SG Curs8 SmartGrids MG 2022-2023

Reţele inteligente de distribuţie a energiei electrice
Retele inteligente de distributie

a energiei electrice. [Smart Grids]
2 x 14 = 28 ore curs;
2x 14 = 28 ore laborator
program: miercuri 16-18 [f2f EB105ACTION
INTELLICIS & online]
IC0806
laborator: miercuri 18-20 [online/ EB105]
consultatii: luni 18-20 EB129

Examinare scrisa – probleme si teorie (eseu)
Nota finala: 0.5examen+0.3laborator + 0.2teme de casa (+ 0.05lucrari curs);
Titular curs: Prof. dr. ing. Mihaela Albu
Laborator: asist. drd. ing. Radu Plamanescu
drd. Ing. Stathis Fiorentis
SISTEME ELECTRICE AVANSATE – master 2022-2023
noi teme in energetică:

măsurări sincronizate; PMU
contoare inteligente (smart metering);
automobile electrice / EV / V2G;
INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806
generarea intermitentă a energiei electrice;
stocarea energie electrice
microrețele [microgrids]
rețele active de distribție a energiei
flexibilitatea consumului
HIL/PHIL in ingineria electrică
IEC White paper – March 2014
Microgrids for disaster preparedness and recov

ery with electricity continuity plans and systems

IEC White paper – March 2014 – Microgrids for disaster preparedness

SISTEME ELECTRICE
and recovery AVANSATEcontinuity
with electricity – master 2022-2023
plans and systems
dezastre naturale recente:
• Marele cutremur din Japonia Orientala [The Great East Japan

Earthquake] – 11 martie 2011 – a facut 28 000 de victime, a distrus
2 centrale nucelare si a lasat citeva milioane de locuitori fara
energie electrica;
• Inundatiile din Tailanda din 2011 – au fost afectate numeroase
obiective industriale importante;
• Uraganul Sandy [Hurricane
Sandy] – octombrie 2012 - a
provocat moartea a 295 de
persoane in SUA, Caraibe si
Canada si a cauzat intreruperea
in alimentare cu energie electrica
a mii de persoane

SISTEME ELECTRICE
plans and systems

SISTEME ELECTRICE
plans and systems

SISTEME ELECTRICE
plans and systems

SISTEME ELECTRICE
plans and systems

SISTEME ELECTRICE
plans and systems
Planificarea continuitatii in alimentare:

• surse alternative de generare – generatoarele locale de rezerva [local
back-up generation]
• asigurarea conditiilor de functionare a echipamentelor electrice – de
exemplu combustibil pentru generatoarele de rezerva
• identificarea consumatorilor speciali, a prioritatilor din fluxul industrial/
de business/ si necesarul de energie corespunzator;
IEC White paper – March 2014 –

Microgrids for disaster preparedness
and recovery with electricity continuity
SISTEME ELECTRICE
plans and systemsAVANSATE – master 2022-2023
ECP include:
• Alternative generation sources – the use
of local back-up generation
• Dependencies outside the electrical
equipment that may affect electricity
supply – for example, the availability of
fuel for back-up generators
• Identifi cation of particular electrical loads,
their priority for business functions, and
their energy requirements

SISTEME ELECTRICE
plans and systems
Planificarea continuitatii in alimentare:
1.Clasificarea potentialelor dezastre  metrici de evaluare a

impactului acestora vs. costul masurilor de rezilienta aferente 
exemple: nivelul apei la inundatii // intensittaea vintului // intensitatea
cutremurelor // frecventa traznetelor // inaltimea valului de tsunami //
durata inundatiilor
2.Clasificarea instalatiilor  stabiliea unui set standardizat de
indicatori care pot reda INTELLICIS
gradul deACTION
pregatire al unei instalatii de a
IC0806
surmonta efectele unui dezastru si ale pierderii alimentarii cu energie
electrica
3.Clasificarea si prioritizarea consumatorilor  metricile au in
vedere cerintele privind alimentarea in energie electrica
• durata maxima acceptabila a intreruperilor in alimentare;
• Intervalul acceptabil al frecevtnei tensiunii de alimentare;
• Intervalul acceptabil al tensiunii (valori efective) de alimentare;
IEC White paper – March 2014 – Microgrids for disaster preparedness and recovery with
SISTEME
electricityELECTRICE
continuityAVANSATE – master
plans and systems2022-2023
IEC White paper – March 2014 –

Microgrids for disaster preparedness and
recovery with electricity continuity plans
and systems
Exemplu de clasificare a resilientei instalatiilor intr-o casa inteligenta - secvente:

1) detectarea pierderii tensiunii de alimentare din sistem
• decuplarea functionalitatilor retea / microretea
• preluarea alimentarii si monitorizarii bateriilor de catre microretea;
• Verificarea functiilor de asigurare a functionarii sigure in microretea
• comunicatia pentru verificarea sigurantei functionarii echipamentelor electrocasnice
inainte de revenirea alimentarii /
• Minimizarea pierderilor de putere si a celor de conversie la c.c.
2) In cazul utilizarii surselor regenerabile:
• rata de penetrare (utilizare eficienta), capacitatea
INTELLICIS bateriilor;
ACTION IC0806
3) Relatia cu raspunsul la cerere:
• Selectiarea echipamentelor electrocasnice in functie de prioritate
• modalitati de utilizare minimala a puterii si selectarea programului de functionare
coresp. a echipamentelor electrocasnice;
• Setarea prioritatilor in utilizarea puterii de la baterii;
4) Utilizarea modulelor de stocare a energiei electrice (EES) ajuta la clasificarea ECS
adaugind functionalitati de revenire in caz de dezastru
5) Vehiculele electrice pot functiona reversibil (bateriile) pe durata intreruperilor in
alimentare;
SISTEME ELECTRICE
IEC White paper – AVANSATE – master
March 2014 2022-2023
– Microgrids for disaster preparedness and recovery with electricity continuity plans and systems
SISTEME ELECTRICE
March 2014 2022-2023
Microretele - 2014
SISTEME ELECTRICE
March 2014 2022-2023
Microretele - 2014
SISTEME ELECTRICE
March 2014 2022-2023
Microretele – o statistica a anului 2014
SISTEME ELECTRICE
March 2014 2022-2023
Exemplu: rezilienta in caz de cutremur - Japonia
SISTEME ELECTRICE
March 2014 2022-2023
Sendai
microgrid
SISTEME ELECTRICE
March 2014 2022-2023
Tehnologii asociate microretelelor:
Microturbine [25 kW…100 kW]: turbina-generator electric-invertor; combustibil: gaz

natural; pot fi parte din instalatii CHP
Baterii (Pb-acid, Li-ion, redox etc.) ; circuite de incarcare (charger), invertor;
Alte elemente de stocare a energiei: Volanti ; supercondensatoare  putere mare,

energie mica, numar mare de cicluri de functionare;
Celule cu combustibil (fuel cells)  eficienta mare dar scumpe; emisii reduse;
Generatoare cu surse primare regenerabile de energie (PV, eoliene);
Sisteme CHP (aplicatii primare: incalzirea/racirea cladirilor);
Infrastructura – de comunicatie (pentru control: dinamica inalta, circuite cu inertie mica;),

masurare , diagnosticare, prognoza  pentru controlul in timp real;
SISTEME ELECTRICE
March 2014 2022-2023
SISTEME ELECTRICE
March 2014 2022-2023
SISTEME ELECTRICE
March 2014 2022-2023
SISTEME ELECTRICE
March 2014 2022-2023
SISTEME ELECTRICE
March 2014 2022-2023
Microgrids-symposium.org
Microretele alimentate in cc (DC microgrids):

Scurt istoric:
- Microretele alimnetate in cc nu sunt in totalitate o noutate: sisteme clasice de acest gen
intalnim in industria telecom, sisteme de tractiune (tramvaie, trenuri, lifturi etc), sisteme
distribuite de alimentare cu enerie electrica sunt precursoarele DC microgrids
Avantaje comparativ cu microretelele alimnetate in c.a.

INTELLICIS
- fiabilitate si eficienta mai mare (e.g. data ACTION
centers) IC0806
- evitarea unor probleme legate de calitatea energiei electrice precum armonici,
debalansari, sincronizare si circulatia puterii reactive;
- control simplificat;
- Interfatare naturala cu sursele regenerabile (RES), sarcini electronice si sisteme de
stocare a energiei electrice;
SISTEME ELECTRICE
March 2014 2022-2023
Scheme de alimentare a microretelelor in cc:
Avantaje:
- simplitate (adesea deploiat in
aplicatii industriale)
- conectare directa a bateriei (cost
mai mic)
T. Dragičević, X. Lu, J. C. Vasquez, and J. M. Guerrero, “DC Microgrids-Part II: A Review of Power Architectures, Applications, and
Standardization
SISTEME ELECTRICEIssues,” IEEE
AVANSATE Transactions
– master on Power Electronics, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 3528-3549, May 2016.
2022-2023
A single bus DC MG with ESS connected to the common DC bus

through dedicated converter.
Standardization
2022-2023
Bipolar single bus DC MG.
Standardization
2022-2023
Microretele – controvese, bariere, ratiuni de promovare:
R-R-R
(renewables-resilience –remote)
SISTEME ELECTRICE
March 2014 2022-2023
Microgrids-symposium.org
Microretele alimentate in cc (DC microgrids):

Scurt istoric:
- Microretele alimnetate in cc nu sunt in totalitate o noutate: sisteme clasice de acest gen
intalnim in industria telecom, sisteme de tractiune (tramvaie, trenuri, lifturi etc), sisteme
distribuite de alimentare cu enerie electrica sunt precursoarele DC microgrids
Avantaje comparativ cu microretelele alimnetate in c.a.

INTELLICIS
- fiabilitate si eficienta mai mare (e.g. data ACTION
centers) IC0806
- evitarea unor probleme legate de calitatea energiei electrice precum armonici,
debalansari, sincronizare si circulatia puterii reactive;
- control simplificat;
- Interfatare naturala cu sursele regenerabile (RES), sarcini electronice si sisteme de
stocare a energiei electrice;
SISTEME ELECTRICE
March 2014 2022-2023
Scheme de alimentare a microretelelor in cc:
Avantaje:
- simplitate (adesea deploiat in
aplicatii industriale)
- conectare directa a bateriei (cost
mai mic)
Standardization
2022-2023
A single bus DC MG with ESS connected to the common DC bus

through dedicated converter.
Standardization
2022-2023
Bipolar single bus DC MG.
Standardization
2022-2023
microretele:
https://microgrid-symposiums.org/…






Hybrid Systems
 hybrid mixture of energy sources, integrated with

energy storage and smart automation and controls  to
ensure optimal operation  maximize the use of renewables
and minimize the use of fossil
INTELLICIS fuels.IC0806
ACTION
 hybrid power system  a lower-cost, more reliable, cleaner
supply
 How?  microgrid structure

Microgrids. Hybrid systems

 TB 635: « Microgrids are electricity distribution systems
containing loads and distributed energy resources (such as
distributed generators, storage devices, or controllable
loads) that can be operated in a controlled, coordinated
way either while connected to the main power network or
while islanded » INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806
 TB 826: off-grid solutions and

those that use a mixture of
sources with a focus on
renewable [sources of] energy

Examples of Hybrid Systems for Off-grid Power Supply

Remote Mines (1)
Name Peak load Fossil fuel RES- based Storage

[MW] generation generation (power/energy)
[MW] [MW] capacity
[MW/MWh]
Zimbi Mine 1 1.6 1 n/a
DeGrussa 13 23 10.6 Li-ion
Copper Gold mine 6/1.8
Raglan mine, Nunavi 3.1 1.6 3 Flywheel
k 0.2/0.0015
[Quebec] Li-ion
0.2/0.25
Diavik 110 n/a 9.2 n/a
Diamond mine, Nort
hwest Territories
(CA)

Examples of Hybrid Systems for Islands (1)

Name Peak Fossil fuel-based RES –based Storage capacity
load generation capacity generation
(MW) (MW) capacity (MW) (MW/MWh)
Baega Island 0.080 0.225 0.29 0.24/1.125
(Li-ion)
El Hierro 7 12.7 22.8 6/?
(pumped hydro)
Gaidoroumantra 0.0037 0.009 0.011 0.015/0.043
Bay / Kythnos INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806 (lead-acid)
island
Kodiak 27 2.94 37.5 hydro 3/2 (no info),
2 MW, 33 kWs flywheel
Ramea island 1.078 2.775 0.69 0.313/no info
(Hydrogen)
St, Paul island 0.696 3.64 0.675 0.16/0.03
(Flywheel)
Isle of Eigg 0.1 0.128 0.168 No info/0.212
(lead acid)
Isle of Kuroshima 0.14 0.21 0.07 0.1/0.322
(lead acid & Li-ion)

Examples of Hybrid Systems for Islands (2)

Name Peak load Fossil fuel-based RES –based Storage capacity
generation capacity (MW) generation
(MW) capacity (MW) (MW/MWh)
Gasa Island 0,17 0.3 0.714 1.25/3 (Li-ion)
Bonaire Island 11 14 11 No info/6

(lead-acid)
Sagar Island 1.085 1x0.58 0.6 n/a
(wind – diesel hybrid)
Aruba 134 Steam turbine 1 x 136 1*6 (PV) Li-ion
MW 20*3 (Wind) flywheel
Gas turbine 1 x 20 MW
Rec. engine 10 x 9 MW
Robben Island 0.5 0.5 0.667 (PV) 0.5/0.837 (Li-ion)
Bahamas 65 n/a 3.3 (PV) 9.6/7.3 (Li-ion)
Fernando de n/a 5.492 0.95 n/a
Noronha


Operation of Isle of Kuroshima (1)
• Diesel gensets: 100 kW, 2x70 kW installed capacity;

• Wind turbines of 10 kW installed capacity
• PV-array of 60 kW installed capacity
• Li-ion (66 kWh) &INTELLICIS
lead-acidACTION
batteries (256 kWh) & 2x50 kW
IC0806
inverters
• Data is collected by sensors from diesel units, wind turbine,
PV-array, diesel and RES – PCC  SCADA
(charge/discharge control signals to batteries inverters)
• Frequency control: droop control (diesel units) & PID
• Voltage control: diesel generators’ AVR.
• Control strategy  peak cut-off


Operation of Isle of Kuroshima (2)

Examples of Hybrid Systems for Off-grid Power Supply.

Remote Communities (2)
Name Peak Capacity of Capacity of Storage capacity
load fossil fuel RES-based (power/energy)
generation generation
[kW] [kW] [kW] [kW/kWh]
Kotzebue 3600 9800 2940 1000/950
Kangiqsualujjuaq 900 2000 800 200/5
Kasabonika 879 2000 90 n/a

Wadi el-Rachim no info n/a 18.44 No info/750
Huatacondo 40 140 27.43 40/140

Mai District n/a n/a 150 40/0.33
(2 layer capacitor)


Remote Communities (3)
Power Balancing and Frequency Regulation:
1. Diesel generators droop control for primary frequency
support and PID-control for power balancing (low RES)
2. When energy storage (ESS) is employed, P/f balancing is
based on ESS inverter control.
3. RE generation curtailment is a “must” in systems
with high RE penetration and lack of adequate storage
In “St. Paul” case, a synchronous condenser was applied during
diesel off operation not only for voltage support but also for
increasing system inertia, which eases frequency control.
Required variable reactive power support is provided primarily by
the 250 kVA synchronous condenser. The f/P is provided by the
controllable resistive loads (resolution 1.5 kW).


Remote Communities – Huatacondo (1)
• 140 kVA diesel unit, 24,4 kW PV arrays and lead-acid
battery (140 kWh) & inverter (40 kW); peak load 40 kW.
• Voltage control: via the storage inverter.
• When in operation, the diesel unit is used for P/f control
(mostly at night, both covering
INTELLICIS load IC0806
ACTION and charging storage).
• EMS (system operation, load forecasting, demand
Response & RE forecasting) delivers set points for
generation and storage for the window of the following 48
hours with a step size of 15 minutes.
• Wireless communication with Demand Side Management.
• “Social” SCADA system sustainability indicators
for users stimulating them to participate in DR


Large set of measurements  EMS capabilities:

• Electrical variable measurements for all generation units;
• Some electrical measurements in the grid and control
capabilities (connection/disconnection
INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806 of LV feeders);
• Energy consumption of the electrical loads in the network;
• Power control of the Energy Storage System inverter and
diesel generator;
• Grid connection control for all generation units and the
water pump consumption;
• Sun tracking control for the principal PV plant;



GLOSAR de termeni uzuali si acronime relevante in tematica

retelelor inteligente de energie –
anti-islanding – protectie la insularizare – functionalitate in

generatoarele tip DG care le impiedica sa furnizeze energie electrica
pe durata intreruperii retelei de distributie la care sunt conectate;
cascading failure – defect evolutiv

INTELLICIS (in cascada)
ACTION IC0806 – lant de defectari
succesive intr-un sistem energetic;
combined heat and power – CHP - centrala cu ciclu combinat -

distributia de energie termica si electrica dintr-o singura sursa de
generare, in acest mod crescind eficienta totala a utilizarii sursei
primare;

GLOSAR de termeni uzuali si acronime Reţele inteligente de distribuţie a energiei electrice
connected microgrid – microretea care poate functiona si conectata

la reteaua de distributie – ea poate opera si in regim insularizat dar are
un PCC care permite schimbul de energie cu reteaua de distributie
(sistemul energetic)
demand management – mangementul cererii – controlul activ si

dinamic al receptoarelor INTELLICIS
(consumatori de enrgie electrica) prin mijloace
ACTION IC0806
tehnice destinate solutionarii cererii la virf de consum
distributed energy resource – DER – element (de consum sau de

generare) de putere mica : <1 MW
distributed generation – generare distribuita – generarea de energie

electrica , de cele mai multe ori de valori mici, localizata aproape de un
anumit consumator si pe care il alimenteaza
distribution – [retea de] distributie - transferul energiei electrice

intre punctele de transport (statii/posturi de transformare) si
consumatorii individuali
embedded generation – generare intrinseca – generare locala

see local generator/load
export - in contextul microretelelor - situatia cind energia electrica
este transferata dinspre microretea catre reteaua de distributie
flywheel – volant – echipament de stocare a energiei folosind masa

inertiala a unui tambur cu viteza de rotatie mare

fuel cell – celula cu combustibil – element de conversie a energiei care produce

electricitate din reactia unui comustibil cu un oxidant fara a avea loc un proces de
combustie traditional ca in motoarele clasice
engines
high voltage – inalta tensiune, I.T. – tensiune intre 69 kV si 230 kV (Japonia!) sau
110 kV si 400 kV (Romania)  norme specifice!
Import – in contextul microretelelor - situatia cind energia electrica este

transferata dinspre reteaua deINTELLICIS
distributieACTION IC0806
catre microretea
intentional islanding – insularizare intentionata – separarea deliberata a

generatoarelor de la sistemul energetic (de la reteaua de distributie)
Intermittent – intermitent, discontinuu – o sursa cu generare intermitenta nu poate

furniza o putere diferita de zero, constanta, pe termen lung
reciprocating engines – motoare cu functionare reversibila

Intermittent – intermitent, discontinuu – o sursa cu generare

intermitenta nu poate furniza o putere diferita de zero, constanta, pe
termen lung
inverter – invertor – echipament cu electronica de putere care

converteste energia electrica la tensiune continua in energie electrica
la tensiune alternativa
Islanding – insularizare – separarea unui grup de generatoare de la

reteaua de distributie / sistemul energetic.
isolated microgrid - microretea izolata - microretea care nu este

conectata electric la reteaua de distributie (nu exista nici un PCC)
load management - managementul sarcinii ( al cererii de energie) 

see demand management
load shedding – deconectarea sarcinii (a receptoarelor) –dezactivarea

(deconectarea) deliberata a receptoarelor electrice, de obicei pentru a
preveni situatiile de suprasarcina sau de avarie
local generator & local load – generator / receptor instalate in

microretea
medium voltage [MV] – medie tensiune - intre 2.4 kV si 34.5 kV sau
conform normelor (in Romania: 1 kV … 20 kV); in UK si Australia: NU
microturbine – microturbina – generator de putere mica (<100 kW), cu

emisii reduse de noxe, realizat pe baza tehnologiei turbinelor cu gaze;

microgrid - microretea – un set (multime) de generatoare controlabile

si receptoare , conecatt in proximitate nele fata de altele, controlabile,
avand incluse unul sa mai multe generatoare la tensiune alternativa, cel
putin unul din generatoare utilizind surse regenerabile de energie
outage – intrerupere in alimentare / defect/ deconectare/ - perioada de

timp cind un generator sau o retea nu functioneaza;
peak demand – virf de consum / de cerere – puterea maxima

“absorbita” in timpul functionarii de un receptor, de obicei valoarea nu
este constanta precum puterea medie
penetration level – contributia procentuala in mixul de de generare

adus de o anumita sursa de energie

Photovoltaics [PV] – panouri fotoelectrice – tehnologia care

converteste energia solara DIRECT in energie electrica;
point of common coupling [PCC] – punctul/nodul de conectare

comuna – nodul de conexiune inre reteaua de distributie si microretea.
Aceasta poate avea unul sau mai multe PCC.
Supercapacitor – supercondensator – element de stocare a energiei
care poate transfera energia electrica la puteri mari pe durate foarte
scurte de timp, cu numar mare de cicluri incarcare/descarcare deci
durata de functionare mare;
Synchronization – sincronizare – egalarea fazelor/ tensiunilor

instantanee – intr-un sistem (la revenirea din functionarea insularizata,
o microretea tebuie sa se sincronizeze/resincronizeze cu reteaua de
distributie)
system stability – stabilitatea de sistem – capacitatea unui sistem de a

ramine functional chiar si pe durata variatiei conditiilor de operare.
Pentru microretele, functionarea stabila se taduce prin aceea ca variatia
consumului nu rezulta in incetarea functionarii (lipsa tensiunii pe barele
microretelei)
utility grid [wider grid] –INTELLICIS

reteaua ACTION
de distributie
IC0806
– sistemul energetic
care nu este in afara controlului microretelei; reteaua de distributie
poate sa aiba un PCC cu microreteaua sau NU.
virtual microgrid – microretea virtuala – microreteaua in care

majoritatea componentelor (generatoare/ receptoare) sunt distantate
geografic.

Q&A session
albu@ieee.org
www.microderlab.pub.ro
.

SG Curs8 SmartGrids MG 2022-2023

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Reţele inteligente de distribuţie a energiei electrice

Retele inteligente de distributie

consultatii: luni 18-20 EB129

noi teme in energetică:

IEC White paper – March 2014

Microgrids for disaster preparedness and recov

INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806

SISTEME ELECTRICE AVANSATE – master 2022-2023

INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806

IEC White paper – March 2014 – Microgrids for disaster preparedness

• Marele cutremur din Japonia Orientala [The Great East Japan

IEC White paper – March 2014 – Microgrids for disaster preparedness

INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806

IEC White paper – March 2014 – Microgrids for disaster preparedness

INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806

IEC White paper – March 2014 – Microgrids for disaster preparedness

INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806

IEC White paper – March 2014 – Microgrids for disaster preparedness

INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806

IEC White paper – March 2014 – Microgrids for disaster preparedness

Planificarea continuitatii in alimentare:

IEC White paper – March 2014 –

IEC White paper – March 2014 – Microgrids for disaster preparedness

1.Clasificarea potentialelor dezastre  metrici de evaluare a

INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806

IEC White paper – March 2014 –

Exemplu de clasificare a resilientei instalatiilor intr-o casa inteligenta - secvente:

INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806

INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806

INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806

INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806

INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806

INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806

Tehnologii asociate microretelelor:

Microturbine [25 kW…100 kW]: turbina-generator electric-invertor; combustibil: gaz

Baterii (Pb-acid, Li-ion, redox etc.) ; circuite de incarcare (charger), invertor;

Alte elemente de stocare a energiei: Volanti ; supercondensatoare  putere mare,

Generatoare cu surse primare regenerabile de energie (PV, eoliene);

Sisteme CHP (aplicatii primare: incalzirea/racirea cladirilor);

Infrastructura – de comunicatie (pentru control: dinamica inalta, circuite cu inertie mica;),

INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806

INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806

INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806

INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806

Microretele alimentate in cc (DC microgrids):

Avantaje comparativ cu microretelele alimnetate in c.a.

Scheme de alimentare a microretelelor in cc:

INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806

INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806

A single bus DC MG with ESS connected to the common DC bus

INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806

Bipolar single bus DC MG.

Microretele – controvese, bariere, ratiuni de promovare:

INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806

Microretele alimentate in cc (DC microgrids):

Avantaje comparativ cu microretelele alimnetate in c.a.

Scheme de alimentare a microretelelor in cc:

INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806

INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806

A single bus DC MG with ESS connected to the common DC bus

INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806

Bipolar single bus DC MG.

SISTEME ELECTRICE AVANSATE – master 2022-2023

INTELLICIS ACTION IC0806