«Ll a r t n h u n m ess s er ies

A TRE ATI SE

E LE CTRI CI TY AND MAGNETI SM

JAME S C LE R K MAXWE LL, MA . .

LLD . E N
D I SS L N N
F R
. . E N
. O D O A ND D I B UR GH

H O N ELL W
OR A R Y F NO LLE E
OF TR I I TY C O G ,

A ND E SS
PR OF OR E E M EN L
OF S
XP RI TA PH Y I C S
I N TH E N SU I VE R EI TY O F C A M B R I D G

VO L . II

69 mm
A T TH E C LA RE N D O N P RE SS

[ A ll r igh ts r es e r v e d ]
 C O N T E N T S .

P A R T III .

MA GN E TI S M .

C H A PTE R I .

E LE M E NTA R Y T HE OR Y or M A GN E T I SM .

37 1 P . r p rti
o e es o f a ma gn e t wh e n a cte d on by th e ea rth
3 72 . D fi i ti
e n on of th e ax i s o f th e ma gn e t an d o f th e di r e cti o n o f
ma gn e ti c fo r ce
3 7 3 A cti o n o f ma gn e ts o n o n e a n o th e r
. La w o f ma gn e ti c fo r ce .

3 7 4 D e fin i ti o n o f ma gn e tic u n i ts a n d th e i r di me n s i o n s
.

3 7 5 N a tu r e o f th e e vi d e n c e fo r th e l a w o f ma gn e ti c fo r ce
.

3 7 6 M a gn e tis m a s a ma th e ma ti ca l qu a n ti ty
.

3 7 7 T h e qu an titi e s o f th e o pp o s ite ki n d s o f ma gn e tis m i n a ma gn e t

.

y x tly q l
a r e a l wa s e ac e u a

f br ki g m g t
w
3 78 E ff tec s o ea n a a n e 1.

h f hi h
.

3 79 . A m g t i b i l t p f p r ti l
a ne s u mg t u o a c e s ea c o c 18 a a ne .

380 . Th y f m g ti m tt r
eo r
”
o a ne c a e

38 1 . M g ti ti
a n ei f th
za t r f v tr
on s o e na u e o a ec o

M i g f th t r m M g ti P l ri ti
’
3 82 . e an n o e e a ne c o a z a on

383 . P r p rti
o f m g ti p rti l
e es o a a ne c a c e

384 . D fi i ti
e nf M g ti M m t I t
ons o i ty f M g ti ti a ne c o en ,
n ens o a ne za o n,

an d C mp t of M g ti ti o n en s o a ne za on

385 . P t ti l f m g ti d l m t f v l m
o en a o a a n e z e e e en o o u e

386 . P t ti l f
o en m g t f fi it i
a o Tw a xp r i f thi a ne o n e s z e. o e e ss o ns or s

p t ti l rr p di g r p tiv ly t th th ry f p l ri
o en a ,
co es on n es ec e o e eo o o a

ti
z a d t th t f m g ti
on, an m tt r o a o a ne c
“
a e

38 7 . I v tig ti
n es f th ti
a f m g ti p rti l
on o th r e ac on o one a ne c a c e o n an o e

38 8 . P rti l r
a cu a ca se s

389 . P t ti l
o en rgy f m g t
a ene
y fi ld f f r o a a ne ln an e o o ce

390 . O th m g ti m m t
n e d xi
a f m g t
ne c o en an a s o a a ne

8 12 2 4 6
 CO N TE N TS .

E xp a n sio n o f th e p o te n ma gn e t i n
tia l o f a s ph rie ca l r
h a mo n ic s
Th e ce n t e r o f a ma gn e t a n d th e pr ima ry an d s e co n d ry x
a a es

th r g
ouh th e c e nt e r
Th e r
n o th e n d o f a ma n e t i n thi s t e a ti s e i s th a t w h i ch
g o i n ts r p
no r th , a n d th e s o u th e n d th a t w hi ch o in ts s o u th B o e al p . r
ma gn e ti s m i s th a t w h i ch i s su pp o se d to e xi st n e a r th e no rth
p o le of th e ea rth an d th e so u th en d Of a ma gn e t . Au s tr la

ma gn e tis m i s th a t wh i c h b e l o n gs to th e so u th p o le o f th e ea r th
an d th e rth no en d o f a ma gn e t . r
A u s t a l ma gn e ti s m i s co n

side r e d p iti v os e

Th e d i r e cti o n o r
f ma gn e ti c fo c e i s th a t in wh i c h a u s t a l ma g r
n e ti s m te n ds v r
to mo e , th a t i s , f o m s o u th to n o th , a n d th i s r
i s th e p o s i ti v e di r f ma gn e ti c li n e s o f fo c e A ma gn e t
e cti o n o r .

is s ai d to b e r
ma gn e tiz e d f o m i ts s o u th e n d to wa ds its n o r th r
en d

C H A PTE R I I .

M A GN E T I C FO R C E AN D M A GN E T I C I ND U C TI O N .

Ma gn e ti c fo r ce d e fi n e d w ith rfr t th
e e e n ce o e ma gn e tic p o te n ti a l

M a gn e ti c fo r c e i n a c n y l i d r i v i ty i c ca n a ma gn e t un i fo ml r y
ma gn e ti z e d p a r a ll e o e l t th xi f th yli
a s o e c n de r
Appl ic a ti o n to a n y ma gn e t
An e l o n ga te d c yli n d e r—M
. a
g n e ti c fo r ce

A th in di s k .
-
M a gn e ti c in d u cti o n
R e l a ti o n b e twe e n ma gn e ti c fo r ce ma gn e ti c i n du c ti o n , a n d ma g
,

n e tiz a ti o n

Li n e in te g
-
r
f ma gn e ti c fo c e , o r ma gn e ti c
al o r p o te n tia l

r r
S u fa ce in te g a l o f ma gn e ti c i n du c ti o n
-

rb
S o l e n o i da l d i s t i u ti o n o f ma gn e ti c i n d u c ti o n
r
S u fa ce s an d t b u es of ma gn e ti c i n du cti o n
Ve cto rp-
o te n tia l f ma gn e tic i n d u cti o n
o

R e l a ti o n s b e twe e n th e s c a la a n d th e e c to r v rp -
o te n ti a l

C H APTE R I I I .

PAR T I C U A R L FOR M S O F M A GNE T S .

407 . D e fi n itio n o f a ma gn e ti c s o le n o i d
4 08 . D e fi n i ti o n o f a co mpl e x s o l e n o i d a n d e xpr e s s io n fo r i ts p o te n ti a l
at any p o in t
 CO N TE NTS .

40 9 . Th e p o te n ti al o f a ma gn e tic sh e ll a t an
y p o in t is th e pr o d u ct o f

i ts r
st e n gth mu l tipli e d by th e s o li d a n
gl e i ts b
o u n da ry su b

te n ds at th e p o in t

Th e p o te n ti a l at a p o in t on th e p o s iti v e s ide of a s h e ll o f
r
st e n gth ( I) e x ce e ds tha t on th e n ea r es t p o in t o n th e n e
g a ti v e

s ide b y 4 77 4)
L a me ll a r di trib ti f m g s u on o a n e ti s m
Co mpl x l m ll r di tri b ti
e a e a s u on

Po te n tial o f a s o l e n o i da l ma gn e t
Po te n tia l o f a l a me lla rm a
gn et

V e c to rp -
o te n ti a l of a l a me lla rm a
gn et

O n th e s o l i d a n gl e s u bt en de d at a gi v en p o in t by a c l o s e d cu rv e

Th e s o li d an
gl e e e s s e d th e l e
gxpr
n th o f a by cu rv e on th e s ph r e e

S o li d a n gl e fo u n d b y tw o li n e in te g a ti o n s -
r
II e xpre s s e d a s a d e te mi n a n t r
Th e s o lid a n gl e is a c y li c c fun cti o n
Th e o ry o f th e v e c to rp t-
o en ti a l o f a c l o s e d cu rv e

Po te n ti a l en e rgy o f a ma gn e ti c sh e ll pl a ced in a ma gn e ti c fi e ld

C H A PTE R I V .

I ND UC E D M A G NE TI ZA TI ON .

Wh e n a b dyo un de r th e a cti o n of ma gn e ti c fo r c e b e c o me s i tse lf

ma gn e tiz e d th e ph e n o me n o n i s c a ll e d ma gn e ti c in du c ti o n
M a gn e ti c i n du cti o n i n d iffe r e n t su b s ta n c e s

D e fin i ti o n o f the fi
c o e f ci e n t o f in d u c e d magn e tiz a ti o n
M a th e ma ti ca l th e o ry o f ma n e ti c i n d u cti o n o is s o n s me th o d
’

g P .

F ra da y
a
’
s me th o d
C as e of a b dy rr d d by
o su o un e a magn e ti c me di u m
Po is so n
’
s phy i l th ry f th
s ca eo o e ca u s e o f in du c e d ma gn e tis m

C H A PTE R V .

M A G N E TI C PR O B LE M S .

4 3 1 Th e o
. ry of a h o l lo w s ph r i e ca l s h e ll
4 32 . C a se wh e n K is la r ge
433 . Wh e n i l
4 34 . Co rr p es on di n g cas e in tw o dime n s io n s . Fig X V .

4 35 . C a se o f a s o li d ph r th
s e e, e fi
co e f c i e n ts of ma gn e tiz a ti o n b e in g

d iffe r ent in di ff r t dir cti

e en e ons
 CO N TE N TS .

Th e n in e co e ffic i e n ts r e d u ce d to six . Fi g XVI .

Th e o ry o f a n e l li p s o i d a cte d o n by a u n ifo rm m a
gn e tic fo r ce

C a se s v ry fl t d f v ry l g llip id
. of e a an o e on e so s

S t t m t f pr bl m
a e lv d by N m
en o Ki r h h ff d Gr
o e s so e eu an n ,
c o an een

M th d f ppr i m ti
e o t l ti
o f th g
a r l pr bl
ox a on o a so u on o e en e a o e m
wh K i v ry s m ll
en M g ti b di te d t w r ds pl
s e a . a ne c o es n o a a ce s

fm ti t
o m g ti f r
os d di m g ti b di te
n e n se a ne c o ce , a n a a ne c o es nd

t pl o f w k t f rca ce s o ea es o e

hip m g ti m
’
O n s s a ne s

C H A PTE R VI .

WE B ER s
’
T H E OR Y O F M A GNE TI C I ND U C TI ON .

Ex p rime t i di ti g m xim m f m g ti ti
e n s n ca n a a u o a ne za on

W b r m th m ti l th ry f t mp r ry m g ti ti
e e
’
s a e a ca eo o e o a a ne za on

M difi ti
o f th th ry to
ca t f r i d l m g ti
on o e eo a cco u n or es ua a ne z a ti o n

E xpl ti f ph
an am by th m difi d th ry
on o en o en a e o e eo

M g ti ti
a ne d m g ti ti d r m g ti ti
z a on, e a ne za on ,
an e a ne za on

E ff e cts f ma gn e ti z a ti o n
o on th e di me n s i o n s Of th e ma gn e t
Ex pr e i me n ts o f J o u l e

C H APTE R V I I .

M A G NE T I C ME A S U R E ME NT S .

Su s p e n s io n f th e ma gn e t
o

M e tho d s o f o se b rv
a ti o n by mirr o r an d scale . Ph o to g r ph i
a c

me th o d
r
P i n ci l e p mpl o ye d i n th e Ke w ma gn e to me te r
o f c o l li ma ti o n e

D e te rmi n a ti o n o f th e a xi s o f a ma gn e t a n d o f th e d ir e c ti o n o f
th e h o r iz o n ta l c o mp o n e n t o f th e ma gn e ti c fo r c e
M e a su r e me n t o f th e mo me n t o f a ma gn et a n d o f the i n te n s ity o f
th e h o ri z o n ta l c o mp o n e n t o f ma n e ti c fo r c e
g
O b rvse a ti o n s o f d e fie x i o n
M e th o d o f ta n ge n ts and me th o d o f s in e s
O b rvse a ti o n o f vibr a ti o n s

E l imi n a ti o n of th e e ffe cts o f ma gn e ti c i n du c ti o n

Sta ti ca l me th o d o f me a su r
i n g th e h o i z o n ta l fo ce r r
B i fil a r su s p e n sio n

Sy t m f b rv ti i
s e o o se a ons n an o b rv t ry
se a o

Ob rv tisef th dip ir a on o e -
c cl e
 CO N TE N TS .

462 . J A B
. . r o un s
’
me th o d o f co rr e ct i o n

46 3 . J o ul e
’
s su s p e n s io n

464 . B a l an ce v rti
e cal fo r ce ma gn e to me te r

C H A PTE R V I I I .

TE R R E STR I A L M A G NE T I SM .

E l e me n ts Of th e ma gn e ti c fo r ce
b
C o m in a ti o n o f th e re s u l ts o f th e ma gn e ti c su r y
ve o f a co u n t ry
D e d u cti o n o f th e e xp a n si o n o f th e ma gn e ti c pt o e n t al i o f th e
ea rth in s ph ri e ca l r
h a mo n i cs
D e fi i ti
n f th rth m g
on o e ea
'

s a n et c i p o le s . Th e y a r e n o t at th e
e xtr mi ti f th m g ti
e es o e a ne c a x is . Fa l e p o l
s es . Th e yd o no t
e xi t th e rth
s fon e a
’
s su r a ce

Ga u s s
’
ca l cu l a ti o n o f th e 2 4 i
c o e ffic e n ts o f th e fir st fo u rh ar

mo n i es
Se pra a tio n o f xt r l fr
e e na o m i n te rn a l ca u s e s o f ma gn e ti c fo r ce

Th e so l a r an d l r v ri
un a a a ti o n s

T he p ri e o di c v ri tia a o ns

Th e di s tu rb a n ce s a n d th e i r p ri e od o f 11 y r ea s .

R e fl e x io n s on

PAR T IV .

E L E C TR OM A G N E TI S M .

C H A PTE R I .

E LE C TR O MA GNE TI C F OR C E .

O r s te d
’
s dis co v rye o f th e a c ti o n of an e l e ct ri c cu rr ent on a

ma gn e t
Th e s p a ce n e a r a n e l e ct ri c cu rr en t is a magn e ti c fi e ld

A cti o n o f a v rti e ca l cu rr en t o n a ma gn e t
P r o of th a t th e fo r ce du e to a r
st a i
g h t c u e nt rr o f i n de fi n ite ly
gr e at le n gth v r i a es in v r ly e se a s th e d i sta n ce

E l e ct r o ma gn e ti c mea s ur f th e o e cu rr en t
 CO N TE N TS .

Po te n ti a l fu n c ti o n d u e to a r
st a igh t c u rr e n t. I t is a f u n cti o n
o f ma n yv a lu e s

Th e a c tio n o f th i s cu rr e n t co mp a r e d with th a t o f a ma gn e ti c
sh e ll v
h a i n g a n i n n ite s t fi r igh t a e dge an d e xt e n d in g o n o n e

s ide o f th i s e dge to i n n it fi y
A s ma ll c i cu r it a cts a t a gr t d i tea s a n ce li k e a ma gn e t
D e d u cti o n f r o m th i s o f th e a c ti o n o f a cl o s e d c i c u it o r f any fo m r
a n d si z e o n a n y p o in t n o t i n th e cu rr ent i ts e l f
pr
C o m a is o n b e tw e e n th e r
c i cu it a n d a ma gn e ti c sh e ll
Ma gn e tic p o te n ti a l o f a c l o s e d c i cu r it
C o n di ti o n s o f co n t n u o u si r t ti
o a on o f a ma gn e t a b ou t a cu rr en t

F o rm f th e ma gn e tic
o e q ip t
u o e n tia l su rf a ce s du e to a clo s e d

r
ci cu i t Fig X VI I I
. .

Mu tu a l a cti o n b tw
e e en an y s ytm s e o f ma gn e ts an d a cl o s e d

cu rr en t

R e a cti o n on th e c i cur it
F o rce a c ti n g o n a wi r e ca r yir n
g a cu rr e n t an d pl a ce d in th e
ma gn e ti c fi e ld

Th e o ry o f e l e ct o r ma gn e ti c r o ta ti o n s
A c ti o n o f one e l e ct ri c c i cu r it on th e w h o l e or an
y p rti o on o f
an o th e r
O u r me th o d o f in v e stiga ti o n i s th a t o f Fa r a da y
I l lu s t r a ti o n of th e me th o d a ppl i ed to pr a a ll e l c u rr e n ts

D ime n s i o n s o f th e un it o f cu rr ent

Th e wir e is u rg ed f r o m th e s i de wh i ch i ts ma gn e ti c a c ti o n
on

r
s t e n gth e n s th e ma gn e tic fo r ce r
a n d to w a d s th e s i de o n whi ch

it o pp o se s it
A c ti o n o f an in fi n i te r
s t a i gh t cu rr en t o n an y cu rr en t in its
pl an e

S ta te me n t o f th e l a ws o f e le ct o r ma gn e tic fo r ce . Ma gn e ti c fo r c e
du e to a cu rr ent

Ge n e r a li t y o f th e s e la ws
Fo r ce a c ti n g o n a c i cu i t r pl i n th e ma gn e tic e ld
a ce d fi
E l e ct r o ma gn e ti c fo r ce i s a me cha n i ca l fo ce a c ti n g o n th e r co n

du c to r ,
not on th e e le c t ri c cu rr en t i tse lf

C H A PTE R I I .

M UT UA L A C TI O N OF E LE C T R I C C UR R E N T S .

502 . Am e pr ’
e s in v e s tiga tio n o f th e l a w of fo r b
ce e tw e e n th e e le me n ts
o f e l e c t ic r cu rr e n ts
 CO N TE NTS .

H is me tho d of e xp ri m e e n ti n
g
A mpe r bl e s
’
a a n ce

A mp er fir t xp rim t E q l d pp it rr t
’
e s s e e en . ua an O os e cu en s n eu

t li ra h th r
z e ea c o e

S d xp r im t
e co n A r k d
e e d t r i q iv l t t
en . c oo e co n uc o s e u a en o a

tr igh t
s a r yi g th m rr t
o n e ca r n e sa e cu en

Thi r d xp ri m t e Th tie f l d rr t
en l . e ac on o a c o se cu en as an e e

m t f en th r rr t i p rp d i l r t th t l m t
o an o e cu en s e en cu a o a e e en

F rth xp ri m t E q l rr t i y t m g m tri lly

ou e e en . u a cu en s n s s e s eo e ca

imil r pr d
s aq lfr o u ce e ua o ce s

In ll f th
a xp rim t th ti g rr t i
o e se e l d e en s e ac n cu en s a c o se one

B th ir it m y h w v r f
o c cu m th m ti l p rp
s a b ,
o e e ,
or a e a ca u o se s e co n

i d
ce v e i ti g f l m t ry p r ti
as co n s s d th ti n o e e en a o o n s, an e ac on

f th
o ir i t th r
e c lt t f th
cu ti f th
s as l m t e e su an o e ac on O e se e e en s

N ry f rm f th r l ti b tw tw l m t ry p rti
e ce s sa o o e e a o ns e een o e e en a o ons

o f l in e s
Th e ge o me tri ca l q u an titi e s wh i ch d e te rmi ne th e i rr e la ti v p
e o si

ti o n
F o rm o f th e co mp o n e n ts o f th e i r mu tu a l a c ti o n

R e s o lu ti o n o f the s e i n th r ee di r e cti o n s , pr a a l l e l, r p tiv ly t es ec e ,

o

th e li n e j i o n n i g th e m an d to th e e le me n ts
‘

th m lv e se es

Ge n e r a l e xpr e s sio n fo r th e a c ti o n o f a fin i te curr t th l en on e e e

me n t o f an o th e r
C o n di tio n fu r n i sh e d by A mp er ’
e s r
thi d ca s e o f e q u bri m
ili u

Th e o ry of th e di r tri x
ecd th an e de t rmi
e n an ts o f e le c tr dy mi
o na c

a cti o n

E xpr e s s io n o f th e r
d e te mi n a n ts in te ms r o f th e co mp o n e n ts
o f th e v e c to rp -
o te n ti a l o f th e cu rr en t
Th e p rta o f th e fo r ce whi ch i s i n d e te mi n a te r ca n be e xpr e s se d
as th e s p a ce -
v ria a ti o n o f a p o te n ti a l
C o m l e te p e xp r e ss i o n fo r th e a c ti o n b e tw e e n tw o fi n i te cu rr e n ts

p
M u tu a l o te n tia l o f tw o cl o s e d cu rr en ts
A ppr pri o a te n es s o f q ua te r n i o n s i n thi s i n v e sti
g a ti o n

D t rmi
e e n at o n i of th e fo rm o f th e fu n cti o n s by Amp r e e s
’
fo u rth
ca s e O f e q ui li bri u m
Th e r
e l e c t o dyn a mi c an d e le c t o r ma gn e ti c u n i ts o f cur r e n ts

Fi n al e xpr e s s io n s fo r e l e ct o r ma gn e ti c fo rc e b e tw e e n tw o e le

me n ts
F r d iffe re
ou nt a dmi ibl ss e fo ms r f th o e th e o ry
Of th e se A m e p re ’
s i s to b e pr f rr d
e e e
 CO N TE N TS .

C H APTE R I I I .

I ND U C TI O N OF E L E C TR I C C UR R E NT S .

Fa ra da y s ’
dis c o v ry
e . Na tu r e o f h is me th o ds
T h e me th o d of th i s t r e a ti s e fo u n d e d on th a t o f F a r a da y
Ph e n o m f ma gn e to e l e c t i c i n du cti o n
ena o -
r
r
Ge n e a l l a w o f i n du c tio n o f c u e n ts rr
I ll u s tr a ti o n s o f th e d i r e cti o n o f i n du c e d cu rr e n ts

by th m ti f th
I n du cti o n th e o on o e e ar

Th l tr m tiv f r
e e ec d t i d ti
o d o t d p e o ce ue o n uc on o es n o e end o n

th m t r i l f th
e d t ra e a o e co n uc o

Ith t d
as n o y t m v th d t r en en c o o e e co n uc o

F li i
e xp rim t
c s e
’
th l w f i d ti e en s on e a s o n uc on

U e f th g l v
s o m t r t d t rmi e th tim i t gr l
a an o e e o e e ne e e -
n e a o f th e
l tr m tiv f r
e ec o o e o ce

C j g t p iti
on u f tw a e il os ons o o co s

M th m ti l xpr i
a e f ath t t l ca rr t f i d ti
e e ss o n or e o a cu en o n uc on

F r dy
a a pti f
a l tr t i
’
s co n c e t t on o an e ec o on c s a e

H i m th d f t ti g th l w
s e o f i d ti wi th r f r
o s a n e a s o n uc on e e e n ce to
th l i ef m g ti f r n es o a ne c o ce

Th l w f L
e a d N m o th y f i d ti enz ,
an eu ann s
’
eor o n uc on

H l mh l t f i d ti fr m th m h i l
’
e d d ti o z s e uc on o n uc on o e ec a n ca a cti o n

f
o rr t b y th pri ipl f
cu en rv ti f rgy
s e n c e o co n se a on o ene

Th m o ppl i ti f th m pri ipl

so n s a
’
ca on o e sa e nc e

Wb re trib ti
e
’
t l tr i l
s co n i ce u ons o e ec ca sc e n

C H AP TE R I V

I ND UC TI ON OF A C UR R E NT ON I T S E LF .

Sh o ck giv by l tr m g t en an e ec o a ne

A pp r t m m t m f l tri ity
a en o en u o e ec c

D iff r b tw thi
e e n ce d th t f t b e een s ca s e an a o a u e c o n ta i n in g a

curr t f w t r en o a e

I f th r i m m t m i t i
e t th t f th m vi g
e s o en u s no a o e o n e l e ct ri ity
c

N v r th l
e e th ph m x tly l g
e e ss e en o en a ar e e ac ana o ou s to th o s e o f
mo me n tu m
An e l e ct ri c cu rr ent ha s en e rgy , wh i ch ma y b e ca ll e d e l e ct or
ki n e ti c e n e rgy
Thi s l e a d s us to fo rm a d y na mi ca l th e o ry o f e l e ctri c cu rr e n ts
 CO N TE N TS .

C H A PTE R V .

GE NE R A L E Q U ATI O N S OF D YN A M I C S .

La g ra n
g e s
’
me th o d fu r n i s h e s a ppr pri o a te i de a s fo r th e s tu dy o f
th e high e r dy na mi ca l s c i e n ce s

Th e s e i de as mu st b e tra n s la te d fr o m ma th e ma ti ca l in to d y
n a mi ca l l a n u a e
g g
D r
eg e e s o ff r e edo m of a c o n n e cte d s ste
y m
r li
Ge n e a z ed me a n i n g o f v e l o ci t y
Ge n r a l ie z e d me a n i n g of fo r ce

G r li
en e a z e d me a ni n g o f mo me n tu m an d im p u ls e

W rk d
o one by m ll imp l
a s a u se

K i n e ti c en e rgy i t rm f m m t ( T? )
n e s o o en a,

H a mil to n
’
s e q ti f m ti n
ua o ns o o o

Kin e ti c ene rgy i t rm f th v l iti

n e d m s o e e oc es an o me n ta , ( Tp q )
K in e ti c ene rgy i t rm f v l i ti ( T4)
n e s O e oc e s,

R e l a ti o n s be tw e e n Tp d T4 , 1
an 9 and
g
’

M o me n ts and pr o d u c ts o f i n e ti a a n d mo i l i tyr b
Ne c e s sa ry co n d i tio n s whi ch th e s e co e f ci e n fi ts mu st sa ti s f y
R e la ti o n b et we e n ma the ma ti ca l, d y na mi ca l, a n d e le ct ri ca l idea s

C H A PTE R VI .

L
A PP I C A T I O N OF D YN A MI C S TO E LE C TR O M A GNE T I S M .

Th e e l e ct ri c cu rr ent p o ss e s s e s e n e rgy
Th e cu rr ph m
en t is a ki n e ti c en o eno n

W rk d
o by l tr m tiv f r
one e ec o o e o ce

Th m t ge r l xpr i f th ki ti
os ene a rgy f y t m
e e ss o n or e ne c ene o a s s e

i l di g l tri
nc u rr t
n e ec c cu en s

Th l ctri l v ri bl
e e e d t pp ea r i th i
ca a xpr i
a es o no a n s e e ss o n

M h a i l f rce
ec n ca ti g d t r
o ac n o n a co n u c o

Th p rt d p di g
e a pr d t f rdi ry v l iti
e en n d on o uc s o o na e oc es an

tr gth
s fen rr t d t xi t
s o cu en s o es n o e s

A th r x pe rim ta l t t
no e e en es

D i i f th
scu s s o n l tr m tiv f r o e e ec o o e o ce

I f t rm i v l vi g pr d t
e s n f v l i ti
o d urr t
n xi te d o uc s o e oc e s an c en s e s

th y w l d i tr d
e l tr m ti v f r
ou n whi h
o t hu ce e ec o o e o c e s, c ar e n o o

rv d
se e

C H APTE R V I I .

E LE C TR O KI NE TI C S .

5 78 . Th e r ki
e l e ct o n e ti c e n e rgy o f a s yste m o f lin e a r ir c cu i ts

579 . E le c tr m tiv
o o e fo r ce in e a ch c i r cu it
 CO N TE N TS .

580 . E l e ct r o magn e ti c fo r ce
5 8 1 C as e
. o f tw o c i cu r i ts
582 . Th e o ry Of i n du c e d cu rr e n ts

58 3 . Me ch a n i c a l a c tio n b e twe e n th e c i cu r its

58 4 . A l l th e ph eno me n a o f th e mu tu a l a cti o n o f two r
c i cu i ts d e p en d

on a sin
gl e q u a n ti t y ,
th e p o te n ti a l o f th e two c ir
c u its

C H A PTE R V I I I .

L
E X P OR A T I ON OF TH E FI E LD B Y M E A NS OF TH E S E C ON D A R Y C I R C UI T .

T he e l e ct o r ki n e tic mo me n tu m o f th e s e co n d a ry irc cu it
pr
E x e s se d l in e i n te g a l
as a -
r
y
A n y s s te m o f c o n tigu o u s c i cu its i s r eq u i v a le n t to th e r
ci cu it
fo me d r r x r rb
th e i e te io by
ry o u n da 2 12
E le c tr k i ti m m t m xpr
o d
ne rf i t gr l
c o en u e e sse a s a su a ce - n e a 2 12
A c oo r k d p rti f ir it q iv l t t
e tr igh t p r ti
o on o a c cu e u a en o a s a o on 2 13
E le c tr ki ti m m t m t p i t xpr
o ne d c v t r 21o en u a a o n e e ss e as a ec o ,
5
2 14
I ts r l ti t th m g ti i d ti §B E q ti (A )
e a on o e a ne c n uc on, . ua ons 2 14
J u s tifica ti o n o f th e s e na me s 2 15
Con v en ti o n s w i th r p es e ct to th e Sign s o ft r a n s l a ti o n s a n d r o ta

tio n s
Th e ory f lidi g pi o a s n e ce

E l tr m tiv f r
ec o d t th m ti
o e f od t r ce ue o e o on o a co n uc o

E l tr m g ti f r
ec o th alid i g p i
ne c o ce o n e s n e ce

F r d fi i ti
ou f li
e f m g ti i d ti
n ons o a ne o a ne c n uc on

G r l q ti
en e a f l tr m tiv f r
e ua
( )
B
ons o e ec o o e o ce ,

A ly is f th
na sl tr m tiv f r
o e e ec o o e o ce

Th g e r l q ti r f rr d t m vi g xe
ene a e ua ons e e e o o n a s

Th e m ti f th e x
o h g on o th i g b t th e pp r e t v l e
a es c an es n o n u a a n a u

f th
o l tri p t ti l
e e ec c o en a

E l tr m g ti c f r
ec o ca d t r
ne o ce o n a on uc o

E l tr m g ti f r
ec o a l m t f
ne c du ti g b dy
o ce on an e e en o a co n c n o

E q ti ( )
C
ua ons

C H APTE R I X .

GE NE R A L E Q UA T I O N S .

604 . p
R e ca itu l a tio n
605 . E q i
u at o ns o f ma gn e tiz a ti o n , ( D )
606 . R e l a ti o n b e twe e n ma gn e ti c fo c e a n d r e l e ct ri c cu rr e n ts

607 . Eq u a ti o n s o f e l e c t ri rr c cu e n ts , ( )
E
60 8 . Eq u a ti o n s o f e le c tri c di p l s a ce me n t , ( )
F
 CO N TE N TS .

Eq u a tio n s o f e l e ct ic r c o n du c ti vi ty (G) ,

Eq u at o n s oi f to ta l cu rr e n ts ,
( )
H
Cu rr e n ts i n te ms r o f e l e ctr o mo ti ve fo r c e , ( I )
V o l u me —
de n s ri ity (J ) ity o f fr e e e l e ct c ,

S rfu d f fr
ac e l tri ity ( K)
-
en s i ty o ee e ec c ,

f m g ti p rm b il ity L
‘

E q ti ua ons o
( ) a ne c e ea ,

Amp er th ry f m g t
’
e s eo o a ne s

E l tr iec rr t i t rm f l tr ki ti m m t
c cu en s n e s o e ec o ne c o en u m
V t r p t ti l f l e c tr i
ec o -
rr t
o en a o e c cu en s

Q tr i
ua e xpr i f l tr m g ti q ti ti
n on e e ss o n s or e ec o a ne c uan es

Q t r i
ua e q ti f th
n on l tr m g ti fi l d
e ua ons o e e ec o a ne c e

C H A PTE R X .

D I M E N S I ON S O F E L E C TR I C UNI TS .

Tw o yste m f i t
s s o un s

Th tw lv pri m ry q
e e ti ti e a u an es

Fift e r l ti
e n m g th e a q ti ti ons a on e se uan es

D im i i te rm f [ ]
en s o n s d [m] n s o e an

R ipr
ec l pr p r ti
o ca f th tw ytm o e es o e o s s e s

Th l tr t ti
e e ec d th l tr m g ti
os a ytm c an e e ec o a ne c s s e s

D im i f th 12 q
ens on s o titi i th tw yt m e u an es n e o s s e s

Th i d riv d
e s x it e e un s

Th ti
e ra f th rr p di g it i th tw y te m
o o e co es on n un s n e o s s s

Pr ti l y t m f l tri
ac ca s it T bl
s e f pr ti l o e ec c un s. a e o ac ca u n its

C H APTE R x 1 .

E N E R GY AN D S TR E S S .

Th e e l e c tr o sta ti c e n e rgy xpr e e s se d i n te ms r o f th e fr e e e l e ctr i

c it y an d
th e po te n tia l
Th e r
r y xpr d t rm f th l tr m tiv
e l e c t o sta ti c e n e
g e e ss e ln e s o e e ec o o e

f r
o d th
ce l tri di p l e m t
an e e ec c s ac en

M g ti
a rgy i t rm f m g ti ti
ne c ene d m g ti f r n e s o a ne za o n an a ne c o ce

M g ti
a rgy i te rm f th qu r f th m g e ti f r
ne c en e n s o e s a e o e a n c o ce

E l tr ki ti
ec orgy i t rm f l tri m m t m d l tri
n e c en e n e s o e ec c o en u an e ec c

c urr t en

E l tr ki ti
ec orgy i te rm f mag ti i d ti
n e c en e d mg n s o ne c n uc o n an a

6 36 Me th o d o f th is tre a ti s e
.

6 3 7 Ma gn e ti c e n e rgy a n d e l e c tr o kin e tic e n e rgy co mp a re d

.

6 38 M a gn e ti c e n e rgy r e d u c e d to e l e ctr o kin e tic e n e rgy

.
 CO N TE N TS .

6 39 . Th e fo r c e a cti n g o n a p r ticla e o f a su bt s a n ce du e to i ts ma gn e t
i z a ti o n
6 40 . E l e ct r o ma gn e ti c fo r c e du e to a n e le c t ri c cu rr en t p a ssin g th r o u gh

E xpl a n a ti o n o f th e s e fo r ce s b y th e h yp o th e s i s o f r
st e s s in a

me diu m
Ge n e r a l ch a a c te r r o f th e st e ss r r q ir
e u ed to pr o du ce the
‘

ph eno

me n a
Whe n th e r e is ma gn e tiz a ti o n th e str e s s i s a te n si o n i n th e
no

dir e cti o n O f th e li n e s o f ma gn e ti c fo r c e , co mbi n e d w ith a

pr e ss u r e in a ll di r e ct o n s i at righ t gl an es to th e se l in e s, th e
1
ma gn itu de o f th e te n s io n an d pr r b e ss u e e in
g
_ 65 , wh e e Jé
2
r
8 7I
i s th e ma gn e ti c fo ce r
F r o ce a cti n g o n a c o n du c to r rryi ca n
g a cu rr ent

Th e o ry r
o f st e ss in a me diu m a s s ta te d by F r a a da y
Nu m ri e c al v l a ue o f ma gn e ti c te n si o n

C H A PTE R X I I .

C U R R E NT S H E E T S -
.

D fi i ti
e nf rr t h t
on o a cu en -
s ee

C rr t f n ti
u en -
u c on

E l e tri p t ti l
c c o en a

T h ry f t dy
eo rr tO s ea .
cu en s

C e f
as if rmo d tivi ty
un o co n uc

M g ti
a ti
ne f rr t Sh t wi th l d rr ts
c ac on o a cu en -
ee c o se cu en

M g ti p t ti l d
a ne tc rr n t h t
o en a ue o a cu e -
s ee

I d ti
n uc f rr t i on h e t f i fi i te
o du tivity
cu en s n a s e o n n co n c

S h uc h t i i mp rvi
a S t m g ti
ee ti s e ous o a ne c ac on

Th y f pl n rr t h t
e or o a a e cu en -
s ee

Th m g ti f
e ti
a xpr s e d
ne d riv tiv s f
c un c ons e e s as e a e o a s i n gl e

A ctio n o f a v ri b l
a a e ma gn e ti c s ytm s e on th e sh e e t

Wh e n th e r e is no e xt r e n a l a cti o n th e cu rr en y
ts d e c a ,
an d th e i r
ma gn e tic a c ti o n d i mi n i sh e s as if th e she e t ha d m v d o e O ff with
c o n s ta n t v e l o cit yR
T he cu rr e n ts, xcit d by
e e th e i n sta n ta n e o u s i n t r o d u cti o n of a

ma gn e ti c s y te m pr d
s ,
o u c e a n e ffe ct e q iv
u a le n t to an i ma ge o f
th a t s ytm s e

Th i s ima ge mo v es a w y fr
a o m i ts O rigi n al p o s iti o n with v e lo

6 62 . T r a il of i ma ge s fo me d b y r a ma gn e ti c s ytm
s e in c o n ti n u ous

mo tio n
 CO N TE N TS .

663 . xpr i f th ff t f th i d
M a the ma tica l e e ss o n or e e ec o e n u c e d cu rr e n ts

664 . C f th
a se o i f rm m ti f m g ti p l
e un o o on o a a ne c o e

665 . V l f th f r
a ue o ti g th m g ti po l
e o ce a c n on e a ne c e

666 . C f rvi li r m ti
as e o cu n ea o on
‘

667 . C f m ti
ase o r th dg f th h t
o on n ea e e e o e s ee

Th ry f A r g r t ti g di k ’
668 . eo o a o s o a n s

669 . Tr il f im ga i th f rm f h li
o a es n e o o a e x

670 . S ph ri l rr t h t
e ca cu en -
s ee s

671 . Th v t r p t ti l
e ec o -
o en a

6 72 . T pr d o fi ld f
o t t m g ti f r
u ce a wi thi e o co n s a n a ne c o ce n a s p h ri e ca l

s h e ll

673 . To pr o du ce a c o n s ta n t fo r ce o n a s u s p e n d e d co il

674 . Cu rr e n ts pr a a ll e l to a pl an e

675 . A pl an e e l e ct ri c c i cu r it . A s ph r i e ca l s h e ll . An e l li p s o id a l

s h e ll

6 76 . A s o le n o id
677 . A lo n g s o le n o id
6 78 . Fo r ce n e a r th e e n ds

679 . Ap ir f i d a o n u c ti o n co ils
6 80 . Pr p r thi k
o e c n e ss o f wi r e

6 8 1 An . e n dl e s s s o l e n o id

C H A PTE R X I I I .

PA R A LLE L C UB R E N T S .

C yli n d i ca l r co n d u c to r s

Th e ex te r n al ma gn e tic a c ti o n o f a c yl i drin c wi r e de p e n ds o n y
l
on th e w h o l e cu rr en t th r ou
gh i t
Th e v e c to rp t
-
o e n ti a l

K i n e ti c ene rgy o f th e cu rr ent

Re p u lsi o n b tw e een th e di r e ct a n d th er t r rr e u n cu en t

Te n s i o n of th e Wi r es . Am e pr ’
e s e xp ri m t e en

S lf i n du c ti on o f
e -
a wi r e do u bl d e on i tse l f
Cu rr e n ts o f v ryi
a n
g i n te n s ity i n a yl i d ri c n c wi r e

R e l a ti o n b e tw e e n th e e l e ct o mo ti r v fr e o ce a n d th e to ta l cu rr en t
r
G e o me t i ca l me a n d is ta n c e Of tw fig r i o u es n a pl an e

r
P a ti c u l a r ca s e s

A ppli c a ti o n o f th e me th o d to a co il o f i n su l a te d w i r es

C H A PTE R XI V .

CIR C ULA R C UR R E N T S .

694 . Po te n tia l du e to a s ph ri e ca l b o wl

695 . So l i d an l
ge su bte n de d b y r
a c i cl e a t a n
y p o in t
YO L . II . b
xvi ii CO N TE N TS .

P o te n ti a l en e rgy o f tw o r
ci c u l a r cu rr e n ts

M o me n t o f th e co u pl e a c tin g be tw een tw o c o il s
’
V a lu e s o f Q,
A tt r a c ti o n b e tw e e n tw o pr a a ll e l c i r cu l a r curr t en s

C a l cu l a tio n o f th e c o e ffic i e n ts fo r a co il o f fi it n ti e se c on

Po te n ti a l o f tw o pr a a l l e l c i cl e s e r xpr e sse d by ll i p tie c i nte g r a ls

L in e s o f fo r r ce oun d a c i c u la r r rr cu ent . Fig X V I I I

.

r ti
D iffe ti en f th p t a l q e ua on o e o e n ti a l o f tw o r
c i cl e s

A ppr xi m ti wh
o th i l a on en e o
c r c e s ar e v rye n ea r o n e ano th e r
F rth r ppr xi m ti
u e a o a on

C i l f m xi m m l f i d ti
o o a u se -
n uc on

C H A PTE R XV .

E LE C T R O M A G N E TI C I N TR S U M E NT S .

707 . r
S ta n d a d ga l a n o me te s a n d s e n s i ti v r v e
g al van o me te rs
708 . r
C o n s t u cti o n o f a sta n d a d c o il r
709 . M a th e ma ti c al th e o ry o f th e ga l va n o me te r
7 10 . Pri n c ipl e o f th e ta n ge n t ga l va n o me te r a n d th e si n e ga l v an o

me te r
7 11 Ga l
. v an o me te r w ith a s in
gl e co il
7 12 . Ga u ga i n
’
s e cc e n t ri c su s p e n s io n

7 13 . H e l mh o l tz
’
s do u bl e c o il . Fi g X I X .

7 14 . v m t r with f r il
Ga l an o e e ou co s

7 15 . G lv
a m t r w ith th r
an o il e e e e co s

7 16 . Pr p r th i k
o e f th wir f g lv
c mt rn e ss o e e o a a an o e e

7 17 . Se itiv g lv
ns mt r e a an o e e s

7 18 . Th ry f th g l v
eo m t r f gr t t
o ibility
e a an o e e o ea es se n s

7 19 . L w f th i k
a o f th wi r c n e ss O e e

720 . G lv a m t r w ith w ir
an o f if r m th i k
e e e o u n o c n e ss

72 1 . S p d d
us il
en M d f
e p i co s. o e o su s en s on

Th m itiv
’
722 . o il
so n s se n s e co

723 . D t rmi ti
e e f m g ti f r na by m f
on p d o a ne c o ce ean s o su s en ed c o il

d t g t g lv
an m t r
an en a an o e e

724 . Th m o p d d il d g lv m t r mbi d
s o n s su s
’
en e co an a an o e e co ne

725 . W b r l tr dy m m t r
e e
’
s e ec o na o e e

726 . J l rr t w igh r
o u e s cu
’
en -
e e

727 . Su cti o n o f so le n o ids

728 . Un ifo rm fo r ce rm l t p d no a o su s en e d co il
729 . E le c tr dy m m t r with t r i
o na o e e o s on -
ar m
 CO N TE N TS .

C H A PTE R X VI .

E LE C TR O M A G NE T I C OB SE R VA T I O NS .

O b rv se a ti o n o f vibr ti a ons

M o ti o n i n a lo g rai th mi p i r l c s a

R e ctili n e a r o sc ill ti a i onsr n a e s i s tin

g me d ium

Va lu e s o f s u c ce s s iv l g tie e on a ons

D a ta an d q u ae s i ta

Po s iti o n of e q u il i bri u m d e te r mi n e d fr o m th re e v
s u cc e s s i e e l o n

a ti o n s
g
D e te rmi n at o ni f th e l o ga i th mi c d e c
o r r e me n t
Wh e n to s to p th e e xp r
e i me n t

D e te rmi n a ti o n Of th e time o f vibr a ti o n f r o m th r e e tr a n s its

m
Tw o seri e s Of o b rv ti se a o ns

Co rr e cti o n fo r mpli t d
a u e an d fo r da p in g
D e ad b e at
ga lv m t r
an o e e

T o me a s u re a c o n s ta n t cu rr en t wi th th e ga l v ano me te r
B e st a n l e o
g f d e fie x io n o f a ta n ge n t ga l v an o me te r
B e s t me th o d o f in t r o d u c in g th e cu rr t en

M e a s u r e me n t o f a cu rre n t by th e fir t ls e on
ga ti o n

To ma k e a se ri es o f o bs e rva ti o n s o n a c o n s ta n t cu rr ent

M e th o d of mu l tipli c a ti o n fo r fe e bl e rr t cu en s

M ea s ure me n t o f a r t a n s ie n t cu rr t by fir t
en s e l o n ga tio n

Co rr e c ti o n fo r d a mp i n
g
Se ri es o f O b rvse a ti o n s . Z u r u ckwe rf u n gs metho de
M e th o d o f mu l ti li ca ti o n p

C H APTE R XV I I .

E LE C TR I C A L ME A SU R E ME N T OF C O E FFI C I E N T S O F I ND UC T I ON .

r
E l e ct i ca l me a s u r e me n t so me time s mo r e a c cu ra te tha n r
di e ct

me a s u r e me n t
D e te rmin a ti o n o f G1
D e te rmi n a tio n o f 9 1
D e te r mi n a ti o n o f th e mu tu a l i n d u c ti o n o f tw o co il s

D e te rmi n a ti o n o f th e s e lf in d u cti o n o f a c o il -

C o mp a ri s o n o f th e s e lf i n d u c ti o n o f two c o il s -

C HA PTE R XVI I I .

D E T E R MI N A T I O N OF R E S I STAN C E IN E L E C T R O MA GNE T I C ME A S UR E .

758 . D e fi n i ti o n o f r e s i sta n ce
 CO N TE N TS .

We be r s by tr i t rr
’
me th o d an s en cu en ts
H i m th d f b rv ti
s e o o o se a on

W b r m th d by d mp i g
e e
’
s e o a n

Th m m th d by r v lvi g
’
o so n s e o a e o n co il
M th m ti l th ry f th r v lvi
a e a ca eo o e e o n
g c o il

C l l ti
a cu a f th r i t on o e e s s a n ce

C rr ti
o ec ons

l r im tri m th d
’
J lo u e s ca o e c e o

C H A PTE R XI X .

C O M PA R I SON OF E L E C TR O S TA T I C WI T H E L E C T R O M A G N E T I C U NI T S .

Na tu r e an d im p rto a n ce o f th e i n v e s tiga tio n

T he r a ti o o f th e un its i s a v e lo c i ty
rr t by v ti
Cu en co n ec on

W b r d K hl r
e e an o a u s ch s
’
me th o d
T h o ms o n
’
s me th o d by p r se a a te e l e ct o r me te r an d e l e ctr o dy n a
mo me te r
M a xwe ll s me th o d by mbin e d r me te r d
’
co e l e ct o an e l e ctr o d na
y
mo me te r
E le ctr o ma gn e ti c me a s u r e me n t o f th e ca p a city o f a c o n de n s e r
me th o d
’
J e n k in s

Me th o d by an r i n te mitte n t cu rr ent

C o n d e n se r d Wi pp m o f Whe a tsto n e bridg

’
an e as an ar s e

Co rr ti wh
ec on en th e a c ti o n i s to o r pid
a

Ca p ity f
ac o a c o n de n se r co mp a r e d with th e s e l f- i n du cti o n of a

c o il

C o il a n d c o n de n s e r co mb i n e d
E le c t rme a s u r e
o s ta ti c o f r e s i s ta n ce co mp a r e d with i ts e le ctro
ma gn e tic me a s u re

C H A PTE R XX .

E LE C TR OM A G NE TI C T H E OR Y OF LI G HT .

C o mp a r is o n o f th e pr p rtio e es of th e r m g ti
e l e ct o a ne c me d iu m
wi th th s f th m di m i th o e o e e u n e u n du la o t ry th e ry o o f l igh t
E rgy f l igh t d ri g it pr p g ti
ne o u n s o a a on

E q ti ua f pr p g ti
on o f l tr o a a on O an e e c o ma gn e ti c di stu rb a n c e
S o l u ti o n wh e n th e me d iu m i s a non -
co n du c to r
C ha r ri ti f w v pr p g ti
a c te s cs o a e -
o a a on

Ve l ity f pr p g ti
oc o f l tr m o a a on o e ec o a
g n e ti c di stu rb a n ce s

Co mp r is a o f th i s v l i ty w ith th
on e oc at o f li gh t
 CO N TE N TS .

Th e p ifi i d tiv p ity f di l tri i th q r f

s ec c n uc e ca ac o a e ec c s e s ua e o

i t i d x f r fr ti
s n e o e ac on

C mp ri
o f tha q titi i th
so n fp
o fii e se u an es n e ca s e o ara n

Th ry f pl
eo w v o an e a es

Th l t i d i pl
e e ec r c m t d th m g ti d i t rb s i a ce en an e a n e c s u a n ce a r e n

th pl e f th w v fr tan e. o d p rp d i l r t h th re a e- on ,
an e en cu a o e ac o e

E ne rgy d str d ri g r d i ti an e ss u n a a on

Pr r x rt d by ligh t
e s su e e e e

E q ti ua f m ti i ry t ll i d m di m
ons o o on n a c s a ze e u

Pr p g tio f pl
a w v
a on o an e a es

O l y tw w v
n pr p ga t d
o a es a r e o a e

Th th ry gr
e wi th th t f F r
eo l a e es a o e sn e

R l ti
e a b tw onl tri d tivity
e d p i tyeen e ec c co n uc an o ac

C mp ri
o wi th f t
a so n ac s

T r an sp r tmt l a en e a s

S l ti
o u f th q ti wh th m di m i
on o e e d t r ua ons en e e u s a co n uc o

C a se f i fi i t m di m th i iti l t te b i g gi v
o an n n e e u ,
e n a s a e n en

C h r t ri ti
a ac e f d iff i s cs o us o n

D i t rb
s u f th l tr m g ti fi ld wh
a n ce o rr t b gi e e ec o a ne c e e n a cu en e ns

to fl o w
R a id p a ppr xim ti o a on to a n u l ti ma te s ta te

C H APTE R XX I .

M A G N E TI C A C T I ON ON LI G H T .

8 06 . b
Po ssi l e fo r ms o f th e r e la t o n i b ma gn e tis m a n d l igh t
e tw e e n 399
807 . Th e r t o a ti o n O f th e pl an e o f p o l a ri z a ti o n by ma gn e ti c a c ti o n 400
808 . Th e l a w s Of th e ph en o me n a 400
8 09 . r
Ve d e t s dis c o
’
v rye o f n e ga ti v r e o ta ti o n in fe rr o magn e ti c me dia 400
8 10 . R o ta ti o n pr o d u ce d by q rt ua z , tu rp en tin e , & c .
,
i n de p en d e n tl y o f

Ki n e ma ti ca l a n a l ys i s o f th e ph m en o en a

Th e vl e o c it y o f a r
ci cu l a rly p l ri d
-
o a z e r ay i s diffe r e n t a cc o rdi n
g
to its d i r e c ti o n o f r o ta ti o n

R igh t an d l e ft h a n d e d
-
ry a s

I n me di a wh i ch ry pr p rty th o f th e ms e l v es ha v e th e r o ta to o e e

v l i ty i diff r t f ri ght d l ft h d d fig r ti
e oc s e en or an e -
an e co n u a ons

In m di t d e by m g ti m th v l ity i diff r t f
a ac e on a ne s e e oc s e en or

opp it di r ti os f r t ti e ec ons o o a on

Th l mi i f r
e u di t rb m th m ti lly
n e id r d i
ou s s u a n ce , a e a ca co n s e e ,
s a

8 17 . K i n e ma tic e q u at o n s o f c
i i r cu l a rly p l ri
-
o a z e d l igh t
xxn CO N TE N TS .

K i n e tic an d p o te n ti a l e n e rgy o f th e me di u m
Con diti o n Of wa v pr p
e -
o a
g a ti o n

Th e a c ti o n f ma gn e ti sm mu s t d e
o p en d on a r lr ea o ta ti o n a b o ut

th e r
d i e cti o n o f th e ma gn e ti c fo r ce a s a n xi a s

S ta te me n t o f th e r e s u l ts o f th e a n al yi s s o f th ph e eno me n o n
Hyp th i f m l l r v rti
o es s o o e cu a o ce s

V r i ti f th v r ti r di g t H e l mh o l tz
’
a a on o e o c e s a cc o n o s law
V r i ti
a af th ki ti
on rgy i th
o e ne c en e n e rb d m di
d i s tu e e u m
E pr
x i i t rm
e ss o n f th rr t n e s o e cu en an d th v l i ty
e e oc

Th ki ti
e rgy i th
ne f pl
c ene n e ca s e o ane w v a es

Th e e
q u a ti o n s o f mo ti o n
V e l o cit y o f r rly p l ri
a c i cu l a -
o a ze d ra
y
Th e ma gn e ti r t ti
c o a on

R e se a ch e sr f V rd t
o e e

No te on a m h i l th ry
ec a n ca eo o f mo l e c u la r v rti o ce s

C H A PTE R X XI I .

E LE C T R I C T H E OR Y O F M A G NE T I SM .

Ma gn e ti s m i s a ph me n o n o f mo le cu l e s
eno

Th e ph m en o ena o f ma gn e tic mo l e c u l e s ma y b e i mi ta te d by
l tri
e ec rr t c cu en s

D i ff r e b tw
e n ce e een th e e le me n ta ry th e o ry o f co n ti n u o u s magn e ts
and th th ry e eo o f mo l e cu l a r cu rr en ts
S impl i i ty f th c o e e l e ct ri c th e o ry
Th ry f
eo rr o a cu ent in a p rfe e c tl y c o n du c ti n g r
c i cu i t

C a s e i n w hic h th e cu rr e nt is en ti r e ly du e to in du cti o n

M a gn e crys ta l l ic in duc ti o n
Th e o ry o f a p rfe e ct c o n du cto r
A me d i u m c o n ta i n i n g p rfe e c tl y co n du ctin g p h ri
s e ca l mo l e cu l e s
M e ch a n i ca l a c ti o n o f ma gn e ti c fo r ce on th rr
e cu ent whi ch it
e x c i te s

r
Th e o y o f a mo l e c u l e w ith a primitiv e cu rr en t

M o di ca ti o n s o f We e s th e o
fi br ry
’

C o n se q u e n ce s o f th e th e o y r

C H APTE R XX I I I .

T H E OR I E S OF A C TI O N AT A D I S TA N C E .

8 46 .
Q u a n titie s w hi ch e n te ri n to A m e pr e s
’
r
fo mu l a
8 47 . R e la ti v e mo tio n o f tw o e le c tri p rti
c a cl e s
 CO N TE N TS .

8 48 . R e l a ti v e mo ti o n o r l tri p r ti l
f fo u e ec c a c es . F e ch n e r
’
s th e o ry
8 49 . Tw o n ew fo ms r of A mper f rm l e s
’
o u a

8 50 . T wo d iff e r en t e xpr i f th f r
e ss o n s or e o ce b e tw e e n two e l e ct ri c

p rti mo ti o n
Wb r r
a cl e s I n

8 5 1 Th e se
. ar e du e to Ga u s s an d to e e es p tiv ly
ec e

8 52 . All fo r ce s mu st b e c o n s i s te n t wi th th e pri ipl nc e o f th e co n

rv ti f
se a on o ene rgy
8 53 . W b r f rm
e e
’
s o u la is c o n s i s te n t with th i pri ipl b t s nc e u th a t o f
Ga u s s Is n o t

8 54 . H e lmh o l tz
’
s d e du c ti o n s f r o m We b e r s ’
r
fo mu l a
855 . P o te n ti a l o f tw o cu rr e n ts

8 56 . We be r s ’
th e o ry of th e i n d u c ti o n o f e l e ct i c r cu rr en ts

857 . r
S e g e ga ti n r
o c e i n a c o n du c to
g f r
858 . C a se o f mo v in g c o n du cto s r
8 59 . Th e fo mu l a r o f Ga u s s l e a ds to an e rr oneou s r e su l t

860 . Th a t o f We be r r
ag ee s w i th th e ph en o me n a
8 6 1 L e tte
. r o f Ga u s s to We be r
8 62 . Th e o ry o f R ie man n
863 . Th e o ry o f C N e u ma nn
.

8 64 . Th e o ry o f B e tti
8 65 . Re p ugn a n c e to th e i d e a o f a me d iu m
8 66 . Th e ide a o f a me diu m ca n n o t b e go t r i d o f
 E R E A TA . VOL . II .

d V1 4 2
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.

N (P 1
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d hz
e q u a ti o n
i n s er t befo r e e a ch s i de o f th i s e u a ti o n q .

p . 13 , la st li n e b u t o n e , d e le
p . 14 , l 8 , f o r X VI I
. r e a d XI V .

p . q
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y .

p . r b
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. q . .

p . 17 , e u a tio n q f or r r ea d r
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p . 2 1 l 1, f o r 3 8 6 r ea d 3 8 5
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r
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. b .

p . 2 8 , las t li n e b u t o n e , f o r 3 8 6 r e a d 3 8 5 .

dF dH dF dH
p . 4 1, e
q u a tI O n
f or r ea d
dc dn d§ df
p . 4 3, e q u a ti o n
p u t a cc e n ts o n x , y , z .

p . 5 0, e q u a ti o n
f or Q , &c . r ea d i n
,
&c .
,
in v rti
e n
g a ll th e diffe r
dv
e n tial c o e fi c i e n ts .

1 5 1,
l .
f 11, d 3 1
or 0 309 r ea .

= i n 9 r e a d Z = F s in 9
5
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e u a ti o n
f r ea d 77
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or 71
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’
T 62, q
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U 6 3, l 3 , f or p d r r e a d p d v
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e q u a ti o n i n s er t b ef o r e th e right h -
an d me m br e of e a ch
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w 5 3,
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.

v 1 5 5, l 8 , f o r A A r ea d A P. .

v 1 9 0 , e u a ti o n or q
f F Oq , r e a d F Oq l .

p 1 9 2 , l 2 2 , f o r Tp r e a d T
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v i d e d th e n d e te mi n a n ts fo me d b y th e c o e f c i e n ts h a i n g th e r fi v
i n di ce s 1; 1, 2 ; 1, 2 , 3 , & c ; 1, 2 , 3 , n a r e n o n e o f the m . . .

n e a ti e
g v .

p 19 7 , l 2 2 , f o r
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( 1 1
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) r ea d 85 0 . .

l 2 3, f o r 3 , &c
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p 2 0 8 , l 2 f o m o tto m,
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p . 2 58, l 14 f
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p . 2 65, l 2 ft r q ti
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 E R R A TA . VO L . II .

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p . e q u a tI On f or it r ea d ”1
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p . q
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q
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p . 3 0 2, l 4 f . r mb o o tto m fo r M
,
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l 3 . fro m b o tto m, in se rt a t th e b e gi n n in g M
th e d e n o mi n a to r o f th e l a s t te r m s ho u l d b e e
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l a s t l in e , b f r th fir t br k
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f or 02
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3 fr m b tt m f
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f or V A a r ea d Z v Aa .

l 19. sh o u ld b e
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db s /z E :

dM
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db

p . 3 16, e q u a ti o n
f or =My — r ea d my .

g
p . 3 17 , l 7 , .
f or r ea d -
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p 3 1
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p 3 2 0, 1 9 , f o r 6 2 7 , r ea d 6 7 2
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l a st li n e , f
8
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p 3 2 4. e q u a ti o n
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14 sh o u l d b e _
_ c o n s ta n t .

y d Y G
N p
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f o m b o tto m, Sh o u l d b e 13 — 3 ( m —
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Yy 2
77

p . 3 4 6, l . 2, f or 6 r ea d 91 .

p . 3 5 9, eq u a ti o n
f o r 1 33} r e a d — R zé .

p . 3 65, eq u a ti o n la st te m, d e le y r .
 P A R T III .

M A G NE TI S M .

C H A P TE R I .

E L E ME N TA RY TH E ORY OF M A GN E TI S M .

C E R TAI N b o di e s , a s, fo r i n s ta n c e , th e i r o n ore ll e d lo d
ca a

s to n e ,
th e ea rth i ts e lf, an d p ie c e s o f s te e l whi ch h a ve b e e b n su

je c te d to ce rta i n tr e atme n t, ar e fo un d to p o s e s ss th e f ll o wi n g o

p o p rtie
r e s, an d are ca ll e d M a g n e ts .

I f, n ea r an
y p rta o f th e ea rth ’
s s u
x e p t th M a g e tic
r fa c e e c e n

Po l e s , a u p e de d
ma g n e t b e s s n s o to tur fr e ly b o t
as v rti ca l
n e a u a e

a xi it will i ge e r a l te d to
s, n n n se t it e l f i s a ce r t i imuth a d
n a n az ,
n

i f d i turb e d fr o m th i p i tio
s s os n i t w i ll c ill te b u t it A
os a a o . n un

m g e ti e d b d y h
a n z o u ch o as n s te de c y b t i i
n n e qui li bri u m i
,
u s n n

a ll a imuth z l ik e s a .

I t i fo u d th t th e fo r c e w h i ch s ts o
n th e b o dy te d
a ac n n s

to c u e a ce r ta in li e i n th e b dy ca ll e d t h e A xi o f th e M g t
a s n o ,
s a ne ,

to bec me p a ral l e l to a c e rta i n li n

o i p c e ll e d th D i re ti e n s a , ca e c on

o f th e M a g e ti c F r c e n o .

Le t pp o e th m g e t u p e de d s o a s to be fre e to tur
us su s e a n s s n n

i a ll di r e c ti o n s b o ut
n fix e d p o i t T e limi a te th e a tio f
a a n . o n c n o

i t we igh t w e ma y s upp o
s thi po i t to b e i t c tr e o f g r v ity se s n s en a .

—
L e t i t o me to p o i
c ti f q il i br i u m a M ar k two p o i t
s on
'
f
O e u . n s on

the m g e t d a te th e i r po iti o
n ,
an i p e Th l t th
n o s n s n s ac . en e e

m g e t b e p l c e d i a e w p o i ti
a n a o f e qu i li bri mn d o te th en s on u ,
an n

po iti i p ce o f th e tw o m rk e d p o i t
s ons n s a th e m g e t a n s on a n .

Si c e th n xi o f th m g e t c o i ci d e wi th th dir e cti o o f
e a s e a n n s e n

ma g e ti c fo r e i b o th p o iti o
n w e h ve to fi d th t li e i
c n s n s, a n a n n

th e m g e t w h i c h o c c p i e s th e
a n me p o iti o n i p a c e be f r e a d
u sa s n s o n

VOL . II . B
 E LE ME N TA RY T H E O RY OF MA GNE TI S M .
3 73 .

at i o n I t a e a m
s ,
f o m th e th e o o.f th e m o ti o n o f pp r r ry
‘
i
b é d e s:ef inya r ia b l e fo m , th a t s u ch a in e a l a s e i s ts , a n d th a t
i c
c
r l wy x
q v
a mo ti o n e u i a l e n t to th e a c tu a mo ti o n mi g ht h a e ta e n a ce l v k pl
by s i mpl e r o ta ti o n ro u n d th is l in e .

TO fin d th e l i n e , jo i n firth e st a n d la s t p o sitio ns o f e a ch o f th e
ma rk e d p o in ts , and d r w pla an e s bi s e c tin
g th e s e line s at r i gh t
an g l e s . Th e i n te r s e c ti o n of th e s e pl an es w ill b e th e li n e r q ir e d
e u ,

wh ic h i n d ic a te s th e d i r e c ti o n o f th e a xi s o f th e ma g n e t an d the
di r e c tio n f th e ma g n e tic fo r ce in s p a c e
o .

Th e me th o d j u s t d e s c ri b e d i s n o t co n ve n i e n t fo r th e pra ctica l
de te r min a ti o n of th e s e d ir e cti o n s . We sh a ll r e tur n to th i s bj e c t s u

wh en we t re at o f M a g n e tic M e a s u e me n ts r .

Th e di r e c ti o n o f th e ma n e tic fo ce i s fo u n d to b e di ffe
g r re t n at

di ffe r e n t p rt o f th e rth rf e I f th e d f Of xi
’
a s ea s su ac . en o th e a s

th e m g e t whi c h p o in t i n
a n o rth e rly d i re c ti o b s it a n n e ma rk e d ,

h as b e e f u d th t th di r e c tio i w hi h it e t it e lf i ge e ra l
n o n a e n n c s s s n n

d e vi t a fr o m th e tru e m r id i n to
es co id e r bl e x te t d th t
e a a n s a e n ,
an a

th e m rk e d e d p o i t o
a th e wh o l e d w w rd i th e n o rth e r
n n s n o n a s n n

h emi s ph e r e a d upwa r d i th e o u th e r n s n s n .

Th e i m th o f th e d i cti o n o f th e ma g e ti c fo rc e mea ur e d
az u re n ,
s

fro m th e tru e b th i we te rly di re ti o i s ca ll d th e V a ria tio

n r n a s c n ,
e n ,

o r th e M a gn e tic D e c l i a ti Th e l b tw t h di r t i f
g e e e e e n e c o oon . an n n

th e m g e tic fo r c e
a d th e h o ri o ta l pl a e i
n l l e d th e M a g e ti c
an z n n s ca n

D ip . Th e se two gle s de te r mi e th e d i re c ti o o f th e m g e tic

an n n a n

fo c e a d wh e n th e m g e ti c i te s i ty i s l o k o w th e m g e ti c
r ,
n ,
a n n n a s n n ,
a n

fo ce i c o mpl te ly d e te rmi e d
r s Th e d e te r mi ti o
e o f th e va l e n . na n u s

o f th e se th r e e e l e me n ts a t di ffe r e t p r ts o f th e e a rth s s urf c e

’
n a a ,

th e d c mn o f th e m
1s u ss er i wh ich th e y v ry a c o rdi g to th e an n n a c n

pl c e a d ti me o f o b e rv ti o
a n d th e i v e ti g tio o f th e c a us e s
s a n ,
an n s a n

o f th e ma gn ti c fo r c e a d it va ri ti o
e c o s titu te th e cie n c e O f
n s a n s, n s

Te rr e s tr i l M g e ti m a a n s .

37 Le t s w s pp o e th t th e a x e s o f s e v e r l m g e t h v e
u no u s a a a n s a

b e e d te rmi e d d th e e d o f e c h wh ich p o i t o rth m rk e d

n e n ,
an n a n s n a .

Th e n if o e
, f th e s e b e fr e ly u p e d d
n o d a o th e r b ro ug h t e s s n e an n

n e a r it it i fo d th a t two m rk e d e d s e p e l e a ch o th e r th a t
, s un a n r ,

a ma rk e d d a u m rk d e n d ttra c t e ac h o th e r a d th a t tw o
an n n a e a ,
n

u ma rk e d e d e p e l e c h o th r
n n s r a e .

I f th m gn e ts th e f r m O f l o g r o d o w i r e i fo r ml y
’

ee i a ar n o n s r s, u n

a n d l o g it di a lly m n ti d u b l
n w A t 3 8 4 it i f d
g e e se e e o r a n n z , ,
.
,
s ou

th a t th e gr e a te s t ma n i fe ta tio o f fo r c e o c c ur s wh e s n n

one m gn e t i s he l d n e a r th e
a
 L A W OF M A GNE T I C F OR C E .

ph e me n a ca n b e a c co un te d fo r by s uppo s in g th a t li k e e n d s o f
no

th e ma g n e ts r e p e l e a ch o th e r th a t un l ik e e n ds a tt ra c t e a ch o th e r , ,

a n d th a t th e in te r me di a t e pa r ts o f th e ma n e ts h a ve n o se n s ible
g
mu tu a l a c ti o n .

Th e e n ds o f a l o n g th in ma gn e t a r e co mmo n l y ca l l e d i ts Po l es

m
.

I n th e ca s e o f a n i n de fi n i te l y thi n mag n e t u n ifo mag n e tiz e d ,

thr o ug h o u t i ts l e n gth , th e e xtr e miti e s a c t a s ce n tr e s o f fo r ce a n d ,

th e r e st o f th e ma gn e t a ppe a rs d e v o id o f ma g n e tic ac ti o n In .

a l l a c tu a l ma n e ts th e ma gn e tiz a ti o n d e vi a te s fr o m u n ifo r mi ty so
g ,

th a t n o s in g l e p o in ts ca n b e ta k e n a s th e po l e s C o ul o mb , h o w .

e v e r by u s in l o n g thi n r o d s ma n e tiz e d with c a r e u d d in

, g g s c ce e e ,

e s ta bli s hi n g th e la w o f fo r c e be tw e e n tw o ma g n e ti c po l e s

Ti e r epu lsi o n be twe en two ma g ne tic p o le s is i n fil e s tr a igl t l in e jo in i ng

i te m, an d is n u me r ica lly e q u a l to l i e p r o du c t of fil e s l r en g i b s of
t/I e p o l e s d i v ide d by Me s q u a r e of tire d is ta n ce be twe e n tb enz .

This l a w , o f co u r se , um e s th a t th e str e g th o f e a c h
as s n

po l e is me a s ure d in te rms o f a c e rta i un it th e ma gn itude o f which

n ,

ma y b e d e d u c e d fr o m th e te r ms of th e l a w .

Th eu i t po l e is a p le w hich p in t n o th a d is s ch tha t
n -
o o s r ,
n u
,

wh e n pl ce d t u it d i ta c e fr o m o th e r u it p o l e it r pe ls i t
a a n s n an n -
,
e

wi th un it o f fo rce th n i t o f fo rc e b e in g de fin e d a in A r t 6 A
, e u s . .

p o l e wh ich p o in t o uth is e c k o e d n e ga ti ve
s s r n .

I f m an d m ar e th e s tr e g th s o f tw o m g e ti c po l e s l th e
1 ,
n a n ,
“

di sta ce be twe e n th e m a n d f th e fo rc e o f r e pul i o

n a ll e xpr e s e d
,
s n ,
s

n u me ri ca lly th e m n nz
, l 2
f 1 2

B ut i f [m], [ ]
L an d [F ] b e th e co n c e te r u n its o f ma gn eti c p o le ,

le n gth an d fo rc e ,
th e n
m 2
773 773

[I ]
1 2
f F
I ] 2
[
wh e n ce i t fo llo w s th a t

] [ ]
7 2
[ 772
2
13 1

[ ] [L i T l
M i]
'

or in .

Th e d M e n s io n s o f th e un it po l e are th e re fo re 5
; as re ga r ds le n th
g ,
—1 r rd time , d g r r d m Th d i m i
) as e
g a s an e g
asa s as s e s e e o . ns ns

ar e th e sa me as th o se o f th e e le c tro s ta ti c u n i t o f e l ec tri ci ty wh ic h ,

is s p e cifie d in e xa ctly th e sa me w a y i n A r ts . 4 1, 4 2 .

Hi s ex
p eri me n ts mag n e ti sm w i th th e T o r si o n B a la n ce a r e co n ta in e d in
on

M e mo i r s A ca d emy of P a r i s 17 80 9 a n d in B i o t s Tr a i te d e P hysi qu e,
’

th e
’
o
f the ,
-
,
 E L E M E N TA RY T H E ORY OF MA GN E T I S M .
[ 3 75 .

ur cy o f th is l w m y b e c o id r e d t h a ve
Th e a cc a a a ns e o

be e e t b li h e d by th e e xp e ri me t o f C lo mb with th e T r i
n s a s n s ou o s on

B a l c e a d c o fir me d by th e e xp e r i me t o f G a u
an , n n a d We b r n s ss n e , ,

an d f l l o b rve r i m g ti c o b e rva to r i e
o a se w h o a e e ve ry d y
s n a ne s s, r a

m k i g me
a r e me t o f m g e tic qu titie
n a su d wh o o b t i r e l ts
n s a n an s, a n a n su

wh ich wo l d b e i c o i te t wi th e a c h o th e r i f th e l aw o f f rce
u n ns s n o

h d b e e e rr o e o ly s me d
a n I t d e r iv s a d ditio l
n us pp o r t fro m
a su . e na su

i t c o i te c y w ith th e l w s f l e c tr o m g e ti p h e o m
s ns s n a o e a n c n e na .

37 Th e q tity whi c h w e h a v e h i th e r t uan lle d the str e gth o ca n

of p o l m y a l s o b e c lle d q tity o f M g ti m pro vid d

a e a a a u an
‘
a ne s ,
’
e

w e ttri b te n o pr o p e r ti e s to M g e ti m e x p t th o o b s e rve d
‘ ’
a u a n s ce se

i th e p o l e o f m g e t
n s a n s .

S i e th nc xpre i o o f th e l w o f fo rc e b e twe e gi ve q a titie

e e ss n a n n u n s

of M g e ti m h e x ctl y th e s me m th m ti c l fo r m
’
‘
a n s as th e a a a e a a as

l w o f f r c e b e twe e q ti ti e o f E le tr ic i ty f e qu l me r i c l
’
a o n u an s c o a nu a

v l e m h o f th e m th e m tic l tre tme t o f m g e ti m m t b e

a u ,
»
uc a a a a n a n s us

s i mil r to th t o f e l c tri i ty
a Th e r e a e h o we ve r o th e r pr o p e r tie s
a e c . r , ,

o f m g e ts w hi h m
a n t b e b o r e i mi d c d wh i h m y th r o w
u s n n n ,
an c a

s o me l i h t o n th e e l e c tr ic l pr o p e rti e o f b o di e s a s
g .

R el a ti o n l e ti o e e n tl e P o le s o
f a M a gn e t .

qua n tity o f m g e ti m
Th e a n s at one p o le o f a ma g n e t i s
a l wa ys e qu a l a d o pp o ite to th a t a t n s th e o th e r o ,
r mo r e g e n e r a lly
th u s
I M a n e t t/ to ta l q u a n ti ty M a gn e tis m (r e c k o n e d al ge
n e ver
y g i e
f
o

b r a ica l ly )i s z er o .

H e n ce i n fie ld o f fo rc e wh ich i s u n if rm a d p a ra ll e l th ro g h o t
a o n u u

th e p ce o c c up i e d by th e m gn e t th e f r c e a cti g o n th e m rk e d
s a a ,
o n a

e d n f th e m g e t i
o xa ctly e q l O pp o ite d p r lle l to th t o n
a n s e ua , s an a a a

th e u ma rk e d e d s o th t th e r e ul t t o f th e f rc e i a s t ti a l
n n ,
a s an o s s a c

c o upl e te d i t pl th x i f th e m e t i d e te r mi t e n a na
g o
, ce n e sno g a a a n

d i r tio ec b t o t t mo ve th e m g e t s
n ,
u n wh o le i yo d i r e ti a n a a n an c on .

Th i ma y b e e s ily pr o v e d by putti g th e m g e t i to
s a ma ll n a n n a s

v e s s l d fl o a ti g it i w te r Th e v e s s l wi ll t r i a c e r t i
e an n n a . e u n n a n

di r e c ti so t br i g th a xis o f th e m g t a s n e r a s p o i b l
on , as o n e a ne a ss e ,

to th di re c tio o f th e e r th m g ti c fo r c e b t th e re w i ll b e o
’
e n a s a ne ,
u n

mo ti o f th e v e se l
n o w h o l e i a y di re c tio s o th t th e r e c
as a n n n s a an

be e xc
no s o f th e fo r c to w rd th e
es o th o ve r th a t t w r d th e e a s n r o a s

s o u th o th e r e ve r e
,
r I t m y l s o b e h wn fr o m th e f ct th a t
s . a a s e a

ma g e ti i g a p i e ce o f te e l d o e s o t l te r i ts we igh t I t d o e s l te r
n z n s n a . a

th e a p pa re t p o itio o f it c e tre o f g ra vity c i g it i th e

G

n s n s n au s n n se
, ,
 MA NE TI C G M A TTE R .
’

la titu de s to h ift a lo g th xis to wa r ds th e n o rth Th e c e n tre

s n e a .

o f i n e rti a a s d e te rmi n e d by th e ph e o me a o f r o ta ti o n
, r e ma i s n n n
,

u lte r e d
na .

37 I f th e mi dd l e O f l o g th i m g e t b e e x mi e d i t i s a n n a n a n ,

fo u d to p o e
n o ma g e ti c pr o p e rtie
ss ss b t if th e ma g e t b e
n n s, u n

b o k e a t th t p o i t e a ch o f th e p i e c e is f un d to h a ve ma g ti
r n a n , s o a ne c

p o le t th e pl a ce o f fra c tur e
a d thi s e w p o l e i s e xa c tl y e qua l ,
an n

a d O ppo ite to th e o th e r p o l e b e l
n s i
g g to th a t p ie c I t is on n e .

i mp o i b l e ss ith e r by ma gn e ti a ti o
, e o by bre ki g m g e ts o z n ,
r a n a n , r

by a y o th e r me a
n to pr o c ur e a m g e t w h o s e p l e n s, e a n o s ar un

e qu l a .

I f w e br e a k th e l o g th i m g e t in to a u mb e r o f h o rt p ie c e n n a n n s s

w e s h a ll o b ta i a e r i e s Of h o r t ma gn e t
n e a ch s f wh i c h h po l e s s s, o as

of e a rly th e
n me tr n gth a th o e O f th o r igi l l o g ma g e t
sa s e s s e na n n .

Th i s m l ti pl i c ti o o f po l e s i
u o t n e ce
a ri ly a c r e a ti o o f e e rgy
n s n ssa n n ,

fo w e mu t r e me mb e r th a t fte r br e a k i g th e ma g t w e h v e to
r s a n ne a

d o w o rk to e p r a te th e p r t , i c o se qu e c e o f th e ir a ttra c ti o n
s a a s n n n

fo o er o th e r
n an .

L t s o w p t a l l th e p i e c e s O f th e ma g e t to g e th e r
e u n u n
‘

as a t firs t A t e a c h p o in t O f j
. c tio th e r e wi ll b e two p o l e s un n

e xac tly e qua l a d O f O pp o i te kin d s pl a c e d i

n c o ta c t o th t th e i r s ,
n n ,
s a

u ite d a c ti o o a y o th e r po le w ill b e ull Th e m g e t th

n n n n n . a n ,
'

us

r e bui l t h a s th e re fo re th e me pr p e r tie
,
t fir t n a me ly tw o sa o s as a s ,

p o le s o e a t e a ch e d e q l a d o pp o ite to e a ch o th e r d th e
,
n n ,
ua n s ,
an

pa r t be twe e th e e p o l e s e xh i bi t o m g e tic c ti o
n s s n a n a n .

Si c e i thi s ca s e w e k o w th e l o g m g e t t b e m de up
n , n ,
n n a n o a

o f l i ttl e h o r t m gn e ts d i c e th e p h e o me a e th s, sa mean s n n na ar e

a s in th e ca s e o f th e u br o k e mag e t w e ma y r e ga r d th m g e t n n n ,
e a n ,

e v n b e fo r e b e i n g br o k
e ma d e up o f m ll p r ti c le s e ch f en ,
as s a a ,
a o

wh ich h a two e qu a l d O pp o it p l e I f w pp o e ll m g e ts
s an s e o s . e su s a a n

to b e ma de up o f c h p rti c l it i e vi d t th t s i c e th
su a e s, s en a n e

a l g e br i c l qu a ti ty o f m g ti m i
a an e a c h p r ti c l e i er th e a ne s n a s z o ,

qua tity i th e wh o l m g e t w ill a l o b e r o o i th e r w rds

n n e a n s z e ,
r n o o ,

i t p o l e s wi ll b e O f e q l tr e g th b t o f O ppo ite ki d
s ua s n u s n .

Tne o ry of M a gn e tic M a tte r

’
.

Sin ce th e fo rm
f ma gn e ti c a c ti o n i s ide n ti ca l Of th e l a w o

with th a t o f e l e ctri c a c tio n , th e sa me r e a s o n s whi ch ca n b e gi ve n

fo r a tt ri bu tin g e l e c tri c ph e n o me n a to th e a c ti o n o f o n e fl u id ’
‘

O r tw o
.
‘
fl u i ds c a n a l so b e u s e d i n fa vo u r o f th e e xiste n c e o f a
’

ma g n e tic ma tte r , or Of two ki n ds of ma gn e tic ma tte r, fl ui d or

 E L E ME N TARY TH E O RY OF M A GN E TI S M .
[3 8 0 .

o rwise I f ct
th e th e o ry
. f ma g e tic ma tte r i f u se d i
n a ,
a a o n ,
n

pur e ly ma th e ma tica l s e se ca n o t f il to e xpla in th e phe n o me n a n ,

n a ,

pr o vi de d e w la ws a r e fre e ly i tr o du ce d to a cc o u t fo the actu a l

n n n r

fa cts .

On e o f the s e n ew l a ws mus t b e th a t th e ma g n et c i fl ui ds ca n n o t

pa s s fro m o n e mo l e c ul e o p a r ti cl e
o f th e m g e t to
an th e r but r a n o ,

th t th e pr o c e s s o f ma g n e ti ti s e p r a ti g to c e rt i
“

a co si t i z a on n s s n a n a a n

e xte n t th e tw o flui d wi th i e a ch p r ti c l e a n d c s i g th e o n e flui d

s n a ,
au n

to b e mo re c o c e tra te d a t o e e d d th e o th r fl i d to b e mo e
n n n n ,
an e u r

c o n ce tra te d a t th e o th e r e d O f th e p r tic l e
n Th i s i s th e th e o ry o f n a .

Po i sso n .

A p a rticle o f a ma gn e ti a ble bo dy i s o th i s th e o ry n a lo g o s z ,
n ,
a u

to a s ma l l i ul te d c o du to r wi th o t c h a r g e wh i c h o
ns a n th e tw o c u ,
n

fl id th e o ry c o t i
u i n d e fi ite ly l a rge b t e x c tly e qu a l qua titi e s
n a n s n u a n

o f th e tw o e l e c tr i c itie s Wh e a e l e ctro mo ti ve fo rc c ts o th e . n n e a n

c o d c to r
n u it e p a r t th e e l e c tr i c iti e s c a u i g th e m to b e c o me
,
s a es ,
s n

m ife st t pp o i t ide s O f th e c o d c to r
an a o s e I a s i mi l r ma
s er n u . n a n n ,

a c c o r d i g to thi s th e o ry
n th e ma g e ti i g fo r c e ca u s e s th e tw o ,
n z n

ki ds o f m g e ti m which we r e o rigi lly i a n e utr a li e d t te

n a n s ,
na n z s a ,

to b e s e p a ra te d a n d to a pp ea r a t o pp o s ite s id e s o f th e ma g e ti e d
,
n z

p a rtic le .

I n c e r ta i s ub ta n c e s s u c h a s so ft i r o
n s d th o s e ma g n e ti c
, n an

s ub s ta c e s wh ic h c
n o t b e pe r ma n e tly m an n
g e ti e d t h i s m a g e ti c n a n z ,
n

c o n di ti o li ke th e e l e ctri fic a tio n o f the c o d c to r d i pp e a r wh e

n ,
n u , sa s n

th i d c i g fo rc e i
e n u e mo v e d
n I o th e r b t c s s h ha rd
s r . n su s an e ,
uc as

t l th e m g e ti c o d iti n i pr o d uc e d wi th d iffi l ty a n d w h e
s ee ,
a n c n o s cu , ,
n

pro d uc e d r m i a fte r th e e mo v l o f th e i d ci g fo rc e
,
e a ns r a n u n .

Th i s i s e xpr e s e d by a yi g th a t i n th e l tte r c e th e re i s
s s n a as a

C o e r c iv e Fo rc e te di g to pr e v e t a lte r tio n i th e ma g e ti tio

,
n n n a n n za n ,

wh ich mu t b e o ve r co me b e fo r e th e p o we r Of a m g e t ca b e
s a n n

e i th e r i c r e e d o r dimi i h e d
n as I th e c s e o f th e e l e c tri fi d b o dy
n s . n a e

th i w o l d c o rre s p o d t a ki d o f e l e c tr i c re i ta c e wh ic h u l i k e
s u n o n s s n , ,
n

th e re i s ta c e O b s e rve d i m t l s w o ul d b e e q iva l e t to c o mpl e te

s n n e a ,
u n

i n su l tio fo e l e tr mo ti v e f rc e s b e l o w a c e r ta i va lu e
a n r c o o n .

Thi s th e o ry o f m g e ti m l i k e th e c o rr e s p o d i g th e o ry f a n s ,
n n o

e l e tr ic ity i s e v id e tly to o l r e fo
c t h e f nts d r q i r e to b e a e u s
, g c a r a ,
n

r e s tr i c te d by a r ti fi c i l c diti o s Fo i t o t o ly gi ve s o r e s o
a on n . r n n n a n

w h y o e b o d y ma y n o t d iff r fr o m o th e r o n nc c o un t f h vi g e an a o a n

mo r e o f b o th fl i ds b t it e a b l e s to sa
u
y w
, h a t w o l d b e th e
u n s u u

pro p e rti e s o f b o dy c o ta i i g n e xc e ss o f o e m g e tic fl id

a n n n a n a n u .

I t i s tr e tha t a r e s o u i s g i v e n wh y uc h b o dy c n o t e xi t
a n s a an s ,
 MA GNE TI C PO A L R I Z ATI ON .

b u t th is r e a o i o ly i tro d ce d a s s nfte r th o ugh t to e xpl a in

s n n u an a -

th i p a rti c ula r fa c t
s I t do e s n o t g o w o t o f th e th e o ry
. r u .

We mu t th r fo r e se e k f mo de o f e xpr e io wh i h
s e e or a ss n c

s h ll n o t b e ca p bl e o f e xpr e s i g t o o m ch
a a d w hi ch h ll le a ve s n u , an s a

ro o m f r th e i tro d cti o o f n e w ide a s th e e a e de ve l o p e d f o m

o n u n as s r r

n e w f c ts Th i
a I th i k w e h ll b ta i i f w e b e gi b y
. s, yin g n , s a O n n sa

th t th e p a rticl e s o f a m g e t a e Po l ri z e d
a a n r a .

M e a n i ng of ti e te r m P o la r iz a ti on ’
.

Wh e n a p rti le o f a bo d y p o ss e s se s pr o p e rti e s re la te d to a
a c

c e rta i li e n di r e c tio i th e bo d y a n d wh e th bo dy re ta i i g
n or n n ,
n e , n n

th e e pr o p e r ti e s i s tur e d
s th a t thi d ir e c tio
,
is re v e rs d th e
n so s n e , n

if asr e ga rd o th e r bo di e s th e e pr p e r tie o f th e pa rti le e

s s o s c ar

re v e r e d th e p r ti c l e
s , i r e f re n c e to th e e pro p e rti e
a ,
n i a i d to b e e s s, s s

p la ri z e d
o d th e pro p e rti e s
,
an r e sa i d to c o titu te p ar ti c ul r a ns a a

ki n d o f p o la ri ti o n za .

Th u s w e m y y th a t th e r o t atio o f asa b o d y a b o u t a n x is a n a

co s ti t te
n a ki n d o f po l a ri z ti o
u s be ca use if wh ile the ro ta tio n a n , ,

co ti u e s th e d i r e c ti o
n n o f the
, x i i s tur e d e d fo e d th e bo dyn a s n n r n ,

wil l b e o ta tin g i th e O pp o ite di re ctio

r n r e ga rd p a ce s n as s s .

A c o ducti g pa rti cl thr o ug h w h i h th e r e i a c rr e t f e l e c

n n e c s u n o

tr ic ity m y b e sa id to b e p o la r i e d b e ca u e if i t w e re t
a d r d z ,
s ur ne o un ,

an d if th e c ur e t c o ti u e d to fl w i th e sa me di r e c ti o a s r g rds
r n n n o n n e a

th e p a rti c le i t dire c tio i n p c w l d b e r e v e r se d

,
s n s a e ou .

I ho rt i f
n s
y m th m t
, i ca l o p
an h y i c l q at i t y i e f t ha r s a u an s o e

na tur o f v ct r
e d fi e d i A t 11 th
a e o , as
y b o dey o n p r t i cl n r .
,
en an r a e

to whi ch thi di r c te d q ti ty s ve c to r b l gs m y b
e uan id t or e on a e sa o

b e Po l r i e d be ca us e i t h o pp si te pro p r tie i th tw o ppo s ite

a z as o e s n e O

dir e c ti o o p o l e o f th e di r e c te d q ti ty
ns r s u an .

Th e p o l e o f th e e rth fo e x mpl h v e r e fe r c e to its r o t tio

s a ,
r a e, a en a n ,

d h a v e a c co r di gly difl e e t me s
an
l n r n na .

Th e w o r d
P o l a r iz a ti o n h a s e e n u se b
i n a se n se n o t c o n s is te n t wi th this i n d
h h d
O pti cs w e r e a r a y O f l ig t i s sa i to b e po la r iz e w h e n i t h a s pr o pe r ti e s r e la tin g d
d h h d h k d
,

to i ts si e s w i c a r e i e n ti ca l o n O pp o s i te si de s o f th e r a y T is i n o f po l a r iz a ti o n
f h k d D d h d
.
,

r e e r s to a n o t e r in o f ir e c te Q u a n ti ty whi c ma y b e c all e a B i po l a r Q u a n tity ,

f k d h h d
,

i n O ppo si ti o n to th e o r me r in , w i c ma y b e ca ll e U n i po la r
W q d b
.

h e n a d ipo l a r u an ti t i s tu r n e e n d fo r e n d i t r e ma i n s th e sa me a s e fo r e
y .

an d mo s t o f th e O pti ca l , e l e c tr i c a l , a n d ma gn e ti c pr o pe r ti e s o f cr y s tal l i z e o es d b di
are d
ipo l a r u a n ti ti e s q
d bd
.

Th e pr o pe r ty pr o u ce d b y ma gn e tis m in tr a n s pa r e n t o ie s o f twi s tin g th e pl a n e

of
po l a r i z a ti o n O f th e i n c i e n t li t
g , i s li e m a gn e tis m idts e l a u n i p ohl a r p r o pe r ty k f .

d
o , ,

Th e r o ta to r y pr o pe r ty r e fe r r e to i n A r t 303 18 a l so u n i po l a r . .
 E L E M E N TA RY TH E O R Y OF M A GNE TI S M .

M e a n ing of tl e te r m M a gn e ti c P o l a r iz a tio n ‘

I n p e ki g
S a n Of th e s ta te of th e p a rti l e s c of a ma gn e t as

ma g n e tic p o la ri tio z a n , we imply th a t

p rts e a ch o f th e s ma ll e s t a

i to wh ic h
n ma g e t ma y b e divide d h s c r t i pr o p e r tie s r e l te d
a n a e a n a

to a d e fin ite di r e c ti o th r o gh th e p rti c l e n c ll e d i t A xi O f
u a ,
a s s

M g e ti a tio
a n z d th a t th e pro p e r tie r e l t d to o e e d o f th i s
n ,
an s a e n n

a xi e o pp o si te to th e pr o p e r tie
s ar r l te d to th e o th e r e d s e a n .

Th e pr o p e r ti e s wh ic h w e ttribu te to th e p r ti c l e o f th e s me
a a ar e a

ki d a s th o s e which we Ob s e rv e i the c o mpl te ma gn e t a d i

n n e ,
n n

s u mi t h t th p r ti l p th pr p r ti w l y s se r t
as
g an e c e o e s e e a o e s e ss s s e s, on a

wh t w e c pro ve by br e k i g th e m g e t p i to m ll p ie ce s
a an a n a n u n s a ,

fo r e a c h o f th e se i fo u d to b e a m g e t s n a n .

P r op e r ti e s of a M a gn e tiz e d P a r tic le .

383 ] L e t th e e le me n t dz dg dz b e a pa r ti c le of a ma gn e t, a n d
le t us a s su pro p e rti s r e th o s e
me th a t i ts ma g n e ti c e a o f a ma
g net

t h e tr gth o f w h o e p itive p o l e i s m
s en d wh o s e l e gth i s d s
s os ,
an n .

T h e if P i s n
y p o i t i n s p a c an
e d is ta t fr o m th
n e
po s iti v e p o l e d n r an

fr o m th e n g ti v e p o l e th e m g e ti c p o te n ti l t P wi ll b e
‘ ’
r e a ,
a n a a

”
1 d e to th e p o itive p o le a n d
&
u f d e to th e n e ga tive p o le o r
s , u ,
“

r r

( )
1

I f d s , th e dis ta n c e b e twe e n th e p o le s ,
is ve ry s ma ll, w e ma y pu t
’ —r ds
r co s 6, ( )
2
wh e r e e i s th e gle b e twe e
an n th e ve cto r dr wn fro m a th e ma g n e t
to P an d th e a x is o f th e m g a n e t, o r

mds
V = — 2— co s e .
r

M a gn e ti c M o me n t .

Th e pro duct of th e l e gth

n o f a
’
u n i fo r mly an d l gi t don u

i n a l ly ma g n e tiz e d b a r ma gn e t i n to th e st e n r gth of its p o itive p o l e

s

i s c a l l e d i ts M a g n e tic M o me n t .

I n te n s i tg of M a gn e ti z a tio n .

Th e in te n sity ma g n e tiz a tio n o f a ma g n e tic p a r ticl e i s th e r a tio

Of

o f its ma gn e ti c mo me n t to i ts v o l u me W e s h a ll d e n o te i t by I . .

Th e ma gn e tiz a ti o n a t a n y p o in t O f a ma g n e t ma y b e d e fi n e d
b y its i n te n s ity a n d i ts d ir e c tio n I ts di r e c tio n ma y b e d e fi n e d by .

i ts d i r e c ti o n -
co s i n e s A, a , v .
 C O M PO N E N TS OF M A GN E TI Z A TI O N .

C o mp o n e n ts of M a gn e tiz a tio n .

Th e ma g n e tiz a tio n a t a p o i t Of ma gn e t (b e i g v e c to r o r
n a n a

dir e c te d q u an ti ty ) ma y b e e xp r e ed i te r ms o f its th r e e
ss om n c

po n e n ts r e fe rr e d to th e a x e s Of c o o r di n a te C lli g th e e A B C s . a n s , , ,

A = L\ , l u,

an d th e n ume ri ca l v lue a o f I is g i v e n by t h e e qu i
at o n
(
4)

1 2
A +B 2 2
+ 0
2
.
( )
5

I f th e po rtio f th e ma g n e t whi ch c o n si de r i s t h e
"

n o we
diffe r e n tia l e e l me n t o f vo lume d dg d d if I de o te th e i te i ty
z z ,
an n s n ns

of ma g n e tiz a ti o n of this l e me t i t ma g e ti c mo m t i s I da dg dz
e n ,
s n en .

Su b st itu tin g th i s fo r m d s in e qu ti o d r e me mbe r i g th a t a n an n

r co s e A ( f —w) (n —
y)+ v
( c—
a ( )
6

wh e r e f Q e th e c o o rdi te o f th e xtre mity o f th e ve c to r

,
“
ar n a s e r

dra w f o m th e p o in t ( g ) w e fi d fo th p o te ti a l a t th e po i nt
n r r , ,
z , n r e n

(5 7 0
,
1 ,
d e to th e m au
g e ti e d e l e me t t ( g ) n z n a 50 , ,
z ,

—m — —z
57 :
{ (f
A H -
B ( fl yl
‘
t )} ( )
7

To o b tai n th e po te l a t th e p o i t (5 7 0 d e t ma g e t o f
nt a i n ,
1, u o a n

fin i te dime i
n s o n s, w e mu s t fin d th e i n t g r a l o f thi s e xpr e io fo e ss n r

e ve ry e l e me n t o f v o lume i c lud e d w i thin th e p a ce o c c p ie d by

n s u

th e ma gn e t ,
or

m m
1
— — dmdt dz
A (a e n C s a} 7.
’
.

I n te gr a ti n g by p a rts ,
th i s b e c o me s
dz c
$ 4 .
n
A dB 40
dy 32 ) dx dg dz ,

wh e re th e do ubl e in te g r a ti o n i n th e firs t th r e e te rms r e fe rs to th e

f
s u r a ce f th e ma g n e t,
o an d th e t i r ple i n te gra tio n in th e fo ur th to
'

th e s p ac e wi thi n i t .

I f l , m, n de n o te th e di r e cti on -
co si n e s of th e n Or ma l d ra wn
o utwar ds fro m th e l
e e me n t ur f c e
o f s a d S, w e ma y wri te ,
as in
A r t 2 1, th e
. su m o f th e fir t th r e e te rms
s ,

A mB n 0 ) a s,
g
wh e re th e in te gra ti o n i s to b e e xte n de d o ve r th e wh o l e s urfa c e o f
th e ma gn e t .
 E LE ME NTA R Y TH E O RY OF M A GNE TI S M .

I f we no w in t ro d uce tw o n ew s ymb o l s 0 an d p, de fi n e d
ns a l A + mB + n 0,
dA dB d0
“

“
7 6

the e xp r e s i
s on fo r the p o te n ti a l ma y be writte n

Em a
m .

p r e s sio n i s ide n tica l with tha t fo r the e le c tr ic

This ex

o te n tia l d e to a b o dy o n th e s urfa c e O f wh i ch th e re i
u a e le c s n u
p
tr i fica ti o n wh o se s urfa c e d e i ty i s whil e th ro gho u t its ub ta ce
-
ns a ,
u s s n

th e r e is a bo d ily e l e ctrifi c a tio wh o se vo lume de n ity is p H e n ce n -

s .
,

if we a s su me a d p to b e th e s urfa c e
a nn d v o l me d e s iti e s o f th e a u -
n

d is trib ti o u o f an i m gi r y s ub ta ce wh i ch w e h a v e ca lle d
n a na s n ,

ma g e ti c m tte r th e p o te n tia l d e to th i s m gi a ry d is tr ibutio n

’
n a u i a n

wi ll b e ide tica l with th a t du e to the a ctua l ma g e ti tio f e ve ry

n n z a n o

e l e me n t o f th e m gn e t a .

Th e urfa ce d e n s ity
s i s th e r e so lve d p a rt o f the i n te n s ity o f
- a

m gn e ti a tio I i n th e di r e c ti o n O f th e n o rma l to th e s urfa c e d ra w n

a z n

o u twa r d s a d th e v o lume d e n s ity p i s th e c o n ve rge ce (s e e ’

,
n -
n

A r t 2 5 ) o f th e ma gn e tiz a tio a t a g iv e n p o i t in th e ma g n e t
. n n .

Thi me th o d o f r e pr e s e ti g th e a c ti o
s of a m
g net s d en n n a a u

to a di str ib tio of m gn tic ma tte r i s v e ry c o v e n ie n t b u t we

’
u n a e n ,

mus t a lw y s r e me mb e r th t i t i o ly
a rti fic ia l m th o d o f a s n an a e

r pre se ti g th e a c tio o f a sys te m f p o l ri e d p rtic le s

e n n n O a z a .

On Me Ac tio n of one Ma gn e ti c M o l e cu l e i er
o n a n o t/ .

I f, as in th e c ha p te r on S h e ic a p r l H a r mo n i cs , A r t 12 9 , .

we ma k e d d d d
l —
+ m + 1
at an i
a a
wh e r e l m n a r e the d i re c tio n co si e s O f th e a xis i th e the
, ,
-
n i, n

p o te n ti l d e to a ma gn e ti c mo le c ule a t the o rigi wh o se a xis i s

a u n ,

p a ra lle l to l a n d wh o s e ma gn e tic mo me t i s m is
l , n

s t in . 1
61 A
7
.

1’
2
dd, r r

wh e r e AI is th e g l e b e t wc o s in e o f
e e n t a d th e an
,
n r .

Ag i if a e c o d m g e tic mo l e c ul e w h o e mo me t i m
a n , s n a d n s n s
2 ,
an

wh o se a xi s is p a ra ll e l to / i pl c d t th e e xtr e mity o f th e r diu s i

2 , s a e a a

v e cto r r th e p o te n tia l e n e rgy du e t th e a c ti

, o f the o n e ma g et o on n

o n th e o the r i s
 F OR C E B E TWE E N TWO M A GN E TI ZE D PA R TI C L E S .

a s
1
( )
3

7” 772

2 3 ( )
4

wh e re am is th e c o si n e of th e an gle which th e x es ma k e with e a ch

a

o th e r an d A1, A2 are th e c o s in e s of th e a n l e s wh i ch th e y ma k e
, g

Let us ne xt de te rmi ne th e mo me n t o f th e co uple wi th whi ch th e

firs t ma g n et te n d s to t urn th e se c o n d ro u n d i ts ce n tr e .

Le t us uppo e th e s e co d
s s n ma g n e t turn e d thr o ugh an an
g l e

d d) in a pl a e p e r pe n di cul a r to
n a thi r d a xis £ 3 , th e n th e wo rk do n e

a ga in s t th e mag n e ti c fo r c e s wi ll b e
ég d gb , an d th e mo me n t o f th e

fo rce s on th e ma g net I n thi s pl a n e wil l be

M
a
do d ci>
Th e ac t a u l mo me n t a c tin g on th e s e co n d ma gn et ma y th e re fo r e
be c o n s ide r e d re sul ta n t o f t woas th e c o upl e s , o f wh i c h th e fir s t

a c ts i a pla e p r ll e l to th e a x e s o f b o th m g
n n a a a d te n ds to
n e ts , a n

i e a se th e a n gl e b e twe e
nc r th e m with a fo r ce wh o n se mo me n t i s
m ”2
; s n i (A a ) ( )
6

whi le th e se co n d co upl e i n th e pl a n e p a s si n g thr o ugh

a c ts r an d
th e a xi s o f th e s e c o n d ma n e t
g a n d te n d s to,
d i mi n is /
i th e an
gl e

b e tw een th e s e d i re c ti o n s w ith a fo r c e
m
3 1 2
771
co s m
( ) i 1
s n
( r nz ),

wh e r ( e r l l ) ( ,
r n l
( , z)
i d e n o te th e an g l es b e tw e e n th e li nes r,

l l ,
£
2
.

To de te rmin e th e fo r c e a c ti n g o n th e s eco n d ma gn e t i n a di r e c tio n

p a ra l le l to a li ne we ha ve to l ula te
ca c

( )
8

m1 722
3
1 ( )
9

ml m2 m1m2 m m2
— 5 A1 Az l t
0 1 3 l‘13 A2 + 3 F2 3
i A1 ( )
10
'
'
3 12
'
4 4 4
r r

I f we s upp o se th e a ct a ul fo r c e co mpo u n de d f th r e e fo r c e s , R ,
o

H, an d H z , in th e di r e c tio n s o f r, ll an d it, re spe c tive ly, th e n th e

 E L E M E N TA RY T H E ORY OF M A GN E TI SM .

S i n ce th e di r e ctio n of t, i s a rb itra ry , we mu s t h a ve
B i ll 772

1
A1 A2 ),

)
1 2
A1 .
4

T h e fo r c e R i s pa l m n , te n d in g to i n c r e a s e
re u s i ; H, an d H2
a ct o n th e s e c o n d ma gn e t in th e dir e c ti o n s o f th e a xe s o f th e fir st

an d se co n d ma g n e t r e s p e c tiv e ly .

Th i s a n a ly s i s o f th e fo r c e s a ctin g b e twe e n tw o s ma ll ma g n e ts
was fir s t gi ve n in te r ms of th e Q ua te r i o n A ly n na s is by Pr o fe sso r
Ta it i n th e Q u a r te r l
y M i
a t/ . Jo u r n . fo r Ja n . 18 6 0 . S e e a ls o h is
w o rk
- on Q u a te r n i o n s, A r t 4 14 . .

P a r ti cu l a r P o s i ti o n s .

( )
1 I f A,
“

an d A2 ar e e a ch e q a l to 1
u , th a t i s , if th e a xe s
o f th e ma gn e ts a r e in one st a i r ght li e a n d i
n n th e sa me dir e c ti o n ,

1
[ 12 1,
a n d th e fo r c e b e tw e e n th e ma g n e ts i s a re pul sio n
6 m m2
R + H l + Hz
Q
Th e ne g tive sign
a in di c a te s th a t th e fo r c e i s a n a tt a c ti o n r .

( )
2 I f A,
an d A2 are ro
z e ,
an d p12 u n i ty , th e a x e s o f th e ma g n e ts
are p r lle l to
a a e a ch o th e r a n d p e rp e n di c ul a r to r , a n d th e fo r c e

is a r e pul i o s n
3 m1 m2

I n n e ith e r of th e s e ca se s is th e r e an
y co uple .

( ) I f d A2 0 , th e n
3 AI 1 an p12 ( )
15

3 77

2
7722
Th e fo r ce on th e se c o n d ma g n e t will be 3
1
i n th e di r e c ti o n
2 77
1
72
upl
2 g to turn p ra ll e l
2
of i ts a x r s, a n d th e co e Wl ll b e te n di n 1t a

3 7 772
fir st m gn e t Th i s is q i va l e l fo rc e
21
2
to th e a e u n t to a s in
.
g e

a cti g p a r ll e l to th e
n a d ir e ctio n of th e xi s o f th e s e c o
a n d ma gn e t ,

a n d c utti g r a t a p o i
n n t tw o th i d s -
r o f i ts l e gth fr o m m n
2
.

FI g 1 . .

T hu s in th e figur e ( 1)two ma g n e ts are ma de to flo a t o n Wa te r ,

 F OR C E B E TWE E N TWO S M ALL MA GN E TS .

b e i g i th e d i e c ti o o f th e a xi o f m b t h vi g it o w a xi
n n r n s
1,
u a n s n s

a t r igh t a g l e to th a t o f m
n s I f tw o p o i t A B ri g idly co 1
. e c te d n s, , ,
nn

w ith m a d m r e s p e c ti v e ly
1
n
2 co c te d by m o f a S tr i g T
,
are nne e an s n ,

th e y te m wil l b e i
s s e q ili bri m pr o v id e d T n t th e l i e m m
u u , cu s n
l 2

a t r ig h t g l e an
a t p o in t o e th i rd o f th
s a d i t c e fr o m m to m
n -
e s an
1 2
.

( )
4 I f w e ll o w t h e a
s e c o d m g e t t o t r f r e e l y a b nu t i ts ce t r e a n u n o n

till i t c o me to p o iti o o f St bl e e quili briu m W wi ll th e b e

s a s n a , n a

min imu m a r e ga rd s d a d th e r e fo r e th e r e o lv e d p r t o f th e f r c e
s
z ,
n s a o

d e to m ta k e i n th e di r e c tio O f l
u
2 , n wi ll b e a ma xi m m H e ce n
l ,
u . n ,

if w e w is h to pr d c e th e gr e te t p o i b l e ma g e tic f r c
o u t a a s ss n o e a

g i v e pn o i t i g ni v e di r
n a e c ti by m e n O f ma
g e t t h e p o iti o s
on an s n s, s n

o f w h o e c e tr e a e g iv e
s n th e
s i o r d e r to d e te rmi e th e pro p e r
r n ,
n ,
n n

di r e c tio o f th e a x e
ns o f th e e m a g e t to pr o d e thi e ffe c t w e
s s n s uc s ,

h v e o l y to pl ce a m g e t i th e g i v e
a n a d ir c ti o
a t th e gi ve n
n n n e n a

p o i t d to Ob se rve th e d ire c tio o f t bl e e q ili brium o f th e

n ,
an n s a u

a xi s O f s ec o d ma g e t w h e
a n i t c e tr e i pl c e d a t a ch o f th e
n n s n s a e

o th e r gi v e p o i t Th e ma g e ts mus t th e b e pl c e d with th e i
n n s . n n a r .

a xe s i th e d i r e c tio
n i dica te d by th t O f th e s e co d m g e t
n s n a n a n .

Of c o rs e i p e rf o r mi g thi e pe i
u ,
n n s x r

me t w e m t ta k e a c c o t o f te r e tri l
n u s u n r s a

m g e ti m if it e x i ts
a n s ,
s .

L e t th e s e c d ma gn e t b e i a p o i
on n s

ti n o f ta bl e e qui l ibr i u m a s r e ga r d it
o s s s

di r e c ti o th e n ,
i n c e th e c o up l e
n s c ti g a n

o n it v i he an s th e xi s o f th e e co d
s, a s n

ma gn e t m t b e i th e sa me pl e w ith
us n
'

an

th a t o f th e fir t He e s . nc

fiz ) 5
( 1 ( 7
'
(i s ),

an d th e co upl e b e in g
72

23
77
2
( S n i n d
( , z) 3 co s 6
( , r ) s in ( r
2

w e fin d wh e n thi s i s z e ro
ta n l
( l r
) 2 ta n ( r ( )
18

ta n H l mz R 2 ta a 2
H2 .
( )
19

Wh e n th i s po s i ti o n ha s be e n ta ke up by th e
n s e co n d ma gn e t th e
v l e of
a u W b e c o me s

2, i s in th e di re cti o n of th e lin e o f fo r ce d u e to m1 at m2 .
 E L E ME N TA RY TH E ORY OF M A GN E TI S M .

H e n ce
i
f (2 )
0
01
3!

H e n c e th e se co n d ma gn e t will te n d to mo ve to wa r d s pl a ce s of

g r e a te r e s ulta
r n t fo r c e .

Th e fo r ce On th e se co n d ma gn e t ma y b e d e c o mp o s e d i n to a fo rc e
R, wh ich in this ca s e i s a lwa y s a ttr a c ti ve to w a r d s th e gfir s t ma g n e t,
a n d a fo r c e I I p a ll e l to 1
ra th e a xis of th e fir st ma g n e t, wh e r e
ml m2 I
R _3 ( )
2 1

I n Fi g X VI I .
, at th e en d o f th i s vo l u me , th e li n es o f fo r c e an d
e qui p o te ti l s ur fa c e s i two di me io s a e dra w
n a Th e ma g e t
n ns n r n . n s

whi ch p r o du ce th e m a e s pp o s e d to b e tw o l g cyli dr ic a l o ds
r u on n r

th e s e c ti o s o f wh i ch a e r e pr e s e te d by th e c i r c l r b l a n k p c e
n r n u a s a s,

a n d th e s e r o d s a e ma g e ti e d tra ve r e ly i th e d ire c tio o f th e

r n z ns s n n

a rr o w s.

I f w e r e me mb e th t th e r e i te io r lo g th e li s o f fo ce it
a s a n s n a n ne r ,

i s e a s y to se e th t e c h ma g e t wi l l te n d to turn i n th e di r e cti o
a a n n

d o f a w a tc h
“

O f the mo tio o f th e h n an s .

Th a t o n th e i gh t h a d wi ll a l s o a r wh o le te d to mo v en ,
s a ,
n

to wa r d th e to p a d th a t o n th e l e ft h d to w a r ds th e b o tto m
s ,
n an

o f th e p g e a .

On tnc P o te n ti a l E n e rgy of a M a gn e t p la ce d in a M a gn e ti c Fi e ld .

L e t V b e th e ma gn e ti c
p o te ti a l d e to y s y te m o f n u an s

ma g e ts cti g o th e ma g n e t
n a n d e r c o i de ra ti o
n We h ll ca ll u n ns n . s a

V th e p o te tial o f th e e xte r a l m g e ti c fo r c e
n n a n .

If s ma ll m n e t wh o e tr e gth i m a d wh o s e l e n g th i
s d s n s n
a
g a , s s,

b e plac e d s o th t its p o si ti v e po l e i s a t a p o i n t wh e e th e po te ti a l
a r n

i s V a n d its e g a tive p o l e t a p o i t wh e re th e p o te n tia l is V th e

’
n a n
, ,

p o te ti l e e rgy o f this ma g e t wil l b e m ( V

n a n o if d s i n r, s

me a s u r e d fr o m th e e ga tiv e p o l e to th e po s itive
n ,

I f I is th e in te n s i ty of th e ma g n e ti z at o n i ,
an d A, a , v its dir e c
ti o n -
c o s in e s , we ma y wr i te ,

t i f
an d i A
i
f M
i
f
ds dz c l” ,

a n d, fi n a lly ,
i f A, B ,
(J are th e co mp o n e n ts o f ma g n e tiz a ti o n ,
A = AI , ~
E LL
-

”,
I (3 v
 PO T E NT I A L E NE RGY OF A MA GN E T .

so tha t th e xp r es s io n ( 1)fo
e r th e p o te n ti a l en e rgy o f th e e le men t
of th e ma g e t be c me s
n o

dV
B C dz dy dz
d}
.

To O bta i n th e p o te n tia l e e rgy n Of a ma g n e t Of fi n i te s iz e , we

mus t i n te g ra te this e xpr ss i o n fo e r e ve y e l e me n t
r of th e mg a ne t .

We th u s O bta i n

dV dV

as th e v l e O f th e p o te ti l e e gy o f th e ma gn e t with re spe c t
a u n a n r

to th e ma g e ti c fi e l d i wh i ch i t i pla c e d
n n s .

Th e p o te tia l e e r g y i h e r e e xpr e s s e d i te rms o f th e c o mp o e ts

n n s n n n

o f ma g e ti z a ti o a d o f th o e o f th e m g e ti c fo r c e a ri i
n n fr m a n
n
g o s s n

e xte r lc e
na aus s .

B y i te gra ti o
n by p a rts w e ma y e xpre s s it i te rms o f th
n n e

di str ibu ti o o f ma gn e tic ma tte r a d o f ma gn e ti c p o te tia l

n n n

as ii i ? no
a; E V wcir dz . ( )
4

wh e re l m , ,
n are re ctio c o si e s O f th e o rm l a t th e e le me n t
th e di n -
n n a

o f s urf c e d S
a . I f we b s ti tute i th i e q a ti o th e e xpre s io f
su n s u n s ns or

th e ur fa c e a
s n d v o lume de ity O f ma g e ti c ma tte r a gi ve
-
ns n s n In

A r t 3 8 6 , th e
. e xpr e ss i be c o me s on

7 0 dS

We ma y wri te e qu a ti o n
( )
3 in th e fo r m

(A a B B C y)dz dy dz ,

wh e r e a , [3 an d y ‘

ar e th e co mp o n e n ts Of th e e xte rn a l ma gn e ti c fo rce .

On tl e M a gn e tic M o me n t a n d Ax i s of a M a gn e t .

I f thr o ugho u t the who le pa ce o c cu pie d by th e m g e t

s a n

th e e xte r a l ma gn n e ti c fo r c e i ifo r m i di r e c ti o n a n d ma g i tude

s un n n ,

th e c o mpo n e ts n , a, B y ,
w il l b e c o n t t qua t i ti e a
s an
s d if w e wri te n ,
n

dy dz n K , ( )
7

th e i n te g a tio n s r be i n
g e xte n de d o ve r th e wh o l e s ub s ta n ce of th e
mag n e t, the a v lue of W ma y b e wri tte n

W :
 E L E ME N TA RY T H E O RY OF MA GN E TI S M .

I n th is e x pr e s si o n l, m, n are th e di re c tio n -
c o si n e s o f th e a xi s o f
th e ma g n e t ,
an d K i s th e ma g n e tic mo me n t of th e ma g n e t . If
e i s th e l wh i ch the xi
ang e a s Of th e ma g ma k e s
n et w ith th e
dir e c ti o n o f th e ma gn e ti c fo r c e 6
3 , th e v l ue
a o f W ma
y b e wr itte n

W —K 5
§ . co s 6 .

I f th e ma gn e t i s s us p e n de d so as to b e f re e to turn a b o ut a

v e t i c l a xi
r a s, as i n th e ca se of an o r di a ry
n co mp a s s nee d le , l e t
th e a i mu th z o f th e xi s o f th e m g
a a net b e (I), a n d l e t it b e i n c lin e d
0 to th e h o i z o n r ta l pl a e L e t th e
n . fo r c e o f te rre s tr ia l ma gn e ti s m
b e in a d i r e c tio n wh o e a imuth i s O
s z an d d ip th e n

b f fi sin dj S ln
‘

co s co s O, fi co s g o, g; ( )
10
“
a z t z
y z

l = co s 6 co s 5
q, m= co s e s in ¢ ,
n S in e ; ( )
11

wh e n ce W :
( co s ( co s 6 co s (4) — O)+ s i n { sin
( )
12

Th e mo me n t f th e fo r ce te n d in g to in c r e a s e 4) by turn i g th e
‘

o n

ma g n e t ro un d a ve r ti ca l a xis is
d W _ K J)
; co s { C OS O sin
d d)

On t/i e E xp a n s io n of tli c P o te n ti a l f
o a M a gn e t i n So l i d H a r mo n i cs .

L e t V b e th e p o te ti l d e to u n a u a n it p l pl a ce d
o e at th e
p o in t ( 5 n f ) , ,
. Th e v l ue o f V t th e p o i t
a a n r , y ,
z is

V: { (f ( )
1

Th is xpre s s io
e n ma y b e e xp an de d i n te r ms of S p h e ri c a l h a r mo n ic s,
with th e i r ce tr e n at th e o r rg m . We h a ve th e n

( )
2

wh e n 70 be i th di s ta n ce Of (5 Q)fro m th e ri g i ( )
3
‘

e o n
r n
g , n, ,

£w+ nr + {z
( )
4
3
r

2
§z 1 2
5)
2 2

V2
2 ) 1
7 +
( )
5
5
2r
St e .

To de te r mi n e th e v lue
a of th e po te n ti a l wh e n th e m g e t
'
e n e r gy a n

is pl a ce d fi e ld o f fo rce
i n th e e xpr se d by th i s p o te ti l w
es h a ve n a ,
e

to i te g r te th e e xpr e io
n a fo ss n r W i e qua ti o ( 3 ) w ith r e s p e c t to
n n

a
y
'
,
a d z c o s id e r i g f
n , 7 f a d r a
n c ta t n , 7 ,
n s ons n s .

I f w e c o i de r o ly th e te r m i tr o d ce d by 7
ns n s n u 0 , 71 an d 7 2 th e
r sul t wi ll de p e d o th e fo ll o wi g v lu m i te g r l
e n n n o e -
n a s,
 To A MA GN E T
'

E X PA N S I O N OE TH E TPo TE NTI A L D UE
’

. 17

dx dy dz , mx dy dz ; ( )
6

Je di/ dz ; ( )
7

( B z + C y )dz dy dz , Q Ore —
l A z )dx dy dz ,

B x d
) y
z d dz .
( )
8

We th us fi d fo th e va lu e Of th e po te ti a l e n e rgy o f th e
n r n ma gn e t
pl ac e d i n pre se c e o f th e un it po l e a t th e p o i n t
n n Q , ,

( 2 7
1 — M — N)+ n
2
( 2 M — N — 7
1 ) ( (
2
2N — 15—M ) 3 (P n C+

Thi s xpre ss io n ma y a l s o b e e ga r de d
e th e po te n tia l e n e rgy o f r as

th e un it p o l e in pr e s e n c e O f th e ma g e t o r mo r e simm y a s th e n ,

p o te n ti a l a t th e po i n t 5 1 g du e to th e ma gn e t ,
1,
“
.

On tl e Ce n tr e of a M a g ne t a n d i ts P r i ma r y a nd Se co n da ry Ax e s .

Thi s e xpre ss i o n ma y b e s impli fi e d

by a l te rin g th e dire c ti o n s
c o o rd in a te s a n d th e po s i ti o o f th e o rigi n I n th e first
‘

o f th e n .

l h a ll mak e th e di r e c tio o f th e a x i o f a p a ra ll e l to th e
’

p a ce w e ,
s n s
'

a x i s o f th e ma gn e t Th is is e qui va l e t to ma kin g
. n

m= 0, n = 0 .
( )
10

I f we ch a n ge th e o rigi n o f co o rdin a te s to th e po mt (
a
’
, y
’
,
th e

1K, mK an d n K will re ma in un ch a n ge d ,
b u t th e o th e s r will be
a lte re d as fo ll o ws
L
’
: L — l Ka
"

,
M
’
z M— m ,
—
N = N n Kz ;
' ’
( )
11

= (
’ ‘
P = P Q R R
'
Q
’
: 12

I f we now ma k e th e dir e cti o n of th e a xis o f a: pa ra ll e l to th e

a xi s o f th e ma gn e t, an d p ut

2
, 13
2K K
th e n fo r th e
'

n ew a xe s M an d N h a ve the ir va lue s un ch a n ge d ,
an d
18
‘

E LE ME NTAR Y THE ORY OE MA GN E TI S M .

[ 39 2 .

We ha ve t u s o u
fixe d w ith re s p e c t to th e m g e t
h f n d a po i n t, a n ,

s ch th t t h e se c o d t e m o f th e po te ti l a s s ume s t h e m s t i mpl e
u ~
a n r n a o s

fo r m wh e thi s p o i t i s ta k e n a s o r ig i o f co o r di te s
n n Th i p o i t n na . s n

w e t h e r e fo r e d e fi e a s t h e ce tr e o f th e ma g e t a n d th e
n xi s n n ,
a

d r a wn th r o ugh i t i n th e di re ctio fo rme rly d e fi d s th e d i r e c tio n ne a >

n

O f th e ma g e tic a xi s m y b e d e fi e d
n s th e p r i ci p a l a x i s o f th e
a n a n

ma gn e t .

We ma y s impli fy th e e s ult S till mo re by tur i g th e a xe s o f y

o ~
r n n

z r o u d th a t Of a: th r o u h h al f th e a l w g i
;
a n} n
g g e h o se t e n t s n an

This wi ll ca use P to b e c o me e r o a d th e fi a l f o m z n (
n r
M—N
,

o f th e p o te n ti l m y b e wr i tte n a a

( )
15

Th i s i s th e S impl e st fo r m of th e fir st two te rms o f th e po te tia l n

of a ~
, ma g n e t . Wh e n th e a xe s f y a n d z ar
o e t h u s pl a c e d t h e y m a y

be l c a lle d
a
th e S e c o n da r y a xe s o f th e ma gn e t .

We ma y a so l d e te r mi n e th e . c e n tr e , of a ”
ma g n e t b y fi n di n g th e
p o s itio n Of th e ori gi n Of c o o rdi n a te s , fo r which urf c e i t g lth e s a -
n e ra

o f th e qu a re o f th e se co n d te rm o f
s th e p o te n tia l e xte de d o ve r ,
n

a s ph er e O f u n i t r a
. di us i s a m i n i mu m , .

Th e quanti ty wh i ch i s ;to b e ma de a mi n imu m i s , b y ,Ar t 14 1, .

Th e ch a n ge s i n the -
v a lu e s o f th is
f
qua ti ty du e to a ch a ge n n o f
po s iti on o f th e o r igi n ma y b e de du c e d fr o m e qu a tio n s ( 11) d -
an

H e n c e the c andi ti q n s o f a mi n imu m a r e

. .

.
2 ” 2 L— —
M N )+ 13 A
n Q S mR -
z z O,
2 m (2 M — N —L IR 3 ‘

nP o,

2n ( 2 N —L -
M )+ 3 mP + 3 [ Q 0 .

I f we a ss u me l 1, m 0, n th e s e co n diti o n s b e co me
z z —M _N = 0, Q o, R : 0, r
( )
e

wh ich are the co n diti o n s ma de u se o f in th e pr e vI o u s In ve st

i g a ti o n .

ve s tiga tio n m y b e c o mp a re d with th t by which th e

Th i s i n a a

p o te tia l o f s yste m o f gra vita ti g ma tte r i e xp a de d I th e

n a n s n . n

la tte r case the mo st co n ve ie n t po i t to ss u me s th e o igi

, n n a a r n

is th e ce n tre o f g r a vit y o f th e s ys te m a d th e mo s t c o ve ien t K ,

n n n

a x e s a e th e
r r i cipa l x f i r ti t h r u h th t p i t
p : e o e a no g a o a s n n .

I th e ca s e o f th e ma gn e t the p i n t c o rre p o di g to the c e tre

n
, o s n n n

O f gra v ity i s a t a n i fi i te dis ta c e i th e di re ctio xi

'

n o f th e n n n n a s,
 CO NVE NTI ON RE S PE CTI NG S I GNS .

an d th e po i
which w e c a ll th e c e tre o f th e ma g n e t i
n t po i t n s a n

h vin g diff r t pro p e rti e fr o m th o s e o f th e c e tre o f gra vi t

a e en s n
y .

Th e qua titi e s L M N c o r es p o d to th mo m t o f i e rtia

n ,
‘

r n e en s n ,

d P Q R t th e pr o d uc t o f i e r ti o f a m te ria l b o dy e xce p t
an , ,
o s n a a ,

th a t L M d N ,
e t e c e ssa ri ly p o si ti v e qu titi e
an ar no n an s.

Wh e th e c e tr e o f the ma g n e t is ta k e
n n th e o ri gi th n as n , e

ph e ri c l h a r mo ic o f th e e c o d o de r i s o f th se cto ri l f r m
s a n s n r e a o ,

h vin g i t a xi s c o i c id in g w ith th t o f the ma g e t a d this i

a s n a n ,
n s

tr e o f n o o th e r p o i t
u n .

Wh e th e m g e t i ymme tri ca l o ll ide s o f thi a xi a

n a n s s n a s s s, s

in th e c a e o f a fi g ure o f r e vo l tio n th e te r m in v o lvi g th e h a rmo n ic

s u , n

o f th e e c o d o rde r d i ppe a r s e n tir e ly

s n sa .

A t ll p a r ts o f th e e rth s ur fa c e e x c e pt s me p r t o f
’
a a s , o a s

th e Po la r e gi o n s o e e d o f a ma g e t p o i ts to w a r d th e
r ,
n n o rth n n s n ,

o a t l e a s t in a
r o rth e rl y di r e c ti o a d th e o th e r i n
n o th e rl y n ,
n a s u

di rec ti I n pe a ki g o f th e e ds o f
on . s ma g e t w e h l l ado pt th e
n n a n s a

p p ul a r me th o d o f c a lli g th e d whi ch p o in t to th e o rth the

o n en s n

n o rth e d o f th e n m g et W h e h o we ve r w e p e k in th a n . n , ,
s a e

l g u g o f th e th e o ry o f m gn e tic fl id we h a ll e th e w rd
an a e a u s s us o s

B o re a l d A u tr a l an B o r e a l m gn e ti m i s a n i m gi a ry ki d o f
s . a s a n n

ma tte r s uppo s e d to b e mo t a bu d t i th e o rth e rn p rt o f s n an n n a s

th e e r th a d A u s tra l m g e ti m is th e ima gi n a ry ma gn e ti
a ,
n a n s c

ma tte r wh ic h pre v il i n th e s o uth e r e gi o n s o f th e e a rth

a s Th n r . e

ma g e ti m o f th e o rth e n d f a ma g e t is A u stra l d th t f
n s n o n ,
an a o

th e so u th e d is B o r e a l Wh e th e re fo re w e s p e k o f the o rth
n . n a n

an d o uth e d s o f a m gn e t w e do
s n o t c o mp a r e th e m g e t wi th
a n a n

t he a rth a s th e g e a t ma g e t
e b t me r e ly e xpr e r th e po i ti o n ,
u ss s n

wh i ch th e ma g e t e dea vo u s to ta k e p wh e n fre e to mo ve Wh e
n n r u . n ,

o th e o th e r h a d w e w i h to c mp r e th e di str ib ti
n n ,
o f im s o a u on a

g i a r
yn m a gn e ti c fl ui d i t h e m a gn e t w i th th t i th e e a rth w e
n h a ll a n s

u s e th e mo r e gr dil o qu e t w o r ds B o r e a l a d A u str l ma g n e ti s m
an n n a .

I n s pe a ki g o f a fi e l d o f ma g e ti fo r ce w n ha ll e th e n c e s us

p hr a se M a g e tic N o rth to in di c te th e di r e c ti o i n whi h th e

n a n c

n o rth e d o f a co mp a s n e ed l w o u ld p i t if pl a c e d s in th e
n fi e l d e o n

o f fo r ce .

I pe a ki n g f a l i e o f m g e tic f r ce we h l l l wa y pp o se
n s o n a n o s a a s su

it to b e tra ce d fr m ma g e tic o u th to ma g e ti
'

o r th d ha l l n s n c no ,
an s

c a ll th is d i re c tio p o iti ve I th a m w th e di r e t i o f a c on
n y s . n e s e

ma g e ti z ti n of ma g e t i i dic te d by
a on ali n e d r a w fr
n o m t h e
s n a a n

s o th e d o f th e ma
u n e t to wa rd t h e n o rt h e d d th e d o f s n an e n
g n ,

th e ma gn e t wh ich po i n ts n o rth i r e c k e d th e p o s i ti v d s on e en .

0 2
 E LE ME N TA RY THE O RY OF MA GN E TI S M .

We s ha ll r A ustra l ma gn e ti m tha t is th e
co n s i d e s , ,

tha t en d of a m g e t wh ic h po mt o rth s po itive

a n s n ,
a s . I f w e de n o te
va lue by m th e n th e ma g e tic po te n ti a l
, n

an d th e po si tive of a lin e of fo r c e i s th a t in wh ich 7

di min is h e s .
 C H A PTE R I I .

MA GN E TI C F OR C E AND MA GNE TI C IN DU CTI ON .

3 9 31] WE ha v e
lre a d y (A r t 3 8 6 ) de te rmin e d th e ma g n e ti c
a .

pote ti a l a t a gi ve po i t d e to a ma gn e t th e ma gn e ti a ti o o f
n n n u , z n

wh ich is gi ve a t e ve ry po in t o f i ts ubs tan ce a n d we ha ve h e w

n s ,
s n

th t th e m th m ti ca l r e su l t m y b e e xp r e sse d e ith e r i
a a e a te rma n s

o f th e a c tua l ma g ti z a ti o o f e v e ry e l m
ne t o f th e ma g t o
n e en ne ,
r

i n te rms o f a i ma gi a ry di tr ib tio o f ma g e ti c m tte r pa r tly

’
n n s u n n a ,

c o de n s e d o
n th e ur f ce o f th e ma g e t a n d pa rtly di ffu se d th ro gh
n s a n u

Th e ma g n e ti c p o te n tia l , a s th us de fin e d , is fo un d by the sa me
ma th e ma tical pr o ce ss , wh e th e r th e gi ve n po i n t i s o u ts i de th e ma gn e t
or within i t Th e fo rc e e xe rte d o n a u it ma g ti c po l plac e d
. . n n e e

at a
y npo i n t o u ts i d e th e m a n e t i
g d e d ce d fr o m th p o te tia l bys u e n

th e me pro ce s s o f differ e n ti a ti o
sa i n th e co rr e s po di g e l e ctrica l
n as n n

p r o ble m I f th e co mpo n e n ts o f thi fo rce a e fi 7

. s r a , , ,

dV dV
, B , ( )
1
T
i} T
(
y dz

by e xpe ri me t th e ma g e ti c fo r ce a t a po in t within
To de te r mi n e n n

the ma g e t w e must be gi
n by re m vin g pa rt o f th e ma g e tiz e d
n o n

s ubs ta n c e s o to fo rm ca vity wi thi n wh i h w e r e to pl ce th

, as a c a a e

ma g e ti c po l e Th e fo r ce c ti g o th e po l e wil l d pe n d i g e e r al
n . a n n e ,
n n ,

i n th fo r m o f th i ca vity a n d o
e s th e i n c l in t i,
o o f t h
n e w a l l o f a n s

v y r
th e ca i t to th e di e c ti o n f ma g e tiz a ti o H e o ce i t ni e c e s s a y n . n s n r ,

in o r d e r to a v o i d a mb igui ty i n s pe a k g
i o f t h e m a g n e t i c f r cen o

Withi a ma gn e t to p e c ify th e fo rm
n s d p o i ti f th ca i
v ty an s on o e
,

Wi thi whi c h th e fo r c e i to b e me a s u e d
n I
s t i s m a ife s t t h t
r .
n a

wh th e fo r m a n d po s i ti o o f th e ca vi y
en t i p fi
e nc i e d t h e p o m t s s ,
 MA GN E TI C F O R C E A ND MA GN E TI C I NDU C TI O N .
[ 9
3 6 .

no l o ge r with i n th e s ub ta ce o f th e ma gn e t d th e re fo r e th e
n s n ,
an

o r di na ry me th o ds o f de te r mi i g th e fo r ce b e c o me t o c e ppl ic ble n n a n a a ,

L e t s o w c o i de r p o rti o f ma g e t i wh ich th e
u n n s a n o a n n

d i r e cti o d i te n s ity o f th e ma g e ti a ti o
n an n e u i fo r m W ithi n z n ar n . n

th i s p o rtio l e t a c v ity b e h o l l o w e d
n t i th e fo r m o f a c yl i d e r
a o u n n ,

th e x i s o f whi c h i s p a ra ll e l to th e di r e cti
a o f ma g e ti a tio an d on n z n ,

le t a m g e tic p o l e o f u it str e n g th h e pl c e d a t th e middl e p o i t

a n n a n

o f th e xi s a .

S i n c e th e g e n e r a tin g li e s o f th i s c yli de r e i th e dir e c tio n n n ar n

O f ma g e ti a ti o n th e e will b e n o s p e rfi c i l d is tri buti o

z n ,
r o f ma g u a n

n e ti m o
s th e c rv e d s rf c e a d s i c e th e c ir c l r e ds o f th e
n u u a ,
n n u a n

c yl i d e r a e p e rp e di c ul r to th e di r e c tio
n r o f ma g e ti a ti o
n th e r e
a n n z n ,

wil l b e a u ifo rm s p e r fi c ia l distribu tio O f wh ich th e s urf c e

n u n ,
a

d e ity i s I fo r th e e g ti ve e d a n d — I f r th e p o s i ti ve e n d
ns n a n ,
o .

L e t th e l e g th o f th e a x i s o f th e c yli de r b e 2 6
n d its ra d i s n , an u 05 .

Th e n th e f o r c e ri i g fr o m thi s s p e rfic i a l di tributio o a

a s n u s n n

m g e ti c p o l e pl c e d a t th e mi dd l e p o i t o f th e a xi i s th t due
‘

a n a n s a

to th e ttr c ti o a o f th e di k o
a th e p o s i ti v e S ide a d th e r e pul i o
n s n ,
n s n

o f th e di k o th e e ga tive s ide
s n Th e s e tw o fo r c e s a r e e qu a l a d
n . n

i th e a me di r e c tio
n s d th e i r u m i s n ,
an s

R : 4 7T I
( 1

Fr o m th is p pp e a r
exs th a t th
r e ss e fo r c e dep e ds n o t o
mn i t a n ,
n

th e b lu te di me i o s f th e c a vity b u t o th e ra ti o o f th e l e gth
a so ns n o , n n

to th e d i me te r o f th e c yl i d e r
a H e c h o w e ve r s ma ll w e ma k e th e n . n e ,

ca vity th e fo r c e ri i g fr o m th e s u fa c e d i tri bu ti o
, a s n o its wa ll s r s n n

will re ma i i n ge n e r l fi ite n ,
a ,
n .

We h ave hi th e rto s pp o se d th e m g e ti tio to b e u ifo rm u a n z a n n

an d i th e s a me di r e c ti o
n th r o gh o ut th e wh l o f th e p o r ti o n of u o e n

th e m g e t fr o m wh ic h th e c yli d e r i s h o llo we d o u t
a n Whe n th e n .

ma g e ti ti o n i
n o t th s r e s tr i c te d
z a s th e re wi l l i n g e e r l b e a
n u , n a

di tri b ti o
s o f im
u
g i nry m g e t i c m a ttear t h r ona gh t h e b ta n c e a n u su s

o f th e m
g e t Th ae c u tti n t f th y l i d r w i ll r m v p r t
g . o e c e e o e n
a ou n

o f th i d i tri bu ti o
s b t i c e i s i mi la r s o lid fi g ur e s th e fo r c s a t
s n ,
u s n n e

c o rr e p o di g p o i ts a e pr o p r ti o
s n n l to th e l i e a r dime i
n r of o na n n s ons

th e figur e s th e lte r ti o o f th e fo rc e o n th e ma gn e tic p l e d e

, a a n '

o u

to th e v o l me de ity o f ma g e tic m tte r wi ll d i mi i h i n de fi ite ly

u ns n a n s n

a s th e s iz e f th e c vi ty s d i mi i s h e d wh il e th e e ffe c t d e to
O a i n , u

I f, th e r e fo re , w e a s s u me th e dime n s io n s o f th e c yli n de r so s ma l l
 M AG E T I C N F ORC E IN A CA V I TY .

th a t th e ma g n e tiz a ti o n
p a rt r e mo ve d ma y b e reg a rd e d a s o f th e
e v e r wh e re p r ll e l to th x i s o f th e c yl in de r
y e aa a
; a d o f c o n s ta t n n

ma g i t de I th e fo r ce o n
n u , m gn e ti c p o le pl ce d a t th e mi ddl e a a a

p o i t o f th e a xi o f th e cyli d ri cal h o ll o w wi ll b e c o mp o u d e d
n s
'

n n

f tw o fo rc e s The fir t o f th e s e i s th a t d e to th e dis tri bu ti o n

‘

o . s u

o f ma g n e ti c m tte r o th e o u te r urf ce o f th e mag e t nd

‘

a n s a n a
.
,

th r o ug h o t i ts in te ri o r, e x c lu ive o f th e po rti
u h o ll o we d o t Th e s on ~
u .

c o mp o ts o f th is for ce a r e
.

B a nd y d e r ive d fr o m th e po ten ti l
'

n en a ,
-

a
,

by e qua ti o Th e e c d is th e fo ce R a c ti g a l n g th e xi s
ns s on -
r , n o a

o f th e c yli de r i th e dire c ti o
n o f ma
g e t
ni a ti o Th e v lu e f n n z n . a o

th is fo r ce de pe d o th e ra t io o f th e l e gth to th e d ia me te r o f th e
n s n -
n

c yl i d ri c ca vi ty
n .

3 9 8 i] Ca se I L e t th i r tio b e v e ry gr e a t o r l e t th e d i m te r
. s a , a e

o f th e c ylin de r b e s m ll c o mp a r e d Wi th i ts l e n g th E xpa din g th e

a . n

6
e xp r e ss io n fo r R i n te r ms o f i t b e c o me s -

5 ,

R : 4 7I I
{ o

} , ( )
3

a qua n ti ty whi ch va n i h e s whe the ra ti o o f 6 to i s ma de i n fin i te s n a .

H e c e w h e th e c vity is a v e ry n a r o w c ylin d e r wi th i ts a xi s p a ra ll e l
n ,
n a r

to th e d ir e c tio o f ma g e tiz a ti o th e ma g e tic f rc e withi n th e

n n n ,
n o

c a vi ty i n ot ffe c te d by th e s r f c e dis tri b u tio o n th e e n ds o f th e

s a u a n

c ylind e r d the c o mpo e n ts o f th i s fo r ce a r e s imply

,
an B y w h e r e n a, , ,

(17 d7 d7
a : 8 4
’
aa
,

We sh a ll de fin e th e fo r c evi ty o f th is form a s th e with in

“

a ,

ca

mag n e tic fo r ce wi th i th e ma g e t S ir Willi am Th o m o n h as n . s n

ca ll e d th i th e Po la r d e fi iti o
s o f ma g n e tic fo r c e Wh e w h v e n n . n e a

oc ca i o ns to c o n i d e r th is fo r ce a s a v e c to r w e
s h ll de o te i t s a n

by 63 .

Ca s e I I L e t th e l e gth o f th e c yl de r b e ve ry m ll
. n in s a

co mp r e d wi th i ts dia me te r
a o th a t th e c yli n de r be co me s a th i ,
s n

6
di s k E p an d n g th e e
x xpr es n ifo R 111 te rm s o f t b eco me s si o r I
Z
.

l é3
3
b
{ ( )
— + 5
R = 4 7r I I -

a 2 a

th e u l ti mfi e va lue of whi ch wh e n ,
th e r
a ti o o f a; to b i s ma de
i n fi n ite , is 4 7I I .

H e n ce , wh e n th e vity i i n th e fo m o f r a th in dis k, w h o se p la n e
ca s

ma g n e tic l
‘

rma l dir e c ti o n it e
‘

is no to th e o f ma gn e tiz a tio n , a un p o
24 ‘
MA GN E TI C F OR C E AND M A NE TI C I G ND UC TI O N .
[ 4 O O :

p la ce d a t the mi ddl e o f th e a xis e xp e rie n ce s a f rce 4 I in th e o a

di r e c tio o f ma gn e ti z ti o n a ri i g fr o m th e s up e rfic ia l ma gn e ti m
n a s n s

o n th e c i r c u la r s ur f c e s o f th e d i s k a

S in c e th e c o mp o e ts o f I e A B a d C
n n th e c mp o n e t o f
o ar ,
n ,
-

n s

th i s fo r c e a r e 4 d 4 1? a d 4 C Th i s mu s t b e co mpo de d ’
qt 77 n 7r un
, .

with th e fo r ce wh o se c o mp o e ts a e B y n n r a , , .

L e t th e a c tua l fo r ce o n th e u n i t p o l e b e de n o te d by th e
ve c to r 53 a n d i ts c o mp o n e n ts by a 6 a d c the
, ,
n ,
n

a a + 4 w A,
6 = fi+ 4 77 B ,

c y + 4 7r 0

We s ha ll d e fi n e th e fo rc e wi th i n a h o ll o w dis k, wh o s e pl ane s i de s
are n o rma l to th e di r e c tio n
ma gn e tiz a ti o n , a s th e M a g n e tic of

I n d uc tio n wi thi n th e ma g n e t S ir Wi lli a m Th o ms o n h a s c a ll e d

i

th i s th e E l e c tro ma g n e ti c d e fin i tiOn o f ma g n e ti c fo r ce .

Th e th r e e v e cto r s th e ma g n e ti z a tio n 3 , th e ma gn e tic fo r ce

,

a n d th e ma g n e tic i n du c ti o n 5 8 a r e co n n e c te d by th e v e cto r e qu a ti o n
( )
7

Li n e I n tegr a l of M a gn e tic Fo r c e
-
.

S in c e th e ma g n e tic fo r c e , a s d e fin e d in A r t 3 9 8 , i s th a t .

du e t o th e di s tr ibutio n o f fr e e ma gn e ti s m o n th e s ur fa c e a n d th ro ug h
th e i n te r io rf th e ma g n e t, a n d i s n o t a ffe c te d by th e s ur fa c e
o

ma gn e ti s m o f th e c a vity, i t ma y b e d e r ive d di re ctly fro m th e

g e r l e xpre s io fo th e p o te
ne a s n r n tia l o f th e ma g e t d th e l i e n an n

i te gr a l o f th e m
,

n a gn e tic fo r c e ta k e n a lo g a y c ur v e fr o m th e
n n

po i t A to th e p o i t B i s
n n
~

d
+ 5 “

VA — VE ,

whe r e VA an d VB d e n o te th e p o te n tia ls a t A a n d B res p e ctive ly .

On the f o r ce wi thi n mti e s of o the r f o r ms

'

ca .

1 A n y n a r r o w c r e v a ss e
. Th e o r ce a r is in g
. r o m th ef s u r a c e ma gn e tis m i s f f -

d
4 1r I c o s e i n th e ir e c ti o n o f th e n o r ma l to th e pl a n e o f th e c r e v a s s e , w h e r e e i s th e
'

a n gl e b
e tw e e n th is n o r ma l a n d th e d
i r e c ti o n o f ma gn e ti z a tio n h e n th e c r e v a s s e W
d f h
.

is pa r a l le l to th e ir e c ti o n O f ma gn e tiz a ti o n th e o r c e i s th e ma g n e ti c fo r c e 6§ w en
th e c r e v a ss e i s pe r pe n i c u l a r t o th e d d
ir e cti o n o f ma gn e ti z a ti o n th e o r c e i s th e f
ma gn e ti c in u c ti o n £d 8 .

2 .I n a n e l o n ga te d c y l in e r , th e a x is o f whi c d ma e s a n a n gl e 6 w i th th e h k
f f
d ir ec ti o n o f ma gn e ti z a tio n , th e o r c e a r i s in g r o m th e s u r a c e ma gn e tis m i s 2 r I s in e , f -

p e d
r pe n i c u l a r to th e a x i s i n th e pl a n e c o n ta i n i n
g th e a x i s a n d th e ir e c tio n o f d
ma gn e ti z a ti o n .

f
3 I n a s ph e r e th e o r ce a r i s in g fr o m s u r a c e ma gn e ti sm i s g r I i n th e
. f ir e c ti o n o f
-
d
ma gn e tiz a ti o n .
 S URF A C E I N TE GR AL .

Th e ma gn e tic i n duc ti o n thr o u gh th e s ur fa c e S is de fin e d

as th e va l ue o f th e i n te gr a l

’
co s 6 a S, ( )
9

wh e r e de n o te s th e ma g n itu de o f th e ma gn e tic in du c ti o n a t th e
e le me n t o f su rfa c e a S, a n d e th e a n gl e b e twe e n th e di re cti o n o f
’

th e in d uc ti o n and th e no rma l to th e e e l me n t of s urf a ce , an d th e

in te g ra ti o n i s to b e xte de d o ve r th e wh o le s ur fa c e wh ich m y
e n
, a

b e e ith e r c l o se d o b o u de d by a c l o se d c ur v e
r .
n .

If 5 0 d e n o te th e co mp o e t o f th e ma g e tic in du cti o
a , , an d n n s n n ,

l m
, , th e di r e c ti o n co s in e s o f th e n o rma l th e s u rfa ce i te g ra l
n -
,
-
n

ma y b e wr itte n

Q ( )
10

I f we ub s titute fo
s r th e co mpo n e n ts of th e ma g n etic in du c ti o n
th e i r va lu e i te rms s n o f th o se o f th e ma gn e ti c fo r ce , an d th e
ma g n e tiz a ti o n a gi ve s n in A r t 4 0 0 , w e fin d .

( )
11

We ll n o w s upp o se th a t th e s urfa c e o ve r wh ich th e i te g ra ti o

sha n n

e xte n ds i s a c l o e d o e d w e sh ll i v e tiga te th e v lue f th

s n ,
an a n s a o e

two te r ms o th e righ t ha d i d e o f thi e q tio

n -
n s s ua n .

S in ce th e ma th e m tic a l fo r m o f th e r e l ti o b e tw e e
a m g et a n n a n ic

f r ce a n d fr e e m gn e ti m i th e s a m
o a th a t b twe e
s e l ctric s e as e n e

fo r c e a d fr e e e l e ctri c ity w e m y ppl y th e r e lt g i v

n ,
i A t 77 a a su en n r .

to th e fi st te r m i n th e va l e o f Q by
r b titutin g B y th e
-
u . su s a , , ,

c o mp o e ts o f ma g n e ti c fo r ce
n n f X Y Z th e c o mp o n e t o f ,
. or , , , n s

e l e c tri c fo r ce i n A r t
7 7 a d I f th e a l g e br ic
. m o f th e fr e
,
n ,
a su e

ma g e tis m wi thin th e c l o e d s urf c e fo e th e a l g e bra i c u m o f

n s a ,
r , s

th e fr e e e l e c tri c ity .

W e thus Ob ta i the e qua tio n n

4 77 21
1 .
( )
12

S i n ceve ry ma g e ti p rticl e h a s two p o le s whi ch a e e q l

e n c a ,
r ua

in u me ri ca l mag itu de b u t o f o pp o si te ig s th lg br i m
n n s n ,
e a e a c su

o f th e ma g e ti m o f th e r e ro p r
p ntic l i
s s H e ce t h ti l a e z . n ,
o se a c es

which e e ti e ly wi thi n th l e d rf e S
ar n l tri b te e c os su ac ca n co n u

n o thi n to th l br i m f t h m ag ti m w i th i S T h e ne s n
g e g e o a a c su e .
 MA GN E TI C F OR C E -
A ND .
MA GNE TI C I NDU C TI ON .
L4 0 3 .

v a lue o f M mu st th e re fo re de pe n d o ly o n tho se ma g e tic pa rticl e s n n

wh i h a e c t by th e s urfa c e S
c r u .

C o s i de r a s ma ll e le me t o f th e ma g e t o f l e gth 8 a d tra s
n n n n n n

ve r e e c tio h ma g e ti e d i th e di re ction o f it l e gth S O th t

s s n
z
,
n z n s n ,
a

th e s tr e g th o f its p o le s i s m
n Th e mo me n t o f th i s Sm ll ma g e t . a n

w il l b e me a n d th e i te ity o f i t ma g e ti a tio b e i g th e ra ti o
,
n n s s n z n ,
n

O f th e ma g e ti c mo me n t to th e v o lu me w ill b e
’

n ,
-

m
72 5

L e t thi s ma ll mag n e t b e cu t by th e s u r face S s o th a t the

’ ’

s ,

d ir e c tio n o f ma gn e tiza tio n ma k e s a n a n gle 6 with th e n o r ma l

’

d ra wn o utwa r ds fr o m th e s ur fa c e th e n if d S d e n o te s th e a r e a o f ,

th e s e c ti o n , ’
418 co s e .
( )
14

Th e ne ti ve p o le —m o f th i s ma gn e t l i e s with in th e ur fa c e S
s
g a .

H e n c e , i f w e d e n o te by d M th e p a rt o f th e fr e e ma gn e ti s m
wi th i n S wh i ch is co n tr ibute d by th i s l ittl e ma gn e t ,

dM —m — I h2 ,
—I co s e
'
dS .
( )
15

To fin d III , th e lge bra ic

a su m o f th e fr e e ma gn e ti s m withi n th e
l d Sur fa c e S
c o se , w e mu s t i n te gra te th i s e xpre ss o n i o ve r th e l
c o se d

s urfa c e s o th a t
,

M
'
OS 6 ( ZS,

or wr iti g A B n , ,
C fo r th e comp o n e n ts o f ma g n e tiz a ti on , an d l , m, n
‘

fo r th e dire ctio n -
co si n e s '
o f th e n o rma l d ra wn o utwa rd s ,

( )
16

Th is g iv e s us va lue o f th e i te gra l in th e
th e n s e con d te rm o f
e qu at i o n Th e va l ue o f Q in th a t e qu ti o a n ma y th e r e fo r e
b e fo u n d in te r ms f e qu a tio s ( 12 ) a n d
o n

Q = 4 17 M—4 77 M = 0, ( 17 )

or ,
th e s u r a c e - i n tegr a
f l of the ma gn e tic i n d u ctio n thr o ugh a ny c lo s e d

f
s u r a ce is z er o .

I f we a ss u me as th e l
c o s e d s u r fa c e
'

th a t o f th e di ffe re n ti a l
l
e e me n t o f vo lume dz dg dz , w e Ob ta i n t he e qua ti o n
da dh dc
18
da: dg dz
Thi s i s th e l
s o e n o i da l co n di ti o n wh ic h is a lwa ys sa ti s fie d by th e ’

co mp o n e n ts o f th e ma g n etic in d ucti o n :
 L I NE S OF M A
'

GNE TI C I NDU C TI ON .

S in ce th e di st ri buti o n of ma gn e ti c i n duc tio n is l

s o e n o i da l , th e
i n du c tio n th r o ugh y an s urfa c e b o u n d ed by a cl se d o c urv e de p e n d s

on ly o n th e fo r m and p o s iti o n of th e c l o s e d c ur ve nd ,
a n ot on tha t
o f th e s urfa c e i t e lf s .

S urfa ce s a t e ve ry p o i n t of whi ch
l a + mh + a e
( )
19

a r e call e d S urfa ce o f n o i du ctio a s n n ,

n d th e in te rse c tio n o f two s u ch

s urfa ce s is ca ll e d a L i e o f in d u cti o urve

.

Th e co n di ti o n s
’
n n . th a t a c ,

3 ma b e a l in e o f i n du c ti o are
, y n

l dx l dg l ds
a d? h de e ds

A ys te m o f l i e s o f i duc tio n dra w th ro ugh e ve ry p o i t Of

s n n n n a

c l o s e d c rve fo r ms
u tubul r u rfa c e ca lle d a Tu b e o f i d cti on
a s a n u .

Th e in d cti o n a c r o s a n y s ec tio
u of u ch a tub e i s th e sa me
s n s
-

.
.

I f th e in ducti o n i s u n i ty th e tub e is ca ll e d a U it tub e o f i n n

ducti o n .

A ll tha t Fa ra da y *
s a y s a b o t li e s o f m
g n e tic fo r ce a d ma g u n a n

n e ti c s h o n d lo i ds i s ma th e ma ti ca lly tr u e if u n de r sto o d o f th e
p y ,

lin e s a d tub es o f ma g e ti c i n ductio

n n n .

Th e ma gn e tic fo r c e a d th e m gn e ti c in d ucti o i de tica l

"

n a e a n r n

o ut i de th e ma gn e t b t wi thi
s th e s ub st n c e o f th e ma g e t th y
,
u n a n e

mu st b e ca r e f lly di ti g ui s h e d
u I a str a igh t u ifo rmly ma g
s n . n n

n e tiz e d b a r th e ma gn e ti c fo c e d e to th e ma gn e t i t e lf i s fro m
: s
“

r u

th e e d wh ic h p o i ts o r th whic h w e ca ll th e p o iti ve po l e to wa rd s
n n n ,
s ,

th e so uth e d o n e ga ti ve p o l e
n r b o th withi n th e ma gn e t d i n ,
an

th e spa c e with o ut .

Th e ma g e ti c i duc tio
n o n th e o th e r h
n d i s fr o m th e p o i tive
n ,
an ,
s

po l e to th e n e ga ti ve o utsi de th e ma g n e t d fro m the e ga tiv ,

an n e

po l e to th e po iti ve with i th e ma g e t so tha t th e lin e s a d tube s

s n n ,
n

o f i n d u cti o n a e r e e n te ri
r o c y c l ic fig r e s u
g n r
- .

Th e i mp o rta c e O f th e ma g n e ti c i n d c tio
n s a p h y ic l qu a tity u n a s a n

will b e mo re cle a rly s e e wh e w e study e l e ctro m g tic ph e n n a n e

mo me n a Wh e th e ma g e tic fi e ld i s e xplo re d by m vi g wi e
. n n a o n r ,

as i Fa ra d a y s E sp R e s 3 0 7 6 i t i s th e m g e ti c i du cti o d
’
n . . a n n n an :

n o t th e ma gn e ti c fo r c e whi c h i s d ir e ctly me a s r e d u .

The Vecto r P o te n tia l qf M a gn e tic I n d a cti o n

'
- .

S i n ce , as w e h a ve h e w i Ar t 4 0 3 s n n .
,
th e ma gn e ti c in ~
d uctio n u
th r o gh a s urf c e b oa d e d by cl d un a o se cu rv e de p en ds on

E xp Re s .
, se r i e s x x v i ii :
 MA GN E TI C F OR C E A ND MA GN E TI C I NDU C TI O N .
[ 4 0 6

th e lo se d c urve
"

c d o t o n the fo rm o f th e s ur fa ce wh ic h i s
,
an n

b o d e d by it i t mu t b e p o s sible to d te r mi e th e i d uc tio n
un ,
s e n n

th r o gh a c l o e d c urv e by
u pro ce ss de p e di g o ly o th e tur
s a n n n n na e

o f th a t c urv e a d n o t i n v o lv i
g, th e co tr cnti o o f a s ur f ce n ns u n a

f rmi g a d ia ph ra gm o f th e c urv e
o n .

Th i m y b e do e by fi di g v e c to r QI r e l a te d to 25 th e ma g e ti c
s a n n n a ,
n

i d u ctio
n i n s u c h a wa y th t th e li e i te g r l o f QI e xte de d r o u n d
n ,
a n -
n a , n

th e cl o s e d c urv e i s e qu a l to th e s rf c e in te gra l o f
, e xte n de d u a -

o v e r a s ur fa c e b o un de d by th e c l o s e d c rv e u .

I f i n Ar t 2 4 w e write F G H fo th e o mp o n e ts o f Qt a d
, .
, , ,
r c n ,
n

a ,
h c fo r th e c o mp o e ts o f §B w e fin d fo th e r e l tio n b e tw e e
,
n n ,
r a n

th e s e c o mp o e t n n s

dH dG dF dH dG dF
dz dz
0

( )
2 1

Th e ve cto r Qt wh o e ,
lle d the ve cto r
s co mp o n e n ts ar e F, G, H , i s ca

p o te ti l O f ma g e ti c The v c t r p o te tia l a t a g i v n
~

n a i d c tio n n u n . e o -
n e

p o i t d e to m g e ti e d pa rticle pl c e d t th e o rigi is me
n ,
u a
-

a n z a a n ,
nu

r ic l ly e q a l to th e ma g e tic mo me n t o f th e p rti cl e d iv id e d by
a u n a

th e s qua r e O f th e r a diu s v e c to r a d mu l ti pli e d b y th e s in e O f th e n

a gl e b e tw e e n th e a x i s o f ma g e ti a ti o n
n d th e r a d ius v e c to r n z an
,

a d th e d ir e c ti o n
n o f th e v e c to r p o te ti a l i s p e rp e d ic ul a r to t h e -
n n

pl e o f th e a xis o f m g e ti ti o n a n d the a diu s ve c to r a d is

an a n z a r ,
n

s uch th t to e e l o o ki g i
y a t h e p o s itiv e d i r c tio n
an l o n g th e n n e a

a xis o f ma g e ti ti o the v e c to r po te tia l i d ra w i th e dire cti o n

n z a n a n s n n

o f r o t ti o n o f th e h
a ds o f wa tch an a

H e e fo a ma g e t o f
nc , yr fo rm i w h i h A B C n a e th e an n c , , r

c o mp o e ts o f m g e ti a ti o n
n n t th e p o i t my z th e c o mp o e n ts
a n z a n , n ,

o f th e v e c to r p o te ti l t th e po i t 5 7 f a e
-
n a a n 7 ,
r

a
)
F
a

wh e re p is pu t fo co c se e s fo r th e e cipro c l o f th e di ta n c e
,
r n 1 n s , r a s ,

b e twe e th e p o i ts (6 n C) d (a g z ) a d th e i te gra tio s a r e

n n , , an , , ,
n n n

e xte d e d ve r th e s p ce o cc upi e d by th e ma g e t
n o a n .

40 6 ] Th e s c la r o o rd i a ry p o te ti l o f m g e tic f rc e
a ,
r n ,
n a a n o ,

A r t 3 8 6 b e c o me s wh e
. e xpr e
,
ed i th e s me n o ta ti o n , n ss n a
 VE C TO R PO TE N TI A L .

R e me mb e ri ng th a t an d th a t th e in te g rl
a

ha s th e va lu e —4 ( )
A wh e th e p o in t (5 i i l withi
7t n , O s n c u de d n

th e limi t o f in te g r tio a d i s
s a n ,
n ze r o wh e n it is n o t so i n c l u de d ,
( )
A b e i g th
n e v a lu e o f A a t th e p oi t 5
( n , 1
7, C) w e fin d fo r th e
, value
of th e c o mp o e t o f th e ma n e ti c i d
ctr- n n u c ti o n ,
g n

dH dG
(i n (i f
d }? z
d ]? z
1dx
0 dy dz
dz a , 49; f

d l dp
’
di n
}
dy z
d2 2 ) dx dg dz .
( )
2 4

dV
Th e fir st te r m o f ti ns ex p r e ss mn 1s e vI de n tly or a , th e
df
co mpo n e n t o f th e ma g n e tic r ce fo .

Th e qua ti ty u n de r th e i n te gra l ig i th e e c o n d MM is z e ro
n s n n s
'

fo r e ve ry e l e me t o f v o lu me e x c e p t th t i wh ich th e po in t (5 7 g)
n a n , 1,
“

i s i clu de d
n I f th e v lue o f A a t th e p o in t
. a i s (A ) th e ,

va lue o f th e s e c o n d te rm i s 4 (A) wh e re (A) is e vide tly e ro 77 ,

n z

a t a ll po i n t o u ts i de th e ma g n e t
s .

W e ma y n w wri te th e v lue o f th e cry c o mpo n e n t o f th e ma gn e tic

o a -

i n d uc tio n
+ 4 (A ) ( )
2
a 5 a 7, ,

an e qua tio n wh ich i i de n ti ca l with th e first s of th o se gi ve n in

Ar t . 400 Th e e qu a tio
. fo 6 d wi ll ls ns r an 0 a o a gr e e with th o s e
o f Ar t 4 0 0
. .

We h a ve a lr mdy see n th a t th e ma gn e tic fo rc e 63 i s de rive d fr o m

l r ma g e ti c p o te tia l V by th e a ppl ica ti o n Of H a mi lto n s
’
th e sc a a n n

o pe r a to r v o th t w e m y wri te
, s a a , as i n A r t 17 , .

— V V, ( )
2 6

I t a ppe a r s fr o m th e pre s e n t i n ve s t g m
i a ti o n t h a t th e a
g n e t c
i
in du c ti o n i s d e ri ve d fro m th e ve c to r po t e n t i a l by21 th e a pp l i -

ca ti o n o f th e sa me o pe ra to r , a n d th a t th e r e s u l t i s tru e W I th m t h e

ma gn e t as we ll a s wi th o t i t u .

Th e a ppl i c ti o f th i s o pe r a to r
a n o to a v e c to r -
fu n c tl o n
0

pr o d u ce s ,
 MA GN E TI C F O R C E A ND MA GN E TI C I NDU C TI O N .
[ 4 o 6 .

in g e n e ra l s c l a r qu ti ty a s we ll a s a v e cto r Th e s ca l a r p a rt
,
a a an ~
.
,

w v r Wh ich w e h a ve calle d t h e c o v e rge n ce O f th e ve cto r

ho e e ,
n

fu n c ti
on ,
v i h e s wh e n th e v e cto r f c tio n s a ti fie s th e s o l e o ida l
an s a -
un s n

c o n di tio n

dF dG dH
”—
fl 5 0377 07
5
B y di ffe r e n ti a ti n g th e e xpr e s si o n s fo r F, G, H in e qua ti o n s we
fin d th a t this e qua ti o n i s s a tis fie d by th e s e qu a n titi e s .

W e ma y th e r e fo re write th e r e l a tio n b e twe e n th e ma gn e ti c

in du cti o n an d i ts v e cto r p o te tia l
-
n

§B = V QL

which ma y b e e xpre s s e d i w o r ds by s a yi g
n n th a t th e
i d uctio n is th e c ur l o f i ts v e c to r p o te n tia l
n -
. S e e Ar t 2 5
. .
 C HA P TE R I I I .

MA GN E TI C S O L E N OI DS A ND SH E LLS 5“

0 P a r ti cu la r Fo r ms qf M a gn e ts
’

a .

lo n g n rro w fila me n t o f ma g e ti c ma tte r like a wi r e

I r a a n

i s ma g e tiz e d e v e ryw h e r e i n
n l o gi tudin l dir e cti o th e t h e a n a n , n

pr o d c t o f a y tra s ve r e s e c ti o n o f th e fil me n t i to th e me a
u n n s a n n

i te ity o f th e m g e tiz a ti o
n ns c ro i t i c a l le d th e tr n gth o f
a n n a ss s s e

th e m g e t t th a t e c ti o
a n aI f th e fil me t w e r e c t i tw a t
s n . a n u n o

th e se c ti o n wi th o ut lte rin g th e m a g e tiz a tio t h e two

a urf ce s n n ,
s a ,

wh e se p ra te d wo ul d b e fo d to h a ve e q l a n d O ppo it q
n a ,
un ua s e u an

titie s O f up e rfi c ia l ma g e ti z a tio n
s e a c h o f wh i ch is me r ica lly
n ,
nu

e qua l to th e S tr e gth o f th e m g e t t th e e c ti o
n a n a s n .

A fi la mc t o f ma g e tic ma tte r o ma gn e tiz e d th a t its stre gth

n n ,
s n

i s th e sa me a t e v e r y e c tio a t wh a te ve r p ar t o f its l e gth th e

s n ,
n

s e c ti o n b e ma d e i c l l e d a M g e tic S o l e o id
, s a a n n .

I f m i s t he tr e n gth o f th e s o l e o i d d s a e l e me t o f it l e n gth
s n ,
n n s ,

°
7 th di s ta n ce o f th a t e l e me t fr o m a g iv e
e po i t d th e gl n n n ,
an e an e

whi ch r m k e s with t h e a xi s O f ma gn e tiz tio o f th e e l e me t t h

a a n n ,
e

po te n tia l a t th e gi ve n p o in t d e to th e e le me t i u n s

m d8 co m dr d s s 6
— .

T 2
ds
Ite gra tin g th i s e xpr e si o
n s n w ith r e pe c t s to 8, so as to ta k e in to
a c c o u t a l l th e e l e me ts o f
n n th e so l e n o i d ,
th e p o te n tia l Is fo un d

W Th . o ms o n
’
s M a th e ma tica l T h e o ry o f M a gn e ti sm,
’
P h i l Tr a ns " 18 5 0;
.
 MA GN E T I C S O L E N O I DS A ND SH E LLS .

i ts en ds, and no t at a ll on its fo rm, wh e th e r r g ht

st a i or c urve d ,

b e twe e n th e s e p o in ts .

H e n ce th e en ds o f a l
s o e n o id ma y b e ca lle d in a ri ct
st s e n se

i ts p o le s .

If a l
s o e n o id a l
ur ve th e p o te n ti l du e to it i s z e r o
fo r ms c o se d c a

a t e v e ry p o i n t s o th a t s u ch a
,
s o l e n o i d ca n e x e r t n o ma gn e tic
a c ti o n no, c a n i ts ma g e ti
r ti n b e di s co v e e d wi th o u t br e a k in g
n z a o r

i t a t s o me p o in t a n d s e p a r a ti g th e e d s n n .

I f a ma gn e t ca n b e div ide d in to s o le o id s a l l o f wh ich e ith e r n ,

fo r m c l o e d c u r ve s o r h a v e th e i r e xtr e mi tie s in th e o ute r s urfa c e

s

o f th e ma g e t th e ma gn e ti a ti o
n ,
i s a id to b e s o l e n o i da l a d
z n s ,
n ,

s in ce th e a cti o o f th e ma g e t de p e n d s e n ti r e ly u p o n th a t o f th e
n n

e n d s o f th e s o l e n o id s th e di s tr i bu tio o f ma m a g e tic ma tte r

, g nar
y n I I n

wi ll b e e ti re ly s up e rfi cia l
n .

H e n c e th e co ditio o f th e ma gn e tiz a tio n b e i n g so le n o ida l i s

n n

dA dB dC
’

—
da dg dz
wh e re A B G a r e the co mp o n e n ts o f th e ma gn e tiz a tio n a t a n y
, ,

p o in t o f th e ma gn e t .

A l o n g itudin a lly ma gn e ti e d fil a me n t O f wh i ch th e s tr e n gth z ,

v a rie s a t di ffe re t p a rts o f its l e n gth ma y b e c o c e i ve d to b e ma de

n ,
n

up o f a bu d l e o f s onl e o i d o f di ffe r e t l e n g t
nh s th e s u m o f th e
s n ,

s t e g th s o f a ll th e s o l e n o i d s wh i c h p a s s th r o u gh a gi ve n s e c tio
r n n

b e in g th e ma gn e tic stre gth o f th e fila me t a t th a t s e ctio H e n c e

n n n .

a n y l o n g itu di a lly ma g e ti e d fil a me t ma y b e c a ll e d a C o mpl e x

n n z n

S o l e o id
n .

I f th e Str e n gth o f a co mpl e x s o l e n o i d a t a n y s e c ti o n is m th e n ,

t h e p o te n ti a l du e to i ts a c ti o n i s

wh e r e m 1S va ria bl e ,

Th is sh e ws
b e s ide s th e a ctio n o f th e two e n ds which ma y
th a t ,

i th i s c a se b e o f d iffe r e t s tr e n gth s th e r e i s a n a ctio n du e to th e

n n ,

d is tributi o o f ma g n a ry ma gn e ti c ma tte r a l o n g th e fil a me n t w ith

n I i

a l i e a r d e n s i ty
n dm

M agn e ti c She lls .

If a th in sh e ll Of ma gn e tic ma tte r i s ma gn e tiz e d in a

 -
l SHE LLS .

di r e c ti o n e ve rywhe re no r ma l to i ts s urf a ce , th e in te n si t y of th e
ma g n e tiz a ti o n at a ny pla c e mu l ti pl ie d by th e th ic k n e ss Of th e
sh e e t at th a t pla ce is c a ll e d th e S tr e n th g of th e ma g n e tic s h e ll

at tha t pl a ce .

I f th e st e n r gth
ll i e ve rywh re e qu l i t is ca lle d o f a s he s e a , a

Simpl e ma g e ti c h e ll if i t v ri e fro m p o in t to p o i t i t m y b e
n s a s n a

c o c i v e d to b e ma d
n e up o f a umbe r f imple h e ll pe rp o e d e n o s s s su s

a d o ve rl pp i g e a c h o th e r
n a I t is th e r e fo r e ca ll e d
n C o mpl x . a e

ma g tic Sh e ll
ne .

L e t d S b e a n e l e me t o f th e urf c e o f th e sh e ll a t Q d I n s a , an ( )

th e tre g th o f th e h e ll th e
s n th e p o te n tia l a t a y p o i t P d u e
s ,
n n n , ,

to th e l m t o f th e h e ll i
e e en s , s

l
617 : 1—
( )
é
-

dS co s e ,
r

wh e re i th e a gle b e tw e e th e v ec to r Q B o
e s a d th e n o r m l
n n ,
r r n a

d wn fro m th e po s iti ve S id e o f th e h e ll
ra s .

B t if d i th e s o l id a gl e s ub te de d by d S a t th e po i t P
u co s n n n

r
2
da dS co s 5 ,

wh e n ce dV 1 d w,
<)

an d th e r e fo r e in th e ca s e o f a si mpl e ma g n e tic sh e ll
7 (b e)
,

the p o te n tia l du e to ma gn e tic s he l l t i s the p r o du c t o i nt

o r, a a
g an p
s u b te n de d hg i ts e dge a t the
.

i ts the s o lid a n gl e
of s tr e ng th i n to
g i v e n p o i n t *
.

4 10 ] Th e me s sa re ul t ma y b e o bta i ne diffe r e n t wa y by
d in a

s u p o sin th e m ti c S h e ll pl a ce d i n a y fi l
n e d o f m a g n e ti c fo r ,
c e
p g a
gn e

a n d d e te r mi n i n t h p t e n tia l e n e rg y du e to th e p o s i ti o n o f th e
g e o

she ll .

I f V i s th e po te n tia l at th e e e l me n t d S th ,
en th e ene r gy d u e to

th is e e l me n t is dV dV d
( I)
( l
d;
+ 7n
d;
the s he l l i n to the p a r t of the
or , th e p r o du c t of th e s tr e n g th of
e l e me n t d S the s he l l .
s u r a c e i n te r a l
f g
-
of 7 d u e to th e f
o

r
H e ce i te g a ti n
n g wi h
t ,
r p
n e c t to l r g y es a ll s u ch e e me n ts ,
th e en e

h d ct
p
d e to th e o iti o
u o f th h e l l i n ths e fi e l d ni e q l a t o t pr
e
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s s u e u

o f th e r
t e g th o f th e h e
s ll dn t h e r f e i te g r a l o f t h
s
e m g n e ti c
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i d c ti
n u k v
t e o e t e ron h r fa c ae O f t h e n h e ll su s .

f t 1
Si c th i s rf c e in te gra l i th e ur e 1
n e s m u f oa y t
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s sa e r an s

M i m 3&
T hi G Te r i l e t s
s th e o r e m is du e to a u ss , Gen e r a l Th e o r y f
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VOL . II .
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 MA GNE TI C S OL E N OI DS A ND SH E LLS .
[4 11 .

ha ve th e sa me bo un di n g e dg e an d do n ot i n c lude b e tw e e n th e m
an
y r
ce ne f f trce t h e ac ti o
o o f th e ma g e ti c
o ,
o ly n n s h e ll d e p e d n s n .

th e f r m o f i ts e dge
i

on o .

N W O pp o se th e fi e ld o f fo r c e to b e th a t d e to ma gn e ti c
su u a

p o l o f str e gth m W e h ve e e (A t 7 6 C o )th t th e s rf c e

'

e n . a s n r .
, r . a u a

in te g ra l o v e r s r f c e b u d e d by a gi v
a e dg e i uth pr o d c t
a o n en s e u

o f th e s tr e n g th Of th e p o l e a n d the s o li d a g l e s ub te d e d by th e n n

e dg e a t th e p o l e H e c e th e e e rgy d e to th e m . utua l a c ti o n n u n

o f th e p o l e a d th e sh e ll i n s

( D ra co ,

an d th i s ( by G re e n
’
s th e o r e m, A r t 10 0 ) i s . e qu l a to th e pr o d u ct

of th e r
st e n p l e i to th e p o te ti l d e to th e
g th of th e o at n n a u sh e l l

th e p l e o Th e p o te tia l d e to th e sh e ll i th e r e fo r e I
. n u s ( ) co .

I f a m g ti c p o l e s ta rts fr o m a p o i t o
a ne th e n e ga tiv e ni n n

s rf ce o f
u a m g ti c h e l l a d tr v e l s l o g a y p th i s p c e s o
a ne s ,
an a a n n a n a as

to c me r oo d th e e d ge to
u n p o i t l o e to wh e r e it t rte d b t o a n c s s a u n

th e p s iti ve i d e o f th e Sh e ll th e s o l id a g l e w ill v a ry c o ti
o s ly ,
n n n uous ,

an d wil l i c r e s e by 4 nd uri g th e pr c e s s
a Th e w o rk d o e by
77 n o . n

th e p o l e wil l b e 4 1 d th e p o te ti a l a t p
7r < > 7n ,
y o i t th e an n an n on

p o si tive Side o f th e h e ll will e xc e d th a t t th e e igh b o uri g p o in t

s e a n n

on th e e g ti v e i de by 4
n a I s 77 ( ) .

If m g e tic h e ll f r ms a l o s e d
a a n rf c e th e p o te ti l o utside
s o c su a ,
n a

th e Sh l l i s e ve rywh e r e
e e ro a d th t i th e p c e withi is z ,
n a n s a n

e v e rywh e r e 4 I b e i g p o iti ve wh e th e p o i ti ve s id e O f th e s h e ll
71 C D ,
n s n s

i s i w rd
n a H e ce u c h
. s h e ll e x e r ts
n o c ti os o
y m g eat n a n n an a n

pl a c e d e i th e r o ut id o i n i de th e sh e ll s e r s .

If m g et c b e div ide d i t S i mpl e m g e tic h e ll

a a n an n o a n s s,

e ith e r l ed h vi g th e i r dg e s th rf c o f th e m g e t ‘ ’

c os or a n e on e su a e a n ,

th e d i tr ib tio
s o f ma g e ti s m i
u c l l e d L m ll a r
n I f 1 i s th en s a a e . <)

s m
u f tho tr e g th s o f l l th e
e s h e ll tr ve rs e d by a p i t i n
n a s s a o n

p i g fro m gi ve p o i t to p o i t wg by li e dr w w i th i
a ss n a n n a n z a n a n n

th e ma g e t th e th e c n d i tio
, o f l a me ll r ma g e ti a ti o
n ona e n s a n z n r

(1 >4 0391
>

a? )

Th e y qu wh ich th c o mp l e te ly d e te r mi e th e m g e t
a n ti t , us n s a n

i ti o
z a at n
y p oi t m
y ban c l l d th e P o te ti l onf M g e ti aati o e a e n a a n z n .

I t m t b e c r e f l ly di ti g i h e d fr o m th e M g e ti c Po te ti l
us a u s n u s a n n a .

A m g e t wh i h c b e d ivid e d i to c o mp l x m g e ti c
a n c an n e a n

Sh e ll s i s id to h v sao mpl e x l m ll r d i tr i b ti o a of m e
g a c a e a s u n a

n e ti m s T h e c o diti o n o f s u ch
. di tr i b ti on i s th a t th e l in e o f a s u n s
 POTE N TI A L D UE To A L A ME LL A R MA GN E T .

ma g n e ti z a ti o n mu s t b e s u ch th a t a s y s te m of su rf a c e s ca n b e d r a wn
c u ttin g th e m a t ri g h t an gle s . Thi s co n di ti o n i s e xpre ss e d by th e
w e ll kn o w-
n e qua ti on

dA d0
A _
—
+3 (d ? da:

Fo r ms o
f the P o te n tia ls f
o S o l e n o i dz z l a nd L a me lla r M a gn e ts .

4 14 ] Th e g e n e ra l e xpre s sio n fo r th e sca a l r po te n ti a l of a ma gn e t

wh e re p de o te th e po te ti l a t ( g ) d e to u it ma g ti
n s n a at, ,
z u a n ne c

po l e pla c e d t f n f i th e r w r d
a th r c ipr o ca l f th e
, , , or n o o s, e e o

d i t c e b e tw e e
s an
( 5 7 O th e p o i t a t w hi
n c h th e p o te ,
ti l i 1, ,
n n a s

me re d a d ( g ) th e p o itio f th e e l e me t f th e m g e t
a su ,
n x , ,
z , s n o n o a n

t w hi ch i t i d e
o s u .

Th i qu tity m y b e in te g r te d by p a rt a i A rt 9 6 3 8 6
s an a a s, s n s .
, .

o
74 if
3 gn
( A l + B ni + a d.

wh e r l m e e , ,
n ar th e d i r e c ti o n -
c o s in e s o f th e n o rm l d r wn a a ou t
wa rd fr o m d S
s ,
r fa c e o f th e ma g e t
a n e le me n t o f th e su n .

Wh e th e ma g n et i o l e o i da l th e e xpr e
n io d r th e i te g ra l
s s n ss n un e n

Sig i th e e d te r m i e r o fo e v e ry p o i t with i th e m g e t
n n s co n s z r n n a n ,

so th t th e tri pl e i te g ra l i
a e ro d th e c l r p o te ti l t
n s z s a a n a a an
y ,
an

p o i t wh e th r o t i de o i ide th e ma g e t i g ive by th e ur fa c e
n ,
e u s r ns n ,
s n s

i te g r l i th e fi t te r m
n a n rs .

Th e cal r p o te ti l o f
s a o l e o id l m g e t i
n a th e r e fo r e m a s n a a n s co

p l t
ee ly d e te rm i e d w h e t h e o
n r m a l c o m p e t o f t h n m g e t n on n e a n

i ti
z a a t e v e ry p o i t o f th e
on fa c i k o w n d i t i i d p de t sur e s n n ,
an s n e en n

o f th e fo r m o f th e o le i d withi n th e mag n e t s no s .

I th e c e f
n l m ll r m g e t th e ma g e tiz a ti o
as o a i a e a a n n n s

d e te rmi e d by I th e p o te ti l f m g e ti ti o
n ( ), o th a t n a o a n z a n ,
s

as d cp n
a
A dz
dc; dg

Th e e xpr e s sio n fo r V ma y th e r e fo r e b e wr itte n

dz dg
I n te g ra ti g thi n s e xpre ss o n i by p a r ts ,
w e fin d
z
d p d },
z

dg z +
f
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) .
 MA GN E TI C S O L E N OI DS A ND SH E LLS .
[4 16 .

d te r m i s
ro u n l e s the p i t (5 7 g)is i c l de d i n “
Th e se co n z e s o n ,
7 ,
n u

th m g e t i wh i ch c s e i t b e c o me s 4 ( t) wh r e
e a n ,
n i th va lu e
a 71 c
”
e s e

of a t th e p o i t 5 7 C Th e s urf c e i te gr l ma y b e e xpr e s e d i n
a n , 7 , . a -
n a s

te r ms o f th e li e d ra w fr o m ( g z )t ( f 7 f )
r ,
n d 0 th e n gl e a , ,
o ,
7 , ,
an an

wh ich th i s li e m k e s wi th th e o r ma l d ra wn o utwa rds fr o m d S

n a n ,

s o th a t th e p o te n tia l ma b w i tt
y e e r n

wh e r e th e r o f c o ur s e
se co n d e r o wh e n th e p o in t ( 5 n
te m is O i s z , ,

n o t i c lu d e d i
n th e s ub s t c e O f th e ma g n e t
n an .

Th e p o te n ti a l 7 e xpr e s e d by thi s e qu a ti o
, ,
i s c o ti u o se ve n, n n us n

a t th e r fa ce o f the ma g e t wh e re 1 b e co me s udde n ly z e r o fo
su n ,
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r

i f we write

I
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d if ( 21 i s th e v lue o f Q a t p o i t j
a a n u st with i n th e s urf a ce , a n d
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22 th a t at a po i n t c l o s e to th e fir t b t o s u u ts ide th e s urf a ce ,

Q
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Th e qu an yQ tit is n o t co n ti n u o u s at th e S urf a ce o f th e ma g n e t .

Th e co mp o n e n ts of ma g n e tic in du c ti o n are l
r e a te d to Q by the
e qu a tio n s
d9 . dQ . 039 .

a a
c
dz dg dz

]
4 16 I n th e l a m e ll a r d i t
ca ser i bu ti o of a
n O f m g n e ti s m s a

ma y a l o s i mpl ify th e ve c to r p o te tia l o f ma g n e tic i d uc tio

s -
n n n .

I ts w co mp o e t ma y b e wri tte
-
n n n

d cb air af t 07
1 9

B y in te gr a tio n by p a rts we ma y pu t t hi s i n th e fo r m o f th e
s ur fa c e i n te r l
g a
-

n
)d S,

4 4>

Th e o th e r co mp o n e n ts Of th eve cto r p o te tia l ma y b e wr itte

-
n n

do wn fr o m th e s e e xpre s sio n s by m ki g th e pro p e r s ub s tit tio s

a n u n .

On So l i d A n gl e s .

4 17 ] We h a ve a lre dy pr o ve d th a t a t a n y p o i n t P
a th e p o te n ti a l
4 1 S O I LD A NGL E S .

d u e to a ma gn e ti c
ll i e q l to th e so lid a n gl e s ub te de d by sh e s ua n

th e e dg e o f th e h e ll mul ti pl ie d by th e s tr e g th o f th e sh e ll
s A n . S

we h ll h a ve o c c s io
s a to r e fe r to so l id gle i th e th e o y o f
a n an s n r

e l e ctri c c urr e ts w e h ll o w e xpl i n h o w th e y m y b e me a ur e d

n ,
s a n a a s .

B efi i tic Th e o li d a g l e
n n b te de d t a gi ve p o i t by a
. s n su n a n n

c l o s e d c r ve is me a s u e d by th e
u r e o f a sph e ri l urf ce wh o se r a a ca s a

ce tr e i s th e gi ve
n po in t a d wh s ra di i u i ty th e o utli n e n n o e us s n ,

O f whi ch i s tra c e d by th e i te r e ti o n O f th e ra di u ve c to r with th e n s c s

s p h e r e a s i t t ra ce th e c l o s e d c urv e Thi a r e i to b e r e k o e d
s . s a s c n

po iti ve o n e ga ti ve a cc o rdi g a i t lie o th e l e ft o th e r igh t

s r n s s n r

h a n d o f th e p th f th e r a di s v e c to r a s s e e fr o m th e gi ve po i n t
a o u n n .

L e t ( E n 0 b e th e gi v e po i t
, , n d le t
( g ) b e p o i t o n n . a a , ,
z a n n

th e c l o d c urv e Th e c o o r di n te s
se
g a r e f c
. ti o o f s th e a x , ,
z un ns ,

le gth o f th e c urve r e c k o e d fr o m g ive p o i t The y a e p e rio d i c

n n a n n . r

f c ti
un of re rri g wh e v r i in c re a e d by th e wh o le l e gth
ons s, cu n ne e s s s n

o f th e c l o se d c urv e .

W e m y c lc ul te th e so l id a gl e w dir e c tly fr o m th e d fin i tio n

a a a n e

th u s U i g p h e r ic a l c o o r di te s wi th c e tr e a t (f 7 O
. s n s d na n ,
7 , ,
an

puttin g
z r s in B c o s c), j —
g n z r s in e sin q), z —( z r co s e,

w e fin d th e a r ea Of an
y c urve on th e s p h e re b y in te gr a ti n g

co s 9)d cp,

or ,
u si n g th e re c ta n
g u l a r co o r d i n a te s ,

dg dz
— —n
[ (w e g, ) s,
a

th e in te gra tio be i g e xte de d r o d th e c urve n n n u n s .

I f th e a xi s f pa ss e c e th r o g h th e c l s e d c rv e th e fir t u
-

O z s on u o s

te rm i 2 I f th e a xi o f z d o e
s 77 . t pa th r o g h it th i s te r m s s no ss u

i s e ro
z .

4 18 ] Th i me th o d f ca l c l ti g a s o l id a gl e i v o lv e s a c h o i c e
s o u a n n n

o f a xe which i to o me e xte t a rb itr ry a n d it do e o t de pe d

s s s n a , s n n

s o le l y o th e cl o dn rv e H e c e th e fo ll o w i g me th o d i wh i h
se cu . n n ,
n c

n o s ur fa ce i pp o e d to b e c o tru c te d ma y b e ta te d fo th e s k e
s su s n s ,
s r a

o f g e o me tri ca l pr o pri e ty .

A th e r di s v e c to r fr o m th e g ive n p o i t tr a c e o t th e cl o e d
s a u n s u s

c urv e l e t a pl n e p a ss in g th r o gh th e g i v e
,
a p o i t ro ll o th e u n n n

c l o e d c urv e
s o a s to b e a ta n g e t pl s e a t ea h p o i t f th e c rv n an c n o u e

i su cce i o
n L e t a lin e o f u n i t l e gth b e d r w fr o m th e g iv
ss n .
-
n a n en

p o in t p e rp e dic ula r to this pla n e A s th e pl

n r o ll ro d th e . an e s un
 MA GN E TI C S O L E N OI DS A ND SH E LLS .
[4 19 .

clo se d c urve th e e xtr e mity O f th e p e rp e

will tra c e a n di c u l a r se co n d
l
c o se d cu rve . L e t th e l e n g th o f th e s e c o d c l o e d c urv e be n s th e n
th e s o l id a n g l e su b te n de d by th e firs t c l o se d c urve i s

(O r: 2 7r —o .

Th is fo l lo w s fr o m th e w e l l k o wn th e o re m th a t th e r e f -
n a a o a

c l o e d c urv e
s a s ph e re o f it r di s to g e th e r wi th th e c ir c um
on un a u ,

fe r e n c e o f th e p o l r c urv e i s u me ri c l ly e qua l to th e c ir c mfe r e c e

a ,
n a u n

o f a g re t c i r c l f th e S p h e r e
a e o .

Th is c o tr c ti o i s s o me ti me c o v e i e t fo
n s u n c a l c ul a ti g th e s n n n r n

s o l id lan s ub te d e d by r t il i r fi r F r o wn purp o s e
g e e c e a n
g e o o a n u . r u ,

whic h is to fo r m cl e r ide o f ph y si c l ph e n o me a th e f ll o wi g a as a n ,
o n

me th d i s t b e pr e f rr d a s it e mpl o y s o o str ti o s whi c h d o

o o e e ,
n c n uc n

n o t fl o w fr o m th e p h y i l d ta o f th e pro bl e m s ca a .

A c l o e d c rv e 8 i g i v e s i p c a d w e h ve to fin d
u s n n s a e, n a

th e o li d s
g l e s b t d an
e d by s t g iuv e p i t
en P a a n o n .

I f w e c o ide r th e o l i d ns
g l e a s th e p o te ti a l o f a ma g e ti c Sh e ll
s an n n

o f u i t S tr gth wh o s e e dg e c o i c i de s wi th th e c l o s e d c urv e we
n en n ,

mu s t de fi e i t th e w o rk d o n e by a u n it m g e ti c p o l e a g i t
n as a n a n s

th e m gn e tic f a e w h il e i t mo v e s fr o m a n i fi ite d i t
orc c e to th e n n s an

p o in t P H e ce if i s th e p a th o f th e p o le s it ppro a ch e s th e
. n ,
a a a

p o i t P th e p o te ti l mu t b e th e re ult o f l i e i t g ra tio a l o g
n , n a s s a n -
n e n n

th i s p th I t m t l o b th e r e s ul t o f a l i e i te g r tio
a . us a s a lo n
e g n -
n a n

th l o se d c urve
e c Th e pr o p e r fo rm O f th e e xpr e s i o fo th e s l id
8 . s n r o

an gl mu t th e r fo r e b e th t f a d o bl e i te gr ti o with r e sp e c t
e s e a o u n a n

to th e tw o c urve s s d an

Wh e P is a t a i fi i te di ta c e th e s o l id a n gle i s e vide tly

n n n n s n ,
n

z e ro A s th e p o in t P a ppr ch e s th e c l o s e d c rv e a s e e n fr o m
. oa ,
u ,
s

th e mo vi g p o i t a pp e a r s to O p e
n n o t n d th e wh l e s o l id
,
gle n u ,
a o an

ma y b e c o c e i ve d to b e g e e r a te d by th e pp r e t mo ti o o f th e
n n a a n n

d iffe re t e l e me t o f th e c lo s e d c urv e a s th e mo vi g p o in t a p
n n s n

r o a ch e s
p .

A s th e po i
v e s fro m P to P o ve r th e e l e me n t d th e
n t P mo
'
o ,

e l e me t Q Q f th e l o e d c urve wh i c h w e d e o t by d s wi l l
’
n o c s ,
n e ,

ch gane i ts p o i ti o r e l t i v e ly to sP a d th ne l i e o n thae u i t s p h e r e ,
n n n

c o rre s p o d i g to w ll w p v r r p r l
'
QQ
n i
n s e e o e a n e a o n t h e s h e ic a a

s ur f c a wh i ch we m y write
e, a

(l a ) II d ( )
1
‘

O .

To fin d [1 l e t upp o s e P fixe d wh il e th e clo s e d c urve i s mo ve d

us s

p r ll e l to i tse lf th ro ugh a di ta c e d e qu l to PP b t i the

a a s n o a
'
u n

O pp o s ite di re c ti o Th e r e l tiv e mo tio o f th e p o i n t P will b e th e

n . a n

s me a s i n th e r e a l c a s e
a .
4 2 0
] G E N E R ATI ON OF A SO L I D A NGL E .

D uri n g th is mo ti o n th e wi ll ge e r te a a r e a i e le me n t Q Q
’
n a n n

th e fo rm o f p r ll l o gr m wh e i d e
a a a e p ral le l
e n d e qu l a os s s ar a a a

I f w e c n str c t pyr mid o th is p r ll e l gra m

' '
to Q Q d PP an . o u a a n a a o

s b se wi th i ts v e rt e x a t P th e o li d l f thi py m i d wil l
a a
g e o a ,
s
.
an s r

b e th e i c r e me t d w hi h w
n n i e r h Of
(c c e are n s a c .

T d e te rmi e th v l e o f th i o l i d
O n e a u s s

an
g l e l t 6 a
,
de6 b e th e a n
g l e w h
’
i ch n s

d a d d
s n ma k e with P Q r e s pe ct
o

i ly
ve d l e t qt b th a gl e b e tw e
,
an e e n e n

th e p l e O f th e tw oan s g l e th
es e an s, n

th e rea o f th pr j e c tio o f th e
a e o n

pa ra ll e l g ra m d s d o a pl e pe
o o n an r

p e d ni l t o P
cu a r Q o w il l b e r r

ds do i 6 s in B s in
’
s n
'

an d S in c e th i s i s e q u al to r
2
d m w e fin d

6 sin 6
’
l I d s do si n s in c d d
d ca ( )
'

t s o . 2

( )
’
H e n ce s in 6 si n 0 s in ( )
I .
3

4 20 ] W e ma y e xpr e s s th e angle s 0 ,
an d (j ) in te ms r of r,

an d i ts diffe r e n tia l fi
c o e f c i e n ts with r e spe c t to s a n d ( r , fo r

dr dr d z
r
C OS B CO SO '
an d s m GSI n G c o s ¢
’
r
ds d? ds d cr
'

We th u s fin d th e fo ll o win g vl a ue fo r H 2
,

z 2
ch
2
ch
2
1 d r

[ 1 <>
5

A thi rd
xpr e s s io n fo H i e r n te rms o f r e cta
g l a n u r c o o rdi n a te s

m y b e d e d c e d fro m th e co
a u ns i de r a ti o n th a t th e o v lume o f th e
pyr a mi d wh o e s o lid gl e i d s an s (0 an d wh o se a xis is r is

§ r
3
dw
B ut th e vo lum e o f thi s py ra mi d ma y a l s o b e e xpr e s se d in te ms r
o f th e pr o j e cti o ns o f r, ds, an d do on th e a xi s o f a} ,
g an d -

z ,
as

a de te r min a n t fo rme d by pr o j e ctio s o f w

th e s e n in e n ,
hi ch we mu st
ta ke th e th ir d p a rt . W e th u s fin d a s th e va l u e o f I] ,

_
§ x a 77 —
9,

g d ry
d " ,
dC
do do do

dz dg dz
i
dS ds ds
 MA GN E TI C SO L E N O I DS A ND SH E LLS .
[ 4 2 11

Th i s xp r e s io gi ve th e va l e o f 11 fre e fr o m the a mb igu ity o f

e s n s u

sig i tr o d c e d by e qua tio n

n n u

4 2 1] Th e v a l e f w th e o li d n gl e s ub te n de d by th e C l o s e d
u o ,
s a

c urve a t th e p o i t P ma o w b e wr i tte n
y n n ,

( )
7

whe re th e i te gr tio n w ith re s p e t to s i to b e e xte ded co mpl t ly

n a c s n e e

r o u d th en lo e d c rve c d th t w i th r e s p e c t to
s u fro m A an fixe d a a a
,

p o i t o the c rve to th e p o i t P Th e c o n t t i s th e va l e
n n u n . s an (C
O
u

o f th e o lid gl e a t th e p o i t A I t i e ro if A i s t a n i fi ite
s an n . s z a n n

di t c e fr o m th c lo e d c urve
s an e s .

Th e v lu e o f ta
y p o i t P i s i
(o d eap e d e t o f th e fo r m o f
an n n n n

th e urve b e tw e e A a d P pr o v ide d th t i t do e s n o t p a s s th r o g h
c n n a u

th e m gn tic h e l l i t e lf
a e I f th e S h e ll b s ppo e d i fi ite ly th i
s s . e u s n n n ,

a d if P e tw o p o i ts cl o se to e th e r b t P h e p o i ti v e
’
n dP an ar
g t n ,
u o n s

a d P o
n
’
th e g ti v
n e r f c o f th
ne e h e lal t h e th e c urv e s A P a d
su a e s ,
n n

AP mu t li e pp ite ide s o f the e dge o f the h e l l o th a t PAP

’ ‘ ’
s on o os s s ,
s

i l i e w hi c h with th i fi i te ly h o rt l i e P P fo rms c l o se d
’
s a n e n n s n a

C rc u it e mbr a c i g v l a t P e x ce e ds th t
’
i
g th e e d e T h e na e o f t P
. u a) a a

by 4 th a t i by th e sur fa ce o f a ph e re o f ra diu s u ity

77 , s, s n .

H e n c e if a c l o s e d c urv e b e d ra w s o a s to p a s s o n ce th r ugh
, n o

th e sh e ll o i th e r wo r ds i f i t b e l i k e d o n c e wi th th e e dg e
,
r n o ,
n

o f th e sh e ll , th e v lu e
a of th e i n te gra l U ds d o e xte n de d ro un d

b o th c urve s will b e 4 77 .

Th i s i n te gra l th e r fo re c o n s id e r e d a s d e p e n di n g o ly o n th e
e ,
n

c l o s e d c urv e s a d th e rb itra ry urve A P i s a i n s ta ce Of a

n a c n n
,

fu c tion o f m ul tipl e v a l u e s
n s i ce if w e p a s fro m A to P l o g ,
n ,
s a n

d i ffe r e t p th s th e i te g r l wi ll h a ve di ffe re n t v a l u e s a c c o r d i g
n a n a n

to th e umb e r o f time s wh ic h th e c urve A P i twi e d ro u d th e

n s n n

c urv e s .

I f o n e fo rm o f th e c urve b e twe e A a d P c b e tr a s fo rme d n n an n

i n to a n o th e r by c o n ti o u s mo ti o wi th o ut i te r s e cti n g th e c urve
nu n n

8 ,
th e i te gr a l will h a v e th e
n me va l e fo r b o th c urve b u t if sa u s,

d u i n g th e tra n fo rma ti n i t i te r s e c ts th e c l o s e d
r s rve ti me s th e
o n cu n

va lue s o f th e i te gr l will diffe r by 4 n a a n .

If s a d a e
y nt w o c lOo e d urv
r e s i an
n s p a c e th e n if th ey a e s c , ,
r

n o t l i k e d to e th e r
n t h i t r l x t d d r u d b th i
g e e
g a e e e , o n ce o o s n n n

I f th e y ar e i n te rtwin e d n times in th e sa me di re ctio n ,

th e va lu e
o f th e i n te gr a l i s 4 vr h . I t i s po s s i hl e , h o w e ve r , fo r tw o c rv e s
u
4 2 2 ] VE C TO R -
POTE N TI A L OF A C L OSE D C URVE .

to b e in te t in e d rw a l te rn te ly i o pp o it di re c ti o n a n s e s, so tha t th e y
are in se p a ra bly li k e d to g e th e r th o u gh th e v a lu e
n Of th e in te n
is z e ro . S e e Fig 4 . .

I t wa s th e di s c o v e r y
by Ga u o f thi s ve ry in te gra l e xpre ss in g ss ,

th e w o rk d n e o n magn e ti c p o l e whi l e de
o a

s c ri b i g c l o se d c urv e i
n a pre s e ce o f a c lo se d n n

e le c tri c c rr e t d i n di ca ti g th e ge o me tri ca l
u n ,
an n

co n e xi
n b e twe e th e tw cl o se d c urve s tha t
on n o ,

l e d h i m to l me t th e sm l l pro g r e s ma d e i th e
a n a s -
n

G e o me try o f Po si ti s i c e th e ti me o f L e i b i t on n n z ,

E le r u d V d m de
an W e h ve n o w h o w
an er on . a ,

e v r so me pr o g re
e ,
to r e p o rt c hi e fly d u e to R ie ma n n H e l mh o lt
ss , , z

an d L i stin g .

422 ] Let ve s tiga te th e r e sul t

us no w in of i n te gr a ti n g
r e s p e c t to s ro un d th e c lo se d c rv e u .

O e o f th e te rm o f H i e q ti o n ( 7 )i s
n s n ua

— a d n dz
f ‘
d ?) (l 1d

r
3
d a ds do df r ds
I f we n ow write fo r bre vity
1 dg l dz
ds , H
r ds i ds
:

th e i n te g r l be i g ta ke n
a s n o n ce ro u n d th e l
c o se d c u rve s,

o f II ma y b e writte n ( i n (1 3
2

(l a el f ds
an d th e co rre s po n din g te rm 1 ds
1 wil l b e
dn dH
do df
C o lle c ti n g a ll th e te rms of H , we ma y n ow r
w i te

dw
do
dF d
7
7
—
77 i ( )
10

Thi s qvide tly th e ra te o f de c re me n t o f

u ant ity i s e th e n a ),

m g e tic p o t ti l i p
a n in g a l o n g th e c urve
en a o,i o th e r w o rd s
n a ss
'
a , r n ,

it th e ma g ti c fo r e
Is th dir e c ti o
ne of d c In e n (7

By mi g d a ss ucc e i ve l y i th e d i e c ti o
n oo f th e xe f
su ss n r n a s o

d w o b ta i
an f o th e v l e o
e f th e c o mpo n e ts o f th e
n r a u s n
a
g,
z ,

mag e ti f r cn c o e
 MA GN E TI C S O L E N OI DS A ND SH E LLS .

d (0 dB dG
a
as an as
d c) dF ll H

dn df el f
( l a) cl G ( lF
7
dc as dv

qua titie F G H a e th e c o mp o e ts o f the v e cto r p o te ti l

Th e n s , ,
r n n -
n a

o f th ma g e tic Sh e ll wh o s e s tr e g th i s
e n ity d wh o se dg e i s n un ,
an e

th e c rv u Th e y
e e 3. o t l i ke th e c l a r p o te ti l
ar f c ti
n ,
s a n a to , un ons

h vi g
a n e rie ao f va lu e s b t
s e p e r fe c tly d e te rmi a te f
s e v e ry
,
u ar n or

po i t i pa c e
n n s .

Th e ve c to r p o te ti l a t a p o i t P d e to a ma gn e tic h e ll b o
- n a de d n u s un

by cl o se d c urv e ma y b e fo u d by th e fo llo win g ge o me tric a l

a n

co nstru c ti on

L e t a p o i t Q tr a v e l r o
. n d th e C l o s e d c r ve wi th ve lo city un u a

n um ri c lly e qu l to i t di t c e fro m P a n d l e t se c o d p o i t
e a a s s an ,
a n n

B s t rt fr o m A a d tr v e l wi th a v e l o c i ty th e dir e c tio
a n O f wh i ch
a n

i s lwa y s p r a l l l to th t o f Q b t wh o se m g i t d e i u i ty
a a e a ,
u a n u s n .

W he Q h s tr v e lle d o n ce o u d th e clo e d c urve jo m A B th e

n a a r n s , n

th e l i e A B e pr e e ts i n di r e c ti o
r d i n ume r i c l m
s n i tu d n an n a a
n
g e n

th e v e c to r p o te ti l d e to th e c l o s e d urve a t P
-
n a u c .

P o te n ti a l E n e r gg of a Zlf a g n e tic She l l p la ce d i n a M a gn e ti c Fi e ld .

4 23 ] We h a ve lre a dy h e wn i A r t
a s ,
n . 4 10 , th a t th e p o te ti l n a

en e rg y o f a sh e ll o f stre gth I pla ce d i n ( ) n a ma g n e ti c fi e l d wh o s e

p o te n tia l is V, i s
dV dV
M = ¢ + m + n d S, ( )
12
3y nz
wh e r e l m n a e th e di r e cti o c o si e s o f th e o rma l to th e h e l l
, ,
r n -
n n s

d ra w fr o m th e p o i ti ve s i d e
n n d th e s ur fa c e i te gr a l i s e xte n de d
s ,
a -
n

o v e r th e Sh e ll .

N o w thi ur fa c e i te gra l ma y b e tr a s fo r me d i to a l in e in te gra l

s s -
n n n -

by me a n s o f th e ve cto r p o te n tia l o f th e ma g e tic fie l d a n d w e -

n ,

ma y wri te dz ( lg dz
M = ( F
38
G
38
” d9a r —
,

wh e r e th e i te gr tio n a n is e xte n de d o n ce ro u n d th e c l o s e d c urve s

wh ich f rms th e e dge
o of th e ma gn e tic s h e ll th e di r e c ti o
,
of d n s

b e i g o ppo site to th a t
n o f th e h a n d s o f a wa tch wh e vi e we d fro m n

th e p o iti ve s i d e o f th e
s she ll .

I f we o w s upp o s e
n th a t th e ma gn e tic fi e ld i s th a t du e to a
4 2 3] POTE N TI A L O F TWO L S D
C O E C URVE S .

se c o n d ma g n e ti c sh e ll wh o se s tr e n gth i s ( If , th e va l u es of F, G, H
wi ll b e

fs
I da: 1 dg 1 dz
_
G — ‘f’
,
ds
,
H _
— ‘l’
,
d“
,
( 14 )
Fa Z ar
‘

u
y

wh e re th e i te gra ti o s n n ar e e xte n de d o n ce r o un d th e urve c s

’

,
which
f r m th e e dg o f thi
o s h e s s e ll .

S b ti tutin g th e e v l
u s s a u es i n th e e xpre s si o n fo r M w e fin d

dg dg dz dz
1
( d_ . n
’ ’ ’ ds ds
’

( )
15
ds ds
,
ds ds ds ds

wh e r e gr a ti o n i s e xte n d e d o c e ro u d s a d o ce r o u d s
th e in te n n n n n
’
.

Th i e xpr e s i o n g ive s th e p o te ti l e e rgy d e to th e mutu l a cti o

s s n a n u a n

f th e tw o h e ll s d i a s i t o u gh t to b e th e sa me wh e
’
o s ,
an s, d , n s an s

e i te r c h n e d Th i xpr i w i th i t S ign r v r e d w h th
ss o n s
ar n
g a e
. s e e s e e ,
n e

s tr n gth o f e a c h h e ll i s u i ty i c ll e d th e po te ti a l f th e tw o
e s n ,
s a n o

c l o e d c urv e s a d s I t is a q ti ty o f gr e t i mp rta ce i th e
’
s s n . u an a o n n

th e o ry o f e l e tri c u r e t c c I f w e wri t
r fo th a g le b e tw e e
n s . e 6 r e n n

th e d ir e c tio s o f th e l e me ts d a n d ds th e p o te ti a l f s a n d s
’ ’
n e n s , n o

ma y b e wri tte n

I t is e vide n tly a qu an ti t y o f th e d i me n si o n of a li n e .
 C H A P TE R I V .

I NDU C E D MA GNE TI ZA TI ON .

4 24 ] WE h a ve hith e rto
re d th e a ctua l di tri butio o f co n s i de s n

m g ti a ti o n i a m g e t a s g i ve e xpl ic itly a mo g th e da t
a ne z n a n n n a

o f th i ve tig a tio
e n W e h a ve o t ma de a y a u mp tio n a to
s n . n n ss s

wh e th e r th is m g e ti a ti o i s p e r ma e t o r te mp o ra ry e xc e p t i
a n z n n n ,
“

th o s e p a rt o f o re a n i g in wh i ch w e h a ve s upp o se d th e m g e t “

s ur so n a n

bro k e up i to s ma ll p o rti o n s o ma ll p o rtio n s r e mo ve d fro m

n n ,
r s

th e ma g e t i uch wa y a s n o t to a l te r th e ma gn e ti ti o n o f
n n s a z a

an
y p rt a .

We h ve n o w to c o n ide r th e ma g e ti a tio n o f b di e w ith

a s n z o s

r e p e c t to th e mo d e i n wh i c h it m y b e pr o d c e d a d ch a g e d
s a u n n .

A b a o f i r o h e l d p a ra lle l to th e dir e cti o o f th e e a r th s ma g e tic

’
r n n n

fo r ce i s fo u n d t b e co me m g e ti c wi th i ts p o l e s tur e d th e Op
o a n ,
n

o s i t ew a y fr o m th o e o f th e e rth o t h e s a me wa y
s s th se o f a r a o
p ,

a c o mp s s n e e d l e i
a t bl e e qu ili bri u m n s a .

A y p ie c e o f o ft i r o pl ce d in a ma gn e tic fi e l d i s f n d to e xh ib it
n s n a ou

m g e tic pro p e rtie s

a n
" I f i t b e pl c e d i a p r t o f th e fi e l d wh e r e
. a n a

th m g e ti c f r c e i s g r e a t a s b e tw e e
e a n o th e p o l e s o f h rs e h o e , n a o -
s

m g e t th e ma g e ti sm f th e i r o b e c o me s i te e
a n ,
n I f th e i r
o n n n s . on

i r e mo v e d fro m th e m g n e tic fi e l d its ma g e ti c pr o p e r ti e

s a e ,
n s ar

g r ea t l y w e ke e d o d ia pp e r e ti r e ly
n I f
r t h e ma g e ti c pr o p e rti s
sa a n . n e

o f th ir o
e de p e d e ti r e ly o
n th e m g e tic f rc o f th e fi l d i
n n n a n o e e n

w h i ch it i pl c d a d v i h wh e it i s re mo ve d fr o m th e fi ld
s a e ,
n an s n e ,

i t i ca l l d S ft i ro
s e I ro o whi h i o ft i n th e ma g e ti
n . e e n c s s n c s ns

i al o
s s o ft i s th e li te r l se s e
n I t i s e a y t b e d i t a d g iv e a n . s o n n

i t a p e rm e t e t a d diffi c lt to br e k i t
an n s ,
n u a .

I r o w h ich r e t i
n i ts ma g e tic pr p e rti wh e
a ns r e mo ve d fro m n o es n

th e ma g e tic fi e l d i c l le d H r d ir o
n S c h i ro
s d e s o t ta k e
a a n . u n o n
 . S OE T A ND H A RD STE E L .

up th e r e a dily a s o ft i ro
ma gn e ti c Th e O pe ra ti o
s ta te of so s n . . n

h a mme r i g o a n y o th e r ki d o f vibr tio

n ,
r al l o ws h a r d ir o un de r n a n , n

th e i flu e c e o f ma g e ti c f rc e to a u me th e ma g e ti c ta te mo r e
n n n o ss n s

re a dily a d to p a rt with i t mo re re a di ly wh e th e ma g e tiz i n g

,
n n n

fo r ce i e m ve d
s I ro
r whi ch is ma g e ti ca lly ha rd i s a ls o mo re
o . n n

stiff to b e d a n d mo r e pt to br e a k
n a .

Th e p o c e s se o f h mme ri n g r o ll i g wi r e d ra wi g a d u dde n
r s a , n ,
-
n , n s

co o l in g te d to h a rd e ir o n a n d th a t o f a n n e l in g te ds to
n n , a n

s o fte n it .

Th e ma gn e tic
we ll a s th e me ch ica l diffe re c e be tw e e n te l
as an n s s e

o f h a rd a n d s o ft te mpe r e m ch r t r th th b tw ar h r d u
g e a e o se e e e a an n

a d so ft i r o
n S o ft te e l i a lmo t a s e ily ma gn e ti e d a n d d
n . s s s as z e

m gn e ti e d a i ro
a z whil e th e h r de s t te e l i th e b e s t ma te ria l
s n , a s s

fo ma g e ts wh i c h w e wi s h to b e p e rma e n t
r n n .

C a st i o th o gh i t c o t in
r n, mo r e c a rb o n th a s te e l is o t
u n a s n ,
n

s o r e te ti v e o f m g e ti a ti o
n a n z n .

I f a ma gn e t c o ul d b e c o s tru cte d so th a t th e di st r ib tio o f its n u n

m g ti ti o
a ne is
z a ot lte re d by a y m g e ti c fo r ce bro gh t to
n n a n a n u

a ct upo i t it mi gh t b e c ll e d a r igi dl y m g e ti e d b o dy
n , The a a n z .

o l y kn o w
n b o dy whi c h fulfils thi c o diti o is c o duc ti g c irc uit
n s n n a n n

r o u d whi h a c o ta n t e l e c tric c rre t i mad e to fl o w

n c ns u n s .

S ch c i rc ui t e xh i b i ts m n e ti c pr o p r ti d m th r fo re b e
u a
g a n y e a e e s, a e

ca ll e d e l e ctr m g e t
an b t th e se ma g etic pr o p e rti e
o a n ,
e otu n s ar n

a ff te d by th e o th e m g e ti c fo r c e i n th e fi e l d
ec r W e s ha ll r e t r
a n s . u n

to thi s s bj e ct i n P rt I V
u a .

All a c tua l ma gn e t wh e th e r ma de o f h a r d e e d ste e l o o f l o ad

s, n r

sto e a e fo u d to b e
n ,
r ffe c te d by a y ma g e ti c f r c e wh i ch is
n a n n o

bro gh t to b e r upo th e m
u a n .

I t is co ve n ie t fo sc i e ti fi c purp o e
n n ,
to m k e r d istin c tio n s s, a a n

b e tw e n th e p e rma e t n d th e te mpo ra ry ma gn e ti a ti o de fini n g

e n n a z n ,

th e p e rma n e t ma gn e tiz a ti o n a s th a t whi ch e xi s t in de p e d e tly n s n n

o f th e ma g e ti c fo r ce a d th e te mp o ra ry ma g e ti z a ti o
n ,
a s th a t
n n n

w hi ch d e p e ds o n thi s fo r c e n W m st o b s e rve h o we ve r th a t . e u , ,

thi s dis ti ti o i s n o t fo u d e d o n a k o wle d g e Of th e i tim te

nc n n n n a

n at r u o f ma gn eti
e bl e ub ta e s i t i o ly th e e xpre i n o f
z a s s n c : s n ss o

a n h ypo th e i s i tr o d c e d fo th e a k e o f bri g in g ca l c ul a tio

s n u to r s n n

be a r o th e p he o m
n W e ha ll r e tu n to th e ph y ica l th e o ry
n ena . s r s

o f ma g n e tiz a tio in C ha p te r V I n .

4 2 5 ] A t pr e e t w e h a ll i ve tig te th e te mpo r ry ma g e t
s n s n s a a n

i tio
z a o n th e a n mp ti o tha t th e ma g e ti tio o f a y p a rtic le
ss u n n z a n n

o f th e s ub t ce d e p e d s so l e l y o
s an th e ma gn e tic fo r ce a cti g o
n n n n
 I NDU C E D M A GNE TI z A TI ON .
[ 4 2 5 .

th a t pa r tic le . Th i s ma g n e ti c fo ce ma y a i s e a t f o m e te n a r r p r ly r x r l
ca u s e s, p r y r an d a p ry
tl g
f o m th e te m o r a ma n e tiz a tio n o f n e igh
b o i g p a r ti c le s
ur n .

A b o dy th s m g e ti e d i virtue o f th e cti o o f m g e ti c
u a n z n a n a n

fo rc e i s sa i d to b e ma gn e ti e d by i d c tio n a d th e ma g e ti a ti o
,
z n u ,
n n z n

i s s i d to b e i d c e d by th e ma g e ti i g fo r c e
a n u n z n .

Th e ma gn e ti a ti o i d u ce d by a giv e n m g e ti i fo r c e d i ffe r s
z n
g n a n z n

i n diffe r e n t ub st c e s I t i s g r e a t s t i th e pur e s t a d s o fte t

s an . e n n s

i ro n i wh i ch th e r tio o f th e ma g e ti ti o to th e m g e ti c fo rc e
,
n a n za n a n

m y r e a ch th e v lue 3 2 o r e ve 4 5
a a , n

O th e r ub s ta ce s s u ch a
s th e me t l
n ic k e l
,
d c o b lt a e s a s n an a ,
r

c p a bl e o f
a i n fe r io r d e g re e f m g e ti tio
an d a ll b ta ce s o a n z a n ,
an su s n

wh e s ubj e cte d to a s u ffic i tly stro g ma g e tic fo C a e fo und

n en n n I e, r

to g i v e i dic ti o s o f p o l rity
n a n a .

Wh e n th e ma g e ti a tio i in th e me d ir e ctio a s th e ma g e ti c
n z n s sa n n

fo r c e a s i i r
,
i c k e l c o b a l t &c th e s ub t c e i c lle d P r a
n on ,
n , , .
,
s an s a a

ma g e ti c Fe rr o m g e tic
n ,
mo r e s imply M g e tic
a n Wh e th ,
or a n . n e

i d c e d ma g e ti tio i s i th e di r e cti o O pp o ite to th m g e ti c

n u n za n n n s e a n

fo r ce i b i s muth &c th e ub s t c e i s
,
as n i d to b e D ia m g e tic
,
.
,
s an sa a n .

I na ll th e e b st c e s th e ra ti o f th e m g e ti ti o to the
s su an o a n z a n

m g e ti c fo r ce w h i c h pr o d c e i t i s e xce e di gly s m ll b e i g
a n ly u s n a ,
n on

a bo ut i th e ca e o f b i mu th wh i c h i s th e mo s t h i gh l y
n s s ,

di m g e tic s ub s ta c e k o w
a a n n n n .

I cr y s t ll i
n d tr a i e da d o rg i e d s ub t c e s th e di re c ti o
z e ,
s n ,
an an z s an n

o f th e m g e ti tio a do e n ot l w y s c i c id e wi th th a t O f th
za n s n a a o n e

ma g e ti c fo r ce wh i ch pr o du c e i t Th e r e l a tio b e tw e e th e o m
n s . n n c

o n e ts o f ma g e ti
n ti o r e fe rr e d ton x e fix d
z a
e i th e b d y
n a d a n
p o , s n ,

th o e o f th e m g e tic fo rc e m y b
s a xpre e d by a y t m o f th r e
n ,
a e e ss s s e e

lin e a r e qua tio O f th e n i c o e ffi c i e ts i

ns . o lv e d i th e s e e qua ne n nv n

ti o ns w e h ll s h e w th a t o ly i x
s a e i d e p e de t T h e ph e o me a n s ar n n n . n n

o f b o die s o f thi s k in d a r e c l a s e d u d e r th e a me o f M g e c ry ta lli c s n n a n s

ph o me n a
en .

Wh e pl a c e d i n fi e ld o f ma g e tic fo rc e c ry ta l s te d to se t
n a n ,
s n

th e m e lv e s s o th a t th e
s xi s o f gre a te t p ra m g e tic o o f l e s t a s a a n ,
r a

d ia ma g e ti c i d c ti o i p r ll e l to th e l i e s o f ma g e tic fo r c e
'

n ,
n u n s a a n n .

Se e Ar t 4 3 5 . .

I n s o ft i ro
re ctio n o f th e m gn ,
th e d i a n e ti z a ti o n c o in c i de s wi th
th t f th e m g ti c f r c e a t th e p o i t
a o a ne o n ,
an d fo r s ma l l v a lu e s o f
th e ma g e tic fo rc e th e m g e ti a ti o n i s
n a n z n ea rly pro p o r ti o a l n to it .

Th a l é n , N on a A cta , R eg S o c S c . .
, U ps a l .
,
18 63 .
4 2 7] P R OB L E M OF I NDU C E D MA GN E TI ZA TI ON .

r
A s th e ma g n e ti c fo c e i n c e a s e s , h o e e , th e ma g n e ti z a ti o n i n r wvr
r
c e a se s mo e s o r l wy
l , a n d it w o u l d a ea f om e e i me n ts d e s c i e d pp r r xp r rb
i n C h a p VI .
,
tha t th e re is a l imi ti g v l e o f th ma gn e ti tio
n a u e z a n ,

be yo whi ch i t ca n o t
n d n p wh te v r b e th e va l e o f th e
a s s, a e u

ma g tic fo r c e
ne .

I th e fo ll o win g o utl i e o f th e th e o ry o f i d ce d mag

n n n u n e ti s m,
w e ha ll b e gin by
s pp o si n g th e m g n e tiz tio pr o p o rtio n a l
su a a n to th e
ma gn e ti c fo r ce a n d i th e sa m l in e w ith i t
,
n e .

D efi n i ti o n of the C o efic ie n t of I n du c e d M a gn e tiz a tio n .

42 6 ] b e th e ma g n e tic fo r c e , d e fin e d a s i n A r t 3 9 8 , a t
L e t 6; .

y p o in t o f th e b o dy, a n d l e t 3 b e th e ma gn e tiz a tio n a t th a t

po i n t, th e n th e ra ti o o f 3 to 55 i s ca l e d l th e C o e f fi cie n t o f I n du c e d
M a g n e tiz a ti o n .

D e n o ti n g thi s c o e ffic ie n t by x, th e fun da me n ta l e qua ti o n of

i n duc e d ma g n e ti s m i s
.

S a dj .

Th e fi
c o e f c i e n t 7c is po sit iv e fo r ir o n an d pa r a ma gn e tic s ub s ta n c e s ,

an d ne
g a ti ve fo r b is m u th an d dia ma gn e ti c r e a ch e su b s ta n c e s . It s

th e v a l u e 3 2 in i ro n ,
an d it is sa i d to b e l rg e i th e ca of i ck e l
a n se n

a n d co b l t b t i ll o th e r c
a ,
u n a a s e s it i a v e ry m l l qua tity o t
s s a n ,
n

gre a te r th an

Th e fo r ce 35 ri e s p a rtly fr o m th e a c tio f m g e t e xte r l

a s n o a n s na

to th e b o dy m gn ti e d by in d c ti o n a d p r tly fro m th e i d c e d
a e z u , n a n u

ma g ti tio o f th e b o dy i t e lf B o th p a rt sa ti fy th c o diti
ne z a n s . s s e n on

o f h vi g a p o te tia l
n a n .

4 2 7 ] L e t V b e th e po te ti l d e t m gn e ti m e xt r l to th e n a u o a s e na

b o dy l e t S2 b th t d e to th e i d c d ma gn ti ti
,
e th e
a if u n u e e z a on ,
n

U i th e a ct a l p o te tia l d e to b o th c a u s e
s u n u s

U: V+ Q .
( )
2

L e t th e co mpo n e n ts of th e ma g n e ti c fo c e 45, r r e so lve d in th e

di r e c ti o n s o f g x, , z , be a , B , y, a n d l e t th o s e o f th e ma g e tiz a ti o
n n

S be A B , , 0 , th e n by e qu a tio n

A Ka ,

B = K f3 3
C Ky .

M ul ti ply i n g th e se e qua ti o ns by dz ,
dg, dz r e s pe ctive ly ,
an d
a ddi n g, we fin d
A dz + B dg + G dz x
(a
 I NDU C E D MA GNE TI Z ATI O N .
[ 4 2 7 .

B u t s in c e a , 8
,
an d y are de ri ve d fr o m th e p o te n tia l If, we ma y
write th e se co n d me m be r —x dU .

H e n c e , if K i s c o n s ta n t th ro u
g h o u t th e su b s ta n ce , th e first me mb e r
mu st a l so be a co mpl e te diffe r e n ti a l o f a fu n c tio n of a , g an d z ,

w h ic h we sh a ll ca ll and th e e qua ti o n b e co me s

d¢ — K d U,

d <l> d d) 4 4>
W he re “

Ei
—
,
4,
dz d dz

Th e ma gn e tiz a ti o n i s th e r e fo r e l a me ll a r , a s de fi n e d in A r t 4 12 . .

I t w a s s h e wn I n A r t 3 8 6 th a t i f p i s th e v o lu me d e n s ity o f
.
-

ma g n e ti s m ,

dw dg dz
wh ic h b e c o me s in v irtu e of e qua ti o ns

(l a dB dy
P " K
a; a
"

27 )5

B u t, by A r t . 7 7,
da dB dy
4 77 p .

H e n ce

wh e n ce p (6 )
th ro u
guh o t ths ub s t
e ce d th e ma gn e ti a ti o an ,
an z n i s th e r e fo re s o le

n o i d l a s w e ll
a l me ll a r S e e A r t 4 0 7
as a . . .

Th e r e i th e r e fo r e
s f e e m g e ti s m e xc e p t no r a n on b u di g
th e o n n

s ur f c e o f th e b o dy I f b e th e n o r ma l d ra w
a . u n i n wa r d fr o m th e
s

s u f ce th e m g e ti c s urfa c e d e n ity i
r a ,
a n -
s s

fil t h
(T : 7
dv

T he p o te n ti l 9 d e to this ma g e tiz a tio

a . u n n at an
y po i n t ma y
th e r e fo re b e fo u d fr o m th e s ur fa c e in te g ra l
n -

Th e vl
a ue of S)
. will be fin ite an d c o n tin uo us e ve rywh e re , an d
will a ti fy L a pla ce s e qua tio n a t e ve ry p o i t
s s
’
n b o th w ithi n an d
with o ut th rf ce I f we dis ti g i sh by a a c e t
e su a . n u n c n th e vl e a u

of 9 o ut i de th e s r f c e a d if b e th e n o r ma l dra wn tw r d s
’
. s u a ,
n v ou a ,

w e h a ve a t th e s ur fa ce
,
Q Q
 PO I SS ON S ’
ME T O H D .

by A r t . 7 8,

d
i , by

dU
— 4 7T K -
by
"
i

dV d
—4 77 x
dv
We ma y th e re fo r e write th e s ur fa ce -
co n di ti o n

dV
’
d9 . d9 .

4 77 K
dv
’
dv dv
H e n ce th e d e te rmi n a ti o n of th e ma g n e ti s m i n du ce d i n a h o mo
g e n e o u s is o tr o p i c
bo dy b o un de d by a s ur fa c e S a d a cte d
, ,
n

e x te r n a l ma gn e ti c fo r ce s wh o s e po te n ti al i s V ma b e r e d u ce d to
y ,

th e fo l l o win g m th e ma tica l pr o bl e m
a .

We mu s t fin d two fu n cti n s 9 a n d Q sa tisfyi n g th e fo ll o win g o .

’
.

Withi n th e s urf c e S 9 mus t b e fin i te a n d c o n tin uo us a n d must

a , .
,

s a ti s fy L a pla c e s e qua ti o n
’
.

O uts i de the s urfa ce S 9 must b e fi i te a nd c o n ti uo u s it mu st

,
’
n n ,

va n i s h a t a n i fin i te di ta n ce a d mu t s ti fy L a pla ce s e qua ti o
n s ,
n s a s
’
n .

A t e ve ry p o i n t o f th e rfa c e i ts e l f £
2 Q a d th e d e ri va ti ve s
su ,
]
,
n

of Q an d V wi th e s p e c t to th e n o r ma l mu s t sa tis fy e qua ti o n
’

, Q r

Thi s me th o d of tr e a ti n g
pro bl e m o f in duce d ma gn e tis m
th e is
du e to Po i s s o n . Th e qua n ti ty h whi ch h e u se s in his me mo ir s is
n ot th e sa me as K ,
b u t i s e l a te d to i t a s fo ll o w s
r

4 77 K (h ( )
11

Th e co e ffic ie n t K whi ch we h a ve h e re use d was in tr o d u c e d by

J N e u ma n n .

428 ] Th e pr o bl e m o f in du ce d ma gn e tis m ma y b e tr e a te d in a
d iffe re n t ma n n e r by i tr o d c i g th e qu an ti ty whi ch we h a ve ca ll e d
n u n ,

with Fa ra da y , th e M ag n e tic I n d u ctio n .

Th e r e l a ti o n b e tw e e n 23, th e ma gn e tic in du ctio n , a , th e ma gn e ti c

fo r ce , an d 3 , th e ma gn e ti z a ti o n , is e xpre sse d by th e e qua ti o n
( )
12

qua ti o n whi ch e xpre s se s i n duc e d ma gn e tiz a ti o n

‘

Th e e th e in
te rms o f th e ma gn e tic fo r ce is

VO L . II .
 I NDU C E D MA GN E TI Z A TI ON .

H e n ce , e li mi n a tin g S , w e fin d

( )
14

as th e re l a tio b e twe e th e m g n e ti c i d uctio

n n a n n d th e ma g n e ti c
an

fo rce i
n ub t c e wh o e m g e ti ti o is i
s s an s s a n z a n n du c e d ma g n e tic by
fo r c e .

I nth e mo s t g e n e a l c a s e r K ma y b e a fu n c ti o n , n
q t on ly of th e
p p
o s iti o n o f th e b ta c e b u t o f th e di hcti o o f th e
o i n t in th e su s n ,
r n

ve c to r 53 b t in the c a se whi c h w e a e o w o i de r i g is
0 ,
u r n c n s n 7c a

n ume ri c l qua tity a n .

I f we e x t wr ite n p 1 4 K ( )
15 . 77 ,

w e ma y d fi e M a th e r tio o f th e ma g e ti c i du c ti o
e n t th s a n n n o e

ma g e ti c fo rc e a d we m y c a l l th i r tio th e m g e ti i d c tiv
n ,
n a s a a n c n u e

ca p c ity o f th
a ub ta ce th u di s tin g i h in g i t fro m K th e c o
e s s n ,
s u s ,

e ffi c ie n t of i n du c e d ma g n e ti z a ti o n .

I f we write U fo r th e to ta l ma g n e tic p o te n ti a l co mpo u n de d o f V,

th e po te n ti a l du e to e xte rn a l ca u s e s , an d £
2 fo r tha t d u e to th e
i n duc e d ma g n e ti z a ti o n , w e ma y e xpr e s s a , h, c , th e c o mpo n e n ts o f
ma gn eti c i n d u c ti o n , a n d a , 3 , y , th e co mpo n e n ts o f ma g n e ti c fo r c e ,
as fo l I OW S °

dU
_
M M
%
a z a ,

031
]
B dg
t

al l]

T he co mp o n e n ts a ,
h, c sa t s i fy th e l
s o e n o ida l co n di ti o n
da db dc

H e n ce , th e p o te n ti l a U mu s t s a ti s f y L a pl a ce
’
s e qua tio n

d U z
d U z
d U z

W ( )
+ ‘
t 18
gg
‘

dw z s

a t e ve ry p o i
wh e re p i s c o s ta t th a t i s t e ve ry p o i t withi
n t . n n , ,
a n n

th e h o m ge
e o us oub ta ce o i e mp ty p a c e
n s s n , r n s .

A t th e s r fa ce i ts e l f i f v i s
u o rma l d r w n to w r d s th e m gn e ti c, a n a a a

s b sta c e a d o e d ra wn o u tw r d d i f th e ymbo l s o f q
’
u n ,
n v n a s, an s uan

ti tie s o ut ide th e s b ta c es e d i st i gui h e d by a c c e ts

u th e c o
s n ar n s n ,
n

ditio o f c o ti i ty o f th e ma g e ti c i duc ti o i
n n nu n n n s
 9] F A R A D A Y S TH E O RY GN E TI C I NDU C TI O N 51
’

4 2 OF M A .

o r, by e qua ti o n s
dU dU
’

u + u 0 20
dv dg

pf , th e fi
c o e f cie n t o f i n d uc tio n
ma gn e t, will b e u n ity
ou ts i de th e
un l e s s th e s u rr o u n din g me di u m b e ma gn e tic o r dia ma gn e tic .

I f w e su b s ti tu te fo r U i ts v a l u e i n te rm s o f V a n d Q a n d fo r ,

p i
. t s v a l u e i n t e r m s o f s w e o b ta in th e sa me e qu a ti o n
, ( )
1 0 a s w e

a rri ve d a t by Po i s s o n s me th o d
’
.

Th e pr o bl e m o f i n du c e d m a gn e ti s m, w h e n c o n s i de r e d wi th r e s pe c t
to th e r e la ti o n b e tw e e n ma g n e ti c i n du c tio n a n d ma g n e ti c fo r c e ,
c o rr e s p o n ds e xa c tly wi th th e pr o bl e m o f t h e c o n d u cti o n o f e l e c tr i c

c urr e n ts th r o u gh h e te r o ge n e o u s me di a a s iv e n in A r t 3 0 9
g ,
. .

Th e ma gn e ti c fo r c e i s d e r iv e d fro m th e ma gn e ti c p o te n ti a l pr e ,

c is e ly as th e e l e ctri c fo r c e i s d e ri v e d fr o m th e e l e c tri c p o te n tia l .

Th e ma g n e ti c in d u c tio n i s a qu a n ti ty o f th e n a tu r e o f a fl u x ,
a n d sa tis fi e s th e sa me c o n di ti o n s o f c o n ti n u ity as th e e l e c tri c
c urr e n t do e s .

I n is o tr o p i c me d ia th e ma g n e ti c i n d u c ti o n d e p e n d s on th e ma g
n e tic fo r c e in a ma n n e r whi ch e xa c tl y c o rr e s p o n d s wi th th a t in
wh ic h th e l ri c c u r e t d e p e d s o
e ect r n n n th e e l e ct o r mo ti v f r c
e o e .

Th e pe c ific ma g e tic in du ctive c p

s n a a cit yi n th e on e pr o bl e m c o rr e

s
po n ds to th e s p e c i fi c co d c ti vi ty i n u n th e o th e r . H e n c e Th o ms o n ,
in his Th e o ry of I n d u c e d M a gn e tis m (R wy i n t,
18 7 2 ,
-
p . h as ca lle d
th is qu a n tity th e p e r me a b i li ty o f th e me di u m .

We pr e p e d t c ide r th e th o ry o f in duc e d ma g e tis m

are n o w ar o on s e n

fro m wh t I c o ce i v e to b e F ra d y p i t o f vi e w
’
a n a a s o n .

Wh e m g e tic fo r ce c ts o
n a
yn m e di m w h e th e r m g e tic o
a n an u ,
a n r

di m g e ti c o
a a e tra l i t pr o d ce s wi th i
n ,
r n i t p h e o me o ca ll e d
u ,
u n a n n n

M a g n e ti c I n d u c tio n .

M a g n e ti c in duc ti o n i s a di r e c te d qu a n tity o f th e u
n at r e o fluxf a ,

a n d i t s a ti s fi e s th e sa me co n di ti o n s o f c o n tin ui ty as e l e c tri c c urr e ts n

an d o th e r flux e s do .

I n i so tr Opi c me dia th e ma g n e ti c fo r ce a n d th e ma gn e ti c i n du c ti o n
a r e in th e sa me di r e c ti o n , a n d th e ma gn e tic i n d u c ti o n i s th e pr o d uc t

of th e ma g n e ti c fo r c e in to a q u a n tity ca ll e d th e c o e ffic ie n t o f
in d u c ti o n , whi c h w e h a ve e xpr e s se d by pi .

I n e mp ty s p a c e th e c o e ffic i e n t o f i n d u c ti o n is u n i ty I n b o di e s .

ca p bl e
a of in d u c e d ma g n e tiz a ti o n th e c o e f c ie n fi t o f in du c ti o n is
77 x n, w h e r e x i s th e qu a n ti ty l
a r ea d y de fi n e d as th e co

e ffic ie n t o f in d u ce d ma gn e tiz a ti o n .

429 ]
’
L e t p, p b e th e a e s o f p
. v lu . on o ppo site s id e s o f a s urfa ce
E 2
 I NDU C E D MA GN E T I Z ATI O N .
[ 4 2 9 .

se p a ra ti n g tw o me di a , th e n if V, V
’
are th e po te n tia l s i n th e tw o
me dia th e ma gn e ti c fo r ce s to wa rd s
,
th e su rfa c e i n th e tw o me dia
’
dV dV
dd
’
dv
Th e qua n titi es o f ma gn e tic in d uc ti o n th ro ugh th e e e l me n t of

”
s ur fa ce d S ar e u
g dS an d n
if d S in th e tw o me di a
i
re spe c t
i v e ly re c k o ne d to w a r ds d S .

S in ce th e to ta l flux to wa rds d S is z e ro ,

dV
’
dV ,

B ut by th e th e o ry o f th e po te n ti a l n ea r a su rfa c e of de n s ity
dV dV
’

’ + 4 17 0 2 0 .

dv dv

H e n ce
§f( 1

If x
1
i s th e upe fic ia l ma g e ti a tio to
r a ti o o f th e s r n z n th e no rmal
fo r ce in th e first me di u m wh o e c o e ffi cie t i M w e h ve s n s ,
a

— '
fl H
’

p.

H e n ce x
l
wi ll be po siti ve or ne ga tive a c co r di n g as p i s
. gr e a te r
or l e ss tha n p
f
. I f w e pu t p . 4 77 x + 1 an d p
’
: 4 77 x
’
+ 1,

I n this e xpr e ss i o n 7: an d x i n du ce d ma g
’
ar e th e co e fli ci e n ts of

ne tiz a ti o n of th e firs t a n d se co n d me di u m d e duc e d fr o m e xpe rime n ts

ma d e i n a ir , an d x
l
is th e co e ffic ie n t o f i n du c e d ma g n e tiz a ti o n of

th e fi rs t me di um wh e n ur o u de d by th e se c o d me d i um s r n n .

i s gr e a te r th e a ti v e e a pp a r e t
’
If x th e K is g o t han x, n
1
n ,
r n

ma gn e ti a tio n o f th e fir st me di um is i th e o pp o s i te dir e c ti o fro m

z n n

th e ma gn e tiz i g fo r ce n .

Th us if a v e s se l c o ta in i n g a w e k a qu e o us s o lu ti o n o f
, n p a ra a a

ma g e ti c sa l t o f i r o is s u p e de d in a tr o g e r o luti o n o f th e
n n s n s n s

sa me sa l t a n d a c te d o by
, mag e t th e v e s e l m v e s a s i f it
n a n , s o

w e r e ma gn e ti ed in th e O pp o i te dir e c ti o fro m tha t i whi ch a

z s n n

ma g n e t w o l d s e t i tse lf if us pe d e d i th e sa m pla c e
u s n n e .

Thi s ma y b e e xpla i e d by th e h ypo th e s is th t th e so l tio n in n a u

th e v e s se l i s r e a lly m gn e ti e d in th e me dir e c ti o a th e m g z sa n as a

n e ti c fo r c e b t th a t th e o l tio u wh ich ur o u ds th e ve s e l i s s u n s r n s

ma gne ti e d mo re str o gly i th e a me dire c ti o H e ce th e v e se l

,

z n n s n . n s

i li ke a we a k ma g e t pla c e d be twe e tw o tr o n g o e s a l l ma g
s n n s n
 Po I SSO N s
’
T HE O RY OF MA GN E TI C I NDU CTI ON .

Th e n o rth po l e o f th e we a k ma gn e t po i n ts in th e sa me di r e c ti o n
as th o se r g o e s b t sin ce i t is i c n ta ct wi th th e so uth
of th e st o n n ,
u n o

po l e o f tr o n ge r ma g e t th e re is
a s x ce ss o f s o uth ma gn e tis m
n ,
an e

in th e n e igh bo urh o o d o f its o rth po l e whi ch ca u s e s th e ma l l n , s

In so me s u b s ta n ce s , h o w e v e r , th e a ppa r e n t ma gn e ti z a ti o n is

s ubs ta n ce s . NO s ub s ta n c e , ho we v r e ,
ha s be e n di s co ve re d fo r whi c h

fo r al lk wn ub sta ce s
no s n p is po s iti ve .

S ub s ta n ce s f whi ch or a: is ne
g a ti ve ,
a nd th e r e fo re p . le s s th a n

ma g n e ti c, o r si m ply ma gn e ti c ub ,
s s ta n c e s .

We s ha l l c o n s id e r th e ph y i ca l s th e o ry o f th e d ia ma gn e ti c an d
pa r a ma gn e ti c pr o pe r ti e s wh e n we co me to l
e e ct o r ma gn e ti s m, A rts .

8 3 1—8 4 5 .

Th e ma th e ma ti ca l th e o r y o f ma gn e ti c in d ucti o n w a s fir st

hi s th e o ry w a s th a t Of tw o ma g n e ti c fluids ,
an h ypo th e sis whi ch

as ry o f tw o e le c tri c fl i ds I n o rde r h o we ve r to e xpla in

th e th e o u .
, ,

th e fac t tha t th o ug h p i e c e o f so ft iro can b e ma gn e tiz e d by

,
a n

in d c tio n i t ca
u ,
o t be c h a rge d wi th
nn e qua l qua n ti ti e o f th e u n s

tw kin ds o f ma g e ti m h e uppo se s tha t th e ub s ta n ce i n g e ral

o n s ,
s s en

i s a n o c o d u c to
n -
O f th e e
n flui d r d tha t n ly ce rtain smalls s, an o

po rti o n s o f th e ub ta n ce co ta in th e flui d s u de r ci r cumsta ce s

s s n n n

th e flui ds ca n n e ve r pa ss

do no t to u ch e a c h o th e r .

a ll tu rn e d in th e sa me ge n er al
M mo i re s dc z I ma m, 18 2 4
é '
.
 I NDU C E D MA GN E TI Z ATI O N .
[4
di r e c ti o n , or if th e y are c o r wde d mo r e i n one d ir e c ti o n th a n a n o th e r ,

th e me di u m, as w will n o t b e i so tr o pi c P i o n
Po i s s o n h i ms e lf s h e s, . o ss

th e r f r e to
e o v o id e le s s i tric c y x mi e s th e c a s e i whi ch
,
a u s n a , e a n n

e a ch m g e ti c e l e me t i s
a n p h e ric l a d th e e le me ts a r di e m
n s a ,
n n e ss

i n te d wi th o t e ga r d to x e
a u H e s uppo se th t th e w h o l e v o l me
r a s . s a u

o f a l l th e ma g e ti c e l e me ts i u it f vo l u me O f the b st c e
n n n n o su an

is k .

We h a ve lre a dy co
a n si de re d i A r t n . 3 14 th e e e c t l ric c o n d
. u ct i vity
of a me diu m i w h ic h n s m ll ph e r e
a s s Of a n o th e r m e d iu m are di s
rb
t i u te d .

I f th e co n du c tivi ty th e me di m i s “I , a n d th a t o f th e s h e e s
of u p r
“2 , we h a ve fo u n d th a t th e c o n d u c ti i t o f th e c o m o s i te s s te m i s v y p y

21
1
1 “z
“
k (Hz — F1)
Pu tti n g p l 1 a n d M2 00
,
thi s b e c o me s
1 2k
1 k
Th i squ a n tity p i th e e le c tr ic c d c ti vity o f a me d ium c o n
t s on u

s i ti g
s n O f p e r f c tly c o d c ti g s p h e r e s d i
e e mi te d th r o gh a
n u n ss na u

me d i m O f c o du ti vi ty u ity th e a gg e ga te v o l me o f th e s ph e r e s
u n c n , r u

in it o f v o lu me b e i g t
un n I .

Th e ymb l M a l o e pr e e n t th e c o e fli c ie n t o f m gn e tic i d u cti o

s o s r s s a n n

o f a me di m co i ti g O f s ph e r e s fo whi ch th e p e r me b il i ty is
u ,
ns s n r a

i fin i te di s s e mi a te d th r o u gh a me d i u m fo r w h i c h it i s u i ty
n ,
n n .

Th e sy mb o l k wh i c h w e h a ll c a ll Po is s o s M a g e ti c C o e ffi ci e t
’
,
s n n n ,

r e pr e e ts the r tio o f th e vo lume o f th e ma gn e tic e l e me n ts to th e

s n a

wh o l e vo lume o f th e s ub sta c e n .

Th e s y mb o l i k o w a s N e u ma n s C o e fli c i e n t o f M a g e t
’
x s n n n n

i z a ti o by I d u ctio n I t i s mo r e c o v e i e n t th
’
n n . Po i s o s n n an s n .

Th e y mb o l p h ll c a ll th e C o e ffi c ie n t o f M gn e tic I n d c tio
s
w e . s a a u n .

I ts a d va t g e is th a t i t fa c ilit te s th e tr s fo rm ti o n o f ma g e ti c
n a a an a n

pro ble m in to p o bl e ms r e la tin g to e l e c tr ici ty a n d he a t

s r .

Th e r e l a ti o n s o f th e s e th r e e s ymb o l s a e a s fo ll o w s r

4 7” 1
xc k L ,
4 7T K + 3
— l 3 k
p
K _
—k
,
4 71 4 7r
( 1 )
1+ 2 k
M a
M = 4 7T K+ L
_
1 k
If We pu t K 3 2 , th e v l a ue
g i v e n by Th a lé n s
’
e xp e r ime n ts o n
R e che r che s l es P r o p i été M N o v a A cta , U ps a l 18 63
'

a gn é tz q u es du f
‘

sur r s er , , .
 PO I SS O N S TH E O RY
’
OF MA GN E TI C I NDU C TI O N .

s o ft ir o n , w e fin d k Thi s , a cc o r di n
g t o Po i ss o n s th e o
’
ry ,

i s th e r a ti o of th e vo l u me Of th e ma gn e ti c ul
m o le c e s to th e w h o le
vo lume Of th e i ro n . I t is im po ss i b l e to p a ck a sp a c e wi th eq a l u

sph r e e s so th a t th e r a ti o o f th e i rv o l u me to th e w h o l e s
p a ce sh a l l
be so n ea rly u n i ty,
x c e e d in gl y i mpr o b bl e
an d it i s l rgee a th a t so a

a pr p o rti o o f th vo l m e f ir i c c up i d by lid m l l
o n e u O on s o e so o e cu es

w h t v e r b e th e i r f r m
a e Th i i o e r o wh y w e m t b
. sd s n e a so n u s a an on

h ypo th e i O th r wi l l b e t te d i C h p te r V I Of
’
Po i sso n s s s. e s s a n a .

c o r e th e v l e m th e m tica l i ve tig t i rmi

’
u s f P i a u O o s so n s a a n s a on s e a n s

u i mp ir d
n a th e y d
e ,
t r e st o
as h i h yp th e i
o n ob t O th n s o s s, u n e

e xp r i me ta l fac t O f i d u c d m g e ti
e n tio n e a n z a n .
 C HAP TE R V .

R
PA TI C UL A R PR O B L E MS IN MA GN E TI C I NDU C TI ON ;

A H o l lo w Sp fie r i l St d ] ca .

THE firs t e x a mpl e o f th e c o mpl e te s o luti o n o f a p r o ble m

i n ma g n e ti c i d cti o
n u w a s th a t g iv e n by Po is so
n fo r th e c a se o f n

a h o ll o w s p h e r ic a l h e ll a c te d o n by
s
y ma g n e ti c fo r c e s w h te v e ran a .

Fo r s impl ic ity w e h ll s upp o s e th e o ri g in o f th e m g e ti c fo r ce s

s a a n

to b e i n th e s p a c e o u t i d e th e s h e ll s .

I f V de n o te s th e p o te ti a l d e to th e e x te rn a l ma g n e ti c sy te m
n u s ,

w e ma y e xp a n d V i n a s e r ie s o f s o li d ha r mo i c s o f th e fo rm n

( ) 1

wh e r e r i s th e di s ta n c e fr o m th e r
ce n t e O f th e sh e ll , S, i s a s urfa ce
h a r mo n i c of o rde r i a n d 0 i s a c o e ffi cie n t
, ,
.

Thi s se r i e s will b e c o n v e rg e n t pr o vi de d r i s l e s s th a n th e di sta n ce

o f th e n e a e s t ma gn e t O f th e s y s te m wh ic h pr o du c e s th i s p o te tia l
r n .

H e n ce fo r th e h o ll o w s p h e r ic a l s h e ll a n d th e spa ce wi th i n i t th is
, ,

e x p a n s i o n i s c o n v e rg e n t .

L e t th e e x te r al ra di u s O f th e sh e ll b e a a n d th e i n n e r ra di u s a
n
2 l ,

a n d l e t th e p o te ti al du e to i ts i n d u c e d ma g n e ti s m b e £
n 2 Th e fo rm .

o f th e fun c tio n 9 wi ll in g e n e r a l b e di ffe r e n t i

. th e h o ll o w s p ac e n ,

i n th e s ub s ta n ce o f th e sh e ll a n d i n th e s p c e b e yo n d ,
I f we a .

e xp a n d th e se fu c ti o n s in h a rmo n i c s e ri e s
n th e co fi n i n g o u r , n ,
n

a tte n ti o n to th o s e te rms wh ic h i n v o lv e th e s ur fa ce h r mo i c S a n 3

we s h a ll fi d th a t i f ( 2 i s th a t wh i ch c o rr e s p o n ds to th e h o ll o w
n
1

s p a c e Within th e sh e ll th e e xp a n s io n o f £ , 2 mu s t b e in p o s iti ve h a r 1

mo n i cs o f th e f r m A o b e c a u e th e p o te tia l mu st n o t b e c o me
I s n

i n fin ite wi thi th e s ph e r e wh o s e r a diu s i s

n a
l .

I n th e s ub s ta n c e O f th e sh e ll w h e r e r l i e s b e twe e n , a n d, ,
a a
2 ,

th e s e r ie s ma y c o n ta in b o th p o s itive a n d n e ga ti ve p o we r s o f r ,

o f th e fo rm 4
4 3 7 +B S r 2 5 2 i

O uts ide th e sh e ll wh e re
, r i s g r e a te r th a n a
, , s mc e th e se r ie s
 H OLL OW S PH E R I C A L SH E LL .

mu st hs ve rge t h o w e v e r g re a t ma y b e we mus t h a ve ly
'

co n n r ,
on

n e ga ti ve po we rs o f r , O f t e fo rm
h
—( i —)
B 3 Si l l
-

Th e co n di ti o n s whi ch mus t b e fi e d by th e f cti o 9 a r e z

sa ti s un n .

I t mus t b e ( )
1 fin i te ,
an d (2 ) co n tin u o us a n d ( 3 ) mus t va n i sh t
, a

in fin i te dis ta n ce , d i t must ( ) v r wh r i fy pl ’
an an 4 e e y e e sa t s L a a c e s

e qua ti o n .

On ac co u n t o f ( 1) B 0 .

On a cc o un t o f ( 2 ) wh e n r “I ,

— 2 i + 1—
A
( l A 2 )0
1 _
B 2
O, ( )
2
an d wh e n r

A A3 )“a zifl
tB —B ( )
( a - ’

a s
0 ° 3

On a cc o un t Of ( )
3 4 3
O, an d th e co n di ti o n ( )
4 is sa ti s fie d
eve rywh e re in ce th e fimcti o s a e ha rmo ic
,
s n r n .

B t b e si de s th e se th e r e a e o th e r c o di ti o s
u , ,
r n n to b e sa ti s fie d at

th e in n e r a n d o ute r urfa c e in vi rtu e O f e qua ti o n

s Ar t 4 2 7
. .

A t th e in n e r s urfa ce wh e r e a r

dQ
r
2
dg l
( l -
4 7r z<
)d + 4 731

an d at th e o u te r s ur fa c e w he r e r a

4 77 x
d/r dr 27
Fr o m th e s e co n di tio n s w e o b ta i n th e e qua tio n s
— ( i + 1)B — i A a 2 ‘+ 1 4 77 x i 0 ( )
( 1 2) 1 1
6

( 1+ 4 m c i
)( 2 2
A a
2 ‘+ 1 — ( i + 1)E Z)+ ( i + O, ( )
7

( l + 4 mc
) 1) 1
(
we fin d
2i + 1
(l

( _l
- N 0 ,
a
2
zi+ l

E
“I
A2 = N C} ,
B 2 4 7r x z
( 2 Q ,

B 3 ( 2 i + 1+ 4 7r x i
( + ( a
z
z ‘+ 1
06 .

gi ve th e par t o f th e po te n tia l d u e to th e ma gn e ti z a ti o n Of th e sh e ll .

n e ga ti ve . H e n ce A, is a lw ys a ne ga tive , or in o th e r wo rds ,
th e
 MA GN E TI C P OB R LE MS .
[4
a c ti o n f th e ma gn e tiz e d
o sh e ll
with i i t i s l wa ys Op
on a po i n t n a

p o se d to th a t O f th e e te x rn l ma gn e ti c fo rce wh e th e r th e she ll b e
a

p r m g e ti c o
a a a n r di a ma g e ti c n Th e ct l v lue O f th e re ul ta t
. a ua a s n

p o te ti l w ith in
n a th e s h e ll i s

( F
O F 4 )S ” -
1 i :

( 1 4 m )( 2 i + I ) N Z .

Wh e K is a l rg e umb e r s it i s i th e se f s ft ir
n a n , a n ca o o on ,

th e n l e s th e h e ll i s v e ry th i th e m g e ti f r c e with i it
,
un s s n ,
a n c o n

is b t u s ma l l fr c ti o
a o f th e e x te r l fo r c e
a n na .

I th i w y S i W Th m o
n s h s r e de r e d h i s m ri e ga l v
a r . o s n a n a n ano

me te r i d p e n de t O f e x te r a l ma g e tic fo r c e by e cl o si g it i
n e n n n n n n

a t b e o f o ft i r o
u s n .

43 3 ] Th e ca se o f g e a te s t pr a cti ca l i mpo r ta c e i s th t i w h i h
r n a n c

I n th i s
°

2 1 . c a se

4 7T K
[3 + 8 7T K
( 1
( J
“
z
] NI CD

3 2
: 12 7T K 0 1
3
N1 0 1 ,

—a 3
N 0
l ) 1 1 .

Th e ma g n e ti c fo r c e w ith i n th e h o llo w sh e ll is in thi s ca s e u n ifo r m

an d e qua l to
9 (l + 4 7T K
01 °
3

“2

I f wew i h to de te rmi e K by me s uri g th e ma g e tic fo rc e

s n a n n

with i h o ll o w sh e ll a d c o mpa ri g it wi th th e e xte r l m g tic

n a n n na a ne

f r ce th e b e s t va lue o f th e th i c kn e ss o f th e sh e ll m y b e fo u d
o , a n

fr o m th e e qu a ti o n
3
Z 9 1+ 4 7T K
L
2 ( )
17
)
3
61
2
2 ( 4 77 K

Th e ma gn e ti c fo r ce i n s i d e th e s h e ll i s th e n h a l f o f i ts va l ue o u t ide
s .

S in c e , i n th e b e twe e 2 0 d 3 0 th e
c a s e Of i ro n ,
K is a nu mb e r n an ,

th i kn e ss o f th e h e ll o gh t to b e bo t th e h un dre dth p rt Of i t ‘

c s u a u , a s

r a di s Th is me th o d is a ppl i c a bl e o n ly wh e
u . th e v l e o f is n a u x

la rge Wh e n it i s ve ry sm ll th e va lu e O f 24 b e c o me s i se n i bl e
'

. a n s ,
1

s i c e i t d e p e ds o
n th e s qu a re O f K n n .
4 S PH E R I C A L SH E LL .

Fo r a n ea rly so li d s ph e r e with a v e ry s ma ll s ph e rica l h o ll o w ,

2
2 ( 4 7r x
)

4 77 K
0 1’
3 + 4 7r x

4 77 K

3 + 4 7n c

Th e wh o l e g Of b
th is i n
e e d d e d dvei r e c t l y
s ti a ti o n mi gh t h a v e n e uc

fr o m th t o f c o d c ti o a thr o g h a s p h e ri l h e ll a
n u gi v i n u ca s , s en n

A t 3 12 by putti g I
r .
, ( 1 4 ) k i n th e e xpr ne i o th efr e, g i v e n 7T K
z ss ns ,

r e me mb ri g th t A a d A i th e pro bl e m o f c o d ctio
e n a
l e eq i
n
2
n n u n ar u

va le t to 0 + A d 0 4 4 in th e pro b le m o f ma g e tic i d uctio

n
1 1
an
1
-
4
2
n n n .

Th e co rre spo din g so lutio i tw di m s i o i s g ra p h ica lly

n n n o en ns

r e pre e te d in Fi g X V a t th e e d f thi vo l me The l i e f

s n .
,
n o s u . n s o

i d u ctio
n whic h t di ta ce fro m th e ce tr e o f th e fig ure a e
n ,
a a s n n r

n e rly h o ri o ta l
a e r e pr e s e te d a
z n di turb d by
,
ar c y li d ri c od n s s e a n r

ma g e ti e d tr n v e r e ly d pl c d in i t p o i tio o f ta bl e e qu i
z an s s an a e s s n s

li bri m Th e l i e wh ich c t th i y te m a t ri gh t gl es r pre se t

u . n s u s s s an e n

th e q i po te ti l u fa c e
e u o e o f w hi h i
n a yli de r Th e la rg e
s r s, n c s a c n .

do tte d c ir c l e r pr e se t th e s c ti o f a yl i d e r o f
e n p a r ma g e ti c
s e n o c n a a n

su b ta c e s d th e d tte d h ri o ta l tr i gh t l i e wi thi it whi h

n ,
an o o z n s a n s n ,
c

a e r o ti c o s wi th th e e xt e r
n nu l li e Of in d c tio r pr e t th
u na n s u n , e es n e

lin e o f i d cti o with in th s b sta c e Th e d tte d ve rtica l lin e

s n u n e u n . o s

r e pre se t th e i te r n l e qu i p o te tia l rfac e

n d na e o ti u o u s n su s, an ar c n n

wi th th e e xte r l sy te m I t wi ll b e Ob se rve d th t th e li e O f
na s . a n s

i du c tio
n e dr w n e a r e r to g th r wi th i
n ar a th s ub t c
n d th e e e n e s an e, an

e qui p o te ti a l rfa c s e e p ra te d f r th e r p r t by th e p m g
n su e ar s a a a a ara a

n e ti c yli n d r
c whi h i n th l gu g e f Fa r d y c o d ct th e
e ,
c ,
e an a o a a ,
n u s

l i e s f in d ti n b e tt r tha th e s r o di g me di m
n o uc o e n u r un n u .

I f w e c o i d e r th e y te m f v e rti c l l i e
ns li e O f i du c ti o n
s s O a n s as n s n ,

a d th e h riz o ta l
n ytm o e q i p o te ti l
n urfa c e w e h ve in
s s e as u n a s s, a ,

th e fi s t pl ce th e ca e o f
r c yl i d e r ma g
a ,
ti e d tra s v rs e ly s d a n ne z n e an

pl a c d i th e po i ti o o f u ta bl e e quil ibriu m m n g th e lin e f

e n s n ns a o s O

f r e w hi h i t
o c ,
use s to dive rge I th e e co d pl c e c o ide ri g
c ca . n s n a ,
ns n

th e l r ge ti o t a ci r cl e a s th e c ti of dia m g e ti c cyl i de r e s on a a n n ,

th e d tte d tr igh t li e w ith i i t to g e th e r wi th th li

o s a n xte r al
s n , e n es e n

to it e pr e se t th e e ffe c t O f a di ma g e ti c
,
r n b sta c e in e p r ti g a n su n s a a n

th e li e f i d c ti o
n s a d d r a wi g to
O n
g e t h e r
u th e e q ip o te tial
n n n u n

s r fa c e
u s uch b t ce b e i g a w o rs e c o n du cto r o f ma gn ti c
s, a su s an n e

i du cti o
n th a th e ur o u di g me d ium
n n s r n n .
 MA GN E TI C P OB R LE M S .

f
C a se O a Sp /i e r e i n wh t/z e C o efi e i e n te Q) M a gn e tiz a ti o n
en
"
are

D if e r e n t i n D if e r e n t D ir e c ti o ns
f
.

Le t 3 y b e th e c o mp o n e n ts O f ma gn e ti c fo rc e , a n d A B
a, , , ,

0 th o s e O f th e ma gn e ti z a ti o n a t a n
y p o i n t th e n th e mo s t g e n e ra l ,

li nea r r e la tio n b e twe e n th e se qu a n titi e s is give n by th e e qua tio n s

A f
l
a w s /8 + 92 7 ,
B 93 0 + 7
2 3 44
7
17 :

0 = p2 a + 9152 + 7
'

s 7,
wh e re th e c o e ffic i e n ts p , q ar e th e n in e c o e ffici e n ts O f ma gn e t

Let us upp o s e tha t th e s e a e the c o di tio n s o f ma g e t

now s r n n

i a tio n With i a s ph e r e o f ra di u s
z n a d th a t th e ma g e ti ti o a t a, n n za n

e v e ry p o i t O f th e s ub s ta c e i s u i fo r m a n d i
n th e s a me di r e c tio
n n n n ,

h a vi g th e c o mp o n e t A B 0
n n s , ,
.

L e t s l so s upp o s e th a t th e e x te rn a l ma gn e ti in g fo r c e i s l o
u a z a s

u ifo rm a d pa ra lle l to o e dire c ti o a d h a s fo its c o mpo n e n ts

n n n n ,
n r

Th e va lue of V i s th e r e fo r e
V= ( )
2

and th a t o f Q
’
th e p o te n tia l Of the ma gn e tiz a ti o n o u tside th e s ph e r e i s
3
4 n a

3 r
, ( )
3

Th e va lue of Q , th e p o te n ti a l Of th e ma gn e tiz a tio n w ith i n the

Sph e re ,
is
a ( )
4

Th e u l p o te n tia l with i th e s ph e r e i s V £
a ct a 2 so n ,
th a t w e sh a ll
h a v e fo r th e c o mp o n e n ts o f th e m gn e ti c fo r c e with in a th e s p he re
a X —fgH A, -

[8 Y

y Z —é fl
'
a
H e n ce

( +
1 s fl A
1) + s ag
w ] ? t e a 0 r
1
X + n3 Y + 3
92 ,
s p1
w 0 = X
93 + s + fi 1Z

i
‘
fl fiz A l ' ' "

3 77 n Y
91 +
°
7
3
Z '

So lvin g th e s e e qu a tio n s, w e fin d
I
X + 173 1 + Ql ,
T 7
¢1

B 93
I
X + 7
s
,
Y +
,

fi1 ,Z '

C = P2 X + 91 Y l 7 3 Z,
, , ,
‘ ‘
°
4 C RYS TA LL I N E S PH E RE .

wh e re B 77
Q2 4
" — 7
13 93) (H VD
” ,

l ’
— —
D fii : 7
11 3
: 77
( 92 93
1
17
1 l)
f ,

y gl =
,

&c , .

wh e re D is th e d e te rmin a n t O f th e c o e f ci e n fi ts on th e ri gh t si de of

e qu ti o d fl tha t f th e fi
c o e f c i e n ts o n l e ft
’
a ns an o th e .

Th e n ew s y ste m O f c o e fficie t p g will b e symme tri ca l o n ly n s

’

,
’
, 7
"

wh e n th e sy ste m p g r i s s ymme tri ca l th t i

, , wh e th e C O ,
a s, n

e fii c i e n ts o f th e fo r m p a r e e qua l to th e c o r r e s po n di n g o n e s o f

43 6 ] Th e mo me n t o f th e co upl e te n di g to n tu r n th e s ph e r e a b o ut
th e a xis of x fr o m y to w a r ds z is
L ZB — YC
( )
3
§ a a

H fl ‘ fl { s
17
( )
9

I f w e ma k e
X = O, Y = F c o s 0, Y = F s in 0,

thi s co rr e sp o n d s to a ma gn e ti c fo r ce F i n th e pla e o f y a n d n a,

in clin e d to 31 a t a n a n g l e 6 I f w
. e n o w tu rn th e s ph e r e whi l e thi s

fo r ce r e ma i n s co n s ta n t th e w o rk d o e i n turn in g th e ph e r e wi ll
n
"

be L d 6 in e ac h co mpl e te r e vo l u ti o n . B u t th is i s e qua l to
'

3 77 “
3
F 2
( P1
H e n ce rd e r th t th e r e vo lvi
, in o a n
g sph e re ma y n o t b e c o me a n
in e xh a us ti bl e o ur c e o f e n e rgy p f a n d s imi l a rly
' ’
d
,
s ,
:
gl , pz 92 a n z

2
l

Pa :
93
Th e s e co n rigin a l e qu a tio th c o e ffi
di ti o n s sh e w th a t i n th e o ns e

c ie t O f B i th e thi r d e qu ti o is e q a l to th a t o f C i th e e c o d
n n a n u n s n ,

an d on H e c e th e y te m f e qu tio n i ymme tri ca l a d th e

so . n ,
s s o a s s s ,
n

e qu a ti o s b e c o me w h e
n r e fe r e d to th e prin c ip a l a x e o f ma g
n r s

n e tiz a ti o n , 7
1

Th e mo me n t Of th e co upl e te n di n g to t urn th e s ph e re r o u n d th e
a xis o f a: is
 MA GN E TI C R L E MS
P OB .
[4 37 .

I n mo s t ca s e s th e d iffe re n ce s b e twe e th n e co e f c e n fi i ts of ma g n e t
iz a ti o n i n diffe r e n t di r e cti o n s ar e v e ry s m l l a ,
so th a t we ma y pu t

Thi s i s th e fo r c e te n d i n g to turn rysta ll in e s ph e r e a b t the

a c ou

axis Of m fro m 31 to w rds a 2 5.I t l wa y s te d to pl c th e a xi

a f n s a e s o

g r e a te t m g e ti c c o e ffic i e
s a n n t (o l e a s t d ia ma g e tic c o e ffici e t)p r ll e l
r n n a a

to th e l i e o f m g e ti c fo r ce
n a n .

Th e o rr e s po n di g c a s e
c i n n tw o di me n s i o n s i s re pre s e n te d in
Fi g X V I . .

I f we pp o s e th e upp e r si de o f th e fig re to b e to w r ds th e
su u a

n o rth th e fi g r e r e pr e e t th e l i e s o f fo r ce a n d e qui p te ti a l
,
u s n s n o n

s r f ce s a s d i t rb e d by
u a tr s ve r s e ly m g e ti e d cyli d e r pl ce d
s u a an a n z n a

with th e o rth i de e tw rd Th re lta n t fo rce te d to tur

n s as a s . e su n s n

th e yl i d e r fro m e a t t
c n o rth Th e l r g e d tte d c i rc le r e pr e e t
s o n . a o s n s

a e c ti o
s o f a c yl i de r o f
n ry ta lli e ub t c e wh i h h a l rg e r
n a c s n s s an c s a a

co e fli c i e t o f i d c ti o
n al
g a x i f
n r o m r t
uh e a s t t o o u
n th w e t on an s no -
s -
s

th a a lo g a a xi fr m o r th w e t to s o th e a t
n n n s Th d o tte d li e s
o n -
s u -
s . e n

with i th e c ircl r pr e e t th e li e o f i du ctio a d th e e q ip o te tia l

n e e s n n s n n n u n

s rf c e
u w hic h i this ca se a e n o t t ri ght a gl e to e a ch o th e r
a s, n r a n s .

Th e r e ulta t f rc e o n th e c yl i de r i s e v i de n tly to turn i t fr o m e t

s n o n as

to o r th
n .

43 1] Th e c a s e o f a e lli p so i d pla c e d i a fi e l d Of un i fo r m n d n an

p r l l e l m g n e ti c fo rc e h a s b e e so lve d i a ve ry in ge n i o u s ma e r
a a a n n nn

by Po i ss o n .

I f V i th e p o te ti l t th e p o i t (x y ) d e to th e g r a vi ta tio
s n a a n , ,
z ,
u n

dV
Of a b o dy of an y fo r m of un ifo r m d e n s i ty p, th e n i s th e
dc
p o te n ti l a o f th e ma gn e ti s m Of th e sa me b o dy i f un ifo r ml y ma g
n et z ed i i n th e dir e c ti o n O f a: with th e i n te n s i ty I
p .

dV
Fo r th e va lue Of — Ow a t an
y p o in t i s th e e xce s s Of th e va lue
dx
o p te ti l o f th e b o dy a b o ve V th e va lue O f th p o te tia l
f V, th e o n a ,
’
, e n

wh e th e b dy i mo v e d —Ow i th e dir e c tio O f

n o s n n x .

I f w e s pp o d th e b o dy s hi fte d th r o gh th e dis ta n c e — B w a d
u se u ,
n

it d e n i ty c h a ge d fr o m p to —p (th a t i to s y ma de f r e pul ive

s s n s a , o s

cZV
in s te a d o f a tt a ctir ve ma tte r ) th e n , Ox wo ul d b e th e po te n tia l
d ay
d u e to th e tw o b o d ie s .

No w co n s id e r a y e l e me n ta ry p o r ti o n o f th e b o dy co n ta i i g a
n n n

vo lume 6 17 . I ts qua n ti ty i s p a n d c o r r e s p o n di n g to it th e r e i s
43 E LL I PS O I D .

an e el me n t of th e s h i fte d b o dy wh o se q ua n tit y is p 8 1
; at a

d is ta n ce — 8 a: . Th e e ffe c t o f th se tw le m
e o e en ts i s e quiva l e n t to
tha t o f a ma g n e t O f s t e n g th r p Or a nd l e n gth Ox . Th e in te n si ty
of ma gn e tiz a ti o n i s fo u n d by di vi di n g th e ma g n e ti c mo me n t Of an

e l e me n t by i ts v o lume Th e r e s u lt i s p 6 x . .

H e n ce
g m is th e ma gn e ti c po te n tia l Of th e b o dy ma g n et z e i d

wi th th e in te n s ity p i th e dir cti n o f a d n of e o a), n

th e b o dy ma g e ti z e d wi th i te ity p n n n s .

Th i s po te n tia l m y b e a l c id e r e d i a o th e r l igh t
a Th e so ons n n .

b o dy wa s sh ifte d th r o ugh th e di s ta ce — O a d ma d e o f d ity n z n en s

—
p T h
. r o g h o u t t h t p a r t O f s p a c e c o mmo
u t o th e b o dy i
a i ts n n

two p o si ti th e d e n s i ty ion s er fo as f as ttr c ti i co s z o ,

r, ar a a on s n

ce r e d th e tw o e q a l a n d o ppo ite d e n s i ti e
n ,
a n n ihil a te e a ch o th e r
u s s .

Th e r e e ma i n s th e r fo r e a h e ll O f p o siti v e m tte r o o e s i d a n d
r e s a n n e

o f n ga ti v e m tte r
e th e th e r a n d w e ma y r e ga rd th e r e s u l ta n t
a on o ,

p o te ti a l n d e to th e e as Th e thi c kn eu o f th e h e ll t a p o in t
s . ss s a

w h r e th e
e o r ma l d ra w o tw r d
n ma k e a g le with th e a xis
n u a s s an n 6

of i a: co s s d i ts d i ty i p 6 anTh e rf ce d e ity i s th e re fo r e
en s s . su a - ns

03V
p Omc o s 6, an d, i n th e c as e in wh i c h th e p o te n tia l is th e
dd:
su rfac e
d e n s ity i s p c o s 6
-
.

I n thi s w a y w e c a n fin d th e ma g n e tic p o te n tia l O f a n y b o d y

u n i fo r mly ma n e ti z e d p a r a ll e l to a gi v e n d i r e c ti o n N w if th i s
g _ o .

un i fo rm ma gn e tiz a ti o n is du e to ma g n e ti c i n d u c tio n th e ma g ,

n e ti z in r e t ll p o in t with i
g fo c a a s n th e b o dy mus t a ls o b e u n if o rm
a d p r ll e l
n a a .

T hi f r c co sis t O f tw o p rts
o e e d e t xte r a l c us e
ns s d a ,
on u o e n a s, a n

th o th e r d e to th e m g e ti ti
e u f th e b dy I f th e r e fo r th e a n z a on o o . e

e x te r l ma gn e ti c fo rce i u n if rm d p r ll e l th e m gn e ti fo rce
na s o an a a ,
a c

d ue to th e ma g ti ti m t al b e un ifo rm a d p r ll e l fo
ne z a on us so n a a r

a ll p i t wi thi
o n th e b dy s n o .

H enc i o r d e r th t th i m th d m y l a d to
e, n o luti o f th e
a s e o a e a s n o

dV
pr o bl e m f ma g ti c in d cti o o mu t b e li n e a r f ctio f
n e u n s a un n o
(i n

th e co o rdi n a te s w, y , 2 w i th i n th e od b y ,
an d th e r e fo r e V mu s t b e
a q ua dr a ti c fu n c ti o n o f th e c o o di n a te s r .

N o w th e y
qu ai n te d i wh ich V
onl ca s e s with whi ch we are ac n

is a quad r ti f tio f th e c o o r di n t withi th e b o dy e th o se

a c un c n o a es n ar

i whi ch th e b Od y i b
n d e d by c mp l te s urfa c e O f th e e co d
s oun a o e s n

de g re d the o ly ca s e i wh ich s uc h a b o d y is O f fin i te di m
e, an n n en
 MA GN E TI C P OB R L E MS .
[4 37
-
.

Si o n s i s whe n it is an elli p s o i d We . sh a ll th e r e fo r e a pply th e

me th o d to th e ca s e o f a n e l li p so id .

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2 2 2
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Le t
o
z 2 5 ( )
1

b e th e e qua ti o n of th e e llip s o id ,
an d l e t ( b e d e n o te th e d e fi n ite in te gr a l
du e
)
(2)
Th e n if w e ma ke
d <b 0 (1
L Zi mbc M 2a a 60
c 2 77 4160
d w) z 2
d <6 )
th e va lue Of th e p o te n tia l with i n th e e llip s o i d wi ll b e
V
;
g -

(s

I f th e elli p s o id i s ma gn e ti e d wi th un ifo rm z i n te n s i ty I in a

dire cti o n ma k i g a n gl e s wh o s e c o s i e s a e Z m
n n r , ,
n with th e a xe s
Of x s o th a t th e c o mp o e ts o f ma g n e ti a ti o n are
, y , 2 ,
n n z

E z I m, 0 = I n ,
.

th e p o te n tia l du e to th i ma gn e ti z a tio n
s wi th in th e e llip so id wi ll b e
—I L ( )
9 ( 5

I f th e x te r n a l ma g e ti in g
e n z fo r c e i s O, an d i f its co mp o n e n ts
are a , ,6 , y i,
ts p o te n ti l w i ll b e a

Th e co mp o n e n ts Of th e a ct ua l ma gn e ti z in g fo r ce at an
y p o in t
within th e bo dy a re th e r e fo re
X —A L, —
Y B JlI Z— C N ( )
/
, . 7

Th e mo st ge n e ra l r e la tio n s b e tw e e n th e ma gn e ti a ti o n a n d the z

ma gn e ti i g fo r ce a e gi ve n by th r e e li e a r e qu a tio n s in v o lvi g
z n r n , n

n i e c o e fli c i e ts
n I t i s n e ce s sa ry h o we ve r i n o r de r to ful fil th e
n .
, ,

c o n d iti o n o f th e c o n se rv a tio n o f e n e rgy th a t i n th e c a s e O f ma g n e ti c ,

i n du c tio n thr e e o f th e se S h o l d b e e qua l r e s p e c ti ve ly to o th e r th re e

u ,

s o th a t w e Sh o ul d h a v e

A K , (X ( Y — L Zl
I K
’
Z — ON
(
’
H -
2 ),
B K , (X
’
— CN
‘

(Y ),
C K 2 (X
’
—B M )+ X 3 (Z ON ) .

Fro m th e s e equ a ti o n s w e ma y d e te rmin e A B a n d 0 i n te rms ,

o f X, Y ,
Z, an d th i s wi ll gi v e th e mo s t ge e r a l n so luti o n Of th e
p o ble m
r .

The p o te n ti l o ut ide a s th e e llip so id wil l th e n b e th a t d u e to t h e

S e e Th o ms o n d Ta it s N a tu r a l P hil o sop hy, 5 5 2 2
’
an .
4 E LL I PS O I D .

ma g n e tiz a tio n o f th e e l l ip so id to g e th e r wi th th at d u e to th e e xte rn a l

.

Th e on ly ca s e O f p a c tica l
r i mp o rta n c e i s th a t i n wh i c h
I I
K1
We ha ve th e n
1 KI L
“2
Y’
1+ K
2
M
K
3
Z
1+ K3 N
'

I f th e e lli p so i d h a s tw o axe s e qual ,

fla tte ne d fo r m, a
b C

L z : 4 7T
( 6

a / l — e
2
M = N =
( m 1
2 a e e
3 2
e e

I f th e e llip so i d is Of th e o va ry l
o r e o n ga te d fo r m

a b —8 2 0 ;

l l — e2
L = M = 2 7r
( —
e
? 2 8 2

N — lo g
e

I n th e ca s e o f a s p h e r e wh e ,
n e O,

L M N $ 3
71

I n th e ca s e o f ve ry fla tte d pla e to id L b e c o me s i th e
a ne n n

a.
ual dM d N be c o me
' '

2
to 4
‘

eq 7r , an an 77
C

I n th e c a se O f a v e ry e l o ga te d o v o id L a d M a ppr o x ima
n te n

to th e va l ue 2 17 , whi le N a ppr o xima te to th e fo rm s

an d v a n i sh e s wh e n e 1.

Itp pe aar s f m t h r o e se r e ul ts th a t
s

W c o e ffic i n t O f ma g e ti a ti o ve ry
.

( 1) h th e en x, e n z n ,
is s ma ll ,

wh th e r po i ti ve o
e s r n e g ti v a th e i n d c e d ma g e ti
e, u n z a ti o n is n ea rl y
 MA GN E T I C P OBR LE M S .
[4 3 8 .

( )
2 Wh éii K i s a la rge p o s iti ve qua n tity ,
ma gn e tiz a tio n d e pe n d s
th e
pri n ci p lly
a on th e fo m r o f th e b dy o ,
a n d i s a l mo s t i n d e p e n d e n t o f

th e pr ec i s e v l e o f K e xc e p t i th e c a e
a u ,
n s Of a l o g i tudi l for c en na

ac ti n g o n a n o v o i d o e l o ga te d th a t N K i s s ma ll qu tity th o ug h
‘

s n a an

K is l rge
a .

( )
3 I f th e v lue
a Of K co u ld be n e ga t ive an d e
q u a l to
4;

sh o uld h a ve a n i n fi n ite v lu e o f th e ma g e ti a tio i th e c a s e o f a n z n n

a m g e ti z i g fo r c e a c ti g
a n no rma lly to a fl t pla te o di k n Th e n a r s .

a b urdity o f thi s r e s ult c o firm wh a t we s i d i A r t 4 2 8

s n s a n . .

H e n c e e xp e ri me n t to de te r min e the v a l e O f K ma y b e m de
,
s u a

o n b di e s O f a ny fo r m pro v i de d K i s v e ry s m ll s it i s i th e c e
' ‘ ‘

o a , a n as

o f a ll di ma g e ti c b o d i e s a d ll m g e tic b o di e s e x c e p t i r o n ,
a n ,
n a a n

n ic k e l a d c o b a l t
, n .

I f h o we v e r a i n th e ca e o f i r n K i a l rge u mb e r c pe i
, ,
s s o ,
s a n ,
x r

me t m de o
n s ph e re s o fl tte e d figure
a n s e o t s uita bl e to r a n s ar n

d e te rmi e K ; f ni t c e i th e a e o f a p h e re th e r a ti o o f th e
or ns an ,
n c s s

ma g e tiz a tio n to th e m g e ti i g f r c e is
n 1 to if K
a n 30 z n o as ,

a s it i s i me ki d O f i r o
n so d i f K w e re i fi ite th e r a ti o wo uld
n s n ,
an n n

b e a s 1 to t o th a t a v e ry Sm ll e rr o r the d e te r mi a tio n a In n

o f th e ma n e ti a ti o n
g w o l d i tr o d cze v e ry l r e
g o e i u t h e n u a a n n

va lu e o f K .

B t if w e ma k e u e o f a p e c e o f i r o n i n th e fo r m o f
u s ve ry i a

e lo na te d o vo i d t h l N K f m d r t v lu m
g e a s o g s , o o en, a e e c o n a 1s a

p a re d with u ity we m y d e d uc e th e va lue o f K fro m a d e te rmi tio

n , a na n

o f th e ma
g e ti t i o d t h en s m a llza
e r th e v lun e , o f N ant h e m o re a

a c c ur te w ill b
a th e v l e o f K e a u .

I n f c t if N K b e ma de Sma ll e o ugh a Sma ll e rr o r i n th e v a lue

a , n ,

o f N it e l f w ill s o t i tr o d c e m c h e rr o r n s th t w e ma y
n se u u ,
o a u

an e l o ga te d b o d y u h w i r l d i t d f
y n s c a s a e o o g o
, s e a o r n r ,
n an

o v o id .

We m fi s t e me m b e r h o w v er tha t it i s O ly wh e n the pro d c t

r , e ,
n u

N K i s m ll o mp re d with u ity th t thi s s ub ti tu ti o n i s ll o wa bl e

s a c a n a s a .

I n fa c t th e d i tr ib ti of m g ti m o
s l o g c y li d r wi th fl a t
u on a ne s n a n n e

e ds d e
n o t r e e mbl e th t o
o s n l g o vo id f r th e fr m g
s a n a on o ee a
,

ti m is ve ry m u c h tr t d t w r d th e e d o f th e yli de r
'

n e s co n ce n a e o a s n s c n ,

wh e re i t v rie dire c tly th e di ta n e fro m th e e q to r i th e

as a s as s c
“

ua n

ca e s f t h e Ovoi d
o .

Th e d ist rib uti on Of el ectr icity n yl in d r h we v r is re lly ‘

o a
‘
c e
“

o e a

co m
, ,

r a ble w i h a w h a v a lr a dy s e e
'

p a t t h t n a o v id
‘

o n o as e e e n '
, ,

A r t 15 2 . .
4 39 ] C YL I ND E R .

Th e s e r e sul ts a lso ena ble us to u n de r d wh y th e ma gn e ti c

s ta n

mo me n t o f a pe r m e an n t ma g n e t ca n be ma de s o mu ch gr e a te r wh e n
th e ma gn e t h a s an l
e o n g a te d fo rm . I f we we re to ma g n e tiz e a

di s k with i y
r m l to its u rf ce a d th e n
n te n s it I in a di r e c ti o n n o a s a ,
n

l e a ve it to its lf th e i te ri o r p rti c le w l d e xpe ri e ce a co n ta n t

e ,
n a s ou n s

d ema g e ti in g fo rc e e q u a l to
n z d th i if ot uffic ie t O f an s, n s n

it e l f t d e stro y pa rt O f th e m g e ti ti
s o w o l d s o o d o o if a n z a on ,
u n s

a ide d by vibra ti o ch ge O f te mpe r t re ons r an s a u .

I f w e w e re to m g e ti e a cyl i de r tr v r e ly th e de m g e t
a n z n ans e s a n

i in g fo r c e w o l d b e
z ly 2 ] u on a .

I f th e ma g e t w r e a p h e re th e de ma g n e tiz in g fo r c e wo ul d
n e s

t a ] .

I n a dis k ma gn e tiz e d tra n s v e rs e l y th e d e ma gn e tiz in g fo rce is

Z
i I, l ga te d vo i d l u di n a l ly it
’

7r
2 -
an d in an e on o ma gn e ti z e d o n
g i t
2

is l ea st o f a ll, be i n
g 4

H e n ce an e lo n g a ted ma g n e t i s le ss l ik e ly to l o se its ma g n e tis m

th a n a sh o rt thi c k one .

Th e mo me n t o f th e fo r c e a ct i n g on an e llip so i d h a v in g d iffe r e n t
ma gn e ti c fi
co e f c i e n ts fo r th e th r e e a x e whi ch
s te n ds to t u rn it a b o ut
th e a x is o f x ,
is
" M — N)
4
7 m 60 (s a wY) 4
wa i e y z
—
3
g
M )( 1— K3 ] V)
1
5
( 1 K2

H e n ce , i f K
2
an d K
3
are s ma ll , th i s fo r c e w ill de pe n d prin c ip a lly
on th e c ry s ta lli
bo dy d o t o i t
ne q li ty
ua Of th e an n n s s h p e pr
a ,
o

v id d its dime
e io e n o t v e ry un e qu l
ns b t if K a d K
ns ar e a ,
u
2
n
3
ar

co i de r bl e
ns i th e ca se o f i r o
a ,
th e fo r c e w ill d e p n d pr i c ip a l l y
as n n ,
e n

o n th e h pe o f th e b o d y a n d it wi ll tur
s a o to e t i ts l o g e r,
n s as s n

a xi s p ar a ll e l t o th e li e s o f fo r c e n .

I f a u ffi ci e tly tr o g y e t u ifo r m fi e l d o f ma gn e ti c fo r c e c o ul d
s n s n ,
n ,

b e O b ta i e d l ga te d i s o tro pi c di a ma gn e tic b o d y wo ul d a lso

n ,
an e on

wi th its lo g e t dime io p a r lle l to th e l i e s o f ma g e ti c

n s ns n a n n

Th e q u e st o ni Of th e di s t i r butio
ma gn e tiz a ti o n Of n of th e
Oi d r e v luti o
Of o n u n d e r th e a cti o n O f a n
y m a gn e ti c fo r ce s

bee n in ve stiga te d by J N e uma n n

. Kir c h h o ff 1 h a s e xte n de d
me th o d to th e ca s e o f a c ylin de r of in fi n ite l n gth
e a c te d on by
fo rce .

’
C r e l le , b d . x x x vn

Or ell e bd , . x l v iii

F 2
 MA GN E TI C P OB R LE MS .
[ 4 39 .

r i n th e 17 th s e c ti o n f h i s E s s a y , h a s g i v e n a n i n ve s t
'
" '

G een ,
o

i g a ti o n o f th e d i s t i r buti on o f ma
g n e ti s m i n a c yl i n d e r O f fi n ite

l en g th a c te d on by a. u n i o f rm x t r n l e e a fo r c e p r lle l
a a to i ts a xi s .

Th o u gh so me Of th e s te p s o f th i s i n v e s ti g a ti o n a re no t ve ry
rig r o o u s, i t is pr o b bl e ly th e
a th a t th e r e su lt r e pres e n ts ro u
g h
t l m g e ti ti
ac u a i
a th i mo t i mp o r ta n t c
n z a I t e rt i ly
on n s s a se . c a n

expr s v ry f i rly th e tr i ti fr m th e c pf cyl i de r

e se s e a an s on o a se .
a n

fo whi ch K i
r l a rge umb e r to th t i wh ich i t is e ry m ll
s a n a n v s a ,

b t i t f i l s e ti r e ly i
u a th e c s e i w hi ch K is e g tive s i
n n a n n a ,
a n

di ma g e tic S b s t c e
a n u an s .

G re e fi ds th t th e li e a r de ity Of fre e m gn e ti m t
n n a n ns a s a a

di s t c e anfr o m th e mi ddl e O f a c yl i d r wh o s e r d i s i s
x d n e a u a an

wh o e le gth is 2 1 i
s n ,
s
p ar

a
e
A 77 K Xp d
pl pl
a a
e e

wh e r e p i s um r i c l q tit y to b e fo u n d fr o m th e qu a ti o n
“

a n e a uan e

1
— 2 l o p 4—2 p
g e z
r
e
Th e fo llo wi n
g are a fe w o f t he co rr p o es n di n g v lu a es o fp an d K .

j? K
0

ne
gati v e i ma gi n a ry .

W he nl e gth f th e cyli de r i s g re t c o mp re d w ith

th e n o n a a i ts
ra d i u s th e w h o l e q a tity o f fr e e m g ti m o
, e i th r ideu n a ne s n e s Of

th e midd l e f th e c yl i de r i s
o s it o
g h t to b e n , a u ,

M 2 77
2
a K X .

O f th i s tp M i s on th e fl a t en d o f th e c yli n de r , an d th e d i s ta n c e
o f th e ce n t re o f g r vi ty
a o f th e wh o l q e u an tit y M fr o m th e end

a
o f th e c ylin de r is
1
5
Wh e n
'

K is ,
v e ry s ma l l p i s l a rg e , an dwh o le fre e
n ea rly th e
ma g n e ti s m i s ‘
.
On th e en ds o f th e cyl i de r A K i c r e e 19
n . s n as s

d i mi n i s h e s , an d th e f re e ma g n e ti s m i s s pr d o v r g re te r di ta ce
ea e a a s n
44 a ] F OR C E O N PA RA A ND D I A MA -
GN E TI C B O DI E S .

fro mth e e n ds . Wh
K is i n fin i te th e fr e e ma g n e tism a t a n y
en

p o i n t o f th e i cy l i d r
s s imp ly pr o p o rti o n a l to i ts d i sta n c e fr o m
'

n e

th e midd l e p o i n t th e dis tri b u ti o n b e i n g s i mi l a r to th a t o f fr e e

,

e l e c tr ic i ty o n a c o n d u c to r i n a fi e l d O f u n ifo r m fo r c e .

I n a ll s ub s ta n c e s e x pt i ro
ce n ,
n i c k e l, an d co b lt
a ,
th e co

e ffic i e n t Of ma g n e ti z a ti o n i s so s ma ll th a t th e i n d u c e d ma g n e tiz a ti o n
of th e bo d y pr d
ly v ry li gh t lt r ti o f th e fo r e i
o u ce s on a e s a e a n o c s n

the m a W e may th r f r e
g t
nei c fi ld me e fir t ppr o x
. e e o a s su ,
as a s a :

i m tia th at th
on ct l ma g e tic f r e w ithi th b o dy i th me
,
e a ua n o c n e s e sa

as if th e bo d y ha d o t b e e th e r e Th pe rfi ci l m g ti ti n
n n . e su a a ne z a o

dV 03V
o f th e b o dy i s th e re fo r e ,
as
’
a fir st a ppro x im a tio n , K wh e re
dv dv
i s th e r
r e a s e f th m g e tic p te ti l d e to th e e xte r l
a te o f in c o e
‘

a n o n a u na

ma g n t a l g e o rm l t th eon rf e d r w i w rd
a n I f we a o su ac a n n a s.

no w c l c l te th e po te ti l d e t
a u a th i p e rfi cia l di tri b tio w e n a u o s su s u n ,

m y a it i pr c e e din g to
u se d a ppr xim ti o
n o a se co n o a n .

T fi d th e me c h i l e r g y d e t th e d i tr ib ti n o f m g
o n an ca n e u o s u o a

n eti m sth i fi t ppr o x im ti

on w e m t fi d th e s rf c e i t g r l
s rs a a on u s n u a -
n e a

cZ V
V JS
EZ
ta k en o ve r th e wh o l e s u r fa c e O f th e b o dy . N o w w e h a ve sh e wn in
A r t 10 0 th a t thi s i s
. e q u al to th e vo l u me in te gra l
-

z 2
dy

ta ke n th r o u
g h th e w h o le s pa c e o c cu p ie d by th e b o d y ,
o r, i f R is the
r e su lta n t ma g n e ti c fo rc e ,

No w i
s n ce th e w o rk do n e by th e ma g n e tic fo r c e o n th e b o d y
du ri n g a di s p l a c e me n t Ore i s X 8 3: wh e r e X is th e me c ha n ica l fo rc e
i n th e di r e ctio n Of w, a n d s n ce i

E r
: c o n s ta n t,

31
41 ? d
do;

w hi c h sh e w s th a t th e fo r ce a c ti n
g on th e bo dy i s as if ve ry p rt
e a

o f it te n d e d to mo v e fr o m pl a ce s w he r R i l s toe
2
s es -

p l ce w
a h e re s

it i s gr e a te r with a fo r c e w h i ch o n e ve ry un i t f v o l ume o is

K
dx
 MA GN E TI C P OB R L E MS .
[44 I .

ga ti ve a s in dia m g e tic b o die s th is f rc e i a s Fa ra da y

I f K is ne ,
a n ,
o s,

fir t h e w d fro m tro ge r to w e k e r p r ts f th e ma gn e tic fi ld

s s e ,
s n a a o e .

M o t f th e a c ti o s O b se rve d i th e c e o f di m g e tic b o die

s o n n as a a n s

de p e d o th i s pr o p e rty
n n .

S nip
’
8 M a gn e tis m .

4 4l ] . A l mo s t
v e ry p a r t O f m g e e ti c s c i ce fi
d i t s e in a n en n s s u

n a vi ga ti o Th e d ir c tiv e a c ti o f th e e rth s m g eti m o n t h e

’
n . e n o a a n s

c o mp e e dl e i s th e o ly me th d o f a c e r ta i i g th e h ip s c o r e
’
a ss n n o s n n s u s

wh e th e s n a d t r a e h i d Th e d e c l i tio o f th e e e d le fro m
n u n s a s r . n a n n

th e tr e me r i di u s e me d a t fir t to b ean h i d r c e to th e a ppl i
e s a n an

ca ti on O f th e c o mp t vig tio b t ft r thi d iffic lty h d

a ss o na a n ,
u a e s u a

b e e o v e rc o me by th e c o tr c ti
n f ma g e tic c h a r ts i t pp e a r e d
ns u on o n a

like ly th t th e d e cli ti i ts lf wo ul d s i t th e ma rin e r in de

a na on e a s s

te mi i g hi s s h i p pl a c e
’
r n n s .

Th e g r te t di ffi c l ty i
ea s iga ti o h a d lw y b e e to
u ce r ta i
n n av n a a s n as n

the l o g it d ; b t s i ce th e d e c l i ti o
n u e u i s di ff r e t t d iff r e t
n na n e n a e n

p o i ts o th e a me p r ll e l o f l tit de a b e rva tio o f the de

n n s a a a u ,
n O s n

c li na tio t g th e r wi th a k o wl e dg e o f th e l ti t d e wo ul d e
n o e bl e
n a u na

th e m r i e r to fi d h i s p o iti o n o
a n th e ma g e ti c ch r t
n s n n a .

B t i r e c e t time i r o i s o l a rg e ly u s e d in th e c o tru c tio

u n n s n of s ns n

s h i p s th t it h a s b e c o me i mp s s i bl e to u s e th e c o mp a s s t l l wi th o u t
a o a a

t k i g i n to
a n c c o u n t th e a c ti o o f th e sh ip a s a ma g e ti c b o dy
a n ,
n ,

o n th e e e dl en .

To d e te r mi e th e di tribu tio n O f ma g e ti s m i sa m s o f i ro n n n as n

o f a y fo r m u d e r th e i flu e rth s m a g e ti c fo rc e
’
n ce o f th e
n n en a n ,

e ve nth o ugh ot ubj e c te d to me ch ic l tr i o o th e r d i turb

n s an a s a n r s

a n ce s i , a w e h ve s e e
s, s ve ry di ffi c ul t pr ble m
a n ,
a o .

I n thi c e h o w e ve r th e pr o bl e m is S i mpl ifi e d by th e fo ll o win g

s as , ,

c o n s id e r a ti o s n .

T h e c mp i pp o se d to h e pl c e d w ith i ts c e n tre a t a fixe d ‘

o a ss s su a

p o i t o f th e Ship a d o f fr o m y ir o th t th e m g e tism
n , n s ar an n a a n

O f th e e e dl n do e s o t i duce
e p e r c p t
n i bl e m g e ti m i th e an
y e n a n s n

sh i p Th e i
. o f th e c o mp a s
s z e e e dl e i s s upp o s e d s o s m ll th a t s n a

w e m y r e g a r d th e ma g tic f r c
a t a y p o i t o f th e n e e d le a s
ne o e a n n

th e sa me .

Th e i r o n Of th e s hi p i s su
ppo se d a

to b e of tw o ki n ds on ly .

r ro ma g
1) H a d i n , n e ti z e d in a c o n s ta n t ma n n e r .

( )
2 S o ft i r n the m o , a
g n e ti z a ti o n Of wh i c h is i n du ce d by the ea r th
o r o th e r m g e ts a n .

I n S tri ct e w m n ss e u st a d mit th a t th e h a r de s t i r o n i s not on ly

 SH I P S ’
MA GN E TI S M . 71

ca p bla e b u t th a t i t ma y
of i n du c ti o n lo se pa rt o f i ts so -
ca ll e d
pe r ma n e n t ma g n e tiz a ti o n in v r u
a io s w a ys
Th e f te s t ir oso i s c p b l e f r e ta i in g w h t i ca l l e d r e id l
n a a O n a s s ua

ma g ti ti o n e Th e a ct a l pro pe rti
za n . f i ro o t b e a cc u ra e ly
t u es o n ca n n

r e pre e te d by upp o i g i t c o mp o de d o f th h a rd i ro a d th
s n s s n un e n n e

so ft i r o a b o ve de fi e d
n B t it h b e f d th t w h n h ip
. u as en oun a en a s

o l y by th e e a r th m g e ti c f rc e a d o t subj e c te d
’
i a c te d
s on n s a n o ,
n n

to a y e xtr o r di n a r y tr e
n o f w e a th e r
a the upp si ti o th t th e s ss , s o n a

ma g e ti m o f th e hi p i d e p artl y to p erm
n s a e t m g e ti
s ti s u n n a n z a on

a n d p rtly to i d a tio l e ad s to ffic ie tly cc ra te r e ults w h e n

n uc n su n a u s

a pp l i e d to th e c o rr e c ti o o f th e c o mp a s n s .

Th e q tio e o wh i h the th e o ry o f th e va ria ti o O f th e co mp a ss

ua ns n c n

i s fo d e d w e r e g iv e
un by Po i i n th e fi fth v o lu me O f th e n sso n

M mo i e e de Z I ti t t p 5 3 3
’ ’
e r ne n , .

Th e o ly a s u mp ti o n r e l ti ve to in du c e d m g e ti m wh i c h i s
n s a a n s

i v o lv e d in th e e e q ti
n i th t if mag e ti c fo r c e X d e to
s ua ons s, a a n u

e x te r l ma g e ti m pr du ce i th e i ro o f th e h ip
n a n s i duce do s n n s an n

ma gn e ti ti o d i f th i i d c e d m g ti tio
za n ,
an x rt o th e s n u a ne z a n e e s n

co mp e e dl e a di st urb i g f r ce wh o se c o mp o e t
’
a ss n e X Z n o n n s ar ,

th e n if th e e xte r l ma g n e ti c fo r c e is a l te r e d i a g iv e
,
na ratio n n ,

th e c o mp o e t o f th e d i t rb i g fo r c e
n n s will b e a lte re d in th e s u n

I t i s tru e th a t wh e n th e ma gn e ti c fo r c e a c ti n g on i r o n is v e ry
gr e t th e i d c e d m g ti z a tio i o l o g e r pr p o rti o l to th e
a n u a ne n s n n o na

e x te r a l m a g n e ti c f r c e
n b t thi s w t o f pr o po rti o li ty i qui te
o ,
u an na s

in e i ble f
s ns ma g e ti c f rc e s f th e m g i t d o f th o e d
or n to th e o O a n u e s ue

e a rth c ti o
’
s a n .

H ce
en i n pra c ti c e w e m y
,
u me th t if m g e ti c f rce a a ss a a a n o

wh o e v lu e i
s a i ty pr d c e th r o gh th i te rv e n ti
s un O f th e i r o no u s u e n on

o f th e shi p _ d i t rb i g f r e a t th -
a c mp as e e dl
s u w h o se co m
n o c e o s n e

t s e i th e di r
ar ti o
a f d i th t
n of
y d g i n th t fec2 n o x n a an a o
p o n e n , , ,

th e c m po o ts O f th e d i t rb i g f r c e d e to
n en fo r c e X i th e s u n o u a n

d i r e c ti o o f w ill b e n X dX a d g X
a: a , ,
n .

I f th e r fo r e w e em a x e fix e d in th e sh ip o th t x i s to w d
a s su e s ,
s a ar s

h ip h e a d y to th e sta rb r d i de d to w r ds th e k e l
’
th e s s ,
oa s ,
an 2 a e ,

d if X Y Z r e pr t th e c mpo t o f th e e r th ma g e ti c
’
an e se n o n en s a s n
, ,

fo r c e i n th e d i r e c tio d X Y Z th c o mp o e ts f th e ’ ’ ’
es n s, an , ,
e n n o

c mb i e d m g e ti
o n fo r c O f th e r th a d hi p o
a n c th e c o mp a ss e e a n s n

n ee dle . X
’
X + a X + b Y+ c Z + P,
"
I :

Z Z + g X + nY + t Z + R
’
'

.
 MA GN E TI C P OB R L E MS .
[44 I

In qua tio s a b d e f g I A e i e c o t t co
th e s e e n , ,
c, , , , ,
t, : ar n n n s an

e ffi i e ts d e p e d i g o
c n th e m t th e a rr g e me t a d th e
n n n a oun ,
an n ,
n

c a p c i ty fo
a i d ucti o o f th e s o ft i r
r o f th e s h i p
n n o n .

P Q ,
d R a e c o n ta t qu titi s d p e d i g o th e p e r m e t
,
an r s n an e e n n n an n

m gn e ti ati o o f th e ship
a z n .

I t i s e v ide t th t th e s e e q tio s e
n s ffi c ie tly g e e r l if
a ua n ar u n n a

m gn e tic i du cti o i
a l i e r f cti o f m g ti forc e f th e y
n n s a n a un on a ne c ,
or

are i th e r mo r e
ne o l e th th e mo t g e e r l e xpre io Of a n r ss an s n a ss n

ve t r c o li e r f c tias a of o th r v e c to r
n a un on an e .

I t m y l s o b e s h e w th t th e y a e
a a o t to o g e e r a l f by a n a r n n ,
o r,

pr o p e r rr ge me n t O f ir o a ya an o f th e o e ffi c i e ts m y b e
,
n ,
n one c n a

m d e to v ry i de p e n d e tl y f th e th r
a a n n o o e s .

Th u l g th i n o d o f i ro d r th e cti o O f a l o g i tudi a l
’

s, a on r n un e a n n n

m g e ti c fo r ce c qu i r e p o l e , th e tr e g th o f e c h o f which i s
a n a s s s n a

n u m r i c l ly e qe l to th e c r o s
a e ti f th e ua o d m l ti p l ie d by s s c on o r u

the m g ti i g fo r c e a d by th
ne o ffi i e t O f i d c d m g e t
z n an e c e c n n u e a n

i ti A m gn e tic f rc tr v r s e to th e o d pr o d c e s a mu ch
’

z a on . a o e an s e r u

f e ble r m g e ti a tio
e th e e ffe c t O f wh i ch i
a n lmo s t i e s i bl e a t
z n ,
s a ns n

a di t ces anf a fe w di me te r s o a .

If l o g i roa od b pl ce d fo re a d a ft with o e e d t a
n n r e a n n n a

di t c e x fr o m th e c o mp ss e e dl e m ure d to w rd th e sh ip s ’
s an a n ,
e as a s

h e a d th e ,
i f th e e c ti o o f th e
n , o d is A a d its c o e ffi c i t f s n r ,
n en o

ma g e ti ti n K th e tr e g th o f th e p o le wi ll b e A K X a d if
n z a o , s n ,
n ,

z
a w
A th e fo rce e x e r te d by thi s p le
o on th e co mp a s s n eed e l
K

w ill be a X . Th e ma y b e s upp o se d s o l o n g th a t th e e ffe c t o f

rod
‘

th e r p o le o
o th e n th e c o mp a s s ma y b e n e gl e c te d .

W h v e th us
e a O b ta i n e d th e me a n s o f
gi v in
g an
y r e qu i r e d v a lu e

to th e c o e ffici e n t a .

If we pl a c e with e e x tre mity t the

an o th e r ro d o f s e c ti o n B on a

sa me p i t di ta t a: fr o m th e c o mp a
o n t w a r d th e h e d o f th e
, s n ss o a

ve l a d xt di g t t rb o rd to s c h di t c e th a t the
sse ,
n e en n o s a a u a s an

d i t t p o l e pr o d uc e s o
s an i ble eff c t o th e c o mp th d i n se n s e n a ss, e s
’

t b i g f rc e d
ur nto th i o d w ill b e i
o th e d ire c tio n o f w a d
ue s r n ,
n

B KY be 2

e qua l to or if B th e fo r ce will b e
K
,
.

2
x

T hi s r e fo re i tro d uce th c Oe ffici t o

ro d th e n s e en .

A th i r d o d e xte di g d o w w rd f o m th e s a me p o i t wi ll
r n n n a s i n

i n tr o d c e th e c o e ffic i e t
u n a.

Th e c o e ffic i e ts d e f m y b e pr o d e d by th r e e r o d e xte din g

n , , a u c s n

to h e a d to s ta b o a d d d w w rd fr o m p o i t to s ta rb o a rd o f '

,
r r , an o n a a n
44 I SH I P s MA GN E T I S M .

th e co mp a ss , an d g n IL by th r e e
, , r o ds in p r lle l
a a di r e c tio n s fr o m
a p o in t b e lo w th e co mp a s s .

H e n ce e a ch o f th e n in e fi
c o e f c i e n ts ca n be se p r a a te ly v a r ie d by
me a n s o f i r o n pro pe rl y pl a c e d r o ds .

Th qu ti tie P Q R
e an i mp l y th e c o mp o e t O f th e f r c
s , ,
are s n n s o e

on th c mp e ri i g fro m th e p e rm e t m g n ti ti o f th
o a ss a s n an n a e z a on e

s h i p t g th e r with th t p r t o f th e i d ce d m g ti ti
o e a whi h a n u a ne z a on c

is d e to th e c ti o O f thi p e r m e t m gn ti ti
u a n s an n a e z a on .

A o mpl te d i u i
c f th
e q tio sc d f th r l ti o
ss o n o e e ua n s an o e e a n

b e tw e th e tr m g ti en ur s f th e h i p d th e o e
ue a ne c co e o s an c ur s as

in dica te d by th c o mp i gi v e by M A r chib ld S mi th i th
e a ss, s n r . a n e

A dmi r l ty M l of ta D
a i ti of
anua ti e C m p e ev a on l o a ss .

A v l b l g ra p h i c me th o d f i ve ti g ti g th pr bl m i th r e
a ua e O n s a n e o e s e

g i v e Tn ki g. fix ed p i ta onri gin h a i d r w fr o m th i o n as ,
a u e s a n s

po i t r e pr e ti g i di re cti n a d m g i tu de th h o ri t l p r t
n se n n n o n a n e z on a a

o f th e t l m g ti c f r c
ac ua th e c o mp a e dl
ne A th e h i p o e on as s - n e e . s s

i s w g r d
s un to bri g h eo un h e d i n to d iff r t
so as im th s n r a e en az u

in c ce i
su th e e x tr mi ty
ss o n f thi l i e d e c ri b e
, c rv e e e ch o s n s s a u , a

po i t o f w hi h c o rr e p o d to p r ti l r im th
n c s n s a a cu a az u .

S ch u rv by me a f whi c h th e d ir e ctio
cu e, d m g i tu d e f
an s o n an a n O

th e f r ce o oth e c o mp i g i ve
n i te r m o f th e m g e tic co r e
a ss s n n s a n u s

o f th e h i p i c ll e d s D yg o g r m
,
s a a a .

Th e r e e tw o v r i e ti e o f th e D yg o g r m
ar I th e firs t th e c u ve
a s a . n , r

i tr c e d o
s a pl e fix d i p n a th hip tur
an ro d I e n s a ce as e s ns un . n

th e e d ki d th e c rve i t r c e d o
s co n n ,
pl fixe d with r e pe c t
u s a n a an e s

Th e dyg o g ra m o f th e firs t k in d i s th e L i ma co n o f Pa s c a l , th a t
o f th e se c o n d k i n d i s a n e lh ps e Fo r th e c o n s tr u c ti o n a n d u s e o f .

th e s e c u rv e s , a n d fo r ma n y th e o r e ms a s i n te r e stin g to th e ma th e
ma ti c ia n as th e y ar e im p rto an t to th e na vig a to r ,
th e r e a de r is
re fe rr e d to th e A dmi r a lt
y M a nua l
of tir e P e o ia ti o n
of tir e Co m a ss
p .
 C H A P TE R VI .

WE B E R S T H E OR Y GN E TI S M
’
or I ND UC E D MA .

44 2 ] W E h a ve se e n th a t Po is s o n su pp o se s th e ma g n e ti z a ti o n o f
i ro n to c o n s i st in a se pa ra ti on f th e ma g n e ti c
o fl u ids with in e a ch

ma g n e tic mo l e c u l e I f we . a ss wis h to a vo id th e
n o f th e u mp tio
e xi s te n ce o f ma g n e ti c fl u i ds , w e ma y s ta te the s a me th e o ry in
a n o th e r fo rm by s a yi n th a t e a c h mo l e c ul e o f th e i r o n , w h e n th e
, g
ma g n e tiz in g fo r c e a c ts o n it b e co me s a ma g n e t ,
.

We b e r s th e o ry diffe rs fro m th is i n a s s u min g th a t th e mo le c ule s

’

o f th e i r o n a r e a l w a y s ma g n e ts e ve n b e fo r e th e a pp li c a tio n of ,

th e ma gn e tiz in g fo r ce , b u t th a t i n o rd in a ry i r o n th e ma gn e tic
a x e s o f th e mo l e c ul e s a r e tur n e d i n d i ffe r e n tly i n e v e ry d i r e c ti o n ,

s o th a t th e i r o n a s a wh o l e e xh ib its n o ma n e ti c pr o p e rti e s
g .

Whe n a ma gn e tic fo r ce a c ts o n th e i ro n it te n ds to turn th e

a x e s o f th e mo l e c u l e s a l l i n o n e di r e c ti o n a n d s o to c a u s e th e i r o n , ,

a s a wh o l e to b e c o me a ma g n e t
,
.

I f th e a x e s o f a l l th e mo l e c u l e s w e r e s e t p a r a ll e l to e a c h o th e r ,

th e i r o n wo ul d e xh i b i t th e g r e a te s t in te n s ity o f ma g n e tiz a ti o n o f
wh i ch i t i s c a p a ble H e n c e We b e r s th e o ry i mpl ie s th e e xis te n c e
.
’

o f a l i mi tin g i n te n s i ty o f ma gn e tiz a tio n , a n d th e e xp e ri me n ta l

evi de c en th a t li mit e xi ts i s th e re f re e c e s ry to th e
su ch a s o n s a

th e ry
o E xp e r i me ts h e w i g
. a ppr o c h to a l imiti
n s
g v n lu e o f
an a n a

ma gn e ti tio h v e b e e m d e by J o l e
z a n a d by J M ul l e r T
n a u an . .

Th e e xp e ri me t o f B e e t I o e l e c t o typ e i r o
n s d p i te d u de r
z n r n e os n

th e a c ti of mon
g e ti c f r c e fur i h
a th e
n m o t o m pl e
o te e v i d e c e n s s c n

o f th i s l imit,
A si lv r
e Wi re wa s va rn i s h e d, an d a ve ry na rro w l i n e on th e

A n n a ls o f
E l ectr i ci ty, i v p 13 1, 183 9 . . P hi l M a g
. .
[ 4] 11. p 3 1
.6 .

P o gg , A n n l x x i x p 3 3 7, 18 5 0
. . . . .

1 P o gg c x i 18 60. . .
 TH E M OL C UL E ES or I R ON AR E MA GN E TS .

me ta l la id b r e by m kin g fi e l o n git di n l sc r tch o th e

wa s a a a n u a a n

v r i h Th e wire w th imme r e d i
a n s . o l ti f lt f as en s n a s u on o a sa o

ir o nd p la ce d in
,
an ma g e tic fi e l d with th e c r tch in th e d i r e c ti a n s a on

of li e o f ma g e ti fo r c e
a n B y m k i g th e wi r e th e ca th o d e o f
n c . a n

an l e c tri c c urr e t th r o gh th e o l ti
e ir o w a s d p o ite d o
n u s u o n
,
n e s n

th n a rr o w xpo e d urfa c e o f th e wir e mo l e c l e by mo l c ul e

e e s Th es ,
u e .

fila me t o f i ro th u fo r m d w th e e x mi e d ma gn e ti ca ll y I ts
n n s e as n a n .

m g e tic mo me n t w
a n fo u d to b e v e ry g r e a t f o m ll ma as n o r s s a a ss

o f ir d wh e
o n, an p we rf l m g e ti i g f rc e w m de to a c t n a o u a n z n o as a

i th e
n me di r e c ti th e i r e e o f te mpo r ry m g ti ti
sa w
on nc as a a ne z a on as

foun d to b e v e ry sma l l d th e p e rm e n t ma g e ti ti o n w ot ,
an an n z a as n

a lte re d A m g e ti i g fo rc e i th e re ve r e d ire c ti a t o c e
. a n z n n s on n .

re d ce d th e fil m t to th e c o di ti o f ir m g e ti e d i th e
u a en n on on a n z n

W be r th e o ry w h ich upp o se s th t in thi ca se th e mag e ti in g

e
’
s ,
s a s n z

f r ce pl e d th e x i o f
o ac ch mo l e c l e i th ea me di r e c ti o d r i g
s ea u n sa n u n

th e i ta t o f i t n s d p iti o n
g ee v e ry w
s e ll w i th
e w h t
os i n ,
a r s a s

o b e rv e ds .

B e e t f u d th t wh e z th e o l e c tro ly i i c o ti e d de r th e
n a n e s s s n nu un

a tic o f th e m
on
g e ti in g fo r c e t h e i t e ai ty no f m g e
z ti z t i o n ns a n a n

o f th b e q e tly d p o s ite d i ro dimi i h e Th e a x e o f th e

e su s u n e n n s s . s

mo l e c ul e pro b bly de fl te d fro m th e li n e o f ma g ti in g

s ar e a ec ne z

fo r ce wh e th e y e b e i g l i d do w n i de by ide wi th th mo l e
ar n a n s s e

c ul e lr e dy d p o ite d s o th t n ppr o xi m ti o to p a lle l i m

s a a e s ,
a a a a n ra s

ca b e o b ta i e d o n l y i th e c a e o f v e ry th i fi l me t o f i r
n n n s a n a n on .

If W be r uppo se th m l e c l e f ir o
,
as e s e l r dy ma g e t
s, e o u s o n ar a ea n s,

a y m
n n e ti c f r ce ffi i t t r d r th e ir x e p r ll l th y a a e
g a o e o su c en n e a s e as

ar e e l e c tr o lytica lly d e p ite d will b e ffi i t to pr o d e th e h i gh e st os su c en uc

in te i ty o f ma g e ti tio i th d p o i te d fi l m t
ns n z a n n e e s a en .

If o th o th e r h d th e mo l e
,
n e l e o f i r a e o t m g e ts an ,
cu s on r n a n ,

b t u e o n l y ca p bl e
ar f m g e ti a ti o th e m g n e ti ti o
a o o f th e a n z n ,
a za n

d po i te d fi l me t w il l d e pe d
e s a th e m g n ti i g fo r ce i th e n on a n e z n n

sa me w y i w h i h th t o f
a ft i r o
n i g e c e r l d e pe d a o so n n n a n s n

it Th e e xp e r i me t o f B e e tz l e a v e n r o o m fo th e l tte r h y
. n s o r a

po th e s i s .

We sh a ll no w a s su me ,
with W b e r e ,
tha t i n e v e ry u n it of

vo lu me of th e i ro n th e re are n ma gn e ti c mo l e c u l e s , an d th a t th e
mag n e ti c mo me n t o f e a ch is m . I f th e ax e s o f a ll th e mo l e c u l e s
w r e pla c e d pa r ll l t
e a e o on e a n o th e r ,
th e ma gn e ti c mo me n t o f th e
un it f vo lu me wo ul d b e
o

M : n m,
 WE B E R S T H E O RY D UC E D GN E TI S M
’
OF I N MA .

an d t hi s w o u ld b e th e g r e a te s t i n te n s i ty Of ma gn e tiz a ti o n of wh i c h
th e i r p bl
on is ca a e .

I thn m gn e ti e d s t te o f o r di ry ir o W b r
e un a pp th e
z a na n e e su o se s

a xe o f i t mo le c le to b e pl c d i d iffe r tly i ll di re c tio

s s u s a e n en n a n s.

To xpr e s th i w e m y
e pp o se
s ph e re t b e de sc ribe d d
s, a su a s o , an

a r a d iu d r wn fro m th e c e tr e p ra ll l to th dire c tio o f th e xi

s a n a e e n
“

a s

o f e c h o f th e
a mo l e c ul e s Th di tr ib ti on o f th
ex t r e mi tie s f . e s u n e o

th e e s d ii wi l l e xpr e s th a t o f th e
ra xe s o f th e mo l e c le I s a u s . n

th e ca e o f o rd i ry i r o
s th e e po i t e e qu l ly d i tri b te d
na n s a n s ar a s u

o v e r e v e ry p a rt o f th e s r f c e O f th e p h e r e o th t th e mb e r u a s ,
s a nu

o f mo l e c le wh o e xe m k e a a gl e l e th a
u s s w i th th e a x i
a s a n n ss n a s

Of x 1s 7Z
—
—
2
( 1 co s a
) ,

and th e n u mb e r o f mo l e c u l e s wh e a xe s os ma k e an
g l es with th a t
o f r, i b e twe e n a an d a + cl a i s th e re fo r e
7L
m a da
.

s .

Th i s i s th e a rr a ge me n nt o f th e mo l e c ule s in a pi e ce o f iro n whic h

ha s ne ve r b e e n ma g n e tiz e d .

Le t u s now su pp o se th a t a ma gn e tic fo r c e X i s ma de to a ct

on r i th e di re ti o f th e xi o f
th e i on n d le t u o i de r c o n a s x ,
an s c ns
.

a mo l e c l wh o e xi s wa o rig i l ly i cli d to th
u e s x is o f an
a s na n ne a e a

I f thi s m l e c l e i p e r fe c tly fr e e t tur

o i t will pl e it e l f w ith
u s o n ,
ac s

it s xi p ra ll e l to th e a x i f w d if ll th e mo le u le s did o
a s a s o ,
an a c s ,

th e ve ry l igh te t m g e ti i g f r ce w uld b e fo u d ffici e t

s s a n z n o o n su n

t o d e v l p e th e v e ry h igh e s t de g r e e
e o f m g e ti ti o Thi s h o w o a n za n .
,

ev r i
e o t th e c a e
,
s n s .

T he m l e c ul e do t t r
o with th e ir x e p r lle l to m a d
s n o u n a s a a ,
n

th i s i s e i th e r b e c e e c h m l c le i s a c te d o by f r e te di g
au s a o e u n a o c n n

to pr e e rv e i t i s i t o r ig i l dir e tio o be c e n qu iv l t s na c n ,
r aus an e a e n

e ff ct i
e pro d c d by th e mutua l c ti o f th e e ti r y te m f
s u e a on n e s s o

mo l e c u l e s .

We b e r do pt th e fo r me r o f th e
a upp o i tis th i mpl e t, se s s on s as e s s

an d upp e s th t e ch mo l e c le wh e
s os d fl e c t d t d to r e t r
a a u ,
n e e ,
en s u n

to i t o r ig i l p o i ti o
s w ith fo rc e wh i c h i th e
na m s s th t n a s sa e a a

w hi h m g e ti fo rce D a c ti g i th e o rigi l dir ctio o f its

c a a n c ,
n n na e n

a xi w o l d pr d e
s, u o uc .

Th e p o itio w hi ch th e x i s ct lly s m
n i the re f r i th e a s a ua a su es s o e n

d ir e c ti o f th re lt t f X a d D
on e su an o n .

L e t A PB r pre t ti o of ph e r e wh o e r d i re pre e t
e se n a se c n a s s a us s n s,

o n c e rt i
a c l e th f rc e D
a n s a , e o .
 D E FL E XI O N OF A XE S OF MOL E C U LE S .

L e t th e r a d iu s OP b e p r
a a ll e l to th e a xi s o f a p r tic
a u la r mo l e cu l e
i n i ts o ri g i
po iti o n al s n .

L t S 0 r e pr e e t o
e th m c l th e m g e ti i g f r c e X
s n n e sa e s a e a n z n o

w h i ch i ppo se d to ct fro m S t w r d O Th e if th mo le c l e
s su
—
a o a s . n , e u

is c te d o
a by th e fo rce X i th e dire c ti S O a d by f rc e
u n on , n a o

D i d i re c ti
n a p r ll l t OP th o rig i a l d ir e c ti
on a a f ite xi o ,
e n on o s a s,

its a xi wi ll e t i t e lf in th e di r c ti
s s S P th a t f th e r e l ta t
s e on ,
o su n

of X an d D .

S in ce th e a xe s o f th e mo l e c u l e s are o r igi n a ll y in a ll d i r e c ti o n s ,
P ma y b e a t a n y po in t o f th e s p h e r e in di ffe re n tl y I n Fi g 5 i n . .
,

w h ich X i s l e ss th a n D , S P , th e fi n a l p o si tio n o f th e a xis , ma y b e

in y
an d i r e c ti o n wh a te v e r , b u t n o t i n diffe re n tly, fo r mo r e o f th e

mo l e c u l e s wi ll ha v e th e i r a x e s turn e d to wa rd s A th a n to wa rd s B .

I n Fi g 6 , i n. wh i c h X is gre a te r th a n D , th e a xe s of th e mo l e c u le s

will be a ll c o n fi n e d w i th i n th e co n e
’
S TT to u chi n g th e s ph e re .

He n c e th e re are tw o d iffe re n t ca s e s a cco r di n

g as X is les s or

g r e a te r th an D .

Le t th e o ri
g i n a l i n c li n a ti o n o f th e a x is o f a mo le c u l e
to th e a xi s o f at.

9 A S P , th e in cli n a ti o n o f th e a xi s whe n d e fl e c te d by
th e fo r ce X .

B S P O, th e an
g l e o f de fl e x io n .

S0 X , the m a g n e ti z in g fo c e r .

OP r
D , th e fo c e te n din g to wa d s th e r o rig i l p o na s iti o n .

SP R , th e re su lta n t o fX an d D .

m ma gn e ti c mo me n t o f th e mo l e c ul e .

Th e n th e mo me n t o f th e s ta ti c a l co u pl e d u e to X, te n di n g to
d i min i s h th e an
g l e 6, is

mL mX s i n 0 ,

an d th e mo me n t of th e co u pl e d u e to D ,
te n d in g to i n c r e a se 6, i s

mL mD s in 3 .
 WE B E R S ’
T H E O RY OF I NDU C E D MA GN E TI S M .

E q uat n i g th e s e va lue s ,
an d r e me mbe ri n
g th a t ,8

D sin a
ta n 6
X D co s a

to de te r mi n e th e di re c ti o n Of th e a x is a fte r d e fle x i o n .

We h a ve
x t to fi d th e i te ity o f m g e ti tio p r o duc e d
ne n n ns a n za n

i n the m s s by th e fo r c e X a d fo th i s pu p o se w e mu t r e s o lve
a ,
n r r s

the m g e tic mo me t o f e ve ry mo l e c ul e i th e d i r e c tio n o f a a d

a n n n ,
n
i

a d d a ll th e e r e s o lv e d p r t
s a s.

Th e r e s o lve d p r t o f th e mo me n t o f a mo l e c ul e i th e di r e c tio
a n n

of x is m co s 6 .

Th e nu mb e r o f mo l e c ul e s wh o se o ri gin a l i n clin a tio n s la y be twe e n

a an d u + a a
7
is n
— sm a da .

2
We h a v e th e r e fo r e to i n te g ra te

2
7

; co s 9 Sin a ( la,

r e me mb e ri n
g th a t 6 i s a fu n ctio n Of a .

We ma y e xpre s s b o th 0 an d a i n te r ms of R, an d th e e xpre s s io n

to b e i n te g r a te d b e c o me s

£ 21)
1
(12 2
X 2
an ,

th e g e e ra l
n i n te g rl a o f w h i ch is
mn R
(R + 3X
2 2 2
12 X D 2 ( )
4

I n th e fir st ca s e , th a t i n wh i ch X is le s s th a n D , th e li mits o f
i n te
g r a ti o n are R D +X an d R D —X . I n th e se co n d ca se ,

in wh i c h X is g r e a te r th a n D , th e limits are R X+ D an d
R X D .

Whe n X is l e s s th a n D , ( )
5

W he n X is e q a l to
u D , ( )
6

2
1D
Wh e X s gre a te r th D
n i an , I mn
( 5X 2
) ( )
7

d wh e n X b e c o me i fi ite I ma
an s n n .
( )
8
A cc o r di g to th is fo r m o f
n th e th e o ry wh ich i th a t a do p te d
, s

by We b e r s th e m
g e tiz i a a n n
g fo r ce i c r e s e s fr o m O to D
n a th e ,

Th i m mi t k i th f
ere s so e s a e n e or mu l a gi v e n b y W b e r ( Tr a n s A ca d S a x i
e
h
. . . .

p 5 72
. or P o gg , A n n l x x x v ii p 16 7
.
as th e r e s u l t o f t is i n te g r a ti o n ,
f
. . .

th e s te ps of Wt h a r e n o t g i v e n b y h im H is . or mu l a i s
x x *
x z
D u 4
a sD
'

+
 LI MI T OF MA GN E T I Z AT I O N .

ma g n e tiz a t o n i i n c r e a s e s i n th e sa me pr p o rtio
o n . Wh en th e ma g
n e ti z ing fo rce a tta in s th e va l e u D , th e ma g n e ti z a ti o n i s tw o thi rds -

o f i ts li miti n
g va l ue . Wh e n th e ma g n e ti z i n g fo r c e i s fu rth e r
in c re a s e d , th e ma gn e tiz a ti o n ,
i n s te a d o f in c re a s i n
g in d e fin i te ly,

te n ds to wa r ds a fin ite li mi t .

Th e la w f ma g n e tiz a tio n i s e xpr e s s e d i n Fig 7 , w h e r e th e ma g

o .

n e ti z i n
g fo r c e i s r e c k o n e d fr o m 0 to wa r d s th e ri h t a n d th e ma
g g
n e ti z a tio n is e xpr e s s e d by th e ve r tica l o r di n a te s W e b e r s o wn
’
.

e xpe rime t give e lt i sa ti f ct ry c c o r d c e wi th th is l w

n s r su s n s a o a an a .

I t i pr b bl e h o we v e r th a t th e v lu e o f D i
s o a , o t th e ,
me f a s n sa or

a ll th e mo l e c l e s o f th e me p i c o f i r o o th a t th e tr
-

u sa i ti o e e n, s an s n

fro m th e S tra ig h t li e fro m O to E to th c urv e b e y d E m y o t

’
n e on a n

b e o br p t a s i s h e r e r e pr e e te d
s a u s n .

44 4 ] The th e o ry i n th i fo r m gi v e o a c c o u t o f th e r e i dua l s s n n s

ma g e ti a ti n wh i ch i fo u d to e x i t a fte r th e m g e ti i g fo r c e
n z o s n s a n z n

i s r e mo ve d I ha ve th e re fo re th o gh t it de i r bl e to e x min e th e
. u s a a

re ult O f m ki g f rth e r a s mp ti o r e l tin g to th e c o ditio s

s s a n a u su n a n n

u de r wh ich th e po itio f e q ili bri m o f mo l e cul e m y b e

n s n o u u a a

p e r m e tly l te re d
an n a .

Le t pp o s e th t th e a x i f m g e ti c m le cul e if de fle c te d
us su a
’

s o a a n o ,

th ro gh a n y u
g l e B l e ss th a B an w i l l r e t ur to i t o r i g i l n n s na

p o i tio wh e th e d e fle c tin g f r c e i re mo v d b t th a t if th e
s n n o s e ,
u

d e fle i o B x x c e e dsn B t h e e w h t h e d e fl e c t i g 0
f r
,
ce i s r e m n v
,
e d en n o o ,

th e xi wi ll o t re t r to it o ri gi al p itio b t wi ll b pe r
a s n u n s n os n ,
u e

m e tly d e fl e c te d th r o g h
an l e B — B w hi h m u b e c a ll an
e d an
n
g y O,
c a

t h e p e rm n e t t o f th e mo l c u l e
a n se e .

T hi a ss mp tio with r e pe c t to th e la w f mo le c ul a r d fl e i o n
s u n s o e x

i n t t b e r ga r de d a s fo u de d o
s o o e
y e xa c t k wl e d g e o f th e n n an n o

i tima te tru c tur e o f b o di e

n s b t i a do p te d i o ig o r ce O f s, u s ,
n ur n an

t h tr e sta te o f th e ca s e a a
e u a s i ta c e to th e i ma i
g , ti o si n n s s n n a n

f ll win g o t th e s pe c ul tio
o o u ug ge te d by W be r a n s s e .

Le t L = D s n i BO ,
 WE B E R S T H E ORY D UC E D GN E TI S M
’
OF IN MA .
[ 4 44 .

th e n , i f th e mo me n t o f th e c o upl e a c ti n g o n a mo l e c ul e i s l e s s th a n
mL th e r e wi l l b e n o p e r ma n e n t d e fl e x i o n , b u t i f it e x c e e ds mL
,

th e r e wi ll b e a p e rma n e n t c h a n ge o f th e p o s iti o n o f e qu il ibr iu m .

To tra c e th e re lt su s o f th is s upp o s i ti o n ,
de sc i r be a s p h e r e wh o se

ce n t e r is O an d ra d iu s OL L .

As lo n
g as X is le ss th a n L e v e rythi n
g will b e th e sa me as

i n th e ca se a lr e a dy xc e ed L it w ill
c o n s i de re d ,
but a s so o n as X e s

b e gi to pr o d ce a p e rma e t de fle io o f o me o f th e mo l e c ule s
n u n n x n s .

Le t ta k e th e c e o f Fig 8 i
us wh i h X is g r e a te r th n Las .
,
n c a

b t l e s th
u D s Th r o gh S s v e r te x d ra w a d uble c o e to uc hi g
an . u a o n n

th e ph e r e L
s L e t th i c o e m e e t th e ph e r e D i P
. d Q Th e s n s n an . . n

i f th e xi s o f a mo l e c l e i its o ri gi l p o itio
a lie b e tw e n OA u n na s n s e

an d OP o b twe e ,
OB a n d O Q i t wil l b e d e fl e c te d th r o ug h a
r e n ,
n

an gle l e th B ssd w ill o t b e p e r m e n tly de fl e c te d

an
0 ,
anB t if n an . u

F ig 9 . .

th e xi s o f th e mo le c l e li e o r igi a lly b e twe e n OP a d O Q th e n

a u s n n ,

c o pl e w h o s e mo me t i
u r a t r th a L w i l l act p o it a d n u n n
a
g e n s e

wi ll de fle c t it i to th e p o iti SP d wh e
n th e f r c e X c e a e s s on ,
an n o s

to c t i t wi l l
a o t re me i ts o r ig in l d ir e c ti o
n b t will b pe
su a n ,
u e r

m e tly s e t i th e di r e c ti o OP
an n n n .

Le t us
p t u

wh e 0 P SA o Q SB
L X s i n 00 n r ,

th e l l th o s e mo l c l s wh o se
n a xe s ; o th fo rme r hyp o th e e
e u e a n e s s,

w ld h ve v l e f 6 b tw e e 0 d
ou a a u s O will b e ma d e to h v e
o e n
0
an n -

O
a

th e v l e 0 d r i g th e c ti o o f th e fo rc e X
a u
0
u n a n .

D r i g th eu c ti o
n f th e fo r c e X th e re fo r e th o se mo l e c l e
a n o , ,
u s

wh e a xe wh e d e fle c te d li wi thi e ith e r h e e t o f th e d b le
os s n e n s ou

c o e who e
n e mi v e r ti
s l l s i 0 w i l l b e r g e d a cai th a ran s n e
g e an s
0

fo rme r se b t a l l th o e w h o
ca , ax s
u th e f r me r th e o ry w u l d
s se e on o o

lie o ut i d e f th e h e e ts w il l b e p e r m e tly de fle t d s o th a t
s o es s an n c e ,

th e i r a x e wil l fo rm s d e s e fr i g e r o d th t h t o f th e a n n n un . a s ee co e

whi h l ie to w rd A
c s a s .
 MO I D FI E D T HE ORY .

-
As X in c r e as e s , th e b e lo gin g to th e co e n umb e r Of mo l e c ul e s n n

a b o t B co ti l ly d imi i h d wh X b e co me s e qu a l to D
n ua n s e s, an
"

u n en

a l l th e mo l e cul e h a ve be e w e ch d o t o f th e i r fo rm e r po iti o n s
s n r n e u s

o f e qui li br ium a d h a ve b e e f r c e d i n to th fr i g o f th c o e
n n o
‘

, e n e e n

ou d A
r th t wh e X b e c o me s g r e a te r th a D a ll th e mo l e c l e s
n ,
so a n n u

f rm p rt o f th e co e r o u d A o o f it fr i ge
o a n n r s n .

Wh e th e f r c e X i r e mo v e d th e i th e ca se i wh i h X i
n o s ,
n n n c s

l e s s th a n L e ve rythi g re tur s to it primi tive ta te Wh e X n n s s . n

i b e twe e L a d D th e th e r e is c o e r o u d A wh o e a n gle
s n n n a n n s

an d a n o th e r c o n e ro u n d B wh o s e an gl e
B OQ OO — B O .

Withi n th e e co e s th e x e s Of th e mo l e c ul e s a e d i tribute d
s n a r s

u ifo rml y B t ll th e mo l e c ul e s th e o rigi n a l dire c ti o f wh o e

n . u a ,
on s

ax e l a y o u ts i de o f b o th th e s e c o e s h a ve b e e n wr e ch e d fr m th e i r
s n ,
n o

pri miti ve p o itio s d fo r m a fr inge ro d th e c o e a b o ut A

s n an u n n .

I f X is g r e a te r th n D r u d B i s c o mple te ly
i

th e n th e c o a ,
ne o n

di p r se d
s nde l l th e mo le c u l e whi ch f
,
a a i e d it c o v e rte d i to s o rn are n n

th fr i g e r o
e d A nd
n e i cl i e d unt th a g l e 0 + B
,
a ar n n a e n
0 O
.

Tr e a ti g th i c i th e sa me w ay a s b e f r e w e fin d
n s ase n o ,

fo th e i te ity o f th e te mpo r ry ma gn e ti tio n d ur i g th e a c ti o

r n ns a za n n

o f th e fo r c e X whi c h i s upp o e d to a c t o ir o wh ich h s e ve r

, s s n n a n

b e fo r e b ee n m g e tiz e d a n ,

m X
Whe X i s l e s th a L n I M s n : l

w
l
,
D
w L
Wh e n X ls e
q ua l to L , I M
m D
:
l
l

Wh e n X is be twe e n L and D ,

i
L
I z M
i s D
+ ( 1_
X l l
i
Wh e n X q
is e ua l to D ,

{§
1
I : M -
1
3 D 2

Wh e n X is g r e a te r th a n D ,

1 x 1 11) (1) 2 -
L 2
)% « Or z
L
e x z
n GX D Z

Wh e n X IS i n fi ni te ,
Whe n le s th n L th e ma g e tiz a tio fo ll o ws th e fo rme r
X is s a n n

l a w, an d i s pr o p o rtio a l to th e ma g e ti i g f r ce
n As o as X n z n o . s on

e xce e d s L th e ma gn e tiz a ti o n a s s mes a m o r e ra p id r a te o f in c r e a s e u

G
 WE B E R S T H E O RY GN E TI S M
’
OF I ND UC E D
.
MA .
[ 44 5
on a cc o un t o f th e mo l e c ul e s
b e g i i g to b e tra s fe rre d fro m th e nn n n

o e c o e to th e o th e r
n n
T hi s r p i d i n c r e a s e h o w e v e r s o o
. c o me s
a , ,
n

to a n e d a s th e
n u mb e r o f mo le cule s fo rmin g th e e ga ti ve c o n e
n n

d imi i h e s a n d a t l a s t th e ma g e ti a tio n r e a c h e s th e l imi ti n g

n s , ,
n z

v lue M
a

I f w e we re t u me th a t th e va lu e s o f L a n d o f D a r e diffe re n t
o a ss

for diffe r t mo l e c ul e
en w e Sh ul d Ob ta i s, r e lt in wh i ch th e o n a su .

diffe r e n t ta g e s o f ma g e ti a ti o n a e o t o dis ti c tly m

s n z a rk e d r n s n .

Th e r e si d a l m g ti tio pr o d u c e d by th e ma g e tiz in g fo r ce
’
u I a ne z a n , ,
n

X a d o b e rve d a ft r th e f r c e h a b e e n r e mo v e d i s a f l l o ws
,
n s e o s ,
s o

Wh e X i s le th a L
n ss N O e s r d a l ma g e ti a ti o
n , r u n z n .

Wh e X is b e twe e L a d D
n n n ,

Wh e n X is e qua l to D ,

L 2 2
I =M
( 1 ——
D 2

Wh e n X is gr e a te r th a n D ,

2
L
1
XD
Wh e n X i s i n fi n ite ,
1 i

I f w e ma k e
M : 10 0 0 , L = 3, D = 5,
We fin d th e fo ll o win g va lu e s of th e te mp o r a ry and th e r e s id u a l
ma gn e tiz a ti o n
M a g n e ti z in g
F o r ce .

X
0
1
2
3
 TE MPO R A R Y A ND R E S I DU A L MA GN E TI ZATI O N .

The s e res ults are l ai d d o wn i n Fig 10 . .

Fig 10 . .

Th e c urv e o f te mp o ra ry ma g n e tiz a ti o n is fi t a tra i gh t lin e

at r s s

fr o m X O to X L . I t th e n ri e mo re r p i dly till X D
s s a :
,

an d as X in c re a se s it a ppr o a che s it ho ris t l ymp to tez on a as .

Th e cu r ve
r e si d l m g e ti o f ua a n z a ti o b e g i s wh e X L a d
n n n ,
n

a ppro ch e s a a y mp to te t
an di t s e 8 1M a a s an c .

I t mu t b e r e me mb e r d th t th e r id a l mag ti m th u fo u d
s e a es u ne s s n

c o r e s p o d to th e c
r n e i s whi ch wh e th e e xte r n l fo rc e i r e m ve d
as n n a s o
, ,

th e r e i s o d e m g e ti i n
g fo r c r i ai g f
n r o m z t h e di n t r i b t i o o f e a s n s u n

ma g e tis m in th e b o dy i t l f
n Th e ca l c ul ti o a e th e r e f r e
se . a n s r o

a ppli bl e o l y to v e ry e l o g te d b o di m g e ti e d l o g itud i l ly
ca n n a es a n z n na .

I n th e ca se f h rt th i k b o d ie th e r e id l m g ti m w ill b e
o s o ,
c s s ua a n e s

d i mi i h e d by th e r e ti o
n s o f th e fre e ma g e ti m i ac th e s me
n n s n a

way if aas e x te rn a l e v e r e d ma g e ti i
n
g f rrce w r e m asd e to n z n o e

ac t po it
u n .

Th e Sc i e ti fi c v a l e o f th o ry f thi ki d i wh i h w e
n u a e o s n ,
n c

m ke so m y
a ump tio an d i tro d ce
a ss o m y dj ta bl e
n s, an n u s an a us

co ta t
ns ca n ot be s, ti m te d me r l y by i t
nn u me ric l a g r e me t
es a e s n a e n

with c e rta in e ts o f e xp e r ime t I f it h

s y v l e i t i b n c s e. as an a u s e au s

i t e bl na to fo rm
es m ta l i m g e o f wh t ta k e p l a c e i a
us a en a a s n

p ie c o f i ro d ri g ma g e ti ti o
e n u To te st th e th o ry w
n n z aha ll n . e ,
e s

a pply it to th e i wh i c h pi e c e o f ir o a fte r b i g bj e cte d

ca s e n a n , e n su

to ama g e ti i g f r ce X n i z n
g i bj
o e c t d to a ma
0, g e t i s ing a a n su e n z

fo r X
ce 1
.

I f th e w f rc e X
e n t i th o me di r e c ti o in w h i ch X ac te d
ac s n e sa n
0 ,
1

whi c h w e h ll ca ll th e po itive di r e c ti th e if X i le tha

s a s on ,
n , 1
s ss n

X i t wi ll pro d ce
0 ,
o p e rm e t u e t o f thn m le l d wh e
an n s e o cu e s, an n

X i s r e mo v e d th e r e i d l m gn e ti a ti o
1
will b th e a me a s
s ua a z n e s

G 2
 WE B E R S T H EO RY D UC E D GN E TI SM [ 44
’
OF I N MA . 6 .

th a t pr o duce d by X I f X i g re t r th a X th e i t wi ll pro duce 0

.
1
s a e n
0 ,
n

e x c tly th s me e ffe ct a s i f X h d o t a c te d
a e a O
a n .

B t l e t u s s pp o s e Xl to c t i th e e g tive di r e ti
u u a d le t u s
a n n a c on ,
n

s upp o s Xe L c o s e c 9 0
d X — L c se c 0 0 ,
an
1
o
1
.

A X i cre a e s s
1
me ri c l l y 0 di mi i h e s
n s nu Th fir s t m l e c l s
a , 1
n s . e o u e

o n wh i h X wi l l pr o duce a p e rma e t d fl e i o
c
1
e th o e wh i c h n n e x n ar s

fo r m th e fr i g e f th e c n r o d A d th h a ve a i cli tio
o one un ,
an e se n n na n

wh e de fle cte d o f 9 + B
n un 0 0
.

A s so o s 0 —1 3 b e c o me s l e
n a 1
th 6 + B th pr o c e
0
f de ss an
0 0
e ss o

ma g e ti tio n wi ll co mme c e
n za S i ce t th i s i t t 6 n 6 + 2B
. n ,
a n s an , 1 0 O,

X th e fo r c e r e quir e d t b e g i th e de m g n e ti a ti o
1,
o is le th a
n a z n ,
ss n

X th e fo r c e whi ch pr o d c d th e m g e ti tio
0 ,
u e a n z a n .

I f th v l e f D e d f L w e r e th e s me fo
a u o an l l th e mo l
o le a r a e cu s,

th e l ig h te t i c r e a e o f X wo l d wr ench the wh l e o f th e fri g e

~
s s n s 1
u o n

o f mo l e c l e wh e xe h ve th e i cli a ti G + B i t p itio n
u s os a s a n n on
O O
n o a os

i wh i h th e i r x e s
n c e i c li e d 6 + 1 a 3 to th e ar e g ti v e n xi OBn
1 0
n a a s .

Th o g h th e d e m g e ti ti o o t t k e p l ce i m er
i

u do e a n z a n s n a a n a an n

udd e s th is it ta ke pl c e O r pi dly ff rd s o me
“

so s n a , to s a S a as a o

c o fir m ti o
n o f th ia mo d o f e xpl i i g th e pr o c e
n s e a n n ss .

L et o w s upp o e th a t by i v i pr p r v l t th r v r
us n
g g es e o e e e e n a o a u s

fo r c e X w e h a ve e x ctly d e m g e ti e d th e p ie c e f i r o
1
a a n z o n .

Th e x e o f th e mo l e c l e s will o t o w b e a rr g e d i diffe
a s u n n an n r

e tl y i
n a l l d i r e c ti
n s s i pi e ce o f i r o wh ic h h n e v r b e e
on ,
a n a n as e n

ma g e ti e d b t wil l fo r m th r e e g ro p s
n z ,
u u .

( )
1 W i t h i c o e o f e mn i a
g l e O —
B
n s rr o d i sg th p o i tiv e
an
l O
u un n e s

p o l e th e a ,x e s o f t h e m o l e c ul e s r e m i i t h e i r pr i m i t i v e p o iti o a n n s n s.

( )
2 T h e m e S t h e c asa e w i t h i a I c o e o f e m i g lse H —
B n n s an
O O
s u r o u di
r t h n
e t i v p l
g e
g n e o e n a .

( )
3 T h e d i r e c t i o f t h e x e s o f l
on s
a l th e o th e r m l c ule s fo r m a o e

i c l h e e t s urr o d i g th e e g a ti v p o le a d
‘
a c on a s un n at a n e ,
n are n

i ncl i n a ti o n 01 + B 0 .

Wh e n X0 i s g re a te r th a n D th e s e c o n d g ro u p is a b se n t . Wh e n
X1 i s g r e a te r th a n D th e firs t gr o u p i s a l s o a b s e n t .

Th e s ta te o f th e i r on ,
th e r e fo re ,
th o g h u ppa re tly de ma g
a n n e ti z e d,
i s in a d i ffe r e n t s ta te fro m th a t of a p i e c e O f i ro n w hi h h c as ne ve r
be e n ma gn e tiz e d .

To sh e w th i
r th e e ffe ct o f a m g e ti i n g fo r c e
s, le t us c o n s ide a n z

X c ti g i
2 e i th e r th e p o itiv e o r
a n th e n e g tiv e d i e c ti Th e s n a r on .

fir s t p e rma e t e ff t o f h a fo rce wil l b e n n th e th i r d gr o up

ec su c on

O f mo l e c ul e s wh o s e a x e ma k e a gle s ,G + B with th e e ga ti ve s n n
I O
 44 H A C N E TI SM
'

A ND TO RS I O N .

I f th e fo rc e X 2
a cts i n ‘

the ne
g at i ve di r e c ti on i t w il l b e gi to n

pr d u c e o a pe r m anen t e ffe c t as so o n as (92 + B0 be c o m l e th n es ss a

01+ B0 ,
th a t i s , as so o n as X2 b e c o me s g r e a te r th a n X1 B u t if .

X2 a c ts i n th e p o s iti ve d ir e c ti o n i t w ill be g in to re ma g n e tiz e th e

iro n as b e c o me l e th O + B th a t i wh e
so o n as 62 — B s ss an
1 0 , s, n

0 2
0 2B o wh il e X i ti ll mu ch l e th X
1 0 , r
2
s s ss an
1 .

I t pp e r th re fo r e fr m o
a h ypo th si th a t
a s e o ur e s

Wh a p ie c e o f i ro i s m g ti e d by me
en o f a f rce X its n a n e z an s o
0 ,

m gn e ti m c a
a t b e i cr s e d wi th t th e ppli c ti
nno of f r e n eas ou a a on a o c

g r e te r th
a X A r e v e r e fo r c anl e s th X i s
0
uffi
. i e t t s e , s an
0 , s c n o

d i mi n i sh its ma g n e ti z a ti o n .

I f th e i o n i s e a c t r
d e ma g n e ti z e d x ly by r e ve r e d fo r c e X th e a s
1,
n

it ca n n o t be m g ti e d i th r e ve r e d di e c ti o
a n e z with t th e
n e s r n o u

a
pp l i c a ti o n Of a f r e g r e te r th
o c X b t p itive f r ce le th
a an
1,
u a os o ss an

X1 i s su f fi c ie n t to b e gi to r e ma g e ti e th e i r o n i
n i t o ri gi n l n z n s a

d i r e c tio n .

Th e s e r e su l ts a r e c o n s i ste n t w i th w h a t h a s be e n ac t a u ll y o b e rve d s

by R itc h i e Jac o i b M a r ia n in i i , an d Jo u le
A v ry e co mp le te a c co u n t o f th e re l at o n si o f th e ma gn e tiz a ti o n
o f i ro n an Ste e l
to mag n e ti c fo ce s a n d to m e c h a n i ca l s t a i n s is
d r r
g i v en by W i e d e ma n n i n h i s Ga l v a n is mn s B y a d e ta il e d c o m .

p a ri o s n w r
o f th e e ffe c ts o f ma g n e ti z a ti o n ith th o se o f to s i o n , h e
h e w th t th e i dea Of e l a s ti ci ty
s s a d pl ti ci ty wh i h w e d ri ve
,
s an as c _ e

fro m e xpe r ime t o th e te mp o r a ry d p e r m e t to r si o n o f wir e

n s n an an n s

ca b e pp li d wi th e q l pr o pri e ty to th e t mp o r ry a n d pe r m n e t
n a e ua e a a n

m gn e ti tia o f ro d Ste e l
z a on I n an .

M tte u cc i [I f d th a t th e e xte n i o
a of h a rd ir b o un s n a on ar

d r i g th e ac ti
u n o f th e m g e ti i g fo r c e i re se s i t te mp ra ry
on a n z n nc a s o

m g ti m Th i h
“

a ne b e e o fir m d by We rth e im I th e ca se
s . s as n c n e . n

o f o ft b r th e m g
s ti m i d i mi i h e d by e xte
a s io ; a n e s s n s ns n

The p e r mn t m g e ti m f b i cr a e wh i t i e xte de d
en a n s o a ar n eas s en s n ,

a d d imi i h
n w h e i t i c mpr e ed
n s es n s o ss .

H e if a p ie c e f i ro
en c ,
i fir t m gn e ti e d in o e dire cti o o n s s a z n n ,

an d th e e xt d d i n th r d i ctio th e d ire t i
en e of m g et n an o e re n ,
c on a n

i tio will te d to
z a n ppr h th e d ire ctio f e xte i n I f it b ea o ac n o n s on .

c ompr e ed th e di re c ti
ss o f mgn e ti ,
ti o w ill te d to be co me on a za n n

no rm l to th e di r e c ti o f c o mp e io
“

a on r ss n .

Th is e xpl i th e r e ult o f n e xp e r i me t o f Wie d e ma

’
a ns A s a n nn s .

1 Po g , A n n 18 3 4
‘
. . .
,

1 A n n d e Oki in ie ci de P hys i q u e 18 4 6
. , . P h il Tr a n s . 18 5 5 , p 2 8 7 .

A n n d e C hi mw e t d e P h ys i q u e , 18 5 8
. .
 WE B E R S T H E O RY D UC E D GN E TI S M
’
OF I N MA .
[ 44 8 .

cu rre t w a s p as s e d d wn w rd th o gh a ve r tic l wire I f e ithe r

n o a r u a .
,

d ri g th e p s g e o f th e c rre t o
u n as a ft r it h a s c e d , th e wi r e u n r a e a se

be t w i te d i n ths d ir e c ti o o f a r i gh t—h d e d s c r e w th e l o w e r e d
e n an ,
n

b e co me s n o rth p o l e a .

F ig 11 . . F i g 12 . .

H e re th e d o wn w a r d ry p a rt o f the wi re c urre n t ma gn e tiz e s e ve

in t g e ti l d i r e c tio
a an a s i d i c t d by th e l e tte r N S
n a n ,
n a e s .

Th e tw i ti g f th e wi r e i th e di r e ti o o f
s n o rig h t h a de d s cre w n c n a -
n

cau s s
e th e p o tio n A B O D t b e e xte de d l o g th e di g o n a l A O
r o n a n a

a n d c o mpr e e d a l o g th e di g o a l B D
ss Th e di re c ti n of m g et a n . on a n

i a tio
z th e r e fo r e te d s to a ppr o a c h A O a d to r e ce de fr o m B D
n n n ,

an d th u s th e l o w e r e d b e c o me s a n o rth p o l e a n d th e upp e r e d n n

a s o u th p o l e .

a n etiz a ti o
M ee t o
f M g n on the D ime n s io n s of the M a gn e t .

Jo u l e in 18 4 2 , fo u n d tha t
b e c o me s le n gth an iro n b a r
e e d wh e
n i t i s r e de r e d m g e tic by n e l e ctr ic c rre t i n a
n n a n a u n

c o i l wh i c h urro u ds it H e a fte rwa rd 1 h e we d by pla cin g th e

s n . s s ,

b a in w te r w ithi a gl a ss tub e tha t th e v l me O f th e i ro

r a n is ,
o u n

no t a g me te d by th i
u m g e ti a ti o
n a d c o n c lu d e d th a t i ts s a n z n ,
n

tr an sve rs e dime io n s we re c o tr cte d n s n a .

Fi lly h e p e d a e l e c tri c c urre n t th ro gh th e xi o f n ro

na , a ss n u a s a I n

t b
u a d b
e k t id e th e tub e o
n ac to m k e th e tub e in to a
ou s s as a

o l e o i d th e m
, ,

c l o e d m g e ti c
s a n g e ti tio n b e i g a t righ t gle s
s n ,
a n z a n an

to th e xi o f th t b e a Th e l e g th o f th e a xi s o f th e t b e w s
s e u . n u a

fo u d i th i c e to b e h o r te e d
n n s as s n .

H e fo u d th t i ro n Od u de r l o gitudi a l pr e s s r e i s a l s o
a an n r n n n u

el on
g te d wh a
e i t i m gn e ti e d Wh e h o we ve r th e r o d is
n s a z n
.
, ,

u de r o id r bl e lo git di l t io the e ff ct o f ma gn e ti a tio

n c n s e a n u na en s n ,
e z n

i to h o r te i t
s s n .

St ge o n s An n a ls
ur
’
o f E l e ctr i ci ty, vo l . v ii i p 2 19
. . .

1 P h i l JP I a g , 18 4 7
'
. . .
 C H A NGE OF F OR M .

Thi s w as th e ca s e w ith
wi re f a qua rte r o f a n i ch di me te r a o n a

wh e n th e te io e x ce e de d 6 0 0 po u d w e igh t
n s n n s .

I th e cas e o f a h rd te e l wi
n th e ff c t f th e m gn e ti i g
a s re e e o a z n

fo r ce w a s in e ve ry e to Sh r te th e wi r e w h e th e r th e wi r e w s
ca s o n , a

u de r te i o n o pre re Th e ch a ge o f l e gth la s te d o ly a s
n ns r ssu . n n n

lo g s th e mag n e ti in g fo rc e w a in a c ti o
n a o lt ra ti n o f l e gth
z s n , n a e o n

w a o b e rv e d d e to th e p e r ma e t m g e ti ti o o f th ste e l
s s u n n a n z a n e .

J o l e fo u d th e e l o ga tio o f i r o n w ir e to b e e a rly pr o p o rti

un n nl s n ona

to th e s qu r e o f th e a c t a l mag e ti z a tio
a o th t th e firs t e ffe ct
u n n ,
s a

o f a d e ma g e ti i g c rr e t w n to h o r te n th e wi r e
z n u n as s .

O th e th e r h d h e fo
n o d th t th e h o r t an
g ,e ff t o w i r es un a s en I n ec n

u d r t io
n e d o s te e l va ri e d a th pr d c t f th e m g e t
ens n ,
an n ,
s e o u O a n

i ti o n a d th e m g e ti i g c urr e t
za n a n z n n .

Wie d e m f d th t if a v e rti ca l wi r e i m g e ti e d wi th i ts
an n oun a s a n z

n o rth e d upp e rm n t d if c rr e t i the n p a e d d o w wa r d

os , an a u n s ss n s

th r o gh th e wi r e th l o w e r e d o f th e w ir e if fr e twi ts i th e
u ,
e n ,
e , s n

dir e c ti o o f th e h a d o f wat h a s e e f m b e o in o th e r
’
’

n n s a c s n ro a ov , r,

w r d th e w ire be c o me s twi te d l ik e ri gh t ha de d cr e w
o s, s a -
n s .

I th is ca s e th e ma gn e ti ti o d
n to th e a c ti o o f th e c rr e n t z a n ue n u

th e pr e vi o u ly e xi ti g ma g e ti ti o i i th e di r e c ti o of
'

o n s s n n za n s n n

a l e ft h d e d c r e w r o u d th e wi r e H e ce th e twi ti n g wo ul d
'

’
-
an s n . n s

i dica te th t w h e
n th e i r o
a i ma gn e ti e d i t c tr cts i
n th e n s z on a n

dir e c ti o o f m g e ti a ti o a d e xp d i d ire c tio

n a n z a t ri ht
g n gl es n an s n ns an

to th e ma g e ti z a ti o n Thi h o we v e r e e m wi h J u ’
n o t to .
g e e t os,l e s ,
s s n a r

Fo r fu rth e r de v e l o pme n ts of th e th e o ry o f ma g n e tiz a tio n , se e

A r ts 8 3 2 —8 4 5
. .
 C H A P TE R VI I .

MA GN E TI C ME A SUR E ME N TS .

TH E pri nc ip a l ma g n e tic me a s ur e me n ts are the d e te min a ti o n r

o f th e ma gn e ti c a x is an d ma g n e ti c mo me n t Of a ma gn e t, an d th a t
of th e di r e c ti o n an d i n te n s ity o f th e ma gn e ti c fo r c e at a gi ve n

S i n ce th e s e me a s ure me n ts r th e s urfa ce o f th e e rth

are ma de n ea a ,

th e m g e ts a n e a lwa y c te d o
ar by g ra vity s we ll a by te rre tri l
s a n a s s a

ma g e ti m a d s i c e th e m gn e t
n s ,
n n e m d e o f ste e l th e i r m g
a s ar a a

n e ti s m i s p a r tly p e rma e t d p a r tly i du c e d n n Th e p e r ma n e t

an n . n

ma g e tis m i s l te r e d by ch a g e o f te mp e ra tur e by str o n g i

n a n s ,
n

d uc ti o n d by v io l e t blo w s
,
an th e i du c e d m gn e ti m v a ri e s with
n n a s

e ve ry v a ri ti o o f th e e x te r a l ma g
a n tic fo r c e n ne .

Th e mo t c o v e i e t wa y o f o b s e rv i g th e fo r c e a ctin g o n a
s n n n n

ma gn e t i s by ma ki g th e ma gn e t fr e e to tur a b o t a v e rtic l
n n u a

a xi s. I o r din ry c o mp s e s th is i s d o e by b a l a cin g th e m g e t
na a s n n a n

o n ave rtic l pi vo t Th e fi e r th e p o i t o f th e pi vo t th e m l l e r
a . n n s a

i s th e mo me n t O f th e fri c tio wh i ch i te rfe re s with th e a ctio n o fn n

th e m g e ti c fo r c e
a n Fo mo r e re fin e d Ob e rva ti o s th e ma g n e t
. r s n

i s u s p e de d by th re a d c o mp o s e d o f a s ilk fibre witho ut twi st

s n a ,

e i th e r i l e d ubl d it l f u ffi i t u m b r f ti m d
gs n o r o , o n e a s c e
e n e e
s s n o ,
an

s o fo rme d i to th r e a d o f p a r ll e l fibr e s e a ch o f whi ch s pp o r ts

n a a ,
u

as e a rly
n p o ibl e a n e qu l p r t o f th e we igh t Th e fo r c e o f
as ss a a .

t r i
o s on of ch suth r e d i mu ch l e s th
a ath a t o f a me ta l wi r e
s s an

of eq l tr e gth a d it ma y b e c a l c l te d i t r ms o f th e Ob
ua s n , n u a n e

se r ve d i m th O f th e ma g e t which i s o t th e c a s e with th e f r e
az u n , n o c

a rIS g Infr o m th e fr i c tio o f p i v ot n a .

Th e s s p e i o n fibr e c
u n s b e r i s e d o lo we re d by t r i g a
an a r . u n n

h o ri o ta l sc r e w wh i c h w o rk s i
z n fixe d n t Th e fibre i w d n a u . s o un

r o u d th e th r e d o f th e s c r e w
n a o th t wh e th e s c r e w is t r n e d
, s a n u

th e s u s p i o fibr e a l wa ys h g s i n th e s a me v rtic l li e
ens n an e a n .
4 SUS PE NS I O N .

u s pe n io fibre ca rr i e s a ma ll h o riz o t l di vi de d c irc le

Th e
‘ "

s s n s n a

ca ll e d th e T r s io i r cl e a d a tir up wi th a n i de x whi ch c a
‘

o n -
c ,
n s r n , n

b e p l a c e d so th a t th e i de x c o in ci de wi th an y gi ve di vi i o n o f n s n s

th e t r i ci r le
o Th e ti rr p i so sh a p e d th a t th e ma gn e t b a
s on c . s u s r

ca b e fi tte d in to i t wi th its x i h o ri z o ta l a n d wi th a n y o e
n a s n , n

o f i ts f ur id s pp e r mo t
o s e u s .

T ce r ta in th
o as e ro o f to rs io a o n ma
g n e ti c b oed y o f th e
z n n -

sa me w e ig h t a s th e ma g e t i pla c e d n s

i n th e ti r p a d th s p iti o n o f
ru ,
n e os

th e to r i o c i r c l e whs in e q il i bri u m
n en u

a sce rta i e d n .

Th e m g t i tse lf i a p i e ce a n e f s o

ha r d te mpe r ed ste e l
-
A c c o r di g to . n

Ga s u s d We be r i ts l e gth o gh t
an n u

to b e t l e a t igh t ti me it g r e a te st
a s e s s

tr v e r s e d i m io
an s Th i i e ce en s n . s s n s

sa ry wh e p e rm e ce o f th e di e c n an n r

ti o f th ma g e tic xi w ith i th e
n o e n a s n

ma gn e t i th e m t impo rta t co s os n n

s i de r ti o a Wh e re pro mp t e o f
n n ss

mo tio is r e qu ire d th e mg e t Sh o l d
.

n a n u

b e h o rte r
s d i t ma y e ve ,
be d an n a

vi bl e i o b rvi g Su dde lte ra

sa n se n n a

ti o n s i n ma g n e tic fo r ce to u se a bar
ma g n e ti z e d t r an s v e r e ly s an d sus

p e d e d with
n i ts l o ge t n s di me n s i o n
v e rti c l a

Th e ma gn e t i s pr o vide d with
rra ge me t a s c e r t in i
'

an a n n fo r g i t a n s

angu la r p itio os n . F or o r di n a r
y pur

po se s i ts en ds a re po i n te d , an d a

di v id e d r l i pl a ce d b e l o w th e
ci c e s

e d s by whi ch th e i r p iti e r e a d Off by a n e e pl a c ed i

‘

n os o n s ar n
,
y a

pl an eth r gh th pe i o th re a d a d th e p o i t o f th e n e e dle
ou e su s n s n n n .

F mo r a c c ra te o b e rva tio s
or e
p l n e mi o i
u fi x e d to th e s n a a
‘

rr r s

m g et a th t th e
n o r m l to th e mi rr o r c o i c i d s a s
,
so a e rly a s n a n e n a

po i bl w ith th e a xi o f ma g e ti a ti o n Th is is th e me th o d
ss e s n z .
-

a d p te d by Ga u d We be r
'

o ss an .

A o th e r me th o d i s to a tta c h to o e e n d o f th e ma g e t a l e n s
n d n n an

to th th e r e d a
e o l e e n g r ve d o gl a ss th di ta c e o f th e l e s
n s ca a n , e s n n

b i le -
Pm . P hil S e a .
, M a n ches te r , N o v .
 MA GN E TI C M E A U E ME S R N TS .

fr o m th e l b i g equ l to th e prin c ip a l fo ca l l e n g th O f th e l e n s
sc a e e n a .

Th e tr i gh t li e j o i i g th e e r o o f th e s c l e w ith th e o p tic l
‘

s a n n n . z a a

Ce tre o f th e l n s o u gh t to co i c ide a s n e a rly a s p o s sibl e w ith

n e n

th e ma g n e tic a x 1s .

A S th e s e o ti ca p l me th o ds o f a s ce rt i i g th e a g l r p o s itio n a n n n u a

o f su s p e n de d a pp r tu s a r e o f g re a t imp rta ce i m y ph y ic l
a a o n n an s a

r e se arch e s ,
we s h a ll h e r e c o id e r o n ce f a ll th e i r an a th e m ti ca l
ns or a

th e o ry .

f M
The o ry
e tho d o the M ir r o r .

W e h ll s upp o e th t th e pp a ra t s wh o e a gul a r p o i tio is

s a s a a u s n s n

to b e d e te r mi e d i s c p a bl e o f r e v o lvi g a b u t a ve rti c l a x is
n a n o a .

Thi s a x is i i ge e r a l a fibr e o wi r e by wh i ch i t i s s u pe de d
s n n r s n .

Th e mi rr o r h o l d b e truly pl a s u o th a t a sc a l e o f milli me tr e s n e, s

m y b e e e di ti ctly by e fle io
a s n s t a di st ce o f s e v e r a l me tre
n r x n a an s

fr o m th e mi rr o r .

Th e o r m l th r o ugh th e middl e o f th e mi rr o r S h o ul d p a s s th ro ugh

n a

th e a xi s o f u p e n i o a d
s h o ul d b e a c c r te ly h o r i o ta l
s s n ,
n We s u a z n .

s h a ll re fe r to th is n o r ma l a s th e li e o f c o ll i m ti o n O f th e a p n a

pa r t a us .

H vi g r o ugh ly a s c e r ta i e d th e me a n dir e cti o

a n o f th e l i n e o f
n n

c o ll i m ti o n d ur i g th e e xp e r i me ts wh ic h
a n e to b e m de a te l e n ar a ,

s co p e i s e r e c te d a t a co v e i e t d i ta n c e i n fr o t o f th e mirr o r a n d
n n n s n ,

a l ittl e a b o v e th e l e v e l O f th e mi rr o r .

Th e te l e s c o p e i c a p bl e o f m ti n i s a ve rtic a l pl a n e i t i s
a o o n ,

di re c te d to wa r ds th e u p e i o n fibr e ju s t a b o ve th e mi r o r a n d s s n s r ,

a fixe d m rk is e re c te d i th e l i e o f v i i o n a t a h o r i o t l d ist c e
a n n s ,
z n a an

fr o m th e bj t gl s s qu l to twi ce th e di ta ce o f th e mirr o r
o ec a e a s n

fr o m th e o bj e c t gl a s s Th e a pp a r a t s h o ul d i f p o s i bl e b e S O
. u s ,
s ,

a rr g an
e d t h a t th i s m a rk i s o a w ll o r o th e r fix e d o bj e c t I n n a .

o r de r to s e e th e m rk a d th e s us p e i o n fibr e a t th e a me ti me
a n ns s

th r o gh th e te l e s co p e a ca p ma y b e pla c e d o v e r th e o bj e c t gl s s
u ,
a

h v i g a l it a l o g a v e rti c l di me te r
a n s n Thi sh o u l d b e r e mo ve d a a . s

fo r th e o th e r o bs e rv ti o Th e te l e s c o p e i th e a dj te d s o th a t
a ns . s n us

th e ma rk i s s e e d i ti ctly t c o i c i de wi th th e v e r ti c l w ir e a t th
n s n o n a e

fo c o f th e te l e c o p e
u s A pl u mb l i e i s th e n a dju s te d O s to
s .
-
n S a

pa s s clo e in fr o t o f th e O p tic l c e n tre o f th e o bj e c t gl a

s n d a ss an

to h g b l o w th e te l e c o p e
an e B l o w th e te l e s c o p e s d ju st b h i d . e an e n

th e pl mb li e u s ca l e
-
f e qu l p r ts i pl c e d
n a t b e b i c te d
o a a s a so as o se

a t ri gh t a n g le s by th e pl e th r o ugh th e ma rk th e
, p e i o fib e
an ,
su s ns n -
r ,

a d th e plu mb l i
n Th e m o f th e h e ig h ts o f th e c l e n d th e
-
ne . su s a a
450 ] TH E
‘

MI RR O R ME T O H D .

o bj e c t gl a s s sh o ul d b e e qu l to twi ce th e h e igh t o f the mi rr r f o m a o r

th e fl r Th e te l e co p b e i g
oo . w d ir e cte d to w r ds th e mi rr o r
s e n n o a

wil l se e i it th e fl i o o f the ca l e I f th e p rt O f th e s ca l e
n e r ex n s . a

wh e re th e pl mb lin e c r e i t pp e a r t o i ide w ith th e ve rti ca l

u -
o ss s a s o c nc

wi re f th e t l e co pe th e th e lin e o f c l lim ti o o f th e mi rr o r
o e s ,
n o a n

c o i c id e
n wi th th e pl e th r o gh th e m rk d th e o p tica l c e tr e
s an u a an n

o f th e bj ct gl s I f th e ve rtica l wi re c o i c id wi th y o th r
O e as . n es an e

d ivi i o o f th e
s n l e th e g l r p o i ti o
s ca o f th e l i e o f
, o l l i ma ti
an u a s n n c on

i to b e fo u d s fo ll o w
s n a s

Le t th e pl e o f th e pa p e r b e h o ri z o ta l a d l e t th e va ri o
an n ,
n us

po i t b e pr j e cte d
n s th i s pl e
o L e t 0 b e th e ce tr e o f th e
on an . n

o bj c t gl
e o f th e te l e sc o pe
a ss P th e fi e d ma rk P a d th e v e r tica l ,
x ,
n

wi re o f th e te l e sc o pe e co njuga te fo i with r e p e ct to th e o bj ct
ar c s e

g l a ss L e t M b e th e p o i t wh e r e OP c uts th e pl
. e o f th e mi
n rr o r an .

L e t M N b e th e o r m l to th e mi rr o r ; th e OM N n 0 i th e a g l e
a n s n

whi h th e li e o f c ll i m ti o m k e s wi th th e fixe d pl e L a M S
c n o a n a an .

be l i e in th e pla e o f O M
a n d MN u ch th t N M S O M JV
n an , s a
,

th e S wi l l b e th e p r t o f th e c l e wh i h w i ll b e e e by e fle i o
n a s a c s n r x n

to c i c i d e wi th th e v e rti ca l wi r e o f th e te l e sc o pe
o n N w s in ce . o ,

F ig 14 . .

M N i s h o ri z o n ta l , th e pr oj e c te d an g l e s OM N an d N M S i n th e
fi g re u are e qu l a ,
an d 0 21
1S 26 . H e n ce OS OM ta n 2 0 .

We ha ve th e r e fo re to me a s ur e OM i n te r ms o f th e di vis i o n s o f
th e s ca l e th e n , if s
o
i s th e div i s i o n o f th e s ca l e wh ich c o in cide wi th s

th e pl u mb li n e , -
an d s th e o b se rve d di vi s io n ,
s —s OM ta n 2 6,
0

wh e ma y b e fo u n d
n ce 6 I n me a s u r in g O M w e mus t r e me mb e r .

th a t if th e mi rro r i s o f gl a ss , s i lv e r e d a t th e b a c k th e vi r tua l i ma ge ,

o f th e r fl e c ti n g u r fa c e
e s is at a di s ta n c e be hi n d th e fro n t su rf a ce
 MA GN E TI C ME A SUR E ME N TS .
[ 450 .

o f th e g l a s s wh e r e t i s th e th i c kn e ss of th e gl a ss , an d p . IS
M
th e i n de x
r e fr ti o of ac n .

We m t a l o r e me mb e r th a t i f th e l i e o f s s p e i o d o e n o t
u s s n u ns n s

p s th ro gh th e p i t f e fle i th e p o iti o o f M wi ll a l te r
as u o n o r x on , s n

with 6 H c e wh e i t i p ible it i d vi ble to m k e th e

. en ,
n s o ss ,
s a sa a

c e tr e o f th e mi rr or c o i
n ide w ith th e l i e o f s u p e si on n c n s n

l rg e g l r mti o n s h a ve
.

I t i s l s o d v is bl e e p c i lly wh e
a a a ,
s e a n a an u a o

to b e b s e rv e d to m k e th e s c l e i th e fo r m o f
o , o c v e c yl i d r ic
a a n a c n a n

s r f c e wh o e
u a ,
xi i s th e li e Of s p e io
s a Th e
s
g l es e th e n u s ns n . an ar n

Ob e rv e d a t o
s i c i r c ul r me a s ur e wi th o t r e f r e c e to a t b l e
n ce n a u e n a

Of t ge t an Th e s c l e h o ul d b e c r e f lly a dju t d
n s. o th t th e
a s a u s e , s a

a xi s yli de r c o i cid e s with the s p e io n fibre Th e

"

o f th e c n n us ns .

n mb e r s o th e c l e sh o ul d a lw y
u n fro m th e o e e d to th e
s a a s r un n n

o th e r i th e sa me d ir e tio S O a to a v o i d e g ti v e r e di g s Fi g 15
n c n s n a a n . .

Fig 15 . .

r e pre s e n t l e p o r tio n o f a c le to b e u se d wi th mi rro r

s th e midd s a a

a d
n i v rti g t l e s c o p e
an n e n e .

Thi s me th o d f o b e rv tio n i s th e b e t wh e n th e m o ti o s a r e
o s a s n

slo w Th e b e rv e r its t th e te l e s co p e a d s e e s th e i m ge o f
. o s s a n a

th e c a l e mo v i g to r i gh t o r to l e ft p s t th e v r ti c a l w ir e o f th e
s n a e

te l e p e With a C l o c k b e ide h im he c n o te th e i t t t
s co . s an n s an a

which a gi ve d ivi io o f th e s c l e p s e s th e w ire o th e divi i

n s n a as ,
r .
s on

o f th e s c l e wh i ch i a m t g i v e n ti c k o f th e c l o c k d h e an
p s g a s a s a ,

ca n l so r e co rd th e xtre m l imits o f e a ch o cilla ti

a e e s on .

Wh e n th e mo ti i m r r pi d it b e c o me i mp o ible t r e d on s o e a s ss o a

th e d iv i io s o f th e c l e e x c e pt t th e i ta t o f r e t t th e
i

s n s a a ns n s s a

e x tr miti e of a s c il l tio
es A co p c o n om rk m y b e pl a d n . n s i u us a a a ce

at a k o w nd i vi i O f th n sc le a d th e i
s on t t o f tra it f thi s e a ,
n n s an ns o

mark m y b e n o te d a .

W he th e pp r t i v ry l igh t a d the f r c e s va ri bl e th e
n a a a us s e ,
n o a ,

mo tio i s o pr mpt a d wift th t o b s e rv tio th r ug h a t l s c o p e

n s o n s a a n o e e
 4 M ET H ODS O F OB S E RVA TI O N .

w o ul d b e us e l e I thi ca s e ss . n s th e b e rv e r l o o ks
o s at l
th e s ca e

di re tly d o b e rv e th e mo ti n s
c , an s s o of th i ma ge o f th e
e v e r ti ca l wi r e
th r w o oth e sca l e by a l mp
n n a .

I t i s ma n ife s t tha t Si n ce th e i ma ge r e fl e c te d by th e of th e sc a l e

mi rr o r d r e frac te d by th e o bj e c t gl
an c i c ide wi th th e ve rti ca l ass o n s

wi re th e i m g e o f th e ve rtica l wi re if uffic ie tly illu mi a te d wi l l

,
a , s n n ,

c o i c id e w ith th e sca l e
n T o b e rv e thi s th e ro o m i d rk e d . o d s s a en ,
an

th e c o ce tra te d r y o f n n l mp e th ro wn O th e v e rti l wi r
a s a a ar n ca e

to wa r d th e o bj e c t g la s
s A brigh t p tc h o f li gh t c r o se d by th e s. a s

s h d o w o f th e wi r e i s
a ee o th e ca l e I ts mo ti s ca bn n s . ons n e

fo ll o we d by th e e y e d th e di vi i o n o f th e sc a l e a t wh i c h i t c me
,
an s o s

o re t ca n b e fix e d by h d r d ff l i ur I f i b
t s t e e e
y e o t
on e s e t e an a a .

d e i r e d to o te th e i n s ta t o f th e p a sa g e o f th e brig h t s p o t p t a
s n n s as

g i v e p o i nt o th e c l
n e a p i o n a br i g h t m e t
s aa l w i r e , m y b e n r a

plac e d th e re o to fl h o t a t th e ti me o f p sa ge s as as u
‘

as .

By b tit tin g su m ll h le i
s u di p h ra g m fo th e c r o
a s a wi re o n a a r ss

th e i m g e b me a m l l ill umi te d d o t mo vin g to ri gh t o l e ft

e co s a s a na r

O th sc l e
n e d by a b s tit tin g f th e ca l e cyl in d r r e v o lvi g
,
an su u or s a e n

by cl o c k w rk b o t h ri o ta l a xi o a d c o v re d wi th ph o to
u a o z n s an e

g r a ph i c p p r th p o t o f l i h t tr a c e s o t
a
g e , e cs rv e w hi h ca b e u a u c n

a fte rw r d r e d e re d vi i bl e
a s E a ch a b i
n o f th i c rv e s rr e p d
. s c s sa s u co s on s

cul r m r l ar
to p ar a ti ti e a n d th e a di n t e i n di ca te , th e g o a s an u

p o iti o o f th e mir r r a t tha t time I thi w y

s n o to m ti c . n s a an au a

y t e m o f c ti o r e gi s tr ti o f ll th e e l e me t o f te rre s tri l
s s on nu us a n o a n s a

ma g e ti m h a b e e e ta bli h e d a t Ke w
n s s d o th r b e rv to ri e s
n s s an e o s a .

I .
so me ca s e
n th e te l e sc o p e i d i pe s e d wi th a v e r ti l wi r e s s ns ,
ca

i i ll umi n a te d by
s l mp pla c e d b e h in d it a d th mi rr r i a
a a ,
n e o s

c o c ve o en a wh ich fo rm th e ima ge o f th e wi e o th e
n ,
s le a s r n sca

a d k li n e a c r o p tch o f li gh t
~

ar ss a a .

I th Ke w p o rta bl e a pp r a tu s th e ma g e t i ma d e i n
n e a ,
n s

th e fo r m o f a tub e h a vi g a t o e e d a l e ,
d a t th e th e r n n n n s, an o

g
a l scaa ssl e o a dj t ed t o be
,
ts t h e pri c ip l fo c u
us o f th e l e s
as a n a s n .

Li gh t i s a d mitte d fr m b e h i d th sca l e d a fte r p s i g th r o ug h

o n e ,
an a s n

th e l e i t i vi e we d by me a s o f a te l e c o pe
'

ns s .
n s .

S i c e th e ca l i
n t th e pr i c ip a l f c us o f th e l e n s r y fr o m
s e s a n o ,
a s

v ca l e e me r e fr m th e l e p r ll l
-

a
y ndi i i o f t h e s n
g o s a a e a d if o ns ,
n

th e te l e c o p e i a dj te d fo c e l e ti l o bj e cts i t w ill h e w th e
s s us r le s a ,
s sca

i n o p ti cal c o i n ci de e wi th th e c r wire o f th te le c o p e I f a
nc o ss s e s .

w e i n te rs e c ti o
'

g i v e di v i io
n f t h e l
s e c o in i d e
n oi th t h s ca f t h e c s n o

c r o ss wi e s th e th e l i e j i i g th a t di vi io
r ,
n with th e o p ti ca l
n o n n s n

ce n tr e o f th e l e mu s t b e p a ra lle l to th e l i e o f c o l lima tio o f

ns ,
n n
94 MA GN E TI C ME A SUR E ME N TS .
“

[45 2 .

l e sc p e B y fix in g the ma g e t a n d mo vi g th e te le sc o pe we
“

th e te o . n n ,

m y ce rt in th e a gul a r va lue o f th e di vi io
a as a O f th e s c l e
n d s ns a , an

th e wh e th e ma g e t is s u p e de d a n d th e p o siti o n o f th e te le
n ,
n n s n

s c pe k o ow w e ma y d e te rmi e th e p o i ti o n o f th e ma gn e t a t
n n , n s

a y i n t t by r e a di g o ff th e di v i i o n o f th e c l e wh i h c o in c i d e s
ns an n s s a c

wi th th e c r o s wi re s s .

The te l e c o p e i s S pp o r te d o s a n a m w h i c h i s c e n tr e d i u th e n r n

l i e o f th e s sp e i o fibre n d th e po si ti o o f th e te l e co p e i s
n u ns n ,
a n s

re d o ff by ve r i e r o n th e a i mu th ci rc le o f th e i tr me t
a n s z n s u n .

Thi s a rr ge me t i s ui t bl e fo a m ll p o r ta b l e m g e to me te r
an n s a r s a a n

i whi ch th e wh o l e pp a r a tu s i s s upp o r te d o n o n e tr ip o d n d i n
n a , a

wh i h th e o sc illa tio
c d e to a c cide ta l d i turb ce s r p idly ns u n s an a

ub s id e
s .

D e te r mi n a tio n f
o the D ir e c ti o n f o the Ax i s
f M a gn e t, o the and
of
the D i r e c ti o n T i l M a n e tis m
of e r r e s tr a
g .

4 52 ] Le t a s y ste m o f x a es b e d ra wn i n th e ma g n e t, o f whi ch th e
a xis o f z i s i n th e dire c ti o n of th e le n
g th of the b a r , d w and y
an

, p rp
e e d i c
ul r
a n to th e S i de s o f th e b a r pp o e d a su s p a ra lle l e p ip e d .

L e t l , m, n d A, n , v
an b e th e a gle s whic h th e m g e tic a xi s
n a n

an d th e li ne o f c o lli ma ti o n ma k e with th e s e a xe s r e p e c ti ve ly s .

L e t M b e th e ma gn e tic mo me n t of th e ma g n e t, l e t H b e th e
h o riz o n ta l co mp o n e n t o f te rre tria l s ma g n e tis m, l e t Z b e th e e ti c a vr l
co mp o n e n t a n d l e t 5 b e th e a z imu th i n wh i ch E a cts ,
,
n ed re ck o
fr o m th e n o r th to wa r ds th e we s t .

L et C b e th e o b s e rv e d a z imuth o f th e lin e o f c o ll i ma tio n , l e t

a b e th e a z imu th o f th e s tirrup , a n d B th e r e a dI n g o f th e in d e x

o f th e to r s i o n c i r c l e th e n a i h imu th o f th e l o we r e n d
B s t e a z ,

o f th e su s pe fibre
n si o n .

Le t b th v l f — wh e th e re is to r sio th e n th e
y e e a e o u a B n no n ,

mo me n t o f th e f r c e o f to r o s on i te n din g to dimin is h a will b e

7 ( 0 —8
1

wh e r e r is a co e ffic i e n t o f to r s io n de p e n din g on th e n at ure of th e

fibre .

To de te rmi n e A, fix th e s ti rrup SO th a t y i s ve rtica l an d p u

wa rd s, z rth d w to th e w
to th e no u an e s t, a n d o s e b rve the a z i m th

f o f th e li e f c l l im ti o n
n Th e o e mo v e th e m g e t
o tur it
a . n r a n , n

th o gh r u a gl e a b o u t th e a xi s o f z
an n a d r pl c
7r i t i th is n e a e n

i v e rte d p o s i ti o a d o b s e rve th e a i mu th C o f th e l i n e o f c o l
’
n n ,
n z

l ima tio n wh e n 3 i s d wn wa rd s a n d a to th e e a s t
1 o : ,
 D I RE C TI ON O F MA GN E TI C F OR C E .

g (u

= a (a

H e n ce
g o .
( )
3

N e xt, h a n g th e s ti rr p u to th e su s pe n i
s on fibr e , an d pla ce th e
ma g n e t in it ,
ad justin g it r e f ll y so th a t y ma y b e
ca u ve r tica l an d
u pwa r ds ,
th e n th e mo me n t o f th e fo r c e te din g t in c r e n o a se a is
1
ME s in m S in ( —
O a
; l —r
) ( a —B —
y) .

B u t if C i s th e o b e rve d a z imuth
s of th e li ne o f co lli ma tio n

a
g A,

50 th a t th e fo rce ma y b e wri tte n

3
MH S in m s in ( 6 — A —T
) ( C+ A ; ( )
6

Wh e n th e a pp a r tus i s i e q ilibr ium thi s qua ti ty i z e ro f

a n u n s or

a pa rti c ula r v a l e o f (2 u

Wh e th e a pp r t s n e ve r c o me S to e t b u t mu t b e o b se rve d
n a a u
‘

r s ,
s

in a ta te o f vi br tio
s th e v al e o f a c o r e s p o di
n
g
, t th e po itio u r n n o s n

o f e quil i bri um m y b e ca l c ula te d by me th o d wh ich will b e

i

a a

d e sc ri b e d i A r t 7 3 5 n . .

Wh e th e fo rce o f to r i i ma ll co mp a r e d with th e mo me t
n s on s s n

o f th e ma g n e ti c fo r c e w e m y p t 6 l — A,
fo t h e i e o f th t
a u r s n a

I f we g ive to B ,
th e re a din g o f th e to rs i o n rl
ci c e , tw o di ffe re nt

va lu e s , B1 an d B 2 , a n d if { I a n d {2 a re th e co rr e p os n di n g va lue s o f C ,

M H s in i n — 52)
or, if w e pu t
—
Cl Q I
T
l
th e n r = M H sm m r
—
fi Q —B
i fiz '
l
‘
,

an d e qua ti o n ( )
7 b e co me s , di vi di n g by M E s n i m ,

77
—A A— — fi —r
6 -
r
( H 5 )
I f we re ve rs e th e ma gn e t o th a t y is do wn wa r ds
n ow s ,

a dj t th e a pp r tu s ti ll y i x c tly ve r tic l d if f i th e ’
us a a s e a a ,
an s

va l e o f the a imuth d O th e c o rr e po di n g d e c lin a tio

u z ,
an
’
s n n ,

7
— l + A— r — — —
( )
'
C A
’
a B r 0,
'

;
 MA GN E TI C ME A SUR E M E N TS .
[ 4 5z .

Th e re a din g of th e to r i
s on r l Sh o l d
ci c e u n ow be ju te d s o th a t
ad s ,

ma y b e a s n e a r ly a s p o s s ibl e e r o
i

Fo th i s
’
th e c o e ffic ie n t o f 7 z r .

u rp o s e w e mu s t d e te r min e y , th e v a lu e o f a n B w h e th e r e i s no
p
to r s i o n Th i s ma y b e do n e by pla c in g a n o n ma g n e ti c b a r o f th e
.
-

s a m e w e ig h t a s th e m a g n e t i n th e S ti rr u p ,
a n d d e te r mi n i n
g a — B
wh e n the r e i s e qu il ibri u m S i n c e 1 i s s ma ll g re a t a c cur a c y i s n o t
'
.
,

r e qu i r e d A n o th e r me th o d i s to u s e a to r s i o n b ar o f th e s a me
.

w e igh t a s th e ma gn e t c o n ta in in g with in it a v e ry s ma ll ma gn e t
“

Wh o se ma gn e tic mo me n t i s
i o f th a t o f th e pr mC I pa l ma gn e t .

S in c e r re m a in s th e sa me , w ill b e co me
7
’
n r
'
,
an d if {I an d Cl
’
are

th e va lue s o f f as fo u n d by th e to r i b a s on r,

—2
a (GM T
S ub tr a c ti n g th i s e qu a tio n fr o m

2 ( fl
( n
( )
13

_H a i
v gn fo u n d th e va lue o f i th i n s wa y , B ,
th e r e a di n
g o f
th e to r s io n c i r c l e s h o ul d b e
, lte re d till a

0,

as n ea rly a s p o s ibl e rdi a ry po s iti o o f th e a pp a r tu s

s in th e o n n a .

i s a v e ry s m ll n me ri c a l q tity d i c e i ts
’
Th e i ce
n , s n 7 a u u an ,
an s n

c o e ffi c i e t i ve ry ma ll th e v l e o f th e e o d te r m i th e e
n s s ,
a u s c n n x

pr io fo 6 will t va ry much fo sm ll e rr o r i th e v lue s

e ss n r no r a s n a

d y wh ich a e th e qua titie s w h o s e v a lu e a e l e a t a c

’
of r an ,
r n s r s ,

cu r a t ly k o w
e n n .

Th e v lue o f O th e ma g e tic d e c li a ti o
a , ma y b e fo u d i th i s n n n ,
n n

w a y with c i de ra bl e c c ura c y pr o v i de d i t e ma i n s co n ta t d uri g

ons a ,
r s n n

the e xp e r ime t , o th a t w e m y a s ume n s s 6 a s .

Wh e g re t a c c ura cy i s re qui re d it i e c e ssa ry to ta k e cc o u t

n a s n a n

o f th e v r i ti s o f 6 d ur in g th e e xp e ri me t
a a on Fo r thi s purp o s e n .

o b s e rva ti s of o th e r s u p
o n de d m g t Sh o uld b e ma de t th e
an s en a n e a

s a me i ta ts th t th e d iff re t va l u e o f C a e o b s e rv e d
ns n a d if e n s r ,
an

n n
,
’
e t
arh e b e rve d muth s o f th e s e c o d m g e t co rre p o di g
o s az i n a n s n n

d O a e th e c o rr e p o d in g v lue s o f 6 th e n
“

to f a n d C a d i f 6
’ '
,
n an r s n a ,

,
—5 ,
— r)
5 77 .
( )
15

H e n c e , to fin d th e va lu e o f 6 w e mus t a dd to ( )
11 a co rre ctio n

Th e de c l in a tio n at th e ti me of th e fir s t b e rv o s a ti on i s th e r e fo r e
5 = ( 5+ —2
i
’
T
( 5+ 7)
45 OB SE RV A TI O N or D E FL E X I O N .

To fin d th e di re c tio n o f th e ma gn e ti c a xi wi thi n
s th e ma g n e t
s ubtr a c t ( 10 )fro m (9 )a n d a dd

5: M e w — C
’
—
+ A w)
2 ( )
17

re pe a ti g th e e xp e rime ts wi th th e b o its t wo e d g e s o
B y n n ar n ,
s

th t th e a xi s o f cc i ve rti lly upw a r ds a n d d o wn w r ds we c

a s ca a , an

fi d th e v lue o f m
n I f th e a xi s o f o l li m ti
a i ca p b l
. f ad c a on s a e o

j tme t i t o ugh t to b e m de to c o i cide with th e m g e tic a x i

us n a n a n s

as e a rly a s po s ibl e
n O tha t th e e rr o r a r i sin g fr m th e ma
s tS t o
g,e o n n

b e i g e xa ctly in ve rte d ma y b e a s ma ll a s p o ible

n s ss

On the M e a su r e me n t of M a g n e tic Fo r ce s .

Th e mo s t i mpo rta n t me a s ur e me n ts
ma gn e tic fo r c e a r e of

th o s e whi c h d e te rmin e 11 1 th e ma g n e ti c mo m ent of a ma g n e t , ,

an d H th e i n te n s ity o f th e h o r iz o n ta l c o mp o n e n t o f te rr e s tri a l
,

mag n e ti s m Th i s i s g e n e ra lly d o n e by c o mb in i n g th e r e s u l ts o f
.

tw o e xpe r ime n ts o n e o f wh i c h d e te r min e s th e r a tio a n d the o th e r

,

th e pro d uc t o f the e tw o q titi e s s uan .

Th e in te ity o f th e m g e ti fo r c e d e to a n i fin i te ly s ma ll
ns a n c u n

ma g e t wh o e ma g e tic m me t i 21
n s1 a t a p o i t di s ta n t n fr o m o n s ,
n r

th e c e n tr e o f th e ma gn e t i th e p o s iti v e di r e c ti o n o f th e a xis o f n

ma g n e t is
if
th e
( )
,
B 2 1

an d i s i n th e di r e c ti o n I f th e ma g n e t i s o f fin ite S i z e b u t
o f r .

S ph e ri c a l ,
a n d ma g n e tiz e d u n i fo r ml y i n th e d i r e c tio n o f i ts a x i s ,

th i s vl a ue of th e fo rc e will s till b e e xa c t . I f th e ma g n e t is a

l
s o e n o i da l b ar ma g n e t o f l e g th 2 L n ,

2
L L 4
R = 2 — + 3-
( )
2
r
§ F
I f th e ma g n e t b e of any ki n d pro vi de d
,
its d ime ns io n s are a ll

ll
Sma c o m a e d ith p r w r,

I
R = 2 —
3 ( 1 + A1 + AZ —
2 ( )
3

whe re A 1, A2 , &0 . a r e c o e f ci e n ts fi d e p e n di n g on th e di s t i r butio n o f

th e ma g n e ti z a tio n of th e b a r .

L e t H b e th e in te n si ty o f th e h o r iz o n ta l pa rt o f te rre s tria l
ma gn e tis m a t a n y pl a c e H i s d ir ec te d to wa rd s ma gn e tic n o rth . .

L e t r b e me a s u r e d to wa r ds ma gn e ti c w e s t th e n th e ma gn e ti c fo r c e ,

a t th e e xtr e mi ty o f r wi ll b e H to w a r d s th e n o rth a n d R to w a r d s

Se e a Pa pe r on
‘
I mpe rf e ct I n v e r s io n
,
’
by W Sw. an . Tr a n s . R . S . E di n ,

v o l. x x i 3 4 9
p . .

VOL . I t .
 MA GN E TI C ME A SURE M E N TS .
[ 4 53 .

th e w e s t. Th e res ulta n t fo rc e wil l ma k e a a gl e 6 with th e n n

ma g n e tic me r i d i a n , me a s ur e d to wa r ds th e we s t d s uc h th a t ,
an

R = H ta n 6 .
( )
4

H e n c e , to d e te r min e pro c e e d a s fo llo w we s

H
Th di r e c ti oeo f th e ma g e ti c n o r th h v i n
g b e e n a s c e rt i e d a n a n a n ,

m g e t wh o s e dime s io s S h o ul d o t b e to o g r e a t i s u p e de d
a n ,
n n n ,
s s n

a s th e fo rme r e xp e ri me t
in a d th e d e fl e ti g m g e t M S n s, n c n a n I

p l c e d o th a t its c e n tre s a t a di ta c e r fro m th t o f th e

a s i s n a su s

p e de d m g e t i th e sa me h o r i o t l pl
n a n , a d d u e ma g e tic
n z n a an e, n n

e a st .

xi s o f M i s c a r e ful ly a dju te d s o a s to b e h o ri o t l
Th e a s z n a an d
i th e d ir e c ti o n o f r
n .

Th e s u s p e de d m g e t i s o b s e rv e d b e fo r e M i s br o u gh t
n a n nea r
an d a l o a fte r i t i s pla c e d i p o siti o
s I f 6 i th e o b se rve d de fle n n . s x io n ,
w e h a ve i f w e u s e th e ppro x i m te fo rm l
,
a a u a

M
c
H 2

or, i f we u se th e fo rmul a
I E 1
r
3
ta n 6 = 1+ A1 —
; + &c
M
.

2 7

H e r e w e mu s t b e a r i mi d th a t th o gh th e de fle o 6 c a n n u XI n n

b e Ob se r ve d with gr e a t c cur a cy th e di sta c e b e twe e th e c e tre s a , n r n n

o f th e ma g e ts i s a q n tity wh i ch c a
n o t b e pr e c i s e ly d e te r ua nn

mi e d u l e s b o th ma gn e ts a e fix e d
n ,
n s d th e i r c e tr e s de fi n e d r an n

by ma rk s .

Thi s diffic ulty i s o v e r c o me th u s

Th e ma g n e t M i s pl a c e d o n a di vide d s c a l e wh ich e xte ds e s t n a

a d we t o b o th s i de s o f th e s us p e de d ma g e t Th e mi ddle
~

n s n n n .

p o i t b e twe e n th e e ds o f M i s re ck o n e d th e c e tr e o f th e m g e t
n n n a n .

Th i p o i t ma y b e ma rk e d o th e m g e t a d its p o s i ti n O b se rve d
s n n a n n o

o n th e s ca l e o th e p o s itio s o f th e e ds ma y b e O b se rv e d a d
,
r n n n

th e rith me ti c me
a t ke C a ll th is d l e t th e l i
an o f th e
a n . s
,,
an ne

s u p e i fibr e o f th e s u p e de d ma g e t wh e p o d ce d c t th e
s n s on s n n n I u u

sca el at th e =s — s
o
wh e re s i s k o w c c r te ly a d s p
,
n r
, ,
s
0 , ,
n n a u a n
0
a

pr o xim te ly L t 6 b e th e de fl e i o n o b se rve d i th is po itio f M

a . e
1
x n s n o

N o w r e v e r s e M th t i s pl ce it o th e s ca l e with i ts e ds
, a ,
a n n

r e ve rse d th e n r will b e th e s me b t M a d A A &C will

, ,
a ,
u n
, , 3 , .

h ve th e i r s ig s ch a g e d s o th a t i f 6 is th d e fl e i o
a n -
n , 2
e x n ,

I H — 1—A,
3
r1 ta n 62
2 M
4 D E FL E X I O N OB S E RV A TI ON S .

Ta in k g th e a ri th metica l me a n Of ( 6 ) a n d

r
3
( tan 6 + A4 —
4 850 ( )
8
, ,
7I
.
2 2

No w re mo ve M to th e w e s t Side o f th e pe de d ma gn e t su s n ,
an d
pl c e it with its c e n tre a t th e p o i t m rk e d 2 o— s o th e
a n a s n s ca e l .

L e t th e de fl i o wh e th e xi i in th e fir t p o i tio b e 6
ex n n a s s s s n
3 ,
an d
wh e it is in th e s e c o d 6 th e a s b e fo re
n n
4 ,
n , ,

1H
3
( tan 6
3

Le t us s upp o se th a t th e t ru e po sitio n o f th e ce n t e r o f th e su s

pe n de d ma gn e t i s no t s
o
bu t s
o +
a , th e n

( )
10
— 1 O2
1 n
( n
)
n 2 n
( u )
2
2
d s in ce 2 ma y b e l e c te d if th e me as u r e me n ts are ca re f lly u
an
r
2
n e
g

ma d e , we ar e s ur e th a t w e ma y ta k e th e a ri th me tica l me a n of r,
”

” ”
an d r
z
fo r r .

H e n ce , ta ki n g th e a rith me ti ca l me an Of ( 8 )a n d

5
1
— —
( )
3
23
r
( ta n 6, ta n 62 + ta n 63 ta n 64 ) 1 12

or , ma ki n g
— n 6 + ta n 6 — ta n 6 D
( ta n 6,
ta 2 3 4)

I H 1
‘

We ma y no w r e ga r d D an d r a s ca p bl e a o f e xa c t de te r
mi n a tio n .

Th e qua n ti t yA wh e r e L i h l f th e
, ca n in no ca s e e xce e d 2L 2
,
s a

l e n gth o f th e ma g e t o th a t wh e r is c o i de r bl e c o mp e d
n ,
s n ns a ar

wi th L w e m y e gl e c t th e te rm in A a d de te r mi n e th e r ti o
n
2
an a

o f H to M a t o ce We ca n n o t h o we ve r a s ume th a t A i e q a l
n .
, ,
s
2
s u

to 2 L fo i t m y b e l e
2
, ran d m
y e ve b ea e ga ti v e fo r a ma n e t
g ss , a n n

wh o s e la rge t di me io a e tra n ve r e to th e a xis Th e te rm

s n s ns r s s .

i A a n d ll h igh r te rm m y sa fe ly b e e gl e c te d
n
4 , a e s, a n .

To e li min a te A e p e a t th e e x e ri me t us i g d i ta n c e s r
p 2 , r r n ,
n s
, ,
r
2 , 3 ,

&c a d l e t th e v a lu e o f D b e D
.
, n D D &c th e n s
,, 2, 3 , .
,

2M 1 A2
_ _

f)
D +
1
LP r1
3
i
2M
D : “ “

E
w

2
r
,
&c .
 G
M A NE TI C M E A SURE ME N TS .

I f we s upp o se th a t
p r o b a ble e r rors o f th e se e qu a tio s ar e
th e n

e qua l s ,
a th e y w ill b e
if th e y de p e n d o n th e de te r mi a tio n o f D n

o n ly ,
d if th e r e i s o un c e rta i ty b o u t
an th e by m ltiplyi g
n n a n ,
u n

e a c h e qu a tio n by F a n d a ddi n g th e r e s ul ts we o b ta i n o e e qu a tio

3
,
n n ,

a d by mul tiply i g e a ch e qu a ti o n by
n n a d a d di g w e o b ta i n n n

a o th e r
n a cc o r di n g to th e g e e r a l r ul e i n th e th e o ry o f th e c o m
,
n

b in a tio n o f f lli bl e me a s ure s wh e n th e pro b a ble err o r o f e a ch

a

e qu a ti o i s s upp o s e d th e s a me
n .

L e t u s wr ite
2 (D 3
) f
-
r o r

an d u s e si mil a r xpre ssi o n s fo r th e s u ms o f o th e r gro up s o f ymb o ls

e s ,

th e n th e two r e sul ta n t e qua ti o n s ma y b e w r itte n

2 (D ( ( M ) A.2 ( w e ).
3
) 2
‘

(D 5
) i
? ( 2 ( M ) A, 2
-

2 r
f
wh e n ce
2M
w [ D M —2 D
aw )
3 s
{ ) ( ( ) ( (
e
2 2 2 2 2 )
-

r r r ,
H
A2 { 2 (D 3 —2 D W 5 2
and F )2 ( )
—5 —E D —3
E ( D )E ( G
) ( )2
’

r T r

Th e va lu e o f A de riv e d fro m th e s e e qua tio n s o ught to b e le ss

2

th a n h a lf th e s qu a r e o f th e l e n gth o f th e ma gn e t M I f it i n o t s

we ma y s u s p e ct so me e r r o r i n th e o b s e r va ti o s Thi s me th o d o f n .

o b s e r va ti o n a d r e du cti o n wa s g iv e n by Ga u s s in th e
n Fi rs t R e p o r t
o f th e M a gn e tic A s s o ci a ti o n
’

Wh e n th e o b s e rve r c a n m
.

a k e o n ly two s e r i e s o f e xp e r ime n ts a t

5
2
dis ta n c e s an d r, , th e va lue of de ri ve d fr o m th e s e e x pe r i

me n ts i s
D r
1 1
5 —D 2
7
'

2
5
D 7
2 2
’ 3 —D 7
1 1
3

Q H 73
2

_
I f 60 ,
a n d 8D 2
are u l e rro s o f th e o b s e rve d de fie x ro n s
th e a ct a r

D 1
a nd D 2 , th e a c tu a l e r ro r o f th e c a l c ul a te d r e s ult Q w ill b e

I f we upp o se th e e r ro r s B D a n d 6 D to b e in de p e n de n t a n d
s
, 2 ,

th a t th e pr o b a bl e va lu e o f e ith e r i s 6 D th e n th e pr o b a bl e v a lu e ,

o f th e e rr o r i th e c a l c ul a te d va lue o f Q wi ll b e 6 Q Wh e r e
n
,

. 10
7
( er
6 w
( r
45 ME T H OD S or TAN E G N TS AND su ms .

I f we uppo se th a t o n e o f th e se dis ta n c e s sa y th e sma llér ji s ?

s ,
2 “

gi ve th e va lue o f th e gr e a te r di ta n ce ma y b e de te rmin e d o a s
n , s s

to m k e 6 Q a mi im m
a Th i s co n di ti o n l ea ds to a n e qu ti o n o f
n u
‘

. a

th e fifth d e g r e e i n r whi ch h a s o n l y o n e r ea l r o o t g re a te r tha n

l
z
,

Fr o m thi s th e b e t v a lu e o f f i s fo un d to b e
s l r
,
I f o n e o b s e rva tio n o n l y i s ta k e n th e b e s t dis ta n ce i s wh e n
8D 87 ‘

37 ’

wh e re 8D i s th e pro b a bl e e rro r o me a s ure me n t o f de fle x i o n

f a ,
an d
o r i s th e pro b a ble e rr o r o f a mea s u r e me n t o f di sta n c e .

M e tfio d of Sin e s .

45 5] w
Th e me th o d
hi c h w e h a v e ju s t d e c r i b e d ma y b e c a ll e d s

th e M e th o d o f Ta n g e n ts b e ca u s e th e ta g e n t o f th e d e fle i o n i s
, n x

a mea s ur e o f th e ma g e ti c fo r c e n .

I f th e l i e i s te a d o f b e i g me a s ur e d e a st o r w e t i s dju ste d
n 9
3 ,
n n s ,
a

til l it i a t ri g h t a gl e s wi th th e a xi s o f th e d e fl e c te d ma gn e t
s n ,

th e n R i s th e s a me a s b e fo r e b t i n o r d e r th a t th e s u p e n de d,
u s

ma gn e t ma y r e ma in p e r pe n di cu l a r to th e r e lv e d p a rt o f th e so

f r c e H i th e di r e c ti o n o f r mu s t b e e qua l a d o ppo site to R

o n n .

H e n c e , if 9 i s th e d e fle x i o n , R H sin 6 .

This me th o d i s ca ll e d th e M e th o d o f S in e s . It ca n be a pp lie d
o nl y wh e n l e s s tha n H
R is .

I n th e Ke w po r ta bl e pp a ra tu s thi s me th o d i s e mpl o ye d
a Th e .

s u s p e n de d ma g e t h a n g s fro m a p ar t o f the a pp a r a tu s wh ic h
n

r e v o lve a l o n g wi th th e te l e sc o p e a n d th e ar m fo r th e de fl e c ti
s
g n

ma gn e t a n d th e r o ta ti o n o f th e wh o l e i s me a ur e d o n th e a z imu th
,
s

Th e ppa ra tu s is fir st a dju ste d s o th a t th e a xi s o f th e te le sc o p e

a

co i n c i d e s with th e me a n p o s i ti o n o f th e lin e o f c o lli ma ti o n o f th e

ma g e t in i ts un di stur b e d s ta te
n I f th e ma gn e t i vi bra tin g th e . s ,

tru e a z imuth o f ma gn e ti c n o rth i s fo u d by o b s e r vin g th e e n x

t e miti e s o f th e o s cill a tio n o f th e tra n p a r e n t s ca le a n d ma ki g th e

r s n

pr o pe c o r re c tio n o f th e r e a di g o f th e a z i muth circl e

r n .

Th e de fle c tin g mag n e t i s th e p l ce d up o n a s tr a igh t r o d whic h n a

p a s se s thr o ugh th e a x is o f th e r e vo lvin g a pp a ra tu s a t ri ght a gl e n s

to th e a x i s o f th e te l e s c o p e a n d i s a djus te d s o th a t th e a xis o f th e
,

d e fle c tin g ma gn e t i s in a l i n e p a s s i n g th r o ugh th e ce n tr e o f th e
s u p e n d e d ma gn e t
s .

The wh o l e o f th e r e vo lvin g a pp ar a tus is th e n mo v e d till th e l i e n

M a gn e tis m
’
S e e Ai r y s .
 MA GN E TI C ME A SUR E ME N TS .
[ 4 56 ,

3
<
~

o f §q 5llimati o n of th e su s pe
d e d ma gn e t a g a i n c o i n ci d e s
n with th e
a xi s o f th e te le s c o p e, a n d th e n e w a z i mu th r e a di n
g i s c o rr e c te d ,

if n e c e s sa ry by th e ,
me a n of th e s ca e l re a di gs a t n th e e x tr e mitie s

o f an os c illa ti o n .

Th e difl e r e n c e of th e co rre cte d i mu th s g iv e s th e d e fl e x i o n , a fte r

az

whi h w e pro
c ce e d as i n th e me th o d o f ta n g e n ts , e x ce p t th a t in th e
e xpr e s i o fo s n w e pu t s i n 6 i n s te a d o f ta n 0
r D .

r
me th o d th e e i s n o c o e c tio n fo r th e to r s ion rr
'

I n th i s of th e su s

p en d i n g flb r e , r e la ti ve p o i tio o f th e fib e te l e sc o p e
sin c e th e s n r , ,

an d ma g e t i s th e sa me a t e v e ry o b e rv ti
n s a on .

Th e a x e o f th e tw o ma g t r e ma i s l w y a t r igh t n gl e s i ne s n a a s a n

th i s me th d s o th t th e c o r e c ti o
o fo, l e g th c a n b e mo re a o
a r n r n

c u r a te ly ma de .

45 6 ] H a vi n g th u s me a s ur e d th e r at o i o f th e mo me n t o f th e
de fl e c ti n
g ma g n e t to th e h o ri z o n ta l r e tri l m g
co mp o n e n t of te r s a a

n e ti s m w e h a ve
,
ne xt to fi d th e pr o d c t o f th e e q a titi e s by
n u s u n ,

d e te rmin i n g th e mo me n t f th e c p le w ith w hi c h te rr e tr ia l m g
o ou s a

n e ti sm te n d s to tu r n th e s n n s s a me ma
g e t w h e i ts a x i i d e fl e c te d
fro m th e ma gn e ti c me r idi a n .

T h e re a r e tw o me th o d s o f mak in g th i s me a s u r e me n t, th e dy
n a mic a l , in wh i c h th e ti me o f v i br a tio n o f th e ma g n e t u n d e r th e

a cti o n o f te rr e s tr ia l ma g n e ti s m i s o b s e rv e d a n d th e s ta tica l in , ,

wh ich th e ma g n e t is ke p t in e q u i li br i u m b e tw e e n a me a s u ra bl e
s ta ti c a l co upl e
d th e ma g n e ti c fo r c e
an .

Th e dy n a mi c a l me th o d re q u ir e s s i mpl e r app a ra tus an d i s mo r e

a cc ur b o lute me ure me ts b t t
a te fo r a s c o s id r bl e as n ,
u a k e s up a n e a

time th e t tic l me th o d a d mits o f a lmo t i s t ta e o u s me a s re

, s a a s n an n u

m t en d i th e r e f re u e f l i tra c i g th e c h g e o f th e i te s ity
,
an s o s u n n an s n n

o f th m g n e ti fo r c e b t it r e qu ir e s mo r e de lic te a pp a a tu d
’

e a c ,
u a r s, a n

i o t so
s n c c ur a te fo b so l ute me a sure me t
a r a n .

M e t/2 0 d of Vi br a ti o n s .

Th e ma g n e t i s s u s p e n de d wi th its ma n e tic a xi s h o r i z o n ta l , a n d
g
i s s e t i n vi br a tio n i n s ma ll a r c s Th e v ibr a tio n s a r e o b se rv e d by .

me a n s o f a n y o f th e me th o ds a lr e a dy d e s c rib e d .

A p o int on th e s ca e l is ch o se n rre s p o n d in g to th e mi ddle o f

co

th e arc of v ibra tio n . Th e i ta t o f p a

ns n
g e t h r o g h t h i p i t
s sa u s o n
'

of th e s ca e l i n th e p os i tiv e di r e c ti o n i o b e rve d I f th e r e i s fli
s s . s n

c ie n b e f re th e r t r f th e m g e t t the sa me po i t th e
t ti me o e u n o a n o n ,

i sta t f p a s g e th r ugh th e p o i n t i th e n e ga tiv d i e cti o n is

n n o sa o n e r

l o o b s e rve d d th e pro c e s i c o ti u e d till + l p o iti e a d

a s ,
an s s n n u s v n
4 TI M E or V I B R A TI O N .

n
'

n e g a ti ve p
ve be e o b e rve d I f th e vi b ra tio s a e
a s sa
g e s ha n s . n r

to o ra p i d to a ll w f e v e ry c o se c u ti v e p a s ge b e in g b e rve d
o o n sa o s ,

e v e ry thi d o e v e ry fifth p a s sa g e i
r o b e rv e d c r e b e i
r tak th a t s s a n en
g ,

th o b e rve d p a s sag e a e a lte r te l y po iti ve a d e ga ti v

e s s r na s n n e

L e t th e o b e rv e d ti me s o f p s a g e b s T T T as e
1, 2 , 2 , + 1,

W 3 Pu t 1
5 7 1 + T3 + T5 + &c
7
Tn + v
75
.

1
T T
I

( 2 + 4
85 0 ° T a + l 3

th e n T, +1 i s th e me a n time o f th e po s i ti ve p a s a g e s s, an d o u gh t
to g r a
e w i th T e th e m e a t im e o f
’
thH
e l ,
g e i f t h e n n e g ti ve p a a s sa s,

p i t h b e pro p e rly h o e
o n as e n Th e me a n o f th e e r e l t i c s n . s su s s

t b e ta k e a th e me
o n time f th e middl e p a
s ge an o ss a .

A fte r a l rg e mb e r o f vi br ti o s h a v e ta k e p l a c e b t b f r e
a n u a n n ,
u e o

th e v ibr ti o s h a v e e e d t b e d i tin c t
a n d r e g ul r th e o b e rve r
c as o s an a ,
s

ma ke o th e r s e ri e
s an of b e rv tio fr o m w h ich h e d e d u ce th e
s o s a n s, s

mea time o f th e mi d dle p

n
g e o f th e e co d se ri e a s sa s n s.

B y c l c ul ti g th e p e ri d o f vi br a ti o
a a n e ith r fr o m th e fir t o n e s

s e r ie o f o b s e rv ti
s s o fr m th e se c o d h e o u g h t to b e b l e t
a on r o n ,
a o

b c e rta i o f th e mb e r o f wh o l e vi bra ti o s w hi ch h ve ta k e n
'

e n nu n a

pl c e th e i te rva l b e twe e th e ti me f middle p g e i th e tw o

a in n n o as s a n

s e ri e D i vi di g th e i te rv l be twe e
s . n th e me ti me o f mi dd l e
n a n an s

p sa g i th e two e rie by th is n umbe r o f vibr tio th e me a n

as e n s s a n s,

time o f vi br tio i bta i e da n s o n .

T h e o b e rv e d ti me o f vi b r a ti o n i s th e
s to b e r e d c e d to th e n u

ti me o f vibr ti o i i fi i te ly ma ll a r c s by
a n fo r mul o f th e
n n me n s a a sa

kin d th t u e d i p e d ul u m o b e rv ti o
as a s d if th e vibr ti o
n n s a n s, a n a ns

are f u d to dim i i h r a p idly i

o n mpl it de th e re i s
n s o th e r o n a u ,
an c r

r e c ti fo r e i ta c e e e A r t 7 4 0
on r s s Th e se c o rr e cti o s h o we ve r
n ,
s e . . n , ,
ar

ve ry m ll wh e th m g e t h n g by fibr e a d wh e n th e c f
s a n e a n a s a ,
n ar o

vibr ti o i o ly f w d g r e e s
a n s n a e e .

Th e e q ti o o f m tio o f th e ma gn t i
ua n o n e s

—
2

g
f
+ ME 0 + MH
’
A
f
‘
sin ( 9
4 r -
7) o

wh e r e 6 i s th e an
g l e b e tw e e n th e ma g n e tic a m an d th e d ir e c ti o n
o f th e fo r c e H , A i s th e mo me n t o f in e tia r f th e ma g n e t a n d
o

su s pe pp r t
n de d a a a u s, M is th e ma g n e tic mo me n t o f th e ma g n e t,
H th e i te ity f th e h o ri z o n ta l ma gn e tic fo r ce a n d M E 7 th e
’
n ns o ,

c o ffi c i e t o f to r si o i s d e te rmin e d a s i n A r t 4 5 2 , a n d i s a
’
e n n : 7 .

ve ry ma ll qu a n tity
s . Th e v l u e o f 6 fo r e q u i l i bri u m is
a
1+ 7
,
a ve ry s ma l l an gl e ,
 M A NE TI C G ME A SUR E ME NTS .
[ 4 57 .

an d th e so lu tio n of th e e qu a ti o n fo r s ma l l v lu e s o f th e
a a mpl itud e ,

C is
0 = C C OS
( 2 7I

wh e r e T is th e p e rio dic ti me , an d C the a mpl i tu d e ,

an d
2
4 7I A
T 2

ME G
'
T
)
wh e n ce w e fin d th e va lue of M H ,

2
4 77 A
MH
T 2 ’

( 1 T
)
H e r e T is th e ti me o f a co mpl e te vibr a tio n de te r mi n e d fr o m
o b e rva tio n
s . u d o c e f a ll fo r
A , th e mo me n t of r
i n e tia , i s fo n n or

th ma g e t e ith e r by w e ig h i g a d me uri g i t i f i t i s o f a
e n ,
n n as n

r e gul r fig r o by dy a mic a l pro ce s o f c o mp a r iso with b o dy

a u e, r a n s n a

wh o e mo me t o f i e rtia i s k n o w
s n n n .

C o mb i i g th is v a lu e o f M H w ith th t o f
n n fo r me rly o b ta i e d a n ,

2
2 A
M 2
( M E )
2
H 8 77 A
and H M H )(
2
( fl
We h a ve
upp o e d th a t H a d M c o ti u e c o n s ta t du r i g
s s n n n n n

th e tw o s e r i e f xp e r ime t s Th e flu c t a tio s o f H ma y b
o e n s. u n e

as c e r ta i e d by s i mul t
n e o u s o b e rva ti o s o f th b ifil r m g e t
an s n e a a n

o me te to b e pr e e tly d s c rib e d a d i f th e ma gn e t h a s b e e
r s n e in ,
n n

s e fo r s o me ti me a d i n o t e xp o s e d d r i t h e e xp e r me t t o n s
u , g n s
.
u n i

ch g
an e s o f t e m p e r a tur e o t o c o n c u s io n th e p a rt o f M wh i ch d e r s ,

p e ds o n p e rm e t ma g e ti s m ma y b e a s su me d to b e co ta t
n an n n ns n .

A ll s te e l m gn e ts h o w e v e r a r e c a p a bl e o f i n du c e d ma g e ti m
a , ,
n s

d e p e d i g o th e a cti o o f e xte rn l ma g e tic fo r c e

n n n n a n .

N o w th e ma g e t wh e n e mpl y e d i th e de fle io n e xp e ri me ts
n o n x n

i pl ce d w i th it a xi e a t a d w e t s o th t th e cti
s a s s o f te r s n s ,
a a on

r e t i l m g e ti m i
s r a a tr s v e r s e to th e m g e t a d d o e
n s s o t te d
an a n ,
n s n n

to i c r e a e
n d i mi i h M
s or W h e th e m g e t i s m de to vibr te
n s n a n a a ,

it sxi i s n o rth a d s uth s o th a t th e a ctio o f te rre tri a l ma g

a s n o ,
n s

n e ti m te d s to
s ma g e ti e it i n th e di r e c tio n o f th e a xi s
n n z nd ,
a

th e r e fo r e to i c r e a s e i t m g e ti c mo me n t by a qu n tity R H wh e re
n s a n a ,

1 is9 c o e fli c i e n t to b e f u d by e xp e r ime ts o n th e ma n e t
a o
g n n .

Th e r e a e two w a y i wh i h th i s s o r c e o f e rr o r ma y b e a vo ide d
r s n c u

wi th o t c a lc l ti g k th e e xp e rime ts b e i g a rra ge d s o th t th e
u u a n , n n n a

ma g e t Sh a ll b e i th e
n me c o n diti o wh e e mp l o ye d i d e fl e cti g
n sa n n n n

an o th e r ma g n e t a d w h e n i t e l f s w i ni s
g g n n .
45 E L I MI N A TI ON or mn u cr ro n .

W e ma y pl a ce th e de fl e c ti n
g ma
g n e t w ith its a xi s
po i n ti n
g
no rth a t ,
a. d i s ta n c e r fro m th e ce n t re o f th e u pe s s n d e d ma gn e t ,

th e l i e n r ma ki n g an ang e l wh o se c o si n e is « Q with th e ma g n e ti c
me ri dia n . Th e a c ti o n of th e de fl e c ti n
g ma
g n e t on th e su s p e n de d
o ne i s th e n at righ t an
g l e s t o i ts o wn d ir e c ti o n , an d is e qua l to
fl
- £
7
. 3

He re M i s th e mag n e ti c mo me n t wh e n th e a xi s p o in ts n o rth ,

as in th e e xpe r i me n t o f v ibra ti o n s o th a t n o c o rr e c ti o n h a s to b e ,

ma de fo r i n du c tio n .

Th i s me th o d , h o we ve r, i s xtr e me ly d iffic l t o wi g to th e l r ge e u ,
n a

er orr wh ich wo ld b e i tro du ce d by ligh t dis pl ce me t o f th e

s u n a s a n

d e fl e ctin g ma g e t a d a s th e c o rr e c ti by r e ve r i g th e de fle c ti g
n ,
n on s n n

m gn e t i
a o t a ppl ic b l e h e r e
s th i me th o d i n t to b e fo l l o we d
n a , s s o

e x ce p t wh e th e bj e c t i s to de te rmi e th
n o e ffic ie t
o f i d c ti o n e c n o n u n .

T h e f ll w in g me th o d i wh i h th e m g e t wh ile v i br ti g i
o o ,
n c a n a n s

fre e d fr m the i d cti ve a c ti o n o f te rr e str ia l m g e ti m is d e to

o n u a n s ,
u

D r J P J ul e
. . . o

Tw o ma g e t a e pre p a r e d wh o e ma gn e tic mo me n t a r e a s
n s r s s

n e a rly e qu l a s p o s i b l e I
a th e d e fl e io e xp e ri me t th e e m
s n x n s s
g . n a

n e ts e d s e p a ra te ly
are us
o th e y m y b e p la c e d imul ta e o us l y ,
r a s n

on O pp o ite ide o f th e u p e d e d ma g e t to pr o d c e a g re a te r
s s s s s n n u

de fle i Ix on th e se xp e rime t th e i du c tive fo rce o f te r e tr i l

. n e n s n r s a

m gn e ti m i tra s ve r e to th e a xi s
a s s n s .

L e t o e o f th e s e m g n e ts b e s u s p e n de d a d l e t th e o th e r b e
n a ,
n

pl e d p a r l le l to it with its ce tr e e x c tly b e l o w tha t o f th e u s

ac a n a s

p e de d ma g e t a d wi th it a xi i th e me d ir e ctio
n n ,
n Th e f r c s s n sa n . o e

w hi h th e fixe d ma g
c t e x e rt o th p e de d o e i i th n e s n e su s n n s n e

o pp o ite di r e c ti o n fro m th t o f te rr e st ri l m g
s ti m I f th e fixe d a a a ne s .

m g t b e g r d l l y br o u gh t e a r e r to th e
a ne a s p e d e d o e th e ti me
ua n su n n

o f v i br a ti n w ill i c r e a e til l o t a ce rta i p o i n t th e e qu ili bri um wi ll

n s ,
a n

ce e to b e s ta bl e a d b e y o d th i s p o in t th e su p e d e d ma n e t n n s n
as , g
will m k e o cil l tio in th e re ve r e p o iti o
a s a B y e xp e r ime ti g
ns s s n . n n

i th i w y a p o s iti o
n s o f th e fix e d ma g e t i s fo u n d
a t wh i c h i t
n n a

e x c tl y
a e tr l i e th e e ff e c t o f te rr e tri a l ma g n e ti m o
n u a z s th e s s n su s

p e d d o e Th e tw m g t a e f ste n e d to ge th e r s o
n e n . to b e
o a ne s r a as

p r ll l wi th th e i r x t r e d th e sa me w y d t th e di ta c
a a e ,
a es u n a , an a s n e

j t fo u d by e xpe rime t The y a th e u pe d e d in th e u u a l

us n n . re n s s n s

w a y a d ma de to vi bra te t g e th e r th r o gh ma ll a r c
n o u s s .

P r o c P h i l 8 2 M a n ch es te r , M a r c
. .
, h 19 , 186 7 .
 M A GN E TI C ME A SUR E M E N TS .
[4 5 8 ;

Th e l o we x ctly n e tr l i e s th e e ffe ct o f te r re str i l

r ma gn e t e a u a z a

m g e ti m o th e upp e r o e a d s i c e th e ma gn e ts a e o f e qu l
a n s n n ,
n n r
‘
a

mo m t th e upp e r o e e tr li e th e i d c ti ve a ctio n o f th e e a r th
en ,
n n u a z s n u

on th e l o w e r o e n .

Th e v l e f M i s th e e fo r e th e s a me i
a u o th e e xp e ri me t o f r n n

v ibr tio a i th e e xp e ri me t o f d efle i o n

n as n d n o c o rr e c ti o n f n x ,
an or

i d c ti o
n u re q ir e d
n 1s u .

Th e mo t c c r a te me th o d o f a sc e r t i n i g th e i te ity o f
s a u a n n ns

th e h o r i o t l m g e ti c fo r ce i s th a t wh ic h w e h a ve ju t de c ri b e d
z n a a n s s .

Th e w h o l e s e ri e o f e xp e ri me ts h o w e v e r c
s o t b e p e rfo r me d w ith n , ,
an n

su ffi c i e t c c r cy in mu ch l e s th
n a u a h o ur s o th t y c h a g e s s an an , a an n

i th e i te i ty wh i ch t k e p l ce i p e r i o d s o f a fe w min u te s w u l d
n n ns a a n o

e c pe o b
s a rv ti H
se ce d iff r e t me th o d is r e q i r e d fo o b
a on . en a e n u r

s e rv i g th e i te
n i ty f th ma g n e tic fo r c e t n y i s ta t
n ns o e a a n n .

Th e St ti c l me th o d c o i s ts i
a a d e fl e c ti g th e m g e t by me s n s n n a n an

of a ta ti c l c o upl e
s c ti g i
a h o ri o t l pl e I f L b e th e
a n n a z n a an .

mo me t o f th i c o pl e M th e ma g e ti c mo me t f th e ma g e t
n s u ,
n n o n ,

H th e h o ri o ta l c o mp o e t o f te rr e tr i l m g e ti s m
z n n d 0 th e n n s a a n ,
a

de fl e x io n , ME s in 0 L .

H e n ce , if L is kn o w n i n te r ms o f 6, M H ca n b e fo u n d .

Th e co uple L ma y b e g e n e ra te d i n two w ys by th e to r i o n a l a , s

e l a s tic it y
wi r a i o f a e,
‘

s n th e o r di a ry to r i o b a la c e o by th e
n s n n ,
r

we i gh t o f th e p e de d su s n a ppa ra tu a s i the b ifil pe io

s, n a r su s ns n .

I th e to r i o
n b l ce s n a an th e ma g n e t i s fa s te n e d to th e en d o f a

v e rti c l wire th e upp e r e

a ,
n d of wh ich c n b e turn e d ro a un d, and i ts
r o t tio me re d by me a
a n a su ns o f a to r s i o n c i r c l e .

W e h ve th e n a

L 7
‘

( a — a o — 9) Mfl s in fl .

H e re a
o
i s th e va l ue o f th e re a di n g o f th e to r s io n r l wh e
ci c e n th e
a xi s f th e ma gn e t
o c o in c id e s w i th th e ma gn e tic me ri dia n , an d a is
th e a c tu a l r e a di n g . I f th e to r s io n rl
ci c e is t ur ne d so as to br i g n

th e ma gn e t n ea rl y p e rpe n d ic ul a r to th e ma gn e ti c me rid ia n , so th a t
77
a —9 th e n r ( a —a
5 o
,

or MH : —a
o

By o b s e rvin g th e d e fle x io n o f th e ma gn e t whe n in e q u i li br i u m ,

we c a n c a l c u l a te pr o vid d w e k o w
MH e n 7 .

I f we on ly wi h to k o w the r e l a ti ve v l
s n a ue o f H at d i ffe re n t
ti me s i t i s n o t n e ce ry to k w e ith e r M o
ss a no r r .

W e ma y e s il y d e t r mi e
a i b s o l te me
e n 7 n a u a su re by su s pe n di n g
 B I F I L A R SUS PE NS I O N .

ma gn e ti c b o dy fro m th e f me wi r d b e rvi i s ti me
'

a n on - sa e an o s
g t n

o f o s c ill a ti o n , th i f A i th e mo me t f
en s n o in e ti a r o f th i s b o dy , a n d

T th e ti me o f a c o mpl e te v ibr ti o a n ,

4 A
T :
T 2

Th e ch ie f o bj e
r i b l ce i th t th e c tio n to th e u se o f th e to s on a an s a

e r o r e a di g i l i bl e to c h g U d e r th e c o t t twi ti g
‘

z - n a s a an e . n n s an s n
o

fo r ri i g fro m th t d y o f th e m g t to t r to th o rth
ce ,
a s n e en en c a n e u n e n ,

th e w i r g r d u l ly c qui r ee p e rma e t twi t o th t it b c me

a a a s a n n s , s a e o s

n ec sa ry to d t r mi e th e
es e ro ea di g f th e to r io
e ir c l e fr h
e n z -
r n o s n c a es

a t h o rt i te rv l
s o f ti me n a s .

a r Su sp e n s i o n
fi
B g l .

]
4 59 p
Th e me th o de d i g th e m
g e t by t w o w ir o
e s f su s n n a n or

fibre w a s in tr o d e d by G u
s d W be r A th b i fil
uc a ss an e . s e ar su s

p e io i s u e d i ma y e l e ctri c l in trume t w e h l l i ve tiga te

ns n s n n a s n s, s a n s

i t mo r e i d ta il Th e g e r l pp e ra ce o f th e
n e . p i i en a a a n su s en s on s

s h e w i Fi g 16 a d Fig 17 r e pr e e t th e pr o j e c ti o
n n .
,
n f th e wi r e s . s n s n o

o n a h o ri o ta l p l e z n an .

e th e pr o j e ti o o f th e tw o w i re s
’
AB d AB
’
an ar c ns .

d B B a e th e l i e j o i n i g th e pp r a n d th e lo we r e d
’ ’
AA an r n s n u e n s

o f th e wi re s .

a d b ane th l e gths o f th e e l in e s
ar e n s .

a d ,8 th e i r
an im th az u s.

W a d W th e v rtica l c o mp o e ts o f th e te io s o f th e wi r e
n
’
e n n ns n s .

Q d Q t h
an e i r h r i z
’
t l c m p o e t o on a o n n s.

l th e v e rti c l d i sta c e b e tw e en A A
’
d B B
’
a a n an .

The f r c e wh i h a c t o o th e m g e t
s e — i t w e ig h t th e c o upl e
c n a n ar s ,

a r i i g fro m te rre tri l m gn e ti m th to r i

s n f th e w ir e (i f
s a
y) a s , e s on o s an

an d th e i r te i o n s O f th e e th e e ff ct o f ma g e ti m a d o f
ns . s e s n s n

to r i s one f th ar ture f c o pl e
o H e c e th e
e na l ta t f th e o u s. n r e su n o

t ensio m t co i t o f
ns u sv e r tic l fo rc e e q l to th e we igh t o f th e
ns s a a ,
ua

m g e t to g e th r wi th
a n , c pl e Th e r ul ta t o f th e ve rtical
e a ou . es n

co mp o e t o f th e te
n n io s i th e r e fo r e l g th e l in e w h e p o n s n s s a on os r

j e c ti o i s O t
n h i te r t i o, o f A A d B
e B a dn e i th e r o f th e s e
se c n
f

fi
an
’

, n

l i e i di vide d i O i th ra t i o o f W to 77
’

’
n e 7
n s s n .

Th h o ri o ta l e mp z t o f th e te si o s fo m
n co co uple an d
o n en s n n r a ,

a e th e r e fo r e e q
r l in ma g it de a d p a ra ll l in di re ctio
ua C a ll i g n u n e n . n

e ith e r o f th e m Q th e mo me t o f th c o upl e w hich th e y fo rm i ,

n e s

L Q PF , ( )
1

wh e r e P P i s th e di s ta n c e b e twe e n pa r l
’
th e a ll e l i n e s AB
 MA GN E TI C ME A SUR E ME NTS .

and th e ge o me tri ca l e qu a tio n

( A B
’
AB
’

)P P
’
a b s in ( a

wh e n ce we o b ta i n,

6 W I
Z
6
L Q PP
2
’
sin —
W —W ( fl)
.

' a

Fig 17.

I f m i s th e mas s o f th e s usp e n de d and

57 y
th e in te n si t
of
g r a v i ty ,
W+ W ’
my
I f we l wr ite ( )
5
a so
W W ’
n mg,
( )
6

%
1 b
w e fin d
( 1— 2
)mg s in —
2
n -

( fi)
a
( )
7
4 BI F I L A R SUS PE NS I ON .

is
’

ze ro , tha t i s , wh e n th e w e igh t o f th e s us pe n de d ma s s i s e qu a l ly

We ma y j th e te n i o o f th e wi r e to e qua l ity by o b se rvi n g

a d u st s ns s

th e ti me o f vi br ti o d ma kin g i t a min i mum o r w e m y o b ta i

a n ,
an ,
a n

a lf a c tin g a dj u tme t by a tta chi n g th e n ds o f th e wi re a s

se -
s n e s,

i n Fig 16 to a pull e y whi ch turn s o n its a xis ti ll th e te n i o n s

.
, ,
s

a r e e qua l .

Th e dis ta n ce o f th e uppe r e ds o f th e s us pe n si o n wir e s is e n r

g u l a te d by me a n s o f two o th e r p lli e s T h e di sta ce be tw e e n th e u . n

l o we r e ds o f th e wi re s i s a ls o ca pa ble o f a dj s tme t
n u n .

B y th is a djus tme n t o f th e te n si o n th e co upl e a ri sin g fr o m th e ,

te n si o n s o f th e wi re s be c o me s
1 a b
L mg s m fz
g
4 la
Th e mo me n t of th e co uple a risi g fr o m th e n to rs i o n of th e wi re s

whe r e r i s th e su m o f th e fi
c o e f ci e n ts o f to rsi o n o f th e wi re s .

Th e wi r e s ou gh t to b e wi th o ut to r s i o n wh e n a. B w,e ma y
th e n ma k e 7 a.

Th e mo me n t of th e co upl e a ris in g fro m th e h o i z o n ta r l ma g n e tic

fo r ce is of th e fo rm
M H sin (6
wh e re 6 is th e ma gn e tic de c lin a ti o a n d 0 is th e a z imuth o f th e n ,

a xis o f th e ma gn e t We s h a ll a v o i d th e in tr o d uctio n o f u ec e sa ry
. n n s

s y mbo l s wi th o ut sa c rifi ci g ge e ra li ty if w e a s ume th a t th e a xi s o f

n n s

th e ma gn e t i s pa ra ll e l to B B
’
o tha t B 0 ,
r .

Th e e qua ti o n o f mo ti o n th e b e c o me s n

2
—
g[g ZHH Si 11 ( 6 l
fi mg sin w
'

[l -
( )
8

Th e r e ar e th r e eprin cip a l po s iti o n s of thi s a pp a ra tu s .

1) Wh e n a i s n e a r ly e qua l to 6 . I f TI is th e ti me o f a co mple te
o sc i ll a ti o n in thi s po s iti o th e n n ,

4 7r
2
A 1 db
mg + r + M H ( )
9
ZL
.
2
T,

( )
2 Wh e n ly e qua l to 6 +
a is n ear 7r . I f T i s th e tim e of a

c o mpl e te o sc i ll a ti o i n this po si ti o n th e
n , no rth end of th e ma g n e t
be in g n o w turn e d to wa r ds th e so uth ,

1 d b
= mg + r —M H
27
.

Th e qua n tity on th e ri gh t h -
an d o f this e qu a ti o n ma y b e ma de
 MA GN E TI C ME A SUR E M E NTS .
[ 4 59 .

ma l l pl ea
by dimi i h i g o 6 b ut it mu st n o t b e
’

we
‘

as s as se n s n a r ,

m de n e ga ti v e o th e e qui l ibr i m f th e m g e t wi ll b e co me m
a ,
r u o a n u

s t bl e
a Th e ma gn e t i th is p o itio fo rms
. i tru me n t by wh i c h
n s n an ns

s m ll v a ri a ti
a s i n th e di e tio n o f th e
on ma g e ti c fo r c e ma y b e r c n

r e d e r e d se s i bl e
n n .

Fo wh e 8 — 6 i s e rly e qu a l to
r n i —
S 6 ) i s e a rly e qu a l to
s n (Z n a 17 , n

49 — 6, a n d w e fin d

l a b

B y dimi n i sh i n g th e d e n o mi n a to r o f th e fr a cti o n i n th e l a s t te r m
w e ma y ma k e th e va r i a tio n o f 0 v e ry l a rge c o mp a r e d w i th th a t o f 6 .

We sho uld n o ti c e th a t th e co e f c i e n fi t o f B in th is ex p r e s sw n is

n e
g a ti v e, r e ti o
so o f th e m g e ti
th a t wh er c e turn s
n th e d i c n a n c fo
i o n e d ir e ctio th e ma g e t t r s i th e o pp o i te d i r e c ti o n
'

n n n u n n s .

( )
3 I th e thi r d pno i ti o th e upp e r p a r t o f th e s p e ios n us ns n

a pp r a t s i s t r e d r o
a u d till th e xi s o f th e m gn e t i n e a rly
u n un a a s

p e rp e dic la r to th e ma gn e ti c me ridia
n u n .

I f we ma k e
—
0 8 an d a — Gz
fi f
—O ,
’

th e e qu a ti o n of mo tio n ma y b e writte n
1a b
z ’
d fl
MH s in (B
’
co s 0 +
Zn ( )
13

I f th e r e is e quilibri um wh e n H : H0 an d O,

i;
d
M HO + mg s in fi + fl r = O, ( )
14

an d i f H i s th e v a lue of th e h o r 1z o n ta l fo rc e co rre s p o n di n g to a

s ma ll an gle 1a b
my 00 8 B r
27

i? 5 my s in
1

7 B 1 ,8

r de r th a t th e ma g e t ma y b e i s ta ble e quilibrium it i
In o n n s

ne c e s ry th t th e n u me r to r o f th e fr a c ti o n i n th e
s a a e c o d me mb e r a s n

sh o ul d b e p o i ti ve b t th e mo re n e rly i t a pp r o a c h e s e r o th e
s ,
u a z ,

mo re s e n itive will b e th e i s tr me t i in di c a ti g c h a n g e s i n th e
s n u n n n

va lue o f th e in te ity o f th e h o riz o n ta l co mpo e n t o f te rre str ia l

ns ,
n

ma g n e ti s m .

Th e s ta tic a l me th od o f e s ti ma ti n g t he i n te n s ity o f th e fo r ce
de p e n d s u po n th e a c tio n o f an i n s trume n t w h ich o f its e lf a s s u me s
4 6 I D IP .
~

di ffe re n t po iti o q uil ibri m fo di ffe re n t va lu e s o f th e fo rce

s ns o f e u r .

H e ce n , by me of mi r o r tt ch e d to th e m g e t
an s a d th r o win g
r a a a n an

a p o t o f l igh t p o a ph o to g r phi c urf c mo ve d by c lo kwo rk

s u n a s a e c ,

a c rve ma y b e tr ce d fr o m whi h th e i te si ty o f th e fo r ce
u a t c n n
, y a an

i ta t ma y b e de te rmi d a c c o r di g to
ns n sc l e whi ch w e m y f
ne n a a , a or

th e pr e t c o i d e r
es n rbi tr ry o e
ns an a a n .

4 60 ] I o b e rv to ry
n an wh e re a c o tin o s yste m o f g is
s a ,
n u u s re e

tr a ti o o f d e c lin a ti o
n a n d in te ity i s k e p t up e i th e r by y e o h
n ns e

s e rva tio o by th e uto ma tic p h o to gr ph ic me th o d th e b l te

n r a a , a so u

va l e o f th de cli tio
u s e d o f th e in te i ty
na w l l th e p o i ti o
n an ns ,
as e as s n

a d mo me t o f th e ma t i a xi s o f m g e t m b d t r m i d n
n n
g e y n
e e c e a a ,
a e n

to a gr e te r d e g r e e o f a c c r a c y
a u .

Fo th e d e cl i o me te r g i v e th e d e c lin a ti o a t e ve ry i ta t a ffe cte d

r n s n ns n

by a c o ta t e rro r a d th e b ifil m gn e to me te r gi ve s th e i te n si ty
ns n ,
n ar a n

a t e v e ry i n ta t mu l tipli e d by a c o
s n ta t c o e ffi ci e t I th e n s n n . n e x

p e r i me ts w e n b st i tu te f o 6su 25 4 8 w h r e 6 i s th e r e a d i
rn
g o f ,
-
0
e
’

th e de c lin o me te r t th e gi v e i ta t a n d 5 i th e u k o w b t
a n ns n , 0
s n n n u

co ns ta t e rr o r s o th t
n , i th e tr e d c lin a tio a t th a t i st t s u e n a n a n .

I n li k e m e r fo b tit te C H wh e re H i th e re a d i g ’ ’
H we
an n r ,
su s u s n

o f th e ma
g e to m e te rn o i t s a rb i tr a ry c a le a d C i a
n u k w s ,
n s n n no n

b t c o sta t multipli e r whi c h c o ve rt th e e r e a di g i to b s o l te

u n n n s s n s n a u

me a s ur e s o th a t C H i th e h o ri o ta l f r c e a t g i ve i ta t
’

,
s z n o a n ns n .

Th e e xp e ri me ts to d e te rmi e th e a b so l te v lu s o f th e qu
n n u a e an

ti ti s m t b e c o d u c te d t
e us uffic i e t di ta n ce fr m th e de cl i o
n a a s n s o n

me te r d ma g e to me te r o th a t th d iffe r e t ma g e t m y o t
an n ,
s e n n s a n

se ns i bl y di t rb e c h o th e r
s u Th e time o f e ve ry o b e rv ti o
a . m us t s a n

d th e c o rr e p o di g va l e s o f 5 a d H i e rte d
’ ’
b e o te d
n an s n Th e
n u n ns .

e qua ti o a r e th e n to b e tr e a te d
ns o a s to fi d 6 th e co ta n t e rr o r s n 0 ,
n s

o f th e de cl i o me te r
a d C th e
n o e ffici e t t
,
b e a pp li e d to th e
n c n o

r e a di gs o f th e m g e to me te r
n W he th e e e fo u d th e r a di gs
a n . n s ar n e n

o f b o th i n trume t s ma y b e e xpr e se d in a b o l te me a u e
n s Th e s s u s r .

a b so lute me a s e me ts h o we ve r mu t b e fre qu e tl y e p e te d i
ur n , ,
s n r a n

o rde r to ta k e a c co n t o f ch n g e s wh i c h ma y o c c ur i
u th e m g e tic
a n a n

a xi s d m g e ti c mo me n t o f th e ma g e ts
an a n n .

Th e me th ds o f d e te r mi i g th e v e r ti c a l c o mp o e t f th e
o n n n n o

te rr e s tr ia l ma g n e ti c fo rce h a v e o t b e e bro u g h t to th e sa me d e g r e e n n

o f pr e cis io n Th e ve rtica l fo r c e mu s t a c t o
. a ma g e t w h ich tur s n n n

a bo ut a h o ri o t l x i N w a b o dy wh ich tur s a b o t h o ri
z n a a s . o n u a

z o ta ln xi s ca t b e mad e o e itive to th e a c ti o o f ma ll fo r e
a nn o s s ns n s c s

bo dy wh ic h i s s p e d e d by a fibr e a n d turn s a b o ut a v r tica l

“

as a us n e

a xi s.B e s ide th is th e we igh t o f

s ma g e t i s s o l rge c mp r d
, a n a o a e
 MA GN E TI C ME A SUREME N TS .
[ 4 6 I .

w ith th e ma gn e tic fo rc e
xe r te d up o it th a t a s ma ll dis pla ce e n

me t O f th e ce n tre O f in e r tia by u e qu a l dil a ta tio

n &c pr o d c e s n n , . u

a gr e a te r e ffe c t o n th e p o s itio n Of th e ma n e t th a i d bl
g a c o e r a e n ns

c h a g e o f th e ma g e tic fo r c e
n n .

H e n c e th e me a s ur e me t O f th e v e rti c a l fo rc e o th e c o mp a i s o n
n ,
r r

O f th e v e rtic a l a d th e h o r i o ta l fo r c e n i s th e l e a st p e r fe ct p a rt
z n s,

O f th e s y s te m Of ma g n e tic me a s ur e me ts n .

Th e v e r ti c l p a r t O f th e magn e tic fo r ce s g e n e ra lly d e d ce d fr o m

a 1 u

th e h o ri z o n ta l fo r c e by d e te r min i g th e di re c tio o f th e to ta l fo r ce n n .

I f i b e th e a gl e whi ch th e to ta l fo r c e m k e wi th its h o r iz o ta l
n a s n

c o mp o n e n t i i s c a ll e d th e ma g e ti c D ip o
,
I c li a ti d if H n r n n on ,
an

i s th e h o r iz o ta l fo r c e a lr e dy fo u d th e n th e v e tica l fo r ce is
n a n , r

H ta n i a d th e to ta l fo r c e i s H e c i
,
n s .

Th e ma g n e ti c dip i s fo d by me a s O f th e D ip N e e dl e un n .

Th e th e o r e ti ca l d ip e e dl e i s a ma g e t wi th a a xi s wh ich p a s s e s
-
n n n

th r o gh its c e tr e o f i e rti a p e p e dic ul a r to th e ma g e ti

u n n xi s r n n c a

O f th e e e dl e Th e e d O f th i s a xi s
n . e ma de i n th e fo r m o f
s ar n

c yl i de r s o f m ll r a di s th e a x e s O f w h i c h a e c o i c i de t wi th th e
n s a u ,
r n n

l i e p a ss i g th ro gh the c e t e Of i e r ti Th e s e cylin dri c l e n d s

n n u n r n a. a

r e st o tw o h o ri o n t l pl a n e s a d a r e fr e e to r o ll o n th e m
n z a n .

Whe th e a xi s i s pla c e d ma g e tic e a st a d w e t th e n e e dl e

n n n s ,

i s fr e e to r o ta te i n th e p l a e o f the ma gn e tic me ri di n a d i f th e n a ,
n

i s tru me t i i n p e r fe c t a dju s tme t th e ma g e tic a x i s w ill e t its e lf

n n s n ,
n s

I n th e di r e c ti o n O f th e to ta l ma g n e tic fo r ce .

It i h o w e v e r p r a cti ca lly i mp o s s i bl e to a dju s t a dip n e e dl e so

s, ,
-

th a t its w e igh t d o e s n o t i n fl u e c e i ts p o itio n O f e qu ili bri um n s ,

b e ca u s e its c e n tre o f i n e rtia e ve if o rigin a lly i n th e li e j o i i g ,

n n n n

th e c e n tre s o f th e r o lli g s e c ti o s o f th e c ylin d ric a l e n d s w ill c e s e

n n , a

to b e i th i lin e wh e
n th e n e e dl e i s i mp e r c e p ti bly b e t o
s n n n r u

e qua lly e xp a d e d B e i des th e d e te r mi a ti o

n . o f th e tr e c e n tr e
s ,
n n u

Of i e r ti a o f a ma g e t i s a v e ry d ifli c lt O p e r a ti o
n n o w i g to th e u n ,
n

i te r fe r e c e Of th e ma g e tic fo r c e w ith th a t o f gra vity

n n n .

L e t u s upp o e o e e d Of th e n e e dle a n d o n e e d O f th e
s s n n n

pi vo t t b e ma rke d L e t a li e r e a l o ima g i a ry b e dra w o n

o . n ,
r n ,
n

th e n e e dle wh i ch w e s h a ll c a ll th e L i e o f C o ll i ma ti o
, Th e n n .

p o s iti o o f th is lin e i re a d O ff o n a v e rtica l ci cle L e t 0 b e th e

n s r .

a gl e wh i c h th i s l i e ma k e s wi th th e r di u s to z e r o
n n wh ich w h ll a ,
e s a

s upp o s e to b e h o ri z o ta l L e t A b e th e gle wh i ch th e m g e tic

n . an a n

a x i s ma k e s wi th th e l i e o f c o ll ima ti o s o th a t wh e n th e n e e dl e
n n ,

i s i n th i s p o siti o n th e l in e Of c o ll ima tio n i s in clin e d 6 + A to th e ,

 4 6 I .
] D IP CI RC LE .

pe rp e dicul f o m the e n tre o f in e rtia o n th e pl e

L e t p b e th e n ar r c an

o nwh ich th e x i r o ll th e p wi ll b e a f n c tio n o f 9 wh te ve r

a s s, n u ,
a

b e th e h a pe f th e r o lli g
s O rfa c e I f b o th th e r o lli g se c tio
n su s . n ns

o f th e e d f th e a xi
n s Oc ir c u l a r s are ,

p c
( l )
wh e r e a i s th e di s ta n c e Of th e c e n t e Of r in e rtia fro m th e li n e j o in i
g n

th e re s Of th e o lli g e c tio s d i s the a gl e w

ce n t ,
r n s n ,
an a ,
n h ic h th i s
li e ma k e wi th th e li e O f co llima ti o
n s n n .

I f M i th e m g e ti c mo me t m th e mas Of th e ma gn e t a n d
s a n n ,
s ,

g t h e fo r c e O f gr a vi ty I th e to ta l ma g n e ti c fo r c e an d i th e d i th e
, p , ,
n ,

by th e c o s e rv tio Of e e rgy wh e th e re is sta bl e e q ilibri um

n a n n ,
n u ,

Ml — — m
co s ( 6 + A z
j gp
mu s t b e a ma x imu m w ith r e s p e ct to 6, or

MI s iu ( 6 + A — i ) if? )

— mg a co s ( +
0 a
) ,

if th e en ds Of th e a xi s ar e c yli dr i ca l
n .

A l s o , if T b e th e time O f vi br a ti o n a b o u t th e p o s itio n Of e qui

2
4 A
M I + mg a sin (0 + a ) 2
3 , ( )
4

wh e re A i s th e mo me n t Of i n e rti a Of th e n ee dl e a b o ut its a xi s o f

I n d e te min i n r g th e dip a e a di g i ta k e n with th e dip ci rc le in

r n s

th e ma g n e tic me ri di a a d with th e g ra du a tio

n n to w rd th e w e t n a s s .

L e t 6, b e thi s r e a ding th e w e ha v ,
n e

MI — — mg a
'

s in z) ( 1+ ) ( )
( 1
0 + A co s 9 a . 5

Th e i n s trume n t i s n ow t urn e d a bo ut a ve rtic a l xi s th ro a u

g h
so th a t th e gr a d u a ti o n is to th e e a s t, a n d if 62 i s th e n e w r e a di n
g,
MI s in ( 2
O + A — 7r + i
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Ta k in g ( 6 ) fr o m an d r e me mb e r i g th a t 6 i s n e ar
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.

mo m e n t by th e de fl e x i o n o f a su s p en de d ma gn e t, th e n
M £ 7
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w h e re D i s th e ta n g e n t Of th e d e fl e x i o n .

VOL . 11 .
 MA GN E T I C ME A SUR E M E N TS .

N e xt, r e v e r se ma g n e ti s m o f th e
th e n eed e l an d d e te r min e its
ma g n e ti c mo me n t M , by Ob s e rv in g d e fl e x i o n , th e ta n
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wh ich 93 i s rly rl y —i,
°

in n ea 7r + z ,
an d 64 n ea

I II I
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si n —
N vr my a
( 3
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6 a
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mg a
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JIT I S in co s

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fl — 9 —77
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wh e r e D an d D
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ar e pro d c e d by th e
th e ta n ge n ts o f th e d e fl e x i o n s u

n e e d le i i t fir t n d e c d ma g e ti a ti o s r e p e c ti v e ly
s s an s on n z n s .

I n ta k i g Ob e rva tio n w ith th e d ip c i r cl e th e ve rtic a l a xi s i

s ns s

c a r e f l lyu dj s t d s o th t th e pl n e b e a r i g s up o wh ic h th e a x i o f
a u e a a n n s

th e ma gn e t r e ts a r e h o r izo ta l i e v e ry
s imu th The ma g e t b e i g n n az . n n

ma g e ti e d so th a t th e e n d A dip s i pl ce d wi th its a xi s o n th e
n z ,
s a

pl e b e a ri gs a d o b e rv tio
an n ,
e t ke with th e pl n e o f th e c ircl e
n s a n s ar a n a

i th e ma g n e ti c me ri di n
n d w ith th e g r dua te d i de O f th e c ir c l e
a ,
an a s

e sta . E a c h e d o f th e ma gn e t i s O b s e v e d by me a s f r e d i g
n r n o a n

mic r o co p e c a rri e d o a
s s m wh ich mo ve s c o n c e tr i c w ith th en n ar n

d ip c i rc l e Th e c r o s wi r e o f th e mi c r o s c o p e a r e ma de to c o i c id e
. s s n

with th e i ma g e O f ma rk o th e ma gn e t a d th e p o i tio O f th e a n ,
n s n

arm i th e s e d O ff o th e dip c i r c l e by me a n o f a v e r ie r
n r a n s n .

We th u s Ob t in O b s e rva ti o n f th e e d A a d n o th e r O f th e
a an o n n a

e d B
n wh e n th e g ra du a tio s a r e e a st I t i s n e c e s s a ry to O b se rv n . e

b o th e ds i o rde r to e limi a te a y e rro r a ri i g fro m th e xl

n n n n s n a e

O f th e m g e t n o t b e i g c o n c e tr ic w ith th e di
a n c i r c l e
p n n .

Th e g r d a te d ide i th e a u turn e d w e s t d tw o mo r e Ob s e v
s s n ,
an r

a ti o n s a r e ma d e .

Th e ma g n e t i s th e n tur n e d r o u n d s o th a t th e e n d s O f th e a xl e
a r e r e v e r s e d , a n d fo ur mo r e O b s e rv a ti o n s a r e ma d e l o o k i n a t th e
g
o th e r s ide o f th e ma gn e t .
4 6 JO UL E S SUS PE NS I O N
’
.

Th e ma gn e tiz a ti o n O f th e ma gn e t i s th e n r e ve r s e d s o th a t the
e n d B di p s , th e ma gn e ti c m o me n t i s a s c e rta in e d , a n d e i h t O b se rv a
g
ti o n s are ta ke n in thi s s ta te , an d th e si xte e n O b e rva tio
s n s co mb in e d
to d e te min e th e t r rue di p .

u d th t in p ite o f th e utmo t a re th e dip s th

I t i s fo n a s s c ,
a us

d e d ce d fr o m O b s e rva ti o
u m de w ith e d ip c i r c l e di ffe r pe n s a on ,
s r

c e ptib l
y fr m th a t d e d uc e d fr o m O b e rv ti
o w i th a o th e r di p s a on s n

c i rcl t th e
e me pl c e
a M B ro h a p o i te d o t th e ff t
sa a . r . un s n u e ec

d ue to l li p ti ity f th e b e a ri g s o f th e a l e
e c d h o w to co r e t
O n x ,
an r c

i t by ta k in g O b e rv ti o s w i th th e m gn e t m gn e ti e d t d ifl e n t
s a n a a z o er

Th e pri nc ipl e of thi s me th o d ma y b e s ta te d th u s . We s h a ll

suppo s e th t th e r o r f y o e b e rv ti o i
a m ll qua titye r o an n O s a n s a s a n

n o t e xc e d i g de gr e ee W e h ll a l o upp o e th t s me k o w
n a . s a s s s a o un n n

b t r e g l r fo r c e
u ct up o th e ma gn e t d i turb i g it fr m i ts
u a a s n , s n o

tru e po si tio n .

I f L i th e mo me t O f th i fo r c e 6 th e tru e d ip
s n d 9 the n s , 0 ,
a

Ob e rve d dip th
s ,
en

L MI s in
( 6

M I (9
s in c e 6 — 90 i s s ma ll .

I t is evid e n t th a t th e g r e a te M r b e c o me s th e n ea re r do e s th e
n eed e l a ppro a
pr p r p N w le t th e
c h i ts o e Of
o s i ti o n . o o pe r a ti o n

ta ki g th e di p b e p e rf r me d tw i e fir t wi th th e ma g e ti z a ti o
n o c ,
s n n

e qu l to M a th e gr e a te t th a t th e n e e dl e i c a p a bl e o f a d n e xt s s n
i , ,

wi th th e m a g ti ti e qu a l to M m h ma ll e r va lu b u t
ne z a on a uc s e
2 ,

suffici t to m k th e r e ad i g d i ti ct a d th e e r r o r till mo de ra te
en a e n s s n n s .

L e t 6 a n d 0 b e th e d ip d e d c e d fr o m th e
, 2
tw o e t o f Ob e r v s u se s s s

a tio d l e t L b e th e me
n s, an v l e o f th e k n o w di turb i g an a u un n s n

fo r fce th e e ig h t p o i ti o s O f e c h d te rmi
or ti o n which w e h a l ls n a e na ,
s

s ppo se th e s a me fo
u b o th d e te rmi a tio Th e r n ns . n

L MI I —6 )
( 1 0
9 si g m a

M l 91— M 2 02
H e n ce

I f w e fin d th a t se v r l e xpe rim e n t gi v e n e a rly e q l va lu e fo

e a s ua s r

L , th e n w e ma y co n s id e r th a t 0 m t b e v e ry rly th e tr e va lue
0
us n ea u

O f th e di p .

46 3 ] D r . Jo u le ha s re c e tly n c o n s t u c te d r a n ew di p c i r cl e , i n
-

w hi ch th a xi o f th e n e e dl e i te a d O f r o lli g o n
e s ,
n s n h o r iz o n ta l a g a te

pl e s
ani s s lu n
g o,
n tw o fil me t o f ilk o s p i d e r a n s s r
’
s thr e a d, th e en ds
I 2
 MA GN E TI C ME A SUR E M E N TS .
[4 3
6 .

o f th efila me t b i g tt ch e d to th e r m Of d li c te b a l a e
n s e n a a a s a e a nc .

Th xi o f th e e dle th r ll s
e a s tw l o o p o f i lk fibr e
ne d us o o n o s s ,
an

D J l fi d s th t i t fr e d m Of mo tio
r . ou e n is mu ch gr e te r th
a s e o n a an

wh it r o l l o n g te pl a e
en s a a n s .

I Fig 18 N S i s th e e e dl 0 0 i i ts a x is co i ti g f a
’
n .
,
n e , s ,
ns s n o

tr i gh t c yl i dr ic l wi r e a d P 0 62 P O Q e th e fi l a me t n wh i c h
’ ’ ’
s a n a ,
n , ar n s o

th e xi r o ll s i~P O Q i s th e a s .

b l ce c n i ti g O f a do ubl e a an ,
o s s n

b e n t le ve r s pp o rte d by a u

wi re 0 0 s tre tch e d h o ri o n t , ,
z

a lly b e tw e e n th e pr o g s of n

fo rk e d p ie c e a n d h a vi g a ,
n

c o u te rp o i s e R wh ich c a a n n

b e s c r w e d up o do wn o e r ,
s

th a t th e b l a c e i i e u tr l a n s n n a

quilibri um b o ut 0 0 e a .

I n o r de r th t th e e e dl e a n

ma y b e i e tr l e qu i l ibr i m n n u a u

th e e e dl e r o l l o n th e as n s

fil me ts th e c e tr e o f g a a n n r

v it m t e i th e r r i e o f ll s n r
y u s n a .

H e n c e th e di s ta n c e 0 0 mu s t
r e ma i c s t n t a s th e e e dl e n on a n

ro ll s Thi s c o di ti o wil l b e . n n

f lfill e d i f th e rm f th e u a s o

b l ce OP d O Q a e e qua l a an an r ,

a d if th e fi la me ts a r e t n n a

righ t gl e s t th e rm an o a s .

D J o ul e fi d s th a t th e r . n
Fi g 18
n e e dl e s h o ul d o t b e mo r e th a n
. .

fiv e i ch e s l o n g
n W h e n i t i s e igh t i ch e s l o g th e b e di g Of th e
. n n ,
n n

n e e dl t d t d imi i sh th e pp r e t d ip by
e en s o fr ti o O f mi te
n a a n a ac n a nu .

T h e xi o f th e e e d le w s o r ig i l l y f te e l wi re s tr igh te d by
a s n a na o s ,
a n e

b e i g bro ugh t to
n e d h e a t wh i l e s tr e tc h e d by
a r w e i gh t b t a ,
u

D J o ul e fo u d th t w ith th e e w s p e i o n it i n o t n e c e s ry
r . n a n us ns s s a

to e s te e l w ir e
u s fo r p l ti u m a d e ve n t d r d g o l d
,
a e h a rd
n n s an a ar

e o ug h
n .

Th e b a l c e i tt ch d to a w i r e 0 0 b o ut
an s a f o t l o n g tr e t h e d
a e a a o s c

h o r i o t l ly b e tw e
z n th e pr o g o f a f rk
a en Th i f rk i s t r d n s o . s o u n e

r o d i
un i mu th by me
n az of c i rc l e t th e to p o f tri p d w h i h
an s a a a o c

s upp o rts th e wh o l e S i c o mp l e te O b e rva ti o . f th e d ip c a b

x s ns o n e
4 64 ] V E R TI C A L F O R C E .

O b ta in e d i n o n e h o r d th e ve ra g e e rr o r o f i gle Ob s e rva tio

u ,
an a a s n n

is a fr c ti o O f
a mi u te o f c
n a n ar .

I t i pr o p o d th a t th e d ip e e dl i th C a mbri dg e Ph y i l
s se n e n e s ca

L a b o r to ry h a l l b Ob s e rv e d by me
a s e Of do bl e ima g i t an s a u e n s ru

me t c o i ti g o f two to ta lly r e fl e c ti g pri m p l c e d

n ,
n s s n i n s s a as n

Fig 19 . d mo an te d v e rtic l g ra d ua te d ircl e o th a t th e

u n on a a c ,
s

pl e Of r e fle io m y b e turn d r o u d h o ri o t l a xi
an x n a a rly
e n a z n a s n e

c o i c i din
n
g w i th t h e pr o l o g a ti O f th x i s o f th en u p e d e d d
oni p e a s s n

n ee dl e Th e . e e dle i v ie we d by me a s O f a te l e c o p e p l a c e d
n s n s

b e hi d th e pri m
n d th e two e d o f th e e e d l
s s, a n e see to g e th e r n s n e ar n

as i n Fi g 2 0 B y tur i g th e pr i ms a b u t th e x i
. . n n f th e v rti ca l s o a s O e

c i r c l e th ,ima g e s O f two l i e s dra wn o

e th e e dl e m y b e ma d e
n n n e a

to c o in c id e Th e i cl i ti o O f th e e e dl e i th us de te r mi n e d fro m
. n n a n n s

th e r e a di g o f th e v e r ti ca l c ir c l e
n .

F i g 19 . . Fi g 2 0 . .

Th e to ta l i n te n s ity I of th e ma g n e tic fo r c e i n th e li n e o f ( l ip ma y
b e d e du c e d as fo ll o ws fr o m th e ti me s O f vi bra tio n TI ,
T2 , T3 , T4
i n th e fo ur po s iti o n s a l e a d r y d e sc i r be d ,

2
4 7T A 1 1 1 1
+
a1
21 a”s 71 5 ? s
T3

Th e va l e s o f M a d M mu s t b e fo un d by th e me th o d O f de fl e x i o n
’
u n

a d vi bra ti o
n fo rme rl y de s c ri b e d a n d A i s th e mo me n t o f i n e r tia O f
n ,

th e ma g e t a b o t its a xl e
n u .

Th e Ob s e rv a ti o n s wi th a ma g n e t s u s p e n de d by a fibr e a r e s o
m ch mo r e a c c ur a te th a t i t i s us a l to de d uc e th e to ta l fo r c e fr o m
u u

th e h o ri z o ta l fo r c e fr o m th e e qua ti o n
n

I : H S€ 0 9,

wh e re I i s th e to ta r l fo r ce
l rc e a n d 6 th e dip
,
H th e h o i z o n ta fo ,
.

464 ] Th e pro ce O f de te rmi in g th e di ss

p b e i g a te d i o s o e n n u n ,
is
n o t s uita bl e fo d e te rmi i n g th e c o n tin uo u s va ria tio O f th m g
r n n e a n et c i
 MA GN E TI C ME A SUR E M E NTS .

fo rc e . Th e mo st co n ve n i e n t in s tru me n t fo r b s e rva c o n ti n u o u s O

ti o n s i s th e ve r ti l m gn ca fo r c e a e to me te r wh i ch i i mp l y
, ma g e t s s a n

b a la n ce d o k ife e dg e o s
n n s s a to b e i ta bl e e qui li br iu m w ith its
n s

ma g n e ti c xis e rly h o riz o n ta l

a n a .

If Z i s th e ve r tic l c o mp o e a n n t Of th e ma gn e ti c fo r c e M ,
th e
ma gn e tic mo me n t, and 9 th e s ma ll an
g l e w h i ch th e ma g n e tic a xi s
ma k e s with th e h o i z o n r
MZ mg a co s ( a

wh e re m is th e ma s s of th e ma gn e t g th e fo rce , of gr vi ty a ,
a th e
di s ta n ce g
o r a v i
f th ety fr o m th ce n
e a xit O f re Of d s su pe io
s ns n ,
an

a th e g l e w hi c h th e pl
an e th r o g h th e a x i s a d th e c e tr e O f an u n n

gr v ity
a m a k e s wi th th e m g e ti c a x i s a n .

H e c e fo th e s ma ll v r i ti o
n ,
Of v e r ti ca l fo r c e OZ th e r e w i ll b e
r a a n
,

a v ri tio n Of th e a n g ula r p o iti o n O f the m g e t 8 6 s ch th t

a a s a n u a

M BZ z
-
z mg a s in ( a — O)C H .

pra c tice th is i strume t i et us e d t de te rmi e the a b s l ute

In n n s n o n o

va lue o f th e ve rtica l fo rce b t o ly to re gi te r its ma ll v ria tio n ,

u n s s a s .

Fo th is p rp o se i t i
r uffici e n t to kn o w th e a b s o lute v lue O f Z
u s s a

wh e n 9 O, an d th e va l ue o f
it?
“

Th e va lue o f Z wh e ,
n th e h o iz o n ta fo r l rc e d th e d ip a r e k n o w n ,
an

is fo u d fr o m th e e qu
n a ti o n Z H ta n 60 , wh e re 90 is th e d ip a n d
H th e h o ri ta l f r ce z on o .

To fin d th e d e fl e x io n d u e to v r ia ti o f Z ta ke a m g n e t a g i v e n a n o , a

an d pl c e it with i ts a x i e a s t a d we t
a n d w i th i ts c e tr est a n s ,
a n a

k o w dis ta ce
n n e t w e st fr o m th e de c li o me te r s i e
n 7
1
as or n ,
a n x

pe i me
r n ts n d e fl e i dol e t th e t g e t o
x onf d e fle io , b eanD an n x n
1

Th e pl a ce it wi th i ts a x is ve rti c l a d with i ts c e tr e t a
n a n n a

di t ce
s an b o ve o b e l o w th e ce tre o f the ve r ti c l fo r c e ma g
r
z
a r n a

n e t m te o d l e t th t g e t o f th e d e fl e i o
e r, an pr o d c e d i th e
e an n x n u n

m g e to me te r b e D
a n Th e i f th e mo me t o f th e de fl e c ti g
2
. n ,
n n

ma g e t i s I II
n , aZ
Z
M H r
1
3
D 1
7
'

2
3
D 2
.

( Z6

(ZZ ”
7
1
3
D I
H e n ce H 3
610 72
2
D 2

Th e a ct u l va l
a ue o f th e ve rti c l fo rc e a at an y i n s ta n t i s

dZ
Z Z0 0 — a
Eé
wh e r e Z0 i s th e va lue o f Z wh e n 0 O .

Fo r c o n tin uo u s Ob se rva ti o s n of th e va r ia tio n s of ma gn e ti c fo rce

4 64 ] V E R TI C A L F O R C E .

at a fixe d O b s e rv a to ry th U i fil D e cli n o me t r th e B ifil H o r i

e n ar e ,
ar

z on ta l F o r c e M g t me te r a d th B a l n ce V e r tic l F r c e M a g
ne o ,
an e a a o

n e to me te e th e m
r ar t c o v e i e t i tru me n ts
os n n n ns .

A t e v e ra l b s e rva to r i e s p h o to g r a p hi c tr c
s O a e o w pr o du c e d o a es r n n

pre pa re d p p e r mo ve d by cl o ck w rk s o tha t a c o n ti uo us r co rd
a o , n e

O f th e in dic ti o n f th e th r e i tr me t t e v e ry in s t t i fo r me d
a s O e ns u n s a an s .

Th e e tr a ce s i di c te th v ri ti o
s n a o f th e thr ee r e c ta g l r o m
a a n e n u a c

o n e n ts O f th e f r c f m th e ir
o t a d r d v a lu e
e r o T h e d e c l i o me te r
s n a s n
p .

g i v e s th e fo r ce to w rds me an ma g n ti c w e t th e b ifil
a mag t e s , ar ne

o me te gi ve s th va ri tio n o f th e fo rc e to w rd m g e tic o r th d
r e a a s a n n , an

th e b l a a e m gnc to me te r g ive th e v a ria ti o

a n e Of th e v e r tica l fo r c e
s n .

Th e ta d r d v l ue o f th e se fo r c e th e ir v lue s wh e th e e
“

s n a a s s, or a n s

i s tr me ts i n d i ca te th e i r s ve ra l z e r o
n u n r e de d u c d by fr e q e n t
e s, a e u

Ob e rva ti o n s
s f th e a b s o lute de c lin ti o
o h o r i o tal fo rc e a d di p a n ,
z n ,
n .
 C H A P TE R VI I I .

O N TE RR E S TR I A L MA GN E TI S M .

O UR kn o wle dge o f Te rr e stri a l M a g n e tism i s de ri ve d fro m

th e Study Of th e di s tr i butio n o f ma gn e tic fo r c e o n th e e a rth s s u r
’

fa c e ti me , d of th e ch a n ge s i n th a t d i str ib u ti o n at
’

at an one an
y
d iffe r e n t time s .

Th e ma g n e ti c fo r c e y at an k o wn w h e n
on e pla c e an d ti me i s n

i ts th r e e c o o r di a te s a e k o wn Th e s e c o o rdi te s m y b e gi v e
r n n . na a n

i n th e fo r m O f th e de cl i ti o n o r i muth o f th e fo r c
na th e dip az e,

o r i c l i n a ti o n to th e h o r i o
n a d th e to t l i te z i ty
n ,
n a n ns .

Th e mo s t c o n ve ie t me th o d h o w e v e r fo i v e tig a tin g the

n n , ,
r n s

n e ra l di s tributi o f m r r ur f ce i s to
’

g e o a
g e tinc f c e o n th e e a th n
s s o a

c o s id e r th e m
n i t u d e s O f th e th r e e c o mp o n e ts o f th e fo r c e
g a n n ,

X H c o s 6 di r e c te d d e n o r th
,
u ,

Y H s i n 6 di r e cte d d e w e st ,
u ,

Z H t 0 dir e c te d v e r tic lly d o w n wa r ds

an ,
a ,

wh e r H de n o te s th e h o riz o n t l fo r ce 6 th e d e clin a tio n a n d 0

e a , ,

th e dip .

I f 7 i s th e ma gn e ti c p o te ti l a t rth s s ur fa ce an d if we
’
n a th e ea ,

c o n s i de r th e ea rth a s p h e r e O f r di s a u a , th e n

1 JV 1 (I V 037
X , Y ’ ’
a 7427 a co s l dA dr
wh e r e Z i s th e l a titude d A th e l o gi t d e a d r th e d is ta n c e
, an n u ,
n

fro m th e c tr e o f th e a r th
en e .

A k o wle dge o f 7 o ve r th e s urf c e o f th e e a r th ma y b e O b t i n e d

n a a

fro m th e O b s e rv ti s O f h o r i o n ta l fo r c e l o n e a s fo ll o w s
a on z a .

L e t 7 b e th e v l e Of V t th e tru e n o r th p o le th e n ta k i g
0
a u a , ,
n

th e li e i t g r l l o g a y me r i di a
n -
n e a a nwe fi d n n ,
n ,

X dl + 70 ,

fo r th e va lue of the p o te n tia l on th a t me ri di a n at l a ti t ud e Z .

 MA GN E TI C SURV E Y .

Th u s th e p o te
l m y b f d f a y p o i t o th e e a rth
nt a i a e oun or n n n
’
s

su rfac e pr o vi de d we kn o w th e v lu f X th o rth rly c o mpo e t a e O ,

e n e n n

a t e ve ry p o i t a d 7 th e v a l u e f V t th e po l e
n ,
n
0 , o a .

S i ce th e fo r c e d e p e d
n ot o th e a b s o l te va l e O f 7 b t
s n n n u u u

o n it de r i v ti ve
s it i s ot e ce s sa ry to fix a
a s,
y p ti c la r va lu n n n ar u e

Th e v lu e o f V a t a y p o i
a n n t ma y b e a sc e rta i n ed if w e kn o w
th e va lue Of X a l o g a y gi ve n n n me idi a n , r an d a l so th a t o f Y o ve r
th e wh o le urf ce s a .

Let

wh e r e th e i n te g a ti is pe rfo rme d lo g r on a n th e g i ve n me ridi a n fr o m

th e p o l e to th e p a ra lle l Z th e n ,

Y c o s c A, ( )
5

wh e r e th e i n te gra ti o n i s p e rfo rme d lo g th e p a ra ll e l Z fro m th e a n

gi ve n me ri dia to th e e q i r e d p o i t n r u n .

Th e s e me th o d i mp l y th a t c mpl e te m g e tic
s urve y f th a o a n s O e

e a rth urf ce h b e e m de o th a t th e va l e o f X o Of Y
’
s s a as n a ,
s u s r

O f b o th k o w fo e ve ry p o in t o f th e e rth s ur f ce t ’
or are n n r a s a a a

gi ve e p o ch Wh a t w ct l ly k w e the m g e ti c c o m
n . e a ua n o ar a n

o ne ts n t a c e rt i a um b e r O f t ti o I t
a nh invi l i d p rt f s a ns
p c e O . n e z a s

th e e a rth th e e ta ti o e c o mp ra ti ve ly
s s me r o u ; i o th e r pl a c e s
n s ar a nu s n

th e r e a e l a rg e tr c ts o f th e a r th urf c e b o t wh ich we h a ve ’
r a e s s a a u

no da ta .

M a gn e tic Su r v ey .

Le t us s uppo s e
u try o f mo de r a te i e wh o s e th a t i n a co n s z ,

gr e a te t dime sio n a e a fe w h dr e d mil e Ob rv ti o o f th e

s n s r un s, se a ns

de c li tio naa d th e h o ri o ta l fo r c e h a ve b e e
n n ta k e at co z n n n a n

s ide a b l e
r umb e r Of s t ti o s di tri bute d f irl y o ve r th e c o try
n a n s a un .

Wi thi n this dis tri ct we m y upp o e the v l ue Of V to b e e a s s a r

pre e te d with ffic ie n t c c ra cy by th e fo rmu l

s n su a u a

V: ( )
6

wh e n c e X : A1+ B 1
A, ( 7)

Y co s l z A2 + B Z
Z+ B 3
A .
( )
8

L e t th e r e b e 77, s ta ti o n s wh o s e l at i tu de s are &c . and

g u
l o n i t de s A1, A2 , an d le t X an d Y b e fo u n d fo r e a ch s ta ti o n .

i
1
Le t I, z a) an d Ao =
,
;
 TE RR E S TR I A L MA GN E TI S M .

Z0 d AO ma y b e
an ca lle d the l a ti t de u and l gitude
on Of th e ce n ra l
t
s ta ti o n Le t .

1
XO 2 X
( ), and Y0 co s Z, 2 ( Y c o s Z) ( )
10
92
,

th e n X0 an d Y0 are th e va l u es O fX an d Y a t th e i ma g i n a ry ce n t a r l
s ta ti o n ,
th e n
— Z + 13 A — A ,
X : XO + B , ( Z O) 2 ( O) ( )
11

Y0 Z0 + B —A
Y co s Z : co s z ( Z O ) .
( )
12

We h a ve n e qu a ti o n s o f th e fo rm of
( )
11 a nd 72 o f th e fo m r
I f w e d e n o te th e pro b a bl e e rr o r i the de te rmi a tio n f X by f n n o ,

an d th t o f Y co s Z by ) th e
a w e m y c a l c l a te f a d 7 o r ,
n a u n 7 n

th e up po sitio n tha t th e y a ri se fro m e rro r o f Ob s e rva tio n Of H

s s

and 6 .

L e t th e pro b ble rr o r
a e Of H b e A, and th a t Of 6, d, th e n s in c e

cZX : co s 6 . cZH — H s in 6 Z6
c ,

$ 2
4 2
co s
2
6+ d 2
H 2
s n i 2
6 .

S i mi l a rly 77
2
Z ?
sin
2
6 + (Z H 2 2
co s
2
6 .

I f th e va ria tio s o f X a n d Y fro m th e ir v lue a s g ive n by e q a

n a s u

tio o f th e f rm ( 11)
ns d ( 12 ) c o n s ide r a bly e x c e e d the p o b bl e
o an r a

e rr o r s o f o b e rv a ti o we m y c o c lu de tha t th e y a e d e to l o ca l
s n ,
a n r u

a ttr cti o a a n d th e we h ve n o re a so
n s, to g i ve th e r a ti o o f 5 to 7
n a n 7

an th e r v a lu e th a u i ty n
y o n .

A c c o r di n g to th e me th o d o f l e t s qua r e s we multiply th e e qua as

ti o s o f th e fo r m ( 11) by n a n d th o s o f th e fo r m ( 12 ) by 5 to
n ,
e

m k e th e i r pr o b bl e e rr o r th e s me
a a We th e mul tiply e a ch a . n

e qu ti a by th e c ffic i e t o f o e O f th e k o w n q titi e B
on oe n n un n u an s
1,

B B a n d dd th e r e u l t th u O b ta i n i g th r e e qua tio n s fro m

‘

2
O,
r
3
a s s, s n e

whi ch to fi d B B d B
n
l , 2 ,
an
3
.

PI B i
bi —
t bz :

2 (5
B 1
77
2
52 1 3 -
2
51+ 77 53 )+ 3 2
3 6 5 2

Q2 B 2
62 B 3
63 5

in wh ich we write fo r co n c i se n e s s ,

61 —
Z ( Z ) 7Z Z
Z 2
Z, 2 ( ZA)— ZO A0 , 63 Z — 2
0 , n B ( A ) 72 A
0 ,

P 1 = E ( ZX )— n Z0 XO , Q1 = 2 ( ZY C OS Z)— 7Z Z
O
YO C OS ZO ,
.

P2 — 7ZA X Y — A0 YO c o s Z
0 O, Q2 E ( A co s Z) n
0
.

By ca c l ul a tin
g B l , B 2 , an d B 3 ,
an d s ub st itu tin g in e q uat o n s i
( )
11 a nd we ca n O bt a in v l e f Xa d Y
th e a u s o n at an
y po i n t
with i n th e li mi ts Of th e s urv y fr e e fr o m th e l o c l
e a di s turb a n c e s
 4 6 8 ] MA GN E TI C F E A T UR E S O F TH E EA T R H .

wh ich are xi t whe re th e r k e r th e ta tio is ma g e tic

fo u n d to e s o c n a s n n ,

as m t ig e o u ro c k
os n s s are .

S rv e y O f th i k i d ca
u s b e ma de o ly i s o u tri e s wh e r
n ma g n n n c n e

n e ti c i tr m ts c ns b e c rr ie d b t
u en d et p i an
g r e a t m ay a ou an s u n a an

s ta ti Fo
o n s. th e r p rt f th w o rl d w e m t b e o te t to fi d
r o a s O e us c n n n

th d i tri bu ti
e s f th e m g tic e l e me ts by i te rp o l tio
on O b e twe e
a ne n n a n n

th i r va l e a t
e f w ta ti o n s a t g r t d is t c e fr m e a c h o th e r
u s a e s ea an s o .

Let u s ow upp o tha t by pro ce e s O f thi ki d o

n s se ss s n ,
r

by th e qu i v l e t g r p hic l pr o c e
e a f co tru ti g h a rt
n a f th a ss o ns c n c s o e

l i n e Of e qua l v lue f th e ma g e tic e l e me t th e va l e f X a d

s a s O n n s, u s O n

Y a d th c e f th p te ti l V a e k o wn o ve r th e wh o le ur f c e
, n en o e o n a ,
r n s a

o f th e gl o b e Th e e x t te p i s to e xp d V i th e fo rm O f
. n s e ri e
s an n a s

O f p h e ris l s urf c e h r mo i c
ca a a n s .

I f th e e a rth we r m g ti e d un i fo rmly d i th e
e m di re c tio
a ne z an n sa e n

th ro gh o ut i t i te r i o r V wo l d b a h r mo i o f th e fir t d g re e
u s n ,
u e n a n c s e ,

th ma gn e ti c me r idia
e wo ul d b e g re a t c i rcl e p i g th r o ug h twon s s a ss n

m g e tic p o l e di a me tr ica lly o pp ite th m g e ti e q to r w ul d

a n s os , e a n c ua o

be g r eaa t c ir c l th h o r i o ta l f r c e w u l d b
e, q e
a l t ll p o i ts
z n o o e e u a a n

O f th e m g e ti
e qu to r
a d if H i th i c o s t t v l e th va l ue
n c a ,
an
0
s s n an a u , e

e r po i t w o ul d b e H Z w e re Z i m
’
h h
’
a t y ano t H co n th g e ti o
s ,
s e a n c

l tit de The ve rtic l fo rc e t a y p o i t wo l d b e Z 2 H i Z

a u . a a n n u
O
s n
’

a n d i f 6 i th e di p ta 2 ta Z
’
s H ,
n n .

I th e c a se o f th e e ar th th e m g e ti c e qu to r i d e fi e d to b e
n ,
a n a s n

th e l i e f n di p o It i t no
g r e t c i r c le o f th e s p h e r
. s no a a e .

Th e ma g n e tic p o l e s a e d e fi e d to b th e p i t wh e r e th e re i r n e o n s s

no h o riz o ta l fo r c e o wh e r e th e dip i s
n Th e r e r e tw o s c h ar u

p o i ts o e in th e rth e r
n ,
n d i th e uth e r r e g i
n o b t n an on e n so n o n s, u

th e y a e o t d i me tr i c lly
r n pp o i te a d th e li e j o i i g th e m i
a a o s ,
n n n n s

n o t p r ll e l to th e m g e ti c xi s O f th e rth
a a a n a e a .

Th e ma g e tic p o l e e th e p o i t wh re th v l e o f V
n s ar n s e e a u

o n th u fa c e f th e rth i
e s r ma xi mu mo mi im m e a i s a or n u ,
o r s

sta ti o n a ry .

At y p o i t w h r e th
an p t t in l i m i n im m th e
e o rth e d e o en a s a u n n

O f th e dip e e dl e p o i t v e rti lly do wn wa rd s

-
n d if a o mp a
n s ca ,
an c ss

n e e dle b e pl ce d ywh e re e r uch p o i t th e r th e d w ill

a an n a s a n , no n

p o i t to wa rds th t p o i t
n a n .

A t p i t wh e r e th e po te ti l i
o n s ma xi mu m th e o th d Of n a s a s u en

th e dip n e e d l p o in t d o w w r d a d th s o uth e d f th e c o mp
-
e s n a s, n e n o a ss

n e e dl e p o i n t to wa r ds th e p o i t s n .

I f th e r e r e p mi ima f V o th e e rth s sur fa e th e r e m t b e

’
c
a n o n a us

p 1 o th e r p o in ts w h e r e th e n o r t h e n d o f ,th e d ip n e e d l e p o i t s - n
 TE RR E S TR I A L MA GN E TI S M .
[ 9
4 6

do w wa rd n s, bu t wh e r e rrie d i a ci rcle
th e co mp a s s -
n eed e, l wh e n ca n

ro d th e p o i t i s te d o f e vo lvi g th a t its o rth e d p o i t

un n ,
n a r n so n n n s

c o st
n tl y to th e c e tre r e vo lve s i th e o pp o i te d ir e c tio
an n o a
, to n s n ,
s s

t r
u n o me time
s i ts o r th e n d a d s o me ti me s i ts s o u th e n d to wa r d
s n n s

th e p i t o n .

I f w e c a ll th e p o i ts wh e r e th e p o te ti a l i mi i mu m true
n n s a n

n o r th p o l e s th e th e se o th e r p o i ts m y b e c ll e d f l s e g o th p o le s
,
n n a a a n r ,

b e ca u se th e c o mp a s s e e dl e i s o t tr e to the m I f th r e a e p -
n n u . e r

tru e o r th p l e s th e e mu t b e p — l fa l s e
n o , o r th p o l e s a d i
r li k e s n ,
n n

ma nner if th e re a e 9 tr e s o u th p o le s th e re mu t b e g 1 f lse
,
r u , s a

s o uth p o l e s Th e mb e r O f p l e s o f th e sa me n a me m t b e O dd
. nu o us ,

s o th t th e O p i i
a a t o e time pr e va le n t th a t th e r e a r e tw o
n on nr th ,
n o

p o l e s a d two o u th p o l e s i s e rr o n e o s A c co rd i g to Ga u th e r e
n s ,
u . n ss

i s i f c t o ly o e tru e
n a o r th p o l e
n a d o e truen o th p o l e o n n n s u n

th e e rth s f c e d th e re fo r e th e r a e n o f l e p l e s Th e l i n e
’
a s ur a ,
an e r a s o .

j o i i g th e se p o le s is o t di me te r Of th e e a r th n d it i s n o t
n n n a a ,
a

p a ra ll e l to th e a rth s m g ti c xi s e
’
a ne a .

4 69 ] M o s t o f th e a rl y i v e tig a to r s i to th e tur e o f th e n s n e na

e a rth s m g e ti m e d e v r e d t e xpr e s s it s th e re s ul t Of th e
’
a n s n a ou o a

a c ti o Of o e o
n mo r e b a m g e t th e p o s iti o O f th e p o l e s O f
n r r a n s, n

whi ch we r e to b de te rmi e d G a u s s wa s th e fir t to e xp e s s th e
e n . s r

di tr ibuti o O f th e e a r th s ma g e ti m i p e rfe ctly g e e ra l wa y by ’

s n n s n a n

e xp a d i g i ts p o te ti l i
n n s e ri e s O f li d h rmo i c th e c o e ffi i e ts
n a n a so a n s, c n

O f wh i h h e d e te r mi n e d fo
c th e firs t f ur d e g r e e s Th e e c o e ffi r o . s

c i e tsn e 24 i ar umb e r 3 fo th e fir t de g re 5 fo th e s e co n d
n n ,
r s e ,
r ,

7 fo r th e th i r d a d 9 fo th e fo r th ,
A ll th e s e te rms
n e fo u d r u . ar n

n e ce s ry i o rde r to give a to l e ra bly cc ura te re pr e s e ta tio o f

sa n a n n

th e a c tu a l s t te f th e e a rth s ma g e ti s m
’
a O n .

To fin d w/Ea t P a r t Ob
ti r v e d M a n e ti c Fo r ce i s d u e to E n te r n d Z
o
f s e e g
a n d wna t to I n te r n a l Ca u s e s .

4 7O ] L e t . pp o s e th a t we h a v o b ta i e d a e xp a io n
u s n ow su e n n n s

o f th e m g e ti p o te ti l O f th e a r th i
a n c p h e ri l h r mo ic s n a e n s ca a n ,

c o n i s te t wi th th e
s n ct l di re cti o a d m g it d Of th e h o ri a ua n n a n u e

z o t l fo r c e a t e v e ry p o i t o th e e a r th s s r f c e th e G u ss h a s
’
n a n n u a ,
n a

s h e w h o w to de te r mi e fr o m th e Ob s e rv d ve r ti ca l fo r ce w h e th e r
n n , e ,

th e m g e ti fo r c e a e d e to ca e
a n c s h a s m g e ti ti o
s or r u us s, uc a n z a n

e l e ctr i c c rr ts w i th i th e e a r th s rfa c e o wh e th e r a y p a rt ’
u en , n su r n
,

i s d ir e ctly d e to c a u s e s e x te r i o r to th e e rth s ur f c e
’
u a s a .

L e t V b e th e a c tua l p o te n tia l e xp a n de d in a d o ubl e s e r i e s O f

s p h e ri c a l h a r mo ic s n ,
 SU B TE RRA N E A N OR CE L E S TI A L ?

fir t e r i e r e pr e e t th e p r t f th e p o te ti l d e to c u
Th e s s s s n s a o n a u a se s

e x te r i r t th e e a rth
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,
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to c e with i th e e a rth
aus s n .

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s a
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s e ri e wh e s th e ra din O f th e e r th
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Th e O b e rv
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dV
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an d th e te m r Of th e o r de r i in a Z is
ZZ Z, — Z— B
Z Ai
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an d th e p rt d
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B ,

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n a u a n r

me a n v a lu e o f V at or r
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We
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th e l cu l tio
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ns O th t . on an a s a s n , a

th e pri i p l p a rt O f th e e v r i ti
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m g ti c
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ma g n e ti c *

4 72 ] Th e pri n ci p l ch a an
g es in th e ma gn e ti c fo r ce to wh ic h
a tt e n ti o n h a s be en d i r e c te d are as fo ll o w s .

Pr o f e sso r H
P r a gu e h a s is c o v e r e a pe r i o i c c a n ge I n th e ma gn e ti c
o r n s te i n Of d d d h
e l e m e n ts , th e pe r i o o f w ic is 2 6 3 3 d y h h
a s , a lm o s t e x ac tl
y e u a l to t a t o f th e d q h
d dd df b
.

sy n o i c r e v o l u ti o n O f th e s u n , a s e u ce r o m th e O s e r v a ti o n o f s u n s o ts n e a r h i s
p
e qu a to r T i s me t o h
of hd d
i s c o v e r in g th e tim e O f r o ta ti o n O f th e u n s e e n s o li o
y of db d
f d fi
.

th e s u n b y i ts e fe c ts o n th e ma g n e ti c n e e l e i s th e r s t i n s ta l me n t O f th e r e pa ym e n t

b y M a g n e ti s m O f i ts e t to A s tr o n o my db
A ir e d , ie n u n e 15 , 18 7 1 Se e Pr o c
. W ,
J . .

R S N OV 16 18 7 1
. .
, .
, .
 TE RR E S TR I AL MA GN E TI S M .

I . Tb e mo r e R ey u Za r Va r i a tio n s .

( )
1 Th e S o l ar v r ia ti o n s de p e n di g o th e h o r Of th e d y a n d
a ,
n n u a

th e time O f th e y e a r .

( )
2 T h e L r v a r i ti o s d
un a
e p e n d i g t h e mao o h no ur ,
gl e n on n s
’
an

an d o h e o th e r e l e me ts O f p o iti n
n r n s o .

( )
3 Th e e v a r i a ti o s s d o o t r e p e t t h e m
n e lv e i d iffe r e t
n y e a r s a s s n n ,

b t se e m to b e s ubj c t to a va ri ti
u O f l o ge r p e
e od of b o ut a on n ri a

el e ve ye a n r s.

( )
4 B e i d thi s ths e r e esi s a s e c l r a lte r a t n
,
t h e st te f t h e u a io In a O

e rth s m i m w h i h h a s be e i e ve r si m n e tic
’
a
g e t a c n s
g o , g o
g n n n n ce a

O b s e rv ti h ve be e n m d
a ons a d i pr o d c i g c h a ge s o f th e a e, an s u n n

m g e ti e l e me ts o f f gr e a te r ma g itu de th n a y O f th e va ri a
a n c n ar n a n

ti o o f m l l p e ri o d
n s s a .

II . I b o D is tu r ba n ce s .

473 ] B re re g l a r ch ge s th e m g e tic e le me ts
e si de s th e mo u an ,
a n n

a e r bj e ct to u dde n di turb a ce s O f g re te r o le s a mo t I t
su s s n a r s un .

i s fo u d th t th e e d i turb c e
n a e mo r e p o w e r f l
s d fre q e t
s an s ar u an u n

a t o n e time th at o th e r d th t a t time s o f gr e a t di s turb c e

an an ,
an a an

th e l w s o f th e r e g l a r v r i ti n
a e m k e d th o ugh th e y e v e y
u a a o s ar as , ar r

di sti c t t ti me o f s m l l di turb a c e
n a s H e c e gr e a t tte ti n h a s
a s n . n a n o

b e e p id to th e se di turb a ce
n a d it h a b e e f u d th t di s
s n s, an s n o n a

t b ur ce s Of
an p a rtic ul a ki d e mo r e lik ly to o c cur t c rt i
a r n ar e a e a n

ti me s O f th e d y a d a t c e rt i e a
o s n d i te rv l s o f ti me
,
n a n s as n a n a ,

th o g h e c h i di vi du l d i turb
u a c e a pp e r s qu i te i r e g l r
n a B e id e s an a r u a . s s

th e e mo r e o r di
s ry disturb ce th e r e r e o cc i o lly time s f
na an s, a as na o

e xce i v e d i turb c e i n wh i h th e ma g e ti m i s tr o gly di s tu b e d

ss s an ,
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f or d y o two
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r . I d ividu l
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di t b a c e h v e b e
s ur n o me ti me s O b e rv e d
s a t th e s a me i n s ta n t
e n s s a

i n t ti o
s a wi de ly di ta t
ns s n .

M A i ry h a s fo
r . d th a t a l rg e pr o p o rti un O f th e di turb a c e s a on s n

a t G re wich c o rr e p o n d with th e e l e ctri c u r e ts c o ll e c t d by

en s c r n e

e l e ctr o d pl ce d i th e
es th i
a th e e i h b o urh o o d
n nd e u ch ear n a ar s
g n ,

as wo ld b dir e c tly pr o du ce d i th e m g e t if th e e a rth curre t

u e n a n -
n ,

r e t i i g i ts a c t
a n n l dir e ctio we re c o d c te d th r o ugh a wire pl ce d
ua n ,
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un d e tb th e m g e t
er n a a n .

Ith b e e f d th t th e re i a e p o ch f m ximum d i t rb ce
as n oun a s n O a s u an

e ve ry e le ve ye rs d th a t thi s pp e r s to c o i cide wi th th e e p o ch
n a ,
an a a n

o f m xi mum umb e r o f p o t i th e
a n s s n su n .

Th e fi e l d o f i v e tig ti i to whi ch w e e i tr o duc e d

n s a on n ar n
4 74 ] VA R I A TI O NS A ND D I S TU R B A N C E S .

by th e st u dy o f te rr e stri a l ma g n e ti s m i s as pr o fo u n d as i t is ex

te n s i ve .

W e kn o w th a t th e su n rth m g e ti m
an d mo o n a ct o n th e ea
’
s a n s .

It h b e e pro ve d th t th i ti c
as n t be xpl i e d by p
a s ac on an n o e a n su

po i g th b di e ma g e ts Th e cti i th e r f re i di e ct I n
s n e se o s n . a on s e o n r .

th e ca sef th O p t f it m y b the rm a l ti b t i th
e su n ar o a e ac o n ,
u n e

ca s O f th e m o o
e we c t ttri bute i t to th i c
n ann o e I i t po a s au s . s s

sibl e th t th e ttr cti o

a O f th e e b di e
a a by i g tr a i
n i th e s o s, ca u s n s ns n

i te ri o r f th e e rth pr d e (A r t 4 4 7 ch g e i th m g ti m
n o a , o uc s . an s n e a ne s

a l r e dy e x i ti g i n th e e r th
a s n d o by a kin d Of tid a l c ti a ,
can e s a on au s s

th e e mi di r
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u na a ons

B t th e a mo
u t O f l l th e e c h un
g i v e ry a m ll c m p r e
s d w i th an es s s a o a

th e g re t e c l r h m m
’
a s
g s o f th e e
u a thc g
an e ti e ar s a n s .

Wh t ca se wh e th e r e xte ri o r to th e a rth o in i t i r de pth

a u ,
e r s nne s,

pro d ce s ch e o rmo s h a g i th e e rth m g e ti m th t i t

u su n u c n es n a
’
s a n s ,
a s

m g e ti c p o l e s mo v e l o wly fr o m
a n e p rt f th e g l o b e t
s o th e r on a O o an

Wh e n we c o ide r th t th e i te n ity O f th e ma g e ti a ti o o f th
ns a n s n z n e

g re t a
g l o b o f t h e ee r th qu i te c o mp r a b l e wi th tha t w hi c h w e
a 1s a

pr o d e with m
uc u h diffic l ty o ste e l ma g e t th e e i mme e
c u In ur n s, s ns

ch an
g es o l rg
I n e bso dy fo r ea s to c o l ad e th t w e a e t y e t
c u n c u a r no

ac q ua i t d wi th o e o f th e m o st p o w e rf l a g
n e n t in a t re th e u en s n u ,

sc e e o f wh o s e
n c ti v ity l i e i th o e i
a e r d e p ths f th e e rth to
s n s nn o a ,

th e k n o wl e dge O f wh ich w e h a v e o fe w me a n O f c c e s s s a s .
 P A R T IV .

E L E C TR O M A G N E TI S M .

C H A P TE R I .

E L E C TRO M A GN E TI C F O R C E .

4 75 ] I T h a d be e n no tice d by ma n y diffe r e n t O bs e r ve rs th a t i n
ce r t i n c a s e s ma gn e ti sm i s pr o d uc e d o r d e str o ye d i e e d le s by
a n n

e l e c tr ic d i c h a r g e s th r o ugh th e m o
s n e a r th e m a d c o j e c tur e s r ,
n n

o f v ri o u a k i ds h a d b e e ma de s to th e r e l a tio n b e twe e n ma g
s n n a

n e ti m a d e l e c tr i c ity b t th e l a w s O f th e e p h e o me n
s n ,
a d th e
u s n a, n

fo r m o f th e e r e l a tio r e m i e d e tire ly u n kn o w till H a n s

s n s, a n n n

C h r i s tia Or te d n t a pri va te l e ct r e to
s a fe w a dv a c e d s tu de ts u a n n

a t C o p e h ge Ob s e rv e d th t
n a n wire c o e cti g th e e ds O f a
, a a nn n n

vo lta i c b a tte ry a ffe c te d a ma g e t in i ts vici ity Th is d is co ve ry n n .

h e publ i h e d in a tr c t e ti tl e d E p e r i e n t ci ca efle ctu m C o fl i tds

s a n a rn a r n o

E Ze t i i i Ac
o r c M g e ti c
n d te d J ly 2 1 18 2 0
u rn a n a rn , a u , .

E xp e i me ts o r th e r e l a ti o
n Of th e m gn e t to b o die s
n h rg e d n a c a

with e le tri city h a d b e e tri e d w ith o ut a y e ult till C ste d

c n n r s r

e n d e a v o ur e d to a s ce ta i th e e ffe ct o f a w i r e b e te d by a
r n e l e c tr ic a n

c rru t en H e d i sc v e re d h w e v e r th a t th e c urr e t i t e lf
. o ,
d ot ,
n s ,
an no

th e h e a t o f th e w ir e w s th e c a u s o f th e a c tio ,
a d th t th e
a e n ,
n a

e l c tr i c c o fl i ct a c ts i r e v lvi g ma e r th t i s th a t a ma g t ’
e n n a o n nn ,
a ,
ne

pl c e d e r wi r e tra n mitti g
a n a a e l e ctr i c c rr e n t te d s to
s se t n an u n

i ts e l f p e p e n dic ul r to th e w i r
r d w ith th e
a me e d l w y s e ,
an sa n a a

p o i ti g f rw r d
n n th m g t i s m o v e d r o
o a s as d th e wi r e
e a ne un .

4 7 6 ] I t pp e a r s th e r e fo r e th a t i th e s p a c e s u r o u d i g a w i r e
a n r n n

Se e an o t h f O r s te d
e r a cco u n t o
’
s d i s c o v e r y i n a l e tte r fro m Pr o f e ss o r H a n ste e n I n

th e L if e o f F a r a da y b y D r B e n c e . J o n e s , v o l i i p 395 . . . .
 S TRA I GH T C URR E N T .

t r ans mi tti n g an l r ic
e e ct cu r en r t _a ma g n e t i s a c te d on by fo rc e s
d e pe n di n g on th e po iti o s n Of th e wi r e an d on th e r
st e n
g th o f th e
c urr e n t. The s pa c e
whi ch th e e f r e ct ma y th e r fo r e b e in s o c s a e

co

w y a
ide r e d as
ns ma g e tic fi l d a d we
w e h a ve lr e a d y t di e d th e fi e l d in th e
as a
a y st dy i t i
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igh b o rh o o d o f
s u
e ,
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m u

ne
n

u
s

o rdi a ry ma g e ts
n by tra c i g th c o u se O f th e l in e o f m g e ti c
n ,
n e r s a n

fo r c e d m e a s r i g th e i te
,
an ity O f th e fo r c e t e v e ry p o i t
u n n ns a n .

4 7 7 ] L e t u b e g in w ith th e ca s s f in d fi i te ly l o n g tra igh t e o an e n s

wi re ca r ryi g a e le c tri c c ur e n t I f m w e re to pl e h im e lf
n n r . a an ac s

i ima gi n ti o
n i th e p o i ti o
a n o f th e wir e o th t th urre t
n s n ,
s a e c n

s h o l d fl o w fr o m h i
u h e a d to hi s fe e t th e m g e t u p e de d
s ,
n a a n s s n

fr e e ly b e fo r e h i m wo uld e t its e l f o th t th e e d whi c h p o i ts o r th s s a n n n

w o uld u de r th e cti ,
n f th e c urr e t p o i t to h i r ig h t h d
a on O n ,
n s an .

Th e lin e O f mag n tic f rce a e e ve rywh e r e a t r igh t

s e
g l e s to o r an

pla e d ra w th ro gh th e wi re d e th e e
n s n u ,
an ar r

fo re c i r c l es e a c h i a pl a n e p e rpe di c ula to n n r

th e wi r e whi ch p , e s th r o ug h i ts c e tr e ass n .

The po l e O f a ma g e t wh i ch p o in t o r th i f n s n ,

c a rri e d r o u d o o f th e e c i r c l e
n fr o m l ft to
ne s s e

r i gh t w o l d e xp r i e c
,
u fo r ce a c ti g l w ye n e a n a a s

i th e di e c ti o n o f its mo ti o
n r Th e th e r n . o

po l e O f th e m ma g t wo l d e xp e ri e ce sa e ne u n

a fo r c e i th e O pp si te d i r e c ti o
n o n .

4 7 8 ] To c o mp a r e th e se f r ce l e t th e wi r e o s

b e s ppo s e d ve rti ca l
u d th e c urre n t a d e ,
an

s ce din g o e a n d l e t
n ma g n e t b e pl ac e d o
n ,
a n

a n a pp a ra tus wh i c h i fr e e to r o t te bo ut a s a a

Ve r ti ca l a xis c o i c id i g wi th th wi r e I t
n n e .

i s fo u d th t u d e r th e e c i c msta c e s th e
n a n s n
21
c urr e t h a ca us i n e r o ta ti o
n o e ffe c t i g th
.

n s n n

o f th a pp r tus ae wh o l e b o t it e lf
a a s a xia H e c e th e a u s as an s. n

a c ti o O f th e v e rti c l c r e t o
n th tw o p o l s o f th e ma gn e t i
a u r n n e e s

s u ch th a t th e ta ti ca l m me ts f th e tw o f r c e s a b o ut th
s o re t n o o e cu r n

as a xi
an a e e q al s d o pp o ite
r Le t m a d
u b e th e st r e gth s
an s
1
n 772 n
2
.

O f th e tw o po l e s d th e i r di sta c e fr o m th e x is o f th e w i r
r an r n s a e,
, 1 2

T I
d T th e in te i ti e
an
2
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th e two p o l e r e s p e ctive ly th e th e fo r ce
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s 772
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, I
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S imil rly th t O f th e fo r ce o
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th e r e i s n o mo tio O b se r e d n v ,

an
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VOL . II . K
 E L E C TR OM A GN E TI C F OR C E .

B u t we k w th a t i
no n a ll ma g n e ts
m1+ m2 0 .

H e n ce
or th e l
r ma g e tic fo rce d e to str igh t c urr e t O f in fi ite
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le gth i s p e rp e di cul a r to th e c rre t n d v rie s i n ve r se ly s th e

n n u n ,
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d i t c fr o m it
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4 79 ] S i c e th e pr du c t T d e p n ds o
n th e s t ehgth o f th e o r e n r

cu rre t it m y b e e mpl ye d s me r e f th e c urre t Th i s

n a o a a a su O n .

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o r n a e a n s s

o f me a re me t I n th e le c tro m g e ti sys te m if i i s th e c urr e t

su n . e a n c n ,

Tr 2Z .

4 80 ] I f th e w ir e b e ta k e n fo r th e a xi s Of z ,
th e n th e r e c ta n
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2 i ta n 0
"

H e n c e th e ma g n e ti c fo ce i n th e fi e l d c a n b e d e d uc e d fr m a r o

p l u
o te n tia v r l r r i t ce s b u t th e p o te ti l
f n cti o n , a s in s e e a fo me ns an ,
n a

i i
s th is c s
n f c ti o n h vi g a i n fi i te s e ri e O f va lu e s wh o s e
a e a un a n n n s

c o mmo diffe r e c n is 4 i Th e di ffe r e ti l c o e ffi ci e ts o f th e

n e 7r . n a n

po t ti a l w ith re s p e c t t th e c o o rdi n a te s h v e h o we ve r de fi ite a d

en o a , ,
n n

i gl e v a l e s a t e v e ry p o i t
s n u n .

Th e e xi t ce o f a p o te ti l fu c ti
s en i n th e fi e l d e r a l e ctricn a n on n a n e

c urr e t i s ot
n s e l f e vi d e t r e s ul t O f th e pr i c i ple o f the c n
n a -
n n o

s e rv ti f e e rg y fo i a ll a c t a l c rr e ts th e r e i s
a on o n ,
c o ti ua l
r n u u n a n n

e xp e d itur e o f th e e l e c tri
n e e r g y o f th b tte ry in o ve rco mi g th e c n e a n

r i ta
es s f th e wi r e o th t
n ce o le s th e mo u t o f this e xpe dit re
, s a un s a n n u

w e r e a c c r te ly k o w it migh t b e s p e cte d th t p a rt f th e
u a n n ,
us a o

en e r gy O f th e b tte ry m b e e m pl o y e d i a ca u s i g w o rk t b e n n o
y a

d e o
on m g e t mo vi g i n
n a cy l
a n I f c t if m gn e ti c p l e
n a c e . n a ,
a a o ,

m m ve ro u d
,
o c l o e d c rv e
s wh i ch e mbra c e s th e wir wo rk
n a s u e,

i s ct lly d e to th e
a ua m t of 4 w i
on I t is o ly fo c l o s e da oun rn . n r

p th whi h do o t e mbr c e th e wire th t th e li e i te g r l O f th e

a s c n a a n - n a

fo r c e v i h e s W mu t th e r e fo r e fo th e pr e e t o si de r th e
an s . e s r s n c n

l w f f r e
a o d th e e xi te c e f
o c an p o te tia l s r e sti g o the s n O a n a n n

e id e ce O f th e
v n xp e rime t lre dy de s c ri b e d e n a a .
4 3]
8 MA GN E TI C POTE N TI A L .

4 8 1] I f we pa ce rr din g
c o n s ide r
i fin i t th e tr igh t s su o un an n e s a

li ne w e h a ll e s th t it i s cyclie pa b e ca e i t r t
a s i to
a c s ce , us e ur n s n

i tse lf I f we
. o w co e i ve pl e o
n
y th e r ncur f ce c om a an , r an o s a ,

me c i g t th e tr ig h t li
n n a d e xte di g
s a o id f it
n e an n n on ne s e O

to i fin ity thi
n rf ce m y b e r e g a rde d
,
s su d i p h ra g m whi c h
a a as a a

r e d uce th e cyc li c p a ce to
s yc l i es I f fr o m y fix e d
an p o i t ac c on . an n

li n e s b e d ra wn to y o th e r p o in t with o u t c tti g th di ph r g m
an u n e a a ,

an d th e po te ti l b e d fi d n th e li e i te g r l f th e f r e t a k
a e n e as n -
n a o o c en

al f th e se li n e t h e p o te n ti l t a p o i t w i
s, ll t h h v a a n
on
g o e O n y e e n n a

a i gl e d fi i te v al e
s n e n u .

Th e ma g n e tic fie l d i n o w i de ti l i ll r e pe c t with th t d e
s n ca n a s s a u

to a ma g e ti h e l l c i c idi g wi th thi
n c s rfa c th e tr e gth f
o n n s su e, s n o

th e h e l l be i g i
s Thi s h l l i b u de d
n . e e d g e by th e i fin i te
s e s o n on on n

s t r igh t l i e
a The n th e r p a rts f i t b u d ry
. o t a i fi i te o s o n a are a n n n

di ta c fro m th e p r t O f th e fi l d
s n e de r c i d r ti o
a e u n on s e a n .

48 2 ] I n l l a c tu l xpe ri me t th e c r
a t f r m a lo e d i r c it
a e n s u ren o s c s c u

o f fin ite dim e io W e h l l th e re fo r e co mp r e th e m g e ti
ns n s. s a a a n c

a c ti o nf a fi i te c i c it w i th tha t o f
O n ma g e tic h e l l O f whi h th e
r u a n s c

c ir c i t i s th e b o u di n g e d g e
u n .

I t h a s be e hew by ume r o e xpe rime t o f whi c h the

n s n n us n s,

ea r li e s t a e th o e f A mpé e
r sd th e m t a c c ur te th o se f We b r
o r , an os a o e ,

th t th e ma gn e tic a c ti
a f m l l pl a e c i c it t di t on o e s wh ic h
a s a n r u a s an c

ar e g r e a t co mpa r d wi th th e d im s ioe O f th e c i r c it i th e me en ns u s sa

a s th a t O f ma gn e t wh o e a xi s is o rm l t th e p l a e O f th e c ir c ui t
a s n a o n ,

an d wh o e ma gn e ti c mo m t i
s q a l to th e a r ea f th e c irc it en s e u o u

mu l ti pl i d by th e s tre gth o f th e c ur e t
e n r n .

I f th e c i r c u it b uppo se d to b e fill e d p by u f a c e b o u de d
e s u a s r n

by th e c irc u it d th us f rmi g a di ph r gm a d if ma g e ti c
an o n a a ,
n a n

s h e l l O f st r e gth i co in ci di g wi th thi
n su f c be b tit te d f n s r a e su s u or

th e e l e c tri c c urr e t th th e m gn e ti c a c ti o
n ,
O f th en hell ll a n e s on a

dis ta n t p o i ts wi ll b e ide ti ca l wi th th a t f th c urr e t

n n o e n .

483 ] H i th e rto w e h ve pp o se d th e di me s i O f th e c i c i t
a su n on s r u

to b e m ll c o mp r e d with th e di ta ce O f
s a a y p a rt f i t f r m s n an o o

th e pa rt O f th e fi e l d xa mi n e d W e h a ll o w s pp o se th e i r c i t
e . s n u c u

to b e f a y f rm o n d i e wh a te v e r
o d e xa mi n e i ts a c ti o
an s z t a y ,
an n a n

po i t P n o t in th e c o ducti g wi r e it e l f Th e fo ll wi g me th o d
n n n s . o n ,

w hi h h a s impo r ta n t ge o me tri ca l ppli ca ti o w i tr o duc e d by

c a n s, as n

A mp er e f thi purp or s o se .

C ce i ve a y s u rf c e S b un d e d by th e c i r c i t
on n a nd ot o m u a
p g n a ss

th r g h th e p o in t P
ou O th i urf ce dr a w two e r i f li. n s s a s es o nes

c ro in g e a ch o th e r s o a to di vi d e i t i to l me ta ry p r ti
~

ss s th e n e e n o o n s,

K 2
 E L E C TR OM A GNE TI C E OR C E .
[4 4
8

dime n s io n s wh i c h a m l l c o mp r e d wi th th e ir d i t c e fro m
o f re s a a s an

P ,
d w ith th e ra dii o f c rv a tur e f th e s rf ce
an u o u a .

Ro d c h O f th e s e e l e me n t
un ea c o c e i v e a c urr e t O f tr e n g th i s n n s

to fl o w th e d i r e c ti f c i r c u la tio
,
b e i g th s me i a l l th e l e
on o n n e a n e

me t n i t i s i th e o r ig i l c i r c i t
s as n na u .

A l o g e ve ry l i e fo r mi g th e di vi s i o
n b e twe e tw o c o tig u o u s
n n n n n

e l e me t two e qu l c rr e ts f s t e g th i fl w i
n s o pp i te d i r c o
a u n O r n o n o s

ti o n s .

Th e e ffe c t O f two qu l
pp o s ite c rr e t i th e sa me pl a ee a an d o u n s n c

i s b s o l te l y e r
a u te v e r in wh
p e c t w e c o ide r th e c rre ts
z o, a as ns u n .

H e ce th e i r m g e ti c e ffe c t i s e r o
n Th e o l y p o r ti o s o f th e
a n z . n n

e l e me ta ry c ir c its wh i ch
n e ot e tr l i e d i
u th i s w a y a e th se ar n n u a z n r o

wh ich o i ide with th e o rigi l c ir cuit Th e to t l e ffe ct o f th e

c nc na . a

el m e t ry c i r c uits i s th e r e fo r e e q i v l e t t th t f th o r igi a l
en a u a n o a o e n

c i r c it u .

4 8 4 ] N o w i ce e a ch O f th e e l e me ta ry c i r c uits ma y b e c o n
s n n

s i de e d s r m l l pl e c i r c ui t wh o se di t ce fro m P i s g re t
a a s a an s an a

c o mp r e d w ith i ts d ime s i o s
a w e m y s ub s tit te fo it ele n n ,
a u r an

me n t ry m g e ti c s h e ll o f S tr e g th i wh o s e b o di g e dg e c o i c id e
a a n n un n n s

w ith th e e le me t ry ci rc i t Th e m gn e ti c e ffe ct Of th e e l e me t ry
n a u . a n a

s h ll e P i s e qui va l e n t t th t o f th e e l e me ta ry c i r c uit
on Th e o a n .

wh l e o f th e e l e me t ry sh e ll c o titute a m g e ti h e l l O f
o n a s ns a n c s

s tr e gt h i n c o i c idi g wi th th e s ur fa c e S
,
n d bo nde d by th e an un

o r i gi l c i r c it
na d th e m g e ti c a c tiou , O f th e wh o l e s h e ll o
an P a n n n

i e q i v l e t to th t Of th e c i r c u it
s u a n a .

I t i m ife st th t th e s c tio an o f th e c i r c ui t i s i n de p e de n t
a a n n

o f th e fo r m O f th e s urfa c e S w hic h w d ra w i a p e rfe c tl y ,

as n n

a rb itr ry m e r s o s to fill it up W e s e e fr o m th i th t the

a an n a . s a

a c ti f onm g e tic h e ll d e p e ds o ly o th e fo r m O f its e dg e

O a a n s n n n

a d not o
n th e fo r m o f th e s h e l l i t e l f
n Thi s r e s l t w e O b t i e d s . u a n

b e f r a t A t 4 10 b t i t i i s tr cti ve to s e e ho w it m y b e
o e, r .
,
u s n u a

d d c e d fr o m e l c tr o m g e ti c c
e u i d e ra ti e a n ons ons .

Th e m g e tic fo r c e d e to th e i r c it t a y p o i t i th e r e fo r e
a n u c u a n n s

id e ti c l i m g it d e
n a d d ir e c ti o
n w i th th t d e to a m g e ti c
a n u an n a u a n

sh ll b o e d e d by th e c i r u it un d ot p i g th r o gh th e p o i t c an n a ss n u n ,

th tr e g th o f th e h e ll b e i g
e s n ume ri c lly e q a l to th t O f th e s n n a u a

c rru t Th e di r e ti
en o f th e c rr
. t i th e c i r c it i r l t d to
c on u en n u s e a e

th e d i r e c tio o f m g ti ti o o f th e
n h e ll o th t ifa m ne we re to z a n s , s a a an

s ta d w ith h is fe e t o
n th a t i de O f th e h e ll wh i ch w l l th e
n s s e ca

p o itive i de d wh ich te d to p o i t to th e o rth th e curr n t i

s s ,
an n s n n ,
e n

fro t O f h i m w o ld b e fr o m r igh t to l e ft
n u .
4 8 6 ] MA GN E TI C PO TE N TI A L D UE TO A CI RC UI T .

4 85 ] ma g n e ti c p o te n ti a l o f th e c i r c u i t h o w e ve r, di ffe r s
Th e ,

fr o m th a t o f th e ma gn e ti c s h e ll fo r th o se p o i n ts wh i ch a r e i n th e
s ub sta n c e O f th e ma g n e ti c s h e ll .

I f co is th e s o l i d a n g l e s u b te n d e d a t th e po i n t P by th e ma g n e tic
re c k o e d p o iti ve wh th e p iti v e o
s h e ll , n tr l i d O f th
s h e ll en os r au s a s e e s

i s xt to P th e th ma gn e ti p o te ti l t a y p in t o t i th e
n e ,
n e c n a a n o n n

s h ll i t l f i s m w h e re f i th
e se tr g th f th e h ll
c ,
At y ( ) s e s en O s e . an

p i t i th b ta e o f th e h e ll it lf w m y pp e th e h e ll
o n n e su s n c s se e a su os s

di v ide d i t tw o p r t wh e n otr e g th e t d ( 1 w h
a re s os s n s ar ( , an 12 ,
e

s h th a t th e p o i t i th e p iti ve ide f
uc d n s on o s s O an

o nth e e g a ti v e id e f gb
n Th e p o te ti l t th i p o i t i
s O
z
. n a a s n s

0’ 77 (
P2
O n th e n e
g a ti e v s id e o f th e s h e ll th e p o te n ti a l be co m e s <) 1 w (
I n thi s ca s e th e r e fo re th e p o te n ti a l is co n tin u o u s, an v ry
d at e e

p o in t ha s a s in g l e d e te m in a e a lu e I r
n th e ca s e t v . f th e e le tr i c
O c

ci cu r it, on r
th e o th e h a n d, th e m a gn e tic o te n ti a p l t v ry p o i t
a e e n

no t i n th e c o n du c ti n g wr
i e its e f i s e u a to i a , l q l w h r i i th e
e e s

r
st e n
gth o f th e cu rr e n t, an d (o i s th e s o li d g l an e s ub t d d by th
en e e

cir cu i t a t th e po i t n ,
an d is re cko d ne p o iti ve wh
s en th e rr e t cu n ,
as

seen f r o m P, cir l t cu a es in th e di r e cti on O pp i te t os o th a t o f th e h a n d s

Th e q u an ti t yi fi ite s e ri e O f v a l
co is a fu n c ti o n h a vi n g an in n s ues

wh o c o mmo diff r ce i 4 i Th e diff r ti l c o e ffi cie t O f

se n e en s 77 . e en a n s

i wi th e pe c t to th e o o rd i te h v
(o r s h o we v r i gl e a d d e c na s a e , e ,
s n n

te rmi te v a l e f na e v e ry p i t o f p a c e
u s or o n s .

48 6 ] I f l o g thi fl xib l e le i d l ma g t w r e p l e d i
a n n e so no a ne e ac n

th e e i gh b rh o d O f
n l ctri
ou i r i t th o r th d o th d an e e c c cu ,
e n o an s u en s

o f th l o i d w o l d te d to m o v i
e so e n pp o ite di r ti u r d n e n o s ec on s oun

th e wi r d i f th y w r e fr e e to O b y th ma g ti f r e th
e, an e e e e n e c o c e

m g t w o l d fi ll y b e m w
a ne u d r d th e wi r e i
na cl e co e ou n oun n a os

c o il I f i t w r e p o ib l to O b t i
. m g e t ha vi g o ly
e ss p le e a n a a n n n one o ,

or p l f e q l tr e g th
o es o h
un m a g t w o u l d b e mo v e d r o
ua s d n ,
su c a ne un

an d r o u d th e w i r e n ti lly i e di r ti o b t i th e p o l e s
co n n ua n on ec n ,
u s n ce

o f e v ry m g e t e eq l d Opp it th i r e l t c
a ne ar ve r o c r ua an os e, s su an n e c u .

F ra d y h w v r h h w h w to pr o d u ce th e o ti
a a ,
o e e ,
r o t ti
as s e n o c n nuous a on

Of p o l f m g e t ro u d
one e ol tr i c rr e t by m ki g i t
a a n n an e ec c u n a n

p ibl e f o p l t go r d d r o d th e rr t wh il
o ss or n e o e o oun an un cu en e

th th e r p l d
e o ot Th t thi pr c
o e m y b e r pe te d i
o es n . a s o e ss a e a n

d fi i t l y th e b dy f th e m g e t m t b tr
e n e ,
o f rr e d fr m O a n us e an s e o one

s id f th
e o rre t to th th r ce i e ch r e v l ti o
e cu n T d e o e on n a o u n . o o

thi w i th o t i te rr p ti g th fl w f l c tri i ty th
s u n rr t i plit
u n e o O e e c , e cu en s s
 E L E C TR OM A GN E TI C F O R C E .
[ 7
4 8 .

i n to tw o bra ch e o th t w he o e bra ch i s o p e n e d to l e t th e
‘

n s, s a n n n

m g e t p s th c urr e t co ti u e to fl o w th ro ugh th e o th e r
a n as e n n n s
'
.

F r d y u e d fo thi purp e a c i rc l r tro gh o f me rc ury s

a a a s r s os u a u ,
a

sh w e i Fig 2 3 A t 4 9 1 Th e c urr e t e n te s th e tr gh th r o ugh

n n .
, r . . n r ou

th wi r e A B i t i s di vi de d a t B
e , nd fte r fl o wi g th o u g h th e r c s ,
a a n r a

B Q P a d B R P i t u i te s t P
n d l e v e s th e tr o gh th r o gh th e
n a ,
an a u u

w ire P 0 th c p O f me r c ry 0 a d a ve rtic l wire b e e a th 0

, e u u ,
n a
’
z n ,

d o w whi c h th e c r e t fl o w
n u r n s .

Th e m g e t ( o t h e w i th e fig r ) i s mo un te d s o
a n n s s to b e n n u e a

a pa bl e O f r e v o lvi b u t v r ti l x i th r o gh 0 d th e wi r e s u an
c
g o e c n a a a a ,

OP r e vo l ve wi th i t Th e b o dy o f th m g e t p s s e s th r o gh th e
s . e a n a u

a p e rt r e f th e tro gh o e po l
u o
y t h o r th p o l e b e i g b e e a th
u ,
n e , sa e n ,
n n

th e pl a e O f th e tr ughn d th e o th e r b o v e i t o A th e m g t ,
an a . s a ne

an d th e w i r e 0 P r v o l v b o t th e v e rti l a xis th e c urre t i

e e a u ca ,
n s

gr d lly tra fe rre d fro m th e bra ch o f th e tro ugh wh i ch li e s i

a ua ns n n

fr o t f th m g e t t th t wh i ch l i e b hi d i t o th a t i e v e ry
n O e a n o a s e n ,
s n

c o mpl e te e v o l ti th e m gn e t p s e fr o m o e s id e o f th e c urr e n t
r u on a as s n

to th e o th e r Th e o r th p l .o f th e ma g e t r e v o lve s a b o t th e
n o e n u

d e s c e n di g c rr e t i th e d ir e cti o d if
’
n u n n w a e th e n an to ,
r

s o li d g l e s (i rr e p e c ti v e o f S i
an
g ) b t e d esd by th e c i r c ul a r tr o g h n su n u

a t th e tw o p o l e s th e w o rk d o by th e l e c tr o m g e tic f r ce i
,
ne e a n o n a

c o mpl e t e v o l tio
e r i u n s

mi ( 4 77 co

wh e re an i s th e st e n r gth o f e i th e r po l e ,
an d i th e Stre n gth o f th e
curre t n .

487] Let us no w en de a v o ur to fo r m a n o ti o n Of th e s ta te o f th e
ma gn e ti c fie ld e r l i n a a n ea r el
ri c ci r c it
e ct u .

Le t th va lu e f e O (o , th e l id g l e
so b te d e d by t h e c i r c it
an su n u ,

b e fo u n d f e v e ry p o i
or n t f p ce O d l t th e s urf ce f
s a ,
wh i h an e a s or c

w is co n s a nt t b d e c rib e s e d Th e s s r f c e s w i ll b e th e e q ip o te ti l
. e u a u n a

su rf a ce s . E a ch Of th e s e s ur f c e s w i ll b e b o
a de d by th e c i r c it un u ,

an d an
y tw o su rf a ce s , (9
1
d will me e t i th e c i rc it a t a
an G) n u n

l 1
e 5
an
g
O
i
Fgru e XV I I I v o l m e e pr e s e, t a at
e c ti o th e en d o f th i s u ,
r n s s n

o f th e e qu ip o te n ti l rf e d e to c ir l r rr e t Th e m ll a su ac s u a cu a cu n . s a

c ir cl e r pr e e ts a e c ti o o f th e c o n d c ti g w i r e
s n a d th e h o ri
se n u n ,
n

z o t l li e
n t th e b o tto m O f th e fi g ur e is th e p rp e di c l r to th e
a n a e n u a

pl e Of th i rc l r c r e t th ro gh i t c e tre Th e quip te ti l
an e c u a u r n u s n . e o n a

s rf c e
u 2 4 o f w h i ch
a s, e dr w o rr e p di g to s e ie f va l e s ar a n c s on n a r s O u

o f to d iffe ri n g by 3 a r e su rf a ce s O f r e vo l ut on i ,
h a v in g th i s l i n e fo r
4 9]
8 A C TI O N OF A C I RC UI T ON A M A GN E TI C SYS TE M .

th e ir co mmo n a xi s . Th e y ar e vi de n tly bla te figure s be in g fl a t

e o ,

te n e d i n th e di r e c ti on o f th e a xi s Th e y me e t
. ch th e r in th e li e ea o n

of th e c ir c uit at a n
g l e s of

Th e fo r ce g p
a c tin
o l e pl a c e d a t y p int
on f a a ma gn e tic an o O n

e qui p o te ti a l urf c e is pe rpe di c ul r to thi

n s a rfa ce d v ri n a s su ,
an a es

i ve rs e l y a s th e di s ta n c b e twe e n c o se c ti ve
n rfa ce Th l se d e n u su s. e c o

c u ve r ur ro u din g th e e c tio f th e wi r e i Fi g X V I I I
s s n th e s n o n . are

li e f fo rc e Th e y e C o p ie d fro m S ir W Th m o P p e r o
n s o . ar . o s n s
’
a n

V rte x o Se e l o Ar t 7 0 2 a s . .

A c tio n o
f an E Ze c tr ic C i r cu i t o n a ny M a g n e tic Sy s te m .

48 8 ] We ar e n o w a ble to d e du ce th e a c ti o n of an e l e ct ric c ir c u it
on an
y ma g n e ti c s y s te m in i ts n ei
g h b rh o ou o d fr o m th e th e o ry Of

ma g n e ti c ll F i f w e co tr u ct ma g tic h ll w h
sh e s . or ns a ne s e ,
o se

str e g th i s
n ume ri c l ly qu l to th st e gth f th e c rr t d
n a e a e r n o u en , an

wh o e e dge in cide i p o iti o w ith th e c i c i t whil th h ll

s co s n s n r u ,
e e s e

it lf d o e
se t pa th r o gh
s n o
y p a rt o f th e m a
g e ti
ss y t m th u an n c s s e ,
e

acti f thon h ll o
o th e mag e ti
e yste m will b e ide tica l wi th
s e n n c s n

th a t O f th e e le c tri c c ir cui t .

M a y n e tw Sy s tem o n tb e E Ze c tr ic C ir cu i t
’

Re i
a ct o n o
f til e .

48 9 ] F r o m thi s ,
a pp l yi n g th e i n ci pr
e th a t a ctio n a n d e a pl
c ti o n r
are e q ua l an d O pp ite os , we c o n cl u d e th a t th e m e c h a n i ca a c ti o n o f l
th e ma g n e tic s s on y te m
th e e l e c tri c c i r cu it is i d e n ti ca l wi th its
a c ti o n o n a ma n e ti c s h e ll h a v i n t h i r ui t f r i ts e d e
g g e c c o g .

Th e p o te n tia l e n e rg y O f a m a gn e ti c s h e ll o f s tr e n gth <1 ) pl a c e d

i n a fi e l d o f ma gn e tic fo r c e Of whi c h th e p o te n ti a l i s V is by , ,

A r t 4 10 , .

dV dV dV
l +m + n d 8’
fl fi fiz
wh e re Z m e th e d i r e c ti o
, , co i e
n f th e o rm l dra w fr o m th e
ar n -
s n s O n a n

po iti ve ide o f th e l me t d S O f th e h e ll a n d th i te g r ti o n
s s e e n s , e n a

i e xte de d o v r th e u fa c e Of th e s h e ll
s n e s r .

N o w the urfac e i te gr a l s -
n

a 7n b n o d
) ,S

wh e r e a ,
b, c ar e mpo n e n ts Of th e ma gn e ti c i n du c tio n
th e co ,
re

pr e t es n s th e qu a n ti ty o f ma g n e ti c i n du cti o n th ro u g h th e sh e ll ,
o r,

T r a n s R S E d in . . . .
, vo l . xx v .
p 2 17,
.
 E L E C TR O MA GN E TI C F O R C E .
[ 49 0 ,

i n th e l g ge f F r d y th e mbe r O f l i e s o f m gn e tic i
an ua O a a a ,
nu n a n

d tiuc r e c k o e d a lg e br ic lly wh i h p th ro gh th e h e ll fro m

on ,
n a a , c a ss u s

th e g ti v e
e n t th e p o iti ve
a i d e l i s w hi ch p s th r o gh th
o s s ,
ne a s u e

sh l l i th e pp o ite di r e c ti o b i g r e ko e d e ga tiv e
e n o s n e n c n n .

R e me mb e r i g th a t th e h e ll d o e s o t b e l o g to th e m g e ti c
n s n n a n

sy t m to wh i ch th e p o te tia l V i s d e a d th t th e ma g e tic
s e n u ,
n a n

f r o i s th e re fo r e e q l t th e m g e ti c i d cti
ce w e h ave ua o a n n u on ,

dV dV dV
a ,
day dy dz
an d w e ma y write th e va lu e Of I II ,
M = —
¢ N .

I f 6510, r e pre se n ts any di s p l a c e me n t Of th e sh e ll ,

an d X1 th e fo r ce
a c tin
g on th e she ll s o as to a id th e dis pl a ce me n t, th e n by th e
pr in c i l e p Of c o n s e rv ti o a n o f ene rg y ,

X1 6 a q + 6M = 0 ,

We h a ve
rmi n d th e a ture o f th e f r c e wh ic h c o
no w d e te e n o r

r e spo d to y give di pl c e me t o f th e h e ll I t i ds o r r e si t
n s an n s a n s . a s s

th t di pl c e me t a c co r di g l y a s th e d i p l c e me t i c r e e
a s a n o n s a n n as s r

d imi i h e s N th e n umb e r o f l in e O f i d c tio wh i ch p s th r o ugh

n s ,
s n u n as

th e h e ll s .

Th e sa me i s tr e o f th e e qui v l e t e l e c tri c ir c uit A y di S

'

u a n c . n

pl ce me t f the c ircuit wi l l b e ide d o r e i te d a c c o r di gl y it

a n o a r s s n as

i c r e e o dimi i h
n as s th e u mb e r o f l i e s O f i d u tio wh i c h p s
r n s es n n n c n as

th r o gh th e i r c ui t i th e p o itive di re c ti o
u c n s n .

W e mu t r e me mb e r th t th e p o iti ve d ire cti o O f

s li e o f a s n a n

m g e tic i d c tio i th e d ir e c ti o i whi ch th e p l e o f m g e t

a n n u n s n n o a a n

wh i h p o i ts o rth te ds to mo v e a l g th li
c n n d th t li e
n on e n e, an a a n

O f i d c ti np a s se th ro gh th ci cI it i th e p o itive di r e c ti
u on s u e r I n s on ,

wh e th e di r e ctio o f th e li e Of i ductio i s re la t d to th e
n n n n n e

di r e c ti n f th e c urr e t O f Vi tr e o u s e l e c tri ity i

o O th e i rc u it s n c n c a

th e l o g it d in l to th e r o t tio a l mo ti o
n u of a i gh t h a n de d c r e w a n n a r - s .

Se e Ar t 2 3 . .

4 90 ] I t i s ma n i fe s t th a t th e fo r c e co rre s p o n din
g t o a n y di s

pl a ce me n t Of th e ci c r u it as a wh o l e ma y b e d e d u c e d a t o n ce f o m r
th e th e o ry O f th e m g e tic h a n s e ll B
. u t th i s i s n o t a ll . If p rtio n
a o

O f th e c i r c i t i s fl e xib l e o th t it
u ,
s a ma y b e di s pla ce d i n d e p e d tly n en

o f th e r e t w e m y m k s th e e dge
,
a a e Of th e sh e l l c p bl e
a a Of th e sa me
k i d Of di pla c e me t by cutti g
n s n n u
p th e su rf a ce Of th e sh e ll i n to
490 ] F OR C E A C TI NG ON A C URR E N T .

a s ufficie nt n umbe r o f po rti by fl xibl e j o i t H e c e o n s c o n n e c te d e n s. n

we c l d th t if b y th e d i p l c e m t f
onc u e a
y p rt i o O f th e c i r csu it a en o an o n

in
g iav d i r e c ti en th m b r f l ion f i d t i e w h i h
n u
c p e O n es O n uc on a ss

th r g h th e c i r it
ou b i re a e d th i di p l e m t will b
cu ca n e id e d
n c s , s s ac en e a

by th e l ctr m g e ti f rc ti g th ir uit
e e o a n c o e ac n on e c c .

E v ry p rti e o f th e o i rc it th r ef r i
on te d by f r c e
c u e o e s ac on a o

u rg i g it r o th e li e o f ma g e ti i d cti
n ac ss n to i l d
s n c n u on so as nc u e

a
g r t r ea m b e
e r f t h
n u e se li ne w i th i th
o m br c e O f th e i r c i t s n e e a c u ,

an d th e w rk d o e by th o fo r c d ri g th i di pl e me t i
n e e u n s s ac n s

n u me r ica ll y qu a l to th e mb e r f th e d diti o l li e f i
n u O a na n es O n

d c ti o m l ti p li e d by th e tr e ngth Of th e c urr e t
u n u s n .

L e t th e l e me t d s f e c i r c it n i w hi ch urre t o f tre gth

o a u ,
n a c n s n

i i fl wi g b e mo v e d p l l l t i t e l f th r o gh p c e 6 it w ill
'

s o n , ara e o s u a s a 33,

s w p t ee o ur i th e f rm O f p r lle lo g r m w h o e id e e
an a ea n o a a a a s s s ar

p r ll l d e q l to d
a a e an d 6 r e p e ti ve l y
ua s an x s c .

I f th e m g ti c i d ti o a i d e o te d by 23
ne n d if i t d ir e ctio
uc n s n ,
an s n

m ke a s an
g l e w i th an t h e o rm a l t5 th p l l l g r m th v nl e o e ar a e o a , e a u

O f th e i r me t Of N c o rr e p o di g to th di pl me t i f d
n c e n s n n e s a ce n s o un

by m l tiplyi g the re a f th e p rall l g ra m by

u n a o O T h e r e lt a e o c s 5 . su

o f th i p e r tio i r pr e t d g o m trica l ly by th e v o l me f
s O a n s e se n e e e u O a

p ra ll e l pi pe d wh e e d ge re pre e t i m g it de d di re cti
a e os s s n n a n u an on

6 d d , d 5B
s, a n d it i to b r e c k e d p i ti v e if w h e w po i t
,
an s e on os n e n

i n th e th e dir e c ti o
se re i th e rde r h r gi v th e p i te r ns n o e e en o n

mo ve s r o d th e d i g o l o f th p r l l e l e p i pe d i th di r e c ti
un a na f e a a n e on O

th e h d o f a w tc h
an s Th e v o l me o f th i p r ll e l p i p e d is e q l
a . u s a a e ua

to X 6m .

I f 0 i s th e an
g l e b e tw e en dc an d $ 3, th e p r lle l gr m
a r e a Of th e a a o a

is d s .
%s in 6, an d i f 77 i s th e an
g l e w h i h th e d i p l em t 6 c s ac en a:

ma k e s w ith th e n o r ma l to th i s p r ll l g r m th v l m f th
a a e o a ,
e o u e O e

ds . %s i n 6 . 6x co s n 6 IV .

X 6a '
i 6N =
X : i ds . §B sin 0 co s n
i s th e fo r c whi e ch u rg e s d s, r e so l v ed i n th e di r e c ti o n 6 50 .

The di r ti ec on o f thi s fo rc e i s th e r e fo r e p rp e en di c ul r a to th e p r a al

l e l o g r a m, an d is e q ua l to i d s Q3 s i n 0 . .

T hi s i s th e a re a Of a p r a a ll e l o g r a m w ho se s ide s r pr e e
e s n t in ma g
n i tu d e an d di r e c ti o n i ds an d $3 . Th e fo r ce a c tin g O nd s i s th e r e fo re
r pr e
e se n te d in ma gn i tu de by th e a r ea o f th is p a ra l l e l o gra m a n d ,

in di r e c ti o n by a n o rm l a to i ts pl an e dr a w n i n th e di r e cti o n o f th e
l o n g itu di n a l mo ti o n o f a r igh t h -
an de d sc e r w , th e ha n d le o f wh i c h
 E L E C TR OM A GN E TI C PO GE R .
[49 I .

i s tu r n ed fro m th e dir e c ti o n Of th e c ur re n t i d s to th a t of th e
ma gn e ti c in d uctio n Q3 .

We ma y ex pr e s s i n th e l n gua ge
a Of

Q ua te rn io n s, b o th th e dir e cti o n an d
No r a, th e ma g n it de u Of th is fo r c e by s yi g a n

ve c to r p a rt Of th a t i t i s th e th e e ul t r s

o f multi plyi n g th e ve cto r i d s th e ,

e l e me t o f th e c urr e t b h v e c to r
y t e n n ,

tB th e m g e ti c i d cti o ,
a n n u n .

4 9 1] W e h a v e th u co mpl e te l y de s

te min e d th e fo r c e wh i ch a c ts o n a y r n

Fig 2 2
p o ti o of n e l e c tr i ci r c u it p l c e d i
r n a c a n

m g e ti c fi e l d I f th e ci r c ui t i s
. .

a a n .

mo v e d i a y wa y s o th t fte r a s u mi g va ri o s fo r ms n d
n n a ,
a s n u a

p o iti o s i t r e tur n s to its o r i gin a l pla ce the stre gth Of th e

s n , ,
n

c urr e t r e ma
n g c o n s ta n t d urin g th e mo ti o th e wh o l a mo u t
i ni n n ,
e n

o f w o rk d o e by th e e l e c tr o m g e ti c fo r ce s wil l b e
n e ro
a n S in ce z .

th i is tru e o f a y c yc l e O f mo ti o s Of th e c i r c u it it fo ll o w s th t
s n n , a

i t i s i mpo s ib l e to m i t in by e l e ctr o ma g e tic fo r c e s a mo ti o n

s a n a n

o f c o ti n o s r o ta ti o
nu ui n
y p a rt O f a l i e r c i rc ui t o f c o s ta t
n n a n a n n

s tr e gth ai t t h r i t o f fri c ti &

n
g ae e a
ns c e o cs s n n , .

I t i p o ibl e h o we v e r to pr o du c e c o ti u o u s r o ta tio
s ss , ,
p r o vi d e d n n n

th t a t s o me p rt o f th e c o u se O f th e e le c tr ic c rr t i t p a s e s
a a r u en s

fro m o e c d c to r to
n on o th e r wh ic h s l id e s o
u an
g l i d e o v e r i t r s .

Wh e i nc i r c uit th e r e i s s li di g c o t c t o f
n a c o d u c to r o ve r n n a a n

th urf ce o f a s mo o th lid o r e s a so

a fl i d th e c i c i t c o lo r u an n
g e , r u n

b e c o s i de r e d a s a s i gl e l i e r n n n a

c i r c it O f c o t t S tr e n g th b t u n s an , u

m s t b e g r de d a s y te m o f u e r a a s s

tw o o Of s o me g re te r n u mb e r r a

o f c i r c it f v i bl e tr e gth u s O ar a s n ,

th e c urr e t b e i g o di tri bute d n n s s

a mo g th e m th a t th o s e f r n o

Fig 2 3
w h i h N i s i c r e s i g h ve c n a n a

c rr e ts i th e p o itiv e d i e c
. .

u n n s r

ti on wh il e th o se fo wh ich N i dimi i h i g ha ve c rre ts in th e

,
r s n s n u n

n e g ti v e di r e ti
a c on .

Th s i n th e pp r a tus r e pr e e te d i Fi g 2 3 OP i s a mo ve a bl e
u ,
a a s n n .
,

c o n d c to r o
u e d o f wh i c h
,
ne e ts in c p o f me r ry 0 wh ile th e
r s n a u cu ,

o th e r d i p i to c i r c ul r tr o
s n
g ah o f m e r c ury c o ce tri c w ith 0
a u n n .
49 2 ] CO N TI NU O US R OTA TI ON .

rren t i e te rs l g A B
Th e
‘

cu d d i vi de in th e c i c l r tr o gh
n a on ,
an s r u a u

in to tw o p rt e O f wh i h fl w l g th c B Q P wh il th e
a s, o n c , 5c , o s a on e ar ,
e

th r y fl w l g B RP Th e rr e t iti g a t P fl w
‘

o e , ,
o s a on . es cu n s, un n ,
o

l g th e mo ve a bl e c d c to r P 0
a on d th e e l e tr d 0 Z t th e i on u an c o e o z nc

e d O f th
n b tte ry Th e tre gth o f th
e rr t l g 0 P a d 0 Z
a . s n e cu en a on n

is cc +
y or i .

He r e we h a ve two ci r its A B Q P OZ th tr cu , ,
e s en
g th Of th e cu rre n t
in w h ich is a} fl wi g i n the p o s iti v e di r e c ti
, o n on , an d A B R P OZ, th e
r
st e n
g th O f th e c rr e t i w h i c h i s y fl o wi
u n n ,
n
g i n th e n e
g a ti v e

di r e c ti o n .

L e t $3 b e th e ma gn e ti c in du cti o n , a n d l e t i t b e i n an up wa r d
r
dir e ctio n , n o ma to th e la n e o f th e c i cl e l p r .

Wh il e 0 P mo ve s pp o si te th r o u gh ‘
an an
g l e 0 i n th e d i r e c tio n O

to th t o f th e h
a d f w t h th e r e f th e fir s t c ian it i r e s o a a c ,
a a O r cu nc a se s

by é OP 9 d th t f th e e c o d di mi i h e s by th e me q tity
z
.
,
an a O s n n s sa u an .

S in c e th e tr e n g th Of th c r t i th fir t c i r c uit i
s th w rk e ur en n e s s cc, e o

do by i t i m 0 P 6 23 d i e th e tr g th O f th e e c o d
ne J s i .
2
.
, an s nc s en s n

i h e w o rk d o e by i t i t T h w h l w rk d Q
s
y t , y OP 6 e o e o o n s . . ne

is th e r e fo r e
6 55 or i
t 0P .
2
. 0 25,

d e pe n din g on ly on th e st e n r g th Of th e cu re t r n in P 0 . H e n ce , if
i i s ma in ta in e d c o n s ta n t, th e ar m OP will b e ca rri e d ro u n d an d
ro u nr with
d th e if rm f rc e w h e mo me t i t i 0 P 23
c i cl e a un o o os n s .
2
.

If i ,
o rth e r
as l tit de 23 c t do w w rd
n n d i f th e c urr e t
n a u s, a s n a s, an n

i in w r ds th e r o ta ti
s will b i th e ga tiv d ir e c tio th t is
a , on e n n e e n ,
a ,

i n th e di r e c tio n P Q B R .

492 ] We ar e no w a bl e to pa s s fr o m th e mu tu a l a c ti o n o f
ma gn e ts an d cu rr e n ts to th e a c ti o n o f on e cu rr en t on an o th e r .

Fo r w e k w th no ri c i r c i t 0
at th e ma gn e ti c pr pe rti s o e o f an e le ct c u
1,

wi th r p t to
y mes
g e ti cec i d tian l wi t h t h a n s yt mM
s e
} ,
are en ca o se

o f ma g ti
a h ll S w h ne dg o i c id wi th th i r c it d
c s e
I , o se e e c n es e c u ,
an

wh e tr g th i
os m ri l ly e q l to th t f th e e l tr ic c rr e t
s en s n u e ca ua a O ec u n .

Le t th e m g ti c y te m M b e m g ti
a n eh e ll S th e th e
s s a a n e c s
2 , n

m t l u tiua b twe e S d 8 i i de ti l wi th th t b tw e S
ac on e n I
an 2
s n ca a e e n
I

an d ir c ui t 0
a oi i di g with th e
c dg f S 2
d e qu l i
, c nc n e e O
2
an a n

n u m ri c l tr e gth
e d th i s l tte r
a s tio i id e ti ca l wi th th t
n , an a ac n s n a

b e tw e 0 d 0 en
1
an
2
.

H c e th e m t u l c ti
en b e tw tw ir i t u0 d 0 a i a on een o c cu s,
,
an
2 ,
s

i d ti ca l wi th th t b tw e e
en th c rr e p di g m g ti a h e ll S e n e o s on n a ne c s s I

and S2 .

We ha v e r
a l e ad y in ve st ig a te d, i n A r t 4 2 3 , th e mu tu a l . a ct o n i
 E L E C TR O M A GN E TI C F O R C E .
[49 3 .

Of tw o ma g n e tic s h e ll s wh o s e ed ge s are th e l
c o se d c u ve s r s1 a n d 8
2
.

co s 6
I f we ma k e ds l dsz ,
r

w h e re e i s th e an gl e b e twe e n th e di re c tio n s Of th e e e l me n ts d sl an d
d sz , an d r i s th e dis ta n c e b e tw e e n th e m, th e i n te gra tio n be i
g n

exte n de d o n ce ro u n d s2 an d o n ce ro u n d s1 an d i f we ca ll M th e
p o te n ti a l Of th e two c l o se d c u ve s sr
1
an d s2 ,
th e n th e p o te ti l e e rg y n a n

d u e to th e mu tu a l a c ti o n Of tw o ma gn e ti c sh e ll s w h o s e s tr e th
g n s

are i 1 a n d i2 bo un de d by th e tw o ci cr uit s is

an d th e fo r ce X, wh ich a i ds a n y di s pl a c e me n t 6 a , i s

. .

1 2

Th e wh o le th e o ry Of th e fo r c e a c ti n
g y p o
on rti o n ofan e l e c tr i c an

r
ci cu it d ue to th e a c ti o n Of a n o th e r e l e c tr i c c i r c i t ma y b e de d c e d u u

f ro m th i s res ul t .

493 ] Th e me th o d wh i c h we h a ve fo l l o w e d in p te r is
th i s ch a

th a t of Fa ra d a y . I n s te a d b gi
o f e n n in g ,
as we sh ll d o fo ll o w i g
a ,
n

Am e p re ,
in th e n e xt c h a pte r w ith ,
th e d i re c t ac ti o o f a p o r ti o
n n

Of o n e c i c r ui t o n a p o rti o n Of a n o th e r,
we sh e w, fir t th a t c i rc u it
s ,
a

pro d u ce s th e sa me e ffe c t o n a ma g n e t as ma gn e tic s h e ll, o r , i n

a

o th e r wo rd s w e d t rmi e th e t r e ,
e e n na u O f th e ma gn e ti c fi e l d d u e

to th e c ir c it W e h e w e co dly th t a c i rc uit wh e pl ce d i n
u . . s ,
s n ,
a n a

a y m g e ti
n fi e l d e xpe rie c e th e me f r ce a ma g e tic h e ll
a n c n s sa o as n s .

W th u s d te rmi e th e f r c e ti g o th e c i c i t p l ce d i
e e n o
y ac n n
‘

r u a n an

m g e tic fi l d
a n L tly by e pp o i g th e m g e tic fi e ld to b d e
. as ,
su s n a n e u

t o ca d e l tr ic c irc it w e d te r mi e th e a c ti o
se on ec o f o e c i r c it
u e n n n u

o n th e w h o l e o y p o r ti o O f th o t h
r ane r n e .

494 ] Le t pp ly thi s me th o d to th e c s e f s tra igh t c ur e t

us a a O a r n

o f i fi ite l
n
g t
n h a c ti g o en p r ti o O f p a r ll e l tr n
a i g h t c n a o n a a s on

d ct r
u o .

L et pp o se th t a c rre n t i i th e fir t o du to r is fl w i g
u s su a u n s c n c o n

ve rtic lly do w w r d I th i a e th e d o f m g e t which

a n a s. n s c s e n a a n

p o i t o r th will p i t to th e r igh t h d f m n l o o ki g t it
n s n o n -
an O a a n a

fr o m th e xi s f th e c rr e t a o u n .

Th li e s f m g tic i d cti o
e n O e th e r e fo re h o r i o t l c i rc l e
a ne n u n ar z n a s,

h v i g th i r
a n tr e i th e
e xis Of th e c ur e t d th i r p o iti ve
ce n s n a r n ,
an e s

d i r e ti is o r th
c on t th w e t
n ,
eas ,
so u , s .

Let o th r d an c di g v e rti l c rre t b e pl c e d d e we t o f

e e s en n ca u n a u s

th fir t e Th e l i e
s . f m g ti c i du c ti n d e to th e fir t c urre t
s o a ne n on u s n
49 ]
6 E L E C TR OM A GN E TI C ME A SUR E OF A C URR E N T .

are he re di r e c te d to wa r ds th e no rth . Th e di re c ti o Of th e f rce n o

a c tin g on th e s e co n d cu rr ent i s to b e d e te r mi d by tur i g th e ne n n

ha n dl e of a r igh t h
r w fro m -
an de d sc e th e d i r th e d i re c ti
n a f , o n o

th c r e t to th e
u o rth
r en th e d ir e c ti o o f th e m g e ti c i d
,
n ,
n a n n u c ti o n .

Th e c r e w wi l l th
s mo ve to w rd th e e a t th t i th e f r c e
en a s s ,
a s, o a c ti n
g
o nth e e co d c rr e t i d ir e cte d to wa rd th e fi t
s n u n r t s s r s cur en ,
or ,
in
g e ral
ne i ce th e p h e o me o
,
s n d e pe d o ly o th e r la ti v e p
n n n n s n n e o s iti o n

O f th e rre ts tw o p a r ll e l c r e t in th e sa me di re c ti o
cu n ,
a u r n s n r
a tt a c t

I n th e sa me w a y w e ma y sh e w th a t tw o p a ra ll el c urre n ts i n
o pp o s i te dir e c ti o n s
re pe l o e n an o th e r .

4 9 5 ] Th i te s i ty f th e m g e ti c
e n n o a n in du c ti o n at a di sta n c e r

fr o m a tra ig h t c u e t O f str e gth i

s rr n n i s, as we ha ve sh e w n in
A rt 4 7 9 ,.
7;
2
r

p o rtio O f
H e nc e , a n a s eco n d co n d u c to r p r l l l to th e fir t d
a a e s , an

carryi g c rre t i in a u n
’
n th e sa me dir e ctio n w il l b a ttr te d to w r d
,
e ac a s

th e fir t wi th a f r c e
s o
a
’
F : 2 ii '
7

wh e re is th e l e n g th Of the p o rti o n co si d e re d a d r is i t di ta c e
a n ,
n s s n

fr m th e fir t c o d to r
o s n uc .

S i ce th e r a tio O f
n to i n u me ri c l qua ti ty in d e pe d e t
a f r s a a n n n o

th e b so l te va l e Of e i th e r Of th e e li e th e pr o d c t O f tw
a u u s n s, u o

c rr e t
u me u e d in th e e le ctr o m g e tic sy te m m t b e o f th e
n s as r a n s us

di me n s i o n s o f fo r c e h e c e th e di me n s io s o f th e u i t c urr e t a e
a ,
n n n n r

t
[]
i [ ]
F
4 96 ] A n o th e r me th o d Of d e te r mi n in g th e di r e c tio n of th e fo rce
whi ch a c ts o n a cu r re n t is to c o n s i de r th e l
r e a ti o n Of th e ma g n e ti c
a c ti o n Of th e c urre nt to th a t Of o th e r c urr e t n s an d ma gn e ts .

If o n o n e s id e Of rr
th e wir e wh ich ca rri s th e e cu e n t th e ma
g n e tic

a c ti o d nto th e uer e t is i th e s a me e rly th e

cu r me di r ti o
n n or n a sa ec n

a s th t d e to o th e r c urr e t
a u th e o th e o th e r i de O f th e wi re n s, n ,
n s ,

th e f r c e wi ll b i o pp o i te o
se o s e rly o pp o ite di r e c ti
e n d s r n a s o n s, an

th e fo r ce a c ti g o th e wi r e w ill b e f m th e i d e o
n n wh i h th e ro s n c

fo r ce s tr e gth e e a c h o th e r to th e si d e o wh i c h th e y o pp o
s n n e ch n se a

o th e r .

Th if d e sc e d i g c urr e t i pl ac e d i
u s, a n a fie l d f m g e tic
n n s n O a n

f o r e di r e c te d to w r d th e
c o rth i t m gn e ti c a c tio
a w il l b to th e
s n ,
s a n e

n o rth th e w e t i d e
on n d to th e s o u th o
s th e
s t s i de
,
H e ce
a n eas . n

th e fo r ce s t r e g th e e a c h o th e r o n th e w e s t s id e a d o pp
s n n e e a ch n o s
 E LE C TR OM AGN E TI C F OR C E .

[4 9 7 .

o th e r on th e e a st s id e , and th e c urr e n t wi ll th e r e fo r e be a c te d
on by a fo r ce fr o m we st to S e e Fig
e as t .
, 13 8 . 22 p . .

I n Fi g X V I I . at th e ll rcl r pr e s e ts
e n d o f th i s o l u me th e s ma ci v e e n

a e c tio
s O f th e w i r e c rry i g
n de ce di g rre t d p l e d
a n a s n n cu n ,
an ac

in u i fo r m fie l d f m gn e tic f rc e cti g to w rd th e le ft h d
a n O a o a n a s -
an

O f th e fig r e The m g e ti c fo r c e i g r e t r b l o w th e w ir th
u . a n s a e e e an

a b o ve i t I t wi ll th e r e fo r e b e rg d fro m th e b o tto m to wa rd s th e
. u e ,

to p o f th e fi g ur e .

4 9 7 ] I f tw o c rr e ts a e i th e sa me p l e b t u n t p r ll e lr n an u no a a

we m y pply th is pr i cipl e L e t o e o f th e c o n ducto r b e n

a a n . n s a

i fi i te tr i gh t wi r e i th e p l n e o f th e p p e r s pp o s e d h o r i o ta l
n n s a n a a ,
u z n .

O th e r igh t s ide o f th e c urr e t th e ma g e ti c fo r e c ts d o wn w r d

n n n c a a ,

a n d o n th e l e ft ide it cts p w a rd The sa me i tr e o f th e m g

s a u s. s u a

n e ti c fo r c e d e to h o r t p o r ti o Of a s e c o d rr e t i th e m n n cu n n
y s u an a e s

p l a e I f th e e c o d c urre t i s o th e right i de Of th e firs t th e

n . s n n n s
,

m g e ti c fo r c e s will s tr e n gth e e ch o th e r o n i ts r ight ide

a n d n a s an

o pp o e e a c h o th e r o
s i t l e ft i de H e c e th e s e c o d c rr t wi ll
n s s . n n u en

b e a c te d o by fo rc e rg i g it fr o m i t ri gh t s i de to i ts l e ft s id e
n a u n s .

Th e ma g i t d e o f th i s fo r c e d e p e ds o ly o
n u th e p o s iti o Of th e n n n n

s e c o d c urr e t a d
n ot o its d ir e c tio
n n I f th e e c o d c urr e t i s
n n n . s n n

o n th e l e ft i d e o f th e fir st i t wil l b e urge d fr o m l e ft to r i gh t
s .

H e n c e i f th e s e c o d c urr e t i s i n th e s a me di r e cti o n a th e fi r st
, n n s

i t i s a ttra cte d if i th e O pp o site d i e cti o ,

i t i s r e p e lle d if i t fl o w s
n r n
o ,

a t r i gh t a gl e s to th e fir t a d a wa y fr o m i t it is urg e d i
n s th e n , n

d ire cti o n O f th e fir t c urr e t d i f it fl o w s to w a r d th e first c urre t

s n ,
an n ,

i t i s urg e d i th e di r e c tio n o pp o s ite to th a t i

n wh ic h th e fir t n s

c urr e n t fl o w s .

I c o si d e r i n
n t
n h e m u t l a c ti o f tw o c urr e ts i t i s n o t n e ce s
g ua n o n

sa ry to b e a r i n mi d th e r e l a tio s b e tw e e e l e c tr ic ity a d m g e ti m
n n n n a n s

wh ich w e h a ve e de a vo ure d t illu tra te by me s o f a igh t h de d

n o s an r -
an

s c re w E v e if we h a v e fo rg o tte th e se r e l ti o
. n we sh al l a rri v e n a ns

a t c o rr e c t r e ul t pro vide d we a dh e re c o s iste tly to o e O f th e two

s s, n n n

p s i bl e fo r ms o f th e re l tio
o s a n .

4 9 8 ] L e t s n o w br i g to g e th e r th e ma g e ti c p h e o me a O f
u n n n n

th e l tric c i r c uit s o f
e ec a s w e h a v e i n v e ti g a te d th m ar s e .

W e m y c o ce i e th e e l e c tri c ci r c i t to c o i s t Of a v o l ta ic
a n v u ns

b tte ry d wir e c n n e ctin g i t e xtre mi tie s

a ,
an a of
o th e r mo e l e tri c s ,
or a c

a rra g e me t o o f ch rge d L e yde ja w ith wire o e c ti g its

n n , r a a n r a c nn n

p o itive d e g tive c o ti gs o O f y o the r a rr g e me t fo

s an n a a n ,
r an an n r

pro d ci g a n e l e c tri c c urre t l o g a de fin ite p th

u n n a n a .

Th e c urr e n t pr o du c m gn e ti c p h e o me n in i ts n e igh b o urh o o d

es a n a .
499] R E C A PI TUL ATI ON .

If any c l o se d c urve be d r a wn , and th e l in e -

i n te g ra l of th e
ma g n e ti c fo r ce ta k e n co mpl e te l y ro u n d i t, th e n , if th e l
c o se d c urv e
is l k e d wi th th e c ircuit th e l i e i te g ra l i e r b t if it
no t in ,
n -
n s z o ,
u

i s l i k d w i th th e c ir c ui t s o th a t th e c rr e n t i fl o w th r o gh th e
n e , u s u

cl o se d c urve th e li e in te g r l i ,
4 i d i po iti v e if th e di e c ti o
n -
a s or ,
an s s r n

o f i te gr ti o
n r o u d th e cl o se d c urve w ld c o i ide wi th th t
a n n ou nc a

o f th e h a ds o f a w a tch n ee by p e r so p a s in g th r gh i t as s n a n s ou

in th e dir ctio i whi c h th e e l e c tri c rr e t fl o w s

e n n To pe r o c u n . a s n

mo vi n g l o g th e c lo e d c urv e in th e di r e c ti
a n O f i te r ti
g s d on n a on ,
an

p in g th ro gh th e e l e c tri i rcu i t th e di e ctio f th e c rr t

ass u c c ,
r n O u en

wo u l d ppe a r to b e th a t Of the h n ds o f w tc h W e m y e xpre s s

a a a a . a

th is i o th e r w a y by a yi n g th a t th e r e la ti
n an b e tw e e th e d i e c
s on n r

ti o O f th e tw o c lo s e d c rv e s m y b e e xpr e s e d by d e s c r i b i u a s
ns
g a n

righ t h a de d cre w r o un d th e e le c tri c c i rc it d a r igh t ha de d

-
n s u an -
n

s cre w r o d th e c l o s e d c urve
un I f th e di r e c ti o Of o ta ti o f th e . n r n o

th r e a d o f e ith e r a s w e p s a l o g i t c o i c i de with th e po s i ti v e
,
as n ,
n s

d ir e c ti o in th e o th e r th e
n th e l i e in te g r a l will b e po i tive
, d n n -
s ,
an

i th e o pp o s ite ca s e i t wi ll b e n e ga ti ve
n .

F ig 2 4 . .

R l
e a ti o n b e tw e e n th e e l e c tr ic cu r r e n t an d th e li n e s o f ma gn e tic in d u c ti o n i n d ic a te d
by a r ig ht h d d
~
an e sc r e w .

4 99 ] Na ta — Th e l in e in te gral 4 l ly o th e q -
u i de pe n d s so e n u an

ti ty f th e c urr e t
O d ot o a
y o th e r thni n g wh a te v e r
,
an I t n n n .

do e o t d e pe d o
s n th e tu e o f th e co du cto r th ro gh w h i ch
n n na r n u

th e c r e t i p u i g
r s
n fo r i n sta n ce wh e th e r i t b
s ass n m ta l
,
a , , e a e

o ra e l e c tr o lyte
n o a i mp e rfe ct c o duc to r , We h a v r o
r n n . e ea s n

fo be li e vi g th a t e ve
r wh e n th e re i n o pro pe r c o d cti
n nb t s n u o n, u
 E L E C TR O M A GN E TI C F O R C E .

me r e ly va ria tio o f e l c tri c di pl ce me t s i th e gl o f

a n e s a n ,
a n a ss a

L y de je d ur i g h rg e o di h rg th e m g e tic e ffe c t o f th e
n ar n c a r sc a e ,
a n

e le c tr ic mo v e me t i s pre c i s l y th e s m n e a e .

Ag i th e v l e o f th l i e i te g r l 4 i d o e
a n , a u o t d pe d o n
e n -
n a a s n e n

th e t re o f th e me di m i
n a u wh ich th e cl o e d c rve i dr w u n s u s a n .

I t i th e s me wh e th e r th e cl s e d c urve i d r a wn e ti r e ly th r gh
sa o s n ou

i o p
a r, re s th r a ss
g h m a
g e t o o
ou ft i r o n a
y th e r b n ,
r s on ,
r a o su

s ta c e wh e th e r p ra m g e ti o di m g e ti c
n ,
a a n c r a a n .

5 00 ] Wh e c i rc it i s pl c e d i
n a a m g ti c fi e ld th e mu t l
u a n a n e ua

a c ti o b e tw e e n th e c urre t a d the o th e r c o tit e t f th e fie l d

n n n ns u n s o

de p d s o e n th e rf e i te g r l f th e m g e tic i d ctio th r o gh
n su ac -
n a O a n n u n u

an
y ur fs ce b o d a
e d by t h t i r
un c i t I f by a y g i v e m o ti a of c u . n n on

th e c i r it o o f p rt o f i t
cu ,
r th i s urf c e i t g r a l c
a be i e ,
ed s a -
n e an n cr as ,

th e r e wi ll b e m h i ca l f rce te di g to mo ve th e c o d ucto r
a ec an o n n n

o r th e p o r tio f th e c o d c to r i th e gi ve m
n O er n u n n an n .

Th e k i d O f mo ti o n O f th e c o d c t r wh i ch i c r e s e s th e s ur f ce
n n u o n a a

i te g r l i mo tio
n a f th e c o d to r p e rp e dic l a r to th e d i r e c ti o
s n o n uc n u n

Of t h e c r e t u d c r o s th e l i e o f i d c tio
r n an a s n s n u n .

I f a p ra ll e l o g r m b e d ra w
a wh o se s ide s a e p a r lle l a d pr o
a n ,
r a n

p o rtio l to th s tre gth o f th e c rre t a t a n y p o i t a d to the

na e n u n n ,
n

m g e ti c i duc ti o
a n t th e sa me p o i t th e n th e fo r ce o
n n a u n it o f n ,
n

l e gth o f th e c o d uct r i ume ri ca l ly e qua l to th e a re a o f th i s

n n o s n

p a ra lle l o gra m d i s p e rp e dic la r to i ts pl a e a d a cts i th e

, an n u n ,
n n

d i r e c tio i w hic h th e mo ti o
n n f tur i g th e h a dl e O f r ight n O n n n a

h a de d c r e w fr o m th e d i r e c ti o
n s O f th e c ur e n t to th e di r e c ti o n n r

O f th e ma n e tic i d uc ti o n w o uld c a u e th e s c r e w to mo v e
g n s .

H e c e w e h a v e a n e w e l e c tr o ma g e ti c d fi itio
n O f a li e O f n e n n n

ma g e tic in duc ti o
n I t i s th a t l i e to wh i ch th e fo r ce o n th e
n . n

c o d u c to r i s
n l wa ys p e rpe dic ula r
a n .

I t m y l o b e d e fi e d a s a li e lo g whi c h if a e l e c tri c c urre n t

a a s n n a n ,
n

b e tra s mi tt d th e c o d c to r c rry i g i t w ill e xp e r i e c e

n e , n u f r ce a n n no o .

50 1] I t mu t b e c r e f lly r e me mb e re d th a t th e me ch i l fo r c e
s a u ,
a n ca

wh ich urg e s a c o d to r c rryi g c urr e t a c r o s th e l i e s o fn uc a n a n s n

m g e ti c fo r c e
a n ct not o th e e l e ctri c c rr e t b t o
,
a s, th e c o n u n ,
u n n

d t r w h ic h c a rr ie it
uc o I f th e c o d cto r b e a r o t ti g d i k o a
s . n u a n s r

fl i d it wil l mo ve i b e die c e to this fo r c e d th is mo ti o m y

u n o n ,
an n a

o r m y a t b e a c mp a i e d w i th a ch a g e O f p o i tio o f th e e l e ctr i c
n o c o n n s n

c rr e t w h i ch i t c a rr i e
u n B t if th e c rr e t it e l f b e fr e e to c h o o se
s. u u n s

an
y p a th th r g h fix e d s o l i
oud co d u c to r a
o e tw o rk o f w i r e s n r a n ,

th e wh e n c o ta n t m g n e tic fo rc e i ma de to a c t o th e sy te m
n , a ns a s n s ,

th e p a th O f th e c rr e t th ro u gh th u o n du c to r s i s n o t p e r ma n e n tly
n e c
50 1 ] R E C A PI TUL A TI O N .

a l t re d
e ,
but a fte r ce r ta i n t r a n s ie n t ph e no me n a ,
lle d i ductio
ca n n

cu rre t
n s, ha ve ub r buti o f th e
s s id e d , th e di s t i on c urr e t will b e fo u d
n n

to b e th e sa me i f o ma g ti c f r ce we r e i a c tio
as n ne o n n .

Th e o ly f r ce wh i c h c t o
n o l e c tri c urr e t is e l e c tr o mo ti ve
a s n e c n s

fo r ce whi c h m st b e di tin g ui h e d fr o m th e me c h i ca l fo rc e whi ch

,
u s s an

is th e bj e c t O f thi s cha p te r
su .

R e la ti o n s b e tw e e n th e po s iti v e di r e c ti o n s o f mo ti o n and o f r o ta d
ti o n in i ca te d b y
h
t ree r ig ht h
-
an de d s cr e w s .

VOL . II .
 C H A P TE R II .

A M PE E R S I NV E S TI GA TI ON O F TH E M UTU A L
’
A C TI O N OF

E L E C TR I C C URR E N TS .

WE h a ve
r e d i th e l t ch pte r th e t re O f th e
c o n s i de n as a na u

m g e tic fi e l d pr o d c e d by a e l e c tr ic c rr e t a d th e me ch i c l
a n u n u n n an a

a c ti o o n c o d c t r ca rr yi g
n a n e l e c tri c c urr e t pl c e d i
u o m gn an n a n a a

n e ti c fi e l d Fr o m th i s w e w e t o
. to c o s id e r th e a c ti o Of o e n n n n n

e l e c tr i c c i r c it up o
a o th e r by d e te rmi i g th e
u n c ti n o
n th e fir t
,
n n a o n s

d e to th e m g e tic fie l d pro d uce d by th e e c o d

u a n B t th e a c tio s n . u n

o f o e c i r c ui t po n a o th e r w s r ig i a lly i ve tig te d i a di r e c t
n u n a o n n s a n

ma e r by A mp er e l mo t i mme d i te ly a f te r th e publ ic a ti
nn a s Of a on

O t d s di c o v ry W e sh a ll th e re fo r e g i v e
rs e
’
s e . o utl i e O f A mp er e s an n
’

me th o d r e mi g th e me th o d O f th i tre a ti e i th e e x t ch p te r
,
su n s s n n a .

Th e i d wh ic h gui de d A mp er e b e l o g to th e sy te m wh ich
eas n s

a d mit dir e c t c ti os t di ta c e a d w e s h l l fi d th t
n a a r e m rks n ,
an a n a a a

a b le c o r e f s p e c ul tio
u s o d i v e ti g ti o fo a d d o th e s e id e a s
n an n s a n un e n

h as b e c rrie d o by G a u s W b e r J N e u m
en a
“

n R ie m s, e , . an n ,
an n ,

B tti C N e m
e ,
. L o re u d o th e r s w ith v e ry e m rk ble
ann ,
nz ,
an , r a a

r e s l t b o th i th e di co ve ry O f e w f ts a n d i th e fo rma tio f
u s n s n ac n n o

a t h e ry O f
o e l e c tr ic ity S e e A r t 8 4 6 — 866 . s . .

T h id a wh i h I h ve a tte mp te d to f ll o w o t
e e s c e th s e O f
a o u ar o

a c ti th r
on g h m e diou m fr o m o e p
a o rti t t h e c o ut i gu o s n on o n u

p o r ti Th e e ide s w r e mu ch e mpl ye d by F r d y a d th e
on . s a e o a a a ,
n

d v e l o p me t O f th e m i
e n m th e m tic l fo r m d th e c o mp r i s o o f
n a a a a ,
an a n

th e r ul t w ith k o w f c t h v e b e e my i m i
es s n n e v e r l pub l i h e d
a s, a n a n s a s

p p e rs Th e c mp r is o fro m ph il s ph ic l p o i t f vie w o f th
a . o a n ,
a o o a n o ,
e

r e ult Of two me th o d o o mple t ly pp o s e d i th e i r firs t pri

s s s s c e o n n

c i le s m
p t l e d to v a l
us b l e d ta f o t h e tu d y O f th e c
ua d i ti o a a r s on ns

O f s ci e ti fi c p e u l ti o
n s c a n .

5 0 3 ] A mp er e s th e o ry o f th e mut l c ti o f e l e c tri c c urre ts

’
ua a on n

i fo
s de d
un fo ur e xp e r me t l f t
on d o e mp ti o i n a ac s an n a ssu n .
50 5] A M PE E R S S C I E N TI F I C
’
ME T H OD .

A m er e p ’
s fu n d a me n ta l
xpe ri me t e ll f th e m x mpl o f e n s ar a o e a es

wh t h be e c l le d th ul l me th o d o f c mp ri g f r e
a as n a Se e e n o a n o c s .

A t 2 14r . I te d O f me . ri g th f rc by th e dy mic l e ff t
ns a a su n e o e na a ec

o f mm i c ti g m ti
co to
un b dy a thn t ti l m e th d f o on a o , or e s a ca o O

pl ci g it i e q ili br i m w i th th e w igh t f b o dy o th e e la ti i ty
a n n u u e o a r s c

of fibre i th e l l me th o d tw f r
a ,
n d e t th n u m o r ce o o c e s, u o e sa e s u ,

a e ma de t
r ct im l t e ly o b o dy lre dy i e q il ibri m
a s u an ous o n a a a n u u ,

an d o e ffe c t i pro d c e d wh i ch h e w th t th e e f r c
n s e th m
u ,
s s a s o es ar e

se lve i e qu ilibri m Th i me th o d i p e c li rly v l b l f

s n u . s s u a a ua e or

c o mp ri g th e e ff a t nf th e l c tr i c rr e t wh e i t p ec s O th r g h e e c u n n a sse s ou

c irc it uf di ffe re t f r m
s o By c e c ti g l l th c o d ct r i
n o s . onn n a e n u o s n

o e c o ti
n e ie
n we e ur e th t th tre gth O f th e c rr t
n uous s r s, ns a e s n u en

i th e
s m t e v e ry p o i t f i t c o r e
sa e a d i c e th e c rr t n O s u s ,
an s n u en

b gi e v e rywh e r e th r gh t it
e ns r e a l mo t t th e m i t t ou ou s co u s s a sa e n s an ,

w m y pr v e th t th fo r ce d e t it
e a o c tio a s u p e de d e s u o s a n o n a s n

b dy r e i e qu ili bri m by o b e rvi g th t th e b dy i o t t l l

o a n u s n a o s n a a

a ff te d by th e ta rtin g o th e to pp i g o f th e urr e t
ec s r s n c n .

A mp er e b l c e c o i t O f l ight fr me c p bl e Of
’
504 ] s a an ns s s a a a a

re vo lvi g b o ut a ve rti c l i
n a d c r yi g wi re whi ch fo rms a ax s, an a r n a

tw o c i r c i t o f e q l a r eu i th e s me p l e o in p r ll e l pl e
ua a, n sa an r a a an s,

in wh ich th e c urre t fl o w i O pp o ite di re ti Th e O bj e c t O f

n s n s c ons .

th i s rra n g e m t i to g e t id O f th e ff t O f t rr e tri l ma g ti m
a en s r e ec s e s a ne s

on th e c o d ti g wi r e Wh e
n e l e tr ic c i r c u it i
uc n fre to m v . n an c s e o e

i t te d to p l c e i t e l f o
n s to e mbr a e th e l rg e st p o ibl e u mb e r
a s s as c a ss n

O f th e l i e Of i d ti o n I f th e e l i e
s a e d e to te rr e tri l
n uc n . s n s r u ,
s a

m g e ti m th i po iti o fo a c ir c it i
a n s ,
s v e r ti c l p l e will b e
s n ,
r u n a a an ,

wh e th e pl e f th e c irc uit i e t a d w e t nd wh e th e
n an O s as n s ,
a n

di r e c ti O f th e c u r e t i
on pp o e d to th e pp re t o urs e O f th e r n s O s a a n c

su n .

q l r e i p r l l e l pl e s
B y I i gidl y c o n n e c ti n g tw o c i c u i ts o f e u a r a a n a a an ,

i w n qu
hich e rr
a l cu pp
e n ts r u n i n O re tio
o s ite di o mb i ti o c n s, a c n a n

i f rme d wh i ch i
s o ff c te d by te rr t i l m g ti m s d i una e es r a a ne s , an s

th e r e f r c l l e d o A t ti c C mb i ti o
e a e e Fi g 2 6
an It i c te ds a o na n , s . . s a

o n h o w e v e r by f r c e
,
ri i g fr o m c ur e t
,
m g e t whi h
o s
e a s n r n s or a n s c ar

s o r i t tha t th e y a ct diff r e tl y o th two c irc it

n ea e n n e u s .

5 0 5 ] A mp er e fir t e xp e ri me t i o th e e ff c t o f two e q l
’
s s n s n e ua

c urr t c l o e t g th e r i O pp o ite di re c tio

en s s o A wir e c o v re d wi th
e n s ns . e

i l ti g ma te ri l i d o bl e d o i t e lf
n su a n d pl e d e r o
a f th s u n s , an ac n a ne O e

c i r c it u o f th e t ti b l
s ce Wh c rras a t i m d t p c a an . en a u en s a e o ass

th r o gh th e wi r e
u d th b a l a th e e q ili br i m f th b l
an e n ce ,
u u O e a a n ce

re m i di t rb e d h e w i g th t tw eq l c urr t l
a ns un s u t g th r
,
s n a o ua en s c o se o e e

L 2
 A M PE E R S TH E O RY
’
.
[ 50 6

in O pp o s i te di r e c tio n s
‘

ne u tra li ze e a ch o th e r . I f, i n s te a d o f two
wi re s s ide by s ide , a w ir e b e in s ul a te d i n th e mi dd l e o f a " me ta l

F ig 2 6 . .

t ub e a d if th e c urr e t p a s th ro gh th e wire d b a c k by th e
,
n n s u an

tub e the a c tio

, o u ts i d e th e tub e is n o t o ly a ppr xi m te ly b t n n o a u

a c ur te ly
c ull Th is prin cipl e i s o f g re t imp o rta ce i th e c o
a n . a n n n

s tr c ti
u o f e l e c tr ic a pp r a t
on a s it ff r d s th e me o f o n v e yi g
a u s, a o an s c n

th e c urre t to d fr o m
n lv m
an t r th r i t r m e t in n
y g o e e o o e an a an r ns u

s uc h a w th t n o e l e c tr o m gn e ti c e ffe c t i s pro d u c e d by th e c rr e t
a
y a a u n

o ni ts p g e t o d
a s sa f r o m t h e i tr m e t
an I pr c t i c e i t i g e n s u n . n a s ne

ra ll y s ffi ie t to b i d th e wir s to g e th e r c e b e i g ta k e th t
u c n n e , ar n n a

th e y a r e k e p t p e rfe c tly i s l te d fro m a ch o th e r b t wh e r th e n u

y a e ,
u e r

mu t p a s s e r
y s i ti
nv e p r t
a o f th an
e pp r t u
se n s
s i t i s b e tte r to a a a a

m k e o n e O f th e c o d to r s a tub e a d th e o th e r w ir e i n s ide i t
a
‘

n uc n a .

See A r t 6 8 3 . .

50 6] I n A mp ere xp e rime t o e o f th e W r e s i s b e t
’
s s e co n d e n n i n

an d r o k e d with a
c o umb e r o f ma ll i o itie b t s o th t i n s s nu s s, u a n

e v e ry p r t o f i t a c o ur s e i t r e m i ve ry n e r th tra igh t W re
s a ns a e s i .

A rr t fl o wi g th ro g h th c r o o k e d wi re
cu en , n d b a c k a g in u e an a

th r o u gh th e tr i g h t w ir e i s f u d t b e w i th ut i fl e c o
s a th e ,
o n o o n u n e n

a s ta ti c b a l c Th i pro v e s th t th e e ff c t o f th c rr e t ru i g
an e . s a e e u n nn n

th r o u gh y c r o o k e d p a r t o f th e w i r e i s e qu i v l e t t
an th e s me a n o a

c urr e t m g i th e s tr igh t l i e j i i g it e xtr e mi tie s p o

n ru nn n a n o n n s r
,

v ide d the c r o o k e d l i is i o p r t f it co ur s f fro m th e n e n n a o s e ar

tr i g h t o e H e c e a y s m ll e l e m t o f a i rc i t i e qui v l e t
~

s a n . n n a en c u s a n

to tw o o m r e c o mp e t l e me ts th e r e l a ti o
r o b e twe e th on n e n ,
n n e

c o mp o e t e l e me n t
n n d th e e ul t t e le me t b i g th e s me a
an r s an n e n sa s

th a t b e twe e c o mp e t d r e ul ta t d i pl a c e me ts o v e l o citi
n on n an s n s n r es .

5 0 7] I th e th ir d e xp e r i me t
n c o d c t r c p bl e f mo vi g n a n u o a a o n
50 8] F O UR E x PE R I ME NTs .

o nl y i n th e di re ctio n of i ts l e n gth is ub s s ti tu te d fo r th e a sta ti c

bl a a n ce ,
th e cu rr e t n en te r s th e co n du cto r l e ve it t fi
an d a s a x e d
po i n ts Of s p ce d it i a ,
an s fo u n d th a t n o c l o e d c i r c u i t pl a c e d
s in
th e n e igh b o u h o o d i s a bl e r to mo ve th e co n d u cto r .

Th e co n d u c to r i n th i s .
e xpe rime n t is a w ir e in th e fo rm of a

c ir c ul r a p e de d o
arc fr me w hi c h i s ca p bl e o f r o ta ti
su s n n a a a on

a b t v e rti c l xis Th e c i r cul a r c is h o ri ta l d it ce tr e

ou a a a . ar z on ,
an s n

c o i c ide
n wi th th e v e rtic l ax i s Two ma l l tr gh e fille d w ith
s a . s ou s ar

m e r c ry till th e c v e x ur fa c e o f th e me r c ry r i e a b o v e th e
u on s u s s

l e v e l o f th e t o ugh Th e tr o gh s r e pl c e d s. de r th e c i r c l r u ar a un u a

ar c d a dju te d til l th e me r c ry to h e th e wi r e wh ich i O f

an s u u c s ,
s

c pp e r w ll
o ma l ga m te d
e Th e c urr e t i s m de to e te r
a a e of . n a n on

t h e tr o g h s to tr v e r
es u th e p rt f th e c irc l a r
,
a e b e tw e e se th e a o u ar n

t r o ugh d to e s pe by th e o th r tro g h
s, an Th
ca p a rt Of th e e u . us

ci rc ul a r c i s tr a v e r
ar d by th rr t d th e a c i t th e mese e cu en , an r s a sa

tme c p bl e o f mo vi n g wi th
a a i d r b l e fr e e do m in th e dir ce co n s e a

ti o n o f it l e gth A y l e d urr ts o m g e t m y w b e
s n . n c os c en r a n s a no

m de to ppr ch th e mo v bl co d t r w ith o t pr o d ci g th e
a a o a ea e n uc o u u n

s l igh te t te d y t m ve i t i th e d ir e ctio Of i t le gth

s n enc o o n n s n .

50 8 ] I th e f rth nxp e ri m t wi th the a s t ti b l c e two

ou e en a c a an

c i r c it au e m pl y d e
s re h i mil r t o e f th e i th b la c e
o e ,
ac s a o n o os n e a n ,

b t u f th m 0 h vi g di me io
one o e ,ti me g r te r
,
a d th n ns ns n s ea ,
an e

o th e r A ,
tim l,
n Th e pl es ed o o ppe ss ite ide o f th e
. e se ar ac n os s s

c i r c it o f th b a l e whi h w e h l l c ll B th t th e y a e
.

u e an c ,
c s a a , so a r

s i mi l rl y pl c e d with r p e c t to it th di t ce o f 6 fr m B b i g
a a es , e s an o e n

n ti m g r e es
a te r th an th e d i ta c e o f B f o m A Th di r e c ti o d s n r . e n an
 A M PE E R S TH E O RY
’
.
[ 50 8

r gth
st e n of th e cu rre nt is t he sa me i n A an d 0 . I ts di re ctio n i n
B ma y b e th e sa me or pp it o os e . U n d e r th e s e r
ci c u ms ta n ce s it is
fo u n d th a t B is i n e q il ib ri m
u u un de r th e a ct o n i o fA an d 0, wh a te ve r
h e th e fo ms r an d di s ta n c e s Of th e th r e e c ir c u i ts , pro vide d th e y h v e a

th e re l a ti o n s
g i v e n ab ve o .

S in c e th e a c ti o n s b e twe e n th e co mp l e te c i cu r its ma y b e c o n s ide e d r

to b e du e to a c tio n s b tw e e e n th e e e l me n ts r
o f th e c i c u its , w e ma y

u se th e fo llo wi n
g me th o d o f d e te r min i n g th e l a w o f th e s e a c ti o n s .

L e t AI , B0 1, Fig 2 8 , b e c o
1, . rre p o di g s n n me n ts o f th e th r e e
e le

r
c i c u its , a n d le t A , B
2 2 , 0 2
b e a l o c o rr p
s es o n d in
g e l e me n ts i n a n

o th e r p rt o f
a th e r
c i cu i ts . Th e n th e s i tu a tio n o f B 1 with re p e c t s

to A 2 i s si mil a r to th e s itu a ti o n o f 01 w ith r e p e ct s to b u t th e

Fig 2 8 . .

di s ta n c e an d d i me n s I On s of 01 an d B 2
a r e n time s th e d i s ta n c e an d
di me n s i o n s o f B 1
an d A2 , res p e cti v ly e . I f th e l a w o f e
e l c tr o ma g
n e ti c a c tI O n is a fun ctio n Of th e dis ta n c e , th e n th e a c ti o n ,
w ha t
e ve r b e i ts fo r m or qu lity b e twe e
a ,
n B 1
an d A 2 , ma y b e writt en

F B l
A2 f B
( l 2) ;
44
‘ “ 5
an d th a t b e twe e n 01 a n d B 2
’
F : 01 B 2 f 0
( 1 B 2)
b c,

wh e re a ,
b, c are th e r
st e n
g th s o f th e cu rre n ts i n A, B , 0 . B u t

n B 1 1,
n A2 = B 2 , n B 1
A 2
Cl ,
an d a c. H e n ce
’
F n
2
B 1 . A2 f ( n B 1
A 2)
a b,

an d th i s i s e qu l to
a F by e xp e rime n t, s o th a t w e h a v e

”s n Az B 1 ) f ( 2
A B 1 )5
or, tb e f o r ce va r e s i i n v e r s e ly as tb e s
q ua r e o
f tb e dis ta n ce .
 5 1 I ] F OR C E . B ET WE E N T wo E LE ME N TS .

50 9 ] b se rv e d w ith e f re c to the se xpe rime ts

I t ma y b e o r e n e e n

th t v e ry
a e r urr e t f rm
e l e c t ic c lo d i r i t The c r e t n o s a c se c cu . u r n s

u e d by A mp er be i g pr d c d by th e v lt ic b tte ry w e re o f
s e ,
n o u e o a a ,

c ou r e in cl o e d ci r its I t mi gh t b e ppo se d th t i th e ca e
s s cu . su a n s

O f th e c rr t o f d i h r g e o f u en c o d c to r by a s p rk w e mi h t
sc a
g a n u a

h vea rr e t f r mi g
a cu o pe
n fi ite li n e b t c rdi n g to th e
o n an n n ,
u ac o

Vi w f thi b o o k e ve thi
e s o s i th t f l o d i r c ui tn N s ca se s a O a c se c . o

e xpe rime t o th e m t l ti o f n s n l e d u re t h ve be u ua ac on u n c os c r n s a en

m de a H e ce
. o ta te m t b
n t th e m t l
n s tio f tw e le en a ou u ua ac n O o

me t o f ir c i t c
n s c b e sa i d to r t o pur ly e xp e ri m t l g r o
u s an d es n e en a un s .

I t i tr e w e m y r e de r
s u p rtio Of c ir c i t mo v e bl
a n toa o n a u a e , so as

as ce rt a i th e n ti o f th e th e r c u r t up
ac on it b t th e c o r en s on ,
u es ur

re t to g e th e r w ith th t i th mo ve bl e p rti o
n s, c ar i ly fo rm
a n e a o n ,
n e e ss

cl o sed i c ui t o th a t th
c r lti m te r e s l t o f th e xp ri me t i th e
s, s e u a u e e n s

a c ti o f o e o mo r e c l o e d c urr e t
n o n r po th e w h o l e a p rt o f a s n s u n or a

cl ose d c rr e t u n .

5 10 ] I th e ly i O f th e ph e o me
n h o w ve r w m y
ana s s n na ,
e , e a re

g ar d th ac t i o e f c l o e d c ir int e le m
o t
a f it e l f o s f cu on an en o s r o

a no the r i r c ui t th e r e l t t f
c u mbe r f e p r te f r c
as su an O a n o s a a o e s,

d e pe din g n th e ep r te p art i n to whi c h th fir t i c uit m y

on s a a s e s c r a

b e c c e i ve d f
on m th e m ti ca l p rp o e s to b di vi de d
,
or a a u s ,
e .

Th i i s m r e ly ma th e m tic l n a ly i Of th e a c ti o
s a e a d i a a a s s n ,
n s

th e r f r e pe rfe c tly l e g iti m te w h e th e r th e e f r c e s ca

e o r e a l ly c t a ,
s o n a

s e p r t ly
a a ot
e or n .

5 11] W e h a ll b g i by c id e ri ng th e p r ly g e o me tri l
s e n ons u e ca

r e l ti o b e twe e tw o li e i p e r e pre se tin g th e ci rc it

a ns n n d s n s ac n u s, an

b e twe e e l e me ta ry p o r ti o o f th e e li e
n n ns s n s.

L e t th r b e tw o c urv e i e e p ac e e a ch f wh i ch fix e d p o i t s n s In o a n

i ta k e fr o m whi ch th e r c a r e
s n a s

m e asu re d i d e fin e d d i r c tio
n a e n

a l o n g th e c urv e L t A A be
’
. e ,

th e po i t L e t P Q d P Q
se n s . an
’ ’

b e e l me t o f th e tw o
e n s v cu r es .

Let AP = s ,
P Q = d s,
( )
1

Fi g 2 9
d l e t th e d i s ta n c e P P
’
b e de
' '

an

n o te d by r . L e t th e an
g l e P P
Q b e d e n o
’
te d by 6, an d PP
’
Q
’

by an d l e t th e an
g l e b e tw e e n th e pl an es o f th e s e an
g l es be

d e n o te d by 1
7.
Th e r e l a ti ve p o s iti o n o f th e tw o e e l me n ts i s s uffici en tl yd fi e ne d by
th e i r dis ta n c e r an d th e th r e e an
g l e s 0, an d 7
7, fo r i f th e s e h e
 mPER E H E ORY
’
A s T .
[ 5 12 .

g i v e n th e i r r e a til ve p o sitio n is a s co mpl e te ly d e te r mi n e d as if th e y

fo rme d p rt o f th e
a sa me r ig i d b o dy .

5 12 ] I f we u se r e cta n gul r c o r di a o n a te s an d ma k e (1
9,
y, z th e
co o r d in a te s o f P, an d x
’

, 5 th o s e o fP
’

,
an d i f w e d e n o te by Z ,
m ,

n an d by Z ’
,
m
’
,
n
’
th e d i re ctio n -
c o s in e s o f P 62, an d o f P
’

Q
'
re

s
pe c ti v e l y , the n
dx dy
ds (Z
8
’ ’
dx dy _ dz
’ ’ ’
ds ds (Z
S

l (w — m m —
’
f
’

)+ (y ( z )
-

'
Z (w
'
—Z
)
co s 6 ,

wh e r e e i s th e an gle b e twe e n th e di r e cti ons of th e l

e e me n ts th e m
se lve s, a n d
co s 6 — co s 6 co s 6
'
sin 6 s in 6
’
co s

( f f — 5 0
2
(f —
W (5 — Z
2
),
0796 fl
— (x — y
wh e n c e f
-
x
)(i s —
(y y )7175? — —
(z —z )
—r co s 0 .

’
dr dz
S i mi l rly
a 7 —
(x— w) + (y —
y) ( z —z
)ds
7
68
7 ’

— r co s 6”

d d i ffe r e n ti a tin g
g wi th r e s p e ct t ’
an r o s ,

d z
(Z dr dx dx
’
’
dg
’
r r d
/ y dz dz
r ’ ’
d8 d8 de ds d c ds
’ ’ ’
038 (1
3 de

co s 6 .

We r e fo r e e xpre s s th e th r e e a gl e
can th e n s 9, and n, an d th e
au xili ry gl e i te rm o f th e diff e r e tia l
a an 6 n s n c o e ffic i e n ts o f r wi th
r e p e ct to 8 a d
s fo ll o w s n s
’
as ,

co s 6

C OS 6

m 9 s in 6
'
s c o s 77
5 13 ] G E O ME TR I C A L R E L A TI O NS or Two E L E M E NTS .

5 13 ] We sh a ll n e xt c o n s i de r in wh at w a y it i s ma th e ma ti ca l l y
co n ce i v bl e
a th a t th e Q m i g he le
t a c t o n e ame n ts P Q
c h an d P
' ’

o th e r ,
a n d i n d o in g s o w e s h a l l n o t a t fir s t a s s u me th a t th e i r m u tua l

a c ti o n is n e ce s s a ri ly in th e li n e j o i n in g th e m .

We h a v e s e e n th a t w e ma y s upp o s e e a c h e l e me n t r e s o lve d i n to
o r e l e me t pr vi de d th t th e mp e t wh e
th e n mb i e d
s, o a es co on n s, n co n

a c co rdin g to th r l e f dditio o f v e c to r pr o d ce the o ri gi l

e u o a n s, u na

e l e m t th i r r lt t
en as e e su an .

W e h ll th r e fo r c o id e r Z s r e o l v e d i to co 6 Z
s a e i th e e ns ( 8 a s n s ( S a n

d ir e c tio n of r an d si n 6 078 ,8 ,
,
[3 A '
Q y
re c t o p e rp e cul a r to
jZ : EC
in a di i n n di q
’

th pl
'
in e P PQ
’ ’
7
°
e an .
P a a P

Fl g 3 0
We s h a ll a l so c o n s i de r dc
’ ‘ ’

as r e so l ve d in to co s 0 ds
’ ’
a
’
in th e di r e c ti o n of
'
7 r e ve r s e d,

s n i 0
’
co s 1
7 ds
’
: 8
, i n a di re c ti o n p r lle l
a a to th a t in whi c h ,8 w a s
me a s u r e d, d i s in di r e c tio n p e rp e di c u l a r to
’ ’ ’
an s n 6 n ds :
y in a n
'
a an d
Let us c o n s id e r th e a cti o n b e tw e e n th e co mp o n e n ts a an d ,8 on

th e on e h a n d, an d a
’

, B
’

, y
’
on th e o th e r .

( )
1 a an d a
’
are i n th e sa me st ar ig h t li ne . Th e fo r c e b e twe e n

th e m mus t th e r e fo r e b e i n th i s li n e . We s h a ll su ppo se i t to b e
an r
a tt a c t o n i A a a
'
ii
’

wh e r e A i s a fu n c ti o n o f an d i , 73
’
are th e i n te n s i ti e s o f th e
curre ts i n n ds an d ( 13 r e p e c ti ve ly Th i e xpre io
’
s ti fi e . s ss n sa s s th e
co n di ti o n o f c h a n gi n g gi w si th i d wnith i an
'
.

( )
2 B d 1
8 are an
'
p r ll e l to ch th e r d p rp e di c l r t
a a ea o an e n u a o th e
li ne j o in i n g th e m . Th ti b e tw e e th e m m y b writte
e ac on n a e n

B fifi ’
ii
’
.

rc e i s e vide tly i th l i j in i g 3 d
Thi s fo fo i t m t n n e ne o n an r us

b e i th e p l e in wh i h th y b o th l i
n d if w e w e r e to me a r e
an c e e, an su

d B i th r e v r d dir ti th vl f thi e xpr e s i

’
8
, an n e e se ec on , e a ue o s s on

w o l d r m i th e
u me whi h h w th t i f i t r pr
e a n t fo r ce
sa ,
c s e s a ,
e e se n s a ,

th t f r e h a mpo t i th di r e ti n
c as n o f B d m t th r
co on en n e c o o ,
an us e e

f r b e di r e t d l g
o e L t me th t th is e xpr e si o
c e a on wh e r . e u s a ss u a s n , n

p o i tiv r pre t
s ettr c ti
,
e se n s an a a on .

( ) B
3 d y p e rp d i l a r to e c h o th e r
an
’
d t o th
ar e e l i en cu a an n e

j i i g th m Th
o n n l y c ti p ib l b tw e e e l e me t
e . r la te d
e on a on o ss e e n n s so e

i cs pl wh o e xi i p r ll l to
a ou e We t pr e s t e ga g e d
a s s a a e r . are a se n n

wi th fo r ce o w e h ll l v thi o t o f c c o t s, s s a ea e s u a un .

d if ey e a c h o th e r mus t b e
’
T h i of B th ct
( )
4 e c t o . a n a an , a on ,

xpr d by
e e s se C fi ii a
’ '
.
 A M PE RE S TH E O RY ’
.
[ 5 4
1 .

Th e g si n Of thi s e xpr e s s io n is r e ve r
r e ve rs e th e di r e c tio n se d if w e
in w h i c h w e me a s u re I t mu t th e r e f r e r e pr e s e t e ith e r a fo r c e
s o n

i n th e d i r e c ti o n o pl e i th e pl
’
f B , e Of d fi A we
’
o or a c u n an a an . S

o t i n v e s ti a ti n g co u pl we h ll t k e it a s fo rc e a c ti g a a n
are n
g e s, s a

i n th e d i r e c ti o n Of
'
on a B .

Th e re is Of co ur se an e qu l a fo r c e a c ti n g on ,8
’
i n th e o pp o s i te

di re c tio n
3

We h a ve fo r th e sa me re a so n a fo r ce
' '
0 a
y i i

a ct n i go n a in th e di r e c ti o n of y
’

,
an d a fo r ce
' "
03 a it
a c ti n go B n i n th e o pp o s i te di r e ctio n .

5 14 ] C o ll e c ti n g r e su l ts w e
our .
,
fin d th a t th e a c ti o n on d c is
co mp o u n de d Of th e fo ll o w i g fo r c e s n ,

i n th e dire ctio n
’
X (A +B ii f
’
a a o 7,

Y i n th e di r e c tio n
’
: C ( a [3 of ,
3,
Z i n th e di r e cti o n
’ ’
and C i i of
’
a
y y

Let us su pp o s e th a t th i s a c ti o n on d c i s th e r e s l ta u n t of th re e
fo rc e s ,
R i i ds ds
’ ’
a c ti n
g in th e d i re ctio n o f r ,
S i i ds ds
' ’
a c ti n g i n

th e d i re ct o n i of d e,
’
a n d S i i ds ds
’ ’
a c tin g i n th e di r e c ti o n Of d s ,
’

th e n i n te rm s o f 6, an d 17,

R A co s 9 co s 6 +B
’
s n i 0 sin

S —0 co s 6,
’
S
’
: C co s e .

I n te ms r Of th e diffe re n tia l co e ffi cie n ts o f 7

°

z
d r
A ’ "
as ds ds d s
dr dr
8 0 3
(Z
,
S

I n te rms f Z m Z m,
’ ’ ’
o , ,
n ,
an d ,
n ,

R
1 I m
I I I mm
I I
-

7
7
2 $ + n+ n +

1 I I I I 1

wh e r e f , n, Q
“

are writte yn
y fo r r e s p e c ti v e ly
x
’
—x, ’
— ,
an d z
’ —z .

5 15 ] We ha ve e t n to c l c l t th e fo rc e w ith wh i c h th e fi n ite
x a u a e

curr e t a c t n 8
’
s on th e fi i te rr e t 3 Th e c rr e t x t d f o m
n cu n .
"

u n 8 e en s r

A wh e r e 8 to P w h e r i t h th e v l u e Th e urr e t 8
’

,
O, , e as a 8 . c n

ext d fro m en s A
’

,
wh r O te P w h e re i t h a s th e v lue s
e ,
o
’
a
’
.
 5 16 ] A C TI O N OF A C L OS E D Oi R OUi T O N AN E LE ME N T . 15 5

Th e co o rdi n a te s o f po i n ts on e i th e r c urre n t are fu n ctio n s O f 8 or

I f F is y f u n c tio n o f th e p o s i ti o n O f a p o i n t th e n we
an
-

, s ha l l u se

th e s u b s c ri p t ( s o ) to d e n o te th e e x ce s s O f i ts va l u e at P o ve r th a t
.

a t A , th u s

S u ch f u n c ti o n s n e c e s sa ri ly pp e r wh e th i rc i t is l se d
dis a a n e c u c o .

L e t th e co mpo n e n ts o f th e to t l f r c wi th w hi h A P t a o e c
’ ’
ac s o n

A A b e i i X, i i Y, Th e n th e c o mp t p r ll l to X
’ ’
ii Z
’
an d . on en a a e o f
2
th e fo rc e wi th whi ch wil l b e
ii
’
da dc
’
a c ts o n ii
’

,
( 28 da .

03
2
K 5
H e n ce ' + S Z+ S l ( )
13
de ds
.

Su b s ti t uti g n th e vl a u es of R ,
S, an d S fr o m
'
r e me mb e r in g
th a 1
3 Il m
do .

§ ( )
I I

n+ f 14
+
W
n T ’

an d a rra gin g th e
n r
te ms wi th r e p e ct to
s l , m, n , w e fin d

d 1 dr dr Z§
’

ds ds
’
l
l ( A T B -

)r 2 ds
’ f 2
+ C
as
’

'
’
r i ,

1 dr Zn fI
.
2
(fl
a w + B
5
,

’
1 dr l g
‘

—
p
f f +0
7
+ 3

S in ce A , B ,
an d 0 are fu n cti o n s Of we ma y write

( )
16

th e i n te gra tio n be i n
g ta ke n b e tw e e n r an d 00 b e ca u se A, B ,
C
va n i s h wh e n 7 00

dQ
if
(
H e n ce an d 0 17 )
dr

5 16 ] k o w by A mp ere thi d c e O f e q il ibri u m th t

No w we n ,
’
s r as u ,
a

wh e cl o e d c i r i t th e f r c e d i p e rpe di c la r
'
n i 8 s a ti n g
s cu , o ac on s s n u

t th d ir c ti f d i th e r w o r d th e c mpo e t o f th f r ce o s, o n
o e e o on O e, r ,
n n e o

i th e dir c ti o
n f d i ts e lf i
e e ro
n Let o th r f r e
c m th e s z . us e e o a ssu e

di r e c tio o f th e xi
n f to b e p a r a ll e l to ( Z8 by m ki g Z 1
a s O a: s o as a n ,

m O ,
0 E q u ti
n
( )
15 t h e
. b e co m e a on n s

( PX dP 0! Q
5
2
+ (B + C )
7
’ ’ '
(Z
8 d8 ds ds

To fin d th e fo rce on (i s r e fe rr e d to un it o f le n
g th ,
w e mu s t
 ER E S TH E ORY
’
A MP .
[ 5 I
7 .

i n te gra te th i s e xpr e s sio n with re sp e ct to I n te gr a ti n g th e fi rs t

te r m by p rts a ,
w e fin d
'

{f f
s

—
i
( g
P ( z P r ( )
19
o

Wh e n
’
3 is a l
c o se d c i cu r it th i s e xpr e s s io n mu s t b e z e r o Th e .

fir st r m wil l di pp e r
te sa a Of i tse l f . Th e s e co n d te r m, h o w e v e r w il l ,

no t i g e e r l d i pp e a r
n n a sa i n th e c a se o f a c o se l d ci cr uit un le ss th e
q tity u d e r th e S ig i n te g r a ti o n i s w ys
‘

u an n n Of al a z er o . H e n ce , to
fy A mp ere s c o di tio
’
sa t si n n ,

1
P 20

We ca n no w e li min a te P ,
an d fin d th e g e n e ra l v l a ue o f

(I X 13 4 0 5
l
-

038 2

s
B — —
C m f Zn
’ '
B — —
C f n f
l
' '

ds .
d? z
( )
2 1
2 7
.
2 7
'

Whe n 8
’
is a l
c o se d c i cu r i t th e firs t te rm of th i s e xpre ss i o n

va n i sh e s , a n d i f we ma k e
'

B C n n
2 7
'

“
19 f
’
o r :
. -
g n

2 r

u e— c mag
I
s
1
7 ’

7 ds ,
0 2 °
7

whe r e th e i n te g r at o n i is e xte n de d ro u n d th e l
c o se d ci c r ui t we
ma y wri te (I X
m y — 7Z fi
If;

S i mi l rl y
if r— z y
'
a : n a ,

dZ
— ma
(ZS
I H .

qua titie s B y e me ti me ca ll e d th e de te rmi ts Of

Th e n a
’
,
’
,
’
ar so s n an

th c ir c uit r fe rre d to th e p o i t P Th e ir r e ulta t i s c a lle d by

’
e 8 e n . s n

A mp er e th e d ir e c tr ix O f th e l e tr o dyn mi c c ti o e c a a n .

Iti v i d e t fr m th e e qu tio
s e n th a t th e f r c e wh o s e c o mp o e n ts
o a n ,
o n

dX dY dZ
hi s
?
"
de T
( s
is p e rp e n d c ula r b o th i to ds an d to th i s

di r e c tri x, an d is re pre se n te d n u me ri y by the re a

c a ll a Of th e p a r lle l
a

o g r a m wh o s e s i de s a r e ds and th e dir e c tr ix .
5 9
1 ] F ORC E B ET WE E N TWO F I N I TE C URR E N TS .

I n th e g u a g e of q tla
e rn i
n th r e s u l ta t f rc e (Z iuath e o n s, e n o on 8 s

ve cto r p rt o f th e pro d c t O f th e di e tri x m lti p lie d by Z8

a u r c u ( .

Si ce w e l re a dy kn o w th t th e d ir e c tr ix i th e sa me thi g a
n a a s n s

th m g n tic fo rc e d e to
e a e it c rr e t i th e ir i t u w h ll a u n u n n c cu e s a

h e c e fo r th p e k o f th e d ir e c tri x
n s th e m g e tic fo r c e d e to th e
a as a n u

c ir cuit .

5 18 ] W e h ll o w c o mpl e te th e c l c l ti o
s a n O f th e o mp o e ts a u a n c n n

O f th e fo r ce a c ti n g b e twe e tw o fi i te c r e t wh e th e r c lo e d o n n u r n s, s r

O pe n .

Le t p b e a n ew fu n cti o n o f s u ch th a t

m
00

by ( 17 )a n d
p £ 1 ( B — dr ,

th e n ( )
2 0

A+B = r ( Q + p)
an d e q u at on s i ( )
11 b e c o me
(Z (Z
2
p 1
R OO S e gr A Q l- p),
W i
- - -

ds ds
}
61 Q 4Q
as
—
ds
'

J
With th e s e va l ue s o f th e co mp o n e n t fo r ce s , e qu a ti o n
( )
13 bec o me s
d X Z
dp 63 Q
8 (Z
(Z 8
’
— C OS €
(h r
+ £Z 6 8 6Z
8
’ (Q + p)
_Z
(Z
Z
’

dé ‘

dp
C OM — Z
Ec d8 d 8 as as

(Z
72 p 8,
( )
2 8

Z ’

p (Z
8
’

,
G
’

p (Z
8
’
,
(Z
8
'
.
( )
2 9

Th e se q u an ti ti e s h a ve d e fin i te vl a u es fo r an
y gi v e p o i n nt o f s p a ce .

Wh en th e ci cr ui t s are l
c o s ed, th e y co rre p s o n d to th e co mp o n e n ts Of

th e v ec to r p -
o te n tia ls Of th e c ir c u i ts .

Let L b e a n ew fu n c ti o n o f r ,
s uch t h a t
L (Q d
p) ,r

an d l e t M b e t h e d o u bl e i n te g ra l .

M
 A M PE E R S TH E O RY ’
.
[ 5 2 0 .

wh i ch , w h e n th e c ir cu i tS '

a re clo se d , b e c o me s th e i r mutua l p o t n ti e al,

th e n ( ) y
2 7 ma be wr itte n
Z
(Z X (Z fil
2
(Z (ZL
{ F — F
}
’
’ ' +
(Z
8 (Z8 (Z
8 (Z
8 (Z1
: dx
520 ] I n te gra tin g , wi th re p s e ct to 8 a nd b e tw e e n th e gi v en

li mi ts , w e fin d
( MI (Z
X (L p p r

(Z
w 7
( 5

( )
3 3

wh e re th e s ub c ri p ts o f L i dic te th di t c e
s o f w h i h th n a e s an ,
r ,
c e

qu ti ty L i
an f c ti a d th e b sc ripts f F d F i dic te
s a un on ,
n su o an
’
n a

th p i te t wh i ch th e i r v l e
o n s a e to b e t k e a u s ar a n .

Th e e xpr e io f Y d Z m y b wr itte
ss d o w fr o m th i s
n s or an a e n n .

M ultiply i g th e th r e e c o mp o e t by Z Zy
n d ( Z r e s p ti v e l y n n s ( x ,
( ,
an z ec ,

w e bt i O a n

d + Y dy + Z ( Zz . D M — D (L p p
— L Ap , ,

wh e r e D i s th e s ymb l mpl e te d i ffe r e n tia l

o Of a co .

S in c e d G (Z H dz i s n o t i n g e n e r a l a c o mpl e te di ffe r e n ti a l o f
y
a fu n c ti o n O f (v , d Y d + Z cZ
z i s n o t a c o mpl e te d iffe r e n ti a l
y ,
z , y
fo r c urre
r f wh i h i n o t c lo s e d
n ts e i th e o c s .

5 2 1] I f h o w e ve r b th c rr e t a e c l o
, ,
o u n s r s e d, th e te rm s i n L , F,
G H F G H di pp e r a d
' ' ’
, , , ,
sa a ,
n

d + Y dy + Z dz = D l
ZL ( )
3 5

wh e r e M i s th e mu tu a l
p o te ti l o f two cl e d c i rc it c a rryi g u it n a os u s n n

c rr e ts
u nThe q a tity M e xpr s s e th e wo rk d e by th e l c tr o
. u n e s on e e

m g e tic fo r c e O
a n e i th e r c o d c ti g
s i r it w h e
n i t i mo v e d n u n c cu n s

p r ll l to it e lf fr m i fi it di t e to i ts a ct l p o s iti A y
a a e s o an n n e s anc ua on . n

al te r tio o f it p i tio by wh i h M i i
a n s os 8 e a w il l b n ,
8 i Z ( Z by c s n cr e a
’
,
e a8 8 e

th e l c tr ma g e ti fo rc e s
e e o n c .

I t m y be he w a i A r t 4 9 0 5 9 6 th t wh e th e mo ti o o f
s n, as n s .
, ,
a n n

th e c i r c i t i o t p r l l e l to i ts e lf th e f r c e
u s n a c ti a
g o
a i t a e S til l o s n n r

d e te r mi e d by th e v a ria ti o O f I II th e p o te ti a l o f th o n c i r c u it
n n ,
n e e on

th e o th e r .

5 2 2 ] Th e ly e xp e rime t l f t wh ich we h a ve ma de e Of
on n a ac us

i thi s i ve s tig ti o i th e f c t e st bli h e d by Am p er th t th e

'

n n a n s a a s e a

ac ti o of n cl e d c rr e t o a a p
os o ti of a thu e r c rr e t i s
n n n r on no u n
y
e rp e d ic l a r t
n th e d i re c ti
u O f th e l a tte r
o E v e ry th e r p a rt o f
p on . o
5 2 4] HIS F O R M UL A .

th e i n ve
ig a ti o n d e pe n ds o n pur e l y ma th e ma tica l c o n s id e r a tio n s
st

d e pe n di n g o n th e pr o pe rti e s o f l in e s i n s p a c e Th e r e a s o n i n g th e r e .

fo r e ma y b e pr e s e n te d in a much mo r e c o n de n s e d a n d a ppro pri a te

fo rm by th e u se o f th e ide a s an d la gu a g e
n o f th e ma th e ma tic a l
me th o d s p e c i l lya a da p te d to th e e xpr e i ss o n o f s u ch g e o me tr ic a l
re l a ti o n s — th e Q ua te r n io m o f H a mil to n .

Th is h a s be e n do n e by Pr o fe s s o r Ta it in th e Q u a r te r l
y M l
a t/ e

ma tica ZJ o u r n a l, 18 6 6 a n d i n h is tr e a ti s e o n Q u a te r n io m
,
3 9 9 fo r , ,

A mpe r e s o r igi n a l i n ve s tiga tio n a n d th e s tu de n t ca n e a s ily a d a p t

’

th e s a me me th o d to th e s o me wh a t mo r e g e n e r a l i n v e s tig a ti o n g iv e n
he re .

523] ve ma de
H ith e to w e h a r mpti o wi th r e p e c t to th e no a ssu n s

qu titi e A B 0 e xc e pt th t th e y
an s , ,fu c ti o , f th e d i ta c e a ar e n ns o r ,
s n

b e twe e th e e l e me ts W e h ve e xt to a c rta i th e fo r m f
n n . a n s e n o

th e e fu cti o s a d fo th i s purp o e w e m k e f A mp er e
’
s n n ,
n e r s a u s o s

fo urth c o f e qui l i br i m Ar t 5 0 8
a se i wh i c h i t i h w th a t if u , .
,
n s s e n

all th e li n r di me i o ea d d i t ce O f y te m f tw o c ir c i t
ns n s an s an s a s s O u s

b e a l te r e d i th e a me pr o p o rti
n th e ur e t r e m i in g th e sa me
s on ,
c r n s a n ,

th e f r c e b twe e th e tw o c ir c u i t wi ll r e m i th e
o e n m s a n sa e .

ZM (
N o w th e f r ce b e twe e th e c ir c ui ts f
o u it c urre ts i d n or n n s an
(Z
x

s in c e p e d t o f th e di me i
thi s i s i n d e o f th e y te m it mu t
n en ns on s s s ,
s

be a me r i l q
nu tity H e ce M i tse lf th e c e ffi c i e t f th e
ca u an . n ,
o n o

mut l po te ti l o f th c i r c it m t b e
ua n a q tity f th e d ime e u s, us a u an o n

s io s o f
n lin e I t fo ll w fr m e q tio
a . th a t p mu t b e th e o s, o ua n s

r e c ipro ca l o f l i e d th e re f re by ( 2 B 0 mu t b e th e i ve r e
a n ,
an o s n s

s qua r e O f li e B t i c B a n d (J e b o th f cti o f r B — C
a n . u s n e ar un ons ,

m t b e th e i n v e r e s q r e f o so me
u s me ri ca l m l tip l e Of i t
s ua o 7
°
r n u u .

5 24 ] Th e mu l ti pl e w e a do p t d p e d o sy te m o f m re e n s n o ur s ea s u

me n t I f w e a d o pt th e e le c tr ma g ti y ste m
. c ll e d be ca u e o n e c s , so a s

i t a g r e e s wi th th e y t m a lr e a dy e ta b li h e d f ma g e tic m
s s e re s s or n e asu

me t th e v l
n s, o f Ill o gh t to c o i i de wi th th t f th e po te ti l
a ue u nc a O n a

o f two m g e ti c h e lls f tr e gth

a n i ty w h o e b o
s d ri e a r e th eo s n un s un a s

tw o c i r c its r e p e c ti v e l y
u Th v l e o f M i s tha t ca e i by . e a u n s s,

Ar t 4 2 3, .

( )
3 6

th e in te gr a tio b e in g p e rf r me d r o un d bo th ci rc uit in th e po
n o s s it i ve
d ir e c ti o A do p ti g th i
n . s th e n ume ri a l va lu e o f 21
n 1 a d s a c ,
n co m
p ri n g with
a we fi d n

1
’
an d B —C
7
 A M PE E R S TH E O RY’
.
[ 5 2 5 .

52 5 ] W e ma y n ow e xpre ss th e co mp o n e n ts o f th e fo r c e o n ( Z8 .

ari i g fro m th e c tio o f (Z i th e

s n a n 8
’
n mo s t g e n e r a l fo rm c o n si s te n t
with xp e rime t l f c t
e n a a s.

Th e f r ce o ( Z i s c o mp o u d e d o f
o n 8 n an a ttr a c ti o n
'‘ 2 Z
1 ( IA (Zr (Z Q
R 7r (d ’ '
) i i ( Z8 ( Z8 +
’
T fl / 2 (Z
8 (Z
8
8 (Z
8 (Z
8 ds S CZ
CZ S

in th e d ir e c ti o n Of r ,

dQ
ZZ ( Z8 ( Z8 i n th e dir e cti o n f ( Z8 ,
’

’
o
(Z
8

an d S
“
Q i i cZ8 (Z8
’ ’
i n th e d ir e c ti o n o f (Z
8
’

wh e r e Q an d s in c e
‘

C is
'
an u k ow
n n n fun cti o n o f r,
we

k o w o ly th a t Q i s o me f n c tio o f
n n s u n r .

5 2 6 ] Th e q tity Q c a o t b e d te r mi e d
u an w ith o ut a s mp nn e n , su

ti o s f s o m k i d fr o m e xp e ri me ts i wh i ch th e a c ti v e c rr e t
n o e n ,
n n u n

f rms a c l o se d c ir c u it
o I f w s pp s e wi th A mp er e th t th e a ti . e u o a c on

b e twe e th e e le me t Z8 a d Z i in the li e j i i g th e m th e n
n n s ( n ( 8
’
s n o n n ,

d 6 mu t di ppe a r d Q mu s t b e c o t t o e ro
"
S an s sa Th e , an n s an ,
r z .

fo r c e i th e r e d c e d to
s a ttr a c tio
n wh o e va l e i
u an n s u s

Am e
R
p re
i
wh o ma de
£( )
3 9
2
8 (Z
(Z 8

thi s i n
f
’
.

ve st
8 (Z
(Z 8

i ga ti o n
’

l o g b e f re th e
n o ma gn e tic
,

sy te m o f u its h d b e e
s n a n e s ta bli h s e d, u ess fo rmu l a a h a vi n g a

n ume ri c l v lu e ha l f o f th i
a a s, n a me ly

w
l1 1(Z
7
'
(Z
7
'

— d8
8
( )
4 0
‘
7
2 38
-

I 287 '
a
d8 d 8
H e re th e r gth o f th e c rr e t i mest e n u n s a su r e wha t i ca ll e d
d in s

e l e c tr dy a mi c me a s ure IfZi r e th e s tr e urr

’
o n .
,
a n
gth o f th c e t i e n s n

e l e tr o m g e ti c m a ur e
c a
d j j th e a me i le ctro dy mi c m a
’
n e s ,
an ,
s n e na e

s r u th e
e it i pl i th t
,
n s a n a

jj
’
sii
’

, or j Ma i .
( )
4 1

H e n c e th e u n it urre t a do p t d i e le c tro ma g e ti
c n e n n c me a s u r e i s
g r e a te r th a n tha t a d o p te d i n e l e tr o dyn mi me a ur e c a c s i n th e ra tio
o f A /2 to 1 .

Th e on l y
le f th e e le ctro dyn mic u it to c o side r ti o n i
tit o a n n a s

th a t i t w s o r i gi lly do p te d by A mp er e th e d i c o ve re r O f th e
a na a , s .

la w o f a cti o b e twe e c rre ts The o ti l re c rre

n n f u n . c n nua u n ce o

in ca lc l tio s fo de d o it i s i c o n ve i t
u a n un d th e l tr o n n n en ,
an e ec

ma g n e tic y te m h s th e g re a t d v ta g o f c i c idi g u me ri ca l ly
s as a an e o n n n
5 2 7] F O UR A SSU M PT I O NS .

with l l o a ur ma g n e ti c fo r mula e . A s i t i s diffi cu l t fo r th e s tu de n t

_
to b r i ea w heth r h i t m l tipl y o t di vide by / 2 w e
n mi n d e e s o u r o x ,

s h l l h e c e fo rth se
a n ly th e e l e c tr o m g e tic y te m a s a do p te d by
u on a n s s ,

We be r a d m t o th e r wri t r
n os e s .

S i ce th e f r m
n d va l f Q ha ve
o o ffe c t o
an o f th e ue o n e n
y an

e xp e ri m t hi th rt en m d si w h i h the ti ve rr e t t l e a st
e o a e, n c ac cu n a

is a lw y al o e d o e w e m y if w e pl ea s do pt y v l o f Q
s a c s n ,
a , e, a an a ue

w h i h pp r t
c a to impl ify th e f rmu l e
ea s o u s s o a .

Th us A mp er a s me th t th fo r c e b t we e tw o l e me t i in
e su s a e e n e n s s

th e li e j o i i g th m
n Thi g iv e Q
n n O e . s s ,

(h (Z (Z 7
2
1 r
'

S ( )
’

’ ’ s o, : o .
4 2
(Z
8 (Z
8 (Z
8 (Z
8

G r a ss ma n n a ssu me s th a t tw o e e l me n ts i n th e sa me st a i r gh t li ne

ha v e no mutu al a c ti o n . Th is g i ve s

1 3 ( PT 1 (Z
r 1 (Zr
Q 2 7
" S
2 7
2
(Z
8
”
2 7
2
(Z
8
( )
4 3

W e mi gh t ,
i f we pl e a s e d, a s s ume th t the a r
a tt a c ti o n b e tw e e n tw o
l
e e me n ts at a
g i v e n di s ta n c e i s pr o p o rti o n al to th e c o s in e of th e
an
g l e b e tw e e n th e m . I n thi s ca s e

1 1 1 ( r Z 1 ( Zr
44
Q 7
'
co s 6 , S
(Z
8
"
(Z8

Fin a lly, we migh t a s s ume th a t th e a ttr a ctio n a n d th e O b li qu e

fo r ce s d e pe n d o n l y o n th e a n g l e s whi ch th e e l e me n ts ma k e w ith th e
l in j o i
e n n i g th e m, an d th e n w e sh o ul d h a ve
2 (Z
‘
7
Q 7
"
8 (Z
(Z 8
"
7
2
(Z
8
”
7
2
(Z
8
.

52 7] O f th e s e fo ur di ffe r e n t a ssu mp tio n s th a t o f A mp er e i s

u n do ub te d ly th e be s t, s in c e it i s th e onl y one wh i h c ma k e s th e
fo r c e s on th e tw o lm
e e en ts n o t o nl y qu l
e a an d O pp o s i te b u t i n th e
st a r igh t l in e whi ch jo i ns th e m .

P o gg .
, A n n lx i v . .
p.l

VO L . II .
 C H A P TE R I I I .

ON TH E I NDU C TI O N OF E L E C TR I C CU RRE N TS .

52 8 ] TH E di s c o v e ry
by Or t d o f th e m gn e ti a c ti o f s e a c n o an

e l e tri c urr t l e d by d ire t pro c s f e o i g to th t f

c c en a c es O r as n n a O

m g ti ti
a ne by e l tri c c urre t
z a on d f th e me ch i l ec tio n s, an o a n ca ac n

b twe l tr ic rr t I t w s o t h o we ve r till 18 3 1 th t
een e ec cu en s . a n , ,
a

F r d y w h o h a d b e e fo
a a a ,
me time e d e vo r i g t pr d c n r so n a u n o o u e

l tric c rr e ts b y m g e ti c o e l e c tri c a tio

e ec u n di o ve r e d th
a n r c n ,
sc e co n

diti s f ma g e to e l e c tr ic i d c ti
on o Th e me th o d wh i h F r d y
n -
n u on . c a a a

e mpl y e d i o hi r e e rch e c o i s te d in s
co t t pp e l to
s a s n s n a n s an a a ex

p e i me t s
r m n f te t i
a
g th ae t r t h o f h i i d
ean s o
s s a d co t t s n u ea ,
n a n s an

c lti v ti
u f i de
a d r th e d i r e c t i fl e c e O f xp e r i me t
on o as un I
e n u n e n . n

h i s p bli h d r e u r h e w e fi d th e e ide s e xpre s e d i l g ge

s e se a c s n s a s n an ua

wh ic h i a ll th e b e tte r fitte d f
s ce t cie c b e c e it i or a nas n s n e, aus s

s o m e wh a t li e fr o m th e tyl e o f p hy i c i t wh h v e b e e
a n c cu s s s s s o a n a

t m d to e t bl i h ed m th e m ti l fo rm o f th
o e s a s
g h t a a ca s ou .

Th e e xp r i me t l i v e tig ti o by w h ic h A mp er e e t bl i h e d th e
'

e n a n s a n s a s

l w o f th e me h i c l ctio b e twe e n e l e ctr ic c rre t i o e o f

a s c an a a n u n s s n

th e m o t br ill i t h i e v me t i
s c i e ce
an ac e n s n s n .

Th e wh o l e th e o ry a d xp e r i me t , eem a s if it ha d l e p e d
n e n ,
s s a ,

f ll g r o w a d f l l r me d fr o m th e br i o f th e N w to o f e le c
u n n u a ,
a n e n

tr i i ty I t i p e r f c t i fo r m il b le i c c ur c y d
’
c . d s e n ,
an u n a s sa a n a a ,
an

it i mme d p i a f rmul fr o m wh ic h l l th e p h
s su u n me m yo a a en o na a

b e d d uc d e d wh i c h m t lw y s r e m i th e c r d i l fo r m l a o f
e ,
an us a a a n a na u

e l e t ro d y
c mi c -
na s .

Th e me th o d f A mp er e h w e v r th o gh c t i t o i d ti ve , o e ,
u as n o an n uc

f rm d e
o ,
t ll w o to tr ce th e f r m tio
s no a o f th i d u s whi h a o a n o e eas c

g id ud i t W
e ca n r e ly
. b li e v th t eA m p e r e r e ll y
scad i c v r d c e e a a s o e e

th e l w o f a c ti o
a by me s o f th e e xp rime t wh i h h e d ri b
n an e n s c e sc es .

W a e l e d to s u p e c t wh a t i de e d h e t ll s h i m e l f th t h e
e r s , ,
n ,
e s u s a

Th é i d P h mé E l t d y mi q or e
p 9 es en o n es ec r o na u e s, . .
 9] F A R A D A Y S S C I E N TI F I C H D
’

5 2 ME T O .

d is c o v e r e d th e l a w by so me pro c e wh i h ss c he ha s no t sh e w n u s,

an d th a t whe h n e ha d a ft rw r d b i l t
e a s u
p p e
u r f t d m a ec e on

s tr a ti o n h e re mo ve d a ll t ra c es o f th e s ca ffo ldi g by wh ich h h

n e ad

r a is e d it .

Fa r a d a y ,
on th e o th e r ha n d, she w s us his uns u cc e s s fu l as we ll
as hi s ul e xp e rime t a d hi c ru d i de
s u cc e s s f h is n s, n s e as as we ll as

d v e l o pe d
e e d th e r e de r h o w e v e r i f ri r to hi m i i d c ti ve
on s, a n a ,
n e o n n u

p we r f e l ymp th y v m r th
o , e s s dmir ti d i te mp te d
a e en o e an a a on ,
an s

t o b l ie ve th t i f h e h d th e
e p po r t ity h e to o w ul d b
a ,
di s a o un ,
o e a

c v re r E ve ry t d t th r e f r e h o l d r e a d A mp ere re e r h ’
o e . s u en e o s u s s a c

as a pl did e xa mpl f ie ti fic tyl e in th e ta te m t f a dis

s en e o sc n s s en o

co e
y v b t h
r e h l,d l tu
u d y F a r d y fo th e c s l ti va
ou ti o o f a so s a a r u n a

i ti fi c p i ri t by m
sc e n f th e
s c ti o d r e c ti o
,
w h ic h wi ll ean s o a n an a n

ta k p l e be twe e wly d i c o v re d fa c ts a d
a ce c e t ide n i hi
n e s e n n as n as n s

o wn mi n d .

p rh p f th a d v ta g e f ci c e th t Fa ra da y th o gh
I t wa s e a s or e an o s en a ,
u

th o ro ugh l y c sc io o f th f d me ta l fo r ms f p e time a d
on us e un a n o s ac , ,
n

f r ce w s
o ,
t a pr o f a e d m th e ma ti i
n o He w o t te mp te d
e ss a c an . as n

to e te r i to th e m y i te r e ti n g r e e rc h e s i
n n p r e m th e m tic
an n s s a n u a a s

wh i h hi di c v ri w ld h ve gge ste d if th e y h d be e
c s s o e es ou a su a n

e x hi b ite d i m th m ti ca l f r m n a d h e di d a t f e l ca ll e d up
e a o ,
an n o e on

e i th e r to fo r ce hi s r e l t i n to h p e c ce p ta b l e to th e m th su s a s a a a e

m tic l ta te O f th e time o to e xpr e

a a s th e m i n a fo rm whi h ,
r ss c

m th m ti ia
a e might tt c k
a c H wa
ns th u l e ft t l e is ure to a a . e s s a

d o hi pr o pe r w o rk to co o r di te hi id a s wi th h is f c ts a d to
s ,
na s e a ,
n

e xpr th e m i t r l u te ch ica l l g
e ss n n a u
g e a ,
n n an ua .

I t i m i ly w i th th e h o p e o f m ki g th e e i de a th e b i o f
s a n a n s s as s a

m th m ti l m th d th t I h ve
a e a ca de rt k e th i tr e a tise
e o a a un a n s .

5 2 9 ] We cc to m d to co i d r th e
a re a iv r e us m a de up f e n s e un e s as o

p rt d m th e m ti ia
a s, a n ll y b g i by o id ri g a i gle pa
a a c n s u su a e n c ns e n s n r

ti l e c d th
,
an i v i g i t r e l tio to
en th e r p rtic l e
co n ce d o n s a n an o a ,
an s on .

Thi h s g e r ll y b e
as pp e d th m t t ra l me th o d To
en a en su os e os na u .

co ive o f
n ce p rticle h we v r r q ir e a pr c e o f b tr cti
a ,
o e ,
e u s a o ss a s a on ,

i c e ll o
s n p e rc p ti o
a e r e l a te d to e xte de d b die o th t
ur e ns ar n o s, s a

th i d e e f th e ZZ th t i i o
a O co c io e
(Z t g i v e ai t t s n ur n s u sn ss a a n n s an

i p rh p
s e primi ti v
a s i de as th t o f y i d i vi d l th
e i g an a as a an n ua n .

H e c e th e r m y b
n m th e m ti l me th d i wh i c h w e pr c e e d
e a e a a a ca o n o

fr m th e wh l e to th e p rt in te d o f fr m th e p a r t to th wh l e
o o a s s a o s e o .

F e x mpl e
or E clid i h i fi t b o k
a , o c ive
u li e , tr
n d s rs o ,
c n e s a n as a ce

o t by
u p i t u f ce
a we p t o t by li e
o n ,
a s d r l id
a as s u a n ,
an a so as

g e e r
n te d by a s urf a c e B t h a l a
o d fi r f e th . u e s e nes a su ac as e

M 2
 MA GN E TO E L E C TR I C I NDU C TI O N
-
.
[ 530 .

b o un da ry o f a s o l id, a li ne as th e ed ge o f a su rf a ce ,
an d a po i nt

as th e x tre mity o f a li
e ne .

In l ik e m e r w e an n ma y co n ce i ve th e p o te n ti a l o f a ma te ria l
sy te m s
s a a by i pro e s o f i te gra tio wi th
fu n c tio n fo u n d a c e rt a n c s n n

r p t to
es ec th m s e o f th e b o di s i th e fi l d o w e m y
e as s pp e e n e ,
r a su os

th e s e ma s s e s th e m l ve to h v e o o th e r m th m ti c l m a i g
se s a n a e a a e n n

1
th a n th e v o l me i te g r l s o f — V T wh e re P i th e po te ti l
u -
n a
Z
,
\ s n a .

4 77

I n l
ric l i ve stig tio s w e m y s e fo rmul e i w h ich th e
e e ct a n a n a u a n

q a titi s i v lve d e th e di t e s o f c e rt i b die

u n e n o d th e
ar s an c a n o s, an

e l ec t i fic ti o
r c rr e t
a i th e
ns or b o die o w e m y e f r m l e
u n s n se s, r a us o u a

wh i ch i vo l ve o th e r qua titi e s e ch Of wh i ch i s c o ti o th ro ugh

n n ,
a n nu us

a ll p a ce s .

Th m th m ti c l pr o c e s mpl y e d i
e a e a th e fir t me th d i i
a s e o n s o s n

t g ti o
e ra lo g l i e s o ve r
n a rf ce
n d th r o gh t fi i t
n p c
,
su a s, a n u ou n e s a e s,

th e e mp l o y e d i th e s e c o d m th o d a e p rtia l diffe r e ti l e qu
os n n e r a n a a

ti o d i t g ra ti o
n s an th r o g h o t a ll s p ce
n e ns u u a .

Th e me th o d f Fa ra d y e e ms to b e i ti m te l y r e l te d t th e
o a s n a a o

s e c o d O f th e s e mo d e
n f tr e tme t H e n ve r c o i de r b o di e s o a n . e n s s s

a s e xi s ti g with o th i g b e tw e e
n th e m b t th e i r di t ce
n d n n u s an ,
an

a ti g o
c n o e o th e r
n c c o r di g to
n o me f
an ti o f tha t d i t c e a n s unc n o s an .

H e c o c ive ll p e
n e fi e ld o f fo rc e th e l i e o f f rce b e i g
s a s ac as a ,
n s o .
n

i ge r l c rv d
n
-
ne a d th o s e d e to
u
y b
e o dy e x,te d i an
g f r o m it n u an n n o

a ll id e s th e i r di r e tio
s ,
b e i g mo difie d by th e pr e e c e f o th r
c n s n s n o e

b o die s H e e ve p e k s Of th e li e o f fo r c b e lo n g i g to a b o dy
.
*
n s a n s e n

a s i s o me
n s e p a rt O f i t e l f se n th a t i i t a cti o di t t s , so n s on n s an

b die s it
o o t be i d to a c t w h e r e i t i
can n ot T hi h we ve r
sa s n . s, o ,

i s ot n d o mi a t i d e a w ith F r d y
a n I th i k h e wo l d r th e r
n a a a . n u a

h ve a id th t th e fi e l d o f p c e i s f l l o f l i e O f f r c e wh o e
a s a s a u n s o , s

a rra ge me t de p e ds o th t o f the b die i th fie l d

n n n d th t n a o s n e , an a

th me che ic l d e le c tr ica l a ti o o
an a e c h b o dy i s d e te r mi e d by
an c n n a n

th e l i e s w h ic h a but o it
n n .

P H E NO M E NA OF MA GNE TO -
E LE C TR I C I N D U C TI O N T .

5 30 ] 1 I . n du c t o n i by Va r i a ti o n of Zne P r ima ry C u r r e n t .

L e t th e r e b e two co n d ucti g c i rc i t n u s, th e Pr i ma ry and th e

S e co n da ry ci r c u it . Th e pr ima ry c i rc uit i s c o n n e c te d with a vo lt a ic

E x p R es . 11.
p 2 93 ; ii i p 4 4 7
R F d
.
, . . . .

e ad a y s E x pe r i me n ta l R e s e a r ches , s e r ie s i d
’
ar a an ii.
53 0 ] E L E ME N TA RY PH E N OME N A .

b ry by wh i h th prim ry rr e t m y b e pr d ce d m i ta i e d
a tte c e a cu n a o u ,
a n n ,

sto ppe d o re ve r d Th e c o d ry c i r i t i cl de
,
r
g lv se . e s n a cu n u s a a an o

me te r to i di c te y c rr e t w h i h n m y b e fo r me d i ai t Th ian u n s c a n . s

g lav o m te rani p l e d a t h e d i ta c fr m ll p rt o f th e
s ac su c a s n e o a a s

prim ry c ircu it th t th e prim ry rre t h s o

a ibl e d ir e c t
a a cu n a n se n s

i n flu e n ce on i ts i n d ica tio n s .

Le t p rt
pri m ry circ it c o i t o f
a o f th e tra i g h t w i r e d a u ns s a s ,
an

p rt o f th e e c o d ry c i rc it f tr i gh t wir e e r d p r ll l t
a s n a u o a s a n a ,
an a a e o

th fir t th e th e r p rts o f th e c i r c u it b e i g t
e s , o
g r te r di ata ce s n a a ea s n

fr o m e a c h o th e r .

I t i fo d th t t th e i t t f e di g
s un c rr e t th r o u gh
a a n s an o s n n a u n

th e tr i gh t wi r e
s f th e pri m ry i r c i t th g l v
a m te r f th
o a c u e a an o e o e

s e d ry i r c i t i d ic te
co n a c rr e t i
c th e e c u d ry tr i gh t w i r e
n a s a u n n s on a s a

i th e pp i t d ir e c ti o
n o T h i i ca l l e d th i d c d c rr t
o8 e If n . s s e n u e u en .

th prim ry c rr e t i m i ta i d
e a t t th e i d c d c rr e t o o
u n s a n n e co n s a n ,
n u e u n s n

d i pp rsa d th e pri m ry c rr t pp r to pr o d
ea s, an e ff t a u en a ea s u ce n o ec

o n th ec d ry i r c i t
e s If w th e pri m ry c rr e t i
on a c t pp e d u . n o a u n s s o ,

a e o d ry c rr e t i
s c n b e rve d wh ic h i i the m d ir c tio
a u n s O s , s n az e e n as

th e pri m ry rr t E v ry v ri ti o a f th
cu prim ry ur e t
en . e a a n o e a c r n

pr d c l e c tr mo tive fo r ce i th e e c d ry c i rc it Wh e th e
o u es e o n s on a u . n

pr im ry curr e t i c re e th e e le ctr mo tiv f r i i th e Opp o i te

a n n a s s, o e o ce s n s

d i r e c ti to th e c rr t
on Wh e i t d imi i h e th e l e t mo ti v u en . n n s s, e c ro e

f r c i i th
o e me d ir c ti
s n th c rr t e Wh e th prima ry
sa e on as e u en . n e

c ur e t i r co t t th e r e i
n s o e l e c tr o mo ti v e fo r e
ns an , s n c .

Th e ff t f i d c ti
e se e i re e d by br i g i g th e tw o wi r
ec s O n u on ar nc as n n
‘

es

n e e r t g e th r
ar Th e y o e al in c r d by f r m i g th e m i to
e . ar so e a se o n n

tw c i r l r
o p i r l c il p l c d cl o t g e th r d till mo re by
cu a or s a o s a e se o e ,
an s

pl i g i ro o d
ac n b dle o f i r wi re i i de th il
an n r or a un on s n s e co s .

2 . I n du c ti o n by M o tio n f
o tb c P r i ma ry C i r c u i t .

We ha v e se e n th a t wh e n th e pr im ry rr a cu en t is ma in ta i n e d
c o n s ta n t a n r e t th o d d di pp r
a t s e se c n a ry c rr t r p id ly u en a sa ea s .

N w l e t th pr i m ry c
o t b m i ta i e d c t t b t l e t th e
e a uri en e a n n o n s an ,
u

pr im ry tr ig h t w r b m d e t ppr ch th co d ry tr igh t
a s a i e e a o a oa e se n a s a

wi r D r i g th e ppr o h th r e wi ll b e
e . u e o d ry c urr
n t in a ac e a s c n a en

th e pp i t d i r tio fr m th e pr i m ry
0 08 e ec n o a .

I f th e pri m ry ir c u it b e m v d w y fr m th e e o d ry th e r a c o e a a o s c n a ,
e

w ill b e e c d ry rre t i th m e di r e cti

a s th e pri m y
on a cu n n e az on as ar .

3 . I ndu c t o n i by M o ti o n of tb c Se c o n da ry C ir c u i t .

I f th e se c o n da ry ci cu r it b e mo v e d , th e s e co n da ry cu rre n t is
 MA GN E TO E LE C TR I C I ND UC TI ON
-
.
[5 3 I

O pp o it to th e pr ima ry wh e n th e e c o d ry w i re i s ppro h i g
s e s n a a ac n

th prim ry w i r e
e d i n th e s me di r e cti o
a wh e it i re ce di g
,
an a n n s n

fr m it o .

I a ll c n e th e di r e c tio o f th e s e c o d ry c urr e t i
as s ch th t n n a n s su a

th me h e ic l c ti o c b e twe e th e tw c o d ct rs i s Opp o it to
an a a n n o n u o s e

th e d i r e c ti o f m ti o b i g r e p l io wh e th e wire e p
n o o n ,
e n a u s n n s ar a

p or chi
g a d tt
n r a c ti o
,
w h
an t h e y an
e r e d i g é T
ahi v e ry n en ar ce n s

i mp o rt t fa c t w a e t bl i sh e d by L
an s s a en z

4 . I n du c ti o n by tb e R e la ti v e M o ti o n of a M a y n e t a n d tb e Se co n da ry
C i r cu i t .

I fw e su b
u te fo th e prim ry c i r it ma gn e tic h e ll wh o e
s tit r a cu a s ,
s

e dg e c o i c i d with th e c ir i t wh o se tr gth i u me ri c lly e q l

n es cu ,
s en s n a ua

to th t o f th e c rr t i
a th e c ir i t ud wh o en tr l f c n cu ,
an se au s a a ce or

r e po ds to th e p o i ti ve f c e o f th c i rc it th n th e p h
n s s o me a a e u ,
e en n

pr d c d by th e r la ti v mo ti
o u e f thi h e l l a d th e e c d ry
e e on o s s n s on a

c i r c u it r e th e me s th o e O b e rv e d i th e c e o f th e pr im ry
a sa a s s n as a

c ir c it u .

Th e wh o l e f th e e p h e o m m y be mme d up i o e
o s n en a a su n n

la w Wh e th e mb e r o f li e f m gn e tic i d cti wh ich p s

. n nu n s o a n u on as

th r gh th e e c o d ry c i r c i t i
ou s th e p o iti ve d ir c ti o
n a i a l t re d u n s e n s e ,

an e l e c tr o mo ti ve fo r c e c ts r d th e c i r c it wh i c h i me a re d oun u ,
s a su

by th ra te o f de c r e se o f the m g e ti c i d c tio th ro gh th e
e a a n n u n u

c irc it u .

5 3 2 ] Fo i t e l e t th e r i l
r of
n s an c r il wa y b e i l t d fr o m
,
a s a a n su a e

th e e rth b t c o a te d t
,
e te r mi
u th r
n nec
g h g l v o m t ra on nu s ou a a an e e ,

an d l e t th e c i r c it b e c mp l te d by th e w h e l u d xl e f o il e e s an a o a ra

w y c rri g e a t
a a di t ce a: fr m th e t r mi
a a N e g l e tin g th e
s an o e n u s. c

h e i g h t o f th e xle a b v e th e l ve l o f th e r il s th e i d ti o
a o e a ,
n uc n

th r g h ou th e s c o d ry c i r c it i d e to th e v e rti c l c mp
n a t of u s ue a o o n en

th e e r th m g e tic f r c e w h i h i r th e r la tit de i dir cte d

’
a s a n o , c n no n u s s e

d w w r ds
o n H e c e i f b i th g ge o f th e r il w y th e h ri
a . n ,
t l s e au a a ,
o z on a

a r ea f th e c i r c it i s b
o a d th e s r f c e i t
u
g r l f th mar,
g e t i n u a -
n e a o e a n c

i d c ti o
n u th r o gh i t i Z b
n wh e r Z i th e v rti c l c o mp o t f
u s a
'

,
e s e a n en o

th e m g e ti c fo r c e o f th e
a n rth Si c e Z i do w w rd s th e l w r ea . n s n a ,
o e

f c e o f th e c i r c it i to b
a r e c k o e d p o i ti ve a d th e p o iti v
u s e n s ,
n s e

d i r e c ti o O f th e c i r c i t i t e l f i s
n o r th e t o th w e t th t i
u i s n ,
as , s u , s ,
a s, n

th e d i r e cti O f th e pp r e t di r l c r e ’
on su n s a a n u n a ou s .

N w l t th e c rri g e b
o e et i mo ti a th w ill v ry d
a e s n on ,
en a
'
a ,
an

P o gg .
, Ann . x x i 48 3
.
5 3 3] D I R E C TI ON O F TH E F OR C E .

th e r will
e be an e l e ct o r mo ti ve fo r c e in th e ci c u r it -

who se v alu e

( la:
is —Zb
32
If a: i s in c re as n i g ,
th a t i s , i f th e ca rri a
g e is mo i n g a w a v y fr o m
th e te r mi u thi e le tr m tive fo r e i i
n s, s v c ti o o c s n th e n e g a ti e d i r ec on ,

o r o rth n we st u th ,
t H e e th , d i r e c ti
so f th i , f rc eas . nc e on O s o e

th r o gh th e xl e i fro m ri g h t to l e ft
u a If w re d imi i h i g th e
s . (I: e n s n ,

a bso lute d i re c ti o n O f th e f r ce w l d b r e ve r d b t i th o ou e se ,
u s n ce e

d i re c ti f th e mo ti o
on O f th rri ge i l r e ve r d th l c tr n o e ca a s a so se ,
e e e o

m ti v f r c e
o e th e a xl e i s t ill fr o m r ig h t to l ft th
o on b rv r s e ,
e o se e

i th e c rr i ge b e i g a lw y
n a a pp o e d to m v f c f rw rd I
n a s su s a s n
“

o e a e o .

s o th e r
u l tit d e n w h e r e th e
a o uth e d
u f th s, e e dl e di p th e s n o e n s,

e l c tr m o ti v e fo r e
e o mo vi g b o d y i f m l e ft t r igh t
c on a n s r o o .

H e w e h v e th e f ll o wi r l f d t rm i i t h l t r o
en c
g e a
o e e g o n u r n n e e ec

m ti ve f r ce o
o wi e mo vi g thr ug h fi l d f m g tic f r
o n a r n o a e o a ne o ce .

Pla c e i i m g i ti ,
n yo r h d d fe e t i th e p itio c p i d
a na on ,
u ea an n os n o cu e

by th e e d Of a c mp n s dl w h i c h p o i t rth d o th pe c
o a ss n e e e n n o an s u res

ti ly ; t r y
ve r f e i th fo rw r d d i r c ti o o f m tio th th
u n ou ac n e a e n o n ,
en e

e l e c tr o mo ti v fo r d e to th m tio wi l l b e fr ml ft to ri g h t
e ce u e o n o e .

5 3 3 ] A th e e di r e ti o s l r e la ti a e i mp r t
s t l t s ta k e
c na ons r o a n , e u

an o th e r i ll tr ti o S pp o e
us m e ta l g i rdl e l i d r
a n . d th e r th
u s a a oun e a

a t th e e q to r d me ta l w ir e
ua ,
an a

la i d a l n g th m ridi o f G re e e an o en

w i h fr o m th e e q
c t r to th e o rth ua o n

po l e .

Let g r e t qu
a d r a t al r ch af a n a O

me ta l b e c tr te d o f w hi h ons e uc ,
c on

e x tr mity i e p ivo te d O th s rth n e n o

p l e wh ile th e th e r i ca rrie d ro d
o ,
o s un

th ee qu to r l i di ga th e g r e t
,
s n on a

gi rdl e f th e rth o d f ll wi n g
e a ,
an o o

th e i h i d ily
sun n r Th r s a co u se . e e

w ill th e b e l c tr mo ti ve f r e
n an e e o o c

l g th m vi g q dr t c ti g
a on e o n ua an ,
a n

fro m th e p l to w rd th e q to r o e a Fi g 3 1 s e ua .
. .

Th e l e c tr m ti v e f r c e wil l b e th e sa me wh th r w e
e o o pp o se
o e e su

th e r th
e t r t
a d th e q dr a t m o v e d fr m e t to w e t o
a es an u a n o as s ,
r

wh th r w e pp e th e q dr t a t r e st d th e rth tu e d f o m
e e su os ua an an e a rn r

w tt e t If w
es o p p th e rth to r o t t th e l ctr mo ti ve
as . e su o se e a a e ,
e e o

f r e w ill b e th
o c me w h te ve r b th e fo r m o f th e p rt f th
e sa a e a o e

cir it fi e d i
cu pa c e o f wh ich o e e d to u ch e o e o f th e p o l e s
x n s n n s n
 MA GN E TO E L E C TR I C I NDU C TI O N
-
.

an d th e o th e r th e e q u a to r . Th e c urre n t in th i s pa rt o f th e ci c r ui t
i s fr o m the p o l e to th e e q to r ua .

Th e o th e r p r t o f th e c i r c i t wh i c h i fixe d with r p e ct to th e
a u ,
s es

ea rth m y l s o b e f a y f rm d i th e r with i o with o t th e

,
a a o n o ,
an e n r u

ea rth I thi p rt th e c rre t i fro m th e q t r to e ith r p le

. n s a u n s e ua o e o .

5 3 4 ] Th e i te i ty f th e l c tr m ti ve fo o f m gn e to e l e tr i c
'

n n s o e e o o r ce a -
c

i d c ti o n i s e tir ly i d p e d t f th
n u n t r e o f tlie
e b t cen e n en o e n a u su s an

o f th e c o d c to r i w h i ch i t
n u t d l o o f th e n a t r e o f th e a c s, an a s n u

c o d c to r w h i ch c rri e
n u th e i n d i g c rr t a s uc n u en .

To h e w th i s F r d y m d e
s co d , to r o f two w i r e s o f d i ffe r e t
a a a a a n uc n

m t l i e l te d fr o m o e
a s n su a o th r by ilk c o v e ri g b t tw i te d n an e a s n ,
u s

to g th e r e d o l d e r e d t g e th e r t
,
an e s d Th e o th e e d o f th e o a on en . r n s

w ir e w r e c os e c t d w ith
e
g l v nnm e t er I th i ew y t h e wi r e a a an o . n s a s

w r i mil rly it t d with r e p e c t t th prim ry c irc it b t if

e e s a s ua e s o e a u ,
u

th e e l e tr o mo tiv e fo rc e w e r e tr o ge r i
c th e o e w i r e th a i th e s n n n n n

Oth r it w o ld pr d ce
e c rr e t w h i c h w ul d b e i d i c te d by th e
u o u a u n o n a

g lv
a m e te r
an o H f d h o w e v e.r t h t h ceo mb i a ti o
ou n m y , ,
a su c a n n a

b e xp e d to th mo t p we rf l e l c tr m ti v f r e d to i
e os e s o u e o o e o c s ue n

d tiuc with u t th e g lva o m te r b e i g ff t d H e l f u d

on o a n e n a ec e . a so o n

th t wh e th e r th e tw o br ch e o f th e c mp o
a d o d c to r c i te d an s o u n c n u ons s

o f tw o me ta l o f a me t l a d s, e l e tr o lyte
r th e g a lv
o o m te r a n an c ,
an e

wa s n o t a ffe c te d
H e n c e th e e le c t o r mo ti v e fo r c e on an
y co n du c to r d e p e n d s onl yo n

th e fo m r and th e mo ti o n o f th a t co n d u c to r ,
to g e th e r with th e
st enr g th ,
fo rm ,
rr t i th e fie l d
an d mo ti o n o f th e e le ct r ic cu en s n .

53 5 ] A o th r e
g ti v e pr pne r ty f e l e tr mo ti v e f r e i
e n th t a o o c o o c s a

it h o f it e l f
as o te d e c y to s e th e m ch n i a l mo ti o f
n
y n ca u s e an c n o an

bo dy b t ly t c e c urr e t o f l e c tri ci ty with i it

,
u on o au s a n e n .

I f it c tu l ly pr o d c a c rr e t i a th e b o dy th e re w il l b u es a u n n , e

m ch i c l cti
e an d e to th a t c rr e t b t if w
a a on pre v t th u u n ,
u e en e

c rr e t fr o m b i
u n f r m d th r wi l l b e me ch i l ti a n ca ac o n on
g o e e n e , e n o

th b dy i t e lf
e I f th e b d y i e l c trifi e d h w e ve r th e e l e c tr o
o s . o s e ,
o ,

m ti ve f r e w il l mo ve th e b dy s w e h v de c ri b e d i E le c tr
o o c o , a a e s n o

s ta ti c s .

536 ] xp e r ime t l i ve tiga ti o f th e l w o f th e i d ctio

Th e e n a n s on a s n u n

of l e tric c rre t i fixe d c ir c i t m y b c d te d with

e c u n s n u s a e on uc

c id r bl
on s r y by me th d i wh ich th e l e tro m tiv e f r
e a e a cc u ac o s n e c o o ce ,

a d th e r fo r
n th rre t i th e g lv o me t r ci rc it i r de r d
e e e cu n n a an e u s en e
,

z er o .

Fo i ta ce i f w e w i h to h e w th t th e i du tio
r ns n , f th e o i l s s a n c n o c

E x p R es . .
, 19 5 . Ih .
, 2 00 .
 E X PE R I M E N TS OF C O M PA R I SON .

A on th e c o il X is e qu l a to th a t o f B u p on Y ,
we pl ace th e fir t s

p a ir o f c o il s A an d X at a fi
s u f ci e n t d i s ta n c e f r o m th e s e co n d pa ir

Fig 3 2 . .

B an d Y . We th e n c o n n e ct A an d B wi th
v o lt a a ic b a tte ry , so

th a t w e ca n ma k e th e sapri m ry
me a cu rr t flo w th r
en ou
g h A i n th e

po v di re ti
s iti e c on an d th th r o g h en u B i n th e ne
g ti a
e di v
e c ti o n r :

We l c ect X
a so onn an d Y w ith g a lv a an o me te r s o ,
th a t th e s e c o n da ry
c rru t i f i t e xi t
en h ll fl w i th e n s a me d i r e c tio n th r o u h X —
d
, s s, s a o
g an

Yi ri n se es .

Th e n , i f th e i n d u c tio n o f A on X is e q u al to th a t o f B o n Y ,

th e g a l v
an o me te r will i n d i c a te n o i n d u c ti o n cu rr en t wh e n th e
b a tte ry c irc u i t is l
c o se d o r br o k en .

Th e a ccu r cy
a o f th i s me th o d i n c r e a s e s w ith th e st e n r g th o f th e
pri m ry a cu rr ten an d th e se n s i ti ve n e s s o f th e g a lv ano me te r to i n
s ta n ta n e o u s xp rim t rr
cu m h m r
en ts , ily an d th e e e en s are uc o e eas

p rf rme d th th e re l ti g to e l tr m g e ti ttr ti
e o an os whe r a n ec o a n c a ac o n s, e

th c d t r it l f h
e on t b d li te ly
uc o p de d se as o e e ca su s en .

A v ry i str c ti ve
e ri f w ll d vi e d xp ri m t f th i k i d
n u se es o e e s e e en s o -
s n

i d c r ib d by Pr f
s es r F li i f Pi
e o e sso e c o sa

I h ll l y i d i t br i fly
s a m o f th l w wh i h m y b e pr o v d
o n n ca e e so e e a s c a e

in th i s w a y .

( )
1 Th e e l e c tr o mo ti v e fo r c e o f th e i n d u c tio n o f one r
ci c u it on

an o th e ri s i n de p en de n t o f th e a r ea o f th e s e ct o n i o f th e c o n d u c to r s

an d o f th e ma t ri
e al o f w h i ch th e y are ma de .

Fo r w e ca n e x ch a n g e an
y on e o f th e r
c i c u its i n th e e xp r im t
e en

fo r ano th e r o f diff r a e en t s e c ti o n an d ma te ri a l, b u t o f th e sa m f rm e o ,

with ou t a lte rin g th r e e s u lt .

A n na l ee d e C h i mi e , x xx iv .
p 66. an d N u o r o C i me n to , i x .
p 3 45
.
 MA GN E TO E LE C TR I C -
i N D UC TI O N .
53 7 .

( )
2 Th e in d u ctio n of th e r
c i cu it A on th e r
c i c u it X is e q l ua to
th a t o fX u po n A .

Fo r if w e pu t A in th e ga lv o me te r c i r cuit d X i th e b tte ry an ,
an n a

r q l br u
c i c u it th e e u i i i m of e
, l e c tro mo tive f rc e i t di t rb e d o s no s u .

( )
3 T h i d c ti i pr p oe r ti o l t
n th i du i g urr e t on s o na o e n uc n c n .

Fo i f w e h v e r e rt i d th t th i du c ti o o f A o X i e qu l
a a sc a ne a e n n n s a

t th t o f B
o Ya d l o t th t o f C o on Z w e may m k e th e
,
an a s o a n , a

b tte ry c rre t fir t fl w th r ugh A d th e d ivide i t e lf i

a u n s
y o o ,
an n s n an

pr o p o r ti o b e twe e B d C Th if we c o e c t X r ve r d Y
n n an . en nn e se ,

an d Z d i r e c t l l i s e r ie s w i th th e g a lv ,
a m te r th e e l e ctr o mo tiv
n , an o e , e

f rc i X w ill b l c e th e
o e n m f th e l e c tr o mo ti v e fo r c e s i Y
a an su o e n

( 4) In r p ir s
i t s f r mi g s y te m
a o f g c i cu
e m t r i c lly s i m oil r n s s o e a a

th i d ti o i pr o p r ti
e n uc n l t th e ir lin r dim i o
s o ona o ea ens n s .

F if th th r e p ir o f i r i ts b o v e me ti o
or e e a d s e l l imil r
c cu a n n e ar a s a ,

b t i f th e li e r dim
u i o f th e fir t p a i r i
n a th e
en s on m f th e s s su o

c rr e p o d i g l i e a r d i me
o s n n io o f th e s e o n d a d thi r d p i r
n ns th n s c n a s, en ,

if A B a d C
, ,
e co n e ct d i e rie
ar with th e ba tte ry nn d X
e n s s , an

r e ve r e d Y d Z l o is ,
r ie w ith th e g lv o m te r th r e w ill
an a s n se s a an e ,
e

b e e q ilibri m u u .

( )5 T h e e l e c tr o m o ti v e f o r c e pr o d c e d i o i l O f w i d g by u n a c n n in s

a c rre t i
u o i l o f m w i din gs i
n n a c pr o p o r tio l to th e pr du t n s na o c 7n u .

53 7 ] F e xp e ri me ts or f th e k i d w e h v b e n co i de r i g th e
o n a e en ns n

g lv
a m e te r
an o h l d b ist i v ou p o s ibl e d
e i tas e e d l se n s
e s e as s ,
an s n a

l ig h t p ibasl e so s to
o ss g i v e i
,
b l i d i c ti o
a o f a v ry a se n s e n a n e

s m l l tr a i t c rre t an s en Th e e xp e r i me t o u i du c ti o
n . d e to n s n n n u

mo tio r e q ire th e e dl e to h v e a o me wh t l o g r p e ri o d o f
n u n e a s a n e

v ibr tio a o th t th r e m y b
n ,
s tim to e ff c t c e r ta i
a e mo ti o a e e e n ns

o f th d c t r wh i le th e n e dl e i
e co n u o s t f fr o m i t p o iti o e s no ar s s n

of q ilibri m I the fo rm r e xp e ri me t th e e le c tro m ti ve

e u u . n e n s, o

fo r c e i th e g l v
s n m te r c i r it we r i a e q i li bri u m d ri
ano e
g cu e n u u n

th w h l e tim
e o th t o c rr e t p
,
soe d th r
g h
a t h n
g lv o u en a ss ou e a an

me te r il I co th . o w to b e d e c r ib d th
n o se l e c tr o m ti v f r e s
n s e ,
e e o e o c

ac t fir t i o s di r e c tin d th e
ne i th o th e r o on to pr o d e
an n n e ,
s as uc

in s cc e s i o
u tw o c rre t i
s n pp o it di re cti u th r o gh th e g l
n s n o s e ons u a

v ano m t d w e h v to h e w th t th i mp l s
e er, an a e th g l v o s a e u se on e a an

m te r e dl d n ee t th e e cc e s iv e c urr e t
ue o e i c e rt i
es c su es s n s ar n a n as

e q l d pp ite
ua an o os .

Th th e y e f th e orppl ic ti o o f th e g lv o me t r to th a a n o a an e e

m r e me t Of tr i t c rr e t will b e
e a su n i de r e d mo r e t l e g th
an s en u n s co n s a n

i A t 748
n r A t pr e
. t it i. ffi ie t f purp o to b
se n s su c n or our se o
53 ]
8 FE L I C I S
’
E X PE R I M E N TS .

se rv e th a t as
g lo n as th e g a l a n o me te v
n e e dle is n e a r r p i ti i ts os on

o f e q u ili br iu m th e fl
d e e c ti n g fo c e o f th e c e n t is r urr pr p o rti l o ona

to th e r
cu r e n t i ts e lf, an d i f th e w h o l e time o f a c ti o n o f th cu r t e r en

is s ma ll co mp a r e d
pe r io d o f vi br ti wi th
f th th e
e e dl th a on o e n e ,
e

fi l v e l city f th e m g e t wil l b pr p o rti l to th t t l

na o o a n e o on a e o a

q ti ty o f l tr ici ty i th e c rr e t H
uan e ec i f tw o n rr t p u n . e n ce , cu en s a ss

in r p id a e io c o v e y i g e qu l q
su cc ss n ti ti ,
of l e c tr i ity i
n n a u an es e c n

o pp ite di r ti
os th e e dl e
ec will b e l ft with t y fi l
o n s, n e e ou an na

v e l ity oc .

Th t h e w th t th i d cti o c u rr ts i th
u s, o s a e d ry c ir c i t
e n u n -
en n e s co n a u ,

d e to th e l i g
u d th br e k i g o f th e pr im ry i r it
c os n an e e a n a c cu ,
ar

eq l i to ta l q tity b t pp ite i di r e tio w e m y r g

ua n u an u o os n c n ,
a a ran e

th e pri m ry c i r c i t i a o xi o wi th th e b tte ry
u n th t by
c nne n a ,
so a

to hi g
uc k y th e c rr t m y b
n a e e t th o u gh th e prim ry i r
u en it a e s n r a c cu ,

o rby re mo vi g th e fi g r th o t ct m y b bro k e t pl e ure

n n e e c n a a e n a as .

I f th e k y i pr e e d d w e f s om t im ss th ga lv o m te r i
o n or s e e, e an e n

th e d ry c i r it i di te
s e co n a t th ti m cu f m k in g c ta t n ca s, a e e o a on c ,
a

tr ie t
an s rr t i th O pp o ite di r e c tio to th e pri m ry c rr e t
n cu en n e s n a u n .

If ta t b m i ta i d t h i d c ti
co n c e a n rr t im ply p ne , d e n u on cu en s as s e s an

di pp e r
sa If w a s w br k. ta c t e th e r tr no i t c rr t ea co n ,
ano an s e n u en

p as s e s i th e o pp i t
n d ir e c tio th o gh th os e c o d ry
e ir i t n r u e s n a c cu ,

an d th e g l v o me te r e e dl e r e c e i v e
a an i mp l i n th e ppo it
n -
s an u se o s e

d i r e c ti on .

B t i f w e ma k e c o t c t o ly fo
u i s ta t d th e
n a br k n r an n n ,
an n ea

c o ta c t th e tw
n ,
i d e d c rr t p a o th r o g h th g l v o me t r
n uc u en s ss u e a an e

in h r p id
su c c ce i o th a t th e
a su dl wh ss te d n by th fir t n ee e, en ac on e s

cu rr t h en t time to m o v
,
as n o ib l d i t e fr m i t p iti e a se n s e s an c o s os on

o f e q il ibr i um b f r i t i
u to pp d by th e o c d e d so ts e e se on , an , on a cc un

o f th e x cte q li ty b tw a the q titi

u a f th e se tr a i t
e een e u an es o n s en

cu r r ts th en dl e i
,
t ppe d d d
e n ee s s o ea .

I f th e dl i w t h d
e n r f lly it pp r to b e j rk e d dde ly
e e s a c e ca e u ,
a ea s e su n

fr m o p i tio f r t t
one os th r p o i ti o
n o f r t v e ryes e r o an o e s n o es n a

th fi t e rs .

I th i w y w
n pr o ve th t th e q ti ty o f e l e tri ci ty i th
s a e a u an c n e

i d ti
n uc r t wh
on cut t i br k
ren ,
i e x tly e q l en d
co n ac s o en ,
s ac ua an

O pp it t th t i th i d ti
os e o a rre t w h c t ct i m de
n e n uc on cu n en on a s a .

538 ] A th e r pp li ti no f thi m th d i th f ll wi g w h i h
a ca on o s e o s e o o n , c

i g i v e by F l i i i th
s n c d e ri e
e f hi B
c n b e se on s s o s e8ea r c e8 .

It i l w y p o ib l to fi d m y di ff r e t p iti
s a a s ss e O f th n an e n os on s e

se c o d ry c i l B
n a h th t th m k i g
o , th br ki g f
su c a t t e a n or e ea n o co n ac

i th pri m ry
n e i l A pr d c a i d tico rr t i B Th o u es n o n uc on cu en n . e
 MA GN —
E TO E E C T I C L R I NDU C TI ON .
[ 5 39 .

p o s i tio n s o f th e tw o co i l s are in s u ch ca s e s s a id to b e j
c o n u ga te to
e a ch o th e r .

Le t B 1
an d B 2
b e tw o of th e s e p o s iti o n s. I f th e l B be
co i su d
d e n ly mo v e d fr o m th e po s i ti o n B 1 to th e po s iti o n B 2
th
,
lge bre a a ic a l
su m o f th e tra n s i e n t rr e cu n ts in th e co il B is e x c tl y
a e ro z ,
so

th a t th e g a lva o me te r e dle
n n e is l e ft a t re t wh e s n th e mo tio n of B is
co m e te d pl .

Th is i s t ru e wh
ve r w y th e c o il B i mo ve d fro m B to B
in a te a s 1 2 ,

an d l o wh e th e r th e urr e t i th e pri m ry c o il A b e c o ti e d
a s c n n a n nu

co t t o m d e to va ry dur i g th m o tio
ns an ,
r a n e n .

A ga i le t B be n , y o t h e r p o i ti o
’
o f B n o t c o juga te to A
an s n n ,

s o th t th m ki g
a br e a ki g o f c o ta ct i A pro du c e a i
e a n or n n n s n n

d c tio c rr t wh e n B i s i th e p iti o B
’
u n u en n o s n .

L e t th e c ta c t b m d e w h on B i i th e c o j g te p o i ti o B
e a en s n n u a s n
1,

th e r e w ill b e c rr e t M o ve B t B th e r e w i ll b e
'
o i d ti n n uc on u n . o ,

a ni d c ti o c urr t d e to th e mo ti o
n u n b t if B i mo v e d r p i d ly
en u n ,
u s a

t B d th e pri m ry c o ta c t th br o k e th e i d c tio rre t

’
o ,
an a n en n ,
n u n cu n

d e to br e k i g
u t t w il l e x c tly
a n l th e e ffe c t o f th t d
co n ac to a an n u a ue

th e mo ti o s o th t th e g l v
n , o me te r e d l e w ill b
a le ft a t r e t a an n e e s .

H e ce th e c rr e t d e to th e mo ti o
n u fr o m
n c o ju a te p o itio
g
u n a n s n

to o th e r p i ti o i eq l d pp
os o ite t t
nh e c urr e t d e to
s ua an o s o n u
y an

br ki g ea ta t i th e l tte r p i tio
n co n c n a os n .

S i e th e ffe c t f m k i g
nc e t c t i s e qu l o d o pp o ite to th t
a n co n a a an s a

o f br e k i g i t i t fo l lo w
a n th t th e e ffe t f m k i g o t t wh e th e
,
s a c o a n c n ac n

co il B i i y p o s itio
s B n i an
e q l to t h t f br i i
g g n t h e c o i l’
s ua a o n n

fr m j p i B w i l h urr fl w ’
o y c g ant e i t o B
on ut h a e t c eos t i s o i n
g 1
o e n n

th r gh A
ou .

I f th e h a g e o f th r e l ti v p o i ti o
c n o f th e c o i l is m d e by
e a e s n s a

mo vi g th pr i m ry c i r c uit i s te d o f th e s e c o d ry th e r e s lt i
n e a n a n a ,
u s

fo u n d to b e th e sa me .

53 9 ] I t fo l l o w s fr o m th e s e e xp e ri me n ts th a t th e to ta l i n du c tio n
cu rr e nt i n B d u r in g th e s imu l ta n e o u s m o ti o n of A f ro m A to A d 1 2 ,
an

o f B fro m B 1
to B 2,
whil e th e cu rre n t in A cha n
g e fr o m y ts
o M
‘

l s

de pe n ds onl y on th e in i tia l s ta te AI , B 1, yl ,
an d th e fi a l ta te n s

A2 , B 2 , 72 ,
an d no t a t a ll on th e na tu re o f th e i te rme d i t
n t te s a e s a

th ro u
gh w hi ch th e sy t m s e ma y p a ss .

H en c e th e v l u e o f th a e to ta l i n d u c ti o n cu rr e n t m u st be o f th e
fo r m 17 04 2 , B e a
F (A1) B u

w h e re F i f cti s a un o n o f A, B d y ,
an .

Wi th r e sp c t to th e e fo r m o f th i s fu n c ti o n , w e k w by
no ,
Ar t 5 3 6 , .

th t w h e a th e re i n s no mo t io n ,
an d th e r e fo r e A 1 A2 and B 1
B 2,
5 4 0 ] E L E C TR O TO N I C S TA TE .

th e i n d u c ti o n c ur
pr o po rti l to th e pri ma ry curre t
r en t is ona n .

H e e y e te r
nc imp l y n f to r th
s s th e r f c to r b i g as af c ac , e o a e n a un

ti on f th e fo r m
o d p o iti f th e i r i t A
an d B s on o c cu s an .

W l o k o w tha t th e v l o f thi f c ti n d e p e d
e a s n th a ue s un o n s on e

r e l tive d t o th e b o l t p o i ti
a an n o n f A d B a th t s u e s on s o an ,
so a

i t mu t b e s p bl f b e i g e xpr e e d
ca a e o f ti o o f th e d i t
n c ss as a un c n s an es

o f th e di ffe r e t e l e me t f whi ch th
n i r ui t n e c mp o e d
s o a d e c c s ar o s ,
n

o f th e
g l w
an h i c h t h e es e l m e t m k e w i th h o th
see r e n s a eac .

L t M b e th i f c tio
e th e th e to ta l i d u c ti o c rr t ma y b e
s u n n , n n n u en

writte n C i flj 7 i 1

wh re C i th e c d c ti vity o f th
e s c o d ry c ir
on u it d Al y e se n a cu ,
an
l , ,

a re th e o rig i l d M na
7 t h e fi ,
a l v
an l f M 2
d y , 2
n a ues o an .

Th e e e xp e r i me t
s th e r e fo r e h e w th t th e to t l
n s, re t f , s a a cu r n o

i d ti o
n uc de p e d
n th e c h nge wh i h t k pl e i
s on c rt i an c a es ac n a e a n

q ti ty M y a d th a t th i c h g e m y ri e e ith e r fr o m v r i tio
u an , ,
n s an a a s a a n

o f th pri m ry c rr e t y
e a fr o m u
y m o t i n o f th e pr i m ry o
, or an on a r

se co d ry c i r c it w h i c h
n a lt r M u a e s .

5 40 ] Th c o c e p ti eo f u ch n qu ti ty o th ch ge o f w hic h
on s a an ,
n e an s ,

an d ot o n it b l te m g i t de th i d c tio
n s a so u rr e t d p e d a n u , e n u n cu n e n s,

o c c rr e d to
u F r d y t e rlya a t g a f h is re e r h
a an He a s a e o s a c es

o b e rv e d th t th
s e c o d ry c i r c i t
a e wh s t re t i n e l c tr
a u ,
en a s n an e o

ma g e ti c fi e l d whi c h r e ma i
n f c o ta t i te ity do e t he wns o ns n n ns ,
s n o s

an
y e l e c tr i al ff c t w h c r i
e f t h e e a m e , t t e f t h e fi
e e l d h a d be
e a s, s s a o en

s dd nl y pr o d u c e d th e r
u e w o ul d h v e b , c rr e t e A ga i i f th e a e en a u n . n ,

p ri m ry c i rc i t i
a r m o v e d u fr o m t h e s fi e l d o e t h e m g ti c f r c e ,
r a n e o s

a b li h e d th e r e i
o s , c rr e t o f th e s pp it k i d H th r fo r e
a u n o os e n . e e e

r ec g i e d i
o n s th e e c o d ry c i r c ui t wh e
n s i th e e l c tr o m g tic
n a ,
n n e a ne

fie ld ,
p e c uli r e l e c tri c l c o di ti o f m tt r to wh i h h e g ve
a
‘
a a n on a e ,
’
c a

th e me o f th e E le c t o to i S ta te
na H fte r w a rd f
r d th t h e
n c . e a s oun a

c ou l d di sp e s e w ith thi ide by me n f id e r ti o

s f u de d a an s o co n s a n s o n on

th e l i e o f m gn tic f r e
n s b t ev
a e i hi la te t r e e r h e I
o c u en n s s s a c s ,

h e y A g i a d g i th e i de o f
sa s,
‘
a n n l t o to i
a ta te § h
a n a an e ec r n c s as

b e e fo r c e d p my mi d
n u on n .
’

Th e wh o l hi to ry o f th i i d e in th e mi d o f F r da y
e s s she w a n a a ,
a s n

i h i p b li h e d r e e rch e
n s u s i w e l l wo rth y o f tu dy B y c r e
s a s, s s . a ou s

o f xp e ri me t
e
g i d e d nby i t
s,e e ppl u i c t i o o f th u g h t b t n ns a a n o ,
u

with o u t th e a id o f m th e m ti l ca l l ti h wa le d t r
a a
g ca cu a o n s, e s o e co

n i s e th e e xi t e c e o f o me thi g w h i ch w e
s n w k o w to b e a m th e
s n no n a

m ti ca l qua tity
a d w hi c h m y e v e
n , b e ca l l e d th e f d m ta l
an a n u n a en

E x p R ea , s e r i e s i 6 0
. . .
I Ih . 3 2 69 .

I h , se r i e s ii
. .
5 lb 60 1114, 16 6 1, 172 9 , 173 3
,
.
 MA GN E TO E L E C TR I C I NDU C TI O N
-
.
( 54 1.

q u a nt it y ry f e le tro m g e ti s m B t h e w l d
i n th e th e o o c a n . u as as e

up to thi c e p ti
s by p re ly xp ri me t l p th h
on c on c r ib e d a u e e n a a ,
e as

to i t a p hy i c l e xi te c a d pp e d it t b e p e c l i r c o
s a s n e ,
n su os o a u a n

di ti o n of m tte r th g h h e w a r e dy t b do th is th e o ry
, o u as a o a an n as

so o n as h e c ul d e xpl i th e p h e o me
o by y mo r e f mil i r fo rms
a n n na an a a

o f th o u gh t .

O th e r i n v e s tiga to r s w re lo g fte rw r ds l e d p to th e me e n a a u sa

i d e by a p r e ly ma th e m ti c l p th b t
a u f s I k ow e a a a ,
u ,
so ar a n , n on

o f th m r e o g i e d i th e r fin e d m th m ti c l id e o f th p o t ti l
e c n s ,
n e a e a a a e en a

o f tw c ir c u it Fa r d y s b o l d h yp o th e i o f l e ctr o to i c t te
’
o s, a a s s an e n s a .

Th o th e r e fo re w h o h v
se , ppro h e d th i ,
bj c t i n th e w a y a e a ac s su e

p i te d o t by th
o n e mi e t i v e ti g to r
u w h o fir t
o se d c d i ts n n n s a s s re u e

la w to m th e ma ti l f rm h v
s a a me time f d i t d iffi lt
ca o ,
a e so s oun cu

to ppr e c i te th
a c ie ti fia c r y f th e t t me t o f l w wh i h
e s n c ac u ac o s a e n s a s c

F r d y i th firs t two s e r i o f h i B e 8 e b e 8 h g i v with

a a a ,
n e es s arc ,
as en

s ch w
u de r ful c o mpl te e s
on e n s .

Th c ie ti fi c v l e o f Fa r da y s c o c e p ti o e l e c tr o t ic
’
e s n of a
a u a n n n on

s ta te c o i t i it d ir e c ti g th e mi d to l y h o l d o f
ns s s n s c rt i n n a a e a n

q tity
u an th e c h g e o f w h ic h th e
,
o n c t a l p h e o mean de p e d
s a u n na n .

With t mu ch g re te r de g r e e o f de ve l o p m t th F r d y g ve
ou a a en an a a a a

i t th i c o c e p tio d o e
,
s o t e a s ily l e d i tse l f to th e e xp l a
n n ti o o f th e
s n n na n

p h o meen W e h ll r e t r t th i s bj e c t g i i A t 5 8 4
na . s a u n o su a a n n r . .

5 4 1] A me th o d wh ic h i Fa r d y s h d w s f mo r e p o we r f l ’
,
n a a an s, a ar u

i s th t i wh ic h h e m a k e
a n e f th o li e o f m gn e tic fo r ce s us o se n s a

wh ich we r e a l w y i h i s min d e y e wh e c te mpla tin g h i s a s n

’
s n on

m g et oa n e l c tr ic c rr e t
s r d th e d e l i e a tio
e o f w h i c h by
u n s, an n n

me o f i ro fil i gs h e r ig htly r e g r de d a mo t v a lu bl e a i d
*
an s n n a as s a

to th e xp e ri me t l i t e n a s .

Fa ra d y l o o k e d a th e s e li e s s e xpr e s i g o t o ly by th e i r
on n a s n ,
n n

d i r e ti cth t f th e m g tic fo r c e b t by th e i r
on a o u mb e r d a ne ,
u n an

co c n tr tien th e i te i ty O f th a t fo r c e
a on d i nhi s l te r e ns ,
an n a r

e rc h e t h e
s a h e w s h w to c o e i v e o f
s s i t li e s o f fo rc e o I h ve nc u n n . a

e xp l i d i v ri
a ne p r t f thi tr tise th e e l ti o b twe e th e
n a ou s a s o s ea r a n e n

pr p e rtie s w h i c h F r d y r o g i e d i th e l i s o f fo r c e d th
o a a a ec n s n ne an e

ma th e m tic a l o di ti a o f e l c tr ic nd ma g
c n ti fo r c e s a d h o w
ons e a ne c ,
n

F r dy
a a tio n
a
’
f u it l i e
s no d o f th e mb e r o f li e with i
o n n s an nu n s n

c rt i
e li mit m y b e ma de m th m tic lly pr e c i s e S e A r ts 8 2
a n s a a e a a . e .
,

I n th e fir st se ri e s of h i s R e 8 e a r cb e 8 i he ws c l rly h o w th e
sh e ea

di r e cti o n o f th e cu rre nt in a co n du c ti n g c i r c i t p r t o f wh i c h i
u ,
a s

Ih .
,
3 12 2 . r lb 114 .
 LI NE S OF M A GN E TI C I NDU C TI O N .

mo ve a b l e ,
de p en ds o n th e mo d e in w h ich th e mo v in g p rt a cu ts
th r ou
g h th e li
f ma g n e ti c fo c e
nes o r .

I n th e s e co n d se i e s
*
h e s h e w s h o w th e r ph e no me n a pr o du c e d
by v ri ti a f th e tr e gth f
a on rr t
o m g t m y be s n o a cu en or a a ne a

e xp l i e d by a n pp o i g th e y te m o f l i o f fo r t xp d fr m
,
su s n s s nes ce o e an o

o rc o tr t t w rd th e wi r e o m g e t
n ac o a i t p o w r r i e o f ll
s r a n as s e s s r a s .

I m o t c e rta i w i th w h t d g r e o f cl r e
a n n h th h l d th e a e e ea n ss e en e

d o c tr i e a fte rw r d
n d i ti c tl y l id d o w a by hi m T th t th
s so s n a n ,
a e

mo v i g o d c t r a i t c t th l i
n c n u f f rc
o ,
m p th s ti o n u s e nes o o e , su s u e ac

d e to
u r o e ti an f th e l i e o f f r e
a ea r Th i s h o w ve r
c on o n s o c . s, e ,

a pp e r a w vi e w o f th
s no ne
c e fte r th e i v sti ga ti o f th e e as a n e ns o

s e o d c n e ie j : h ve b e e
s r t ke i t s cc t
a n a n n o a oun .

Th e c p ti whi h F r d y h d f th e c o ti ity f th e li e
o n ce on c a a a a o n nu o n s

o f fo r e pr e l d e c th e p i b ility o f th i r u d d e ly ta rti g in to
c u s o ss e s n s n

e xi te c e i
s pl e wh re th e r w r
n n a b e f r e I f th e re f r
ac e e e e n one o .
, o e,

th e mb r o f l i e s wh i h p
nu e th ro gh c o d c ti g
n ir u it i c a ss u a n u n c c s

m d e to v ry i t
a o ly b a by th e ir c it mo vi g r o th li
,
ca n n e c u n ac ss e nes

o f f rc oo e l e by th
e, li e r o f fo r ce mo v i g a c r o s
s th c i r c i te n s n s e u .

I e i th e r a se
n rre t i g e r te d i th e c i rc it
c a cu n s n e a n u .

Th mb e r f th li
e nu o f f r c e w h ic h ot y i t a t p
e th rn es
g h o a an ns n a ss ou

irc i t i m th e m ti c ll y e q i v l e t to F ra d y li r
’
th e c u s a a a u a n a a s e ar e co n

t i f th one l e c tr t
o i c t te o f th t c i r
e i t a d it i o r e pron e te d s a a cu n s es n
ce p ,

by th e q tity M 7 uan .

I t i s n l y i c e th e d e fi iti o
o o f e l e c tr o mo ti v e f r c e A r ts 6 9
s n n n s o , .
,

2 74 d it me
,
an r e me t h ve b e e m de m r e pr c i th t w e
s a su n a n a o e se ,
a

ca n e c i t c o mp l e te l y th e tr e la w o f ma g e to e l e c tri
nun a e i d ti o u n -
c n uc n

i th e fo l l wi g te r m
n o n s

Th e to t l l e c tr o m tiv e fo r c a c ti g r
a e d c i r c it o t y e n oun a u a an

i s ta n t i me
n r d by th e r t f d e c r e e f th e mb r f li e
s a su e a e o as o nu e o n s

o f m g e ti c fo r ce whi h p
a n th r o g h i t c a ss u .

Wh e i te gra te d wi th r p e c t to th e time th i t te me t b e
n n es s s a n

co me s
Th e ti me i n te g -
r al of th e to ta l lr
e e ct o mo ti v e fo r c e a c tin
g r o u d n

any r u i t to g th r w i th th e
ci c o f li e s o f ma g
,
e e nu mb e r n n e ti c f r o ce

whi ch p th r gh th e ci rc it i c o ta t q ti ty
a ss ou u , s a ns n u an .

I te a d o f p ki g f th e
n s mbe r o f l i f m g ti
s ea n o nu nes o a n e c fo r c e , w e
m y p e k f th m g ti i d ti o th r o g h th e i r
a s a o e a ne c n uc n u c cu it ,
o r th e

surf c e i te g r l o f m g e ti i d ctio xte de d o ve r

a -
n a a n c n u n e n an
y su r fa c e

bo de d by th e ci r i t
un cu .

E x p R ea .
,
2 38 . Ib .
,
3 0 8 2 , 3 0 8 7, 3 113 .

4 Ih
. .
,
2 17 &c . .
 MA GN E TO E LE C TR I C I NDU C TI O N
-
.

We sha l l re t r u n a
g a in to th is me th o d o f Fa r a d a y . I n th e me a n
ti me we mu t e s nu me r a te th e th e o r i e s of i n du c tio n whi ch ar e

fo u n d e d o n o th e r c o n s i de ra tio ns .

’
Le n z 8 La w .

542 ] In 18 3 4 , Le n z en u n c i a te d th e fo ll o wi n g r e m rk bl ea a

r e l ti b e twe e th e p he o me o f th e me ch a i c l c tip
a on n n na n a a n o f e l e c tr i c

c rr e t d fi e d by A mp er s fo rmul d th e i n d c ti f
’
u a n s, s e n e a, an u on o

e l e c tr i c urr e t c by th e re l ti v m tio o f c o d cto rs A e rli e r

n s a e o n n u . n a

a tt mp t a t
e ta te me t o f s h a r e l ti o wa g ive
a s by R itc h i i n uc a n s n e n

th e P b i l p b i l M y i e f 08o J ry o f th e me y e r b t the
ca a az n or an u a sa a ,
u

d i r e c ti o f th e i d c d c rr e t w
n o i e v e ry c a e sta te d wr o gly
n u e u n as n s n .

f ll w
’
Le s l w is
nz a as o o s .

If t jlo w8 i n tb e p r ima ry c i r cu it A, and

if by tb c
‘

a c o n 8 ta n t cu r r e n ,

mo tio n o
f A, or o
f tb c 8 e co n da 7
y c ir c u i t B ,
a cu r r e n t i8 i n du c e d i n B , tb e
d i r e c ti o n f
o tb is i n du ce d cu r r e n t wi ll be 8 u cb Zb u t, by i ts e l e c tr o ma g n e ti c
a ct o n o ni A , i t te n d8 tomo ti o n of tb e ci r c u i ts 0pp 0 8 e tb e r e la tiv e .

O n th i s l a w J N e u ma n n I fo un de d h i s ma th e ma tic a l th e o ry o f
.
-‘

i n du c ti o n , i n wh i c h h e e s ta bl is h e d th e ma th e ma ti c a l l a w s o f th e
i n du c e d cu rr en prim ry o e co da ry
ts d u e to th e mo tio n of th e a r s n

c o d c to r
n u H e h e w e d th a t th e qu a ti ty I I wh i ch w e h a ve c lle d
. s n ,
a

th e p te ti a l f th e o e c ir c it o
o n th e o th e r i th e
o me a s th e n u n ,
s sa

e l e c tr o m g e ti c p o t ti l o f th e o e c ir c uit o
a n th e o th e r whi c h
en a n n ,

w e h a ve a lr e a dy i v e s tig a te d i n c o e xio wi th A mp er e fo rmula ’

n nn n s .

W e m y r e g a r d J N um a th e r e fo r e h vi g c o mpl e te d fo r
. e an n , ,
as a n

th e i d cti n O f c urr e t th e ma th e ma ti c a l tr e a tme t w hi ch A m p er e

u on n s n

h a d ppl ie d to th e i r me c h i c l a ti o
a an a c n .

5 4 3 ] A s te p f ti ll gr e a te r ci e tifi c i mp o rt a ce w o oos a fte r s n n as s n

ma de by H e l mh o l t i h i E 8 y o tb e C o 8 e v ti o f F e 1 a d z n s 8 a n n r a n o orc ,
n

by Si W Th o m r w rki g s o me wh t l a te r b t i de p e de tly
. so n o n a , u n n n

o f H e l mh o lt T h e y h e w e d th t th e i d ti
z . f l e c tr ic c urre tss a n uc on o e n

di c o v e r e d by F r d y o l d b e m th e m ti c l l y d d ce d fr o m th e
s a a a c u a a a e u

e l c tr o m ti ti d i v r d by O r t d d A mp er e by th e
e
g e c c a c e n
e e a ons s o s an

a ppl ic ti o f th e pr i ipl o f th e C e rv tio o f E e rgy

a o n nc e on s a n n .

H l mh o lt t k e th e c e o f a c o d ucti g c i rc u it o f r e s is ta n c e R
e z a s as n n ,

i w hi ch a e le ctr o mo ti ve f r c e A r i i g fr o m v o lt i c o th e r m
n n o ,
a s n a a r o

Po gg , A n n .i 483 . xxx .

B e r li n A ca d
, 18 45 a n d 18 4 7 .

R d bf h S J
.

I ea e ore th e P y s i c a l o c i e ty o f B e r li n , ul
y 2 3 , 18 4 7 Tr a n sl a te d i n
fi
.

T a y l o r s S c i e n ti c M e mo ir s , pa r t ii p 114
’ ’
. . .

Tr a n s B r i t A sa , 18 4 8 , a n d P h i l M a g , D e c
. . . . . 18 5 1 . Se e a l so h i s pa pe r on
T r a n s ie n t E l e c tr ic C u r r e n ts , P h i l M a y , 18 5 3 ’
. .
5 4 3] H E LM HO LTz A ND T H OM S O N .

e le c t ri c rr g a an e me n t, a c ts . Th e c urr e n t in th e c i rc u i t at an
y
i n sta n t i s I . He uppo s se s tha t a ma g n e t i s i n mo tio n in th e
n ei h
g b o ur ho od o f th c ir c e u i t, a n d th a t i ts p o te n ti a l wi th r e pe ct to s

th e co n d u cto ri s 7,
th a t, d u i n g a n y
so r s mal l i n te rva l of ti me ( Zt, th e
en e rg y co mmu n i c a ted to th e ma g n e t by th e e le ct o r ma gn e ti c a c ti o n

Th e wo rk
d o n e in g e n e ra tin g h e a t in th e c ir c u it is, by Jo u l ’
e s

la w , A r t 2 4 2 , I B d t, a n d th e w o rk s p e n t
.
2
by th e e l e c tr o mo tive
fo rce A, i n ma in ta in i n g th e cu rr ent I d ur i n g th e time ( Zt, i s A I d t .

H e n ce , s in ce th e to ta l wo rk d o n e mus t b e e qua l to th e wo rk p e s n t,

jf
’
A I dt I z
B dt f I — - -
d t,
i
wh e n ce w e fin d th e i n te n s it y o f th e c urr e n t
( Z7
A_
at
R
N o w th e va lue o f A ma y b e wha t we pl e a s e . L e t, th e r e fo r e ,
A 0, an d th e n 1 d7

R (a

o r, th e re will b e a c urre nt d u e to th e m o ti o n o f th e ma gn e t, e qu l a

:
g
C
to th a t d u e to a n e l e ct o r mo ti ve fo r ce

Th e wh o le in duce d c rre t duri n g th e mo ti o o f u n n th e ma gn e t

fr o m a pla ce wh e r e i ts p o te n tia l is V to a pl ac e wh e re ,
i ts po te n tia l
is 7 2 , i s

an d th e re fo re th e to ta l c urr e n t i s i n de p e de n n t o f th e ve lo c ity o r

th e p a th o f th e ma gn e t, an d de pe n ds o n ly o n i ts i n iti a l a d fi a l n n

H e l mh o l tz ri gin a l in ve stiga tio he ad o p te d y m of

’
In s o n a s s te

u ni ts fo un d d o th e mee me t o f th e h e t ge e ra te d in th e
n a su r e n a n

co d n to r by th e c urr e t
uc C ide ri g th e u i t o f c rr e t
n . s ons n n u n a

a rb i tr ry th e u i t o f r e si t
a ,
n c e is th a t o f a c o d c to r i wh i ch th i
s an n u n s

un i t c ur r e t ge e ra te un i t o f h e a t in un i t f ti me Th e it o f
n n s o . un

e l e c tr o mo ti v e fo r ce i n thi sy te m i th a t e qui e d t pr o d ce th e
s s s r r o u

un it o f c u e t i th e c d ucto r o f u ni t e s ista c e Th e a d p ti
rr n n on r n . o on

o f thi s s y s te m o f un i ts e ce s i ta te th e i tr o d uc tio
n in to th e q
s s n n e ua

ti o n s o f a qua n tity wh ich i th e me c ha i c l e q i va l e t f th e

a ,
s n a u n o

un it o f h e a t A s we in va ria bly ad o pt e ith e r th e l e tr t tic o r

. e c os a

VOL . 11.
 MA GN E TO E -
L E C TR I C I NDU C TI O N .

th e l r m g e ti c sy te m o f its th is fa c to r d o e s t o c r i
e e ct o a n s u n ,
n o c u n

th e qu ti s h e re g iv e
e a on n .

5 44 ] H e l mh o lt a l s o de du ce th e c r e t o f i d c t o n wh e n a
z s u r n n u i

c o du c ti n g c i r c ui t a d a c i r c u it c rry i g
n co ta t c urre n t a e
n a n a n s n r

m de t mo ve r e l ti ve ly to o e
a o o th e r a n an .

Le t R B b e th e r e i t c e s I
I , 2
I th e urr e t A A th e s s an , 1, 2
c n s,
I , 2

e x te r l e l e ctro mo tive fo r e s a d V th e p o te ti l O f the o e i rc ui t

na c ,
n n a . n c

o nth e th e r d e to u it c urr e t i e ch th e n we h a v e , s b e fo r
o u n n n a ,
a e ,

I f we su pp o se I ,
to b e th e pr ima ry c rre t a n d [ u n , 2
so mu c h le ss

th a n I 1, th a t i t d o e s n ot by i t i d ctio pro d uc e
s n u n an
y se n s ibl e
A]
a l te r a ti o n in I I so th a t w e ma y pu t I “
.

th e n
, I
R;
7

a res ul t wh i c h ma y b e i n te rpr e te d e x a ct ly as i n th e ca s e Of th e
ma g n e t .

I f we su ppo I se
2
to b e th e pri m y ar cu rre n t, an d I I to b e v ry
e

mu ch s ma ll e r th a n I 2 , w e g e t fo r I 1,

q a l c urre n ts the e le ctro mo tive fo rc e o f th e

Thi s s h e ws th a t fo r e u

fir t c i rc uit o th e e c o d i e q a l t th t o f th e se c o n d o the fir t
s n s n s u o a n s ,

wh te ve r b e th e fo rm o f th e c irc its
a s u .

H e l mh o l t d e s o t i th i s me mo i r di s c us th e c a s e o f i d uc ti o
z o n n s n n

d e to th e tr e g th e i g o we k e i g o f th e prima ry c rr e t o r
u s n n n r a n n u n ,

th e i d u c tio n o f
n c urr e t o it e lf Th o m a ppl ie d th e sa me n n s . so n
*
a

pr i c ipl e to th d te rmi ti o f th e me h i l v l o f c urre t

n e e na on c an ca a ue a n ,

an d p i te d t th t wh e wo rk i d e by th mut l a c ti o n o f
o n ou a n s on e ua

tw c o t t rr e ts th e i r me ch n ic l v l is i
o n s an cu n e d by th
,
a a a ue n cr e a s e

s a me a mo u t o th t th e b tte y h s to
n , s pply d ble th t mo n t
a a r a su ou a a u

o f w o rk i dditi ,to th t r e q ir d to ma i t i
n a th e c urre n t
on a u e n a n s

a ga i t th e re si st ce o f th e c irc it
n s an u s

5 4 5 ] The i tr o d ctio by W We b e r o f a y te m o f b o lute

n u n , .
,
s s a s

M e c ha n i c a l T h f E l e c tr o ly s i s P hi l M a g
e o ry o D e c , 18 5 1
1 Ni h
.
, .
, . .

o l s C clop a e d ia M a g n e tis m D y
’
of P h ys i c a l S ci e n ce , e d 18 60, A r ti c l e
'
c ‘
y
mi l R
.
,

e la ti o n s o f
’
na ca ,
a n d R e pr i n t, 5 5 71 .
5 4 5] WE B E R .

un its fo r th e me a s u re me t o f l tric l q titie i o e o f th e mo t

n e ec a u an s s n s

i mpo rta t te p i th pr g r e
n s s f th e
n ie c e H vi g l r a dy i
o ss o sc n e . a n a e , n

j cti o wi th Ga
co n u n n p la c e d th e m re me t o f m g e ti qu
u ss, e a su n a n c an

ti ti e i th e fir t r k o f me th d s o f pr e c i i
s n s an W b r pro c e e d e d o s on, e e

i h i E l t dy mi M
n s ec r o m t
na ot cly t l y d w e a su r e d en s n on o a o n so u n

pri ci p le f fix i g th e
n s or i t t b e mpl o ye d b t t m k e d
n un s o e ,
u o a e

te r mi ti
na o f p r tic l r e l e tr ic l q
ons a ti ti e i te r m o f th se
u a c a u an s n s e

u it w ith a d e g re o f cc ura c y pr vi u ly u tte mp t d B th th e

n s, e a e o s na e . o

l c tr o m g e ti
e e a d th e l tr ta ti c y te m o f
n c an its o w e th e i r
e ec os s s s un

d e ve l o p me t d pr ti l ppl i c ti
n an to th e e r e e r h
ac ca a a on s s a c es .

W be r h e l o f r me d a g e r l th e o ry f e l e c tri a c ti o n fr o m
as a s o en a o c

whi h h d d c e bo th e l e tr ta ti c d e l ctr ma g e tic f r

c e e u s c os d an e o n o ce , a n

al so th e i d ti o f e l e c tri c
n uc urre t We h l l c ide r thi
on c n s . s a ons s

th e o ry w ith s o me
,
f i t mo r e r e c e t de ve l o p me t i a se p a ra te
o s n n s, n

c h p te r
a S e e Ar t 8 4 6
. . .
 C H A P TE R I V .

ON THE I NDU C TI ON OF A C URRE N T ON I TS E LF .

5 46 ] FAR AD AY h a s d e v o te d th e n in th se ri e o f h i R e se cb e s to
s s ar

th e in ve tig tio s a n of a cl a s s o f ph e no me n a exhi b ite d by the c urr e t n

in a w ir e wh i c h fo r ms th e
ma g n e t co i l of an l
e e ct o r .

M r J e n ki n h a d o b s e rve d th a t a l th o u gh i t is i mp o s s ible to pr o
.
,

d u c e a s e n s i bl e Sh o c k by th e di r e c t a c tio n o f a v o lta ic s y s te m
c o n s i stin g o f o n ly o n e p a i r o f p l a te s y e t, i f th e c u rr e n t i s ma de ,

to p a ss th ro u
g h th e co i l o f an e l e ct o r ma g n e t ,
and if c o n ta ct is
th e nbro k e b e twe e th e e xtre mitie s o f tw o wi re s h e ld o
n n ne in e a ch

ha n d a m rt s h o c k wil l b e fe l t
,
s a N o s uch s h o c k i s fe lt o . n ma ki n g
co n ta c t .

Fa r a da y sh e we d r ph e n o me n a wh ich h e de
th a t th is an d o th e ,

s cr ib e e d e to th e
s, a r a me i d u ti ve
u c ti o n whi c h h e h a d a lr e dy
s n c a a

o b e rve d th e c urr e n t to e x e r t o
s e igh b o ri g c o n d c to r I n th i s n n u n u s.

ca s e h o we v e r th e i d u c ti ve a c ti o
, ,
i s e xe rte d o th e
n me c o n d c to r n n sa u

whi ch c a rrie s th e c urre t n d i t i s so m ch th e mo r e p o w e rf l n ,

a u u

a s th e wi r e i tse l f i s e a r e r to th e diffe r e t e le me ts o f th e c urr e t

n n n n

th a a n y o th e r wir e c
n be an .

54 7 ] H e o b s e rve h o we v r th t th e fir s t th o ugh t th t ri e s
s, e a a a s

i th e min d i s th t th e e le c tric ity c ir c la te s w ith s o me th i g l ik e

n a u n

mo me tum o i e rti i th e w ir I de e d wh e n w e c n i d e r o e
’
n r n a n e . n , o s n

p a rti cula r w ir o ly th e p h e o me a a e e xa c tly l o go s to th o se

e n ,
n n r an a u

of p ip e f ll o f w te r fl o wi g i
a u c o ti u e d s tr e m
a I f wh i le n n a n n a .

th e tr e m i s fl wi g w e s d d e n ly c l o e th e e d o f th e t b e th e
s a o n u s n u ,

mo me tu m o f th e wa te r pr o d uc e s a s d de pr e s ur e whi c h i mu h
n u n s ,
s c

gr e a te r th tha t d e to th h e d o f wa te r a n d m y b e u ffic ie t
an u e a , a s n

to bur t th e p ipe s .

I f th e wa te r h a s th e me a n s o f e s ca p in g th ro ugh a n rr o w je t a

E x p R es . 10 77
55 c ] E L E C TR I C I N E R TI A .

wh en th e pr
pa l p e rt re i l o se d it will b e pro j e cte d wi th
i n ci a u s c ,
a

v e l o c i ty m c h g re te r th th t d e t th h e d f w te r
u a d an a u o e a o a ,
an .

if it c e c p th r ug h
an v l ve i to
s a ch mb r e i t wi ll d o o a a n a a e ,
o s ,

ev en wh e th e pr r e in th e ha mb e r i g r t r th th t d e
n e ssu c s ea e an a u

t th h d o f w te r
o e ea a .

It i th i pri c ipl th a t th e h y dr uli c

s on m i s tr cte d n e a ra s co n s u ,

by w h i h m l l q ti ty o f w te r m y b e r i se d to g e t h e igh t
c a s a u an a a a a r a

by m f l rge q
ean s ti ty fl w i g d o w
o afr o m mu ch l ow e r
a u an o n n a

le ve l .

5 48 ] Th e e e ffe ts o f th e i e rtia f th fl i d in th e t b e de p e d
s c n o e u - u n

s o l ly o e th e q tity o f fl i d ru
n i g th r g h th tube o
u an it u n n n ou e ,
n s

l e g thn nd it, ti o
a i d iffe r t p rts o f i t l e gth
on s Th e ysec n n en a s n .

d o o t de p e d
n yth i g o t i de the t b e
n on th e fo rm i to
an n u s u ,
n or on n

wh ich th e t b e m y b e be t pr o vide d i t l e g th r e m i the

u a n ,
s n a n s

sa me .

I n th e wi r e c o ve yi g c rre t thi i o t th e ca s e
ca s e o f th e n n a u n s s n ,

fo if r l o g wi r e i d ub l e d O i t lf th e ffe c t i v e ry m ll i f
a n s o n se e s s a ,

th e tw p rt o se p ra t d fr o m
a s chare th r i t i g r e a te r i f i t
a e ea o e s ,

i s i le d p i to
co h e li x i t i
u till g r e te r
n a d g e te st f l l if s s a ,
an r a o a ,

wh e c o il e d
n so p ie c e f o ft i ro i pla c e d i i d th c o il
,
a o s n s n s e e .

A ga i if e o d wi r e i
n , c o il e d
a
p
s w i t
c h t hn e fir t b t i la te ds u s ,
u n su

fro m i t th i f th
, ec d wi r e d o
e n, t fo rm e sc l o e d ci r c i t
on es n o a s u ,

th e p h e me no
e b f re b t if th e co d wi re f r m a cl e d
n a ar as e o ,
u se n o s os

c i rc it u in d c ti
, an c ur t i fo rme d i u th e
on e c o d wi r e r en a d s n s n ,
n

th e ffe ts o f e lf i d c ti
e c i th e fi t wi r e
s -
n e e ta r d d
u on n rs ar r e .

5 4 9 ] Th e e r ul t h e w l r ly th a t if th p h o me
s es s s e d e c ea , e en na ar u

to mo m tum th e m o me t m i c rta in l y
en ,
t th t f th e e l e c tri ci ty
n u s e no a o

i n th e wi e b c u e th e r me w ir e c o v yi g th
,
e a s me c rr e t
sa ,
n e n e sa u n ,

e xh i b i ts e ffe t w h i c h d iffe r c c r di g to i t fo rm
c s d e ve w h n a o n s an n e

i ts f r m r m in th e
o eme th e pr e se
a s f o th e r b di e s u ch a
sa ,
n ce o o ,
s s

a pi e f iro ce o cl e d m ta lli n ir it ffe c t th e r

or a os l t. e c c cu , a s e su

5 50 ] I t i di ff l t h w e v r fo s th e mi d w h i ch h a s o ce
i cu , o e ,
r n n

r
g
e co i e d t hne s l g y b e tw e e th e p h e
ana o m e f lf i d u t i o n no na o se -
n c n

an d th o f th e m tise o f m t ri l b o d ie t o b do l to g e th e r
on o a e a s, o a an n a

th h l p f th i
e e l gyo t d mit th t i t i e tir e l y
s ana o ,
p rfi ia l
or o a a s n su e c

an d mi l di g Th f d m
s ea e t l d yn mi c l id e
n . e f m tte r
un a n a a a a o a ,
as

c p a b l e by i t mo ti
a f b e mi g th r e c i p i e t o f mome t m
s on o co d n e n n u an

of e r gy i
en o i te rwo v e
,
s with o fo r m f th o ght th t w h e
s n n ur s o u a ,
n

e v r w e ca tc h li m p f i t i p r t f t r w f l th t
e
g e o a
y e s e n an a o n a u ,
ee a

a p th i be fo re l e a d i g o o e o l te r to th e c mpl te der
a s us n ,
s n r . r a ,
o e un

s ta di g f th
n n bj e t o e su c .
 SE LF I NDU C TI ON -
.
[ 55 I

5 5 1] I n th e ca s e Of th e e l e ct r ic cu r e n t, r we fin d th a t, wh e n th e
e l e ct o r mo tiv e fo rc e b e gi ns to a c t, i t do e s no t a t o n ce
p r o d u ce th e
fu ll cu rre n t, b u t th a t th e urre t ri e g r a d lly Wh t i th e
c n s s ua . a s

e le ct o r mo ti ve fo r c e d o in g d r in
g th e ti
ume th t th e o pp o i g a s n re

s i s ta n c e is not a ble to b a l ce it ? I t i i c r e i g th e e l tri

an s n as n ec c

cu rre n t .

No w an o rd i ry na fo r c e , a cti n g on a b o dy i n th e di r ec tio n Of its

mo tio n ,
i n c r e a s e s i ts mo me n tu m,
mmu n i ca te s to i t k i n e tic an d co

e n e r y o r th e p o w e r o f d o i n w rk o n a c c o u n t o f i ts mo ti o n
g , g o .

I n l ik e ma n n e r th e u n r e s i ste d p a r t o f th e e l e c tr o mo tiv e fo r c e h a s
b e e n e mplo ye d i n in c re a s in g th e e l e c tri c c u rre n t H a s the e le c tri c .
.

c u rr e n t, w h e n th u s pr o d u c e d e ith e r mo me n tu m o r k in e tic e n e r y ?
g ,

W e h a ve a l r e a dy s h e wn tha t it h a s s o me thi n g v e ry l ike mo

me n tu m th a t i t r e s i s ts b e in g s u dde n ly s to ppe d , a n d th a t i t c a n
,

e x e rt, fo r a s h o r t ti me , a g r e a t e l e c tro mo ti v e fo r c e .

B u t a co n d u c ti n g ci cu r it i n wh i h c a cu rre n t ha s be e n
p se t u

h a s th e po w r e o f d o in g w o rk i vi rt n ue o f th i s c urr e n t, a n d th i s

p we r
o can n o t be sa i d to b e so me th in g v ry l ik e
e e ne rgy ,
fo r it
is r e a ll y
r ly e e rgy an d t u n .

Th i f th e
u s, rr t b l e ft to i t e l f it wil l c o ti e t c ir ul te
cu en e s ,
n nu o c a

till it i s to pp d by th e r e i ta ce o f th e
s e i r c u it B fo r e i t i s s s n c . e

s to pp e d h w e v e r it will h ve g e
,
o ra te d c e r ta i
,
q a tity f a ne a n u n o

he at d th e m u t o f thi h e t i dy mi l me
,
an a o nre i e q l s a n na ca a su s ua

t th e e e r g y o r ig i
o n l ly e xi ti g i n th e c rr t na s n u en .

Ag i wh e th e c rre t i le ft t i ts e lf it m y b e m de to
a n ,
n u n s o ,
a a

d me c h i c l wo rk by m vi g m g e t
o an a d th e i d c tiv ff c t o n a n s, an n u e e e

o f the e mo ti s wi ll by L e l w
ons to p th e c rre t o o , r th nz s
’
a ,
s u n s ne an

th r e s i t c o f th e i r c ui t l
e s an e wo ul d h a ve
e to pp e d it c I th i a on s . n s

w y p r t f th e
a a rgy o f th e c rre t m y b e tr fo r me d i to
o en e u n a an s n

me c h a i l w o rk i te d o f h e t
n ca ns a a .

5 5 2 ] I t a pp r th r e f o re th t a y te m c o t i i g a
ea s, l e c tr ic
e , a s s n a n n n e

cu rr t i en e t f e n e rg y o f
s a me ki d ;
s a d i e w co fo rm so n an s nc e an

n o c c e p ti
on of le c tri c urr t e xce pt a s a ki e tic ph o
o n an e c en n en

me n on i ts e e rg y mu t b e k i e ti c e e rgy th t i s t
n a
y ths e n n ,
a o s ,

e nergy wh ic h m vi g b dy h i vi r t e o f it m ti a o n o as n u s o on .

W e h v l re dy s h e w th t th l ctri ity i th wi re c
a e a a ot n a e e e c n e an n

be c i de r e d
o ns th m v i g b o dy i wh ich w e as e te fi d th i o n n ar o n s

e n e rg y f th e e e rg y o f
,
or m v i g b o dy d s n o t de p e d o a o n oe n n n

an yth i g e x te r l to i t lf Wh e re a s th e pre e ce o f th r b d i
n na se ,
s n o e o es

n e r th e c rr n t l te r
a it e e r g y
u e a s s n .

F d y E p R ( 2 83 ) ara a , x . es .
55 2 ] E L E C TR O KI N E TI C E N E RGY .

We a re th e re fo r e l e d to qu i re w h e th e r th e r e ma y o t b e so m
en n e

mo ti o n g o in g on in t h e sp c e o ut id th e wi e whi c h i o t o cc pie d
a s e r ,
s n u

by th e e le c t ric ur c r en t, b t i w hi ch th e e l ec tr m g e ti c e ffe c ts o f
u n o a n

th e cu rr en t ar e ma n i fe s te d .

I s ha l l n ot at pr e se n t e n te r on th e re a s o n s fo r l o ki g i o
o n n ne

pla c r e a th e r th a n a n o th e r fo r s u ch mo tio n s ,
or fo r r e ga rdi g th e n se

mo tio n s as of on e kin d r a th e r th an ano th e r .

Wh at I pr o po se xa mi e th e co se q e c e o f
no w to d o i s to e n n u n s

th a s ump ti o tha t th e p h e o m a o f th e e le tr ic c r
e s n t e th o e n en c u r en ar s

of am vi g y te m th e mo ti o be i g c o mmu i c te d fr o m
o n s s ,
p a rt n n n a one

o f th e yste m to s o th e r by fo r ce th e t r
an d l a w o f wh ic h s,
,
n a u e an s

w e do t y e t e ve
n o tte mp t to d e fi b e ca u e w e c e li mi te
n a n e, s an n a

th e sefo rce fr o m th e e q ti os o f m ti by th e me th d g ive ua ns o on o n

by L gra ge fo a
y c o n e c te d
n y ste m
r an n s .

I n th e e x t fiv e c h a p te rs o f thi s tr e a ti e I
n pro po e to d e d uc e s s

th m i
e tr c ture o f th th e o ry o f e l c tri c ity f o m a dy mi l
a n s u e e r na ca

h ypo th is o f this ki d i ste d o f fo ll o win g th e p th wh i h h a s

es n , n a a c

le d W b e r d th r in v e tig a to r to m y r e m rk bl e dis c o ve ri e
e an o e s s an a a s

an d e xp e ri me t d to o c p ti o n s m o f wh i c h
s, a n as b c tif l n e n s, o e are eau u

a s th e y a e b l d I h ve h o
r o th i me th o d be c
. e Ia wi h to c se n s au s s

sh e w th t th e r e r e o th r w y s o f vi e wi g th e p h o me a w h i h
a a e a n en n c

m mo r e ti fa c to ry
e d t th e me time
sa e mo r
s , an a sa ar e

co ns si te t wi th th e me tho d f l lo we d i th e pr e ce di g p r ts o f thi
n s o n n a s

b o o k th th o se which pro c e e d o n th e h yp o th e s is o f di re c t a ctio

an n

at a di s ta n ce .
 C H A P TE R V .

O N TH E EQ U ATI ONS OF MO T I O N OF A CO NN E C TE D SYS TE M .

I N th e fo u r th p a rt o f h i s M ’
553 ] s e cti o n
ig e o f th e s e co n d e ca n u

A ly ti q e L g r g e h a g i ve
na u ,
a me th o d o f r e d ci g th e rdi ry
an s n a u n o na

d y mi c l e qu tio
na ao f th e mo ti a o f th e p r ts o f a c o e cte d
ns on a nn

s y te m to a mb e r e q a l to th t o f th e d e g re e s f fr e e do m o f
s n u u a o

th e s y te m s .

Th e e q tio s o f mo ti ua of c o n e c te d s y te m h v e b e e
n
g i v e on a n s a n n

i n a diffe r e n t fo r m by H mil to a d h v e le d to a gr e t e xte io n a n ,

n a a ns

o f th e hi h e r p a rt o f pur e dy m i c na
g s

A s w e h l l fi d it e e a ry i o
s a n de v o ur s to br i g e le c tri c l
n c ss ,
n ur en a n a

ph e o me with i th e pr o vi ce o f dy mic t h ve o dy mi l
n na n n na s, o a ur na ca

i de s i a s ta te fit fo
n a d ir e c t ppl ic ti to p h y i c a l q e tir w a a on s u s o n s, e

s h l l de v o te th is h p te r to
a e xp iti c o f th e
a dy mic l i d an os on se na a eas

f ro m p h y ic a l p o i t o f v i e w
a s n .

5 54 ] Th e a i m o f La g r a g w a to br i g d y a mics u d e r th e n e s n n n

p o w e r o f th e c l c l H e be g by e xpr e i g th l me t ry
a u us . an ss n e e e n a

dy a mi c l r e l ti s i te rm o f th e o rr p o di g r e l ti o
n a a on n o f pur e s c es n n a ns

a l ge br i c l qu a ti ti e
a a d fr m th e e q ti o s th s O b t i d h e
n s, an o ua n
-
u a ne

d d u c e d hi s fi l e q a tio s by
e p re ly lg e br i l pr c
na u C rt i n a u a a ca o e ss . e a n

q ti tie (e xpre i g th e r cti b e tw e th e p rt o f th y te m

u an s ss n ea ons e n a s e s s

c l l e d i to p l y by i t
a n ph y ic l c o xi o ) pp r i th e e q ti s
a s s a n ne n s a ea n ua o n

o f m ti c mp o t p r t o f th e y te m d L gr g
’
o f th
o on e o n en a s s s ,
an a an e s

i v e tig ti o
n s as ae fr o m n ,
m th e m ti c l p o i t o f v ie w i
se n a a a a n ,
s a

m th d f e li mi ti g th e e q n titi fr m th e fi l q ti o s
e o o na n s ua es o na e ua n .

I f l l w i g th
n o te p s o f th is e limi ti o
o n e th mi d i
s xri d na n e n s e e c se

i c l c l ti
n a d h o l d th e r e fo r b e k e p t fr e fr m th e i tr i o
u a on ,
an s u e e o n us n

o f dy a mi c l i de s
n O a im th e th e r h
a . d is t l ti v te
ur a ,
on o an ,
o cu a

S P f C yl y R p t T h ti l Dy mi B i ti h A i ti ’ ‘
ee ro e s so r a e s e or o n eore ca na cs , r s s so c a on

d Th m
,

d T it N t
’
18 5 7 an o l P hi l
so n
p hy an a s a ur a o so .
 5 5 5] GE NE R AL I z E D C OO RD I N A TE S .

our d yn a mi c al ur lve o f th e la b ur
id e a s . We th e re f r o e a v a il o se s o s

f th e m th e ma ti ci
o a d t a n sl a te th e i r r ul ts fr o m th e l
an s, an re r es an

g gu f ath ee c l c l
o i to th e l g g e o f dy mic o th t
a u us n an ua na s, s a o ur

wo rd m y ca ll p th e me ta l i m g e o t o f m lge br ic l
s a u n a ,
n so e a a a

pro c e b t o f o m pr p e rty f m vi g b o d ie
ss , u s e o o o n s .

Th e l g ua g e f dyn mic h
an b e e c o si de r bly e xte d e d by
o a s as n n a n

th o e wh o h ve e xp o u de d i
s po p l r te rm th e do c tri e f th
a n n u a s n o e

C o e rv ti ns f E e rg y a ond i t wi ll b e e e
o tha t m h o f th e
n ,
an s n uc

f l l o wi g ta te me t i
o n
g gse t e d by th e i v e ti a ti o
n
g in Ths om osu s n s n s n

d T it N t l Phi lo sop hy e s p e ci l l y th e me th o d o f be gi
’
an a s
~
a ura i g ,
a nn n

wi th th e th o ry o f impul i ve fo r c e s es .

I h ve ppli e d thi me th o d o a to v i d th e e xpli c it c o n

a a s s s a o

s i de r ti o f th mo ti
a n f o
y p a r t o f t
e h e y te m x c e p t th
on o an s s e e

c o r di o te v ria bl e
na wh ich the mo tio f th e wh o l d p d
s or a s, o n n o e e en s.

I t i d ub tl s i mp rta t th a t th e t d e t h ul d b e b l e to tr a c e
o e ss o n s u n s o a

th e c xi o f th e mo ti o f e a c h p rt f th e y te m wi th tha t
on n e n o on a o s s

o f th e v ri bl e b t i t i by o me a
a a s, ne e ry to d th i in
u s n ns c ssa o s

th e pr o ce f o b t i i g th e fi al e q ti
ss o w h i h a e i d e p de t
a n n n ua o n s, c r n en n

o f th e p rti c ul r f r m a f th co e x io
a o o e se nn n s.

I h e Va ri a b l e s .

5 55 ] Th e n umb e r f d e gre e so of fr e e d o m o f a s y s te m i s th e
numb r e o f da ta w hi c h mu s t b e g i v en in o rde r co mpl e te ly to
d te rmie ne its po i
s it o n . D iffe r e n t fo rms ma y b e g i ve n to th e s e
d a ta , b u t th e i r n u mb e r de p e n ds o n th e n a tur e o f th e s ys te m i tse l f,
an d ca n n o t be a lte re d .

To fix our ide a s w e ma y c o n c e i e th e v s y te m c o e c te d by me s nn an s

o f su ita bl e me c h a n i s m w i th a n m e u b r o f m v bl pi c e o ea e e e s, ac h

ca p bl a mo tio n a l o n g a s a
e of an no n of tr igh t l in e d of o th e r ki d ,

mo tio n Th e i ma g in a ry me c h a n i sm w h i c h c o n n e c ts e a ch o f th e s e
.

p i e c e s w i th th e sys te m mu s t b e c o n c e ive d to b e fre e fro m fri c ti o n ,

d e s titu te o f i n e ti a , r an d i n c a p a bl e o f be i n
g r
st a n e d i by th e a ct o n i
o f th e a pplie d fo rc es . Th e u se o f th i s me c h a n i s m i s me re l y to
a ss st i th e i ma g i n a ti o n i n a sc rib i n
g p o s i ti o n ,
ve l o cit y ,
an d mo me n tum
to w ha t a pp r ea ,
in L a g ra n g e
’
s in ve s ti
g a ti o n ,
as p reu al
ge br a ic a l
q u an titi e s .

L e t 9 d e n o te th e p o si ti o n o f on e o f th e mo ve bl e pie c e
a s as de fi n e d
b y i ts di s ta n ce f o m r
fixe d po in t i i t li e f mo ti
a W e h ll n s n o on . s a

di s tin gu i s h th e v l e s f g c o r e p o di g to th di ffe r e t p i c
a u o r s n n e n e es

by th e su ff x e i &c Wh e w e e d l i g w i th
s
1, 2 , t f
. n ar ea n a se o

q u an ti ti e s b l gi g to e p i c ly w ma y mit th e ffix
e on n on e e on e o su .
 K I N E TI C S .
[ 55 6 .

Wh e n th e vl
v ri bl (q ) a
a ues o f a ll th e a a es re gi ve n , th e po s i tio n

o f c h o f th e mo v e a bl e
ea pie ce s i k o w s n n ,
an d, in virt e u o f th e
i m gi ry me ch i m th e c o fig ura ti o n o f
a na an s ,
n th e en ti re y s s te m is
d e te r mi e d n .

The Ve l o c i ti e s .

556 ] D u ri n g th e mo ti o n o f th e s y s te m th e co n figuratio n c ha n
g e s

fig r tio t c h i t t
’

in so me de fin i te ma n n e r ,
an d s i n c e th e co n u a n a ea ns an

i f lly d fi e d by th e v l e s f th e v r i ble (g) th e v e l o c ity f

s u e n a u o a a s , o

e v e ry p r t o f th e yste m
a w e ll it c o fig r ti s wi ll b e c o m ,
as as s n u a on ,

p l et l
y d fi
e e d i f w e kn o w th e v lu e s o f th e v a ri bl e
e n to g e th e r a a s

w ith th e i r ve lo c itie s o r, ac co r di n
g to N e wto n s
’
n o ta ti o n , g )
0
The Fo r ce s .

557] pro p e r r e gul tio o f th e m tio o f th e va ri bl e n y

B y a a n o n a s, a

m ti n
o o y t m c o i te t with th e ture f th c o n e xi o
o f th e s s e ,
ns s n na o e n n s,

m y b pr o d uce d
a e I o r d r to pr duce th i s mo ti o by m vi g
. n e o n o n

th e v ri ble p ie s fo r c e s mu t b e ppl ie d to th e e p i e ce s
a a ce ,
s a s .

W e h ll d o te th e fo r c e wh ich mu t b ppli e d to y v ri bl
s a en s e a an a a e

y,
by F T h y t e m o f f rc e
,
. F
( ) i m
e s e c h a i c lsl y e q i v a l e t in
( o s s n a u n

v i rtue o f th e co e xi o o f th e y te m) to th e y te m o f fo r c s
nn ns s s s s e ,

wh te ve r it ma y b wh i ch r e a lly pro d uc e s th e mo tio n

a e ,
.

Th e Mo me n ta . .

5 58 ] Wh e n a b o dy mo v s i e n s u ch a wa y th a t i ts co n figur a ti o n ,

w i th r p e c t to
es th fo rc e wh i c h
r e m i l w y s th e a me
e a cts o n i t, a ns a a s ,

(a s, f i t orc i th e c a se o f
n s an f r c ee c
, ti gno a S i g l e p r ti l e i a o a n n n a c n

th e l i e o f it m ti
n
) th e m o v i gs f o r c e io m e s r
one d ,by t h e r t e n s a u a

o f i c re
n o f the mo me tu m
a se I f F i s th e mo vi n g fo r ce n d p th e
n .
,
a

mo me tu m n
Z (
p
F
dt

wh e n ce

Th e time i n te g r a l -
o f a fo r c e i s ca lle d th e I mp u l se of th e fo rce ;
so th a t w e ma y a s se rt th a t th e m o me n tu m i s th e i m pul se o f th e
fo rc e wh i ch w l d bri ou n
g th e b o dy fro m a s ta te o f re st in to th e g i ve n
s ta te o f mo tio n .

I n th e ca s e o f a c o n n e c te d s y s te m i m ti n o on ,
th e co n fig ur a tio n is
co n tin u llya c h a n g in
g a t a r te d pe n di g
a e n o n th e ve lo c iti e s so
 55 9 ] I MP ULS E A ND MOM E N TUM .

tha t w e ca n no l o n ge r a ss u me th a t th e mo me n tu m i s th e time
i n te g rl a o f th e fo r ce wh ic h a c ts o n it .

B u t th e in c r e me
t 0 g o f a n y a i a e ca n n o t b e g e a te n th a n v r bl r r
Q O
’
t,
w h e e (i t i s th e ti m re d u i n
g w hi c h th e in c e m e n t ta e s a ce , r r k pl
an d
g i s th e g e a te s t
"
a l u e o f th e e l o c it r d u in
g t h a t ti me I v
n th e v y r .

c a s e o f a s s te m m o i n g f o m y r
e s t u n de r v r
th e a cti o n o f fo c e s a lw y
a s r
i th e a me di re c ti o
n s th i i vid tl y th e fi l v e l i ty n ,
s s e en na oc .

I f th e fi l ve l o c ity d c fig na ti o f th e yste m e gi ve an on ur a on s ar n ,

w m y c e c i v e th e v l o c i ty to b e c mm
a on e i ca te d t th e y t m e o un o s s e

in ve ry m ll tim fit th e o ri gi a l c o fig u ti diff ri g fr m
a s a e ,
n n ra on e n o

th e fi l co fig r tio by q titie s 0 9 0 9 & which e l

na n u a n u an
1, 2 , c .
,
ar e ss

th an
g b t s
’

t l
r p e c ti v e ly
, ,
es .

Th e m l le r w e s pp o e th e i c re me t f time fit th e g r te r
a su s n n o , ea

m t b e th e impre
us d f rc e b t th e ti me in te g r l sse i mp l o s, u -
a ,
o r u se ,

of e h f r c w il l r m i fi ite
ac o e Th e l i mi ti n g v a l e f th e i mp l e
e a n n . u o u s ,

wh e t h e time i d imi i h e d
n d ltim t l y v i h s i d fi ed n s an u a e an s e s, s e n

as th i t t e i mp l
ns a n a n e o u s d th mo m tu m p c o rr po di g u se ,
an e en , es n n

t o y van r i b l e
9 i d fia d t
ah e i mp l c o rre p
,
s di g toe t h a t
ne as u se s on n

v r i bl e wh th e y t m i bro gh t i t t
a a , en l y fr m
s s e ta te s u n s an a neo us o a s

o f r e t i to th gi v e
s n ta t f m tio e n s e o o n .

Th i ce p ti
s co n th t th e mo m ta e p b l e o f b i g pr d c e d
on ,
a en ar ca a e n o u

by i sta n ta e u imp l o th e y t m t r t i i tr d e d ly
n n o s u se s n s s e a es ,
s n o uc on

as me th o d o f d fi i g th e m g it de o f th e m me t f
a e n n th a n u o n a, or e

mo me ta o f th n yste m de p e d o ly o th i ta t e e s ta te n n n e n s n an ous s

o f m o ti f th e y tem on d ot
o th e pr o c e s by wh ich th t t t
s ,
an n o n ss a s a e

w pro d e d
as uc .

I n o e ct da yste m th e mo me t m c o rr p o d i g to a y
c nn e s n u es n n n

v ri bl e i i g e r l l i e r f c ti o f th v l iti o f l l th e
a a s n en a a n a un n o e e oc es a

v ri bl i te a d f be i g
a a e s, i th e d y mi
ns f p r ti cl e i mply
o n ,
as n na cs o a a ,
s

pro p o rti l to th v l ity on a e e oc .

Th e i mp l se r e q ir d to h g th v l c iti e f th e y te m
u s u e c an e e e o s o s s

dd ly fr o m 4 v y q
’
’
su en &c t g & c
1,
id tl e l t . o
z , . are e en ua o

p 1
’

p p p t
l
h e
,
h g e
2
’
f m o m e t u mz
o,f th e e v e r l v c ri blan
e s o n s a a a s .

lVo r h do n e by a Sma ll I mp uls e .

5 59 ] Th e w o rk do n e by th e fo rc e F1 duri n g th e i mp u ls e i s th e
s p a ce - i n te g r al o f th e fo r c e , or
 K I N E TI C S .
[5 6 0 .

re a te s t le v l ue of th e ve l o city
'

i s th e g and th e
'

If g, a st a
g,
du r i n g th e a c ti o n o f th e fo r c e , IV mu s t b e l e ss th a n

dt or

d g r e a te r th a n
'
’
(Z (p ,
’

an g, t or
g,

I f we no w su pp o se th e i m
”
pul e F d l to s
f b e dimin i sh e d with ou t

l imit ,
th e va l ues o f an d g wi l l ppr o h
,
a ac an d u ltima te ly c o in c id e
ma y wr ite p th a t th e w rk
’
w i th th a t o f an d we p , , 5p , so o

do n e i s u l ti ma te ly
5 W1 5 7 ,
21 11

or ,
the wo r h d o n e by a ver
y s ma l l i mp u ls e i s u l ti ma te ly the p r o du c t

f
o the i mp u ls e and the v e lo c i t
y .

I n cr e me n t o
f the Kin e ti c E n e rgy .

Wh e w o rk i d e i e tti g co e rva ti v y te m i
5 60 ] n s on n s n a ns e s s n

mo tio e e rg y i n c o mm, i te d to i t
n d th e y te m b e c me
s u n ca ,
an s s o s

c p bl e
a o f do i g
a eq l m t f wo rk g i t re i ta e
n an ua a oun o a a ns s s nc s

b e f r e i t i re d ce d to r t
o s u es .

Th e e rgy w hi c h y te m p o e s e i v i r tue o f its mo tio

n e a s s ss s s n n

i c l l d i ts Ki tic E
s a e rgy d i mm ic te d to it i th e f rm
ne n e ,
an s co un a n o

o f th e w rk d o e by th e f r e s wh i ch
o e t it i mo ti
n o c s n o n .

I f T b th e k i ti c e e rgy f th sy te m
e d i f i t b e o me s
ne n o e s , an c

T OT o cco t f th e
, c ti f
n a i fi ite i m l i mp l
un o Wh o e a on o an n n s a u se s

c o mp e t e Op
o n 0p &c th e i c r me t OT m t b e th e
n s ar
,
m n e n u s su
, 2
.
, ,

o f th q ti ti o f w o rk d o e by th e
e u an o mp e t
es o f th i mp l e n c on n s e u s ,

o r i sy mb o l
n s,
5T
’

6 6 p, g2 79
2

2 (7 7 )
5 0

Th e i n s ta n ta n e o u s s ta te o f th e s y s te m is co mpl e te ly de fi n e d i f
th e v r i bl e a a s an d th e m o me n ta are g i ve n . H e n ce th e k i e ticn

en e rg y w h i c h , de pe n ds on th e i n sta n ta n e o u s s ta te o f th e s y te m
s ,

ca n b xpr e e e sse d i n te ms r o f th e v ri bl
a a es an d th e mo me n ta (p) .

Th i s i s th e m o de o f e xpr e s sin T i tr d u ce d by H a mi to nl Wh
g n o . en

T is e xpr e sse d i n th i s w a y w e s h a ll d is tin g u is h i t by th e su ffix

th u s, Tp .

Th e co mpl e te v ri
a a ti o n of T1, i s

OI L
5 6 I
] H A M I L TO N S ’
EQ U A TI O NS .

Th e la st te rm m a
y b e w r i tte n
( ZT

w hi c h d imi n i s h e s with B t, an d ulti ma te ly v a n is h e s w ith it wh en the

i mp u l se be co me s i n s ta n ta n e o u s .

Hen ce e q ti th fi
c o e f c i e n ts f 0p i n q u a ti o n s d
( )
‘

,
ua n
g e o e 1 a n

7 :

g m ( 3 )
the v e lo c i ty c o r r e sp o n d in g the v a r ia
b le g i s the difie r e n tia l
'

o r, to

fi
c o ef c ie n t of T1, wi th r e sp e c t to the c o r r e s o n di n
p g mo me n tu m p .

We h a ve a r ive d
r e ul t by th e co id ra ti o f imp l i ve
r at th is s ns e on u s

f r ce s
o B y thi s me th o d w e h v e v o i de d th e c o i d e ra ti
. o f th a a ns on e

c h a ge o f c o fi g ur ti
n duri g th e
n ti f th e f r c e
a on B t th e n ac on o o s. u

in ta ta e o u sta te o f th e y te m i i
s n n s ll r p e c t th e m wh e th e r
s s s n a es s sa e,

th e y t m w a s bro ugh t fr o m a ta te f re st to th e gi v s ta t
s s e s o en e

o f m ti o by th e tra ie t a ppli ca tio o f i mp l i ve fo r

o n ns n
o n u s ce s , r

wh e th e r it rri ve d t th t s ta te i
a
y m r
a h w v e r
a
g r d l n an a nn e ,
o e a ua .

I o th e r w o r d
n th e v ri ble d th e c rr e sp d in g ve l o c i ti e
s, a a s, an o on s

an d mo me ta d p e d o n th e ac t l ta te o f m ti
,
e n f th e y m
n m ua s o on o s s

a t th e g ive i n s ta t nd t i t pr vi n h i t ry
, an no on s e ous s o .

H e c e th e e qu tio
n , ( )
3 i e qu ll y v liad w h e thnr th e ta te f s a a ,
e s o

mo ti o o f th e y te m i s pp o e d d e to i mp l ive fo rce o to
n s s s u s u u s s, r

We ma y n o w th e re f r e
o dis miss th e c o n si d e ra tio n o f imp u l s ive
fo rc e s , to g e th e r with th e l i mi ta ti on s i mp o s e d on th e i r tim e of

5 6 1] We h a ve l
a r e ad y sh e wn th a t

d Tp
1
?7

Le t th e s y s te m mo v e in an
y ar bitra ry wa y , s ubj e c t to th e co n

di ti o n s im po se d by i t s co n n e xi o n s, th e n th e va ria ti o n s o fp an d g are

Cg g al .

H e n ce
 K I N E TI C S .

a nd th e co mple te va r i at o n i o f T, i

OTP 2
fi
dg
) :

(H
7

a r e

B ut th e i n c re me n t o f th e ki n et c i ene rg y a r i se s fr o m th e wo rk
do n e by th e i mpr e e d fo r c e
ss s, o r

OTp 2 F
( g)
O .

I n th e s e two e xpre s sio n s th e v ria a tio n s Og a r e a ll i n de p e n d e n t o f

e a ch o th e r ,
so th a t w e a re e n tit le d t o e qu a te th e fi
c o e f c i e n ts o f e a ch

o f th e m in th e tw o e xpre s si o n s ( )
7 a nd We th u s o bt a n i
dp r d Tp
Tbi dgr
( )
9

wh e re um p a d th e f r c e F b e lo g to th e va ri bl e g
th e mo me n t , ,
n o ,
n a
,
.

Th e r e a e a s m y e q a tio r o f th i s f rm
an th e r e e v r ia b l e s
u ns o as ar a .

Th e e e q ti
s w e r e gi ve by H mil to
ua ons Th e y h e w th a t th e n a n .
s

f r ce c o rr p o d i g to
o es
y v a ri bl e i
n t
nh e m o f t w an
o p a r t T h e a s su s .

fir t p t i th e ra te o f i c re a o f th e mo me t m o f th t v ria bl e
s ar s n se n u a a

with r e sp e c t to the time Th e e c o d p r t i s th r te f i cre e . s n a e a o n as

o f th k i e ti c e e rgy pe u it o f i c re me n t o f th e v ri ble th
e n n r n n a a , e

o th r v ri a bl e
e n d a l l th e mo me ta b e i g c o
a s a ta t n n ns n .

The Ki n e ti c E n e rgy e xp r e s se d i n Te r ms of the M o men ta and

L e t p , , p 2 , &c b e th e mo me n ta , a n d
'

5 62 ] .
gz , &c . the
ve lo c itie s a t a g iv e n i n s ta n t, a n d l e t p , pz ,
&c .
, q, &c . be
a o th e r y s te m o f m
n s o me n ta an d v e l o c i ti e s , s u c h th a t

P1 ”P1; (
1
1
”I n 85 0 °
( )
10

I t i s ma n i fe s t th a t th e s y s te ms p q wil l
,
be c o n s i s te n t wi th e a ch

o th e r if th e s y te m p g
s s ,
a r e so .

N o w le t n va ry by O n . Th e wo rk do n e by the fo r c e F, i s
F1 5 21 z i
c 161
3
1 91 9
11 73 3” ( )
11

Le t n i n c r e a s e fr o m O to 1, th e n th e s yste m is bro gh t fr o mu

re mo ti o n ( gp ) d th e wh l e w o rk
'

a s ta te o f st in to th e s ta te of ,
an o

e xp e n de d in pr o d uc n i g th i s mo ti o n i s
1
n ( l it
(Tl p l 27
92 2
“

i
“
.

a ,
5 4]
6 L A C R A NC E S
’
EQ U A TI O NS .

an d th e w rk spe t i pr
o n n o du c in g th e mo ti o n i s e q i va l e
u nt to th e
ki n e ti c e e rg ynHe e . nc

72 4 t ( PI éi + fiz ( )
13

wh e r e I , }
de n o m s th e ki n e tic rgy e xpr e
ene sse d i n te r ms o f th e
m me ta o n an d v e l o citi es . Th e va ria bl g g es
, , , ,
85 0 d o. no t e n te ri n to
thi e xpr e s
s sio n .

Th k i e n et c i en e rg y i s th e r e fo r e h a lf th e su m o f th e pr o d u cts of

t he mo me n ta in to th e i r rre p di
co s on n
g ve l o c i ti e s .

Wh e th k i e ti c en e ed i
n e rg y i
th i w y w e ha l l de o te
n e xpr e s ss n s a s n

i t by th e s ymb l T é It i f cti o o f th e m me ta
o
p
d ve lo s a un n o n an

c i ti e o ly s d do e
n o t i v lve th e v r i bl e
,
an th e m e lv e
s n n o a a s s s.

5 63 ] Th e r e i thi rd m e th o d o f e xpr e s i g th e k i e ti c e e rg y
s a s n n n ,

w hi ch i s g e e ra lly i n d e e d r e ga r d e d
n th e f da me ta l o
, By ,
as un n ne .

s lv in g th e e qua ti o
o
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3 w e m y e xpr e th e m o m
nse t i t r m s a ss n a n e

o f th e v l o ci tie e d t he i tr du c i g th e e v l e i
s, a n w e h ll n ,
n o n s a u s n s a

h vea e xpr ean io fo T i vo l v i g o l y th e ve l o c i ti e

ss n rd th e n n n s an

v r i b le
a aWh e T i e xpr e e d i thi fo rm w e h l l i dic te it
s. n s ss n ,
s s a n a

by th e ymb l TI Thi i th fo r m i w h i h th e ki e ti c e rg y i
s o . s s e n c n ne s

e xpr d i th e e q tio n s f L g r ge
e sse n ua o a an .

5 6 4 ] I t i s m if t th t i e T T a d I , a e th r e e d iffe r e t
an es a ,
s nc
p , ,
,
n
}
r n

e xpr e i s f th e
ss o n me th i g or sa n ,

T? T2 2 “ TIMI 0)

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H e n c e , i f a ll th e qua n titie s p d g v ry
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Th e va ri i
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ss c e ffi c i e t o f e o n e ac h

v ria ti
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th a t d Tp
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,
dfi i
so th a t th e te rm s vo lvi g th e var ia ti o Op va n i h o f th e m l v
in n n s s se es .

Th e re m a n i in g v r i ti Oa
g a d a Og e ons
n w a ll i d p d
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n ar o n e en e n t,

so th a t w e fin d , by e q a ti g to e ro th e c o e fli c ie t f
u n &c z n s o

1
42:
 K I N E TI C S . 6
5 5 .

mp o n e n ts of mo me n tu m
'

o r, the co a re th e d ifl e r e n tia l co e
fi c i e n ts o
f T,
w i th r e sp e c t to the co r r e o n d in g v e l o c i ti e s
sp .

A ga in , by e qua tin g to z e ro th e fi
c o e f c ie n ts o f Og, ,
( 7T

07
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the d ifie r e n tia l
’
co e
fi i
c en t o
f the k in e ti c e n e rg
y wi th e sp e c t to
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v a r ia bl e g, i s e
q ua l in ma gn i tu de bu t opp o s i te i n s ign whe n T is
e xp r e s s e d a s a
f u n ct o n i of the v e l o c i ti e s i n s te a d of as a
f u n c tio n
of
the mo me n ta .

I n v irt ue o f e qua tio n ( )

18 w e ma y wri te th e e qu a ti o n o f mo ti o n

PI a 19
dé dgl

a a n, a n,
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dg,

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L gr n ge
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5 6 5] pr e c e d i g i n ve stiga tio w e ha ve a vo ide d th e c o n

I n th e n n

side ra tio o f th e fo rm o f th e f c tio

n which e xpr e s e the ki e tic un n s s n

e e r gy i
n te r ms e i th r o f th e v e l o c i tie o o f th e mo me t
n e Th e s r n a .

o ly e xpl i c i t fo r m w h i ch w e h a v e a
n ig e d to i t i s ss n

Tp d i ( )
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in wh ich it i s e xpr e s se d as h a l f th e su m o f th e pro duc ts o f th e

mo me n ta e a c h in to i ts c o rr e s p o n d in g v e l o c i ty .

W e ma y e xpre s s th e v e l o citie s i n te rms o f th e d iffe re n tia l co

e fli c ie n ts o f Tp w i th r e s p e c t to th e mo me n ta a s in e qu a ti o n ,

d Tp d Tp
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Thi s s h e ws th a t T, is a h o mo g e n e o u s fun c tio n of th e s e co n d

d e g re e of th e mo me n ta p , , p, , 85C .

W e ma y a l s o e xpre ss th e mo me n ta in te r ms o f T4 , an d w e fin d

q q
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wh ich sh e ws th at T, i s a h o mo g e n e o u s f u n ctio n o f th e se co n d d e gre e
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850
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r
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P 11 fo r

Q fo r
 M OM E NT S A ND P O R DU C TS or I N E R TI A .

th e n , b th T, d T e f ctio
s in c e o f th e c o d d gr e e o f
an
I)
ar un ns o se n e

r p v e l y b o th th e P w l b fu i
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'

g d f
an p e e
o c ti s d t h Q i l e , n c t o s s an e s n

o f th e va r i a bl e o n ly d i d e p e d e t o f th e v e l o citi e a d th e
an n n n s n
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mo me n ta We th s o b ta i th e e xpr e i o fo T
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Th e mo me n ta are e xpre sse d i n te rms o f th e ve l o citi e by s th e

li n ea r e qua tio ns
P1 11 41 4 1 12
-
3
( )
2 6

an d th e v e l o citie s are e xpr e s se d i n te r ms o f th e mo me n ta by th e

li n ea r eq u at o n s i
41 Q n P1 l pz 8m .
( )
2 7

In t re a ti se s rig id b o dy th e c o e fficie t
on th e dyn a mi cs of a , n s

c o rr es p o d in g to P n i whi c h th e s uffix e a e th e sa me a e c l le d n s r r a
11, ,

M o me t o f I e rti n s d th o c o rr p o di g t P i which
n a, an se es n n o
12 ,
n

th e fli e su e di ffe r e t a e ca ll e d Pr o d u c t
x s ar f I n e rti We m y
n ,
r s o a . a

exte d th e e me to th e mo r e ge e ra l pro bl e m wh ich i o w

n s n a s n s n

b e f re u s in whi ch th e qua n titi

o ,
e ot a s in th e cas e f a se es ar n , o

rigid b o dy b o l ut c o ta t b t a e fu ctio s o f th e va r i ble

,
a s e ns n s, u r n n a s

91: 92 ,
I n l ik e ma n n e r w e ma y c a ll th e c o e ffi c i e n ts o f th e fo r m Q u
M o me n ts o f M o b il ity, a n d th o s e o f th e fo r m 6212 , Pr o d u c ts o f
M o b i li ty . I t is not o fte n , h o we v e r , th a t w e sh a ll ha ve o c ca s i o n

to s pe a k o f th e c o e ffic i e n ts o f mo b ili ty .

Th e ki
rgy f th e yste m i s a qu a n ti ty e s se ti a lly
n e tic e n e o s n

po iti ve o
s e ro
H e n ce wh e th e r i t b e e xpr e e d i te rm o f th e
r z .
, ss n s

v l o c iti e s o i n te rms o f th e mo me ta th e c o e ffic ie t mu t b e

e ,
r n ,
n s s

such th t o re a l va lue s o f the v a ri b l e s c m k e T e ga tive

a n a an a n .

W thu s o b ta i a s e t f e c e a ry c o ditio wh ich th e va lu e s f

e n o n ss n ns o

th e co e ffi i e t P mu s t c tis fy n s sa .

Th e q titie s P P
u an a d a l l d e te rmin a ts o f th e s m
11, y 22 ,
n n

me tri ca l f rm P o
P12 1 3
11 13

whi ch ca n b e fo rme d fr o m th e s y s te m of c o e f cie n fi ts m u st b e p o s iti ve

or z e ro . Th e n umbe r
uch c di tio fo v ri bl e i 2 l o f s on ns r n a a s s
”
.

Th e c o e ffi c i e t Q a e s bj e c t to c o diti o n s o f th e
n s me kin d r u n sa .

I thi o u tlin e o f th e fun da me ta l prin ipl e o f th e dy

n s n c s

n a mi c s of a co e c te d y ste m w e h a ve k e p t o t o f vi w the
nn s , u e

me c h a n i s m by wh ic h th e p a rts o f th e s y s te m a e c o n e c te d We r n .

V OL . 11 . o
 K I N E TI C S . 6
5 7 .

h a ve n ot wr itte n do wn
e ve e t o f e qu tio s to i di ca te h o w
n a s a n n

th e mo tio o f a n y p a rt o f th e s y s te m d e p e d s o
n th e va ri ti o n n a n

o f th e v r ia bl e s a W e h ve c o fi e d o . tte ti o to th e v r ia b l e
a n n ur a n n a s,

th e i r v e l o c iti e a d mo me t a n d th e
s fo r c e s wh ic h a c t o
n th e
n a, n

pie ce r e pr e se tin g th e v ria ble s O u o ly s umpti o s a th t

s n a . r n a s n re ,
a

th e c o e xio s o f th e s y s te m
nn e s ch th t th e ti me i
n o t e xpl i ci tl y ar u a s n

c o t i e d i n th e e qu a ti o s o f c o di ti o d th a t th e pr i c ipl e o f
f
n a n n n n ,
an . n

th e co e rv ti o
ns o f e e rg y i s a ppli ca bl to th e sy s te m
n n a e .

Su h cd e sc rip tio
a o f th e me th o ds o f pur e dyn a mi c s i
n not u s n

n e c e s ry s a b e c se L g ra g e a d mo t o f h i s fo ll o w e rs t wh o m
, au a n n s ,
o

w e a e in d e b te d fo th e s e me th o ds h ve i
r ge e r l o fi e d th e m
r ,
a n n a c n n

s lve
e to s de m tr ti o a f th e m a d i on s o r de r to d e v te th e i r
a n o ,
n ,
n o

a tte ti n to th e y mb o l b e fo r e th e m th e y h a v
on s e d e a v o r e d to
s ,
e n u

b a i h ll i de e x c e p t th se f p r q tity s o a s t o n l y to
n s a as o o u e u an ,
no

di p e s e w i th dia gr m b t e v e to g t id f th i de s f v e l c i ty
s n a s, u n e r o e a o o ,

mo me n t m a d e e rgy fte r th e y h v e b e e o c e fo
u ,
n n ,
ll s pa a n n r a u

pl te d by ymb o l s i th e o rigi l e qua tio s I o r de r to b e bl e

an s n na n . n a

to r e fe r to th e r e s ul ts o f th i lys i s i o r di a ry dy a mi ca l la s ana n n n n

gu ge w e h a ve e de a vo ure d to r e tr a sl te th e prin c ip l e qu tio s

a ,
n n a a a n

o f th e me th o d i n to l a gu g e w h ic h ma b e in te l li gi bl e w i th o ut th e
y n a

u s e o f s y mb o l s .

A s th d e v e lo p m t f th e i de s
e d me th o ds o f pur e ma th e
en o a an

ma ti e h s re d re d it p o s i ble by fo rmi g a m a th e m tic a l th e o ry

s a n e s ,
n a

o f dy mi c to br i g to l igh t m y tr th s w hi ch co ul d o t h ve
na s, n an u n a

b e e dis c o ve r e d with o ut m th e ma ti c l tr i n i g s o if w e
n to
a a a n , ,
ar e

fo r m dy mi c l th e o ri e s f o th e r s c i e c e w e m t h a v o
n a a o mi ds n s, us e ur n

i mbue d wi th th e s e dy mic a l tr u th s a s w e ll a s with ma th e ma ti c a l

na

me th o d s .

I n fo r min g th e i de a s w o rds e l a ti g to a y scie c e wh ich an d r n n n , ,

lik e e l e c tricity de l s wi th fo rce s a d th e i r e ffe c ts w e mu st k e e p

, a n ,

co t tly i mi d th e i de s a ppr pr i te to th e fu da me ta l c ie ce
n s an n n a o a n n s n

o f dy n a mi c s s o th a t w e ma d r i t h e fir st d e v e l o p me t o f th e
y , g ,
u n n

sc ie n c e a vo i d i c o
, s i s te c y wi th wh a t i s a lr e a dy e t bl is h e d
n n na d s a , n

a l s o th a t w h e ou vi e ws b e co me C le re r th e l a n gua ge W h ve
n r a , e a

a d o p te d ma b e a h e lp to u s a n d n o t a h i n dr a n c e
y .
 C H A P TE R VI .

DYN A M I C A L TH E O RY OF E L E C TR OM A GN E T I S M .

5 68 .
J W E h a ve sh e wn , i n A r t 5 5 2 , th a t,
w he n e le ctri c cur e t . n a r n

e xi t s s in c o d c ti n a i r it i t h p i ty f d i g r ta in
g c c n u a c c o un c,e s a a a or a

a mo u t o f me ch i ca l w rk
n d th is i d e p e de tly f
an o ,y e x
an te r al n n n o an n

e l e c tr o mo ti v e fo r c e ma i ta i n i g th e c ur r t N o w c a p ac ity f r
n n en . o

p e rfo rmin g wo rk i o th i g e l e th e e rgy i wh te ve r w y s n n s an n ,

n a a

it a r i e s d a l l e e rgy i th e
s, a n me i n k in d h o w v e r i t m y di ffe r
n s sa , e a

i n f rm o Th e e e rg y o f
. e l ec tr i c c urr e t i
n e i th e r o f th t fo r m
an n s a

wh i h c o n i t i th e a c t l mo ti o f m tte r o f tha t whi ch

c s s s n ua on a ,
r o

co ist i th e ca p a c ity fo b e i g e t i mo ti o
n s s n a r i i g fr o m fo r c e
r n s n n ,
s n s

a c ti
g
n b e tw e e b o di e s p l a c e d i
n c e r t i p o i ti o n r e l t i v t o e ac h n a n s s a e

o th e r .

Th e fir st kin d o f e e rgy th a t o f mo ti o n i s ca l l e d Ki e ti c e e rg y
,
n ,
n n ,

a d wh e
n o ce u n de rsto o d it a pp e a r o f d me ta l a fa c t o f
n n s s un a n

n a ture th a t w e c a n h a r d ly c o c e i v th e p o i b i lity o f r e so lvi g n e ss n

i t i to a n y thi g e ls e
n Th e n o d ki n d o f e e r g y t h t d e p e di g
. se c n n , a n n

o n po si ti is c l l e d Po te ti l e e rg y a d i d e to th e a c ti o
on ,
a n a n ,
n s u n

o f w h t w e c l l f rc e
a th t i to
a y
o te de c i e
s, t o w a rd s c h
a s g e sa ,
n n s an

o f r e l a ti v p o itio e Wi th r e s p e c t to th e s e fo rc e s th o ugh w e m y
s n .
,
a

a c ce p t th e i r e xi te c e a de mo s tr te d f c t y e t w e
n as lw y fe l n s a a ,
a a s e

th a t e ve ry e xpl ti o o f th e me c h ana i m by whi ch b o di e s

n e et an s ar s

i m ti o fo rm
n o n r e l a d di tio to o kn o wle dg
s a a n ur e .

5 6 9 J Th e l e c tr i c urr e t c a
. e o t b e co c e i v e d e x c e p t
c n ki tic nn n as a n e

ph e o me n o
n Ev Fa ra d y w h o c o n sta tl y e d v o ur e d to
n . en a , n n ea

e ma n c i p te h i s min d fr o m th e in flue c e o f th o e
a ugg e tio wh i ch n s s s n s

th e w o r d s e l e ctri c r e t d e l e c tri c fl i d a e to o pt t c rry

’ ’
c u r n an u r a o a

with th e m p ks o f th e l e c tric c rre n t a s s o me thin g pr o g re iv

,
s ea e u ss e ,

a n d n o t a me r e a rra n g e me t n

E x p R es . , 283
 E L E C TR O K I N E TI C S .
[ 570 .

Th e e ffe c ts o f th e c urre n t, s uch as l

r ys is d th tra fe r
e e ct o l ,
an e n s

o f r ific ti o fro m o e
e le ct a n n b o dy t th r o e ll pr o g re i ve
ano e ,
ar a ss

a c ti n s whi c h r e qui r e ti me fo
o r th e i r a c c o mpli h me t a d a e th e re s n ,
n r

fo r e o f th e t r e o f mo tio s
na u n .

A s to th e v e l o ci ty o f th e c rre t w e h a v e h e w th a t w e k o w u n ,
s n n

n o th i g n b o u t it it m y b e th e te th o f
a ,
i c h i n n h o ur o
a n an n a , r

a h d re d th o u s d mi l e i
un a an e co d So f a r s we fr o m
i
s n s n ar

k o wi g its b s o l te v l e i a y c s e th t w e do n o t e ve k o w
n n a u a u n n a ,
a n n

wh e th e r wh a t we c ll th e p o s itive di r e c tio i s th e a c tu l d ire cti o

a n a n

o f th e mo ti o o the r e v e r e
n r s .

B t a l l th t w e
u s u m h r e i s th a t th e e l e ctri c c rr e t i v o lve s
a as e e u n n

mo ti o o f s o me k i d
n Th a t wh i ch i s th e c u e o f e l e c tri c c rr e ts
n . a s u n

ha s be e c l l e d E l e c tr o m ti v e F o r c e
n a Th i m h a s lo g b e e n
o . s na e n

u se d with g r e t a d v ta g e a d h a an e ve r l e d to a
y
,
i c o i t
n e c y as n n n ns s n

i th e l g ge o f s ci e c e
n an ua E le c tr o mo ti v e fo r ce i s a l wa y s to b e
n .

u de r to o d to ct o e le c tri city o ly o t o n th e b o die i wh ich

n s a n n ,
n s n

th e e l e c tr i c ity r e s ide s It i e v e r to b e c o fo u d e d with o r d i a ry

. s n n n n

me ch a ica l fo rc e wh i ch ct o b o die s o ly o t o n th e e l e c tri city

n ,
a s n n ,
n

i th e m
n I f w e e ve r c me to k o w th e f rm l r e l ti o
. o b e twe e n o a a n n

e l e c tri c ity a d o r di n ry ma tte r we s h a l l pr o b bly l o k o w the

na ,
a a s n

r e l a ti b e twe e e le ctr o mo ti ve f rc e a d o r di ry fo rc e
on n o n na .

5 70 J Whe . o rdi ry fo rc e a c t o
n na b o dy d wh e n th e b o dy s n a ,
an

yi e l ds to th e f rc e th e wo rk do e by th e fo r c e i s me a re d by the
-

o ,
n su

pro duct o f th e f rc e i n t th e a mo t by wh i h th e b o dy yie l d

o o un c s.

Th s in th e c s e f w a te r fo r c e d th r o gh a p i p e th e w o rk d o e
u ,
a o u ,
n

a t a y s e ctio n
n i s me s ur e d by th e flui d pr e ss ur e a t th e s e c ti o n
a

multipli e d i n to th e qua ti ty o f wa te r wh i ch c r o s e s th e s e c tio n s n .

I n th e sa me wa y th e wo rk d o e by a n e le c tr o mo ti v e fo r c e i s n

me s re d by th e pr o duc t o f th e e l e c tro mo ti v e fo rc e i to th e qua tity

a u n n

o f e l e tri ity whic h c r o s s e s

c c e cti o n o f th e c o n du c to r de r th e
a s un

a c ti o o f th e e l e c tro mo ti v e fo r c e
n .

Th e w o rk d o e by e l e c tro mo ti ve fo r c e i s o f e x a ctly th e s a me
n an

k i d th e wo rk d o e by a o r di ry fo r ce a d both e me a ure d
n as n n na ,
n ar s

by th e me s t n d rd o u its
sa a a s r n .

P r t o f th e w o rk d o n e by a n e l e ctr o mo ti v e fo r c e a c ti g o
a a n n

c o n d u c ti inr u i t i p t i v r m i th r i t f th
g c c e n o e c s
o gs e e n a c e o e n s s n

c i r c it a n d th i s p a r t o f t h e w o rk i s th e r e by c o v e r te d i t
u , he a t n n o .

An th e r p a rt o f th e w o rk i S p e n t in pr o d c i g th e l e t m g
o s u n e c ro a

n e ti c p h e o me n a o b s e rv e d by A mp er e
n i wh i ch c o d u t rs e n n c o ar
,

ma d e to mo ve by e l e c tr o m gn e ti c fo r c e s Th e r e t o f th e w o r k
a . s

E xp R es . , 16 4 8 .
57 I K I NE TI C E NE RGY .

is s pe re a i g th e ki e ti c e rgy f th e c urr e t d th e
n t in i n c s n n en o n ,
an

e ffe c ts o f thi p a rt f th e a c ti o s e h w i th e p h e o me
o o f th e n ar s e n n n n a

in d ti uc o f c r e t o b e rv d by F a ra da y
on u r n s s e .

W e th r f re k o w e e g h
e o b u t l c tri c c r
n t t r e c g i
nou
e a o e e u r en s o o n s ,

in y ste m o f m t ri l c d c to r ca rry i g c rr t
a s a e dy mi c l
a on u s n u en s, a na a

s y te m wh i ch i th e e a t o f e e rg y p rt o f wh i ch m y be k i e tic
s s s n ,
a a n

a d p r t po t
n ti l
a en a .

Th e t r e o f th e c o n e xi
na u o f th e p r t o f thi y ste m i n ons a s s s s

u k w to
n n o b t s w e h v e dyn mi c l m th o d o f i v ti ga ti o
n .
u s, u a a a a e s n es n

wh ich d o t e q i e kn wl e dg e o f th e me c h i m o f th e yst e m
no r u r a o an s s ,

w e h ll ppl y th e m to thi ca e
s a a s s .

W e h a ll fir t e x mi e th e c o n s q e ce f s mi g th e mo st
s s a n e u n s o as u n

g e r
ne l f r m f
ao t h e fo c ti o w h i h e xp
r e e th e k in e ti c e e rgy o f
un n c r ss s n

th ytm
e s s e .

L e t th e sy te m c o is t o f u mbe r f c ducti g ci r uits

s n s a n o on n c ,

th e fo rm d p iti f w hi ch
an e d e t rmi e d by th
os on v l e of o ar e n e a u s

a y te m f v a r i bl e
s s o th e mbe r f wh i h i e qua l
a s x
l ,
nu o c s

to th e umb e r f d e g r e o f fr e e d m f th
n o y te m e s o o e s s .

I f th e w h o l e k i e ti c e e rg y o f th e ys te m w e r th at d e to th e
n n s e u

mo tio o f th e e c du cto r i t w o l d b e xpr e e d i th e fo rm

n s on s, u e ss n

T l
( v
. x
1 1 a
i ?
l ) 810 + .
( a
'
m 35 a + &c
1 2) 1 2
i
.
,

w h e re th e s ymbo l s ( l
v .
,
d e n o te th e q u an titie s wh i c h w e h a v e
c a ll e d mo me n ts of in e rtia , an d $
2 ,
d e n o te th e pr o d u t o f c s

i n e ti a r .

I f X i s th e i mpr e s s e d fo r ce , te n din g to i n c r e a s e th e r di te
’
co o na ax,

whi c h i s e q ir e d r u to pr o d u ce th e a c tu a l mo ti on ,
th e n , by L gra g e a n
’
s

d dT dT
X
Wh e n T d e n o te s th e en e rgy du e to th e vi ibl e s mo ti o n on ly ,
we
s h a ll i n di ca te i t by th e su ffix m ,
th u s , Tm .

B u t in a s y s te m of co n du c to rs ca rryi n
g l
e e ct ri c cu rr e ts p rt o f
n ,
a

th e ki n e ti c e n e rg y i s du e to th e e xi s te n c e o f th e s e c r e ts
u Let
r n .

th e mo tio n o f th ey th i g wh e mo ti i e l e ct ri ity c ,
an d o f an n os on s

g o v r e d by th t o f th
e n l e ctri i ty b e d e te r mi e d by
a o th e r t e e c ,
n an se

o f c o rdi t nath e T w
esi ll b e a ho m
g e eou f n c ti o n o n s u n
o
g g 1, 2 ,

o f q re s d pr d ct o f a ll th e v e l c iti
ua s an o f th e tw o
o etu f s o es s s o

co o r di te W m y th e re f r di vide T i t th r e po r tio i th
na s. e a o e n o e n s, n e

fi t f w h i ch Tm th e v lo c iti o f th c o rdi te s o ly c r
rs o , ,
e es e o na v
. n o cu ,

whi l e in th e e c d T th e ve lo c itie s o f th c o o r di te s g l y
s on , o ,
e n a on

o cc ur d i n th e th i d Tm
,
an c h te rm c o ta i th pr o d c t o f th e
r , ,
ea n ns e u

v e lo citi e s o f tw c o o di n a te s o f wh ich o e i ac a d th e o th e r g
o r n s n .
 E L E C TRO K I N E TI C S .

We h a v e th e r e fo r e T Tm T Tme ,

wh e r e Tm l
i (
v
. c
o
1 l ) 5 5
1
2
8m .
( ,
w x
2 ) a
i
l
52
5

To
Tm :
( x
l yl )

] 5 72
th e g e ne a d n I
a m i
n c a th e o , t h e c o e f c i e n ts o r l y
f e e l ry fi v ry
r
te m ma y b e f n c ti o n s o f a l l th e c o o di n a te s , u ‘
o th fc a n d g In r b . .

th e c a se o f e e c t ic c e n ts , h o l
e e , it is e a s r
to s e e th a t th e urr wvr y
co o rd i n a te s o f th e l
c a ss
g d o n o t e te r i n n to th e c o e f c ie n fi ts .

Fo r , if r ur e ts e m i t i e d c o s t t n d th e
a ll th e e l e ct i c c r n ar a n a n n an ,
a

c o d c to r s a t r e t th
n u wh o l e s t te o f th e fie ld wil l e m i n c o t t
s ,
e a r a n s an .

B t i th i s c s e th e o o rd i te s g
u n a v ri ble th o gh th e v e l o citie
c na are a a ,
u s

3 ) e
ar c o ta t H ns
e e t h e cn r d i
. te s
g c o t
n c e t e r i t o th e oo na an n n n

e xpr e io f ss T o i to a y o th e r e xpr
n or ,
io r f wh t a c t l ly ta k e s
n n e ss n o a ua

pl a c e .

B e i d e s th i s i v i r tu e o f th e e qu a ti o o f c o n ti n uity if th e co n
s ,
n n ,

d to s
uc e o f th e
r ar a t r e o f l i e r c i r c its o ly o
n va i bl e i s
u n a u ,
n ne r a

r e q ir e d to e xpre s s th tr e gth o f th e rre t i e a ch c o d c t r

u e s n cu n n n u o .

L e t th e v e l o c iti e s g g 8 m r e pr e e t th e tr e gth s o f th e c urr e ts

1, 2 , . s n s n n

i th e s e v e r l c o d uc to r s
n a n

A l l th i w o ul d b e tr e if i te d o f e le c tri c c rr e t w e h d
s u , ,
ns a u n s, a

c urre ts o f n i o mpr e i bl e fl i d r n i g i fl e xibl e tub e s

an nc ss I u u n n n . n

th i s a e th e v e l o c itie s o f th e se
c s c rre t wo ld e te r i to the u n s u n n

e xpr e s i o f s T b t th e c o e ffi i ts w o ul d de p e d o ly o n th e
n or , u c en n n

v ri bl e s wh i h de te rmi th e fo r m d p o itio o f th e t b e s
a a x ,
c ne an s n u .

I n th e c e f th e flui d th e mo ti o as o o f th e fl id i n o e tub e d o e s ,
n u n

n o t d ir e c tly ffe c t th t o f a th e r t be o o f th e fl id i
a i t r u n
y an o u , .

th e v l e o f T n ly th e qu re s o f th e v e l citie g
'

H ce i
en ,
n a u
a ,
d
o s a o s ,
an

n o t th e i r pr d u c t o c c ur a d i
o Tm v l o i t y i so c i t d s as
y s, e c g ,
e n n , an a

on ly w i th th o e v e l o c iti e s o f th e fo r m a} wh ic h b e lo g to i ts o wn
s - n

t beu .

I th e c a e o f e l e tri c l c u r e ts w e k n o w th t th i s r e tric ti o
n s c a r n a s n

do s n o t h o l d f
e th e c rr e t i di ffe r e t c ir cu i ts c t o
, or u e ch o th e r n s n n a n a .

He w e mu t dmi t th e
n ce xi te c e f t r m i v o lvi g pr o d cts
s a e s n o e s n n ,
u

o f th e fo r m g g d thi i v o lv e th e e x i te c
1 2 ,
an f s o me th i g i s n s s n e o n n

mo ti wh o e m ti d e p e d
on , s th e s tr e g th o f b th e l e ctric
o on n s on n o

c rr e t a d Th i m v i m r w h v r i i i t
’

t t
‘

u
g n
gs
l
n
g t te z
. e e s s s o o n a ,
a ,
n

c o fi e d to th e i te r i o r o f th e c o d c to r s c a rryi
n n n th e tw o c urr e n t s,
g n u n

b t pr o b bly e xte d s th r u gh o t th e wh l e p a c e s rr o
u a n di g th e m
o u o s u un n .

L e t u s n e xt c i d e r th e fo r m whic h L gr g e s e q ti n s
’
on s a an ua o

o f mo ti o a s u me i th i L t X b th e i mpr e s s e d fo r c e
’
n s
e n s cas . e e
 5 E LE C TR OMA GN E TI C F OR C E .

rre s p o n din g to th e c o o rdin a te

co o e o f th e w h ich at , n os d e te rmi n e
th e f rm an d po iti o
o o f th e co d c ti ir ui t
s Thi n n u s is a fo r ce
g n c c . s

in th e rdi a ry e e o te den y t w rd h a ge o f p
s ns , a n nc o a s c n o s i ti o n . It
i give by th e e qua ti o
s n n

’
d dT dT
X
d t dac dre
’

W e ma y c o n s id e r thi s fo rce as th e su m o f th r e e p a r ts , co r re

s
po n di n
g to th e th r e e p rt i a s n to w hi ch we di vi de d th e ki n et c i
ene rgy o f th e s s te m, y an d w e ma y di stin gu i s h th e m by th e sa me
s u ffix e s. Th u s ’ ’ '
X X
’
+X +X m .

Th e p rt X m
a
’
i s th a t whi ch de pe n ds on o rdin a ry dyn a mica l co n

s ide ra ti o n s , an d we n eed n o t a tte n d to i t .

S in ce Te do e s n o t c o n ta n i v, th e
. fir st te m r of th e e xpre s si o n

fo r X
’

c
is z e r o, an d i ts vl a ue is r ed uce d to
d T6
da '

Th is i s th e e xpre wh ich mu t b e
s si o n fo r th e me c h a n i c a l fo r c e s

a ppli e d to co d to r to b l ce th e e le c tr o m g e ti fo rc e d i t
a n uc a an a n c ,
an

a sse rt th a t i t i me a s r e d by th e r te o f di mi
s s ti o f th e pur e l y
u a nu on

e l e c t o ki
r ti c e e rgy d e to th e va ri a ti o o f th c o o rdin a te
ne n u Th e n e ac .

e l e c tr o m ti af r X w hi h br i th i e xt r l m e ch i ca l an
g n e o ce c
c g e , e ,
n s s n a

fo rce i to pl y i e qu l a d o p po i te to i t
n a ,
s d i th e r e f r e me a s r e d
a n s ,
an s o u

by th e ra te o f i e e Of th e e l e c tr kin e ti e rgy c o rre p di g

n cr as o c ne s on n

to an i c r e a s e o f th e co o rdi n te a
n Th e v l e o f X in c e it d e pe d a
'
. a u
6 ,
s n s

o n sq re ua d pro d u c t o f th e c ur e n t r e ma i
s an th e sa me if w e
s r s, ns

r e ve r se th e di e c ti o o f a ll th e c ur e t
r ns r n s .

Th e thi d p rt o f X i s
’
r a

d d Tm d Tm
X 27“?
dzo

Th e q u an ti t y Tm co n ta i n s onl y pr o d u cts Of th e fo rm 33g ,

so th a t
d Tme
is a li n e a r fu n c tio n o f th e st e n r g th s o f th e cu rr en ts j . Th e
dx
’

fir st te m , r th e re f r o e ,
de pe n ds on th e r a te o f v ri a i
at o n of th e
r gth
st e n s o f th e cu rr e n ts , an d i n di ca te s a me ch a n ica l fo r c e on

th e u cto r whi h i s e ro wh e n th e c e t a e c o n s ta n t d
co n d , c z u rr n s r ,
an

wh ich is p o itive o e ga tive cc o r din g

s th e c urr e t a r e in
r n a as n s

c re a i g o s n d e c r e a in g i S tre g th
r s n n .

Th e se c o d te rm d e pe d n ot o th e va ri ti o o f th e c rr e n ts n s, n n a n u ,

b ut o th e ir ctu l str e n gth A s it i li e a r f cti o w ith

'

n a a . s a n un n

re spe c t to th e se r e n ts i t c h a n ge s ig n wh e th e c ur e ts ch a n ge
cu r , s n r n
.
 E L E C TROK I NE TI C S .
[ 5 74 .

sig n S in c e e v e ry te rm in v o lve s
. a v l
e o c it y u} ,
it is z e ro wh e n th e
c o n d uc to r s a r e a t r e s t .

We ma y th e r e fo r e i n v e s tiga te th e s e te r ms se pa ra te ly I f th e .

co n d u c to r a e s r at re st ,
we h a ve on l y th e fir s t te r m t d e a l w ith o .

I f th e c urr e t n s a r e c o n s ta n t, w e h a ve on ly th e s e co n d .

A s it i s o f g re a t i mp o r ta n c e to d e te rmin e wh e th e r a n y
p a rt o f th e k i e ti c n e n e r g y i s o f th e fo r m Tm , c o n s i s ti n g o f pr o du c ts

o f o r di ry v e l o c iti e
na d s tr e g th s o f le c tr i c c rre t i t i d e
s an n e u n s, s

s i r bl e th a t e xp e r i me ts
a h o ul d b e m de o th i s s ubj e c t w ith gr e t
n s a n a

ca re .

Th e d e te r mi a tio n O f th e f r c e s c ti g o n b o di s i n r pi d mo tio n o a n n e a

i d iffic l t L e t
s u th e r e fo r e tte d t th fir t te rm w h i c h d e p e d s
. us a n o e s , n

o n th e v ria ti o o f th e S tr e g th f th e urr t
a n n o c en .

I f a y p rt o f th e k i ti c e e rg y d e p d s o
n a th e pr o d c t o f
ne n en n u

o r di ry v e l o c ity n d th e Stre g th o f a
an na a n

c urr e t i t wi ll pr o b a bly b e mo t i ly o h
n ,
s eas

s e rv e d wh e th e v e lo c ity a d th e c urr e t e n n n ar

i th e a me o i o pp o i te d i r e c ti
n We s r n s o n s.

th e r e fo r e t k e c i r c ul r c o i l o f g r e t m y a a a a a an

w i di g d u p e d it by a fi e v e r tic l wi re
n n s, a n s s n n a ,

so th a t its w i d i g s e h o ri o t l a d th e n n ar z n a ,
n

c o il i s c p bl e o f r o t ti g b o u t a ve r ti c l a xisa a a n a a ,

e ith e r i th e s a me d ir e c ti o n th e c urr e t i n as n n

th e c o il i the O pp o ite di r cti o n ,

or n s e .

W e h ll pp o s e th e c urr e t t b e c o ve ye d s a su n o n

i to th e c o il by me o f th e s u p e di g w i r e
n an s s n n ,

d a fte r p s i g r o d th e wi di g to c o m
an ,
a s n un n n s,

l e te i t c ir c ui t by p s i g d o w w r d s th r o h n a
p gs a s n u

a w i r e in th e me l i e with th e s p e d i g sa n us n n

wi re d d ippi g i to c p o f me rc u r y an n n a u .

S i e th e a ti o f th e h o ri o t l c o mp o e t
n c c n o z n a n n

F ig 3 3 .
f t rr .
tr i l m a
g e t i m w
o o u l d te d to e t r
es a n s n u n

th i c o il r o u d a h o ri o t l a x i s wh e n th
s n z n a e

c rr e t fl w
u nth r o gh i t w e h a ll s upp o e th t th e h o r i o t l c m
o s u , s s a z n a o

p e t o f te rr tri l m gn ti m i e xa c tly e tr li e d by me a s
on n es a a e s s n u a z n

o f fix e d ma g e ts o r th t th n xp rime n t i m d t th e ma g e tic
, a e e e s a e a n

o le A v e r ti c l mi rr o r i s a tt ch e d to th e c o i l to de te c t m t i
p . a
y o a an o n

i n a i muth z .

N o w l e t a c urr e t b e m d e to p th r o gh th e c i l i
n th a a ss u o n e

di e c tio n I f e l e c tr ic ity w e r e a fl id l i k e w t r fl o w i g
'

r u a e ,
n

a l o ng th e w ir e th e n t th e mo me t f St rti g th e
, ,
a rr t n d
~
n o a n cu en ,
a as
 5 74 ]
1 H AS AN E L E C TR I C C URR E N T TRU E N U
M OME T M ? 2 01

lo n
g as its v l o c ity i
e s in c re a s n i g , a fo r c e wo ul d re q u re i to be
ppli d to
su e
g pr o d c e th e
l r m m e tuu m o f t h e fl i d i
an p a s i g u a o n u n s n

r u d th e c o il
o n d thi m t b e ,
pp li d by th e l tici ty o f
an as s us su e e as

th e s pe d i su w i r e tnh e c o i l w ul d t fi r t r t t i t h pp i t o a
g n , e e o e s o a n O s

di r e c ti on or d th i wo l d b e d te c te d by me a an of s u e ns

th e mi rr r O to p pi g th e
o . rr t th e r w o uld b e o the r
n s n cu en e an

mo v me t o f th e mi rr o r th i ti me i th
e n me di r e ti a , th a t s n e sa c on s

o f th e rr t cu en .

N O ph e m o o f thi no ki d h a s y e t b e e Ob rv d S ch
en n s n n se e . u an

a ctio i f i t e xi ste d migh t b e e a ily d i ti g i h e d fr m th e a lr e dy

n , ,
s s n u s o a

k o w a c tio o f th e c rr e t by th e f ll o wi g p e c l i riti s
n n ns u n o n u a e .

( )
1 I t w l d o c c ur o lyouw h e th e t r e g th o f t h e c n rr t v r i e n s n u en a s,

a wh e c o t c t i ma de
s n n bro k e
a d s t whe th rr t i or n ,
an n o n e cu en s

c o n s ta n t .

All th e kn o w n me cha n ic a l a c tio n s Of th e c urre n t de pe n d on th e

st e n r gth o f th e cu rr en ts , an d n ot on th e r a te Of v ria a ti o n . Th e
e l e c tr o mo ti ve a c ti o n in th e ca s e o f i n du ce d cu rre n ts can n o t be
c o n fo u n d e d wi th th is e le ct o r ma gn e ti c a ct o n i .

) ( 2 r e c ti o
T h e dif th i ti o w l d b e r e ve r
n do w h e t h a t s ac n ou se n

o f a l l th c rr t i th e fi e l d i r e v e r d
e u en s n s se .

All th k o w me ch i ca l e n ti o o f th e c rr e t
n m i th e sa me
an ac ns u n re a n

wh e ll th c r t e r e ve r e d i c e th e y de p e d o qu re s
n a e u r en s ar s ,
s n n n s a

an d pr d t o f th e e urr e t
o uc s s c n s .

If a y ti o n f thi ki d w e r e d i c o v e r e d w e h o l d b e bl e
ac n o s n s ,
s u a

to r ga rd o e o f th e o c ll e d kin d o f e l e c tri c i ty e i th e r th e p o i ti ve
e n s -
a s , s

th e a ti v e k i d e l ub s ta c d w e h l d b bl n e, an s ou
or
g n e n ,
as a
e a e r a s

to de c ri b e th e e l e c tri c c rr e t
s tr mo tio o f thi b ta c e u n as a ue n s su s n

i a p r ti l r di r e c ti
n a I
cu a f t if e l tri l mo ti o nw e re i .
y n ac ,
ec ca ons n an

w y c o mp r bl e wi th th e mo tio
a a a o f o rd i ry m tte r te r m o f the ns na a , s

f rm Tm w l d e xi t
o , d th e ir e xi te ce w o l d b e m i f te d by
ou s , an s n u an es

th e me h ica l f r e Xm
c an o c e .

A cc o r di g t Fe c h e h yp o th e i th t e l e c tri c c rr e t c
’
n o n r s s s, a an u n on

i t o f tw
s s s eq l c rr t f p o i ti ve d e g ti v e l e c tric ity
o ua u en s o s an n a e ,

fl o wi g i pp o it d ir tio th r gh th e me c d t r th
n n o s e ec n s ou sa on uc o , e

te r m O f th se c o d c l
s Tm wo l d v i h e h te r m b l o g i g
e n as s u an s ,
ac e n n

t th e p o iti v e
o rr t b i g c o mp i d by
s cu eq
en l t rm o f e n a c an e an ua e

opp it S ig b l gi g to th e ga tiv c r e t
os e n e on d th e ph e
n ne e u r n ,
an

n o me d p e di g o
n a th e t r m w o l d h ve
n n o x i te c e
n e se e s u a n e s n .

I t pp e r to m h o w v e r th t wh il w e d r iv e g r t d va n ta ge
a a s e, e ,
a e e ea a

f Om th e r o g itio o f th e m y a l o g ie b e twe
r ec n n th e l c tr i an na s en e e c

cu rr e t d c urre t f m te ri l fl id w m t c r f l ly v id
n an a n o a a a u , e us a e u a o
 E L E C TR O K I N E TI C S .
[ 5 75 .

ma k in g y an w a r
a s su
a n te d mp ti o n
by e xp e r ime ta l e vi de c e
n ot r n n ,

an d th t th e r e i a s
y et o e
pe i m e t l
s, a e v id e c e to h e,w w
n h e th e rX r n a n s

th e e l e c tr ic c ur e t is r e lly a c rr e t O f a m te ri l s b s ta c e o r
r n a u n a a u n ,

a d o b l e c rr e t o
u w h e th e r its ve l o city i gre a t o s m ll a s me a
u n ,
r s r a

su re d i fe e t pe s e c o d
n r n .

A k o wl e dg e o f th e s e thi n g s w o ul d mo n t to t l e a s t th e b e g in
n a u a

h i g n Of s c o mpl e te dy a mi c l th e o ry o f e l e c tr icity i n wh i ch w e
na a ,

s h o l d r e ga r d e l e c tri c l a c ti
u ot s i th i s tr e tis e a s
a
p h e
on ,
n ,
a n a ,
a ~

n o me o d e to a u k o wn c
n n u e bj e ct o ly to th e ge e r l
n n n au s ,
su n n a

l a w o f dyn mi b t
s th e r e l t f k o w
a cs, u mo ti o s O f k o wn
as su o n n n n

p rtio s o f m tt e r i wh i ch o t o ly th e to ta l e ffe cts n d fi l

o n a ,
n n n a na

r e ults b t th e wh o l e i te rme di te me ch i s m a d de ta il s o f the

s ,
u n a an n

m ti o o ta k e
n ,
th e O bj e c ts f t dy
ar e n as o s u .

5 7 5 J Th e e xp ri me t l i v e tig tio
. o f th e s e c o n d te r m o f
e n a n s a n

d Tme
na me ly ls mo r e d iffi cult ,
as i t i n v o lve s th e o b s e rva tio n of
da '

th e e ffe c t o f fo r c e s on a b o dy in ra pid mo ti o n .

F ig 3 4 . .

Th e a pp a r a tu s s h e wn i n Fi g 3 4 , . wh i c h I ha d c o n st ru cte d in
18 6 1, i s i n te n de d to te s t th e e xi s te n c e o f a fo r ce of th i s ki n d .
 E X PE R I ME N T OF R OTA T I O N .

Th e l
e e c tr o ma gn e t A i s ca p bl e a o f ro t a ti n
g a bo u t th e h o iz r ont l a

a xi s B B
’

,
wi thi n a ri n g w h i ch i ts e l f r e vo lv es a bo u t a ve rtica l

L e t A, B , C b e th e mo me n ts
'
o f i n e tia r o f th e l
e e ct o r ma g n e t
a bo u t th e xi o f th e a s c o il , th e h o i z r o n ta l xi a s B B
’

,
an d a th i d r a xi s

00
'
r p e tive ly
es c .

L e t 6 b e th e l wh ich m a k e s w i th th e ve rti l h
’
an
g e 00 ca , 1
( )t e

u o f th e xi B B
im th d p a v ri bl e o w h i c h th e mo ti o n f
’
az a s ,
an \ a a n o

e le tric ity i n th e c il de p d
c o en s .

Th e th e ki tic e e rgy o f th e e l e c tr o ma g
n n e n n et ma y b e w ri tte n
2 T A 43 s i n 2 2
0+ B é 2
0 3
4
2
co s
2

w he re E is a q u ant i ty whi ch ma y b e ca ll e d th e mo me n t o f i n e rtia

Of th e l
e e ct rici ty i n th e co i l .

I f 9 i s th e mo me n t Of th e i m pr e sse d fo r c e te n d i n g to in c r e a s e 9 ,
we h a ve by th e e q
,
u a ti o n s o f d yn a mi c s ,
2

ils
t
G) B
t
{ ( A — C
’
M; 2
S in e co s 6+ E if> c o s 0 ( ds i n d -
mb } .

B y ma k i n g fiP, th e i mpr e s s e d fo r c e te n di n g to in c r e a s e t
a e q a l
,
u

to z e ro , w e o b ta in

i
( ) S n i 9+ ‘’
i 7:
a c o n s ta n t, w hi ch w e ma y c o n s id e r as r e pr e se n tin g th e st e n r g th Of

th e cu rr e n t i n th e c o i l .

If Ci s so me wh a t g re a te r th a n A, G) w ill b e z e ro ,
an d th e e qu i
libri um b o a u t th e a xi s B B
’
wi ll b e Sta bl e wh e n

E 7
s in 6
G— A)
( ¢
Th i s vl e a u o f 0 de p e n ds on th a t f y , th e e le c t i c c
o r urr e n t, an d
is p o iti v e
s or n e
g a ti ve a cc o rdi g to n r
th e d i e c ti o n o f th e c u r r en t .

Th e re cu r n t is l by i t p t B
a s se d th r o gh u th e co i s b e ri ga n s a

an d B wh i h
’
co c te d w ith th
c b tte ry by me
are of prin g s
nn e e a an s s

r bbi g
u m e ta l ri g p l c e d
n o n th e v e r ti l xi s n s a on ca a .

T d te rmi
o th e v l
e f 9 d i k f p p r i pl c e d a t 0
n e a ue o ,
a s o a e s a ,

d i vi de d by d i m te r p r ll e l to B B i to tw p rt o e o f whi ch
’
a a e a a n o a s, n

i p i t d
s a n d d th
e th r g r e e
re an e o e n .

Wh th e i tru m t i i
en m o ti o e d cir l e i s
n s ee t 0 en s n n a r c s n a

wh 6 i p o itiv th r di o f wh i h i di c te o ghl y th v l ue
en s s e, e a us c n a s r u e a

of 0 Wh 6 i e ga tive g re e i rcle i e t 0
. en s n ,
a n c s se n a .

B y m s of t w o rk i g
ean sc re w tta h e d to th e e l e ctr o
n u s n on s a c

ma g e t th e x i 0 0 i djus te d to b e pri ip l xi h vi g ’
n , a s s a a nc a a s a n

i t mo m t o f i e r ti j t e x c d i g th t r o
s en d th
n xi A o a us ee n a un e a s ,
s as
 E LE C TR O KI NE TI OS .
[ 576 .

to ma k e th e in s tr u me n t v e ry se n s i bl e to th e a c ti o n f th e fo r c e
’

if i t e xi sts .

Th e c h ie f xp e rime n ts r o e fro m th e di turbi g

difli cu l ty i n th e e a s s n

o f th e e r th ma g e tic fo r c e whi ch c u e d th e e l e c tr
’
a c ti o n a s n , a s -
o

m g t to a c t l ik e a d ip n e dl e
a ne Th e e l t o b t i e d we r e o this -
e . r su s a n n

a cc t v e ry r o g h b t o e v i de c e o f
oun
yu c h n e in 6
g , o ul d bue n n an a c

o b t i e d e ve
a n wh e a i ro c o re w s i se rte d i th e c o i l o a s
n n n n a n n ,
s

to m k e i t a p o we rf l e l ctr o m g e t
a u e a n .

I f th e r e fo r e a m g e t c t i
,
m tte r i r p i d o t ti o
,
a th e n on a ns a n a r a n ,

an
g l r m
u a o m e t m o f th i o t ti o m nt b e v e ry
u ma ll c o mp r e d s r a n us s a

with y qu ti tie wh ich w e c me re a d w e h v e

an an s
y et o an a su ,
n a as n

e v id e c e o f th
n e x i te c e o f th e te rm 1 d e r iv d fro m th e i r me
e s n s e

c h a n ic a l a c ti o n .

5 76 J . r
Let th e f rce u s a c ti
g ne
o t h xt
e c urr e tc o n s id e
s o s n n n

o f e l e c tr i i ty th t i th e l tr o mo ti v e fo r ce
c ,
a s, e ec s .

L e t Y b e th e e ff c ti v e l e ctr o mo ti v e f r c e d e to i d c ti o
e th e e o u n u n ,

e l e c tr o m ti v e fo r c e w h ic h mu t a c t o n th e
o ir c it fro m w i th o u t s c u

to b a l c e i t i s Y Y d by L a g r g e e qu a tio n
’ ’
an ,
an ,
an s ,

d dT dT

S i n c e th e re are no te rm s in T i n vo lvin g th e co o rdin te g a ,

th e
se co n d te r m i s z e ro ,
an d Y is re d u ce d to i ts fir st te r m He . n ce ,

e l e ct o r mo ti v e fo r c e ca n n o t e xi st in a s y ste m a t r e s t, a n d w i th co n

s ta n t cu rr e n ts .

A g a i n , i f w e d iv ide Y i n to th r e e p rt Ym , 18 , d Yw e ,
7
a s, an co r

re pos n d i n g to th e th r e e p rt a s of T, w e fin d th a t, s in c e Tm do e s n o t
ta in g , Ym
’

co n 0 .

We a l so fin d

ZZ
H e re i — is
l in e a r fu cti o o f th e c urr e ts d th is p a rt o f
a n n n , an
dd
th e l e c tr o m ti v fo r c e i
e q l to th e te o f h g e f this
o e s e ua .
ra c an o

f c ti
un onTh is s th e l e tr o mo ti ve fo r c e o f i d c ti o
. I di c o v e r d
e c n u n s e

by F rad y W e h ll o id e r it mo r e t l e g th fte r w rd
a a . s a c ns a n a a s .

5 7 7 J Fr o m th p rt o f T d e p e di g o v e l o ci tie s m lti pl ie d by
e a ,
n n n u

c rr e t
u n we fi d s Y
Z n
[
we
dt (l
g
No w is a li n ea r fu n c tio n o f th e ve l oc i ti e s o f th e c o n d u c to rs .

I f, th e r e fo r e , an
y te m r
s o f Tm, h a e a n a c t a l e i s te n c e , i t v u x wo ld u

be p o ible to pr
ss l
o d u c e a n e e c t o mo ti e fo c e i n d e e n de n tl r v r p y o f ll a

e x i ti g c urre t by
s n n s si mp ly a l te ri n
g th e ve l o c itie s o f th e c o n d uc to r s.
57 E L E C TR OM OTI VE F OR C E .

Fo r i ns ta n ce , i n th e c a se o f th e s u pes n de d c o il a t A r t 5 5 9 , i f, . wh e n

th e c o il is r e t we s dde l y s e t it i ro t ti a b u t th e v e r tic l
at s ,
u n n a on o a

a xi s, a n e l e c tr o mo ti v f r c e wo l d b e c ll e d i to c ti
e pr po rtio l
o u a n a on o na

to th e a c c e l e ra ti o n f th i mo ti o I t w o l d va i h w h e
o th e s n . u n s n

mo ti o n b ca me u if rm
e d b e r e ve r e d w h e
n o th e m tio ,wa s an s n o n

r e ta rd e d .

N o w fe w fic Ob se rva ti o c a b e ma de wi th g r e te r p e
sc e n i ti ns n a r

ci i s on th a th a t whi c h d e te r mi e th e xi te ce o
n o e xi te c e o f n s e s n r n n -
s n

c rr t by me a of a lva m te r Th
ns e d l i c c y o f thi m e th o d
a u en
g e e a no . a s

fa e x c e d th t o f m t f th e a rr n g e me t fo me a uri n g th e
r e s a os o a n s r s

me c h a i ca l fo r c e a c tin g o a b o d y
n I f th e r e f r e a n y c r e t c o ul d
n .
,
o ,
u r n s

b e pr o d c e d i th i w y th e y wo l d b e d e te te d e ve
u n s a i f th e y w e r e u c ,
n

ve ry fe e ble Th e y wo ul d b e dis ti g i h e d fr m rdi n ry c rre ts

. n u s o o a u n

o f in d ti o by th e fo ll o wi n g c h r c te r i ti c
u c n a a s s .

1) T he y w o l d d e p e d e ti r e ly o u th e mo ti o o f th e c o du c to r
n n n ns n s,

an d i o de gr e e o
n n th e tr e n gth o f c rr e t o n ma g e ti fo r c e s
s u n s r n c

a lre a d y in th e fie l d .

( )
2 Th y w o ul d d e p ee d o t o t h e b o l te v e l o c i ti en f th e co
n n a s u s o n

d touc b t o th e ir c e l r ti o
r s, u n d o s qu r e a d pr o d c ts O f
a c e a n s, a n n a s n u

v e l o citie s a d th e y wo l d c h g e ig w h e th e c e l r ti o b e
,
n u an s n n a c e a n

c o me re ta r da ti o th o gh th e a b o l te ve lo c ity i th a me
s a n ,
u s u s e s .

Now i a ll th e case s n c tua l l y o b s e rv d th e i d c e d c urr e t a e ,

n u n s

d pe d l to ge th e r o
e n a th e tre n g th d th va r i tio o f c rr t i
n s an e a n u en s n

th e fi e l d d ca ,
o t b e e x c i te d i
an fie ld de vo id o f mag e ti fo r ce
n n n a n c

a d n f c rr e ts
o I n so f
u a s th e y d e p e d
n . th e m ti o o f co
ar n o n o n n

d cto r s th e y de p e d o th e a b o lute v e l o c ity

u ,
n d n o t o th e ch a ge
n s ,
an n n

o f v e l o c ity o f th e e mo ti o s s n .

We h ve th u th re e me th o d Of de te c tin g th e e x i te c e f th e
a s s s n o

te rms o f th e fo r m Tm o e o f w hi c h h a v e h i th rto l e d t e
,
n n
y o an

po itive e u l t I h a ve po i te d th e m o t with th g re te r re
s r s . n u e a ca

b e c s it a ppe a rs to me i mp o rt t th t w e h o ul d tta i the

au e an a s a n

g r e a te t m o
s t o f cae rtit d w i t
unh i o r e a ch o a p o i t he u ine n ur n n ar g

s o S tr o gl y o n th e tr e th e ry O f e l e c tr i ity
n u o c .

S i ce h o we ve r
n ,
o e vi d e ce h a s y e t b e e ,
o b ta i n e d o f s u c h t rm
n n n e s,

I h ll
s a w p o ce e d n o th e a mp ti o tha t th e y do
r o n t xi t ssu n n o e s ,

o r a t l e a s t th t th e y pr o d ce o a e ib l e e ffe c t a s s mp ti u whi h n s ns ,
an u on c

will co ide ra bl y impli fy o dy a mi l th e o ry W h ll h ve

ns s ur n ca . e s a a

o c ca s i o h o w e v r i d is c
n ,
i g th e e l ti e , o f mag e ti m to l ig h t
n u ss n r a on n s ,

to h e w tha t th e mo tio
s whi ch c o stitute s ligh t ma y te r n n en as a

fa c to r i to te rms i vo lvin g th e mo ti o n which c o n s ti t t

n n ma g u es

n e tis m .
 C H A P TE R VI I .

T H E ORY OF E L E C TR I C CI R C U I TS .

537 8 ] WE ma
y fi e o tte tio n to th a t p rt o f th e
n ow co n n ur a n a

k i e tic e e rgy o f th e y te m wh ic h d e p e ds o qu re a d pro du cts

n n s s n n s a s n

O f th e s tr e g th o f th e e l e c tri c c rr e t
n s W e m y c ll thi th e u n s . a a s

E l e c tr o ki e ti c E e rgy o f th e y s te m
n Th e p a r t d e p e di g
n th e s . n n on

mo ti o f th e c o d u cto r b e l o g to o r di ry dy mi c s a d w e
n o n s n s na na ,
n

h v e sh e wn th a t th e p a rt d e p e di g o pr o d uc ts o f v e l o c iti e a d
a n n n s n

c urr e ts do e s n o t e x i t
n s .

Let A A 8 m d e o te th e di ffe r e t c o d uc tin g c i r c u its

I , 2 , . Let n n n .

th e i r fo rm n d r e l ti ve p o itio b e e xpr e e d i te rm o f th e v a r ia bl e s
a a s n ss n s

v
.
1,
v .
2
th e u mb e r o f wh ic h i e qu l to th e
,
n umb e r o f d e gr e e s s a n

o f fr e e do m O f th e me ch a i c l s y te m W e s h a ll l l th e e th e n a s . ca s

G e o me trica l V r i bl e s a a .

L e t g d e o te th e qua ti ty f e l e c tr i c ity wh i c h ha s c r o s e d a g i v e n
l
n n o s

s e c ti o o f th e co d c to r A
n i c e th b e g in i g o f th e time t
n u Th e 1
s n e n n .

tr e gth o f th e c rr e t w i ll b d e o te d by g th e fl io o f thi s
’

s n u n e n ux n
l ,

qu tity an .

W e h a ll c l l g th e c t a l c urr e t a d g th i te g ra l c urre t
’

s a a u n n e n n
l 1 .
,

T h e r e i o e v r ia bl e o f thi s ki d fo e a c h c ir c it i th e s y te m
s n a n r u n s .

L e t T de o te th e l e tro ki e tic e e r g y o f th e y te m
n I t ise c n n s s .

a h o mo g e e u f ti o nO f th e
o e c o d d e g re
s with r e p e c t to th e
unc n s n e s

s tr e n g th O f th e c urr e ts a n d i
s o f th e fo rm n ,
s

T ( )
1

whe r e th e o e ffic ie ts I II &C c e f c tio s o f th e g e o me tr ic a l

n , . ar un n

va ri bl e sa 810 Th e e l e c tri c l v a ri bl e s g g do n o t e te r
(17 , $
1 2 , . a a 1, 2
n

i to th e e xpr e i o
n ss n .

W e m y c ll L L 8 m th e e l e c tr ic mo me ts f i e r ti o f th e
a a
I , 2 , . n o n a

ci r c its Au A &c d M th e e l c tri pr o d c t f i e rti o f th e

I , 2 ,
.
, an
2
e c u o n a

two c i r c ui ts A a d A Wh e w e wi h to vo id th e la gua ge o f
1
n
2 . n s a n
5 79 .
J E L E C TR OK I N E TI C MOME N T UM .

th e d yn a mica l the o ry w e h l l ca ll 13 th c o e ffi c i t o f e l f i d cti

, s a
,
e en s -
n u on

o f th e c i r c ui t A d M th e c o e ffi c ie t o f m t l i d uc tio
I , an f th e I2 n u u a n n o

c i r c it A u d A
s M I
i anl o ca ll d th p2t e.ti l f t h e c i r c i t 2
s a s e e o n a o u

A wi th r e pe c t to A
I
T h e e qu titie d e p e d o ly o
s th e fo r m
2
. s an s n n n

a d r e l ti v e p o s iti o
n a O f th e c i r c it W h al l fi d tha t i th e
n u s . e s n n

e l c tr o m g e ti c
e y te m o f me u e m t th e y e q titie f th e
a n s s as r en ar u an s o

di me n s i o n of a lin e . S ee A rt 6 2 7 . .

B y diffe r e n tia ti n g T with r e s p e ct to g , w e o b ta i n th e qu a n tity p l ,

’

whi c h , i n th e dyn a mi ca l the o ry, ma y b e c a lle d th e mo me n tum

c o rr e s p o n din g to I n th e e l e c tri c th e o ry w e s h a ll c a l l p th
g, .
1
e

e l e c tr o ki n e ti c mo me n tu m o f th e c i r c uit A I ts v a l ue i s
I .

P1 L 17 1 + M 12 92 + 8m °

Th e l
r ki n e ti c mo me tu m o f th e c irc it A i s th e re f r e mad e
e e ct o n u
I
o

up o f th e pro d ct o f it o wn c u re t i to it c o e ffi ie t o f lf
u s r n n s c n se

i duc ti o
n to g e th e r w ith th e u m o f th pr o d c t o f th e c u e t
n ,
s e u s rr n s

in th e o th e r c ir c i ts e ch i to th e c o e ffi ci e t o f mutua l i d c tio
u ,
a n n n u n

o f A a d th a t o th e r c ir c i t
n u .
I

E l e c h o mo ti v e Fo r c e .

L e t E b e th e i mpr e s s e d l
r mo ti ve f rc e i th e C irc i t A
579 .
J e e ct o o n u ,

a r i i g f o m o me ca s e
s n r s u ,
su h a s a v lta i c th e r mo l e c tric b tt e ry
c o or e a ,

whi ch w o ul d pro duce a c urr e t i n de p e de tly

n f ma g e to e l e c tr i c n n o n -

i n ducti on .

L e t R b e th e r e i s ta c e o f th e c i r c ui t th e by O h m s la w ’
s n ,
n , ,
an

e l c tr o mo ti v e fo rce R g i s r e qui e d to o ve r c o me th e r e i ta c e
‘

e r s s n ,

l e v i g n l e c tr o mo ti ve fo rce E — R g a va il bl f ch a gi g th e
a n a e
’

a e or n n

mo me tu m o f th e ci r c uit C a l li g th i s fo rce Y w e h a v e by th e
’
n . n , ,

ge n e ra l e qu a tio dTn s,

b u t sin ce T do e s i n v o lv e g , th e l a s t te r m dis a pp e a r s
n ot .

H e n c e , th e e qu a ti o n o f e l e c tr o mo ti ve fo rc e i s

Y
23
’ 1
E Rg
‘

-
: ,

Jr

T h e im m m l r
o ti v e fo r ce E i s th e r e fo r e th e s u m o f tw o
e s s e d e e ct o
’

pa rts . Th e firs t, R g i s r e qui r e d to ma in ta in th e c urr e n t 3} a ga in s t

’

th e re si s ta n c e R . Th e se c o n dp a rt is r e qui r e d to in c re a s e the e l e c
tr o ma g n e tic mo me n tu m p . This i s th e e l e ctr o mo ti v e fo r c w hi ch e

mu s t b e s u ppl i e d fr o m s o u r ce i de p e d e t O f ma g e to e l e c tri c
s n n n n -
 LI NE A R CI R C U I TS .
[5 8 0 .

i n d u c ti o n . T he l
e e ct o r mo tive fo rc e a ri i s n
g f r o m ma g n e to -
l
e e ct ric
dn
in d u ctio n a lo n e is e vide tly n ’ o r, the r a te
of d e cr e a s e f
o the
dl
e l e c tr o h n e ti c i mo me n tu m of the c ir c u it .

E l e c tr o ma gn e tic Fo r c e .
1

Le t X
'
b e th e i mpr e s s e d me c h a n ic a l fo r c e ari si n g fr o m
exte r l c na a u se s , an d te n d i n g to i n c r e a s e th e va ri a ble v
. . B y th e
ge e r l q
n a e u a ti o n s
d dT dT
dt da da
‘
'

S in c e th e e xpre s s io n fo r th e l
e e ct o r ki n et c e n e i rg y d o e s n o t c o t i n a n

th e ve l o c it y (d ) ,
th e fir st te mr o f th e se c o n d me mb e r di s a pp e a r s ,

an d w e fin d dT
da '

H e r e X i s th e
xte r a l fo r ce re qui re d to b a l a c e th e f r ce s a ri si g
’
e n n o n

fr o m e l e c tr ic l c es I t is us u l to c o s i d r th i f r ce a th e
a au s . a . n e s o s

r e a ctio a ga i t th e e l e c tro m g e ti c fo rc e wh ich w e sh a ll c a ll X

n ns a n , ,

a d whic h i e qua l a d o pp o s i te to X
'
n s n .

dT
H e n ce X “—
Cl5

or, the e l e c tr o ma gn e tic f o r ce te n di ng to i n cr e a s e an

g v a r i a bl e is e gu a l
to the r a te o
f i n cr e a s e o
f the e l e c tr o hi n e ti c e n e rg
g p e r un i t i n cr e a se of
tha t v a r i a bl e , the cu r r e n ts b e in g ma i n ta i n e d c o n s ta n t .

I f th e cu rr e n by a b a tte ry d ri g a
ts ar e ma i n ta i n e d c o n s ta n t u n

d i s pl ce me n t i w h ich a qu a tity W o f w o rk i s do e by e l e ctr o

a n n , ,
n

mo tiv e fo rc e th e e l e c tr o ki e ti c e e rgy o f th e sy s te m wi l l b e t th e
,
n n a

s me ti me i
a re e d by W H e c e th e b a tte ry will b e dr wn up o n
nc as . n a

fo a d o bl e q
r tity o f e e rgy o 2 IV i
u u andditio t th a t w hi c h i s n ,
r ,
n a n o

S p e t i g e ra ti g h e t i th e c i r c uit This w a s firs t p o i te d o u t

n n en n a n . n

by Si W Tho ms o r
*
C o mp a r e th i r e lt w ith th e e l e c tr o s ta ti c
. n . s su

pro p e r ty i A r t 9 3 n . .

Ca s e f
o Two C i r cu i ts .

L e t AI b e lle d th e Pri ma ry C ir c u it a d A th e S e c o da ry
ca ,
n
2
n

C ir c uit . Th e e l e ctr o k i e tic e e r y o f th e s y s te m m

g n
y bne w r i tte a n

T + M 9172 + N 9 2 2
:

wh e r e L an d N are th e fi
c o e f c i e n ts o f s e lf- i n duc ti o n of th e pri ma ry
Ni h l c o
’
s C ycl op a e d i a o f P h ysi c a l S ci e n ce, e d. 18 6 0 , A r ti cl e , M a gn e ti sm, D y
na mi l R l
ca e a ti o n s O f.
’
 T WO CI R C U I TS .

an d se co n da ry ci cu r its r e p e c ti v ly
s e , an d M i s th e c o e f ci e n fi t o f th e i r
mutua l in d u c ti o n .

Let ppo e th t o e le c tr o mo tive f rc e

u s su s a n o a c ts o n th e s e co n da ry
c i r c i t e xce p t th a t d e to th e i d c ti o n
u of u n u th e prima ry c urre n t .

W e h a ve th e d n
E2 R 2 92 0 °

I n te g r at n i g th i e qu s a ti o n wi th r e p e ct to s t, w e h a ve
R g 2 + M g1+ N g 2 0 , a c o n s ta n t,
°

wh e r e g z
is th e i n te g ra l c u rr e n t in th e s e c o n d a ry c ir c uit .

Th e me th o d o f m e a s u r in g
urr e t o f h o rt d ur tio an i n te g ra l c n s a n

will b e de c r ib e d in A t 7 4 8 d i t i e a s y in mo t c se s to e r
s r . an s s a n su e

th t th e d ur a ti o o f th e e c o da ry c rre t sh l l b e v e ry h o rt
a n s n u n a s .

L e t th e v l o f th e v r i a bl e qu a uestiti e s i th e e q a ti o a t th e a an n u n

e d o f th e ti me t b e a c c e te d th e
n if g i s th e i te gra l c urr e t n ,
n , z
n n ,

or th e wh o l e q tity O f e l e c tr i i ty w hi c h fl o w s th ro gh a e c ti
u an c u s on

o f th e s e co d ry c i r c u i t d ur i th ti m e t
gn e a n ,

132 3’s M 91 + N d2
I f th e se co n da r y
ris e s e ti e ly fro m i du c ti o it i i ti l
cu r re n t a n r n n ,
s n a

v lu e 37 mu t b e e r o if th e pr ima ry c urr e t i s c o ta t a d the

a
2
s z n ns n ,
n

c o d c to r s
n u t r e s t b e f r e th e b e g i
a i g o f th tim e t o n n n e .

I f th e timc t i ffic i e t to a ll o w th e se c o da ry c urr e t to d i e

s su n n n

a wa y i fi l v lu i l r h a t th e e qua ti o b c o me s
’
t t
’

g , s a z e
, o e on S O a e ,
s a s z ,
n

Th e i n te gra l c ur e t o f th e r n se c o n da ry ci c r u it d e p e n d s i n thi s ca s e

th e i n i tia l a n d fin a l v l e s f M yl
'

on a u o .

I n du c e d C u r r e n ts .

582 .
J Let us b e gi n by s upp o si g n th e prima ry r u it b o k e
ci c r n ,

or g, O, an d le t c urr e n t
a
g b e e
’

l
'
s ta bli sh e d in i t wh e n c o ta ct n

i s ma d e .

Th e e qu a ti on wh i c h d e te r mi n e s th e s e co n da ry i n te gr a l c ur r e n t is

Wh e r uit a e pla c e d i de by si de a n d in th e sa me di rce

n th e ci c s r s ,

tio n , M is po itiv qua tity H e ce wh e co n ta ct i s ma d e i

a s e n . n ,
n n

th e pri ma ry ci c uit a e ga tive c u e t i s in du ce d in th e e co da ry

r , n rr n s n

r
c i c u i t.

W h e n th e co n ta c t i s br o k e in th e pri ma ry ci rc uit
n ,
th e pri ma r y
c ur e t c ea se
r n s, an d th e i n d u c e d c u r e t i g wh e r e r n s
z

Th e se c o n da ry c urr e n t i s i n thi s ca se po s iti ve .

VO L . II . P
 LI NE AR CI R C U I TS .

I f th e prima ry ur c ren t i s ma i n ta in e d c o n s ta n t, a n d th e fo m r or

i ve po s i ti o n f th e ci c r ui ts re d
a l te M b e c o me s M
’
r e la t o so th a t ,
th e
i n te g r a l se c o n d a ry c ur r e n t is gz , wh e r e
Raf a (ZM— M ”
i

lf l
I n th e ca s e of tw o ci cr uit pl s a ce d s by s i de d i th e me
ide an n sa

di re ctio n M di min is h e s as th e dis ta n ce b e tw e e th

e c i r c its i n u n

r
c e a se s . H e n c e , th e i n duc e d c urr e n t i p o itiv e wh e thi s di s ta c e
s s n n

i s in c re a se d a n d ne gative whe it i dimi ish e d n s n .

Th e s e are . th e e l e me n ta r y c a se s o f i d u c e d c urr e n t n s de s c ri be d i n
Ar t 5 3 0 . .

M e cha n ica l A ctio n be twe e n the Two C i r cu i ts .

Le t f
beth e g e o me tri c a l va r i a bl e s o n w hi c h
y n an one o

th e fo r m a n d r e la tiv e p o s itio n o f th e c ir c uits de p e n d , th e e l e c tr o

.

ma gn e ti c fo r c e te n di n g to in c r e a s e a is
dL dM dN
X i 2
59 2 2
o o o o

-
v
ii + 9 19 2 +
dw dd do:
I f th e mo ti o n ys te m c o r e s p o di g to th e va ria tio o f
of th e s r n n n a
'

i s uc h th a t e c h c i r c ui t mo v e s s a ri gi d b o dy L a d N w i ll b e
s a a ,
n

i de p e n de n t o f w a d th e e qu a tio w ill b e e d u c e d to th e fo rm
n ,
n n r

!
X 9 192
f
ig?
H e n c e , i f th eprima ry a d s e co n d ry c urre n ts a e o f th e sa me n a r

ig
s th e f r c e X which a c ts b e twe e n th e c i r c u its wi ll te d to
n ,
o , , n

m v e th e m s o a s to i c r e a s e M
o n

I f th e c i rc uit a e pl a c e d s i de by Sid e s r d th e c urr e n t fl o w i ,

an s n

th e sa me d i r e c tio M wil l b e i c r e a s e d by th e i r b e i g br o gh t
n , n n u

n e re r to t h r H t h f r X i i th i tt ti
a
g e e e ce e o c e
. s s canse a a a c o n n r n .

5 8 4 ] Th e w h o l e o f th e p h e o me n a O f th e mu tua l c ti o O f tw o n a n

c ir c ui ts wh e th e r th e i d u c ti o n o f c urr e t
, o th e me ch a n ica l fo rc e
n n s r

be twe e th e m de pe n d o th e q u a ti ty A
n , W wh i ch w e h a ve c a ll e d th e
n n ,

c o e ffi c i e t o f mutu l i d cti o n
n Th e me th d o f c l c ul ti g th i s
a n u . o a a n

q a tity fr o m th e ge o me tri ca l re la tio n s o f th e C ir c its is gi ve i

u n
“

u n n

A r t 5 2 4 b u t i th e i n v e s tiga ti o n s o f the n e xt c h a p te r w e sh l l
.
, n t a no

a ss ume k n o wl e d ge o f th e ma th e ma tica l fo m o f this qua n ti ty

a r .

W e Sha ll c o id e r i t a d e d c e d f o m e xp e rime ts o i du ctio

ns s u r n n n n ,

as fo
,
i n s ta n c e by o bs e rvi g the i n te g a l c urr e t w h e
r , nth e r n n

se c o da ry c i r c i t i
n s u dd e n l m
u v d from gi v i ti o t o n an
y o e s e po a n s

i fi ite d i s ta n c o to
n n
y p o s i t
ei o n i n wh ic h w e k o w th a t M
,
r an O n .
 C H A P TE R VI I I .

E X PL O R A T I O N O F TH E F I E LD B Y ME A NS O F TH E S E C OND A RY
C I R C UI T .

585 .
J W e h a ve
pr o ve d in A r ts 5 8 2 5 8 3 5 8 4 th a t th e e l e c tro .
, ,

ma g e ti c a cti o b e twe e
n th e pri ma ry a n d th e
n e c o d ry c i r c it n s n a u

d e p e d o th e q
n s ti ty de o te d by M wh i c h i s
n u an fu cti o o f th e n a n n

f rm a d r e l ti ve p o i tio o f th e tw o c i c uit
o n a s n r s.

A l th o ugh th is qua tity M i i f c t th e a me a s the p o te ti l

n s n a s
i
n a

o f th e tw o c i r c i ts th e ma th e ma ti ca l fo rm a n d pr o p e rti e o f wh i h
u ,
s c

w e d e d ce d i A rts 4 2 3 4 9 2 5 2 1 5 3 9 fr m m g e ti c a d e l e ctr
u n .
, , , o a n n o

ma g e ti c ph o me
n we h a ll h e e ma k e n o r e fe r e c e t th e e
en n a, s r n o s

r e sul t b t b e gi g i fro m a e w fo un da tio with o u t y

s, u n a a n n n ,
an

a ss u mp tio e xc e pt th o se o f th e dy a mi ca l th e o ry a s s ta te d i
ns n n

C h a p te r V I I .

Th e e l e c tr o ki e tic mo me t m o f th e s e c o n da ry c ir c uit c o s i ts
n n u n s

O f tw o pa rts ( A r t o e Mi de p e din g o th e prim ry c rr e t

. n ,
.
1 n n a u n

i wh il e th e o th e r Ni de p e d s o
l , th e s e c o d r y c ur r e t i
,
We
z ,
n n n a n
2
.

ar e o w ton i ve ti ga te th e fir t o f th e s e p rt
n s whi ch we h a l l s a s, s

d e o te b y p Wh e r e
n
M
p
, i ( )
1 l
.

We sh a ll s upp o
prim ry c i rc ui t fix e d a n d th e prim ry
a lso se th e a ,
a

cu re t c o sta t Th e q tity p th e e l e c tr o kin e tic mo me n t um o f

r n n n . uan ,

th e se c o d a ry ir c uit w ill i n th i c e de p d o ly o
n c ,
th e fo rm s as en n n

an d po iti f th s
ec d ry c i c it s o th t i f
on O e
y clo e d
s urvone a r u ,
a an s c

b e t ke f a th se c d a ry c i r c u it
n or d if th e di r e c ti o
e on l o g th i ,
an n a n s

c rv e wh i c h i s to b e r e k o e d p o iti ve b e ch o e
u , th e v l fp c n s ,
s n , a ue o

fo th i s c lo e d c rve i d e te rmi n te
r s I f th e O pp o si te d i r e c ti o
u s lo g a . n a n

th e c rve h a d b e e
u ch o e th e p o si ti ve di r e c ti o
n th e S ign o f s n as n ,

th e qua ti ty p w o ul d h a v e b e e n re ve r e d
n s .

5 8 6 J S in c e th e qu tity p d p e n ds o
. th e fo r m d p o iti o
an e n an s n

o f th e c i r c uit w e ma y s upp o s e tha t e a c h po rti o

, o f th e c i r c i t n u

P 2
 E L E C TRO M A GN E TI C F I E LD . 8
5 7 .

co n r bute s o me thi g to the va lu e o f p a d th a t th p rt c o

t i s n ,
n e a n

tri b te d by e a h p o r ti o
u o f th c i r c u it d e p d o n th e f rm d e c en s n o an

p o i tio o f th a t po rtio o ly d t o th e p itio o f o th e r p rt

s n n n ,
an no n os n a s

o f th e c i r c u it .

Th is a ump tio i s l e giti ma te b e c

ss n e we e ot o w co i de r i g ,
aus ar n n ns n

a e t th e p a r ts o f wh i c h m
cu r r n d i d d d ct e
, y a e o o a ,
n n e , a o n n an

o th e r b t a me r e i
,
u i t th a t i a c l o e d c rv e al o g w hi ch
c r cu , s, s u n a

c urr e t m fl ow d thi i p r ly m t ri l fig r th p r t
n
g a s s e
,
an
g e o e e a u e ca u ,
a s

o f wh i c h c o t b e c o c e i v e d to h a ve
an n p hny s i c a l a cti o e a ch n n
y o an

o th e r .

W e m y th e e fo re a me th t th e p a r t c o trib te d by th e
r a ss u a n u

e l e me t d n o f th e c i r c i t i
s s wh e re J i a q u ti ty de p e di g
s ,
s u an n n

o n th e p o iti o a d d ir e c ti o
s o f th e
n nl e me t d s H e ce th e v lu e n e n . n ,
a

o f p ma y b e e xpr e s s e d a s a l i e i te g l n -
n ra

wh e r e ra tio i to b e e xte de d o ce r o d th e ci rc it
th e i n te g n s n n un u .

5 8 7 J W e h a ve
. e xt to d e te r mi e th e f r m o f th e q
n ti ty J n o u an .

I n th e fir st pla ce i f d s i s r e v e r e d i dir e c ti , J i s r e ve r e d i s n o n ,
s n

S ig H e ce i f tw o c i r c uits AB OE a d AE CD
n . n ,
'
n

h a v e th e c A E C c o mmo b t r e c ko e d i ar n ,
u n n

o pp s ite d ir e cti o i n th e tw o c ir c its th e s m

o ns u ,
u

o f th e v a lu e of p f th e tw o c i rc its A B OE s or u

Fi g 3 5 .
a d AE CD will b e e qu l to th va l e o f p fo
n a e u r

th e c i rc it A B C D u wh i ch i s ma de p f th e tw o c irc i ts
,
u o u .

Fo th e p a r ts o f th e li e i n t g r l de p di g o th e
r c AE O
n e
-
e a en n n ar ar

e qu a l b t o f pp o ite S ig i the tw o p rti l c i rc u it s o th t th e y

u o s n n a a s, a

de tr o y e a c h o th e r wh e th e s m is ta k e l e vi g o ly th o e p rt o f
s n u n ,
a n n s a s

th e li e i te g r a l wh i ch d e p e d o
n -
n th e e xte r a l b o u d ry o f A B CD n n n n a .

I th e s a me w y w e m a y s h e w th t if
n a urf c e b o u de d by a a s a n a

c l o s e d c rv e b e d iv ide d i to a y
u u mb e r o f pa rt a d i f th e n n n s, n

b o u da ry o f e a ch o f th e e p rt b e c ide r e d s c irc it the

n s a s on s a a u ,

p iti ve dire tio o u d ve ry c ir cuit b e i g th e S me a s th a t r o u d

os c n r n e n a n

th e e xte r l cl o s e d c urv e th e th e v lu e O f p fo th e c l o se d c v e i s
na ,
n a r ur

e q a l to th e
u m o f th e va lu e s o f p fo r ll th e c ir c its S e e A t 4 8 3
su a u . r . .

Le t s w c o i de r a p o r ti o n o f a s urf c e th e d i me s i o s
u n o n s a ,
n n

o f whi ch e o m ll wi th r pe c t t th e pr i ci p l r a d ii o f c rv t r
ar s s a es o n a u a u e

o f th e s u f c e th a t th e v r i ti o
r a o f th e d i r e c ti o o f th e o rm l
a a n n n a

with i n th i s p o rtio m y b e e gl e cte d We Sh a l l l o s pp o e th a t

n a n . a s u s

i f a y v e ry s ma l l i r uit b e c a rr i d p a r ll e l to i ts e l f fro m o e p a rt
n c c e a n

o f th is s ur fa c e to a o th e r th e v l u O f p f n th e s m l l ci rc u i t i
,
a e or a s
 A DD I TI O N OF CI R C U I TS .

n o t se n s i bly a l te re d Thi wi l l vide . s e n tl y be th e ca se i f th e dime n

i
s on s o f th e p o r ti o f rf c e n o su a are s ma ll eno ug h co mp a re d w ith
i ts di s t e fr m th e pri m ry
an c ir i t
o a c cu .

'

If a n
g c lo se d cu r v e be dr a wn on th w po r ti o n f
o th e f
su r ace, the
lu e i l l b i a l to i ts a r e a
va
fp
o w e p p
r o o r t o n .

Fo r r
th e a e a s o f a n y tw o c i c u its r ma y b e di vide d i n to s ma ll
e le me n ts a ll o f th e sa me d ime n s i o n s , d h a in g th e
an v sa me vl a ue

o f p . Th e a re a s o f th e tw o r
c i c u i ts a r e as th e n u m be r s o f th e s e
e e l me n ts w h i c h th e y co n ta i n , an d th e vl a u es o fp fo r th e tw o c i cu r its
a r e a l so i n th e sa me pro p o rti o n .

H e n ce , th e vl a ue o f p fo r th e ci c r u i t wh i c h b o u n ds an y e e l me n t
rtS o f a su rf a ce is of th e fo m r Id S ,

wh e r e I i q s a u an y de p e di g o th e p o
tit n n n s i ti o n o f dS an d on th e
d i r c ti o o f its
e n n o rm l We h ve th e re f re
a . a o a ne w e xpr e s io s n fo r p ,

( )
3

wh e r e th e do u bl e i n te g ra l is e x te n de d o ve r a n y s ur fa ce b o u n de d by
th e r
ci c u it .

58 9 .
J L e t A B CB wh i c h A C i be a ci c r ui t , of s an e le me n ta ry
p rti
o o ma ll th t i t ma y b e c o si de r e d tr ig h t
on , s s a n s a .

L e t APB d C QB b m ll e qu l an eas i th e e s a a ar n

same p l a e th e th e v l e o f p wi ll b e th e sa me
n ,
n a u P

for th e m ll c i r c u it AP B a d C Q B o
s a s n ,
r

zMA PB =
) rN Q
0 B l
H e n ce p ( A P B Q CD ) p ( A B Q C B )+ p (A PB ) ,

19
( A B Q CD ) i f C B
( Q ) ,

, Fig 3 6
j
. .

or th e va l ue of p i s n o t a l te r e d by th e s u b s ti tuti o n o f th e c r o o k e d

l in e AP Q C fo r th e stra i gh t li n e A C , pr o vi d e d th e a re a o f th e c i r c u it
is n o t se n si bly a l te re d . Th i s , i n fa c t, i s th e pri n ci pl
bli h e d
e e s ta s

by A mpere s e c o d e xpe rime t (A t ’

s n n r . i nwhi ch c r o o ke d a

po rtio o f c irc ui t i h e w to b e e q u ival e

n a s s n n t to a tra igh t p o rti o n
s

pro vi de d o p rt o f th e ro ke d p o rtio i
n a c o n s a t a se i bl e di ta n ce
ns s

fro m th e tr i gh t p o rti s a on .

I f th e r e f r e w e b tit te f th e e l e me t ds thre e s ma ll e l e me ts
o su s u or n n ,

d c dg a d d
, ,
dr wn i n u c ce s si o s oz to f r m a c o ti
,
a o us n s n ,
as o n nu

p th fr o m th e b e g i n i g to th e d Of th e e le me t ds a d if
a n n e n n ,
n

Fd G dg a d H d d e o te th e e l me t o f th e l i e i n te gra l c o
zc , ,
n z n e n s n - r

r e po di g to dc dg d d r e s p e ctive ly th e
s n n , ,
an z ,
n
 E LE C TR O M AGN E TI C F I E LD .
[5 9 0 .

59 0 .
J W e are n ow a bl e to de te r min e th e mo de i n wh i c h th e
q u an ti t y J d e p e n ds on th e di re c ti o n o f th e l
e e me n t ds . Fo r ,
by dx dg dz
J F + G +H 5
ds ds ds
T his i s th e e xpre s
r e so lve d p r t i th e dire ctio o f d
si o n fo r th e a ,
n n s,

Of v e ct r th e c o mp e ts o f wh ic h r e lve d i the dire c ti o o f

a o ,
on n , so n ns

th e x e o f a
g a d z s a e B G a n
a), d H r e
,
p e c t
ni v e ly ,
r , ,
s .

I f th i v e cto r b e d e o te d by 91
s d th e v e c to r fro m th e o r ig i
n ,
an n

to a p o i t o f th e c i r c i t by p th e e l e me t o f th e c ir c u it w il l b e dp
n u ,
n ,

an d th qu te r n i o n e xpr e s s io fo J wi ll b e
e a n r

8 Qtdp .

We ma y no w wr ite e qu at on i ( )
2 i n th e fo r m

Z
C
+ G Z + H ds ,
ds

or p

The ve cto r Qi an d its c o n s ti t ue n ts E G, H d e p e n d on th e po s iti o n

o f ds i n th e fi e ld , and n ot on th e d i re c tio n in wh i c h i t i s d r w a n .

Th e y are th e r e fo r e fu n c ti o n s of x , g ,
e ,
th e c o o r di a te s O f d n d s, an

n ot o f l, m, n ,
i ts d i r e c tio n -
c o sin e s .

v e cto r Qt r e pr s e ts i dire c ti o n d m g i tu de th e time

Th e e n n an a n

i te gr l o f th e e l e tr o mo ti ve f r c e wh i c h a p a r ti c l pl ce d t th e
n a c o e a a

p o i t ( g 2 ) w o ld e xp e r ie c e if th e pr im ry c rre t we re d
n v,
.
,
u n a u n su

d e ly s to pp e d
n We h a ll th e re fo r e c ll i t th e E l e ctr o ki e tic M o
. s a n

me t m t the p o i t ( g
n u a I t is i de n tic l w ith th e q a tity
n v
.
, , a u n

wh ich w e i ve s tiga te d i A t 4 0 5 u de r th e a me f th e v e c to r
n n r . n n o

p o te tia l o f ma g e tic i du ctio n

n n n .

Th e e l e c tro k i e tic mo me tu m f a y fi ite l in e o r c i r c uit i th e

n n o n n s

l i e i te gra l e x te de d a lo g the li e o c ir c it o f th e r e s lve d

n -
n ,
n n n r u ,
o

p a r t o f th e e le ctro kin e ti c mo me tu m a t e a c h po i t o f th e s a me n n .

59 1J L e t s e x t d e te rmi n e th e v l e o f . u n a u

p f o r t h e e l e me ta ry r e c ta n
g l e A B CD f n ,
o

wh ich th e Side s a e dg a d d th e p o itive r n z ,

s

d ir e c ti o n b e i g fr o m th e dire c tio o f th e n n

a x i o f g to th a t o f s 23
.

L e t th e c o o r di te s o f 0 th e ce tre o f na ,
n

gra vity o f th e le me t b e n g s d le t e n , o , o , o ,
an

G H b e th e va l u e s o f G a d o f H a t th i s O, o
n
Fi g 3 7 . .

po i t n .

The c o r di n a te s o f A th e middle p o i t o f the fir t s ide o f th e

o ,
n s
 MA GN E T I C I NDU C TI O N .

re c ta gl n e ,
are go an d z
o
dz . Th e co rr e p o n di g va l
s n ue o f

1d G

2 dz

an p rt o f
d th e a th e va l
. ue o fp which a ri se s fro m th e s i de

a ppro xi m te l y a 1
2

1
S i mi la l ry ,
fo r B ,
H 5 d2 + -

Fo r B ,
-
H 0 de +
5 dz .

A ddin g th e s e fo ur qua n titie s, w e fin d th e va lu e o f p fo r th e

re c ta n
g l e
dG
17
dz
I f we n o w ass ume th re e n ew qua n titi e s , a ,
b, c, s u ch th a t

dE dG
dg dz
dF dH
dz da '

( ZG dF
do: dg
a n d c o n s i de r th e s e as th e c o n s tit e n u ts o f a n e w ve c to r 23 th e by ,
n ,

Th e ore m I V A r t 2 4 w e m y , .
, a e xpr e th e lin e i te g a l o f QI r o u d
ss -
n r n

a y n i r c i t i th e fo r m o f th e
c u n sur fa c e i te g ra l o f Q5 o ve r s fac e
-
n a ur

b o u de d by th e c i rc it th u s
n u ,

da '

@ c dz
E
+ G
ds
+H -

ds
—
) ds ( )
11

Q[ co s e ds n d S , ( )
12

wh e r e gl e be twe e Qi a n d ds a d n th a t be twe e n T a d
e i s th e an n ,
n n

th e o rm l to d S w h o s e di r e c ti o c o i e s a r e l m n a n d T Q[ T
n a , n -
s n , , , ,

d e o te th
n m e r i c a l v lu e s o f Q[
e n u d a an

C o mp rin g th i r e su l t with e qu a ti o
a i t i s vi de n t th a t th e
s n e

qu a ti ty I i th t e q a ti o n i s e q a l to 53 co q o r th e re so lve d p rt
n n a u u s ,
a

of o m l to d S
n r a .

5 9 2 J W e h a v e a l re a dy e e n (A rts 4 9 0 5 4 1) th a t a c c o rdi g to
. s .
, ,
n

F ra d y s th e o ry th e ph e o me n O f e l e c tr o ma gn e tic fo rc
a a
’

,
d n a e an
 E L E C TR OM AGN E TI C F I E LD .
[ 59 3 .

i n du cti o n i n r uit d p e n d o n th e v r i tio o f th e mb e r o f

a ci c e a a n n u

li n es o f m g e ti c i n d uc ti a wh ic h p th ro gh th e c i rc uit N o w
n on a ss u .

th e n mb e r o f th e e l i e
u i e xpr e s e d m th e m ti c ll y by th e
s n s s s a a a

s rf c e i te g r l o f th e
u a -
n m g e ti i d c ti
a th ro gh y r f c e a n c n u on u an su a

b o de d by th e c i rc uit H e c e w e mu t e ga r d th e ve c to r T
un . n ,
s r

an d i t c o mp o e t
s b a s r e pr e e ti g w h t w
n n s a e , l r e a dy,
c s n n a e ar a

a c qu i te d w ith
a n s th e m g e ti c i d c ti o a d i t c o mpo e t a n n u n an s n n s .

I th e pr e s e t i ve s ti g ti o w e pr p o s e to de d c e th e pr o p e rti e s
n n n a n o u

o f th i ve c to r fro m th e dy mic al pri cipl e

s s t te d i th e l t na n s a n as

c h a p te r w i th a s f w a pp e l s to e xp e r i me t
,
p s ib l e
e a n as os .

I i d e n tifyi g th i v e ct r wh i c h h s a pp e r e d s th e r e s ul t o f
n n s o ,
a a a

a ma th e ma tic a l i n v e s tig ti o with th e m g e tic i d c ti o th e a n ,

a n n u n ,

pr o p e rtie s O f whi h we l e a r e d fr o m e xp e r ime ts o m g e t w e

c n n n a n s,

d o n o t d e p a r t fr o m th i s me th o d fo w e i tr o d c e o n e w f t i t ,
r n u n ac n o

th e th e o ry w e o l y g iv e a ,
m e to a m th e m tic l q
n tity a d n a a a a uan ,
n

the pr o pr ie ty o f o do i g i s to b e j d g e d by th e s gre e me n t o f th e
n u a

r e l ti o s o f th e ma th e m a ti c l q a n ti ty w ith th o s e o f th e p h y s i c l
a n a u a

qua tity i dic te d b y th e n a me

n n a .

Th e v e cto r T s i c e i t o cc ur s i a s ur f c e i te g r a l
, n b e lo g s n a -
n ,
n

e v ide tly to n th e c te go ry o f flux e s d e c r ib e d i a A t 13 Th e s n r . .

ve cto r Q[ o th e o th e r h a d b e l o g s to th e c a te go ry o f f rc e s
,
n n ,
n o ,

Sin ce i t pp e a rs i al i e i te gr l n a n -
n a .

5 9 3 J We mu t h e r e r e c ll to mi d th e c o ve tio s a b o ut p o itive
. s a n n n n s

a d n e g ti v e q a titi e
n a d dir e c tio s s o me o f wh i c h w e r e t te d
u n s an n ,
s a

i Art 2 3
n . W e a do p t th e righ t h n de d y te m o f xe s o th t i f
.
-
a s s a s, a

a r igh t h a d e d c r e w i s pl c e d i n th e di r e tio
-
n s o f th e a x i s o f c c a c n .
,

a d n a t o th i s s c r e w i s turn e d i
nu n th e p o s itiv e d ir c tio of n e n

r o ta ti o n th a t i fro m th e d i r e c ti o
,
of s,
g to th a t o f 2 i t w i l l m o ve n ,

a l o g th e s c re w i th e p o iti ve d ir e ctio o f
n n s n a .

W e a l s o c o s ide r v itr e o u s e l e ctr i city a d str l m g e tis m a s

n n au a a n

p o s itive The p o iti ve dire c tio o f a e l e c t i c c rr e t o o f a li e

. s n n r
-
‘

u n ,
r n

o f e l e c tr ic i d u tio i s th e d i re ctio
n i n wh i ch p o i tiv e e l e c tri c i ty
c n ,
n s

mo v s o te d t o mo ve
e r d th e p o iti v e di re c tio n o f
n s li e o f ,
an s a n

ma g e tic i du cti o i s th e di r e cti o i wh i c h

n n n c o mp s e e dl e n n a a s n

p o i ts w ith th e e d which tur n s to th e r th S e e Fi g 2 4 A t

n n n o . .
,
r .

498, an d Fig 2 5 , A r t 5 0 1 . . .

Th e Stu d e n t i s r eco mme n de d to

wh a te ve r me th o d pp e r s e e ctl a a s

to h im mo s t e ff c tua l i o r de r to fix th e s e c o v e ti o s s e c r e l y i
e n n n n u n

h i s me mo ry fo i t i f mo r e di ffi cul t to r e me mb e r
,
r r l e wh i ch s ar a u

de te r min e s i whi ch o f two pre vi o u ly i di ff re t wa y s a s t te me t

n s n e n a n

i to b e ma de th a n a rul e whi h e l e cts o e w y o t o f m y

s , c s n a u an .
59 4 .
J T H E O RY OF A SL I D I NG PI E C E .

5 94 ] W e h a ve
xt to d e d c e fr o m d y mi ca l pr i c ipl e th e
ne u na n s

e xpr e io fo th e e l e tro ma g tic f r e

ss ns r ti g o o d t r c ne o c ac n n a c n uc o

ca rry i g n le c tri c rr e t th ro gh th e m g e tic fie l d

an e d f
cu n u a n , an or

th e e l e ctr mo ti e fo r c a c ti g o
o th e e l ctr ic ity withi
v b o dy
e n n e n a

mo vin g i th m g ti c fi e l d Th e m th m ti l me th o d whi h
n e a n e . a e a ca c

we h ll a d o p t m y b co mp e d w ith th e e xp e rime ta l m th o d
s a a e ar n e

u e d by F r da y i xplo i g th e fie l d by me
s a a
*
of w ir n ed r n an s a e ,
an

w i th wh t w e h ve a lre a dy do e t A t 4 9 0 by a me th o d f d d
a a n a r .
, o un e

on e xpe ri m ts Wha t w e h a ve o w to d i to de te rmi e th

en . n o s n e

e ffec t o th e v l e o f p
n th e l e c tr o ki e tic m me t m f th e
a u ,
e n o n u o

se co da ry c ir c it
n d e to g iv e lte ra tio n s o f th e fo r m f th t
u ,
u n a o a

c ir ui t
c .

L t A A B B b e two p ra l le l tra igh t c o d c to r s c o e c te d by

' ’
e a s n u nn
,

th e c o d cti g a c C wh i h ma y b e O f
n u n y forr m a n d by a t,
ra i g h t c an ,
s

co n duc to r A B ,
w h i ch i s ca p bl e
a o f s lidi g p a r ll e l
n a to i ts e f l a on l g
th e co n du c ti n g r a ils AA '
an d B B
’
.

L e t th e r uit th f r me d b e c o i d e re d a th e
ci c u s o ns s se co n da ry cir

cui t a , n d l e t th e di r e c tio A B C b e ume d a s th e p o n a ss sit i v e d ir e c ti o n

ro u d itn .

Le t th e s li di n g pie ce mo v e p a r lle l t it e lf fro m th e p o itio AB

a o s s n

to th e p o iti o A B We h
s n
' '
. a v e t de te rmi e th e va ri tio n o f p th e
o n a ,

e l e c tr o k i e tic m o me t m o f
n n u th e c i r c it d e to thi s d i p l a c e m t
u ,
u s en

o f th e l i di g p i e c e
s n .

Th e e c d ry i r c it i s c h a fr o m A B C to A B C, h e n by
'
d
’
on
s a c u n
g e ce ,

1 44 587, —p AB C
( ) ( )
13

We h a v e th e r e fo r e to d e te r mi n e th e va lu e Of p f o r th e p a r a ll e l
o gr a m AA B B p a r ll e l o gr m i so
' ’
. I f th i s a a s s ma ll th a t w e ma
y
n e gl e c t th e v ri ti o s f th e di r e c ti o
a a d ma gn i tu de o f th
a n m g o n n e a

n e tic i d c ti n a t di ffe r e t p i ts o f i ts pl
u on e th e va l e o f p i n o n an , u s,

by A r t 5 9 1 T c s ) AA B B wh e re T i th e m g e ti c i d cti o
.
,
o 1
' '
, s a n n u n ,

E vp R e s .
, 3 0 8 2 , 3 0 8 7, 3 113 .
 E L E C TRO MA GN E TI C F I E LD .
[ 59 5 .

an d 77 th e a n gl e wh ich i t ma ke s w ith th e po s iti ve di re cti o n of th e

n o r ma l to th e p a r a l l e l o gr a m A A B B
’ ’
.

W e ma y r e pr e s e n t re l t ge o me tr ica lly by th e v o l u me Of th e
th e su

p r lle l e pi p e d wh o e b a e i the p a ra l le lo gra m AA B B a d o e o f

a a ,
s s s
’ ’

,
n n

wh o e e dge s i th e l i e A M wh ich re pre e ts i n dire c tio n a n d

s s n ,
s n

m gn i tu de th e ma g e tic i du cti n T
a I f th e p a r ll l o g ra m
n m n o a e is

th e pl e o f th e p pe r a d i f A M i d r wn upwa r d fr o m
.
.

an a ,
th e p pe r
n s a s a ,

th v o l me o f th e p ra ll e l e p ip e d i s to b e ta k e
e u p o sitive ly o r mo re
a n ,

g e e rnl ly if th
a e d i r e c ti n
,
o f th e c ir c ui t A B o f th e ma g e ti c i
o s ,
n n

d c tio n A M a d o f th e di s pl c e me t AA fo r m a ri g h t h n de d
’
u n a n ,
-
a

s y te m wh e
s t k e i th i s cy c l i c l o r de r
n a n n a .

T h e vo lu me o f th i p a r ll e l e p i p e d r e pr e s e ts th e i c r e me t O f
s a n n n

th e v lu e o f p fo a the s c o d ry c i r c ui t d e to th e d i pl a c e me t
r e n a u s n

f th e Sl id in g p i e c e fr o m A B to A B
’ ’
o .

E le c tr o mo ti v e Fo r c e a c ti n g o n the Sl i di n g P i e ce .

59 5 .
J Th e l
e e ct o r mo ti ve fo rc e pro du c e d in th e s e co n da ry Ci cr ui t
by th e mo tio n Of th e S l i di n g p ie c e i s by A t 5 7 9 ,
r .
,

Jr
E 14
a:
I f we pp o e su s A A to b e th e d is
’
pl a ce me n t in u it O f time th e n , n

AA
’
will r e pre e s nt th e v e l o c ity ,
and th e p ra lle l e p ip e d will r e pre e t
a s n

i? f an d th e r e fo r e , by e qu a tio n th e l
e e ct o r mo ti ve fo r ce in th e

n e a ti
g ve di r e c tio n B A .

H e n c e , th e e l e ct o r
mo ti ve fo r c e a c ti n g o n th e sl i di n g p ie c e A B ,

i n c o n se qu e n c e O f i ts mo ti o n th r o u gh th e ma g n e ti c fi e ld , i s r e pr e
s e n te d by th e v o l u me o f th e p a r a l l e l e p i p e d , wh o s e e d e s r e pre s e n t
g
i n di re c tio n a n d ma gn itu d e — th e v e l o c i ty th e ma gn e ti c i n du cti o n , ,

an d th e s l idi g p i e c e i tse lf n d i p o itive wh e

n , a s s n th e s e th re e di r e c
tio n s are i igh t h a de d y c l i c l o r de r
n r -
n c a .

E l e c tr o ma gn e tic Fo r ce a c ti n g o n the Sl i d ing P i e ce .

596
J . L e t i Z d e n o te th e
.
‘
r u it i t h e cu rre n t in th e se co n da ry ci c n

p o iti ve di re c ti AB C th e th e wo rk do e by th e e le ctr o ma g e tic

s on , n n n

fo r c e A B wh il e it S l ide s fro m th e p o s iti o A B t th e p o i ti o n

on n o s

B
’
i M
’
— M i w r M M v l
A ( i h f 21
1 i
’
s e e a d e th e e
1 2
s o , n ar a u 12
n

th e i i ti l d fi a l p o iti o
n a o f AB
an B t (M n M i i eq al s ns . u -
1
s u

d is r e pr e e te d by th e v o l me f th e p r ll e le p i p e d
’
to p p th i ,
an s s n u o a a

AB AM d AA H e c e if w e d r w l i p r lle l t AB
’
o n ,
an . n , a a ne a a o
5 9 8 ] LI NE S OF M A GN E TI C I NDU C T I O N .

to re pre s e t th e qu a tity A B i th e p ra ll e le p ipe d c o ta i e d by

n n .
2 , a n n

th i l i e by AM th e m g e ti c i d cti d by A A th di pl a c e
'

s n ,
a n n u o n ,
an ,
e s
,

me t wi ll r e pre s e t th e wo rk d e d ri g th i s d i pl a c me t
n ,
n on u n s e n .

Fo gi ve di ta c e f d i pl c e me t thi wil l b e g r te t w h e
r a n s n o s a n s ea s n

th e di pl a ce me t i p e rp e d i ul r to th e p r l l e l g r m wh
s n s ide n c a a a o a o se s s

are AB d AM Th an l e c tr o m gn e ti c f rc e i th e r f r r e pr e te d
e e a o s e o e es n

by th e re f th e p r lle l o gr m o A B
a a o d A M m ltipli d by i a a a n an u e
2 ,

an d i i th e dir e c tio o f th e
s n r m l to thi p r l le l g r m dr w o n no a s a a o a ,
a n s

th a t AB A M a d th e o r m l
,
e i ri gh t h de d cy li ca l o r de r
,
n n a ar n -
an c .

Fo u r D efin i ti o n s o
f a Lin e f
o M a g n e ti c I n du c ti o n .

e di r e c ti o n A A i n w h i c h th e m o ti o n
J
’
597 . I f th , of th e i g
s l id n

p i e ce ta ke pl s a ce ,
c o in cid e s w ith A M , th e d i re cti on o f th e mag n e tic
i n d u c ti o n , th e mo tio n
g p i e e w i ll to c l
f th e
l e l e c t r o m
sl i di n
o t i v e c n o a

f r c e i to a c tio
o n wh te ve r b e th e di re c tio n Of A B
n ,
a d if AB rr ie ,
an ca s

e l e c tr ic c urr e t th e r e wi ll b o te d e c y t lid e l o g A A
’
a n n e n n n o s a n .

A ga i i f AB th e l i di g p i e c e c o i id e i d ir e c ti
n , ,
s n w ith AM ,
nc s n on ,

th e d ir e ti o O f m g n e ti c i d c ti o
c n th e r e w il l b e
a o e l e c tr o mo ti v e
n u n, n

f r ce c ll e d i to c ti o by
o a n
y m o ti o a f A B nd c rr e t th r
an
g h n o ,
an a u n ou

A B wi l l n o t c a e AB to b e cte d u s by me ch i l fo r e a o n an ca c .

W e m y th e r e f re d fi e a l i e Of m gn e ti c i d c ti i fo r
a o e n n a n u on n u

diff e r e t w y n I t is a li e s . ch th t a n su a

I f co d o r b e mo v e d a l o g i t p r ll e l to i t e l f i t wi ll
( )
1 at n uc n a a s

e xp e r ie c e o l e ctro mo ti ve fo rc e
n n e .

( 2 ) I f c o d cato r c r y i n
g a c
u urr t b e f r e e t o
a r m o v e n a l o n g a en

l i e f m g e ti c i d c ti
n o a n i t w ill e xp e r i e c e
n u te d e cy to d
on O n n o n n o S .

( )
3 I f l i e a r c o d u c to r c i
a n i d e i d i r e c ti
n w i t h a li e f
o nc n on n o

m g e tic in du cti
a n d b e mo v d p a r ll l to i t e lf i
on ,
an y di r e ti e a e s n an c on ,

it wi ll e xp e r ie c e o e l e c tr o m ti v e fo r c e i
n n th di re c ti o f it s o n e n o

l e n gth .

( )
4 I f a li e r co
n a n d u cto r ca rryi g n an l
e e ct r ic c rre t c o i c i d
u n n e

i n di re c ti o n wi th l i a ne o f ma gn e ti c i n d u c tio n i t wi ll o t e xp e r i e ce n n

an
y me ch an ica l fo r ce .

Ge n e r a l E q u a ti o n s of E le c tr o mo ti v e Fo r c e .

59 8 ] W e ha ve se e n th a t E , th e l
e e c tr o mo tive fo r c e d u e to i n
Z
du c tio n i g th e da ry c i rc u i t, is qu l
Z
Z?
— wh e r e
1
a ct n on se co n e a to

dg dz
 E L E C TR O MA GN E TI C F I E LD .
59 8 .

To d e te rmin e th e
v l e o f E le t d iff re tia te th e qu tity
a u ,
us e n an

u de r th i te g r l s ig with re p e t to t r e me mb e ri g th t if th e
n e n a n s c ,
n a

se d ry c irc ui t is i mo ti o
co n a or
g d z e f
n c tio s o f th e ti me
n , , , an ar un n .

W e o b ta i n

do: d G dg dH dz
m m +
a
+
a m ) ds

dB da d G dg d z doc
+ — ds
dar ds dzc ds dzc ds dl

dF dw d G dg d z dg
) dt
ds

cwm awn nm md z

ma ma +
mm m s

z
d z
a d g d z
z

)
:

G +H ds .

ds d t ds d t ds d l

No w c o n s id e r th e s e co n d te r m o f th e i n te gra l , an d
dG dH
fr o m equ t o a i ns A
( ), A r t 5 9 1 th e va lue s o f an d
db
. '
,
dac
th e n b e c o me s,

dg d d F da '
dn dF dz do:
b i + + ds ,
ds ds dw ds dg ds dz ds dl

wh ich we ma y wr ite

T re a tin g th e th i r d an d fo urth te r ms i n th e sa me wa y , a n d co l

le e ti g n r
th e te ms in an d r e me mb e ri g th n at
ds

2
d
”
°
a
F 3
a n

an d th e re fo re th a t th e in te gra l , wh e n ta ke n ro u n d th e l
c o se d

cu rve v ,
a n ish e s ,
 E LE C TR O M OTI V E F O R C E .

r
w ite th i s e xpre ss i o n i n th e fo rm
(l dz
g

F NJ
wh r e e P c @ dz (Z (
,
dt dt dt da '

dz dzc dG dp f q u a ti o n f
i
i p

3 E i c c tI O I D O
‘
Iv e
(it (i t di dy

dx dg an at

Th e te r ms i n v o lv mg th e n e w q u a n tity 4! a r e i n tr o du ce d fo r th e
sa k e O f i v in n e r a l ity to th e e xpr e s s i o n s fo r P , B T h y
g g g e Q , e .

di s a pp e a r fr o m th e i n te g ra l wh e e xt de d o u d th e cl o e d c ir c uit n en r n s .

Th qu tity T i th e re f r e i n de te r mi te
e an ss f s r e a rd
g th e o na a ar a s

pr o bl m o w b e f r e
e n i wh i h th e t t l e l e c tr o mo tiv fo r ce r o
o u s, nd c o a e un

th e c i rc u i t i to b e d e te r mi e d s W e h ll fi d h o we v e r tha t w h e n n . s a n , ,

we k w ll th e c irc um t c e s o f th e pr o bl e m w e c a s ig
n o a s an ,
an s n a

d fi i te va l e to P
e n d th a t it r e pr e t a c c o din g to
u L
,
an c r ta i es n s, r a e n

d e fi iti o n th e e l e tri p te ti l t th e p o i t v g
n, c c o n a a n .
, , z .

Th e q a ti ty u de r th e i te g r l i g i e qu a ti o ( 5 ) r e pr e se t
u n n n a s n n n n s

th e e l e c tr o mo ti v e fo r ce c ti g o th e e l e me t d o f th e c i r c i t a n n n s u .

I f w e d e o te by T 6 th e u me r i c l v l e o f th e e s l t t o f P
n ,
n a a u r u an ,

Q , d B an n d by th e
, a g lae b e tw e e th e d i r e c ti
e, o f th i s e n n on r

su lt t d th a t o f th e l e m t d s w e m y wr ite e qu a ti o
an an e en ,
a n

( )
6

Th e v e cto r 65 i s th e l
e e ct o r mo tiv e fo r c e a t th e mo vi n g l
e e me n t
ds . I t dire ti o
s c n an d ma gn i tu de d e pe n d on th e p o iti o
s n an d
mo ti o n o f ds, an d on th e va r i a ti o n f th e ma g n e tic
o ,
fie ld b u t n o t
on th e d i re c ti on of ds . r um H e n c e we ma y n o w di s r e ga rd th e ci c

sta c e th t d f r m p r t o f
n a c i r c u it
s d c o i de r i t i mply
o s a a a , an ns s as

po rtio o f a mo vi g b o dy c te d o by th e e l e c tro mo tiv fo rc e (55

n n ,
a n e .

T h e e l e c tr o m ti ve f r c e t po i t h o lre ady b e e o de fi e d i a a n as a n n n

A t 68 r .I t is l o . l le d th e r e ulta t e l e c tric a l fo r c e b e i g th e
a s ca s n ,
n

f r o whi h w o ld b e e xp e r ie ce d by
ce c u i t o f p o iti v e l e c tric i ty n a un s e

pla c e d t th t p o i t W e ha ve o w o b ta i e d th e mo t g e e r l
a a n . n n s n a

val e o f th is qu a ti ty i th c e Of a b o dy mo vi g i a m g e tic
u n n e as n n a n

fie ld d e to v ri bl e l e tri c y te m
u a a a e c s s .

I f th e b o d y i co d to r th e e l e c tr o mo ti v e fo r c e w ill pr o d c e
s a n uc ,
u a

c rr e t ; if i t is
u n di l c tr i c th e e l e c tr o mo ti ve fo r c e w i ll pr o d uc e
a e e ,

o lyn l e c tri c d i pl ce me t
e s a n .
 E L E C TR OMA GN E T I C F I E LD .
59 9 .

Th e e le ct o r mo tiv e fo r ce po i t o o at a n ,
r n a p rti cle mu
a ,
st be
ca r e f lly di ti
u s n
g i s h e d fr o m th e e l e c tr o mo ti v
u e fo rc e l o g a n an arc

o f a c urve th e ,
l tte r qua tity b e i g th li e i
a n n e n -
n te g r a l o f th e fo r me r .

See Ar t 6 9 . .

599 J . Th e l
e e ct o mr p mo tive fo r ce
o n e n ts o f wh ic h a r e ,
th e co

d e fin e d by e qu a tio n s ( B ) de p e n ds o n th r e e c i r c u ms ta n c e s Th e fir s t
, .

o f th e s e i s th e mo ti o n o f th e p ar ti c l e th r o u gh th e ma g n e ti c fi e l d .

Th e p a rt O f th e fo r c e de p e n di n g o n th i s mo ti o n i s e xpr e s s e d by th e
fir t tw te rms o th e righ t o f e a ch e q tio
s o n I t d e p e d o th e ua n . n s n

v e l o city o f th e p rti cl e tra sve r e to th li e s o f ma gn e tic i d ctio

a n s e n n u n .

I f (53 i s v e cto r r e pre e ti g th e v e lo c i ty n d T o th e r e p e

a s n n ,
a an r r

s e ti g th e m g e tic i d c ti o
n n th e
a i f (65 i th e p a rt o f th e e l e c
n n u n ,
n
1
s

t o mo tiv e fo r c e de p e di g o th e m tio
r n n n o n ,

(651 V (S) 23,

.
( )
7

or, th e l
e e ct o r
mo tive fo r ce i s th e v e c to r p a rt o f th e pr o d u ct o f th e
ma g n e ti c i n du c tio n mul tipli e d by th e v e l o c i ty, th a t i s to s a y th e ,

ma g n itu de o f th e e l e c tr o mo tiv e fo r ce is r e pr e s e n te d by th e a re a
o f th e p a r a ll e l o g r a m, w h o s e s i d e s r e pr e s e n t th e v e l o c ity a n d th e

ma g n e ti c i n du ctio n a n d i ts d i r e c tio n i s th e n o r ma l to th is p a ra ll e l
,

o g r a m d r a wn s o th a t th e v e l o c ity , th e ma gn e tic i n d u c ti o n , a n d th e
,

e l e c tr o mo ti v e fo r c e a r e i n r igh t h a n de d c y c l i ca l o r de r -
.

Th e th i rd te r m i n e a c h o f th e e qu a ti o n s ( B ) d e p e n d s o n th e time
va ria tio n o f th e ma gn e ti c fi e l d Thi s ma y b e d u e e ith e r to th e .

time v a ri a ti o n o f th e e l e c tri c c urr e n t i n th e pr i ma ry c i r c u it, o r to

-

mo tio n o f th e pr i ma ry c i r c u it L e t G2 b e th e p a rt o f th e e l e c tr o
.

mo ti ve fo r c e wh i ch d e p e n d s o n th e s e te rms I ts co mp o n e n ts a r e .

dF dG dH
dt dt a?
a il
an d th e se are th e co mp o n e n ts o f th e ve c to r or Q1 H e n ce ,
,
d?
.

( )
8

Th e l a st te rm
q a tio (B ) i s d e to
o f e a ch e u n u th e va ia ti o o f the
r n

f ctio 4 i diff e r e t p r ts o f th e fi e l d
un n ! n We n a . m y wr ite th e th ir d
a

p a r t Of th e e le c tro m o ti ve fo rce wh ich i s du e to , th i c a u se

s ,

V IP .
( )
9

Th e e le ct o r mo tiv e fo r c e ,
as de fi n e d by e q u at o n s i ( B m
) y
,
a th e r e fo r e

be writte n in th e q ua te r n oni fo rm,

e V (M S— QI
. VT .
6o o .
J MO V I NG A XE S .

On the M o difica ti o n of th e B gu a ti o n s of E l e c tr o mo tiv e Fo r ce whe n the

A x e s to which thog a r e r efe r r e d a r e mo v i ng i n Sp a c e .

6 00 .
J Let v
.
’

, g
’

,
z
’
b e th e co o rd i n a te s of a po i n t r e f rre d
e to a

s y s te m g ul r
of x e re cta
m o vi n g i
n p e d l
a e t g a b e th e s n s ac , an v
.
, ,
2

c o o rdi te o f th e
na me p o i t r e fe rr e d t fix e d x e s
s sa n o a .

L e t th e c mp o ts o f th e v l o i ty o f th o ri g i
o nen o f th e m vi
g e c e n o n

s y t m be
s e w d th ou, f it
v, g l r v e
,
l o c it
an y se o s an u a (0
1,
(9
2 ,
(0
3

r e f rr d to th e fix d y te m O f a xe
e e d le t e ch o se th e fix e d
s s, an u s os

a xe so to c o i c i d e a t th e g ive n in ta t wi th the mo vi g o e
s as n s n n n s,

th e th en ly q titi e whi c h wi ll b e di ff r e t fo th e tw o y te m
on u an s e n r s s s

o f a xe wil l b e th o e diffe r e ti te d with e s p e ct to th e ti me I f

s s n a r .

i ? d e o te a o mp o e t ve lo c ity o f a p i t mo vin g in ri gid c o

f
n s c n n
'

o n n
6t
’
da '
dcc
n e x io nwith th e mo vi g a xe d s, a n an d th a t f mo vi n g
275
n
dt
o an
y
p o i t h vi g th e m i st t e
n ,
a n p sa e n an an ous o s i ti o n ,
r e fe r red to th e fixe d
an d th e mo vin g x e r e p e ti v l y th e a s s c e ,
n

dco
’
dzc
+ ’
db 57 cu

w ith si mi la r q a ti o n s fo th e
e u r o th e r co mp o n e n ts .

B y th e th e ry o f th e mo ti
o on of a b o d y o f in v r i a b l e a fo r m ,
Oa ’

— u + w2 2 —w3 g ,
85
6
Z —
‘
v w
+ 3 zc wl z ,
S
Oz
_w+ w1g —w w
2
Bl
S i n c e F is a co mp o n e n t o f a di r e cte d q uant ity p a ra l le l to x,
f
(i

f;
7

b e th e va l ue o f
ii ? r e fe rr e d to th e mo vi n g a xe s,

d F 8z
’
dF d F Oa '
dF e dB
+ g + + G “3 H
at da '
52 dg e t dz Bt
“
fi e?

e q
S u b s ti tutin g fo r

u a ti o n s A
( ) o f ma
g
g n et c i i n d u c ti o n ,
th e ir

an
v lu e a s de d c e d fro m
a s

d r e me mb e ri g th t by n
u

a ,
th e

d On
0 d eg d Oz
U
4
w av
"
da fi
dF d F Oa:
’

d e ar d G 8g
+ G
d g
O +
d H Oz
dt am e n du e t du e t dg 6 t dx 3 1:
by Be dB
_0 +6
5 gt dt
 E L E C TR OM A GN E TI C F I E LD .

I f we no w pu t 6x 3

dF
’
d q/ 8g 63 dF
m
Th e e qu a tio n fo r P , th e co mp o n e n t of th e l
e e ct o r mo tive
p ra ll e l to
a w, i s , by (B ) ,
5
.

dg dF
bd
a d d"
P _ C ’ ( )
8
dt dt dt 775
r e fe rre d to th e fixe d xe s S ub tit tin g th e va lu e s a . s u o f th e qu a n ti

ti e s r e f rr e d to th e mo vi g a xe s w e h a ve
as e n ,

’
dz
’ ’
dg dF d
P — t
c
m a m a
fo r th e vl r e fe rre d to th e mo vi g xe s
a ue o fP n a .

6 0 1J I t pp e r s fr o m th i s th a t th e e l e c tr o mo tiv e fo r ce i e
. a a s x

pr e d by fo rmul o f th e me typ e wh e th e r th e mo tio s o f th e

e ss a a sa ,
n

co n d c to rs b e r fe rr e d to fix e d x e o to a x e mo v i g i s p a ce th
u e a s r s n n , e

o ly di ffe r e c e b e tw e e
n th e fo r mul a e b e i n g th a t i t h e ca s e o f
n n n

mo vi g x e s th e l e c tr ic p o te ti l 4 mu t b e c h a g e d i to
n a e n a :
s n n

I ll
n se s i
a which a curr e t i s pro d u ce d i a c o d cti g ci
ca n n n n u n r

c u i t th e e l e c tr o mo tiv e fo r c e i s th e l i e i te gr a l
,
n -
n

£
a
+ Q + R ( N )
ta ke ro u d th e c urve Th e va l o f P di pp e a r s fro m th i s
n n . ue \ sa

i te g ra l
n o th t th e i tr o d c ti o
,
s o f q/ h a s
a o i flu e c e o i ts
n u n n n n n

v lu e I ll p h e o m a th e r e fo r e re l ti g to cl o se d ci r cuits a d
a . n a n en , , a n n

th c rr e ts i th e m it i i d i ffe r e t w h e th e r th e x e s to w hi c h we
e u n n ,
s n n a

r e fe r th e sy ste m b e a t r e st o in mo tio Se e Art 6 6 8 r n . . .

On the E l e c tr o ma gn e tic Fo r c e i
a ct ng o n a Co n du c to r whi ch ca r r i e s

an E l e c tr i c C u r r e n t thr o u gh a M a gn e tic Fi e l d .

60 2 .
J W e h a ve se e nin th e g e n e r a l i n ve stiga ti o n , A r t 5 8 3 , th a t i f .

ee l is one o f th e va ri a bl e s wh ich d e te rmin e th e p o sitio n a n d fo rm o f

th e se co n da ry i rc uit
c ,
an d if X1 i s th e fo r c e a c ti n g on th e se co n da ry
ci c r uit te n d i n g to i n c r e a se th i s va r i b l ea ,
th e n

ea
da 1 '

Si n c e i 1 i s in de p e n de n t o f 37
1
we ma y write
dg
l z
p + G
75
+H ) ds,
 E L E C TR OM AGN E TI C F O R CE .

and we ha ve fo r th e v lue
a o f X1,
d dg
G
d?
H
gs -
.
( )
3

N o w le t us s upp o se th a t th e d i s pl a c e me n t c o n s i s ts i n mo v i n g
e ve ry p o in t o f th e ci c r uit thr ou g h a di s ta n c e 63: in th e di re ctio n
o f a ,
be i n
g an
y co n tin u o u s f u n c tio n o f s, so th a t th e di fl e r e n t
p a ts o f th e
r c ir c u i t mo v e in d e pe n de n tly o f e a ch o th e r wh il e
, th e
circ i t re m in
u a s co n tin uo u s an d l
c o se d .

Al s o l e t X b e th e to ta l fo rce i n th e d i r e cti o n of v
. g o
a c tin n

th e pa rt of th e c ir c u it fr o m s z : 0 to s s ,
th e n th e p rt c o rr e
a

s
po n di n g to th e e e l me n t ds wi ll b e We sh a ll th e n h a v e th e

fo ll o w i n g e xpr e ss o n i fo r th e w o rk do n e by th e fo rc e d ur in g th e
d ispla ce me n t,

G +H

wh e re th e i te g ra tio i to b e e xte de d r o u d
n n s n n th e l
c o se d curve ,

r e me mb e ri g th t O i s n rb itra ry f c tio o f
a x an a un n s . W e ma y th r e
e

fo r e p e r fo r m th e d i ff r e ti ti with r e p e ct t e n a on s o On in th e Sa me
w y th t w di ff r e ti te d w ith e p e t to t i
a a e e n a r s c n Ar t 5 9 8 ,
. r e me m
be ri g th tn
d a
d a
'
z

d ew d ew
We th u s fin d
dX d
a a _ z
i — t
) 6 a ds + F
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,
.

[i

Th e l as t te r m va n i sh e s wh e n r
th e i n te g a ti o n i s e te n d e d o x r u d n

th e cl o s e d cu rve a ,
n d s i n ce th e e qu u
a ti o n m s t h o l d fo r a l l fo rm s

of th e fu n c tio n we m us t h a ve

i2 ( c
% —b ( )
7

an e q u at o n i whi ch g i v e s th e fo r c e p ra ll e l
a to . v on any e e l me n t o f
th e r
ci cu it . Th e fo r ce s p r a a ll e l to g an d z are

dY —
i2 a d fi
_C
dfc
ds ds EE
dZ dc: dg
i
f
.

<)
9

r lta t fo rc o
The e su n e n th e l me
e e nt i s g i v e n i n di r e c tio n a n d ma g
n it d e by th e q a te r
u u n oni e xpr e s sio n i 2 F dp T , wh e r e i2 i s th e
nu me ri ca l me a s ur e o f th e c urr e n t, an d dp an d T ar e ve c to rs
voL . I I .
Q
 E LE C TR OM AG NE TI C F I E LD .

r e pre se n ti g n th e l me t o f
e e n th e ci c r uit a d th e n ma g n e ti c i n
d u cti o n , an d th e multi pl i c a tio n i s to b e u n de r s t o d o i n th e H a mi l
to n ia n se n s e .

J
603 . I f th e co n duc to r is to b e tr e a te d
l i e b t as a no t as a n u

b o dy we mu s t e xpr e s s th e fo r c e o th e e le me t o f le gth d th e
,
n n n ,
an

c rr e t th r o ugh th e c o mpl e te s e ctio

u n i te r m o f y mb o l d e o ti g n ,
n s s s n n

th e fo r c e pe r u n it o f v o lume d th e c urr e t pe n it o f re a ,
an n r u a .

L e t X Y Z o w e p e s e t th e c o mp o e ts o f th e fo r c e r e fe rr e d to
, ,
n i r n n n

un it Of vo l me a d v w th o e o f th e c urr e t r e fe rre d to u it o f
u ,
n u , ,
s n n

a re a Th e
. if S r e pr e s e t th e s e c ti o n o f th e c o du c to r w h i ch w e
n ,
n s n ,

sh a ll s upp o s e s mal l th e v o l me f th e e l e me t ds w ill b e S ds a d

,
u o n ,
n

i 2 dzc
H e n ce , e qua t o ( 7 ) W ll b e c o me
i n i
S ds
X S ds
S (vc — w b) ,
ds

or X vc -
wb .

S imi a l rly Y wa we ,

an d Z uh va .

H e r e X, Y Z ,
ar e co mp o n e n ts o f th e
l r m g e tic fo rc e o n
th e e e ct o a n

a n e l e me t o f a c o d u c to r di vid e d by th e v o lu me o f th a t e l e me t ;
n n n

a ,
v w ,
e th e c o mp o
ar nt o f th e l e ctri c c ur e t th ro ugh th e
ne s e r n

e l e me t r e fe rr e d to
n u it o f re a n d b ne th e c o mp o e ts a ,
a a , ,
c ar n n

o f th e ma g tic i n du cti o t th e e l e me t wh i ch a e a l s o r e fe rr e d
ne n a n ,
r

to u i t o f r e a
n a .

I f th e ve c to r 5 r e pr e s e n t i m g itu d e a d d i r e c ti o n th e f r c e
‘
s n a n n o

a c ti g o n u i t o f vo lume o f th e c o duc to r a n d i f (5 re pre e n ts th e

n n n , s

e l e ctr ic c urr e n t fl o wi g th r o ugh i t n ,

 C H A P TE R IX .

GE NE RA L EQ U A TI ONS OF TH E E L E C TR OM A GN E TI C F I E LD .

INre tic l disc u i o o f e l e ctro dyn a mi c w e b e ga n

our th e o a ss n s

by a umi g th t ss y te m o f c ir cu its ca rr yi g e l e ctri c c urr e ts

n a a s s n n

is ad yn mi c l y te m in wh i c h th e c urr e t m y b e r e g a rd e d a s
a a s s ,
n s a

v e l o c itie a d i wh ich th e o o r di a te c o rr e p o din g to th e se

s, n n c n s s n

v e l o citi d o o t th e ms e lve s a pp e r in th e e q a ti o s I t fo llo ws

es n a u n .

fr o m thi th t th e kin e ti c e e gy o f th e y ste m so f a it d e p e ds

s a n r s ,
ar s n

o n th e c ur e t i s a h o m ge e o s q a d r a tic f n ctio o f th e c urr e ts

r n s, o n u u u n n ,

i n w h ic h th e c o e ff c ie t d e p e d o n l y o i th e fo r m a d r e l ti ve
n s n n n a

po s iti o o f th e circ ui ts A mi n g th e e e ffi ci e t to b e kn o w
n . ss u s co n s n ,

by e xp e rime t o o th e r wi e w e de du c e d by p e ly dyn a mi ca l e
n r s , ,
ur r a

s o i g th e l a w s o f th e i d c ti o
n n ,
o f c ur r e ts a d f e l e ctr o ma g e ti c
n u n n ,
n o n

a ttr c ti o a I n thi i v e s tig tio n w e i tr o d u c e d th e c o c e p ti o n s

n . s n a n n

o f th e e l e c tr o k in e tic e e rgy f a y te m o f c rr e t o f th e e l e c tr o
n o s s u n s,

m g ti c mo me tu m o f
a n e c i r c it a d o f th e m tu l p o te ti a l o f
n a u ,
n u a n

t wo c i r c its u .

W e th e pr o c e e de d to e xpl o r e th fi e ld by me
n o f v a rio co n e an s us

fig tio
ura f th e ns e c o da ry c ir
o it d w e r e th s l e d to th e
s n cu ,
an u

c o c p ti
n e of v ec to r QI h vi n g d e te r mi a te m g itu de d
on a ,
a a n a n an

di r e c ti o t y n g i v ea p o i n t o f th e fi e l d
an W e ca ll e d thi v e c to r th e
n . s

e l e ctr m g e ti c mo me t m
o a n t th a t p i t Thi qu a ti ty m y b e
n u a o n . s n a

co id e r d
ns th e ti me in te g r a l o f th e e l e ctr o mo tiv e f r c e w hi ch
e as -
o

wo ul d b e pr o d u ce d t th a t p o i t by th e u dde r e mo va l o f a ll th e
a n s n

c rr e t
u fr o m th e fi e l d
n s I t i ide ti ca l with th e qu a tity a l r e a dy
. s n n

i ve tiga te d i
n s A r t 4 0 5 s th e v e cto r po te tia l o f ma g e ti c i
n . a -
n n n

du ctio I t co mp o e ts p a r lle l to
n . s
g a d
n n e F G a d H a a
'

, , n z ar , ,
n .

Th e l ctro ma g e ti c mo me tu m o f a i rc ui t is th e li i te gra l
e e n n c ne -
n

o f Q[ r o u d th e c i r c i t
n u .

W e th e by me a o f Th e o r e m I V Ar t 2 4 tra s fo rme d th e
n ,
ns , .
,
n

Q 2
 GE N E RAL EQ UA TI O NS .
[ 5
6 0 .

li e i
n -
ra l o f Q[ i to the s urf c e i te g r l o f a o th e r ve cto r T
n te g n a -
n a n , ,

wh o e c o mp o e t
s are b a d w e fo
n d th t th e ph o me
n s a , ,
c, n un a en na

o f i du cti o
n d e to mo ti o of n c d c to r
u d th o e o f e l e c tr o n a on u ,
an s

ma g e ti c fo r c e c
n b e e xpr e s s e d i te r m o f T an W e g ve to T n s . a

th e a me o f th e M g e ti c i d c ti o
n i c e its pr o p e rti e s
a e i de n
n n u n ,
s n ar

tic l w i th th o s e o f th e l i e o f ma g e ti c in du c ti o
a a s i v e s ti g te d n s n n n a

by Fa r da y a .

W e a ls o e s t bl i h e d th re e se ts o f e qua tio s th e fir t s e t (A )
a s n : s , ,

ar e th o s e o f m
g e ti c i d c tio e xpr e sa i g i t in te r m f t h e le c
n u n ,
s n n s o e

t o m g e ti c mo m tu m
r a n Th e e c o d e t (B ) a e th o e o f l e c tro
en . s n s , ,
r s e

mo tive fo r c e e xpr e i g i t i te r ms o f th e mo ti
,
f th c o d u to r
ss n n on o e n c

a c r o s th e l i e
s o f m g e ti c i d uc ti o n s d f th e r te o f v a r i tio n
a n n n ,
an o a a

o f th e e l e tr o m g e tic mo me t m c Th e th i d s e t ( C ) a e th e
a n n u . r , ,
r

e q a ti o s o f e l ctr o m g e ti c fo r c
u n e xpr e s s i g i t i
e te r ms o f th e
a n e, n n

c urr e t a d th n ma g tic i d u c ti o
n e ne n n .

Th e c urr e t i l l th e s e c e s i to b e u d r to o d a s th e a ctu a l
n n a as s n e s

c urr t wh i c h i c lu de s o t o ly th e c urr e t o f c o d u c ti o
en ,
n b t th e n n n n n ,
u

c u r r e t d e to v ri ti
n o f th e e l e c tr i c di pl c e me t
u a a on s a n .

Th e ma g e ti c i d uc tio T i th e q n tity w h i ch w e h v e lr e dy
n n s u an a a a

c o i de r e d i A t 4 0 0
ns I n u m g e ti e d b o dy i t i s i d e tic a l
n r . . n a n a n z n

with th e fo rce o a u it ma g e tic p o l e b t if th e b o dy i s ma g n n n ,

u

n e ti e d e i th e r p e r m
z , e tly by i d c ti o it is th e f rce which an n or n u n ,
o

w o l d b e e x e rte d o
u u it p o l e i f p l e d i rr o w c r e v e in
n a n ,
ac n a na a ss

th e b o dy th e w ll s o f w hi ch , e p e rp e di c l r to th e d ir e c ti o
a of ar n u a n

ma g n e ti a ti Th e c o mp e t o f T
z on . e b on n s ar a , ,
o .

I t fo ll o w s fr o m th e e q ti o s (A ) by wh i ch b de fi e d ua n ,
a , ,
c are n ,

th a t da db dc

Th i s w a s sh e wn at A r t 4 0 3 to b e
. a pro p e r ty of th e ma gn e tic
i n d u cti o n .

We
ve de fi e d th e ma g e tic fo c e wi th i a m g e t a s
ha n n r n a n ,

d i s ti g i h e d fr o m th e m g e ti c i d c ti o
n u s to b e th e fo r c e o a n n u n ,
n a

u it p o le pl ce d i a rr w c r v e c t p ra l le l to th e dire c tio o f
n a n na o e a ss u a n

m g e ti tio
a n Th i s qu tity i s d e o te d by
z a n d it c mp
. ts an n an s o o n en

by B y S e e A t 3 9 8
a , , , . r . .

I f 3 i s th e i te ity o f ma g e ti ti o a d A B C its c o m
n ns n z a n ,
n , ,

p o e t
ns t h e by A t 4 0 0
n ,
n , r .
,

a a 4 77 A,
5 B 4 77 B , ( E q ua ti o n s o f M a gn e tiz a ti o n .
) ( D )
0
7 + 4 77 C .
 MA GN E TI C E Q A TI OU NS .

W e ma y ca ll th e s e th e e qu ti o o f ma gn e ti
a ns z at on, i an d th e y
i n dica te th a t i n th e l r
e e ct o ma g e ti sy te m th e m
n c s
g a n et c i in d u c ti o n
T, c o n s id e re d as a ve cto r ,
i s th e su m, in th e H a mil to n ia n se n se , o f

two v cto r th e
e s, ma g n e ti c fo r c e 53 3 ,
an d th e ma gn e ti z at o n i 3 mu l ti
p li e d b y 4 ir, o r

I n c e ta i n r su b s ta n ce s , ma g n e tiz a tio n de p e n d s o n th e ma gn e ti c
th e
fo r ce , an d th i s i s e xpr e s s e d by th e s ys te m o f e qu a ti o n s o f i n du ce d
ma g n e tis m g ive n at r
A ts 4 2 6 . an d 435 .

U p to th is po in t o f o u r i n ve stiga ti o n w e h a v e de d u c e d o

e v e ry th i n g fr o m pur e l y dy n a mi ca l c o n s ide r a tio n s , wi th o u t a n y

r e f ree n ce to qu
ve e xp e ri me ts i e l e c tri city o ma g e ti s m
an tita ti n n r n .

Th o l y e e w e h v e m d e o f e xp ri me t l k o wl e dg e i s to
n us a e a e n a n r

co g i e n i sth e a b s trac t q
,
n titi e d e du c e d fr o m th e th e ry th e u an s o ,

c o c r e te q
n ti ti e d i c o ve r e d by e xp e r ime t
u an s d to d e o te th e m
s n ,
an n

by me wh ich i n di c a te th e ir ph y ic l r e l ti o s r th e r tha th e ir
n a s s a a n a n

m th m tical g e e ra ti o
a e a n n .

I th i w y w e h a v e p o i te d o t th e e xi te c e o f th e e l e c tr o
n s a n u s n

m g e ti c mo me t m Q[ a
a n v e c to r wh o e dir e c ti o a d m g i tude
n u s a s n n a n

v ry fro m o e p a r t o f Sp c e to o th e r d fro m thi w e h v

a n a an ,
an s a e

d e d e d by a ma th e m ti al pr o c e s
uc , th e ma g e tic i d c tio a T s c s, n n u n , ,
a

a d e r iv e d ve c to r W e h a ve o t h o w e ve r o b t i e d
.
y d t fo n , ,
a n an a a r

d te rmi i g e i th r Q[ o T fr o m th di tributi o
e n n e f c urr e ts i th e
r e s n o n n

fi l d Fo th i s p rp o se w e m st fi d th e m th e m tica l c o e xi o n
e . r u u n a a nn

b e twe e th e e q ti ti e a d th e c rr e t
n s u an s n u n s .

W e b gi by dmitti g th e e x i te c e o f p e rm e t m g e t
e n a n s n an n a n s,

th e m tu l c ti o u o f w hich
a a ti fi e s th e pr in ci pl e o f th
n e rv ti o sa s e co n s a n

o f e e rg y n We m k e o . ump ti o wi th r p t t th l w f
a n a ss n es ec o e a s o

m g tic f r e e x c e p t th t whi h f ll o w fr m thi pr i iple

a ne o c a c o s o s n c ,

n a me ly th t th e fo r c e, ti g o
a m g e ti c p l e m t b e c a p bleac n n a a n o us a

o f be i d r i
n v d f r m p t t i l
g e e o o e a a n .

W e th o b e rv e th ctio b e tween s c ur e ts a d ma g e te a d n en r n n n s, a n

w e fi d th t n c urr e t a c t a m g et i
a m er
n pp a r e tl y th e s on a a n n a an n a n

sa me a o th r m g e t w o l d
s an c t i f i ts
e tr e gth fo rm a d p o itio
a n u a s n , ,
n s n

w e re pr o p e rl y dj t d d th a t th e m g e t c ts o
a u s e th e ,
rr e t
an a n a n cu n

i th e
n m w y sa a o th e r c rr e t
e a Th e e b e rv ti o
as n n e ed ot u n . s o s a ns n

be pp o e d t b a cc mp i d w i th ctua l me a r e me t f th e
su s o e o an e a su n s o

f rce
o Th e ys . e o t th r f r e to b e c
ar id r e d
n s f r i hi g e e o ons e a u n s n

n me r ic l d ta
u b t a e
a e f l o ly i
a , ugg e ti g que tio fo r
u r u s u n n s s n s ns

our co i de r tio ns a n .

Th e qu e ti th e o b e rv tio s
s on gge t i wh e th r th e m g tic
es s a n su s s, e a n e

fi e ld pro d ce d by l e ctri c c urre ts a it i s s imil r to th t pr o d ce d

u e n ,
s a a u
 GE N E RA L EQ U ATI O NS .
[ 7
6 0 .

by p e r m ane n t ma g n e ts i n ma n y re s p e cts r e s e mbl e s ,

i t a l so i n be i g n

r e la te d to a po te n tia l
Th e vi d n ce th t a n e l e c tri c c i r c uit pro duc e s in th e s p a ce u r
e e a , s

r o u di g it m g e tic e ffe cts pr e ci e ly th e s a me a s th o e pro d u ce d

n n ,
a n s s

by a m g e tic s h e ll b o un de d by th e ci rc uit h a s b e e n s ta te d i
a n ,
n

A r ts 4 8 2 — 4 8 5
. .

W e k n o w th a t i th e c s e o f th e ma gn e tic sh e l l th e re i s a
n a
‘

po te n ti l wh ich h a s a d e te r min te va lue fo ll p o i ts ut ide th e

a ,
a r a n o s

s ub ta n ce o f th e s h e ll
s b t th t th e v l e s o f th e p te ti l a t tw o
,
u a a u o n a

n e i gh b o ur in p o i ts o o pp o s i te S i d e s o f th e h e ll d iff r by a fi n i te
g n ,
n s ,
e

qu a tityn .

I f th e ma gn e ti c fi e l d i th e n e igh b o ur h o o d o f a n e l e c tri c c urr e t

n n

r e s e mbl e s th t i th e n e i gh b o urh o o d o f a ma g e ti c
a n h e ll th e n s ,

ma g e tic p o te n tia l a s fo u d by a l i e i te gra tio n o f th e m g e tic

n ,
n n -
n a n

fo r c e w ill b e th e a m fo
, y t
sw o l i e e o f i t e gr ti o n
r anpr o v i d e d n s n a ,

o e o f th e se l i e s c
n b e tr
n fo r me d in to th e th e r by c o ti u o us
an an s o n n

mo ti o with o ut c u tti g th e e le c tr i c c urr e t

n n n .

I f h o w e v e r o e l i e o f i te gr tio
, ,
n c a n n o t b e tr a n fo r me d i n to
n n a n s

th e o th e r with o ut c u ttin g th e c rr e t th e l i e in te gr l f th e u n ,
n -
a o

m gn e tic fo rc e lo g th e o e l i e will d iffe r fr o m th a t a l o g th e

a a n n n n

o th e r by a qu ti ty d e p e d i g o th e s tr e gth o f th e c rr e t Th e
an n n n n u n .

ma gn e ti c p o te ti a l d e to n e l e c tr ic c rr e t i
u th e r e fo r e a fun c tio
an u n s n

h a v i g a n i n fi ni te s e ri e s o f v lu e wi th a c o mmo
n di ffe re c e th e
a s n n ,

p a rtic ula r v l e de p e di g o th e c o ur se o f th e l in e o f i te gra ti o

a u n n n n n .

Within th e s ub s ta n ce o f th e c o du c to r th e r e i s o s ch thi g a s n ,
n u n

a m g n e tic p o te tia l
a n .

6 0 7 J A s u mi g th a t th e ma g e tic a c tio of a c rr e t h s
'

s n n n u n a a

ma g n e tic p o te tia l o f th i ki d we p o c e e d to e xpr e s s th i s r e s ult

n s n ,
r

ma th e m tic a lly a .

I n th e fir t pl a c e th e l i e i te gra l o f th e ma gn e tic fo r c e r o u d
s ,
n -
n n

a y cl o s e d c urve i s
n e r o pr o v ide d th e c l o se d c rv e d o e s
z ,
o t s urr o n d u n u

th e e l e c tri c c urr e n t .

I nth e e xt pl c e
n if th e c urre t p a s e o n c e a d o n ly o c e
a ,
n s s ,
n n ,

th r o ugh th e c l o s e d c rve i th e p o s iti v e d i r e c ti o

u n th e l i e i te g ra l n ,
n - n

h a s a d e te r min a te v lu e wh i c h m y b e a e d a s a me a s ur e o f th e
,
a us

s tr e n gth o f th e c urr e t Fo if th e c l o s e d c urve a l te r s i ts f r m

n . r o

i a y c o ti u u s ma
n n n n e r wi th o ut c utti g th e c urr e n t th e l i
o nn n ,
ne

i te gr a l wi ll r e m i th e s me
n a n a .

I ne l e c tr o m g e tic me a ur e th e li e i te gra l o f the ma g e ti c

n as ,
n -
n n

fo r ce r o d un c l o s e d c rv e i s
a ume rica l ly e qu l to th e c urre n t
u n a

th r gh th e l o s d c urv e mul tipl i e d by 4

ou c e 77 .
 E L E C TR I C C URR E N TS .

I f w e ta k e fo r th e c o se dl urv e c th e p a r ll e l o gr a m wh o e Side s
a s

ar e dg an d dz , th e li n e - in te g a l O fr th e ma g e ti c fo r c e r o u d th e
n n

p a r l lo gra m is
a le dy 03 3

an d if u , v, w are th e co mpo n e n ts o f th e fl o w o f l
e e ct ri city ,
th e
c urr e n t th r o ugh th e p a ra ll e l o g ra m i s

M ulti p l yin g thi s by 4 7r , and e qu a ti n g th e r e s ul t to th e li ne

i n te gra l , w e o b ta i n th e e qu a tio n

037 031
3
4 77 u 1
dy dz
with th e simil a r e qua ti o n s
da J ), ( E qu a ti o n s of

E l e c tr i c C u r r e n ts )
El;
.

dB da
4 77 w
dg J
day
which de te rmi ne th e ma g n itu de a n d di e c ti o n r o f th e e le ct ric c ur r e n ts

wh e th e ma g
n n e ti c fo r c e ve ry p o in t i g iv e
at e s n .

W he th e r e n is no c u r e t th e s e e q
r n tio s a
,
ua n re e quiva le n t to th e
co n di tio n th a t a da + 5 dg + y dz
' —B Q ,

or th a t th e ma g n e ti c fo r c e i s d e ri va bl e fr o m a ma gn e tic p o te n ti a l
in a ll po i
fi e ld wh e re th e re e o c rre t
n ts o f th e ar n u n s .

B y diffe r e ti ti g th e e qu ti o s (E ) w ith r e p e c t to
n a n a n s a , g ,
an d 2

re p e ctive ly a d a ddi g th e r e ul t w e o b ta i th e e q a tio

s ,
n n s s, n u n

du dv dw

which i di ca te s th t th e c urre t wh o e co mp o e ts e
n a w i n s n n ar u ,
v, s

s ubj e c t to th e c o ditio o f m ti o n o f
n i c o mpr e s ibl e fl id
n d o an n s u ,
an

th a t i t mu t n e c e s s a rily fl o w in cl o e d i c ui ts
s s c r .

T hi e qua ti s i s tr o l y if w e t k e
on v d w a th e c o m
ue n a u , ,
an s

n e t o f th a t e l e c tri c fl o w whi c h i s d e to th e v a ri ti o n o f e l e c tr i c u a
p o n s

di pl a c e me t s w ll s t tr e c o d ti o
s n a e a o u n uc n .

W h ve v ry li ttl e e xp ri me ta l e vi d e ce e l tin g t th e di r e c t
e a e e n n r a o

e l e c tr o ma gn e ti c a c ti o f c r e ts d e to th e v ri ti o n o f e l e c tr i c
on u r n u a a

d i pl a c e me t i n di l e c tr i c b t th e e xtr e me d iffi c l ty o f r e c o c il i g
s n e s, u u n n

th e l w s o f e l e c tr o m gn e ti m wi th th e e xi te
a e o f e l e c tr ic c rr
a s ts s nc u en

wh ich e o t cl e d i o e r e a o m g m y w hy w e m t dmit
ar n os s n s n a on an us a

th e e xi ste c e o f tr n ie t r e t d to th e v ri ti o o f d i pl c e
an s n cu r n s ue a a n s a

me t Th e ir i mp o rta ce will b e s e e n wh e we c o me to th e e l e c tr o
n . n n

ma g e tic th e o ry o f l igh t
n .
 GE N E R AL E Q U A TI O NS .

GO8 .
J W e h a ve n ow d e te r min e d th e
r l a tio s o f th e pri c ip l e n n a

qua ti tie s co c e r e d in
n n n th e p h e o me di s co v e r e d by Or s te d A m
n na ,

p ere d F ra da y To
,
an a . co n e c t th e e wi th th e p h e o me a d e sc r ib e d
n s n n

i n th e fo r me r p a rts o f th i tr e a ti s e s o me
s ddi ti o l e l a ti o a r e
,
a na r ns

n e ce s ry sa .

W h e n e le ctr o mo tiv e fo rc e a c ts o m te r ia l b o dy i t pr o d c e s n a a ,
u
i
in it two e l e c tri c a l e ffe c ts c a ll e d by F r a da y I d c ti o r a d C o
‘

,
a n u n n

d u cti o th e fir st b e i g mo s t c o n p i c o u s i
n , d i e l e ctri c s a n d th e
n s u n ,

se c o d i n c o d c to r s n n u .

I th i tre ti s e s ta ti c e l e c tri c i n du c ti o
n s a i s me a s r e d by wh t w e
, n u a

h a ve c ll e d th e e l e ctr ic d is pl a c e me t a d i r e c te d q a ti ty o v e c to r
a n ,
u n r

wh i h w e h ve d e o te d by
c a d i t c o mp o n e t by j,g h
n an s n s ,
.

I n i o tr o p ic ub t c e s th e di pl c e me t i s i th e sa me dir e c ti o n
s s s an ,
s a n n

a s th e e l e tr o mo ti ve fo r c e c wh ic h pro d c e s i t d i s pr o p o rti o l u ,
an na

to i t t l e a t fo r ma ll v l e o f thi s f r c e
,
a s Th i s ma y b e e xpr e sse d
s a u s o .

by th e e q ti n ua o
(E q ti f El t i ua on o ec r c

D i pl m t ) s a ce en .

wh e re K i s th e die l e ctr i c ca p a c i ty o f th e s ub ta c e Se e Art 6 9 s n . . .

I s ub s ta c e s w h i c h a e
n o t i o tr o p i c
n th e c o mp o e ts f ; g h O f r n s ,
n n ,

th e e l e c tr ic di pl a c e me t SD a e l i e a r f s c ti o o f th e co mp o e ts
n r n un ns n n

P Q R o f th e e l e c tr o mo ti ve f r c e (5
, , o .

Th e fo r m o f th e e qu ti o n s o f e l e c tr i c di s pla c e me t i s s imil a r to a n

th a t o f th e e qu a tio s o f c o d u c ti o s g i ve i Art 2 9 8
n n n a n n . .

Th e s e r e l a tio s m y b e e xpr e s e d by s a y i g th t K i s i is o tro p i c

n a s n a ,
n

b o die a c l r qu tity b t i o th e r b o die s it i s a li e a r d ve cto r

s, s a a an ,
u n n an

f n cti o o p e r ti
n th v t r (8
u
g o , e e c o a n n .

6 0 9 J Th e o th e r e ffe c t o f e l e c tr o mo ti v e fo r ce is c o d c ti o
. Th e n u n .

la ws o f c d uctio a s th e r e s ult o f e le ctr o mo ti ve fo r e w e re e ta

on n c s

b l i h e d by O h m
s d a e e xpl i e d i th e s e c o d p a rt o f th i s
,
an r a n n n

tr e a ti s e A t 2 4 1 , Th e y ma y b e u mme d up i th e e q ti o
r . . s n ua n

5? C (5, (E q u a ti o n o f C o n d u c tiv ity .

) G
( )
wh e re (if i s th e i n te n s ity o f th e l
e e ct o r mo ti ve fo r c e at th e po i n t,
if i s th e de n s ity o f th e c urre n t o f co n d uc ti o n , th e co mp o n e n ts of

whic h p g are , ,
r, and b ta ce w hi ch
C i s th e co n du c ti v ity o f th e su s n , ,

i th e ca s e o f i o tr p i c s b t c e s i
n s i mpl e s c l r qu a ti ty b t
s o u s an ,
s a a a n , u

i o th e r s b st n c e s b e c o m s
n u li e r a d ve cto r f tio O p e r ti g
a e a n a n unc n a n

O n th e v e c to r Th e fo r m o f th i s fu c ti o S g ve C a r te i a n n 1 i n in s n

c o o r din a te s i A rt 2 9 8 n . .

6 10 J O n e o f th e c h i f p e c ul ia ri tie s o f thi s tr e ti e i s th e d o c tr i e
. e a s n

wh ich i t a sse rts th a t th e tru e e le tri c c urr e n t (5 th a t o n which th e

, c ,
6 14 .
J C URR E N TS OF D I S PL A C E ME N T .

l
e e ct o r ma gn e ti c ph e no me n a d e p e n d i s n o t th e sa me th in g a s it th e
, ,

cu rre t o f c o d c ti o
n n u n ,
b u t th a t th e tim e va ri a ti o n o f th e e l e c tri c -

d i pl ac e me t must b t k e
s n i to a c c o u t i
,
e a n n n n e s ti ma ti n g th e to ta l
mo ve me t o f e l e c tr i ity s o th t w e m s t wr i te
n c ,
a u ,

9 + Eb , ( E q u a ti o n o f T r u e C u r r e n ts .
) H
( )
or, in te r ms o f th e co mp o n e n ts ,

d
”z i
p -
F
a g ,

do
7’ = 9+ ’
7d
dh
w= r + '

7jg
6 11J S in ce . b o th 5? an d 5) d e p e n d on th e l
e e ct o r
mo ti v e fo r c e (8 ,

we ma y e xpr e ss th e t r u e c urre nt (5 in te rm s o f th e e l e c tr o mo ti ve

fo r c e , th u s 1 d
e ( 0+
177
-
1
1
25 )
s ,

or ,
i n th e ca se in whi ch C an d Ka r e c o n s ta n ts ,
dP
u : bP l - — K ’
J
7d I
1 dQ l
v C Q+ t
4 77 dt l
1 dB

6 12 .
J The v o lume -
de n s ity o f th e fre e l
e e ct ric ity a t an
y p o i t n

i s fo u n d fr o m th e co mp o n e n ts of l
e e ct ri c di pl c e me
s a n t by th e
e qu a ti o n df d ],
z d
6 13 .
J Th e su rf a ce -
de n s i ty o f e l e c tri c i ty i s
(r lf + mo + u h
’
Zf
’
+ mo +
’ ’
W K
( )
wh e r e l , m, n are th e di re cti on -
c o s in e s o f th e n o rma l d ra w fro m n

th e rfa c e i t th me di m i wh ich f g h e
su n o e u n , ,
ar th e c o mp o e t o f n n s

th e d i pl a c e m t d l m th o e o f th e o rm a l d ra w fr o m
’ ’ ’
s en ,
an , ,
n are s n n

th e ur fa c e i to th e me di m i w h i c h th e y
’ ’

f g h
’
s n e u n ar , , .

6 14 ] Wh e th e ma g tiz ti o o f th e me di u m i e tir e ly i duc e d

n ne a n s n n

by th e m gn e tic f r c e a c ti g o it w e ma y wr ite th e e qu tio o f

a o n n , a n

i du e d m g e ti a tio 28 L
n c a n z n
( )
,

wh e r e p i th e c o e fli ie t o f ma g e tic p e r me bil ity wh i ch m y

. s c n n a , a

b e c o id e r e d c l r qu a ti ty
ns o li e r
a s d v e c to r fu c ti o
a a n ,
r a n a an n n

o pe ra ti g o n lb a c co rdi g a s th e me d ium i s i o tro p ic o o t

n ,
n s r n .
 G E N E RA L EQ U A TI ONS .
[ 6 15 .

The se ma y b e re ga r de d
prin ci p a l r e la ti n s mo g as th e o a n

th e qua n titie s we h a ve b e e n c o n side ri g The y ma y b e co mb i e d n . n

so a s to e l i mi a te s o me o f th e se qu
n titi e s b u t o o bj e c t a t pr e e t an ,
ur s n

i s o t to o b ta i c o mp a c t e s s i n th e ma th e ma ti c l fo m l a e b t
n n n a r u ,
u

to e xpr e s e ve ry r e l a ti o
s o f w h i ch w e h a v e n
y k o wl e dg e T o an n .

e l i min a te a qu a ti ty whi c h e xpr e sse s a

n s e f l i d e a w o l d b e r a th e r u u u

a l s s th n a ga in i
o a thi t g e o f o r e qu i ry
n s s a u n .

Th e r e i s o e e s ult h o w e v e r w hi c h w e m y o b ta i by c o mb in in g
n r , ,
a n

e qu a ti o s A a d (E n d wh i ch i v ry gr e t i mp o r ta c e
( )
n
) n o f e
,
a s a n .

I f w e s upp o se th t o m g n e ts e xi s t i th e fi e l d e xc e p t i n th e
a n a n

fo r m o f e l e c tri c c i r c uits th e d isti c ti o wh ich w e h ve h ith e rto

,
n n a

m i ta in e d b e twe e th e m gn e tic fo r c e a d th e ma g e ti c i d uc ti o
a n n a n n n n

va i h e s be ca e i t is o ly i ma g e ti e d ma tte r th a t the s e qua n

n s ,
us n n n z

titie s d iffe r fr o m e a ch o th e r .

A c c o rdi g to A mp ere s h yp o th e s is w h i ch w il l b e e xpl a i n e d i

’
n , n

A r t 8 3 3 th e pr o p e rti e s o f wh a t w e
.
,
ll ma g e ti e d ma tte r e d e ca n z ar u

to m o l e cul a r e l e c tric c i rc uits s o th t i t i s ly wh e we re g rd th e

,
a on n a

s ub sta c e in l a rg e m s e s th t o th e o ry o f ma gn e ti a tio n i
n a s a ur z s

a ppl ic bl ea a n d if o
,
ma th e ma tica l me th o ds a r e s upp o s d c p a ble
ur e a

o f t ki g a c c o
a n t o f wh t g o e s o n wi th i th e i di v idu a l mo l e c ul e s
un a n n ,

th e y w i ll d isc o v e r o th i g b t e l e c tri c c i r c ui ts
n n a d we ha l l fi d
u ,
n s n

th e m a g e ti c fo r c e a d th e ma g e ti c i d u ti o e ve rywh e r e i de tica l
n n n n c n n .

I n o r d e r h o w e v e r to b e bl e to m k e
, ,
o f th e e l e c tr o s ta ti c o
a of a u se r

th e e l e c tr o m gn e tic s yste m o f me a ur e me t a t pl e a ur e w e s h ll
a s n s a

re t in th e c o e ffi cie n t p e me mb e ri g th a t i ts va lu e i s u n ity i th e
a t, r n n

e l e c tr o m g e ti c s y s te m
a n .

Th e c o mp o n e ts o f th e ma gn e tic i n du c ti o n a r e by e qu
n a

tio n s ( ),
A Ar t 5 9 1, . dB ( ZG

(l
y dz
dF dH
dz dx
dG dF

Th e co mp o n e n ts o f th e l
e e ct ri c e q u at on s i
Art 6 0 7,
.
fl y
4 77 u
fl
y
( 5a
dz
dB
4 77 70
(lx
61 V E C TO R -
POTE N TI A L or C URR E N TS .

A c co dinr g to o ur h ypo th e s is a, 6, c are i de n tic a l wi th p fi, pay

r e s pe c ti ve ly We . th e r e fo re o bta in
03 1
7
d 2 1 s i H
c
Z

4 7 m m
dw dy dy z
dz z +
dz dx

I f we wr i te 75
+
dy
+
22
,

d z
d 2
d 2
*
an d V
‘ -
i
-

fi df/ Z

we ma y write e qua ti o n

4 7: p. u V I 7 2
.

S imi la rly , 2
G,
’
4 77 p v v

4 77 p m +v fl
z

I f we wri te

Ei—dd: d / dz
ii
g ,

wh e r e r i s th e di s ta n c e o f th e gi ve p o in t fro m th e e le me n t my
n z ,

an d th e i n te gr a ti o n s are to b e e xt de d o ve r a ll p a c e th e
en s , n

ai x
F — F +

'
dl x
G : G +
d?

dx
E = H +
'

dz

Th e qu
y X di sa pp e a r s fro m th e e qua ti o n s (A ) a n d it is n o t
an ti t ,

r l te d to n y ph y ic l ph e o me o
e a a s I f w e s uppo e i t to b e e r o
a n n n . s z

e v e ryw h e r e J wi ll a l s o b e
,
e ro e ve rywh e e a d e qu tio n s z r ,
n a

o mi tti g th e a c c e ts w i ll g i v e th e tr u e v a l e s o f th e c o mp o e n ts
n n ,
u n

o f 9L

Th e n e ga ti v e si gn mpl o y e d h e r e in o r d e r to ma k e
is e o ur ex pr e ss i o n s c o n s is te n t

wi t h th o se in whi c h Q u a te r n io n s a r e e mpl o y e d .
 G E N E RA L EQ U A TI ONS .
[ 6 I 7 .

We ma y th e r e fo r e
p t a s a d e fi itio n o f 2L th t i t a do ,
n a

i s th e v e c to r p o te ti l o f th e e l e c tr ic c urr e t t di g i th e s me
-
n a n ,
s an n n a

r e l ti o to th e e l e c tric c urr e t th a t th e s ca la r p o te ti l s t d s to
a n n n a an

th e m tte r o f w h i c h i t i s th e p o te ti l
a d b t i e d by a i mil r n a ,
an O a n s a

pro c s O f i te gr ti o wh i ch ma y b e th s de sc rib e d
es n a n ,
u .

Fr o m g i v e p oai t l e t a v e tonr b e d r a w n r e pr e e n ti g i m g c n ,
s n n a

n i t de n d di re c ti o
u a gi ve n e l e me t O f a e l e tr ic c ri e t d ivide d
n a n n c a n ,

by th e n u me r ic l va lu e o f th e d i ta c e o f th e e l e me n t fro m th e
a s n

g i v e p o
n i t L e t t hni s b.e d o e f o e v e ry e l e m e t f th e e l e c tr i c n r n O

c urr e n t Th e r e s ul t t o f a l l th e ve cto r th u s fo
. an d i th e p te s un s o n

tia l o f th e wh o l e c urr e t S i c e th e c rre t i s a v e cto r qu a tity

n . n u n n ,

its p o te tia l i s a l o
n v ct r S e e A t 4 2 2 s a e o . r . .

W h e th e di tri b tio o f e l e ctr i c c rr e t i s gi v e th e r e i s o e

n s u n u n s n ,
n ,

a d o ly o e
n n d i tri bu tio n ,
f th e v l e o f Ql u ch th t 21i s e ve ry
s n O a u s ,
s a

wh e re fi ite d c ti u a d a ti fie s th e e q ti o s
n an on nu o s, n s s ua n

V 2
QI = 4 7T N C€,
an d va n is he s at an in fi n i te d i s ta n c e fr o m th e l
e e ct ri c sy ste m . Th i s
va lu e i s th a t gi ve by eq n u at o n s i w h ic h ma y b e wr itte n

Q ua te r n i o n E xp r e ss io n s f o r Me E le c l r o ma gn e tic E q u a ti o n s .

I n th is t re
v e e de vo r e d to vo id y pr o ce s s
a t se i we ha n a u a an

d e ma di g fr o m th e r e de r
n n k n o wl dg e Of th e C a l cul s o f Q a a e u ua

te r i o s
n A t th e a me ti me w e h v e o t c rup l e d to i tr o d c e th e
n . s a n s n u

i de o f a v e cto r wh
a it w a s e c e s ry to d o S O Wh e w e h v e
en n s a . n a

h d o c ca i o
a to d e o te a v e c to r by a symb o l we h a v e u e d
s n n ,
s a

G e rm l e tte r th e mb e r Of diff re t ve c to r s b e i g s g re t th t
an ,
nu e n n o a a

H mi l to s fa v o uri te ymb o l s w o ul d h v e b e e e xh u te d a t o c e
’
a n s a n a s n .

W h e e ve r th e r f re a G e rma l tte r is u e d i t de o te a H mil

n e o ,
n e s n s a

to in an v e c to r d i dic te s o t ly its m g it d e b t it di re cti o

, an n a n on a n u u s n .

Th e c o tit e ts Of v e c to r r e de o te d by R o ma o G r e e k l e tte rs
ns u n a a n n r .

Th e pr i c ip a l v e cto r s whi ch w e h a v e to c o ide r

n e ns ar

S
yp
r
r
C o n s titu e n ts .

Th e r a di u s ve cto r Of a po i n t p
Th e e e ct ol r ma g n e tic mo me n tu m a t a po i n t QI
Th e ma g n e tic in du c ti o n 5B
T h e (to ta l ) e l e c tr i c c urr e n t (S
Th e l
e e ct ric di s pl a c e me n t 59
 Q U A TE RN I O N E X PR E SS I ONS .

Th e e e ct ol r mo tive fo r c e
Th e me c h a n i c a l fo r ce
v e lo ci ty O f p o i t
Th e a n

The m g e ti c fo r c e a n

Th e i te ity o f m g e ti ti o n
n ns a n z a

Th e c rr e t o f c o d cti o
u n n u n

W e h a ve l so th e fo llo wi g s c la r fu cti o s
a n a n n

Th e e l e c tri c p te ti l I o n a I I
.

T h e m g e tic p o te tia l (wh e r e i t e xi ts ) 9

a n n s .

Th e e l e tri c de s ity 6 c n .

ity O f m g e ti c m tte r m
’
Th e d ens a n a .

B e id e s th e w e h a v e th e f ll o w i g qu a titi e s i di ca ti g p hy i ca l
s es o n n ,
n n s

pr o p rtie O f th e me di m a t e ch p o i t
e s u a n

0 th e c o d c ti vi ty fo e l e c tri c c urre t
,
n u r n s .

K th e d ie l e tri c i d c ti ve c p a c ity
, c n u a .

p t h e m ,
g ,
e ti c i n d u c ti v e
a c a p nc i ty a .

Th e e q n ti tie
s eua i is o t O pic me di
s ar me r e s c a l r f c ti o s
,
n r a , a un n

Of p b t i e e r a l th e y a e l i e a r a n d v e c to r O p e r to r s o r th
,
u
g n n e n a n

v e c to r f c tio to whi ch th e y
un ns ppli e d K a d p e c e rta in l y are a . n . ar

a lw y a s e l f c o j g te a d C i
s - n pr b a bly s o a l o
u a ,
n s o s .

Th e e qua tio A
( ) o f m a g e ti c i n du c ti o
n s O f w h i c h th e n n ,

fir t is
s , dH a G
’

a
’
s 57
3
ma y no w be wr itte n
3
5 7 V 2L
7

wh e r e V is th e o p e r a to r

g fi z d
i j d k
35
,
dd: y
an d 7 i n di ca te s th a t th e ve cto r p rt a of th e r e ul ts Of thi s o p e ra tio n

i s to b e ta k e n .

S i n c e QI i sbj e c t t th e o d itio n S V Q[ 0 V 2[ i s a p r e
su o c n , u

v e c t r n d th e ymb o l V i s u e c e a ry
o ,
a s nn ss .

Th e e qu ti o s (B ) O f e l e c tr o mo ti v e fo r c e O f w h ic h th e fir t i
a n , s s

( ZF d tli
c — és
y dd}
,
dd
b e co me (S V @ Qi — gl — V W .

Th e e qu at on s i C
( ) O f me ch a n ic a l fo r c e , o f wh i c h th e fir st is
dQ
é— P
i

X cv — bw — e —m —;
da: dx
be c o me {5 VGfi
B — e V W — mv fl .
 G E NE RA L EQ U A TI ONS .

Th e e qu a ti o n s ( D ) Of ma gn e tiz a ti o n , of whi ch th e fir s t is
a a 4 7? A,

b e co me 1
53 © + 4 7r 3 .

Th e e qua tio ns E
( ) O f l
e e ct ri c c ur r en ts o f whi ch th e firs t i s

4 7t u

b e co me 4 71 6 : V V JQ .

Th e e qua tio n of th e c urr e n t Of c o n ductio n is, by Oh m s L a w,

’

Q 06 .

Th a t o f l
e e ct ric d is p la c e me n t i s
1

4 77

Th e e q a tio n o f th e
u to ta l urr e t a ri i
c n ,
s n
g f r o m th e va ria tio n
th e e l e c tri c di s pl c e me a n t as w e ll s fr o m c o
a n d u ctio n , i s

(5 S wab .

Wh e n th e ma gn e tiz a ti o n a r ise s fr o m ma g n e tic i n d u c tio n ,

We h a ve l
a so , r
to d e te min e th e l
e e ct ri c v o l u me de n sity
-
,

6 SV 9 .

To d e te r mi n e th e ma g n e ti c v o lume -
de n s ity ,
m SV 3 .

Wh e n th e ma g n e tic fo r c e ca n b e de r iv e d fr o m a p o te n tia l
6? V 52 .
 C H A P TE R X .

D I M E NS I O NS OF E LE C TR I C UN I TS .

E VE R Y l
e e ct o r
ma gn e ti c qu a n ti ty ma y b e de fi n e d wi th
re fe re n ce to th e fu n d a me n ta l un i ts O f L e n gt h , M a s s , a n d Time .

I f we b e gi wi th n th e d e fi
ri ci ty a give n
n i ti o n o f th e un it o f e e ct l ,
s

i A r t 6 5 w e ma y O b ta i d e fin itio
n .
,
o f th e u n i t O f e v e ry o th e r
n ns s

e l e c tr o ma g n e ti c qu tity i n vi rtu e O f th e e qua tio n s in to w h ich

an ,

th e y e te r n lo g wi th q a n titi e o f e le ctri c ity The y te m o f

a n u s . s s

u its th s o b ta i e d i s c a lle d th e E l ctr o ta tic S y te m

n u n e s s .

I f O th e o th e r h d w e b e g i n w ith th e de fi i tio
,
n an , o f th e u i t n n n

ma g e tic p o l e a s g ive i A t 3 7 4 w e O b ta i n a di ff e r e t s y te m
n ,
n n r .
,
n s

o f un i t O f th e
s sa m e e t O f qu a ti ti e s Th i s y ste m o f u i ts i s
s n . s n

n o t co i te t wi th th e fo r me r y te m a d i s ca ll e d th e E l e c tr o
ns s n s s ,
n

ma g e ti c S y ste m
n .

W e h ll b e gi by ta tin g th o se r e l tio b e twe e n th e di ffe re t

s a n s a ns n

un it wh ich e c o mmo to b o th y te m
s ar d w e h ll th e fo rm
n s s s, a n s a n

a ta bl e o f th e dim e i o s o f th e u its a cc r di g t e a c h s y te m
ns n n o n o s .

W e s h a ll rra ge th e pri m ry qua titi e s wh i h w e h ve

a n a n c a

to c o i d e r in p i rs
ns I n th e fir t th r e e p a i r s th e pr d c t o f th e
a . s , o u

tw o qu titi e s ian e ac h p i r i nqu tity o f e e rgy o w o rk I a s a an n r . n

th e s e c o d th r e e p ir s th e pr d c t f e a ch p a i i
n a ,
q a n tity O fo u O r s a u

e e r y r e fe rr e d to u it o f v o l ume n
n
g .

FI RS T TH R E E PAI R S .

E l e c tms ta ti c P a i r .

( )
1 Q ua n tit y O f e l e ctri city
( )
2 Li n e -
in te gr a l O f e l e c tr o mo tiv e fo rc e , or l
e e ct ri c po
 D I M E NS I ONS OF UN I TS .

M a gn e tic P a ir .

Q ua n tit y O f fr e e ma g n e ti s m, o r st e n r gth
M a gn e ti c p o te ti l n a

E le c tr o kin e ti c P a i r .

E le c tro k i e tic n mo me n tum o f a r uit

ci c

E l e c tr i c c urr e n t

SE C O ND TH R E E PA I RS .

E l e c tr o s ta tic P a i r .

( 7 le c tric di pl a c e me t (me a s ure d by s urfa c e

E s n -
de n s ity ) Q
( )
8 E l e c tr o mo ti v e fo r c e a t a p o i t n 6
"

( )
9 M a g n e tic i n d u cti o n
10 ) M a g n e ti c fo r c e

E l e c tr o ki n e ti c P a ir .

( )
11 I n y Of e l e c tri c c rr e n t t a p o i
te n s i t u a n t

( )
12 V e c to r p o te ti a l O f e l e c tr ic c urr e ts
n n

Th e fo ll o wi n g re l a tio ns e xis t b e twe e n th e s e

I n th e firs t pl a ce ,
s in c e th e dime n s io n s o f en e rgy
th o s e of en e rgy r e f rr e d to u e n it Of vo l ume
fo ll o w in g e qu ti oa O f dime io
ns ns ns

i
ff —
E] 0]

M
[ E Z
I2 ( )
2

S e co n dly ,
s i n ce e, p an d 21a r e th e time i n te gr a l s -
of O, E , an d 6
r e p e c ti ve ly
s

[ ] [ ]
e
,
p
a E
U3

Th i dr ly ,
s in c e E, Q ,
an dp are th e l in e -
i n te gr a l s Of 6, Q ,
an d QI
r e p e c tiv e ly
s
E Q
l(5
,

2)
x QI
Fin a ll y, s in c e e , d m th e ur f i te gra l s f £
9, 6, d 55
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C, an ar e s a ce - n o an

re s p e ctiv e ly
[g] [g] [g]
,

2 ( )
5
62 5 ] TH E TWO SYS TE M S OF UN I TS .

Th e s e fif te e n e qua ti o ns are n ot i n d e p e n de n t, an d in rd r o e

to d e du c e th e d ime n s io n s Of we lve it
th e t u n s in vo lve d ,
we re q ire u

one a d diti o n al e q u a tio n . I f h o we ve r w e ta k

, , e e i th e r e o m r as an

i n de p e n d e n t u n i t, w e ca n d e d u c e th e dime n sio n s Of th e r e st in
te rms O f e i th e r of th e s e .

( 1) []
e

( )
2
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( )a n d
3 5) p = m
[ l [ ]

( )
4 a n d ( )
6 [ 14
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( )
11 6
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i L z 7
2

( )
I ? PM { if lZ
él -
-
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Th e rl e a ti o n s Of th e firs t te Of th e e qu
n s an ti tie s ma y b e
e xhib it e d by me a n s O f th e fo llo wi g a rr ge me t
n an n

e, $9 , 63, C an d E G, 5B , m an d p .

m an d p, 23, (S ,
E . C an d Q ,
63, CD ,
6 .

Th e q fir t l i e e de rive d fro m e by th e me
u an titi e s in th e s n ar sa

O p e r tio sa th e c o rr e p o d i g q
n as ti tie s i th e s e c o d l i e se n n u an n n n ar

d e ri v e d fr o m I t w il l b e se e th t th e o r de r f th e q a ti ti e
772 . n a o u n s

i th e fir t li e i s e x c tl y th e r e v e r e O f th e o r d e r i th e
n s n a c d s n se on

li e Th e fir t f ur f e ch l i e ha ve th e fir t ymb o l i th e
n . s o O a n s s n

n ume r to r Th e e c o d fo ur i e a c h l in e h a ve it i th e d e o
a . s n n n n

mi n a to r .

All th e re l a tio n s g i v e n a b o ve are r

t ue wh a te ve r y st s e m Of u n i ts

we a do pt .

62 6 ] Th e o nl y sy te ms O f a y c ie
s n s n fi c v lue a e th e e l e c tro
ti a r

i
s ta t c a n d th e e l e c tr m g e ti c y te m
o a n s s . Th e e l e tr o t ti s y te m i
c s a c s s

voL . I I .
 D I M E NS I ONS OF N S
U IT .
[ 6 2 6 .

fo u n d e d on th e d e fi n itio O f th e u it n n Of e e ct l ric ity ,

A r ts 4 1, 4 2 ,
.

and ma y b e d e d uce d fr o m th e e qu ti o a n

e
(53 2
L
wh ich xpre e s se s r e l ta t fo rce
th a t th e su n (Sf a t an
y po i n t, d u e to th e
a c ti o n o f a
q u ti ty o f an
e l e ctr i ity t c e a a di s ta n c e L , i s fo u n d by
v
di id in g e by L S b s tit ti g th e e q
2
. u u n i
u at o n s O f d ime ia s i o n ( )
1 and

w e fin d LM M
la ] [fi l [E T] [M l
e in
—
’
vz

wh e n ce
[] e
[ L %M %T 1
]
"

,
m [L i M i
],
i n th e l
e e c t o s ta ti c sr y s te m .

Th e l
e e ct o r ma gn e tic s y s te m i s fo u n de d on a pre c i e ly s s imil a r
de fin i ti o n Of th e u n it Of r
st e n g th Of a ma g n e ti c p o l e A ,
rt . 3 7 4,
l e a di n
g to th e e qu a ti o n m
c L .

f f “ f m
[ l [ ]
L —
W en 8 ,
L 8 T
i i E15 L3M
d [] [I ] [ ] [ ]
I
T
"

an e ,
71
2 ,

in th e e le c t o r ma gn e ti c y s s te m . Fr o m th e s e r e s l ts
u we fin d th e
d ime n s i o n s of th e o th e rq uan titi e s .

Ta bl e of D ime n s io n s .

Dim e n s io n s in
E l e c tr o s ta ti c E l e c tr o ma gn e ti c
Symb 0 1
Sy s te m Sy t m
s e

Q a tity e l e tr i c i ty
of 5 i
13 M T l
] M i
]
’

u n c

L i e i te g ra l
n -
n f l c tr O e e o
i M i 3 Jlfi T ]
[ ] [
Z
L T l
1
‘

?
‘

m ti v e f r c e
.

o o

Q u an tity O f m g e ti m a n s

E l e c tro ki e tic mo me t m 2M T ]
[
l
L
‘

n n u 75
.

of c i r c it
a u

E le c tr i c c r
M g ti p o te ti l i
a n e
t
c
u ren

n a
[ F E s
M T
-
2
] [ J a mT -
l
] .

E l e c tr ic di pl c e me t
i
s a n

S r f c e d e ity
u a -
ns

E l e c tr o m ti v e f r c e t a p o i
o o a n t

M a gn e ti c in d u c tio n
M a g n e tic fo r ce

S tre n g th o f c urr e n t at a p o in t

V e c to r p o te n ti l a
 TAB LE OF D I M E NS I ONS .

6 27 ] W e ha v e r
a l e ad y c o n s id e re d th e pro d uc ts Of th e p a i rs o f
th e se qu an ti ti e s in th e o r de r in whi ch th e y ta s n d . Th e ir ra ti o s a r e
in ce rta i n ca s e s o f s c ie n ti fi c i mp o rt ce Th u an . s

E l e c tr o sta ti c E l e c tr o ma gn e ti c
Symb ol. Sy t m s e . Sy s te m .

2—
2
cap a c ity Of a a c c m l a to r
co e ffi c i e t O f e lf i d cti o n
n

s
u

-
u

n u n
g [ ]
L
[13Ii
T 2

Of c i c ui t

m gn e ti c p city a
o e l e tr o
a r

c a
,

a
r c
T ] [ ]
L ,

sp e ci fi c i d u c ti v e p a c i ty
gj
’

5
; [
n ca

f di l e c tri c
O e L 2

ma gn e ti c i n du cti ve ca p a city [ ]
O .

L
re s i s ta n c e O f a co n du cto r
7 7
]
p e ific r e is ta c e Of a {1
2

[
s c s n

b t ce su s an T
I f th e u i ts O f l e n g th ma s s a n d ti me n e th e sa me i th e , , ar n

tw o s y te ms th e s mb e r O f e l e ctr o t ti c u i ts o f e l e c tri c i ty o n
,
n u s a n c

ta i e d i o e e l e c tr o m g e tic u it i s
n n n me ri c a lly e qu l to a c e rta in
n n n u a a

ve l o city th e b o l te va lu e o f wh ich do e s o t de p e d o th e
,
a s u n n n

m gn i tude o f th e fu n d me ta l
a it e mp l o y e d Th is v e l o c i ty i sa n un s .

an imp o rta t p h y ic l qu a tity wh ich w e h a ll d e o te by the

n s a n , s n

symb o l v .

Nu mbe r o
f E le c tr o s ta ti c Un i ts in one E le c tr o ma gn e ti c Un i t .

Fo r e. o, c , a , c c , ,

Fo r w . E . a , c, a ,
i
Fo r l r
e e ct o s ta ti c ca p a city ,
di e l e c tri c i n du cti v e ca p a city , an d co n

du ctiv ity , 22
2
.

Fo r l
e e ct o r ma gn e ti c ca p a city ,
ma g n e ti c i n du cti ve ca p a city , an d
1
re s i s ta n c e , ——
2
3

Se ve r l a me th o d s o f de te r mi mg n th e ve l o c ity 7} wi ll b e g i ve n i n
A r tS . 7 6 8 —7 8 0 .

I n
‘
th e l
e e ct o s ta ti cr s y te m th e p c ifi c di l e ctr ic in du c tive c p
s s e e a a

c it y O f a ir is a s su me d e qu l to ity a Th is qua ti ty i s th e r e fo re
un . n

r e pre s e n te d by i ?
i n th e e l e ct o r ma g n e ti c s y s te m .

R 2
 D I M E NS I O NS OF UN I TS .

I n th e e l e ct o r
ma gn e tic sy s te m th e s p e c i fic ma g n e ti c in d u c tive
c a p a c i ty O f a i r i s a s s u me d e qua l to u n i ty Th i s qua n tity i s the r e .

1
fo r e re pre se n te d by i n th e l r
e e ct o s ta tic s y s te m
;
.
2

P r a c tica l Sgs te rn f
o E l e c h ic Un i ts ‘
.

ys te ms o f u i ts th e e l e c tr o m gn etic i o f th e
O f th e tw o s n ,
a s

t er e to th o s e pra c ti ca l e l e c tri c i
us w h e up i d w ith
g r ea s o a o cc e an r

e l e c tr o m gn e tic te l e gr p h s
a I f h o w e ve r th e u i ts o f l e gth time
a .
, ,
n n , ,

a d m
n s a e th o s e c o mmo ly u s e d i
as r o th e r c i e tifi c w o rk s uc h
n n s n ,

a s th e metr e o th e c e timetr e th e e c o d a d th e g r a mme th e

r n , s n ,
n ,

u n i ts O f r e i ta ce d O f e l e c tr o mo ti ve fo r c e w i ll b e s o s ma l l th a t
s s n an

to e xpre th e q ss titie o c c rr i g i pr c ti c e e n o r mo u s n u mb e r s
u an s u n n a

mu t b e u e d a d th e
s s its o f qu tity
,
n d c a p a ci ty wil l b e so
u n an an

l rg e th t o ly e xce e di gly m ll fra ctio s Of th e m ca e ve r o cc ur

a a n n s a n n

i pr ti ce
n ac Pr cti c l e l e c tr i i s ha v e th e r e f r e a do p te d a se t o f
. a a c an o

e le ctric l n its d e d u c e d by th e e l e c tro m g e ti c sy ste m fro m a l a rge

a u a n

u it O f l e gth a d a ma ll u it o f m s
n n n s n a s .

Th e u it o f l e g thn e d fo th i purp o s e i s te
n u s mil li O f metr e s r s n on ,

o r ppro xima te ly th e l e g th O f qu d ra n t o f a me ri dia o f th e

a n a a n

e r th
a .

Th e u i t f time in s b e fo r e o n e
O e co d s, a ,
s n .

Th e it o f m
un is gra mme o r o n e h u n dr e d millio n th
a ss ,

p rt O f millig r mme
a a a .

T h e e l c tr i c l e i t d r i v e d fr m th e s e fu d me t l u its h a ve
a un s e o n a n a n

b e e a me d fte r e mi e t e l e c tric l dis c o ve re r s Th u s th e p ctica l

n n a n n a . ra

u it Of re s i ta c e i s c a l l d th e O h m
n s n d i s r e pre t d by th e
e ,
an se n e

re i t n c e co i l i s s e d by th B riti h A s o c i ti
s s a - u a d de c r ib e d i n
e s s a on ,
n s

Art 3 40 . I t i s e xpr e ss e d i
. th e e l e c tr o m g e ti c y te m by a n a n s s

v e l o city o f me tr e s pe s e co d r n .

Th e pr c ti a l u it o f e l e c tr o mo tiv e f r c e i s c a ll e d th e V o lt a n d
a c n o ,

i s o t v e ry di ffe re t fr o m th a t o f a D i e ll s c e l l M L a ti me r
’
n n an . r .

C l rk h s r e c e tly i v t d a v e ry co t t c e ll wh o s e e l e c tr o
a a n n en e n s an ,

mo tiv e fo r c e i lmo t e x ctly s a V o l ts s a .

Th pra c ti l u i t O f c p c ity i s c l l e d th e Fa r d
e ca n Th e qu tity
a a a a . an

o f e le c tri i ty wh i c h fl o w th r o gh
c e Ohm d e r th e e l c tr o mo ti ve
s u on un e

f rc e O f o e Vo l t d ri g o e e c o d i s e qu a l to th e ch a rg e pr o duc e d
o n u n n s n ,

in c o de
a r wh o e c p a c ity is o e F ra d by a e l e ctro m ti ve
n n se s a n a n o

fo r ce o f o e V o lt n .

Th e s e f th e s e
u m i _
o fo d to b e mo r e c o ve i e t i pr tic e
na es s un n n n n ac

s ta t r e p e ti ti w o rd e l e ctro ma gn e tic it ’
th a th e
n co n O f thn on e s un s,
 R
P A C TI C A L UN I TS .

with th e a d d itio n a l s ta te me n t of th e p a rtic la r fu u n da me n ta l u n i ts

on y e fo un de d
w h i c h th e ar .

Whe ve ry l rg e q a ti ti e
n e to b e me
a re d l rge u it
u n s ar a su ,
a a n

i s fo rme d by m lti p lyi n g th e o ri g in a l u it by o e mil li o a d un n n ,

n

pla c i g b e fo re it a me th e pre fix m g
n s n e a .

I lik e m e r by p e fi i g mic
n an n m l l u it i fo r me d o n e
r x n ro a s a n s ,

mi lli th o f th o rig i l
on it e n a u n .

Th f l l o wi g t bl e gi v e th e va l e s O f th e e pr ctic l
e o n a it i s u s a a un s n

th e d iff re t y te m wh ic h h v e b e
e n s s t v ri o u s ti m
s d p te d a en a a es a o .

F NU D A M E N TA L B A RE PO R T,
T H OM S O N W
. .

U N IT S . 18 6 3 .
. EB ER .

M etr e ,
’
E a r th s Qu a dr a n t ,

S e co n d ,
— 11
10 Gr a mme . Gr a mme . Gr a mme .

R e s i s ta n c e Ohm

E l e c tr o mo tiv e f
o rce V lt o

F d ara

Q u a n tity Fa r a d
( h
c a r
g d t
e o 9. V o lt .
)
 C H AP TE R X I .

ON E N E RGY A ND S TR E SS IN TH E E L E C TR OMAGN E TI C F I E LD .

E le c tr o s ta ti c E n e rgg .

TH E rgy o f th e y te m ma y b e divi de d in to th e Po te tia l

ene s s n

E e rgy a d th e Ki e tic E e r gy
n n n n .

Th e p o te ti l e e rgy d e t e l e c tr i fic a ti o n h s b e e n a lr e a dy c o
n a n u o a n

s ide e d i
r nA t 85 r I t m y b e wr i tte
. . a n

W % 2 (8 ( )
l

wh e re e i s th e ch rge O f e l e c trici ty a t a pl c e wh e re the e le tric

a a c

p o te n tia l i s I a d th e s u mma tio is to b e e xte n de d to e ve ry pl ce

‘f
,
n n a

wh e r e th e r e i s e l e c tri fica tio n .

I f f g i a e th e c o mp o e ts O f th e e le c tr ic di s pl c e me t th e
, ,
t r n n a n ,

qu a tity o f e l e c tri city i th e e l e me t o f vo l me elm lg dz i s

n n n u c

e
g) ( ta i l
g ate ,

el
f cl li

)
’
P cla dg a z ,
‘

Us; 22
wh e re th e i n te g r a tio n
xte d e d th r o ugh o ut ll s p a ce
i s to b e e n a .

I n te g r a ti g
th i s e xpr e si o by p r t a d re me mb e ri g
n s n a s, n n

th t wh e th e di s t c e r fr o m a g i ve n p o i t O f
a n an fin i te e le c trifie d
, ,
n a

s y te m b e c o me s i fi i te th e p te ti l P b e c o me s a
s n n i fi i te ly s m ll
,
o n a t n n n a

qu n tity Of th e o rde r
a d th a t j,g i b e c o me i fi i te ly s m ll
r
‘

l
,
an ,
n n a

qu a titie s o f th e o rd e r r th e e xpr e io i s re d ce d to
n
‘

2
, ss n u

cl kIJ al ‘I J ( N!

wh e r e th e i n tegra ti o is n to b e e x te n d e d th r o u g h o ut a ll S p a c e .

I f we n o w wri te P R fo r th e mp o n e n ts f th e l
e e ct or mo ti ve
Q , ,
co o

tt‘l ‘ al t? ol tl-r
fo r c e , in ste a d o f w e fin d
cl z

W z
l
,
63 MA GN E TI C E N E RGY .

H e n c e , th e r
wh o l e fie l d wi l l b e th me
e l e c t o s ta ti c e n e rg y Of th e e sa

if w e pp o e th t it r e id i e v ry p rt f th e fi l d wh e r e le c
su s a s es n e a o e e

tr i c l fo r e
a d e l tri l di p l
c an me t o cc r i te d f b i g
ec ca s ac e n u ,
n s a O e n

c onfi e d t th pl a ce w h r fr e le tri i ty i f d
n o e s e e e e c c s oun .

Th e e rg y ie n i t o f v l me i h lf th e pr d t f th
n u n l tro
o u s a o uc O e e ec

mo ti v f r c d th e l c tri di pl c m t m l ti pl ie d by th e co i e
e o e an e e c s a e en ,
u s n

O f th g l e w hi
e an c h th e v c t r i c l d es e o s n u e .

I Q u te r i
n l g ge i t i
a n on S CS an ua s

M a g n e tic E n e rgg .

We ma y tr e a t th e rgy d
en e ue to ma gn e ti z a ti o n i n a s i mila r
wa y . I f A, B ,
0 are th e c o mp o e t n n s o f ma g n e ti z a ti o n a n d a , ,6 , y

th e mp o n e n ts O f ma g n
co e ti c f r c e o ,
th e po te n tia l en e rgy o f th e
sy s te m o f ma gn e ts i s by A r t , . 3 8 9,

'
+B B + C y )cla clg a z , ( )
6
'

th e in te g a ti o n r b e in
g x te d e de v e r th e np ce o cc p i e d by
o m g s a u a

n e ti z e d ma tte r . Th i p rt o f th e
s a rg y h w v r wil l b e i cl de d
en e ,
o e e ,
n u

i n th e ki n et c i en e r g y in th e f r m i whi ch w e ha ll pr tly
o n s e se n

O b ta i n it .

W e ma y tra n s fo r m th i s e xpr e s s io n wh e n th e re are n o e le c

t icr rre t by th e
cu n s fo l l o wi n
g m e th o d .

W k w th a t
e n o da db do

H e n ce , by A r t . 9 7, if

[l Q dQ . ( l !)
a :

clay
’
(l az
g
as is a lwa y s th e ca s e i n ma g n e ti c ph eno me n a wh e r e th e re ar e no

c u rer n ts ,
a ( la cl clz O,
'

th e i n te g rlb a e in
g e xte n d e d th ro u gh o u t a l l s p a ce , o r

{( + 4 n A )a + (B 4 Ob i } cla tlg tl z 0 ( )
10
‘
a 77 .

H e n c e , th e ene rg y du e to a ma gn e ti c s y s te m
1
g ( A a + B fi+ C l d ’
y)
2
m
c n
g o z
( a 5
2
+ 7
2
)da dg cl z ,
8 77

( la: ( l (l s
g .
 E N E R GY A ND S TR E SS .

E l e c tr o kin e tic E n e rgg .

We h a ve a lr e dy a ,
in A r t 5 7 8 , . e xpr e ss e d th e k i i
n et c en e rgy
Of a s y s te m Of c urre n ts in th e fo rm
T :
( )
12

wh r e ep i s t h e e e c t o m a
g l r
n e ti c mo m e n tu m O f a c i c i t, a n d i is ru
r g
th e s t e n th o f th e c en t o urr
i n g o u n d i t, a n d th e , s u mma ti o n fl w r \

x r
e te n d s to a ll th e c i c u i ts .

B t w e h v e pr o v e d i
u a ,
n A r t 5 9 0 , th a t p ma y b e
. e xpre s se d as

a li e i te g r l Of th e fo rm
n -
n a

( la (l
g
p
( ls
+ G
( ls
+ 1
17
) ( ls ,

wh e r e E , G, H are th e co mp o n e n ts o f th e e l e ct o r ma gn e ti c mo
me n tu m, 91 a t th e ,
po i n
g t ( a z
),
an d th e i n te g r a ti o n i s to b e ex

te n de d ro u n d th e c l o s e d c i c u it r 8 . We th e re f r e o fin d

g
if
?
G H
) (l s .
( )
14

If a ,
v, w are th e co mp o n e n ts Of th e d e n s 1ty Of th e c urr e t a t n

an
y po i n t Of th e co n d u c ti g n ci c u r it, and i f S i s th e tra s v e r s e
n

s e c ti o n o f th e r
c i c u i t, th e n w e ma y write
( la (l
'

_
_g
i n S, i U S, i
( ls cl s

an d w e ma y a so l write th e v o lu me
S tls ( la; ( l
g dz,

an d we n ow fin d
T= § ( )
16

wh e r e th e in te g ra ti o n i s to b e e xte n de d to e ve ry p a rt of s p a ce

wh e r e th e re a r e e l e ct ric cu rre n ts .

Let us n o w su b stit u te fo r n ,
c, to th e i r v lue s a as give by n

th e e qu a ti o n s o f l
e e ct r ic curr e ts (E ) A t 6 0 7 i
n ,
r .
,
n te rms of th e
co mp o n e n ts a , 8
, , y
Of th e m g e ti c fo r c e
a n We th e . n ha ve

et; g)
tl ,3 (l a

{ a
( _ G "

+ H
( l ami n a , ( )
17

wh e r e th e i n te g r a ti o n is e xte n de d o ve r a p o r tio n Of s p a ce in c l u di n g
a l l th e c e n ts urr .

I f w e in te g r a te th i s by p a r ts ,
and re me mb e r tha t, at a gre a t
di s ta n c e r fr o m th e s y s te m, a , 8,
1 an d y are Of th e o r de r Of ma g
n i tu d e r
‘

3
,
w e fi n d th a t w h e n th e i n te g ra tio n is e xte n de d th r o u g h
ou t a ll s p a ce , th e e xpr e s s io n is r e du c e d to

W
(l H c ol E cl H

7Z
g w W ( >
18
63 E L E C TR O K I N E T I C E N E RGY .

B y th e e a ti o n s qu A
( ), A r t 5 9 1,
. ma g n e ti c in d u c ti o n w e ma y
Of ,

sub u s tit te fo r th e qu an titi e s i n s ma ll br a c k e ts th e co mpo n e n ts o f

ma g ti c ne in d u c ti o n a, b, 0, so tha t th e ki n e tic e n e rg y ma y b e
wri tte n

( la dg dz , ( )
19

wh e r e th e i te g ra tio i to b e e xte de d th ro gh o ut e ve ry p rt O f
n n s n u a

s p ce ia wh i h th e ma g e ti c fo r c a d ma g e ti c i d cti o h ve
n c n e n n n u n a

v l e diffe ri g fr o m r o
a u s n z e .

Th qu tity w ith i br c k e ts i th i e xpr e s io i th e pr o d u ct O f

e an n a n s s n s

th e ma gn ti c i d uc ti o i to th e r e o lv e d p rt O f th e ma gn e ti c f r c e
e n n n s a o

i i t o w d i r e c ti
n s n on .

I n th e l g g e o f q a te i o an th is ma y b e writte mo r e imply
ua u rn ns n s ,

s a s s;

wh e r e i s th e ma gn e tic in du c ti o n , wh o se co mp o n e n ts are a ,
6, c,

an d J? is th e ma g n e ti c fo r c e , w h o s e c o mp o n en ts are a, B, y .

Th e e l e ctr o kin e ti c e n e rgy o f th e s y s te m ma y th e r e fo r e b e

e xpr e d e ith e r a n i te gr l t b e t k w h e re th r e a e e l e c tric
e ss s a n a o a en e r

c urr e ts n as i n te g r l to b e t k e
,
or an o v e r e v e ry p rt O f th e fi e l d
a a n a

in w hi ch m g e ti c fo r c e e xi ts a n Th e fir t i te g r a l h we v e r i s th e s . s n , o ,

na tur a l e xpr e io O f th e th e o ry whi c h

ss n pp o e th e urr e t to ct su s s c n s a

u p o e ch th e r di re ctly t dista c e w h ile th e e c d i ppro

n a o a a n , s on s a

p i t
r ae t o th e th o ry w h i c h e d e a v o ue to e xpl i t h e a c ti o n b e tw e n rs a n e n

th e urr e ts by me
c n o f s o me i te r me di te a cti ans in th e p c n a on s a e

b e twe e n th e m A i th i tr e a ti e w e h ve d o p te d the l tt r
. s n s s a a a e

me th o d o f i v e tiga ti o we n t r ll y a do p t th e
s c o d e xpr s i
n ,
n a u a se n e s on

a s gi vi g th e mo t i n i fi c
n t f r m t t h k i ti e rgy
g o o s e s e c an n ne .

A c c o r di g to o h ypo th i
n we me th e ki e ti c e e rgy t
ur e s s, a s su n n o

e xi t w h e r e v e r th e e i
s m gn ti c fo rc e th t i in ge e ra l i e ve ry
r s a e ,
a s, n ,
n

pa rt o f th e fi e ld Th e a mo u t o f th is e e rgy pe u it Of vo lu me
. n n r n

I
is _ S
: 23 65 ,
an d thi s ene rgy xi e s ts in th e fo r m o f so me ki n d
8 7

o f mo tio n of th e ma tt e r in e ve ry p o rti o n O f s p a c e .

Wh e n we c o me to c o n s id e r F a ra da y s d i s c o v e ry o f th e
’
e ffe c t O f

mag n e ti s m p o la ri e d ligh t w e h ll p o in t o t r e o fo b e
on z , s a u as ns r

li e vi g th t wh e r e ve r th e re a e li n e s o f ma gn e tic fo rce th e re i
n a r
, s

a ro t to ry mo tio o f m tte r r u d th o e l i e
a Se e A t 8 2 1
n a o n s n s. r . .

M a gn e tic and E le c tr o kin e tic E n e r gg co mp a r e d .

We fo u n d i n A r t 4 2 3 th a t th e mutu a l . p o te n tia l en e rgy

 E N E RGY A ND S TR E SS .
[ 3
6 8 .

ma gn e ti c s h e ll s r g th s
f () and c b o un de d by the
’
of tw o .
,
o st e n
1 p ,
an d
c l o se d cu rve s s and s
’
r e p e c ti ve ly i s
s ,

C OS 6
’
7

wh e r e e i s th e an g l e b e tw een th e di r e ctio ns Of as an d ( ls
'

,
a nd r

i s th e d i s ta n c e b e twe e n th e m .

We a ls o fo u n d in A r t 5 2 1 th a t th e mu tu a l . ene rgy OI two ci c r ui ts

8 and s
’

,
in wh i c h cu rr en ts i an d i fl o w , i s
’

co s e

I f i, i
’
are e q l ua to r e s p e ctive ly ,
th e me ch a n i ca l a c ti o n

b e tw e en th e ma gn e tic s h e l l i e qu l to
s s a th a t b e twe e n th e co r

re po s n di n g l
e e ct ri c ci c r uits ,
an d in th e sa me d ir e c ti o n . I n th e ca s e

Of th e ma g n e tic s h e ll th e s, fo r ce te n ds to d i min i s h th e i '

r mu tu a l
p o te n tia l rgy i th e c se Of th e ci rc i t it te d to i c e a e th e i r
ene , n a u s n s n r s

m t l e e r g y b e c a s e thi e e r g y is k i e ti c
u ua n ,
u s n n .

I t i s i mp o ibl by a y rr ge me t f m g ti e d m tte r to
ss e ,
n a an n O a ne z a ,

pr o d c e sy te m c o rre s p di g i l l r e s p e c t to
u a s el tr i c ir u it o n n n a s an ec c c ,

fo th e p o te ti l O f th e m g e tic y te m i s si gl e v l e d t e v e ry
r n a a n s s n a u a

p o i t o f s p ce wh e r e a th t O f th e e l e ctric sy ste m i s m y va l e d
n a ,
s a an -
u .

B t i t i s a lwa ys p o sib le by
u pro p r rr ge me t f i fi ite ly s ,
a e a an n o n n

s m ll e l c tri c c i r c i t
a to pr o d uce
e y te m o rr p o di g i llu s, a s s c es n n n a

r e p e c ts to y ma g e tic sy te m pro vid d th li e o f i te g r ti o

s an n s ,
e e n n a n

wh i h w e fo ll o w i c a lc ul ti g th e p o te ti l i s pr e ve te d fro m
c n a n n a n

p a s si g th ro ugh y o f th e s e m ll c i rc ui ts Th i s will b mo re
n an s a . e

fully e xpl i e d i A t 8 3 3 a n n r . .

Th e a ti o f m g e ts a t a di t c e i p e r fe c tly i de tic l w i th
c n o a n s an s n a

th a t O f e l e c tr ic c rr e ts W e th e r e fo re de v o r t tr c e b o th
u n . en a u o a

to th e me ca s e d i c we c
sa o t e xp l i u e l e c tr i c c rr e t
,
an s n e an n a n u n s

by m Of m g e t
ean s w e m t do pt th e o th e r a lte r a nti ve a d s, u s a na ,
n

e xpl i m g t by m e
a n o f m l e c l r e l e c tr i c c rr e ts
a ne s ans o u a u n .

I i v e tiga tio o f m g e ti c ph e o me
n our n i P rt I I I s n a n n n a, n a

o f th i s tr tis e w e m de o tte mp t t
ea cco , tf m g e ti c a c ti a n a o a un or a n on

a t a dist e b t tr e te d th i c ti o
an c s , f d me t l f t f
u a s a n a a u n a n a ac O

e xp e r i e W e th re fo re
en c me d th t th e e e r gy f
. m g e ti
e a ssu a n o a a n c

s y te m i
s p te ti l e rgy d th t th i e e rgy i cl i i i /i l w h e
s o n a ne ,
an a s n s nz n s et n

th p rt f th e y te m yie l d t th ma g tic fo rc wh i h ct
e a s o s s o e n e es c a

o n th e m .

I f, h o w e e vr ,
we r g r d ma g ts
e a ne as rv
d e i in g th e i r pro p e r tie s fro m
l
e e ct ri c cu rr e n ts c i r c l ti g w i th i
u a n n r
th e i mo e cu l le s th e i r e n e rgy
,
6 A M PE E R S TH E O RY
’
OF MA GN E TS .

is ki n e tic a , n d th e fo r c e
b tw e th e m i such th a t it te d to e e n s n s

mo ve th e m i dir e c ti u ch th a t i f th e tre g th Of th e c urre ts

n a on s s n s n

we re m i ta i e d c o sta t th e kin e ti c e e r g y w o l d i
a n n n e e n n u n cr as .

Thi mo d e o f e xpla i i n g m g ti m r q i r e
s l o to b do n n a n e s e u s u s a s a an

th e me th o d f ll o w d i P rt I I I i whi h w e r g a r d d th e m g e t
o e n a ,
n c e e a n

as a c ti u o u s
on nd h mo ge e o us b o dy th e min t t p rt o f w h i ch
an o n ,
u es a

h a m g e ti c pr p e rti e O f th e
s a n me k i d s th e w h o l e
o s sa n a .

W e m t o w r e ga r d ma g e t a c o t i i g fi ite th o gh
us n a n s n a n n a n ,
u

ve ry gr e t u mb e r o f e l e ct ic ci rc i t so tha t it h e e ti lly
a ,
n r u s, as ss n a

a mo l e c ul r di ti g i h e d fr o m a c ti
a ,
as s tr c t e
n u s on n uous s u ur .

I f w e upp o e o s m th e m ti c a l ma chi n e ry t b
s ur o c o r se th a ta a o e s a

o ur li nef i te g r ti o
O t th r e d
n mo l e cu l a r c ir uit
a n d th t ca n n o a a c ,
an a

a n imme se umb e r O f ma g e ti c mo l e l
n n e co ta i e d i our n cu e s ar n n n

e l e me t o f v o lum e w e
n h ll till a rr iv e t r ult s i mil r t th o s e
, s a s a es s a o

O f Pa rt I I I b t if w e upp o e ,
m chi e ry o f a fi e r r de r
u s s our a n n o ,

a d c p b l e Of i v e ti
n a a ti ll th t i t h e i t ri r f th e s on n e o O
g g g e
n s a n a a o n

mo l c l e w e mu t g iv e p th e o l d th o ry f m g ti m
u e s, s d do pt u e O a ne s ,
an a

th t O f A mp er e wh i ch a d mits O f o m g e ts e x c e p t th o
a ,
whi ch n a n se

c o i st O f e l e c t i c c rr e t
ns r u n s .

We m t a l o r e ga r d b o th m g e ti c d e l e c tr m g e ti c e rgy
us s a n an o a n ne

a s ki n e ti e e rg a d we m t t tr i b te to i t t h e pr p r i
y c n ,
n g n us a u o e s ,

as
g i v e i n A
n t 6 3 5 r . .

I wh t fo ll o ws th o gh w e m y o c c io lly s in A t 6 3 9 &c
n a ,
u a as na ,
a r .
, .
,

a tte mp t to ca rr y t th e O ld th e o ry o f ma gn e ti m w e h a l l fi d
ou s ,
s n

th a t w e O b ta in p e rfe c tly c o i te t y te m l y wh e n w e b d
a ns s n s s on a an on

th a t th e o ry a d a do p t A mp ere th e o ry f mo l e c l r c rr e ts a i
’
n s o u a u n , s n

Art 6 4 4 . .

Th e rgy Of th e fi l d th e r e fo re
en e e c o n s i s ts o f tw o p rts
a onl y ,
th e
e l e c tro ta ti c o po te ti l e e rg y
s r n a n

——R /
Qg f z ( la ( l
) g d z ,

an d th e l
e e ct o r ma g n e ti c or ki n e ti c e n e rgy
1

8 77

ON TH E FO R C E S WH I C H A CT ON AN E LE M E N T OF A B O D Y P LA C E D

IN TH E E LE C TR O MA GN E TI C FI E LD .

Fo r ce s a ct n i g on a M a g n e tic E l e me n t .

Th e p o te n tia l ene rgy f th e o e le me n t ( to: ( lg ( lz Of a b dy o

m a gn e tiz e d w i th an i n te n s ity w ho se co mp o n e n ts are A, B ,

C, an d
 E N E RGY A ND S TR E SS .
[ 4
6 0 .

pla c e d in a fie ld of ma g n e ti c fo r ce wh o se co mp o n e n ts ar e a , B , y i s
,

C y )( lx clg cl z .

H e n c e , i f th e fo r c e urgi g n th e l
e e me n t to mo v e with o u t r o ta tio n
i n th e di re c ti o n Of a is X, ( la dg a z , ’

tl a (l B cl y
1

and if th e mo me n t o f th e co u pl e te n di n g to t ur n th e l
e e me n t a b o ut
the a xi s o f a fr o m g to w a r d s z is L Jr clg ( lz ,

B L By C ( )
2

Th e fo r c e a n d th e mo me t c o rr e p o di g to th e a x e s o f g a n d
s n s s n n

a m y b e wr itte n d o w
a by ma k i g th e pr o p e r s ub titu tio
n n s ns .

I f th e ma g e ti e d b o dy ca rri e n e l e c tr i c c rr e t
z of s an u n ,

wh ich th e c o mp o e t e c 20 th e by e qu tio n C A r t 6 0 3
n n s ar n , , ,
n , a s , .
,

th e r e w il l b e ddi ti o l e l e ctro m g e tic fo r c e wh o s e co mp o e n ts

an a na a n n

1 Z O f wh i c h X i s
7
a e X
r
2, 2, 2, 2

X2 — ic6
no .
( )
3

H e n c e , th e to ta l fo r c e , X, ri i a s n
g fr o m th e m a
g n e ti s m o f th e
mo le c ule ,
as we ll as th e c urr e t p a n ss i n
g t h r o ug h i t,
i s

(l a dB (l
y

qu titie s
Th e an a ,
b, c are th e co mp o n e n ts Of ma gn e tic in d u c tio n ,
a d
n r e l te d t
are a o a , B , y , th e c o mp o n e n ts O f ma n e ti c fo r c e
g by ,

th e e q tio n s g i ve
ua n in A r t 4 0 0 , .

a a + 4 7r A,
6 = B + 4 wB ,

c
y + 4 7r 0 .

The co mp o n e n ts Of th e c urr e n t, a ,
c , 20 , c a n be e xpr e s se d in te ms r
Of a , B y by
, th e e qu i
at o n s o f Ar t 6 0 7, .

cl y dB
’
a,” a
(l a dy
( la ( la

(l B do .
 T H E ORY OF S TR E SS .

cla db dc
B y Ar t 4 0 3 ,
i? 25
.

(l a t

M u l tipl yi n g th i s e q u at o n i , by a , an d divi din g by 4 a , we

a dd th e re l t to
su an d w e fin d

1
7
4 [ d a

1
al by — 7 )fi
so ,
2; )a

l
6 _
a;
( 7 C I8 ):

wh e r e X is th e fo r ce re fe rr e d to u n i t o f vo l me i th e u n

a ,
an d I } i s th e mo me n t Of th e fo r c e s a b o ut th i s a xis .

On tne E xp la na tio n of t/i e s e Fo r c e s 6g tko n o tfie si s o

f a M e di u m
i n a S ta te of Str e s s .

Let y
us ki d r e fe rr e d to u i t O f a r e a
de n o te a st e ss Of a n r n n

by a ymb o l O f th e fo rm PM wh e re th e fir t u ffix in dica te s th t

s ,
s s , h , a

th e rma l to th e urf c e o wh ich th e tre i s s uppo e d to ac t

no s a n s ss s

is p a r ll e l to th e axi O f a a d th e se c o d u ffi
a i d ic a te tha t
s ,
n n s x , k ,
n s

th e di r e c tio o f th e tr e wi th whi ch the p rt O f th e b o dy o n

n s ss a

th e po si tiv e i de o f th e urfa ce a c t o n th e p rt o
s th e n e ga ti ve
s s a n

side i s p r ll e l to th e xi O f k
a a a s .

Th e d i re cti o Of i a n d I ma y b e th e sa me i whi ch ca s e th e
ns t : ,
n

str e s i a n o rma l tr e s
s s Th e y ma y b e O bl i q e to e ch o th e r i n
s s . u a ,

whi c h a s e the tr e s i a Obli que tr e s s o th y ma y b pe pe

c s s s n s ,
r e e r n

di cu l a r to e ch o th e r in whi h ca e th e tr e
a i ,
ta g e n ti l c s s ss s a n a

Th e co n ditio n th a t th e r st e s se s sh a ll no t pro du ce an
y te n d e n c y
to r o ta tio n i n th e e l e me n ta ry p o rti o ns o f th e bo dy i s

P“ ,
PM .

I n th e ca s e o f a ma g n e tiz e d b o dy ,
h o we v e r, th e r e i s s uc h a

te n d e n c y to r o ta ti o n , an d th e r e fo r e thi s co n d iti o n , whi c h h o l ds i n

th e rdi ry th e o ry O f tre s i o t f l fil l e d
o na s s, s n u .

L t u s c o ide r th e e ffe c t f th e t r e e s o
e ns th e i id e o s ss n s x s s o f
th e e le me ta ry po r tio O f th e b d y la d d
n g ta ki
g th e o rin
gi o ( z ,
n n Of

c o o di te a t i t c e tre f gr a vi ty
r na s s n O .

O th e po itiv e fa c e ( lg d fo whi ch th e v a l u e o f a: i t d
n s z ,
r s r ,
th e
fo r c e s are
 E N E RGY A ND S TR E SS .

Pa r ll l
a e to a
'
,
( Pm

ig
d
)
”
Pa r a ll e l to g ,
( E I ”
f
P M, ( l ac (l
g clz ,

dz )

Pa ra ll e l to
( ) Z+
“
z Px x ( la (l
g tlz 41
:
dd)
Th e fo r c e s a c ti n g on th e o pp o s i te S , X_
i d e — an d
ma y b e fo u n d fro m th e s e by c h a n g i n g th e s ig n o f tin We ma y
‘

e xpr e s s i n th e s a me w a y th e s y s te ms O f th r e e fo r ce s a c ti n g o n e a c h

o f th e o th e r fa c e s O f th e e l e me n t th e di re c ti o n O f th e fo r c e b e i n g
,

in di c a te d by th e ca pita l l e tte r ,
an d th e fa c e on w h i ch it a cts by
th e su ffi x .

I f X ( la dg clz i s th e wh o l e fo rc e p ra l le l to a an a ct n i g on th e l
e e me n t ,

t tc tl
g dz

t m l
c ( l
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x

( la ( l a: ( la

cl (l
wh e n c e X + Pm + 12 s
@ 32
I f L ola olg dz i s th e mo me n t o f th e fo r c e s a b o ut th e a xis o f a:

te n din g to tu r n th e e l e me n t fr o m g to z ,
d dy dz 2
£7? 6
2 Z
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wh e n ce L P yz — P ( )
14

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u d L g ive n by e qu a tio n s ( 9 ) a n d
an

( )
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1
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fl ( €
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1 1

1 1

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th e forc e a risi g fr o m a sys te m o f tre s s

n s of w hi c h th e s e are th e
c o mp e ts w i l l b e
on n s t tic a l ly e q iv l e t a u a n ,
in its e ffe c ts on e a ch
 MA GN E TI C S TR E SS .

e le bo d y wi th th e f rc e ri i g fro m the ma gn e ti a tio

me n t Of th e , o s a s n z n

an d e l tr c c rr e t
ec i u n s .

Th e n a t r e o f th e tr e o f wh i c h th e
u th e c o mp o e ts s ss se a r e n n

m y b e e ily fo d by m ki g th e a xi o f
a as u n b i ct the gl e
,
a n s a: se an

b e twe e th e di r e ctio o f the m g e ti fo r e d th e ma g ti

n ns a n c c an ne c

i d ti
n uc a d t k i g th
on ,
a xi
n of
g i
a t h e pl a
n f t h e di
e r e c ti o s n ne o es ns
,

an d me re d to w rd th e ide o f th e m g e ti c fo rc e
a su a s s a n .

I f w e p t 55 fo r th e u me r ic l v l e f th e ma g e ti c fo r c e 58 fo
n u a a u o n ,
r

th t o f th e m g tic i d c ti o
a a nd 2
ne fo th e g l e b entw e e u t h e i r n , a 6 r an n

di r e c ti o n s,

a
{3 Si n 6,

c o s 6 s in e ,

1
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17
.

H e n ce , th e s ta te O f s t e ss r ma y b e c o n s id e re d a s co mp o u n d e d Of

1
( )
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8
—
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( )
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se c ti n g th e a n g e etb l b we e n th e
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1
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4 17

( )
4 A co u pl e te n di n g to tu r n e ve ry e l e me n t of th e s ub s ta n c e in
th e pla ne o f th e two di r e c tio n s f ro m th e di r e cti o n o f ma gn e tic
1
i n du c ti o n to th e d ir e c ti o n o f ma gn e ti c fo rc e 58 $ 3 s in 2 e.
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Wh e n th e ma gn e ti c i n du c ti o n is i n th e me di re cti o n a s th e
sa

ma g n e tic fo r c e , as it a lw y a s is in flu ids a n d n o n ma g n e ti z e d s o lids -

,

th e n 6 0, an d ma k i n g th e a xi s O f a c o i n c id e wi th th e d i re c tio n of

th e ma g n e ti c fo r c e ,
 E N E RGY A ND S TRE SS .

Pa m
é fli t
fi — té ) z
,
P M!

an d th e ta n g e n tia l S tr e s s e s d is a pp e a r .

1
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,
7T

co mb i n e d
fo r c e .
with a lo n gitu di a l n te n s i o n
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n n a n z n ,
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n

s ti ll furth e r s i mpl i fi e d b e i g a te n s i o n a l o g th e l i e s o f fo r ce e qu a l
,
n n n

to
;5 7
c o mb i e d w i th a pr e s ur e i
n a l l di r e c ti o n s a t r i gh t a gl e s

1
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to th e l e s f fo rce in me r ca lly e qu l a l o to
o nu $ i Th e co m a s
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537
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,
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p o ne n t o f s t
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Th e fo r c e a r isi
g fr o mnth e s e r
s t e s se s o n an e e l me n t o f th e me diu m
r e fe rr e d to un it o f vo lu me i s
_i I i i .

1 (l a dB 1 ll B (l a fl y
“

“ -
Ba “

? + “ w + 2 “
a ; as 47 ; a ay 47 . a

1 (l a (l B cl y 1 (l a cl y 1 dB tl a
— —
a
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fl
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(l a cl B tl y
- _
z

cl a
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dB (l a
_
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wh e r e m i s th e de n s i ty Of a u tr l s a ma g n e tic ma tte r re f rre d
e to u n it
6 4 5] TE NS I O N A L O NG L I N E S OF F OR C E .

Of vo l me u ,
an d u and w ar e th e co mp o n e n ts ri c c ur r e ts
o f l
e e ct n

r e fe rr e d to u n it O f a re a p e rpe n di c u l a r to g an d z r e pe c ti v e l y H e c e
s . n ,

X am v —w
y fl E q ti f
( u a o n s o

Si mi l a rly Y B 771+ 20 a it
y, E l e c tr o ma gn e ti c
F o r ce .
)
Z y 772 + u fl 1
) a .

I f we a do pt th e th e o ie s r o f A mp er e an d We b e r as to th e
n a tu re
ma g n e tic a n d di a ma g n e tic b o di e s a n d a s s u me th a t ma g
of ,

n e tic a n d di a ma n e tic p o l a r i ty a r e d u e to m o l e c u l a r e l e c tr ic c u rr e n ts
g ,

w e ge t r id o f i ma g i n a ry ma gn e tic m a tte r a n d fin d th a t e v e rywh e r e ,

771 O) an d (l a (1 6 dy
z
d : 337 ( lz

so th a t th e e q uat o n s oi f l
e e ct o r ma g n e ti c fo r c e b e c o me ,

X Q) y
— w 3 ,

Y 20 a u
y,
Z u B 2) a .

Th e s e are th e co mp o n e n ts Of th e me c h a n ic a l fo r ce r e fe rr e d to u n it
o v o lume o f th e s b sta e Th e
f u nc . c o mp o n e n ts o f th e ma g n e tic fo r ce

are B y
a ,
d th o e o f th e e l e c tri c c r e t
, ,
an e s u r n ar u ,
u , 70 . Th e se
eq ti o a e i de n tica l wi th th o e lr e dy e t bl i h e d E q i
ua ns r s a a s a s .
( uat on s

Ar t .

I n e xpl a n i i n g th e e l e c tr o ma g n e ti c fo r c e by me a n s Of a

s ta te of st e s s r in a me di u m, w e a r e o n ly fo ll o w i n g o u t th e co n

c e ptio n o f Fa ra da y
l i e o f ma gn e ti c f r c e te d toth a t th e n s o n

sh rte o th e m e lv e
n d tha t th e y r e p e l e ch o th e r wh e
s s, an pl a ce d a n

side by ide A ll th t w e h a v e do e i to e xpr e s s th e v l e

s . a f n s a u o

th e te i o l o g th e l i e
ns n a n d th e pr e
a n re t ri gh t gl e to n s, ss u a an s

th e m i ma th e m tica l l g u a g e a d to pr o ve th t th e t te o f
,
n a an ,
n a s a

str e th ss me d to e xi st i th e me di m wi ll a ct l ly pr o du c e
u s a s su n u ua

th e b se rve d f r e o th c
O d uc to r wh ic h a rry e l e c tr i c c urr e t
o c s n e on s c n s.

W h ve e e rte d a o thi g a s ye t w i th r e p e c t to
a ss th e m de
n n s o

i wh i ch thi s ta te O f tr e
n i s o ri g i te d a d ma i t i e d i th e
s s ss n a n n a n n

me di m W h a ve me r e ly h e w th a t i t is p o i bl e to c o c e i v e
u . e s n ss n

th m tu l
e tio
u o f e l e c tri c c rr e ts to d e p e d o
a ac n a p a r ti c ul a r u n n n

ki d o f tr e s i th e urr di g me di m i te a d o f b e i g dir e c t
n s s n s oun n u ,
ns n a

an d i mme di a te a c ti o n at a di s ta n ce .

A n y fu th e r r e xpl a n a ti o n Of th e s ta te of st e ss , r by me s f th an o e

mo tio n Of th e me diu m or o th e rwi e m st b s ,

u e r e ga rde d a e p r te as s a a

an d in de pe n de n t p a rt o f th e th o ry w hich m
e , a
y sta d o r f ll wi th o u t
n a

a ffe ctin
g our pr e se t p o i ti on s n . Se e Ar t 8 3 2 . .

E x p R es .
, 3 2 66 , 3 2 6 7, 3 2 6 8 .

VO L . I I . S
 E N E RGY A ND STR E SS .
[ 4
6 6

I n fir st p a r t O f th i tr e a tis e A t 10 8 w e h e we d th a t th e
th e s ,
r .
, s

o b e rv e d e l e c t o ta ti
s fo r c e s m y b e c o n c e i v e d
r s O p e r a ti g th r o g h
c a as n u

th i t rve tio
e n of e t te f S tr e s i th e
n n rr o di g me di m
a s a O s n su un n u .

W h a ve o w d o
e th e s me fo th e e l e tr o m g e ti c fo rc e
n ne a d r c a n s, an

it r e ma i s to b e e wh th e r th e c o c e pti o o f me di m c p bl e
n s en e n n a u a a

Of pp o rti g th e e S ta te o f tr e s i s c o i te t w ith oth e r k o w

su n s s s s ns s n n n

p h e o me o r wh e th e r w e h ll h a ve to p t it s ide
n n a, f itf l s a u a
“
as u n ru u .

I fi e l d i wh ic h e l e tro s t tic w e ll a e l e tro m g e tic a c tio n

n a n c a as s c a n

i s ta ki g p l ce we m t n pp o th e e l e ctro sta ti s tr e s d e sc ri b e d
a ,
us su se c s

i P r t I to b e s p e rp o s e d o
n a th e e l e c tr o m g e ti c s tr e
u wh ich we n a n ss

h v e b e e c o s id e r i g
a n n n .

I f w e s pp o s e th to t l te rr e tr i l ma g ti c fo r c e to b e
u e a s a ne

10 B r iti h u i ts (g r i sfo o t e c o d )
n i t i s e a rly i B rit i
a n , th e ,
s n ,
as n n a n ,
n

th e te io p e rp e di ul r to th e l i
ns n f fo r c i s
n c
g ra i w e i g h t nes O e a ns

p e srq a r e fo o t T uh g r t e t m g i
et c. t e n s i o pre o d e d by
eaJ o u l e
* s a n n uc

by me a s O f e le c tr o m g e ts w s a b o u t 14 0 p o ds we igh t o th e
n a n a un n

s qu re i c h
a n .

St u r eo n s
g
’
A n n a ls of E l e ctr i c ity, vo l . v .
p 18 7 ( 18 40 )
. or Ph i l o sol i h i ca l M a ga z i n e ,
D ec .
, 18 5 1 .
 C HA P TE R XI I .

C URR E NT

A C UR R E NT -
SH E E T is an i n fin i te ly thi n st a t r um o f co n

d ucti g ma tte r b o d e d o b o th ide by in ul ti g me di o th t

n ,
un n s s s a n a, s a

el ectr i c c urr e ts m y fl o w i n th e h e e t b t c a
a o t e c pe fr o m i t
n s ,
u nn s a

e x ce p t t c e rta i p o i t c ll d E l e c tr o de
a n wh e r e c u r e t a e m a d e
n s a e s, r n s r

to e te r n to l e a v e th e h e e t
or s .

I n o r de r to c o d ct a fi i te e l e ctri c c r e t n u re l h e e t m t
n u r n ,
a a s us

h a v e a fin i te thi c k e s d g h t t h e r e fo r e to b
n s ,
c an
o i d e r e dou e ns a

c o d u c to r o f th r e e
n di me i o s I m y c se h o we v e r it i
ns n . n an a s, ,
s

pra cti ca lly c o ve e t to de d c e th e l e c tri c pr p r ti

n ni n f a re a l u e o e es o

c o d c ti
n u
g h e e
n t o O f sa t h i l a y e
,
r o f r o il e d w i r e f r o m t h o n e of c ,
s

a c urr e t s h e e t a s d e fi n e d
n -
bo ve a .

W e m y th e r e fo re r e ga r d
a rf c e f y f m s curre t h e e t a su a o an or a a n -
s .

H a vi g e l e c te d o e i de o f thi s s r f ce
n s n th e p o iti v e i d e w e
s u a as s s ,

sh l l lw a y s s pp o s e
a a
y l i
u e s d r w n o n th e an ur f ce t o b e
n l o o k e d a s a

a t fr m th e p o iti v e s i d e o f th e s r f c e
o s I th e c a e f C lo e d u a . n s O a s

su rf c e w e h ll c i de r th e o t ide
a s a ons p o itive S e A r t 2 9 4 u s as s . e .
,

wh e r h o we ve r th e di r e c ti o o f th e c urre t i de fi e d a e e fr o m
e, ,
n n s n s s n

th e n ega tiv e s i de o f th e s hee t .

Tue Cu r r e n t f u n c tio n .

fixe d p o i t A o th e ur f c e b e ch o se n a s o rig i a d
Le t a n n s a n ,
n

l e t a l i e b e d r a wn o n th e
n rf e fr o m A to o th e r p o i t P L e t su ac an n .

th e qu a ti ty f e l e ctri ity w hi ch i
n O u it O f time c ro e thi l i e
c n n ss s s n

fr o m l e ft to r igh t b e p th e (I i ca ll e d th e C rr e t f c ti o ( t ,
n ) s u n -
un n a

th e p i n t Po

Th e c urr e n t f c ti o de p e d o l y o th e p o si ti o O f th e po i t P
-
un n n s n n n n ,

an d i th e s m f tw o fo rm f th l i AP pr vi
an d e d th i s
y sa o e e or
e o s n ,

8 2
 CU RR N SH E E TS
E T -
.
( 49
6 .

li ne ca n b e tr a n s fo r me d
by o ti o mo ti n fro m o f rm to th e c n nu u s o ne o

o th e r w i th o t p a s i g th r ugh a
u e l e c tr o d e
s Fo th e tw fo r m o f
n o n . r o s

th e l i e wi ll e c l o s e a
n r e withi wh i ch th e re i o e l ctro de n d
n n a a n s n e ,
a

th e re fo re th e me q a tity O f e l e c tri c ity wh ic h e te r s th e re

sa u n c ro s n a a a s

o e o f th e l i e
n mu t is u e a c r o s th e o th r
n s s s s e .

I f 8 d e o te th e l e gth O f th e l i e AP th e c rr e t a o s ( ls fr o m
g
n n n ,
u n r s

le ft to righ t wil l b e
g
fi ? ( ls .

I f 4) i s c o n s ta n t fo r a n y c urv e , th e r e i s n o c u rr e n t r
a c o ss it . S u ch
a c u rv e i s c a lle d a C urr e n t l i n e o r a S tr e a m l in e - -
.

L e t \I/ b e th e e l e c tr i c p o te n tia l a t a n y p o in t o f th e s h e e t,

th e n th e e l e c tr o mo ti ve fo r c e a l o n g a n y e l e me n t ( l s O f a cu rve w ill b e
cl

ii
,
( l s,
(l

p r ov id e d no l r
e ect o mo ti ve fo r c e e xi s ts e xc e p t th a t whic h a ri s e s fro m
d iffe r e n ce s o f p o te n tia l .

I f \I/ i s c o n s ta n t fo r an
y c urve ,
th e c urve is ca ll e d an E qu i
p o te n tia l L in e .

W e ma y no w s upp o se th a t th e po s iti o n of a po i n t on th e
s h e e t i s de fi n e d
by th e va l e o f a a d t t th a t p o i t L e t ( l b e u s n i a n . s
1

th e l e g th o f th e e l e me t o f th e q i p o t ti l li e I i te r e p te d
n n e u en a n \f n c

b tw e e th e t wo c rre t li e s 1 a d (1M M a d l e t ( ls b e th e
e n u n n ( ) n ) -
), n
2

l e gth O f th e e le me t O f th e c rre t li e i te rc e p te d b e twe e th e

n n u n n n n

tw o e q i p o te ti l l i e V a d I + ( l 4
u n W e m y c s id e r a
a n s I d cl s n \/ 1. a on s
,
an
2

as th e i d e o f th e e l e me t l cj
s s ) d l o f th e he e t Th e e l e c tr o mo ti ve
n c \f s .

fo r ce i th e di r e c tio o f l s pr o d c e s th e urr e t cl 1 c r o s ( l
n n (
2
u c n <) a s s
l
.

L e t th e r e i t ce O f p o r ti o o f th e s h e e t wh o s e le gth i s al
s s an a n n s
z ,

an d w h o s e br e a dth is ( l be ( ls s
l , 2
(T — w
i
cl s
1

wh e r e i 0
“

s th e s p e c ifi c r e s is ta n c e o f th e Sh e e t re fe rre d to un it o f
a r e a th e n
N M
,
‘ f a C ),

( ls ( ls 2
wh e n ce
1
(r
03 ) 4 d )”
I f th e sh e e t is ub t c e
Of a s s an w hi c h co n du c ts e q lly
ua we ll
in a ll d i r e c tio n s , (l s 1 I s pe rp e di ul r to n c a ( ls
z
. I n th e ca se o f a she e t

of un r i fo m r e s i s ta n c e 0
'

is c o n s ta n t, an d if w e ma k e 0 \I ,
‘

I we
sh a ll ha ve ( ls 1 (l
qb
"
as , at
a n d th e r
st e a m li n e s
-
an d e q i p o te
u n tia l li n es w il l c u t th e su rf a ce i n to
l ittl e s
q ua re s .
6 5a ] MA GN E TI C POT E N TI A L .

I t fo ll o ws fr o m thi s th a t if ( D I an d 1,
x7
’
ar e c o n u g a te j fu n c ti o n s
A o f q) a n d th e c urv e s ma y b e st e a r m l i n e s i n th e
( r t 18 3
) .
-

sh e e t rve s l
fo r wh i
e th e rr p o di g e quip o t ti l
ch th e cu xf l
'
ar co es n n en a

li e O e c e o f c o urse i th t i whi ch P q d W
/ ,
n s n as s a n ( an
.
, , I 1

I nth i ca e th e e q i p o te tia l l i e b e c o me c rr t l i e s a d th e
s s u n n s u en -
n ,
n

c ur e t l i e
r e q i p o te ti l li e
n -
n s u n a n s

I f w e h ve b ta i e d th e s o lu ti o n O f th e d i tri bu ti
a O f e l e tri c
n s on o c

c ur e t i r a u if rm
n heet f
s y f
no rm f a y p rnti l ro ca e we s o an or n a cu a s ,

m y d e d c e th e di st ri b ti o i
a u
y o th r e by pr p r t r u n n an e ca s a o e ans

f rm ti o O f th e c o j ga te fu tio s c co r d i g t th e me th d g iv e
o a n n u nc n ,
a n o o n

i n A r t 19 0 . .

We h a ve ne xt to d e te rm in e th e ma gn e ti c . a ct o n i Of a

cu rre t h e e t i wh ich th e
n -
s n cu rr e n t is r e ly c n fi
en ti o n ed to th e sh e e t,

th e r e b e i g e l e c tr o d n nO es to co n ve y th e c rre t u n to or fro m th e
sh e e t .

I n th i s ca s e th e urre t f n ctio 1 h a
c d e te r mi te v l e t
n -
u n ( ) s a na a u a

eve ry po i t n ,
an d th e tr m l i e a e cl o e d c rve wh i h do
s ea -
t n s r s u s c no

i te r e ct e a c h
n s o th e r th o ugh
, y o e tr e m l i e m y i te r e ct an n s a -
n a n s

C o n s i de r th e l r p o rti o o f th e sh e e t b e twe e n th e tr e m
an nu a n s a

li e gb a d
n s Th i p a rt O f th e h e e t i
n c o du c ti n
g c isr c i t s s a n u

in wh ic h c urr e t f tr g th C d i rc ul t i th e p o i tiv e d ir ti o
a n o s en ) c a es n s ec n

r o d th t p rt O f th e h e e t f wh ich (1 is g r te r th th e g ive n
un a a s or ) ea an

v lu e Th e m g e ti c ff ct o f thi c i rc u it i th sa me s th t o f
a . a n e e s s e a a

a m g ti c h e ll o f tr e gth 8 qt t p oi t t i l d d i t h
a ne s
y o cs e n e a an n n n u n

s b t
u c e o f th
s an he ll L t pp o e th t th h e ll c o i ide with
e s . e u s su s a e s nc s

th t p rt o f th e c rr e t h e e t fo w h i h 1h
a a u
g r e t e r nv l e
-
st h a r c ( ) as a a a u n

it h a s t th e g iv e a tr e m li e n s a -
n .

B y d r wi g a ll th e a ce iv tr m l i e
n b e gi i g w ith th t suc ss e s ea -
n s, nn n a

fo wh i h qt h
r th e g r te t v l e
c asd e di g w i th th t f ea wh ic h s a u ,
an n n a or

i ts v l e i s l e t w e h ll di vi d th e c urre t h e t i t
a u as ,
s e ri e
a e n -
s e n o a s s

O f i c it c r S b tit ti g f
u s . ch i r it i t
u s o rr up d in g m g
n or ea c cu s c es on a

n e ti c h e ll w e fi d th t th e m g e tic e ffe ct o f th e
s ,
n r e t he t
a a n cu r n -
s e

a t y anp o i t o t i l d e dni n th th i c k
n e o f th nc u
e h e t is th e me e n ss s e sa

a s th t o f c mpl e x m g e ti c
a a h e ll wh o
o s tr e th t pa i t
n s se
g y , n a an o n

i C s (b w h e r e C i , c o t t s a ns an .

I f th e rr e t h e t i b de d th e w e m t m k e C + 6 O
cu n -
s e s oun , n u s a

a t th e b o u di g rve I f th e h e e t f rm a c lo e d o a i fi ite
n n cu . s o s s r n n n

su rf c e th e r i thi g t d te rmi e th e v l e Of th e c o t t C
a ,
e s no n o e n a u n s an .

Se e Th o ms o n , C a mb . a nd D u b. M a th J o u r n . .
,
v ol . i ii p 2 8 6
. . .
 C URR N T SH E E TS
E -
.
[ 53
6 .

Th e ma gn e ti c p o te n ti a l at an
y po i n t on e ith e r Si de o f th e
c urr e n t S h ee t i s
-
g ive n ,
as i n A r t 4 15 , . by th e e xpre ss o ni

co s 6 d S,

wh e re r i s th e di t c e o f th e g ive p o in t fro m the le me n t o f

s an n e

surf ce d S a d 6 i s th e a gl e b e twe e n the di re c tio n o f r

a ,
n d tha t n ,
an

o f th e o rm l dra w n fro m th e p o i ti ve S id e O f d S
a 4 n s . .

Th is e xpr e s i o g i v e th e ma g e tic p o te tia l fo r a ll p o i ts

s n s
o t n n n n

i lud e d i th e th ickn e s s o f th e c urr e n t Sh e e t

nc n d w e k o w th t -
,
an n a

fo p o i ts w ith i
r nc o d c to r c rr i g
y c urr e t th e r e i s n o s u c h
n a n u a n a n

thi g a a ma g e tic p o te ti l
n s n n a .

Th e v l e O f Q i di c o ti a u o us t th e c urr e t sh e e t fo i f 52
, s s n nu a n -
,
r
,

i s i t va l e t a p o i t j t w i th i th e c urr e t Sh e e t a d ( 2 i ts
s u a n us n n -
,
n
2

v lue t a p o i t cl o s e to th e firs t b u t ju s t o ts ide th e c urr e n t Sh e e t

a a n u -
,

9 2
z: Q 1
4 77 ( ) ,I
wh e re () f i s th e c urre
p o in t o f th e sh e e tn t fu n c ti o n
-
at th a t .

Th e v l e f th e c o mp o e t o f ma g e tic fo r c e n o r m l to th e
a u o n n n a

s h e e t i s c o ti uo u s b e i g th e sa me o
n b o th s ide s Of th e s h e e t
n ,
n n .

Th e c o mp e t o f th e ma g e tic fo r c e p ra lle l to th e c urr e t l i e s

on n n a n -
n

i s ls o c o ti o u b t th e t ge ti l c o mp o n e t p e rp e dic l a r to
a n nu s, u an n a n n u

th c rr e n t li e s i d i s o n ti u o u
e u -
t th e h e e t
n I f s i s th e l e gth
s c n s a s . n

o f a c rv d r w o th sh e e t th e c o mp o e n t o f ma g e tic fo r c e
u e a n n e ,
n n

dill
i n th e d i r e c ti o n o f ds i s , fo r th e ne ga ti ve s ide , an d fo r th e
ds
s d SZ1 d cb
po s 1t1v e S I de , +4 7r
( ls ds ( ls

T he co mp o n e n t o f th e ma g n e ti c fo rc e On th e p o siti ve s ide th e re
xc e e d s th t o th e n ga ti v e ide by 4 i
fo r e e
ii?
a A t g iv e p o i t
n e s 77 a n n

th i q s tity w i ll b e
u an ma xi m m wh ds i s pe rp e dic l r to th e a u en n u a

c urr e t l i e s n -
n .

On tfie I n du c tio n of E l e c tr ic C u r r e n ts i n a S/i e e t f

o I nfin i te
C o n du c tio i tg .

I t wa s s h e wn i n A r t 5 7 9 th a t in . an
y c ir c ui t
( in
E _
+ R Z,
-
-

dé
wh e re E i s th e i m pre s s e d e le tr mo ti ve fo rce go th e e le ctro k i e tic
c o ,
n

mo me n tum o f th e c i r c i t R th e r e i t
u ,
ce O f th e c i r c i t d i th e s s an u ,
an

c urre nt ro u nd it . I f th r e i s o i mpr e s e d e l e c tr o mo tiv e f rc e a d

e n s o n

d‘
n o r e s 1s ta n c e ,
th e n —
d f 0, or 1
9 1s c o n s ta nt .
6 P A L N E SH E E T .

N o w p , th e e le ctr o ki n e tic mo me n tu m O f th e c i r c ui t, w a s s h e wn
in A r t 5 8 8 to b e me a s ur e d by th e s ur fa c e in te g r a l o f ma g n e ti c
.
-

i n d u c ti o n th r o u gh th e r
ci c u it . H e n c e , i n th e cas e o f a cu rr en t
Sh e e t o f no r e s ista
urfa ce i te gra l f m g e ti in d cti
n ce , th e s -
n o a n c u on

th r g h ou
y l o ed an rv e dr w c th s
e r f ce m t
cu b co ta t a n on su a us e ns n ,

an d th i imp l i e th t th é o rm l c mp e t f m g e ti i d c ti
s s a n a o on n O a n c n u on

re m i c o t t t e v ry p o i t f th e rre t h t
a ns n s an a e n o cu n -
s ee .

6 5 5 ] I f th e r e fo r by th e m ti o f m g e ts o v ri tio o f
,
e, o n O a n r a a ns

c rru t i en th s ighb o rh o o d th e ma g e ti c fi e l d i in
n e n e w u n an
y y ,
s a

a l t re d e l e c tr i c rr e t will b e t p in th e c urr e t h t
e ,
c u n s h se u n -
s ee ,
su c

th t th e ir ma g e ti c e ff c t c o mb i e d wi th th t Of th e m g t o r
a n -

e ,
n a a ne s

c rr e ts i th e fi e l d w i ll m i ta i th e o rm l c o mp o e t o f m
u n n , g a n n n a n n a

n e tic i d c ti n t e v e ry p o i t f th e h e e t
u on a ch g d I f a t fir t n o s un an e . s

th e r e i o m g e ti c a c ti o
s n d a o rr e t i th e h e e t th
n n ,
an n cu n s n s ,
en

th e rma l c o mpo e t o f m g e tic i du c ti o will l w y b e e ro

n o n n a n n n a a s z

a t ve ry p o i t
e f th e h e e t n o s .

Th e h e e t m y th e r e fo r e b e r g r de d
s a imp e rvi t m g e ti c e a as o us o a n

in d ctio u d th e l i
n , O f m g e ti c i n d uc tio
an w il l b e d e fl e c te d by
n es a n n

th e h e e t e x a c tly i th
s me w y th e li e O f fl o w f
n e l e tri c
e sa a as n s o an c

c urr e t i n i fi i te n d anifo r m c d ti g m s w o l d b e
n n an un on uc n as u

d e fle c te d by th e i tr d c tio Of h e e t o f th e sa me fo r m m de
n o u n a s a

Of b ta c e f in fi i t r e i ta ce
a su s n o n e s s n .

I f th e h e e t f r m s cl o e d o i fi i te
o rf c e o m g e tic
s a s r an n n su a ,
n a n

a ti o
c wh i ch m y t ke pl ce
n s o e i d o f th e h e e t wi l l pr o d c e
a a a on n s e s u

a
y
n m g e ti c a ffe c t on th e o th r i dee n e s .

Tne or g of a P la n e C u r r e n t s l -
eet .

We ha ve se e n th a t th e e xte r l na ma g n e ti c a c ti o n Of a

cu rr e n t- s h e e t is e q iv l
u a en t to th a t Of a ma g n e ti c s h e ll wh o se r gth
st e n

a t an
y p o in t is n u me ri ca ll y q e ua l to ( I), th e cu rr e n t fu n c ti o n
-
. Wh e n

th e s h e e t is a pl
ma y e xpr e s s a l l th e qua n ti ti e s
an e o n e, we r e qui re d
fo r th e d e te rmi n a ti o n o f e l e c tr o ma g n e ti c e fl e c ts i n te r ms Of a s i n gl e
’

f u n c ti o n P w hi c h i s th e p o te n ti a l d u e to a s h e e t O f i ma g in a ry
, ,

ma tte r s pr e ad o vr e th e pl an e w ith a su rf a ce - de n sit y ( p . Th e vl

a ue

o f P is o f co u r se

wh e re r i s th e di s ta n c e f ro m th e po i n t ( o r,
g , z
)fo r wh i c h P i s cal

c u l a te d , to th e p o i n t .c
f
'

, g
’

,
0 in th pl e an e o f th e s h e t t wh i c h
e ,
a th e
e e l me n t da dg i s ta k e n
’ ’
.

To fin d th e ma g n e tic p o te n ti l a ,
we . - ma y re ga r d th e ma gn e tic
 C URR E N T SH E E TS .
[ 57
6 .

sh e ll a s c o n s is ti n g o f tw o s urf c e s p a ra lle l
a to th e pl an e o f a
g th,e

fir s t wh o s e e qu
,
i
at o n is z 4 0, h a vin g th e s urfa c e -
d e n s ity an d

th e se c o n d, wh o s e e qu a tio n is e 0, h a vin g th e s urfa ce -

d e n s i ty

Th e p o te n tia ls du e to th e s e s urfa ce s will be

P and P
(
c c
t
“ —
)
E
0
res p e c ti ve ly wh e r e , th e s u ffix e s in dic a te th a t z _
_ is
p t f
uor z
2
i n th e fir st e xpre s s oni ,
an d z
g fo r z in th e se co n d . E xp a n din g

th e s e e xpre i
ss o n s by Ta yl o r
’
s Th e o re m ,
a d di n g th e m a d th e n ,
n

ma k in g c in fin ite l y s ma ll , w e b ta in O fo r th e ma gn e tic p o te n ti l du e a

to th e sh e e t a t a n y po i n t e x te r l to na i t,
dP
( )
2

]
6 57 qu a n tity P i s s y mme tr i ca l wi th r e s p e c t to th e pl a e
Th e n o f
th e h e e t a d i s th e r e fo r e th e s a me wh e n
s ,
n z i s s ub s titu te d fo 2 -
r .

Q th e ma g e ti c p o te ti l c h a g e s S ig n wh e
,
n — z is p t fo r z
n a ,
n n u .

A t th e p o s itiv e s urfa c e O f th e h e e t s

dP
Q
dz
A t th e ne ga ti ve s urfa ce o f th e s he e t

dP
9 4
dz
2 77
q
;

Within th e s h e e t, i f i ts ma gn e tic e ffe c ts ri se fro m th e

a ma g n e ti
i
z at o n Of i ts s ub s ta n ce , th e ma gn e tic p o t n tia l va rie s
e c o n ti n u
o u sly fr o m 2 77 4) at th e po s iti v e s urf a ce to — 2 77
¢ at th e n e g a ti v e

s ur f a ce .

I f th e sh e e t co n ta i ns l
e e ct ri c c urre n ts ,
th e ma gn e tic fo r ce
w i th i n it do e s n ot s a ti s f y th e co n diti o n o f h a vi n g p o te ti l a n a .

Th e ma gn e tic fo r c e wi th i n th e s h e e t is, h o w e v e r p e r fe c tly de te r

,

Th e n o rma l c o mp o n e n t,
dQ . d P 2

i s th e sa me on b o th s id e s of th e sh e e t a n d th r o u gh o ut i ts su b

s ta n c e .

If a and B b e th e co mp o n e n ts of th e ma g n e tic fo rce p a r a l l e l to

65 VE C TO R -
POTE N TI A L .

a: a n d to g at th e po s iti v e su r fa c e , an d a ,
’

B
’
th o s e on th e n e g a ti ve

%
§
a = —2 7T (6 )
d

—2 M _—
( )
’

B W B 7
@
With i n th e s h e e t th e co mp o n e n ts va ry co n tin uo u ly fro ms a an d
' '
B to a an d B .

dH dG dQ .

Th e e qua tio n s
dg dz da
(ZF 075 an
dz (a dg
aG an do .

da: g (l dz
wh i c h c o n n e ct th e p
c o m o n e n ts E , G H , Of th e ve c t r p o te o -
n ti a l du e
to th e c urre n t sh e e t
-
wi th th e s ca a l r p o te n tia l Q ,
are sa ti s fie d if
we ma k e dP dP
E H O ( )
9
d;
.

do:
We ma y a sol O b ta i n th e s e v lu e by dir e ct i
a s n te gr a tio n ,
th u s fo r E ,
74>
1”

S in c e th e in te gr a ti o n i s to b e ve r th e e s ti ma te d o in fi n i te pl ane

sh e e t, a n d i
s n ce th e fir t te rm van i h e s t i fi n i ty th
s s a n ,
e e xpr e ss i o n is
r du c e d
e to th e s e co n d te r m d by b s tit tin g
an su u

(l 1 (l 1
fo r ’
dg r dg r

an d re me mb e rin g ) de
th a t <1 pe n ds o n (c
’
an d g
’

,
an d n o t on a
'

, g , 2 3

we O b ta i n

If Q i s th e ma gn e ti c po te n tia l du e to a n y ma g n e ti c l r ic
’
. . or e e ct

s y s te m e x te r n a l to th e s h e e t, w e ma wr it
y e

’
P

an d we sha ll th e n h a ve
dP
’
dP
’

F H O’
dg do;
fo r the co mp o n e n ts Of th e v e c to r p o te n ti l d
-
a ue to th i s s y s te m .
 C URR E N T SH E E TS -

[ 5
6 8 .

Le t us n ow de te r mi n e th e l
e e ct o r mo ti ve fo r c e at a ny po in t
of th e Sh e e t s upp o s in g
,
th e Sh e e t fix e d .

Let X an d Y b e th e co mp o n e n ts O f th e l
e e c tr o mo tive fo r c e p r l le l
a a

to a an d to g re s p e cti ve ly ,
th e n , by A r t . 5 9 8 , we h a v e

(1 7
( N

a a s,
03
7
I f th e l
e e ct r ic r e s i s ta n c e O f th e sh e e t is u n i fo r m an d e q alu to a ,

X c u ,
Y ( r ?)
( )
14

wh e r e u an d u are th e co mp o n e n ts Of th e c urr e n t, an d i f qt i s th e
c urr e n t- fun c ti o n , d d) d d)
dg ( l a?

B u t, by e qua tio n
JP
2 7r ( )
1 dz
at th e p o sitive s urfa c e o f th e c urr e n t -
s he e t . H e n ce , e q u a ti o n s
( )
12
an d ( 13 ) ma y b e wri tte n
O
"

(l
Z
P ( l 2

2 7r dg dz (l d t
g
0
‘

(l
2
P (l
2

2 77 da ds do: d t dg
wh e r e th e v l e o f th e e xpre
a u s ss o n s i are th o se co rr e s po n di n g to th e
p o itive s rf c e o f th e h e e t
s u a s .

I f w e di ffe r e ti te th e fir st n a of th e s e e qu at o n si wi th r e s p e c t to a,
'

a d th e s e c o d w i th r e s p e c t to
n n d dd th e r e su lts w e O bt i a n
g ,
an a ,

( )
18

Th e o nl y va lue o f whic h sa t s i fie s th i s e q u at on i ,
an d is fi n ite
an d co n ti u o u s t e v e ry p o i t
n a n o f th e pl an e ,
an d v i
a n sh e s at an

in fi n ite d ista n c e , i s
\/ I 0 .
( )
19

H e n c e th e in ductio n o f l
e e ct ric c ur r en ts i n an i n fi n i te pl a n e sh e t e
o f un i fo rm co n v y i s o t a c co mp a i e d with
du c ti i t n n diffe r e n ce s o f
lric p o te ti
e e ct n a l i n di ffe re n t p rt f th e h e e t a s o s .

S b tituti g
u s n thi s va l e O f i d i te gr ti g e qu a ti
u xx, an n a n ons

( )
17 w e o .b ta i n or up up up
2 7. dz 7 a ( a
fl z ’
tl '
( )
2 0

S in c e th e v lue
a s o f th e c urr e n ts in th e Sh e e t are fo u n d by .
 DE C AY OF C URR E N TS IN TH E SH E E T .

di ffe re n tia ti n g wi th re s pe c t to ac o g th e rbi tra ry fu cti o o f z r ,

a n n

an d t will d i a ppe a r
s W h a ll th e r e fo r l e a ve it o t o f a c c o un t
. e s e u .

I f we a so l wri te fo r
5 2 th e s in gle ymb s ol R ,
whic h re pre se n ts

a ce rta i ve lo c ity
n ,
th e e qua ti o b e twe e n n P an d P
’
be c o me s

dP dP
’

us fir
pp o e th t th e r i o e xte rn a l m g e ti
Let st s u s a e s n a n c

s y te m a ti g
s th e c urr e t h e e t
c n W e m y th r f r e
on pp se n s . a e e o su o

P
’
0 Th e c e th . b e c o me th t o f a ys te m f l tric c r t
as en s a s o e ec u r en s

in th e h e t l ft to th e m e lve b u t a c ti g o o e a o th e r by th i
s e e s s, n n n n e r

mutu a l i d uc ti d t th e s a me time l o i g th e i r e e rgy o

n on, an a s n n n

a c co un t o f th e r e is ta c e o f th e hee t Th e r e su l t i e xpr e e d
s n s . s ss

by th e e qu tio dP dP
a n
R
dz dl
th e so luti o n o f whi c h is
P g ( ,
z
( )
2 3

va l e O f P o
H e n c e , th e y p o i t o uth e p o i tiv e si d e o f th e n an n n s

sh e t w h o s e c o o r di n a te a e
e g z d at ti m e t i s e qu l rto a , , ,
an a ,
s a

th e v l e Of P t th e po i t
a u g ( + R t
a) t th e in s t t w h en t 0 a , ,
z a an n : .

I f th e r e fo r e a y te m o f c u r e ts i s e x ite d i s s n i fo r m pl e r n c n a u an

she e t f i fi ite e xte t a d th e

o n n l ft to its e l f i ts m g e ti c ffe t
n n n e ,
a n e c

at
y p oi t o
an th e p o iti ve n i d e o f th e
n h e e t will b e th e s m s s sa e

a s i f th y te m f urr e n t h ad b e e m i ta i e d co ta t i th
e s s O c s n a n n ns n n e

she e t a n d th s h e e t mo ve d in th di
,
e ti o n o f o r mal fr m i ts e rec a n o

n e ga ti ve i d e wi th th e c o ta t v e l o c ity R
s Th e d i mi u tio of ns n . n n

th e e l e c t o m g e ti c f r c e wh ic h a ri s
r a n fr m d e c y o f th c urr e t
o s, es o a a e n s

i th e r e a l ca s
n is a c c ura te ly r e pr e e t d by th e dimi u ti o
e ,
f th s n e n n O e

fo r ce o a c c o t o f th e in c r e a s i g di ta n c i th im gin ry c e
n un n s e n e a a as .

I n te gr ti g e qu a ti o n ( 2 1) w ith r e pe c t to t w e O b ta in
a n s ,

( )
2 4

I f we s uppo se th a t at fir st P an d P
’
ar e b o th z e ro ,
an d th a t a

ma g n e t or e l e ct o r ma g n e t is sudde n l y ma g n e ti z e d o r -

bro u
g h t f ro m
in fin ite di sta n c e , c h a n e th e v al u e o f P dde n l y fr o m
’

an so as to g su

e ro th e ti me in te g r l i n th e e c o d m mbe r o f
'
z to P ,
th e n , i
s n ce -
a s n e

( )
2 4 va n i sh e s wi th th e ti me , w e mu s t h a v e t th firs t i n st a e an t

at th e su rfac e o f th e sh e e t .

H e n ce , th e s y s te m Of cu r re n ts e x c it e d i n th e sh e e t by th e s udd en
 C URR N SH E E TS E T -
.
[ 6 6 I

in tr o du c tio n of th e yste m wh ic h P i uch th a t

’
s to s du e i s s at th e ,

su rf a ce Of th e s h e e t it e x a c tl y n e u tr l i e a z s th e ma gn e ti c e ffe c t o f
th i s s y s te m .

A t th e s urf a ce of th e s h e e t, th e re f r o e ,
an d c o n se q u en t ly at a ll

p o i ts o n
g v e side
n O f i t th e
th e i i ti l y
n e t e m f a ti
c rr ts ,
n a s s O u en

pr o d c e s au e ffe t e x a c tly e qu l n d O pp o ite to th t O f th e

c a an s a

m g e ti c s y te m o n th e p i tive id
a n s W e ma y e xpr e th i s by os s e . ss

sa yi g th t th e e ffe ct o f th e c urr ts i s q i v l e t t th t o f
n a en e u a n o a an

im ge O f th e m g e ti c s y s te m c o i ci di g i
a p o itio n with th t
a n ,
n n n s a

s y t m b t o pp o ite a
s e ,
r g r ds th e dir e cti
u f i t m g e ti ti o
s s e a on o s a n z a n

an d o f i ts e l e c tr ic c rr e t S ch i m g e i s c ll e d eg ti
u n s. u an a a a n a ve

i m ge a .

Th e e ffe c t o f th e c urr e t i th he e t o p i t o th e p o itive n s n e s n a o n n s

s i d e f it i e q i v l e t to th a t O f
o s p o it v e ma g e Of th e m g e tic
u a n a s i I a n

s y te ms th e e g tiv eo ni de o f th e h e t th e l i e j o i i g c o rr e
n a s s e ,
n s n n

sp di g p o i t b e i g b i e c te d t r igh t a gl e s by th e s h e e t
on n n s n s a n .

Th e a c ti o at po i t e i th e r nide O f th e sh e t d e to th e
a n on s e , u

c urr t i en th e Sh e e t ma y th e r e fo r e b e r e g r d e d
s n d e to ,
a as u an

ima g e o f th e ma g e tic sy s te m o th e ide o f th e h e e t o pp o ite

n n s s s

to th e p o i t th i i ma g e b e i n g n p o iti ve o
, e g ti v e i ma g e
s a s r a n a

a c co r di g s th e p o i t i s o
n th p o iti ve o th e
a e g ti v e i de o f
n n e s r n a s

th e s he et .

I f th e sh e e t is o f i n fi n i te co n d u c ti v ity , R 0, an d th e
s e co n d te r m of
( )
2 4 i s z e ro ,
SO th a t th e i ma g e w i ll r pr e s ee n t th e
e ffe c t O f th e c urre n ts i n th e s he et at an
y ti me .

I n th e r e l h e e t th e r e i t ce R h s o me fi ite v lue
ca se o f a a s ,
s s an as n a .

Th e i m g j t d e c ri b e d wi ll th e r e fo r e r e pr e e t th e ffe c t o f th e
a e u s s s n e

c urre ts o ly duri g th e fir t i t t a fte r the u dd i tr o d cti

n n n s n s an s en n u on

o f th e m gn e ti c sy ste m Th e c rr e t w ill i mme di te ly b g i t

a . u n s a e n o

de c y ad th e e ffe c t o f thi s d e c a y w ill b e a c c ur a te ly r e pr e e te d i f

,
an s n

we pp o e th e tw o i ma ge s to mo ve fro m the i o ri gi a l p o itio i

su s r n s n s, n

th e di r e c ti o of o r m l s dr a w fr o m th e s h e e t w ith th e c o t t
n n a n ,
n s an

ve l o ity R c .

W e a e n o w pr e p a r e d to i v e stig te th e y te m Of c rre t
r n a s s u n s

i duc e d i
n th e Sh e e t by y s y snte m 21
1 o f m a n et
g o e l e c tr o an , ,
s r

m g e ts o u th e p o i ti ve i d o f th e h e e t th e p o iti o
a n d tre gth
s s e s ,
s n an s n

o f wh i ch v ry i y m e r a n an an n .

L e t P a b fo r e h th e f c tio fr o m wh i ch th e d ir e c t c ti
’

,
s e ,
e un n a on

O f th i s s y te m i s to b e d e d ce d by th e e q ti o
s & u ua n s c .
,

dP
’

th e n “

M will b e th e fu n c ti o n co rre s p o n di n
g to th e s yste m re
R
I

(
 MO I V NG TR A I L OF I MA GE S .

dM
pre se n te d by Thi s q u a n tit y wh i c h
,
i s th e i n c r e me n t o f M

i n th e ti me Ot, ma y b e r e g r de d
a as its e lf re pr e s e n ti n
g a ma g n e ti c
s y s te m .

I f we su pp o se th a t at th e time t a p o s it i v e i ma g e Of th e s y s te m
dM
“ is fo rme d th e ga tive si de Of th e s h e e t, th e ma g n e tic
W
on ne

a c ti o n at an
y po in t on th e p o s i ti ve s id e of th e sh e e t d u e to thi s
i ma g e wil l be eq iv u ale n t to th a t d u e to th e cu r r en ts i n th e Sh e e t
e x c i te d by th e ch a n g e in M d u ri n g th e fir st i n s ta n t a fte r th e
c
h g an e, and th e i ma g e
qu i v al e t to th e will c o n ti n u e to be e n

cu rr t in th e h e t if
en s so o it i fo r me d i t b e gi
s e ,
to mo v e
,
as n as s ,
n s

i th e e ga ti v e dir e c ti o O f wi th th e
n n ta t v e l o c i ty R n z co n s n .

I f w e uppo se th t i s e v e ry cce i ve e l e me t o f th e ti m a n
a n su ss n e

i m ge a f th i ki d i fo r me d a d th t a
O s noo s i t i s fo rm e d
s ,
n a s s n a

it b g i e to mo v e a w y fr o m th e h e e t wi th v e l ity R w e h ll
n s a s oc , s a

o b ta i th e c o c p tio
n f a tr i l Of i m g e s th l a st O f wh i ch i
n e n o a a , e s

i n pr o ce f f r m ti o
ss whi l e ll th e re t e mo vi g li k e r igid
o o a n ,
a s ar n a

b o d y a w y fro m th e h e e t w ith v l ci ty R
a s e o .

I f P d e o te a
y f c ti
’
w h a te v r n
a ri i g f s
o m th e n un on e s n r

a c ti o o f th e m g e ti c
n y te m w e m y fi d P th e c o rr e p o di g
a n s s ,
a n , s n n

f c ti o
un a ri i g fr o m th e c rr e t
n s n i th e h e e t by th e f ll wi g u n s n s , o o n

pr o ce whi h is me r e ly th e ymb o l ica l e xpre s io n fo th e th e o ry

ss, c s s r

O f th tra il o f i ma g e s
e .

L e t P de o te th e v a l e o f P (th e f
,
n tio r i i g fr o m th u unc n a s n e

c urr e ts in th e h e e t) t th e p i t (a g +R ) d t th e tim '

n s a o n , , z 7 ,
an a e

t— d l e t Pf d o te th e v lu e o f P ( th e f cti o ri i g fro m ’
r ,
an ,
en a un n a s n

th e ma g e ti c y te m) t th e po i t ( g — ( + R
n s s d a t th e
a n a , ,
s an

ti me t— 7 . Th e n JR dB
d? (l t

a n d e qu a tio n ( )
2 1 be c o me s
dR d ,

dr (ll

an d we O bt a in by i n te gra ti n
g wi th r e s pe c t to r fr o m to
d P;
dt
(l r
‘

( 2 7

as th e v l e a u o f th e fu n c ti o n P , w h e n c e w e O bt i a n all th e pr o p e rtie s

Of th e c rr e
by diff r e ti ti o
u n i
t sh e e t ti o & e n a n ,
as n eq ua ns c .

6 64 ] A e x a mpl e o f th e pr o c e
s an h e r e i d ic t d l e t ta k e ss n a e ,
us

th e ca e o f a i gl e ma g e tic po l e
s f tr e gth u ity mo vin g w i th
s n n O s n n ,

if r m v l i ty i t ig h t li e
'

un o e oc n a s ra n .
 C URR E N T SH E E TS -
.

L e t th e co o r di n a te s o f th e p o le at th e ti me t b e

5 : 115, O, f = mt
0 + .

Th e co o r din a te s o f th e i ma ge o f th e p o l e fo rme d at th e time

t— 7 are

5 : n ( t — )
r , 7
7 0,

a nd if r i s th e di s ta n ce of th i s ima g e f ro m th e p o i n t (a ), g , z )
,

7
2
(w— m( l
To o b ta i n th e p o te n ti l a du e to th e tr a i l of i ma ge s we h a ve to
ca c l ul a te

Q
2 “
2 1+
1
2
(R — w) )
2

{ Q
é — do g m )(z +rc w e} —
+ u (w u i )+ (R —
.

th e v a l e o f r i n th i s e xpr e ss i o n b e in g fo u n d by ma k i g
u O n 7 .

D iffe r e n tia tin g thi s e xpr e s si o n w i th r e s p e c t to t a n d p tti n g ,

u

t 0 w e O b ta i n th e ma g n e tic p o te tia l d u e to th e tra il o f i ma g e s

,
n
,

Q Q m)( a + o
) r +u +(
w R —
B y diffe r e n ti a tin g th i s e xpr e s s io n wi th r e s p e ct to (c o r a we ,

O b ta i n th e c o mp o n e n ts p a ra ll e l to a o r e r e s p e c tiv e ly O f th e ma
g
n e ti c fo r ce a t a n p o i n t a n d by pu tti n g a 0 z and r 2 0 c,
y , ,

i n th e s e e xpr e s i o n s w e O b ta i n th e fo ll o wi n g va lue s o f th e c o m
s ,

n e n ts o f th e fo r c e a c ti n g o th e m o v i g p o l e i tse l f n
p o n ,

40 2
Q + R — m
+
5 Q(Q + R -
w) i ’

I n th e s e xpr e se sio n s we mu s t
r e me mb e r th a t th e mo tio n
is su pp o s e d to h a ve b e e n
g o i g o fon a i fi i te ti me b e fo r e th e
n r n n n

ti me c o n si d e e d r . Hen ce w e m t n o t t k e in a p o i ti v e qu a n ti ty
us a s ,

fo r i n th a t ca s e th e p o l e mu t ha ve p a s e d th r o gh th e sh e e t
s s u

with i n a fi n ite time .

I f w e ma ke u 0, an d in n e ga ti ve ,
X 0, and

1 in
Z
m
’
E +
or th e p o le as it a ppr o a ch e s th e sh e e t is r e pe ll e d fro m i t .

I f we ma k e m 0 , we fin d Q
2
1
1
2
+R
2
,

2
1 1
1

4 c Q (Q +R )
an d Z
m a caw )
 F OR C E ON MO I V NG PO E L .

Th e co mp o n e n t X re pre se n ts a re ta r di g f rc e n o a ct n i g on th e p le o

i n th e d i r e c ti o n o pp o s ite to th a t o f i ts o wn mo tio n . Fo r a g i ve n
vl fR X i
a ue m x i mu m wh e u
o ,
I s a a n . 27R .

Wh e th e h t i on c o d c to r R s ee s a n n -
n u ,
so an d X 0 .

Wh e th h e e t i a p r f c t c d c to r
n e s s e e on u ,
R 0 an d X 0 .

Th e co mp o e t Z r e pr e e ts re pul n n s n a s on i o f th e p o l e fr o m the
h e t I t i c re se
s e . th e v e l o c ity i c r
n a s as n ea s e s, a n d u l ti m te ly b e c me s
a o

1
— w he n th e ve l o c i ty is in fi n i te I t h a s th e sa me vl a ue wh e n
10
.

R is z e r o .

Wh e th e m gn e ti p o l e mo ve i n c rv e p a ra ll e l to th e
a c s n a u

s h e e t th e c l la ti o b e o me mo r e co mpli c te d b t i t i s e y to
,
a cu n c s a ,
u as

se e th t th e e ffe ct o f th e n e a r e t p o r ti o
a o f th e tra i l o f im g e s n a s

i to pr o d c e a fo r c e a c ti g o
s u th e p o l e in th e di r e c ti o O pp o i te n n n s

to th t o f i ts m o tio
a Th e e ffe c t o f th e p r tio f th e tr i l i m
n . o n O a

m di te ly b e h i n d thi is o f th e sa m k i d
e a th a t O f m g et
s e n as a a n

with it a xi s p r l le l to th e di r ti o o f mo tio o f th e p o le t
s a a ec n n a

s om ti me b e fo r e
e S in c e th e e r e s t p l e o f th i m g e t i O f th e
. n a o s a n s

sa m me wi th th e mo vin g p o l e th e fo r c e will c o i t p r tly O f

e na ,
ns s a

a r e p l io a d p r tly o f fo rce p a lle l t th e f rme r di re c tio

u s n ,
n a a ar o o n

O f mo ti o b t b a c kw r d n ,
Th i ma y b e e o l v e d i n to
u r e ta r di n g
a s. s r s a

fo r e a d c fo r c e to w a rd th e co c ve ide O f th e p a th o f th e
,
n a s n a s

mo vi n g p o le .

O i v e tig ti o do e s
ur ot e nble to so lve th e ca ea n n na us s s

i n whi h th e y te m o f c rr e t ca o t b e c o mpl e te ly f rme d

c s s u n s nn o ,

o n co t of
ac d i c o ti i ty o
u n b o u d ry o f the c d cti g
a s n nu r n a on u n

sh e e t .

I t is e as y to se e ,
ho we ve r , th a t if th e po l e i s mo vin g p a r ll e l a

to th e e dg e Of th e s h e e t, th e
'

cu r r e n ts on th e xt th e e dge si de ne

wi ll bl e d H e c e th e fo r ce
be e n fe e . n s d e to th se c urr e t wi ll
u e n s

b l e a n d th e r e wi l l
e ss , o t o ly b e n n a s m l l e r r e t r di g f rc e b t
a a n o , u ,

si n c e th r e puls i ve fo r ce i l e t o th
e s as n e s i de xt th e dg e th e po l e
ne e ,

wi ll b e tt a c te d to w a r d th e e d g e
a r s .

’
T/z e o rg f
o A r a go s R o ta ti ng D is k .

A r a
g o d i sc o ve re d *
th a t a ma g n e t p la c e d
r ta tin g n ea r a o

me ta lli c d i s k e xp e ri e c e s n a fo r c e te n din g t ma k e i t fo l l w th e
o o

mo tio n Of th e dis k lth ,

a ou
g h w h en the d i k i t r e t th r i s s a s e e s

no a c tio n b e tw e e n it an d th e ma g n e t .

Thi s a ct o n i o f a r o ta ti n g dis k wa s a tt rib u te d to a n ew ki n d

A n n a les d e Ch i mie e t d e P h ys i q u e , 18 2 6 .
 C URRE N T SH E E TS .

o f i n duc e d ma g n e tiz a tio n , ti ll F a r a da y *

e xpl i
a n ed me a n s O f
it by
th e l
e e ct r ic cur e ts i
r n n d u c e d in th e dis k on a c c o u n t o f i ts mo ti o n

th ro u
g h th e fi l d Of m
e a
g n e ti c fo r c e .

TO de te rmin e th e d i st i rb
rr e t a d ut o n i Of th e s e i n d uc e d cu n s, n

th e i r e ffe c t o th e m g e t we migh t m k e
n a e O f th e r
n l t lre a dy
,
a us e su s a

fo un d fo rc o d c ti g
a n h e t t r e t c te d o by a mo vi g m g t
u n s e a s a n n a ne ,

a v a il i g o ur e lv e s
n f th e me th o d g i v e i A t 6 0 0 fiir tr e ti g th e
s o n n r . a n

e l e c tr o m g e ti c e qu ti o s w h e n r e f rr e d to m vi g y te ms o f
a n a n xe e o n s s a s.

A s th i s ca s e h o we v e r h s , p e ci l i mp o rta c e w e sha ll tr e a t it
,
a a s a n ,

in a d i r e c t ma e r b e gi nn i g by ,
mi g th a t th e p o l e s O f th e
nn n a ssu n

m g e t e o fa r fr o m th e e dg e o f th e di k th a t th e e ffe c t o f th e
a n ar s s

limita tio n o f th e c o d u cti g h e e t m y b e e gl e c te d

n n s a n .

M ki g a n e f th e
us me o t ti o
o i th e pr e c e d i g a r ti c le
sa n a n as n n s

fi d f th e c o mp o e ts o f th e e l e c tr o mo tiv e fo r c
( 6 5 6 w e o n r n n e

p a ra lle l to a a d g r e p e ctiv lyn s e

whe e r y i s th e r e s o lve d p a r t o f th e ma g n e ti c fo r ce no rma l to th e

di k s .

I f we now e xpr e s s u an d c i n te r ms of q
), th e c urr e n t fu -
i
n ct o n ,

d¢ d¢
(l
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(u dt
S u b s titu tin g th e s e va l ues in e qua tio n s w e fin d

a M
dg ( lac

d¢ (h p
0
Eu (l
g
M u l tip lyi n g ( 4 )by a
'
an d ( 5 )by g, an d a ddi n
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,
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i s
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M u lti ply in g ( 4 ) by g an d ( 5 ) by — a , an d a dd n i g , we o b ta i n
as 77 .4 at
+g
@
E x p R es .
,
81 .
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.

I f we n o w e xpr e s s th e s e e qu a tio n s i n te rms o f r and 0, wh e r e

a
'
r co s G, g = r sin 9,
d d) ' 2
7
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0
y
de

a c w
dr d bl
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n s i f we a ss u me an y a rb itra ry
Of r a d 6n d ma k e ,
an dX
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i ,
dr
S u b s ti tu ti n g th e se v lue a s in e qua ti o n it be c o me s

( ar ( D 13
— 2
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e cl 7

D iv idi n g by (7 r
2
,
an d r e s to ri n
g th e co o r din a te s (c an d g , this
b e c o me s d 2
d 2
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n
+ 14
7
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2 '

This i s th e fun d a me n ta l e qu i
at o n of th e th e o ry ,
an d e xpr e ss e s th e
re l b e tw e e n th e fu ti o X a d th e c o mp o e t y o f th e m g
a tio n nc n , 7
n n n , ,
a

n e ti c f r c e r e
o lve d o rma l to th e di k
so n s .

L e t Q b e th e p o t ti l t y p o i n t o n th e p o i ti v e
en i d e O f th e
a ,
a an s s

di k d e to ima gi ry m tte r di s tr ibu te d o v e r th e d i s k w ith th e

s ,
u na a

s urfa c e d e i ty X
-
ns

A t th e p o i ti ve rfa c e o f th e disk
s su

dQ

H e n ce th e fir st me mb e r o f e qu a tio n ( 14 ) be c o me s

2 2
d d X 2
1 d d Q
dx 2 +
dg 2
2 7r dz dx 2 +
dg 2 ) 16

Q sa ti s fie s L a pla c e
’
s e qua tio n at a ll po i n ts e xte rn a l
2
d 2
Q d 2
Q d Q
2 2
dzu 2
dg de
an d e q ua tio n ( )
14 b e c o me s
3
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0
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18
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A ga i n, i
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Q i s th e p o te n ti a l du e to th e di s tri bu tio n x , th e

p o te n l
tia du e to th e di s t i r bu tio o n r
Z
? will be
?
Z Fr o m th i s

we O b ta i n fo r th e ma gn e ti c p o te n ti a l d ue to th e c urre n ts i n th e dis k,
2
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19
d 0 dz
VO L . 11 . T
 C URR E N T SH E E TS -
.
[ 9
6 6 .

and fo r th e co mp o n e n t Of th e ma gn e ti c fo r c e n o rma l to th e d is k
d u e to th e c urre n ts ,

d sl d 3
’

Q 20
2
dz d 6 da

I f $ 22 i s th e ma g n e ti c p o te n tia l du e to e xte r l na ma gn e ts , an d
if w e wri te
P

th e co mp o n e n t
f th e ma g n e tic fo rc e
o n o rm l a to th e d is k d u e to
th e ma gn e ts wil l b e d
2
dz
We ma y n ow w ite r e qu a ti o n r e me mb e ri n
g th a t

7 71+ 7 2 ,
d Q _m d P
3 3 2
0 d Q 2 °

2 77 as d 6 dz 2
7
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2

I n te g r a ti n
g t i c e w wi th r e pe ct to s z ,
an d wr iti g R n fo r

d d
R — (O
dz Z
Z

I f th e va lu e s Of P an d Q a re e xpr e sse d i n te r ms Of r , 6, an d f ,

wh e r e R

e q u at o ni ( )
2 4 b e co me s ,
by in te gr a ti o n with r e s p e ct to C ,

Q P df ( )
2 6

Th e fo r m o f thi s e xpre s s io n s h e ws
th a t th e ma g n e ti c a c ti o n
o f th e c urre n ts i n th e di s k is e qu v i a l e n t to th a t O f a t a il Of ima e s r g
Of th e ma g n e tic s y s te m i n th e o f rm O f a he i lx .

I f th e ma g n e ti c s y s te m c o n s i s tsg l e m g e tic p o l e f Of a sin a n o

stre gth n ity th e h e li x w ill l i e o

un ,
th e c yl i de r wh o e xi i n n s a s s

th t o f th e di k a d wh i c h p s e s th r o g h th e m g e ti c p o l e
a s ,
n as u a n .

Th e h e l ix w il l b e g i t th p o iti o o f th e O p tic l i m g e
n af th e e s n a a o

p o l e i th e di s k Th e d i t ce p r l l l t th e xi s b e twe c O
n . s an ,
a a e o a en n

R
s e cu ti v e co i s l of th e h e i l x will
,
b e 2 77 Th e ma gn e tic e fl e ct O f
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0)

l will
th e tr a i b e th e sa me as i f th i s h e li x h a d b ee n ma g n e tiz e d
e v e rywh e r e i n th e di re c ti o n Of a ta n g e n t to th e c yl i n de r p er
p en

di cu l a r to i ts xi s with i t ity s h th t th e m g e tic mo m

a , an n ens uc a a n en t
o f an y s m ll p o r ti o
a i s n ume ri c lly e qua l to th e l e g th f i ts p
n a n o ro

je c tio n o th e d i k
n s .
 S PH E R I C A L SH E E T .

Th e ca c l ula tio n o f th e e ffe c t on th e ma g n e ti c p o l e w o ul d be

co mpl ic a te d b u t i t i s ,
e as y to see th a t i t will c o n s ist Of

( )
1 A d r gg i
a n
g fo rc e , p ar a ll el to th e di re ct o n i o f mo ti o n of

th e di s k .

r e p l i ve fo rc e c ti g fr o m th e di k
( )
2 A u s a n s .

( )
3 A f r c e to w r d th e is o f th e di k
o a s ax s .

Wh e th e po l e is e a r th e e d ge o f th e d i k
n n s ,
th e thi d r of th e s e
fo r ce ma y b e o ve rc o me by th e f rce to w r ds th
s o a e ed ge of th e dis k ,

i n di ca te d i n A r t 6 6 7 . .

A ll th e s e fo r c e s we re Ob se rv e d by A rag o ,
an d de s c i r b e d by hi m in
th e A n n a le s de C /l imi e fo r 18 2 6 . Se e a sol Fe l ic i, in To r to lin i
’
s

A n n a ls , i v , p 17 3 . an d v p . . 35 an d E J o chma n n , in Q
.
'
e ll e s
’

J o u r n a l, lxiii pp ,
. xxi i p
15 8 an d 329 an d Po gg . An n . c , . 2 14

I th e l a tte r p p e r th e e qu ti o
n e c e sa ry fo d a a n s n s r e te r
min i g th e in d u cti o O f th c r e t
n th e ms e lv e a e g iv
n e u r n s on s r en, bu t
thi s p rt f th e cti i mi tte d i th e b e q e t c al c ula ti
a o a on s o n su s u n on o f
r e su lt T he me th o d o f i mag s g iv e
s . h re w publis h e d i n e n e as th e
P r o ce e d i ngs f
o tae R ega l So c ie t
g fo r Fe b . 15 , 18 7 2 .

Sp li e r ica l C u r r e n t Sne e t -
.

L e t <1) b e th e c u r r e n t fu n c ti o n -
at an
y p o i n t Q Of a s ph e ri ca l

c u rr e n t s h e e t, a n d l e t P b e th e po
-

te n tia l ve p o i t d e to
at a
gi n n ,
u a

sh e e t O f im gi a ry m tt r di tri bute d a n a e s

o ve r th e ph r e with rf c e d ity s e su a -
en s

(p i t,
i r e q i r esd to fi d th e m gu ti c n a ne

p t ti l d th e ve c to r p te ti l f
o en a an -
o n a O

th e c rr e t h e e t i te r m
u n f P -
s n s o .

Le t d e o te th e r di
a f th e
n a us o

s ph re th e di t c o f th e g iv e
e ,
r s an e n
F g 39
p o i t fr o m th e
n tr e d p th e cen ,
an
l ' °

r e ci pr ca l o f th e di t ce o f th e gi ve po i t fr o m th e p o i t Q o
o s an n n n n

th ph e re t whi h th e c rr t f n ti o is gb
e s a c u en -
u c n .

Th e ctio f th e c r e t h e t t
a n
y pOo i t o t i i t b ta e u r n -
s e a an n n n s su s nc

i i de ti l wi th th t O f
s n ca m gn e ti c h ll wh o e s tr e g th t a
y a a s e s n a an

po i t i n me ri l ly e q a l to th c u e t f c ti
s nu ca u e rr n -
un on .

Th e m t l p o te ti l O f th e m g ti c h ll a d a u it p o l pl ce d
u ua n a a ne s e n n e a

a t th e p o i t P i by A r t 4 10 '

n s,
'

.
,
 C URR E N T SH E E TS .

S in c e p is a h o mo g e n e o u s fun ctio n o f th e d e gr e e

and Q
. :
(p ) r ( ZS .

( l?

S i n ce r an d a a r e c o n sta n t d ur i n g th e s urf a ce - I n te gr a ti o n ,

p d S
)
B u t if P i s th e p o te n ti a l d u e to a sh e e t o f i ma gi n a ry ma tte r
o f s urfa c e -
d e n s ity
( d
pp S,

an d $ 2, th e ma gn e tic p o te ti a ln of th e c urr e n t sh e e t -
, ma y b e e xpre s se d
i n te r ms o f P in th e fo r m
1 d
22 7 7
We ma y de te r mi n e E , th e (Ir —co mp o n e n t o f th e ve cto r
p o te n ti a l ,
fr o m th e e xpr e s s io n gi ve n i n A r t 4 16 .
,

wh e r e 5 7
, 7, f are th e co o rdi n a te s Of th e e e l me n t d S , and l , m, n are

th e d ir e c ti o n -
c o s in e s o f th e n o rma l .

S in ce th e sh e e t is a S p h e r e , th e di r e ctio n -
c o si n e s o f th e no rma l a r e
fiz z
” c .
,
a

dr
(2
Or d,

— 77 P 3 =
)

th a t m — O
so
df
72 -

2173 (77 ( Z

— — —
( 07 9 ) 7 ( C »
7 z

’
a dg a dz

mul ti plyi n g by ( d
p ,S an d i n te g ra tin g o ve r th e s urfa ce of th e s ph r e
e ,

w e fin d
a dg a dz
 F I E LD OF UN I F OR M F OR C E .

a
'
(l P z dP
,
a dz a ( la)

g d P w ( lP

Th e ve cto r 21
,
wh o e c o m p o e t s n n s are E , G, H , i s e vide tly p n er

pe n di c u l a r to th e r di v e to r r a
a us c ,
n d to th e ve c to r wh o s e co m
ii Z JP
D

p o n e n ts ar e E
(
,
——— an d I f w e d e te rmi n e th e li n e s o f in te r
( la
’
dg dz
i
s e ct o n s O p r l urf c e wh o e r a di i
f th e s h e i ca with th e e ri s o f s a s us s r ,
s e

e q i p o te ti l
u rfa c c o rr e p o d in g to v l e s o f P i a ri thm e tica l
n a su es s n a u n

pr o g re i th s e li e w ill i di c te by th e i r di e ctio th e di re ctio n

ss o n ,
e n s n a r n

O f 2L d by th i r pr o x imity th e m g n i tu de o f thi s v e c to r
an e a .

I th e l g g e o f Q ua te r ni o n s
n an ua ,

1
21 Vp V P
2;
.

I f we a ss ume as th e va lue o fP with i n th e Sp h e r e

i

wh e r e Y, i s a s p h e r ic l h r mo a a n c o i f d e g r e e i , th e n o u ts id e the
a
P A
c)
The c u r r e n t- f un c tio n q)i s

1
() I 4 77 a

Th e ma g n e ti c p o te n ti l withi n a th e s ph e re is
1 a

1
ut id e 3
and o Q =i
( )
’
s .
- -
A ‘
a 7

Fo r e x a mpl e , l e t i t b e pr o du c e by me n s r e q ir e d u to ,
a Of a wi r e
c o i le d i to th e f r m o f a
n h e ll
o u if rm m g Sp h e ri c l a s ,
a n o a n et c i f rce
o

M w i th i th e h ll
n Th m g e ti c p te ti l w i th i th e
s e . e a n o n a n sh e ll i s, in
thi s c e as o li d h a r mo i c o f th e fir t d e gr e e
,
a s f th e fo r m n s o

9 . M 7 C OS 9,
wh e re M i s th e ma g n e tic fo r c e . H e n ce A an d
3
M a co s 9 .

8 77

The rre t f c ti o i th e re fo r e pro p o r ti o a l to th e di ta ce

cu n -
un n s n s n

fr o m th e e qu a to r i l pl a o f th e ph r e a d th e re fo r e th e n umb e r
a n e s e ,
n

o f wi di n gs o f th e wi r e b e tw e e tw m ll i r l m u t b e
n
y o a c c e n an s s s

pro po rtio l to th e d i ta c e b e twe e th e pl an e s O f th e s e ci r cle s

na s n n .
 C URR E N T SH E E TS .
[ 73
6 .

I f N i s th e wh o l e nu mb e r o f wi n d in g s , an d if y i s th e r
st e n
g th
o f th e c urr e n t in e a ch wi n di n g ,
gt 5N y
7 co s 0 .

H e n c e th e ma g n e tic fo rc e wi th i n th e co i l is
4 77 Ny
M
3 a

Let us n e xt fin d th e me th o d Of c o l
i in g th e i e in o de wr r r
to pr o du c é wi th i n th e
'
S ph e re a ma g n e ti c p o te n ti a l
O f th e fo m o f a r
so l id z on a l h a r mo n ic Of th e s e co n d de gr e e ,

5
—
A (I
3
00 8
2
6— 1
2 )
12 77

I f th e wh iil e «
nu mb e r Of wi n di n g s i s N , t h e n umb e r b twe e n e th e
p o le an d th e po l r a d is ta n c e 0 i s %N i 6 s n
2
.

Th e wi n din g s are l
c o s e st a t l ti t d a u e A t th e q to r
e ua th e
d ire c ti o n Of wi n di n g ch a n g e s, an d i n th e o th e r he mi p h e r e
s th e
wi n di n g s are i n th e co n t a r ry re c ti o
di n .

L e t y b e th e S tre n g th Of th e c rr e u n t i n th e w ir e ,
th e n with in
th e Sh e ll 4 77 r
2
”

5 2 7
72 (?
aT c o s
2
6 i) .

Let us n o w c o n s i de r a
g on d u c to r i n th e fo r m Of a pla e c lo se d
n

c urv e pl a ce d an ywh e re wi thi n th e sh e ll with i ts pl an e p e rp e dic ul rn a

to th e a xi s . To de te rmi e n i ts c o e fli c i e n t o f i n d u c tio n w h v to e a e

dQ
fin d th e urf c e s a -
i n te gra l o f o ve r th e pla ne b oun de d by th e
dz
c urv e pu tti g y
,
n 1 .

4
No w 9 .
2
52 ,
N (
z
2 — é
( lQ . 8 77
an d Na .

dz 5a 2

H e n c e , i f S i s th e a re a of th e l
c o se d c ur ve , i ts fi
c o e f c ie n t of in
d u c ti o n i s
fl s .

2
5a

I f th e cu rr e t i th is c o du cto r i s y th e r e will b e by A
n n n
’

, ,
rt . 583
a fo r c e Z, urgi g i t i th e d ir e ti o o f z wh e re
n n c n ,

dM 8 77
Z 7 7
,

7
"

62

an d, s in c e thi s i s i n d e pe n de n t o fg, (c, 57 , th e fo rce i s th e sa me i n

wh a te ve r p a rt O f th e s h e ll th e r
c i c u it i s pl a ce d .

Th e me th o d g iv e n by Po i s s o n , an d d e s c ribe d i n A r t 4 3 7 , .
67 L I N E A R C URR E N T FUN C TI O N -
.

ma y b e a ppl ie d to rre
cu n t s h e e ts
-
by su b s ti tu ti n g fo r th e b o dy
su pp o sed to b e un ifo r mly
ma gn e tiz e d i n th e di r e c ti o n o f 2: w ith
i n te n s ity I , a c u rr e n t s h e e t h a vi n
-

g th e fo rm O f i ts s u rfac e , a n d fo r

whi ch th e c urr e n t-f u n c ti o n is (, 7 I s .

( )
1

Th e cu rr en ts in th e sh e e t will b e i p l n anes p r ll a a el to th a t Of mg ,

an d th e st e n r gth o f th e cu rr e t r o u d
n n a s li ce o f thi c kn e s s dz w il l b e

Th e ma gn e ti c po t e n ti a l d u e to th i s cu r e n r t-
sh e e t at an
y po i n t
o u ts i d e I t Wi ll b e dV
9 ,
_I ( )
2
dz
At an
y po i n t in s id e th e sh e e t it w ill be
JV
9 . 4 77 I z — I
( la

Th e co mp o n e n ts o f th e v e cto r p o te
-
n tia la re

dV dV
F —I G = I E = O .
i ,
dg dx
Th e s e re pp l ie d to e ve r l ca se o cc urri g i pra c tic e
s u l ts c a n be a s a s n n .

( )
1 A p l l e c tri c i r i t o f
an e
y fo r m e c cu an .

L t V b e th p o te ti l d e to
e e p l e h e e t o f a y f rm o f wh ich
n a u a an s n o

th e rf ce de ity i
su a -
i ty th e
n s i f fo th i s h e e t w e s b tit te
un ,
n ,
r s s u s u

e i th r
e m g ti
a h ll f tr gth I o
a n e c s a l c tr ic c urr e t o f
e o s en r n e e n

s tr e gth I r u d i t bo u d ry th e v l e s O f Q a d o f F G B will
n o n s n a , a u . . n , ,

b e t h e g i ve
os b o ve n a .

F o li d sph e r e O f ra d i s
( )
2 o a r s u a,

s
4 77 a
V wh e n r is gr e a te r th a n a , ( )
5
3 r

g T
d V 2 —r 2 w h is le th a n ( )
an
:
—
( 3a ) e n r ss a . 6

H e n ce , i f s u ch a s p h e re
i s ma gn e tiz e d p ra lle l to
a 2 with i n te n s ity
I , th e ma g n e tic p o te n tia l w ill b e
3
4 77 (Z
Q I e o u ts i de th e s ph e r e
fi
.
,
3
42
c 17 i n s ide th e s ph e r e .

3
b e i g m g e ti e d th e ph e re i c o il d with wire
I f, in s te a d o f n a n z ,
s s e

i e q i di t t ir c l e
n u th e t ta l tr gth O f c rr e t b e tw e e
s an c s, tw o o s en u n n

sma l l ir cl e wh e p l
c s a e t it d i t c e b i g I th e
os ut ide
an e s r a un s an e n ,
n o s

th e ph r th e v l e f Q i
s e e b fo re b t wi th i th p h r
a u o . s as e , u n e s e e

53
Q
. .
1I 7
2 .

3
Thi s is th e ca se a lre dy d i c u
a s s se d in A r t 6 7 2 . .
 280 C URR E N T SH E E TS .
[ 7
6 6 .

( 3 ) Th e ca se of an e llip so id u n i fo rmly ma gn e ti z e d p a ra lle l to

a g ive l i n ne ha s be e n d is c u s s e d i n A r t 4 3 7 . .

I f th e e llip so id i s co i e d l with wir e p ra lle l d e quidis ta

in a an n t
p la n e s ,
th e ma g n e tic fo r c e with in th e e lli p o i d w ill b e u ifo r m
s n .

( 4 ) A Cg l in dr ic M a gn e t or So l e n o i d .

5.

67 b o dy i s a cyli de r h a vi g a y fo r m Of s e c tio n a n d
I f th e n n n

b o u de d by pl n e s p e rp e dic ula r to it ge e r ti g li e a n d
n a n s n a n n s,

i f VI i s th e p o te ti l t th e p o i t ( g 2 ) d e t n a pl e a r e a o f
a n a , ,
u o a an

s urfac e de ity u n ity c o i cid i g wi th th e p o itive e d o f th e

-
ns n n s n

s o l e o i d a d V th e p o te ti l
n nt th e me p o i t d e to a pl e r e n a a sa n u an a a
, 2

o f s r f c e d e s i ty u i ty c o i c i di w i th th e n e g ti v e e d th e n i f n
u a
g n n n a n
-
, ,

th e cyli de r is u ifo r mly n d l o gitu di lly ma g e ti e d w ith i

n an n na n z n

t n s ity u i ty th e p o te n ti l a t th e p o i t (a g a ) w ill b e
e n ,
a n , ,

( 10 )
I f th e c yl i n d e r , i n s te a d
b e i g a ma g e ti e d b dy i s u i fo rml y Of n n z o ,
n

l pp e d with w ir e s o th t th e r e e wi di g s f w ire i u it
a ,
a ar n n n O n n

o f l e gth a d i f a c ur e t y i s m d e to fl o w th r o ugh this w i r e

n ,
n r n , ,
a ,

th e ma g n e ti c p o te n tia l o uts i de th e s o l e o id i a s b e fo re n s ,

Q
“ % Y ( Vl — y 2 )7
but with in th e s p a ce b o un de d by th e l
so e n o id an d i ts pl an e en ds
V — V
Q
. n
y ( 4 7r a + 1 2)
.
( )
12

Th e ma gn e tic p o te tia l i dis c o n ti

n s nuo us at th e pla n e e n ds O f th e
l
s o e n o id , b u t th e ma gn e tic fo r ce i s c o n ti n u o u s .

If r
1,
r
2 ,
re s o f i e r tia
th e d is ta n c e s o f th e ce n t n o f th e p o s itiv e
an d e g a ti v e p l
n e e d r e s p e c ti v e ly fr o m th e p o i
an n n t ( a , g, z
) , are

v e ry gr e a t co mp re d w i th th e tr s ve rs e dime sio n s
a an n o f th e l
s o e n o i d,

w e m y wr ite a A
( )
13

wh e r e A i s th e a re a o f e ith e r s e c ti o n .

Th e ma g n e tic fo r c e o uts i d e th e s o l e n o id i s th e r e fo re v e ry s ma ll ,
a n d th e fo r c e i n s i de th e s o l e n o i d a ppr o x i ma te s to a fo r c e p a ra ll e l to

th e a xi s i n th e po s i ti ve d i r e cti o n an q l to 4 y
d e ua 77 n .

I f th e s e c ti o n of th e l
s o e n o id is a c i r c l e o f r a di s th e v a lu e s o f u a,

VI an d V2 ma y b e e xpr e s s e d in e o th e s r i e s f s p h r ic l h a r m i c e a on s

gi v e n in Th o ms o n a n d Ta i t s Na tu r a l Pni l o s op /i
’
Ar t 5 46, E x I I
. . .
,

4 6

:
1 17 1 13 ¢
V = 2 77 — r Q1+ a + l
Q2 _ —
Q4 —
'

Q6 + 85 0 wh e n r < a
( 1
5
2 4 6
. . a

6
113

i
a
_3 Q2
-
f —
. .

Q4 — &C wh e n r > a ( )
15
7
° .

5
2 4 7 2 4 6 .
 S OL E N O I D .

I n th e s e e xpr e s s io n s r i s th e d is ta n c e Of th e po i g
n t ( a , , e ) from

th e r
c e n t e Of o n e o f th e r l r
c i cu a en ds o f th e
'

so l e n o i d, a n d th e z on a l
h a r mo n i c s , Q 1, Q2 ,
&c .
,
are th o s e rre pco s on di n g to th e an
g l e 9 wh i ch

r ma k e s wi th th e xi o f th e a s c y l i de r n .

77
Th e fir t o f th e e e xpre i o
s s ss n s i s d is c o n ti n u o u s wh en 6 b ut
2
we mu s t r e me mb e r th a t wi thi th e s o le o id n n we mu s t a dd to th e
ma gn e tic fo r c e d e d u ce d fr o m th i e xpr e si o s s n a l o gitudi l
n na fo rc e
4 n n y
Le t us no w c o n side r a l
s o e n o id so lo
g th a t in th e
n a t p r
o f s p a ce wh i c h we co n s id e r ,
th e te r m s de p e n di n g
o n th e di s ta n c e

fr o m th e d s ma y b e n e g e c te d
en l .

Th e r a
y c l o s e d c urv e d r a wn wi th i n
ma gn e ti c i n d u cti o n th o u gh n

th e s o l o i d i 4 en y A w h e r e As i th e a re7r u o f th e pr o j e c ti o n o f
’

,
’
s a

th e c rv e o p l e n o r ma l to th e xi f th e o l e i d
u n a an a s o s no .

I f th e c l o e d c rv e i o ts id e th e o l e o id th e
s u if i t e c l o e th e
s u s n ,
n ,
n s s

sol id th e m g e ti c i d c ti o th r o g h i t i s 4
en o a n A w h e r nA i u n u 77 77 e s
, y ,

th e r e o f th ea c ti o
a o f th e o l e o id I f th e l o e d c urve d o e s
se n t s n . c s n o

su rr d th e o l e id th e m g e tic in d u cti o th r o g h i t i e r
oun s n o ,
a n n u s z o .

I f wi r e b e w o u d time r o d th e o l e n o id th e c o e ffi ci e t O f
’
a n n s un s , n

i d c ti o b e tw e e i t
n u n d th e o l e o id i s n an s n

M
’
: 4 77 n n A .
( 6)
1

B y su o s in pp
th e s e g
in d in g s to c o in c id e ith n w
i n di n s o f th e w w g
s o l e n o i d , w e fin d th a t th e c o e ffic i e n t o f s e f—i n d u c ti o n o f u n i t O f l
l e n g th o f th e l
s o e n o i d, ta ke n at a su f fi c ie n t di s ta n c e f ro m i ts ex

tr e mitie s, i s L 4 77 u
2
A .
( )
17
N e a r th e en ds Of a so e n o l id w e m u s t ta k e in to a cco u n t th e te m s r
d e p e n di n g on th e i ma g in a ry d i s tr ib u ti o n
f ma g n e ti s m o n th e p l a n eo

en ds o f th e l
so e n o id . Th e e ffe c t o f th e s e te r m s i s to ma k e th e c o

e fli c ie n t of i n d u c ti o n b twe e en th e l
s o e n o id a n d a r
c i cu it wh i c h su r

ro un ds it le ss th a n th e v l a ue 4 7 7 77 A, wh i ch i t h a s w h e n th e c i r c u it
su r ro un ds
g a ve ry l o
g r e a t d is t c e f
nr o m e i th e r
so le n o
e d id at a an n .

Let u t c es a k th
f tw o i r l r e d c x l o l o i d s f th e
e as O c cu a an oa a s en O

sa me l g th l L e t th
en r a di o f th e o te r
. l e o i d b e del t us u so n 0 an e
1

it b e wo d wi th wi r e u n to h a ve w i di g i it o f l e gth
so as 72
1
n n s n u n n .

L t th e r di
e f th i r l e o id b e
a us o d l e t th e e umb r Of nne so n 0
2 , an n e

w i di g i
n it o f l e gth b e
n s n th e
un th c o e ffi c i t O f i d ti o
n n e en n u c n

b twe th e s o l e o i d e gl ti g th e fl c t Of th e e d i s
e en n s, n ec n e
’

e n s,

EL 2 : G 57,
G 4 77 72 ,

2
g z 77 0
2
l n
z
.
 C UR R E NT SH E E TS .

To d e te r mi n e th e e ffe c t o f th e p o si tive end o f th e l

so en o id s
we mu stl ul a te th e o e fficie n t f i d c ti o o th e t r o l i d
ca c c o n u n n ou e s en o

d e to th e i r c ul r di k wh i ch f r m th e e d o f th e i
u c a s r l id o s n nne so e n o .

Fo r thi s purp e w e t k e th e s e c o d e xpr e i o

os fo V a
g i v n ss n r ,
as en

i n e qu a ti o a d d i ffe r e ti te i t w ith r e s p e t t
n n Thi g iv e n a c o r . s s

th e m g e tic fo r c e in th e dir e cti

a n O f th e r di W th e m l tip l y on a us . e n u

th i s xpr e io by 2
e (l a a d i te gr a te i t wi th r e s e c t to M fr o m
2
p
ss n 77 r ,
n n

3
7
7 0 t o n T h i s g i v e s th e c e ffi c i e t o f i d
2
c t io
i o n n u n
3 0
2 1

with re sp e c t to a s i gl e w i n n din g o f th e o ute r s o l e n o id at a di s ta n ce

2 fr o m th e p o i tiv e e d s n . We th e n m l ti pl y u th i s by dz , an d
i te g ra te w ith r e p e c t to
n s e fr o m a l to z 0 . Fin a lly , w e
m l tiply th e r e l t by
u su u
1
n
2 ,
and so fin d th e e ffe c t o f one of th e
en d s i n d i mi n i s h i n g th e c o e f c ie n fi t Of i n d u c ti o n .

We th u s fin d fo r th e va l u e Of th e fi
c o e f ci e n t of mutua l in du c ti o n
b e twe e n th e two c yli de r n s,

M 4 77
2
n
1
n
2
c
2
2
( l — 2 c
l
a
) ,

i l — r 1 2
o
92
- -

Wh e re a [
z
z

0
2

4 3 5 7
1 c c c
— 1 l

3 2 7 97 + 82 ( )
5
2 2
4 3" 2 2
4 5
( 7

wh e i s pu t, fo r bre vi ty , fo r A/l
re r c
l
2 2
.

I t a pp e a r s fr o m th i s , th a t i n c a l c u l a ti n g th e mutu a l i n du cti o n o f
tw o x l s o l e n o id w e m t s e i th e e xpre s i ( 2 0 )i te d o f
co a a s, us u n s on ns a

th e tr e l e n gth l th e c o rr e c te d l e g th l — 2
u i wh i h p o r tio n 0
1
a , n c a n

e q a l to
u c i s pp o e d to b e c t o ff t e ch e d
a
1
s u Wh e th e
s u a a n . n

so l o id i s v e ry l o g c o mp a r e d w i th i ts e x te r a l r a d i
en n n u s,

( )
1
a : —
-

13
-
2 3

Wh e n a so e n o l id c o n s i s ts o f a u mb e r
n l y e r s O f w ir e O f
o f a

su ch a di a me te r th a t th e r e are 77 l ye rs i
a n it o f l e g th th e
un n ,

n u mb e r Of l ye r s i n
a th e thi c k n e ss dr i s n dr , an d w e h ve a

2
G 4 an d g
2
r dr .
( )
2 4

I f th e th ic k n e ss o wi r e i c o t
f th e s n s an t, an d if the i n du c ti o n ta k e
pl a ce b e t we e n an e xte r l c o i l wh o s e o
n a u te r an d in n e r r a dn are a and

g r e sp e c tive ly , an d i e r c o il w h o
an nn se ou te r an d in n e r r a di i are

g an d a, th e n , ne
gl e ctin
g th e e ffe c t O f th e en ds ,

Gg 2 — 3
g )(g
2
77
2
l n
1
77
2 (a
 I NDU C TI O N C OI L .

Tha t th is ma y b e a ma x imum, a an d 2 b e in g g i v e n, an d g
va ri a bl e , 2
3

a: it ? —
i
‘
( )
2 6
E 2

This e q uat on i g i ve s be t r l
th e s e a ti o n b e twe e n th e d e th s p Of th e
prim ry a an d se co n da ry co il fo r an in du c ti o n ma c h i n e -
wi th o t u an

i ro c rn o e .

I f th e r e i s an i ro n co re Of r a di u s 2 ,
th e n G re m a in s a s b e fo r e, but

g z 77
( 2 7 )
a _z a
y
( ( )
2
77 l n
2
+ 4 77 K 2
(g 2 8
3
I f g is gi ve n , th e v a lu e o f z wh ich g i v e s th e max i mu m va lu e Of g i s

18 77 K
z 2y 29
18 77 7< + 1
Wh e n, as in th e ca s e o f iro n , x is a l rg
a e nu mb e r ,
3 ag ,
n ea rly .

I f we n ow ma k e a c o n s ta n t, a n d g an d z v a ri a bl e, we O bt a in the
ma xi mu m va l ue o f Gg w h e n
( )
3 0

Th e fi
c o e f ci e n t o f se lf i du ctio
-
n n Of a lo n g s o le n o id wh o e o te rs u

an d in n e r r dii a ar e cc an d g, an d h a vi n g a lo n
g i ron c o r e wh e os

r a di u s is e, is
L = § n
2
l n
4
(m ( )
3 1

W e h a ve h i th e rto s upp o s e d th e wir e to b e o f un ifo rm

th i c k n e s s We s h a ll n o w de te r mi n e th e la w a c c o r di n g to wh i c h
.

th e thi c kn e v ry i th diffe re t l ye r i o rd r th t fo
ss mu st a n e n a s n e a ,
r

a gi ve n va lu e
o f th e r e i ta c e O f th e pr i m ry th e e d ry c i l
s s n a or s co n a o ,

th e v lu e o f th e co e ffi c ie t o f m t a l i d c ti o m y b e
a m xi m m n u u n u n a a a u .

L e t th e e s i t e Of r it O f l g th o f wi r e s ch th t wi din gs
s an c un en a ,
u a n n

o c c py u i t O f l f l i d b 2
u
g
n th th e en p O so e n o ,
e n .

Th e r e i ta c e o f th e w h o l e o l e o i d i
s s n s n s

Th e co n di tio n th a t, with a
g i v e va l n ue o f R , G ma y b e a ma ximu m

IS 0 5
2? wh e re C is so me c o n s ta n t .

Th i s g i ve s n
2
pr o p o rtio n al to
i o th e ,
r dia me te r Of th e wir e of

th e e xte ri o r co i l mu t b e pr p rtio
s l t o o na o th e s q a re ro o t
u o f th e
r a d iu s .

In o rde r th a t ,
fo r a g iv e n v l a ue of R , g ma y b e a ma x imu m
2
4 77 K z

r l '
 C URR N E T S -
H E E TS .
[6 8 I .

H e n c e , if th e re 18 no iro n
r e the dia me te r O f th e w i re o f th e co ,

i te r i r c o i l h o l d b e i ve r e ly a s th e s q a re r o o t f th e r d i
n o s u n s u O a u s,

b t i f th e r e i
u c o re o f i ro n h a vi g
s a h igh ca p i ty fo m g ti n a ac r a ne

za ti o th e dia me te r o f th e w ir e
n , h o l d b e mo r e e rly d i r e ctly s u n a

pro p o r tio a l to th e s qu a re o o t o f th e r di u O f th e l a ye r
n r a s .

A n E n dl e ss S o le n o id .

l id b e g e n e ra te d by th e re vo lutio o f a pla n e a re A
If a so n a

a b o t a xi i i ts o wn pl n e o t c ttin g i t i t will h ve th e fo rm
u n a s n a ,
n u ,
a

Of a ri g I f th i s r i g h e c o il e d w ith w ir e s o th t th e wi di g
n . n ,
a n n s

O f th e c i l e i pl n e p s s i g th r o u gh th e a xi Of th e ri g th
o ar n a s a n s n ,
en ,

if n i s th e wh o l e mb e r O f wi di g s th e c urr e t f cti o O f th e
nu n n , n -
un n

1
la ye r of Wi r e 1s ( 6 n 0
y , wh e r e 6 Is th e an gle Of a z i muth a b o ut
27 7
th e a xi s of th e r in g .

If 9 i s th e ma gn e ti c p o te ti a l i n s i d e th e ri g d 9 th a t
’
n n an out

s id a th e n Q 2 n y 0+ C .

O u ts i de th e ri n g Q . .
’
mu s t s a ti s f y L p l ce s e q ti
a a d mu s t
a
’
ua o n ,
n

v an i sh at an i n fi n i te d is ta n c e . Fr o m th e n a t r e o f th e pr o b l e m u

i t mu s t b e f 6 ly Th e o ly v l e o f 9 w hi c h fulfil s
’
a fu n cti o n o o n . n a u

th e s e co n diti o n s i s z e ro . H e n ce
O, Q = 2 fl y 9+ a
Th e ma g n e tic fo r ce at an
y po i n t with in th e r in g is p e rp e n dic ul a r
to th e pl a ne p a ss n i g th r o ugh th e a x is ,
an d is e q l
ua to 2 n y
i
wh e r e r i s th e d i s ta n c e fr o m th e a x is . O uts id e th e ri gn th e re is
no ma g n e tic fo r c e .

I f th e fo r m O f a l c o se d c urv e b e give n by th e c o o rdi te z na s , r,

an d 6 o f i ts tra c in g po i n t as fu c tio Of s
n i ts l e g th fr o m a fix e d
ns ,
n

po i n t, th e ma g n e ti c in du cti o n th r o gh th e c l o s e d c urve i s
u

ta ke n roun d th e cu rv pro vi de d th c urve

e, e is w h o lly i ns ide th e ri n
g .

I f th e cu rv l ie s
e wh o lly with o ut th e r i n
g ,
but e mbra c e s it, th e
ma gn e ti c i du c ti o
n n th r o u gh i t i s

'
ds : 2 n y a,

wh e r e th e a c ce n te d co o r din a te s r e fe r no t to the l
c o se d c u rve , b u t to
a s in gl e wi n d in g o f th e l
s o e n o id .

Th e ma g n e ti c i n d uc ti o n th r o u gh an
y l
c o se d c u rve e mbr a c i n g th e
 E NDL E SS S O L E N OI D .

ri n
g i s th e r e fo r e th e sa me ,
an d e qu al to 2 n y a ,
wh e re a i s th e l i n e a r

t
iZ
8
(
qu an tit y ,
de
’
. I f th e l
c o se d c urve do e s n ot e mbr ac e th e

rin
g ,
th e ma g n e tic i n du c tio n th r o ugh i t i s z e r o .

L et a s ec o n d wi r e b e c o i l e d i n a n y ma n n e r r o u n d th e r i n g n o t ,

n e c e ssa ri ly i n c o n ta c t wi th i t, s o a s to e mbr a c e i t n ti me s
’
Th e .

i n d u cti o n th r o ug h this wi r e i s 2 n n y a a n d th e r e fo r e M th e
’ '

, ,

c o e fli ci e n t O f in d u c tio n o f th e o n e c o il o n th e o th e r i s M
’
2 n n (7 , .

Si n c e thi s i s quite i n de p e n de n t o f th e p a r tic ul a r fo r m o r p o s i ti o n

of th e se co n d wire
wi re s i f tra ve r e d by e l e ctric c ur e t will
,
th e ,
s r n s,

e xp e r i e c e o me c h a n i ca l fo r c e ac ti g b e tw e e
n n th e m B y ma ki g n n . n

th e e c o d wi r e c o i c ide wi th th e fir t w e Ob ta i n fo th e c o e ffi ci e n t
s n n s ,
r

o f s e l f in du cti o n o f th e ri g c o i l
-
n -

2
L z 2 777 (Z.
 C HA P TE R XI I I .

PA R ALL E L C URR E N TS .

Cg l in dr ica l C o n du c to r s .

682 ] ve ry i mp o rta t c l s f e l e ctri ca l a rra ge me n ts th e

IN a n as o n

cu rre t i c du te d th r ugh r o d wi re O f e rly ifo rm e cti

n s on c o un s n a un s on ,

an d e ith e r tr i gh t o s u c h th t th r di u s o f c urv t r e o f th e x i
s a ,
r a e a a u a s

o f th e w i r e i v e ry g re t c o mp r e d with th e r di s o f th e tr ve r e
s a a a u an s s

s e c ti o f th e wi r e
on I o r d e r to b e pr e p r e d to d a l m th e m ti l l y
. n a e a a ca

wi th h rra ge me ts w e h l l b e g i w ith th c a s e i n w h ich th e

su c a n n ,
s a n e

c ir c u it c o i t o f two v e ry l o g p a r lle l c o d c to r s w ith tw o p i e c e s

ns s s n a n u ,

j o i i g th i r e ds a d w e Sh a ll c o fi e o
n n e n ,
tte ti o
n to p rt o f n n ur a n n a a

th e i rc it w hi h i s s o f
c u fr o m th e e d O f th e c o n d c to r s th t th e
c ar n s u a

f c t o f th e i r n o t b e i g i fi it ly l o g d o e n o t i tr o d uc e a y
a n n n e n s n n

se ibl e h a ge i th e d i tr i b ti o n o f fo r ce
ns c n n s u .

W e sh ll t k e th e xi o f a p ra ll l to th e di re cti o o f th e c o
a a a s a e n n

d c to
u th e
r s, fro m th e y mme try O f th e rr g e me t i th e p a rt
n ,
s a an n s n

o f th e fi e l d c o ide r d e v rythi g w ill de p e d o H th e c o mp o e t

ns e , e n n n , n n

O f th e v e to r p o te ti l p a r l l e l to
c -
n a a z .

Th e c o mp o n e ts o f m g e ti c i d c tio n b e co me by e q ti o
n a A
( ) n n u ,
ua ns ,

dH
( )
1

( )
2

C O

Fo r th e sa kef g e n e r a l i ty w e s h a l l s u pp o s e th e c o e fli c ie n t o f
o

ma g n e ti c i n d u c ti o n to b e u, s o th a t a a
p , 6 M B , wh e r e a a n d B .

are th e co mp o n e n ts th e m a g n e ti c fo ce
Of r .

Th e e q i
u at o n s E
( ) O f e l e c t i c c u e n ts ,
A r
rt 60 7 rr . g iv e

dB (l a
4 77 20
dc: dg
68 S TR A I GH T WI RE .

I f th e cu rre n t is a fu n c tio n Of r , th e d is ta n ce f ro m th e a xi s

Of z ,
an d if w e wr ite
a r co s B, an d g : r e n i G, ( )
4

d f h m n e ti c fo r ce , i n th e r i i w h h i m r d di
an B o r t e a
g e c t o n n i c 6 s e a s u e

p e rp e n dic u l a r to th e pl a n e th r o u gh th e a xi s o f 3 , w e h a ve
4 ” —
( B r
) 5)
7 7r
I f C i s th e wh o l e cu rre n t fl o win g th ro u
g h a s e c ti o n bo un de d by
a ci cle r in th e pl ane 2: g , wh c e tr e
o se n i s th e o rI
g In an d wh o se

r di u s i s
[
a r, r

C 2 77 r w dr :
3B r .
( )
6
o

It a pp e
r fo r e th t th e m g ti c fo rc e t a gi ve po i t
a r s, th e e ,
a a n e a n n

d e t
u c rr t rra g e d i
o a u yl i d i l tr t wh o o mm
en a n xi n c n r ca s a a, se c on a s

i th e xi
s f d p e d o ly o
a s o th e to t l tr e gth f th e
3 ,
e rre t
n s n n a s n o cu n

fl wi g th r o g h th e tr t w h i ch l ie b e tw e e th e g i ve p i t d
o n u s a a n n o n an

th exi ad t o s, th e di tr i b tio
an f th e c rr e t mo g th e
n o n s u n o u n a n

d iff r t yli d ri ca l tr t
e en c n s a a .

F i t ce l t th e
or ns an d to r b e a ,
if r m wir
e f rad i co n uc un o e o us a ,

an d l t th to t l e rr t th r gh i t b e C th i f th e c rr t i
e a cu en ou , en ,
u en s

un i f r ml y di tri b te d th o g h l l p r t
o s f th ue ti o wil l b r u a a s o e s c n ,
70 e

c o n s ta n t, an d C 77 70 a
2
.
( 7 )
Th e cu rre n t fl o wi n
g th rou
g h a r
c i cu la r s e c ti o n o f r a di u s r ,
br e in g
l e s s th a n a ,
is C
’
: 77 70 7
2
. H e n ce at a n
y po i nt wi th i n th e wi r e,
’
2 C r
8

C
O u ts i de th e Wi r e B 2
.
( )
9
7

I n th e su b s ta n c e o f th e w i re th e re ma g n e ti c p o te n ti a l fo r
is no ,

w i th i n a co n d u c to r ca rryi n
g an e l e c tr i c c u rr e n t th e m a n e ti c fo r c e
g
do e s no t f u l l th e fi co n d iti o n h a i n g a o te n ti a l
Of v p .

O u ts ide th e w ir e th e p l
-

ma g n e ti c o te n tia i s
Q
. . 20 9 .
( )
10

pp o e th t i te d
Let u s su s a ns a o f a wi r e th e co n du cto r is a me ta l
t b wh e e xt r l a d i t r
u e os e na n n e n al r a di i are a
1
an d a
2 ,
th e n , i f C i s
th e rr t th r o gh th e t b l r
cu en u u u a co n du c to r ,

C 7 7 70
( a
l
2
( )
11

Th e ma g n e ti c fo rc wi th i
e n th e tu be is z e ro . I n th e me ta l o f th e
tu e , b w r
h e e r is b e tw e e n a
1
an d a
2 ,
 PA R A LL E L C URR E N TS .

an d o uts ide th e t ub e , 0
— 3
'
7

th e sa me as wh e n urr e t fl o ws th ro gh a s o li d wir e
th e c n u .

Th e ma g e tic in du ctio a t a y p o in t is 6 y p)
n n n ,
an d s in c e ,
by e qua ti o n (I E
6 :

Th e v lu e a o fH o u ts ide th e t ub e is
— 2 pO C l o g
A ( )
16
'
7,

wh e r e ” i s 0
th e vl a ue o f M i n th e s p a c e o uts i d e th e tu b e , a n d A is a
c o n sta n t, th e va l e u o f w hi ch de p e n d s o n th e p o s iti o n o f th e r e tu r n

c urre n t.

I n th e s ub sta n c e of th e t ub e ,

MC
E z A — 2 pO C l o g a
1 4
-

z 2
¢
2
+ 2 a2
2
lo g
“1

I n th e s p a ce with i n th e tu be H is co n s ta n t, an d
z
2az
H = A ( )
18

]685 L e t th e r r
e tur n c rr e n t fl o w i g
ci c u it be co mpl e te d by a u ,
n

i a t b o w i r e p a r ll e l to th e fir t th e a x e o f th e tw o c urr e ts
n u e r a s ,
s n

b e i g a t a di ta ce 6 To d e te r mi e th e ki e tic e rgy o f th e
n s n . n n en

ys te m w e h a ve to c a l cula te th e i te gr l
s n a

( )
19

I f we co n fi ne our a tte n ti o n to th a t p a r t o f th e y te m wh i ch l ie s s s

b e twe e n tw o pl a n es p e rp e n dic u l r to th e a x e s o f th e c o d u c to r s a d
a n ,
n

d i s ta n t Z f ro m e a ch o th e r ,
th e e xpr e s i o b co mes n e s

I f w e di s ti n gui s h by a a c ce t n n th e q uan titie s b e lo n

g i n g to th e
r e tur n c urre n t, w e ma y wr i te thi s

2 1
7
'
dy .
( )
2 1
1
S i n c e th e urre n t o n a y p o i t o ut i de th e tub e i s
a c ti o n o f th e c n n s

th e a me s s i f th e s a me c urr e t h d b e e
a co c e tr a te d a t th e x is n a n n n a

o f th e tub e th e me va l e o f H fo th e se ctio o f th e r e t r
, an u r n u n

c rr e n t i s A — 2 P C l o g 5 a d th e me a n v lu e o f H
’
u
o
fo r th e s e c ti o n
,
n a
”
o f th e p o s iti v e c urr e n t i 2 “ 6 l g6
’
A s
o
o .
68 L O NG I TUD I N A L TE NS I ON .

H e n c e , i n th e e xpr e s sio n fo r T, th e first tw o te ms ma y b e r writte n

2 No C C l o g 6,
’ ’
AC and
’ ’
A C 2 yo C C lo g 6 .

I n te g ra tin g th e tw o la tte r te rm
ry w y n d a ddin g s i n th e or d in a a ,
a

th r e l ts r e me mb e ri g th t C + C 0 w e o b ta i n th e v l e o f
’
e su ,
n a , a u

th ek i e tic e e rgy T Wr itin g th is § L C wh e re 1} i s th e c o

n n .
2
,

effici e t o f e l f i d u cti o n o f th e y tem o f tw o c o du c to r s w e fin d

n s -
n s s n ,

as th e v a l e o f L fo u it o f le n gth o f th e sy te m
u r n s

me
2 2 z
1} 6 62 3 az 4 a
4
“1
“
1 2
M bg fi
7 w e
g g—
a
; M
£
’ 2 ’ z “
P ‘
a1
l z
3az
12
4 a,
/2 2
lo g
: 1
1
a
l
0
2 a
2 ) “
2

I f th e d u c to r s l id wi re r
’
co n are so s, o
z
a n d a ar e z e o an d
2 ,

2 “0 1
0g l i" p ‘ 23
Z “1 a
l

I t is o nl y in th e ca s e o f iro n
w i e th t w e n e e d ta k e a cco un t o f r s a

th e ma gn e ti c i n du cti i c a l c ul a ti g th e i r s e l f in d u c ti o
on n I n -
n . n

o th e r ca e w e ma y ma k e P p a n d p l l e qu l to un i ty Th e
’
s s a a
o:
.
,

s ma ll e r th e r a di i o f th e wir e a n d th e gr e a te r th e di ta n ce be twe e n s, s

th e m th e g r e a te r is th e s e lf i du c ti o
,
-
n n .

To fin d t6e R ep u lsi o n , X, 6e twe e n Me Two P o r ti o n s of Wer e

'

B y Ar t 5 8 0 w e . o b ta i n fo r th e fo rc e te n d in g to in c r e a s e 6,
J L
X g
1
C 2
d6

2
2 C

whi ch gr e e s w ith A mp er e fo rmul a wh e n

a 1 as i ai
’
s ,
n
o ,
n r.

6 8 72] I f th e l e gth o f th e wi r e s i s g r t c mp a r e d wi th th
n ea o e

di ta n ce be tw e e th e m w ma y u s e th e co e ffic i e n t o f s e lf i d c ti o
s n , e -
n u n

to d e te rmi e th e te i o n o f th e w ir e a r i s in g fr o m th e a cti o
ns n o f th e s n

I f Z i s thi s te n s io n ,
;
1
Z 5
11 0 2
7 ,

W
2

f g} ( )
2
0 ag . 2 5
. .
.
1

Amp er e xp r p rl l ime n ts th e rs
’
In one of s e e a a le c o n du c to c o n si s t

o f tw o tr o ugh s of me r c u ry c o n n e cte d with r by fl o ti g

e a ch o th e a a n

bridge o f wi r e .W he n a cu rr e n t is m d e to e te r a t th e e xtr mi ty
a n e

of on e of th e tr o u gh to s, flo w a onl g i t til l it r e a c h e s o n e e x tr e mi ty
vo L . I I . U
 PA R A LL E L C URRE N TS .
[ 6 8 8 .

of th e fl o a ti g wi re to p a s s in to th e o th e r tr o ugh th ro ugh th e
n
,

fl ti g bri dg e a d s to r e t r lo g th e s e c o d tro u gh th e
oa n ,
n o u n a n n ,

fl a ti g bri dge mo ve s a l o g th e tro ugh s s o a s to l e gth e th e p a rt

o n n n n

o f th e me r c ry tr a v e r s e d by th e c rr e t
u u n .

Pr o fe s o r Ta it h a s i mpl ifi e d th e e l e c tr i ca l c o n di ti
s s o f thi on s s

e xp e r i me n t by ub stitutin g fo th e wi r e fl o ti g iph o o f gla ss

s r a a n s n

fille d with me rc ry s o th a t th e c urre t fl w s i me rc ury th ro gh

u , n o n u

o t i ts co u r s e
u .

Fig 4 0 . .

Th i s xp e rime t i s s o me time a dduc e d to pr o ve th t tw o e le me n ts

e n s a

o f a c urr e t i th e s m n tr igh t l i e r e p e l o n e
n a o th e r a d th u s
e s a n an ,
n

to s h e w th t A mp er e s fo r m l wh i ch i dic te s s u ch a re p l si o
’
a u a , n a u n

o f c o ll i e a r e l me t
n i mo re c o rr e c t th n th a t f G r s m
e n s, s wh i h a o as an n ,
c

g i v e s o c ti o
n b e tw e e
a t w o lne me ts i t h e s a me s tr a i gh t l i e ;
n e n n n

A rt 5 2 6. .

B u t i t i s ma n ife s t th a t b o th o f A mp ere d o f i
s n ce th e fo m u r l ae an

G r s ma n
a s gi ve th e s me r e s l t fo c lo s e d ci r c uits a d s i ce w e
n a u s r ,
n n

h a ve i n th e e xp e ri me t o ly a c l o s d c i r c it n o e s lt o f th e
n n e u , r u

e xp e r ime t c f v o ur o e mo r e th a th e o th e r o f th e se th e o ri e s
n an a n n

I f ct b o th fo r mul e l e a d to th e v e ry sa me v l e o f th e
n a ,
a a u

r e pul io n s th t a l re dy gi ve n i whi ch it pp e r th a t 6 th e
s a a a ,
n a a s ,

d i t ce b e tw e e th e p r ll e l c o d c to r s i s
s an n i mp o rta t e l e me t
a a n u an n n .

Wh e th e l e g th o f th e c o du to r s i s o t ve ry gr e t c o mp re d
n n n c n a a

w ith th e ir di sta n c e a p rt th e fo rm o f th e v lue o f L b e co me a , a s

s o me wh t mo r e co mpl i c a te d
a .

A s th e d i ta c e b e tw e e th e c o d c to r s i d i mi i sh e d th e
s n n n u s n ,

va lu e o f L di mi i h e Th l i mi t to thi s di mi uti o n i s wh e n th e
n s s . e n

wi r e s a r e i n c o n ta ct o wh e n 6 +a I thi s c a s
,
r a
l 2
. n e

L 2 6 lo g
“ “2
I
 M I NI M M U S E LF I NDU C TI O N
-
.

Th i s is a mI n I mu m wh e n a
l
a
2 , an d th e n
L
2
Z .
( )
2 7
Thi s i s th e s ma lle s t
v l e o f th e se lf in d ucti o n o f a r o u d wi re a u -
n

d o ub l e d o i t e lf th w h o l e l e gth o f th wi r e b e i g 2 6
n s ,
e n e n .

S i c e th tw o p rt o f th e w i e mu s t b e i
n e l te d fro m a c h
a s r n su a e

oth e r th e se lf i d c ti o
,
ca n e ve r ct -
lly re h th i li mitin g
n u n n a ua ac s

v al e B y u i g bro d fl a t tri p o f me ta l i te a d o f r o u d wi r e s
u . s n a s s ns n

th e e lf i du cti o m y b e di min i h e d in d e fin ite l y

s -
n n a s .

On Me E le c tr o mo ti v e Fo r ce q i t o
p r o d u ce a C u r r e n t
re u r ed
f
o Va r y i ng
I n te n s i ty a l o n g a Cy l in ch i e u l C o n du ctor .

Wh e th e c urre t i n wir e i o f v ryi g i te ity th e n n a s a n n ns ,

e l e c tr m ti v e f r c e a ri i g fr m th e i du cti o
o o o o f th e c urr e t o
s n o n n n n

i tse lf i s d iffe r e t in d iff r t p r t o f th e e c ti

n o f th wi re be in g
e en a s s on e ,

i g e ra l
n en fun tio f th e di ta e fr o m th e x i
a c n f th e wi re
o s nc a s o

as w ll s o f th e ti me I f w e pp o e th ylin d ri al c o d to r
e a . su s e c c n uc

to co i t o f a b
ns s dl e f w ir e l l f r mi g p rt o f th e sa me c i c i t
un o s a o n a r u ,

s o th t th e c ur e t i
a c o mp e ll e d t rb of n ifo rm s tr e g th i e v e ry
s o e un n n

p a r t o f th e e ctio o f th e b dl e th e me th o d o f c l c l tio n whi ch

s n un , a u a

w e h v e hi th e rto us e d w ul d b e stri c tly a ppli ca bl e

a I f h o we v e r o .
, ,

w e co ide r th e c yl i d ri c l c du cto r a s
ns s o li d ma n i n wh i c h a on a ss

e l e ctri c ur e ts e fre e to flo w i o b e die ce to l e ctro mo tive fo rc

c r n ar n n e e ,

th e i n te i ty o f th e c urr e t wi ll
ns o t b e th e me a t di ffe r e t n n sa n

di ta c e fr o m th e x i o f th e yli d e r a n d th e e l e tr o m ti ve fo r e
s n s a s c n , c o c s

th e m e lv e s w ill d e p e d
s th e di tri buti o o f th e c urr e t i n th
n on s n n e

difl e t c yli dric tr ta f th e wi re

er n n s a o .

Th v e cto r p o te ti l H th e d n ity o f th e c ur e t
e -
n a d th e ,
e s r n 20 , an

e l e c tr mo ti v e f r c e a t a y p o i t mu t b e c o
o o ide r e d fun c ti o s o f
n n ,
s ns as n

th e ti me d f th e di t c e fr m th
an o xis o f th e wi re s an o e a .

Th t t l ur e t C th r o gh th
e o a c e c tio
r n o f th e w i r e a d th e to ta l
, ,
u e s n ,
n

e l ctr o mo ti v e fo r ce E
e c tin g r o un d th c ir c i t a e to b e r e ga r de d
, ,
a e u ,
r

a s th e v a r i bl e th e r l tio b e tw e e n w hi ch w e h a v e to fi d
a s, e a n n .

L e t s a s ume u th e v a l e f H
s as u o ,

H :

wh e r e S, TO , T1, 850 . are f u n c tio n s o f th e time .

Th e n , fr o m th e e qu a tio n
2
6 5
£ 1 dB
+ _
_
2
dr ( 67
'
r

— 7r w —2
w e fin d
U 2
 PA R A LL E L C URRE NTS .
[ 6 9 0 .

I f p de n o te s th e s e c i c p
fi r e is t c e o f th e s ub sta c e pe u it o f
s an n r n

vo lu l r
me , th e e e c t o mo ti e fo v rc e a t a y p o i t i p a d th i s m y b e n n s n a

e xpr e s e d i n
s te r ms o f th e e l e c tric p o ten ti l a n d th e v e c to r p o te n ti a l a

H by e qua tio ns
( B ) ,
Ar t 5 9 8 ,.

d tIf dH
dz alt

0 M! dS (Z TO ci T1 2
03 T H
z
w
n
‘

p + + f 7
ZZ
”

dz alt dé dt
C o mp a r in g th e c o e ffi c i e n ts of l ik e p o we r s of r in e qu a tio n s
7r an : as M ,
+
p 26; 36 666

w d Tl

p d é

7T 1 d Tn 1

666
p

H e n ce w e ma y wri te ( )
9

1 WT
( )
10
(“
Ly di
n "
p
To fin d th e to ta l c urre n t 0 , we mu st i n te gra te 70 o ve r th e
se c tio n o f th e wi r e wh o s e r a di us is a,

to r ch .

S ub s titutin g th e value of we f ro m e qu a ti o n we o bta in

C = ( )
12
Th e va l e o f H a t a n y p o in t o ts ide th e wi re de p e n ds o n ly o n
u u

th e to t l c urr e t C a n d o t o n th e mo de i wh i ch i t i s di s tr ibute d
a n , n ,
n

w ithi th e wi r e H e ce w e ma y a ssume th t the va lue o f H a t th e

n . n a

s ur face o f th e wi r e i s A C wh e r e A i a co ta t to b e de te r mi e d
,
s ns n n

by c lc ul ti fro m th e g e e r a l fo rm o f th e circ it Putti g

a a on n u . n

wh e n r w e o b ta i a, n

AC :
( )
13
2
7
I f we now wr ite a ,
a i s th e va l ue of th e co n duc ti vi ty of

un it o f le gth n of th e wir e ,
an d we h a ve
661
7
2 a
z
(6
2
1 7

“
767 7 +
1 2 2 2
c u z ( )
14
 VA R I AB LE C URRE N T .

E li mi n a tin g T fr o m th e s e tw o e qua tio n s, w e fin d

( 60 ( 6S JC 66 0
2 3
66 C
—
) 0 +7 2 3’
W
“ “ L T
7 47
7
’
Z
ZZ 7 d
17 H 3

4
(1 C
55
7
— 0 4
5
-

65
2 + 850 . 2 O .
( 6)
1

I f Z is th e wh o l e l e n gth o f th e ci r c i t u , R i ts re s is ta n ce ,
an d E th e
e l e c tr o mo ti v e f r c e d e to th e r c a u se s
o u o th a n th e in d ucti o n of th e
i tse lf,
‘

cu rr e n t on dS E
’
Z
a a
it Z ’
R

E = R C + ZM + R7
d( z Fd C Q
Z d C
3 3

fi
Z (1 0
4 4

+ 8“ ( )
m dr
W + 3
18
7 3 465
"

2 3 i
E dt z

Th e fir st r
te m, R C , o f th e righ t h d me mbe r o f thi e qua ti o
-
an s n

e xpre s se s th e mo ti ve fol
e e ct o r rc e re q i re d to o ve rc o me th e re is t
u s

a c c o r d in g to O h m s l a w
’
a n ce .

d
Th e se co n d te m, Z(A + r a —
d g , e xpr e s se s th e l
e e ct o r mo ti ve fo rce

whi ch w o ul d b e e mpl o ye d i n r
I n c e as i n
g t h e e e ct l r o ki n et c i mo me n tu m
of th e c ir c u i t, on th eh po th e s i s y th a t th e c u rr e n t is o f unif o rm
r gth t e ve ry p
st e n a o i n t o f th e s e c tio n
o f th e wir e .

Th e r e m i i g te rm e xpr e s th e co rr e cti
a n n o f th i s v a l e
s ris i n g s on u ,
a

fr o m th e fac t th t th c urr e t i o t o f u n i f rm str e n gth

a e t diffe r e t
n s n o a n

d i t c e fr o m th e xi o f th e wi r e
s an s Th e a c tua l y ste m f c rr e n ts
a s . s o u

ha s
g r
a e te r d e r e e o f f e e d o m th
g a t h e h yp o th ti l y t em r an e ca s s ,

i n whi h th e c urr e n t i c o tr in e d to b e o f u ifo rm str e gth

c s ns a n n

thr o gh o t th e s e c tio
u u H e c e th e e l e c tr o mo ti v e fo r ce r e q i r e d
n . n u

to pr o d c e a ra p i d c h n g e i th e tr e gth f th e c urr e t is s o me
u a n s n o n

wh a t l e th a n it w o uld b e o n thi h yp th e is
ss s o s .

Th e r e l a ti o n b e twe e th e tim e i te gr l o f th e e l e c tr o m ti v e fo rce

n - n a o

a d th e ti me i te r l
n f th c rn e t i s
g e a o u r n
-

6
2
(Z0
“
1
+ &c ( )
19
17
?
.

(i t

I f th e c u re
r n t b e fo r e th e b e gi nn n i g o f th e ti me h a s a c o n s ta n t
va l ue C0 , an d if d ri g
u n th e ti me it ri s e s to th e v al u e Cl ,
an d re

ma i n s c o n s ta n t a t th a t v a lu e , th e n th e te ms i n r v o lvi g n th e di ffe r
en ti a l fi
c o e f c ie n ts of C v i
a n sh a t b o th limits ,
an d

d t + Z(A A)( o , ( )
2 0

th e sa me vl a ue l r mo ti ve
o f th e e e ct o imp ul s e as i f th e c urre n t had
be e n un ifo r m th r o ugh o ut th e w ir e .
 PAR A LL E L C URRE N TS .

On Me Ge o me tr ica l M e a n D is ta n ce of Two Figu r e s i n a P la n e .

*

l ul ti g th e e le c tro m g e tic a ctio

In ca c a n a n n o f a c urr e n t
fl o wi g in str igh t co du cto r o f y gi ve n s e c tio
n a a n an n on th e c urr t en

in a p ra ll e l c o d c to r wh o s e se c ti o i s l s o gi v e
a n u n a n , w e ha ve to fin d
th e i te gra l
n
’ ’
r da a y dw dy
' ’
,

wh e r e do: tip i s an e e l me n t o f th e a re a o f th e fir s t s e c ti o n ,
d x d
y a n
’ ’

e l e me n t o f th e se c o n d s e c tio n , an d r th e di s ta n c e b w e t e e n th e s e

e l e me n ts , th e i n te g r a tio n x tebei
d e d fir s t t n o v e r e v e ry e l e me
g n e n

of th e firs t s e c ti o n ,
an d th e o v e r e ve ry e l e me t o f th e s e c o d
n n n .

I f we n ow de te rmi n e li e R ch tha t thi i te gr l i e qua l to

a n ,
su s n a s

A I A2 l o g R ,
wh e r A a d A a th e re o f th e tw o e c tio n s th e l e gth o f R
e
I
n
2
re a as s ,
n

w i l l b e th e s me wh te v e r u i t o f l e g th w e
a do p t a d wh te ve r
a n n a ,
n a

s y te m o f l o g ri th m
s we u s I f w e s upp o e th e s e c tio s di vi de d
a s e . s n

i to e l e me ts f e q l i
n n th e o th e l o g r i th m o f R mul tipl i e d by
ua s z e ,
n a ,

th e n umb e r o f p a i r s o f l e me ts will b e e q l to th e s u m o f th e e n ,
ua

l o ga rith m o f th e dis ta n c e s o f ll th e p a i s o f e l e me t H e re R
s a r n s .

m y b e c o n s ide r e d a s th e g e o me tri ca l me a n o f a ll th e di st ce s
a an

b e twe e n p a i rs o f l e me ts I t i s e vide n t th t th e v lu e o f R mus t

e n . a a

b e i te rme di te be tw e e th e gr e te t a d th e l e a t v l e s o f r
n a n a s n s a u .

IfR a d R A e th e
n
g e o m e tr i c
B m e ar d i ta ce s o f two fi ur e s
g an s n ,

A a d B fr o m a th i r d C
n , d if R A i s th t f th e m o f th e tw o
, ,
an B a o su

fig ur e s fr o m C th e n ,

( A + R l R
) g AH
o , A l o g R A + B lo g R B .

B y me a n s o f th is r e l a ti o n w e ca n d e te rmi n e R fo r a co mp o u n d
figure wh e n w e kn o w R fo r th e p a rts o f th e figure .

692 ] E X AM PLE S .

( )
1 L e t R b e th e me a n d is ta n c e fr o m th e po mt 0 to th e li ne

AB . L e t OP b e p e rp e n d ic ula r to AB , th e n
AB l
( go R 1) AP l o g 0 A + P B l o g 0 3 + OP 1073 .

Fi g 4 1 . .

Tr a n s . R s E di n
.
, 18 71 2 -
.
 G E O M E TR I C ME A N D I S TA N C E .

( )
2 Fo r two li n es Fi
( g 4 2 ) o.f le gth s n a an d 6 dr a wn pe r pe n di c u
la r to th e e xtr e mitie s of a lin e o f l e gth n 0 a n d o n th e sa me s i de o f i t .

0
2
l
) go V a +
2
0
2 — 02 l
) go s /62
+ 0
2

—6
— e (
a — 6 ta n
)
"

1
a
+ a c ta n
“
‘Z
1—
+ 6e ta n
"
1 é
c e c

( )
3 Fo r tw o l in e s ,
PQ an d R S ( Fi g . wh o s e di r e ctio n s in te r
s e ct a t O .

co s O
)
2
P R S (2 l o g R + l o g PR ( 2 OP OR s in O
z
PR
Q .

S s 0)
2
+ l o S
g Q ( 2 O Q OS s i n
2
0 .
Q c o

l o g P S ( 2 OP OS s i n 0 .
2
P8 co s 0 )
2

o s O)
2
— lo
g Q ( Q
R 2 O OR si n O .
2
Q R c

i O 0 1 22
SPR 0 Q 5 67 2 +2
0R 2
PR Q 03 2
PS Q }
{
.
s n . .

( )
4 Fo r a p o in t 0 an d a r e ta g le
c n A B CD Fi
( g L e t OP ,

O Q , OR , OS , b p e rpe
e n d i cu l rs o th e
a n s ide s , th e n

AR AB ( 2 l o g R + 2 OP O Q l o g OA + 2 O Q OR l o g OB
. . . .

2 OR . . OS l o g O C + 2 OS OR l o g OD . .

Fi g 4 4. .
 PA R ALL E L C URR E N TS .
[ 93
6 .

( )
5 I t is y tha t th e two figur e s sh o uld b e diffe re n t fo r
n o t n e c e s sa r ,

w e ma y fi d th e ge o me tric mea o f th e di sta n ce s b e twe e n e ve ry p a i r

n n

o f po i t i
n th e s a me fig r e
s n Th us fo a s tr a igh t l i e o f l e n gth
u .
,
r n a ,

lo g R lo g a

R ae
‘

g,
‘

R o 2 2 3 13 a
. .

( )
6 Fo r a re c ta n gl e wh o se side s a r e a a n d 6,
2
6
lo g R lo g V a + 6 — 2 2
%gl o g §
1
5 5
3 5
lo g

+ f
§ b
‘
.
ta n
—1 _ f + § 9 ta n 1
d a

W he n th e r e c ta n gl e is a s qua r e wh o se ,
s i de is a ,

lo g R l o g + § lo g 2 a
g
R a .

( )
7 T h e ge o me tric me a di ta c e o f a p o in t fr o m a circula r li e
n s n n

is e qua l to th e gr e a te r o f th e two qu n ti tie s its di s ta n c e fro m th e a ,

c e tr e o f th e c i r c l e
n a d th e r a di u s o f th e c i r c l e
,
n .

( )
8 H e n ce th e g e o me tr i c me a n d i s ta n ce o f a
y figur e fr o m a n

r i n g b o u de d by tw o c o c e tri c c i r c l e s i s e q u a l to i ts g e o me tr i c
n n n

me a di ta c e fro m th e c e tr e if i t i s e tir e ly o utside th e r i g b t

n s n n n n , u

if it i s e n ti r e ly with i th e ri g n n

a
l
z
lo g a l — a
z
z
l o g 2
a
l
2 2 2 )
(6 0
1 2

wh e re a
1
an d a
2
ar e th e o u te r an d in n e r r a dn of th e rIn
g . R is
i n thi s ca s e i n de p e n d e n t o f th e fo r m o f th e figur e With i ri g n th e n .

( )
9 Th e ge o me tric me n di ta n c e a s of a l l p a i r s o f p o i n ts i th e n

r in g i s fo un d fr o m th e e qu a ti o n
4
“2
lo g R lo g a 1 2 2 2
( “I “
2

Fo r a ci c r ula r a re a o f ra di u s a ,
th is b e c o me s
lo g R lo g a — i ,

R u o
‘

i ,

R a .

Fo r a ci c r ul a r lin e it b e c o me s
R —a . .

l ula ti g th e c o e fli c ie n t o f s e l f in du ctio n o f a co i l o f
In ca c n -

u n ifo rm se ctio n th e ra di us o f c urva ture b e i n g gre t c o mp a re d with

, a
69 S E LF I NDU C TI ON-
or A C OI L .

th e d ime n s i o n s of fir s t de te rmin e th e
th e tr a n s ve r se s e ct o n i ,
we
ge o me tri c me o f th e di t c e s o f e ve ry p a ir o f p o i ts o f th e
an s an n

se c ti o n by th e me th o d lr e a dy de cri b e d a d th e w e c lc ula te the a s ,

n n a

c o e ffic i e t o f mu t a l i n du cti o
n b e twe e tw o lin e a r co ducto rs o f
u n n n

th e g i ve fo rm pla c e d t thi di s ta c e a p rt
n ,
a s n a .

Thi s wil l b e th e c o e ffi ci e n t o f s e l f in d cti o n wh e n th e to ta l c -

u ur

r e t in th e c o il is u i ty a d th e c rr e n t i s u ifo r m
n n t a ll p o i n t o f
,
n u n a s

B ut i f th e r e are n wi n di n
g s in th e co i l we m u st mul tiply th e
fi
co e f c i e n lre a dy o b t in e d by
t a a d th u w e h ll o b t i
a th e n
z
,
n s s a a n

c o e ffi c i e t f e lf i d c ti
n o o s th e s upp o iti o n th t th e wi di g s o f
-
n u on n s a n n

th e c o d c ti g wi r e fill th e wh o l e s e c ti o
n u n o f th e c o i l n .

B t th wi r e i c ylin dr ic
u e d is co ve r e d wi th i n s ul a ti g ma te r i a l
s ,
an n ,

so th t th e c urr e t i s te d o f b e i n g u ifo rmly di tr i bu te d o ve r th e

a n ,
n a n s

s e c ti i c o c e tr te d i c e rta i p rt o f i t a d thi i n c r e a s e s th e
on ,
s n n a n n a s ,
n s

c o e ffi c ie t o f s e lf in d u c ti o
n B e s id e s th i-
th e c rr e ts i th e n . s, u n n

n e i gh b o r in g wi r e s h a v e
u o t th e sa me a c ti o o th e c urr e n t in a n n n

gi ve n wi e a s a un if o rmly di stri bute d c urre t

r n .

Th e c o r e c ti o n s a r i in g fr o m th e s e c o s ide ra ti o s ma y b e d e
r s n n

te r mi e d by th e me th o d o f th e ge o me tri c me a
n dis ta c e Th e y n n .

a e pr o p o rti o a l to th e l e n th o f th e wh o l e wi r e o f th e co i l and
r
g n
,

m y b e e xpr s e d a s
a ume ri ca l qua titi e s by whi c h w e mu st
es n n ,

mul ti ply th e l e gth o f th e wi r e i o r de r to o b ta i th e c o r e cti o n

n n n r

o f th e c o e fli ci e t o f se lf i d u c ti o n -
n n .

L e t th e di me te r o f th e wi r e b e at
a It i . s

c o ve r e d wi th in sul ti g ma te ri a l a d w o u d a n ,
n n

in to c o il
a We h ll upp o e th t th se ctio s
. s a s s a e n

o f th e wi r e s a r e i s qu r e o rd e r a s i Fi g 4 5
n a ,
n .
,

an d th a t th e di ta c e b e tw e e th e a xi s o f e a ch
s n n

wi re d tha t o f th e n e xt i D wh e th e r i
an s ,
n

th e di r e c ti o o f th e br e dth o
n th e d e p th o f a r

th e c o il D i s e vi de tl y g r te r th
. (i n Fi g 4 5 ea an .
. ,

W e h a ve fir t to de te rmi e th e x ce o f s n i
ss

se lf i d u ti o
-
n of c it f l e gth o f a c yl in d ri c w ir e o f di a me te r ( 6
n u n o n

o v e r th a t o f un it o f l e n g th o f a qua r e wir e o f s ide D o s ,

r

2
( lo g -

0 7

2
( lo g
?
 PA R A LL E L C URR E N TS .

Th e i n d uc tive ac ti o n o ght n e a re st r o un d wi re o th e wi r e
f th e ei s n

un de r co side ra tio is l e ss th a th a t o f th e c o r e p o di g e igh t

n n n r s n n

s qu a r e wi r e s o th e s qu a r e wi r e i n th e mi ddl e by 2 x
n

Th e c o rr e cti o s fo r th e wi r e s a t a gr e a te r di s ta c e m y b e n e g
n n a

l e cte d a n d th e to ta l c o r r e c tio n ma y b e wr i tte n

,

D
2
( lo g,

Th e fin a l va lue of th e se lf i n d
-
i
u ct o n 18 th e r e fo re
D
l o g, —
L M+
(
2
n 2l
ZZ
wh e r e n i s th e n umb e r of wi n din gs ,
l e gth o f th e wire an d t th e n ,

M th e mutua l i n d c tio o f tw o c ir cui ts o f th e fo r m o f th e me

u n an

w i re o f th e c o il pl a ce d a t a di s t ce R fro m e ch o th e r whe re R i
an a ,
s

th e me a g e o me tr ic dis ta c e b e twe e p i r s o f p o i ts o f th e e c ti o
n n n a n s n .

D i s th e dis ta n ce b e tw e e n c o n se c uti ve wi r e s a d d th e di me te r
.
,
n a

o f th e wi re .
 C HA P TE R XI V

CI R C UL A R C URRE N TS .

M a gn e tic P o te n tia l du e to a C i r cu la r C u r r e n t .

T H E ma gn e ti c o te n ti a a t a i e nl gv p
o in t, d u e to a p c i r c ui t

ry
ca r i n g a u
n i t cu rr
e n t, i s n u m e i ca l r ly q l
e u a to th e s o id a n l gle s b u

te n de d by ru
th e c i c i t a t th a t o i n t p r
s e e A ts 4 0 9 , 4 8 5 . .

Wh th e ir c uit i ir l a r th e li d gl e i th t o f co e
en c s c cu ,
so an s a a n

o f th e s e c o d d g r e e whi ch w h e
n e th e gi v e n p o in t i s o n th e a xi
, ,
n s

o f th e c i c l e b e c o me
r rig h t c n e W h e th e p o in t i s n o t o
,
s a o . n n

th e a xi th e c o
s, i l lip tic c o e
ne n d it s so l idan gle i e n ,
a s an s

n ume ri lly e qual to th e a o f th e s ph e rica l e l lip e whi ch it tra c e

ca e ar s s

on a s ph e r e wh o e ra di s is un i ty s u .

Th i sr e a c b e e xpre e d in fi n i te te rms by me a n o f e lli p ti c

a an ss s

in te g ra l o f th e thi r d ki d
s W e h a ll fi d i t mo r e c o ve n i e t to
n . s n n n

e xp an d it i th e f r m fn i fi n i te se ri e s f p h e ri ca l ha rm o i c fo
o o an n o s n s, r

th e fa c ili ty wi th wh i ch m th m ti ca l o p e ra tio m y b e p e rfo rme d

a e a ns a

on th e g e ra l te r m o f
en ch e ri e su a s s

mo r e tha c o te rb a l ce th e t o bl e
n un an s r u

of c l l tin g
a cu a mb e r o f te r m
a n u ifi s sn

c i e t to e
n ure pr cti a l cc ur y
ns a c a ac .

Fo th e sa k e o f ge e r a li ty w e h a ll
r n s

a s su m e th e o ri g i t a n y po i t n th e a n on

a xi s o f th e c i r l e th t i t c o a s sa n
y ,
o ,

th e lin e thr o u gh th e ce t e pe pe n r r n

di c u l a to th e pl a n
r f th e ir c l e e o c .

L e t O ( Fi g 4 6 ) b th e ce tr e o f th e
. e n

c i rc l e, C th p o i t o e th a xi s w hi ch
n n e

we s ume
as o ri g i H as p o i t o n th e n , a n

circle .

D e ri b e
sc p h e r wi th C
a s c e tr e e as n
Fig 4 6 ,
. .

an d CH a r d i u s Th e c i r cl e will li
a s . e

on thi ph e re
s s d wil l fo r m , s ma l l c i r c l e
an o f th e ph e r e o f a s

u la r r di us
a n
g a a .
 CI R C UL A R C URR E N TS .

CH = c,

00 : 6 c co s a ,

OH = a o s in a .

L e t A b e th e p o le o f th e s ph e r e , an d Z any p o in t o n th e a x is ,
an d
l e t OZ : Z.
5.
Le t R b e y p
ano in t i n s p a c e a n d le t C R r a n d A OR
,
0 , .

L e t P b e th e p o in t w h e CR c ut th e s ph e r e n s .

Th e ma g n e tic p o te n tia l d e to th e c ir l r curr e n t i s e qua l to

u cu a

th a t d e to a ma gn e ti c s h e ll o f s tr e gth u ity b o un d e d by th e
u n n

c urr e n t .A s th e fo r m o f th e s urfa c e o f th e s h e ll i s in di ffe r e t n ,

pr o vide d it i s b o u de d by th e c ir cl e w e ma y s upp o se it to c o in c ide

n ,

with th e s urf ce o f th e s p h e re
a .

We h a ve sh e wn i Ar t 6 7 0 tha t if P i s th e p o te tia l d u e to a
n . n

s tr a tu m o f ma tte r o f s urfa c e de n i ty un i ty pr e a d o v e r the surfa c e

-
s ,
s

o f th e s p h e r e w i th in th e s ma ll c i r c l e th e p o te tia l d e to a ma g ,
n u

n e tic s h e ll o f s tr e n gth u n ity a d b o u de d by th e s a me c i r cl e i s

n n

co P) .

We h a v e i n th e fir s t pl a c e ,
th er e fo r e ,
to fin d P .

Le t th e gi v e n p o in t b e o n th e a x i s of th e rl
ci c e at Z, th e n th e
pa rt o f th e p o te n tia l a t Z du e to an l
e e me n t cl S of th e s ph e ri ca l
s urfa ce at P is el S

ZP
Th i s ma y b e e xp a n de d i n one of th e two se ri e s o f s ph e r ic l a ha r
mo n i cs , (M
i

Qo l Q 1 ‘

; '

Qt ; 85 0

Q Q ; & i
0+ + 1 c. Q
th e first se r ie b e i g c o ve rg e n t wh e n 2 is l e s tha n 0 a n d
s n n s , th e
se c o d wh e n 2 i s gr e a te r th a n 0
n .

Wri tin g a S —c cl ( Z
p 4
’ 2
i ),

a n d i te g r a tin g w ith r e p e c t to b tw th l imi t a d

n
4 e s
e e e s 0 ) n n 2 77 ,

a n d wi th r e s p e c t to p b e tw e e n th e l imi ts c o s
t a d l we fi d a n n

o ut

P _
—
_2 7r
’
or
p .

th e c h a r a c te r istic e qu a tio n of Q .

g; [ fffj}
‘
—
( l ua 0
 SOLI D A NGL E SU B TE ND E D BY A CI R C LE .

1— M 2 7

H e n ce
“ Qi
Z Z ( 1) cl “

Thi s e xpre ss i o n fa il s wh e n i _ 0 , b u t s in c e QO 1,

f “
Q0 P ' 1

4 Q
A s th e fu n c ti o n o cc urs in e ve ry p ar t o f th is i n v e s tiga ti o n we
d im
ha ll de n o te i tby th e a bbr e via te d ymb o l Q Th e va lu e s o f Q
’
s s
,

co rr e po di g to s e v e ra l v a lu e s o f i a e g i v e n i n A r t 6 9 8
s n n r . .

W e a e n o w a ble to wri te do wn th e va lu e o f P fo a n y po in t R
r r ,

wh e th e r o th e a xi s o n o t by ub stitutin g fo r z a d mu l ti plyi n g
n r ,
s r , n

e ch te r m by th e
a o n a l h rm o n i c o f 6 o f th e
z me o r d e r Fo r
a sa .

P mus t b e ca p a bl e o f e xp a io i e r ie s o f o n a l ha r mo n i cs o f 0
ns n n a s z

w ith pro pe r c o e fli cie t W h e n 0 0 e h o f th e o a l h a rmo n ic s

n s . ac z n

b e co me e qua l to un i ty a n d th e p o in t R lie s o th e a xi H e n c e
s ,
n s.

th e c o e fli c i e ts a e th e te rm o f th e e xp a n s i o
n r o f P fo r a po in t o s n n

th e a xi s W e th u s o b ta in th e two e ri e s
. s

l _l"2 4
I
{
7
P “ z we 1

01
’
R 77 _I J‘ + ac .
i ( )Q i
a
( )
0

We ma y n o w fin d a), th e ma gn e tic po te n tia l of th e c ir c u it ,

by th e me th o d o f A r t . 6 70, f r o m th e e qua ti o n
1 cl
’
P
( )r
c ar

We th us o b ta i n th e two se ri e s
w = — 2 7r
{ l

i“
( )
6

c
or
+ 1
( 6 )
Th e ri e s (6 )I s co ve rg e t fo a ll va lue s o f l e s s th a n c a n d th e
se n n r r ,

s e ri e s is c o v e rg e t f ll v a l e s o f r gr e a te r th
n n c orA t th e a u a n .

s r fa ce o f th e s p h e r e
u wh e r e r th e two s e ri e s gi v e th e sa me
,
c,

vl e f
a u wh e n 6 is gr e a te r th a
or (0 th a t i fo p o in ts n o t n a, s, r

o cc p i e d by th e m gn e tic s h e ll b u t wh e
u a0 i s l e s s th a n th a t is , n a , ,

a t p o in ts o th e ma g e ti c h e ll
n n s ,

o f : (0 4 4 -
77 .

I f we ass ume 0 , th e ce n t e r o f th e rl
ci c e , as th e o ri gin o f co

7?
o rdin a te s ,
we mus t pu t a
2
an d th e se ri e s be co me
 C I R C UL AR C URRE N TS .

a) —2 7r
{ 1 ( )
8

2 7r
§2§ Q ( ) 7§ I
9 ( 8 3
wh e r e th e o rde r s o f a ll th e h a rmo n i c s are o dd 5.

On t/ze P o te n tia l E n e r gy o
f two C i r c u la r C u r r e n ts .

b e gin by s upp o si g th e two ma g e ti c sh e ll s wh ic h

Let us n n

a e e q i v l e t to th e c urr e ts to b e p o rti o s o f two c o c e tri c p h e r e s

r u a n n n n n s ,

th e i r r dii b e i g a d
a o f wh i h i s th e g r e a te r ( Fig
n 0
1
n c
2 ,
c c
1 .

L e t u s a l s o upp o e th a t th e a x e s f th e tw o sh e ll s c o i c ide
s s nd o n ,
a

th a t i s th e a g l e s ub te de d by a
1
n n

th e ra d iu s o f th e fir t s h e ll d 2 s ,
an a

th e a gl e s ub te de d by th e r a diu s n n

o f th e s e c o d h e ll t th e c e tr e C n s a n .

Let b th e p o te ti l d e to th e (0
1
e n a u

fir st sh e ll t a y p o i t withi it th e n a n n n ,

th e w o k r e qui r e d to c a rry th e s e c o d r n

h e ll to a i fi i te d i ta c e i s th e s n n n s n

v lue o f th e s rfa c e i te g ra l a u -
n

M dS
FI g 47 . .

e xte n de d o ve r th e se co n d sh e ll . H e n ce

M
{ Z
} 2 n 0
2
2
cl p ,
z

i —l

f
1
1 “2
Q ( l)
I

Q ( i) Q( ) l
2 f
4 8 111 a 1 a
‘ ,
a a
2
c pc
2
7
c
1 M2
o r , su b stituti g the v l n a ue o f th e i n te gr a l s fr o m e qua tio n A r t 6 9 4, .

1 c
i
s in s in &c a r aca )
2 2 2
4 77 a
l a
2
. a a
t a“ )
Th e v a lu e
f th e s o li d o an
gl e su bt en de d b y a cir cl e ma y b e o bt i d
a ne in a mo r e
dir e c t w a y a s o ll o w s f
d d d b y th
.

T h e s o li a n gl e s u b te n e e c ir c l e at th e po in t Z i n th e a x is is e a s il y s h e wn
to b e —c c o s a
(
z
w = 2 1r 1
H Z
E x
p an di ng thi s ex
pr e s s i on in s
ph e r i c al h a r mo n i cs , w e fin d

2 7r ( co s a
( ) 01 c o s a — Q O (c n
E + &c co s a
-
to .

'
= 2 rr &c —Q
a + .
-
( )
a co s a ,

fo r th e ex p a n si o n sf w fo r p o i o
n ts o n th e a x i s fo r w h i c 2 i s l e s s t a n c o r gr e a te r h h
th a n 0 r e s pe c ti v e l y . b
R e me m e r i n g th e e q u a ti o n s ( 42 ) a n d ( 4 3 ) o f A r t 13 2 (v o l i . . .

p fi h q
th e c o e f c i e n ts in t e s e e u a ti o n s a r e e v i e n tl y th e sa me a s t o s e w e av e d h h
b d f
.

no w o ta i n e i n a mo r e c o n v e n i e n t o r m fo r c o mpu ta ti o n .
 PO TE N TI A L OF TWO C I R C LE S .

Le tupp o se th a t th e a xi s
us n ex t s of one ll i o f th e sh e s s

t rn d a b o t C
u e c tre s o th a t i t o w
u as a en , n m ke g
a l e 6 wi th
s an an

th e x is o f th e
a th e r h e l l ( Fi g We
o s . h ve n ly to i tr o d u ce
a o n

th e a l h r mo i c
z on o f 9 i to thi
a e xpr e s i o
n s n s s n fo r M, . an d w e fin d fo r
th e m r ge ra l v lue f M
o e ne a o ,

M = 4w m m
{ l
2 2
s a
1
s
a
1 2
Qi
i
( i + 1)0 1

Th is i s th e va lue o f th e p te tial e e rgy d e to th e mutua l o n n u

a c ti o o f tw o
n c i r c l r c rr e ts O f un i t tr e g th pl c e d o th a t
u a u n s n ,
a s

th e o rm l
n th r o gh th e c e tr e s o f th e c i r c l e s me e t i n
a s u po i t C n a n

i a
n gle 9 th e dis t c e s O f th e c ir cumfe re n c e s o f th e c ircl e s fr m
n an ,
an o

th p o i t C b e i g
e n d f whi ch n i s th e gr e te r
c
1
an c
2
o c
1 a .

If y di pl
an a c e me t l ay lte r th e val u e
s n c a s

o f 21 1 th e n th e f rc e a c ti g in th e dir e c
,
o n

(l M
ti o n O f th e di s pl a ce me n t i s X
ala
'

xis o f o e o f th e
'

Fo r i n s ta n c e , if th e a n

sh e ll i s fr e e to turn a b o t th e p o i t C
s u n ,

so a s to ca u e 0 to va ry th e n th e mo me n t
s ,

O f th e fo r ce te d i g to i c r e a s e 6 i s G)n n n ,

wh e r e cl M
C) "

do
Pe r fo rmin g th e di ffe r e n tia ti o n , an d re me mb e rin g th a t
“Q (9)
_S l n 6 Qt
666

wh e r e Q l
’
h a s th e sa me si
g i fi c a ti o n
n as in th e fo rme r e qua tio n s,

{ &c
'
8 4 77 2
s in
z
a
l
si n
z
a
2
i
s n e c
, A Q1 ( 1) a .

1
( >
e
w“
-

)
As t h
e va l e o f Q u s
’

, o cc ur fr e qu e n tly In th e se ul ti o s
ca l c a n

th e fo llo wi g t n a bl o f v l e
e a u s o f th e fir st s ix de gr e e s ma y b e u e ful s .

I n thi s ta bl e p i s an t d s fo r co s 6, an d v fo r i
s n 6 .

—1 0 — i
2 z
)
2
Q3 )
’
2
1 6 2 v .

Q1 : W NW
Q ‘ 5
s ( 2
2 1 4 -

2
2
v
2
+ %) v
4

Q 2
£ u( 3 3 P
4 2
 CI R C UL A R C URR E N TS .
[ 99
6 .

I t is ve ie t to e xpre s s th e s e rie s fo M in
so me ti me s co n n n r

te rms o f l i e r qu a n titie s a s fo ll o w s
n a

Let b e th e
a di s o f th e m ll e r c ir c i t 6 th e di ta c e o f its
ra u s a u ,
s n

pla e fr o m th e o r ig i a d
n v +6 n ,
n c a
3 2
.

L e t A B a d C b e th e c o rr e s p o din g qu a n titie s fo r th e l rge r

, ,
n n a
5
c i r c it
u .

Th e s e ri e s fo r M ma y th e b e wr itte n n ,

2
A
M : 65
2
C OS 9
6 5

?
A 2
a
2
6 (c o s z
e — A
«
s in
2
0)
C
A 2
(B PA )a 2 2

+ B 4 . . 77
2

C 7 (6 —2
7
1-
a
2
)( co s
3
t9 -
% si n
2
O c o s 9)

&c .

I f w e ma k e 6 o , th e two r l b e c o me p a ra ll e l a n d o n th e
ci c e s

sa me a xi s . To de te rmi n e th e a ttr a ctio b e twe e n th e m we ma y

n

d iffe r e n tia te M with re sp e ct to 6 . We th u s fin d

(Z M 2
AW B 19 — 1
4 42 23
2
z 7r 3 4 2 34
-

0 4
5 C 3

l ula ti g th e e fl e c t o f a c o il o f r e cta g la r s e ctio n

In ca c n n u

We h a ve to i te gr a te th e e xpr e s s i o s a lr e d y fo un d wi th r e s p e c t
n n a

to A th e r a diu s o f th e c o i l a n d R th e di ta c e o f i ts pl a e fr o m
, , ,
s n n

th e o ri g i a d to e x te n d th e i n te gr a tio n
n ,
n o v e r th e br e a dth a n d

de p th o f th e c o il .

I ns o me c a s e s d i r e ct i te gr a ti o n i s th e mo s t c o ve n i e n t b t n n ,
u

th e r e a r e o th e r s i n wh i c h th e fo ll o w in g me th o d o f a ppr o xi ma ti o n
l e a ds to mo r e u s e f l r e s ul ts u .

L e t P b e a n y fu n cti o o f a: a n d y a d l e t it b e r e qu ir e d to fi d n ,
n n

th e v a lu e O f P wh e r e

P ( la: dy .

I n th i s e xpr e ssio n P i s th e me a n va lu e of P with i n th e limi ts of

i n te g ra ti o n .

va lue o f P wh e n
L e t P 0 b e th e a 0 an dy 0 , th e n ,
e xp a n din g
P by Ta yl o r s The o re m ’

a Z0
’ D
d P z
P _ Po + a 3 7: 2
+ 850
% + 7 .
z
dw
I n te g r a tin g th i e xpr e s i
s o b e tw e e n th e l imi ts s n ,
and divi din g th e
r e sult by my , we Ob ta i n a th e va lu e o f P s ,
 C OI L OF R E CTA NGUL A R S E C TI O N .

d P 2
d P
2

(
o
P PQ + § 1
1—
w 2
+y
2

(l z
y
4
(7 1
)
M 2

0 )
0 O
+ 83 0
— 4 4
F s 617
1
" '
0
4 + 3 7 6
'
x
y
dy

I n th e ca se o f th e co il , l e t th e o ute r an d in n e r r
dii b e A + § f,
a

an d A 5 r e s pe c ti ve ly , an d l e t th e di s ta n c e o f th e pl a n e s o f th e

wi n di gs fr o m th e o ri gi l ie b e twe e n R + § ) a n d B
n n 1 I ,
) th e n th e
br a d th Of th e c o il i 7 a n d its d pth 5 the s e qu a
e s 1, e ,
n titi e s b e in g
sm a ll co mp a r e d with A o C r .

I n o r de r to c a l c ul a te th e ma gn e tic e ffe c t o f u ch s a co i l we ma y
wr i te the s uc ce s iv e te rm Of th e s e ri e s a s fo llo ws
s s

C
2 g
A 2
2 B 2 43 A
G1 = 2 7r —
(
l
-
1+
C ,3 gz

"
A 1
9 2
2 25 3 5A Z
4B 2
34
G2 = 3 7T
0 5
2 3
0 2 +
0 4 )£+
2
7T
5

0 4

m
”
i
—4 — AZ
)} 2

&c .
, &c ; .

2
91
92 2 77 52 5 2

3 5 —
E
6 2 2 g z
y3 3 7r a 2
(
2
( 2 5 32
62
)l “ ”
n a ’

Sue .

Th e q u an titi e s GO , G1, G2 , St e . b e lo gn to th e l a rge co il . Th e

vl
a ue o f a) at po i n ts fo r wh i ch r is le ss th a n C i s
— 2 7r + 2 G0 — G1 r Q 1 ( 6)— G Q2 8m
2
co r ( )
6 .

Th e qu a n titi e s y 1, y 2 , 8m . b e lo n
g t o th e s ma ll c o il . Th e v lu e
a Of

w
’
at
po in ts fo r which r i s gr e a te r th a n 0 is

co z
a p
-

Th e p o te ti al o f th e o n e o il w ith
n c r e spe c t to th e o th e r wh e n th e
to tal c ur r e n t th r o u h th e e ti f a ch c o il is un ity i s
g c o o e s n

M Gl gl G2 9 2 Q2 ( )
9 + &c .

To d M 6y E ll wtic I n tegr a ls
'

fi n .

7 Wh e n th e di s ta n c e of th e ci cur mfe r e n ce s o f th e two r

c i cl e s

V OL . II . X
 CI R C UL AR C URR E N TS .

i s mo d e r a te as co mp a r e d with th e r ad n o f th e s ma ll e r ; th e
rie s se

a lr e a dy g i v e n do no t co n ve rge ra pidly . I n e v e ry c a s e h o we v e r , ,

we ma y fin d th e va lue of M fo r tw o p a ra ll e l c ircle s by e lliptic

i n te g ra l s .

le n gth o f th e lin e Jo in in g th e c e tr e s of th e c i r cle s

Fo r l e t 6 b e th e n ,

a d l e t th i s l i e b e p e rp e di c ul a r to th e pla e s o f th e two c i r c l e
n n n n s,

a n d l e t A a n d a b e th e a d ii o f th e c ir c l e s th e nr ,

008 6
M ’
da ds
’
,
7

th e in te gra tio n b e in g e xte n de d r o un d b o th c urve s .

I n th is ca se ,

A +62 2
+6 — 2 Aa 2
co s
’
e 1
() 68
£ a q ,
ds : A d d)
'
Aa co s d d) d gb

2 m /A a
{( c ?
C ) F+
C

wh e re
an d F an d E a r e co mple te ll iptic in te gr a l s to mo dulus
e 0.

Fr o m thi s we g e t, by diffe re ti ti g with re s p e c t to

n a n 6 and re

me mb e r i n g th a t c i s a f u n c ti o n o f 6,

4 77 60 } 1

—F (1

If r
,
and Q d e n o te th e gre a te st an d le a st va lue s o f r,

2
= 2 = (A

and if an a n gle y b e ta k e n s uch th a t co s y

fl
M
(Z 5m y
77 ZF —
{ y ( l

wh e r e fig a n d E de o te th e c o mpl e te e llip ti c
, 7
n in te gra l s of th e firs t
a d s e c o n d k i n d wh o s e mo d lu s i s s i
n u n
y .

6
If A _a , co t y - —
, an d
2 a

dM
2 vr c o s
y { 2 F
36
41 y

M
(Z
Th e qua n tity b
re
pr e s e n ts th e r
a tt a c ti o n b e twe e n two p a ra lle l
ci r c ula r c ur r e n ts ,
the c urr e n t in e a ch b e in g u n ity .
 LI NE S OF M A GNE TI C F O R C E .

Se co n d E xp r e s s i o n f or M
An e xpre s si o n fo r M, . whi ch is so me time s mo r e co n ve n ie n t , i s go t

by ma k in g 0
1

4 77 m J
E 6
1)
.

To th a w til e [ f in e s of M a gn e tic For o e f o r a C i r e u Za r C u r r e n t .

7 Th e li n e s of ma g n e tic fo r ce are e vi de n tly in pl an es p a s s in g

th g ro
h t h
u e a is x o f th e rl
ci c e , a n d in e a ch o f th e se li e n s th e va lue
o f M i s c o n st a n t .

C a l c ul a te th e v a l ue f K9 fr o m L e g e n d re
’
o s

ta bl e s fo a u ffi cie t u mb r o f v l e o f 0
r s n n e a u s .

D ra w r e c ta g ul r a x e o f d 2 o th e p p e r a d with c e tre
n a s a: an n a ,
n ,
n

a t th e p i t _ 3
( i 0
o n+ c o se d r w
ar a c i c l e w i th d
5 a i s s n c a r ra u

5 ( ac o e c G— i s F ll po i ts o f thi c i cl e th e v a lu e o f
s n w i ll or a n s r e
1

b e s in 6 H ce fo a ll p o in ts o f th is c i r cl e
. en ,
r ,

1 1 Mn
M _ 4 w J Aa _ ,
an d A 2
J 16 71 a

No w A
va l e o f fo wh i ch th e va lu e o f M wa s fo d
is th e u x r un .

H e ce i f w e dr a w
n ,
l i e fo wh ich s it will c t th e c ir c l e
a n r ,
u

i n tw o p o i n ts h a vi g th e g i v e v l e o f M n n a u .

G i vi g M se ri e
n of v l e ia a r i th me ti c a l pr o g r e
s io th e a u s n ss n ,

v l e o f A will b e a s se ri e f s qu r
a u s D r wi g th e r f r e a s o a es . a n e o a

se r ie s f li n e s p
o l l e l to fo whi h x h ar a th e v l e f d f A z ,
r c as a u s oun or ,

th e p o i t wh r e th e se li e
n s t th e c i r l e wi l l b e th e p o in ts wh e r e
e n s cu c

th e c o rr e po di g l i e s f f rc e
n t th e c i cl e
n n s o o cu r .

I f w e pu t m 4 7 m, an d M : ru n , th e n

A (Z? 7l n a .

We ma y ca ll 77 , th e i n de x o f th e lin e o f fo r c e .

Th e fo r ms ve i Fig XV I I I a t th e e d o f
of th e s e l i n e s are
g i n n . n

thi v l me
s Th y
o u e c p i e d fr m
. dr wi g g i ve
e by S i W
ar o o a a n n r .

Th o m o i h i p p e r
s n V o rte x M o ti o
n s a on n

7 I f th e p o i ti of c i r l e h vi n g a
g iv esa x i i s r e g
on
a r d e d a c a n s

a d fin e d by 6 th d i t c e o f it c e tr e fr o m
s e , fixe d p i t o n
e s an s n a o n

th e a xi d th ra d i
s, an f th e c i r c le th e
a , M th e c o e ffi c i e t
e us o , n ,
n

o f i d c tion o f th e c i r cl e w i th r e p e t to
u n y t m w h te v e r s c an
y e a s s

Tr a ms R . . E d in .
, vo l xx v . p 2 17
.
 CI R C UL A R C URR E N TS .

o f ma g n e ts o r cu rre n ts , i s s ubj e ct to th e fo llo win g e q u at on i

d M 2
WM
da 2
66 6
2 ( )
1

p r o ve thi s le t s co n side r th e u mb e r o f li e s o f ma gn e ti c
To ,
u n n

fo r ce c t by th e c i rc l e wh e n
u o 6 i s m de to v ry 5 a r a a .
,

( )
1 L et b e c o me a + 6
a 6 r e ma i i g c o ta t D a ri
,
g th i s n n ns n . u n

v ri a tio th e c irc le i n e xpa di g s we e p s ve r n a n n la r s urf c e

a n ,
n n ,
o a u a

i its o wn pla e wh o s e br e a dth i s ca

n n .

I f V i s th e ma gn e tic p o te ti l a t a n y p o i n t a d if th e a xi s o f y
n a ,
n

b e p ra ll e l to th a t o f th e c i r c l e th e
a th e ma g e ti c fo r c e pe pe ,
n n r n

2;
(
di cu la r to th e pla ne o f th e r n i g is
To fin d th e ma gn e tic in du cti o n th ro ugh th e an n u a l r s ur f a ce we
h a v e to i n te gr a te JV
276
wh e r e 0 i s th e gul r p o sitio
an a n of a p o i t o th e r in g
n n .

B ut thi s qua tity re pre se

n n ts th e v a ri ti o of M a n du e to th e
dM
va r ia tio n of a, or cd H e n ce
7;
.

dM 2"
037

06
5;
a
a?
“

669 .
( )
2

( )
2 Let 6 b e co me re m i i g c o s t n t a a n n n a . D uri n
g th i s

va ri tio th e
a n c i r c l e s we e p s o v e r c yl i d r i c s ur fa c e o f a n r a d iu s a an d
l e g th 6 6
n .

Th e m g e ti c fo r ce p e rp e di c ul a r t thi s ur f ce
a n n o s a at an
y p o in t is

if wh e re r i s th e dis ta ce fr o m the xis H e ce n a . n

dM 2"
637
66 “

666
77: .

db 6

D iffe r e n ti a ti n g e qua tio n

( )
2 wi th r e s p e ct to a ,
an d ( )
3 wi th
r e sp e c t to 6, w e g e t
d M 2 2 17
c 2 17 s
2
_ 66 + 4
da dg/ dr dy
0
P
M 2"
s
466
2
“
may
6PM d M 2 2 77
4 67
H e n ce _
da 2
636
2
fl
y

' — by ( )
2
Z Ea
"

Tr a n sp o s in g th e la st te rm we o b t a in e qu at on i
7o 4 .
] TWO PA R A LLE L CI RC LE S .

C o ezfi i e n t of I n d u c tio n of Two P a r a ll e l C ir c l e s wiz e n t6 e D is ta n ce

‘

6e tzo e e n til e Ar cs i s Sma l l c o mp a r e d wi t/i t 6 e R a d i u s

of e i t/
E er

We mi gh t v lue o f M i thi c d e d uce th e a n s as e fr o m th e

e xp io
an sf th e e lli p tic in te gra l lre a d y gi v e
n o wh e a n n i ts mo d ulu s
i s e rly un i ty
n a Th e fo ll o wi g me th o d h o w e ve r is a
. n , , mo r e dir e c t
a pp l ica tio o f e l e ctr ica l prin c ipl e s
n .

Fi r s t App r o x i ma tio n .

Le t A an d a b e th e ra dii of th e rl
c i c e s, a n d 6 th e di s ta n c e b e twe e n
th e ir pl a n e s, th e n th e sh o rte st d is ta n ce
b e twe e n th e a r cs is
T

We ha v e to fin d M ,
th e ma gn e tic
i n du cti o n thr o u g h th e c ir c e l A d e ,
u to a

u n it cu r ren t in a on th e su pp o itio s n th a t
r is s ma ll with co mp a r e d A or a .

We h a l l b e gi by cal c l ti g th e
s n u a n

m a g et i cni d u c ti o th r onugh c ir c l e i Fi g
n 4 9 a n

th pl e o f
e wh o se r di u i — c 0 b e in g a qua ti ty s ma ll c o m
an a a s s a , n

p r d with (Fi g
a e a .

C o i de r ns m ll e l e me t ds o f th e c ir cl e
a s A t a po in t i th e
a n a .
'
n

pla e o f th e c ir l e di ta t p fr o m th e mi ddl e o f ds me u e d i
n c ,
s n , as r n

a di r e c ti o ma ki g a n a gl e 9 with th e dir e ti o n f d th e ma g e ti c
n n n c o s, n

fo r c e d e to ds i s p e rp e di c u l
u to th e pla e a d e qu a l to n ar n ,
n

1
— sm 6 ds .
2
p
I f we n ow l
ca c u l a te th e surfa c e -
in te gra l o f thi s fo rc e ove r th e
s pa ce wh ich li e s w i th i th e n c i r le c a ,
bu t o ut i d e
s o f a c i r c l e wh o e s

ce n tr e i ds a d wh o e r a di
s n s u s is c, w e fin d i t
2a m0
f
w s
1
—— s i n 6 d8 d 9 d l — lo g —z ds
2 p { go S a e
} .

0 P
If mal l th e s u rfa c e i n te g r a l fo r th e p a r t o f th e
0 is s ,
-
an n ul r s p a c e
a

o u ts i de th e s ma ll c ir cl e 0 ma y b e n e gl e c te d .

We th e n fin d fo r th e i n du c ti o n th r o gh th e u c ir c e l wh o se ra di us
is a — c, i n te by
a ti n
g wr p
i th gr
e s e c t to ds ,

M 4 l
{ g o 8 — lo c
g ac 7t a a

pr vi de d i v e ry ma l l c mp a re d w ith
o c s s o a .

S i c e th e m gn e ti f r ce
n t a y p o in t th e di ta n c e o f whi h
a c o a n ,
s c

fr o m a c urv e d wir e i s s mal l c o mp a r e d with th e a di u o f c ur v a t r e , r s u

 CI R C UL A R C URR E N TS .
[ 7C 5 .

is rly th e sa me a s if th e wire h a d b e e tra igh t we c a n c a l cul t

n ea n s ,
a e

th e d iff re c e b e twe e
e n th e in d uc ti o th r o ugh th e C r c l e w h o s e
n n i

ra di us i s — e a d th e ci rc le A by th e fo rm l
a ,
n u a

M a A
— M ac 4 7 m{ lo g c — l o g r } .

H e n ce w e fin d th e va lue o f th e i n d uc ti o n b e twe e n A an d a to b e
MA C, 4 wa l
( go 8 a —lo g r 2)
a ppro xim ly pr o vid e d r i s s m ll c o mp r e d with
a te , a a a .

S i c e th e mutu a l i d ctio
n b e tw e e n two w i di gs o f th e n u n n n

sa me co i l i s a v e ry i mp o r t t qu a ti ty i th e c l c ul ti o of e
an n n a a n x

e r i me ta l r e s ul ts
n I s h a ll o w d r i b m th d by w h i c h th e
p e sc, e a e o n

appro xim tio n to the va lu e o f M fo th is c s e c b e ca rrie d to a y

a r a an n

re qu i r e d d e g r e e o f c c ur a c y a .

W e sh a ll a s su me th t th e v lu e o f M i s o f th e fo r m
a a

Sa
M : 4
4 4 lo g —
-
+ 1
9
}
m 2 2 3 2

§ fi
y— y
wh e re A a + A1x + A2 —
+ A2
'
+ 143 + Ag 7 + 850 »

2
%
2 2
d —2a
33
" z—
an -
B 1
cc .
+B 2 +B 2 +B 3
-
+B 3 2
a a

wh e r e a an d a + m a r e th e ra dii of th e rl
ci c e s , a n d y th e di s ta n c e
b e twe e n th e ir pl a n es .

We ‘
h a v e to d e te rmin e th e va l e s o f th e u fi
co e f c ie n ts A an d B .

I t i s ma n i fe s t th a t on ly e ve p o we r s o f y c
n an o c cu r in th e s e qua n
ti ti e s, b e ca u s e ,
i f th e si n o f
g y i s r e ve r s e d ,
th e v a lu e of M mu t s

re ma i n th e sa me .

We g et ano th e r r i pr
s e t o f co n
e c o c a l pr o p e r ty di ti o n s fr o m th e
o f th e c o e ffi c i e t o f i d c ti o n wh ic h r e m i s th e s a me wh ich e v r
n u n ,
a n e

c i r c l e w e ta k e s th e pri ma ry c i r c ui t
a Th e v a lue o f M mu t th e r e . s

fo r e r e ma i n th e s a me wh e w e s ub s ti tute + ar fo r a d — a fo r a
n a a ,
n
’

i n th e b o v e e xpr e ss i o
a n .

We th us fin d th e fo llo wi g co ditio s o f r e c i pr o ci ty by e qu a ti g n n n n

th e c o e ffic ie ts o f s imi la r c o mb in a ti o s o f w a d y
n n n ,

AI : l —A B 1
: l —Z — B l ,

A3 —A —A , B — %A + A2 - B2 —B 33
2 3 3 I
’
— A —A , B l
’ ’
A, A
’
B " " " '

W
2 3 3 z
-
2 3
— 2 A3 + A + 85 0 + 4
) .

1 1
+ AM
73 n _
 C OI L OF MAX I M . UM S E LF I NDU C TI O N -
.

Fr o m th e ge n e ra l e qua ti o n of M, A rt . 7 0 3,

d M 2
d M 2
1 dM
_
2 z
dc: dy a + a
‘
dw
we o b ta i n a n o th e r se t o f co n ditio n s ,

2 4 42 4 2 4 -
1

1
2 AI ,

n
( n n An ,
—
( n l )( 2 )n
( n

2 132 + 2 B
’
B
’
4 A2 + AI 2 , 4A 2,

6 A3 + 3 A2

( 2 n

n
( a

So lvin g th e se e q u at o n s i an d s ub s ti t u ti n g th e va lu e s o f th e cc

e ffi c i e n ts , th e se r ie s fo r M b e c o me s
2 2 3 2
8 + 3y 3 50

gZ
x

f
a a: x -

M : 4 wa lo g 16 a
2
‘

a: 3 x
2 — y2 x
3 —6 x
y
2

, , + 8z c .

16 a 48 a

To fi nd tne f or m of a co i l f o r i o nic/i tne co e

fi i
c en t
f
o se l
f -
in
du c tio n i s a ma x i mu m tfie to ta l l e ng t/i ,
and t6 i cl¢n e ss of tire
wi r e 6c ing g iv e n .

O mi ttin g th e co r re cti o n s of A r t 7 0 5 , w e fin d
. by A r t . 673

8 a
L _ _
( lo g
2
4 7r n a
R
wh e re n i s th e n u mb e r wi n di gs f th e wi re
o f is th e me a n n o ,
a

ra di s o f th e c il
u o ,
nd R i
a th e ge o m tri ca l me a
s dis ta n ce o f th e e n

tr ve r e se cti o
an s s n o f th c o i l fr o m i ts e l f
e S e e Ar t 6 9 0 I f thi s . . .

s e cti o i lwa ys
n s a imil r to i t e lf R is p r o p o rti o n a l to its l in e a r
s a s ,

d ime n s io n s , an d n v ri e s R
a s a
2

S i n c e th e to ta l le n gth o f th wi r e is 2 va ri e s i n ve rse ly
e r a n, a

as n . H e n ce

2 2 "
75 72
"
,

an d we fin d th e co n di ti o n th a t I } ma y b e a ma xi mum
8 a
lo g -

E
 CI R C UL A R C URRE NTS .
[ 70 6

I f th e tr a n s ve rs e s e c ti o n o f th e co i l is r ula r
ci c , o f r a di us 0, th e n ,
b y Ar t 6 9 2
lo g
? —i ;

8 a
and lo g
7
w he n ce a 3 22. c ;
o r, th e me a n r a d iu s of th e co i l sh o u ld be ti me s th e r a di us o f
th e t ra n s ve r s e se cti o o f th e c o il i o rde r tha t s ch a c o il ma y h a v
n n u e

th e gr e a te st co e ffi c i e t o f s e l f i d u c tio n
n T hi s r e s ul t wa s fo u d by
-
n . n

G a u ss
I f th e c h a n e l i n w h ic h th e c o i l i s wo u n d h a s a s qu a r e tr a n s ve r s e
n

s e c tion th e me a
, dia me te r o f th e c o il s h o u l d b e
n time s th e s i de
o f th e s qu a r e s e c ti o n .

Wer ke , G o tti n ge n e di ti o n , 18 6 7, v o l. v .
p 62 2
. .
 C H A P TE R XV .

E L E CTR OMA GN E TI C I NS TRU ME N TS .

Ga lv a n o me te r s .

7 0 72] A GA L VANO ME TE R is an i n s trume n t by me an s o f whic h an

l
e e ct ric cu rre t is in di ca te d o r me a s ure d by its ma gn e tic a c ti o
n n .

Wh e th e in tr ume n t i s i n te de d to in dic a te th e e xi te ce o f a
n s n s n

fe e bl e c u r e t it i s ca ll e d a S e n s i tive Ga lva o me te r
r n ,
n .

Wh e it i s i te de d to me a s ur e a c u rr e t wi th th g re a te t
n n n n e s

a c c ur a c y in te r ms o f sta da r d n i ts i t i c a ll e d a S t d rd Ga lva
n u ,
s an a

no me te r .

All ga lv ano me te rs are fo u n d e d on th e pri n c ipl e of S c h w e i gg e r

’
s

Mu l ti pli e r ,
in w h ic h
urre t i s ma d e to p s th ro ugh a wire
th e c n as ,

wh ich i s co il e d s o a s to p a s ma y ti me s ro u d a n Op e n s p ce s n n a ,

w i th in wh i ch ma g e t i s su s p e d e d s o
a to pr o du c e wi th i n th is
n n ,
as

spa c e a e l e c tr o ma g e ti c fo r ce th e i te n si ty o f w hi c h i
n n i dica te d ,
n s n

by th e ma gn e t .

I se niti ve ga lv o me te rs th e c i l i
ns o anrr ge d th a t i ts o s s a an

win din g o cc upy the p o iti o s i w hi h th e ir in fl e ce o th e

s s n n c u n n

ma gn e t i s g r e a te st Th e y a e th e r e fo r e p ck e d c lo e ly to ge th e r
. r a s

i n d e r to b
or e a r th e m g n e t
e n a

S ta n da r d ga lv a o me te r s e co truc te d s o th a t th e d ime i o n s
n ar n s ns

an d r e l a ti ve po iti o n o f a ll th e ir fixe d p a r t ma y b e a c c ur te ly
s s s a

kn o w a n d th a t a y ma ll un c e rta i ty a b o ut th e p o itio o f th e
n , n s n s n

mo ve a ble p r ts ma y i tr o d c e th e s ma lle s t p o s si b le e rr o r in to th e
a n u

c a l c l ti o u a ns .

I co tru cti g a s e n iti v e g al va o me te r w e a im a t ma ki g th e

n ns n s n n

fi ld o f e l e ctr o m g e tic fo rc e i wh ich th e m g e t i s s u p e de d

e a n n a n s n as

i te e a s p
n ns ible I de ig i g a t da rd ga lv o me te r w
o ss . n s n n s an an e

wi h to ma k e th e fi e l d o f e le ctro m gn e ti c fo r ce e a r th e m g t
s a n a n e

a s un i fo r m a s p o s ibl e a n d to k n o w i ts e xa c t i te s i ty i n te r ms
s , n n

o f th e s tr e gth o f th e c urr e n t
n .
 E L E C TR OMA GN E TI C I NS TRU M E N TS .

On S ta n da r d Ga l va n o me te r s .

7 In a s ta n da rd
ga lva o me te r th e str e gth o f th e curre n t n n

h a s to b e d e te rmi e d fr o m th e fo r c e wh i ch i t e x e rts o n th e s s
n u

p e n de d ma g t N o w th e distr ibutio n o f th e m g e ti s m with in

ne . a n

th e ma g e t n d th e p o itio n o f i ts ce tr e wh e s u s p e de d a e n o t
,
an s n n n ,
r

c a p bl e o f b e i g d e te r mi e d wi th
a n
y gr e a t d e g r e e o f a c c ura c y
n an .

H e c e i t i n e c e s s a ry th a t th e c o i l h o l d b e a rra n g e d s o
n s s to s u a

pro d ce a fi e ld o f fo r ce wh ich i s ve ry e a rly un if rm th o ugh o ut

u n o r

th e wh o l e s p a c e o c c up i e d by th e ma g e t d r i g i ts p o s sibl e mo ti o n u n n .

Th e di me s io s o f th e c o i l mu st th e r e fo r e i n ge n e ra l b e much l a rge r
n n

tha n th o s e o f th e ma gn e t .

By a pro p e r rr a ge me a ve r l c o ils th e fie l d o f fo r c e with in

n n t o f se a

th e m m y b e ma de m h mo r e u ifo r m th a
a uc wh e o n e c o il o n ly n n n

i s u s e d a d th e d i me s i o n s o f th e i trume n t ma y b e th u s r e duc d
,
n n ns e

a n d i ts s e s ib il ity i n c r e a s e d
n Th e e rr o r s o f th e l in e r me a s ur e me n ts
. a ,

h o we ve r i tro d ce g r e a te r u e r t i ti e s i to th e v a lu e s o f th e
,
n u nc a n n

e l e c tri cal c o ta ts fo s ma ll i n tr me n ts th a
ns n r fo la rg e es s Itu n r on .

i s th e r e fo r e b e s t to de te mi e th e e l e c tr i ca l c o sta ts o f s ma ll
r n n n

i s trume ts
n o t by di r e c t me a s ur e me t o f th e i r d i me s i o s
n ,
n bu t n n n ,

by n e le ctri c a l c o mp riso wi th a la rge s t n da rd i trume n t o f

a a n a ns ,

wh ic h the dime sio s e mo re a cc ur a te ly k o w s e e A r t 7 5 2

n n ar n n . .

I n ll s ta d rd ga lv n o me te r s th e c o il s
a n a ae c i r c ul a r Th e c h a el ar . nn

i n wh i c h th e c o il i s to b e w o u n d i s c a r e fully tur e d I ts br e a dth n .

i s ma de e qua l to s o me mul ti pl e n o f th e di a me te r o f th e co ve re d
, ,

wi r e . A h o l e i s b o r e d i th e s ide o f the c h a n e l wh e r e th e wi re is
n n
 ME A SUR E ME N T or TH E C OI L .

to e n te r, an d ve re d wire i pu sh e d o t th ro gh
one en d o f th e co s u u

thi s h o le
to fo rm th e i e r c o n n e xi o n o f th e c o il Th e c h a
nn e l is . nn

pla ce d o n l th e d a wo o d e a xis is fa s te e d to it 5 e e Fi g 5 0
a a ,
an n n s . .

Th e d o f a l o g s tri g is
e n i l e d to th e w o o de n a xi s t th e a me
n n na a s

p a rt o f th e ci rc mf e re c e a s th e e t c e o f th e wi re Th e wh o le
u n n ran .

i s th e tu e d r o u d a d th e wir e i s mo o thl y a n d r e g ula rly l a i d

n rn n ,
n s

o n th e b o tto m f th e ch a n n e l till i t i s c o mpl e te ly c o ve r e d by n

o

win di gs D ri n g thi s pr o c e ss th e s tri g h a b e e wo u d time s

n . u n s n n n

r o d th e w o o de a xi s a n d a n a il i dri v e in t th e tri g a t th e
un n ,
s n o s n

n th tur Th e wi din g s o f th e stri g sh o u l d b e k e p t e xp o s e d

n . n n

so tha t th e y ca e a s il y b e c o un te d n Th e e x te rn a l c i c umfe r e c e . r n

o f th e fir s t la y e r o f wi n din g i s th e n me a u e d a n d e w la y e r s s r a n

is b e g u a d so o
n ,
till th e pr o p e r
n mb e r o f l y e r s h a s b e e
n nu a n

wo u d o n Th e s e o f th e
n .
tri n g i s to co un t th e n umb e r o f
u s

wi din g I f f r a y r e a s o w e h a ve t u win d p rt o f th e c o il
n s . o n n o n a ,

th e tri n g i s l o
s wo un d o th a t w e do o t lo s e o u r e ck o n i n g
a s un ,
s n r

o f th e a c tu l n mbe r o f win di g a uo f th e c o il Th e a il s e rv e n s . n s

to di sti g i h th e n umb e r o f wi n di n gs in e a ch l a y e r
n u s .

Th e me a s ur e o f th e c ir c mfe r e c e o f e ch l y e r f rn i h e s u te t n a a u s a s

o f th e r e g ul r ity o f th e wi din g a d e bl e u s to c l c ul te th e n ,
an na s a a

e l e c tri ca l c o ta ts o f th e c o ilns Fo i f w e t k e th e a ri th me ti c me a
n . r a n

o f th e c i r c umfe r e n c e s o f th e c h a n e l d o f th e o ute r l y e r a d n an a ,
n

th e a d d to th i s th e c i c u mfe r e c e s o f a ll th e i n te r me di a te la y e rs
n r n ,

a d d ivi de th e s m by th e
n umb e r o f la ye rs w e h a ll o bta i th e
u n ,
s n

me a ci r c umfe r e c e a d fr o m thi s w c a d e d uc e th e me a ra diu s

n n ,
n e n n

o f th e c o il Th e c irc umfe r e c e o f e ch l y e r ma y b e me s ur e d by
. n a a a

me a s o f a s te e l ta p e o b e tte r by me
n of gr d te d wh e e l
,
r an s a a ua

whi ch r o ll s o th e c o il a s th e il e v lve in th e pr c e
n f co r o s o ss o

wi din g Th e va l e o f th e di vi i o s f th e ta p e o wh e e l mu t
n . u s n o r s

b e a sc e r ta i e d by c o mp a ri s o wi th a tr i gh t ca l e
n n s a s .

Th e mo me t o f th e fo r c e wi th whi ch a u n i t c ur e t i
n r n n

th e c o i l a c ts up o th e s u s p e d e d pp ar a tu s ma y b e e xpre ss e d in
n n a

th e se ri e s G 9 i 9 G 9 s i 9 Q ( 9) &c s n n
,

1 1 2 2 2 ,
.

wh e r e th e c o e fi ci e t G re fe r to th e o il d th e c o e ffic ie t 9 to
n s c ,
an n s

th e sp su de d pp a ra tu
en 0 b e i g th e a gl e b e twe e
a th e a x is o f
s, n n n

th c o il
e d th a t o f th
an s p e d e d a pp r tus ; se e A r t 7 0 0 e su n a a . .

Wh e n th e us p e n de d a pp a r tu is a thi
s ifo r mly a n d l o n gi t d a s n un u

i a l ly mag e ti e d b
n ma gn e t o f l e n gth 2 l a n d s tr e gth u ity
n z ar n n ,

s u pe de d by its mi ddle
s n ,

91 2 l, 92 O, y3 2l 3
,
850 .
 E L E C TR O M A GN E TI C I NS TRU ME N TS .
[ 7 10 .

Th e v lue s o f th e c o e ffi cie ts fo
a n r a ma gn e t o f l e n gth 2 6 ma g n e tiz e d
in a y o th e r wa y a e s ma ll e r
n r th a n w h e n i t i s ma g n e tiz e d u n i

Wh the pp r tu i s u se d s a t n ge t g lva o me te r
en a a a s a a n a n ,

th e c o i l i s fixe d w ith i ts pl e v e rtic a l a d p a r ll e l to 5 16 d i r e c ti o

3 an n a 31 n

o f th e e a r th ma gn e tic fo rc e Th e e q u a ti o o f e qu il ibri um o f th e
’
s . n

ma gn e t i s i n th i s c a s e
mg, H co s 0 m y s in O n z

whe re mg is th e m g e tic mo me n t o f th e m g e t H th e h o riz o n ta l

,
a n a n ,

c o mp o e t o f th e te rre s tr ia l ma g e ti c fo r c e
n n d y th e tr g th n ,
an s en

o f th e c urr e t i th e c o iln Wh e th e le n gth o f th e m g e t i s

n . n a n

s m ll c o mp a r e d w i th th e r a di u s o f th e c o i l th e te r ms a fte r th e fir s t
a

i G a d g m y b e n e gl e c te d a d w e fi d
n n a ,
n n

H
‘

y — C O LH.
E
Th e anu s a lly me a ure d is th e de fi i o n 6 o f the m g e t
g l e u s ex , ,
a n

wh ich i s th e c o mp l e me n t o f 0 s o th t c o t 0 ta 6 ,
a n .

Th e c urr e t is th u s pr o p o r tio a l to th e ta g e t o f th e de vi a tio

n n n n n ,

a n d th e i tru me t i s th e r e f r e ca l l e d
ns n T g e t G a lva n o me te r o a an n .

A o th e r me th o d i s to ma k e th e wh o l e a pp a r a tu s mo v e a bl e a b o u t
n

a ve rtic l a xi s d to tur i t till th e ma g e t i s i e q il ibri um w ith

a ,
an n n n u

i ts a xi s p a r ll e l to th e pla e o f th e co il
a I f th e a gl e b e twe e the
n . n n

pl n e o f th e c o i l a d th e m gn e ti c me ridia n i 6 th e e qu tio n o f
a n a s , a

e qui l i br i u m i s

mgl fl si n My
; G
{ l gl — G &c }
3
é 3 g3
.

H
wh e n c e si n 8 .

G
( , &c .
)
S i n c e th eurre t i me a re d by th e si n e o f the d e via tio n th e
c n s su ,

i tr me t wh e u e d i th i wa y i s c a lle d
ns u n n S i e G lva o me te r
s n s a n a n .

Th e me th o d o f s i e ca b e ppl i e d o ly wh e n th c urr e t i s
n s n a n e n

so s te dy th a t w
a ca r e ga rd it a c o st t duri g th e ti me o f
e n s n an n

a dju ti g s thn i tru me n t a d br in g i g th e ma g e t to e q i

e ns n n n u

l ibri u m .

We h a ve e xt to co n i de r th e rr n ge me n t o f th e c o i l s
n s a a

of s ta d r d g lva o me te r
a n a a n .

Th e s i mpl s t f r m i s th a t i whic h th e r e i s
e o s i gl c o il a d n a n e ,
n

th e m g e t is s u s p e de d a t i ts c e tr e
a n n n .

L e t A b e th e me a r diu o f th e c o il 5 it de p th 7 its br e a dth

n a s ,
s ,
7 ,

a n d n th e n umb e r o f wi n din s th e v lue s o f th e c o e ffic i e ts a e

g ,
a n r
 TA NG E N T G A LV A N OM E TE R .

G1

G2 :

{
G3 _ —
77 72

Z §

SE C .

Th e pri n ci pa l co rr e ctio n i s tha t a ris i n

g from G
3
. Th e se r ie s
G3 9 3
,
Gl gl Q 3 ( 9)
1 g3
be c o me G, g,
( 5’
5A 2 (
2
6 i
2

;
s 1 00 3 s 1n
9
Th e fa c to r rre c ti o
of co n will diffe r mo s t fr o m un i ty wh e n th e
ma g n e t i s u ni fo rmly ma g n e t z ed i an d wh e n 6 0 . I n th is c a se it

b e c o me s 1
2
5 . It va n ish e s wh e n ta n 0 2, or wh e n th e d e

fie x io n i s ta n
-
1
3
5,b s e rve r the re fo re a r ge
or S o me o s, ,
ran

th e i r e xp e ri me n ts o s to ma k e th e o b e rv e d d e fie x i o
s a ne r s n as a

th i s a g l e a s po i bl e
n Th e b e t me th o d h o we v e r i s to u s e a
ss . s , ,

ma g e t s o s h o rt c o mp a re d with th e ra diu s o f th e c o il tha t th e

n

c o r e c ti o
r m y b e l to g e th e r e gle c te d
n a a n .

Th e u pe d e d ma gn t i ca r e f lly a djus te d s o th a t i ts c e tr e
s s n e s u n

sh ll c o in c i de a s e a rly s p o s s ibl e with th e c e tr e o f th e co il

a n a If n .
,

h o w e ve r th i dju tme t i s n o t p e r fe c t a d if th e o o r di te
,
s a s n f ,
n c na s o

th e ce tr e o f th e ma g e t e l a tive to th e c e tre o f th e co il
n n e wr
y n ar , ,
z ,

2 b e i g me a s ur e d p a ra ll e l to
n th e a xi s o f th e c o il th e fac to r o f ,

“3
2
417 — 22 2
rr e c tio n is
(
co 3
1+

Wh e n th e ra d i s o f th e c o il i s l a rge a n d th e
u , ad j us tme n t o f th e
ma gn e t ca r e f u lly mad e w e ma y a s me th a t
,
su th is c o rr e c ti o n i s
in s e n s ibl e .

Ar r a nge me n t
’
Ga n ga i n s .

In o rde r to g e t ri d o f th e co r e c tio
r n de pe n di n g on G3
G a u ga i n c o n s tr u c te d ga me t e r i
a n lv an o whi ch thi s te rm w as ren

de re d ro by z e s u s p e n din
ot t th e c e tr
g th e m a g n e t ,
n a n e o f th e
co il b t a t
,
up o i t o th e a xi s t a d ista ce fro m th ce t
a n n a n e n re e qu l a

to h a lf th e r a di s o f th c o il Th e fo rm f G i
u e . o
3
s

2
B —
i
2 2
A ( -
A )

an d , s i n c e i n th i s a rra g e me t
n n B gA ,
G3 0 .

Th is rra
a n
g e me n t wo ld b e u an i mpr o v e me n t on th e fir st fo mr
if w e c o ul d be s ur e th a t th e cen t re o f th e s u sp e n de d ma gn e t i s
 E L E C TR OM AGN E TI C I NS TRU ME N TS .
[7 3 I .

e x a ctly a t th e p o i t th u s de fi n e d Th e p o siti o n o f th e ce n tre o f th e

n .

m g e t h o we ve r is a lw ys u c e rta i
a n , ,
a d th i s u n ce r t i n ty i t o
a n n ,
n a n r

d uc e s a f c to r o f co rr e c ti o o f u k n o w a mo u t de p e di g o n G a d
a n n n n n n
2
n

o f th e fo r m
( 1
3 ) w h e r e z i s th e u kn o wn e x c e s s o f di s ta c e n n

o f th e c e tr e o f th e ma g n e t fro m th e pl
n e o f th e f co i l Th i s an . .

c o r r e c ti o n d e p e n d s o n th e fir s t p o w e r H e n c e G a ga in s c o il
’
f o u
A
with e c ce trica l ly su sp e n de d m g e t i s s ubj e c t to fa gre a te r n u
n a n r

c e r ta in ty th a n th e o l d fo r m .

H e lmno l tz Ar r a nge me n t
’
s .

H e lmh o ltz
ve rte d Ga ga i s ga lva o me te r i to a tru s t ’
co n u n n n

wo rth y in s trume t by pla c i g a e c o d c o i l e qu l to th e fir s t a t

n n s n ,
a ,

a n e qua l d i s ta n c e o th e o th e r i de f th e ma g e t
n s o n .

B y pla ci n g th e c o i l s sy mme tri lly o b o th ide s o f th e m gn e t ca n s a

w e ge t r i d t o c e o f a l l te rms o f e v e n o r de r
a n .

L e t A b e th e me a n r a di u s o f e ith e r c o i l th e di sta ce b e twe e n ,

n

th e ir me a pl a e s i s ma d e e qu l to A a n d th e ma g e t i s s u p e n de d
n n a ,
n s

a t th e mi d dl e p o i n t o f th e i r c o mmo n a x i s Th e co e ffici e n ts a e . r

16 n n 1

s ( 1

wh e r e n u mb e r o f wmdin g s i n b o th c o il s to ge the r
de n o te s th e n .

I t pp e r fr o m th e se r e ults th a t if th e s e c ti o
a a s o f th e c o i l s b e
s n

r e ct n g l r
a th e d e p th b e i g 5 a n d th e br e a dth 7 th e v a l e o f
u a , n 7 ,
u

G 3 ,s c o rr e cte d fo
a th e fin i te i e o f th e s e cti o
r will b e s ma ll a d s z n n
, ,

wi ll va n i h if 5 is to 7 a s 3 6 to 3 1
s , 7 .

I t i s th e r e fo e qui te e c e s sa ry to a tte mp t to w in d th e c o i l
r unn s

up o nco i a l s urf c e a s h a s b e e do e by so me in stru me n t ma k e r s

n ca a , n n ,

fo th e c o di ti o n m y b e sa ti fi e d by c o i l s o f r e c t g ul r se ti o
r n s a s an a c n ,

wh ich c b e c o tr cte d w ith f g e a te r a c c ra cy th a n c o ils

an ns u ar r u

w o u d up on o b tu s cn e an e on .

T h e a rra g e me t o f the c o il s i H e l mh o l t s do ubl e g lva n o me te r

n n n z
’
a

i s r e pr e s e n te d i Fi g 5 4 A t 7 2 5 n .
, r . .
 GA LVA N O ME TE R or T HRE E C OI LS .

Th e fi e ld of fo r c e du e to th e d o ubl e co i l is re pre se n te d in s e c ti o n

i n Fi g XI X . at th e en d of th i s vo lume .

Ga lv a no me te r f
o Fe a r C o i ls .

B y c o mb in i n g fo ur c o il s w e ma y g e t r i d o f th e c o e ffici e n ts
G2 , G3 , G4 , G5 , a n d G6 Fo r by a n y s ymme tr i ca l c o mb in a ti o n s
.

w e ge t r id of th e c o e f c ie n fi ts of e ve n o r de r s , L e t th e fo ur l co i s

be p a ra ll e l ci r c e sl b e lo g inn g to th e sa me s ph e re , c o rr e s po n d in g

to a gl e s 9
n , 7r a n d 17 — 0 .

L e t th e umb e r
n o f win di gs n on th e fir st a n d fo urth co i l be n,

and th e n umbe r o n th e s e co n d and thir d p n . Th e n th e c o n di ti o n

tha t G3 0 fo r th e co mb in a ti o n gi ve s

mm 6 2
Qs
'
w b) o,

an d th e c o n di ti o n th a t G5 0 gi ve s
s in
z
n s n i 2
e o. ( )
2

si n
2
6 a an d s in
2
( ) I y , ( )
3

xpre s si g Q n te rms qua n titi e

’
Q5 A
’
an d e n
3
an d ( r t 6 9 8 ) i. of th e s e s,

th e e qua ti ( )
1 a ons n d ( )
2 b e c o me

4 —5x2 + 4 —5 2
0,
x py py
— 2
8 w 2 8 a2 + 2 1x 3
+ 8py — 28 + 2 1 2 3
0
p3 py / .

Ta kin g twi c e ( 4 )fr om an d di vi din g by 3 , we ge t

6w 2 — 7 a 3 + 6 p pz 7 py 3
0 .

H e n ce , fro m ( 4 )a n d
3: 5 517— 4 7 33 — 6
’
4 — 5 ?
6 — 7r
6 r a
an d we o b ta i n

7 —6
51
7 32 7 (1)— 6
5 33 — 4 ( 5 x

B o th a; an d y are th e s qu a r e s o f th e s in e s
g l e s a n d mu s to f an

th e r fo re li e b e twe e 0 d 1
e n an . H e n ce , e ith e r a: i be twe e n 0 a d s n

in wh i h ca s e y i s b e twe e n ?
c 1 an d l ,
a d p b e tw e e n
n a d $3 co n 3

or el e s i s b e twe e
a: $ d 1 n 7 an ,
in whi c h ca s e p is b e tw ee 0 d n an

}
z, an d p b e tw e e 0 an d n

Ga lv a n o me te r of m r ce C o i ls .

Th e mo st co n ve ni e n t a rr
me n t i s th a t i n wh i ch a:
an
g e 1 .

Tw o of th e co il s th e n c o i n c ide a n d fo r m a r t i l f th p h r
g e a c r c e o e s e e

wh o se ra di u s i s C . Th e n u mb e r o f wi n din g s i n this c o mp o u n d
c o il is 6 4 . Th e o th e r tw o c o il s fo mr s ma ll c ir c e s l of th e ph r
s e e .

Th e ra di u s o f e a ch o f th e m i s a / f
é C . Th e di s ta n c e o f e ith r e o f
 E L E C TR OM AGNE TI C I NS TRU ME N TS .

th e m f ro m th e pla ne o f th e first is /é; C

A
‘

. The n umb e r
on e a ch o f th e s e co i s l is 4 9 .

12 0
Th e va lue of G1 i s
7
Thi s ar anr ge m en t f o -
l
co i s is re pr e se n te d i n Fig 5 1 . .

F ig 5 1 . .

S i n c e i n thi s th r e e -
l
co i e d g a lva no me te r th e first te mr a fte r G1
wh i ch h a s fi ite va lue i s G a l rge p o r tio n o f th e s ph e re o n
a n
7 , a

wh o s s urfa c e th e c o il s li e f rms a fi e ld o f fo rc e s e n i bly u ifo rm

e o s n .

I f w e c o l d wi d th e wi r e o v e r th e wh o le o f a ph e ric a l s ur fa c e
u n s ,

a s d e s c rib e d i A r t 6 2 7 w e sh o l d o b t i
n .
,a fi e l d o f p e r fe c tly u a n

un i fo r m fo r c e I t i s pra c tic a lly i mp o s s ibl e h o w e ve r to di tri bute

.
, ,
s

th e w i din g s o n a s ph e r i ca l s ur f c e wi th s uffic i e t a c c r a c y e v e
n a n u ,
n

i f s u c h a c o il we r e n o t li a bl e to th e o bj e ctio n th a t i t fo r ms a c l o e d s

s ur fa c e s o th a t i ts in te r io r i s i n a c ce s s i bl e
, .

B y putti g th e mi ddl e c o il o t o f th e c irc u it a n d ma ki g th e

n u ,
n

c ur r e n t fl o w i n O p o s i te di r e c ti o n s th r o u h th e two s i de c o i l s w
p g e ,

o b ta i n fi e ld o f f rc e wh i ch e x e r ts a e a rly un i fo rm a cti o n i n
a o n

th e d i r e c ti o o f th e a xi s o
n ma gn e t o co i l s usp e n d e d with in i t
n a r ,

w ith i ts xis c o i c idi g with th a t o f th e c o il s ; s e e A t 6 7 3 Fo r

a n n r . .

in th is c a se a l l th e c o e ffi c ie n ts o f o dd o r de r s d is pp e a r a d s i c e a ,
n n

— 2
M( 7 M
H e n c e th e e xpr e ss io n fo r th e ma g n e ti c p o te n tia l n e ar th e ce n tre
o f th e co i l b e c o me s
2 6
w
 T H I C K N E SS o n TH E WI R E .

On Me P r op e r Tni ckn e e s of Me 77 i r e of a Ga l v a n o me te r , Me E x te r n a l
R e s is ta n ce 6e i n g g iv e n .

L e t th e fo r m of th e c ha n n e l
whi ch th e ga lv me te r
in an o

i l i s to b e w o un d b e g i ve n , a n d
co l t i t b re q ir e d t d e te rmi e
e e u o n

wh e th e r it o u gh t to b e fil le d wi th a lo g th i wi r e with h rte r
n n or a s o

thi c k w ir e .

L e t Z b e th e le
wi re y it r di s y + 6 th e r di
n
g th o f th e ,
s a u , a us

o f th e wi r e wh e c o ve re d p i ts p e c infi c r e i ta ce g th e v l ,
s s s n ,
a ue o f
Gf i t o f l e gth o f th e wir e
or u n d r th e p rt o f th e r e i t
n ,
an a s s a n ce

whi ch i i de p e d n t o f th e g lv o me te r
s n n e a an .

Th e r e i ta e f th e ga lv o me te r w i r i
s s nc o an e s

P Z
R ,
77
9
Th e vo l u me o f th e co i li s

Th e l
e e ct o r ma g n e tic fo r c e i s y G,
w h e r e y i s th e st e n r gth o f th e
c ur r en t an d G g l .

If E i s th e l
e e ct o r mo tive fo r c e a c tin
g i n th e r
c i cu i t wh o se

re i
s s ta n c e is R + r , E y
Th e l
e e ct o r ma g n e tic fo r c e d u e to th is l
e e ct o r mo ti ve fo r ce i s
G
E
R r

whi ch we h a ve to ma ke a ma x imu m by th e v ri a a ti o n o fy and l .

I n v e rti n g th e fr a c ti o n , w e fi n d th a t
p 1 7
°

2
77
9 E 9 1
i s to b e ma de a min i mu m . H e n ce
d r d!
2
g3g Z 2
0

I f th e vo lu me o f th e c o il re m a i n s c o n s ta n t
dZ (Z

m
“
y
z
E l imin a tin g ( Z1a n d dy , w e o b
ta in

H e n ce th e th i c k n e ss o f th e wi re of th e ga lva n o me t r sh l d b e ou e

s u ch th a t th e e xte r l r na e s i sta n c e is to th e re i t c f th g l
s s an e o e a

vano me te r co il as th e d ia me te r o f th e c o v e r e d wi r e t th e d i m te r o a e

o f th e wire i ts e f l .

VO L . II .
 E L E C TR O M A GN E TI C I NSTRU ME N TS .

On Se n s i tiv e Gn l vn n o rn e te r s .

7 172] I r n o f a se n s i ti ve g lv
th e c o n s t u c ti o n o me te r th e im a an a

o f e v e ry p a r t o f th e a rr n g e me t i s to pr o d u c e th e gr e a te s t p o
a ible n ss

de fl io ex o f th e m g e t by me
n s o f a g ive
a n s ma ll e l e c tr o mo ti v e an n

fo rc e a ti n g b e twe e n th e e le c tr o de s o f th e co il
c g . .

Th e c urr e n t th r o gh th e w i re pr o du ce s th e g re te t e ff c t w h e n
u a s e

it i s pl c e d a s n e a r a s p o s ibl to th e s u p e d e d ma g e t
a sTh e e s n n .

m g e t h o w e ve r mu t b e l e ft fre e to o c ill te a n d th e r e fo r e th e re
a n , ,
s s a ,

i s a c e r t in p a c e wh ich mu s t b e l e ft e mp ty w ith i th e co i l
a s Th i s n .

d e fi e s th e i te r a l b o u da ry o f th e co i l
n n n n .

O ut id e o f thi
s pa ce e a ch wi din g mu s t b e pl c e d s o s to h a v
s s n a a e

th e g re a te t p o s i bl e e ffe c t o n th e ma g e t
s s A s th e n u mb e r f n . o

wi d i g i c re e th e mo t a d v t ge o u s p o i tio s b e c o me fille d
n n s n as s, s an a s n

up s o th t t l a t th e i c re e d r e i t ce o f a n e w w in di g
, a a s n as s s an n

d imi i h e th e e ffe c t o f th e c urr e t i th e fo r me r wi n din g s mo r e

n s s n n

th an th e n e w wi di n g i ts e l f a dd s to it n B y m ki n g th e o ute r . a

wi di g f th i c k e r wi r e th a th e i n e r o e s w e o b ta i th e gre a te st
n n s o n n n n

m g e tic e ffe c t fr o m a g iv e n e l e c tr o mo ti ve fo rc e
a n .

W e h ll s pp o s e th a t th e wi di gs o f th e g a lv o me te r
s a u n n an

a e c i r l e s th e a xi s o f th e g a lva o me te r p a s i n g th r o gh th e c e n tr e s
r c ,
n s u

o f th e e ir cl e s a t r igh t a g l e s to th e i r pl a e s
s c n n .

L t r s i 6 b e th e r a di u s o f o e o f th e e c i r c l e s a d r c o s G th e
e n n s ,
n

d i ta c e o f i t c e tr e fr o m th c e n tr e o f th e g lv o me te r th e
s n s n e a an ,
n ,

i f Z i s th e l e gth o f a p o r tio n o f w i r e c o i c idin g w ith thi s c i r c l e n n ,

d y th e c urr e t w h i h fl o w s i it th e an n c n ,

m gn e ti c fo r c e t th e c e n tr e o f th e ga l a a

v a o me te e s o lv e d i th e d ir e c tio n o f
n r r n

th e a xi s i s i 9 s n

I f we wri te r
2
s in 0,
Z
th i s e xpre ss o n b e c o me s
i
y
21?
H e n ce , i f urfa c e b e c o s tructe d
a s n

s imi l a r to th o s e r e pr e s e te d i n s e cti o n n

i n Fig 5 2 , . wh o se p o l a r e qu a tio n i s
r
2 2
$ 1 s n i 0, ( )
2

wh e re i s a y c o sta t give n le gth

re
l
n n n ,
a n

o f wi r e b e n t i to th e fo r m o f a c i r c ul a r
n

a c rw i ll pr o d c e g r e te r m g n t iuc a a a e

with i n thi urfa c e th a wh it li e s o uts ide it

s s n en .
7 1 SE NS I TI VE G A LV A N OM E TE R .

I t fo ll o ws fr o m th i s th a t th e o ut r e su r a ce f o f an
y l a e y r wi re of

o ugh t to ve a c o n s ta
ha n t va l e u o f w, fo r if x is gr e a te r o n e pla c e
at

th a n an o the r p o r tioa n o f w ir e migh t b e tr a n s fe rre d fr o m th e firs t

pla e c to th e se c o n d, so as to in c re a se th e fo rce at th e c e tr e o f th e
n

ga l v an o me te r .

Th e w ho le fo r c e d u e to th e co il i s 7 G, wh e r e
all
5 5 3

th e i n te gra tio be in g e xte de d o ve r th e wh o le l e gth o f th e wir e

n n n ,

50 b e i g c o n s i d e r e d a s a f
n c tio of Z un n .

L e t y b e th e r di us o f th e w i r e i ts tr an s v e r e s e c ti
a wi ll ,
s on

b e wy L e t p b e th e s p e c ific r e i ta c e o f th e ma te r i l o f whi c h
z
. s s n a

th e wir e i m d e r e fe rr e d to u i t o f vo lu me th e th e r e si s ta c e o f
s a n ,
n n a

Zp
l e n gth Z is an d th e wh o l e r e s i s ta n c e o f th e co i l is

wh e r e 3 / is c o n s id e e d a r fu n c tio n of Z .

Le t Y 2
b e th e a re a
qu ad ril te ra l wh o e a g le s e th e
o f th e a s n ar

se c ti o f th e
ons x o f f r igh b o ri g w i re s o f th e c o il by a
a es ou ne u n

p la n e th ro ug h th e xi s th e Y Z i th e vo l me cc p ie d i th e c il
a ,
n
z
s u o u n o

by le gth Z o f wi re to g e the r wi th i t in l tin g c ve ri g d

a n s su a o n ,
an

i c l di g
n u
y nv ca t p ce an e c e r i ly
a l ft bne tw e e n t
sh e w i d
a i g s n ss a e n n

o f th c o il
e H e c e th e wh o l e v o l me o f th e c i l i
. n u o s

wh e r e Y is co n s ide r e d a fun c tio n o Z f .

B u t s n ce i th e co i l is fig ur e a o f r e vo lu ti o n

V= 2 Z
S lD O CZT ZZO,

or , e xpre ss in g r in te r ms o f x, by e q u at o n i

V : 2 77 s in e fi dx d d .

No w 2 77
f 0
( Z6 is a n u me ri a l qua c n tit y ,
ca ll i t N ,
th e n

V n 70 , ( )
8

wh e re 70 is th e vo lume o f th e i n te r i o r s p a ce le ft fo r th e
ma g n e t .

Le t us no w c o n s ide r a l ye r
a of th e co i l c o n ta in e d b e twe e n th e
s ur f a ce s x an d x + cZ
au
 E L E C TR OMA GN E TI C I NS TRU M E N TS .

The vo l me u o f th i s la ye r is

d V = N m day 2
d l,

wh e r e d l i s th e le n
g th o f w ir i e n th i s l ye r
a .

I
Th i s g i ve s us (ZZ n i te rm o f s day . S ub s titu tin g th i s i n e q u a ti o n s

f.
( )
3 an d w e fin d (Z
n
( ZG N
W 3

z
p w dx
fu r N 11
77

wh e r e dG an d ( ZR re pre s e n t th e p o r ti o ns of th e v lue s
a o f G an d o f
R du e to th is ly r
a e o f th e co i l .

N o w if E b e th e gi v e n l
e e ct o r mo tive fo rc e ,

E y(R

wh e r i s th e r e i s ta
e r s n ce o f th e e xte r n al p rt a o f th e ci c r u it ,
in
d e p e de n t o f th e ga lva
n no me te r, and th e fo rc e at th e ce n t re is
G
7 G E
R r

G
We h a v e th e r e fo r e to ma k e a ma xi mu m by pro p e rly a d
13 + .
,
7

j i g th e
u st n wi r i
s e c tio n ch l y e r
o Th i s l s o
f th e e n ea a . a n e ce s s a r ily
i n v lv o va r i tio o f Y b e
es a a e Y d pe d o
n
y ca u s e n s n .

Le t G d R b e th e v l e s f G
O
an 0 d o f R + wh e a u o an r n th e g i v en

l ye r s e xclu de d fro m th e c a lc ula tio

a i W e h ve th e n . a n

G Go + d G
R + r R O—
H ZR

an d to ma k e th is a ma xi mu m by th e v ri a i
at o n o f th e v l a ue o f y fo r
th e gi ve n l a y e r we mu s t h a ve
d
(
Z
n
d
”

7?
0

S i n ce also i s v e ry s ma ll a n d ultima te ly v a n i s he s , wi ll b e se n s ibly ,

an d u ly e xa ctly th e s me wh ich e ve r l ye r i s e xcl de d a d

l tima te , a a u ,
n

we ma y th e r e fo r e r e g rd i t a s c o t t W e h a ve th e re fo r e by ( 10 )
a ns an .
,

an d 2
w
Zfl p R + r

y
2 ( y ZZY ) 77 G
c o n s ta n t.
( )
14

I f th e me th o d o f co ve ri g n th e w ir e and o g f i t i win di
s s u ch n

tha t th e pro p rti o

o n b e twe e n th e sp ce a o c c u pi e d b y th e me ta l o f v
 S E NS I TI V E G A LV A N OM E TE R .

th e w ir e b e r th a s e sa me pr o po r ti on to th e s p a c e b e twe en th e wi re s
wh e th e r th e wi re i s thi c k or th i n , th e n
Y in
9 21
7
an d w e mu st ma k e b o th y d Y pro po rti o l t m th a t i to y an na o ,
s sa ,

th di me te r o f th wi r e i
e a
y l y e r mu t b e pr o p o rti o
e l to th e n an a s na

li e a r di me i
n f th a t l y e r ns on o a .

I f th e thi k e o f th e i l ti g c o v e ri g i
c n ss o n sta t a d e qu a l n su a n n s c n n

t 6 o d i f th e w i r e
, an e a rr nge d i qua re o r de r s ar a n s ,

Y 2 (y F b), -

an d th e co n di tio n i s
4 b)
2
51
3

; c o n sta n t .

I n th is r f th e wi r e i c r e a e s w ith th e d i me te r
ca s e th e di a me te o n s a

of th e l y e r f wh ic h i t fo r m p rt b t o t i
a o o h i gh r ti o s a ,
u n n s a a .

I f w a d pt th e firs t o f th e e tw o h yp o th e e wh i c h w il l b
e e rl y s s s, e n ea

tr if th e wir e i t e l f e a rly fil l up th e w h l e p c e th
ue s w ma yn s o s a ,
en e

p t u
y Y By ,

wh r e e a and 5 a r e c o n s ta n t n ume ric l q a u an ti ti e s , an d

l 1 1
G= N
a
2
6
2 (Z Z

p l 1 1
R = N
77 a
4
,8
2
a fi ’

wh re i e a s a c o n s ta n t de pe n d in g po u n th e s iz e an d fo rm o f th e fr e e
sp ce l e ft i
a n si de th e co il .

H e n ce , if w e ma k e th e thic k n e s s w i r e v ry i th e m o f th e a n sa e

r tia m w e b ta i
o as v ry li ttl e d v t g e by i c re i g th
, o n e a an a n as n e

e xte r l iz e o f th e o il f t r th e e xte r l di me i o
na s h a v e b c me
c a e na ns ns e o

a l r g e m ltip l e f th e i te r l d im e io
a u o n n a ns n s.

I f i c re a s o f r i t ce i o t r e g rde d
n ede f c t es s an s n a as a e , as

wh e th e e xte r l re i ta c e i f g re a te r th th t f th e g a l
n na s s n s ar an a o

v m t
an o wh e o ly o bj e c t i
er, or to pr o d u c e en fi l d f i te
o ur n s a e o n n se

f rc w e m y m ke y
o e, d Yc ta t
a W e h a v th
a an on s n . e en

N
G

N p 3

wh e r e a is a c o n s ta n t de p en d in g o n th e v a ca n t s p a ce i n s ide th e
co il . In th i s ca se th e v alu e o f G in c re a se s u i f r mly nth o as e

d i me n s io n s o f th e co il are r e a se d
in c th ,
so at th r e i h l imi t to
e s e

th e v alu e o f G e x ce p t th e la bo r d e xp e
u an n se o f m ki g th ea il n co .
 E L E C TR OM AGN E TI C I NS TRU ME N TS .

On Su sp e n de d C o i Zs .

rdin a ry g lva n o me te r a s u s p e de d ma g n e t i a cte d

I n th e o a n s

on by a fix e d c o il B t if th e c o il c a b e s u p e de d with u ffic ie n t
. u n s n s

d lic a cy we m y d te rmi e th e cti

e ,
a o f th e m gn e t o
e o f a o th e r
n a on a ,
r n

c o il o the s u s p e d e d c o i l by i t d e fl e i o
n n fr o m th é p o s itio n o f ,
s x n

e q il ibri u m
u .

We c a o t h o we ve r i n tr o d c e th e l e c tri c c urr e n t i to th e c o i l
nn , ,
u e n

u le s th e re i me ta ll ic c o e x io b e twe e n the e l e ctro d s o f th e

n s s nn n e

b tte ry d th o se f th e w ir e o f th e c o il Thi c o e xi o ma y b e
a an o . s n n n

m de i two diff re t wa y s by th e B ifil

a n e S s p e n i n a d by wi r e s
n ,
ar u s o ,
n

i o pp o i te d i r e ctio s
n s n .

Th e b ifil a s u s p e io h a s l r e a dy b e e n d e s c r i b e d i A t 4 5 9
r ns n a n r .

as ppl i e d to m g e ts Th e a rra g e m t o f th e pp e r p a rt o f th e
a a n . n en u

s p e si o i h e wn in Fi g 5 5 Wh e a ppl i e d to c o il th two
u s n n s s . . n s, e

fibr e a e o l o ge r f s ilk b t f me t l d si c e th e to rsi o o f

s r n n o u o a ,
an n n

a me t l w ire c a p a bl e o f s pp o r ti th e c o il d t r s mi tti t h n
a g a u
g e an n n

c rr e t i s m c h gr e te r th
u n uth t o f a i lk fibr e i t m t b e t k e n
a an a s ,
us a

s p c i l ly i to
e acco u t Th i s s p e io n h
n a b e e br gh t to g r e a t
n . s u ns as n ou

p e rf c tio i th e i n tr me t co tr t d by M We b e r
e n n s u n s n s u c e . .

Th e o th e r me th o d o f u p e i i s by m e o f a S in g l e w ir e
s s ns on an s

wh i ch is c o e cte d to o e e xtr e mi ty o f th e c o il Th e o th e r e
nn n . x

t e mity o f th e co i l i
r o e c te d to o th e r w i r e wh i h i
s c m de
nn an c s a

to h a g d o w n i th e s me v e r ti c l tra ig h t l i e w ith th e fir t wi r e
n ,
n a a s n s ,

i to
n c p f me r c ury
a u oi h e w i Fi g 5 7 A r t 7 2 9 ,
asI rt i
s s n n .
, . . n ce a n

ca e sit is o v e i e t to f te th e e x tr e mi ti e o f th e tw o wi r e s to
s c n n n as n s

p ie c e by wh ich th e y m y b e tigh tly Stre tch d c re b e i g t k e n

s a e ,
a n a

th t th l i e o f th e s e wi r e p es a e n s a ss

th r gh th e c e n tr e o f g v ity o f th e ou ra

c o il Th e pp a r t s i th i s fo r m . a a u n

ma y b e u se d wh e th e a x i i ot n s s n

ve rtic l ; e Fig 5 3 a s e . .

7 Th e u p e d e d c o i l m y b e s s n a

d e x c e e di ly i ti v al u se as an
g se e g n ns

v o me te fo by i c r a i g th i an r, r, n e s n e n

te ity o f th e m g tic fo r c e i th e ns a ne n

fi ld i wh i h i t h g s th e fo c e d e e n c an ,
r u

t f e b l e c urr e t i th e il m y o a e n n co a

b e gr tly i c re e d w ith t d di g ea n as ou a n

to th e ma ss o f th e c o il Th e ma g
.

Fig 5 3
n e ti c fo r c e fo r th i s p u rp o s e ma y b e
. .

p ro d uc e d by me a n s of p e r ma n en t ma gn e ts , or by e le ct o r ma gn e ts
7 2 SUS PE ND E D C OI L .

e xc i te d by an a uxili ry a cu r
d i t ma y b e p o we r fu lly c o n c e n
r en t, an

tr a te d o n th e s u s e n de d c o il by m e a n s O f s o ft i r o n a rma tu r e s Th u s,
p .

i n S ir W Th o ms
re c o rd i g a pp r tu s Fi g 5 3 th c o il i s
. on s
’
n a a , .
,
e s us

p e de d b e twe e n th e O pp o i te p o l e O f th e e l e c tr o m g t N d S
n s s a ne s an ,

a d i
n o rd e r to c o c
n tr te th e l i e O f m g e ti fo r ce o th e
n en a n s a n c n v er

ti a l id e s O f th e c o il a p ie c e O f o ft i r o
c s D i fix e d b e twe e th e
,
s n , ,
s n

po l e O f th e m g ts Th i i ro b e co mi g m g e ti e d by i duc
s a ne . s n n a n z n

tio pro d ce s ve ry p w e rf l fi l d O f fo r ce i th i te rv l b e twe e

n ,
u a o u e ,
n e n a s n

i t a d th e tw o m g t th r o g h wh i c h th e v e rti l i d e
n a ne f ths, u ca s s O e

c ilo e fre e toar mo ve o th t th e c o i l e v e wh e th e c urr e t

,
s a ,
n n n

th ro u g h i t i v e ry f e bl e i c te d
s o by a c o ide r bl e fo r ce
e ,
s a n n s a

te n di g t t r i t a b o u t i t ve r ti c l xi s
n o u n s a a .

A o th e r pp l ic tio O f th
n p e de d c il i s to d e te r mme
a a n e su s n o ,

by co mp ri o with ta ge t g l va o m te r th e h o ri o ta l c o m
a s n a n n a n e ,
z n

p o e t Of te rr tri l m g e ti m
n n es a a n s .

Th e c o il i s u p e de d o th t i t i i s ta bl e e q i li bri m w h e
s n s a s n s u u n

i ts p l a e i p ra l l e l to th e ma g e ti c me ri di
n s a A c urr e t y i n an . n s

p s se d th r o ugh th e c il d c e i t to b e de fl e ct d i to a e w
a o an aus s e n n

po itio s f e qu il i br i m ma k i g
n O a gl e 6 wi th th e m g e ti c
u ,
n an n a n

me ri d i I f than p io i b ifil th e mo me t O f the

. e su s ple
en s n s ar ,
n co u

wh i ch pr d ce thi d e fi i i E i 0 a d thi m t b qu l t
o u s s ex on s s n ,
n s us e e a o

H y g c o 6 w h r e H i th e h ri o ta l
s , emp o t o f te rr e tr i l m g
s o z n co n en s a a

n e ti m y i
s th e c rr e t i th e c o il
,
s d g i s th e
u m f th e a r a
n f n ,
an su O e s o

a ll th e w i d i
g s f t h e c n
o i l H e cne o . n

H y E ta e n .

9
If A is the mo me n t Of i n e r tia Of th e co il a bo ut i ts a xi s O f su s

p e n s io n ,
an d T th e ti me Of a s in g l e v ib ra ti
’

on ,

z
E T Z
n fi,
Z
7T A
an d we 0 b ta m H y
m u m0 .

I f th e sa me c urre n t p a sse s th r ou
g h th e co il Of a ta n g ent
g a lv a

n o me te r , an d d e fle c ts th e ma gn e t th r o u gh an an
g l e

wh r e e Gi s th e pri n ci p l a c o n s ta n t O f th e ta n g e n t ga l v a n o me te r ,
A r t 7 10 . .

Fr o m th e s e tw o eq u at o n s i we o bt a in

7T 7?

7
"

T T
T hi s me th o d w a s g i v en by F . Ko h l ra u s c h
Po gg .
, Ann . c x x x v ii i , Fe b . 18 6 9 .
 E L E C TROM A GN E TI C I NS TRU ME N TS .
[ 7 2 4 .

S ir rWil l i g l ea i t r
m Th o ms o n h a s
m e t c o n s t u c te d a s i n ns u n

by me a O f w h i ch th e Ob e rv ti s q ir e d t d e te rmi e H a d y
n s s a on re u o n n

m y b e ma de i m lt e o ly by th e s me O b s e rve r
a s u an us a .

Th c o i l i s u s p e d d o a to b e i
e quilibri m with i t pl a e
s n e s s n e u s n

i n th e ma g e ti c me ri di a d is d e fl c te d fr o m thi s p o iti o n
n an ,
n e s

wh e th e c rr e n t fl o ws th ro gh i t A ve ry ma ll m g e t i
n u s u . s a n s su

p e d e d a t th c e tre O f th c il d i d e fl te d by th c urre t i
n e n e o ,
an s ec e n n

th e d ir e c ti o O pp i te to th t f th e d e fle io
n f th e c o il
os L e t th e a O x n o .

d e fl e x io O f th e c o il b e 0
n d th a t O f th m g e t d th e th e ,
an e a n ), n

e n e rg y f th e sy te m i O s s

H y p Sin 6 + in ( 9 — H m c o s ct — E
7n s co s 0 .

D iffe r e n ti a tin g wi th re sp e ct to 6 an d we b t i th e q
O a n e ua

ti o n s Of e q ilibriu u m O f th e c o i l a n d Of th e ma g n e t r e p e c ti ve ly
s ,

H y p co s 0 + m c os
( 6 O
— m G co s 6 s in
y ( e
) 0 .

Fr o m th e s e
q tio w e fi d by e l imi ti e ua n s n ,
na n
g H o r y, a a d a ti c qu r
eq tio fr m wh ic h y o H ma y b e fo d
ua n o r un . I f m, th e ma g n e ti c
m m t f th e
o en p d e d m g e t i s ve ry
O su s en a n ,
s ma l l , w e O ta in th e b
fo ll o w i g ppr x im te v l e
n a o a a u s

— A G s i n t) c o s 6 — < c —
( p) OS ( 6 d> )
“

71
H "

7 ,
g C OS O SI n () j g 008 0
— A s in O s in sin c
d p
y
) n
1 A

T Gg co s 6 c0 s ( 6 -
p)
< g co s 0

I n th e s e xpr e
e s si o n s G a nd p are th e pr i n cip l le c tric c o t t
a e n s an s

Of th e c o il , A it s mo me n t Of i n e rti a , T i ts ti me f v i bra ti o m th e
O n ,

ma g n e tic mo me n t O f th e ma n e t H th e i n n s te i ty O f th e h ri o t l
g o , z n a

ma gn e ti c fo r c e y th e s tr e n g th O f th e c urr e n t, 6 th e de fl e x i o n
, O f th e
c o il , a n ) th a t O f th e ma
d (1 net
g .

S in c e th e de fle x i o n O f th e c o il i s i n th e O pp o s ite di r cti t e on o th e
d e fie x i o n Of th e ma gn e t th e s e ,
v lue s
a Of H an d y w ill lw y a a s be
r l ea .

We be r ’
s E l e c tr o dy n a rn o me te r .

7 I n th i s in s tr u me n t a s ma ll c o il is su s pe n de d by tw wi re o s

wi th i r r o il w h ic h i fix d W h
la g e n a c s e . en a cu rr e n t is ma d e to
r
fl o w th o u gh b o th c o il th u p e de d c o i l s, e s s n te n d s to pl a ce its e l f
p r ll l t th e fix d o i l Thi te d c y i
a a e o e c . s n en s co u n te r a c te d by th e
m me t f th fo r e s ri i g fr o m th b ifil
o n O e c a s n e ar su s p e n sio n , an d i t is
l
a so ffe c te d by th e
a c ti f te rr e s tri a l m a on O a
g n e ti s m on th e su s

p e d d c o il
n e .
7 2 E L E C TR O DYN A M OME TE R .

I n th e rd in ry u se f th e i st r me t th e pl e O f th e two c il s
o a O n u n an s o

ar e e a rl y
n t ri gh t g
a l t o e ch th e r an
o t h t th es
e m u t u l a c t i oa o ,
s a a n

O f th e c rr e t i th e c il m y b e
u n s n
g r e a t p o o i bl e s d t hae as as ss ,
an

pl e o f th e p e de d c o il i e rly t ri g h t gle to th m g e tic

an su s n s n a a an s e a n

me ri di ano th t th e
,
s ti o f te rr e t ri l m g e ti m ma y b e
a ac n O s a a n s as

s m ll a p o ibl
as ss e .

L e t th e m g e tic im u th f th e pl e f th e fixe d o il b e
a n az O an O c a ,

an d l e t th e a g l wh ic h th n xi f the p e de d c o il ma k e w ith
e a s O e su s n s

th e pl a f th fix e d c o il b 6 + B w h r e 8 i th e va l e O f th i
ne O e e ,
e , s u s

an
g l we h e t h c o i l i
n i e qu il ibr i um
e d o s rr e t i
n fl w i g an n cu n s o n ,

an d“) i th e d e fl e i
s d e to th rre t Th e e q ti
x on u f eq i e cu n . ua on O u

li br iu m i s

G 5 y 1 y2 —H S in — E i
7 co s
( +
0 B) g y2 s n 6 0 .

Le t u s supp o se th a t th e i n st ru me n t is j
a d u s te d so th a t a an d ,8
are b o th ve y r s ma ll , an d th a t H g y 2 i s s ma l l co mp a r e d with F .

We ha ve i n th i s ca se ,
a ppr x o i ma te l , y
G9 7 17 2 C O S B H G9 7 17 2 '
2 2
G 9 2 2
71
2
72
2
5 in 3
ta n O
1

E E E 2
F 2

I f th e de fl e x io n s wh e n th e sign s Of y1 an d y2 ar e ch a n
g ed are

as fO HO W S 61 wh e n i s an d y2
y1

th e n w e fin d
E
7 1 Y2 ( tan 9
,
ta n 02 — ta n 93 — ta n 0
G g C O S [8
I f it i s th e sa me cu rr en t w h ic h fl w th ro o s u
g h b o th co i l s we ma y pu t
yl 72 y
2
, an d th u s O bt a in th e v l e O f y a u .

Wh en th e cu rre n ts ar e n o t v ry e t co n s a n t i t i s b e s t to a d o p t thi s
me th o d w hi c h is,
c a lle d th e M e th o d Of Ta n g e n ts .

I f th e cu rre n ts are so c o n s ta n t th a t w e ca n j
a d u st 8
, , th e an
g l e

Of th e to r s io n -
hea d Of t he in s t r u me n t, we ma y g e t r i d O f th e
co rr e c ti o n fo r te rre tri s al ma g n e ti s m a t o n ce by th e me th o d o f s in e s .

I n thi s me th o d ,8 i s j
a d u s te d til l th e d e fl e x i o n i s z e ro ,
SO th a t
9
I f th e s ig n s Of y1 and y2 ar e i n dic a te d by th e su fix e
f s Of B as

be f r o e,
—G + H i n
y n r2 e 72 s a ,

—G
9 7 17 2
— E 9 72 s i n a ,

i s in ,8 — si n B
( s n 61 3
7 2 E L E CT RODYN A M OM E TE R .

Thi s is th e me th o d p te d by M L a ti me r C l rk in h is u e a do r . a s

O f th e i tr me t c o n s tr cte d by th e E l e c tr ic a l C o mmi tte e O f th e

ns u n u

B ri ti h A s c ia ti o
s We e i de b te d to M C la rk f th e d ra win g
so n . ar n r . or

f th e e l tr dy a mo me te r i whi ch H e lmh o lt ’
O ec fi g e 54 i o n n ur ,
n z s

arr a ge m t Of two il s is a d o p te d b o th f r th e fixe d d f th e

n en co o an or

su sp e d e d co il
n Th e to r i o h e a d O f th e i trum t by wh ic h
*
s n -
n s en ,

the b ifila r u p e n io n i s a dju st e d i re pr e e n te d i n Fi g 5 5

s s s The ,
s s . .

e q l ity O f th te i o f th e
ua p e i o wi re i e n ure d by th e i r
e n s n O su s ns n s s s

b e i g tt c h e d t th e xtre mitie O f i lk th re a d wh ich p

n a a o vr e s a s a sse s o e

wh e l d th e i di ta e i r g l te d by tw g id e whe e l wh ic h
‘

a e ,
an r s nc s e u a o u -
s,

ca n b e e t t th e pr o p r d i ta n e
s a Th u p e d d c o il ca b e m ve d e s c . e s s n e n o

v e rti lly by meca Of r w ti g o th e s pe i w h e l an s a sc e ac n n su ns on -

e ,

an d h ri o t ll y i tw d ir cti
o z n by th e l idi g p i e c e h wn t
a n o e o ns s n s s e a

th e b tto m f Fig 5 5
o It i dju te d i
O i m th by me . f th e . s a s n az u ans O

to r i s on cr w wh i h tur th e t r io h e ad r u d a v rti l xi
-
s e ,
c ns o s n -
o n e ca a s

( se e A t rT h a i m
. u th O f th e u p e d d o i l i c rt
e i ed z s s n e c s as e a n

by b rv i g th e e fle i
o se f n c le i th e mi rr o r hew j t
r x on o a s a n ,
s n us

b en ea th th i f th p e d e d c o il
e ax s O e su s n .

I th t l i t m t th w i
n e ac ua y i g th tt
ns ru d f m th il
en e res co n v e n e cu r r e n o an ro e co s

d t di pl y d i th fig b t k pt l t g th
,

are t p
n o s rea o u as s
p a e n e ure u ar e e as c o se o e er as os
i bl h th
,

t li l t m g ti
’
s e ,t so as o n eu ti
ra z e eac o er s e ec ro a ne c ac on .
 E L E C TR OM A GN E TI C I NS TRU M E N TS .
[ 7 2 6 .

Th e i n s tru me n t o rig i lly na c o n s t u c te d r by W e b r e i s de s c r i b e d i n

hi s E Ze Z
tZr o cZ n mn i s e /
i e M a n s b e s ti rn nz n n g e n I t w a s i n te n de d fo r th e
y .

me a s ur e me n t Of s ma ll xe d d
cu rre n ts , and th e re fo re b o th th e fi an

th e p e d d c o i l c i te d f m y wi di g
su s n e s d th
ons s u sp e d d o an n n s, a n e s n e

c o il cc p i e d
o ul a rg e r p rt O f th e p c e w i thi the fixed c i l th in
a a s a n o an

th i tru me t O f th e B r iti h A o i ti o
e ns n w hi h w pr ima r ily i s ss c a n ,
c as n

te d e d
n ta d rd i tr me n t wi th wh ic h mo r e e itiv e i t
as a s n a ns u ,
s ns n s ru

me t migh t b e c o mp r e d
n s T h e e xp e r i me t w h i c h h e m d w ith
a . n s a e

i t f r n i h th e mo t c mpl e te e xp r i me t l pr o o f o f th
u s s o c c ra cy O f e n a e a u

A mp er e s fo r m l ppl i e d t l o s e d c rr e t d f rm im
’
u a as a o c u n s, an o an

p o r t t p rt O f th e r e e r h e by whic h We b e r h r i e d th e
an a s a c s as a s

n ume ri c l d e te rmi ti O f e l c tri a l q titie t v ry h igh ra k

a n a on e c uan s o a e n

a s r e g r d pr e c i i
a s s on .

We b e r fo rm f th e e l c tro dyn mo m te r i w h i h o e c i l is
’
s O e a e ,
n c n o

su s p e de d w ithi
n o th e r d i ct dn by c o ple t di g
an , an s a e on a u en n

to tur it a b o t
n v r ti ca l xis i pr b bly th e b e t fi tt d fo
u a e a ,
s o a s e r

a b o lute me a
s r e me t A me th d f c l l ti g th e c o t t Of
su n s . o O a cu a n n s an s

ch a rr g m t i i v e i A t 6 9 7
su an e e s
g
an n n n r . .

I f h o w ve r w w i h by me
,
se f f e bl e c rr e t to
,
e s ,
an o a e u n ,

pro d c e c id ra ble e le tr o m g tic fo r e i t i b e tte r to pl c e

u a on s e c a ne c ,
s a

th e s p e d d c o i l p r ll e l to th
su n e fix d c il d to m k e it c p bl e
a a e e o ,
an a a a

O f m ti o t onfr m i t o or o .

Th p e de d c o i l i D Jo l e e su s n n r . u
’
s

rre t w e igh r Fig 5 6 i h o r i o t l cu n -

e , .
,
s z n a ,

a d c p bl f v rti l mo tio d th e n a a e O e ca n , an

f r c e b tw e e it d th fixe d c o i l i s o e n an e

ti m te d by th e w i gh t w h i c h mu t es a e s

b e d de d to o r e m ve d fr m th e c il a r o o o

i o r d r to bri g it to th e me r e l a ti ve n e n sa

p o iti o with re s p ct t th e fix d o i l s n e o e c

th t it h a s w h e n o urr e t p a n c n a ss e s .

Th e p e de d c o il m y l o b e su s n a a s

f te e d to th e e x tr mi ty o f th e h o r i as n e
F ig 5 6
o t l
.
m f .
t r io b l d z n a ar O a o s n -
a a n ce ,
an

ma y b e pl a c d b e twe two fix d c o il
e e f wh i h ttr c t i t
en e s, o n O c a a s ,

while th th e r r e p e l it i Fig 5 7
e o s ,
as n . .

B y a rr g i g th e o il an d e r ib d i A t 7 2 9 th e f r c e
n c ti g
s as sc e n r .
,
o ac n

on th e u p e d d c o il m y b
s s n m d e rly i f r m w ith i a m ll e a e n ea un o n a s a

dis t ean cf th e p o iti o O f e q i l ibr i m

o s n u u .

A o th e r c o i l m y b e fix e d to th e o th r e x tre mity o f th e
n a m e ar

O f th e to r io b l a c e a n d p l c d b e twe e t w fi d i l I f th
n a n s. e
‘

s -
a e n o x e co
 C URRE N T WE I GH E R -
.

tw o s u pe
s n de d co il s are s i mi la r , b u t w ith th e urre t fl o wi c n n
g i n

dir e c tio n s , th e fle c t Of te rr tr i l m g e tis m o th e

’

e es a a n n

po s i ti o n Of th e ar m of th e to r s io n -
b l a a n ce will be co mpl e te ly
e li min a te d .

I f th e su s p en de d co i l i s i n th e sh a pe Of a lo n
g s o le n o id ,
an d is p a bl e O f m vi g p r ll l to i t
ca o o s to p n i to a a e s a xi s, s a a ss n

th i t ri o r f
e n e l rg e r fix e d o l e o i d h v i g th e
O a a me x i th s n a n sa a s, en,

if th e c rre t i i th e u nme d ire c tio i b o th o l e o i d th e

s n sa s n n s n s, su

p de d l e o id will b uck e d i to th e fix e d o by f r e whi c h

en so n e s n ne a o c

wi ll b e e rly u ifo rm a l o g a s o
n a n f th e e x tr mitie O f th es n n ne O e s

so l e o id n e r o e a o th r
s ar n ea n n e .

7 TO pr o d u e i f r m l o g it di l f rc e o
c a m ll o il
u n o n u n a o n a s a c

pl e d b e tw
ac tw o q l il f m h la rg e r di me io
een e ua we co s O uc ns n s,

sh o u l d m k th e r ti O f th e d i me te r O f th e l rg e c o il to th e d i
a e a o a a s s

ta c e b e tw e
n th i r pl e enth t f 2 to / S e If w e d th e
an me
s a O s . e s n sa

c ur t th r gh th
ren co ilou in pp o ite di e ctio th e i th e
e se s o s r n s, n ,
n e x

pre i o fss th e te r m i v o l vi g O dd p o w e r O f r d i pp e a r
n or co , s dn n s sa ,
an

i
s n ce i 47
s n d co
2
a i
i th te r m i v o lvi g
an
“
d i a pp e a r s
s
2
a i
,
e n n r s

l o
a s d w e h ve
, an a

w hic h i n di ca te s a n ea rly u n ifo m fo r rce on a s ma ll s u sp e n de d l

co i .

Th e a rr an
g e me n t o f th e c o ils i n th i s ca se is th a t o f th e tw o ou te r
co i s l in th e g a lva n o me te r wi th thr e e co i s, l de s c ri b e d at Ar t 7 15 . .

Se e Fi g 5 1 . .
 E L E C TR O M A GN E TI C I NS TRU ME N TS .
[7 2 9 .

I f we wi
u s p e d a c o il b e twe e n two c il pl c e d
sh to s n o s a

s o e r i t th t th
n a d is t ce b e tw e e n th e mu t a lly c ti g w ir e i
a e an u a n s s

s m ll c o mp re d w i th th e r d i
a a f th e o il th e mo t
a us O ifo m f r c e
c s, s u n r o

i s b t i e d by ma k in g th e ra d i u s O f e ith e r O f th e o te r c o il s e x ce e d
O a n u

tha t Of th e middle one by Of th e dis ta n ce b e twe e n th e pl

an es
« f
o f th e mi ddl e an d o u te r co ils .
 C H A P TE R X VI .

E L E C TROMA GN E TI C OB S E RVA TI O NS .

S O ma n y of th e me a s ure me n ts of e le c t ri c l q a titie
a u n s

d e pe n d on O b e rv
s a tio n s o f th e mo tio n o f a vi br a tin
g b o d y th t w e a

s h a l l de vo te so me a tte n ti o n to th e nat ur e o f thi s mo ti o n , and th e

be me th o ds o f o b s e rvin g i t
st .

Th e s ma ll o s c ill a ti o n s O f a b o dy a b o ut a p o si tio n O f s ta ble e qui

libr ium a r e in ge n e ra l s imil a r to th o s e Of a po in t a cte d o n by
, ,

a fo rc e v a ry i n g d ir e c tl y a s th e dis ta n ce fr o m a fix e d p o i n t In .

th e ca se O f th e v i bra ti n g b o di e s i n o u r e xp e ri me n ts th e r e is a l s o
a r e s is ta n c e to th e mo ti o n , d e p e n d i n g o n a va r ie ty o f c a u s e s s uc h ,

as vi c o ity o f th e i
th e s s d th a t o f th e p e io fibre I
a r ,
an su s n s n . n

ma y e l e c tr ica l i trum e t th e r e i s
n ns o th e r ca e o f re s i ta n c e
n s an us s ,

n a me ly th e r e fl e x a c ti o
, o f c rr e ts i d ce d i c o d c ti n g c i r c u i ts
n u n n u n n u

pla c e d e r vibr ti g m g e t The e c urr e t e in d c ed by th e

n a a n a n s . s n s ar u

mo tio o f th e ma g e t
n d th e i r a c ti o n th e m gn e t is by th e
,
an on n a ,

l a w f Le m i v ri bly O pp o se d to i t mo ti o
o ,
n a a Thi i i ma y s n . s s n n

c a s e s th e pri c i p a l p rt o f th e r e is ta c e
n a s n .

A me ta ll ic c i r c i t c lle d a D mp e r i u me time pl c e d e r
,
a a ,
s so s a n a

a m g e t fo th e e xpr e s pu p o e o f da mp i g o d e a de i g i t
a n r s r s n r n n s

vibr tio s W e h ll th r e f r e p e a k o f thi k i d Of re i ta n ce

a n . s a e o s s n s s

a D mp i g
s a n .

I n th e ca s e o f l o w v ibr ti ch a s ca
s b e e a ily Ob s e rve d a o n s, su n s ,

th e w h o l e r e is t ce fro m w h a te v e r c us e i t m y a ri s e
s an ,
ppe a rs a s a ,
a

to b e pr o p o r ti o a l to th e v e l o c i ty n I t i s o ly w h e n th e v e l o c i ty . n

i m c h g r e te r th a i th e o rdi n ry vi bra tio s O f e l e c tr o m gn e tic

s u a n n a n a

i tru me t th t w h v e e vid e c e o f a r e i ta n c e pr o p o rti o n l to

ns n s a e a n s s a

th e q sr O f th e ve lo c ity
ua e .

W e h ve th e re f r e to i ve ti g te th e mo ti o n o f a b o dy bj e t
a o n s a su c

to an ttr ti
a v ryi g as th e di ta c e d to a r e sis ta ce v ryi g
ac on a n s n ,
an n a n

a s th e v e l c i ty o .
 E L E C TR OM A GN E TI C OB S E RVA TI ONS .
7 3 I

7 Th e fo ll o w i n g
pplica tio by Pr o fe s o r Ta it o f th e
a n ,
s .

pri nc ipl e of th e H o do gr ph e bl e s to i ve tiga te th is ki d

a , na s u n s n

O f mo ti o n i n a v e ry i mpl e ma e r by me
s s o f th e e qui n ul r nn
g an a a

s p ir la .

L e t it b e r e qui r e d to fi d th e a c ce le r tio n f a a r ticle wh ich

p
n a O
.

d e c ri b e a l g a r i th mic o e qui a gul a r p i a l w i th u n fo r m a gul a r

s s o r n s r i n

ve l o c ity a b o u t th e p o l e
(0 .

Th e pr o p e r ty o f th i s p i r l i s th a t th e ta g e n t P T ma k e s wi th
s a ,
n

th e r a d i s v e c to r P S a co ta t a g l e
u ns n n a .

I f v is th e v e l o c ity t th e p o i t P th e a n ,
n

v . s in a

H e n ce i f w e d ra w SP p ra ll e l qu l to SP th e ve l o c ity
’
, a to PT an d e a ,

at P will b e give b o th n in ma g n itu d e an d di r e cti o n by

(0

F ig 5 8
. .

H e n ce P
’
will be a po i n t in th e h o d o a h B u t SP i s SP tu n e d gr p . r ’

thr o gh a c o n s t
u an t an gle w — a , s o th a t th e h o d o
g a h de s c i e d r p rb
by P i th e me’
s sa as th e ori gi a l sp i ra l t
n u r e d a b o ut i ts p o l e th r gh
n ou

l e —
an an
g 7r a .

Th e lr
a c c e e a ti o n o f P is r e pre se n te d i n ma g n i tu de and dir e ctio n

by th e v e lo city Of P multipli e d
’
by th e sa me fa c to r ,
si n a

H e n c e , if w e p e rfo rm “

on SP th e
'
sa me o p e ra tio n Of tur n i n
g i t

Pr oc R
. . S . E d in , D e c. 16 , 18 6 7 .
 D A M PE D v I B R A TI O NS
'

73 .

th r o g h a a glu n n e 7r — a in to th e p iti os on SP
”
,
th e a cce e l ra tio n of P
w ill b e q l i m e ua n a
g i tu de
n an d d ir e c ti o n to
2
”
SP ,
S in a

wh e r e SP i s e q u a l to SP tur n e d th r o u g h a n a n gl e 2 77 — 2 a
"
.

d ra w PE e qu a l a n d p a ra ll e l to SP , th e a c c e l e r a ti o n w ill
”
I f we be
2
(0
P F, w h ic h we ma y re o lves in to
2
(9
PS an d

Th e firs t of th e s e co mp o n e n ts is a ce n t a r l fo r c e to w a r ds S pr o
po r ti o n a l to th e dis ta n c e .

Th e se c o n d is in a d ir e c ti o n o pp o s ite to th e v e l o city , an d s in c e
i
s n a co s a
PK = 2
'
co s a PS -
2 n,

thi s fo r ce ma y b e wr itte n

0) c o s a
2 U
m
.

s a

Th e l r ti o n O f th e p rti l e i th e r e fo re o mp o u de d o f two
a cc e e a a c s c n

p a rt th e fir t o f wh i h is a ttra c tive fo rc p dir e cte d to wa rds S

s, s c an e r, ,

a d pr o p o r ti o
n l to th e di ta ce a d th e se o d i —2 kv re s i t
na s n ,
n c n s ,
a s

an c e to th e mo tio pro p o r tio l to th e v e l c ity wh e r e

n na o ,

2
(n co s a
an d it [ (o
si n a s ma .

I f in th e s e e xpre ss o n s i we ma k e a th e o rb it b e c o me s a rl
ci c e ,

and we ha ve po t (5
0
2
,
an d If 0 .

H e n c e , if th e la w o f a ttr a c ti o n r e ma i n s th e sa me , 710 , an d
w co si n a
o ,

or th e
g an ul a r v l o c ity i
w i th et h e a me la w O f n d i ffe re n t s pir a ls s

a ttr a ti o i c n th s pr o p o rti a l to
i e f th g l o f t h p i
onr al e s n o e an e e s .

732 ] I f w ow c ide r th e m o tio e o f a p o i t w h ic h i

n th
on s n n s e

pr j e c ti
o f th e m v i g p o i t P o
on o th e h o r i o t a l l i e X Y w e
o n n n z n n ,

sh ll fi d th t i t d i ta
a n e fr o m S a d i t v e l o ity a
a s th e h ri o t l
s nc n s c re o z n a

c o mp o t O f th o
n en f P s H e c e th e c e l e ra tio sef thi p i t i
o . n a c n O s o n s

l o
a s ttr cti
an t w r d s S e q l to p time i ts d i ta c e fro m S
a a on o a ,
ua . s s n ,

t g e th e r w ith
o r e t rd ti o e qua l t t tim s i ts ve l o city
a a a n o , e .

W h a v e th r f r e
e o mp l e te c tru c ti o
e fo th r c tili a r
e o a c ons n r e e ne

m ti o of on po i t bj c t to a a ttr tio pro p o r ti a l to th e

a n ,
su e n ac n on

d i ta ce fr o m
s n fi d po i t d t a r e i ta ce p p t i o l t
a x e n ,
an o s s n ro OI na o

th e v e l o ity Th e mo tio o f s uc h a p o in t i
c . i mply th e h o ri o ta l n s s z n

VO L . 11 . z
 E L E C TR OM A GN E TI C OB S E RV A TI O NS .
[733 .

p rt
a o f th e mo ti on Of r p o i t wh i c h
a n o th e n mo ve s with un ifo r m
an g l r v e lo c ity i a
u a n lo ga rith mi c p i r l s a .

7 Th e e qu tio a n f th e S p i r a l i
O s

—
.
7 03 41c o t a .

TO d e te rmin e th e h o r iz o n ta l mo ti o n , w e pu t

¢ = co t, w a + r s in
¢,
wh e r e a i s th e v alu e q ili bri um
O f a: fo r th e po i n t Of e u .

I f w e dr a w B SD m k i g g l e w i th th e v
a r ti c l thne n t h ean an a e a ,

ta g e ts E X D Y GZ 85 0 w i ll b e v e rti c l a d X Y Z 85 0 wi l l
n n , , ,
. a ,
n , , , .

b e th e e x tr e mi ti e s o f s c c e iv e o c ill ti o u ss s a ns .

7 3 4 ] Th e Ob e rv ti o s wh i c h a e ma de o v ibra ti g b o di e s a e
a s a n r n n r

T h e s ca l e r e a di n g a t th e s ta ti o a ry p o i ts T h e c a ll e d
( )
1 -
e se n n . ar

E lo ga tio s n n .

Th e ti me o f p a i g a d e fi i te di v i s io O f th e s ca l e i h
( )
2 ss n t e n n n

p o itive o e g tiv e dir e cti o

s r n a n .

c l e r e di g a t c e rt i d e fi i te ti me s O b s e rva ti o s O f
( )
3 T h e s a -
a n a n n . n

th i k i d s e n o t O fte n ma d e e x c e p t i n th e c a s e O f v ibr a ti o n s
n ar

o f l o g p e r io d
n

Th e qu a titie s wh ic h w e h a v e t d e te r mi e a e
n o n r

T h s c l e r e di g a t th e p o s i ti o O f e q il i bri u m
( )
1 e a -
a n n u .

T h e l o g r ith mi c d e c r e me t o f th e vi br a ti o s
( )
2 a n n .

T h i m e o f v ibr tio n
( )
3 e t a .

To de te r min e tZ
i e R e a din g a t Me P o s iti o n f
o E q u i ti br i n rn f ro m
Ti me C o n s e cu tiv e E Zo nga ti o n s .

735 Let $
1,
$
2 , $
3
b e th e b s e rv e d s c a l e r e a din gs co rre s p o di g
O -
,
n n

to th e l ga tio s X Y Z
e on n , , ,
a d le t
n b e th e l e din g a t th e p o s i tio n
a a

o f e qu ili br iu m S a d l e t r , ,
n
1
b e th e v a lu e o f SB ,

r
.
—a r 1 sin a ,
l

co t
$ 2 a r S In a e
1

(1
7 —a r s n i
3 1

Fr o m th e s e va lue s w e fin d

( TI —a )(m — a
s ) ( a
n
— W .

wh e n ce a

Wh e 3, do e s n o t
n 3 di ffe r mu c h fro m $
1
we ma y u se as an a
p
pr o xima te fo r mula
a a
Se e G a u s s, R es u l ta te d es M a gne tis che n Ver ei n s , 18 3 6 I I . .
 L O G A R I TH M I C D E C R E M E N T .

To de te r min e tne L oga r i t/i rn ic D e cr e me n t .

7 l o g r ith m O f th e r
Th e a a ti o o f th e a mpli tu de of a vibr tio a n

to th a t O f th e e x t f ll o wi i
n ca ll e d th e L o ga rithmic D e c r e me n t
g o n s .

I f we wri te p fo th i s r ti o r a

p L l o g 10 p , A lo g p E
, .

L is ca ll e d th e mmo n
co l o ga rith mic d e c r e me n t, and A the Na p ie r ia n
l o ga rithmi c de c r e me n t . I t i s ma n ife s t th a t
A L l o ge l o 7T C Oli a .

H e n ce a z : co t
"
1 A
7?

whi ch de te r mi n e s th e an gle of th e l o
g a r i th mi c p ir l
s a .

I n mak in g p e cia l de te rmi a tio o f A

a s n n w e a ll o w th e b o d y to
pe rfo rm a c ide ra bl e umb e r Of vi bra tio n s
ons n . If 0
1
i s th e a mpli tu de

o f th e firs t a n d th a t o f th e
,
th vibra ti n
on n o ,

l
fl
n —l
lo g .E
( )
I f we upp o s e th e a c c ura cy Of Ob s e rv ti o to b e th e S a me fo r
s a n

s ma ll vi bra ti o s a s fo la rge o n e s th e to Ob ta i th e b e s t va lue

n r ,
n ,
n

o f A we ,
h o ul d a ll o w th e vi bra tio s to ub i d till th e ra ti o O f
s to n s s e 0
1

en
be c o me s mo st n e ar ly e qu l to th e b a e O f th e N p ie ri a n a e, s a

l o ga ri thms . This g ive s 91

. th e n ea r e st wh o le n umb e r to
2
7
1
.

S in c e , h o w e ve r ,
i n mo st ca se s M e is va lu bl e it
a ,
is be s t to ta k e
th e se c o n d se t o f o b se rv a ti o n s b e fo re th e dimi uti o n n o f a mpl itu d e

has pr o c e e de d s o fa r .

73 7 rta i ca s e s w e ma y h a ve to de te r mi e th e p o iti o
I n ce n n s n

o f e q ili br iu m fr o m tw o c o
u e c u ti v e e l o g a ti th e l o ga ri th mic
ns n o n s,

de c r e me n t b e i g k o w fr o m a s p e c i l e xp e r ime t
n n nWe h a ve th n a n . e

7 H a vin g d e te rmi n e d th e sc a l e - g re a di n o f th e po i n t Of e qui

librium ,
pi u o us m rk i s pl
a c o ns c p o t o f th e
a a ce d a t th a t in s c le a ,

o r a s n e a r it a s po si b l e a d th e tim e s O f th e p a s sa g e o f thi s
,
n s ma rk
a e
r o te d fo
n s e ve r a l s u cc e s i v e v ibr ti o n s
r s a .

L t s s upp o e th a t th e ma rk is t
e u s un kn o wn b t ve ry ma ll a an u s

dista ce x o n th e p o si tiv e si de o f th e p o in t o f e qu il i br ium a d th a t

n ,
n

z 2
 E L E C TR OM AGN E TI C OB S E RVA TI O NS .
[ 7 39 .

51
1 is th e o b e rve d ti me
s Of th e fir st t r an s i t O f th e ma rk i n th e p o s itive
d ir e c tio n , an d t2 , t3 , St e . th e ti me s Of th e fo l o l wi g tra n n s its .

I f T b e th e time of vibra ti d P on , an
1, P 2 , P 3 , &c . th e time s o f
t ra n s it Of th e tr ue po i n t o f e qu il i br iu m ,

t1 = P1+ '

t2 = '

”1 77
2

wh e r e 0
1,
o
z ,v e v l ci ti e Of tra it wh i ch we
85 0 . are th e s u cce s s i e o s ns ,

m y s pp o s e u ifo r m fo th e v ry s ma l l d i t c e x
a u n r e s an .

I f p i s th e r a tio o f th e a mpli tude O f a v i br a tio to th e n e x t i n n

s u cc e s s i o n 1,
a: m
1
) an d p
P 77 771
2

I f th re e tra n sits are O b s e rv e d a t ti me s 53 , w e fin d

t2 , 1

w t1 2 t2 t,,
”I (P U
2

Th e p e r io d o f v ibra tio n i s th e re fo r e

— 5 ) 4, p
T ( 5,
1
1 (1
t
p 1

The ti me o f th e se c o n d p a s sa ge o f th e tr u e poi n t of e quil ibr ium i s

_
(l 3)
t 2 t2 + 5

Th r e e tra n s i ts are suf c en fi i t to d e te mi n e th e s e th r re e q u an titi e s ,

b ut an
y g r e a te r umb e r
n ma y b e co mb in e d by th e me th o d Of le a s t
s qu re s a . Th u s , fo r fiv e tra n s i ts ,
— 1
— —z —
a <z a+ n e a s (e
Th e ti me o f th e th i rd tra n s i t i s ,

P3 : — 2 t2 + 2 t3 — 2 t4 + t5 )

Th e sa me me th o d ma y b e e xte n de d to a se r ie s o f any

n u mb e r o f vibr tio s I f the vi bra tio s a e s ra p id th t th e time

a n . n r o a

O f e v e ry tr it c a ot be e c o r de d
an s w m y r e c o r d th e time f
nn r ,
e a o

e v e ry th i r d e v e ry fi fth tr i t t ki g c r e th t th e d ir e c ti o
or ans ,
a n a a ns

o f s cc e s i ve
u tr i ts s e o pp o ite I f th e vi br ti n
an s co ti
ar e s . a o s n nu

r e gul a r f a l o g ti me or we eed o t O b e rv e d r i g th e w h o l e
n ,
n n s u n

time W e m y b e gi by Ob rvi g a s uffi c i e t umb r f tr its

. a n se n n n e O an s

t de te r mi e ppr o x im te ly th e p e ri o d o f v ibr tio

o n a T ad th e ti me a n , ,
an

o f th e mi ddl e tr it P o ti g w h e th e r th i
an s tr n i t i s i
,
th e ,
n n s a s n

p o itiv o th e e g tive d ire tio

s e r W e ma y th n ith e r g o
n a c n . e e o n

co u ti g th e v ibr tio
n n with o ut e co r di g th e tim o f tr it
a ns r n es an s ,

o r we m y l e a v e th e a pp a ra tu s u n w a tc h e d
a We th e Ob s e r v a . n e
74 I .
] PE R I OD I C TI M E OF VI B R ATI ON .

se co n d se r ie s Of t ra n s i ts , an d d e du c e th e ti me Of vibrati o n T
’
an d
th e ti me f mi ddl e tr a n s i t P ti n g th e di re c tio Of th i s t ra it
’
o ,
no n n s .

If T an d T
’

,
th e p e ri o d s vi br tio
o f de d c e d fro m th e tw o
a n as u

s e ts O b e rva ti
f o s a e o n s, r n e a rly e q l w e m y pr c e d t a mo r e
u a ,
a o e o

a cc ur te d e t r mi
a ti o of
e na n th e p e ri o d by c o mb i in g th e tw o e ri e s n s

O f O b e rv ti o s
s a n .

D i vi di g P — P by T th e q o ti e t o gh t to b e v e ry n e rly
’
n ,
u n u a

i te g e r e ve th e tr its P a d P
’
an n o O dd a c c
,
di g
n r e or n as an s n ar

i n th e a me o i o pp o ite di r e c ti
s r n I f thi i o t th e c s
s th e on s . s s n a e,

s e rie so f O b e rv ti o i s w o rt h l e
s a b t if th e e l t i s v e ry e rly
ns ss, u r su n a

a wh o l e mb e r w e di vi d e P — P by d th u s fi d th e me a
’
n u n, n, an n n

va lu e o f T f th e wh o l e time O f wi g i g
or s n n .

7 4 C ] Th e ti me O f v ibr ti T th us f u d i s th e c tu l me a
a on o n a a n

time O f v ibra tio d i ubj e c t to rre c tio if we wi h t de d c e

n ,
an s s co ns s o u

f m i t th e time o f vibra tio i i fi i te ly ma l l a r c s

ro d w i th o ut
n n n n s an

d a mp i g n .

TO r e d ce th e O b e rve d ti me to th e time i i fi i te ly s m ll a r c s
u s n n n a ,

w e Ob e rv e th t th e ti me O f a v i br a ti
s a Of mpl i tu de i i g e n e ra l on a a s n

O f th e f r m T T (1 2
)
o
1 x 0 ,

wh e r e K i c o e ffi c ie n t which i th e e o f th e o rdi ry p e dulu m

s a , ,
n ca s na n ,

i s 3 11 N o w th e
. mpl it d e s Of th e u cc e i ve V ibr ti o
a u e s ss a ns ar c,
—
C
p
l
,p e
“
2
so
,
th t th e w h o l e ti m e O f v ibr ti o a i s n a ns

2 2 2
p c on
”T T1
(
l
n + K s

§
-

p
: l

wh e r e T i s th e ti me d e d uc e d fro m th e Ob s e rva ti n s o .

H e n ce , to fin d th e ti me T i n i fi i te l y m ll
I
rc n n s a a s, we ha ve
a ppr o xim a te ly ,

2
72 p 1

TO fin d th e time TO wh e n th e re is n o d a mp in g, w e h a v e

To : Tl s ma

Th e equ a tio n of th e r e c til i e a r m tio n o n Of a b o d y a ttra c te d

,

to a fixe d p o i n t d re
an i
s s te d by a fo rc e v ryi g a n as th e ve l o c i ty i ,
s

d z
x dx
+ 2E
2 —
(ZZ Z
Z
ZZ
+ CO
( or o
) O, ( I )
whe re x is th e c o r di a te o f th e b o dy o n at th e ti me t, an d a i s th e
c o o r din a te o f th e i t f q ui li br i u m
po O e n .
 E L E C TR O MA GN E TI C . OB S E RVA TI ONS .

To so lve : th i s e qu a tio n ,
le t
w— o
2

Z
(
th e n ?
ZZ
+ (w
2 —Z
c
2
)y O;

th e so lutio n Of w h ic h is
i.
y w h
O co s e n t i s l e s s th a n i ; —12
)( )
7 t+ a ,4 , n

3 A + B t
/ w h e I i s e qu l to w ; , ( )
n5 f a

a d
n
3/ O c o s Z v t — w
(
’
w h e n It i s gr e a te r th a n
i ,
( )
2
6 2
(0 .

Th e v a lu e O f mm y b e O b ta i e d fr o m th t f y by e q tio a n a o ua n

Wh e n A i s l e s s th a n
: th e mo ti co i s ts o f a i fi i te s e r i e s o f
co , on n s n n n

o s c i ll a tio s O f c o n t n t p e r i o d i c ti me b u t O f c
n ,
s a tin a ll y d e c r e si g ,
on u a n

a mpl itu de As 1 r i c re a e s. th e p e r io di c tim e b e c o me s l o g e r a d

n s ,
n ,
n

th e d i mi u tio f mpl itude b e c o me s mo r e r p i d

n n O a a .

Wh e I ( h lf th e c o e ffi c ie t o f r i st c ) b e c o me s e q l to o r
n [ f a n es an e ua

g r e t
a e r th ( th e s qu a e r o o t o f th e a c c e l e ra ti o n
an (0 , t i t d i t a ce r a un s n

fr o m th e p o i t o f e qui li br i u m ) th e mo ti o
n c e a e s to b e o s c ill to ry ,
n s a ,

an d d ri g th e wh o l e mo ti o
u n th e b o d y c a n o ly o c e p s s th r o gh n n n a u

th e p o i t f e qui l ibri u m a fte r wh i ch i t r e a c h e s

n o p o i ti o Of gre a te t
,
a s n s

e l o g ti
n a d th n r e t r s to w rd th e p o i t o f e q i l ibri m co
on ,
an e u n a s n u u ,
n

tin ual ly ppr o a c h i g b t e v e r r e c hi g i t

a n ,
u n a n .

G lva o me te r i w h i ch th e r e is ta c e is SO gr e a t th t th e mo ti o
a n s n s n a n

i s O f th i ki d e ca l l e d d e d 6e t lv m t r Th ey u f l “

s n
g ar o e e s e se a a a an . ar u

i n m y e xp e r ime ts b t e p e c i l ly i te l e g ra p h i c s ig l l i g i n
an n ,
u s a n na n ,

w h ic h th e e xi te e o f fr e e v ibr a tio s w o l d q i te
s nc di g i e th n u u s u s e

mo v me ts wh i h
e n e me t to b e O b e rv e d c ar an s .

W ha te v e r b e th e v l e f n n d w th e va l e O f a th e s c l e a u s o a ,,
u ,
a

r e di g
a t th e p o i t o f e q i l ibr i m ma y b e d e d u c e d fr o m fi e c l e
n a n u u , v s a

r e a din g p q s t t k e a t e q l i te rv l s o f ti me by th e fo rmul a
s, , ,
r, , , a n ua n a ,

—
q <
rs pa
mo(
o
— + t) — 2r + 8 2
(fa 2 4 8 -

(e )
On ti e Ots e r vo ti o n f
o tne Ga lv a n o me te r .

742 ] To me a s u r e a c o n s ta n rre t cu n t with th e ta n ge

ga lva o n t n

me te r th e i n s tr u me n t i s a
, s an e dju te d wi th th e p l O f i ts c o il s p r l l l a a e

to th e ma g n e tic me ri dia n , a n d th e z a di n e ro re g i t ke s Th e a n .

c u rr e n t i s th e n ma de to p a s s th r o u h th e c o i l s an d th e d e fle x i o n
g ,

O f th e ma g n e t c o rr e sp o n d in t i t s n e w p o s i ti o n Of e quil ibri m is
g o u .

O b e rve d
s . L e t th is b e d e n o te d by < p.

Th e n , if H i s th e h o r iz o n ta l m a g n e ti c fo r ce , G th e c o e fli c ie n t O f

th e g a lva n o me te r ,
an d y th e r
st e n
g th o f th e c urr e n t,
 D E FL E X I O N OE TH E GA LVA N OME TE R .

I f th e c o e fli ci e n t o f to r si o n o p e si o fibr e
f th e su s n n is T M H (s e e
Ar t . we mu s t u se th e co r e c te d fo r mula
r

g fi an c
pl - -
r c
p se c gb ) .

B est Va Zu e f
( tne D efle azio n .

In so me ga lva n o me te r s th e
wi di gs o f th e n u mb e r Of n n

c o i l th r o g h wh i c h th e c urr e t fl o w s c
u b e a l te r e d t pl e re n an a a su .

I n o th e r kn o wn fr cti o o f th e rr e t c b e di ve rte d fr o m th e
s a a n cu n an

g alv m e t
an o r by a c o d ec to r c ll e d a S h u t I n
e i th e r
u ca th e a n . n se

v l e O f G th e e ffe t o f u it c rr e t o th e ma g e t is m de
a u ,
c a n -
u n n n ,
a

to v a r y .

L e t s de te r mi u th e va l e O f G f newh ich g i ve e rr o r i th e u ,
or a n n

O b e rva ti o
s o f th e d e fl e i o
n c o rr e p d s to th e m ll e st e rr o r o f th e
x n s on s a

d e d ce d v a l e o f th e s tr e gth o f th e c r e t
u u n u r n .

D i ffe r e tia tin g qu ti o

n we fi d e a n n

dy H
d cp G
d d) 1
E h mma t mg G,
d },

Thi s is a ma xi mum fo r
gi ve va l e o f y wh e n th e d e fle io n a n u x is
Th e v lu e f G s h ul d th re fo r e b e
a dj te d til l G y i
o o e a us s as

n e rly e q
a l to H i s p o i bl e ; so th t fo r Stro g c rr e t it
ua as ss a n u n s is
b e tte r o t to e to o s e iti ve ga lva o me te r
n us ns a n .

On t/i e B est M e t/30 d g "

a pp l i
y gn t/Ee C u r r e n t .

7 44 ] Wh en th e O b e rv r i s bl e by me
s e a ,
an s o f a k e y , to ma k e or

bre a k the c e xi onn ons O f th e c i r c it

t t i t i s a d vi a bl e to t y i u a an n s an ,
s

O p e r te wi th th e k e y i
a ch way to m k e th e m gn e t rri v e n su a as a a a

a t its po iti o f e q ili bri um w i th th e l e

s on t p ibl e v e l c i ty
u Th e as o ss o .

fo ll wi n g me th o d w
o d vi d by G f this p rp o e
as e se a u ss or u s .

S ppo e th t th e m g e t i i i t p o iti
u s a o f e q i l ibri um a n d th a t
a n s n s s on u ,

th e e i n r c re t Th e b e rve r o w m k e
s o ur n .ta c t fo h o rt O s n a s co n r a s

ti me o th t th e m g
,
s t i a et i mo tio to w r d it a w p o i ti o
ne s s n n a s s n e s n

O f q il ibri m
e u H th bre k co t ct Th e f rce i o w to w r d
u . e en a s n a . o s n a s

th o ri gi
e l p o iti o f q i libri m d th m tio i r e t r de d I f
n a s n o e u u , an e o n s a .

th i i s m s
g e d th t th
so m an a
gn t c o me to r e t e x a t ly
a t t h e a e s s c a e

n e w p o i ti O f e q il ibri m
s on d if th e Ob se rv e r g in m k e s c o
u u ,
an a a a n

t c t t th t in t t
a a d m in ta i s th e c o n ta c t th e m g e t wil l
a s an an a n ,
a n

r e ma in a t r e t in its e w p o i ti o s n s n .
 E L E C TR OMA GN E TI C OB S E RVA TI ONS .
[ 74 5 .

I f we g l e c t th e e ffe t o f th e r e s i s t n ce s a n d
ne l S O th e in e qu a l i ty
c a a
'

O f th e to t l fo r c e c ti g i
a th e n e w a d th e Ol d p o iti n s th e
a n n n s o ,
n ,

i c e w e w i h th e n e w fo r c e to g n e r te a m c h k i e tic e e rgy
s n s e a s u n n

d r i g th e ti me O f i t fir s t a c ti
u n s th e o r i g i l f rce d e tr o ys
s on a na o s

wh ile th e c irc uit i s bro k e n w e m t pr o l o g th e fi s t ac tio o f th e ,

us n r
'

c urr t ti ll th e m g e t h a s mo v e d o v r h l f th d is t c e fr o m th e
en a n e a e an

fir t p o s i tio to th e e co d Th e i f th e o rig in l f r c e cts wh i l

s n s n . n a o a e

th e ma g e t mo ve o v e r th e o th e r h l f O f i ts c o ur s e i t w ill e x c tly
n s a ,
a

s to p it N o w th e time r e qui r e d to p s s fr o m a p o i t o f gr e a te t
. a n s

e lo a ti o n to p i t h l f w to th e p o s i tio o f e qu i l ibr i m i s n
g n o a
y a n a u

o e s i x th O f a c o mpl e te p e r i o d o
n -
o e th i r d O f i gl e v ibr a ti n ,
r n -
a s n o .

T h e o p e ra to r th e r e fo r e h v i g pr e v io u ly sc e r t i e d th e time
, ,
a n s a a n

o f i g l e v ibr tio
a s n m k e c t c t fo a e th i r d o f th a t ti me
n ,
a s on a r on -
,

bre k c t c t f
a s on o th e r th i r d
a f th e me time n d th e m k e s
or an O sa ,
a n a

c ont ct g i a d ri g th e c o ti
a a n ce f th e e xp e r i me t
u n Th e n n u an o n .

m g e t i th e e ith e r t r e t o its Vibr a ti o s a e s s ma ll th t

a n s n a s ,
r n r o a

O b e rv tio m y b e t k e a t o c e with o u t w iti g fo th e mo tio n

s a ns a a n n ,
a n r

to die w y aFo th i s p rp o s
a . me tr o n o me m y b e a dj s te d s o a s
r u e a a u

to b e t th r e e ti me f
a e ch i g l e Vi br a ti o O f th e m g e t
s or a s n n a n .

Th e rul e i o me wh t m r e c o m pl i c te d w h e n th e r e i t
s s ce is o f
a o a s s an

s u ffi i e t m g i t d e to b e t k e
c n a i to a c o
n ut b t i th i s ca e th e a n n c un ,
u n s

vibr tio d i wa y s f t th t it i u e c e s ry to a ppl y y

a ns e a o as a s nn sa an

c o rr e c ti s to th e r l e
on u .

Wh e th e ma g e t i s to b e r e sto r e d to its o r igi l p o i tio n th e

n n na s ,

c ir i t is br o k e fo o e thi r d o f
cu vibr tin m de g a i fo a n
r n -
a a on ,
a a n r

e qu l ti me a d fi lly br o k e,
an Th i l e a v e s th e ma g e t t r e t i n
na n . s n a s

i t f r me r p o i ti o
s o s n .

I f th e r e ve r e d r e di g i to b e t k e n i mme d ia te ly a fte r th e d ir e ct
s a n s a

o e n th e c i r c it i br o k
, f th e ti me O f a s i g l e Vibr a tio n
u s end or n an

th e re v e r e d Th is br i g s the m g e t to r e s t i th e r e ve rs e d
n s . n a n n

p o iti o n
s .

M e a s u r e me n t 5g Me Fi r s t Swi n g .

Whe n re
k e mo r e tha n o e O b s e rv tio n
th e is no ti me to ma n a ,

th e c rr t m y b e m e ur e d by th e e x tr e me
u en l o n ga tio Ob s e rv e d
a as e n

i th e fir t s wi g o f th e m g e t
n s I f th e r e i n r e i st c e the
n a n . s o s an ,

p e rm e t de fle io (p i h l f th e e xtre me e l o g ti o n I f th e
an n x n s a n a . e r

s i ta c
s i uch th t th e r ti o f o e vibr ti to the e xt i s p d
n e s s a a O n a on n ,
an

if 9 i th e e r o r e di g
0
s d 6 th e e x tr e me e l o ga ti o n i th e fir t
z a n , an
1
n n s

S wi g th e de fle io
n , c o rr e p o d i
g t o th e p o i t o f e qu i l ibri u m i s
x n , s n n n

90 P91
1+ p
74 SE R I E S OE OB S E RV A TI O NS .

I n thi s w a y th e d e fl e x i o n ma y b e c a l c u la te d wi th o u t w a itin g fo r
th e ma g n e t to c o me to r e s t i n i ts p o s itio n o f e qui libri u m .

To ma ke a Se r ie s of Obse r v a ti o ns .

b e st w a y o f ma ki g c ide r bl e n umb e r o f me
Th e n a ons a a

s ure Of a c ta t c urre t i s by O b e rvi g th re e l o g ti o wh il e

s ons n n s n e n a ns

th e rre t i in th e p o iti ve dir e cti o th e bre k i g c o t ct f r

cu n s s n ,
n a n n a o

a b o t th e ti me o f a i gl e v ibr ti n o
u t le t th e m g t s wi g
s n a o , s as o a ne n

i to th e p o i ti o f e ga ti v e de fl i o th e r e ve r in g th c ur t '

n s n o n ex n ,
n s e r en

a d n b rvin g th re e cc e i ve e lo ga ti o s o n th e ga ti ve i de
o se su ss n n n e s ,

th enbr e a ki g c o t ct fo th e time Of n in gl e vi br a ti o
n a a d e r a s n n r

ti th e O b e rv ti o th e p i ti v e i d d o o a t i ll
o ns
a ffi n n
p e a
g n o s e a n s s ,
s su

c i e t n mb e r o f O b e rv ti o
n u h ve b e o b ta i e d I th i w y th e
s a ns a e n n . n s a

e rr r wh ich ma y ri e fro m h a ge i th e di r e cti o f th e e a rth s ’

o s a s a c n n n o

m g e ti c f r c e d ri g th e tim e O f O b e rv tio a e e l imin a te d

a n o u n Th e s a n r .

O pe r to r by ca r e f ll y timi g th e m k i g
a , d br e ki g O f c o ta c t
u n a n an a n n ,

ca n e ily r e g l te th e e x te t O f th e v ibr ti o s o a s to m k e th e m
as u a n a n , s a

su ffic i tly m ll wi th o u t b e i g i di ti t Th e m tio o f th e

en s a n n s n c . o n

ma g e t i g r ph i lly r e pre e te d i Fig 5 9 wh e r e th e b s ci sa

n s a ca s n n .
, a s

r e pr e ts th e time d th e o r di te th e d e fl i O f th e m g e t
sen ,
an n a ex on a n .

If 0 0 b e th e o b e rv e d e l o ga ti s th e d fl e io
1 6
i g ive by th e
s n on ,
e x n s n

eq ti o
ua n
84 )

M e tfio d of M u ttip Zica tio n .

rta i ca e s i n wh ich th e de fl i o o f th e g lva n o me te r

I n ce n s ,
ex n a

m g ne t i v ry m l l it m y b e dvi sa bl to i cr e a se th e vi ibl e
a s e s a ,
a a e n s

eff ct by r v r i g th e c urr e t t pr o p e r i te rv l
e e e s n O to et n a n a s, S as s

up wi gi g m tio o f th e m g e t Fo thi p rp o e f t r
a .
s n n o n a n . r s u s , a e

a ce rta i i g th e ti me
s T of
n n i gl e vibr ti o f th e m g e t th e , ,
a s n a n O a n ,

c rru t i e t i
en th e p o i ti v e d ire c ti o
s s n fo ti me T th
n i th e s n r a , en n

r ve r d d ir c tio f
e se eq l time d e o Wh e th e m ti
n o r an ua ,
an so n . n o on

O f th e ma g e t h a b e c me vi ibl we ma y m k e th r e v e r l O f th e
n s o s e, a e sa

cu r t t th e O b e rve d ti me s Of g re t t e l o ga ti o n
r en a s a es n .

L t th e m g e t b e
e t th e p i ti v e e lo g tio n 6
a n a d l e t th e a os n a
0 , n

c urr t b ent th r o u g h th e c o il i
e th e
se n e g a tiv e d i r e c ti o Th e n n n .
 E L E C TR OM A GN E TI C OB S E R VA TI ONS .
[ 74 8 .

po i n t oquili b ri m i th n
f e u s e and th e ma gn e t w ill s wi n g to a

ne
g a ti ve e lo g ti o n 0 s u c h th a t
n a ,

“ ‘

P 61) ( 0 l
9 ‘ ‘

or — pel
5
.

S i mil a rly , if th e c ur re n t is n o w ma de p o sitive w l e hi th e ma gn e t

s wi n
g s to 92 , p 92 1)

2
9
P 2 () i ;

an d if th e c urre n t is re ve rs e d n time s in s u cce s s io n ,

we fin d
1
— 1 9n =
) )( b
at n -
n
p I a

wh e n c e we ma y fin d (I) in th e fo r m
_n p
— l 1
60 )
p
p + 1 1 _ p
—n

If is mb e r gr e a t th a t p "
ma y b e gl e cte d th e
‘

n a nu SO ne , ex

pr e s i
s on b e c o me s 7, 1
1
<) .
1
p
Th e pplic a tio O f this me tho d to e x c t me s ur e me t r e qu i r e s a
a n a a n n

a c c r te k o wl e d e o f th nr ti f v ibr ti o f th e ma g n e t on
u a
g p e o o o e a , a n

to th e n e x t u d e r th e i fl e e O f th e r e s i s t
n c e s whi c h i t e xp on u nc an

r ie c e s
n Th e c e r t i ti e
. ri i g fro m th e diffi c lty Of a vo idi g
un a n s a s n u n

i rr e g l r iti e s i th e v l e o f p g e e r a lly o twe igh th e d v t g e s

u a n a u n u a an a

O f th e l a r e l r l a ti I t i ly w h e r w e w i h to s
g g e o g an s o u a e n on . n

e t bl i h th e e x i te c e o f
s a s v e ry m ll c rr e t by c a i g it to
s n a s a u n us n

pr d ce vi ible mo ve me t o f th e e e dle th t th i s me th o d i s r e lly

o u a s n n a a

va lua bl e .

On Me M e a s u r e me n t cg Tr a n s i e n t C u r r e n ts "
.

7 Wh e c urre t la ts o ly d ur i g a v e ry ma ll fra c tio o f

n a n s n n s n

th e ti me O f vi bra ti o O f th e g a lv o me te r m a g e t th e w h l e qu
n an -
n ,
o an

tity O f e le c tr i ity tr s mi tte d by th e c rr e t ma y b e m

c e a ur d by
an u n s e

th e a n g l r v e l c ity c o mm u a i c te d to th e m g e t dur i n g th e
o un a a n

p s ge f th e c rr e t
a sa O d th i s ma y b e de te rmi e d fr o m th e
u n ,
an n

e l o g ti o
n O f th e fir t vi br ti o
a n o f th e m g e t s a n a n .

I f we e gl e c t th e r e i ta c e wh ic h d mp s th e v ibr a ti o n s o f th e
n s s n a

m g e t th e i ve tig ti
a n , b e co m s ve ry imple
n s a on e s .

L e t y b e th i t ity o f th e rre t t y i sta t a n d Q th e

e n en s cu n a an n n ,

q a tity o f e l e ctri city wh ich i t tr s mi t th e

u n an s, n
74 9 ] T A R NS I E N T C URR E N TS .

L e t M b e th e ma gn e ti c mo me n t, an d A th e mo me n t of i n e rti a Of

th e ma g n e t an d s u pes n de d a pp a ra t u s,

%
2

A + M H s in 0 M Gy co s 6 .
( )
2

I f th e time of th e pa ssa ge o f th e c ur
ve ry s ma ll we m y
r en t is ,
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in te gr a te with r e p e ct to s t d uri g th i s s h o rt time with o u t r e ga r di n g

n

th e ch a n ge o f 9 a d w e fin d
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Th i s Sh o w s tha t th e p a ssa ge Of th e qu a n tity Q pr o d u c e s n a n gula r a

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in e q
il ibri um, w e ma y ma k e 60
u O .

Th e ma gn e t th e n s w in g s fr e e ly a n d re a ch e s an l ga ti o n 6
e on 1 . If
th e re r e is ta c e th e
is no s n ,
wo rk d o n e a g i a n st th e ma g e ti c n fo rc e
d u i g t
r nh i s s w i g i s M H ( 1— co sn

Th e e e rgy c o mm i c te d to th e
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whe re H i s th e h o ri z o n ta l ma g n e ti c fo r c e , G th e c o e fli e i e n t Of th e

g a lv a n o me te r , T th e tim e O f a s i n gl e vibra tio n , an d 91 th e fi r st

l
e on g i
at o n o f th e ma gn e t .

In ma n y
l e xp e ri me t th e e l ga tio i a sm ll
a c tu a n s on n s a

an
g l d ei t,
i t
anh e y t t a ke i t
s tnth e e ff
eas e c t f e i
o st n o a c co u n o r s

a n ce f w e m y tr t th e e qu ti
, or a o f m ti o ea li r e qu ti o a on o n as a n ea a n .

L t th ma g e t b e t r t t i ts p iti o
e e n of qu ilibri um l e t
a es a os n e ,
an

an
g l r v l
u a o c ity bee c o mmu i c te d to it i
u t t a e o u ly a d l nt a ns an n s ,
n e

i t fir t e l ga ti o b e
s s on n
 E L E C TR OMA GN E TI C OB S E R VA TI ONS .

Th e e qu a ti o n o f mo tio n i s
—w fi s in
e ee l t ta n a t
, ,

d6 —w m n fi cO S
C m, se e B e l
( co
l
t
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r
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dt

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ta u fi
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ta n 1
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whi ch g ive s fir s t e l o n g ti i te r ms Of th e qu tity O f e l e c

th e a on n an

t i c i ty i
r th e tr a s i e t c urr e n t a n d c o v e r e ly w h e r e T i s th e
n n n ,
n s , I

Ob s e rv e d ti me O f a s i gl e v i br ti o as ffe c te d by th e ctu a l r e i t
n a n a a s s

an c e O f d a mp i g W h e n A is s m ll we ma y s e th e ppro xi ma te
n . a u a

fo r m la u
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—
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M e t/50 d qf R e co i Z .

7 Th e me th o d g i v e n a b o v e
upp o s e s th e ma g e t to b e a t s n

r e st i n its p o s itio n o f e qu i libr i u m

wh e n th e tr a ie t c urr e n t is ns n

p s e d th r o ugh th e c o il I f w e wi sh to r e p e a t th e e xp e ri me t
as . n

w mu s t w a it till th e m g e t i s a g in a t r e t
e a I n c e r t i n ca s e s
n a s . a ,

h o w v r i whi ch w e
e e ,
n e a bl e to pro du ce tra n i e t c urre n ts O f
ar s n

e qu l i t
a s i ty a d to d o
n en o at n d e i r e d i s ta t th e f ll o w i g
s an n n o n
, y s ,

me th o d de c ri b d by We b e r
,
s e i s th e mo s t c o v e i e t fo r ma kin g n n n

a Co n tin u e d s e r ie s o f Ob s e rv ti o s a n .

R esu lta te d es M a gn e tis cke n Ve r ei ns , 18 3 8 , p 9 8 . .

759 ] ME T H OD or R E C OI L .

S u pp o se th a t w e se t th e ma g n et s i n gi n g
by me a n s o f a tra n si e n t
c urr e n t wh o se va l ue is Q0 . I f, fo r br vi ty we wr ite
e ,

G J? + A
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ta n
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e
H T,
th e n th e firs t e l o ga ti o n n

91 KQO ( )
19

Th e ve l oc ity in s ta n ta n e o u s ly co mmun i ca te d to th e ma gn e t at

s ta r tin gi s MG
A
Q0 '
( )
2 0

Wh e it r e turn th r o gh th e p o i
n s u n t of e qui libri um in a ne ga ti ve
di r e c ti o it v e l o ci ty wil l b e
n s

Th e ne xt ne
g a ti ve e l o n g i
at o n wi ll be
02 61 .
( )
2 2

Wh e th e n ma g n e t r e tur ns to th e po i n t of e quilibri u m i ts
,
v e l o city
Wi ll b e 02 vo e
l
( )
2 3

N o w let anu re t w h o e to ta l q ti ty is Q
i n s ta n ta n e o u s c r n ,
s u an ,

b e tra s mi tte d th r o g h th e c i l t th e i ta t w h e th e mag e t i s

n u o a n s n n n

a t th e e r o p o in t
z I t wi ll ch a g th e v e l o c ity 0 in to 0 — 1 w h e r e n e
2
7
2
.
,

MG
v
T Q .
( )
2 4

If Q is gr e a te r th a n th e n ew v e l o city wi ll b e ne ga tive an d
e qu a l to J! G
A
(Q
Th e mo ti o n of th e ma g n e t wil l th u s b e r e ve rs e d ,
an d th e ne xt
l
e o n ga ti o n wi ll b e n e a ti e ,
g v
m _2 A
93 “
K “? Q o
f ) 0
1
“
K Q + 913
T h e ma g n e t i s th e n a ll o w e d to co me to i ts po s it i ve e lo g n a ti o n

64 — 93 e "
"
d, e
“
K
( Q ( )
2 6

and wh e n it g i r e ac h e a a n s th e po i n t o f e q il ibr i
u u m a po s itiv e
c rr e t w h o e
u nq tity i s u an s Q is tr an s mitte d . Th is thr ow s th e
m gn e t b c k i th e p o iti v e
a a n s di re c ti o n to th e po s iti v e l ga ti o
e on n

—9 _2 A
95 KQ 3
8 ;

o r , ca ll in g th is th e fir l
st e o n
g a ti o n o f a s e co n d s e r ie s o f fo u r,
a
,
E Q ( I ( )
2 8

Pr o c e e di n g i n th i s w a y , by o b se r v i n g two e l o n g a ti o n s an d

th e n s e n d in g a p o si tive c u rr e n t a n d o b s e rvi n g two e l o n g a tio n s

 E L E C TR OM A GN E TI C OB S E R VATI ONS .
[75 1 .

an d th e n se n po s iti ve curre
di n g a n t, an d so on , we o b ta in
a se r ie s c o n s i s tin g o f s e ts o f fo ur e lo n ga tio n s, in e a ch o f wh i c h
d — b
a —c

( a —c
KQ "
1+
"

If 72 s e r ie s of e on l g i
at on s h a ve b e e O b s e rv e d
n ,
th e n we fin d th e
lo ga ri th mi c de c r e me n t fr o m th e e qu a ti o n

2 (4 )
E —2 (c)
an d Q fr o m th e e qua tio n

KQ ( 1+ —1
e
)
2. < a —6 —
<l
d — 61)
— —
( . .>
d c e

F ig 60. .

Th e mo tio n o f th e ma g n e t i n th e me th o d o f r e co i l is gra ph i c lly a

re pr e se te d i Fig 6 0 wh e re th e a b s c is s r e pr e s e ts
n n .
, ,
a n th e time , an d
th e o r di te th e de fl e i o n o f th e m g e t a t th t ti me
na x a n a . Se e Art 7 6 0 . .

M e i fio d of M u l tip li ca tio n .

7 I f w e ma k e th e tra n s i e n t c urre n t p ve ry time

a ss e th a t th e
ma gn e t pa se s s th r o ugh th e z e ro p o i n t, a n d a lw ys s o a to
a s in c r e a s e
th e v e l o c ity o f th e ma g e t n ,
th e n , i f 91, 02 , &c . ar e th e s ucce s s ive
e l o g a ti o n
n s, 02 _KQ _e
_ —A
( )
3 3

03 KQ —e "
62 ( )
3 4
"

-
.

Th e ltima te va l e to wh i h th e e l o ga tio n
u u c n te n d s a fte r a gre a t
ma n y vibr ti o s i s fo u d by putti g 0
a n n n ,
wh e n ce we fin d

1
9 j: _A KQ .

1 6

I f A is s ma ll , th e
va lue o f th e ultim te e lo n g tio ma y b e l rg e a a n a ,

b t sin c e th i s i v o lv e s a l g c o ti u e d e xp e ri me t
u n d a c a re f l
on n n n ,
an u

d e te r mi n a tio n o f A d s i c e a s ma ll e rr o r in A in tr du c e s
,
an n l rg e o a a

e rr o r i n th e d e te r mi a ti o n o f Q th i s me th o d i s r a r e ly u se f l fo r
n ,
u
 S
M I TI M I NG TH E C URR E N T .

n ume ri l de te r mi tio
ca d h o ul d b e r e rv e d f
na o b ta i i g e v i
n ,
an s se or n n

d ce f th e e x is te ce o r o e xi te c e f c rr t to o s ma ll to b e
en o n n n -
s n o u en s

o b e rv e d di r e c tl y
s .

I a ll xp e ri me t i wh ic h tra i e t c urr t
n e n s e ma d e to
n ct o ns n en s ar a n

th e m v i g ma g e t f th e g l va o me te r i t i e e tia l th t th e
o n n o a n ,
s ss n a

wh l c rre t h o ld p whi l th di ta n c e o f th e m gn e t fr o m
o e u n s u as s e e s a

th e r p o i t r ma i
z e o m l l fr c ti o
n e f th e to ta l l o g ti
ns a s a a n o e n a on .

Th e tim e o f vi br ti h o l d th r e f r e b e l r g e c o mp r e d w ith th e
a on s u e o a a

ti me r e q i d to pr o d c e thu re rre t d th e O p e r t r h o l d h v e
u e cu n ,
an a o s u a

hi e y e o th e m o ti
s n f th e ma g e t o to r g l te th e i ta t
on o n ,
s as e u a ns n

o fp g
a e
a ss f th rr e t by o t h e i n t
e cu
a t o f p g e o f th
n e m g e t s n a s sa a n

th ro ug h i t p i t f e qui li br i m
s o n o u .

To e ti ma te th e rr o r i tro d ce d by
s f i l r e o f th e o p r to r t
e n u a a u e a o

pr d c e th c rr e t t th pr o p e r i ta t w e o b e rve th t th e e ffe t
o u e u n a e ns n ,
s a c

o f a fo r ce in i c r e a i g th e l o ga tio n v r ie s a s
n s n e n a

e W m co s —
(4 H ),
) S
B

an d th a t th i s i s a ma x imu m rr o r ri s i g wh e 1 0 H e n c n ( ) . e th e e a n

fr o m mi ti mi g o f th
a s n d to a u de r e c ur e n t wi l l
r lw y l a a s ea n n

e st im ti o f it v l e
a n d th e
o m s t f th e e rr o r m y b e
a u ,
an a ou n o a

e tim te d by c o mp ri n g th e c o i
s a o f th e p h a e o f th e v i br ti o
a t s ne s a n a

th e ti me o f th e p a s sa g e o f th e c urr e t wi th un i ty n .
 C H A P TE R XVI I .

C O M PA RI SON OF C Ol LS .

E xp e r ime n ta l D e te r min a ti o n o
f til e E l e c tr ica l C o n s ta n ts

f
o a C o il .

7 WE h a ve se e n lv n o me te r
in A r t 7 17 th a t i n
g a . a s e n s iti ve a

th ec o il s s h l d b e o f s m ll r di a d sh uld c o ta i m y
ou a a u s, n o n n an

w mdi g f th e wi r e
n s o I t w o ul d b e e x tr e me ly di ffic ul t to d e te r mi e
. n

th e l e tr ic a l c o
e c t ts f s ch c o i l by dir c t me s ur e me n t o f i ts
n s an o u a e a

f r m n d d ime i o
o a e ve i f w e c o l d o b t in a c c e s to e v e ry
n s n s, n u a s

wi di g o f th e wi re i o rde r to me r e i t B t i f c t th e
n n n a su . u n a

g r e a te r m b e r o f t
nuh e w i di
g n o t o n ly co mpl e te ly hi d d e
n n s ar e n

by the te r w i d i g b t w e e c e rt i wh th e r th e pr e s s ure
ou n n s, u ar un a n e

o f th et r w i di g m y o t h v e l te r e d th e f rm o f th e i n e r
o u e n n s a n a a o n

o e n fte r th e co il i g o f th e w i r e
s a n .

I t i s b e tte r th e re fo r e to d e te r mi e th e e l e ctri ca l c o t ts o f th e n n s an

c o i l by d i r c t e l e c tr ic a l c o mp a r i so
e with s ta n da rd c o il wh o se c o n n a

st tan e k ow
s ar n n .

S i c th e d ime i s O f th e s ta d r d o il mu t b e de te r mi e d by
n e ns on n a c s n

a ct l me ure me t it mu t b e m de o f c o id r a bl e s i e s o th t
ua as n ,
s a n s e z , a

th e vo id ble rr o r f me ure me t f i t di me te r o c ir m
una a e O as n o s a r cu

f re c e m y b e a
e n m ll
a p o i b le c o mp re d w ith th e q tity
s s a as ss a uan

m ur d eas Th e h
e . el i w h i ch th e c o i l i s w o u d s h o ul d b e o f
c an n n n

r e c t g l r ctio
an u a d th e d i me s io s o f th e e cti
se n ,
an s h o ul d b e n n s on

s m ll a mp r e d wi th th e r di
co a o f th e c i l This i s e c e s ry n o t
a us o . n s a ,

so m h i uc r de r t dimi i h th e co rre c tio f th e i e o f th

n o o n s n or s z e

s e cti o a s to pr e ve n t a
n u e r t i ty b t th p i ti
n o f t h n
, y c o e o e a n a u s n o os

w i d i g s o f th e o il wh i ch a e h id de by th e e x t r a l wi di g
n n c r n e n n n s

L ta n ge n t g a l v a n o me te r s a r e s o me tim e s ma e w i t
a r ge a s i n gl e c i r c u l a r c o n d h
d d b
u c ti n g r i n g o f c o n s i e r a l e t i c n e ss , w i c h k h h
i s s u f c i e n tly s ti to ma i n ta i n i ts o r m fi ff f
h
w it o u t a n y s u ppo r t h
T i s i s n o t a go o pl a n fo r a s ta n a r i n s tr u me n t
. dT h e d is d d .

h d
tr i b u ti o n o f th e c u r r e n t wi t i n th e c o n u c to r d e pe n s o n th e r e l a ti v e c o n d u c ti v i ty d
 7 P I R N C I PA L CO NS TA N TS OF A C OI L .

Th e prin cip a l c o n s ta n ts whi ch we wi h to de te rmi e a

s n re

T
( h m a n e ti c fo r c e a t th e c e tr o f th e c o il d e to a u it
) l e g n e u n

c urr e n t Th is i s th e qu a n ti ty d e n o te d by G i A r t 7 0 0 n
.
,
. .

( )
2 Th e ma gn e tic mo me n t o f th e c o il d e to un i t c urr e t u a -
n .

Th is i s th e qu an ti t y5 7 .
1

To de te r mi n e G] w o rk i g ga lva. S i n c e th e c o ils o f th e n

n o me te e mu ch s m l l r th
r ar th e t d rd c o il w e pl e th e a e an s an a ,
ac

g a lv o me te r wi th in th e
an ta n d r d c il t h t th e i r c e n tr e c o i sid e a o ,
so a s n c ,

th e pl o f b o th c o il s b e in g v e r ti c l a d p r l l e l t th e e r th
’
e an s a n a a o a s

ma g e ti c fo r ce
n We h ve th O b ta in e d d iff r e tia l ga lv o m te r
. a us a e n an e

o ne o f wh o s e c o i ls i th e ta da r d c il fo wh i ch th e v a l u e o f G
s s n o ,
r
1

i kn o w whi le th a t o f th e o th e r il i G the va lue o f whi ch w e ’

s n co s
, l ,

h a v e to d e te rmi e n .

Th e m g e t u p e de d i the c e tr e o f th e g lva o me te r c o i l
a n s s n n - n a n

i s a cte d o n by th e c urr e t i b o th c o il I f th s tr e gth f th e n s n s . e n o

c rr e t i
u th e t da rd c o i l is y a n d th t in th e ga lva o me t r c o i l
n n s an ,
a n e

y
’
t
,
h e if t h e e n rr
, e ts fl o wi n
g i n O pp o
s i t e di r
cu e t i o n s
n pr o d c e s c u a

de fie x i o n 8 o f th e ma g n e t,
' '
H ta n O Gl y Gl y ,

wh e re H is th e h o iz o n ta l mag n e tic fo ce r r of th e ea rth .

I f th e c e n ts a r e s o a urr
a n e d a s to rr g pr o d uce no de fie x i o n , w e
ma y fin d G by qua tio
'
l
th e e n

1 G ( )
2
1,
.

7
W e ma y de te r mi n e th e r at o i y toofy i n se e a a s S‘
i
'
n c e th e vr lwy .

vl a ue f G1 i s i n g e n e r a l
o
g e a r
te f r
o r th e g a l a n o me te th a n fo r th e v r
s ta n d a r d c o il , w e ma a rr u
e th e c i r c i t s o th a t th e w h o l e c u en t rr
y an
g .

y fl o w th r o gh th e ts u s a n da rd c o il , an d i s th e n di vi d e d so th a t y
'

fl o w th ro gh th e ga lv
s u ano me te r an d re i
s s ta n c e co il s , th e co mb i n e d
i
r e s s ta n c e o f w hi c h i s E l ,
w h i l e th e r e m in de r y — y fl o ws th ro gh
a
’
u

a n o th e r s e t o f r e s is ta n c e c o il s wh o se c o mb i e d e s i ta n c e i R
n r s s
2
.

of its v a r io u s pa r ts H
y co n c e a l e fl a w i n th e c o n tin u i ty o f th e me ta l ma y
e n ce an d
h
.

c a u s e th e ma in s tr e a m o f e l e c tri c i t
y to fl o w e i t e r c l o s e to th e o u ts i e o r c l o s e t o th e d
d
in si e o f th e c ir c u l a r r i n g h
T u s th e tr u e pa t o f th e c u r r e n t e c o m e s u n c e r ta i n h b
d h h d
. .

B e s i e s t is w e n th e c u r r e n t fl o ws o n l y o n c e r o u n th e c i r cl e e s pe c i a l c a r e i s

d dd
, ,

n e c e s sa r
y to a v o i a n y a c ti o n o n th e s u spe n e ma gn e t d u e to th e c u r r e n t o n i ts
f
w a y to o r r o m th e c ir c l e , b
e ca u se th e c u r r e n t in th e e l e c tr o e s i s e u a l to th a t i n d q
th e ci r c l e I n th e c o n s tr u c ti o n o f ma n y in s tr u m e n ts th e a c ti o n o f th is pa r t o f th e
.

c u r r e n t s e e ms to ave h b
e e n a l to g e t e r l o s t s ig t o f h h
f hd k d f
.

Th e mo s t pe r e c t me t o is to m a e o n e o f th e e l e c tr o e s in th e o r m o f a me ta l
b
t u e a n d th e o t e r a wi r e co v e r e
, h wi t i n s u l a ti n g ma te r ia l a n d pl a c ed h i n s i e th e d d
b d h h d
,

t u e a n d c o n c e n tr i c wi th i t Th e e x te r n a l a c ti o n o f th e e l e c tr o e s w e n t u s ar r a n g e
.

is z e r o , b y A r t 68 3 . .

VO L . II .
 C O M PA R I S ON OF C O I LS .

We ha ve th e n , by Ar t 2 7 6, .

(7 R29 ( )
3

R R

181
G
;s G1 °
( )
5

I f th e r e i s any u n ce rt
u l e si t ce o f th e
a n i ty a b o ut th e a ct a r s an

ga lva o me te r co il (o a cc o u t s y o f a u n c e r ta i ty a to its te m
n n n ,
a ,
n n s

p e tra e )
urw e m y d d r e s i t c e cao i l s to i ta s o th t th e r e i t ce o f
s an ,
a s s an

th e g lv a o me te r i tse l f fo rms b t
a n ma l l p rt o f R a d th u s u a s a
1,
n

i tr o du c e s b t l ittl e u c e t i ty i to th e fi a l r e l t
n u n r a n n n su .

7 To de te mi e c th e ma g e tic mo me n t o f
r n s ma ll c o i l d e
l ,
n a u

to a u i t c urr e t fl o wi g th ro gh i t th e ma g e t i s ti ll s u s p e d e d
n -
n n u , n s n

a t th e c e tr e o f th e n s ta n d r d c o il b t th e s m ll c o i l i s mo ve d a ,
u a

p a r lle l to i t e l f l o n g th e c o mm n a xi o f b o th c o il till th e s a me
a s a o s s,

c urr e t fl o w i ng i O pp o s ite d ir e c ti o s r o u d th e c o i l s n o l o g e r
”

n ,
n n n ,
n

d e fle c ts th e ma gn e t I f th e di ta c e b e tw e e n th e c e n tr e s o f th e
. s n

c o il i s r w e h ve o w
s ,
a n

92
ai
f 3 +3 +4
§ 5 + &c .

B y r e p e a tin g th e e xp e r i me n t w ith th e s ma ll c o i l o n th e o pp o site

s id e o f th e st a n da r d c o i l , a n d me a s u r i n g th e di s ta n c e b e twe e n th e

po s iti o n s o f th e s ma ll co i l , we e limi n a te th e u n ce rt a in e rr o r i n th e
d e te rmi n a ti o n of th e p o s iti on o f th e ce n t e s r o f th e ma g e t n an d
of th e s ma ll
l a d we g e t r id o f th e te rm i 9 5 &
co i ,
n s n
2 ,
7 ,
4
c .

I f th e ta n d r d co i l i s o a rra g e d th t w e c a s e d th e c urr e n t
s a s n a n n

th r o gh h a l f th e n u mb e r o f w i din g s s o a s to gi v e a diffe re t v lu e
u n ,
n a

to G w e m y de te r min e a e w v a l e o f r
1, a d th u a i A t 4 5 4 n u ,
an s, s n r .
,

w e m y e l imin a te th e te r m i n v o lv i g 9
a n
3
.

I t i O fte p o si bl e h o w e v e r to d e te r mi e 9 by di r e ct me s ur e
s n s , ,
n
3
a

me n t o f th e s m ll c o il with s u ffici e t a c c ura c y to m k e i t a v il ble

a n a a a

i ca l c ul ti g th e v a lue o f th e c o rr e c tio n to b e a ppli e d to g i n

n a n
,

th e e qu a tio n
9
G1 ¢ — 2 3 3
.
‘

§ 7 2

wh e re wa 2
( 6 a
2
+ 3§ — 2
2n) 2
, by Art 7 0 0 . .

C o mp a r is o n of Co efiic i e n tc f
o I n du c ti o n

7 55 ] I t is on y
l in a s ma ll n umb e r of ca se s th a t th e di re c t
ca c l ula tio n o f th e fi
c o e f cie n ts o f in du c ti o n fro m th e fo r m and
 M U TUA L I NDU C TI ON or Two C OI LS .

po s iti o n o f th e p rf r m
c ir c
e d uits
I n o r d e r to a tt
ca na in be e as i ly e o .

a s u ffi cie t d e g r e e o f ac c ura cy
n it i n e ce s sa ry th a t th e d i ta c e , s s n

b e twe e n th e ci rc uits sh o uld b e ca p a bl e o f e xa c t me a s ure me t n .

B t wh e n th e di sta ce b e tw e e th e c ir c ui ts i s uffi c i e n t to pr e v e n t
u n n s

e r o rs o f me a s u r e me n t fr o m i n tr o d ci n g l a rg e e r o rs in to th e r e ul t
r u r s ,

th e co e fli c i e t o f i du c ti o i ts e lf is n e c e s sa i ly v e ry mu ch r e du c d
n n n r e

i m gn itu de
n a N o w f ma n y e xp e r ime n ts i t i s e ce a ry to ma k e
. or n ss

th e co e fli ci e n t o f in d cti o l a rg e a d w e ca n o n ly d o so by brin g i g
u n ,
n n

th e c i r c uits c l o se to ge th e r o th a t th e me th o d o f di r e c t me ur ,
s as e

me t b e c o me s imp o i bl e a n d in o rde r to d e te r mi e th e c o e ffi cie n t

n ss , , n

o f i d u cti o
n w e mu st c o mp a r e i t wi th tha t o f a pa i r o f co il a r
n ,
s

ra n g e d o th a t th e ir c o e ffi cie t ma y b e o b ta in e d by di rec t meas ure

s n

me n t a d ca l cula ti o
n n .

This ma y b e d o e a s fo ll o w n s

Le t A a d b e th e sta d r d
n a n a

p a i r o f co il B a n d b th e co ils to
s,

b e c o mp r e d w ith th e m
a Co . n

n e e t A a d B in o n e c i r c u it a n d
n ,

pl a ce th e e l e c tr o d e O f th e ga l s

v an o me te G a t P an d Q
r, o , ,
s

th a t th e r e s i ta c e o f F A Q i s s n

B ,
an d th a t o f Q B P i s S,
K
be i g t
nh e re i
s s ta n c e f th e ga l o

v a n o me te r . C o n n e ct a a n d 6 in
o n e c ir c ui t with th e b a tte ry .
F ig 6 1. .

Le t th e c urr e n t in A b e a} ,

th a t i n B d th a t i n th e g a l v me te r i — th t i n th e b a tte ry
j
'

an an o a
, y , , ,

ci c r ui t b e i n
g y .

Th e n , if M , i s th e b e twe e A a c o e fli c i e n t o f in d ucti o n n n d a ,
an d
M th a t be twe e B a n d b th e i te g ra l in duc tio n c urr e nt
2
n ,
n th ro ugh
th e g a lv a n o me te r a t br e a k in g th e ba tte ry ci rc u it is

R S
”f l = 7
. K K
1+ +
E s

B y j
g th e r e i ta ce R a n d S till th e re is n o curr e n t
a d u s tin s s n s

th r o ugh th e g lv n o me te r a t ma ki n g o r br e a ki n g th e ga lva
a a me te r no

ci r c u it th e ra ti o o f M to M , ma y b e d e te rmi n e d by me a ur in g th a t
, 2 s

o f S to B .

A 3 2
 C OM PA R I S ON OF C OI LS .
[7 56 .

Co m p a r is o n o f a C o efi c i e n t f
o Se lf in du cti o n wi t/i
- a Co ejic ie n t of
M u tu a l I n du c tio n .

I n th e bra n ch AF o fWhe a t to e B ridge le t a c o i l b e

s n
’
s

i s e rte d th e c o e ffic i t of e l f in duc

n ,
en s -

ti o n o f whi ch we w ish to fin d Le t .

us c a l l it L .

I th e c o
n e c ti g wi r e b e twe e n A
nn n

a d th e b a tte ry a o th e r c o il i s i
n e r te d n ns .

Th e c o e ffi c ie t o f mu tua l in duc ti o b e
n n

2 tw e e thi s c o i l a n d th e c o i l i n AF
n

is M I t ma y b e me s ure d by th e a

me th o d de sc n b e d i n A r t 7 5 5
’

. .

I f th e c ur r e n t fr o m A to F is a , a n d
th a t fr o m A to H i s y th a t fr o m Z
F i g 62. .
,

to A, th ro ugh B ,
wi ll b e w+ y . Th e
e x te rn a l e l e ctr o mo tive fo r c e fr o m A to F i s

day

Th e e x te rn a l e l e ctro mo ti ve fo r c e a onl g AH is

A —H Qp .
( )
10

I f th e g lva
a me te r pl a c e d b e twe e n F a n d H i n dic a te s n o c urr e n t
no ,

e i th e r r i p r m h by d i H — F =
t a n s e n t o r e a n e n t t e n
( )
9 a n s n,
ce 0 ,

Pr Qe ; ( )
11

w
( la) ( la: cl
y
L
an
“ e; at ) ( )
12

wh e n c e L
( 1
3
52) M . ( )
13

.
lwa ys p o sitive M mus t b e n e ga tiv e a n d th e r e fo r e th e
Si n c e L i s a , ,

c urr e t mu s t fl o w i n o pp o s ite d i r e c ti o n s th r o ugh th e c o il s pl c d

n a e

i P a d i B
n I
n ma k i g th e e xp e ri me n t w e ma y e ith e r b e gi
n . n n n

by a djus ti g th e r e i sta c e s s o th a t
n s n
”

PS Q B , ( )
14
which i s th e di ti o n th a t th e re ma y b e n o p e rma n e n t c urr e n t,
co n

and th e n a dj u s t th e d is ta n c e b e tw e e n th e c o i l s ti l l th e a lva n o me te r
g
ra n bre a k i g th e urr e ma k i n g
"

c e a se s to i n dica te a t sie n t c n t on an d n

b tte ry c o n e xio ; o if thi s di t n c e i s o t c p a bl e o f a djus tme t

a n n r , s a n a n ,

w e ma y g e t id O f th e tr i e t c urr e n t by a l te ri g th e r e i s ta ce s
r ans n n s n

Q a d S i n s u c h a wa
y nth a t t h e r ti o o f Q t o S r e ma i s c o s ta t a n n n .

I f th is do ubl e a dju s tme n t i s fo u n d to o tr o ub l e s o me we ma y a do pt ,

75 S E LF I NDU C TI ON
-
.

a th i dr me th o d . B e g in n in g with
rr a n g e me n t i n whi ch th e an a

tr ans ie t c ur e t d e to se lf in d ti o
n r n is s li gh tly i n e x ce s o f th t
u -
uc n s a

d e to m t l i d c ti o
u u u a w e m y g e t id O f th e in e qua li ty by i n
n u n, a r

s e r ti n g c o d c to r w h o s e
a n u i ta e i W b tw e e A d Z Th e res s n c s e n an .

c o di ti o of o p e rma e t c ur e t th r o g h th e
n n n alv m t r i r tn u
n n
g o e e n o an s

a ffe cte d by th e i tr o d c tio o f IV

n W e m y th e re fo r e g t r id f
u n . a e o

th e tra n i e t c urr e t by a dju s ti n g th e r e s is ta c e o f W a l o e

s n n Whe n n . n

th i s i d o e th e v l e o f L i
s n a u s

m
Co pa r i so n of tne C o efiic i e n ts of Se lf in d u ctio n of Two Co il s -
.

7 5 72] I n s e rt th e il s i n two j
br a n ch e s o f Wh e a ts to
a d a ce n
’
co t ne s

B r id ge . Let L an d N b e th e c o ffi ie ts o f e l f i d c ti
e c o f th e
n s -
n u on

l in s e rte d i P
co i s n an d i B r e s p e c ti ve ly th e n th e c o di ti o n o f o
n , n n

g a lvan o m e te r c urr e n t is

( Pa
) Sy = Qy R
( +N ( )
16
‘
a

wh e n c e PS R
Q , fo r no pe man en t
r c ur r en t, ( )
17
7

f 2 fo r ra n s ie n ur
i

and
) ,
no t t c ren t .
( )
18

H e n ce , by a pro p e r a dju tme n t o f th e re i ta ce s bo th th e pe

s s s n , r

ma n e n t an d th e tr s ie t c rr e t ca
an b e g o t r id o f
n u d th e n
n n ,
an

th e r at oi o f L to N ca b e de te r mi e d by a c o mpa ri s o n o f th e
n n

r e s i s ta n c e s .
 C H A P TE R XVI I I .

E L E C TR OMA GN E TI C UN I T OF R E S I S TA N C E .

On tne D e te r min a tio n of t/i e R e s is ta n ce of a Co i l i n E le ctr o

ma gn e tic M e a su r e .

7 r e s i ta ce o f a co d ucto r is de fin e d a s the r tio o f th e

TH E s n n a

n u me r i ca l v lu e o f th e e l e c tr o mo ti v e fo r c e to th a t o f th e c urr e t
a n

which it pro duc e s i n th e c o n du c to r The de te rmi a tio n o f th e . n

va lue o f th e c urre n t i n e le c tr o ma g e tic me a ure c a n b e ma de by n s

me a s o f a ta da rd g a lva n o me te r wh e n w e k o w th e va lue o f th e
n s n ,
n

e a r th s ma g e tic fo r c e Th e de te r mi a ti o n o f th e va lue o f th e
’
n . n

e l e tr o m ti v e fo r c e i s mo r e diffi c ul t a s th e o ly c a s e i n whi c h w e
c o ,
n

ca n dir e c tly c l c ul a te its va lu e i s w h e n i t a ri e s fr o m th e r e l a ti v e

a s

mo tio o f th e c i r c u it with r e s p e ct to a k n o wn m g e tic sy s te m

n a n .

Th e fir t de te r min a tio s o f th e r e i s ta n c e o f a n w ir e in s

e l e ctr o m ti a m ur w m a d by K i r c h h ff H e mpl y e d
g e c e ans e a s e o e o

two co il s o f kn o wn fo rm A a n d A a d c lc ul te d th e i r c o e fli c ie t
, , 2 ,
n a a n

o f mu tu a l i du c ti o fro m th e g e o n n

me tr ic l d a ta f th e i r fo r m da o an

p o sitio Th e s e c o i l s w e r e pl a c e d n .

Q i n c i r c u i t w i th a g a lva n o me te r G , ,

a d b a tte ry B n d two p o in ts
n a , ,
a

o f th e c i r c uit P b e tw e e n th e c il , ,
o s,

a d Q b e twe e th e b a tte ry d
n ,
n an

a lva n o me te r w r e j i n e d by th e
g e o ,

wi r e wh o s e re s i ta n c e R wa s to b e me sure d
s , , a .

Wh e n th e c rre t i s S te dy it i s divide d b e twe e n the wi re d

u n a an

th e g a lv o me te r c i r c uit a d pr o du c e s a c e r t i
an , n pe rm e t de a n an n

fl e i o o f th e ga lva o me te r
x n I f th e c o i l A i s n o w r e mo ve d qu ic kly
n .
,

B e s ti mmu n g d e r C o n s ta n te n v o n w e l c h e r di e I n te n s i tat i n d u c ir te r e le ktr is ch e r

S tr time
’
a b h éi n Po gg A u ra , l x x v i ( A pr il
gt . .
7 KI R C H H OE E S M E T
’
H OD .

fr o m A 2 pla c e d i
an d p o itio i whi h the co e ffic ie t o f mu tu a l
n a s n n c n

i d ctio n b e twe e n A
n u d A i e r o (A r t ,
anc rr e t o f i d uc 2
s z . a u n n

ti o ni s pr o d ce d i b o th c i c uit
u d th e ga lva o m te r
n e e d le r s, an n e n

re c e iv e s n i mp ls e whi h pr o d c e a c e r ta i tr i e t d fle i o
a u c u s n an s n e x n .

Th e r i ta n c e o f th e wi r e B
es s i s d e d uc e d fr o m a o mp ar i s o , , c n

b twe e th e p e r ma n e t d fle i o d e to th e te a d y c u re t d th e
e n n e x n , u s r n ,
an

tr an sie t d e fl e i o
n d e to th c urr t o f i d c ti o
x n ,
u e en n u n .

L e t th e r e si ta c e o f Q GA P b e K o f P A B Q B
s n d of PQ B , , 2 , , an , .

Let L M d N b e th e c o e ffi c ie t o f i du c ti o o f A
,
an d A n s n n
,
an
2
.

L e t (b b e th e c rr e n t in G d 32 th a t i B
u th e n th e c r e t ,
an n , u r n

fr m P to Q
o i riz —
j s .

L e t E b e th e e le c tro mo tive fo r c e f th e b a tte ry th e o , n

(l

E x + M
( a + Ny ) E
22
Wh e n th e c urr e n ts a r e co n s ta n t, an d e v e rythi n g at re s t ,

—B
3 / 0 .
( )
3

H M n o w su dde n l y b e c o me e ro o a c c o u n t o f s z n th e se p a r a tio n o f
A, f ro m A th e n , in te gr ti g wi th r e pe c t to t
a n s ,

I
I 0 9

(B R )j R a:
wh e n ce

Su b st itu ti n g th e v lu e
a Of y i n te ms
’

r o f a} fr o m w e fin d

a: M (B + R )
e R r
( u m — 132 ( 7

( )
8

Wh e a s i Ki rchh o ff s xp e r ime n t b o th
n ,
n
’
e ,
B an d K are l rg e
a

c o mp a r e d w ith B thi e qu ti i s r e d c e d to
,
s a on u

a: M

Of th e se qu a n ti ti e s , a is fo un d fr o m th e thr o w o f th e ga lv an o mt r e e

d u e to th e in d u i
ct o n c urr e n t. S e e A rt 7 6 8 . . Th e p e rm a n en t cu r

re n t i s fo
,
d fr m th e p e r m e t d e fl io
un d e to th
o te d y an n ex n u e s a

c ur t;
ren e e Ar t 7 4 6 sM is f d i th e r by d ir e ct c a l l ti
. . oun e cu a on

fr o m th e ge o m tri ca l d t o by co mp r i o
e w ith p ir f ila a, r a a s n a -
a o co s,

fo whi ch thi ca l c ul ti o
r h a s be e
s ma de ; e A t 755 a Fr o m n n se r . .
 UN I T OF R E S I S TA N C E .
[76 0 .

th e s e th re e qua n titie s R ca n b e d e te r mi n e d in
. l
e e c tr o ma g n e tic me a
su re .

Th e s e me th o ds in vo lv e th e de te r mi n a ti o n o f th e p e ri o d o f vibr a

tio n f th e ga lva n o me te r ma gn e t,
o an d Of th e l o ga r ithmi c d e c r e me n t
o f i ts o s ci ll a ti o n s . 4
.

We ée r ’
s M e t/to il by Tr a n s i e n t Cu r r e n ts
7 l o f co i de r ble s i e i s mo u te d o a a xl e s o a s to
A co i ns a z n n n ,

b e ca p a bl e o f r e vo lvi g a b o ut a v e r tic a l d i me te r n Th e m m o f th i s a .

c o i l i s c o n e c te d w i th th a t o f a ta g e t lv m e te r so s to fo r m a
n
g o n n a an

a si n g l e c ir c i t L t th e r e ist c e o f th i c irc uit b e B

u . e L e t th e s an s .

l rg e c o il b e pl ce d with its p o iti ve f c e p e rp e dic l r to th e

a a s a n u a

m g e ti c me ri di
a n a d l e t i t b e qu ic kl y t r e d
an ,
o nd h lf a r e vo u n r un a

Th e r e will b e i d c e d c rr e t d e to th e e r th s ma g
’
l ti o
u n . an n u u n u a

n e ti c fo r c e d th e to t l q a ti ty o f e le c tr i ci ty i thi s c r e t i
,
an a u n n u r n n

e l e c tr ma gn e tic me a ur e wi ll b e
o s

9 A ? ( ) }
1
Q
wh e r e g ,
i s th e ma n e tic mo me n t o f th e c o i l fo r u n it c urr e n t, whi c h
g
i n th e ca se o f a l a r e c o i l ma b d t r m i n e d d i r e c tl y , by me a
g y e e e

su ri g n th e d i me n s i o n s l ul ti g th e s m o f th of th e co i l ,
an d ca c a n u e

a re s o f its wi di gs H is th e h o riz o n t l co mp o e n t o f te rr e stria l

a n n . a n

ma g e ti s mn d R i s th e r e is ta c e O f th e c i r c ui t fo r me d by th e
,
an s n

c o il d g a lv o me te r to ge th r
an Thi c urr e t s e ts th e ma g n e t f
an e . s n o

th e g lva o me t r i mo ti o
a n e n n .

I f th e m g e t i s o r igi a lly a t e t a d if th e mo ti o
a n o f th e c o iln r s ,
n n

o c c pi e s b t a
u s ma l l fr c ti o n
u o f th e ti me o f a vibr a ti o f th e a n o

m g e t th e
a n i f w e n e g l e ct th e r e s i s ta c e to th e mo ti o n o f th e
,
n , n

mag e t we h a ve by A t 7 4 8
n , ,
r .
,

g{
i

Q 7
2 i
s n % 9, ( )
2

wh e re G i s th e c o n ta t o f th e g lva o me te r T is th e s n a n ,
ti me o f
v ibr ti o o f th e m g e t a nd 6 is th e o b s rve d e lo ga tio n
a n a n , e n . Fr o m
th e s e e qu ti o we o b t i a ns a n

1
R = W Gg ( )
3
r sin Ae
Th e v a lu e o re s ult pro vide d it i s th e
f H do e s no t a pp e a r i n thi s ,

sa me a t th e p o itio n o f th e c o il a d t th t o f th e ga lva o me te r
s n a a n .

Th i h ld o t b e
s s ou s u me d t n b e th e c se b t h o l d b e te s te d by
as o a ,
u s u

c o mp ri th e ti m f vi br ti f th m m t fir t t f
g a e o n a o o e sa e g e a o n e o n a n ,
s

th s pl a ce s a d th e
e e t th e o th e rn n a .

E l ckt M a a s b
'
. .
; or Po gg .
, Ann . l x x x u , 33 7 ( 18 5 1)
 WE B E R S ’
ME T H OD .

To ma k e ri e s
b e rv tio s We b e r b e ga n wi th th e of O
'

a se s a n

co il p ra ll e l to th e ma gn e ti c me r i di
a H e t he turn e d it wi th its an . n

p o itive f ce o rth a n d o b e rve d th e fir t e l ga tio d e to th e

s a n ,
s s on n u

n e ga ti ve c urr e t H e th e n o b e rv e d th e e c o d l o n ga ti o
n . f th e s s n e n o

fr ee l y win g in g m g e t a d o
s th e r e tu r
a o f th e ma g e t th r o u h
n , n
g n n n

th e p i t f e qu il ibr i um h e turn e d th e c i l wi th i t po itive fa c e

o n o o s s

s o th
u Th is c u se d th e ma gn e t to r e co i l to th e po si ti v e id e
. a Th e s .

s e ri e s Wa co ti u e d a s i n A r t 7 5 0
s n n n d th e r e ul t c o rr e c te d f .
,
a s or

r e ista ce I thi w y the v lu e o f th e e si sta ce o f th e c o mb i e d

s n . n s a a r n n

c i r c u i t o f th e c o i l d ga lva n o m te r w an ce rt i n e d e as a s a .

I n a ll s u ch xp e ri me t i t i e e c e s sa ry i o r de r to o b ta i
n s fli s n , n n su

ci en tl y l rg e d fl e i o s to ma k e th w ir e f c o pp e r
a e x n , me ta l wh i h e o ,
a c ,

th o gh i t i th e b e t c o d u c to r h
u s th e d isa d v ta g e o f lte rin g
s n ,
as an a

co n s ide ra bly i r e i ta ce wi th l te ra tio o f te mp e r tur I t i

n s s n a n s a e . s

a l o v e ry d i ffi c l t to
s ce rta i n th e te mp e r tur e
u as f e v e ry p rt o f th e a o a

a pp a ra tus H e c e in rde r to o b ta i a r e l t f pe r ma e t v l
. n ,
o n su o n n a ue

fro m u ch a n e xpe ri me t th e e i s t ce f th e e xpe ri me ta l c ir c i t

s n , r s an o n u

sh o ul d b e c mp a r e d wi th th t o f a c r e f ll y c o
o truc te d r e i s ta n c e
a a u ns s

c o il b o th b e fo r e a n d a f te r e a ch e xp e rim e t
,
n .

We be r ’
s M e tno cl by o bs e r v ing til e D e cr e me n t of tb e Osc illa tio n s
a M a gn e t
of .

7 62
] A ma gn e t
r bl e ma g e ti c mo me t io f u s p e n de d
c o n s ide a n n s s

a t th e ce tr e o f a g a lv
n o me te r c o il Th p e ri o d o f vibr ti o
an d . e a n an

th l o g ri th mi c d e c r e me t o f th e o c i ll a tio
e a i o b e rv e d firs t wi th
n s ns s s ,

th c i r c it o f th e ga lv
e u o me te r O p e d th e wi th th e c i r c it
an n, an n u

c l o se d d th e c d c ti vi ty f th e g a lv o me te r c i l i d d e d
,
an on u o an o s e uc

fr o m th e ff e c t whi ch th c rr e t i d c e d i i t by th e mo ti o n f
e e u n s n u n o

th e ma g e t h ve in r e i ti g th t mo ti o
n a s s n a n .

I f T i th e o b e rve d ti me o f a i gl e vi br ti o
s s a d A th N s n a n ,
n e a

p ie ia l o g ri th mi c de c re me t fo e a ch si gle vibr tio th e n if w

r n a n r n a n , ,
e

w ri te 7,

T
A
T

th e e qu a tio n of mo ti o n Of th e ma g n et is o f th e fo rm

1 Cc “
( l—
H )
8
-

<) co s co .

Thi s e xpre s se s th e n a ture o f th e m tio o n as d e te r min e d

tio n . We mu s t c o mp a r e thi with s th e dyn a mi ca l
mo ti o n .
 UN I T OF R E SI STA N C E .
[7 6 2 .

'

L e t M b e th e fi
c o e f c ie n t o f i n du c ti o n b e tw e e n th e ga lv ano me te r
co i l an d th e s u sp e d e d ma g n e t
n I t is .
'

Of th e fo rm

M : Gl gl Q 1 (9)+ Ga ga Q2 ( )
6 &c ( 4 )
wh e re G, , G, , &c . are c o e f c ie n fi ts b e lo n i
g gn to th e co i l , p, p,, , &c .

to th e ma g n e t, a n d Q , Q2 ( )
6 ,
&c .
,
ar e z ona l h a fi n o n ic s . of th e
an gl b w
e e t e e n th e a xe s o f th e c o i l a d th e ma g e t S e e A rt 7 0 0 n n . .

B y a pr o p e r rr ge me t o f th e c o i ls o f th e g a lva o me te r a d b y
a an n n ,
n

b ildi n g p th e u p e de d m g e t o f s e v e r l ma g e ts pla e d ide by

u u s s n a n a n c s

si de a t pro p e r di s ta c e s w e m y c u se a l l th e te rms o f M fte r th e

n , a a a

firs t to b e co me i e sibl c o mpa re d with th e firs t I f w e a lso p t

ns n e . u

1
( ) 1— 0,
7
we ma y write
2
M Gm sin
whe r e G i s th e pri cip l c o e fficie t o f th e g lva n o me te r m is
n a n a , th e
ma g e tic mo me t o f th e ma gn e t a n d
n i s th e
n
g l e b tw e e ,
an e n th e
a x i s o f th e m g e t a d th e pl n e o f th e c o il
a n wh ich in this n a , , ex

e i m
re t is a l wa y s a
n m ll a gl e s a n
p , .

I f L i th e c o e ffi cie t o f s e l f in duc ti o
s o f th e c o i l an d B n -
n ,
i ts
r e sist n ce a d y th e c urr e n t i th e c o il
a ,
n n ,

cl
0. ( )
6

2 j
0
—3
,

6
-
I ( )
7

Th e mo me n t of th e fo r ce with wh ich th e c urre n t y a c ts on th e

”
ma gn e t i s y
if or G my c o s Th e an g l e 1
<;i s i n th i s e xp e ri me n t
so s ma ll th a t w e ma y
, s upp o se co s 4 ; 1.

Le t us upp o s e th t
s a th e e qua ti o n of mo tio n Of th e ma gn e t wh e n
th e c i r c u i t i s br o k e n i s

d
A 2 + B e)
tl t
’
a t
d <l>
wh e r e A i s th e mo me n t of in e rtia of th e s us p e n de d a pp a ra tu s ,
B
alt

e xpr e s se s th e r e i ta n ce risi g fro m the vi sc o sity o f th e a i a d

s s a n r n

o f th e s u p e s i o fibr e &c a d C d e xpr e ss e th e mo me n t f the

s n n . n ) s o
, ,

fo rc e ri i g fr o m th e e r th s ma g e ti s m th e to r s io
a s n o f th e s s a
’
n ,
n u

p io n a pp ra tu &c te din g to bri g th e ma g e t to i ts p o itio

en s a s, .
, n n n s n

o f qu i l i br i u m
e .

Th e e qua ti o n o f mo ti o a a ffe c te d by th e c urr e t wi ll b e n ,

s n ,

d
 WE B E R S ’
ME T H OD .

r
To de te mi n e th e mo ti o n f th e ma gn e t, w e h a v e to
o co mb in e this
e qu a ti o n with ( 7 a n d e l imin a te y Th e r e s ul t i s .

d d a
cl

(
2
A s
32 2

a li n ea r d iffe r e n tia l r de r e qu a ti o n o f th e thi rd o .

We h ve o o c ca s io h o we v e r to s o lve thi s e qu ti o n b e ca u e
a n n , ,
a , s

th e d t o f th e pr o bl e m a r e th e o b e rv e d e l e me t o f th e m tio
a a s n s o n

o f th e ma gn e t a d f o m th e s e w e h a v e to d e te r min
,
n th e v l r e a ue

o f R .

Le t “
0
a n d co
o
b e th e va l u es o f a an d w in e qua tio n ( 2 )wh e n th e
r ui t i br k e
ci c Is o n . n thi s ca s e B i s in fin i te ,
d th e e qu a tio
an n is
r e du ce d to th fo rm e We th us fin d
B = 2 Aa0,
So lvi n g e qua ti o ( 1O)f n or R, an d wri tin g
d
— wh e re i

w e fin d
G +iw
2 2
772 a

A er
a —( O 2 4 -
2ia w
S in c e th e va l ue o f (o i s i n g e n e r a l mu c h gr e a te r th a n tha t o f a ,

th e be st va lue of R i s fo un d by e qua tin g th e te r ms i n i ce ,

G m 2 2
(0
2 —w 2
) ( )
0
14
a —a
We ma y O b ta i
va lue o f R by e qua ti g th e te r ms o t
al so n a n n

in v o lvin g i b t a s th e s e te rms a r e sma ll th e e qua ti o n i s u e f l

,
u ,
s u

o ly a
n a me a s o f te s ti n
s
g th e a c c ura c y o f th e o b s e rv a ti o s
n Fr o m n .

th e se e q ti o s w e fi d th e f l l win g te s ti g e qu ti
ua n n o o n a o n,

m {a — —w
}
2 z 2
g a e
+ w 2
oo 0
— — 2 —
( 0 )}
2 2 2 2 2
a ) + 2 01 0 ( ( )
4
LA {( a
o
0 60 + w0 )+ w w 15

S in ce 1}s is ve ry s ma ll co mp a r e d with s z
, thi s e qu at o n i
g i ve s
(0
2
0
0
2
a
2
i ( )
16

an d e qu a ti o n m
( ) y
14 a be wri tte n
s 2
R —
2L a .

2A ( a )
a
o

I n thi s e xpre s si o n G ma y b e d e te rmin e d r fr o m th e li e r

e i th e n a

me a s ur e me n t o f th e g a lva n o me te r co il , o r b e tte r by c o mp ri o
,
a s n

wi th a s ta n da r d co i l ,
a cc o rd i n
g to th e m e th o d o f Ar t 7 53 . . A is
th e mo me n t o f i n e rtia o f th e ma g n e t a n d i ts s u p e de d a pp a ra tu s n s,

w h ic h i s to b e fo un d by th e pro p e r dyn a mic a l me th o d . (0

0 ,
o.

and Co ,
are gi v e n by Ob e rva ti o s n .
 UN I T OF R E S I S TA N C E .

Th e d e te rmin a ti o n o f th e va lue o f m , th e ma g n e ti c mo me n t o f
th e su s p en de d ma g n e t, i s th e mo s t di fli c u l t a t o f th e i n p r ve ti ga tio s n ,

be c a u se by p r ur by
i t i s a ffe c te d te m e a t e , th e e a th s ma
’
r g e tic fo r c e n ,

a d by me c h a n i ca l v i o l e c e
n o th t g re a t n ,
s a ca r e mu t b ta k e to s e n

me a ure this qu a tity wh e th e m g e t i s i

s n n a n n th e ve ry s me c i r c u m a

s ta c e n s wh e it i v i br a ti g
s a n s n .

Th e s e c o d te rm O f B th a t wh i c h i vo lv e s L i s o f l e s s imp o r t
n , n ,

a cen a s it i
, g e r l ly s m l l c o mp s
a r e d w i
en th th e fir ta t e r m T h e a s .

v lue o f L m y b e de te rmi e d e ith e r by c l l tio fro m th e kn o wn

a a n a cu a n

f r m o f th e c o il o by n e xp e r i me n t o
o ,
th e e xtra c urr e t o f i
r a n -
n n

d u c ti o n See A t 7 5 6
. r . .

Tb o mso n M e tb o tl by R e v o l v i ng Co i l
’
s a .

ugg e ste d by Th o m o to th e C o mmitte e

Th i s me th o d wa s s s n

o f th B riti s h A s so c i ti o n o
e E l e c tr ic l S ta d rd s a d th e
a n a n a ,
n ex

i me t w a s m d e by M M
n B a l fo ur S te w a rt
a Fl e e mi J e ki n n,
p e r
g . .
, n

an d th e a u th o r i 18 6 3 n

A c i r c ul r c o i l i s ma de to r e v o lv e wi th u i fo r m v e l o c ity a b o ut a
a n

v e rtic l x is A s m ll ma g e t i s s u p e de d by a ilk fibre a t th e

a a . a n s n s

c e tr e o f th e c i l
n A e l e c tr i c c urr e t i
o i n du ce d i th e c o i l by
. n n s n

th e e a th ma g n e ti m a d a ls o by th e s u s p e d e d ma g e t
r
’
s s ,
Th i s
n n n .

c urr e t i p e rio di c fl wi g i o pp o ite di re c ti s th r o u gh th e wir e

n s ,
o n n s on

o f th e c o il d ur i g diffe r e n t p a r t o f e a ch r e v o l ti o
n b t th e e ffe c t o f s u n ,
u

th e c urr e t o th e s u p e d e d ma g e t i s to pr o d c e
n n s d e fl e i o fr o m
n n u a x n

th e m g e ti c m e r i d i a n i th e di r e c ti o n o f th e r o ta ti o n o f th e c o il
a n n .

L e t H b e th e h o r i o ta l c o mp o n e n t o f th e e a rth s ma g
’
7 z n

n e ti s m .

L e t y b e th e s tr e n g th o f th e urr e n t i the c o il
c n .

y th e to ta l a r e a i n cl o s e d by a ll th e wi n din gs O f th e w ir e .

G th e ma g n e ti c fo r c e a t th e ce tr e o f th e c o i l d e to u
n u n it
c urre n t .

L th e c o e fli ci e n t o f s e l f- i n du c tio n o f th e co i l .

M th e ma g n e tic mo me n t o f th e s usp ede d ma g n e t

n .

6 th e g l e b an
e tw ee n th e pl an e o f th e c o i l a n d th e ma g n e ti c

me ri di an .

4 ) th e a gl e b e tw e e
n n th e a xi s of th e su s pe n de d ma g n e t an d
ma g n e ti c me r idia n
th e
A th e mo me n t o f i n e r tia o f th e s u s p e n de d ma g n e t .

M H T th e c o e ffici e n t O f to r si o n o f th e s u s p e n s io n fi b r e .

th e a z imuth o f th e ma g n e t wh e n th e re i s n o to r s io n
'

a .

R th e re s i s ta n c e o f th e co i l .

S e e R ep o r t of th e B r i ti s h A sso ci a ti o n f or 18 6 3 .
7 6 T H O M S ON S ’
ME T H OD .

Th e kin e tic en e r gy o f th e s y s te m is
T :
é L y — H y y s in O— M G y s in ( 6
z
( )
1

Th e fir st te m, r %L y
rg y o f th e c rre t 2
, e xpre s se s th e en e u n as

d pe di g o
e n th e o il i tse l f
n Th s e c o d te r m d e p e d
n c o th e . e n n s n

mut a l ctio o f th e c rr e t a d te rr e tria l ma g e ti m th e th i rd

u a n u n n s n s ,

o nth t o f th e rr e t a d th e m gn e ti m o f th e p e de d m g e t
a cu n n a s su s n a n ,

th e f r th o u th t f th e mag e ti m o f th e us p e de d m g e t a d
ou
-

a O n s s n a n n

te r e stria l ma g e ti m
r d th e l a t e xpr e e th e ki e tic e e rgy f
n s ,
an s ss s n n o

th e m tte r c o mp o i g th e ma g e t
a d th p e de d pp r tu
s n n an e su s n a a a s

wh ich mo ve s with i t .

Th e p o t ti l e e rgy o f th e s u s p e n d e d pp ra tu s a ri s i g fr o m th e
en a n a a n

to r io o f th e fibr e i
s n s

ME 2

7
T (¢
Th e l
e e ct o r ma gn e ti c mo me n tum o f th e cu rre n t is

p
g Ly —H
y i s n B — M G y s i n ( 6 — ct),

an d if B i s th e re i
s s ta n c e o f th e co i l ,
th e e q uat on i o f th e c u rer n t
2
(Z T
Ry 4
d y dt
or ,
s in ce 6 w t, (5)
M G ( m_
( R + L 7 = n co s e+ ( )
6

7 r e ult a li k e o f th e o ry d o b e rva tio th t th e

I t i s th e s an s n a

a imuth o f th e ma n e t i bj t t tw k i d f p ri o di v r ia ti o
z
g e c o o e c
,
s su o n s a n s .

O e O f th e e i
n f e o cil l ti s w h o e p e ri o di time d e p e d
s a r e s a on ,
s c n s on

th e i te ity o f te rr e tr ia l m g e ti m
n ns d i i th e e xp e r ime t
s a n s ,
an s, n n ,

s e v e ra l e co d The o th e r i
s n f r d v ibr ti
s. w h o e p ri d i s a o ce a on s e o s

h lf th t f th e r e v o lvi g c o il
a a o d wh o e a mpli t de i w e h ll
n ,
an s u s, a s s a

s ee i s e ib l e
,
n H e c e i n d e te r min in g y w e m y tre a t 4
n s . n ,
s ,
a ) a

s e s i bly c o
n ta t n s n .

W e th u fi d s n

M e ta — ft)
_n s m w ca )
~

( R ees e w ,
-
As
. . Et
Ce L

Th e la st te rm Of thi s e xpr e ssi o n soo n di e s a wa y w h e n th e

ti o n is co n tin u e d un i fo rm .
 UN I T OF R E S I S TA N C E .

Th e e q uat o n i o f mo ti o n o f th e s u pe s n de d ma gn e t i s

dn
_e + n _ “A
a q; cl t d cb d <l>

wh e n ce A cp—M Gy co s (6 O ( )
1 1 .

S b s ti tuti g th e v a lu e o f y a d rr a n gi g th e te rm a cc o r di g
u n , n a n s n

to th e fu c ti o n s o f mul tipl e s o f 0 th e n w e kn o w fr o m o b s e rv tio

n ,
a n

th a t
( p ¢O + b e ( )
12

wh e re t i s th e me a n v a lu e o f j a d th e s e c o d te rm e xpre s s e
(
o
( ), n n s

th e fr e e v i br ti o s gra d a lly de c y i g a n d th e th ir d th e fo r ce d
a n u a n ,

v ibra tio n s a r is in g fro m th e va ria tio o f th e d e fl e cti g c urre t n n n .

1
5 {
Th e v a lu e o f n i e qu a ti o n ( )
12 i s — e c I nT h a t o f th e a m
2 s ( ). c,

pl i tu de o f th e fo rc e d vibra ti o n s, is 1 7
i ( D 2 sin gt . H e n ce , wh e n th e

co il m k e s ma n y e vo lu tio n s duri g o e fre e vibra tio o f th e ma g e t

a r n n n n ,

th e a mpl i tu de o f th e fo r c e d v ibra ti o n s o f th e ma g e t i s v e ry s m l l n a ,

a d we m y
n
g l e c t th e ta
e r m i ne
n ( )
1 1 w hi c h i v o lv e c s n .

B e gi i g with th e te rms i ( 11)wh i ch do o t i n vo lve 6 we fi d

nn n n n ,
n

M H Gy co s
21 2 —d i
R ( w ) R
( co s ¢0 + L w S 111
R 2
+L
2
w
2
R 2
+L
2

M E (s in ¢>O + T ( )
13

R e me mb e r i n g th a t ( 1
) i s s ma l l , a n d th a t L i s g e n e r a lly s ma ll

c o mp a r e d with Gy , w e fin d a s a s u ffi ci e n tly a ppr o x i ma te v a lu e o f R ,

Gy m
g
— a
g ig se c ) d
9 9
— l
) ta n ¢2

s m q)
7 Th e i
r e s s ta n c e
'

i s th us de te r mi n ed in l
e e ct o r ma gn e tic me a
s ure i n te r ms o f th e v e l o c ity to an d th e d e vi a ti o n I t is
‘

not

n e c e ss a ry to r
d e te mi n e I f , th e h o iz o n ta r l te rre s tri l m gn e tic fo rce a a ,

p o vide d
r it re ma in s c o n s ta n t d uri g th e e xp e ri me n t
n .

M
To de te r mi n e we mu s t ma k e u se o f th e s u s p e n de d m g a n et to
TL
de fl e c t th e ma g n e t f th e ma g n e to me te r , a s d e s c r ib e d in A r t 4 5 4
o . .

I n th i s e xp e r ime n t M s h o ul d b e s ma ll , s o th a t thi s c o rr e c ti o n b e

co me s o f s e co n ry i mp o r t
da a n ce .

Fo r th e o th e r c o rr e c tio ns re q ire d
u in th i s e xp e rime nt se e th e
R ep o r t f
o tb e B r i ti s b A s s o cia ti o n f o r 18 6 3 , p . 16 8 .
 JO UL E S ’
ME T HOD .

C o lo r ime tr ic M e t/to il
’
J o u le s .

7 Th e h e a t g e n e ra te d by a curr e t y n in p a ss n i g th r o ug h a

c o n d u c to r wh o s e r e s i s ta n ce is R i s , by J o ul e ’
s la w , A r t 2 4 2 . .

( )
1

wh e r e J i s th e e quiv l e a n t in d y na mi c a l me a s ur e o f th e u n it o f he a t
e mpl o y e d .

H e n ce , i f R i s c o n s ta n t d uri g th e e xp e rime
n n t, i ts va l ue is

This me th o d o f de te r mi n i n g R i n vo lve s th e d e te rmin a ti o n of b,

th e h e a t g e n e a te d th e c r by ur r en t in a gi ve n ti me , an d o fy 2
,
th e
s qu r r g
a e o f th e s t e n th o f th e c r e t u r n .

J o l e s e xp e ri me t d e te rm i e d by th e r i e o f te m
’
I n u b w n s as n s

t e o f th e w te r i a v e se l i w h i
a c h th e c o d c ti n
n wi r e w s n n
p e ra ur
g a s u

i mme rs e d I t wa s c o rr e c te d fo th e e ffe c t o f r d i tio

. 8 m by r s a a n , .

a lte r a te e xpe ri me ts in which n o cur e n t w s p a s s e d th r o ugh th e

n n r a

Th e r gth f th e c ur r e t w a me a sure d by me a s o f ta ge t
st e n o n s n a n n

ga lv o me te r Thi me th o d i vo lve th e d e te rmi ti o

an . s f th e n s na n o

i te ity o f te rr e tri l ma g e ti m wh i ch wa s d o e by th e me th o d
n ns s a n s ,
n

de c rib e d i A t 4 5 7 Th e s e me a s ur me ts w e r e l s o te ste d by th e
‘
s u r . . e n a

c urr e t w e i g h e r d e s c ri b e d i A t 7 2 6 wh i c h me ur e y di r e ctly 2
n ,
n r .
,
as s .

Th e mo s t d i r e c t me th o d o f me a s u ri n g o we v e r , is to p a ss

th e c ur r en ro
lf a c ti g e l ctr o dyn mo me te r (A t 7 2 5 )
t th u
g h a se -
n e a r .

wi th c l whi ch g iv r e a d i gs pro p o rtio l to y

a s a e d to ma k e
es n n a
z
,
an

th e O b e rv ti a t e qu l i te rv l
s a ons o f ti me wh i c h m y b e d o e a n a s ,
a n

appro xima te ly by t ki g th e r e a di g t th e e x tre miti e s o f e v ry

a n n a e

vi bra ti o o f the i strume n t duri g th e wh l e c o ur e o f th e e pe r i

n n n o s x

me n t .

R ep o r t f
o the B r i tis h Asso ci a ti o n fo r 18 6 7 .
 C H AP TE R XI X .

C OM PA I O RS N O F TH E L E C TR O S T A T I C W I TH
E TH E E L E C TR O
M A GN E TI C UN I TS .

D e te r mi n a ti o n of tb c Nu mbe r f o E l e c tr o s ta ti c Un i ts
of E l e ctr ici t
y
in one E l e ctr o ma gn e tic Un i t .

TH E a bso l u te ma gn itu de s of th e l
e e ct ri c l a un its i n b o th
s y s te ms de p e n d l e gth ti me a d m s wh ich w e
on th e u n i ts of n , ,
n as

a d pt o a d th e
,
mo de i n wh ich th e y de p e d o th e s e un i ts i s
n n n

d iffe r e t i th e tw o s y te ms s o th a t th e r a tio o f th e e l e c tri c l u its

n n s ,
a n

wi ll b e e xpre s se d by a diffe re n t n mb e r a c co r din g to th e d iffe r e n t u ,

u its o f le gth d time

n n an .

It pp e a r fro m th e t bl e o f di me sio n s A r t 6 2 8 th a t th e
a s a n ,
.
,

n u mb e r o f e l e ctr o s ta tic u its o f e l e c tr i c ity i n o e e l e ctr o m g

n ti c n a ne

u i t va r ie s i ve r e l y a s th e m g itude o f th e u it o f le g th a d
n n s a n n n ,
n

d ir e c tl y a s th e ma g i t de o f th e u it o f ti me wh i ch w e a do p t
n u n .

I f th e r e fo r e w e d e te r min e a v e l o city wh i c h i s r e pr e s e te d n
, ,
n u

me ic l ly by th is n u mb e r th e
r a e ve n if w e do p t e w u n i ts o f
,
n ,
a n

le gth d o f time th e u mb e r re pr e se ti g th i s v e lo city w ill s till

n an ,
n n n

b e th e u mb e r o f e l e ctro s ta tic u n i ts o f e le ctri c ity i o e e l e ctr o

n n n

m g e ti c u i t a c co di g to th e e w s y s te m o f me sur e me n t
a n n ,
r n n a .

Th i s v e l o c ity th e r e fo r e w hi ch i dic te s th e r e l ti o n b e twe e n

, ,
n a a

e l e ctr t ti c os ad e l e c tr o m g e ti c p h e o me n a i s
an n tur a l qu a ti ty
a n n ,
a a n

o f d e fi i te m g i tu d e a d th e me s ur e me t o f th i s qua ti ty i s o e
n a n ,
n a n n n

o f th e mo t i mp o r t st e s e a r ch e i e l e c tr ic i ty
an r s n .

T s h e w th t th qu tity w e
o a e i s e rc h o f i
e re lly a ve l o c ity
an ar n a s a ,

w e ma y o b e rve th a t i th e ca s e O f tw o p a ra ll e l c urr e ts th e a tt a c
s n n r

ti o e xp e r ie ce d by a l e g th
n n O f o n e o f th e m i s by A t 6 8 6
n a ,
r .
,

a
F
,
200 ,
Z
wh e r e C, C
’
a re th e n ume ric l v lue s a a o f th e c urre n ts in e l e c tr o ma g
 R A TI O E X PR E SS E D BY A VE L OC I TY .

n e ti c me a s ur e , an d b th e d is ta n c e b e twe e n th e m . I f w e ma k e
6 2 a, th e n F : cc
'
.

N o w th e qu an y o f l e tri ity tra mitte d by th e c ur e t C in

ti t e c c ns r n

th e time t i s C t in e l e c tr o ma g ti c me a s ur e o C t i n e l e tr o sta ti c
ne ,
r n c

m e a su r e , if n i th e s u mb e r o f e l e c tr o ta tic un its i n o e e l e c tro

n s n

ma g n e ti c un it .

L e t two ma ll c o n du cto r s b e c h a rg e d wi th th e qu a n titi e s o f

s

e l e c tri c i ty tr a n s mi tte d by th e tw o c u rr e n ts i n th e ti me t a n d ,

p la c e d a t a dis ta n c e r fr o m e a ch o th e r Th e r e p u ls io n b e twe e n .

th e m wi ll b e '
UC n 5 2 2

L e t th e di s ta n c e r be so ch o s e n th a t th is r e pul sio n is e qu l to a th e
r
a tt a c ti o n o f th e c ur r e n ts , th e n
z 2
CC
’
n t

H e n ce r n t

or th e d is ta n ce r mu st i n c re a se wi th th e ti me t at th e r a te n .

H e n ce ve l o c ity th e
n is a o f wh i ch is th e
, a b o lu te m gn itu de
s a

sa me wh te v e r u i t w e
, a me n s a ssu .

7 To b ta i a p h y i c l c c e p ti
o n o f thi v l o c ity l e t
s a on on s e ,
us

g i e n p l a
e ur f e c h an
g d w isth e l e c tr
aci c i ty to th e l
are c tr o t
e a ti c e s su r

f c e de s ity
a -
nd mo v i g i i t wn p l a e wi than ve l o c ity v Thi
n n s o n a . s

mo vi g e l e c tr ifi e d s urf c e will b e e q i v l e t to a e l e c tr ic c ur e n t
n a u a n n r

s h e e t th e tr e gth o f th e c rr e t fl o win g th r o gh n i t o f br e a d th
, s n u n u u

1
o f th e urf c b e i g n i e l e ctr o ta ti c m a s r e
s a e n o n i e le c s e u or a n n
i ,
i

tr ma g e ti c me
o nr e i f is th e umb r o f e le ctr o sta ti c un i ts i
a su ,
n n e n

o e e l e c tr ma
n ti c u it I f o th e r pl e f a ce p r a ll e l to th e an sur a
g o n e n . an ,

fir t is e l e ctri fi e d to th e urf c e d n s ity

s ,
d mo v i th e sa me
s a -
e o
"

,
an es n

di e c ti
r wi th th e ve l o c ity v i t will b e e qu i va l e t to a e c o n d
on
’

,
n s

c urr t heet
en -
s .

Th e l e c tr o ta ti c r e p l i
e b e twe e th e tw o e l e c t i fie d s urf c e i s
s u s on n r a s ,

by A t 12 4 2 r . f e v e ry
, ni t f r e a f th e O pp o e d s ur fa c e
77 0 0
’
or u o a o s s .

Th e l e c tr o m g e ti
e ttra c ti o b e twe e th e two curr e t h e e t
a n c a n n n -
s s

i by A t 6 5 3 2 w ve ry n it o f e d be in g the ’
fo
’
s, r .
,
u u r e u ar a , it an u

s urf e de itie o f th c urr e ts in e l e ctr o ma g e ti c me a s ur e

ac -
ns s e n n .

1 1
B ut it an d u
’
o
'
v
’
so th a t th e r
a tt a c ti o n is
ii 7
7
,

I
2 77 0 0

VO L . II .
 C O M PA R I S ON OF UN I TS .
[ 770 .

Th e ra ti o of th e r
a tt a c ti o n to th e re pul si o n is qu a l e to th a t o f
un
’
to n
2
. H e n c e , s in c e th e r
a tt a c ti o n a n d th e re pul s io n are q u an

titie s of th e sa me ki n y o f th e m ki d s u
d, u mu s t b e a qu a n ti t sa e n a ,

th a t i s a v e l o city
,
I f w e o w s upp o s e th e v e l o c ity o f e c h o f th e
. n a

mo vi g pla e s to b e e q l to n th e ttr a ctio n w il l b e gc q l to th

n n ua ,
a ua e

r e pul i o s d th e r e w il l b e
n ,
an o me ch i a l a c ti o b e twe e th e m n an c n n .

H e c e we ma y de fi e th e r a tio o f th e e l e c tric u its to b e a ve l o city

n n n ,

s u ch th t two e l e c tr i fi e d s u f c e s
a mo vi g i th e s me d ire ctio r a ,
n n a n

with th i ve l o city h a ve o m t l ctio

s ,
S i ce thi s v e l c i ty i
n u ua a n . n o s

a b o t 2 8 8 0 0 0 k il o me tr e s pe s e co d i t i i mp o s ibl e to m ke th e
u r n ,
s s a

e xp e r i me n t a b o v e d e s c r ib e d .

7 7 O ] I f th e e l e c tr i c s ur f c e d e ity a d th e v e l c ity c
. b e ma d
a -
n s n o an e

s o g r e t th a t th e ma g e tic fo r c e i s
a me s r bl e q a n tity w e ma y
n a a u a u ,

a t l e a t v e r ify o
s s upp o iti o th a t a mo vin g e l e c tri fi e d b o dy i s
ur s n

e qu iva l e n t t a e l e c tri c c urr e t

o n n .

I t a pp e a r s fro m A t 5 7 th t a e l e c tr i fi e d
r rf c e in a i w o ul d
. a n su a r

b e gi to di ch a rge i ts e l f by s p rk s wh e th e e l e c tric f rc e 2 m
n s a n o 7

r e ch e s th e v lue 13 0 The ma g e ti c fo rc e d e to th e c urre t sh e e t

a a . n u n -

Q)
is 2 77 0 Th e h o r i o ta l ma g e ti c fo r c e i B r it i i b o ut
z n n n a n s a
5
H en ce a s urf l
rifie d to th e high e t de gre e a d mo vi g with
a c e e e ct s ,
n n

a v e l o c ity o f 10 0 me tr e s pe e c o d w o uld a c t o n m g t wi th r s n ,
a a ne a

fo r c e e q l to a b o ut o e f ur th o u s a dth p a rt f th e e a rth s h o r i
’
ua n -
o -
n o

z o ta l fo r c e
n a qu
ti ty w h i ch c a
,
b e me a s ur e d
an Th e e l e c tri fi e d n .

s ur fa c e m b e th a t o f no c o d c ti g di k r e v lv i i th pla e
y a
g a e n n u n s o n n n
-

o f th e m g e ti c me r i di a n a d th e ma
g e t m b e pl a e d
an c l o e to n n s
y c , a

th e a s e din g r d e c e di g p o r ti o n O f th e di k a d pr o te c te d fr o m
c n o s n n s ,
n

i ts e l e ct o t ti c a c ti o by a s c r e e
r s a o f me t l I m o t a wa r e th t
n n a . a n a

th i s e xp e rime t h a b e e n hi th e rto tte mp te d

n s a .

I . Co mp a r is o n
of Un i ts
of E l e c tr i c i ty .

Si n c e th e ra ti o
r ma g tic to th e e l e c tro ta ti c
of th e l
e e ct o ne s

u i t o f e l e c tric ity i s e p e s e n te d by ve l o c ity w e sh a ll i n f t r e

n r r a ,
u u

d e n o te i t by th e s ymb o l Th e fi r t u me ri c a l de te rmi a tio n o f s n n

this v e l o c ity w s ma de by We b e r a n d Ko h lr u c h
a a s

Th e i r me th o d w s fo u de d o n th e m a ur e me n t o f th e sa me
a n e s .

qu tity o f e l ctri city fir s t i e l e ctr o s ta tic a n d th e i e le ctro

an e ,
n n n

m g e tic me a s ur e
a n .

Th e qu ti ty o f e l e ctri ity me s ur e d wa s th e ch a rge o f a L e y de

an c a n

I a s me a s ur e d i n e l e c tr o s ta ti c me a ur e a s th e pr o d u c t o f th e
jar . t w s

E lcktr o dyn a mis che M a a s b e sti mmu n gcn

'
an d P 0 99 . An n . x cix , (A u g 10 , .
 ME T H OD OF WE B E R A ND K O HLR A US C H .

ca p y o f th e j i to th e di ffe re c e o f p o te ti l o f it c o a tin gs
a c it ar n n n a s .

Th e c p ac i ty f th e ja w s d e t r mi e d by o mp ri o wi th th a t o f
a O r a e n c a s n

a sph e r e u pe d d in s s p e s p a c e a t a d i ta c e fr o m o th e r
n e an o n s n

bo d ie Th e ca p a c ity o f s u ch a s ph e r e i s e xpr e ss e d in e l e ctro st tic

s. a

me r e by its ra diu Thu th e c p a c ity o f th e j r m y b e f u d

a su s . s a a a o n

a d e xpr e
n ed a c e rt i
ss l gth S e A t 2 2 7
s a a n en . e r . .

Th e difl e ce o f th e p o te ti l o f th e c o ti n g s o f th j w a s m ea
er n n a s a e ar

s ur e d by o c ti t h e c o a ti gs with th e e l
nne n tr d f l tr
g c o e o n e e c o n ec s a

me t r th e c o t ts o f whi h we r e c r e fully de te r min d o th t th e

e ,
n s a n c a e ,
s a

di ff r e c e o f th e po te ti l E b e ca me kn o wn i e l e c tr o t tic me a s ur e
e n n a s, ,
n s a .

B y m l ti pl yi g thi byu th e c p a c ity o f th e ja

n s th e c h a r ge o f
c, a r ,

th e j w ar e xpr e se d i
as l e c tr o sta tic me a ure
s n e s .

T de te r mi e th e v lu e o f th e c h rge i e l e c tr o ma g e ti c me
o n a re a n n a su ,

th e j w ar d i ch r g e d th r o ugh th c i l o f a g lv
as s a me te r Th e e o a an o .

e ffe c t o f th e tr i e t c urr e t o an s th e m gn e t o f th e ga lv o me te r
n n n a an

co mm i a te d to th e ma g t c e rta i ul r v l it y Th
un c a
g o c ne e a n n a e .

ma gn e t th e wu g r o n d to a c e rt i
s n d e vi tio t w h i ch i ts
un a n a n ,
a

ve l o c ity w s ti ly d t o ye d by th e o pp o i g a c ti o o f th e
a en r e es r s n n

e a rth m g e ti m
’
s a n s .

B y o b e rvi g th e xtr e me d e vi ti o
s n o f th e m
e
g e t th e q a ti ty a n a n u n

o f e l e tr i c ity i
c th e c ur t ma y b e de te rmi e d i n e l e ct r o m g n e ti c
n ren n a

me a su r e a i A t 7 4 8 by th e fo r m la
,
s n r .
,
u

wh e re Q i th e qu n tity o f e l e tri ci ty in e l e ctro m g e ti c me asu re

s a c a n .

We h v e th e re fo r e to d te rmi th e f ll o wi g q titi
a e ne o n u an es

H th in te i ty f th e h r i
,
e ta l c o mpns e t o f te rr e tr ia l ma g
o o z on on n s

n e ti s m se e Ar t 4 5 6 . .

G, th e pr i n ci p a l c o n s ta n t of th e g a a n lv me te r s e e Ar t
o . 7 00 .

T, th e time o f a s in g l e v i br a tio n o f th e ma gn e t ; a n d
v
9 , th e d e i a ti o n d u e to th e t ur r e t ra n sie n t c n .

Th e va l e o f o b t in d by M M W e b e r
u 7) d Ko hl a us ch w a s
a e . an r

3 10 7 4 0 0 0 0 me tr e s pe se c o d
r r n .

Th e pr pe rty o f o li d di l e ctri s to wh i ch th e n a me o f E l e ctri c

o s e c ,

A b o rptio h a s be e giv e
s r e de rs i t di ffi cul t to e tim te co rr e ctly
n n n ,
n s a

th e c p ac ity o f
a L e yde j Th e pp a r e t c a p c i ty va ri e
a c n ar . a n a s a

c r di g to th e time whi ch e l p se
o n b e tw e e th e c h a rgi g o di s a s n n r

c h r i g o f th e j
a a n d th e me a ur e me t o f th e p o te n ti l
n ar d t h e s n a an
g ,

lo ge r th e time th e gre te r i th e va l o b ta in e d fo th e ca p a city o f

n a s ue r

th e j ar .
 C O M PA R I SON OF UN I TS .
[7 7 2 .

H e n ce , upi e d i Ob ta i i g a r e di g o f th e
s in c e th e ti me o cc n n n a n

ele c tro me te r i l a rg e i c o mp ri o wi th th e time duri g whic h th e

s n a s n n

di c h a rg e th r o gh th e g a lv o me te r ta k e pl a c e it i s pro b a bl e th a t
s u an s ,

th e e s tim te o f th e d i c h a r g e i e l e c tr o s ta tic me a s ur e i s to o h igh

a s n ,

a d th e v a lu e o f
n d e ri v e d fr o m i t i s pr o b a bly a l o to o h igh ,
s .

II . 2) e xp r e s se d a s a R e s is ta n ce .

7 Tw o o th e r me th o d fo th e de te r mi a ti o o f 1) le d to a
s r n n a n

e xpre si o o f i ts
s n va l e i te rms o f th e re i s t c e O f a g iv e c o n
u n s an n

d uc to r wh ic h i , ,
n th e e l e ctr o ma gn e tic s y s te m i s l so e xpr e s se d a s a ,
a

v e l o city .

I S i Wi ll ia m Th o m o fo r m o f th e e xp e ri me t
’
n r c o s ta t
s n s n ,
a n n

c urr e t i s ma de to fl w th r o g h
n wi r e o f gr a t re i t c e Th e
o u a e s s an .

e l e c tr o mo ti ve fo r c e w h i c h rge s th e c rr e t th ro gh th e wi re i s me a u u n u

s ur e d l tro s t tic lly by c e c ti g th e e xtre mitie s o f th e wire with

e ec a a onn n

th e e l e c tro de s o f a a b o lute e l e c tr o me te r A r ts 2 17 2 18
n s Th e ,
.
, .

s tr e gth o f th e c urr e t i n th e w ir e i s me s ur e d i
n e l e c tr o m g n e ti c
n a n a

me ur e by th e d e fl e i o o f th e s u p e de d c o i l o f a n e le c t o dyn a
as x n s n r

mo me te th r o gh wh i ch it p s e s A r t 7 2 5
r u Th e r e i ta c e o f th e a s , . . s s n

c i rc u it is k o w i e l e tr o m g e tic me a r e by c o mp riso w ith

n n n c a n su a n a

s ta da r d c o i l o O h m
n B y mul tiply i g th e tre g th o f th e c rre n t
r . n s n u

by thi s r e s ista ce w e o b ta i th e e l e c tr o mo ti ve f r c e i e le ctro

n n o n

ma g e ti c m a s ur e a d fr o m a c o mp a r i s o n o f th is wi th th e e l e ctro
n e ,
n

s ta ti c me a ur e th e v l e f v i O b t i e d
s a u o s a n .

Th is me th o d r e q i r e s th e s im lta e o s de te r mi a ti o u o f tw o u n u n n

fo r ce by me a o f th e e l e c tr o me te r n d e l e ctro dy mo me te r e
s, n s a n a r

s pe cti v e ly a d i t i o ly th e r a tio o f th e s e fo r c e s wh i c h
,
n s n pp e a rs i a n

th e r e ul t s .

7 A o th e r me th o d i wh i c h th e s e f r c e s i te d Of b e i g
n ,
n o ,
ns a n

s e p a r te ly me a ur e d
a a e d ir e c tly o pp o se d to
s ,
c h o th e r w a s e m
r ea ,

pl o ye d by th e pr e se t wr ite r Th e e n ds O f th e g re t r e sist ce c o il
n . a an

ar e o c e c te d w ith tw o p ra ll e l di k s
nn o e f wh ic h i s mo v e bl e a s ,
n o a .

Th e s me di ffe re ce f p o te ti a l wh i c h s e d th e c rr e n t th r o gh
a n o n s n s u u

th e g r e t r e i t c e a l o c a e s a
a s s an a ttr c ti o ,
b e tw e th e s e di k
s us n a n e n s s .

A t th e s a me time e l e c tr i c c urr e t w h i c h i
an th e ct a l e i n n a u x
,
p , er

me t w a di ti ct fr o m th e pr i ma ry c urr e t i s e t th r o gh two
n ,
s s n n ,
s n u

co i l s fa s te n e d o e to th e b a c k o f th e fix e d d i k
, ,
n d th e o th e r to s ,
an

th e b a c k O f th e mo v e bl e di k Th e c urr e t fl o w i n O pp o i te
a s . n s s

di r e ctio s th r o u gh th e e c o ils s o th a t th e y r e p e l o e a o th e r
n s B y ,
n n .

a dju ti g th e di s ta c e o f th e tw o di k s th e a ttr c ti o n i s e x a c tly

s n n s a

b a l ce d by th e r e pul io n wh ile a t th e sa me ti me a o th e r o b se r ve r
an s ,
n ,
 ME T H O DS OF T HOMSO N A ND MA XWE LL .

by me a n s of a diffe re n tia l
with h n ts de te rmi e g lvaa no me te r s u ,
n s

th e r ti o f th e pri m ry to th e e c
a o da ry c rr e t a s on u n .

I n thi xp e rime t th e l y me r e me t wh i h mus t b e r e fe rr e d

s e n on as u n c

to ma te ri a l s ta d r d i th a t o f th gre t r i ta n c e w h ich m t
a n a s e a es s ,
us

b e d e te r mi e d i b so l te me ure by o mp ri o with th e O h m
n n a u as c a s n .

Th e o th e r me s ur e me ts a e r e q i re d o ly fo th e de te rmi ti
a n of r u n r na on

r ti
a o s, d ma y th e r e f r e b de te rmi e d in te r m o f
an
y oa rb itr ry e n s an a

u it
n .

Th u s th e r a tio O f th e two fo r ce i r tio o f e qu l ity s s a a a .

The r tio o f th e tw o
a rr e ts is fo u d by c o mp ri o o f r e i t cu n n a a s n s s

a n ce wh e th e r i s o de fle i o f th e diffe re ti l ga lva o me te r
s n e n x n o n a n .

Th e ttr c ti ve fo r c e d p e d o n th s qu r e o f th e a ti o o f th e
a a e n s e a r

di me te r O f th e d i k to th e i r di t ce
a s s s an .

Th e r e pul iv e f r c e d e p e d o
s th e r ti o
o f th e d i me te r o f th e n s n a o a

c o il to th e i r d i t
s ce s an .

Th e v lu e o f ai th e r e fo r e e xpr e e d d i re c tly i
v s t e r ms o f th e ss n

re i ta n ce o f th e g re t c o il w h i h i s it e lf c o mp r e d with th e O hm
s s a , c s a .

Th e v al e o f v f d by Th o m me th o d w O hm ’
u as oun so n s as s
, ,

by M xwe ll a Oh m T
’
s, s .

III . E l e c tr o s ta tic Cap a ci ty i n E le c tr o ma gn e tic M e a s u r e .

77 p a city o f c o d e n e r ma y b e a ce r ta in d in e l e c tro
Th e ca a n s s e

ma gn ti c mea s ur e by c o mp a r i o o f th e e l e ctro mo ti ve fo r c e wh i ch
e a s n

pro d th e ch a rg e
u ce s d th e q tity o f e l e c tr i i ty i n th e c ur e t
,
an u an c r n

o f di h a rge
sc B y me of . vo lta i c b tt ry c r t i m i ta i e d
an s a a e a u ren s a n n

th o gh
r uc ir c u i ta o ta i i g co i l f g r e a t r e si ta n c e
c n Th e c
n n a o s . on

de e r i
ns h a rg e d by p tti g i t e l e tr d i c o t t wi th th e f
s c u n s c o es n n ac os o

th re s i ta c e c il Th
e s n r e t th r o ugh th e c o i l i me a s re d by
o . e cu r n s u

th d e fl e i o n whi ch i t pr o d c e i a g a l v o me te r
e x L t p b e th i u s n an . e ( s

de fle io th e th e c urr e t i by A r t 7 4 2
x n ,
n n s, .
,

g
— ta n cp,
‘

n z

wh e re H i s th e h o riz o n ta l comp o n e n t o f te rr e stri a l ma g n e tis m, and

G i s th e pri n ci pa l c o n s ta n t o f th e
g a lva n o me te r .

I f R i s th e r i sta
es n ce o f th e co i l th r ou
g h wh ich th i s cu rr e n t is
ma de to fl o w th e di ffe r e n c e , of th e p o te n tia l t th e e
s a n ds o f th e
co il i s E R y,

R ep o r t of B r i ti s h A s s o c ia tio n , 18 69 p 4 3 4 , . .

P h il Tr a ns , 18 6 8 , p 6 4 3 ; a n d R e po r t of B
. . i
r i t sh A sso ci a ti o n , 18 6 9 , p 43 6 . .
 C O M PA R I SO N OF UN I TS .
[775 .

an d th e ch a rge o f e le c tri ity pr o du c e d i th e c n co n de n se r , wh o se

ca p a c it yi n e l e c tr o ma g e ti c me s ur e i s C w ill b e
n a ,

Q = E o
N o w l e t th e l
e e ct o r
r a d th e th o e o f th e
de s o f th e co n de n se ,
n n s

g l va o me te r b e disc o e c te d fr o m th c irc ui t a d l e t th m g e t
a n ,
nn e ,
n e a n

o f th e g a lv o me te r b e br oan
g h t to r e t t i ts p o itio o f e q ili u s a s n u

b iu m
r Th e l e t th e e l e c tro d e s o f th e c o d e s e r b e c o
. n e c te d w i th n n nn

th o s e O f th e g l va o me te r A tr
a i e t c rr e t w ill fl o w th r o gh
n . an s n u n u

th e g lv n o me te r
a a d w ill c a e th e m g e t to w i g to
,
an n e us a n s n a x

tr e me d e fl e i o 0 Th e x by A t 7 4 8 if th e di ch rg i s e q a l to
n . n , r .
,
s a e u

th e c h a r g e , II T
2 si % 6 n .

G 77

We u s o b ta in a s th e v l
th a ue Of th e ca p a city o f th e co n de n s e r in
e l e ctr o m g e ti c me a s ur e
a n

T 1 2 s in § 0
77 R ta n d )

Th e p a c ity o f th e co de s e r i th us de te rmi e d i te r ms o f th e
ca n n s n n

fo ll o w i g q n ti ti e u an s

T th e ti me o f vi br ti o o f th e ma g e t o f th e ga lv o me te r fr o m
,
a n n an

r e t to r e s t
s .

R th e r e i s ta ce o f th e c o il
.

,
s n .

9 th e e xtr e me l i mit o f th e s w i g pro du c e d by th e d i sc h a rge

,
n .

ct th e c o
,
ta t de fle i ns d e to th e c urr e t th r o u gh th e c o il R
n x on u n .

Th i s me th o d w a s e mpl o y e d by Pr o fe s o r Fl e e mi g J e k i i d e te r s n n n n

mi i g th e c p city f c o d e e r i e l e c tr o m g e tic me ur e
n n a a o n ns s n a n as

I f e b e th e c p c ity o f th e me c o de s e r i e l e c tr o s ta tic me a
a a sa n n n

s ur e a s de te rmi e d by c o mp a r i s o n w i th
,
n c o d e s e r w h o s e c a p a c i ty a n n

ca n b e c l c ul a te d fr o m i ts g e o me tr ic l d a t
a a a,

2
c 72 0 .

ta u rt
c
H e n ce
T 2 s in e w
Th e qua n tit y 7) ma y th e re fo r e b e fo un d i n th i s w a y I t de p e n ds .

on rmi a ti o o f
th e d e te n n R in e l e c tr o ma g n e ti c me a s u r e , b u t a s i t

i vo l v e s o ly th e s q a r e
n n u roo t Of R, an e rro r i n thi s de te rmi n a ti o n
will o t ffe ct th e v lu e
n a a o f u so mu ch as in th e me th o d o f A rts .

I n te r mi tte n t Cu r r e n t .

I f th e wi re o f a b a tte ry c ir c ui t b e bro ke
- n at an y po i n t, an d

R e po r t o f B r i ti s h Asso ci a ti o n , 18 6 7 .
77 6 ] W I PPE .

th e bro k e e ds c o n e cte d wi th th e e l e ctro d e s o f a c o n de se r th e

n n n n ,

c rr e t w il l fl w i to th e c o d e
u n e r wi th
o tr e n gth whi c h d i min
n n ns a s

th e di fl e e ce f th e p te ti l o f th e c o de e r i c r a s e
'

i he
s s as r n o o n a s n n s n e s,

so th t w h e ath e c o d e e r h s r e c i v d th e f ll
n h rge c o r e
n ns a e e u c a r

di to th l e c tr mo ti v e f r c e c t i t h e wi r e th e c urr e t a n
s
p o n
g n e
ge o o on n

ce a s e e ti r e l y
s n .

I f th e e l e tr o d e s o f th e c o d e n se r a e
c w di sc o e c te d fr o m th e n r no nn

en d o f th e wi r
s d th e a ai
g c o e te d wi th th e m i
e, an th e n n nn c n

r e v rs e rd r th e c o de e r w ill d i ch rg e it e lf th r ugh th e wi r e
e o e ,
n ns s a s o ,

an d wi ll th e b e co me e c h rge d i th e o pp o ite wa y
n th a t a
r a n s ,
so

tra i e t c urre t w ill fl o w th r gh th e wi r

ns n n th e to t l q ti ty o f ou e, a u an

whi ch i q l to two ch rg e o f th e o de e r
s e u a a s c n ns .

B y m of p i e c e o f me c h n i m ( mmo ly ca lle d Go mmu

ean s a a s co n a

t t r o
a o wipp e ) th e o pe r ti
, r f r e v e r i g th e c o e xi o f th e a on o s n nn on s

co d n r c a b e r e p e te d t r e gu l r i n te rva l o f time e ch in te rv l
e n se n a a a s ,
a a

b e in g e qu l t T I f th i i t rv l i
a o fli c ie tly l o g to ll o w f
. s n e a s su n n a o

th o mpl e te d i ch rg e
e c f th e c d e r th e q
s a tity o f e l e c tr i i ty
o on ens ,
u an c

tra mitte d by th wi r e i e a c h i te rv l wi ll b e 2 E C w h e r e E i s
ns e n n a ,

th e e l e c tr o mo ti v e f r c e n d C i s th e c a p c i ty o f th e c o n d
o er
, a a en s .

I f th e ma g e t o f g a lv o me te r i c l d d i th e c i r c ui t i l o a d e d
n a an n u e n s ,

so asto w i g o l o wly th t a g r e t m y di h r g
s n s s f th e o n a a an sc a es o c

d e e r o cc r i th e tim o f o e fr e v ibr ti
n s u n o f th m g e t th e e n e a on e a n ,

su c ce io f dis c h a rge wi ll c t o n th e ma gn e t l i k e a ste dy c urr e n t

ss n o s a a

wh o se tr e gth i s s n 2 E C
T
I f th e co n de n s e ri s no w r e mo ve d, an d a re i
s s ta n ce c o il s ub s ti t u te d
fo r i t, an d j
a d u s te d till th e ste a d y urr e c n t th rg h t
ou h e
g a lv n o a

m e te r pro d u ce s th e sa me d e fle x i o n as th e s u c c e s s i o n o f di s ch a rge s,

an d if R i s th e re s i s ta n c e o f th e wh l o e ci c r ui t w h e n th i s i s th e ca s e ,

E z e o .

R T
T
R
2 0

W e ma y th u s co mp a r e th e co n d e n se r wi th i ts mmu ta to r i n
co

mo tio n to a wir e o f
ri a l re i ta c a ce rt a in e l e ct c s s n e ,
a n d w e ma
y m a k e

e
u s f th e o di ffe r e t
me th o d o f me a ri g r e i t c e d e c ri b e d i
n s su n s s an s n

A r ts 3 4 5 to 3 5 7 i
. r de r to d te r mi e th i r e ist c e n o e n s s an .

7 Fo thi purp e we m y r b stit te fo a y o e o f th e

s os a su u r n n

wir e i th m th o d f th e D iffe r e tia l Ga lv o me te r A t 3 4 6

s n e e o n an ,
r .
, or

i th t o f Wh t to e B ri dge A r t 3 4 7 de r w ith i ts m ’

n a c ea s n s , .
, a o n n se co

mu t to r L e t u s uppo e th a t i
a . ith r ca s e er de fl x i o s f th s n e e a z o e n o e
 C O M PA R I SO N OF UN I TS .

g lv a o me te r h a s b e e n o b t
a n a in e d, fir t wi th th e c o n de n s e r a n d
s co m
mut to r d th e n w i th
a ,
an a c o il o f re i t n c e R i it pl e s s a
,
n s ac , th e n

th e

wh ich
qua n tit

th e
y
c o il
%r
2
will b e
R , fo ms
me a s u r e d

by th e e p a rt an d
by th e r e si
wh i c h is
s ta n c e o

co mpl e tbd
f th e c i cu r i t Of

r
,

ma i de o f th e c o n du c ti
n r te m i cl di g th e b a tte ry He e
n g y s s n u n . n c

th e r s is ta n c e R wh i c h w e h ve to
e ,
l l te i s e qu l to R th t
,
a c a cu a ,
a
, , a

o f th e r e s i s t n c e c o i l to ge th e r w ith R
a th e r e i ta c e o f th e e s s n r
, ,,

m i de r o f th e s y te m (i l di g th e b a tte ry ) th e e xtr e mi ti e o f
a n s nc u n ,
s

th e r e i ta c e c o i l b e i g t k e n a s th e e l e c tr o de s o f th e s y te m
s s n n a s .

I n th e c a s e s O f th e di ff r e ti l ga l v o me te r d W h e t to e
’
e n a an an a s n s

B r i dg e i t i s o t n e c e s a ry to ma k e a s e co n d e xp e ri me n t by
n s b ti su s

tuti g n r e ista c e c o il fo th e c o n d e s e r The v lu e o f th e e i t

a s n r n . a r s s

a ce r e qu ir e d fo
n th i s purp o s e ma y b e fo u d by c a l c ul tio n fro m
r n a

th e o th e r k o w r e i s ta c e s i th e s y ste m
n n s n n .

U s i g th e n o t ti o o f Art 347
n d s pp o s i g th e c o de e r
a n .
,
an u n n ns

a n d c o mmu ta to r b titute d fo r th e c o d cto r A C i Wh e a t to e s ’

su s n u n s n

B ri dge a d th e g lv o me te r i n s e r te d in C A
,
n a d th a t th d fl io
an ,
an e e ex n

o f th e g a lv o me te r i s e r o th e
an w e kn o w th t th e r e s ist c e O f
z ,
n a an a

c o i l wh i c h pl a c e d i
, , A C w o l d g i ve a e r o d e fle i
n is u z x on ,

g R, .

Th e o th e r p a rt o f th e re s is ta n ce , R , , is th a t o f th e ys te m o f c o n
s

d u cto r s A O, 0 0 , AB , B C an d CB ,
th e p o i n ts A an d C b e i g co n n

s id e r e d a s th e l
e e ct o de s r . H e n ce

( 4)

xpre s i o n de n o te s th e i te rn l e si ta c e o f the b a tte ry

I n th i s e s a n a r s n

a d i ts c o n n e x i o s
n th e v a lu e o f wh ic h c a nt b e d e te rmi e d w ith
,
nno n

c e rta i ty ; b t by ma k i g i t s m ll c o mp r e d w ith th e o th e r r e s i t
n u n a a s

a c e s th i s un c e r t i ty wi ll o n ly S l i h tly a ff c t th e v a lu e O f R
n a n e
, g 2 .

Th e va lu e o f th e ca p a c i ty o f th e c o n d e s e r i e l e ctr o m g e tic n n a n

me a ur e i s s

77 I f th e co n de n s e r h a s a l a rge ca p a ci t y ,
an d th e co mmuta to r
is v ry r p id i its a ctio n th e c o n d
e a n ,
e n se r m y o t b f lly di sch rge d
a n e u a

a t e a ch r e v e rs a l Th e e q a ti o of . u n th e e le ctri c c urr e n t d ur g th e in
'

d I s ch a r g e 1s dQ
C _ _+ E C 0 ( )
6
( ”
wh e re Q i s th e ch a rg e ,
C th e ca p a c it y o f th e c o n de n s e r , R 2 th e
77 8 ] CO ND E NS E R C O M PA R E D W I TH C OI L .

re s is ta n c e o f th e re st o f th e s y
b e twe e s te m n th e l
e e c t o de s o f r th e
co n de n s e r ,
an d E th e e l e c tr o mo ti v e fo r c d e ue to th e co n n e xi o ns

wi th th e b a tte ry .

H e n ce Q ( QO + E C )e R20 _E C, ( )
7

wh e re Q i th e i i ti l va lue o f Q
0
s n a .

If i th e time d r i g wh i h o ta c t i
7 s u n c c n s ma in ta in e d d u r in g e a ch

di ch a rg e th e q
s ti ty i e a c h di sc h rg e i
,
u an n a s

B y ma ki n g 0 a n d y i n q ti ( 4 )l rge co mp a r e d w i th B o e u a on a ,
a ,
r

a ,
th e ti me r e pr e s e n te d by R 0 ma y b e m d o m ll co mp a r d 2
a e s s a e

wi th th a t i ca l l ti g th e v l u e o f th e e xp
n cu a e ti l e xpr e
n io a on n a ss n

we ma y us e th e v lu e O f C i eq ti o
a W th fi d n ua n e us n

7 R, + R2 T
2 __
R ,C R2 T
whe r e R i th e r e s i ta ce wh i h m t b e b titu te d f th e c o
,
s s n c u s su s or n

de r to pr d ce a e qui v l e n t e ff t R i th r e i ta e o f th e
n se o u n a ec .
2
s e s s nc

r e t f th e y te m T i th e i t rv l b e tw e th e b g i i g o f
s o s s ,
s n e a en e nn n a

dis ch rg e d th e b e gi
a i g o f th e
an e xt d i ch rge d i th nn n n s a ,
an r s e

d ra ti o
u o f c o t c t fo
n e ch di h rg e W e th u s o b t i f th e
n a r a sc a . a n or

c o r e c te d v a l e o f C i n e l e c tr o m gn e ti c me
r u ur e a as

R 1+ R 3
_2 ‘
1
T 1+ e Re T

fa x w e
1— e Ra T

IV . C o mp a r is o n of the E l e c tr o s ta tic Cap a c i ty of a C o n de n s e r wi th

the E le c tr o ma g n e tic Cap a ci ty of Se lf i n d u c tio n - o
f a C o il .

I f two p o in ts o f a co n du c tin g
ci cr uit be twe e ,
n w hi ch th e ,
re s i s ta n c e is
R ,
a r e c o n n e c te d with th e e l e c tr o de s o f
a r wh o e c p ci ty i C th e
c o n de n s e s a a s ,
n ,

wh e e l e c tr o mo ti v e fo r e
n an cts o th e c a n

c i r c it p rt f th c r e t in ste a d o f
u ,
a o e ur n ,

p si g th r ugh th e r e i ta n c e R wi ll
as n o s s ,

b e e mpl y d i c h rg i g th e o d
o e ern a n c n en s .

Th c rr e t th o gh R w ill th e r e f r
e u n r u o e

ri e to its fi a l v lu e fr m e ro i a
s n a o z n
F ig 6 4
g r d la m a ua e r I t a pp e a rs fnn
o m th e . r
. .

ma th e m ti ca l th e o ry th a t the m n e r in w hi ch
a an th e c urr e n t th r o ug h
 C O M PA R I SO N OF UN I TS .
[ 77 8 .

R ri se s fr o m
r o to i ts fi l va l e i s e xpr e s se d by a f r mu l o f
ze na u o a

e x ctl y th e sa me k i d tha t whi ch e xpr s e s the v l e f c

a n as e s a u o a ur

r e t rge d by o t n t e l e tro mo tive f rc e th ro gh th e o il o f n

n u a c n s a c o u c a

l tr o m g e t
e ec H e c e w e m y pl a c e
a n . c o de er d a n l e c tro a a n n s an n e

m g et tw o o pp ite me mb e r o f W h e a t to e B r i dg e i
’
a n ou os ch s s n s n su

a w y th a t th e c ur e t th r o gh th e g a lv
a o me te r i s rlw y e ro
n u an a a s z ,

e ve t th e i t t o f m k i g o br k i g th e b tte ry c i r c i t
n a ns an a n r ea n a u .

I th e fig ur e l t P Q R S b e th r e si ta c e s f th e fo ur m m;
n ,
e , , ,
e s n o e

b e r f Wh e t to e B r idg e re p tive ly L e t a c il wh o e c ffi
s o a s n
’
s s ec . o ,
s oe ~

c i e t o f e l f in d
n ti o i s L b e ma d p r t o f th e m e mb e r A H wh o
s -
uc n ,
e a ,
se

r i t c e i Q d l e t th e e l e c tr o de o f c o de e r wh o e c p a c ity
es s an s , an s a n ns ,
s a

i C be o
s , e c te d by p i e c e
c nnof ma ll r e i t c e wi th th e p o i ts F s s s s an n

an d Z F th e . k e o f i mpli ci ty w h l l a s ume th t th e re i o
or sa s ,
e s a s a s n

c urr e t i th e ga lv
n me te r G th e e l e c tr de o f wh ich
n anoe co ,
o s ar n

n e te d t
c F d H oW h v th e r fo r e to de te rmi e th e c o ditio
an . e a e e n n n

th t th po te ti l t F m y b e e qua l to th a t t H
a e n a a I t i o ly wh e a a . s n n

w e w i h i ) e ti m te th e d gr e e o f a c c ra cy o f th e me th o d th a t w e
s x s a e u

r e q ir e tu l c l te th e urre t th r gh th e g lva o me te r wh e
o ca u a c n o u a n n

th i co di ti o
s i s o t f l fill e d
n n n u .

Let b e th e to ta l qu n ti ty o f e l e c tr ic ity wh ic h h a s p a e d
a a ss

th r g h th e me mb e r A F
ou d th t wh ich h a s p sse d th r o ugh FZ ,
an 2 a a

a t th e ti m t th e — will b e th e ch rg e f th e c o de se r
e ,
n x Th ez a o n n .

l ctr o mo tive f r e a ti g b e twe e th e l e ctro de s o f th e c o n de n s e r

e e o c c n n e

by O hm s l a w , R
g p y de n s e r
’
is , ,
so th a t if th e ca a ci t of th e co n

Le t y b e th e to ta l qua tity o f e l e c tri c ity wh ic h h a s p a e d th r o gh

n ss u

th e me mb e r A H , th e e l c tr o mo ti v e fo r c e fr o m A to H mu t b e e q l
e s ua

to th a t fr o m A to F, or

d? d y z
da '

_ 2
Q l L
dtz
P
el t

S i n c e th e r e i n o c rre t th r o ugh th e ga lv
s u n an o me te r th e ,
qua n ti ty
w h ich h a s p a s s e d th r u gh H Z m t b e l o y o us a s ,
an d w e fin d
dz
dt
Su b
i g i n ( 2 ) th e v a lu e o f a , d e ri ve d fr o m
s titu t n a n d co m

p a ri n g wi th w e fin d a s th e c o n di ti o n o f n o c u rr e n t th r o u gh th e

g a lv an o me te r
L d
E Q( I + -

Q Et
 CO NDE NSE R C OMB I NE D W I T H C OI L .

Th e co n ditio n of n o fin a l urre c n t is, as in th e o rdin a ry fo rm of

Wh e a ts to n e s
’
B ri dg e ,
QR SP .
( )
5

Th e co n di ti o n o f no c urre n t at ma ki n g an d b r ea ki n
g th e ba tte ry
co n n e xi o n is L
( )
6
Q
L
H e re an d RC ar e th e time -
c o n s ta n ts o f th e me m b e r Q s an d R
Q
re pe cti ve ly a n d if by va ry i g Q o R w e
s ,
dju t th e m e mbe r
,
n r ,
ca n a s s

f Wh e a tsto e B ri d ge ti ll th e ga l v a o me t r i di te s urr t
’
o n s n e n ca no c en ,

e i th e r t m k i g a d br e ki g th c i rc i t
a a n wh e th e rr t i
n a n e u ,
or n cu en s

s te a d y th w e k o w tha t th tim e c o n s ta n t o f th
,
en n il is e q l to e -
e co ua

tha t f th e c o de o er n ns .

Th e co e ffi ci e t o f se lf in d cti o L ca b e d e te rmi e d in e l e c tr o
n -
u n , ,
n n

ma g e ti m e a s ur e fro m c o mpa ri so wi th th e c fli ci t o f m tu a l
n c a n oe en u

i n d c ti ou of tw o i rc i t
n w h o se g e o m t i ca l da ta a r e k o w
c u s , e r n n

( A rt . I t i s qu a n ti ty f t h di m e i s f a li
a o e n s on o n e .

Th e c a p a c ity o f th e co d se r ca b e d e te rmi n e d i l e ct ro s ta tin en n n e c

me a s ur e by co mp ri o wi th co d se r wh o s e ge o me t i ca l d t
a s n a n en r a a

ar kn o w (A r t
e Thi qu ti ty is l s o a l gt h
n . Th e e l e c s an a en ,
0 .

t o m gn e t ic me a s ure o f th e ca pa c i ty i
r a s

o ( 7 )

S ubs ti tuti n g th i s val u e in e q u at on i 8) we o bt i a n fo r th e v a lu e

o f c
2
C

wh e r e pa ci ty o f th co d se r in e l tro ta tic m ure

c is th e ca e n en ec s e as ,

L th e co e ffi cie t o f lf i d tio o f th e co il in e l e c t o m g tic

n se -
n uc n r a ne

me a ure a n d Qs d R th re s i t n ce s i
,
l tr m g ti m
an re e s a n e ec o a n e c ea su .

Th e v l of v a ued e te rmi n e d by thi m th o d d pe d o

, as th e s e ,
e n s n

de te r mi n a ti o O f th e u it o f r e s i sta n ce
n i th e se co d me th o d n ,
as n n ,

A rts 7 7 2 7 7 3 .
,
.

V . C o mb i n a tio n of the E le c tr o s ta tic Cap a c i ty of a C o n de n s e r wi th

the E l e c tr o mag n e tic C ap a c ity of Se lf i n du c tio n of a C o i l -
.

7 79 ] L e t C b e th e ca pa ci t y of th e co n de n se r , th e s u r a ce sf o f

co il s L an d L b e in
’
se rte d ,
an d l e t L d e n o te th e su m o f th e i r ca p
 C O M PA R I S ON or UN I TS .
[ 7 79 .

p a s e s a v e rtic l a x is wh i ch ca rrie s th e ma gn e t I ” the a xi s o f wh ich

s . a ,

r v lv i
e o h o ri o ta l pl e b e tw e e th e c o il s L L
es n a z n Th e c o i l Lan n
'
.

h as l rge c o e ffi c ie t o f e lf i d c tio a n d i s fixe d The s s

a a n s -
n u n ,
. u

p e de d c o il L i s pr o te cte d fro m th e n
’

c rr e t f i a u e d by th e r o ta u n s o a r c s

tio n o f th e m g e t by e c l o s i g th e a n n n

ro t ti g p t in a h o llo w c e a n ar s as .

T h e mo tio o f th e m g e t c a u s e s n a n

c rr e ts o f i d c ti o i th e c o i l a d u n n u n n ,
n

th e se a e c te d o by th e m g e t r a n a n ,

o th a t th e pl n e o f th e u s p e de d s a s n

c o il i d e fl e c te d i th di r e c tio of s n e n

th e r o t tio o f th e m g n e t Let a n a .

s d e te r mi e th e s tr e g th o f th e u n n

i du ce d c urr e ts n d th e ma gn i tude n n ,
a

o f th e d e fl e i o n o f th e s u p e n de d x s

c o il .

L e t a: b e th e c ha rg e o f e l e ctr ic ity
on th e upp e r s urf c e o f th e c o d e s e r C th e a if E i s th e e l e c tro n n ,
n ,

m tiv e f r c e w hich pr o d c e s th i ch rg e w e h a v e by th e th e o ry o f
o o u s a , ,

th e c o d s e r n en ,
( )
1

We h v e l o by th e th e o ry o f e l e ctri c c ur e ts
a a s ,
r n ,

l
RM
i
—
t7
o, ( )
a

wh e r e M i s th e l r
ma g n e tic mo me n tu m o f th e c ir c uit L , wh e n
e e ct o
’

th e w as o f th e ma g n e t i s n o rma l to th e pl a n e o f th e c o il , a n d 6 i s
th e a n gl e b e tw e e n th e a xi s o f th e ma g n e t a n d th i s n o rma l .

Th e e qua ti o n to de te r ml n e w is th e r e fo r e

d z
x day dO
(M = CM G ( )
3
W + x SI H
Z
Zt
I f th e c o il i i a p o iti
s n s on o q ilibri u m d if
f e u ,
an th e ro ta tio n o f
th e ma g n e t i u if r m th e
s n o , an gul r ve lo city b e i g
a n 72,

0 : 7z t.

Th e xpre s io
e urr e n t c o ists o f two p a r ts o n e o f which
s n fo r th e c ns ,

i i s n de p e de n t
o f th e t r m o n
n th e r i gh t h a d o f the e qu a ti o n e -
n ,

an d d imi i h e s a c c o r di g to
n s e xp o e n ti l fun c ti o o f th e ti me
n an n a n .

Th e o th e r w h i ch m y b c lle d th e fo r c e d urre t de p e ds e n tir e ly

, a e a c n , n

o n th e te r m i 0 a d ma y b w i tten , n e r n

A i 6 + B co s 0 a
:
z s n .
7 79 ] CO ND E NS E R C OM B I N E D W I TH C OI L .

Fi n din g th e va lue s fA B by s ub st it q
~

o an d ut on i i n th e e u at o ni
we o b tai n

( )
6

Th e mo me n t o f th e fo rce wi th whi ch th e ma g n e t a c ts o n th e co i l
L
’
,
in wh ich th e cu rr e n t a} is fl o wi g i s n ,

G) a
g e
-

(M oose ) M s in e
gf ( )
7

I n te gra tin g thi s e xpr e io with ss n r es p e c t to t, an d d ivi din g by t,

we fin d, fo r th e me a n va lue o f G) ,

M R0 2 2
n
3

9 95
R 0 2 2
72
2
( 1 CL
I f th e l h a c o ide ra ble mo me
co i as ns n t of i n e rtia , i ts fo r c e d vi bra
ti o n s wi ll b e v e ry s m l l a d its me a ,
n an d e fle x i o n w i ll b e pro p o rtio l na

to 6 .

Let D 1,
D 2 , D 3
b e th e o b e rve d
s de fle x i o n s co rr es po di g
n n to an

g u a l r ve l o c itie s n
l ,
n
z ,
n
3
o f th e ma gn e t, th e n in g e n e ra l

1
(5 0 + 13 0
2
P 37
01 2 2
,
,

wh e re P i co sta t s a n n .

E li min a ti g P a d R fr o m th r e e e qu a tio
n n ns o f th is fo r m , w e fin d
3
n

5:
2
)
2
1
“
72
3
75
1 )

n
2
—n 3 -

( n
3
—n1 —
( 7z
1
D 2
D 3

If 72
2
is s u ch th a t CL 722 2
l ,
th e v lu e
a of will b e a mi n i mu m

fo r th is vl a ue of n . Th e o th e r v a lue s o f 71 s h o u l d b e ta k e n , one

gr ea te r d th o th r l ,
an th e e e ss, an 77 .
2

Th e v l u e o f C L d e te rmi e d fr o m thi e q ti o
a i o f th e dim
,
n s ua n ,
s en

si o n o f th
s qu re o f a tim L e t c ll i t
e s a e . us a 7
2
.

I f C b e th e e l e tr o ta ti c m a
,
e o f th e c a p c i ty o f th e c o
c s e su r a n

d s r
en d L th
e ,
l e ctr m g e tic me re o f th e s e l f in duc ti o n o f
an ,
e e o a n asu -

th e c o il b o th C d L , e li d th e pr o duct
,
an ,
ar n e s, a n

s s
L, s mL m 0
2
7
2
; ( )
11

C.L " ,
7
2 ( )
12

wh e r e i s th e va l o f C s de te rmi e d by thi xpe ri me t

7
2
ue ,
n s e n . Th e
e xp e r i me t h e r e s ugge te d n me th o d o f de te rmi n i g v i s as a n s o f th e
sa me n a tu r e a s o n e d e sc ri be d by S i W R G r o ve P fii t r . .
, . Mag .
,
 C O M PA RI SO N OF U ITN S .
[7 8 0

M a r ch 18 6 8 , p . 18 4 . Se e l r a so e ma rk s o n th a t e xp e rime n t, by th e
pr e se n t wri te r ,
in th e n u mb e r fo r M a y 18 6 8 .

VI . E l e ctr o s ta ti c M e a s u r e me n t f
o R e s is ta n c e .
( S e e Ar t .

7 80 ] Let a co n de n s e r o f ca p a c ity C b e di s ch a r ge d th ro ugh a

co n du c to r o f r e s ist a n ce R , th e n , i f a; i s th e ch a rge at an y i n s ta n t,

a: do:
C (it

H e n ce wo e RC
( )
2
'
a

I f, by y me th o d w e c ma k c o t c t f
an s h rt ti me wh i c h
,
an e n a or a o ,

is ac u c r a te l y k w o a s to ll w th e c rre t to flo w th r o g h th e
no n ,
s a o u n u

c o d c to r fo
n u th ti me t th e
r if E d E a e th e r e d i gs o f n
e ,
n , 0
an
,
r a n a

e l e ctr o me te r p t i n c o e xi with th e c de n e r b e fo r e a d a fte r

u nn on on s n

th e o p e r ti o a
130 0n E — 1
n
0g E ) z ( )
3 '
,
0 1 ,
e

I f C is k o wn i e l e tr t tic me a s r e a
n n lin e r qu n tity Rc os a u s a a a ,

ma y b e f u d fr o m th i s qu a ti n i e l e tr o s ta tic me ur e a th e
o n e o n c as s

re ipr o ca l o f a v e l c ity
c o .

I f R i s th e n me r ic l v lue o f th e r e i t c e a th u s d e t rmi e d
8
u a a s s an s e n ,

an d th e u me ric l va l e o f th e r e s i s ta c e i e l e ctro ma g e tic

n a u n n n

me a re su
Rm
4
B .

S in c e i t i s n e c e s sa ry fo r xp e r ime t th a t R h o ul d b e v e ry
th i s e n s

g r e a t, an d s in c e R mu s t b e m ll i n th e e l e c tro ma g e tic e pe i
s a n x r

me n ts o f A r ts . 7 6 3 , &c .
, th e e xp e r ime n t mu t b e ma de o se p a r a te
s s n

con du cto r s , an d th e r e si s ta ce o f th e se co d u c to r s co mp a r e d by th e
n n

o rdi ry me th o d s
na .
 C H A P TE R XX .

E L E C TR O M A GN E TI C T H E O RY OF L I GH T .

7 ve r l pa r t f thi tre a ti e
I N se a tte mp t h a s b e e ma de
s o s s an a n

to e xpl a i e l e c tr o m gn e ti
n p h e o me by me s f me ch a ica l
a c n na an o n

a c ti o tran mitt d fr o m o e b o d y to
ns e th e r by me a n s f nme di um an o o a

o cc py i g th e spa c e b e tw e e
u n th e m Th e u dula to ry th e o ry o f li gh t n . n

l a ume th e e xi te ce f a me di m W e h ve o w to h w
a so ss s s n o u . a n s e

th t th e pr pe rti e
a f th o l e c tr ma g n e tic me di um a e id e tica l with
s o e e o r n

th o e o f th e lumi if e r o u s m di um
s n e .

T fill a ll p a c e wi th a
o s w me di m wh e e v e r y e w p h e
n e u n an n

n o me o n i n to b e e xpl i e d i by
s me ph i l s o phi ca l b t i f
a n s n o an s o ,
u

th e tu dy o f tw o di ffe r e t br c h e o f ci e c e h a i de pe de tl y
s n an s s n s n n n

s ugge te d th e i de a o f me di um a n d i f th e pro pe rti e wh ich mus t

s a ,
s

be ttri bute d to th e me di m i n o r d e r to
a cc t fo e l e c tr o
u a o un r

ma g e ti c p h e o me a a
n o f th e
n m e ki d a s th e wh i ch w
n re sa n os e

a ttri b te to th e lu mi if r o
u me d i um in o r d r to a c c o t fo th e
n e u s e un r

p h o me a o f li gh t th e vide e f r th e ph y ic l e xi t c e f th e
en n , e nc o s a s en o

me di m wi ll b co i d r bly tre gth e e d

u e ns e a s n n .

B t th e pr o p e rti e s o f b o di e s a e c p bl e o f q a n tita ti ve me a r e
u r a a u su

m t We th r e fo re o b ta in th e n m ri c a l v l e o f s o me pr o pe r ty o f
en . e u e a u

th e me di um su ch a th e v e l o c i ty wi th whi c h
,
s di t rba n ce i p a s u s ro

p g a tead th r o g h i t w h i c h uc b ca l c l t
,
e d f o m e l e c tr o m g ti
an e u a r a ne c

e xp e ri m t d a l o b e rv e d di r e ctl y i th e c s e o f l igh t
en s, an s o s I f it n a .

s h o ul d b f d th t th v e l c ity o f pro p g ti o o f e l e ct r ma g e ti c
e o un a e o a a n o n

d i t rb c e i th
s u an a me a s th e v e l c ity o f li h t a d th i s n o t o ly
s s e s
g o ,
n n

i n i b t in o th r tra p r e t me di a w e s h a l l h v e tr g e a o s
a r ,
u e ns a n , a s on r s n

fo b l i vi g th t l i gh t i a e l e tr o ma g e ti c p h e o me n
r e e n a s d th
n c n n n o ,
an e

c o mb i tio o f th e o p tic l wi th th e e l e c tri ca l e vi d e c e w il l pr o d e

na n a n uc

a c o vi c ti o
n o f th e r li ty f th e me diu m imi la r to th t wh i h w e
n ea o s a c

Ob ta in i th e c se o f o th e r ki d o f ma tte r fr o m th e c o mb i e d
,
n a n s ,
n

e vi de c e o f th e
n e se n s s .
 E L E C TR OMA G NE TI C T H E ORY OF L I GH T .
[7 8 2 .

782 ] W h e l i g h t i e m i t
nt e d c e rt i mo t o f e e rg y i
s , a a n a un n s

e xp e de d by th e lumi o u s b o dy
n d i f th e l igh t i s b o rb d by
n , an a s e

an o th e r b o dy th i b o dy b e c o me h e te d
, s h e w i g th a t i t h s e s a ,
s n a r

c e i e d e e r g y fr m wi th o u t
v n D rin g th e i te rv l o f time fte r th
o . u n a a e

l ight l e ft th e fir t b o dy d b e f r e i t r e a ch e d th e sec o d i t mu t
s an o n ,
s

h v e e xi s te d s e e rg y i n th e i te rv e i g s p c e
a a n n n n a .

A c c o rd i g to th e th e ry o f mi s io
n th e tr a s mi i o n o f e e rgy
o e s n ,
n ss n

i e ffe c te d by th
s t l tr fe r c e f l igh t c o rp s c l e fr o m th
ac ua ans en e o -
u u s e

lumi o us to th e ill mi a te d b o dy c rryi g with th e m th e i r k i e ti c

n u n , a n n

e e r g y to g e th e r w ith a o th e r k i d o f e e rgy o f whi c h th e y ma

n , y n
y n n

b e th e r e ce p t c l e a s .

A c c o r di g t th e th e o ry o f n o d l ti th e r i s m te r i l me di m un u a on ,
e a a a u

wh ich fill s th e p c e b e twe e th e two b o die s a d i t is by th e ctio n s, an a n

o f c o tig o u s p a r ts o f th i s me d i m th t th e e e rgy i s p a
n u ed o u a n ss n ,

fro m o e p o rti o n to th e e x t ti l l i t r e ch
n th e ill mi a te d b o dy
n ,
a es u n .

Th e l mi ife o us m e di u m i s th e r e fo r e d ur i g th e p a ssa ge o f l igh t

u n r ,
n

th r o u g h it a r e c e p t c l e o f e e r gy
, I n th e u d la to ry th e o ry a
a n . n u ,
s

d e v e lo p e d by H uyg e s Fr e el Yo g G r ee n &c ,
t hi s e e rg y sn ,
un ,
n , .
,
n

i s s upp o e d to b e p r tly p o te ti a l
s d p a r tly kin ti c Th e p o te ti l
a n an e . n a

e e rg y i s s upp
n e d to b e d e to th e di to r ti
os f th e l e me ta ry u s on o e n

p o rti o f th e me d iu m We m s t th re fo re r e ga rd th e me d i m a s
ons . u e u

e l a s ti c Th e k i e tic e e rgy i
. n pp o e d to b d e to th e vib to ry
n s su s e u ra

mo ti o o f th e me dium
n We mus t th e r e fo r e e ga r d th e me di um a s
. r

h vi g
a n fi i te de sity
a n n .

I th e th e o ry o f e l e c tri c ity
n d m g e ti m d o p te d i th i s an a n s a n

tr e a ti e tw o fo r ms o f e e rg y a e r e o g i se d the e le c tr o s ta tic a n d
s , n r c n ,

th e e le c tr o k i e ti c ( e e A r t 6 3 0 a d n s d th e s e a e s upp o d s. n an r se

to h ve th e ir a e t n t me r e l y i s a th e ,
l e c tr ifie d o ma g e ti d
o n e r n z e

b o die b u t in e ve ry p a r t o f th e s rro un di g p a c e wh e re l e ctric

s, u n s ,
e

o r m g e tic fo r c e is o b e rve d to c t
a n H e ce o th e o ry g r e e
s a . n ur a s

with th e u d ul to ry th e o ry i ssu mi g th e x i te ce o f me di m
n a n a n e s n a u

which i s c p bl e o f b e co mi g a re c e pta cl e o f tw fo rms o f e rgy

a a n o en

L t s n e xt de te rmi e th e c n d iti
e u o f th e pr p g ti o n o on s o a a n

o f a n e l e c tr m e ti c d i turb a th u h u i fo r m m e d i m w hi c h n u
g o s a c e n o g n r a ,

w e h ll s upp s e to b e t r e t th t i s to h v e o mo tio
s a o a e x c e p t th t
s ,
a ,
a n n a

wh ich m y b e i vo lve d in e le ctro ma g e tic di turb c e

a n n s an s .

F my w p t
or i d i g th
o n l ti
ar f co n s m t th m g ti f
er n e re a on o a v a cu u o e a ne c o r ce ,

l h f m g ti ph
,

an d th g e t
en e ra c m
a ra c e r o t l t th m g t I m ma ne c eno en a ex erna o e a ne a ore

i li d t th th t i f th f th h
,

nc ne ti o e thno t mi i
on a n i e ti rans ss o n o e o r ce ere s su c an ac on ,

ex t ernal t th m g t th
o e th t th a ff t
ne m ly tt ti an d p l i
a te e ec s are er e a rac on an r e u s on a a

di t S h f cti f th th f i t i t t l l lik ly
,

s a n ce . ti m y b
uc an ac on a e a un on o e ae er ; or s no a a un e

th t i f th
a b er e th it h l d h
e an ae th th
er, i mply th s ou y f ave o er u se s an s e co n v e a n ce o
—F
,

ra di ti a ons d y E p im t l R
.
’
ara a
’
h s 3 0 75 x er en a ese a r c es , .
78 P O PA R G A TI O N or E L E C TR OM A GNE TI C D I S TUR B A N C E S . 385

L e t C b e th e p e cifi c co d ctivity
s n u o f th e me d iu m, K its s p e c ifi c
ca p ity fo
ac r e l e tr o ta ti c i n d u c ti o
d H i ts mag e ti c
c
ps
e m e n ,
an n r

a b il i ty
’
.

To o b ta i th e g e e r l e q ti o n o f e l e c tr o m
g e ti di t rb
n ce a ua ns a n c s u an ,

w e h ll e xpr e
s ath tr e c rr e t CS in te r m o f th e v e cto r p o te tia l
ss e u u n s n

21 d th e e l c tr ic p o te ti l 4
an e n a 1.

T h e tr e c rr t C5 is ma d e up f th e c o duc ti
u u enc u r e t 5? ,d o n on r n an

th e v a ri ti f th e e l e c tric d is pl c e me t SD a n d i ce bo th o f th e e
a on o a n ,
s n s

d e p e d o th e e l e ctr o mo ti ve fo r c e Q8 w e fi d
n n i A r t 6 11 ,
n ,
as n .
,

G: ( )
1

B u t sin ce re i th e s n o mo ti o n of th e me di u m ,
we ma y e xpr e ss th e
e le c t r o mo ti v e fo r c e , as in A r t 5 9 9 , .

( )
2
l
H e n ce (5 — K ( )
3
; d
B ut we ma y d e te r min e a rl e a ti o n b e twe e n (S a n d Ql i n a d i ffe re nt

wa y, as is sh e wn in A r t 6 16 , th e . eq tio
ua n s
( )
4 o f whi ch may b e
writte n 4 7r p CS V Z
QI + V J, ( )
4

wh e r e ( )
5

C o mb in in g e qua tio ns
( )
3 an d we o b ta i n

Ql
’
cl a
.
W ) e + v a + VJ
2
0

which we ma y e xpr e ss in th e fo r m o f th r e e e qu a ti o n s a s fo l l o w s
W
u ( 4n C+K -

g( —
t
+ V 2
F+

Th e s e are th e g e n e a e r l qu
a ti o n s o f e e c t l r m g tic di turb a ce
o a ne s n s.

I f we r
diffe e n ti a te th e s e e u a ti o n s q with r e p e ct to y s r
.
, ,
an d 2

r e spe ctive l y ,
an d a dd , w e o bt a in

”( 4 77 0+K —

dt ) — V 2 ‘P
)
I f th e m e di u m u cto r 0 0 d V 4 wh i c h i is a n on -
co n d ,
z
,
an
2 1
,
s

pr p rti l to th e vo l m e de ity f fr e e e l tr ic ity i in de p e d t

o o ona u -
ns o ec ,
s n en

of t H e ce J m t b e
. lin e a r fu c ti o f t o c o ta t o z r
n us a n on ,
r a n s n ,
r e o ,

a d w
n m y th e r e fo r e l e v e J a d 4 o t o f a cc o u t i n c o id r i g
e a a n } u n ns e n

pe rio di c di t rb a ce s u n s .

VOL . II .
 E L E C TR OM A GN E TI C T H E O RY OF L I GH T .

P r op aga tio n f
o Un du la tio n s i n a No n -
c o n du c ti n g M e dia n i .

I n th i s ca se C 0, an d th e e qu a ti o ns b e c o me
LZ
Z
F
V 2
F = 0’
.

+
075
2

d
V G 2
O’
2
( lt

d H 2

+ V H = 0
2
.

Th e qu a tio n s in thi s fo r m e i mil r to tho se

e ar s a o f th e mo tio n o f
a n el tic o l i d
as d wh e
s th e i i ti l c o n di ti
,
an s n n a on are
g i v e n , th e

s o lu ti o c n b e e xpr e s s e d i
n a a fo r m g i v e n by Po i s s o n n an d a ppli e d
by S to k e s to the Th e o ry o f D iffr ti o T ac n .

1
Le t us wri te 7
v KM
T

g ig f]?
i
I f th e va l ues o f F G H and o f f , , ,
—, f ,
i are gi v e n at e ve ry
p o in t of Sp a ce at th e e p o c h (t th e n w e can d e te rmi n e th e i r
va lu e ub
s at an
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s n a n n
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d is t rb a ce i s pr o p ga te d th r o ugh th e me di u m with th e v e lo c ity 7

u n a .

L e t u s s upp o se th a t wh e t i s e r o th e qu a titi e s 2[ a n d Ql a e n z n r

M e m d e ZA c a d , to m i ii p 13 0
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,

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 V E L O C I TY OF L I GH T .

ze ro e xc e p t wi thi n a c e rt i sp a ce S Th e n th e i r v lue s a t 0 a t a n . a

th e ti me t w ill b e e r o un l e th e p h e ri l su rfa ce d e sc ri b e d b o ut
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0 a s c e tre wi th r a d i n Vt l ie i w h l e i p a r t wi th i th e
us
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s n o or n n

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. s s a e n s n

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s a e s s nc r o

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s r a Th e s an n a .

di st urb a ce t 0 wi ll th e n ce a s e fo e v e r
n a r .

7 8 6 ] Th e qua tity V in A r t 7 9 3 w h ich e xpr e s e th e v e l o c ity

n , .
,
s s

o f pr o p a a ti o f l tr m g ti d i t urb i d u ti g
g o e e c o a e cn a ce a o c o c n s n s n n n -
n n

1
me d i um I s, by e q u a tl o n 9 e q u al to
J
I f th e me di u m i s a r,i an d if w e a do pt th e l
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o f me a s ur e me n t, K 1and a — so th a t V 72 , 0 1
’
th e v e l o c ity
5 2

Of pro p a g ume ric a lly e q l to th e u mb r o f e l e c tro sta tic

a tio n is n ua n e

u n i t f e le ctri city in o e e l e ctro ma gn e tic un i t I f w e a do p t th

s o n . e

1
e l e ctro ma t i y t m K — d 1 th t t h e qu a ti o n
g e c e n a s p s s o a e
2
n .
,
”
V v i ti ll tr e
: s s u .

O th e th e o ry th a t l igh t i s a e l e c tr o ma g e ti c di t b c e p o
n n n s ur an ,
r

p g a a te d i t h e m en m di m th r o ug
sa h w h i c h th e r e le tr m
u a g e t i c o e c o n

a c ti o nse tr a mi tte d V m t b e th e v e l o c i ty o f li gh t
ar n s ,
qua tity u s ,
a n

th e val e o f whi c h h a s b e e e tima te d by e v e ra l me th o d

u n O th e s s s . n

o th r h e d 17 i s th e n u mb e r o f e l e c tr o ta ti c u i t o f e l e c tr ic ity i o
an , s n s n ne

e l e c tr o ma t i u i t d th m th d f d t rm i i th i q t i t y u an
g e c a n e e o on e, e n n g s n s

h ve b e e
a d e c ri b e d in th e l t c h p te r
n s Th e y r e q i te i de as a . a u n

p e de t o f th e me th o d f fi d i g th e ve l o c ity f lig ht H e c e th e
n n s o n n o . n

a r e e me t di r m t f t h v l f V d o f v furn i h e a s s
g n
g e e or
e o sa e o n e a u s an

te s t f th e e l e c tr o ma g e ti c th e o ry o f lig h t
o n .

7 I th e fo ll o wi g t bl e th e pri i p l r e ul ts o f d i r e t
n n a ,
nc a s c

ob rv ti o o f th e v e l o c i ty o f ligh t e ith e r th r o ugh th e a i

se a n ,
r or

th r o gh th e pl
u e ta ry pac e e anc o mpa r e d wi th th e s pri cip a l s, ar n

r e s ul ts o f th e o mp ri o f th e e l e c tri c u its
c a s n o n

V l ity f L igh t ( met p

e oc o d) R ti f E l t i U i t
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I t i ma if t th t th e v lo c i ty f l igh t
s n es a d th e r tio f th e e it o an a o un s

ar e q titi e
uan f th e s a me o r d e r o f m g itude
s o N e i th e r o f th e m a n .

C c 2
 E L E C TR O M A GN E TI C T H E ORY OF L I GH T .

ca n be s a id y w
to b e d e te mi n e d
i th s u c h dre g r e e o f a c c ur a cy as et a
“

a s to e bl e s to se rt th t th e o e i s gre te r o le th a th e
na u as a n a r ss n

o th e r .I t i to b e h o p e d th t by f r th e r e xp e r ime t th e e l ti o b e
s a ,
u n ,
r a n

twe e n th e ma g i tu de o f th e tw o qu a titi e s m y b e mo re c c ura te ly

n s n a a

de te r mi e d n .

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r ,
a ss s a s an

ti tie s a e e q a l
r d a ig uph y ic a l r e a s o f this e qu l ity i s
,
an ss ns a s n or a ,

c e r ta i ly n o t c o tr a d ic te d by th e c o mp a r i so
n n o f th e s e r e ult s u ch n s s

a s th e y a e r .

I n o th e r me di th a i th e v e l o c i ty V i i v e r s e l y p o
a n a r, s n r

p o rti o a l t th e s qu re r o o t f th pro d c t o f th e die l ctric d th e

n o a o e u e an

ma g e tic i n d cti ve c p a ci ti e s
n A c c o r d i g to th e
u a d l to ry th o ry . n un u a e ,

th e ve l o c ity o f li gh t i diffe r e t me di i s i ve r se ly pr o p rti on l to n a n o n a

th e i r i d ic e s o f r e fra c tio
n n .

Th e r e a e o tra p a r e t me di fo r wh i c h th e ma g e ti c c p a c ity
r n ns n a n a

diffe r s fr o m th t o f a ir mo r e th by a ve ry sm ll fr cti
a H e ce an a a on . n

th e pri c ip a l p r t o f th e di ffe r e c e b e twe e th e e me d i a mu t d e p n d

n a n n s s e

o n th e i r di e l e c tr ic c a p c i ty A cc o rdi g to o u th e ry th e r e f r e
a . n r o ,
o ,

th e d ie l e c tri c c a p a ci ty o f a tra p a r e t me diu m h o ul d b e e qu a l to ns n s

th e s qua r e o f i ts i de x o f r e fr c ti n a on .

B t th e va lue o f th e i de x f r e fr ctio
u i s d iffe r e t f r l igh t o f
n o a n n o

d iff r e n t k i d s b e i g gr e te r fo r l i gh t o f mo r e r a p id vib ra ti o n s
e n ,
n a .

W e mu t th e re fo re s e l e ct th e i de x f r e fra c tio whi ch c o rre p o ds

s n o n s n

to w a ve o f th e l n g e st p e ri o d s b e ca u e th e e
s o e th e o n ly w v e s , s s ar a

wh o e mo tio c a n b e c o mp re d with th e l o w p o c e s se s b y wh ich

s n a s r

w e d e te rmi e th e ca p a c i ty o f th e die l e c tri c

n .

7 Th e o nly die l e c tric o f wh ic h th e c p c ity h a s b e e hi th e r to a a n

d e te rmi e d w ith s u ffi c i e n t a c c ur a cy i s p ra ffi f whi ch i n th e o l id

n a n or s

fo rm M M G b s o a d B r c l y fo u d
i . .
* n n a a n

K :
( )
12

D r. G l a d sto n e h a s fo un d th e fo ll o w in g v lu e
a s o f i th e i n de x o f
r e fra cti on Of me te d l p a ra ffi n ,
s
p g . . 7 9, fo r th e l i n es A, D an dH
T e mpe r a tu r e A D H
°
54 C
°
57 C
“

154 2 9 4

fr o m wh ich I fi d th a t th e i de x o f r e fra c ti n fo wa ve s o f i fi ite

n n o r n n

l e n gth w o uld b e ab o ut
Th e s qu a r e r o o t o f K i s

Th e d i ffe r e c e b e twe e th e se umb e rs i gre a te r t h c n b e a o

n n n s an a

P h i l Tr a n s 18 71, p 5 73
. . . .
79 a ] P A L N E WA VE S .

co u n by e rro r o f b r v a tio
te d fo r d h e w s th a t o
s th e o r ie s o f
o se n ,
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th etr tur e o f b o di
s u c m t b e m ch i mpr o v e d b e fo re w e ca n
es us u

d d uc e th e i r o p tica l f o m th e i r e l e ct ic l pr o p e rti e s
e rA t th e sa me r a .

time I thi k th t th e gre e me t o f th e n mbe r i s s u c h th t if n o

,
n a a n u s a

gr e te r dis cre p cy w r fo d b e twe e th umb e r s de rive d fr o m

a an e e un n e n

th e o p ti ca l a d th e e l e c tr ica l pr p e rt ie s o f a o
n i de ra bl e umb e r o f o c ns n

s ub t e w e h ul d b e wa rr te d i c o cl di g tha t the s qua re

s anc s, s o an n n u n

r o o t o f K th o g h i t m y n o t b e th e c o mpl e te e xpr e s io fo the

,
u a s n r

i de x o f r e fra c ti o
n i a t l ea s t th e mo t imp o rta t te rm i n i t
n ,
s s n .

P la n e Wa v e s .

7 90 ] Le t us no w co n fi ne our a tte n ti o n to pl a n e wa ve s ,
th e f ro n t
o f wh ich we s h a ll
pp o se o rm l to th e a xi o f z A ll th e
su n a s . qu a n
ti ti s th e v a ri tio
e ,
o f whi c h c o ti tu te
a u ch w ve s e fu ctio n s
n ns s s a ,
ar n

of zn d t o nl y
a d a e i d pe d e t o f a? a d y
,
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r n e n n n . a

ti o n s o f ma g e ti c i du ctio A
( ) Anrt 59 1 e r e d u c e d to
n n , , .
,
ar

JG alI fy
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13
dz
or th e ma gn e tic di s turb a n ce i s i n th e pla e o f th e wa ve n . Th i s
a gr e e s wi th wha t we k ow
,
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Pu ttin g pa , ”3 an d p y fo r a ,
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H e n c e th e e l e c tri c di sturb a n ce is l
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i f th e m gn e ti c d i turb c e
a s an is co n fi ned to .
one d ir e c ti o n , sa
y th at o f

x th e e l c tr ic di st b a ce i
,
e ur n s co n fi ne d to th e pe pe r n d ic ul a r r d i e c ti o n ,

or th a t o fy .

B ut we ma y c a l c u a te l th e l
e e c tr c i di s tu rb a n c e i n a n o th e r wa y ,

fo r if j,g , n a r e th e co mp o n e n ts o f e ect l ri c di s pl a c e me n t i n a n on

c o n du c ti n g me di u m

( to JR
7) "
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I f P, Q ,
R are th e co mp o n e n ts o f th e l
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i l
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 E L E C TR OMA GN E TI C T H E ORY OF L I GH T .
[ 79 1.

a n d s i n ce th e re is no mo ti o n o f the me di u m, e qu a ti o n s
( B ),
Ar t 5 9 8 , .

c
b e c o me P — _’ _ ’ R
7t 3t

H e n ce a
s K (1
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0 K d F Z

: v ,
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4 77 dt 4 77 al t
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C o mp a r in g th e s e va lue s wi th tho s e gi ve n in e qu a tio n we fin d

at 1
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d LZ
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Th e fir st a n d s e co n d of th e s e e q i
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n

fo m r F =f ( Vt),
i
z
1

G = f 3 (z Vt) Vt) .
( )
2 0
Th e so lutio n o f th e th i r d e qua tio n is
KH H = A + B L ( )
2 1

wh e re A a d B a e f c tio n s f e H i s th e r e fo re e ith e r c sta n t

n r un o . on

o r v r i e s di r e c tly w ith th e time

a I n e i th e r c s e c a it t ke p a r t. n a n a

i th e pr o p ga ti o o f wa v e s
n a n .

I t a pp e r s fr o m th i th a t th e d i r e c tio
a b o th o f the ma g
s n s,

e ti c a d th e e l e c tr i c d i turb
n c e s li e i n n s an ,

th e pl a e o f th e w ve Th e ma th e m ti c l n a . a a

fo r m o f th e d i tur b a c e th e r e fo re g r e e s s n ,
a

with th t o f th e d i t rba c e wh ich c ti w a s u n ons

tu te s l ig h t i b e i g tra ve r s e to th e di ,
n n ns

r e c tio n o f pr o p a ga tio n .

I f we pp o se G o th e dis turb a c e su ,
n

w ill c o rre sp o d to a pla n e po l a ri e d r y o f n -

z a

l igh t .

Th e ma g e ti c fo r c e i s i this c a s e p a l n n ra

l dF
le l to th e a x 1s o f y and e qu l to a and
If dz

th e e ect ol r mo tive fo r c e i s p ra ll e l
a to th e
R
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F ig 6 6 ’ °
n e ti c fo r c e i s th e re fo r e i n a pla n e p p
e r en

dic u l a r to th a t wh i ch c o n ta i n s th e l
e e ct ri c fo r c e .

Th e va l u es o f th e ma g n e tic fo r c e an d o f th e l
e e ct o r mo ti v e fo r c e a t
a gi v e n in sta n t a t diffe re n t po i n ts o f th e ra
y are re pre s e n te d i n Fi g 6 6 , .
 79 E N E RGY A ND S TR E SS or R AD I ATI O N .

fo r th e ca se o f a s i mpl e h ar mo n ic di s tur b a n c e i n
pl e Th is on e an .

co rr e s p o n d to a f pl e po l ri e d l i gh t b t wh e th e r th e pl e an a an
y o s ra z u
-
,

o f po l a r i ti o c o rr e p o n d to th e pl e o f th e ma gn e ti c di t rb a n c e
z a n s s an s u ,

O to th e pla e o f th e e l e c tr i c di s t rb n c e r e ma i s to b e s e e
r n Se e u a ,
n n .

Ar t 7 9 7 . .

E n e rg
y a nd Str e ss f
o R a d ia tio n .

7 Th e l r
e e c t o s ta tic e n e rgy pe r un it o f vo lu me at a n
y po i n t o f
th e w ve a in a n on -
co n d u c ti n g me diu m i s
”
E if .

8 77 8 1
7 ( it
Th e l
e e ct o r ki n e ti c e n e rgy at th e sa me po i n t is

1 I 1 JP 2

;
5 ( )
2 3
as 81 ma .

I n vi rtue o f e q tio ( 8 ) th e two e xpre io s a e e qu l o th a t a t

ua n se ss n r a ,
s

e ve ry p o in t o f th wa v e th e i tr i ic e e rgy o f th e me dium i s h lf
e n ns n a

e l e c tr o t ti c d h lf e l e c tr o kin e tic
s a an a .

L e t p b e th e v l ue o f i th e r o f th e e qua ti tie s th t i e ith e r th e

a e s n ,
a s,

e l e trc ta tic o th e e l e c tr o k i e ti c e e r g y pe
os r it o f v l m th e n n r un o u e, n ,

i vi rtu e o f th e e l e c tr o ta ti c ta te f th e m e di m th e r e i
n s te i s o u ,
s a ns on

wh o e ma g itude i p i n a dire cti o p r lle l t

s n s c o mb i e d wi th
,
n a a o a} , n a

pre ss re l so e q l to p p a r ll e l to y d
u ,
a u a S e e A r t 10 7
,
a an a . . .

I vir t e o f th e e l e c tr o kin e tic st te o f th e me d iu m th e re i

n u a s a

te i o n e qua l to p i
ns di r e c ti o p a ra lle l to y c o mb i e d with
n a n ,
n a

pre s ur e e q l to p in dir e c ti o s p r ll l to a d
s ua S A rt 6 4 3 n a a e a n z . ee . .

H e c e th c o mb in e d e ffe c t o f th e l e c tr o t ti c a d th e l e tr o
'

n e e s a n : e c )

ki e ti c str e e s i p e ss e e q l to 2p i th e di r ctio f th
n ss s a r ur ua n e n o e

pro p a g ti f th e w ve N w 2p l s e xpr e e s th wh o l e e e rgy

a on o a . o a o ss e n

i u it o f v o lume
n n .

H e e i n a me di m i whi ch w v s a e pr p ga te d th e r e i a
nc u n a e r o a s

pre re i th e di c ti o
s su n rma l to th e wa ve s re d ume ri c ll y
n no ,
an n a

eq l to th e e e rgy i
ua it o f v o lum
n n un e .

7 Th u if i tr g u l ig h t th e e e rgy o f th e l igh t whi h

s, n s on s n n c

f l ls o
a o e n q r fo t isn s fo t p o
ua e d pe se c o d th e me
o o u n s r n ,
an

e er y i o e c b ic fo o t o f u li gh t i s
n b t f f t
n
g n u o s
o n a u o a o

p u d d the m pre r e o n a squ r e fo t i

o n ,
an ean s su f a o s o a

p o u n d w e i g h t A fl t b o d y xp. o s d to n li g
a h t w u l d e xp e ri e e e e su o nc

th i pr es r e o i ts illumi t d ide o n ly d wo l d th e re fo r e b
ssu n na e s ,
an u e

r pe ll d fr o m th e ide o wh ich th e ligh t fa ll I t i pr b a bl th t

e e s n s . s o e a

a much g r e t r e e r gy o f r di tio mig h t b

a e n b t i d by me a f a n e o a ne ans o
 E L E C TR OM A GN E TI C T H E OR Y OF L I GH T .
[79 4
th e co n ce n t r
r y o f th e le c tri l mp S ch a y s f lli g o a
a te d a s e c a . u r a n n

th i n m t l li c d i k d e li c a te l y s s p e de d i
e a s , va c m migh t p e rh p s u n n a uu ,
a

pro duc e o b se rva bl e m ch

an i c l e ff c t Whe di turb a c e f e an a e . n a s n o

an
y k i d c o i t
ns o f te r m s i
ns s v o lv i g S i n e s o c o i es of a
g l e s n n r s n n

wh ic h va ry with th e ti m th e ma ximu m e n e rgy i s dp b le f th e e ,

u o

me e er H i f P i t h m x i m u m l tr m ti v f r
an
gy en c e . a n e e c o
, e o c e s e o ,

a n d 8 th e ma ximu m m ti f r e w h i h e ca ll d i t pl ay
, g e c o c c e o a n ar n

d u r i g th e pro p a g a tio
n o f l ig h t n ,

K
P m rgy
g u v lu m ( )
2
,8 e a n e n e i i t o f 2
o e 2 4 n n
77
.

8 ;

With Po u ill e t s d a ta fo r th e
’
en e rgy o f s u ligh t s quo te d by n ,
a

Th o ms o n , Tr a n s R S E . . . . 18 5 4 , thi s g i v e i e l e c tr o m g e tic me a
s n a n

s ur e
P 6 0 00 000 0, b o ut 6 0 0 D a ie ll s ce ll s pe metre ;
or a n
’
r

B or r th e r mo re tha n a te th o f th e h o i o
a n r z n ta l ma g
n e ti c fo r c e in B ri ta i n .

Pr op a ga ti o n o
f a Pl a n e Wa v e in a C rgs ta ll iz e d M e diu m .

794] ula ti g fro m d ta f rn i h e d by o rdi a ry e l e ctr o

In c a lc n ,
a u s n

m g e ti c xp r ime ts th e e l e c tr ic l p he o me
a n e e wh i ch wo uld re ult
n ,
a n na s

fr o m p e r i di c di turb a c e mi ll io s f mi ll io s o f w h ic h o c c ur i a
o s n s, n o n n

s co d w e h v e
e n lre dy p t o th e o ry to ve ry s e ve re te s t e ve n
,
a a a u ur a ,

wh e the me diu m i s pp o e d to b e a ir o va cu m B t if we
n su s r u . u

a tte mp t to e xte n d o u th o ry to th c e f d e se me d i w e b e c o me r e e as o n a,

i v lve d o t o l y i n a l l th e o r di ry di ffi c l tie o f mo l e c ul r th e o r ie
n o n n na u s a s,

b t i th e d e p e r my te ry o f th e r e l a ti o n o f th e mo l e c ule s to the
u n e s

el tr o m g e tic m di m
ec a n e u .

To e va d e th e e di ffi c ultie s w e sh ll s me th a t i n c e r t i me dia
s ,
a a su a n

th s p c i fi c c p a ci ty fo
e e l ctro t ti i d ctio i s diffe re t i n dif
a r e e s a c n u n n

fe e t d ir e ctio n s o i o th e r w o r ds th e e l e c tr i c di pl c e me t i
r n ,
r n ,
s a n ,
n

ste a d o f b e i g i th e s a me di r e c ti a s th e e l e tr o mo ti v e f r c e a d
n n on c o ,
n

pro p o r tio a l to i t is r e l te d to it by a y te m o f li e r e qua tio s

n , a s s n a n

s i mi l r to th o e g i v e
a i A t 297 I t m y b e sh e w
s s in n n r . . a n ,
a

A t 4 3 6 th t th e s y t m o f c o e ffi c ie ts m t b e s ymme tri c l so
r .
,
a s e n us a ,

th t by a pr p r h o ic e o f a x e s th e e q a ti o s b c o me
,
a o e c ,
u n e

l l l

whe re K K a d K ‘

1, 2 ,
n
3
a re pri cip l i n ductive ca pa citie s o f th e
th e n a

me dium Th e e qu a ti n . o s o f pr o p
g a ti o n o f di s turb a c e s a e th e re fo r e
a n r
 D OU B L E RE FR A C TI O N .

s d G 2
d H Z
d P 2
03
2
4,

dz 2
da dg '
dz da: dt 2
da d t
'

d G 2
d H 2
d P
2
K2 “
dr z
dg de da dg
'
dt 2
dg d t

d H z
d P 2
d d ? z

67
9
2
dz do: dg dz dz dt

l , m, n are th e di r e cti o co i e s n -
s n of th e no r ma l to th e
an d V th e ve lo c i ty o f th e wa ve ,
an d if

( )
3

an d if w e write F
”
,
G
”
,
H
”
,
T fo r th e s e co n d d iffe r e n tia l c o e ffi

c ie n ts o f E , G, H , 4! r e p e c tiv e ly with r e p e ct to
s s w, an d pu t

1
, ( )
4
6 2

wh r ee a ,
b, c ar e th e th re e prin cip a l ve l o citie s o f pro p g a a ti o n ,
th e
e qu ti o
a ns b e co me

—l rn G —a — VI
)
” ” ”
E \ J

G — rn n H — V\I
”
tmF

)
”
(
”
a mn G 2
7 m 2
H

79 6 ] I f we wri te
Z 2
m 2
n
2

1 7 2 _a 2 V 2 _ &2 y z _ cz
we o bt a in fr o m th e s e e qu i
at ons

VU ( VE
"
O,
VU ( V O,
” ”
VU ( VH n P
‘
) 0 .

H e n ce , e ith e r V 0 , in whi ch
pro p ag a te d t ca se th e wa v e is n ot a

a ll U
o r, O w hi ch l e d to th e e qu ti o
, fo r V g iv e by Fr e sn e l
a s a n n

or th e q ti ti e w i th i
u an bra ck ts va n i s h in wh i h c th e ve t r
s n e ,
c a se c o

wh e c o mpo e ts e E G H is o rma l to th e wa v e fro t d

os
”
n
”
n
”
ar , , n -
n an

p r o p rt i
o a l to th e e l e c tr ic v o lume de
on i ty S i c e th e me di m i s -
ns . n u

a n o cn d c to r th e e l e ctri c d e i ty t
-
on u , y g i v e p o in t i s c n sta t ns a an n o n ,

a d th e r e f r e th e di sturb
n o c e i n di ca te d by th e e qua ti o an i t es ns s no

pe ri o di c d ca t co n ti tute w v We may the re fo r e co ide r

,
an nn o s a a e . ns

0 in th e in v e ti ga tio n o f th e wa ve
”
if : s .
 E L E C TR OMA GN E TI C T H E ORY or L I GH T .
[ 79 7
7 ve l o c ity o f
Th e th epro p ga ti o a n o f th e wa v e i s th e r e fo r e
c o mpl e te l y d e te r mi e d fr n o m th e e q a ti o u n U 0, or

Z 2
m 2
n
2

V “
"
a
2 +
V — 62 E
V — 2 2 ( )
8
-
c

Th e r e a re th e r e fo re two , an d on ly two v a l ,
ues o f V 2
Co rre s p o n di n g
to a gi ve n d i r e ctio n of wa ve fro t -
n .

If n ,
u are th e d i r e c ti o n co s i n e s -
o f th e l
e e ct ric c urr ent wh o se

co mp o n e n ts are u , u, w,
1 1
A p . v
2 2
6 2 ( )
9

th e n l A+ rn p + n v = 0 , ( )
10

or th e c urr e t i s i n th e pl a n e o f th e w a v e fr o
n -
n t, an d i ts d ir e c tio n
i n th e wa ve fro n t i de te r mi e d by th e e qu a tio n
-
s n

l m z
( o 0 .
( )
11