o f t h e s e ns a t i o ns o f a n a c t u a lly Op e a t ing s e ns e
. r

s t im u l u s it d id no t s e e m w o t h w h il e t o d a w t h e dis t inc t i o n I h a v e
,
r r

j u s t u s e d ; t h e h e a i ng o f a l o u de no is e o r t h e s e e i ng o f a b r igh t e r
r r ,

l igh t is a lw a y s a t t h e s a m e t im e a g e a t e r a c tivi ty e x c ita t io n o

,
r , , r

a ffe c t io n a nd it is no t p o s s ibl e t o h e a r l o u d t h u nd e r a s l o u d a nd ye t .

t o h e a r it w e a kly o r t o fe e l a b r ig h t e r l ig h t t o b e b rig h t e
,
a nd
y e t t o r

fe e l it l e s s s t o ngly t h a n a di m m e r l ig h t
r B u t t h e c a s e m a y w e l l be .

d iffe r e nt w it h o u r ide a s by w h ic h na m e I u nde r s t a nd in a c c o da nc e , r

w ith s a ge t h e i m ge in m e m o y o f a n a b s e nt im p re s s io n a s
u ,
a r ,

o pp o s e d t o t h e s e ns a t io n o f t h e p e s e nt i m p e s s io n T h e diff e nc e
r r . er

b e tw e e n t h e t wo is c l e a e no gh T h e r e m e m b e r e d l ig h t do e s no t
r u .

s h ine a s t h e s e e n l igh t do e s ; t h e e m e m b e r e d t o ne s d o no t s o u nd a sr

h e a d t o ne s do a l t h o u gh t h e y r e p r o du c e in t h e i s c c e s s io n t h e m o s t
r ,
r u

de l ic a t e r e l a t io ns o f a m e l o dy t h e i de a o f t h e int e ns e s t p a in do e s no t
h u t a nd is no t h i ng c o m p a r e d t o t h e l e a s t r e a l i nj u y
r , I will no t r .

e nq u i e w h e t h e r t h is diff e nc e is du e t o t h e fa c t t h a t a n i de a a s a
r er ,

r e m e m b a nc e h a vi ng it s o ig in in t h e s o u l o nly is no t a c c o m p a nie d by
r r ,

a ny b o dily e x c it a t io n w h e e a s s u c h a n e x c it a t io n a c c o m p a ni e s e v e r y
,
r

s e ns a t i o n a nd is t h e c a u s e o f it s b e g inning a nd c o nt in a nc e ; o r u

w h e th e r t h a t v ie w is c o r e c t wh ic h in Sp ite o f it s no t e c e iv ing m u c h
r ,
r

s u pp o t f o m t h e d ir e c t i m p e s s io n o f int e r na l e xp e r ie nc e
r r r a ssu m e s ,

t h a t in s e ns a t i o n a nd i de a a l ik e t h e e is a lw a y s a p h y s i c a l ne v o u s r r

e x c i t t io n a a nd t h a t t h e di f
,
fe r e nc e in t h e t wo c a s e s is o nly o ne
o f de g e e r .

No w w h a t e v e r we r e m e m b e r we c a n c e t a i nly r e p re s e nt in i de a in r

a ll t h e de g e e s o f w h ic h it s c o nt e nt is c a p a bl e
r bu t it is no t s o c l e a r
t h a t th e e p r e s e nt i ng a c t iv it y d ir e c t e d t o t h i s c o nt e nt c a n i t s e l f e x
r

p e ir
e nc e t h e s m e c h a ng e s in a m a g n it u d e W e c a n n o t r e p r e s e nt .

m o e o r r e p e s e nt l e s s t o o
r s e lv e s o ne t o ne o f a g iv e n h e ig h t a nd
r ur

s t r e ng th o o ne S h a de o f a c o lo r ; t h e a t t e m p t t o d o s o r e a lly int o
,
r u r

d c e s a c h a ng e in t h e
u nt nt a nd w e a e r e p r e s e nt ing a s t o ng e r o r
co e ,
r r

w e a k e r t o ne a b igh t e o du ll r c o l o u r ins t e a d o f m e r e ly r e p r e s e nt i ng
, r r r e ,

mo e o r r e p e s e nt ing l e s s t h e s a m e t o ne a nd t h e s a m e c o l o u r
r r No r .

d o e s int e n l o b s e v a t io n giv e u s a ny m o e j s t ifi c a t io n fo r r e g a d ing

r a r r u r

t h is a c t ivit y o f r e p e s e nt a t io n lik e t h e a c t ivi t y o f s e ns a t io n a s p o

r , ,
r

p o r t i n l too t hae c o n t e n t t o w h ic h it is d i e c t e d Th e i d e a o f t h e r .

s t r o ng e r d o e s no t c a ll fo r o r c u s e a ny s t o ng e e x c i t a t io n o r g e a t e r
a r r r

e ffo r t t h a n t h e i de a o f t h e w e a k e r T h e i m a g e s o f m e m o ry r e s e m bl e
.
4 6 2 Se ns a t io ns a nd Me Co u r s e of I de a s . [ 13m 1 11 .

S h a do w s wh i ch do no t di ffe r in w e igh t lik e t h e b o die s t h a t c a s t t h e m

, .

T h u s it a pp e a s s o f a s if t h e c o nc e p t io n o f a v a ia bl e s t r e ngt h
r ar r ,

w h e n a ppl ie d to o u r ide a s m a y h o l d g o o d o f t h e i r c o nt e nt bu t no t o f
, ,

t h e p s y c h ica l a c t iv ity t o w h i c h t h e m e c h a nic a l t h e o r y a t s t a r t i ng

,

c e t a inly i nt e nde d it a l s o t o a pply

r .

2 6 3 T o t h is it m a y be o bj e c t e d t h a t t h e c a p a c it y o f b e ing
.

h e ig h t e ne d p o s s e s s e d by t h e r e p r e s e nt ing a c t ivi t y c a nno t b e d is

, ,
~

c l o s e d by a t r i a l m a de o n p p o s e S u c h a n e xp e r i m e nt it m a y b e
ur .
,

s a id ,
na t u a lly b i ng s b e fo r e u s t h e m a xi m u m a t t a ina bl e by t h a t
r r

a c t ivi t y in r e fe r e nc e t o t h e c o nt e nt c h o s e n a nd do e s no t b i ng t o o u,
r r

no t ic e t h e l o w e r d e g r e e s t o w h i c h it s i nk s a nd t h r o u g h w h ic h it ,

p a s s e s o n it s wa y t o e x t inc t io n I t c a nno t be de nie d we m a y be

.
,

t o l d t h a t t h e d is t inc t i o n o f c l e a r e r a nd d im m e r i de a s s ig nifi e s s o m e
,

t h i ng w h i c h r e a lly e xi s t s in c o ns c io u s ne s s a nd w h ic h c o nfi m s o u r r

b e l ie f t h a t t h e a c tivity h a s va r io u s gr a de s a l th o u gh we c a nno t di e c t ly r

o b s e r ve th e m T o t h i s o bj e c t i o n I S h o u l d give t h e fo ll o wi ng a ns w e r
. .

I c a nno t c o nvi nc e m y s e l f t h a t i nt e r na l o b s e r va t i o n t e s t ifi e s wi th o u t
m o e a do t o t h e r e a l ity o f dim ide a s in t h is s e ns e o f t h e w o r d
r .

I f t h e i m a g e o f a c o m p o s it e o bj e c t in o u r m e m o y is dim t h e r e a s o n r ,

is no t t h a t t h e i m a g e is p e s e nt wi t h a ll it s p a t s in t h e i o de r a nd
r ,
r r r ,

t h a t c o ns c io u s ne s s S h e ds o nly a w e a k l ig h t o v e th e wh o le Th e r .

r e a s o n is t h a t t h e r e a e g a p s in t h e im a g e ; s o m e o f it s p a t s a re
r r

e nt ir e ly a b s e nt ; a nd a b o v e a ll t h e e x a c t wa y in w h i c h t h o s e p a r t s
, ,

t h a t a e p r e s e nt a e c o nne c t e d is u s u a lly no t b e fo e th e m nd a nd is
r r ,
r i ,

r e pl a c e d by t h e m e e t h o u g h t t h a t t h e r e wa s s o m e c o nne x io n o r o t h e r
r

b e t w e e n t h e m ; a nd t h e w ide ne s s o f t h e li m it s wi t h in wh ic h we fi nd
t h is o t h a t c o nne x io n e q u a lly p o b a bl e w it h o u t b e ing a bl e t o c o m e
r r ,

t o a de c i s io n d e t e r m i ne s t h e de g e e o f dim ne s s we a s c ib e t o t h e
, r r

im a g e .L e t u s t a k e a s a n e x a m pl e t h e t a s t e o f a a r e f u i t We r r .

e it h e r h a v e a c o m pl e t e i de a o f t h i s t a s t e o r we h a v e no ne a t a ll
, a nd

t h e o nly r e a s o n wh y we s u pp o s e t h a t we r e a lly h a v e a dim i de a o f it

is t h is — we k no w fr o m o t h e r s o u c e s t h a t f u i t s h a v e a t a s t e a nd
r r ,

t h e o t h e r c h a r a c t e s w h ic h a e p e s e nt t o o u r m e m o r y a nd w h ic h
r r r

t e ll u s t h e Sp e c ie s o f t h e fr u i t m o v e u s t o t h ink o nly o f t h a t p a r ti
,

c u la r c l a s s o f t a s t e s w h i c h b e l o ng s t o t h i s s p e c ie s t h e nu m b e o f t h e r

t a s t e s w h ic h lie b e t w e e n t h e s e l im it s a nd b e t w e e n w h i c h we h e s i t a t e ,

de t e r m ine s a g a i n t h e d e g e e o f t h e o b s c u ity o f t h e id a w h ic h
r r e ,

we s u pp o s e o u r s e lv e s t o p o s s e s s t h o u g h we a r e r e a lly Only l o o k ing

fo r it .

To t a k e a no t h e r e x a m pl e ; we t ry fo r a l o ng t i m e to re m em be r
a na m e , a nd t h e n, w h e n o ne is s u gg
e ste d to u s, we a t o nc e r e c o gnis e
C H APT E R D im I de a s . 6
4 3

it t o b e t h e r igh t o ne . B u t th is do e s no t p ro ve t h a t we ha d an

o b s cu r e i de a o f t h e r igh t o ne a nd no w e c o g nis e it a s t h e righ t o ne

,
r

by c o m p a i ng it w it h t h e na m e t h a t is u t te r e d Fo o n w ha t is t h is
r . r

r e c o g nit i o n t o r e s t ? T h e na m e t h a t is u t t e e d m ig h t be w r o ng ; so r

t h a t b e fo r e we c o u l d p r o c e e d we S h o u l d h a v e t o S h o w t h a t t h e
, ,

o b s c u e ide a wi t h w h ic h t h a t na m e wa s fo u nd t o b e id nt ic a l is t h e
r e ,

s a m e ide a we a e t ry ing t o find ? r No w t h is ide a we a e t y ing t o fi nd r r

is dis t ing u is h e d fr o m o t h e s fo w h i c h we a r e no t l o o k ing by it s

r r ,

c o nne x io ns wi t h m e m b r a nc e s o f s o m e q u a l it ie s o
re o t h e r in t h e r

Obj e c t w h o s e na m e it is o r w h o s e c o nt e nt it s ig nifi e s ; fo r we c a nno t

t r y t o fi nd t h e na m e o f s o m e t h i ng u nl e s s t h is s o m e t h i ng c a n be ,

dis t i ng u is h e d f o m o t h e r t h ing s w h ic h we do no t m e a n
r Whe n th e n .
, ,

th e ig h t na m e is u t t e r e d t h e s o u nd o f it fi t s t h e s e o th e r e m e m
r , r

b r a nc e s o f t h e o bj e c t wi t h o u t t o u bl e o r e s is t a nc e a nd in it s t u n r r , r

c a ll s t h e m u p a ne w o r e x t e nd s t h e m a nd t his is t h e e a s o n wh y it r

s e e m s t o u s t h e r ig h t o ne ; w h e e a s a ny w o ng o ne t h a t is u t te e d r r r

w o u l d be fo e ign t o t h e o th e r i de a s th a t c o m e t o m e e t it A nd
r .

s u pp o s ing t h a t t h e w o r d we w a nt e d t o r e m e m b e w e r e o ne we did r

no t u nde s t a nd s t ill t h e e m u s t b e s o m e m e m o r y o
r ,
r o t he e v e n o f it r r

r e m a n ng be h ind wi t h w h ic h t h e u t t e e d w o d m u s t a g e e ; w h e t h e r
i i ,
r r r

it be t h e nu m b e r o f s yll a bl e s o r t h e q u a l it y o f t h e v o w e l s o r s o m e
,
.
,

p o m ine nt c o ns o na nt o r m e r e ly t h e c i c u m s t a nc e s in w h i c h we h e a d
r ,
r r

it o r t h e m o m e nt a r y g e ne a l fe e l ing w it h w h i c h it s s o u nd wa s
,
r

o nc e c o nne c t e d I n no ne o f t h e s e c a s e s t h e e fo r e h a v e we a n
. r

o b s c u e i de a r we a e m e r e ly l o o k ing fo t h e i de a w h i c h we h a ve no t
r r

g o t a t a l l a n d
,
h e lp in g o u s e lv e s in t h e wa y I h a v e m e nt io ne d
r B t . u

no ide a t h a t we r e a lly h a ve w h e t h e r s im pl e o r c o m pl e x c a n be
, ,

h e ig h t e ne d in t h e s t e ng t h wi t h w h i c h it is e p r e s e nt e d ; a nd t h e
r r

c o m pl e x i de a o nly s e e m s t o b e s o s o l o ng a s it is im p e fe c t No , r .

o ne wh o t h ink s o f a ll t h o s e i de a s o f p a t s w h ic h t o g e t h e r fo r m t h e r

i de a o f t h e T ia ngl e a nd a l s o o f th e wa y in wh ich t h e y a e r e a lly

r , r

c o nne c t e d c a n f r t h e r s t e ng t h e n h is a c t iv it y o f e p e s e nt i ng t h is
,
u r r r

c o m pl e t e c o nt e nt I f t h e g e o m e t ic ia n s e e m s s u p e i o r t o t h e be
. r r

ginne r in t h i s p o int it is no t b e c a u s e h e r e p e s e nt s t h is co nt e nt m o r e
,
r ,

bu t b e c a u s e h e e p r e s e nt s m o e t h a n t h i s c o nt e nt
r iz t h e innu m e r
r ,
v .

a bl e e l a t io ns w h ic h a r e
r c o nj o i ne d wi t h t h i s figu re in c o nne c te d
kno wl e dg e .

2 6 4 I a m no t e j e c t i ng w h a t we a ll r e ga r d a s a co r r e c t i nt e r
. r

e t a t io n o f t h e f c t s t h e a s s u m p t io n I m e a n t h a t i de a s p u s h o ne
a
p r , , ,

a no t h e r o u t o f c o ns c io u s ne s s a nd c h a ng e o ne a no t h e r int o p e rm a ne nt
,

u nc o ns c i o u s s ta t e s o f t h e so u l Fo r t h e s e s ta t e s we r e ta in a na m e
.
 6
4 4 Se ns a t io ns a nd Me Co u r s e of I de a s . [ B OO K I I I .

w h ic h is l f c o nt r a dic t o y u nc chi s cio u s i de s in o r de t o in

re al ly se -
r ,
a , r

d ic a t e t h a t t h e y a o s e fr o m i de a s a nd a e c a p a bl e u nde c e t a n
r r , r r i

c i c u m s t a nc e s o f b e i ng r e t r a ns fo r m e d i nt o ide a s
r ,
B u t a ll t h a t t h is
-
.

a s s u m p t io n a c t u a lly s a y s is t h t t h e i de a s h a v e e x e c i s e d a c e r t a in a r

p o w e r a g a ins t o ne a no t h e r a nd t h a t s o m e o f t h e m h a v e c o m e o ff ,

vi c t o io u s o ve r t h e e s t ; it do e s no t fo ll o w a s s o m e th i ng s e l f e vide nt
r r -
,

t h o u gh we na t u a lly infe it t h a t t h e y m s t h a v e o w e d t h e ir p o w e r
r r ,
u

t o a de g e e o f s t e ng t h w h ic h b e l o ng s t o t h e m a s s u c h
r r I n fa c t we .

h a d no m e a ns o f m e a s u i ng t h is s t e ng t h o f t h e ir s a t a ll b e fo e t h e
r r r

s t ru ggl e t o o k pl c e ; we o nly a tt r ib u t e it t o t h e m by r e a s o ning b a c k

a

w a ds a fte we h a ve s e e n t h e i s s u e o f th e s t ru ggl e A nd fu r t h e t h e
r r . r,

vi c t o y do e s no t a lw a y s fa ll t o t h a t s i de w h ic h in it s e l f is t h e s t r o nge r ;
r

fa v o u r a bl e c ir c u m s t a nc e s m a y g v e it t o t h e w e a k e r S i nc e t h e n i .

t h is a s su m p t io n o f a v a i a bl e s t e ng th is fo u nd t o a pp ly no t t o t h er r

a c t ivi t y o f r e p e s e nt ing bu t o nly t o t h e c o nt e nt o f t h e i de a s

’

r e pr e r

s e nt e d : a nd S inc e o n t h e o t h e h a nd if we fo ll o w e xp e ie nc e we r , r ,

c a nno t m a int a in t h a t t h e i de a o f t h e s t o ng e r o nt nt a lw a y s o v e c o m e s r c e r

t h a t o f t h e w e a k e r b u t m e e t w it h nu m b e r l e s s c a s e s o f t h e Opp o s i t e
,

e v e nt t h e r e s u l t is t h a t we m u s t l o o k fo r t h e s o u r c e o f t h e p o w e r
,

e x e t e d in s o m e t h ing t h a t a t t
r l t o t h e r e p re s e nt ing a c t ivi ty a nd is a c ze s

in it s na t u r e c a p a bl e o f d e g re e s o f int e ns ity .

I m a y s a y a t o nc e t h a t t h is p o w e r e s t s ne i t h e r o n a ny s tr e ngth in r

t h e a c t ivi t y i t s e l f no r o n t h a t o f t h e c o nt e nt r e p r e s e nt e d b u t o n t h e ,

a m o u nt o f o u r int t in t h e l a t t e r I f we c o u l d o b s e r v e t h e fi r s t
e r es .

s t i rr ing s o f a s o u l s t ill d e s t i t u t e o f e xp e r i e nc e we S h o u l d c e r t a i nly fi nd ,

t h a t t h a t s e ns a t io n w h i c h in it s t o t a l e ffe c t is t h e gr e a t e r a g it a t io n
1
, ,

o f t h e s o u l a nd t h e r e fo e t h e s t o ng e r in r e s p e c t o f it s c o nt e nt o v e r
r r ,

c o m e s t h e o th e s wh i ch m e a s u r e d by t h e s a m e s t a nda r d a r e t h e
r , ,

w e a ke r B t in t h e de ve l o p e d l if wh ic h a l o ne we c a n o b s e r ve t h e
. u e , ,

s t e ng t h o f t h e s e ns a t io n is o f fa
r l e s s m o m e nt t h a n t h a t w h ich in t h e r ,

c o nne x io n o f o u r m e m o i e s i nt e nt i o ns a nd e xp e c t a t io ns it m e a ns r , , , ,

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pl a na t io n o f t h e e x a c t na tu re o f t h is c o nne xi o n l e o f t h a t w h i ch , . .

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.

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, p p r

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.

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.

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m o v e m e nt o f t h e gl a nc e w h i c h t r a v e r s e s it s o u t l ine s : I S h a ll h a v e

la t e r o n t o m e nt i o n t h e r e a so n wh y t h i s m o v e m e nt is ne c e s s a ry in
 R ep r o du ct io n
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467

o r de r t o m p r o du c t io n s e c u re ; bu t it is no ne th e le s s i ndu b i ta bl e
a ke re

t h a t t h e m o m e nta ry ill u m i na t i o n o f a n e l e c t r i c s p a r k m a k e s it p o s s ibl e

t o p e r c e iv e o bj e c t s a nd giv e s u s i m a g e s o f t h e m in m e m o r y Wha t .

is o f m o re i m po r t a nce is t h a t in t e m p o r a l a nd s p a t i a l a pp r e h e ns i o n
it is j u s t t h e a b s e nc e o f o b s e r va ble c o nne c t i ng li nk s b e t w e e n a nd 6 a

wh i c h j o i ns t h e s e t wo t o ge t h e r s o c l o s e ly a nd in s o p r e e m i ne nt -

a de gr e e t h a t we giv e t h e na m e o f a s s o c i a t i o n t o t h e i r c o nj u nc t i o n
,

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6 a nd d a s w e ll ,
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.
,

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,

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r c a

t h e c a s e s o fa r c o ns ide r e d—t h e di t r e ca lli ng o f t h e s a m e a by a

r ec .

W e S h o u l d k no w no t h i ng w h a t e v e r o f t h i s fa c t t h e r e p r o du c t io n o f a ,

fo m e r a by t h e p r e s e nt a if t h e t wo w e r e s i m ply p r e s e nt wi t h no
r , ,

di s t i nc t i o n b e t w e e n t h e m a t t h e s a m e t i m e ,
T o k no w t h e p r e s e nt a .

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,

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t h e fo rm e r o ne w h i c h is it s p r e c i s e c o u nt e r p a r t bu t t h i s fo r m e r o ne ,

a ls o b r i ng s wi th it t h e ide a s d w h i c h a r e a s so c i a t e d wi t h it b u t no t
c

wi th t h e p re s e nt a nd t h e r e by t e s t ifi e s t h a t it h a s b e e n a n Obj e c t o f
a ,

o u r p e rc e p tio n o n s o m e fo r m e r o c c a s i o n bu t u nde r d i ffe r e nt c ir

c u m s ta nce s .

266 . Re s p e c t i ng th e g re a t
wi th w h i c h a s u cce s s ive s e r i e s o f
e a se

i de a s is r e p o du c e d in th e o r de r o f t h e i r s u c c e s s io n a fa c t wh i c h it
r ,

w o u l d be s u p e fl u o u s t o ill u s t r a t e a n a tt ra c t ive t h e o r y h a s b e e n de
r ,

v e lO e d by H e r b a r t L t pp t h t t h e e x t e r na l i m p r e s s i o ns
p e u s s u o s
. e a

AB C fo ll o w o ne a no t h e r in t i m e a nd t h a t t h e fi r s t o f t h e m
. .
,

a w a k e ns t h e i de a A ; o n it s a pp e a ra nc e in c o ns c i o u s ne s s w h i c h is ,

ne v e r e m p t y t h i s i de a A will a t o nc e s u s t a i n a c h e c k fr o m t h e c o n
,

t e nt s a l r e a dy p e s e nt in c o ns c io u s ne s s ; a nd o wi ng t o t h i s c h e c k it s
r , ,

s t r e ng t h will h a v e b e e n r e du c e d t o a t t h e m o m e nt w h e n t h e ne w a

i de a B is a r o u s e d Th e o nly a s s o c i a t i o n fo r m e d t h e r e fo r e w ill be
,
.

b we e
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c ia t io n A B in c o ns c i o u s ne s s a t a ll Th e c o m bi na t i o n a B a g a i n .
, ,

s u s ta ins t h e s a m e c h e c k a nd will b e w e a k e ne d t o t h e de g r e e
,
6 at a

t h e m o m e nt w h e n C m a k e s it s i m p r e s s i o n C : t h e a s so c i a t i o n t h a t
.

a i s e s w ill b e
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a , A g a i n w h e n 0 a c t s it .
,
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.

fi nds 6 C c h e c k e d i nt o c : it is t h i s th e r e fo r e a nd o nly t h is t h a t
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c o nne c t s i t s e l f w it h D I f no w t h e s e rie s o f e x t e r na l i m p r e ss i o ns o r
.
,

t h a t o f t h e i r ide a s is r e p e a te d A will no t c a ll u p a ll t h e r e s t fo r th
, ,

wi th no r will it c a ll t h e m u p wi th th e s a m e de g re e o f live li ne s s fo r it
, ,

E h z
 Se ns a t io ns a nd Me Co u r s e of I de a s . [ B oo x III .

v
ne e r wa s in a c t u al wi t h t h e m : no t u nt il it it s e l f h a s
fa c t c o nne c t e d
s u nk t o t h e s t r e ng t h w ill it e a wa k e n B wi th w h ic h a l o ne it wa s
a ,
r

a s s o c ia t e d ; no t u nt il B in it s t u r n h a s s u nk t o a 6 w ill it e pr o du c e C ; a
,
r

a nd in t h is wa y t h e s e ie s is e p a t e d in m e m o y in it s o ig ina l o r d e
r r e r r r .

T h e a d v a nt a g e s o f t h is v ie w a e no t i ndis s o l u bly c o nne c t e d wi t h r

t h e c o nc e p t io n w h i c h we w e r e u na bl e t o a c c e p t o f a v a ia bl e s t r e ng t h
, ,
r

o f o u r i de a s A s s o c ia t io ns a e no t fo m d b e t w e e n t h o s e i m p re s s io ns
. r r e

a lo ne w h ic h we h o l d a p a r t a s s e p a r a t e id e a c h h a vi ng it s dis t i nc t ea s,

c o nt e nt ; b u t e v e r y i d e a c o nne c t s it s e l f a l s o wi t h t h e m o m e nt a y r

t o ne G w h ic h c h a r a c t e i e s o u r u niv e s a l v it a l fi ling o r z t h e g e ne a l r e , r r

fe e l ing o f o u r w h o l e s t a t a t t h e i ns t a nt w h e n t h e ide a a pp e a r s ; a nd
e , ,

a s m a ny e xp e ie nc e s t e s t i fy t h e r e c u
r e nc e o f t h e g e ne a l fe l ing G, rr r e

r e p o du c e s w ith no l e s s l iv e l ine s s t h e id e a s w h ic h w e e fo m e ly c o n
r r r r

ne c t e d w it h it B u t a g a i n t h e a iv a l o f a ne w ide a A c h a ng e s t h is
.
, , rr

fe e l ing G i nt o g : t h e n t h e s e c o nd i d e a B c o nne c t s it s e l f w it h t h i s
,

a s s o c ia t io n A a nd in it s t u r n c h a ng e s g i nt o g : w it h t h is ne w a s
g , , 1 2

s o c ia t io n a nd w it h it a l o ne
,
is c o nne c t e d C ; a nd in t h is wa y t h e ,

s u c c e s s io n o f t h e s e g g g b e c o m e s t h e clu e by h e lp o f w h i c h t h e
1 2 3

r e p o du c t io n o f t h e ide a s in t h e i
r t u n a a ng e s it s e l f ; G m u s t be
, r r ,
rr

c h a ng e d a g a in i nt o g b e fo r B c a n b e a g a in p r o du c e d by th e a s s o e

c ia t io ng B .

I n t h e ne t x ch a p te I r i de ra t i o ns wh i c h
sh a ll m e nt o n i o th e r co ns

r e c o m m e nd t h is p o int o f v ie w t o u s ; I c o nt e nt m y s e l f h e e w it h t h e r

r e m a k t h a t it p r o m i s e s t o b e o f u s e w h e n we c o m e t o c o ns i de r t h e
r

r e p r o du c t io n o f t h e c o m p o ne nt p a t s o f a Sp a t ia l im a g e by o ne a n r

o th e r . I f we a s s u m e t h a t t h e p e r c e p t io n o f t h e s p a t ia l im a g e
A B C D is b r o u g h t a b o u t by t h e ye tr a v e r s ing t h is w h o l e s u c c e s e

si ve ly nd r e p e a t e dly in va io u s di e c t io ns A B C D A OB B A D C B
a r r , , ,

t h e qu e s t io n will s t ill r e m a in h o w do e s it c o m e a b o u t t h a t a ,

l a t e r c o ns c io u s ne s s u nde r s t a nds t h e v a r io u s s e ie s a is ing f o m t h e s e r ,

r r

v o l u nt a ily c h o s e n di e c t i o ns t o b e m e e ly v a r io u s s u bj e c t ive a p p e
r r , r r

h e ns io ns o f t h e Si ngl e o bj e c t iv e o r de r A B C D ? I f t h is u nde r s ta nding

is t o b e a tt a ine d it w ill b e ne c e s s a r y t h a t a t e v e y s t e p we c h o o s e t o
, ,
r

t a k e wi th i n A D t h e p o s it i o n o f e a c h e l e m e nt r e l a t iv e ly t o it s
.
,

ne ig h bo u r S h o u l d b e i ndica t e d by a de fi ni t e g e ne a l fe e l ing g a r i s ing r

in t h e c o u s e o f t h is m o v e m e nt ; a nd t h is fe e l ing m u s t b e o f s u c h a
r

k ind t h a t t h e va r io u s g s w h ic h a i s e in t h e diffe e nt dir e c t io ns o f t h e

’

,
r r

m o v e m e nt fr o m p a r t t o p a r t w h e n c o m p a r e d a nd a dj u s t e d g iv e a s , ,

t h e ir r e s u l t t h e s e fix e d a c t u a l p o s it i o ns o f t h e s i ngl e i de a s in t h e t o t a l

o r de r A B CD H o w we a r e t o c o nc e i ve t h i s p r o c e s s m o r e in de t a il
.
,

I s h a ll S h o w l a t e r o n .
CH AP T E R R ep r o d u c t io n 5y ke lp o
f F e e ling . 6
4 9

I clo se h e r e th e s e br ie f k s o n t h e fo rc e s w h i ch a r e a c t iv e in
re m a r

the c o u s e o f o u
r ide a s
r I h a ve no t no t ic e d t h e m o r e ge ne a l s h a e
. r r

t a k e n in it by t h e b o dy H igh ly s ig nifi c a nt a s t h a t s h a r e is I s h o u l d
.
,

s e e k it in a d i ffe r e nt d ir e c t io n fr o m t h e p e s e nt o ne
r . T h e r e a e no r

p h y s ic a l a na l o gi e s e i t h e r fo a s s o c i a t io ns o r fo r e p r o du c t io ns ; a nd
r r

a l t h o u g h it is a s s e t e d t h a t t h e y t o o
r r
a e m e e ly p o d c t s o f c o
r r u

Op e a ting ne vo s c u e nt s t h o s e wh o m a k e t h i s a s s e t io n h a v e no t
r r u rr ,
r

y e t b e e n a bl e t o s h o w e v e n in a g e ne ra l wa y w h a t we s h o u l d r e q u i r e
, ,

t o h a ve s h o w n ,
h o w t h e se p o c e s s e s c a n b e m e c h a nic a lly c o ns t r u e d
- r

a t a ll . B u t t h is a g a in is a p o int t o w h ic h we s h a ll h a v e t o r e t u r n a t
a l a t e r t im e .
 ‘

CH A PTE R IH .

0n t h e M e nt a l A c t o f

267 . I F we gla nc e at a nu m be r o f i
c o ns l a i d s i de by s i de in no
p a r t i c u l a r o r de r e a ch o f th e m p r o du c e s it s
,
i m a ge in t h e e ye a nd ,

e a ch i m a g e p r o du c e s t h e c o rre s p o nding i de a A nd ye t it o ft e n .

h a pp e ns t h a t wh e n we lo o k a w a y we c a nno t t e l l h o w m a ny c o i ns we
, ,

h a ve s e e n T h a t ne v e r th e l e s s we h a v e s e e n e a c h a nd a ll o f t h e m
.
, , ,

a nd t h e r e fo r e t h a t t h e ir i m a g e s h a v e b e e n c o ns c i o u s i de a s we k no w
, , ‘
,

f o m t h e fa c t t h a t s o m l m e we S u c c e e d in c o u nt i ng t h e m o v e r in
'

r e z s

m e m o r y wi th o u t ne e ding t o h a v e t h e e x t e r na l i m p r e s s io n r e p e a t e d
,
.

T h is a nd c o u nt l e s s s i m il a r e xp e r i e nc e s c o nvi nc e u s t h a t we h a ve
s o m e g r o u nd fo r d i s t i ng u is h i ng b e t w e e n fe e l ing a nd t h e p e r c e p t i o n o f

wh a t is fe l t ; bu t a t th e s a m e t im e t h e y s h o w t h a t we m u s t no t p r e s s
z

t h i s di s t i nc t i o n fu r t h e r t h a n t h e s t a t e m e nt t h a t t h e c o ns c i o u s ne s s o f

t h e r e l a t io ns e xi s t i ng b e t w e e n v a r i o u s s i ng le s e ns a t i o ns
(a m o ng

wh i c h r e l a t io ns we r e c k o n h e r e th e s u m fo r m e d by t h e s e ns a t i o ns
w h e n u ni t e d) is no t give n s i m ply by th e e x i t n o f t h e s e r e la t i o ns s e ce

c o ns i de r e d a s a fa c t So fa r we h a v e c o ns ide r e d o nly s ingl e i de a s

.
,

a nd t h e w a y s in w h i c h t h e y e i th e e xi s t s i m u lt a ne o u s ly in c o ns c i o u s r

ne s s a nd a c t o n e a c h o th e r o r e ls e s u c c e s s iv e ly r e pl a c e o ne a no t h e r ;
,

b u t th e re e xi s t s in u s no t o nly t h i s v a i e t y o f i de a s a nd t h i s c h a nge r ,

o f i de a s b u t a l s o a n ide a o f t h i s v ar i e t y a nd o f t h is c h a ng e
, No r is .

it m e r e ly in t h o u gh t t h a t we h a v e t o dis t ing u is h tl lth a t a pp r e h e ns i o n o f

'

e x is t ing r e l a t i o ns w h i c h a r i s e s f o m
'

a n a c t o f r e fe r e nc e a nd c o m r

a r i s o n fr o m t h e m e r e s e ns a t io n o f t h e i ndivi du a l m e m b e r s o f t h e
'

p x

r e l a t i o n ; e xp e r i e nc e s h o w s u s t h a t t h e t wo a r e s e p a r a bl e in r e a l it y ,

a nd j u s t ifi e s u s in s u b o r di na t i ng t h e c o ns c i o u s s e ns a t i o n a nd r e p r e

1
Va n de n: be z z e n
’
Th e r e Eng l ish
'

is no
’
e na e n Vo r s t e lle n . Cp . s e ct . 8 0, e nd .

v e rb fo r ‘
t o p u t in l
r e a t io n to r e fe r
’
h a s be e n u se d W h e re a v e rb se e m e d indis
p e nsa b e l .
]
9
[I n t h is s e nt e nc e E m pfi na nng e s e h e r e t r a ns a t e d
’
, l w l ‘
s e ns a t io n
’
t o d is t ing u is h
it fr o m Gefnnl, w h ich is t r a ns a t e d fe e ing ’ ‘
le m o t io n
’ ‘
l , (s e e is r e nd e r e d
‘
fe e l ’
ing , be c a u se we h a v e no v e rb in Eng lish c o rr e s p o nd ing t o t h e s u b s t a nt i e v
 Se ns a t io n a nd Co inj o a r is o n .
47 1

i
s c u ta t o n o f i ndivi du a l co nt e nt s t o th e r e e r r in
f g or r e la t ing a ct
f
o

re pr e s e nt a tio n, a nd in c o ns l i de ri ng
a t t e r t o b e a h ig h e r a c t ivi t y
th e ,

h ig h e r in t h a t de fi ni t e s e ns e o f t h e w o r d a c c o ding t o w h i c h t h e r

h igh e r ne ce s s a rily p r e s u pp o s e s t h e l o w e r b u t d o e s no t in it s o wn
na t u e ne c e s s a r ily p o c e e d fr o m t h e l o we r
r r
j u s t a s t h e e x t e r na l .

s e ns e s t i m u li s e v e t o e x c i t e t h e s o u l t o p o du c e s im pl e s e ns a t io ns s o
-
r r ,

t h e r e l a t io ns w h i c h h a v e a r is e n b e t w e e n t h e m a ny id e a s w h e t h e ,
r

s i m u l t a ne o u s o r s u c ce s s ive t h u s p r o du c e d s e r v e t h e s o u l a s a ne w
, ,

i nt e rna l s t im u l u s s t ir ri ng it t o e x e r c i s e t h i s ne w r e a c t ing a c t ivi t y .

2 6 8 T h e p o s s ib il it y o f a ll r e fe r e nc e a nd c o m p a r is o n e s t s o n t h e
. r

c o nt inu a nc e in a n u nc h a ng e d fo r m b o t h o f t h e m e m b e r s w h i c h a r e

t o b e r e fe r r e d t o o ne a no t h e r a nd o f t h e d i ff e r e nc e b e t w e e n t h e m
, .

W h e n o nc e t wo i m p r e s s i o ns a nd a h a ve a r i s e n a s t h e i de a s r e d a nd
a ,
’

bl u e t h e y do no t m ix wi t h o ne a no th e r dis a pp e a r a nd s o fo m t h e
,
’

, ,
r

t h i d i de a t h e i de a vi o l e t I f t h e y d id s o we s h o u l d h a v e a
‘ ’
r c, .
,

c h a ng e o f s im pl e ide a s w ith o u t t h e p o s s ib il ity o f a c o m p a is o n r

b e t w e e n t h e m T h i s c o m p a r i s o n is i t s e l f p o s s ibl e o nly if o ne a nd
.

t h e s a m e a c t ivi t y a t o nc e h o l ds a a nd 6 t o g e th e a nd h o l d s t h e m r

a p a r t bu t ye t in p a s s i ng fr o m a t o 6 o r f o m a t o
, ,
is c o ns c io u s o f r a ,

t h e c h a ng e c a u s e d in it s s t a t e by t h e s e t a ns it i o ns a nd it is in t h i s r :

wa y t h a t t h e ne w t h i r d i de a 7 a r i s e s t h e ide a o f a de fi nit e d e g r e e o f ,

ua li t
a t iv l ik e ne s s a nd
e n l ik e n e s s i
un a a nd 6
q .

A g a i n : if we se e a t t h e s a m e t i m e a s t r o ng e r l ig h t a a nd a w e a k e r
l igh t 6 o f t h e s a m e c o l o u r w h a t h a pp e ns is no t t h a t t h e re a r i se s in
, ,

pl a c e o f b o th t h e i de a o f a l igh t w h o s e s t r e ng th is t h e s u m o f t h e
,
6

int e ns i t i e s o f t h e t wo I f t h a t i de a d id a is e it w o u l d m e a n t h a t t h e
. r ,

m a t e r i a l t o w h ic h t h e c o m p a r i s o n h a s t o b e d ir e c t e d h a d d is a pp e a r e d .

T h e c o m p a i s o n is m a de o nly b e c a u s e o ne a nd t h e s a m e a c t ivi ty
r ,

p a s s i ng b e tw e e n a a nd a is c o ns c i o u s o f t h e a l t e r a t io n in it s s t a t e
,

s u s t a ine d in t h e p a s s a g e ; a nd it is in t h is wa y t h a t t h e i de a y a r is e s ,

t h e i de a o f a d e fi nit e q nt t t iv diff e r e nc e
ua i a e .

L a s t ly : g ive n t h e i m p r e s s i o ns a nd t h a t wh ic h a r i s e s fr o m t h e m a a ,

is no t a th ir d im p r e s s i o n 2 a ; b u t t h e a c t iv it y p a s s ing a s b e fo e ,
r

be tw e e n t h e s t ill s e p a r a te d i m p e s s io ns is c o ns c io u s o f h a vi ng s u s
r ,

t a ine d no a l t e a t i o n in t h e p a s s a g e : a nd in t h is wa y w o u l d a i s e t h e
r r

ne w ide a y t h e i de a o f id nt ity
,
e .

W e a r e j u s t ifie d in r e g a r ding a ll t h e s e diffe r e nt i ns t a nc e s o f y a s

i de a s o f a h igh e r o r se c o nd o r de r T h e y a e no t t o b e p u t o n a l ine . r

wi th t h e i de a s f o m t h e c o m p a i s o n o f wh i ch t h e y a r o s e T h e
r r .

s i m pl e i de a o f r e d o r bl u e a s it h o v e s b e fo e u s d o e s no t s u gg e s t t o
,
r r ,

u s an a c t ivi ty o f o u r o wn w h i c h h a s c o nt r ib u t e d t o it s e xi s t e nc e ;
y
 0n t h e M e nt a l A ct f R e la t io n B
‘ ’
o m
47 2 . [ o ox .

b u t , in r e tu rn fo r t h i s lo ss
giv e s u s a di r e c t ly p e c e p tibl e c o nt e nt
,
it
'
r .

T h e ide s y o n t h e c o nt a y h a v e no c o nt e nt a t a ll o f t h e ir o wn
a ,
r r ,

w h ic h c a n be p e r c e iv e d by it s e l f T h e y a r e t h e e fo r e ne v e r p . r re re

s nt d in t h e s t r i c t s e ns e o f t h e w o d a s t h e s im pl e i de a is ; ne v e
e e r , r

r e p r e s e nt e d t h a t is s o t h a t t h e y s t a nd b e fo r e u s no w a s
, ,
e s t ing p e r r

c e p t ible im a g e s T h e y c a n b e e p e s e nt e d o nly t h o u gh t h e s im l
. r r r u

t a ne o u s r e p o d u c t io n o f s o m e e x a m pl e s o r o t h e r o f
r a nd e a nd a ,

t h o u gh t h e r e p e t it io n o f t h e m e nt a l m o ve m e nt f o m w h ic h t h e y
r r

a ro s e .

26 9 . I
l k fo r t h e o bj e c t io n t h a t t h is de s c ip t i o n o f t h e wa y
m ay o o r

in w h ic h t h e r e l t ing a c t iv it y p o c e e ds is s t a ng e a nd i nc a p a bl e o f
a r r

b e ing c l e a ly c o ns t ru e d I a dm it t h e o bj e c t io n b u t I s e e no r e
r .
,

p o a ch in it I t is p o s s ibl e th a t b e t te r e xp e s s io ns m a y b e fo u nd t o
r . r ,

s ig ni fy wh a t I m e a n : m y im m e dia t e o bj e c t is t o i nd ic a t e w h a t h a p

p e ns a t l e a s t w it h s u c h c l a ne s s th a t e v e y o ne m a y v e r ify it s r e a l it y
e r r

in h is o wn int e r n l o b s e v a t io n I t is q u it e t u e t h a t t o t h o s e wh o
a r . r ,

s t a t f o m t h e c i c l e o f id e a s c o m m o n in p h y s ic a l m c h a nic s t h e r e
r r r e ,

m u s t b e s o m e th ing s t a ng e in t h e c o nc e p t io n o f a n a c t iv it y o
r
(it is ,
r

t h e s m e t h ing ) o f a n a c t iv e b e ing w h ic h no t o nly e xp e ie nc s t wo

a ,
r e

s ta te s a nd b a t t h e s a m e t im e w it h o u t fu s ing t h e m int o a
a e s l t a nt r u ,

b u t w h ich p a s s e s f o m o ne t o t h e o t h e r a nd s o a c q u i e s t h e ide a o f a
r r

t h i d s t a t e 7 p o du c e d by t h is v e y t r a ns it io n
r ,
r S till t h is p r o c e s s is a r .

fa c t ; a nd t h e r e p r o a c h o f fa il u e in t h e a tt e m p t t o im a g ine h o w it r

ar is e s a ft e r t h e a na l o g i s o f p h y s ic a l m e c h a nic s fa ll s o nly p o n t h e
e
,
u

m is t a k e n d e s ir e o f c o ns t u ing t h e p e fe c t ly u niqu e s p h e e o f m e nt a l
r r r

l ife a ft r p a t t e n fo e ign t o it T h t de s i e I h o l d t o b e t h e m o s t
e a r r . a r

m is h ie v o s o f t h e p e j u dic e s w h ic h t h e a t e n t h e p r o g r s s o f p s y
c u r r e

c h o lo g y ; a nd a t t h is p o int w hic h s e e m s t o m e o ne o f t h e g e t e s t , r a

im p o t a nc e I o nc e m o e e xp e s s ly s e p a a t e m y s e l f f o m v ie w s w h ic h
r ,
r r r r

a e m e e t i ng no w w it h w ide s p e d a s s e nt fi s t ( ) f o m t h e a tt e m pt s
-
r r a r a r
,

t o c o ns t ru e t h e l ife o f t h e s o u l m a t e i a l is t ic a lly p s y c h o p h y s ic a lly r ,

-
,

o r p h y s i o l o g ic a lly wi t h o u t r e g a d t o it s s p e c ifi c p e c l ia i tie s ; a nd
, r u r ,

s e c o ndly fr o m a V ie w w h i h m u s t a lw a y s b e m e nt io ne d wi t h r e s p e c t c ,

t h a t v ie w o f t h e p s y c h ic a l m e c h a nis m by w h ic h H e b a t r e nd r e d u p , r r e ,

t o a c e r t a in c it ic a l p o int g e a t s e v ic e s t o s c ie nc e
r , r r .

A s t o t h e fi s t p o int ( ) t h e s e a t t e m p t s e it h
r p e s is te nt ly p a s s o v e
a
, er r r

t h e p ro bl e m w h e nc e th a t u nity o f c o ns c io u s ne s s c o m e s w h ic h is t e s t ifi e d ,

t o by t h e m o s t t ivi a l e x e c is e o f t h e a c t iv it y o f r e p e s e nta t io n in c o m
r r r

p a r is o n ; o r t h e y d e c e ive u s by t h e a pp a e nt e s e w it h w h ich s ingl e r a

fo m u l a s b l ie v e d t o h a v e b e e n dis co v e d fo s ingl e p s y c h ic a l e v nt s
r ,
e re r e ,

g ive s r is e in t h e i c o m bi na t i o n t o ne w fo r m u l a s in w h ic h e ve n t h e
r ,
 Pn i f o r m u la Tnou n
’
a l a na t 4 73
c li m a x
y s e g .

de s i r e d unt iy
pp o s e d t o be a tt a i ne d B u t t h i s wh o le s u p e
is su . r

s t r u c t u r e o f o s c ill a t io ns u p o n o s c ill a t io ns o f e m b r a c i ng w a v e s u p o n ,

p a t ia l w a ve s t h is dis c o v e ry o f u nit ie s in t h e s h a p e o f p o int s o f i nt e r

r ,

s e c t io n fo r d iffe e n t c u r v e s — a ll t h i s l e a ds t o pl e a s i ng w o o d c u t s b u t
r ,
-
,

no t t o a n u nde r s t a nding o f t h e p r o c e s s e s t h e y ill u s t a t e M a th e r .

m a t ic a l fo r m u l a s in t h e m s e lv e s d e t e r m ine no t h ing b u t q u a nt i t a t iv e

r e l a t io ns b e t w e e n t h e r e l a t e d p o int s w h ic h h a v e b e e n b r o gh t int o
,
u

t h o s e fo rm ul a s by m e a ns o f u nive sa l de s ig na t io ns S u c h fo m u l a s r . r ,

t h e e fo e s u b s u m e t h e de fi nit e r e l e l e m e nt s o p r o c e s s e s t o w h i c h t h e y
r r ,
a r ,

a e a ppl ie d u nd e
r a u niv e s l r u l e ; a nd no do u b t t h e s e e l e m e nt s o
,
r r a r

p o c e s s e s m a y e a lly fa ll u nde r t h e ru l e in r e s p e c t o f t h o s e p o p e r t i e s
r r r

in v i t u e o f w h i c h t h e y w e e s u b s u m e d u nde r it
r B u t t h e u niv e r s l
r . a

r u l e in it s fo m a l e xp e s s i o n no r l o ng e r e m inds u s o f t h e s p e c ia l
r r

na t u e o f t h e o bj e c t t o w h ic h it is a pplie d ; a nd t h u s p a rt ly o w ing t o
r ,

t h e d iffe e nt v a l u e s g iv e n t o t h e q a nt it ie s c o nt a ine d in it p a rt ly
r u ,

t h o u g h it s c o m b ina t i o n w it h o t h e
r fo r m u l a s a n m be r o f c o ns e r , u

q u e n c e s c n b e d w an f o m it s p e c t ing w h ic h it
ra e
r m ins e nt ir e
, ly re r a

d o u b t fu l w h e th e r t h e y m e a n a ny th i ng w h a t e v e w h e n t h e y a e a ppl ie d r r

t o t h e de fi nit e o bj e c t in q u e s t io n ; o r if t h e y do m e a n a ny t h ing w h a t , ,

t h e a c t u a l p o c e s s e s a nd a g e nc ie s a e w h ic h in t h e e a l t h ing l e a d t o
r r r

a n o c c u r e nc c o r e s p o nd ing t o t h e r e s u l t o f t h e c a l c u l a t io n
r e r The .

fi r s t o f t h e s e t wo c a s e s I w ill no t dis cu s s fu th e r t h o u g h e x a m pl e s o f r ,

it m igh t b e a ddu c e d I f we h a v e b e g u n by c a ll ing t h e c o ndit io ns

.

u nde w h ic h a n e ffe c t a pp e a s a t h e s h o l d we m u s t o f c o u r s e h a v e
r r ,
r , , ,

s o m e t hing t h a t e it h e r p a s s e s o v e r it o r fa il s t o r e a c h it ; a nd t h e n

t h e s e p o t a it s o f t h e de d u c t io ns d a w n fr o m a m e t a p h o r e a s ily p a s s
r r r

fo rs e l f v ide nt fa c t s
-
e I f in a c a l c u l a t io n in w h ic h x s ig nifi e s t h e
.
,

l ive l ine s s o f a s e ns a t io n we c o m e t o a ne g a t ive x we c o ns ide r o u r

, ,

s e lv e s j u s t ifi e d in s p e a k ing o f ne g a t iv e s e ns a t i o ns t o o T h e e a re . r

va r i o u s w a y s o f m a k ing m y th o l o gy : a t p r e s e nt t h e m a th e m a t i c a l t u n r

o f im a g ina t io n s e e m s t o t a k e t h e l e a d R s p e c t ing t h e s e c o nd c a s e . e

I s h a ll m e t w ith a e a di e r a s s e nt Fo r m u l a s do no t p o d c e e ve nt s ;
e r . r u

t h e y c o py t h e m a ft e r e a l c a u s e s h a v e c re a t e d t h e m
r a nd t h e y c o py ,

o nly ind ivi du a l a s p e c t s o f t h e m No c o inc ide nc e o f fo m u l a s t h e r e . r ,

fo e c a n e v e p o v e t h a t t h e e v e nt s w h ic h m e e t o r fu s e in t h m a l so
r , r r e ,

fu s e s a m a t t e a f c o u r s e in t h e e a l t h ing w it h o u t t h e h e lp o f a ny
r o r

p a t i c l a r c a u s e t o b i ng a b o u t t h is nio n I f t h is c a u s e w ith o u t
r u r u .
,

w h ic h t h e e v e nt is m e t a p h y s ic a lly u nint e ll ig ible c o u l d b inc l u de d in ,

e

t h e c a l c u l a t io n a nd t h a t in s u c h a wa y t h a t e ve y p e c u l ia r it y o f it s
,
r

p o c e du re fo u nd a p e c is e m a th e m a t ic a l e xp e s s io n — t h e n a nd o nly
r r r , ,

t h e n w o u l d t h e s e q u a nt it ie s b e r ig h t ly de no m ina te d a nd o nly t h e n
, ,
474 On t ne M e nt a l A c t
of R ela t io n . [ B oo x 111 .

co u l d th e l l s e c u re ly p r e dic t fr o m t h e i r u nive r s a l r e l a t io ns t h e
c a cu u s

fu t h e r c o nse q u e nc e s w h ich m a y b e d r a w n
r .

2 7 0 I n o pp o s i t i o n to H e b a t a g a i n
. I m u s t r e p e a t t h e do u b t s I
r r ,

e xp r s s e d l o ng a g o in m y S t it /z yt n (I L e ip ig Wh e n
'

e re se r e , z ,

H e r b a r t c a ll s t h a t wh ic h g o e s o n in t h e s i m pl e r e a l be i ng w h e n it is
—
t o g e t h e r w it h o t h e r s it s s e l f p r e s e v a t i o n h e r a i s e s h o p e s t h a t in h is
,
r ,

g e ne a l vie w t h e s p e c ific c o nc e p t io n o f a c t ivi t y w ill g e t it s r igh t s ; a

r

c o nce p t io n w hic h we s h a ll a lw a y s b e li e v e t o s ig ni fy s o m e t h ing s p e c ia l

a nd s o m e t h ing r e a lly t o b e fo u nd in t h e w o l d a l t h o u g h we fi nd it r ,

qu it e i m p o s s ible t o de fi ne w h a t we m e a n by it wh e n we o pp o s e it t o ,

a m e e o c c u rr e nc e
r in a ny wa y a pp r o a c h ing t o a m e c h a nic a l c o n
,

D id we de c e iv e o u r s e lve s in t h is vi e w o f H e r b t s int e n
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s t u c t io n
r . ar

t io n ? O u g h t we t o h a v e t a k e n s e l f p r e se v a t io n fo a n a c t iv e fo r m o f -
r r

s p e e c h d e s c r ibi ng a m e r e o c c u r e nc e w h ic h wi t h o u t a ny th ing b e i ng r , ,

d o ne by a nyb o dy s i m ply e nds a s a m a t t e r o f fa c t w it h t h e r e s u l t

, , ,

t h a t so m e t h ing c o nt i nu e s in p r e s e r v a t io n t h e no n p e s e r v a t io n o f ,
-
r

w h i c h we s h o u l d r a th e r h a v e l o o k e d fo r a s t h e p r o b a bl e e nd o f t h e
o c c u r re nc e ?
T h e fu r t h e r
t h is int e p e t a t i o n
r r
c o u rs e o He rb a rti a n
p s y ch o l o gy w o u l d c o nfi rm
f th e
Fo r a c c o ding t o t h i s p s y c h o l o gy if t h e s o u l wa s
.
,
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e v e r a c t ive a t a ll it ne v e r wa s a c t iv e b u t o nc e
,
I t a s s e t e d it s e l f . r

a g a ins t th e s t i m u li wh ic h c a m e f o m wi t h o u t by p r o du c i ng t h e s i m pl e
r ,

s e ns a t i o ns : b u t fr o m t h a t p o i nt it b e c a m e p a s s iv e a nd a ll o w s it s ,

int e na l s t a t e s t o do m i na t e it s w h o l e l ife w it h o u t i nt e r fe r e nc e
r Eve r y .

t h i ng fu th e r t h a t h a pp e ns in it t h e fo r m a t io n o f it s c o nce p t io ns t h e
r , ,

d e v e l o p m e nt o f it s v a io u s fa c u l t ie s t h e Se t t l e m e nt o f t h e p inc ipl e s
r ,
r

o n w h ic h it a c t s a e a ll m e c h a nic a l r e s u l t s w h i c h w h e n o nc e t h e s e
,
r ,

p r i m a r y s e l f p r e s e r v-a t io n s h a v e b e e n a r o u s e d fo ll o w fr o m t h e ir ,

r e a c t io ns ; a nd t h e s o u l t h e a r e na o n w h i c h a ll t h is t a k e s pl a ce ne v e r
, ,

s h o w s it s e l f v o l ca ni c a nd i r it a bl e e no u g h t o i nt e fe r e by ne w r e a c
r r

t i o ns w it h t h e pl a y o f it s s t a t e s a nd t o g ive t h e m s u c h ne w d ir e c t i o ns
a s do no t fo ll o w a na ly t i c a lly fr o m t h e m a c c o r ding t o t h e u niv e r s a l

la w s o f t h e i r r e c ip r o c a l a c t io ns .

B u t t h e l im ita t io n o f t h e s o u l s a c t ivi ty t o t h e s e s c a nt y b e gi nni ng s

’

wa s ne it h e r t h e o e t ic a lly ne c e s s a ry a t s t a rt i ng no r is it r e c
r ,

by it s r e s u l t s I t wa s d u e t o H e b a r t s q a e l w ith a n
. r
’
u rr

lo gy w ith t h e a s s u m p t i o n o f a nu m b e o f
, r

d o u b t l e s s t o t h e de t im e nt o f s c ie nc e w e r e t h e n co ns ide r e d t o c o nt a i n
r ,

e v e y t h ing ne c e s s a r y t o t h e p o du c t io n o f r e s u l t s w h o s e c a u s e s a r e in
r r ,

r e a lity fo r m e d o nly by d e g r e e s a nd o u g h t t o h a v e b e e n m a de t h e
.
!

o bj e c t o f e xpl a na t i o n H e r e lie H e r b a r t s u nq u e s t i o na bl e m e r i t s a nd ’
.
,
CH P T E R
A P i
r og r e s s v e r e a c t io ns o f tne So u l .
4 75

I ne e d no t r e p e a t t h a t I fu lly r e c o gni s e t h e m B u t t h e y lie s i de by s i de .

w ith t h a t wh i c h I r e g re t t o h a ve t o c a ll h is e r r o r Th e m e e pl u r a li ty o f . r

t h e s e fa c u ltie s e v e n t h e vi e w o f t h e m a s m e r e a dj a c e nt fa c t s t h e r e a l
,

c o nne c t i o n o f w h i c h r e m a i ne d u nint e ll igi b l e c o u l d no t t a k e n a l o ne , , ,

j u s ti fy H e r b a r t in g o i ng s o fa r t h e o th e r wa y a s t o b a s e t h e de v e lo p m e nt
o f t h e m i nd u p o n a s i ngl e ki nd o f p r o c e s s a nd t h e c o ns e qu e nc e s fl o wi ng

f o m it Fo r h e h i m s e l f b o t h k ne w a nd s a i d t h a t t h e s im pl e s e ns a t i o ns
r .

fr o m w h i c h h e s t a r t e d a r e j u s t a s i nde p e nde nt o f o ne a no th e r a s w e r e
t h e fa c u l t ie s h e r e j e c t e d ; t h a t we c a nno t c o nc e iv e a ny r e a s o n wh y a s o u l
t h a t fe e l s e th e r w a v e s a s c o l o u s m u s t in c o ns is t e nc y p e r c e iv e a ir
- r , ,

w a ve s a s s o u nds ; t h a t t h e e fo r e t h e s o u l h a s j u s t t h e s a m e nu m b e r
r

o f p i m a l fa c u lt ie s i r e du c ibl e t o o ne a no t h e r a s o f s ingl e s e ns a t io ns
r r

di ffe r e nt fr o m o ne a no t h e r H e d id no t o n t h a t a c c o u nt s u rr e nde r
.

t h e u nit y o f t h e s o u l o r do u b t t h a t in it t h is m u lt ipli c ity is b o u nd

,

t o g e t h e r by s o m e c o nne x io n a lb e i t t h a t c o nne x io n e nt i e ly e s c a p e s
,
r

us . No w if t h is o ne na t u r e o f t h e so u l c a n p r o du c e s im u l t a ne o u s ly ,

o r s o t o s p e a k o n t h e s a m e l e v e l o f it s a c t io n s u c h m a nifo l d e x
, , ,

p re s s i o ns o f it s e s s e nc e wh y s h o u l d it no t in t h e s a m e wa y p o du c e
,
r

m a ni fo l d e xp e s s i o ns s u c c e s s iv e ly a t diffe r e nt p e i o ds o f it s de v e l o p
r r

m e nt ? W h y s h o u l d no t it s o wn int e r na l s t a t e s t h r o u gh t h e i r inc r e a s ,

ing m u l t ipl ic i ty win fr o m it ne w r e a c t i o ns fo r w h i c h in t h e ir s im pl e r

, ,

fo r m s t h e y g a v e no o c c a s i o n ? T h e r e is c e t a i nly no t h ing i m p o s s ibl e r

in t h e i de a o f a c o ns t a nt ly r e ne w e d e a c t io n in w h i c h t h a t w h o l e r ,

e s s e nc e o f t h e s o u l t h a t is a lw a y s p r e s e nt c a s t s ne w g e r m s o f de

v e lo m e nt i nt o t h e m a c h i ne r y o f it s i nt e r na l s t a t e s ; a nd a vie w t h a t
p
r e j e c t s t h i s s o u c e o f a id c o u l d h a v e p o v e d it t o b e s u p e r fl u o u s o nly
r r

b y it s o wn c o m pl e t e s u c c e s s T h a t I do no t find t h i s vie w e v e ry
.

w h e r e t h u s s u c c e s s fu l I sh a l l h a ve t o m e nt i o n a ga in ; h e r e I wil l
,

r e fe r t o t h r e e p o i nt s .

F ir s t t h e de du c t io n o f th e p e r c e p t i o n o f S p a c e I h a ve a l r e a dy
, .

s p o k e n o f it s i m p o s s ib il it y a nd w ill no t r e fe r t o it g a in a t l e ng th W e a .

m u s t c o nt e nt o u r s e lv e s wi t h r e g a r ding t h is p e r ce p t io n a s a ne w a nd

p e c u l ia r fo rm o f a pp re h e ns io n w h i c h p r o c e e ding f o m t h e e s s e nc e o f
, ,
r

t h e s o u l a t t a c h e s a s a r e a c tio n o f t h e ki nd j u s t de s c r ib e d t o a de fi ni t e
, , ,

m a nifo l d o f i m p r e s s io ns b u t do e s no t o f i t s e l f i s s u e fr o m t h a t m a ni fo l d
, .

T h e s e c o nd p o i nt is a tt e nti o n : I sh a ll h a v e t o m e nt i o n it dir e c tly in

t h e c o u s e o f t h e p e s e nt dis c u s s io n
r r T h i dly in t h e c a s e o f a ny a c t
. r ,

o f r e fe e nc e o r c o m p ar i s o n H e rb a rt s p s y c h o l o gy s e e m s t o m e t o t a k e
’
r ,

no a c c o u nt o f t h e e ye wh ic h p e c e iv e s t h e e l t io ns o b t a ining b e t w e e n
r r a

t h e s ingl e i de a s ; t h e c o ns c i o u s ne s s o f t h e i nv e s t ig a t o r w h ic h h a s p e r
fo r m e d th i s t a s k o f p e r c e p t i o n e ve r ywh e r e t a k e s t h e p la c e o f t h e
 On t lz e M e nt a l A ct f R e la t io n
‘ ’

47 6 o . [ B OO K m .

co i
ns c o u s ne s s i nv e s tig a t e d wh ich is r e qu i e d t o p e fo r m it I t is o f
,
r r .

no a v a il t o a ns w e t h a t it is i m pl ie d in t h e v e y no t io n o f t h e s o l a s
r r u

s o m e t h ing t h a t r e p e s e nt s t h a t it p e c e iv e s e v e r y t h ing t h a t e xi s t s a nd
r ,
r

o c c u s in it a nd t h e e fo e t h a t it p e c e iv e s t h e r e l a t io ns in w h ic h it s
r ,
r r r

s ingl e i d e a s s t a nd t o o ne a no t h e : t h e ne e d o f a d e du c t io n o f t h e r

p e c e p t io n o f s p a c e is by i t s e l f s u ffi c i e nt t o dis a r m t h is r e j o i nde r Fo r
r .

H e b a r t a g e e s t h a t t h e im p e s s io ns w h i c h m u s t e in t h e s im pl e e s s e nc e
r r r r

o f t h e s o u l a r e t o g e t h e r in t h e s o u l in a no n s p a tia l wa y A c o ns c io u s -
.
,

ne s s w h ic h a s a m tt e r o f c o u s e p e c e iv e d t h e ir r e c ip o c a l e l a t i o ns
a r r r r ,

c o l d o nly a pp e h e nd t h e m a s t h e y a e a s no n s p a t i a l B t t h is is -
u r r , . u

no t w h t h a pp e ns : c o ns c io u s ne s s c h a ng e s t h e m a nd
a e p o du c e s r r

in p e r c e p t i o ns o f s o m e th i ng s ide by s ide in s p a c e w h a t in t h e m
s e lv e s a re o nly t o g e t h e r wi t h o ne a no t h e r in a no n s p a t ia l wa y -
.

H e e t h e n t h e p e c e p t io n is a t th e s a m e t im e a ne w c e a t io n o f t h e
r r r

fo r m in w h ich it t a k e s pl a c e : b u t e v e n in t h o s e c a s e s wh e r e t h e e is r

no t h ing no v e l in t h e r e a c t io n t o s u p r is e u s t h e p e c p t io n o f la t io ns
r ,
r e re

is no m r e m i