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ED I T ED BY G . W. PR O T H E R O , L I TT D
. .
HO N O R A RY F EL L O W O F K I N G S C O L L E G E C A MBRI D GE
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AN D PR O F E SS O R O F H IS TO RY I N T H E U N I V E R S I T Y O F E D I N BU R GH .
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A H I S T O RY
O F THE
C O L O N IZ ATI O N O F A F RIC A
BY A L I E N RA C E S
S I R HA R RY H .
J O H N S T O N ,
K GB. . .
(A U T H O R O F BR I T I S H C E N T RAL AF R I C A
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WI TH E I GH T MA PS BV TH E A UTH O R AN D
j . G
. BA R TH O L O ME W
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A DAEHK I I NS E:
AT T H E UN I VE R S I T Y PR ESS .
1 8 99
[A l l R ig /I ts r e s er ve d ]
G E N E RA L PR E F A C E .
Tke aim f
o tb i s s e r i es i s to s ke tc k t/z e k i s to i y of Mode r n
E u r ope , w i t/z tlz a t of i ts c ki ef c o l o n i e s a n d c o n u e s ts ,
q fr o m a bo u t
t/z e e nd o f t/ze fifte e nt/z c e ntu ry do w n to t/ze p r e se nt ti m e . In o ne
or tw o c a se s t/z e s to ry wi ll c o m m e nc e a t a n e a r l i e r da te : i n tk e
c a se of ti l e co l o n i e s i t w i ll u su a l
ly beg i n l a te r . Tb e ki s to r i e s
tke dif e re nt
f
f
o c l en tr i e s w i l l be de sc r i be d, as a g e n er a l r u l e ,
pa r a te ly, fo r i t i s be l i e ved tlz a t, exc ep t i n epo c /z s
se l i ke tk a t of t/z e
F r e nc k R e vo l u ti o n a nd N ap o l eo n I , tke c o n ne c ti o n of e v e n ts will
t/z u s be be tte r u nder s to o d a n d t/z e co n ti n u it
y of k i s to r i c a l de ve l op
m e n t m o re c l e a r ly di sp l aye d .
tk e gnific a nc e of
”
f
o tlz e p r ese n t l i e de ep i n p a s t, a nd ti i e re al si
w ki c lz lz a ve l e d to tke m a r e kn o w n . Tb e p l a n a do p te d m a ke s
i t p o s s i bl e to tr e a t t/z e ki s to i y f
o t/z e l a st fo u r c e n tu r i e s in
c o ns i de r a bl e de ta i l , a nd to e m bo d
y t/i e m o s t i mp o r ta n t r es u l ts f
o
of i nfo r m a ti o n a nd w o r ks m o r e de ta i l e d a nd a u t/z o r i ta ti ve .
C o ns i de r a bl e a tte n ti o nw i l l be p a i d to p o li ti c a l g e og r ap /zy,
a nd e a c k vo l u me w i l l be fu r n i s ke d w i t/z s u c k m aps a nd p l a n s
as m ay be re
q u i s i te fo r t/z e i l l u s tr a ti o n of t/z e te xt .
G W . . PR O T H E R O .
PR E F A T O RY N O TE .
T H E E di to r o t h i s H i s to ri c a l s e ri e s a sk e d m e to compil e
f
t h i s littl e work o n th e H istory o f A fri c a n Colon i z a tio n 3 oth e r
wis e i t is doubtful wh e t h e r I s h ould h a v e a ppli e d mys e lf to a
t a sk w h ich u n til I h a d comm e n c e d it a pp e a r e d to m e a n a c t
, , ,
But wh e n I wa s m a d e a wa r e t h a t n o a tt e mpt h a d ye t b e e n
m a d e to summ a ris e a n d r e vi e w i n a si ngl e b ook th e ge n e ra l
h isto ry of th e a tt e mp ts o f A si a a nd Europ e to colo ni z e A fric a
dur i ng th e historica l p e riod I a dmitt e d t h a t t h e r e mig h t b e
,
K I T C H E N E R of K HA R T UM wh o fo r t h irt e e n y e a rs h a s c h e rish e d
, ,
i n th e fa c e o f much discoura g e m e n t a nd h a s a t l a st a c c o m
,
p l i s h e d th e t a sk o f r e co n qu e r i n g from b a rb a ri sm th e Egypti a n
P r efa to ry N o te .
S u d a n ; MO N S I E U R R E N E MI LL E T , Fr e n c h R e sid e nt G e ne ra l
i n T u n i s , who h a s show n h ow w e ll a F r e n chm a n c a n a dm i n
d a rk e st p a rts o f th e D a rk Co n t i ne n t .
H . H .
J O H N ST O N .
TUNIS , N o ve m be r , I 8 98 .
C O N T E N TS .
C HA PT E R I .
M E D I T E R R AN E AN M A L AY A N D M U H A MMA D AN IN V A D E R S
, , .
si a n s i n Egypt —R o m e re p l a c e s C a rt h a g e — Ma la y i nva si o n s o f Ma da
ga s e ar—V a nda l s i n N o rth A fric a — Byz a n tine G re e ks —Mu h a mm adan
i nva si o n s o f N o rt h A fric a i n th e s e ve n t h c e n t u ry — B e be r dy n asti e s
r
wh ic h a o se t he re fr o m — R e n e w e d A ra b i nv a si o n s —T h e A l m o ra vi de
r
C H A PT E R II .
T HE P O RT U G U E S E I N A F R I C A .
r le
u i n W e st A f ic a — i n E a st A f ic a —Mo n o m o ta p a — D r L a c e rda e
r r
D e l a g o a Ba y— B e i ra — Mo u i nh o de A l bu q u e rq u e —Mo c a mbiq u e C o m
z
p a ny 2 7
C o n te nts .
C HA PT E R III .
S PAN I S H A F R I C A .
Pi ra t e s— G ra d a l l o ss o f S p a n is h p o ss e ssi o n s i n Al g e ria a nd Tu n is
u
C a n a ry I s l a nds— F e rn a n do Po a nd C o risc o
C HA PT E R IV .
T H E D UT C H I N A F R I C A .
D u tc h t a de r s o n th e We st C o a st —
r D u tc h s e tt l e a t th e C a p e o f G o o d H o p e
S t H e l e n a — Ma u r iti u s— T h e N e t h e l a n d E a st I ndi a C o — Hu gu e n o t
r .
w a wit h th e K a fii rs — F i st B ritis h o cc u p a ti o n o f th e C a p e o f G o o d
r r
H o p e —I n t e r e gnu m o f D u tc h ru l e —B itis h fi na ll y a nn e x C a p e C o l o n y
r r
rr r , ,
J a m e s o n s ra i d— P o ssib l e fu t u r e o f D u tc h st a t e s
’
66
C HA PT ER V .
T H E S L AV E T RAD E .
Mu ha mm ada n c o u n t i e s a nd I ndi a — G re a t de v e l o pm e nt c o n s e q u e n t o n
r
th e e xp l o it a ti o n o f Am e ric a — E ng l is h s l a ve t ra de r s — E ng l is h A n ti
S l a v e ry m o v e m e n t— A u t h o s o wn e xp e r i e n c e s o f s l a v e t a de — S t e ps
’
r r
t a k e n by v ari o u s Eu ro p e a n c o u n t r i e s to a b o l is h S la ve Tr de —By a
Et hics o f sl a v e ry — A w o rd o f w a ni ng to th e N e gro r
9I
C HA PT E R VI .
TH E BR I T I S H I N A F R I C A , I .
( Wies t C o a s t, Mo r o c c o , N o r t/
i - C e n tr a l .
)
Th e E ng l ish i n We st A fr ic a—Th e G a mbi a —S i e rra L e o ne —G o l d C o ast
L a g o s—N ig e r D e l t a —Mr E H H e w e tt—N ige ri a — S i r G Ta u bm a n
. . .
C HA PT E R VI I .
T H E F R E N C H I N W E S T A N D N O R T H A F R IC A .
-
F ra n c e a n d Egypt— A l gi e s— D e v e l o pm e n t o f Al ge ri a— T u nis —T h e
r
S ah a ra —Th e G a b o o n— F re n c h C o n g o — Th e S h a a n d Ub a ng i ri
C H A PT E R V III .
C H R IS T I AN M I SS I O N S .
S o ci e ty fo r P ro p a g a ti o n o f th e G o sp e l — R o m a n C a t h o l ic missi o n s to
Al g e ri a C o ng o l a n d th e N i l e — C ardi n a l L a vige i e —Th e Wh it e
, , r
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C HA PT E R IX .
T H E BR I T I S H I N A FR I CA , II .
(S o u tlz a nd S o u th C e n tr a l
-
.
)
G re a t B rit a i n s s e i u re o f th e C a p e o f G o o d H o p e — P e rm ane n t e sta b l is h
’
z
m e n t t h e re — Ab o l iti o n o f s l a ve ry—D u tc h gr i e v a n c e s— K a fii r Wa rs
Lo rd G le ne l g a nd in t e rv e n ti o n o f D o wn i ng S t re e t— B o e r Tre ks
R e sp o n sib l e g o v e rn m e n t i n C a p e C o l o n y — K a ffir de l u si o n s a s to
e xp e ct e d e su rre cti o n o f t h e i r fo re fa t h e r s a n d e xp u l si o n o f E ng l is h
r
S i r B a rt l e F re r e —Z u l l n d a n d th e Z u lu Wa r— B o e r e v o l t — Rh o de s
u a r
a nd R h o de si a — Ma t a b e l e Wa s a n d D r J a m e s o n —Ma u iti u s
r 1 60 r
C HA PT E R X .
GRE AT E X PL O R E R S .
O l d tim e
-
t ra v e ll e rs H e ro do t s S t a bo — P l i n y Pt o l e my—Th e A a b
u r r
th e G a mbi a — F e n c h o n th e S e ne ga l —J a m e s B
r c e a nd th e B l u e N i l e ru
— T imb u kt u — Mu ng o P k a n d th e N ig e — S o u t h Afri c a n e xp l o ra ti o n s
ar r
— P o t g a l a nd D L a c e rda— C a pt a i n O w e n— Tu ck e y a nd th e C o ngo
r u r
m o u t h— B art h a nd th e We st e rn S u da n—th e J e wi s h e xp l o e r Mo r r
do k h a i — K a p f R e bm a nn a n d th e S n o w Mo u n t i n s —Livi n gst o n e
r , , a
P a u l du C h a i llu — Wi n wo o d R e a de —S t a nl e y a nd th e C o n go —Po r
tu g u e se e xp l o re s — S c h w e i n f i rth
r n d th e t We ll e —N i le e xp l o re r s
a
N y a s a l a n d e xp l o r ti o n s —D
a F e l ki n —j o s e p h Th o ms o n — G e o rg e G r e n
r
fe ll— Emi n P a s ha — R e c e n t e xp l o re r s a nd e xp l o ra ti o n s [ 90
C HA PT E R XI .
BE L G I AN A FR I CA .
C o mit é d E tu de s du H au
’
t C o ng o — Mr H M S t a nl e y fo u nds th e C o ngo . .
Li e u t D h a n is — Ru m o u e d a t o citi e s —K a t a nga ~—
. r r Ext e n si o n to th e
Wh it e N i l e —Mu rde r o f Mr S t o k e s —R a i l w a y to S t a nl e y P o o l — F u t u e r
o f C o n go F re e S t a t e 2 2 5
C o n te n ts .
C HA PT E R X II .
T HE BR I T I S H I N A F R I CA , I II .
( n pt a nd
) E a s te r n A fr i c a .
de a t h— L o rd C ro m e r— L o rd Kitc he ne r a n d th e re c o n q u e st o f th e
S u da n— F a s h o da —A de n a n d S o m a l i l a nd—Z a nz iba r— S i r J o hn Ki rk
Ki l im a nj a ro — B ritish E a st A frica n C o mp a ny— C o l o n e l L u g a rd a nd
Uga nda— S i r G e ra ld P o r t a l R o ddy O w e n —Z a nz ib a r a dmi n ist r a
ti o n—Disso lu ti o n o f B ritish E a st A f ic a r C o mp an y 2
31
C HA PT E R X II I .
T H E I T A L I AN S I N A F R I C A .
I t a l i a n c o mm e r ci a l i n t e r c o u s e wit h N o r t h A fric a du ri ng C ru s a de s a nd
r
C HA PT E R X I V .
G E RMAN A F R IC A .
c o l o n i e s i n th e 4 o s a nd 6o s — G e rm a n mi ssi o na i e s i n S o u t h
’ ” ’
r
Z an ib ar s do mi ni o n s—p o sp e cts o f G e r m a n ru le i n A fr c a— G e m a n
z
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r i r
S o u t h We st A fric a —T o go l a nd
-
2 4 9
C HA PT E R X V .
T H E F R E N C H I N M A D A G A SC A R .
a n d th e C o m o ro I s l a n ds — P o t u g u e s e disc o v e ry — F re n c h C o mp a n y o f
r
th e E a st fo u n de d to c o l o ni z e th e I sl a n d— F o r t D au p h i n— Pro ni s th e ,
Qu e e n—F e n c h E a st I ndi a C o mp a n y fo u n de d Il e de B o u b o n
r . r
c o l o n i e d—Th e Ma d gasca r Pi r t e s— F re n c h fo u n d s e tt l e m e n t o f S t
z a a
a dv e n t u re r—Th e Ma l a g a sy —T h e H o v s
— E ngl is h c a pt u re Mau iti u s
a r
a n d B o u rb o n a nd t u n th e F e n c h o t o f Ma dag a sc a r
r r — F re n c h r e g a i n
u
th e L o n do n Missi o n ar y S o ci e ty a rri v e i n Ma da g a sc a r ( 1 8 1 8 ) — R is e o f
R a da m a a n d th e H o v a p o w e r—F e n c h r e p u l s e i n I 8 2 9—Th e s h ip
r
w re ck e d sa i lo r L a b o rde — Q u e e n R a n a va l o na a nd p e rs e cu ti o n s o f th e
,
C h risti a n s —T h e S a k a l a v as — P i n c e R a k o t o a n d L a mb e t s f u str a t e d
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r r r
o e r Ma da g a sca — fin a l i n v a si o n
v r c o n qu e st and a nne x a ti o n o f th e
,
I s l an d by th e F re n c h 2 6I
C HA PT E R X VI .
CO N CL U S I O N .
H e a l t h y A fric a — Y e l l o w A f ic a —B l ck Af ic a — P ro gn o stic a ti o n s as to
r a r
fu t u re a c e m o v e m e nts — P e do mi n a n t E u o p e a n ra c e s i n th e fu tu r e
r r r
Mu h a mm a da n e a l wi ll e v e n t u ll y de c a y—Th e N e gr o wi ll b e c o m e
z a
fo r th e A frica n s
’
2 77
Su pp l e m e nt a ry N o e t s
App e n dix I . N o t a bl e e ve nts a nd da te s i n th e hist o ry o f Africa n c o l o n i
z a ti o n 2 89
Ma p of A fric a k n o wn to th e A n ci e n ts ; sho w i n
as g
n a tiv e ra c e s a nd l i n e s o f B a n t u i nv a si o n
Mu ha mm a da n A fric a
Th e P o r tu gu e se in A fr ic a
Th e S l a v e Tra de
Th e F re nc h i n A fric a
Th e B ritis h i n A f ic a r
Th e C o l o ni z a bi l ity o f A fric a
P o l it i c a l Ma p o f Afric a i n 1 8 98
N o te . sp e ll ing o f A frica n na m e s a do pt e d t h ro u g h o u t t h is b o o k is
Th e
th e syst e m s an cti o n e d by th e R o y a l G e o gra p hi ca l S o ci e ty b y w h ic h a l l
h
N n re p re s e nts th e n a sa l s o u n d o f ng i n ri ng i ng
,
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,
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g u i sh e d f o m th e i n a n ge r N o c o n s o na nts a re do u b l e d u n l e ss
‘ ’ ‘ ’
r ng .
Thu s Mo ga m b i q u e i n st e ad o f Ms a m b i k i ; Q u e l im an e i nst e a d o f K e li m an ;
:
M E D IT E R RA N EA N M A L A Y A N D M U HA M M A D A N
, ,
I N VA D E R S
th e A fri c a n co n ti n e n t ; but n e v e rt h e l e ss i t m a y b e w e ll to
, ,
u n k n ow n i n t h a t co n ti n e n t b e for e th e e n d o f th e T e rti a ry
e poc h . L a t e r o n a n d still i n pr e h istoric tim e s t h e r e w e r e n o
, ,
i n to n ort h e a st e r n A fric a
-
‘
1
G e o l o g ists s e e m sti ll to b e divi de d i n o pi n i o n a s to th e e xist e n c e i n
T e rti a r y tim e s o f a l nd s u rfa c e c o nne cti ng s o u t he rn A fric a wit h s o u t h e rn
a
J . A .
2 T/ce C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R
O n e br a n c h o f th e H a m i t e s i n v a di n g Eu r op e fr om n ort h w e st -
A fric a p ossibly cr e a t e d t h a t d a rk h a ir e d I b e r i a n r a c e w h ic h -
h a s so p e rm e a t e d south e r n a n d w e st e rn E u rop e A n ot h e r .
n orth e a st A fric a
-
B ut th e a n ci e n t Egypti a n s b e i n g r e ga rd e d
.
,
Asi a . is t he re fo e m u ch m o re e a sy to a ss u m e th t th e sh a ll o w R e d S e a
It r a
w a s a t o n e tim e e d c e d to a s e ri e s o f s a l t l a k e s
r u a n d t h a t th e l nd , a
i n l a t e r Te ti ry tim e s w h y do e s n o t its e l ic Ma da g a sc
r a re t a i n de sc e n d r , a r,
a n ts o f th e l ge A f ic a n m mm a l s w h ic h w o u ld ha ve m de t he i r way
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r o t e f o m I n di
r u to A f ic a !
r a r
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N o t p e h a ps b l ck o igi n a ll y b u t a di ty y e ll o w b ro wn l ik e th e
r a r r -
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h a i is p e h ps th e b e st de fi niti o n o f t he s e a ll i e d ra c e s— th e wo o ll y h a i re d
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to th e Z a nz i b a r a n d Mo ga m b i q u e co a sts S oo n th e s e bl a ck .
r e m n a n ts of th e a b o rigi n a l dw a rf r a c e s li ng e r e d o n ly i n th e
s u fii c i e n tl y civili z e d to h a v e b e e n a bl e t o t ra v e l i n c a n o e s from
‘
M a d a g a sc a r H ow e v e r th a t m a y b e it is much m or e c e rt a i n
.
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o r Va Zimb a -
T h e y w e r e subs e qu e n tly a bso r b e d b y th e l a t e r
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i n v a d e rs of M a l a y stock so t h a t a lo n g th e w e st a n d sout h
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co a sts o f M a d a g a sc a r th e p e op l e a r e v e ry n e g roid i n a pp e a ra n c e .
1
Th e H o tt e n t o ts a r e t ho gh t by s o m e to re p e s e n t a c o ss b e tw e e n th e
u r r
b l ck N e g o e s a nd th e B sh m e n : b t it is m o re l ik e l y f o m l i n gu istic an d
a r u u r
st o ck e l t e d to th e B sh m a n
r a u .
2
I n A a bic r :
“
Zu fa r .
I .
] Me di te r r a ne a n a nd Mu ka m m a a a n ’
.
5
m od e r n Rhod e si a l e a vi n g t h e r e a s wit n e ss e s o f th e ir p re s e n c e
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b e ga n to s e ttl e i n A b ys s i n i a w h e r e i t h a s re m a i ne d th e
z
,
Mo g a m b i q u e possibly T h e y m a y h a v e e v e n r e a c h e d th e
,
.
T h e P h o e n ici a n s ( wh os e d e sc e n d a n ts h a v e b e com e k n ow n a s
th e C a rt h a gi n i a n s t h ough t o th e Ro m a n s t h e y w e r e a lw a ys th e
,
Po e n i o r P u n i ) i n th e m a i n fou n d e d t ra di n g st a tio n s r a th e r
t h a n colo n i e s ; but th e citi e s o f U t ic a C a rt h a g e H ippo a nd 3
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1 0 0 m il e s o f h e r stro ng e st s e t tl e m e n ts g a v e h e r t h e ir a ll e gi a n c e
A a b S a b a e a n s e tt l e s w e k n o w t h a t t h e y b e l o nge d t h e n e xc lu sive l y to th e
r -
r
Ho tt e n t o t B u s h m a n typ e
-
.
2
S e mitic i n v a si o n s o f Egypt p ro b a b l y p re c e de d a ll th e e v e n ts I h e re
e nu m e a t e r .
3 In
t h is c a s e th e H ipp o Di a r h yt u s o f th e G re e ks an d R o m an s a nd
, r ,
th e Be n e rt o f m o de rn T u n is
z [L o w L a ti n H ipp o n e Z a ryt ]
. ,
-
.
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f
o A fri ca .
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t h e y w e re r e a dy to r e volt a n d t a k e p a rt wit h h e r e n e mi e s T h e .
troop s s h e e mploy e d w e r e a li e n to h e r r a c e a n d m e rc e na ri e s .
m e n ts T h e s e tra di ng st a tio n s w e r e d ot t e d ov e r th e n o rt h
.
o f a n ci e n t G r e e k g e og ra p h e rs th e Gr e e k v e rsio n o f wh a t i s
suppos e d t o b e th e o rigi na l d e scriptio n i n Pu n ic of th e voy a g e
o f H a n n o th e C a rth a gi n i a n T hi s P u n i c e xplor e r st a rt e d from
.
a n d w om e n ( s a id to h a v e b e e n i n n umb e r) o n a voy a g e ,
s e ttl e rs th e C a rt h a gi n i a n st a ti o n s a lo ng th e co a st o f M o r occo .
S e bu th e y rou n d e d C a p e C a n ti n a n d c a m e to a m a rs h i n w h ic h
,
a l a rg e n u m b e r of e l e ph a n ts w e r e disp orti ng t h e m s e lv e s 1
T h e y t h e n co n ti n u e d t h e ir j our n e y a lo ng th e c o a st till t h e y
ca m e to th e riv e r L i xu s w h ic h h a s b e e n id e n tifi e d with th e
,
1 Th is is a n i nt e e sti n g o bse va ti o n N o t o n l y do e s th e st a t e m e n t
r r .
re p e a t e dl y o cc u r i n th e w iti n gs o f a n ci e n t G re e k a n d R o m n g e o g a p h e s
r a r r
th a t th e Afric a n e l e p h a n t w a s fo n d wi l d i n M it n i a i n t h e s e tim e s b u t
u au r a ,
t h is an im a l is pict u e d i n th e e m rk a b l e ro ck sc l pt re s i n th e S s c o u n t y
r r a u u u r
i n th e e xt re m e s o u t h o f Mo r o cc o a n d i n th e R o m a n m o s a ics a n d fr e sc o e s
,
fo u nd i n th e i n t e r i o r o f T u n is a n d n o w to b e s e e n a t th e B a rdo M s e u m
, u
ne a r T u n is .
( S e e fo r t h is th e t ra v e l s o f th e Mo ro cc a n J e wis h R a bbi ,
Mo rdo kh a i ) .
I .
] Me di ter r a ne a n a nd Mu /i a i n m a a a n ’
.
7
'
r e a c h e d th e R i o d O u ro a n d o n a n i sl e t a t th e h e a d of th is
’
,
co a st a s far a s th e S h e rb o ro i n l e t wh ic h wa s th e limit o f t h e ir ,
“
vo ya ge o f discov e ry H e r e t h e y e ncou n t e r e d wild m e n a nd
.
a re fou n d t h e r e t o t h i s da a n d n o t th e gorill a w h ic h i s a n
‘
y , ,
s H ann o s
’
a p e (so fa r a s w e k n ow p e culi a r to th e G a boo n
) A .
“
i n t e rpr e t e r c a ll e d t h e s e cr e a tur e s go rill a t h a t na m e wa s lo n g ”
o f th e S e n e g a l riv e r t h e y w e r e a tt a ck e d by th e n a tiv e s wh o ,
“
w e r e d e scrib e d a s wild m e n w e a ri n g th e ski n s o f b e a sts a nd
d e fe n di ng t h e m s e lv e s wi th sto n e s S o fa r a s w e k n ow t h is
.
”
,
to h a v e m e t wi t h i n th e v a ll e y o f th e r iv e r D ra a
‘
.
A t K e r n e a n d o t h e r t ra di ng st a tio n s o n th e co a st to th e
sou t h o f M orocco th e C a rth a gi n i a n s did no do u bt a littl e tra d e
,
1
I t do e s llo w h o w e ve r t h a t t h e se T ro gl o dyt e s w e re dwa rfs o r
no t fo , ,
N e gr o e s o r g re a t l y di ffe re n t i n ra c e fro m th e B e rb e r s Th e y m a y h a v e b e e n
, .
a ki n to th e T ro g l o dyt e s I h a v e r e c e n t l y s e e n i n th e T u n isi a n S ha ra a a ,
B e be r p e o p l e l ivi ng i n c a ve s w hic h a re e it h e r na t u r l h o ll o ws i n th e l im e
r , a
st o n e ro ck o r h a v e b e e n de l ibe ra t e l y e xc a v a t e d .
8 T/z e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
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Th e C a rt h a gi ni a ns d o no t s e e m to h a v e t a m e d th e i n di
g e n ous A fric a n e l e ph a n t ( w h ic h wa s c e rt a i nly still fou n d i n
M a urit a n i a ) but t h e y i n troduc e d a n d us e d th e I n di a n e l e p h an t
,
.
Gr e e k s e a m e n h a d n o do u b t r a ng e d th e c o a s t s o f th e Me di te r
ra n e a n a n d fr om th e i r a d v e n tu re s w e r e e vo l v e d th e fa sci n a ti n g
,
o f Gr e e k s o n th e co a st o f T u n is a r e a rgu e d by m od e r n
Fr e n c h e th n ologists to h a v e t a k e n pl a ce o n th e str e ng th o f th e
,
1
Th e c o mp u t a ti o n give n by E s e bi u s w o u l d cc o di ng to th e l a t e S i r
u , a r
E H B u nb y p l a ce th e fo ndi ng o f th e c o l o n y i n B C 6 3 1
. . ur , u . . .
IO T/i e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A f ica r
.
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'
o stric h e s th e dw a rf r a c e s of C e n t ra l A fr ic a ( th e n p e r h a ps
‘
,
li n g e r i n g a bo u t th e S a h a r a a n d th e s o ut h of M orocco ) a n d ,
up m or e t h a n t wo hu n dr e d y e a rs l a t e r by th e i r gr e a t co n qu e ror ,
A l e x a n d e r o f M a c e do n i a w h o a dd e d Egypt to hi s e m pir e i n
,
3 3 2 a n d fou n d e d i n t h a t y e a r i n th e w e st e rn m ost re a c h of th e
,
succ e e d e d i n 3 2 3 by th e r ul e of h is g e n e r a l Pto l o m a e u s S ot e r , ,
S ubs e qu e n t ly th e sc e p t r e p a ss e d fr om R om e to By z a n t ium ,
a n d Egypt a g a i n b e c a m e subj e ct to Gr e e k i n fl u e n c e D u ri n g th e .
1
Th e c r n e s wit h w ho m th e pigmi e s fo gh t
‘ ’
a u .
2
O t h e e vi de nc e g o e s to Sh o w t h a t b ab o o n s w e re fo u nd w il d i n th e
r
s o u the rn p a ts o f M u it ni a i n n ci e n t d ys
r a r a a a .
L l Me di te r r a ne a n a nd Mu ka m m a da n . 1 1
th e g e ogr a p hy of A fr ic a w a s hi n t e d a t a s fa r a s th e n e ighbour
h ood o f Z a nz ib a r a n d e v e n th e Comoro I sl a n ds ; w h il e th e
,
m i tte d by th e n a tiv e s t o Gr e e k tr a d e rs .
“
colo ny A fric a ,
h a s si n c e b e com e th e n a m e o f th e e n tir e
co n ti n e n t i n th e sp e e c h of ci vili z e d p e opl e s S oo n th e Rom a n .
th e v e ry h e a rt o f th e S a h a ra D e s e rt i n F e z z a n ( Ph a z a n i a ) .
a t t a i n e d a n d th e v a st sum s t h e y w e r e a bl e t o sp e n d o n public
,
wa s t h us a v e ry r e a l o n e L a ti n b e ca m e th e to ngu e m ost
.
R e g e n cy o f T u ni s a n d e a st e rn A lge ri a b e c a m e m or e lik e I t a ly
i n th e ir buildi n gs m od e o f life l a ws m a nn e rs customs a n d
, , , , ,
1 Th is w o rd a f e r t
A ra b i nv a si o n o f Tu n is h a s s u rviv e d i n th e fo r m
th e
“
I t w as a l m o st u ndo u bt e dl y a B e rb e r w o rd i n o igi n w h ic h
”
of I f i k i ah
r . r ,
i n L a ti n m o t h s ss u m e d th e fo rm o f A f ic a
u a r .
12 T/i e C o l o n i z a ti o n of A fr i c a .
[C HA R
t o th e Eu ro p e a n i n va d e r s ) a s a colo n y ra t h e r t h a n a p rot e ct e d
st a t e T h e y t h e r e fo re a r ous e d a lm os t p e rp e tu a lly th e h ostility
.
of th e a bo rigi n e s wh o i n t h e ir h a t re d of fo re ig n ru l e w e lcom e d
,
a ny i n v a d e r a s a m e a n s o f r e ga i n i n g t h e ir i n d e p e n d e n c e .
We h a v e li t t l e e vid e n c e to e n titl e us to b e li e v e t h a t th e
Rom a n s b e c a m e w e ll a cqu a i n t e d wi t h tropic a l A fric a b e yo n d
th e S a h a r a D e s e r t t h o ugh a c e r t a i n t ra d e m ust h a v e sp ru n g
’
,
u p i n th e h a n ds of H a mi t e s wh o b r ought th e products o f ,
Whil e t h e s e e v e n t s w e r e t a ki ng pl a c e i n N o r t h e r n A fri ca ,
a n d p e r h a ps e v e n b e fo r e t h e y b e g a n p e opl e s o f M a l a y o r ,
Ma l a ys — fo u n d pu re st i n th e m od e rn H ov a s — wr e s t e d M a d a
g a sc ar from th e bl a ck m a n w h om t h e y a bsorb e d o r e xt e rm i n a t e d, ,
1
Th e l y e c o de d i n st a n c e s o f n a pp e n t c o ssi ng o f th e S a h a a by
on r r a ar r r
a R o m a n e xp e diti o n e t h o s e cit e d by M
ar i n s T yri u s ( wh o w a s e di t e d by ar u
Pt o l e my th e A l e x n d i a n ) S e tti n g o u t f o m F e n ( wh ich th e R om a n s h a d
a r . r z z a
o cc u pi e d i n B C . a g e n e a l n a m e d S e ptim s F l a c o n s is s a i d to h v e
. r u a
e a c h e d th e B l a ck Ma n s c o u n t ry a c ro ss th e de s e t i n t h e e m o n th s m a r c h
’ ’
r r r
i ng . Thi s o cc re d a b o t th e b e gi n n i ng o f th e C h isti a n e a A fe w
u r u r r .
y e a s l a t e r J u l i u s M te rnu s st a ting f o m G a m a (s o th e n F e a n ) w it h
r a r r ar u r z z
th e ki n g o f th e G a ra m n te s e ch e d ( p o b ab l y K a ne m o r
“
A g i s ym b
a r a a r
B o n u ) ft e fo u r m o n t h s m a rc h n d fo u nd th e c o u n t ry sw rmi ng with
r a r
’
a a
r hi n o c e ro s e s ( w h ic h sti ll a b o u n d t h e e ) r .
L ] Me di te r r a ne a n a nd Mu lca m m a a a n ’
. I 3
a nd h e n c e fort h th e y r e m a i ne d a s th e domi na n t r a c e to be s u b ,
o f Rom e s d a ug h t e r s
’
.
I n th e fifth c e n tu ry o f th e p r e s e n t e ra c a m e th e a brup t
i nv a sio n o f N o r t h A fric a by th e Va n d a ls a Got h ic p e op l e ,
p l e te a n d e xt e n siv e t h a n t h a t o f C a r th a g e h a d n e v e r succ e e d e d
,
tio n T h e i n d e p e n d e n t B e rb e rs w e r e a l wa ys r e a dy to sid e
.
wi th th e e n e mi e s o f Rom e a n d t h e ir a dh e sio n m a d e th e
,
b e e n r u l e d by T e uto n ic ki n gs fo r s e v e n ty y e a rs .
T h e By z a n ti n e Empir e r e c o v e ri n g by d e gr e e s p ortio n s o f
,
th e W e st e r n Em pir e r e co n qu e r e d
, th e provi n c e of A fr ic a
a n d to som e e xt e n t domi n a t e d a ll th e n ort h
( m od e r n T u n is ) ,
A fr ic a n co a st u n til th e M u h a mm a d a n i n v a sio n .
qu a si i n d e p e n d e n c e
-
.
th e Mu h a mm a d a n i n v a sio n s n ot h i n g wa s k n ow n o f A fric a
sout h of th e S a h a ra w h ic h could b e d e scri b e d a s c e rt a i n
k n owl e dg e A fe w v a gu e tr a ditio n s a n d s e mi fa b ul o us sto ri e s
.
-
o f N e g r o A fric a r e a c h e d a n d s a ti sfi e d Gr e e k a nd Rom a n
A r a b i n v a d e rs a n d m issio n a ri e s cl e a r e d a r o ug h p a t h a cros s
A fric a l e tti n g i n a dubious ligh t o n its g e ogr a p h y a nd
,
h um an ity .
I4 T/ze C o lo n i z a t on i of A fr i c a .
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In 64
.
0 i n v a d e d Egyp t from A ra bi a a n d
A m r bi n- -
al -
A si ,
h e o r h i s li e ut e n a n ts pus h e d th e n c e i n to T ripoli a n d ,
e ve n int o F e z z a n A li t tl e l a t e r ( 6 4 7. u n d e r A bd a ll a h
b i IL A b u Sa rh a n d A bd a ll a h b i n Zub e ir th e A r a b s i n va d e d
- - -
,
h is s e a t o f gov e r n m e n t i n c e n t r a l T u n isi a ) T h e b a t tl e l a st e d .
fo r d a ys but G re go ry wa s ov e r m a st e r e d by a ru s e a n d kill e d
,
.
T h e A r a b s pursu e d hi s d e fe a t e d a r my i n to th e h e ar t o f T u n isi a ,
a n d e v e n i n t o A lg e ri a For a p a ym e n t of 3 0 0 qu i n t a ls of gold
.
t h e y a gr e e d to e v a cu a t e T u nisi a but th e y l e ft b e hi n d a n a g e n t ,
o r r e p r e s e n t a t iv e a t S u ffe t u l a ( th e m od e rn S b e i t l a ) w h ic h h a d ,
b e e n G r e gory s c a p i t a l ’
.
I n 6 6 1 th e fi r st diss e n ti n g s e ct o f I sl a m a ros e th e K h a r ij i ,
.
th e isl a n d of J e rb a th e ir d e sc e n d a n ts r e m a i n to th is da y whil e ,
I n 6 6 9 th e A r a b i n v a sio n s o f No rt h A fr ic a w e r e r e s u m e d .
q a b i n N a fa ov e rr a n F e z z a n a n d w a s a pp oi n t e d by th e
- -
,
“
O m e i ya d Kh a lif gov e rn or o f I fri k i a h ( mod e r n T u n is ) Th e .
By z a n t i n e s w e r e d e fe a t e d i n s e v e r a l b a ttl e s a n d K a irwa n wa s ,
2
1
J e rb a u su a lly c a ll e d Me n i n x by th e a n ci e n ts is s u pp o s e d to h a v e
, ,
b e e n th e I s l a nd o f Lo t o s E a t e s o f G e e k myt ho l o gy r r .
2
Th e o igi n o f th e n m e K i w n h as b e e n m c h di sp u t e d
r a Whe n I
a r a u .
visit e d t his p l a c e I w a s t l d by a n A a b t h t th e w o d w a s th e A b n a m e
o r a r ra
fo r a sm a ll b st a d l ik e c o s e r ( bi d w h ic h th e F e n c h c ll e d P o l e de
u r -
u r a r r a u
K a i o n ) a n d th a t s e i n g t h is bi d i n l g e n mbe s— w he e it is sti ll to
r u a , e r ar u r r
b e fo n d— i n th e m a s h y p l i n o n w h ic h th e city w a s b i l t th e A a bs g a v e
u r a u r
its n m e to th e t o wn Ka i rw a n w s ch o s e n s th e sit e fo th e M ha mm a da n
a . a a r! u
c pit l by th e e a rl y A a b i nv de s b e c u s e it w as c o n si de e d s fli c i e ntl y fa r
a a r a r a r u
f o m th e s e a c o a st to b e b e y o n d th e r e a c h o f a tt a ck f o m a By n ti n e fl e e t
r -
r za .
I .
] [Me di te r ra ne a n a nd M u ka m m a da n . I 5
r e p l a c e d fo r a tim e by D i na r Bu l Mu h a jr wh o p li sh e d hi s ’
-
,
c o n qu e s t s a s fa r w e st a s T l e m s a n o n th e b o rd e rs o f m o d e r n ,
a t C e ut a ( S e pt a )
1
.
But n o w th e B e rb e rs b e g a n t o tur n a g a i n st th e A r a b
i nv a d e rs fi n di ng t h e m wo rs e fo r r a p a city th a n Rom a n o r
,
Gr e e k A quo n d a m a lly th e B e rb e r p ri n c e K u s e i la u n it e d
.
, ,
s u c h a s e v e re d e fe a t o n q a n e a r Biskra t h a t h e wa s e n a bl e d
a ft e rw a rds to rul e i n p e a c e a s ki n g ov e r M a u rit a n i a for fiv e
y e a rs b e i n g a cc e pt e d a s rul e r by th e E u ro p e a n s e ttl e rs
, .
K u s e i l a h ow e v e r w a s d e fe a t e d a n d kill e d b y a n ot h e r A r a b
i n v a sio n i n 6 8 8 th oug h th e s e s a m e i nv a d e rs subs e qu e n tly
,
r e ti r e d a n d su ffe r e d a d e fe a t a t th e h a n ds o f th e By z a n ti n e s i n
B a rk a Qu e e n D i b i a a l K a h i n a succ e e d e d h e r r e l a ti v e K u s e i l a
.
2 - -
.
T h e A r a b g e n e ra l H a ss a n b i n N um a n w as succ e ssful i n t a ki n g
,
- -
,
C a r t h a ge but a ft e rw a rds wa s d e fe a t e d a n d d r iv e n o u t o f
T u n isi a by Qu e e n K a b i na U n fortu na t e ly th is br a v e wom a n.
Sh e w a s fi n a lly de fe a t e d a n d sl a i n by th e A r a bs u n d e r H a ss a n
b i n— Num a n i n 7 0 5 A ra b co n qu e sts t h e n o n c e m o re su rg e d
.
a h e ad u n d e r M u sa b i n N u s se ir T h e w hol e o f M o r occ o w a s
- -
.
co n qu e re d e xc e pt C e ut a wh e r e t h e y w e r e r e p e ll e d by Cou n t
,
a n d n o doub t t h r oug h a ll t h e s e i n v a si o n s th e A r a b s e xp e r i e n c e d
1
C ou n t J u li
pp e a s to h v e b e e n a By a n ti ne go ve n o o n th e c o as t
an a r a z r r
o f Mo ro cc o w h o a ft e r th e By a n ti n e do wn f ll to s o m e e xt e n t a tt c h e d
, z a a
h ims l f to th e R o m ni e d G o t h ic ki ng do m o f S p i n
e a z a .
Th is is th e A b e n de i n g o f h e r n a m e A l K a h i na m e an s “ th e
2
ra r r .
-
wise w o m a n o r p o p h e t e ss
“
r .
”
1 6 Tb e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C HA R
b e c a m e a g e n e r a l i n th e A r a b a r my T a r ik wa s l e ft i n ch a rg e .
o f T a n gi e r s b y M us a a nd e n t e r e d i n to fr i e n dly r e l a tio n s wi th
,
A ft e r a r e co g n i z a n c e n e a r th e m od e r n T a r ifa T a rik i n v a d e d
S p a i n a t o r n e a r Gi b r a lt a r wit h B e rb e r s o fli c e re d by
2
r e i nfo rc e m e n ts ; a n d Sp a i n wa s t h us co n qu e r e d .
o f A l i a n d co n s e qu e n t ly of Muh a m m a d e st a blish e d h im s e lf i n
, ,
cl a im to b e K h a lif a n d I m a m A t h is d e a t h h e wa s succ e e d e d
.
n i n t h c e n tu ry T u n is w a s rul e d by a n i n d e p e n d e n t dy n a sty
"
dy n a sty d e riv e d fr om th e F a ti mit e C a lip h a t e o f Egypt
,
A ll .
J e wish c l o n i e s b e ga n to s e tt le i n N o t h A f ic a s o o n a ft e r th e de
1 o r r
st ru cti o n o f J e ru s a l e m o e v e n as fa r b a ck a s th e Pt o le m a ic ru l e o v e
, r r
Egyp t
o cky p e ni n s u l a w h e re T a r ik l an de d w a s c a l e d by th e A ra bs
Th e r
l
J i b l l T rik a n m e w h ic h s u bs e q u e n t l y b e c m e c o rru pt e d by th e
-
a -
a , a a
S p a n i a rds i n t o G ib a l t a r r .
3 Th is dy n a sty h a d
fo n de d C a i ro (A l K a h i ra h ) i n 96 9 A D
u -
. .
I 8 T/i e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
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wi th No r th Afric a T h e V e n e ti a n s i n spit e o f th e h a r e br a i n e d
.
,
-
c ru s a de s a nd th e d a m a g e t h a t th e y did by r e vivi ng Mu h a m
,
t h e m th e m o n opoly o f th e L e va n t a n d I n di a n t ra d e T h e .
No r m a n s wh o h a d co n qu e r e d th e S a r a c e n s o f S icily a n d
,
M a l t a a n d h a d fo u n d e d th e Ki ngdom o f N a pl e s com m e n c e d
‘
, ,
Pis a n s a n d G e n o e s e b e g a n a s e ri e s o f sh a rp r e pris a ls a g a i n st
th e Moo rish p i ra t e s a n d so i n sp ir e d som e r e sp e ct for I t a ly i n
,
n o r t h co a st of T u n is a n d th e s e t o th e a dv a n t a g e o f bo t h I t a ly
, ,
1 6 t h c e n tu r y .
I n th e r 1 th c e n t u ry a n o t h e r gr e a t B e rb e r mov e m e n t took
— “
pl a c e th e ris e o f th e A lm or a vi de s T h e n a m e o f t hi s s e ct .
”
o f Mu h a mm a da n r e fo r m e r s i s a S p a n i sh co rrup t io n o f A l
Mu r a bi ti n wh ich i s th e p l u r a l o f Ma r a bu t a n d Ma r a bu t i s
, ,
“
d e ri v e d from th e pl a c e na m e R i ba t m e a n i n g th e p e opl e
-
livi n g a t Ri b a t t h o u gh th e wo r d h a s si n c e com e to m e a n
,
a sc e t ic s a i nt a nd di e s a lic e n t i o us mo n a rch w h os e p ow e r
, ,
p a ss e s i n t o th e h a n ds o f a li e ut e na n t who is th e fi rst i n th e ,
1
Ma l t a is s a i d to ha v e b e e n c o l o ni z e d by
P h o e n ici a n s a n d to h a v e th e
re t i n e d P h o e n ici n w o ds i n its di l e ct to th e p e sc h t d y
a a r a Th e n c m e r a . a
G e e ks S icil i n s R o m n s n d A bs—th e l st i n va de s l e vi n g th e i r
r , a ,
a a ra a r a
t o ngu e i n Ma l t a to b e sp o k e n to th is d y a .
Me di te r r a ne a n a nd Mu ka m m a da n . 1 9
li n e of a slowly crumbli n g dy na s ty F a r a w a y a cr o ss th e .
S a h a ra D e s e r t a n d n e a r th e Nig e r wa s a t rib e o f T a wa re q
, ,
B e rb e rs k n ow n a s th e L a m t a o r L e m tu na wh o h a d b e e n ,
r e ce n tly co n v e r t e d t o M uh a m m a d a n i sm T h e c h i e f o f this .
S ou th Morocco k n ow n a s I b n Y a si n w h o o n hi s M e cc a n ,
T h e c h i e f of th e L e m tu na i n vi te d I b n Y a si n t o h is cou r t a n d ,
h is i n fl u e n c e th a t th e B e rb e r s w e r e c a rri e d by t h e ir co n qu e s ts
i n to S e n e ga mbi a a n d Nig e ri a T h e n h e l e d t h e m n o r t h w e st
.
-
a cross th e S a h a ra D e s e rt a n d th e y co n qu e r e d M orocco a nd ,
from t h e n c e i n v a d e d M uh a mm a d a n S p a i n By t his t im e I b n .
Ya si n th e t e a ch e r wa s d e a d bu t th e w a rrio r c h i e f of th e L a m t a
, , ,
a nd S p a i n a n d h a d a ssum e d th e ti t l e o f A mir a l Mu m e n i n
1 - -
.
,
T l e m sa n a n d th e pr o gr a m m e wa s th e s a m e — to st a rt wit h
,
“
lus t of co n qu e st T h is sm a ll s e ct k n ow n b y u s a s th e A lm o
.
“
G o d ) a tt a ck e d th e d e c a yi n g pow e r o f th e A lmo ra vid e s .
A b d— al Mumi n a s
-
Kh a lifa w h o p u rsu e d h is co n qu e s t s u n til
, ,
”
h e h a d brought u n d e r h i s p ow e r a l l N ort h A fr ic a a n d Mu h a m
m a d a n S p a i n a nd h a d fou n d e d th e g re a t e st B e rb e r e mp i re
,
1
P ri n c e o f th e Fa it hfu l .
2
F ro m th e A ra bic Wa k a d ,
“
Th e O ne .
2 0 T/ze C o lo n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R
by i n d e p e n d e n t ru l e r s i n T u n i s a n d T r ip oli i n A lg e ri a a n d i n
, ,
M or o cco R e m a rk a bl e a m o n g t h e s e w a s th e H a fs dy n a sty
.
,
o f T u n is u n d e r o n e o f th e l a st o f th e A lm o h a d e e m p e rors a n d ,
e v e n tu a lly b e c a m e th e i n d e p e n d e n t sov e r e ig n of T u n i si a .
T h e A lm oh a d e ru l e r s tow a r d s th e e n d o f th e 1 2 th c e n tu ry h a d
t ra n spo rt e d m ost o f th e turbul e n t A ra b s of so u t h e r n a n d
c e n t ra l T u n isi a to M o rocco wh e r e for th e first tim e th e A ra b s
,
wit h th e H a fs i n T u n is th e d e sc e n d a n t s o f A b d a l W a di a n d - -
t e n d e d for th e L e v a n t to T u n i s a s b e i n g a Muh a mm a d a n
,
th e buildi ngs h a d a fl o r de d to th e i n v a d e rs th e p r o t e c t io n o f
fortr e ss e s Up t ill t h a t t im e a good d e a l o f Rom a n civi li z a tio n
.
h a d li n g e r e d i n T u n i si a but n o w th e cou n t ry b e c a m e mo re
,
a n d m or e A r a b i z e d C h r isti a n b is h op s h ow e v e r co n ti n u e d
.
, ,
1 6 t h c e n tu ry wh e n th e a t t a cks o f th e S p a n i a rds a n d th e
, ,
I .
] Me di te r r a ne a n a nd M '
u lca m m a a a n . 2 1
pr e s e n t g e ne ra tio n .
th e 1 sth c e n tury th e ki n gs o f S p a i n a n d Po r t u g a l fe lt t h e m
s e lv e s suffici e n tly s t ro ng to c a rry th e wa r i n to th e e ne my s ’
s e i z e d M e lill a i n 1 4 9 0 a nd o n o n e pr e t e xt o r a n oth e r p o r t
, , ,
a ft e r p o r t a lo n g th e co a sts of A lg e r i a a n d T u n is u n t il by 1 5 4 0 ,
s h e h a d e s t a blis h e d g a rr iso n s a t O r a n B u gi a B o na H u ne i n
, , , ,
a n d i n stig a t e d th e K n ig h ts o f M a l t a —
1
a n d Gol e tt a th e o u t
com e o f th e cr u s a d e s — to h old fo r a tim e th e tow n o f T r ipoli
i n B a rb a ry a n d th e T u n isi a n isl a n d of J e rb a
, T h e Por tugu e s e.
m e n a t A c i la 2
t h e n m a rch e d i n l a n d a nd took up a p ositio n
,
b e hi n d th e We d a l Ma kh a z e n o n th e fa t a l fi e ld of K a s r a l K a b i r
- - - -
.
Bu t h e wa s ut te rly de fe a t e d by th e M oors u nd e r M u l a i A b d— al
M a l e k (w h o di e d du ri ng th e b a ttl e ) a n d A b u l A bb a s A hm a d ’
1
l s o l a te r o n l e ft t a c e s o f h e r t e mp o a y o cc u p a ti o n o n th e is l a nd
Sh e a r r r
o f J e rba w h e re a fin e S p a n is h fo r t re ss r e m i n s i n t a ct to t h is da y
, a .
A rz rl a .
2 2 T/z e C o l o n i z a ti o n f A fr i c a
o .
[C HA R
d e fe a t a nd d e a th o f th e u n fortu n a t e D om S e b a s ti aO N e v e r .
6 0 y e a r s o f th e a b e y a n c e of th e Portugu e s e mo na rchy th e s e
pl a c e s b e c a m e n om i n a lly S p a n ish but r e tur n e d to Po rtug a l ,
E n gl a n d T hus e n d e d wh a t might v e ry w e ll h a v e b e e n b ut
.
,
fo r th e b a t t l e o f K a sr a l K a b i r th e Po r tugu e s e Empir e o f
- -
,
M o r occo .
A t th e e n d o f th e 1 3 th c e n tury c e r t a i n s k a r zfs o f Y a n b u
l
, ,
profe ss e d t o b e d e sc e n d a n ts o f A l i th e s o n i n l a w o f th e ,
- -
o f th e m H a s s a n b i n K a ss i m i n c re a si n g gre a tly i n p ow e r b e
,
~ ~
, ,
H e m a d e T imbuk t u h is c a pit a l a n d i t b e c a m e a p l a c e o f
’
,
o f th e S h a ri fia n e m p e r o r o f M orocco ( A b u l A bb a s M a n sur
’
,
1
p l u r S ko fa m e a n s i n A a bic “ n o bl y b o rn
S lz a r zf, . i ,
r .
2
T imbu kt u h a d b e e n fo u n de d by a T a w a e q ( Be rb e i ) t ribe r a bo u t
1 100 A . D .
3
or Aski a .
Me di te r r a n e a n a nd Mu /i a m i n a da n . 2 3
th e Kh a lifs i n th e S ud a n d e m a n d e d hi s v a ss a l a g e a n d a ta x
, ,
B a s h a wa s d e sp a tc h e d by A b u l A bb a s a l Ma n su r i n 1 5 9 0 to’
- -
co n qu e r th e S ud a n T hi s a rmy cross e d th e S a h a r a d e fe a t e d
.
,
I sh a k S ok y a a n d c a ptur e d T imbuk t u
, b u t r a i s e d th e si e g e o f ,
th e Mooris h co n qu e st of th e S ud a n a co n qu e st w h ic h e xt e n d e d ,
rul e d fo r
5 7 y e a r s a n d i s s a id t o h a v e l e ft livi n g childr e n to th e
,
e xt e n t of 5 4 8 boys a n d 3 4 0 girls M ul a i I sm a il di e d i n 1 7 2 7
. .
H e h a d a t t a i n e d to a n d m a i n t a i n e d h im s e lf i n supr e m e p ow e r
b y th e i n troductio n o f r e gim e n t s o f w e ll d r ill e d S ud a n N e gro e s -
.
r e p l a c e d th e A r a bs o f M e sop ot a mi a S yri a a n d A si a M i n or a s , ,
a n d h a d s e i z e d Egyp t i n 1
5 1 7 a n d w e r e b e comi n g th e ri si n g
,
M uh a mm a d a n p ow e r W h e n th e Muh a m m a d a n s o f No rt h
.
1
N o w i n th e h i n t e rl a nd o f A l g e ri a , a nd p e rh a ps to b e o cc u pi e d s o m e
da y by th e F re n c h .
2 4 Tke C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R
r e g e n ci e s i n A lg e ri a T u n is a n d T ripoli
d e gr e e s fa r i n to th e S a h a ra D e s e rt to th e old ki n gdo m o f
“
F e z z a n a nd a lo n g th e co a sts of th e R e d S e a
,
Pl u s 9a .
c h a n g e p lus c e st l a m e m e ch os e —n o m a t t e r wh e th e r T urk
,
’
Circ a ssi a n A l b a n i a n A r a b B e rb e r or A ra b i z e d N e gr o r u l e d
, , , , ,
M u h a mm a d a n i n flu e n c e a nd A r a b culture co n ti n u e d t o sp r e a d
ov e r a l l th e n orth e rn h a lf o f A fric a S om a lil a n d S e nnar Nubi a .
, , ,
Ko rd o fa n D a rfu r Wa d a i B o rn u H a us a l a nd a nd th e S a h a ra
, , , ,
-
, ,
A ra b civili z a t i o n .
m a da n i z e d P e rsi a n s j oi n e d th e m i n th e r o th c e n tury a t L a mu ,
a n d P e r si a n a s w e ll a s M u h a mm a d a n I n di a n i n fl u e n c e b e ga n
t o b e v e ry a pp a r e n t i n a rchit e c t u re o n th e E a st co a st of A fric a .
1 A l g e i a n d Tu n is w e re c o n q u e e d by Tu kis h pi a t e s q u it e a s mu c h
r a r r r ,
f o m th e mi l d B e b e dy n sti e s p o ss e ssi n g t h e m s f o m th e S p n is h e u
r r r a a r a
c o a c h m e n ts
r Trip o l i w a s t k e n f o m th e K n igh ts o f Ma l t
. a r G a du a ll y a. r
e v e yt h i n g b u t th e m e e a ck n o w l e dgm e n t o f s u e a i n ty ; b u t i n 1 8 3 5 th e
r r z r , ,
Tu rks b pt ly r e s u m e d th e di re ct c o nt ro l o f T rip o l i a nd B a rk a to wh ic h
a r u ,
t he y adde d F e a n i n 1 8 4 2z z .
2 6 T/z e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R 1 .
A n d t h r o u gh t h e ir co n t a ct wi t h Eu r op e a n s A r a bs a n d A r a bi z e d ,
isl a n ds T h e di re ct a n d i mm e di a te r e sul t o f th is Mu h a m
.
m a d a n co n qu e s t o f A fric a w a s th e d ra wi n g i n to th a t co n t i ne n t
o f th e P o r t u gu e s e t h e m s e lv e s b u t r e c e n tly e m a n cip a t e d from
,
M uh a mm a d a n ru l e a nd s t ill r e t a i ni n g som e co nv e rs a n c e wi t h
,
A ra bic ; w h o th a nk s to th e i r i n t im a t e a cqu a i n t a n c e wi t h
,
Mu h a m m a d a n s a n d wi t h this fa r sp re a d l a n g u a g e us e d i n t h e ir
,
-
1
Th e ar ch it e ct
l styl e k n o wn a s S a ra c e n ic m a de its b e gi nn i n gs i n
u ra
I nn e r S y ri a a n d Me s o p o t a mi a c e n t u ry o r n e a l y s o b e fo re th e Mu
a r
h a m m a da n i n v a si o n ; a nd th e H o rs e s h o e A c h o th e a c h p o l o n g e d
“ ”
r r r r
fo r m o e t h a n h a l f a ci c l e w a s i n v e n t e d by H e ll e n i e d S y i a n s i n th e sixt h
r r z r
c e n t u y o f th is e ra Th e Ma hra b o f th e Mo sq e a nd s o m e o f th e do mi ng
r .
’
u
w o shipr .
MI L J N T
lm nt CB c "
EX P L A N A T O R Y N O T E
I t
n di c a e s a pp r o xi m t
a e a re a o v wh i h I
er c sl a m t i
i s th e do m i n a i ng re l i g o n a t th e p re s e nt da y
. . i l g
( N B Th e p r e s e n t a r e a s a r e r b
tl z a n i t h a s e v e r e e n i n th e pa s t)
l b
D o tte d sp o ts of c o o u r i l l u s tr a te s sp o r a di c e s ta l i s h m e n ts of Mu ka m n z a da n i s m
l e Bo u n da r i e s of m o s t i m po r ta n t Mu lta m m a a a n E m p i r e s w lz e n a t tlz e i r r e a te s t
’
g
ex te n t a r e s lz o w n in c o lo u re d Im e s
C H A PT E R II .
THE P O R T UG UE S E IN AF R IC A .
p r ovi n c e o f th e pr e s e n t Ki ngdom of S p a i n I t wa s h e r e a t .
a ny r a t e t h a t th e Portug u e s e l a n gu a g e d e v e lop e d fr o m a di a l e ct
b e c a m e th e Ki n gd o m of P o r tug a l A l a rg e e l e m e n t i n th e
.
a n d th e ir d e sc e n d a n ts a t th e p r e s e n t da y sh ow th e fin e t a ll
th e n ort h e r n T e u to n C e n t r a l P or t ug a l i s m a i n ly o f L a ti n i z e d
.
l a rg e e l e m e n t o f M oo ri sh blood T h e n ort h e r n p a rt o f .
L e o n a nd t h is m a n s s o n b e c a m e th e fi rst ki ng o f Po rtug a l
,
’
.
th e cl o s e o f th e 1 2 th c e n tu ry th e M oors h a d c e a s e d to rul e
a n y lo n g e r i n th e Rom a n Lusit a n i a .
1
F ro m A bic A l g /z b th e w e st th e s u n s e t Th e tit l e o f
th e ra -
ar ,
‘
,
’ ‘
.
’
th e K g P t ga l is Ki ng o f P o t u g a l a n d th e A l g rv e s o n t h is si de
i n o f o r u
“
r a ,
a n d o n th e o t h e r si de o f th e s e a i n A f ic a e tc
”
r ,
.
2 8 T/z e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C HA R
irrit a ti ng a t t a ck s of M o o ri sh p i ra t e s I n 1 4 1 5 a s a l re a dy .
,
a n d c a p tu r e d th e cit a d e l o f C e u t a — th e R om a n S e p ta .
Bi t b y b it th e Por t ugu e s e c o n ti n u e d co n qu e ri n g th e
c o a st tow n s of Mo rocco or buildi n g n e w s e t tl e m e n t s — till
,
i n th e s e co n d h a lf of th e 1 6 t h c e n t u ry th e ki n g of Portuga l
w a s a lmost e n t itl e d t o th a t cl a im ov e r th e Empi r e o f Mo rocco
w h ich still a ss e r ts its e lf i n th e fo r m a l s e t t i n g forth of h is -
y e a rs b e fo re or j u st a ft e r th e d e fe a t of th e y o u n g ki n g
S e b a s tra o o D e s e j a do —S e b a sti a n th e d e sir e d — w h o a t th e
”
a g e o f o n ly 2 3 w a s d e fe a t e d a n d sl a i n b y th e fou n d e r o f th e
S h a ri fia n dy n a s t y o f Morocco o n th e fa t a l fi e ld o f A l K a sr a l -
K a b i r i n 1 5 7 8 C e u t a w a s t a k e n ov e r by S p a i n i n 1 5 8 0 wa s
.
,
tu g u e s e soldi e rs r e v e r t e d to th e s e p a ra t e d c row n o f P o r t u g a l i n
,
1 64 0 . O f th e s e T a ngi e r wa s c e d e d t o E ngla n d i n 1 6 6 2 S a fli ,
by th e M oo r s i n 1 6 8 9 a nd M a z a g a n w a s fi na lly l o st i n 1 7 7 0
,
.
T h e s e co n d s o n of th e ki ng D o m J o a O I ( w h o r e ign e d
from 1 3 8 5 t o 1 4 3 3 ) a n d P hilipp a da ugh t e r o f th e E nglish ,
J oh n o f G a u n t w a s n a m e d H e n ry ( H e n r iq u e ) a n d wa s
, ,
“
subs e q u e n tl y k n ow n t o a l l tim e a s H e n ry th e N a vig a t o r ”
fr om th e i n te re st h e to o k i n m a ri t im e e xp lo ra tio n H e wa s .
p r e s e n t a t th e si e g e o f C e u t a i n 1 4 1 5 a n d a ft e r i ts c a p t u r e w a s
,
s a i d to h a v e i n qui re d w i t h m uc h i n t e r e st a s t o th e c o n di t io n o f
M o rocco a nd o f th e u nk n ow n A fric a n i n t e r ior a n d to h a v e ,
h e a rd from th e M oors o f T im b uk t u .
1
A nd w as fi n a ll y c e de d to S p a i n by P o t u g a l i n r 1 66 8 .
T/z e Po r tu g u ese i n A fr i c a . 2 9
Nu n o T rist a m p a ss e d C a p e B l a n co o n th e S a h a ra co a st a n d ,
r e a ch e d th e Ri o d O u ro o r Riv e r of Gold fr om wh e n c e t h e y
’ 2
,
S e n e g a l wa s r e a ch e d a n d C a p e V e rd e w a s d oubl e d by D i n i z
,
D i a z a n d i n 1 4 4 8 th e co a st w a s e xplor e d a s fa r a s S i e rra
,
L e o n e I n 1 4 5 5 —6 C a da m o s to ( a V e n e t i a n i n P o r tugu e s e
.
ra n e a n I t is a ss e rt e d by th e Portugu e s e th a t som e y e a r s l a te r
.
fa r a s m od e rn Lib e ri a By 1 4 7 1 th e w h ol e Gui n e a co a st h a d
.
1 Th o u gh it h a d b e e n k n o w n to I ta l i a n a nd N or m an na viga t o rs a
c e n t u ry e rl i e r
a .
2
O n l y a n i n l e t i n th e D e s e r t c o a st .
30 Tke C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C H A R
O go we .
, ,
th e sl a v e t ra d e g re w a n d pr o sp e r e d a n d a t first r e s u lt e d i n ,
h a n d t o m ou t h e xis t e n c e a m o n g s a v a g e t ri b e s i n A fr ica fo r
- -
I n 1 4 8 1 th e Po r t u g u e s e w h o h a d b e e n for som e y e a rs e x
,
t h e i r t ra d e th e re I n 1 4 8 2 th e for t wa s compl e t e d a nd th e
.
pl a c e fo r m o r e th a n a h u n d re d y e a rs i n p oss e ssio n of th e
,
P o rtugu e s e wa s c a ll e d S a O J o rg e da Mi n a
,
I n th e s a m e y e a r
’
.
th e m o ut h o f th e O gow e b y Di ogo C a m wh o t h re e y e a rs la t e r ,
— i n 1 4 8 5 discov e r e d th e mo u th o f th e Co n go a n d s a il e d u p
, ,
w e re c o n ti nu e d by B a rtolom e u D i a z wh o p a ssi ng a lo ng th e , ,
so u t h — w e st co a s t o f A fric a r ou n d e d th e C a p e o f Good H op e
,
Goo d H op e .
”
1
N w d ys k no wn a s E l mi na
o a a .
2As wi ll b e s e e n i n a no t h e c ha pt e t h e e a e t a diti o n s o f N or m a n
r r, r r r
m e ch n ts f m Di e pp e h vi n g e st b l ishe d fo ts o r t a di ng st a ti o n s a l o ng
r a ro a a r r
th e W e st A f ic n c o st i n th e 1 3 t c e t u y e sp e ci ll y
“
L a Mi ne d O
’ ”
r ah n a a t r , a r
th e r e m a i n i n g pl a c e s a l re a dy m e n ti o n e d o n th e E a st co a st
o f A fric a w e r e i n p oss e ssio n o f th e Portugu e s e w h o h a d a lso ,
A d e n o n th e so u th co a s t o f A ra bi a th e i sl a n d o f O rmu z o n th e
,
i n g Ma sk a t . P e r o de C o v i lh a O h a d a l re a dy a s h a s b e e n ,
ov e rl a n d t o I n di a ) b e fo re Va sco da G a m a s r ou n di n g of th e ’
h a d h e a r d wh e n i n C a i r o .
midst of H e a th e n ry T h e co u rt of P re s t e r J oh n w a s loc a t e d
.
a n ywh e re b e tw e e n S e n e g a m bi a a n d C hi n a ; b u t th e l e g e n d h a d
o f P e ro or P e dr o de C o v i l h a O u n t il th e 1 7 t h c e n tu ry S om e .
i n oth e r w a ys Th e v e ry n a m e wh ic h we a pply to th is mo de rn
.
M ada g a sc a r a s will b e r e l a t e d i n th e c h a pt e r d e a li n g wi th th a t
,
p e rm a n e n t s e t tl e m e n t s o n e ith e r .
M a d e ir a wh ic h h a d b e e n k n ow n to th e Portugu e s e i n th e
,
1 4 th c e n tu ry wa s occupi e d b y th e m i n th e i 5 th a nd a
, ,
l e Po r tu g u e s e i n A fr i c a .
33
S t H e l e na a ft e rw a rds to b e s e i z e d by th e D u tc h a n d t a k e n
-
Wh e n Di e go C a m r e tur ne d fr om th e Co n go i n 1 4 8 5 h e
brought b a ck with h i m a fe w C o n go n a t iv e s wh o w e r e b a p ,
r e c e iv e d th e m with a r e sp e ct du e to d e mi gods a n d a ll o w e d -
h im s e l f to b e a t o n c e c o n v e rt e d to C h risti a n i t y— a co n v e rsio n
wh ic h wa s si nc e r e a n d du ra bl e T h e Po r tugu e s e proc e e d e d .
u nd e r hi s guid a n c e to th e ki ng s c a pi t a l a b o u t 2 0 0 m il e s from’
th e co a st w h ic h t h e y n a m e d S a 6 S a lv a dor
,
H e re th e ki ng a n d .
qu e e n w e r e b a p t i z e d wi th th e n a m e s of th e t h e n ki n g a nd qu e e n
o f P o r t ug a l J o a 6 a n d L e o n ora w h il e th e crow n P ri n c e wa s
, ,
t o th e Virgi n M a ry a n d th e s a i n t s a n d disca r d e d th e ir i n di ,
'
1
Th e C y I sl a nds i nha bit e d by a a c e o f B e rbe r o rigi n h a d b e e n
anar ,
r ,
N o m a n s a n d G e n o e s e i n th e 1 4 t h c e n t u y
r The y w e e c o n q e e d by a r . r u r
N o m a n a dv e n t u re
r J e a n de B e t a nc o t o r B e t h e n c o u t i n th e se rvic e o f
r, u r r ,
P o t u g a l P o t u ga l ho w e v e r a ft e r a b ri e f o cc u p a ncy t ra n s fe rre d t h e m to
r . r , ,
C a sti l e i n 1 4 7 9 .
34 l e C o lo n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C H A R
T h om e b e i ng u n a bl e to t a k e u p h is r e sid e n c e i n th e ki n gdom
o f Co n go p r oc u r e d th e c o n s e cr a tio n of a na t iv e N e g ro a s
Bis h o p o f th e Co n go T his m a n w h o w a s a m e mb e r o f th e
.
,
n o t a g r e a t s u cc e ss n o r w a s th e n e x t b ish o p i n w h os e r e ig n
, ,
i n th e m iddl e o f th e 1 6 th c e n t u ry gr e a t di ss e n sio n s a r os e i n
th e Co n go chu r ch a m o n g th e n a tiv e p r i e s t h ood which l e d to a ,
D om Di e go a ci v il wa r b rok e o u t a n d o n e by o n e th e m a l e s,
“
o f th e roy a l h o u s e w e r e a l l kill e d e xc e pt D o m H e n r iqu e
”
th e ,
“
th e t hr o n e a n d l e ft th e s t a t e to his s o n D om A lv a re s ”
, , .
o f th e t ro u b l e s whic h Eu r op e a n i n t e r v e n t io n h a d b r ough t o n
th e C o n go ki n gdom ; bu t D om A lv a re s who w a s a n e n ,
l ight e n e d m a n g a t h e re d t og e th e r a ll t h a t r e m a i n e d a n d fo r
, ,
a t im e Por t ug u e s e civili z a t io n co n t i n u e d to a dv a n c e ov e r th e
co n fe re n c e — p o lyg a my A r e l a ti o n of th e ki n g D om A lv a r e s
.
re n o u n c e d C h ris t i a n i t y a n d h e a d e d a r e a c t io n a ry p a r ty Cu ri .
o u s l y e n o u g h h e h a s b e e n h a n d e d d o w n t o h is t o ry a s E u l a
Ma ta di th e Br e a k e r o f S t o n e s th e n a m e which m o r e t h a n
,
“
,
”
t h re e h u n d r e d y e a r s a ft e rw a rds w a s a pp li e d to th e e xpl o r e r
S t a n l e y b y th e Co n go p e o pl e s a n d h a s si n c e b e com e th e
,
n a tiv e n a m e fo r th e w h ol e o f th e gov e rn m e n t of th e Co n go
Fr e e S t a t e .
I n th e middl e o f th e 1 6 t h c e n t u ry Portugu e s e i n flu e n c e
ov e r th e Co ngo re c e iv e d a d e a dly blo w T h a t ki n gd o m which .
,
m us t b e t a k e n to i n clud e th e co a s t l a n ds o n e i t h e r sid e o f th e
l o w e r C o n go w a s i n v a d e d b y a s a va g e tri b e from th e i n t e rior
,
Tko P o r tu g u ese i n A fr i c a .
35
“
k n ow n a s th e J a gg a p e opl e s a i d to b e a r a c e r e l a t e d to th e
,
T h e ki ng o f C o n go a pp e a l e d to Portug a l fo r h e lp a n d th a t ,
Portugu e s e a n d t h e ir gu n s th e J a gg a w e r e driv e n o u t Th e .
n o w fo r m a lly m a rri e d b u t wa s n o t r e w a rd e d by a l e g a l h e i r
, ,
a n d h a d t o i n dic a t e a s h i s succ e ss o r a n a tu r a l s o n by a co n c n
o f C o n go to r e v e a l th e e xi st e n c e o f m i n e s of pr e cious m e t a ls .
ki ng o f C o n go D om A lv a r e s w h e n th e J a gg a h a d r e tir e d
, , ,
h a d succ e e d e d h im a n d w h o wa s th e l a st Po r tugu e s e ki n g o f
th e H ous e o f A vi s w a s too much occupi e d by th e a ffa i rs o f
,
P hilip I I o f S p a i n h a d s e i z e d th e th ro n e o f Port ug a l h e
d e sp a tch e d a P or t ugu e s e n a m e d D u a rt e Lop e s to r e p ort o n th e
co u n try o f th e C o n go A ft e r sp e n di n g som e tim e i n C o ngo
.
C e n tr a l A m e ric a a n d wh e n h e r e a ch e d S p a i n th e ki ng w a s to o
,
Whilst s t a y i n g i n I t a ly h ow e v e r h e a ll o w e d a n I t a li a n n a m e d
, ,
th e e n d of th e 1 6 t h c e n t u ry b o t h C h r isti a n a n d Po rt u g u e s e i n
o f i n v e s t i t ur e t o S a 6 S a lv a dor to r e p r e s e n t th e ki n g of Por t ug a l
a t th e c r ow n i ng of som e n e w ki n g of C o n go ; a n d th e ki n g o f
u n t il th e e n d o f th e pr e s e n t c e n tury t h a t Po rt u g a l a c t u a lly
a ss e rt e d h e r domi n io n ov e r th e Co n go cou n t ri e s E n gl a n d h a d
.
du ri n g th e l a s t a n d n e ar ly a ll th e p r e s e n t c e n t u ry st e a dily
r e fus e d to r e cog n i z e Po rtugu e s e rul e a nywh e r e n ort h o f th e
Co n go b u t i n 1 8 8 4 p r op o s e d to do so u n d e r su ffici e n t
,
gu a r a nt e e s fo r fr e e dom of t ra d e s e t fo r t h i n a tr e a ty w h ic h wa s
r e n d e r e d a b or tiv e by th e op p osi tio n of th e H ous e of C omm o n s .
t e rri tory o f K a bi n d a n o r t h o f th e C o n go a n d th e a n ci e n t ,
wh e n i n a n sw e r to a n a pp e a l o f th e chi e f of A n gol a (a v a ss a l
,
o f th e ki n g o f C o n go ) a n e xp e ditio n w a s s e n t t h ith e r u n d e r th e
,
T h is e xp e di tio n l a n d e d a t th e
’
com m a n d of P a ulo D i a z .
w h o h a d a pp e a l e d to th e ki n g of Portuga l wa s d e a d H is .
mi ssi o na ri e s from th e Co n go h a d p r e c e d e d h is o wn e xp e di t io n .
W h e n Di a z wa s a t l a st a llow e d t o r e t ur n to Portuga l th e ki n g ,
— D om S e b a s ti a O — s e n t h im b a ck a s “ C o n qu e ror C olo n i z e r , ,
a n d Gov e r n o r o f A n g o l a wi th s e v e n sh ip s a n d 7 0 0 m e n
”
.
Lo a nd a th e fo r t o f s ad Migu e l a n d fo u n d e d th e city o f S a O
,
1
G ra ndso n o f th e e xp lo re r B a r t o l o m e u
,
.
38 T/z e C o l o n i z a ti o n f A fr i c a
o .
[C HA R
Lo a n d a wi t h 1 5 0 s o ldi e rs — n e a r ly a l l t h a t re m a i n e d— h e
m a rch e d ag a i n st th e ki n g s forc e s n e a r th e Kw a n z a riv e r a n d
’
T h e A n gol e s e w e r e d e fe a t e d r e p e a t e dly b e fo r e th e y g a v e u p
th e struggl e ; but a t l e n g t h i n 1 5 9 7 th e P o rt u gu e s e h a d e sta b
l i s h e d th e m s e lv e s st r o n gly o n b o t h b a n ks of th e r iv e r Kw a nz a .
I n t h a t y e a r 2 0 0 Fl e m ish colo n i s t s w e r e s e n t o u t b y th e ki n g
o f S p a i n a n d P or t u g a l I n a v e ry sh o r t tim e a l l w e re d e a d
.
A fr ica b e tw e e n th e Kw a n z a a n d th e Z a m b e z i s e t tl e m e n ts .
Bu t t h is b old st e p h a d b e e n p re c e d e d n e a rl y a c e n tu ry e a rli e r
by th e d e sp a t ch o f a n e xp lore r— G re go r io de Qu a dra — to
tr a v e l ov e rl a n d fr om th e m ou t h o f th e Co n go to A byssi n i a .
T h e u n fo r tu n a t e m a n wa s n e v e r h e a rd o f a g a i n ; but w h a t a
su b j e c t for rom a n c e ! I f t his h ardy P ortu gu e s e p e n e t ra t e d fa r
i n to th e u pp e r C o n go cou n tri e s wh a t e xtr a o rdi n a ry e xp e ri e n c e s
h e m u s t h a v e h a d i n th e s e l a n ds a t th a t tim e a bsol u t e ly fre e
,
from th e i n fl u e n c e of th e E u rop e a n — a co n di t io n wh ic h n o
lo n g e r a ppli e d t o th e n a tiv e s of D a rk e st A fric a wh e n S t a n l e y
fi r st m a d e k n ow n th e g e og ra p hy of t h o s e r e gi o n s F o r i n th e .
s a va g e s i n th e h e a r t of A fri c a wh o p ossibly k n e w n o th i n g o f
,
th e e xi st e n c e o f whit e m e n h a d n e v e r t h e l e ss a dop t e d m a n y of
,
th e pi n e a ppl e a n d th e sug a r c a n e
-
,
.
wo n d e rfu l o l d C o n quist a do re s m a y h a v e b e e n r e l e n t l e ss a n d
cru e l i n im p osi ng t h e i r r u l e o n th e A fric a n a n d i n e n sl a vi n g
h i m o r i n C hristi a n i z i n g him bu t th e y a dd e d e n orm o u sly t o
,
40 Tke C o l o n i z a ti o n o
f A fr i c a .
[C HA R
som e p a rt s th e h o r s e a n d i n a fe w pl a c e s sup e ri or b re e ds o f
,
i n t o m os t o f h is c o lo n i e s th e h o rs e a n d i n pl a c e s imp r ov e d ,
b r e e ds o f c a t t l e sh e e p a n d go a ts a good m a ny Europ e a n
, , ,
v e g e t a bl e s a n d fruit t r e e s ; th e te a pl a n t th e co ffe e pl a n t ,
th a t th e P o rtug u e s e b ro u gh t to hi m fr o m th e fa r E a st a nd fa r
W e st a n d h e will r e m a i n v e ry i n suffici e n t ly provid e d wit h n e c e s
,
M a i z e w a s i n t ro duc e d i n t o th e C o ngo ( w h e r e it wa s c a ll e d
m a z a m a np u to ) a b o u t th e middl e of th e 1 6 th c e n tu ry
2
1
W hic h h o w e v e r is wi ld bi rd (th e o ck do v e ) i n N A f ic a
a r . r .
2
D e Lo pe s w h o e c o ds t h is fa ct i n h is de sc ripti o n o f th e
, r r C o ng o
re gi o n t th e e n d o f th e r 6 th c e n t
a y give s i nci de n t ll y o dir e ct l y o th e rur ,
a r
i n t e e sti ng sc a ps o f i n fo m ti o n s c h a s t ha t th e c o c o n t p a l m w a s
r r r a ,
u ,
-
u
fo n d by th e P o t gu e s e g o wi n g o n th e We st c o a st o f A f ic
u r u r Th is p a l m r a .
,
to im gi n e t h t its n u ts m y h a v e b e e n c
a a ri e d o v e r th e s e a to th e c o a st o f
a ar
E a st A fric a n d t h a t it w s t h s i n t o du c e d t t h t si de o f th e c o n ti n e n t ;
a a u r o a
b t i n a sm u c h as th e c o c o n u t p l m c nn o t gro w fu t h e
u ,
-
so th th n a a r r u a
D e l g o a Ba y o wi ng to th e c o o l i n
a f th e c l im a t e it is n o t v e y c l e g ho w
o , r ar
it e a c he d th e t o pic a l We st A f ic n c o a st I b e l i ve it w a s i nt o d c e d
r r r a . e r u
o n th e t o pic l At l a n tic c o st o f Am e ic a by E o p e a n s D e Lo p e s
r a a r u r .
m ti s th e b a n a n fo r th e fi st tim e nde t e n m e b n n a w h ic h
e n o n a h “
r u r a a a ,
”
he pp l i e s to it a s t ho u gh it w e e a C o ngo o A f ic n w o d H it h e t o
a r r r a r . r
th is fru it h d o nl y be e n k no wn v a gu e l y to E u o p e by its A a b na m e
a r r ,
w hi c h w a s l a ti n i e d i n t o M z L o p e s st t e s t h t th e e b a w s
u sa . a a z r a
t a m e d a n d r i dde n by th e na tive s H e m u st b e e fe r i n g to th e e b ra o f . r r z
s o u t h e n An g o l a as a ny fo m o f w i ld s s h as p ro b bl y a l w a ys be e n
r , r a a
e n ti e l y a bs e n t fro m th e fo re st c o u n t r i e s n e a
r th e C o n g o r .
me Po r tu g u ese i n A fr i c a .
4 1
Portugu e s e wa s b a p t i z e d a n d t h e n r e t u r n e d to th e i n t e rio r
, , ,
a nd succ e e d e d him H a vi n g a t t a i ne d t h is o bj e ct of h e r a m
.
t h e m wi th ou t s e r iously sh a ki n g th e ir p o w e r t h oug h o n th e ,
oth e r h a n d th e y co u ld do li t t l e mor e t h a n h ol d t h e i r o wn B ut .
a m u c h m o r e s e rious e n e my n o w a pp e a r e d o n th e sc e n e Th e .
r e p ris a ls a g a i n st S p a i n m a d e s e v e ra l d e t e r mi n e d a t te mp t s
,
o n e y e a r a fte r P o rtug a l h a d re c o v e r e d h e r i n d e p e n d e n c e u n d e r
wit h a dv a n t a g e th e D u t c h g a m e of bl u ff a n d b y de c e ivi n g th e ,
b e si e g e d a s to th e e xt e n t of th e i r a rmy t h e y s e cur e d th e s u r
re n d e r o f 1 1 0 0 D u t c h to u n d e r 7 5 0 Portugu e s e I n th e p re .
th e c o n cludi ng y e a r s o f th e 1 7 t h c e n tu ry n e a r ly a l l th e
r e m a i n i n g Portugu e s e missio n a ri e s i n th e ki ngdom o f Co n go
1
P e h a ps
r s p a t i o n is h a sh P h i l ip I I o f S p i n h a d th e b e st
u u r r . a
c l a im to th e P o t u gu e s e t h o n e a ft e r th e de t h wit h o u t h e i s o f th e
r r a r
C a di na l Ki n g H e n riq e
r -
Bu t th e P o t gu e s e dis l ik e d u n i o n wit h S p a i n
u . r u
a n d w o u l d h a v e p e fe re d to e l e ct a P o t g u e s e ki n g
r r r u .
4 2 l e C o l o ni z a ti o n f A fr i c a
o .
[C HA R
u n t il i n 1 8 4 0
, it r e a ch e d its pr e s e n t limi t s by th e e st a b lishm e n t
,
B e t w e e n 1 8 0 7 a n d 1 8 1 0 a t t e mpts w e r e m a d e to op e n up
i n t e rcours e with th e ki n gdo m of th e Mwa to Y a n vo a n d t h e n c e ,
a cross t o th e c o lo ny o f Mo ga m b i q u e b u t t h e y p ro v e d u n ,
‘
th e b r i n gi n g o f th e w a t e rs o f th e Kw a n z a by c a n a l to S a t ) P a ul o
”
wa s a t l a st c o mpl e t e d a n d it h a s m a d e a gr e a t di fl e re nc e to
,
th e h e a lt h o f th e t ow n Po rt u gu e s e rul e i n l a n d fr om A n gol a
.
h a s w a x e d a n d w a n e d du ri n g th e pr e s e n t c e n t ury but o n th e ,
a ffl u e n t o f th e Co n go a n d fo r lo n g th e e a st e r n bou n d a ry o f
,
1
Th is p l a c e w a s na m e d a ft e th e B o n de Mo ssa m e de s
r ar , a P o r tu gu e se
G o v e rn o r o f A ngo l a ; a ft e wa rds Mi nist e r fo r th e C o l o ni e s
r .
T/i e P o r tu g u ese i n A fr i c a .
4 3
1 a
s e t th e Po r tugu e s e a t d e fi a n c e a n d c a r v e o u t a littl e Bo e r st a t e
i n sout h w e s t A fric a
-
A bout this tim e a lso H ot te n tots muc h
.
, ,
u nd e r B o e r i n flu e n c e a n d sp e a ki n g D u t c h i n va d e d th e district
o f M oss a m e d e s fr om th e co a st r e gio n ; but b y lib e ra l c o n
c e ssi o n s a n d a stu t e diplom a cy j oi n e d wit h th e c a r ryi n g o u t o f
,
( or C h e ll a ) M ou n t a i n s th e Po rtugu e s e w o n ov e r th e Bo e rs t o
,
a r e cog n iti o n o f th e ir so v e re ig n ty a n d t h e y h a v e e v e r si n c e
,
b e com e a so u rc e o f s t re n gth t o th e Po r t u gu e s e S l a v e ry wa s .
1 8 7 8 ; bu t th e sl a v e tr a d e h a d b e e n do n e a w a y wi th i n th e
m o re or l e ss u n d e r o n e gov e rn m e n t T h e a boli ti o n of th e .
T h om e ( si n c e r e viv e d by th e e n e rgy o f c e rt a i n p l a n t e rs wh o ,
sc a rc e ly wor th m a i n t a i n i n g B ra z il ( t h oug h i t h a d b e e n s e v e r e d
.
i n th e 8 o s to co nn e ct S a O P a ul o de Lo a nd a wit h th e ric h
‘ ’ ’
44 T/i e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R
o f th e Co n go T h e m a g n ifice n t i s l a n d of S a O T h om e j u s t
.
,
Po rt u gu e s e ru l e h a s b e e n e xt e n d e d n o r th w a rds to th e
south e rn sh o r e of th e Co n go a n d o v e r th e sm a ll t e rri t ory o f ,
t e rr ito ry from th e o t h e r b a nk O n th e o th e r h a n d th e P o r t u .
g u e s e p r o t e c t or a t e ov e r D a hom e — a p r ot e c t or a te w h ich n e v e r
th e Gold Co a s t h a d n o t b e e n h e l d v e ry l o n g b e fo r e th e y w e r e
c a p t u re d b y th e D utch a t th e b e gi n n i n g of th e 1 7 th c e n tury .
e xcl u si v e i n fl u e n c e i n t h e s e w a t e r s a t t e mp t e d to e s t a blish ,
h e rs e l f i n th e pl a c e o f P o r tug a l bu t th e P o r t u gu e s e p r ot e st e d ,
1
Th is f t by th a b o tive C o ng o T e a ty o f 1 8 8 4 w s to h a ve b e e n
or , e r r ,
a
m a de o v e t E n g l n d th e e s l t o f w hic h w o l d h a v b e n th e p e ve n ti o n
r o a , r u u e e r
o f a F e n c h p o t e ct o a t e o v e
r r D a h o m e A l t h gh th e P o t g u e s e n e v e i n
r r . ou r u r
a n y s e n se l e d o ve o c o n t ro ll e d D h o m e t he i i ndi e ct i n fl e nc e a n d
ru r r a , r r u
t he i r l n gu a g e w e re p o mi ne n t a t th e D h o m e n c o u t b e c a s e c e t i n
a r a a r u r a
B i l i s h d d i n g th e fi st h l f o f t his c n t y e st bl is he d th e ms e lv e s
ra z an a u r r a e u r a
o n th e c o a st n d i n th e i n t e i o r a s i n fl u e n ti l m e c h n ts a n d s l v e t a de
a r a r a a r rs .
Th e i c o ff e c o l o u e d de sc e nda n ts n o w fo rm a P o rtu g u e s e sp e a ki n g
r e -
r -
B a i l i n c a st e i n D a h o m e
r z a .
,
T/z e P o r tu g u ese i n A fr i c a .
4 5
t o a r b itra t io n a n d th e v e r di ct — o f cours e — wa s gi v e n a g a i n st
,
priso n i n 1 8 1 5 S t H e l e n a wa s t a k e n i n th e e a rly p a rt o f th e
.
1 6 th c e n tu ry by th e D utch a n d p a ss e d i n t o th e h a n ds o f ,
p oss e ssio n 1
.
V a sco de G a m a a ft e r rou n di n g th e C a p e h a d r e v e a l e d th e
, ,
1
Mo st p r o mi ne n t fe a t u re s w e st nd s o u t h
,
a nd s o m e c o u nt i e s r o n th e a
c o a sts o f Afric fr m th e S e n e ga l ro u n d to th e C p e o f G o o d H o p e a nd
a o a
Mo a c mbiq u e b e a r, P o t u gu e s e n a m e s C p er Ve d e is “
T h e G re e n C a p e : a r ,
S i e rr a L e o n e ( S e a L e o ) is T h e Li o n e ss Mo u n t a i n C a p e P l m
“
rr a Th e , a as
P l m t re e s C a p e C a p e C o a st is C b C o Th e c u isi n g C a p e
a -
,
”
a o o rs r ,
”
L g
a o sis “
T h e L a k e s C m e r o o n s is C m ,o e
”
s
“
p a wn s G a b o o n is
a a ar r ,
”
“
Th e H o o de d C l o a k (f o m th e s h a p e o f th e e st a ry) C o i s o is
"
”
Ga b ao r u , r c
Light n i n g C a p e F r i o is T h e C o l d C a p e a nd A ng Pe q en a is
,
” “ ”
ra u
Th e Litt l e C o v e
”
a nd s o o n ,
.
46 T/ze C o lo niz a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R
e xi st e n c e o f old A ra b t r a di n g s e tt l e m e n ts a n d sult a na t e s b e
t w e e n S ofa l a a n d S om a lil a n d .
Th e n e e d of p o r ts of c a ll o n th e lo n g voy a g e to I n di a
c a us e d th e Po rtugu e s e to d e cid e soo n a ft e r V a sco de G a m a s ’
“
th e m o r e so b e c a u s e h ostili ti e s a g a i n s t th e M oors w e re a
n e v e r e n di n g v e n de tta o n th e p a r t o f S p a n i a rd o r Po r t ugu e s e
-
whil e th e co n qu e s t w a s a t t h a t d a t e a n e a sy o n e a s th e ,
By 1 5 2 0 th e P o rtugu e s e h a d ous t e d th e A ra bs a n d h a d
,
L a m u M a li n di B ra v a ( B a ra w a ) a n d Mag di s h u ( Mag a do xo )
, , ,
a l l n o r th of th e Ruvum a r iv e r S o ut h o f th a t riv e r t h e y h a d.
t a k e n S ofa l a a n d Mo ga m b i q u e H e r e t h e y h a d— i t i s s a id .
“
fo rt w a s th e n a n d is s t ill k n o w n a s th e P ra ca de Sa c) ”
I t h a d b e e n de cid e d b e fo re t h is th a t M o c a mbi q u e
sh ould b e th e p r i n cip a l pl a c e of c a ll a fte r l e a vi ng th e C a p e o f ,
wh e n i n 1 5 0 5 th e Po rtu g u e s e d e li b e ra t e ly s a n ctio n e d th e id e a
o f a Po r t u gu e s e E a st A fr ic a n colo n y th e y t ur n e d t h e ir a t t e n t io n
r a th e r to S o fa l a a s i t s c e n t re t h a n t o Mo ga m b i q u e S ofa l a .
,
whic h is n e a r th e m o de r n B e i ra w a s a n o l d A ra b p o rt a n d ,
s u l t a n a t e a n d h a d b e e n fo r s o m e 1 5 0 0 y e a r s th e p ri n cip a l port
,
1 Th is is a l itt l e c l is l e t b o t 2 mi l e s l o n g by } o f a mi l e b ro a d
o ra a u 2 ,
s o u t h l a tit u de wh e e th e E a st A f ic n c o st pp ro ch e s n e e st to Ma da
,
r r a a a a ar
as c ar I t c o mm n ds th e Mo c mbiq e C h nn e l
a I ts n a tiv e n m e w a s
a u a a
g . .
b e e n th e o n l y p a c e l o f l n d e m a i n i ng i n P o rt u g u e s e ha n ds du i n g th e
r a r r
vicissit u de s o f t h i E st A f ic n e mpi e
e r a r a r .
48 Tke C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R
a nd C a pt a i n G e n e r a l F ra n cisco B a rr e t o a n d a ft e r a p re lim i na ry
-
t our ri p a n d d o w n th e E a st co a s t o f A fric a a s fa r a s La mu a n d ,
a r a pi d j our n e y to I n di a a n d b a ck F r a n cisco B a rr e t o wi t h h is
,
a n d s e t o u t fo r S e n a T h e e xp e di t io n wa s a ccomp a n i e d a n d
.
, ,
t o a c e rt a i n e x t e n t guid e d b y a misch i e f m a ki n g J e s u i t p ri e st
,
-
vi o u s l
y i n th e Mo n o m o ta p a t e r rito r i e s Fr a n ci sc o B a rr e to .
fou n d o n a rrivi ng a t S e n a th a t th e re w a s a l re a dy a sm a ll
P ort u gu e s e s e t t l e m e n t built a lo n gsid e a n A r a b tow n T h e s e .
A ra bs a pp e a r t o h a v e got o n v e ry w e ll wi t h th e fi r s t Po r tugu e s e
t ra d e rs b ut th e y e vid e n t ly t ook u mbr a g e a t B a rr e t o s pow e rful
,
’
e xp e di t io n a n d a r e a ccus e d o f h a vi n g poiso n e d th e h o rs e s a n d
,
c a m e l s Wh a t r e a lly t o o k pl a c e how e v e r s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n
.
, ,
th a t th e ho r s e s a n d c a m e ls w e re e xpos e d to th e b it e o f th e
T s e ts e fly a n d di e d i n co n s e q u e n c e of th e a tt a cks o f t hi s
,
v e n om ous i n s e ct F r om S e na B ar r e t o s e n t a n e m b a ssy t o th e
.
,
E mp e r or o f Mo n o m o ta p a wh om h e o fl e re d to h e l p a g a i n st a
'
r e v o l te d v a ss a l Mo n g a s e
,
A ft e r r e c e ivi n g a n i n vi t a t i o n t o
.
a t t a ck e d by th e h os t il e n a t i v e s t h a t it w a s comp e ll e d to r e tur n
a t Mo a m b i q u e a n d c o n s e q u e n tl y B a rr e to tog e t h e r wi th th e
g , ,
pri e st Mo n c l a ro s h a vi n g h a nd e d ov e r th e comm a nd of th e
,
e xp e di t i o n t o a li e u t e n a n t e n t e re d a c a n o e
, d e sc e n d e d th e ,
Z a mb e z i to th e Lu a b o m o u t h a n d fr o m t h e r e t ook p a ss a g e i n
,
t u r ne d t o S e n a b ut B a rre t o di e d so o n a ft e r hi s a rriv a l T h e
, .
o f th e m i sfo rt u n e s a n d m is t a k e s a re a tt r ibut e d T h e e xp e di ti o n .
a ft e r B a rr e to s d e a th r e t u rn e d t o Mo g a m b i q u e a n d a tt e mp t e d
’
,
I L] T/z e Po r tu g u ese i n A fr 49
l a t e r o n to e n t e r Mo n o m o ta p a by wa y o f S ofa l a but wa s ,
re p u l s e d .
th e 1 6 th c e n t u ry ( i n followi n g o n th e co n qu e st o f
Egyp t a n d a t th e i n stig a ti o n o f V e n ic e th e T u rkish S ulta n ,
s e n t a p ow e rful fl e e t o u t o f th e R e d S e a which d e sc e n d e d th e ,
E a st co a st o f A fric a a s fa r a s M omb a s a a nd pr e p a re d t o d is ,
put e wi t h P or t ug a l th e dom i n io n o f th e I n di a n O c e a n T h e .
T u rks h ow e v e r w e re d e fe a t e d wi t h co n sid e ra b l e l o ss by th e
, ,
wa s n o t o n ly s t r e n g t h e n e d a t Z a n z ib a r a n d a l o n g th e Z a n z ib a r
co a st b ut wa s a lso a ffi rm e d a lo n g th e sou th co a st of A r a bi a
,
a n d i n th e P e rsi a n Gulf .
A t th e e n d o f th e 1 6 t h c e n tu ry th e Portug u e s e h a d
t e rrific str u ggl e s with th e n a tiv e s i n th e i n t e ri or o f Mo n o m o ta p a ,
b e hi n d Kilw a o n th e m a i n l a n d o f Mo ga m bi q u e a n d i n th e
,
’
,
o f wh om a ctu a lly l a id si e g e to Mo ga m b i q u e I n 1 6 0 9 t h e re .
E a st co a st o f A fric a a n d t h is p rovi n c e w a s d e fi n it e ly s e p a ra t e d
,
sou t h o f th e Z a mb e z i h a d b e e n so fa r s u cc e ssful th a t a c o n
s i de ra b l e qu a n tity of g o ld w a s obt a i n e d n o t o n ly by th e o fli c e rs ,
1
Whe re t h e y a re on ly no w b ri ngi n g th e st u rdy Ma k u a t rib e u n de r
s u bj e cti o n .
50 T/z e C o l o n i z a ti o n of A fr i c a .
[C HA R
i n th e 1 7 th c e n t ury th e ir i nt e r e st i n t h e s e E a s t A frica n
,
o f t h e ir mi n i ng op e ra t io n s I n th e middl e o f th e 1 7 th
.
a b out b y th e fa c t t h a t th e p r o vi n c e o f A n gol a h a d fa ll e n fo r a
sl a v e s to Br a z il wa s t e mp o ra rily s t opp e d .
I n co n s e qu e n c e of t h is Mo ga m b i q u e a n d th e Z a mb e z i for
som e y e a rs r e pl a c e d W e s t A fric a a s a sl a v e m a rk e t I n 1 6 4 9 .
y e a r s a ft e rw a r ds th e Po r t ugu e s e w e r e p e r t u r b e d b y th e d e fi n it e
e st a b lis h m e n t o f a D u t ch colo n y a t th e C a p e a n d by th e ,
e s t a blishm e n t o f Fr e n ch fa c to r i e s o n th e co a s t o f M a d a g a sc a r
S o m a n y st e p s t ow a rds th e rui n o f Mo ga m b i q u e !
“
A t th e
”
b y th e A r a b s a n d v e ry n e a rl y c a p tur e d I n fa c t i t wa s o n ly
.
s a v e d by th e fri e ndly t re a ch e ry o f a n I n di a n t r a d e r w h o w a rn e d
th e P or t ugu e s e of a n i n t e n d e d n igh t a tt a ck A l l o f t h e s e p o sts
.
o n th e Z a n z i b a r co a st w e r e fi n a lly a b a n do n e d
’
by th e Portu
g u e s e i n th e e a rly p a r t of th e 1 8 th c e n t u ry b y a g re e m e n t wit h
th e I m a m o f Ma sk a t wh o fo u n d e d th e p re s e n t dy na sty of
,
1
Exc e pt Mo mb a s a wh ic h w a s
, re at k e n a nd he l d ti ll 1 7 30 .
IL J Tke P o r tu g u es e i n A fr i c a .
51
1 7 5 2 th e gov e r n m e n t o f M o c a mbiqu e wa s d e sc r ib e d a s e xt e n d
,
“
i ng ov e r M o ca mbi qu e S ofa l a Ri o de S e na ( Z a mb e z i ) a n d
, , ,
a l l th e co a st of A fric a a n d its co n ti n e n t b e tw e e n C a p e D e lg a d o
a n d th e Ba y o f L o u re n g o M a r qu e z ( D e l a g o a Ba y) H it h e r t o ”
o ffi ci a l s o f th e s ta te wa s t h e n d e l e g a t e d to c e rt a i n comp a n i e s
,
.
t o wh om m o n op oli e s w e r e sold b ut i n 1 6 8 7 th e r e wa s a fr e s h
a rriv a l a ft e r a co n sid e ra bl e
,
i n t e rv a l o f I n di a n t ra d e rs w h o
, ,
e s t a blis h e d t h e m s e lv e s o n th e I sl a n d o f Mo ga m b i q u e a n d by ,
,
’
lik e Zum bo o n th e upp e r Z a mb e z i T h e forts o f th e m a i nl a n d
.
a n d th e I sl a n d o f Mo a m b i u e its e lf v e ry n e a rly fe ll i n to th e
g q
h a n ds o f th e n e gr o e s o f th e m a i n l a n d .
Z u mb o w a s g ive n u p ( t ho u gh it
1
w as ne ve r m u c h m o re t h a n a J e su it
Missi o n S t a ti o n) i n 1 7 4 0 .
52 T/z e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C HA R
J os e M a ri a de L a c e rd a e A lm e id a wa s fi r s t m a d e Gov e rn or of
,
e xplo ra t io n of so u t h e r n C e n t ra l A fr ic a H i s j o u rn e y r e sul t e d i n
.
cou n t ry o n th e Lu a p ul a a n d L a k e Mw e ru I t i s i n t e r e sti n g t o .
n o t e th a t i n 1 7 9 6 o n ly o n e y e a r a fte r th e B ri t ish h a d s e i z e d
,
C a p e T ow n D r L a c e rd a p re dict e d th is a c t io n w ould l e a d t o
,
with th e m h a d fa ll e n w h a t li tt l e civili z a t io n h a d b e e n c re a t e d
o n th e upp e r Z a mb e z i I n fa ct it m a y b e s a id th a t a ft e r
.
,
L a c e r da s j ou r n e y th e pr o vi n c e o f Mo ga m b i q u e fe ll i n t o a st a t e
’
j ou rn e y s n o t o nly discov e r e d th e t ru e co u rs e o f th e Z a m b e z i
,
to th e d e v e lopm e n t o f t ropic a l A fr ic a .
O n a l l o l d P o r t u g u e s e m a ps i n d e e d o n a ll Po rtugu e s e
,
sc a n ty re cog n i t io n o f th e Z a m b e z i a s a g re a t riv e r I t w a s .
“
usu a lly re fe rre d to a s th e riv e rs of S e n a th e g e n e r a l i m ,
”
p r e ssio n b e i ng th a t i t co n si s t e d o f a s e ri e s o f p a ra ll e l st re a m s .
i t ov e r l a n d fr om Q u e lim a n e a n d t r a v e ll e d by l a n d a l o ng it s
b a n ks i n p re fe r e n c e to na vig a t i ng i t s u n c e rt a i n w a t e rs T h e .
II .
] T/z e Po r tu g u es e i n A fr i c a .
53
S h ir e wa s li te ra lly u n k n ow n e xc e p t a t i t s j u n cti o n wi th th e
,
“
a s te e p b a n k C a p t a i n O w e n w h o co n d u c t e d a mos t
.
,
r e m a rk a bl e s e ri e s of surv e yi n g c rui s e s a l o n g th e W e st a n d E a st
co a s t s o f A fric a i n th e e a r ly p a r t of th e 1 9 th c e n tury wa s ,
th e e a r li e r 5 o s a t tr a ct e d th e a t t e n t io n o f th e B ri tish n a tio n
‘ ’ ’
g u e s e h a d a b o lis h e d th e sl a v e t ra d e b y l a w t h o u gh sl a v e ry did ,
c o n clusiv e ly th a t th e ru l e o f th e Po r t u gu e s e did n o t e xt e n d
v e ry fa r i nl a n d n o r to a n y g re a t dist a n c e fr om th e b a n ks o f
,
s i de ra b l e p re ss u re w a s b r ough t t o b e a r o n th e B ri t i sh Go v e r n
‘ ’
7o s
’
to h old a loo f fr om a ny i d e a o f B ri tish rul e i n th e
i n t e rior o f th e co n t i n e n t M e a n t im e th e Por t u g u e s e w e re
.
m a ki ng pr a is e wo r t hy e ffo r t s t o d e v e lop t h e s e lo n g n e gl e c t e d -
m od e r n a sp e ct o f n e a t n e ss a n d o r d e r wa s giv e n t o th e tow n s o f
Qu e lim a n e a n d Mo ga m b i q u e which i n m a n y r e sp e c t s comp a r e
,
i n th e y e a r 1 8 8 0 th e su m of n o t l e ss th a n
, wa s
p r ovid e d b y th e m o t h e r cou n t ry for th e e r e c t io n o f p u blic
b u i ldi n gs i n P o rtugu e s e E a st a n d W e s t A fric a a n d a t t his ,
fou n d e d a n d Zumbo o n th e c e n t ra l Z a mb e z i a t th e c o n
, , ,
th e B ri t i sh to Z a mb e z i a I n 1 8 7 5 th e fi r st pi o n e e r s of th e
.
p r e s e n t m issio n a ry soci e t i e s t ra v e ll e d up th e Z a mb e z i a n d
a rriv e d i n th e S hir e high l a n ds I n 1 8 7 6 th e s e t t l e m e n t o f
.
g u e s e t o gr e a te r a n d g re a t e r e fforts t o s e cu r e th e dom i n io n to
which t h e y a spi re d — a co n ti n uo u s b e l t of e mp i re st re tchi n g
a cross th e co n ti n e n t fr om A n g o l a t o Mo g a m b i q u e ; and an
e xp e n di t u r e e x h a usti n g fo r th e m ot h e r co u n t ry w a s l a id o u t o n
Pi n t o t o s e i z e by fo rc e th e S h ir e h ighl a n d s d e spi t e th e ,
r e si st a n c e o ffe r e d by th e Ma k o l o l o c h i e fs w h o h a d d e cl a r e d ,
v e n ti o n o f th e B ri t is h Go v e rn m e n t a n d a l o ng discussio n
b e tw e e n th e t wo p ow e rs w h ic h e v e n t u a lly b or e r e sul t s i n a fa i r
,
56 T/z e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C HA R
p r od u cts a b o v e a ll u d e d t o wi t h th e e xc e p t io n o f ivo ry a r e
, ,
o n l y fu rn ish e d by th e fe r t il e co a s t b e l t fo r b e yo n d th e t w e n t y
,
dry a n d a ri d e xc e p t i n c e r t a i n fa vour e d r iv e r v a ll e ys
'
U n fo r t u n a t e ly a l l th e t ra d e i n th e Mo ga m b i q u e provi n c e i s
t e rri b ly h a m p e re d by th e v e ry high impor t d u ti e s whic h i n ,
m a n y c a s e s a re a s much a s 3 7 p e r c e n t a d va l o r e m t h e re a re
.
pr e s e n t th e c a s e.
Po r tugu e s e i n flu e n c e t h o u g h n o t Po r t u g u e s e rul e wa s
, ,
of th e 1 8 th c e n t u ry t his Portug u e s e s t a t io n wa s a b a n do ne d a n d ,
th e s e rvic e o f M a ri a T h e r e s a i n o rd e r to fo u n d a n A us t ri a n
Comp a n y t o t r a de wi t h th e E a s t I n di e s fro m Fl a n d e rs c a m e ,
t hi t h e r wi t h a l a rg e b a n d c o m p o s e d o f A u s t ri a n I t a li a n subj e c t s
-
a n d m a d e t r e a ti e s wi t h th e ch i e fs a t D e l a g o a Ba y th e Po r t u ,
g u e s e p r o t e s te d a n d a dd r e ss e d r e p re s e n t a tio n s to th e A us t ri a n
G o v e rn m e n t T h e s e p ro t e st a t io n s wo u ld h a v e b e e n o f but
.
th e r e fo re a b a n do n e d a nd th e P o rtugu e s e co n ti n u e d a t i n t e rva ls
,
t o m a k e t h e i r p r e s e n c e fe lt t h e re by a q u a si m ilit a ry com -
C a p t a i n O we n s e xp e di t io n visit e d D e l a g o a Ba y b e tw e e n 1 8 2 2
’
Po rtugu e s e cl a im s to i ts so u t h e rn sh o re C a p t a i n O w e n c o n ,
d u ri n g C a pt a i n O w e n s a bs e n c e b u t th e fl a g wa s re h o i s te d i n
’
,
1 82 4 . O we n s a cti o n h ow e v e r w a s n o t fo llow e d up by c fl e c
’
, ,
n o t hi n g to r e a ss e r t t h e ir a uth ori ty ov e r th e s o u th sh or e of th e
S ou th A fric a l e d th e E n gli sh to r e a ss e r t th e i r cl a im s Th e .
th e P re sid e n t o f th e Fr e n c h R e p ublic w a s ch os e n a s a r b i t r a t or , .
t e r ri t o ry th a n th e y a c t u a lly l a id cl a i m to E ngl a n d h a d t o .
s om e e xt e n t p r e p a re d h e rs e l f fo r a n u n fa vou ra b l e v e rdic t b y a
pri o r a gr e e m e n t p r ovi di ng t h a t which e v e r of th e two disputi n g
p ow e r s c a m e t o p oss e ss th e wh ol e o r p a rt o f D e la g o a Ba y
s h o u ld giv e th e o t h e r th e rig h t o f p re e mp t i o n -
.
R e a di n g th e v a st m a ss o f e vid e n c e bro u g h t fo r wa rd a n d
pr e s e r v e d i n Blu e Books i t s e e ms to th e p re s e n t w ri t e r t h a t
,
1
Th e m o de rn a nd e xisti ng t o w n o f th ta na me was no t fo u n de d ti l l
58 T/i e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R
h a v e b e e n a v e ry w e a k o n e j udg e d by th e s e v e re rul e s of
th e B e rl i n C o n v e n tio n of 1 8 8 4 Bu t t h e n if Po rt u gu e s e
.
,
t e rr itory i n E a s t A fr ic a h a d b e e n d e lim it e d by th e s a m e
s e v e r e r ul e s i t would h a v e b e e n r e duc e d t o a fe w fo r tifi e d
s e ttl e m e n t s Gr e a t Bri t a i n h a d a fa i r cl a i m t o th e sout h sho re
.
of D e l ag o a Ba y a n d th e a w a rd o f Ma rsh a l Ma c Ma h o n w a s a
,
pr e j u dic e d o n e s a i d to h a v e b e e n m a i n ly du e to th e i n fl u e n ce
,
w o n ov e r to th e Port u g u e s e c a u s e i n o th e r w a y s .
S u b s e qu e n t t o th e D e l a g o a Ba y a w a rd th e Por t ugu e s e ,
co a s t o f A fric a a nd th e co u n t r i e s a lo n g th e low e r Z a mb e z i .
o f T u n gi Ba y t h ough n o t th e m ou t h o f th e R u vum a
,
It is .
e vid e n t t h a t th e S ul t a n of Z a n z ib a r w a s t r e sp a ssi n g a s a r u l e r
w h e n h e cl a im e d T u ngi Ba y t h o u gh n o t wh e n h e cl a im e d th e
,
m ou th o f th e Ruv u m a Po r t ug a l lo si n g p a t i e n ce a t th e tim e
.
,
o f th e divisi o n o f th e Z a n z ib a r S ul t a n a t e b e t w e e n E n gl a n d a n d
G e rm a n y m a d e a n a rm e d d e sc e n t o n T u ng i Ba y i n 1 8 8 9 a n d
, ,
IL J Tli e P o r tu g u ese i n A fr i c a .
59
h as si n c e h e ld i t th o u gh th e G e rm a n s with dr e w fro m h e r
,
h e ri t a n c e o f th e S u l t a n o f Z a n z ib a r .
M a t a b e l e l a n d su b j e ct e d th e Po r t u gu e s e t e rrito ri e s south of
th e Z a m b e z i to a s e a r ch i n g scruti n y o n th e p a r t o f t h e s e
m e rch a n t a dv e n t u r e r s wh o l a id h a n ds o n b e h a lf o f Gr e a t
,
s t r o n g e st t e mp t a ti o n e xist e d t o ig n or e Port u gu e s e cl a im s o n
th e P u n gw e riv e r a n d push a w a y d o w n to th e s e a a t B e i ra
b ut a spirit o f j us t ic e pr e va il e d a n d n o r e a l t ra n s g r e ssi o n of
Port u g u e s e r ig ht s w a s s a n ctio n e d by th e B ritish G ov e r nm e n t ,
e a st S out h —
, w e st a n d S o u th c e n t ra l A fric a Righ ts o f w a y w e r e
,
-
.
o b t a i n e d u n d e r fa i r co n diti o n s both a t B e ir a a n d a t C hi n d e .
i n t e ri o r b e h i n d th e Po rt u gu e s e s e ttl e m e n t s o f L o u re n go
M a rqu e z a n d I n h a mb a n e T h e P ortugu e s e w a rr e d a g a i n s t
.
u nd e r s u bj e c t io n th e t u r b ul e n t Ma ku a tri b e s opposi t e M o ga m
b iqu e T h e Po rt u gu e s e h a v e n e v e r ye t co n qu e r e d th e A n goch e
.
whi ch is l a rg e ly i n th e h a n ds o f chi e fs d e sc e n d e d fr om Z a nz i b a r
A ra b s .
h a s b e e n h a n d e d ov e r t o th e a dmi n ist ra t io n o f a C h a rt e r e d
C omp a n y— which a l t houg h e n t i r e ly Por t ugu e s e i n dir e c tio n
d e riv e s i t s c a pi t a l m a i n ly from E n glish a n d F re n ch s o u r c e s .
B e i ra t o th e e a s t e rn fro n t i e r o f M a sh o n a l a n d A si mil a r
, .
co u n t ry t o th e n o r t h of M o c a mbiq u e b e tw e e n L a k e Ny a s a a n d
th e co a s t b u t a ft e r a do u b t ful e xis t e n c e o f a y e a r o r so t hi s
,
a ssoci a ti o n w a s di ssolv e d .
62 Tli e C o l o n i z a ti o n f A fr i c a
o .
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d e cli n e A r e s o lut e a t t e m p t wa s m a d e b y C h a rl e s V i n 1 5 4 1
.
of 1 8 3 0 ) woul d p r ob a b ly h a v e s u cc e e d e d b u t fo r a t o rr e n t i a l
dow n p our of ra i n whic h m a d e th e s u r rou n di n g co u n t ry i m p a s s
,
p a rt o f th e co n ti n e n t o r r a th e r p re v e n t e d a ch a n ge whic h
,
i nv a d e d T u n is i n 1 5 3 5 a t th e a p p e a l of th e l a s t sov e re ig n b u t
o n e o f th e H ous e of H a fs w h o h a d b e e n di sposs e ss e d by th e ,
t ill 1 5 7 4 th e T u rks h a vi n g t h e n de fi n i t e ly i n t e rv e n e d i n th e
,
r e n e g a d e pi r a t e O c h i a l i a nd wi th i t we n t a l l th e i r i n flu e n c e
, ,
ov e r Tu n is A n e xp e di t io n which t h e y h a d s e n t to th e isl a n d
.
o f J e rb a i n 1 5 6 0 u n d e r th e D u k e de Me di n a C oe li a n d th e
,
-
yo u n g e r D o ri a e n d e d i n a g re a t dis a s t e r a d e fe a t a t th e h a n ds
, ,
o f th e Moo r ish pi ra t e s w h o m a ss a c re d i t i s s a id n o t l e ss th a n , ,
S p a ni a rds ( Ma y T h e ir sk u lls w e r e b u i l t i n t o
,
m a st e re d a l m o st a l l A lg e ri ; w a s m a de A dmi l o f th e Tu kis h fl e e t
a ra r
i n 1 5 3 3 ; c pt u e d T u n is i n 1 5 3 4 ; w a s d iv e n o t by C h l e s V ; a n d
a r r u ar
re ti e d to
r T k e y i n 1 5 3 5 H i s s u cc e ss o s w e e s o m e tim e s S a di n i n
u r . r r .
r a ,
C a l b i a n V e ne ti a n H u n g a i a n e n e g a de s ; b t a m o n g th e m o e c e l e b a t e d
a r , , r r u r r
w a s D r g u t a T u rk o f C a a m a n i a
a ,
r .
S pa n i s /z A fr i c a . 63
C h risti a n c e m e t e ry a t H um t S u k For b ri e f i n t e rv a ls th e
.
T h e y w e re fi n a lly e xp e ll e d fr om O r a n i n 1 7 9 1 T h e y h ad .
a ft e r a p e riod o f 2 4 y e a rs a n d h e ld i t for 5 9 y e a rs lo n g e r
, .
S p a i n o n ly re t a i n s a t th e pr e s e n t da y o n th e N ort h c o a st
o f A fr ic a th e li t tl e isl a n d of Me lill a th e isl a n d o f A l huc e m a s
2
, ,
th e rock o f V e l e z de l a Gom e r a th e C h a fa ri n a s I sl a n ds
’
, ,
opposi t e th e C a na ry I sl a nd s .
T h e C a n a ry I sl a n ds w e re discov e r e d by a No rm a n a dve n
tur e r J e a n de B e th e n court w e r e occ u p i e d b y Po rtug a l but
, , ,
c e d e d b y t h a t cou n t ry to S p a i n ( o r r a th e r C a stil e ) i n 1 4 7 9 , .
s e ttl e rs t o wh om t h e y w e r e so muc h a ki n i n bl o od th a t
,
Gu a n c h e s h a d n o t b e e n r e a ch e d b y M u h a m m a d a nism T h e .
fa vou r it e h e a l th r e sorts .
1
S u s a , S fa x , a nd Mo na sti r w hi c h w e re l o st
,
Tu ks by 1 5 5 0 to th e r .
2
Th e o lde st o f h e c o nti ne n t a l A fric a n p o ss e ssi o n s da ti ng fro m 1 4 90
r ,
.
3
Th e C ha f ri n a s I s l a n ds a re o ff th e m o u t h o f th e Mu l u y a r iv e r n e a r
a ,
th e A l g e ri a n fro n ti e r The y we re s e i e d by th e S p n i a ds i n 1 8 4 9
. z a r ,
fo e st a ll i n g th e F re n c h
r .
64 me C o lo ni z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
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a g e n ci e s i n th e C a n a r y I sl a n ds h a d b e e n e st a blish e d a t C a p e
S p a n ish wh o w e re g r e a tl y i n t e r e s t e d i n th e N or t h w e s t co a st
,
-
r a is e d t h e ir fl a g a t a n i n l e t c a ll e d th e Rio d O u ro a n d de ’ ’
,
c l a re d a Prot e c t or a t e ov e r th e S a h a ra co a st b e t w e e n C a p e
Bl a n co a n d C a p e B o j a do r a n d for a v a ryi ng dis t a n c e i n l a n d .
T h is P r ot e cto ra t e h a s si n c e b e e n e xt e n de d slig ht ly to th e
n o r t h b e yo n d C a p e Boj a dor but th e Empi re o f M o r occo n o w
,
e xt e n d s to th e sout h o f C a p e J uby to m e e t th e Sp a n is h
fro n ti e r th e M oorish Gov e r n m e n t h a vi n g bo u ght u p th e cl a im s
,
P r ot e cto ra t e is n o t ye t s e t t l e d a s b e tw e e n Fr a n c e a n d S p a i n .
In 1 7 7 8 Sp ai n ,
which h a d b e com e v e ry m uch i n t e re st e d i n
th e sl a v e t ra d e o n th e W e st co a s t of A fr ic a o n a cco u n t o f th e ,
n e e d fo r a r e gul a r supply o f sl a v e s t o h e r S ou t h A m e r ic a n
o f F e r n a n do Po a n d a lso t ook o v e r th e i sl a n d o f A n n o B om
,
1 Th is P o rt u g u e s e n a m e b e c o m e s i n S p n ish Ri o de 0 0 a 1 .
2
Th is a l s o l ik e s o m a n y o t h e r p l c s o n th e We st c o st o f A f ic a w a s
,
a e a r ,
n m e d by th e P o t u gu e s e ; m i g sh e e t l ig h t n i n g a na m e
“ ”
a r C o i c o r se a n n ,
a pp l i e d to th e p l a c e b e c au s e it w a s fi st s e e n d i ng a vi o l e nt t h u n de
r u r r
st o mr .
S p a n i s /z A fr i c a . 65
A t th e e nd o f th e 1 8 th
c e n tury th e S p a n is h isl a n d o f
F e r na n do P0 w as a lmost a b a nd o ne d Wh e n th e B ritis h u n d e r .
F e r n a n do P o b e c a m e th e i r h e a d q u a rt e rs ( i n a nd i n
-
y e a r s a g o n o t hi n g h a d b e e n do n e to d e v e lop th e r e sourc e s
o f t h is d e n s e ly fo re s t e d v e ry fe r til e but u n h e a lt h y isl a n d
,
Of, .
l a t e h ow e v e r som e e n c o u ra g e m e n t h a s b e e n giv e n t o pl a n t e rs
, , .
p e opl e of th e n o r th e rn p a rt o f th e C a m e roo n s a n d sp e a ks a ,
B a n tu di a l e ct .
1
B u b e is s a i d to be a c a n t t e m m e a ni ng m a l e (fro m
r
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th e B a ntu
ro o t ,
-
u me, -
lu m e ) and th e re a l n a m e o f t h is ra c e is E diy a
.
C H A PT E R IV .
THE D U TC H IN A F R IC A .
s e t t l e r s a n d c o lo ni st s a re a lm ost e n ti t l e d to r a n k c h r o n o l o g i
,
c a lly n e xt t o th e P o rt u g u e s e a n d S p a n is h T h e D u t ch m a d e .
t h e i r first tr a di ng voya g e to th e Gu i n e a Co a st i n 1 5 9 5 1 6 y e a rs ,
a ft e r th r owi ng o ff th e yok e o f S p a i n O n th e p l e a of w a rr i n g .
displ a c e d th e l a t t e r p ow e r a t v a rious pl a c e s a lo ng th e W e st
co a st o f A fric a — a t A r g u i n a t Go re e ( purch a s e d fro m th e ,
C o a st b y m e an s o f 1 6 n e w fo rts o f th e ir o w n i n most c a s e s 1
,
1
Th e i r c pit l w s a t E l mi n ; t h e y h e l d— wh e n i n f ll vig o r
a a a a u u
F o t N ss a ( b i l t b e fo e t h e y t o o k E l mi n f o m th e P o t g e s e )
r a u u r a r r u u ,
K o m n ti n S e c o n de e T k o a i Acc C p e C o st C st l e V e d n b g
r a , , a r r , ra , a a a ,
r e u r ,
Ch m a Ba te n s te i n D kje s c h o p t ( I n s m a ) F o t E l is e C t h a g e ( A n k o b a )
a, , r u ,
r ar r ,
Ap ll o n i a Dixc o v e Axim P i n c e s F o t n e r C p e Th e e p o i n ts F o r t
o , , , r
’
r a a r -
,
Wi b s e n a n d Po k q u e s o e B e fo e th e b o l iti o n o f th e s l v e t a de D u tc h
,
. r a a r ,
G i n e a w a s v e ry p o sp e o s I t w a s g o v e rn e d by a s u bsi di e d C ha t e re d
u r r u . z r
C HA R I V ] . Tb e D u tc /i i n A fr i c a . 67
D utch wi t h th e k e e n e s t j e a lousy .
t r a d e D u t ch comm e rc e wi th th e Gui n e a Co a st b e ga n to w a n e ,
a n d th e i r p o li t ic a l i n fl u e n c e dis a pp e a r e d a lso so th a t by 1 8 7 2
th e l a st of th e D u t c h po rts h a d b e e n t ra n sfe rr e d to Gr e a t
t o t a k e firm h o ld ov e r th e Co n go a n d A n gol a Co a st a n d it i s ,
d e l a y e d a fe w y e a rs lo ng e r i t would n e v e r h a v e b e e n m a d e fo r , ,
h a s b e e n a s t ro n g fe e li n g o f r e gr e t i n th e N e th e rl a n ds fo r
som e tim e p a st a t th e e xcl u si o n o f t h a t cou n t ry s fl a g from ’
th e A fr ic a n co n t in e n t .
H e l e n a i n 1 6 4 5 but a D u t c h s h ip h a vi n g b e e n wr e ck e d a t
,
T a bl e Ba y i n 1 6 4 8 th e cr e w l a n d e d a n d e n c a mp e d w h e r e
, ,
G e ne a l n d th e lo c a l g v e n m e n t c o n sist e d o f a G o ve no G e ne a l a t
r ,
a o r r r- r
E l mi n a c h i e f F a ct o (o t a de ) a c h i e f F isc l (o r cc o u n t n t g e n e a l )
, a r r r r , a a a -
r ,
an n de
u fis c l (o r-a u dit o r ) a n d a
a r l a g e st ff o f fa ct o s a cc nt a nts r a r ,
o u ,
s e c re t a i s c l e ks n d ssist a n t c l e ks Th e re wa s a ch a p l a i n ; t he re w e re
r e ,
r a a r .
w a s o f th e F e n c h R e vo l ti o n th e D tc h G o v e rn m e n t t o o k o v e th e
r r u u r
m a n g e m e n t o f t he s e e st a b l is h m e n ts o n th e G o l d C o a st
a .
68 T/i e C o l o n i z a ti o n of A fr i c a .
[C HA R
C a p e T ow n n o w s t a n d s H e re th e y w e re oblig e d to liv e fo r
.
o f m e a t from th e n a t iv e s wi t h wh om t h e y w e r e o n go o d t e r ms
, .
Th e fa vour a b l e r e po rt t h e y g a v e of this c o u n t ry o n t h e ir re t u r n
t o H oll a n d d e cid e d th e D u t ch Comp a ny a ft e r y e a r s of h e si t a ,
ti o n to t a k e poss e ssio n o f T a b l e Ba y A n e xp e di t io n w a s
, .
s e n t o u t u nd e r J a n v a n Ri e b e e k a ship s surg e o n wh o h a d
,
’
,
e xp e ditio n r e a ch e d T a b l e Ba y o n th e 6 th o f A p r il 1 6 5 2
1
,
A t di fl e r e n t p e riods i n th e e a rly p a r t o f th e 1 6 t h c e n t u ry
'
th e D u t ch h a d c o n solid a t e d th e ir s e a goi n g v e n t u re s i n t o tw o
-
gr e a t ch a rt e r e d com p a n i e s — th e D u t ch C omp a ny of th e We st
I n di e s a n d th e D u t ch C omp a n y o f th e E a s t I n di e s
,
Th e .
W e st I n di a n Comp a n y t ook ov e r a l l th e s e t t l e m e n t s o n th e
W e s t Co a s t o f A fric a a n d h a d th e m o n op o ly o f tra d e or rul e
,
a lo n g a ll th e A tl a n t ic Co a st o f t r opic a l A m e r ic a Th e E a s t .
w e re e s t a b lish e d wa s a t B a t a vi a i n th e isl a n d o f J a v a I t w a s
, , .
a ros e b e tw e e n th e D u t ch g a rriso n a t T a bl e Ba y a n d th e
s u rrou n di n g H ot t e n to t s A t th e tim e of th e Du t ch s e t t l e m e n t
.
o f th e C a p e a ll th e sou t h w e st co rn e r o f A fric a w a s i n
-
h a bit e d o n ly a n d S p a r s e ly b y H o t t e n t o ts a n d B u shm e n th e
p r o lific B a n tu N e gro e s n o t comi n g n e a re r to th e D u t ch th a n
1
As M L c a s p o i n ts o u t i n h i s Hi s t i
r u o r cal Ge og r ap ky f
o t/z e B r i ti s k
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s 1 65
, y e a rs a ft e B t o l o m e u Di a
r ar z h ad sigh t e d th e C a pe o f
G o o d H o pe .
70 T/i e C o l o n i z ti o n f Af ica [C H A R
r
a o .
from I n di a a n d w e re t h e re fo re co n t e n t t o l e a v e th e Du t ch
,
u ndis t u rb e d i n S o u t h A fric a .
T h e Gov e r n m e n t o f th e N e t h e rl a n ds E a st I ndi a C o mp a n y
wa s tho ro u ghly d e sp o tic I t w a s a dmi n is te re d by a Ch a m b e r
.
o f 1 7 di r e c t ors a t A ms t e rd a m wit h d e pu t i e s a t B a t a vi a
,
Th e .
C o mm a n d a n t a t th e C a p e wh o w a s a l t e rn a t e ly u n de r th e
,
ord e r s o f A ms t e rd a m a n d B a t a vi a — a n d wh o migh t b e ov e r
r ul e d by a n
y o ffic e r of sup e ri o r ra n k who c a ll e d a t his s t a t io n
i n p a ssi n g— wa s th e sl a v e o f th e C omp a n y a n d h a d t o c a rr y ,
o ffi c e rs wh o a ssis t e d h im i n th e a dmi n is t ra t io n a n d wh o
, ,
b e rs o f th e C o u n ci l o f J u s t ic e ( i e H igh C o u r t ) . . .
a n d v i n e s w e r e pl a n t e d o n th e h illsid e s a t th e b a ck o f C a p e
T ow n . N e v e r t h e l e ss th e c o lo n is t s w e re t e rr ibly h a mp e r e d b y
r e st ricti o n s which m a d e t h e m a l m o s t sl a v e s t o th e C o mp a n y
,
.
Gui n e a b u t t h e y w e r e n o t a succ e ss a s fi e ld l a b o u r e rs T h e
,
.
D u t ch t h e re fo re t u r ne d t ow a rds Ma da ga sc a r a n d a b ov e a ll to , ,
w e r e i n t rod u c e d wh o h a v e i n t im e grow n i n t o a s e p a ra t e
p op u l a t io n o f M u h a m m a d a n fre e m e n o f c o n sid e ra bl e p ro s
p e ri t y
’
. A s D u t ch immig ra n ts still h e ld b a ck fro m s e t t li n g
th e C a p e wi t h a n a bu n d a n t p op u l a t io n ( owi n g to th e g r e e d
1
Th e “
C a p e Ma l ys a .
IV ]
. T/z e D u ce li i n A fr i c a .
7 1
th e fi rst h a lf o f th e 1 8 th c e nt u ry m a ny n e g ro sl a v e s w e r e
imp or t e d from W e s t A frica a n d fro m Mo c a rn b i q u e T h e .
C a p e b e c a m e a sl a v e work e d colo ny b u t o n th e w h ol e th e
-
,
s l a v e s w e r e t r e a t e d wit h ki n d n e ss t h e ir ch ild re n w e re s e n t t o
school a n d som e a tt e mp t w a s m a d e to i n t roduc e C h risti an i t y
,
a n a tio n of s e rfs to th e D u tc h fa rm e rs a n d wh os e n um b e r s
,
fe r til e w e ll w a t e r e d l a n ds b a ck i n to th e i n h ospit a bl e d e s e r ts
,
-
.
A ft e r th e col o n y h a d b e e n e st a b li sh e d 3 0 y e a rs a c e n sus
sh ow e d a t o t a l o f 6 6 3 Dutch s e t tl e r s of wh om 1 6 2 w e r e ,
o n th e E a st h a d b e e n e x a mi n e d by th e e n d of th e 1 7 t h c e n
t ury I n d e e d th e Ba y o f N a t a l wa s pu rch a s e d by a r e pr e s e m
.
ta ti v e of th e N e th e r l a n ds Comp a ny i n 1 6 8 9 but th e s h ip ,
a t t e mpt w a s m a d e to p ush th e cl a im I n 1 6 8 4 th e fi r st e xp o rt
.
o f g ra i n t o th e I n d i e s t o ok p l a c e a n d i n 1 6 8 8 som e C a p e wi n e
,
wa s s e n t to C e yl o n I n 1 6 8 5 a n d i n subs e q u e n t y e a r s r e p re
.
s e n ta ti o n s w e r e m a d e to th e dir e ctors i n A m st e rd a m t h a t th e
a bl e girls sh o u ld b e s e n t o u t T h e r e s u lt of this a pp e a l w a s
.
a dditio n to 4
3 9 oth e r Eu r op e a n s wh o w e re m a i n ly e mploy é s
,
o f th e Comp a n y .
2 0 0 F re n ch e migr a n t s h a d b e e n l a n d e d a t th e C a p e a n d
s e tt l e d i n th e m o u n t a i n c o u n t ry b e h i n d C a p e T o w n H e r e .
,
th e p re s e n t da y ( a lw a ys pro n o u n c e d h o w e v e r i n th e D utc h
w a y) a n d i n th e d a rk e y e s d a r k h a i r a n d h a n dsom e fe a t ur e s
, , ,
o f th e b e t t e r t yp e o f F r e n ch m a n H a n dsom e r m e n a n d wom e n
.
th a n a re som e o f th e A fr ik a n d e r s i t wo u ld b e im p ossibl e to
m e e t wi t h b u t thi s p e rso n a l b e a u t y i s a lm o st i n v a ri a bly tr a c e
,
o f th e 1 7 t h c e n t u ry th e D u t ch i n t r oduc e d th e o a k t r e e i n to th e
C a p e P e n i n sul a a n d th e s u b u rbs of C a p e T ow n wh e re it i s ,
m uc h a m o n gst t h e m s e lv e s I n 1 7 1 3 l a rg e n u m b e rs o f t h e m
.
h a d n o t ye t com e i n to co n t a ct wi t h th e s o c a ll e d K a fli r s
’
-
.
T ow a rd s th e middl e o f th e 1 8 th c e n t u ry th e D utc h C o m
p a ny c e a s e d t o p rosp e r— suffe r i ng from Fr e n ch a nd E nglis h
comp e t itio n A lr e a dy a t th e b e gi nn i n g of th e 1 8 th c e n t u ry
.
, ,
1
It wi ll be no do u bt
m e mb e e d t h a t t h is t e rm is d iv e d f o m th e
re r er r
A a b w o r d u nb e l i e v e
r Th e A bs o f s r . t h e st A f ic pp l i e d t h is
ra o u -
a r a a
t e rm to th e N e g o e s ro u n d t h e i s e tt l e m e n ts T h e P o t u gu e s e t o o k it u p
r a r . r
f o m th e A ra bs a n d th e D u tc h a n d E ng l is h fro m th e P o t g e s e
r ,
r u u .
IV .
] l o D u tc /z i n A fr i c a .
73
th e C omp a n y g a v e som e r e dr e ss to th e ir g ri e v a n c e s by fo r
b idd i n g its o ffi ci a ls i n futur e t o o w n l a n d o r to t r a d e Ev e n .
o f th e Gov e rn o r s a u t h o r i t y ; b u t t h i s I n st i tutio n o n ly l e d to
’
wi t h gre a t a bility fo r tw e n ty y e a r s ( 1 7 5 1
I n sp it e of lic e n c e s a n d m o n opoli e s tith e s t a x e s a n d , , ,
H o ll a n d b y th e a pp oi n tm e n t o f th e S t a dh oud e r ( 0 1 H e a d o f
th e S t a t e ) a s p e r p e t u a l C h i e f D ir e cto r Wi t h t hi s ch a ng e th e
.
,
C o mp a ny p a rtly su p p or t e d b y th e S t a t e m a n a g e d t o co n ti n u e
, ,
U n til th e b e gi n n i ng of th e 1 8 th c e n tu ry a st a n di n g o r d e r h a d
fo rbidd e n t r a di ng b e tw e e n th e s e t tl e rs a n d th e n a t iv e s b u t ,
sc a tt e re d I n l e a si ng l a n d t o th e fa rm e rs th e C omp a n y l a id
.
te m pl a te d i n th e C omp a n y s p olicy
’
.
Tu l b a gh de s e v e s sp e ci a l e m e mb nc e
1
r r ra no t on ly fro m h is g e o
g a ph ic a l e xp l o r ti o n s b u t fro m th e f ct t h a t
r a ,
a he w as th e fi rst p e rso n
to s e nd sp e cim e n s o f th e gi ra ffe to E u ro p e .
74 l e C o lo n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R
By b e gi n n i n g of th e 1 8 th c e n t u ry th e Dutch s e t t l e r s
th e
h a d b e g irn to c r oss th e m o u n t a i n s which l i e b e h i n d th e n a r ro w
b e l t of co a s t l a n d th a t fo r ms a p roj e c t i o n i n t o th e oc e a n o n
e i t h e r si de of th e C a p e of Good H op e S e ve n t y y e a rs l a t e r .
th e bou n d a ri e s o f C a p e Colo ny o n th e n o r t h a n d w e s t w e re
th e B e rg R iv e r a n d th e Z wa r te b e rg e n M ou n t a i n s a n d o n th e ,
e a s t th e G a mt o os R iv e r A fe w y e a rs l a t e r th e p io n e e r s o f
.
th e m s e l v e s a s fa r n o r t h a s th e O li fa n t s R iv e r s o n a m e d b e ,
a n d i n 1 7 7 9 C a p t a i n Go r do n a S c o t ch m a n i n th e s e r vic e o f
,
i ts m o u t h a n d h a d n a m e d i t a ft e r th e h e a d of th e D u t ch S t a t e
, .
H i t h e r t o th e D utch Gov e rn m e n t wa s co n fi ne d t o a n a rr o w
,
a n d th e s a m e n a m e wa s gi v e n t o th e v ill a g e which fo r m e d i t s
c a p it a l T h e n th e Du t c h b o u n da ry c re p t u p t o th e G re a t F l S h
.
Riv e r which r is e s fa r a wa y t o th e n o r t h n e a r th e c o u rs e o f th e
, ,
O ra n g e R iv e r T his G re a t Fish R iv e r re m a i n e d th e e a st e r n
.
m ost b ou n d a ry o f th e C olo n y i n D u t ch t im e s T o th e n o r th .
th e O r a n g e Riv e r b e y o n d th e s e c o n d g re a t ra n g e o f S ou t h
,
A fric a n m ou n t a i n s — th e S n e e u b e rg e n Bu t b e y o n d th e imm e .
T h e y a tt e mp t e d t o s e i z e Mo g a rn b i q u e fr o m th e Po r t u g u e s e i n
1 64 3 . T h e y o p e n e d u p a fu rt iv e a n d occ a si o n a l t ra de wi t h
th e Po r t u g u e s e co a s t o f E a s t A fric a whic h a t fi rs t b e g a n fo r ,
sl a v e s ( n umb e rs of M a k u a w e re b r ough t fr o m Mo ga m b i q u e t o
C a p e T ow n ) a nd co n t i n u e d for t ropic a l p ro duc t s a n d wi t h , ,
m a n y i n t e rr up t i o n s re s u l t e d i n th e e s t a b lish m e n t a t th e pr e s e n t
,
1
N m e d a ft e V a n de G a f w h o w s G v no t th e tim e
a r r a , a o e r r a .
Re i n e t m e a n s i n D tc h a g t s b e a d b t I h v e n o t b e e n a b l e
” “ ’ ”
u o a r ,
u a
to disc o v e r w h y t h is t e m s h o u l d h a v e b e e n a dde d to th e n a m e o f th e
r
G o ve n o r
r .
IV ]
. Tk o Ba te k i n A fr i c a .
75
cl a im e d by th e P o r t ug u e s e h a d b e e n a b a n do n e d b y t h e m a t
,
th e b e gi n n i n g o f th e 1 8 th c e n tu ry so fa r a s a c t u a l occup a tio n
,
wa s co n c e r n e d .
( S e e a bove p ,
.A for t wa s b u il t b y th e
D u t ch wh ic h wa s n a m e d L ydz a a m h e i d a n d t e n ta t iv e e xplo ra
,
h ow e v e r th e d e a t hs fr om fe v e r w e r e so n um e r ous t h a t th e
,
s e ttl e m e n t wa s giv e n up i n 1 7 3 0 .
th e r e v e n u e i n v a r i a bly fa il e d t o m e e t th e e xp e n di t u re a n d if ,
1 8 t h c e n t u ry th e Dutch
,
too w e a k to re sist th e i nflu e n c e o f
,
h a n d w a s s e cr e tly lo n gi n g t o p oss e s s th e C a p e o wi n g to th e ,
fl e e t u n d e r C omm od o re J oh n sto n e l e ft E n gl a n d fo r th e c ap e
o f Good H op e with 3 0 0 0 t r oop s o n bo a rd J oh n sto n e h ow
.
,
e ve r ,
fro m storm s a nd oth e r r e a so n s n o t so a p p a r e n t b u t ,
a t Po r to Pr a y a i n th e C a p e V e r d e I sl a n ds a n d n e ws of th e
, ,
o n e o f th e g re a t e st o f s e a m e n — s u r p r is e d th e B ri tis h fl e e t a t
h a d p r e c e de d h im a n d h a d l a n d e d s u ffi ci e n t m e n to m a k e a
,
g a rris o n i n g o f C a p e T ow n by a Fr e n ch re gi m e n t fo r tw o m or e
y e a r s du ri n g wh ich t im e h ow e v e r a n o t h e r a t t e m p t wa s m a d e
,
fu l . Du r i ng thi s wa r h ow e v e r E n gl a n d a pp a re n tly ma d e
, ,
up h e r mi n d t h a t th e p oss e ssio n o f th e C a p e o f G o od H op e
a n d of T r i n c o m a l e e i n C e ylo n wa s n e c e ss a ry t o th e w e lfa r e
wh e n th e n e xt l e gitim a t e oppo r t u ni t y p re s e n t e d i t s e lf to m a k e
w a r upo n H oll a n d . O n th e oth e r h a n d th e Fr e n c h thoug h , ,
im p ort an c e of th e C a p e a nd i n th e g re a t d u e l whi ch wa s to
,
K a ffirs . T hi s v a n gu a r d of th e g re a t B a n t u ra c e h a d b e e n
i n v a di ng so u th e rn A fric a a lm o s t co n cu rre n tly with th e w h it e
p e opl e . Com i ng from th e n o r th e a st a n d n o r th th e y h a d— w e
-
p a rti a l d e s t ruc t io n a n d a b a n do n m e n t o f th e S a b a e a n o r A ra b
s e t tl e m e n t s i n th e gold m i n i n g dis t ric t s o f sou t h e a st A fric a
- -
.
T h e S e mi t ic i n h a b i ta n t s o f Zim b a b w e a n d oth e r mi n i ng c e n t re s
h a d b e e n d riv e n b a ck to th e co a st a t S ofa l a T h e prog re ss of .
th e b l a ck B a n t u a g a i n st th e n o w m or e co n c e n tr a t e d H o t t e n tot s
Me a n t im e i n th e s a m e y e a r 1 7 93 th e D u t ch Go v e rn m e n t h a d
, , ,
j oi n e d E n gl a n d a n d P ru ssi a I n m a ki n g w a r u p o n Fra n ce T w o .
i n a lli a n c e wi t h F r a n c e T h e P ri n c e o f O ra n g e h e re di t a ry
.
,
S t a dh o u d e r o f th e N e t h e rl a n ds h a d fl e d t o E n gl a n d a n d i n
, ,
th e sp r i n g o f 1 7 9 5 b e a u t h o ri z e d th e B r i t i sh Go v e rn m e n t t o
occupy C a p e Col o n y o n b e h a l f o f th e S t a t e s G e n e ra l i n o rd e r
to o b v i a t e i t s s e i z u r e by th e F r e n ch I n J u n e 1 7 9 5 a B ri t i s h
.
C a p e T ow n a t th e fi rs t d e m a n d e v e n th o u gh th e i n t e rior o f
,
th e cou n t ry w a s i n r e vol t a g a i n s t th e C o mp a ny B o t h th e .
h o s t ili t i e s a n d t h e r e fo re sp e n t a m o n t h i n n e go t i a t io n s but
, ,
o n th e 1 4 t h o f J u ly th e B r i t is h fo r ci b ly occup i e d S im o n T ow n ,
a n d t h r e e w e e ks l a t e r d r ov e th e D u t ch fro m a p o si t io n t h e y
m o n t h m a rc h e d o n C a p e T ow n fr om th e so u t h e a s t A c a p i -
.
tu l a ti o n wa s fi n a lly a rr a n g e d a ft e r a n a tt a ck a n d a d e fe n c e
w hich h a d b e e n h a lf h e a r t e d T h e n c e fo r t h fo r e igh t y e a rs th e
-
.
th e D u tch s e t t l e r s u n c e r t a i n a s to th e ir a ll e gi a nc e Me a n tim e
.
,
m a d e a n a tt e m pt t o r e g a i n p o ss e ssio n of th e C a p e b y d e sp a tc h
i n g a fl e e t o f n i n e ships wit h 2 0 0 0 m e n o n b o a rd w h ich h o w , ,
e ve r wa s m a de t o sur re n d e r a t S a ld a n h a Ba y by A dmi ra l
,
s e rfs to th e Du t ch r os e i n i n s u rre c t io n a g a i n st t h e ir fo r m e r
m a st e r s Wh e n i n 1 8 0 3 th e Britis h e va c u a t e d C a p e T ow n
.
C o lo n y a s a colo ny a n d n o t a s th e a pp e n da ge o f a C h a rt e r e d
,
o f sl a v e s a n d Eu r op e a n im mig ra t io n w a s e n c o u ra g e d
,
P os t a l .
Gov e r n o r J a n ss e n s i n th e two y e a rs a n d n i n e m o n t h s of th e i r
,
gov e r n m e n t Bu t th e m a rc h of e v e n ts wa s too s t ro n g fo r
.
th e m T h e g re a t m i ni st e r Pi tt i n th e sum m e r o f 1 8 0 5 s e cr e tly
.
, ,
r e a ch e d T a bl e Ba
y a t th e b e gi n n i n g of J a n u a ry 1 8 0 6 Si x , .
B ri tis h r e gi m e n t s w e r e l a n d e d 1 8 mil e s n o rt h o f C a p e T ow n .
Gov e r n or J a n ss e n s w e n t o u t t o m e e t th e m with s u ch p oo r
fo rc e s a s h e c o u ld ga t h e r tog e th e r —2 0 0 0 i n a l l a ga i n st 4 0 0 0
B r i t is h T h e re sul t o f cours e wa s dis a st rous t o th e D u tch
.
,
80 7 7 26 C o lo n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a . [C HA R
wh os e soldi e rs m a i n ly co n sist e d of h a lf h e a rt e d G e rm a n m e r-
c e n a ri e s O n th e 1 6 t h o f J a n u a ry C a p e T ow n su rr e n d e re d
.
, ,
a c a pitul a t io n w a s sig n e d o n J a n u a ry 1 8 a n d J a n ss e n s a n d
,
th e D u t ch soldi e r s w e r e s e n t b a ck to th e N e t h e rl a n ds by th e
B ri t ish G o ve r nm e n t .
By a C o nv e n t io n d a t e d A ug u st 1 3 1 8 1 4 th e D utc h , ,
G o v e r n m e n t wi t h th e P r i n c e o f O ra ng e a t i t s h e a d c e d e d C a p e
C o lo n y a n d th e A m e ric a n poss e ssio n o f D e m e ra ra to G r e a t
B rit a i n a g a i n st th e p a ym e n t o f wh ich w a s m a d e
e ith e r b y th e a ctu a l t e n d e r i n g o f m o n e y t o th e D u tch Gov e rn i
O n th e o t h e r h a n d th e su r r e n d e r of th e C a p e to Gr e a t
,
s e i z e d a n d a dmi n ist e r e d du ri ng th e N a p ol e o n ic w a rs If .
th e fl a g o f H oll a n d n o lo n g e r w a v e s ov e r a ny po r t io n o f
A fric a n soi l a s a ru li n g p o w e r T h e o l d r i v a l ry b e t w e e n th e
.
E n glish a n d th e D u t ch which h a d b e g u n a lm os t a s s o o n a s
,
t ra d e of th e E a st a nd W e s t I n di e s h a d cr e a t e d a fe e li n g o f
,
e n mi t y b e tw e e n th e t wo r a c e s which o u gh t n e v e r t o h a v e
,
e xist e d s e e i n g h ow n e a rly th e y a re o f th e s a m e st o ck a n d h o w
, ,
i n t ho u ght a n d ch a ra c t e r b e t w e e n th e S co tch a n d th e D u t c h
th a n b e tw e e n th e D u t ch a n d th e E nglish T h e s a m e t h rift i .
n e ss,
bo rd e ri n g a t tim e s o n p a r sim o n y oddly com b i n e d wi t h
,
co a st o f A fric a i n th e 1 7 t h c e n tury ; b u t h e w a s d e t e rm i n e d t o
m a k e of th e n a tiv e a s e rf a n d d e n i e d h im th e rights o f a m a n
,
m e n t h e wa s e xt e r mi na t e d i n a b usi ne ss lik e fa sh io n b u t i f h e
-
p a t ri a rch a l ki n d n e ss a n d l e n i e n cy T h e D u t ch s e t t l e r s a pp e a r
.
fr om th e fi r s t to h a v e dissoci a t e d th e ir d e a li n gs wit h th e
H o tt e n t o t s fr om th e ir o rdi na ry cod e o f m o ra ls I t w a s n o t .
S o e n ti re ly wi th o u t scrup l e s w e re th e D u t ch o n this l a st p oi n t ,
“
D u tch m e n a n d H o t t e n t o t wom e n Th e s e
. b a st a rds a s ,
”
t h e y w e r e fra n kly c a ll e d w e r e w e ll tr e a t e d by th e Du t ch — t h e y
,
t a ugh t t o l e a d a m o re o r l e ss civili z e d li fe a n d t o t a lk th e ,
pr e s e n t da y I n short th e m o ra ls of th e S o u th A fric a n D u t ch
.
,
w e r e th e m or a ls o f th e O ld T e s t a m e n t a s w e re th os e o f ,
C romw e ll s sol di e rs a n d i n t h is a n d m a ny o t h e r m o d e s of
’
r e d h o t gl o w of i t s a s ye t disill u sio n e d
-
a n d som e wh a t fr o t h y
,
ph il a n t h r o py T h e D u t c h s e ttl e rs w e re d e n o u n c e d a t Ex e t e r
.
H a ll a n d o n e v e r y missio n a r y p l a tfo rm a n d th e fa c t th a t m a ny
,
o f th e a ccus a t io n s w e re t r u e i n g r e a t m e a s u re did n o t m a k e
t h e m m o re p a l a t a bl e t o th e a ccus e d .
A s th e G o v e r n m e n t p o licy a t th e C a p e w a s fo r th e fi r s t
h a lf o f th e c e n t u ry g re a tly i n flu e n c e d b y Ex e t e r H a ll th e ,
still l e a d th e pl e a s a n t u n fe t te re d p a t ri a rc h a l life t h e y h a d
, ,
i n to th e b e tt e r w a t e r e d t e rrito ri e s n o w k n ow n a s th e O ra n ge
-
t ow a rds th e s e a i n w h a t is n o w th e colo n y o f N a t a l H e re .
—
tyra n ts C h a k a th e s e co n d ki n g o f th e Z u lus T h is l a t te r
1
.
,
s a w th e d a n g e r a n d l ur e d th e p io n e e r s of th e B o e rs i n to a
,
p ositio n wh e r e h e wa s a bl e to m a ss a c re t h e m a t his e a s e .
as o ne r e a ds th e r e cord o f i t— th e fe w r e m a i n i ng Bo e rs
must e r e d t h e i r forc e s a n d a v e n g e d thi s d a st a rdly m urd e r by a
“
d ra stic d e fe a t o f th e Zulu s But th i s wa s i n th e e a rly fo r ti e s
.
,
”
w h e n B r itish a dv e n t u r e r s — m or e o r l e ss disco u ra g e d o r u n e n
c o u ra g e d by th e H om e Gov e rn m e n t — h a d fou n d e d a co a s t
s e ttl e m e n t i n N a t a l o n th e si t e o f w h a t i s n o w th e tow n o f
,
G ov e r n m e n t m isl e d th e B o e rs i n to t h i n ki n g th a t th e y could
1
h is m st e c a n b e e g a rde d a s th e fi st D i ng i s w a yo
I f D i ng i s w a yo , a r, r r .
w as thra e r th ep m o u n t c h i e f o f a K fli r c o n fe de a ti o n o f w h ic h th e
a ra a r ,
Z lu t ib e w s a m e mb e r C ha k a w a s th e y o n ge s o n o f th e Z l c h i e f
u r a . u r u u ,
b u t w s e v e n t a ll y e l e ct e d c h i e f i n h is f t h e s p l c e a n d t h e n s u cc e e de d to
’
a u a r a
th e p a m o n t sw a y o f D i n i s w
ar u g yo R ci ll y a n d l i ngu istic a ll y t h e re is
a . a a
m a i n t a i n t h ems e lv e s i n N a t a l a g a i n st o u r wi sh e s A s t h e y h a d .
b itt e r dis a pp oi n tm e n t h a d to s e e k th e ir i n d e p e nd e n t st a t e to
th e n o r t h o f th e O r a n g e Riv e r Bu t h e r e a lso t h e y w e r e .
a n d it is p r ob a bl e th a t e v e n th e t e rrito ry b e yo n d th e Va a l
Riv e r m igh t i n lik e m a n n e r h a v e b e e n s u bj e c t e d to B ritish
co n trol .
r e pudi a t e d a n d th e S a n d Riv e r C o n v e n ti o n u n ra ti fie d
, I n th e .
a ccord e d t o th os e wh o h a d fu r t h e r t re kk e d a cross th e V a a l
R iv e r a t a t im e wh e n th e O ra n g e R iv e r s t a t e wa s lik e ly t o
b e com e a B ri t is h Colo n y S o fr om 1 8 5 2 a n d 1 8 5 4 re sp e ctiv e ly .
‘
,
th e S o u th A fri c a n D u tc h h a v e fo rm e d tw o s t a t e s e n t i re ly i n d e
p e n d e n t o f B ri t i sh r ul e i n t h e i r i n t e rn a l a ffa i rs a n d b u t ,
1
Th S n d R iv e C o n v e n ti o n
e a e c o gn i i n g th e i n de p e n de n c e o f th
r , r z e
T n sv l w s sig ne d i n J n a y 8 5 2 ; th e B l o e m fo n t e i n C o n ve n ti o n
ra aa , a a u r , 1 .
w h ic h l o o s e d th e O n ge F e S t t e f o m B itish c o n t o l w s sign e d i n
ra re a r r r ,
a
F e bru ry 1 8 5 4
a ,
I n 1 8 5 8 S i G e o g e G e y l i d b e fo e th e C a p e P a l i a
.
,
r r r a r r
m e n t p o p o s a l s f o m th e O ng e F e e S t a t e fo
r r n i o n i n a S o u t h A fr ic a n
ra r r re u
F e de a ti o n a n d w s e c a ll e d by th e H o m G o v e n m e n t fo r dv o c ti n g
r ,
a r e r a a
t h is p o l icy .
86 Tli e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R
ta ti v e S i r T h e op h il u s S h e psto n e
,
No doubt t h is st e p wa s
.
duri ng th e l a tt e r p a rt o f th e l a t e E a r l C a rn a rv o n s t e na n cy o f ’
i n t e n t o n c a rryi n g out i n A fr ic a so u th of th e Z a m b e z i a sc h e m e
o f fe d e ra tio n si mil a r t o th a t wh ich h a d i n 1 8 6 6 co n solid a t e d
T r a n sv a a l w a s t a k e n ov e r wa s n o t a w e ll co n sid e re d o n e a n d ,
u t t e r l a ck of g e n e r a lsh ip o n th e p a r t of th e E n glish a n d fo r ,
da y ( w h o a fe w m o n t h s b e fo re h a d a bs o l u t e ly r e fus e d th e
Bo e rs a pp e a l for th e r e v e r s a l of th e a n ne x a ti o n ) co n clud e d a
’
th e T ra n sv a a l subj e ct to a v a g u e su z e ra i n ty o n th e p a r t o f
,
th a t c a n b e u rg e d o n b e h a lf of thi s su r re n d e r which su b ,
s e qu e n t B ritish Gov e rn m e n t s h a v e h a d s u ch c a us e t o r e gr e t ,
wa s th e b e li e f t h a t a st e rn pros e cu ti o n o f th e wa r a n d ,
th e e v e n tu a l Bo e r d e fe a t wo u ld l e a d t o th e up risi n g o f th e
,
D utc h s e t t l e rs i n C a p e C o lo n y a n d th e i n t e rv e n ti o n o f th e
O ra n g e F re e S t a t e I t i s d oubtfu l wh e th e r t h e re wa s m u ch
.
fo u n d a t i o n for t his fe a r o r wh e th e r i t w o u ld n o t h a v e b e e n
,
som e d e gr e e of i n t e r n e ci n e figh t i ng : th e mo re s o a s th e re
would h a v e b e e n no d a n g e r o f Eu r op e a n i n t e rv e n tio n a t th a t
IV ]
. Tno D / i n A fr i c a
i tto i . 87
o f th e Z a m b e z i By thi s 1 8 8 4 C o n v e n t io n ( wo r thl e ss fo r t h a t
.
m a i n t a i n th e m is n o t a pp a r e n t ) th e g e ogra p h ic a l limi ts o f th e
T ra n sv a a l st a t e w e r e cl e a rly d e fi n e d a n d th e B o e rs e n g a g e d to
,
k e e p withi n th e m .
m a n ne r i n which th e I mp e ri a l G o v e r n m e n t h a d p e rm itt e d
th e m t o c a rv e o u t a fre sh st a t e i n th e h e a r t o f Zulul a n d th e ,
Bo e rs o f th e T ra n sv a a l no w d e t e rmi n e d to a dd B e c h u a na l a nd
to t h e i r domi n io n s a n d p o ssibly t o cut o ff Bri t is h e xp a n sio n t o
,
e s ta blish e d n o r t h of th e O ra n g e Riv e r
,
Bu t p ublic opi n io n i n
.
o n th e p a r t o f th e Bo e rs a n d forc e d th e Gov e r n m e n t o f th e
,
da y to a ss e r t its e lf A s tro n g e xp e di t io n w a s s e n t ou t u n d e r
.
S i r C h a rl e s W a rr e n a t th e e n d o f 1 8 8 4 which fi n a lly s e cu r e d
,
fo r Gr e a t Brit a i n th e P r ot e ct o ra t e o f B e chu a n a l a n d a n d th e ,
th e l e s s i n 1 8 9 4 a fr e sh co n c e ssio n w a s m a d e to th a t st a t e by
,
e n cl a v e o f Z u l u cou n t ry k n ow n a s S w a z il a n d I n e xcus e fo r .
88 77 2 3 C o l o ni z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R
'
S o o n a ft e r th e co nclusio n o f th e Lo n do n C o n v e n ti o n o f
1 884 ,
th e v a s t w e a l t h i n gold which fo r m o re t h a n te n y e a r s
,
b a ck h a d b e e n h i n t e d a t b y u n e d u c a t e d pio n e e rs a n d d e n i e d ,
by mi n i n g e xp e r t s b e ga n to b e m a d e k n ow n ; th e de v e lop
‘
,
m e n t of th e m a r v e llous Wi t w a t e r s ra n d b ro u gh t a b o ut th e
fou n d a t io n o f J oh a n n e s b u rg a n d di r e c t e d to th e T ra n s v a a l a n
,
E n gl a n d o r fr om F ra n c e a n d G e rm a ny wh o h a d b e com e
,
e a st a n d i n th e n o r t h o f th e T r a n s v a a l O n th e o t h e r h a n d
.
,
to co u n t e ra c t th e i n flu e n c e of t his Bri t i s h e l e m e n t th e Tr a n s ,
a n d o n th e c o n s t ruc t io n o f i ts r a il wa ys T h e s e na t i v e s o f
.
a n d t h r o u gh th e i r e f fo r t s a g re a t d e a l o f symp a t hy wit h th e
S o u t h A fric a n D u t ch w a s a ro u s e d i n H o ll a n d a n d G e rm a n y .
O n th e o t h e r h a n d th e O utl a n d e rs w h o s e t t l e d ro u n d
, ,
J oh a nn e sb u rg a n d o t h e r m i n i n g c e n t re s a n d wh o soo n c a m e
to ou t n um b e r th e B o e r e l e m e n t i n th e T r a n sv a a l pop ul a tio n t o
wi t h o u t givi ng t h e m a n y v o ic e i n th e a dm i n ist ra t io n o r i n th e
sp e n di n g o f th e h e a vy t a x e s l e vi e d o n t h e ir i n dus t ri e s ( I t .
sh o uld b e n o t e d t h a t th e B o e r G o v e r nm e n t h a d a t t e mp t e d to
1 Ab o u t as t st w o t hy g i de s i n mi n e a l gy
ru r u r o as e xp e ts
r in h a n dw iti n g
r I
90 Tne C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R I V .
F o r th e t im e b e i n g th is w a n to n a gg re ssio n o n th e p a rt o f
Mr Rhod e s a li e n a t e d a ll symp a t h y for th e g ri e v a n c e s of th e
O utl a n d e rs a n d p rovok e d s t ro ng e xp re ssi o n s o f opi n io n i n
,
c e rt a i n E u rop e a n s ta t e s w h o u n t il th e y w e re a ssu re d t h a t th e
, ,
o f th e Z a mb e z i ) wa s th e s t re ngt h e n i n g a n d i n t e n sifyi n g of th e
o ve r re a ch t h e i r st re n g t h a n d m isus e t h e ir i n flu e n c e a n d s o ,
th a t w e m a y wi th o u t a ny m o r e sti ng o f b i t t e rn e ss t h a n t h a t
,
1
F o r i f we a re C e l ts
Te t o ns l a s he d with F re nch s o a e t he s e
a nd u c , r
H u g u e n o t e mig a n ts r .
o h n nt a n K S B ad }
E X P L A N A T O RY N OT E
g g
T/z e m a p s h o w s th e s l a v e h u n ti n o r tr a di n a r e a s s na rl e d
g
a c c o r di n g o e tr aj i c
to de r e e of i n te n s z ty of s l a '
l l
e r e d i n e s i n di c a te th e p r i n c i pa r o u te s of th e s l a v e
s h i ps o r c a r a v a ns
-
a nd th e de s ti n a ti o n of th e s l a v e s
92 T/z e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C HA R
clim a t e s of th e to rr id z o n e H e h a s lit t l e or n o r a c e —
. fe llow
ships —t h a t i s to s a y h e h a s n o symp a thy for o t h e r n e g ro e s
,
h e r e cog n i z e s a n d fo llo w s hi s m a s t e r i n d e p e n d e n t o f a ny ra c e
af fi niti e s a n d a s h e i s usu a lly a st ro n g m a n a n d a g o od fig ht e r
, , ,
h e h a s c o m e i n t o r e q u e s t n o t o n ly a s a l a bo u re r bu t a s a
soldi e r .
N e g ro sl a v e s w e re impo r t e d i n to L o w e r Egyp t a s s e rv a n ts .
A fe w m a y h a v e re a ch e d C a r th a g e a n d R om e ; b ut th e de t e r
mi ne d e xploi t a t io n o f th e b l a ck ra c e s did n o t b e gi n o n a l a rg e
sc a l e t ill th e M u h a mm a d a n co n q u e st of A fr ic a Th e A ra b s .
h ad sw e p t a c ro ss N o r th e rn A fr ic a a n d b e c o m e di r e c t ly a c ,
1
q u a i n te d with th e S ud an B e f o r e th e prom u lg a tio n o f I sl a m
.
t h e y t ra d e d wi t h th e E a st co a s t o f A fric a a n d a ft e r th e I sl a mic ,
o u tbu r s t t h e y r u l e d th e r e a s s u l t a n s T h e s e cl u di n g o f w o m e n .
Mussulm a n s a n d th e N e g ro e u n u c h p rov e d th e m os t e fli c i e nt
,
a n d fa i t h ful g u a r di a n o f th e gy n ae c e um S o th e sl a v e t ra d e .
Z a n z ib a r co a st I n t o th e We s t co a st o f I ndi a n e g r o sl a v e s w e r e
.
t h e se n e g ro e s b e c a m e s o u s e ful o r p o w e rful th a t t h e y c a rv e d
out s t a t e s fo r th e ms e l v e s o n e or m o re of which s t ill rul e d by
, ,
n e gro p r i n c e s a re i n e xis t e n c e a t th e p re s e n t da y a s de
,
p e n d e n ci e s of th e Gov e rn m e n t o f I n di a g
.
1 m e n s i n A bic B l a ck m e n o th e
S u da n a ra r La nd o f th e B l cks a .
2
As fo e x a mp l e J nj i ra i n Ko n k a n wh ic h h
r , a , as a n a e a o f 3 2 5 sq m
r . .
,
a nd J a f ba d i n K t h i a w a r 4 2 sq m i n xt e n t
a ra a . . e .
v .
] T/i e S l a v e Tr a de .
93
Ch a rl e s V o f S p a i n h a vi n g gr a n t e d t o a Fl e mis h m e rch a n t th e
e xclusiv e p r ivil e g e o f imp o rti n g i n to A m e ric a 4 0 0 0 sl a v e s a
,
y e a r T h is m o n opoly w a s s u bs e qu e n t ly sold by th e co n c e s
.
s i o n a i re to a comp a n y of G e n o e s e m e rch a n ts .
mi n e d t o t a k e up th e t ra ffi c i n n e g r o l a bour e r s fo r th e pl a n t a ~
t io n s i n A m e ri c a a s b e i n g m or e profit a bl e S i r J oh n H a wki n s
.
,
o n e o f th e fa mous s e a m e n o f th e Eli z a b e t h a n e ra i n 1 5 6 2 ,
wit h a cord as h i s c r e st o n ly m a d e I b e li e v e o n e di r e ct
”
, , ,
s h ip p e d h is sl a v e s a t th e C a na ry I sl a n ds a cti n g th us a s a ,
“
i n t e re s t i ng work T h e S tory o f A fric a comp ut e s th a t i n a
, ,
”
li t t l e m or e t h a n a c e n t u ry from 1 6 8 0 to 1 7 8 6
, n e gro ,
sl a v e s w e re i mp o r te d i n t o th e E nglis h A m e ri ca n colo n i e s
-
J a m a ic a i n th e c o u rs e of 8 0 y e a rs a bso rbi n g To
w a rds th e l a t t e r e n d o f th e 1 8 th c e n tu ry th e v a rious Europ e a n
p o we r s i n t e r e s t e d i n A m e ric a impo rt e d o n a n a v e r a g e ov e r
94 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f A fr i c a
o .
[C HA R
sl a v e s a y e a r th e British b ri n gi ng m or e t h a n o ne h a lf
, ,
to Europ e a n s o f t h os e d a ys i s th e d e l ta of th e Nig e r r iv e r
, .
Bu t sl o wly t h e r e gr e w up i n E n gl a n d a n d i n th e S c a n di na vi a n
S t a t e s a fe e li ng th a t th e r e wa s som e th i n g wr o n g i n this syst e m
w h ich impos e d s o m uch m is e ry o n b e i n gs wh o , th o u gh i n ,
si n c e th e y co u ld i n t e rb r e e d wit h us a n d l e a r n to t a lk o u r
l a n gu a g e . T h a t s u ch fe e li ngs m us t h a v e e xist e d a t a ll tim e s
wa s e vid e n t fr om th e d e si re o f good m e n wh e n dyi ng t o gra n t
fre e dom to t h e ir sl a v e s Bu t th e fe e li n g a s a n a tio n a l o n e
.
clos e o f th e i 8 th c e n t u ry H e re a n d th e re c a s e s of a n e gr o
.
, ,
sl a v e ry co u ld n o t e xist i n E ngl a n d a n d th a t th e re fo re a n y
,
sl a v e l a n di n g i n E n gl a n d b e c a m e fre e , a n d co u ld n o t b e t a k e n
b a ck i n to sl a v e ry I n 1 7 8 7 Wilb e rfo rc e Cl a rkso n a n d oth e r
.
, ,
phil a n t h r opis ts fo rm e d th e m s e lv e s i n to a n a ss o ci a ti o n to s e cu r e
th e a b o litio n of sl a v e ry a n d by th e ir e x e rtio n s i n Gr e a t B rit a i n
,
th e h a rdships o f th e sl a v e s tr a n sp o r t e d by s e a w e re so t e rri b l e
as th e y b e c a m e a fte r th e r e s t r ictio n s pl a c e d o n th e t ra d e
r e n d e r e d it n e c e ss a ry to c a r ry l a rg e n um b e r s o f h um a n b e i n gs
o n a si n gl e v o y a g e mor e o r l e ss co n c e a l e d fr om sigh t i n th e
96 Tne C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R
flogge d a n d n e e dl e ss to s a y r e c e iv e d n o t th e sligh te s t
, , ,
to th e d e p o t o r fa cto ry of th e Eu r op e a n sl a v e tr a d e r o n th e
co a st ; th e n b e g a n th e h orro rs of th e s e a p a ss a g e th e de s c ri p ,
Port u gu e s e a n d A m e ric a n s a n d n o t to th e A ra bs a nd I n di a n s
, , ,
w h e n it wa s p l a c e d u n d e r r e st rictio n s a n d fi na lly p e na li z e d i t ,
wa s th e a i m o f th e m a st e r s to p a ck a s m a n y sl a v e s a s p ossibl e
o n bo a rd th e v e ss e l th e p e r il of m a ki n g o n e ru n b e i n g o n ly
,
h a lf o f wh a t wa s e n t a il e d i n m a ki n g t wo V e ry ofte n th e .
sl a v e s w e re s e n t o n b o a rd st a rk na k e d T h e y w e r e p a ck e d .
o f bad we a t h e r o r fo r r e a so n s of s e cu r ity
, w e re ofte n k e p t ,
u nd e r h a t ch e s T h e st e n ch th e y p ro d u c e d th e n w a s a pp a lli ng
.
,
a n d m a n y di e d a sphyxi a t e d O n s o m e s h ip s a n d wh e re th e
.
,
c a p t a i n wa s a h um a n e m a n th e sl a v e s w e re occ a sio na ll y
,
a llow e d t o go o n d e ck a n d w e r e w a te r e d wi t h a
, h os e a nd ,
l a n d th e sl a v e s i n go o d c o n ditio n th e y r e c e iv e d b e t t e r food
, ,
th e sl a v e s ov e rbo a rd to d r o w n .
i n t o th e U n it e d S t a t e s A lo n g st ru ggl e h a d t a k e n pl a c e i n
.
o f P a rli a m e n t w a s p a ss e d a bolishi n g th e sl a v e tr a d e a s fa r a s
th e sl a v e t ra d e co n ti n u e d wi th Fr e n ch colo n i e s it should o n ly
b e c a r ri e d o n by Fr e n c h subj e ct s Duri ng N a pol e o n s h u ndr e d ’
.
d a ys o f rul e i n 1 8 1 5 a d e cr e e w a s i ss u e d e n di n g th e sl a v e tra d e
for good a n d a ll I n th e s a m e y e a r Portuga l subj e ct e d th e
.
1 8 2 0 p a id to S p a i n to pu r c h a s e a p rom is e from th e
S p a n i a rds t h a t t h e y would c e a s e t o buy n e gro e s i n A fric a .
th e S p a n is h S o u t h A m e ric a n st a t e s a bolis h e d th e sl a v e tr a d e
o n a tt a i n i ng t h e ir i n d e p e nd e n c e S l a v e ry wa s a bolis h e d a s a
.
—
.
a nd to t h os e wh o poss e ss e d sl a v e s i n C a p e
In 1 84 0 p re vious y e a r s th e Fr e n c h h a d a b olis h e d
a nd in
s la v e ry i n a l l t h e ir poss e ssio n s th e D u t c h a littl e l a t e r
, ,
c a us e s w h ic h l e d to th e dow n fa ll o f th e Emp e ro r H ow e v e r .
,
lo n g a ft e r a ny B ri t is h or Fr e n ch poss e ssio n h a d c e a s e d to
offe r i n d u c e m e nts to th e sl a v e tra d e r to r u n ill e g a l c a rgo e s
th e re w e r e quit e suffici e n t cou n tri e s i n th e W e st e r n H e misp h e re
t o provid e a n e xc e ll e n t m a rk e t whil e th e Muh a m m a d a n world
,
i n th e E a st co n ti n u e d to m a k e g re a t e r d e m a n ds t h a n e v e r o n
9
th e C e n t ra l A fric a n sl a v e p re s e rv e s .
co n ti n u e d to ru n c a rgo e s a cr oss to th e U n it e d S t a t e s C ub a ,
1
Lib e ri a c o mm e n c e d wit h a n tt e mpt m a de by p h i la n th o pic Am e rica n s
a r
( th e Wa sh i ngt o n C o l o n i a ti o n S o ci e ty ) i n 1 8 2 0 to re p a t i t e fre e n e gr o e s
z r a
f o m th e U n it e d S t a t e s
r I t w a s fo m a ll y e c o gni e d s a n i nde p e n de nt
. r r z a
2
S l v e y w a s b o l is h e d i n th e T u rkis h do mi n i o n s ft e th e C im e n
a r a a r r a
W a b u t e xists sti ll to s o m e de g e e o n a cc o n t o f th e h re ms wh ic h
r, r u a ,
de m a n d a s pp l y o f e u n u c h s
u S l a v e r y a l s o c o n ti n s to b e i n fo c e i n th e
. u e r
-
. .
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i n d e p e n d e n t st a t e i n 1 8 6 2 b e ga n to co n c e r n i ts e lf a fe w y e a rs
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A ra b s fr om O m a n i n S ou t h w e st A r a bi a a n d fr om Z a n z ib a r
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e n sl a v e d millio n s H e re a nd t h e re th e y Mu h a m m a da n i z e d a
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t r i b e lik e th e Wa ya o M a ny e m a o r A we m b a whom t h e y
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provid e d wi t h musk e ts a n d m a d e wo r s e sl a v e ra id e rs t h a n
th e m s e lv e s T h e s e sl a v e r a ids i n th e dis t ricts o f L a k e s Ny a s a
.
co n c e n t ra t e d th e a t t e n t io n o f Gr e a t B ri ta i n o n th e s e r e gio n s ,
a n d o n e o f th e i n t e n t io n s o f th e B ri tish Go v e rn m e n t i n e s t a b
l i sh i ng a p ro t e ctor a t e i n S ou t h c e n t ra l A fr ic a wa s th e a boli t i o n
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c a mp a ig n s wi t h a t i ny fo r c e o f I n di a n soldi e rs a n d th e pl a ci n g 1
,
o f s e v e r a l gu n bo a t s o n L a k e Ny a s a A t th e s a m e tim e th e .
B e lgi a n o fli c e rs o f th e Co ngo Fr e e S t a t e h a d a t t a ck e d a nd
b r ok e n up th e A r a bs w h o w e r e e xp e ll e d from th e C o ngo
, .
T h e G e r m a n s u n d e r th e b r illi a n t M a j or Vo n Wissm a nn h a d
h u n g s e v e ra l A r a b sl a v e r a id e r s i n E a st c e n tra l A frica a n d h a d -
1
S ik h s fro m th e I ndi a n A rmy . I hav e fu ll y de sc ribe d t h e s e c a mp a ign s
in my w o k r on Br i ti s h C e n tr a l A fr i c a .
Th e S l a ve Tr a a e
’
v .
] . 10 1
a re fo r a fe w y e a rs
ye t to com e w h olly fre e fr om Eu r op e a n
i n t e rv e n t io n .
to o u r k n owl e dg e o f t h a t co n ti n e n t a n d h a s b e e n th e e xcus e
,
a n d th e m ov e m e n ts of o n e r a c e a g a i n st a n ot h e r th e r e is a n ,
world N a tu ra l L a w o r d a i n s t h a t a ll m a n ki n d must wo rk to a
r e a so na bl e e xt e n t m us t wr e st fr om i ts e n viro n m e n t sust e na nc e
,
h ig h e r l e v e l th a n th e p a r e n ts T h e r a c e s t h a t will n o t work
.
pl a c e d b y th o s e wh o d o L e t th e N e gro t a k e t h is to h e a rt ;
,
.
s i b i l i ty fo r th e w a st e o f tim e a n d oppo r t u n i ti e s ; n o t th a t h e
o f th e r e i g n o f Edw a rd V I a n d duri n g t h a t o f M a ry ,
sp ic e m a ki ng A t first th e s e v e n t u r e s w e r e r e n d e re d v e ry
.
l a tt e r p a rt o f th e 1 6 t h c e n t u ry Port u ga l wa s a bso rb e d by S p a i n
,
a n d S p a i n w e n t to w a r wit h E n gl a n d Qu e e n Eli z a b e t h h a d n o
,
th e first c h a rt e r wa s g ra n t e d t o a body Of Lo n do n a dv e n tu re rs
i ng t o tr a d e o n th e S e n e g a mbi a co a st T h us i n 1 5 8 8 w e r e
.
“
k n o wn a s th e G a mb ra is r e m a rk a bl e a mo ng A fric a n r iv e rs
,
s a fe st riv e r t o e nt e r o n a l l th e W e st A fric a n co a st ; a n d a s i t s
n a vig a b ility e xt e n ds fo r ov e r 2 0 0 mil e s i n to th e i n t e rio r of
S e n e g a m bi a it i s a v e ry v a lu a bl e m e a n s o f a cc e ss to th e h e a r t
,
g u e s e n e v e r s e e m to h a v e m a d e a n y di fli c u l ti e s a b out i t s p a ssi ng
1 Ma de fro m va ri o u s a ro m a tic s e e ds .
2
Th e s e e ds O f th e A nz o nz n n a i ngib e ra c e o u s p la n t
z, z , a ll i e d to th e
b a n a na .
vi .
] Th e B r i ti s h i n A fr i c a . 10 5
b a nk Of th e m ou th o f th e G a mbi a T hi s wa s th e n ucl e us o f .
th e pr e s e n t c a pit a l o f B a th u rs t n a m e d c e n tu ri e s a ft e r fr om th e
,
th e surr e n d e r of S e n e g a l t o Fr a n c e i n 1 8 1 7 th e s e m e r c h a n ts
g rowi n g t ra d e i n g r o u n d n u ts a n d i t s a re a h a vi n g b e e n i n
-
a ga i n i n 1 8 6 6 w a s a t t a ch e d t o th a t colo n y u n t il o n c e m or e it
w a s g iv e n a s e p a r a t e a dmi n ist ra t i o n i n 1 8 8 8 I n th e e a r ly .
a t t e mp t s
’
h a d b e e n m a d e to a ss e r t B ritish cl a im s
‘ ’
7o s
to th e co a st s e p a ra ti n g th e G a mbi a a n d S i e rr a L e o n e wh e re ,
Po rtugu e s e rul e h a d l a ps e d ; bu t P or tu ga l h a vi ng s u cc e e d e d i n
a ss e rti n g h e r cl a i m s
(p . th e p r oj e c t w a s dropp e d a n d ,
a nd d e fe a t e d by th e B r i t ish m e r ch a n ts o n th e G a mbi a ; a nd
I n 1 8 9 1 th e b e s t w a s m a d e o f a b a d p osi t io n a n d a d e lim i ta ,
t io n a g re e m e nt wa s c o m e to with Fr a n c e whi ch a t a ny r a t e ,
“
T h e words S i e r ra L e o n e a re a ki n d o f comp romis e
b e tw e e n S p a n ish I t a li a n a n d Por tugu e s e du e to th e dull
,
h e a ri ng a n d c a re l e ss sp e lli ng o f fo r e ig n n a m e s so c h a ra ct e r
i s ti c o f th e E n gl i s h u n til th e pr e s e nt g e n e ra tio n Proj e cti ng .
i n t o th e s e a o n t his p a r t o f th e co a s t ( a co a st o th e rwis e fl a t
a n d sw a mpy ) is a m o u n t a i n ous p e n i n sul a with bold h ills fa ci ng
tr a di n g ships t h e r e w e r e a dd e d to t h e s e e x sl a v e s of A m e ric a
,
-
a n d E n gl a n d th e h e t e rog e n e ous s we e pi n gs of W e st C e n tr a l , ,
co a st h a s si n c e b e e n a dd e d .
D u tc h a n d S w e d e s w e r e i n vi t e d to go th e r e a s fr e e s e ttl e rs
, ,
u n d e r th e b e li e f th a t We st A fr ic a wa s a s s u i t e d for Eu rop e a n
colo ni z a tio n a s C a p e C olo ny T h e r e sult wa s of cours e th a t
.
I n 1 8 0 7 th e ru l e of th e col o ny w a s t ra n s fe rr e d t o th e
Crow n a nd i n 1 8 2 1 S i e rr a L e o ne wa s fo r th e fi rst tim e j o i n e d
,
“
with th e Gold C o a st a n d th e G a m bi a i n t o th e C o lo ny of th e
W e st A frica n S e ttl e m e n ts I n 1 8 4 3 th e G a m bi a wa s de
.
ta c h e d i n 1 8 6 6 j oi n e d a g a i n ; a n d i n 1 8 7 4 th e Gold Co a st
,
L e o ne Fi na lly i n 1 8 8 8 th e Ga mbi a h a vi n g b e e n m a d e a
.
,
a bly e xt e n d e d a lo ng th e co a st a n d a tr e a ty o f d e limit a t io n
,
a co n sid e r a bl e dis t a n c e i n l a n d D u r i n g th e 8 o s t h e re
.
‘ ’ ’
th e
‘
Y o n n is wh o w e r e subdu e d by a n e xp e ditio n u n d e r S i r
,
’
F ra ncis de Wi n to n ; a nd du ri ng th e pr e s e n t ye a r 1 8 9 8 a n , ,
VI ]
. Th e Br i ti s h i n A fr i c a . 10 9
a t Wh yda o n th e co a s t o f D a h om e I t w a s succ e e d e d i n
1
.
5
1 7 0 b y th e A fric a n C omp a n y o f me rc h a n ts a comp a n y ,
a n d th e fort a t Wh da wa s a b a n do n e d I n 1 8 2 4 w h il e o n a
y .
,
Ma c a rth y l a n d e d a t C a p e Co a st C a stl e t h e n th e h e a d qu a rt e rs
, ,
-
g a n i z e d fo r c e s
. H e wa s d e fe a t e d a n d kill e d T h e I m p e ri a l .
a d e fe a t o n th e A s h a n t i n e a r A cc ra w h ic h l e d t h r e e y e a rs l a t e r
,
t o a p e a c e Bu t t h i s l e ng t hy c a mp a ig n h a d di sgust e d th e
.
T h is committ e e s e l e ct e d a nd s e n t o u t a n e xc e ll e n t m a n a s
Gov e r n o r— Mr C h a rl e s M a cl e a n T h is a dmi n is tr a tor co n triv e d
.
th e pr e s e n t Gold C o a st Colo ny B ut i n 1 8 4 3 th e r u l e of th e
.
m e rch a n ts w a s r e p l a c e d o n c e m or e by t h a t O f th e Crow n -
th oug h M a cl e a n wa s t a k e n i n to th e s e rvic e Of th e ne w I mp e ri a l
a dmi n istr a tio n .
1
P o p e rl y
r H wi da .
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1 10 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R
Th e D a ne s a nd S w e d e s i n th e fu ll swi n g o f th e sla v e
tra d e h ad e st a blish e d fo r ts o n th e Gold Co a st i n th e 1 7 th
a n d 1 8 th c e n tu ri e s r e sp e ctiv e ly t o supply th e ir W e st I n di a n
E ngl a n d i n 1 8 5 0 fo r F o r th e s a m e m od e st p a y
m e n t D e n m a rk tra n sfe rr e d to E n gl a n d th e p r ot e c t o ra t e o v e r a
co n sid e ra bl e a r e a to th e e a st o f th e G o ld Co a s t Colo n y a lo ng ,
th e riv e r Vol t a T h e D u t c h du ri n g th e 1 7 th a n d 1 8 th c e n
.
tu ri e s h a d pl a n t e d forts o n th e Gold Co a st i n ri v a l ry wi th th e
E nglish a nd i n m ost c a s e s a lo ngsid e of th e m A ft e r th e
, .
1 8 6 8 a p a r t itio n o f th e co a st w a s n e goti a t e d b e tw e e n E n gl a n d
c e rt a i n li n e a n d th e E n glish th o s e whic h la y to th e e a st of t h is
,
wh ol e of th e t ow n o f A cc ra w h ic h is n o w th e c a pit a l of th e
,
G o ld Co a st I n 1 8 7 1 —2 th e D u tch a gr e e d to a b a n d o n to th e
.
s t rivi ng a lw a ys to r e a ch th e s e a T h e A sh a n ti ki n gdom wa s
.
ra t h e r a c o n fe d e r a cy o f sm a ll n e g ro st a t e s wi t h th e Ki ng o f
,
Kum a si a t i ts h e a d t h a n a h om og e n e o u s m on a rchy I n 1 8 7 2
,
.
t h i s p a r a m ou n t Ki ng o f K um a si d e sp a t c h e d a n a rmy of
m e n to i n v a d e th e B ritish Prot e ctor a t e a n d a ss e rt his cl a im to
domi n a tio n ov e r th e F a n ti t rib e s o f th e colo n y A l a rg e fo rc e . .
o f F a n tis w a s to som e e x t e n t a r m e d a n d o rg a n i z e d b y th e
th e i n flu e n c e of D a hom e p a rtly u n d e r th e r ul e Of B e n i n ; a nd
,
c u ti n g th e c r us a d e a g a i n st th e sl a v e tr a d e i n th e middl e o f th e
pr e s e n t c e n t u ry th e B ri t ish Gov e rn m e n t c a m e i n t o co nt a ct wi t h
th e ki n g o f L a gos wh o h a d b e com e o n e o f th e most trucul e n t
,
sl a v e t ra d e rs o n th e co a s t T his ki n g Kosoko wa s e xp e ll e d
.
, ,
pl a c e d o n th e thro n e a fte r h a vi ng m a d e a tr e a t y wi t h th e
British bi ndi n g h ims e lf to put dow n th e sl a v e t ra d e A Britis h .
m e n t i n r e t u rn fo r a p e n sio n o f £ 1 0 0 0 a y e a r w h ich h e dr e w ,
“
th e Liv e rpool Of W e s t A frica .
1 880 ,
th e sm a ll strip o f co a s t which s e p a ra t e s L a gos from th e
9 th p a r a ll e l T h e n e n su e d i n 1 8 9 7 a n d 1 8 9 8 a str e n uous
.
c h ok e d u p cr e e ks b e gi n s th e gr e a t d e lt a o f th e Nig e r w h ic h
-
, ,
e xt e n ds a lo n g a n e lbow o f th e co a st a bout 2 0 0 m il e s to th e
T h e s e i nn um e ra bl e br a n c h e s o f th e Nig e r e stu a ry w e r e t a k e n
t o b e i n d e p e nd e n t ri v e rs ( wh ic h i n d e e d t h e y a re to som e
e xt e n t r e c e ivi ng a s t h e y do m a ny str e a m s r isi n g i n d e p e n d e n tly
,
o f th e m a i n Nig e r u n til w e ll i n t o th e p r e s e n t c e n tu ry w h e n i t
) ,
w a s a t l a st m a d e cl e a r th a t t h e y co n stitut e d th e outl e ts o f th e
t hird gr e a t e st riv e r o f A fric a T og e th e r wit h th e a dj oi n i ng
.
riv e rs o f O ld C a l a b a r a nd th e C a m e roo n s th e y b e ca m e k n ow n,
“
a s th e O il Riv e r s b e c a us e t h e y p r oduc e d th e gr e a t e r p a rt
,
”
m a rk e t T h e Po r tugu e s e fi rst c a m e h e re i n th e 1 7 th a n d 1 8 th
.
n a m e s a re c h i e fly t h os e o f n a va l O ffic e rs o r s h ip s t h a t surv e y e d
By th e tim e th e sl a v e tr a d e w a s r e n d e r e d ill e g a l th e wo n ,
J . A . 8
1 14 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n of A fr i c a .
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o f S p a i n o ccupi e d duri n g th e fi r st h a lf Of th e 1 9 th c e n t u ry th e
,
p olitic a lly ; b ut i n 1 8 8 0 th e l a te Mr E H H e w e t t C M G . .
,
. . .
r e ports a ro u s e d g re a t i n t e r e s t i n th e Gov e rn m e n t of t h a t p e ri o d ,
u ntil th e e n d of 1 8 8 3 a n d wh e n Mr H e w e tt r e tu rn e d t o th e
,
s t ill m or e so by th e b e gi nn i ng o f th e Nig e r Qu e s t io n a n d th e ,
s e qu e n tly th e G e rm a n Gov e rn m e n t t a ki n g a dv a n t a g e o f Mr
, ,
H e w e t t s di fli c u l ti e s sudd e n ly p o u n c e d o n th e C a m e ro o n s
’
, ,
o f B o nn y h a d ris e n to such a p o s i ti o n o f w e a l t h a n d i n flu e n c e
t h a t h e h a d a rm e d a l a rg e forc e o f fig h ti ng m e n an d a flotill a
o f wa r c a n o e s a n d m a d e h im s e lf th e m ost p ow e rful c h i e f i n
,
de p os e d a n d s e n t e n c e d to fiv e y e a r s b a n ish m e n t i n th e W e st
’
a cti o n h a s h a d to b e t a k e n t o s e cur e fr e e t ra d e .
t a k e n pl a c e a bo u t th e s a m e tim e b e tw e e n Gr e a t B rit a i n a n d
Fra n c e for th e p oss e ssio n of t h a t g re a t str e a m a bov e th e d e lt a .
o n e o f th e g r e a t e st o f Britis h e xplor e rs Th e re st o f th e
.
i n 1 8 3 2 ; a n d i n 1 8 4 1 1 8 5 4 a n d 1 8 5 7 th e Britis h Gov e r n m e n t
,
wa s a boli s h e d i n 1 8 6 6 a nd o n th e ot h e r h a n d n o a tt e mp t
,
wh a t e v e r wa s m a d e to a tt a c h to th e i n t e rior o f S i e rra L e o ne
th e ric h cou n tri e s lyi n g b e yo n d th e sourc e s o f th e Nig e r .
to strik e fo r th e Nig e r ; w h e r e wa s th e m a n ! A C a pt a i n
G e org e Goldi e T a ubm a n ( a Roya l E ngi ne e rs O ffic e r ) h a d
‘
b e e n l e ft s e v e r a l t h ous a n d p ou n ds wo rt h Of s h a r e s i n o ne o f
’
m e n t for a c h a rt e r b e i ng a bl e t o s h o w t h e m t h a t no ot h e r
,
1
A ft e rwa rds S i r G e o rg e Ta u bm a n G o ldi e .
1 1 8 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
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to th e W e st a n d th e Br a ss Bo n ny O pobo a n d O ld C a l a b a r
, , , ,
’
Wh e n S i r G e o rg e Goldi e s Comp a n y h a d e xp e n d e d n e a rly
a l l its a v a il a bl e c a pit a l i n b uyi n g out th e F r e n c h a n d purc h a si n g
com e : G e rm a n r iv a l ry c a m e i n to pl a y T h e G e rm a n s h a d
.
j ust t a k e n th e C a m e r oo n s but h a d fa il e d to s e cu re th e O il
Riv e rs H e rr Fl e g e l wa s s e n t t o Obt a i n co n c e ssio n s b e yo nd
.
’
th e limits o f th e R oy a l Nig e r C omp a ny s imm e di a t e ju ri s di c
tio n i n th e Nig e ri a n S u d a n B ut Fl e g e l w a s fo re st a ll e d i n
.
r e cogn i z e d by Fr a nc e a n d G e rm a ny U n h a ppily th e F r e nc h
.
K a nu r i o n th e No r th e a s t a nd th e N u p e o n th e S out h w e s t
-
,
-
.
O v e r thr e e o f t h e s e ( e xc e p t i ng th e K a n u ri ) th e Ful a c o n qu e s ts
o f a c e n t ury a g o h a d e st a blis h e d Ful a r u l e wi t h its h e a d
qu a r te rs i n th e H a us a S t a t e s But th e ki ngd o m o f Nup e
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tra d e wit h th e A r a bs o r M oo r s o f Po rte n di k fo r gr a i n P or .
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I v o ry C o a st a n d b e c a m e n e x t n e ig h bou r to Lib e ri a I n 1 8 94
a s o m e wh a t stri n g e n t tr e a t y w a s co n clud e d b e tw e e n Fr a n c e
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t io n of th e D a h om e a n co a s t tow n s a n d th e im posi t io n of a
som e wh a t do u btful Fr e n ch s u z e ra i n ty th e ki ng Be h a nz i n , , ,
w e ll e quipp e d e xp e di t io n w a s s e n t out i n 1 8 93 u n d e r G e ne r a l
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di re c t e d a m a rch to b e m a d e t o T i m b u k tu — i t i s s a id wi t h ,
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from A lg e ri a A cu rious e pisod e i n th e F re n ch co n qu e st w a s
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m a ki n g tr e a ti e s a nd e xt e n di n g th e rul e of Fra n c e A g a i n .
,
follo wi n g o n th e co n qu e st of D a h om e th e F r e n ch m a rch e d ,
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.
a nd a h a lf h a d l e d h e r to th e c e n tr a l Nig e r it wa s followe d ,
o f Fr a n c e a n d M a d a g a sc a r h ow e v e r w ill b e d e scrib e d i n
C h a pt e r XV .
a n d l a n d e d i n A l e x a n dri a i n 1 7 9 8 wi th a fo r c e o f men .
u nd e r T urkish su z e ra i n ty a nd e v e n tu a lly c h a s e d t h e m i n to
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for t hr e e y e a rs w h e n th e t o tt e ri ng gov e rn m e n t o f C h a rl e s X
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th e t ow n o f A lgi e r s a n d th e D e y h a d surr e n d e r e d A we e k .
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A t th e tim e wh e n th e Fr e n ch i n v a d e d A lg e ri a th a t cou n t ry
w as by n o m e a n s u n d e r a h om og e n e ous gov e rn m e n t T h e re .
w e r e th e D e y o f A lgi e rs th e D e y of O ra n a n d o n th e e a st th e
, ,
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th e d e s e rt w e r e p r a c t ic a lly i n d e p e n d e n t Co n s t a n t i n e wa s a n.
e x t r e m e ly stro n g pl a c e a n d i n t h e ir first w a r s wi th i t s Be
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de gr e e co n qu e re d a ll A lg e ri a n o r t h o f th e A t l a s M o u n t a i n s .
i n to t h r e e d e p a rtm e n ts to b e rul e d a s p a rt of Fr a n c e a n d to
, ,
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.
public a t th e e nd o f 1 8 7 0 w a s to b e s tow th e fr a n ch i s e o n th e
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t h a t a r e m a rk a bl e d e gr e e o f fusio n b e tw e e n t h e s e e l e m e n ts is
b e i n g b roug h t a bout T h e A r a bs a n d B e rb e rs i n th e s e ttl e d
.
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i n to th e fi e ld to supp re ss a s e rious i n s u rr e c t io n u n d e r B u
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m e n t of T u n is could n o t c o n ti n u e m uc h lo ng e r with ou t a
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fa lli ng i n to Fr e n ch h a n ds T h e F r e n ch Gov e r n m e n t de .
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S a id w as r e pl a c e d by a n ot h e r a gr e e m e n t w h ic h broug h t th e
T u n isi a n Gov e rn m e n t u n d e r compl e t e Fr e n c h co ntrol In .
t h is y e a r th e o t h e r Pow e rs su rr e nd e r e d th e ir co n sul a r ju ri s di c
tio n a n d r e cog n i z e d t h a t o f th e Fr e n c h courts By 1 8 9 7 a ll
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b e tw e e n th e two F re n c h p o ss e s si o n s a nd th e Ch e mi n de fe r ,
T r a n s S a h a ri e n w a s h i n t e d a t h a lf i n j ok e duri n g th e
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o o s a n d b e c a m e a subj e ct o f s e riou s co n sid e r a tio n i n th e
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7o s B ut i n 1 8 8 1 th e m a ss a cr e o f th e Fl a tt e rs e xp e ditio n
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i n th e S a h a r a D e s e rt a n d th e obviou s h ostility o f th e T a wa re q
,
14 2 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
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woul d t r a v e rs e S t ill Fra n c e wh e n th e w ord h i n t e rl a n d
.
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t h a t n o o t h e r E u ro p e a n Pow e r sh oul d i n t e rv e n e b e t w e e n h e r
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Fr e n ch sph e r e o f i n fl u e n c e to th e n o r th w e st e r n co a st o f -
L a k e Ch a d a s w e ll a s t o th e Nig e r B ut th e a m b itio n o f . _
Fr a n c e h a d a lr e a dy l e a pt b e y o nd Nig e ri a t o C o ng o l a n d a n d a ,
s e t t l e m e n t s o n th e W e st Co a s t Of A fric a A t t his d a t e Ki n g .
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w a s n o t fo u n d e d t ill 1 8 4 8 wh e n a c a rgo o f sl a v e s wa s l a n d e d
,
t h e re fr om a c a ptu re d sl a vi n g v e ss e l a n d s e t fr e e t o comm e n c e
th e p opul a t io n o f th e n e w t ow n A t t e n t i o n wa s dra w n t o t his
.
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t h is a p e h a d b e e n t o som e e x t e n t e s t a b lish e d b y th e A m e ri ca n
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w a s n o t k n ow n t o th e g e ne ra l public u n ti l Du C h a i l l u c a m e,
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t o t h is s ch e m e could o n ly b e ob t a i n e d by h a n di ng ov e r to h e r
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m uch o f th e w e st e rn a n d n ort h e rn w a t e r sh e d o f th e C o n go ,
Fr e n ch h a d b e e n m a ny y e a rs o n th e U b a n gi R iv e r wh ich i s ,
o n e o f th e r a r e m e a n s o f comm u n ic a t io n b e tw e e n th e sou t h e r n
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n or t hw a r ds t o th e S h a r i riv e r a n d L a k e C h a d I n 1 8 90 P a u l
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th e m o re op e n p a r k l a n ds of th e c e n tr a l S u d a n But h e wa s .
r iv e r S h a ri A n o t h e r Fr e n c h m a n o f P olis h d e sc e n t M
.
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a n d fu r t h e r e xp lo ri n g th e S h a r i A n oth e r missio n u n d e r Li e u
.
succ e e d e d i n pl a ci n g a sm a ll a rm e d s t e a m e r o n th e r iv e r
S h a ri a n d t h e n c e to h a v e r e a c h e d th e w a t e r s o f L a k e Ch a d
,
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G e rm a n r e cog n i t i o n o f h e r sp h e r e o f i n fl u e n c e ov e r th e riv e r
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, ,
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B e lgi a n s i n 1 8 9 4 th e B e lgi a n bou n d a ry li ne is dra w n a t th e
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S th c r e s of i nfl u e nc e in 1 808
C H A PT E R V I I I .
C HR I STI A N MI SS I O N S .
IF I w e r e w ri t i ng t hi s li t tl e wo rk fo r dr a m a t ic e ffe ct a n d
l e ss wi t h a vi e w t o h i s t o ric a l s e qu e n c e I sh o u ld h a v e b e e n
,
glimp s e of b e t t e r t hi n gs A n d a s E n gl a n d w a s th e g re a t e st
.
t h a t a t t ribu t a b l e to a n y o t h e r n a t i o n.
T h e Po rt u gu e s e w e r e th e firs t a m o n g us to s e n d missio n
a ri e s t o A fr ic a a n d t h e ir z e a l w a s gr e a t a n d wi t h o n e o r t wo
, , ,
e xc e p t i o n s
,
wh olly pr a is e worthy . P o r t u gu e s e p ri e s t s a n d
J e sui t s a ccomp a n i e d m o st of th e e a r ly e xp e ditio ns t o A fric a ;
i n fa c t h a rdly a n y e xplor e r o r co n qui s t a dor s a il e d wi t h o u t
ch a pl a i n s i n hi s comp a n y w h o r a is e d th e cross a n d p re a ch e d
,
wi t h g re a t fa cili t y Th e N e g ro ( u nl e ss h e b e Mu h a m m a da n i z e d)
.
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] C h r i s ti a n Mi s s i o ns . 14 7
th e e xpl a na ti o n b e i ng th a t M u h a mm a d a nism a s t a ug h t t o th e
th e Europ e a n A s i n st a n c e s o f th e form e r o n e m ig h t m e n t i o n
.
,
U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d th e B ri tish W e st I n di e s P ortug a l h o w .
,
e ve r,
n e v e r a t t e mpt e d to r ul e th e Ki n gdom Of th e C o ngo
till a fe w y e a rs a g o ; so a ft e r a c e n tury s work th e Ba ko ngo ’
-
fe ll a w a y from C h ri s t i a n i t y a n d i n a n ot h e r h u n dr e d y e a rs
,
h a d a bsol ut e ly r e l a ps e d i n t o H e a t h e n ism a n d e xp e ll e d a ll th e
,
pri e s ts
.
p r e s e n c e i s a t t e st e d to th is da y by th e grov e s o f fru it tr e e s
w h ich t h e y i n t roduc e d T e t e th e m o de r n ca p it a l o f Portu
.
,
g u e s e Z a m b e z i a a l so b e g a n a s a m issio na ry s ta tio n
,
Els e .
wh e re i n Po rt u gu e s e E a s t A fric a th e p ri e s t s h a d v e ry littl e
, ,
I O — 2
14 8 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
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c o u r t o f th e Ki n g of Mo n o m o ta p a wa s m a rtyr e d t h e re a t th e
'
i n stiga tio n o f th e A ra b s ’
.
S p a n ish Po r t u g u e s e a n d I t a li a n p ri e sts v a i n ly a tt e mp t e d
, ,
to th e F re n ch o ccup a tio n of A lg e ri a .
b a ptism ; a n d th e M o ra vi a n s a t tr a ct e d by th e H ot t e n tots
b e g a n e v a ng e li z i n g work a t th e C a p e of Good H op e i n 1 7 3 2 .
fo r fr e e d sl a v e s i n 1 7 8 7 T h e Lo n do n Missio n a ry S oci e ty wa s
.
1 G o nc a lo de S i l v e i ra ; ki lle d s o m e wh e re to th e s o u th w e st
-
o f Te t e
a bo u t 1 565 .
1 50 Th e C o lo n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
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a ch i e ve d r a pid p rog re ss i n m or e or l e ss Mu h a m m a da ni z e d
E a st A fric a T hi s missi o n st a n ds o u t co n sp icuous for th e
.
M r R e ic h a rt th e R e v J a m e s F re d e ric S c h O n Bi sh op C rowth e r
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st a rt e d i n 1 8 4 3 a nd comm e n c e d th e e v a ng e li z a ti o n o f
,
m a r k e d re s t rictio n .
a g re a t c e n t re o f m issio n a ry a c t ivity I t is th e h e a d qu a r t e r s .
-
A us t ri a d e cid e d to t a k e a dv a n t a g e of M u h a mm a d A li s
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c h os e C a iro a s t h e ir s t a r ti ng p oi nt a n d th is m issio n co n t i nu e d
,
b e r e d th e a dv e n tu re s of F a t h e r O h rwa lde r a n d th e n u n s w h o
e sc a p e d fro m th e clu t c h e s o f th e K h a lifa h s e v e r a l y e a rs a g o .
th e i n t e re s t i n g B a ri l a n gu a g e o f th e up p e r W h it e Nil e and ,
I n 1 8 7 8 th e l a t e C a rdi n a l L a vig e ri e h a vi n g st a r t e d th e
M issio n o f th e W h i t e F a t h e rs whic h wa s to co n v e r t th e S ud a n
,
a n d a l l C o n o la n d t o C h r is ti a n i t y P op e L e o X I I I g a v e th e m a
g ,
h a d s e ttl e d i n T u n i s ( a s w e ll a s i n A lg e ri a ) o n th e Co n go o n , ,
m a k e th e m a t th e s a m e tim e Fr e n c h o r Fr e n c h p r ot e ct e d -
work is n o w s e e n to h a v e b e e n by n o m e a n s disi n t e r e st e d .
c h a mpi o n s o f na ti v e i n d e p e nd e nc e B ut th e missio na ri e s o f
.
fe r e n c e of t h e ir w o rk to I ri sh Rom a n C a t h olics u nd e r wh om i t ,
h a s m a d e fa vou ra b l e p r og re ss T h e Whi t e F a t h e rs w e a r a n
.
A ra b co stum e — a re d fe z a n d a lo n g wh i t e c a ssock ti e d
rou n d th e w a ist wi t h a girdl e T h e ir ch urc h e s a n d sch ools
.
th e o rd e rs o f th e M a rq u e z de Pomb a l A t fi r s t th e e ffo r ts
.
t h e m s e lv e s o n th e up p e r Z a m b e z i i n th e Ba t ok a cou n try
, ,
fe v e r w e re m a ss a cr e d by th e B a t ok a T h e n th e y r e s t rict e d
.
e st a b lish m e n t wh e re a go od t e ch n ic a l e d uc a t io n is giv e n to
th e n e g r o e s of th e Za m b e z i . A t th e i n vi t a tio n o f th e Port u
u e s e Gov e rn m e n t th e y dir e ct e d t h e ir a tt e n tio n to N ya s a l a n d
g ,
but th e i r e st a blis h m e n t th e re b e i ng s a ck e d a nd b u r ne d by
Muh a mm a d a n Ya os t h e y r e tir e d from wo rk i n th a t dir e c t io n
,
.
T h e y h a v e su b s e qu e n t ly e st a b l ish e d m issi o n st a t io n s i n
M a sh o na l a n d b e sid e s r e sumi n g wo rk i n M a d a g a sc a r
,
.
a s t e a m e r i n s e ctio n s to th e w a t e rs o f T a n g a nyik a a st e a m e r ,
o f t h is book i n 1 8 8 9 .
B a s e l missio n i s n o w e st a blis h e d i n th e a dj oi ni ng G e rm a n
t e rri to ri e s o f T ogol a n d T h e M o ra vi a n Prot e s t a n t Missio na ry
.
S oci e ty w a s fo u n d e d a s fa r b a ck a s 1 7 3 2 a n d s e n t ou t I , ,
a n d th e No r t h G e r m a n ( B re m e n ) S oci e t y i n 1 8 3 6 T h e t wo .
fi rst n a m e d G e rm a n P ro t e st a n t mi ssio n s di re ct e d t h e i r a t t e n
t io n s t o D a m a ra l a n d a n d t o th e H ott e n t ot cou n t ry i n S o u th
,
Mo ra vi a n s h a v e e s t a blis h e d missio n st a t i o n s i n G e rm a n
,
Ny a s a l a n d to th e n o r t h of L a k e Nya s a A B a v a ri a n Rom a n
,
.
n o t e d a lmos t u n iv e rs a lly fo r t h e i r si n gl e mi n d e d e a rn e st ne ss
-
e nc e — h a v e m a d e re m a rk a bl e p rogre ss i n C h risti a n i z i n g
B a su tol a nd a n d ot h e r a dj oi ni ng B e c h u a n a p e opl e s i n S o u th
,
v111 .
] C h r i s ti a n M i s s i o ns . 1 55
A fric a .Followi ng th e B e c h u a na ra c e m ov e m e n ts t h e y w e r e ,
th e B a ro t s e d e s e rvi n g o f th e h ig h e st pr a is e th oug h th e y h a v e ,
S w e d e n n o t to b e b e h i n d oth e r Pr o t e st a n t s ta t e s fou n d e d a
, ,
d e vo te d i ts e lf to th e s till u n occ u pi e d fi e ld of Ga l l a l a nd ,
, ,
G a ll a s — wh o w e r e e i th e r obsti na t e M u h a m m a d a n s o r e qu a lly
obsti na t e P a ga ns — w e r e u n succ e ssful T h e F re e S wiss C h urc h
.
wh e r e i t h a s m a ny a d h e re n ts .
Co a st of A fric a i n 1 8 4 6 a n d h a s si n c e m a d e g re a t progr e ss i n
, ,
e s t a b lis h m e n t o f Lov e d a l e wh e nc e m a n y hu n dr e ds o f S o u th
,
Z a m b e z i th e Fr e e C hu r ch o f S co t l a n d t h ought o f e st a blishi ng
a mi ssio n t h e re b u t a fte r th e re p o r t of i t s commissio n e r
,
w h ich n o w h a s s t a t i o n s a ll a lo n g th e w e st co a s t o f th a t l a k e 1
.
wh e n a s e t tl e m e n t w a s m a d e o n th e S hi re H ighl a n ds t o th e ,
sou t h o f L a k e Ny a s a a n d th e h e a d qu a r t e rs of th e missio n
,
-
“
w a s s t yl e d Bl antyr e a ft e r th e li t t l e to wn i n L a na rkshir e
w h e r e Livi ngs t o n e wa s b o r n Bl a n t y re i s n o w i n m a n y re .
( 1 8 4 2
) a n d t o M a d a g a sc a r i n l a t e r y e a rs .
u n d e n omi n a t io n a l ) s e t t l e d i n th e G a boo n a nd o n th e co a st
b e tw e e n th e C a m e r oo n s a n d t h a t F re n ch colo n y o n th e ,
b e h i n d B e ngu e l a A mo n g th e a g e n t s o f t h e s e A m e rica n
.
mi ssio n s r e m a rk a b l e fo r th e li n guis t ic wo r k th e y h a v e do ne i n
,
l a ri e s o f Co n go l a n g u a g e s Mr H e li C h a t e l a i n whos e work i n ,
1
s a m e b o dy h a s a l s o e st bl ish e d a n i ndu st i a l missi o n ( i niti t e d by
Th e a r a
D r J a m s S t e w a t th e fo u n de r f L o v e da l e ) i n B itis h E a st A fric
e r , o ha l f r a ,
w a y to Ug a nda .
1 58 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C H A R
th e S p a n i sh Go v e r nm e n t th e y mov e d a cross t o th e C a m e r oo n s
, ,
wh e re th e y e s t a b lis h e d th e flouris h i ng s e t tl e m e n t o f A mb a s
Ba y a n d m a d e E n glish a lm ost th e s e co n d l a n gu a g e o f th e
,
C a m e ro o n s wa s chi e fly do n e u n d e r th e l a t e Edwa rd Sa k e r ,
wh o s e n a m e is still v e ne ra t e d o n th e C a m e ro o n s r iv e r for th e
g r e a t g o od th a t h e did to th e co u n t ry b y spr e a di ng th e k n ow
l e dg e O f m a ny u s e fu l a rt s a nd i n dus t ri e s a n d e duc a t i ng th e
D u a l a p e opl e to a r e m a rk a bl e d e g re e From th e C a m e roo n s .
a n d th e R e v H olm a n B e n tl e y m ov e d o n t o th e C o ngo wh e re 1
.
, ,
m issio n a ri e s th e R e v H Gre n fe ll m a d e h im s e lf fa m o us by
, . .
,
C o ng o t ri b u t a ri e s a n d k n ow n i n its upp e r w a t e r s a s th e W e ll e
, .
i n clud e d a n ill u s t ra t io n o f th e l a n gu a g e o f F e r n a n do PO b y
Mr J oh n Cl a rk e a lik e s e rvic e re n d e re d to th e Du a l a l a ngu a g e
,
O f th e C a m e r o o n s by Mr S a k e r a n d a v a l u a bl e C o n g o dic ,
ti o n a ry a n d g ra mm a r by th e R e v H B e n t l e y . . .
ti v e s i n M o rocc o A lg e r i a T u n is T r ipoli a n d Eg y p t
, , A s it , ,
.
de vo t e s i t s e lf m a i n ly to th e co n v e rsio n o f Mu h a mm a d a n s i t ,
h a s h a d b u t sligh t succ e ss a t p re s e n t .
T h e S co t ch B a p t is t s e s t a b lish e d a m issi o n i n Ny a s a l a n d
a n d i n th e so u t h w e s t e r n p a rt o f th e B ri t ish C e n t ra l A fric a
-
1
q itt e d th e
It u C a m e ro o n s a l t o ge t h e r s o o n ft e r th e e st a b l ish m e n t
a o f
th e G e m a n c o l o n y
r , th e G e man
r G o v e n m e nt h a m g e xp o p i a t e d m o st
r v r r o f
its e st a b l is h m e nts .
v111 .
] C h r i s ti a n M i ss i o ns . 1 59
a tt e m pt e d s e t t l e m e n t i n th e Portugu e s e po ss e ssi o n s o n th e
S out h e a st co a st o f A fric a a n d th e r e a re o f cours e u n a tt a c h e d
-
,
t o h a v e b e e n i n troduc e d h e re i n th e 4 th c e n tury T h e .
h a s e nd e a v ou re d t o s e n d t h it h e r mi ssio na ri e s fro m th e Gr e e k
Chur c h th e dom a i n o f w hic h s h e id e n t ifi e s wit h h e r o w n
,
o n e s e lf to r a t h e r a s t r o n g m e t a p h or — a n d h a rdly to b e cl a ss e d
wi th th e u n a rm e d e mi ss a ri e s o f Christi a n ity wh o o n b e h a lf o f
, ,
.
C H A PT E R I X .
THE B RI TI SH IN AFRI C A ,
II .
( S o a th a nd S o u th —
C e n tr a l .
)
IN 1 7 95 E n gl a n d h a vi n g fo r som e y e a r s pr e viously ca st
,
fo r h e r sh ip s o n th e wa y to I n di a wh ich co u ld n o t r e m a i n
much lo nge r i n th e w e a k gr a sp o f a D u tch c o mp a n y a nd m ust
n o t fa ll i n to th e h a n ds o f F ra n c e ,
d e sp a tch e d a st ro n g e x
e di ti o n wi t h th e a uth o ri t y of th e P r i n c e of O r a n g e a n d took
p
p oss e ssio n o f C a p e T ow n a ft e r a b ri e f str u ggl e wi t h th e loc a l
,
Brit a i n r e sum e d i n a m a n n e r i n t e n d e d to b e p e rm a ne nt th e
, ,
o f A lb a n y ) to th e w e st o f th e G re a t Fis h riv e r wh ic h h a d
, ,
Ch a rl e s S om e rs e t th e n th e Gov e r n or o f th e C a p e visit e d th e
, ,
Z u u rv e l d a n d d e ci d e d th a t th e b e st ob st a cl e i n th e wa y o f
,
o n t h e m a n d th e g ra n ts of l a n d m a d e to e a ch i n dividu a l w e r e
,
to o sm a ll T h e firs t fe w y e a rs N a t u re pl a y e d h e r usu a l
.
tricks for N a t ur e s e e m s t o h a t e th e m ov e m e n t of sp e ci e s a nd
th e ups e tti n g o f h e r a rra n g e m e n ts T h e re for e s h e s e n t blig h t .
o bt a i n e d high w a g e s a s a rtis a n s ; a nd ot h e rs wh o h e ld o n t o th e
Z u u rv e l d a t l a s t a tt a i n e d prosp e rity b y e xt e n di n g th e a r e a o f
l a nd th e y occ u pi e d a n d goi ng i n for sh e e p a n d c a t tl e r u n s i n
,
p re fe r e n c e to c o r n growi n g -
.
g ra n t s wh o h a d s e ttl e d i n th e w e st e rn p a r t o f C a p e C o lo ny
, ,
n e w s e ttl e rs th e e a st e r n p a rt of C a p e C ol o n y b e c a m e E nglis h
,
ix .
] Th e B r i ti s h i n A fr i c a , I ] . 1 63
r e g a rd e d a s a n e ut ra l l a n d t o b e p oss e ss e d by n e it h e r K a fli r
n o r w h it e m an Gr a du a lly h ow e v e r t h i s syst e m b e c a m e
.
, ,
a ss e n t t o gr a n ts o f l a n d b e i n g m a d e i n th e c e d e d t e r r itory to
r e sp e ct a bl e s e ttl e rs U n fortu na t e ly i n t h is d e sp a tc h a di s ti n c
.
k n owl e dg e t h a t th e a bolitio n o f sl a v e ry wa s n e a r a t h a n d m a d e ,
i n th a t y e a r w a s gr e a tly i mprov e d by th e a pp oi n tm e n t o f a
s u pr e m e co u rt wit h j udg e s a pp oi n t e d di re ctly by th e Crow n ,
I I — Z
1 64 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
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1 82 2 th e n um b e r o f E u rop e a n s s e t t l e d i n S out h A fr ic a wa s
a bo u t I n 1 8 2 8 Owi n g to th e growi n g i mp or t a n c e o f
,
p r ovi nc e s th e w e st e rn a n d th e e a st e rn a n d th e l a tt e r wa s fo r
, ,
a t im e go v e rn e d wi t h som e d e g re e of i n d e p e n de n c e By 1 8 2 4 .
A t t h i s t im e th e r e w a s a sl a v e p op u l a t io n i n British S ou th
A frica of a bo u t of w h om l e ss th a n h a lf w e re H ott e n t o t s
( w h o w e r e ra t h e r s e r fs t h a n sl a v e s ) a n d th e r e m a i n d e r M a l a y s
,
i n t rod u c e d by th e D u t ch a n d b l a ck n e gr o e s b ro u g h t from
,
ta ti o n o f sl a v e s c e a s e d ; b u t th e r e c a m e i n t o th e col o n y a
c e rt a i n n umb e r o f fre e n e g ro e s w h o w e r e r e scu e d fro m th e ,
sl a v e ships b y c ru is e r s a n d l a n d e d i n S ou t h A fric a I n 1 8 3 3
, .
sl a v e ry w a s a bolish e d I t wa s h ow e v e r e na ct e d t h a t a lt h o u gh
.
fa ir v a l u e fo r t h e i r sl a v e s a n d t h e re fo re h a d fu r th e r c a us e for
,
grum b li ng .
A t th e e n d o f 1 8 3 4 s h o rt ly a ft e r o n e of th e m ost dis
,
ti ng u i s h e d of S o u t h A fric a n G o v e rn o r s S i r B e nj a mi n D Urb a n
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, ,
h a d a rr i v e d t o t a k e u p hi s a ppoi n t m e n t a rm e d K a fli rs ,
t h e ir o wn w a y fr om S om e rs e t E a st to A lgo a Ba y killi n g m a ny ,
1
Th e N e g ro a nd Ma l a y sl a v e s t h e n nu mb e re d in a ll a bo u t
1 66 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
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s e ttl e rs a n d furth e r d a m a g e d th e a ut h o rity o f th e pop ul a r
,
A n d ri e s S to c k e n s tro m T h e im m e di a t e r e s u lt of th is r e v e rs a l
.
Gl e n e l g s blu n d e r prov e d th e l a st st ra w th a t b r ok e th e b a ck o f
’
N a ta l S O fa r b a ck a s 1 8 1 5 th e Dutc h fa rm e r s h a d r is e n
.
a g a i n st th e gov e r n m e n t o f Lord C h a r l e s S om e r s e t b e c a us e i t
N ek . Y e t fiv e w e r e a ft e r wa r d s h u n g for h ig h tr e a so n a ,
r e it e r a t e d t h a t th e m a i n c a us e of th e s h a ki n g o ff of Britis h -
citi z e n s h ip by so m a n y Bo e r fa rm e rs wa s Lord G le ne lg s ’
I n 1 8 2 3 a sm a ll e n t e rp ris e u n d e r th e l e a d e rs h ip o f F a r e we ll
a nd Ki n g o fli c e rs i n th e Roy a l N a vy st a rt e d from C a p e T ow n
, ,
to e xplo r e th e co a st of N a t a l T h e y l a n d e d a t Port N a t a l
.
rb a n u l u ki n g C h a k a a n d o bt a i n e d from
( n o w D u ) visit e
, d t h e Z ,
h im i n 1 8 2 4 a gr a n t o f th e p o rt o f N a t a l wi t h 1 0 0 squ a r e m il e s
o f t e rritory i n l a n d a n d a co a st li ne o f 3 5 mil e s
, O th e r t e rr i
.
th e y h e ld o n to t h e ir po ss e ssi o n s a n d i n J u ne 1 8 3 4 Si r ,
e xp e n s e I n 1 8 3 5 th e whit e e l e m e n t i n N a ta l wa s i n cr e a s e d
.
E ngl a n d T h e s e s e tt le rs d re w up th e pl a n s o f a r e gul a r to wn
.
o f th e h e ir to th e B ritis h th r o n e ) a n d p rop os e d to c a ll th e
,
o f C a p e C o lo n y I n 1 8 3 5 th e y p e t itio n e d t h a t t h e i r t e rritory
.
migh t b e m a d e a colo ny b u t a g a i n th e I mp e r i a l G o v e r n m e n t
,
i n th e i n t e r io r o f N a t a l I n J uly 1 8 3 8 G e n e r a l N a pi e r a cti n g
.
,
i n N a t a l to re t u rn to C a p e C o lo ny ; but a fe w m o n t h s a ft e r
w a rds h e s e n t a sm a ll d e ta chm e n t o f troop s to k e e p o rd e r a t
th e por t a nd a g a i n p r e ss e d th e H om e Gov e r n m e n t to d e cl a r e
,
w e re withd ra w n T h is w a s t a k e n by th e Bo e rs to b e a t a cit
.
I n 1 8 4 2 th e y w e re a tt a c k e d by th e B o e r s w h o w e r e e v e n tu a lly ,
1 68 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
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Qu e e n s a u t h o ri ty A t l e ng t h i n 1 8 4 3 a C o n s e rva tiv e mi n is t ry
’
.
, ,
b e i n g i n pow e r it wa s i n t im a t e d t h a t th e s e t t l e r s o n th e co a s t
,
e v e n t u a l O b j e c t o f co n s t i t u t i n g N a ta l a s e l f go v e rn i n g colo n y -
i n whic h th e B o e r s w e re to h a v e a sh a re p r opo r t i o n a t e to t h e i r
n umb e rs . A fte r m u ch n e goti a tio n N a t a l b e c a m e a B ri t is h
,
l e ft th e co u n t ry a n d r e t ir e d b e yo n d th e O r a ng e r i v e r u n de r a
som e wh a t i nd e fi n i t e a ssur a n c e th a t B ri tish ru l e w o u l d n o t
follow t h e m T h e ki n g of th e Z u l u s re c e iv e d a re c o g nitio n o f
.
his i nd e p e n d e n c e a n d i n r e t u r n r e c o g n i z e d th e T u g e l a a s th e
,
b ou nd a ry of th e B r i t is h colo n y o n th e e a s t T o th e so u t h th e .
,
t e rri t o ry o f N a t a l wa s so m e w h a t r e s t ric t e d a n d th e po r t io n c u t ,
o ff fr om it b e c a m e k n ow n a s Po n dol a n d which r e m a i n e d a n ,
a n d th e e a s t e r n b o u n da r y of C a p e Colo ny w a s o n c e m o re
a dv a n c e d to th e K e i r i v e r T h is s t e p w a s t a k e n a ft e r a v e ry
.
s e ri o us K a ffir w a r which b r ok e o u t i n 1 8 4 6 I n 1 8 5 0 h o w .
,
e ve r ,
a w a r b e g a n a g a i n with th e re s tl e ss Kos a K a ffirs It .
e xt e n d e d fa r a n d wid e a n d wa s m a rk e d b y n o t a fe w dis a s t e r s ;
,
Bi rk e n h e a d wh ich fo u n d e re d wi t h l a rg e re i n fo rc e m e n t s of
,
t ro o ps o n bo a rd 4 0 0 soldi e rs a n d s e a m e n b e i ng d ro wne d A t
, .
l e n g t h i n 1 8 5 3 G e n e ra l C a t hc a r t wh o h a d s u cc e e d e d Si r
, , ,
t ri e t wh ich s u bs e q u e n t ly b e c a m e ( from i t s s e t t l e m e n t by
,
H o t t e n t o t h a lf b re e ds ) Gri kwa l a n d E a s t
-
.
I n 1 8 5 2 th e S a n d R iv e r Co n v e n t io n wa s co n cl u d e d by ,
1 8 0
5 it r e p r e s e n t e d 5 3 p e r c e n t o f th e tot a l e xports . H a ir .
from A n go ra go a ts w h i ch h a d b e e n i n tr o d u c e d duri ng th e
,
’
3 o s wa s b e gi n n i n g to t a k e a n impo r t a n t pl a c e i n th e list
’
,
th e wild bi rd h ow e v e r ) w e r e a l so a n imp o rt a n t it e m
, O stric h .
fa rm i ng w h ic h h a s n o w p l a c e d th e ost ric h— h a p pi l y — ou th e
,
O n th e 2 3 r d o f Ma y 1 8 5 0 th e G o v e r n m e n t a n d Cou n cil
, ,
m e n t of a R e pr e s e nt a t iv e g o v e r n m e n t a n d t hr e e y e a rs l a te r ,
wa s brough t i n t o fo r c e i n 1 8 7 2 .
I n 1 8 5 4 th e gr e a t S i r G e o rg e G re y b e c a m e Gov e r n or o f
th e C a p e H e e v e n mo r e t h a n h is pr e d e c e ss o r s wa s a n xious
.
, ,
t o b u ild up a g a i n s t K a fli r i n v a sio n o n th e E a st a w a ll Of
milit a ry c o lo n is t s wh o s h ould b e a bl e t o d e fe n d t h e ir flocks
,
pr e s e n t e d i t s e lf i n th e dis b a n di n g o f th e F o r e ig n L e gio n ,
p e a c e it w a s n e c e ss a ry to disb a n d this fo rc e a n d t h e y w e r e ,
t ha t G e r m a n s a cc e pt e d th e t e rm s O ffe re d a n d s t a r t e d fo r ,
S o u th A fric a T h e y w e re s e t t l e d i n th e E a s t e r n P r ovi n c e
. .
m e n, a nd Si r G e o rg e Gr e y sough t to r e m e dy th e d e fe ct by
im p or t i ng a l a rg e n umb e r O f G e rm a n wom e n T h e I mp e ri a l .
Fi na lly th e C a p e Gov e rn m e n t s e n t o n o f th e G e r m a n
n umb e rs i n i n d e p e n d e n t K a ffr a r i a t h a t th e r e s e e m e d a d a n g e r
a t o n e ti m e of t h e ir i n voki n g G e rm a n i n t e rv e n tio n .
gosp e l H e a nn ou n c e d t h a t th e d e a d a n d go n e K a ffi r ch i e fs
.
wo u ld r e tu rn t o e a r t h wi th t h e ir follow e rs a n d b ri ng wit h th e m
,
ov e r th e w h it e T h e prop h e t h a d h e a rd of th e C rim e a n Wa r
.
,
a n d a nn ou n c e d t h a t th e d e a d K a ffir c h i e fs w ou ld b r i n g w i t h
trib e s b e li e v e d t h is rubbish S om e o f th e c h i e fs e v e n wh o
.
t h i n ki ng th a t a ft e r t a ki n g t h e s e d e sp e ra t e m e a su re s t h e ir m e n
would stick a t n oth i n g a n d would r e a lly br e a k dow n th e
,
o n w h ic h d a t e th e r e surr e c t io n wa s to t a k e pl a c e N o thi n g .
1 72 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
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h a pp e ne d h o we v e r a n d th e c o n s e qu e n c e s o f th is h a t e fu l
, ,
impos t u r e w e r e t e r ribl e I t is s t a t e d th a t 2
. K a ffirs di e d
o f st a r v a t io n a n d n e a r ly
,
o th e rs l e ft B r itish K a ffr a ri a
a n d th e t e rrito ri e s b e yo n d th e K e i to s e e k a n o t h e r hom e .
S o me of t h e s e K a ffirs s e t t l e d i n C a p e C o l o ny b e i n g '
t a k e n i n t o s e r v ic e th e r e th r ough th e i n t e r v e n t io n o f th e Gov e r n
m e n t a n d fr om t h e m mix e d wi t h H ot t e n tots a n d e m a n cip a t e d
, ,
sl a v e s a re de sc e n de d th e C a p e Bo y s who h a v e si n c e a tt ra ct e d
,
‘
,
’
r e vol t Si r G e o rg e G re y i n 1 8 5 8 w a s o b lig e d t o s e n d a
.
a n d th e T r a n sk e i b e i n g t a k e n u n d e r B ri t ish p r o t e c t io n T h is .
T ra n sk e i t e r ri t o ry wa s subs e qu e n t ly r e p e o pl e d p a rtly wi th ,
Fi ngo K a fli rs a n d p a r tly by th e d e sc e n d a n ts o f th e K a fli r
'
t rib e s wh o w e re r ui n e d b y th e t e a ch i n g of th e fa ls e p r o ph e ts .
I n 1 8 7 7 th e G a l e k a s a s e c t io n o f th e K o s a t r ib e com m e n c e d
, ,
fig ht i ng th e Fi n gos T h e y w e re j oi n e d l a t e r o n b y th e Ga i k a s
.
,
a b ly i n th e E a st e r n Provi n c e a n d du r i n g 1 8 7 7 a n d 1 8 7 8 th e
,
s u b missio n .
th e p l a c e o f b a n ishm e n t for th e d e p o s e d N a p ol e o n Bo na p a r t e ,
1
Disco v e e d by th e P o rt u g e s e i n 1 5 0 2 its e xist e n c e w a s k e pt s e c re t
r u ,
by th e m u n ti l 1 5 8 8 wh e n C pt i n C a v e ndis h e t n i n g f o m a c is e o nd
,
a a r u r r ru r u
th e w o l d s u dde n l y l igh t e d o n it
r T h e D tc h twic e s e i e d it a nd h e l d it
. u z
e a c h tim e fo r a fe w m o n t h s i n 1 66 5 a n d 1 6 7 3 I n t h is y e it w as . ar
de fi n it e l y a ll o tt e d to th e E a st I n di a C o mp a n y .
1 74 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
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o f D i a m o n dl a n d w a s cl a im e d by th e T ra n sv a a l T his l a st cl a im
.
c ou n t ry i n t o a provi n c e u nd e r th e n a m e of G ri kwal a nd W e st .
T h e O r a n g e Fr e e S t a t e p ro t e st e d a n d n o doub t th e a ctio n o f
,
th e cl a im s of th e O r a n g e Fr e e S t a t e w e r e s e ttl e d by Lord
i n co n sid e r a t io n o f th e a b a n do n m e n t of th e ir cl a im .
I n 1 8 4 5 N a t a l h a d b e e n a nn e x e d to C a p e Colo ny b ut ,
l a t e r o n i n th e s a m e y e a r i t w a s gi v e n a s e p a ra t e a dmi n istra
ti o n co n sisti n g of a Li e ut e n a n t Gov e r n or a n d a n e x e cutiv e
,
-
cr e a t e d a n d fi n a lly i n 1 8 5 6 th e colo n y wa s e n t ir e ly s e v e re d
,
T h e i n fl u e n c e of th e H ig h C omm issio n e r e xt e n ds ov e r a ll
A fr ic a so u t h o f th e Z a mb e z i a n d th e Po rt u g u e s e W e st A fric a n
T h e t e rri t o ry of N a t a l w a s n o t c a p a bl e fo r som e
‘
p oss e ssio n s .
t im e o f a ny g re a t e x t e n sio n b e i n g girt a b ou t wi t h B o e r st a t e s
,
a n d N e g r o t ri b e s w h os e i n d e p e n d e n c e w a s to som e e x t e n t
1
I t wi ll a l s o i n c l u de B a ro ts e l a nd s h o r t l y a n d wi ll t h u s e xt e n d to th e
,
C o ngo F e e S t t e
r a .
i x.
] Th e B r i ti s h i n A fr i c a , I ] . I 7S
gu a ra n t e e d by th e I mp e ri a l Gov e r n m e n t But i n 1 8 6 6 i t .
Po n do c h i e f T h e s e ttl e d gove rn m e n t of N a t a l a n d th e
.
“
T h is G a rd e n o f S out h A fri ca h a d b e e n a lm ost d e p opul a t e d ”
1 872 to a n a n n u a l v a lu e o f T h e s e s e mi t rop ic a l -
pl a n t a tio n s b ro u gh t a bo u t a fre sh w a n t — t h a t o f p a ti e n t c h e a p , ,
st r o n g i n body a n d so u n a spiri n g i n id e a ls h a s a s a r ul e a ,
1
O r L a n d o f th e A b a m b o th e n m e o f o ne o f th e o igi n a l B an t u
“
, a r
t r ib e s o f th e c o u n t y T h e ro o t —m ho is v e y c o mm o n a s a t iba l n a m e
r . r r
a m o n g th e B a n t a n d o cc rs re p e t e dl y i n C e n t a l A f ic a
u , u a r r .
T o w h ic h w a s a dde d i n l a t e y e a s te a ( g re a t s u cc e ss ) a n d c o fl e e
'
2
r r a
th e l tt e r de st o y e d by th e C e y l o n c o f
a r fe e dis e a s e .
1 76 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R
t h ro u gh o u t th e y e a r ; a n d e v e n t h is is g e n e ra lly p e rfo rm e d b y
th e w o m e n o f th e t rib e th e m e n b e i n g fre e to figh t h u n t fi sh
, , , ,
t e n d c a t tl e a nd lo a f T h e r e fo r e th e
,
.
, o dd bl a ck m e n
N a t a l fr om I n di a a n d by th e e n d o f 1 8 7 5
, n a tiv e s o f
B ritis h I n di a w e r e e st a blish e d i n N a t a l A n u m b e r o f t h e s e .
h a d p a ss e d o u t o f th e i r i n d e n t u r e s a n d h a d b e c o m e fre e s e t t l e r s
,
a n d p e t t y tra d e r s N ow a d a ys th e I n di a n p o p u l a t i o n o f N a t a l
.
S t a t e a n d e v e n i n t o B e c h u a n a l a n d a n d R h o de si a
,
M a ny o f .
th e y form a thrivi ng cl a s s of p e t t y t ra d e rs H e re a n d th e re .
o n th e Z a mb e z i wh o ar e d e sc e n d e d fro m a cr o ss b e tw e e n
,
n a t iv e s of G o a i n Po r t u gu e s e I n di a a n d Z a mb e z i N e g ro e s
, , .
A dd e d t o th e o rdi n a ry C ooli e cl a ss a r e t ra de rs w h o b e lo n g
p a rtly to T a mul a n d o t h e r D ra vidi a n ra c e s o f S o u t h I n di a a n d
p a rtly to co a st trib e s from W e st e rn I n di a m os t ly p ro fe ssi n g ,
th e Kh oj a fa i t h T h e Kh oj a s a re i n a fa r o ff wa y Mu h a m
.
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m a da n s .T h e i n h a bi t a n ts of N a t a l h a v e wi t h g r e a t i na ccu ra cy
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t a k e n t o c a lli n g th e s e W e st C o a st I n di a n s A ra bs T hi s .
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fo r s e lfish r e a so n s O n th e wh o l e i t is n o t u n popul a r a m o n gs t
.
,
a n d I n di a n i s n o t a n a gr e e a bl e o n e to c o n t e mpl a t e from th e
H is you ng m e n h a d go n e t o wo rk i n th e D i a m o n d fi e lds o f
Kim b e rl e y a n d h a d r e t u rn e d with gu n s th e i n t r oductio n of
, ,
br e a ch o f th e l aw fl e d i n t o B a sutol a n d Fort u n a t e ly th e
, .
c a ll e d a t t e n t io n t o th e gr e a t i n cr e a s e o f th e n a tiv e p op u l a tio n
o f N a t a l a n d th e u n wi sdom o f a llo wi n g it a n y l o n g e r to re m a i n
,
1 8 7 5 S i r G a r ne t ,
a fte rw a r ds Visc o u n t Wols e l e y wa s s e n t t o
,
A ll th is t im e di a m o n ds h a d b e e n a tt ra cti n g m a n y e migr a n t s
to S outh A fric a chi e fly from G re a t B r i t a i n b u t a lso from
, ,
Fra n c e a n d G e r m a n y . A mo ngst th e s e e m ig ra n ts w e r e a
n um b e r of J e ws b e lo n gi n g t o a ll th r e e n a tio n a liti e s who w e r e ,
h a d com m e n c e d t o r e a ss e r t i t s cl a i m to th a t h a rb o u r i n
its b o u n d a ry t re a ty wi t h th e T r a n sv a a l i n 1 8 6 9 I n 1 8 7 0 —7 1 .
th e B ri t ish Go v e r nm e n t r a is e d i t s cl a im i n th e m a nn e r I h a v e
a l r e a dy d e scrib e d i n th e ch a pt e r o n Po r t ug u e s e A fric a I n .
1 8 7 2 Gr e a t B ri t a i n a gr e e d t o submit th e q u e s t io n a t issu e to
th e O ra ng e riv e r t h r oug h B e c h u a na l a n d to th e Z a m b e z i
, , ,
a n d w e stw a rd t o L a k e Ng a m i a n d D a m a ra l a n d D uri n g th e .
6 o s a good d e a l o f tr a d e w a s do n e i n th e l a st m e n tio n e d
’ ’
-
Europ e a n i n flu e n c e W a r s a risi ng b e tw e e n th e D a m a r a a nd
.
d e sp a tc h o f a comm issio n e r to D a m a ra l a n d by th e C a p e
Gov e r n m e n t H e r e port e d i n 1 8 7 6 i n fa vour of e xt e n di ng
.
would co n c e d e wa s th e a nn e x a ti o n o f Wa lfis h Ba y ( T w e lv e .
littl e isl e t s o ff th e S W co a st h a d b e e n a n n e x e d i n 1 8 6 7 b e
.
,
fo rb a d e th e e x t e n sio n o f a n y B ritish i n flu e n c e ov e r N a m a k wa
l a n d o r D a m a ra l a nd I n 1 8 8 3 G e rm a ny dir e ctly qu e stio ne d
.
E n gl a n d a s to w h e th e r s h e l a id cl a im to t e rritory n ort h o f th e
O ra n g e riv e r A n e va siv e r e ply wa s s e n t i n w h ic h d e l a y wa s
.
,
D a m a a is th e
2
r H o tt e n t o t na m e a pp l i e d to t h e s e b la ck B a n t u ne g ro e s ,
w h o c ll t h e ms e l v e s
a O va - he re ro , O va - m bo , e tc .
1 2 — 2
1 80 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C H A R
th e pr e s e n t da y a n d by o u r m od e rn ligh t s i n c o n c e iva bl e
, , .
Li t e ra lly th e o n ly r e a so n t h e y s e e m to h a v e h a d i n n o t p o lit e ly
de cl a ri n g t h a t S o u t h W e st A fr ic a w a s u n d e r B ritish p r o t e c t io n
-
Bu t n o t o n ly D ow n i ng S tre e t i n th e g r e a t e r d e g re e b ut th e
C a p e Gov e rn m e n t i n th e l e ss e r w a s t o bl a m e for t h i s stupid
i n a c t ivi t y Th e C a p e Gov e r n m e n t a t th a t t im e w a s di re c t e d
.
b y mi n is t e r s wh o w e r e much u n d e r p ur e ly colo n i a l i n flu e n c e ,
h a d n o v e ry s t ro n g de si r e to sp e n d th e m o n e y o f th e colo n y
i n a n n e xi n g a n d a dmi n i st e ri n g a v a st t e rr it o ry m a i n ly d e s e r t .
B e sid e s th e id e a o f G e rm a n y b e c o m i n g a colo n i a l p ow e r w a s
,
l a u gh e d a t i n th os e d a ys i n Gov e r n m e n t ci r cl e s a s a n i m p o s s i
b i l i ty
. A t l e n g t h a l l do u b t s w e re e n d e d b y th e d e cl a ra t io n
of a G e rm a n p r o t e c t o ra t e Ov e r S o u th W e st A fric a i n 1 8 8 4
-
.
th e O ra n g e r iv e r a n d s e t t l e d i n B e ch u a n a l a n d a s t e r il e ,
p l a t e a u b e t w e e n th e N a m a kw a a n d K a l a h a r i d e s e r t s o n th e
o ne h a n d a n d th e r e l a t iv e ly w e ll wa t e re d r e gi o n s of th e
,
-
T ra n sv a a l a n d Ma t a b e l e l a n d o n th e o th e r By 1 8 5 1 B ritis h .
,
w a s o n ly k n ow n fr o m th e s e a for a bo u t 5 0 0 m il e s i n l a n d .
t io n o f th e B ri t ish Go v e rn m e n t wh ich a t th a t t im e wa s m uc h
,
to e xplo re Z a m b e z i a a n d disc o v e r th e r e po r t e d L a k e Ny a s a ,
t h e n k n ow n a s L a k e Ma r a v i F o r fiv e y e a r s his e xp e di t i o n
.
t ra v e rs e d t h e s e c o u n t ri e s a d di n g imm e n s e l y to o u r g e o g ra p hic a l
,
A l t h o u gh th e P o rtug u e s e t re a t e d th e m with ki n d n e ss a n d p u t ,
1 82 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C HA R
sp h e r e o f P o rtugu e s e i n flu e n c e o n th e S h ir e so a s t o
’
th e ,
.
l e a v e th e gr e a t e r p a r t of th a t r iv e r a nd a l l Ny a s a l a n d outsid e
th e Po r t ugu e s e dom i n io n s . H a d th a t C o n go T r e a t y b e e n
r a t ifi e d th e re would pr o b a bly n e v e r h a v e b e e n th e Ny a s a
,
t h a t p rot e ctio n to th e w e st a n d n o r th a s fa r a s th e sh o re s o f
T a n g a n yik a a n d th e bo u n d a ry o f th e Co n go Fr e e S t a t e As .
Mr C e cil R h od e s a g e n ts h a d a dd e d th e r e t o th e P rot e c t o ra t e
’
“
o f th e B a ro t s e ki n gdom th e t e rm British C e n tr a l A fric a ”
,
“
A fr ic a t h a n th e r e s t ric t e d n a m e o f Ny a s a l a n d T r e a ti e s
”
.
wi th G e rm a ny ( 1 8 9 0 ) a n d P o r tug a l ( 1 8 9 1 ) h a vi n g s a n c t io n e d
t h e s e a cqu isitio n s n o r th o f th e Z a mb e z i th e a dmi nist ra t io n o f ,
m e n t — w h i c h d e cid e d to co n t rol th e m o re o rg a n i z e d t e rr i
tori e s rou n d L a k e N y a s a — a n d th e n e wly fo u n d e d B ri t i sh S out h-
A fric a C h a r te re d Comp a n y .B e tw e e n 1 8 9 5 a nd 1 8 9 8 th e
C h a rt e r e d Comp a n y di r e ct e d th e a dmi n ist ra t io n a n d p o lici ng
o f its No r t h Z a mb e z i a t e rr i t o r i e s i n d e p e n de n t ly o f th e Pro te c
o n e o f th e P r o t e c t o ra t e s o fli c i a l s t o c o n du ct i ts civil a dm i n i s
’
1
Ev e n tu a l l y it w o u l d s e e m a s t h gh th e C h t e e d C o mp n y w o u l d
ou ar r a
a dmi n ist e r R h o de si
a a n d B a o ts e l a n d n de
r u th e S o t h A f ic a n H ig h C o m
r u r
n o t h o f th e Z a mb e i wi ll b e f s e d wit h t h a t o f th e B itis h C e n t
r z u l A f ic a r ra r
P ro t e ct o a t e
r .
1x .
] Th e B r i ti s h i n A fr i c a , I ] . 1 83
m u ch h a s b e e n e ffe ct e d i n d e v e l opi n g a n d m a ki n g k n ow n
t h e s e t e rri t ori e s which a re u n h a pp ily t oo u nh e a lt h y t o a dmit
,
D u ri ng t h e s e s e v e n y e a r s th e sl a v e t ra d e h a d t o b e m e t a n d
co n qu e re d N u m e rous A r a b s from Z a n z i b a r h a d e st a bli sh e d
.
th e m s e lv e s i n Ny a s a l a n d a s sul t a n s a n d h a d Mu h a m m a da n i z e d
,
by t rib e s o f m o re o r l e ss Z u l u de sc e n t th e r e m a i n s of form e r ,
by th e S ikh s a n d fiv e g u n b o a t s m o re or l e ss work e d b y th e
, ,
o n L a k e Ny a s a M r Rh od e s b e g a n i n 1 8 9 3 h is gr e a t sch e m e
.
o f co nn e cti n g C a p e T ow n wi th C a iro by a t e l e g ra p h li n e .
I n fiv e y e a rs h e h a s a t a ny r a t e co n n e ct e d C a p e T ow n wit h
T a ng a n yik a th rough Bri t is h C e n t ra l A fric a T h e s e t e rr ito ri e s
.
n o r t h of th e Z a m b e z i h a v e prov e d p e culi a r ly fa vo u r a bl e t o th e
D u ri ng Lo r d C a rn a rv o n s pr e s e n c e a t th e Colo n i a l O ffic e
’
b e tw e e n 1 8 7 4 a n d 1 8 7 8 th a t e n lig ht e n e d st a t e sm a n e n d e a vo u r e d
to r e p e a t i n S ou t h A fric a th e succ e ss w h ich h a d a t t e n d e d hi s
c o n solid a t io n of th e No rth A m e ric a n colo n i e s i n to o n e c o n
fe d e r a t e d D o mi n io n H e s e n t o u t th e histori a n Fro u d e t o
.
s h a rply r e prim a n d e d b ut m a i n ly o wi ng to th e i n fl u e n c e of th e
, ,
Qu e e n h e w a s s e n t b a ck to h is gov e rn o r s h i p though h e wa s
, ,
s e e m e d t o b e th e right di r e ctio n w a s th e a n ne x a t io n o f th e
T ra n sv a a l Wi th t h is t e rrito ry of a bo u t
. squ a r e m il e s
i n e xt e n t i n B ri ti s h h a n ds th e r e w ould o n ly r e m a i n th e O r a n g e
Fr e e S t a t e a s a n obst a cl e t o th e u n ific a tio n o f S out h A frica .
Th e T ra n sv a a l a s a n i n d e p e n d e n t st a t e h a d b e t w e e n 1 8 5 3 a n d
1 8 7 7 com e to gri e f I t wa s b a n kr u p t a n d it w a s p ow e rl e ss
.
,
o f wh om h a d r e a l wro n gs to a ve ng e M o re ov e r i t wa s .
,
n i n g of 1 8 7 7 .
a n d a h a lf y e a r s o f e xc e ll e n t wo r k w a s clo u de d by u n m e r it e d ,
m isfo rt u n e T h e Zul u p o w e r to th e e a st o f N a t a l h a d b e e n
.
B a rtl e F r e re w a s i n n o w a y a n sw e ra b l e fo r t h e s e m is t a k e s i n a
c a mp a ig n w h ich w a s e v e n t u a lly com pl e t e ly succ e ss fu l his ,
Fr e r e wa s r e c a ll e d .
T h e B o e r s t a ki n g a dv a n t a g e of B ritish discou ra g e m e n t a n d
,
th e ch a ng e of g o v e r n m e n t i n E n gl a n d r os e a n d d e m a n d e d
,
t h e i r i nd e p e n d e n c e I t w a s r e fu s e d b y Mr Gl a dsto n e s
’
.
w i th th e r e s u l t I h a v e d e t a il e d i n Ch a p t e r I V A s to th e a fte r
.
h is t o ry of Zul u l a n d i t m a y b e b ri e fly s u mm a ri z e d a s foll o ws
,
.
, , ,
a n i n su rr e c t io n a n d w a s e xil e d to S t H e l e n a T h e cou n t ry .
w a s th e n gov e r n e d m o r e o r l e ss a s a B ri t is h p r ot e cto ra t e b y
th e a bl e S i r Ma rsh a ll Cl a rk e a n d i n co n ne c t i o n w i t h th e colo n y
o f N a ta l . I n 1 8 8 7 B ritish prot e c t io n w a s e xt e n d e d ov e r
A m a to n g a l a n d u p to th e Portugu e s e b o u n d a ry a n d i n 1 8 9 5 ,
A s w a s r e l a t e d i n C h a pt e r I V th e D u t ch R e public o f th e
,
T ra n sv a a l soo n a ft e r r e co v e ri ng i t s i n d e p e n d e n c e s o u gh t to
i n v a de a n d a b so r b B e ch u a n a l a n d b u t th e e xp e ditio n u n d e r
,
S i r C h a rl e s W a rre n p u t a n e n d to t h e ir h o p e s i n th a t di r e c t io n ,
a nd a cl e a r p a t h wa s m a d e fo r th e B r i tish n or t h w a rds to
th e Z a mb e z i I n th e e a rly 7 o s e xplo ra t io n s o f m e n lik e
’ ’
.
,
B a i n e s a n d th e G e r m a n K a r l Ma uch h a d r e v e a l e d th e
e xis t e n c e o f gold i n th e cou n t r i e s b e tw e e n th e Limpopo a n d
d a ti o n of th e m i n e s a t Ki mb e rl e y a nd h a d a cqui r e d gr e a t
w e a lth a n d a p ositio n o f p olitic a l im p o r t a n c e a t th e C a p e ,
'
h a d i n t e r e st e d h ims e lf firs tly i n th e s e t tl e m e n t o f th e B e chu a n a
Qu e stio n with th e B o e rs ; a n d w h e n B e c h u a n a l a n d h a d b e e n
d e cl a r e d a B ri tish p rot e cto ra t e h i s t h oughts tur n e d to th e
p ossibility o f gold b e yo n d ; for th e gold discov e ri e s i n th e
T r a n sv a a l w e re b e gi nn i n g t o m a k e a gold e n S out h A fri c a
d a w n o n m e n s im a gi n a tio n s H e d e sp a tc h e d e nvoys t o
’
.
up o r a b so rb e d t h e s e rights a nd i n 1 8 8 8 b e ga n to t h i n k o f
,
ob t a i ni n g a ch a r t e r from th e I mp e r i a l Gov e rn m e n t wh ic h
woul d e n a bl e th e C om p a ny h e i n t e n d e d to form to gov e rn
S ou t h C e n tr a l A fric a
-
A t o n e tim e h e s e e m s to h a v e t h oug h t
.
t h a t th e D e B e e rs di a m o n d m i n i ng comp a n y s h ould r e c e iv e
t h is c h a rt e r a n d p e rfo rm th e s e fu n cti o n s fo r wh e n h e h a d ,
Mr R h od e s a mbitio n s t h e n cross e d th e Z a mb e z i a n d h e
’
,
1
A e b e ll i o u s G e ne ra l o f C ha k a s o ft e n k n o w n by h is B e c hu a n a n a m e
r
’
, ,
Mo s ili k a ts i .
”
1 88 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R
co -
op e r a t e d wit h th e p r e s e n t writ e r i n e st a blis h i ng B ri tis h i n
fl u e n c e u p to T a n g a n yik a F o r s e v e r a l y e a rs h is Comp a n y
.
to T a ng a n yik a I n 1 8 9 1 Mr R h o d e s comm e n c e d th e o rg a n
.
i z a ti o n o f th e E a st C o a st Rout e from Ma sh o n a l a n d to th e s e a ,
M a sh o na l a n d a nd o n th e E a st o f Ma t a b e l e l a nd w e r e fou n d e d
b e tw e e n 1 8 9 1 a n d 1 8 93 I n th e l a st na m e d y e a r th e Ma t a b e l e
.
-
Lo b e n gul a fl e d a n d di e d s o o n a ft e r h e h a d c ross e d th e
,
o f Rh od e si a proc e e d e d a p a c e Mr Rh od e s h a d si n c e 1 8 90
.
b e e n Pr e mi e r o f C a p e C o lo n y h e w a s h igh i n fa vour wi t h ,
Z a m b e z i w h e n h e m a d e th e fa t a l m is t a k e o f o rg a n i z i n g a r a id
i n t o th e T ra n sv a a l S i n c e t h e n h is sp e ci a l provi n c e h a s u n de r
.
to a t o n e fo r h is o n e mi st a k e b y th e e n orm ous p e cu n i a ry
s a c r ific e s h e h a s m a d e i n p ushi n g o n th e r a ilwa y to B e ir a
a n d th e Z a mb e z i a n d i n co n s t r uc t i n g th e t e l e gr a p h li n e from
,
a n d h e m a y ye t pl a y a g r e a t p a r t i n S ou t h A fr ic a .
A ft e r d e a li n g wi th such st r ik i ng e v e n ts ,
such pot e n t
C H A PT E R X .
G R EA T E X PL O RE R S .
ch a pt e rs I h a v e s e e m e d to d e a l r a th e r wi t h g e og ra phic a l dis
c o v e r i e s th a n wit h p olitic a l s e ttl e m e n t
. Bu t a s t h e r e i s m uc h
e xplo ri n g wo rk wh ic h h a s n o t b e e n dir e ctly co n n e ct e d wi t h
r a t io n of gr e a t e xplor e rs wh o s e wo rk h a s p r ov e d t o b e a n
i n di r e ct c a u s e o f th e u l t im a t e Eu rop e a n co n trol n o w e st a blis h e d
ov e r n e a r ly a ll A fri ca .
by th e Egyp t i a n Ph a ra oh N e ch o ( s o n o f Ps a m m e ti k) a bout
6 0 0 B C t o ci rc u m n a vig a t e A fric a
. . . We o n ly r e c e iv e our k n ow
l e dg e of th e m th r o u g h H e r odotus who de riv e d h is i n fo rm a tio n
,
C a m b ys e s th e P e rsi a n ki ng wh o i n v a d e d Egyp t i n 5 2 5 B C
,
. .
,
i s s a i d to h a v e lost h is li fe i n e nd e a v o uri ng to t ra c e th e
cou r s e of th e Nil e h e a n d hi s a rmy h a vi ng dis a pp e a r e d i n
,
th e de s e rts o f Upp e r Nu b i a . A b o ut 5 2 0 B C .H a nn o th e
.
C H AP . x .
] Gr e a t E xpl o r e r s . 191
C a rt h a gi n i an a s a lr e a dy r e l a t e d i n C h a p t e r I co n duct e d a n
, ,
e xp e di t io n rou n d th e W e st co a st of A fr ic a w h ic h p e n e tr a t e d ,
a b o ut a s fa r south a s th e co n fi n e s o f Li b e ri a .
Cyr e n e i n 2 7 6 B C b e c a m e th e li b ra ri a n o f o n e of th e Ptol e m i e s
. .
,
a Gr e e k bor n i n 2 0 4 B C
,
e xplo r e d m uc h o f th e N o r t h co a st
. .
,
T h e c e l e b ra t e d S t ra bo fl ou r ish e d duri n g th e r e ig n o f
A u gustus C ae s a r a n d wrot e a g re a t w o rk o n g e ogr a phy a bout
,
h is k n owl e dg e o f th e Cy re na ic a wa s limit e d to a j ou rn e y
a lo n g th e co a st N e ro s e n t two c e nturio n s ( a ccordi n g to
.
stopp e d b y i mm e n s e m a ss e s o f flo a t i n g v e g e t a tio n ( th e
T hough Pli ny th e Eld e r do e s n o t a pp e a r to h a v e visit e d
‘
t h a n a t r ip to A l e x a nd r i a a n d vi si t s to th e p o r ts a lo n g th e
B a rb a ry co a st h e n e v e r th e l e ss did m uc h to coll e ct a n d e di t
,
1
P l i n i u s S e c u ndu s : b o n a t V e ro na o r C o m o A D 2 3
C a i ns r . . . His
g e o gra p h ic l p u b l ic a ti o n o r N a t r a l H i t j w a s p u b l ishe d ( s ys
a u s oz / a Sir
E B n b ry ) i n A D 7 7
. u u . . .
1 9 2 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C H A R
A b ou t th e m iddl e of th e s e co n d c e n t u ry o f th e Ch risti a n
E ra t h e r e flo u rish e d i n Egyp t th e fa mous g e og ra p h e r c a ll e d
Cl a udius P t ol e m ae u s b e tt e r k n ow n to u s a s Ptol e my T h oug h
,
.
’
N il e l a k e s o f th e E a s t A fr ic a n co a st a n d of th e S a h a r a D e s e r t
,
a re th e n e a r e st a pp r o a ch t o a c t u a li t y of a ny g e og ra p h e r b e fo re
th e M uh a mm a d a n e p och .
Wi t h th e d e cli n e o f th e Rom a n E m p ir e c a m e a c e ss a t io n o f
a l l g e ogr a ph ic a l e xp lor a t io n a n d th e r e w a s n o r e v iv a l u n t il th e
,
I b n H a u k a l i n th e 1 0 th c e n t u ry a n d oth e r A r a b t ra v e ll e rs
,
th e i r j o u rn e y s i nfo r m a t io n e m b o di e d i n th e m a p o f I d ris o r
Ed ri si dra w n up b y a S icili a n S a ra c e n g e ogra ph e r fo r C o u n t
Ro b e r t of S icily i n th e 1 2 th c e n t u ry By t h e s e j o u r n e ys th e
.
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l e a v e a h ost a g e wi th th e J a ga s l e ft B a tt e l b e h i n d a n d i n th e
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a llow e d by th e J a g a s to l e a v e t h e m a n d r e t u r n to his o w n l a n d .
g a m e which p e n e t ra t e s th e i n t e ri o r o f B e n gu e l a from th e so u t h .
A t th e com m e n c e m e n t of th e 1 7 t h c e n t u ry Willi a m Li t h ,
gow a S cotti sh t ra v e ll e r vi si te d T u n i s a n d A lg e r i a I n 1 6 1 8
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by wh ich h e h a d com e from E n gl a n d w a s s e i z e d a n d th e ,
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r e s e n t e d th i s i n v a sio n o f t h e ir sp e ci a l dom a i n T h o m p so n .
m a n a g e d to s e n d b a ck wo rd o f h i s di ffic u l t i e s a nd th e C omp a n y ,
o f A dv e n t u r e r s s e n t out a n o t h e r sm a ll s h ip A ft e r s e n di n g h e r
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dist a n c e o f a bo u t 8 0 m il e s a bov e th e m o u t h o f th e G a m b i a .
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n o t io n s a n d i s s u pp os e d to h a v e b e e n kill e d b y th e n a tiv e s
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two ship s i n 1 6 2 0 h e s a il e d u p th e G a mbi a to a pl a c e c a ll e d
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p o ra ti o n s o f B ru e a nd C a m pa g n o n gio n j ourn e ys i n th e sa m e re ,
wh i c h h a v e b e e n r e fe rr e d to i n Ch a p t e r VI I Duri n g th e .
n a m e d V e r m u yde n a ss e r t e d t h a t h e h a d a sc e n d e d th e G a m bi a
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S t a t e s wh ich h a d b e e n r e c e iv e d si n c e t h e y b e c a m e Mu h a m
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a rr iv e d a t wh a t h e b e li e v e d to b e th e so u r c e s o f th e N il e but ,
wh ic h r e a lly w e re th e h e a d wa t e rs o f th e B lu e Nil e to th e ,
a n d th e N u b i a n D e s e r t to C a i ro I n 1 7 93 Willi a m G e o rg e .
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fi rst i t wa s t h o u gh t t h a t th e Nig e r w a s th e G a m b i a o r S e n e g a l ,
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th e u n k n ow n from S i e r ra L e o n e M a j o r H o u gh t o n wh o .
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w a y t o T imbuktu ; b u t h e w a s i n t e rc e p t e d b y th e M oors o f th e
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s e t o u t o n a j our n e y t o B o rn u a n d w a s n e v e r h e a r d o f ,
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s e rvic e s of a yo u ng S c o t c h su rg e o n n a m e d M u ngo P a rk a n d ,
M u n go P a rk s t a r t e d a t th e a g e o f 2 4 h a vi n g h a d a p r e vi o u s ,
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o u t from S a n s a n di n g ( wh e n c e th e y s e n t b a ck to th e G a mbi a
t h e ir l e tt e r s a n d j o u rn a ls ) t o t ra c e th e Nig e r to its m outh .
M u ngo P a r k w a s n e v e r h e a rd from a ny m o re I t w a s a s c e r .
A fte r M u n go P a rk e n t e re d th e H a us a sp e a ki n g c o u n tri e s of
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e xplo re d N a m a k w a l a n d wi t h i n a v e ry sh o r t dist a n c e o f th e
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from th e N a m a kw a co u n t ry t o th e m ou t h o f th e O ra ng e riv e r ,
wh a t th e Du t ch h a d h i t h e r to c a ll e d th e G re a t ( G r o ot e ) riv e r ‘
th e B e c h u a n a c o u n t ry to th e vici n i ty o f L a k e Ng a mi .
II . I t m a y b e su ffici e n t t o m e n tio n h e r e th a t Dr de L a c e rd a
tra v e ll e d up th e Z a mb e z i to T e t e a n d fro m T e t e n ort h , ,
w h ich h e di e d H e h a d b e e n pr e c e d e d by two Go a ne s e o f th e
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n a m e o f P e r e i ra I n th e b e gi n n i n g o f th e pr e s e n t c e n tu ry two
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cou n t ry n e a r La k e M w e ru a n d i n 1 8 4 6 a Po rtugu e s e
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o u r k n owl e dg e o f th e gr e a t A fr ic a n fa u na M offa t a n d ot h e r .
A ft e w a ds S i W ill i a m C H a ris H e e xp l o re d S ho a (S o u t h o f
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o f th e G o v e rn m e n t o f I ndi a wit h th e Ki n g o f S h o a .
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m i ssio na ri e s e xt e n d e d o u r k n owl e dg e o f B e chu a na l a n d A nga s
illustr a t ed Zulul a n d M aj o r V a rd o n e xplo re d th e Lim pop o .
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u nh a ppily e n d e d i n th e d e a t h o f a ll th e Eu rop e a n s T h e .
m a ny of h is s u rv e ys a r e still i n u s e .
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th e Nig e r migh t fin d it s u ltim a t e o u tl e t to th e s e a i n th e r iv e r
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e a st e r n a n d s o u th e r n sh or e s of L a k e C h a d a n d di scov e r e d th e ,
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th e e xc e p t io n of hi s i n v a lu a bl e s e rv a n t R ich a rd L a n d e r .
th e N ig e r a t th e B u s a R a p ids n e a r wh e re P a rk a n d h i s ,
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th a t h e w e n t th e re a t a ll Wh a t h e sh o u ld h a v e d o n e o n .
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p a g e fo o tm a n a n d va l e t I n this l a st na m e d c a p a ci t y h e h a d
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j ou rn e y e d o n th e c o n ti n e n t o f Eur o p e a n d i n S o u t h A fric a
b e fo r e a cco mp a n yi n g C lap p e rto n Wh e n h e r e t u r n e d to
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En gl a n d h is s to ry did n o t a ro us e much i n t e r e s t a s A rc t i c ,
fa r b a ck a s 1 8 0 8 R e ich a r dt o f W e im a r h a d s u gg e st e d t h a t th e
Nig e r r e a ch e d th e A tl a n t ic i n th e G u lf o f Gui n e a th ro u gh th e
O il riv e r s L a t e r o n J a m e s Mc Q u e e n wh o a s a W e s t I n di a n
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n a te l y fe ll i n to th e p o w e r o f a l a rg e fl e e t o f I b o w a r c a n o e s .
e n o u gh w e re fou n d with th is fl e e t H ow e v e r th e ki n g Of
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vi siti n g th e I b o c h i e f a n d a gr e e d to ra n s o m th e L a n d e r
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to r e p a y to th e ki n g th e v a l u e o f th e goods whic h h e h a d
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m ou t h o f th e B ra ss r iv e r o n e o f th e c o n fl u e n ts o f th e Nig e r
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th e c a pt a i n to h o n o u r t h e ir bi ll th e a m ou n t o f which th e
Go v e rn m e n t wo u l d r e p a y him T o t h e ir a m a z e m e nt h e re .
th a t it i s a pi t y h i s n a m e h a s n o t b e e n p re s e rv e d fo r i n fa m y
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tr a v e ll e d a n d th e m a st e r of which t re a t e d t h e m so b a dly wa s
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a fte rw a r ds c a p t ur e d by a pir a t e a n d n e v e r h e a r d of a g a i n .
N O g re a t fu ss wa s m a d e o v e r L a n d e r wh e n h e re t ur n e d i n
1 831 .H e a ft e rw a r ds j oi n e d th e Ma c Gre g o r L a i r d e xp e di t io n
for Op e n i n g up th e N ig e r T hi s com m e rci a l u n d e rt a ki n g m e t
.
L a ird n e v e rt h e l e ss su cc e e d e d i n discov e r i ng th e B e n u e a n d ,
a sc e n d e d it fo r s o m e dis t a n c e I n 1 8 3 3 L a n d e r a nd Dr .
Nig e r L a n d e r w a s a tt a ck e d by s a v a g e s i n th e d e l t a a n d wa s ,
s e v e re ly w o u n d e d dyi n g fro m h is wo u n ds a t F e r n a n d o PO o n
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th e 6 th o f F e b ru a ry 1 8 3 4 ,
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th e B ri t ish G o v e r n m e n t h a d s e n t o u t v a rio u s s u r v e yi n g p a r ti e s
co a sts o f T ripoli a n d B a rk a i n 1 8 2 1 a n d 1 8 2 2 a n d s e n t b a ck ,
H e w a s a pp o i n t e d t o b e th e h e a d of t h is ov e rl a n d e xp e ditio n
o f 1 8 4 9 a n d a ssoci a t e d wi t h h im w e r e two G e r m a n s B a r th a n d
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.
1 8 2 1 . H e h a d t ra v e ll e d e x t e n siv e ly i n A si a M i n or i n ,
T h is e xp e di t i o n l e ft T ripoli i n th e sp ri n g o f 1 8 5 0 a n d ,
ne a r La ke C ha d O ve r w e g di e d i n 1 8 5 2 h a vi ng b e e n th e
.
,
fi r st E u ro p e a n t o n a vig a t e L a k e C h a d H e wa s b u ri e d o n
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.
fr om L a k e Ch a d a lo n g th e r i v e r K o m a du g u a n d th e n c e a c r oss ,
n o r th e r n H a u s a l a n d to th e Nig e r a t S a y F rom S a y h e cu t
.
r iv e r b a ck to S a y a n d th e n c e t o S ok o t o
,
fro m which h e m a d e
,
n o n c o mmissio n e d o ffic e rs o f th e R oy a l E n gi n e e r s
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wh o h a d ,
b e e n s e n t by th e B ri t ish Go v e r n m e n t to r e i n fo r c e h i s e xp e di
t io n B a rth h a d p re vi o u sly i n 1 8 5 1 m a d e a j o u rn e y du e
.
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I n a p t e n t c o ll psib l e b o a t
a a .
x .
] Gr e a t E xp lo r e r s . 2 0 7
a nd e v e n tu a lly to m a k e h is w a y t o th e Nil e H e w a s a c c o m .
a n i e d by Co r p or a l Ma c Gu i r e but th e two qu a rr e ll e d a n d
p ,
p a rt e d a n d bo t h w e r e m u rd e r e d i n th e vici n i t y of W a d a i D r
,
.
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b a ck a cr os s th e d e s e r t to T ripoli a nd E n gl a n d B a rth s .
j ou r n e y w a s prod u ct iv e of a lm o st m or e solid i n fo rm a ti o n th a n
a n d h is v a ri o us li n g u ist i c works o n th e C e n t ra l S ud a n l a n g u a g e s
r e p r e s e n t a n a m o u n t Of i nfo rm a t io n th a t h a s n o t b e e n suf
fic i e n tl y dig e st e d ye t H e n ry B a rth st a n ds i n th e fi r st r a nk o f
.
T h om so n ; m e n wh o h a v e n o t o n ly m a d e g re a t g e ogr a phic a l
di scov e ri e s b u t wh o h a v e e n rich e d u s a s w e ll wi th th a t i n form a
ti o n w h ic h clo t h e s th e dry bo n e s of th e m e r e d e li n e a tio n o f
riv e rs l a k e s a n d m o u n t a i n s
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d e l a y h e wa s c r e a t e d a C B a n d t h e n h is e xist e n c e wa s
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ig n o re d by th e G o v e r n m e n t to wh om s t ill a nd fo r m a ny y e a r s
, ,
h u n d re d s o f th o u s a n ds of squ a r e m il e s of v a l u a bl e t e r ri t o ry
w a s i n fi n it e ly l e ss w o rthy o f r e m e mbr a n c e th a n a C h a r g e
d A ffa i re s a t th e c o u r t of th e G ra n d D uk e o f Pum p e rn ick e l
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.
j our n e ys t h i t h e r u n t il 1 8 6 9 I n 1 8 3 0 th e Ch u r ch M issio n a ry
.
th e m l a t t e rly such m e n a s Kr a p f a n d R e b m a n n Bu t th e s e .
a g e n t s w e re e xp e ll e d i n 1 8 4 2 a n d s e ttl e d o n th e e a st c o a st o f
,
1
His na m e is sp e l t by th e F re n c h Ma r do ch e e
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qu a r te r s Kra pf a nd R e bm a nn e x e c u t e d som e r e m a rk a bl e
'
D u ri n g th e 3 o s A b yssi n i a a n d S ho a w e re e xplor e d by
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R ii p p e l ( a G e rm a n t ra v e ll e r wh o a dd e d g re a tly t o o u r k n o w
l e dge of A fric a n n a t u ra l h is t ory ) ; d u ri n g th e 4 o s a n d 5 o s ’ ’ ’ ’
L e F é b v re M a n sfi e l d P a rki n s H D ufto n a n d th e g e o g ra ph e r
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C T B e k e I n 1 8 5 6 Mr J a m e s H a mil to n m a d e a most
. . .
h a d s e t tl e d i n B e ch u a n a l a n d i n 1 8 4 1 a n d h a d gr a du a lly ,
e x t e n de d his j o u rn e ys fu r t h e r a nd fu r th e r n or t h u n til i n , ,
m e n h e discov e r e d L a k e Ng a mi
,
Mr Fr a n cis G a l t o n h a d .
v e ry di ffi c u l t j o u r n e y t hroug h D a m a ra l a n d ; b ut h e did n o t
succ e e d i n g e t t i n g n e a re r t o Ng a mi t h a n th e b e d of a dri e d u p -
w a t e rco u rs e th e O m a ra m b a A n d e rsso n a S w e d e h ow e v e r i n
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m a n a g e d to a r ri v e a t th e s h o re s o f Ng a mi G re e n e xp lo re d .
th e low e r cou r s e o f th e O k a b a ng o T e o g e i n 1 8 5 6 In 1 85 1 -
.
Mr O sw e ll re a ch e d th e Z a mb e z i a t S e s h e k e F e e li ng him s e lf
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n o t h a vi n g m a d e a ny surv e y o f th e v a st l a k e t h e y b e li e v e d
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m e n t A mo ngst th e m issio na ri e s wa s D r Ig na ti u s K no b l e c h e r
.
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n a m e d A n d re a D e b o n o a n d a V e n e ti a n n a m e d Giov a nn i Mi a n i
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l e ss i n th e r e gio n o f th e B a hr a l Gh a z a l a n d th e Ny a m ny a m
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r e li e vi n g S p e k e a n d G ra n t b ut by som e a ccid e n t h e fa il e d to
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do so O n o n e o f h is l a t e r j our n e ys h e wa s a ccomp a n i e d by
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e xplor e r o f th e s e r e gio n s h ow e v e r n e xt to S p e k e a n d Gr a nt
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t a ri e s o f th e Nil e A ft e r l e a vi ng S p e k e a n d Gra n t to co n ti n u e
.
th e bl a n ks i n t h e i r discov e ri e s T h e Nil e wa s r e a ch e d i n th e
.
e n tr a n c e a n d th e e xit of th e N il e fr om th e A lb e rt Ny a n z a w e r e
r e a ch e d W h e n B a k e r r e tur ne d to Lo n do n h e wa s k nig h t e d
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fo r th e discov e ri e s h e h a d m a d e T h e A lb e rt Ny a n z a wa s
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r iv e r S h ir e wa s e xplor e d a n d L a k e Ny a s a wa s discov e r e d a n d
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A g e nt a t Z a nz ib a r a n d m a ny e xpl o r a tio n s a lo ng th e E a st co a st
of A fric a h a v e c a us e d h is n a m e to b e imp e ris h a bly co nn e ct e d
wit h t h a t p a rt of th e co n ti n e n t .
fe w e xc e p ti o n s P a n e t a Fr e n chm a n i n 1 8 5 0 t ra v e ll e d ov e r
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l a n d a lo ng th e Sa h a ra co a st fr om S t Louis a t th e mout h of th e ,
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to Ba ng we o l o which l a k e s a nd r iv e r h e disco v e r e d i n 1 8 6 8
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th e M a ny e m a cou n t ry e a stw a rd to Ny a n gw e o n th e Lu a l a b a ,
Mr H M S t a n l e y w h o h a d b e e n s e n t out by th e N e w Var é
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b e e n d e sp a tch e d to h is r e li e f O ne u n d e r Li e ut e na n t Gr a ndy
.
2 14 Th e C o lo n i z a ti o n f
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1 86
9 N a c h ti g a l h a lt e d a t first i n F e z z an a nd fr o m t h a t cou n try
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r e gi o n i n th e v e ry m iddl e o f th e S a h a r a D e s e r t H e wa s th e .
Be u rm a nn h a d b e e n m u rd e r e d i n 1 8 6 3 w h e n s e a rc hi n g fo r
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ric h e st h e ir e ss i n th e N e th e rl a nds S h e h e r m ot h e r an d h e r .
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I n 1 8 6 1 t h e y a sc e n d e d th e Nil e a s fa r a s th e S ob a t Riv e r In .
1
For it m u st no t be fo r g o tt e n th a t Livingst o n e S a m u e l B a k e r , ,
P e t h e rick a nd Mo n t e i ro w e re a cc o mp a n i e d by t h e i r wiv e s o n m a n y o f t he i r
j o u rn e ys .
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a n d h e rs e lf T h e y s e t o u t to e xplo re th e B a h r al Gh a z a l a n d
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p a n i e d e v e n by Eu r op e a n l a di e s m a ids a n d 2 0 0 s e rv a n ts
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through fe v e r h e r m ot h e r h e r a u n t a n d o n e o f th e Ge rm a n
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s h e a tt a c h e d h e rs e lf t o N ac h ti g al s e xp e diti o n a s fa r a s Mur z uk
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a tt a ck e d by th e T a wa r e q o f th e S a h a r a a n d m u r d e r e d ; fo r it ,
wa s s u p p os e d t h a t th e i ro n w a t e r t a n ks c a r ri e d o n c a m e ls w e r e
full of t re a s u r e W h a t b e c a m e o f th e u n fort u n a t e m a ids e rva n ts
.
s h e h a d wi t h h e r h istory do e s n o t r e l a t e
, T h e y p r ob a bly l e d .
A frica i n th e 6 o s a nd tr a v e ll e d i n l a n d to th e sourc e o f th e
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h a d b e e n a pp oi n t e d C o n sul a t F e r n a n do PO a sc e n d e d th e ,
th e C o ngo b e tw e e n 1 8 6 0 a n d 1 8 6 4 T h e M a rquis de C om .
s i de ra b ly i n cr e a s e d o u r k n owl e dg e of th e C a m e roo n s .
’
a n d th e D a i ly Te l eg rap h to compl e t e Livi ngsto n e s e xplo ra
tion s of th e U n k n ow n Riv e r I n 1 8 7 5 h e st a rt e d o n t h a t
.
b e th e Co ngo , a n d e m e rg e d o n th e A tl a n tic O c e a n .
P a ulo de Lo a n d a i n 1 8 7 7 S e rp a Pi nto j ou rn e y e d i n z ig z a gs to
,
th e Z a m b e z i a n d d e sc e n d e d th a t r iv e r to th e Ba ru ts e cou n t ry
, ,
th a t riv e r to i ts so u rc e t ra v e ll e d a lo n g th e w a t e r p a rti n g b e
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-
tw e e n th e Za mb e z i a n d th e Co n g o a n d t h e n tu rn e d s o uthw a rds
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a g a i n t o th e Za m b e z i a n d so o u t t o th e I n di a n O c e a n
, .
e n d of th e l a k e a n d i n th e S h ir e H ig h l a n ds a n d e xplor e d m a n y ,
Mohr ( G e rm a n s ) h a d e xp lo re d M a sh o na l a nd a nd h a d dis ,
A r e m a rk a bl e j our n e y w a s m a d e i n 1 8 7 8 —9 by Dr
R W F e lki n wh o with o ne o r m or e m issio n a ry comp a n io n s
. .
,
th e R e v C T Wilso n ) i n 1 8 8 1 fr om Ug a n d a v i a th e W h it e
. . .
T h e r e tu rn of C a m e ro n a n d th e subs e qu e n t succ e ss o f
S t a n l e y h a d c a us e d th e Ki ng of th e B e lgi a n s to b e com e
i n t e n s e ly i n t e r e st e d i n th e e xp l o ra tio n of A frica a t first n o , ,
s e ctio ns a nd w h a t th e Ki ng o f th e B e l gi a n s h a d i n t e n d e d
,
S t a n l e y wa s s e n t b a ck to th e Co n go a t th e e xp e n s e o f a sm a l l
com mitt e e — e v e n tu a lly a t th e sol e c h a rg e o f th e Ki n g o f th e
B e lgi a n s Whi lst h e wa s by d e gr e e s r e a sc e n di ng th e Co ngo
.
comi ng ou t a t Z a nz ib a r a n d a t th e Z a mb e z i .
I n 1 8 7 9 Dr O sk a r L e n z wh o h a d p r e viously e xplor e d th e
,
1
Th e a u t h o r a nd D r C ro ss disc o v e r e d th e s o u t h e nd o f t h is l a k e
in 1 889
.
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T h e c e l e b r a t e d hu n t e r o f big g a m e Mr F C S e lous n o t o n ly ,
. .
,
( K a t a n ga ) a n d r e a chi n g th e w e s t co a st a t B e ngu e l a I n 1 8 8 4 .
Li e u t e n a n t Gi ra ud a F r e n c h m a n m a d e a n i n t e re s t i n g j ou rn e y
, ,
to L a k e Ba ng w e o l o wh ich h e wa s th e first Eu r op e a n to m a p
,
a ccom p a n i e d by th e p r e s e n t writ e r e xp lo r e d th e R iv e r K u n e n e, ,
i n S o uth W e st A fric a
-
S ubs e qu e n tly th e a ut h or of t h is book
.
r e t u rn j ou rn e y to E n gl a n d vi si t e d t h a t littl e k n ow n p a rt o f
A fr ic a P o r t ugu e s e Gui ne a
,
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.
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, ,
co u n t ry s e p a ra t i ng th e M omb a s a li t to ra l from th e e a s t co a st o f
th e Victo ri a Ny a n z a b e tw e e n th e two gr e a t s n ow mou n t a i n s
,
R e b m a n n s r e p orts h a d b e e n t h oro u gh ly m a pp e d by B a ro n v o n
’
de r D e ck e n it h a d a lso b e e n a sc e n d e d n e a rly to th e s n ow l e v e l
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Ny a nz a .
u p — i n th e gr e a t b e n d o f th e Nige r a n d b e h i n d th e C a m e roo n s ,
.
a m o n g th e s e w as C a p t a i n B i n g e r wh o w a s th e first to m a k e ,
C h a d a n d T rip ol i T h e g a p b e tw e e n th e b a si n o f th e
Co ngo a n d L a k e C h a d wa s p a rtly fill e d up by th e e xp lora tio n s
o f C ra mp e l D yb o ws k i Ma ist re
, Ge n til a n d ot h e r F r e n ch
, , ,
t ra v e ll e rs .
m a pp e d L a k e Mw e ru disc o v e r e d th e l a rg e s a lt m a rs h b e
,
1
B m a nn m a de a c are f l e x mi na ti o n o f th e m o u n t a in o s c o u n t ry o f
au u a u
Us a mb a a i n E a st A fric a a nd m a pp e d th e l an ds d e w e st o f th e Vict o i a
r , u r
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x .
] Gr e a t E xp lo r e r s . 2 2 3
o f L a k e Ba ng we o l o b y Mr Po u le tt W e a th e rl e y M Lio n e l . .
C a p e T ow n Ov e rl a nd to th e Wh it e Nil e by wa y o f L a k e s ,
A fric a fo r b ot a n ic a l purp os e s .
H a rra r i n th e 5 o s ’
A t th e b e gi nn i n g o f th e 8 o s its e x
’
.
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M us e um t ra v e ll e d t o L a k e B a ri n go a n d K e n i a w h ic h m ou n t a i n
, ,
A m e r ic a n ) tr a v e ll e d ov e r th e s e cou n t ri e s b e tw e e n S om a lil a n d
a n d B a n tu E a st A fri c a bri n gi n g b a ck much n e w i n form a tio n
, , .
h ig h e st m ou n t a i n i n A fric a th e A lb e rt Edwa rd Ny a nz a ( o n e
,
Ny a nz a .
u p — i n th e gr e a t b e n d of th e Nig e r a n d b e h i n d th e C a m e roo n s ,
.
Mo rg e n Ku n d a n d T a pp e n b e ck Vo n S t e tti n U e c h tri tz a n d
, , ,
C a m e roo n s a n d th e B e n u e w a t e r sh e d o r tr a c e d th e cours e ,
th e s e a o n th e so u t h sid e of th e C a m e r oo n s e stu a ry Dr .
a mo n g th e s e w a s C a p t a i n B i n g e r w h o w a s th e first to m a k e ,
k n ow n m u c h o f th e co u n t ry b e tw e e n th e Upp e r Nig e r a n d th e
Gui n e a co a st a n d C olo ne l Mo n t e il w h o tra v e ll e d a cross fr om
, ,
C h a d a nd T rip oli T h e g a p b e tw e e n th e b a si n o f th e
Co ngo a n d La k e C h a d wa s p a rtly fill e d up by th e e xp lora tio n s
o f C ra mp e l D yb o ws ki Ma ist re G e n til a n d ot h e r F r e n ch
, , , ,
t ra v e ll e rs .
m a pp e d L a k e Mw e ru disc o v e r e d th e l a rg e s a lt m a rs h b e
,
1
B u m an n m a de a c a re f l e x mi na ti o n o f th e m o u n t a i no s c o u nt ry o f
a u a u
N ya n az .
2 2 4 Th e C o l o ni z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
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.
Inthis r e vi e w of e xp lo re rs m a ny na m e s h a v e b e e n omitt e d ,
a n d on ly th e l e a di n g j ou rn e ys h a v e b e e n touc h e d o n A gr e a t
.
B E LG I A N A F R I C A .
I T h as b e e n a lre a dy r e l a t e d i n th e pr e c e di n g c h a p t e r h o w
th e g e og ra phic a l a r dour of th e Ki ng o f th e B e lgi a n s r e sult e d
th e s a m e t im e th e y a dmi t t e d i n t o th e i r t e rr i t o ri e s th e t r a d e r s
wh o w o ul d b e s e n t o u t by t h is commi t t e e which w a s i n ,
Mr S t a n l e y a pp e a r s to h a v e b e e n u n d e r th e impr e ssio n t h a t
th e fi n a l p r ot e c t o ra t e o v e r th e c e n tr a l C o n go w o u ld b e a B r itish
o n e ; u n til 1 8 8 4 fe w p e opl e s e e m e d to thi n k th a t th e Ki n g o f
th e B e lgi a n s w o u ld m a k e him s e lf th e s o v e re ig n of th e C o n g o .
I n th e e a rly y e a rs of th e 8 0 s a ki n d o f A ngl o F r e n ch du e l
’ ’
-
h a d t a k e n pl a c e o n th e C o n go D e Br a z z a re pr e s e n t i ng th e
,
F r e n ch i n t e r e s t a n d S t a n l e y th e E n glish Wh e n it b e ga n to
.
I S
2 2 6 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
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o n A fr ic a n a f fa i rs wa s co n v e n e d a t B e rli n th e first of a lo n g ,
s e ri e s o f a c t io n s t a k e n j oi n tly by th e o th e r st a t e s o f Eu r op e
t o ch e ck th e e xt e n si o n o f B ri t is h i n fl u e n c e .
A t th e B e r li n Co n fe re n c e of 1 8 8 4 —5 th e C o ngo F r e e S t a t e
w a s r e cog n i z e d b y a ll th e l e a di n g p ow e r s of Eu r op e a s a
sov e re ign st a t e with th e Ki n g Of th e B e lgi a n s a t i t s h e a d .
B e for e givi ng h e r co n s e n t h ow e v e r F ra n c e is s a id to h a v e
, ,
th e B e lgi a n s a l a rg e p o r t io n o f w e st e r n C o n g o l a n d Mr S t a n l e y .
th e n c e a s e d to a dmi nist e r th e C o n go Fr e e S t a t e a n d w a s s u c ,
c e e de d first by S i r F r e d e r ick G o l ds m i d a n d th e n b y S i r F ra n ci s ,
e v e r th e i n t e rn a t i o n a l ch a ra ct e r o f th e st a t e w a s d ropp e d a n d ,
w e r e r e pl a c e d by B e lgi a n s s o t h a t by a b o ut 1 8 9 0 th e e n t i re
,
a dmi n is t ra t io n w a s B e lgi a n Mr S t a n l e y h ow e v e r o n c e m o re
.
, ,
i n t e rv e n e d ( i n 1 8 8 7 ) i n th e a ffa i r s of th e F re e S t a t e whic h h a d ,
th e l e a di n g A r a b a s Gov e r n o r fo r th e K i n g o f th e B e lgi a n s
,
th e A r a b re volt a g a i n s t th e G e rm a n s h a d c a us e d g ra v e t e n sio n
b e tw e e n th e A r a b s a n d Europ e a n s i n C e n t ra l A fric a A ft e r .
m a ss a cr e d s e v e r a l o u tp osts T h e fo r c e s o f th e S t a t e — l a rg e l y
.
r a g e s b e fo re th e S t a t e c o u l d b e com e cog n i z a n t o f t h e i r a c t io n s
a n d pr e v e n t th e m A b o ut two y e a rs a fte r th e d e fe a t o f th e
.
A r a bs Li e ut e na n t D h a n is wh o h a d b e e n m a d e a B a ro n h a d
, , ,
to fa c e a n d ov e rcom e a t e rribl e m u t i ny a m o n g th e C o n go Fr e e
S t a t e t r oops m ostly M a n y e m a a n d B a t e t e l a r e crui t e d from th e
, ,
e a st e r n p o r t io n o f th e t e rr ito ry T hi s r e v olt is n o t e v e n ye t
.
a n e xp e di t io n u n d e r C a p t a i n S t a i r s ( a n E n glish o ffic e r— a N ov a
wa s a d e b a t e a bl e l a n d t o s om e e x t e n t u n d e r B r i t ish missio n a ry
,
sl a v e t r a d e r ; n e v e rth e l e ss h e h a d ru l e d h is co u n t ry wi t h a c e r
t a i n d e g re e o f wis dom a n d h a d p e rmitt e d B r itish missi o na ri e s
,
t o s e t t l e th e re a n d B ri t ish t ra v e ll e r s to e xplo re ; t h e re fo r e i t
,
co n t e n t wi t h th e gig a n t ic t e rri t o ry a l re a dy u n d e r hi s co n t r o l ,
th e Ki n g o f th e B e lgi a n s a spi r e d to e x t e n d i t t o th e b a n ks
o f t e r r ito r i e s a s fa r n o r t h a s th e B a h r a l Gh a z a l a n d th e Whi t e
- -
r e t a i n e d th e l e a s e o f a sm a ll p a tch o f t e rritory o n th e W e st
b a n k o f th e Whit e Nil e opp osi t e La do ,
.
A n o th e r e v e n t i n th e r e c e n t h isto ry o f th e Co n go F re e
S t a t e w h ich h a s c a u s e d som e a n g e r i n E n gl a n d wa s th e
, ,
I ri shm a n ) h a d o n c e b e e n a missi o n a ry a nd us e d to t r a v e l ,
h im s e lf a s a t ra d e r a n d a l t h o u gh a B ri t ish subj e c t h e wa s
,
Co n go F re e S t a t e I t w a s susp e c t e d by Lo t h a i re t h a t h e w a s
.
fu rn is h i ng th e A ra b s wi t h p o wd e r ; h e th e re fo re s e n t a m e s
s e n g e r to S t ok e s s u mmo n i ng him t o his c a mp S to k e s c a m e
‘
, .
u n s u sp e c t i n g H e w a s p u t t h ro u g h a cr o ss e x a mi na tio n ov e r
.
-
n igh t a n d i n th e e a r ly m o rn i n g t a k e n o u t of his hu t a n d
,
h a nge d I n pl a i n l a n gu a g e
. h e w a s murd e r e d ,
F o r no t .
o n ly di d h e re c e iv e n o t ri a l but a t th a t tim e a n d e v e n a t
, ,
th e pr e s e n t da y Britis h c o n s u l a r j u risdic t io n w a s m a i n t a i n e d
,
i n th e C o n go F re e S t a t e a n d a t n o t i m e w a s s u ffici e n t
,
-
e vid e n c e b r o u gh t fo r w a r d to sh o w th a t S t o k e s h a d sold a n y
p o wd e r to th e A r a b s o r do n e a n ythi n g worthy of d e a t h
, .
M a j o r L o t h a ir e wa s tri e d fo r th e mu r d e r of S t ok e s both at
B om a a n d a ga i n a t B russ e l s b u t wa s pro n ou n c e d n o t g u ilty
,
a t e a ch t ri a l a n d w a s r e g a rd e d by a po r ti o n of th e B e lgi a n
,
p re ss a s h a vi ng b e e n a n a t i o na l h e ro H e w a s how e v e r .
, ,
i nd e m n i t y o f £ 6 0 0 0 wa s p a id t o th e ch ild o f S t o k e s .
I n th e p re s e n t y e a r a r a il w a y ( a bo u t 3 3 5 m il e s lo ng ) c o n ,
n e c ti n g th e L o w e r Co n go a t Ma t a di wit h th e C e n t ra l C o n go
h a v e a n e x t ra ordi n a ry e f e ct o n th e d e v e lopm e nt o f th e Co n go
F re e S t a t e O c e a n goi n g st e a m e rs c a n a sc e n d th e riv e r a s fa r a s
.
-
B om a th e c a pi t a l o f th e S t a t e a n d cr a ft o f co n sid e ra bl e si z e
, ,
2 30 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R x1 .
c an p roc e e d t o M a ta di A ft e r St a n l e y P o ol h a s b e e n re a c h e d
.
T h e r e i s a g re a t fu t u r e b e for e th e Co n g o Fr e e S t a t e a n d
,
t h e r e i s n o r e a so n wh a t e v e r wh y g a ll a n t a n d a r ti s t ic Fl a n d e rs
s h ould n o t pl a y a gr e a t p a rt i n C e n t ra l A frica ; s h e is a lr e a dy
suffici e n tl y illust rious i n th e h istory o f Eu r op e .
BR IT IS H A F R IC A
30
Sn Ii HJ dm m
str K C B al e ] t
.
EX P L A N A T O RY N OT E
C o l o ni e s , Pr o t t
ec ts
o ra e , S p h e re s o f I n fl u e n c e o r Co n t ro l
l [In 1 8 15 ( Th i s l
da r ke r c o o u r i n C a pe C o l o ny r e p r e s e n ts th e e x tr e m e ex te n t
o f D u tc h S o n th A fr i c a w h e n ta k e n o v e r b y th e Br i ti s h ) .
C H A PT E R X I I .
THE B R IT I S H IN AFRI C A . I II .
( Eg ypt a nd E a s te r n A fr i c a .
)
E VER si n c e th e b e gi nn i ng o f t h is c e n t u ry wh e n E ng l a n d ,
wa s v e ry cl e a r : a c r oss Eg y pt l a y th e sh o r te st r o u t e t o I n di a .
T wo hu n d r e d a n d t we n ty y e a rs a g o i n th e re ig n o f L oui s X I V
, ,
a n d o n e h u n dre d y e a rs a g o i n th e d a w n i n g e mp i re of N a pol e o n
,
Bo n a p a rt e wh e n st e a m wa s u n k n ow n a s a m o t iv e p o w e r th e
, ,
i d e a wa s co n c e iv e d a n d b o r n th a t Egyp t co n troll e d th e b a c k
doo r th e g a rd e n ga t e o f I n di a Bu t wh e n st e a m c a m e i n to
,
.
vogu e o n th e s e a a n d l a t e r o n th e l a n d a nd p e opl e co n t ra s t e d
, ,
S u b s e qu e n t o n th e withd ra w a l o f th e F re n ch a si mp l e ,
i n 1 8 0 6 would h a v e b e e n fa r m o r e ra pidly co n v e rt e d i n t o
a n n e x a t io n t h a n i t co u ld possi b ly b e a t th e pr e s e n t da y .
E n gl a n d r e sp e ct e d M uh a mm a d A li s st u r dy r e sist a n c e a n d
’
a sh o r t t im e p rio r to th e C r im e a n Wa r i n r e t u r n for a fr e e
h a n d a t Co n s t a n t i n op l e U n fo r t u n a t e ly w e de cli n e d a n d
.
,
h a v e b e e n th e p o o re r si n c e b y m a ny m illio n s o f m o n e y a nd
m a n y b ra v e m e n T h e n c a m e th e m a ki ng of th e c a n a l by
.
Eg yp t a s a t th e Op e n i ng o f th e S u e z C a n a l wh e r e th e H e ir to ,
th e B ri t ish C ro w n wa s l o s t a mi d a g a l a xy o f Emp e ro r s a n d
Emp re ss e s B u t a l t h o u gh F re n ch i n flu e n c e h a d g row n so
.
a n y ra t e — s t ri v e fo r m o r e th a n a n e qu a l v o ic e with E n gl a n d i n
could a n d l a t e r to th e e n fe e b l e m e n t of F ra n c e a ft e r th e
, ,
G e r m a n Wa r Bu t Egyp t h a d b e e n r u i n e d a n d r e duc e d t o
.
b a n k rup t cy b y a s e n s e l e ss sq u a n d e ri ng of m o n e y T h e r e fo l .
l owe d th e r e fr om th e D u a l Co n t ro l i n 1 8 7 6 I n 1 8 8 1 occur re d .
Fr a n c e u nd e r th e i n flu e n c e of G a m b e t t a pu rs u e d th e s a m e
p olicy a s E ngl a n d n a m e ly th e d e li v e ri n g o f v e r b a l a ssur a nc e s
, ,
a t i n t e rv a ls wi th out th e displ a y o f fo rc e A t l a s t i n J u ne 1 8 8 2
.
, ,
2 34 Th e C o lo n i z a ti o n of A fr i c a .
[C HA R
v e n ti o n wa s n o t ra tifi e d o wi n g to t h e Oppositi o n of F ra n c e a n d
,
p l a c e d u nd e r B ri t is h co nt ro l a s w e re pu b lic wo rks th e a d , ,
m i n is t ra t io n O f j u s t ic e th e o rg a n i z a ti o n o f th e a rmy p o s t s a nd
, ,
I n 1 8 90 th e co n clusio n of th e A n glo G e rm a n a g re e m e n t fo r -
p ow e r a t l e a st re c o g n i t io n of a n e v e n t u a l B ri t ish c o n t rol ov e r
, ,
from th e c o n t e mpl a t i o n o f m a ps a r os e th e id e a o f th e C a p e to ‘
a n d B r i t is h m i n is t r i e s b e g a n slowly to co n t e mp l a t e th e
r e co n q u e s t o f th e S u da n T h e M a h dis t s a id e d th e grow th of
.
th is r e s o lv e by t h e i r fa t u o u s h o stility a nd c o n s t a n t a t t a cks o n
S u a ki n a n d o n th e W a dy H a lfa bou n da ry t o th e so u th o f
Eg y p t p r op e r b e hi n d which th e Eg y p t i a n fo rc e s withdr e w i n
,
gr e a t ly a idi ng by h e r g a ll a n t c a pt u re of Ka s a l a Th e t e rr i b l e
’
.
dis a s t e r w h ic h b e fe ll th e I t a li a n a rm s i n A b yssi n i a i n 1 8 9 6
c a u s e d th e B ri t ish Gov e r nm e nt to pr e ss fo r wa rd th e co n q u e st
o f th e S u d a n i n o rd e r to dis t ra c t th e D e r v i sh e s fr o m a tt a cki n g
o f t h is b o k a t Liv r p o o l
o I n its f ll e st f m it a n t h s
e . F o m th e C a p e
u or r u : r
to C i a nd C i to O ld C l b r i e a st e tc h o f B itis h c o n t ro ll e d
”
a ro a ro a a a ,
. . r r -
o f G u i n e a to th S e e a l s o th e a u t h o r s a rtic l e i n th e Ti m s
’
Re d S e a e . e
o f A u g u st 2 2 1 888 ,
.
2 T k
a e n by th e I t a l i a n s f o m th e D e rvis h e s i n 1 8 94 r a nd e st o e d to r r
A ng l o Egypti a n c o n t o l i n 1 8 97
-
r .
x1 1 .
] Th e B r i ti s h i n A fr i c a . 2 35
Kitch e ne r n o w Lo rd Ki t ch e ne r o f K h a r tu m — h a d t h oroughly
,
a n d wit h t h is m a t e ri a l a lo n e h e r e co n qu e r e d th e p r ovi n c e o f
Do ngol a du ri ng th e summ e r o f 1 8 9 6 I n 1 8 9 7 a n d th e e a r ly .
p a r t o f 1 8 9 8 th e a dv a n c e u p th e Nil e v a ll e y wa s co n ti n u e d ,
a n d o n th e 2 n d o f S e pt e mb e r 1 8 98 Occ u rr e d th e de cisiv e
, ,
sh a t t e re d th e Kh a li fa h s pow e r a n d a v e n g e d Gord o n s de a th
’ ’
.
h a lf e xp e ct e d o b st a cl e c a m e to lig h t wh ic h im p os e d a te m
-
p o ra ry ch e ck t o th e C a p e to C a iro p olicy : M a j o r M a r ch a n d
h a d r e a ch e d F a s h o d a n e a r th e co n fl u e n c e o f th e Whi t e N il e
,
a nd th e B a hr a l Gh a z a l a n d h a d h o is t e d th e Fr e n ch fl a ov
g er
- -
,
o f G r e a t B r it a i n Fr a n c e a ft e r two m o n t h s d e l a y wi t hd re w ’
, ,
mi n io n s s t ill r e m a i n e d t o b e d e cid e d
,
.
rul e r o f Egyp t s e e s e ye to e ye wi th us a n d m a i n t a i n s a l o y a l ,
u n d e r s t a n di n g th a t h e is t o r u l e u n d e r o u r a d v ic e a nd ro
p
te c ti o n .
A d e n, sout h w e st e xt re m ity o f A ra b i a h a d b e e n
at th e -
,
t a k e n b y th e I n di a n Gov e r n m e n t i n 1 8 3 9 i n vi e w o f th e o p e n i ng
up to s t e a m s h ip s of th e Egypti a n rou t e t o I n di a T o A d e n .
S okot ra i n 1 8 7 6 1
Egyp t h a d a n ne x e d th e co a st o f S om a li
.
1
F o rm a ll y p l c e d u nde r B r itis h p o t e cti o n i n
a r 1 8 84 .
2 36 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R
i t w a s n e c e ss a ry t o o u r i n t e r e s t s th a t th e S om a li co a st o pp o sit e
A d e n sh o uld n o t com e u n d e r th e i n fl u e n c e o f a n o th e r Eu r o
p e a n p o w e r so a B ri t ish p ro t e c t o ra t e wa s e st a blish e d t h e re
,
( 1 8 8 —
4 8 9 ) by a cc o r d wi t h F ra n c e a n d I t a ly F ra n c e e x t e n di n g ,
t og e th e r wi t h a sm a ll a dj oi n i n g pi e c e o f t e rri to ry i n 1 8 9 7 .
A ft e r th e Po r t ugu e s e h a d b e e n e xp e ll e d b y th e A ra b s fr om
Z a n z i b a r a nd M o m b a s a a l l th e E a s t co a st o f A fric a from
,
s o m e o t h e r re l a t io n to b e his V ic e r oy a t Z a n z i b a r O wi ng to .
th e B ri t ish G o v e rn m e n t i n t e rv e n e d i n 1 8 6 1 a n d d e fi n it e ly
,
s e p a ra te d th e S ul t a na t e o f Za n z ib a r from th e I m a m a t e o f
’
O m a n o r Ma sk a t A s th e Fr e n ch w e r e b e gi n ni n g t o t a k e a
.
k e e n i n t e re s t i n th e a ffa i rs o f Z a n z i b a r a n d Ma sk a t th e B ri t ish ,
Go v e rn m e n t a t t h a t t im e co nclud e d a t re a ty wi t h th e F r e n ch
Emp e r o r b y wh ic h bo t h pow e rs b ou n d th e ms e lv e s to r e sp e ct
th e i n de p e n d e n c e of Z a n z i b a r a n d M a sk a t M a ny y e a rs p re
.
v io u sl
y , i n 1 8 2 5 C
, a p t a i n O w e n h a d h oi s t e d th e Bri t i sh fl a g a t
M o m b a s a a n d h a d e n d e a vo u r e d to t a k e t h a t tow n fo r th e
,
th e l e s s B ritish i n flu e n c e a t Z a n z ib a r gr e w v e ry st ro n g t h r o ug h
,
Z a nz ib a r w a t e rs t o p u t dow n th e sl a v e t r a d e I n 1 8 6 6 D r .
,
a ft e r w a r ds S i r J oh n Kirk wh o h a d b e e n Li v i n gs t o n e s s e c o nd
’
, ,
i n c o mm a n d o n th e Z a m b e z i wa s a ppoi n t e d V ic e C o n sul a n d
,
-
g ra d u a lly ros e to b e Co n s u l a n d t h e n P o li t ic a l A g e n t a n d
Co n s u l— G e n e ra l H e t hr e w hi ms e lf z e a lo u sly i n t o th e t a sk of
. .
Z a nz i b a r t ra de w a s i n th e h a n ds of B ri t ish subj e c ts wh o we r e ,
p ri n ci pa lly n a t iv e s o f I n di a ) Si r J oh n Ki rk h a d a lso a b o u t
.
wri t e r wa s a pp oi n t e d i n 1 8 8 4 i n o rd e r t o e xp lo re t h a t m o u n
,
th e F o re ig n O ffic e th e g r e a t a dv a nt a g e s t hi s c o u n t ry poss e ss e d
a s a s a n a t o ri u m a n d wh ilst w a i t i n g fo r i n s t r u c t io n s fro m S i r
,
J oh n Ki rk co n clud e d t re a t i e s wi t h s e v e r a l chi e fs T h e Fo re ig n
,
.
A n o t h e r E u r o p e a n p ow e r how e v e r w a s b o u n d by n o such
, ,
a gr e e m e n t and h ad n o
,
s u ch sc rupl e s a s will b e re l a te d i n
,
C h a p t e r X I V A l t h o u g h my t re a t i e s p ro v e d th e b a si s o n whic h
.
By 1 8 8 5 how e v e r th e B ri t i sh Gov e rn m e n t h a d m o re o r l e ss
, ,
i n dic a t e d to G e rm a n y t h a t p orti o n o f th e Z a n z i b a r d o mi n io n s
wh ich m u st com e u n de r B ritish i n flu e n c e i f t h e re wa s to b e a
divisi o n o f t hos e t e rri t o ri e s ; a n d a ft e r s e v e ra l y e a rs o f diplo
m a t ic c o n fl ic t th e wh ol e qu e s t i o n w a s s e t t l e d wi th ra re a b ility
,
b y th e 1 8 90 C o n v e n t io n b e tw e e n E n gl a n d a n d G e rm a n y a n d ,
to G re a t B ri t a i n th e n o r t h e rn h a lf of th e S u l t a n of Z a n z ib a r s ’
domi n io n s a n d th e isl a n ds o f Z a n z ib a r a n d P e m b a
, .
n o rth w e s t of t h is g re a t e st of A fric a n l a k e s h a d b e e n a ll o tt e d
-
,
s e rious q u a rr e ls b e tw e e n th e ki n g a n d th e P ro t e st a n t m issio n
a ri e s wh o h a d p re c e de d t h e m T h e gr e a t Ki n g Mte s a di e d i n
.
th e de a r old e a sy p a g a n life h e h a d l e d b e fo re h e h a d p re ss e d
S t a n l e y ( p 2 1 7 ) t o s e n d h im Ch r is t i a n t e a c h e rs
. A ft e r h is .
i n e n t e r i n g Ug a nd a a lo n g Mr T hom so n s r o ut e by wh a t th e
’
“
ki n g c a ll e d th e b a ck wa y F righ t e ne d l e s t th e bi sh op migh t
.
a n d C a t h oli cs w e re e xp e ll e d fro m Ug a n d a T h e n l a t e r o n
,
.
t o h i s thro n e b y th e a i d of Mr S t o k e s w h o wa s a ft e r wa rds ,
h a ng e d by M a j or Lo t h a i r e ( p T h e n th e F re n c h
.
m issio n a ri e s g o t co n t r ol ov e r th e ki n g a n d a t t e m p t e d to ,
a n d D r P e t e r s a r r ivi n g o n th e sc e n e s t rov e to m a k e it G e r
m a n ; b ut hi s e ffo r ts w e re a n n ull e d by th e 1 8 9 0 Co n v e ntio n .
s w a y o f th e Mu h a mm a d a n s wh o migh t h a v e j oi n e d th e
,
th e ir a g e n t a n d i n a n e xc e e di n gly a bl e
, a n d cour a g e ous
2 40 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n o
f A fr i c a .
[C HA R
m a n n e r r e st o re d o r d e r obta i n i n g fr om th e ki n g a tr e a ty with
,
G e n e ra l a t Z a n z i b a r w a s s e n t t o Ug a n d a to r e po r t o n th e
,
p ro te cto ra t e T h r ough th e i n t e rv e n t i o n o f th e P o p e th e
.
,
F r e n ch mi ssi o na ri e s w e re r e pl a c e d by I rish p ri e s t s w h o h a v e ,
si n c e c a rri e d o n th e c o n v e rsio n a n d t e a c h i n g o f th e n a t iv e s i n
a n a dmi ra bl e m a n n e r with out i n t e r fe r i n g wi t h th e gov e r n m e n t
,
o f th e cou n t ry O n th e o t h e r h a n d th e F r e n ch missi o n a r i e s
.
,
w e re comp e n s a t e d fo r th e i r r e tir e m e n t by a p a ym e n t o f
c a p a bl e figh t i ng fo rc e B u t th e y w e re Mu h a mm a d a n s a nd
.
,
to t h is ,Mw a n g a wa s th e m o s t u n st a bl e of m e n a nd a n ,
suppo r t h e w o u ld p ro b a b ly h a v e b e e n de p o s e d o r kill e d A s .
which l a s t e d s e v e ra l y e a r s h e fi na lly a t t e mp t e d to m a ss a cr e
th e B ri t ish b u t wa s d e fe a t e d a n d fl e d a cross th e G e rm a n
, ,
bo rd e r T h e n th e S u d a n e s e t roop s r e vol t e d s e i z e d a fo r t re ss
.
,
a n d som e gu n s a n d fo r n e a r ly a y e a r s e t th e B r i t is h a n d th e
,
p e opl e u nd e r th e l e a d e r ship o f S u lt a n Mb a ru k w e re c o n
,
‘ ’
,
a nd a s us e ful i n B ri t is h Ea st A fric a a n d i n Ug a n d a a s i n
B rit is h C e n tra l A fric a .
C H A PT E R XI II .
T HE I T AL I A N S IN AF R IC A .
TH E p a rt pl a y e d by I t a ly i n th e op e n i ng up of A frica a ft e r
th e wipi n g out Of R o m a n civili z a tio n i n t h a t co n ti n e n t by th e
A ra b i n v a si o n wa s r e m a rk a bl e ; i t wa s n o t h o we v e r a p a rt
, ,
s t a t e s T h e li t t l e p r i n ci p a li t y o f A m a lfi h a d e a rly d e a li ngs
.
o ra ng e fa mily— w h ic h wa s to find a s e co n d h om e i n I t a ly .
co n qu e r e d by th e S a ra c e n s i n 8 3 2 A D a nd Sa rdi n i a from 7 1 2
. .
1 6—2
2 44 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C H A R
i n t e r e s t o f I t a ly i n A fric a w a n e d a nd v a n ish e d F o r s e v e ra l .
U n ifi e d I t a ly h ow e v e r b e ga n to a ss e r t h e rs e lf a t first i n
, , ,
T u n is D u ri n g th e 6 o s o f t h is c e n t ury th e a ffa i r s o f T u n is
.
’ ’
,
i nst e a d of b e i n g d e b a t e d b e tw e e n Fr a n c e a n d E n gl a n d w e r e ,
o f th e s e t hr e e p o w e rs h a d b e e n e s t a b lis h e d ov e r i t s fi n a n c e s .
l e ft fa c e to fa c e I t a ly h a d t o giv e w a y S h e h a d h ow e v e r
. .
, ,
t im e w a s no t n o w I t a li a n i n fl u e n c e o f a m o re o r l e ss L e va n
.
ti n e d e n a t i o n a li z e d s t a m p b e c a m e w e ll e s t a blish e d i n Egypt
,
b e fo re th e E nglis h o ccup a t io n a n d h a d t o a g re a t e x t e n t re
,
p l a c e d t h a t o f F ra n c e th e I t a li a n l a n gu a g e b e i ng e mpl o y e d
,
a s a ki n d o f Li n g u a Fr a n c a Th e pr e s e n t w ri t e r c a n r e m e mb e r
.
—
a t th e p o s t o ffic e s h a d o n t h e m
“
Buc a p e r l e l e tt re whil e ,
”
I t a li a n w as much b e t t e r u n d e r s t ood i n th e t ow n s th a n Fr e n ch ,
S o th a t if it b e t r u e th a t Mr Gl a dsto n e i n 1 8 8 2 i n vi t e d I t a ly
t o t a k e th e pl a c e o f F ra nc e i n a d u a l co n t rol wi t h E ngl a n d
ov e r Egyp t th e p r op os a l a t th e tim e it wa s m a d e wa s n o t
,
S o fa r b a ck a s 1 8 7 0 I t a ly h a d c a st a n e ye ov e r A byssi n i a ,
a n d h a d purc h a s e d a sm a ll si t e o n A ss a b Ba
y a s a co a li n g
2 46 Th e C o lo n i z a ti o n f A fr i c a
o .
[C HA R
h a d th e e ffe ct of a rra n gi n g a t e mp o ra ry p e a c e b e tw e e n th e
I t a li a n s a n d Ki n g J oh n S ho r tly a ft e rw a r ds Ki ng J o h n o f
.
o n th e n o r th ,
A m h a ra i n th e c e n tr e a n d S ho a to th e sout h
, , .
A l tho u g h n o w vi e wi n g th e I t a li a n s i n a m o r e suspicio u s
m a nne r h e n e v e r t h e l e ss co n clud e d a tr e a ty w ith t h e m which
, ,
o f w a r m a t e ri a l b ut co n t a i n e d a cl a us e o f
,
mutu a l prot e ctio n .
T h e I t a li a n p r o t e c t o ra t e ov e r A byssi n i a w a s r e cog n i z e d by
E n gl a n d a n d by G e rm a n y but n o t b y F ra n c e o r Russi a I n
, .
th e Fr e n c h co a st n e a r O bok
,
T his wa s too muc h e v e n for
.
,
th e p a rt o f I t a ly E ngl a n d h a d e n t e r e d i n to a n a gr e e m e n t
,
a b a n do n e d p os t of K a s a l a th e n i n th e h a n ds o f th e D e rvis h e s )
( ,
w a s occup i e d by I t a ly i n 1 8 9 4 I n th e b e gi n n i n g o f 1 8 9 5 th e
.
,
I t a l i a n forc e s b e i n g a g a i n a tt a ck e d by th e A byssi n i a n s th e ,
kill e d a nd of th e r e m a i n d e r m a n y p riso ne rs w e r e t a k e n T h is
, .
w e r e fa r r e a c h i n g A l l t h o u g h t o f a n I t a li a n p rot e c t o ra t e ov e r
-
.
“
but littl e o f h e r ori g i na l colo n y o f Eritr e a bu t Eritr e a i s o f ,
”
Me n e lik m a y m a k e a b i d fo r domi n io n i n th e N il e va ll e y ; b ut
if h e m e a su re s his fo rc e s a ga i n s t t h os e of E n gl a n d h e m a y
r e c e iv e a r u d e a w a k e n i n g : h is a dvi s e r s s h o u ld r e m e m b e r
M a gd a l a.
Fi n di n g t h a t G e rm a ny did n o t i n t e n d t o p u s h cl a ims h a lf ,
d e v e lop e d to th e S o m a li co a s t I t a ly i n 1 8 89 b e g a n t o m a k e
, ,
tr e a ti e s i n th a t dir e c t io n a n d by th e e n d o f th a t y e ar h a d
,
a dv a n c e d a cl a i m o v e r th e w h ol e S om a l i co a s t fr om th e w e st
s ubs e qu e n t ly co n fi rm e d by a gr e e m e n ts wi t h E n gl a n d a n d with
th e S ul t a n o f Z a n z ib a r .I t a li a n e n t e rp ri z e h a s l e d to a gr e a t
d e a l of g e og ra phic a l discov e ry n e a r th e J u b Riv e r a n d th e
We b b e S h e b e i li a n e cc e n t ric st re a m w h ich a ft e r a rr ivi ng wi th
, ,
i n a fe w m il e s o f th e s e a a n d m e a n d e ri n g a lo n g p a r a ll e l with
th e co a st los e s i ts e lf i n a s a n dy d e s e r t n e a r th e m outh of th e
,
J ub Riv e r S e v e r a l I t a li a n e xp e di t io n s h a v e com e to g ri e f i n
.
t h e s e S om a li a nd G a ll a co u n t ri e s b u t I t a ly s t ill h o lds o n a n d
, ,
w e r e s e t tl e d wi t h a fa i r r e g a rd t o I t a li a n i n t e r e sts A byssi n i a
,
a t th e h e a d w a t e rs o f th e W e bb e S h e b e i l i a n d th e J u b I t a ly
fo r s e ttl e m e n t
.
2 50 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R
a nd n o t hi n g wa s s a id a bout A fric a B e tw e e n 1 8 6 0 a nd 1 8 6 5
.
,
a H a n ov e r i a n B a r o n V o n de r D e ck e n w as e xplori n g Kilim a
, ,
nja ro a n d th e E a st co a st o f A fric a I t b e g a n to d a w n o n h im
th a t Z a nz ib a r a n d th e Z a nz i b a r co a st would fo rm a l e gitim a t e
fi e l d fo r G e rm a n e n t e rpris e s e ttl e m e n t a nd colo n i z a tio n
, , ,
e sp e ci a lly a ft e r th e op e n i n g of th e S u e z C a na l B ut a ltho u g h
.
”
Vo n de r D e ck e n wa s kill e d o n th e J ub R iv e r i n 1 8 6 5 h e ,
i n 1 8 6 7 st a t i n g th a t V o n de r D e ck e n h a d h a d id e a s o f buyi n g
,
e s t a blish e d a flo u r is h i n g t ra d e a t Z a n z ib a r a n d u n til 1 8 8 5 th e
,
G e rm a n r e p re s e n t a t iv e a t th a t pl a c e wa s a lm ost i nv a ri a bly a
H a mburg m a n ; i n d e e d b e for e th e u n ifica tio n o f th e G e rm a n
Empir e t h e r e w a s a H a mb u rg ( H a n s e a tic ) co n sul a t Z a nz i b a r
r a t h e r th a n a G e rm a n re p re s e n t a tiv e U n til th e d e li b e r a t e
.
i n t e rv e n tio n of G e rm a ny o n th e E a st co a st o f A frica th e s e ,
L a k e Mw e ru a n d th e riv e r Lu a l a b a
,
O t h e r G e rm a n e x
.
s e cr e t o f th e de sir e o f G e rm a ny to a cq u ir e co n trol ov e r th e
Upp e r C o ngo T his n o dou b t wa s o ne r e a so n w h y B ism a rck
.
, ,
th e co n fe r e n c e h e h a d n e go t i a t e d w a s b rought a bout h e fe lt
th a t Fr e n ch a n d B e lgi a n opposi tio n u n it e d a n d th e utt e r
a bs e n c e o f G e rm a n cl a im s m a d e a G e rm a n Co n go S t a t e i m
6 o s a n d 7 o s G e r m a n P r ot e st a n t m i s
’ ’ ’ ’ ’
I n th e
’
5o s , , ,
s i o n a ri e s h a d e st a bli sh e d th e m s e lv e s i n D a m a r a l a n d a n d
N a m a kwal a n d i n S out h W e st A fric a I n 1 8 6 4 som e o f t h e s e
,
-
.
h ois t e d th e G e rm a n fl a g A s e a rly a s 1 8 7 7 S i r B a r t l e Fr e r e
.
b e g a n to r e ga rd th e p r oc e e di ngs o f th e G e rm a n m issi o n
a ri e s wit h s u spici o n a nd t o comb a t t h e i r a ctio n propos e d
,
t h e i r compl a i n ts a s to th e tr e a tm e n t th e y suffe r e d a t th e h a n ds
o f th e n a tiv e s a n d th e l a ck of prot e ctio n th e y r e c e iv e d from
a n d a sk e d th e B r itis h Gov e rn m e n t w h e t h e r i t wa s pr e p a r e d to
R iv e r wa s th e n or th w e st e r n bo u n d a ry o f C a p e C olo ny
-
In .
1 8 8 1 th e G e rm a n missio n a ri e s a sk e d for a gu n bo a t to p ro t e ct
L ii de ri tz o f Br e m e n a cti n g p o ss i b l y u n de r th e i n sp ir a tio n o f
,
co n s e n t ( a ft e r th e G e rm a n Fo r e ig n O ffi c e h a d a ga i n co n sult e d
th e Britis h Gov e rn m e n t a n d r e c e i v e d a v a gu e r e ply n A pril
) I .
1 88
3 th e a g e n ts o f H e rr L ii de ri tz w e n t wi t h a G e rm a n s h ip t o
th e Ba y of A ngr a P e qu e n a 1
5 0 mil e s n orth of th e O ra n ge
,
Riv e r . T h e G e rm a n s l a n d e d t h e re a n d m a rch e d i n l a nd
,
th e G e rm a n fl a
g w a s hoist e d o n th e sh or e of A n gr a P e q u e na
Ba y ov e r th e fi r s t G e rm a n colo n y Wh e n th e n e ws re a ch e d
.
P e qu e na a n d w a s m e t a t t h a t pl a c e b y a G e r m a n gu n b o a t
, ,
wh os e c o mm a n d e r i n fo rm e d th e c a p ta i n o f th e B o a di ce a t h a t
h e w a s i n G e r m a n w a t e rs a n d co u ld e x e r cis e n o a ut h ori t y
,
th e r e Bu t n e a rl y fiv e mo n t hs h a d a pp a re n tly e l a p s e d b e
.
t we e n th e h o is t i n g o f th e G e r m a n fl a g a t A ng ra P e qu e n a a n d
t h i s vi sit o f th e B ri t ish w a r sh i p a n d d u ri n g th a t p e riod no
,
a c t io n h a d b e e n t a k e n i n E n gl a n d Nor i n de e d could a ny
.
, ,
a ctio n h a v e b e e n t a k e n a ft e r th e e xplici t m a nn e r i n wh ic h
bot h Lord Be a c o n s fie l d s a n d Mr Gl a ds t o n e s Gov e r nm e n ts
’ ’
h a d dis a vow e d a n y B r i t is h cl a im s t o th e co a s t o f S o u t h We s t -
“
t h a t a ny cl a im o f s o ve r e ig n t y o r j urisdi ctio n o n th e p a rt o f a
fo r e ig n p ow e r ov e r a ny p a rt of th e co a s t b e t w e e n th e Po r t u
u e s e b o u n d a r y a n d th e O r a n g e Riv e r wo u ld b e r e g a rd e d a s
g
a n e n c r o a chm e n t o n th e l e gi tim a te rig ht s o f C a p e C olo ny
”
.
di re ct r e ply by co n s u l t i n g th e C a p e Gov e rn m e nt N 0 a n sw e r .
wa s r e turn e d by th e l a t te r till Ma y 1 8 8 4 w h e n th e C a p e ,
it wa s o nce r e m ov e d o n th e r e c e ip t o f a F re n c h prot e st
at .
H e re a rra n ge m e n t s w e r e m a d e wi th th e n a t iv e chi e fs a nd th e
cou n try d e cl a r e d a G e r m a n pro t e ctora t e T h e n Dr N a c h tig a l .
tim e T h e p ri n cip a l ch i e f Ki n g B e ll h a d b e e n w o n ov e r by
.
, ,
th e gift o f 1 0 0 0 t o sig n a t re a ty wi t h G e r m a n y T h e ot h e r .
a n d th e G e rm a n fl a g h a d b e e n hoi s t e d o v e r th e C a m e roo n s
Riv e r C o n sul H e w e t t wa s i n tim e to c a rry o u t th e re s t of his
.
o n ly lost a t i ny pi e c e of th e co a st li n e we h a d d e t e rmi n e d to
s e c u r e ; but i n o rd e r t h a t a g ru dgi ng spirit migh t n o t b e sh ow n
to G e r m a n y s h e wa s fi n a lly a llow e d to ta k e ov e r a ll th e C a m e
roo n s di s tri c tl
.
I n E a st A fric a G e rm a ny s pr o c e d u r e m a y b e summ a ri z e d
’
Z a nz ib a r o n th e 4 th o f Nov e m b e r 1 8 8 4 a s d e ck p a ss e n g e rs , , ,
a n a t iv e chi e f a n d th e G e r m a n fl a g w a s h ois t e d i n Uz e u h a
, g .
Ev e n tu a lly o t h e r t re a ti e s w e re co n cl u d e d i n Nguru Us a g a r a , ,
Uk a m i a n d oth e r a dj oi n i n g cou n t ri e s w h ic h r e s u lt e d i n a
, ,
o f F e bru a ry 1 88 5 h e h a d a lr e a dy fo u n d e d a G e rm a n E a s t
, ,
1 t e n s e g re t fo r s ch c o n c ssi o n s m y b e sp a re d w he n it is b o ne i n
In re u e a r
mi nd t h t th e U n it e d S t a t e s o f E u o p e ( s t he y w o u l d h ve b e c o m e i n a n
a r a a
to a cq i re a l l th e c o a st l i n e o f th e D a k C o n ti n e n t
u r .
x 1v .
] Ge r m a n A fr i c a . 2 55
s e n ta ti v e wa s i n s t ruct e d to s u pport G e rm a n cl a im s a n d e v e n t
wa s t o b e limit e d to a t e rrito r y te n mi l e s b ro a d a lo n g th e
co a st b e tw e e n C a p e D e lg a d o a n d S om a lil an d .
I n Ma y 1 8 8 5 th e Fo re ig n O ffic e i n fo rm e d G e rm a n y t h a t
a Britis h comp a n y d e s i r e d to d e v e lop th e cou n try b e t we e n
th e Momb a s a co a st a n d th e Victo ri a Ny a n z a T h e fo u n .
c e di n g y e a r a n d wh ich a t th e d e sir e o f th e Fo re ig n O fli c e h a d
,
hi s cl a im s t o th e hi n t e rl a n d o f th e E a s t A fric a n co a st O n th e .
7 th o f A ug us t 1 8 8 5 a G e r m a n squ a dro n a n ch or e d i n fr o n t o f
, ,
d o w n A n a gre e m e n t w a s com e to i n 1 8 8 5 b e tw e e n th e
.
w e r e d e fi ne d I n th e s a m e fo r c e ful m a nn e r th e G e rm a n s h a d
.
1
The c o n c e ssi o n o f Wit u h a d b e e n o bt a i n e d by th e D e nh a rdt b ro t h e s r
o n th e 8 t h o f Ap r i l 1 8 8 5 a nd a G e rm a n p o t e ct o ra t e w a s de c l a re d o n th e
, , r
2 7 th o f Ma y .
2 56 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o Afr i c a .
[C HA R
n ort h w as th e T a n a Riv e r G e rm a n y m a i n ta i n i n g h e r h o ld o n
,
Wit u T h e G e rm a n Gov e r n m e n t th e n c a m e to t e r ms wi th
.
S om a li co a st .
n or th of G e r m a n E a st A fric a n e a r th e c o a st
, I n 1 8 8 8 th e .
d e v e l o pm e n t th e n took pl a c e i n th e Comp a n y s o p e ra ti o n s wh i c h ’
w e r e m or e a n d m o r e id e n tifi e d wi th th e G e rm a n Gov e r n m e n t A .
t h a t u n l e ss g re a t e r c a re fo r A r a b susc e p t ibiliti e s wa s s h o wn i n
r e pl a ci ng th e S ul ta n o f Z a n z ib a r s gov e r n m e n t o n th e co a s t
’
t ro u b l e s with th e A r a b s migh t e n su e H i s w a rn i ng w a s o n ly .
a n d i n a n o th e r m o n t h th e G e rm a n s h e l d v e ry fe w p osts o n
b e dir e c t e d n o t o n ly a g a i n s t th e G e rm a n s but a g a i n st a l l ,
H e rm a n n Wissm a n n ( n o w M aj or v o n Wi ssm a nn ) w a s a p
p oi n t e d I mp e ri a l C omm issio n e r for E a st A fr ic a Wi th 1 0 0 0 .
n a t iv e t r oops m a i n ly S ud a n e s e r e c r ui t e d wit h th e h e lp o f
,
2 58 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C HA R
G e rm a n E a s t A fric a h a s b e e n u n d e r dir e ct Im p e ri a l a dm i ni
s tra ti O n . I t is lik e ly to t ur n o u t i n cours e o f tim e a flourishi n g
t ropic a l s e t t l e m e n t ; n o t a cou n t ry which G e rm a n s could
colo ni z e i n th e s e n s e th a t A us t r a li a or C a na d a a re c o lo ni z
a bl e , b u t a C e ylo n a J a v a a S ou th e r n I n di a wh e r e th e
, , ,
G e rm a n pl a n t e r m ay m a k e a comp e t e n c e w h e re th e goods ,
o f G e r m a n y m a y fin d u n r e st ri ct e d m a r k e t s a n d wh e r e th e ,
T e u to n m a y e duc a t e a n d r a is e a d e g ra d e d r a c e i n to a high e r
st a t e o f civili z a tio n .
s e rv a n ts i n th e C a m e r oo n s t h e re w e re i n s t a n c e s o f gr e a t
,
l e d t o a s e ri o us r e vol t a m o n g th e n e gr o soldi e ry G e rm a n y .
th e n a t iv e h a s c e a s e d t o r e b e l a n d b e g u n to cri n g e T h e re i s .
a m e nd t h e m . A s i n comm e rc e so i n gov e r n m e n t th e y o b s e rv e , ,
v e ry shor t sigh te d wh o u n d e rr a t e d th e g re a t ne ss o f th e G e rm a n
x1 v .
] Ge r m a n A fr i c a . 2 59
c h a r a ct e r o r r e cko n e d o n th e e v a ne sc e n c e o f G e rm a n domi n io n
,
i n str a n g e l a n ds .
by th e O r a ng e Riv e r a nd o n th e e a st by Britis h B e c h u a na l a n d
, ,
a lo n g th e co a st li n e i s v e ry b a rr e n ; it i s i n fa ct a h op e l e ss , ,
d e s e rt m ost h op e l e ss o f a ll b e tw e e n th e O r a ng e Riv e r a nd
,
m ou n t a i n s t h e re a re st re tch e s o f w e ll w a t e r e d co u n t ry wh e r e -
o u s cou n t r y i s v e ry h e a l th y With th e B a n tu H e r e ro wh o .
,
i n h a b it th e n or t h e rn p a r t o f G e rm a n S o u t h W e st A fric a th e -
,
G e rm a n s h a v e got o n v e ry w e ll th a n k s to th e i n fl u e n c e e x e r te d ,
b e a r Dutc h n a m e s a n d h a v e fou n d a l e a d e r i n a c e rt ai n
,
p a rti e s o f G e rm a n soldi e rs h a s m a d e t re a ti e s a n d b r ok e n ,
co n c e a lm e n t i s e a sy a n d p u r s u it di fficult I n cr e a s e d s e ttl e .
o f th e i n co n v e n i e n c e s c a us e d by t h e s e n om a d H o tt e n tots .
I n T ogol a n d o n th e S l a v e Co a s t o f W e s t A fric a t h e r e h a v e
, ,
G e rm a n prot e ctor a t e th i rt e e n y e a rs a g o B ou n d a ri e s h a v e
.
b e e n s e t t l e d wit h Fr a n c e a n d E ngl a nd e xc e p t a sm a ll a r e a o f
,
sh a r e d b e t w e e n E ngl a n d a n d G e rm a n y ; h ig h a n d l e ss u n
h e a lthy l a n d for Europ e a n s e ttl e m e n t h a s b e e n discov e re d i n
th e i n t e r ior ; th e r e h a v e b e e n n o distu rb a n c e s wit h th e n a tiv e s ,
a n d G e rm a n tr a d e h a s prosp e r e d .
2 62 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f A fr i c a
o .
[C HA R
S ofa l a an d X e ng i b a r From A r a b s o u rc e s we l e a rn t h a t a n
.
I n di a n d h ow i n 1 4 2 0 r ou n d e d th e south e rn most p oi n t o f
A fric a — C a p e D i a b — a n d t u r n i ng
, rou n d s a il e d b a ck a g a i n
,
broug h t to Po rtuga l n e a r th e e nd o f th e 1 5 th c e n tu ry by P e dr o
de C o v i l h a m w h os e j our n e ys ov e rl a n d t o I n di a h a v e b e e n
,
a llud e d to i n Ch a p t e r I I O n th e I s t of F e b ru a ry 1 5 0 6 a
.
, ,
A lm e id a discov e r e d th e e a st co a st o f M a d a g a sc a r a n d ul ti
, ,
“
m a t e ly na m e d t h e isl a n d S a O L o u re n g o b e c a us e i n th e ,
”
“
r o th A ugus t m M d g a sc a r lik e a dj e ctiv e
( ) T h e .n a e a a e t h ,
“
M a l a g a sy i s p r ob a b ly o f n a t iv e o rigi n th e fo rm e r word
,
”
,
e a st e xtr e mity w e r e n e a r ly a l l m a ss a cr e d i n 1 5 4 8 A t th e e n d .
a dv e n t ur e rs n ibbl e d at Ma d a g a sc ar b u t th e h os til e a nd ,
Ea st w a s form e d u n de r th e p a t ro n a g e o f C a rdi n a l Ri ch e li e u
”
1
A l m o st c e r t a i nl y th is w a s a n e g g o f th e gi g a n tic A epyo n i s r .
xv .
] Th e Fr e nc h i n Ma dag a s c a r 2 63
th e C ivil Wa r i n E n gl a n d .
e x t r e mi ty o f M a d a g a sc a r w a s Fo r t D a uphi n Pr o n i s w h os e
”
.
,
c h e qu e re d T h e p a r e n t C omp a ny g o t i n to troubl e a nd it s
.
,
ch a rt e r wa s a bolish e d T h e r o y a l co n c e ssio n of M a d a ga sc a r
.
o n b e h a lf o f th e crow n s e n t o u t th e D uc de l a M e ill e ra y e
, .
th e r a r e a dv a n t a g e of wi nn i n g th e fr i e n dship of th e M a l a g a sy .
‘
ordi na rily k n ow n a s L a C a s e wa s a dmi re d by th e n a tiv e s for ,
mi sm a n a g e m e n t o f th e F re n c h s e ttl e m e n t r e t ir e d i n t o th e
i n t e ri or a nd b e c a m e Ki n g Co n sort of th e st a t e o f A m b o l e a t
,
-
th e d e a th of h i s fa t h e r i n l a w N e v e rt h e l e ss w h e n th e Fre n c h
- -
.
,
a na tiv e .
I n 1 6 6 4 th e Fr e n c h E a st I n di a Comp a n y w a s fou n d e d ,
to th e I sl a n d o f Bou rbo n ( w h ic h th e Fr e n c h h a d t a k e n i n
N e v e rt h e l e ss i n S pit e o f thi s di s a st e r th e Fr e n ch Gov e r nm e n t
, ,
1
Bu t by th e n a tive s a s A ndri a n P o tsy i e “ Wh it e Ki ng , . . .
”
2 64 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C HA R
wh ic h wa s co n firm e d i n 1 7 1 9 1 7 2 0 a n d 1 7 2 5 , ,
.
A t th e e nd o f th e 1 7 t h a n d th e b e gi n n i n g o f th e 1 8 th
c e n tury Europ e a n pir a t e s who h a d b e gu n t o i n fe st th e e a st e rn
, ,
m a d e M a d a ga sc a r th e ir h e a d qu a r t e rs a n d form e d s e v e r a l
-
,
“
cosmopolit a n ci t y o fr e dom w h ich th e y c a ll e d L i b e rta ti a
f e ,
”
o n th e isl a n d o f S t M a ri e o ff th e e a st co a st o f M a d a g a sc a r
,
.
T h e y w e r e sw e pt a w a y by E ngli s h a n d Fr e n c h w a r v e ss e ls i n
1 72 2 2 3
-
.
In 1 cr e a t e d a s e t tl e
7 5 0 th e F r e n ch E a st I n di a C omp a n y
m e nt wh ic h u n d e rw e n t
o n th e i sl a n d o f S t M a ri e de M a d a g a sc a r ,
ch a ra ct e r of M a d a ga sc a r I n 1 7 7 4 th e Fr e n ch n a t u ra l ist
.
S o nn e ra t visit e d Ma d a g a sc a r a n d discov e r e d th e R a v e n a l a o r
‘
,
T ra v e ll e r s T r e e a n d th a t e xt ra ordi n a ry a b e rr a n t l e m ur th e
’
, ,
A ye a ye .
In M a d a ga sc a r wa s vi sit e d by a typ e o f a dv e n tu re r
1 772
th e n v e ry u n comm o n a n A ustri a n P ol e c a ll e d Be nyo ws ki
, , ,
w h o a lt e r na t e ly O ffe re d hi s a ll e gi a n c e to Fr a n c e a nd E ngl a n d ,
in 1 786 .
1
A l re a dy fa m o u s fo r h is disc o v e i e s r i
i n I nd a , a nd a f e r t wh o m a
be a u ti fu l j u ngl e fo w l is na m e d .
2 66 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R
H o va s wa s m uc h h a r ri e d by th e m or e m ix e d r a c e s a rou n d
,
'
a co rn e r t h e y t u rn e d a t b a y a n d from b e i n g th e p e rs e cut e d
, ,
b e c a m e th e p e rs e c u t o rs : by m e a n s o f m uch b e tt e r milit a ry
o rga n i z a tio n t h e y p u rsu e d a nd co n qu e re d th e trib e s w h ic h
h a d h a r a ss e d th e m a n d th e i r co n qu e s t s sp re a di ng to th e
, ,
E u r op e a n t ra d e rs a n d s e t t l e rs .
I n 1 7 9 2 th e N a tio n a l A ss e mbly o f Fr a n c e s e n t M L e sc al .
li e r to visit M a d a g a sc a r I n 1 8 0 1 Bo ry de S t Vi n ce n t w e n t
.
I n di a C om p a n y s s e rvic e m a d e a su rv e y of Be m b a to k a Ba y
’
, ,
a h a rbour o n th e w e st co a st si n c e b e tt e r k n ow n by th e
,
m e n t t o th e w o r th o f Ma d a g a sc a r I n 1 8 0 7 th e Fr e n ch i n .
,
s e t tl e a t Foul e Poi n t ‘
I n th e followi n g y e a r I m p o i n a th e
.
, ,
m os t p ow e r ful H ov a ch i e f o n th e I m e ri na pl a t e a u di e d , ,
l e a vi n g th e s u p re m e H ov a c h i e ft a i n ship to h is s e co n d s o n ,
R a da m a .
th e S e ych e ll e I sl a n ds it wa s d e t e r mi n e d to fi n is h th e work
,
o f cl e a r i n g th e Fr e n c h o u t of th e I n di a n O c e a n by t a ki n g
th e tr a di n g st a tio n s w h ich still r e m a i n e d i n th e ir p oss e ssio n
o n th e e a s t co a st o f M a d a g a sc a r n a m e ly T a m a t a v e a nd
, ,
th e d e fi n it e t re a ty sig n e d a t P a r i s o n Ma y 3 0 1814 w h ic h , ,
1
A p o st a l itt l e to th e n o rt h o f T a m a t a v e o n th e e a st c o a st .
xv .
] Th e Fre nc h i n Ma dag a s c a r . 2 67
c e d e d th e s e ttl e m e n t s i n M a d a ga sc a r a s o ne o f th e de
p e n d e n ci e s o f T h e I sl a n d of Bou rbo n w a s
h ow e v e r re stor e d to Fr a n c e by t h is tr e a ty a n d wa s re
, ,
h a d b e e n a gr e e d th a t a ll Fr e n c h p oss e ssio n s i n M a d a g a sc a r
‘
w h ic h w e r e i n e xis t e n ce i n 1 7 9 2 w e r e t o b e r e sto re d to
Fr a n c e by E ngl a n d ; but a s a m a tt e r o f fa ct i n 1 7 9 2 Fra n c e ,
h e ld n o p ost i n M a d a ga sc a r a l l p l a c e s h a vi n g b e e n a b a n do n e d
,
.
T a m a t a v e w a s n o t fo u n d e d till 1 8 0 4 A ll t h i s c o n fusio n w a s
.
du e to th e ig n or a n c e o f loc a l g e og ra p h y th e n m ost ch a r a ct e r ,
i s ti c o f both B r itish a nd Fr e n ch Go v e r n m e n t o ffi c e s N e ve r .
th e l e s s it i s cl e a r t h a t Fr a n c e im a gi n e d t h a t s h e still h a d
,
r ights ov e r M a d a g a sc a r b e c a us e i n 1 8 1 7 th e Fr e n c h Gov e r n or
,
F a rquh a r wa s i n E n gl a n d o n l e a v e o f a bs e n c e th e A cti ng ,
u n did m uc h o f S i r Rob e r t F a rq u h a r s wo rk a n d t h e r e by ’
,
h e d e e m e d it th e b e tt e r policy t o b a ck up th e e fforts o f th e
H ova ki ng R a da m a t o co n qu e r th e w h ol e o f th e isl a nd a n d ,
1
F u rt h e r c o n fi rm e d by th e t re a ty o f th e 1 3 t h o f N o v e mb e r , 1 815 .
2 68 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R
Of a ll ot h e r Fr e n ch p osts o n th e m a i n l a n d o f M a d a ga sc a r ,
a n d d e po rt e d th e sm a ll Fr e n c h g a r riso n to th e i sl a n d o f S t
M a ri e de M a d a g a sca r R a da m a di e d i n 1 8 2 8 a n d wa s
.
,
hi s s e n io r wife R a na v al o na Bu t h e r p olicy wa s n o t th a t o f
,
.
pl a ce s o n th e co a st Bu t th e Gov e rn m e n t o f J u ly r e v e rs e d
.
th i s policy a n d e va cu a t e d a ll F re n ch posts o n th e m a i n l a n d
,
o f Ma d a g a sc a r a ft e r w h ic h t h e r e w a s n o t fo r y e a rs a Fr e n c h
,
s a ilor w h o h a d b e e n s e n t up t o th e Qu e e n of M a da g a sc a r
,
w a s m a d e t o th e s e a pp e a ls ( which p o ssi b ly w e r e n o t g e n ui n e ,
b u t fa b ric a t e d fo r th e ir o wn purp o s e s by th e F r e n ch m a n
L a bo rd e wh o still li v e d a t th e M a l a g a sy c a pit a l a n d b y a M
, ,
.
L a mb e r t wh o visit e d M a d a g a sc a r a s a sl a v e t ra d e r ) n o r w e r e
,
-
th e y follow e d up b y a ny a ctio n o n th e p a rt o f th e Fr e n ch
Gov e rn m e n t I n 1 8 5 3 th e m e r ch a n t s of Ma uri t i u s fi n di n g
.
,
t h a t th e M a d a g a sc a r G o v e rn m e n t co n ti nu e d t o r e fus e t o p a y
th e i n d e m n ity d e m a n d e d by th e Bri t ish Gov e rn m e n t for th e
dis a st e r o f T a m a t a v e ( i n co n s e qu e n c e o f which r e fu s a l t ra d e
wit h T a m a t a v e w a s fo rbidd e n ) subscrib e d a m o ngs t th e m s e lv e s
,
a n d p a id u p th e i n de m n ity t o th e e xt e n t o f T ra d e
wa s th e n r e op e n e d I n 1 8 5 5 th e F re n ch a dv e n t ur e r a n d
.
:
e x sl a v e t r a d e r
- -
L a m b e rt visit e d A n t a n a na rivo a n d a ft e r a n
, , ,
I n 1 8 5 6 Mr Elli s o n e of th e p io n e e rs of th e Lo n do n
,
Mi ssi o na ry S oci e t y s a g e n t s wh o a ft e r m a ny y e a r s of wo rk h a d
’
, ,
l e ft M a d a g a sc a r i n d e sp a i r i n 1 8 3 6 w a s i n vi te d t o r e tur n ,
th i t h e r t o co nfe r wi th th e qu e e n a n d w e n t o u t a s a n i n fo rm a l
,
to M a d a g a sc a r i n th a t y e a r a n d e sco r t e d to th e c a pit a l Mm e
, .
I s a b e ll a Bi r d o f h e r da y) L a mb e rt plot t e d a c o u p déta t w h ic h
.
’
sh o u ld pl a c e R a ko t o o n th e th r o n e u n d e r Fr e n c h i nflu e n c e ,
frigh t e n e d a n d k e pt h is m o t h e r i n fo rm e d o f th e co n spir a cy
, .
R a da m a I I r e s e m b l e d i n his bri e f c a r e e r C a th e ri n e s p re
’
d e c e sso r th e u n h a ppy P e t e r I I I H e r e v e rs e d th e qu e e n s
,
.
’
, ,
t a ti n g a d e e d p r e s e n t e d to h im by M L a m b e rt whic h g a v e th e .
“
a lso suppos e d to h a v e cr e a t e d L a mb e rt D uc d E m i rn e a ’ ”
,
t i t l e h ow e v e r w h i ch th e e x sl a v e tr a d e r s o o n fou n d it wis e r to
, ,
- -
r e volutio n t ook pl a c e i n 1 8 6 2 a nd th e u n h a p py R a da m a w a s ,
cl a im e d qu e e n bu t w a s domi n a t e d by th e Prim e M i n is te r a s
, ,
h a v e b e e n sub s e qu e n tly a ll th e r e m a i n i n g qu e e n s o f Ma da g a s
c a r T h e F re n ch tr e a t y w a s d e n ou n c e d o n a ccou n t of L a mb e rt s
’
.
1
InJ e s it p ri e sts h a d a ga i n e n de a vo u re d to e st a b l ish t he ms e l v e s
1 84 0 u
i n Ma da g a sc ar o n th e n o rt h w e st c o a st b u t t h e y a l l di e d fro m fe v e r
,
-
,
.
2 72 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R
Europ e a n e n t e rp ri s e Qu e e n R a s o h e ri n a di e d i n 1 8 6 8 a n d
.
,
wa s succ e e d e d b y h e r c o u si n R a na v al o na I I wh o e s ta blis h e d
, ,
Opp o ne n t o f th e F re n ch R a i ni l a i a ri v o ny I n 1 8 7 2 th e Fr e n ch
, .
Gov e r n m e n t a g a i n a llow e d i ts i n flu e n c e i n Ma d a g a sc a r to
w a n e a n d withdr e w i t s s u bsidy from th e J e sui t missi o n a ri e s ;
,
bu t wi th r e t u rn i n g e n e rgy a n d i n th e d a w n o f th e n e w
,
a t th e b e gi n n i n g of th e L a bo rd e th e F re n c h Co n su l
’ ’
80 s .
, ,
di e d i n 1 8 7 8 bu t th e M a l a g a sy Gov e rn m e n t opp os e d h is
,
Ma d a g a sc a r T h e F re n c h Gov e r n m e n t support e d th e cl a im s
.
o f L a b o rd e s h e i r s a n d dispu t e d th e m a t t e r b e tw e e n 1 8 8 0
’
,
and 1 8 8 2 , a t th e s a m e t im e r e vi v i n g th e id e a o f a F re n c h
pr o t e cto ra t e ov e r th e S a k a l a v a of No rt h w e st M a d a g a sca r -
.
T h e si t u a t io n b e c o mi n g s tra i n e d th e Ma d a g a sc a r Gov e r n ,
a n d m a d e n o m e n t io n o f a ny Fr e n c h p r ot e ctor a t e ov e r th e
S a k a l a va s But w e k n ow i n th e fa bl e th a t th e l a mb s a rg u ’
.
m e n ts a v a il e d but li t t l e wi t h th e w o l f Th e F re n c h h a d .
e n d e a vour e d i n 1 8 8 1 to fin d c a us e fo r a qu a rr e l i n th e m u rde r .
b y th e S a k a l a v a s of four Fr e n ch s ubj e c t s o n th e w e s t co a st o f
M a d a ga sc a r a n d cl a im e d a n i n d e m n i t y from th e H ov a Gov e rn
,
h a d b e e n u n de r a Fr e n ch p ro t e c t o ra t e T h e M a l a g a sy Gov e rn .
m e n t p ro mptly p a i d th e i n d e m n i t y d e m a n d e d but w h e n l a t e r
o n t h e y e n d e a vo u r e d to str e n gth e n t h e ir a u th ority ov e r th e
’
2 74 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr z c a .
[C H A R
ri so n e r o n th e Fr e n ch fl a g ship T h e B ri t is h Co n sul
p
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.
,
wa s o r d e re d t o q u i t th e to wn i n 2 4 hours but di e d b e fo re t hi s ,
t im e e l a ps e d A n glo F re n c h r e l a t io n s w e r e s e v e re ly s t r a i ne d
.
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b y th e a t t e mpt of th e Fr e n ch to i n t e rc e p t C a p t a i n J oh n sto n e s ’
Mr Gl a ds t o n e m a d e a v e ry s e riou s sp e e c h i n th e H o us e o f
Comm o n s r e ga rdi ng Mr S h a w s a rre st T h e Fr e n ch G o v e r n
’
.
I n th e m e a n tim e th e Qu e e n o f M a d a g a sc a r di e d ,
a n d wa s s u cc e e d e d by a n ot h e r qu e e n R a na v al o n a I I I ,
.
A dm ir a l Pi e rr e a lso fe ll ill a nd di e d j us t a s h e r e a ch e d
,
n a m e d D ig b y Will o ug h b y wh o h a d b e e n a volu n te e r i n th e
,
n i ti o n a c r o ss t o th e sou t h co a st of M a d a g a sc a r a n d i n r e w a rd ,
fo r h i s e n e rgy w a s t a k e n i n t o th e s e rvic e o f th e M a l a g a sy
Gov e rn m e n t m a d e a n o ffi c e r i n t h e i r a rmy a nd fi na lly ros e t o
, ,
b e t h e i r Comm a n de r i n C hi e f - -
T h e wa r d ra gg e d o n th r o u g h
.
1 885 ,
ca u si ng som e diss a tis fa ctio n a nd l a ssit u d e i n Fra n c e .
I t i s p r ob a bl e th a t th e F r e n ch Gov e rn m e n t w o ul d n o t h a v e
i n sis t e d o n th e pro t e c t o ra te b u t fo r G e rm a n a c t io n o n th e
a dj oi n i n g co a st o f A fric a wh ich c a us e d th e Fr e n c h t o fe e l t h a t
,
l a s t a t re a ty o f p e a c e wa s n e go t i a t e d a n d fi na lly co n cl u d e d i n ,
J a nu a ry 1 8 8 6 G e n e ra l Willough by r e pr e s e n t e d th e Ma l a ga sy
,
.
Gov e rn m e n t a t T a m a t a v e a nd co n clud e d a tr e a ty i n th e ir
,
r e l a t io n s — a n e s ta blishm e nt a t Di e go S u a r e z Ba y a n d a n ,
i nd e m n i t y o f
A fe w m o n t hs l a t e r i n J u n e 1 8 8 6 F ra n c e d e cl a re d h e r
, ,
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'
becom e i n ti m e th e p r e v a i li ng
ll
typ e , w h e r e e s s e n ti a y E u r op e a n s ta te s m a y be f o r m e d
l b l
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l lg
l i s h n z e n t of w a r i k e o r e n i h te n e d n a ti v e r a c e s o r o th e r c a u s e s , m a y efi c tn a l ly f r e v e n t
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o n th e pr e t e xt t h a t th e comp a n y h a d b r ok e n th e co n ditio n s
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a bo u t
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,
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T h e P o r t u g u e s e t a k e C e u t a fr o m th e Mo o rs
T h e r i v e r S e n e g a l r e a ch e d b y P o r t u g u e s e e x p l o r i n g v e ss e ls
s e n t o u t by P ri nce H e n r y
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,
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m e r ch a n t fo r th e e x cl u si v e im p o r t a t i o n o f n e g r o sl a v e s
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fo u n de d
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which da t e s g ra du a l de c a y o f S p a n ish p o we r o v e r
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A fr ic a n c o a s t.
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to A m e r i c a u n de r th e Br i t ish fl a g .
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1
9
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b u k tu a n d th e U pp e r N i g e r to th e Mo o r i s h do mi n i o n s 1 5 90
T h e fi r s t D u t ch t r a di n g s hi p s a p p e a r o n th e W e s t A fr ic a n
C o ast
T h e D u t ch r e p l a c eth e P o r t u gu e s e a t A r g u i n ( N W C o a s t
. .
o f A fr i c a ) m 1 6 2 1 ; a n d a t E lmi n a ( G o l d C o a st ) .
F r e n ch t r a de r s fr o m D i e p p e fo u n d th e F o r t o f S t L o u is a t
th e m o u t h o f th e S e n e g a l
F o u n da t i o n o f th e F re n c h C o m p a g n i e de L O r i e n t fo r th e
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T h e B r i t i s h E a s t I n di a C o m p a n y t a k e s th e I s la n d o f S t
H e l e n a fr o m th e D u t ch .
T h e D u t c h t a k e p o s s e s s i o n o f th e C a p e o f G o o d H o p e
A B ri t i s h A fr ic a n C o mp a n y c h a r t e r e d by C h a rl e s I I
b u il ds a fo r t a t j a m e s I s l a n d a t th e m o u t h o f th e
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,
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B ra n de n b u r g ( P r u s s i a ) b u il ds th e F o r t o f G ro s s fri e dri c h s
b u r g o n th e G o l d C o a s t
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,
1 662 ,
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’
o f a ll h e r p o ss e s si o n s n o r t h o f Mo c a m b i q u e b y
T h e p r e s e n t H u s s e i n i te dy n a st y o f B e y s ( fr o m 1 7 0 5 to 1 8 8 1
p ra c t ica ll y i n de p e n de n t s o v e r e i g n s ) i s fo u n de d i n T u n i s
b y a T u rki s h A g h a — H u s s e i n b i n A l i Be y
S i e u r A n dr e de E r li e w h o w e n t o u t to S t L o u is i n 1 6 9 7 a s
’
th e G o v e rn o r o f th e F r e n ch S e n e g a l C o m p a n y fo u n ds ,
du r i n g th e n e x t 1 8 y e a r s th e F r e n c h c o l o n y o f S e n e g a l
a n d r e t u rn s to F r a n c e
2 94 A ppe ndi x I .
A D
. .
T h e Br o t h e r s L a n de r s e n t o u t by B r i t ish G o v e rn m e n t t ra c e
th e N i g e r fr o m B u s a to th e s e a a n d e s t a b lish i t s o u t l e t
i n th e G u l f o f G u i n e a
A F r e n ch E x p e di t i o n c o n q u e r s A l g i e r s
P o r t u g a l a b o lish e s th e S l a v e T r a de
F i r s t B ri t ish s t e a m e rs ( Ma c g r e g o r L a i r d s
’
E x p e di t i o n )
n a v i g a t e th e L o w e r N i g e r ( 1 8 3 2 ) a n d di s co v e r th e
B e nu e R i v e r
S l a v e r y a b o lish e d i n a l l B r i t ish A fr ic a n p o s s e ssi o n s i n ,
c l u di n g C a p e C o l o n y by
,
F i r s t K a ffir W a r i n S o u t h A fr ic a .
“
F i r s t T r e k ki n g o f th e B o e r s a w a y fr o m B r i t ish r u l e
B o e r e mi g ra nt s t re a c h e r o u sl y m a ss a cre d by D i n g a n e K i n g ,
o f th e Z u l u s
T h e S a k a l a v a o f N W e s t Ma da g a s c a r p l a c e t h e m s e l v e s
-
u n de r F r e n ch p r o t e c t i o n a n d F r a n c e o cc u p i e s th e
,
i s l a n ds o f N o si Be y a n d Ma yo tta .
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o f E gyp t
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T r i p o li s e i z e s a n d g a r ri s o n s th e im p o r t a n t S a h a ra n
t o wn s o f G h a da m e s a n d C h a t i n 1 8 4 0 —4 1 b u t i s
hims e l f r e m o v e d b y th e T u rk s w h o a n n e x de fi n i t e l y to
.
th e T u r ki s h E m p i r e T r i p o li a n d B a r k a
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G o l d C o a s t fi n a ll y o r g a n is e d a s a C r o wn C Ol o ny
.
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Wa g h o rn s O v e r l a nd R o u t e e m p h a t ica ll y e s t a b li s h e d a c ro ss
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I n de p e n de n c e o f th e F r e e d S l a v e S t a t e o f L i b e r i a r e c o g n i s e d
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A b d a l K a de r s u r r e n de rs ; C o n s t a n t in e ( E a s t A l g e r i a ) t a k e n
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v ill e i n th e G a b o o n
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K e ni a a nd K ilim a nj a r o
A ppe n di x I . 2 95
S lave r y h a s be e n b o li s h e d t h ro u g h o u t a ll th e F re nch
a
p o s s e ss i o n s i n A fr ica b y
D e n m a r k c e de s h e r G o l d C o a s t fo r t s to E n g l a n d
L i v i n g s t o n e a n d O sw e ll di s c o v e r th e C e n t ra l Z a m b e z i
I n de p e n de nc e o f th e T r a n s v a a l Re p u b lic r e c o g ni z e d b y
G re a t B r i t a i n .
R e p re s e n t a t i v e G o v e rn m e n t e s t a b lish e d i n C a p e C o l o n y
G e n e r a l F a i dh e r b e a p p o i n t e d G o v e rn o r o f S e n e g a l i n 1 8 5 4 ;
h e b r e a k s th e F u l a p o w e r a n d g r e a t l y e x t e n ds th e
F r e n ch p o s s e s s i o n s by
A B ri t ish E x p e di t i o n i s s e n t o u t i n 1 8 4 9 u n de r R i c h a r ds o n ,
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,
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th e ri v e r S h a ri ; B a r t h v i s i t s th e U p p e r Be n u e ,
Tim b u k t u e tc a n d r e t u rn s to E n g l a n d
,
.
,
L i v i n g s t o n e m a k e s h i s fa m o u s j o u rn e y fro m C a p e C o l o n y
to A ng o l a a n d fr o m A n g o l a to th e I n di a n O c e a n ,
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r e t u r n s to E n g l a n d
B u r t o n a n d S p e k e disc o v e r L a k e T a n g a n y ik a a n d S p e k e
,
disc o v e r s Vic t o r i a N y a n z a
L i v i n g s t o ne a n d K i rk dis c o v e r L a k e Ny a s a
S p a n i s h W a r w i t h Mo r o c c o
Z a nz i b a r s e p a ra t e d a s a n i n de p e n de n t S t a t e fro m th e
Imamate o f O man
’
L a g o s b e co m e s a B ri t ish C ro w n Co l o n y
S p e k e a n d G ra n t e s t a b lish th e Vi c t o r i a N y a n z a L a k e a s
th e m a i n s o u r c e o f th e N il e v i s i t U g a n da a n d fo ll o w
, ,
th e N il e do w n to C a i ro .
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S e c o n d G o v e r n m e n t E x p e di t i o n u nde r D r Ba iki e s e n t o u t
to e x p l o re 1 i v e r s N i g e r a n d Be n u é D r B a iki e
m a de C o n s u l fo r th e N i g e r fo u n ds L o k o ja a t N i g e r
,
B e n u e c o n fl u e n ce a n d e x p l o re s Be nu é ( 1 8 5 7 ) a n d
g r e a t l y e xt e nds B ri t ish i n fl u e n c e ; b u t di e s i n 1 86 3 ;
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D i s c o v e r y o f a di a m o n d n e a r th e O r a n g e R i v e r i n C a p e
C o lo ny
2 96 A ppe n di x I .
L a k e s Mw e ru a n d Ba n g w e o l o a n d th e U p p e r L u a p u l a
'
( C o n g o ) R di s c o v e r e d by L i v i n g s t o n e i n 1 8 6 7 an d
.
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B ri t i sh A r m y e n t e r s A by s s i n i a to r e l e a s e c a p t i v e s o f K i n g
T h e o do re a n d wi n s v i c t o r y o f Ma g da l a
E s t a b li s h m e n t o f T r i p l e C o n t ro l o v e r T u n i s i a n fi n a n c e s
O p e n i n g o f S u e z C a na l
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E gyp t i a n S u da n
D r S c h w e i n fii rth di s c o v e r s the R W e ll e th e g r e a
.
,
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N y a n g w e ; is m e t a t Uj ij i a n d r e li e v e d b y S t a n l e y 1 87 1
I n s u rr e c t i o n a g a i n s t F re n c h i n E a st e r n A l g e ri a s u p p re s s e d 1 87 1
R e s p o n si b l e G o v e r n m e n t i n t r o du c e d i n t o C a p e C o l o n y 1 872
S u l t a n o f Z a n z i b a r s i g n s t r e a ty fo r c e d o n h i m b y E n g l a n d
fo r a b o li t i o n o f th e S l a v e T r a de
S e c o n d A s h a n t i W a r : S i r G a r n e t W o ls e l e y t a k e s a n d bu r n s
Ku ma si
D r L i v i n g st o n e di e s
C a m e ro n c r o s s e s A fr i c a fr o m Z a nz i b a r to B e n g u e l a m a p p i n g
,
T a n g a n y i k a co rr e c t l y fo r th e fi r s t t im e 1 87 3 —75
S t a n l e y ci rc u m n a v i g a t e s th e Vi c t o r i a N y a n z a a n d t r a c e s
th e r i v e r C o n g o fr o m N ya n g w e to th e A t l a n t ic O c e a n
th e g r e a t e st j o u r n e y i n A fr i c a n E x p l o r a ti o n
T r a n sv a a l a n n e x e d b y G r e a t B ri t a i n
T h e D u a l C o n t r o l o f F r a n c e a n d E n g l a n d im p o s e d o n
E gyp t i a n G o v e rn m e n t I s m a i l P a s h a de p o s e d 1 87 9
W a r b e tw e e n G r e a t B ri t a i n a n d th e Z u l u s 1 879
Th e I n t e r na t i o n a l A s s o ci a t i o n fo u n de d b y th e K i n g Of th e
B e l g i a n s h a v i n g de v e l o p e d a s p e c i a l b ra n ch th e
, ,
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,
s e n ds o u t Mr
“
S t a n l e y to fo u n d wh a t b e c o m e s l a t e r o n th e C o ngo
F re e S t a t e ”
D e B r a z z a s e c u re s p a r t o f th e U p p e r C o n g o fo r F r a n c e
T h e T ra n s v a a l r e v o l t s a g a i n s t G re a t B r i t a i n a n d s e c u r e s
re c o gni t i o n o f i ts i n de p e n de n c e u n de r B ri ti sh s u z e
ra i n ty
2 98 A ppe ndi x 1 .
G r e a t di s c o v e r i e s o f re e f go ld in th e T r a n sv a a l ; fo u n di n g
o f j o h a nn e s b m g
Wa r b re a k s o u t i n N .y a s a l a n db e tw e e n B r i t ish s e tt l e r s
N
a n d A r a b s l a v e t r a de r s
In O il r i v e r s ( N i g e r D e l t a ) j aj a K i n g o f O p o b o i s a rr e s t e d
, ,
a n d b a n i s h e d ; a c c e s s to i n t e r i o r m a r k e t s i s t h e n o b
ta i n e d
F re n ch S e n e g a m b i a n p o ss e ssi o n s de fi n i t e l y e x t e n de d to th e
U pp e r N i g e r
I m p e r i a l B r i t i s h E a s t A fric a C o m p a n y r e c e i v e s C h a r t e r
S e r i o u s r e b e lli o n a g a i n s t th e G e rm a n s b r e a k s o u t i n E a s t
A fr i c a ( i s n o t fi n a ll y s u b du e d t ill 1 8 90 ) 1 8 88
B ri t i s h p r o t e c t o r a t e o v e r N S o m a lil a n d fi n a ll y o rg a n i s e d
. 1 8 89
I t a li a n p r o t e c t o r a t e e s t a b li s h e d o v e r E a s t S o m a lil a n d
a n d t r e a ty c o n cl u de d w i t h Me n e l e k o f E t hi o p i a b y
w hi c h I t a l y cl a im e d to c o n t r o l fo r e i g n re l a t i o n s o f
A by s s i n i a
C h a r t e r g i v e n to B r i t ish S o u t h A fr i c a n C o m p a n y
Br i t i s h C e n t r a l A fr i c a de cl a re d to b e u n de r B r i t i s h p r o
te c ti o n : B r i t i s h fl a g h o is t e d o n L a k e s T a n g a n y i k a a n d
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.
E dw a r d L a k e a n d R u w e n z o r i Mo u n t a i n a n d r e a ch e s
Zanz ibar
A n g l o G e rm a n A gr e e m e n t c o n cl u de d r e la t i v e to E a s t
A fr i c a : Z a n z i b a r t a k e n u n de r B r i t i s h p r o t e c t i o n ; G r e a t
Br i t a i n r e c o g n i z e s F r e n ch p r o t e c t o r a t e o v e r Ma da
g a s c a r a n d F r e n c h S p h e r e o f I n fl u e n c e b e t we e n
A l ge ria ,
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,
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,
r e c o g n i z e s th e B r i t i s h C o n t r o l o v e r S o k o t o a n d th e
Lo w e r N i g e r
F r e n ch e x p e di t i o n s r e a c h th e r i v e r S h a r i fr o m th e C o n g o
Ba s i n a n d s e c u r e t h a t r i v e r to F re nc h i n fl u e n c e 1 8 90 —91
C a p t a i n ( n o w C o l o n e l ) L u g a r d e s t a b li s h e s B r i t i s h p r e
do mi n a n c e o v e r U g a n da
N a ta l r e c e i v e s r e s p o n s i b l e g o v e rn m e n t
F ra n c e c o n q u e r s a n d a nn e x e s D a h o m e
A ppe n di x I . 2 99
F i r s t Ma t a b e l e w a r : de a t h o f L o b e n g u l a : Bu l u wa yo b e
c o m e s th e c a p i t a l o f R h o de s i a
F r e n ch o c c u p y Tim b u kt u
U g a n da de c l a re d a B r i t i s h p ro t e c t o ra t e C ha r t e r o f B r i t ish
.
F r a n c e c o n q u e r s a n d a n n e x e s Ma da g a sc a r
J a m e s o n ra i d i n t o T r a n s v a a l : Ma t a b e l e r e v o l t a n d s e c o n d
Ma t a b e l e w a r
I t a l y s u s t a i n s t e rr i b l e de fe a t 1 n N o r t h A by s si n i a
. H e 1 p ro
te c to r a te o v e r A by s s i n i a wi t h dra w n a n d t h a t c o u n t r y s
’
i n de p e n de n c e re c o g n i z e d
A nglo — E gy p t i a n a rm y r e c o n q u e r s D o n g o l a
C o n q u e s t o f N u p e b y th e R o y a l N i g e r C o m p a n y
Z u l u l a n d i n c o r p o r a t e d wi t h N a t a l
R a ilw a y c o m p l e t e d to Bu l u w a yo
R e v o l t o f S u da n e s e s o l di e r s t e m p o ra r il y imp e r ils Bri ti s li
.
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A n g l o F r e n c h a g r e e m e n t si g n e d wi t h r e g a r d to N i g e r
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A n g l o G e r m a n a g r e e m e n t r e l a t i v e to D e l a g o a Ba y a n d
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o t h e r P o r t u g u e s e p o s s e ssi o n s i n A fr i c a s i g n e d i n
R a il w a y O p e n e d fr o m L o w e r C o n g o to S t a nl e y p o o l
K h a r t u m c a p t u re d b y S i r H ( n o w L o rd) K i t ch e n e r a n d
.
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-
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Maj o r Ma rch a n d w h o i s s e n t to F a sh o da b y F r e n ch
,
B I B L I O G R A P HY O F T H E H I S T O RY O F C O L O N I ZA T I O N
O F A FR IC A . B O O KS S P E C IA LLY USEFUL .
A LL B LU E BO O K S p u b lish e d b y F o r e i g n O ffi c e a n d C o l o n i a l O ffi c e
DEAL I NG W I T H A F R I CA a n d th e S LAVE T RA DE fr o m 1 8 3 0 to
th e p r e s e n t da y— e s p e c i a ll y fo r th e y e a r s b e tw e e n 1 8 7 6 a n d
1 8 98 .
E dwa r d S t a nfo r d 1 8 9 5 . .
T H E S T O R Y O F A F R I CA ; b y D r R o b e r t B r o w n 4 v o ls . .
C a s s e ll a n d C o m p a n y 1 8 94 —5 . .
( A m o s t v a l u a b l e b o o k o f r e fe re nc e ) .
P a rt s I 2 ( de a li n g wi t h S o u t h a n d E a s t A fr ic a ) ; b y C P . .
Lu c a s B A ,
. . C l a r e n do n P r e s s 1 8 97 . .
D o D o Vo l I I I
. . W E S T A F R I CA
. . C l a r e n do n P r e ss
. 1 8 94 . .
H I S T O R Y O F S O U T H A F R I CA ; by G M C a ll Th e a l .
5 vo l s
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,
. .
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’
Me r c i e r 3 v o l s . .P a r i s : E rn e s t L e r o u x 1 8 9 1 . .
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H I S T O I R E D E L ET A BL I S S E ME N T D E S A RABE S D AN S L A F R I Q U E
’ ’
S E P T E NT R I O NALE s e l o n l e s a u t e u rs A r a b e s B y th e s a m e .
au t h o r I vo l. . P a r is : C h a ll a m e l 1 8 7 5 . .
H I S T O R IA D A A F R I C A O R I E NTAL PO R T U G UE Z A ; p o r J o s e J o a q u i m
'
L o p e s de L im a . L is b o n 1 8 6 2 . .
H I S T O R Y O F T H E KI NG D O M O F C O NG O ; b y D u a r t e L o p e s
r e n de r e d i n t o I t a li a n b y F ili p p o Pi g a fe tta .
E n g li s h t ra n sl a t i o n : J o h n Mu rra y 1 8 8 1 . .
A NG O LA A N D T H E R I VER C O N G O ; b y J J Mo n t e i r o 2 v o ls
. . . .
Ma cmill a n Co 1 87 5 . .
30 2 A ppe ndi x I ] .
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O UR . .
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, 2 vo l s
. . B l a c k w o o d E di n b u rg h 1 8 93
. .
, . .
B R ITI S H E A S T A F R I CA ; B y P M D e r m o tt .
c
.
C ha p m a n H a ll 1 895 . .
E NG L I S H MI S S I O N TO A BY S S I N IA ; by ( S i r) G e ra l d H P o r t a l . .
W i n c h e s t e r ( p r i v a t e l y p r i n t e d) : 1 8 8 8 .
T RAVEL S O F T HE J E S U I T s I N E T H I O P IA ; b y B T e ll e z . .
L o n do n 1 7 1 0 . .
S AVAG E A F R I CA ; b y W i n w o o d R e a de S mi t h E l de r 1 8 6 4
. . .
A F R I CAN S K E T C H B OO K s a m e a u t h o r a n d p u b li sh e r s
-
1 87 3 . .
MAR T Y RD O M O F MA N s a m e a u t h o r .
K e g a n P a u l ( E d 1 3 ) 1 8 90 . . .
A DVE NT URE S I N N YA S S A L A N D ; b y L o w Mo n t e i t h F o t h e r i n g h a m .
Samp so n L o w 1 89 1 . .
C T W il s o n
. . 2 vo ls . . S amp so n L o w 1 882 . .
T H E H EA R T O F A F R I C A ; b y D r G e o r g S c hw e i n fu r t h .
S amp so n L o w 1 873 . .
T R A VEL S A N D D I S C O V ER I E S I N N O R T H A N D C E NT RAL A F R I CA ;
by D r H e n r B a r t h 5 v o ls
v . .
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F I RE A N D S W O RD I N T H E S UDAN b y S l a t i n P a s h a .
E dwa rd A rn o l d 1 8 96 . .
H A U S A L A N D ; b y R e v C h a rl e s H e n r y R o b i n s o n
. .
S am p so n L o w 1 8 97 . .
A T RAV ER S L A F R I Q U E C E NT RALE : D U C O NG O A U N IG ER ; b y
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C Ma i s t re
. . P a ri s 1 8 9 5 . .
T H E EA RL Y C H A R T E R ED C O MPAN I E S ; b y G e o r g e C a w s t o n a n d
A H K e a ne
. . . E dw a r d A rn o l d 1 8 96 . .
MADAGAS CAR ; b v C a p t a i n S Pa s fie l d O li v e r 2 v o l s . . .
Ma c mill a n 1 8 8 6 . .
I MP RE SS I O N S O F S O U T H A F R I CA ; by R t H o n J a m e s B r y c e M P .
, . .
Ma c mill a n 1 8 98 . .
IN D EX .
Abb i ad e , d, 2
’
0 8 A l e x a ndri a , 10 , 1
33, 1
91 , 2
31, 2 33,
A bd al - -
K a de r , 1 35 2 45
A b d aI - -
Mu mi n , 1
9 A lg ve ar ,
2 7
Ab e G o m e d 2 6 2
r u , z
’
, A l ge i a r , 1 34 et s ea , 1 38 , 2 1 2 ,
A b yssi n i a 2 3 3 2 1 4 8 , , , , , 1 5 9, 2 78
1
93 , 1
95 , 20 8, 2 10 , 2 1
9 , 2 36 , A lgi e rs 6 1 e t sea 3 4 , ,
1 , 1 44
e t se
q .
, 2 7 7, 2 78 A l m e i da F ra n cisc o de , , 2 62
Abyssi n i a n e xp l o e rs r , 20 8 A l m o a vi de A l m o ha de
r , ,
se e Ma rab u t
Acc a 1 0 9 1 1 0
r , , and Mu a h e di m
A c o re s I sl nds 3 9 a , A l sa c e Lo -
r ra n e i s e tt l e s r in A lg e ri a ,
A c u nh a , T r i s ta O d ( c o n q u ist a do r)
’
, I 37
31 A lu la , Ra s , 2 4 6
I s l a nd , 4 5, 1 73 A m a lfi, 2 4 3'
A de n 1 4 5 2 3 7 . , Am a ro
99 , J o se , 1
A dis Ab e ba 2 4 7 , A m a to ng a la nd, 1 8 4 ,
1 86
A d ar 2 2
r , 1 Amb a s Ba y, 1 1 5, 1 58
A di a 2 4 7
r , Ambri z , 4 2
A epyo r n i s , 2 6 2 Am e ric a,
96 , 1 50
A ic ”
fr a ( th e R o m a n p o vi nc e r o f) , A m e rl c a n Missi o n a ri e s , 1 56, 1 59
II s l ve t ra de 93
a -
,
A f ic a di e cti o n f o m w h ic h m a n
r , r r Am h a ra 2 4 6 ,
fi r st i nv de d I ; e t hno l o gy o f 2 ;
a , , A n b i n a l Asi ( c o n q u e ro r o f Egypt )
r r- -
,
dist ib ti o n o f n a tiv e p o p l a ti o n
r u u I 4
3 0 0 0 y e s a g o 3 ; o igi n o f n a m e
ar ,
r A n de ss o n 2 0 8 2 1 8
r , ,
of I I ; o w e s its p i n cip a l f o d
, r o A ng l o G e rm a n C o n v e n ti o n o f 1 8 90
-
,
p o du cts to A a bs a n d P o t u
r r r 2 57 : 0 f 1 8 98 , 2 87
g e u
s e 38 39 ;
“
,N e w A fric a , ,
”
A n go c he 5 9 ,
2 82 A ng o l 3 5 t s e aa, e , 4 2 , 4 3, 1 50 , 1 56 ,
A f ic a n Asso ci ti o n 1 96
r a , , 1 97 , 2 0
9 1 93 , 2 0
9, 2 1 6, 2 1 8, 2 82
L a k e s C o mp a n y , 1 5 3, 1 81, A ng P e q u e na 4 5 2 5 2
ra , , ,
187 A nh a ya P dro de 3 1 , e ,
A hm a du , th e F u a n ; 1 2 7, l Ki g 1 2 8 A n t a na na riv o 2 7 0 2 7 1 2 7 3 , , , , 2 75
A lb t
er N a n z a , s e e N a nz ay y A nt o ne ll i 2 1 9 ,
Al x
e a n de r th e re a , 1 0 G t A abi A h m e d 2 3 1 2 3 2
r , , ,
Al x
e a n de r , S i r E , 1 99 J . . A ra bi a 1 I 7 2 1 7 2 3 7
, , , ,
30 4 I nde x .
A bic l a ng g e 1 7 1 3 8 2 8 3
ra ua , , ,
Ba b -
e l- Ma nde b , S t r a its o f, 2 4 3
A bs I 3 ; ( i nv de Egypt n d T ip o l i
ra , a a r B b o ns 1 0
a o ,
an d T u n is
) 4 ; ( a c h At l a ntic ,
1 re B ada g i 2 0 3 r ,
O c e a n a nd c o n q e r Mo o cco a n d u r B a gi mi 4 4 2 1 4 2 7 8
r , 1 , ,
S p a i n) 1 5 1 6 (g e t i n v si o n o f
, , r a a B h a l Gh az l 1 4 4 2 1 0
a r - -
a , , , 2 1 5, 2 1 6 ,
N o rt h A fric a ) 1 7 ; (s e tt l e o n E a st ,
c o a st O f A f ic ) 2 4 5 ; (t h e i r l e r a , , 2 ru B iki e D 1 1 7
a ,
r,
s u p e rs e de d i n N A f ic b yT u k s ) . r a r , B i n e s W i ll i m 2 1 8
a ,
a ,
2 4 A a b i n fl u e n c e a nd civi l is ti o n
r a B k e S i r S a m e l a nd La dy
a r, u ,
2 0 7,
i n M ha mm a d n A f ic a 2 5 2 6 ;
u a r , ,
2 10 , 2 1 1 , 2 1 4 ,
2 1
7
i n t o d c e v a i o s do m e stic ni
r u r u a Ba m k a u ,
1 2 7, 1
97
m l s a nd fo o d p ro du cts i nt o
a B a mb k u , 1 2 5, 1 96
A f ic a 3 9 ; A a bs a n d P o t u
r ,
r r B n an (t
a a re e
) , 4 0
g u e se 45 4 6 ; A a bs o n Z a m
, , r Ba ng w e o l o L ke 2 1 2 2 2 0 2 2 , a , , ,
2
be i 4 7 ; re g a i n Z a n iba c o a st
z , z r ,
B a n ks , S i r J o s e p h 1 96 ,
50 2 37 ;
, a S l a v e T de rs 9 5 s ra , ,
B nt B o d line 1 4 4 2 2 1
a u r e r- , ,
10 0 ; o f Alge i find a l e a de i n r a r n e g o e s 3 6 5 76 7
7 1 61 2 59
r , , , , , ,
A b d a l Ka de -
3 5 ; i n N ya sa
-
r, 1 mig a ti o n s o f 4 7 6 1 6 1 r , , ,
l nd 1 8 ; 0 th e C o n go 2 2 6 ;
a , 2 11 ,
B a ptist Missi o n (C a m e ro o n s a nd
a t Z a n ib a 2 4 ; a nd G e m a n s
z r, 2 r , C o ng o ) 1 1 5 ,
2 5 7 ; a n d Ma d g sc r 2 6 1 e t e B ptist 1 99 a
a ; a a a , s a ,
f t e o f A a bs i n A f ic a 2 8 0
u u r r r ,
Ba a ti e i G e ne a l 2 4 7
r r , r ,
A c h i n d C o l 1 2 8 1 30
r ar ,
.
, ,
B a b a ro ss a s th e 6 1
r , ,
A g i n 30 6 6 1 2 5 2 4 9
r u , , , , B a b y S t t e s 6 1 1 0 4 ; s e a l so
r ar a , , e
A no t F S 2 2 0
r ,
. .
, A l g i T nis T ip o l i
e r a, u , r
Asc e n si o n I sl n d 4 5 a , Ba i pe o ple 1 5 1 2 1 7
r , ,
A s h a n t1 , 10 9 e t s ea B a i ng o L a k e 2 2 1 2 2 3
r , , ,
Asi a , th e m o t he r o f m a n I ; fu r , B ka 8 I 5 0 6 2 7 8
ar , , , 2 ,
n is h e s m n y do m e stic a n im a l s a B e t o F a n cisc o 4 7 1 93
a rr , r , ,
a nd p l a n ts to A f ic a 3 ; wit h o u t
9 r , B a th D H e n y 2 0 6 2 0 7
r , r r , ,
ra c e f e l i n g a ga i n st E u o p e 2 8 4
e r , Ba r u ts e , 1 54 , 1 82 ,
2 1 6
Asm a 2 4 6 ra , B a st a ds th e 8 2 r , ,
Ass b Ba y 2 4 2 2 4 3
a , ,
B a sti a n D 2 1 3 , r,
At l a ntic O c e a n e a c h e d by A ra bs r , B a s t o B s u t o la nd 8 5 1 5 5
u , a , , ,
1 69
I S B a t hu r st 1 0 5 ,
At l s Mo u n t a i n s 1 3 6
a , ,
2 2 1 B a t o k a c o u n t ry 1 4 7 1 5 2 , ,
At ro citi e s 2 2 7 2 5 8 ,
”
, B a tt e l A nd e w 1 93 1 94
, r , ,
A u e s Mo u n t i n s 2 8 0
r a ,
B u m nn D 2 2 2
a a , r,
A u st i a n a tt e mpt o n D
r e la g o a Ba y, B e a fo t de 2 0
u r , , 1
0
'
6 B e c h u n a B e c h a n a l nd 8 5
a , u a , , 8 7,
t h o l ic Missi o n o n N i l e
C a 0 , 2 1 1 54 , 1 61, 1 86, 2 5 9, 2 80
A u t h o r H i s e xp e ie n c e o f S l v e
. r a B e e c ro ft M , r, 2 0 5
t a ffic 9 5 a dmi nist e rs Amb s
r , a Be h a u z i n , 30 1
Ba y 1 1 5 ; , e mo v s J ja 1 1 6 ; r e a , B i
e ra , 4 6 , 5 , 6 0 , 1 8 8
9
a dmi n ist e r s B ritis h C e n t ra l A f ic a r , Be k e, C 2 0 8 .
182 18
7 ; wit h D
, C o ss di s r r B e lgi A ic an fr a , 2 2 5 e t se
a
c o v e r s so u t h e nd O f L k e Ru kw a a , B e lgi s Ki g
an , n o f th e , 1 4 3—4, 2 1 8,
2 1 9 ; o the A f ic a n xp lo a ti o ns r r e r , 2 1 9, 2 2 5 et se
a , 2 50
2 0 ; a n d Ki l im a nj a ro
2 2 38 2 55 B e l gi u m B e l gi a n s 1 0 0 2 1 8 2 1 2 2
, , , , , , 9, 7
nd
“
C p e to C a i ro Be l tra m a G i o v a nn i 2 1 0
”
a 2 4 2 a , , ,
30 6 I n dex .
B ru c e J a m e s, , 1 95 C a t h c a rt , e n e ra l , 1 6 8
G
Br ii e , 1 2 4 , 1 94 C a tt l e , 1 6 1
Bu A ma m a , 1 3 8 C a v e n dis h , Mr H , 2 2 3 .
B u g e a d Ma rsha l
u , , 1 35 C e r n e , s e e K e r ne
B u gi a 6 1 , C e te w a yo , 1 8 5
B l a Ma t di 3 4
u a , C e u ta , 1 5 2 1 , 2 2 , 2 8 , 6 3
,
Bu l u w a yo , 1 7 7, 1 88 C h a d, L a k e , 1 7 , 1 1 5 , 1 1 9 , 1 2 1 ,
B n b u ry S i E H 8
u , r . .
, 12 7 14 2 , 1
,
92 , 2 0 2 , 2 0 6 , 2 1 4
B n y o ro
u 1 2 4 1 , 2 1 , C h a fa r i n a s I s l a n ds , 6 3
B c he ll D Wi lli m 1 99
u r , r a , C h a i ll e L o ng , C o l , 2 1 7
-
.
B u t o n S i R ich a d F 2 0 7
r , r r .
, , 2 0
9, C h a i l l u P a u l du , 1 4 2 , 2 1 5
,
2 1 5 C ha k a , 8 3 1 6 6 , 1 8 4 ,
B s 1 1 6 1 1 9 1 98 2 0 3
u a, , , , C h a n l e r, W Ast o r , 2 2 3 .
B u s hi i 2 5 7 r , C h a r l e s I I o f E n gl a nd, 1 0 9, 1 9 5
B u sh m e n 2 4 5 6 8 1 6 , , , , , 1 V o f S p a i n 6 2 , 93 ,
B u xt o n S i r Tho m a s F o w e l l 2 0 5
, , X o f F ra n c e , 1 3 4 , 2 6 6
By an ti m By a n ti ne G e e ks 0
z u ,
z r , 1 , C h a r t e re d c o mp a ni e s , 1 0 4
1 2 , 1 3, 1 4 , 92 C ha t e l a i n R e v H e l i , 1 5 6
, .
C h e l ms fo rd, L o rd, 1 8 5
C a i ll l e R e n é, 1 2 6 , 2
, 0 1 C h imp a n z e e , th e , 7
C a i ro , 1 6 , 2 3 3 C h i n de , R , 5 9 .
C a la ba r , s e e O ld C ho be , R 2 5
9 .
,
C a m , Di o g o , 3 0 , 3 3 C h risti a n Bis h o ps i n T u m s ra , 2 0 ;
C a mb o n , M , 1 4 1 . i n C e n t ra l A fr ic a , 3 3 2 1 8 , 2 4 0 ; ,
C a mbys e s , 1 0 , 1 90 Ma da g a sc a r, 1 5 3 , 2 6 8
C a m e l , th e , 3 9, 4 8 , 2 43 C h risti a n Missi o n s i n A fr ic a , l ist o f
C a m e ro n C a pt V L , . . .
, 2 1 3, 2 1 6, 2 1 8 Am e ica n P e sbyt e i
r r r an Missi o n ,
C a m e ro o n s , 1 1 3 , 2 1 5, 1 55, 1 56
2 2 2 , 2 54 , 2 58 A u st ri a n C a t h o l ic Missi o n ( S u
C a m p a g n o n , 1 2 4 , 1 94 da n) , 1 50 , 2 10
p l o r e r ) , 1 99 si o n 1 5 6 ,
C a n a da , 1 0 7 ( E n g l ish ) C a m e o o n s a nd r
y sl
C a na r I a n d , 3 3 , 6 3 , 1 2 1 s C o n go Missi o n 1 5 7 1 5 8 , ,
i
C a n d do de C o a C a rdo o , 1 99 st s ( S c o tc h ) N y s a l n d Missi o n a a ,
C a nn aib l ism , 2 2 7 1 58
p G
C a e o f o o d H o e , 30 , 4 6 , 6 7 p B s e l Missi o n 1 5 4
a ,
l y
C o o n , 68 , 74 , 75 , 8 2 , 1 0 8 , Ba v a ri a n ( R o m a n C a th o l ic ) Mi s
1 6 1 , 1 70 , 2 5 1 , 2 8 0 si o n 1 5 4 ,
D tc h
u , 89 B e l in Missi o n y S o ci e ty 1 5 4
r ar ,
To w n 7 2 7 6 , , C hu c h Missi o n a ry S o ci e ty 1 4 9
r , ,
V e rde 2 9 1 2 7 , ,
2 0 7, 2 1 8, 2 40
I s l a n ds 3 9 4 5 7 5 , , , E di nb u rg h Missi o n a ry S o ci e ty ,
“
C a p e to C i o 1 83 2 4 2 a r , , 1 48
C a p e ll o B it o 2 1 6 , r , Episc o p a l Me th o dist ( Am e ric an)
C a rn v o n L o rd 1 8 3 1 8 4
ar , , ,
Missi n 1 5 6 o ,
C a th ge 4 5 1 1 1 5 2 0
r a , , , , , Est b l ishe d C h ch o f S c o t l and
a u r
C a th gi ni n s 8
r a a , Missi o n 1 5 5 1 5 6 , ,
C s a m ns e R iv e r 1 2 7
a a , ,
F e e C hu c h Missi o n ( S c o tch )
r r ,
C a t th e do m e stic 3 9
, , 1 55, 1 56
I n de x .
30 7
Fre nc h Ev a ng e l ic a l Missi o na y r 2 2 5
S o ci e ty 1 5 4 1 5 5 , , C o m m e rs o n , P h i l ibe r t 2 6 4 ,
G la sg o w Missi o na y S o ci e ty 1 4 8 r , C o m o ro I s l a nds 4 1 1 2 5 , , , , 2 65 ,
J e su it missi o n s (Z a mb e i ) 1 5 2 ; z , 2 69 , 2 75
( Ma da ga sc a r ) 1 5 2 , C o m p i ég n e , Ma rq u is de , 2 1 5
Lo ndo n Missio n a ry S o ci e ty 1 4 8 , , c B e rl i n
C o n fe re n e , ,
1 1
7
1 5 2 67 B ru ss e l s 2 1 8 ,
Mo ra vi a n P o t e st a n t
r Missi o n , C o n g o C h isti a n ity r , 33 e t sea , 1 4 7
1 54 F re e S t a t e 1 0 0 , , 1 4 3, 2 1 9, 2 2 5,
N t h A f ica n Missi o n 1 5 8
or r , 2 2 6 e t se a , 2
4 9, 250
N o rt h G e rm a n ( B re m e n ) Mi s Ki ngdo m 3 3 , , 34 , 1 47; Ro ya l
si o n 1 5 2 , fa mi l y o f 3 4 3 5 , ,
N o w e gi a n Missi o n 1 5 6
r ,
‘
ive r a n d b a s i n
r 3, 4
, , 30 , 94 ,
P l ym o t h B e t h e n 1 5 8 u r r , 100 , 1 1 7, 56 ,
1 1 58, 2 00 , 2 1 3,
R h e n is h Missi o n a r y S o ci e ty 1 5 4 , 2 1 9, 2 2 6, 2 80
S o ci e ty fo r th e P ro p ag a ti o n o f Tre ty a o f 1 884 , 36 , 4 4 , 1 81 ,
th e G o sp e l 1 5 0 , 2 2 6
S o ci e ty o f F r i e n ds ( Q u a k e r) Mi s F re n c h F re n c h C o n go
’
, see
si o n 1 5 3 ,
“
C q u ist do e s P o t u g e s e 3 8
on a r , r u ,
S w e dis h P o t e st a n t Missi o n I 5 5 r , C o n st a n ti n e 1 3 6 ,
1 55 lo n y 1 6 3 ,
U n iv e r siti e s Missi o n 1 5 7 1 8 1 ’
, , C o nv e n ti o n s e u n de r ti tl e o f n a,
se
We s l e ya n Me t ho dist Missi o na y r ti o n a l i ty o r p l a c e
S o ci e ty 1 5 0 , C o n victs s e n t to C a p e 1 6 9 ,
Wh it e F a t he s o f th e S u da n r C o o l ie s 1 7 6 1 8 9 , ,
Missi o n 1 5 1 ; (i n Ug n da ) ,
a , C o o m ssi e s e e K m a si
a ,
u
2 39 C o pp e 55 2 51r, ,
Z a mb e i I n du s t i l Missi o n 1 5 9
z r a , C o isc o Ba y 6 4
r ,
3 3 1 4 6 1 4 7 ; a m o n g n e g ro r a c e s C o ss a ck “ Mo n ks
”
, , 2 4 7 ,
i n ge ne al 1 4 7 2 8 3 C o ilh a O P e ro de 3 1 3 2 1 93 2 6 2
‘
r , , v , , , , ,
C h isti a n s i n N o r t h A f i c a 2 0 ;
r r , C ra ig G e n e r l 7 9
, a ,
Ma da g as c a r Uga nda 2 3 9 2 4 0 , , , C mp e l P a l 1 4 4
ra , u ,
C i nc h o n t re e ( Q u i ni n e ) 4 3
a , C im e a n W
r 1 70 1 71 2 32 a r, , ,
C l ppe rto n H u g h 2 0 2 2 0 3
a , , , C ro m e r L o rd 2 3 3 , ,
C l a k e J o h n ( missi o na ry ) 1 5 8
r , , C ro ss D r 2 1 9 2 2 0
, , ,
C l a k e S i r Ma sh a ll 1 8 6
r , r , R iv e r 2 0 5 ,
C l a rks o n 94 , C o wt h e
r S m u e l ( Bis h o p ) 1 4 9
r, a ,
C o c o a nu t p a l m 4 0 5 5
-
, , C y e n e C y re n ai c a 8 1 0 1 1 1 9 1
r , , , , , ,
C o l o n i e s , F re n c h , i n A fric a , t h e i r 52 1
l a ck o f s e l f s u pp o r t , 1 4 5 -
D a i ly Te l eg r aph , th e , 2 1 6
t h re e c l a ss e s o f, i n A fric a , 2 7 8 , D m l
a a ra a n d, 1 5 4 , 1 7 9 ,
2 79 D a na ki l c o a st 2 4 5 ,
C o l st o n , C OL, 2 1 7 D a ne s s e e D e nm a r k
,
2 0 — 2
3cu3 I n de x .
2 78 e xisti n g 8 0 ; a fli ni ty b e tw e e n
,
D a t e th e 9 , , D u tc h a n d S co tc h 8 1 ; i n th e ,
D a phi n F o t 2 6 3 2 6 4
u , r , , Tra n sva l 8 8 ; ki n sh ip i n b l o d
a , o
D e B e e r s Di a m o n d mi n i n g -
C o m S t H e l e n a wit h E ng l ish 1 7 2 ,
pa ny 1 8 7 , D u tc h h l f c ast e s 6 7 a -
,
D e b o no A n d e 2 10 ,
r a, l a n gu a g e 2 8 2 ,
D e ck e n B n o n de r 2 2 0 , a ro v , , 2 50 D u v e yri e 2 1 2 r,
D e c l e Li o n e l, , 2 2 2 D yb o ws k i , M .
, 1 44 , 2 2 2
D e lag o a Ba y, 5 1 , 5 6 e t s ea , 75 ,
1 78 , 2 00 ,
2 87 E a st A fr ic a , s ee B ritish G e rm an , ,
D e l g do C p e 5 1 5 5 5 8 5 5
a , a , , , , 2 e tc .
D e nh m M j D 2 0 2a , a or .
, E a st I nd a C i o mp a n y B ritish , , 2 37
D e nh a dt B o th e s 2 5 5r r r , D tc h 6 8 c l u , se
a , 70 , 7 7, 1 60
D e n m a k bo l ish e s S l a v e t ade 96 ;
r a -
r , A u st i n 5 6 r a ,
with dr ws f o m G o l d C o a st 1 1 0
a r , F re n c h 2 6 3 , , 264
D e sbo rde s C o l 1 2 7 , .
, E a ste rn P o vi nc e o f r C a p e C o l o ny ,
D e y o f A l gi e r s 1 3 4 , 1 66 , 1 72 , 1 77
D ha n is B a ro n 2 2 7 2 2 8 , , , Egypt , 2 , 9, 10 , 1 2 1 , 1 33 ,
D i a m o n ds Di m o nd F i e l ds 8 5 , a , , 1 34 , 7 31 ft 5 6
7" 2 352 2 77, 2 78 ,
’ 73 2 1 77 3 1 78, 1 86 2 80
Di a B a t o l o m e 30 6 8
z , r u , , Egypti n G o ve nm e nt a r , 2 1 2 35
Pa u l o 3 7 , Egypti n s An ci e n t 2 a , , , 1 91 , 2 81
Dick e n s a d M s J e ll yby
n
“
r , 2 0 5 Mo de rn , 2 81
Di e go S u a e Ba y 2 6 7 2 6 8 r z , , , 2 74 E l e p h an t A f ic n 6 8 5 5 ,
r a , , ,
Di e pp e a dv e n t u re s 1 2 2 1 2 3 r , , E l i abe th Q u e e n 1 0 5 1 0 6
z , , ,
Di n ga n e 1 8 5 , E ll is Mr ( o f M da g a sc a ) 2 70 2 7 1
,
a r , ,
D i n g i s w a yo 8 3 , E l mi na 3 0 6 6 , ,
D i ni z u l u , 1 8 6 E l p hi n st o n e A dmi ra l 7 9 , ,
D o c h a rd, D r, 1 98 E l t o n C a pt a i n F e d 2 1 7
, r .
,
D o dd , s G
e n e ra , 1 3 0 l Em de n 4 9 , 2
D o g , th e , 3 9 Emi n P a sh 2 0 2 1 2 4 1 a, 2 , 2 ,
D o m e stic a n im a l s a n d p l an ts o f E ngl n d a n d th e S l ve T a de 1 4 6
a a r ,
Af ic 3 9 4 0r a, , Missi o n ar y e ffo ts 1 4 6 r ,
D o w n i ng S t e e t do u bts dr i fts a n d p l a n ts i n t o A f ic 4 0 ; i n
”
r , , r a,
a n d d ll i e s 8 4 1 1 2 1 79 1 80
a , , , , th e T ra n sv a a l 8 8 fo l l o w P o r t u ,
D ra a R iv e 7 1 2 1 1 9 1 96
,
r, , ,
2 , g u e s e l e a d i n th e We st A f ic a n r
D ru mm o n d H a y S i J o hn 1 2 1 , r , t r de 1 0 3
a ,
D u a l C o n t o l th e 2 3 2 2 3 3 r , , , l ng u age a 1 58 1 63 2 82 , , , ,
D u l pe ple 5 8
a a o ,
1 2 83
D u ck th e 3 9 , , E icss o n 2 1 8
r ,
D u rb a n 8 3 1 6 7 , ,
E rit e ( I t a l y s
r a
’
Re d S e a C o l o n y) ,
D U b a n S i B e nj a mi n 1 6 4 e t se a
’
r , r ,
1 4 5, 2 4 7
D u tc h th e 4 1 4 2 4 5 5 1 5 5 ; o n
, , , , , , Et h i o pi 91 a, 1
th e G ld C o a st 6 6 6 7 1 1 0 ; o , , , E u n S mit h S i r C h a l e s 2 5 6
a -
, r ,
t a k e S t H e l e n a an d fo u nd C a p e E u nu ch s N e gro 9 9 5 , , 2 ,
C o lo n y 6 7 6 8 e t a ; lo s e C p e , ,
se a E u o p e a n p o p l a ti o n o f C a p e
r u
C o l o n y 1 8 0 6 7 9 ; c e de it to , ,
C o lo ny i n 1 8 0 6 1 6 1 ,
3 1 c> I ndex .
G o ld C oa st
30 , 6 6 e t s e a , 1 0 4 , , 2 4 , 98 ,
99, 1 2 0 , 1 2 0 2 , 2 0 6;
1 0 8 , 1 0 9 e t s ea , 1 2 2 , 1 2
9, 2 5 4 l a n gu a ge , 2 8 2 , 2 8 3
G l i T bm
o de , au an , S i r e o r e , 1 1 7, G g H a wki n s , S i r J o hn , 93
1 18, 1 2 0 , 1
32 H e c a ta e u s 1 0 ,
G o l ds m i d, S i r F re de r , 2 2 6 ick H e le na , S t I d , f, 3 3 ,
. o 39 , 4 5,
G o le a 1 4 1 , 6 7 , 69, 1 72 , 1 73, 1 86
G o le tt a 2 1 6 1 6 2 6 3 1 4 0
, , , , , H e nde r s o n, Li t eu , 2 85 .
G o nc a l o de S i l ve i ra 4 8 1 4 8 , , H e nn e ssy , S i r J P o p e .
, 1 88
G o ndo k o o 2 1 0 2 1 1 r , , H e nry th e N a vig a t o r , P ri n c e , 2 1 ,
G o do n G e ne a l 2 1 7 2 33
r , r , , 2 8,
9, 2 10 3
C a pt R J 1 98 . . .
, H e re ro , O va th e , 1 61, 2 59
G o e e 6 6 1 2 5 1 97
r , , , H e ro do u t s ,
9, 10 , 1
91
G o i ll a th e 7 6 5 1 4 2 2 1 5
r , , , , , H e ng l i n , 2 1 1
G ra af R e i ne t 7 4 , H e w e tt , Mr E H .
G ra n d B a ss a m 1 0 6 1 2 9 , , 2 54
G a ndy Li e u t 2 1 2
r , .
, H icks P a sh a 3 3 , 2
G a nt C o l J A 2 0 7 2 0 9
r , . . .
, , H igh C o mmissi o n e r o f S o u th
G a nvi ll e S h a rp 94 1 0 7
r , , A f ic a 8 9 1 7 4
r , ,
G ra n vi ll e L o d 1 8 1 2 5 1 , r , , , 2 52 , H i nde C pt S L , a . . .
, 2 2 7
2 73 H i n ts a C h i e f 1 6 5 , ,
G t F is h R ive r 7 4 1 6 1 1 6 2
re a , , ,
PUPP0 . 15
G re e c e 8 , H ipp o p o t a m u s 4 7 ,
G re e ks 8 e t s e a 1 9 1
, , H o ll a nd, s e e D u tc h ; a l s o 1 6 7
G re g o r y D r J W 2 2 3 , . .
, H o lu b D r 2 2 0 , ,
th e P a t r ici a n 1 4 , H o r n e m a nn F re d , 1 96 , .
G re nfe ll R e v Mr 1 4 3 1 5 8 2 1 5
,
.
, , , ,
H o rs e th e , 3 9 ,
2 1
! H o tt e n t o ts , 2 5 43 68 et , , ,
se
a,
G eyr Sir G e o rg e , 84 , 1 70 , 1 71, 7 9, 8 2 , 1 61, 1 6 3, 2 52 , 2 59
83 1 H o u gh t o n Maj o r 1 96 , ,
G ri k w a l a nd E a st , 1 68 H o u rs t Li e u t 1 32
, .
,
G rikw a s G r ik w a l a n d, 8 5 , 1 7 3 ,
, 1 74 H o v a s th e , 1 2 1 5 3
, , , c l s ea
G ro s s fr i e de ri c h s b u rg , 2 4 9 H u gu e n o ts , 7 2 1 4 8 ,
G ro u n d re n ts ( A r a c h i s) 5 5
-
H Ii h n e l Li e u t , 2 2 1
'
, .
G u a rda fu i , C a p e , 2 4 8 H u s s e i n i te B e ys o f Tu nis , 1 39
G u ng u nya m a , 5 9 H u tt o n , Mr J a m e s 2 5 5 ,
H a dj O m a r E l , 1 2 6 i c
’
, I b e r a n ra e , 2
H a fs dy n a sty o f Tu n is 2 0 6 2 , , Ibn B t t
a u a , 1 92
Ha m a di dyn a sty o f Tu n is 2 0 , I b n H a u k a l , 1 92
H a mi l t o n , Mr J a m e s 2 0 8 , I b n T u m e s t, 1 9
H a mit e r a c e 2 2 8 1 , , I bn Y si
a n, 1
9
H a n n ib a l , 6 Ibo , 5 5
H a n n i n gt o n Bish o p , 2 3 9 , b s
I o , th e , 2 0 4
H a nn o s v o y a g e , 6 7 1 0 7 1 90
’
, , , is
I dr , I 6
Ha n s e t o w n s ( H a mbu rgh ) 2 0 6, , is
I dr or dr ( e o ra E isi g g p h e ) r , 1 92
2 50 I k o p a , R ( Ma da a a r) , . g sc 2 75
H a rra r, 2 2 3 , 2 3 6 1 10 , 1 3 2
H a r ris , S i r W C , 1 99 2 0 8 . .
, m m
I a o f Ma a , 2 5, 50 sk t
H a ssa n b i n N u m a n , 1 5
- -
i
I n d a , 1 , 3 1 , 3 9 , 4 9 , 92 , 2 31 , 2 331
H a u s a , th e , 1 1 1 , 1 2 0 2 2 6 ; , l a nd , 2 35, 2 79
I nde x .
31 1
I nd a n i s in A fric a 5 0 ; i n N a ta l , , K a ffi r Wa rs 7 7 , 1 62 , 1 6 3 , , 1 65 ,
1 76 , 1
77 ; Ma u iti u s 1 8 9 2 6 2 2 8 1
r , , , 1 6 8, 1 7 2 , 1 7 7
In ha mba ne 5 9 , K a ffra ri a , 1 5 0 , 1 6 5 , 1 7 1 , 1 7 2
Ir is h s e tt l e rs 1 6 2 2 2 9 , , K a fu e , R , 5 2 , 2 2 0 .
missi o n i e s I 5 2 2 4 1 ar , , K a b i n a , Q u e e n D ih i a a l 1 5 -
I s l a m ( Mu h a mm a da nism ) , I 3, 1 6 , Ka i wan 1 4 r ,
2 4 1 1 4 7, 83
2 K no 2 0 2 2 1 4
a , ,
I s l a nds i n i I nd a n O c e a n b e l o ngi ng K a n u r i p e o p l e a n d l a ng u a g e
to B r itis h , 18
9 ( B o ru n) 1 2 0 ,
I t a l i a n l a ng u a g e ,
2 82 K a sa i R 4 2 2 1 9 , .
, ,
I ta li n s I ta ly a , , 1 8, 37, 1 1
39, 1 40 , K as ala 2 4 7 ,
1 5 1 , 2 1 1 ,
2 1
3 , 2 4 3 et sea Ka s r a l Ka bi r (Mo ro cc o ) b a ttl e o f
- -
, ,
I ve ns , Ro b e to r , 2 1 6 2 1 , 8 2
I vo ry , 55 Ka sr -
e S S a d, -
i t re ty a o f, 1 4 0
C oa st , 1 2 8, 1 2 9 , 1 30 K a t ng a a, 2 2 0 , 2 2 8
K e i, R , 7 7, 1 6 5 , 1 68 .
J a cq u i n C pt 2 8 6 , a .
, K e i sk a m m a , R , 1 6 3, 1 6 5 .
J a gga th e 3 5 1 9 3 , . . K i e n a , Mt , 2 0 8 , 2 2 0 , 2 2 3 .
J aja n , 1 16 , K e re n , 2 4 6
J a m a ic 93 97 1 0 7 a, , , K e rn e 7 ,
J a m e s B o s ( e xp l o e s) r . r r , 2 2 3 Ke rst e n O tt o 2 5 0 , ,
J a m e so n D 8 9 1 8 8 ,
r, ,
K h a i e ddi n B a b a ro ss a 6 1
r r , , 62
J a nn e q u i n de R o ch e fo t r ,
1 2 3, 1 94 Kh a l i fa t th e ( Egypti a n , S u da n) ,
J a n ss e n s G o ve n o r 7 9 , r , , 1 61 2 34
J e n Re né 2 6 8
a , Kh l i fs a o f B a gda d , 1 6
J e n n e 1 3 0 1 93 , , K h a rtfim , 2 1 0 , 2 1 5 , 2 3 3 , 2 3 4 , 2 4 1
J e ba I d o f 9 I 4 2 1
r , .
, , , , 62 , 63 s ct sl m
K h a r e ji , e o f I a , 14
J e su its 3 2 3 6 4 8 1 4 7 , , , , ,
1
52 , 1
93 , K h iv Egypt
ed e o f , 2 3 3 , 2 35
2 71 Kh j s
o a i s( I nd a n ) , 1 7 6
J e ws th e 1 6 8 8 1 3 7 1 7 8 2 0 7
, , , , , , K i e z e lb ac h , 2 1 1
J o bs o n R ic ha rd 1 94 , , Ki l im j a n a ro , 2 0 8, 2 2 0 , 2 33, 2 3 9,
J o h nn e sb rg 8 8 8 9
a u , , 2 55
J o hn o f Abyssi n i a Ki ng 2 4 6 2 4 7
, , , , Ki l w ( E a st Af ic a ) 2 4
a r , , 31 , 4 9
J o hn st o n H H A tho ,
. .
, see u r Kimb e rl e y 1 7 3 1 7 7 , ,
K e it h 2 9 , 1 Kimbe rl e y L o d 1 7 9 , r ,
J o hn st o ne C o mm o do re 7 5 ; J o hn , , Ki rk S i r J o h n 1 2 1
, , , 2 1 1 , 2 3 7,
st o ne C o mm nde r 2 7 3 2 7 4, a , , 2 38 e t se a
J o u ffr e C o l 1 3 1 ,
.
, Kitc h e n e L o rd 2 3 4 r, , , 2 86, a nd
p re
J u b R iv e r 2 4 8 2
, , , 50 fa to y n o t e r
J u by C a p e 6 4 1 2 1, , , Kiv u L a k e 2 2 3 , ,
J u da ism m o ngst B e b e rs a r , 8 K n o b l e c h e r, D r, 2 10
J uh l k e D r, 2 5 4 K o e lle Re v S W
’
, ,
. . .
, 99, 1 50
J liu an , C o u n , 1 5 t K o m a du g u ,
R .
, 2 0 6
J k u n e r, D r W e i lh l m , 2 0 7, 2 2 1 K o rdo f n 2 4 2 1 4 a , ,
Ko s a K a ffirs t h e i t e ibl e , r rr de l u si o n ,
K aa r ta , 1 2 6 , 12 8, 2 0 1 I7I
Ka ba a r , 1 2 8 K a pf
r , D r, 1 4 9, 2 0 7
K a bi n da , 44 K ru b o ys , 10 8, 1 30
K a fli rs , 7 2 , 76 , 161 , 1 6 3, 1 65 , 1 68 , K fr 2 1 3
u a ,
1 71 , 1 72 K ka wa 2 0 6
u ,
312 I ndex .
K m a si 1 0
u , 1 , 1 1 1 Lo p e D u te 3 5 4 0
z , ar , ,
Ku nd Li e t , u .
, 2 2 2 Lo t ha i e M j o r 2 2 9 r , a ,
K u n e ne R , 4 3, 2 2 0 ,
. L o t s L o t s E a t rs 9
o , o e ,
K u s e i la th e er er r n e ,
, B b pi c 1
5 L o is S t ( C a pit l : S e ne ga l)
u ,
a ,
1 2 2 ,
K g wan o , R , 4 2 , 1 99, 2 1 6 . 1 2 4 , 2 1 2
Kw anz a , R , 3 8 , 4 1 , 4 3 . I X (S a n ) i t o f F ra n c e ,
2 0
XIV of F ra n c e , 71, 1 3 3,
L b a o r de , M .
, 2 68 , 2 71, 2 72 2 31, 2 63
L a C a ll e , 1 33 P h i l ipp e 1 2 9 , , 1 4 2
La C a s e ,
”
2 63 L o u nc o M q re ar u ez , 56
L c a e rda e A l m e i da , D r F .
J M
. . de , Lo ve d le 1 5 6 a ,
52 1 I
99 L al b 2
u a2 13 a, 12 , ,
2 1 6, 2 50
L a do , 2 2
9 Lu n gw a R 5 4
a , .
, ,
2 2 2
L g s 10 8 1 1 t
a o , , 1 e se
a , 2 0 2 , 2 1 3 Lu p u l R 5
a a, .
, 2 , 2 1 2 , 2 2 2
L ai ng M j 2 0 0 , a o r, L ii de r i tz , H e r r , 2 51, 2 52
L a mb e t C pt 2 3 r , a .
, 1 L u g a rd, C o o n e l l , 1 32 ,
2 4 0
M .
, 70 , 2 7 1
2 L pt o n Be y
u ,
2 1 7
L mta a, L e m tu n a , 1 9 Ly o n C pt , a . G .
, 2 0 1
La m u 31, 4 6
, 2 4 ,
Ly o n s Missi o na r e i s . 1 50
L a nde r, R a rd, 2 0 ich 2 et s e
a
L a ng a li b a l e l e , 1 7 7 Ma c a rth y S i r C ha rl e s 1 0 9 , ,
L vig i
a i l 1 5 1 2 39
e r e , C a rd n a , ,
Ma c do n a l d Maj o r 2 2 3 , ,
L e ibn it 1 3 3 z ,
Ma cgre go r L a i rd 1 1 6 2 0 4 , , ,
L e m o n th e 3 9 , ,
Ma cg ui re C o rp o ra l 2 0 7 , ,
L m th e 2 6 2
e u r, ,
Ma ck e n z i e Bish o p 1 5 7 , ,
L e m i 2 f tno t
u r a, ,
o o e Ma cki nn o n S i r 2 39 , , 2 40
Le n D O sk 2 5 1 9
z ,
r a r, 1 , 2 Ma c l e a n C h a rl e s 1 0 9 , ,
L e o A f ic n s 9 r a u , 1 2 Ma cm a h o n Ma ré c h a l : h is D ,
e l ag o a
L e ss e ps D 3 , e , 2 2 w
Ba y a a rd, 5 7, 1 78
L e V i ll n t a 0 1 a ,
2 Ma da g sc a a r, 4 , 12 , 32 , 1 5 3, 2 61
L e v a n ti ne I t l i n s 2 4 4 a a , e t sea
Lib e i 98 r a 2 2
9
, 30 , 1 2 , 1 ,
1 , 1 55, Ma da n Mr 1 5 7 , ,
1 56 . 2 7 Ma de i r a 3 2 3 9 , ,
Liby n D e s e t 1 3
a r , 2 Ma g da l a 2 4 8 ,
Limp p o R 0 0 o , . , 2 Ma g di s h u 3 1 4 6 , ,
Li n a n t de B ll fo n ds e e , 2 1 7 Ma hdi ( S u da n ) 2 1 7 , , 2 33, 2 4 6;
Li o t a d M 2 8 6 r ,
.
,
Ma h dis fre q u e n t l y ar isi n g in
Liv e p o l 9 7 1 1 2
r o , ,
sl m 1 8 1 9
I a , ,
Livi ngst n e D 5 o ,
r, 2 et sea , 10 0 ,
M ist e C 1 4 4
a r , .
,
5 1 , 1 5 6 , 1 5 7, 1 80 , 1 8 1 , 2 0 7 ,
1 M i e 39 4 0
a z , ,
2 0 8 e t se a , 2 1 1 , 2 1 2 , 2 1 6, 2 3 7 Maje rda R 5 , .
,
L i xu s , R ( th e R ra a ) , 6 . . D Ma k o l o l o th e 5 4 , ,
L o a nda , S a o a u o de , 3 7 , 4 1 ; 4
3, P l Ma k u a th e 4 9 5 1 5 9 7 4 , , , , ,
2 1 6 Ma l a ga sy p e o p l e 2 6 2 2 6 5 , ,
L o a n go 4 1 2 1 3 , ,
Ma l a y r a c e s 4 1 2 ; ( i n , , S o u th
L o b e n gu l 86 8 7 1 88 a, 1 ,
1 ,
Af ic ) 7 0 r a , ; 1 61 , 1 64 , 2 65
L b o J e o n im o 1 93
o , r ,
M l i n di 3 1
a , , 4 6
Lo ko j a 1 1 7 ,
M l ta I 8
a ,
Lo ndo n C nv e n ti o n 8 7 o , K n igh ts o f, 2 1 , 2 4
C o mp a n y o f A dv e n t u re r s , 1 94 Ma l t e s e 6 2 , ,
1 37 , 2 82
3 14 I nd
ex .
N a na , tt a cks B ritis h
a , 2 86 N y as a C o mp a n y 6 0 ,
N a nt e s E dict o f 7 1
, , N y a s a l nd 1 5 5 1 5 7
a , , , 2 78
G e rm a n 5 7
'
N a
pl e s , N e apo l i ta ns , 1 8, 2 4 3, 2 4 4 , 2
N a p o le o n th e G re a t , 1 33, 1 34 , 1 7 2 ,
2 31 O ak t re e i n C a p e C o l o n y 7 ,
2
3 5 , 1 3 8 : 1 3 9,
I I I) 1 2 7° O bo k 1 4 5 2 36 2 4 5 2 4 7 2 4 8
, , , , ,
N a ta l , 7 1 , 8 3 , 1 6 6 , 1 6 7 e t se a , 1 74 , O g o we R 3 0 1 4 3 2 1 9 , .
, , ,
1 75 e t sea , 2 80 O h rw lde r F a t h e
a 1 50 , r,
t p ks O i l R iv e s
”
N a u re , h e r ra n , 1 6 2 1 1 3 1 1 5 0 3 r , , , 2
Ne ch Ph
o , h
a ra o , 5 , 1 90 O ld C a l a b a r 1 1 3 1 1 4 8 , , ,
1 1 , 1 55,
g
N e ro , th e , c h ct istics o f 9 1 ;
a ra er , 2 0 5
wa rn i ng to 1 0 1 1 0 2 C h risti a n , , , O l dfi e l d D 2 0 4 , r,
1 4 7 ; M h a m m a da n 1 4 7 ; f tu e u , u r Om n a ,
o f, 2 81 et se a O m du r m n Vict o ry a , o f, 2 86
N e g ro e , s 2 , 3, 1 47 O m e i ya d K h a l i fs 1 4 ,
N e ro dg i ra ce s (N u bi a n s , Fu la s , O mo, R .
,
2 2 3
3 , 9, 1 2 7, 1 2 8, O N e i ll ,
’
Li e u t . H E . .
, 2 1 8
1 44 ,
2 81 On io n s 39
,
ls
N e o n, 1 33 O p o bo , R , . 1 1 6, 1 1 8
N e ro , 1 9 1 q a -
bin N -
a fa (th e P ro p h e t s ’
b a r~
N e w Yo r k H e r a ld, 2 1 2 b e r) , 1 4
N a g mi L k
, a e , 1 7 , 1
9 99 , 2 0 8 O ra n 6 1 6 3 , , , 38
1
g
N u ru , 2 5 4 O ran g e F e e S tate , r 8 3, 8 4 , 1 6 9,
N ic h l s T s
o a I, ar , 2 32 1 73, 1 74 , 1 8 4 , 2 80
N ig
e r, v ti
C on en on wit h F ra n c e , O r a n ge , P r i n c e o f, 7 8 , 8 0 , 1 60
O ra n g e R iv e r , 7 4 , 8 4 , 1 6 1 , 1 7 3, 1 79 ,
C o a st P ro t e ct o ra t e , 1 1 5, 1 1 6, 1 98 , 2 51,
1 55, 2 86 O a ng e t e e 3 9
r r , ,
2 43
C o mp a n y , Ro yal , 1 1 7, 1 1 8, O st ic h O st ic h
r , r fa r ming , 1 61 , 1 70 ,
1 32 , 2 51 1 73
R .
, 10 , 1
9 ,
2 3, 1 1 3, 1 1 4 , 1 1 6 O swe ll M ,
r, 2 0 8, 2 0
9
e t sea , 1 2 7, 1 31 , 1
91 , 1 95 c l se a , O u dn e y, D r , 2 0 1
2 0 1 , 2 0 2 , 2 0 4 ,
2 0 6, 2 80 O tl s U it l
u a nde r ( a n de r ) , 8 8 ,
90 s
D e lta , Ov w g e r e , D r, 2 0 6
N ig e ri a 2 3 1 1 8 1 1 9 0 6
, , , , 2 Ow pt i
e n, C a 3 5 7, 2 0 0 , 2 37
a n, 5 ,
N ikki 1 3 , 2 j Ma o r R o dd , 2 4 1
y
N i l e th e 10, 1 2 1
9 1 1 92 , , , , , 1
95 ,
2 0 9, 2 10 ,
2 1 1 , 2 1 6, 2 1 8 P a e P e dro 1 93
z , ,
N or m an s 1 8 3 3 1 2 , , , 2 P k e nh m M 2 7 4
a a ,
r,
N o rt h A f ic n Missi o n 1 58 r a ,
P a l m ee C o c o a n t D a t e
, s u ,
N o si h é 2 69 2 7 3
-
, , o i l,
N u pe 1 2 0 1 32
,
2 0 , ,
2 P a nda 1 8 5 ,
N ya mn y a m 2 1 0 2 1 5 2 1 7 , , ,
P n t M 2 2
a e , .
, 1
N y ngw e 1
a , 2 2 P a k M ng o 1 1 6
r ,
u , , 1
96 e t se
a , 2 0 0 ,
N y a n a A lb e t 2 0 9 2
z ,
2 1 7 r , ,
1 1 , , 2 2 1 ,
2 0 7
2 2 2 P a ss ge H e 2 2 2
ar , rr ,
A lb e r t E dwa d r , 2 2 2 P e c o ck th e i n Tu n is 8
a , , ,
Vict o r i a , 2 3 9, 2 55 P e e bl e s a n d M n g o P a k u r , 1
97
N ya s a L a k e 1 0 0 , , , 1 52 , 1 80 , 1 81, P e mb I s 4 6 2 39 a, .
, ,
P e im I s 1 4 5 2 3 6
r ,
.
, ,
I ndex .
315
P e rsi a n Empi re 1 0 ,
-
,
do n it 3 6 ; re ga i n it
, 36 ;
Pe r i a n i n fl e n c e o n Z
s u a nz iba r c o a st , t a k e p o sse ssi o n o f A n g o la 3 7 e t ,
2 4 se
a ; c o nfe r g e a t b e n e fits o n r
G lf 3 2 5 0 u , , A fric a s fo o d s u pp l y 39 4 0 ;
’
, ,
P e si a n s 2 4
r ,
st ru gg l e to re g a i n A n go l a fro m th e
P e t e rs D r 2 4 0 2 5 4, , , D u tc h 4 1 ; a tt e mpt to o p e n u p
,
P e t h e rick Mr a n d Mrs , , 2 10 , 2 1 4 o v e l a n d c o mm u n ic ti o n b e tw e e n
r a
Pfe i fl e r, Mm e I da , 2
'
1 4, 2 70 A n go l a a n d Mo c a mbiq u e 4 2 ; ,
P fe i l , C o u n t , 2 5 4 a b o l is h s l a v e t ra de
4 3 ; disp u t e
-
,
P hi l ip I I o f S p a i n and P o rt u ga l , wit h E n g l a n d a b o t P o rt u g e s u u e
35 1 4 1 G u i n e a 4 4 ; na m e s giv e n to
,
P h i ll ips h is m u de r 2 8 7 , r m a n y p l a c e s i n c o a st e gi o n s o f r
Phoe n ici a n s 4 — 6
,
, We st A fric a 4 5 ; c o l o n i z a ti o n ,
Pi e rre A dm i a l 2 7 3 2 7 4
, r , , o f E a st c o a st o f A fr ic a 4 5 et ,
Pig ( do m e stic ) 39 , se
a ; de fe a t th e T u ks i n gr e a t r
Pig e o n 4 0 , n v a l b a tt l e 4 9 ; o n th e Z a mb e i
a ,
z ,
( Mo o ris h) 1 8 2 4 4 , ,
v i a l o f e n e gy
v t c lo se o f 8 1h r a 1
( Tu rkish) 2 4 6 1 t e a , , e s c e n t u ry 5 1 ; j e a l o u sy o f E ngl a n d
, ,
Pis a 2 4 3 , 5 3 ; c l a ims to D e l a g o a B y 5 6 a ,
Pi s a ni a , 1 97 t e a ; disp u t e
e s wit h Z a n ib r z a
t a k e C a p e C o l o ny 7 9 ,
w it h B itis h S o u t h A f ic a C m
r r o
P lin y 1 9 1 ,
p a n y 5 9 ; c o n qu e st o f G u ng n
, u
P o gg e D r 2 1 8
'
, , y a m a 5 9 ; s e tt l e m e n ts o n th e
,
P o l igna c P i n c e de 2 6 8 ,
r , G a mbi a 1 0 4 ; i n fl e n ce o n N ig e r
,
u
P o ndo l nd 1 6 8 a , D e l t a 1 1 3 ; missi o na i e s 1 4 6 ;
, r ,
Po pe L e o X I I I 1 5 1 4 , ,
2 1 disc o v e r S t H e l e na 1 72 ; th e ,
P o rt a l S i G e ra l d 2 4 0
, r ,
P o r t u gu e s e a n d N y a s a l a n d 1 8 1 , ,
Po rte ndik , 1 0 5 , 1 2 5 1 8 2 ; i n Ma d g a sc a r 2 6 a ,
2
Po rto N o vo , 1 1 2 , 1 2 9 P o t a t o th e 3 9
, ,
P o rt u g a l , o rigi n o f, 2 i n va de s
7; P e st e J o h n 3 2
r r ,
Mo ro cc o 2 1 2 8 ; , ,
re c e iv e s f o m r P re t o ri a 8 9 9 0 , ,
P o p e Ma rti n V th e p i o r igh t to
r r P rim e Mi n ist e r o f Mada g sc a 2 7 2 a r,
“
th e l a nds b e tw e e n Mo ro cc o a nd
I nd a , 2 9 i P in ce
r H e n ry o f P o rt u g a l , se e
a nd D a ho m e y 4 4 , H e n ry
and E n gl nd 1 0 3
a , P ri nc e I mp e ri a l o f F ra n c e , 1 85
a nd G er m an y 2 5 6 , P ri nc e s I s ( p r i n cip e ) 3 3 .
, , 3 9, 4 0 ,
P o rt u gu e se E st A fric a
a , 4 5, 5 1 , 5 9, 43
60 , 1 4 7, 2 87 P r i ng l e , C a pt .
, 2 2 3
G u i ne a 4 4 2 2 0 , , Pr o n i s , fi rst F re n c h G o v e rn o r o f
l an g u ge 7 1 0 7 1 3 2 8 a , 2 , , 1 , 2 Ma da g a sc a r, 2 6 2 , 2 6 3
p e o p l e 2 7 ; e xp l o e s 2 9 3 8 , r r , , , Pro stit u t e s s e n t to S i e rra L e o n e 1 0 8 ,
Ps a m m e tik , 9 Ro ma n C a th o l ic Missi o ns , 1 4 6 et
Pt o l e mi e s , 9, 1 0 se
a, 1 50 et sea , 1 52 , 2 3 9, 2 40,
Pt o l e my th e G e gr p he o a r, 1 92 , 2 61
Pto l o m e u s S o t e a
10 r, Ro m an Empi re , 10 , 1 1 , 1 7, 1
91 ,
P n ic e P hoe nici n s
u ,
s e a 1 92
P u dy B y ( C O L ) 2 7
r e , 1 Ro m a n s th e 7 1 1 9
, , , 2 ,
1
Ro me 1 4 0,
Q d G e go i o de 3 8
u a ra , r r , Ro y l G e o g p h ic l S o ci e ty
a ra a , 2 0 9,
Q e e n s o f Ma d g sc r 2 6 8
u a a a , e t s ea 2 1 3, 2 1
9
Q l im n e 2 4 3 1 4 7 5 2
u e a , , , ,
et se a , R u b a u l t, M , 2 0 1 .
2 0
9 Ru kw L k
a, a e, 2 1
9
Ru e r , p t Pi cr n e o f Ma da as g ca r, 2 62
b
R a o do ( R a s o h e r i n a ) , u e en, 2 7 1 Q R ii p pe ll , 2 0 8
R a da m a I , Ki g n , 2 66 , 2 6 7, 2 68 Ru osp l i Exp l
( o r e r) , 2 2 3
I I, K gin , 2 71 Ru e , ss ll E la r , 1 80
Ra i l w y B itish
a , r T is
, in u n , 1 4 0 Ru ssi
a, 2 33
Ra i l w ys
a , 4 3, 1 1 3
Ru assi s cti
’
a o n in n Abyssi i a , 1 5 9,
p l y
in C a e C o o n , 1 77 2 4 51 2 4 61 2 4 7
e r a to Ma
B i sh l o n a a n d, 1 7 8 Ru ssi G m y
an er an , 2 1 6
g t t
i n C o n o F re e S a e , 2 2 9 v m
Ru u a , R , 4 6 , 5 8 , 1 9 3 , 2 . 1 2 , 2 1 8,
p i
C a e to C a ro , 2 4 2
P im
R a i nil a i a ri v o n y, r e M n e r, i ist Ru we n z o r i Mt
, , 2 1 1 , 2 2 1 , 2 2 3
2 72
k t
Ra o o , r n e , 2 69 Pi c Sa b a e an s , 31
R a n a v al o n a , Q
u e e n , 2 68, 2 6
9 Sa h a ra de se t r , 7, 1 2 , 64 , 1 2 0 , 1 4 1 ,
II, u e e n, 2 7 2 Q
I II, u e e n , 2 74 Q S a b a ti 2 4 6 ,
R as K s
a ar, 2 4 5 S a i n t H e l e n a I S s e e H e l e na , S t .
,
R e a de , W n o o d, s e e W n i w i wo o d S a k a l a v a , th e , 2 6 9
R e a de S a k e r , R e v Mr , 1 5 8 .
Re bm
a nn , R e v , 1 4
9, 2 0 7 . S a l t , H e nr y , 2 0 0
R e d S e a , th e , 1 0 , 3 1 , 4 9 1 4 5 , , 2 45 S a m o ri , 1 2 7 1 2 8 1 2 9, 2 8 5 , 2 8 6
, ,
Re ichG g ph
a rd ( eo ra
)
er , 2 0
3 S a n d R iv e r C o n v e n ti o n , 8 4 , 1 6 8
Re ich
t Exp l
a rd ( o r e r) , 2 1 8 S a n s a n di ng 1 9 7 ,
( Missi n y ) 1 5 0 o ar , S a r a c e n ic A r c h it e ct u re , 2 6 , 1 5 2
Réu n i n ( Bo u b n) 3 2
o r o , S a ra c e n s , 2 4 3
R ev i l M 2 3
o , .
, 2 S a rdi n i a , 2 4 3
R h o de s R igh t H o n C e ci l
,
.
J .
, 8 9, S a y ( o n th e N ig e r) 1 1 9 1 3 2 , 2 0 6 , ,
S ch o n , R e v J F , 1 5 0 . . .
h si
R o de a , 1 8 4 , 1 8 8 , 2 2 0 , 2 80 S c h w e i nfti rth , D r, 2 0 7 , 2 1 6 , 2 1 7
ib t
R a ( o n th e N e r) , 1 8 ig S c l a t e r , C a pt B L , 2 2 3 . . .
9, 6 4 S e b a s ti a O , D o m ( Ki n g o f P o r t u ga l ) ,
’
R IO d O u r o ( R i o de 7, 2 ,
Ri o de l R e y, 1 1 5 , 1 1 9 S ao, Fo rt o f, at Mo c a mbiq u e ,
R e , Mr , 2 0 1
itch i 4 6
Ro f , hl s G h
e r a r d, 2 0 7 , 2 1 3 S e go (N ig e r ) ,
1
97, 1
98
318 I n dex .
T a w a re q ( T a m a sh e q ) , 1 31, 1 4 1 , Um s i l i k a s i , 1 86
2 0 1 5 , 2 1 2 , 2 1 U n it e d S t a t e s of Am e ric a , 98 , 1 4 7,
Te l e I K e r, 2 33
- -
bi
T t
e e, 4 , 14
9 7, 1 5 2 U tic a , 5
T e tw a n , 6 3
Th mo e, S a c) ( o
"
Th m a s , S t) , V a a l R iv e r 8 4 ,
3 39 4 3 V a ch e r de R o c h e ll e 2 6 3 ,
Th o mps o n C a pt G e o rge ,
.
, 1 94 Va n d l s 1 3a ,
Th o ms o n J o s e p h 1 1 8 , , , 2 0 7, 2 1
9, V a nde l e r Li e u t 2 2 3 u ,
.
,
2 2 1 , 2 38 , 2 39 V a rdo n Maj o r 2 0 0, ,
T ib e sti , 2 1 3, 2 1 4 V a sc o da G m a 3 1 4 5 4 7 a , , ,
T ig e r ,
2 4 6, 2 4 7 Va g é l e C a pt
u 2 1
9
, .
,
T imb u kt u , 2 2 , 2
9 , 1 30 , 1 31 , 1 93 , V e n ic e V e ne ti n s 1 8 9 4 9
, a , , 2 , , 10 3 ,
9 5 , 1 96 , 2 0 1 ,
1 2 0 6, 20 7, 2 1
9 2 1 0 , 2
43
Tinn e , e a n dr Al x ine 1 4 2 1 5 ,
2 , Ve r de , pe C a , 7
Ti p p o o ,
”
T ib -
T ip u T ip u 2 6 -
,
2 I s l n ds a , 3 9, 4 5
Tl e m s a n, 1 9 Ve rm u yde n , 1 5
9
To b cc o 3 9 a ,
Vict o ri a N y a n z a , s e e N ya nz a
T o go l nd 1 5 4 2 5 4 5 9
a , , ,
2 Vi n c e n t , M , th e e xp lo re r, 2 1 2 .
To o l e Mr 2 0 2 , ,
Vi ne , th e , 3 9, 7 0 , 1 6 1
To e Bis ho p 1 5 7
z r, ,
V i ru ng a , Mt ( V o l c a no ) , 2 2 3
T r n sc o n ti n e n t l T e l e gra p h
a a ,
1 83, Vo ge l, D r, 2 0 6
1 88 Vo l ta , R , 1 1 0 , 2 60 .
T ra n s s ah a r a n R a a , 14 1 ilw y
T ra n sv l
aa , 8 3 , 8 5 , 8 6 et s e a , 1 68 , Wa da i , 2 4 , 2 0
7 , 2 1 3 2 1 4 , 2 78 ,
1 84 , 1 86, 2 80 Wa l fis h Ba y, 1 7 , 1
9 99 , 2 0 8 , 2 5 1 ,
T rip l i o 7 , 2 1 , 2 4 , 99 ,
, 1 4 , 1 1 2 0 , 1 2 1 , 2 53
2 0 1 , 2 0 2 , 2 0 6, 2 4 4 , 2 78 Wa nga 2 5 6 ,
T ist
r
’
a n d A c u nh a I s , 4 5 , . 1 73 ; s ee W a rg l a 1 4 1 ,
A c u nh a , T ri s ta O d
’
W a rr e n S i r C h a r l e s 8 7 1 8 6
, , ,
T g l yt s
ro od e , 7 Wa te rb o e r 1 7 3 ,
T s e tse fl y 4 8 , We a t h e rl y Mr Po u l e tt 2 2 2 , ,
Tu ck e y C a pt 2 0 0 , . , We b b e S h e b e il i R iv e r 2 2 3 2 4 8
-
, ,
T u ge l a R 6 8 ,
.
, 1 W e ll e R 2 1 7 2 1 9 2 2 8
,
.
, , ,
T l b a gh G v e no r
u , o r , 7 3, 1
98 We l sh 1 6 2 ,
T ngi Ba y 5 8
u , We st A fric a n S e tt l e m e n ts 1 0 8 1 1 1 , ,
T u n is T n isi 5 8,
u a, , ,
1 1 , 1 4 ,
1 5, 7,
1 I nd a C o i
an , mp y D u tch 6 7 , , 68
2 4 , 61 e t se a , 99, 1 2 1 , 1 3 9, 1 4 5, i s
I nd e , 93 , 9 7 . 10 7 14 7 ,
1 51 , 2 44 , 2 78 Wh t e a , 3 9, 7 0
Tu k e y T ks
r ,
u r ,
2 3 e t s e a , 4 9, 6 1 et
“
Wh it e F a t he rs th e 1 5 1 ,
”
,
“T : 9 8 , 1
3 3, 1 34 , 1 3 9 Wh it e p e o p l e s 1 0 1 ,
Tw t a , 2 3, 2 1 3 W h yda ( D a h o m e ) 4 4 1 0 9 , ,
Wi l be r fo rc e 94 1 0 8 , ,
Ub ngi R a ,
.
,
1 4 3, 2 1 7, 2 1 9 Wi ll i a m I V o f E ngl a nd 2 6 9 ,
P ro vi n c e , 2 86 W i ll o u ghby Digby 2 7 4 , ,
Ue c h tr i tz , H e rr , 2 2 2 Wi l s o n R e v J L 1 5 6
, . . .
,
Ug a nda , 1 5 1 ,
2 1 7, 2 2
3, 2 3 9, 2 40 et W i n t o n S i r F ra n cis de 1 0 9 2 2 6
, , ,
se a Wi nw o o d R e a de 9 5 2 1 5 , ,
Umb a, 2
56
I ndex .
319
W itb o o i 2 5 9 ,
Z a mb e i z , R .
, 5, 2 4 , 4 7, 4 8, 5 2 , 53 ,
Wit u 2 5 5
, 1 4 7, 1 52 , 1 80 , 1 81, 1 8 7, 2 00 , 2 0 8,
Wo e l fe l Li e u t e n a n t 1 2 9 2 8 6
, , , 2 5 9, 2 7 8, 2 80 , 2 81
Wo l se le y ( S i r G a rne t a ft e rw a rds , Z mbe i
a z a, 5 1 , 54 , 2 2 0
Visc o un t) , 1 1 1 ,
1 78 z a n ib a rz , 3 , 1 1 , 2 4 , 2 5 1 4 6 1 4 91 5 0 1
Wo o d , Sir R ic ha rd , 1 2 1 , 1 39 58, 100 , 1 2 1 , 1 4
9, 1 5 7 , 1 92 , 2 3 7
W0 0 1 , 1 61 , 1 73 e ts e a , 2 50 , 2 57
Z e b ra th e , , 4 0
Zim b B a , a o r Va 4
Yao , Wa th e , 100 ,
1 52, 1 57 Zimb bwe a , 76 , 2 1 8
Y e llo w fe ve r 95 ,
Z i ntg ra ff, D r, 2 2 2
p e o p le s 1 0 1 ,
Zi i y sty ( N A f ic
r d na . r a ) , 2 0
Y o n nis th e 1 0 8
, ,
Zu lu s Z u l l nd Z l
,
u a ,
u u -
K a ffir ra ce ,
Y o r b l nd 2 0 2
u a a , 7 7 , 8 3 , 1 66 , 1 6 8 , 1 8 4 ,
1 85 , 1 86
Y u ssu f b i n Ta sh fin
- -
, 1
9 Z mbu o , 5 1 , 54 , 1 52
PR I NTED BY J . AN D C . F . C L A Y,
U N I V E RS I T Y PR ESS .
M A N
Pr es s O p i ni o ns .
Th e Ti m e s b e tt e q a l ifi e d by p e rs o n a l k no wl e dg e
. F ew m en a re r u ,
by p o l i t ic a l symp a th y o by di re ct c o n t a ct wit h e v e n ts t h a n Mr W J ,
r . .
S ti ll m a n to w rit e a h ist o y o f I t a l y r .
L i te t e Mr S ti ll m n w h o h a s b e e n s e l e ct e d to writ e t h is
ra u r . a ,
v o l m e h a s m a n y qu l fic a ti o n s fo r th e t a sk H e h a s c o n si de a bl e
u , a i . r
p e s na l cq u a i n t a n c e wit h I t a l y a nd I t a l i a n p o l itics h e c a n te l l a c l e ar
r o a ,
h e h a s to de sc ib e a n d h e do e s n o t a ll o w h is e stim a t e o f m e n to b e u ndu l y
r ,
i n fl u e nc e d by h is o w n p e p o ss e ssi o n s r .
A d my ca Mr S ti ll m n w a s I t a l i a n c o re sp o n de n t o f th e Ti m e s
e . a r
d i n g m n y o f th e e v e n ts h e r e l a t e s a n d h e k n o ws h is s bj e ct t h o ro u ghl y
ur a , u .
its o w n p o i n t o f Vi e w it is a n ho ne st a nd n o t u m
symp a t he tic c o n t rib ti o n to th e su bj e ct u .
D i ly C h o n i c l e
a Th is w o k is a v e ry c o mp le t e a nd imp a rti a l a cc o u n t
r . r
th e a c h i e v e m e n t o f I t a l i a n h a ve to t ha nk Mr S ti ll m a n fo r a
u s e f l a dditi o n to c
u e n t E u o p e a n h ist o r y u rr r .
P l l M l l G e tt
a aTh is w o k is n o t o n l y a v e r y imp o r t a n t a dditi o n
az e . r
to th e C a mb i dg e H ist o r ic a l S e ri e s b t a m o n g th e m o st n o t a b l e o f r e c e n t
r , u
c o n t ib u ti o n s to h ist o ry B o t h a s a re c o d a nd i nt e p re t a ti o n o f p a st
r . r r
e v e n ts n o t to o g e n e a ll y k n o w n o
, u n de r st o o d i n t h is c o u n t y a nd a s th e
r r r
j u dgm e n t o f a n h o n e st f i e nd o f I t a l y u p o n h e r p re s e n t its v a l u e is ha rd
r ,
to o v e e stim a t e
r- .
e pit o m e o f th e w h o l e st ru gg l e b e tw e e n l igh t a n d da rk n e ss i n th e P e n i n s u l a
a pp e n dix t h a t wi ll b e o f u s e to a l l st de n ts to w h o m a s w e ll a s to th e u , ,
W i de p u b l ic h i s b o o k sh o u l d b e h e a rti l y w e l c o m e
r ,
.
Th e R e v o lu ti o n a r y a n d N a p o l e o n i c E r a , 1 7 8 9
1 8 1 5, by J H R O S E , M A , C h ris t s C o ll e g e C r o w n 8 v 0
.
’
. . . . .
Wi t h Ma ps a n d P l a n s S e c o n d E di t i o n 4 s 6 d . . . .
Pr e ss O p i n i o ns .
A c a de my . Mr
s e s n a rra tiv e is w e ll a ng e d a n d a tt ra ctive ; h i s i n
Ro
’
a rr
fo r m a ti o n a nd re s e a c h a e c o pi o u s a n d m u c h o f h is w o k is O f st e rl i n g v a l u e
r r r ,
th e tim e o f th e e v e r c h a n gi ng n e g o ti a ti o n s o f 1 7 95 — 1 8 1 5 a nd o f th e C o n
,
-
,
a n d vig o o u s r .
E ng l i h H i t i l R ev i e w
s M R o s e h as m a de a go o d u s e o f th e m o st
s or ca . r
r e c e n t l y p u b l is h e d a u t h o riti e s a s m a y b e s e e n by r e fe e n c e to h is cc o n ts ,
r a u
o f th e C mp a ign s o f R ssi a a n d o f Wa t e rl o o
a H e h a s a pp ro a c h e d v e r y
u .
n e a l y to
r bs o l u t e imp a ti l ity
a r a .
C e st p e u t é tre de c e tt e di ffic i l e p é i o de l o p l u s
’ ’
7 o n l de D b t
‘
u r a s e a s .
-
, r ,
s fir l e p l u s l u mi n e u x Ma n u e l q u i a i t é t é e n c o re é c rit
_
.
,
T h e U n i te d S ta te s o f A m e r i c a , 1 7 6 5 — 1 8 6 5 By .
E D WA RD C HANNI NG P ro fe s s o r o f H is t o r y i n H a rv a r d ,
Un i v e r si t y C r o wn 8 v o W i t h Ma p s 6 s
. . . .
Pr e s s O p i n i o n s .
Ti m e s . P ro f C h a nni ng o f H a d h a s w ritt e n
.
,
a rv r ,
a h ist o ry f o h is
c oun r ty
fo r wh ic h m a ny E ng l is hm e n wi ll b e g ra t e fu l to h i m, a n d a ll th e
C a m br i dg e H i s to r i c a l S e r i e s .
3
f i e n d a nd fo e c o u n t rym e n a n d k i n b e y o n d th e s e a a n d to S p e a k th e t ru t h
r , ,
wit h o u t re ga rd to s o c a ll e d p a t i o tic c o n ve n ti o ns Th e v a l e o f th e v o lu m e
-
r . u
is i n c re a s e d by th e m a ps bib l i o g ra p h ic a l n o t e s a nd c o nstitu ti o na l do cu m e n ts
, ,
i n th e a pp e n dic e s .
D i ly C h o n i l e
a As o n e o f th e v o l m e s i n th e C a mb ri dg e H ist o ric a l
r c . u
S e r i e s th e p re s e n t w o k s h o u l d b e w e l c o m e i n E n g l is h c o lle g e s a n d sc h o o l s
,
r ,
w he e a s w e ha ve h d o cc a si o n b e fo re to s a y t h e re is n o a de qu a t e t e xt
r ,
a ,
Sp e h e r a A ft e r a v e ry c a e f l e x a mi na ti o n w e m u st p ro n o u n c e t h is
. r u
t h e s e m a n y y e s a n d ti ll n o w h a v e fa i l e d to find Th e e a re a dmi ra b l e
ar , . r
S h o r t h ist o ri e s o f m o st E u ro p e a n C o u n t i e s b u t w e k n o w o f n o o t h e r b o o k r ,
s u it b l e a t o n c e fo r th e pp e r fo rms o f sc h o l s th e u n de g a d a t e a n d th e
a u o , r r u ,
C h a r mi n g t e ll s u s j u st w h t th e E n g l is h r e a de r w a n ts to k n o w h o w th ea ,
At l a ntic S t a t e s w e re c o l o nis e d; h o w t h e y ca m e to re o l t; h o w t h e y fo rm e d v
t he i r c o n stit u ti o n ; h o w t h e y sp re d w e stwa d a n d h o w t h e y m a i nt a i n e d a r ,
th e U n i o n H e giv e s a c l e a r a n d o n th e w h o l e a j u dici o u s a cc o u n t o f
th e re a l t r e n d o f h ist o r y th e i n n e r c a u s a ti o n o f e v e n ts , .
th e U n i v e rs i t y o f O x fo r d fo rm e r l y D e a n o f th e F a cu l t y o f ,
L a w i n Me l b o u r n e U n i v e r si t y C r o wn 8 v o S e c o n d E di t i o n . . .
Wi t h Ma p s 6 s . .
Pr e s s O p i n i o ns .
Ti m e s Th e . b l q l i fic ti
r e r h a s a do u w it e his t sk h vi g
u a a o n fo r a ,
a n no t
only b een a d n u mb i g
ed C a isti g ish ci l
r d e m a n , b u t an o fU iv sity
fi a i n th e n er
o f Me lb th g b k G v m t “
o u rn e a n d th e a u o r of a ood oo on Th e o e rn en of
Vict i or a
”
l itt l v l m is
His . e o u ew thy t h s c
no t u n o r ti l s
of o e is re de n a It .
c mp ct w ll
o a , e g w itt
a r ra n e d, a n d rxc ll t sty l w h i l
e n i n an e e en cts e ; e th e fa of
A st l si h ist y h v b
u ra a an or g th
a e een st t
a e re d a nd th t g ll y
a e d i n a wa y a , e n e ra
sp ki g pp s
ea n , a v y c mp l t
e a r to b e er o imp ti l
e e a nd J ks s cc ts
ar a Mr e n ’
a oun .
i g
o f th e fo u n d n i t c l i s sp ci ll y
o f th e d ffe r e n o on e , e e tha l s
N e w So u Wa e ,
T sm i
a Z l
a n a , a nd N e w si g l l y vivi
e a a n d, a r e n u ar th s d ; so a re o e o f tw o
rom tic
an mi ti g pis s
a n d do na n e l y h ist y A st l si
o de i n th e e a r or of u ra a a , th e
g l isc v s
o dd o e ri e a n d th e Ma o r
iw s ar .
Gu a r di a n it P th
Th e e d o r, D r . ro mb i g
e ro , ist ic l
o f th e C a r d e H or a
i s is
Se r e , c g t l t h vi g p vi
to b e o n ra u a e d o n a n B itis h p b l ic t h g h
ro de d th e r u , ro u
Mr e n ,
J ks wit h c l c mp ct
a e a r, o w ll w itt sk tc h
a , a nd e r h ist y
en e o f th e or o f -
th eA st l si
u ra a l i s
an C o o n e .
I r e l a n d, 1 4 9 4 —1 8 6 8 Wit h T wo I n troducto ry C h a p t e rs . .
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.
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,
U n i t e d C o u n t i e s o f R o sc o mm o n a n d S li g o a n d s o m e t im e ,
S ch o l a r o f O r i e l C o ll e g e O x fo r d C ro w n 8 v o Wi t h Ma p 6 s , . . . .
Pr e s s O p i n i o ns .
Ti m es . H i s k no w l e d e o f h is su b
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ec t is b s e d o n e xt e n siv e
a a nd in
4 C a m br i dg e H i s to r i c a l S e r i e s .
j u dg e m e n t m y fa i rl y b e o p e n to q u e sti o n b u t th e c a ndi d re a de wi ll n o t
a ,
r
t h o rn y s bj e ct in a g e nu i n e h ist o ic a l spi it
u r r .
s u bj e ct i n a v e ry c o mp e he n si e spi i t a n d wi t h a cc u a cy i n de t i l H e
r v r , r a .
h a s p o du c e d a w o r k w h ic h wi l l w e t h i n k b e fo n d a v e ry u s e fu l g i de by
r , , u u
th e h ist o ic a l st de n t t h o u gh th e m
r u e s o f I r is h h ist o r y r az .
Ma n c h e te G di ns Up o n th e w h o l e t h is is th e b e st h an db o o k o n
r u ar a .
,
I r ish hist o r y t h t h a s ye t a pp e a re d a .
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. .
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C
, C o ll e g e . C ro wn 8 v o .
4s .
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A th e n e u m I t m ay b e a d a t o n e
. a c t h t it is xc ll t l y w itt c l e a r
e e en r e n, s i ,
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gl imps s i ivi l j g m ts
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on , a a n e re ,
a nd O f e nt vivi p t ti g Th is t sp
d a n d e n e ra n e re a ra n a re n e f t t t
fo r a f e r fa r i ne ss .
,
to o , i n st ti g pi i s wit h wh ic h
a n o n on th e a u o r t h s s m tim s c
o e e a nno t be
s pp s
u o e d to b e i n y s mp t h y
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r I t is w e ll a a n ge d an d u . rr
c l e a rl y e xp e ss e d I t is c h a a ct e ris e d th o u g h o u t by fu l ne ss o f k no w le dg e
r . r r
a n d s o b r i e ty o f j u dgm e n t .
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u a O u r a u t h o rs de s e rv e h e a ty t h a nks fo a tt e mpti ng
. r r
to s u pp l y a st e ppi n g st o n e b e tw e e n M G ib b-
i n s s
“
I n du st i a l H ist o y o f r
’
r r
E ng l n d a n d th e l a g e w o ks o f Th o o l d R o ge rs P o fe ss Ashl e y a n d
a r r r r , r or ,
w e ll .
A n E ssay o n W e s te r n C i v i l i s a ti o n i n i ts E c o no m ic
A s p e c t s ( A n c i e n t Tim e s ) B y W C U NN I NG HAM, D D . . . .
, F e ll o w
o f T r i n i t y C o ll e g e , C a m b r i dg e C r o wn 8 v o 4 s 6d . . . .
Pr e s s O p i n i o n s .
D a i ly t h is l itt l e w o rk D C nn i ngh a m w h o s e
C h ro n i c l e . In ,
r u ,
a tt i n m e n ts p e c u l i a l y fit h im fo
a th e t a sk h a s
r tt e mpt e d to giv e u s a n r ,
a
o t l i n e o f th e g o wt h o f i n d st ry o f t a de
u r o f th e e c o n o mic b a sis o f l i fe i n
u , r ,
th e e l i e r st a g e s o f th e h ist o y o f th e w e st e rn w o l d Th e w o k s e e ms to
ar r r . r
j dg e m e n t
u C o n si de i n g th e c o mp l e xity o f th e s bj e ct a n d th e sc a n ty
r u ,
o r k n o w l e dg e O f th e c o
u s e o f h m a n h ist o r y by m e a n s o f t h is i n t e re sti ng
u r u
a n d w e ll c o n c e iv e d w o k
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ZLo u h o n : C .
J . C LA Y AN D S O NS,
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A cm e L i b r a ry C a r d Po ck e t
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