Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Cuvinte cheie
terapia antiretroviral, farmacogenomica, CYP450, gena/proteina CYP2B6
Keywords
Introducere
Terapia cu ARV utilizat azi n infecia HIV/
SIDA i mai ales noile scheme de tip HAART
reprezint, incontestabil, un real succes care a
permis prelungirea considerabil a duratei de via
a pacienilor notri, dar devine tot mai actual
ntrebarea: ce fel de via?, cu alte cuvinte, ce fel
de calitate a vieii este rezervat acestora?
ntradevr, multe din terapiile ARV actuale sunt
grevate de un numr mare de reacii secundare la
medicamentele din aceste scheme, reacii secundare
generate fie de fiecare tip de medicament n parte, fie
de sumaii de efecte secundare i/sau toxice, induse
de medicamentele componente ale schemei.
192
Referate generale
msurate.
n prezent se cunosc foarte multe date privind
farmacocinetica medicaiei antiretrovirale, fiind
identificate deja i unele gene implicate n metabolismul sau transportul plasmatic al unor ARV
precum i n dezvoltarea unor reacii adverse.
Totui, studii recente, concentrate asupra asocierii anumitor gene, a variantelor lor genice cu
dezvoltarea unor reacii adverse nu au dus la formularea unor concluzii unitare, lucru de altfel de
ateptat din cauza variabilelor genetice implicate.
n afar de exemplele tipice de diferene metabolice i de transport al medicamentelor i de
determinantele genetice, ale fiecrui individ, ce pot
afecta rspunsul pacienilor la terapia antiretroviral,
rmn de investigat nc multe aspecte privind farmacogenetica proceselor ce induc apariia de efecte
secundare, utiliznd tehnologiile farmacocineticii
i farmacodisponibilitii, cu referire special la
medicaia ARV actual.
n ciuda scderii dramatice a morbiditii i
mortalitii dup implementarea terapiei HAART,
necesitatea optimizrii terapiei antiretrovirale
devine o urgen imperativ - n primul rnd
datorit variabilitii de metabolizare interindividual a acestor medicamente, rspunsurile
pacienilor i efectele adverse fiind adesea generate
de particularitile genetice ale fiecrui subiect,
considerat individual.
Abordrile tradiionale asupra ajustrii dozelor
pe kg/corp i n raport de normalitatea parametrilor
ce evalueaz funciile renale/hepatice, nu pot explica i corecta diferenele inter-individuale.
Abilitatea de a identifica factorii genetici
implicai n reaciile organismului vis-a-vis de
compoziia medicamentului, de lipsa rspunsului
adecvat/eficace sau explicarea apariiei toxicitii
- sunt elurile testrilor ce utilizeaz metodele
farmacogenomicii.
n cele ce urmeaz vom face o mic incursiune
n domeniul att de vast i dinamic al implicrii
metodelor de studiu farmacogenomic care permit
aprecierea apariiei i dezvoltrii mecanismelor ce
pot genera unele reacii secundare sau toxice fa
de clasele de medicamente (ex. drogurile antiretrovirale (ARV).
Poate c nu este inutil s ne reamintim, pentru
nceput, cteva noiuni de baz privind genomul,
genomica i farmacogenomica.
Genomica este tiina care se ocup cu generarea
de informaii privind structura i funciile genomului
unor organisme, prin utilizarea unor tehnologii sau
Anul XII, Vol.12, Nr. 2/2008
Referate generale
Fenotip
Gene
Abacavir
Hipersensibilizare
HLA* 5701
Atazanavir
Hiperbilirubinemie, PK
UGT-1
Efavirenz
SNC-toxicitate, PK
Rspuns-Tx, rezisten la Efavirenz
CYP2B6
MDR1
Nelfinavir
Tx-rspuns, PK
CYP2C19
Nenevirapin
Hipersensibilitate
Hepatotoxicitate
PK
HLA-DRB1*01
MDR1
CYP2B6
NRTI
Lipoatrofie
Neuropatie periferic
Promotor TNF-
HFE
PI
Dislipidemie
APOC
RETN
HAART
Recuperarea CD4+
MDR1
XX vs. XY
Referate generale
Referate generale
UGT1A1*28 cu apte repetiii la nivelul promoterului (7/7) este responsabil de sindromul Gilbert,
care se asociaz cu hiperbilirubinemie sever la
118 pacieni caucazieni tratai cu Atazanavir27.
Varianta genetic asociat cu sindromul Gilbert
face parte dintr-un haplotip de 4 variante UGT1A
care includ UGT1A1*28, UGT1A3(-66C), UGT1A7
(-57G) i UGT1A7129k/131k(28). Pacienii infectai HIV
care au acest haplotip prezint o predispoziie de a
face hiperbilirubinemie n momentul tratamentului
cu atazanavir. n contrast cu pacienii HIV pozitivi caucazieni, tratai cu indinavir, polimorfismul
UGT1A1*6 n regiunea codant este mai important
dect UGT1A1*28 ca factor de risc pentru hiperbilirubinemie la pacienii thailandezi(29). Concentraiile
bilirubinei totale cresc semnificativ din sptmna
24 la 96 de pacieni thailandezi tratai cu indinavir
avand o tendin de asociere a alelelor mutante
UGT1A1. Deoarece hiperbilirubinemia indus de
atazanavir sau indinavir este rareori sever, genotiparea polimorfismului UGT1A1 are relevan
clinic redus. Dei hiperbilirubinemia indus de
atazanavir sau indinavir nu este un indicator al
hepatotoxicitii, ea devine inacceptabil la unii
pacieni din punct de vedere cosmetic.
P-gp i importana lor
IP-urile sunt substraturi pentru diveri transportatori trans-membranari cum ar fi P-gp. De aceea
variaiile genetice ale transportatorilor P-gp au o
influen major asupra farmacocineticii acestor
ageni. Produsul multirezistenei medicamentoase
a primerului genic (ABCB1/MDR1) este P-gp
care acioneaz ca un transportator ATP - dependent de eflux fiind capabil s pompeze IP-ul din
citoplasm la exteriorul celulei. Aceast protein
se gsete n mod fiziologic n ficat, rinichi, glanda
suprarenal, pancreas, intestine, limfocite i bariera
hematoencefalic de aceea ea limiteaz absorbia
intestinal a IP i difuzia lor n circulaie. (30)
Au fost identificate cteva SNP-uri n gena
ABCB1-n exonii 21 (G2677T/A) i 26(C3435T).
Iniial s-a raportat c nivele sczute de nelfinavir i o cretere marcat a numrului de celule
CD4 au fost asociate cu genotipul TT31. Cteva
studii ulterioare au indicat faptul c nu exist o
corelaie semnificativ ntre genotipurile ABCB1,
farmacocinetic i rspunsul la tratamentul cu indinavir32, lopinavir 30,33 sau atazanavir30. Aceste studii
sufer din cauza numrului limitat al pacienilor
nrolai.
Un studiu cu mai mult relevan clinic a fost
efectuat pe 118 pacieni spanioli infectai HIV, care
Terapeutic, Farmacologie i Toxicologie Clinic
Referate generale
Referate generale
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Tulburri medicamentoase/
metabolice
Polimorfism
Bibliografie
HLA-B*5701
Zidovudina i Lamivudina
MRP4
[43]
[51]
Efavirenz
Nevirapine
[16,52]
[16]
[21]
Inhibitori de proteaz
Indinavir
Atazanavir
UGT1A1
Asociat cu hiperbilirubinemie
[53]
UGT1A1
Asociat cu hiperbilirubinemie
[27,54]
ABCB1 3435C>T
[27,54]
Modificri metabolice
Lipoatrofie
ABCB1 3435C>T
[2]
APOE
Asociat cu hiperlipidemia
[39]
APOC3
Hiperlipidemia
[38,55]
limitate de pn acum, noile descoperiri farmacogenomice vor facilita terapia individualizat i se vor
obine rspunsuri terapeutice mai bune la pacienii
infectai HIV (Tabel II).
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