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COOH
R CH COOH NH2 C H C
NH2 R
H2N H
R
Aminoacizi esentiali nu pot fi biosintetizati: Val, Leu, Ile, Phe, Trp, Met,
Thr, Lys, His
Aminoacizi din proteine
Structura pK1 pK2
Aminoacid Simbol pKR
(COOH) (NH2)
CH3 _
Valina* Val CH CH COO 2.2 9.7
CH3 + NH
3
CH3 _
Leucina* Leu CH CH2 CH COO 2.3 9.7
CH3 +
NH3
_
Izoleucina* Ile CH3 CH2 CH CH COO 2.3 9.8
+
CH3 NH3
pK1 pK2
Aminoacid Simbol Structura pKR
(COOH) (NH2)
_
Serina Ser HO CH2 CH COO 2.2 9.2 13
+
NH3
_
Treonina* Thr H3C CH CH COO 2.1 9.1 13
+
OH NH3
Aminoacizi cu sulf
_
Cisteina Cys HS CH2 CH COO 1.9 10.8 8.3
+
NH3
_
Metionina* Met CH3 S (CH2)2 CH COO 2.1 9.3
+
NH3
Structura
pK1 pK2
Aminoacid Simbol pKR
Aminoacizi dicarboxilici (COOH) (NH2)
si derivati
_ _
OOC CH2 CH COO
Acid Asp 2.0 9.9 3.9
+ NH
aspartic 3
_
H2N C CH2 CH COO 2.1 8.8
Asparagina Asn
O + NH
3
_ _
Acid OOC CH2 CH2 CH COO 2.1 9.5 4.1
Glu
glutamic + NH
3
_
H2N C CH2 CH2 CH COO
Glutamina Gln + NH
2.2 9.1
O 3
pK1 pK2
Aminoacid Simbol Structura pKR
(COOH) (NH2)
Aminoacizi bazici
_
Arginina Arg HN CH2 CH2 CH2 CH COO 1.8 9.0 12.5
+ +
C NH2 NH3
NH2
* = aminoacid esential
pK1 pK2
Aminoacid Simbol Structura pKR
(COOH) (NH2)
Imino-acizi
_
+ COO
Prolina Pro N 2.0 10.6
H H
Tipuri de aminoacizi naturali
1. Acizi monocarboxilici
2. Acizi dicarboxilici
asparagina glutamina
3. Hidroxiaminoacizi
4. Tioaminoacizi
6. Aminoacizi heterociclici
COOH
H2 N C H
CH2R
Sinteze de -aminoacizi
1. Aminarea acizilor halogenai
R CH COOH + NH3 R CH COOH + HX
X (exces) NH2
Metoda Gabriel
O O
HCl H2O
NK + Cl-CH2COOR N CH2COOR
DA
O COOH O
+ H2N-CH2-COOH + ROH
COOH Glicocol
O O COOR
Na+ CH
NK + Br-CH2CH2CH2Br COOR
N (CH2)3-Br
O O O O
COOR 1. Br2
COOR
NU N (CH2)3 CH
COOR 2. NH3
N(CH2)3 C
COOR
O O NH2
COOH
1. + H2O H2N-(CH2)3-CH COOH
+
2. - CO2 NH2
COOH
3. - ROH Ornitina
NU
2. Sinteze de aminoacizi utiliznd ester acetil-aminomalonic sodat
COOR + HNO2
CH2 O=N CH(COOR)2 HO-N C(COOR)2
COOR Nitrozoderivat Izonitrozoderivat
1) 4 [H]
- + ..
H3C-CO-HN CH(COOR)2 EtO Na H3C-CO-HN C(COOR)2
2) Ac2O
Ester aminomalonic acilat Na+
+ C 6H5CH2Cl 1) 3H2O/-2ROH;
H3C-CO-HN C(COOR)2 C6H5CH2-CH COOH
- CH3COOH
CH2C6H5 2) CO2 NH2
Fenilalanina
3. Sinteza Strecker
CN
+ NH3 + HCN H2O
R CHO R CH NH R CH R CH COOH
- H2O
NH2 NH2
H2O
CH3 CH O + NH3 + HCN CH3 CH CN CH3 CH COOH
NH2 NH2
Alanina
Structura aminoacizilor; punct izoelectric
COOH
H+ +
_ H3N C H B
COO
+ R
H3N C H _
_ COO
R HO
H2N C H C
A
R
Valoarea pH-ului la care aminoacidul se afl majoritar sub form de
amfion (nu are sarcin electric net) <=> concentraia cationilor este
egal cu cea a anionilor = punct izoelectric (pI)
* La pI aminoacizii sunt insolubili, precipitnd; nu migreaza in camp
electric
+ K1 _ Pt.un acid
H3N CH COOH + H2O H3N+ CH COO + H3O+
monoamino-
R R monocarboxilic
_ K2 _
+ COO +
H3N CH COO + H2O H2N CH + H3O
R R
1. Caracterul amfoter
HO
R CH COO + H 2O
R CH COOH R CH COO NH2
H
NH2 NH3 R CH COOH
NH3
Aplicatie: electroforeza
separarea cromatografica a
aminoacizilor/proteinelor
in camp electric
2. Formarea de chelai cu metale
Aplicaie
- Aportul ionilor Fe (II) sruri/compleci ai Fe(II) cu: acizi lactic, citric, gluconic,
fumaric, succinic, AA acid L aspartic, L serin, L cistein
+ R'OH baza
R CH COOH R CH COOR' R CH COOR'
HCl(g)
NH2 NH3+Cl- NH2
O
COOR' NH2 R
R CH + NH
CH R _
2 R'OH
NH2 HN R
R'OOC
O
aminoester dicetopiperazina
Esterii benzilici sunt utilizati in sinteza peptidica
CH2 COO 0
300 C CH2 COO-CH3
H3N CH2 COO + 3 CH3I
N(CH3)3 N(CH3)2
O
C6H5 CH2 O CO Cl
(CH3)3O C N3
cloroformiat de benzil
tert-butoxicarbonilazida
Deaminarea cu acid azotos reactia serveste la dozarea grupelor amino
libere din peptide/proteine (prin masurarea volumetrica a azotului degajat metoda
van Slyke)
HNO2
R CH COOH R CH COOH + N2 + H2O
NH2 OH
O O
OH H
R CH COOH + + R-CHO
OH - CO2 OH
NH2 - NH3
O O
Ninhidrina
I
O O O NH4 O
H HO
+ NH3 + N
OH H
O O O O
6. Transformri biochimice ale aminoacizilor
Reactia de transaminare
transaminaze
acid -cetoglutaric
Decarboxilare
- are loc sub actiunea enzimelor aminoacid decarboxilaze
=> amine biogene
Histidina Histamina
De(z)aminare - decarboxilare
-Enzimele din drojdie => fuzel (amestec de alcooli primari, in special C4, C5, rezultati
prin fermentatia alcoolica a proteinelor din cereale si fructe)
H3C H3C
H2O
CH CH COOH CH CH2 OH + CO2 + NH3
H3C NH2 H3C
Valina Alcool izobutilic