H I S T O RY

T H E PA R S I S
I N C LU D I N G

T H E I R M A NNE R S C U S T O M S R E L I G I O N , , ,

A ND P R E S E NT P O S I T I O N

D OSAB HAI F RAM J I KARAK A, C .

PR E N C M I S T T E AND C H M AN F H ER M J E S T S E N C H
E SI D Y AG RA AI R O J US T IC E S
A Y
’
B OF , B OM B AY

T E M EM E
LA B MR BO E G IS L T I E C UN C I ;
B AY L A TE C H I M N O
V O E L LA
l“

A R A F TH

M UN I CI C PPAL TI N N
OR O RA TE S E I F O F B M
O ,
A D LA H R F O B AY

A U T HO R OF
‘
TRA V EL S I N G REA T B RI A IT N ,
’

ET C . ET C

W I TH C O L O UR E D A N D O T H ER I L L US T R A T I O NS

I N T W O V O LUM ES . V OL . II .

ILUTI II UII
M A C M I L L A N A ND C O .

1 884
 C O NT ENT S .

C H APTER I .

D I S T I N GU I SHED PAR S I S OF G U JARAT .

Earl y op inion of Pars s — T i hi e r s e tt e l m en t of Na vsari— M erJi Ra n a— T h e

D e sa i s— C h
ang a A s a — Rem o a of t h e sa re vl
fi r e— D u Perro n s tra e s c d ’
vl
— Th e Ra va y ets — M a n ak sh a D es a — T ran s at on s o f Per sian o e ms i l i p
i iii
— T em ul i D es a — D v s on s of t h e r est oo — M an c h er i Kh arsh ed i
j j j pi h d
— Fi
rs t B r t s iih c
on n e t o n w t ci
B aro a — P ars s er ih es — E u s on o f d i vic xp l i
c i
Ar ab m e r en ar es — Pars s at S urat — T e r oo i u a t es — Eur o e a n h i g d q li i p
fc i
a t or e s a t Sura t — Par s r o er s — B as t am ib k
a n a — H is s t to u ra n g M k vi i A
zeb — Ras t am s s er es — A T urk i sh m e r
’
vic ant in s tr e ss — B a s t am an d Sir ch di
ich l W i cl i
N o as a te— T h e a m s of Ras t a m s am l — Per s e ut on— Naorozj i ’
f iy c i
il
Ras t amj i sa s for Eur o e— p O b i j ic
t a n s u s t e in En a n — Th e rs t n a t e of gl d fi iv
India t o vi i s t L o n on — A e s at d C p y
o f t h e Eas t I n d i a d p ch
om a n — T h e

b b of Ra s t a mp ura flM a n akj i S e t — T h e
h fi i
r s t Pars il d

fl
s u ur en t a e es t at e

h A c
M a n c h erj i S e t — Na n abh ai Punj iabh a i— n es t or o f t h e M di j
o s —Bhim i ~

i— Imp i l fi m - S — H i m c h n ic l k n wl d g
K j
u v ar b j i Ker a
j i r an ora av a s s e a a o e e

C q c f p i ing cl ck — T h S bj i f m il y— A M hd i— D t h
on s e u en e s o re a r a o e ora a a ea

of P a i— Phi h Dh j i h — H i p p l i ty— H i publ ic f n l

a rs r oz s a an s a s o u ar s u era

A d h i Dh j i h — H i g t vic — F mi n d d— A p i tic l
r es r an s a s r ea se r es a e an oo ra a

c f d cy — A d h i c iv
on e era g ld m d l — P blic d b — F l
r es r re e es a o e a u ar ar s a se

ch g g i t A d h i — H i x n ti n — G d d b — D d bh i
ar e a a ns r es r s e o era o ra n ar ar a a a

N j i
a s a rv a nM d i —B t
gi M n k j i
o E t i — Pil g i m g
a an t M cc — Th a a n r a e o e a e

Bh n g i — N
av a nj i K hiy
r s K b h dj i K hiy Li ut t
a s a rv a o ar ar s e o ar e en a n

B i dw d— Kh
r h dj i M d i — I t igu
oo ars t P n —M
e i P i— Hi
o n r es a oo a a n ar ar s s

vi i t t E gl d — T h g u t f Ed m d B u k — B u k l tt t
s o n an e es o un r e r e s
’
e er o

R gu th R — Bh ikh j i B h d — M
a na ao kj i D m n l a P g 1-
46
ar a an a a a va a a es

CH APTER II .

D I T I N GU I H ED
S S PAR S I S OF B O MB AY .

Fi rst Pa r s i s in B om by a g
—Th e P ortu u es e rul e — es s on to En l a n — ar C i g d Kh
sh ed ji P och aj i Pa n dya — T h e ol d fort ifi cat ion s — D or a bj i Na n a bh ai

V OL . II . b
b l C ONTENTS .

T he ea r ly v reb y— R t mj D bj — H i h ic ch c t
e n ue o f B om a as a i ora i s ero ara er

G tre a vic t th E gli h— Th t i tl f P t l— A m tic p i d

ser e o e n s e e o a e ro an e so e

K R m — P i p — H j b h i R t m j i— B ji L i m ji
j
a v as i t j as a i a rs a s se s ir i a as a ana

Th fi t P e rs t d i th t h f E t— Th fi t P i m ch t i
a rs r ra e rs W e ar as e rs a rs er an n

B m h — I C l c utt —T h M d i f m i ly— C t c t
ur a n a at th C m p y e o a on ra ors o e o an

— I mp t — Ag t
o r ers nd b k — Th h t h pk p — T h
en s a an e rs
“
e o ne s s o ee er e

R dym ea f m i ly — T d i g wi t h Ch i n — I t p fi t bl c h
o ne a ct
ra n a s ro a e ar a er
y
S bj i R d ym n y — G n t
ora ea fl d t P o i — Th K m f mily— T h
e ra s o an o a rs s e a a a e

W di f mily— P i hi pb uild —T h fi t d cky d t B mb y— T h

a a a a rs s ers e rs o ar a o a e

m t - b uild
as e r f t h E t I d i C mp y— A f m i ly f k i lf l h i p
e rs o e as n a o an a o s u s

w i gh t — S
r Th m
s T wb i d g
ir P i-
ob il t m -f-
as w —S roEdw d r e on a rs u en o ar ir ar

l ll w
’
e p i i —T h S l tt — T h M i d — Th m t -
e
’
s o n on eb i ld f tha se e e n cn e as e r u er o e

p t d y
re s e n Th b av l c f th \V d f mily— Th fi t P i H igh
e e ne o en e o e a 1a a e rs a rs

S h itT f B mb y— T h m m i l f
cr o o t i
a f t h ci ty— P i g t t
e e or a oun a ns o e a rs a en s o

F c — L tt f m F ch G
l an e e e rs m n t— T h D d i th f mily — T h i
ro r en ov e rn e e a se a e r

g d
oo w k — J m h d i J bh i— H i b i th — H i fi t j u n y t Ch in
or j j a s e I i a s r s rs o r e o a
— Hi l t j u n y — C pt
s a er d by F c h v l— H i l tt d c i b i g
o r e s a ur e a re n es s e s e er es r n

hi dv t — H i tu n t B mb y— H i cc
s a e n u re s d c h i ty—Th
s re r o o a s su e ss a n ar e

m n m nto u f hi ge i ty— Th fi t P i k nigh t— A dd

s o s e n e ro s th e rs a rs res s e s on e

a u pici u
s cc i —F u th h n u —F d m f L nd n— H i c m
o s o as o n r er o o rs re e o o o o s os o

p l i t n ch i ty — B n H u m n l tt — H i t t u — L d Elph i n
o a ar a ro a s a n s
’
e er s s a e or

t
s o ne s p ch — L dy J m h dj i— Th M h i m c u w y—T h p i g
'
s ee a a s c e a a se a e o en n

c m y— C t d b n t H d c d t — F mj i K j B ji
e re on rea e a aro e is e s en an s ra avas i a na
— I{ g d !s vic — H g icul tu l t t — O ffi i l p t n th ubj ct
oo ser e is a r ra as e c a re or o e s e
— Fi t p rs t f m g t th Q — T h B mb y T im —N w th
re s e n o an o es o e uee n e o a es o e
Tm f J d —T h C l c t t P i — Th V k j i f mi ly— T h i
ac s o u ah e a xt n u a ars s e i a a e r e e

i
s ve p ti — T h i c
o e ra cti n Wi th th Ni m — R l ti n wi th
o ns e r o nne o e za e a o s

Ch d L l — T h i b k p tcy— S l J u g i d m fi t h m— K h
an u a e r an ru a ar n n e ni es e ar
sh lj i Mu kj i S h ff a na F mi ly j — J j bh i D d bh i — M kj i
ro a ars i i a a a a a na
N i
a sa rv a n
j P t t — Dm h M kj i P tit— D n h
c I b v l nc — N
s a a na c i s a s
’
e ne o e e as a r

v j i M kj P t t— M
an a ua
j i F mj i P d y— T h K l b
i c I it i m
c rv a n ra an a e o a a sa n ar u
— l{
j i J h gi R d y m y— M W l f him— Ed lj i
’
a v as e an r t t ea on e r oo ne r s s a ue o
.
a
F mj i A l bl
ra — F m ii N ess nj P t l — Kh ra l dj i F d unj i P kh
a sa r va i a e a rs i e ar a ra

T h Fl eF unt i n in B mb y
ora o a P g 47 - 1 45 o a a es

fl
C H APT ER III .

Z O R O A T ER S

l ’
a rs i f i th — I t
a i h i g p i d—T h f m A d h i — D t
s m os t our s n er o e r e or er r es r a e
o f Zm t — Acc t f h i l i f —T h
O as cr l i t p ibl d t — Th Av t
o un o s e e ea r es os s e a e e es a
m ] C u i f m l g g —O ig i f m f Z
une or
t — H i mi c l
an ua es r n o na e o oroa s e r s ra u ous
bi th — A t t m pt t d t y him— A pp
r e t C t— T h c d fi —A
o es ro ears a our e s a re re
mi g h ty g il l g — l l fi t dd —H fi t d i ci pl — H i
tl lvl ll
d ls rs a res s is rs s es s s ons an
d gh t — I M Av t l g g —T w d i l c —
d Av t
‘
au
S
'
rs
e
t t es a an ua e o a e s a ns c n an es a
Th i t b k — Th tw ty - v l m — Th i m i g d
e a nc e n oo s e en o ne o u es e r ean n an
S i g ifi c
n ca n e
1 46-
1 64
 C ONTENTS .
vii

CHAPTER IV .

THE PAR S I C REED .

A b k f p y — T h V d i d d— T h Y — T h V i p d T h K h d h
oo o ra ers e en a e as n a e s ara e or e

Av t — T h fi G b — Th Ny i h — T h Y h t — T h i i mp t c
es a e ve a s e a s es e as s e r or a n e

T h Af i g
e — Th P t t —P y
r n an s f p t c — A xh tiv li t
e a e s ra ers o re en a n e n e au s e s

f i — Th Af i — T h p ph t p y — Th ld t c p i f ’
o s ns e w r ns e ro e s o n ra er e o es o es o

th P e i b k —P fa rs W t g
oo d t x t — T h P hl vi l g g
s ro e ssor es er a ar
’
s e s e e e an ua e

C j ct
on e l m i g — C ct d wi th P thi — Li t f P hl vi w k
ura e an n s onn e e ar a s o e e or s

S m o f th me o i m p t t— T h P d l g g — W h t i t h P i
e or e or a n e aza n an ua e a s e ars

ligi — Z
re t
on mi i — M t h i m— A h
oroas er s M d — Th O
’
ss on on o e s ura az a e ne

G d— Z t h l gy— T h cc t f H d t — O f D H g
’
o t or oa s e r s eo o e a oun o er o o us r
. an

Z t ph i l phy— Th
or oas er s
’
ct i f th b dy— Z
os o t m l e re s urre on o e o oro as er s
’
or a

t ch i g — A d h i B b k n c ll
ea n r es mbly — T h vi i
r af A d
e a a s an asse e s on o r a

V i f— T ra f ig c i tic
WO th P orei — Exp i f g t t th
n r s on e ar s s ress on o re re a e

d c y f th l d P i lig i
e a o e o ars P g 1 65 -
re 20 8 on a es

C H AP T E R V .

M O N O T H EI S M AND F I RE-
REV EREN C E .

i
hi
Pars s are mon ot e s t s — r e - t em es - Fi
Res e t for fi re—T he e st s m o pl pc b y b l
Al i h y
of th e m g t — Th e ur p ifi c i
at o n o f fi re— N n e t m e s purifi e d— R e u i i p
id l y
d iation of iq i y
o a tr — Th e a n t u t o f fi re - re e re n e — T h e Roma n v c
Fl i ihp
am n e s — B s o wii
M eurin s r t ng s — D ean Pr e au on t h e Pars s
’
id x i
F h vi d c f v
An que til d u Perr on— ur t er e e n e in a our of Pars re on— T h e i l igi
n a m e of fi re -or s
w hipp i d p
e rs u nm er t e — A n on— Pars fi de l ity pi i i
’
oe t s o

Fi b ig d
rm b ut n o t i l i
ot e — Pa rs to erat on— A Pars mart r— I nn o a t on s i y v i
li i f A ci i cc f l
A Re g ous Re orm ss o a t on —A s u ess u es sa — Re g ou s oo s y li i b k
l i i j i ipi h
T rans a t ons nt o G u arat — Th e Pars r es t oo — A ere tar p ro fe s d h di y
i
s on d c i
— pi p —
E u at ng the r ests T he re s ent “
d a sturs — T h e B ar es hnum
”

y dig i y
c er e mon — T he v
n t i d ci
of Na a r— T h e n u t on of a r es t 2 09 -
2 41 pi

C HAPTER VI .

P R O GRESS A ND PRES EN T P O S I T I O N .

Pars i qu al i t i es The
— “
b an i a -
T h e c omm er ce o f B omb a y— Ex tent of Pa rs i
ent erp ri s e — Pars i b a nk ers — C ot t on - m il l s — A l ar g e engi n e — O ld Pars i
W eavers—The c ons tructi on of ra i l way s— Pars i s h are in t h em - Pars i s h i p
wrights—The China trade — J ews v Pars is T he sh are mania —S ome of f
.

t h e s ta pl e t ra d es — Comm erci a l m oral i ty of Pars i s —Pa rs i offi c ial s The

s al t of t he B omb a y c omm un i ty — Pa rs i b e nev ol enc e — S p e ci a l c a s es — T h e
vi i i C ONTENTS .

p bl ic w k
u or b y— F m l d c t — H in d u ch i ty— P i m nd i
s of B om a e a e o ors ar a rs e

c t — P i l y l ty — P y d u i ng C im n VV — S p ch f Si
an s a rs o a ra e rs r r ea ar ee o r

J m h dj i J ij ibh i— T h I di
a s e M ti y — Th Q u n -
a eEmp — Th
n an u n e ee re s s e

roy l f mily— Th P i c f I l — H i i u i ll n — P y f hi
a a e r n e o
V
a es s s er o s e ss ra er or s

c v y— P i th k givi g d y -Th P i c f W l in I d i —H i
re o er ar s an s n a e r n e o a es n a s

rec p ti i B mb y —T h ti n l th m— Th Guj ti t xt— P i

e on n o a e na o a an e e ara e ars s

w ll b h v d — P i c v t — A p i d f x ci t m t—D Wil n
e e a e a rs on er s er o o e e en r . so

Th p e nt p i ti n f P i
re s e os o o P g
a rs s2 42 -
2 95 a es

A P P E ND I C E S .

A . T H E PAR S I C H ATT EL s REAL AO T ( Ac t I X . of 18 3 7)

B T H E PA R S I M A R R I AG E D IV O R C E A CT 1 8 65
.
A ND
( A c t

XV . of 1 8 65 )

C . T H E P A R S I S UCC ESS I O N ACT (Ac t XXI . of 1 8 65 )

D T H E J AM S I I ED J I J IJ I B HAI B AR O N ET C Y PAT EN T
.

L I ST OF I L L U S T R AT I O NS .

A PA R SI M O T H ER A ND H ER H
C I L D R EN F r on tisp iece

Z O R O A ST ER T o fa ce p a ge 1 4 6
 C H A P T ER I .

D I ST I NGUI S H ED P A RS I S O F GUJ ARA T .

Ear ly p inio on of Pars i s — The i r l

s ett em e nt of Na vsari — M erj i Ran a— T h e
De sa i s— Ch nga a Asa — Re mo vl a of th e s a re c d fi re Du Perro n
’
s

tra vl e s— Th e R a va y ets — M a n ak s h a D e s ai fi
T ran s l a t ion s of Pe rs i p an oe m s
—
T emulj i i ivi i f th p i t h d — M
D esa — D h j i Kh
s o ns h dj i o e r es oo anc er ars e

— Fi t B i t i h c
rs r cti with B d — P i
s onn e ic — Exp l i f
on a ro a ars s erv es u s on o

A b m c i — P i t S t — T h i g d q l i ti — E p
ra e r e n ar e s ars s a ura e r oo ua es uro e an

f ct i t S t— P i b k — R t m M k — Hi vi i t t A g
a or e s a ura a rs ro ers as a an a s s o u ra n

ze b —R t m as a vic — A T ki h m ch t i di t — B t m d Si
’
s s er es ur s er an n s res s as a an r

Nic h l W it — T h cl im f R t m f m i ly— P
o as a e e c ti — N j i
a s o as a
’
s a ers e u on a or oz

R t mj i i l f E
as a sap — O b t i j tic i E gl d— T h fi t tiv f
s or uro e a ns us e n n an e rs na e o

I d i t vi i t L d
n a o — A d p t ch f th E t I di
s on on C mp y — Th es a o e as n a o an e

su b b f R t mp — M kj i S th — Th fi t P i t il d t t
ur o as a ur a an a e e rs ars en a e es a e

fl
M h j i S th— N
an c er bh i P j i bh i— A c t
e a na f th M d i — Bhimj
a un a a n es or o e o s i

K j
uv ari— I m p i l fi m —S bj i
er aK j i — H i m ch
r ic l k wl d g
an ora av a s s e an a no e e

C q c f p i i g cl ck— Th S bj i f m ily— A M hd i— D t h
on se uen e s o re a r n a o e or a a a ea

of P a i — Phi h Dh j i h — H i p p l ity— H i p blic f

a rs roz s a an l s a s o u ar s u un era

A d h i Dh j i h — H i g t vic — F mi
r es r an s a d d —A p i tic l
s re a s er es a n e an oo ra a

c f d cy — A d h i c iv
on e era rg ld m
es d l — P bl ic d b
r re e — F l es a o e a u ar ars a se

ch g g i t A d hi — H i x
ar e a a ns ti
r — G
es d d b — D d bh i
r s e on e ra on ra n ar ar a a a

N j i
a s a rv a n M d i —B t
j M o kj i E t i — P i l g i m g
a an i t M cc — Th a na n r a e o e a e

Bh a v na
g i N r s j i K hiy Kh
asarv a n h d j i K h iy L i t t o ar a rs e o ar e u e na n

B i dw d — Kh
r oo h dj i M d i — I t ig
ars t Pe —M i Po i— H i n r u es a oon a an ar ars s

vi i t t E gl d — Th g t f Edm d B k — B k l tt t
s o n an e u es o un ur e ur e s
’
e er o

Ra gun at hR ao— B hikh aj i B h d ar a — M a n ak i D a m a nv a l a

j .

AF TER their ex o du s fro m Persia the Parsis lived a s ,

we have seen at Sanj an for ab ou t six h undred years

,

in tranqu ill ity and in the full enj oymen t of their

religious rites under the government of the Hindu
raj as at that place They chiefly o ccupied themselve s .

V OL . II . B
 H ISTOR Y O F TH E PA R SIS . CH A R
[ I .

in agric ultural and ind ustrial p urs uits Not only did .

they change the face of the territ ory they o ccupied

from a dreary j ungle int o a fru itful refreshing and , ,

life -giving garden but t h ey enj o yed c onsiderable pr o s

,

perity m ore especially if taken in c omparis o n with their

neighb ours Unfortu nately there is n o rec ord of any
.

interesting or imp ortant event d uring this l ong peri o d

o f six cent u ries but a traveller O f the twe l fth cen
,

t ury speaks of them as rich warlike wandering and , , ,

clever —qu alities seld om ass ociated before or since

,
”
.

The dispersi on of the Parsis of Sanj an after the

o verthr o w o f the Hind u G overnment in or ab ou t the

year 1 3 1 5 was as might naturally be expected fol

, ,

l owed by a cent ury of nati onal depressi on They had .

again t o leave the h ou ses they had b uilt and the lands
they had rendered fertile and destit ute of res ou rces
, , ,

o nce m o re t o seek a n e w life and fresh lands in an o ther

part of G uj arat There they settled d espite their indi

.
,

g ent circ u mstances with a high character for val ou r

, ,

fideli ty and l oyalty t o the kings w h o had given them

,

a n d their ancest o rs a kindly welc ome when driven

fro m their o w n h o me The Parsis even t o this day

.

reta in a g rateful remembrance of the kind recepti on

t he y m e t with a t the h a nds O f t he Hind u king and

his s ubj ects Th o ug h the res ult of the cam paign

.

a in s t the invaders o f the Ra na o f

S a nj a n s c o untry
’
i
g
was dis as t ro us t o t he Pars is w ho t o o k s o prominent a
a rt in it the rep ut a ti o n they acq u ired by their gal
p ,
CH A P . I .
] TH E F R I ST CH IEF DA STUR . 5

lantry tended t o greatly improve their c onditi on

and stat us and prom oted the interests of their small
,

c ol onies with the r uling p owers wherever they hap

pened t o establish themselves .

In this chapter we prop o se therefore t o n otice , ,

s ome of the disting uished Parsis O f Guj arat as ,

well as the i nteresting events with which they were

c onnected .

As the Parsis grew in imp ortance at Navsari and ,

as unfort u nately the members of the priesth oo d began

, ,

t o be c ontin u ally at difference am o ng themselves it ,

was c onsidered advisable t o elect a s u itable man as

“ ”
chief dast ur or high priest w ho w o uld n ot only be ,

the head of the sacerd otal caste bu t als o the chief a d

v iser and c ontr oller of the religi ou s affairs of the entire

c ommunity The ch oice for this offi ce made on the

.
,

1 2 th of March 1 5 7 9 fell u n anim ou sly u p o n a pi o u s

,

and learned priest named Merj i Rana By his piety .

,

learning and irrepr o achable character he n ot only

,

gained the esteem of his fell o w -c ou ntrymen bu t his

fa m e spread far and wide even t o the ears of the ,

Emper or Akbar the Great and he was su mm oned by ,

that wise ru ler t o Delhi that he might explain t o him

,

the tenets o f the Parsi religi on It is said that the .

emper or was fav ourably impressed with the religi o n

“
o f Z o r o aster and best owed u p o n the
,
dastu r a free
grant o f t wo hu ndred acres of land at N av s a ri as a ,

mark of his r oyal fav ou r In the year 1 5 9 5 Akbar .

4 H ISTOR Y Ofi TH E P A R SIS . CH
[ AR I .

o rdered a further free grant of on e h undred acres of

”
land at N av s ari t o the d a s tur s s on K a ikoba d
“ ’

Mahyar w ho had s u cceeded his father on his death

,
.

That Akbar was very anxi ou s t o kn o w all he c ould

learn ab ou t the Parsi religi on is fu rther sh own by the
fact that a Parsi dast ur fr om K erman in Pers i a
”
, ,

had V isited Delhi in 1 5 9 7 t o u nfold t o him the

mysteries of the Z or oastrian religi on The emper or .

learned fr om him and Merj i Rana the pec uliar terms ,

o rdinances rites and cerem onies of the Parsi religi on

, , ,

and ordered his faithful mi nister Abu Fazal t o b u ild

, ,

a temple in which the sacred fire was t o be kept c on

s ta ntl
y b u rning day and n ight The
. emper or is als o

” ”
said t o have ass umed t he s u dra and kusti the ,

badges of the Z or oastrian religi on .

Fr o m the c ommencement of the fifteenth cent u ry

the career of certain Parsis at N a v s a ri was m o st dis
“
t ing u is he d
. They were kn own as the desais of
Navsari ; they were farmers of large territ ories and ,

enj oyed great infl uence under the s u ccessive M u s sul

man and Maratha G overnments Changa As a a
.
,

wealthy Parsi o f N av s ari was the first d c s a i

,
He .

was a pp o inted t o that office in the year 1 4 1 9 and his ,

in fl uence wi th t he a u th orities w a s s o great as t o be

pra c tically u nb ounded He w a s a man O f eminent
.

pie ty and sp a red n either time n o r res ou rces in p ro

,

m e ting s uc h o bj ects a s he c onsidered were c a l c u

lated t o better the s o cial a nd religi o us c o nditi on O f
CH A P . L
] CH A NG/ 4 A SA .
5

his c ountrymen It was by his enc ouragement and

.

s upp ort as we have already stated that an Indian

, ,

Parsi was first sent t o Persia t o obtain informati on on

certain religi o u s and s o cial qu esti o ns c oncerning his
race It was u nder his au spices that the Sanj an
.

sacred fire was safely rem oved t o Navsari fro m Bansda .

“
He represented t o his fell o w - citizens that it was
diffi c ult t o g o t o ad ore the Atash -Behram at Bansda ,

for the feast c onnected with its w orship came o n the

ninth day of the m onth Adar which was the time ,

of the rainy seas o n He afterwards made them fully

.

aware of the benefit they derived from having the

Atash -Behram in their t own and ind u ced them t o ,

bring it there The pe ople applau ded his pr op o sal

.
,

and the Atash -Behram was brou ght with great p omp
” 1
fr om Bansda t o Navsari .

Changa Asa had thr ough his wealth and infl u ence
, ,

als o Obtained from the Hindu raj as immu nity fro m

the trib u te which as foreigners they were requir ed t o
pay The fame of his piety liberality and goo d
.
, ,

ness o f heart had spread all o ver Guj arat and even ,

int o Persia An qu e til d u Perr on in his acc ount o f

.
,

his travels in India say s of Changa Asa that he

,

was a faithfu l observer of the Z or o astrian law He .

distrib uted his wealth am ong the p oo r pr ovided the ,

“ “
Parsis with s udras and kus t is and endeav ou red ,

1 B hikh aj i Ed alj i K anga s ’

t r an s l ati on of An qu etil d u Perron
’
s

Tr a vel s .
6 H ISTO R Y OF TH E P AR SIS . CH
[ AR I .

to bring back th o se wh om ign orance and tr ou ble had

led int o many deviati ons fr om the exact practice of
the Z oroastrian l a w T o attain this latter obj ect he .

c ons ulted the d a s turs Of K erman on different ”

p oints of the Z or o astrian religi on that had been

neglected in G uj arat In c ourse of time when .
,

“ ”
d oubts ar ose the d a s t urs of India foll owing the , ,

example of Chan ga Asa wr ote t o their c o -religi o nists ,

in Iran and their answers form the w ork which is

,

kn own by the name o f R a va yets which signify his '

t ories traditi ons or rep orts

, , .
1

“
At his death Changa Asa was s ucceeded as desai
by his s on M a na ks ha He was a w o rthy s on of an ex .

e m l ar father and like him he lab u red f the g d

p y o or o o
, , ,

2
o f his c o u ntrymen He was s o deeply imb u ed with the .

o f
l ove his religi on that he had the Arda V ira f Nama 3

translated i n t o a Persian p o em by a learned Persian

named K avas Friboraj w ho had arrived at Navsari ,

from Persia The Dc s a is hip remained in Changa Asa s

.
’

B h ikh j i Ed lj K g
1
t l ti n f th T l f A q til d
a a i an a s
’
ra n s a o o e r a ve s o n ue u

Pc r ro n .

2
M a n a k s ha Ch a n ga A sa b ui l t in the y e ar 1591 at Na v s ar i a

d kh m
o f st n a o o e . d kh m Be f ore t h i th s e re wa s in t h at to wn a o a

b ui l t f b ick t th
o x p n f P i l dy M n kb i w i f f n
r s a e e e se o a a rs a ,
a a a ,
e o o e

B er am J th b u t th Z i t i nra ,fP i h vi ng i n f m d th i c
e o r oa s r a s o ers a a or e e r o

rel i gi ni t in I nd i th t d k h m
o s s h uld n t b b ui l t f b rick bu t
a a a o a s o o e o s

of t n in
s o d u
e, w i th t h i nj u n c ti n
ae eor f th i a l i gi n M n k ha
ce e o s o e r re o ,
a a s

cau wl s n w d kl na t b b ui l t
e f d t n
e w h ic h i ti ll t b
ii a o e o re s o e, s s o e

n in th t t w n M n kb n m i ti ll v n t d n N v i It ’
see a o . a a ai s a e s s e e ra e i a sa r .

i m n ti n d n l l
s e l igi u c m ni s nd J s n by th p i sts f
o e i a re o s e re o e a a a s e r e o

th t t w n
a o .

T h i b k i n tic d a t
3
s m l ng th in
oo s l t r ch pt o e so e e a a e a er .
CH A P L] . TH E G A I K W A R S .

family till the year 1 5 9 5 when it passed t o K aik o ,

bad s on o f Merj i Rana the chief priest of Navsari

, , .

In the year 1 7 1 4 on e T e m ulj i Ra s t a mj i Sirv a i p ur

chased a large share of the em ol uments derived from
”
the Office of desai He was the m ost distinguished
.

“ ”
of all the desais and had a natural bent t owards the
,

highest form of p olitics He placed himself in c om .

m unic a tion with Pilaj i Ra o Gaikwar and indu ced him ,

t o establ ish thanas or p o sts in the S urat At hav is i .

He was als o entru sted with the management o f the

“ ”
c ollecti o n of the reven u e of the thanas D uring .

his D c s a is hip the Navsari priesth o o d became greatly

divi ded and the qu arrels am ong them were frequ ent
, ,

but by j u dici ous awards he grad u ally established

peace and c onc ord am ong them His name is still .

held in the highest venerati on at Navsari .

In the year 1 8 0 0 M a nc herj i K harshe dj i the grand ,

s on O f Desai T e m ul i Ras t a m i appears t o have made

j j ,

himself very u seful t o the British au th orities who in ,

that year formed their first c onnecti on with Baro da .

When Mr D uncan ( G overn or of B ombay ) visited

.

S urat in order t o treat with G ovind Ra o Gaikwar for

an exchan ge of territ ory and the cessi o n of the S urat
Chou t h M an c herj i was empl o yed in the neg otiati on
,
1
,

and he exercised mu ch tact and displayed great

zeal in the performance Of the task entrusted t o him .

1
Ch outh , or the f
our t hp ar t, mean s th e M arat h h
a s are of th e l an d
re v enu e .
u H ISTOR Y O F TH E P AR SIS . CH
[ R I
A .

He als o shared in the secret neg o tiati on in 1 8 0 2

between Ra oj i Apaj i An andr a o Gaikwar and the
B ombay G o vernment which res ulted in the e xtric a
,

ti on of the Gaikwar from the d ominati o n of the

Ar abs w ho formed a mercenary force that had
,

acqu ired s u ch great infl uence and p ower in the state ”

that when its pay fell int o arrears it seized the city
o f Bar o da and kept An a n dr a o Gaikwar c onfined in his

o wn palace as a pris oner This service rendered against

.

his own army nat u rally ca used the extensi on of the

infl uence and the increase Of the c ontr ol p ossessed by
the British in the a ffairs of the Baro da state F or .

these services the desai was granted in 1 8 1 7 by the

C ourt of Direct ors a pensi on of tw o hu ndred rupees
a m onth for three lives At the present day the
.

“ ”
family of the desai which c onsists of ab ou t a
,

hundred s ou ls are n othing m ore than landh olders

, .

S ocially they o ccupy a high p ositi on in the Z e r o

a s t ria n c o mm u nity o f Navsari .

It was at S urat h owever that the Parsis laid

, ,

the fo undati on o f their real pr o sperity Th ough the .

Parsis in leavi ng Persia had fled fr om M uss ulman

, ,

ty ranny it c ould not be said that in India which

, ,

then became their h ome t he y were regarded with the

,

same hatred by the India n M u ss ulmans as they had

been by th ose in their Own c ountry By their pleas .

ing manners and affable disp o siti on as well as by ,

their ind ustri o us habits and the ir character for

CH A P L]
. P AR SI B R OKER S .
9

s obriety intelligence and h onesty they s oon acquired

, , ,

c onsiderable infl u ence and a secure p ositi on in this

fl ourishing city of the M ogul .

The es tabl is hm en t of E uropean trading c ompanies

'

a t S u rat at once brought them t o the fr ont and ,

fr o m that date c ommenced the tr ue era of Parsi

pr osperity and imp ortance Either the Parsis had
.

the knack of ingratiating themselves in the fav our o f

E ur opeans or they were selected by them for their in
t ellig en c e b u siness habits and integrity for certainly
, , ,

the cl osest c onfidence and m ost c ordial relati ons were

s oon established The P o rt ugu ese French D utch and
.
, , ,

English fact ories all empl oyed Parsis as their chief

brokers and with out them it may be said that they
found it alm o st imp ossible t o c ondu ct their trading
and banking operati ons O ne B astam Manak w ho
.
,

was b orn at S urat in the year 1 63 5 gained a high ,

fl
rep utati o n as chief br oker of the English fact ory at
S urat He was a man of great ability and excellen t
.

character and had been m ost u seful in advancing

,

English interests in that place He Often sm oothed .

o ver the di ic u l t ies which did n ot fail t o arise b e

t ween the English and the O fficers Of the M ogul wi th ,

wh om als o he p o ssessed great influ ence In the year .

1 6 6 0 many impe diments were thr own in the way Of

the English by the nawab or ruler Of the city and ,

B astam Manak t o o k the b old step o f g oing for redr ess ,

acc ompanied by the head of the English fact ory at

IO H ISTOR Y OF TH E P A R SIS . CH AR I
[ .

S u rat d irect t o the c ourt of A urangzeb at Delhi

, ,

when he addressed the emperor in s om ewhat the

foll owing terms
“
This Englishman has c ome t o Hind ustan for
trading p u rp oses but y ou r Maj esty s n obles are
,
’

thr owing many o bstacles in his way The English .

gentleman n o w with me is a g oo d and n oble m an

, , ,

and seeks y our r oyal fav ou r and s olicits that he may

,

be permit ted t o settle at S urat and b e all owed t o

establish a fact ory there for trading p u rp o ses and ,

that he may be pr otected in his b u siness by y o u r im

”
perial c ommands B astam Manak was m ost s u ccessfu l
.

in this missi on for A uran gzeb n ot o nly forbade any

,

impediments t o the establishment of the English

fact o ry at S urat but made a free gift o f land for
b u ilding a fact ory with strict inj uncti ons t o his
,

o fficers at S u rat n ot t o m olest the English in any way ,

and t o all o w their g oods t o be imp orted free of d uty .

B astam Manak was u seful n ot o nly t o the English

at S urat bu t he furthered the general interests o f that
,

city \Vhe n e v e r an o ccasi on aro se he sided with the

.

aggrieved and assisted t o his u tm o st in Obtaining

,

redress wherever a wr ong had been inflicted As .

s ome pr o of of this his acti o n may b e described when

a ship bel onging t o a T urkish merc hant named
Usman Chal cbi was m o st u nwarrantably seized by
a P o rt ug uese man -o f-w a r The T urk being unable
.
,

t o o btain redress for his wr ongs applied t o B astam

,
12 H ISTOR Y O F TH E PAR SIS . CH A R I
[ .

Vhe the r B astam Manak was

N rest ored t o his
app ointment or n o t is n ow unkn own but it appears ,

from a u thentic papers in the p ossessi o n of his de

s ce n d a n t s that after his death in 1 7 2 1 a disp u te
arose between his s ons and the O fficers of the English ,

fact ory as to the am o unt d u e by the latter t o Ra s t am s ’

estate Great press ure was brou ght t o bear u p on

.

Ra s tam s heirs t o fo rego their claim and Mr H ope

’
.
, ,

who was then head of the English facto ry at S urat ,

and after him his s u ccess ors Messrs C owan and ,

.

C ourtney indu ced M omin K han the Nawab of S urat

, , ,

through the infl u ence o f G overn or William Phipps of

B ombay t o impris on Framj i Rast amj i the eldest s on
, ,

Of B astam and t o p ut Ra s t am s h ou se u nder attach

,
’

ment . F r a mj i was als o fined by the nawab

Rs 5 0 0 0 0 and made t o pay Rs 2 0 0 daily for the
.
, , .

s upply of foo d t o the members and servants of his

family This unl ooked -
. for oppressi on filled the
family with dismay for it seemed a hard ret u rn for ,

the val u able services it had rendered t o the English .

F ra mj i s y o unger br other B a m a nj i went therefore t o

’

B ombay t o seek redress fr om the g overn or but , ,

instead of getting the j u stice which he expected he ,

found himself placed u nder s urveillance and u nable

t o g o a nywhere bey ond the limits of the island .

Seeing n o chance of o btaining redress fr om the

c ld
ou be res p on s i bl e fo r t he C om p ny
a
’
s p p ty
ro er n or t h ei r o wn

l i b ty
er .
”
— Dr uc c A nna ls
, o
f the Ea s t I n dia Comp a ny, v ol . i ii p
. . 595 .
C H AP I ]
. . F R I ST NA TI VE IN ENGL A ND . I3

a uth orities there Na or ozj i Rast amj i the y ou ngest of

, ,

the br o thers s ailed for E ur ope in the man -of—war

,

S a l i s bur y in the h ope of o btaining it in L ond on

, .

Na orozj i reached England in April 1 7 2 3 and was ,

received m ost kindly by the C ourt of Direct ors .

English sense of j ustice at last prevailed and all ,

claims in disp ute between Ra st am s family and the ’

English factory were referred by mut u al c onsent t o

the arbitrati on of Messrs Matthew Decker J o sias .
,

Wordsw orth Edward Harris on and Joh n Heathc ote

, , ,

w ho awarded t o the heirs Of B astam Rs 5 4 6 7 9 0 t o be .

, ,

paid in three instalments The first instalment of .

Rs 1 7 0 0 0 0 was paid o n the 1 s t of Febr u ary 1 7 2 4

.
, ,

and the sec ond and third each of B s l 8 8 3 9 5 on the , .

, ,

l s t Of Febr u ary 1 7 2 5 and 1 s t o f Febr uary 1 7 2 6

1
respectively After this settlement of the disp ute
.

Na or ozj i Ra s ta mj i was presented by the C ourt of

Dir ect ors with a dress of h on ou r before he ret urned t o
B ombay He was th u s n ot o nly the first Parsi but the
.

first native of India w ho went t o England and he ,

came back t o his native land deeply impressed with

2
a sense of English j u stice A despatch was sent by .

1 T he or igi nal a w d w h ic har ,

is w i tt n
r e on p chm
ar en t, is in th e
p i
ossess on of M r K aikh osr u R asta mj i D a da bhai S e th n a,
. on e of th e

d c nd
es e an ts of B as ta m M ana k .

2 D N th 1 9 th A ug u t 1 7 2 4
LON O e s .

O UR P R S I E DE N T A ND C O UN C I L o r B O M B AY — W th C u t of e e o r

D i ct
re ors of t he i
U n te d C o mp an y f M r c h an t of En gl n d T a d i n g t
o e s a r o

th e East I n die s sen d this to c q u a i n t y o u th a t b y t h e K i n g G g e

a eor
I 4 H ISTOR Y O F TH E P A R SIS . CH
[ AR I .

the C ourt o f Direct ors u nde r date 1 9 th Au gust 1 7 2 4 , ,

t o the President in C ou ncil at B ombay apprising the ,

G overnment of the settlement o f the disp ute and ,

expressing their opini on on the case .

l ately iv d an d th S tan h p e which c am e in m eti m e b efo e W e

ar r e e o so r ,

h v e r c iv d y u r se v l p c k t an d d vic g ivi n g u s n a cc ount

a e e e o era a e s a es a

o f ou a ffair r un d r y u M n g m n t wi th th reas n s f y u p
s e o r a a e e e o o o r ro

ce e d in gs W e ob .
v in y ur l tte s by K i ng G ge th at the
s er e o e r e or

G ov n r of S u at a n d t h M c h an t t h i n k it v y e as n a bl e t h t
er o r e er s er r o a

the l t B k a e h u ld giv e u s sati fa c t i n

ro ers s to l l j u t d e m an d s
o s o as a s

u p n t h e m wh ic h as y ou h a v e w ot u is w h t y ou d esi e a n d w u l d
o ,
r e s a r o

b e c n t n t wi t h th p
o e f f v e n f m th e i own B o k an d a cc un ts
e roo o e ro r o s o

an d t s u b m i t a ny m atte
o f d i ff re n c th t m ay a i se t o the D ter rs o e e a r e

m i n ti n f th e M c h n t of S u at to b e m u t u lly c h s en b y the
a o o er a s r a o

sa i d B k s n d y u fo th em t c n cl u d an d ttl e th e s me
ro er a o r o o e se a .

W fi nd in th l e tte by th K i ng G orge th t F mj ee i in c u tody

e e r e e a ra s s

a t th S u at D u b
e an d B om nj e
r ma i n s c on fi n d to h is h u e a t
r ar a e re e o s

B mb y o F m l tt gav e u y u reas ns why y ou did n ot t h en

a . or er e ers s o r o

t h n k it p
i p t l e t him g off the I l n d
ro er o o s a .

T h S l i b u y M n -f-
e Wa w h ic h iv e d at S pi th ad the l tter
s r a O ar , arr e a

e nd f A p i l l t b ou g h t N w roj e e f m S u a t h e is s i n c c m e up
o r as r o ro r , e o

hi th nd h th l aid b fo e u s s ev ral p p e s n d a cc unts whic h are

er a a e r e a r a o

or d d t b e p e u e d a n d t k e n i n to c o n s i d t i n
er e o r s a er a o .

Am n g t h oPap h e g v e u s on e i n ti t u l d th c ase of F a mj e e
o er er s a e e r

in c l s p i n t S u t w h
o e r so i n h p s n t th t t h i w s o cc i n e d
a ra
,
er e e re re e s a s a as o

by th Engl i h C h i e f M H p s an d ft wards M ess s C owan n d

e s s
’
,
r . o e
’
a er r .
’
s a

C u tn yo r p pl ic ti n t M m e n C u n the S u at G v n or an d by
e
’
s, a a o s o o e a ,
r o er ,

l tt d l iv d t him w t by G v e n o Ph ipp s on w h ic h F mj e
a e er e e re o ro e o r r ra e

w as t f t c nfi n d
a Th n Gu d
i rs o e t on h i ef th Rustomj e s
. e ar s s s a er e
’

h u ft th i s F mj w f c d t p y M me n Ca un t ti m es
o se a er ra ee as or e o a o e a

fifty T h us n d R p o n d al s
a tw h u n d d Ru p s a d y fo l av e
u e es a o o re ee a r e

t o u p pl y t h
s p pl in th h u wi t h P vi i n n d w te and
e eo e e o se ro s o s a a r

b i d l l t h h d h i p h h u n d g n o p l l p u n i h m en t
es es a e se ar s s e as er o e c r ora s .

W p t t t h i n k th i c se i g
e a re a tly ag g v t d
o at l t th t s a s rea ra a e or eas a

th G v n
e o p c d d th i g u t tm n t t o bl i ge F mj t
er or ro ee e e r o ro s re a e ,
o ra ee o

c m t f i cc u n t cc d i n g t the c u t m f th e c unt y whic h

o e o a a r a o a or o s o o o r ,

w as t f s t civi lly d n d t
a ir b d n e W i th ut a n y c omp u l i on a n d
es
'
c o e o o s ,

o ugh t t h v b n C mpl y d wi th
o a e ee o e .
CH A P L] . AN OF F ICIA L B ESRA T CH 4 5

Na or ozj i by the creditable way in which he

, c on

d u cted the difficult neg otiati ons in E ngland gained ,

the esteem o f all th o se who came in c ontact with

him O f his father B astam Manak it sh ould b e r e
.
1

B ut hwv o e er th e c ase be , we h av e at Nowroj ee s ’

re qu e st c ons nted e

an d a gr e e d a nd do h e re by di e c t and r or d er t h at y ou o d g ive l a v e t o e

B o ma nj e e ,if h d y t m i n t B m b y t g e o wh n v h
e re a a o a ,
o o to S u r a t e e er e

pl wi th ut d l y n d th t y d y
e as e o nd v
e a by p p a a ou o ou r e ea o ur ro er

app l ic ti n t th G v n f S u t t g t F mj
a o o e l d f m o er or o ra o e ra ee r e e ase ro

c n fi n m nt n d th G u d t k n ff f m hi l t F th h
o e e ,
a e ar s a e o ro s a e a er s
’
ou s e ,

o ur d i b in g t
es r e s d l l d i ff nc
e m ic bly f w w u ld n t
o en a er e es a a , or e o o

h v him pp t
a e o re s .

W h v t N w j d i giv n him i l tt m
’
e a e a o l l f th
ro e e s e s re e s x e ers a o e sa e

t n e wi t h t h i th t h i t nd t n d th m O v l n d i f ny
or s a as e n e s o se e er a ,
a

sh l d mi c y th
ou t m y c m
s arr f d E ly th n by th
e res a o e sa e an ar er a e

sh ipp ing di c tly f m h n c f t h y wil l n t i l t i ll th p p

re ro e e or e o sa e ro er

n
s e a so by w h ic h y m y x p ct n n w t y u l tt n w
, ou a e e a a s er o o r e er s o

bf u —W
e ore s y l vi g f i n d
. e ar e , ou r o n r e s,

E W H IS O N C h i m n D D . AR R ,
a r a .

AB A DD M S D p ty J O SI S W O D SW O T H n
RA . A , e u . A R R se .

J O H N D UMM O ND JOHN GO U D j n R . L u .

W M A S E J O H N ECC E ST O N
I LL . I L AB I . L .

BILL E R S WM ED W D O W EN
. . . .

W M G O SS E L I N J O H N BAN CE
. . .

R I CH D B O U L TO N B A LT z A R L Y E LL . . .

RO B T H UD S O N J O SI A S W O R D S W O R T H j u n
. . .

F R A N C IS C H I L D M A TT H E W D E C K E R . .

1 A
g n t l e m an w he h d t h e n l t ly e
,
t i e d f o m th f cto y at
o a a e r r r e a r

S urat w t to Nao j i s b ot h e s t h u
’
ro e ro z r r s
,
“
I h a v e d vi se d M N w j an d s h av s e v era l g n tl eme n h re
a r . o ro e e o e e e

t h at y ou t h ee B t h h uld l iv e m ica bl e an d p a c fully in al l y our

r ro ers s o a e e

ff i b c u in v y s h t t i m its to b h p d th at th H n bl e ’
a a r s, e a se a er or e e o e e o

C omp n y will mp l y y u ll j i n tly

a e t h ei B ok
o s i p mi d
o a o as r r er , a s ro se

by m y wn nd N w oj s g od f i n d h b ut any d i pu te h app n
o ,
a o r ee
’
o r e s e re , s e s

m n g y u t h en y u wi ll r u in y u b u i n i n ce Now j s com i ng ’
a o o o o r s e ss , s r o ee

t En gl n d h
o h ath b en v e y i ll bu t h e h th t k en g at p i n s in
a e e r ,
a a re a

t h i b u i n es
s nds v y b dy h e e h t h g t v lu an d t m f
s
,
a e er o r a re a a e es ee or

h im b c au s h h t h m n g d t h i a ff ir t th e
,
e e e a ti fa c t i n of th e
a a e s a o sa s o
 1 6 H ISTOR Y OF TH E PAR SIS . CH A R
[ I .

c orded that he was a man o f great pr obity and high

character He wa s as liberal in his expendit ure and
.

his assistance of the deserving as his wealth all owed

him t o be Thr ou gh his infl u ence with the Officers Of
.

the M ogul he had saved his own c ou ntrymen from ,

many an oppressi o n He b u ilt bridges and r o ads for .

the c onvenience of wayfarers wells and tanks for the ,

“
thirsty and dharmshalas ( free rest h ou se) for weary
,

travellers In fact he was u nanim ou sly regarded as

.
,

the greatest benefact or of his city O n his death the .

wh ole c omm unity m ourn ed for him and depl ored his
l oss The s u b urb of S u rat n ow kn own as B astam
.

p ura in which he lived was named after him It

, , .

is perhaps n ot less n otew orthy that he o wned n early

the wh ole of the property within its limits His s on .

N a orozj i after his ret urn fr om E u rope settled in B om

, ,

bay and the n umer ou s Parsi families kn o wn as Seth

,

Kha n da n s are his descendants The hill n ow called .

Na orozj i Hill situ ated t o the west of the Prince s,

1 ’

D ock in B ombay was p u rchased by and called after ,

him He was on e of the first members Of the Parsi

.

Panchayet with the foundati o n of which the be

,

ginning O f his career was alm ost c ontemp orane ous .

Na orozj i had a s on named M an akj i w ho was b o rn ,

l l o n bl c C o m
’
p ny a ,
an d for th e G oo d an d I n te r e s t of h is b roth e rs a nd

f m i ly th f y u ug h t t m k him a h an d m p re sent f r hi
a er e ore o o o a e so e o s

l ng nd f ti g ui ng v y g an d g d vic
o a a o a e oo s er es .
”

1
F m th i h i l l is qua i d th b t bl ue basal t obtai nabl e in
ro s rr e e es

B mb y
o a .
CH AP . L ] M A NA Rj I SETH I 7

at S u rat in 1 6 8 8 and wh o se name is mem orable in the

,

annals of B ombay He came t o that city in 1 7 3 0 .

,

gaged in extensive mercantile operati ons and opened ,

a branch firm in Mys ore The small fi e temple in r - .

Bazar Gate Street still kn own as M an akj i Seth s ,

’

”
adaran was b u ilt at his expense in 1 7 3 3 and the
, ,

”
wadi called M an akj i Seth s wadi was als o the
“ ’

creati on of his gener osity and charitable disp ositi on .

In 1 7 4 7 he b u ilt a t ower of silence at S urat In B om .

bay the Parsis are als o indebted t o him for a t o wer of

silence He and his s ons largely c ontrib uted t owards
.

the b u ilding of that place of b urial He was the first .

Parsi w ho entailed his estate in fav ou r of his eldest

s on and of the eldest heirs -
,
male of his b ody lawfully
beg otten O n his death he settled a p o rti o n Of his
.
1

pr operty in tru st as a permanent end o wment for the

charitable instit uti ons he had fou nded and which he ,

had s upp orted d uring his lifetime He was the head .

o f the priestly caste in B ombay and c omman ded ,

great influ ence Whenever schisms o ccurred am on g .

the priests his o pinio n was tantam ount t o law At .

the present day h owever th ough his heirs are d uly , ,

rec ognised the headship o f the family is little m ore

,

than n ominal As we have given this sh ort bio

.

graphical acc ount of B astam Manak the br oker t o ,

1
T he p resent in h e i tor
r of th e il d t t i M J
e n ta e es a e s r . al bh a i

Arde h i s r Se t h ,
a y oun g m n o a f i n t llig n c
e e nd c n i d
e a bl p o s era e r om s e i .

La t y
s ear h e tr a v e ll e d in Eu o r p nd A m ic
e a er a .

V OL . II .
1 8 H ISTOR Y OF TH E P AR SIS . CH AR
[ I .

the English fact ory at S urat and his descendants , ,

it is only right t o als o n otice pr ominently the name

o f M a n c he r i Seth h o was br o ker t o the D utch
j ,
w

fact ory at the same place .

M a n c he rj i Seth was b orn at S u rat in the yea r

1715 . He was of h umble origin having been in the ,

service of M an akj i Na or ozj i Seth of B o mbay In .

his latter days he was largely engag ed in c omm erce ,

and c ondu cted an extensive b u siness as br oker t o the

D utch fact ory at S urat He p ossessed great infl u ence
.

w ith the na w ab of the city which he invariably ,

empl oyed for its g oo d and for that of its inhabitants .

His fame reached Delhi which city he V isited t wice

, .

He was m ore than o nce admitted t o au dience by the

emper o r He b uilt a large dharmshala at S urat for
.

the benefit his o f c O -

religi onists and handed it over t o
,

the tr ustees of his c omm unity He c o ntrib u ted mo st

.

t o wards the b uilding of an excepti onally large t ower

o f silence with fo u r h u ndred and seventy — six pavis
o r receptacles and b u ilt o n e at his o wn entire expense
,
:
for the u s e of the Parsis o f Narg o l He founded .

many chari table instit uti ons and b uilt a n u mber of

,

wells in and ar ound S u rat and was alt ogether a very

,

liberal and charitable man In fact he best owed

.
,

blessings o n all c onnected wi t h the city by his

liberality His name is therefore still held in the

.

highest respect in S urat M a nc he rj i Seth was the

.

head of t he She he ns ha is in the K abisa c ontroversy

2 0 H ISTOR Y OF TH E P AR SIS . CH
[ AR I .

Parsi c ommu n ity but the kazis ( magistrates ) of ,

S urat had forced the Parsis t o pay the c o ntrib u ti on t o

them This fi rm an prevented the kazis from appr o
.

p riat in
g these d u es and directed the Parsis t o apply ,

the funds t o the p u rp oses of their caste al one We .

,

give here a literal English translati on of the fi rm a n .

T o the A s yl um o f Af e f c ti on p o se s sor o f Nob i l i ty

,
s ,
M O D I B H I M JI
K UV ARJ I , the D a v r o f t he c a s te o f P ars i s
a ,
m a y y ou b e
p r ot e ct de .

Y ou r Va ki l p d
p e t it i on t o the ( Royal) p res e n c e
r e se nt e a

wh i ch i full o f lu s ts se n t i ng t h at the M ut
re , re p
udis cl e k s
( re as r ,

m ni ng th e Na w a b ) T l uk d ars ( D i s t i c t O ffic e s ) a nd o th e
’
ea s ,
a r r ,
r

M u u l m an s
ss g r d P
,
re
s i l i g hat ly n d by re s on of re l i i ous
ar s
g ,
a a

h ostil i ty an d in n b i t ry m nn e i mp e s s t h m for the pu

a ar ra a r r e r

p os e f di ggi ng the d i tch e s of th fo t nd th w ll s of the c i ty

o e r a e a

o f S u a t as w e ll
r ,
s the gra v e - p i t s f t h e i n t e rm e n t o f t h e i r d e a d
a or ,

wh i ch is n ot a ll w d in the re l i g i on of the P i s an d fa f om
o e a rs ,
r r

p u i ty 3 nd fu th th t f om d ys of yor e y o u h a v e b e en
r a r e r, a r a

fl
in th h ab i t of c oll e c t i ng f s f o m t he P ars i s on o c c i n s of
e ee r as o

m i ag e s an d r e-m i ag es a cc o d i ng t o the usag e of y ou c a st e

arr arr r r ,

a n d a pp ro p i a t e d t he s a m e t o th e w nt s O f y ou
r c ommun i ty b ut a r

th t t he K i s o f th
a az se p t c i ty o f S u t n d o f o th e pl a c es
e a or ra a r

l o t aki ng dv a nt g of th i i n u en c e c oll e c t f o m th e Pa i s
a s ,
a a e e r ,
r rs

l g um of m on ey on o cc as ions O f ma i g e s and re-m ar i g e s

ar e s s rr a r a ,

in t h s m e m nn e a s t he y t ak e f o m K un b i K hias a nd th e
e a a r r s, ac ,
o r

l w cl
o f th H i nd u c o mmu ni ty an d l
a ss e s o e i n t f re in matters ,
a so er e

a ff c t i ng t h
(P rs i ) l i g i on s o c i e ty a nd c s te m a tters wh i ch
’
e e a s re , a
, ,

a re c o nn e c te d w i th the ffic e of D v H v i ng m d e s u ch a
o a ar . a a

r p e e n t ti o n h
e r s a
( y o u V ki l ) ppl i e d fo a subl i me fi m a n or
,
e r a a r r

m n d t e fo t h e d i c nti nu nc o f the b o v e-
a a r s o m n ti on e d w ork s a e a e

i( mp i ti on) nd e xc s s s I n th e s d y s w h v e b e e n h on oure d
os a e e . e a e a

w i th u b l i m m n d t u nd e th
a s e a e al f K utb ul M ul k Ya m inul
a e r e s o

d l Z f j ng Y iw fa d t he P i m e M i ni t E p
ao a a ai a ar a
( o f t he m ar ,
e o
) r s er r r ,

a nd d h a v b e n i ue d t o a ll M u s ul m n to the effe c t th a t
or e rs e e ss s a s

the y s h o uld ef in f m t he p a c ti c e o f xc e ss e s n d f om
r ra ro r e a r
CH A P L] . TH E NA W A B ’
S F I R M A IV .

i mp r op er b e h a v i o ur 5 t h a t t h e y s h ould on no a cc ount i mp r e ss
P a r s i s for w ork h e re aft er ; t h a t th e y s h o uld no t p r a c t i s e t h ose
t h i ng s wh i ch a re l ik e ly t o i nj ur i o usly affe c t th e i r r e l i g i on ; t h a t
n on e o f th e K a zi s O f t h e t o w n o f S ura t a n d a l l o t h er pl a c e s ,

W i th i n th e t a l uk a s or d i s tri c ts i n cl ud e d in t he Sub a h o r p r o v i n c e
‘ ’

o f A h m e d ab a d s h o uld l e vy fe e s up on
, P a r s i s on o cc a s i on s o f
m arr i ag e s a n d r e -m arr i ag e s a nd t h at t h e y s h ould n o t i nt er fe r e in
,

m a tt ers affe c t i ng t h e i r r e l i g i o n s o c i e ty an d u s ag e of th e c a s te
, , ,

m at te rs w i t h wh i ch t he P a r s i c omm un i ty a nd t h e i r D a v ar are
c onne c t e d ( th a t is h a v e t o d e al) Yo u ar e t h e re fore i nforme d .

t h at
y o u m ay d t h at s uch a rang em nt a s w e re
re s t a s s ur e r e s

ne c s y h v b e n m a d e ; th t n o p on w ill in any m ann e

e s ar a e e a ers r

nn oy t h a n d th a t s h o uld a n
a P si e ar s,
y p e s n d i s ga d t h i r o re r s

subl i me O rd he w i ll me e t w i th d u e p un i hm en t
er , T h e e fe w s . s

w o d s h a v e b e n W i tte n d w n in the h ap e of a Pa v ana or

r e r o s r ,

O d e in o d r t h a t it m ay b e u s d wh e n v e t h e e m y be n
r r, r e e e r r a a

o cc a s i o n
”
.

D a ted the 2 9 th Z ilhij A uho H ur t 1 1 2 7 ( A D . . 17 10

The present M o di of S urat Ra s t a mj i K hars he dj i , ,

n ow in the enj oyment of green Old age s u cceeded ,

t o the M o d is hip when very y o u ng with the express ,

c onsent and sancti o n of the G overnment of B ombay .

He has sh o wn himself a very l oyal su bj ect of the

British Cr o wn and w h enever circu mstances required
, ,

it his infl u ence in his c omm unity at S urat has

,

always been beneficially asserted at the requ est Of the

au th orities He has lately been h on ou red by the
.

G overnment of India with the title of K han Bahadu r .

In the year 1 6 9 7 there was b orn at S urat S ora bj i

K av a sj i ancest or of the well -
,
kn own K han Bahadur
Ardeshir Dhanj is ha of that city an acc ou nt of wh ose ,

life will be given on s u bsequent pages S orabj i .

 H ISTO R Y OF T H E P A R SIS . CH A R
[ I .

p ossessed c onsiderable kn owledge o f mechanics and ,

was a man of real talent A l u cky circ u mstance

.

laid the fou ndati on of his fut u re s u ccess It s o hap .

pened that a cl o ck which had been presented t o the

,

Emperor of Delhi by the S ultan Of T urkey g ot out of ,

o rder. Many pers ons tried t o repair it but failed ,

t o p ut it right . The emper or thereu p o n sent orders

t o the auth orities thr ough ou t the length and breadth

of his d omini ons t o find o u t and se n d t o Delhi a l l

pers ons c ompetent t o repair the cl o ck S or abj i s fa m e

.
’

as a mechanic was n ot u nkn own t o the Nawab of

S urat ; and in obedience t o the imperial c o mmands
, ,

he sent him t o Delhi in the year 1 7 4 4 He was .

entru sted by the emper or with the w ork which he ,

performed m ost satisfact orily t o the ast onishment of

the empero r and his n obles This achievement gained
.

for him the title Of Nek San t K ha n or l ord of the ,

auspici ou s m oment By the empero r s desire Sor abj i

.
’

remained at c ourt for s ome time and while there ,

tau ght many pers ons with ou t remunerat ion the art of
, ,

repairing watches The emper or was mu ch pleased

.
,

and best owed many fav ours up on him Am ong .

o ther h o n ou rs he c onferred up on him the title of

Sardar of a force c onsisting of t wo th ousand infantry
and five h undred cavalry At the same time his .

t wo s ons received the titles o f B e he r e m a n d kha n and

T a l y a rkha n
. He als o gave him the right of c ollecting
t h e c u st o m d u e s o f S u rat besides several “ j aghirs
,
CH A P . L ] S O R A Bj I NE H SA NT KH A N 2 3

in the Pa rc hol Chaurasi and Dab oli parganas

, ,

( administrative s u bdivisi ons ) of the Surat Zilla .

Being th u s established in high estimati on at Delhi he ,

nat urally became still m ore respected by all classes

o f his o wn c omm u nity and there is n o d oubt that
,

by means Of his excepti onal infl u ence s ome val u

able privileges were obtained for the English at
S urat O n his ret u rn from D elhi in 1 7 60 t o his
.

native place Sora bj i was app ointed C omptr oller of

the S urat Revenu e and entru sted with the imp ortant
,

charge of the presentati on of K hilats ( dresses of

h on ou r ) t o the H on ou rable Charles Crommelin and
Mr J ohn Spencer the heads of the English fact ory at
.
,

S urat O n the 2 d of Ma y S orabj i N e k Sant K han was

.

presented in fu ll d arbar with a dress of h on ou r by the

, ,

representative at S urat of the H on ou rable East India

C ompany He died in 1 7 7 2 at the ripe age of seventy
.

fi v e He was a man of charitable disp o siti on and gave

.
,

free sites of l and for religi ou s instit uti ons After his .

death his t w o s ons B ej a nj i S ora bj i B eher e m an dkha n

,

and Pes t anj i Sor abj i T al yarkha n in additi on t o the ,

’ ”
administrati o n Of their father s j aghirs as well as ,

the farming of the c u st om du ties engaged themselves ,

extensively I n trade in c ott on piece - g oo ds and sil k

, ,
.

Sor abj i Nek Sant K han had a grands on Dha nj is ha , ,

w ho was n ot less distingu ished for g oo d sense a n d

p ublic sp irit than his ancest ors had been After .

the death of his father in the year 1 7 9 1 D hanj isha

, ,
2 4 H ISTOR Y O F TH E P A R SIS . CH
[ AR 1 .

was app ointed mamlatdar ( chief divisi onal officer )

o f O lpad K ar o d and Walwad ; and in 1 8 0 0 when
, , ,

the H on ourable East India C ompany t oo k S urat

from the nawab he was app ointed native agent of ,

the small neighb ouring states of Sachin Bansda , , ,

Mandvi and Dhara mp or O ne of the m os t striking

,
.

ac ts of his life was the c o urage with which he

j oined a detachment of English tr oops o rdered t o
bring to bay a false prophet w ho had pr o claimed
that he was the Mahdi foret old by Mah o med His .

c ourage was c onspicu ou s and rendered his early ,

death at the age of forty d uring the Operati ons the

m ore sad This pretended Mahdi appeared in the
.

year 1 8 1 0 in the small t ow n of B odhan bel onging ,

t o the Raj a of Mandvi and ab ou t fifteen miles fr o m ,

S urat He wr ote t o the chief Of S urat desiring him

.
,

t o accept the religi o n o f Mah o med o r t o fight the

1
matter out The chief of S urat Mr Cr ow w ho was
.
, .
,

a man o f c ou rage and res ol u ti on at onc e saw that if ,

1T ll c u ll
o a d th H k i m f S
o ns e t B it k wn t h t
or s a n e a o u ra e no a

th I m
e m l D an f th u d f th w ld e e n, oEm um M h d h e en o e or ,
or a e ee, as

no w p bl i h d h i m l f
u s d th n m
e f th i d i h i Ah m d
se , an e a e o s ur ve s s u

an d t h t i th H i d i th y c ll him R j Nuk l k
a n e n B it f th
ev e e a a a u . e ur er

k w t y th t i f th E l m ( th M h m d f i th ) i cc p t d
no n o ou a e s s au e a o e an a s a e e ,

it i b tts et h wi er, omp ty th t w er n th c t y y my

se e e o n , or , o e o n ra r ,
ou a

p p f b ttl T h i f k i i n w c m d w n f m th f th
re ar e or a e . s a r s o o e o ro e ou r

s k y wi th f b d i c mb i i g A d m ( n w h m b p c ) E b
our o e s, o n n a o o e ea e s sa
,

th e son of M i m J th ar uf M y d Ah m u d ( n wh m b
,
e sus e s on o ar ,
an o o e

p c ) d th y h v ll f c m p
ea e ,
an e p l c ; th y h v
a e a o ur o e u on on e a e e a e no

g k t w i th t h m b t
uns n o r I n u s tic k
e s d h dk c h i f W i th
e ,
u a s an a an er e are

m e b y lf p p d D t d 1 1 th Z il hij c
e o u r se re p d i g w i t h th
a re . a e
, o r res on n e

1 7 th J y 1 8 1 0 — B i gg C ti f G g ht
a n u ar . r
’
s s r es o r
'

a ra s ia .
CH A P . r ] A FA L SE PR OP H ET . 2 5

energetic steps were n o t taken t o seize the fal se pro

phet the spark of fanaticism w ould spread and seri ou s
,

c onsequ e n ces might ens ue He therefo re res olved t o .

invest the m osqu e where Abd ul Rehman had taken

u his q u arters with ab t seventy -
fi Arabs and
p ou v e ,

this he pro ceeded t o do with a troop of drag oons .

Dha nj is ha B e her e m an dkha n acc ompanied the force

in his capacity of native agent The drag o ons arrived .

ab o ut daylight at B odhan Dha nj isha was am ong .

the first t o cr oss the river and he endeav oured t o ,

prevail on the fakir to s urrender himself with ou t a

vain resistance The M ahom e d an was obd urate and .
,

Dha nj is ha was killed in this attempt t ogether with ,

“ ’ ”
the raj a s vakil and s ome others near him Thu s .

did the brave Dhanj is ha l o se his life at the early

age of forty and the G overnment o f B ombay gener ,

o u sl best owed u p o n his wid o w a pensi o n o f Rs 3 0 0 0

y .
,

per annu m in rec ogniti o n Of the val uable services

1
of this gallant O ffi c e r .

1
T he g f ll wi
o loe t ter a dd
n resse d by
e M x t a ct
r Cr w t he
r of a . o ,

a
g n t a t S u a t to th
e G v n or in C u n ci l t B om b y sh ows t he
r , e o er o a a

m nn e in w h ic h thi s M a hd i w s di sp ose d o f
a r a

T wo b o h s of B o dh an w e se nt t m by th e k a i wi th a l tt
ra er o e z e er

t h y h a d b r ug h t t h im f om th e f n tic a n d on to m e d i i n g m e
e o o r a a ,
e ,
es r

t o a cc p t th e e l i g i on of M a h m e d
e r ti fi gh t o ,
re r e , or .

“
T h e b e t p a t of thi an d th e f ll win g d ay w s t k n u p in
s r s o o a a e

c oll e cti ng i nf m ati n w h ic h al l be p ok e th de te mi n d e l uti on of

or o ,
s e r e r so

th e f n tic a nd th e h earty c n cu
a a nc f h is b roth M h om d n s to o rre e o er a e a

t y a r v l u ti n h e w h e n I
r e o s ol v e d to t k
o t he u dd n s t p f se i
er ,
re a e s e e o z

in g him T w o t o p of c v l y w e e
. d ed to p c e d by nigh t t
r o s a a r r or er ro e o

B dh an in rd r t i n v est th e p l c e and g et h old of h im i f t h y c ou l d

o ,
o e o a e ,
2 6 H ISTO R Y OF TH E P A R SIS . CH
[ AR I .

Dha nj is ha B e her e m a n dkhan

left t w o s ons Phi ,

r oz s ha and Ar deshir They als o greatly disting uished .

fl
themselves in the service of the British G overnment ,

and n o hist ory of S urat w ould be c omplete with out a

sh ort acc ount of their d istingu ished careers .

Phir oz s ha a ttained t o a high p ositi o n in the British

j udicial service by the zeal ous and e ic ie nt d ischarge
o f his p u blic d u ties C ommen cing life as a clerk in .

the l o cal chief c ourt o f j ustice under Mr Cr ow he was .

,

”
app ointed in s uccessi o n t o t he p o sts of mamlatdar ,

of native p olitical agent for the B ombay G o vernment

in Bansda Dharam p or and o ther districts of prin

, , ,

c i al Sadar Amin Of S u rat and finally t that f

p o o ,

or bar h is d e pa r t ur e t i ll the arr i val fof our c mp n i

o a es of i f n an tr y .

C a ta p in C un n i gh
n a m, wh o c om m a nd d e the i nf a ntr y ,
D hanj isha
B eh ere man dkh an , a v kil
a of th e R a ja of M an dvi ,
and f o ur c
s o uts

a tte n d d th e e m .

“
Th d e ra
goon s arr i v d abou t d ay l i gh t
e at Bo dh an . D h anj isha wa s
a m ong th e fi rst o v er the r iv er a n d e n d v u d t p v i l n th f k i
ea o re o re a o e a r

to s urre n d er h i mse lf b u t was ,

k i ll d in th tt m p t wi th th
e j e a e ,
e ra a s
’

v ki l
a an d s om th ers n ar him
e o e .

fl
“
fu i ou ng ge m n t en ue d b etwix t the p e op l e a nd tro p s in
A r s e a e s o ,

w h ich the f rmer h d e c u s t e ve y sp e ci es f s o ce r y an d m d n e s

o a r o r e o r o r a s,

a n d l ft n e r ly t wo h un d e d de a d on th e fi e l d
e a T h e c a v l y l ost a
r . a r

c o p oral n d t w p ivate s and s ev e al h o se s a n d a w th e town in

r a o r
,
r r ,
s

me w h n t h y c ame aw y
a s e S h rtly e ft r th e i d p arture the a . o a e r e

i nf nt y und er C p t i n C unn i n gh am ren ewe d the attac k t th de t u o

a r
, a a
,
o e s r

ti no f m an y m
o a nd a m n t t h m th e f n a t ic h i ms lf
ore , A bd ul e
g o s e a ,

R h m an wh o h a d b e n w oun d e d by th d
e oon s e a n d ta k n r fug e e e
, g e ra ,

w i th v r l m e in a bl ck m i th hu t T he raj a had b e en two or

se e a or a s
’
s .

t h re d y s c n fi n d b y h im b u t ha d m a d hi
e a o e c p the mo n i ng of th , e s es a e r e

a tt c k it w
a n t k n w n w h i th e
,
as T h 5 6th r g i men t w as
o o de d r . e e or re

o n t o M a n dvi ; n d th e r l i i u c omm oti n was by th e d ath f

a e
g o s o e o

Ab d u l R l nn a n t t lly al l y c
e o a a t
2 8 H ISTOR Y O F TH E P A R SIS . C HA R
[ I .

fl
the scene came a n u mer ous assemblage of Z or oastrians
, ,

“ ”
c onsisting of the wh ole of the laity the d a s t ur s , ,

d av a rs and S piritu al heads of the c omm unity

, , ,

nu mbering in all upwards of fifteen th ou sand pers ons .

Then foll o wed an array of c ou rt o ic ial s incl u ding j udi ,

” ”
c ia l functi onaries o f every grade kazis m u ft a r s , ,

“ ” ”
nazir s amins
,
vakils agents and writers
, , ,
.

These were s u cceeded by an imp osing b o dy of h orse

men headed by the Rana of Dharamp or and his staff of
,

pers onal attendants Next foll owed a detachment of .

’ “ ”
the nawab s h orse u nder the c ommand of the diwan
, ,

Mirza Mah omed Ali Beg K han then an immense

throng o f Hindu residents c omprising bankers m oney , ,

lenders tradesmen and sh opkeepers n or was there

, ,

absent a representative mu ster of M u ss ulmans Of the ,

upper and l o wer ranks of Armenians of M o g uls Jews , , ,

and other races making u p in all s ome three th ou sand

,

“
pers ons Lastly came a miscellane ou s cr owd of k olis
.
,

”
or pe ople o f the fishermen caste and
“
k u nbis or c ulti , ,

vat e rs with the latter of wh o m the deceased had been

,

a great fav ourite All this m otley cr owd diversified

.
,

by race and speech c o st ume and c omplexi on aec om , ,

a n ie d the bier from the private residence o f the

p
d eceased at Salavat Por t o the limits o f the t o wer of
silence where the n on -Z or o astrians debarred by Parsi
, ,

c ust om fr om nearer appro ach awaited the c ompleti on ,

o f t he cerem o nies at the cl o se o f which they fell int o

,

the pr ocessi o n agai n and marched back in the same ,

CH A R L ] AR DESH IR KO T VA L 2 9

o rderly fashi on t o the place of starting This last .

h omage which was paid t o this distinguished p ublic

servant sh ows how highly he mu st have been esteemed
d uring life and ho w greatly he was h on ou red at his
,

death b oth by the pe ople and by the G overnment

, .

His name even at this day is remembered with

, ,

a ffecti onate regard by the pe ople o f S urat .

’
Phiroz s ha s y ou nger br other Ardeshir Dhanj is ha , ,

was n ot less distingu ished He was a man of rare

.

”
energy and abil ity and w on his lau rels as k otval
,

( native s )
u perintendent of p olice of S u rat His l on
g .

and chequ ered career as a meritori ou s servant of the

British G overnment is well w orthy of rec ord By his .

deeds c ourage and endu rance he fully merited the

, ,

title Of Bahadu r or brave .

Ardeshir began life as a clerk in the chief c ourt

o f j u stice at S u rat and r o se by s u ccessive steps t o be
,

principal Sadar Amin of that city Through ou t his .

career he was distinguished by a str ong sense of

p ublic d uty and an u ntiring zeal for the welfare of
his fell ow -c ountrymen in S u rat In 1 8 2 2 when that .
,

ill -
fated city was visited by a terrible inundati on his ,

exerti ons inv olving imminent risk t o life and limb

, ,

and extending with o ut remissi on over six days and

nights were bey ond all praise and res ulted in the
, ,

preservati on of th ou sands of lives These vigorou s .

and u nselfish efforts were appreciated at their tru e

valu e by the G overnment w ho in the pers on o f Mr
, ,
.
30 H I S T O R Y 0 1? TH E P AR SIS . C HA R I
[ .

R omer j u dge of S urat best o wed on him in p ublic

, ,

darbar a c ostly dress of h on our and a richly capari

s on e d charger besides a hands ome ackn o wledgment
,

in writing of his daring and merit ori ou s activity

d uring a perio d of general calamity B ut water was .

fl
n o t the only fe e fr o m wh o se ravages Ardeshir exerted

himself and n ot uns u ccessful ly t o rescu e his u nfor

, ,

tun at e fell o w -
citizens Fire and water have for many
.

decades past been alternately des olating the ancient

city of S urat and the extensive c on ag ra t ion of 1 8 3 7
,

w o uld have pr oved mu ch m ore disastr ou s in its c on

sequ ences than it was had it n ot been for the inde
fatigable energy and timely e fforts of this disting uished
p ublic servant .

Besides c ombating these dangers and mitigating

their evils the s ubj e ct of our sketch had t o o rganise
means in c onj u ncti o n with his British s uperi or for
, ,

the destru cti on of a vast and skilfully c ond ucted

c onfederacy Of pirates and pl underers w ho infested
the city and river o f S urat We qu ote here s ome .

remarks which o ccu r in this c onnecti on in Briggs s ’

C i ti es of Guj a r a s htr a

To form any i d e a of the state of Su a t a t th i s time and to r

,

a pp re c i ate the e x e r t i o n s o f Ar d e sh i r it mus t b e b orne in m i n d

,

t h a t b o th t he c i ty a nd the i v er w er e pl g ue d w i th robb e s a n d
r a r

p ir te s e q u lly d i ng nd a d oi t T he i n d ol e nt a v a i c i o usn es s
a a ar a r . r

O f th c i ti e n w a s xp o se d t o the r p c i ty o f hi ne e dy n i g hb ou
e z e a a s e r,

a t wh o s m ns the V i ll i no us K ol i f G uj ar t c ould b e i nt o
e ea a o a r

d uc e d i nto his d we ll i ng ; an d the nature o f s uch fe l oni es w a s

CH AP . L
] A P RA I TICA L C ONFEDER A C Y .
31

f e que ntly r en d ere d more a t o c i o us by the c omm i s i on of mu d e

r r s r r

b ut t he s t e al th i n s s a nd s c uri ty w i t h wh i ch u ch f t s w ere
e e s ea

p e fo me d wh lly d e fe ate d the im an d the e nd s of j us ti c e

r r o a .

“
Nor w s th sy s te m of p i cy any h a lf-
a e h an d e d me asure th ra e

Gifts of the Ocea n ( th h a ppy so b i q ue t) w e e s h ar e d f om C me r r r a

b y n o th a s f r s uthw ar d a s D a man — by a l e g ue d f ate rn i t y

a r a o a r ,

wh ose e mi ssari e s w e re too f e qu ntly the s e v nt s o f i e nd s of r e r a r r

the e n terp i i ng m er ch a n t I t wa not h i ng un us ual t o l ea rn of

r s . s

s i ng ul t o m s a n d s t ng er sh i pw e c k s
ar s r y e t S w al i Ne t o
ra r s r

T h i H l h d e c e i v e d m a ny h un d re d b al es o f c ott o n o r r i ch er
ar o e a r

s p o i l b oth uns oil e d by the s e a n d unkn w n t ny v oy g e but a o o a a

th t a f th o ive Th g ai ns w e re e qu ally d i t i bu t e d wh i ch
e r r . e s r ,

p e mi tt d the e x i ste n c e of the b n d u ch a s i es of y ea s B ut

r e a s er r .

e v e n th i nef i ou ud c i ous an d e xt e ns i v e pl ot p eri sh e d un der

s ar s, a a ,

p rop e V ig il an c e a n d d ue d i s c i mi n ati on
r r .

M An d rs on l a te ly G v e n o of B omb a y
r . e ,
m a n o f s e v e re
o r r ,
a

t h o ug ht a n d d e t mi n d p i n c i pl e s f c t i o n— wh e n s e ss i n j ud g e
er e r o a o

o f S u at h d b e s tow d s ome a tt e nti on n t h i s ubj e c t bu t w a s

r ,
a e o s ,

a t f u l t a s t o the m e an s of e x t i p a t i ng t h
a e e v i l s a n d h e b e nt r es ,

his e y e u p on a y o ung a n d a dv e nt uro us i ns trumen t for a e c om

p li h sin
g t h e e q u i d p u r p se H i
rs p e n e t
re t i on of ch a a c te o . ra r r

foun d in A d e sh i the w i ll i ng e ngi n e F om th i s p e i od are t o

r r . r r

b d t e d th e x t a o d i n a y x e t i n s o f A d e s h i f
e a e r r S ura t
r In
e r o r r or .

s t n t l y d i v e ti ng his n o t i c e t
a r th a m ount n d n a tu e of th o e a r e

e x i ti ng
s o e he p r ob e d t h e i r e x te n t
s r , n d th en s or te d to ,
a re

r e me d i a l tep s s .

Ardeshir was the fo rtunate recipient of many

marks of distincti on Frequ ent p u blic darbars were .

held u nder G overnment instru cti ons t o d o him

h on ou r on e u nder the immediate directi on of n o
,

less a pers onage than Sir J o hn Malc olm then G ov ,

e rn or of B o mbay w ho investe d with his o w n hands ,

”
the brave Ardeshir with a c ostly khilat and c on ,

”
ferred u p on him the title o f Bahad ur Of which he
was s o j u stly pr ou d in additi on t o the gift of a ,
32 H ISTOR Y O F TH E PAR SIS . CH AR
[ 1 .

h orse richly caparis oned with g old and a j aghir o f

four villages in Guj arat yiel ding a c ollective reven u e
,

Of Rs 3 0 0 0 a year
.
,
.

A g old medal was s ubsequ ently presented t o him

at a p u blic darbar by Mr S utherl and the j u dicial .
,

c ommissi oner It b ore the foll owing inscripti on

.

T h i s me d al is p e s ente d t o A d e sh i r D hanj sha B ah a du

r r i r,

K otv l o f Su at in t ok e n f the h i gh e ns e e nt e tai ne d by the

a r ,
o s r

B omb ay G o v e n m en t o f the d il i g e n c e n d fid e l i ty w i th wh i c h h e
r a

h as p e f o me d his p ubl i c d uti es b oth s a n O ffic

r r , of p ol i c e a n d
a er

in oth e r c p a c i t i es
a .

Nor were the p ublic at large wh om A rdeshir ,

served in a tr uly self-s a c rifi c ing spirit u nmindful of ,

the many obligati ons u nder which he had placed

them His magnanim ou s e fforts were directed n ot
.

only t o the resc u e o f their lives and pr o perty fr om

fire and fl ood and fr om the vi olence and d epredati ons

,

o f Bhils Pindaris and o ther r obber tribes but als o

, , ,

t o the elevati o n of their intellect u al and s o cial c on

diti on by the creati o n and end owment o f instit uti ons

o f p ublic u tility O n n umer ou s o ccasi ons was this
.

heroic benefact or of S urat presented with p ublic

addresses in grateful ackn owledgment of his great
w orth as a p u blic servant and as a pers onal friend
Of the th ou sands o f citizens wh om he had fr om
time t o time benefited At s u ch times the p ublic
.

enth u siasm al ways ran very high and the dem onstra ,

ti ons of heartfelt appreciati on and g oo dwill made

CH AR L ] A M ER ITOR IO US OFFICIA L .
33

by the p op u lace m ust have filled Ardeshir himself

with s ome s u rprise mixed with grat ificati on The .

darbar held by Mr Anders on j udge of S u rat on

.
, ,

1 2 th Febr uary 1 8 4 9 u nder G o vernment au spices

, ,

was the last p ublic trib ute of respect paid t o this

p opu lar fav ourite at the same time that it marked
,

the cl ose of his h on ourable and pr osper ou s career

as a G overnment Offi cial The recepti o n acc orded
.

t o him on this o ccasi o n w a s as warm and sp o n

t an e ou s as fo rmer assemblages of the same kind had

been . The speech of Mr Andrew the president .

, ,

delivere d t o a mixed assembly of natives and E ur o

peans dwelt in gl owing terms on the incidents of
,

Ard es hir s praisew orthy career and befo re its cl ose

’

the representative of the British G overnment c on

v e e d t o the principal Sadar Amin the warm ackn ow
y
l e dg me n t s of G overnment and their high estimati on
Of his character and w orth as a p ublic servant .

Ar deshir replied expressing his thanks in appr o

,

ria t e terms At the terminati o n o f the pr o ceedings

p .

the entire assembly formed themselves int o a p r o

cessi on and esc orted the her o Of the day t o his
,

residence .

The only incident that for a time threatened t o , ,

’
o bscu re the l ustre of Ard eshir s fame t o ok place
in 1 8 44 when he was charged by Mr R D L u ar d
,
. . .
,

“
a j udge with c omplicity in a c onspiracy alleged
,

t o have been entered int o by him with o thers for the

V OL . II .
D
34 H I S T O R Y O F T H E P A R SIS . CH AR
[ 1 .

p urp ose Of ruining one of the m ost respectable firms

at S urat and with o ther acts u nbec oming an Officer
,

”
Of his high rep ute and stan ding With these painful .

charges hanging o ver him the principal Sadar Amin ,

was s uspended from his office and a searching in ,

v e s t i a t io n was instit u ted which happily terminated

g ,

in a c o mplete and h on ou rable acqu ittal This satis .

fact ory iss u e O f the inqu iry ably and impartially ,

c ondu cted by Mr Remingt on assistant resident a t .

,

fl
Bar oda was readily ackn owledged by the G o vernment
,

at a darbar held u nder the directi on of Mr Andrew .

,

the offi cial representative for the p urp ose of p ublicly ,

ex onerating the acc u sed and reinstalling him in his ,

o ic e o f principal Sadar Amin with d u e p o mp and

cerem ony The w ords empl oyed on this o ccasi on by

.

the presiding officer and q u oted bel o w c onvey in , ,

fitting terms the opini on of G overnment as t o the

res ult of the inqu iry and their u nfeigned gratificati on ,

at its iss u e
“
A s th e b estc on l
s o a t on i I c an o ff er
y ou fo r all t h at y ou
h a v e s uff d I e re u , w uld
gge s t t y ou my c onv i c t i on t h a t y o u w i ll
o s o
,

h e f te r not e g t the p i nful p se c uti on n d a n xi ty to wh i ch

re a r re a ro a e

yo u h v e b e n s ub j e c t e d f th g l o i ous e s ul t in wh i ch th y h a v e
a e , or e r r e

i s ue d u n d s uch p e c ul i a ly d i s dv a ntag us c i r c ums tan c e s must

s er r a eo

h v the ffe c t of d i a b usi ng the mos t s c e p ti c al o f a ny d oub ts

a e e s

nd s u p i c i on s t h e y m
a s
y h a v e h i th er to e n te tai n e d f y o ur c on
a r o

d uc t a nd ch c te r nd in th at ano th er O pp o tuni ty has b ee n

ara ,
a r

affo d e d t o G o v e nm e n t to h onour ou in t he e y e s o f t he c om
r r
y
muni ty .

“
I t n ow o nly r m ai ns f r me th us p ubl i cly t o p e s e nt t o ou
e o r
y
the o d e rs f
r y ur s umi ng ch a g e o f y our O ffic e s of k ot v al a nd
or o re r ‘ ’
36 H ISTOR Y O F TH E P A R SIS . CH AR
[ I .

t h ose who w ere b e n t up on d oi ng the re no w n e d k ot v a l all the ‘

h om g e r q ui re d by t he o cc s i on B e h i n d t h e e w en t the
a e a . s

c o ll e c t o s an d
r c ustoms b o dy -g ua d cl osely f ll ow e d by the
’ ’
r ,
o

ar r i so n b n d t he p l n qu i n s of th e p i n c i p l
a a a ad a am i n and r a s r
g

fl
,

his s on of the n a w a b s s on- in-l w n d t h a t of th e B xi n d far in

’
a a a a

fl
, , ,

t h rea c am e t he c a v lc a d e h e d e d by th e R j of D h ara mp or
e r a a a a

fl fl
.
,

T he p o c e i n on re a ch i ng t he l i m i t s o f the fo t w as g e e t d
“

r ss o ,
r ,
r e

w i th the th un d e s O f c ann n o ring out th e i w lc ome f om on

r o ,
r a r e r

b oard the me c antile e t on the n e ig hb ou i ng i v

r e As it r r er .

p asse d d own t o the r i v ers i d e ower -sell e s who w i th b a k e t s ,

r ,
s

full O f o w e s l i n e d th e o d c s t t h e i
r or a l o ffe i ng s in th e
r a ,
a r r

d i e c ti on of A d e shir s p al n q uin a nd al ong the th o oughfare

r r
’
a r ,

in l a v i s h a b un d an c p erfumi ng the i al l o un d T h u an d s
e, a r r . o s

fl o c k e d t o p ti c i p a t e in th i s m gni fic ent o v ati on an d the air

ar a ,

r e so un d d w it h the c i e s o f V i c tory to the kot v al t he

‘ ‘
e r

Al mig h ty b e sto w on him l ong l i fe a n d p o p er i ty e tc

’ ”
r s ,
.

After his retirement in 1 8 4 6 Ardeshir ceased t o

take part in p ublic a ffair s and led m ore or less a ,

secl uded life u ntil his death in 1 8 5 6

The name of D a dabhai Na sarv anj i M o di w ho was ,

b orn at S urat in the year 1 7 6 0 will ever be remem ,

bered by the Parsi c ommu nity at that place He was .

a merchant and had amassed c onsiderable wealth He

,
.

was still m ore a benev olent and charitable gentleman

, .

’
It was D a da bha i s earnest desire t o b u ild before his
-
death an Atash Behram in his city but he unfort u ,

n at e l y died ere this l ong -cherished wish c ould be

acc omplished His wid ow was h o wever as charitable
.

, ,

and generou s as her departed h u sband wh o se wishes ,

she carried ou t by bu ilding on 1 9 th N ovember 1 8 2 3

the sacred edifice and c ommem orating his name by
ass o ciating it with the Atash - Behram D ad abha i left .
CH AR L ] AN ENTER PR ISING M ER CH A NT 37

no heir and his family became extinct ; but the

,

Atash - Behram is a lasting m on ument t o his mem ory

’
as well as of his wife s tender l ove and regard The .

—
man who b u lds an Atash Behram or chief fi re -temple
i
is s ure t o live l ong in the mem ory of the Parsis for ,

it is the principal of their sacred places The m ore .

religi ou sly inclined pay daily Visits t o them t o O ffer

u the ir prayers t o G od
p .

Besides th o se wh om we have menti oned in this

chapter there were many ol d Parsi families wh ose
names are still held in high esteem at S u rat but ,

it is imp o ssible t o n otice them all at any length .

O ne Rat anj i M a n a kj i Enti who was b orn in the year

,

1 7 3 3 deserves h owever t o b e menti o n ed for his c om

,

m er c ial enterprise in distant parts of the gl obe He .

was the first Parsi w ho went t o Arabia in p u rs u it

of c ommerce and V isited Mecca and Jedda
,
He .

travelled thr ough different parts of Arabia and on his ,

retur n t o S urat opened an extensive trade with that

c ou ntry Ra t anj i was als o a man of an exceedingly
.

“ ”
charitable disp ositi on He b u ilt a d okhma at S omari
.
,

near S urat and a large dharmshala for the us e of

,

the Parsis in that city He als o greatly distinguished

.

himself during the drea dful famine which sc ourged

G uj arat in 1 7 9 0 by his indefatigable exerti ons in
s uperintending the fee ding of the p oor and in making,

arrangements for the cheap s upply of foo d t o the

famished p op u lati on At that time a n e w c oin
.
38 H ISTOR Y O F TH E P A R SIS . CH
[ AR I .

was intro du ced in G uj arat and he res olved n ot t o sell

,

grain for any other but the new c oin ; whereup on he

”
w as s u rnamed Enti or the obstinate and the new
, ,

r upees began t o be kn own in S u rat as Ent is ha i r upees .

In an acc ou nt of the disting uished Parsi families

amas i
of S u rat the B hav n a ris may be menti oned
g J j .

“ ”
Framj i Bhav nagri ( 1 7 4 4 ) was a wealthy j aghirdar ,

and he cau sed t o be b uilt at his own expense a

large tank of s olid st one for the u s e Of the p ublic at
Bhavnagar .

An other very wealthy infl uential a n d p u blic

, ,

spirited citizen of S urat who deserves menti on in

,

these pages was Na s arv a nj i K ohiy ar who died in

, ,

1 7 9 7 at the age of eighty He was the agent of the

.

D utch fact ory at S u rat and carrie d on an extensive

,

b u siness in maritime ins urance as the representative

in his city of an eminent firm of B ombay merchants .

He traded on his own acc ount am ong o ther c o untries , ,

with Persia which he twice V isited He was Of a

,
.

fl
deeply religi ou s nat ure a nd his p ublic w ork which
, ,

m o stly t o ok a religi ou s form s urvives t o this day in

,

a fi r e -temple which he established at Yezd in Persia ,

and for which he sent the sacred fire all the way fr om
S urat by land an especially hazard ou s and di ic ul t
,

u ndertaking in th o se days He end owed this fi re

.

“
temple with j aghirs and instit uted in c onnecti on
,

with it an annu al religi ou s feast which is still kn own

as K ohiyar s G aha mba r He als o b uilt a fi re -temple at
’
.
CHA P . L ] T H E R A B I R F A NT H 39

S urat and revived am ong his c o -religi onists in India

,

the ancient Persian instit uti on of the Ja m she di

Na or oz or the feast of the vernal equin o x T owards
, .

the persecuted Z oro astrians Of Persia who s ought a

refu ge in India or who came there in qu est of an
,

o pening for their talents his h ospitality was un ,

b ounded Nor were his sympathies c onfined t o his

.

o w n race or creed He was versed in the tenets Of

.

the K abir Panth or the phil o s ophic o -religi ou s sect

,

founded by the well -kn own Hindu refo rmer K abir ,

for wh o se teaching he had a great predilecti on He .

was well read in the Persian and Arabic langu ages ,

and he was on e of the m ost enlightened citizens of

Su rat of his time .

He was s u cceeded in his b usiness by his s on

K hars he dj i wh o died in 1 8 5 2 at the age of seventy
,

seven While carrying on the family b u siness of

.

maritime ins u rance K harshe dj i extended his dealings

t o China sending his eldest s on F a r du nj i t o tha t
,

c ountry in 1 8 1 5 Having met with reverses in .

b u siness and l o sing the remnants o f his fort une in the

,

great fire at S urat in 1 8 3 7 when the family mansi o n ,

was b urnt d own K hars he dj i dev oted the latter p orti on

,

o f his life t o literary p u rs u its He was well kn own as .

a st udent Of O riental literatu re and was c onsidered an ,

auth ority in all matters pertaining t o the Z or o astrian

religi on In his character as a sch olar he enj oyed the
.

esteem and friendship n ot o nly of his ow n pe ople but ,

40 H ISTOR Y OF TH E P AR SIS . CH A R
[ I .

als o of Messrs R omer and Anders on who s uccessively

.
,

held the p ost Of j u dge at S urat and t ook a deep in ,

t er e s t in O riental researches He was well versed in .

the Persian Pehlevi Zend and Sanscrit langu ages ;

, , ,

and his library of O riental manu scripts especially of , ,

fl
th ose bearing on the religi on and hist ory of the Parsis ,

which were for the m ost part destr oyed in the fire of
1 8 3 7 was c onsidered o n e o f the best of its kind in
,

Western India He had five s ons all of wh o m entered

.
,

the British service and r o se t o s u ch O ic es of trust

and resp onsibility as were Open t o the natives in their
times ; and the eldest of them F ard unj i was the first t o , ,

establish in the city of Br e a ch ab out the year 1 8 3 1 , ,

a reading-ro om and als o a scientific s o ciety kn own as

the Scientific M akt ab which Lieutenant Chris ,
”

t oph er Birdw oo d afterwards C o mmissary -

1
General of
,

B ombay l ooked u p on n ot only a s on e of the many

,

pr oofs which the Parsi c ommunity had already given

of their enterprising and liberal spirit but als o as ,

”
an evident S ign o f the times .

The name Of K ha rs he dj i J am s he dj i M o di who had ,

attained a high p ositi on in the service of B aj ira o

Peshwa deserves a rec ord here He was originally a
, .

resident of Cambay and j oined the Office o f C ol onel ,

1
p p l f B mb y wi ll l w y ch i h
T he eo e o o a a a s er s th e m em or y of the
l t G n l B i dw d m n f i g l ly p
a e e er a r oo ,
a a o s n u ar u re a nd bl am l ss l i fe
e e
,

and up i t l l p j d ic f c t c l
s e r or o a re u es o a s e, o ou r , an d c re e d H e w as
c ll d M h j by hi m ny n ti v f i nd
a e a ara a s a a e r e s .
CH A P . L ] NA TI VE C O UR T I N T R I G UES .
41

Cl ose the Resident at P oona where his abilities were

, ,

s oon perceived and he was raised t o the p ositi on of

,

native agent He was a pers on of c omprehensive

.

j udgment and great address In the ab ove capacity .

he frequ entl y came int o c ontact with B aj irao who n ot ,

o nly c o ns ulted him on all imp ortant q u esti ons but

als o app ointed him with a large salary t o the p ost of

Sar S ubha or G overn or of the Carnatic a p ost which he ,

held at the same time as he filled that Of native agent

u nder the English resident It is alm o st imp o ssible
.

in any native g overnment for an alien t o he l d high

Offi ce with ou t exciting the envy of the officers of the
state and on e of the Peshwa s sardars Sa dasiv Bhau
,
’

M a nkes hv ar preferred charges against Khars he dj i

,

o f c orr upt practices in the a ffairs of his g overnment .

B ut the Peshwa t o ok n o steps t o investigate them .

An other of B aj ira o s sardars named Trimbakj i’

D a ngl ia info rmed Mr Elphinst one who was then

,
.
,

Resident at P oona that Khar she dj i was c onspiring

,

with B aj ira o against the English The intrigues of .

a native c ourt were th us t o brin g this Parsi in t o

trouble Mr Elphinstone then c onsidered that K har
. .

s h e d i s p o siti o n at the Re s id e n é
j
’

y was inc ompatible

with his app ointment as govern or of a Maratha pr o
vince and he was called u p on t o resign the one or the
,

o ther K ha rshe dj i knew what was g o o d for an h onest

.

man and he stu ck t o his less l u crative p ost in the

,

English service and resigned the higher Office under the

,
42 H I S T O R y O F TH E P A R SIS . CHA P
[ I .

Peshwa The intrigu es were renewed in different forms

.
,

and he was at length rem oved from the Residency ,

but with a hands o me pr o visi o n for him in his native

c ountry Before he c ou ld leave P oona h owever he
.
, ,

died ( 1 8 1 5 ) of p o is on bu t whether administered t o him

,

by o thers or taken by himself was never ascertained ,

al th ough a l ong and strict investigati on was made .

A sh ort n otice of on e Maniar who after Na or ozj i , ,

Seth was the sec ond Parsi t o visit England

,

will be b oth interesting and appr opriate His mis .

si on was of a p olitical character He and a Hindu .

gentleman were dep uted t o England by Rag un at hra o

Peshwa for the p u rp o se of obtaining fr o m the East
India C ompany and the British G o vernment the
assistance of their troops B oth these gentlemen seem .

t o have lived in England in the m o st o rth o d o x style

of their native land and were they t o rise fr o m their

,

graves and see how the Parsis and Hind u s Of the pre
sent day n ow live and b o ard in England they w ould be
str u ck with h orror and dismay and we are afraid ,

they might c onsider that n othing sh ort Of eternal

perditi on w ould be their d oom O n the ret u rn of .

H anm an tra o and Maniar the Peshwa thanked the ,

Right H o n ourable Edm und B urke for the kindness

and attenti on which he had sh own t o his agents .
1

1
T he f ll wi
o o ng is fro m B urke s L ife, v ol
’
. iii p
. . 46
H a n um a n t Rae , a B ra h m a n o f g hi h c t as e , an d M ni P i
a ar ars ,

arr i v ed in Engl an d as a
g e n ts o f Rag una th R wh
ao, o h ad so m bu in
e s t e ss o
44 H ISTOR Y OF TH E P A R SIS . CH
[ AR I .

B hikhaj i Bharda ,the great -grandfather of the present

head of the family Mr M a n akj i K a v asj i Daman , .

vala was the head priest of the Z or o astrian c om

,

munity at Tarap u r in the years 1 7 4 5 -

46 The family .

had fr o m early times been settled at this place and ,

enj oyed s ome infl u ence with the darbar of the Peshwa
at P o ona B hikhaj i Bharda enj oyed als o the rep u ta
.

ti on of being a wealthy man He c ou ld not h ope .

,

h owever t o escape fr om the marau ding expediti ons

,

o f the Pindaris who were the pes t o f the c ou ntry , ,

u ntil L ord Hastings c urbed their pride and p ut an

end t o their exacti ons O n on e o ccasi on when the .

,

Pindaris had carried away the wh ole of his p osses

si ons even t o the ornaments of his daughters he is
, ,

said t o have st opped them offering them m ore gold , ,

which he had secreted in the h oll o w of the legs Of

’
his bedstead if they w ould only ret urn his dau ghters
,

o rnaments becau se as they bel onged t o their hu s

, ,

bands he only held them in tru st The Pindaris

, .
,

while they marvelled at the extreme simplicity of the

Old man feigned acquiescence with his req uest bu t
, ,

a nd to d a t l e abl e as p ossibl e to th em a c ountry w h ere th e e

re n er s o r ,
r

a e s c a c e ly six g ood m n t h s in th e y ear

r r T h e suffe i n g th e e g ntl e
o . r s e

men u n d e w nt a t fi st was owi n g t o the i gn oran c e n t u n k i n d ne ss of

r e r ,
o

th i s n a t i o n I a m orry S i to i n form y u th t I can g iv e y ou n o

. s ,
r
,
o a

sor t of h op e of y u r e v er ob ta i ni n ot h e a ss i s tan c e f th e t p s y ou o ro o
g
r qu i e
e r I t is b t a t on c e t o s p e ak p l a i nl y w h e n it i n ot in ou
. es s r
,

p ow r to a t H nu mant Rao is a f i thful and an abl e s ervant of

e c . a a

yours an d Mani Par i u ed e v ery e x erti on t s c ond him I f y our

, ar s s o e .

a ff i rs h av e n ot s u cc e ed e d t o wi h f h eir
”
a
y o ur s e s i t i s n o aul t f t ,
o s .
CH A P . L ] TR A DE IN OP IUM 45

fl
o nly with the intenti on of taking away the secreted
g old as well as what they had already plu ndered .

This they did with out c omp uncti on of c onscience .

After this a air the family rem oved t o Udvada and ,

s ome time later made Daman their principal place

B hikh aj i s s on B e ramj i applied himself
’
o f residence .

from an early age t o trade ingratiated himself int o ,

the fav ou r of the native raj as of Mandvi and Dharam

r farmed the reven u e of several o f their villages
p o , ,

and in c ourse of time amassed a large fo rtu ne .

In th ose days the r oute Of all the opiu m traffic fr om

Malwa passed throu gh Dam an B era mj i and after .
,

him his s ons B hikhaj i and K av a sj i p o ssessed a large ,

interest in this trade being the agents Of m ost

,

of the principal Opi u m merchants of B o mbay and ,

they als o p o ssessed many ships of their own plying

between Daman B ombay M o zambique and China
, , , .

In c onsequ ence of the change in the r oute Of the opi um

trade t o B ombay Daman l ost all its c ommercial im
,

p ortan ce and sank int o in s ignifi c a n c e The opi um

,
.

trade of the family ceased and the present Mr , .

M a n akj i K a v a sj i has c onfined himself t o the a d

ministrati on O f the villages and lands granted t o
his family in perpetu ity by the Raj as of D hara mp or
and Mandvi and by the P o rt ugu ese G overnment
,
.

With the p ower t o exercise the revenu e and j u dicial

c ontr ol in the villages granted by the Dhara mp or
State and held under the g uarantee of the British
46 H ISTOR Y O F TH E P A R SIS . CH A R
[ I .

G overnment with thanas

,
and a p olice force of
his ow n and with armed Arab and Makrani sep oys
,

for watch and ward Mr M an akj i al most p o ssesses

,
.

the state of a little chief This pictu re of incl i

.

vidu al imp ortance u niqu e of its kind is as gratify

, ,

ing t o the feelings of Parsis as the m ore n umer ou s

examples of pr o sperity exhibited by the merchant
princes of B ombay .

1
Re v enu e a n d p li c
o i
e st a t o n s .
 C H AP T ER II .

D I S T I N U I SH E G D PA RS I S O F B O M BAY .

Fi r st Pars i s b y — T h P t ug
in B om a l — C i n t E gl n d — K h
e or uese r u e e ss o o n a ar

sh dj i P h j i P d y — T h O ld f tifi t i n — D
e oc a an a bj i N n bh i
e or ca o s or a a a a

Th ly v nu f B m b y— R t mj i D bj i— H i h ic ch ct
e ear re e e o o a as a ora s ero ara er

G t
re a vic t th E gli h — Th t i tl f P t l— A m ntic p i d
ser e o e n s e e o a e ro a e so e

K j
av as i R t m j i—P i
as a p — H
j ib h i
ars R t m j B n ji L i mji
i— ass e s ir a as a a a

Th fi t Pe rs i t d with th f E t —Th fi t P i m ch nt i
a rs ra ers e ar as e rs ar s er a n

B u m h — I C l c utt — Th M d i f mily— C t ct
r a n a a t t h C m p ny
e o a o n ra o rs o e o a

— Im p t — A or ers t d b k — en s T h h
an n t h p k pan — Th ers
“
g e o es s o ee er e

R d ym n y f mily — T d i g wi th Ch i
ea o e a — I t p fi t bl
ra n c h ct na s ro a e ara er

S bj i R d ym
or a ea
y
— G nt f l
on e d t P i — T h K m f mi ly— Th
ra s o an o ars s e a a a e

W d i f m il y— P i h i pb uild — T h fi t d cky d t B mb y— Th
a a a ars s er s e rs o ar a o a e

m t -as e r bui ld f t h E t I n di C m p y— A f m i ly f ki lf l h i p
er s o e as a o an a o s u s

w ight — Si T h m T wb i dg P i -b il t m n -f—w — Si Edw d

r s r o as ro r e on ars u e o ar r ar

P ll w
e e p i i n— T h S l tt — Th M ind n— Th m t -
’
s o n o e a se b uild f th
e e e e a s er er o e

p t d y— Th b
r e se n a v l nc f th W di f mi ly— T h fi t P i H igh
e en e o e e o e a a a e rs ar s

S h i ff f B m b y— Th m m i l f u t i n
er o o a ef th ci ty — P
e i g t t
or a o n a s o e ars a en s o

F nc — L tt f m F n ch G v nm nt— Th D di th f mi ly— T h i
ra e e er s ro re o er e e a se a e r

g d w k — J m h dj i J ij ibh i— H i b i th — H i fi t j
oo or a s e y t Ch in
a s r s rs our n e o a

— Hi l t j u n s a er — C p t
o u rd by e F s c h v a l — H i l tt d c ibi g r en es s e s e er es r n
y re a

hi s dv tu — H i tu n t B mb y— H i u cc nd ch ity— Th
a en res s re r o o a w
s s es s a ar e

m on um t f hi g n
en s o i ty— Th fi t P i k nigh t— A dd
s e eros th e rs a rs res s e s on e

au p ici u
s cc i — F u th h u — F d m f L d — H i c m
o s o as on r er on o rs re e o o on on s os o

p l i t c h ity— B
o an ar H u m nn l tt — H i t t — L d Elphin
aron a s a
’
s e er s s a ue or

t
s on e s p c h— L dy J m h dj i— T h M h im c w y— T h O p i g
’
s ee a a s e e a au s e a e en n

c m y— C t d b n t— H i d c nd nt — F mj i K j i B ji
ere on re a e a aro e s es e a s ra av a s an a

— Hi g d vic — H i g icul tu l t t — O ffi i l p t n th ubj ct

s oo s er e s a r ra as e c a re or o e s e

—Fi t p rs nt f m ng r ese t th Q o — T h B m b y T im — N w th
a o es o e u ee n e o a es o e

T im f I
es o n d i — Th C l c u tt
a P i — Th V ik i f m i ly— T h i
e a j a xt n a rs s e a a e r e e

siv p ti n — T h i c nn cti wit h th Ni m — R l ti wi th

e o e ra o s e r o e on e za e a on s

C h n d u L l — T h i b nk p t cy— S l
a a e r J g i d m ifi t h m K h
a ru a ar un n e n es e ar

sh dj i M
e kj i S h ffan a F mi ly j roJ ij ibh i D d bh i M kj ia ars a a a a a na

N j
a s arv an i P t i t — Di h Me k j i P t i t — Di
ns n h a b n v l n
an a c —N e s a s
’
e e o e e as ar

v ji M n kj i P ti t— M
an a a j i Fe m j i P n d y — Th K l b
er v a n i t i umra a a e o a a s an ar
4s H I S T O R Y O F T H E P A R SIS . CH A R
[ u .

—Kav asj i J c h angir Rea dy m one y — Mr . W l ’

o o n e r s s ta t u e of him— Eda lj i
F ramj i Al bl es s ra mj i Na s a rv anj i Pat e l — Kh ar sh e d j i F ard u nj i P a ra kh
T he Fl ora F i
ount a n in B om a by .

TH E Parsis came and settled in B ombay w here they ,

are m ostly c ongregated at the present day a little ,

before the island was ceded t o the British by the

’

King of P ortu gal as the d owry of Catherine Prin ,

cess Of Braganza when S he married Charles II ,

.

o f England in the year 1 6 6 8 There is n o d oubt on .

the p oint that they arrived in B ombay before the

British had taken p o ssessi on of it becau se we find ,

1
that in 1 665 on e K h arshe dj i Po chaj i Panday c on
tracted with the P ort ugu ese auth orities for the s u pply
o f men and materials for the b u ilding o f the fort ifi

cati ons The extensive nature of the c ontract can

.

o nly be j udged by th o se w ho have seen these for t ifi

cati ons and the fort walls After the lapse of t w o .

cent u ries they were c onsidered by the British G overn

ment t o be u seless for offensive or defensive p u rp o ses .

The walls r ou nd the fort were p u lled d own o nly

twenty years a g o t o a ffo rd increased acc omm odati on
t o the city The stately p ublic b uildings which n ow
.

stand on the esplanade and add t o the grand and

beautiful appearance Of B ombay o ccu py the site of
the Old rampart walls .

F oll o wing the plan ad opted in the last chapter in

1
T hi s g l
ent e man w a s the grea t-
g g h
r eat-ra n dfa t er o f M r M e r v a n i
j .

F ra mj i Pan d a y , of wh
om a n ot e ic wi f
ll be oun d h erea ter in t i s f h
ch pta er .
CH A R IL
] RE V ENUE O F B O M EA Y .
49

describing the Parsis of G uj arat we n o w pro ceed t o ,

give a sketch of s ome of the earlier Parsis w ho

distinguished themselves in B o mbay by their c om
m er c ial spirit enterprise and benev o lence after they
, , ,

had settled in that city .

D or abj i Nan abha i the head of the Patel family , ,

was one Of the earliest residents if n ot the very ,

first Parsi settler in B ombay It is u ncertain .

whether there were any Parsis in that city before his

arrival b ut he was certainly a resident of B om bay
,

before the cessi on Of the island t o the English and ,

was e m pl oyed by the P o rt ugu ese G o v ernment in

transacting miscellane ou s b u siness with the natives
Of the place He c ontin u ed t o perform this d uty
.

after the transfer of B o mbay and as the new ,

rulers were ign orant Of the manners langu age and , ,

c u st oms of the pe ople he was freq u ently c ons ulted ,

by the English ab ou t their affairs In the year 1 6 6 8 .

the p op ulati o n c onsisted chiefly of fishermen and it ,

1
having been found n ecessary t o raise the revenu e
o f the place the new a u th orities levied a b ody tax
,

u p o n them and entru sted its c ollecti o n t o D ora bj i

,

Na n abha i who is said t o have carried out his o rders

,

sm oothly and with out any fricti on whereby he b e ,

came exceedingly p op u lar am o ng the pe ople O n .

1
i d w h
I t m ay n ter e st ou r r ea ers to k n o t at th e t ota a m oun t of th e l
re v e n u e o f B om a b y
in th e fi rs t y
e ar o f th e Eng s G o er n m e n t was li h v
a b o ut s ix t h ou sand fi ve h un d d p oun d
re s s te r li ng ,
an d wa s, as g iv en by
V OL . 11 . E
50 H ISTOR Y OF TH E P AR SIS . C
[ H AR 11 .

his death in the year he was su cceeded by his 1 68 9

s on Ras t a m i D ora bj i in all the o ffi ces which he had

j
held u nder the English .

There is on e trait in their character for which the

Parsis are remarkable and that is l oyalty t o their ,

G o vernment Their readiness t o rise or fall with its

.

fort unes has been m ore c onspicu ou sly dem onstrated

since their c ontact with the English and it has always ,

been exhibited whenever o ccasi on has rendered nec os

sary s u ch an exhibiti o n of dev oti on The p o werful .

British G overnment in India is fully c ognisant of the

fact that at one peri o d of its hist ory the city which
n ow in p oint of p op u lati on ranks as the sec ond in the

M r B ru
. c e in his w k
or on th e Eas t I nd i a Comp any, d eri v ed f om the
r

f ll wi ng
o o sou r e sc
Xera ph i n s .

Ren t of M a zagon 0 40
M a hi m 2 45
Pare ll a 1 56
V a d el a 0 40
S i on 7 9 0 O 60
V e r ol y 571 1 34
B om b ai m 2 61

b cc f m
to a o ar

t v na er s

T he a cc unt f cu t m
o o s o s

c c -nut o oa s

X era phi n s

M ore m ay b e a dv n c d
a e

T o ta lx e ra ph i n s 0 0
Whi ch ,
at 13 x ph ins f
era or 2 2 s 6d
. .
,
a moun t to : 17 9 .
52 H ISTOR Y OF T HE P AR I SS . CH AR
[ 11 .

bay He was als o placed at the head of the fishermen

.

caste from which he had forme d his little army and ,

invested with the p ower Of adj udicating civil and

—
religi o u s disp u tes am ong them an au th ority which

fl
u p t o this day is e nj oyed by his descendants th o u gh ,

n ot in the same degree as befo re O n the death of .

1
Ra s t amj i D ora bj i Patel which t ook place On 1 2 t h ,

April 1 7 63 at the venerable age Of nine ty -six he was ,

s u cceeded in his vari ou s O ic es by his s on K av asj i ,

1 R as tamj i
’
s wif Fi e, r oz a , w as an I r ani l a dy , an d h er m ar r age t i wi h
Ras tamj i w a s b r u g h t b u t un der su c h r oman tic ci c
o c h
a o r u m sta n es t at

w a e te m p t d t g iv e n a cc un t of t h e m h e
e r e o f h a o er —H er a t er a n d

mot h e e i d d in Pe s i a a n d b i ng un a bl to w i t h s t n d th p erse u
r r s e r
, ,
e e a e c

ti no f th M ah om e d ans a ou n d t h m w e
o e fo c e d t o m b ra ce the r e ,
re r e

I l m i r l i g i on
s a T h y h d t w o l v ly d au g h te s wh om h w e v er
e . e a o e r , ,
o ,

t h e y w i h d t o k e e p as Z oa t i an s
s e T h y t h e e fore b u g h t t h em or s r . e r ro

u p s c e t ly in t h e ir o i g i n l fa i t h a n d w e e in s ar c h of a n opp e
e r r a ,
r e r

tunit y t send th e m t o B m b y w h e
o t h y c ou l d b e m a i d t o p o a ,
re e rr e er

s on s p ofe i n g t h i
r ch i h e d r e l i g i on At t h i m om n t a l u ck
ss e r er s . s e ,
s

w u l d h av e it F i a s p a n t cam e a c ss a G rm n tr v ell er who

o ,
roz
’
re s ro e a a

b or eth e e p u t t i on o f b i n g
r
good m an a n d t h e y im p l
a d him to e a ,
o re

t ak e c h a g f t h e i tw d aug h ter an d t h an d th m o v er t th e c a e
r e o r o s, o e o r

o f m
so p ct bl Z o t i n in B om b y T h g od an d g ll an t
e res e a e r oa s r a a . e o a

G e m n w s wi ll i n g an d e dy to o bl i ge
r a a B th th g i l we e x c d r a . o e r s r e ee

in gl y m od st an d p p osses i n g in a pp ea an c e
e O n e of t h em c ap tiv at d
re s r . e

th e h t f th G m an w h m d n o e c e t o f it t o h e p a e n t
e ar o e er ,
nd o a e s r r r s, a

p p d t o m a y h e if th y p e mi tte d him an d t t k h i t
ro ose rr r e r ,
o a e er s s er

to B mb a y o F i o p a nts ag e d t thi pre p o l f th e y w u ld

. r za s
’
re re o s sa ,
or o

ra th w e d t h e i d ug h te t a C h r i s ti an t h an b e tow h e u p on n e of
er r a r o s r o

th e p cu t s of t h i ra ce T he gi l t oo w wi ll i n g t o b t w h er
e r se or e r . r , ,
as es o

han d an d h eart on h r an d h i t r s avi u r an d th y al l ca me t o e er s s e

’
s o ,
e

B om b a y T h G m n th e n to k h i a ffi a n c d t Eu p w h e
. e er a th e y o s e o ro e, re

we m
re i d an d a e ai d to h av e l iv e d h appi ly f r ma ny y a s T h
arr e ,
r s o e r . e

ot h r d u g h t
e Fi o a wa e n t u t d b y the G e m n t av ll t a
a er , r z ,
s r s e r a r e er o

e p c t bl
r s e Pa i h opk e p er Bhik h j i B e mj i P n d ay t b e g iv e n
a e rs s e , a ra a ,
o

in m a i g e t o s omrr a p e ct bl e P i I n t h se d y s t h e w as
e re s a ars . o a re
C H AR R A VA Sf ] F A TEL .
53

Ra s ta mj i who gave s o m u ch satisfacti on that G over

,

n or H ornby invested him w ith a khilat or dress of

h on our in the year 1 7 7 5 .

In th o se days G overnment fou nd mu ch difficu lty

in pr oviding t onnage for transp orting tro ops fro m
on e place t o an other and K a v a sj i Patel was there ,

fore entru sted w ith the w ork O f s upplying b oats

and vessels for the p ublic service which duty he ,

performed very creditably and m o st satisfact orily .

When the British t ook Thana and Bassein fr om the

Maratha Sardar R ag unat hra o Dada Saheb K a v a sj i ,

Patel was app ointed t o an imp ortant p ost in the former

place where he established a n u mber o f Parsis as a
,

c ol ony a n d b uilt out of his own p urse places Of w orship

,

and other charitable edifices No Parsi was all owed .

t o g o t o Thana with o u t a pass fr o m K a v aSj I The

1
.

n e ar th e p l ic c u t in F b St t l g t n k b y th i d
ol d o e o r or es r ee a ar e a ,
e s e

of w h ic h th P i u dt
e t f
ar s s c ti n in th ft n n n d
se o r e s or or r e rea o e a er oo ,
a

B hikh j i a d t t k Fi
u se tho at h t h m i gh t
e l ct h b n d f
r oz a er e a s e se e a us a o

h wn c h ic
er o n d g iv
o h h n d t w h m v h p l d Y ng
e, a e er a o o soe er s e ease . ou

R t mj i D
as a bj i w th f tun t wi n n
or a as f th h e t f th l v l y
or a e er o e ear o e o e

Fi r oz a .

Th f ll w i ng i
1 e o oc p y f th p s f und in th c d in
a o o e as s a s o e r e or s

th p i n f th P t l f m i ly ’
e oss e ss o o e a e s a

T o AN D R E W RA M S AY ,
Esq .

S I R— Pl ease t o p er i
m t to p a ss th e b ear er H i ji
r Pars i go i ng
t o T h an a .

I a m, S ir,
Your m o s t ob e dt . h um bl e S e rv t .

(S gne i d) K A V A SJ I RA S T AM J I PA T EL .

B O M B AY, 1 8 th F eb 1 7 7 5 . .
54 H ISTOR Y O F T H E P A R SIS . H
[ R II
C A .

large tank at Khet v a di in B ombay which up t o this ,

day bears his name was the gift Of his gener o sity ,
.

It was b u ilt in the year 1 7 7 6 and in th ose days s up ,

plied a want by which th ousands of p oor pe ople were

benefited with the blessing of on e of the greates t
necessaries of life This large tank was repaired at
.

’
the expense of the Patel s family up t o 1 8 3 4 from ,

which year the G overnment v ol untarily u ndertook

its m a intenance The well —kn own street in the fort
.

”
o f B ombay K a v a sj i Patel Street was named after
, ,

him K av a sj i died in the year 1 7 9 9 and was s u c

.
,

c e e d e d in the title of Patel and his o ther offices by his

s on S orabj i .

H irj ibhai Ras t a mj i K a v a sj i Patel ,

a n ame n ot un
kn own in the highest circles of L ond on s ociety was ,

the last Of the disting u ished members of the Patel

family He was on e of the m ost extensive merchants
.

in China and Went at a later perio d t o England t o

,

press up on the English G overnment s ome c l aims

which he fancied he had against it for l osses d uring
the China war .

After the Patels the Banaj i fam ily next claims our
n otice Banaj i Limj i was the fou nder of this dis
.

t ing u is he d family He was b orn in the village of

.

Bha gv a dandi near S urat and cam e t o B ombay in the

, ,

year 1 6 9 0 At first he accepted empl oyment in the

.

c ommercial establishment of the H o n ourable East India

C ompany but being imb ued with a spirit for c om
,
CH A R G O VE R NM EN T C ONTR A C TS .
55

m er c ial enterprise he resigned the service and t o ok t o

trading on his ow n acc ount He went t o B u rmah.

and made arrangements for Opening up a trade with

that c ountry Banaj i was n ot o nly an enterprising
.

merchant bu t a man of large -hearted benevolence .

When he came t o B ombay he had been obliged t o

take service but his later c ommercial ventures pr oved
,

s o s u ccessfu l and br ou ght him s o m u ch wealth that

he was able t o t u rn it t o go o d u s e He b uilt an .

adaran or fi r e - temple in the F ort which still exists

, .

The well -kn own Framj i K av a sj i of later years and of ,

wh ose h igh character and sterling w orth s ome n otice

will be found in other pages of this chapter was a ,

descendant of Banaj i .

B an aj i s grands on D a d abhai B eramj i was the first

’

Parsi w ho went t o Calcutta for trading p u rp oses His .

talents and high character s oon secu red for him the
n otice and friendship of Mr Cartier the G overn or of
.
,

Bengal after wh o m he named on e of his trading ships

,
.

Jij ibha i J a m she dj i M o di was the fo under of the

M o di family of B ombay He amassed a g ood fortune
.

through his c ontracts ( 1 7 3 8) with the English G overn

ment for the supply of provisi ons and other articles
t o the tr oops in the garris on After his death his
.

s on carried on his b u siness These c ontracts owin g

.
,

t o the want o f c ompetiti o n in th o se days were highly ,

remu nerative bu t owing t o the difficulties in o btain

, ,

ing the necessary s upplies m u ch depended up on the

,
56 H ISTOR Y O F T H E P A R SIS . CH A R
[ 11 .

energy and h onesty of the c ontract ors who in the Old ,

times were highly respectable and h onest citizens .

Jij ibha i and his s on H irj ibha i were held in the highest
estimati on by the G overnment and the latter was once
,

highly eu l ogised and publ ic l y t ha nke d by the G overn or ,

the H on Stephe n L a w for the h onest and creditable

.
,

manner in which he s upplied the necessities of the State .

As the E uropean p op ulati o n of B ombay increased ,

the m ost l u crative b u siness which the Parsis c ould

u ndertake was that o f imp o rting and selling English

wines and liqu ors and E nglish pr ovisi ons and o ther
,

similar articles and th ose w ho engaged in this line

,

of b u siness sec u red large pr o fits The J as av al as the

.
,

Po c haj is the Pa n t ha kis and o ther well -

, ,
kn o wn names
in this trade are Of m ore m odern times They als o .

acted as agents and bankers t o their cu st o mers .

B hikhaj i B er a mj i Panday appears t o have been

the first t o Open this line of b u siness am ong the
Parsis before the middle of the eighteenth cent ury
, .

The earlier Parsis were n oted for their extreme

h onesty and B hikhaj i B e ra mj i was generally kn own
,

“
am ong the E uropean Officers and merchants as the
”
h onest sh opkeeper The well at the c orner of the
.

new P o st O ffice on the Esplanade in B ombay was

b uil t at his expense a sp ot at which Parsis m a y be
,

seen every m orning and evening at prayers after

washing their faces hands and feet He was a
, , .

member of the Parsi Panchayet o f his day .

C HA P . IL ] TH E R EA D YM O NE Y BR O TH ER S .

We n ow c o me Three to the Re a d y m o n e y family .

br others — M an c he rj i J iv anj i Hirj i Jiv anj i and Te , ,

m ulj i Jivanj i — were all b o rn at Navsari They came .

t o B o mbay in the early part Of the eighteenth cen

tury and settled there for p urp oses of trade Hirj i .

,

the sec ond of the brothers was the m o st enterprising ,

O f the three He went t o China and there opened

.

a h ou se of b u siness O n his ret urn t o B ombay his .

br other M a nc he rj i went t o l o o k after the China firm ,

and alth ough they p ossessed only a small capital at

the time of their arrival in B ombay they acqu ired
c onsiderable wealth thr ou gh their trade with China .

M u ch of the wealth of the B ombay Parsis has been

derived fro m their trade with China and t o Hirj i ,

and M a n c he rj i Rea dy m on ey are du e the h on our and

c redit of opening this n e w field o f c o mmercial enter

prise which in s ubsequ ent years br o ught immense pr o s

,

er it t o the Parsis Of Western India The Ready

p y .

m oney br others owned several tradin g ships on e of ,

which was named H or nby after the G o vern or of

B ombay and the o ther was called the R oya l Cha r
,

l otte They der ived their surname of Re a dym on e y on

.

acc ou nt of their wealth and als o fr o m their readiness ,

t o advance m oney t o th o se w ho were in need

1
.

1 T he sma ll to w
i l n c whic h i i i bl n th
er d l d i ng
of s e e s V s e o e roa ea

f m Ch p ti t M l b H i ll in B m b y w b i l t by M n h j i
ro au a o a a ar o a as u a c er

f
or th d i p l f hi b dy ft d th B f t h i ti m n P i
e s os a o s o a er ea . e ore s e o ars

h d b ui l t
a t w f i l nc f
a th d i p
o er l f h i wn i d ivi d l
o s e e or e s os a o s o n ua

b dy I t i i d t h t w h n M n h j i t n d f m C h i n t B m
o . s sa a e a c er r e ur e ro a o o
53 H ISTOR Y OF TH E PAR SIS . CH
[ A R II .

M a nc herj i
had a s on named Sorabj i who gained
for himself a still m ore h o n o u rable name than either
his father or u ncles He has left an imperishable .

rep utati o n am ong the Parsis for his benev olence of

character and charitable disp ositi on D uring t h e .

great Guj arat famine th ou sands of starving pers ons

came t o B ombay fr om that pr ovince in search of foo d ,

and S or abj i fed these pe ople twice a day for nearly

a wh ole year There was n o charitable instituti on .

in the city which did n ot benefit by his p u rse and ,

his name was ass o ciated with many ac ts of bene

v e lence He was a merchant by professi on and had
.
,

t w o ships of his ow n the S ha h M inoc her and S ha h ,

K a ikhos hr u He traded extensively with China in

.
,

partnership with Mah omed Ali bin Mah omed H usen

1
Rog ay .

In the year 1 7 5 7 a Parsi named B er amj i H omj i

was rewarded by the H on Mr B our c hier G overn or o f . .
,

B ombay with a free grant of land in rec ogniti on of

,

s ome imp ortant services rendered by him t o the East

India C ompany He was an infl u ential man in his .

ba y , an A r m enf ll w - i
p ng nd wh p t n d d t
an w h o was a e o asse e r, a o re e e o

h v k n w l dg f t l gy i f m d him th t if ft hi d th h
a e a o e e o as r o o ,
n or e a a er s ea e

all w d hi b n t mi wi th th
o e s of n y th
es p n hi w l t h
o x os e o a o er ers o s ea

an d h i f m i ly w s ld n b x ti n c t H th f
a ou d d tw f s oo e e . e ere or e or e re a o er o

si l n c t b b ui l t f h i m lf b t it h pp d t h t h d i d b f
e e o e or se ,
u so a en e a e e e or e

it c m p l ti n
s o H i b dy w
e th o f c v d n d d p i t d th
. s o as er e ore o er e a e os e on e

hi ll f m n th by w h ic h ti m th t w w
or a o ,
dy n d it w th n e e o er as r ea , a as e

p l c d in it wi th d c m n y
a e ue e re o .

1
G n df th f M M h m d Al i R g y
ra a er o r . a o e o a .
60 H ISTOR Y O F TH E F AR SIS . CH A R
[ 11 .

nu mber of respectable citizens am ong the descendants

of this family n otices o f s ome o f wh o m will b e fou nd
,

elsewhere .

\V e n o w c o me to the fo u nder of the Wadia family ,

which is widely kn own and has pro d u ced many

members wh o se names have been deser v edly p opu lar
and respected in the Parsi and o ther c omm unities .

L avj i Na s arv anj i w a s b orn at S u rat in the year 1 7 1 0 .

He was ed u cated as a ship wright and t ook empl oy ,

’
ment in the East India C ompany s d o ckyard there .

The trading operati ons o f the H o n ou rable C ompany

had necessitated the b u ilding of ships and a d o ckyard ,

seems t o have been b u ilt at S urat d u ring the early

’
years o f the establishment of the C ompany s fact ory
there As in B ombay the master -b u il ders of Her
.

’
Maj esty s d o ckyard have u p t o this day been Parsis ,

s o were th o se at S u rat In 1 7 3 5 on e D ha nj ibha i was

.

master-b uilder at S urat and it having been fou nd , ,

necessary in that year t o b u ild a ship for the East

India C ompany Mr D udley then master -attendant
, .
,

at B o mbay was sent there for the p u rp ose L a vj i

,
.

Nasarv anj i was empl oyed there as a fo reman ship

wright and his ab ility skil l and intelligence in the
, , ,

art Of shipb u ilding attracted the attenti on of Mr .

D udley How L a vj i Na s arv a nj i came t o B o mbay and

.
,

the circ umstances which led t o the establishment o f

the d ockyard in that city and its subseq uent exten ,

si on are well described in a rep ort dated 2 8 th Sep

, ,
CH A P . IL
] B OM B A Y D O CK YA R D . 61

tember 1 8 1 0 written by Mr T M oney S uperintend

, . .
,

ent of Marine for the G overnment of B ombay

, .

Pri or t o the y ear 1 7 3 5 there was n o d ockyard at

B ombay S u rat was the principal b u ilding place on
.

this side of the penins ula and it may be said in all ,

India In that year Mr D u dley the master -attend

. .
,

ant was sent by the G o v ernment of this Presidency

,

t o S u rat t o agree with the b u il d er there Dha nj ibha i , ,

t o b uild a ship for the H o n ou rable C ompany s serv ice

’

t o be called the Qu e e n .

In the c onstru cti o n o f this vessel Mr D udley was .

s o m u ch pleased with the skill and exerti ons o f the

foreman L av j i Na s a rv a nj i that after the l au nch he

, ,

endeav oured t o persu ade him t o pro ceed with s ome

art ifi c e rs t o B ombay where the G overnment were
,

desirou s of establishing a b u ilding yard but his

fidelity t o his engagements w ould n ot all o w him t o
’
yield t o Mr D udley s s olicitati o n till his master s
.
’

c onsent c ou ld be pr o c u red This was at length O h .

t a in e d with great difficu lty and in the year 1 7 3 5 , ,

with a few S hipwrights L avj i arrived at B ombay , ,

and selected for the place Of his fu t ure operati ons a

small par t of the present d o ckyard which was then ,

o cc u pied by the dwellings o f all the principal officers

of the Marine the habitati on o f the Lascars and by

, ,

the c omm on j ail of B ombay The avenu es t o these .

b u ildings rendered the yard Open t o the p ublic but ,

o n the o ther hand it may be Observed that the resi

,
62 H ISTO R Y O F TH E P A R SIS . CH
[ A R II .

dence of the Officers of the establishment on the sp ot

afforded a sec urity t o the pr operty dep osited there .

As shipb uilding increased with the pr o sperity of the

place in the year 1 7 5 4 the S uperintendent Of the
,

Marine pr op o sed the c onstru cti on Of a dry d o ck , ,

which was acceded t o by G overnment and with the ,

assistance of L a vj i it was c ompleted for the m oderate

”
s u m of twelve th ou sand ru pees .

L av j i had t wo s ons M an akj i and B am anj i w ho

, ,

were br ought up in their father s pr ofessi on and of ’

them Mr D udley in the aforesaid rep ort said that

.
, ,

L avj i enc ouraged by the s u ccess of his u ndertaking

,

and the c ountenance of G overnment brought up t wo ,

of his s ons ( M a n a kj i and B a m a nj i) t o his o wn craft ,

and by his instru cti ons rendered them s o pr oficient in

naval architect ure that by their united exerti ons the
, ,

rep utati on o f the B ombay D o ckyard became u niver

sally kn own in India and their b usiness was s o mu ch
,

increased that in the year 1 7 6 0 it was found n ec e s

sary t o c onstru ct an other d o ck The abilities Of
.

L a vj i in his pr ofessi on and his great integrity in

,

the p u rchase of materials for shipb u ilding had n ow ,

in m ore than on e instance attracted the particular

n otice appr obati o n and reward of the H on ou rable
, ,

C ourt ; bu t his skill and exerti o ns in repairing H M . .

squ adr on ab out this peri o d called forth their distin

u is he d c ommendati o n and they emphatically say
g ,

‘
That s u ch essential services sh ould n ot be passed
C H AP . IL ] F A R SI SH IRE HIL DER S . 63

o ver with ou t s ome particular mark of their fav ou r ,

’

which the G overnment were directed acc ordingly t o

c onfer In reward of the merits of these w orthy s ons
of L a V I the G overnment awarded and the C ou rt o f
J , ,

Direct ors in 1 7 7 6 approved Of an increase t o their ,

pay ; and t o the elder M a nakj i the C ourt directed , ,

a S ilver ru le and a shawl t o b e presented in their

name as a testim ony of their appr obati on of his past
,

services and t o enc ourage him t o behave with the

,

”
same diligence and fidelity as his father .

L a v j i died in the year 1 7 7 4 T w o years before .

his death he was presented by order of the C ourt Of ,

Direct ors with a silver foot -

,
rule as a t oken o f their
appreciati on of his merit ori ou s services with the in ,

“
scripti on : A mem orial fr om the East India Com
pany of the l ong and faithful services of L avj i their ,

Master B uil der at B o mbay An n o ,

O n La vj i s death his eldest s on M an akj i was

’

, ,

app ointed master -b uilder and he and his y ou nger ,

brother B a m a nj i w ho was app ointed assistant

, ,

master -b u ilder gained by their skil l and ability

,

the highest appr obati on o f the G overnment and the

Direct ors of the East India C ompany They received .

m ore than once special thanks from the C ou rt of

Dir ect ors and were each prese nted in the year 1 7 8 3
,

with a g old medal by Vice -Admiral Sir Edwa rd

Hu ghes K B with a s u itable inscripti on on on e side
,
. .
,

and a m o del of the S up er b on the reverse as a mark ,

64 H ISTOR Y O F T H E P A R SIS . CH A R
[ 11 .

of his appreciati on of services rendered by them t o

fl
the vessels o f His Maj esty s navy The G overnment ’
.

”1
als o u nder a sanad gave them a s ubstantial reward
, ,

in the shape Of a j aghir in perpetu ity in Salsette .

These tw o br others b u ilt twenty -nine ships d u ring

their tenu re of o ic e besides repairing many ships of ,

His Maj esty s squ adr o n visiting B ombay B am anj i ’

.
,

the y ou nger s on Of L avj i died in 1 7 9 0 at the age Of ,

seventy and the elder s on M anakj i in the year 1 7 9 2

, , ,
.

O n their deaths their s ons Fr a mj i and J a m s he dj i , ,

1 “
T hi s is to c t ify th er at Vi c e—Adm ir a l Sir Ed war d H u gh es , KB . .
,

C omm a nd in C h i f H is M j e ty s s h ip an d v es l
’
and er e of a s s se s in th e
Eas t I n d i es, h vin g by l tt
a e e r , un d er d ate th e l oth day of ar M ch 1 7 8 3,
p in t d
o e ou t th e g re at s er vi e s c re n d er e d
th e n a t on a t ar ge , i l an d th e

Un i t d E e ast i
p n y by M n kj L wj nd B m nj L wj
I nd a C om a ,
a ac ee o ee a a a ee o ee,

th t w m t
e b ild
o t thi p i d n c y n d h vi g l t ngly
a s er u e rs a s re s e ,
a a n a so s ro

c mm n d d t
re o t c nf
e n th m
e c t i p ti n f g n d n
o us o o er o e a er a n or o o rou o

t hi i l n d w h ic h wi ll y i ld nn
s s a ,
lly 4 0 m h f t c b tty thi i t e a ua ora s o o a a ,
s s o

c tify th t th id M n kj L wj nd B m nj L wj h v cc d
er a e sa a ac ee o ee a a a ee o ee a e a or

i gl y b n p t in p
n ee i n f c t i n b tty g nd in th di t ict f
u osse ss o o er a a rou s e s r o

Pa rel l wi t h t h i f
,
nd pu t n f th
e r i d g nd w h ic h wi ll
or as a r e ea s o e s e r ou s
,

y i ld th b v q nti ty f t c b tty n d t h t th y
e e a o e ua t b k pt
o o a a a a e are o e e

in p i n f th m with ut m l t ti n n til th p l
os s e s s o o e sa f
e, o o es a o ,
u e e a s ur e o

th H n
e b l th C t f D i c t i k n w n
o ou r a e e ou r o re ors s o .

G iv n un d u h nd in B mb y e er o r a s, o a

C tl t h i 2 9 th d y f D c mb as e, s a o e e er,

in th y Of L d 1783 e e ar our or .

( S i gn d) W H O N B Y e . R .

R H . DD A M . BO .

R GA M B I E R
. .

J O H N T O RL ES S E .

RO BE R T S PA R K S .

C B O U R CH I ER
. .

R . C H U CH R .

J A ME S M O RL E Y .

AL Ex C A L L . ENDA R .
 CH A P . A G O VER NM ENT P R ESENT . 65

were app ointed master -b u ilders in their fathers ’

places and their services t o the State were as val u

,

able as th ose of their predecess ors They were .

equally appreciated by the G overnment In the year .

1 8 0 4 they were each prese nted by the H o n ourable

the C ourt of Direct ors with a silver r ule up on which ,

1
was engraved a su itable inscripti on .

The services of J a mshe dj i B am a nj i pr oved e x c e p

t ion all y val u able He was the first of the Parsi .

master —b uilders t o be entru sted by the L ords of

the Admiralty with the b u ilding of men -O f-war in
India Ab ou t this time n umer ou s offers were sent
.

t o the Admiralty for b ilding line

u -O f -
battle ships but ,

Rear- Admiral Sir Th omas Tr owbridge w ho held at ,

’
o n e time the c o mmand Of His Maj esty s sq u adr o n

in Indian waters had a very p oor opini on of the ,

pe ople who had t o perform the w ork a n d als o of

1 Pre se nte d by th i d E t I ndi e C o ur t of D i ct
re or s of the U n te as a

C mp n y t F mj
o a M n kj
o n f th M t
ra ee B ild in th i a ac ee o e o e a s er u ers e r

D ck y d t B m b y in T ti m n y f t h i
o ar a o pp b ti n f hi n
a es o o e r a ro a o o s co

t in d Fi d l i ty n d l ng t i d vic
ne e a d in n c u g m nt t him
o r e se r es an e o ra e e o

a n d h i F m i ly t
s p v in t h t lin f c n duc t which h
a o ers e ft n ere a e o o as s o o e

c ll d f th th pp b ti n f hi S p i
a e or e a ro a o o s u er ors .

A T L O ND O N 1 8 0 4 .

T H E H O N B L E W I LL M EL P H I N ST O
’
. NE C h a i ,
rman .

C H ARL E S G RA N T ES Q .
,
D e p u ty C h a i m n r a .

J O N A T HA N D UN CA N ES Q .
,
Go v e r n or o f B om by
a .

Engr a ved on the hinges .

B R I T ANN IA — SI R ED W A R D H UG H E S — B oM B Av — C O R N W AL L IS
M O R N I NG T O N .

A s i m i l r tes ti mon i al was p r ese n te d to J amshe dj i B a ma nj i

a .

V OL . 11 . F
66 H ISTO R Y O F TH E P A R SIS
. CH
[ R II
A .

the Pegu teak with which ships were c onstru cted

in Bengal . He str ongly rec ommended the L ords
’

o f the Admiralty t o ca u se the w o rk t o be d one at

B ombay under the entire s upervision of J am she dj i ,

with ou t any E u r opean aid or directi on The rep u .

t a t ion o f B o mbay— b uilt ships had forcibly attracted

the attenti o n Of the L ords of the Admiralty who , ,

having seen and admired the Cor nwa l l i s a frigate Of ,

fifty gu ns b u ilt at B ombay determined on the c on

,

stru cti o n of men -O f—w ar in India It was at first

.

s uggested t o their L ordships t o send ou t a E ur opean

b uilder and Shipwrights ; but Sir Th omas Trowbridge ,

w ho was then a member o f the B o ard of Admiralty

and was intimately acqu ainted with the character and

merits of J a m s he dj i ple dged his w ord t o the G overn
,

ment that he w ou ld b uild n ot only frigates b ut

ships of the line t o their perfect satisfacti on with ou t
the least E ur opean assistance and orders were acc ord
,

in gl y iss u ed for the c onstru cti on of t w o frigates

and a seventy-fou r The S uperintendent of Marine
.

at B o mbay rep orted t o the B ombay G overnment the

execu ti on of the orders of the Admiralty in these
“
w ords '

The masterly execu ti on of these orders has

n obly redeemed the pledge which that distinguished
Admiral gave in England The frigates of thirty -
. S ix

gu ns each have been highly appr oved of and the ,

seventy -four rides in this harb our a prou d m onu ment

o f J a m she d i s skill in naval architect u re
j
’
and the ,
68 H ISTOR Y O F TH E P A R SIS . CH A R
[ II .

Navy wil l n ot I believe n ote on e fau lt ; for they

, ,

were n ot only satisfied but m u ch gratified by the

inspecti on . Being m u ch on b oard I had opp or ,

t unitie s of hearing the o pini ons of m o st pe ople

bel onging t o the K ing s yard at P ortsm ou th : they

’

all c omm on S hipwrights as well as their Officers

, ,

expressed appr obati on I have heard man y of them

.

declare that no s hip s o highly finished or c o mp osed

thr ough out of material s o g o o d had been launched
’
fro m any Of His Maj esty s d o ckyards or any yard in ,

England d uring the last fifty years ; n or was the

,

scarcity of goo d timber likely t o admit s u ch selecti on

o f that article for any o n e ship as was o bservable in

the Af in d en for many years t o c ome W e have .

found her in all circ umstances answer extremely well

—in my opini o n better than any ship in which I have

sailed hithert o .

“
The M i nd en excited general attenti on and had ,

many V isit ors of distincti on on b o ard while at P orts

m outh The great order in which she was kept by
.

Captain Ho are drew flattering enc omiu ms on himself

and officers and c ontrib u ted n ot a little a d v a n
,

t a g e ou s l y t o the exhibiti on of this first grand a n d

interesting specimen Of the res ources we have for the

s upp ort of our maritime s uperi ority in the forests Of
”
Hindu stan .

After this testim ony t o his ability J am she dj i

might wel l be pr ou d of his work The L or d s of the .
CH A R TH E FIR ST M A N-
O F I/VA R . 69

Admiralty were n ot backward in expressing their

sense of their high approbati on of his lab ours They .

n ot only thanked him in the hands o mest manner bu t

presented him throu gh Mr J J ohnst o ne C ommis

, . .
,

s ion er of the Navy with a silver c up bearing a

,

s uitable inscripti on O n receiving the approbati on

.

o f s o high and c ompetent an a u th o rity J am s he d i s

’

j,

heart was nat urally filled with j oy and j u st pride and ,

he ackn owledged it in the foll owing fitting terms

Deeply impressed as I cann ot fail t o be with the
strongest feelings of gratit u de and respec t t owards the
high au th ority fro m whence has emanated the d is
tincti o n now c onferred u p on me thr ou gh y our hands ,

I am but ill able t o express the pride and pleasure

derived T o myself and family on the present o ccasion
.

that the first Ship of seventy -fou r guns ever b u ilt for
’

His Britannic Maj esty in this part of the w orld

sh ould have been c onstr u cted by me was in itself a
matter o f great gratificati o n but that my hu mble
,

efforts in that work sh ould have Obtained n ot o nly the

appr obati on of many respectable pro fessi onal men in
India b ut als o that of the high auth ority which pre
,

sides over the wh ole British Navy cann ot fail t o m ake

,

a lasting impressi o n o n my mind a n d be carefully

transmitted t o my latest p o sterity .

Since the c o nstru cti on of the M ind en of seventy

fou r guns 1 have b uilt u nder the au spices o f the
,

respectable G overnment of this Presidency t he C or n

70 H ISTOR Y O F TH E P A R SIS
. CH A R
[ II .

Of seventy-
wa l l i s f ou r gu ns and nearly c ompleted the ,

W le y o
e l s l e f seventy -fou r guns and it will add t o the ,

’
pleas ure I n ow feel u nder their L ordships high appr o
b a tion if these latter w o rks are c onsidered n o t inferi o r
,

”
t o the first .

Under J am she dj i s s upervisi on sixteen men -of—war

’

and forty large ships were designed and b u ilt F or .

these valu able services he received n u mer ou s testi

m onials of appr obati on and c ommendati on fr om His
Maj esty s Navy from the L ords of the Admiralty and
’

the C ourt of Direct ors and fr om every admiral and

,

c ommander -in -chief in India .

By the G overnment of B ombay his services were

n ot less appreciated O n their rec ommendati on the
.

C ourt of Directors presen ted him a few days before

”
his death with a j aghir yielding an ann u al inc ome
,

of Since his death as had been the case ,

before him the p ost of Master-

,
B u ilder Of Her Maj esty s ’

D o ckyard has c ontinu ed t o be held by members of the

same family t o the c omplete satisfacti on of G overn
ment D uring this peri od extending over a centu ry
.
,

and a half they have b u ilt three h u ndred and thirty

,

five new vessels inclu ding many men -O f-

,
war besides ,

repairing inn u merable S hips .

The enlightened members Of this family were n ot

ign orant of the great impr ovements which were being
made in England in the art of shipb u il ding and ,

they sent tw o of their ablest y oung men w ho had

CH A R IL ] A FA M IL Y O F M A STE R -
B HIL DER S .
7 1

been empl o yed as assistant master -b uilders in the

G overnment d o ckyard t o make themselves acqu ainted
with the latest changes and impro vements These .

were Messrs Jchangir Na or ozj i and Hirj ibhai Mer

.

vanj i They returned from E urope after a stay there

.

of t w o years with the high testim ony of the C ourt

,

of Direct ors as t o their pr o fessi onal acqu irements

1
.

B ut the fame of L avj i s descendants was n ot c on

’

fined t o the shipb u ilding line Several Of them .

who did n ot foll o w that pr ofessi o n made themselves

fam ou s by their c ommercial enterprise and the j u di ,

ci ons and benevolent u s e t o which they turned the

L av j i W a dia s grands ons
’
wealth they acquired .
,

Pe s t anj i B am anj i Wadia and H orm a sj i B am anj i

W adia were not o nly well kn own for their large c om
,

m er c ial operati ons bu t als o fo r their p ublic spirit and ,

great liberality P e s ta nj i B a m anj i besides being

.
,

a partner in on e of the English firms of B ombay ,

car ried on a very extensive trade with E urope China , ,

1 M r J a m she dj i Dh anj ibh a i is the

. l ast of a l on g l i ne of d i ti ns

g uis h e d b u i l ders an d b ei ng ab ou t to re ti e f m th servic the p ost

,
r ro e e,

o f m as ter -b ui ld e w ill it is b e l i ev e d be b l i s h ed M J m h e dj i h as
r , ,
a o . r . a s

du in g hi tenure of offic e s up e i nt n d d th c n t ucti on f f ty-tw

r s r e e e o s r o or o

v ess l s F or hi val u bl e servic the ti tl e of K h an B ahadu was c on

e . s a es r

fe re d up on him by the G ov e nm ent of I ndi a in th e y ear 1 8 7 7 H e

r r .

re c ived th e th an k s f G ove n m nt for the a d m i rabl e a ange m ents

e o r e rr

m ad e by him in the do c k y a d n th e o cc s i on of th l an d i n g in B m
r o a e o

b y o f H is R y al H i g h n s the D uk e o f Edi nb u gh a n d H i R y al
a o es r s o

H i g h n ess th e P i n c e f W a l es an d a l s f r th e e ffi ci en t m nn
r o in
,
o o a er

whic h th e t an p rt s w ere fi tted out for the Ab ys in ian M al ta an d

r s o s , ,

Egyp ti an e x p edi t i on s .
72 H I STOR Y O F T H E P A R SIS . C H
[ R II
A .

and several cities of Asia and o wned the fo ll owing ,

ships -the B eheni enia r M i lf or d A nne H er o and

, , , ,

the Taj ba kha s .

D uring the Guj arat famine of 1 7 9 0 Pe s t anj i cau sed

th ou sands of p oor families t o be fed for ten m onths .

He b u ilt dharmshalas for travellers in many

”
places in Guj arat as well as a d okhma or t ower of
,

silence for the Parsis at Anklesvar It is said that .

he was the m o st p ublic -spirited native citizen Of

his day He always esp ou sed the cau se o f the weak
.

against the strong and was ever ready t o withstand

,

the au th ori ties on behalf of any p oor man who he

th ou ght had been u nj u stly harassed or o ppressed .

H orm asj i B am anj i W adia the o ther br other was , ,

on e o f the m o st p op ular Parsis of his time He was .

c onnected in b usiness with the ol d h ou se Of F o rbes

and C ompany o f which Sir Charles F orbes a great
, ,

-
friend and well wisher of the natives of India was the ,

head H orm a sj i s n oble character had gained him the

.
’

intimate friendship of Sir Charles F orbes and the

respect and esteem of all the E ur opeans with wh om
he came int o c ontact The chief Parsi. fi r e -
temple o f
the She he ns ha i sect was b u ilt by his s ons B a m a nj i ,

Ardeshir and Ras t a mj i in acc ordance w ith the

, ,

expressed wish of their father H orm a sj i s t wo s ons .

’

B am anj i and Ardeshir were b oth w orthy o f their

father .

As a citizen B amanj i was highly respected for

,
C H AP . FIR ST P A R SI SH ER IF F 73

his p ublic w orth and private virtu es He was on e o f .

the first native j u stices o f the peace a member of the ,

G overnment B o ard Of Ed u cati on a member o f the ,

Parsi Panchayet a c omm issi oner Of the Old C ourt of

,

Requ ests (n ow c onstitu ted a c ourt of small cau ses) ,

vice -president of the B ombay Ass o ciati o n and Of the

Parsi Law Ass o ciati on In rec ogniti on of his worth
.

he was app o inted by G overnment High Sheriff of

B ombay in the year 1 8 5 9 In s o cial life he was
.

a ffable but plain - speaking and c ontrib u ted in a ,

variety Of ways t o the happiness and welfare of his

fell o w - creat ures In the year 1 8 5 6 he end o wed a
.

c haritable dispensary at K urla a s u bu rban v illage ,

near B ombay His death in B ombay at the c om

.

ar a t iv e l y early age of fi ft -fi v e ca u sed u niversal

p y
regret a m ong all classes of the c ommu nity O n the .

d ay foll o wing his death all h ou ses of b u siness sh o ps , ,

’
sch ools Her Maj esty s d o ckyard and o ther places were
, ,

cl osed Sh o rtly after wards a p ublic m ovement was

.

set on foot t o c ommem orate his name S O that it might ,

be handed d own t o p o sterity in a d urable form Sub .

s c r i t ion s were acc o rdingly raised and an infl u ential

p ,

c ommittee formed which res ulted in the b u ilding from

,

a n exc ellent design by Mr Rienzi Walt o n exec u tive

.
,

engineer t o the M u nicipal C orp orati on of B ombay Of ,

a c ol ossal mem orial fou ntain bearing the name of

B am anj i H or m a sj i Wadia w ith an ill u minated cl o ck
,

t ower in the b u siest and central part of the fort and

, ,
74 H ISTOR Y O F TH E FA R SIS . C
[ H AR IL

als o of six smaller fountains in other districts of

the city .

These p ublic m onuments have all been made over

t o the m unicipality and Mr E C K O l l iv a n t the
,
. . . .
,

present Municipal C ommissi oner in ackn owledgin g ,

the mu nifi c e n t gift t o the C o rp orati on added the ,

foll owing graceful trib ute t o the memory of the

deceased gentleman
The m onument is an acquisiti on t o the city and
w orthily c ommem orates the esteem in which Mr .

B am anj i H orm asj i W adia was deservedly held by

all secti ons o f the c omm unity In erecting t o his
.

mem ory this and o ther fo untains and thereby c on ,

ferring a great be e n on the p oorer classes the c om ,

m itt e e have if I may be all owed t o say s o ch osen a

, ,

fo rm of m onu ment that will be m o st appreciated and

be a fitting rec ord Of the name Of on e who was in his
lifetime like others of his family a lways ready t o
, ,

”
further every charitable Obj ect .

His y ounger br other Ardeshir H orm asj i is well

, ,

kn own t o the present generati on of Parsis as well a s ,

t o the o ther races inhabiting B o mbay by his u n o s te n ,

t a t iou s benev olence and gener o sity After the crash .

“ ”
which foll owed the S hare mania Ardeshir s upp orted
many w orthy Parsis who had su ddenly been red u ced
from a state Of op ulence t o p overty .

An other of L avj i W a dia s grands ons was N a sarv a nj i

’

M a n akj i Wadia . Besides extensive c ommercial opera

76 H ISTOR Y OF TH E P AR SIS . CH
[ AR I I .

Jchangir Nas ar v a nj i W adia was als o a very chari

table man He b u ilt for the us e of the Z oro astrians a
.

fi re -temple and a t ower of silence at Diu as well as a ,

”
t ower Of silence and a dharmshala at G opipura in
S urat O n his death which t ook place at B ombay
.
,

on the 1 9 th May 1 8 4 3 a l o cal English newspaper ,

wr ote th u s : His kindness of heart his ,

genero sity and his benev olence that alm o st every

, ,

on e o f his acq u aintance and relati ons feels as if they

had been deprived of a father or a br other In him .

the Parsis have l o st on e of the principal members of

”
their tribe and the w o rld a g oo d man
,
.

An other member of the same family Ardeshir ,

F r a mj i Wadia was als o h o n o ured by the French

Rep ublic in the year 1 8 5 1 for the services which he ,

had rendered on vari ou s o ccasi o ns t o the French

Navy by the award of a medal of the first class in
,

1
g old .

The family of D a dis e th is n ot less famed in the

F RENC H REPU B L I C
1
.

PA R IS , 2 2 d J u l y 1 8 5 1 .

S I R— A cc di ng t th cc nt w hi ch h b n ub m i tt d t m f
or o e a ou as ee s e o e o

th vic wh i c h y u h v n d d n v i
e s er es cc i n t th F n c h
o a e re ere o ar ou s o as o s o e re

N v y 1 h v w d d y u m d l f th fi t c l
a , a e a ar ein g ld w i th
o iw a e a o e rs ass o ,
a V e

t p p tu t th m m y t h
o er e a e f e e or ere o .

Y ou wil l fi nd n cl d h i n thi h n b l vid n c f th

,
e ose ere ,
s o o u ra e e e e o e

c gn i ti n f th G v n m nt f th R p ubl ic
re o o o e o er e o e e .

R c iv
e e i th nc f m y h i gh
e , s r, g d f
e ass ur a
y e o re ar or ou .

T he M inister o f the [Ma rin e a nd o f the Col onies,

i
( S gn e d) DE C H A SS E L O UP L AU B AT .

. H
M r ARDE S I R F R A M J I , B om by a .
C H AP . TH E D A D I S E T H FA M IL Y .
77

hist ory of the Parsis of Western India Its founder .

was D a dibhai Nas arv a nj i His grandfather H omj i .

,

B era mj i came fr o m S urat and settled in B o mbay

,

early in the eighteenth cent ury His father Nasar .

,

vanj i H omj i did b u siness as freight -broker in part

,

n e rs hip with his br other B e r a mj i H o mj i o f wh o m ,

we have sp oken before D a dibha i Na s a rv anj i s oon

.

raised himself t o the p o siti on of a wealthy merchant ,

’9
ship owner and j agh irdar
,
He traded extensively .

with E urope and China He had five S hips of his .

o w n — the S ha h A r d es hi r K in G e or e F r i en d s hi
g g , p , ,

and the brigs W i l l i a m and D a v i d S c ott He was .

the first enterprising native who established at B om

bay a screw for pressin g c ott on bales He was a .

man of great simplicity of character remarkable g o o d ,

nat ure and u nb ou nded benev olence In c ompany

, .

w ith P e s ta nj i B a m anj i Wadia and Na s arv a nj i Man

a k i Wadia he ca u sed m
j d u ring the
,
great fa ine o f
1 7 9 0 h u ndreds o f Parsis t o be fed in additi on t o
, ,

a very large n u mber of pe ople bel on ging t o other

races In the year 1 7 8 3 he b u ilt in B ombay the
.

chief fi re - temple which bears his name His w ill

, .
,

after giving s ome val uable advice t o his s on c on ,

cl u ded with this characteristic passage If any on e

”
did y ou harm y ou S h ould repay evil with g o o d
, .

D a dibha i had a s on named Ardeshir w ho was as

go od and benev olent as his father In the In dian .

famine of 1 8 0 5 -6 he fed for several m onths at his own

78 H I STOR Y O F T H E P A R SIS . CH
[ RA 11 .

expense fr om fou r t o five th ousand pers ons every

,

day In 1 8 0 8 he b uilt a fi re -temple in Persia at

.

a place called M ubaraka He als o b uilt an adaran.

or fi re -
templ e in the fort of B ombay in mem o ry Of
his father F o r his n oble character and many excel
.

lent virtu es he was held in the highest estimati on by

all classes and races Of the pe ople of B ombay w ho ,

manifested the greatest grief at his death The .

H on ou rable J onathan D uncan G overn or of B ombay , ,

o n learning that he had breathed his last went t o St , .

’
Th omas s Cathedral which is Opp o site the street in
,

which Ardeshir lived and remained ou tside t o V iew

,

the funeral ordering the cathedral bell t o be t olled

,

while the c o rtege passed d own the street .

B ut the man w ho shed the greatest l u stre on the

Parsi race in India was J amshedj i J ij ibhai a name ,

widely kn own throu gh ou t the wh ole o f the civilised

w orld o n acc ount of his n umer ou s m unifi c e nt p ublic
benefacti ons He was b orn of p oor but respectable
.

parents on the 1 5 t h of July 1 7 8 3 at Navsari in the ,

territ ory of the G aikwar of Baro da He came t o B om .

bay at an early age and lived with his father—in -law ,

wh om he j oined in b u siness after he had served his

apprenticeship t o him O f a restless and a dv e n
.

t ur ons disp ositi on he fou nd his energies fettered in

,

B ombay He therefore s ought o ther fields for the

.

exercise Of his c ommercial spirit and in 1 7 9 9 when , ,

he had scarcely c ompleted his sixteenth year he ,

c a n! .
j A M S H E D] ! j Ij I B H AL 79

made his first v oyage t o China in the service Of a

Parsi merchant w ho happened t o be a relative of his
,
.

After a sh o rt stay there he ret urned t o India but ,

he had seen t oo mu ch of the vast field open t o c om

merce in that c ountry t o remain l ong in B ombay .

He left the service of his father - in -

l a w and for the ,

sec ond time started for China t o trade on his o wn

acc o unt Ret urning thence with a s uffi cient c om
.

p e t en c
y if ,
n o t with wealth he made ,
three o ther

v oyages t o the c ountry of the Celestials His fourth .

v oyage proved singularly advent ur ou s O wing t o .

the war which was then g oing on between England

a n d France the vessel in which he was a passenger
, ,

the B r u ns i ck was capt ured by a French man O f

w ,
-

war He c onsequ ently was c ompelled t o remain for

.

a time a pris oner in the hands of the French .

We give here a literal translati on of a G uj arati

letter written by J a m s he dj i t o a friend in B ombay in
1 8 0 6 du ring his captivity on b o ard the ship B r uns

w i c k which was capt u red by the French o n her way

,

from India t o China Even at this distant date this

.

letter will be read with interest n o t only on acc ount

,

o f the event which was s ufficiently rare in that

peri od of the decline Of French naval p ower and for
the incidents it relates but becau se of the ill us
,

tri o n s pers o n wh o wr o te it and w ho in later years

,

proved t o be on e of the greatest benefact ors n ot only

o f his race b u t o f mankind at large
80 H ISTOR Y OF TH E PAR SIS . CH
[ AR 11 .

O n the 3 0 t h J une last at t wo O cl o ck we em ,

’

barked on b oard the ship B r u ns wick and sailed from ,

B ombay and anch ored Off Un d ery Chan d ery O n

, .

1 s t Ju ly we set sail again O n the 4th of the same .

m onth the s hip J a mes D r u mmon d parted o ur c om

pany and the Ca mbr i a n on the 6th The S a r a h
, .

j oined u s and on reaching P o int de G al l o on the

,

1 1 t h we sighted t wo French men - o f-

war the M a r eng o ,

o f seventy - fou r guns and the frigate B e l l e - ou l e

p ,

forty-fou r gu ns The B r uns wi c k made a signal but

.
,

it was n ot answered The S a r a h was signalled t o g o

.

t o sh ore but the French man O f-

,
- war prevented he r
’
d oing s o At twelve O cl o ck they fired five guns but
.
,

the B r uns wi c k c ould ret urn only t w o We were .

then b oarded when Captain Grant l owered the

,

c ol ours and delivered the ship over At the same

, .

-
time the man O f -war and the frigate t ook fo rmal
p ossessi on of the B r u ns wi c k They then t urned .

t o wards the S a r a h bu t she s oo n went out of sight

, ,

and they had t o c ome back u ns uccessful It w as .

said at the time that the S a r a h stru ck against a ro ck

and was broken up At night a cl ose watch w a s.

kept on u s O n the m orning of the 1 2 th the captai n

.
,

the Officers and the crew were carried on b oard the

,

man -o f-war leaving the chief mate the d o ct or Mr

, , , .

Barr ow Mr M orris and the passengers in the

,
.
, ,

B r uns wi c k At tw o o cl o ck a French captain ship

.
,

mates and a n u mber of crew came on b o ard the

,
CH A P . CA P TUR ED B Y TH E FR ENCH . 81

B r uns wi ck and t o ok charge o f her The French man .

O f-war and the frigate sailed t owards the s outh of

Ceyl on O n their way they met an American vessel
.
,

which sp oke o f fi v e British ships as cr uising ab out the

Mauritiu s The French squ adron there up on foll owed
.

u s and o vert ook u s o n the 2 9 th .

“
When the French capt ured u s they inqu ired of
u s where the J a mes D r umm on d and C a m br ia n had

pr o ceeded and were t o ld that they and the B r un s wic k

,

and S a r a h had started with the intenti o n of sailing

for China There were s om e French pris oners on
.

b oard the P r ime w ho were sent t o the Mau ritiu s

, .

In c onsequ ence of this informati on the French man

o f war and the frigate stayed at Ceyl o n for a fu rthe r

peri od of ab out fifteen days There was n o water on .

the B r u nswi c k The French h owever s upplied water

.
, ,
.

A sealed letter was delivered t o the French captain ,

with verbal instru cti o ns t o open it when parting their

c ompany and t o foll ow the directi ons therein given
,
.

In latitu de 2 2 degrees l ongit u de 7 8 we sighted

, ,

eleven English Ships on the 9 th Aug ust The .

weather was then cl ou dy and the distance at which

we saw them great The wind was bl owing very
.

hard and owing t o the cl ou ds one ship c ould n ot be

,

disting uished fr om the o ther O ne vessel h owever .

, ,

came forward and made a signal t o which the French ,

did n ot reply The B r uns wi c k was signalled how

.
,

ever t o c ontinu e her c ou rse The English and French

,
.

V OL . 11 . G
82 H ISTOR Y O F T H E P A R SIS . CH AR
[ 11 .

vessels then t ook their c ourse t owards the B r uns wic k .

B ut the wind was s o str ong that they c ould n ot face

it At six O cl o ck h owever the French and English
.
’

, ,

fired against each o ther for ab ou t half an h our the ,

res u lt being that the French l ost seven men wh o were

killed and fifteen w ounded At night they fu rled
,
.

u
p the sails and anch ored The next m o rning the.

English fleet formed up a line five of the big ships in ,

fr ont and the remaining six in the rear The French

,
.

were d ismayed at the formidable array of ships and , ,

thinking these ships carried eighty and seventy

fou r guns respectively t urned back B ut the English , .

men - -
O f war chased for tw o h ou rs The B r unswi c k .
,

as directed c ontinu ed her c ou rse and arrived at

, ,

’
Madagascar a Sidi s c ountry on the 2 2 d A ugu st
, , .

Here we t ook pr ovisi ons and water and again set ,

sail on the 3 1 s t Augu st O n the 1 6th September we .

sighted the Cape Of G ood H ope and at midnight we ,

let g o t w o Of our anch ors in False Bay thirty -fi v e ,

fath oms deep The wind being str ong b oth the
.
,

c ables br oke and a third o n e was then cast

, At six .

’
o cl o ck o n the m o rni n g of the 1 7 th we c u t the cable

and went away We entered the Table Bay river

.

and sent a large b o at t o the man -O f-war for a cable ,

but the b o isterou s weather swamped the b o at and ,

we c ould get n o cable th ough we fired every m oment

,

a signal g un The B r uns wi ck went ash ore in the

.

’
river and at nine o cl o ck struck the gr ound and was
, ,
84 H ISTOR Y OF TH E P AR SIS . CH A R
[ 1L

and crew of the B r uns wi c k were sent t o Se s s ant il z ,

where Mr T urner resided

. O n the rec ommendati on
.

of Captain Grant Mr T u rner t oo k me t o his h ou se

. .

At the time there was a great scarcity of rice and ,

even for 3 5 or 4 0 d ollars on e c ould n ot get a

bag o f rice There was an order that each man
.

was t o eat half a p ound of rice a day W heaten cakes ,

a n d apes three d ays in a week

’
Sheep s meat is .

cheap bu t the rest of edibles dear O n o ur v oyage

,
.

t o Madagascar we were ill treated by the Lascars w ho ,

were sent fro m the men -O f-war on b o ard the B r uns

wic k. The French captain was informed that a
c onspiracy was laid by the Parsi Mu ss ulman and the, ,

fou r Englishmen t o mu rder him There up on he put .

u s all u nder a rrest and we were threatened with

,

still w orse treatment B u t am ongst the fou r English

.

men there happened t o be on e who knew French ,

and who explained the circu mstances and g ot our kit

searched and on finding n o dangerous instruments
,

with any of u s the captain again set u s at large

, .

O ur tr o ubles in this respect were inexpressible .

“
When we arrived at S es s an til z we found a Danish
S hip ready t o sail for Bengal Captain Grant t old u s
.

that he w ould send u s t o Bengal by that ship The .

c o mmander of that vessel said he had n o berths

available I said that I wou ld be willing t o be
.

st owed away in any part of the ship The c om .

mander asked eight h undred d ollars for the Parsi and

CH A P . A CC UM UL A TED M ISF OR TUNES . 85

Muss ulman passengers stating that s u ch was the ,

o rder o f the o wners Captain Grant c ontended that

.

he carried passengers for Rs 4 0 0 a head from B ombay .

t o China a n d that as these pe ople were r obbed there

, ,

ou ght t o be s ome c o ncessi o n made B ut the c om .

mander was inex orable I argu ed that as we did n ot

.

want t o sit at the table n or ask for liqu or or wine , ,

why s u ch an ex orbitant s u m as eight h un dr ed d oll ars

was demanded ? Captain Grant persu aded u s t o
accept the Offer as n o other vessel w ould be available
,

during the year ; and if on e was at our service the ,

passage m on ey w ou ld n ot be a j e t l es s Even if we .

remained the scarcity Of foo d was s o great that

starvatio n stared u s in the face There was only .

m eat o btainable and d uring the captain s

’ ’
S heep s ,

absence we w ou ld be neglected I impl ored Captain .

Grant t o c oncl u de the bargain on e way or the other .

Eventually it was arranged that I sh ould give a bill

Of exchange on myself for eight h u ndr ed sika r upees ,

payable in Calcutta the wh ole passage m oney for all

,

of u s being Rs 1 60 0 .
,
.

“
At False Bay we requ ested Captain Grant t o get
on e bag of rice fr o m the adm i r al and the latter officer ,

gave a n ote for my things but the French captain ,

fl un g it away O n the 2 l s t September we sailed

.

fr o m False Bay with on e h u ndred p ou nds of rice

p u rchased with thirty d ollars and half a bag clan ,

d e s t in e l y taken by me Before pr o ceeding t o St

. .
86 H ISTOR Y O F TH E P A R SIS . CH A R I I
[ .

Helena Captain Grant rec ommended me t o Captain

F a s t e a u of the Danish ship O n b oard his vessel we .

u sed t o get o n e bisc u it a head in the m o rning and at ,

’
four or fi v e O cl o ck s ome khic hr i or b oiled rice In .

this manner we stru ggled o n b ordering on starvati on ,

.

The Danish captain for sixteen h undred sika rupees

, ,

gave u s su ch miserable berths that they were w orse

than th o se on a c ountry craft which we get for Rs 5 0 .

but there was n o help as our necessity was para ,

m o unt He gave on e p ot of water between nine men

.

b oth for c ooking and drinking .

F or ab ou t fifteen d ays after we left Ceyl on till ,

we reached Achin the c old was severe severer than

, ,

that experienced in China My s ufferings and priva .

ti ons were s u ch as I had never before experienced ,

and I am u nable t o express them in writing .

When the B r u nswi c k stru ck on sh ore she made

se v enteen feet of water ; the p ump was c onstantly at
w ork day and night b ut the qu antity c ould n ot be
, ,

lessened The carg o c onsisting of shark -fi ns bales

.
, ,

f -
o c ott on and sandal w oo d was m ore or less damaged
, , .

At the Cape there being only t w o or three m erchants

, ,

they th ought they w ould be able t o buy up the g oods

l o —
at a w price the rigging c ordage masts etc
, , .
, , ,

being serviceable for the men -of—war The merchants .

at the Cape c onj ectured that as there were n o pur ,

chasers the ship and carg o w ould hardly fetch fifty

,

t o S ixty th o u sand d o llars B ut had the ship been t o

.
CH AR A FR ENCH F R I VA TEER . 87

the Mauriti u s the g oods would be s old at high prices ,

as it was the e n tr ep é t whence S hips sailed with g oo ds

for China ; but they c ould n ot sail for that island as ,

English men -of—war and frigates were cru ising Off

Mau ritiu s There they were taking on provisi ons and
.

water and were awaiting the arrival Of tw o frigates

,

fro m the Bay of Bengal At the time we sailed

.

fro m False Bay we sighted s o mething like a frigate

entering the river but where she went we d o n ot kn ow
,
.

“
O n the 2 6th N o vember while we were appr o aching
,

the Bay of Bengal a French privateer carrying four

,
”

teen guns steered t owards u s Within the preceding

,
.

seven days she had captured three English ships ,

with their captains officers and men n umbering on e

, , ,

h u ndred in all w ho were put on b o ard an American

,

vessel The said privateer sp oke t o u s and went

.

away O n the 2 8th N ovember we anch ored O ff the

.

harb our Of the Bay of Bengal waiting for a pil ot t o ,

steer u s h ome O n the 2 d December a b o at came

.

al ongside in w hich were Captain M a c n el an c e Of the

,

S hip W a l d eg r a ve on his way fr o m China t o Bengal )

(
and Captain D undas of the P hoenix B oth these .

gentlemen came on b o ard of o ur ship t o ask for s ome

thing t o eat B u t there was scarcely anything with
.

us. H owever the captain gave them s ome ham

, ,

beef and biscu its Captain M a c n el an c e in reply t o a

,
.

qu esti o n informed me that the first fleet that had sailed

fr om B ombay was safe in China and the last met him ,
88 H ISTOR Y O F T H E P A R SIS . CH
[ AR 11 .

near Malacca Everything in China w as very d ear

.

at the time s o mu ch s o that it baffl ed descripti on

,
.

O n the 3 d D ecember we t ook the pil ot and on the ,

”
5 t h at mi dnight we safely landed at Calc utta .

After a sh ort stay at Calc utta J a m s h e dj i returned

t o B o mbay Shrewd sagaci ou s and observant w ith a
.
, , ,

natu ral bent of mind for c ommercial p u rsuits the ex ,

e r ie n c e that he acq u ired d uring his repeated V isits t o

p
China and the kn owledge he p o ssessed of the chief
,

traders in that c ou ntry pr oved Of incalc ulable val u e

,

t o him . This experience he br ought t o bear on the

extensive transac ti ons which he s ubsequ ently had
with China E ur ope and other parts of the w orld
, ,
.

I n his c ommercial transacti ons he was always g uided

by strict integrity ind u stry and p unct uality a n d
, , ,

his example c ontributed t o raise the rep u tati o n of

the B ombay merchant in the m ost distant m arkets .

His wh ole life was a practical ill u strati on of t he

“
tr uth of the pr overb that h onesty is the best
”
p olicy and fo rt une smiled u p on him and fav oured
,

him ab undantly in all his s u ccessive c ommercial

vent ures It is n ot s urprising that he became in c on
.

sequ ence very wealthy .

B ut it was n ot the mere p ossessi on Of wealth that

made his name mem orable It was the distrib uti on .

o f that wealth with u nparalleled benev olence and

an enlightened desire t o attain the height Of u seful
ness which was e q ually rare that rendered him
, ,
C H AP . 1L ] UNP A RA L L EL ED B ENE V O L E N CE .
89

fam ou s His charitable acts began t o b e p ublicly

.

n oticed in the year 1 8 2 2 fr o m w hich time u ntil his

,

death in the year 1 8 5 9 scarcely a year passed in

which he did n ot display in s ome signal manner that
spirit of liberality which called forth the blessings
and regard of his fe l l ow -men and earned for him ,

u nprecedented h o n ours fr om his graci ou s s o vereign .

The capital of Western India S urat Navsari and , , ,

o ther places in G uj arat a n d K handala and P o ona

,

in the Deccan bear testim ony t o his liberality ,

philanthropy and p ubl i c spirit If a stranger landed

, .

o n the sh o res Of B ombay and inq u ired what were the

w orks by which Sir Jam she dj i Jij ibhai had acqu ired
s o m u ch ren own it c ould n ot b e l ong before he
,

found them ou t In the w o rd s Of the H on Mr

. . .

Anders o n w ho sp oke at the meeting for the

,

p u rp o se of erecting a p ublic stat u e t o which we

S hall hereafter refer he w ould only need t o glance
,

ar ound in order t o see h ospitals which besides the ,

tender Offi ces they have performed for the afflicted ,

have in c onj u ncti on with the Grant Medical C ollege

pro cu red for India the inestimable advantage o f
p ossessing a b o dy of skilled native medical prae
t it io n ers He w ou ld als o beh old sch ools for the e du
.

cati on of p oor Parsis He w ould see a Sch ool of

.

Design by which a n e w impet u s has been given to

the native mind by devel oping an other vein of talent .

He wou ld beh old tanks by which t o ad opt the expres

, ,
9o H ISTOR Y O P TH E P A R SIS
. CH AR
[ 11 .

si on Of Edmu nd B urke the indu stry of m an carefully

,

h u sbands the preci ou s gift of G od He w ou ld see— and

.

n ot o nly in B o mbay bu t als o at Navsari in the n orth

,

and K handala in the s ou th the h ome s

of charity in which the h ou seless and the wandere r
,

find refuge and relief He w ou ld beh old the n o ble

.

cau seway which u nites the islands Of B ombay and

Salsette He w ould see the waterworks at P o ona
.
,

the bridges at Erla Parla and Bartha He w o uld .

see r oads wells aqu edu cts and reservoirs These

, , , .
,

h owever are p ublic benefacti ons patent t o the w orld

, .

The extent of his private charities n ob ody can tell .

Nor were his charities c onfined t o his own caste or

race He gave indiscriminately with out reference t o
.

caste c ol ou r or creed NO matter how distant the

, , .

land or how different the race of pe ople his sym ,

pathetic heart was always m oved by their misfortunes ,

and his p u rse was opened in order t o relieve them .

S o widely had the fame of his m u nifi c e n c e spread

that in 1 8 42 he received the h on ou r Of knighth o o d
fr om our graci ou s and m ost bel oved s overeign t he
Q u een and Empress V ict oria —a n h on our which then
,

for the first time was c onferred up o n a native o f India .

AS s u ch it was highly gratifying t o Sir J a m s he dj i him

self and the Parsi c omm u nity felt exceedingly pr ou d
,

that the first native of India who was c onsidered d e s erv

ing of this high h on o ur S h ould be one of themselves .

They presented him with the foll owing address Of c on

92 H ISTOR Y O F TH E P AR SIS . CH A R
[ II .

a nd b re a d th of th i s he e xte nsi v e I n d ian e m p ire wh i le a s trong

r

i nc enti v e w i ll b e c e ate d wh i ch w e are c onv i nc e d w i ll be

r ,

g e n e rally fe l t t o e mu l at e t h ose g oo d d e e d s for wh i ch y ou h a v e

,

b ee n SO d i s ti ngui sh e d .

“
W h en we c on s i d e th at b ut a f w y e ars ag o wh e n it w a s
r e ,

p rop os e d t o ren d er n t i v e s e l ig i bl e t o s erv e on the G a n d J ury

a r ,

a nd t o h old c omm i ss i ons s J us t i c e s o f th e P a c e t he m e a s u e

a e ,
r

w s o pp ose d a t the I n d i a H ous e by a ll t he D i e c to s e xc e p t the

a r r

l te exc ell e nt G o v e no S ir Jame s C arn c our m uch -e s te eme d

a r r a ,

a nd l a m e nt e d f i e n d M r J o h n F orb e s a n d the p e s en t ch a i rman

r .
,
r

M r G Ly all an d was a t l eng th c arri e d o nly by the unti ri ng

. .
,

a n d ph i l a nth ro p i c e x e t i o n O f t he th e n p e s i d en t o f the B o r d o f
r r a

C ontrol L or d G l e ne l g a i d e d by o th e r tri e d a nd d i s ti ngui s h e d

, ,

f i e nd s of I n d i a a nd c ontras t th i s w i th ( wh at we un d e s tan d t o
r ,
r

b e ) the fa c t t h a t the p ro p os al t o c onfe r o n y ou the h o nour of

knig h th ood was unani m ous ly supp orte d by t h at h on ourabl e b ody ,

w e c ann ot bu t rej o i c e a t the ch a ng e o f fe e l i ng f o m th a t th en r

e v i n c e d t owar d s the n a t i v e s o f t h i s c o untry W e h a i l it a s t he .

h a b ing e o f a b righ ter day for I n d i a wh e n B i tai n s h all n o

r r r

l ong er Vi e w her d omi ni on h e e a s a me ans of aggran d i s e men t

,

for h e r own s ons b ut a s a s a c r e d t us t o f wh i ch the p ar amoun t

,
r ,

O bj e c t is th e w e lf e of the ch i ld en o f the s o i l an d the i m p ro v e

ar r ,

men t a nd e l e v a ti on of th e i m ora l a nd s o c i a l c on d i t i on r .

“
W e s h a ll no t e xp ati a te u po n y o ur p i n c e ly d onat i on O f r

a l k h a n d R s 5 0 0 0 0 t o w ar d s a foun d a ti o n o f a h os p i ta l fo r
a .
,

a l l cl as s e s o f the c o mmuni ty y our munifi c e nt offer t o G o v e n r

men t t o c ont i b ute R s 5 0 0 0 0 t o w d the c o ns tr uc t i on of a

‘

r . ar s
,

c a us e w a y or v l d a t M a h i m to c o nn e c t B omb y and S a l s e t te
e ar a

t he con st uc ti on f r s p a c i ous b u i ld i n
o a
g t K h a nd l o n th e h i g h a a a,

r oa d t o the D e cc an fo th e a cc om m o d t i on o f t r v e ll e s
,
r nor up on a a r

t he p r omp t a n d l i b era l e l i e f wh i ch f om y o u O W II p u rs e a n d
r ,
r r

t h oug h y o ur p ers on a l e xe r ti on s ha s b e e n affo d e d t o y o u f ll o w

r
,
r r e

c r ea ture s in d i s tres s e s p e c i ally on the t wo o c c a si on s on wh i ch the

,

c i ty of S urat wa s v i s i t d w i t h e x te nsi v e a nd c l ami tous fi re s

e a .

W h i l in y our p r i v a te ch i tie s y our h nd h s v er b e e n re ady to

e ar a a e

a ll e v i a t e the suffer i n o f the w i d o w a nd o ph an th e un fortun t e r a

g s ,

a nd the d e st i tut t h ere ar e fe w p ubl i c i ns ti tu ti on s a t t h i s

e,

P r e s i d e n c y wh i ch h a v e not sh are d l arg e ly in y our b ou n ty .

CH A R A R EM A R KA B L E A DDR ESS .
93

Ne i th er is it y t o d we ll up on the b e n e fi t wh i ch the t a d e
n e ce ssar r

of th i p o t has d e i v e d from the e nt e p ri s e an d magni tud e of

s r r r

y our c omm e c i l O p ati ons nor t o p oi nt o ut the g re at e x te nt

r a er ,

t o wh i ch y o u h a v e a v a i l e d y o urse lf of t he me ans of d o i ng g oo d ,

d e i v e d f om y ou me c anti l e knowl e d ge and e xp e i enc j oi n e d

r r r r r e,

t o a c on c i l i a t or y d i s p os i ti on a n d th e p rob i ty of y our ch ara c te r,

a s w e ll a s f om y ou r p os i ti on in the n at i v e c ommun i ty by
r
,

ar a ng i ng
r d i ffe e n c e s and s e ttl i ng d i sp u te s s o a s to s av e the
r ,

p arti es from the e v il s of a t e d i ous a n d e xp en i v e l i tig at i n s o .

B ut w e w o uld all ud e t o th e s e c i c um s ta n c es me e ly t o S h o w the r r

o un d s of the h i g h es ti ma t i o n in wh i c h y o u ar e u n i v ersa l l y h e ld
r
g ,

an d of t he f e l i ng s wh i ch h a v e i nd u c e d t h e m t o e xp r e ss o ur
e

g ar t i fi c a t i on a t the d i ti n c ti on wh i ch h a s b e e n c onf e rre d up on

s

o u— a g a t i fic a t i on wh i ch d e r i ves n o s mall a dd i t i on f om the

r r
y
c on s i d e a t i o n o f y u r b e i n g on e o f the p r i n c i p al m e mb e rs o f our
r o

c ommuni ty .

“
T o c omm em orate t h i s a u p i c i ous e v ent we r e que s t y our s

p ermi ss i on to apply a s um of m one y wh i ch w e h av e sub s c i b e d r

in fo m i ng a fun d t b d e s i g na te d Sir J am h edj i J ij ibhai ‘

r o e s

T a ns l a ti o n F un d an d t o b e v e s t e d in t rust e e for t he p u p ose

’
r ,
s r

o f b e i ng a pp o p ri at e d in d e f ay i ng the exp e ns e s o f tra nsl at i ng

r r

i nt o the G uj a at i l anguag e s u ch b o ok f om the Eur op e an n d

r s r a

A i ti c l ngu ag e s wh e t h e an c i e nt o m o d er n a s may b a pp r o v e d
s a a ,
r r , e

o f by the c o mm i t t e e t o b e by t h e m p ubl i s h e d a n d d i s t i b ute d

, r

g a
r t i s o , a t rl o w p i c e
a a m ong t he P a s i c o mmuni ty in fu t h e r
r ,
r , r

a n c e o f t he e d u c a t i on o f o u p e opl e of wh i ch you h av e e v er b e e n
r ,

a w rm f i e n d a nd z e a l ous p a tron
a r .

“
W e s ub s c ri b e our se lv es w i th s e nti ments o f es t eem and
e s p ec t s i your fa i thfu l a nd obl ige d serv an ts ”
r ,
r, .

this address Sir J a m she dj i replied

TO
“
M Y D EAR F R I EN D S— I fe e l d e ply g ra ti fi d t o y ou f t he e e or

a dd es s wh i ch y o u h a v e j u t p re s e nt d t o me
r S o d i s ti ng ui h e d
s e . s

a ma k of t h e e s te e m o f my fe ll o w -
r c ountryme n i an h on our o f s

wh i c h I a nd th os e who a e mo t d ear t o me may j us tly b e

,
r s ,

p ou d
r .

T o h a v e b e e n s e l ec te d by my S o v ere i g n a s the nat i v e

“

t h oug h wh om he w a s g a c i ously pl e as e d to e x ten d t he o d

r s r of r er
94 H ISTOR Y O F T H E P A R SIS . CH AR
[ 11 .

fl
k n ig h th o o d d i an s ub j e c ts w as and e v er mus t be a
t o he r I n , ,

s ou c e of d ee p p e s ona l g a t i fic a t i on t o m y s e l f
r r r B u t to e cei v e . r

t he c ongra t ul ati o n s o f m y fe ll o w - c ountrym e n in a mann e a t r

o nc e s okin d and a tte ing 3— t o h a v e th i s aus p i c i ou s e v e nt c om

r ,

m e morat e d by the c e at i o n o f a ch a i ty t o b e c onn e c te d w i t h m y

r r ,

n am e ,
n d in t he O bj e c t s o f wh i ch I s o c or d i lly c on c ur
a is a a ,

s ou c e o f i nw a r d p i d e a n d sa t i sfa c ti on
r r wh i ch i ing h igh e , ,
r s r

t h an t h g e
a t i fic a tri o n o f m e e w o ldly t i tl e s w i ll l i v e w i th
r r ,

me t o my dy ing d y a .

Y o u t oo ki n d an d fa v o urabl e m e nt i on o f my a c ts of ch a i ty
r r

has m uch a ffe c te d me T he o nly m er i t I h a v e a i gh t to cl a i m

. r

for t h e m is th a t t h e y p ro c e e d e d f o m a p ure a nd h e ar tfe l t d es i e r r ,

o ut of t he a b u nd a n c e w i th wh i ch Pr o v i d e n c e has bl e ss e d m to e,

am el i o rate the c o n d i ti on of m y f ll o w — c re a ture s W i th th i s no e .

unw o thy m ot i v e w as m i x e d ; I s oug h t n e i th er p u bl i c h on o u

r rs

n or p i v a t e a ppl au se a n d c on s c i o u s O f a
r ,
ing l e ne f p u p os e I
,
s ss o r ,

h av e l ong s i n c e ha d my re wa d W h e n th e efore H er M aj e sty s r .

,
r ,
’

mos t g a c i o us inte n t i o ns w er e c ommun i c ate d to m e I fe l t d ee ply

r ,

gra t i fi e d t h at I h a d u n c ns c i o us ly b e e n t he m e an s o f e l i c i ti ng s o
o

s i g n a l a mark o f t he g oo d fe el i ng s f Engl an d t o w d s t he p e o pl e o ar

o f I n d i a a nd it is in thi s l i g h t t h a t I p e fe
,
t o c ons i d er the di r r s

t ingu is he d h o nou r H e M j e s ty ha s c on fe re d u p o n me an d t h at
r a r ,

al s o wh i c h I h a v e e c e i v e d a t y ou
r h a nd s t h i s d y r a .

“
Noth i ng c ould pl ea e m e m ore t h an the p urp ose s to wh i ch
s

y o u p orp ose t o d e v o t e t he fun d s t h t h a v e b e e n s ub m i t te d 1 a .

s h all e v w i h my n me t o be c onne c te d w i th e v y e n d e a v ou
er s a er r

t o d i ffu k no wl e d g e a mongs t ou p e pl e a nd the ure s t w y t o

se r o s a

i nci te th em t o e l v a te n d i mp rov e t h e m se lv e s t fi t th e m t o
e a ,
o

a pp e c i a te th e bl s i ng s of th e G o v e nm n t un d er wh i ch t h e y l i v
r e s r e e,

a n d t o d es e r v e t h o e h on ours wh i ch h v e n ow for t he fi s t t i m e
s a r

b e e n e xte nd e d t o I nd i a i t o s p re a d f r and w i d e am ng s t t h em
,
s a o ,

r a t ui tously o i n a rch e ap for m t a ns l a ti o n s i n t o o u r o wn r

g ,

l anguag e of the m os t app ov e d a uth or C onne c te d w i th th i s r s .

s ub j e c t is a s c h e me t h a t I h v l ng c onte mpl t e d f r r l i e v i ng
a e o a o e

the d i s tre ss e s of t he P s i p oo r o f B omb a y Sura t a n d it n ei gh

ar , ,
s

b ourhoo d Yo u k no w f ull w e ll t he s t a te o f m i s ry in wh i ch
. e

m an y of ou p e o pl e are l i v i ng a nd t he h op el e s s i g n o a n c e in wh i ch
r ,
r

t h e i ch i ld re n a re p er m i tt e d t o g o w u p
r M y obj c t is to c re ate r . e
96 H ISTOR Y OF TH E P A R SIS . CHA R
[ 11 .

You , by you r deeds for the g oo d of mankind

by y our acts of princely m unifi c e nc e t o alleviate the
pains of s uffering h umanity have attained this h on our , ,

and have bec ome enr olled am ongst the ill ustri ou s of
the land .

This h on ou r Of which y ou may be s o j u stly

,

pr oud cann ot fail at the same time of b eing highly

,

satisfact ory t o y ou r fell ow -c ou ntrymen who in this ,

’
distingu ished mark Of Her Maj esty s graci ou s fav ou r
t o y o u m u st see h ow equ al is the c o nsiderati o n Her

Maj esty extends t o all classes of her s ubj ects and ,

that when deeds w orthy of h on ou r are d one up on all ,

w i ll h on ou r be c o nferred h owever different the race

, ,

or distant the c ou ntry Of her realm .

“
T o me who have s o l ong kn own y o u and have ,

s o l ong and fully appreciated y ou r tr uly estimable

character it is m o st pleasing that it S h o uld have

,

fallen t o my hands t o present y ou with this patent of

knighth ood I present it c ongratulating y ou m ost
.
,

sincerely up on the distincti on and h on our which y ou r

”
w orth has achieved .

The next year 1 8 4 3 Sir J am she dj i Jij ibhai was

, ,

further h on oured by the presentati o n of a medal

fro m the British G overnm ent It b ore on its face .

the image of Her M o st Graci ou s Maj esty the Q u een

encircled with diam onds O n the reverse was in .

scribed Sir J am she dj i Jij ibha i K night from the , ,

Bri tish G overnment in h on our of his mun ifi c e n c e

CH AP . A M EDA L OF H ONO UR .
97

and his patri otism It was forwarded t o the .

G overn or of B ombay by the President of the B o ard

o f C o ntr o l for presentati o n in whatever manner
’
might appear t o him t o be m ost pr oper In a c .

c or d a n ce with the instru cti ons this beau t i fu l medal

was presented t o Sir J am she dj i in the presence Of

the members of the G overnment and of Sir Ja m
s he d i s friends by Sir Ge o rge Arth u r the G o vern o r
’

j ,

o f B o mbay and o n handing the medal t o Sir

, ,

J a ms he dj i Sir Ge orge delivered the foll owing a d

,

dress
I c ould n ot with per fect satisfacti on t o myself
“
, ,

perform the pleasing task which has dev olved up on

me with ou t instit uting s ome inqu iry as t o what
was the area Of m un ifi c en c e and what the deeds Of
patri otism t o which the inscripti on refers I learned .

after very careful inqu iries that the s ums y ou had

p ublicly given and which were m o stly expended in
,

u seful w o rks for the general benefit Of the c o untry ,

am ounted t o the amazing s um of upwards of

Rs 9 0 0 0 0 0 or m ore than
.
, ,
sterling Well .

’
indeed might Her Maj esty s G overnment designat e
s u ch liberality as acts of m unifi c e nc e and deeds of ’

’
patri otism .

“
S ome men h ope t o distinguish themselves by
their c ourage and c ondu ct in the field and seek ,

military gl ory ; o thers t o o btain h o n o urable d is t in c

ti on by their exerti ons in the senate and the
V OL . II . H
98 H ISTOR Y O F T H E P A R SIS . CH A R
[ II .

cabinet — ou sir have s ou ght t o disting u ish y ou r

y , ,

self by y our philanthr opy y our munifi c en c e and , ,

y our patriotism : and y o u have sir y our reward , , .

This bea u tifu l medal th u s p ublicl y presented t o y ou

,

by Her Maj esty s c ommand — the esteem and appro

’

b a tion o f which this medal is a t oken —these sir are , , ,

y our re wards — the rewards o f y our mu n ific e nc e ‘ ’

and Of y ou r p a tr i otis m
‘
.
’

I c ould have wished h owever that to these t w o , ,

’
w ords Her Maj esty s G overnment had added that Of
benevol enc e
’
.

“
In inqu iring what were the instances of p u bl i c
munifi c enc e by w hich y ou had distingu ished y ou rself ,

it was imp ossible for me t o av oid gaining an insight

int o y our acts of p r iva te charity ; and acc ording t o
the best informati on I have been able t o pr o cu re
thr ou gh inqu iries made with every desire t o av oid
hu rting y our feelings I have learned that y o ur private
,

charities th ou gh S O best owed that many of them are

,

u nkn own even t o the members o f y ou r o wn famil y ,

have been nearly as u nb ounded .

F or these acts o f benev olence sir y ou may l ook , ,

for an o ther and a still higher reward at the cl o se of

y ou r well -spent life : when y ou shall lay y our head
o n y ou r dying pill o w the remembrance that y ou
,

have s o u sed the wealth w ith which Pr ovidence has

blessed y ou will be y ou r greatest and best c omfort ,

and the th oughts of y ou r n umer ou s d eeds of bene

I oo H ISTOR Y O F T H E P A R SIS
. C H AR
[ 11 .

his c ou ntry and mankind — a n oble example of

,

blameless private life and p ublic w orth as a citizen

of B o mbay and of sp otless c ommercial integrity
,

as a m ost eminent British s ubj ect and merchant

in India.

We have said befo re that Sir J am she dj i s bene ’

facti ons were not c o nfined t o his ow n race and

c ou ntry There are several instances on rec ord in
.

which he rendered timely assistance when distress

or calamities o cc u rred in o ther parts Of the w orld .

“
When the b ones of th ou sands Of her oic men ,

E ur opeans and sep oys were whitening in the sn ows

,

of K ab ul when famine decimated the Highlands of

,

Sc otland when a myste ri ou s dispe n sati on of Pr ovi

,

dence deprived the p o or Irishmen of their daily food ,

when the wid o ws and the orphans of the brave men

who died for the right at Alma and Inkermann

stretched forth their hands for aid n one evinced a ,

m o re gener ou s sympathy n one sh o we d m ore alacrity

,

in giving bread t o the h u ngry and binding up the

w ounds Of the br oken - hearted than the benev olent
”
Parsi knight .

We give pr o minent inserti on here t o a letter of

Baron M F Hau smann t he Prefect of the Seine
. .
, ,

addressed t o the L ord May or of L o nd o n on the ,

receipt of a d onati on fr om Sir J am she dj i of £ 5 0 0 ,

for the benefit of the s ufferers fr om the inundati ons

in France in 1 8 5 6 .
C HAP . INUNDA TIONS IN FR A NCE . 10 1

You h v e b e en kin d e noug h to i nform me th t Sir Jamshe dj

a a i

J ij ibha i m e ch ant o f B omb a y ha d s e nt y ou a sum o f £ 5 0 0

,
r ,

for t he b e n e fi t o f th e v i c t i m O f the i nun d ti on s in F n c s a ra e,

a n d wh i c h y o u h a d d i re c te d M s srs R o th s ch i ld t o
p ay i nt o my
e .

h an d s .

I h a v e r e a d w i t h l i v e ly i nt ere st t he l e tt e wh i ch Sir r

J msh edj i Jij ibhai h as a dd e s se d t o y ou

a an d I c ong a tul a t e
r r

my elf in the nam of my n at i v e c ount y u p n th co d i l s en t i

s e r o e r a

m nts wh i ch th e a ll i an c e o f F r an c e and Eng l an d h as a w ak e ne d

e
,

a s w e ll in y ou r e a t c ol on y a s in the m oth e r- c o un t ry
g r .

“
S u ch g e n e o u p ro ofs o f s y mp at hy c all for th the e nti e
r s r

ra ti tud e of t he F e n ch n ti on a nd in a dd i ti on t o the p ol i t i c a l
g r a : ,

a ll i an c e wh i c h un i te s t h e t w o G o v er nm n t s s u c h e man a t i o n s of e ,

s y mp a thy c r e a te n e w b on d s o f f i e n d h i p b e t we e n the t wo r s

p e opl es at l arge .

“
I b e g y ou m y L or d t o b e ki nd e nough in my n ame a n d
, , , ,

in t h at of my fe ll o w - c i ti ens t o t h ank Sir J amshe dj i Jij ibhai for

z ,

hi a s s i s tan c e
s I a m h a ppy t o p ay t h i s d e b t o f g ra t i tud e t o a
.

g entl e man wh o has e c e i v e d f om y ou r g a c i ou s Qu e e n a n d f om

r r r r

t he C orp ora ti on s uc h h on oura bl e d i s ti nc t i on

”
.

Acts su ch as these u nd oubtedly create durable

b onds of friendship between different nati ons .

Sir Jamshe dj i s grateful c ountrym en were n ot ’

h owever behindhand in rec ognising and p ublicly

,

testifying their r espect for the g oo d q ualities which

distingu ished this great man In the m onth of .

June 1 8 5 6 a p ublic meeting o rganised by the ,

n ative p op u lati o n Of B ombay and c ordiall y s up ,

p orted by the E ur opeans O f the city was held in ,

the t own -hall The o bj ect of the dem onstrati o n

.

was t o v ote a stat u e t o the venerable knight an ,

h on our then unprecedented in the hist ory Of India .

L ord Elphinst one the G overn or o f B ombay w ho len t , ,

10 2 H ISTOR Y O F T H E P AR SIS
. C HAR
[ 11 .

all his influ ence and s upp ort t o the undertaking

by presiding at the meeting made an el oqu ent and
,

impressive speech He th ou ght it was a goo d S ign

.

when a c ommun ity c ame forward of its ow n acc ord t o

d o h omage t o real w orth and that in h on ou ring Sir
,

J am she dj i Jij ibha i the c ommu nity h on ou red itself .

He p ointed out that Sir J a m she dj i s claims t o their

’

respect and l ove did n ot rest s olely up o n the vast

s ums which he had c ontrib uted t o Obj ects of charity
and other great u ndertakings Of a p u blic character .

His L ordship went on t o remark that the extent of

the s e c o ntrib uti o ns was alm o st incredible— his p u blic

benefacti ons al one am ounting t o a qu arter of a milli on

sterling— and as ked i n what age and in what c ountry
can we find an other example of s u ch princely mun ifi
cence ? B ut it was n ot the am ou nt only of Sir
J am she dj i s charities that m o st c ommanded L ord
’

El phins t on e s admirati on
’
.He said
Tru e liberality is sh own in the manner of distri
but ion n o less than in the am ount I will n ot g o
.

back t o the dark ages and cite the times w hen

,

Christian m onasteries and B u ddhist wic ka r a s were

en dowed by men w ho s ought t o gain the fav ou r of
Heaven by ren ouncing their p ossessi ons and perform
ing what they c onsidered an act of charity and which ,

was certa inly one of abnegati on I may h owever

.
, ,

refer t o th ose who founded our great c ollegiate insti

t ut ion s and t o the m onarchs who b uilt the H otel d es
,
10 4 H ISTOR Y OF TH E P AR SIS . CH
[ AR 11 .

Of the pe ople called after him Besides I think we

,
.
,

may well wish t o perpet u ate am ong the w orthies who

have a place in this hall or our p ublic streets the
, ,

likeness of a man w ho has c onferred s u ch great benefits

up o n the c o mmu nity and wh o will leave behind him
,

s o bright an example of all the qu alities which dignify

the acquisiti on Of wealth and render its p ossessi on a

,

blessing M ost civilised nati ons b oth in ancient and

.
,

m o dern times have ad opted this m ode Of h on ouring

,

distinguished p ublic V ir tu es and services At Athens .

we read that the p ortic oes were crowded wi th statues ,

and at R ome the n u mber in the foru m became s o great

that the cens ors P C orneli u s Scipi o and M Papil ius
,
. .
,

rem oved all th ose which had n ot been erected with

the sancti on of the senate and the pe ople It is not .

likely that s u ch an acc umulati on will take place any

—
where in m odern times least Of all is it likely in
,

India ; but if it were p ossible I w ould vent ure t o,

predict that n o future cens o r w ould be found t o dir ect

the rem oval of the statu e Of Sir J a m s he dj i Jij ibha i
fr om the sp o t where it is t o be placed and that it will ,

remain t o distant generati ons a m onument of the civic

virt u es of the man and of the gratitu de of the c om
,

”
m unity .

The statu e th us res olved up on was exec uted in

marble by the fam o us Italian artist Bar on M ar oc he tt i , ,

at a c ost of It ad orns the t own -hall o f

B ombay by the side of th ose Of his ol d friends Sir
CH AP . TH E M AHIM CA US E W A Y . 10 5

J o hn Malc olm Sir Charles F o rbes and Sir Bartle

, ,

Frere It stands there as an example t o all In dia of

.

what on e of its n oblest s ons has d one for its benefit ,

a s well as in pr o o f of the appreciati o n o f his w orth

by his grateful fell ow- citizens .

While we have thu s dilated u p on Sir J a mshe dj i s ’

c haracter for benev olence we cann o t o mit t o menti o n

,

that Lady J am she dj i was n o less o f a benev olent

d isp ositi o n T o the p oor and needy her helping hand
.

was always extended The Mahim cau seway which .

,

c o nnects B ombay with Salsette and which was b u ilt ,

a t a c o st of Rs 1 5 7 0 0 0 is a standing proof of her

.
, ,

wise liberality Before the execu ti o n of this u seful

.

work n umbers of p ers o ns were dr owned every year

in the r o aring c urrent which had t o be passed ,

thr ou gh in cr ossing fr om on e island t o the o ther ,

a n d it is owing t o her mercifu l heart that hun

'

d reds of lives have been saved since the b uilding

o f that causeway The speech which Sir Ge orge
.

Arth ur G overn or of B ombay made at the opening

, ,

of this cau seway br ou ght o ut Lady J a m s he dj i s ’

character in s u ch b old relief that we are tempted

t o give it here in its entirety He said This .

is an o ccasi on which affords me the highest grat ifi

cati o n and I w ould wish t o preface my remarks with
,

a few general o bservati ons S o me years back it was .

s uggested t o the G o vernment the desirableness of

erecting a causeway between Mahim and Band ora but ,
10 6 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . CHAR
[ 11 .

o wing t o the state of its finances the impr ovemen t

was aband oned and for the present the matter fell t o
,

the gr ound S ome three or fou r years back the then

.

G overnment cau sed a s urv ey t o be made and the ,

estimate of the engineer was prepared and presented ,

but owing t o a demand on its res ou rces fr o m other

q uarters they were c ompelled t o p o stp one the c on
siderati on of the s ubj ect In the year 1 8 4 1 very great
.

calamities o ccurred throu gh the u psetting of fr o m

fifteen t o twenty b oats while attempting during the ,

m ons o on t o cr oss the river o ccasi on ing great l oss of

, ,

life Lady J am s he dj i on hearing of these dreadful

.
,

accidents inquired Why d o n ot the G overnment b uil d

, ,

a bridge acr o ss these waters t o prevent s u ch accidents

and on hearing that for the present the rulers of t he
,

land were n ot then prepared t o carry ou t s u ch pr o

e c t s as w o u ld prevent a recu rrence of the m stated
j ,

that she herself out of her p r i va te fortu ne w ould

, ,

willingly defray the expense was she m ade acqu ainted

with the act u al outlay requ ired Up o n this an esti .

mate was framed w hich like the estimates of the

, ,

engineer ofiic e rs generally was in the end fou nd t o ,

be a very l ong way behind the act u al c ost The .

estimate presented at that peri o d c omp uted that

B s 6 7 0 0 0 w ere s ufficient t o c omplete the u ndertaking
.
, ,

bu t after this s um had been expended it was fou nd

-
that i t was in c omparis on scarcely one third of what
was abs ol utely needed Lady J am shedj i then rathe r
.
,
10 8 H I S T OR Y O f f T H E P A R S I S . C
[ H A R II .

making a grand t otal of the d onati ons of this m o st

liberal and gener ou s lady am ounting for this u seful ,

u ndertaking al o ne t o the s u m of B s 1 5 7 0 0 0
,
Lady .
, .

J am she dj i had frequ ently u rged that as the p o orer ,

classes of the c ommunity were c oncerned it was n o ,

m ore than right a nd j ust that the rich sh ou ld c ontri

b ute t o their wants In th u s n oticing the liberality
.

o f her ladyship I cann ot but avail myself of the

,

opp ort u nity o f menti o ning circ umstances which t o

s o me here present may be t otally unkn own— I all ud e ,

Sir J am she dj i t o the very great liberality of y ou r

,

family Fr o m a mem orandu m that I made s ome tw o

.

years back and fr om what I have since been able t o

,

c ollect th ough many of y our deeds of charity age

,

hidden from the sight of all men I s um up that n o

,

less a s um than has been s ubscribed

by y our family for p ublic w orks ; and when I c ome
t o place this s u m in j u xtap o siti o n with the gifts o f

British merchants I say G ive me a B ombay mer

,

chant I t matters n ot t o what creed they may bel ong

.
,

as they are created of on e and the same G od and the

act of benev olence and charity w ill it is to be h oped, ,

have its weight event u ally I shall n ow c oncl ude by

.

prop o sing the health of Lady J a mshe dj i and that she ,

and Sir Ja m she dj i and family may for many years be

blessed with health and pr o sperity .

We have referred t o the high h on ou r of knighth ood

which Sir J a mshe dj i received from Her Graci ou s
C H AP . T H E O NE IND IA N B A R ONE T . 10 9

Maj esty and the mark of distincti o n which he r e

,

c e iv e d fr o m his grateful fell o w -citizens in the shape

of a stat u e B ut his h o n ours did n o t cease here for
.
, ,

sh ortly before his death Her Graci ou s Maj esty was ,

1
pleased t o raise him t o the dign ity of a baronet of
the United K ingd om which title has n ot t o this ,

day been c onferred u p on any other native of India .

He d ied in 1 8 5 9 at the patriarchal age of seventy -six .

The grief of the general c ommunity on that o ccasi on

manifested itself in an intense form the banks mer ,

’
chants offices and all the sh ops in the city were
,

cl o sed as a mark of respect t o his mem ory .

Sir J am she dj i left three s ons and a dau ghter The .

eldest s on K har she dj i s u cceeded t o the bar onetcy

, ,

and his father s entailed estate He and his br others

’
.

inherited the spirit of their father The Deccan .

C ollege is a m onument of the sec ond bar onet s e n ’

lightened liberality He o ccu pied his revered father s .

’

place in the c ommu nity with equ al dignity and was ,

h on oured and respected by all Sir Seym ou r Fitz .

gerald G overn or of B ombay c onferred up o n him the

, ,

distincti on of a seat in the Legislative C ou ncil O n .

his death which t ook place in the year 1 8 7 7 a p ublic

, ,

meeting of the inhabitants of B ombay E u r opean as ,

well as native c o nvened thr ou gh the Sheriff and pre

, ,

sided ov er by Sir Richard Temple the able p op ular , , ,

1
T he p a ten t o f t hi b n t c y wh i c h will
s aro e , be i nteresting to Pars i
r ea de rs, is g iv en in th A pp n d i x
e e .
n o HISTOR Y O F TH E PA R SIS .
[ AR
C H u .

and energetic G overn or of B ombay was held in the ,

t own -hall when it was res olved t o perpet u ate his

,

name in c onnecti on with s o me obj ect or institu ti o n o f

p u blic u tility and a large s um am ou nting t o nearly
, ,

Rs 4 0 0 0 0 was at once s u bscribed for the p u rp o se of

.
, ,

carrying out that res ol uti on

The sec ond s on Ras tamj i was als o well kn own
, ,

for his liberal and charitable disp o siti on D uring the .

American war he exp orted large qu antities o f c ott on

t o England and amassed a c o nsiderable fortu ne
,
It .

is said that his private charities were as u nb ounded

as his gains had been large Many of the p oo r of .

B ombay S urat Na v s ari and o ther places in G uj arat

, , ,

were the recipients of his b ou nty many p ublic w orks ,

s u ch as dharmshalas drinking fou ntains and r oads

, , ,

bear testim ony t o his liberality He established a .

charitable sch ool and a dispensary at G oa for which , ,

and for many other benefacti ons in the G oa territ ories ,

he was h on ou red by the K ing of P ort ugal with the

dignity of a C ount He gave c ontrib uti ons of th ou
.

sands of ru pees t o the charitable fu nds of the Parsi

c omm unity ; and on his death which t o ok place in ,

the year 1 8 7 2 the Parsis of B ombay raised a s um of

,

ab ou t Rs 2 5 0 0 0 in his h on ou r and made o ver the

.
, ,

same t o the Parsi Panchayet .

Sor abj i J am s he dj i the y o ungest o f the three

,

s ons of the first bar onet was eq u ally benev olent , .

He gave the G overnment the hands ome s um of

1 12 HISTOR Y O F TH E PA RSI S . CH AR
[ 11 .

b u siness as a merchant in the year 1 7 9 0 and in 1 7 9 5 ,

had bec ome agent for the H on ourable East India Com
pany Fr om an early age he sh owed high capacity for
.

b u siness and d uring half a cent u ry he was on e of the

,

m ost enlightened energetic and h on ou rable merchants

, , .

B ut his name will c hiefly be remembered on acc ount

o f his benev o lence and high character as a citizen and ,

for his zeal ou s and indefatigable exerti ons for the pr o

m oti on of the m oral and physical impr ovement of his
c ou ntrymen He was on e of the m ost active of th o se
.

wh o shared or assisted in the ed ucati o nal m ovement

d uring the administrati on of the H on ourable Mount

stuart Elphinst one He was a member for many
.

years of the late B oard of Edu cati on to which had ,

been entru sted by G overnment the directi on of edu ca

ti o n in Western India O n his death which o ccurred
.
,

in the year 1 8 5 1 the B oard of which Sir Erskine

, ,

Perry Chief-
,
J ustice of Her Maj esty s S upreme C ourt ’

at B ombay was president expressed themselves t o

, ,

G overnment as foll o ws F ramj i K av a sj i Esqu ire , ,

resigned his seat in c onsequ ence of his advanced

,

time of life The eminent and g o o d citizenship

.
,

and zeal in s u pp orting every meas ure for p u blic

improvement which distinguished o ur late mu ch
,

esteemed c olleagu e are t oo well kn own t o y our

,

L ordship in c ouncil t o need any n otice fr om u s ,

but in rec ording his death which s ubsequ ently ,

o cc u rre d the B o ard feel a melanch oly pleas u re in

,
C H AR F R A Mj I R A VA SJ I
'

. 1 1 3

thu s p u blicly expressing the respect in which they

h old his mem ory .

In reply the G overnment thr ou gh its secretary , ,

b ore high testim ony t o F r amj i s worth in the ’

foll owing w ords I am instru cted t o observe

that the trib ute which the B o ard have paid t o the
late Framj i K a v asj i Esquir e has been very pro
, ,

perly rendered on this o ccasi on t o th e mem ory of an

excellent and deserving man The Right H on ou r .

able the G o vern or in C ouncil gladly avails himself of

this opp ort unity again t o express the high opinio n
entertained by himself and his predecess ors of the
w orth of the deceased as on e who perceived that he ,

c ould best serve his c ountry by enc ou raging edu ca

”
ti on and who acted up t o his pers uasi on
,
.

F ramj i K av asj i als o disting u ished himself by his

remarkable ind u stry and a l ove for the extensi o n of
agric ul t ure in India and for his exerti ons in that
,

di recti on he was j u stly sty led the L ord L eicester o f

Western India O n his estate at Pavai ab ou t
.
,

eighteen mil es fr om B ombay he intr odu ced the c u lti ,

v ati o n of c o tt on and tea and planted a great q u antity

,

o f s ugar -canes indigo and mu lberries for silk w orms

, , ,

and a large n umber of other val u able pr o du cts of the

s oil Th o ugh he did n ot s u cceed t o the extent of his
.

desires b e c onverted the place fr om a forest int o a

,

fertile estate yielding a net reven u e of B s 2 0 0 0 0

,
.
,

or per annu m Am on g other impr ovement s

.

V OL . II .
1 1 4 HISTOR Y OF TH E PA R SI S
. C H AR
[ 11 .

he intr od u ce d the Mau ritiu s s ugar -cane which the ,

G overnment of B ombay with his c c -operati on sent

o u t o ver the Deccan and s ou thern Maratha c ou ntry ,

where it has displaced m o st other varieties .

The l ab ou rs of this the greatest native impr over of

the s oil in Western India will be best underst o o d by
a per usal of an extract fr om a minute by Sir J ohn
Malc olm then G overn or of B ombay In his acc ou nt
,
.

o f the Indian admi nistrati o n he th u s speaks of Pavai ,

u nder the head of impr ovements in Salsette

“
A grant was given t o F r amj i of the fine estate of
Pavai in perpetuity at a m o derate qu it rent on an
, , ,

u nderstanding that certain impr o vements were t o be

made . My min ute of the 3 0 th of N ovember 1 8 8 0

fully explains how far that g ood and able man has
realised these expectati ons I shall therefore quote it
as the best illu strat i on of the c onseq uences that have
already res ulted fro m the meas ures ad opted t o pro
m ote the pro sperity of Salsette I lately paid a V isit
t o the estate of F ra mj i K a v a sj i at Pavai and never ,

was m ore gratified This high l y respectable native

.

has laid out m u ch m oney in a variety of u seful im

r ov e m e n t s ; he has s u nk a n u mber of we ll s has
p ,

b uilt h ou ses made an excellent r o ad planted a great

, ,

q uantity o f s ugar -cane indig o and m ulberries for

, ,

silkw orms ; he has erected an excellent s u gar -mill ,

which I saw at w ork and all the necessary b u ildings

,

o f an indig o man u fact ory B ut what I was m o st

.
1 1 6 HISTOR Y O F TH E PA R SIS . C H AR
[ 11 .

my ow n val uable watch and chain expressing at the ,

same time before the gentlemen who acc ompanied

,

me and a crowd of the natives empl oyed or settled on

h i s estate my delight with what I had witnessed
, ,

and the gratification I sh ou ld have in c onveying t o

the B o ard and t o my superi ors in England informa
t i on of all I had seen and my sense of the val u e of
,

s u ch impr ovements as he had made and pr oj ected ,

both t o the G o vernment and t o the c ou ntry F r amj i .

K a v a sj i was delighted with the appr obati on I gave

him . He w ould persevere he said whatever dis
, ,

c oura e m e nt he might at firs t meet with in his plans

g
my watch he added sh ould be preserved in his
, ,

family ; and he deemed the gift best owed on the

sp ot and in the manner it was as rendering stronger
, ,

than ever the pledge he had g iven t o G overnment t o

impro ve in every way the lands they have granted
”
him .

The same disting uished statesman bears testim ony

t o the intelligence and enterprise o f the Parsis in

the foll owing w o rds There is n o b ody of natives

in India s o remarkable for their intelligence and
enterprise as the Parsis B ombay ha s owed its
.

advancement in a great degree t o this class ; and

in the act u al c onditi o n of this Presidency it appears
t o me a p olitical c o nsiderati o n of m u ch imp ortance t o

strengthen their attachment t o G overnment by new

ties which are of a nat ure calculated t o c ombine the
C H AP . A TRIB UTE T O PA R SIS . I I 7

pr om oti on of their interests with th o se of the State .

Sal sette is rec ommended t o them by its vicinity t o

B ombay its excellent r oads an d security It may
, ,
.

n ot yield the pr ofit they anticipate but they will ,

render it a garden and free us fr om tr ouble and ,

expense in its management ; and ab ove all it will , ,

give t o the wealthy and p ublic -spirited men that

interest in the s oil and that kn owledge of the
benefits of w orks like roads canals and bridges , , ,

which may be of the greatest u s e b oth as it disp oses ,

them t o embark in w orks that advance the interests

of G overnment and the general pr o sperity of this

Pres i dency The feelings which will be inspired and

.

the kn owledge attained by men of this class being

landh olders in Salsette will gradu ally lead them t o
the K o nkan and Deccan where s u ch pers ons are mu ch ,

required t o pr om ote plans of impr ovement with out ,

which these c ountries will never pay the expenses of

”
their o ccupati o n and management .

F ra mj i K av a sj i was the first Parsi — w e may

safely say the first native of India — who sent a
present of that sweet and delici ou s fruit the B om ,

bay mang o t o Her M o st Graci ou s Maj esty the

,

Q ueen .
1

1
T he f ll w ing l
o o etter a cc mp ni d th p n t
o a e e re se

T o H ER M os r G RA c rous '
M AJ E S TY H E Q UE E N O F ENGLAND
T .

pl
M ay ity u M j ty e as e o r a es ,

Th i mp v m n t n d
e xt n i n
ro e e a e e s o of st eam na vi g ti a on hv nw
a e o

h ppi l y b gh t y u M j ty d m i ni
a r ou o r a es
’
s o ons at h o me an d your d min i n
o o s
1 1 8 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ II .

F ramj l K a v a sj i s
high character and v ir tu es were ’

s o deeply appreciated by all classes of his fell o w

citizens that on his death which o ccurred at the ripe ,

ol d age of eighty -four all classes of the c ommu nity ,

E uropeans Parsis Hind u s and M ahom e da n s— j oined

, , ,

t ogether in a p ublic m eeting c onvened by the sheriff ,

in the t o wn - hall of B ombay for the p urp o se of ,

taking steps t o preserve his mem ory At this meet .

ing Mr P W L e Ge y t a j u dge of the then Sadar

. . .
,

Adalat ( C ourt of Appeal ) presided F r amj i s was ,

.
’

the first in stance in the hist ory of Western In dia

in which Eur opeans as well as natives j oined t o , ,

gether t o d o h on our t o the mem ory of a native of

in th e Ea stern w ld c l ly t g th th t I v ntu m t humb l y

or so os e o e er a e re os

and m t p ctf lly t l y t y u M j ty f t m p ci m n

os r es e u o a a o r a es
’
s ee so e s e e s

of th c l b t d B mb y m ng
e e e in th
ra e n t h p t h t th i
o a a oe s, e ear es o e a s

d lici u f i t wh i ch h n v b f b n t n m i tt d t Eu p
e o s ru ,
as e er e or e ee ra s e o ro e,

m y a ch y u M j ty in
r ea t t o f p v ti n n d p v
r a es a s a e o re s er a o a ro e

acc pt b l
e a e .

S c h p c uti n h v b n d p t d t p
u re a v th f u i t
o s pp
a e ee a o e o res e r e e r as a ea r

m t ffi c c i
os eb t if th b t n i t
a f y u M j ty d min i n
ou s, u t e o a s s o o r a es
’
s o o s a

h m n p c ib p f bl m th d it h ll b d p t d in th
o e ca res r e a r e era e e o , s a e a o e e

t n mi i n
ra s f fu th ss o pp l i f th i o ny th k in d f f it
r er su es o s or a o er o ru

p cu li t th c un t y w h ich h n t hi th t b n n in G t
e ar o e o r as o er o ee s ee rea

B it in
r a .

Y u M j ty m t d tif l n d f i thful
’
o r a es s os u u a a

E t n ubj ct as e r s e ,

P R A NJ I K AV A SJ I .

B O M B AY, 1 8 th M a y 1 8 3 8 .

In a c k n w l dg m
o h i s p resen t the M aster of th H ou seh ol d
e ent of t e

c on v y e d to him the Q ue en s app ob ati on of the z e l an d e nte p i se

e
’
r a r r

e vi n c e d b y h im an d H r M aj e ty s g a ti fi c a ti on t th e d u tiful exp r s
’
, e s r a e

s i o n o f l oy a l ty b y wh i ch his p re se n t was a cc om p a n i e d .
120 HISTOR Y O F TH E P AR SI S . CH AR
[ 11 .

p ossessed that virtu e n ot c omm on am ong pe ople

,

n ow in an eminent degree
,
It is a virtu e t o o little
.

exemplifie d by our Hind u friends — who I h ope , , ,

will excu se me for s o saying — n or is it universal ,

am ong the Parsis but it is m ore s o am on g them than

,

am ong other classes Framj i K av a sj i exercised that

.

virt u e m ore than o thers of his c ou ntrymen : he was

a steady go od citi zen b old en ough t o speak out his
,

o pini on and energetic t o exert himself t o d o his

,

c ou ntry go od These virtues w e are desir ous t o see

.

”
universal .

The inst i t ut i on thu s founded t o c ommem orate the

“
name of Framj i K av asj i is The Fr a mj i K av a sj i
Institute n ow fam iliar t o the citizens of B ombay
, ,

where p ublic meetings in s u pp ort of a ll lau dable

obj ects are held a nd interesting lect u res on scienti fic

,

and other s ubj ects are deli vered .

Framj i K a v a sj i was o ne of the forem o st am ong

th o se who assisted in the establishment of a g oo d
E nglish newspaper in B o mbay In chr onicling his .

death which t ook place in the year 1 8 5 1 Dr B uist

, ,
.
,

the edit or th us described in the B omba y Times ( n ow

,

the Times of I nd i a ) the circu mstances which led t o

the establishment of that paper and the i nterest ,

“
which Fr a mj i t ook in bringing it i nt o being A °

vast additi on t o the n umber of the E ur opean c om

m unity and increase t o the mercantile enterprise of the
Presidency having been o ccasi oned by the operati ons
C H AR A F REE PRESS . 12 1

of the new charter fostered as they were by the

,

exerti ons of a s u ccessi o n of able and patri otic a dm inis

tr at ions in the peri o d j u st preceding 1 8 4 0 i t became
,

apparent that new life —bl oo d was wanted in the press ,

and that newspapers mu st from henceforth have m u ch

fl
m ore imp ortant tasks t o perform than the ann ounce
ment of the reliefs of the army the chr onicling of the
,

m ovements of the G overn or or festivals at G o vern

,

ment H ouse the accidents of the chase or calamities

, ,

of famine or c on a r a tion A free press was d e s ider

g .

ated for the advo cacy of p ublic measu res n ow that

freed om of discussi on had been permitte d t o news
papers and a p ublic created for the ir peru sal while the ,

opening u
p of the o verland c o mm u nicati o n was begin

ning t o permit the transmissi on of enlightenment t o

the pe ople at h ome through the j ournals of India .

T o this as t o all o ther changes in the p olitical sky

, ,

the s ubj ect of our n otice was fully alive and Fra mj i,

K av asj i was one o f the first of th o se who exerte d

themselves t o bring int o existence the j ournal wh i ch
”
n ow chr onicles his demise .

The F ra mj i K a v asj i Tank cl ose t o the Instit ute ,

and the reserv oir on the O belisk r o ad for the pur,

p ose of securing a permanent s upply of water t o the

p ublic are excellent m onu ments of Framj i s cath olic
,
’

charity and ben ev olence F ramj i K av a sj i als o c ontri

.

“
b uted a lakh of rupees t owards b uil ding an Atash
Behram or chief fi re - temple in B ombay which is ,
 HISTOR Y OF TH E PA R SIS
. C H AR
[ 11 .

’
called after his father s name The o ther c ontribu .

t ors to this g oo d w ork were his br other K harshe dj i

K av a sj i Banaj i and his nephew D a dabhai Ra s tamj i
Banaj i.

F r amj i had t wo br others Ras t amj l K av a sj i and

,

K hars he dj i K av a sj i who were b oth men of mark

,
.

With that enterprising spirit which has always dis

t ing uis he d the Parsis Ra s tamj i K av a sj i went t o
,

Calcutta t o settle with his family There he su c .

c ee de d i n establishing an exte nsive bu siness as a

merchant and ship o wner and thr ough his activity ,

and enterprise was well kn own thr ou gh ou t the East .

The failure of the Uni on Bank of which he was on e of ,

the largest shareh ol ders and wh i ch was an u nlimited

,

c ompany br ought u ndeserved ruin up on him and in

, ,

his misfortune he had the sympathy of every man in

Bengal where his benev olent and h ospitable character
was generally rec ognised O n his death which t ook.
,

place in the year 1 8 5 2 on e of the leading Calc utta

,

“
papers said that d uring his pr o sperity he s ought
Eu r opean s ociety and breaking thr ou gh the restraints
, ,

u s u al am o ng his c ou ntrymen did n ot hesitate t o ,

in tr o du ce the ladies of his family t o his gu ests am ong ,

wh om the G overn or -General of India has m ore than

o nce been present . Ras ta mj i was extremely liberal
while he had the means and there m u st be many yet
,

living w ho have felt his kindness when it was of the

”
u tm o st val u e t o them The F r i end of I nd ia then
.
,
12 4 HISTOR Y O F TH E P A R S I S .
[
ca n 11 .

mem ory for what they enj oy Kharshedj i K av a sj i .

,

like his brother Framj i gave a lakh of rupees t owards

,

b uilding an Atash - Behram or chief fi r e - temple i n , ,

mem ory of his father The mantle of this branch of.

the family has fallen on his grands on Mr M anc herj i ,

.

Na or ozj i Banaj i who has been for several years

,

a member of the Municipal C orp orati on and T own

C ouncil of B ombay .

An other Pars i fam i ly i n wh i ch s ome of the best

traits of character that have distinguished our race in
the past generati on— s uch as c ommercial enterprise ,

ind ustry integrity benev olence and p ublic spirit

, , ,

were m ost c onspic uously sh own forth was that of the

V ikaj is This fam i ly came originally from the small
.

seap ort t o wn of Tarap u r in the Thana district where ,

several of its memb ers still own c onsiderable pr o

perty In the beginn i ng of this cent ury it was r epre
.

sented by the br others V ikaj i Merj i and Pe s t anj i

Merj i and by their c ou sins B era mj i Bhimj i and Hirj i
,

Bhimj i o f wh o m the eldest and m o st enterprising was

,

V ikaj i F or several generati ons pre v i ou sly the chief

.

o cc upati o n o f the family had been agric ult u re ; but

these men departed from the traditi onal groove and

added t o their ol d p urs u it a new career of u sefulness
for themselves in which they attained in an in
, ,

credibly sh ort time a n extra ordinary degree of s uc

,

cess They be gan by farming the revenu es of a small

.

“ “ ” ”
mahal named Aseri in the Bassein district under
, , ,
C HAR ’

NA T I VE A D M I NI S TR A T I O IV . 12 5

the g overnment of the Peshwa In c ourse of time .

,

when the late East India C ompany s u cceeded t o

the Peshwas of P oona they were app oin ted farmers
,

of the land and sea c u st oms of N o rthern K onkan .

In 1 8 3 6 they were the s ole farmers of th e cu st oms of

N orthern and S outhern K onkan and als o of the land
cu st oms of the districts of P oona Sh olap ur Ahmed , ,

nagar and a part of K handesh Their management

,
.

o f these pr o vinces was remarkable on the on e hand , ,

for the magnit u de of its area and the vastness of its

res ources and on the other for a vigor ou s and well
, , ,

o rganised system in the administrati o n of its details .

It was fou nd t o be s o highly efficient that the

Thana c ollect or of the day in his rep ort t o the ,

Revenu e C ommissi oner of P oona dated the 3 1 s t o f ,

Augu st 1 8 3 5 wr ote of V ikaj i Merj i in these terms

,

He may well b o ast of never having given a single

cau se t o regret their ( i e the British G overnment )
. .

having given t o him a private individu al the , ,

m anagement of an extent o f territ o ry and a s um of

m oney never before eq u alled in the rec ords of any
”
G overnment The s olid res ults of this p olicy on
.

V ik aj i s part were that the State reven u es of the

’

pr ovinces within the seven years that they had been

administered by him were m ore than d oubled with ou t
at the same time appreciably adding t o the b u rdens
o f the subj ect Synchr on ou sly with their official
.

c onnecti on with the State they als o directed their

12 6 HISTOR Y O F TH E PA R SIS . C H AR
[ 11 .

energies t o c ommercial b u siness At the highest .

peri o d of their pr osperity in trade which was fr om ,

1 8 3 5 t o 1 8 4 5 they had their head -

,
offi c e in B o mbay ,

with branch firms and c orresp onding h ou ses in every

imp o rtant t own of the B ombay Presidency and als o ,

in Calcutta Singap ore and China In 1 8 2 5 -2 6 they

, , .

imp orted the first batch that ever reached B ombay

o f Berar c o tt o n in fi v e h u ndred b u ll o ck -
l oads as an
,

experiment and this they s u bsequ ently foll owed up

,

by nu mer ou s o ther e fforts in the same directi on ,

n otwithstanding the th ou sand and on e difficulties

’
which natu re and the Nizam s offi cials created
in th o se days of c omparative ign orance and little
or n o c o mm u nicati o n They were the first t o erect
.

c ott o n screws and presses at K ha ng am and in the

neighb ouring c o tt on districts They made vari ou s .

cart -r oads over the Ghats bet ween the B er ar s and

the Malabar c oast and b uilt bridges over streams
,

and rivers for the speedy transit of merchandise

between B ombay and the Deccan In a w ord they .
,

were the pi oneers and founders of the c ott on trade

’
between the Nizam s D omini ons and the B ombay
Presidency the valu e of which t o England and India
,

can in these days only be estimated by cr ores of

rupees In 1 8 3 0 they were specially invited by the
.

’
Nizam s minister Raj a Chand u Lal t o open banking
, ,

firms in his territ ories and in this line of b usiness

,

they displayed s u ch energy and tact that w ithin a ,

12 8 HISTOR Y O F TH E P A R SI S . C H AR
[ 11 .

has perhaps been n o o ther family that was permitted

by the State t o have its own initials or marks en
graved on the nati onal c oin A s il ver c o in was
.

stru ck pr obably at the Au rangabad mint bearing the

, ,

initial letters of V ikaj i s y ou nger brother P es tanj i

’

Merj i and widely kn own after him as the P es ta n

,

s ha i c oin o f the Nizam G o vernment In 1 8 45 Raj a

.

Chandu Lal retired fr om office and with that event

,

began the sl ow decline which u ltimately res ulted in

the bankruptcy of the family firm The new minister .

pr op osed a settlement of the claim of V ikaj i Merj i ,

which am ounted at that time t o ab ou t thirty -seven

lakhs of rupees on the basis of payment at the rate
,

of fi v e annas l es s in the r upee This prop osal n ot

.

being accepted the Peshkar Raj a Rambax cau sed a

,

perempt ory sequ estrati o n t o be made of the provinces

which had up t o that time been m ortgaged t o V ikaj i
Merj i and his br other They presented petiti ons
.

t o the Nizam They appealed t o the G overnment of

.

In dia and u ltimately t o the late C ou rt of Direct ors

, ,

and even t o that last res ou rce for relief the British ,

Parliament — but all with ou t e ffect The British

, .

auth orities refu sed t o lend their aid in the matter on

the av owed principle that the s ubj ects of the British
G overnment when advancing m oneys t o native States
did s o at their own risk and that it c ould n ot depart
,

fro m its invariable practice of n ot interfering for the

realisati on of su ch claims .
 C H AR SI R SA L A R j UN G . 12 9

Th ough they were defeated at every stage in their

efforts t o enforce their claim on the Niz am s G overn ’

ment it is but fair t o that G overnment t o state that

,

its late minister Sir Salar J ung amply made up for

, ,

the past acts of inj ustice by extending the liberality

of his patr onage t o several members of the family ,

w ho were app ointed t o p o sts o f tru st and high e m ol u

ment ; and at the same time he made provisi o n for

the famil y out of the State exchequ er in rec ogniti on
o f the very val u able services rendered by its fou nder

t o the Nizam in times past .

The g overnment of the East In dia C ompany t oo , ,

o n its part had s o far back as 1 8 2 9 ackn o wledged

, , ,

in a m ost s ubstantial manner the great benefits which

the enterprise and p ub l ic spir it of V ikaj i Merj i had
c onferred on the trade of the Presidency by makin g
him a gift o f the village of Parnali in the vicinity ,

of which V ikaj i Merj i had at his own expense

c onstru cted on e of the m ost extensive and u seful
p ublic w orks in that part of the c ountry He raised .

a dam acr o ss the Banganga river and erected other

-
s imil ar w orks in order t o sh u t out the salt water tide s
fro m the river the fresh water o f which was thu s
,

rendered avail able for drinking and irrigati on pur

p oses O ne of the c ollectors of the district while
.
,

p aying an o fficial visit s u mmarised t o the

,
B o mbay
G overnment the res ult of his s urvey in these w ords 1
The w orks are of great p ublic u tility in a h u man e
V OL . II . K
1 30 HISTOR Y OF T H E P AR SI S . C H AR
[ 11 .

and financial p oint of view as an ample s upply o f ,

fresh water is ensured t o the neighb ouring p op ulati on

and their cattle in seas ons of dr ou ght and a large ,

tract of land made protective to the State which bu t , ,

for the impr ovement w ou ld have remained steril e

,

”
and u ncultivated .

V ikaj i M erj i s charities t o his fell ow -

’
religi onists
were on an eq u ally extensive scale He b uilt at his .

ow n expense n o less than five d are m ehrs or places

of w o rship — a t Tarap u r Belap u r Hy dr ab a d and
, , ,

Sikandrabad fo ur t owers of s ilence — a t Belap u r ,

Hy dr ab a d Sh olap ur and Au rangabad besides estab

, , ,

lishing several small sch ools and o ther instit uti ons .

B ut his m em ory is still dearly cherished am ong his

c ou ntrymen in the M ofu ssil in c onnecti on with the
sinking of fresh - water wells and the c onstru cti on and
repair of tanks and m ore partic ularly for the b u ilding
,

o f n umberless
“
dharmshalas or rest -h ou ses for the
u se o f travellers and the p oo r in vari o u s parts of the

B ombay Presidency for which al one he received the

,

special c ongrat u lati ons and thanks of the Direct ors

o f the East In dia C ompany .

Khars he dj i M a n akj i Shr off was a highly distin

u is he d member o f the Parsi c omm u nity He was
g .

b orn in the year 1 7 64 and died at the patriarchal

,

a e o f eighty - on e He has been tr uly described as

g .

the pe ople s friend Th ough he had an extensive

’
.

b u siness with the C ommissariat as a c ontract or he ,

1 32 HISTOR Y O F TH E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ 11 .

these qu alities Alth ough he was n ot rich he had a

.
,

generou s heart and when he found that there was n o

,

chance of the misappropriated ornaments being pro

d u c e d and that the inj ured party w ou ld never c on
,

sent t o receive the wife int o his h ome K harshe dj i ,

gave fr om his o wn p o cket the equ ivalent in m oney

t o the s ufferer th u s rest oring peace t o the dist u rbed
,

’
h ome This trait in Khars he dj i s character made his
.

name a h ou seh old w ord am ong the Parsis W hen .

’
he died it was said that the p oor man s friend was
g one and n o funeral in the Parsi c omm unity in
,

B ombay was m ore largely attended than that of

K hars h e dj i Even at this day the Parsis exclaim
.

“
when there is d omestic trou ble in a family Oh ,

that we had a Khars he dj i M a n a kj i am ong u s I

An other Parsi who deserves a rec ord in these
pages was J ij ibha i D a d abhai b orn in 1 7 8 5 He was
,
.

exceedingly p op ular in his ow n c omm unity and ,

well kn own t o and respected by his o w n c ou ntrymen

and the E uropeans as well as by the other races on
acc ou nt of his extensive mercantile transacti ons In .

the midst of his b u siness as banker and merchant ,

which extended over a peri o d of forty years he fou nd ,

time t o assist and pr om ote by his advice influ ence

, , ,

and wealth every u ndertaking calculated t o benefit the

,

p ublic His enterprisi ng spirit assisted in the estab

.

l is hm e nt of three banks in B ombay It was thr ough

.

his foresight and energy that steam navigati o n for

C H AR S TE A M NA VI G A T I O N 1 33

c ommercial and passenger traffi c was intr o du ced on the

western c oast of India He was on e o f the largest
.

propriet ors of the first steamer empl oyed in this

,
. r tt -
enterprise viz the S i J a mes R i ve Ca r na c He '
.

managed the b u siness of this u ndertaking s o j u di

c io u s l that in the c ou rse of six years he divided
y
pr ofits am ong the propriet ors alm ost c overing the
c ost of the original outlay He was a g uarantee .

br oker t o many E ur opean mercantile h ou ses wh o se

rep utati ons were maintained by means of his capital .

His mercantile transacti ons were c o ndu cted in

vari ou s parts of the gl obe and his name was well
,

kn own in all the c ommercial centres of E urope Egypt , ,

and the East He found empl oyment for his capital

.

in advances on c offee su gar c o c o a—nut and o ther

, , ,

plantati o n estates on the Malabar c o ast and Ceyl on ,

and als o in the island of Benc oolen besides himself ,

p ossessi ng a large c offee estate in Ceyl on .

We have already said that J ij ibha i was a p op ular

man in his o wn c ommunity and for nearly twenty ,

years he was als o a member o f the Parsi Panchayet .

That b o dy had in his day l o st the respect of the

c omm unity but many Parsi fa m ilies had their d o
,

m es t ic q u arrels arbitrated and settled by him His .

independence and sense of j u stice gained him the

esteem and respect of all th o se w ho had t o s ubmit
t o his decisi o n Blessed with wealth by a b ou nte ou s
.

Providence he was n ot unmindful of the claims of

,
1 34 H I S T O R Y O F T H E 1 21135 1 5 3
. C H AR
[ 11 .

the p oor u p on his p u rse His s ubscripti on s t o the

.

sev eral p ublic and private institu ti ons were large .

T o the needy and distressed he always extended a

helping hand in a private and u n ostentati ou s manner .

He b u ilt an a gia ry or fi r e - ”
temple in B ombay at
c o st of Rs 5 0 0 0 0 and on his death bequ eathed in
.
, ,

tru st the hands ome s um of t w o lakhs of rupees for

the maintenance o f edu cati onal and charitable i nsti
t utio n s He left fou r s ons M e rv anj i B a m anj i
.
, , ,

S orabj i and B er a mj i who for s ome years carried

, ,

o n the extensive c ommercial b u siness o f their father .

The y oungest Mr B eramj i was for fou r years a

, .
,

member of the Legislative C ou ncil of the G overnment

of B o mbay and was made a C ompani on o f the M o st
,

Exalted O rder of the Star of India in the year 1 8 7 6 .

In the year 1 8 8 0 he gave G overnment a su m of

Rs 3 0 0 0 0 for a medical sch o ol for natives at P oona
.
, .

He has established a charitable dispensary at Meh .

mu dabad in mem ory of his deceased wife His s on .

,

Mr Na nabhai B e ra mj i Jij ibhai has been a member of

.
,

the M unicipal C o rp orati on and the T own C ouncil of

B ombay for many years and is well kn own for the ,

active interest which he has displayed in p ublic

matters .

M a n akj i Na s arv anj i Petit the father of the well,

kn own br others Messrs Din s ha and N a s arv a nj i Petit

.
,

-
was a highly respected member of the Parsi c om
mu nity He died on 2 1 s t May 1 8 5 9 at the age of
.
 I 36 HISTOR Y O F TH E P A R SI S . CH AR
[ 11 .

Rs 2 5 0 0 0
. each and the interest of the wh ole am ount
, ,

is applie d t o charitable p urp oses by tru stees specially

app ointed .

W e have sp oken of the shr ewd c ommercial sagacity

o f Messrs D ins h a and Nas ar v a nj i
. D uring the peri od .

“ ”
kn own as the share mania they were am ong the
few who kept their heads clear and th ou gh it was , ,

imp o ssible t o protect themselves fr om l o sses they ,

happily were am ong th ose w ho preserved a g oo d

p orti on of their fort une Their chief l o sses were du e
.

t o irrec overable advances t o friends It is said of .

Mr Dinsha that he sacrificed n o less a s um than

.

thirty lakhs of rupees by the fail ure of his friends .

He never went t o law t o rec over any m oney th u s

l ost The same has been said of the y ounger br other
.

Mr Nas arv a nj i
. .

T o Mr D in sha M a n akj i Petit the c ott o n Sp i nning

.

and weaving and dyeing indu stry o wes very mu ch of

its devel opment and pro sperity He is the chief .

shareh older in the M a n akj i Petit Din sha Petit , ,

Mazag on V ict oria Fr a mj i Petit and G ord on Mills

, , , .

His firm c omp o sed of himself and his s ons acts als o
, ,

as agents t o these c oncerns Mr D ins ha is said t o be . .

the richest Parsi — w e might add the richest native — in

B ombay at the present time and his liberality and ,

gener osity keep many u seful and charitable in s tit u

ti ons alive n ot o nly am ong the Parsis but am o ng all
,

castes and creeds His charities are all dictated fr o m

.
CH AR 11 .
] MR . B I NS H A P E T I T . I 37

a gener ou s heart and by a sense of d uty Even p oor .

d umb animals have n ot been left out of the pale of

his sym pathy It was only last year that he gave the
.

hands ome s um of Rs 4 5 0 0 0 t o the S o ciety for the

.
,

Preventi o n of Cr uelty t o An imals for b uilding a ,

h ospital for the care and treatment of the p oor silent

creat u res that cann ot take care of themselves This .

S o ciety was fo rmed in B ombay a few years a g o u nder

the presidency of the H on Mr Ju stice Bayley and . .
,

o wes m u ch of its s u ccess and the g o o d it d o es t o that

learned and h u mane j u dge .

Through the gener o sity of Mr Dins ha charitable .

dispensaries have been established in B ombay and

s everal places in G uj arat He has spent th ou sands
.

o f ru pees in s upplying water t o P oona Ahmed ,

nagar and other places by digging well s and tanks

,
.

He is a prominent s upp orter of charitable sch ools ,

libraries and b o ok cl ubs and a ready patr on of

, ,

p oor and needy st udents He is a great champi on .

o f vernac u lar literat u re He has s ubscribed m ost

.

liberally t o many b ooks that have been p ublished

within the last twenty years and has di strib uted ,

them am ong his empl oy é s as well as o thers w ho apply

t o him for them Thr ou gh his m u n ifi c e n c e a h ospital
.

for inc urable lepers has been established at Ratnagiri .

He has always been the largest c ontrib ut or t o the

b u ilding of fi r e-
temples and t o wers of silence in vari ous
places His c ontrib u ti ons t o the s ufferers fro m famine
.
,
I 3S HISTOR Y O F TH E P AR SI S .
[ AR
C H 11 .

fire fl oo d and st orm have always been characterised by

, ,

the greatest liberality He has been on e of the chief.

s upp orters of the funds for the relief of the p oor

Z oro astrians of Persia and the Persians - in B o mbay .

He has given nearly a lakh of rupees t o the fu nds of

the Parsi Panchayet for the benefit of the p oor of
the c o mm unity W e have n ot g one int o details ;
.

it is en ough for u s t o indicate the vari ou s p urp o ses

’
t o which Mr D in s ha s charities h ave b een dir ected
. .

B ut his private charities which are extensive , ,

cann ot be kn o wn He maintains many p oor and

.

struggling families by giving them p ensi ons He .

has extricated many deser v ing pers ons fr o m anxietie s

and tr ou bles by d ischarging their debts He has .

relieved the mi n ds of many parents by defray ing the

marriage expenses of their dau ghters and has spared ,

the feelings of many p oor families by defraying the

funeral expenses of their deceased members The on e .

great merit of Mr Dinsha s charities is their un ost e nt a

.
’

t iou s n e s s and this qu ality as well as the charmin g

, ,

simplicity of his character has sec ured for him the ,

g olden opini ons of his c ountry men .

Mr N a s arv anj i M a nakj i Peti t has als o given larg e

.

s ums in charity He has t o say n othing of his othe r

.
,

gifts given Rs 5 0 0 0 0 t o the Parsi Panchayet for the

,
.
,

benefit and maintenance of the p oor of his c ommunity .

He has b u ilt a fi r e - temple in B ombay at a c o st of

Rs 2 6 5 0 0 given Rs 5 5 7 0 0 t owards the maintenance
.
, ,
.
,
1 40 HISTOR Y O F TH E P A R SI S .
[ AR
C H 11 .

individ u als enj oy annu ally the benefit of a change in

this h ome and there can be n o d ou bt that many a
,

life has been th u s saved which w ould otherwise have

g one t o an u ntimely grave .

The same charitable gentleman has als o founded a

dharmshala for travellers in an other l o cality in
B ombay at a c ost of ab out Rs 5 0 0 0 0 In a former .
,
.

’
chapter we have referred t o s ome of this gentleman s
charities in Persia He has als o established a tru st
.

fu nd of a lakh and a half of rupees fr om which p o or

a n d needy Parsis receive pec u niary help Nor were .

M e rv a nj i s charities l imited t o the relief of the

’

pe ople of his own caste He gave largely in every

.

directi on and for the relief of distress wherever it was

,

t o be met . B ut the Parsi sanitari u m al one will keep

his name fresh am on g the Parsis thr ou gh all time .

The name of the late Sir K a v a sj i Jehangir Ready

m oney is well kn own o ver the wh ole of India and t o ,

s ome extent even in E ur ope o n acc ount of his princely

,

benefacti ons He bel onged t o the Re a dy m on e y family

.

o f wh o m we have made menti on in previ ou s pages .

He c ommenced life as a g o d own -keeper t o a E uropean

mercantile firm and being a m an of enterprise and
, ,

shrewd c ommercial percepti on he s oon raised himself

,

t o a p o siti o n o f affl u ence O f him it was observed on

.

“
his dea th that his career in the p urs u it of wealth
was on e of u ninterrupted prosperity and it sh ould ,

b e menti oned t o his h on ou r that all his dealings were

C H AR S I R I( A VA Sj I R E A D YM O NE Y . 1 41

characterised by an h onesty and uprightness which

w on him the esteem and c onfidence of all w ho were

brou ght int o b u siness relati ons with him He was .

,

indeed q ualified by nat u re t o be a s u ccessfu l man of

,

b u siness for there was n o u ndertaking in which his

,

rare b u siness talents did not enable him t o distance

”
his c ompetit ors and achieve ren own .

B ut it was m ore o n acc o unt o f his anxi ou s desire

t o alleviate the s u fferings o f the p o o r and o f the ,

m u n ifi c e nt s u ms best owe d by him in the cau se o f

charity tha t his name was m o st favourably kn own
, .

F or nearly a q u arter of a cent u ry the stream of

his benevolence was c onstantly fl owing He b uilt .

a h o spital at S urat at a c ost o f Rs 7 2 0 0 0 and an .

, ,

eye h ospital in B o mbay at a c ost o f Rs 1 1 2 0 0 0 .

, .

He c ontrib uted Rs 5 0 0 0 0 t owards the c onstru cti on

.
,

and establishment of a l unatic asyl u m at Hy dra ba d ,

Sind and gave largely t o dispensaries in several t owns

,

in the Presidency s ome of which were established and

,

maintained at his own expense .

He ever did his u tm o st t o pr om ote the spread of

edu cati on am ongst his c ountrymen and his e fforts in ,

this respect will always be remembered with grati

tu de and will form an imperishable m onument t o his
,

name F or a permanent b uilding for the Elphinst one

.

C ollege he gave t w o lakhs of rupees for erecting the

University Hall o n e lakh and for the P oona Engin
e e rin
g C ollege Rs 5 0 0 0 0 His gener
. ou s d onati o ns
,
.
1 42 H ISTOR Y O F T H E P AR S I S CH AR
[ 11 .

t o wards edu cati onal instit uti ons and the sch olarships ,

he founded in c onnecti on with them are well kn own ,

.

The different charitable instit u ti ons in the B om

bay Presidency have often benefited by his unstinted
liberality He c on trib u ted Rs 5 0 0 0 0 for a h ome for
. .
,

E ur opean strangers ; and t o every establishment for

the maintenance of the p oo r the aged the infirm and , , ,

the friendless orphan which requ ired m onetary aid he

, ,

invariably extended a helping hand Neither was the .

thirsty way farer forg otten for thr ough his benev olence
,

many drinking fou ntains have been erected thr ou gh

ou t the city .

Nor were Sir K av asj i s chari ties c o nfined t o his ow n

’

c ou ntry ; they extended t o E ur ope His m unifi c ent .

d onati ons t o charitable institu ti ons in England and ,

his hands ome s ubscripti on for the relief of the sick

and w ounded of b oth nati ons du ring the last C onti
n e nt a l war will l ong remain fresh in the rec ollecti on
,

of every o n e .

In c onsiderati o n of his philanthropy and b en e v o

lence the C ompani onship of the M ost Exalted O rder
,

o f the Star of India and afterwards the dignity o f

knighth oo d were c onferred up on him by Her Maj esty

the Q ueen - E mpress h on o urs which he well deserved
,
.

His friends and admirers European as well as native, ,

als o h on ou red him by raising a s ubscripti on am ong

themselves and placing a marble statu e of him in the
University Hall B ombay t owards the c onstru cti on of
, ,
 44 H I S T OR Y O F TH E P A R SI S . C H AR
[ 11 .

tending t o further this obj ect always receives his best

sympathies and his p urse is ever ready t o minister t o
,

the wants of institu ti ons which have for their obj ect
the pr om oti on of the welfare and happiness of the
pe ople The Angl o -
. V ernacular sch ool at Khetv a di ,

which bears his name was founded and hands omely

,

end o wed by him for which he received the warmest

,

ackn owledgments of G overnment He is a gentleman

.

w ho by his admirable tact and liberal sentiments ha s

o ften rec onciled c onflicting views between the ol d

and y oung generati ons of Parsis and th us sec ured

,

harm ony in carrying out pr oj ects the aim of which

,

has been for the c o mm on g ood Mr F ramj i was a

. .

member o f the B ombay L egislative C ou ncil d uring

the administrati on of Sir Seym o ur Fitzgerald .

An other Parsi gentleman w ho is still alive and

,

who has c o nferr ed many benefits up on B ombay and

s ome of the cities of G uj arat is Mr Khars he dj i
, .

F ardunj i Parakh Fro m 1 8 4 1 t o 1 8 5 7 he was a

.

member o f the firm of Sir J am she dj i Jij ibhai S ons , ,

and C ompany In 1 8 5 7 he extended his trade t o

.

Calc u tta and Madras t o China and E ur ope He

, .

amassed a large for tu ne d uring the American War .

It was by his liberality that in 1 8 4 5 the Asyl um

for the aged and blind at Cha up a ti was repaired
and extended .He gave a princely d onati o n of
Rs 2 5 0 0 0 t o the Lancashire Relief F und
.
,
D uring .

the G uj arat famine o f 1 8 6 2 he sent Rs 8 0 0 0 0 worth

.
,
CH AP . T H E F L OR A F O UN T A I N 1 45

of rice t o be given grat u it ou sly t o the p oor of the

province and als o distrib uted ab out Rs 9 0 0 0 0 am ong
, .
,

p oor families in G uj arat He has als o b uilt a .

dharmshala near the railway - ”

stati on at S urat at
a c ost of Rs 2 5 0 0 0 He c ontrib uted Rs 5 5 0 0 0 t o
.
,
. .
,

the Sir Jam she dj i Jij ibhai Zend and Pehlevi Ma

dressa als o Rs 3 0 0 0 0 for fou nding sch olarships in
.
,

the same c ollege .

Besides the munifi c e n t acts o f liberality menti oned ,

Mr K hars he dj i F ardunj i maintained several chari

.

table dispensaries in B ombay and other t owns of the

Presidency du ring the days of his pr o sperity The .

F ard unj i Sor abj i Parakh Ind ustrial Sch ool at S u rat
was founded by him in mem ory of his father T o .

wards the establishment of this instituti on he gave

the s um of Rs 5 0 0 0 0 .
, .

The elegant and beautifu l Fl ora F ountain in

B ombay is an o ther gift of Mr Khar she dj i s munifi .
’

cence It was c onstru cted by the Esplanade Fee

.

F und C ommittee at a c ost of R s 4 0 0 0 0 o n e -

third .
, ,

of which s um was c ontrib u ted by Mr K hars he dj i .

himself .

As a slight rec ogniti on of Mr K harshe dj i s .

’

liberality in the da ys of his prosperity Sir Philip ,

Wo deh ou se app ointed him Sheriff of B ombay in the

year 1 8 7 7 With him we may bring our sketch of
.

the distinguished Parsis of B ombay t o an end .

V OL . II .
 C H A P T E R III

fl
.

Z O R O A ST ER .

Pa rs i f i th — I t m
a i h i g p i d— T h f m A d h i — D t
s os t our s n er o e r e or er r es r a e

o fZ t — Acc t f hi l i f — T h
o r oa s e r ou n l i t p ibl d t — T h Av ta
o s e e e ar es oss e a e e es

an d C i f m l gu g — O igi f m f Z
un e or an a est — Hi mi c l
r n o na e o o ro a s er s ra u ou s

b i th— A tt mp t t d t y him —A pp
r e o t c
es ro t — Th c d fi —A e ar s a o ur e sa re re

m igh t y g t h i g— H i fi t dd
a er n — H i fi t d i ci pl — H i o
s rs a d re s s s rs s es s s ns an

d g h t — Th Av t l g g — T w d i l ct — S c i t d Av t
au e rs e es a an ua e o a e s an s r an es a

Th e ci t b k — Th t w ty- v l m — T h i m i g d
an en oo s e en on e o u es e r ean n an

sig i fi c c
n an e .

THE fai t h pr ofessed by the Parsis in India is on e of

the m ost ancient in the w orld It was o nce the .

religi on of a fam ou s empire It has had its day of .

greatness Like everything hu man it has kn own

.
,

that of decline D uring a peri od of over thirty

.

cent u ries it has u nderg one m ore than the u s u al

fl uct u ati ons and vicissitu des Its m ost fl ou rishing .

peri o d was for the sp a ce of a th ou sand years from

the reign of G usht asp until the c onqu est of Persia by
Alexander the Great .

F or five h undred and fi fty - six years after the s ub

versi on of the Persian dynasty by the Maced onian
c on qu er or the religi o n of Z or o aster seems t o have
,

declined u ntil revived by Ardeshir Babekan in A D

, . .
Z O R O A S T ER .
1 48 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . CH AR
[ 111 .

“
Dr Ha ug says Under n o circumstances can we assign
.
,

him a later date than 1 0 0 0 and on e may find ,

”
even reas ons for placing his era m u ch earlier Mr . .

K har s h e dj i Ras t amj i K ama a well -kn own O riental

,

sch olar am ong t he Parsis has on the au th ority of

, ,

Greek and Jewish writers and on that of the C unei

form inscripti ons very clearly sh ow n in his Z a r
,

thos ht -Na ma ( i e The

. .Life of Z or o aster
) that
Z oro aster lived at least 1 3 0 0 years before Christ ,

or near l y 3 2 0 0 years a o
g .

Before the light of new s ch olarship fell u p on this

p o int it was the accepted belief am ong the learned
that Z or oaster fl ourished in the sixth century before
Christ The mistake ar ose from the fact that they
.

t ook the K a y a nia n king G u sht a sp in wh o se reign the ,

pr ophet fl ourished t o be the same as Dari us H ys ta sp e s

, ,

-
the well kn o wn king of the later Ach aemenian dynasty
who lived ab ou t B C 5 2 1 .Not only did the two
. .

kings bel ong t o different dynasties but the latest ,

researches have sh own that a peri o d of m ore than

eight h undred years intervened between them This .

fact affixes as the earliest p ossible date t o the reign

o f G u s ht a s and in c nseq u ence t the birth f
p
, o o o

Z or o aster als o the year

,
1300 .

That Z oro aster fl ou rished l on g before the time of

the Ach aemenian kings is als o satisfact oril y estab
l is he d by the fact that the c urre nt langu age sp oken
in the c ou ntry at that age ( as may be j udged fr o m
C H AP . T H E M E A NI N G OF Z OR OA S T E R . 1 49

the inscripti ons of Cyru s and Dariu s B C 5 5 9 —5 2 1 ) . .

was what is n ow kn own as the C uneiform t ongu e ,

while the w ritings of Z or oaster are in the Avesta

lang uage The latter has been ascertained t o be
.

the parent langu age fr om which the former de

scended Thu s in ab ou t
. 5 5 9 when we c ome in ,

c ontact with the C uneiform inscripti ons Avesta ,

had already bec ome a dead langu age and had ,

been s u cceeded as the sp o ken dialect by an other

descended fro m it — v iz the C uneiform T o effect . .

s u ch a vast change as that of c onverting a v er

n a c ul ar int o a classical lang u age and bringing ou t o f

it i n the sl o w pro cess of fo rmati on a new dialect

, , ,

a very l on g peri o d of time m u st have necessarily

elapsed and it cann ot be c omp u ted at less than
,

a th ou sand years C onsequ ently this l ong peri o d

.

must have separated the age of Z or o aster fr om the

times of the Ach aemenian m onarchs .

V ari ou s meanings have been s uggested for the

name Z or oaster Pr ofess ors B urn ouf and Lassen
.

and Drs W in dis c hm a nn Muller and Haug have all

.
, ,

attempted t o at tribute t o it a different significati on .

Dr Hau g himself has s uggested n ot fewer than three

. .

O f all these several meanings Mr Khars he dj i K ama ,

.
,

the Parsi sch olar has ad opted the first that was s ug
,

gested by Dr Hau g but which was s ubsequ ently

.
,

withdrawn by him v iz that of ol d camel -“

,
keeper
.
,

“ ”
fr om Zend za r a th Sanscrit za r a dh meaning ol d and
, , ,
 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S C H AR
1 50 .
[ 11 1 .

n s htr a , meaning camel In s upp ort of this meanin g

.

it has been put forward that many ancient pers onages

derived their names fr om h orses camels c ows and , , ,

o ther animals which fo rmed the chief p o rti on o f the

,

wealth of the ancients S u ch names as B iv erasp a.

,

J a m a s p a Po uru s has pa F r as ha os htr a and o thers that

’

, , ,

are derived from animals are instances in p oint .

Z or o aster was a member of the family of

Spit am a a descendant o f K ing Feridu n of the Pesh
,

dadian dynasty of Persia Fr o m the Dinkard and .

B un d e hes h t w o well kn own b ooks in Pehlevi it

, ,

appears that Z or oaster was the great grands on of

on e H ae c hat asp a the fifth in descent fr o m Spit a m a
, .

He is therefore o ften sp oken of in the Avesta as

”
Spit am a Z arat hu s htra i e Z or o aster of the fam ily
,
. .

of Sp it am a .

From the ninth chapter of the Yasna and fr om the

Aban Yasht it appears that on e Pouru shaspa remarkable ,

for a righte ou s life was selected by G od t o be the father

,

o f the Pr o phet In Pehlevi w orks it is said that an

.

angel presented Pouru s has p a with a glass of wine s oon ,

after drinking which his wife D og dho c onceived and b ore

a s on destined t o create a new era in Eastern hist ory .

The wine here alluded t o was acc ording t o the m ore ,

ancient auth ority of the Avesta (Yasna chapter the ,

j uice of the well -kn own H oma plant s o often sp oken

ab out in that b ook The j u ice of this plant is still
.

drunk by the Parsi priests while performing the Yasna

1 52 H I S T OR Y O F T H E RA R S I S . CH AR
[ 1 11 .

ab out and that the g overn or of the pr ovince res olved

, ,

at the instigati on of wicked c ounsell ors t o destr oy ,

the infant The hands of the w ould -be destroyers

.

are said t o have been in every attempt arrested by

divi ne ag ency .

As a y outh Z or oaster passed his time we find

, ,

fr om the Avesta in the deep st udy of phil o s ophical

,

qu esti ons and in div i ne meditati o n o n the t op of a

”
m ountain named ,
Ushidar en a O n the divine .

inspirati on he received during this s olitary stu dy he

based his teaching and acc ording t o the eighth
, ,

chapter of the Yasna u ndert ook the missi on t o

,

gu ide the leaders of h ou ses streets villages and , , ,

t owns in the path of v i rtu e .

In the Pehlevi b ooks still existing the Persian

Prophet is said at the age of thirty to have left his
, ,

nat i ve t own of Rae and t o have pr o ceeded t o Balkh ,

the capital of Gus ht a sp at that time K ing of Iran

, .

In the th irtieth year of the reign of G usht a sp Z oro aster

is rep orted t o have appeared at the c ourt of the king
bearing w ith him int o his presence the sacred fire ,

“ ”
called Adar B urz in Mehr and a cypress tree , .

Firdusi the Persian H omer thu s describes the first

, ,

“
interview between Z or o aster and G u sht a sp : Learn ,

said Z oroaster t o Gusht asp the rites and d o ctrines of

,

the religi on of excellence F or with ou t religi on there

.

cann ot be any w orth in a king When the mighty .

( or excellent ) m onarch heard him speak o f the excel

CH AR Z O R O A S T E R S S P E E CH
’
1 53

lent religi on he accepted fro m him the excellent rites

’7
and d o ctrines Z oro aster was at first disbelieved
.

and persecuted by the c ourtiers of G u sht a sp but he ,

having established his claim as a divine pr ophet and

c onvinced the king and his c ourt by performing .

several miracles was taken int o fav ou r

,
.

Fr om the celebrated speech of the Pr ophet pre ,

served in the thirtieth chapter of the Yasna it appears ,

that he pr opagated his new religi on n ot by force and ,

persecuti on but by persu asi o n and argument Before

,
.

a mighty gathering of men and w omen assembled

fr o m the m ost distant parts he ann ounced his missi on ,

addr essing them th u s I wil l n ow tell y ou w ho

are assembled here the wise sayings of Mazda the ,

praises of Ah u ra and the hymns o f the g oo d spirit

, ,

the s ublime truth which I see rising out of these

flames You shall therefore hearken t o the s ou l of
.

nature C o ntemplate the beams of fire with a m ost

.

pi ou s min d I Every one b oth men and w omen ou ght

, ,

t o- day t o ch oose his creed Ye offspring of ren owned

.

”
ancest ors awake t o agree with u s
, .

G usht a s p n ot only himself embraced the religi on of

Z or oaster but u sed all his infl u ence to spread it
,

am ong o ther kings and the wise men of the w orld .

’
The king s prime minister F r asha os htra and J am a sp a
, , ,

the tw o m ost learned men of the age were am ong the ,

first disciples of the Pr ophet These t w o ill ustri ou s .

pers onages traversed different parts of Iran as the

1 54 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ 1 11 .

ap ostles of the Z or o astrian d o ctrine and s u cceeded in,

c onverting all the pe ople of Iran t o the new religi on .

The example of the king was s oon foll owed by the

n obles and the pe ople .When the m on arch accepted
the new religi o n there was little diffi c ulty in pr opa
gating it am ong his s ubj ects O n learni ng that the
.

king was prepared t o ackn owledge his claims Z oro ,

aster pro du ced the sacred b ooks of the Avesta which ,

he had br ou ght wi th him t o c ou rt These b ooks were .

written in the Avesta language a langu age under ,

st oo d t o have existed as far back as three or fou r

th ou sand years.

Besides F ra shaos htra and Jam aspa wh om we have ,

already me nti oned there are named in the Frav ardin

,

Yasht ab ou t two hu ndred pers ons as his principal

disciples. M e diom ah is given the first rank and ,

G u sht asp the t wentieth ; H ut os h the qu een is als o

, ,

menti oned as on e o f them .

O f the latter days o f Z oro aster s life we kn ow ’

n othing fr om the Avesta B ut the later Pehlevi and

.

Persian b ooks assert in referen ce t o his death that on e

, ,

m orning when engaged in prayer he was kil led by a

sharp instr ument thr o wn at him by T u rb ara t ur a ,

general of K ing Arj a sp w ho hated the new m on o

,

theistic religi on Z oro aster is then stated t o have fl ung

.

at Tu rbara tur his r osary which killed him on the sp o t

,
.

It appears fr o m the different parts of the Avesta

—
that Z or oaster had three da ghters Freni Thriti
u , ,
 H I S T OR Y O F TH E P A R S I S C H AR
1
56 .
[ 1 11 .

The Avesta lang uage is err one ously called Zend .

”
This w ord Zend as its ro ot za n t o kn ow implies
, , , , ,

mu st be applied only to that p orti o n of the Av esta

which is explanat ory of the original text The w o rd .

generally u sed for the Parsi Scriptu res is Zend

Avesta a c omp ou nd of these t w o w ords
,
.

Sch olars are agreed in the opini o n that the lan

gu age in which the Parsi Script ures are written
o riginated in the pr o vi n ce o f Bactria which in the ,

first chapter of the V endidad is called B a khdhi and ,

which of the sixteen places menti oned therein as

,

created by G od is the fou rth in p oint of order

, .

Sanscrit was first sp oken in the c ountry adj oining

the East of Bactria and hence the similarity between
,
’

the t w o langu ages .

The celebrated Profess or B opp is of opini on that

the Avesta is a mu ch m ore impr oved lan gu age than
the Sanscrit and is as ol d as the lan g uage of the
,

V edas which were c o mp o sed three or four th ou sand

,

years ago This learned au th or who has c ompiled a

.
,

c omparative grammar of several E ur opean and Asiatic

classical langu ages on the basis of the Avesta says ,

that the Zend ( Avesta) displays that independence

of the Sanscrit which Rask claims for it perhaps in

t o o high a d egree and adds that we are u nwilling

,

to receive the Zend ( Avesta ) as a mere dialect of the

Sanscrit and t o which we are c ompelled t o ascribe an

,

independent existence resembling that of the Latin

,
C H AP . TH E ZE ND -
A VE S T A . 1 57

as c ompared with the Greek or the ol d N orthern ,

with the G othic It in many respects reaches bey ond

.
,

”
and is an impr o vement on the Sanscrit , .

The relati o n between the t w o languages is that of

sisters rather than of daughter and m other The ol d
,
.

Gatha dialect agrees with the V edic Sanscrit and the ,

o rdinary Avesta dialect with the o rdinary classical

Sanscrit Dr Hau g c o nsiders these lang uages t o be

. .

gen uine sisters and says The langu ages of the sacred
, ,

hymns of the Brahmans and of th ose o f the Parsis are

o nl y the t w o dialects of t w o separate tribes of on e and

’
the same nati on which is called Aryas b oth in the
V edas and Zend —Avesta .
”

The b ooks of the Zend -Avesta at on e time c on

”
sisted of twenty on e nu sks or vol u mes The fol
— 6‘
.

l owing table sh ows the Avesta names of these vol umes

with their c orresp onding o nes in Pehlevi
1 Ya th a . S udka r .

2 . Ahu V a r s htam ansar .

3 . V airy o B ak o .

4 . A th a D a md a d .

5 . Ra tus h Na d ar .

6 . A s h at P aj a k .

7 . Ch i t R a t os ht aiti .

8 . H a ch a B ari s h .

9 . V a nheu sh K ashakisrob .

10 . D a z da V is hta sps a s t o .

11 . M a n a nh o D a d ok .

12 . Shkyaothn ana m Chidra s t o .

13 . Anh eu s h S p e nt .

M azd a i B ak a n Yas h t .

15 . Khsha thre mc ha Nika dum .

 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S C HAR
1 58 .
[ 111 .

16 . Ahurai . D ub a sruj d .

17 . A H us p ara m .

18 . Yim Sa ka d um .

19 . D re guby o V id e v a d a d a .

20 . Da dat H a d okht .

21 . V a s tare m S tud Ya s h t .

These twenty -one v ol umes derive their names fr om

the twenty -on e w ords of a very ol d and sacred prayer
“
o f the Parsis kn o wn as Yatha Ahu V a iry o The .

maj ority of these w orks are n ot in the p ossessi o n of

the Parsis of this day They are s upp osed t o have
.

been destr oyed either d uring the invasi o n of Persia

by Al exander or immediately after the c onqu est of
that c ou ntry by the Arabs w ho entertained s o great
,

a hatred for the ancient religion of Persia that they

s ought out and c ollected all the w orks of Z or o aster and
his disciples which they c ould find in that c ou ntry and ,

destr oyed nearly the wh ole of them The supp ositi on

.

that s ome of the b ooks were destr oyed by Alexander

the Great is c ontained in the intr odu ct ory chapter of
the Pehlevi Vir af - Na ma a b oo k written in the Sas
,

sanian times ab ou t the sixth or seventh cent ury and

, ,

in which the even t is th u s chr onicled The wicked

accu rsed G u n a Min o (the evil spirit ) in o rder t o ,

make the pe ople sceptical ab o ut their religi on insti ,

gated the acc u rsed Al e xie da r ( Alexander ) the R uman ,

the inhabitant of Egypt t o carry war and hardships

,

t o the c o untry of Iran ( Persia ) He (Alexander)

.

killed the m onarch of Iran and destr oyed and made

 1 60 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C
[ H A R 1 11 .

two chapters It enforced up on the mind of its

.

readers the ad v antages of saying prayers and prac tis

ing virtu e .

2 V ars ht a m an s ar ( literally excellent law ) twenty

.
, ,

t wo chapters It treated of piety and faith in the

.

Z oro astrian religi on .

-
3 Bak o o.r Bag ( G o d) twenty (
on e chapters twenty
,

acc ording t o the Ra v ay e t ) I t treated of the a dv a n .

tages of prayers piety religi o n laws and virt u e and

, , , , ,

o f th o se of sh u tting against o neself the r o ad t o hell

and Satan but opening that t o the w orld o f eternity

,

and heaven .

4 D a m da d ( cre ati on ) o r D v a z de h H a m as t thirty

.
,

t wo chapters Fro m the descripti on of its c o ntents

.
,

as given in the Ra v a y e t of B urz o K a m din it appears ,

that it treated of metaphysical qu esti ons and scientific

s ubj ects O n on e hand it treated of res urrecti on
.
,

fut u re existence the retu rn t o be met with in the

,

next w orld for g oo d or bad acti o ns c ommitted in

this and other qu esti ons of a like nat ure O n the
,
.

o ther it dealt with an ex planati o n of physical ob

e c t s like earth wa er fire sky trees q u adr upeds
j t , , , , , ,

etc .

-
5 Nadar
. or Akhtar ( star ) thirty fi v e chapters , .

It treated of the stars planets and the different , ,

c onstellati ons and of the infl u ence which they exerted

,

u p o n the destinies of mankind In sh ort it discu ssed .

,

astr on omical a n d astr ol ogical s ubj ects The Rav ay e t .

C H AR R E L I G I O US B O OK S . I 61

says that the b ook is translated int o Arabic under the

name of Naj um i e star , . . .

6 Paj ak twenty -
. t w o chapters
,
It treated of .

several qu esti o ns ab out religi ou s u sages prevalent then

“ ”
and n ow F or example what kinds of c he harp a e
.
, ,

i e qu adr upeds it is lawfu l t o slau ghter for fo o d

. .
, ,

especially for G aha m bar feasts ; what benefits accr u e

t o th o se w ho perform these G aham bar cerem onies ;
“ ”
what As o da d (literally gifts t o the pi ou s ) in
,

m oney and cl othes m u st be given t o the priests o f

“ ” ”
di fferent grades viz t o the herba ds
,
. m ob e ds and , ,

d as turs the last named be ing the priests of the

,

highest rank ; w hat kind o f pi ou s deeds sh ould be

d one d uring the Fra v ar dig a n h oly days which fall at ,

the end of a Parsi year .

7 Ra t os ht aiti ( s o vereignty )
. fifty chapters of , ,

which thirty -seven were b u rnt by Alexander the

Great It treated of miscellane ou s s u bj ects ; o f the
.

”
o rders and c ommandments of kings d a s turs , ,

leaders govern ors and pi ou s pers ons ; of the erec

, ,

ti o n of new cities ; of the ge ographical distrib u ti on

of land and water on the s urface o f the earth .

8 Barish ( directi o n )
. sixty chapters of which
, ,

forty - eight were b urnt by Alexander It d welt up on .

the different ways o f g overning a c ou n t ry ; als o

u p on the o rders which were t o emanate fr o m the

kings as the temp oral heads of the pe ople and th ose ,

fr om the d as turs as the spiritu al heads .

V OL . II .
1 62 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ 111 .

9 . K a shakis r ob ,
sixty chapters o f which fo rty -
fiv e ,

were destr oyed by Alexander It dealt with the.

subj ects of wisd om sagacity and pru dence ; virt u e

, ,

and piety ; v ice and u nh oliness ; and the cau ses that
lead on e t o greatness and goodness .

1 0 V is ht a s ps a st o sixty chapters o f which fifty

.
, ,

’
were destr oyed at the time of Alexander s invasi on .

It was a his torical b ook treating of the reign of K ing

G usht asp and of the pr opagati on of the religi o n of
Z or o aster in his time .

1 1 D a d ok ( law) or V ashti twenty -

. t wo chapters
, ,

o f which o nly six were kn o wn after Alexander It .

treated of the attrib u tes of Ah ura Mazda of religi ou s ,

d uties res u rrecti on and creati on ; of a gricu ltu re and

,

arb oric ulture ; of ob edie n ce t o the das turs and of

the four grades in which s o ciety was divided at the
time v iz ( 1 ) the At hr av an s (priests) ( 2 ) Ratha e sh
,
.
,

tarans (warri ors ) ( 3 ) V as trio F shuy ant s ( hu sband

,

men ) and ( 4) H u itis ( artisans ) Fird u si the great

, .
,

Persian epic p o et refers to these fou r classes as being

,

made by K ing Jamshid of the Pes hda dian dynasty .

He gives them u nder the fou r names of K at u zi Nisari , ,

Na s ud i and Ahnukhus hi
,
.

1 2 Chid ras t o o r J ir asht twent y -

. t w o chapters
,
.

It seems t o have been written excl u sively on a

medical s ubj ect treating of obstetrics or m idwifery
from the time of c oncepti on t o that of childbirth .

It als o explained the circ umstances after birth

1 64 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . CH AR
[ 11 1 .

ment of sinners and what is all owable or pr oper and

what is n ot s o .

1 8 Sak a d u m fi ft y -
. t wo chapters
,
It treated of .

the ways of exercising auth ority ; of sagacity and ,

res u rrecti on .

1 9 V id e v a da da or V endidad O f all the twenty

.

”
on e n u s ks or b o o ks this is the o nly o n e that has

c ome d own t o u s entire W e will therefore speak of

.

it at s ome length with the other b o oks of the Avesta

n ow extant .

2 0 H a d okht thirty chapters

.
,
It treated of g oo d.

acti ons and prayers and of the final fate or results of

g oo d and evil acti ons Fragments of this b ook ( ab out
.

three chapters ) have been preserved and are still

in existence .

2 1 Stu d Yasht ( prayer o f praise ) thirty -

. three ,

chapters . It treated of the praises of Ah ura Maz d a

and His Am eshasp ends and of thanks g ivings t o them .

O f all these twenty - on e v ol umes which we have n o w

described the nineteenth i e the V endidad is t he

, ,
. .
,

o nly b oo k that has c o me d o wn t o u s intact T ogether .

with the Yasna and V isp ara d this b ook forms wh at ,

is kn own as the V endidad Sade A few fragments .

o nly of the H a dokht and V is ht a s n u s ks exist

p .
 C H A P T E R IV .

T H E P A R S I CR EED .

A b k f p y — T h V d i d d — T h Y — T h V i p d— T h K h d h
oo o ra e rs e en a e a s na e s ar a e or e

Av t —Th fi G b — Th Ny i h — T h Y ht — T h i i m p t c
es a e ve a s e a s es e as s e r or an e

T h Af i g
e — Th P t t — P y
r n an s f p t c — A xh t iv li t
e a e s ra ers o re en a n e n e a us e s

f i — T h Af i — T h P ph t p y — T h ld t c p i f ’
o s ns e w r ns e ro e s o n ra er e o es o es o

th P e ib k —P f
ar s oo W t g s d t x t — Th P hl vi l g g
ro e s s or e s er aa r
’
s e s e e e an ua e

C j ct l m i g — C c t d wi th P th i — Li t f P hl vi w k
on e ura ean n s onn e e ar a s o e e or s

S m o f th m
e o i mp t t— Th P d l g g — W h t i th P i
e ore or a n e aza n an ua e a s e ars

rel ig i — Z on t mi i — M t h i m— A h
oro a s er s
’
M d — Th Os s on on o e s ura az a e ne

G d— Z t h l g y— T h cc t f H d t — O f D H g
’
o t oro a s er s eo o e a oun o e ro o us r . au

Z t ph i l phy— T h
oroa s er s
’
cti f th b dy— Z
os o t m l e res u rre on o e o or o a s e r s
’
ora

t ch i g — A d h i
ea n B b k rc lles m bly — T h vi i
r a f A d
e an a s an as s e e s on o r a

V i f— T w f
ra ig c i tic
o th P
ore i — Exp i f g t t th
n r s on e a rs s ress o n o re re a e

d c y f th l d P i l igi
e a o e o ars re on .

B ESI D ES the religi ou s w orks named in the last chapter ,

a b o ok of prayers called the K h ordeh -Avesta is still , ,

in existence We may therefore pr o ceed t o take a

.

brief s u rvey of the b ooks of the V endidad Sade and

the K h ordeh -Avesta which form the b ulk of the Parsi ,

Script ures remaining t o the present day It is n ot .

certain whether these three n ot menti oned in our list ,

o f the twenty — on e v o l umes viz the Yasna V is ar a d

p ,
.
, ,

and K h ordeh -Avesta existed as different b o oks , .

The probability is perhaps that they formed a part , ,

of s ome of th o se twenty - o n e v ol u mes .

1 66 H I S T OR Y O F T H E R A R S I S . CH AR
[ IV .

We w ill first speak of the b ooks which form t he V e n

did a d Sade v iz the V endidad Yasna and V is p a ra d
,
.
, ,
.

1 The V endidad (i e what is given t o gu ard against

. . .

the dem ons which signifies against evil influ ences )

,

is in the w ords of Dr Haug the c o de of the reli

,
.
,

”
i o u s civil and criminal la ws of the ancient Iranians
g .

It is made up o f twenty- t wo ar a ra d s
p g or secti ons .

Dr Ha ug divides these secti ons as t o their c ontents

.

int o three parts The firs t ( chaps i t o iii ) c ontains

. . . .

an en umerati on of the sixteen c ou ntries then kn own

in which the Z oroastrian religi on had been pr opagated ,

an acc ou nt of the legend of K ing Yama and lastly ,

the rec o mmendati on of agricult ure as a p urs uit of men .

The sec ond (chaps iv t o xvii ) dwells u p on the Z or o

. . .

a s t r ia n law cerem o nies and Observances

,
The third , .

( chaps xviii
. t o xxii
)
. treats o f miscellane o u s matters
.
,

s u ch as the attempts of the devil t o c ounteract the

infl u ence of Z or o aster s g o o d acti ons the fate of ’

the s oul after death the ways of c uring diseases by ,

vari ou s means and other similar s u bj ects

, .

2 The Yasna is as its r oo t implies a c omp o siti o n

.
, ,

which incl ud es prayers that are t o be offered with

certain rites and cerem onies It is n owadays recited .

by t wo priests kn own as the Z a oti and the Rathvi

, ,

before a sacred fire The articles requ ired during the

.

recital are c onsecrated water

( z aot hr a
) c o nsecrated ,

”
bread (dra ona ) with ghi or b u tter spread over it ,

’
g o at s milk twigs of the h oma plant and of the p ome
,
1 68 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S .
[ AR I V
C H .

3 . Theis as its name im plies an inv o

V isp ar a d , ,

cati on t o ( Vispa ratu s ) all l ords i e t o the chiefs of ,

. .

spiritual and terrestrial creati on It is written in the .

o rdinary Avesta lang u age and is made u of twenty

p ,

“ ”
t wo kardas or secti ons It als o like the Yasna .
, ,

forms a par t of the M a z day a sn an liturgy Unlike .

the Yasna it is never recited al one Interspersed

,
.

in the vari ou s chapters of the Yasna it is recited on ,

the o ccasi ons of the six G a ha m b ars that is the six , ,

peri ods c ommem orating acc o rding t o the opini ons ,

o f s ome a uth orities the six seas on festivals of the

,

year and acc ording t o others the creati on of heaven

, , ,

the waters the earth the trees the animals and

, , , ,

man in their order Interspersed wi th the Yasna

.

and the V endidad it is recited after twelve at mid

night In the w ords of Dr Spiegel the c ontents of
. .
,

the V isp ara d are alm ost excl u sively an invitati on

t o Ah u ra Mazda the g o o d genii and o ther l o rds of
, ,

p u rity to be present at the cerem onies a b out t o be

perfo rme d This lit u rgy bears n o resemblance what
.

ever t o the Jewish or Christian lit urgies becau se it ,

was t o be recited for the m o st part by the priests

al one d uring the performance of certain religi ou s
,

cerem onies and the presence of the laity was neither

,

”
required n or expected .

-
Now we will speak of the K h ordeh Avesta or as , ,

its meaning implies the small Avesta It c ontains ,

.

-
all the remaining p orti ons of the Zend Avesta I t .
CH AP 1 v ]. . T H E F I VE P R A YE R S . 1 69

co nsists o f the Gab s the Ny aishes the Yashts the , , ,

Afrin g a ns and o ther detached pie ces

,
.

Unlike the Yasna the V is p ar a d and the V endidad

, , ,

the recital of the K h ordeh - Avesta (with the e x c ep

t ion of the Afring an s ) is n ot restricted t o the priests .

Any layman after performing abl uti ons can recite the
, ,

fl
wh ole or any p orti on of it Its recital is n ot aec om .

a n ie d by any rites or cerem onies It is written in

p .

the ordinary Avesta dialect .

We will here say a few w ords ab ou t the c ontents

o f the ab ove —named di er e n t parts of the K h ordeh

Avesta .

The Gabs are five in nu mber and are as their , ,

“ ”
name (g a h time ) signifies prayers t o be recited dur
, ,

ing the fi v e parts of the day These five parts are .

fi rs t Havan which r uns fr o m the break o f day t o

, ,

n oo n ; sec ond Ra p it hav a n fr om n o o n t o 3 P M ;

, , . .

third Uz iran fr om 3 R M t o nightfall ; fourth

, , .
,

Ais ru thr e m fr om nightfall t o midnight ; fifth

, ,

Us hain fr om midnight t o the break of day

, .

The Ny a is hes are als o five in n u mber and are as , ,

their n ames signify s upplicati on prayers praising

,

the Almighty for His best creati ons The five .

Ny a ishes are as foll ows and 2 ) Khurs he d and

Mehr Ny ais h ab ou t the s u n and his light at the
d awn of day ; ( 3 ) Mah Ny a is h ab ou t the m o on ( 4 )

Aban Ny a ish for water ; and ( 5 ) Atash Ny aish for

fire In these Ny a ishes the benefits best owed by
.
1 70 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . CH AR
[ N .

the best creati ons up on the animal and vegetable

world are en umerated and the Almighty the Creat or
, ,

of all is praised and thanked

,
.

-
The Yashts are twenty t w o in n umber and are ,

prayers in the form of inv o cati ons t o different angels

or g u ardian S pirits which u nder the s overeignty of
,

on e S u preme G o d the Almighty preside o ver di fferent

, ,

physical obj ects and mental q u alities These Yashts .

,

which form the b ulk of the K h ordeh -Avesta diffe r ,

fr om the Yasna in this that in each of them are s u n g

,

praises of only on e attrib u te of G od w hereas in the ,

Yasna all His attrib utes are praised and inv oked t o
gether The dev otee impl ores the assistance of t he
.

g uardian spirit presiding over tha t particu lar a t tri

b ute and in s o d oing enu merates the services d on e
,

by that gu ardian spirit t o other illu stri ou s pers ons of

antiqu ity Thu s these Yashts serve as an imp ortan t
.

rec ord of the lives and d oings of ancient pers onages .

We therefore meet in the Yashts with hist orical

all u si ons ab out the lives and achievements of alm ost
all the kings of the Pe s hda dian and K ay a nia n
dynasties of ancient Persia fr o m K ing K a iom ar s
,

d own t o K ai G u shtas p The descripti o n of these

.

kings found therein c orresp onds t o a great extent

with that given by the eminent p o e t Fird usi in his
w orld ren owned S ha h -Na ma or the B ook of kings
- , .

F or their hist orical val u e the Yashts form a very

imp ortant part of the K h ordeh -Avesta .
I 72 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ IV .

seems t o have been prevalent am ong the Parsis at the

’
time it was c omp osed that of c onfessing one s sins
,

and crimes before the head priest The c u stom is now .

n o l onger o bserved .

Af rin s are an other set of prayers in the Pa z a n d

langu age They are as their names imply prayers
.
, ,

of blessing They are recited by the priests at the

.

c oncl usi o n of the Afring a n cerem onies and prayers .

In them the priest inv okes blessings up on the pers on

u nder wh o se instru cti o ns he recites the prayers .

O f these Afrin prayers the on e best kn own is that

o f S it a m a n Z ar a t ho s ht i e of the Pr ophet himself
p ,
. .
,

by wh om it is said t o have been c omp osed when

c onferring blessings on the king of Persia Shah ,

G us ht a s p in wh o se reign he fl ou rished and who

, ,

helped him as we said before t o a great extent in

, ,

propagating his new religi on This is the only Afrin .

in the Avesta language .

It may be menti oned here that the oldest manu

script c opies n ow existing of the V endidad and Yasna
were dep osited in the R oyal Library at C openhagen
by Profess or Erasmu s Rask w ho in the year 1 8 2 0 , , ,

visited B ombay and passed through Persia The .

c opy of the fi rs t -named work bears date the 2 4th day

o f the fou rth m onth o f the year of Ya z d e z ar d 6 9 2 i e ,
. .

A D 1323
. . The la tter w ork is dated ten m onths later
. .

In India the oldest man u script c opy of the V en

did ad is t o be found in the library of the late M ulla
C H AR 1V .
] TH E ZEND TE XT S . 1 73

Firo z high priest of the K admi sect of the Parsis

,
.

Manu script c opies of these works are als o dep osited

in the Imperial Library Paris ; in the University ,

Library O xford ; and in the British as well as the

,

Indian Mu se um L ond on Profess or N L Wester

,
. . .

gaard of C openhagen has p ublished all the Zend

texts in fou r parts the last of which was brought
,

out in the year 1 8 5 4 Pr ofess or Spiegel has als o

.

p ublished the Zend texts of the V endidad Yasna , ,

and V isp ara d t ogether with the o riginal Pehlevi trans

,

l a tion s He has als o published a German versi o n of

.

the wh ole of the Zend —Avesta n ow extant This was .

translated in the year 1 8 64 int o English by Mr A . .

H Bl e ek at the requ est of Mr M an c he rj i H orm a sj i

. .

K ama a dev ou t Z or o astrian and a highly-respected

,

member of the K ama fam il y w ho distrib uted it ,

gratu it ou sly t o his c o -religi onists .

A new and revised editi on of W estergaard is being

prepared by Dr K arl G el dn er Pr ofess o r of Iranian
.
,

Langu ages in the University of T ubingen of which ,

the n e w and m o st striking feat ure will be the

arrangement by the l earned profess or of the texts
in the form of verses He is of opini o n that alm ost
.

the wh ole of the Avesta and n ot the Gatha p orti on

,

al one is a metrical c omp o siti on

,
T o ens ure the .

c orrectness of his new p u blicati on he has sent for

the oldest manu scripts fr om B ombay The oldest .

on e in the M u lla Fir o z library ab ove referred t o has

 74 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S .
[ AR I V
C H .

“
been sent t o him and the t w o learned da s turs of
,

B ombay have als o forwarded the oldest man uscripts

in their p ossessi on It is very gratifying t o n ote
.

here that on e of them Dastur J am aspj i M in o che rj i

, ,

has been specially h on ou red by the University of

Tubingen with the h on orary degree of D o ct o r of
Phil o s ophy and Master of Arts as an a c kn owl e dg
ment of his high merits in the Pehlevi literat ure ,

and his extreme liberality in c o mmunicating the

preci ou s m anu scripts of his Zend library Besides .

th o se sent by these t wo high priests other ol d ,

man uscripts have been sent by Dast ur Era c hj i

M e rj iran a and o ther priests of B o mbay O f all .

these the manu scripts of the Pehlevi Yasna Sanscrit ,

Yasna and Sanscrit K h ordeh -

,
Avesta bel on ging t o
Dastur J am aspj i are respectively 5 0 0 60 0 and 5 0 0
, ,

years ol d .

Besides the Avesta in which the o riginal Parsi

Scriptures are unfolded s ome of their religi ou s
,

b oo ks are written in o ther langu ages They are all

.

necessarily of a s ubsequ ent date Am ong these

.

langu ages Pehlevi is the fo rem ost We may give

.

here a brief outline of this lang uage and of its

literature .

Pehlevi was the c urrent langu age of the Sassanian

ep o ch The inscriptions and b ooks in the tim es of
.

this dynasty were all written in this lang uage Its .

alphabet is not as perfect as that of the Avesta The .

1 76 H I S T OR Y O F T H E R A R S I S . C H AR
[ IV .

generals and emper ors was remembered in Persia a n d ,

that everything c onnected with antiqu ity whether ,

in hist ory religi on letters writing or langu age was

, , , , ,

call ed Pehlevi or bel onging t o the ancient rulers of

the c ou ntry the Parthians ,
Dr West agrees with . .

Dr Haug Whether Dr H a u g s way of c onnecting

. .
’

it with Parthia is right or n ot this m u ch seem s ,

certain that the name was derived fr om that of

,

a place becau se we see that al l other s ubsequ ent

,

lang uages derived their names from the c ountries

where they were sp oken .

As t o its literature Dr West a well - kn own Pehlevi , .

,

sch olar of our times and a c o adj ut or of the late Dr , .

Hau g says that th ou gh we mu st l ook t o the Avesta

, ,

for informati o n regarding the main ou tlines of the

Parsi religi on it is t o the Pehlevi writings we mu st
,

refer for m o st of the details relating t o the traditi ons ,

cerem onies and c ust o ms o f this ancient faith which

,

styles itself emphatically the g oo d religi on of the ,

‘

M a z d ay a s n an s and calls its laity B ehdin a n or th o se

’ ‘
,

’
o f the g o o d religi o n In the fragments of the Avesta
.

which still exist we may trace the s olid foun d a

ti ons of the religi o n laid by phil o s ophic bards and
lawgivers o f ol d with many a m ouldering c ol umn ,

and massive fragment of the s u perstru ct u re erected

u p o n them by the ancient priesth o o d While in the .

Pehlevi texts we find mu ch of the medi aeval edifice

b uilt by later Persian priestcraft u p on the ol d founda
 C HAR 1V .
] F E H L E VI L I T E R A T UR E . 1 77

ti ons with a strange mixture of ol d and n e w materials ,

and exhibiting the u s u al sympt om of declining

p o wers a str ong insistence u p on c omplex forms and
,

minute details with little of the freed om of treat

ment and simplicity of ou tline characteristic of the
”
ancient bards .

The Pehlevi literature which has c o me d own t o the

present day is certainly m ore extensive than that of
the Avesta The reas on seems t o be clear Being of
. .

a later date it was m ore widespread and therefore did

, ,

n ot fall s o c o mpletely a victim t o fo reign c o nq u er ors .

Dast ur Pe shot anj i in the intro d u cti o n t o his ,

Pehlevi grammar p ublished in 1 8 7 1 gives the foll ow ,

ing list of the Pehlevi b ooks n ow extant

1 . D ink ar d . 18 . Jamasp B i tai .

2 . i—
V a z e rka r d— Di n i . 19 . M a d e ga n i V ir af
(Ard a

3 . Nirang istan . V ira f-

Na m a) .

4 . Sha y e s t l a Shay e s t . i—
Anda rz - Adarbad M are s
5 . Eruz hab a— i-B und eh e shne . p an d .

6 . Z en d-i-J a v i d S haid a d ad . i-
K a rn a ma — Ar d es h i r B a b e
7 . Zend -in Ya z a shn e~
. ka n .

Ze n d-i—V isp arad . 22 . G a nj -

i—Sai gan .

9 . Zen d—i-H ad okht . 23 . S e t ay a shn é -

Yaz d an .

10 . Ze nd-i—D amd ad . M a d e g a n-
i—L a k Yo m .

11 . Ze nd -i A v e sta i K h or 25 . M a d e a n -i-
g Ahunv ar .

deh 26 . M a d eg a n -
i—Ra z Yaz d an .

12 . D a dis t an-
i—D i n i . 27 . M a d e a n-
g K h or d a d Yum-
i— i
13 . S he kun G um a n i V aj ar . F r av ar din bin a .

14 . B un d e he shn e . 28 . M a d eg a n i Aiv ihng uno

15 . M in o K h e ra d . T u shkuk .

16 . M a d ig an—i-
G osht far ian . 29 . M a d e g a n-i-
M a d a m C h im-
i
17 O g amde cha . d arun .

V OL . II .
1 78 3 1 5 7 0 13 Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ 1v .

M a d e g an -
i-Ha ft Ame shas 42 . i-
M a d e g an - G uz a sht e
p en d . ab al is h .

Au darz —i— d an ak br
ga a . 43 . M a l i gan—i—a v e sta
V a z -i— .

32 . Zend V ahum an Y sh t
a . i-
4 4 M a d eg a n - Chutrang .

33 . i-
M a d e g an - Hu shrub K o 45 D a r un Nirang p a v an Z en d
. .

ba d . 46 . Chid eh A v e s ta G a s a ne
3 4 D aha m an—
. i—V e han A f in
r . a fz uni .

35 . Napikina ashn e p arv ar de . 47 . Niran g Ya za s hn e .

36 . M a d e g an -
i-Dhurhu t . 48 . Ya z as hne Ch an d Arz .

37 . Va zi- i-Adar ba dM are s p a n d . 49 . A v e s ta -

i-d arun Froharan
38 . i-
V a j ir- D i ni . Ya sh t .

39 . M a d e gan-i—d arui Khurs a n V ishtas p Ya s h t p a v an

d eh . Nira ng .

40 . M a d e g an-i-
Av a dushe M an 51 . A v e sta Ze n d piramun e
yha n . Ya s h t .

41 . M a d eg an i Atr a F arob a 52 . M al ik Na ma A ssurie Pa v a

F arukhz a d an . na ch P ar s i .

We will n o w n otice a few of the m ost i mp ortant

o f these b ooks The sixth seventh eighth and .
, , ,

eleventh are translati ons and c ommentaries in Pehlevi

o f the Avesta V endidad Yasna V is para d and the
, , , ,
1

K h ordeh -Avesta The ninth and the tenth are the .

Pehlevi b o oks on the s ubj ects treated in the Avesta

nu s ks o f the same name th o ugh the descripti o n o f ,

the c ontents of the latter given in the Rav ay e ts differs

a little fro m the c ontents of these b ooks .

2
The D inkard treats of miscellane ou s s ubj ects I t .

gives an explanati on of vari ou s religi ou s matters and

d uties describes the characteristics o f the Am e s ha s
,

pends s olves many d iffi c ul t q u esti ons ab ou t h ist ory

, ,

1 T he P e hl evi
x of th se a e p ub l i h e d by Dr S pi ege l
te ts e r s . .

2
I t i b e i ng t a n l a te d i n t o G uj a ati a n d En gl i sh by D ast ur Pe sh o
s r s r

tanj i .F our v l um s a e al re ad y p ubl i h e d

o e r s .
1 80 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ IV .

c ontrast between the g oo d and evil spirits fr om the

creati on till the res u rrecti on ; w orks of s uperer ogati on ;
the sacred shir t and thread girdle ap o stasy and its
preventi on ; the u s e of fire at cerem onies a n d o ther ,

details ; d uties payment and p o siti o n of priests ;

, ,

details regarding cerem onies ; lawfu l and unlawful

'

trading in c orn wine and cattle with a definiti o n of

, , ,

drunkenness ; ad opti on g uardianship and inherit , ,

ance right of foreigners and infi d el s the origin of

mankind and next -of -kin marriage the c ost of
religi ou s rites ; the cau ses of the rainb o w phases of the ,

m oon eclipses and river beds ; things acq uired through

, ,

destiny and exerti on ; the sins of u nnat ural interc ourse

and ad ultery ; imperfect prayer before drinking
cerem onies and payments for them ; the seven im
m ortal rulers b e fore Z ara tush the sky the s ource of ,

”
p ure water and the ca use of rain and st o rms
,
In .

“
his replies t o these qu esti ons says Dr West Man u s , .
,

kihar displays m u ch intelligence and wisd om ; the

m orality he teaches is of a high standard for the age

”
in which he lived .

The thi rteenth b o ok treats of arg uments pr oving

the existence of G o d against th ose of the atheists It .

criticises Jewish and Christian d o ctrines .

1
The fourteenth B und e he s h is a very imp ortant , ,

1
h l i t x t i p ub l i h d b y W t g d I t t
I ts Pe ev e s s e es er aar . s l i
ra n s a t on by
Dr .W t i p bl i h d in th fi fth v l um
es s u s e fM M lle e o e o ax u
’
r s s er e s i . I ts
Gu j ti t n l ti n by th l t D tu Ed lj i J m p i
ara ra s a o e a e as r a a as as a s st i ll x te ant .
C H AR I V ]. TH E SP I R I T OF W I S D OM 1 81

b o ok . Its name (o riginal creati on ) is applicable

“
en ou gh says Dr West t o mu ch of the earlier part
,
.
,

of the w o rk which treats of the pr ogressive devel op

ment o f the creati on u nder g oo d and evil infl uences .

The wh ole b ook seems t o be a c ollecti on of fragments

relating to the c o sm og ony myth ol ogy and legendary , ,

hist o ry taught by M az day a sn an traditi on .

The fifteenth Min o K herad ( spirit o f wisd o m ) as

, ,

its name implies c ontains an acc ount of the tenets

, ,

legends and m orals of the M az day a s nan religi on

,
.
”

The sixteenth is an acc ount of s ome deep and

mystical enigmas asked by a s orcerer named Akht
of G o sht -i-F ry an o w ho s olves them ,
.

’
The nineteenth is an acc ount of Arda V iraf s visi on
of heaven and his descripti on of what he saw in
,

heaven and als o in hell .

1
The twentieth is a b ook which c ontains a list of
practical g o o d advice given by Ad arba d M are spa n d
t o his s on Z ar a t hu s t .

The twenty -fi rs t as its name implies is a hi s t orical

, ,

acc ou nt of the acti ons of K ing Ardeshir Babekan .

The twenty -sec ond b ook is otherwise kn own as the

-
Pa n dn am a B uz ar gc he Mehr that is the advice given by , ,

the prime minister of this name of Na os hirv a n the J u st .

It is kn own by the name given in the first list becau se

it was said t o b e dep osited in the r oyal treasu ry .

1
A Gu j ar a t i tran s l ti on
a of t hi s book w as p ub li h d by
s e Sh eria dj i
D a dabhai B haru ch a in 1 8 69 .
1 82 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ IV .

The twenty -third c o ntains the praises of

angels .

The twenty -fourth twenty -sixth and twenty

, ,

seventh give acc ou nts of the thirty days of the

m onth and for what w orks they are propiti ou s ; the
,

special qualities p ossessed by the thirty angels and

’

of the sixth day of the first m onth of a Parsi year n ow

kn own as K hor da d s al o N a or oz i-
r - K hash and why ,

the latter was held s o imp ortant and h oly The first .

o f these three b ooks is als o k n own by the name of

- -
Madegan i Sir o z .

-
The twenty ninth and thirtieth c onta in descripti ons
of the cerem o nies of Daru n
( i )
e c onsecrated bread and
. .

o f seven Am es h as e n d s
p ( i c archangels
n
) .

-
Th e thirty fi r s t c ontains advice by a wise man .

-
The thirty sec ond b ook kn own als o as Behman
,

Yasht pr ofesses says its translat or Dr West t o be

, , , .
,

a pr ophetical w ork in which Ah ura Mazda gives t o

Z arat u sh an acc ou nt of what was t o happen t o the
”
Iranian nati o n and religio n in the future .

The rest o f the b ooks requ ire n o special menti on .

The writings in the Pa z a nd and Persian lang uages

are not of very great imp ortance Th o se in the former
.

are very few They are the Afrins and As hirwa ds

.

( i e
. blessing
. prayers ) .

Am ong the Persian c omp ositi ons th ose of s ome

imp ortance are the Rav ay e ts which are n ot older
,

tha n three h undred years They c ontain answers to

.
 1 84 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ IV .

nian D ia in Irish D a w or D ew in K ymric D one in

, , ,

Arm oric D en in C ornic Te ote in Mexican and s o on

, , , .

All these w o rds in di fferent langu ages for G od have

been derived from the c omm on ol d Aryan ro ot div ,

”
t o shine which is the m ost imp ortant attrib ute o f
,

G o d that presents itself t o the mind of man Now

’

.
,

“ ”
how is it that the w o rd for G o d in the Avesta a m o st ,

imp ortant branch of the Aryan st o ck of languages is ,

n ot taken fr om that c omm on old r o ot ? The answer

is simple W hen Z oro aster saw that the belief of
.

the pe ople of his time was tending t o p olytheism ,

and that therefore they were u sing the w ord Daeva

for many of His created obj ects instead o f restricting
it t o the name of G od al one he abstained from empl oy ,

ing it in the Avesta as the name for G od bu t gave it ,

instead a bad meanin g v iz all that is evil Bish op ,

. .

Me urin in his pamphlet previ ou sly referred t o th u s , ,

“
expresses himself on this p oint : That in n o o ther
but the Z or o astrian religi on this name Daeva bears
the meaning o f an evil spirit is a pr oof that Z oro aster ,

on seeing it best o wed o n many Beings who were n ot

G o d rej ecte d it a lt ogether as the name of the o nly

,

O ne G od and stamped it in his reformatory zeal as a

,

designati on of the diab olical opp onents of the O ne

S upreme Being .

The l ate learned Dr Haug says in his Ess a ys .

( ) The leadi g idea of his ( Z oro aster s ) the ol ogy was ’

a n

M on o theism i e there are n ot many g ods but only

, . .
C H AR I V ] . A H UR A M A ZD A .
1 85

o ne ; ( 6)and the principle of his spec ulative phil os o

phy was D ualism i e the supp ositi o n of tw o primeval
, . .

cau ses o f the real w orld and of the intellect u al ; ( 0 )

while his m oral phil os ophy wa s m oving in the triad
”
of th ou ght w ord and deed
, ,
.

Now let u s see what were the the ol ogy speculative ,

phil o s ophy and m oral phil o s ophy of Z or o astrianism as

,

ta ught by its great phil o s opher and pr ophet Firstly .

,

as t o his the ol o gy The religi on pr op ou nded by him

.

is a simple form of theism rec ognising bu t on e G o d , ,

Ahu ra Mazda the Creat or R uler and Preserver of

, , ,

the Universe with out form and invisible T o Him is

,
.

assigned a place ab ove all and t o Him every praise ,

is to be given for all the g oo d in this w orld and all

fl
the blessings we enj oy Z or oastrianism d o es n ot.

req uire any image of G o d t o be made for the purp ose

of w orship as t o H im is attrib u ted n o fo rm shape o r
, , ,

c ol our He is an immense light from which all gl ory

.
,

b ou nty and g oo dness ow He is represented as the

, .

mightiest the m o st j u st and the m ost benev olent

, , .

His mercies are as b oun dl ess as His being The .

ad orati on or w orship of any other obj ect is blas

p h e m ou s S u
. ch in sh ort is the idea of G od as
, ,

inculcated in the religi on of Z or o aster .

The acc ount given by Hero d ot u s s o early as

“
4 8 4 is well kn own He says : They ( the Persians )
.

have n o images of the g ods n o temples n or altars , ,

and c onsider the u s e of them a sign of folly This .

1 86 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ IV .

c omes I think fr om their n ot believing the g o ds t o

, ,

hav e the same nat ure with men .

We cann ot do better than qu ote here Dr Haug .

,

Spit a m a Z ar at hus ht ra s c oncepti on of

’
w ho says :
Ah ura Mazda as the s upreme being is perfectly
ident i cal with the n oti on of El ohim or J ehov ah
’

which we find in the b ooks of the O ld Testament .

Ahura Mazda is called by him the creat or of the ‘

earthly and spirit ual life the L ord of the wh ole ,

’
u niverse in wh o se hands are all the creat u res
,
He .

is the light and s ou rce of l ight ; He is the wisd om and

intellect He is in p ossessi on of all g oo d things
.
,

spirit u al and w o rldly s u ch as the g oo d mind ( vo hu

,

man o) immortality ( am er e t a d) health ( haurv at a d )

, , ,

the best tru th ( asha v ahishta ) dev oti on and piety ,

( a rm a it i) and ab
,
u ndance o f every earthly g oo d
( k h y )
s hat hra v a ir a Al l.these gifts He grants t o the
righte ous man who is upright in th oughts w ords and , ,

deeds As the r uler of the wh ole u niverse He n ot

.

o nly rewards the g oo d but he is a p u nisher of the

,

wicked at the same time All that is created good

.
,

”
or evil fort une o r m isfort une is His w ork
, ,
.

Now let us speak of his speculative phil os ophy

ab ou t the t wo primeval cau ses ab o ve all uded t o .

Acc ording t o the Parsi Script ures there are t wo ,

cau ses or principles or spirits ( M ainyu s h) w orking

in the universe of G od These are the Spent o
.

M ainyush ( the increasing or creative spirit ) and

"
1 88 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P AR S I S . C H AR
[ IV .

of G o d This great thinker of rem ote antiquity

'
2

s olved this d iffi cult q u esti on phil os ophically by the

s upp o siti on of t wo primeval cau ses which th ough ,

different were u nited and pr o d u ced the w orld of

, ,

material things as well as that of the spir it .

“ ’
The one w ho pro d u ced the reality is called ‘

V ohum an o the g oo d mind

,
the other thr ough
‘

wh om the n on - reality o riginated bears the name

’
Ake mm a no the evil mind ,
All g oo d tru e and
‘
.
, ,

perfect things which fall u nder the categ ory of

’
‘
reality are the pr od u cti on of the g oo d mind ; ‘ ’

while all that is bad and del usive bel ongs t o the
sphere of n on -reality and is traced t o the evil
‘
,
’ ‘

’
mind They are the tw o m oving cau ses in the
.

u niverse u nited fr o m the beginning

,
and therefore ,

called twins They are present everyw here — in the

.
,

Ah ura Mazda as well as in men .

“
These t w o primeval principles if s u pp o sed t o ,

be united i n Ahu ra Mazda Himself are n ot called ,

V ohum an o and Ake mm an o bu t Spent o M a in y us h , ,

the b ene fi c en t spirit and Ang ro M a inyus h the

‘
,
’

h urtful spirit That Angro M a iny us h is n o separate

.
’

being o pp o sed t o Ah ura Mazda is t o be gathered

u nmistakably fr o m Yas xix 9 where Ahura Mazda . .
,

is menti oning His t w o spirits who are inherent in His

o wn nat u re and are in other passages distinctly
,

’
called the two creat ors and the t wo masters
‘
.
’

And indeed we never find Ang ro M ain yu s h men

, ,
C H AR 1V .
] TH E T W O SP I R I T S . 1 89

t ion e das a c onstant opp onent of Ahu ra Mazda in

the G a tha s The evil against which Ah u ra Mazda
.

and all g oo d men are fighting is called drukhsh ‘

,
’

a pers on ificati o n of destru cti o n or lie The same .

expressi on for the evil spread in the w orld we find

in the Persian C uneiform inscripti ons where m ore , ,

o ver no
,
o pp onent of Ahu ra Mazda like Angro
M a iny us h is ever menti oned G o d ( Ah u ra Mazda )
.

in the r o ck -rec ords of K ing Dari u s is only on e as ,

Jeh ovah is in the O ld Testament having n o adversary ,

whatever .

Spent o M ain yu s h was regarded as the auth or of

all that is bright and shining o f all that is goo d and,

u sefu l in nat ure ; while An g ro M a in y u s h called int o

existence all that is dark and apparently n oxi ou s .

B oth are as inseparable as day and night and th ou gh ,

opp o sed t o each o ther are indispensable for the pre

servati o n of creati on The be n efi c e nt spirit appears

.

in the blazing flame the presence of the hurtful on e

,
‘

is marked by the w oo d c o nverted int o charc oal .

Spento M a iny u s h has created the light of day and

An g ro M a in y u sh the darkness of night ; the former
awakens men t o their duties the latter l ulls them t o
,

sleep Life is pr o d u ced by Spent o M a iny u s h but

.
,

extinguished by Angr o M ainy u s h wh o se hands by ,

releasing the s oul fro m the fetters of the b ody

enable him t o rise int o imm o rtality and everlasting
life.
 1 9o H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ Iv .

Th us we see that the s upp ositi on of t w o primeval

principles w orking u nder on e Almighty is n o d ualism .

In c onnecti on with this spec ulative phil os ophy of

’

Z or oaster we will speak ab ou t a fe w other n oti ons

of the Z o r o astrian faith In the G atha s we c ome
.

across the names of six Am e shasp e nds (i e imm ortal . .

increasers or benefact ors ) It appears clearly fr om

.

their descripti on and fr om the etym ol ogy of their

names that they are in the w ords of Dr Haug
, .
,

“
n othing but abstract n ouns and ideas representing ,

all the gifts which Ah u ra Mazda as the only L ord , ,

grants t o th o se who w orship Him with a sincere

heart by al ways speaking truth and performing goo d
acti ons They are taken as archangels or guardian
.

spirits under the Almighty and presiding over the fol

l o wing gifts They are th u s described by Dr Hau g
. .

1 V ohu ma n o ( afterwards changed int o Behman )

.

is regarded as the vital faculty in all living beings of

the g o od creati on He pervades the wh ole living
.

good creati on and all the g oo d th oughts and w ords

,

and deeds of men as wr ought by him .

2 As hav a his ht a ( Ar d ib e hes ht) represents light ‘

.

and brightness in all different forms Light being of .

the nat ure of Ah ura Mazda and being believed t o

pervade the wh ole g oo d creati on As hav a his ht a r e pr e
,

sents the omnipresence o f the divine being Light .

maintaining the vitality of the wh ole creati on animate ,

and inanimate and being the cau se of all gr owth

, ,
 1 92 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ IV .

’
a s tna t, b o dily or p a r a lia
‘
pri o r life and as
,
’

,
‘
,

’
ma na hy a mental or d a ibitya the sec o nd They
‘ ’
.
, , ,

express the idea of b o dy and s oul T o be distin .

’ ’
uis he d fr o m these o lives are the fi and ‘
w
‘
t rs t
g
’
the last lives which mean this life and that here
‘
,

after .

“
The idea of fu ture life and the imm ortality of the
s oul is expressed very distinctly in the G a t has and
pervades the wh ole of the Avesta literat ure The .

belief in a life t o c ome is on e of the chief d ogmas of

the Zend - Avesta .

Cl osely c onnected with this idea says Dr Haug , .

,

is the belief in heaven and hell which Spit am a

Z ara t hu s htr a himself clearly pr o n ou nced in his G a t has .

The name for heaven is G ar od e man a (G ar ot m an in

Persian ) h ouse of hymns becau se the angels are
,
‘
,
’

believed t o sing hymns there which descripti on ,

agrees entirely with the Christian idea as founded on

Isaiah vi and the Revelati on of St J o hn G arode
. . .

mana is the residence of Ah u ra Mazda and the m ost

blessed men An other m ore general name for heaven
.

’
is Ahu V a hisht a the best life afterwards sh o rtened
, ,

t o V a his ht a o nly which is still extant in the

,

m odern Persian ba hisht paradise Hell is called ,

‘
.
’

Druj o d e m an a h ou se of destru cti on in the G at ha s

‘ ’
.
, ,

The later name is D uzhanha which is preserved in ,

the m o dern Persian d uza kh hell Between heaven ,

.
’

and he l l is Chinv a t Peret u ( Chinv a dpul ) the bridge ,

‘
C H AR 1V .
] R E S UR R E C T I ON O F T H E B OD Y . 1 93

’ ’
of the gatherer or the bridge of the j u dge which‘
, ,

the s oul of the pi ou s al one can pass while the wicked ,

”
fall from it d own int o hell .

As regards the res urrecti o n of the b ody at the time

o f the last j udgment Dr Hau g is of opini on that
, .

this imp ortant d o ctrine is a genu ine Z or o astrian

d ogma which devel oped itself naturally from Spit am a
’
Z arathu shtra s sayings There is n ot the slightest .

trace of its being b orr owed fr om a foreign s ource .

Besides it agrees c ompletely with the spirit and

tendency of the Parsi religion All life of the g o o d .

creati on especially that of man b odily as well as

, ,

spiritu al is a sacred pawn entru sted by G od t o man

, ,

w ho mu st keep his b o dy free fr om imp u rity and his

s oul from sin If death destroy the b ody (in the

.

natural c ourse ) it is n ot the fault of man w ho falls t o

an inex orable fate bu t it is c onsidered as the duty of
G od who is the preserver of all life t o rest ore a l l
, ,

life that has fallen a prey t o death t o destro y thi s ,

arch - enemy of human life and s o make life ever ,

lasting This is t o be d one at the time of the res ur

.

recti on .

In the B un dehe sh an old s ong is emb odied t he ,

p urp ort of which is t o sh ow that th ough it appears t o

sh ort -sighted m ortals imp ossible for the b ody ( when
o nce diss olved int o its elements and th o se element s

scattered in e very directi on ) t o be rest ore d again yet ,

n othing is imp ossible for the hand of the Almighty

V OL . II . 0
1 94 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ Iv .

w ho created heaven and earth end ows the trees with ,

”
sap gives life t o embry o s in the w omb etc
, ,
.

Lastly as t o the m oral phil os ophy tau ght by Z or o

,

aster The wh ole m oral foundati o n of the sacred or

.

religi ou s w orks of the Parsis is as it were b uilt up on , ,

three imp ortant inj uncti ons which pervade the Parsi
,

Script ures and are pithily expressed by three s ignifi

,

cant terms u sed in the Avesta v iz Humat a H u kht a , .

, ,

and Hv arsht a which mean p u rity of th ought p u rity

, ,

of speech and p u rity of acti on

,
These represent the .

teaching of the Parsi religi on and on them the wh ole

,

-
stru ct ure of the Zend Avesta is raised .

A per usal of these w orks will sh o w that they

inculcate th ose s ublime d o ctrines and s ound precepts
o f m o rality which c ommand the respect of every
civilised nati on o n earth Evi l acti ons are placed
.

in their proper light and c ondemned whereas the ,

practice of every V irtu e is enj o ined highly ext ol led ,

and sanc ti oned by reward in this as well as in the

o .
-
next w rld The Zend Avesta insists in emphatic
terms that virtu e al o ne is happiness in this w orld and ,

that its path is the path of peace Virt u e is a garment .

o f h o n ou r while wickedness is represented as a r obe

,

o f shame The m ost acceptable sacrifices t o G o d are

.

g oo d acti ons while intenti ons as well as dee d s m u st

, , ,

be g oo d t o be acceptable t o Him The best c ou rt o f .

equ ity is a clear c onscience Truth is laid d own as

.

the basis of all excellence ; untruth is p unishable as

I 96 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S .
[ AR I V
C H .

ti on of what he behel d in a visi on wherein he was

transp orted t o the other w orld and vis i ted the ab odes
,

o f the deceased w h o had inherited either heaven or

hell acc ording t o their acts while they s oj ou rn e d up on

,

earth The descripti on given in this b o ok of hell and

.

o f the p u n i shments awarded therein t o the w i cke d

“
bears as Dr Haug says a striking resemblance t o
,
.
,

”
the acc ounts t o be found in Dante s I nfer no In ’
.

s ome p oints it resemble s the visi on of the prophet

Isaiah in the O ld Testament .

Many Parsis believe in the reality of the narrative ,

and regard the revelati ons as genu ine whil st others , ,

h olding a m ore phil os ophic View l ook up on the w ork ,

as simply a vivid imaginative picture of the fut ure

destiny of men w ho foll o w the g o od or bad examples
described in the revelati ons They believe the w ork.

was c omp o sed for the v u lgar with the obj ect of e n
c o ura in virt u e and m o rality and deterring them
g g ,

fr om imm o ral c o nd u ct and p u rs uits The pr op o sed .

o bj ect of the revelati ons was o n e greatly t o be desired ,

namely t o banish heresy and schism fr om the earth

, ,

and t o rest ore the w orship of the tr ue G od t o its

w onted p u rity as tau ght in the Zend -Avesta The .

nati onal religi on of Persia fr om the invasi on of Al ex

,

ander t o the accessi on of Ardeshir Babekan had b e ,

c ome mu ch c orr upted and these revelati ons effected

,

a reform .

Regarded in this light the Ar da V iraf-Nama i s an

,
C H AP I V ]
. . R E W A R D S A ND P UNI S H M E N T S . 1 97

excellent w ork which n o on e can read with ou t

,

being impressed with an i d ea o f the greatness and

g oodness o f G o d and the advantage t o be gained
,

from the practice of m orality Captain J A P ope . . .

has translated the w ork int o E nglish and on , ,

ll
p ublishin g it in the year 1 8 1 6 declared that the ,

m otives which led him t o u ndertake its p u blicati on

“
ar o se from a str ong desire t o be m ore intimately
acq uainted with the principles of a m orality he a d
mired and of the daily exercise of benev olence that
,

”
sprang from th o se principles He further tru sted .

“
that it w o uld be the means of rem oving many an
ill -founded opini on w i th regard t o the m orality o f
”
this interesting tribe Z or oaster has said and the
.
,

Zend -Avesta pro claims in every page that men are ,

saved o nly by their g oo d deeds in this w orld and ,

that every s oul is p unished or rewarded acc ording t o

his c ondu ct a n d the m otives by which he was act u ated
in his m undane career N othing can be m ore tru e .
,

n othing m ore c ompatible with the nicest sense of

j u stice— rewards acc ording t o m erit pu nishments a o ,

c ording t o crime And these in fact are the very

.
, ,

o bj ects which the revelati ons of Ar da Vira f pr ofess t o

sh ow and pr ove The descripti o n which the Parsi

.

1 A mu ch b e t te r l a t i on
tran s of it, f
ro m the t e x t p p re ar e d by
D a stur H o sh angj i J amaspj i of P o on a , w a sp ubli h d in 1 8 7 2 b y th
s e e

l ate Dr H aug assi ste d by

.
, Dr . E
. W W t n min n t P hl vi
. es ,
a e e e e

s c h ol ar of ou r t i m e .
1 98 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ w .

sage gives of heaven a nd hell the happy state in ,

which the g oo d and virt uou s s ouls were l ocated and ,

the t orments and miseries which th ose w ho had

walked in evil ways were c ondemned t o suffer are ,

eminently calc ulated t o stim ulate virt uou s c ond uct

and in du ce the bad t o amend th eir ways and lead lives
of piety and h oliness .

Arda V ira f speaks of a place that he beheld which ,

seemed t o him t o be c omp osed of diam onds and rubies ,

the splend our of which s urpassed that of the s un at

n oonday and b ore resemblance t o flashes of vivid
,

lightning ; that it appeared like a spaci ou s garden ,

planted with trees and shrubs of vari ou s kinds and ,

ad orned with rivu lets and springs ; that the trees

were alive with singing -birds filling the air with their
,

mel o di ou s n otes ; that the spring sent o ut the scent

of r o ses ; that this was the residence o f th o se w ho

had w orshipped n o ne other than one G od and had ,

walked in the way of h oliness and dev oti on all their

lives performing the d u ties enj oined by the laws o f
,

G o d with zeal and activity ; that the gems represente d

their virtu es while their s ou ls were abs o rbed in splen
,

d ours which c ould n ot be gazed up on O n the o ther .

hand the place of the sinner the evil disp o sed and
, , ,

the wicked is described in the darkest c ol ours ima

,

in abl e When it is remembered that this ic tu r

g .
p
esq u e style of w riting appeals fo rcibly t o an Eastern
mind it cann ot be d oubted that it held fo rth the
,
b ut that y our s oul if rich in g oo d w orks will m ou nt
, ,

t o imm ortality and partake o f the happiness y ou have

already witnessed .

“
Take less care of y ou r b o dy and m ore of y ou r ,

s oul the pains and aches of the b o dy are easily cu red ,

f ?
but who can minister t o the diseases the s l
”

o o u

When y ou set out on a j ou rney in the l ower w orld

ou pr ovide y ou rself and take with o u m o ney
y y ,

cl othes pr ovisi ons and are prepared against all the

, ,

exigencies of the ro ad but what d o y ou pr ovide y ou r

,

self with for y our last j ou rney o f the s oul fr om the

l ower t o the u pper w orld and wh ose friendship have
,

y ou t o assist
y ou o n the wa
y
? Hear O Arda V ira f I ,

and I will describe t o y ou the pr ovisi ons requ isite for

the v oyage t o eternal life .

In the first place the fri end who will assist y ou

,

is G od ; but t o attain His friendship y ou mu st walk

in His ways and place in Him the fi rm e st reliance
, .

The pr ovisi ons mu st be faith and h ope and the r e ,

m e mbranc e of y ou r g oo d w orks Y ou r b o dy O Arda

.
,

V ira f ! may be likened u nt o a h o rse and y ou r s ou l t o ,

its rider and the pr ovisi ons requ isite for the s upp ort
,

of b oth are g oo d acti o ns B ut as with a feeble rider

.
,

the h orse is ill managed s o with a feeble h orse the

,

rider is but ill acc omm odate d care ought to be taken

,

that b oth are kept in order ; s o in a spiritu al sense , ,

the s oul and b o dy must be kept in order by a s u cces

si on of good acti ons Even in the w orld the multi
.
CH AP . 1V .
] H UM A N VA NI T I E S . 2 0 1

t ude w ould sneer at a man who t ook m ore care of his

h orse than of himself ; for this reas on a man ought t o
t ake m o re care of his s ou l than o f his b o dy G od .
,

O Arda V ira f I requires only t w o things of the s ons

o f men : the first that they sh ould n ot sin ; the
,

s ec ond that they sh ould be grateful for the many

,

blessings He is c ontinu ally best owing on them .

“
Let the w orld O Arda V iraf I be taught n ot t o
,

set their hearts on the pleasu res and vanities of life ,

as n othing can be carried away with them Yo u .

have already seen the rewards given t o the g oo d and

deserving how they have been repaid for all their
,

tr ouble ; the p oor and the rich the king and the ,

peasant here receive h on ou rs and distincti on acc ord

,

in g t o their g oo d w o rks You have als o seen the

.

c on d iti o n o f the herdsman and shepherd .

“
In y ou th and in the prime of manh oo d when ,

blessed with health and vig ou r men s upp ose that their ,

s trength w i l l never fail that their riches their lands , ,

t heir h ouses and their h o n ours will remain for ever ;

,

that their gardens w ill be al w ays green and their ,

v ineyards fru itful ; but O Arda V iraf I teach them

,

n ot t o think s o ; teach them the danger of s u ch a

way of thinking— all all will pass away as a dream

,
.

The fl owers fad e and give less ons u nt o man that

,

he is u nwilling to profit by Yea the w orld itself .

,

”
will pass away and n othing will remain but G o d
,
.

We have qu oted this Pehlevi b ook of Arda V ira f

20 2 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ N .

at very great length becau se its c ontents exhibit in ,

the w ords of Dr Hau g a fair specimen of the pr a c .

,

tical w orking of the Z or o astrian religi on and c ode of

law .

All the sins and crimes menti oned by Arda V ira f ,

and c onsidered as s u ch by the present Parsis are ,

divided by Dr Haug int o t w o classes th u s : .

,

I Th ose which are regarded as s u ch by the Chris

.

tians als o .

II Th ose which are taken for sins and cri m es only

.

fr om a Z or o astrian p oint of view being a vi olati on of ,

the precepts of the Z or oastrian religi on .

The fo ll owing sins and crimes bel ong t o the

first class that is they are c onsidered t o be s o
, ,

by Christians and are p u nishable acc ording t o the

1
English law .

M u rder infanticide p ois oning ad ultery on t he

, , ,

part of men as well as on that of w omen s orcery , ,

s o d omy cheating in weight and meas ure breach of

, ,

pr omise whether made t o a Z o r oastrian or n on -Z or o

a s t rian telling lies and deceiving false c o venants
, , ,

slander and cal umny perj ury dish onest appropriati on , ,

of wealth taking bribes keeping back the wages o f

, ,

lab o urers m isa ppr opriati on of religi ou s pr operty re

, ,

m oval o f a b ou ndary st one t u rning pe ople ou t of ,

1
S o me of th e s e a re m en ti on e d p vi ly nd
re ou s u er th e h e a d of mar
r iag e c u s t o ms . T he pir e s ts me n ti n t h
o ndese a a sk t h os e a b ou t t o be
m arr id e to a b t in fs a ro m th e m .
20 4 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . CH AR
[ Iv .

pally of travellers by n ot giving them what they

,

ask for or by charging for what is given them ( 1 4 )

distressing parents and o bstinacy ( 1 5 ) lamentati on
and weeping ( 1 6) dis obedience of a wife t o her hu s
band ; ( 1 7 ) beautifying of faces and w earing the hair
o f o thers ;
( )
1 8 a m o ther n u rsing o ther children ,

leaving her ow n with ou t milk ; ( 1 9 ) vi olati on of a

next -of —kin marriage on the part of w omen ; ( 2 0 )
walking with out sh o es ; (2 1 ) unbelief in the religi on
o f Ah u ra Maz d a ; ol -
( )
2 2 id w o rship .

A patient peru sal of the acti ons enu merated ab ove ,

which are c onsidered as crimes by the Z or o astrians ,

will sh ow even the cas u al reader that they have

been den ou nced as deserving o f p unishment with a
view t o sec u re the physical m oral and s o cial welfare
, ,

of the pe ople . What is intended is t o impress up on

the mind of the believers of the Z oroastrian faith
the obser v ance of sanitati on kindness t o animals
, ,

h ospitality t o strangers and travellers respect t o ,

s uperi ors and help t o the p oor and needy

,
.

Having en u merated all the crimes a nd evil acti ons

which are p u nished in hell we pr o ceed t o describe
,

s ome virtu ous and g oo d acti ons w hich are rewarded

in heaven Dr Haug gives the foll owing list
. .

liberality ( 2 ) piety and observance of the religi ou s

rites ; ( 3 ) (khv a ity od a th) marriage am ong relatives ,

’
or as others u nderstand it to mean giving one s self
, ,

u t o the ca u se of G o d and religi on ; ( 4) j ust g o vern

p
C H AP I V ]
. . A F OR E I G NE R S O P I NI O I V
’
. 2 0 5

ment ( 5 ) tru th ; ( 6) obedience ; ( 7 ) keeping water

and fire free fr om imp urities ; ( 8 ) killing of n oxi ou s
creat ur es ; ( 9 ) tending of sheep ; ( 1 0 ) making des olate
places pro sper ou s ; ( 1 1 ) irrigati on ; ( 1 2 ) teaching ;
( )
1 3 intercessi o n and mediati o n for friends .

We will fi n ish this brief s urvey of the t he ol ogy

and specu lative and m oral phil o s ophy taught by the
-
Zend Avesta of the Parsis by qu oting the opini ons
of t w o u nprej u diced E u r opean au th ors of kn own
rep u tati on in this branch of O riental literature as t o ,

what Parsiism truly is An qu e t il du Perr on the

.
,

celebrated Frenchman w ho was the first E uropean

,

w ho examined the Zend - Avesta is an able illu strat or

,

o f the Parsi faith His extensive acquaintance w ith

.

the facts of the system which he has unfolded is a

s uffi cient gu arantee of the weight t o be attached t o
his opini ons .

In his Cr i ti c a l Vie w of the Theol og ic a l a nd Cer e

m on i a l S ys tem of Z a r thos ht he says : The first p oint
in the the ol ogical system of Z or oaster is t o rec ognise
and adore the Master of all that is g o od the Prin ciple ,

of all righte ou sness H orm a z d acc ording t o the form

, ,

o f w o rship prescribed by him and with p urity of

,

th ought of w ord and of acti on a p u rity which is

, , ,

marked and preserved by p urity of b ody which mu st ,

always acc ompany it and which is found onl y in

,

entir e submissi o n t o the law of Z or oaster Next t o .

,

have a respect acc ompanied with gratitude for the

, ,
2 0 6 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C HAR
[ IV .

intelligence t o which H or m a z d has c ommitted the care

of nat u re — t o take in ou r acti ons their attrib u tes for
,

m odels —t o c opy in o ur c ond u ct the harm ony which

,

f
reigns in the difi ere nt parts o the niverse and u —
,

generally t o h on ou r H o rm a z d (the Almighty as he is ,

styled in the Avesta ) in all that he has pr o d u ced .

“
The sec ond p o int of the religi on of the Parsis
c onsists in detesting the auth or of all evil m oral and ,

physic al Ahre m a n— his pr o d u cti ons and his w orks ;

, ,

and t o c o ntrib ute as far as in u s lies t o exalt the

, ,

gl ory of H orm az d by enfeebling the tyranny which

,

the Evil Principle exercises o ver the w o rld which

the G oo d Principle has created .

“
O n these t w o p oints bear the prayers the religi ou s
,

practices the civil usages and the m oral precepts

, ,

which are presented in the Zend and Pehlevi b ooks

and these di fferent obj ec ts arise as we shall see fr om
, ,

the the ol o gical ideas of the legislat o r of the Persians .

“
Prayer is o n e of the d uties m o s t stro ngly enj oined ,

becau se man c ontin u ally exp o sed t o the assaults of

,

-
Ahr e m a n ( the evil principle ) stands in need of the
s u cc ou r which it pro c u res and becau se it affor d s
o pp o rt unity fo r th ose intelligences t o wh om it is
addressed t o fulfil the obj ect for which they were
,

created .

“
The priest prays for himself for all the Parsis
, ,

and in partic ular as in the days of Her od ot u s for the

, ,

king wh om H orma z d has placed over his pe ople a n d ,

 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S .
[ AR
C H IV .

the Deity believed by u s and G od is called in their

o wn writings the D o er the Creat or the G overn or
, , ,

and the Preserver of the w orld They als o believed .

that the Deity was eternal ( with out beginning or end )

and omnip otent with a great many attrib u tes which
, ,

t o en u merate partic ularly w ou ld be tedi ou s They .

als o believed this Deity t o be the j u dge of all men ,

and that there was t o c ome a general res urrecti on of

every man t o be j u dged and acc ounted acc ording t o
,

his merits or demerits And they als o believed that

.

G od has prepare d for the blessed a place of happines s

called heaven or paradise And as there was a heaven.

for the g oo d there was als o a place of t o rt u re for t he

,

wicked ( as may be pr oved fr o m their ol d w orks ) ,

where they u ndergo a p unishment for their faults and

misdeeds They ackn ow l edged that they sinned dail y
.
,

but pro fessed themselves t o be penitent for all the

sins c ommitted by them either by th ought w ord or , ,

”
deed .

In all uding t o these remarks of Dr Hyde Sir .

,

William O us el e y says I sincerely j oin in respecting

,

the ol d Persian w orship and sympathise in lamenting

,

the infam ous persec uti on which has cau sed its decay .
 CHAPTER V .

M O NO T H EI SM A ND F I RE REV ERENCE .

Pars i s are m o n ot hie st s — Fi re t empl e s —Re s p e c t

- for fi re— T he b es t sym b l o

of theA lmigh ty— T h p ifi c ti f fi — Ni t im p ifi

e ur a on o re ne es ur e d— R pu e

di ti a f id l t y — Th
on o t iq i t y
o a r f fi -v c — Th R m
e an u o re re e r en e e o an

F l m i — B i h p M i w i t i g — D P i d x th P i
a n es s o e ur n s
’
r n s ean r ea u on e ar s s

A q t il d P
n ue — F th uvi d c i f v
e rron f P uri l ig i — Th
er e en e n a our o ar s re on e

na m f fi - w h i pp
e o m i t d— A p t
re or s pi i — P i fid l ity
e rs un er e oe
’
s o n on ars e

Fi m b t t b ig t d— P i t l t i — A P i m ty —I v ti
r u no o e ars o e ra on ars ar r nn o a on s

A R l igi R f m A ci t i — A cc f l
e ou s e or y— R l igi b k
sso a on su ess u e s sa e o us oo s

T l t i i t G j t i — T h P i p i t h d— A h d i t y p f
ra n s a on s n o u ara e a rs r es oo ere ar ro es

i — Ed c ti g th p i t — T h p
s on u a n t d t
e — Th
r es sB h m e re s e n
“
as ur s
”
e are s nu

c m y— Th dig i ty f N v — Th i d ct i f p i t
ere on e n o a ar e n u on o a r es .

WE have already menti o ned in the tw o preceding

chapters a certain n u mber of facts which tend t o
prove that the Z o r o astrians are and have always been
theists There is n o d ou bt als o of their being m on o
.

theists They t olerate n o other w orship than that of

.

a S upreme Being ; and we are c onfirmed in this V iew

n ot o nly by E u r opean au th o rities b u t by the prae

tices and religi ou s prayers of the Parsis at the present

day That the Parsis are n ot id olaters has been plain
.

t o all E ur opeans c oming int o c ontact with them Z or o .

aster raised his p owerful v oice against the id ol -w or

ship prevalent at his ep o ch in Persia and active efforts ,

are said t o have be en made t o extingu ish heretical

V OL . II . P
 C H AR v
2 10 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S .
[ .

fo rms of w orship and t o destr oy the id ols w orshipped

,

in the b ordering c ountries X erxes the immediate .

,

s uccess or of G us ht a sp was filled with s u ch hatred of ,

id olatry that he destr oyed all the Grecian temples

dedicated t o the go ds .

The charge of w orshipping fire s un water and , , ,

.

air has h owever been br ought against the Parsis by

, ,

th o se imperfectly acqu ainted with t he Z oro astrian

faith and c onsequ ently u nable t o form a j u st opini on
, .

The Parsis repel these charges with indignati on .

Ask any Parsi whether he is a w orshipper of the s un

o r fire and he will emphatically answer— No ! This
,

declarati on itself c oming fr om on e wh o se own religi on

,

is Z or o astrianism ought t o be s ufficient t o satisfy the

,

m o st sceptical G o d acc o rding t o Parsi faith is the

.
, ,

emblem of gl o ry refulgence and light and in this , , ,

vie w a Parsi while engaged in prayer is directed t o

, , ,

1
stand before the fi r e or t o t urn his face t owards the ,

s un beca use they appear t o be the m ost pr oper

,

symb ols of the Almighty .

1
I n B om by a at th e p r esen t day t h er e ar e t h r ee A tas h-
B h e ra ms or

chi f fi
e re -
t mp l
e es for p blic w hip
u b u i l t in the year
ors . T he fi r st w as
1 7 8 3 by D a d ibh ai N ar anj i D dise th as Th c on d w b u il t b y
v a . e se as

t he s on s of H or m sj i B a m anj i W d i a in 1 8 3 0
a n d th e t h i d w as a a r
,

b ui l t in the y ar 1 8 4 5 at the j oi nt x p en e of F amj i K a a j i B naj i

e e s r v s a
,

K ha h dj i K a
rs e
j i B anaj i nd D ad abhai R tamj i B an j i T h ere is
v as ,
a as a .

o ne A tash - B e h m a t Na v a i and th e e a e two a t S ura t an d on e

ra s r r r
, , ,

t he o l d e st of al l a t U dv d a
, Fi e-temp l e s n e x t in gr d e to the Atash
a . r a

B eh a m are c ll d A tash -
r a eAd a an s of w h ich m ore t h n a h un d re d e x i st
r
, a

in di ffere n t ci ti es f I nd i a F i e —te mp l s are op e n d ay an d n i gh t f the

o . r e or

o ffer i n u
g p of p ray ers Par s i s c an p ray t h ere a t a ny h ou r by th e mse l v es
.
.
 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S C H AR v
2 12 .
[ .

fl
wh ole s olar system is it n ot w orthy o f the reverence
,

paid t o it by the ancient Aryans and c ontinu ed t o it

even up t o this h our by the present generati on o f
Parsis ? Are n o t the n umberless blessings which
fire in all its d i e re nt forms best ows u p o n the s u rface
o f the earth s ufficient t o j u stify man in paying his

’
respect t o this the n oblest of G o d s creati ons ?
L ooking at the inn u merable u ses t o which fire is
p u t and the n u mberless blessings it c onfers u p o n u s ,

we can w ith ou t the least fear of being c ontradicted

, ,

p u t the same q u esti o n as regards fire which Pr ofess o r

The o d ore C ooke of the P o ona C ollege pu t as regards

the s un in his Na ta r a l P hi l os op hy Is n ot the s un ,

therefore w orthy of the reverence which has been

,

paid t o him by the early races of mankind and by

Parsis and others in our ow n time
These t w o cau ses w ould j ustify any man of what ,

ever nati onality he might be in paying his reverence

,

t o this symb ol of the Deity and t o this n o ble and

divine creati on .

Thirdly a new element of p urity is added t o the

,

fire b urning in the Atash -Ad ara ns and Atash -Beh

rams (fi re -temples ) of the Parsis by the religi ou s
cerem onies acc ompanied with prayers that are per
formed over it before it is installed in its pr oper
,

place on a vase on an exalted stand in a chamber

set apart The sacred fire b u rning there is n ot
.

the ordinary fire b urning on our hearths It has.

C H AP . V .
] P UR I F YI N G F I R E . 2 1 3

u ndergone several cerem onies and it is these cere ,

m onies full of meaning that render the fire m ore

, ,

sacred in t he eye o f a Parsi We will briefly .

rec ou nt the pr o cess h ere In establishing a fi r e .

temple fires fro m vari ou s places of manu fact ure are

br ou ght and kept in different vases Great e fforts .

are als o made t o obtain fire cau sed by lightn i ng .

1

O ver on e of these fires a perforated metallic flat tray

w ith a handle attached is held O n this tray are .

placed small chips and d u st of fragrant sandal -w o od .

These chips and du st are ignited by the heat of the

fire bel ow care being taken that the perforated tray
,

d oes n ot t ou ch the fire Thu s a n e w fire is created .

out o f the fir st fire Then fr o m this new fire an other .

o n e is created by the same pr o cess Fr om this new .

fire an other is again pro du ce d and s o o n u ntil the , ,

pr o cess is repeated nine times The fire th u s pre .

pared after the ninth pr o cess is c onsidered p u re .

1
Fi
p d c d by l i ghtni ng w b t in d f H m j i W di
re ro u e as o a e or or as a a s
’

At h - as B h m t B m b y f m C l c tt
e ra a th g h th o x ti n f a ro a u a r ou e e er o s o

a h i ghly - p c t d P i ci ti n N
r es e ej i S bj i B ng l i wh w
a rs ze ,
aor oz or a e a ,
o as

t h n l ivi ng in th
e l tt ci ty Thi g ntl m n h vin g c i v d
e a er . s e e a a re e e

i nf m ti n th t t
or a o m m il d i t n t f m C l c tt h d c g h t
a a ree s o e es s a ro a u a a au

fi re th g h l i g h tn i g h
r ou n d hi f i d i mm d i t ly p c d d t
n ,
e a s r en s e a e ro e e e o

th p l c
e nd a ec d bl c k f th b nin g t
a se ur e n d k p t it afi o o e ur re e , a e s re

a liv f e v l d y by f di ng it wi th n d l-
or se era w d I t w ft
a s ee sa a oo . as a er

w d c n v y d t B m b y by l n d in ch g f P i T h i p
ar s o e e o o a a ar e o ar s s . s re

se nt d i eth dy n l i g h t diffi c l ti
os e a N j i B ng l i g
s no d s u es . aor o z e a ,
r an

f th f th p
a er o t M S e bj i S h p j i B g l i
r es e n f B mb y
r . ora a ur en a ,
o o a ,

h d a t bl i h d h i m l f
es a s m c h nt t C l c tt
e nd w
se w l l kn w
as a er a a a u a, a as e o n

for hi c h i t bl
s d g n
ar d i p i ti n
a e an H b il t t w f il nc
e ero u s s os o . e u a o er o s e e

a t C l c tt f
a th u f hia - l i gi ni t
or e us e o s c o re o s s .
 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S C H AR
2 1 4 .
[ V .

The fires br ought fr om other places of man uf acture

are treated in a similar manner These p u rified .

fires are all c o llected t ogether up on a large vase ,

which is then pu t in its pr oper place in a separate

chamber .

No w what d oes a fire s o prepared sign ify t o a

“
Parsi ? He thinks t o him self W hen this fire o n :

this vase before me th ou gh p ure in itself th ough , ,

the n oblest of the creati o ns of G od and th ou gh the ,

best symb ol of the Divinity had t o u nderg o certain ,

pro cesses of p urificati on had t o draw out as if it were ,

its essence — nay its q uintessence — of p u rity t o

, ,

enable itself t o b e w orthy of o cc upyin g this exalted

p ositi on how mu ch m ore necessary m ore essential
, , ,

and m ore imp ortant is it for me a p oor m ortal w ho

is liable t o c omm it sins and crimes and who c omes ,

int o c ontact with hu n dr eds of evils b oth physical ,

m —
and ental t o u nderg o the pro cess of p urity and
piety by making my ma na shni g a ra shni and
, , ,

ha na s hni (th ou ghts w ords and acti ons) pass as

, ,

if it were thr ou gh a sieve of piety and p ur ity virt u e ,

and m orality and t o separate by that means my

,

ha ma ta huhhta and hva r s hta ( g oo d th ou ghts g o od

, ,
'

words and g oo d acti ons ) fr om d us hma ta d uz a lshta

, , ,

and d a zi a i shta (bad th ou ghts bad w ords and bad

' '

, ,

acti ons ) s o that I may in my t urn be enabled t o

, , ,

”
acquire an exalted p o siti on in the next w orld I \V e
ask therefore Is the reverence paid t o s uch a sacred
, ,
 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S C H AR
2 1 6 .
[ V .

learned O rientalist Max Muller this fi r e -reverence ,

has c ome d own t o u s fro m time immem orial In .

”
his lectu res on The O rigin and Growth of Religi on
“
,

this learne d auth o r sh ows that fire s un m oon and , , ,

s u ch other intangible obj ects were the first t o direct

the attenti on of man the primitive man t o his Maker
, , .

Again the learned divine Bish op Meu rin i n his

, ,

pamphlet j u st referred t o pr oves by in disp utable

,

facts that fi r e - reverence was prevalent am ong the

Aryans of very ancient times .

The first pr oof addu ced is that of the identity o f

the Persian Indian and R o man names of the fi r e
, ,

priests — the Athrav ans of the Avesta the Atharvans ,

of the V edas
( Brahmans ) and the Flammes
,
o f the

R omans The c ust oms u sages and practices of the

.
, ,

Flamines the ol d R oman fi r e -priests as described in

, ,

Becker s R oma n A n ti qu i ti es are in many respects

’

similar t o th o se of the Athrav an s (Parsi priests ) of

the present day .

Again the sec ond pr oof t o be addu ced t o sh ow the

,

antiquity of this fi r e -reverence is that of the per

p e t u al fire am o ng the ancient Aryans O n this p o int .

“
Bish op Me urin says : The traces of this primeval
Aryan worship of light or fire are s o widespread ,

vari ous and n u merou s am on g the desce ndants of the

,

Aryan family that their en umerati on and descripti on

”
w ould fi l l m ore than on e b oo k .

Fr om all this it I s quite clear that the reverence

C H AR v .

] R E L I G I O US S I M I L A R ] T I E S . 2 1 7

paid t o fire by the Parsis of the present day is n o t of

a recent date It was prevalent in on e shape or o ther
.

am ong alm ost all Aryan nati ons It p oints t o the .

c oncl usi on that all these Aryan nati ons m u st have

“
b orr owed their ideas forms and expressi ons r e , ,

”
lating t o the Divinity from light and fire at a
time when the ir forefathers dwelt in on e land the ,

Ay r ian a V a ej a o f the Avesta and the Ary a v a t of the

V edas In fact it may be declared that we have n o
.
,

kn o wle dge of any religi on which failed to pay its

share of reverence t o Sun and Fire .

It is w orth while t o quote Bish op Meu rin ag a in on

this p oint He says It mu st therefore n ot su rprise
.
, ,

u s t o find a great similarity between th o se n oble

ancient Aryan ideas and names of G o d with th o se

”
which the M o saic religi on exhibits in its sacred text .

A little further on he says : The Jewish religi on was

o nly a preparati o n and r e fi ur a t ion o f the Christian
p g .

If then we find shining flames and b urnin g fires as

, ,

emblems of G o d s m aj esty and presence u sed in the

’

m o st imp ortant and essential circ umstances of the

Jewish religi on in the v o cati on of M o ses the deliver
, ,

ance of the Israelites fro m the Egyptian b ondage ,

their gu idance thr ou gh the desert the pr o clamati on ,

o f the ten c o mmandments the ark o f the c o venant , ,

the first sacrifice the perpet u al o cc upati on of the

,

altar and the predicti ons of the fu t ure Messiah and

,

o f His Ch u rch I believe we have a fu ll right t o expect

,
 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R SI S C H AR v
2 1 8 .
[ .

the same emblems t o be u sed als o for the same pu r

”
p ose in the Christian Ch u rch And s o it is in fact
. .

Then the Christian divine pro ceeds t o qu ote passages

fr om the Ne w Testament sh owing the c onnecti on of
light and fire with Divinity .

Then as t o the u s e of fire in the Christian rit u al ,

the Bish op says A glance at the rit u al of the Chu rch

sh ows then that the very same p o siti on which our
, ,

Aryan ancesto rs foll owing the light of reas on assigned

, ,

t o fire and light in their divine w o rship in order t o

’
represent G o d s divine maj esty and His presence
am ong His w orshippers is likewise and largely given
, , ,

t o the same c onvenie nt and delightful creat ure as

’
symb ol of G o d s s ublime splend our and living pre
”
sence am ong his bel oved children A little further
.

on writing ab ou t the similarity between the Parsi fi r e

,

temple and the Christian sanct u ary he says : O n “

,

this landing let us rest for a while We have before .

u s the sanct u ary o f the Parsi fi r e —temple and the

sanctu ary of the Christian Church In b oth we see a
.

perpet ual flame indicating the presence of G o d there

the omnipresence of G o d the Creat o r here the sacra ,

mental presence of G od the Redeemer I am unab l e .

t o express in w ords the deep and vehement feelings

which m ove my heart when I kneel in the sanct u ary

o f my chapel and think o f the Parsi fi re - temple a
fe w yards off in which a fire is ever b u rning like the
fla me in our sanct u ary lamp Here is on e of the
.
 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S C H AR v
2 2 0 .
[ .

their opini on the tr u est representative of the G oo d

,

Go d (g oo d creative principle ) but always hated dark ,

ness as being what they th ought the tr uest represent

ative of the Evil G od ( destru ctive principle ) wh om ,

they ever had in the u tm o st detestati on as we n o w ,

have the Devil Sir William O u s el ey perfectly

.

agrees with Dean Prideau x and says : I shall here ,

express my firm belie f that the first Persian altars

blazed in h on ou r of G od al one ; as likewise that the ,

present disciples of Z ar thosht b oth in India and the ,

—
m ther c ou ntry Iran or Persia have n o o ther obj ect
o , ,

”
when they render t o fire a semblance of venerati on .

Dr Hyde an English th e ol o gian wh om we have

.
, ,

already qu oted d o es not hesitate t o declare that the

,

ancient Medes and Persian s were w orshippers of the

tru e G od a race of the faithful and haters of
, ,

id olatry .

“
An qu e til d u Perr o n says that the religi on pre
valent in Persia till the destru cti o n of the empire and ,

carried int o India by the Parsis who still pr ofess it , ,

merits m ore attenti on than alm o s t any other It was .

at first p ure theism th ough even in the time of

,

Abraham debased by heter o d o x opini ons ; but they

have ever zeal o u sly preserved the d o ctrine of the
u nity o f G o d ; and we are n ot t o c oncl u de fr o m the

venerati on they sh owed and still sh o w t o fire and

, ,

the s un that they have ever ad ored either the

,

element or the l uminary Z or o aster their great

.
,
C H AR v .

] TH E UN I T Y O F G O D .

teacher directed them t o t urn t owards the s u n or the

,

fire when they prayed ; bu t the prayers which they

recite in this p o siti o n are addressed s olely t o the
S overeign Being and n ot t o the symb ols of Him
, .

“
The d o ctrines h owever which these miracles , ,

“
( i
. e . th o se of Z or o aster
) c o nfirmed were wise and

rati onal They ta ught the unity of G od ; His o mni

.

p otence His g oodness t owards men ; a great vener

ati on for fire the visible type of the invisible Divinity ;
,

and a great aversi o n for Ahr em an the evil principle , ,

the instigat o r of evil th oughts but n ot c o-eternal ,

with G od The m orality c ontained in the b o oks of

.

Z or o aster is very p u re and all founded on the l ove ,

”
o f ou r neighb o u r .

’
The foll owing extract fr o m F orbes s O r i enta l
M emoir s als o pr oves that the Parsis are n ot w or
shippers of the elements :
These fires ( i e the sacred fires of the Parsis ) are
. .

attended day and night by the Andiaru s or priests ,

and are never permitted t o expire They are pre .

served in a large c hafi ng - dish carefully s upplied with ,

fu el perfumed by a small qu antity of sandal -

,
wood or
o ther ar o matics The vulgar and illiterate worship
.

this sacred flame as als o the s un m oon and stars, , , ,

with out regard t o the invisible Creat or ; but the

learned and j u dici ou s ad ore o nly the Almighty F ou n
tain of Light the auth or and disp o ser of all things
, ,

u nder the symb ol of fire Z or oaster and the ancient .

 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S C H AR
2 2 2 .
[ V .

magi wh ose mem ories they revere and wh ose w orks

, ,

they are said t o preserve never taught them t o c on

,

sider the s un as anything m ore than a creat u re o f the

great Creat or of the u niverse they we re t o revere it
as His best and fairest image and for the n u mberless
,

blessings it di ffuses on the earth The sacred flame .

’

was intended only as a perpet ual m onit o r t o preserve

their p urity of which this element is s o expressive a
,

symb ol B u t s uperstiti on and fable have through a

.
,

lapse of ages c orrupted the stream of the religi ou s

,

”
syste m which in its s ource was p u re and s ublime .

The great hist orian Gibb on in the eighth chapter

o f his hist ory says : The elements and m ore parti ,

c ul a rl y fire light and the s u n wh om they call

, , ,

Mithra were the obj ects of their religi ou s reverence

, ,

becau se they c onsidered them as the p u rest symb ols ,

the n oblest pr o du cti ons and the m ost p owerful agents

,

”
o f the divine P o wer and Nat ure .

’
The foll owing extract fr o m Hanway s Tr a ve ls is
o n e o f the n u mer o u s evidences that the Parsis are

“
m on otheists He ( Z or o aster the fou nder of the
,

ancient religi on of the Persians ) c onsidered light as

the m ost perfect symb ol of tru e w isd om and intel
lect u al endowment ; and darkness the representative
of things h u rtfu l and destr u ctive Fro m hence he
.

was led to inc ulcate an abh orrence of all images and ,

t o teach his foll o wers t o w o rship G od only u nder the ,

form of fire c onsidering the brightness activity

, , ,
 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S C H AR
2 2 4 .
[ V .

pr ofessing their belief in on e G od c onsider

Z a r thos ht , ,

ing fire only as an emblem of His p urity and the s un ,

as the m ost perfect of His w o rk ; they believe als o in

the rewards and p unishments in a futu re state as ,

”
related in the revelati ons of Arda V ir af .

The foll o wing is an extract fr om Nieb uhr s T r a vel s ’

thr oug h A r a bi a a nd o ther C ou ntr i es in the Ea s t

“
The Parsis foll owers o f Z arthos ht or Z or oaster ad ore
, , ,

on e G o d o nly Eternal and Al mighty

, They pay .
,

h o wever a certain w orship t o the s un the m oon the

, , ,

stars and t o fire as visible images of the invisible

, ,

Divinity Their venerati on for the element of fire

.

ind u ces them t o keep a sacred fire c onstantly b u rning ,

which they feed with o d oriferou s w o od b oth in the ,

temples and in the h ou ses of private pers ons who are

”
in easy circ u mstances .

The foll owing extract fro m B utler s H ome B ibl ic ce ’

als o explains the natu re of the Parsi faith Fire

was c onsidered by Z or o aster as the p urest symb ol of
the Divinity and the o riginal element fr om which
,

H orm a z d pr o du ced all beings he therefore enj o ined

his disciples t o keep u p a perpet u al fire and t o per ,

form o ther devoti onal exercises in the presence of

fire ; and every s u pp osed c orrupti on of fire is for
bidden u nder the severest penalties T o every act
,
.

o f dev o ti on p u rity o f heart is necessary ; and t o

p u ri ty of heart Z oro aster s upp oses p u rity o f b ody
”
greatly c ontributes .
C H AR v .
] T H E P O E T F I R D US ] . 2 2 5

The foll owing is fro m R ollin s A nc i ent H is tor y ’

As the Magi held images in utter abh orrence they ,

worshipped G o d onl y u nder the form of fire l ookin g ,

up o n that on acc ou nt of its p u rity brightness

, , ,

activity s ubtlety fecu ndity and inc orru ptibility as

, , , ,

”
the m ost perfect symb ol of the Deity .

V ari ou s M ahom e dan a uth ors have likewise freed the

Parsis fr om the charge of w orshipping the elements .

The au th ors of the Ta r ilch i—T a br il S ha h- Na ma and ~

, ,

D a his ta n take the same v iew of Parsi w orship as the

E ur opean au th ors wh om we have qu oted .

O f these M ahom e d an writers the protest made by ,

the great epic p o et Fird u si against the charge of

fi r e -w o rship is p o werfull y expressed in the foll owing
well-kn own lines
ma gui ke h p aras tan b ud n d
a tas a

p ar e s ta n d eg a n—
i—y a k y d n bu d a n d
az a .

ie
. . h t t h e y ( t h e P e s i an s ) w e r e
s a y n o t, t a r

w o sh i pp e s f fi e
r r o r ,

th y w e
e w o h ipp ers f one G od
re rs o .

Having taken t his brief s u rvey of the religi on of

the Parsis as tau ght by our great Pr o phet we will ,

cast a glance up on the present religi ou s c onditi on of

the Parsis .

It is remarkable how well the Parsi still l oves his

religi on His sacred b ooks are written in a foreign
.

language They are written for him in Guj arati

.

character and he d o es n o t u nderstand what he repeat s

,

V OL . II .
Q
2 2 6 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S .
[ AR v
C H .

by way of prayer ; but his strong p oint is that he

believes he is praying t o G od and h opes that He who , ,

u nderstands all lang u ages will hear his prayers for , ,

gi ve his s i ns and g uide him in the path of righte ou s

,

ness He has been tau ght t o believe fr om his infancy

.

that his religi o n is the religi on of the o n e true and

living G od He has seen fr o m his childh oo d his
.

father praying and he foll ows his example He has

,
.

been t old that there is o nly on e G od the Creat or and ,

G overn or of the Universe and that there is n o other

,

o d s uperi o r t o that G o d He is instr u cted t believe

g . o

that the w orship of any other o bj ect excep t G od is

sinful and n ot all owed by his religi on He is taught .

from his earliest infancy that the wh ole fabric of his

religi on rests on three w ords — ha ma ta hukhta and , ,

hva r s hta ( g oo d th oughts g oo d w o rds and g oo d, ,

deeds ) and he sees at once instinctively that a

,

religi on fo unded u p on s u ch principles is a good and

tru e religi o n Parsi y ouths of the present day how
.
,

ever deeply versed in Western edu cati on have n ot ,

o nly u nreservedly accepted the religi o n with o u t q u es

ti on but with the light of their increased kn owledge

,

they are better able t o u nderstand its excellence ,

thanks t o the researches o f Eur opean sch olars .

While the Parsi l oves his religi on dearly he is n ot

a bigot and while he reveres it he d o es n ot think ill
,

o f the religi o n of o thers His ow n creed n o d oubt

.
, ,

teaches hatred of id ols and enj oins their destructi on

2 2 8 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S .
[ AR
C H V .

was a p oo r weaver of Br o ach A disp u te ab ou t his

.

wages ar o se between him and a M a home d an Syed ,

and the latter t o ok great offence and falsely charged

“ ”
K a m aj i with having called him the Syed a ka fi r (in , ,

fl
fi de l ) .The c omplaint was taken before Ahmed Beg ,

the then Naw ab of Bro ach w ho c ons ulted the kazi

,

and the m ou lvi of the city as t o the p unishment

“

t o be awarded t o the Parsi w ho had dared t o call a

“ “ ”
true believer a kafi r These o ic er s gave their
.

opini o n that by the offence with which the acc u sed

was charged he had rendered himself u nfit t o live in

this w orld and sh ou ld therefore be pu t t o death ;
,

but if he ren ou nced his religi o n and embraced that

o f the Pr o phet
( Islamism ) he might be pard o ned In .

c ou ntries s ubj ect t o M a hom e da n sway the la wgiver and

“ ”
the j u dge is invariably the kazi and his opini on ,

is law and his decisi ons are tantam ount t o decrees of

,

c ourt . K am aj l was therefore given the o pti on of

either forfeiting his life or bec oming a M a hom e dan .

Like a tr ue Z or o astrian and a w orthy descendant of

th ose who had for the sake of t heir c onscience and
religi o n aband oned their c ou ntry a n d their h omes
and sacrificed all that they p o ssessed in this w orl d ,

he expressed his c ontempt for s o ign oble a p urchase

o f life and preferred death t o displeasing his G od
, .

He met his fate by the sw ord .

The first Parsis in India had of necessity t o foll ow

certain of the Hind u practices in order t o sec u re the
C H AP . v .
] I NN 0 VA T I O NS . 2 2 9

pr otecti on assistance and g oo dwill of the Hindu

, ,

princes in wh ose c ountry they t ook refu ge Time

,
.

ro lled o n and s u cceeding generati ons of Parsis fell

,

int o the err or that these b orr owed practices were

sancti oned by their o wn religi on O ur forefathers .

”
did s o they said and acc o rding t o Asiatic ideas they
, , , ,

thought that their ancest o rs c ould d o n o wr ong The .

st u dy of the few religi ou s b o oks which they had with

them was n ot c ultivated for there were few learned ,

men am ong the b o dy The res ult was that many .

o f the u sages c u st o ms practices and prej u dices o f the

, , ,

Hindus were received and acted u p on by the Parsis .

It is th u s that we may easily explain ho w it was that

ign orant Parsis or their wives u sed even u p t o
, ,

-
twenty v e years a g o o send of erings o c o c o a nu ts
fi t f f -

t o the H ol i or c ups o f oil t o the H a n u m a n

,
.

The Parsi Panchayet s ome fifty years ag o t ook , ,

steps with the view of eradicating s u ch cerem onies

and practices as had crept int o their religi on since their
expatriati on fr o m Persia ; bu t they did n ot s u cceed ,

t o the extent o f their wishes with the maj ority o f the ,

'
pe ople Religi ou s u sages whi ch the Parsis of India
.

had observed for nearly t welve centu ries c ould n ot

easily be eradicated .

What the Panchayet fail ed t o d o by c omp uls ory

meas ures is n ow s ou ght t o be d one by an appeal t o the
g o o d sense o f the pe ople An ass o ciati o n c o mp o sed o f
.

many influ ential and wealthy Parsis and a nu mber of ,

2 30 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ v .

y oung and edu cated men of the race was formed in

,

“
the year 1 8 5 2 u nder the title of the Rahnum ai
,

”
M a z d a y a s na n Sabha or Religi ou s Reform Ass o ciati on
, ,

which has for its obj ect the regenerati o n of the s ocial
c onditi on of the Parsis and the rest orati on of the
Z oro astrian religi on t o its pristine p u rity .

In the face of c onsiderable opp o siti on fr o m the

ign orant classes of th e c omm unity this ass o ciati on
,

has d one m u ch g oo d and wr o ught c onsiderable

changes in the s o cial c onditi on of the Parsis Essays .
,

c omp osed in el o qu ent and impressive langu age sh ow ,

ing the disadvantages res ulting fro m adhering t o

practices and u sages which really d o n ot bel ong t o
their religi on are read in p u bl ic meetings before a
,

cro wd o f e a ger listeners Pamphlets have been cir

.

c ul a t e d by th o u sands am ong the pe ople and j u dging

, ,

fro m present appearances the efforts of this b o dy

,

seem t o have had a beneficial infl u ence on their

minds .

The latest g o o d w ork initiated by this s ociety is

that religi ou s edu cati o n is being imparted under its
au spices t o Parsi children in private sch ools Again .
,

it offers prizes for the p u blicati o n of a series of b ooks

on Z o r o astrian religi on and m orality fo r the u s e o f the

children It has lately started funds for the delivery

.

o f lect u res on religi o u s t opics .

The tru stees of the Sir J a m she dj i Jij ibha i Trans

lati on F und have been c ontrib uti ng their share t o
2 32 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S .
[ AR
C H V .

b o oks on their o wn acc ou nt or under the au spices

o f s o cieties s uch as the Rahnu m ai Sabha and the
, ,

“
Z a r thos hti D harm n i K h ol K arnari Mandli ie ,
. .

s o ciety for making researches int o the Z or o astrian

religi on We will menti o n a few praisew o rthy w o rks
.

for the pr o m o ti o n of this o bj ect Dastu r Pesh o .

tanj i the learned principal of the Sir Ja msh e dj i

,

Jij ibhai M adr e ss a has p ublished besides the D ink ard

, , ,

a Pehlevi grammar the Pehlevi text of V a z e rkard ,

i- Dini and the translati o n of the Pehlevi K arna m a -i

,

Ardeshir Babekan Dast ur J a m a spj i is c ompiling a

.

Pehlevi dicti onary of which four v ol umes have been,

p ublished This b ook will s upply a want l ong felt

.

by Pehlevi stud ents D ast ur H osha ngji J a m a s pj i .

,

the learned Pr ofess or of Persian in the Deccan C ollege ,

P o ona has p ublished u nder the s upervisi on of Dr

, , .

Hau g the texts o f an O ld Zend Pehlevi Gl ossary

, ,

o f an O ld Pehlevi Pa z an d Gl o ssary and of Arda ,

V ira f- Nama t o w hich we have already all uded

, .

Erv a d K a v asj i Edalj i K anga the able headmaster ,

of the Mulla Fir o z M a dre ss a has established his ,

rep utati on as an O riental sch olar by the p ublicati on

o f his G uj arati translati ons o f the V endidad of the ,

K h ordeh -Avesta and of an E n glish translati on o f

,

’
An qu e til du Perro n s acc ou nt o f his v isit t o India .

The fi rst work which was u n dertaken as an essay for

,

a prize of Rs 8 0 0 offered by Mr K harshedj i K ama of

. .

B ombay t ogether with his K h ordeh -

,
Avesta will for ,
CH AR v .

] I N T E R E S T I N G B O OK S . 2 33

a l ong time t o c o me remain in the w ords of Dr , .

“
Haug the standard translati ons for the u s e of the
,

Parsi c ommunity 7?
Besides these large w o rks the
.
,

translati o ns of seven Yashts by the late M a n c he rj i

W a t c ha and Dast ur Er a c hj i M e rj ira na the trans ,
~

l ati o n of the Pand n a m a -

i-Adarba d M a r esp a n d as a
prize essay in h on our of the late Dr Hau g by .

Er v a d She r ia dj i D a da bha i B haru c ha a diligent sch olar ,

o f great ability and the translati on of Aban Yasht

,

by Erv a d Tehm uras Din sha late Sanscrit teacher o f ,

the Sir Ja m s he dj i Jij ibhai M a dres s a deserve h o n ou r ,

a ble menti o n -
These last t w o well kn ow n sch o lars
.

have als o translated int o G uj arati the Pehlevi b ook o f

D a dis ta n -
i-Dini and have with an other learned sch olar
, ,

Erv a d Eda lj i Antia au th o r o f Z a r thoshti D ha r a m ,

S ihs ha k ( i e Teacher of the Z or o astrian religi o n ) and

. .
,

the late Framj i J am a sp a s an a B A t he learned c om , . .

,

piler of the first b ook of the Avesta language called ,

Z end S ihs ha lc ( i e The Zend Teacher) distinguished

. .
,

their M a dr e s s a career by winning g old medals and

fell owships for c ompetency in O riental langu ages .

Am ong the laymen we have t o n otice the w orks of

Mr K harshe dj i Ras tamj i K ama an O riental sch olar of
.
,

kn own rep u tati on and great ability His Z a r thosht .

Na ma (i e Life of Z oro aster) is and will always c on

. .
,

tinne t o be a very val uable b ook indeed full of

, ,

o riginal research and investigati on Th ough it p ro .

fesses t o d o n othing m ore than chronicle the chief

2 34 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ v .

p oints in the life of that great prophet w hic h c ou ld

be c o llected fr om the Avesta it is a b ook that very
,

few auth ors who write on Z or o astrian s ubj ects can

afford t o dispense with T o this learned gentleman
.

the previ ously —n amed y oung and edu cated Erv a ds an d

many others who are n ow pr o secu ting their stu dies
ow e a debt of gratit u de for he has ever been ready
,

with his p u rse mind and b o dy t o prom ote the cau se

, ,

of religi ou s ed u cati o n am o ng the Parsis .He is s o t o

,

speak the fou nder in B ombay of the present sch ool of

,

the phil ol ogical way of stu dying O riental langu ages .

Havi n g laid the foundati on of his phil ol ogical

stu dies in the ancient langu age of Iran u nder that
learned German sch olar Pr o fess or O ppe rt of Paris
, ,

and having c ontinu ed it u n der the distingu ished

Iranist Profess or Spiegel of Erlangen he intro du ced
,

that system int o B ombay by pers on ally imparting

“ ”
kn owledge t o a class of y oung m ob e ds . His zeal for
the pr opagati on of religi ou s kn owledge was displayed
in his starting a peri o dical called Z a r thos hti A hhya s
u blishi n g translati o ns fr om
( Z o r o astrian Stu dies
) ,
in p
kn own German a uth ors on O riental s ubj ects and in ,

delivering val uable and interesting lect ures on similar

qu esti ons .

W e will now say a few w ords ab ou t the c onditi o n

of the Parsi priesth o o d At on e time it demanded
.

impr ovement . V ery few of them u nderstoo d their

lit urgical w orks alth ough able t o recite in parrot
,
2 36 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ V .

establishment of the M ulla Firo z M a dr e ss a u nder

“

the s uperintendence of c o mpetent teachers of Zen d ,

“ ”
Pehlevi and Persian This m a dr e s s a has we are
,
.
,

glad t o say d one g o o d w o rk and the s ons of many

, ,

Parsi priests as well as laymen are stu dying their

ancient religi o n and literatu re u nder the headmaster
ship o f Erv a d K av a sj i Edalj i K anga the translat or of ,

the V endidad and the K h o rdeh -Avesta .

“ ”
There is an o ther m a dr e s s a in B o mbay the Sir “
,

J a m s he dj i J ij ibh a i Zend and Pehlevi M a dr e ss a

”
,

fo unded t o c o mmem orate the name of the first

Parsi bar onet Here the Pehlevi stu dies are s u perin
.

tended by the learned principal Dast u r Pe s hot anj i , ,

and the Zend st u dies by Er v a d Eda lj i Antia a ,

learned sch olar w ho had gained a fell owship in this

“ ”
very m a dr e s s a for his pr oficiency in the stu dy of
O riental lang u ages All the y oung Erv a d a uth ors
.
,

except Mr K av a sj i K anga were at one time st u dents

.
,

“ ”
at this instit u ti on There is a third m a dre s s a in
.

B ombay kn own as Seth Jij ibha i D a dabhai M a dres s a .

Here als o instructi on in the Avesta is imparted but ,

“ ”
n ot phil o l ogically This m a dr es s a is s upp orted
.

o ut of the fu nds left by the late well -

kn own Jij ibha i
D a d abha i wh ose charity still s upp orts several sch ools
,

in B ombay and the M ofussil and a fi re - temple in the

former place .

There is a fourth m a dress a at Navsari kn own by

“

the name of the late Sir K a v a sj i J eha ngir Re a dy m on e y .

C HAP . v .
] T H E B A R E S H N UM CE R E M ON Y . 2 37

Zend Pehlevi and Persian langu ages are tau ght there
, ,

u nder the s u perintendence o f Erv a d She r ia dj i the ,

well -kn own translat o r o f the Pan dn am a O f these .

four institu ti ons the first sec ond and the fourth
, , ,

grant sch olarships t o deserving stu dents .

”
The present d a sturs or chief priests am ong the
, ,

Parsis in B ombay —namely Dastur Pe shot anj l the , ,

s u ccess o r of the learned and ren o wned Ed al daru and ,

Dastur J am a s pj i s u ccess or of the well —kn own Ed al

,

— -
daru J am asp a s an a are intelligent and well informed
m e n p ossessing a c onsiderable kn o wledge of their
,

religi o n ; bu t s o me of the priesth o o d are profoundly

ign orant of its first principles As the minds of the .

Parsi pe ople have n o w been awakened and as active ,

meas ures have been and are being devised for im

pr ovement the d arkness and gl o om of the past will
,

d oubtless be s u cceeded by a bright dawn in the

fu t ure .

We wil l c oncl u de this chapter with a descripti on of

the cerem onies requ ired t o qu alify a priest He has .

t o u nderg o t w o grades of cerem onies — th o se of Navar

and of M ara t a b F or the first of these he is requ ired

.

t o kn o w the Yasna and the V is p a r a d t o gether with the

five G ahs the five Ny a ishe s and a few Yashts the

,
—
,

kn o wledge of Yasna being essential The candidate .

w h o has learnt these is first requ ired t o u nderg o

the B are s hnu m cerem ony .

It will n ot be out o f place here t o say a few w ords

2 38 H I S T OR Y O F TH E P A R S I S . C
[ H A R V .

1
ab out this cerem ony It is intended for the p u ri .
‘

’
fi c at io n o f man s b o dy and s ou l A great deal of .

imp ortance is attached in the Avesta b ooks t o the

p u rity of b o dy as well as t o the p urity o f mind .

The candidate is requ ired t o u nderg o certain ablu

ti ons wherein he has t o apply t o his b o dy c ow -urine
,

and sand or clay which seem t o have been the m ost ,

c omm on and cheapest disinfectants kn own t o the

ancient Iranians and then t o wash his b o dy with ,

water He afterwards go es t o a fi r e -temple where

.
,

he has t o pass his time in prayers and religi ou s

c ontemplati on D uring this time he is n o t t o t ou ch
.

any man water fire and vegetati on In this pi ou s

, , ,
.

and secl u ded retreat he is t o remain nine days

and nigh ts washing his b o dy twice d uring the in
,

t e rv a l o nce o n the fourth day and again on the

,

seventh O n the tenth day the B ar es hnum cere

.

m ony is over when he is free t o g o ab out as he likes

,

and mix with the pe ople .

In o rder t o attain t o the priestly dignity of a

Navar the candidate g o es throu gh t w o peri ods of
retreat with B ar eshn um six days of retreat at his ,

o wn h ou se and the final initiat ory cerem o ny which

, ,

lasts for fou r days in the fi r e —temple T wo priests , .

1
full d t i l nd f
F or e a s a or a pl an of th e B are shnum gah (the pl c a e

wh th c n d i d t u nd g
er e e a a e er oe s th i s c e emony) the eader is r e r o
r r f dt
er e

th App ndi x t D tran s l at i on of th e Pe hl e v i t e x ts Pa t I I

’

W t
’
e e o r . es s r .
,

( l x viii ) f M M ll i c dB k
’
vo . . o ax u e r s s er e s of th e S a re oo s of the East .
2 40 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C HAR
[ V .

the Yasna ceremony ) in reciti n g the Yasna prayer he ,

acting as the Z a ot a and the initiating priest as the

Ra t hwi D uring the day he performs the Afring an
.

and the Baj cerem onies F or fou r c onsec utive day s

.

he is requ ired t o repeat similar cerem o nies and he is ,

then fu lly qu alified as a Navar This entitles him t o

’

“
ad opt the prefix of Erv a d ( H er ba d ) fro m Avesta ”
,

a ithr a -
p a i ti before h is name ,
j u st as the w o rd ,

“ ”
reverend is applied t o Christian priests Th ou gh .

he has obtained the grade of a Navar he is still n ot ,

all owed t o take part in the higher rit u als of Z oroa s

trian cerem onies He can h owever offi c iat e a t t he
.
, ,

Afrin gan marriage or thread cerem onies and the

, , ,

like ; bu t he cann ot perfo rm the V endidad Yasna , ,

Baj and similar high religi ou s offices Then again

,
.
, ,

he is n o t entitled t o the right or privilege o f initiati ng

any other candidate int o the order of priesth ood T o .

entitle him t o take part in these higher rit uals he

m ust pass thr ou gh the degree kn own as that of
M a r a t ab .

this high degree he mu st st u dy the V endidad

F or ,

in additi on t o what has already been acqu ired by

him Yet the cerem onies in c onnecti on with it are
.

simpler than th o se of the Navar He has only t o .

u nderg o on e B a r es hn u m cerem o ny and then in c o n , ,

j u ncti on with a d uly qu alified priest has to perform ,

the Yasna cerem ony d uring the m orning O n the .

same day or the foll owing he performs a similar

, ,
C H AP . v .
] TH E M A R A TA B . 2 41

cerem ony in h on ou r of the gu ardian angel or spirit

“
Sr o s h At midnight he performs the V endidad
.
”

cerem ony which c ompletes the M a r a t a b Thu s qu ali

,
.

fi e d he has the privilege of a priest and can take

, ,

part in any of the Z or oastrian rit u als and prayers .

V OL . II .
 C H A P T E R VI .

P R O G RESS A ND P R ESENT P O SI T I O N .

fl
Pars i q li i
ua b i — Th c mm c f B mb y — Ex t t f P i
t es — T h e
“
an a e o er e o o a en o ars

t p i — P
e n er r sei b k — C tt -
a rs mi ll — A l gan
g i — O ld P
er s i o on s ar e en ne ars

w v — T h c t c t i f i l w y — P i h i t h m— P i h i p
ea ers e on s r u on o ra a s a rs s are n e a rs s

w ight — T h Ch i t d — J w P i T h h m i —S m f
r s e na ra e e s v . a rs s e s ar e an a o e o

th t pl t d — C mm ci l m
e s a e ra es l ity f P i — P i i i l
o Th
er a ora o ars s ars o c a s e

sa l t f th B mb y c mm ity — P i b v l c — Sp ci l c — Th
o e o a o un ars en e o en e e a ases e

p blic w k f B mb y— F m l d ct — H i d c h i ty— P i m d i
u or s o o a e a e o ors n u ar ars en

c t — P i l y l ty — P y d i g C im W — Sp ch f Si
an s a rs o a ra e rs ur n r ea n ar ee o r

J m h dj i J ij ibh i— T h I di
a s e M ti y — Th Q -
a Em p e — Th n an u n e ue e n ress e

ro y l f mi ly— Th P i c f W l — H i i i ll — P y f hi
a a e r n e o a es s s e r ou s nes s ra er or s

c v y— P i th k givi g d y— Th P i c f W l i I d i — H i
re o er ars an s n a e r n e o a es n n a s

c p ti i B m b y — Th
re e on n ti o l th m — Th G j t i t xt
a e na on a an e e u ara e

P i w ll b h v d — P i c v t — A p i d f x ci t m t — D
ar s s e e a e a rs on er s er o o e e en r .

Wil — Th p
s on t p i ti
e fP
res eni os on o ars s .

W H EN strangers in India are reminded that the Parsis

o f B o mbay are the descendants of a small band
which emigrated fr om Persia under the m o st miser
able circumstances it is a matter of s u rprise t o them ,

that they sh ould h old at the present day in that

city a pre -eminent p o sitio n am ong the natives .

The cau ses are n ot far t o seek D escended origin .

ally fr om an enterprisin g c ourage ou s industri ou s , , ,

and self—s a c rifi c ing pe ople w ho at on e time were ,

masters of a vast empire they did n ot abs ol utely l o se ,

th o se characteristic q u alities of their race alth ough ,

2 44 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ VI .

The spirit of foreig n advent ure was alm ost wh olly

absent The oppressi o n and rapacity of the c onq uer
.

ing races w ho swayed the c ou ntry in tu rn had

diminished that spirit if at any time it existed,
.

Again the barriers of caste and c u st om which even a

, ,

cent ury and m ore of British r ule has no t availed t o

dem olish acted as a formidable obstru cti on
,
The .

Parsis h owever had always been free fr om caste pre

, ,

j u dices and on the advent of E uropeans s o on bet ook

,

themselves t o o cc upations they had never attem pted

before In the fact ories of the P ort ugu ese the D utch
.
, ,

the French and the English the chief native agents

, ,

were Parsis acting as middle -men between the E u ro

,

peans and natives In this capacity a field for c om

.

m er c ia l enterprise was opened t o them of which they

were n ot sl ow t o take advantage Nieb uhr has made .

menti on of them An qu e til du Perro n has remarked

.

o n their enterprise fr o m pers onal experience acq u ired

d uring a stay of s ome years in the city of S urat .

After the decadence o f S urat as a c o mmercial centre

the Parsis came t o B ombay and there fou nd increased
opp ort u nity for the empl oyment of their energy as the ,

bi ographical sketches o f the m o st pr ominent of them

sh ow L avj i and s ome of his descendants c ontin u ed
.

their c onnecti on with the G overnment d o ckyard but ,

members of the other branches of his family established

themselves as merchants A large n umber of Parsis .

als o began b usiness as merchants traders sh opkeepers , , ,

C HA P . VI .
] W I D E SP R E A D C OM M E R CE . 2 45

and c ontract ors The b u siness of c ommissi on agents

.

t o the E u r o pean merchantmen which u sed t o arrive

annu ally in B o mbay was entirely m on op olised by

them The Parsis were fo rem ost t o seize and take
.

advantage of every opening created by the increase

of British p ower and the advent of British merchants .

Within a few generati ons of their settling I n B om

bay they themselves c ommenced to trade with the
m ost distant c ountries of E u rope and Asia a n d t o ,

foll ow the hist ory o f the c ommerce of B ombay is t o

trace that of the c ommercial enterprise of the Parsis .

It is said that their direct trade with E u rope was

n ot very extensive bu t it is u n qu esti onable that
,

fr om the ti m e the island of B ombay was ceded t o

the English u p t o forty years a g o the wh ole of the
E u r opean trade of the p ort passed through their hands
as middle -men in one shape or an other As regards .

their Eastern trade it was d irect and m o st extensive

, .

The b ulk of the c ommerce inclu ding the valu able ,

opi u m trade o f B o mbay with China in s o me o f the

, ,

p orts of which they had established their own firms ,

was u ntil forty years ag o entirely in their hands

, , ,

and many of the ships w hich carried the merchandise

bel onged t o them They h owever did n ot c onfine
.
, ,

the ir operati o ns t o China al one They had b u siness .

relati ons o n an extensive scale with Bengal B urmah , ,

and the Straits and at on e time there were Parsi

,

firms even in Java and the Mauritiu s .

2 46 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ VI .

It was the Eastern trade which br ought the Parsis

a mine of wealth The Rea dy m o ne y s the Dadi
.
,

seths the B a n aj is Sir J a m she dj i J ijibhai the first

, ,

baronet the K amas and many others amassed their

, ,

wealth in this trade It will th u s be s een that the

.

Parsis were the first to bring pr osperity t o B ombay ,

which pro sperity as times went on s upp orted and

, ,

fostered by British p ower and the enterprise of British

merchants has raised B ombay at this day t o the
,

proud p ositi on of sec ond city of the British Empire .

Not l ong after thei r settlement in B o mbay a great

many Parsis went t o N orthern S outhern and Central
, ,

India and established themselves as sh opkeepers d eal

,

ing in E ur opean articles a b u siness w hich was beset

,

a centu ry a g o with i nn umerable obstacles on acc ount

o f the diffic ulty o f transit fr o m on e place t o an other .

There were then n ot only no railr o ads but n o r o ads

of any k i nd for traffi c Ten miles a day in b ull ock
.

carts was all that c ould be acc omplished in th ose

times Then again the g oods had t o be protected
.
, ,

fr om the depredati ons of the lawless marau d ers w ho

infested the c ountry yet it was Parsi energy al one
,

which s upplied the wants of the increasing British

forces in the different military stati ons in India The .

pers ons w ho engaged themselves in this k ind of

b u siness in b oth B ombay and other cities were
hen e s t a n d respectable and at all the pr i ncipal
,

stati ons in former years they acte d as the bankers

2 48 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S .
[ AR V I
C H .

and the pr ofits it made immediately after starting were

s u ch as t o attract the n otice of an o ther enterprising
capitalist M an akj i Na s arv anj i Petit This gentleman
,
.
,

in c ompany with an other Parsi M erv a nj i F ramj i ,

Panday started in 1 8 5 5 what is n ow kn own as the

,

O riental spinning and weaving c ompany Notw ith .

standing that there was then n o S u ez Canal that all ,

the machinery had t o be imp orted by sailing vessels

vid the Cape that the o peratives had t o be th o r ou ghly
,

train ed and all the drawbacks attendant on the sale

,

o f the pr o d u cts o f a new ind u stry wh ich had t o meet

the formidable c ompetiti on of English man ufact urers ,

the pr ofits earned were c onsiderable The O riental .

divided am ong its proprietary as its fi r st fruit m ore than

twenty- fi v e per cent or Rs 7 0 0 per share of the val u e
,
.

of Rs 2 5 0 0 paid u p
.
,
The p op ularity and s u ccess of the
.

t w o u ndertakings s o on led t o the starting of the Man

a kj i Petit Mills n ow s o ably m anaged by Mr D in s ha

, .

M an akj i Petit T o K a v a sj i Davar in the first in

.

stance and next t o M a nakj i N a s arv a nj i Petit and Mer

,

vanj i F r amj i Panday m u st be given the credit for the

,

new enterprise w hich has m a d e B ombay what it is t o

day— the Manchester of the East Mr Din sha Petit . .

is n ow the largest pr opriet or o f c ott o n -mills in the

city and has charge of five mills all paying g oo d
, ,

dividends and affording empl oyment t o th ou sands of

pers ons .

Yet an other instance or t wo in c onnecti on with

C H AP V I ]
. . SI I R F A C T ORI E S .
2 49

spinning and weaving by machinery remains t o be

n oted Tw o silk fact ories had been at w ork for s o me
.

years bu t with ou t any s u ccess despite E u r opean man

a e m e nt At last the owners of o n e of them Messrs
g .
,
.

Sass oon and Co engaged the services of a skil led

.
,

Parsi artisan P es t a nj i D os abha i K apadia He was a

,
.

native of S u rat and fully c onversant with silk -w e a v

,

ing by manu al lab ou r in all its variety of c ol ou rs and

details The rich kinkobs and o ther silk fabrics of
.

S urat have deservedly established their rep u tati on for

c ol our brilliancy pattern and gl o ssiness and th ou gh
, , , ,

it is a matter of regret that the indu stry is grad ually

decaying for want of adeq uate s upp ort and patr onage ,

there are yet en ou gh native weavers w ho can live

u p on the ir pr o d u cts and there is still r oo m for h ope
,

that the ind ustry may revive Meanwhile it is w orthy .

o f n ote h ow the skill and enterprise of the S u rat

Parsi engaged by the Sass oon Mills have alt ogether

altered the pr ospects of that fact ory for the better .

His ingenu ity derived fr om previ ou s practical e xp eri

,

ence has enabled the fact ory t o t urn out very hand
,

s ome fabrics which sell freely in the bazaar at

a g o o d profit S o great has been the s u ccess of this
.

mill that a rival c o ncern managed by the respect

able and enterprising Hind u firm of Messrs T ap ida s .

V arj d a s and C o has amalgamated w ith it

. This Parsi .

manager has n o w sh own the way t o m aking silk

manufact ories as s u ccessful in B ombay as c ott on -mills .
2 50 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R SI S . C H AR
[ VI .

Again the enterprise of an o ther Parsi gentleman

,

of the well - kn own family of the W a dia s who has been ,

c on n ected with the five large c ott on -mills managed by

Mr D in sha M a n akj i Petit has n ow given t o B ombay
.
,

on e of the largest engines in the w o rld Th ough the .

engine had been man u fact ured at B olt on where the ,

”

q u esti o n of its u tility was mu ch discu ssed the idea ,

of its c on str u cti o n is entirely d u e t o Mr Na orozj i .

N a s arv a nj i W ad ia Res ult after all is the best test

.
, , ,

and since the h uge m onster w a s set ag oing at the

M an a kj i Petit Mills it seems t o have given every
satisfacti on and it is expected that by savings in c o al
,

as well as increase in pro d u cti on there will be an ann u al

gain of a lakh of r upees Th u s in every u seful branch
.

o f ind u stry the geni u s and enterprise o f the Parsi are

c onspic uou s He p o ssesses in fact many of th ose

.
, ,

q uali ties which have made the Te ut onic race in E ur ope

s o p owerful a n d fl ou rishing .

W hile we are o n the s ubj ect of weaving we m u st

'

d o j u stice t o Parsi ingen u ity i n the art of hand

weaving and spinning in days g one by Many a .

Parsi family in ol d times in S urat Daman Navsari , , ,

and other small villages and t owns where the Z or o

a s tr ia n s had made permanent settlement o cc upied ,

itself with the manu facture of silk and c ott on fabrics .

W hether they learned the art fr om the Hind u s o f

G uj arat or the P ortugu ese of Thana they had the ,

knack of devising new patterns an d new c o ntrivances .

2 52 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ VI .

ti ons O ne of the c onditi ons of the grant was that

.

within a year of its date the t w o br others sh ou ld

th e p t i t i n th t th y w u l d b t i n g t i n d l g n c n d g c
e o er s a e o o a r ea u e e a ra e s

f m th p t cti n f th id G v n n d C p t i n G n l W h
ro e ro e o o e sa o er or a a a e er a . ere

f th p ti ti n wh w
ore e e v i n c b gh t p d th P t
o ers o ere e er s e r ou u un er e or u

gu p t c ti n i S u t wi t h g t d l i gh t cc d d t th p p l f
es e ro e o n ra r ea e a e e o e ro os a o

th i d J ci nt D m ing
e sa a th y pi dly c m d wn t D m n
o o os e ra a e o o a a

wh t h y f n d d n t bli h m nt f m n f ct i ng wi th v i u
ere e ou e a es a s e o a u a ur ar o s

t nka f ti n c tu i n g c llin g u t f m S
s o t nd th
r p t bl m nu
,
a o ro ura a o er ar s a e a

f tu
ac dv n cing t th m um f m n y n d mp l yi ng v i
r er s, a a o e s s o o e ,
a e o ar ou s

oth m nu f c t
er f m D m n wh w un mp l y d f b t
a a ur ers ro a a o e re e o e or a ou

fu y
o r pp tin g th m l v by th m n f l if m nwhi l th
e ars s u or e se es o er ea s o e, ea e e

inc p t th t d y w
r ea s e u v y g t Thi nd t king w n
o a a as er re a . s u er a as ever

befor e so wel l rea l is ed by a ny of my s ubj ects in those D ominions a l though

ma ny wer e des ir ed h p iiso to do ly c
T a t th e. d
e t t on ers h a d g rea t in r ease
t he m an ufa c tu i n g bu s i n ess b y e mp l oyi ng nu m e ous m an u fa c t u ers n d
r r r a

b y man ufa ctu i ng Chint of B roa ch an d its C ol ou s An d wh e eas in

r z r . r

D a m n t he j l u s y
a f iv a l s w as i n c
ea o ed a n d in c on e qu e n c e o f
o r re as ,
s

t hi th e p p i e to th e p e t i ti on e su ffered m u ch in t h e i r m e ch n di e
s
( ro r
) rs rs r a s

in S u t in re c ov e y of t h e i r m on e y so th at th e y w e n ot a tten d d t
ra r ,
er e o .

T h at it was n e c a y for th e p e ti ti on e rs t o h a v e s om e s u e m a n s of
e ss r r e

s u b si s t n c e t th e i f m i l i e s to re m v e th e m se l v e s t o D a man n d th re
e o r a o a e
,

t o e s tab l i h t h e i m e c h an di se
s nd f th e
r ason s ab ov e m e n ti n d
r nd ,
a or re o e a

wi th a V i ew t r m dy ny u n forese n e v en tual i ty
o e e ar qu es t e d th e e e

a b ov - m en ti n d G ov e n or an d C ap ta i n G e n era l to g an t t h e m ( th e
e o e r r

p e ti ti oner ) u p on a l eas by a reas n ab l e t x th e vi ll age V ca nd

s e o a ara a

n ow b l ongi n g t o m y R oy l T eas ur y
e T ha t th e c h ar te m y b e
a r . r a

g n t d t t h e m for t h re e liv e s ( g n ati n s ) th e fi t b ei n g in fa v our

ra e o e er o rs

of th e s on of the fi rst p ti ti n
e o er Sh apu rj i M er v anj i— the s e on c d in
f v u f th g n d n
a o r o f n y th
e ra p n wh m h m y
so or in f v a ou r o a o er ers o o e a

a p p i n t— d th th i d in th m w y Fi t n c ndi ti n t h t th
o an e r e sa e a . rs o o o a e

sa i d p t i ti n e h uld t g th wi th th i f mili g t th P t f
o e rs s o o e er e r a es o o e or o

D m n wi thi n
a a y th t t bli h p p t a lly th i
ear id nc er e o es a s er e ua e r r es e e .

S c n d N t t di t b ny w k m n wh m i gh t b n w
e o , o o s ur idi ng in a or a o e o re s

th m n f c t i g h u
e a u a f C n gin whic h
ur n n w b i ng m n f
o ses o a a us ar e o e a u ac

tur e d th — th y th p t i ti n
e re h l d th b i ng th w k m n
e e e o ers s ou ra er r o er or e

f m ut i d f th t P t f m n f ct i ng C d i nd th cl th
ro o s e o a or or a u a ur a os a o er o .

T h i d T p m t th c u l tiv ti n f c tt n u p
r
,
o ro o e l l th g un d f th
e a o o o o on a e ro o e

a b v -m n ti n d vill g wh
o e e it m y b p d u c tiv
o e nd t ab i ng it
e er e a e ro e a o r

u p w ll t h t n p t f it m y
e as m i n un c ul ti v t d
a o ar o a re a a e .
C H AP V I ]
. . A R A I L W A Y C ON TR A C T OR . 2 53

settle in Daman with their families and pr om ote the ,

c ultivati on of c o tt o n in the village of V a ra c a n da .

O ne m ore instance of the enterprising spirit of the

Parsis deserves t o be prominently n oticed As s o on .

as the c onstru cti on of railways in India c ommenced

several Parsis obtained empl oyment for themselves
as c ontract ors for the railroads In a field of lab o ur
.

entirely new t o them they have made a name and

attained distincti on The name of J a m she dj i D orabj i
.

will always find a prominent place in the hist ory of

railway enterprise in Western In dia A brief sketch .

of his career as a railway c o ntract o r will we think he , ,

read with interest When tenders for the c ontract for

.

the first secti o n of the Great In dian Penins ula Railway

fr o m B ombay t o Thana were invited in 1 8 5 0 J a m s he dj i ,

was b old en ou gh t o tender for it The c ontract being

.
,

the first p ublic w ork of the kind necessarily c omprised

,

many n ovel and difficult operati ons By these he was.

u nda u nted bu t the railway c o mpany c ou ld n ot bring

,

themselves t o entru st their experimental u ndertaking

t o a c ontract o r who had n o previ ou s experience in the

c onstr u cti on of railways No t disapp o inted by the

.

fail u re of his first effort he entered again int o c om

,

petiti on for the sec ond c ontract bu t this was even a

,

m ore formidable w ork than the former and for the ,

same reas on as in the first case he again failed t o

Obtain the co mmissi o n Persevering and enterprising
.
,

he again offered t o undertake the third c ontract at a ,

2 54 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . CH A R
[ VI .

very c onsiderable redu cti on on the estimate of the

chief engineer Mr Berkley and his tender was
, .
,

accepted The manner in which it was executed n ot

.

o nly gave great satisfacti o n t o the engineers of the C om

any u t c o nsiderably s u rprised them J a m she d i

p b , j .

s ubsequ ently o btained an other and a m ore imp ortant

c ontract fr om the C ompany It was then predicted .

that the w ork was bey ond his strength or m ore than ,

he c ould perform ; but t o the s urprise of the railway

,

a uth orities it was finished within the app ointed time

, ,

and in the w ords o f Mr Berkley in a style w orthy

,
.
,

o f any c ontract o r of any c ou ntry and of the a r ob a

pp ,

ti on of any engineer Jam she dj i celebrated the

.

s u ccessful c ompleti o n of this w o rk on the 3 0 th of

April 1 8 5 5 by giving an entertainment n ear the K ali
,

viadu ct t o which were invited the é l i te of B ombay

,

s o ciety b oth E uropeans and natives The w ords of

,
.

high praise u sed by Mr Berkley in pr op osing the .

,

t o ast of the h ost of the evening are w orth rec ording ,

.

“ ”
Ja m she dj i has n o w earned for himself he said a , ,

p ublic claim to be regarded as the finest native c on

tract o r in India he has pr o m ulgated a fav ourable and
w orthy name for railway operati ons thr ou gh ou t the
rem ote s ources of lab o u r and material u p on which we
s o greatly depend and he has this day o n a m unifi c e n t
,

scale added t o th ose m any devel opments of which we

have heard s o mu ch as the natural res ults of Indian
railways an other devel opment— I mean the devel op
2 56 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R SI S . C HAR
[ VI .

Eminently of a retiring disp ositi on at the cl ose ,

of a l ong and lab ori ou s career he withdrew fr o m

active life s ome ten years ag o In September 1 8 8 2
.

he died at the advanced age of seventy -eight He .

never had the ad v antage of attending a sch oo l even

t o learn his letters bu t he was nat u rally gifted with

fac ulties of a very high order He was remarkably

.

fl
q u ick and by mere mental calc ulati on t o the great
, ,

ast onishment of the best E ur opean engineers with

wh o m he came int o intimate c ontact he arrived at ,

c orrect res u lts in c omp utati ons relating t o his w orks .

He was in fact an adept at the di ic ul t task of

, ,

a cc u rately estimating large and varied u ndertaki ngs .

He p ossessed a p owerful and very retentive mem ory ,

which never failed him in life In the w ords of .

“
a E u ropean writer his s u ccess in life may in n o
,

small degree be attrib uted t o the frankness and

s u avity which characterised him in his b u siness
relati ons and that sterling simplicity which appears
,

t o be pec u liar t o all great minds An excellent.

master t o his w orkmen n ot o nly liberal in wages

, ,

but pleasant of speech and c onstantly thr owing

,

himself int o c ontact with them it is n ot at all extra

,

o rdinary that native lab ou rers sh ou ld have cheerfully

taken empl oyment with him even in the w orst ,

districts for the s u pply of water and unhealthiness of

climate .

“
Trained in a h ouseh old which s upplied the
C HAP . VI .
] f A M S H E D j I D O R A B jI . 2 57

leading shipwrights on the E ur opean system in

Western India on e is hardly s u rprised t o find that
,

he sh ou ld have bec ome imb u ed with the emulative

spirit of his chiefs the w onder h o wever is n ot that , ,

he became the first o f shipwrights bu t after being , ,

shipwright c ooper h ou seb uilder he sh ou ld open a

, , ,

new mine of enterprise and w ork that mine with ,

s u ch s uccess as t o earn for himself the rep utati o n of

the native pi o neer of railway c onstru cti on in India ,

and the father of native applicati on and skill t o the

devel opment of the race of ir o n —h orse in Hind ustan .

“
When the hist o ry of Western India shall be
written in an other generati o n free fro m the infl uences,

which beset u s when tr u th can p ortray with ou t fear

,

fl
o r fav o u r the men and the times in which we live ,

am ong th o se men wh ose existence is on e c o ntinu ed

ill ustrati on of a bility activity and c ourage as it
, , ,

m u st be of exhau stless benefit to their race and

c ountry in the examples they o e r t o p osterity will ,

”
appear pr ominently the name o f J am she dj i D orabj i .

While we have th u s expatiated at length on the

c ommercial spirit indu stry and enterprise of the
, ,

Parsis it is but right t o state here that thei r

,

p ositi on in the c ommercial c omm unity of t o -day

is n ot what it was a qu arter of a cent u ry a g o .

Sh ortly after the first war between England and

China ab out 1 8 4 2 the Parsis w ho had u ntil then
, , ,

m on op olised the Chinese trade began t o enc ounter ,

V OL . 11 . s
2 58 H I S T OR Y O F TH E P A R SI S . C H AR
[ VI .

rivalry fr om o ther secti ons of the Indian p op u lati on .

Their rivals at first were the K h oj as and other

M ahom e da n merchants fro m B ombay who c om ,

m en c e d t o establish fi rms in China B ut being as a .

class men of little or n o edu cati on they at first but ,

slightly affected the p ositi on of the Parsis Subs e .

qu ently h owever s ome of the Jewish residents

, ,

o f B ombay and Calc u tta entered int o c ompetiti on ,

and being keener and m ore highly ed u cated men o f

,

b u siness s u cceeded in gradu ally displacing Parsis

,

in the China trade While the Parsi merchants o f

.

China remained in the ol d gr o ove the Jews t ook ,

better advantage of the new treaty p orts in China

and the opening up of trade on n e w lines of b u siness .

The extensi on of steam c ommu nicati on between India

’
and China grad ually extingu ished the Parsi merchants
s ervice o f sailing vessels and last of all when the
, ,

civil war raged in the United States of America in

1 8 6 2 the attenti o n o f the Parsis was t o s o me extent
,

d iverted fro m their Chinese trade by the greater ,

attracti on of the en orm ou s pr ofits in c ott on trading

with England L ong before this time the wealthy
.

K amas had established in 1 8 5 5 a firm in England ,

which enj oyed a high rep u tati on in the m onetary

c ircles o f the great metr op olis .

The end of the American War h owever foll o wed , ,

“ ”
by what is termed the share mania peri o d in
B ombay brou ght r uin to many Parsi h ouses and a
, ,
2 60 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ v1 .

timber fu el fo o d grains cast e r -

, ,
oil m owra fl o wers , , ,

dry fish and m olasses The Parsis of B al s ar have

,
.

farmed many V illages in the neighb ouring native

States of Dharamp or and Bansda while th o se ,

residing at Bhavnagar are m o stly c o tt o n merchants .

S urat as we have said before ceased l on g ago t o

, ,
’

be an imp ortant trade centre but s ome of the ol d ,

resident Parsi families w ho did n ot migrate t o

B ombay were large landh olders and enj oyed their ,

rich h ol dings till they were unfort unately tempted t o

fo ll o w the danger ou s example of B ombay spec u lat ors .

After the crash of 1 8 6 4 -65 their property passed

int o other hands At Navsari the families of the
.

“ ”
desais are h owever still enj oying th o se p osses
, ,

si ons which were granted t o their ancest ors l ong

’
a o by
g the G a ikw ar s g overnment in reward for

the val u able services they had rendered .

The Parsis who have settled in o ther parts of India

o u tside the B ombay Presidency are all m o re or less

engaged in c om mercial and indu stri al p urs u its There .

are several Parsi firms in Calcu tta where the spinning

and weaving industry has als o been fostered u nder
their infl u ence The y have established themselves
.

as merchants traders and sh opkeepers in the chief

, ,

t owns of all the districts of the B ombay Presidency ,

and in S outhern and Central India the Panj ab in , ,

Sind K atch K athiawar Ceyl on and Aden

, ,
Beyond , ,
.
1

1
K a v a sj i Din sha of A d en is a w ll -k n wn
e o n a me . H e is the h d ea
C H AP V I ]
. . C O M M ER CI A L P R O B I T Y . 2 61

India for instance at M ozambiqu e and Zanzibar Parsi

, ,

traders are als o t o be fou nd .

The c ommercial m orality of the Parsis has always

ranked high C omplete strangers have b orne testi
.

m ony t o this They have alway s been u pright a n d

.

h on ourable in their dealings It is within the r ec ol .

lecti on of many ol d Parsis that am ong themselves as ,

“ ”
well as with the bania merchants written agree ,

ments were unkn own Their wo rd was their b ond .

,

and the same system was extended t o m o st of the

Eu r opeans with w h om they had dealings Sir Charles .

F orbes the head of the great h ou se of F orbes and

,

Co in B ombay in reply t o an address given t o

.
,

him on his departure for E ur ope ab ou t fi fty years

a o by the native merchants w ho were then m o stly
g ,

“
Parsis said t hat an experience of t w o and twen ty
,

years enabled him with pride and satisfacti on t o

declare that in the interc ourse he had with them he
had witnessed acts of gener o sity fidelity and h on ou r , , ,

which c ould n ot in any c ountry be s urpassed To .

”
have been c onnected with s u ch men he added , ,

for so l ong a peri o d was an advantage which he

w ould never cease t o ackn owledge and t o obtain ,

their c onfidence and esteem was a distincti on which

of th e P ar s i c ommu n i ty of th e pl c nd m n f
a e
,
a a a o
gre at e n e rg y ,

p i n d l i b l i ty H h
e n te r r s e, a er a . e as f n d d c h i t bl
ou e a ar a e rea di ng- roo m
and lib y in B m b y nd fi -
r ar t m pl
o a a a re e e at A d en . H e h a d th e h igh
h n u f d i n g th dd
o o r o f w lc m
r ea e a r es s o e o e to H is R o y l a H g i hn ess th e

P i nc
r f W l
e o n hi iv l t A d
a es o s arr a a en on his w a y t o B om a b y .
2 62 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ VI .

he w ould always be anxi ou s t o preserve with his life .

This is s u rely n o slight testim ony t o the high char

acter of the Parsis as merchants for it rec or ds a ,

’
qu arter of a cent ury s experience am ong them of a
respected member of the British mercantil e c om
mu nity .

While circu mstances have forced the B ombay

Parsis t o recede s omewhat fr om the forem o st p o siti o n
they had o cc upie d in the c ommercial c ommu nity ,

they have l o st n one of their general character for

ind u stry and enterprise as mu st have been evident
,

fr o m the previ o u s pages Half a cent ury a g o

.

B ombay afforded few opp ortu nities for foll owing

o ther pr ofessi on s and p u rs u its than th o se of mer
chants and traders With the pr ogress of time
.
,

h o wever the activity o f the Parsis has found sc ope

,

in a variety of new ou tlets They are n o w taking .

actively t o the pr ofessi ons and all h on ourable v o ca

ti on s . Thirty or forty years ag o Parsis in the
higher ranks of the G overnment service c ould be .

’
c ounted on the fingers of one s hands whereas at ,

t he present day several o f the h ighest p o siti on s

in the unc ovenanted branch of the service are

o cc upied by the m and s ome have even entered
,

the c ovenanted civil service by open c ompetiti on

in England .

As we have p o inted out in an other chapter many ,

have embraced the pr ofessi ons of law engineering and , ,

2 64 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P AR S I S . C H AR
[ VI .

Parsis have been the m ost active participators and ,

the s u ccess which has attended this experiment of

l o cal self-g overnment is in n o small measu re attrib ut
able t o their p ublic spirit their persevering indu stry , ,

their singleness of p u rp ose and their practical in ,

s t in c t s The first native h on oured with the highest

.

p ositi on in the civic parliament of the city the chair ,

manship of the C orp orati on was a Parsi He was , .

elected Chairman by the suffrages of b oth Eur opeans

fl
and natives The same Parsi was als o the first native
.

who was app ointed Chairman o f the Bench of Ju s t ic e s

1
.

A member of the C orp orati on Mr Na or ozj i F a rdunj i ,

.
,

“ ”
is p op ularly designated the trib une of the pe ople ,

o n acc ou nt o f the u n inc hing integrity and in d om it

able c ou rage with which he represents in this b ody the

interests of the ratepayers This p op ular verdict has .

been ratified by n o less a pers onage than that keen

o bserver of men and manners Sir Richard Temple ,

late G overn o r of B ombay while others have often ,

“
termed him in c ompliment the Jo seph Hume of
the l o cal parliament .

C onspicu ou s am ong the man y g ood q ualities and

virtu es for which the P a rsis have been remarkable
—
is their benev lence the spirit which they have in
o

herit e d fr o m their ancest o rs who were distinguished ,

1 T he re ar e a b ou t 41 1 J us tic e s of th e Pe a c e for th e to wn an d

i s l a nd of B om by
a , of wh om 20 6 are Europ e an s, 8 8 H i n d us, 8 5 Parsi s,
an d 3 2 M ah o me dan s .
 fl
CH AR V I ]. AN E XCE L L E NT Q UA L I T Y
. 2 65

for their l ove of charity S ome may even carry this

.

virt u e t o a fault and forget that charity b egins at

h ome . It is s u ic ient t o satisfy a wealthy Parsi
that there is an obj ect deserving of relief or s upp ort ,

a n d his p u rse is at o nce opened .

This excellent qu ality which is nat ural t o Parsis

, ,

has been n oticed by the earliest E uropeans We have .

referred in previ ou s pages t o several instances o f the

charitable disp ositi on of the Parsis and described ,

t he n u mer ou s benefits they have c o nferred u p on

their fell o w - c ou ntrymen The English newspapers

.

o f the day ab ou nd in n o tices o f s u ch liberality a n d ,

t hey speak in the highest terms o f praise of the Parsis

for feedi ng th o u sands of pe ople of different castes

d uring the famines which raged in Western India at
t h e cl o se of the la st and the c o mmencement of the

present cent u ry .

The benevo lence of S ora bj i M an ch erj i Re a dym on ey

is th u s referred t o in a B ombay newspaper dated ,

1 7 90 We are happy in the opp ort unity o f p oint

ing out the liberality of Sorabj i M a n c herj i wh ose ,

c ondu ct d o es h on ou r t o h umanity D uring the

.

present scarcity of pr ovisi ons he daily feeds up

wards of 2 0 0 0 pe ople o f differen t castes at his
, ,

o wn expense .

Mrs Graham in her j ournal of a residence in

.
,

India I n the years 1 8 0 5 and 1 8 0 6 says : The Parsi

,

merchant Ardeshir Dadi fed pe ople besides ,

2 66 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C
[ H A R v1 .

c ontrib uting in other ways t owards the s upp ort of t he

”
starving p op u lati on This recent evidence is amply
.

b orne out by that of an earlier peri o d The Rev Mr . . .

O vingt on who p ublished an acc ou nt of his v oyage t o

,

S urat in the ye a r 1 68 9 has said that the Parsis are

,

ever ready t o pr ovide for the su stenance and c omf ort of

s u ch as want them Their u niversal kindness eithe r
.
,

in empl oying s u ch as are needy and able t o w ork or ,

best owing a seas onable b ou nte ou s charity t o s u ch as

are infirm and miserable leave n o man destitute of
,

relief n or s uffer a beggar in all their tribe and here

, ,

in s o far c omply with that excellent rule of Py t ha

”
goras t o enj oy a kind of c ommu nity am ong friends
,
.

Maj or M o ore in his narrative of the operati on o f

,

’
Captain Littl e s detachment says The benev olenc e
,

o f the P a rsis is n ot restricted t o pers o ns of thei r

ow n sect . Their ind u stry and extensive mercantile

spirit have enabled many of them t o amass c onsider
able fortunes which they spend with generou s pr o
,

fusi on in acts of charity and h ospitality .

We c ould fill pages with similar testim ony from

vari ou s other auth ors but as this excellent trait in the
,

Parsi character is universally kn own and admitted ,

shall simply add u ce here a few facts sh owing the

vari ou s directi ons in which the charitable imp u lses of
the Parsis have been exhibited and how great are the
,

o -
benefits they have c onferred up on their fell w beings ,

with ou t reference t o caste c ol our or creed

, ,
.
2 68 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C HAR
[ V1 .

ally as the Parsis since they became kn own in Eu rope

— that is since the c o mmencement o f the seventeenth
,

century — have u niformly up t o n ow preserved their

high character for benev olence .

All the Parsis wh o se names we have rec orded in

chapters i and ii of this v ol u me were men who rai sed
. .

themselves t o op ulence an d distincti on by their ow n

exerti ons and the sh ort n otices we have been able
,

t o give of them pr ov e that they o n e and all dev o ted ,

fro m the st ore with w h i ch Pr ovidence had blessed them ,

a large p ort-ion for the benefit of their p oorer brethren .

The Parsi religi o n e nj oin s its foll owers t o help the p oo r

and s u cc our the needy In all cerem onies religi ou s
.
,

and s o cial the Parsis are c ontin u ally reminded of the

,

d uty of the rich t o pr ovide for the p oor ; the latter ,

therefo re are never absent fr om the th oughts of the

,

former o n all o ccasi ons whether of m ou rning or

,

rej oicing in their families Large s u ms ar e given in

.

charity o n the death of a man or w oman for the

’
benefit of the deceased s s oul as the fl ourishing funds
,

in charge of the tru stees of the Parsi Panchayet

testify O n o ccasi ons of rej oicing the Parsi invites
.
,

as it were the blessings of Heaven by acts of charity

,

and gener o sity t owards the p oor .

Let the traveller l ook around the city of B ombay ,

exclu ding the other places in which the benev olence

o f the Parsi character has effected m u ch g o o d and

relieved c onsiderable distress and what will he find ?

,
 dharmshalas r oads bridges tanks wells and drink
, , , , ,

in g fo untains as lasting m o n u ments of Parsi gener

,

os it
y and m u n ifi c en c e These
. w orks display the br o ad

and intelligent character of the Parsi mind The Dadi .

seths the B an aj is the W a dia s the Patels the Ready

, , , ,

m oneys the V ikaj i M erj is the Pan d a y s the K amas

, , , ,

the Petits and the J a m she dj i Jij ibhais and a h ost

, ,

o f o thers w h o c ou ld be menti oned made their names ,

im mortal in Western India and spread their fame in

,

all parts of the w orld by their charity and m unifi

cence Hardly a year passes in which s ome gener ou s
.

Parsi in B ombay d oes n ot c ome forward t o perform

a w ork of p ublic gener o sity We make n o ap ol ogy
.

for menti oning here t w o pr omi n ent instances which

have o cc urred only within the last few m o nths viz , .

th o se of Mr Pe s t anj i H orm a sj i K ama and Mr

. .

S or abj i Shap urj i Bengali These gentlemen cann o t

.

be said t o be very wealthy yet the character o f ,

their benev olence sh o ws the largeness of their hearts .

The w omen o f India have been kept by s ocial u sage

and c u st oms existing for cent uries from the gaze
of man ,
and they natu rally and v ol untarily shrink
from his presence Hence th ou sands of them prefer
.

t o d ie rather than all o w themselves t o be treated by

a male d o ct or partic u larly in th ose cases in which

,

pers onal examinati on is necessary It was therefore .

a m ost happy i d ea of tw o citizens of B ombay Messrs ,

.
2 70 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ VI .

Ge orge K ittredge and S ora bj i Shapurj l Bengali t o ,

intr o d u ce l ady d o ct ors int o the city and t o establish

,

u nder their s uperintendence a h o spital for the excl u sive

treatment of w omen When this benev olent plan

.

for bringing u nder medical treatment th ou sands o f

p oor creat ures w ho w ou ld with ou t it have gone t o an
,

u ntimely grave was br ou ght t o the n otice of Mr

, .

Pe s t anj i H orm a sj i K ama ( one of the descendants of

the K ama w ho founded the family of that name and ,

wh om we hav e n oticed in a previ ou s chapter) he gener

o us l offered t o b u ild s u ch a h o spital and tendered
y ,

the hands ome s um of on e lakh and sixty th ou sand

rupees for the p u rp o se When this b uilding is c om
.

e t e d Mr P e s ta n i K ama s name w ill be blessed by

’

p l ,
.
j
c ou ntless th ousands of th ose who will hereafter reap
the benefits of his h umane gener o sity Mr Pe s t anj i . .

K ama s act is all the m ore creditable t o him becau se

’

Parsi w omen have n o aversi on whatever t o male

d o ct ors like their M ahom e da n and Hindu sisters ,

and Mr K ama s charity is for this reas on the m ore

.
’

cath olic .

The other recent instance is that of Mr Sorabj i .

Shapu rj i Bengali w ho gave a s um of Rs 6 5 0 0 0 for

,
.

bu ilding a h ou se for the principal Pars i girls sch ool ,

t o which we have already adverted .

In all s ubscripti ons raised in B ombay for chari

table and u seful obj ects the Parsi s ubscripti ons are
n o t only as a r ule the highest but c onsidering their
, ,
2 72 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R SI S . C H AR
[ VI .

The Parsis have always taken care of their ow n

p oor They have never invited the aid of the pro
.

fe ss or s of o ther religi ons for the s upp o rt of thei r

charitable institu ti ons They have pr ovided dharm
.

shalas for the p oo r aged d ecrepit and blind of thei r

, , ,

c o mm unity and vari ou s fun ds m o st of which are in

’

, ,

charge of the tru stees of the Parsi Panchayet while ,

others are in the hands o f tr u stees app o inted by the

be n ev olent d on ors exist for the relief and assistance o f

,

p oor Parsis The last censu s of B ombay gives a return

.

of male and female men dicants am ongst ,

wh om there were only five male Parsis and on e female .

Even these few pers ons d o n ot beg fr om others than

their own race T he C ommittee of the District Bene
.

v olent S o ciety an instituti on maintained by c ont ribu

,

ti on fr om G overnment and funds end owed by the late

Sir J a m s he dj i J ij ibhai Bar onet and other charitable
, ,

individu als th u s p u blicly ackn owledged the fact in

,

on e of its rep orts The p ublic at l arge ow e a

debt of gratit ude t o the Parsis of B ombay for n ot ,

o n e beggar o f that caste has ever applied t o this

S ociety for relief n or is a Parsi pau per ever t o b e

,

”
seen in o ur streets .

There is on e trait in the Parsi character which ha s

greatly helped the c ommunity to keep itself forem o st
am ong the natives of India and it is on e of many
,

reas ons explaining why the G overnment itself attaches

m ore imp ortance t o this c omm unity than t o any othe r
C H AP V I ]
. . P A R S I L O YA L T Y . 2 73

Asiatic race and that is their l o yalty t o the British

,

cr own . Under whatever form of G overnment the

Parsis have lived in India they have always been ,

n oted for their l oyalty t o their rulers They were .

l oyal t o their Hindu chiefs as was well pr o ved when ,

they shed their o w n bl o o d in defending the territ ory

o f the Rana of Sanj an w ho extended t o them a kind
,

welc o me after their exile fro m Persia .

As s u bj ects of the British cr own it is admitted on ,

all hands that am ong the natives of India the Parsis

are u nd oubte dl y the m o st l oyal Their l oyalty is n ot .

o n e of empty sh o w n or the res u lt of fear of a str ong

,

and p owerfu l G overnment but it is the offspring ,

o f deep - r ooted c onvicti on When they c ompare their.

c onditi on in India with that of their c o -religi onists

in Persia w ho were red u ced u ntil recently t o a
,

miserabl e state by persec uti o n they fully and ,

rightly appreciate the blessings which they enj oy

u nder the British G o vernment When they see that .

for m o re than ten centu ries they had few opp ort unities
of increasing their material pr o sperity and that thei r ,

ow n enterprise and spirit c ould bring them n o

reward ; that it was with the arrival of E ur opean s
and the advent of British p o wer that they first .

began t o emerge fr om obsc urity and t o ri s e step

by step as that p ower was extended in the c ountry
, ,

and that they became perfectly free t o exercise .

all their rights civil as well as religi ou s ; that

,

V OL . II .
2 74 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ VI .

they had equ al j u stice even with the pe ople of the

g overning race ; bearing all this in mind they find ,

when they reflect u p on their present pro sperou s c on

diti on and inquir e int o its cau ses ab undant reas ons
, ,

t o pray that the s overeignty which the Almighty ,

G od in the wise dispensati on of His pr ovidence has

been pleased t o place over them may be for ever ,

preserved .

Whenever fitting opp ortunities have o cc urred the ,

Parsis have n ot forg otten or neglected t o sh ow the i r

l ove t owards their rulers W hen the British G overn
.

m ent app ointed a day o f h u miliati o n and prayer for

the speedy rest orati on of peace and for the s u ccess

o f the arms o f England and France d u ring the war

with R ussia the Parsis sh owed themselves the m o st

,

w orthy s ubj ects of the British Cr own In a highly .

l oyal spirit they made a rrangements for the o bs e rv

ance of that da y acc ording t o the invitati o n of their
m u ch - respecte d G overnment No fewer than . of

their race m e t t o gether in on e of the fi r e -

temples for ,

the p u rp ose of o ffering up prayers for the s u ccess

o f the Allied P o wers and the rest orati o n of peace In .

the foll o wing prayer which was prepared for the

,

o ccasi on the rich and t he p oo r j oined alike with heart

,

a n d s ou l

I offer my prayer t o Thee O gl ori ou s and exalted

,

G od that the S o vereign of this realm may gain the

,

vict ory with h on our and triu mph in the war May .
2 76 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ VI .

the Parsis again performed a similar cerem ony and ,

we here give a translati on o f the prayer which was

c omp o sed for the o ccasi on as it n ot only sh ows the
,

feeling and spirit of the Parsis in their brightest

light but str ongly displays their appreciati o n of the
,

G overnment u nder which they live .

“
O Almighty G od let Thy shad ow always fall
,

wherever the British r ule exists Grant it O G od .

, ,

s u ccess in all its u ndertakings ; vanqu ish by the aid

o f Thy p owerfu l hands all its enemies and grant that ,

its greatness may still rise and its m oral effect be

,

spread o ver a still greater p orti on of the w orld .

Receive our h u mble ackn owle dgments O L ord for , ,

having placed u s u nder s u ch a be n e fi c e nt rule and we ,

pray t o Thee t o preserve u s u nder it Grant O .

,

Heaven that the G overnment o ver ou r head be

,

actu ated in ruling o ver u s with still greater kindness ,

and its effects be spread still wider O Almighty .

Pr otect o r preserve for ever sec ure our lives and

,

pr operties as they n ow are — and grant that the

,

security may be still m ore strengthened Best o w O .

,

L ord a still m ore merciful heart t o the Q u een who

,

reigns over u s We pray t o Thee O Almighty G o d

.
, ,

t o bless her armies with s u ccess in the great war in

which they are n o w engaged and bring t o a speedy

,

terminati on the great strife by granting vict ory t o

,

th o se w ho have gone t o shed their bl oo d in the right

ca use Grant O Graci ou s God that we may c ontin u e
.
, ,
C H AP . v1 .
] T H E P A TR I O TI C F UND . 2 77

to live as we n ow d o with perfect security t o o ur

, ,

selves u nder the G overnment in which we n ow are ,

and that we may ever be impressed with a grateful

sense of the advantages which we enj oy u n d er this
”
benign reign Amen . .

‘
Ne may add that a similar c ourse was taken
by this l oyal race on the final terminati on of
this great war In c onnecti on with this su bj ect we
.

repr o du ce here the speech of Sir J a m she dj i Jij ibha i ,

“ ”
delivered on the o ccasi on of the Patri otic F u nd
meeting in the T o wn Hall o f B o mbay (Jan u ary 3 ,

Th ou gh the interest in this war has l ong since

waned we are anxi ou s t o rec o rd in these pages the
,

views and feelings of the Parsis in India in regard

t o it u ttered thr ou gh the m o u th o f their leader
,
- We .

have n o d ou bt that even at this distant day the speech

will be read with interest by the E u r opean c om
m unity as the u nprej u diced v o ice of the natives o f
,

India on a s ubj ect which had s o lately engaged the

attenti on of the wh ole civilised w orld The reader is .

’
requ ested t o particularly mark the venerable Parsi s
expressi o n o f attachment t o the Q ueen Addressing .

L o rd Elphinst one w ho presided on the o ccasi on Sir

, ,

“
J am s he dj i said : I sh ould n ot be able t o offer any
ap ol ogy for addressing y ou if I did s o in the feeling
,

that I had a right t o demand y ou r attenti on to my ow n

pers onal sentiments on the s ubj ect which ha s br ou ght
ou t o gether B u t if I endea u r in the few remarks
y . v o ,
2 78 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S .
[ AR V I
C H .

I have the h on ou r t o offer t o make y ou acqu ainted

,

w ith the sentiments of the m o st reflecting p o rti o n of

the Parsi c o mmunity on this s ubj ect I tru st that ,

o u will n o t c o nsider any ap ol ogy necessary bu t that

y ,

I shall perfo rm an acceptable service I am s ure all .

mu st feel that great seri ousness bec omes s u ch a meet

ing as the present O f n one of the great evils which
.

afflict our race d o we form s u ch inadequ ate c on c ep

ti ons as of the evils of war War is exhibited t o u s
.

in the dazzling dress o f p o etry ficti on and hist ory , , ,

where its h orr ors are carefully c o ncealed beneath its

gau dy trappings ; or we see perhaps its pl umes and
, ,

epaulettes and harlequ in finery we hear of the mag

, ,

n ifi c e n c e of the apparat u s the bravery of the tr oops

, ,

the gl ory of the vict ors bu t the st ory of the wh olesale

,

miseries and wretchedness and wrongs which foll ow

in its trai n is u nt old .

“
What nati on is n ot gr o aning under wa r-deb ts ,

the greatest of nati onal b urdens ! Had the in c on

c e iv a bl e s u m wasted in the w o rk o f h u man b utchery

fl
been applied to pr om ote individ u al c omfort and
nati onal pro sperity the w orld w ould n ot n ow be s o
,

far behind as it is in its career of progress B ut if .

the earth has always gr oaned u nder the pec uniary

expense of war how mu ch m ore deeply in a di e r e nt
, ,

sense has it groaned u nder the expense of h uman

,

life inc u rred in war ! It is estimated that n ot less

than eighteen times the present p op ulati on of the
2 80 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R SI S . CH AR
[ v1 .

been rendered with an u nscr up u l ou s and u nc on s c ie n

’
ti ou s zeal An d the p ositi on of R u ssia m ore than that
.
,

o f any G o vernment in existence o r that ever existed , ,

p u ts tremend o us evil in her p ower u nless the mercy ,

of the Almighty shall check it by the arms of Britain

and France She is the o nly p ower which has par

.

-
t ia ll y the c o mmand of t w o land l o cked seas By her .

dipl omacy directed against Denm ark and her arms ,

directed against Tu rkey she has been trying t o get

,

full p o ssessi o n of these seas Had she s u cceeded her

.

fleets w ould s oo n have swept the o cean and ravaged ,

the w orld She has b etrayed her d iab olical d esigns

.
,

and she will n ow b e deprived I tru st of b oth the , ,

Baltic and Black Seas Her d iab olical designs I Yes

.

’
the last mail br ought u s the Czar s manifest o in which ,

he exp ou nds his p olicy and the obj ect which R u ssia
seeks t o attain by the present war and that obj ect is ,

t o put d o wn Britain and the free g overnment which

,

Britain is extending over the earth S uch is the plain .

av owal of the Czar .

“
O u r d u ty t o relieve the s u fferers in this great

fl
war w ou ld have remained the same whether the war
had been a j u st on e or n ot ; bu t c onsidering the ,

nature and obj ects o f this war we extend this relief

,

n o w m o re as a privilege than as a d u ty There is a .

l uxury at any time in relieving the s u e ring s o f the

br oken -d own s oldier who has manfully and bravely
fought the battles of his c ountry or in allevi ating t he
,
C H AR v1 .
] T H E P A R S I R E S P ONS E . 2 81

grief of the s oldier s des olate wid o w and fatherless ’

ch ildren ; bu t there is a peculiar bliss in d oing it on

s u ch an o ccasi on as the present M ore over the Q u een .
,

has made an appeal t o us and it is our d uty t o ,

resp ond t o it I cann ot refrain fr om e ul ogising our

.

graci ou s Q u een Religi ou s s o vereigns are scattered

.

at distant intervals al ong the cent uries of the w orld s ’

’
hist ory like angels visits few and far bet w een In
, ,
.
’

all this dreary length of way they app ear like five or
six lighth ou ses on as many th ou sand miles of c oast .

B u t the greatest nati o n n o w on earth is fav oured with

the best of earthly s overeigns The present appeal of .

Her Graci ou s Maj esty is dictated by her pi ou s heart

a n d I m u st say in reference t o it in the lang u age o f ,

a n o ther I sh ould j u st as s oon expect t o see British

,

s oldiers refu se t o bear the ir share in the st orming of

Sebast op ol becau se they did n ot appr ove of the general
,

plan of the siege as t o find men w h o call themselves

,

leal -hearted s u bj ects hesitate t o meet this o therwise

irresistible call beca u se the m o de in which it is p r o
,

p osed t o achieve the obj ect j ars s omewhat u npl e a s

a n tl with their prec onceived n o ti o ns o f p olitical
y
’
ec on o my .

T o the call of o ur graci o u s S overeign and t o the ,

call of hu manity the Parsis my l ord will c ordially

, , ,

”
resp o nd And s o they did m o st hands omely
. .

When the unhappy rev olt br oke out in the u pper

pr ovinces of India the Parsis had further opp ort unities
,
2 82 H I S T OR Y OF T H E P A R SI S . CH A R
[ VI .

of display i ng their l oyalty t o their rulers They .

embraced the first opp ortu nity of presenting an

address t o the G overn or L ord Elphinst one ass urin g
, ,

him of their l oyalty and attachment t o the British

G ove rnment and offering their services in what
,

ever way they might be requ ired in s uppressing the “

mutiny .

S o great was the l oyalty of the Pars i s kn own t o

be that while all the o ther races were after the
, ,

c ommencement of the rebelli o n l o oked up on with

distru st n ot even a breath of s u spici on was dir ected
,

against them Every E u ropean and the wh ole of

.

the English press ackn owledged that this race w ould

never be inimical t o British rule The best and .

m ost c onvincing pro of of the l oyalty of the Parsis

will be found in the fact that if there was an in ,

dividu al of this sect at any stati on where the rev olt

o cc u rred he s u ffered eq u ally with the E u r opeans at
,

the hands of the rebels the sympathy of his race ,

with the G overnment being s o well kn o wn .

If u nhappily a disturbance ever o ccurred in B om

, ,

bay the E u ropeans and Parsis of the place w ould share

the s a me l o t the latter being so n ot ori ou sly attached
,

t o the present r u lers and having n o sympathy what

,

ever with any who might dream of s upplanting them .

We do n ot think we can say m ore on this s ubj ect

than that our sentiments are shared t o the fullest
exten t by every Englishman in India In fact .
,
2 84 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ VI .

Prince of Wales every Parsi family in the land sh owed

,

as m u ch c oncern and anxiety as the m ost l oyal of

English families in the very heart of the United
K ingd om In the ir private as well as p ublic prayers
.

they began and c o ntin u ed t o pray for the rest orati o n

t o health o f His R o yal Highness l ong befo re the day
’

specially set apart by G overnment for o ffering prayers

t o the Almighty .
-
O n this offi c ial l y app ointed day
they performed in their fi re -temples grand and s olemn
cerem onies s u ch as their ancest ors were in the habit
,

of o bser v ing u nder their o wn kings In the fi r e.

temple of K av asj i B e r amj i t w o th ou sand Parsis

assembled and when the reg ular prayers had been
, ,

o ffered the wh ole c ongregati o n marched al ong the

,

’
Q u een s R o ad in B ombay t o a large open sp ot near
the sea -sh ore ab ou t half a mile distant fro m the
,

fi re -temple There a gain they offered up prayers t o

.

G o d for the rec overy of His R o yal Highness The .

pro cessi on was m ost s olemn and imp osing The .

priests and the laymen repeated prayers as they

pr o ceeded t owards the sea -sh ore The E u ropeans .

w ho happ ened t o pass by on the o ccasi o n were

m u ch stru ck with this impressive pr oof of Parsi

l oyalty .

At the same h ou r an other large c onc o urse of Parsis

gathered at the fi r e —temple of Hormasj i B am anj i
Wadia . D ast ur Pe s hot anj i B e ramj i Sa nj an a and
ab out three h u ndred priests j oined in a u nited
C H AR V I ]
. P R A YE R TO TH E A L M I G H T Y . 2 85

prayer t o the Almighty of which the fo ll owing is an

,

extract
O Almighty Ahura Mazda we Thy h umble , ,

servants the Z o r oastrians offer our u nited sincere

, , , ,

and earnest prayer t o Thee t o rest o re His R oyal ,

Highness the Prince of Wales the eldest Prince of ,

Her M os t Graci ou s Maj esty Q u een V ict oria to health ,

and strength Th ou gh his medical advisers have

.

given u p h opes of his rec overy yet we h u mbly ,

beseech Thee as the S upreme Healer t o rest ore him

, ,

t o health O Preserver of health let Thy b e n e fi c e nt

.
,

infl u ence w ork up o n our bel oved Prince s o that the ,

malady may be immediately rem oved and that he ,

may be spared t o rule over u s hereafter O merciful .

"

Pr ovidence grant u s the b oon that we ask of Thee !

,

that our heart may be relieved of the deep anxiety

”
int o which we have fallen .

A large s u m of m oney was als o distrib u ted by the

Parsi Panchayet on that day in almsgiving t o the
p oor We all kn ow that the prayers then sent up t o
.

Heaven were answered Great was the j oy of all Her

.

Maj esty s s ubj ects in India and n otably of the Parsis

’

, ,

a t the Prince s rec o very The Parsis gave expressi o n

’
.

t o their j oy in the foll owing thanksgiving : O n this

earth when the c hildren of a family unite in asking
a fav ou r of the father he is ind u ced t o grant their
,

requ est ; w ou ld n ot then the great Father of all t o ,

wh o se kind ness and mercy there is n o b ound hear ,

2 86 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ VI .

and grant th e sincere and heartfelt prayers of all His

children o n earth ! We thank Thee O G od for Thy , ,

g oodness and Thy mercy in delivering t o u s again

ou r bel oved Prince .

O n the day set apart as a day of thanksgiving for

the rest orati on t o health of His R oyal Highness the “

hall of the chief fi re -temple was filled t o s uffo cati on .

By the app ointed h ou r three th ou sand Parsis had

assembled t ogether each taking with him pieces of
,

sandal - w oo d t o feed the sacred fire Handbills c on .

tainin g a special prayer c omp ose d for the o ccasi on by

Dastu r P e shot anj i the learned chief priest o f the
,

Parsis were distrib uted t o all present and as the

, ,

”
dast u r repeated the prayer all st oo d up and j oined
in it W e give here the s ubstance of that prayer
.

which we vent ure t o think a Christian bish op might

, ,

w ith ou t any impr opriety have ad opted .

O Almighty Ahu ra Mazda L ord of Imm ortality , ,

etc Th ou hast declared in the Avesta through ou r

.
, ,

h oly prophet the pi ou s Z arthosht that there is o n e ,

specific remedy for illness which the m o st learned

d o ctors faile d t o cu re and that remedy is prayer
, .

Th ou L ord of Tru th hast sh own u s an instance o f

, ,

the pr omise by resc uing Albert Edward the Prince of

Wales fro m his late seri ou s illness and hast gladdened ,

o ur hearts by rest o ring t o him his u s u al health We .

,

the M a zd ay a sn ans ( believers in on e G od) therefore ,

”
h umbly and sincerely thank Thee .
2 88 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . CH AR
[ VI .

o fthe Mu nicipal C orp orati on of the city of B ombay ,

for he c onsiders that the d uty which fell t o his l ot

o f having t o welc o me t o India the eldest s on o f his

graci ou s S overeign and his fu tu re Emper or was the , ,

pro u dest event in his p ublic career .

We feel that it is u nnecessary t o p u rs u e this s u bj ect ,

’
The l oyalty o f the Parsis to Her Maj esty s pers on
and G overnment requires n o fu rther dem onstrati on .

It is well kn o wn t o the G overnment the E uropean ,

,
-
c omm unity and their o ther fell ow s ubj ects Thi s .

l o yalty is du e t o m ore than o n e c onsiderati on I t .

a rises as m u ch from a percepti o n of the a dv an

tages of English edu cati on and attainments as from
1
gratit u de for the benefits derived thr ough the m .

W e cann ot h owever refrain fr om giving here

, ,

this on e fresh indicati on of Parsi l oyalty O ur .

readers may be aware of the m ovement set on foot

u nder infl u ential auspices in England by Can on
Harford for the p u rp ose of p opu larising the Britis h
Nati onal Anthem in India thr ough the medi u m of ,

the vari ou s vernac u lars It is du e t o a Parsi gentle .

man the late M r Edalj i Darasha Sethna s uper

fl
.
, ,

int e n d e nt of the Parsi Girls Sch o o l Ass o ciati on

’

1
T h ish wn n ot m e ly by th e a l of th e Pa si s in l earning
is s o re e z r

En gl i h in w h ich th ey a
s ,
s i n gu l ly u n t bu t a l s in the avi d i ty
re ar e ,
o

wi th whic h t h e y tak e to g m f t ngth and athl tic sp o t a es o s re e r s

.

C ic k e t i qu i te p op u l a w i t h th m an d th y a e v e r y p fi ci e n t a t it
r s r e ,
e r ro .

I t ma y b e a l so m e n ti n d th t F em a on ry h as ga i n d m n y re c ru i ts
o e a re s e a

a mo ng Pars i s .
C H AR V I ] . TH E NA T I ONA L A N T H EM 2 89

to say that l ong before the idea of translating the

,

Nati onal Anthem int o Indian lan gu ages was m ooted

in England he felt the want o f s o me kind of general
,

prayer for Her Maj esty the Q ueen for t he u s e of his

sch ools He adapted on e of the patri otic s ongs in
.

Guj arati t o the t une of the British Nati onal Anthem .

It was h o wever reserved to an other Parsi gentleman

, , ,

Mr K aikhos ru Naorozj i K abraj i who has dev oted co n

.
,

s idera bl e attenti o n t o the st u dy and c u ltivati o n o f native

m usic t o give u s in Guj arati the langu age sp oken by

, ,

the Parsis and als o by the Hindu s of G uj arat a trans ,

lati on of the British Nati onal Anthem He has .

s u cceeded in preserving in his versi on the n oble

sentiments expressed in the original anthem at the ,

same time that he has adapted it t o the British mu sic .

When their R oyal Highnesses the D uke and

D uchess of C onnaught landed in B ombay in the
au t umn of 1 8 8 3 the Nati onal Anthem was s ung
in Guj arati by a ch oir of Parsi children We give .

here the text of the Nati onal Anthem with its

Guj arati translati on in R oman letters
I . S e n d h er v i c to i ous
r ,

Emn e k ar j a y v ant mas ,

G o d sa v e our Em p re s s -
Q ue e n H a ppy an d
g1 0 1 1 0 11 3 2
B a k s h D ev T un M ah -
R an i
S ukh Ki r ti n o d e y a s,
L o ng liv e o ur g ra ci ou s Q uee n L ong t o re i g n ov e r us
Ba h u l 1Vl 0 p rau dh 113 11 1 3 1
L a mb av Raj b ah u v a ra s ,

G od sa ve th e Q ue e n . G od sa v e th e Que e n .

B ak s h D e v R a ni . R aks h D ev R an i .

V OL . II .
2 90 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C
[ H A R VI .

II . IV .

0 L or d o ur G od ! a r i s e ! G u a r d he r
b e ne at h T hy wing s,

0 Is Jag dis I T un u th I T unj p ankm an Emne dh a r,

Al mi gh ty Ki ng of ki ng s
S c at t e r h e r e ne m e s , i ,

S aktim an R aj e sh war ,
Ve r i V ikh erv a r ut h ,

S ov r e i n un se e n
’

g
A n d m a k e th e m fall
.

Na th M ah-
.

D ny a ni .

An t e mno k al .

L ong m ay our pr ay r b e e s t,
’
bl
B id s tr i fe a nd di s cor d c e a se
h b h
T ae prar thn a a u s ubhka r ,
B a ndh pa d d v e s k l e s b a dh o
R i s i ng from e a st to w est ,

W i s d om a n d ar t s in c re a s e P ur v e thi P a s ch i m p a r,
D ny a n ne hunnar v ad ho
As from one l oyal b reast ,

F i ll i ng h omes w ith p ea ce
o ur , R aj bhakt ek d i l s vikar ,

Am G h e r j a m p s a mp s a dh o ,
G od sa ve the Quee n ,

Bl e ssi ng us al l .
Raksh D e v Rani .

K alya n S ervkal .

SP ECI A L SEC O ND VER S E .

F or H er M aj esty s A rmies in
’

I II
time f W ar
.

o .

T hy ch oi ces t gi fts in s t or e , 0 L or d o ur G od ! ar i s e !
G a nj thi D an Shre st T un ka r, 0 Is J agdis I T un u th I

S ti ll on V i c tor i a p our S c at t e r her e ne mi e s ,

J th u
a V i c tor i a pa r Ver i V ikhe r v a r ut h ,

H e a l th , mi g h t, a n d fame . An d m ak e th em fall .

B al , kir ti , ks he m . An t e m n o k a l .

W h i l e p e a san t , p ince
r ,
a nd pee r, B l e ss t h ou the b a v e t h a t fi gh t
r ,

R an k rae sad bhi ma n e , A shis s urv ir ne de ,

Pr o udly her s way re v ere ,

S w orn t o d e fe n d h e r r i g h t ,

Emnu Raj puj j an e ,

P an hak k aj l a dv a l e ,

Na ti ons f
a a r a n d n ear B en d i ng b e fore T hy mi gh t ,

J y an ty a nna L ok a ne , Na mta n T u nj V ir pra ty e ,

H onour her n am e . RULER o f al l .

Na m p ra tye p re m . B hudher B hupal .

2 9 2 H I S T OR Y O F T H E P A R S I S . C H AR
[ v1 .

c o nverted The Parsi c o mm unity which had always

.
,

staked everything for its religi on became exceed ,

in gl y excited and vari ou s r um ou rs were circulated ,

in the English ne w spapers of the day o f an intended

ou tbreak am ongst its members H owever excited .

they may have been s u ch an idea never really ,

entered their minds S o anxi ou s were they t o pre .

serve their go od name and character as law -abiding

s ubj ects that the Parsi leaders made a c ommuni
cati on t o G overnment up o n the s ubj ect which we ,

1
insert bel ow sh owing how desirou s the Parsis have ,

1 w i th th d p t c n c n n d wi t h th m t p i n f l f l ing
“
I t is e ee es o er a e os a u ee s

th t w
a h v p u d th u t g u tt ck l t ly m d in th
e a e er se e o ra eo s a a s, a e a e e

p bl ic p in t f thi p l c n th wh l n tiv p p l ti n but

u r s o s a e o e o e a e o u a o ,

es p ci lly g i n t th P i c mmunit y nd th m mb
e a a a s f th i
e ar s o a e e er s o e r

P n h y t in c n qu n c
a c a e ,
f th xci t d t t f p bl ic f ling
o se e e o e e e s a e o u ee

l tiv t th c n v i n f tw P i b y t th Ch i ti n f i th
re a e o e o er s o o o ars o s o e r s a a .

I n th p p w h v b n ccu d f i n ci ti ng th t b ch
ese a ers e a e ee a se o o ers o a rea

o f th p c nd
e f th i nt n ti n f f ci bly g tti ng p
ea e, a o in f e e o o or e oss ess o o

fl
th b y wi th th l t i
e o s bj c t f n ding th m t N v i n d
e u er or o e o se e o a sar a

th t m i n ti n g t h i
ere er xi t n c aN t h ing n b m c nd l u
e r e s e e . o ca e ore s a a o s

a nd f l nd w b g th t y u wi ll i m m di t l y b i g t th n t ic
a se , a e e a o e a e r n o e o e

o f th H n u b l th G v n
e o oin C un ci l th t v y m
ra e u efp o er or o a e er ea s re o re

c uti n h b n t k n by nd p ci lly b y th m t i n n ti l
a o as ee a e ,
a es e a e os ue a ,

m mb e f th P i c mm n i ty t p
er s o v th p ubl ic p c nd t
e ars o u o r e ser e e ea e a o

so o th d wn th j u t ly i i t t d f l i n g
e o f th p p l
e On
s f u rr a e ee s o e eo e . e o o r

b dy nd
o f H
a M j ty J tic
on e f th P c
o p n lly
er a es
'
s us es o e ea e er so a

w i t d p n th S p i nt n d n t f P l ic y t d y v n i ng nd
a e u o e u er e e o o e e s er a e e ,
a

re qu t d th t v y m n m i gh t b t k n t p v nt ny d i tu b n c
es e a e er ea s e a e o re e a s r a e,

a n d th P n ch y t e t th v y t i m thi l tt
a a e i b i ng w i tt n
ar e a e er e s e er s e r e

givi ng p u bl ic n tic th g h ut th t wn c ll i ng
o p n l l w ll
e r ou o e o a u o a e

d i p d p n t id in th i mu ch -d i d bj c t W h v
s os e e rs o s o a s es re o e . e a e

f th t q t th t y u will b ing t th n tic f th H n

ur er o re ues a o r o e o e o e o ou r

a bl B d th t w h v v y
e oar n t b li v th t th m i i n
a e ai e e er reas o o e e e a e ss o ar e s

th m l ve th
se th es f m
are f th di g c f l p g ph
e au or s o so e o e s ra e u ara ra s
CHAR V I ] .
DR . W I L S O IV . 2 93

ever been t o be reck oned l oyal and peaceable s ubj ects

of the British G o vernment As further evidence of .

the spirit of t olerance general am ong the Parsis it ,

will n ot be out of place here t o menti on that when

Parsis were first c onverted t o Christianity t he event
was viewed with great alarm and c onsternati on and ,

their religi ou s instincts were greatly inj u red th ou gh ,

they always kept themselves within b ounds Dr . .

W il s on and the Christian missi onaries were c onsidered

”
devils in human shape who had c ome t o B ombay ,

t o desecrate the hearths of families t o imp ort misery ,

and u nhappiness am ong the pe ople and generally ,

c mp l i n d
o a e o f, p ticu l ly
h o e w hich h v e pp ea e d in the
ar ar of t s a a r

B omb y G a tt in o d e
aze as w e b e l i e v e
e, t o p ej udic
r r, th m ind f ,
r e e o

G ov e rn m en t an d the Eu op e an m e mb e s of th e c ommun i t y a gai n st

r r

u s d ur ing th t i l o f th e q u est i on w h ich we r eg d as of v i ta l im

e r a ar

p o t n c to ou b t in terests
r a e r es .

I n vi n di c ti n of ou r c h ara c ter so s h a m e full y as sa il d an d to p o in t

a o e ,

out t o G v n m en t wh o
o er e th e rea l d i turb e s o f thar p ub l ic p e ace it s r e ,

is ou r i n te n ti on t o m ak e th i l etter a p u bl ic as th e a ccu sati on t h em

s s s

se lv h v b
es a e ee n .
”

b ov e l tter th Parsi s re c iv ed th e f l l owin g rep ly f om

T o th e a e e e o r

th e S c tary t o G o v er n m n t
e re e

“
In p ly I m d i cte d t o assu e y ou th at G ov e nment wi ll
re a re r r

n e v e for m it s j u d g m e n t e i t h er re gar din g p u bl ic b d i

r or i n divid ua l s o es

from th e u n supp or te d representati on or statements p ubl i h ed in the s s

pub l ic pri nt s .

I a m di re c te d a t th e am e t i me to c n v e y to y u th e sati s fa c ti on
s o o

which G v e nm nt has d e ive d f m c e ivi n g th e assu n c of y u

o r e r ro re ra es o r

de ir e an d en d av ur (e p e ci ally th os e f y u wh o a th J u stice s f
s e o s o o re e o

th Pea c ) un d
e eth e p r n t e x ci te m en t
er f th e Pars i c om mu n i ty t h t
e se o a

th e p u blic p c e h all n t b e d i tu r b d of w h ich th b t i n d ic at i on

ea s o s e ,
e es

w ill b th t n e am b ling t o g e t h
o a s se r t k es p l c on th e cc i on b u t
e a a e o as ,

th a t th m att er is l e ft to b e de cid e d by th e tr ib u n a l to whic h it has

e

b en app eal d
e e .
”
2 94 H I S T OR Y O F TH E P AR SI S . C H AR
[ VI .

to disaffecti on in the p ublic mind t owards

s ow

the G overnment Half a ce n t u ry of edu cat i on and

.

fl
increased interc ou rse with E uropeans and a better
u nderstanding of the lab ou rs of the missi onaries
have brought ab ou t a w onderful change in these
views of the Parsis They n ow regard their m ove
.
:

ments with perfect in di e r en c e and many of them ,

w ould n owadays say it is better t o have the c om

pany of a g oo d Christian than that of a bad
Parsi .They perfectly u nderstand and sincerely
believe that the G overnment itself d o es n ot entertain
the slightest idea of interfering with the religi on of
any of its s ubj ects and that if any Parsi forsakes his
,

religi on it is his own act They w ou ld n o t even .

blame the missi onary who they are willing t o be ,

lieve is acting c onscienti ou sly and in the service

,

o f his great Master .

The late lamented Dr Wils on was pr obably the

.

best -hated E uropean in India at the time the t wo

Parsi lads were c onverted but during the last few ,

years of his life n o E u r opean whatever may have ,

been his rank was m ore h on ou red or esteemed than

,

that venerable miss i onary O n his death the grief.

in the Parsi c ommunity was not less marked than

am ong Christians a fact which speaks v ol umes in
,

fav our of the Parsi spirit of t olerati on a n d liber

ality of th ought and of appreciati on of virtues in the
pro fess ors of a creed o ther than their o wn .
 A P P END I X A .

TH E PA RSI CH ATTEL S REAL A CT .

LEGI SLAT I V E D EPART M ENT ,

I L L I A M T H E 1 5 T H M AY 1 8 3 7
F OR T W ,
.

T H E foll ow i ng Ac t p a s s e d by the Ri g h t H on ourabl e th e G o v er

n or—G ener a l o f I n d i a in C oun c i l on the 1 5 th M ay 1 8 3 7 is h ere by
, ,

p rom u l g a t e d fo r
g e n e ra l i nform a t i on

ACT NO . IX of 1 83 7 .

I . h ere by e na c te d th at from the 1 s t d y of June 1 8 3 7

I t is , a ,

a l l i mmo v a bl e p r op er ty s i tu te w i th i n t he j ur i s d i c t i o n o f a ny
a

o f th e c ou t s e s t a bl i s h e d by H i M aj e s ty s C h a t r s h all s f r
’
r s r e ,
a a

a s re g a d s t he tra n mi s i on o f s u ch p o p er ty on the d e ath a n d

r s s r

i nt e stac y of any Pars i h a v i ng a b en fic i l i ntere s t in the s ame e a ,

or by th e l a s t w il l o f a ny s u ch P s i b e t a k e n t o b e an d t o h a v e
ar ,

b een of the nature of ch atte l s r l and not of f ee h old ea r .

I I P o v i d e d a lw a y s t h at in any s ui t a t l aw or in e qui ty
. r ,

wh i ch sh all be b rough t for th r c ov e y of s uch i mmov abl e e e r

p rop e ty a s is f re sa i d no a dv antag e s h all b e tak e n of any

r a o ,

d e f ct of t i tl e a i ing out of the tran smi s si on of su ch p rop e ty

e r s r

u p o n the d e at h a nd i nt e s ta cy o f a ny P rs i h v i ng a b e n e fic i a l a a

i ntere st in t he s ame or by the l as t w i ll of any such P s i i f su ch ar

t ran s m i s s i on t o ok pl a c e b e fore th e s i d l s t d ay of J une 1 8 3 7 a ,

an d i f s u ch tr an smi s i o n w ere e i th er
s cc ord ing to the rul e s wh i ch
a

r e gul a t e t he t an sm i s s i on o f free h old p r op e rty or e l s e t o ok pl a c e

r

w i th th e a c q ui e c e n c e of l l p ers ons t o wh om any i nte e s t in th t

s a r a

p rop e ty w uld a cc or d ing to the r ul es wh i ch reg ulate the trans

r o ,

m i ss i on o f ch at t l s r e al h a v e a c c ue d u p on the d ea th of s uch
e ,
r

P ar s i
W H M A CNAG H T EN,
.

. .

S ecreta ry to the Government o f I ndia .

 A P P END I X B .

T H E PARSI M ARRI A G E A ND D I V O RCE

A CT 1 8 6 5 .

A CT NO . XV . of 1 8 65 .

TH E o o f ll w i n A c t o f th e G o v er n o -
G e n e a l o f I n d i a in C o un c i lr r
g
-
r e c e i v e d the a s s e n t o f H is Exc e ll e n cy t he G o v erno G e n e a l o n r r

the 7 th A p ri l 1 8 65 a nd is h e re by p r omul g a te d for g e n e ra l

,

i nformat i on
A n A ct to define a nd amend the l a w rel ating to M a rr iage a nd

D ivorce a mong the P a rsis .

W h ere a s the P ars i c ommuni ty ha s r e p res e nte d the ne ce ss i ty

of d e fi n i ng a nd a me n d i n t he l w l ti n
g a r e a
g
P mblr ea e.
t o ma i ge a nd d i v orc e among Pa rs i s a n d
rr a ,

W h ere a s it is e xp e d i e nt t h a t s u ch l aw sh ou ld b e m a d e c on form
a bl e t o th e c us toms o f the s a i d c omm uni ty it is e nact e d a s ,

foll ow s
I —P R EL I M I NA RY . .

I T h i s A c t m a y b e c i te d as
“
T h e P a rs i
h
S or t il
t t e.
.

M arr i a ge a nd D i v or c e A c t
II In t his A c t, l
h ere be s ome th ing
u n e ss t
I p i cl
.

nter ret a t o n ause

r e p ug n a n t in t h e s ubj e c t o r c on t e x t
.

W or d s in the s i ng ul ar numb er i n cl ud e the

Numb e r . pl u al a nd w rd s in the pl ural numb er in
r , o

e l ud e the s i ngul ar .

P r i e s t me a ns a P a rs i p r i e s t a nd i nc l ud es
”

Pr i es t
,

D as tur a nd M ob e d
.

.
30 0 A P P E ND I X .

n ot h av e c om pl e te d the age of t w enty- on e y e a r the c onse nt of s,

his or her f th er or guard i an s h all h a v e b e e n p revi ously gi v en t o

a

s uc h m a r r i ag e .

IV . No Pars i s h all , a fter the c omme nce me n t of t his Act,

-
R e marr a e s a e ig v
c t any m ri ag e in t he l i feti m e of his or c ont r a ar
f
a ter d l Yorc e “111W
h e w i fe or h us b a n d e xc e p t a ft er his or he r
”

r
ful d urmg li f i
e t me
,

of fi
rs t m fe or b us l a wful d i v orce f om s u ch w i fe or h usb an d by
. r
ba nd :

s e nt e n c e o f a C our t a s h er e i n a fte r p ro v i d e d ;

a n d e v e r y marri ag e c ontra c te d c ontr ary t o the p ro v i s i o ns of t h i s

s e c ti on s h all b e v o i d .

V Ev er y
. h all aft e r the c ommen ce ment of th i s
P ars i wh o s ,

P i hm t f A c t an d d uri ng the l ife time of his or her w i fe

un s en o

1 1g my
o r h us b an d a ny marr i a e w i th out
1 ‘1
c o nt ra c t
'

g ,

h av i ng b e e n l awfully d i v orce d from su ch a w i fe or husb a nd s h all ,

b e s ubj e c t t o the p e n al t i es p r ov i d e d in s e c ti ons 4 9 4 a nd 49 5 of

the I n d i a n P e na l C o d e for the offe n c e of marry i ng a g ai n d u i ng r

the l i fe t i m e o f hu sb an d or w i fe a .
1

1 f ll wi g
Th e th octi n 49 4 nd 495 f th I nd i n P n l C d
o n are e se o s a o e a e a o e

h in f d t
ere r e e rre o

49 4 W h v . h vi ng hu b nd wi f l ivi ng m i i ny c in
oe er, a a s a or e , arr es n a a se

M m
an
y g g i d w h ic h uc h m
a
i
a n
g i v i d by ur
n f it t ki ng pl c s arr a e s o reaso o s a a e

mg th l f t m e fh d
l e l i g th l i f e o f uc h h u b n duS wi f h ll b pu n
ur n e e o s s a or e, s a e

i h d wi t h i m p i n m t f i t h d c ip ti n f t m
b d
an ’
or W I e '
s e r so en o e er es r o or a er

which m y xt n d t v n y a ed h ll l e b l i bl t fi o se e ears , a n s a a so e a e o ne .

E p ti n — T h i
xce cti n d n t x t nd t ny p n wh m i g
o s se o oes o e e o a e rso ose a rr a e

wi th uch h u b nd wi f -h b n d cl d v i d by c u t f c mp t t
s s a or e as ee e a re o a o r o o e en

j u i dic ti n t y p n wh c nt ct m i g d i g th li f f
r s on , or o an e rs o o o ra s a arr a e ur n e e o a

f m hu b n d wi f i f uc h h b d wi f t th t i m f t h b qu nt
or er s a or e, s us an or e, a e e o e su se e

m i g h ll h v b n c nti lly b nt f m uc h p n f th p c
a rr a e, s a a e ee o nua a se ro s erso or e s a e

o f v se y en nd h ll t h v b n h
e a rs , a d f by uc h p s b i g l iv
a no a e ee ear o s e rs on a s e n a e

wit h i n th t t im p vi d d th p a c nt c t i ng u c h ub qu t m i g
e, ro e e er s o n o ra s s se en arr a e

s h ll b f
a , c h m i g t k pl c i f m t h p n wit h wh m uc h
e ore s u a rr a e a es a e, n or e ers o o s

m i g i c nt c t d f t h
a rr a e s l t t f f ct f
o ra th em wi t h i n
o e re a s a e o a s so ar as e sa e are

hi s or h k wl dg er no e e.

49 5 W h v . c mmit th ff n c d fi n d in th l t p c d ing cti n

oe er o s e o e e e e e as re e se o ,

h m g c n c l d f m th p W i t h wh m th av ub o ea e ro e e rs on o e s
S m a ff e th o e nc e Wl
se

lm
c o nc ea f th f qu nt m i g c nt ct d th f ct f th f m m
e nt o e or e a rr a e Is o ra e e a o e or er ar
m m m g f m th
h ll p un i h d wi t h i mp i i h
er a a e ro e
i g b nm ntr a f t e, s a e s e r so e o e er
p th wh m
e rs o n W I b o su
se q t m
ue n ig d c i p ti fa rr a t m wh i c h m y x t n d t t n y
e 1s es r on or a er a e e o e e a rs ,

b l i bl t fi n
t d
n d h ll l
t
c on ra C e °

a s a a so e a e o e .
 A P P E ND I X .
30 1

VI . Ev e r y m arr i ag e
c ont c t d f te r the c omme n c em en t f ra e a o

C ti fi c t
er d
t h i s Ac t s h all i mm e d i a t ly on t h e s ol e mn i sa t i n
a e an ,
e o

re gi t y
s r f m th e e o f b c e ti fi d by th o ffic i ti ng p i e t in
o ar r e r e e a r s
r ’ag es '

the f m c ont a i n e d in the S ch e d ul e t o th i s A tor

,

c .

T he c ert i fic ate h all b e s i g ne d by t he s a i d p ri t t he c ont a c ti ng

s es , r

p a ti es o th e ir f th e o g ua d ia ns wh e n t h ey S h all no t h a v e
r ,
r a rs r r

c o mpl e t e d th a g e o f t w e n t y- on e y ars a n d t wo w i tne ss e s p re s e n t

e e ,

a t th e m arr i
g e an d the s i d p i e t s h a ll th e eu p on e n d s u ch
a a r s r s

c e r t i fi c a t e t og e t h e r w i t h a fee of R s 2 t o b
, p i d by the h us . e a

b an d t o the regi st a of the pl a c e a t wh i ch s uch m i g e is

, r r arr a

s ol e m n i se d T he e g i s tra on r e c e i p t o f t he c e r ti fic te a n d fe e
. r r, a ,

s h a ll e n te t he c e ti fic te in a
r i t e r t o b e k p t by him for th at
r a re e
g s

p urp o e and s h a ll be e n ti tl d to r etai n the fe e

s ,
e .

V II p u p se s of th i s A c t a e g i s tra r sh all be p
. F or t h e r o r a

App i tm t f p in t d w ho m y be the re gi t ar pp oi nte d

o n en o o e ,
a s r a

31 1 u n d er A c t X V I of 1 8 64 ( to p ovide for the

19 8 1 311
r
:

Registra tion of A ssura nces ) W i th i n th l c l l i mi ts of t he o d i . e o a r

n a y or ig i n a l c i v i l j ur i s d i c t i on
r f a H ig h C o u t t he eg i s trar h all o r ,
r s

b e pp o i nte d by the C h i f J u st i c e of s uch C ou t an d w i th out

a e r , ,

s u ch l i mi t s by th l o c al g o v ernme nt Ev e y re gi s t ar s o p
, e . r r a

p oint e d may b re mo v e d by the Chi e f Ju sti c e or l o c al g o v ern

e

m e nt a pp oi nti ng him .

VI I I . The R eg i s te r of M arri ag e s m e nti on e in t he s i t s e c d xh

M i g giarr a e
hre
ll
st er
t i bl
on s a , a t a ll r e as ona e t i m es , b e o en for p
t b Op
o e f p b i n s p e c t i o n ; a nd c e r t i fi d e x t r a c t s
en or u om e th e ef r r
lic i p ’nS ec l on
h all n a ppl i c ati on b e g i v en by the regi tra
‘

s o s r
, ,

o n p ay m e nt t o him by th e a ppl i c ant f Rs 2 fo a ch s u ch e x o . r e

t ra c t Ev e y s uch re g i st s h all b e e v i d en c e of the t uth of the

. r er r

s t a te m e nt s t h ere i n c ont i n d a e .

IX p i e s t know ingly n d w i lfully s ol emni s ing any mar

. Any r a

r iag e c on t ry t o an d in v i o l a t i on o f the four th ra

P l ty f
e na 1 s0

m ii g m i g
e n s n
s e c t i on s hor
a ll o n
a rr a
c n v 1 0 t Ie
on t h e re of b p u m s he d ,
o e

t 11 w i th s impl i mp i s onme nt fo a t m wh i ch
o 5 60 0 11
e r r er

m y e xt n d t s ix m ont h s w i th fi n wh i ch
a e o ,
or e

ma y e x te n d t o R 2 0 0 o w i t h b th s .
,
r o .

X . Any p ri e st neg e l c ting to c o m ply w i th an y o f the re qu i s i

3o2 A P P E ND I X .

t ions affe c ti ng him c o nt a n e i d c ti on s h all on

in t h e s i x th se ,

c onv i c ti on t h e r e o f b e p uni s h e d fo e v e ry s u ch r
P e n a ty l for ,

pi ’
r es t s ne gl c e t of off n c e W i t h S i m pl e I m p ri s onm e n t for a t e m
e r
me nt s O f se c wh i ch may e x t n d t o thre e m onth s or w i th
fg fig
[
‘

e ,

fi n e wh i ch m y e x t e n d t o Rs 1 0 0 or w i t h b oth
a .
, .

XI . Ev ery
h e p e s on re qu i e d by the s i x th s e c ti on t o sub
ot r r r

s c i b e or a t t e t t he s a i d c e ti fic a t e who S h a ll r s r

ti g ih £ ;
ty en

33
1

n 2 1 w i lf ully o mi t o n g l e c t s o t o d o s h a ll on c on r e , ,

d 11 1 th v ic tio n t h e e o f b e p un i s h e d for e v e y s u ch
an 3 33 e 0 61 "
r r
mfi ’
,
ca e
offe n c e w i th a fi ne n ot e xc e e d i ng R s 1 0 0
‘

. .

XI I . Ev ery
p ers on m ki ng or s i gni ng o atte s ting any s uch a , ,
r

P l ty f m k
en a
c e t i fic t e c o nt a i ni ng a s ta t e m e nt wh i ch is fa l se
or a
r a ,

i g
n t
, fl
e c . an d wh i ch h e e i t h e
, a se c er k n o ws o b e l i e v e s t o b e r r
t fi t
’ ca e ’

fa l se or d oes n o t kno w t o be true h all be , ,

s

d ee me d t o b e gui l ty of the offen c e of forg ery a s d e fi ne d in the

I n d i an P e na l Co d e a n d s h a ll b e l i abl e on c o nv i c t i on t h e re of t o
, , ,

t he p e na l t i e s p r o v i d e d in s e c ti o n 466 of the s a i d Co d e
1
.

XII I . A ny re i
g s trar fa i l i ng t o e n te r t he sa id c ert i fic ate p ur

P l ty f f i l i g
e na
i
or
x t h se c t i on s h a ll b e p uni s h e d
a n
s uan t t o t he s

t g t
o re tifi w i th s i mpl e i mp r i s onme nt for a t erm wh i ch
l s er c er

’
m a y e x te n d t o o n e y e ar or wi th fi ne wh i ch
c a e'
,

may e x t en d to Rs 1 0 0 0 or wi th b o th .
,
.

XI V . Any pe r s on c
s e r e t ng , i d estroy i ng ,
or d i sh onestly or

P l ty f
en a t
f a ud ul e nt ly a l t er i ng t he s a i d re g i s ter in a ny
or s ec, e
.
_
r

i g
n fi t y ms p art th e e of s h ll b e p uni sh e d w i th i mp i s on
‘
or

l t mg ’fi
,
es o , r a r

m e nt of e i th er d e s c i p ti on a s d e fi ne d in the
a er
r

I n d i a n P en al C o d e for a t e m wh i c h m ay e xt en d t o two y e ars ,

r ,

1
Th e se ct i on 466 of th e P e n a lC d o e is a s un d er

466 . Wh v f g
d c m t p u p ti ng t b
oe er c d p c d i ng
or es a o u en ,
r or o e a r e or or ro e e

f i C u t f J u tic g i t f b i t h b p ti m
o or n a o r o s e , or a re s er o r , a s ,
F g y f d
b il k p t by p ubl i c
or er o a re c or
f c
o a t fJo ur t m
o ig u s l c e , or gi t arr a e, or ur a , or a re s er e a s er
O f P bl i
a 8 1
u O f v ntc 13
uch c t ifi c t
13 36 1
d c u m nt p u p a t i ng t as s or a er a e or o e r or o
b i th
,
t
r s, e c
b m d by
.

p ubl i c v t n h ffi c i l c p c i ty e a e a s er an i is o a a a ,
or

an ut h a i ty t i ti tut
or d f n d ui t t t k
o ns y p c d i g th e or in e e a s ,
or o a e an ro e e n s e re

or t c nf o j ud g m n t
o p w f t t n y h ll b p ni h d wi th im
e ss e , or a o er o a or e , s a e u s e

p i m nt f i th d c i p ti n f t m wh ic h m y x t nd t v n y
r son e o e er es r o or a er a e e o se e e ars,

a n d h ll l s b l i bl t fi n
a a so e a e o e.
 30 4 A P P E ND I X .

XI X .d i st i c t wh i c h the l ocal g ov ernment on a cc ount

Any r ,

C t i D i t ict of the fe w n e ss of the Pars i i nh ab i tants s h all

er a n s r s ,

1 ° b e ith i W th d e e m it
n
i n e xp e d i e nt t o
e
i n cl ud e w i th in t he
J i di t i f th
'

ur s c on o e

C hi f M t i m i l j uri d i c ti on o f a ny D i s tr i c t M a tr i mon i l Co ur t
e a r on a a ,

s h ll b e i n cl ud e d withi n the j ur i s d i c t i on of t he
a

P ars i Ch i e f M a tr i m oni a l C ou t for t he t err i tor i e s un d er s uc h r

l ocal g ov e rn ment wh e e th e re is s uc h Court r .

XX A s e a l s h all be m a d e fo e v e ry Court c onsti tute d un d er

. r

t h i s Ac t a n d a ll d e c re e s and or d e s an d c op i e s r
C t l our se a
,

of d ec re e s a n d or d e rs o f s u ch C our t s h all b e
.

seal e d w i th s uc h s e a l wh i c h s h a ll be k e p t in the c us to dy of the

,

p re s i d i ng Judge .

XXI The l o c a l g o v e rnm en ts s h a ll in the Pre s i d e ncy towns

.
,

A pp i tm t f an d D i s tri cts subj e c t t o t h e ir r es p e c t i v e g ov ern

o n en o

dlgte e a es
m en ts res p e c ti v e ly a pp oi n t p er sons t o b e d e l e
,

g a te s t o a id in the a dj u d i c a t i on of c a se s a i s i ng und er t h i s Ac t r .

The p er son s s o a pp o i nte d s h all b e Pa s i s t h e ir n am e s s h all b e r

p ubl i s h e d in the offi ci a l ga e tte and th e ir numb ers sh ll wi th i n z a ,

the l o c a l l i m i ts o f the o d i n ary o i g i na l c i v i l j u i d i c t i on of a

r r r s

H i g h C ourt b e not more t h a n t h ir ty a nd in d i s tr i c ts b ey on d

, ,

s uc h l i m i t s n ot m ore t h a n t w e nt y .

XX I I T he app ointm e nt of a d e l ega te s h all b e for l i fe B ut

. .

p w o t er pp i t wh e ne v er a d el e gate s h all d ie or be d es i ous

o a o n ,
r

o f r e l i n q ui s h i n ffic f b c
ne w d 1 g t e e a es
h i o e u om e
g s or re s e o r e ,

i n c a p a bl e or un fi t t o a c t or be on vic te d o f an offen c e und er the ,

c

I nd i a n P e na l C o d e o r ot h er l aw for t he t i me b e i ng in for c e t h e n ,

a n d s o oft e n th e l o c a l g o v e rn m e n t may a pp o i nt a ny ot h er p er

s on b e i ng a P a rs i t o b e a d l e ga t e in his tea d a nd t he nam e o f

e s

the p ers on s o a pp oi nte d s h a ll be p ubl i h e d in the offi c i a l g a ette s z .

XX I I I Al l d e l ega t s a pp oin te d und e th i s Ac t s h ll b e c on

. e r a

D l g t
e e a es t b s id e d t o b e p ubl i c s er v a nts w i th i n t he m ea n
o e er
d m d p bl i
ee e u c s er

v t an s .
ing o f t he I nd i a n P e na l C o d e .

XX I V The d e l e gates s el e c te d und er the s ix te e nth a nd

.

S l ct i
e e fd l
on o s e v e nt e e n th s e c ti ons t o a id in the a dj ud i c a ti o n
e e

gt d a es u n ti
er s e c
of s u i ts u n d er th i s A t s h all b e t a k n un d e r
on s
c e
XV I d XV I I t b
an o e
e o d ers o f the p es i d i n J d
. .

f m th
ro pp i
os e a t d t h o n e gr u g e o f t h e C o u tr r
d
un er 5 9 0 mm XX I in due rotat i on from the d e l e a te s app oi nte d
:

g
by the l o c al gov ernment und er the t we nty- fi rs t s e c ti o n .
 A P P E ND I X .
30 5

XX V dv o c at e s v aki l s a n d atto ne ys -at -law entitl e d

. Al l a , ,
r

p cti tira i t o p a c ti s in a H ig h Co urt h ll b e e n t i tl e d t o

o ne r s n r e s a
1“ C
11 1 1 9 t
1 1110 11
p c ti e in any of the C ourts c onst itute d und e
our s .
ra s r

t h i s Ac t ; a nd al l v a ki l s e nt i tl d t o p a c t i s e in a D i s t i c t C our t e r r

s h ll b e e nt i t l e d t o p a c ti s e in an
a
y D i s tr i c t M a tr i m on i l Cour t
r a

c ons ti tute d un der th i s Ac t .

XX VI All ui ts i ns ti tute d und er th i s Ac t sh all be b rough t

. s

C t i which in the Cou t w i th i n the l imi t f wh os j u i s

our n r s o e r
1R 1 b b
S 11 ght d i c t i on the d e fen d ant es i d t th t im e of the
0 e r ou :
r es a e

i ns ti tuti on of the sui t W h n th d e fen d nt s h all a t su ch tim e . e e a

Wh d f d t en
h av e l e ft B r i t i s h
e en
I nd i a
an
s u ch s ui t s h a ll b e ,

h as l ft B it h b roug h t in t he Court at the pl a c e wh ere the

,
e r ls

I d
n ’a '

pla i nt iff and d e fend ant l as t re si d e d tog eth er .

IV .
—O F M AT R I M oNI AL SU I T S .

( ) a F or a D ecree f
o Null ity .

XXVI I . If a P ars i at the t me i of his or her marr i ag e w a s

I f l
n c a se o y
h ab i tu ally un oun d m i n d s uch
una c
a l unat i c or of s ,

or m t l d
en a m ar i g e may a t t he i ns tan c e f his o her w i fe
uns oun r a o r
n eS S
or h u b a n d b e d e cl a e d null an d v oi d up o n
'

s r

p o of t h at the l un cy o h ab i tual uns ound ne ss of mi nd e xi ste d

r a r

a t th e t i m f the m a i ge a n d s ti ll c o nt i n ue s
e o P v i d d th at rr a . ro e

n o s u i t s h a ll b e b rou h t un d e t h i s se c t i on i f th e pl a i n t iff s h ll r
g a

a t th e t i m e of th m a ri age h a v e k no w n t h a t the e s p o nd ent w as

e r r

a l un a t i c or o f h b i tually un s oun d mi nd a .

XXVI II I n a ny c se in wh i ch c on summ t i on of the mar i g e

. a a r a

I c n f is f om n atu a l c u se s i mp oss i bl e su ch m ar
ase o n on r r a ,

Fons umm fi iag m y a t t h i ns tan c e of e i th e

a on 9 11
p art y
“

r e a e r
mg t phy 1 o s1 0 a
,

c au s e s ,
t h e to b e d e cl a e d t o b e n ull a nd v o i d re ,
r .

b
( ) F or a D ecr ee of D iss ol ution in cas e of A bsenc e
.

XX I X I f a h usb nd or w i f S h all h a v e b e e n c ontinually

. a e

I f b c a b s e nt f om hi o h er w ife or hu b an d for the

n c a se o a s en e r s r s
for s even Y p c e of se v n y e a s an d Sh ll n ot h a v e b n
e ar s :
s a e r ,
a ee

h e ar d of a b e ing l i v e w ith in th t t ime by t h ose p e s on s who

s a a r

w ould n atu lly h a v h e ar d of him o he ha d he o h e b e n

ra e r r r s e

a l i v e t he m a , i age of u ch husb an d or w i fe may a t th i n s tan c e

rr s , e

of e i th er p ar ty t h e r t o b e d i s olv e d e ,
s .

V OL . II .
30 6 A P P E ND I X .

c
( ) or D ivorce or J udicial Sep ara tion
F .

XXX Any h usb a nd may s ue t h at his marriage may b e dis

.

o th g
n ed f s olv e d and a d i v o c e gr ant e d on the g oun d
roun o , r ,
r
f S “1 11 3”
t h a t his w i fe ha s i n c e t h e c e l e b ra ti o n t h er eo f
th e W1 e 11 31
s, ,

b e e n gui l ty o f a d ul tery ; and any w i f may s ue th at her mar e

riag e m ay b e d i s s o lv e d a n d a d i v or c e
g ant e d on t he g roun d
, r ,

O th g
n ed f t h at s i nce the c e l e b a t i on t h e e o f her h u s b nd
r oun o , r r , a

th h b d l ha s b e e n g uil ty of a d ul te y w i th a marri e d
’
e us d an s a u r
t y
er t e c.
or forn i c a t i o n W i t h a n u nmar r i e d woman n ot
,

b e ing a p rosti tute or of b igamy c oupl e d w i th a d ul tery or of

, ,

a d ul ter y c ou pl e d wi th cr ue l t y or o f a d ul t ery c o upl e d w i th w i lful

,

d e s erti on for two y e ars or upw ar d s or of rap e or of an un , ,

na t u a l o ffe n c e
r I n e v e y s u ch s ui t fo d i v or ce on th e groun d
. r r

o f a d ul te y th e pl a i n t i f
r f s h all unl e ss t he C o u t s h all o th er w i se
,
r

or d e r mak e the p e r s on wi t h wh om the a d ul te y is a ll ege d t o

, r

h a v e b ee n c ommi tt e d a c o-d e fe nd ant a nd in any su ch s ui t by ,

the h us b an d the C o ur t may o d er the a d ul ter er t o p ay the wh ol e r

or a ny p ar t of the c os ts o f the p o c e e d i n s r
g .

XXX I If a hus b an d t eat his wi fe wi th such cruel ty or

. r

G d f j di p e s on al V i ol e n c e as t o re nd e r it in the j udg
ro un s o u r

1 1 p ti
0 31 se ara
me nt o f the Court i mp ro p er t o c omp e l her t o
on

l i v e wi th him or i f his c on d uc t afford her r e asonabl e ground s

,

for a pp re h en d i ng d an g er t o l i fe or s er i o us p ersonal i nj u y or i f r ,

a p os ti tut e b e o p e nly b roug h t i n to or a ll o w e d t o r e ma i n in the

r

pl a c e o f ab od e of a w i fe by her own husb and she sh all be ,

e nt i tl e d t o d e m an d a j ud i c i a l s e p ara t i on .

XXX I I I n a suit for d i v o c e or j ud i ci al s e p arati on un d er

. r

S it f
u sdiv c or
t h i s Ac t i f the C ou r t b e s ati fi e d o f t h e trut h
or e ,
s

0? J d ici l
u p a o f the a ll e g a t i on s c o nta i ne d in the pl a i n t an d
se ara

mm
,

th a t the offe n c e t h e e i n s et fo t h ha s n o t b e e n
o
r r

c o nd on e d a n d th t t he h us b an d a n d w i fe a re n o t coll u d i ng
,
a

t og e th e a n d t h a t t h e pl a i n ti ff ha s n o t c onn i v e d at or b een
r,

a cc e sso y t o th e s a i d off n c e
r a n d th at t h er e has b e e n n o un
e ,

n e c es s a ry or i mp ro p e r d e l y in i ns ti tu ti ng th e s ui t a nd th a t
a ,

t h e re is n o o th e r l e g a l g roun d w hy e l i e f s h ould n ot b e g ra nt e d r ,

th en a n d in s u ch c as e but n ot o th e r w i se the C our t S h a ll d e c r ee ,

a d i v orce or j ud i c i al s e p ara ti on accor d i ngly .

30 8 A P P E ND I X .

c e ase d ,
m ay s ue c onj ug al igh ts
for the re st ituti on of his or he r r ,

a n d t he Co u t i f sat i s fi e d of t he t rut h o f t he a ll e g a ti on
r ,
c on s

t a ine d in the pl a i n t n d t h a t t h e e is n o j ust g roun d why re l i e f

a r

s h ou ld n ot b e ra n t e d m ay p o c e e d t o d e c e e s uch r e sti tut i on o f r r

g ,

c onj ug l i gh ts a cc o d i ngly If su ch d e c r e sh a ll n t be ob e y e d
a r r . e o

by the p ty ag ai ns t wh om it is p ass e d h o she sh ll b e l i abl e

ar ,
e r a

to be p un i s h e d w i t h i m pl e im p ri s n m en t for a t e m wh i ch m ay
s o r

e x t e n d t o on e mon th or w i th fi n e wh i ch may e x te n d to R e 2 0 0 ,
.
,

or w i t h b o th .

XXX VII Notwi th s tand i ng any th i ng h ere inb e fo e c ontai ne d

. r ,

N o it t b no ui t h ll b b ough t in ny C ou t t o e nfo ce
su o e s s a e r a r r

bro ugh t 1 f c n y m a ri ag e b e tw e en Pa s i s or a ny c ont a c t

° e n or e
a r r r
m ig
arr a t t
e or c on ra c
ii g t fm
ar s n ou c nn e c te d w i th o
o en i sing out of any su ch
o r ar
“ g
a h
e W 1 1 “ ma i a e i f a t d a te o f the i n s t i tu ti on f the
en 1 11 5 1 3 1
rr
un d i xt
er s e en
g ears
, ,
o
y
or W lf e d f un s u i t t he h u s b an d s h a ll n ot h a v e c o mpl e t e d t he
er ou r ,

te en y ears :

o f s ix t e e n y e ars or the wife sh ll n ot h a v e

a e
g ,
a

c ompl e te d the a g e of fourte en y e ars .

XXX VI II I n e v e y ui t p re fer e d und er th i s Ac t the c as e

. r s r

s h all b e t i e d w i th cl os e d d oor s s h ould s uc h b e

S t m y
lu s b a e
r
h d with cl d
e ar ose

doors . the W i s h o f e i t h er of the p arti e s .

XXX I X . Ev e r y pl ai n t and p e t i ti on of app e al p r efe rre d

p
S tam s on p l aint s un d e th i s A c t h a ll b ea r a s t m p of Rs 3 2
r s a .
,

a nd Pe tl tion s
and al l o t h e r i ns tr ume nt s a n d w i ti n s of the r
g
o

ki nd sp e c i fi e d as r e q ui i ng a s ta mp in S ch e d ul e B t o Ac t No X
r . .

of 1 8 62 ( to consol ida te a nd a mend the L aw rel a ting to S ta mp D uties)

and e xh ib i te d in a s ui t un d e r th i s Ac t s h a ll b e s t a mp e d in a o

c or d a nce w i th t he p r o v i s i on s o f t he sa id Act No . X . of 1 8 62 .

XL . T he p r o v i s i o ns of t he C o de of Ci v i l Pro c e d ur e h all s , so
P rov wionS O f Civ il
c Cd
fa r as th e s a me m ay b e a ppl i c bl e a pply
a , to
P r o e d u re o e to

apply “, s u ts un er i d s u i ts In s ti tu te d un d e r th i s Ac t .

i
th s A c t .

XLI . In su i ts un de
h i s Ac t a ll q ue s ti ons o f l aw and pro
r t
d ure s h all b e d e t ermi n e d by the p re s i d i ng
ce
D e te rm inati on o f
qu es t i ons e f ie w an d Jud ge ; but the d e c i si on on the fa c ts s h all b e
c ed m e1 an d O f the d ec i si on of the m aj ori ty of the d e l e a tes
fift
'

g
b efore wh om the c ase is tri e d .
 A P P E ND I X .
30 9

XLI I . An a pp e al s h all lie t o t he H i g h C ourt from the d e c i

A pp l ea to H g ih s oni of a ny C our t e s t a bl i sh e d un d e r t h i s A c t,
C ourt
wh e th e a Chi e f M tri moni l C ou t or a r a a r

D i s tri c t M atr i m oni al C our t o n the g o un d of th e d e c i s i on b e i ng ,

r

c on tra y t o s om e l aw o r u s
r
g e h a v i ng t he for c e of l w o of a
,
a a ,
r

s ub s t an t i a l err or o d e fe ct in the p r o c d u e o i nv e s ti g ati on of

r e r r

the c a se wh i ch m ay h a v e p ro d u c e d e or or d e fe c t in t he d e c i s i on rr

o f the c ase u p on th e m e i t s n d o n n o ot h e r
gr oun d Pr o v i d e d
r ,
a :

t h a t s u ch a pp e al b e i ns ti tute d wi th i n t h re e c a l e n d ar m nt h s a ft o er

t he d c i s i on pp eal e d from sh all h a v e b e e n p on oun c e d

e a r .

X LI I I . W h e n th e t i m e
h ere by l i mi te d fo app e aling agai ns t r

a ny d e c ee d i s s olv i n
l t y t p ti
er o ar es g a m a i ag e s h all h a v e r rr
t m
o y gm
arr a
e xp i re d
a
n d n o a pp e l s h all h a v e b e e n p r e se nt e d
a a

ag i n s t s u ch d e c e e o
a wh e n ny u ch a pp e l h ll h v e b e e n
r r a s a s a a
,

d i smi s e d or wh e n in the e ul t of ny pp al ny mar i age sh ll

s , r s a a e a r a

b e d e cl are d t o b e d i s o lv e d bu t n t s oone r it s h all b e l awful for

s ,
o ,

t he es p e c ti v e
r p a ti e s th e to to m a ry agai n a i f the p ri or
r er r ,
s

m a i ag e ha d b e en d i s s olv e d by d ea th
rr .

V — OF
. THE CH I LD REN or THE P AR T I ES .

X LI V . In a ny s u it un d er t h i s Ac t for b tain i ng a j ud i c i al
o

C us t o dy of child se p a rat on i or a dec re e of null i ty o f m a ri g r a e,

1 9 11 10 3 71 016 7 “ ”m or for d i s solv ing a m arr i age , th e C our t m a y

from ti me to time p s s a s u ch i nt e i m r or d e rs an d m ak e s u ch pr o

v i i on in the fi n l d cr e a it may d e m j u t and p op w i th

s a e e s e s r er ,

re p c t t o t he c us t o dy m a i nt e nan c e a n d e d u c a t i o n of th
s e ,
ch ild n ,
e re

un d er the ag e of s i x te e n y e a t he m a i ag e of wh ose p e nt is rs , rr ar s

t he su b j e c t of s u ch s ui t a n d m y a ft er t he fi nal d e c e e u p on ,
a ,
r ,

a ppl i c a t i on by p t i t i on fo t h i s p ur p os e m a k e
Od r t
e rs as o c us
e r ,

t dy
o f h il d
o f o m ti me to t i me l l such ord e s a nd p o v i si ons
c re n r a r r
a ft fi l d c
er na
w it h re s p e c t to the c ustody mai nte nan c e and
e r ee '

, ,

e d u c at i on of s uch ch ild e n as might h v b een ma d e by su ch r a e

fi n l d e c e e or by i nte i m o d s in c ase the s ui t for ob ta i ni ng

a r ,
r r er

s u ch d e c ree w e e s ti ll p en d i n g r .

XL V . In any c ase in w h i ch the C o ur t s h all p ron o u nc e a

3 I0 A P P E ND I X .

d e c ree d i v or c e o j ud i c i a l se p a a ti on fo a d ul tery of the

of r r r

S ttl m
e t f e
w i f e i
en
f i t s h all b e ma d e t o a pp e ar t o the
o ,

wif p p ty f Cour t th at the w i f is e nt i tl e d t o any p rop erty

’
e s ro er or e
b fit f child
e ne o
e i th e n p os s i n or re v e s i on the C o urt m ay
r en .

r I se s o r ,

or d e r s u ch s t tl e m e n t a s it s h ll t h i n k r e a sona bl e t o b e ma d e o f
e a

s u ch p r op er ty o r an y p a t t h ere o f for the b en e fi t o f the c h ild re n

r ,

o f t he marr i a g e or a ny o f t h e m .

V I — OF . THE M OD E OF ENF R O CI NG P ENA LT I ES

U ND ER T H S I A CT .

X LVI f c und r th i s Ac t may b e t i e d by a ny

. All of e n es e r

o ffi c e r e x er c i s i ng t he p o wers o f a mag i s tr a t e
Cgi f f
o n zan c e o o

f c
e n es d thi un unl ess the p e i o d o f i mp r i son me n t t o wh i ch t he
er s r
A "
offe n d er is l i a bl e s h a ll e xc e e d t h a t wh i ch s u ch
c

o ffic er is c om p e te n t t o a war d und er the l w for the t i me b e i ng a

in for c e in t he pl a c e in wh i ch h e is e m pl oy e d W h e n t he p i o d . er

o f i m p i s onm e n t p o v i d e d by t h i s A c t e xc e e d s the p e ri o d th a t
r r

m y b a w ar d e d by s uch o ffic e r the offen d er sh all b e c o mmi tt d

a e , e

for t i al b e fore t he C ourt of S e ss i o n

r .

X LV I I If any offe n c e wh i ch by th i s Ac t is d e cl a e d to be
. r

P i hm t f p uni sh abl e w i th fi ne or w i th fi ne and i mp i s on

un s en o , r

O ff c “ d 11
en e s me nt no t e x ce e d i ng s ix m on th s s h ll b e c om
E e? 115
a
A t c c mm i t t do e
,

wi thi l c l l i mit m tte d by any p e son W i th in the l o c l l i mi ts of

n o a s i r a

O f 11 81 0 m
1 1
the or d i n y o i g in al c i v i l j u i d i c ti o n of the
01
ar r r s

H i gh C our t s u ch offe n c e s h all b e p uni h a bl e up on s um mary

, s

c onv i c ti on by any mag i s tra te of p ol i c of the pl a c e a t wh i ch e

s u ch C ourt is h e ld

fl
.

X LVI I I fi ne s i mp os e d und er the auth ori ty of th i s A c t

. Al l
L vy f fi m a i n c as e o f n on -
p yme n t th e o f b e l e v i d
e by o y nes ,
a er , e
di ts res s °
by d i stre s s and s al e of the offe nd s mo v able er
’

p rop er ty by w arrant und r the h a nd of the o ic r i mp os i ng e

‘
e

t h e fi ne .

X LI X . In c a s e any s uch fi ne sh all n ot b e forthw i th p ai d s u ch ,

offi ce r may o rd e r the o ffe n d o b e a r re s te d

P c d ti l
t er
ro e ur e un
r e turn is ma d e t a nd k e p t in s fe c us to dy unti l t he r e tu n c an
o a r
di ts ress warrant .

be c onv e ni e ntly m ad e t o s uch w arr ant of d is

3 12 A P P END I X .

LI I I . T h i s Ac t s h all co mmen c e an d ta k e e ffe c t on the fi rs t

c ommenc e meno d ay of S e p t e m b e r 1 8 65 , a nd s h a ll e x t e n d to
f
a n d “ tent O A 0 1 :
the wh ol e of B ri ti s h I n d i a .

S CHED ULE— (See S ection

’
fn
D ate an d
Na m e s i
C ond tion R a nk
of 8 i
gg Ra nk
th e at th e t m ei or
go
0
6
or
P l ac e of
i
M arr ag e
H us b and Of P rofe s <1 5 1
5
P r ofe s
and eWif
M arriag e
. s ion
. . 0) 5 13 :s S i on .

9:
2 [ c;
14

W H I TLEY S T O K ES,

Ofi g A sst S eey to the Govt

. . . . of I ndia ,

Home D ep t ( L eg is l a tive
) .
 A P P E ND I X .
3I3

J UDI CI AL D EPART M ENT .

T hefoll ow ing No ti fic ati on p ubl i s he d in the Gazette of I ndia , ,

d at e d 9 th S e p t e mb e l a st p ages 9 8 1 a nd 9 8 2 is r e p ubl i s h e d fo
r , ,
r

g ene ral i nfo m at i on r

No . 17 20 .

W i th f
r e er e n c e to se c ti on 3 of XV Ac t . of foll o w
1 8 65 , the
ing T a bl e of th e d egree s of c onsangui ni ty an d a ffi n i ty w i th i n

wh i c h m arr i age is p oh ib i te d among

r the P ars i s is p ubl i s h e d for
,

g e n er a l informat i on
T AB LE .

A man sha ll not marry his

P at ernal g randfa th er s m oth e r

’
.

Pate rnal gran d m oth er s m oth er

’
.

M at ernal gr an dfa th e r s m ot h e r
’
.

M at ernal gran d m oth er s moth er

’
.

l
P at erna gran mot er d h .

l df h
P a t er na gr an at er s
’
w if e .

M a te na l gran d m o th e r
r .

M at er na l g n df th e s w i f
’
ra a r e .

Mo t h er o r t p — moth s e er .

F th er s s i s te r o t p— s i t er
’
a r s e s .

M th er s i s t o s t e p - si t r
’
o s er r s e .

S i s t er o r s te p - s i s te r
.

B o th d augh te or s te p -b roth e s d augh ter

’ ’
r er s r a ny r ,
or

d ir e c t l i neal d s c en d ant of a b th er o t p -b roth er

e ro r s e .

i
S st d ’
a u h t e o r s t e p -s i t e s d au h t e r o
r a ny d i re c t s r
’
er s g g ,
r

l ine al d e s c e nd ant of a s i s ter o st e p -s i s te r r .

D a u g h te o te p - d augh te or a ny d i e c t l i ne l d escen d
r r s r, r a

a n t o f e i th er .

Son d aug h t e r or t e p - s o n s d au h t e r or a ny d i re c t l i n e l
’ ’
s
s
g ,
a

d s c end ant of s on o te p —on

e a r s s .

W i fe of on o of t p - s s o n or of a ny d i re c t l i ne a l d e s c e n d
r s e ,

ant of a s on or s t e p - s on .
 I
3 4 AP P E ND I X .

W i fe of d aug h ter s
’
s on or o f s te p -d augh ter s s on ’

,
or of

a ny d i re c t l ineal d e s c end ant of a d aug h t er or s te p

d augh te r .

M oth er o f d augh ter s h usb and

’
.

M o th e r of s on s w i fe ’
.

M oth e r o f w i fe s p a t erna l gr an dfath er ’

.

M o t h er of w i fe s p a t ern l gran d mot h e

’
a r .

M oth e of w i fe s m a te n l gra n dfa th e

r
’
r a r .

M o th e o f w i f e s m a t e na l g a n d m o t h e r
r
’
r r .

W i fe s p a ternal grand moth er

’
.

W i fe s ma t ern l g a nd moth e
’
a r r .

W i fe s moth or s t p -moth e
’
er e r .

W i fe s fa th er s s i s t er
’ ’
.

W i fe s m oth e s s i s te
’ ’
r r .

F th e b ot h e s w i fe
’ ’
a r s r r .

M oth e s b oth e s w i fe
’ ’
r r r .

B r oth er s s on s w i f
’ ’
e .

S i s ter s s on s w i fe
’ ’
.

A woman sha l l not marry her

Pa ternal g randfath e r s fa th er
’
.

Pa terna l g ran d mo th e r s fa th e r
’
.

M aterna l gr an dfa th er s fath er

’
.

M ate rnal g r an d m oth er s fa th e r

’
.

P aterna l g ran dfa th e r .

Pa ternal g rand mo th er h u s b a nd
’
s .

M at erna l gr an dfa th er .

M a t e rna l gran d m o t h er s ’
h usb and .

F a th er p -f th e
or s t e a r .

F a t h e s b r oth e r o r s t e p - b roth e r
’
r .

M oth e s b oth er or s t e p - broth e

’
r r r .

B ot h er or s te p —
r b oth e r r .

B roth e s s on or s t e p - b roth er s son or any d ire c t l ine al

’ ’
r
,

d es c end ant of a b roth er or s tep -b ro th er .

S i ste r s s o n or s te p - s i s ter s s on or an
y d i re c t l i neal d e
’ ’

sc e n d an t of a s i s te r o r s te p -s i s t er .

S on o r s t e p - son or a ny d i r ec t l i nea l d escend ant of

,

e i th er .
 A P P END I X C .

T H E PA RSI SU C CES SI O N A CT .

AC T No . X XI . of 1 8 65 .

TH E foll o w i ng Ac t of th e G ov e r nor -
G e nera l of I nd i a in
C o un c i l r e ce ive d t he ass e n t of H is Exc e ll e n cy the G o v e rn or
G e nera l on th e 1 0 th A p ril 1 8 65 , a nd is h e eby p romulg ate d
r for

g e n er a l i nforma ti on
A n A ct to define mend the L a w r el ating to I ntes tate
a nd a

S uccession a mong the P a rsis .

W h ere a s it is e xp e d i ent to d e fine an d a me n d the La w l

r e at

ing t o I nt e s t at e Su cc e s s i on a mong the Pa rs i s

Pream bl e.
It i s e na c te d as foll o w s
I . W h ere
d ie s l ea v ing a w i d w and c h i ld e n the
a P ars i o r ,

p ro p e ty of wh i ch he sh all h a v e d i e d intestate
r
1

D ivi i f pm s on o
p t! m g wi d w sh all b e d i v i d e d a m ong the w i d o w a n d ch ild e n
er , a on o
r ,

Of 1 s o t h at th e s h are o f e a ch so n s h a ll b e d oubl e
iéb fi
l ’ il d l re n 11 "

oe
the s h a e o f th e w i d o w an d t h a t her s harer ,

s h a ll b e d o ubl e the s h a e o f e a ch d a ugh te r r .

II . W h ere a fe m l e P rs i d i es l e a v i ng a wid owe an d

a a r

ch ild ren t h p rop e ty of wh i ch she sh all h a v

e r e
D ivi i
s on of p r o
,

d i e d i nte s t te h all be d i v i d e d a mong the

a s
p erty am ong wid o wer
nd hil d re n O 111 f w i d ower and s u ch ch i ld en s o t h a t his sh a e
3mS
r
“

,
r
e e'
sh all b e d oubl e the s h are of e a ch o f the
c hi ld r en .

1 As t o wh t p p ty d c
a ro er a e ea s e d Parsi is c o ns id d e re to h v di d
a e e ln
t es tate , se e s e cti 2 5 f th I d i
on o e n an Su cc i
e s s on Ac t .
 A P P E ND I X .
3 1 7

I II . W hen a P ars i d i e s l e a v ing ch i ld re n b ut n w i d o w t he o ,

D iii v s on of pm
p op e ty of wh i ch he s h all h v e d i d inte s t te
r r a e a

P8 513)? a mo n s t th e g s h all be d i v i d e d a mong t the ch i ldre n so th at s

chi d l r en o f m a e m l ,

t e s tate wh o ea e s l v t he h r e f e a ch s on s h all b e four ti me s the

s a o
id
11 ° W ow
s h a e of ea ch d au h ter
r
g .

IV . W h en a fe m l P a s i d ie s l ea v i ng ch i ld re n but n o
a e r

D ivi i s on of PI O
'

w i d ow e the p op er ty of w h i ch she sh all h a v e

r, r
p tyer a m on gt s th e
chil d r en fe ma l e of d i e d i nte st ate h ll be d i v i d e d amongs t the
s a

int e s t a te W h 0 1e e ve s
ch i ld en in e qu l sh a e s
r a r
n o W d o wer i
.

V . I f a ny ch ild of a inte s tate s h all h av e d i e d in his or

Par s i
D ivi i s on
p re of her l i fe ti m e the w i d ow or w i d o w e r a n d i ssue
d c chil ,
’
e eased d s
of s u ch ch i ld s h a ll t a k e the s h a re wh i ch s u ch
h i
s are o f
’
nt e s t a t e s

p p y a mong t h e C h i ld w ou ld h a v e t a k e n i f l i v i n
g a t t he inte s t
ro e r t

i
w d ow or w d ow er i d e t h n s u ch m nn er a s f h d c d
a nd i
s s ue of s uc h ate s a Is u c ea se a 1 e

Ch l l d .
ch i ld ha d d i e d i mme d i ate ly a fter the i nte s tate ’
s

d e ath .

VI . W h ere
d i s l ea v i ng a w i d ow or wi d ow e r but
a P ars i e
,

D ii f pm
l v s on
w i th out l e a v i ng
o
ny l i ne a l d e s c e n d n t s his o a a , r

P t y wh
el th i he r fath e r an d m ot h e
en e n i f b oth a e l i v i ng or
‘

r, r
,
1
“ 353 ; f t h e m i f th o t h e is d e a d s h all t ak e
8
o ne o e r ,

b t u li l d
11 0 n m o i ty of the p rop e t y a
nea e o t wh i ch h e or
e e r ,
s o

sh s h all h v d i e d i n t e t a t e a n d t he w i d o w
e a e s ,

o rw i d o w er sh all t ak e the o th e r m oi ety W h e e b oth the fat h . r er

a n d the m o th e r o f t he i nt e t a te s u v i v e him or h e the fa th er s

’
s r r,

s h are s h all b e d o ubl e th e s h ar e of t h e m ot h e W h e r e n e i th e r r .

th e fa the n t h e m o th e r o f t h e i n te s t t
r or s u r v i v e s him or her a e
,

t he i n tes t te s r l ti v es on the fa th e s i d e in t he or d e s p c i fi e d
’ ’
a e a r s ,
r e

in t h fi s t S ch e d ul e h ereto an n x d s h all ta k th e m i e ty wh i ch
e r e e ,
e o

the f th e a n d the m ot h e r w ould h a v e t k e n i f th e y h a d s ur v i v e d

a r a

t h e i n te s ta t e Th n xt - of— kin s tan d i ng fi s t in th e sam

. e e r e

S ch d ul e s h all b e p r e fe re d t o th os e s t n d i ng s c on d the se c on d
e r a e ,

t o th e t h ir d a nd s o on in s u cc e ss i on p o v i d e d t h a t the p op e r ty
, ,
r r

s h ll b a d i t i b ute d t h at e ch m l Sh all t ak e d oubl the

e so s r as a a e e

S h e of e a ch f m l e tan d in g in th e s me d eg e e f p op i n q u i ty
ar e a s a r o r .

I f th ere b e n o e l at i v s on t h f t h e s i d e th e i nt e s t at e s w i d o w
’ ’
r e e a r s ,

or w i d o w e s h ll t ak e t h wh ol
r a e e .
318 A P P E ND I X .

V II . W h en
d i e s l e a v i ng n ei th er l ineal d escend ants
a P ar s i
n or a w i d ow n or wi d o we r h is o her ne xt -
of
D ivi i
r
f p s on o ro

p ty wh th i kin in the or d er s et for th in the secon d

er en e n
ith S ch e d ul e h ereto ann e xe d sh all b e e nti tl e d t o
,
t t t l
es a e eav es n e er

wid w o wi d w n or o er ,

n or li l d c d s ucc e e d t o the wh ol e o f the p ro p e r ty a s t o

n ea es e n
t
an s '

wh i ch he or she s h all h a v e d i e d in te s tate .

The ne x t - kin s t a n d i ng fi st in the s a me S ch e d ul e s h a ll a lw ay s

o f— r

b e p e f e r e d t o th ose s ta
r r nd i ng se c on d t he se c o n d t o the t h i rd , ,

a nd so on in s u cc e ss i on p r o v i d e d t h at the p rop er ty s h all b e s o ,

d i st i b ute d a s th at e a ch m al e sh all tak e d oubl e t he s h ar e of e ac h

r

fe mal e s tan d ing in t he s ame d egre e of p rop i nqui t y .

VI II foll ow i ng p o ti ons o f the I nd ian Succ e ssi on Ac t

. T he r

1 8 65 s h ll not a pply t o P a s i s (th at is to a r

Ex mp ti fe on o

po m f m c t i
s s ay ) the wh ol e o f P ar t III
ro er a n
the wh ol e of P ar t .
,

p ar t O f th 1 511
s
I V e xc e p ti ng s e c t i o n t w e n ty -
e 11 1 11
fi v e the wh ol e
Su cc i A t 1 865
es s on c
.
,

an d s e c ti on for ty —th re e
.

o f Par t V .
,
.

T H E F I R ST S C H ED UL E .

(1 B ro th e rs ch i ldre n or l i nea l d escendants

i
an d s s te r s , an d th e
o f s uch o f t h e m a s s h a ll h a v e p r e d e c e a s e d t he i nt es ta t e .

G ra n dfa th e n d g ran d mot h e r r a .

G ran dfa th e s s ons a n d d a ug h t ers a nd the l i ne al d e s cend

’
r ,

ant s o f s u ch of t h e m a s s h all h a v e p re d e c e a s e d th e i nt es t a t e .

G eat- a n dfa th er a n d gr e a t- g an d m o th e r r
g r r .

G eat- gra n dfa th e s s on s a nd d au g h te rs and t he l i n e a l

’
r r ,

d e s c end ants o f s uch of th e m as s h all h a v e p e d e c ea s e d the r

i nte sta te .

T H E S EC ND S C H ED U L E O .

(l ) . F a t h er an d m oth e r .

B r oth er s an d s s t e r s i 1
an d the l i ne al d escend a nts of su ch
o f t h em h all h a v e p re d e c
as s e as e d th e i nte s ta te .

P a te rnal g ran dfa th e r an d p at e rna l g ra n d moth e r .

1
M emo by the S ecr eta r y to the Pa rs i L a w A ssocia tion — T
. hi s is i nte n dd
e

for b th ro e rs a nd i
s s ters by th f th id e a
’
er s s e. B rot h ers an d i
s s ters by t he
mo th ider s s
’
e ar e s e p ara e t ly p ci fi d in i t m 7
s e e e of t hi s S ch d l e u e .
 A P P END I X D .

T H E J A M SH ED J I J I J I B H AI B ARO NET CY PA TENT .

V ICT OR I A ,
by t he G ra c e of G od of th e U ni t e d Ki ng d om of

G reat B r i ta i n an d l and Que en D e fe nd er of the

I re , F a i th To al l

to wh om th e s e p re se nts sh all c ome G re eting , .

W h ere s ou l a te R oyal p og eni to King J ames the F irs t

a r r r,
,

ord a i n e d e e c t e d c on s t i tut e d a n d c r e a te d a c er t a i n s t a t
,
r ,
d eg ree , e, ,

a n d d i gni t y n am e a n d t i t l e o f a B aron e t w i t h H is t h e n Ki n
, , g ,

d om of Engl an d t o e n d u e for e v e ; an d t h a t the sa i d s t ate

,
r r
,

t itl e d i g ni ty a n d d eg re e o f a B a one t s h ould b e a nd b e r e p ute d

, ,
r ,

t o be a m i ddl e s ta t e t i tl e d i g ni ty a n d d e g re e o f h e r e d i tary
, , , ,

d igni ty b e t we e n the d g e e of a B a on an d the d egre e of a Kn igh t

e r r .

Now know ye t h a t W e of ou r e s p e c i al g ra c e c er ta i n k no wl e dg
, , , , e,

a nd m ere m o ti o n h a v e ere c t e d a pp o i nt e d an d c e a te d o ur tr us ty
, , ,
r

a n d w e ll- b e l ov e d Sir J amshe dj i J ij ibhai of B o mb ay K nig ht ( a , , ,

M a n e mi nen t f r f m i ly i nh e i t an c e e s t t e a n d i ntegri ty of
o a r ,
a ,

m anners ) t o a n d i nto th e d i gn i t y ta te a n d d eg re e of a B r on et
, ,
s ,
a ,

a nd him t h e sa i d S ir J a m sh e dj i J ij ibha i fo
,
U our H e i s a nd ,
r s, r

S u cc e s o s W e d o e e c t a pp oi nt c n s ti tu te n d c r ea te a B onet
s r ,
r , ,
o ,
a ar

by th es e P e se nts t o h old t o him a nd the H e i s m al e of hi b ody

r , ,
r s

l a wfully b eg otte n and to b e b eg ott n for e v e W e w ill al so

,
e ,
r .
,

a nd by t h es e P e se nt s of O ur e s p e c i a l g ra c e c e t a i n k no wl d g
r ,
r e e,

a nd me re m ot i on for U our H e i rs and S u cc e s sor d o g a nt

,
s, s, r

u nt o t he s a i d Si J am s he dj i J ij ibh i a nd t o his H e i rs m a l e s a fo
r a , re

s a i d th t h e th
,
a s a i d S ir J m s he dj i J i ibhai an d his s a i d H e i s
,
e
j a , r

ma l e m ay h a v e e nj oy h old an d t ak e pl a c e an d p re c e d e nc e by
, , ,

v irtue of the d ig ni ty of a B arone t a fore sai d and by forc e of th e s e ,

Pr e s e nts a s w e ll in all C o mm i ss i on s W i ts L e tters P a te nt

, ,
r , ,

W r i ti ng App ell at i on s Nom i na ti ons and D i rec ti ons a s in a l l

, , , ,
 A P P E ND I X .
32 1

S e s s i on s , M e e ti ng s , A s s em bl i es , an d P l a c es wh ats oe v e r, n e xt ,
an d

i mme d i a t e ly a fte r the y o unge r S ons ,

s o s a B ar o ns of o f V i c unt nd

t h i s O ur Un i te d Ki ng d om o f G r e a t B r i t a i n an d I r e l an d a n d ,

b e for e a l l K n ig h t s a s w e ll of the B a t h a s K nigh t s B a ch el or s a nd

, ,

a l s o b e for e a l l K n i gh t s B a nn er e tt n o w c r e a t e d o r h e r e a ft e r t o b e

c rea te d (e xc e p t th os e K nigh ts B anne re t t wh i ch s h all h a pp en t o

b e c reate d u nd er the Roy a l B a nn ers O f U s o ur H e i rs or S uc ,

c e s s o r s d i s pl a y e d in o ur R oy a l A r m y in op e n W ar a nd th e Q uee n
, ,

h e rs e lf b e ing p e rs on ally p r e s en t 5 a nd al s o th os e K nigh ts B annere tt

w h i ch s h all h a pp e n t o b e c re a t e d un d e r t h e R oy a l B ann e r s of
Us our H e i rs or S u cc e ss or s d i s pl ay e d in o ur Roy a l Army by t he
, ,

fi rs t—b orn S on of U s our H e i rs or S u cc e s s ors for th e t i m e b e i n g

, ,

b e i ng Pr in c e of W a l e s t h er e p ers ona lly p re s e nt in op en W ar an d

, ,

n ot o t h er w i se for the t er m o f t h e i r l i v e s only a n d n o l o nge r

, ,

r e s p e c t i v e ly ; a n d a l s o e xc e p t a ll K ni g h t s o f t he Nobl e O r d er o f

t he G a r te r a ll o f t h e Pr i vy C ou n c i l of U s our H e i r s an d S uc
, ,

c e ss ors , t he C h an c ll o e r an d Un d e r T re a s u re r of O ur Exch e quer,

the C h an c ll o e r of the D u chy of L an c as t e r, the Ch i e f J u ti c e o fs

t he Q ue e n s
’
B en ch ll s in ,
t he M as t e r of the R o C h n c e y the
a r ,

C h i f J u s t i c e f th C omm on P l a s t h C h i f B a on o f the Ex
e o e e ,
e e r

ch e q u the V i c -Ch an c ll o s an d l l n d i ng ul Ju d ge s nd
e r, e e r ,
a a s ar a

J u ti c e f i th e B n ch nd the B on s f the Exch e qu f the

s s o e r e ,
a ar o er o

d eg e f th C i f f th t i m b e i ng w h l l nd i ngul by
re o e o or e e ,
o a a s ar,

re a n of th i
so h on o bl o d e r nd l b u u t i n e d in a ff i s
ra e r er a a o r, s s a a r

c onc e nin g th S tat e nd the a dm i ni t t i on of J u ti c sh ll

r e ,
a s ra s e, a

h a v e t k n d h old pl c e and p e c d n c e in all p l c e s nd up on

,
a e, a a r e e a a

a ll cc oun ts b f e all B on t n w c te d o h re fter to b e

a e or ar e s o re a r e a

c a t d ny c u s t o m u s g
re e ,
a d i n n c or any oth m tt r t o the
,
a e , or a e, er a e

c ont y in ny w i e n t w i th st n d ing ) An d th at th W i v es O f
rar a s o a . e

t he s i d S i J m h dj i J ij ibhai n d of hi H i s m l
a r a s e fo sa id ,
a s e r a e a re ,

s u cc ess i v ly nd e p c t i v e ly
e a by v i tue f the i d d i gni ty of
r s e ,
r o sa

t h i s i d h u b nd s
e r a h ll h v h old e nj oy n d t k e pl a c and
s a ,
s a a e, , ,
a a e

p e c e d en c e a w ll d u i ng th l i v s of u ch t h ir h u b n d a s
r ,
s e r e e s e s a s

a fter t he d t h o f t h e am e h u s b n d
ea s f n d d u i n g t h n atu
s l a s, or a r e ra

l i v f u ch W i v e n x t a nd i m m d i at ely fte th W i v e of the

es o s s e e a r e s

Y unge S n
o f V i c oun t
r o nd B
s oon an d th e D u g h t
s s of s a ar s a er

Vi c ount s n d B n n d b f
s a th W i v e
ar o f ll p s n b f
s, a e or e e s o a er o s e ore

wh m th h u b n d s O f u ch W i v by f c f th P nt
o e s a s es or e o es e re s e s

o ug h t t h v e pl a c e n d p e c den c e And in g d t h t the

o a a r e . re ar a

V OL . II .
Y
32 2 A P P E ND I X .

sa i d d eg r e e of d egre e O f h e e d itary d igni ty the

a B ar on e t is a r ,

fi s t-
r b o n S on or H e ir m al e a pp a e nt an d al l the e st of the s ons
r r r

a n d t h e i r w i v e s 5 a n d t h e d a u h ters o f t he s a i d S i J a m s he d i
g j r

J ij ibhai a nd of his sai d h e i s mal e r e p e c ti v e ly sh all h a v e a nd r s ,

t a k e pl a c e a n d p c e d e n c e b fo e the fi s t— re b o n s ons a nd o t h er e r r r

s on s a n d t h e i r w i v e s an d the d au h t of all K n i g h t s f wh a t e rs o
g
s oev e d e g e e or o d e r e p e c ti v ely an d al s b fo e th fi st-b o n
r r r r s ,
o e r e r r

s on s a n d o th e r n a nd t h e i w i v s nd the d augh te of al l
so s r e a rs

p e sons re sp c ti v ely b efo e wh om the f th e s of s uch fi st-b o n

r e r a r r r

s on s a nd o th er s ns a n d d a u h t r s by fo c e o f t h ese P ese n ts
o e r r
g
o u h t t o h a v e pl a c e a n d p re c e d e n c e s o t h at s u h fi t -b o n s on s
g c r s ,
r

o r h e i s ma l e a pp a en t a n d t h e i r w i v s a s w e ll d ur i n
r r
g t he l i v e s e ,

a s a fter the d e a t h s o f t h e i r s a i d h u s b an d s fo a nd d u i n t h e i r r r
g ,

n atur a l l i v e s ; an d s u ch d a ug h te s (t h ose d a ug h t e s foll o w i ng r r

i mm e d iat e ly and n e x t a fter the wi v e s of the fi s t—b o n s ons o f r r

s u ch B a on e t s s h all h a v an d t a k pl a c e a n d p e c e d e n c e b e fo e
) r e e r r

the fi rs t- b orn s on s an d the w i v e s of the fi st-b o n s ons of e v e y r r r

K nig h t of w h t d eg e e or o d e s oe v er ; nd t h at the y ou ng er
a r r r a

s on s of the s a i d S i J a m s he dj i J i j ibh ra i a n d o f h is s a i d h e i s m a le r

a n d t h e i r w i v e s s u cc e s s i v e ly a nd re s p e c t i v ly a w e ll d u ing the e ,
s r

l i v es a s after the d e ath s of t h e ir sa i d husb and f and d uri ng s or

t h e i r n atu a l l i v e s s h a ll in l ik e ma nn er h av e an d t ak pl a c e a n d
r , , ,
e

p e c e d en c e n ex t and i mme d i ately fte r the fi rs t-b orn s ons a nd the

r a

w i v e s of fi rst-b rn son and b e fore the y ounger s ons a nd the

o s,

w i v e s of the y o ung er s ns wh ats oe v er of K ni g h ts a foresa i d o We .

w i ll al so an d d o by t h e s e P e s ents for Us u H e irs a nd Suc

,
r ,
o r

c e sso a
rs ,
g n t t h a t
r t h e s a i d S ir J a m s h e d j i J ij ib h a i a n d h i s h e i s r

m al e a for s a i d s h all b e name d a pp ea l d c ll e d pl e a d and b

e ,
e ,
a , ,
e

impl a d e d by the name o f B a one t and th at the s tyl e and a dd i

e r ,

t i on of B a o n e t s h a ll b e p ut a t the e n d o f the n am e o f t h
r sa i d e

S ir J m h dj i J ij ibhai a n d of his s a i d H i s m al e in l l ou
a s e e r a r

L e t te rs P a t e n t C ommi ss i on s a nd W i t a n d all o th e Ch r te
, ,
r s, r a rs,

D e e d s a n d L e tters by v i t ue o f t h e se Pr e ent s a s t h t ru e l aw
, ,
r s ,
e ,

ful a n d n e ces a y a dd i ti on of d i g ni ty
,
s r W e w i ll l so a n d by . a ,

t h e s e P se n ts for U s o ur H i s an d S ucc e s s or s d o o d a i n t h a t
re , ,
e r ,
r

b fo e the n m e of the s ai d Si J amshe dji J ij ibh i an d of his

e r a r a

H e i rs m al e a for e s i d s u c c e s s i v e ly in Engl i s h s p e ch a nd in al l
a
,
e

Engl i s h w i ti ng s sh all b e u se d and se t th i s a dd i ti on ( to wit) Si

r r

— a nd th at in l ik e m anne r t he W i v es o f th e s a i d S ir J am s h e d i
j
 2 4 A P P E ND I X .

a fte r to b e d a cc or d ing to the p i o i ty an d se ni o i ty o f his

c r e ate ,
r r r

c re at i o n o f a B a on e t a fo es i d a n d n ot o th e wi se n o r in o t h e rr a ,
r r

ma nner An d m o e o v er of O ur m ore b u nd ant g c e a nd of

. r ,
a ra

O ur c e r tai n k n owl e d g e a n d mere m ot i on W e h a v e g an te d a nd , r ,

d o by t h s e P s nts for U s our H e i s a n d Su cc so s g ant

e re e ,
r es r ,
r

u nt o t he s a i d S ir J a m sh dj i J ij ibha i a nd his s i d H e i s m l e e a r a ,

t h at n e i th er W e n o O u H i s o S ucc e s o s w i ll h e ft er
,
r r e r r s r ,
er a

ere c t o r d i n c on s t i t ute o
,
a c e t w i th i n t h i s O ur Un ite d Ki ng
, ,
r r a e

d om of G r e at B i tai n a n d I e l nd a n y o th er d e g re e o d e n am e
r r a , ,
r r, ,

t i tl e s tyl e d i g ni ty o s ta t
, ,
n o g i v e or g ra nt pl a c e p
,
r c e d n c es e, r ,
re e ,

or p e - re m i ne n c e t o a ny p ers o n un d e r or b e l ow the d e r e e d i ni ty
g g , ,

or s t te o f a B a ron of P a l i am e nt o f t h i
a O ur Uni te d Ki ng d om r s

of G e t B i t a i n a n d I e l a n d
r a r w h o s h all b or may b e r
or ,
e, ,

a c c oun t e d u s e d or re p ut e d t o be s up er i r or e q ua l t o th e d e o
, , g e , r e,

di g nity or pl a c e of a B aronet a fore sa i d 5 n or s h all a ny p e rs on

,

u n d e r the d e g e e of B a r on ( e xc e p t b e f e e xc e p t e d ) by r eas on
r a or ,

or c o l ou of ny c on s t i tu t i n o d e
r a d ig ni ty d egre e offic e s e v i c e o ,
r r, , , , r ,

pl a c e b u si nes s c u to m us e o oth er t h ing wh at soe v e n ow o

, ,
s , ,
r r, r

h ere aft r h a v e h old or e nj oy pl a c e p re c d e n c e or pre-e mi

e , , , ,
e ,

n e n c e b e fo e ,
B arone t afore s i d b ut th a t a s w e ll t he s a i d Sir
r a a ,

J a mshe dj i J ij ibhai and his s a i d H e i rs mal e a s the w i v e s s o ns , , ,

d augh te s a nd the w i v e s of the s on s of the s ai d Sir J amshe dj i

r ,

J ij ibhai an d f his sa i d H ei s m l e re s p e ct i v e ly f om h en c e fort h

o r a ,
r

for e v e r s h all fre e ly an d q ui e tly h a v

,
h old a nd nj oy th e i r e, ,
e

sa i d d i ni ty pl a c e p e c e d e n c e an d p r i v i l e e b e for e a l l p e s on s
r
g , g , , r ,

e xc e p t b e fo e e xc e p te d wh o h all h re aft er be c re te d of s u ch
( ) r s e a

d e g e e s tate d ig ni ty or d e name s tyl e or t i tl e o t o wh om

r , , ,
r, , , ,
r

t he t i tl e pl a c e p re c e d e n c e or pre -
, e m i n e n c e a s a fore s a i d s h a ll be
, , ,

g i v e n or g ra nt e d or who s h a ll cl a i m t o h a v e h old , r e nj oy a ny , ,
o

pl a c e or p re c e d en c e by rea s on or c l ou of any c on sti tuti on o r

,

or d er d i n i t y d e re e O ffi c e s e r v i c e pl a c e b u s i n ess c us tom u e
g, g , , , , , , , s ,

o r a n y o th er t h i n wh a t s oe v er a nd b e fo r e t h e i w i v e s a n d
g , r

ch ild re n res p e c ti v ly a c c or d i ng to t he true i nte n t of th ese e ,

Pre s ents w i th o ut the h i nd ra n c e o f Us our H e i s o S ucc e s s o s

, , r r r ,

or a ny oth e p ers ons wh atso e v er s av i ng n e v erth e l e s s a nd a lw ay s

r ,

r e s er v i ng t o U s our H e i rs a n d S u cc e ss ors ,
full and a b s ol ute ,

p ow er an d auth ori ty to c on ti nue an d re s t ore t o a ny p erson or

p e s ons from tim e to time s uch pl a c e an d p e c e d en c e a s a t a ny
r r

t i me h ere a fter s h all b e d ue t o th em wh i ch by any a cc i d e nt or ,

 A P P E ND I X .
32 5

o cc a i s on wh
v er sh ll h e e after be ch ang e d nyth i ng in th e se
a t so e a r
,
a

P e s n ts
r e any o th er c a us e o
,
or re s p e c t wh a t oe v t o t he on r s er c

t rary t h e of n ot w i th sta n d i ng
re W e w i ll m ore v er a nd d o by .
, o ,

th e s P re e nts for Us o u H e i rs an d Su cc e or s g ant an d

e s ,
r ss ,
r

a pp o i n t t h a t i f a ny d oub ts o
,
qu es ti on s a s t o ny pl c e p e r a a r
,

ce d n e p r i v i l g or o th e th i ng t o uch i ng or c on c erni ng t h
e c ,
e e, ai d r e s

Sir J mshe dj i Jij ibhai an d his s ai d H e i rs mal e n d th i w i v e s

a , a e r ,

th fi s t—
e b o n ns a nd th e i w i v e s the younger on d augh ters
r r so r , s s, ,

a nd w i v e s of th e y ou ng er s on o a ny o f t h m h ll h e fter s, r e ,
s a re a

a is
r wh i ch n e i th e by th e s e O u L etters P a t nt nor by o th
e, r r e er

L e tt P t n t h ere t ofo e m a d e in t h i s b eh alf a e d e t e mi n e d

e rs a e r r r ,

s uch d ou b ts r qu e s t i on s s h ll b e d e te rm i ne d
o n d a dj ud g e d by a a

a n d a cc o d i ng t o th er s u ch r ul s c u tom a nd l a w s
r o
( a s to e ,
s s,

pl c e p c e d n c or oth t h i ng s c on c e ning th e m ) a s oth er

a ,
re e e, er r
,

de g ee s of h er e d i tary d ig ni ty e ord e e d go v e ne d a nd a d
r ar r ,
r ,

j udg e d L a s tly W e w i ll and d o by th ese Pre e nts f r U s o ur

.
, , s o ,

H e i rs an d Su cc e ss o s g a nt t o the s i d S ir J ms he dj i J ij ibhair ,
r a a

a nd hi s a i d H e i r s m a l e t h a t t h e se O ur L tt e r s P a t n t o
s the ,
e e ,
r

e n r o l m nt t h eof s h ll b e in a n d bye re ll t h i ng g o od fi m
,
a a s ,
r ,

v l i d uffic i ent an d ffe c tu al in the L w a s w ell g i n s t U

a ,
s ,
e a ,
a a s,

ou rHei an d Su cc s
rs s as a g i ns t ll o th e s wh om oe v er
e s or ,
a a r s

a cc ord ing t o the t ue i ntent of th e ame s w e ll in l l o ur r s ,

a a

C ou ts s e l e wh er wh e e soe v er
r a s W e w i ll a l o nd by th e s e
e r . s ,
a

P se n t grant t the sai d Si J m he dj i J ij ibh i t h at h e m ay

re s o r a s a ,

a n d h all h v e t h
s e Ou L e tte s P at en t d uly m a d e a n d s e al d
a es r r e

un d e O u G r e a t S e l of O ur Un i t d Ki ng d om of G e at B i t i n
r r a e r r a

a n d I e l n d w i t h o ut fi n
r a o fe e g e at o
,
m ll t o b e fo t he e r ,
r r s a ,
r

s m e in
a n y m nn er re n d e e d
a d on or p i d to U s in O u
a r ,
e, a ,
r

Exch e q ue r or e l e wh r t o O ur us e I n W i tn es wh ere f W e
s e e . s o ,

h v e c aus d th e O ur L tt ers t o b e mad P t n t W i tne s s

a e es e e a e .

O u r s elf a t W e tm i n te th S i x th d ay of Augus t in th e T w enty

’

s s r, e ,

fi rs t y e ar o f O u R e i g n r .

B y W a rant und e the Que en s Si gn M anual

’
r r .

C . RO M I LLY .
328 I ND E X .

Al p Kh an , 1 43. n ote, 46, 47 A d hi

r es r H orma s31 , M r , 1 1 7 2 , 7 4 . .

A mb ar, i . 14 A d hi
r es r Khar sh e dj i, M r , 1 2 5 6 . .

Am er d a d ( d ay of th e m on t h) i , . 136 A d hi
r es r Kh ar s h e dj i W di a a, Mr .
,
i . 75
A m er d a d ( a n g e ) , 1 84 5 l i . ii . 191 Ard ib eh e s h t ( da y of th e m ont ) , 1 34 h i .

Am e r d a d -
Sal , i . 1 46 A rdib eh es h t ( m o nt ) , 1 47 h i .

Am e ret a d , ii . 1 8 6, 1 9 1 Ardib e h esh t ( an e ) , 1 84 5 1 1 1 90 gl i . .

Am e s has p e nd s , i . 1 80 5 11. 1 63, 1 64, 1 8 2 , Ard ib eh es h t Am es h a sp e n d , i . 1 46

1 90 Ar d uis ura A h it i na a, . 151
Ami nta s , i . 126 Ai r es, 1 49
An d arz -
i-
Ad ar ba d M a res pa n d , ii 1 7 7 . Arj as p, Ki g 1 5 4 n ,
11 .

A nd ers on , H on M r . .
, 1 . 2 7 3 5 ii 8 9 . Arm a iti ii 1 8 6, .

A nd ers o n, Mr .
,
ii . 31 A r men i 1 9 a, .

A nd erson, Mr .
, ii . 3 3 , 40 A r me n i i 61 ; 2 8
an s, . 11 .

A nd e rs o n , S ir G e org e , 11 9 5 . A rn ou ld J tic Si J ph i
,
us e r os e , . 2 55 ,
An d hia ru H orma sj i D orabj i L a s k i
ar ,
2 5 6, 2 7 1 , 2 7 5
i . 22 4 Arshis an g , i . 1 84
A d n r e w, Mr .
, ii . 3 3, 3 4 A th Si G g
r ur, 97 1 0 5 r e or e, 1 1 .
,

A n era n ( d ay o f th e m on th ) , i . 1 3 8 , 1 43 A y p ctic m g ii 2 1 7
r ans, ra e a on , .

A n era n ( a ng e l ) 1 1 8 5 , . A y ii 1 5 7
r as , .

Ang rak h a , i . 1 1 7, 11 9 A y r t ii 2 1 7
ava ,
.

Ang ro M ainy u sh , ii . 1 8 7 , 1 8 8, 1 8 9 Ac i i 5 t;
s a n a n, P th i . no e s ee ar an

An h e us h , ii . 157 A i ii 1 2 4
s er ,
”
.

A h n o ma of Av an B an d at M d an un , i . A h t ii 1 5 7
s a , .

36 n ote A h V hi ht
s a 1 8 6 1 90 1 9 1
a s a, 11 .
, ,

A j n uma n, i 22 8 . A hi w d i 1 7 9 ; ii 1 8 2
s r a , . .

A kl v i 3 5 3 9 21 6 5 7 2 2 5 9
n es ar, .
, , 11 .
,
A hi h - gh i 1 42 5 K h d
s s v an , . s ee e ra

A th
nn e , ii 7 2 e, . A h m gh ii 1 5 9
s o ,
.

A ti c h i 9
n o , . A h t d ( d y f t h m t h ) i 1 42
s a a o e on , .

A b i 1 1 0 1 1 ; ii 3 7
ra a, .
, . As h t a d ( a ng e l ) , 1 . 1 85
A b ic ii 1 61
ra , . A i tic S ci ty R y l 3 2 4
s a o e , o a , a n d note

A b l vi i 2 0
ra e es , . A i m Am i i 1 8
s n, .

A b i 1 6 1 9 ; 8 46 1 5 8
ra s, .
, 11 .
, , A m ( d y f th m th ) i
s an a o e on , . 1 42
A d f
r h i 2 0 3 20 4
a r os , .
,
A m ( g l ) 1 1 85
s an an e , .

A d V i f ii 1 8 1 1 9 5 ; R v l ti
r a ra , .
, e e a o ns A -Kh t
snO ii 1 9 1 ra u , .

O f 1 9 5 ; 1 9 7 1 9 8 5 h i vi i
, 1 99-
20 0 ,
s s on , A d d 233
so t ; ii 1 61
a ,
no e .

A d V i f-
r a N m i 2 1 6 ; ii 6 2 3 2
ra a a, . .
,
As p a n d ia rj i Ka m d inj i, D a s tur, i . 3 0 note
A d h i i 4 5 h i v l 46 5 d t h
r es r, . s a our , ea A yi i 3 5 t
ss r an, .
,
no e

o f, 47 A t l g th i 1 61
s ro o er, e, .

A d hi
r es r ( Da dibhai Nasarvanj i D a d i A t t ii 1 9 2
s va ,
.

hs et
’
s s o n ) ii 7 7 2 65 , .
,
A t k i 1 62 t
a , . no e

A d h i t h Thi d i 1 1
r es r e r , . A t h -Ad
as ii 2 1 0 t arans , . no e

A d h i B b k i 9 ; ii
r es r a e an , . . 1 46 5 re A t h -B h m i 1 08 1 45 5
as e ra s, .
, 11 . 210 n ote

f m ligi n 1 47 ; 1 8 1
or s re o , , 1 9 5 , 1 9 6, A t h —B h m S l g i i 1 48
as e ra a ar , .

1 99 At h- Ny i h ii 1 69
as a s , .

A d hi
r es r D h a nj is h a , M r .
,
11 . 2 1, 29 ; A th ii 1 5 7
a, .

p rese nt e d wi th a me d l 3 2 5 ch
a ,
ar
ge A th v ii 2 1 6
ar an s, .

a
ga i3 3 ; his su s
n s t, p n i n 34 5
e s o , ex A th ii 1 0 4
e ns , .

on era t e d , 3 4-5 ; h is d th 3 6
ea ,
At h ii 1 62 2 1 6
ravan s , .
,

A d hi
r es r Framj i W di a a, Mr , . ii . 7 6 a nd At M h i 3 6 t
un a ,
. no e

note Aud arz —

i-a n ak g a d b ra , 1 1 . 1 78
 I ND E X .

A ur a nga bd a , 11 . 1 2 7 , 1 2 8, 1 3 0 B an aj i L mj i, M r i .
, 11. 5 4 5 t ra d wi th
es

A ura n g b ii ze ,
. 10 B ur ma h ,
55
Av an ( d a y of t h e m on th ) ,
i . 137 Ban c e, Mr . J . 11 . 15 note

Av an ( a ng e l ) 1 1 8 5 , . B an db o a s t, i . 221
Av an Ar d uis ur a J a s an , i . 1 51 Ba nd ora , 1 42 , 20 6
. n ote ; 11 . 1 05
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.
,

Fi P i c
ruz a n , 1 12 13 F dig
r n e, 1 2 1 2 5 11 1 61
.
,
rav ar an , . .

Fi t g ld L d 1 9 5
z era F ,
d i ( m t h ) 1 1 0 6 1 1 3 1 44
or ,
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, , ,

Fi t g ld Si S ym
z era 1 29 0 5 11 1 46
, r e our , . .

F ra v ard in ( d a y o f t h e m on t ) , 1 1 40 h .

Fiv e an ci ent m o n ar ch i es , i
h s t or i a n o f, Frav a rd in ( a n e ), 1 1 8 5 gl .

1 8 . F r a v ar d in J asan , i . 1 50
Fl a m i ne s , th e, 11 . 1 67 , 2 1 6 F ra v a rd in Y as h t ,
i 1 5 0 , 2 1 2 5 11 1 5 4
. .

Fl ora F ou nt a n , i th e, ii . 1 45 F v h i 1 1 49
ra as s, .
,
1 5 0 5 s ee F roh a rs
F or b es , Mr . J oh n ,
2 20 n ote F Ch ch I ti t ti
re e ur ns u on , t h e , 1 2 85 .

F or b es , Mr . J oh n ,
11 . 92 F m re e y i 1 49 ; a s o nr ,
. a m on g Pars i s,

F or b es s
’
Oi lMm i
r e n ta e o rs , 11 . 22 1 11 2 88
.

F or b es, S ir Ch l 11 7 2 a r es , .
,
1 0 5 , 2 61 F re n c h th
, 9 e, 1 1 .
,
2 44
F or t , t he , 1 3 1 8 . F re n ch th Emp
, e r es s o f th e , i . 3 27
F or t G e org e , 11 5 1 . F re n ch G v m o ern en t , 11 7 5 note
.

F or t igh Sch l th i 29 4
H oo ,
e, .
, 2 98 F ren i ii 1 5 4
,
.

F or t P p i t y S c h l th i
ro r e ar oo , e, . 2 9 4, 2 98 F rer e , La dy ,
1 317
. n ote

F ramj i ( Lavj i W a dia

’
s g ra n s on ) , d ii . 64 F r er e , S ir B a rt l ii e, . 10 5
F r a mj i J a m as p as an a , M r , 11 2 3 3 . . F r eni d f I di o n a, t h e , 11 1 2 2 .

F ra mj i K a v asj i B an a ji ,
Mr .
,
1 1 1 6, 2 2 4
. F r eni d h i p th s ,
e, 11 . 77
note, 2 3 7 a n d n ote, 2 41 5 11 5 5 , 1 1 1 5 . F roh a r s , 1 1 40 , 1 49 , 1 5 0 .

bcm g tf e o dies Fy a en or Eas t I n a Com r er, Dr 1 51

-
. .
,

p y 1 1 2 5 hi w th 1 1 2 5 hi l v F u
an , s or , s o e n e ra l , a p ubl ic , 11 . 27 28
of g ic l t ua 1 1 3 5 tyl d t h L d
r u Fu re , s e e or n er a s , l Pa rs i , 1 1 98 .

Le ic e s te r, 1 1 3 5 his e s ta te at Pa vi a ,

1 1 4-
116 5 s en d p s re s e nt of ma n g oe s

t o th e Q ue en , 1 17 an d n ote h is
G
d th 118 5 u
ea , b i ldi g nct d t hi ere e o s

m em or , 1 1 9 5 y i t i t t c ll d by
ns u e a e G A H A M B A R S , 1 1 1 2 , 1 46, 1 47 , 1 48 5 . 11

h is n a m e , 1 2 0 5 t bl i h
es a E gl i h s es n s

pp 1 20
a er , 5 mo nume n t s of hi s G ah s , 11 1 69 5 t e r n um e r , 1 69 5 23
. hi b
b v l nc ene 1 2 1 5 2 1 0 n ote
o e e, Ga ikw
ar , th e , 208 5 78 i . ii .

F ra mj i K a v asj i I n s t tute , 1 3 1 8 5 11 i . . G a iom ar d , i . 3

1 20 Ga l ch
e a, 1 1 78
.

F ra mj i K av a Sj i T a n k ,
11 . 121 Ga mb i e r, Mr R . .
,
11 . 64 note
F ramj i M a nakj i , p re s e nt a t on i t o, 11 . 65 Ga n d vi e ,
11 2 5 9 .

n ote i-
Ga n - j
S a g a n, i ii . 1 77
 3 36 I ND E X .

H i j i J iv j i R
r an e a d y mon ey , Mr .
,
11 . 57 5 In di 3 9 5 Emp
a, 1 1 f 1 1 0 5 p pu
. eror o , . o

t ra d W it h Chi
es na , 57 l ti n f 9 1 5 Em p
a o f 279 5 o , ress o ,

H i ji W
r a tc h a , Mr .
, 1 51. note hi t y f 3 14s or o ,

H oar e , Ca t p ,
ii . 68 I nd i L gi l tu
an i 2 49 e s a re , .

Ho , l i ii229 . I di n M
n am 11 1 7 3 us eu , .

H ol wa n , 1 1 9 . I di
n M u t i y P i d u i ng 2 8 1
an n ,
ars s r , 11 .

H oma pl
a n t , 11 1 5 0 , 1 5 1 . 2 82
H omaj i J a m s h e dj i, 1 1 1 4 . In di n P n l C d i
a e a o e, . 2 67
H omj i B e ramj i, M r .
,
11 7 7 . In d u th 1 3 7 8s, e, .
, , ,
10
gk
H on o ng , 11 2 5 9 . In k er m ann , ii . 1 00
p
H o e , M r , s er e s o f, . i i 3 15 5 . 11 . 12 I ra n , 1 1 0 6, 1 3 7 5 . 1 5 2 , 1 5 4, 23 4
H orma sj i B a m a nj i W di M a a, r .
, 1 1 48 ,
. I sa d v a s t ara , 155 ii .

2 1 0 n ote, 2 3 5 n o t 2 41 5 ii
e, . 7 1, 7 2, Is f h i 5 8 8 9 1 08
a an , .
, ,

2 1 3 n ote ; fi re -
t em pl e o f, 2 84 Is f di 1 2 5 n t
an ar , o e

-
.

H ormasj i B era mj i Pa t e , M r , 1 1 7 3 l . . Is l m 1 1 5 5 mi i n
a , . ss o of, 1 6 18
H orm a sj i Pes t anj i, M r , 11 2 9 1 . . I s t ak hr, i . 22
H or m a z , 12 i . I zes hin e , 1 60 5 . see Y azashne
H orm aza n , 1 1 9 .

H orm a zd , ii . 2 0 5 , 2 0 6, 2 0 7
J
H or n by ,
t h e , 11 5 7 .

H or nby ,
Go v e rnor Wm . i . 2 1 8, JAB E LA i 1 1 7 1 65 , .
,

n ote ; 11 5 3 , 64
. n ote Ja br ii 1 5 1
, .

H or n by R o w, 1 2 90
. J a c ob M r H 1 2 91, . .
, .
, 2 92
H os ba m , 1 1 67 . J a d i Ra n a i 3 0 3 4 ,
.
,

h g
H os a n , 1 3 . J al , 5 5 i . ii . 283
H osh a ngj i J a ma spj i, D as tur , 11 . J al a l a b a d ,
9 4 n ote i .

n ote, 232 J al bha i A rdes h ir S eth M r , .

, 11 . 17 note

H Ot el d es I n a v l id es , 1 1 . 1 03 J al ul a 1 1 9 , .

d
H u s on , M r R . . ii 1 5 t . no e J a m as 1 1 1 9 1 7 7 1 7 8
,
.
, ,

h
H ug es , Sir E . ii 63 64
.
,
n ote J am aSj i F ramj i B h a vn agri , Mr .
, 11 . 38
i
H u t is , ii . 1 62 J a m a sp, i . 106
H ukh t a , ii . 1 9 4, 2 1 4, 2 2 6 J a ma s pa ( a n ame ) , 11 . 15 0
H uma ta, ii . 1 9 4, 2 1 4, 2 2 6 J am a s pa ( a wi m ) se an ,
11 1 5 3 , 1 5 4
.

H unt e r, D r W , 3 19 . W . . i . J amas p B i t i ii 1 7 7 a , .

ii
‘

H us p ara m , 1 5 8 , 1 63 . J am a s pj i M in oc h erj i, D a s tur, 11 . 1 7 4,

H u t os h , 154 ii . 1 8 3 , 2 3 2 , 23 7
ebn -
H uz ee fa h - - man, 21 A ly O i . J a me s D rummond the , , 11 . 80
H v arsh t a , 11 1 9 4, 2 1 4, 2 2 6 . J amsh e d B oga M od i i , . 2 1 9 note, 2 2 3
H y a t B a nu, 1 8 8 . n ote
yd
H e, D r , 11 2 0 7 , 2 08 , 2 20
. . J a m she d i Na oroz ,
1 4, 1 1 3
. n ote, 1 48 5
H yd A l i N w b ii 1 9
er ,
a a ,
. ii . 39
H yd K li Kh n 1 5 0
er u a , . n ote J a m sh e dj i A d hi r es r Da ll a ,
Mr .
, 1 2 97
.

H y d ra b a d ( D e cc an ) , i . 1 08 n ote ; 11. J a m s h e dj i B a m anj i, M r .

,
11 64 . n ote, 65
a n d n ote, 66 ; l e t te r t o , 6 7 6 8 ; re -
H y d ra ba d ( S i d ) ii
n , . 1 41 c e iv es t es t m on i il a , 69 5 h is re , 69
ply
7 0 5 h is re a r s , w d 70
I
J a msh e dj i B era mj i Las ar , M r , 1 2 2 8 5 k i . .

p i
h is u n sh m e nt , 2 2 9 -
230
I
I BR A H M , t h e Ghazna v id, 38 i . J amshe dj i Dhanj ibhai ,
Mr .
,
11 . 71 n ote
I ma mj a d a H azrat asuma , 67 iM i . J a msh e dj i D o rabj i, M r .
,
11 2 5 3 5 his
.
 I ND E X .
337

i lw y xpl it 2 5 4-2 5 5 5 h i th
ra a e o s, s o er J a t A fram i 3 6 note ,
.

w k 2 5 5 5 O p i i f 2 5 6-2 5 7
or s, n on o , J ava 11 2 45
, .

J ams h e dj i J ij ib h ai, Sir ( 1 s t B ar t ) , i . J a x art es th e 1 3 , , .

2 41 , 286 5 a r ess t o , 2 8 7 5 his r e

-
, dd ply J a zi a 1 61 5 i mp osi t i on
,
. of, 62 , 7 3 , 7 4,
2 8 7 5 2 9 4 5 his irt , 11 7 8 5 oes t o b h . g 78 5 a b l i tio on o f, 7 9 5 fi rman on, 80
by
B om a , 7 8 5 h is rs t y
ou rn e to fi j J edda ii 3 7 , .

Ch i 7 9 5 hi l t j u y t Chi
na , s a er o rn e s o na , J c h ang i r B eramj i M arzb a n M r , .
, 1 3 31
.

7 9 5 h i f u th v y g 7 9 5 c p t
s o d r o a e, a ure J ch ang i r Na orozj i M r 11 7 1 , .
, .

by F nch 7 9 5 h l tt d c i b i g
re ,
is e er es r n J eh a ng ir Na sa rv a nj i Wa d i a M r , .
,
1 3 12
.

h i c p t ivi t y 80 8 8 5 t
s a t B m ,
re ur n s o o n ote 5 h is l i
r e a t o ns w t ih
b y 8 8 5 hi c mm ci l ucc
a , 88 ; s o er a s ess , F ran e , c 75 n ote ; his c h i ty ar , 76
fi t tic f hi ch i ty 8 9 5 bj ct
rs no e o s ar , o e s J e h ova h ii 1 89 , .

f h i c h i ty
o s 89 - 90 5 g n uar , e er o s J erus al em i 6 , .

ch ct f hi b v l c 9 0 5
ara er o s e ne o en e, J esui t s i 2 85 ,
.

k ight d by th Q
n e 90 5 c iv e u ee n , re e es J ews t he 1 6 7 61 5 11 2 8 2 5 8
, , .
, ,
.
,

na d d f m P i 9 1 -9 3 5 p
a r es s ro ar s s , ro J ij ibh ai D ad abh ai M 11 1 3 2 5 i ntro ,
r .
,
.

p l t i fu d t 9 3 5 h i bl
o sa o ra s e a n o, s no e d uc t es s ea m na vig ti a 132-
on ,1 3 3 5 h is
c h m 9 4-9 5 5 p nt d with p t t
s e e, r ese e a en ex t iv en s e t ra d e, 1 3 3 5 h is ar t e s , ch i i
O f k night h d 9 5 5 c iv m d l oo , re e es a e a , 1 34 5 236
9 6 5 O ffi ci l t t m n t t hi mu m J ij ibhai J a m sh edj i M odi M r 11 5 5
'

a s a e e as o s , .
, .

fi 97 -
ce n c e,99 5 hi p ch 9 9 ; p s s ee ,
re J ira sh t ii 1 62 , .

se n t d wi th fe d m f ci ty f L ree o o o on J ohn s tone M r J i 69 ,

. .

d n 9 9 5 p bl ic bj c t
o ,
f hi ch i ty
u o e s o s ar , J osh i 1 1 60 -,
1 61 1 64 5 his k n owl e d g e
.
,

1 0 0 5 hi d t i n t F nc h i n u d
s on a o o re n a of h u m a n n a t ure , 1 65
ti 100-
on s , 1 0 1 5 t tu v t d t him s a e o e o J ul i a n Em p eror 1 9, ,
.

by h i dmi s a 1 0 1 5 L d Elph i rers , or n J us t ice s of th e Pe a ce 11 , . 2 64 a nd n ote

t s on e s p ch n th bj ct 1 0 2
’
s ee o e su e , J ustin ian 1 9 , .

104 5 c t d b t
rea e1 0 9 5 hi a aron e , s

d th 1 0 9 5 g i f f th c mmuni t y
ea , r e o e o ,

109 5 g t p ch f 2 7 7 - 2 81

fl
rea s ee o ,

J a m s h e dj i J ij i bh ai, S ir ( 2 d B ar t ) , i . KA I ii 3 9
B R, .

8 4, 2 0 9 n ote ; -
110 K b i P th
a r an ,
11 . 39
J am s h e dj i Jij ibh ai , S ir ( 3 d B ar t . i . K b i th
a s a, e, v y 1 09 5 111
5 c on tr o ers , ,

1 1 7 , 2 42 , 2 7 5 -
276 n ote ; 11 1 1 1. 1 1 2 5 1 1 4, 115 5 c t v y ii 1 8 on r o er s , .

J a n wh e dfi Jifibh aL i 2 88 5 I . nd y , bu ds Kba ul , 9 4 a n d n ote ; 11 1 0 0.

t he M him c a a us e wy a ,
-
108 K a d es ia , 1 1 8 , 1 9 .

J amsh edj i J ij i bh a i H os p it l S i 2 9 8 K dmi i 1 0 5

a , ir, . a s, . an d n ote, 1 0 7 , 1 0 8, 1 0 9 ,
J am s h e dj i J ij ibh ai T ra n l ti n Fu d
s a 111 112 113 o n , , ,
1 1 4, 1 1 5 , 1 1 6 5 o n
,
ly a

Sir , 11 2 30 . m i n or ity ,
1 1 6 5 1 44 5 11 1 9 , 1 7 3 .

J a msh e dj i J ij ibh ai Pars i B en e vl o en t K a tfa n , 1 1 2 .

I n s t t ut i i on , Sir, 1 3 1 3 . K a i G usht as p , ii . 170

Jams h e dj i Nan abh ai G az dar ,
Mr .
,
1 48
. Ka ikh os ru , i . 1 84
ot ote Ka ik ho sru Naor ozj i Ka braj i, Mr .
, 11 .

J am shid ( I ran i ) i 1 0 7 , . 2 89
J m s h id K in g 1 4 1 48 5
a , , .
, 2 83 K a ik h osr u Ra s t amj i D a d abh a i Se t hn a,

J amy a d ( day o f m on t h ) 1 , . 1 42 Mr .
,
n ote

J a my a d ( an e ) , 1 1 85 gl . Ka ik ob a d M hy a ar ( M ji er Ra n a
’
s s on ) ,

ji
J an r a, 11 5 1 . ii . 4, 7
J as an s ,
1 1 47 , 1 5 0 5
. ii . 6 n ote K aio m ars , Ki g n , 1 56 5 . 11 . 1 70
J as av al a s , th e , 11 56 . K a l es iah , 1 1 2 .

V OL . II .
338 I ND E X .

K l i vi d ct 11 2 5 4
a a u , . K i ii
az , . 22 8
K lia i i 36
an ra t , . no e Ke nn ery cv a es , i . 36
K ly i 42
a a n, . K er man , 1 5 4, 5 5 , 5 7 , 5 9, 68, 8 1 5
. ii .

K m A i 216
a a s a, . 4, 6
K m f mily th i 1 1 6 5 ii 5 9
a a a ,
e, . .
, 258 Khaira d B era m , i . 36 n ote

K m Mi D F 1 3 2 7 t
a a, ss . .
, . no e Kh aira d M d 1 36 t ar , . no e

Kam aj i H omaj i, M r .
, 11 2 2 7. a n d n ote, Kh a l i f O m i 1 1 1 4 5 ii 1 47 a r, .
, .

2 28 Kh a l d B
u W l id i 1 2 en a ,
.

K amaj i Kuv arj i, M r .

, 11 5 9 . Kh an B h d ( t i tl ) 1 1 0 2 n t ii
a a ur e , . o e . 21
Ka mdin Y a r tos ht , 1 3 7 . Kh an d l ii 89 9 0
a a, .
,

K i 25
a n a re s e , . note Kh an d h ii 1 2 5
es ,
.

K ch i 1 1 22
an r , . Kh a n g m ii 1 2 6
a , .

K d h i 56
an a a r, .
,
94 n ote K h arsh e dj i, ( s ee Sir J am sh e dj ii . 10 9
K a n e rk is , 1 2 5 . n ote J ij ibh ai 2d B ar on et ) ,

i- r
Ka r n a m a - A d hi es r Ba bk e an , 11 . 177, Kh ar sh e dj i F ard u nj i Pa ra kh ,
Mr . i
2 42 5 1 44 5 ii . f oun d s a n as yl um , 1 4 4

K d aro ,
11 . 24 h is gi f
t of t h e Fl ora F oun t a n , i 1 45
K a s h a kis rob , 11 . 1 5 7 , 1 62 a pp i t d Sh iff
o n e er of B om by a , 1 45
K as hg i 6 9 3
a r, .
, Kh a rs h e dj i J amsh e dj i of Nav sari
K a tch 11 2 5 9
, . D a s t ur , 1 2 2 4 . n ote

K a th i w i 25 n
a ar, . ote, 28 ; ii . 2 59 K ha rs h e dj i J a nish edj i M odi ,
Mr . ii . 40
K a t uz i , 11 1 62 . s er v es un d er Pes hw 41 5
a, ch ar
ge
K a us , i . 1 84 a gi 41 -42 5 o
a nst , pi s o n e d, 42

K a v as F rib oraj , ii . 6 K h a rs h e dj i K a v a sj i B a na ji ,
Mr . ii . 122
Ka v a sj i ( s on o f B er amj i B hikhaj i 1 2 3 , 1 2 4, 2 1 0 n ote

B h ard a ) ii 4 5 , . Khar s h e dj i Kav a sj i B ha n d up va l a , M r s

Kav a sj i B e ra mj i fi re -
t em pl e o f 1 1 2 8 4 , ,
. i . 328 n ote

Ka v asj i B hikh aj i M r 1 2 2 3 n ote , .

, . Kh a rs h edj 1 ( son of Nasarv anj i K ohiy ar )
Kav asj i Dh anj ibha i P aov al l a M r i , . . ii . 39
317 Kh a rsh e dj i M an akj i S hr ofi , M r
'

n ote .
, 1 110
.

K a v a sj i Din sha , M r .
,
11 260 -
2 61
. n ote 2 24 n ote, 23 7 5 ii
130 ; . arra n g e .

Ka v a sj i Ed alj i K a ng a , D as t ur , 1 . 50 f mily q
a u arre s , l 131 132 -
n ote ; 11 2 3 2 , 2 3 6
. Kha rsh e dj i Nasarv a nj i K a ma , M r . i . 55
Kav a Sj i J c h a ng i r Rea dym one y, Sir , 1 . n ote, 8 9, 3 1 0 , 3 1 2 n ote, 3 22 , 3 2 3
317 n ote ; 11 1 40 5 h is ear e , 1 40 5
. ly l i f Kh ar s h e dj i P oc h aj i Pan dy a , Mr .
,
11 . 45
his ch i i ar t e s , 1 41 -
1 42 5 n te k igh d by Kh a rs h e dj i Ras t a mj i K a m a, Mr .
, 1 3(
.

th Q e u e e n, 1 42 5 h is s t a tu e , 1 43 5 n ote, 36 n ote, 317 n ote ; 11 1 48 .

c iv p
re e t f es r e s en s ro m th e Pr i c
n e of 1 49 , 2 3 2 , 2 3 3
W l 1 43 5 2 3 6
a e s, Kh a t un B a n u, i . 85 ; l g nd
e e of, 8 6-
87
K av a sj i Na na bhai Da v ar , Mr .
, ii . 2 47 , Kh a v ita b a t, i . 37 n ote

2 48 K h d 1 1 42
e ra ,
.

Kav a sj i Pa t e S tre e t, l 11 . 54 Kh g m ii 13 9
er a ,
.

Ka v a sj i Ra s t amj i, M r .
, 1 42 , 2 2 3
. n ote ; Kh t d i ii 5 4 1 44
e va , .
,

11 53 5 su ppl i es s hi p s, 53 ; i s s ue s Kh i h i i i 8 6
c r , .

p asse s , 53 a nd n ote d h 54 his ea t ,

K h i l t 11 5 3a ,
a, .

Kva as Ru s ta in J l l M ll 1 1 0 7
a a , ,
u a, . Kh d o d Kh 1 50
av a n an , . note

a n d n ote, 1 0 8, 1 1 0 Khoh n um an , 1 1 40 .

Kwa a, 1 4 . K h j th 11 2 5 8
o a s, e, .

Ka y a nia n dyn ty i as ,
. 4, 5 n ote, 1 8 6 5 Kh 1 21 24
orassa n , .
,

ii . 1 48 K h d d (d y) 1 1 3 5
or a a , .
, 1 46
3 40 I ND E X .

2 3 2, 2 3 6 5 S e t h J ij ibh a i D a dabh a i, M a nah y a , 11 1 9 2 .

2 3 6 5 S ir J J . Z d
en a n d Pe e , hl vi M a n ak b a i ( e of B era m wi f J1th ra ) , 11 . 6
1 45 , 2 3 2 , 23 3 , 23 6 n ote

M gh 1 3 9
a s, . M a nakj i L mji i A ut ar a , i M r , 1 7 2, 7 3 ,
. .

M gi th i 2 5
a , e, . n ote ; 11 . 225 7 5 , 8 3, 8 7
M gi i 3 9
a a ns , . M a n akj i Kav aSj i D ama nv al a, M r .
, 11 .

M gy
a i 39 as , . 44, 45
M h i 1 37
a , . M an akj i (s on of L aV Jl Nasarv anj i
Mhbd i 3
a a a , . W di a a ) ,
re w d ar ed, 63 ; h is
M ah a ba d ian dyn as ty , 1 5 . n ote d th
ea , 64
M ah Aid bar, 1 3 6 note . M a nakj i Kh arsh e dj i S h ff ro ,
Mr .
, 1 233
.

M a h Aidbar , 1 3 6 n ote . note, 235 n ote, 324 a nd note, 3 2 5,

M a h a l , ii 1 2 4 3 28
‘

Mha a mu ( g an ) , 56 d Af h i . M a nakj i Na orozj i S et h ,

Mr .
, 11 . 1 6, 1 7 ,
M a h B a nd at, 1 3 7 n ote . 18
M ah F a r ubag 1 3 7 n ote , . M a n akj i Na O YO ZJl a a, Mr , 1 2 23 W di . .

M ah Ny aish , 1 69 ii . M anakj i Na s ar vanj i Pe t i t , M r 7 3, . i .

M h 1 63
a ar, . 8 4, 8 9, 2 5 3 , 2 7 9 , 3 1 2 n ote ; 11 1 3 4 5 .

M h j ( t i tl ) 40 t
a ara a e ,
11 . no e his ea r ly l i f e, 1 3 5 5 h is g e n eros i ty ,

M hd i
a ,
a, 1 3 5 5 2 48
M hi 1 3 6
a ,
. M a n akj i Pe t t i Mill s, 1 1 . 1 3 6, 2 48 , 2 5 0
M h i m ii 9 2
a , . M an akj i ( Ras ta mj i K av a sj i B a naj i s
’

M h i m c w y 11 1 0 5
a a u se a , . S 0 11 ) 11
, . 1 23
M h m d B g d i 43 t 5 0
a u e a a, . no e , note M an ak sha a n a A sa , 1 1 6 a n d
g Ch . note

M h m d S h h i 43 t
a u a , . no e M a n a n h o, 157 ii .

M h m d i 1 1 5 11 2 4
a o e , . . M a n a sh n i, 2 14 ii .

M h m d Al i B i M h m d
a o e n a o e H us e n M a nch erj i F ra mj i ama , M r , K . 11 . 59
y M 11 5 8
B og a , r .
, . n ote

M h m d A li B g y
a o e o a ,
Mr .
, 11 . 58 note M an ch erj i H or ma Sj i ama , M r , 1 8 4 5 K . .

M h m d K im K h
a o e ar an ( Sh ah ) , i . 1 08 ii 5 9 note, 1 7 3
.

M ah om e dan l a w, 1 6 4 . M a n ch erj i J iv a nj i Rea dym on ey , M r , .

M a h o m ed a ns , t e r t r hi i mph
u , 1
22 5. 11 5 7 5 g oes t o
. n a, 5 7 5 u s Ch i b ild
df e eat of, 46 5 2 44, 2 67 , 2 8 5 n ote ; o d kh
ma , 5 7 note
”

11 2 2 7
. M anc h erj i K amaji, M r , 1 1 5 9 . .

M hy
a ar, 1 38. M an cherj i Ka v asj i arz a n , M r , 1 3 0 0 M b . .

M a inyu sh , 11 1 8 6 . M a nch erj i Kh ars h edj i, M r , 11 7 . .

M akra n is, 11 4 6 . M an ch erj i Kh arsh edj i S e t , M r , 1 1 0 7 h . .

Mlb
a a a r, ii . 5 1, 1 3 3 11 1 7 n ote
.

Mlb
a a ar H l il ,
1 207, 209 ;
. dokhm as M a n ch erj i Naorozj i B a naj i , M r , 1 1 1 2 4 . .

on , 209 n ote ; n ote M an ch erj i Pe stanj i Kh a rega t, M r , 1 . .

M l cc ii
a a a, . 88 296 n ote

M lc lm Kh 1 7 7
a o an, . M a nch e rj i Pes t a nj i W di a a, Mr . 1 48.

M l c l m S i J h q t d 1 2 0 -2 2 5 7
a o ,
r o n, uo e , .
, , n ote

64 5 ii 3 1 3 5 1 0 5 1 1 4 5 h i p i i
.
, , , s o n on M a nc h erj i W a tch a, M r .
,
11 . 233
q t d 1 1 4-1 1 7 2 2 3
uo e , , M dvi ii 2 4 45
an , .
,

M l ik N m A i P
a h P
a i a s s ur e a va nac ar s , M g 11 1 1 7 1 1 8
an oe s , .
,

ii 1 7 8
.
M i 11 42 5 vi i t E gl d
a n ar, . s s n an ,
42 and
M l t xp d i ti ii 7 1 t
a a e e on, . no e n ote
M lw i 3 9 5 ii 45
a a, . .
M a n s on i H ou se , 11 . 99
M ml td 11 2 4 2 6
a a ar, .
, M a n or i ,
1 42
.
 I ND E X .
341

M a nusk ih ar, ii . 1 7 9 , 1 80 a s an it i
1 3 9 5 his ar um,
ar t es in ch i i
M ara t a h, ii 2 3 7 .
,
2 40 , 2 41 i
Pe rs a , 1 40 5 2 48
M ara th ii 7
as, . n ote M erv a nj i (son O J ij ibh ai D ad abhai) , f
M a ra th i ch l s oo s , 1 309 . 11 1 3 4
.

M ara t h on , 1 8 . M er v a nj i M an akj i, M r .
, 11. 2 51
M ard a n sh a , i . 36 n ote M p
e so o ta m a , 1 9 i .

M ar d on ias , i . 8 M i
e ur n , B i h p ii
s o , . 1 67 , 1 8 4, 2 1 5 , 2 1 6,
M a re n g o, t h e , 11 80 . 2 1 7, 21 8
M a res pa n d ( d a y ) , 1 43 i . Mig i 2 6 t ne , . no e

M ar es pa n d ( a ng e ) , 1 1 8 5 l . Mi h 1 1 3 ra n , .

M ar oc h etti, B a r on 10 4 , ii . Milf d th or 72 ,
e, 11 .

M i arr a
g e c on t r a ct ,
th e, i . 1 75 Mi d th 11 67 68
n en , e, .
,

M a rt an sa t, i . 37 n ote Mi K h d ii 1 7 7 1 8 1
no era , .
,

M w h i 12
ar a a, . Mi V i i 5 6
r a s, .

M y A d l id H R H
ar e a e, . . . th e Pr i c n es s , 1. Mi M h m d Al i B g
rza a o e e ,
11 . 28
326 Mi t ch ll D M y e ,
r . urra , n ote

M a sebed an , 1 1 9 .
Mi th 1 1 3 8 1 3 9
ra, .
,

M a t an A id bar , i . 36 n ote M ob e d s , t h e, 1 219

.

M a th ab a na , i . 121 M di 1 2 60 2 64
o , .
,

M atri m on il Ca o ur t s , 1 . 2 7 3 , 27 4 an d M d i f m ily 11 5 5
o a ,
.

n ote M d i th 11 1 9
o s, e, .

M au r it i u s , 11 . 81, 87 5 s ug a r c a ne
- ,
114 5 M fu il 1 2 42 2 43 2 44
o ss , .
, , ,
2 45 , 2 5 5 ,

2 45 2 60 5 ch l in 2 89 s oo s ,

M g aza59 on , 1 1 .
M g l th
o u ,
e,

M g Mill 11
aza on s, 1 36 M oh c r , 1 1 8 5 .

M i Kh
.

M d 1 37
a za n ara n , om n 12 an , 11 .

M y
.

on e , M r T61
M azd a i, 11 1 5 7 . .
,
11 .

M h i ii 2 0 9
.

M e cc
a , 11 3 7 o n ot e s m , .

M Mj
.

M e di 11 1 47
a, o ore , 2 66 a or, 11 .

M ly M Jm
.

M e d i th fi t 1 5 t
an , e rs no e or e ,
r . a es , note

M i M 11 8 0
.
,

M e d i th c d i 5
an , e s e on , . n ote orr s , r .
, .

M e d i p w v th w
an o er , o er ro of, i 6 M os a nna , 1 1 2 .

M l kill i g 1 65
.

M e di m i 1 47
ar e os em , n a, .

M l 1 19
.
,

M e d ici t i i g f m l
ne , ra n n e a es in, 1 2 99 .
osu , .

M e di i 1 2
na , M lvi ii 2 2 8
ou , .

M t Ab i 3 9
.

M ediomah , ou n u, .

M e d ioza re m , i 1 46 M t d th i 67
ous e ,
e, .

M mb iq ii 45 2 61
.

M dit
e e rran e an , i 3 oz a ue , .
,

ii 7 8
.

Mh e er B an u , 1 8 5 M b uk ara a, .

hh
.

M eh m ud a b a d , M uh ame d S a , 1 43 .

Mh e r ( d ay ) 1 47 i M h
u a m ma S a T ughl ik , d hh
44 n ote i .

i
.
,

Mh e r g
( a n el ) 1 1 8 5 M uh a p as , 2 7 n ote ; s e e M ob e d s .

A Kv i
.
,

Mh e r Ny a is h , 11 1 69 .
M uk as e fal e zar e a n , . 43 n ote

M ek h ar , M uk t a d , 1 1 46, 1 49 , 2 1 2 .

M el vill , M r J ust ice 1 2 7 5-

278 n ote M ukt ia t m a , 1 1 49 .

M ll F i i
.
.
,

M ji R i 3 7 5
er an a, . 4, 7 u a roz , . 109 a nd n ote, 22 4 n ote ;

M v 1 21
er
11 1 7 3.

M ll
.
,

M v B g 11 1 3 9
er an a u as, t h e , 1 67 .

M ll f
.
,

M er v anj i Fr a mj i Pan a , , dy Mr . 1 84,

. u er , P ro e ss o r M a x, 1 . 1 80 note ;

8 7 , 8 8 , 89 5 48 n ote, 1 3 9 5 ii . f oun d s 11 1 49 , 1 7 9
.
n ote, 2 1 6, 2 3 8 n ote
3 42 I ND E X .

M ici p l C p
un a or ora t on , i th e, 11 . Nasaredin S h a h 1 8 1 -82 , .

M p
un i 42
es ar , .
Nas arv a nj i B eramj i M r , . i . 20 7, 20 9

M ur v e , 1 42 .
n ote, 2 42
M c t 1 5 6 5 ii 1 3 5
us a , . .
Na sarv anj iChan d abh ai M r , . i . 2 0 1 note ,
M l m ii 8
ussu a ns , .
206
M th 1 42
u , .
Na s arva nj i H omj i M r 77 ,
.
,

M y azd , i . 1 40 Na s arv anj i K ohiy a r M r 11 3 8 ; ,

.
, . re

My s ore , 11 . 17 vives the J amsh e di Na oro z 3 9 ,

Nasarv anj i M an akj i Pet i t M r 1 ,

.
, . 83 5

N
ii 1 3 4
. 1 3 5 , 1 3 6 5 ma
,
i tin a ns ma n y
ch i ti ar es , 1 3 8 - 139
NAD A R 11 1 5 7 1 60
, .
,
Na sar v anj i M anakj i W ad i a M r ,
. 11. 7 4,
Na d i r S h a h 1 5 8 , . 77
Na gm a n d al 1 3 7 ,
. Na sa rv a nj i M an ch erj i K a m a M r i , . . 310
Na h a n 1 1 45, . Na s arv a nj i M an c h erj i K ama F und , th e,
Na h av a n d i 1 1 2 0 -
2 1 5 11 1 47 , .
,
. 1 83
.

Naj um ii 1 61 , . Nas arv anj i Ra ta nj i T a ta , M r . i . 201

Na l 1 1 4 n ote, 206
’
.
,

Nam es among Pars i s 1 1 62 - 1 63 ,

. n ote Nases al ars i 1 9 6 2 1 1 2 3 1 ,
.
, ,

ch i g
oos n ,
1 62 Na shu s i 1 9 4 , .

Nan abh a i B eramj i M r 1 2 23 n ote , .

, . Nas udi ii 1 62 , .

Na n abh a i B era mj i J ij ibha i M r 11 1 3 4 , .

, . Na t ch 1 1 3 2 1 7 6 1 8 8
, .
, ,

Nan abh ai Nasarv a nj i M r 1 2 9 2 ,

.
, . Na ti on al A nth e m t h e 11 2 8 8 , , .
,
2 8 9 5 in
Na nabh a i Punj iabh a i M r 11 1 9 , .
, . G uj ara t i 2 8 9 -
291 ,

Na oroz i 1 44 , . Nav a r ii 2 3 7 2 3 8 2 3 9 2 40
, .
, , ,

Na oroz -i-K h ash 11 1 8 2 , . Na vs ari i 2 7 3 7 a nd note 48

, .
, , , 5 6, 1 0 0 ,
Naor ozj i ( B as tam M an ak s S 0 11 ) 11 1 5 2 0 1 n ote, 2 1 6, 2 1 7 , 2 42 5 11 3 , 4 , 6, 7 ,
’
.
, , .

16 8 , 5 7 , 7 8 , 8 9 , 9 0 , 1 1 0 , 2 1 0 n ote, 2 3 6,
Na orozp F ar dunj i , M r .
, 1 7 5 , 93, 25 3 ,
. 2 40 , 2 60
2 5 8, 2 61 , 2 7 9 , 3 2 3 , 3 3 2 5 11 2 3 1 , 264 5 . Naz arana 1 1 1 2 7 ,
.

h is u p bl ic p
re u ta t on , 264 i Nek Sa nt K h a n 1 1 2 2 , .

Naorozj i F a rd u nj i S ch l h ip o a rs , th e, i . Nes toria ns 1 9 4 , .

3 17 n ote Newb old Sir J o h n 1 2 46 , , .

Na or ozj i H i ll 11 1 6 a n d n ote , . Newton M r H 1 2 5 5 2 7 1 ,

. .
,
.
,

Na orozj i J a m she dj i W a d i a M r Ne w Y ea r s D ay 1 1 44 ’

, .
,
1 23 7,
.
, .

2 41 Nic ol a n d C omp a ny M es srs , ,

ii . 75
Na oro zj i M ah yarj i M r 1 2 24 n ote ,
.
, . Ni eb uh r 11 2 2 4 2 44 , .
,

Na orozj i Na s arv a nj i W a d i a M r 11 2 5 0 ,
.
, . Nik a du m ii 1 5 7 1 63 , .
,

Na orozj i Ra s ta mj i M r 11 1 3 ,
.
,
. Ni l e t h e 1 3
, ,
.

Naorozj i S et h Mr 11 42 , .
, . Ni nevi t e ki ng s th e i r ric h es i , , . 6
Na orozj i Sorabj i B engal i M r 1 1 2 1 3 , .
, . Nira ng d in i 1 65 , .

n ote Nira ng is tan 11 1 7 7 , .

Naosh ir van ,
i
9 5 h is war
. wi th t h e Nira ng s ii 1 7 9 , .

Ro ma n s , 9-
1 0 5 h is g reat ch i v a e e Nira ng Yaza shne ii 1 7 8 , .

m en ts , 1 0 5 his s urn a me , 10 5 ii 1 81 . Ni s ar i ii 1 62
, .

Na pikinaash ne - p ar v a rde ii , . 1 78 Nis h ap ore c o i nage o f i 1 8 1 , , .

Na rb ez i 5 0 n ote
,
. Ni zam t h e 11 1 2 6 1 2 7 1 2 9
, ,
.
, ,

Narg ol i 48 n ote ; 11 1 8
, . . Noma B eram i 3 6 note , .

Nari m a n H os h ang i 2 1 6 , . Nom an M ak ari n 1 1 5 , .

Na sakh a na , i 2 3 1 2 41 .
,
Nor thb rook Earl of i 2 9 0 , ,
.
3 44 I ND E X .

p tiar m ong , 1 2 5 5 s o a
es a t of, ci b il i y f ll w-f li g wi t h E gl i h m n
e o ee n n s e , 2 82
1 2 6 5 t e r t em e r a n e , 1 2 6 -
hi p c i c f Wl j ic ’
1 27 ; 2 83 5 re o e at Pr n e o a es s

p ii
os t on o f w g
om e n a m o n , 1 2 7 ; a s c y 2 8 5 5 t h i k wl dg 1
r e o v er , e r no e e 0

h b d
us a n s , 1 2 7 - 1 28 , 1 3 1 -
f l 1 3 2 5 e ma e E gl i h 2 88
n t s p fici cy t ,
no e ; ro en a

a cc pl i h
om g hi
s me n t s a m o n , 1 2 8 5 t e r c ick t 2 88 t
r e c ,
f c v no e ; a a se o on er

l i y g
a die s , 1 2 9 5 m a tr mon a m on , 1 2 9 5 i m g 29 1 -
s on a 2 9 2 ; th i d i on t e r e s re o

-ee n , 1 3 0 5 re e om
,

h i f ll w f l i g
t e r e o f d t i
re a n g d m 2 9 2 -2 9 3 t ; a oo na e, no e

f i d
ro m res tra nt o f, 1 3 1 5 ic l i f
o mes t e th i ft e r 2 9 5 5 th i b i di g
u ur e , e r a n

o f, 1 5 3 - bi h c
154 5 rti erem on es of, l y l ty 2 9 5 5 t h i
o a l igi,
e r re on , s ee

1 55- 1 60 5 sur n a m e s o f, 1 62 - 1 63 n ote ; ch p aiv d v f l 11 5 p im

s . .
,
an . o vo . . as s .

i
q u e s t on o f rose t s m a m o ng , 1 68 p ly i P thi
ar 11 1 7 5 1 7 6
a, .
,

ig lw
1 69 5 m ar r a e a s O , 1 7 0 ; m a r f P th i
ar dy ty i 5 t
an nas , . no e

riag es a m on , 1 7 2 5 m arria e g er e g c P th
ar ii 1 7 5
v a, .

mon of, 1 7 4- y 1 88 5 om es t t o f, d ici y P v

ar i 25 t
ez, . no e

d h c
1 89 5 e at i
er e m on e s of, 1 9 2 - 1 96 5 Pa ta rb okh a t , 1 3 6 . note

b b ig y
l a w a ou t am hi
a m o ng , 2 2 5 5 t e r Pa t a s h a m , 1 1 4 7 .

w p i i p c ic
ome n, 2 31 5 s u ers t t ou s ra t es l h d
Pa t e , o r ea m a n , 1 42 5 . ii . 51
am on g , 2 3 2 - hv
2 3 3 5 a e no cd f
o e O Pa t e a m l f ily
, t h e , 11 49 .

l w 2 43 5 g d d G t 2 465 Pa t e t s , 1 1 66, 2 1 3 5 11 1 7 1 -
1 72

fl
a s, re ar e as e n oos , . .

in B mb y 2 66 5 o J t ic f t h
a ,
as us es o e Pa t et i, 1 1 44, 1 49 .

P c e a e, 2 7 2 5 ffi ci l pi i f 27 7
o a o n on o ,
Pa t n a , i 42 t . no e

n t o e th i l gu g 2 81 5
e r b i
an a e, as ar r s Pa t i t ic F
r o d 11 un , . 2 67 , 2 7 7
ter s , 3 0 0 5 th i l d i 304 ; f m l e r a es , e a e Pa tt on , P ro f ess or, 1 305
. n ote , 3 09
i u c m ng 3 0 5 ; gi l ch l
n en e a o ,
r s
’
s oo s Pav i ii 1 1 3 1 1 4
a , .
,

a m ng 3 0 7 5 c h l
o , d wm nt f s oo en o e s o ,
P vi 1 2 0 3
a , .

3 1 6 3 1 6- , 3 17 n t ; t tl i B mb y o e se e n o a ,
P vi
a 1 2 0 0 5 ii 1 8
s, . .

11 48 ; l y l ty f 5 0 5
. o a h i pb ui ld o , as s e rs , Pa za n d , 1 1 8 5 5 11 1 7 1 , 1 7 2 , 1 82
. .

5 9 5 Si J h n M l c l m pi i n f hl vi i
’
r o a o s o n o o Pe e , 3 8, 1 3 3 n ote, 1 8 5 , 2 1 3 , 2 42 5
1 1 6-
, .

1 1 7 ; th i P ch y t 1 3 8 5 t h i
e r an a e , e r ii . 4 0 , 1 47 , 1 5 0 , 1 5 1 , 1 5 2 , 1 5 7 , 1 58 ,
S c iptu r 1 5 5 5 wh t i t h i
re s , li a s e r re 1 7 4 1 7 5, - 1 7 6, 1 7 7 , 1 7 8, 1 9 7 note,
g i n ? 1 83 5 Ch i t i n
o p i ni n f r s a o o o , 20 1 , 2 0 6 .

2 1 8 5 th i p i t 2 3 5 5 p nt
e r r es s , res e Pel l ew, S ir E , . 11 . 67
p i ti n i B mb y f 2 42 5 th i
os o n o a o , e r Pere th u , ii . 17 5
fi t c nn c ti wi th E p
rs o e on 2 43 5 ur o ea n s , Pe re th wa , ii . 175
empl y d o m i ddl me 2 44 5 b g i
as e en , e n Pe rro n , An q u e til d u, 1 . 27 n ote, 50
t t d f
o ra t h m lve 2 45 5 g t
or e se es , o o n ote ; 11 5 , 1 7 5 , 2 0 5 , 2 0 7 , 2 2 0 , 2 3 2 ,
.

oth p t f I d i 2 46 5 f ll w
er ar s o n a, o o 2 44
oth p u ui t t h n t d 2 47 ; l
er rs s a ra e, os e P e rr y , S ir Ers ki ne , 1 251 , 3 1 1 5
. 11 . 112,
m p ly f Ch i t d 2 5 7 5 h w
on o o o na ra e, o 119
aff c t d by it 2 5 9 5 ut i d B m b y
e e , o s e o a ,
Pers e p lio s, 1 4, 1 1 5 ii 1 5 9
. .

259 ; m ch t as 2 62 5 tyl d
er an s, s e Pe rs i i a, . 2 5 s ze o f a n e n t i ci em pi re o f,
“
l t f th B mb y c m mu i ty
sa o e o a o n ,
3 5 7 fi r s t M ah ome d a n i v i
n as on o f,

2 63 5 h n t 2 64 ;
o ou rs bj c t ub o, o e s s 12 5 th e so il of Pe rs i a is o u rs , 18 ;
”

c i b d t by 2 67 ; ch i t y f 2 65 ;
s r e o , ar o ,
i nt e r o ur s e c o f, wi th In di a, 2 4, 2 5
d i ti nct i f th i c h i ty 2 7 1 5 n
s on o e r ar , o n ote ; i v i
n a s on o f, 57 -5 8 5 S i ngul a r
b gg e m g 2 7 2 ; l y l ty f 2 7 3
a rs a on , o a o ,
l a w in , 68 5 its an ci e nt e m pi re , 89 5
2 7 4 5 th i p y f vic t y f
e r ra er or or o an ci e n t, 1 82 5 2 1 5 ; rs t Pars fi i to
E gl i h n m 2 7 4-
s 2 7 5 5 th i p y
ar s, e r ra er vi i t s ,
216 5 31 4 5 1 , 4, 8 , 3 9, ii .

on c p tu a f S b t p l 2 7 6-
re o 2 77 5 e as o o , 52 n ote, 7 8 , 1 40 , 1 46, 1 5 8 , 1 7 2 , 2 7 3
l y l ty f d u i g M utiny 2 8 2 5 th i
o a o , r n , e r P er s i an Gu lf i , . 8 , 2 4, 2 6 n ote
 I ND E X .
3 45

Pe rs i mig ti 1 2 6
an ra ons , . Portug ue s e , th e, i . 2 7 n ote, 41 , 5 0 n ote ;

Pe r s i Z ant i Am l i oroa s r a n e orat on i F d un , 11 9 , 1 1 , 43 , 45 , 49 , 2 44, 2 5 0 , 2 5 1 5

.

1 5 5, 7 2 5
. a p cl
ro a ma t o n o f, 2 5 1 - 2 5 2 n ote i
Pe rs i Z an oroas tr an s , i m arr ag es am on i g ,
Pouruc h is ti,
1 1 89 -
. 190 Po uru s h a s pa
(a n am e ) , 11 . 1 50
Pers i a n s, an ci t ligi en re on of, ii . 1 85 Pouru sh a s p a ( Z or oas t e r s
’
f tha er ) ,
11 .

1 86 5 n o t id l t 211 o a ers , 1 5 0, 1 5 1
Pes hda d , 3 i . Pra y er t o th e A lmighty ,
a, 1 . 29
Pes h da dia n dyn ty i as , . 4, 5 n ote , 11 . Pre m ch a n d R ic h d M a an , r .
, 11 . 27 1
1 5 0 , 1 62 Pri d x D 11 2 1 9 2 20
eau ,
ea n , .
,

Pe s hk ar , Ra j a Ramba x , 11 . 1 28 P i t cl
r es th 11 2 3 5 as s , e, .

Pes h ot a n , i . 10 9 n ote P im
r th e, e,

P es h ot anj i B e ra mj i Sa nj a n a , D as t ur , P i c D ck ii 1 6
’
r n e s o , .

177, 178 n ote, 1 83, 2 3 1 , 2 3 2, P i p q t d 1 25

r ns e t
, uo e , . no e

2 3 6, 23 7, 2 8 4, 2 86 5 his p y ra er, 2 86 P ivy C

r cil th 1 2 5 6 oun ,
e, .

Pes hw ii a, . 1 25 Proby M 11 , r .
, . 1 1 n ote
Pe st anj i, i . 40 P p ty l w
ro er , a of, 1 2 43 -
2 44 5 l a w
. of

Pes t a nj i B a m anj i W di a a, Mr .
, 1 . 48 di t i b t i g
s r u n ,
2 50 -
251
n ote ; 77 P i C w
ru s s a , ro n Pr i c
n e ss of, 1 326
.

Pe st a nj i B hikh aj i Pa n dy a , Mr .
, 1 2 24
. Pruss i a, th e Q u ee n of, 1 326
.

note Pt o em l y ,
1 25. n ote ; h is ma p, 3 7 note

Pes ta nj i D os abh ai K p di a a a, Mr .
,
11 . 2 49 P ul e kes i, 1 2 6 . n ote

Pe s tanj i F r amj i m a M r , 1 3 1 2 n ote K a , . . Pura n d ukh t 1 1 3

H orma sj i a ma , M r , 1 3 1 2
Pe s t anj i L K . .

n ote ; n ote , 2 69 , 2 7 0
Q
Pe s t a nj i M ji er Mr 11 1 2 4, 1 2 8
-
, .
, .

Pe s t anj i S ora bj i T a l y arkh a n , M r .

,
11 . 23 Q UEE N EM PR E SS H ,
. M .3 25 5 th e, i .

Pes t anj i V ik aj i ( a fi rm ) , ii . 61 , 1 1 7 a n d note, 2 7 5 , 2 8 1 5 o a ty lyl

Pe s t an sha i ci o n, to , 2 8 3 5 s e e V ic tor i a ,
Q uee n

i ll 1
P et t H a , . 1 24 Q uett a, 1 02 i .

Phi pp G v s, o ern or ,

Phir oz s h a ( son of Dh anj ish a B eb er e

R
m a n d kh a n ) , ii . 26
Phirozsh a M erv anj i M ht e a, Mr 1 297 RA E, 1 1 9 5 1 1 1 47 , 1 5 1 , 1 5 2
. .

Ph ic ioe n a, 1 6 . Rag un a thrao D a a Sa e , 42 5 d hb i . 11 . 53

Ph ix oen th e , 11 8 7 . Ra g un a t hra o Pe s a, 42 hw ii .

Pic horis , 1 1 1 9 , 1 7 7 , 1 7 8
. Ra hn um a i M az d y a S bh ii
a sn an a a, . 230,
Pil ji R G ikw
a ao a ar, ii . 7 232
Pi d in i d ar s , nroa s o f i , . 48 5 ii . 3 2, 4 4 Rai lw y a ,
ii . 2 53, 2 55
Pirozb ai, 1 2 5 6 . R i lw y
a a s in I n di a, 11 2 5 3
.

i
P t t, 11 2 67 . R j p i pl
a a, 1 101 .

Poc h aj is , t h e , 11 . 56 R jp t
a u s, 1 36 . n ote

Po i nt d e G a l e , 11 80 l . Ra m ( d a y ) , i . 1 40
P o on a , 1 2 5 4, 2 93 5
1 02 an d n ote, ii . Ra m ( a n e g l) ,
1 1 85
.

Mi
.

41 , 42 , 44, 8 9 , 90 , 1 2 5 , 1 3 4, 1 9 7 n ote, Ra m c h a n d a r B al c rish na , ss, 1 3 27

.

2 1 2, 232 n ote

Poon a En g n e e r n i i g C ll g o e e , 11 . 1 41 Ra msa y ,
Mr . A d n re w, 1 1 . 53 n ote

p Cp
P o e , a t ain J A ,
11 1 9 7 , 2 2 3
. Ra n d er , 1 50 . n ote

ji A p ji A
. .

Po rt s mou t h hi py d
,
s ar a t, Rao a n a n d ra o , 11 . 8

Por tug a l King

,
o f, 1 10 Rap ith a v an , 11 1 69 .
3 46 I ND E X .

Ra pith v a n, 1 1 45 . Rem i n
g to n, M r . 11 . 34
Ras h i d M h b n i 66 e er a , . Res urre t on , o tr n e ci dc i of t h e, 11 . 1 93
Ras h u (d y) 1 1 3 9
n a ip d
R on, Lor , 1 3 1 8 .

Riv tt -
.
,

Ra s hnu ( ng l ) 1 1 8 5 a e , . C ce arna , th e Sir J am es ,

11 . 133
Ras k P f
, 11 1 5 6
ro e ss or, .
,
172 Ro b er tson , Mr .
,
a cc oun t of C a m by
a ,

Ra s m i , 1 105. n ote i . 35
Ra s ta mj i D ora bj i, ii . 5 0 , 5 1 5 ra se s a i Rohil kh a nd, i . 39
f c
or e, 5 1 5 r e ar e w d d by v G o er n m e n t , Ro ll in A n ci t H i t y
’
s en s or , 11 . 225
5 2 5 a r om an e in his c l i f 5 2 -5 3 e, n ote Ro m n C t h l ic m i i
a i a o ss o n ar e s , i . 41
Ras tamj i H ormasj i, M r .
,
11 7 2 . Ro m n mp a i 8 e erors , .

Ras ta mj i J a m sh e dj i J ij ibh a i, Mr .
,
1. Rom er, M r .
, 11 3 0 , 40
.

84 5 110 ii . h chil d M
Ro t s 1 1 01 ,
ess rs ,
.

Ras tamj i Ka ik oba dj i, M r .

,
1 1 09
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u ess o ,
.

Ras t amj i K av a sj i B ah a d urj i, D r .

,
1 75 . R y l Ch l t t t h 11 5 7
o a ar o e, e, .

Ra s t a mj i K av asj i, M r .
,
11 1 2 2 5
. g oes to R y l Ch t
o 1 2 45
a ar er , .

C l cu t t
a a, 1 22 5 c ll d
a e a me r ch an t Ruj ub A l i 1 66 ,
.

pi cr n e,
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1 23 R p u E ti h iees, 38 n s a ,
11.

Ras ta mj i K har sh e dj i M di Kh o ,
an Ba h a Ru ll D 1 20 9
sse ,
r .
,
.

d ur, 1 2 5 5 5 . ii 2 1 . Russ i an Go v e rn m e nt, 1 61 .

B ast a m M k ii 9 5 p c h
a na , . s ee o f, 10 ; Ru ss i ans , t he , 1 9 4 .

his s en s e o f j t ic 1 1 ; cl i m us e, a s o f, 1 2 Rus s i a, war w t ih , 11 2 7 4 ; Par s

. i o
pin ior
Ras t a mj i M a n akj i, M r .
,
11 2 5 1. of, 27 9
Ra s t amj i-
M a n akj i, M r ( of B roa . ch ) ,
1 . Ru s t a m , i . 5, 1 84 5 11 . 2 83
1 00 Ru s t a m ( a ge n eral ) 1 , . 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 4, 1 8
Ra s ta mpura , ii . 16
Ras t G oft ar, th e , 1 3 3 0 .

Ra ta nj i M a n akj i Ent i ,
M r , 11 3 7 5 t ra. .

vl e s in A bi ra a, 37 5 his n na m e, 3 8 ick SA E th 1 6 G ,
e, .

ta t a n p ur, R j a a of, 1 49 . S ch i
a ii 2 4 n, .

Ra th a e s h ta ran s , ii . 1 62 S d a A d l t 11 1 1 8
ar a a , .

R at hvi ii , . 1 66, 2 40 S d a A mi 11 2 6 2 9
ar n, .
,

Ra t na gi i r ,
11 1 3 7. S a da s iv B h au M ank esh v ar ii . 41
Rat os h t a it i, 11 1 5 7 , 1 61 . S a d B e n Abu V ok as , i . 14
Ra t us h ,
11 1 5 7. St H e . l e na , 11 86 .

Ra v a y e t s , th e , 11 6, 1 5 9 , 1 60 , 1 6 3, 1 7 8 , . St T . h o ma s
’
s C th d l ii a e ra , . 78
1 82 -
1 83 S t Xa . vi er s
’
Sch l 1 2 8 5 oo , .

Rav c ft M
e ns ro ,
r . dw d
E ar , 1 2 2 0 n ote . S a k a d um , ii 1 5 8 1 64 .
,

R wl i
a Si nson, r y
H e nr , 1 7 5 , 7 6 a n d . Sa l J g Si 11 1 2 9
ar un ,
r, .

n ote, 93 Sa l v t P 11 2 8
a a e r, .

Ra wl i nso n s
’
A ci n e nt M o nar c hi es, 1 25 . Sa l i b y th 11 1 3
s ur , e, .

n ote Sa l s e tte , 1 40 , 42 5 11 9 0 , 1 1 4, 1 1 7
. .

Rea d y mon e y f mily

a , t he , 11 5 7 . Sa l sett e , t h e , 11 67 .

Rea d y mone y, or ig i n o f n am e , 11 5 7. S an j a n, Pars i s s e t t e a t, l i . 30 a nd note

Re c d
or er s
’
C o u rt , 1 2 45
. 3 1 , 3 4, 3 7 , 1 7 6, 1 8 7 , 2 1 5 , 2 5 7 5 ii .

Re d S ea, th e , 1 3 . 2, 5 , 2 7 3
Re ina ud , M .
,
q uot e d i , . 25 n ote, 2 7 n ote S a ns c it r ,
1 1 86 5. 11 . 40 ; t wo ki d n s 0

Reid P f , 1 305 t 30 9
ro e ssor , . no e, 155 5 156
R l igi
e P i ii ch p
o n, iv a rs , . a s . .
,
and v . Sa ra , th e , 1 80h .

R l igi
e R f m A ci ti 11
o us e or ss o a o n, . 230 , S ar i i ,
. 1 1 7 , 1 2 2, 1 5 5
231 Sar S u bh a, 11 41
3 48 I ND E X

S tak h ar , 11 . 159 T e mul j i J ivanj i Readymoney , Mr . 11 . 5

S te v e ns , Mr . J ames i 1 220 t , s en or, . no e T e mulj i Ras t a mj i Sirv a i, M r .
, 11 7 .

d
Stu e n ts L t erar a n
’
i y d S ci ti fi c S ci ty en o e ,
T ena, ii . 59
th e , i
3 0 5 , 3 0 6 a nd
. n ote , 3 1 2, 3 22 T h a n a, 1 . 26 3 5 , 40 , 42 , 2 5 4 5
n ote, ii

Stu d Y ht ii as , . 1 5 8 , 1 64 5 3, 1 1 5 , 1 2 4, 2 5 0 , 2 5 3
Su cc i ess o n a n d M i arr a
ge Act s, 1 278
. T h th
ana s , e, 46 a n d n ote

S udkar, ii . 157 , 1 59 T h ib t i 8 9 e , .

Su d 1 32 ra , .
, 1 1 7 , 1 65 , 1 67 , 1 68 Th m o M s on , r . R ona ld ,
1 79, 82
.

S lt n Hu
u a se n , 1 56. T h riti, ii . 154
S ul t ni N
a aoroz , i . 1 49 Tig i r s, t h e , 1 3 , 9 , 89 .

S u n ab a i Na sa rv a nj i ama , 3 1 2 note K i . Tim es , th e , 1 2 0 8 .

p b
S u er , th e , T im es of In di a, the , i . 328 n ote, 331
p C
S u re m e ourt , th e , 1 2 45 5 u g e s of, . j d
2 46 5 2 48 , 2 5 6 i
T mur, 1 3 8 , 3 9 .

S ura t , i
27 , 3 5, 3 6 . n ote ; re mo vl
a of T ir ( d ay ) , 1 1 3 7 .

fi r e t o, 48 5 a nn e rsa r at , 49 5 5 0 5 iv y T ir ( m o nt ) 1 1 47 h .

i
its or gin , 5 0 n ote ; 9 3 , 1 0 6, 2 1 6, Tir (an g l) e , 1 1 85
.

2 2 1 , 2 42 , 2 47 , 2 48 , 2 5 4, 2 5 5 , 2 60 , To pi ,
1 118
.

2 64, 2 81 , 2 8 7 , 3 2 3 5 8, 9, 1 0 , T orl e ss e , M r . J oh n , 11 . 64 n ote

1 1 , 1 2 , 1 6, 1 7 , 1 9 , 3 0 , 3 3 , 3 6, 3 7 , 3 8 , Tow f Sil c er o D kh m e n e , see o as

3 9 , 5 4, 5 9 , 60 , 7 7 , 8 9 , 1 1 0 , 1 41 , 1 45 , T w C
o n ci l f B mb y th oun o o a ,
e, 11 . 1 24
2 1 0 n ote, 2 43 , 2 44, 2 49 , 2 5 0 , 251, T l t i F d th S i J
ra ns a on un ,
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e

2 66, 2 7 1 J ij ibh i i 2 8 7 a , .

S u ra t A t ha vis i, 11 . 7 T rimb akj i D a ngl ia , 11 . 41

S ura tj i, 1 5 0 . n ote T r om b y 1 42 1 7 7 n t
a , .
,
o e

S ut h l nder a , Du k e o f, 1 209
. T ro wb i dg Si T 11 65 66
r e, r .
, .
,

S ut h l d er a n , Mr .
, 11 3 2 . T ro y q t d 1 25 n t
er , uo e , . o e

Sy i 1 19
r a, . Tr u t Ch i t bl 1 2 41
s e e s, ar a e, .

Tu b i ng 11 1 7 3 1 7 4 en , .
,

T
T ug l ikhpur , i . 39
T ur , i . 56
T AB A I iR , . 1 9, 2 7 n ote T u ra n i a ns , 1 . 4
Ta bl B y 11 8 2
e a , . T ur b a ra tur, 11 . 1 54
Ta b i i 61 65
r z, .
, T ur k m ch er a n t, a , 1 1 . 10
T aj bakh as , th e , 11 . 72 T ur k y S lt
e , u a n o f, 11 2 2
.

T a l y a rkh a n , ii . 22 T u rn er , M r , 11 8 3 . .

T an a c e re mon y i , . 202 T us t er, 1 1 9 .

T a n d a rus t i, 1 1 8 7 .

T a p id a s V a rj d a s a n d CO . M e ss rs ,
ii . 2 49
T a pti, i
5 0 n ote.

T a ra p ur, 11 44, 1 2 4, 1 3 0
. UC H , i . 38
Tar ik h
-i-T a bril , 11 2 2 5 . U d e p ur 1 2 6 note , .

T c h e ng rig ha t c h ah , 1 2 5 . n ote Udva da 1 48 2 42 5 ii 45 , .

, .
,
2 1 0 note
T e he mura s , i 4 U l ugh K h an 1 44 n ote , .

Te h era n , i . 5 5 , 66, 7 5 , 7 7 5 p oor h ou s e Un d e ry Ch a nd cry , 11 80 .

a t, 85 i k
U n on B an , 11 1 2 2
h
T e muras D in sh a , Erv a d , 11 2 3 3 . U iv i ty t h
n e rs , e B om byi a ,
. 2 90 5
’
d eg ree

T em pl e, S ir R ich d ar , 1 1 0 0 , 2 0 6, 3 1 7
. a t, 293
n ote ; 11 1 0 9 , 2 6 4
. U nive rs i ty H all ,
11 . 1 41 , 1 42
T e mulj i , D a st ur, 11 1 7 9 . note Urf, 1 64 .
 I ND E X .
3 49

Urv a t a tn ar a , 11 1 5 5 . V izrael , S e nor , ii . 11

Ush a in, 1 69 ii . V oh ukh s h a t ar -
g a s , 1 1 44 .

Us hid aren a , 152 ii . V oh uman o , 11 1 8 6, 1 88 , 1 9 0 .

Us ht av atg as , 1 44 i . V u l t ur e s ,
i . 1 96, 2 0 0
U s ma n Chal ebi 1 0 ii .

Ut h a mna , 1 1 9 9 .

Uziran, ii . 1 69
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.
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W di t h f mi ly 11 60
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V A H I ST A , 11 . 1 92 W di H m j i B m j M
a a or aS a a n i, r .
, 1 22 4 .

V a iry o , azote

V aj al p ur , 1 40 . W di J
a a a m sh e dj i B a ma nj i, M r .
, 1 224
.

V aj ir-
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1 178
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V a kil s 1 , . 300 W it a e, Sir Nic h ol a s , 11 . 11 a n d n ote

V a l er i a n ,
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V an h eu sh , i . 1 57 Wla e s , H R H t he Pr n e o f, 1 2 0 9 , 2 61
. . . i c .

V a n k a n er ,
11 3 5 . n ote ; h i s m a rr a e , 2 83 5 h is i l n e s s , ig l
V arac a n d a , 283 -
2 8 4 5 2 8 6, 2 8 7 5 h is vi i t t I di s o n a,

V ar iav , i
3 5 , 3 6 5 t ra e . a t, 49 g dy 2 87 5 w lc e o me d by P i l d a ars on an

V a rsh t a m an sar, 11 1 5 7 , 1 60 .
ing in I n di a, 287 -
2 88 5 11 7 1 . n ote,

V a s hti ii 1 62 1 43
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,

V as t ar e m, ii . 158 a es , H RH . . . t h e Pr n e ss o f, . 32 5,
V a s t rio F s h u y a n ts , 11 1 62 .
326
Vat a 1 1 41 W lt a on , Mr R . i i
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V a zerk ard - D n , 11 1 7 7 , 1 7 9 , 2 3 2 i i .
1V al wa d , . 24

Va z - i- i
A d arb a d M are s pa n d, 11 1 7 8 .
1 Va n a s
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V az -i- a an - i- e s t a , 11 1 7 8
M l ig Av .
Wi e r, Dr T . . S .
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1 95, 329
.

V e d as t h e , 11 1 5 6, 1 5 7 , 1 67 , 2 1 6 V Vell e sl e y , t h e , 11 7 0 .

W
.
,

V eh esh t oy asht -
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Z ar t h os h t i D m Siks h a k, h a ra ii . 23 3 Z o roa s t r a n s i i
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