Sisteme de regasire a informatiei

Baza de date ARXIV

O baz de date este o colecie de date centralizate, creata i meninut computerizat, n
scopul prelucrrii datelor n contextul unui set de aplicaii. Prelucrarea datelor se refer la
operaiile de introducere, tergere, actualizare i interogare a datelor.
Colectiile de fise sau fisierele care contin date,dar nu permit operatii de interogare,nu
sunt considerate baze de date.
Spre exemplu fisierele memorate aplicatii de calcul ca Microsoft Excel,sau aplicatii de
texte ca Microsoft Word,nu sunt luate in considerare ca baze de date.

Proprietatile bazelor de date:

Baza de date este o colecie logic coerent de date ce are cel puin un neles
Baza de date este destinat, construit i populat de date despre un domeniu bine
precizat. Ea are un grup de utilizatori i se adreseaz unui anumit grup de aplicaii
O baz de date reprezint cteva aspecte ale lumii reale crend orizontul propriu.
Schimbrile orizontului sunt reflectate n baza de date.
Spre deosebire de metodele mai vechi de inregistrare a datelor(documente
scrise),sistemele de baze de date sunt mult mai avantajoase.
Printre avantajele oferite se Numara:
Controlul centralizat al datelor, putnd fi desemnat o persoan ca responsabil cu
administrarea bazei de date
Vitez mare de regsire i actualizare a informaiilor
Sunt compacte: volumul ocupat de sistemele de baze de date este mult mai redus dect
documetele scrise

Flexibilitatea ce const n posibilitatea modificrii structurii bazei de date fr a fi
necesar modificarea programelor de aplicaie

Redundan sczut a datelor memorate, care se obine prin partajarea datelor ntre mai
muli utilizatori i aplicaii. n sistemele de baze de date, mai multe aplicaii pot folosi
date comune, memorate o singur dat. De exemplu, o aplicaie pentru gestionarea personalului
dintr-o universitate i o aplicaie pentru gestionarea rezultatelor la examene din aceeai
universitate care folosete o singur baz de date, pot folosi aceleai informaii referitoare la
structurarea facultilor.

Posibilitatea introducerii standardelor privind modul de stocare a datelor, ceea ce
permite interschimbarea datelor ntre organizaii

Meninerea integritii datelor prin politica de securitate (drepturi de acces difereniate
n funcie de rolul utilizatorilor), prin gestionarea tranzaciilor i prin refacerea datelor n caz de
funcionare defectuoas a diferitelor componente hardware sau software.
Independena datelor fa de suportul hardware utilizat.Sistemul de gestiunea a bazelor
de date ofer o vizualizare a datelor, care nu se modific atunci cnd se schimb suportul de
memorare fizic, ceea ce asigur imunitatea structurii bazei de date i a aplicaiilor la modificri
ale sistemului hardware utilizat.
Baza de date despre care am ales sa vorbesc se numeste ARXIV.( lanl.arXiv.org).
Este o baza de date de preprinturi(lucrari prepublicate).A fost conceputa de Paul
Ginsparg in 1991.
Subiectele lucrarilor sunt din mai multe domenii.


Spre exemplu:
Physics

Astrophysics :
Astrophysics of Galaxies; Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics; Earth and Planetary
Astrophysics; High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena; Instrumentation and Methods for
Astrophysics; Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Condensed Matter
includes: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks; Materials Science; Mesoscale and
Nanoscale Physics; Other Condensed Matter; Quantum Gases; Soft Condensed Matter;
Statistical Mechanics; Strongly Correlated Electrons; Superconductivity
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
High Energy Physics - Experiment
High Energy Physics - Lattice
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
High Energy Physics - Theory
Mathematical Physics
Nonlinear Sciences
Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems; Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases; Chaotic
Dynamics; Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems; Pattern Formation and Solitons
Nuclear Experiment
Nuclear Theory
Physics
includes: Accelerator Physics; Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics; Atomic Physics; Atomic and
Molecular Clusters; Biological Physics; Chemical Physics; Classical Physics; Computational
Physics; Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability; Fluid Dynamics; General Physics;
Geophysics; History and Philosophy of Physics; Instrumentation and Detectors; Medical
Physics; Optics; Physics Education; Physics and Society; Plasma Physics; Popular Physics;
Space Physics
Quantum Physics
Mathematics

Mathematics
Algebraic Geometry; Algebraic Topology; Analysis of PDEs; Category Theory; Classical
Analysis and ODEs; Combinatorics; Commutative Algebra; Complex Variables; Differential
Geometry; Dynamical Systems; Functional Analysis; General Mathematics; General Topology;
Geometric Topology; Group Theory; History and Overview; Information Theory; K-Theory and
Homology; Logic; Mathematical Physics; Metric Geometry; Number Theory; Numerical
Analysis; Operator Algebras; Optimization and Control; Probability; Quantum Algebra;
Representation Theory; Rings and Algebras; Spectral Theory; Statistics Theory; Symplectic
Geometry
Computer Science

Computing Research Repository
Artificial Intelligence; Computation and Language; Computational Complexity; Computational
Engineering, Finance, and Science; Computational Geometry; Computer Science and Game
Theory; Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition; Computers and Society; Cryptography and
Security; Data Structures and Algorithms; Databases; Digital Libraries; Discrete Mathematics;
Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing; Emerging Technologies; Formal Languages and
Automata Theory; General Literature; Graphics; Hardware Architecture; Human-Computer
Interaction; Information Retrieval; Information Theory; Learning; Logic in Computer Science;
Mathematical Software; Multiagent Systems; Multimedia; Networking and Internet Architecture;
Neural and Evolutionary Computing; Numerical Analysis; Operating Systems; Other Computer
Science; Performance; Programming Languages; Robotics; Social and Information Networks;
Software Engineering; Sound; Symbolic Computation; Systems and Control
Quantitative Biology

Quantitative Biology
Biomolecules; Cell Behavior; Genomics; Molecular Networks; Neurons and Cognition; Other
Quantitative Biology; Populations and Evolution; Quantitative Methods; Subcellular Processes;
Tissues and Organs
Quantitative Finance

Quantitative Finance
Computational Finance; Economics; General Finance; Mathematical Finance; Portfolio
Management; Pricing of Securities; Risk Management; Statistical Finance; Trading and Market
Microstructure
Statistics

Statistics :
Applications; Computation; Machine Learning; Methodology; Other Statistics; Statistics Theory
Arxiv este detinuta si gestionata de Universitatea Cornell.Baza de date are o pagina
principala pe care se gasesc toate domeniile din care se pot gasi lucrari.Se poate face cautare pe
baza domeniului sau titlului sau a unui cuvant.Se pot cauta toate lucrarile,pe baza
titlului,autorului,etc.
Se poate face un cont dar se poate cauta si fara.Documentele rezultate pentru a fi vazute
in intregime,pot fi downloadate in mai multe formate:PDF,POSTSCRIPT,sau pot fi alese alte
formate.
Arxiv contine 936,435 de lucrari,dupa cum suntem informati pe pagina principala.
A fost creata pentru aproximativ 100 de upload-uri pe an,ajungand in jumatate de an la
400 de upload-uri.In 2011,primea aproximativ 75.000 de upload-uri pe an,din informatiile pe
care le primim dintr-un eseu al autorului,scris pentru a comemora 20 de ani de la crearea
Arxiv.Articolele pot fi editate sau inlocuite de catre cei care le- au postat(autorii).














Bibliografie:
Crstoiu, Dorin, Baze de date relaionale, Editura Printech,
1999
Rdulescu, Florin, Baze de date n I nternet, Editura
Printech, 2000
Ionescu, Felicia, Baze de date relaionale i aplicaii,
Editura Tehnic, 2004
Baltac, Vasile, ECDL-Excel, Access, PowerPoint n 20 lecii
i 75 de simulri, Editura Andreco, 2003
Browne, Allen, Balter Alison, Bazele Access 95, Editura
Teora, 1999
Pribeanu, Costin, Baze de date i aplicaii, Editura
MatrixRom, 2000
Pascu, C., Pascu A., Totul despre SQL, Editura Tehnic,
1994
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