Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Elev:
Mitrofan Alexandru
cl. a X-a A
ndrumtor:
Prof.Oanea Clin
referat.clopotel.ro
Cuprins
I.Mulimea polinoamelor cu
coeficinei compleci3
I.1. Definirea polinoamelor3
I.2. Adunarea i nmulirea.3
I.3. Forma algebric6
I.4. Gradul unui polinom.6
I.5 Val pol. ntr-un punct.7
I.6. mprirea polinoamelor7
I.7. Divizibilitatea polinoamelor..9
I.8. Rdcinile polinoamelor..11
II. Mulimea polinoamelor cu
coeficieni reali.13
III. Multimea polinoamelor cu
coeficieni ntregi i raionali14
IV. Aplicaii..15
IV.1. Probleme rezolvate15
IV.2. Probleme propuse..19
Adunarea polinoamelor:
Fie f (a 0 , a1 , a 2 ,..., a k ,...) , g (b0 , b1 .b2 ,..., bk ,...) dou elemente din
mulimea C[X]; atunci definim:
f g ( a0 b0 , a1 b1 , a2 b2 ,..., ak bk ,...) , k N
( f g ) h f ( g h) ,
f , g , h
C[X]
f , g C[X]
f 0 0 f f
4. Elemente inversabile
f C[X],
f ( f ) ( f ) f 0
De exemplu, dac f (1,0,2,2,0,0,...) este un polinom, atunci
opusul su este f (1,0,2,2,0,0,...)
nmulirea polinoamelor:
f g (a0b0 , a0b1 a1b0 , a0b2 a1b1 a2b0 ,..., a0bk a1bk 1 ... ...,...)
ck
ck
k
i 0
aibk i
Proprietile nmulirii:
1. Asociativitatea
Oricare ar fi
f , g , h C[X],
avem:
( f g ) h f ( g h)
2. Comutativitatea
Oricare ar fi
f , g C[X],avem:
f g g f
f C[X],avem:
f 1 1 f f
4. Elemente inversabile
f C[X]
f , g , h C[X],are
loc relaia:
f ( g h) fg fh
Exemplu: f (1,2,3,0,0,...) 1 2 X 3 X 2
Atunci:
g (1,2,3,4,0,0,...) 1 2 X 3 X 2 4 X 3
f g (1 2 X 3 X 2 )(1 2 X 3 X 2 4 X 3 ) 1 4 X X 2 (1 3 2 2 3 1)
X 3 (1 4 2 3 3 2) X 4 (2 4 3 3) X 5 (3 4)
f g 1 1 X (2 2) X 2 (3 3) 4 X 3
a n X n a n 1 X n 1 ... a 0
bm X m bm 1 X m 1 ... b0
a n bm 1 n 1
a b
X
... n 0 X n m
bm
bm
an
an
n m
1 X n1 m ... p X p
bm
bm
an X n
an nm
X
bm
f1 a n1 X n1 a n1 1 X n1 1 ... a 0
a n1 X n1
a n1 bm 1
bm
X n1 1 ...
a n1b0
bm
X n1 m
f 2 a n2 X n2 a n2 1 X n2 1 ... a0
f p anp X
an p X
np
np
... a0
........
f p 1 a n p 1 X
n p 1
a n p b0
bm
n p m
... a 0
2X 5 X 4 5X 3 8X 1
X 2 3
2X 5
6X 3
2X 3 X 2 X 3
X 4 X 3 8X 1
3X 2
X4
X 3 3X 2 8X 1
3X
X3
3X 2 5X 1
9
3X 2
5 X 10
r
Deci ctul este q 2 X 3 X 2 X 3 , iar restul r 5 X 10 .
Formula mpririi cu rest se scrie,n acest caz astfel:
2 X 5 X 4 5 X 3 8 X 1 ( X 2 3)(2 X 3 X 2 X 3) (5 X 10).
n 1
n2
an
a n 1
a n2
an
a n 1 abn 1 a n 2 abn 2
bn 1
bn 2
bn 3
X1
a1
a0
a1 ab1
a 0 ab0
b0
5 2 2 1
b2
2
b3
8
0
1
0 2( 1) 2 8 2( 2) 12 1 2( 12) 23
b1
b0
Proprieti
1. Reflexivitatea
f / f , f C[ X ]
2. Simetria
i g / f k C , a.. f kg
n acest caz spunem c f este asociat cu g ( f g )
3. Tranzitivitatea
Dac f / g i g / h f / h
f /g
4. Dac f / g i f / h f ( g h) f / `1 g 2 h
Def. f , g C[ X ] d ( f , g ) = C.m.m.d.c
1. d / f i d / g
2. d ' C[ X ], d ' / f i d ' / g d ' / d
Algoritmul lui Euclid:
X 3 X 2 X 3
3X 2 X 4
3X 2 X 4
3X X 4 X
3
2X 2 7X 9
19 X 19
2X 2 7X 9
X 1
2X 9
10
--
--
deci ( f , g ) X 1 .
fg
.
d
11
a n 1
S
...
1
1
2
n
a n (1)
S 2 x1 x 2 x1 x3 ... x1 x n ... x n1 x n
an2
a n (1) 2
.................................................................................
ank
S x x ...x x x ...x x ... a a
...
a
1 2
k
1 2
k 1 k 1
n k 1 n k 2
n
k
a n (1) k
.................................................................................
a0
P
a n (1) n
X n (1) n 1 S1 ( 1) n 2 S 2 ... (1) n k S k ... ( 1) S n P 0
12
Demonstraie
f ( x1 ) 0 f (a bi) 0
n
f ( x 2 ) f (a bi ) f ( x1 ) a n x1 a n 1 x1
n
z Re z z a n X 1 a n 1 X 1
f ( x1 ) ( X x1 ) m g ( X )
f ( x2 ) ( X x2 ) m' g ( X )
n 1
n 1
... a1 x1 a 0
... a1 X 1 a 0 f ( x1 ) 0
x2 x1
m m' .
f R[ X ]
n R[X]:
f ( ax b) m (x 2 x )
m!
13
-----------------------Fie f Z [ X ] i ecuaia f ( x) 0
a n X n a n 1 X n 1 ... a1 X a 0 0
p
q
, p, q Z , atunci
p / a 0 i q / a n . Dac a n 1 , atunci x1 p .
Exemplu:
Fie f X 4 2 X 3 5 X 2 8 X 4 0 admite soluia
x1
p
p / 4, q / 1 . Deci x1 {1;2;4}
q
IV. Aplicaii
IV.1. Probleme rezolvate
1.S se determine m i n i apoi s se rezolve ecuaia
X X 3 mX 2 2 X 2 0 tiind c admite rdcina 1 i .
4
Dac f (1 i ) 0 f (1 i ) 0 f ( X 1 i )( X 1 i )
f ( X 2 X iX X 1 i iX i 1) f ( X 2 2 X 2)
X 4 X 3 mX 2 2 X n
X 4 2X 3 2X 2
X 2 2X 2
14
X 3 X 2 ( m 2) 2 X n
X2 X m
X 3 2X 2 2X
mX 2 n
mX 2 2mX 2m
2mX 2m n
m0
2mX 2m n 0
n0
Dac m 0 q( x) X 2 X x3 0, x 4 1 x 0;1;1 i .
2.S se arate c polinomul X 4 a X 4b 1 X 4c 2 X 4 d 3 , cu
( a, b, c, d N ) este divizibil prin X 3 X 2 X 1
X 3 X 2 X 1 ( X 1)( X i )( X i )
f ( 1) ( 1) 4 a ( 1) 4b 1 ( 1) 4 c 2 ( 1) 4 d 3 1 1 1 1 0
f ( i ) ( i ) 4 a (i ) 4b 1 (i ) 4 c 2 (i ) 4 d 3 1 (i ) 4 b ( i ) (i ) 4 c (i ) 2 (i ) 4 d (i ) 3
1 i 1 i 0
f (i ) i 4 a i 4b 1 i 4 c 2 i 4 d 3 1 i 1 i 0
f (i) 0
Dac f (i) 0 X 4 a X 4b 1 X 4 c 2 X 4 d 3 ( X 3 X 2 X 1)
f (1) 0
Fie
o rdcin a ecuaiei
r f ( )
23
22
21
X 2 1 0 2 1 0 2 1
( 2 ) 2 4 2 3 3 1 4 7 7
15
X 2 1 este 7 X 7 . R:c).
5. Dac P a 0 a1 X a 2 X 2 ... a n X n R[ X ], n N , n 3, a n 0 i
a n k a k , k 0, n .
1
, x R * ;
X
a ) P X P
1
c ) X n P
Dac
i P ( X ) este:
1
P( X ), x R * ;
X
1
P( X ), x R * ; c) X n 1 P P( X ), x R * .
X
a n k a k , k 0, n
b) X n 1 P
atunci:
k 0 an a0
k 1 a n1 a1
k n a0 an
forma:
P ( X ) a 0 X n a1 X n 1 a 2 X n 2 ... a n 2 X 2 a n 1 X a n
1
1
1
n
a 0 a1 a 2 2 ... a n X
/ X n
X
X
X
1
n
n 1
n2
X n P
... a n P ( X ) X n P
a 0 X a1 X a 2 X
P( X )
X
X
P
R:c).
6. Fie ecuaia mX 3 X 2 (m 1) X 3 0 ,
mR*
fiind parametru.
1 3
1 3
m ;
;
2
2
0; 1 3
d.
b.
1 3
1 3 1 3
;
\ 0 .
2
2
mX 3 X 2 (m 1) X 3 0, m R * .
16
1
x1 x 2 x3 ( x1 x 2 x3 ) 2( x1 x 2 x1 x3 x 2 x3 )
m
1
2(m 1)
2
0 1 2m(m 1) 0
m
m
2m 2 2m 1 0
2 2 3 1 3
4 8 12 2 3 m1
4
2
2
m2
Deci
1 3
1 3
m ;
;
2
2
m 1
2
m
2 2 3 1 3
.
2
2
R:a).
7. Valoarea expresiei:
x 2 x3 x1 x3 x1 x 2
x1 x2 x3 6
x1 x3 x1 x2 x2 x3 1
x x x 2
123
E
R:c).
1 1
6 x1 6 x 2 6 x3 6
6
6
1
1 1 1 6
3
x1
x2
x3
x1
x2
x3
x1 x 2 x3
x1 x 2 x1 x3 x 2 x3
1
3 6
3 3 3 6
x1 x 2 x3
2
17
x1199 10 x1 5 0
x 199
10 x 2 5 0
2
199
x199
10 x199 5 0
199
x1199 x 199
... x199
10( x1 x 2 ... x199 ) 5 199 10 0 995 995
2
R:b).
9. Se consider funcia f : R R , f ( x) X 2 aX b , a, b Q .Suma
modulelor radacinilor ecuaiei f ( x) 0 este:
a. a ; b. a 2 4b pentru b 0 ; c. a 2 4b pentru b 0
d. b .
x1 x2 a
x1 x2 b
x1 x2 ( x1 x2 ) 2 2 x1 x 2 a 2 2b .
x1 x 2 a 2 2b x1 x 2 x1 x 2 2 x1 x 2
2
x1 x 2
a 2 2b 2 b x1 x 2
Dac b 0 x1 x 2 a 2 4b .
a 2 2b 2 b
R:b).
2 n (1) n
2 n 2( 1) n
X
X 1 ; b. X 1 ; c. (4n 1) X 2 ; d.
3
.
X 2 X 2 ( X 1)( X 2)
Pentru x 2 2 n 2a b
a b (1) n
2a b 2
(-)
18
2 n (1) n
3
n
n
n
n
n
n
2
1
)
2
2
(
1
)
2
2
(
1
)
.
b (1) n a (1) n
b
3
3
3
3a (1) n 2 n 3a 2 n (1) n a
Deci r
2 n (1) n
2 n 2(1) n
.
X
3
3
R:d).
f (0) f (1 i ) f (1
2) 1.
cu
m R \ 1 . Soluiile
x1 i x 2 ale
19
20