Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
50DEANIDELANCEPUTULCERCETRILORARHEOLOGICELABABADAG
(19622012)
ActeleconferineiLowerDanubePrehistory.50yearsofexcavationsatBabadag,
Tulcea,2022septembrie2012
INSTITUTULDECERCETARIECOMUZEALE
LowerDanubePrehistory.
50yearsofexcavationsatBabadag(19622012)
ProceedingsofLowerDanubePrehistory.50yearsofexcavations
atBabadagConference,Tulcea,September20th22th
Editedby:
SorinCristianAILINCI,
AlexandraRLEA,
CristianMICU
Muzeul Brilei
Editura Istros
Brila, 2013
INSTITUTULDECERCETARIECOMUZEALE
DinpreistoriaDunriideJos.
50deanidelanceputulcercetrilor
arheologicelaBabadag(19622012)
ActeleconferineiLowerDanubePrehistory.50yearsofexcavations
atBabadag,Tulcea,2022septembrie2012
Volumeditatde
SorinCristianAILINCI,
AlexandraRLEA,
CristianMICU
Muzeul Brilei
Editura Istros
Brila, 2013
ActeleconferineiLowerDanubePrehistory.50yearsofexcavationsatBabadag,Tulcea,2022
septembrie 2012 / Proceedings of Lower Danube Prehistory. 50 years of excavations at Babadag
Conference,Tulcea,September20th22th
Volumpublicatde/Publishedby:
InstitutuldeCercetriEcoMuzeale
Adresa/Address:
Str. Progresului, nr. 32, 820009, Tulcea,
Romnia,icem@icemtl.ro
Website:
http://http://www.icemtl.ro//
Editori/Editors:
SorinCristian AILINCI, AlexandraClara
RLEA,CristianMICU
Tehnoredactare/Computergraphics:
CameliaKAIM
Toatelucrrilepublicateaufostrecenzatedespecialitindomeniu
Thisisapeerreviewedvolume
DescriereaCIPaBiblioteciiNaionaleaRomniei
DINPREISTORIADUNRIIDEJOS50DEANIDELA
NCEPUTULCERCETRILORARHEOLOGICELABABADAG
(19622012).Conferinnaional(2012;Tulcea)
DinPreistoriaDunriideJos:50deanidelanceputul
cercetrilorarheologicelaBabadag(19622012):conferinnaional:
Tulcea,2022septembrie2012/ed:SorinCristianAilinci,Alexandra
rlea,CristianMicu:EdituraIstrosaMuzeuluiBrilei,2013
Bibliogr.
ISBN:9786066540728
I.Ailinci,SorinCristian(ed.)
II.rlea,Alexandra(ed.)
III.Micu,Cristian(ed.)
902(498Babadag)1962/2012
C U P R I N S / C O N T E N T S
Cuvntnainte/Notefromtheeditors.....................................................................................9
SorinCristianAILINCAI
Arheologiaperioadeitimpuriiaepociifierului
nDobrogeaunistoricalcercetrii..................................................................................13
TheArchaeologyoftheEarlyIronAgeinDobrogea:stateofresearch
STUDIIDEISTORIEVECHEIARHEOLOGIE/
STUDIESINANCIENTHISTORYANDARCHAEOLOGY
CristianEduardTEFAN
Noidatereferitoarelaplasticadelutdinaezareaeneolitic
delaRadovanuLaMuscalu.................................................................................................45
NewDataRegardingtheClayFigurinesfromtheRadovanuLaMuscaluSettlement
AncaDianaPOPESCU
CelemaitimpuriiobiectedeargintdinEuropa................................................................67
TheEarliestSilverObjectsofEurope
MirelaVERNESCU,CostinCROITORU
LateCopperAgeandBronzeAgeTumuliintheNorthEasternPart
ofBrilaPlainandCovurluiPlain.......................................................................................89
AlexandraRLEA,MihaiFLOREA
Hoards,FeastsandTravels.Possiblesocialandeconomicresponses
toenvironmentandlandscapeduringMiddleBronzeAgeinNWRomania
andNEHungary..................................................................................................................131
OliverDIETRICH
CelemaitimpuriicelturidinEuropadeSudEst.
Peurmeleuneiinovaiitehniceaepociibronzului........................................................169
TheEarliestSocketedAxesofSouthEasternEurope.OntheTracksofaBronzeAge
TechnologicalInnovation
BogdanPetruNICULIC
CtevaobservaiiprivinddescopeririledebronzuridinBucovina.............................185
PrehistoricBronzeObjectsfromBucovina:aSynopsis
StanislavERNA,DenisTOPAL
ExOriente:undepozitrsriteandebronzuridelngsatulBrneti,
raionulOrhei,RepublicaMoldova....................................................................................215
ExOriente:anEasternBronzeHoardfoundatBrneti,OrheiCounty,RepublicofMoldova
LauraDIETRICH
Visibleworkshopsforinvisiblecommodities.
LeatherworkingintheLateBronzeAgeNouaculturesashmounds........................227
AttilaLSZL
TroiaVIIrepercronologic?
Dinnoudesprerelaiiledintreregiunileistroponticeispaiulegeeoanatolianla
sfritulepociibronzuluiinceputulepociifieruluinluminanoilorcercetri.......247
TroyAChronologicalMarker?OnceagainabouttherelationsbetweentheDanube
NorthernBlackSearegionsandtheAegeanandAnatoliaattheendoftheBronzeAgeandthe
beginningoftheIronAgeinthelightofnewresearches
GabrielBLAN
AezrilefortificatedinariaculturiiGvadinRomnia...............................................267
TheFortificationsofGvaCultureinRomania
AurelZANOCI
FortificaiiledinarealulculturilorBabadagiCoziaSaharna......................................313
TheFortificationsoftheBabadagandCoziaSaharnaCultures
IonNICULI,AurelZANOCI,MihailB
SituriledepeinterfluviulSaharnaMare(sfritulsec.XIIsec.IIIa.Chr.)................351
TheSettlementsfromtheSaharnaMareInterfluvialArea
(theEndofthe12thCenturyBCthe3rdCenturyBC)
FlorianMIHAIL,AdrianADAMESCU
Pieseprelucratedinpiatriosdescoperitenaezareadinprimaepocafierului
delaVntori,jud.Galai...................................................................................................373
StoneandBoneArtefactsfromtheEarlyIronAgeSettlementatVntori,GalaiCounty
SorinCristianAILINCI,FlorianMIHAIL,MihaiCONSTANTINESCU
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca.
Cercetrilearheologicedinanul2010...............................................................................387
TheEarlyIronAgeSettlementatEnisalaPalanca.The2010ArchaeologicalInvestigations
CristianSCHUSTER
PrimavrstafieruluinbazinulArgeuluiipnlaValeaMostitei
(Munteniacentral,Romnia)..........................................................................................461
TheEarlyIronAgeontheTerritorybetweentheArgeBasinandMostiteaValley
(CentralMuntenia,Romania)
ANTROPOLOGIE/ANTHROPOLOGY
MihaiCONSTANTINESCU,AndreiSOFICARU
AnalizaantropologicaosemintelordintumululdelaRahman(jud.Tulcea)..........487
AnthropologicalAnalysisoftheHumanBonesfromtheRahmanTumulus(TulceaCounty)
ARHEOZOOLOGIE/ARCHAEOZOOLOGY
SiminaSTANC,ValentinRADU
ExploatarearesurseloranimaledectrelocuitoriiaezriidelaNiculiel
(culturaBabadag):datearheozoologice...........................................................................495
AnimalResourcesExploitationintheSettlementofNiculiel(BabadagCulture):
ArchaeozoologicalData
SiminaSTANC,SorinCristianAILINCI
Studiulpreliminarasupraunuieantionfaunisticprovenit
dinsituldelaBabadag(culturaBabadag).......................................................................503
PreliminaryStudyofaFaunalSamplefromBabadagSite(BabadagCulture)
GIS
ValentinPANAIT,AurelSTNIC,MarcelaTONE,MarianMIERL
DistribuiasiturilorarheologicedincadrulpodiuluiBabadagnfuncie
deenergiasolaritipurilemajoredevegetaie.............................................................511
TheDistributionoftheArchaeologicalSitesDependingontheSolarEnergy
andMajorTypesofVegetationintheFrameofBabadagPlateau
Abrevieri/Listofabbreviations...........................................................................................523
PublicaiileInstitutuluideCercetriEcoMuzealeTulcea.............................................527
Cuvntnainte
nceputenanul1962,cercetrilearheologicedinsituldelaBabadagaucontinuatcu
mici ntreruperi n anii 19631968, 19701971, 1973, 19761994, 19961997, 1999, 2001
2004,2006,2008i2010.nperioada19621994lucrrileaufostcondusedeSebastian
Morintz,alturidecare,peparcursulceloraproximativ30decampanii,auparticipat
numecunoscutenarheologiaromneascprecumEmilMoscalu,VictorH.Baumann,
Ernest OberlnderTrnoveanu, Gabriel Jugnaru sau Mircea Munteanu. Din 1996
conducerea antierului a fost preluat de Gabriel Jugnaru, din noul colectiv de
cercetare fcnd parte SorinCristian Ailinci, Alexandru Morintz, AlexandraClara
rlea,MirelaVernescuiNicolaieMirioiu.
SpturiledelaBabadagauadusimportantecontribuiilacunoatereaperioadei
timpurii a epocii fierului din sudestul Romniei i au stat la baza stabilirii unei
cronologiirelativeiabsoluteaculturiieponime.Datoritstratigrafieicomplexeia
multiplelor legturi cu culturile arheologice contemporane din sudestul Europei,
dar i cu spaiul egeoanatolian, aezarea de la Babadag reprezint fr ndoial
unuldintrecelemaiimportantemonumentedinprimaepocafieruluidinspaiul
carpatodunrean.
mplinirea, n 2012, a 50 de ani de la debutul cercetrilor arheologice la Babadag
neau determinat s marcm acest moment prin organizarea unei conferine
aniversare,intitulatLowerDanubePrehistory.50YearsofExcavationsatBabadag,cares
adesfuratlaTulceanperioada2022septembrie2012.Reunirea,cuaceastocazie,
anumeroicercettoridinRomniaidinstrintateafostunnemaipomenitprilejde
expunere a unor subiecte i tematici foarte interesante dedicate mai ales preistoriei
spaiuluicarpatodunrean1.
ntrunintervaldestuldescurt,beneficiinddeconcursulmajoritiiparticipanilor,
amreuitsstrngemntrecoperileacestuivolumoseriedecontribuiiriguroasedin
punct de vedere tiinific dedicate unui larg spectru tematic i cronologic. Astfel,
studiul Arheologia perioadei timpurii a epocii fierului n Dobrogea un istoric al cercetrii
(S. C. Ailinci) este n fapt o introducere n problematica perioadei de evoluie a
sitului de la Babadag, prezentnd principalele etape ale cercetrii Hallstattului
timpuriu n spaiul istropontic. Acest moment este urmat de o serie de 15 studii de
VezinacestsensLowerDanubePrehistory.50yearsofexcavationsatBabadag,Peuce,S.N.10,
Supplementum1,2012.
10
istorievecheiarheologiededicate:plasticiieneolitice(Noidatereferitoarelaplasticadelut
din aezarea eneolitic de la Radovanula Muscalu C. D. tefan), metalurgiei preistorice
(CelemaitimpuriiobiectedeargintdinEuropaA.D.Popescu;Hoards,FeastsandTravels.
PossiblesocialandeconomicresponsestoenvironmentandlandscapeduringMiddleBronzeAge
inNWRomaniaandNEHungaryA.C.rlea,M.S.Florea;Celemaitimpuriicelturidin
EuropadeSudEst.PeurmeleuneiinovaiitehniceaepociibronzuluiO.Dietrich;Cteva
observaii privind descoperirile de bronzuri din Bucovina B. P. Niculic; Ex Oriente: un
depozitrsriteandebronzuridelngsatulBrneti,raionulOrhei,RepublicaMoldova
S. erna, D.Topal),nmormntrilor tumulare de lanceputul epocii bronzului(Late
CopperAgeandBronzeAgeTumuliintheNorthEasternPartofBrilaPlainandCovurlui
Plain M. Vernescu, C. Croitoru), cenuarelor culturii Noua (Visible workshops for
invisiblecommodities.LeatherworkingintheLateBronzeAgeNouaculturesashmounds
L. Dietrich), relaiilor dintre regiunile istropontice i spaiul egeeoanatolian la
sfritulepociibronzuluiinceputulepociifierului(TroiaVIIrepercronologic?Din
nou despre relaiile dintre regiunile istropontice i spaiul egeeoanatolian la sfritul epocii
bronzuluiinceputulepociifieruluinluminanoilorcercetriA.Lszl)sauperioadei
timpurii a epocii fierului n spaiul carpatodanubian (Aezrile fortificate din aria
culturiiGvadinRomniaG.Blan;FortificaiiledinarealulculturilorBabadagiCozia
Saharna A. Zanoci; Siturile de pe interfluviul Saharna Mare (sfritul sec. XII sec. III
a.Chr.) I. Niculi, A. Zanoci, M. B; Piese prelucrate din piatr i os descoperite n
aezarea din prima epoc a fierului de la Vntori, jud. Galai F. Mihail, A. Adamescu;
Aezarea din prima epoc a fierului de la EnisalaPalanca. Cercetrile arheologice din anul
2010 S. C. Ailinci, F. Mihail, M. Constantinescu; Prima vrst a fierului n bazinul
ArgeuluiipnlaValeaMostitei(Munteniacentral,Romnia)C.Schuster).Alturi
de aceste articole dedicate exclusiv arheologiei am putut introduce n circuitul
tiinific i cteva importante contribuii antropologice (Analiza antropologic a
osemintelordintumululdelaRahman(jud.Tulcea)M.Constantinescu,A.Soficaru)i
arheozoologice (Exploatarea resurselor animale de ctre locuitorii aezrii de la Niculiel
(culturaBabadag):datearheozoologiceS.Stanc,V.Radu;Studiulpreliminarasupraunui
eantion faunistic provenit din situl de la Babadag (cultura Babadag) S. Stanc,
S. C. Ailinci), dar i un interesant articol dedicat Distribuiei siturilor arheologice din
cadrul podiului Babadag n funcie de energia solar i tipurile majore de vegetaie
(V.Panait,A.Stnic,M.Tone,M.Mierl).
Pelngscopuldejadeclaratalacesteiculegeridearticole,dorimsaducemiun
omagiuluiSebastianMorintz,celcareainiiaticonduscercetrilearheologicedela
Babadagvremedetreidecenii.
11
nfinal,canoricedemersdeacestgen,editoriidatoreazmulumiricelorcareau
fcut posibil apariia acestui volum. Suntem astfel recunosctori tuturor autorilor
articolelor,cticonduceriiInstitutuluideCercetriEcoMuzealedinTulceacareau
asigurat toate condiiile necesare desfurrii conferinei Lower Danube Prehistory. 50
yearsofexcavationsatBabadagctitiprireaActeloracesteiancoleciaBibliotecaIstro
Pontic:SeriaArheologie.
SorinCristianAilinci,
Alexandrarlea,
CristianMicu
Arheologiaperioadeitimpuriiaepociifierului
nDobrogeaunistoricalcercetrii
SorinCristianAilinci*
Abstract:ThefirstextendedarcheologicalresearcheswereconductedinDobrogeaduringtheendofthe
19thandthebeginningofthe20thcenturies,inconnectionwiththeactivityoftwogreatpersonalitiesof
the Romanian archaeology: Grigore Tocilescu and Vasile Prvan. Despite this situation, the first
informationregardingtheEarlyIronAgeoftheterritorybetweentheDanubeandtheBlackSeabecame
known only starting with the 1950s, with the identification of the sites from Garvn, Babadag, or
Cernavod. The aim of the article is to present the main contributions brought to the research of this
prehistoric period, emphasizing the importance of the excavations conducted by archaeologists such as
SebastianMorintz,MihaiIrimia,andGavrilSimion.
Rezumat:PrimelecercetriarheologicedeamploareaufostorganizatenDobrogealasfritulsec.XIX
nceputulsec.XX,acesteafiindlegatedeactivitateaadoumaripersonalitialearheologieiromneti:
Grigore Tocilescu i Vasile Prvan. n ciuda acestui fapt, cele dinti informaii referitoare la perioada
timpurie a epocii fierului n spaiul istropontic vor fi introduse n circuitul tiinific abia ncepnd cu
anii 50 ai sec. XX, odat cu identificarea siturilor de la Garvn, Babadag sau Cernavod. Articolul
nostru ncearc o expunere sistematic a principalelor contribuii aduse la cunoaterea acestei perioade
istorice, subliniind importana cercetrilor ntreprinse de unii arheologi precum Sebastian Morintz,
MihaiIrimiasauGavrilSimion.
Keywords:EarlyIronAge,Babadagculture,Dobrudja,LowerDanube,BlackSea.
Cuvintecheie:primaepocafierului,culturaBabadag,Dobrogea,DunreadeJos,MareaNeagr.
Introducere
Menionat pentru prima oar la nceputul sec. XIX de ctre Christian Thomsen,
conceptul de epoc a fierului a cptat treptat consisten n arheologia european
modern.Dinpunctdevederefenomenologicperioadaestecaracterizatdeapariia
i rspndirea metalurgiei fierului. Aceast tehnologie aprut n estul Anatoliei i
zonele adiacente (Armenia i Cilicia) cunoate o rspndire rapid ncepnd cu
sfritul mil. II a.Chr.1. Perioada este una de maxim efervescen n spaiul egeo
anatolian, fiind marcat de apariia popoarelor mrii, cderea regatului hittit i a
civilizaieimiceniene.
Institutul de Cercetri EcoMuzeale, Str. Progresului, nr. 32, 820009, Tulcea, Romnia;
email:sailincai@gmail.com
1 Tylecote1976,40iurm.;Pleiner2000,14iurm.
*
DinpreistoriaDunriideJos.50deanidelanceputulcercetrilorarheologicelaBabadag,Tulcea,2013,p.1344
14
SorinCristianAILINCI
RspndireaobiectelordinfiernEuropaestelegatmaialesdeepocantunecata
Greciei ce include perioadele submicenian, protogeometric i geometric2. Se pare
c acest proces al rspndirii metalurgiei fierului spre vest sa produs n etape i
ritmuri oarecum diferite, astfel nct etapa trecerii de la epoca bronzului la cea a
fierului nu poate fi trasat pentru tot acest spaiu la un moment bine stabilit.
ncercriledeperiodizareaacesteiepociauavutcaprincipalcmpdeaplicaiezona
Europei Centrale (nordalpine). n acest sens trebuie menionat periodizarea
arheologului suedez Hans Hildebrand care, n 1874, la Congresul Internaional de
Arheologie Preistoric i Antropologie de la Stockholm, a propus mprirea epocii
preromaneafieruluindouperioade:Hallstatt(dupaezareainecropolaeponim
din Austria Superioar) i La Tne (un oppidum celtic de pe malul lacului Neuchtel
dinElveia)3.
O prim abordare complex a periodizrii epocii bronzului din Europa
CentralaparineluiPaulReinecke,carestudiindmaialesdescopeririledinsudul
Germaniei (ndeosebi depozite) face o prim legtur cu bronzul romnoungar,
propunndomprirecvadripartitaperioadeiHallstatt(HaA:12001000;HaB:
1000750; Ha C: 750600; Ha D: 600500)4. Acest sistem a fost sensibil mbuntit
de Hermann MllerKarpe, care pe baza vestigiilor culturii cmpurilor cu urne din
zona Alpilor a observat sincronizarea diverselor tipuri de obiecte de bronz pe
spaii relativ mari, pe care lea sincronizat cu lumea egeean (Grecia i Egipt).
Schema cronologic realizat de cercettorul german a fost mprit n etape de
cteosutdeani,fiecaredintreacesteacorespunznduneiperioadedinEgeea(Br
DHelladictrziuIIIBsec.XIII;HaA1HelladictrziuIIICsec.XII;HaA2
Submicenian sec. XI; Ha B1 Protogeometric sec. X; Ha B2 Geometric sec.
IX; Ha B3 Geometric/arhaic sec. VIII)5. Dei a suferit unele modificri n
privinacronologieiabsolute,aceastschembinestructuratapermisomaibun
sincronizareaculturilorpreistoricedintoatEuropa,fiindfolositinprezent.
Pentruspaiulromnescoprimabordarecronologicaepociifieruluioregsim
n Getica lui Vasile Prvan, care prelund sistemul lui Paul Reinecke a prelungit
bronzul getic (faza a IVa) pn inclusiv n intervalul 1000700 a.Chr., vreme de
prefacere i amestec de civilizaii6. n opinia savantului romn, prima parte a epocii
fieruluigetic(FierIHallstatt:c.700300a.Chr.;FierIILaTne:c.300a.Chr.50
Desborough1952;Desborough1964;Desborough1972;Snodgrass1971;Coldstream1977;
Sandars1978;Dickinson2006.a.
3 Lszl2001,294iurm.;Lszl2005,171iurm.
4 MllerKarpe1959,114.
5 MllerKarpe1959,182iurm;Abb.64.
6 Prvan1926,290293.
2
ArheologiaperioadeitimpuriiaepociifieruluinDobrogea.Unistoricalcercetrii
15
Primeledescoperiridobrogene
Dobrogea,prinnumeroaseleiimportantelevestigiipecarelepstreaz,sabucurat
de o atenie deosebit din punct de vedere arheologic. nceputurile cercetrilor n
provinciadintreDunreiMareaNeagrestepelargdescrisdeRaduVulpe,n1928,
cu ocazia srbtoririi a cincizeci de ani de la revenirea Dobrogei n cadrul statal
Prvan1926,291.
Nestor1933,104iurm.
9 Berciu,PetrescuDmbovia1960,137160.
10 Morintz1964.
11 Zaharia1965.
12 Zaharia,Morintz1965.
13 Zaharia,Morintz1965,454iurm.
7
8
16
SorinCristianAILINCI
ArheologiaperioadeitimpuriiaepociifieruluinDobrogea.Unistoricalcercetrii
17
studiauneledescoperiripreistoricedepeteritoriuljudeulDurostor,atribuitemaiales
vremurilor neo i eneolitice21. Timid, activitatea este continuat i n timpul primului
rzboi mondial, cnd nu putem s trecem cu vederea contribuiile aduse mai ales la
cunoaterea epocii neoeneolitice de ctre arheologulgerman CarlSchuchhardt, prin
cercetrilesaledelaCernavod.Cuaceastocazievafipublicatiprimulrecipientde
tipBabadag,descoperitla10kmsuddeora,pemalulabruptalDunrii,undeseafla
oconcentraredecioburifoartevechi22.
Ultima parte a activitii lui Vasile Prvan este marcat de sporirea interesului su
pentru arheologia pre i protoistoric, care a culminat prin publicarea operei sale
fundamentaleGetica.OprotoistorieaDaciei(1926),ncaresavantulncercaoreconstrucie
a evoluiei culturale a lumii getice de la sfritul epocii bronzului pn la cucerirea
roman. Analiznd datele cunoscute despre vrsta fierului, Prvan se oprea mai ales
asupra descoperirilor transilvane, datele pentru regiunea de la sud i est de Carpai fiind
insuficiente pentru a putea ncerca azi, fie chiar n linii mari, o protoistorie complet a patriei
noastrenmileniulalIIlea.e.n23.
PrimeledateconcretedesprevestigiileprimeiepociafieruluilaDunreadeJos,vor
ncepesfiepusencirculaieabialanceputulanilor50.nacestcontext,deisituatn
afara teritoriul Dobrogei,ceadintiaezareaculturiiBabadaga fost sondatdeMircea
PetrescuDmbovia n 1946 i 19481949 la StoicaniCetuie24. Nivelul de cultur
hallstattian era caracterizat prin existena unor gropi care au deranjat parial locuirea
neolitic i cea de tip Usatovo25. Autorul cercetrii fcea cu aceast ocazie o prezentare
amnunit a complexelor i materialelor descoperite, pe care le considera iniial
contemporanecunecropolahallstattianidentificatnapropiere,datndulenintervalul
anilor700500a.Chr.26.
Primeledatereferitoarelaexistenauneistaiunianticeineditepeteritoriuloraului
Babadag o datorm colectivului antierului Histria, care, n septembrie 1953, a
ntreprins o campanie de cercetri arheologice de suprafa i sondaje la Camena,
Gaugagia,Bapunar,SlavaRusiBabadag27.
Cuaceastocaziesefacceledintiprecizrireferitoarelalocalizareaidescrierea
sitului, membrii expediiei descoperind la suprafaa solului puine cioburi de epoc
Andrieescu1928,78.
Schuchhardt,1924,27,Abb.45.
23 Prvan 1926, 288; o prezentare interesant a concepiei lui Vasile Prvan asupra epocii
fieruluinspaiulcarpatodanubian,vezilaLszl1998,1927.
24 PetrescuDmbovia1953a,132144,154155.
25 PetrescuDmbovia1953a,155.
26 PetrescuDmbovia1953a,155.
27 tefanetalii1954,108iurm.
21
22
18
SorinCristianAILINCI
romanifragmenteceramicevechi,defacturhallstattian.Observndnrupturafalezei
un stratarheologicgros de circa 1 m,acetia considerau c staiunea promite rezultate
bogate n cazul unor spturi, mai ales n contextul raritii aezrilor autohtone din
perioadatimpurieaepociifierului28.
De altfel, realiznd importana sitului, un colectiv coordonat de Radu Vulpe va
reveni la Babadag n anul urmtor (1954). Descoperirea unui material ceramic bogat
decoratldeterminapecunoscutulcercettorsafirmecstaiuneadepemalullacului
Babadag, att prin problemele pe care le ridic ct i prin ntinderea sa remarcabil,
reprezintpnacumununicumnDobrogea.Deaceeaestedeonecesitateurgentcas
formezeobiectulunorspturisistematice29.
Identificat nc din 1943 de ctre colectivul antierului arheologic Dinogetia,
aezarea de la GarvnMljitul Florilor va fi sondat n 1957, rezultatele fiind redate
sumar la scurt timp. Cu aceast ocazie, autorii raportului considerau c ceramica are
toate caracteristicile epocii I a fierului i propuneau executarea unor spturi ample,
considerndmaialescHallstattulnorddobrogeanesteaproapenecunoscut30.
La scurt timp, informaiile referitoare la prima epoc a fierului n Dobrogea sunt
completate de descoperirile de la CernavodDealul Sofia, survenite n campaniile
1957196031 n sectorul D al staiunii. Insuficient cunoscute i n prezent, datele se
limiteazdoarlamenionareauneifortificaii,ninteriorulcreiasaudescoperitcolibe
hallstattiene,gropiiunmormntdeincineraie,pecareDumitruBerciuicolaboratorii
siledatauiniialnperioadaHallstattC32.
DefinireaculturiiBabadag.Debutulcercetrilordinaezareaeponim
nceputen1962,laaproapeundeceniudelaprimelemeniuni,cercetrilesistematice
de la Babadag, a cror importan era subliniat de Radu Vulpe, vor conduce la
obinereaunordatefoarteimportantelegatedeevoluiaperioadeitimpuriiimijlocii
aprimeiepociafieruluinDobrogea.
Responsabilalcercetrilor,pentrumaibinedetreidecenii,afostnumitcunoscutul
arheolog Sebastian Morintz (Fig. 13), alturi de care sa aflat, nc de la nceput,
pentruoperioadlungdetimpiEmilMoscalu.nurmacampaniilordesfuraten
perioada 19621963, Morintz publica n 1964 primele rezultate ale spturilor de la
Babadag33,definindiculturacuacelainume.Cuaceastocaziecercettoriiamintii
tefanetalii1954,108.
Vulpe1955,550551.
30 tefanetalii,1959,646.
31 Berciuetalii1961;Berciu1965,8889.
32 Berciuetalii1961,5253.
33 Morintz1964,101118.
28
29
ArheologiaperioadeitimpuriiaepociifieruluinDobrogea.Unistoricalcercetrii
19
n paginile acestui studiu Sebastian Morintz arta lipsa unor asemnri evidente
ntre vestigiile de la Babadag i culturile hallstattiene cunoscute la acea vreme pe
teritoriulRomnieiprindescopeririledelaPecica,BaltaVerde,VrtopsauBasarabi34.
Totodat, cercettorul reliefa insuficienta cunoatere a sfritului epocii bronzului n
DobrogeapentruantrevedeaoeventualcontribuielaformareaculturiiBabadag,n
condiiilencareculturaNouacunoscutlaaceavremensudulMoldovei,preatotal
diferit de manifestrile culturale hallstattiene35. Aceste observaii l determinau pe
autorspresupunexistenauneiinflueneveniteprobabildinsprevest,dariaunui
decalajntreculturilehallstattienedinEuropaCentraliceadelaDunreadeJos36.
Analogii importante au fost identificate pe teritoriul Bulgariei n petera de la
DolniLom i dolmenul de la Mladinovo, dar i n Asia Mic, n nivelul VIIb2 de la
Troia,undeapreamotivuldecorativformatdincercuriconcentriceunitecutangente,
regsitdinabundennnivelurilevechidelaBabadag.
Morintz1964,110.
Morintz1964,111.
36 Morintz1964,114.
34
35
20
SorinCristianAILINCI
EvoluiacercetriloriteoriilorprivitoarelaculturaBabadag
Anii60
Apariia n anul 1965 a primului volum Din Istoria Dobrogei nu a nsemnat pentru
studierea culturii Babadag dect o reluare a concluziilor lui Sebastian Morintz38. n
completarealapidaruluiraportdespturdelaCernavodDealulSofiapublicatn
1961, aici este descris mormntul de incineraie cu 11 vase datat de autori n faza a
treiaa culturii Babadag. Pe de alt parte, referinduse la raportulBabadagBasarabi,
DumitruBerciuconsideraposibilnDobrogeaontreptrundereaacesteiculturi,dac
nu chiar un orizont independent al culturii Basarabi cu cultura hallstattian local i
sincronic39.Aceastipoteznuerasusinutderealitiarheologice,descoperirilede
maitrziuinfirmndtotalteoriancauz.Totnaceastlucrareesteabordatpentru
prima dat i problema finalului culturii Babadag n lumina descoperirilor de la
Histria, unde este semnalat prezena ceramicii negre lustruite de factur tracic,
similarceleidescoperitelaBabadag,precumiceleidinmormntuldeincineraiede
laCernavodaDealulSofia.Dinacestpunctdevedere,Berciunuexcludeaposibilitatea
descoperirii la Histria sau n mprejurimile acesteia a unor urme anterioare
momentuluicolonizriigreceti.
Morintz1964,116118.
Berciu1965,7593.
39 Berciu1965,88.
37
38
ArheologiaperioadeitimpuriiaepociifieruluinDobrogea.Unistoricalcercetrii
21
Fig.2.AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaBabadag/TheEarlyIronAgesettlement
atBabadag(fototecaICEMTulcea/CourtesyofICEMTulcea).
Totlamijloculanilor60,AndreiAricescuaduceancircuitultiinificasedepozitede
bronzuri descoperite pe teritoriul Dobrogei la Nicolae Blcescu, Gura Dobrogii,
Techirghiol, Smbta Nou (I i II) i Pdureni, care alturi de alte obiecte de bronz
descoperite izolat la Nazarcea, Dieni i Sabangia veneau s mbogeasc datele
despre sfritul epocii bronzului i perioada timpurie a epocii fierului n spaiul
danubianopontic40.
Datele referitoare la prima epoc a fierului sunt completate i prin informaii
sumare,nurmadescoperirilordelaHistria41,Galia42sauGrlia43,omarepartedin
acestearmnndineditepnnprezent.
nprimulsustudiudedicatfenomenuluiBasarabi,AlexandruVulpeconsiderac
tehnica ornamentrii prin imprimare i ncrustare a vaselor Basarabi provine din
cultura Babadag, aceasta din urm avndui rdcinile n mediile culturale nord
Aricescu1965,1742;Aricescu1970,2576.
Dimitriu1966,5455.
42 Diaconu,Anghelescu1968,348349.
43 Diaconu,Anghelescu1968,349;Morintz1964,109;Hnsel1976,123.
40
41
22
SorinCristianAILINCI
pontice44.Frndoialcaceastipotezdelucrunuavealabazlaaceavremedect
stadiul incipient al studierii civilizaiei de tip Basarabi, fapt ce a avut ca efect
menionarea n Dobrogea a unor descoperiri a acestui stil ceramic, care ulterior sau
doveditafitipiceculturiiBabadag.Totcuaceastocazie,prinpublicareafibuleidela
Brad45,datatnsec.XIXa.Chr.,AlexandruVulpepresupuneaexistenaunuiorizont
culturalBradStoicani,corespunztorfazeiadouaaculturiiBabadag,careaprecedat
orizontulBasarabinMoldova46.
Unrolimportantncunoatereaperioadeitimpuriiaepociifieruluinsudvestul
Romniei la avut publicarea n 1969 a rezultatelor cercetrilor preventive de la
Insula Banului. Evidenierea n aceast zon a unui grup cultural cu ceramic
imprimat (denumit Insula Banului), d ocazia autorilor cercetrilor s observe
existena unui mare complex cultural format din grupele Insula Banului, Penicevo
Raskopanica, Babadag i StoicaniBrad, care difuzeaz anumite elemente ctre est pn
ninteriorularieiCiorniles47.
Anii70
Reprezint o perioad bogat n contribuii referitoare la limitele cronologice ale
culturiiBabadag,maialesprinidentificareaculturilorconsideratespecificesfritului
epociibronzuluinzonaDunriideJos.
Chiar n 1970, Sebastian Morintz i Ni Anghelescu publicau studiul O nou
cultur a epocii bronzului n Romnia. Cultura de tip Coslogeni48. Bazat mai ales pe
numeroasedescopeririizolate,articolulcontureazexistenauneinoiculturidela
sfritulepociibronzuluinsudestulRomniei,ceprezentanumeroaseasemnri
cu culturile Noua i Sabatinovka dar care meninea i anumite aspecte ale
bronzului balcanodunrean49. Referinduse la sfritul culturii Coslogeni, cei doi
cercettori afirmau c aceasta nu evolueaz pn la nceputul Hallstattului timpuriu,
definitdeaspectulBabadagI,celedouculturifiindinterpusedeunnouaspectdela
sfritulepociibronzuluidinestulMuntenieiiDobrogea,cutradiiimonteorene,
denumitprovizoriuPrebabadag50.
Vulpe1965,119,131.
Vulpe1965,119.
46 Vulpe 1965, 119; cultura Basarabi era considerat contemporan cu ultima faz a culturii
Babadag.
47 Morintz,Roman1969,393423.
48 Morintz,Anghelescu1970,373415.
49 Morintz,Anghelescu1970,408.
50 Morintz,Anghelescu1970,412.
44
45
ArheologiaperioadeitimpuriiaepociifieruluinDobrogea.Unistoricalcercetrii
23
Fig.3.VizitpeantierularheologicBabadagntimpulceluidealIIleaCongresde
Tracologie (1976)51/ A visit on the archaeological site from Babadag during the 2nd
CongressofThracology(1976).
24
SorinCristianAILINCI
acopereperioadaHaA1,respectivacestorizontdetipSihleanusauPrebabadag,nua
fost ns ulterior confirmat de alte descoperiri, perioada de pionierat n studierea
acestei etapede tranziie de la epoca bronzului laepoca fierului fiind tributarunor
teoriicesaudoveditafipurspeculative.
Reluarea n 1965, sub conducerea Mariei Coja, a cercetrilor arheologice de la
Argamum/Orgame a condus la descoperirea unor vestigii specifice culturii Babadag care
vorfipublicaten1972,ncadrulunuiraportmaiampludedicatrezultatelorspturilor.
DatatenultimafazdeevoluieaculturiiBabadag(sec.VIIIVIIa.Chr.),dupmaterialul
ceramic amestecat cu ceramica greac arhaic, descoperirile ridicau problema
contemporaneitii primilor coloniti greci cu purttorii culturii Babadag54. Aceast
situaie, confuz stratigrafic, a dat natere unor dispute ntre cercettori referitoare la
naturacontactuluidintrecolonitiigreciiautohtonipelitoralulvesticalMriiNegre.
n 1974 sunt publicate rezultatele cercetrilor arheologice din aezarea de la
RasovaMalulRou,efectuatedeMihaiIrimiananii1970,19721973.Dup10anide
la apariia primului studiu amplu referitor la cultura Babadag, bazat n principal pe
cercetrile din aezarea eponim, era astfel posibil o analiz comparativ cu
materialele dintrun alt sit. Dei gsea analogii n toate nivelurile de la Babadag,
cercettorul fcea totui meniunea c fragmentele ceramice decorate prin incizie i
imprimare caracteristice fazelor I i II ale culturii Babadag, sunt sporadice i au fost
descoperite,cuexcepiabordeiuluiII,exclusivnstratuldeculturinmalulerodat
alplatouluisudic,atestndolocuiresporadicdinaceastperioad55.Ceamaimareparte
amaterialuluiceramicafostdescoperitncomplexelenchise,acestafiindconsiderat
ca asemntor cu cel specific fazei a IIIa a culturii Babadag, orizontului preBasarabi
observatlaPopetiNucetdarifenomenuluiBasarabi56.
Cu aceast ocazie, Mihai Irimia fcea o trecere n revist a tuturor datelor
cunoscute pn atunci despre cultura Babadag, insistnd mai ales pe faza final a
acesteia.nopiniaautoruluicercetriiaceastetapseregseanumaindescoperirile
dobrogene, nceputul ei situnduse anterior debutului culturii Basarabi (aa cum o
dovedeaudescopeririledelaRasova,contemporaneetapeipreBasarabidelaPopeti
Nucet), cele dou culturi evolund ulterior paralel57. n privina sfritului culturii
Babadag, autorul atrgea atenia asupra lipsei unor dovezi concludente n privina
uneieventualecontemporaneitialeacesteiculturicuprimiicolonitigreci,situaiile
stratigraficedelaHistria,OrgamesauTomisfiindncneclare58.
Coja1972,34,n.7.
Irimia1974,9798.
56 Irimia1974,120iurm.
57 Irimia1974,124.
58 Irimia1974,124.
54
55
ArheologiaperioadeitimpuriiaepociifieruluinDobrogea.Unistoricalcercetrii
25
Tot n 1974 vede lumina tiparului articolul lui Ion T. Dragomir referitor la
Descoperirile hallstattiene n incinta cetii medievale Enisala59 dar apar i importante
informaii despre o concentrare de aezri ale culturii Babadag n mprejurimile
Hrovei,descoperitecaurmareacercetrilorarheologicedesuprafadinanii1959
1963i1969efectuatedeDoneerbnescuiSebastianMorintz60.
HartarspndiriivestigiilorhallstattienedinDobrogeaestembogitunanmai
trziu (1975) prin descoperirile de la TulceaTabr. Ceramica din acest sit l
ndreptea pe unul din autorii cercetrilor, Victor H. Baumann, s considere c
locuireaBabadagsadesfuratpeparcursulfazeiaIIIaaacesteiculturi61.
Sondajele de la Cozia i ofer ocazia lui Attila Lszl s fac unele precizri
referitoareladifereneleexistentefadedescopeririledelaBabadag,attnprivina
decorului, ct i a formelor ceramice, conturnd existena unui grup cultural cu
ceramicimprimatnMoldova,contemporancufazaaIIaaculturiiBabadag62.
n 1976 aprea o prim sintez referitoare la culturile de la sfritul epocii
bronzuluiinceputulepociifieruluilaDunreadeJos.ContribuiileluiB.Hnselse
bazeaz n parte i pe analiza descoperirilor de tip Babadag. Cercettorul german
ntocmeacuaceastocazieuncatalogaldescoperirilordetipBabadag,compusdin19
situri63, publicnd materiale arheologice inedite de la Babadag, Brilia, Cernavod
Dealul Sofia, HrovaTell, Grlia, OstrovPiatra Frecei i Topalu. Cu acest prilej,
cercettorulgermaniexprimaconvingereaclabazaculturiiBabadagstunfond
localdetipCoslogenidoveditprindescopeririledelaGhindreti,Grlia,Enisalai
Sarinasuf, iar sfritul culturii Coslogeni coincidea cu nceputul culturii Babadag64.
Dinpunctdevederecronologic,BernardHnselconsideracfazaIaculturiiBabadag
ar fi putut ncepe n jurul anului 1100 a.Chr, conform descoperirilor de la Troia.
Pentru faza a IIa aducea pentru prima oar n discuie capacul de pixid de la
Babadag, cu analogii n mormntul 37 de la Kerameikos, pe baza cruia ncadra
evoluia etapei cu ceramic imprimat n sec. XIX a.Chr65. n acelai timp, ultima
etapdelaBabadageraconsideratcontemporandescoperirilordetipBasarabiia
evoluatpeparcursulsec.VIIIa.Chr66.
Dragomir1974,131136.
Morintz,erbnescu1974.
61 Baumann1975.
62 Lszl1972,207224;Lszl1976a,9798;Lszl1989,123124.
63 Hnsel1976,123124.
64 Hnsel1976,132.
65 Hnsel1976,133134.
66 Hnsel1976,134.
59
60
26
SorinCristianAILINCI
Acestorimportantecontribuiiputemadugadescoperireaizolatafibulelordela
Ostrov i Izvoarele, precum i meniunile sumare ale unor vestigii Babadag la
Capidavanecropola tumular roman67 i BetepePiatra lui Boboc68, dar i publicarea
unormaterialehallstattienedinpeteriledobrogenedelaGuraDobrogeiiCheia69.
Anii80
Deceniul opt al secolului trecut debuteaz cu publicarea unor interesante rapoarte
dedicatecercetriiunorstaiuniarheologiceatribuiteculturiiBabadag.Astfel,n1980,
sunt menionate descoperirile de la Fntnele70 i erau publicate cele de la Enisala
Palanca,survenitenurmaspturilordesalvareefectuaten1979dectreGheorghe
MnucuAdameteanu71. Cu aceast ocazie, se aduceau contribuii importante la
cunoaterea ultimei faze de evoluie a culturii Babadag, prin ilustrarea unui lot
importantdeceramiciafibuleicubuclpearcdescoperitngr.1.
Concomitent apar i rezultatele cercetrilor din aezarea fortificat de la
BeidaudDealulCalebairefectuatedeGavrilSimioniElenaLzurcnanii1976
CheluGeorgescu1979,180.
Simion1977,32.
69 Haruche1976,13iurm.
70 Suceveanu1980.
71 Lzurc,MnucuAdameteanu1980,146156.
67
68
ArheologiaperioadeitimpuriiaepociifieruluinDobrogea.Unistoricalcercetrii
27
Fig.5.SitularheologicdelaBeidaud1983(fototecaICEMTulcea)/Thearchaeological
sitefromBeidaud1983(courtesyofICEMTulcea).
Totn1980suntpublicateicelectevavasedetipBabadagaflatencoleciacolii
generaledinMahmudia74.
Distrugerea cauzat de inundaiile repetate ale Dunrii a determinat efectuarea
unorcercetriarheologicecondusedectreMihaiIrimia,nanii19741976,19781980,
nstaiuneaarheologicdelaGuraCanliei,concretizatenpatruseciuniparaleleio
caset ce cuprindeau o suprafa de 162 mp. Aceste investigaii, publicate n 1981 i
198375,auscoslaivealvestigiimedievaletimpurii,romane,getice,darihallstattiene.
AtribuindcelemaivechiurmedelocuirefazeiaIIIaaculturiiBabadag,cercettorul
Simion,Lzurc1980,3754.
Simion2003a,7998.
74 OberlderTrnoveanu1980,5559,pl.2/13.nciudanmuliriiacestordescoperiri,nuam
reuitidentificareasituluidincareprovinacesteartefacte(veziAilinci,Ailinci2012).
75 Irimia1981,161171;Irimia1983,67122.
72
73
28
SorinCristianAILINCI
fceaocomparaiecudescopeririledelaRasovaMalulRou,pecareoconsideramai
timpurie. Din aceste considerente, cercettorul sugera posibilitatea ca locuirea de la
Canlia s aparin unei etape finale a Hallstattului mijlociu (sec. VII eventual nceputul
sec.VI.e.n.)76.
ApariiavolumuluiNessbre2ddeaocazialuiPetreAlexandrescuiluiSebastian
MorintzsfacuneleconsideraiireferitoarelanivelurileprecolonialedelaMesembria
dar i la cele ale oraelor greceti din spaiul romnesc, fr a ntrevedea un contact
directntreculturileautohtoneinoiiveniipelitoralulMriiNegre77.
NoicontribuiireferitoareladebutulculturiiBabadagsuntadusen1986deAttila
Lszl,prinarticoluldedicatgrupuluiTmoani.DelimitatiniialdeBernardHnsel
(n1976),carelconsiderasincroncufazaIaculturiiBabadag,acestgrupridicanoi
probleme n condiiile unor descoperiri mai recente. Comparnd ceramica de la
Tmoani i Vntori, Attila Lszl observa asemnri i deosebiri, gsind
semnificativ prezena la Vntori a ceramicii ornamentate cu cercuri concentrice i
tangente specifice culturii Babadag, fapt ce nu a fost ntlnit la Tmoani. Aceast
observaie a permis ridicarea problemei unei diferene cronologice ntre cele dou
aezri i susine mprirea n dou etape a descoperirilor de tip Tmoani: prima
fazconinedescopeririledelaTmoaniiFolteti,anterioareprimeifazeaculturii
Babadag(fazaTmoani),iarceadeadouaaezriledelaVntoriiCndeti(faza
Vntori)ceaevoluatparalelcuprimafazdelaBabadag78.
n1986apareraportulprivindSpturiledelaBabadag,19731974,19771981,ncare
SebastianMorintzfceaosuccintprezentareacercetrilordinSuprafaaR.Cuaceast
ocazie,cercettorulreluadiscuiilereferitoarelafazaaIIIaaculturiiBabadag,pecare
o considera contemporan fenomenului Basarabi79. Referinduse la descoperirile din
estul Munteniei i sudul Moldovei, autorul considera c acestea dovedesc existena
ambelor culturi ptrunderea purttorilor culturii Basarabi dinspre vest a condus la
ocuparea ariei culturii Babadag din stnga Dunrii dar nu au putut ptrunde efectiv n
Dobrogea unde aezrile Babadag III iau continuat existena i unde nu sunt documentate
aezriBasarabi80.
Un an mai trziu vede lumina tiparului i cel mai consistent studiu dedicat
cercetrilor de la Babadag81, n care se regsesc descrieri i reprezentri grafice ale
stratigrafiei, complexelor de locuire, fortificaiei i mai ales a ceramicii. Sebastian
Irimia1983,85.
Alexandrescu,Morintz1982,4755.
78 Lszl1986,71iurm.
79 Morintz1986,60.
80 Morintz1986,6364.
81 Morintz1987,3971.
76
77
ArheologiaperioadeitimpuriiaepociifieruluinDobrogea.Unistoricalcercetrii
29
Morintz aduna aici toate datele cunoscute la acea vreme despre perioada hallstattian
timpurieimijlocienzonaistropontic,avndcaprincipalreperrezultatelecercetrilor
de la Babadag. Gndit ca o reargumentare a periodizrii propuse n 1964, lucrarea
aduce n discuie i noile grupuri culturale definite precum Sihleanu, Tmoani,
Insula Banului, Cozia, Penicevo etc. pe care le pune n legtur cu cele trei faze
delimitateanterior.Peansamblu,acestarticolarmasinprezentprincipalulreper
n studierea culturii Babadag, fiind unanim recunoscut de cercettorii preocupai de
aceastperioad.
Morintz1987,67.
82
30
SorinCristianAILINCI
revisteiThracoDacicadin1988,MihaiIrimiafceaunelecomentariilaafirmaiilelui
Sebastian Morintz, sugernd c n vederea nelegerii corecte a coninutului culturii
materiale,aevoluieiisfrituluifazeiBabadagIIIesteabsolutnecesarpublicareaunui
inventararheologicctmaibogat,nprimulrnddinstaiuneaeponim83.
Anii90
Chiarn1990suntpublicaterezultatelecercetrilorarheologicedelaMurighiolGhiolul
Pietrei,staiuneinvestigatnperioada19861988deGheorgheMnucuAdameteanui
Vasilica Lungu. Cu aceast ocazie sunt menionate i vestigiile unei aezri specifice
fazeiaIIaaculturiiBabadag84.
Fig.7.AezareadelaSatuNouValealuiVoicu/ThesettlementatSatuNouValealuiVoicu
(fototeca/CourtesyofICEMTulcea).
n1993apareunamplustudiudedicatdescoperirilorhallstattienenzonadaveigetice
delaSatuNou,semnatdeMihaiIrimia(Fig.8)iNicolaeConovici.Deisemnalatdin
198985, prin numeroase fragmente ceramice aflate n poziie stratigrafic secundar,
locuirea culturii Babadaga fost identificat abian cursul campaniilor dinanii 1991
Irimia1988,149152.
Lungu1990,6368.
85 Irimia,Conovici1989,115iurm.
83
84
ArheologiaperioadeitimpuriiaepociifieruluinDobrogea.Unistoricalcercetrii
31
1992.Vestigiilehallstattieneeraudispusepedounivelurintrunsector(viroag)
situat aproximativ longitudinal pe direcia NS a aezrii. n privina ncadrrii
cronologice, dup o analiz amnunit a materialului descoperit, autorii cercetrii
considerauc:celmaivechiniveldelocuirecorespundeevoluieitimpuriiaaezrii,din
faza Babadag I, n care se semnaleaz i unele prezene materiale mai numeroase de tip
Coslogeni; acest nivel evolueaz parial i n Babadag II, dup cum sugereaz o parte a
materialuluidescoperit86;nvremecenivelulhallstattiansuperior,corespundeuneiperioade
care ncepe n Babadag II i continu n mare msur n Babadag III, unul din reperele
principalepentruevoluiasatrzieconstituindoifragmentuldecandetipBasarabi87.
Descoperireaanumeroasescheletedeanimaleiumaneattnnivel,ctingropi
prilejuietedeschidereauneiamplediscuiireferitoarelaobiceiurilefunerarenefireti
practicatedecomunitileBabadag,autoriistudiuluigsindnumeroaseasemnripe
unspaiularginperioadediversedetimp88.Acestsubiectestepreluatidezvoltat
lascurttimpmaialesdeValeriuSrbuiGabrielJugnarucarecompleteaztabloul
acestorpracticifunerareinsolitecunoidescopeririiinterpretri89.
Anul1995estemarcatdepublicareamaimultorcercetrintreprinsenaezriale
culturii Babadag. n primul rnd trebuie s menionm cele dou rapoarte dedicate
campaniilor19911992i19931994delaBabadagcareprezintcercetriledinCas.V2,
V3iY90dariceledinSeciuneaT91.Acestoraliseadaugirezultatelecercetrilorde
salvare ntreprinse n 1988 n aezarea de la NiculielCornet de Florin Topoleanu92,
dariceleefectuatedeVictorH.BaumannnsituriledelaTeliaAmzaiRevrsarea
Cotul Tichileti93. Publicarea acestor cercetri prilejuiau aducerea unor noi i
importantedatereferitoarelaolritulculturiiBabadag,stratigrafiaaezriieponime,
asupra obiceiului depunerii defuncilor n aezri dar i informaii privitoare la
raportulcufenomenulBasarabi94.
n1993sedesfuralaTulceacolocviulinternaionalPremierAgeduFerauxBouches
duDanubeetdanslesRgionsautourdelaMerNoire,alecruiactevorfitipriteabian
1997. Cu aceast ocazie erau publicate primele date ale cercetrilor ntreprinse de
GabrielJugnarunsituldelaGarvnMljitulFlorilor,ocaziecucareestesemnalato
Irimia,Conovici1993,86.
Irimia,Conovici1993,87.
88 Irimia,Conovici1993,53iurm.
89 Srbu1994,83122;Jugnaru,Topoleanu1994,7182;Topoleanu,Jugnaru1995,204iurm.;
Morintz,Jugnaru1995,182;Jugnaru1997,99iurm;Srbu1997,193iurm.
90 Morintz,Jugnaru1995,177202.
91 Morintz,Jugnaru,Munteanu1995,222235.
92 Topoleanu,Jugnaru1995,203229.
93 Baumann1995.
94 Jugnaru1996.
86
87
32
SorinCristianAILINCI
Anii2000
Aceast ultim perioad se remarc prin apariia a numeroase articole i studii
dedicateperioadeitimpuriiimijlociiaprimeiepociafieruluinsudestulRomniei.
Tot acum apar i primele lucrri monografice, dedicate att culturii Babadag n
general,ctiunorsituri,regiunisauorizonturiceramice.
Anul 2003 este unul dintre cei mai prolifici din punctul de vedere al studiilor
dedicate culturii Babadag. Mai nti trebuie s semnalm apariia volumului Culturi
anticenzonaGurilorDunrii.Preistorieiprotoistoriencaresuntadunateuneledintre
celemaiimportantestudiisemnatedeGavrilSimion.Cuaceastocazie,cercettorul
tulceanreveneacunoidateimaterialeasupracercetrilormaivechidelaBeidaud99
i introducea n circuitul tiinific cercetrile din aezarea de la RevrsareaDealul
Tichileti100.
Jugnaru1997,101iurm.
Lszl1997,67iurm.
97 Lszl1997,8283.
98 Srbu,Jugnaru1999,92104.
99 Simion2003a,7998.
100Simion2003b,99114.
95
96
ArheologiaperioadeitimpuriiaepociifieruluinDobrogea.Unistoricalcercetrii
33
nacelaian,npaginilerevisteitulcenePeuceaparoseriedearticolededicate
sistemului de fortificare de la Babadag101, pixidelor102 i coroplasticii103 culturii
Babadag, dar i prezentrii vestigiilor acestei culturi descoperite n anul 2000 n
staiuneadelaTeliaAmza104.
DedicatrituriloriritualurilorfunerarepracticatedecomunitileculturiiBabadag,
articolul lui Mihai Irimia i propune reluarea problematicii descoperirilor
funerare din arealul acestei culturi, ntocmind n premier un catalog complet al
situaiilor cunoscute, la care adaug descoperirea fortuit de la Izvoarele, jud.
Constana. Cu aceast ocazie, cercettorul fcea o mprire n mai multe tipuri a
complexelor analizate: a). Morminte de inhumaie propriuzise; b). Complexe cu
depuneri umane n conexiune anatomic; c). Complexe cu depuneri umane
incomplete; c). Complexe cu cranii i mandibule umane; e). Complexe cu resturi
umaneincinerateparialsautotal105.
Caurmareacercetrilorarheologicedinanii2000i2001delaJurilovcaOrgame,
n2003estepublicatcelmaimarecomplexcuoseminteumanedescoperitnaezrile
culturii Babadag, ce coninea resturi de la cincisprezece indivizi. Pe lng
importantele date antropologice obinute, acest studiu relua i problema datrii
locuiriiBabadagdelaCapulDoloman,autoriioptndpentruoncadrarecronologica
acesteianfazaaIIaaculturiiBabadag(sec.XIXa.Chr.)106.
Acestordescoperirimacabreleafostacordatnultimiianioateniedeosebit,prin
publicarea complexelor de la NiculielCornet107, Babadag108 i EnisalaPalanca109,
ncercnduse i un nou tip de abordare pe ansamblul descoperirilor cu caracter
funerardinregiuneaDunriideJos110.
CercetrilearheologicedesuprafadinnordulDobrogeiauconduslaacumularea
unordatedesprenoiaezrialeculturiiBabadag.Oprimprezentareaacestoraafost
fcut n 2004, fiind publicate succint unele date despre locuirile hallstattiene de pe
teritoriullocalitilorLuncavia,RacheluiIsaccea111.ncontinuareaacestorcercetri
Jugnaru,Ailinci2003,5162.
Jugnaru2003a,6374.
103Jugnaru2003b,7590.
104 Jugnaru 2003c, 91112; Baumann 2003, 155 i urm.; anterior, din acelai sit a fost publicat
separatuntopordefiercuaripioareJugnaru,Baumann2001.
105Irimia2003,251268.
106Ailinci,Mirioiu,Soficaru2003,307324;Ailinci,Mirioiu,Soficaru2006,81107.
107Ailinci,Topoleanu2003,4550;Ailinci2008b,1130.
108Ailincietalii20052006,77108;Ailincietalii2007,4676.
109Ailinci,Constantinescu2008,121131.
110Ailinci2008c,933;rlea,Ailinci2010.
111Ailinci,Micu,Maille2004,3340.
101
102
34
SorinCristianAILINCI
sencadrauisondajeleefectuatenvara2006naezareadelaLuncaviaValeaJoiei,
publicatedoianimaitrziu112.
Lasfritulanului2005apreaprimalucraremonograficdedicatculturiiBabadag,
avndul ca autor pe Gabriel Jugnaru113, marcnd nceputul unei noi etape n
studiereaculturiiBabadag.Consideratafiprimulvolumdintroserievast,menit
sclarificeproblematicaHallstattuluitimpuriuimijlociulaDunreadeJos,Cultura
Babadag, vol. I, sintetizeaz datele cunoscute pn n prezent, reprezentnd un util
instrumentdestudiualacesteiperioade.
Aproapeconcomitentesteeditatunstudiureferitorlarealizareadecoruluiimprimat
pe ceramica din prima epoc a fierului n spaiul nordvest pontic, n coninutul cruia se
regsesc date despre micile tampile de lut folosite i de olarii culturii Babadag, cu
aceastocaziefiindprezentateiuneledescopeririinedite114.
Ailinci2008a,133148.
Jugnaru2005.
114 Ailinci et alii 20042005, 111130 este o form adugit a unui articol mai puin accesibil
cercettorilorromniNicic,Ailinci2003.
112
113
ArheologiaperioadeitimpuriiaepociifieruluinDobrogea.Unistoricalcercetrii
35
Fig.9.GavrilSimionla
Jijila,2001(fototeca
ICEMTulcea)
Gavril Simion on
the site at Jijila
(2001).
Peparcursulanului2008semnalmapariiaprimuluistudiumonograficdedicatunui
sit al culturii Babadag. Monografia cuprinde rezultatele cercetrilor arheologice din
anii 2001, 20032005 din aezarea fortificat de la JijilaCetuie, baznduse pe o
prezentareexhaustivaplanurilorimaterialuluiarheologic117.
n acelai an aprea lucrarea Interferene culturalcronologice n nordvestul
Pontului Euxin la finele mil. II nceputul mil I. a.Chr. avndul ca autor pe Andrei
Nicic. Dedicat ndeosebi studiului grupurilor culturale cu ceramic incizat,
cartea face numeroase referiri la nceputul primei epoci a fierului n Dobrogea
(Babadag I) pe care l pune n legtur cu grupele culturale similare Tmoani,
HanscaHolercaniiBalta118.
Deinuestededicatzoneidobrogene,daraflatnstrnslegturcuaceasta,n
2008 aprea lucrarea Prima epoc a fierului pe cursul rului Ialomia, semnat de Elena
Rena. Prin publicarea unui lot important de materiale inedite, lucrarea aduce
informaiiinteresantedespreoregiunepuincunoscutpnlaaceastdat,ridicnd
Ailinci,Micu2006,6573.
Ailinci,Dobrinescu2006,135157.
117Srbu,Ailinci,Simion2008.
118Nicic2008.
115
116
36
SorinCristianAILINCI
printrealteleiproblemaraporturilordintrefazaaIIaaculturiiBabadagiorizontul
timpuriucuceramiccanelatdinsuduliestulMunteniei119.
Pe parcursul anului 2010 sunt publicate noi informaii despre siturile de la
RevrsareaDealul Tichileti120 i Cotul Tichileti121, dar i despre cel cercetat de Victor
H. Baumann la TeliaAmza122. Acestora li se adaug, la scurt timp, publicarea unor
lucrri de sintez referitoare la psaliile din corn123 i ceramicii specifice culturii
Babadag124,precumiaunuiraportreferitorlacercetrilearheologicedesfuraten
situldelaEnisalaPalancanperioada20032006125.
nlocdencheiere
Aezrilereprezintprincipalelevestigiilsatedelocuitoriiregiuniiistroponticedin
perioadatimpurieimijlocieaepociifierului,numrulsituriloridentificatecrescnd
simitor n ultima perioad. Dac Sebastian Morintz identifica, n 1964, 11 staiuni
specifice culturii Babadag126, n 1987 numrul acestora se ridica la 26127. Cu ocazia
redactrii monografiei Cultura Babadag, Gabriel Jugnaru ntocmea o list de 54 de
aezri ale acestei culturi128 iar n 2010, cu prilejul redactrii tezei de doctorat, am
reuit s identific numai de pe teritoriul Dobrogei un numr de 62 de aezri din
perioadatimpurieimijlocieaepociifierului.
Privindpeansamblu(Grafic.1)ceamaimareparteaaezrilorsuntcunoscuten
urma unor cercetri de suprafa (23 de situri) sau a unor sondaje de dimensiuni
reduse(9situri).Informaiidestuldesumaredespreurmedelocuiredelanceputul
epociifierului au aprut secundar i din urma cercetrilor sistematice desfurate n
cadrul unor staiuni arheologice cunoscute mai ales pentru vestigii din alte epoci
(eneolitic, grecoroman sau medieval 14 situri). n aceste condiii, numai 16
aezri sau bucurat de cercetri de amploare att sistematice, ct i n cadrul unor
operaiunidesalvareainformaiilorarheologice.
Dei destul de numeroase, cercetrile dedicate primei epoci a fierului n
Dobrogeasuntinprezentnceamaimareparteinedite,fiindcunoscutemaiales
Rena2008.
Ailinci2010a.
121 Ailinci2010b.
122 Ailinci2010c.
123 Ailinci,Mihail2010.
124 Ailinci2011.
125 Ailincietalii2011.
126Morintz1964,Fig.1.
127Morintz1987,Fig.1.
128Jugnaru2005,8485.
119
120
37
prin
n scurte rapoarte de spturr sau menion
nri sumare. P
Publicarea integral a
acesstora, dei aprroape imposibiil, reprezint un deziderat care poate fi dus la
ndeeplinire n bun
n parte mai ales
a
prin redacctarea unor mo
onografii de sit sau a
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orstudiidetaliaatecaresaiblabazprezen
ntareaamnun
nitacontexteeloria
matterialelorarheo
ologice.
25
20
15
10
5
0
cercetride cercetri desco
operiri sondajede
suprafasisstematicesau
secund
darendimensiuni
reduse
desalvare altessituri
Graffic1.Modalitidecercetareaasiturilordinp
perioadatimpu
urieaepociifierruluin
D
Dobrogea/Cate
egoriesofarchaeoologicalresearchffortheEarlyIron
nAgefromDobroogea.
U
Unaltpunctsen
nsibilarfilipsaaproapecomplletastudiiloriinterdisciplinarre.Dac
n momentul
m
de faa deinem cev
va mai numeroa
ase date antrop
pologice i doarr cteva
datee referitoare la fauna existent n acele vrem
muri, rezultate n urma analizei unor
lotu
urirestrnsedemateriale,inforrmaiilereferito
oarelavegetaieelipsesccudesvrire
penttru perioada primei
p
epoci a fierului. O releevan deosebitt pentru cuno
oaterea
acessteiperioadearaveaistudiileetopograficealeezonelorlocuitte,nsoitedeoanaliz
a mediului
m
(landsscape archaeologgy), cele legatte de inventarrul arheologic mobil
(ceramic, obiecte din metal, matterii dure anima
ale sau piatr) i, de ce nu, ap
plicarea
uno
ormetodemodeernededatare.
38
SorinCristianAILINCI
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Lszl, A. 1986, Grupul Tmoani. Asupra orizontului hallstattian cu ceramic incizat
dinsudulMoldovei,MemAntiq1214,6591.
Lszl, A. 1989, Les groupes rgionaux anciennes du Hallstatt a l Est de Carpates, n La
civilisationduHallstatt.Bilandunerencontre,Lige,111129.
Lszl,A.1997,Despreoriginea,evoluiaicronologiaprimeiepociafieruluilaDunreade
Jos, n Simion, G. (coord.), Premier Age du Fer aux Bouches du Danube et
danslesrgionsautourdelaMerNoire,Tulcea,7784.
Lszl,A.1998,LhypothseitaliquedeVasilePrvanetlescommencementsdelgeduFer
danslespacecarpatodanubien,SAA5,1927.
LszlA.2001,Primaepocafierului.Istoricicaracterizare,nPetrescuDmbovia,M.,
Vulpe, A. (coord.), Istoria Romnilor. Motenirea timpurilor ndeprtate, I,
Bucureti,294327.
Lszl,A.2005,Delaprimafamilielaprimelestate.Prelegeridepreistoriegeneral,Iai.
42
SorinCristianAILINCI
Lzurc,E.,MnucuAdameteanu,Gh.1980,NoidescopeririarheologicelaEnisala,jud.
Tulcea,Materiale,146156.
Lungu,V.1990,SpturilearheologicedesalvaredelaGhiolulPietrei,comunaIndependena
(Murighiol),jud.Tulcea,Peuce10,6368,fig.114.
Mecu,M.2003,GrigoreG.Tocilescu(18501909),iniiatorularheologieiclasicetiinificen
Romnia,nBarnea,A.(coord.),ArheologiaclasicnRomnia.Primulsecol,
ClujNapoca.
Morintz, S. 1964, Quelques problmes concernant la priode ancienne du Hallstatt au Bas
DanubealalumiredesfouillesdeBabadag,Dacia,N.S.8,101118.
Morintz, S. 1971, Probleme ale Hallstattului timpuriu din zona istropontic n lumina
cercetrilordelaBabadag,Peuce2,1924.
Morintz,S.1972,ProblemealeepociibronzuluinDobrogea,Pontica5,5358.
Morintz,S.1978,Contribuiiarheologicelaistoriatracilortimpurii,Bucureti.
Morintz,S.1986,SpturiledelaBabadag,19731974,19771981,Materiale,5864.
Morintz,S.1987,Noidateiproblemeprivindperioadelehallstattiantimpurieimijlocien
zonaistropontic(CercetriledelaBabadag),ThracoDacica8,12,3971.
Morintz,S.,Anghelescu,N.1970,OnouculturaepociibronzuluinRomnia.Cultura
detipCoslogeni,SCIV21,3,333415.
Morintz,S.,Jugnaru,G.1995,RaportprivindspturilearheologiceefectuatenSectorulV
alaezriihallstattienedelaBabadag(19911992),Peuce11,177202.
Morintz, S.,Jugnaru, G.,Munteanu,M.1995,Aezarea dinprima epoc a fierului de la
Babadag,Cercetriarheologicenarianordtrac1,Bucureti,222235.
Morintz, S., Roman, P. 1969, Un nou grup hallstattian timpuriu n sudvestul Romniei
InsulaBanului,SCIV20,3,393423.
Morintz,S.,erbnescu,D.1974,CercetriarheologicelaHrovaimprejurimi,SCIVA
25,1,4769.
MllerKarpe, H. 1959, Beitrge zur Chronologie der Urnerfelderzeit nrdlich und sdlich
derAlpen,Berlin.
Nestor,I.1933,DerStandderVorgeschichtsforschunginRumnien,BerRGK22,11181.
Nicic,A.2008,InterfereneculturalcronologicennordvestulPontuluiEuxinlafinelemilII
nceputulmil.Ia.Chr.,BibliotecaTyragetia15,Chiinu.
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ArheologiaperioadeitimpuriiaepociifieruluinDobrogea.Unistoricalcercetrii
43
44
SorinCristianAILINCI
Noidatereferitoarelaplasticadelutdinaezarea
eneoliticdelaRadovanuLaMuscalu
CristianEduardtefan*
Abstract:Inthisstudytheauthoranalysesagroupofclayfigurines,mostofthemunpublished,fromthe
Copper Age settlement of RadovanuLa Muscalu. A few aspects as the context and the possible
meaningsofsuchartefacts,theroleofethnographicanalogiesindecodingfigurinesfunctionorpossible
explanations for the fragmentary state in which they are discovered are remembered. Over time the
specialistsexpressedmanyopinionsconcerningthepossiblefunctionsofanthropomorphicfigurinesfrom
theintegratingviewoffertilityandfecunditytotheemphasisofanindividualidentity.
Rezumat: n aceast contribuie autorul analizeaz un lot de figurine de lut, n mare parte inedite,
proveninddinaezareaeneoliticdelaRadovanuLaMuscalu.Sunttrecutenrevistoseriedeaspecte
cumarficontextulisemnificaiaacestortipurideartefacte,rolulanalogiiloretnograficendepistarea
eventualelor funcii ale figurinelor sau posibilele explicaii pentru starea fragmentar n care sunt
descoperite cele mai multe dintre ele. Dea lungul vremii au fost exprimate mai multe preri de ctre
specialiticuprivirelaposibilelefunciialefigurinelorantropomorfe,delaviziuneaintegratoareaunui
cultalfecunditiiifertilitiilaafirmareauneiidentitiindividuale.
Keywords:clayfigurines,BoianSpanov,settlement,Chalcolithic,Radovanu,context.
Cuvintecheie:figurinedelut,BoianSpanov,aezare,eneolitic,Radovanu,context.
Introducere
DinpreistoriaDunriideJos.50deanidelanceputulcercetrilorarheologicelaBabadag,Tulcea,2013,p.4566
46
CristianEduardTEFAN
patru arii arheologice diferite: aezarea pe nlime, aezarea din zona joas, zona
atelierelor i necropola2. Dintre acestea, aezarea nalt evolueaz dea lungul a
patru etape distincte, oferind o perspectiv unic pentru modificrile survenite n
culturamaterialdealungulntregiifazeSpanov.
Cu ocazia ordonrii materialului arheologic provenind din aceast interesant
aezare,aflat n depozitele Institutului de Arheologie din Bucureti,am redescoperit
lotuldefigurinecarevafaceobiectulcontribuieidefa.
Catalogulpieselor
1) Figurinantropomorffeminin,fragmentar,saupstrattorsuliparialunbra,
culoaregrideschis,nedecorat,descoperitn1963,nnivelul3(Pl.I/9).
2) Figurin antropomorf feminin, fragmentar, sa pstrat piciorul stng, cu
genunchiul i glezna bine profilate, culoare crmiziudeschis, decorat cu incizii
spiralice,cercuriilinii,descoperitn1965,nnivelul2,locuinaC,parteadevest
(Pl.II/1).
3) Figurin antropomorf feminin, fragmentar, sa pstrat numai o parte din
picioare,culoareneagr,decoratcuinciziispiraliceilinii,descoperitn1961,n
nivelul1,locuina8(Pl.III/6).
4) Figurinantropomorffragmentar,sapstratnumaiopartedintrunpicior,culoare
crmizie,nedecorat,descoperitn1961,nnivelul1,anul36(Pl.III/7).
5) Figurinantropomorffeminin,fragmentar,sapstratopartedinpiciorulstng
i puin din spate, culoare gri, nedecorat, cu suprafaa netezit, descoperit n
1961,nnivelul1,locuina5(Pl.III/8).
6) Figurin antropomorf feminin, fragmentar, sau pstrat o parte din piciorul
stng i o parte din spate, culoare crmiziu, nedecorat, descoperit n 1961, n
nivelul1,anul4,c.910(Pl.IV/1).
7) Figurinzoomorf,fragmentar,lipsetedoarparteasuperioaraspatelui,culoare
gri,cusuprafaanetezit,nedecorat,descoperitn1978,nnivelul4(Pl.VI/1).
8) Figurin zoomorf, fragmentar, culoare crmiziudeschis, nedecorat,
descoperitn1980,nnivelul3,locuina4(Pl.VI/2).
Coma1990,6870,fig.29.
NoidatereferitoarelaplasticadelutdinaezareaeneoliticdelaRadovanuLaMuscalu
47
Pl.I.PlasticaantropomorfdelaRadovanuLaMuscalu.13.Nivelul4;410.Nivelul3
/AnthropomorphicfigurinesfromRadovanuLaMuscalu.13.Level4;410.Level3.
48
CristianEduardTEFAN
NoidatereferitoarelaplasticadelutdinaezareaeneoliticdelaRadovanuLaMuscalu
49
50
CristianEduardTEFAN
Pl.III.PlasticaantropomorfdelaRadovanuLaMuscalu.15.Nivelul2;68.Nivelul1
/AnthropomorphicfigurinesfromRadovanuLaMuscalu.15.Level2;68.Level1.
NoidatereferitoarelaplasticadelutdinaezareaeneoliticdelaRadovanuLaMuscalu
51
21) Figurin antropomorf, puternic stilizat, ntreag, cel mai probabil utilizat ca
pandantiv,culoarecrmiziudeschis,nedecorat,descoperitn1968,nnivelul2,
anulIV,c.1(Pl.II/6).
52
CristianEduardTEFAN
NoidatereferitoarelaplasticadelutdinaezareaeneoliticdelaRadovanuLaMuscalu
53
Pl.V.PlasticaantropomorfdelaRadovanuLaMuscalu.13.Nivelul1;4.Necropol;
56.passim/AnthropomorphicfigurinesfromRadovanuLaMuscalu.13.Level1;4.
Necropolis;56.passim.
54
CristianEduardTEFAN
NoidatereferitoarelaplasticadelutdinaezareaeneoliticdelaRadovanuLaMuscalu
55
Gesturi,contexte,semnificaii
Privind n ansamblu piesele descrise mai sus putem face cteva observaii de ordin
general. Astfel, dintre cele 44 de figurine de lut, cele mai multe sunt antropomorfe
(39), numai patru fiind sigur zoomorfe, iar alta fiind incert. Dintre figurinele
antropomorfemajoritateazdrobitoareaufostdescoperitenstarefragmentar,iar16
dintre cele 39 sunt feminine, una probabil masculin, iar pentru 22 nu sa putut
determinasexul(Grafic1).
25
20
15
10
5
0
Feminin
Masculin
Indeterminabil
nceeaceprivetecontextuldescoperirii,dintrecele39defigurineantropomorfe,14
aufostdescoperitenlocuine,unanzonanecropolei(fralteamnunte),iarrestul
de24nnivelurileocupaionale(Grafic2).
Acestlucruconstituieunindiciuimportantreferitorlafunciaunorastfeldepiese,
careparsaibolegaturputerniccusferadomesticdeactivitate.Dealtfel,acest
lucruafostobservatidectrealiautoricuctevadeceniinurm4.nmprireasa
de esen structuralist n dou sfere simbolice domus i agrios, Ian Hodder plasa
Coma1974,196197,fig.77/1;Coma1990,102,fig.48/1.
Hodder 1990, 5370, fig. 3.5. Aproximativ aceeai concluzie i la Chapman pentru aria
vinian(Chapman1981,6566).
3
4
56
CristianEduardTEFAN
necropol
niveluri
nceeaceprivetedistribuiaspaialafigurinelordinlocuineledescoperitencele
patruniveluridelaRadovanuavemurmtoareasituaie.ncelmaivechinivel(4),n
singura locuin cercetat a fost descoperit o figurin (Pl. I/1). n nivelul 3 au fost
gsite cte o figurin antropomorf n locuinele 2, 3 i 4 i o figurin zoomorf n
locuina4(Pl.VII/1)5.nnivelulurmtor(2)existosituaieinteresant:treifigurine
antropomorfe au fost descoperite n aceeai locuin C, aceasta avnd o poziie
oarecum central n raport cu celelalte (Pl. VII/2); pentru cel mai recent nivel (1)
figurine antropomorfe au fost descoperite n locuinele 2, 3, 4, 8 i 9 (cte una) i n
locuina5(doupiese)(Pl.VIII).
Pentru E. Coma, autorul cercetrilor arheologice de la Radovanu, semnificaia
figurinelorantropomorfeizoomorfeestelegatnprincipaldecultulfertilitii6.Fr
afineapratgreit,oastfeldeinterpretarepctuieteprincaracteruleireducionist,
frndoialfunciilesimbolicealeunorastfeldepiesefiindmultiple7.
Una dintre aceste funcii a fost dovedit magistral de ctre L. E. Talalay pentru
cincicomunitineoliticemijlociidinnordulPeloponesului(peteraFranchthi,Corint,
Lerna, Akratas i Asea). Acolo au fost identificate picioare de figurine feminine
n locuinele 2 i 3 din nivelul 3 au fost descoperite fragmente ceramice reprezentnd
importuridinariileHamangiaiPrecucuteni(Coma1990,114115).
6 Coma1974,198199;Coma1990,104.
7 Pentruoscurttrecerenrevistaacestoraveziitefan2007,7176;deasemenea,oprivire
deansamblulaTalalay1994,165183.
5
NoidatereferitoarelaplasticadelutdinaezareaeneoliticdelaRadovanuLaMuscalu
57
interpretatecamijloacedecomunicare,dencheiereaunoralianentrecomunitin
vreme de criz, semne ale unor legturi de rudenie nonrezideniale sau markeri ai
unorlegturimaritaleintercomunitare8.naceastordinedeidei,putemobservaco
partensemnatafigurinelordescoperitelaRadovanu(celpuin18din39)reprezint
picioare de figurine carear fi putut ndeplini unuldintre aceste scopurin contextul
eneoliticuluitimpuriudelaDunreadeJos.
Numrulfigurinelorvacreteexponenialodatcuapariiairspndireastilului
ceramic KodadermenGumelniaKaranovo VI. Radian Andreescu analizeaz n
lucrarea sa peste 1200 de statuete i vase antropomorfe, dintre acestea 430 fiind
descoperite numai n aezarea de la CscioareleOstrovel9. De asemenea, cercetrile
arheologiceexemplarentreprinsencadrulproiectuluigermanoromndelaPietrele
auscoslaivealunnumrde391defigurineantropomorfei66zoomorfedinlut,dar
ialteleconfecionatedinos,marmuriaur10.PentruS.Hansenfigurinelesuntparte
aunuilimbajsimboliccomunnneoeneoliticulsudesteuropean11.
RevenindlafigurineledelaRadovanu,pentrucelepstratenproporiemaimare,
putemobservaogesticanumepentruopartedintreele.Astfel,pentrufigurinadela
Pl. I/8 i pentru cea de la Pl. V/3 observm c braele sunt ndoite de la cot n sus,
sugernd poziia orantei12. Altele au braele ntinse lateral, formnd o linie
perpendicularpeaxulcorpului,nformdecruce13(Pl.I/1,9;II/7).
O mic parte dintre piesele analizate de noi sunt decorate (Pl. I/10; II/1, 2; III/6;
IV/2; V/5) cu diverse motive incizate, unghiulare, spiralice sau liniare (Grafic 3). De
asemenea, pentru piesa de la Pl. V/3, E. Coma a observat c suprafaa ei a fost
vopsit n ntregime cu o culoare glbuie, pe care este posibil s fi avut ornamente
pictate14. Acesta a formulat destul de convingtor dou posibile explicaii pentru
decorul prezent pe unele din figurinele aparinnd culturii Boian: o prim categorie
redau tatuaje, i anume acelea nfiate cu picioarele desprite i elementele
componente ale motivelor ornamentale tatuate erau separate pe fiecare membru sau
pefiecareparteacorpului,iarceadeadouacategoriereprezintpiesepecareeste
redatmbrcmintea15.Conformacesteidepartajri,ncazulcelorcincipieseincizate
delaRadovanu,considermcceledelaPl.III/6,IV/2iV/5arputearedaelemente
10
11
12
13
14
15
8
9
Talalay1987,161169.
Andreescu2002,13.
Hansen2011,121.
Hansen2011,121.
Voinea2005,386388.UnpunctdevederediferitlaDumitrescu1979,73.
Voinea2005,384385.
Coma1990,102.
Coma1974,169179.OprereopuslaMarinescuBlcu1974,96.
58
CristianEduardTEFAN
ale unor posibile costume, n timp ce piesele ilustrate la Pl. I/10 i II/1, 2 ar putea
ilustranitepersonajetatuate.
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
decorate
nedecorate
Grafic3.Proporiafigurinelordecorate/Graphic3.Theproportionofdecoratedfigurines.
NoidatereferitoarelaplasticadelutdinaezareaeneoliticdelaRadovanuLaMuscalu
59
accesullaastfeldematerialeexotice(cupru,aur,Spondylus),femeileicereauaccesul
laputereprinintermediullutuluiars,maitradiionalimaineutru19.Desigurcaceast
interpretare nu poate fi extrapolat pentru ntreg eneoliticul sudest european,
contexteledifereniindusedelaoarielaalta,bachiardelaoaezarelaalta.
Importanacontextuluidescopeririiunorpieseprecumfigurineleantropomorfeeste
subliniatdedoustudiirelativrecentedesprecomunitileZapotecdinValeaOaxaca,
Mexic,stabilitenzonntre17001400a.Chr.20.Launmomentdat,ntre1150850a.Chr.
se observ un proces de stratificare social la aceste comuniti, proces reflectat n
figurinele de lut care reprezint personaje cu autoritate (brbai, ilustrate n poziie
eznd cu minile pe genunchi) i personaje supuse (brbai i femei, ilustrate n
picioare,cufaanjos,cuminilencruciatepepiept).Parteafoarteinteresantestec
aceaststaredefaptigseteocorespondenuimitoarencomportamentulfuneraral
acestorcomuniti:astfelsubpodeauauneilocuine datatpelacca.900a.Chr. a fost
descoperit o scen alctuit dintrun personaj masculin, cu autoritate, plasat
deasupraatreipersonajesupuse.Scenaigseteanalogiiperfectenmormntul26
de la Cocl, Panama, unde a fost descoperit un ef, personaj masculin, nmormntat
deasupraa21desubordonai,npoziientins,cufaanjos21.
Comparnd ideile exprimate n lucrarea sa din 1968 (Anthropomorphic Figurines of
PredynasticEgyptandNeolithicCretewithComparativeMaterialfromPrheistoricNearEast
and Mainland Greece, Londra) cu cele exprimate dea lungul ultimelor decenii cu
privirelainterpretareafigurinelorantropomorfe,P.J.Uckoconstatcspecialitiinu
iaupusoseriedentrebricumarfi22:
1)
2)
3)
21
22
19
20
Bailey1996,294.
Marcus1996,285291;Marcus1999,6796.
Marcus1996,190.
Ucko1996,303304.
60
CristianEduardTEFAN
nlocdeconcluzii
25
26
23
24
29
30
31
27
28
Coma1974,198199;Coma1990,104;Coma1994,18;MarinescuBlcu1974,102103.
Marcus1996,287.
Chang1983,65.
Pentru o privire diacronic asupra acestor canoane vezi, de exemplu, Andreescu 2007,
pentru Valea Teleormanului sau Coma 1994, pentru neoeneoliticul dintre Carpai i
Dunre.
Coma1974,196197,fig.7577.
Berciu1961,507509.
Cercetriproprii,inedite,dinvaraanului2012.
Vajsov1998,107141.
Lazarovici,Lazarovici2006,535536.
NoidatereferitoarelaplasticadelutdinaezareaeneoliticdelaRadovanuLaMuscalu
61
Pl.VII.DistribuiafigurinelordinlocuinedelaRadovanuLaMuscalu.1.Nivelul3(dup
Coma 1990, fig. 32, cu modificri); 2. Nivelul 2 (dup Coma 1990, fig. 33, cu
modificri) / Spatial distribution of figurines from dwellings at RadovanuLa Muscalu. 1.
Level3(afterComa,fig.32,modified);2.Level2(afterComa1990,fig.33,modified).
62
CristianEduardTEFAN
naltordinedeidei,laTangru,nbordeiulnr.3,aufostdescoperitezecefigurine
zoomorfe reprezentnd oi, puse de Dumitru Berciu n legtur cu un cult legat de
creterea animalelor domestice32. De asemenea, n locuina nr. 4 din nivelul
Slcua III din aezarea eponim a fost descoperit o figurin feminin printre
greutiledelutdepeolavidinlocuin33.
PentruJ.Chapmaneraevidentnmomentulelaborriilucrriisaledesprecultura
Vina cfunciafigurinelor neolitice ine mai degrab de ritualdect de o religie pe
deplin format. Urmndui pe Burns i Laughlin el accentueaz cele cinci funcii
politicealeritualului34:
1) mecanismdecontrolsocialprinmoralitatenormativ;
2) rezolvareaconflictelorsociale;
3) meninerea solidaritii sociale prin activitate comunitar i identitate de
grup;
4) meninereastratificriisociale,definitsaulegitimatprinritual;
5) meninerea structurii de putere prin restrngerea accesului la ritual numai
efilor.
34
35
36
37
32
33
Berciu1961,508.
Berciu1961,179182,fig.37,40i41;333334,fig.153/1,158/1.
Chapman1981,72.
Chapman1981,73,Table26.
Chapman2000,6879.
Chapman2000,108112.
NoidatereferitoarelaplasticadelutdinaezareaeneoliticdelaRadovanuLaMuscalu
63
Pl.VIII.Distribuiaspaialafigurinelornlocuineledinnivelul1delaRadovanuLa
Muscalu/SpatialdistributionoffigurinesfromdwellingsatRadovanuLaMuscalu(dup/
afterComa1990,fig.38,modified/cumodificri).
64
CristianEduardTEFAN
Din cele expuse mai sus rezult c domeniul interpretrii figurinelor este unul
dinamic i spectaculos, mereu supus reevalurilor i reintepretrilor, de la struina
unui cult al fecunditii i fertilitii i a unei Zeie Mam discutabile la colonizarea
trecutuluicudiverseproieciisaufantasmeaparinndunorideologiifoarteactuale38.
Dragoman2010,213222.
38
NoidatereferitoarelaplasticadelutdinaezareaeneoliticdelaRadovanuLaMuscalu
65
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CelemaitimpuriiobiectedeargintdinEuropa*
AncaDianaPopescu**
Abstract:TheearliestsilverartefactsappearedinEuropeintheCopperAge,morepreciselybetween
4500and3500BC.Mostofthemarejewellery:pendants,beads,buttons,andcrescentshapedpieces
for neck or chest. In this paper the author summarizes information about the Copper Age silver
artefacts found in Europe and Near East. Moreover, the author argues that other silver objects
discovered in several sites from the left side of the Danube or in the Eastern Romania, considered
BronzeAgeitems,couldbeassignedtothesecondhalfofthe5thmillenniumorthefirsthalfofthe
4thmillenniumBC.
Rezumat: Primele piese de argint apar n Europa n perioada eneolitic, mai exact n intervalul 4500
3500 a.Chr. Acestea fac parte din categoria bijuteriilor: pandantive, mrgele, brri, butoni, piese
semilunare pentru ornamentat gtul sau pieptul. Autoarea prezint descoperirile mai vechi de astfel de
piesedeargintdatatenperioadamaisusmenionat.Totodat,propune,pebazdeargumente,caialte
piese de argint, gsite n situri de la sudul Dunrii sau n partea estic a Romniei, considerate pn
acumaaparineepociibronzului,sfieatribuiteeneoliticului.
Keywords:Silvermetallurgy,jewellery,Europe,Anatolia,thelate5thearly4thmillenniaBC.
Cuvintecheie:Metalurgiaargintului,podoabe,Europa,Anatolia,sfritulmil.alVleanceputulmil.
alIVleaa.Chr.
Argintul a primit o atenie mai redus din partea cercettorilor prin comparaie cu
aurulsaucuprul,iarobunpartedintreproblemelelegatedenceputurilepracticrii
metalurgieiargintuluiirspndireaprocedeelordeobinereaargintuluisauprivind
sursele de argint din preistorie i caut nc rezolvare; ns progresele fcute n
ultimiianisuntimportante.
Argintulaparerarnstarenativ,iarfiloaneledeargintnativseafllaadncime1.
Totui, investigaiile recente efectuate n sudul Peninsulei Iberice arat c argintul
nativsegseteaicincantitatensemnataproapedesuprafai,prinurmare,afost
Cercetare finanat prin proiectul tiinele socioumaniste n contextul evoluiei globalizate
dezvoltarea i implementarea programului de studii i cercetare postdoctoral, cod contract:
POSDRU/89/1.5/S/61104, proiect cofinanat din Fondul Social European prin Programul
OperaionalSectorialDezvoltareaResurselorUmane20072013.
** Institutul de Arheologie Vasile Prvan, str. Henri Coand, nr. 11, sector 1, Bucureti;
email:ancadiana_popescu@yahoo.com
1 Tylecote1986,54.
*
DinpreistoriaDunriideJos.50deanidelanceputulcercetrilorarheologicelaBabadag,Tulcea,2013,p.6788
68
AncaDianaPOPESCU
Bartelheimetalii2012,293309.
Patterson 1971, 287288, 312313; de Jesus 1980, 7273; Tylecote 1986, 60; Pernicka 1990
(1995),58;Craddock1995,221228.
4 Gale,StosGale1981,195215;Gale,StosGale2007,104,108;Gale,StosGale2008,387390,
396403; StosGale, Gale 1982, 467485; Weisgerber, Pernicka 1995, 173175; McGeehan
Liritzis1996,119120;Papadopoulou2011,149152.ZcminteledegalendelaLaurionau
fostexploatatencdinmil.alIVleaa.Chr.
5 Wagner,Weisgerber(Hrsg.)1988,40112;Gale,StosGale2002,280282;Pernickaetalii2003,
166167;Papadopoulos2008,5967;Romer,Born2009,26.
6 Valera et alii 2002, 359377; Lo Schiavo et alii 2005, 3588; 161177, 409410; Giardino,
Merkouri2008,109.
7 Lulletalii2010,328;Bartelheimetalii2012,293309.
8 Rafeletalii2010,183,194196.
9 GunetteBecketalii2009,215229.
10 Petkovi2009,187196.
11 Rdulescu,Dimitrescu1966,3638,150151;Baronetalii2011,10901100.
12 Rdulescu,Dimitrescu1966,3638,149150;Kacsetalii2010,385398.
2
3
CelemaitimpuriiobiectedinargintdinEuropa
69
cu siguran, n multe alte zone ale Europei13, dar indiciile privind obinerea
argintuluidinacesteminereurinmil.IVIIa.Chr.lipsescsausuntnesatisfctoare.
Numeroase depozite argentifere se afl n Anatolia, iar unele dintre ele au fost
valorificate n epoca bronzului. Acesta ar puteafi cazul depozitului cu minereuri de
plumbzincdelaBalya,nprovinciaBalikesirdinnordvestulAnatoliei14.La200km
spre est de Balya, la Gmky, provincia Ktahya, se afl un bogat zcmnt de
plumb argentifer exploatat n epoca timpurie a bronzului, conform indiciilor
existente15.FoartebogatnzcmintedeplumbargentiferestezonaMunilorTaurus,
cuexploatriminierecedateazdinmil.IIIa.Chr.,nsefoarteprobabilcaprocedeul
de obinere a argintului din respectivele zcminte s fi fost cunoscut i folosit nc
dinmil.IV16.ZcminteargentiferesegsescnzonaCaucazului17iIran.Dintrecele
aprox.400depozitedeminereurideplumbiplumbzincargintdinIran,35prezint
urme ale unei foarte vechi exploatri18. Mina de la Nakhlak merit ns o atenie
apartedatoritconinutuluiridicatdeargint,amplasriisalenapropiereasiturilorde
la Arisman i Sialk i numeroaselor indicii privind valorificarea sa intensiv n
antichitate19. Analizele prin metoda izotopilor plumbului efectuate asupra unor
eantioane din min, asupra unor buci de litarg i obiecte de argint gsite la
Arisman iSialkn contexte datate lamijlocul in a doua jumtate a mil. IV a.Chr.
aratobunpotriviredinpunctdevederecompoziional,fiindverosimilcaminade
laNakhlaksconstituiesursadeargintpentruacestepiese20.
Dealtfel,OrientulApropiatparescunoascceamaitimpurieapariieaobiectelor
deargint,oexploatarefoartetimpuriearesurseloriodifuzarerapidacunotinelor
privind obinerea argintului. Primele obiecte din argint cunoscute pn n prezent
provin din sudestul Anatoliei, din situl de la Domuztepe, datat ctre mijlocul
mil.VIa.Chr.21.Unnumrcrescutdeobiectedinargintsenregistreazapoidupmai
binedeunmileniu.MenionezaiciceledoumormintedescoperitelaKorucutepe,n
Deexemplu,nnordulItaliei(Toscana)saunBoemia,veziGunetteBecketalii2009,218,
223.PentruspaiulegeanveziGentneretalii1979/1980,161179;Gale,StosGale2002,280
282;Gale,StosGale2008,391399.
14 Weisgerber,Pernicka1995,176;Pernickaetalii2003,152153.
15 Weisgerber,Pernicka1995,176177;Pernickaetalii2003,156.Odiscuieasuprasurselorde
argint din Anatolia la de Jesus 1980, 6369 i harta 14. Vezi i ideile exprimate de Moorey
1994,235.
16 Yener1986,469472;Yeneretalii1991,541577;Pernickaetalii1998,130,132.
17 Courcieretalii2008a,31;Courcieretalii2008b,3840.
18 Nezafatietalii2008a,315.
19 Nezafatietalii2008a,315;Pernickaetalii2011,637638.
20 Stllneretalii2004,7697;Nezafatietalii2008b,341342;Pernickaetalii2011,664674.
21 Doumrgele,veziCarteretalii2003,118,125,128,fig.14.
13
70
AncaDianaPOPESCU
estulAnatoliei,nniveluripecaredateleradiocarbondinacestsitleplaseazlasfritul
mil.Vinprimajumtateamil.IVa.Chr.22.Respectivelemorminteconineaupodoabe
dinargint,ntrecareseremarcodiademiunpectoral23.AproapedeKorucutepese
afl micul sit de la FatmalKalecik care a oferit date nsemnate privind prelucrarea
timpurie a argintului n regiune, din nivelul aparinnd nceputului mil. IV a.Chr fiind
recuperatefragmentedelitarg24.Sepresupunecminereulargentiferprelucrataiciar
venidintrosursaflatlamicdistan,zonaKebanuluiavnd,dealtfel,zcminte
bogatedeacesttip.
DouineledinargintaufostdescoperitentrunmormntdecopildelaHacnebi,
nsudestulAnatoliei,datatlanceputulmil.IVa.Chr25.Unaltineldeargintprovine
din situl de la Beycesultan, aflat n partea vestcentral a Anatoliei, dintrun nivel
datat la jumtatea mil. IV26. Importante sunt i dou descoperiri situate la mic
distanunafadecealalt,nparteacentralaAnatoliei:GlleriamlbelTarlas.
DelaGllerprovineunpandantivdiscoidaldinargint,destuldeasemntorcucele
din aur din perioada eneolitic descoperite la Dunrea Mijlocie i Inferioar27. La
amlbel Tarlas, ntre resturile arse ale unei case aparinnd unuia dintre nivelurile
sitului, a fost descoperit un tipar pentru confecionarea de pandantive de tipul celui
de la Gller28. Datele radiocarbon calibrate indic pentru acest sit o perioad relativ
scurtdeexisten,ctremijloculmil.IVa.Chr.29,iartiparuldescoperitesteodovad
aconfecionriilocaleapandantivelordiscoidalelaacestmoment.
Pandantivediscoidaledinargintaufostidentificatentreisituriaparinndspaiului
egean,datarealorfiindatribuitunuiintervalcronologiclarg,cca.45003500BC.
Un pandantiv discoidal din argint a fost descoperit n anii 60 n petera
AlepotrypadinpeninsulaManisituatnsudulGrecieicontinentale,ntimpulunor
spturi n peter fcute n acea perioad de speologi30. Tot atunci au fost gsite
168 mrgele din argint i patru brri cu seciune rotund i capetele ngroate,
lucratedinargint31(Fig.1).Contextullornuestebineprecizat.Esteposibilcaaceste
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Brandt1973,444;vanLoon1973,359.
vanLoon1973,360361.
Hessetalii1998,5767.
Stein2001,273274.
Prag1978,39;Kohlmeyer1994,41;Primas1995,78.
Maran2000,188;Zimmermann2007,28,fig.4/1.
Schoop2009,65;Schoop2011,59.
Schoopetalii2009,6667.
Muhly 1985, 112; Papathanassopoulos 1996a, 8082; Dimakopoulou 1998, 65, nr. cat. 6466;
Maran2000,185,187.
31 Zachos1996,167;Maran2000,185,187,fig.1/410;Vasilakis2008,7576;veziiZachos2007,
172173,fig.11.2/bg,daraiciautorulvorbetededoar140mrgeledeargint.
22
23
CelemaitimpuriiobiectedinargintdinEuropa
71
obiecte de argint din petera Alepotrypa s fi fcut parte din inventarul unuia sau
unora dintre mormintele descoperite aici32. Cercetrile efectuate au artat c petera
conineanumeroaseresturideoseminteumane,unelenconexiuneanatomic,altele
dezarticulate, oase ale unor animale domestice sau slbatice, ceramic neolitic
pictat, figurine antropomorfe, silex i obsidian. Pe baza materialelor arheologice
descoperite i a datrii cu radiocarbonsa stabilit c prezena uman n peterarfi
fostdecca.1800deani,ntre5300i3200BC33.
Fig. 1. Podoabe din argint din petera Alepotrypa, Grecia / Silver ornaments from
AlepotrypaCave,Greece(dup/afterDimakopoulou1998).
UnpandantivdiscoidaliunineldinargintaufostgsitenpeteraluiEuripidedepe
insulaSalamis,Grecia,ncursulunorspturiarheologiceefectuatenanii90.Piesele
aufostdatatenneoliticultrziusaunceputdeChalcolitic34.
PandantivuldiscoidaldeargintdescoperitnpeteraEileithyiadelaAmnissos,n
nordulCreteiipublicatdeSpyridonMarinatosn1930,nuprovinedintruncontext
Papathanassopoulos1996b,175177;Papathanasiouetalii2000,212.
Papathanassopoulos1996a,8084.
34 Dimakopoulou1998,64,nr.cat.62;Maran2000,185,nota36;Vasilakis2008,7576.
32
33
72
AncaDianaPOPESCU
cert35.nafardeacestpandantivaumaifostgsite,deasemeneafrcontextsigur,
un inel din srm de argint cu seciunea ptrat i o mrgic de argint n form de
bobin.Peteramaiconineaoseminteumaneceaufostdatatenepocabronzului.
Dou brri din argint cu loc de provenien necunoscut se afl n colecia
muzeuluidinKarlsruhe,Germania36.Brrileaufostpublicatecaaparinndprimei
jumti a mil. III a.Chr., ns prin aspectul lor i forma capetelor uor ngroat,
detaliu mult mai vizibil pe una dintre piese, seamn destul de bine cu brrile
descoperite n petera Alepotrypa, acestea din urm fiind anterioare mil. III, dup
cumsevavedeancontinuare.
ncelepatrucazuriprezentateanteriorseobservcpieseledeargintfienuprovin
dintrun context sigur, fie nu sunt oferite n publicaii informaii suficiente asupra
contextuluiarheologicnctsavemcertitudineaatribuiriiloruneianumiteperioade.
Cu toate acestea, consider c datarea lor intervalul 45003500 BC este cea mai
probabil,bazndumpeurmtoareleargumente.nprimulrnd,prezenaumann
petera Alepotrypa nu pare s depeasc sfritul mil. IV a.Chr., la acest moment
intrarea n peter fiind blocat prin prbuirea pereilor n urma unui cutremur37.
Apoi, trebuie inut seama de aspectul pandantivelor din argint. Ele sunt similare
pandantivelor din aur descoperite n aezri i morminte ale culturilor
Bodrogkeresztr, GumelniaKaranovo VI, Varna din zona Dunrii Mijlocii i
InferioaresaunaezrialeculturiiCucutenidinspaiulextracarpatic38,pandantivece
aufostdatatenadouajumtateamil.alVleainprimajumtateamil.IVa.Chr.
AsemeneapandantivediscoidaledinauraufostgsitenThesalia,piesadelaSesklo,
de exemplu,avnd uncontext arheologic bineasigurat39. Conform lui JosephMaran
pandantivele discoidale descoperite n peterile Alepotrypa i Eileithyia reflect
rspndireatimpurieametalurgieiargintuluinEgeea,evenimentcare,nopiniasa,
are loc n prima jumtate a mil. IV a.Chr.40. Dovezi noi n sprijinul unei dezvoltri
locale a metalurgiei argintului n spaiul egean sunt aduse de analizele efectuate
asupra a trei dintre obiectele descoperite n petera Alepotrypa (dou din argint i
unuldincupru),analizeceauartatcrespectiveleobiecteaufostconfecionatedin
argintsaucupruprovenitdinzcminteledelaLaurion41.
37
38
Muhly1985,112;Dimakopoulou1998,64,nr.cat.63;Maran2000,185187;Vasilakis2008,7576.
Rehm1997,68,87,nr.cat.K20,fig.153154;Kykladen2011,265,nr.cat.4849.
Papathanassopoulos1996a,8082.
Dumitrescu1961,6993;Muhly1985,112;Coma1991,8592;Makkay1991,119129;Maran
2000,186;Hansen2007,282286.
39 Muhly2002,78.
40 Maran2000,189.
41 Gale,StosGale2008,387,399.
35
36
CelemaitimpuriiobiectedinargintdinEuropa
73
44
45
46
47
48
49
42
43
Giardino,Merkouri2008,114.
Giardino,Merkouri2008,114;Melisetalii2012,15.
Giardino,Merkouri2008,114;Melisetalii2012,15.
Makkay1976,287288.
Makkay1976,286288;Parzinger1992,241250;Horvth,Virg2003,127;Virg2003,131.
Primas1995,80.
Patay,Szathmri2001,513.
Colectiv1952,70,fig.8.
74
AncaDianaPOPESCU
descriscafiinddinmetalalb,eventualdincupruargintatsaudinargintcupuncte
deoxiddecupru,peofa...saudoardinargint50.Oanalizacompoziieimetalului
nusafcutnc.Dacestentradevrdinargintsaudinaliajargintcupruatunciarfi
una dintre cele mai timpurii piese din Europa lucrat dintrun astfel de metal.
Folosirea argintului pentru realizarea pandantivului de la Trueti este o ipotez
credibil dac avem n vedere i faptul c, dintro zon nu foarte ndeprtat, de la
Nezvisko (Ucraina), dintro locuin Tripolie B/II (prima jumtate a mil. IV a.Chr.),
provineunmpungtorfcutdinaliajargintcupru,7580%Agi2025%Cu51.
Aezarea de la Poduri, jud. Bacu, a oferit o pies deosebit ca nfiare i
compoziieametalului:unpumnalcuplacatrapezoidal,cutreiguripentrufixarea
niturilor, lung de 11,6 cm, lucrat dintrun aliaj cupruargint (inclusiv cele trei nituri,
foarte bine conservate, de altfel)52. Din pcate, contextul arheologic al piesei este
nesigur, iar n ceea ce privete forma, pumnalul de la Poduri nu are analogii foarte
buneprintrepieseledemetalaleeneoliticuluiiepociibronzului.Autoriicercetrilor
de la Poduri nclin sl atribuie perioadelor timpurie sau mijlocie ale epocii
bronzului,menionndcuacestprilejcpumnaledinargintsaudinaliajcupruargint
se ntlnesc n spaiul egeean sau anatolian, n Caucaz i Egipt ncepnd cu a doua
jumtate a mil. IV i pn n a doua jumtate a mil. II a.Chr., ndeosebi n contexte
funerare53. innd seama de nfiarea sa care este totui mai apropiat de cea a
pumnalelor cu plac trapezoidal ale grupei tipologice Cucuteni54, cu deosebirea c
acesteadinurmnuaunervurpronunat,numiparedelocimprobabilodatare
mai timpurie a pumnalului de la Poduri, ctre mijlocul mil. IV a.Chr., posibil n
legturcudepunereaCucuteniBdinrespectivulsit.
Un numr mare de piese din argint provine din trei situri aflate n partea central
nordic i nordestic a Bulgariei, ntre Dunre i Balcani55. Aceste 89 de piese au fost
publicatecaaparinndperioadelormijlociesautrziealeepociibronzului.Lipsatotal
ainformaiilorprivindcontextuldescopeririilorsauaunoramnunteimportantecare
ar fi putut clarifica situaia din acest punct de vedere cauzeaz ndoieli privind
52
53
PetrescuDmboviaetalii1999,521;Monah1997,138.
Chernysh1962,50.
Munteanu,Dumitroaia2010,133141;Constantinescuetalii2010,143148.
Munteanu,Dumitroaia2010,138140;referitorlaariaderspndireicontextelearheologice
alepumnalelor,topoarelorilncilordinargintnepocabronzuluiveziHansen2001,1159;
Hauptmannetalii2002,4370.
54 Matuschik 1998, 222; Soroceanu 2005, 18, 2526, pl. 1/5; acelai punct de vedere a fost
exprimatdeMunteanu,Dumitroaia2010,138.
55 imulumescncodatdr.StefanAlexandrovpentrusprijinuloferitpeduratastagiilorde
documentarenBulgaria.
50
51
CelemaitimpuriiobiectedinargintdinEuropa
75
ncadrarealorcronologic.Voiprezentancontinuareacestedescopeririiargumentele
caremdeterminsvdcaposibilodataremaitimpurieapieselor56.
n nivelul B al peterii Emenska (district Veliko Trnovo) au fost descoperite n
anul 1959 dou piese semilunare (aanumite pectorale), perforate la capete, una
lucratdinelectrum(65,30%Au,34,20%Ag,cuurmedecupru,plumbifier),cealalt
dinargint(99,20%Ag,urmedecupru,plumbifier)57.NivelulBafostconsideratde
autoriicercetrilorcaaparinndepociibronzului,numaicoanalizrelativrecent
asupraceramiciiaratcrespectivulnivelconineanfaptunamestecdemateriale58.
Trei piese din argint au fost gsite n anul 1952 n apropierea lacului Rositsa
(districtVelikoTrnovo),darloculexactdedescoperirenusecunoate59.Estevorba
deosrmdeargintculungimeade65cm,astzipierdut,idoupiesesemilunare
dinargint,cuuncaptlititreiperforaii,iarcellaltcaptmaisubireirotunjit,cu
osingurperforaie.FcndtrimiterelapieselesimilaregsitenpeterileEmenskai
Tabashka sau la unele dintre piesele aparinnd tezaurului de la Panayot Hitovo,
Nedko Elenski le atribuie perioadei mijlocii a epocii bronzului, iar n ce privete
funcionalitatea le consider drept elemente componente ale unei garnituri de
ornamentatpieptulcearfireprezentatimagineastilizataunuicapdetaur.
FoartespectaculosestetezauruldelaPanayotHitovo,municipiulOmurtag,cele85de
piesedinargintiunadinaur/electrumfiindgsitentrunvasmare,defacturgrosier,
cu spini pe suprafaa exterioar, conform informaiilor primite de la persoana care a
adus tezaurul la Muzeul Naional din Sofia60 (Fig. 2). mpreun cu piesele din metal
preiosaufostgsite,potrivitspuseloraceleiaipersoane,maimultefragmentedebrri
dinsrmsubirecuseciunearotundsauptroas,confecionatecelmaiprobabildin
cupru, dac judecm dup culoarea roie a metalului ce se vede n cteva cazuri sub
stratul gros i sfrmicios de patin verde61. Tipologic, obiectele din metal preios se
grupeaznctevacategorii:diademe,nnumrdeaseconfecionatedintablsubirede
argint;12piesesemilunare,cudeschidereamaximvariindntre11i18,5cm,dintrecare
una este din aur sau electrum; 12 brri din argint cu capetele deschise i seciunea
rotund;56butonisemisfericidinargint,cudougrupuridectedouperforaiidispuse
OdiscuiemaiampllaPopescu2013(subtipar).
Nikolova,Anghelov1961,310311;Leahu2003,63,100101.LemultumesccolegilorNedko
Elenski(VelikoTrnovo)iMaiaValentinova(Lovech)caremiaunlesnitaccesullapiesele
demetaldescoperitenpeteraEmenska.
58 Ileva2003,261278.
59 Elenski2010,121125.
60 Konova2003,107120.
61 MultemulumiricolegilorLyubavaKonovaiMartinHristov(MuzeulNaionaldinSofia)
caremiaupermisaccesullapieseletezauruluidelaPanayotHitovo.
56
57
76
AncaDianaPOPESCU
simetricpemargine.LyubavaKonovaconsideractezaurulsedateazlasfritulepocii
bronzului, pe baza unor analogii, ndoielnice din punctul meu de vedere, ntre unele
dintre piesele tezaurului i obiecte gsite n depozite atribuite perioadei trzii a epocii
bronzuluiiHallstattuluitimpuriudinEuropaCentral62.nprivinafuncionalitiilor,
toateobiecteledintezaurfacpartedincategoriapieselordeportiarat,nopiniaautoarei
menionate,statutulnaltalpersonajuluicruiaiauaparinut,afirmaiecucaresuntntru
totuldeacord.
AacumaremarcatiLyubavaKonova,pieselesemilunaredinargintcucapetele
perforate sunt asemntoare cu pandantivele din coli de mistre, de asemenea
perforatelacapete,gsitenaezrisaumormintealeculturilorGumelniaKaranovo
VI, Lengyel, Bodrogkeresztr, Novodanilovka63. n fapt, aceste piese reprezint
transpunereanargintapodoabelorrealizatedincolidemistre,podoabeobinuite
n neolitic i eneolitic, dar absente din rndul descoperirilor aparinnd epocii
bronzului din Bulgaria. Din punctul meu de vedere, acesta poate constitui un
argument pentru datarea pieselor semilunare din argint anterior epocii bronzului,
cndva ctre sfritul mil. al Vlea i nceputul celui deal IVlea a.Chr., adic ntro
perioadcndrespectivultipdepodoaberanvog,iardeinereaunorasemenea
piesereprodusencinargint,metalrarigreudeobinut,darcuoculoareaparte
i strlucitor, lar fi evideniat pe proprietarul acestor bunuri drept un important
membrualcomunitii.nplus,maiexistoreplicnmetalacolilordemistre,care
de data aceasta vine de la Stollhof, din Austria64. La Stollhof a fost descoperit un
depozit ce coninea, alturi de acest col fcut din cupru, dou discuri din aur cu
ctetreiproeminene,detipulceluideargintgsitlatramberk,pandantiveochelari
itopoareplatedincupru,depozitulfiinddatatlanceputulmil.IVa.Chr.65.
Pectorale cu capete simetrice i perforate, confecionate ns din aur, au fost
gsite ntmpltor n petera Tabashka, situat n apropierea oraului Lovech din
Bulgaria66 i la Balaci (jud. Teleorman, Romania), n marginea unui tell aparinnd
culturiiGumelnia67.Dinpcate,contextulambelordescopeririestendoielnicinuse
aducinformaiiedificatoarenprivinacronologieipieselor.Totui,arfidemenionat
claBalaci,mpreunculunuladeaurmaierauosrmdinauriobrarmasiv
din aur cu capetele deschise i seciune rotund, iar brri asemntoare din acest
metalsenumrprintredescoperirileeneoliticedinzonaDunriideJosichiardela
64
65
66
67
62
63
Konova2003,111.
PentrurspndireapieselorfcutedincolidemistreveziZalaiGaletalii2009,303355.
Angeli1967,491496.
Parzinger1992,248.
Hristov2000,277279,fig.18.2.
DolinescuFerche1963,183188.
CelemaitimpuriiobiectedinargintdinEuropa
77
Fig.2.PiesedeargintdintezauruldelaPanayotHitovo,Bulgaria/Silverartefactsfrom
PanayotHitovohoard,Bulgaria.
Lunule din metal preios, cu dimensiuni apropiate de ale celor de la Panayot Hitovo,
Emenska, Tabaska sau Balaci sunt totui puine n mil. VIII a.Chr. Una dintre cele mai
timpurii piese de acest fel, lucrat din argint, a fost descoperit, dup cum deja am
pomenit, n mormntul K12 dintrunul din nivelurile chalcolitice trzii din situl de la
Korucutepe70. Dintro perioad mai trzie, probabil jumtatea mil. III a.Chr., provine
lunuladinargint,decoratcupuncte,gsitntrunmormntdelaVillafrancaVeronese,
nnordulItaliei71.Piesecuaspectsimilar,dinaur,nsdemicidimensiuniiposibilcu
funcionalitate diferit, sunt cunoscute din cimitirul de la Varna, Bulgaria72, iar datele
radiocarbonplaseazacestcimitirnceldealtreileasfertalmil.Va.Chr.73.Oapropieren
timpntrePanayotHitovoiVarnaestesugeratidebutoniisemisfericigsiinambele
situri.Desigur,butoniisemisfericisegsescattneneoliticctinepocabronzului,fr
s aib o relevan cronologic. Totui, remarc c butonii de argint din tezaurul de la
PanayotHitovosuntidenticiprinmodulncaresuntgrupateiamplasateperforaiilecu
70
71
72
73
68
69
Todorova,Vajsov2001,7980;Kalchev2010,56.
Leahu1992,114117.
vanLoon1973,360361.
Primas1995,87:Harrison,Heyd2007,171,176,186.
Todorova,Vajsov2001,73,nr.cat.348.
Highametalii2007,640654.
78
AncaDianaPOPESCU
ceidinaurgsiinnecropolaeneoliticdelaVarna74,cumeniuneacacetiadinurm
suntngeneralcevamaimarindiametruimaiaplatizai.
Patru dintre brrile de la Panayot Hitovo prezint o uoar ngroare a capetelor
ntromanierasemntoarebrrilordeargintdelaAlepotrypa,celordoubrride
argintculocdeproveniennecunoscutdinmuzeuldinKarlsruhesauceleidinaurdela
Balaci;practic,acestebrrisuntaproapeidenticei,nplus,celedelaPanayotHitovo,
AlepotrypaiKarlsruhesuntfcutedinacelaimetal.OacinceabrardelaPanayot
Hitovo are capetele lite i retezate aidoma brrilor de la Alepotrypa. Dup cum am
amintit, dei contextul artefactelor din petera Alepotrypa nu este nici el unul sigur,
materialelegsiteaicinusuntmaitrziidesfritulmil.IVa.Chr.
SingurelepiesedintezauruldelaPanayotHitovocarearputeasugeraodataremai
trziesuntdiademele,tiutfiindfaptulcacestea,lucratedinaur,cuprusauargint,devin
frecvente n Europa i Orientul Apropiat ncepnd cu mil. III a.Chr.75. Totui, ideea de
diadem, de a ornamenta fruntea, exist n eneolitic, n acest scop fiind folosite cu
precdere plcue din coli de mistre sau Spondylus. ns pot fi enumerate i cteva
diademedinmetal,cumarficeledinaurdinctevamormintedelaVarna76,diademadin
cuprugsitdelaHorodnica(Ucraina)77,atribuitperioadeiTripoljeBsaudiademadin
argint din mormntul K12 de la Korucutepe, datat undeva la cumpna dintre
mil.VIVa.Chr.Cele23dediademedinargintdescoperitencimitiruleneoliticdela
Byblos(Liban)aufostdatatenadouajumtateamil.IVa.Chr.78,eleconstituindcelmai
marenumrpecarelcunoscdepiesedeacestfel,dinargint,gsitentrunsingursit.
Sar putea susine i faptul c tezaurul de la Panayot Hitovo este rezultatul
acumulrii n timp a unor bunuri cu o valoare deosebit, datorit n primul rnd
raritii metalului din care au fost lucrate. Dar tocmai numrul mare al pieselor de
argint, consistena tipurilor n cadrul tezaurului dat de numr, dar i aspectul lor
aparte m determin s cred n unitatea acestei descoperiri. Totodat, a reaminti
informaiafurnizatdepersoanacareaadustezaurullaMuzeulNaionaldinSofiai
anume, c piesele au fost gsite ntrun vas grosier acoperit cu spini pe suprafaa
exterioar79.Chiardacaceastinformaienuestesigurdincauzamprejurrilorn
care a fost fcut descoperirea i a faptului c tezaurul a ajuns la muzeu mai trziu
fademomentuldescopeririilui,totuinuartrebuineglijat.nacestcontextatrag
atenia c vase ce sar potrivi acestei descrieri se gsesc n cultura Gumelnia, iar n
76
77
78
79
74
75
Todorova,Vajsov2001,7172,nr.cat.330335.
Schuhmacher2002,501504.
Ivanov1988,5657;Todorova,Vajsov2001,44.
Sulimirski1961,92,96.
Prag1978,37.
Konova2003,107.
CelemaitimpuriiobiectedinargintdinEuropa
79
asemenea situaie datarea tezaurului ar putea urca ctre sfritul mil. V a.Chr.
mpreun cu piesele din metal preios sar fi gsit la Panayot Hitovo mai multe
fragmentedesrmdeculoarerocat,provenindprobabildelabrrispiralice,tip
depodoabdeasemeneacunoscutcomunitiloreneoliticedelaDunreadeJos80.
nlipsaunorcontextearheologicecaresleasigureodatarecert,oricencercare
de ncadrare cronologic a susmenionatelor piese de argint din Bulgaria este
discutabil.Cutoateacestea,considercargumentelecaresusinodatarenperioada
eneoliticsuntmaiconsistentecomparativcuceleadusensprijinulpoziionriilorn
epocamijlociesautrzieabronzului.
80
80
AncaDianaPOPESCU
estulAnatoliei(Fig.3).ncepndcuadouajumtateamil.IVincursulceluidealIIIlea
cantitatea i varietatea pieselor de argint sporesc, att n Europa ct i n Orientul
Apropiat81. Cumva pare c aceast nou tehnologie de exploatare i prelucrare a
argintuluisenateinfloretenparaleliaproapenacelaispaiucuoaltinovaie,cea
legat de obinerea cuprului arsenical82. Dei zonele n care se dezvolt metalurgia
argintuluinprimapartemil.IVseaflladistaneconsiderabileunelefadealtelenct
oferimpresiaunuiprogreslocaliizolat,credcoasemeneaevoluiesimultannueste
totui ntmpltoare. Oamenii circulau, ideile i tehnologiile noi sau rspndit cu
repeziciune,iarargintulicuprularsenicalaudevenitprobabilbunuriimportantentro
societateaflatnplintransformare.
Primas1995,8088.
VeziiHansen2010,297.
81
82
CelemaitimpuriiobiectedinargintdinEuropa
81
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Virg,Z.M.2003,EarlymetallurgyintheCarpathianBasin,nVisy,Z.,Nagy,M.(eds.),
Hungarianarchaeologyattheturnofthemillennium,Budapesta,129132.
Wagner, G.A., Weisgerber, G. (Hrsg.) 1988, Antike Edel und Buntmetallgewinnung auf
Thasos,DerAnschnitt6,Bochum.
88
AncaDianaPOPESCU
MirelaVernescu*,CostinCroitoru*
Abstract: The tumulus as a funerary monument makes its appearance at the end of the Copper Age
beginning of the Bronze Age and it is present in the funerary practices at the Lower Danube until the
migrationtimesinclusively.Ononehand,thispracticeofmarkingthesurfacewouldhavereminded
the community the rank of the deceased, on the other hand, it could have played a role in defining the
territorythecommunityhadundercontrol.
Inthepresentstateofresearch,wecannotpresumeforthesouthernpartofMoldovaandnortheastern
part of Muntenia the existence of an aristocracy / warrior elite mirrored in the funerary practice of
inhumation under tumuli. It is evident that not all the community members benefited of such a
treatment.Thetumulihavevariabledimensions.Usuallyaroundabigtumulussmalleronesarepresent.
Itremainstobediscussedtowhatdegreenomadicpopulations,movingonverylargeterritoriesinsearch
ofpastureshadrootedintheirworldsviewtheaffirmationofterritorialrights.
The tumulus complexes of the Galai county were relatively well excavated in comparison with other
areas,buttheirnumberisalmostinsignificantcomparedtothenumberoftheidentifiedtumuli.
Looking at the tumuli arrangement in space on the map of the Brila and Galai counties clear
alignmentscanbenoticed,whichmarkthemovingforwardofthosetribesinthisspace,justinthesame
way in which during Roman times tumuli were marking the sides of a road. Most probably such
marks,besidesillustratingasocialhierarchyand/orterritorialcontrol,hadaroleinfieldorientation.
CertainlythereisnocoincidenceinthefacttherichestareasinsuchmonumentsareintheGeruluivalley
(at the limit between the Covurlui Plain and Tecuci Plain), at the southern extremity of the Covurlui
Plain,ontheBuzuvalleyandespeciallyontheDanubevalley,alltheseterritoriesbeingrichinpastures
andwatersources.
Theresearchesconductedonthetumuliwithredochreshowthatthiscategoryischaracterisedbyagreat
variety,reflectedintheirinventoryandstructures.Sincethebeginning,thearchaeologistsagreedthatthe
representatives of the ochre Tumulus culture were of Eastern origin, coming from the North Pontus
steppes.TheresearchesconductedinthenorthernpartoftheCaucasusandthenorthernpartoftheBlack
Sea revealed a rich archaeological material belonging to this phenomenon, which helped in establishing
the chronology and evolution of these cultures. The specific funerary rite of the North Pontus tribes is
basedontheinhumationinacrouchedpositiononthebackoroneside,thepresenceoftheredochreand
simpleortumulusgraves.
*
MuzeulBrilei,PiaaTraian,3,810153,Brila.
DinpreistoriaDunriideJos.50deanidelanceputulcercetrilorarheologicelaBabadag,Tulcea,2013,p.89130
90
MirelaVERNESCU,CostinCROITORU
Rezumat:Tumulul,camonumentfunerar,aparelafineleeneoliticuluiinceputulepociibronzuluii
vafiprezentnpracticilefuneraredelaDunreadeJosinclusivnperioadamigraiilor.Pedeoparte,
aceast practic a ridicrii unor marcaje la suprafaa solului ar fi avut menirea s aminteasc
membrilorcomunitiistatutulierarhicaldefunctului,iarpedealtpartesepoatesugeraunanumitrol
ndefinireateritoriuluicontrolatdecomunitatearespectiv.
n actualul stadiu al cercetrilor, n sudul Moldovei i nordestul Munteniei, nu putem vorbi despre
existena unei aristocraii/elite rzboinice oglindite sub aspectul practicilor funerare n nhumarea
tumular.Esteevidentcnutoi(saunuoricaredintre)membriicomunitiibeneficiaudeunastfelde
tratament.Tumuliiaudimensiunivariabile.Deobiceinjurulunuitumulmaresuntdispuialiimai
mici.Estediscutabilncemsurpopulaiimigratoare,carependuleazpespaiifoartelargincutarea
locurilordepunat,iauncetenitnmentalulcolectivafirmareadreptuluideposesiuneteritorial.
Complexele tumulare din judeul Galai aufostinvestigate relativ bine n comparaie cu altezone, dar
aproapenesemnificativraportatlanumrultumuliloridentificai.
PrivinddispunereatumulilorpehartajudeelorBrilaiGalaiobservmadevratealiniamentecarejaloneaz
ciledeptrunderenacestspaiualetriburilorrespective,aacumnepocaromancomplexelefuneraresunt
plasatedeoparteidealtaaunuidrum.Foarteprobabilacestemarcaje,eventualpelngilustrareaunei
ierarhiisocialei/sauacontroluluiasupraunuiteritoriu,aveauunrolnorientareanteren.Evidentcnueste
ntmpltorfaptulczonelecelemaibogatenastfeldemonumenteseaflpevaleaGerului(lalimitadintre
CmpiaCovurluiuluiiCmpiaTecuciului),laextremitateameridionalaCmpieiCovurluiuluioripevalea
BuzuluiimaialesaDunrii,adicaceleteritoriibogatenpuniisursedeap.
Studiul mormintelor tumulare cu ocru arat c acestea prezint o mare varietate, innd seama de
inventarulloridetipuriledeamenajri.ncdelanceput,toicercettoriiaufostdeacordcpurttorii
culturiimormintelortumularecuocrusuntdeoriginersritean,dinstepelenordpontice.Cercetrile
dinnordulCaucazuluiidinnordulMriiNegreauscoslaivealunbogatmaterialarheologiccuprivire
la populaiile i la obiceiurile funerare ale purttorilor mormintelor tumulare cu ocru. n urma acestor
cercetrisaupututstabilietapelecronologiceievoluiaculturilor.Ritulfunerarspecifictriburilornord
pontice este inhumaia n poziie chircit pe spate sau pe o parte, cu ocru rou, n cimitire plane sau
tumulare.
Keywords:BronzeAge,tumulus,funerarybelieves.
Cuvintecheie:epocabronzului,tumuli,ritfunerar.
The tumulus was used as a funeral monument starting with the end of Copper Age
andthebeginningoftheBronzeAgeandwaspresentinthefuneralpracticesatthe
Lower Danube up to the migrations period. On one hand, this practice of raising
marks above the ground would serve to remind the community members of the
hierarchic status of the deceased, while on the other hand, it may suggest a certain
roleindefiningtheterritoryundertheinfluenceoftherespectivecommunity1.
In the present stage of research in the south of Moldavia and northeast of
Muntenia,wecannotspeakoftheexistenceofawarlikearistocracy/elitemirroredin
Teodorescu2011,4147.
LateCopperAgeandBronzeAgeTumuliintheNorthEasternPartofBrilaPlain
91
the funeral practice of interment in tumulus. Obviously, not all the members of a
communitywereinterredintumuli.Thetumulihadvariablesizes.Usually,alarger
tumulus was surrounded by smaller ones. It is debatable to what extent did the
migrantpopulationsappropriateinthecollectivemindsettheaffirmationoftherights
ofterritorialpossession,giventhattheymovedonlargearea,seekingforpastures.
The tumulus complexes from Galai County have been relatively well surveyed
whencomparedtoother areas,however,insignificantlyinrelationtothenumberof
tumuliidentified.
If one looks at the arrangement of the tumuli on the maps of the present day
countiesofGalaiandBrila,onenotesgenuinealignmentsontheentrancewaysin
the areas of the respective tribes, similarly to the Roman practice of placing funeral
monumentsonthesidesoftheroad.Besidestheindicationofsocialhierarchyand/or
territorial control, these marks played, undoubtedly, a part in the orientation in the
field.Itisdefinitelynotarbitrarythattheareaswheremostofthesemonumentshave
beendiscoveredaresituatedonGeruluivalley(theboundariesbetweenCovurluiand
Tecuciplains),atthesouthernendofCovurluiPlain,onBuzuandespeciallyDanube
valley,areasrichinpasturesandwatersources.Themajorityoftumulisurveyedin
thenortheastoftheRomanianPlainandinthesouthareaofCovurluiPlainbelongto
Yamnaya,KatakobnajaiMnogovalikovajacultures.
Fortheclarificationoftherelationsbetweentheaforementionedcultures,alsovery
importantisthefindingfromLieti(T78,MovilaArbnau),wherethemaingrave(M22)
belongedtoamatureman,lyingontherightside,withtheheadturnedtowest.The
inventory consists of two pottery recipients, one specific to the Gordineti type, the
other, to Folteti cultural aspect. The interments subsequent to M22 are Yamnaya
graves(pitgraves).InGvanitumulusT03,anochregravebelongingtoFoltetiII
culture has been discovered. Also, in StoicaniCetuia, the anteriority of habitual
tracesbelongingtoFoltetiaspecthasbeennotedincomparisontotheochregraves
discoveredinthesamearea2.
TheonlygraveofEasternoriginwiththedeceasedburiedlyingontheabdomen
hasbeenidentifiedinthenecropolisfromStoicani(M13).Itisconsideredatransition
element towards the position crouched on the side with chest distortion, being
includedintheVIA3variantoftumuli.Intermentgraveswithochre,Yamnayatype,
have been identified in Stoicani, Grivia, Galai (Dunrea neighbourhood), Lieti,
endreni, erbetii Vechi, Vntori, and Vldeti. Some pieces in the graves from
BriliapresentanalogiestothepotterydiscoveredintheYamnayagravesnorthfrom
PetrescuDmbovia1953a,112132.
Burtnescu1996,103.
2
3
92
MirelaVERNESCU,CostinCROITORU
theBlackSea.Redochrehasbeenidentifiedinsixgraves(threeadultgravesandthree
forchildren)4.
Haruche2002,134.
LateeCopperAgeanddBronzeAgeTum
muliintheNorth
hEasternPartoffBrilaPlain
93
Figu
ure 2. Baldovin
neti, Brila Cou
unty, pottery in
nventory. 1. tom
mb no. 14; 2. to
omb no.
1
15;3.Tombno.
16;Mnogovalik
kovajaCulture..
94
MirelaVERNESC
CU,CostinCRO
OITORU
Figu
ure 3. Bones discoid
d
buckless from Brila County. 1. Baldovineti, 2. Brilia
B
(
(tomb
no. 86), 3. Brilia (tom
mb no. 98), 4. Brilia (tomb
b no. 158), 5. Brilia
B
(
(tombno.37).
95
LateCopperAgeandBronzeAgeTumuliintheNorthEasternPartofBrilaPlain
Figure4.Gemenele/Gvani,BrilaCounty.TumulusT03,tombno.1.
96
MirelaVERNESCU,CostinCROITORU
Thesurveyoftheochretumulusgraveshasproventhattheypresentalargevariety,
considering their arrangement and inventories. From the very beginning, all
researchersagreedthatthebearersoftheochretumulusgraveshaveeasternorigins,
coming from the steppes north from the Black Sea5. The research conducted north
from Caucasus Mountains and the Black Sea has revealed a rich archaeological
materialprovidinginformationconcerningthepopulationsandthefuneralritesofthe
bearers of the ochre grave culture. This research could determine the chronological
stages and the evolution of the cultures. The funeral rite specific to the tribes north
fromtheBlackSeaistheintermentincrouchedposition,lyingdownorontheside,
withredochre,inplainortumulusgraves.
At the Lower Danube and in the eastern part of Moldavia, the relative
chronological data indicate, for the first part of the classical Yamnaya period, which
includes the oldest Yamnaya pitgraves, contemporaneousness with the phases
Folteti II Cernavod II, OrleaSadovec Coofeni I (partially)6. The first Yamnaya
arrivalseastfromBalkansaredatedpriortothebeginningofthesettlementinEzero,
but,ingeneral,thefirstpartoftheclassicalYamnayaperiodissynchronouswiththe
Ezero stage A1 (level XIIIXII) and completely anterior to the EzeroSozopol
phenomenon.
For the second part of the classical Yamnaya period, evidence shows
contemporaneousnesswithCeluNouCoereni(firststageofGlina)andZbala,the
earlystageofTrpetigroup7.
The final part of the classical Yamnaya and the beginning of the late Yamnaya
phase are contemporaneous with Ezerovo. This would signify a chronological
parallelismofthisfinalstageofclassicalYamnaya/thefirstpartoflateYamnaya,asa
whole, with finds belonging to MljetSnzieniTuria type, with Aldeti
manifestations, the phase Schneckenberg A and the old habitation of BT from
Bogdneti,theZimniceaBatin,CoofeniIIIgroup,andtheLivezilegroup8.
Wedonothaveourown14CdatingforYamnayaculture.Fortheemergenceofthis
cultureattheLowerDanube,significantarethedatesfromBaiaHamangia(453065
BP)andNovoselic(4520/449070BP)9.ThevaluesfromBaiaHamangiaandNovoselic
are older than the highest (not calibrated) 14C dates for the XIII horizon from Ezero
7
8
9
5
6
Morintz1978,93.
Roman1976,167.
Burtnescu2002,267.
Burtnescu2002,267.
Burtnescu2002,270.
LateCopperAgeandBronzeAgeTumuliintheNorthEasternPartofBrilaPlain
97
(4450and,respectively,4430BP)10.Calibrated,thedatesforearlyEzerosupplyavalue
around3150BCor3100BC.
The dating from Plaidol 2504, if we accept the value a: 4380 (60 BP) has been
obtainedfromacoalsampleinacomplexprobablyconnectedtoM9/TII(lyingonthe
back). This grave preceded an interment (M5), in a grave with a footstep, which
probablybelongstothelastphasesoftheclassicalYamnaya11.
M3/TI from Poruik Geanovo can be attributed to the first part of the classical
Yamnaya period. The 14C dating for this grave, 436050 BP, confirms this
chronological frame12. M6/ T11 from Semenovka displays ritualic elements and
stratigraphicpositioninthetumuluswhichplaceitinlateYamnayaorattheendof
theclassicalYamnayahorizon.Hence,2900BCalsorepresentsthelowerlimitforthe
calibrated data from Plaidol and Poruik Geanovo. The dating for the two sites is
closetotheonesobtainedforthefirstpatyofthephaseEzeroA.
For the first part of the classical Yamnaya we can propose a time interval from
3150/3100 BC (and a previous one, possibly towards 3200 BC) to 29002800 BC. This
framing corresponds to the one proposed by H. Parzinger for the horizon 11 of
relativechronology,whichincludedFoltetiIICernavodaII,CoofeniIIandthelevels
XIIIXfromEzero13.
TheearliestYamnayacomingsalongtheDanubeandtowardstheBalkans,related
totheearlyAegeanBronzeAge,arecontemporaneouswiththebeginningoftheearly
Helladic I (31003000 BC). The oldest manifestations in the Balkans may have taken
placeslightlyearlierthantheEarlyHelladicI14.
ForthesecondpartintheevolutionoftheclassicalYamnayaandthebeginningof
thelateYamnaya,wehavetheinterval2900/28502800BC15.Theintervalincalibrated
years corresponds to Junacite XVXI/X phase16. In relation to the chronology of the
Ezero settlement, it indicates synchronism for the second part of the classical
Yamnaya period with Ezero B1 (levels VIIV)17. The archaeological facts do not
confirmthissynchronism.
12
13
14
15
16
17
10
11
Burtnescu2002,270.
Burtnescu2002,270.
Burtnescu2002,271.
Parzinger1993,269,290.
Burtnescu2002,272.
Burtnescu2002,272.
Bojadiev1995,156.
Bojadiev1995,154155.
98
MirelaVERNESCU,CostinCROITORU
The dating obtained for Ezero are grouped towards the end of the classical
Yamnayaperiod18.TheaskoidalpotsfromBudjakandMunteniawithprotypesin
Ezerovo area are present in Yamnaya sites starting with the final stage of the
classicalYamnaya.
ThefirstpartofthenewsequenceoftheclassicalYamnayainthenorthwestof
the Black Sea and the Balkans can be synchronised with Sitagroi Va19. The end of
the classical Yamnaya and a large part of the late Yamnaya is contemporaneous
withSitagroiVb.
In relation to the late Yamnaya, dates have been obtained for the graves in
Novoselic and Vinevoe. After calibration, the dates are placed in the interval
2400/2350BC2150/2050BC,therefore,lateYamnayamighthavetakenplacefrom
2600BCto2400/2200BC.
It is possible for the late and final Yamnaya stages to be contemporaneous with
Ezero B; in the same interval are the 14C datings for Junacite IXIII20. In Continental
Greece,thelateYamnayaperiodwouldcorrespondtoearlyHelladicII21,whileinthe
NWofAnatolia,lateTroyITroyIIIwouldtakeplace.
Graves belonging to Katakobnaja culture have been discovered in the tumulus
from BaldovinetiPepinier22. Two of the deceased were lying down on their back,
with the legs and arms outstretched, and one was lying on his back, with the arms
outstretched near the body and the legs bent from the knees. They contained ochre
andhadasecondarypositioninthekurgan23.
Three graves from the necropolis from BrilaBrilia may belong to Katakobnaja
culture.Theseare:
M307,thegraveofanadult,crouchedpositiontotheright,eastwestoriented.Through
itsinventory,avesselwithshortneck,massive,roundedspout,notdecorated,presents
analogiestoM13/TIfromGlvnetiiVechiandtoM11/T3fromBudjak24.
In M144, the grave of a child, crouched to the left, eastwest oriented, a lanyard
decorated glass was deposited, with analogies to findings from Hneti and
KatakobnajanecropoleisfromCrimea25.
20
21
22
23
24
25
18
19
Nikolova1999,401402.
Renfrew1971,tabI.
Bojadiev1995,157.
Manning1995,170172.
Haruche,Anastasiu1968,4052.
Burtnescu1996,92.
Haruche,Anastasiu1976,fig.340;Burtnescu2002,291.
Haruche,Anastasiu1976,166,fig.339;Burtnescu2002,293.
LateeCopperAgeanddBronzeAgeTum
muliintheNorth
hEasternPartoffBrilaPlain
99
Figu
ure5.Brilia,B
BrilaCounty,ttombsandpotteeryinventory.11.tombno.18;22.tomb
n
no.36,Yamnaya
aculture.
100
MirelaVERNESC
CU,CostinCRO
OITORU
Figu
ure6.Brilia,B
BrilaCounty,ttombsandpotteeryinventory.11.tombno.27;22.tomb
n
no.28,Yamnaya
aculture.
LateeCopperAgeanddBronzeAgeTum
muliintheNorth
hEasternPartoffBrilaPlain
101
Fig
gure7.Brilia,BrilaCounty,tombsandpottteryinventory.1.tombno.31;2.tomb
n
no.34,Yamnaya
aculture.
102
MirelaVERNESCU,CostinCROITORU
InM17thereistheskeletonofanadult,lyingonhisback,andorientedeastwest.
Near his right foot there was an oval, polished rock comparable to the one
discovered in Glvnetii Vechi in M13/TI and in graves from the eastern area of
Katakobnaja26.
At Cetuia from Stoicani, two graves have been discovered (M5 and M13) which
belongtoKatakobnajaculture.OnlyM5hasasinventoryafragmentofarockaxe27.
M2 from the tumulus from Vntori also belongs to Katakobnaja culture. It is a
catacombgrave,withtheskeletonincrouchedpositiontotheleft,eastwestoriented
(1.2mdepth).Inthetorsoarea,abitronconicvasehasbeendiscovered,havingaplain
end,flaredspout,madeofgreyclaywithblackspots,andmatsurface28.
MostoftheexpertsintheBronzeAgeplacethecatacombgraves(Katakobnaja)in
the middle part of this period. With a complex structure and requiring considerable
efforts, the catacomb graves (side niche) were also used so as to express the social
status of the deceased, however, the idea might well have come from the steppes
north from the Black Sea, where these graves have been often discovered29. The
findingsfromMatca(A2)andStoicani(A2)canbeattributedtothisfuneralrite.
For the area we are dealing with, there are only few elements of relative
chronology for Katakobnaja culture. In the area between the rivers Pruth and
Dniester,thestratigraphicpositionofthegravesfromKatakobnajacultureiswell
represented, following Yamnaya interments. The oldest Katakobnaja cultures
northwestfrom the BlackSeaareplacedtowards thesecondpartof the classical
Yamnayaculture30.
SomeresearchersconsiderthatalateYamnayapopulationwentwestward,onthe
Danube valley as the result of the pressure of the bearers of Katakobnaja culture.
Within ZimniceaBatin group, we encounter graves with skeletons in late Yamnaya
positions31.TheconvulsionsbeganatthelimitbetweenclassicalandlateYamnaya,in
aperiodwhenthefirstcatacombgravesappearednorthwestfromtheBlackSea.Itis
possiblethattheconvulsionsinthesoutheastofRomaniaandcentralMuntenia,ina
postGlinamoment,tohavethesamecauses32.
28
29
30
31
32
26
27
Burtnescu2002,296;Haruche2002,50.
PetrescuDmbovia1953a,119,124125.
Burtnescu2002,139140;Brudiu2003,57.
MotzoiChicideanu2011,279.
Dergacev1986,110.
Burtnescu1998,159163.
Roman1982,47;Roman1986,34,45,47.
LateeCopperAgeanddBronzeAgeTum
muliintheNorth
hEasternPartoffBrilaPlain
103
Figu
ure8.Brilia,B
BrilaCounty,ttombsandpotteeryinventory:11.tombno.10;22.tomb
n
no.144,Yamnay
yaculture.
104
MirelaVERNESC
CU,CostinCRO
OITORU
Figu
ure 9. Galai City,
C
Dunrea Neighbourhood. A. necropoliss plan, Ochre graves;
I Crouched skeleton
II.
s
gravees; III. Our era graves; IIV. Tumulus graves;
B
B.Tumulusno.
258inventory((Brudiu1985b).
LateCopperAgeandBronzeAgeTumuliintheNorthEasternPartofBrilaPlain
105
Figure10.GalaiCity,DunreaNeighbourhood.Tumulusno.258graves(Brudiu1985b).
106
MirelaVERNESCU,CostinCROITORU
The graves with lying skeletons Smeieni, the lanyward motifs with lath from
BucuretiRou and Srata Monteoru, frequently identified on Katakobnaja vessel
from the late period, confirm this cultural identification. The pieces from Bucureti
Rou, from a Glina settlement, phase III (Govora VillageRuncuri) prove that the
pressure exercised by the Ingul population (Katakobnaja) might have begun earlier.
EvidenceinthisrespectistheoccupationbythetribesGlinaIIIofthemountainand
premountainareasfromOlteniaiMuntenia33.
We cannot rule out the parallel evolution, in different areas, of several ritual
Katakobnaja groups. A series of inverse stratigraphy instances, reciprocal cultural
influences,provetheculturalandterritorialcoexistenceofYamnayaandKatakobnaja
foraperiodoftime34.
The lanyward decorated pieces from BucuretiRou and Srata Monteoru represent
the only evidence of synchronism of KatakobnajaGlinaGovora VillageRuncuri and
Odaia Turcului group (seems to be contemporaneous with the level Ic4, 1 and 2 from
Srata35,whileinMonteoruIc3Katakobnajaisalreadyincorporatedintheearlystageof
Mnogovalikovaja).WeinferthatthisculturefromthenorthwestfromtheBlackSeacan
bealsocontemporaneouswiththelevelsIc43fromSrataMonteoru.
A series of old findings from Ukraine, different from the ones belonging to
KatakobnajaandSrubnajagroups,especiallyinwhatpotterywasconcerned,haveledto
the introduction of a new concept in historiography: Kultura mnogovalikovoj keramiki
(=culture of pottery decorated with successive bands)36. Mnogovalikovaja culture is
attestedonalargeareainthesteppesandsilvosteppesbetweentheriversVolgaandPrut.
The findings from Baldovineti, Stoicani, Licoteanca and a number of graves from the
necropolis in Brilia can be framed within this culture. Besides the pottery inventory
whichincludesasdefiningelementsacategoryofrecipientsforeverydayusagedecorated
with geometric motives and segments of applied bands, another specific feature is
representedbythehornorbonesdiscoidbucklesspecifictothesecommunities37.
For the area we are interested in, graves belonging to Mnogovalikovaja culture
havebeendiscoveredinBaldovineti(Pepiniera).Thetwodiscoidbuckles,thearrow
pinwithrectangularcarvingatthebase,thecurvedrockknife(krummesser)constitute
evidencefortheassociationofthesegravestoMnogovalikovajaculture38.
35
36
Schuster1996,1516.
Dergacev1986,110;Toev1998,53.
Bjenaru1998,86.
Berezanskaja1957,2835;Berezanskaja1960,2641;Berezanskaja1998,6070;Berezanskajaet
alii1986;ernjakov1985;Pslaru2006.
37 MotzoiChicideanu2011,547560;Sava1991,1537.
38 Sava1992.
33
34
LateCopperAgeandBronzeAgeTumuliintheNorthEasternPartofBrilaPlain
107
41
42
39
40
45
46
43
44
PetrescuDmbovia1953a,118,120121.
Burtnescu2002,139140.
Brudiu2003,58.
MotzoiChicideanu 2011, 550 [descoperirile de la Vntori sunt incluse att n lista de
atribuirisigure(nr.83),ctinceadeatribuiriincerte(nr.91)].
Sava1992,188189.
Sava1991,28.
Florescu,Florescu1983,113.
Sava1991,1537.
108
MirelaVERNESCU,CostinCROITORU
Figure11.GalaiCity,DunreaNeighbourhood.Tumulusno.258graves(Brudiu1985b).
LateeCopperAgeanddBronzeAgeTum
muliintheNorth
hEasternPartoffBrilaPlain
109
Figu
ure 12. Vntorri, Galai Coun
nty. A. Tumulu
us no. 258 plan
n, B. Tumulus no.
n 258
i
inventory(Brud
diu1985b).
110
MirelaVERNESCU,CostinCROITORU
The relationships of the communities from Monteoru with the archaeological group
lastedduringtheIaphase,aMnogovalikovajavesselbeingdiscoveredinadwelling
belonging to the respective level from NeniZnoaga/Cetatea I. The Ia phase of
MonteoruculturecorrespondstothestageReineckeBzA1.
IntheAkkiembetskiykurgan(nearZatoka,ontheshoresoftheBlackSea,onthe
benchesoftheriverDnieper)asuccessionofburialsofthetypesUsatovo,KemiOba,
YamnayaBudjak and Mnogovalikovaja has been identified. From six graves and a
ritual complex, all of Usatovo type, have been taken 11 assaysamples, which were
placedaround29002200BCaftercalibration,thereforealaterdating47.
ThecatacombgravesareknowninSmeieni48andMatca,thelatterbeingassociated
withIc3pottery49.TheoldestcatacombgravesseemtobelocatedbetweentheCaspian
SeaandtheriverDon,andthe 14Cdatingplacesthemaround2700BC50.Datescloser
toourareaaretobefoundinthecatacombgravesfromthetumulinearOrdonikidze,
inUkraine.Thetwentydatesareplacedintheinterval25001900BC.
Customarily,Mnogovalikovajaculturehasbeenplacedintheintervalbetweenthe
seventeenth and fifteenthfourteenth centuries BC51. A number of 14C dates from the
Mnogovalikovaja graves from Svatovo, Zatoka, Mironivka, and Ieevo places these
findings between 25001500 BC. Using 14C dating, V. Trifonov has established an
evolutionfrom2300to1800BCforMnogovalikovaja,whichwouldcorrespondtothe
periodReineckeBzA1andA2fromCentralEurope52.
E. Sava amended the absolute chronology, placing Mnogovalikovaja culture
between 21001800 BC., and considering that it could last until 17001600 BC in the
area between the rivers Pruth and Dnieper53. We can conclude that in the 25002200
BC interval, the ritual of placing the deceased in cists continues in parallel with the
emergenceinCndeti(middleMonteoru)ofthecatacombgraves,duringtheIc3and
Ic2phases.SomeofthesemayberelatedtotheMnogovalikovajaphenomenon.
According to some funeral inventories from necropolis 4 from Srata Monteoru,
thesecondstagemaybeplacedinthesecondpartofthisintervalcorrespondingtoBz
A1iA254aswell,andtherelationswithMnogovalikovajacultureseemtocontinue
duringtheentireinterval.
49
50
51
52
53
54
47
48
MotzoiChicideanu2008,46.
Simache,Teodorescu1962,273282.
Brudiu1985a,3136.
MotzoiChicideanu2008,47.
Sava1992,170175.
Trifonov2001,7182.
Sava2002,220.
MotzoiChicideanu2008,50.
LateeCopperAgeanddBronzeAgeTum
muliintheNorth
hEasternPartoffBrilaPlain
111
Figu
ure13.Vntorri,GalaiCounty
y.Tumulusno.258graves(Bru
udiu1985b).
55
Florescu,Florescu
F
u1983,117.
112
MirelaVERNESCU,CostinCROITORU
Figure14.Vntori,GalaiCounty.Tumulusno.258,tombplans(Brudiu1985b).
LateCopperAgeandBronzeAgeTumuliintheNorthEasternPartofBrilaPlain
113
Therefore,wecanconcludethataperiodofconvulsions,ofpopulationdisplacements,
ofphenomenawhichalsoinvolvedcommunitiesnorthandwestfromoftheBlackSea
tookplaceinthenortheastsideoftheRomanianPlainandinthesouthofMoldavia.
Figure15.Grivia,Galaicounty.T314,tombplan(Brudiu1987,fig.8).
FindingsRepertoire:
114
MirelaVERNESCU,CostinCROITORU
Nine pieces of pottery have been discovered, not more than one for each grave.
Most of the recipients are ragged, made of rough clay, unevenly fired. Other
findings:twodiscoidbonebuckles,onebonering,anarrowpinandasilexblade,a
curved stone knife (Krummesser). In M5 (adult, crouched to the left, the head
towardsnorthwest,armsbentfromtheelbowsandpalmsunderthehead),inthe
faceareatherewerepiecesoftwocupsspecifictoTeiculture,shapedinfineclay,
withblackpolishedslip;theyhaveglobularbody,longneck,slightlyflaringspout,
and they are decorated with successive rows of cants placed in horizontal bands
and ridgy rhombs. The graves M6, M10, M11 can be attributed to Katakobnaja
culture,andtheotherstoMnogovalikovaja56.
3. Horia,SurdilaGrecisuburb,BrilaCounty[fortuitiousfind,1971].Tumulusatthe
endofHoriavillage,2kmnortheastfromFurei,neartheriverBuzu.
Grave discovered at 2 meters depth. The skeleton was destroyed during the
excavations.Itseemsthatitwasanadult,placedincrouchedposition,nearthe
skull was a tronconic bowl with an overhead handle under the spout; it was
Haruche,Anastasiu1968,4052;Haruche,Anastasiu1976,170,fig.352;Florescu1991,155;
Sava1992;Leahu2003,17.
56
LateCopperAgeandBronzeAgeTumuliintheNorthEasternPartofBrilaPlain
115
shapedinfineclay,coveredwithfineslip,traces ofpolishing,colour:walnut
grey57.
5. Brilia,cityofBrila[Systematicexcavations:N.Haruche19551975,1987].The
neighbourhood Brilia, in the northern part of the city, is placed on the upper
terrace on the left bench of the Danube, in the confluence area of the two horns,
Mcin Canal (Dunrea Veche) and Cremenea horn (Dunrea Nou). The
archaeologicalsite,whichnolongerexiststoday,wassituated500meastfromthe
church Sf. Dimitrie, at the end of Timi Street, on the plough land between
C. Petrescu Str. and Sf. Maria cemetery, up to north from Vadul Catagaei. A
verduredmeadowlaysfromVadulCatagaeitotheDanube.
ThearchaeologicalsitefromBriliacomprisesmoresettlementsandnecropoleis,
from different ages and cultures: 1. BoianGiuleti settlement; 2. Gumelnia
settlement;3.IntermentnecropoliscontaininggravesfromCernavodI,Usatovo,
Cernavod IIFolteti, middle Bronze Age; 4. Coslogeni settlement; 5. Babadag
settlement;6.Geticsettlementandnecropolis;7.Earlymediaevalsettlement.In22
campaigns (19551975, 1987) around 2000 square metres have been excavated. In
the necropolis, situated especially in the perimeter of the Gumelnia settlement
(southGroapaCrmidrieino.2,ontheeasternlimitoftheupperterraceofthe
Danube, to the west, Viilor Str., to the north beyond Vadul Catagaei); c. 1150
squaremetreshavebeendelved.
310 graves have been discovered, (135 belong to Cernavod I culture, 137 to
Usatovo culture and 21 to Cernavod IIFolteti culture). A number of 23 graves
Haruche1973,21.
Haruche1980,132133;Leahu2003,24.
57
58
116
MirelaVERNESCU,CostinCROITORU
havebeenframedintheearlyandmiddleBronzeAge.Theskeletonswerelyingon
theback(250individuals,sixvariants)andcrouched(50individuals).Theposition
of ten skeletons could not be determined because of the bad preservation
condition. The orientation is different from one another, more frequently in east
west and westeast directions, in 286 cases. The shape of the grave was in
accordance with the position of the skeleton: for the crouched ones, the graves
were especially oval, rarely ovalelongated, while the lying skeletons or the ones
with the legs on a side were placed in rectangular graves, with rounded corners.
Thegravespresentednotracesofwoodenorrockconstructions.
Mostofthegravescontainedonlyoneskeleton;therewereonly6doublegraves.
Outof310individualsinterredinthenecropolis,216wereadultsand94children,
infant mortality being of 30.3%. 262 graves are 1.50 to 2.50 m deep. Ochre was
placed in the graves, in the shape of granules, clods or powder. The ochre was
deposited on the bones or on the surrounding soil (in the case of 37 skeletons of
children and64skeletonsof adults).Funeral inventory: pottery (48 bowls, in one
piece or fragmented), rocks (flint and polished rock) 178 pieces, bone, marble,
alabaster and shells (Spondylus, Dentalium, Cardium). Apart from pottery, tools,
weapons,clothingarticles,jewelrywerealsodiscovered,aswellasritualdeposits:
ashes, coals, grain, chalk and argil clods, animal teeth, snail shells. The
anthropologicstudyconductedon20graves(only6.4%oftotal),hasproventhat,
asopposedtotheskeletonswithochrefromMoldavia,ofProtoEuropoidtype,the
onesfoundinBrilia,aswellassomefoundinStoicani,display,besidestheProto
Europoid foundation, a mediterranoid component, which may spring from the
blendingwiththelocalpopulations59.
6. CityofGalai,GalaiCounty[systematicexcavation:M.Brudiu,I.Limbidis1976].
Dunrea Neighbourhood; high terrace at the confluence of the river Siret with the
Danube.
AtumulusfromtheBronzeAge(H=1.70m;D=30m).Themodeoffoundingof
thenecropolisandthesuccessionofthegravesaredifficulttoestablish.Thecentral
grave(Yamnaya)forwhomthetumuluswasraisedhasatrapezoidalgraveandit
seemsthatitwasacenotaph.Theraisingofthetumulusisalsocontemporaneous
withthesurroundingditch(l0.81m,depth=0.6m).Othergraves:
Haruche, Anastasiu 1968, 78, 1823; Haruche 1980a, 310312; Haruche 2002; Necrasov,
Cristescu1957,7588;Florescu1991,156;Vernescu2008,5051.
59
LateCopperAgeandBronzeAgeTumuliintheNorthEasternPartofBrilaPlain
117
Figure16.Grivia,GalaiCounty.T315,tombplan(Brudiu1987,fig.3).
M2,inthesouthpartofthetumulus,ovalgrave,crouchedskeleton,southnorth
oriented.Nearthefacethereweretwobowls(onewithspheroidalbodyandtwo
handleswithverticalorificesonewasbrokenandtheother,atronconiccup).
M4, in southwest part of the tumulus, the skeletons was reinterred and had a
tronconiccupasinventory.
118
MirelaVERNESCU,CostinCROITORU
M5,inthesouthsoutheastpartofthetumulus,theskeletonlyingonhisbackand
thelegscrouchedandbenttotheleft;noinventory.
If M2 (Yamnaya culture, the classical phase) had a small tumulus (as assumed),
then it is older than the grave considered central, whose coating covered the
eventual tumulus raised on the M2. M4 and M5 can be characteristic to Yamnaya
culture, while from the group of overlapped gravesM68, one can be dated inthe
sameperiod.OthergravesbelongtoMnogovalikovajacultureandothersareeven
later.Forthistumulusthereisa 14Cdating,onacoalassay,butwedonotknow
thesitefromwherethesamplewascollected(Bln2510:3400150BP,with1s:1900
1520CalBC;with2s:21331410CalBC).ItisprobablyM8,theonlygraveinwhich
coalwasfound.Thedatingisinthemiddle,possiblyLateBronzeAge60.
7. Grivia,Griviavillage,GalaiCounty[systematicexcavation:M.Brudiu1986].In
theGeruluiValley,attheeasternlimitofTecuciPlain,onthearealofthevillage.
Twotumulihavebeensurveyed(T314andT315),placed150mfromoneanother.
Tumulus314,raisedinonephase,hadafireplaceonthewesternside.Thecentral
graveconsistedofaconstructionwitharoundentranceroomandfuneralroomof
rectangular form, with rounded corners. The skeleton was dishevelled, but the
archaeologistconsidersthathewascrouchedonhisback,withthekneesupand
theheadtotheeast.Hehadredochreonhisbonesandinthebottomofthegrave,
onthesouthernside.Noinventory.
Tumulus 315 was also raised in one phase. The central grave had a rectangular
gravewithsquarecorners,theskeletonwascrouchedonhisback,withhislegsin
rhomb, eastwest oriented. He had ochre on his head, arms, on torso and legs.
Inventory:onecupwiththreepins,lanywarddecoration,andleftfromtheskull,a
miniature bowl with ochre. Both graves belong to the classical phase of the
Yamnayaculture61.
8. Lieti,Lietivillage,GalaiCounty[systematicexcavation:M.Brudiu1985].Movila
Arbnau,situatedonasmallinterfluvebetweenaravineandGeruluiValley.
The tumulus was raised in more stages. 29 graves from various ages have been
discovered(transitionperiod,theBronzeAge,Sarmatic,Turanic,themodernage).
Theoldestgrave(M22)belongs,byvirtueofritualandinventory,tothetransition
period(ivotilovkaVolanskBursuceniaspect).ThenextoldestaretenYamnaya
graves. In M2 there was a vessel decorated with a row of circular impressions,
Brudiu 1985b, 241247; Brudiu 1987, 1015; Burtnescu 2002, 114115; Ilie, Nicu 2002, 19;
Brudiu2003,5962.
61 Brudiu1987,1115,fig.35;6/12;78;Brudiu2003,6465;Burtnescu2002,120.
60
119
LateCopperAgeandBronzeAgeTumuliintheNorthEasternPartofBrilaPlain
attributedtotheclassicalperiodofYamnayaculture.Inanothergrave,attributed
tothelateperiodofYamnayaculture,theinventoryconsistedofasmallamphora,
asandstoneobjectandabonepin.TherearealsonineintermentsfromtheBronze
Age,withskeletonsmoderatelycrouched,recliningtotheleftortotheright62.
Figure17.Grivia,GalaiCounty.T315tombs(Brudiu1987).
Brudiu1991,47;2003,4852;Burtnescu2002,127.
62
120
MirelaVERNESCU,CostinCROITORU
10.Mcieni,Cornivillage,GalaiCounty[systematicexcavation:M.Brudiu1983].
MovilaSpatorMovilaluiGh.Mohorea;ontheroadtoBranitea,atthecrossroads
of the villages Corni and Bleni with Athanarics Vallum. The basin of the river
Suhurlui(tributaryoftheriverSiret).
Flattened tumulus (H=0.5 m). In the central part of the tumulus, at depth = 0.60 m
andatitsbase,potterypiecesfromalargebowldecoratedwithbandsinreliefhave
beenrecovered.Nofuneralcomplexes.PossiblybelongingtotheearlyBronzeAge66.
Brudiu1985a,3235,fig.34;2003,7273,fig.35;36/12.
Brudiu2003,7778,fig.35;36/1.Theplacementofthevesselisunclear,inthepapercited,itis
placedontheancienttramplingarea,abovethenichegrave,approximatelyinthetorsusarea;
Brudiu 1998, 66: the skeleton in dorsal decubitus and above, at the base of the tumulus, we
foundavessel....;MotzoiChicideanu2011,122,nr.568(Monteoruculture,phaseIc3).
65 Brudiu1998,6672,fig.13;2003,7476,fig.3738;Spinei1994,172;Hnceanu2011,174175,
no.144a.
66 Brudiu1987,11;1991,55;Brudiu2003,6263,120andfig.24;Burtnescu2002,127128.
63
64
LateCopperAgeandBronzeAgeTumuliintheNorthEasternPartofBrilaPlain
121
Figure18.Grivia,GalaiCounty.T315inventory(Brudiu1987,fig.56).
11. Stoicani, Folteti village, Galai County [surface survey (1939) and systematic
excavation(19461949):M.PetrescuDmbovia].
Cetuia;easternboundaryofthevillage,c.100meastfromthetrainstation,atthe
endoftheriverPruthmeadow;inthesouthextremitythereweredwellings,andin
thenorthwest,thecemetery.
On the prehistoric multilayered settlement, have been discovered 15 graves with
crouchedskeletons(13individual,onedoubleandanotherone,triple).Somehad
thebonescoveredinredochreorwereplacedonathinlayerofyellowochre.The
graveswereprobablyinaflattenedtumulusandaremorerecentthantheFolteti
settlement from this area. The skeletons were placed in simple graves. In six
individual graves, the skeletons were crouched to the left, in other five, were
crouched to the right. In the double grave, one skeleton was crouched to the left
and the other, to the right. In the triple grave, all the skeletons were crouched to
the right. The graves had various depths. The deepest had skeletons crouched to
the right (5) and to the left (3); crouching was moderate for children and
pronouncedforadults.Thearmspositionvariedentwinedneartheface,between
122
MirelaVERNESCU,CostinCROITORU
knees and chest, outstretched along the body, etc. Only in the graves from this
grouphasbeenfoundredochreonthebones.Thedoubleandtriplegravesarein
thesamegroup.OnlyonevesselhasbeenfoundinM12andabonebuckleinM7a.
Inthegroupofthegravesfoundatlowerdepthstherewerefourgraves,threeof
themcontainedskeletonscrouchedtotheleft,andone,totheright.Crouchingwas
moderate in the case of children. The arms were brought to the knees, near the
face, etc. A vessel with a handle has been found in M2 and a bone buckle in M3.
Thisgroupdoesnotpresentochreonthebones..
InM5theskeletonwaslyingonhisback,withthelegscrouchedtotheleftandthe
armstowardsthetorso.Onthechestwasapiecefragmentofarockaxe.Theochre
graves from Cetuie are more recent than the Usatovo settlement, as the graves
dishevelledthissettlement.Thegraves910and1415canbeframedinYamnaya
culture (late phase), 5 and 13 in Katakobnaja culture, and 3 and 7 in
Mnogovalikovajaculture67.
12. endreni, endreni village, Galai County [fortuitous find: I. Limbidis 1974]. On
theleftbenchoftheriverSiret,inatumulusnexttothemainroadGalaiBrila.
Grave; skeleton completely destroyed by the blade of a bulldozer; impossible to
establishitspositionandorientation.Thebonesrecoveredwerepartiallycovered
in red ochre. Inventory: vessel of fine clay, brickyyellow in exterior and walnut
grey inside, polished, long, cylindrical neck, broad spout, no decorations; four
fragments of tubular bronzeleaf beads; four Dentalium shell beads; grey flint
cutting. The bronze and Dentalium beads and the silex piece are similar to those
foundinBrilia.ThegraveisattributedtothelatestageofYamnaya68.
LateCopperAgeandBronzeAgeTumuliintheNorthEasternPartofBrilaPlain
123
Figure19.Lieti,GalaiCounty.Tumulusno.78tombs(Brudiu1985b).
124
MirelaVERNESCU,CostinCROITORU
13.erbetiiVechi,endrenivillage,GalaiCounty[systematicexcavation:M.Brudiu
19871988].ThekurganisattheeddeofaterraceleftfromtheriverSiret,towards
Valea Greaca, 200 m south from Traian village and the ancient vallum Traian
Tuluceti.
Tumulus(D=25m;H=0.9m);fivegraveshavebeendiscovered.
M1:rhomboidalgrave,eastwestoriented,dishevelledskeleton,potterypieces,red
ochre;
M2: trapezoidal grave, skeleton lateral decubitus to the left, legs crouched to the
left, left arm bent from the elbow, right arm towards the abdomen, ochre on the
skullandarms,twocuttings;
M3:maingrave,rectangularwithroundedcorners,coveredwithgirders,eastwest
oriented, skeleton with large cranium (dolichocephalic), lateral decubitus to the
right,righthandoutstretched,lefthandontheabdomen,placedonawoodenbed,
ochreneartheface,noinventory;inthesouthpartofthegravethereweretracesof
afireplace(aritualfiremighthavebeenset);
M4:trapezoidalgrave,withafootstep(thesmallgraveplacedasymmetricallyfrom
theWNWESEaxis),skeletonplacedinlateraldecubitustotheleft,crouchedlegs,
leftarmoutstretched,rightarmsorientedtowardstheabdomen;ochreontheskull
and the legs and arms bones; inventory: tronconic bowl (placed in front of the
skull);
M5:rectangulargrave,EWoriented;skeletoncrouchedtotheleft,lefthandunder
pelvis, right arm bent from the elbow and outstretched near the body. Ochre
present, no inventory. Nearby, there were pieces of a broken vessel made of raw
clay,bitronconicshape,slightflaringedges.
ThegravesbelongtothelatephaseofYamnaya69.
14.Tuluceti,Tulucetivillage,GalaiCounty[fortuitousfind].
Behindthetrainstation.
Twointermentgraveswithskeletonscoveredinochre,incrouchedpositions.No
inventory.TheycanbeassociatedwithYamnayaculture.
Unpublished material. Many thanks to Mr. Amelian Chiril for the information
provided.
15.Vntori,Vntorivillage,GalaiCounty[salvationexcavations,M.Brudiu1981].
MoviladelaNicolaeocu;1kmnorthfromthevillage,inCovurluiPlain.Basinof
theriverPruth.
Burtnescu2002,134135;Brudiu2003,7172,125andfig.3334.
69
LateCopperAgeandBronzeAgeTumuliintheNorthEasternPartofBrilaPlain
125
Tumulus(H=3m;D=60m),raisedintwostages.14graveshavebeendiscovered
(allinthesouthernpartofthetumulus).Oneofthem(M10)containedsixskeletons
(twoadultsandfourchildren,allcrouched).Itseemsthatthecollectivegravewas
delved before raising of the first tumulus or at the same time with the interment
consideredasthemainone(M11),inthetransitionperiodtotheBronzeAge.The
firsttumuluswasraisedaboveM11(H=1m;D=13m).M13belongstothesame
period(lateFoltetiYamnaya)(delvedinstepsandcoveredwithgirders,asilver
pieceofjewelryhasbeendiscoveredhere).Sevengravesbelongtotheendofthe
middle Bronze Age (M2, catacomb; M4, M6M9, M14, Srubnaja culture) and four to
themigrationperiod(M1,M3,M5,M12).F.BurtnescubelievesthatM11shouldbe
attributed to the graves of the VntoriBoloteti type by virtue of its inventory.
M10canbeattributedtothegravesoftheivotilovkaVolanskBursucenitypeor
to Yamnaya culture. M13 and M14 could be framed within Yamnaya culture, the
classicalandlateperioads,andperhapswithinMnogovalikovajaorlateBronze,as
themostpartofthegraves70.
16.Vldeti,Vldetivillage,GalaiCounty[spturidesalvare,M.Brudiu1989].
Groupoffourtumuli;OldTumulus(T216),T343,T344andT419,placedonthewatershed
ofthePruluiHill,3kmwestwardfromthevillage,inthebasinoftheriverPruth.
IntheOldTumulus(D=60m;H=2m)twograveshavebeendiscovered:
M1, EW oriented, the skeleton was crouched to the right, with the knees up to
chest,therighthandontheabdomenandthelefthandonthechest.Noinventory.
AttributedtothelateperiodoftheBronzeAge;
M2,NWSEoriented,rectangulargrave(1.901.60m),surroundingthresholdwhich
supported the girders; the skeleton was lying on his back (on a vegetal bed and
covered in a lot of ochre), with the arms stretched along the body and the legs
crouchedandbenttotheleft.Inventory:tronconicvesseloffineclay(polished)anda
pendantmadefromacarnivore(bear?)molar.AttributedtoYamnayaculture.
Tumulus T343 (D = 20 m; H = 1 m) was situated 40 meters south from T216 and
containedtwograves:
M1, main graveincipal (NWSE oriented), dishevelled, crushed bones with ochre
traces. Pieces from a grey vessel (decorated with a serpentiform band), and of a
woodenbeddinghavebeenfoundinthisgrave;
M2 (oriented WE), dishevelled skeleton covered in ochre, placed on a wooden
bedding.Inventory:goldenspiralring.
BothgraveshavebeenattributedtoYamnayaculture.
Brudiu 1985b, 235242; Brudiu 1991, 53; Brudiu 2003, 5459, 115 and fig. 1619; Burtnescu
2002,139140.
70
126
MirelaVERNESCU,CostinCROITORU
TumulusT344(40msouthfromT343)wascompletelyflattened(D=16m).Themain
gravehadasquareform,1meachsize,butitwasdestroyedbypredatorsandthe
position of the skeleton could not be established. Inventory: a grey vessel of fine
clay, polished surface, oblique edge, tronconic neck, oval body, overhead handle.
Attributed to the late period of the Bronze Age, with analogies with Radovanu,
suggesting an advanced stage of the ethnocultural fusion between the elements
northfromtheBlackSeaandtheBalkanicones71.
TumulusT419,30meterssouthfromT334(H=0,55m).Thegrave(1.901m)was
deepened 1.05 m from the tumulus base, EW oriented . It was dihevelled, the
bones (with ochre) were crushed, and it contained a flint piece. Attributed to
Yamnayaculture72.
Morintz1978,145,159;Brudiu2003,70.
Brudiu1991,53;Brudiu2003,6770,114,126,134andfig.3032;Burtnescu2002,140.
71
72
LateCopperAgeandBronzeAgeTumuliintheNorthEasternPartofBrilaPlain
127
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Alexandrarlea*,MihaiFlorea**
Abstract: The aim of the present article is to determine if and how the environment and landscape
specificity of the area taken into discussion affected the social settings of the Middle Bronze Age
communities.Thefocusisonthecharacteristicsofthedepositionalprocessandwhatmakesitdifferent
fromwhathappensintheneighbouringareas,butequallyimportantisconsideredtheattemptofplacing
thisphenomenoninanequationimplicatingtwootherfactors:potteryasanotherdomainofthematerial
culture and travels as the means of spreading the new ideas, knowledge, technology, materials and
finishedproducts.Hoards,feastsandtravelsarethensetinthesocialbackgroundtheyreflectthroughthe
archaeologicalrecord,inthehopeofofferingaviablemodelofaMBAsociety.
Rezumat:Scopulacestuiarticolestedeadeterminadacincemodmediulicondiiiledeterendin
zona luat n discuie au influenat cadrul social al comunitilor Bronzului Mijlociu. Articolul se
concentreazpe caracteristicileprocesuluidedepunereaobiectelordinmetaliceeacelfacediferitde
ceea ce se ntmpl n zonele nvecinate, dar la fel de important este considerat ncercarea de a plasa
acestfenomenntroecuaieceimplicalidoifactori:ceramica,cereprezintunaltdomeniualculturii
materiale,icltoriile,camijlocderspndireanoiloridei,cunotinelor,tehnologiei,materiilorprime
iproduselorfinite.Depozitele,ospeeleicltoriilesuntapoiplasatepefundalulsocialpecarelreflect
prin descoperirile arheologice, n sperana de a oferi un model viabil al unei societi din Bronzul
Mijlociu.
Key words: Middle Bronze Age (MBA), Otomani culture, Suciu de Sus culture, hoard, feast, travel,
environment
Cuvinte cheie: Bronz Mijlociu, cultura Otomani, cultura Suciu de Sus, depozit de bronzuri, osp,
cltorie,mediu
DepartamentuldeIstorieVecheiArheologie,FacultateadeIstorie,UniversitateaBucureti,
Bd.ReginaElisabeta412,sector5,030018,Bucureti;email:alex_tarlea@yahoo.com
** Muzeul Naional de Istorie a Romniei, Calea Victoriei, 12, 030026, Bucureti; email:
mihaifs@yahoo.com
*
DinpreistoriaDunriideJos.50deanidelanceputulcercetrilorarheologicelaBabadag,Tulcea,2013,p.131168
132
AlexandraRLEA,MihaiFLOREA
Thepresentarticlehasitsrootsinseveralobservations,madebyoneoftheauthors
while struggling with her PhD thesis1, concerning some characteristics of the MBA
depositional process in the northwestern part of Romania and eastern part of
Hungary.Itsaimistosketchatheoreticalmodelwhichhopefullywouldfitonatleast
some part of the social framework that surrounded, sustained and encouraged the
depositionofmetalobjectsandhoardsinthisarea.Thearticlehasnobetterclaimthan
this,astheauthorsareperfectlyawarethattheexpectedlifespanand/oravailabilityof
suchtheoreticalmodelslastuntilthenextarchaeologicalfindorhypothesisturnsthe
acceptedtheoriesupsidedown.
Hoards
The deposition of metal objects can safely be described as one of the most defining
BronzeAgecharacteristicsforlargepartsofEurope,andtheterritorybetweenrivers
Danube,TiszaandPrutmakesnoexception.Here,asanywhereelseonthecontinent,
the depositional practice continuous as a general phenomenon visibly varies in
time and space. This means that specific areas experience ups and downs in the
processandseetheflourishingofhoardingduringspecificperiodsoftime,followed
byitsdecreaseoreventotaldisappearance.Inthesametimeneighbouringareascan
relate in totally different manners to the depositional practice, with hoards and/or
singlefindsliterallycrowdinginonearea,andalmostorcompletelyabsentfromthe
one next to it. This situation can be explained in different ways, from economic to
ritual or social reasons. There is no need that emphasis should be put on only one
categoryofexplanations,asthereisnoreasontoconsiderthatthesamestimuliwould
have been at work no matter of time, place and cultural milieu. As it probably
happens with any widely spread phenomenon, the possibility that a certain set of
general traits gained in time local characteristics cannot be ruled out. Even more,
exactlythegeneralcharacterofaphenomenonsuchasthedepositionofmetalobjects
makes it appropriate for adaptation to the local or regional worlds view of people
and personal or group interests. As a result, there is nothing surprising in the wide
varietyofthedepositionalpractice;thecontrary(intermsofatoostrongsimilarityno
matterofareaorperiod)wouldratherrequiremoreexplanations.
Consequently,thereisnothingunusualinthefactthattheterritorybetweenrivers
Danube, Tisza and Prut develops specific trends in deposition during EBA, some of
them continuing during MBA, while others visibly change. Not necessarily unusual
but surely interesting is the way in which the change is adopted in different areas
rlea2012.
133
Hoards,FeastsandTravels
insidetheseterritoriallimits.Itisinthiscontextthatthesituationofthenorthwestern
partofRomaniaandeasternpartofHungarywillbeanalysed.
The deposition of metal objects was divided for the purposes of the present
discussion into five categories: single finds (copper/bronze objects); unitype hoards
(associationsofobjectsofthesamemajortypee.g.shaftholeaxes);multitypehoards
(associations of objects of different major types e.g. shafthole axes and flat axes)2;
singlefinds(goldobjects);treasures(associationsofgoldorgold/silverobjects).
A number of 87 finds can be attributed, with various degrees of certainty, to the
first part of Bronze Age: 79 single finds, 3 unitype hoards and 5 multitype hoards
(Fig.1;Map1)3.Tothesewereaddedonthemapanother12finds(11singlefindsand
1unitypehoard)whichwereattributedmorelooselyinthearchaeologicalliterature
totheEBAMBAperiod(Map1).
The graph (Fig. 1) shows the EBA clearly dominated by the category of single
finds, representing 90.8% from the total number of finds, with the categories of uni
typeandmultitypehoardssharingtherest(3.33%and5.87%).Itisverytruethatsuch
numbers and percentages must be taken into consideration more in an informative
thaninanabsolutemanner(becauseofthelimitsinresearchandpublicationonone
hand, and chronological uncertainties on another hand)4, but still the difference
between the categories is such as to be clear enough that it reflects (even with some
distortions)therealityofthatperiod.
80
70
60
50
40
Numberoffinds
30
20
10
DI
DU
DM
Fig.1.TheEBAdepositions(DI=singlefind;DU=unitypehoard;DM=multitype
hoard).
The idea to separate the associations of objects in unitype and multitype hoards was
inspiredbyVandkilde1996.
3 Thedatausedforthepresentdiscussionaretakenfromrlea2012.
4 SameprudenceisrecommendedforthesituationoftheMBAfindspresentedbelow.
2
134
AlexandraRLEA,MihaiFLOREA
ForMBA242findsweretakenintoconsideration,fromwhich175aresinglefinds
(170 copper and bronze objects; 5 gold objects), 21 unitype hoards, 30 multitype
hoards,and16treasures(Fig.2;Map2).Thegraphshowsthecategoryofsinglefinds
still leading, but in a slightly more balanced manner (approx. 70.25% from the total
numberoffindsor77%ifthegoldsinglefindsandtreasuresareexcluded).Theuni
type hoards represent approx. 8.7% (or 9.5%), and the multitype hoards 12.4% (or
approx.13.5%).
180
160
140
120
100
Numberoffinds
80
60
40
20
DI
DU
DM
DIA
Fig.2.TheMBAdepositions(DI=singlefind;DU=unitypehoard;DM=multitype
hoard;DIA=singlefindgold;T=treasure).
A comparison between the two graphs (Figs. 1 and 2) shows that during MBA the
depositional practice preserves several EBA characteristics, such as the discrepancy
between the number of single finds and that of other categories. Moreover, the
numberofsinglefindshasdoubledduringthisperiod.Inthesametimenewelements
arepresentwhichprefiguretheulteriorLBAtrendsofthephenomenon,likethefact
that the growth rate of the number of hoards is already much higher than that of
single finds. This indicates an increasing focus on this form of deposition (and
especiallyonthecategoryofmultitypehoards,withthefastestgrowth),inthesame
timemaintainingoradoptingthepracticeofdepositingsinglemetalobjects.
An interesting aspect of this new situation which does not result directly by
consultingthegraphsisinsteadsingledoutclearlybythedistributionmaps.
EBA is a period characterised by the spreading of the depositions over a large
territorywithfewmoredefinedclusters(e.g.Mure/Marosvalley),butalsowithsome
whiteareas(Map1).Themaphelpstounderlinethepreponderanceofthecategoryof
singlefindsandtheerraticdistributionofthesmallnumberofhoards.
Hoards,FeastsandTravels
135
MBA shows some similarities with the previous period but also some interesting
developments(Map2).Themosttraditionalaspectregardsthetreatmentofthesingle
finds, especially in that some of the areas interested in this type of deposition during
EBA continue the trend (e.g. the Mure valley; the areas east and south of the
Carpathians; southeastern Transylvania), only more in force, to say so. Other areas
seemtobeproperlyfilledwithmetaldepositionsonlyduringMBA,asisthecasewith
centralTransylvaniaandthenorthwesternandwesternpartoftheanalysedterritory.
As a matter of fact, the resulted image is that of a layer of single finds on which
hoards are sprinkled. These hoards, although not so numerous in comparison with
thenumberofsinglefinds,changetheoverallimageofthedepositionalprocessforthis
period, due to the specificity of their distribution, which seizes being erratic. It is
sufficiently clear that the majority of hoards come from the area between the
CarpathiansandTiszaRiver,butwhatisreallyofinterestforthepresentdiscussionis
thewaytheyaredistributedintheinterioroftheselimits,sincetheyseemtooutlinetwo
depositionalzonesseparated(orratherconnected?)bythecourseoftheMureRiver.
OneofthesezonesisTransylvania,characterisedbyaconsistentnumberofsingle
findsinitscentralarea.Itisclosedatsoutheast(theTransylvanianentranceinthe
mountainpassestowardseastandsouth)andwest(theMurevalley)bytwoclusters
consistingofamajorityofsinglefindsmingledwithasmallnumberofhoards.Maybe
itshouldbeinterestingtonoticethatthesearerepresentedalmostintotalitybyuni
type hoards in southeastern Transylvania, like a reflection of what happens on the
othersideofthemountains(ortheotherwayaround),andbymultitypehoardson
theMurevalley.
The other zone, which represents the focus of this discussion, stretches from the
SomevalleyatnorthtotheMurevalleyatsouth.Itseasternlimitcouldbeatchoice
the Western Carpathians (in which case the depositions double their western and
northernslopes)ortheMurevalley(withthedepositionspracticallysurroundingthe
mountains). From the depositional point of view, this zone is characterised by a
combination of single finds and hoards, with a clear emphasis on the deposition of
multitypehoards.
The difference in this respect between the two zones is quite striking: while the
multitype hoards are represented in Transylvania in a relation of approx. 1:11 with
thesinglefinds(iftheMurevalleyisincludedotherwisetheimbalanceishigher,
around1:30),inthewesternzonethisrelationbecomesapprox.1:1.3.Suchasituation
cannot be simply the result of hazard; it is far more probable the resulting image of
twodifferentwaysofdealingwithmetalobjectswhenitcomestotheirdeposition.In
both zones the deposition of single metal objects is important, but while in
Transylvaniathisrepresentsthemainformofdeposition(asithappensalsointherest
136
AlexandraRLEA,MihaiFLOREA
oftheterritory,onlyonasmallerscale),inthewesternpartitisalmostoverwhelmed
by the deposition of multitype hoards. It is less clear to which zone should be
attributedtheMurevalley,strictlyfromthepointofviewofthetypesofdeposits;at
a first look, it could be interpreted as a transition area or a permissive border
separating and in the same time connecting the two zones, and as such borrowing
depositionalcharacteristicsfromboth.
Thus, the western part of the territory between Danube, Tisza and Prut presents
certain particularities in the depositional practice which differentiate it from what
happenseastandsouthoftheMurevalleyandfromthispointofviewcanbesafely
describedasthemostinnovativeoreffervescentzoneduringMBA.Butisthisgoing
further than the preference shown for a certain type of deposition, in this case the
multitype hoard? Is the specific way in which people relate to the metal objects
limitedjusttothedepositionalpractice,oristhisonlyonetraitfromawholeset?In
order to find an answer to this question, it is necessary to take a quick look at the
metalobjectsdepositedinthiszone.
Two observations made for the first part of the European Bronze Age could be
useful for the present discussion. Firstly, the technological developments in
metallurgy advanced to such a degree that highly sophisticated items could be
fashioned from metal, making it a worthwhile investment. In the same time, the
excavations of Bronze Age settlements offered some surprises since they prove that
stone and wood tools were widely used, continuing a longstanding prehistoric
tradition,whilemetalbegantofeatureonlyveryslowlyinthedomesticdomain.This
indicatesthatadivisionexistedbetweentheprestigesphereandthedomesticsphere.
Thisdistinctionisnotnewandhadalwaysbeenpresentinoneformoranother,butit
is unique in terms of the increasing gap that emerged between the various
productions techniques. As a result, metal objects, which included weapons,
ceremonial objects and even jewellery and required fulltime specialists, became the
most highly valued. The situation was translated in terms of an emerging two
speedsociety in which those with weapons wereaccorded greater social standing5.
This also means that special treatment of such objects can be expected, inclusively a
specificwayofendingtheirsociallife,forexampleasdepositions.Secondly,atleastin
some cases this metalwork sphere is split in its turn, indicating an internal form of
hierarchy,likeithappensforexampleinSouthernScandinaviaduringPeriodIB6.
IfwearetoconsiderthecategoriesofmetalobjectsusedfordepositionduringEBA
and MBA in the territory between Danube, Tisza and Prut, the conclusion most at
handwouldbethatpeopleofthosetimesweresimplywildaboutaxes.Thiscategory
Guilaine,Zammit2005,198.
Vandkilde1996,289295.
5
6
Hoards,FeastsandTravels
137
undoubtedly forms the bulk of the objects deposited during EBA, and this
characteristic survives during the next period. The main difference is the clear pre
eminencegainedbyshaftholeaxestothedetrimentofflataxesduringMBA.While
the presence of the shafthole axes can be described in terms of continuity, the
depositionofmetalobjectstakesnowastepfurtherintermsofvariety.Ononehand,
themajorityoffindsisstillrepresentedbytheshaftholeaxes,buttheyassumenew
typesandformscomparedtoEBA;onanotherhand,newcategoriesofobjectsmake
theirappearance(inuseaswellasindeposition),probablythebestknownandmost
discussedbeingtheswords.
From this perspective, the analysed zone respects the main trend since it puts a
strong emphasis on the deposition of shafthole axes. In the same time it shows
openness to the deposition of entirely new categories of objects like swords and
massive armguards, and to other categories like daggers and, in a much smaller
number,differentornaments(Map3).
The Bronze Age copper and bronze shafthole axes from this part of Europe are
predominantly considered weapons, for real battle and/or ceremonial use7. Even
more, they were described as being from the beginning innovative weapons, much
morelethalandasaresultmuchmoreappreciatedthanthoseknownbefore8.Ifthisis
true,theevolutiontheyhaveduringMBA,intermsoftechnologicaladvances,form,
andgeneralqualities,canbeseenasemphasisingexactlythismartialfeature,beitreal
or mainly for display. The analysed zone witnesses in addition the presence in
deposition of swords (defined as the first weapons serving exclusively for war9),
daggers(withtheirabilitytoassumeamartialfunctionalongotherpossiblefunctions
and being present in this area in deposition especially as long items10), massive
armguards (certainly having a display feature but at least in some cases part of
defensive martial equipment and used as such11), and early spearheads (weapons
whichcouldbeusedinbattleaswellasinhunting12).Drawingthelineandcounting,
the result is that, either expressed in number of categories or in number of items,
weapons form the dominant category in the depositional practice, with a small
numberofornamentsascollateral.Thisfocusonconnectingthedepositionalpractice
withmartialactivitiescanbenoticedalsointherestoftheterritoryinterestinthe
9
10
Vulpe1970,2736.
Hansen2009,151.
Alexandrescu1968,18.
Kemenczei 1988, 26 (the Bronze Age long daggers from eastern Hungary as thrusting
weapons).
11 Kristiansen2002,326.
12 Rusu1972,33;Gogltan1999,153.
7
8
138
AlexandraRLEA,MihaiFLOREA
Mozsolics1967,18;Vulpe1970,4951,Tafel47/A;Gogltan1999,144145.
Vulpe1970,4248,Tafel47/B.
15 Eitherasfinisheditemsorasborrowedform(forthediscussiononthemouldfromPir,for
casting Monteoru type axes, see Vulpe 1970, 48, Taf. 12/192193; Bader 1978, 90; Molnr
2011,287).
16 Vulpe1970,5153,Tafel47/A.
17 Inthislightcanbeconsideredtheprolongingoftheshafthole,forexampleinthecaseofthe
Hajdsmson type axes, improvement that added to the stability of the shaft and offered
higherresistancetoshockincomparisonwithearliertypes(Molnr2011,286).
18 Vulpe,Tudor1970,423.
13
14
Hoards,FeastsandTravels
139
joinedbyasmallnumberofshafttubeaxes,someofthemosteasternrepresentatives
oftheKtenovtype19.Ifthelongbuttedaxescouldbeseenascloseroranexaggerated
version of simpler types, like Bala and Hajdsmson, with their prolonged
rounded butt, the discbutted axes seem to have a stronger personality. The disc
buttedaxesoftypesA1andA2aremainlycharacteristicfortheareabetweenrivers
Tisza and Mure, although they spread also eastwards and westwards. The disc
buttedaxesofB1typehavealargerdistributionarea,withmuchmoredefinedlocal
variants20.Thelongbuttedaxeshaveamorediffusedistributionareafromthestart21
(Map3),whilealsoshowingagreatvariety22.Thesetypesrequiredspecialandmore
developed technological skills, especially the discbutted axes which needed multi
valvemouldsinordertoattachthedisctothebody.Theyarecharacterisedbyamore
striking appearance than their relatives from the first group and this makes them
more fit for social display. Also, it may be interesting to notice that on the average
they are longer than the axes from the first group23. It is less clear if their greater
lengthwasadesiredfeature,oronlyanunlookedforsideeffectoftheircharacteristic
form.Asfarasthiskindofinformationresultsfromthearchaeologicalliterature,the
dimensions of the discbutted axes are reflected also in their greater weight in
comparisonwithothertypes(longbuttedaxesincluded)24.Anyway,atafirstlookat
least, there seems to be a tendency inside the second group towards a relation
between length and the presence of decoration: longer axes are more frequently
21
22
Mozsolics1967,139140;Vulpe1970,66.
Vulpe1970,Taf.50/AB.
Vulpe1970,Taf.47/B.
ForthehighdegreeofindividualityinformanddecorationinsidethiscategoryseeDavid
2002,283;Vachta2008,24.
23 Most axes ofHajdsmson type have lengths between 1117 cm, those of Bala type 1015
cm,thoseofPdurenitype1015cm,andthoseofMonteorutype1216cm.Incomparison
discbuttedaxesarerarelylessthan20cmlong,whilethereareitemsreachingeven2324
cm.Onanotherhandthelongbuttedaxesareshorter,theiraveragelengthfallingratherin
theupperechelonofthefirstgroup,withrareexceptionsliketheaxefromtheApahoard,
20cmlong(thelengthsoftheaxespartiallytakenfromSoroceanu2012,partiallyestimated
afterdrawingsfromVulpe1970).
24 Unfortunatelymanyaxes(aswellasothercategoriesofobjects)werepublishedwithoutsuch
essentialspecificationsliketheirweight.TheA2typediscbutted axefromBogatadeMure
weighs685g(Vulpe,Lazr2003,43),theA2typeaxefromApaweighs669g,theB1typeaxe
from Trian 845 g, the B1 type axes from Ighiel 700 g and 900 (864) g respectively
(Soroceanu 2012, 17, 19, 53). In comparison the heaviest items of other types rarely have
weightsaroundormorethan600g,likeisthecasewiththeMonteoruaxesfromtheBorleti
hoard (weights between 319 and 540 g) (Zamoteanu 1964, 453460) and the Monteoru and
PdureniaxesfromtheParavahoard(weightsbetween463and664g)(Vulpe1964,127141).
19
20
140
AlexandraRLEA,MihaiFLOREA
decorated than shorter items of the same type, or the other way around the
decoratedaxestendtobelonger25.Therichandsophisticateddecorationoftheirbutt
andblade,characteristicforthemostpartoftypeA1andA2discbuttedaxes,some
variantsoftheB1typediscbuttedaxes,mostofthelongbuttedaxesofApaNehoiu
type, and the shafttube axes from this area, serves as another strong mark of
separation, since the axes from the first group are as a rule undecorated (with the
questionableexceptionoftheHajdsmsontypeaxes26,ifthewartspresentonthe
upperpartofsomeitemsmaybedescribedasdecoration).
Of course, the possibility that such a separation makes sense only to the modern
wayofthinkingcannotbetotallydismissed.However,thisseparationintwogroups
seems to be also sustained by differences in their depositional treatment. While the
axesofthefirstgroupareusuallysinglefinds27,inthecaseofthediscbuttedaxesa
greater inclination is shown towards their deposition as part of multitype hoards,
together with other remarkable items, like massive armguards and decorated solid
hilted swords28. Less clear is the behaviour of the longbutted axes, the number of
depositionsbeingtoosmallintheanalysedzonetoallowanydefiniteconclusions29.
Theswords,thenoveltyoftheMBA,maketheirappearancealsointhediscussed
zone,intheformofsolidhiltedApaandAutypesandmoreorlessrelatedvariants.
Although they are sometimes present in deposition as single finds, as a rule they
accompany axes from the second group in multitype hoards like those from
HajdsmsonI30(Hungary),Apa31(Romania),andZajta32(Hungary),whichmeansa
Such a situation would be far from exceptional. For example, it was documented for the
ClassAflangedaxesinDenmarkthebroadfacedecoratedaxeshavethetendencytobe
longerthantheundecoratedones(Vandkilde1996,269,fig.52).
26 FortheseparationoftheHajdsmsontypeaxesintwogroups,undecoratedanddecorated,
seeMozsolics1967,18(Cbtype).
27 Themostprominentexceptionfromthisruleissofarthepresenceof8Hajdsmsontype
axesintheeponymmultitypehoard(Kemenczei1991,810,nr.cat.1;Mozsolics1967,139
140,pl.911).
28 Their presence in deposition as part of multitype hoards is almost at parity with their
presenceassinglefinds.
29 Atlimit,thepresenceofadecoratedApaNehoiutypeaxeinthemultitypehoardfrom
Apa could be seen as a proof that the behaviour of these axes resembles that of the disc
buttedaxes,butthepresenceoftheHajdsmsontypeaxesintheeponymhoardservesasa
warning(seereferenceno.22).
30 Kemenczei1991,810,nr.cat.1,pl.1/1,2/1;Mozsolics1967,139140,pl.911.
31 Alexandrescu1966,123126,170,nr.1213,pl.III/12;Bader1972,85,nr.cat.4;Bader1978,
15, 81, 119120, nr. cat. 5, pl. LXV; Bader 1991, 3751, nr. cat. 2526, pl. 5/25, 6/26, 7/26;
Mozsolics1967,128,pl.14/12,15/12,16/12;PetrescuDmbovia1977,39,pl.1/16;Popescu,
25
Hoards,FeastsandTravels
141
little bit more often than the swords or the second group axes taken separately are
connected in the depositional context with the axes from the firstgroup. But hoards
are not the only ground where the solidhilted swords meet with the second group
axes;onthecontrary,theygivetheimpressionofbeingtightlyconnectedonseveral
correspondinglevels.
Thefirstthingdrawingtheattentionisundoubtedlythewayswordsandaxesare
chainedtogetherbytheirsophisticateddecoration.Theornamentationoftheseitems
representsawholesubjectinitself33.Oneaspectofparticularinterestforthepresent
discussionisitsfluidcharacter.Thefactthat,despitethecommonrangeofmotives,
each object from both categories is made unique by the choice of motives, registers,
combinationofmotives,anddetailsintheirtreatment,givestheimpressionthattwo
goals,oppositebutinthesametimecomplementary,wereatstake.Ononehand,the
decoration served as a means of relating all these objects to each other, like the
membersofthesamefamily;onanotherhand,itofferedtheopportunityofcreating
auniquecharacterforeachitem,withoutdestroyingitsresemblancetotherestofthe
family. There is no doubt that this dissimilarity in similarity is an interesting and
meaningfulcharacteristic.
Secondly,theswordsingeneralrepresentaproofoftechnologicalmastery,sinceitis
necessarytoovercomeawholeseriesoftechnologicaldifficultiesnomatteroftheirtype.
Fromthisperspective,itseemsonlynaturalthatsuchitemswouldhavebeenashighly
valued,ifnothigher,asanaxeofsophisticatedform.Furthermore,solidhiltedswords
areconsideredasespeciallychallengingwhenitcomestoattachthemetalhilttotheir
body.AsA.Hardingnoticed,sincesolidhiltsweretheworkofthesmithandorganic
hilts the work of the bone or wood carver this means that two different sets of skills
wererequired.Creatingorganichiltplateswastheeasier,sinceonlytherivetsrequired
the metalworker to be involved; casting on metal hilts was very skilled work34,
involvingheat,moulds,moltenmetal,aswellasdecoratingandpolishing.Eventhough
wood or bone hilts and pommels might have been elaborately decorated, such
decoration involved knives and chisels, with the rivets being hammered cold from
eithersidetosecuretheplatefirmlyinposition.Thesetwosetsofproceduresseem,to
Rusu1966,R1,fig.16;Soroceanu2012,1720;Vulpe1970,5356,6670,nr.cat.238,291,299,
pl.15/238,18/291,20/299
32 Alexandrescu1966,125;Alexandrescu1968,7;Bader1972,89,nr.cat.91;Kemenczei1991,
1113,nr.cat.1013,pl.3/1013,4/1012
33 ForthemostthoroughanddetaileddiscussiononthesubjectseeDavid2002;David2010.
34 That errors were very likely to appear is a fact proved forexample by the Au type sword
fromLivada,SatuMareCounty:thesolidhiltwascastwithanincompletepommel,which
ledtoanulteriorinterventionforreplacingthemissingpart(Horedt1962,106).
142
AlexandraRLEA,MihaiFLOREA
Hoards,FeastsandTravels
143
swordsandseehowtheybehaveincomparisonwiththeclosestcomparablecategory,
which in this case for the local people would have been the daggers38 and long
daggers/shortswords39.
Interestinglyenough,fortheanalysedzone,nomatterifthereareshorterorlonger
items, closer in shape or not to the solidhilted swords, most of the daggers/long
daggers/shortswordshaveahaftingplate(mostoftenrounded),sotheydonotshare
one of the most defining characteristics, the solid hilt, with the swords. Another
definingcharacteristicoftheswordsofAuandApatypeswhichisusuallyabsentin
thecaseofthedaggersandshortswordsfromtheanalysedzoneisdecoration40.The
few decorated long daggers from this area, although sharing the range of motives
with the swords, do not have solid hilt41. For a part of these items (for example the
haftingplate short swords from the Romanian territory) a good explanation is that
they represent the eastern limit of the distribution of Central European types like
VarenandWeizenorvariantsofthesetypes42.Thismakesmostofthemslightlylater
thantheApatypeswords,butstillcontemporarywithAutypeswords.Eveninthe
caseofsomeearlieritems,theywouldhaveenteredthisareafromthewestasfinished
objects and being received (and perceived) probably as foreign. More difficult to
explainistheabsenceofthesolidhiltfordaggersandlongdaggersverycloseintheir
outerlineandsometimesdecorationtothesolidhiltedswords.Sincethechallengeof
castingasolidhiltcouldnothavebeengreaterfordaggersthanforswordsthiscannot
representavalidexplanation.Onanotherhand,thefunctionalaspectcannotberuled
out.Stillitispossiblethatthedifferencesbetweendaggers(shortorlong)andswords
were considered more important than their similarities and determined a specific
approachtoeachcategory.Asaresult,acomparisonbetweenthetwocategoriescan
This comparison has its own weak point, since many dagger types and variants form a
category with a high level of chronological uncertainty; for example, they are seen as good
indicatorsonlywhencomparedtoothercategorieslikeornaments,theirarchaeologicalcontext
stillbeingseenasdecisiveforestablishingtheirchronology(e.g.Gogltan1999,149).
39 Otherimportantquestionsarewherethelineshouldbedrawnbetweensuchcategoriesas
long daggers/short swords and short swords/swords and if only their length should be
takenintoconsideration.Insomecasesthearchaeologistsopinionswaveredovertimeorat
leastchangesweremadeintheterminology(e.g.theitemfromScueni,Bihorcounty,with
alengthof34.9cm,waspublishedfirstasadagger(Bader1978,82,128,nr.cat.79,pl.XC/5)
andlaterasashortsword(Bader1991,10,nr.cat.3,pl.1/3wheretherangefortheshort
swordsisbetween33and43cm).
40 Bader1991,10;Kemenczei1988,1014.
41 Kemeczei 1988, 14 (decorated long daggers with rounded haftingplate (Variant 3) only
oneitemindepositionassinglefindintheanalysedzone).
42 Bader1991,11.
38
144
AlexandraRLEA,MihaiFLOREA
implythattheswordswiththeirimprovedlength,technologicalsophisticationand
usually rich decoration were imbued with greater value than their shorter,
smaller,lesscomplicated,notsoglamorousrelatives.
This disjunction between swords and daggers is reflected further in their
depositionalpatterns.Whiletheswords,asalreadymentioned,arefrequentlypartof
multitypehoards,havingthecompanionshipofotherremarkableitems,thedaggers
and the short swords are almost without exception single finds43. An interesting
aspectofthissituationistheirlackofassociationinhoardsinthesametimeinwhich
their functions would have made them presumably good companions in battle. In
conclusion,fromthedepositionalleveltotheiroverallcharacteristics,thesolidhilted
swordsareclosertothesecondgroupaxesthantothedaggersorshortswords.
Another category of objects that draws attention in deposition is that of the
armguards or protective spiral rings of early types (Apa and IghielZajta)44. Two
observationscanbemaderegardingtheirdepositionalpattern.Firstly,theirpresence
inmultitypehoardsisoverwhelmingintheanalysedzoneincomparisonwithother
depositional categories (uncertain single finds). Secondly, their association in these
hoards with the discbutted axes was already emphasized in the archaeological
literature:massive,undecoratedarmguardsofApatypeaccompanydiscbuttedaxes
oftypesA1A2;armguardsofIghielZajtatype,usuallydecorated,accompanydisc
buttedaxesoftypesB1B245.Infact,fortheseearlytypesofarmguardsthefrequency
of their association with the discbutted axes reaches 100%. In other words, they
present themselves in deposition as strictly connected to this category of axes. This
linkdoesnotfunctionbothways,sinceinmorethan45%ofcasesdiscbuttedaxesare
depositedassinglefindsorinmultitypehoardswherearmguardsarenotpresent.As
a result, it becomes tempting to consider the armguards as an appendix, or a
dependentcategory,ofthediscbuttedaxes46.Still,itshouldbenoticedthatwiththe
exception of the Hajdsmson I hoard (where 3 discbutted axes of type A1 are
present without armguards) the hoards from which armguards are absent usually
contain B1 type discbutted axes. Maybe this situation indicates a preference for the
association of armguards and axes on a relatively restricted area from the north
The association frequently mentioned in the archaeological literature between an Apa type
swordandalongdaggerintheOradeaIIIhoardisuncertain(Alexandrescu1966,123126,170,
nr.14,pl.IV/1;Bader1991,3751,nr.cat.27,pl.6/27,7/27,73/A;PetrescuDmbovia1977,41,
pl.5/12publishedasOradeaI;Popescu,Rusu1966,R2,fig.12;Soroceanu2012,5658).
44 Bader1972,79;Bader1978,103.
45 Bader1972,8889;Bader1978,103.
46 Possiblythisassociationfunctionednotonlyindepositionbutalsoinuse,asthecreationof
asetofweapons,oneoffensiveandonedefensive.
43
Hoards,FeastsandTravels
145
western part of the analysed territory, the Some valley, which is also the richest in
multitype hoards. If the association is taken into consideration based on the axes
type,theclosestrelationisestablishedbetweentheA2typeaxesandarmguards;ifthe
territorial factor is also introduced into the equation, it can be noticed that the
armguardshavethetendencytobeequallyclosetotheA2andB1typeaxes,butonly
inthenorthwesternpartoftheanalysedterritory.Thisbeginstolooklikearegional
preference, probably stretching on a longer period of time, since the B1 type disc
buttedaxesareusuallyconsideredslightlylaterthantheAtypes.
Basedontheircloseassociationwiththediscbuttedaxesarmguardsmaybeseen
asjoiningthemonthesecondlevelofmetalwork.Butthisisnottheonlyaspectthat
putsthemintothespotlight.Althoughtheearliesttypearmguardsarenotdecorated
andprobablynotassophisticatedastheothercategoriesfromthetechnologicalpoint
ofview,theyarestillimpressiveduetotheirmassiveaspect.Infact,theyaresomeof
theheaviestMBAitemsinthisarea,heavierthanthediscbuttedaxesandcomparable
in weight only with the bigger exemplars of solidhilted swords47. Even if the
employmentofagreatquantityofmetalwasprimarilytriggeredbyfunctionalneeds
(if their use as defensive equipment is admitted) still that meant one kilogram of
bronze showing off on somebodys arm. A good question is, in this case, why
metalworkers did not take the pain of decorating such visible items. An interesting
aspectisthatthelatertypeswitnesstheapparitionofdecorationandamoredelicate
outlineinthesametimewiththediminishingoftheirdimensionsandweight,butitis
difficulttodetermineifthisrepresentedsomekindofcompensationorthereareother
explanationsforthissituation.
As a result, the metalwork found in deposition in the analysed zone seems to be
constructedontwolevels:abasicleveloflesssophisticatedtypesofaxes,daggersand
short swords, and some sort of suprastructure consisting of more sophisticated
typesofaxesandswords,massivearmguards,and,muchmorerarelyandusuallyin
laterhoards48,ornamentslikearmrings,armspirals,hairrings,pendantsorpins.
Theoverallcharacteristicsandinterrelationsoftheearliertypesallowedthemtobe
consideredas representatives of the HajdsmsonApa metallurgical horizon, circle,
orstyle49.Thestyleisadescriptivetermforthepresenceofvisualunityandcoherence
Forexample,thearmguardfromtheApahoardweighs906g(885g).Incomparison,theA2
typediscbuttedaxeweighsonly669g;thebiggerofthetwoApatypeswordsweighs1070g
(1062g),thesmalleroneweighs692g(682g)(Soroceanu2012,17).
48 As it is the case of hoards like those from Szeghalom (Moszolics 1967, 149, Taf. 6768) or
Spna(PetrescuDmbovia1977,44,pl.10/16,11/14).
49 Alexandrescu 1966, 125; 1968, 7; Bader 1991, 3751; David 2002; Kemenczei 1988, 2;
Mozsolics1967;Vachta2008,18.
47
146
AlexandraRLEA,MihaiFLOREA
inthematerialformonagivengeographicspace50,andfromthispointofviewthereis
little doubt that the metalwork of the analysed zone fits the definition. Although
usuallyittakesawhileforastyletobecreated,theHajdsmsonApametalworkis
rather an exception in that it makes its entrance in the archaeological record as an
already fixed style. Evenmore, in thepresent stateof research, the majority of finds
concentrateinanareapreviouslyvoidofmetalobjects.
Firstofallitshouldbementionedthatthereisstillacertaindegreeofwaveringin
the archaeological literature over the chronological framework of the Hajdsmson
Apa metal style, parallelised to the central European chronology51 as corresponding
looselyormorefirmlytoReineckeBronzeA2B52,BronzeA2B153,BronzeA254,Bronze
B earlier or Bronze A2bB earlier55, Bronze B156. However, as T. Bader was observing
two decades ago, it is of no importance if these metal objects are synchronised with
BronzeA2orB1,becausethismeansstillEBAforSouthernGermanyandNordicregion
while in the CarpathianDanube region it is already at least the beginning of MBA57.
More important for determining the local trends is the fact that, interestingly but
perhaps not surprisingly, there seems to be no such wavering in cultural terms, the
HajdsmsonApametalworkbeingalmostunanimouslyconsideredascorresponding
in time to the Otomani IISuciu de Sus IWietenberg II phases58. But some question
marksdoappearagainwhenitcomestoattributingspecificfindsbelongingtothisstyle
to a certain cultural milieu. This situation ended in the archaeological literature with
these three major MBA cultures disputing the honour of the styles paternity. The
chorologyandthestratigraphywereusedincombination,fordeterminingthecultural
Vandkilde2000,13.
Therewasalsoearlycriticismregardingtheinsistenceofsuchattemptsofparallelisingthe
localandcentralEuropeanchronologicalsystems(e.g.Vulpe1971).
52 Bader 1978, 132, Anexa nr. 3 (in terms of absolute chronology the first part of the period
16001300BC(ReineckeA2BReineckeC).
53 Bader1991,51;Vachta2008,9.
54 Hnsel 1968 (corresponding to FD III or the transition FD III MD III); Molnr 2005, 38;
2011,272(intermsofabsolutechronology2000/19001700/1600BC).
55 David2002;2005,415;2010,443;Harding2007,7273.
56 Vandkilde 1996, 143, 224227 possibly the first part of this period (based also on the
correspondence between imported Apa type swords and local swords of Valsmagle and
Sgelstyles,firmlydatedtoPeriodIB).
57 Bader 1991, 51 (discussing the Apa type swords from Romania in the context of the
HajdsmsonApametalwork).
58 Bader1978,74,132,Anexanr.3;1991,51;Kacs1995,97;Kacs1999,91106;Kacs2007,51;
Molnr2005,38;Molnr2011,271,Abb.10;Vulpe1970,Vulpe1971,309(probablywithan
extensionatthebeginningofphaseOtomaniIII).
50
51
Hoards,FeastsandTravels
147
connexion: the territorial distribution of finds (in majority depositions) and the
settlement finds, including moulds, very important for establishing the corresponding
culturalphaseforthemetalobjects.Thesimilaritiesbetweenthebronzedecorationand
thedecorationoflocalpotteryorothercategoriesoffinds(forexampledecoratedbone
objects)werealsotakenintoconsideration,buttheresearchishamperedbythefactthat
at the time there was a vast range of motives used on a large territory, from Middle
DanubetotheAegean,invariouscombinations,withlocalchoicesandpreferences.Asa
result, the opinions regarding what specific find corresponds to what specific cultural
milieu cover a large range and have a rather unpleasant predisposition both towards
changes/renewals and comebacks. Main obstacles are the uncertainties regarding the
relation between archaeological cultures, territorial limits/control, and chronological
frameworks(toputitmoresimply,itisverydifficultforthearchaeologiststoanswerto
themainquestions:who,when,whereandhow).Infact,intheanalysedzonethereis
good reason to consider that four archaeological cultures manifest themselves during
thetimewhentheHajdsmsonApametalworkwasinuseOtomani,SuciudeSus,
WietenbergandMure(PeriamPecica/Maros)andtheirborderscanbedescribedin
any other words than stable, fixed or clearcut. Probably the best term (but
admittedlynotthemostelegant)fortheculturallimitsinthisareawouldbesomething
like fuzzy and, although very unpleasant from the archaeological research point of
view, it is a very normal situation. In the present state of research, the main bulk of
depositionsbelongingtotheHajdsmsonApametalworkareconnectedespeciallyto
theareasinhabitedbytheOtomaniandSuciudeSuscommunities59,butwhichsingle
find/hoardbelongstowhomismoredifficulttoascertain.
Thesuddentransitionofthiszonefromalmostnometalatalltosuchlavishnessof
sophisticated bronzes certainly requires some explanation. A similar exception was
documented for Period IB in Southern Scandinavia, where the Valsmagle style
consistsinalargevarietyofbronzeweaponswithparticularforms,instrongcontrast
withprecedentandcontemporarystylecreations.Itisconsideredthatthisstylewas
created as a powerful instrument of legitimacy and display in the hands of the
emergingsocialelite,insomesortofoppositionwithamorecommonexistingsocial
order.Whilethepreviousmetalworkseemsproducedbycommonmetalworkersfor
the local clans and community, the Valsmagle metal types give the impression of
being created by specialised metalworkers attached to the social elite, and the
difference in quality and speed in the style formation is explained as reflecting
differencesbetweentherespectivesocialcontexts60.Itiscertainlytemptingtoapplya
similar explanation to what happens during MBA in the analysed zone, especially
Alexandrescu1956,238;Bader1978,74,132,Anexanr.3;Kacs1995,97;Kacs2007,51.
Vandkilde2000,21.
59
60
148
AlexandraRLEA,MihaiFLOREA
Feasts
Interestingly enough, there are, and in a domain which constitutes in the
archaeologicalresearchthebasisforconstructingarchaeologicalcultures:pottery.
As already mentioned, the HajdsmsonApa hoards were traditionally
considered as corresponding chronologically with the second phase of the Otomani
cultureandthefirstphaseoftheSuciudeSusculture.Newresearchesononehand
sustainsofarthesynchronismofthephasesOtomaniII,WietenbergIIandSuciude
Sus I, despite some question marks still lingering, and on another hand indicate the
possibilitythatatthischronologicalleveltheentireSomeplainbelongednottothe
Otomaniculture,buttoSuciudeSuscommunities61.Infact,takingintoconsideration
the affinities between the Otomani pottery and the Suciu de Sus pottery, visible
especially in the range of motives and the ornamentation techniques, it was
considered as probable the formation of the Suciu de Sus culture as an Otomani
regionalisation in the specified area. The trigger for starting this process could have
been exactly the growing need for metals, which in its turn determined an
intensificationofhabitationinzonesclosertorawmaterialsources62.
Althoughevidentlyanimportantaspecttobesolved,fromthepointofviewofthe
present discussion the cultural paternity of metalwork is secondary, since both
cultures present a series of evolutions and transformations relatively
contemporaneous, which come more than probably as a set with the production,
display and deposition of metal objects, as reflections of deeper social changes.
Importantchangescanbenoticedinthepotterydomain,morepreciselyorclearlyin
thedomainofhighqualitypottery.It wastraditionallyconsideredthatthedynamic
decoration,interchainedspiral,incisiontechnique,andtheSuciudeSustypecupasa
newformarecharacteristicforSuciudeSusI63,whiletheOtomaniculturewasgoing
Kacs1995,97;2007,51.
Kacs 1995, 9798 (regionalization); Kacs 2011, 114 (the repertoire taken over and slightly
modifiedbytheSuciudeSusIcommunities).
63 Bader1972,53;Bader1978,74.
61
62
Hoards,FeastsandTravels
149
througharealevolutioninthepotterydomainbetweenphasesIandII.Whileduring
thefirstphasethepotterydoesnotofferaveryrichrepertoireinformanddecoration,
the situation undergo radical changes beginning with phase II: cups decorated with
geometricincisedmotives;moreandmorecups,platesandmugs;fishplates;sieves
in various forms. Very important was considered also the use of very fine clay, the
chaff used before as lean material being replaced by mica, brought from the Mese
Mountains,inthecaseofsomeOtomanicommunitiesfromadistanceof80100kmor
more.Anotherinterestingaspectwastheequivalence,sometimestakentoidentity,of
the phase II pottery from different settlements of the Otomani culture (such as
SlaceaDealulVida,Socond,Vrand,OtomaniCetuia)64.Newerresearchesseemto
minimize the gap between the first two phases of the Otomani culture towards a
continuous evolution, since it was noticed that the pottery already begins to change
during phase I: portable cooking vessels; mugs and cups with hemispheric body;
classical decorative motives sometimes present, but only prefiguring their ulterior
evolution; new forms like cups and bowls decorated with incipient channelling
becoming dominant65. Portable cooking vessels are also present in Suciu de Sus I
settlements66,aswellasonehandledecoratedcupsandmugs,bowls,plates,sievesin
different forms67. Some of the objects published as sieves, but open at both ends
(whichlogicallywouldmaketheminappropriateassieves),areconsideredtobemore
probablyemberprotectiondevices68.
Most of the mentioned pottery categories share several characteristics: they are
usuallyrichlydecorated,madeofhighqualitymaterialsandrepresentedespeciallyby
open forms. This fact situates them at the closing end of the food production and
consumption technological chain: the end dealing with the consumption of foods
and drinks. Even in the cases of coarser pottery, like many sieves and the portable
cookingvessels,ormoreclosedforms,likejugs,thesecategoriesarecloselyconnected
to the serving of foods and drinks. In other words, their role can be described as
settingthestageonwhichthosefoodsanddrinkswerepresentedinacertainmanner.
Itisdifficulttodetermineifthealimentationbasisitselfchangeddramaticallywith
thecreationofthenewculturalsettingsintheanalysedzone.Moreprobablyitdidnot.
Sofarthearchaeologicalresearchindicatestheexistenceofamoreorlessbalancedtype
of economy during MBA, combining agriculture and animal breeding, for the entire
66
67
68
64
65
Ordentlich1972,7377.
Molnr2005,39;Molnr2011,Abb.10.
Kacs2011,110;Pop2005,61.
Pop2005,6162.
Kacs2011,111112.
150
AlexandraRLEA,MihaiFLOREA
evolutionofthesecultures69andassuchprobablynotverydifferentfromwhathappens
duringEBAinthisarea.Itisofcoursenotonlyverypossiblebutalsoprobablethatthe
rangeoffinishedproductsbecamelargerandmorevaried,andthecoursesthemselves
more sophisticated, a fact suggested by the growing variety of ceramic forms. But the
mainchangeseemstotakeplaceinthepeoplesrelationwithfoodsanddrinks,orthe
perspective on the social meaning/importance/value of eating and drinking. The
otherwise natural act of eating and drinking becomes a social statement. It becomes
important not only to satisfy these basic needs but also the way in which they are
satisfied.Eatinganddrinkingseizeaddressingthemselvesonlytotasteandsmell,and
acquiremoreandmorevisualandtactilecomponents,offeredbytheuseofpotterywith
newandelegantforms,madeofhighqualityclay,carefullyfinishedthroughpolishing
anddecoration.InotherwordsitlooksliketheOtomaniandSuciudeSuscommunities
wereadeptsoftheproverbsayingthatpeopleeatwiththeireyes.Andhumannature
beingwhatitisitdoesnotseemprobablethatallthisrichnessofformanddecoration
wasmeantforprivateuse.On thecontrary,everythingconcurs toindicateafocuson
publicconsumptionandsocialdisplay.
Putting together the two forms of material culture manifestation metalwork and
potterytheresultistrulyinteresting,becauseitgivestheimpressionofdealingwith
two sides of the same coin. Reducing to essence, the accent is placed on one hand on
weapons use, on the other hand on feasts. Both are accepted in the social
anthropologicalliteratureasactivitiescreating,maintainingandenhancingtheprestige
of individuals and/or social groups. The excellence in battle and generosity expressed
mainlythroughcommensality(offeringfeaststosuperiors,equalsandinferiors,tothe
membersofsomebodysowngroup,alliesandcompetitors70)areessentialqualitiesin
societies with martial ideology, helping in the same time to establish hierarchies not
onlybetweenindividualsbutalsobetweensocialgroups.Or,itisclearenoughthatboth
domainsintheirparticularwayservetoaffirmvalueswhichwerebeginningtomake
theirpresencegenerallyfeltinthesocietyofthattime.Evenmore,inouropinionthey
sharesomecommonelements:theapparitionofnew,sophisticatedforms;themassive
exploitation of decoration; the use of new improved technological processes;
imported raw materials (or more precisely brought from a distance, like copper, tin
and mica). The most frequent metal forms make their public think of functions and
significations connected to the martial activity and through this to the creation and
affirmationofprestige.Themostfrequentceramicformsmaketheirpublicthinkofan
activityseenbymanyasevenmorepleasantthanfight,theconsumptionofdrinks.Itis
true that it is difficult to determine what kind of liquids were consumed from those
Bader1978,109111.
FortheimportanceofsocialmechanismsofpotlatchtypeseeforexampleMauss1924.
69
70
Hoards,FeastsandTravels
151
cups, mugs and jugs, but a lot of people would be disappointed to find out that they
were used only for drinking water or milk. Although these liquids have a powerful
symbolicassociatedtothem,andstartingfromthemostbasiclevel,thebiologicalone
(sustaining life71), it is more probable that such feasts would have implicated various
drinksalittlemorealcoholised72.Interestinginthiscontextisthefrequentpresenceof
sieves; although they could have been used for filtrating milk, for example, their
presencecouldserveasanargumentinfavouroftheconsumptionoffermenteddrinks,
likebeer,sinceitisknownthatthesearecharacterisedbyathickandunsettledaspect
making filtration necessary before drinking. Another argument in favour of beer
productioncouldbeaddedbythefrequentpresenceofportablecookingvessels.Similar
itemsfoundinLBAsettlementsfromthisareawereputinconnectionwiththeboiling
of grinded cereals for the production of beer73. Therefore, it becomes tempting to
presumethatsuchactivitieswerealreadydevelopingduringMBAinthisarea,andthat
thesharingofalcoholduringmealswasalreadyimbuedwithsocialsignificanceforthe
communitiesofthatperiod.
Thefrustratingpartofsuchobservationsisthat,althoughitisveryclearthatthe
metalobjectsfromdepositionsandthehighqualitypotterysharecommonelements
which make them converge towards creating and expressing a specific image of the
society,itismuchlessclearhowsuchanimageshouldbeinterpreted.Ofcourse,as
already mentioned, ethnographical analogies indicate the possibility of reflecting
some kind of emerging hierarchy, but is this the only possible explanation? The
problemwiththepotteryisthatisevenmorecomplicatedthaninthecaseofmetalto
determine on its basis the existence of a social differentiation. While it is clear that
there is a change, based on the present state of research this change cannot be
expressed either in terms of quantity or quality. The percentage of high quality
potteryinthetotalofceramicfindsisusuallyundeterminableforanentiresettlement
anditisuncertaininwhatdegreeextrapolationswouldwork.Therepresentationof
high quality pottery inside settlements is equally difficult to be ascertained (e.g.
differences between houses inventories at a level allowing statistical expressivity).
Evenmore,thepotteryisoftendescribedasextremelysimilar,andevenidentical,for
anumberofsites74.Overall,intheabsenceofmoreclearproofsofinternalsettlement
differentiations and differentiations between settlements, on one hand, and the
presenceofahighdegreeofintersettlementsimilarities,onanotherhand,thepottery
seemsmorelikelytoexpressahorizontalstructurethanaverticalone.Thisisnotto
73
74
71
72
Vencl1994,300301;Wood2000,100.
FortheuseofalcoholicdrinksfromNeolithictimesseeSherratt1997.
Marta2005,125.
Seeabovenote64.
152
AlexandraRLEA,MihaiFLOREA
say that differences in the access to high quality pottery did not exist, or that forms
anddecorationswerenotusedinordertoexpressverticalsocialdifferentiations,only
thatitismoredifficulttobeproved.Ontheotherside,thestrongsimilaritiesofthe
pottery excavated from different sites speak about very close relations between
groups inhabiting neighbouring or more distant settlements, close enough to allow
continualexchangesofknowledge,technology,rawmaterialsandfinishedproducts.
This image offered by the pottery matches the one created by the metalworks
characteristicsandbothoffercertaincluesonathirdfactorofthisequation:travels.
Travels
Anessentialtraitofanymaterialcultureisthatitisbasedonthespatialandtemporal
distributionofaseriesofmaterialforms.Asanunderstatementitsoundsveryboring,
butitmustbementionedbecausethissituationleadstotheriskofplacingtoostrong
anaccentontheobjectsthemselvesandtransformingthem,inawayofspeaking,into
subjects. As a result, too often in the archaeological literature objects get the entire
spotlight to the detriment of the people who created them, used them and offered
themmeaning.Agoodexampleisthewayobjectsmoveonagiventerritory,asif
ontheirownwill,andaninnovationorinventionspreads,likeseedscarriedbythe
wind,whenallthetimeitshouldberememberedthatbehindanysuchmovement
liesahumanaction.
Any cultural milieu is the result of contacts between people. In order to acquire
certain uniformity, if not necessarily standardisation, in the material culture, the
communication between individuals and groups as social actors is a prerequisite. In
other words, peoples movement on shorter or longer distances, carrying with them
objects,ideasandknowledge,isanessentialpartofcreatingandmaintainingmaterial
cultureinaspecificform.Asusuallythisisnotapredeterminedresultofsuchactions
everybody will agree that people have better reasons for moving around than the
thrillingthoughtthattheytakepartinsuchagloriousenterpriseascreatingaculture
the said result can become somewhat of a puzzle to the outside observers (like
archaeologists unfortunately are), for the simple fact that it has nothing to do with
logic, but with peoples needs, demands, opinions, choices and limitations (and so
on). There are so many factors to take into consideration when a cultural
background is created and then kept functioning that any interpretation becomes
equallywrongorequallyright.Thissituation,ofcourse,neverstoppedarchaeologists
fromtrying.
Consequently, this subchapter should be about travels, not about distributions.
And,ofcourse,aboutpeoplewhotravel.Andonlyinthebackstageaboutideasand
objects that travel thanks to the people. Unfortunately, it is a little bit difficult to
Hoards,FeastsandTravels
153
proceed this way when the only proof of peoples movements is the archaeological
record the distribution of finds. As such, the discussion begins with the objects in
ordertogettothepeople.
Itwasalreadymentionedthat,basedonpotterycharacteristicsofwhichsomewere
shortlydiscussedintheprevioussubchapter,twoarchaeologicalculturesweredefined
for the discussed zone, Otomani and Suciu de Sus. During the second phase of the
Otomani culture and first phase of the Suciu de Sus culture (considered
contemporaneous),thestylecreationinpotteryisdoubledbyastylecreationinbronze.
Characteristic or close enough looking objects, both in clay and metal, can be found,
with various intensities, across the space occupied by these two cultural milieus, but
alsobeyondwhatcanbesafelyconsideredtheirborders,inotherculturalsettings.
The pottery found outside its own cultural limits is usually identified as high
qualitypotterywithopenforms.Suchasituationcannotbeexploitedatitsfullvalue,
aslongasononehandcookingpotterymanytimescannotbeculturallydifferentiated
anyway,andonanotherhandcontainersusedfortransportingfoodsordrinkswere
mostprobablymadeofmaterialswhichdidnotsurvive.Still,asitisalittledifficultto
imaginepeoplecarryingfromsettlementtosettlementcupsandmugsfullofbeer,itis
quite clear that either in certain circumstances high quality pottery with open forms
becameinterestinginitselfforcommunitieswithdifferentmaterialculture(somesort
of exotica), or it represented a sign of special relations between individuals or
groups with different cultural backgrounds (hosting or gift exchange). Other
explanations can be taken into consideration from case to case, including not so
pleasant ones, like for example the existence of booty as a result of armed
confrontations.Asalreadymentioned,insidetheculturallimitsofOtomaniandSuciu
de Sus, respectively, the pottery tends to be very expressive and the similarities in
form and decoration are often very strong. This indicates in our opinion equally
strong relations between communities which allowed new forms and decorations to
beadoptedveryfastonrelativelylargeareas.
Themetalworkshowsasomewhatsimilarpattern,inthatwhatcanbeconsidered
asmosttypicalrepresentativesofmetalcategoriesareusuallyfoundinsidethelimits
ofthesetwocultures.Likewise,metalobjectsarecirculatedalsobeyondtheselimits75,
althoughtheresultingpatternsofdistributiontendtoberatherdifferentfromthoseof
pottery,especiallyinthattheysometimesendtheirsociallifeinmuchfartherareas,as
isthecasewithHajdsmsonApaswordsfoundinSouthernScandinavia76,ordisc
buttedaxesonriverOder77.Thisindicatesawiderareaofcirculationformetalwork,
SeealsothefirstsubchapterandMap3.
Vandkilde1996.
77 Nestor1938.
75
76
154
AlexandraRLEA,MihaiFLOREA
situation that can have various explanations, in terms of practicality (metal resists
better than baked clay to transportation), basic value (expressed in the quantity of
bronze represented by a certain object which could be recycled), or social value
attachedtoit(inclusivelyintermsoffunctionsandmeanings).
As a result, it can be postulated that travels represented a constant in the life of
these MBA communities. It can also be presumed that shortrange contacts were
rather the norm, especially inside the cultural limits78, their frequency and intensity
probablydecreasingwithdistance,althoughexceptionsnodoubtexisted(aslongas
territorial proximity and social proximity do not always run along, and no doubt
manyofthesecontactsweretriggeredbysocialreasons).Longrangecontactscannot
be excluded, especially when we look at the distribution maps of metalwork, but it
cannotbetakenforgrantedeither,aslongasobjectscanalsobemovedonsuchgreat
distancesinadownthelinesystem,passingthroughalotofhandsontheirway.
Withthiswearrivetothepeoplethemselves,thereasonswhichmadethemmove
aroundandthelastsubchapterofthepresentdiscussion.
Incentivesforhoarding,feastingandtravelling
These three activities mayhave alot more in common than it shows at a superficial
look,asallrepresentimportantinvestmentsmadebypeopleintermsoftime,effort,
and expense. All of them implicate certain risks, ranging from economic to social or
supernatural ones, not to forget the fact that they can turn out to be lifethreatening
experiences at any false step, and sometimes even in the absence of any false step.
More, the available archaeological data represent indications that for the MBA
communitieslivingintheanalysedzone,allthreeareinterconnected,beingperceived
asintertwiningshredsinthelargersocialfabricofthattime.
A metaphorical skeleton of metal79 and cups that cheered80. Human activities
suchasbrandishingaswordoranaxeinordertosmashsomeheadsandthrowinga
successful party (again in order to smash some heads but in a different sense of the
word) somehow do not seem to match perfectly in the same picture. From this
perspective, putting together a metaphorical skeleton of metal, build in this case by
thesocietyonbronzeobjectswithclearreferencestomartialactivities,andatablefull
Of course, it remains to be discussed what shortrange would have meant for the
communitiesofthosetimes.Forexample,forPalaeolithicsocietiesitwascalculatedthatthe
social proximity expressed probably frequently in marriage terms could stretch on
distancesupto300km(Gamble1982).
79 Hoskins1989,166.
80 Sherratt1997partofthearticlestitle.
78
Hoards,FeastsandTravels
155
ofcheerfulpeoplewashingtheirthroatswithcheeringcupsofalcoholsoundsalittle
farfetched. Still, in a twisted kind of way it could turn to be the most logical
associationintheworld,iftheassumptionmadeinthearticlestitleprovestoberight
and the way the societys image builds itself is a response to (between other things)
specificenvironmentalconditions,ononehand,andlandscapeandterritorialcontrol,
onanotherhand.Thesetwofactorswillbeshortlydiscussedinturn.
Guess whos coming to dinner81. Is there any connection between environmental
conditionsandcommunitymeals?Ofcourse,andonseveraldifferentlevels;still,here
theinterestisnotsomuchontherelationbetweenfoodproductionandenvironment
asonthesocialeffectsofaspecificenvironmentonfoodconsume.Whatjumpstothe
eye when the environment of the analysed zone is taken into consideration is that
traditionally was a little bit too wet82; in other words large areas were covered with
swamps, and the areas exempted from this fate were predictably flooded during
springandautumn,andlesspredictablyduringotherpartsoftheyear.
Livinginaswampcertainlyofferssomeadvantages.Betweenotherthingsitwas
discussed the possibility that the lands became more fertile consequent to their
flooding83. The defensive aspect cannot be excluded, swamps offering natural
protection, and a lot of Otomani communities used the situation to their advantage.
Clearly there are also some disadvantages, like prolonged draughts or, on the
contrary, massivefloodsleading to the destructionof harvest and animal stock, and
specific diseases, like malaria and sicklecell anemia, affecting the people. The main
problemcouldhavebecomeintimetheinstabilityoftheareafromthehydrographical
pointofviewandthemodificationsnoticedintime,likeforexamplevariationsofthe
rivercourses84.
Fromanotherpointofviewthereisalsothesmallproblemofaccessthroughthis
marshyland,forsomeareasbeingmostprobablynecessarywoodenpaths,connecting
asettlementtoitsagriculturallandandpasturesandtoneighbouringsettlements.Itis
truethatsuchadisadvantagecouldturnintoanadvantageincertainconditions:for
examplethefactthatthemainaccesseastwestinthenorthernpartoftheareawason
theSomevalleyofferedastrategicadvantagetothelocalcommunities.Evenmore,
An older but wellknown movie showing between other things the risks of inviting
somebodytodinner.
82 Inordertoofferapictureofhowwetexactly,itshouldbementionedthat,startingwithyear
1968, 50,000 ha of swamps were desiccated, as they were considered unproductive land,
exactlyintheanalysedarea,betweenriversSomeandBarcu(Benedek1969,32).
83 Bader1978.
84 Benedek1969.
81
156
AlexandraRLEA,MihaiFLOREA
85
Hoards,FeastsandTravels
157
neighbourshappenalsotoberelatives,thecombinationisevenworse,sincethesocial
netnormallyforcesmembersofthesamesocialgrouptosticktogether.Asaresultit
cannotcomeasasurprisethatneighboursand/orrelativesmaybeatonetimeneeded
andatothertimefeared,orevenneededandfearedinthesametime.
And, as there seems that the MBA communities in the analysed zone frequently
visited each other and engaged in pleasant activities like eating and drinking, this
meansthattheadvantagessurpassedthedisadvantages.
Mostofthefoodanddrinksatthedisposaloftheprehistoriccommunitieshavea
perishable character: this reality increases the desirability of consuming fast some
categories of food and drinks, during their season or immediately after preparation
(beer?), in order to cut the losses. The communities are forced this way to implicate
themselves in exchange, on one hand in order to fructify their surplus, on the other
handtoobtainproductsandpreservationmeanslikesaltinordertosecurealonger
life for their own food. Feasting in these conditions would have represented a very
handyandinthesametimeusefulinsocialtermswayofmaximisingthegainsand
reducingtheloss,becauseasasocialeventimplicatedreciprocity,andassuchcreated
an ascendant spiral of invitations between neighbouring communities in different
momentsoftheyear,easingtheeconomicstress.
Keeping close contacts with the neighbours wasalso absolutelynecessaryfor the
constructionandmaintenanceofpaths(includingwoodenpathsandbridges).Some
of them would have been constructed for the use of a single community (access to
water,fields,agriculturallots,otherresources),butotherswouldhaveofferedaccess
to neighbouring communities or to larger routes, so in such cases two or more
communitieshadtocollaborateforthispurpose.Ifwelookatthedisparitybetween
thesizeofsomesettlementsandthevolumeofworkimplicatedinthebuildingand
maintenance of defensive systems, help was no doubt necessary also here from
neighbours/relatives.
Speakingofthesizeofthesettlements,itisclearthatthehabitablespaceismuch
reducedinsomecases,sometimesexactlybecauseofthespaceoccupiedbydefensive
works86, situation which raises some questions about the number of people living
there. The communities seem often to be so small, if it is to estimate the number of
members based on the habitable space (that is, if they did not live like sardines ina
can),thatthelogicdictatestheyhadnootheroptionthanexogamy,thatistobepart
of marriage networks, if they wanted to survive both genetically and socially. This
wouldhaveledinconsequencetocontinuousrelationsatleastbetweenneighbouring
communities:visitstothenuclearfamilyoforientation(thegroupthatprovidedthe
Forexample,thehabitablespaceofthesettlementfromOtomaniCetuiawasonly25m
long(Ordentlich1965,420;Bader1978,36).
86
158
AlexandraRLEA,MihaiFLOREA
spouse that left home at marriage) with different occasions (seasonal ceremonies,
births, comings of age, marriages, funerals); working the lots received as marriage
settlementorasinheritance(inpresentdays,inthecountryside,familiesoftenreserve
apartoftheagriculturalseasonforworkingthefieldsreceivedasdowrybywomen
marriedoutsidetheirownvillagethiscanimplicateajourneyofseveralkilometres
everydayforanumberofdays).Onanotherhand,ethnographicstudiesshowthatin
thecaseofmarriagenetworksthelinebetweenfriendlyrelationsandconflictsisvery
thin87. In such cases it would have been undoubtedly a very good idea to visit your
neighbours with a weapon at hand, since the more frequent the meetings between
membersofneighbouringcommunities,thestrongertheriskofquarrelling.
Beware of thy neighbour? Part 2. What about more distant neighbours, both in
termsofspaceandofsocialproximity?
One interesting aspect evidenced by the distribution maps regards the relative
rupture between the two zones, central and SE Transylvania and the NW part of the
analysedterritory,markedbytheMurevalley,firstofallindepositionalterms(Map2).
This separation seems even more underlined by the relative lack of decorated metal
items in central and SE Transylvania88 in comparison with the NW part (Map 3). It is
very possible that the relations between these neighbouring cultures were as a rule
pacific,butinthesametimeitlookslikethereisareciprocalrejectionatleastatsome
levels: they do not seem to be as eager as it could be expected to borrow metalwork
fromeachother.Thesituationrequiresanexplanation,andthreevariantscometomind.
Itisofcoursepossiblethatalthoughdecorateditemswerecirculatedandusedin
centralandSETransylvaniatheywereexemptedforvariousreasonsfromdeposition;
ifthisistheexplanationthereispracticallynowayofprovingit.
Another possibility is thatdecorated metal items were circulatedbut notused in
centralandSETransylvaniatheywouldhavebeenpresentonlywhiletransportedto
other areas (and the few finds known so far either escaped the rules or otherwise
indicate an action taken by outsiders). This second variant implies that
exchange/barter took place between Otomani/Suciu de Sus communities and
Wietenbergcommunities,butthefinaldestinationoftheobjectswaseitherfromthe
startintendedforoutsidecommunities,andtheWietenbergcommunitiesactedonly
asmiddlemen,orwerereceivedintheWietenbergculturalmilieubutsentfurtheror
See for example a study on traditional Transylvanian marriage networks, which clearly
showsthatmostfrequentlyquarrelsandbrokenbonesoccurredduringspousehuntingin
neighbouring villages (ieteanu 1983). In Njals Saga a visit to a neighbour ends in a
generalizedwar.
88 If it is not an artificialcreation of the present state of research, in which case any moment
newfindscanchangedramaticallytheoverallimage.
87
Hoards,FeastsandTravels
159
recycledbecauselackofinterestinthem.Inthiscaseanexplanationwouldbethatthe
differenceinstyleoftherespectivemetalworkwassoclearlydelimitedthatitsusein
parallel with the local metalwork was not an option. Since at this moment there are
known from Transylvania a few undecorated discbutted axes of A type as well as
undecoratedvariantsofBtypeaxes(Map3),therejectionseemstobedirectednotso
muchagainsttheshapeoftheseaxesasitisagainsttheirdecoration.Ifthisistrueit
couldbepostulatedthatthedecorationoftheOtomani/SuciudeSusmetalworkwas
so embedded in their society that it was perceived as a strong social statement not
onlyintheinteriorbutalsobytheneighbouringcommunitiesbelongingtodifferent
culturalmilieus.IfthedecorationwasanindubitablesignofbelongingtoanOtomani
or Suciu de Sus social group, this explains why Wietenberg individuals or groups
would not have been in a hurry to adopt and display them. In the same line of
reasoning, the Otomani or Suciu de Sus communities would have been equally
unwilling to offer to foreigners metal objects which served as local social insignia
and had specific meanings. If the decoration beats the shape in terms of social
expressivity this would explain why the undecorated items show a stronger
inclinationtobepresentinTransylvania.
A third possibility is that this kind of items was as a rule neither circulated, nor
usedinthisarea.Thethirdscenarioonlytakesthingsastepfurtherthanthesecond
variant with the supposition that a kind of mild prehistoricstyle embargo was
imposed either to specific categories of goods or to whatever came from the
Otomani/Suciu de Susarea as a whole. This embargo could have had natural(the
difficultiesintransportationlongdistance,naturalobstacles,lackofdirectroutes)or
social (competition) reasons. As long as the Mure valley acted as the main route
duringMBAandseemstohavehadbeenunderthecontroloftheMurecommunities
on the Lower Mure (Periam, Pecica)89 and of the Wietenberg communities on the
UpperMure,itlooksthatthisdidnotleavealotofpossibilityofmanoeuvreforthe
Otomani/Suciu de Sus communities living further west and northwest. Either they
received what they needed (and there are great chances that they needed a lot of
thingsfromTransylvania)fromtheWietenbergcommunitiesdirectly(aroutegoing
up north and then towards west on the Some valley, surrounding the Western
Carpathiansatthenorth)orindirectly(throughtheMurecommunities,ontheLower
Mureandthenupnorth,surroundingtheWesternCarpathiansfromthesouthand
west)(Map4).Nevermindthedistanceandthetimeneededforthegoodstotravel
(thetimewouldhavebeenshortenedintheoryandmadeeasierbythetransportation
on water90 at least for a part of the journey), in fact the exchange would have been
OShea2011.
OShea2011,161.
89
90
160
AlexandraRLEA,MihaiFLOREA
Travelling from the Some valley to Moldova on this route (around 300 km) would have
lasted,eitherbyfootorusinganoxencart,approximatelyonemonth(estimationbasedon
calculations made for the Roman times a travel on a similar distance, the military road
betweenSarmizegetusaandPorolissum,took23.4daysthesourceisorbis.stanford.edu/
TheStanfordGeospatialNetworkModeloftheRomanWorld).
92 Munteanu,Dumitroaia2009,323328.
93 Ignat2000,3132,cat.no.8.1,fig.6.
94 Bejinariu2005,94.
95 Popescu,Bjenaru2008,1415.
91
Hoards,FeastsandTravels
161
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Rezumatul tezei de doctorat, UniversitateaAl. I. Cuza Iai, Facultatea
deIstorieFilozofie,Iai.
Sherratt, A. 1997, Cups that Cheered: The Introduction of Alcohol to Prehistoric Europe,
Sherratt, A. (ed.), Economy and Society in Prehistoric Europe. Changing
Perspective,376402.
Soroceanu, T. 2012, Die Kupfer und Bronzedepots der frhen und mittleren Bronzezeit in
Rumnien / Depozitele de obiecte din cupru i bronz din Romnia. Epoca
timpurieimijlocieabronzului,ArchaeologiaRomanica,V,ClujNapoca.
ieteanu, Gh. 1983, Practici culturale de regionalizare a spaiului social. Forme de
complementaritateastatusurilorsocialealetineretuluintimpulsrbtorilorde
iarn,ActaMP7,707718
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rlea,A.2012,Obiceiuldepuneriinspaiulcarpatobalcanicnepocabronzuluiinprima
epocafierului(inpreparation).
Vachta, T. 2008, Studien zu den bronzezeitlichen Hortfunden des oberen Theissgebietes,
Bonn.
Vandkilde,H.1996,Fromstonetobronze.ThemetalworkoftheLateNeolithicandEarliest
BronzeAgeinDenmark(withacontributionbyPeterNorthover),Jutland
ArchaeologicalSocietyPublicationsXXXII,Aarhus.
Vandkilde, H. 2000, Material Culture and Scandinavian Archaeology: A Review of the
ConceptsofForm,FunctionandContext,Olausson,D.,Vandkilde,H.(eds.),
Form, Function and Context. Material culture studies in Scandinavian
archaeology,Lund,Sweden,350.
Vencl,S.1994,Thearchaeologyofthirst,JournalofEuropeanArchaeology2,2,299326.
Vulpe,A.1964,CuprivirelauneletopoaredearamibronzdinMoldova,ArhMold23,
127141.
Vulpe, A., Tudor, E. 1970, Cu privire la topoarele de metal cu gaur de nmnuare
transversal,SCIV21,3,417427.
Vulpe,A.1970,xteundBeileinRumnienI,PBFIX,2,Mnchen.
Vulpe, A. 1971, Cu privire la sistemul cronologic al lui B. Hnsel pentru epoca mijlocie a
bronzului,SCIV22,2,301312.
Vulpe,A.1975,xteundBeileinRumnienII,PBFIX,6,Mnchen.
Vulpe,A.,Lazr,V.2003,ToporuldeluptdebronzdelaBogatadeMure,Marmatia7,1,
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Zamoteanu, M. 1964, Depozitul de topoare de bronz de la Borleti (raionul Buhui, reg.
Bacu),ArhMold23,453460.
M 1 Th di ib i
Map1.ThedistributionofEarlyBronzeAgemetaldepositions.
fE l B
A
ld
ii
Hoards,FeastsandT
Travels
165
Map2.ThedistributionofMiddleBronzeAgemetaldepositions.
166
AlexandraR
RLEA,MihaiFL
LOREA
Map3.MiddleBronzeAgetypesofobjectsfoundindepositions.
Hoards,FeastsandT
Travels
167
Map4.PossibleMiddleBronzeAgeroutes.
168
AlexandraR
RLEA,MihaiFL
LOREA
CelemaitimpuriicelturidinEuropadeSudEst.
Peurmeleuneiinovaiitehniceaepociibronzului
OliverDietrich*
Abstract: Socketed axes are among the most characteristic artefacts of the Late Bronze Age of
southeastern Europe. They seem to appear brusquely in a horizon of hoards conventionally parallelised
with the central European phase Bz D. Some researchers try to explain this brusque appearance as the
resultofalocaldevelopmentstartingfromEarlyBronzeAgesocketedchisels.Othersseektheoriginof
theinnovationintheSeimaTurbinoHorizonofmetalwork,wheresocketedaxesareattestedalreadyin
thefirstquarterofthesecondmillenniumBC.Startingfromthereacomplexpatternofmigrationofthis
innovation through different cultural milieus is suggested, until its arrival in the Carpathian Basin in
connectionwiththewestwardmigrationoftheNouaCulturearound1300BC.Thepresentarticlesets
outtoclarifysomeaspectsoftheinventionandspreadofthisBronzeAgeinnovation.
Rezumat:Topoareledetipceltconstituieunadintrecelemaicaracteristicegrupedeartefactealeepocii
bronzului trziu din Europa de SudEst. Acestea par s fi aprut brusc ntrun orizont de depozite
paralelizat convenional cu faza BrD din Europa central. Unii cercettori ncearc s explice aceasta
apariie ca fiind rezultatul unei dezvoltri locale din dlile cu toc din epoca bronzului timpuriu. Alii
cautorigineaacesteiinovaiinmetalurgiaorizontuluiSeimaTurbino,undetopoareledetipceltsunt
atestatepentruprimadatnprimulsfertalceluidealdoileamileniua.Chr.Plecnddeaici,eisugereaz
un model complex de migraie a inovaiei prin diferite medii culturale, pn la sosirea ei n Bazinul
Carpatic,odatcumigaiasprevestaculturiiNouanjurulanului1300BC.Studiuldefancearcs
clarificeuneleaspectealeinvenieiirspndiriiaacesteiinovaiiaepociibronzului.
Keywords:Europadesudest,celturi,orizontulSeimaTurbino,inovaie.
Cuvintecheie:SoutheasternEurope,socketedaxes,SeimaTurbinoHorizon,Innovation.
Topoareledetipceltconstituieunadintrecelemaicaracteristicegrupedeartefacteale
epocii bronzului trziu din Europa de sudest. Comparate cu formele mai vechi de
topoare,elereprezintoinovaietehnologicimportant,deoareceestenevoiedemai
puin materie prim pentru producerea unui celt, n timp ce fora loviturii e
asemntoarealtortipuridetopoare,fiindgeneratdegreutateacozii.
Pedealtparte,prinintroducereacoziidirectnceltsapututrezolvaunadintre
cele mai mari probleme a celorlalte forme de topoare. Capul toporului nu mai este
*
DinpreistoriaDunriideJos.50deanidelanceputulcercetrilorarheologicelaBabadag,Tulcea,2013,p.169184
170
OliverDIETRICH
Cadrulgeneral:FenomenultransculturalSeimaTurbino
Exponeniiteorieioriginiiesticeacelturiloriaucapunctdeplecarenargumentaie
activitatea metalurgic a aanumitului orizont SeimaTurbino (Fig. 1). Sub acest
numegenericestecuprinsunorizontmetalurgicdinbronzultimpuriu,caracterizat
printopoaredetipcelt,vrfuridelancecuurechiuipumnalecumnerzoomorf,
rspndit ntro arie extins din Eurasia, ntre rul Enisei la est i Marea Baltic la
vest3. Limita estic a acestui complex metalurgic se afl pe cursul mijlociu al
fluviului Volga, n timp ce descoperiri vestice rzlee, ca de exemplu celebrul
depozit de la Borodino cu vrfuri de lance de tip SeimaTurbino4, ajung pn n
regiuneaMriiNegre.
EderemarcatcconceptulunuiorizontunitarSeimaTurbinoafostcriticatnmai
multe rnduri. E. N. Chernykh5 numra doar 422 obiecte de metal i 30 de valve de
turnat din ntreaga arie de distribuie de aproximativ 3.000.000 kmp, cele mai multe
dintre acestea provenind din doar cinci necropole. Multe dintre aceste situri au fost
spateipublicatesumar,mormintelefiindreconstruitenunelecazuridoarpebaza
aglomerrilor de bronzuri6, n timp ce oase umane lipsesc n mod frapant dinmulte
VeziDietrich2010c.
Bokarev2002;Uurelu2010,4652.Aceastproblematicnuvafidiscutataicipelarg,din
motive lesne de neles. Cele mai multe dintre temele prezentate n acest articol vor fi
analizatepelargncadrullucrriimelededoctorat.
3 Chernykh,Kuzminikh1987;Parzinger1997,224,fig.1.
4 Kaiser1997,6791.
5 Chernykh1992,216.
6 Kaiser1997,7778.
1
2
171
CelemaitimpuriicelturidinEuropadeSudEst.
Ceramicalipsetengeneraldinmorminte,mpiedicndcorelaiacugrupuriculturale
definite pe baza stilurilor ceramice. Prin urmare, nu sunt cunoscute aezri Seima
Turbino8,celpuinnafararegiuniicuprinsentrecursulsuperiorimijlociualrului
Irti i cursul superior al rului Ob, unde se pare c exist asocieri regulate cu
ceramicagrupurilorculturaleEluninoiKrotovo9.
Chernykh1992,216.
Chernykh1992,216;Parzinger1997,224.
9 Anthony2007,444446.
7
8
172
OliverDIETRICH
Pedealtparte,mormintelearatoseriedecaracteristiciinteresante.Tumulii,care
sunt de obicei un element frecvent la nmormntrile din step, lipsesc; inventarul
mormintelorarmedinmetal,osipiatr,caiarmurilamelaredinosiornamente
dejadeitevocimagineaunoridentitideeliterzboinice10.Unaltaspectinteresant
esteprezenactorvamormintedemeteriturntoriceconineauvalvedeturnat11.
Chernykh observa c bronzurile tipice SeimaTurbino apar doar rar n morminte
cuoaltatribuiecultural12.nafardecelemaisusmenionate,restuldescoperirilor
econstituitdintrunnumrmaredepieseizolate.Noidescopeririconfirmipotezalui
H. Parzinger13 c unele din acestea pot fi considerate depuneri de piese izolate sau
resturidedepozite.nShaitanskoyeOzeroII,peunpromotoriumicdeasupraunuilac
au fost descoperite cteva depuneri distincte de bronz, silex i obiecte ceramice,
numrul bronzurilor totaliznd mai mult de 130. O parte din ele au fost atribuite
complexului SeimaTurbino, o alta parte unor grupuri locale14. Acest conglomerat
alctuitdindescoperirideobiectedebronzizolate,nmormintesaudepozite,cumva
(mai bine oarecum sau relativ) unitar din punct de vedere al formei15, a fost
interpretatnmodvariatdediferiiautori.
Dup Chernykh, orizontul transcultural SeimaTurbinocuprinde un ansamblu
deobiectedebronzitehnologiidistincte,inovative,rspnditesprevestdediverse
grupurimigratoaredinSiberia16.
Ali autori sunt mai precaui, interpretrile lor fiind rezumate de ctre Parzinger17.
Cercettorul german susinea c, n timp ce cele mai multe culturi arheologice sunt
definitepebazastilurilorceramice,bronzuriledetipSeimaTurbino,caredeobiceinu
sunt asociate cu descoperiri ceramice, pur i simplu nu pot fi interpretate folosind
aceast abordare euristic, fiind tocmai de aceea definite ca orizont distinct. Parzinger
sublinia c obiecte de bronz, definite de obicei ca fiind caracteristice pentru orizontul
12
13
14
15
Chernykh1992,216.
Chernykh1992,218.
Chernykh1992,218.
Parzinger1997,224.
Serikovetalii2009.
Chernykh 1992, 217224 difereniaz 7 grupuri distincte n cadrul ariei de rspndire
SeimaTurbino prin comasarea regional a unor descoperirii argumenteaz n favoarea
uneidistinciigeneralentreungrupvesticiungrupestic,formatedintipuridiferitei
folosindaliajedemetaldeosebite,delimitatedeMuniiUral,ntimpcetipuricomunen
ambeleariiindicapartenenlaunorizontunitar.Vezimaijosdiscuiadetaliatprivind
topoareledetipcelt.
16 Chernykh1992,215216.
17 Parzinger1997,227228.
10
11
CelemaitimpuriicelturidinEuropadeSudEst.
173
Oinovaieestictrasmissprevest?
Datricuradiocarboniconsideraiitipologice
OrizontulSeimaTurbinoafostdatatiniialnsec.XVIXV,princomparaiitipologice
aleobiectelordindepozituldelaBorodinocudescoperirimiceniene20,nsnoidatri
absolutecuradiocarbonparasuineodatmultmaitimpurie,nliniimarintre2000
i1600cal.BC21.Odataredirectesteobinutdinlemnulgsitntruntoporceltgsit
ntrunuldintremorminteledelaYurino;aceastasencadreazcuoprobabilitatede
89,9% ntre 19851747 cal. BC22. Aceste datri timpurii, chiar dac foarte puine i
obinutedinprobedelacareefectuldelemnvechinupoatefiexclus,suntsusinutei
deasociereacuoseriededateradiocarbondinculturileAbashevoiSintashta,piese
demetaliceramicdinultimafiinddescoperitenunelenecropoleSeimaTurbino23.
Aadar, datri absolute ntre 22001600 BC pentru orizontul SeimaTurbino par
probabilenacestmoment.
20
21
22
23
18
19
Bokarev1986;Kaiser1997,8081cubibliografie.
Anthony2007,446447.
Kaiser1997,2324cubibliografie.
Yungner,Karpelan2005;Hanksetalii2007,359,fig.3;Chernykh2008,8687.
Yungner,Karpelan2005,112.
Chernykh2008,8687.
174
OliverDIETRICH
V.S.Bokarevafolositaceastdatarecapunctdeplecarepentruconturareanlinii
mari a fenomenului rspndirii celturilor timpurii de la est la vest (Fig. 1)24. Acesta
considera c, la mijlocul mil. II a.Chr., complexul Seima Turbino ar fi nlocuit cu
ctevaculturinoi.PridinacestegrupuripostSeimaarmigrasprevest,cucelturicu
tot, rspndirea lor fiind marcat de apariia ceramicii de tip Andronovo spre vest
pnnregiuneaNistrului.njuruldatei15001300a.Chr.topoaredetipceltaraprea
n regiunea de la est de Munii Carpai, fiind introduse n interiorul Bazinului
Carpaticnsec.XIIIdectreculturaNoua.Numaidinacestmomentarncepeaicio
producie local de celturi, apoi lent n regiunea danubian, noul tip de topor
ajungndnEuropavesticdoarnsec.Xa.Chr.25.
Fig.2.DistribuiacelturilortimpuriinEuropadesudest/Spatialdistributionofearly
socketedaxesinsoutheasternEurope.
Bokarev2002.
Bokarev2002,118.
26 Uurelu2010.
24
25
CelemaitimpuriicelturidinEuropadeSudEst.
175
orizonturi cronologice pentru valve de turnat, cel mai timpuriu fiind denumit dup
descoperirile de tip Golovurov27. Pentru depozitele de bronzuri, acesta descria cinci
grupuri,definitetotnsenscronologic,celmaitimpuriu,Lobojkovka,fiindconsiderat
paralel cu grupul Golovurov. Categoria de obiecte definite ca tipice pentru acest
orizontincludectevavariantedecelturicudouurechiue28.Celturiledeacesttipau
legturi tipologice puternice cu un alt grup metalurgic, aa numitul grup Derbeden,
situatpecursulmijlociualruluiVolgainregiuneapiemontandelasuddeMunii
Ural;formealeambelorgrupuriaparmpreunncontextenchisesigure29.Ideeade
bazestensfolosireaacestuigrupcaverigcronologiciregionalntreorizontul
SeimaTurbinoidescopeririledecelturidinnordulMriiNegre,acesteaconstituind
un lan complet, a crei ultim verig este cultura Noua, care ar prelua celturile n
drumuleictrevest,introducndulentrunfinalnBazinulCarpatic.
ntruct nici grupul metalurgic Derbeden, nici Lobojkovka nu sunt datate
independent, acest model se bazeaz exclusiv pe legturi i interpretri tipologice.
Maiales,sepresupunecstiluldecorativconecteazceletreigrupuri,degenernd
din ce n ce mai mult n drumul lui spre vest30. n condiiile n care datri absolute
lipsesc, Chernykh31 i alii32 propun, baznduse n mare pe aceleai observaii
tipologice,oprovenienacelturilordetipDeberdendingrupulnordpontic.
Fr a intra n detalii, doresc s insist aici asupra ctorva probleme generale de
raionament tipologic. H. Schwarzberg a analizat recent celturile SeimaTurbino n
detaliu33.ConfirmndopiniiexprimatedejadeChernykh34,acestaaconchiscsepot
distingedougrupurideforme,unalaestiunalavestdeMuniiUrali.
GrupulesticcuprindecelturicuornamentecaracteristiceSeimaTurbino,ntimpce
ngrupuldevestpredomincelturilenedecorate.ChernykhnotaclavestdeMunii
Uralidoaropartedincelturiconineaucositor,ntimpcecealaltpartearfiformat
dinbronzuricuarseniu,ceeaceetipicpentruculturilelocaleAbashevoiSrubnaja35.
Chernykh credea c aceasta ar fi o dovad a micrii populaiilor SeimaTurbino
sprevest36,ntimpceSchwarzbergconchideccelturileeraucomercializatesprevest
dintruncentrumetalurgicdinSiberiaicopiatelocalnEuropadeest,unprocescare
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
27
28
Uurelu2010,2834.
Uurelu2010,3031.
Bokarev2002,117;Uurelu2010,44.
Uurelu2010,4546cubibliografiesuplimentar.
Chernykh1976,192193.
DeexempluUurelu2010,44,nota19cubibliografie.
Schwarzberg2009,8994,fig.67.
Chernykh1992,220222.
Chernykh1992,224226.
Chernykh1992,226.
176
OliverDIETRICH
Careesteinovaia?
nmodevidentnupoatefivorbadeinovaiaturnriiobiectelorcutocdenmanuare
turnate n tipare cu dou valve. Aceast tehnic este atestat n Europa central i de
sudestncdinepocabronzuluitimpuriu,aacumindicbogateledescoperiridedli41
itiparepentruproducerealor,lafelcaidescopeririletimpuriidevrfuridesuliecu
toc de nmnuare42. Exemplare de dli foarte timpurii cu toc de nmnuare sunt
cunoscute din aezarea de la Pecica43, ultimul nivel de locuire a acestei aezri fiind
ncadratcronologicprintroseriemarededateradiocarbonntre2000i1600calBC44.
Oaltdaltcutocdenmnuareprovinedinnivelul16dinaezareadelaTszeg45.
Acest nivel este atribuit culturii clasice Nagyrv, ncadrat n linii mari n Bz A2 n
termeni centralieuropeni46. Prin aceasta, se poate spune c tehnica de turnare a
obiectelor cu toc de nmnuare era folosit n Europa de sudest aproximativ n
acelaitimpcanstepeleeurasiatice.
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
37
38
Schwarzberg2009,9394.
Schwarzberg2009,fig.45,fig.6.
Uurelu2010,pl.1/14;2/15;6/1832.
Chernykh1976,192193.
Hnsel1968,7172;Hnsel1993;Schalk2005.
Becker1964,149151;Hnsel1968,74;Primas1977,166168,fig.2;Hansen1991,2731.
Gogltan1999,155157,Fig.10/1,24/13,38/23.
OSheaetalii20042005,fig.9.
Csnyi,Trnoki1992:200,fig.353.
dateradiocarbon:Gogltan1999,pl.7.
CelemaitimpuriicelturidinEuropadeSudEst.
177
Unaltpunctcemeritafisubliniatmaideparte:numoduldeturnarealcelturilor
sau al dlilor reprezint inovaia care cltorete. Topoarele de tip SeimaTurbino
prezint unprocedeu deturnare carenu este ntlnit n sudestul Europei. Cele mai
multe dintrevariantele tehnice definite pentru aceast zon de B. Wanzek47 prezint
canale tiate direct n valvele de piatr. Aceast caracteristic este ntlnit i la
postulatele prototipuri ale topoarelor sudest europene din regiunea nordpontic48,
darnuestentlnitlaniciunadintrenumeroaselevalvedetiparcunoscutencazul
topoarelor SeimaTurbino49. La acestea, unul pn la patru canale50 erau probabil
tiatentroplniedinargil,puspevalvadepiatrnainteaturnrii.
Separeaadarctehnicadeturnareleagregiuneabazinuluicarpaticdeceledela
est, pn la Nistru i Marea Neagr, dar le separ clar de aria de rspndire Seima
Turbino.Prinurmare,ansamblultehnologiccarearfivenitposibildinestartrebuis
fierestrnsexclusivlaideeaaplicriiunortehnicidejabinecunoscutedeturnarelao
grupdeuneltenoi.
Predecesorisudesteuropeniaicelturilordinperioadatrzieaepociibronzului
Mergndmaideparte,perioadadetimpncareaceastideearfipututcltoritrebuie
s fie scurtat considerabil. Exist dovezi numeroase ale unor celturi din Europa de
sudestdatnddinepocabronzuluimijlociu,poateitimpuriu.Celemaimultedintre
acestea sunt descoperite n aezri, lista exemplarelor cunoscute51 mrinduse i
cuprinzndnmomentuldefa19obiecte:
1. Celldmlk, Vas megye, Ungaria. Fragment dintro form de turnat din aezare
(epoca bronzului mijlociu)52. 2. Drevenik, okres Spisk Nov Ves, Slovacia. Celt
dintrun depozit, orizontul Forr (Bz B/C, MDIII/SDI)53. 3. Kolodnoe, Zakarpatska
Oblast,Ucraina.CeltdindepozitulI54(BzB/C55).4.Odany,okresRimavskSobota,
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
47
48
Wanzek1989.
VezideexemplulaBokarev,Leskov1980.
Chernykh,Kuzminykh1989,144157,fig.14/6;17/4;18/2;7577;78/56;79/3.
Chernykh,Kuzminykh1989,fig.78.
Dietrich2010a.
Wanzek1989,204,nr.69d,pl.49/8b.
Novotn1970,7273,nr.467,39,nr.226.
Kobal2000,83,nr.62,pl.4A/20.
Kobal(2000,83,nr.62)dateazdescoperireanorizontulPodgorjanyII(BzB).Aceastdatare
timpurie nu este sigur; dou topoare nedecorate de tip B1 dup Vulpe (1970) ar putea fi
datateimaitrziu(BzBCafterVulpe1970,7273,76).Boroffka(2003,325)aaratatcdou
pandantive(Lanzettanhnger)potfichiarmaitrzii.Eposibilcadepozitulsreprezinteun
ansambluadunatntroperioadmaimaredetimp,cucelemaimultepiesedatndnBzC.
178
OliverDIETRICH
Novotn1970,9293,nr.711,pl.40/711.
Teran1983,6365.
58 Celelalteobiectedindepozit,ospaddetipAsenkofenisecerilecubutonsarncadran
BzC. Singurul argument pentru o datare mai trzie ar putea fi celtul n sine, dac
considermcacestgrupdedescoperirinuaparenaintedeBzD(Hansen1994,185).
59 Hnsel1968,73,pl.25/12,45,1112.
60 Mozsolics1973,121.
61 Boroffka (1994, 288290, 258, tabl. 14) dateaz cultura Wietenberg ntre Bz A2 i Bz D
timpuriu.
62 InformaialuiPopescusebazeazapeocomunicarepersonalaluiI.Nestor.
63 PetrescuDmbovia1978,102,nr.32,pl.33D.
64 Hnsel1968,73,pl.29/12.
65 Hnsel,Medovi2004,97,fig.8/5,14/34.
66 Bartk1995,43,46,fig.4.
67 Wanzek1989,136,pl.53/6.
68 Boroffka1994,7677,nr.398,235,pl.130/34.
69 Soroceanu,Retegan1981,207211,fig.2633.
70 Benk1992,96,nr.11/5,pl.6/4.
56
57
CelemaitimpuriicelturidinEuropadeSudEst.
179
aculturiiWietenberg71.18.Rme,jud.Alba,Romnia,LaCruce.Celtdintroaezarea
culturii Wietenberg72. 19. Ssciori, jud. Alba, Romnia, Cetate. Celt dintro aezare a
culturiiWietenberg73.
73
74
71
72
75
76
79
80
77
78
Bajusz(ed.)2005,413,fig.25/146.
Boroffka1994,69,nr.353,235,pl.114/23.
Boroffka1994,72,nr.372,235,pl.116/2.
Hnsel(1968,73)ncadreazdepozituldelaKolodnoeiprinaceastaiapariiacelturilorn
MD I, care e definit de el ca fiind o faz tranziional ntre Bz A2 i B (orizontul Bhl
Ackenbach).
Hnsel,Medovi2004,97.
Date 14C din aezarea de la Rotbav, Transilvania de sudest, indic sec. XXXV a.Chr.
L.Dietrich2010,269,285.
Boroffka1994,288290.
Dietrich2010a,359,fig.4.
Dietrich2010c.
Concentrarea celor mai multe descoperiri n Romnia e explicat prin studierea cu
precdereaacesteiregiunincadrultezeimelededoctorat.
180
OliverDIETRICH
Undeaudisprutcelturile?
Exist dou chestiuni care trebuie luate n considerare pentru a rspunde la aceast
ntrebare.
nprimulrnd,destinulnaturalaobiectelordebronzestetopireaireturnarea81.
Posibilitateadeaturnaobiectenoidincelevechiesteunuldintremarileavantajeale
metaluluifadepiatr82,itrebuieavutnvederecaceastposibilitateerafolosit
intens. Doar obiectele care erau retrase din ciclul turnrii i returnrii din anumite
motiveausupravieuitisuntvizibilearheologic83.
n Bazinul Carpatic, motivele retragerii obiectelor pot fi legate de obiceiul
depunerilor.Mormintelesuntsracenobiectedemetalsaulipsesc.Deexemplu,85%
dintre descoperirile de celturi din Romnia provin din depozite84, acestea din urm
determinnd astfel gradul de vizibilitate arheologic a acestor piese. Doar cteva
piese,ngeneralvalvedeturnat85,aufostdescoperitenaezri.Fenomenuldepunerii
de obiecte de bronz a fost recunoscut i definit ca fiind un fenomen structurat,
determinatreligios,curegulidedepunerediferitecronologiciregional,raportatela
clasele de obiecte incluse86. Fenomenul depunerilor din Bazinul Carpatic a fost
identificat cafiind deosebit de selectiv87. Depozitele din epoca bronzului timpuriu i
mijlociu sunt compuse respectnd reguli canonice aproape numai din arme
reprezentative ca topoare i spade, i obiecte de podoab88. Includerea n depozite a
uneltelorreprezintoexcepie.
Situaia se schimb brusc ncepnd cu epoca trzie a bronzului. Din acest
moment, o mare varietate de unelte, ca de exemplu seceri i celturi sunt incluse n
procesuldedepunere,dezvoltareantimpscurtauneiasemeneavarietideobiecte
putndfigreudeimaginat.Putempresupunecomarepartedinspectrulvarietii
obiectelordemetaldinepocabronzuluitimpuriuimijlociudinEuropadesudest
este ascuns de ctre regulile depunerii. Clase ntregi de obiecte, ca de exemplu
celturile, devin vizibile pentru arheologi doar prin intermediul rarelor descoperiri
83
84
85
Fontijn2002,248249,fig.13/1;Hansen2011,276278.
Hansen2011,276277.
Fontijn2002;Hansen2011,277278,fig.2.
Dietrich2010b,30,fig.3.
Deexemplu,multedinvalveledeturnatpentrucelturiprovindinaezri,ceeacedetermin
odistribuiespaialcompletdiferitfadeceaaproduselorfinite(Dietrich2011).
86 De exemplu Geilinger 1984; Hnsel, Hnsel 1997; Hansen 1991; Hansen 1994; Soroceanu
1995;Fontijn2002:nspecial211220;Hansen2005cubibliografie.
87 Hansen1994.
88 DeexempluMozsolics1967;David2002;Vachta2008;Soroceanu2012.
81
82
CelemaitimpuriicelturidinEuropadeSudEst.
181
Concluzii
Topoarelecelt de tip SeimaTurbino rmn cele mai vechi obiecte de acest tip din
Eurasia,dinmomentcecelemaitimpuriidescoperirisiguredinBazinulCarpaticsunt
datatenBzB,cuomareprobabilitateanceputuluincdinBzA.Modelulrspndirii
acesteiinovaiitrebuiensmodificatsubstanial.Nuexistniciodovadaunuiproces
lent de difuziune a ctorva forme de celturi de la est la vest, prin mai multe medii
culturale. Descoperirile bine datate din Europa de sudest, din aezri, scurteaz
considerabilperioadadetimpdintrepresupuseleformepredecesoaredinesticelemai
timpuriipiesedinvest.nplus,nregiuniledestep,celturiletimpuriiaparineauunei
eliterzboinice,acror prezenemanifestatprininventarulunormorminte bogate.
AcestansamblunuafosttransportatnEuropadesudest,undetopoarelecugaurade
nmnuaretransversalispadelermnarmeleprincipalenainteaperioadeitrziia
epocii bronzului. n aceast regiune, celturile constituiau cu precdere unelte. Aadar,
avem dea face cu o diferen remarcabil de percepie a unei ntregi clase de obiecte.
Inovaiavenitdinspreestartrebuiredusexclusivlaideeadeaturnacelturi,caretrebuie
ssefimutatcurapiditateprinEurasianprimulsfertalmil.IIa.Chr.Dacsarluan
considerarecinovaiaturnriiobiectelorcutocngeneralderivdincerculmetalurgic
SeimaTurbino (ceea ce este puin probabil, avnd n vedere diferenele tehnologice
dintreregiuni),artrebuisalumnconsiderareorspndireimairapidaacesteiidei
prinEurasianjurulanului2000a.Chr.
Hnsel1968,73.
Hnsel,Medovi1995.
89
90
182
OliverDIETRICH
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BogdanPetruNiculic*
Abstract:ThebronzehoardsfromRomaniahavealwaysattractedtheresearchersattentionbecause
of the problems issued by their cultural and social complexity. Besides syntheses at national level,
the studies concerning smaller geographical and historical regions prove their importance due to
theirfocusondetails.Thepresentstudyrepresentsathoroughdiscussiononthebronzehoardsfrom
Bucovina. Although the apparently low number of finds does not allow generalizations a series of
characteristics could be noticed. The hoards consist of a small number of objects, their provenance
areaisusuallyeitherTransylvaniaortheUpperTiszaregionandonlyinonecaseEasternitems
are present. The study includes also a discussion regarding the natural resources from the
Carpathians in Bucovina region: copper, silver, gold, iron, which could have represented, together
with human resources and land, the reason for population movements, like is the case with Gva
Holihradyculture.ThisculturehasastrongpresencealsointhenortheasternCarpathianregions,
mostofthebronzefindsbelongingtothispopulation.
Rezumat:DepoziteledebronzuridinRomniaaucaptatpermanentateniacercettorilor,datorit
complexelor probleme de ordin culturalistoric i social pe care le implic studiul lor. Alturi de
sintezele de nivel naional, studiile consacrate unor regiuni geograficoistorice de mai mic
anvergur au importana lor, datorit gradului ridicat de detaliere. n studiul de fa sunt
prezentate i discutate sintetic depozitele de bronzuri din Bucovina, cuprinse, pentru prima dat,
ntrun repertoriu. Dei numrul aparent redus de descoperiri nu permite generalizri, totui, au
pututfisurprinseoseriedecaracteristici.Depozitelecuprindunnumrredusdepiese,proveniena
acestora este n general transilvnean i din regiunile Tisei superioare, doar ntrun singur caz
fiind vorba despre obiecte rsritene. Au fost puse n discuie i resursele naturale din Carpaii
Bucovinei:cupru,argint,aur,fier,careaupututconstitui,alturideresurseleumaneiteritoriile
de exercitare a puterii, motivul unor deplasri de populaii, ca n cazul culturii GvaHolihrady.
Aceasta sa manifestat puternic i n regiunile nordest carpatice, majoritatea descoperirilor de
bronzuridiscutateaicifiindspecificeacesteipopulaii.
Keywords:Bukovina,bronzehoards,naturalresources.
Cuvintecheie:Bucovina,depozitedebronzuri,resursenaturale.
MuzeulBucovinei,Suceava,Str.tefancelMare,nr.33,7200003;email:niculicab@yahoo.com
DinpreistoriaDunriideJos.50deanidelanceputulcercetrilorarheologicelaBabadag,Tulcea,2013,p.185214
186
BogdanPetruNICULIC
Introducere
DescopeririledebronzuridepeteritoriulRomnieiidinzoneleadiacentesuntbine
cunoscute, ele fiind incluse de specialiti n numeroase articole sau monografii de
specialitate,maivechisaumairecente1.Temanoastrgeneraldecercetaresereferla
bronzurile din spaiul carpatonistrean (sintagm de rezonan geografic), a crui
studiere a devenit deja o obinuin pentru cercettorii care, referinduse la
descoperirilemaivechisaulaceledinperioadeleistoricemairecente,iauconsacrat
valoroaselucrridesintez2.Acestspaiu,dintreCarpaiiOrientaliivaleaNistrului,
prezint anumite particulariti regionale, nu doar geografice ci i istorice. Din
perspectiva temei enunate, am ales, n intervenia de fa, prezentarea unor date
preliminarerezultatenurmaefecturiiunuistudiudecazreferitorlaregiuneanord
estcarpatic,care,dinpunctdevedereistoricogeografic,poatefiasimilatcupartea
de nordest a rii noastre i, n linii mari, cu regiunea Cernui (Ucraina). Din
necesitatea de a obine o imagine clar i raportat la un spaiu mai bine delimitat,
neampropussanalizmteritoriulfosteiprovinciiistoriceBucovina(parteadenord
vest a Moldovei, care n perioada 17741918 a fost n componena Imperiului
Habsburgic,maitrziuaImperiuluiAustroUngar),aflatastzipeteritoriuladou
state:UcrainaiRomnia.
Aceast regiune este insuficient cercetat i valorificat din punctul de vedere al
studiuluibronzurilor3;temanoastrdecercetareseaxeazpeanalizadepozitelorde
bronzuridinepocabronzuluiidelanceputulepociifierului,scopulfinalfiindacela
de a realiza o monografie complex, interdisciplinar, consacrat acestui gen de
descoperiri. n acest sens este necesar o jonciune istoriografic, privind metalurgia
bronzului, cu zonele istoricogeografice apropiate: Polonia de sudest, Ucraina de
nordvest,Ungariade nordest, nordul RepubliciiMoldova, mult mai bine studiate4.
Toate consideraiile noastre au ca suport lucrrile de sintez privitoare la regiunile
norddunrene5.
Primele descoperiri de bronzuri din cuprinsul Bucovinei dateaz din a doua
jumtateasec.XIX,aadardinperioadaadministraieiaustrieceaBucovinei.Alturi
Vulpe1970;PetrescuDmbovia1977;Ignat1981,133146;Mozsolics1985;Ignat1993,375
378;Kobal2000;Mozsolics2000;Ignat2000;Dergaev2002.
2 Chirica, Borziac, Chetraru 1996; Arnut 2003; Chirica, Bodi 2010; Chirica, Bodi 2011;
Matveev2009.a.
3 Szombathy1899,4956;Ignat1981;Ignat1993;Ignat2000;Andronic2008,122175.
4 Blajer1984;Dergaev1997;Mozsolics2000;Kobal,2000;Dergaev2002;Dergaev2010.
5 PetrescuDmbovia 1953; Florescu 1964; Vulpe 1970; Smirnova 1974; PetrescuDmbovia
1977;PetrescuDmbovia1978;Florescu1990;Bader1991;Leviki1994;Lszl1994;Hansen
19961998,528;PetrescuDmbovia1998;Soroceanu2008;rlea2008;Bratu2009.a.
1
CtevaobservaiiprivinddescopeririledebronzuridinBucovina
187
dediversedescopeririarheologice,iceledebronzpieseleizolateidepoziteleau
fost consemnate n presa vremii (Revista politic Suceava, Gazeta Bucovinei,
Czernowitzer Zeitung, Czernowitzer Wochenblatt Cernui), precum i n reviste de
specialitate aprute la Cernui (Jahrbuch des Bukowiner LandesMuseums) i Viena
(Mittheilungen der K.K. CentralCommission fr Kunstund Historischen Denkmale)6.
Pentru sec. al XIXlea, am avut avantajul de a cunoate n mod direct, inclusiv prin
prismadocumentriilaArhiveledeStatCernuiilaUniversitateaJurijFedkovi
(Cernui), materialelearheologice isursele documentare greuaccesibile. Subliniem
faptul c n Bucovina au existat dou societi arheologice: Societatea Muzeului Siret
(1870),coordonatdeJosefvonGutteriSocietateaArheologicRomn(1886),condus
de Dionisie Olinescu, care au deinut colecii de bronzuri. Cele dou muzee ale
Bucovinei: Bukowiner LandesMuseums / Muzeul rii Bucovinei (1893) i Stdtische
Museum in Suczawa / Muzeul Orenesc Suceava (1900), au reprezentat desvrirea
unor proiecte culturale dorite att de romni ct, i de austrieci; ele au continuat
activitatea societilor arheologice sus amintite i au pstrat, la rndul lor, diferite
colecii de piese preistorice, inclusiv bronzuri7. Un segment istoriografic consistent,
care a oferit o nou perspectiv asupra numrului i caracteristicilor depozitelor
cunoscutepnnurmcucivaani,lareprezentatliteraturagermandinperioada
austroungar a Bucovinei. Pe baza acestor scrieri, au putut fi identificate,
redescoperiteivalorificatemaimultedepozitermasenecunoscutecercettorilor.
Este cazul bronzurilor de la Solca (1848) i Satu Mare (1886) (Romnia), Priscreni
(1885),ipeni(1886),Fundoaia(1887)iBordei(1903)(Ucraina).
Pentruperioada19181945nudeinemniciunfeldedateasupradescoperirilorde
bronzuri.nschimb,dup1945,cercetrilesuntconsemnatenanuareleunormuzee
dinRomniainrevisteleunorinstituiideprestigiu(UniversitateaAl.I.CuzaIai,
InstitutuldeArheologieIai,InstitutuldeArheologieVasilePrvanBucureti),sau
nvolumedeanvergur,consacrateproblematiciibronzurilor8.Pentruaniidinurm,
menionmpreocupareaarheologuluiMirceaIgnatdeasintetizaaspecteleprivitoare
lametalurgiabronzuluidinspaiulnordestcarpatic(maipreciscuprivirelaPodiul
Sucevei)9,carensafostlipsitdeposibilitateastudiuluibronzurilordinUcraina.De
asemenea,amintim activitatea publicistic a colegilor arheologide la Cernui, de la
Niculic2009,1718,32,36,4243,4546,50,90,92.
Ignat 1969; Ursulescu 2002, 14; Niculic 2009, 17115; Olinescu 2010; Prelicz 1886;
Prelicz2011.
8 Lszl1976;Ignat1981;Ignat,Pu1982;Lszl19831984;Ignat1993;Lszl1994;Batariuc
2003;Niculic2011.
9 Ignat2000.
6
7
188
BogdanPetruNICULIC
UniversitateaJurijFedkovi10,darialuiM.AndronicdelaMuzeulBucovineidin
Suceava,autoraluneisintezecomplexe,privitoarelaIstoriaBucovinei11.
ncutarearesurselor?
Unuldinmotoarelemicrilordepopulaiineolitice,eneoliticeialeepociibronzului
ifierului,inclusivnspaiulnostrudereferin,lconstituieidentificarea,exploatareai
valorificarea resurselor minerale, precum cuprul i sarea, crora li se adaug aurul i
argintul,i,cuoanumitprobabilitate,staniul(cositorul).Dar,lafeldeimportanteau
fost resursele umane i teritoriile de exercitare a puterii. ncercnd s nelegem anumite
prezeneculturale,implicitgrupuriumaneiapariiauneoriinsolitaunortipuride
obiecte de cupru i bronz la nordest de Carpai, este util s trecem n revist acele
resursenaturalecarearfipututatrageidetermina,ntrunmodanume,mobilitile
comunitilorepociibronzuluiiprimeiperioadeaepociifierului.
Zona nordest carpatic a fost locuit permanent, nc din paleolitic, cu o
remarcabilcontinuitate12.Influenecomplexe,culturale,istoriceauexistatpermanent
n acest spaiu, care este legat n mod organic de Carpaii Orientali. Aici se
individualizeaz prezena unor pasuri montane care au mijlocit dea lungul timpului
transferuldepopulaii,schimburileculturale,economice,deidei.Asupraimportanei
acestortrectorinprocesuldeschimbeconomicidemografic,ndirectlegturcu
studierea descoperirilor de bronzuri, nu mai trebuie s insistm. Este suficient s
amintim c n unele dintre aceste trectori, sau n apropiere, au fost descoperite
bronzuri, T. Bader indicnd faptul c aceste pasuri reprezint adevrate puni ntre
spaiileistoricogeograficeadiacente:Jablunkovsky,Dukla,Verecke,Volovec,Torun,
Iablonia,Guti,Prislop,Rodna,Tihua)13.
Primele meniuni despre resursele minerale din regiunea asupra creia ne oprim
ateniaaicisuntnlegturcuizvoarelecuapsrat(slatini),cunoscutencdinEvul
Mediu14; alte referine apar n diverse documente datnd dinaintea i din timpul
administraiei austriece a Bucovinei15. Unele dintre acestea se refer la studiile
tiinifice efectuate de autoriti, care au fcut prospeciuni n mai multe slatini, n
cursul anului 1783, sub coordonarea lui Taddeus Piethner von Lichtenfels (consilier
12
13
14
Pivovarov,Ilkiv2007;Ilkiv2008.
Andronic2008.
Andronic2006,939;Andronic2007,7389;Andronic2009,209219.
Bader2001,1539.
andru1952,415416;Mironetalii1983,73,nr.109;177178,nr.504;Diacon1989,3236,152
inota15;Procopciuc2003,32.
15 Mironetalii1983,312313,nr.946;Bt1995,169171.
10
11
CtevaobservaiiprivinddescopeririledebronzuridinBucovina
189
18
19
16
17
20
21
24
22
23
Mironetalii1983,474,nr.1433.
Splny1998.
Hacquet1790;Hacquet2002.
ex. Hauptbericht 1862; Aurelian 1876, 5867; Kleinwchter 1899, 502514; Die Bukowina
1899,337339;Prelici1921;Rcanu1922.
Maghiar,Olteanu1970;Ceauu1982,377392;Boghianetalii2004;Boghian,Niculic,Budui
2012.
Aurelian1876,6263;andru1952,407423;Ursulescu1977,307317;Ceauu1982,378379;
Borco et alii 1983; Borco et alii 1984; Bgu, Mocanu 1984, 190; Andronic 1989, 171177;
Diacon1989,3236,152;Iacobescu1993,237240;Bt1995,169171;Ursulescu1996,489497;
Splny 1998, 5051; Hacquet 2002, 3233, 4851; Andronic, Ursu 2003, 314; Boghian et alii
2004,148152;Andronic2006,10;Andronic2009a,3343.
Iecuetalii2009,28.
Diacon1989,32.
andru1952,419;Diacon1989,152.
190
BogdanPetruNICULIC
27
28
29
25
26
32
33
30
31
Kruelnicka,1993,56122.
Kuguteak,Tomenciuk2010,9798.
Hacquet1790,http://www.literature.at/item?objid=1385.
Prelici1921,133.
Prelici1921,133;Brana1958,8889;Bgu,Mocanu,1984,131149;Diacon1989,159160;Bt
1995,170;LucuDnil,Rusan2000,30,96;Mare2002,348350;Boghianetalii2004,145
146;Niculic2006,263265.
Geografijaerniveckojoblasti1993,2123;Boghian,Niculic,Budui2011.
Irimescu1981,268.
Klochkoetalii2000,177178,fig.4.
Emetzetalii2006,297314.
CtevaobservaiiprivinddescopeririledebronzuridinBucovina
191
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
34
35
45
46
47
43
44
Kavruk2011,546.
Kavruk2010,28.
Boroffka2006,fig.1.
Kacs2011,108,269271.
Klochkoetalii2000,178179.
Maghiar,Olteanu1970,121.
Aurelian1876,59.
Mutihac,Ionesi1974,352.
Mutihac, Ionesi 1974, 353; Bgu, Mocanu 1984, 147; LucuDnil, Rusan 2000, 9698;
Boghianetalii2004,147.
Mutihac,Ionesi1974,353;LucuDnil,Rusan2000,102.
Hacquet2002,8081.
Brana1958,36;Bgu,Mocanu1984,152154.
Irimescu1981,266267;Diacon1989,150153;Boghianetalii2004,147.
Aurelian1876,60.
192
BogdanPetruNICULIC
gseadinbelugnivirilazi,nalbiapraielor,pedealuri48.Prinurmare,fierulputea
fiuordeidentificatiutilizatdectreprospectoriiepociifieruluiidemaitrziu.
Manganul din Carpaii Orientali este semnalat n cantiti mari la Orata lng
Ciocneti,nzonaIacobeniilngVatraDornei49.Utilizareasadectrecomunitile
preistorice, n anumite activiti cotidiene, precum obinerea pigmenilor necesari
pictriiceramiciicucutenieneafostdejamenionatdespecialiti50;estedepresupus
cilanivelulepocilorbronzuluiifieruluisaufolositasemeneapigmeni/colorani,
pentru marcaje corporale sau cu alte destinaii. n zona noastr sunt cunoscute
sectoareleCrlibaba,Ciocneti,Mestecni,Iacobeni,aruDornei51.
n privina perioadelor istorice ndeprtate, pornind de la eneolitic pn la Evul
Mediuinclusiv,exploatareaargintuluipoatefi,caiceaaaurului,presupusnCarpaii
Bucovinei. Existena unui drum al argintului care pornea de la Benia (n apropiere de
Breaza)(undearfiexistatobaiedeargint)iduceactresud,urmndvaleaMoldovei,
ctre zona Flticenilor52, dar i faptul c austriecii au cutat i identificat (ex. la
Crlibaba)sursedeargint53suntindiciidemnedeafireinute.Eventualeleprocedeede
splareaauruluiiargintului,prinmetodetradiionale,numaipotfiastzisurprinse
prin metodele arheologiei clasice, ci doar presupuse i judecate prin intermediul
modelelor culturale, etnografice. Hidronimul Bistria Aurie, alturi de alte meniuni
documentarecarecertificextragereaauruluialuvionar,suntdovezialeacesteiocupaii,
inclusiv n perioada austriac a Bucovinei54. n Bucovina, n zonele Ciocneti, Vatra
Dornei, Tarnia, Holda, precum i pe cursul superior al Bistriei Aurii, sa practicat
splareanisipurilorpnspremijloculsec.XIX55.
CarolMihalicdeHodocin,profesorlaAcademiaMihileandinIaimeniona,nc
din sec. XIX, practica splrii aurului n zonele Holda i Holdia (com. Broteni, jud.
Suceava)56.P.S.Aureliandescrieminuiosmetodautilizatpnlajumtateasec.XIX
pentru extragerea aurului din nisipurile Bistriei Aurii i a Bistriei; iganii aurari i
confecionausinguri uneltele necesare,careerauieftine ieficiente. Autorul remarca
faptuldeosebitdeinteresantc,pemsurceseurcaspreizvoareleBistriei,aurulse
50
51
52
48
49
55
56
53
54
Diacon1989,153154;Bt1995a,451458.
Brana1958,4449.
Boghianetalii2004,147.
Bgu,Mocanu1984,161171;Boghianetalii2004,147.
Marian 1895, 240241; Prelici 1921, 133; Irimescu 1981, 265266; LucuDnil, Rusan 2000,
22;Ignat2000,18.
Irimescu1981,267268;LucuDnil,Rusan2000,30,96,98;Diacon1989,151.
Aurelian1876,6162;Prelici1921,133134;Iacobescu1993,232233;Hacquet2002,8485,8689.
Aurelian1876,6162;Diacon1989,159;Bt1995,170;Splny1998,4851;Hacquet2002,8687.
Ignat2000,18.
CtevaobservaiiprivinddescopeririledebronzuridinBucovina
193
gsea sub forma unor pepite mai mari, fiind mult mai uor de recuperat57. n
concluzie, credem c aurul aluvionar a putut fi extras, la fel ca argintul i n cursul
preiprotoistorieiidinmuniiBucovinei.
Pl. 1. Depozite de bronzuri din Bucovina. Numerele corespund cu cele din text /
BronzehoardsfromBukovina.Numbersonthemapcorrespondtothenumbersinthetext.
Aurelian1876,6162.
57
194
BogdanPetruNICULIC
Cataloguldescoperirilor
n total au fost repertoriate 19 descoperiri, ntre care am inclus i piese de cupru
aparinnd Bronzului Timpuriu i Bronzului Mijlociu. Acestea pot fi ordonate
cronologic i cultural dup cum urmeaz: Bronz Timpuriu(1), Bronz Mijlociu(3),
Bronz Trziu (cultura Noua)(1) i Ha AHa B (cultura GvaHolihrady, grupul
Grniceti)(14).
A.Bronztimpuriu(orizontuldedescoperiridetip
IzvoareIIITrpetiDolhetiiMariBosanci)
1. Rotunda,jud.Suceava,Romnia.1979.TopordecuprudetipBaniabic.Depunerede
osingurpies?(Ignat1981,133inota4;Ignat2000,2829;Dumitroaia2000,125,
fig.91/1;Niculic,Cojocaru2003,141143;147148).
B.BronzMijlociu(culturaKomariv/Komarw)
2. Cajvana,jud.Suceava,Romnia.Dup1950.Probabilpiesecareauaparinutunui
depozit, gsit. Se vorbete despre un topor de tipul cu disc, decorat (gravat) cu
motive uraniene i acvatice, de tipul A2, alturi de care sar fi gsit o casc
nemeasc(coifsauvasdebronz?).Depozitdebronzuri?(Ignat1981,137139,fig.3;
Ignat2000,3132,nr.8.1,fig.6).
3. Cajvana, jud. Suceava, Romnia. Dup 1950. Topor de tipul B1, varianta Bikcs
Borleti.Gsitla4kmdepieselemenionatemaisus.Depuneredeosingurpies?
(Ignat,Pu1982,493495;Ignat2000,3335,nr.8.2,fig.7).
4. Solca,jud.Suceava,Romnia.2008.TopordecuprudetipDarabani,descoperitn
apropierea vrfului unui deal, pe stnga prului Solcua, n apropierea unei
ntinse aezri Komariv. Reprezint cea mai vestic descoperire a unei asemenea
piese.Depuneredeosingurpies?(Andronic2008,133134).
C.BronzTrziu(culturaNoua)
5. Suceava,jud.Suceava,Romnia,CurteaDomneasc.1974.Esteununicumnspaiul
estcarpatic, reprezentnd un depozit cu obiecte de podoab (37 piese) de os,
chihlimbar i bronz, nvelite ntro estur, aezate ntrun vas atipic culturii
Noua.Total:38obiecteinclusivvasuldelut(Chiescu1976,103107;Ignat2000,47
52,nr.12,fig.1317).
CtevaobservaiiprivinddescopeririledebronzuridinBucovina
195
D.HaAHaB(culturaGvaHolihrady,grupulGrniceti)
6. Burdej (Bordei), Dealul Cosmin, reg. Cernui, Ucraina. 1903. Depozit compus din
opt brri cu seciunea n forma literei C i dou celturi. Datare: Ha B
(Romstorfer1904,4043,fig.912;Niculic2010,327332).
7. Costna,jud.Suceava,Romnia.2010.SpaddetipulVollgriffschwert,gsitnrul
Suceava,la12mdemal,la0,50madncime;probabilpoziiesecundar.Datare:
HaAHaB(Niculic2012a).
8. Fundoaia,reg.Cernui,Ucraina.1887.Maimultefragmente,uneleprovenindde
la o brar spiralat de bronz. Datare: Ha A Ha B? (Revista politic, II, 1
noiembrie1887,nr.12,p.8).
9. Kicman (Kimani), reg. Cernui, Ucraina. 2007. Depozit compus din 14 obiecte:
patrucelturi,unfragmentdesecer,uncuit,obariaptebrri.Datare:HaA
(Pivovarov,Ilkiv2007,715).
10.Korovija(Corovia),reg.Cernui,Ucraina.2007.Depozitcompusdin35depiese:
topor cu disc i spin, dou discuri, trei celturi i fragmente de la acestea, patru
seceri,uncuit,brri,fragmentedecetidebronz,lingouridiferiteifragmente
delaunvasdebronz.Datare:HaA(Ilkiv2008,2635).
11. Mneui, jud. Suceava, Romnia. 1995. Spad de bronz cu limba la mner, tipul
Reutlingen, varianta Ighiu (dup Bader 1991, 8889 i pl. 18/154161; 19/162166),
descoperit n albia minor a rului Suceava, ntro construcie de piatr. Datare:
HaA(Batariuc2003,167172).
12.Prilipe (Prelipca), reg. Cernui, Ucraina. 1880. Cinci piese care, n mod
tradiional, sar data n perioada Br D (Bronzul trziu), dup tipologia lui Al.
Vulpe; ns, I. Nestor i M. Ignat arat c acestea au fost vehiculate la nivelul
cronologicalHallstattuluitimpuriu(Gutter1882,CXII,fig.1314;Kaindl1890,258;
Much1889,84,pl.XXXIV/1415;Romstorfer1893,4849,fig.12;Olinescu1894,78;
Kaindl1896,13,pl.II,fig.1314;Szombathy1899,5354suntreprezentatecteva
bronzuridelaPrelipca;Nestor1933,129,pl.12/7;Vulpe1970,58,nr.264,pl.89/A,
15;Ignat2000,12,98,fig.29;Niculic2009,32,36).
13.Prosokirjany (Priscreni), reg. Cernui, Ucraina. 1885. Cazan de bronz, n
mijlocul cruia se afla o urn cu cenu;n jurulurnei,ininteriorul cazanului, se
aflau aezate, de jurmprejur, 12 celturi decorate. Datare: Ha B. Total: 14 obiecte
(12celturi,cazanbronzivasdelut)(Gutter1885,CXVIIifig.8delap.CVXI,n
care celtul prezentat ca fiind gsit la Cupca aparine de fapt depozitului de la
Priscreni;Much1889,84,TafelXXXIV/13;Kaindl1890,258;Romstorfer1893,51,
62ifig.5celt;Olinescu1894,79;Kaindl1896,1314,Taf.II,fig.11ifig.IVdela
196
BogdanPetruNICULIC
p.9,undeestereprodusunuldincelturi;Gassauer1933,78,scrisoareaVI,22iunie
1885;Ignat2000,12,21;Niculic2009,32,36,90;Prelicz2011,5657(textulgerman)
i110111(traducereanromn);Niculic2012).
14.Satu Mare, jud. Suceava, Romnia. 1886. Mai multe vrfuri de lance, precum i
diversearmeantice.Datare:HaAHaB(Revistapolitic,I,15iunie1886,nr.3,
p.12;Niculic2009,9293).
15. Solca, jud. Suceava, Romnia. 1848. Celt cu o toart, decorat cu o nervur i o
secerdetipulcucrlig,parialrupt.Datare:HaAB(Soroceanu1995,73).
16.cheia(probabilzonaSilite),jud.Suceava,Romnia58.nceputulsec.XX;19piese:
brri ntregi i fragmentare, decorate, un topor cu aripioare, o daltcelt, un
manondecaretc.Datare:HaA(Hnsel2005,285299).
17.ipincy(ipeni),reg.Cernui,Ucraina.1886.ntimpulnivelriiunuitumulau
fostdescoperiteunceltcudecornYiobrardebronz(posibildepunerede
caracter funerar?). Datare: Ha A Ha B1 (Romstorfer 1890, 70, Notize 6, nr. 10,
fig. 5; Romstorfer 1893, 61, nr. 10, fig. 17; Romstorfer 1903, 399400; Niculic
2011,107128).
18.Todireti,jud.Suceava,Romnia.1956.12secericucrlig,asededimensiunimari,
asededimensiunimaireduse,toatecunervurilongitudinale.Datare:HaA(Ignat
1981,142ifig.7/45;Lszl1994,147;Andronic1997,37,nr.21C;Ignat2000,68,nr.
34;Andronic2008,147).
19.Voloka(Voloca),urci,reg.Cernui,Ucraina.1987.Optpiese:uncazandebronzcu
atae duble cruciforme, n care se aflau apte celturi. Datare: Ha BC (Vojnarovskij,
Smirnova1993,183190).
Depoziteledebronzuri.
Contexteculturale,istorice,identitate
Fr a intra n detalii care nu pot fi discutate ntrun cadru restrns ca cel de fa,
subliniem c descoperirile din Bucovina au fost ordonate din punct de vedere
cronologicitipologiciraportatelaculturilearheologicecunoscute.Deiacestgende
abordarenuestepoatecelmaipotrivit,lsocotimtotuiutildinperspectivaabordrii
identitii obiectelor / depozitelor, care pot fi corelate cu anumite populaii care leau
vehiculat.
Cercetrile noastre recente n Arhivele Naionale Suceava indic drept loc al descoperirii
zona cheiaSilite; conform hrilor i documentelor de proprietate funciar austriece,
familiaAritonovicideineaproprietinzon.
58
CtevaobservaiiprivinddescopeririledebronzuridinBucovina
197
Pl.2.ObiectedebronzdescoperitenBucovina:1.spadadelaCostna,jud.Suceava(dup
Niculic 2012a); 2. celt din depozitul de la Priscreni, reg. Cernui, Ucraina (dup
Gutter 1885); 34. piese descoperite n tumulul de la ipeni, reg. Cernui, Ucraina
(dupNiculic2011);5.spadadelaMneui,jud.Suceava(dupBatariuc2003).15.
fr scar / Bronze artefacts found in Bukovina: 1. sword fromCostna, Suceava County
(accordingtoNiculic2012a);2.socketedaxefromthehoardatPriscreni,Chernivtsiregion,
Ukraine (according to Gutter 1885); 34. artefacts found in the tumulus from ipeni,
Chernivtsi region, Ukraine (according to Niculic 2011); 5. sword fromMneui, Suceava
County(accordingtoBatariuc2003).15.noscale.
198
BogdanPetruNICULIC
B.LanivelulcronologicalBronzuluiMijlociutrebuiemenionateceledoupiesede
bronz,demaximimportancronologicicultural,ianumetopoarelecudisc(tip
PetrescuDmbovia 1950, 110125; Coma 1977, 245262; Dumitroaia 2000, 103116;
Burtnescu2002,214276.
60 Niculic,2007,27.
61 Ursulescu1994,193199;Ursulescu1997,447464.
62 Niculic2007,1347.
63 Ignat1981,133
64 Roska 1933, 352355; Vulpe 1970, 2628, nr. 132, Taf. 13/132 i 44a; Ciugudean 1996, 100,
123;Dumitroaia2000,125.
65 Rotea1993,84;Ciugudean1996,126.
66 Niculic,Cojocaru2003,147148.
67 Niculic,Budui,Mare2004,267315.
68 Niculic2006,80100.
59
CtevaobservaiiprivinddescopeririledebronzuridinBucovina
199
A2) i discciuperc (B1), descoperite la Cajvana, jud. Suceava69, care pot reprezenta
importuri / stipendii din mediile Otomani / Wietenberg n mediul cultural autohton
dinspaiulnordestcarpatic,caracterizatdeculturaKomariv70.Pedealtparte,cele
dou topoare de cupru de tip Darabani de la Darabani (Ucraina)71 i Solca (jud.
Suceava)72, specifice civilizaiei Komariv, pot reprezenta dovezi ale preocuprilor
metalurgice ale meterilor acestei populaii. Ambele piese au fost lucrate din cupru,
prezentnd o puritate mare: 99,4% pentru toporul de la Darabani73 i 99,80% pentru
celdelaSolca74,dinacestpunctdevedereasemnndusecuanalizatoporuluidetip
BaniabicdelaRotunda(99,4%).
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
69
70
Ignat1981,137139;Ignat2000,3135.
Ignat2000,4244;Niculic2011,118.
Niculic,Cojocaru2003,141154.
Andronic2008,133134ipl.10/3.
Niculic,Cojocaru2003,149150.
Andronic2008,133134.
Florescu1964;Timoiuk1984,109171;Florescu1990;Andronic2008,135151.
Andronic1997.
Niculic2006,200204.
Chiescu1976;Ignat2000,4752.
Macuj,Belienko,Efimenko2011.
200
BogdanPetruNICULIC
Boroffka 2002, 148 i fig. 1; Boroffka 2006, 78 i nota 9, fig. 1harta descoperirilor de
chihlimbardinRomnia,7/12.
81 Schrckinger1875,134.
82 Mozsolics1957,119121;Smirnova1974,359380.
83 Lszl19831984,6584;Lszl1994,48104.
84 Maleev1987;Kruelnicka1993;Ursulescu,Popovici1997;Mareetalii2008;Zanoci,Banaru
2010;Zanoci2011;Lszl2010.
85 Ignat1978;Ignat2006.
86 Ignat1993;Ignat2000.
80
CtevaobservaiiprivinddescopeririledebronzuridinBucovina
201
89
90
91
92
93
94
87
88
Niculic2011a,388398.
Andronic1997;Andronic2008,160.
Niculic,Igntescu,Boghian1999,4243,nr.14b.
Niculic2011a,389390.
Niculic2011,107128.
Niculic2012a.
Batariuc2003,167172.
Bader2001,1539.
202
BogdanPetruNICULIC
Aexistatoproducielocalabronzurilornspaiulnordestcarpatic?
Chiar dac resursele de cupru au fost, poate, mai limitate, iar dovezile directe de
prelucrareabronzuluisuntncpuine,putemafirmacauexistatuneleateliere
locale, aflate n zona de influen a unor centre politicomilitare importante. Un
97
98
99
95
96
Ignat2000,5765;Niculic2011,118.
Ignat2000,98.
Niculic2011,107128.
Niculic2012.
Niculic2012.
CtevaobservaiiprivinddescopeririledebronzuridinBucovina
203
bunexemplulpoateconstituiaezareadelaSiretDealulRuina100,unde,ntimpul
spturilor arheologice au fost descoperite picturi de turnare, mai multe celturi,
brri,lamedecuititiparulsusamintit.Dealtfel,M.Ignatapresupusexistena
unuiasemeneaatelierpentruproducereabronzurilornzonaaezriifortificatede
la Siret101. n aezarea de tip GvaHolihrady de la Grniceti (jud. Suceava,
Romnia)aufostdescoperitelinguripentruturnareametaluluitopit102.nUcraina
denordvest,nariademanifestareGvaHolihrady,Ju.Maleevamintetecteva
tiparedepiatr,uncreuzet,linguripentruturnatmetaluletc.103.Desigur,absena
unor dovezi mai numeroase, mai consistente, n ceea ce privete metalurgia
bronzului ne referim aici la mrturiile practicrii acestui meteug i anume
lingouri,turte,picturideturnareitiparedepiatrnutrebuiesinducideea
lipsei unei activiti metalurgice locale n zona asupra creia ne oprim atenia n
rnduriledefa.
Ctevaobservaii
De la bun nceput, trebuie s artm faptul c cercetarea noastr se afl n curs de
desfurare. Limitele consideraiilor noastre sunt date n primul rnd de stadiul
insuficient al cercetrii, de lipsa unui material de studiu bine reprezentat. Firete,
neam fi dorit, poate, un lot de studiu asemntor celui din Transilvania, spre
exemplu, ns, n spaiul nordest carpatic realitatea istoric, care a determinat
caracterul descoperirilor este cu totul alta, indiferent c vorbim despre epoca
bronzului sau despre nceputul epocii fierului. Datorit cercetrii diverselor surse
documentaredinsec.XIX,aupututfirecuperatemaimultedescoperiri,careaufost
aduse n atenia cercettorilor, corectnduse i completnduse anumite informaii
legate de locul descoperirii i ncadrarea culturalcronologic. Astfel, sau publicat
dejabronzuriledelaBordeiiipeni104,ntimpcedepozituldelaPriscreniispada
delaCostnaseaflncursdepublicare105.
Analiza preliminar a bronzurilor descoperite n Bucovina aduce n discuie
anumite ntrebri cum ar fi: exist depuneri de bronzuri de o singur pies
(Einzelstckdeponierungen) n Bronzul Timpuriu i Mijlociu? Cum putem proba aceast
afirmaie?Deasemeneanlegturcudepunerilenmediuuscatinmediuumed,am
Lszl,Mare,Niculic1999,107108;Lszletalii2002,289291;Lszletalii2003,293295;
Lszletalii2004,311312;Lszletalii2005,348350.
101 Ignat2000,21.
102 Lszl1994,143,fig.13/1;Ignat2000,1923.
103 Maleev1976,232240;Leviki,Srbu2010,7273.
104 Niculic2010,321341;Niculic2011,107128.
105 Niculic2012,Niculic2012a.
100
204
BogdanPetruNICULIC
Vasilescu1969,4365;Boghianetalii2004,136.
Marian1895,30,38,236;Balan1960,61;LucuDnil,Rusan2000,22.
108 Boroffka2002,155156.
106
107
CtevaobservaiiprivinddescopeririledebronzuridinBucovina
205
206
BogdanPetruNICULIC
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CtevaobservaiiprivinddescopeririledebronzuridinBucovina
213
214
BogdanPetruNICULIC
Stanislaverna*,DenisTopal*
Abstract: In this article we publish a newly discovered hoard of bronze items from the territory of
Moldova, accidentally found in the outskirts of the Brneti village (Orhei County). This hoard is of
special interest, because it contains some types of items which until now were not known on the
territorieswestfromNistruRiver.Also,aremarkablefeatureisthestructureofthehoardwhichcould
pointtowardsthevotivecharacterofitsdeposition.
Rezumat: Prezentul articol introduce n circuitul tiinific un depozit de piese din bronz, descoperit
recent n mprejurimile satului Brneti (raionul Orhei, Republica Moldova). Depozitul prezint un
interes deosebit, deoarece include mai multe tipuri de piese, pn acum necunoscute la vest de Nistru.
Remarcabilesteistructuraacestuia,faptcarearputeaindicaunposibilcaractervotivaltezaurizrii
acestuia.
Keywords:RepublicofMoldova,bronzehoard,Brneti,Sabatinovkaculture,votivedeposition.
Cuvinte cheie: Republica Moldova, depozit de obiecte din bronz, Brneti, cultura Sabatinovka,
depunerevotiv
Introducere
n spaiul prutonistrean sunt cunoscute numeroase obiecte din metal (mai ales din
bronz), care pot fi datate ndeosebi n epoca bronzului i perioada timpurie a epocii
fierului. Dese ori aceste piese apar sub forma unor depozite, descoperite de cele mai
multeorifortuit.Numaipeparcursulultimuluideceniu,numrulobiectelordinbronz
gsite pe teritoriul Republicii Moldova sa mrit considerabil, inclusiv i datorit
activitii intense a colecionarilor particulari i aanumiilor cuttori de comori.
Periodic, unele din pcate, doar unele depozite i piese izolate sunt cunoscute de
arheologiisuntintrodusencircuitultiinific1.
coala Antropologic Superioar, Chiinu, str. Zimbrului, nr. 10a, MD2024, Republica
Moldova;email:ternastas@mail.ru;denis.topal@gmail.com
1 Gonarova 20012002; Uurelu, Nicic 2003; Dergaev 2012a; Dergaev 2012b; Dergaev
2010c;Sava2011;erna,Topal(ncursdeapariie).
*
DinpreistoriaDunriideJos.50deanidelanceputulcercetrilorarheologicelaBabadag,Tulcea,2013,p.215226
216
SanislavERNA,DenisTOPAL
Acest articol are ca scop publicarea unui nou depozit de bronzuri descoperit
ntmpltor pe teritoriul interfluviului prutonistrean. nc de la nceput trebuie s
precizmcdepozitulsaaflatunintervaldetimpfoartescurtladispoziianoastr.
Din acest motiv, am reuit doar s realizm mai multe fotografii de calitate ale
pieselor (n baza crora, ulterior, sau executat desenele), s efectum msurtorile
necesareisledescriem;lipsatimpului,ns,neampiedicatscntrimobiectele
dincomponenadepozitului.
DepozituldelaBrneti
Depozitulafostdescoperitntoamnaanului2012,npdureadintresateleBrnetii
Trebujeni(raionulOrhei,RepublicaMoldova).Nucunoatemaltedateprivindlocul
descoperirii (localizarea exact, adncimea la care se aflau piesele etc.). Din puinele
informaiiverbalepecareleamobinutdelapersoanacareagsitdepozitul,separe
cacestanuseaflanarealulunuisitarheologic(celpuin,descoperitorulerasigurde
lipsa altor materiale arheologice, precum ceramic sau oase, n locul excavrii
complexului).
Depunerea era compus din nou obiecte din bronz: ase vrfuri de lance, dou
dlicutubdenmnuareiunceltcudouurechiue.
Descriereapieselor:
Celt
1. Celt cu dou urechiue, laturile drepte, puin lrgite spre vrful lamei; marginea
tubuluiestengroat(Fig.1/5;2/5).Piesaprezintpatinnobil.Lamaesteforjat,
darnuesteascuit.nseciune,celtulesteoval,rotunjit.Pesuprafaseobserv
zgrieturi subiri de diferite lungimi. A fost turnat n tipar bivalv. Dimensiuni:
lungimea8,2cm,limeabazei5,0cm,limealamei4,2cm,grosimeabazei
3,9cm,grosimealamei0,6cm.Adncimeatubuluidenmnuare5,7cm.
Vrfuridelance
1. Vrfdelancefoliform(Fig.1/4;2/4),cumanonulrelativscurtiorificiipelam.Pe
lam sunt prezente nervuri destul de groase, care trec att pe axul central al
acesteia,ctinjurulorificiilor.Piesa,turnatntiparbivalv,esteparialoxidat
i prezint patin. Orificiile de pe lam nu au fost curite dup turnare. Lama,
corodat, nu este ascuit. Pe baza tubului sunt prezente dou orificii nguste,
amplasate simetric. Marginea tubului de nmnuare este forjat. Dimensiuni:
lungimea 14,8 cm, limea tubului de nmnuare 2,5 cm, limea maxim
6,2cm,adncimeatubului4,9cm.
ExOriente:undepozitrsriteandebronzuridelngsatulBrneti
217
Fig. 1. 19. Depozitul de la Brneti. Desenele pieselor / 19. The hoard from Brneti.
Drawings.
218
SanislavERNA,DenisTOPAL
Fig. 2. 19. Depozitul de la Brneti. Fotografii / 19. The hoard from Brneti.
Photographs.
ExOriente:undepozitrsriteandebronzuridelngsatulBrneti
219
2. Vrfdelancefoliform(Fig.1/3;2/3)cumanonulrelativscurtiorificiipelam.Tubul
este decorat cu triunghiuri nalte, alungite, n relief pe ntreaga lungime i nervuri
inelareorizontalelabaz.Pelamsepotobservanervuridestuldegroase,caretrec
attpeaxulcentral,ctinjurulorificiilor.Piesa,turnatntiparbivalv,esteparial
oxidatiprezintpatin.Lamacorodatnueraascuit.Labazatubului,maisusde
nervurile inelare, sunt prezente dou orificii nguste, dispuse simetric. Marginea
tubuluiesteforjat.Dimensiuni:lungimea16,4cm,limeatubuluidenmnuare
2,7cm,limeamaxim6,8cm,adncimeatubului8,9cm.
3. Vrf de lance foliform (Fig. 1/1; 2/1), cu manonul relativ scurt, evideniat. Piesa,
turnatn tipar bivalv, este oxidatiprezint patin. Lama, parial corodat, nu
era ascuit. Sunt prezente urmele unui defect tehnologic de forma unor orificii
neregulate,destuldemari.Labazatubului,peoparte,armasnecuratciotulde
turnare.Dimensiuni:lungimea14,0cm,limeatubuluidenmnuare4,0cm,
limeamaxim6,0cm,adncimeatubului12,4cm.
4. Vrf de lance foliform (Fig. 1/2; 2/2), cu manonul relativ scurt, evideniat. Piesa
esteparialoxidat,arepatinnobiliafostturnatntiparbivalv.Lama,parial
corodat, nu era ascuit. Pe suprafaa sa se puteau observa urme de defect
tehnologicnformaunororificiineregulate,destuldemari.Dimensiuni:nlimea
17,2 cm, limea tubului de nmnuare 4,7 cm, limea maxim 6,1 cm,
adncimeatubului12,8cm.
5. Vrf de lance foliform (Fig. 1/8; 2/8), cu o urechiu lateral i manonul relativ
scurt, bine evideniat. Piesa a fost turnat n tipar bivalv, este parial oxidat i
prezint patin. Lama, parial corodat, nu este ascuit. Pe suprafaa sa sunt
prezenteurmededefecttehnologicnformaunorcrpturi,unorificiuneregulat,
destul de mare i mai multe cioturi de turnare nendeprtate pe urechiu i n
jurulei.Dimensiuni:nlimea17,2cm,limeatubuluidenmnuare4,5cm,
limeamaxim6,2cm,adncimeatubului15,2cm.
6. Vrf de lance foliform (Fig. 1/9; 2/9), cu o urechiu lateral i manonul relativ
scurt, bine evideniat. Piesa este parial oxidat i patinizat, turnat n tipar
bilateral. Lama, parial corodat, nu este ascuit. Sunt prezente urme de defect
tehnologicnformaunorcrpturi,maimultororificiineregulate,destuldemari,
i a unor cioturi de turnare pe urechiu i n jurul ei. Dimensiuni: nlimea
16,3 cm, limea tubului de nmnuare 4,1 cm, limea maxim 6,5 cm,
adncimeatubului14,8cm.
Dli
1. Daltcutubuldenmnuare(Fig.1/6;2/6)forjat,rsuciticulamangust,puin
lrgit spre vrf. Marginile rsucite alte tubului sunt aduse una spre cealalt n
220
SanislavERNA,DenisTOPAL
parteasuperioarisedesfacsprebaz.Piesaestebineconservat,pealocurieste
prezentpatina.Dimensiuni:nlimea14,9cm,limeatubuluidenmnuare
2,3cm,limealameilavrf0,3cm,adncimeatubului8,2cm.
2. Daltcutubuldenmnuare(fig.1/7;2/7)forjat,rsuciticulamangust,puin
lrgitsprevrf.Marginilersucitealtetubuluisuntbineaduseunasprecealalt,
fiindadiionalforjateacoloundeseunesc.Piesaestebinepstrat,pealocurieste
prezentpatina.Dimensiuni:nlimea13,5cm,limeatubuluidenmnuare
2,2cm,limealameilavrf1,3cm,adncimeatubului7,7cm.
Despreanalogiilepieselordindepozit
Piesele din componena depozitului aparin unor tipuri diferite de obiecte din metal,
carepotfidatatenperioadatrzieaepociibronzului,fiindrspnditenspaiulesti
sudesteuropean.
Celtul cu dou urechiue aparine tipului LobojkovkaKabakovo (sau tipului II.1,
variantei II.1.1 dup E. Uurelu)2. Obiecte similare din punct de vedere tipologic
provinattdindepozite,ctidindescopeririseparatedepeteritoriulspaiuluinord
Pontic(Fig.3).Astfel,celturideacesttipsuntcunoscutencomponenadepozitelordela
Lobojkovka i Kabakovo, de pe malul stng al Niprului3. Descoperiri separate au fost
semnalate, din context incert, lng satul Repievka (reg. Voronej, Rusia)4, precum i
dintrolocaieincertdepeteritoriulfostelorguberniiKieviPodolsk5.Suntcunoscutei
maimultetiparepentrucelturisimilare,careprovindepeaezareadetipSabatinovkade
lnglocalitateaCremenciug(reg.Nikolaev,Ucraina);dinaezareadetipSabatinovkade
lng satul Kapulovka (reg. Dnepropetrovsk, Ucraina); sau din coleciile muzeului
Volgograd, Rusia6. Tipologic, celturile de tip Lobojkovka par s fie o variant cu dou
urechiueacelturilorcuourechiudetipDerbeden7.Acestecelturiaufostprimele,care
suntrspnditenstepaisilvostepaEuropeideest8.
Vrfurile de lance cu dou orificii semiovale pe lam i gsesc i ele analogii n
spaiulnordpontic(Fig.3),prezentndooarecarediversitatenformaidimensiunile
penei, a orificiilor, grosimea nervurilor i motivelor ornamentale. n literatura de
specialitate, asemenea vrfuri de lance sunt cunoscute sub diferite denumiri
4
5
6
7
8
2
3
Leskov1981,33,Taf.1/C11,Taf.2/1,2;Uurelu2010c,24,fig.1.
Leskov1981.
Priahin,Siniuk,Matveev1981.
Uurelu2010a,fig.1/8.
Bokarev,Leskov1980;Uurelu2010a,harta1.
Bokarev2010,121;Uurelu2010a,58.
Bokarev2010,122.
ExOriente:undepozitrsriteandebronzuridelngsatulBrneti
221
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Leskov1981,46.
Kloko2006,194.
Dergaev2011,235.
Leskov1981.
Dergaev2011,fig.149/5.
Kloko2006,fig.88/8.
Kloko2006,fig.88/9.
Kloko2006,fig.87/20
KrivcovaGrakova1955,fig.34/32.
Kloko 2006, fig. 88/10; dup opinia lui V. Kloko (2006: 194), piesele din Gogolev i
SoldatovoarputeafiatribuiteuneitradiiipostZlatopol.
19 Kloko2006,fig.88/13.
20 KrivcovaGrakova1955,fig.34/31.
21 Krivalcevi2012.
22 Bokarev,Leskov1980,nr.105.
23 Bokarev,Leskov1980,nr.118.
24Gorbenko 2008, fig.1/25; tiparul era utilizatpentruexecutarea unor piesesimilarecuvrfurile
dinGogoleviSoldatovo,pecareV.KlokoleconsideraafipostZlatopol(vezinota18).
25 Rumiancev1974;Kloko2006;Bokarev2010.
26 Kloko2006,fig.88/14.
27 Kloko2006,193.
9
10
222
SanislavERNA,DenisTOPAL
Despreatribuireaculturalcronologicapieselor
Parametriimorfologici,stilisticiitipologiciaipieselordindepozituldelaBrnetii
gsesc paralele directe n descoperirile metalice din componena aanumitului grup
metalurgicLobojkovkaGolovurov,evideniatdeE.N.ernychcafcndpartedin
zona de prelucrare a metalelor DerbedenLobojkovka30, format sub influena
impulsuluinordesticvenitdinregineaVolgaKama(deacoloprovincelemaiestice
analogiiceltuluicudouurechiueialevrfurilordelancecuorificiidindepozitul
nostru).ConformopinieiluiV.Bokarev,focarulLobojkovkaeracelmaistrnslegat
deculturaSabatinovkatimpurie,spredeosebiredeI.arafutdinovacareconsiderac
depozitul de la Lobojkovka aparinea mai degrab orizontului Vovnijsk, care ar fi
reprezentatetapapreSabatinovkapecursuldemijlocalNiprului31.
Unii cercettori atribuie vestigiile de tip LobojkovkaGolovurov culturii Srubnaja
(vezianalizacriticaacestoropiniinlucrarealuiE.Uurelu32),nparticularculturii
Srubnaja,detipBerejnovMaiovskaja33.nacestcontext,descoperireaunuidepozitde
piesetipicLobojkovkapeteritoriulRepubliciiMoldova,nperiferiadevestaarealului
Sabatinovka34,arputeareprezentancunargumentnfavoareadatriipieselordetip
LobojkovkanperioadatimpurieaculturiiSabatinovka.
30
31
32
33
34
28
29
Kloko2006,fig.90/58.
Blan2009;Uurelu2010b.
Bokarev2010,50.
arafutdinova1982,142.
Uurelu2010c.
Kloko2006,192.
Dergaev1986.
ExOriente:undepozitrsriteandebronzuridelngsatulBrneti
223
Fig.3.DistribuiatipurilordepiesedintezauruldelaBrnetinspaiulnordpontic.ac
celturi(a.depozite,b.formepentruturnat,c.descopeririizolate).dflncidetipul
KeliberdaipostZlatopol(d.depozite,e.formepentruturnat,f.descopeririizolate)
/DistributionofsomeitemstypefromtheBrnetihoardintheNorthernPonticarea.ac
socketedaxes(a.hoards,b.castingmoulds,c.singlefinds);dfspearsofKeliberdaandpost
Zlatopoltypes(d.hoards,e.castingmoulds,f.singlefinds).1Brneti;2Kremenug;3
Kapulovka;4Crimeea;5Zlatopol;6Laski;7muzeulVolgograd;8regiunea
Dnepropetrovsk;9Loboikovka;10Kabakovo;11Soldatovo;12Keliberda;13
Leopol;14Ivankovii;15Gogolev;16Repievka;17Karmanovo;18Brest;19
Nikolaev Dikij Sad (dup / after Bokarev, Leskov 1980; Dergaev 2011; Gorbenko
2008;Kloko2006;Krivalcevi2012;Leskov1981;arafutdinova1982;Uurelu2010).
224
SanislavERNA,DenisTOPAL
ncheiere
n concluzie, putem sublinia c depozitul de la Brneti poate fi considerat una
dintre cele mai interesante descoperiri din perioada bronzului trziu din spaiul
prutonistrean. Aa cum am artat n cele de mai sus, unele tipuri de piese apar n
premier pe acest teritoriu, interesante fiind ns i alte particulariti distinctive ale
acestora.nprimulrnd,toatetipuriledeobiecte(nafardecelt)suntreprezentate
prinperechitreitipuridelnciiuntipdedalt.naldoilearnd,toatevrfurilede
lnci poart urmeleunuidefect tehnologic, suprafaa este oxidat i prezintpatin,
iarcioturiledeturnarenuaufostndeprtate.naltreilearnd,separecpieseledin
componena depozitului nu au fost utilizate (poate, cu excepia dlilor) celtul nu
este ascuit, iar calitatea proast de executare a vrfurilor de lance fcea imposibil
utilizarealorcaarme.EsteposibilcamenireapieselordincomplexuldelaBrnetis
nufifostunaexclusivutilitar38.
Structuradepozitului,lipsaunorurmedeutilizarepesuprafaaobiectelor sau
prezena unor defecte tehnologice care fceau imposibil funcionarea eficient a
pieselor ar putea indica un caracter votiv al acestei tezaurizri. Prezena unor
obiectedetipLobojkovkaattdedepartesprevestpoatereflectairealizareaunei
anumite ofrande pe un nou teritoriu (este perioada timpurie a culturii
Sabatinovka, cnd, dup opinia unor cercettori39, triburile respective abia
ncepeauexplorareainterfluviuluiprutonistrean).nacelaitimpnuputemoare
presupune c prezena acestui complex este rezultatul contactelor dintre diferite
comuniti?noricecaz,parepuinprobabilclabazadepuneriiacestorpiesen
pamntputeaustauneleraionamenteutilitare,profane.
Bokarev2010,50.
Uurelu2010c.
37Sincronismeargumentaten:Uurelu2010c.
38 Despre aspectele neutilitare n semnificaia depozitelor din bronzul trziu vezi, spre
exemplu,rlea2008,Hansen2005,Hansen2010,Rezi2011cuvastabibliografieulterioar.
39 Vezi,spreexemplu,Dergaev1986.
35
36
ExOriente:undepozitrsriteandebronzuridelngsatulBrneti
225
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Visibleworkshopsforinvisiblecommodities.
LeatherworkingintheLateBronzeAgeNoua
culturesashmounds1
LauraDietrich*
Abstract: The present article explores the possibilities of reconstructing social behaviour through a
detailedanalysisofthesocalledashmoundsoftheLateBronze AgeinEastern Europe,startingfrom
the settlement of the Noua culture from Rotbav, Southeastern Transylvania. Ashmounds are round
heaps formed of greyish sediments and are distributed mostly in the NouaSabatinovkaCoslogeni
culturalcomplex.Untilrecentlytheywerebelievedtorepresenttheremainsofhousesorburnedwaste.
New evidence shows that the ashmounds are not randomly formed mounds of waste, but special,
collectivelyusedplacesatthe boundariesofsettlements;theyarenotpiledonthewalkinglevel,but in
intentionally dug basins. Chemical analyses prove the sediment to be constituted not of ash, but of a
mixture of earth, lime and burned lime. Burnt lime is ethnographically known to have been used for
departing hair from hides. Tools for the scraping of hides, needles, awls and a considerable amount of
animalbonesgivefurtherprovetoanintenseproductionofleather.Concentrationsofdrinking vessels
andcookingutensilsprovethatthe,ashmoundsmayalsohaveplayedaroleinfeasting.
By using one of these activity zones, it was slowly filled and marked at the end of its uselife through
depositions of bronze objects or animal skulls. Furthermore the present article introduces a new
workmanshipintheLateBronzeAgeinEasternEuropeoflessvisiblecommodities.
Rezumat: Studiul de fa exploreaz posibilitile de a reconstitui comportamentul social printro
analiz detaliat a aanumitelor cenuare din epoca bronzului trziu din Europa de Est, avnd ca
punct de plecare aezarea culturii Noua de la Rotbav, din Transilvania de sudest. Cenuarele sunt
movile de form aproximativ rotund, constituite dintrun sediment cenuiu i sunt rspndite n
principal n aria complexului cultural NouaSabatinovkaCoslogeni. Pn recent sa crezut c ele
reprezint ruine ale unor locuine sau grmezi arse de gunoi. Noi indicii arat c cenuarele nu sunt
grmezi de gunoi formate accidental, ci reprezint locuri de activitate colectiv aflate la marginea
spaiuluilocuitdinaezri.Acesteanusuntformatepeniveluldeclcare,cinbazinespateintenionat.
ThepresentarticleisinlargepartsatranslationofthearticleAschehgelderNouaKulturals
PltzevonArbeitundFest,in:Berecki,S.,Nmeth,B.,Rezi,B.(coord.),BronzeAgeRitesand
Rituals in the Carpathian Basin. Proceedings of the international colloquium from Trgu Mure,
810October2010,TrguMure,131142.
* German Archaeological Institute, OrientDepartment, Podbielskiallee 6971, 14195, Berlin;
email:laura.dietrich@dainst.de
1
DinpreistoriaDunriideJos.50deanidelanceputulcercetrilorarheologicelaBabadag,Tulcea,2013,p.227246
228
LauraDIETRICH
Analizele chimice arat c sedimentul nu e format din cenu, ci dintro mixtur de pmnt, calcar i
calcarars.Calcarulars,ncombinaiecuapa,efolosittradiionalnprocesulprelucrriipieilor.Unelte
pentru prelucrarea pieilor, ca de exemplu omoplaii crestai pentru ndeprtarea prului sau ace i
mpungtoare,precumiocantitateimpresionantdeoasedeanimalprovenitedincenuaroferindicii
unei intense activiti n domeniul pielriei. Concentraii ale anumitor categorii de ceramic fin, ca
vaselekantharoi,precumiaunorustensiletipicefolositenprocesuldegtitindicioaltdimensiune
acenuarelor,acesteajucndprobabiliunroldelocuridesrbtoarecomunal.Zoneleacesteaspecial
demarcateseumpleauprobabillentieraumarcatelasfritulcicluluilordeexistenprindepuneri
de bronzuri sau cranii de animale. Studiul de fa aduce noi date despre procesul manufacturrii unor
produsemaipuinvizibilearheologicdinepocabronzuluitrziudinEuropadeest.
Keywords:Ashmounds,NouaCulture,Rotbav,settlement,leather,hideworking,feasts.
Cuvintecheie:cenuare,culturaNoua,Rotbav,aezare,piele,pielrie,srbtoricolective.
Ashmoundsanunusualsitefeature
One of the most characteristic phenomena related to the Late Bronze Age Noua
Culturearetheashmoundsorzolniki.Theyareusuallydescribedaslighttodark
greyish, round or oval, considerably flattened mounds of ash. They can easily be
spottedonthemodernsurface,aswellintheterrainasonaerialphotographs.Their
diameter varies between 15 and 45 m, bigger mounds are rare2. Before the most
important theories regarding their functions can be discussed, some peculiarities of
their inner structure have to be stressed. Eugen Sava3 has summarized the main
characteristics as follows: ashmounds are usually formed of layers 0,600,80 m in
thickness,sometimesfeatureslikepits,ovens,orhousesarefoundinside(aswellas
besides)them.Thematerialcultureisconspicuouslyunitary;nosecondaryeffectsof
fire are visible. All inventories of ashmounds published so far consist of a large
amountofpotteryandanimalbones,humanremainsareattestedmorerarelyinthe
form of dispersed bones or complete skeletons; in addition clay and bone objects
appearaswellas,moreseldom,bronzeartefacts4.Ithasbeenstatedempiricallythat
thequantityoffindsismuchhigherthaninareasoutsidethemounds.
Acompletemapoftheashmoundsismissingsofar,butSava5statesthattheyare
afeatureofthemajorityofNouasites6.Intheeastern7distributionareaoftheNoua
4
5
6
2
3
BicbaevSava2004;Sava2005;KaiserSava2006,142,fig.4,5,allwithfurtherliterature.
Sava2005,73.
SummariesinFlorescu1964,150169;Sava2005,7378.
Sava2005,69.
TheNouaCultureisoftenseenasapartofthebiggerNouaSabatinovkaCoslogenicomplex
(f. e. Sava 2005). The present paper focusses mainly on the ashmounds of the Noua
Culture,asthemainexamplediscussedhere,thesiteofRotbav,liesinthisarea.Anyway,
LeatherworkingintheLateBronzeAgeNouaculturesashmounds
229
a)afunctionasdwellings;
b)afunctionasgarbagedumps;
c) afunctionascultplaces.
Aswillbearguedinmoredetailbelow,thepatchesofashhavenbeeninthefocus
of research, as they are easy to recognize in the terrain and in excavation trenches.
This led to a fairly complete image regarding their typical find material and inner
structures, however omitting their entanglement with the surrounding cultural
landscape nearly completely. This problem lies at the basis of many interpretational
approachestotheashmounds.
Mostarchaeologistshavetendedtowardsthefirstexplanatorypattern,proposing,
partiallycausedbytheinsufficientarchaeologicaldataavailable,differingandpartly
contradictory arguments. In the 1950ies, M. PetrescuDmbovia8 listed 46 sites with
Nouapottery;hementionsovalashmoundsonthemodernsurfaceatnineofthem.
At this point, he had conducted excavations at three sites (Corlteni, Larga Jijia,
Trueti), excavating mainly small soundings inside the patches of ash. He
recognized the immense thickness of the ash layers, which showed multiple
stratificationandgeneratedalargequantityoffinds.Thebiggreyishwhitelayersled
him to interpret his findings as the remains of burned huts; the absence of burned
daubortracesoffireingeneralwasexplainedbylightconstructionsconsistingjustof
thin wattle or reed, which would have burned completely to ashes9. A.C. Florescu10
commented on the shortcomings of this interpretation, which were due to an
insufficientnumberofsitesexcavatedandsmallscale,selectiveexcavationmethods.
InhisextensivestudyoftheNouaCulture,hedidnotdisregardPetrescuDmbovias
10
8
9
several reasons have been brought forward for a more reluctant use of the concept of this
culturalcomplex(Dietrich 2010a).Theashmoundphenomenonisfarwiderspreadtothe
eastthanthelimitsoftheproposedNouaSabatinovkaCoslogeniarea(Sava2005,67).
ThedistributionareaoftheNouaCultureisdividedinaneasternzone(RomanianMoldova
and Republic Moldavia on both shores of the Prut as well as the Ukraine) and a western
zone (Transylvania). The eastern zone is characterized by ashmounds, while they are
missinginthewestwithexceptionofsoutheasternTransylvania.
PetrescuDmbovia1953,445448,Nr.5,9,10,17a,19a,25a,26,28,30c.
PetrescuDmbovia1953,450.
Florescu1964.
230
LauraDIETRICH
interpretationoutright,butneverthelesspleadforcautiousness11.Hecorrectlystressed
the point that an interpretation of the ashmounds would not be possible without
research in the areas surrounding them12. Nevertheless, with a few exceptions (e.g.
Rotbav,Zoltan,Petrueni,Magala,seebelow)uptotodayexcavationshavecentered
ontheashmounds.
An apparent affirmation for the settlementhypothesis was the discovery of
archaeological features inside several mounds. In the eyes of some researchers, pis
platforms, fire places, ovens and pits were evidence for domestic structures13. Inside
the ashmounds of Lichiteni, Banca, Brboasa14 and Cndeti15, in each case two to
fourpisplatformsofapproximatelyrectangularshapewerefound.AtCndetithey
were arranged in a circle and marked the center of the mound. Between these
platforms, fireplaces and ovens were placed in equally regular order, in the center
there was a pit, to which the excavators attributed a cultic function. The excavators
explicitly stressed the scarcity of burned daub and proposed an explanation in the
linesoflightlyconstructedhuts,muchlikePetrescuDmboviahaddoneearlier.The
obviousquestionofthesourceofthelargeamountsofashremainedunanswered,as
secureevidenceforfirewasrestrictedtothefireplaces16.
This gap in the interpretation was already noticed by Dragomir17. He had
excavated some of the ashmounds of Cavadineti18, where he observed similar
structures (pis platforms, fire places, ovens) inside and a few meters outside the
ashmounds.AsalsoatCavadinetithethicknessoftheashlayerswasremarkable
(c.1.60m),hecorrectlyreasonedthateventheburningofalldetectableconstructions
would not have sufficed to form them19. He explained the findings by drawing an
analogy to modern shepherds huts; he proposed that in a first construction phase
simple seasonally used huts had been erected. The waste of this settlement would
have been burned besides the huts together with the dung of the animals due to
hygienic considerations. As the people of the Noua Culture were herdsmen, the
SimilarthoughtsalreadyinNestor1952,8991.
Florescu1964,146.
13 Inter alia FlorescuCpitanu 1968, Morintz 1978, 152, Dergaev 1986, 156 ff., Florescu,
Florescu1983,119;Florescu,Florescu1990;Neagu1993.
14 Florescu,Cpitanu1968.
15 Florescu,Florescu1990.
16 Florescu,Florescu1990,5457,fig.3,4.
17 Dragomir1959;Dragomir1961;Dragomir1980;Dragomir1996.231256.
18 Dragomir1959;Dragomir1961.
19 Dragomir1959,455.
11
12
LeatherworkingintheLateBronzeAgeNouaculturesashmounds
231
amount of dung would have sufficed to produce the large layers of ash20. Dragomir
thus perceived the ashmounds as dumps reflecting culturally determined rules for
disposingwaste.
ThesameviewisheldbySmirnova21,thoughwithdifferentarguments.Duringher
excavationsatthesettlementofMagala,shewasabletoobservethatareasperceived
by her as domestic lay predominantly outside of the ashmounds. From that she
reasonedthatthesemoundsweretheresultofrepeateddisposalofwasteandashes.
Theexponentsofthecultplacetheorybasedtheirinterpretationsaswellonthe
find material. Especially the discovery of human skeletons and animal skulls was
proposed as an argument in favor of this hypothesis. In combination with the large
amounts of ash they were thought to hint at rituals in connection with fire and
sacrifices(e.g.Toeverjakov1986,especiallyfortheashmoundsoftheSabatinovka
Culture).
Twoimportantarticlessumupthelateststateofresearchonthetopic.Inhisstudy
on the Late Bronze Age ashmound E. Sava22 merges the existing theories into a
multifunctionality; a combination of profane as well as sacred aspects would have
ledtothedevelopmentoftheashmounds.Inhisviewtheashmoundsweresituated
near the seasonal houses and stock enclosures and rose as accumulations of dung,
wasteandashes.Thepresenceofstructureswhichheinterpretsasdomesticinsidethe
ashmounds and the covering of structures by ash are explained by repeated
relocationsofthehouses,whichwouldhavebeenleveledandburntattheendoftheir
uselifes.Followingthislineofthoughtthestructuresinsidethemoundswouldhave
to be older than those outside23. A cultic aspect would be proven primarily through
actionsinvolvingfire(i.e.thepresenceofashes)andthroughhumansacrifice(i.e.the
presence of human bones)24. To sum up, in Savas view the ashmounds are waste
dumpswithculticaspectsinsideseasonalsettlementsofaseminomadicpopulation.
The most recent interpretations regarding the ashmounds have been influenced
verymuchbythefactthattheashformingthemoundsturnedouttobenoashatall.
First results from pedogenic and chemical analysis of the sediments of several
mounds from Odaia Miciurin (Republic of Moldova) showed a significantly bigger
contentofcarbonateandphosphatestobetheonlydifferencebetweentheashlayers
and the other strata25. Based on this and on the presence of constructions inside the
22
23
24
25
20
21
Dragomir1980.
Smirnova1969,1314.
Sava2005.
Sava2005,93.
Sava2005,9899.
Kaiser,Sava2006,163165,Tab.4,5;Sava,Kaiser2011,375377.
232
LauraDIETRICH
mounds,theexcavatorsofOdaiaMiciurinproposedanewmodelforthegenesisand
meaning of the ashmounds. The mounds would be the result of several dwellings
and other domestic structures, which would have been left, partially filled and re
constructed several times until, overtime, a bigger inhabited area formed, which today is
visibleintheformofanunregulatedmound;thegreylayermarkedtheculturaldebrisof
thesehomesteads,thecarbonatewouldbeofanunspecifiednaturalorigin,whilethe
phosphates are explained as the results of modern fertilizers26. Thus, the mound
wouldultimatelybetheresultofthebackfillingofpits(interpretedashouses).
Thestructureoftheashmounds
Hencethethreemostimportanttheoriesontheashmoundsandthemainarguments
of their protagonists have been summarized. All of them share at least two weak
points. Due to the excavation strategies applied they center on the ashmounds
themself and neglect the rest of the settlements; there are no comparisons, for
example, of the find material from both areas. The second and more severe point is
that the optical impression of ashmounds seems to be wrong due to chemical
analysis.
As ashmounds are without doubt parts of larger settlement areas27, the entire
ensemble has to be taken into account in order to understand their role. The
intentional character of the mounds and their integration into settlement patterns is
underlined by the aerial photographs from Moldavia28 showing them to form linear
andcirclelikearrangementsorspatialclusters.
Asconstructionsareknownaswellinsideandoutsideofthemounds,thequestion
has been asked what functions those features fulfilled and how a Noua settlements
complex overall structure has to be understood. To reach some conclusions in this
respect,IwanttousethethoroughlyresearchedsettlementofRotbavasanexample.
AtRotbavexcavationshavebeenundertakenbetween1970and1973byA.Vulpe
andM.Marcu,andagainbetween2005and2009byA.Vulpe,L.Dietrich,O.Dietrich;
work centered on the area outside the ashmound, which was discovered in 2007
(Fig.1).TheactualNouasettlementliesoutsideofthemound.Ithastwoconstruction
phaseswithnumeroushousesandconsiderablythickculturallayers.Theashmound
atRotbavbelongstotheearlierphaseoftheNouasettlement;itliesinthecenterofthe
plateauonwhichthesiteissituatedandmarkstheboundaryofthesettledareaatthat
Sava,Kaiser2011,426433.
Sava2005,69,Abb.2/1,3,3/2,4/6;withgeomagneticplanofOdaiaMiciurinKaiser,Sava
2006,152Abb.18.
28 BicbaevSava2004,338353,fig.25.
26
27
LeatherworkingintheLateBronzeAgeNouaculturesashmounds
233
time. To the south a cemetery of the Noua Culture is known due to the fortuitous
discoveryofastonecistgrave29.
Fig.1.TheNouasettlementofRotbav,generalplan.
Thebaseoftheashmounddoesnotlieonthewalkinglevelofthecontemporaneous
settlement,butinanatleast3050cmdeepovalbasin,whichwasintentionallymade
inthatformfromthebeginning.Thebasinwasdugtothegenuine,yellowishloamy
soil, earlier settlement debris of the Wietenberg Culture were deliberately and
completely removed. The mound was erected only later and is not the primary
attribute of the feature (Fig. 2 with a schematic representation of the settlement
stratigraphy;Fig.3foraschematicreconstructionoftheashmound).
Asmostexcavationshavecenteredontheashmoundsitisnotpossibletodraw
analogies between Rotbav and other sites. Some excavators mention limited
soundings outside the ashmounds30; systematic publications of the findings are
lackinghowever.NotonlyinthepublishedplansofOdaiaMiciurin31,butalsoinless
well known sites like Ghindeti32, Cndeti33, Grbov34, TruetiMovila35, Costeti36
Dietrich,Dietrich2007.
f.e.Florescu,Cpitanu1968,37;Florescu1991,70;Dragomir1959;Cavruc1998,8689,Nr.
XVIIId5/253;Cavruc2001,5055.
31 Kaiser,Sava2006,Abb.18,21,25.
32 Meljukova1961;Sava2005,fig.2/1.
33 Florescu,Florescu1990.
29
30
234
LauraDIETRICH
thisconcentrationonthemoundsisobvious,atleastasfarastheexcavationareasare
representedintheplansortheirpositionsaredescribedbytheexcavators.According
tosomeofthefewaccountsavailable,thelayersoutsideofthemoundswerethinand
yieldedfewfinds37.
Fig.2.SchematicrepresentationofthestratigraphyofthesettlementofRotbav.
In this respect it is important to note that none of the theories proposed so far has
taken into account site formation and especially postdepositional processes in the
interpretation of the stratigraphies. Sommer38 has pointed out several post
depositional processes affecting the archaeological record in different stages of site
formation: anthropoturbation (e.g. dislocation of finds due to human movement,
construction work, agriculture, exploitation of natural resources, treasure hunting),
bioturbation (e.g. scoring/destruction/dislocation of bones by dogs and pigs,
dislocationoffindsduetotheactivityofmolesandwormsorgrowingofroots)and
geoturbation (biological degradation, weather influences, erosion, wear leading to
relocation,deformationandcoveringoffindsandfeatures).
Fig. 4 is a schematic reconstruction of the formation processes at work for the
settlement area and the ashmounds based on observations from Rotbav. In a first
phase(fig.4/1),theovalbasinwasconstructed,thewalkinglevelonwhichthehouses
36
37
38
34
35
Florescu1991,172,173,fig.1.
Florescu1991,fig.2.
Sava2005,fig.3.
e.g.Florescu,Cpitanu1968,37;Florescu1991,70;Cavruc2010.
Sommers1991,109123.
LeatherworkingintheLateBronzeAgeNouaculturesashmounds
235
are build lies above the basins floor. In a second phase (Fig. 4/2) the basin is filled
slowly, between the houses cultural layers accumulated from waste and debris. At
somepoint,thesiteisabandoned,thehousesdecay;theashmoundhasreachedits
maximum height. At Rotbav, the stratigraphy shows a second Noua layer and a
humus horizon supraposing this layer, so that the ashmound was well conserved
(Fig. 4/3). Starting in the Middle Ages and intensifying in modern times extensive
agriculture is practiced in nowadays Romania. Maps showing modern land use
(Fig.5)indicateextensiveagricultureasamajorfactorinthewholedistributionarea39
oftheNouaCulture.Standardploughspenetratethesoiltoadepthofabout40cm,
the roots of the crops cultivated mostly in Romania reach depths of more than 1 m.
Experiments have shown that every ploughing will bring between 5 and 15% of the
total amounts of sherds in the zone affected to the surface; another experiment has
revealed a dislocation of single artifacts over a distance of up to 17.8 m, with an
averagemovementof3.5m40.Thus,amassivedestructionanddistortionoflayersand
considerablesoilerosionhavetobetakenintoaccount.
Fig.3.Schematicreconstructionofthestratigraphicpositionofanashmound.
Theabrasionoflayers(Fig.4/4)hastohaveaffectedaswellolderhumushorizonsas
theprehistoriclayersandthetipoftheashmound.Insomesituations(Fig.4/5),this
may lead to an almost complete destruction and disappearance of the upper
settlementlayers,whilearestoftheashmound,i.e.theroundtoovalbasin,remains.
If the stratigraphic situation at Rotbav is representative of other sites or even all
ashmounds,themodelproposedherewouldexplainthepresentdayappearanceofthe
ashmoundagglomerations with thin cultural layers between them. Many researchers
seem to fall victim to an implicit assumption of a Pompeii premise41 in their
interpretationsofthesesites,nottakingintoaccountthatculturallandscapesareproducts
of slow but farreaching formation and destruction processes. The apparent missing or
scarcity of settlement structures outside the ashmounds does not have to reflect the
prehistoricreality.Onlyinwellpreservedsitesthesestructuresarestillvisible;atRotbav
thisisduetothickyoungerstratawhichprotectedtheolderonesfromabrasion.
cf.Florescu1991,annex.
Sommers1991,121withbibliography.
41 Ascher1961,342;Schiffer1976;Schiffer1983;Binford1981.
39
40
236
LauraDIETRICH
Fig.4.Reconstructionmodelforthesiteformationofasettlementwithashmounds.
It has to be stressed that this model also has implications for the chronological
interpretation of the stratigraphies of multiphased Noua settlements. If abrasion
affects the upper part of the ashmound and the younger settlement layers, the
remainingrestofthemoundandtheolderlayermaybeonthesameabsolutelevel,
butnotcontemporaneous.
Asmentionedabove,insomeashmoundsconstructionshavebeendocumented;
the most numerous are pis platforms, fireplaces, ovens and pits. In Rotbav and
Ostrivec42 such features lie only outside the ashmound. At Petrueni and Magala
Balaguri1968,140.
42
LeatherworkingintheLateBronzeAgeNouaculturesashmounds
237
layersandseveralfeatureshavebeenexcavatedbesidestheashmounds43.InSavas
opinionthesefeaturesrepresenttheolder,burnedandleveledhouses44.AsinOdaia
Miciurin the grayishwhite layer was proven to be not formed of ashes45, in my
opiniontheinterpretationisnotprobable.Aswillbediscussedbelowindetail,there
arefurtherargumentsagainstafunctionoftheconstructionsasdomesticbuildings.
Materialculture:ashmoundversussettlement(Rotbav)
It has been mentioned that so far nearly no systematic comparisons between the
material culture of the ashmounds and the settlement areas have been made. The
evaluation of the ceramic finds from Rotbav in change has produced distinct
distributionpatternsofsomeobjectcategories.Fromtheashmoundaroseaquantity
of pottery 3 to 4 times higher than from the rest of the site. Cooking ware is also
present, but some differencies in comparison to the settlement are visible. In the
settlementonlysmallamountsofthecharacteristicdoublehandledkantharoi,which
representmostprobablydrinkingvesselsusedinfeasting46,werediscovered,usually
1to2itemsfromahousearea.Intheashmoundkatharoiappearinlargequantities47.
Another characteristic of the ashmound are hoards and single depositions of
bronzeobjects.AtRotbav,in2008asmallhoardconsistingofapinofCypriotetype
and a bronze ingot was discovered, which lay immediately under the surface of the
moundandmarkedtheeasterncardinaldirection48.Fromthesettlementareahoards
aremissing.
Animalbones:ashmoundvs.settlement(Rotbav)
Remarkabledifferencesarevisiblealsowiththeanimalbones.Thequantityofbones
from the ashmound is 12 times bigger than from the settlement. The bones are all
unburned, big and heavy. The fewer bones from the settlement area are generally
foundnearorinsidedomesticstructuresorfireplaces;theyaresmallerandapartis
burned. The bone material from the settlement can be interpreted as the remains of
meals, which is also supported by archaeozoological analysis. Whereas the bones in
Smirnova1969,10pp.fig.12;Leviki,Sava1993,136;Sava,Leviki1995,157pp.,fig.4;Sava
1998,272note.12;Sava2005,73,fig.8.
44 Sava2005,93.
45 KaiserSava2006,163165,Tab.4,5.
46 Dietrich2011b.
47 Dietrich2010a.
48 Dietrich2009.
43
238
LauraDIETRICH
thesettlementstemfromyoungeranimalsbutcheredfortheirmeat,intheashmound
allageclassesarerepresented,whilegenerallyolderanimalspredominate49.
Nexttothepottery,alsobonetoolsshowdistinctspatialpatterns.Thedominating
artifactsintheashmoundarecrenatedscapulae,whichlikethekantharoiappear
only sporadically in the settlement. Near to the ashmound needles and awls
concentrate;bothobjectclassesarealsorareinthesettlement.Adetailedstudyofthe
crenatedscapulaeproducedevidenceforafunctionascrapersfordefleshingandun
hair animal skins in the course of leather production50. This will prove to be an
importantaspectininterpretingtheashmounds.
Chemicalanalysisoftheashes
AsonlyapreliminarychemicalanalysisforthesedimentsfromRotbavisavailableat
thismoment,IwillusethefindingsfromOdaiaMiciurintofurthermyargument51.As
mentioned above, the socalled ashlayer of this site was different from the
surroundingsedimentsonlyinthebiggercontentsofcarbonatesandphosphatesThe
analysisidentifiesthecarbonatesascalciumcarbonate(CACO3)andcalciumoxide
(CA O), popularly known as burnt lime52; the first substance was also identified in
Rotbav. Calcium carbonate (CA CO 3) is a white substance insoluble in water,
occurringinteralianaturallyaslimestonebutalsoasendresultinthetransformation
circle of the burnt lime; calcium oxide (Ca O) is obtained by burning limestone or
other Ca CO 3 sources with temperatures between 900 and 1300 C. During this
process, calcium carbonate decomposes into burnt lime and carbon dioxide. Burnt
limecancontainaluminum,iron,siliciumandmagnesium;theseelementsarepresent
inthesedimentsfromtheashmoundofOdaiaMiciurin53.
Ashmoundsasplacesofcommunalworkandfeasting
It has been shown that the ashmounds developed in oval, basinlike structures
situated (at least in Rotbav) at the edge of the settled area. From Moldavia several
Blescu,Radu,inpreparation.
Blescu, Dietrich 2009; Morgenstern 2011 (in Sava, Kaiser 2011) published later very
similar results studying the pieces from Odaia Miciurin, however without mentioning the
resultsfromRotbav.
51 Sedimentological analysis has been conducted also for Ashmound 1 at Coslogeni
(Dobrinescu, Hait 2005). Although apparently not complete it could be shown that the
sedimentwasnotsubjectedtothermicalterations;theexcavatorsdeducedfromthisthatthe
moundwasnotformedofashes.
52 Kaiser,Sava2006,163165,Tab.4,5.Table5inKaiser,Sava2006.
53 Kaiser,Sava2006,165,Tab.5;Sava,Kaiser2011,414,tab.28.
49
50
LeatherworkingintheLateBronzeAgeNouaculturesashmounds
239
settlementsareknownthroughaerialphotographs,whereashmoundsarearranged
inrows,circlesorsmallgroups;someseemtobeseparatedfromthesurroundingarea
byditchesandramparts54.
Fig.5.ModernlanduseinRomania
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Romania_land_use_%281970%29.jpg;
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Romania_landuse_%281990%29.jpg.).
ThetextureoftheashsedimentsfromRotbavmakeitprobablethatthelayershere
are made up of burnt lime as well. Burnt lime is used, inter alia, in the process of
workinghides.Atraditionalmethodtounhairthehidesistoputthemintolimewash
(Ca(OH)2);anotherpossibility,calledschwdeninGermanorliminginEnglish,is
toapplylimepasteonthefleshsideofthehides.Thepastethenpermeatestheskin
andloosensthehair.ThisisnotonlyoneoftheoldestknownmethodsinEurope;it
wasalso traditionally used in China55. The crenatedscapulae were probablyused to
scrapethelimehairfleshrestsfromthehides;tracesofcarbonateswerefoundonthe
teethofonescapulafromRotbav.
Bicbaev,Sava2004,338353,fig.25.
Mauch2004,26,6566.
54
55
240
LauraDIETRICH
Takentogetherthereareseveralhintsataprimaryfunctionoftheashmoundsas
activityareasforleatherworking.Toolsforworkingtherawhides(crenatedscapulae)
are found in the ashmound, while needles and awls, i.e. tools for the further
processing of hides are found in the settlement area immediately near the mound. I
havepointedoutthatinseveralashmoundsconstructionsarepresent,whichhaveso
far been seen as domestic buildings. Taking into account the arguments presented
hereatleastapartofthem(esp.pitsandfireplaces)couldbeseenasrelatedtohide
working. The very summary publication of these features unfortunately prevents a
moredetaileddiscussionhere,buttheovensfoundatCndeti56couldwellhavebeen
used for burning lime, while the pis platforms could be the loci of actual skin
processing. The presence of other structures (like e.g. sheds or buildings) in the
ashmoundcouldbeexplainedintheselinesaswell,thereisnoneedorevidencefor
aninterpretationofthesestructuresasdwellings.
Very good ethnographic analogies for the placement of the ashmounds are
given for example by the tanneries of Marrakesh (Fig. 6), which lie surrounded by
domesticbuildingsinsidesettlements.Thetermtannerycouldreplaceinthefuture
the inexact term of ashmound, even if it remains unclear whether the actual
process of tanning, the alteration of the protein structure by treatment with acidic
chemicals, took place or untanned rawhides were produced by removing flesh, fat
and hair and subsequent scraping and drying. The latter would fit very well with
theevidencepreservedatRotbav.
A question for further study will be the precise relation between groups of
inhabitants of the settlements and the use of the ashmoundareas. As mentioned
above in the eastern distribution area of the Noua Culture there are usually several
ashmounds in connection with one settlement and the mounds seems to be
constructedinaplannedandorderedway.Thequestionhastobeanswered,whether
this implies a connection to certain groups of people like families or clans. Other
models are possible, too, such as utilization by specialized (?) craftsmen. The
spreading of the typical Noua Warzennadel, which appears as far southwards as
northern Greece could hint at considerable distances over which the staples were
distributed57.
Florescu,Florescu1990,5455,fig.8183.
Hochstetter1981.
56
57
LeatherworkingintheLateBronzeAgeNouaculturesashmounds
241
Fig.6.TanneriesinMarrakech (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tanneries_Marrakech.png;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leather_tanning,_Fes.jpg. Authors Donar Reiskoffer,
BernardGagn).
242
LauraDIETRICH
Another social dimension of the ashmound can be inferred looking at the large
quantityofpotteryincludingmanydrinkingvesselsintheformofkantharoiopen
up the possibility of a connection between work and feasting, more so as further
evidenceforcookingisknowne.g.informofclayballs58.Kantharoiarenotdaily
tableware, they play an important role as grave goods and express special
meanings in their zoomorphic forms59. Feasts with a cultic connotation, possibly
bound to certain fixed events in the course of a year like the bringing down of
cattle/arrivalofanimalsdrivenbyherderstopasturesoverlongerdistancesand
slaughtering may have taken place in the surroundings of the mounds. The
feasting would surely not take place directly in the ashmound, but presumably
its rests were deposited here, in the focal point of daily activities surrounding
animals and hide working as one central aspect of the life of the people of the
NouaCulture.
Lastly, a sacral dimension of meaning of the ashmound is hinted at by the
hoard discovered at Rotbav, which can be related to the end of the uselife of a
mound. From the ashmound at Coblnea60 there are several bronze needles and
awls (i.e. objects connected to hideworking and costume). A closer look reveals
that they together with bull skulls marked the four cardinal directions. A recent
study of the hoard from Rotbav has opened up the possibility that many single
findsofneedlesandawlsfromNouasettlementscouldbeinrealitydepositionsin
theashmounds61.
Summingup,anewviewontheashmoundsemerges;theyneitheraredwellings
norwastedumbsorspecializedcultareasforsacrifices.Aninterpretationasactivity
zonesseparatedfromthedomesticareasspatiallyandrituallybutneverthelessused
dailyforhideworking,asplacesforslaughteringanimalsandforcertainritualsinthe
contexts of feasting seems probable. Their biography is complex; they start out as
activity places, changing their function and meaning in time to ritual, specially
markedmoundsofholygarbage.
With the Noua Culture a specialized economic behavior seems to emerge,
whoseimplicationslikeorganizationofworkandexchange,theexistenceoflong
distance exchange networks, competition or collaboration between groups in the
production process, will have to be explored in the future. Detailed research in
settlements and microregional studies of settlement clusters, their distribution
and interrelations will be necessary. Leatherworking was surely known and
60
61
58
59
Dietrich2010b.
Dietrich2011b.
Sava1998,273,Abb.2.
Dietrich2009,100.
LeatherworkingintheLateBronzeAgeNouaculturesashmounds
243
practiced before the Noua Culture, but the intensity in which it becomes visible
archaeologicallyandtheapparententanglementwithcentralaspectsoflivemake
us believe that animals and hide working played a major role in this cultures
attitudetothesurroundingworld.
244
LauraDIETRICH
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TroiaVIIrepercronologic?
Din nou despre relaiile dintre regiunile istro
ponticeispaiulegeeoanatolianlasfritulepocii
bronzului i nceputul epocii fierului n lumina
noilorcercetri
AttilaLszl*
Abstract: The paper presents the main results of the new excavations of Troia, initiated by Professor
Manfred Korfmann of the University of Tbingen, and it tries to establish to what extent the new
information may be correlated with the existing archaeological data on the cultural and historical
evolutionattheendoftheBronzeAgeandthebeginningoftheIronAgeinthenortheasternBalkans.
New research has revealed that Troia VI and VIIa was the era of a high civilisation (Troianische
Hochkultur), as the city (called Wilusa in the Hittite sources) played the role of an important power
factorintheeconomicandpoliticalsystemofEasternMediterraneanduringtheLateBronzeAge.The
collapsofthissystemandthedestructionofTroiaVIIaatthebeginningofthe12thcenturyBCisfollowed
inTroiabytheEarlyIronAgelayerVIIb,wherethetraditionsoftheformercivilisationareinterwoven
with new barbarian elements, which are due to the setting in these areas of groups of populations of
Balkanorigins.WemaythereforespeakofabalkanischgeprgteTroiaKultur.Thisisthehistorical
background that leads to the appearance in Troia of the handmade pottery called barbarian (or coarse)
ware (barbarische Ware) and knobbed ware (Buckelkeramik), which had been discovered as early as
Schliemanns and Blegens excavations in the VIIb1 and VIIb2 levels and later ascribed to the cultures
NouaSabatinovkaCoslogeni and Babadag. According to older research, the two categories of pottery
werethoughttohavehadasuccessiveoccurence,namelyinTroiaVIIb1andVIIb2.Nevertheless,thenew
excavations have demonstrated that the barbarian ware occured together with the knobbed ware,
includung in some wellstratified excavation units (Behlter), and that there are even transitions of
shape and decoration between the two pottery categories. Interferences between traditional wheelmade
Troian pottery and handmade foreign pottery have also been revealed; see, for instance, the so called
Troia VII coarse ware (grob gemagerte VIIer Waren). According to the new discoveries and
stratigraphicobservations,thecontactswiththeNouaSabatinovkaCoslogeniandBabadagcultures,as
possiblesourcesofthebarbarianandknobbedware,arerelatedtotheTroiaVIIb123(4)levels,which
hadbeenstudiedbothintheCitadelandintheLowerCity(Unterstadt).Thepapertacklesboththeissue
of considering these levels from the viewpoint of the Aegean chronological system (Late Helladic III C,
Submycenaean, Protogeometric, Geometric periods, extending from about 1190/1180 to 800 and even
*
FacultateadeIstorie,UniversitateaA.I.Cuza,Iai.
DinpreistoriaDunriideJos.50deanidelanceputulcercetrilorarheologicelaBabadag,Tulcea,2013,p.247266
248
AttilaLSZL
720/700B.C.),andradiocarbon chronology.ThispaperistheversioninRomanianoftheLszl2012
study,publishedinEnglish(seetheBibliography).
Rezumat:LucrareaprezintprincipalelerezultatealenoilorspturidelaTroia,iniiatedeprofesorul
ManfredKorfmanndelaUniversitateadinTbingen,i examineaz,ncemsurpotficorelatenoile
informaii cu datele arheologice privind evoluia culturalistoric de la sfritul epocii bronzului i
nceputul epocii fierului din regiunea nordest balcanic. Noile cercetri au scos n eviden faptul c
TroiaVIiVIIaareprezentatocivilizaienalt(TroianischeHochkultur),cetatea(numitWilusan
izvoarelehittite)avndrolulunuiimportantfactordeputerencadrulsistemuluieconomicipolitical
Mediteranei rsritene din epoca trzie a bronzului. Dup colapsul acestui sistem i distrugerea Troiei
VIIa la nceputul sec. XII. BC, urmeaz la Troia perioada stratului VIIb din epoca fierului, n care
tradiiilevechiicivilizaiisempletesccuelementenoi,barbare,datoratestabiliriiaiciaunorgrupuri
de populaii de origine balcanic, putnduse vorbi despre aa numita balkanisch geprgte Troia
Kultur. n acest context istoric apare la Troia aa numit ceramica barbar (barbarische
Ware/BarbarianWare/CoarseWare)iceramicacuproeminene(Buckelkeramik,KnobbedWare),
lucratecumna,descoperitencnspturileluiSchliemenniBlegennnivelurileVIIb1iVIIb2i
puse mai trziu pe seama culturilor NouaSabatinovkaCoslogeni i Babadag. Potrivit cercetrilor mai
vechi cele dou categorii ceramice au fost prezentate ca aprnd succesiv, n Troia VIIb1 i VIIb2. n
schimb,noilespturiaurelevatfaptulcceramicabarbaraparempreuncuceramicacuproeminene,
inclusivnuneleunitidespturbinestratificateicntreceledoucategoriiexistchiartranziii
n ce privete formele i decorul. De asemene, au fost relevate interferene ntre categoriile ceramice
troiene tradiionale (lucrate la roat) i ceramica strin; a se vedea, de exemplu, aa zis ceramica
grosier de tip Troia VII (grob gemagerte VIIer Waren/Troia VII Coarse Ware). Potrivit noilor
descopeririiobservaiistratigrafice,contactelecuculturileNouaSabatinovkaCoslogeniiBabadag,ca
probabilesursealeceramiciibarbareiceramiciicuproeminene,seraporteazlanivelurileTroiaVIIb1
23(4),cercetateattncetate ctinoraul dejos(Unterstadt/LowerCity).nlucrare sediscut
att problema raportrii acestor niveluri la sistemul cronologic egeean (perioadele Late Helladic III C,
Submycenaean, Protogeometric i Geometric, n intervalul cuprins ntre anii 1190/1180 i 800 sau
chiar720/700a.Chr.)ctilacronologiabazatpemetodaradiocarbon.Lucrareadefaestevariantan
limbaromnastudiuluiLszl2012,publicatnlimbaenglez(veziBibliografia).
Keywords:Troy,LateBronzeAge,EarlyIronAge,Coslogeniculture,Babadagculture.
Cuvinte cheie: Troia, Perioada trzie a epocii fierului, perioada timpurie a epocii fierului, cultura
Coslogeni,culturaBabadag,
Introducere
LamplinireaunuisecoldelamoartealuiHeinrichSchliemann,n1990,saorganizatla
Atenauncongresinternaionaldearheologie,dedicatacesteianiversri,pentrucaream
pregtit o comunicare cu privire la legturile ntre Troia i regiunea Dunrii de Jos la
sfritul epocii bronzului. Actele congresului nu au putut fi publicate atunci i, dup
TroiaVIIrepercronologic?
249
civaani,amncredinatstudiuluneirevistedinRomnia1.Cuaproapedoudecenii
de la evenimentul menionat, sa luat iniiativa de a publica actele Congresului
SchliemanndelaAtena,autoriifiindinvitaisiactualizezelucrrile.nceidouzeci
deanicareautrecutdelaredactareacomunicriipentrucongresuldelaAtenaaufost
fcuteprogresensemnate ncunoatereaproblemei discutate, maialesdatoritnoilor
spturi i cercetri interdisciplinare de la Troia, conduse de regretatul profesor
Manfred Korfmann de la universitatea de la Tbingen, ca i a publicrii exemplare a
rezultatelor2.Avndnvedereacestfapt,aducerealazicomunicriidin1990preagreu
de realizat. n aceste condiii, n comun acord cu redactorii volumului, n actele
congresului a fost publicat textul neschimbat al comunicrii din 1990, urmat, ca un
Addendum, de un nou studiu cu privire la Troia VII i nordestul Balcanilor n lumina
noilorcercetri3.Lucrareadefaestevariantaromneascaacestuistudiudinurmi
a fost pregtit, la sugestia editorilor, pentru prezentul volum aniversar, dedicat
cercetrilor de la Babadag. Desigur, nu neam putut propune s relum toate
problemele puse iniial n discuie, dar am ncercat s evideniem cele mai relevante
aspectealetemeialese4.Dintreacestea,sincronizareaevoluieiculturilorpreistoricede
laDunreadeJosidinregiunilenordestbalcanicecucronologiacivilizaiiloregeeo
anatoliene, inclusiv cea troian, constituie o veche preocupare a arheologiei sudest
europene.Pentruperioadadecareneocupmsuntbinecunoscute,depild,ncercrile
repetate ale lui Sebastian Morintz si Bernhard Hnsel de a data evoluia culturii
BabadagpebazalegturilorcuTroiaVIIb2iculumeaprotogeometricdinEgeea5.n
continuareaacestorpreocupri,irelundproblemadiscutatdenoininecumaibine
de dou decenii n urm6, n rndurile ce urmeaz vom ncerca s analizm, n ce
msur rezultatele noilor spturi de la Troia, conduse de Manfred Korfmann, prea
puinluatenconsideraienarheologiaromneasc,potficorelatecuevoluiacultural
istoric de la sfritul epocii bronzului i nceputul epocii fierului din regiunile istro
pontice.Spredeosebiredencercrilemaivechi,careaupusaccentulpelmurireaunor
probleme de cronologie absolut, vom avea n vedere mai ales sistemul de relaii
interculturaleiinterregionale,caicontextulistoricmailargalacestorrelaii.
Lszl1990/1997.
vezi, de exemplu, volumele Studia Troica, Tbingen, 1/1991 17/2007; catalogul expoziiei
TroiaTraum und Wirklichkeit, Stuttgart, 2001. Prezentarea general a rezultatelor noilor
cercetri de la Troia: Korfmann 2004b. Despre Troia VII b, cu rezumarea rezultatelor
cercetrilorefectuatepnlacampaniadin1995:Koppenhfer1997.
3 Lszl2012.
4 vezi,deasemenea,Lszl1999;Lszl2003;Lszl2007.
5 veziMorintz1964;Morintz1982;Morintz1987;Hnsel1976;Hnsel1982.
6 Lszl1990/1997.
1
2
250
AttilaLSZL
1.Contextulistoricicadrulcronologic.TroiaiMediteranarsriteanlasfritul
epociibronzuluiilanceputulepociifierului
Precizrile privind aceste probleme constituie una din cele mai importante rezultate
ale spturilor misiunii arheologice de la Tbingen. Fluctuaia datrilor care au fost
propusencursuldeceniilorpentrustraturileTroiaVIiVIIaupus,uneori,nmare
dificultate i chiar iau derutat pe cercettorii care cutau puncte de sprijin pentru
cronologia bronzului trziu i epocii timpurii a fierului din Balcani i din regiunea
Dunriiinferioarepebazalegturilorcuspaiulegeean7.
Analizarea (i, dup caz, reanalizarea) ceramicii miceniene i protogeometrice
descoperit la Troia, corelat cu noile observaii stratigrafice, a permis revizuirea
treptat a cronologiei nivelurilor VIVII. Aceste date au fost completate i prin serii
de datri 14C, dar se consider c secvenele ceramice pot fi mai fin datate n
comparaie cu determinrile cronologice prin metoda radiocarbon8. Rezervele
specialitilor n ceea ce privete utilitatea datelor radiocarbon n datarea unor faze
succesivesedatoreazfaptuluicacestedatesuntconsiderate,ngeneral,preanalte,
i c ntinderea lor (range) este prea mare (very wide), chiar i n varianta calibrat9.
inndseamadeacesteobservaii,nceleceurmeaznevomreferi,cuprioritate,la
datele cronologiei istorice (cronologie de contact, crossconnections dating), i vom
discutaseparatuneleconcluziicesedesprinddincomparareaacestordatecudatrile
radiocarbon.
Unrezultatimportantalnoilorcercetri,inclusivpentruarheologiaregiuniiDunrii
deJos,estecorectareadatrilorsurprinztordejoase,propusedeChristianPodzuweit
lanceputulanilor1980pebazarestudieriiceramiciimicenieneiprotogeometricedela
Troia, disponibil atunci10. Astfel, pentru sfritul Troiei VI h (i, implicit, nceputul
TroieiVIIa),nloculdatei11501100,stabilitdePodzuweit,sepropuneacumodatare
n jur de 1300 a.Chr.11. Aceast datare este n concordan cu opinia lui Penelope A.
Mountjoy,potrivitcreiaceramicamiceniandinstraturilededistrugerealeTroieiVIh
cf.Lszl1990/1997;Lszl1999,nspeciallapagina28,cubibliografie.
cf.Korfmann2001a,27.
9 Vezi Dickinson 2007, 2021. O trecere n revist critic a datrilor radiocarbon privind
BronzulTrziuEgeean:Manning,Weninger1992.
10 Podzuweit 1982, 8083. n legtur cu consecinele acestor datri pentru cronologia
sfritului epocii bronzului i nceputului epocii fierului de la Dunrea de Jos vezi Lszl
1990/1997;Lszl1999.
11 Korfmann 2001b, 348; Korfmann 2002, 9, 14; Korfmann 2004a, 16: tabel cronologic; Becks,
Thumm2001,419;Becks2003,4142.
7
8
TroiaVIIrepercronologic?
251
ar indica faptul c oraul a fost distrus la sfritul fazei LH III A 212. Datri ceva mai
trziiaufostpropusedeP.JablonkaiJ.Sperling,careauavutnvedereiprezena
ceramiciidetipLHIIIBlaTroiaVIh.Primuladatataceststratntre1325i1275,iarcel
dealdoileantre1300i1250BC,TroiaVIhsfrinduse,astfel,nopinialor,ncursul
primeijumtiasec.XIIIa.Chr.13.TroiaVIIapututfidatatnfunciedeceramicade
tipLHIIIB1(13001230),B2(12301210),idetranziieLHIIIB2/IIICtimpurie(1210
1190)14. Pentru sfritul perioadei Troia VII a (i, implicit, nceputul Troiei VII b) este
acceptat,astfel,odatarepuindup1200,njurde1190/1180a.Chr.15.
Dincolo de precizrile cronologice, noile cercetri au pus n eviden faptul c
TroiaVI(cca.17401300a.Chr.)iVIIa(cca.13001190a.Chr.)reprezintocivilizaie
nalt unitar din epoca trzie a bronzului, numit Troianische Hochkultur, a crei
perioad de nflorire a avut loc n sec. XIII a.Chr. Troia acestor timpuri poate fi
identificatcucetateaconsemnatsubnumeledeWilusa/Tru(w)isa/Taruisanizvoarele
hittite,(W)Ilios/TroiancelegrecetiiDardaniyanceleegiptene16.UnitateaTroiaVI
VIIaafostevideniatdejainurmaspturilormisiuniiamericane;C.W.Blegena
apreciat, astfel, c nivelul VII a ar putea fi denumit drept Troia VI i17. Aceasta ar fi
Troia homeric, un factor de putere n sistemul politic al vremii din regiunile
Mediteranei orientale. Dup ce Troia VI h a fost distrus de un cutremur pe la
1300a.Chr.,oraulafostreconstruit,pstrnduimaideparteimportana.Estedemn
demenionat,nacestsens,cpela1280a.Chr.afostncheiatuntratatdepacentre
regelehittitMuwatalliIIistpnuldelaWilusa,Alaksandu18.naceeavremeWilusa
seaflanraporturidevasalitatefadeImperiulHittit19.Pesteaproximativunsecol,
cetateaTroiaVIIaestedistrusdinnou,dedataaceastanurmaunuirzboi,pecare
locuitorii Wilusei lau pierdut. Acest eveniment, care a avut loc cu puin timp dup
sfritul perioadei palaiale din Grecia micenian, poate fi corelat cu alte urme de
distrugere din Mediterana rsritean i cu cderea capitalei hittite, Boghazky
(Hattusas), fapte ce sunt puse de unii specialiti n legtur cu invazia popoarelor
cf. Mountjoy 1999a, 253, 288. Autoarea consider c puinele fragmente ceramice de tip
LHIIIBprovindinderanjamenteulterioare.
13 Jablonka1993,65;Sperling1991,153,156.
14 veziMountjoy1999b,295,298:tabel.
15 Korfmann2001b,352;Korfmann2004a,16:tabelcronologic;Becks,Thumm2001,419.
16 Korfmann 2001a, 39; Korfmann 2001b, 348352; Korfmann 2002, 14; Korfmann 2004a, 16;
Korfmann2004b,2940;Becks2003,51.
17 veziBlegenetalii1958,142144;Korfmann2002,14.
18 Korfmann2001a,39.
19 vezi discuia la Becks 2003, 51; pentru contextul internaional vezi i Seeher 2005, n
special3337.
12
252
AttilaLSZL
TroiaVIIrepercronologic?
253
ceramica de tip LH III C timpurie (11901130), pentru tranziia Troia VII b1/VII b2
ceramica LH III C mijlocie (11301070), pentru Troia VII b2 ceramica LH III C trzie
(10701050/1030) i de tip submicenian (10201000 a.Chr.)24. Este de menionat c
ceramica submicenian nu este nc suficient de bine definit, iar existena
Submicenianului ca faz cronologic distinct este discutabil, unii specialiti
considerndcstilulsubmicenianputeasevoluezenparalelcuceramicaLHIIIC
trzie25. Faza Troia VII b3 (care urmeaz direct dup VII b2) a fost datat, de la
definirea ei, pe baza ceramicii protogeometrice timpurii care se asociaz acum
categoriilor ceramicii troiene cunoscute din fazele anterioare. Ceramica
protogeometric de la Troia a fost studiat de R.W.V. Catling i de D. Lenz i
colaboratorii care au ajuns la concluzia c pentru Troia VII b3 sunt caracteristice
amforele din grupa I, ce aparin perioadei protogeometrice timpurii. Datarea acestui
set de amfore ar indica pentru faza Troia VII b3 o durat scurt, limitat la sfritul
sec. XI i/sau la nceputul sec. X a.Chr. Numrul relativ mare al importurilor de
amforedingrupaIdemonstreaz,totodat,cpela1000a.Chr.Troianuafostizolat
ci ntreinea contacte strnse cu Grecia continental. Pe de alt parte, chiar n lipsa
construciilor, prezena la Troia a amforelor din grupele IIIIIIV indic o anumit
continuitateaactivitiiumaneincursulsec.XVIIIa.Chr.,ntredistrugereaTroiei
VIIinceputulTroieiVIII26.DupR.BecksiD.Thumm,amforeleprotogeometrice
timpuriiarpermitedatareafazeiTroiaVIIb3nintervalul1025950a.Chr.Apariia
variantelormaitrziialeceramiciiprotogeometriceindic,idupacetispecialiti,c
locuirealaTroiaacontinuat,ntruncadrulimitat,incursulsec.XVIIIa.Chr27.Mai
recent, Carolyn Chabot Aslan a analizat ceramica protogeometric, geometric i
arhaic,descoperitnceleaptecontextestratificate(faze)dinarealulD9(oraulde
jos).nopiniaautoareiattfaza1,datatcuceramicprotogeometricntre1025950
a.Chr.,ctifaza2,datatcuceramicprotogeometrictrzieigeometrictimpurie
ntrecca.950800,potfiatribuiteperioadeiTroiaVIIb3,carearavea,astfel,odurat
mailung,ncomparaiecuaprecierilealtorspecialiti28.
Rezult din observaiile prezentate mai sus c, n publicaiile recente, pentru
nceputul perioadei TroiaVII b1 este acceptat o datare n jur de1190/1180a.Chr. n
schimb,datareasfrituluiacesteifaze(i,implicit,anceputuluifazeiTroiaVIIb2)
Mountjoy1999b,295,298:tabel.
VeziMountjoy1993,2829;Dickinson2007,2123ifig.1.1:tabel,cubibliografie.Mountjoy
dateaz Submicenianul ntre 1050/10301020/1000 BC, iar Dickinson consider c fazele
LHIIICtrzieiSubmiceniansesfrescmpreunctre1050/1025.
26 Catling1998,151152,155;Lenzetalii1998,189,197.
27 Beck,Thumm2001,423.
28 ChabotAslan2002,8185,9091,96.
24
25
254
AttilaLSZL
oscileaz n limitele celei de a doua jumti a sec. XII a.Chr. Acest moment a fost
datat,astfel,dediferiispecialiti,ctremijloculsauadouajumtateasec.XIIa.Chr.
cel mai probabil ctre 115029, pe la 1150/110030, n jur de 113031 sau 1120 a.Chr.32.
Indiferent de datarea pe care o avem n vedere, este evident c Troia VII b1 a fost o
fazrelativscurtcaresasfritprintrunincendiu,ncondiiineclare33.Esteposibil
canurmaacestuieveniment,nfazaurmtoare,TroiaVIIb2,stpnireaaezriisfi
fost preluat de reprezentanii unui grup cultural, nrudii cu populaia civilizaiei
TroieiVIIb134.SfritulfazeiTroiaVIIb2inceputulfazeiTroiaVIIb3nuestefoarte
clarstabilit;limitadintreacestedouperioadeestesituatdediferiispecialitina
douajumtatesaunultimulsfertalsec.XI,ctre1050/1030,35pela102536,saunjur
de10251000a.Chr.37.TroiaVIIb2sasfritprintrunincendiu,probabilnurmaunui
nou eveniment rzboinic38, dar nu este exclus nici ipoteza unui cutremur39. n
privinasfrituluiperioadeiTroiaVIIb(VIIb3)nuexistunconsensdeplin.Manfred
Korfmannaapreciat,iniial,cTroiaVIIbsesfretenadouajumtateasec.XIsau
pe la1000a.Chr. i cntre sec. Xisec. VII(altfel spusntre TroiaVII b iVIII) nu
exist elemente de continuitate40. Ulterior, pe baza descoperirilor fcute n oraul de
jos,aanalizeiceramiciiprotogeometricefcutedeCatling,iarezultatelorunordatri
radiocarbon,elaadmiscontinuareaperioadeiTroiaVIIb3insec.X,pnpela950
a.Chr.,dupcarearurmaunhiatusnviaaaezriipnlantemeiereaorauluigrec
Ilion(TroiaVIII),pela720/700a.Chr.41.Dupcumamartatmaisus,C.ChabotAslan
estedeprerecperioadaTroiaVIIb3poatefiprelungitinsec.IX42,ntimpceali
cercettori admit doar o prezen uman la poalele cetii n cursul sec. XVIII, fr
activitideconstruciecarearfilsaturmevizibile43.
Korfmann2004a,16:tabel.
Becks,Thumm2001,421.
31 Becks2003,42.
32 Koppenhfer1997,346.
33 Becks,Thumm2001,421.
34 Korfmann2001a,352.
35 Becks2003,42.
36 ChabotAslan2002,8184,96.
37 Becks,Thumm2001,423.
38 Becks,Thumm,2001,423.
39 ChabotAslan2002,96.
40 Korfmann1997,34,30;Korfmann1998,34,40.
41 Korfmann 2001a, 2627; 2004a, 16: tabel. Aceeai datare pentru sfritul Troiei VII b3 i la
Koppenhfer1977,295,346;Becks,Thumm2001,423;Becks2003,42.
42 ChabotAslan2002,8185,9091,96.
43 Catling1998,151152,155;Lenzetalii1998,189,197.
29
30
TroiaVIIrepercronologic?
255
Pentruarezuma:nurmacercetrilorrecenteaufostadoptateurmtoareledatri:
Troia VII b1: 1190/11801150/1120; Troia VII b2: 1150/11201050/1020; Troia VII b3:
1050/1020950 BC. n privina sfritului perioadei Troia VII b, mai ales pe baza
ceramiciiprotogeometricetrziiigeometricetimpurii,descoperitenunelecontexte
stratificatedinarealulD9(orauldejos),sagnditilaposibilitateaprelungiriifazei
VIIb3pnnsec.IXa.Chr.ngeneralseconsider,totui,cdelamijloculsec.Xi
pnlantemeiereaorauluigrecIlion(TroiaVIII)pela720/700a.Chr.arfiexistatla
Troia, dac nu chiar un hiatus, doar o prezen uman sporadic, limitat la zona
poalelor cetii. Problema apariiei la Troia, n perioada VII b, a unor elemente
culturale strine, de origine balcanodanubian i nordvest pontic, trebuie re
discutatnacestnoucadruistoricicronologic.
2.ContinuitateidiscontinuitatencivilizaiaTroieiVIIb
Apariia noii civilizaii este privit acum mai nuanat, avnd n vedere att
supravieuireaunorelementelelocale,ctiapariiaunorcomponentenoi,alogene.
Este evident c speciile de ceramic tradiional troian, lucrate la roat, cum este
ceramica cenuie (Grey Ware, Grau Keramik, Anatolische Grauware, GrauMinysche
Ware) i Tan Ware (Troianische Tanware) sunt produse, n continuare, n tot cursul
perioadei Troia VII b44. n faza VII b1 continuitatea se manifest i n arhitectur,
inclusivn tehnicile de construcie45. Caelementnouaparacumvasedegtitide
provizii, lucrate cu mna, din past grosier, aa numita ceramic barbar
(BarbarianWare,CorseWare,BarbarischeWare),careafostpusnlegturcuapariia
unei noi populaii, de oameni simpli, de originebalcanic. Tot acumapare iun
nou tip de vestimentaie, marcat prin portul fibulelor46. Se apreciaz c, n ciuda
schimbrilor, Troia VII b1 se leag nc puternic de civilizaia perioadei anterioare,
putndfisocotitdreptTroiaVIj47.
Schimbrilemajore,orupturculturalmaipronunatintervinenfazaTroiaVIIb2,
odat cu apariia unor noi tipuri de case i noi tehnici de construcie (zidrie cu
orthostate), a unei noi categorii de ceramic lucrat cu mna, numit ceramic cu
proeminene (Knobbed Ware, Buckelkeramik), care cuprinde o gam mai variat de
forme, inclusiv vase de but (cupe, ceti). Aceste schimbri sunt puse n legtur cu
apariiaunoroameninoi,cuunafluxdepopulaiedinsprenordestulBalcanilor.48
Koppenhfer1997,320;Becks,Thumm2001,419;Becks2003,49.
Becks2003,45;PieniazekSikora2003,32.
46 Koppenhfer1997,309312,320,333337;Becks,Thumm2001,419421;Becks2003,4950.
47 Becks2003,41,45,4950;Korfmann2004a,31.VeziiBlegenetalii1958,143144.
48 Koppenhfer1997,320,333,337341;Becks,Thumm2001,421;Becks2003,4951;Korfmann
2004,16;Korfmann2004a,31,33.).
44
45
256
AttilaLSZL
TroiaVIIrepercronologic?
257
celemaimulteori,lucratlaroat(TroiaVIICoarseWare,GrobGemagerteVIIerWaren).
Fenomenul a fost explicat prin preluarea de ctre olarii autohtoni pentru ceramica lor
uzualatehnologieifolositedecolegiilorimigrani54.Noinentrebmdacnucumva
sapututntmplainvers:noiiveniiaupreluattehnicaroiiolaruluipentruaproduce
ceramicalortradiional,dinpastgrosier?DinfazaVIIb2exist,ntradevr,dovezi
cuprivirelauneleinfluenealeceramiciistrineasupraceramiciitroienefine.Exist,de
pild,ncadrulceramiciitroienecenuii(GreyWare,AnatolischeGrauware)formedevase
i motive ornamentale incizate i imprimate, inspirate din ceramica cu proeminene55.
Trecereantrecategoriileceramicealefazelor/nivelelorVIIb1VIIb2iVIIb3este,deci,
lent56iseajungelasimbiozeiinterfereneinteresante,ceeacenupoatefineglijatnici
n interpretarea ceramicii strine de la Troia, care, dac nelegem bine, nu poate fi
separatnmodtranantpecategoriiinivele.Dinacestpunctdevederemeritatenie
concluziilerecentealeCarolyneiChabotAslancare,discutndceramicagrosierlucrat
cu mna (Handmade Coarse Ware) de la Troia, a inclus n aceast categorie larg att
BarbarianWarectiKnobbedWarecare,adesea,nupotficlardistinse(citm:Theproblem
withthisclassificationsystemisthattheshape,fabricandsurfacetreatmentvarywidelywithin
this general class of handmade coarse wares, and sherds sometimes have features that fit both
KnobbedandBarbarianWarecategories)57.Maiobservmcdindateleavuteladispoziie
rezult c ceramica barbar este prezent n toat perioada Troia VII b13; dar nu ne
estelafeldeclardacKnobbedWareaparecustricteenumaincepndcufazaVIIb2.
3.TroiaVIIbdinperspectivnordic
258
AttilaLSZL
a.CulturaCoslogeni,probabilncontactcuculturaZimniceaPlovdiv/erkovnaa
existat(nc)ntimpulfazeiTroiaVIIb1,sincronizatcuperioadaLHIIICtimpuriei
mijlocie (parial), i datat, pe aceast cale, n intervalul cuprins ntre nceputul i
mijlocul(sauadouajumtate)asec.XIIa.Chr.
TroiaVIIrepercronologic?
259
culturalenruditecuceramicaimprimat,esteasigurat,independentdelegturilecu
Troia, n sec. XIX a.Chr., pe baza contactelor cu Egeea protogeometric62. Aceste
raionamententrescconcluziilenoastremaivechicuprivirelatrecereagradualde
laepocatrzieabronzuluilaprimaepocafieruluilaDunreadeJosidinregiunea
nordest balcanic, altfel spus nlocuirea treptat a culturii NouaSabatinovka
Coslogeni cu noile culturi ale perioadei Hallstatt timpuriu (Ha AB), ceea ce face
probabil existena unui sincronism (parial) ntre cultura NouaCoslogeni trzie i
culturaBabadagnformare,aflatencontact,nariinvecinate.ApariialaTroiamai
ntiaceramiciibarbare(nfazaVIIb1),iarapoiiaceramiciicuproeminene(nfaza
VIIb2)nuarfi,astfel,rezultatulunorvaluri(demigraie)strictsuccesive,dupcum
sa crezut (vezi mai sus), ci urmarea unui aflux quasi continuu spre Egeea al unor
bunuri culturale i chiar al unor grupuri de populaie, originare din ariile culturale
mai sus amintite63. Acest model ar putea explica i aparenta neconcordan
cronologic,observatlaKorakou(nordulPeloponezului),unde,ntruncontextdatat
cu ceramic LH III C timpurie au fost descoperite att vase cu analogii n cultura
NouaSabatinovkaCoslogeni i n ceramica barbar (Corse Ware, barbarische Ware)
delaTroiaVIIb1(grupaIdeceramic),ctivasecuanalogiinprimafazaculturii
Babadaginceramicacuproeminene(KnobbedWare,Buckelkeramik)detipTroiaVII
b2(grupeleIIiIVdeceramic)64.Dupcumamartatcualtocazie,formeledevase
dingrupaIIdelaKorakou(maialescetilecutoartasupranlat)suntasemntoare
cucelealeculturiiBabadag,darnceeaceprivetedecorul,lipsetemotivulcercurilor
concentrice cu tangente, specific pentru cultura Babadag (i prezent i pe Knobbed
WaredelaTroia).GrupaIIdevaseiare,astfel,celemaibuneanalogiinceramicade
tipPrebabadagiTmoani65.nopinianoastr,ceramicastrindelaKorakou,n
ansamblu, poate fi pus n legtur cu cultura Coslogeni trzie i/sau cu cultura
Babadagnformare,careaasimilatuneleelementealeculturiiCoslogeni.
Revenind la Troia, mai nou sa atras atenia asupra unor posibile influene
nordvest pontice, manifestate n domeniul arhitecturii, care ar putea fi chiar mai
semnificativedectschimbrileobservatenproduciasauimportulunorartefacte
portabile66. Este vorba de o nou tehnic de construcie: folosirea pietrelor plate,
aezatenpoziievertical,lafundaiazidurilor(aanumiteleorthostate).Aceast
tehnicapareexcepionalnfazaTroiaVIIb1,devinetipicnVIIb2idisparen
vezi, de ex. Hnsel 1976, 1, 133134, 139140, 209213; Hnsel 1982, 1618; i, mai recent,
Kauba2006.
63 veziLszl1990/1997,9293;Lszl1999,2829;Lszl2003,108109.
64 Rutter1975.
65 Lszl1999,30;veziiLszl1986.
66 PieniazekSikora2003.
62
260
AttilaLSZL
TroiaVIIrepercronologic?
261
ncheiere
RezultatelenoilorspturiicercetriinterdisciplinaredelaTroia,careaumobilizat
arheologi,istorici,filologiispecialitidindiferitedomeniialetiinelornaturii,au
contribuit substanial la cunoaterea mai fidel a locului i rolului istoric al cetii,
aflat n zona de contact a unor mari uniti geograficeistorice i la rscrucea
Bojadiev1992,17.
Koppenhfer1997,314315.
73 n legtur cu poziia seriei de datri 14C de la Durankulak n contextul datrilor
radiocarbon disponibile pentru siturile culturii NouaSabatinovkaCoslogeni, Belozerka i
straturile 1810 de la Kastanas (Macedonia de Nord), ca i pentru unele probleme ale
cronologieiepociitrziiabronzuluidinEuropaestcentral,ngeneral,veziLszl1993,fig.
14;Lszl2006,nspecialfig.7.
74 Mulumim i pe aceast cale colegilor SorinCristian Ailinci i Laurent Carozza pentru
permisiuneadeamenionaaiciacestedatri(realizatencadrulmisiuniiarheologicedeltadu
Danube) care sunt n curs de publicare, inclusiv n varianta calibrat, cu toate informaiile
complementareicucomentariilecuvenite.
71
72
262
AttilaLSZL
75
76
TroiaVIIrepercronologic?
263
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266
AttilaLSZL
Aezrilefortificatedinaria
culturiiGvadinRomnia
GabrielBlan*
Abstract: During 12th9th centuries BC, on a vast territory including upper and middle Tisza basin
(EasternSlovakiaandEasternHungary),Transylvania,Galicia,BukovinaandBanat,evolvedtheGva
culture.InRomaniaarecertified30fortifiedsettlementscertainlyattributabletothisculture.Covering
all major landforms, the fortifications are located in strategic positions on the high plateaus of hills or
mountains, on the watercourses or wetlands, which, by their natural position, provide a defensive
advantage.Dependingontheshapeandlocationofthefortificationelements,incloserelationshipwith
theadvantagesoftheenvironment,wecandistinguishtwomaintypes:theenclosuretypeandthespur
type.Therearesettlementswithdefensivesystemsthatdonotfallintothesetwotypes.Thesesettlements
arelocatedontheplateauofhillsandlowmountainsinheight.Gvaculturesettlementswerefortifiedby
arrangingramparts,ditchesandpalisades.ThefunctionofthefortifiedsettlementsoftheFirstIronAge
society,inthepresentstateofresearch,itcanbemoreinferredthandemonstrated.Theoretically,wecan
advancepolitical,military,economicandsocialimplications.
Rezumat:nperioadasec.XIIIXa.Chr.,peunteritoriuvastcarecuprindebazinulsuperiorimijlociu
al Tisei (estul Slovaciei i estul Ungariei), Transilvania, Galiia, Bucovina i Banat, evolueaz cultura
Gva. Pe teritoriul Romniei sunt atestate 30 de aezri fortificate care pot fi atribuite cu certitudine
acesteiculturi.Ocupndprincipaleleformederelief,fortificaiilesuntamplasatenpoziiistrategice,pe
platouri nalte de deal sau munte, pe cursuri de ruri sau n zone mltinoase, care, prin poziia lor
natural, ofer un avantaj defensiv. n funcie de forma i amplasarea elementelor de fortificaie, n
strnsrelaiecuavantajeleoferitedemediulnconjurtor,sepotdeosebidoutipuriprincipale:sistemul
defensiv care nconjoar aezarea i sistemul defensiv de tip pinten barat. Sunt i aezri cu sisteme
defensive care nu se pot ncadra n cele dou tipuri. Aceste aezri sunt amplasate pe platourile unor
dealuri sau muni de mic nlime. Aezrile culturii Gva au fost fortificate prin amenajarea unor
construcii precum valurile, anurile i palisadele. Rolul fortificaiilor n societatea primei epoci a
fierului,nstadiulactualdecercetare,poatefimaimultdedusdectdemonstrat.Teoretic,sepotavansa
implicaiideordinpolitic,militar,economicisocial.
Keywords:EarlyIronAge,fortifications,Gvaculture.
Cuvintecheie:primaepocafierului,fortificaii,culturaGva.
MuzeulNaionalalUnirii,MihaiViteazul,nr.1214,AlbaIulia,510010.
DinpreistoriaDunriideJos.50deanidelanceputulcercetrilorarheologicelaBabadag,Tulcea,2013,p.265310
266
GabrielBLAN
fostutilizatpentruprimadatn1957isedatoreazAmalieiMozsolics2.Urmtoarele
decenii sunt marcate de contribuii nsemnate privind cunoaterea culturii, care au
avut ca rezultat stabilirea cronologiei i periodizrii, a principalelor caracteristici ale
culturii,ariei de rspndire etc.3 Iniial,sa considerat c originileculturii aula baz
culturile locale anterioare din zona de formare, bazinul superior i mijlociu al Tisei
(HajdbagosCehlu,Berkesz,Piliny,SuciudeSus,LpuII),influeneleexercitate
dinspre sudvest (CruceniBelegi, Csorva), dar i aportul unor grupuri culturale
locale(Igria).Rspndireapeunntinsteritoriuadeterminatiapariiaunoraspecte
locale4.ngeneral,seacceptoperiodizareaculturiindouetapeprincipale:ofaz
timpurie care evolueaz, n mare, n sec. XIIXI a.Chr. i o a doua etap, n
sec.XIXa.Chr.5nRomnia,aspectelelocaleaudeterminatexistenauneifazetrzii
nTransilvania6.Finalulculturiinuesteuniformpentreagasaariederspndirei
este determinat de apariia culturii Basarabi n jumtatea de sud a Transilvaniei
(sec.VIIIa.Chr.)7,degrupulGorneaKalakaanBanat(ncdinsecolulIXa.Chr.)8,de
grupulMezcstnUngaria(dinsec.IXa.Chr.)9.njumtateadenordaTransilvaniei
sepresupuneexistenaunuifaciestrziualculturiiGva,careevolueaznparalelcu
manifestrile culturale de tip Basarabi10. Recent au fost publicate mai multe date 14C
din cteva situri aparinnd culturii Gva din Romnia: aezarea de la Siret (patru
datecaresencadreazntresfritulsec.XIVisfritulsec.XIIa.Chr.)11,aezareade
laAlbaIuliaRecea(osingurdatpublicat,datatnsec.Xa.Chr.)12,mineledesare
de la Figa (12 probe datate n intervalul sec. XIIIX a.Chr.)13, Valea Regilor/Kirlyvlgy
Kemenczei1982,314;Lszl1994,4850;Lszl2001,305;Pare1998,418;Gedl2001;Bader2012.
Mozsolics1957,119121.
3 Lszl 1973; Lszl 1994, 48104; Smirnova 1974; Szkely 1966, Kemenczei 1982; Kemenczei
1984,5886;Vasiliev1983;Vasiliev19861987;Vasiliev1995a;Vasiliev2004;Vasiliev20042005;
Vasilievetalii1991;Paulk1968;Nmeti19811982;Gum1993,181194;Szab1996;Pankau
2004;Marta2009,8793,101103;Ciugudean2009;Ciugudean2010;Ciugudean2012.
4 Kemenczei 1982, 314; Vasiliev et alii 1991, 112118; Lszl 1994, 92; Lszl 2001, 308; Pare
1998,418419.
5 Smirnova1974;Kemenczei1982,314315,fig.1;Szab1996,5456;Pankau2004;Kacs2008,
5960;Marta2009,101103;218220(rezumatnlimbaromn).
6 Vasilievetalii1991,102129;Ciugudean2009,332,fig.2;Ciugudean2012.
7 Ciugudean2009,331332,fig.2;Ciugudean2012,115,fig.14.
8 Gum1993,184194.
9 Pare1998,419.
10 Lszl2001,312.
11 Lszl2010.
12 Ciugudean2012,117,fig.1112.
13 Ciugudean2012,117,fig.13.
1
2
AezrilefortificatedinariaculturiiGvadinRomnia
267
(5 probe datate n perioada sec. XIIIX a.Chr.)14 i Valea Florilor (o prob datat n
sec.XIIIXIIa.Chr.)15.
Alturi de numeroasele trsturi comune care definesc aceast cultur se afl i
prezenannumrrelativmarealaezrilorfortificate.Unadintredificultilentlnite
afoststabilireaunuinumrsigurdeaezrifortificatecarepotfiatribuiteculturiiGva.
Uzitarea n paralel a unor termeni precum Hallstatt AB, Hallstatt timpuriu, nceputurile
primeiepociafieruluisaucomplexulculturalcuceramiccanelatpentruperioadasecolelor
XIIIX a.Chr. n spaiul carpatodunrean a ngreunat i mai mult demersul tiinific.
Surselebibliografice(bazededateonline,studii,articole,monografii,repertorii)atest
existenaunorfortificaiinmaimultepunctedinspaiulderspndirealculturiiGva.
Baza de date online a Repertoriului Arheologic Naional (RAN)16, n urma selectrii
unortermenicaaezarefortificat,fortificaie,cetatedepmnt,fortificaiedepmnt,valde
pmnt, aezare fortificat i necropol pentru categorie de sit i Hallstatt pentru epoc,
pentruariaderspndireaculturiiGvadinRomnia,ofercarezultatunnumrtotal
de 65 de situri. Multe dintre aceste situri nu sunt cercetate, iar datarea lor generic n
Hallstatt nu ofer certitudinea c ele aparin culturii Gva. Datarea unor valuri de
pmnt n epoca hallstattian a devenit cumva stereotip, de multe ori aducnduse n
discuietehnicadeconstruciespecific.Oriacestfaptestetotalfals,tipuldefortificaie
tratataicinusedeosebetedefortificaiiledepmntilemn(uneoriipiatr)dinepoca
bronzului,dinadouaepocafieruluisaudinepocamedievaltimpurie.Aumaifost
eliminatedinlistaextrasdinbazadedatemaimultesituricutrimitereeronat(deex.
Feldioara17iTuria18).nurmauneianalizecriticeasurselor,nspaiulromnescpotfi
atribuitecusiguranculturiiGvadoar30deaezrifortificate(Pl.1)19.Dintreacestea,
suntmaimultepunctecarenuseregsescnRAN,ncategoriadesitcaredesemneaz
unsitfortificat:Andrid, Cua,CiceuCorabia,SiretiTilica.Altedouaezrinuse
gsesc n RAN: Braov i ona. Fortificaiilor sigure li se adaug un numr de 35 de
puncte unde sunt menionate alte aezri fortificate n aria de rspndire a culturii
16
17
18
Ciugudean2012,117,fig.13.
Ciugudean2012,117,fig.13.
http://ran.cimec.ro/
CodRAN40964.05;nCostea2004,lapagina70nusemenioneazprezenauneifortificaii.
Cod RAN 64880.01; n Cavruc 1998, la paginile 142146 nu se menioneaz prezena unei
fortificaii.
19 n rezumatul comunicrii Fortified settlements in Gva culture area in Romania / Aezrile
fortificatedinariaculturiiGvadinRomnia,publicatnPeuceS.N.10,Supplementum1,2012,
3738,ammenionatexistenaunuinumrde33defortificaii;aufosteliminateaezrilede
la Porumbenii Mari, Sngeorgiu de Pdure i Vrdia care nu prezentau date clare cu
privireladatareasauexistenaelementelordefortificare;acesteaaufostinclusenlistacu
fortificaiiincertedinariaculturii(Pl.1).
14
15
268
GabrielBLAN
(Pl.1).Esteposibilcaviitoarelecercetrisdemonstrezeapartenenaunoradintreaceste
fortificaiilaculturaGva:BoroneuMic20,Boca21,Cobor22,Daia23,Feldioara24,Feleac25,
LunadeSus26,Monor27,OdorheiuSecuiesc28,Petera29,Rigmani30,Slcud31,Sngeorgiu
dePdure32,Snpetru33,SubCetate34,uturogi35,Vleni36,Teliu37iViileTecii38.Pentru
o parte dintre aceste situri datarea n perioada culturii Gva nu este o problem,
existena(Apaa39,PorumbeniiMari40,Crizbav41,Dacia42,AugustinTipiaOrmeniului43)
sau datarea (Chinari44, Vrdia45, Gherla46, Sreni47, Roia de Seca48, Tad49,
Dumitria50, Volov51, Ilieti52) elementelor de fortificare pot fi puse sub semnul
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
20
21
Cavruc1998,52.
Horedt1974,216,220,221,nr.2;Gum1993,285,nr.14(BocaRomn).
Costea2000,221;Costea2004,66.
Lazr1995,49.
Crianetalii1992,76(Buza),196(Feldioara).
Marinescu2010,6263,nr.51,pl.XX.
Ursuiuetalii2008(Luna).
CodRAN33961.01.
Cavruc2000,168.
Luca2005,119.
Lazr1995,188.
CodRAN117907.01.
Lazr1992,38;Lazr1995,215,fig.72.
Luca2005,140.
CodRAN143003.01.
Dumitracu1972,134,136;Dumitracu,Hadnagy1982,357.
Costea2000,224.
Costea2000,223224.
CodRAN35045.01.
Costea2000,221.
Szkely1966,34;Nagy,Krsfi2010.
Costea2000,222.
Costea2000,222.
Costea2000,222(Raco);Costeaetalii2006,25.
Rezi,Nagy2009,87,nota1.
Gum1993,184,186,215,298,nr.265,pl.XXXIIXXXIII;Luca2006,268269,fig.35.
Crianetalii1992,212.
GiurgiuArdeu19951996,212213.
Ciut2000.
Dumitracuetalii19961997.
Marinescu2010,41,61,nr.46,pl.XVXVIII.
Zanoci1999,tabeldelapagina116,fig.1.
Ursulescu,Popovici1997,56,nota40;Zanoci1999,tabeldelapagina116,fig.1.
AezrilefortificatedinariaculturiiGvadinRomnia
269
ntrebrii. Situaia siturilor de la Rapoltu Mare / Uroi este uor mai complicat. Pe
DealulUroiului(CorabiaMic)seaflofortificaiecare,nactualulstadiualcercetrii,
nu poate fi atribuit primei epoci a fierului53. La poalele dealului, pe a doua teras a
Mureului, se afl o aezare Gva, suprapus de o alt aezare din epoca dacic54.
Fortificaia descoperit aici, atribuit culturii Gva de autorii spturilor, suprapune
nivelulicomplexeledinprimaepocafierului,aacumafostpublicatntrunraport
de cercetare din 200455. Foarte posibil ca aceast fortificaie s fie, de fapt, dacic. n
concluzie,includnlistacuposibileaezrifortificatesituldelaUroiDealulUroiului,
careestedestuldeprobabilsfifostfolositdecomunitiledinprimaepocafierului
carelocuiaulapoale.Recent,afostdescoperitoaltaezarefortificatnnordvestul
Romniei,laTiream,asemntoarecatipdefortificaiecuaezrilevecinedelaAndrid
iCua56.Fiindinedit,acestpunct,momentan,intrnlistacufortificaiiincerte.
CercetareaaezrilorfortificatedinariaculturiiGvanuestediferitdeevoluiai
dezvoltarea cercetrii arheologiei din Romnia57. Cteva dintre aezrile fortificate
tratate aici sunt cunoscute nc din sec. XVIIXVIII, iar primele cercetri sunt
ntreprinse n sec. al XIXlea. n perioada postbelic au loc cele mai importante
campaniidecercetarearheologicprecumceledelaTeleac,Preuteti,CiceuCorabia,
Media, Bozna, Tilica etc. Un fapt trebuie menionat i anume c nici o aezare
fortificat nu a fost cercetat exhaustiv. Mai mult, stadiul cercetrii lor se afl la
nivelulunorsondajedeverificare,maicomplexe,deexemplu,ncazulaezrilordela
Teleac,Bozna,CiceuCorabia,Cernat,Dej,Preuteti,Tilica,idoarsimplesondaje,de
ex.laSrel,SighetuMarmaiei,Braov,Cua,Media,SatuMareiSomeuRece.n
ultimeledoudecenii,cercetrisistematicedelungdurat(unelenderulare)aufost
ntreprinse n fortificaiile de la imleu Silvaniei, Covasna, Siret, Clineti Oa i
Racou de JosPiatra Detunat. Aceste spturi nu sunt publicate, cu excepia unor
scurtearticoleirapoartedecercetare.
55
56
Hanson,Oltean2001(UroiDealulUroiului/CorabiaMic).
Ardeu,Blos2002(RapoltuMareMguraUroiului).
Blosetalii2004.
Marta L., Date noi referitoare la structura intern a aezrilor hallstattiene, comunicare la
SesiuneatiinificUnitate,ContinuitateiIndependennistoriapoporuluiromn.94de
anidelaMareaUnire(19182012),Albaiulia,2223noiembrie2012.
57 Suceveanu20042005.
53
54
270
GabrielBLAN
Pl.1.HartaderspndireaaezrilorfortificatedinariaculturiiGva.
AezrilefortificatedinariaculturiiGvadinRomnia
271
Pl.2.1.LocuineleigropileidentificateperidicareamagnetometricdelaCua(Kienlinetalii
2012); 2. Planul topografic ale aezrii de la Cua (Kienlin et alii 2012); 3. Ridicarea
magnetometric suprapus pe planul topografic de la Cua (Kienlin et alii 2012); 4.
Dispunerea caselor n incinta aezrii fortificate de la Cua, interpretare a ridicrii
magnetometrice(Kienlinetalii2012);5.Ridicareamagnetometricdinaezareafortificatde
laAndrid(Martaetalii2010).
272
GabrielBLAN
58
AezrilefortificatedinariaculturiiGvadinRomnia
273
Subcetate i Srel). Fortificaiile de mici dimensiuni (de ex. Braov, Satu Mare i
ona) pot fi interpretate ca centre sau sedii ale vrfurilor aristocraiei sau ale
conductorilorcomunitiirespective59.
Pentru amenajarea fortificaiilor, pe lng rolul strategic, comunitile din prima
epoc a fierului au cutat zone de relief propice care s le asigure, prin poziia lor
natural,unavantajdefensiv.Prezenaacestorelementedefensivenaturaleauurati
efortul depus n construirea fortificaiilor. Aezrile fortificate se afl pe platouri
nalte de deal sau munte (de ex. Covasna, Bile Tunad, Bozna), pe cursuri de ruri
(de ex. Blnaca, Teleac, Dej) sau n zone mltinoase (de ex. Cua, Andrid).
Altitudinea aezrilor nu este relevant n sine, important fiind diferena de nivel
dintreamplasareafortificaieiizonanconjurtoare,aacumobservaiV.Vasiliev60.
Cea mai joas aezare se afl amplasat la altitudinea de 115 m (Cua), n Cmpia
Panonic,iarceamainaltesteaezareantritdelaBileTunad(1083m),aflatpe
platoulnaltalmunteluiVrfulCetii,oprelungireaCarpailorOrientali61(Pl.14/4).
n funcie de forma i amplasarea elementelor de fortificaie, n strns relaie cu
avantajele oferite de mediul nconjurtor, se pot deosebi dou tipuri principale:
sistemul defensiv care nconjoar aezarea i sistemul defensiv de tip pinten barat.
Sistemul defensiv care nconjoar aezarea este ntlnit la Andrid62 (Pl. 2/5), Cua63
(Pl. 2/23), Bile Tunad64 (Pl. 13/4), Huedin65 (Pl. 14/2), Mihai Viteazu66, Preuteti67
(Pl. 13/5) i Srel68 (Pl. 10/4). Sunt poziionate n zone de cmpie, deal i munte.
Forma sistemului defensiv nu respect o regul, fiind adaptat dup morfologia
terenuluipecareesteamplasataezarea(circular,oval,elipsoidalsauneregulat).
Sistemele defensive de tip pinten barat sunt construite n zone aflate n apropierea
unor cursuri de ap, pe terase nalte sau boturi de deal. Se fortific singura zon de
accesnaezare,celelaltelaturifiindapratedepanteabrupte,naturale.Sistemulde
fortificaie poate fi dispus curbat, cu extremitile spre interior, sau n linie dreapt.
Extremitile elementelor defensive ajung pn la limita pantelor abrupte. Forma
acestoraezrivariaznfunciedecaracteristicilegeomorfologicealepromontoriului
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
59
60
Vasilievetalii1991,2122;Vasiliev1995a,150.
Vasilievetalii1991,19.
Horedt1974,226.
Martaetalii2010,130,132136,fig.10,1316.
Nmeti2001;Martaetalii2010,130132,fig.9,11,12.
Horedt1976,397,fig.1/1.
Alexaetalii1965,637,fig.1.
Horedt1974,223,nr.14.
Ursulescu,Popovici1997,5254,fig.2.
Vlassa,Dnil1962,343344.
274
GabrielBLAN
sau dealului. Fortificaii de tip pinten barat sunt la Sighetu Marmaiei69 (Pl. 10/6),
Blnaca (uncuiu)70 (Pl. 3/2), Boblna71 (Pl. 5/6), CiceuCorabia72 (Pl. 3/5), Lipova73,
Satu Mare74 (Pl. 10/3), Someu Rece75 (Pl. 11/3) i ona76 (Pl. 13/2). Sunt i aezri cu
sisteme defensive care nu se pot ncadra n cele dou tipuri. Aceste aezri sunt
amplasate pe platourile unor dealuri sau muni de mic nlime. n toate cazurile
suntfructificateavantajelenaturaleoferitedepanteabrupte,decursurileunorruri,
pe cel puin pe una sau dou laturi. Sunt cazuri n care aezarea prezint tei laturi
fortificate: Clineti Oa77, Media78 (Pl. 10/2), Tilica79 (Pl. 14/1), Roade80 i Teleac81
(Pl. 13/3). Sistemul defensiv amplasat pe dou dintre laturileaezrii este prezent n
aezrile de la Cernat 82 (Pl. 3/6), Covasna83 (Pl. 3/7), Dej84 (Pl. 10/1), Racou de Jos
Dealul Vrriei85, Bozna86 (Pl. 3/1), Racou de JosPiatra Detunat87, Siret88, imleu
Silvaniei89 (Pl. 13/1) i Subcetate90 (Pl. 10/5). Cele mai multe dintre aceste aezri
dispun desisteme de fortificaii care se continu nentrerupt, formndun tot unitar.
Excepiefacdoardouaezri,CernatiBozna,undeaufostconstruitefortificaiipe
dou laturi opuse, unde terenul asigura un acces uor pe platou. La Bozna, autorul
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
Horedt1966,3,fig.25.
Emdi,Hadnagy1982,383384;Dumitracu,CrianI.1989,52.
CrianI.H.etalii1992,55.
Vasiliev,Gaiu1980,3338,fig.2,5;Vasiliev1995a,9193,pl.III.
Pdureanu1989.
FerencziG.,FerencziI.1967,54.
FerencziI.1964,6869,fig.1.
Vasiliev1995b,279.
Martaetalii2000;Martaetalii2002.
Nestor,Zaharia1961,171;Zaharia1965,83.
Lupu1989,20,98.
Costea1995,85;Costea2000,223;Costea2004,78.
Vasilievetalii1991,2331,pl.I.
Szkely1966,21;Horedt1974,216,nr.6.
Crianetalii2003,5152,66.
Vasiliev1995a,1112.
Costea2000,222223;Costea,tefnescu2003,12,22.
Vasiliev1995a,6264.
Costea,Blos1996,2829.
Lszletalii2001.
Bejinariu,Pop1995;Bejinariu,Pop1997;Pop,Bejinariu1999;Popetalii2000;Popetalii2001;
Popetalii2002;Popetalii2004;Popetalii2007;Popetalii2009;Popetalii2010.
90 Vasiliev1995a,3334.
69
70
AezrilefortificatedinariaculturiiGvadinRomnia
275
Vasiliev1995a,6364.
Martaetalii2010,130,132136,fig.10,1316.
93 Martaetalii2010,130132,fig.9,11,12.
94 Ferenczi1964,6869.
95 Alexandrescu,Pop1970,161,fig.2.
96 Costea2000,222.
97 Costea2000,222223.
98 Costea2000,223.
99 Vasilievetalii1991,24.
100 Vlassa,Dnil1962,343346,fig.2;6.
101 Alexaetalii1965,637642,fig.3.
102 Ursulescu,Popovici1997,5355,fig.2.
91
92
276
GabrielBLAN
Pl. 3. 1. Planul aezrii de la Bozna (Vasiliev 1995a); 2. Planul aezrii de la Blnaca (Emdi,
Hadhagy 1982); 3. Planul aezrii de la Braov (Alexandrescu, Pop 1970); 4. Ridicare
magnetometricnparteadenordestalfortificaieidelaCua(Martaetalii2010);5.Planul
aezrii de la CiceuCorabia (Vasiliev 1995a); 6. Planul aezrii de la Cernat (Z. Szkely
1966);7.PlanulcetiidelaCovasna(Szkely1972).
AezrilefortificatedinariaculturiiGvadinRomnia
277
Pl. 4. 1. Profil stratigrafic prin fortificaia de la CiceuCorabia (prelucrat dup Vasiliev 1995a);
2. Profil stratigrafic prin fortificaia de la Bozna (prelucrat dup Vasiliev 1995a); 3. Profil
stratigrafic(S.III)prinfortificaiaexterioardelaBraov(prelucratdupAlexandrescu,Pop
1970); 4. Profil stratigrafic (S. I) prin fortificaia interioar de la Braov (prelucrat dup
Alexandrescu,Pop1970).
Aezrile culturii Gva au fost fortificate prin amenajarea unor construcii cu scop
defensiv precum valurile, anurile i palisadele. Lungimea sistemului defensiv
variaz n funcie de tipul de fortificaie, mai scurt n cazul unei aezri de tip
promontoriubaratimailungncazuluneiaezrinconjuratdefortificaii.Foarte
importantesuntiurmelearheologicelsatedelucrriledefortificare,acesteaducnd
laschimbrimajoreasupramediuluinconjurtor.naezrilencareaufostridicate
valuri,urmeleacestorasuntvizibilecuochiulliber,delamaredistan.Sunticazuri
n care valurile sunt aplatizate, fapt determinat de procesele de eroziune care au
afectatacesttipdemonument.anurilesuntielevizibilecuochiulliber,demulte
orideschidereanparteasuperioardepind10m.
278
GabrielBLAN
Pl.5.1.Imaginedinsatelit(sursaANCPI)cuaezareadelaClinetiOa;2.Imaginedinsatelit
(sursaGoogleEarth)cuaezareadelaBraov;3.Imaginedinsatelit(sursaGoogleEarth)cu
aezareadelaCua;4.Imaginedinsatelit(sursaGoogleEarth)cuaezareadelaBlnaca;5.
Imagine satelitar (sursa Google Earth) cu aezarea de la CiceuCorabia; 6. Imagine din
satelit(sursaGoogleEarth)cuaezareadelaBoblna.
AezrilefortificatedinariaculturiiGvadinRomnia
279
Pl. 6. 1. Profil stratigrafic prin fortificaia de la Dej (prelucrat dup Vasiliev 1995a);
2. Profil stratigrafic prin fortificaia de la Srel (prelucrat dup Vlassa, Dnil
1962); 3. Profil stratigrafic prin fortificaia de la Someu Rece (prelucrat dup
FerencziI.1964).
280
GabrielBLAN
AezrilefortificatedinariaculturiiGvadinRomnia
281
Pl.8.1.ProfilstratigraficprinfortificaiadelaMedia(prelucratdupZaharia1965);
2.ProfilstratigraficprinfortificaiadelaHuedin(prelucratdupAlexaetalii1965);
3. Profil stratigrafic prin fortificaia de la ona (prelucrat dup Vasiliev 1995a); 4.
Profil stratigrafic prin fortificaia de la Satu Mare (prelucrat dup Ferenczi G.,
FerencziI.1967).
Formaactualavaluluinseciunenuredformainiialaacestuia,lucrudeterminat
dedescompunereastructuriidelemnfolositpentrucompactareamaterialelorfolosite
la construcie, precum pmntul i piatra. Dimensiunile actuale ale valurilor nu
reprezint dimensiunile reale ale acestora, fiind determinate de masivitatea
construciei iniiale, precum i de condiiile climatice i factorii de eroziune care au
avutunefectimportantnstabilireaformeidinprezent.Dimensiunilevalurilorsunt
diferiteivariazcalimeinlime.Limeavalurilorvariazntre4i22m(deex.
Roade4m103,BileTunad6m104,Srel7m105,SatuMare1012m106,Siret
Costea2000,223.
103
282
GabrielBLAN
22 m107). Cele mai nalte valuri sau pstrat la CiceuCorabia (44,5 m)108, Sighetu
Marmaiei (3 m)109, Srel (2,50 m)110 i Satu Mare (2,6 m)111. Cele mai multe aezri
ns au valuri cu o nlime care variaz n jurul unui metru (de ex. Cernat 0,751
m112, Roade 1,20 m113, Preuteti 1,60 m; valul interior, i 1,5 m, valul exterior114,
Siret1,10m)115.
Toatevalurileauavutncomponenalorostructurdelemn,reprezentatfiedeo
substrucie a fortificaiei, care asigura stabilitatea masei de pmnt a valului i, n
acelai timp, meninerea pereilor valului ntro poziie ct mai vertical, fie de o
simpl palisad. n lipsa acestei structuri, un val nu poate s funcioneze ca o
fortificaie, poate doar ca o simpl delimitare sau un mic baraj, fr o utilitate
defensiv. Sunt menionate diferite tehnici de utilizare a lemnului n structura
valurilor. Unele valuri au o structur de lemn care formeaz n interior anumite
casete, n care este introdus pmntul. Acest sistem casetat avea rolul de a menine
masavaluluisnusescurgncazulncarevalulseaflanpant,darideaatenua
presiunea prea mare exercitat de pmntul din val asupra pereilor de lemn. La
Teleac, substrucia fazei a doua a valului de pe latura de ENE era implantat n
pmnt,fiind construit din brne de lemn dispusen casete. Sepresupune c dou
feedelemn,caresusineaupmntulspreexterior,seridicaupnlaonlimede
1,52 m116 (Pl. 12/5). n prima faz, sistemul de fortificaie de la CiceuCorabia este
alctuit dintrun val de pmnt formatdintrun parapet casetat, construit din brne,
ntre care a fost tasat pmnt. Deasupra valului se afla o palisad. Stratul de arsur
care coninea cenu i chirpici ars din val, plus pmntul scurs pe pant, atest o
distrugere a fortificaiei prin incendiere117 (Pl. 4/1). Valul aezrii de la ona a fost
construit n sistem casetat, iar umplutura valului era alctuit din pmnt i piatr.
Valul era dotat cu o palisad n partea superioar care pornea de la baza valului,
Horedt1974,226.
Vlassa,Dnil1962,344.
106 Ferenczi,Ferenczi1967,5455.
107 Lszletalii1999.
108 Vasiliev,Gaiu1980,33.
109 Horedt1966,6.
110 Vlassa,Dnil1962,344.
111 FerencziG.,FerencziI.1967,5455.
112 Horedt1974,221.
113 Costea2000,223.
114 Ursulescu,Popovici1997,54.
115 Lszletalii1999.
116 Vasilievetalii1991,2628,pl.II.
117 Vasiliev1995a,9193,pl.II.
104
105
AezrilefortificatedinariaculturiiGvadinRomnia
283
reprezentndfaaexterioaravalului118(Pl.8/3).naezareadelaPreuteti,valurile
erau construite n sistem casetat, fiind traversate de brne groase de 0,100,15 m, i
eraudotatecupalisad.Valurileaveaumantauaplacatcupietre,uneorieraufolosite
igrinzi,pentrucaparteasuperioaravaluluisnusedrme119.ValuldelaBozna,
nfazaadoua,erasusinutdeostructurdelemn(marcatarheologicdestraturide
pmntcalcinaticrbune),caresecontinuadeasupracuopalisad120(Pl.4/2).Sunt
prezente i zidurile de lemn i pmnt care prezint o structur intern din lemn i
pmnt.Umpluturadepmnterasusinutdedoufeedinlemn,alctuitedinpari
verticali, care erau legai cu nuiele i lut, sau din pari aflai la o distan de 11,5 m
unul de altul, legai ntre ei cu brne de lemn. Interiorul acestor ziduri putea fi
traversat de brne de lemn aezate orizontal, vertical i longitudinal. La Subcetate
existaunvalcareaveaosubstruciedelemncaresusineapalisada,nfazeleadouai
atreiadefuncionareafortificaiei121.ReferinduselavaluldelaSubcetate,M.Moga
vorbeadespreexistenaunuiziddelemnipmnt,grosde4,5m.Laexteriorseaflau
doi perei lai de cte 1,5 m fiecare, alctuii din palisade de lemn, iar interiorul era
umplutcupmntbttorit122.LaHuedin,nprimafazdefuncionareafortificaiei,
valuleraalctuitdintrunmeterezdindournduridestlpimpletiicunuiele,spaiul
de 1 m dintre ei fiind umplut cu pmnt123 (Pl. 8/2). La imleu Silvaniei, fortificaia
culturiiGvaconstdindouiruriparaleledestlpicudiametrulde0,20m,dispuila
0,50 m distan unul fa de cellalt. ntre cei doi parameni, legai ntre ei cu brne
transversale,eraunemplectondinlutbttoritipiatrsfrmat124.Subumplutura
valuluidelaSighetuMarmaiei,careseridicpnla3mnlime,seaflunstratde
arsuripmnt,grosde1,30milatde11m,careerastrbtutdedungiroiiicare
indic locul unor brne care, arznd, au nroit pmntul. Acest strat suprapunea o
mas compact de lut ars, rezultat n urma unui incendiu violent care a distrus un
zid din lemn i pmnt, care a funcionat ntro prim faz125 (Pl. 12/12). Pe platoul
aezrii de la Srel, n zon central, o seciune a surprins o palisad calcinat,
resturileeifiindcompusdinbucidechirpici,acoperitculespezidegresienroite
n foc i avnd clare urmele a doi stlpi incendiai. Pe latura de sud, n interiorul
valuluieraunmiezdechirpicirezistenticompact,daribucimasivedechirpici,
Vasiliev1995a,126;Vasiliev1995b,279.
Ursulescu,Popovici1997,54.
120 Vasiliev1995a,62.
121 Vasiliev1995a,3638.
122 Moga1941,161.
123 Alexaetalii1965,641.
124 Pop,Bejinariu1999;Popetalii2002.
125 Horedt1966,611,fig.6.
118
119
284
GabrielBLAN
avndurmedebrnecarbonizate126(Pl.6/2).Alteaezridispuneaudemicivaluri,al
crorroleradeasusinepalisadesimple,acesteafiindimplantateuneoripnlabaza
valurilor.LaPreuteti,nprimafaz,afostspatunan,iarpmntulrezultatafost
utilizat la ridicarea unui mic val, care a servit ca susinere a palisadei, urmele ei
descoperinduse pe fundul anului127. Pmntul scos din anul de aprare din
aezareadelaDejafostpuspemargine,undesaformatunmicval,caresusineao
palisad128(Pl.6/1).ilaona,nprimafaz,esteamenajatunvaldemicidimensiuni
dotatcupalisad,careestedistrusprinincendiere129(pl.8/3).LaSiret,valulsusinea,
n partea superioar, o palisad130. Resturile de lemn carbonizat descoperite printre
drmturile de piatr ale valului de la Clineti Oa ar indica prezena unei
palisade131.LaRacoDealulVrrieiestemenionatiprezenapalisadeicareseafla
pe coama valului interior, stlpi incendiai fiind descoperii n anul din faa
valului132. Aezarea de la RacoPiatra Detunat era aprat de dou valuri, unul de
dimensiuni mai mari, ntre ele fiind intercalat un an. Valul interior era dotat cu
palisadnparteasuperioar133.
Piatra,caelementdeconstrucie,esteutilizatninteriorulmaimultorvaluri.Nuse
cunoate tehnica fasonrii pietrei. Situaia des ntlnit este cea a valurilor n a cror
umpluturseaflipietre,alturidepmntulutilizatnmasavalului:Bozna134,Raco
Dealul Vrriei135, Racou de JosPiatra Detunat136, Tilica137, Covasna138, imleu
Silvaniei139iona140.nacestevaluri,piatrafolositestededimensiunimicisaumijlocii
iseaflalturidealtematerialedeconstrucieprecumpmntulilemnul.Sefolosete
piatraprezentnzon(delaniveluluisoluluisaurocanativadealuluisaumuntelui),
constructorii fortificaiei utiliznd materialele de construcie disponibile. Se disting
valuriledelaBileTunadiSatuMare,construitepenlimistncoase,ninteriorul
Vlassa,Dnil1962,343346.
Ursulescu,Popovici1997,53.
128 Vasiliev1995a,1314,pl.II.
129 Vasiliev1995a,125127,pl.I.
130 Ignat,Mare1995,83.
131 Martaetalii2002;Marta,Matos2003;Marta,Szcs2007,51.
132 Costea,Blos1998,61.
133 Costea,Blos1998,60.
134 Vasiliev1995a,62.
135 Costea,Blos1998,61.
136 Costea1995,84;Costea2000,222223.
137 Lupu1989,20,98.
138 Srbuetalii2000.
139 Pop,Bejinariu1999;Popetalii2002.
140 Vasiliev1995a,126;Vasiliev1995b,279.
126
127
AezrilefortificatedinariaculturiiGvadinRomnia
285
crora se utilizeaz masiv piatra. n faza a doua a valului de la Satu Mare, atribuit
primeiepociafierului,pesteresturileincendiatealefortificaieidinbronzultrziu,sa
adugat, pe vertical, o construcie din bolovani legai cu lut. Toat masa a fost ars,
lutul,nuneleporiuni,transformndusenzgurdeculoareviolet,iarbolovaniide
origine vulcanic sau topit. Toat aceast mas de lut i bolovani era cuprins ntro
structur masiv de lemn, aa cum o demonstreaz urmele de incendiu141 (Pl. 8/4). La
BileTunad,opalisadamenajatspreexteriorerasusinutde unvalcareconinea
foartemultepietre142(Pl.14/5).Suntmenionateivaluriaezatepeunstratdepietre,
specialamenajatnaintederidicareafortificaiei,laSighetuMarmaieiiRacoudeJos
PiatraDetunat.ValuldelaSighetuMarmaiei,nparteadesudvest,eraaezatpeun
pavajdinblocuridegresieipietrederu143(Pl.12/2).LaRacoudeJosPiatraDetunat,
valulmaimareafostridicatpeocurbnaturaldenivelastnciidecalcar.Mainti,
sa tiat panta natural n conglomeratul moale. n partea superioar a pantei, a fost
aezat un pat de bolovani mari de calcar, menit s confere rezisten ntregii
construcii144.Piatraesteutilizatilaplacareavalurilor.LaSiret,valuleraplacatlabaza
dinspreanculespezimaridepiatr,iarnparteasuperioareradotatcupalisad145.
nzonadesudestaaezriidelaClinetiOa,urmelesistemuluidefortificareaufost
surprinseprincantitateamaredepietreinsituisurpate,careproveneaudinplacrile
valului de aprare. Printre drmturile de piatr au aprut i resturi de lemn
carbonizat146.naezareadelaPreuteti,celedouvaluriconcentrice,dinadouafaz,
aveaumantauaplacatcupietre147.LaSrel,pelaturadesud,valulexteriorarepartea
superioarmbrcatntromantadebolovanimarideru148(Pl.6/2).ncoluldesud
est al fortificaiei de la Teleac, vrful bastionului era placat cu pietre de ru. Acesta
susinea,probabil,unturnconstruitdinlemn,aacumodemonstreazcantitateamare
de crbune scurs pe pant149 (Pl. 12/4). Singurul caz n care se menioneaz prezena
unui zid sec este cel de la CiceuCorabia. n a doua faz a fost ridicat un val mare de
pmnt peste resturile vitrificate ale valului anterior. La baza lui, au fost aezai oblic
bolovani masivi, implantai n solul virgin, i un zid sec din bolovani, care avea o
nlimede0,60m150(Pl.4/1).
FerencziG.,FerencziI.1967,5455.
Horedt1974,226.
143 Horedt1966,10.
144 Costeaetalii2001.
145 Ignat,Mare1995,83.
146 Martaetalii2002;Marta,Matos2003;Marta,Szcs2007,51.
147 Ursulescu,Popovici1997,54.
148 Vlassa,Dnil1962,344.
149 Vasilievetalii1991,27,pl.IV/1.
150 Vasiliev,Gaiu1980,35,37.
141
142
286
GabrielBLAN
Pl. 9. 1. Imagine satelitar (sursa Google Earth) cu aezarea de la Teleac; 2. Imagine satelitar
(sursaGoogleEarth)cuaezareadelaTilica;3.Imaginesatelitar(sursaGoogleEarth)cu
aezarea de la Media; 4. Profil stratigrafic prin fortificaia de la Preuteti (prelucrat dup
Popovici, Ursulescu 1982); 5. Imagine satelitar (sursa Google Earth) cu aezarea de la
Racou de SusDealul Vrriei; 6. Imagine satelitar (sursa Google Earth) cu aezarea de la
RacoudeSusPiatraDetunat.
AezrilefortificatedinariaculturiiGvadinRomnia
287
Pl.10.1.PlanulaezriidelaDej(Vasiliev1995a);2.PlanulaezriidelaMedia(dupHoredt
1974);3.PlanulaezriidelaSatuMare(FerencziG.,FerencziI.1967);4.Planulaezriide
laSrel(Vlassa,Dnil1962);5.PlanulaezriidelaSubcetate(Vasiliev1995a);7.
PlanulaezriidelaSighetuMarmaiei(Horedt1966).
288
GabrielBLAN
Pl.11.1.Imaginesatelitar(sursaGoogleEarth)cuaezareadelaSiret;2.Imaginesatelitar(sursa
GoogleEarth)cuaezareadelaSighetuMarmaiei;3.Imaginesatelitar(sursaGoogleEarth)cu
aezarea de la Someu Rece; 4. Imagine satelitar (sursa Google Earth) cu aezarea de la
Subcetate;5.Imaginesatelitar(sursaGoogleEarth)cuaezareadelaDej;6.Imaginesatelitar
(sursaGoogleEarth)cuaezareadelaCovasna.
AezrilefortificatedinariaculturiiGvadinRomnia
289
Pl.12.1.Profilstratigrafic(seciunea1)prinfortificaiadelaSighetuMarmaiei(prelucratdup
Horedt 1966); 2. Profil stratigrafic (seciunea 5) prin fortificaia de la Sighetu Marmaiei
(prelucratdupHoredt1966);3.ProfilstratigraficprinfortificaiadelaSubcetate(prelucrat
dup Vasiliev 1995a); 4. Profil stratigrafic i plan al seciunii nr. 29 din fortificaia de la
Teleac (prelucrat dup Vasiliev et alii 1991); 5. Profil stratigrafic (seciunea nr. 3) prin
fortificaiadelaTeleac(prelucratdupVasilievetalii1991).
Palisadasimplesteutilizatcaelementdefensivnzonealeaezriicaredispunde
elementenaturaledeaprare.Asemeneapalisade,careaprausingureanumitepri
ale aezrii, sunt menionate la Subcetate (prima faz)151, Dej152, Bozna153, ona154 i
Teleac155.Acesteaseprezintsubformaunordredecenuicrbune,ncelemai
Vasiliev1995a,38.
Vasiliev1995a,1314.
153 Vasiliev1995a,6264.
154 Vasiliev1995a,127.
155 Vasilievetalii1991,2830.
151
152
290
GabrielBLAN
multesituaii.Nuesteatestat,pnnprezent,oaezarefortificatdoarcupalisad
simpl,cusaufrandeaprare.
nmajoritateacazurilor,anuldeaprareesteprezentlngval,fiindamplasatn
faaacestuia,ntredouvalurii,foarterar,nspatelevalului(spreinterior).Prezena
anuluideaprarentrunsistemdefensivesteesenial,fiindutilizatinalteepoci
istorice n construirea fortificaiilor (a doua epoc a fierului, epoca roman, epoca
medieval,epocamodern).LaMediaesteprezentdoaranul,caelementdefensiv,
ns este greu de crezut c un an putea s fie eficient n lipsa unei construcii
suplimentare.Estedepresupusexistenauneistructuridinlemnalecreiurmenuau
fostdetectate.
Dimensiunileiformanseciuneaanurilordiferdelaoaezarelaalta,dari
n cazul aceleiai aezri. Deschiderea anurilor, n partea superioar, variaz ntre
1,6m(SighetuMarmaiei,nparteadesudvestaplatoului)156i18m(Lipova)157.Cele
mai multe anuri prezint o adncime care nu depete 2 m: Subcetate158, Raco
Piatra Detunat159, ona160, Cernat161, Siret162, Braov163, Preuteti164, Media165, Bozna166
i Roade167. Sunt i cteva cazuri n care anurile sunt mai adnci, ntre 2 i 4 m:
Braov(anulexteriorarepeste3madncime)168,SighetuMarmaiei(3m)169,Srel
(2,65 m)170, Dej (2,15 m)171, Teleac (anul interior are ntre 1,40 i 3,5 m adncime)172.
Forma n seciune cea mai des ntlnit este cea de ic: Huedin, faza a doua (Pl. 8/2),
Braov,ambeleanuri(Pl.4/34)173,Srel174(Pl.6/2),Dej175(Pl.6/1),Teleac176(Pl.12/5),
Horedt1966,10.
Pdureanu1989,269.
158 Vasiliev1995a,37.
159 Costea1998,60.
160 Vasiliev1995a,126.
161 Horedt1974,221.
162 Lszletalii1999.
163 Alexandrescu,Pop1970,161.
164 Ursulescu,Popovici1997,54.
165 Nestor,Zaharia1961,171,173.
166 Vasiliev1995a,6263.
167 Costea2000,223.
168 Alexandrescu,Pop1970,161.
169 Horedt1966,69.
170 Vlassa,Dnil1962,344.
171 Vasiliev1995a,1314.
172 Berciu,Popa1965,74.
173 Alexandrescu,Pop1970,161.
174 Vlassa,Dnil1962,344.
156
157
AezrilefortificatedinariaculturiiGvadinRomnia
291
ona177(Pl.8/3)iBozna178(Pl.4/2).Mairaresuntcelecareauformtrapezoidal,cum
suntanuriledelaSighetuMarmaiei(Pl.12/2)iSatuMare179(Pl.8/4),saucupereii
albiai (Huedin, n prima faz)180. Doar la Media a fost cercetat un an cu pereii
amenajai n trepte, construit n pant, cu treptele poziionate pe latura dinspre
aezare181(Pl.8/1).Estegreudecrezutcacestanfortificadeunulsinguraezarea.
Putem s ne imaginm existena unei structuri din lemn amenajat, destul de
probabil,petrepteledinspreincint.Factoriicarepotcauzalipsaurmelorarheologice
suntmultipli:proceseledeeroziune,moduldeconstruciealfortificaieidelemn,care
nu a fost implantat adnc n sol, dezintegrarea lemnului din fortificaie, n timp,
dupabandonareaaezriietc.
Unelementfoarteimportantncadrulaezrilorfortificatelreprezintintrarean
incint.Ointraretrebuiesasigureaccesulntrunspaiufortificat,dininteriorspre
exterioridinspreexteriorspreinterior.Aceastcaledeacces,nacelaitimp,trebuie
spoatfinchisiaprat.nmomentedepace(nceamaimareparteatimpului),
accesul se face liber, fr restricionare, oameni, animale i vehicule dispunnd de
mijloacele necesare care s nlesneasc intrarea sau ieirea din aezare: poduri peste
anuri,platformplanndreptulporiietc.nvremedeconflict,poartaesteceamai
vulnerabil parte a fortificaiei. n aria culturii Gva din Romnia, intrarea n
fortificaii este documentat doar n cteva aezri. Se disting dou tipuri de intrri:
simple, n care valurile i anurile de aprare sunt ntrerupte (Preuteti, Ciceu
CorabiaiLipova)iintrriflancatedevaluri,spreinteriorsauspreexterior(Teleac,
Huedin, Subcetate i Tilica). Cea mai detaliat situaie arheologic cu privire la o
intrare ntro aezare fortificat este cea de la Preuteti. Intrarea se afla pe latura de
sud,undeseaflasingurullocdeaccespeplatouldealului.anulipalisadadinprima
faz, aflate la 60 m sud de cele dou incinte, era ntrerupt pe o poriune de 1,5 m n
dreptul porii. n zona intrrii n incint au fost observate mai multe faze de
construcieafortificaiei.anurilenuerauntreruptendreptulporii,elefiinddotate
cupasarele.Urmeleparilorcaresusineaupodulaufostobservatepefundulanului
interior.Poartaeraflancatdedoistlpicuodistande1,30mntreei.Spreinterior
seaflaunaltstlp,grosde0,50m,rolulsufiinddeasusinestructuraprincipala
porii.Pecoamavalului,laadncimeade0,20maufostdescoperiteurmelemasivede
Vasiliev1995a,1314.
Berciu,Popa1965,74.
177 Vasiliev1995a,126.
178 Vasiliev1995a,6263.
179 FerencziG.,FerencziI.1967,5455.
180 Alexaetalii1965,641.
181 Nestor,Zaharia1961,171,173.
175
176
292
GabrielBLAN
brne carbonizate care proveneau de la construcia porii. Drumul antic din zona
poriiafostobservatlaadncimeade0,60mdelasuprafaaactualasolului.Acest
nivel antic era marcat de un pavaj fcut din pietre de ru sparte, prinse ntre ele
printrunstratdelut,avndgrosimeade0,20m.Subacestpavaj,la1madncime,se
aflaunaltpavajdinpietreilut,careerantinspe0,90mndirecianordsudipe
aproximativ 1,50 m pe direcia estvest. Stratul de cenu, gros de 0,150,20 m, cu
pmntputernicnroitibucidecrbune,atestexistenauneistructuridelemnn
zona porii182. Valul de la CiceuCorabia este mprit n dou pri inegale de un
drumdeaccespeplatouldealului.Autoriicercetrilorconsidercacestdrumafost
folositinvechime,aicifiindamplasatpoartaaezrii183(Pl.3/5).inaezareadela
Lipova,lajumtateadistaneivalului,seobservontreruperede4m,caremarcheaz
prezenaporii184.LaTeleac,valuldepelaturadeENE,lungde683m,estetiatde
intrarea n aezare, care desparte valul n dou segmente inegale. n dreptul porii,
anul este ntrerupt, iar capetele valului se curbeaz spre interior pentru a flanca
drumul de acces185 (Pl. 13/3). La Huedin, n zonele de sud i de nord se afl laturile
ngustealeaezrii.nacestepunctevalulexteriorprezintdouieituri(pinteni).
Sepresupunecintrareaseaflanparteadesud,fiindflancatdeval186.Aezareade
la Subcetate era prevzut cu dou intrri. n zona intrrilor, capetele valului se
curbeazspreinterior,flancnddrumuldeaccesnaezare.Porilesuntamplasaten
dou zone opuse n cadrul aezrii. n colul de sudvest, se ntlnete valul de pe
laturadesudcuunanspatfoarteadnc,lungde70m,careapraoterasdestul
delarg,dinparteadesudvestaaezrii.nacestlocseaflaintrarea,captulvalului
curbndusespreinterior.Poartadepelaturadenordesteradedimensiunimaimari,
eantrerupndvalulcareporneadepelaturadenord.ncazulambelorpori,nuau
fostobservateurmealeporilordelemn187(Pl.10/5).ValulatribuitculturiiGvadela
Tilicaprezintdouintrri.nparteadeest,valulestedespritdeundrumutilizat
invechime.Acestdrum,nexteriorulaezrii,esteflancatdeunvallungde80mpe
deoparteidemasivuldealului,pedealta.Intrareadepelaturavesticesteflancat
decapetelevalurilor188(Pl.14/1).
Popovici,Ursulescu1984,8184;Ursulescu,Popovici1997,5455.
Vasiliev,Gaiu1980,33.
184 Pdureanu1989,268.
185 Vasilievetalii1991,28.
186 Alexaetalii1965,637,640.
187 Vasiliev1995a,3637.
188 Lupu1989,98.
182
183
AezrilefortificatedinariaculturiiGvadinRomnia
293
LaCua,insulapecareseaflaezareadinprimaepocafieruluiaveaosingur
intrare numit Gura Insulei, cu deschiderea de 2530 m189. Se presupune c, n
vechime,aiciseaflaintrareanaezare.
Cronologia i periodizarea culturii Gva sunt n continuare subiect de discuie.
Dac, pentru ntreaga arie de rspndire, se accept o periodizare n dou faze
principale,nspaiulintracarpaticafostpropusofaztrzie,reprezentatdenivelul
3delaTeleac190.Exceptndctevaaezri(Teleac,3niveluri;Siret,2niveluri;Media,
3 niveluri,imleuSilvaniei,2 niveluri), fortificaiileculturii Gva prezint unsingur
niveldelocuire.DoaraezriledelaimleuSilvanieiiTeleacauoevoluiedelung
durat, pe parcursul fazelor timpurii i trzii. Pot fi atribuite unei faze timpurii
aezriledelaTeleac(primulnivel)191,CiceuCorabia192,imleuSilvaniei193,Siret194i
Preuteti195. Faza mai evoluat, considerat clasic de unii cercettori, este
reprezentat de fortificaiile de la Teleac (ultimele dou niveluri), Bile Tunad196,
Bozna197, Braov198, Cernat199, Dej200, Media201, Satu Mare202, ona203, Subcetate204,
Tilica205, imleu Silvaniei206, Sighetu Marmaiei207, Clineti Oa208, Andrid209 i
Nmeti19811982,48.
Vasilievetalii1991,120129.
191 Vasilievetalii1991,105118;Ciugudean2009.
192 Vasiliev,Gaiu1980;Vasiliev1995a,89105;dataremaitrziepropus;esteprezenttipulde
vas decorat n partea superioar cu caneluri orizontale i n ghirland, considerat un
elementtimpuriuiprezentnnivelul1delaTeleacVasiliev,Gaiu1980,fig.16/11,17/20;
ntregulmaterialceramicprezintelementecomunecuceldelaGrniceti.
193 Popetalii2007;Popetalii2009.
194 Lszl1994,94.
195 Ursulescu,Popovici1997,56.
196 Horedt1974,nr.25,fig.3.1;Horedt1976.
197 Vasiliev1995a,6170.
198 Alexandrescu,Pop1970.
199 Szkely1966,1728;Horedt1974,216,nr.6.
200 Vasiliev1995a,1120.
201 Nestor,Zaharia1961;Zaharia1965;Horedt1974,210,216,nr.13;Pankau2004.
202 FerencziG.,FerencziI.1967,5455;Horedt1974,nr.16.
203 Vasiliev1995a,125130.
204 Vasiliev,Andrioiu1985;Vasiliev1995a,3360.
205 Lupu1989,5761.
206 Popetalii2006,62,66(DanielSana).
207 Horedt1966;ceacarinichidelafig.8/1areanalogiinultimeledounveluridelaTeleac.
208 Marta,Szcs2007,5051;Marta2009,220.
209 Nmeti19811982,47,pl.XIII/47;Nmeti1999,27;Marta2009,220;Martaetalii2010,130,
132136,fig.10,1316.
189
190
294
GabrielBLAN
Cua210.Maimulteaezrifortificatenuprezintsuficientedatecuprivirelaodatare
maistrns,pefazedeevoluie:SomeuRece211,RacoudeJos,puncteledelaPiatra
Detunat212iDealulVrriei213,Lipova214,Huedin215,Covasna216,Boblna217,Blnaca218,
Roade219iMihaiViteazu220.
Pentruacunoaterolulaezrilorfortificatensocietateadinprimaepocafierului
trebuie s tim ce se afla n spatele elementelor de fortificaie. n mai multe aezri
fortificate din aria culturii Gva sau descoperit complexe de locuire care atest
prezena unor comuniti care triau n spatele fortificaiilor: Tilica221, Teleac222,
Cernat 223, imleu Silvaniei224, Siret 225, Media226, Preuteti227, Subcetate228, Ciceu
Corabia229,ClinetiOa230,Bozna231,RacoudeJosDealulVrriei232iPiatraDetunat
233, Dej234, Blnaca235, Cua 236 i Srel237. Complexele sunt reprezentate de locuine
Nmeti19811982,4849,pl.XIV/312;XV/17;Nmeti1990,47,fig.21/19;Nmeti1999,18
19,fig.12;Marta2009,220;Martaetalii2010,130132,fig.9,11,12.
211 FerencziI.1964;Horedt1974,206,216,nr.20;Vasilievetalii1991,19.
212 Costea2000,222;Costea,tefnescu2003,12,21.
213 Costea2000,222223;Costea,tefnescu2003,12,22.
214 Pdureanu1989.
215 Alexaetalii1965;Horedt1974,212,216,nr.12.
216 Srbu,CrianV.1999;CrianV.etalii2003.
217 Horedt1974,216,220,nr.1.
218 Emdi,Hadnagy1982;Dumitracu,CrianI.1989,1920.
219 Costea2000,223.
220 Horedt1974,216,223,nr.14.
221 Lupu1989,3638.
222 Vasilievetalii1991,3243.
223 Szkely1966,2126.
224 Pop,Bejinariu1999;Popetalii2000.
225 Lszletalii1999;Lszletalii2001;Lszletalii2003;Lszletalii2004;Lszletalii2005;
Lszl,Mare2006;Lszl2010.
226 Nestor,Zaharia1961,173175.
227 Popovici,Ursulescu1984,81;Ursulescu,Popovici1997,53.
228 Vasiliev1995a,3940.
229 Vasiliev,Gaiu1980,3842.
230 Martaetalii2000;Marta2001,5960;Martaetalii2002;Marta,Matos2003.
231 Vasiliev1995a,6170.
232 Costea,Blos1998,61.
233 Costea,Blos1998,60.
234 Vasiliev1995a,1120.
235 Dumitracu,CrianI.1989,1920.
236 Nmeti1999,1819,fig.12;Martaetalii2010,131132.
210
AezrilefortificatedinariaculturiiGvadinRomnia
295
(desuprafa,bordeieisemibordeie),vetre(amplasateninteriorullocuinelorin
afaralor)igropi(menajere,deproviziiirituale).Stadiulactualalcercetriinuofer
dateconcretecuprivirelaorganizareaspaiuluidininteriorulfortificaiilor.Spturile
arheologice sau limitat doar la efectuarea de sondaje care s acopere ntreaga
suprafaasitului,n celemai bune situaii,aa cum este cazulaezrii de la Teleac
(Pl.13/3).Celetreiniveluridelocuiredinaceastaezarenusuntdistribuiteuniform
pe ntreaga suprafa a aezrii. Sunt prezente i zone nelocuite, unde terenul are o
nclinaie accentuat, n partea centralvestic, dar i zone cu locuire sporadic, n
parteadesudest,mainalt.Aufostcercetate57delocuinereprezentatedebordeie,
semibordeie i locuine de suprafa, distribuite astfel pe niveluri: 12 n nivelul 1
(bordeie i semibordeie), 15 n nivelul 2 (bordeie i semibordeie) i 30 n nivelul 3
(bordeie, semiboreie i locuine de suprafa). Au fost descoperite vetre n 11 din
locuinelecercetate.Gropileerauamplasateninteriorulinspaiiledintrelocuine.
Au fost cercetate i dou cuptoare: unul de copt pine i unul pentru ars ceramica.
Suntprezenteigropilecucaracterritualmpritedeautorindoucategorii:gropi
cudepunerideofrandeigropicuscheletedecopii238.
Recent, o ridicare magnetometric efectuat n aezarea de la Cua a pus n
evidenprezenamaimultorlocuinedeformrectangular,cudimensiunilecuprinse
ntre 46 m i 812 m, desprite de alei239 (Pl. 2/1, 4). Interpretarea rezultatelor acestei
ridicri urmeaz s fie confirmat de eventuale cercetri arheologice. i ridicarea
magnetometric din aezarea de la Andrid a relevat prezena unor complexe
arheologicecaresuntconcentratenanumitezonealeaezrii240(Pl.2/5).
Sunt i aezri n care nu au fost descoperite complexe de locuire, situaie
determinat de caracterul cercetrii (sondaje i cercetri de teren) sau de terasrile
efectuatenepocadacic:SatuMare241,Huedin242,SomeuRece243,Roade244,Braov245,
Covasna246, Sighetu Marmaiei247, Huedin248, Bile Tunad249, Boblna250, Lipova251 i
MihaiViteazu252.
Vlassa,Dnil1962.
Vasilievetalii1991,3243.
239 Kienlinetalii2012,8990.
240 Martaetalii2010,130,132136,fig.10,1316.
241 Ferenczi,Ferenczi1967.
242 Alexaetalii1965.
243 FerencziI.1964.
244 Costea2000,223.
245 Alexandrescu,Pop1970.
246 Srbuetalii2000.
247 Horedt1966.
248 Alexaetalii1965;Coci1994.
237
238
296
GabrielBLAN
Grosimeastraturilorarheologicedinaezrilefortificate,ngeneral,oscileazntre
0,10mi0,50m:Preuteti(0,20m),Blnaca(0,100,40m),ClinetiOa(0,120,36m),
Dej (0,150,20 m), Srel (0,20 m), Sighetu Marmaiei (0,25 m), Bozna (0,300,35 m),
Cua(0,300,40m),Subcetate(0,200,30m),CiceuCorabia(0,30m),Cernat(0,100,40m),
imleuSilvaniei(0,200,30m)iHuedin(0,300,50m).Celemaiconsistentedepuneri
senregistreaznaezrilemultistratificatedelaTeleac(0,801,20m,3niveluri),Siret
(0,350,65m,2niveluri)iMedia(0,90m,3niveluri).naezriledelaTilica(0,80m)
i Bile Tunad (0,60 m), straturile arheologice prezint i resturi de locuire din alte
epoci.LaCovasna,niveluldinprimaepocafieruluinusemaipstreaz,faptdatorat
terasrilordinadouaepocafierului.
Din aceast analiz se poate trage o prim concluzie i anume c n aezrile
fortificate sunt prezente urme de locuire, care atest existena unor comuniti care,
din anumite motive, au decis s i construiasc bariere (valuri, palisade, anuri),
pentru a delimita spaiul locuibil, poate i terenurile agricole i punile. O alt
concluziecarepoatefitrasestecstadiulincipientalcercetriiarheologiceobligla
acceptarea interpretrilor tradiionale, care au pus n eviden rolul politic, militar,
socialieconomicalaezrilorfortificate.
Delanceput,rolulpoliticimilitaralaezrilorfortificateafostscosneviden.
ncepnd cu bronzul trziu i face apariia tipul de aezare fortificat amplasat pe
nlimi (hillforts / Hhensiedlungen). Acesta se difereniaz net fa de mprejmuirile
dinneoeneolotic,prinpoziionarealornzoneapratenatural,inaccesibiledemulte
ori, pe nlimi care domin zona nconjurtoare. Dou procese influeneaz acest
aspect:formalizarearzboiuluincepndcuepocabronzului,careimplicraiduriale
unor grupuri de rzboinici, i crearea unor uniti teritoriale de natur cvasi
politic253. Fortificarea aezrilor i gospodriilor poate fi interpretat i ca un act
preventiv,avndnvederecaracterulloreconomicisocial.Acumulareadebunurin
cadrul acestor societi, ca urmare a produciei agricole, a exploatrii de resurse
naturale, a schimburilor la distan, mai ales, al obiectelor de prestigiu, determin
construcia unor structuri de aprare mpotriva jafului care urmeaz unui rzboi,
asediusauraid.Fortificareasimultannaproapetoateregiunilecarpatodunrenela
nceputulprimeiepociafieruluisugereazopermanenttensiunepoliticimilitar.
Oaezarepoziionatpeozonnaltifortificatcuvaluri,anuriipalisadeeste
mult mai greu de cucerit n timpul unui asemenea raid. Urme ale unor conflicte
Horedt1976
Horedt1974,216,220,nr.1;Crianetalii1992,55.
251 Pdureanu1989.
252 Horedt1974,216,223,nr.14.
253 Osgood2001;Harding2006,107108.
249
250
AezrilefortificatedinariaculturiiGvadinRomnia
297
armate sunt atestate n mai multe aezri, n principal acestea fiind reprezentate de
distrugeri ale fortificaiilor prin incendiere: Satu Mare, Subcetate, Bozna, Ciceu
Corabia,Huedin,Preuteti,Srel,SighetuMarmaiei,SomeuRece,imleuSilvaniei
iona.Demulteori,fortificaiaesterefcut,fiindamenajatunsistemdefensivmult
maieficient:Subcetate,Preuteti,SighetuMarmaieiiSatuMare.Stareaconflictual
delanceputurileprimeiepociafieruluiestedemonstratidenumeroaseletipuride
arme ce se regsesc n depozitele de bronzuri din Romnia din aceast perioad:
topoarecudiscispin,lnci,sulie,sbii,pumnale,coifuriiplatoe254.
Rolulsocialalfortificaiilornsocietateaprimeiepociafieruluinupoatefinegat,
ncondiiilencareaceastsocietateesteunaierarhizat,faptdemonstratdeprezena
numeroaselor obiecte de prestigiu i de nlarea movilelor deasupra mormintelor
persoanelorimportantealevremii,ncdinepocabronzuluitimpuriu,cndsepoate
observa prezena unei pturi rzboinice255. Ca form de reprezentare a statutului
social, ncepnd cu bronzul trziu, este considerat spada de bronz care nlocuiete
toporul de lupt din perioadele anterioare. Echipamentul de lupt al elitelor
rzboinice este alctuit din coif, plato, genunchier (defensiv), spad i lance
(ofensiv).256 Lucrrile de construcie la o fortificaie necesit implicarea unei fore de
muncextremdemare.Acestelucrrisuntgirateipltitedinbunurileacumulatede
elitele conductoare. Ca distribuitori de alimente i bunuri, n schimbul suportului
logistic al comunitii, efii primesc prestigiu i i extind prerogativele politice i
ceremoniale. Dezvoltarea reelelor extinse pentru procurarea i alocarea de resurse
necesare pentru toat lumea a dus la apariia unei clase conductoare permanente,
care a gestionat aceste probleme complexe de distribuire i producie257. Amenajarea
unei fortificaii, prin modificrile aduse mediului nconjurtor i prin caracterul lor
monumental, poate fi interpretat i ca o aciune care s simbolizeze puterea elitei
conductoare n cadrul comunitii, dar i n rndul vecinilor. Pentru regiunile
carpatodunrene, fortificaia reprezint vrful tehnologic al vremii n domeniul
arhitectural.
PetrescuDmbovia1977,2325,80161;Vulpe2001a,360361.
Vulpe2001a,353360.
256 Vulpe2001a,360362.
257 Gilman1981,2.
254
255
298
GabrielBLAN
Pl. 13. 1. Planul aezrii de la imleu Silvaniei (Pop et alii 2006); 2. Planul aezrii de la ona
(Vasiliev 1995a); 3. Planul aezrii de la Teleac (Ciugudean 2012); 4. Planul aezrii de la
BileTunad(Horedt1976);5.PlanulaezriidelaPreuteti(Ursulescu,Popovici1997);6.
PlatoulaezriidelaPreuteti,nseciune(Ursulescu,Popovici1997).
AezrilefortificatedinariaculturiiGvadinRomnia
299
Pl.14.1.PlanulaezriidelaTilica(Lupu1989)ivalulexteriordatatlanceputulprimeiepoci
afierului,marcatcurou;2.FortificaiadelaHuedinpeoimaginesatelitar(sursaGoogle
Earth);3.Imaginesatelitar(sursaGoogleEarth)cuaezareadelaAndrid;4.Tabelstatistic
al aezrilor fortificate din aria culturii Gva din Romnia; 5. Profil stratigrafic prin
fortificaiadelaBileTunad(prelucratdupHoredt1976).
300
GabrielBLAN
Multedintreaezrilefortificateauiunrolimportantndezvoltareaeconomic.Aici
suntadpostitemarileresursealecomunitii,constnddincerealeianimale(cutot
ceea ce deriv din exploatarea lor: carne, lapte, piei i ln). Poziionate n zone
strategice, locuri din care sunt controlate artere de circulaie, fortificaiile par s fie
posturidevamischimbcomercial.Produsecuvaloaredeprestigiu(unelte,armei
podoabedinmetal,chihlimbar),produseagricoleimeteugretisuntschimbatei
vmuiteprinintermediulaezrilorntrite.Odatcuapariiaacestuitipdeaezare,
putempresupunecmeteugariiimutloculdeactivitateninteriorulincintelor,
unde se bucur de protecie i ajutor. Multe din aezrile fortificate din aria culturii
Gva sunt amplasate n zone care controleaz marile ci de comunicaie, implicit de
comer: Teleac, Subcetate, Racou de Jos, Siret, Clineti Oa, Sighetu Marmaiei,
Lipova, Blnaca, Dej, imleu Silvaniei, Media i Srel. Rolul strategic al acestor
aezriestentritdeprezenaunorfortificaiiinalteepociistorice(epocadacici
epoca medieval timpurie) la Racou de JosDealul Vrriei258 i Piatra Detunat259,
Srel260, imleu Silvaniei261, Subcetate262 i Lipova263. Pe lng bunurile rezultate n
urma cultivrii terenurilor i creterii de animale, un rol nsemnat l ocup resursele
naturale precum sarea, exploatat sistematic n aria culturii Gva, aa cum o
demonstreaz cercetrile arheologice, la Bile Figa, Valea Regilor i Valea Florilor264.
n urma comercializrii srii, apar n spaiul carpatic o serie de obiecte de prestigiu
care provin din zone ndeprtate ale Europei: din nordvest, dinspre Boemia i
Saxonia,provinbareledecositorpurdescoperitendepoziteledelaUioaradeSusi
Guteria; din centrul Europei sunt aduse vase de bronz ornamentate n tehnica au
repouss,unelteipiesedebijuterieidetoalet;dinnordsuntperleledechihlimbar
din depozitele de la Cioclovina i Alina, dar i alte piese de podoab; din sud sunt
perleledesticlalbastrdindepoziteledelaCioclovinaiDobrocina,daripumnale
ifibuledetipPeschiera265.nzoneaflatenapropiereaocnelordesareseafloserie
deaezrifortificate266.Esteposibilcaacesteassefidezvoltatnurmacomeruluicu
sare. Apariia aezrilor fortificate poate fi pus n legtur i cu dezvoltarea
metalurgiei.
Costea,Blos1998;Costea2000,222.
Costea,Blos1998;Costea2000,222.
260 Vlassa,Dnil1962.
261 Popetalii2000.
262 Luca2005,148149.
263 Pdureanu1989.
264 Ciugudean2012,117119.
265 PetrescuDmbovia2001,343.
266 Cavrucetalii2006,48.
258
259
AezrilefortificatedinariaculturiiGvadinRomnia
301
Concentrareafortificaiilorninteriorularculuicarpaticpoatefilegatidecentrul
metalurgiccarpatic.Piesedetiptransilvneanserspndescpeoariedestuldemare,
nurmadistribuiriiicirculaieiobiectelordeprestigiu.TudorSoroceanuacomparat
rspndirea aezrilor fortificate i a depozitelor de bronzuri din Transilvania. El a
observat o evoluie a depozitelor i aezrilor ntrite n timp. n bronzul trziu se
observ o concentrare de depozite de bronzuri i aezri ntrite n nordvestul
Romniei, iar n perioada timpurie a primei epoci a fierului este atestat o
uniformizarelanivelulTransilvaniei,existndmaimulteconcentrrideacestgen.Au
fostidentificatetreigrupe:unanzonadintrerurileCriulRepedeiCrasna,ogrup
nzonaMureuluimijlociuiogrupnBanat.nsec.XVIIIa.Chr.seobservdou
concentrri,unancentrulTransilvanieiicealaltnsud,ntreeleexistnduncoridor
de grani n nordul Crianei, unde nu sau descoperit depozite. Concluzia lui
SoroceanuestecarelocodislocareacentruluidegreutatedinnordvestulRomniei
spre centrul i sudul Transilvaniei, iar construirea de fortificaii trebuie pus n
legtur cu aceast dislocare, care nseamn de fapt o micare de populaie. Una
dintre cauzele acestei micri de populaie ar putea fi una economic: epuizarea
minereurilordinnordulTransilvaniei267.
AezrilorfortificateatribuiteculturiiGvadinspaiulromnescliseadaugalte
aezrintritedinUcraina,SlovaciaiUngaria:deexempluLisiniki,Krivce,Grusev,
Voloka, Homjakov, Horodnia, Fedorovka (Ucraina)268, Brehov, Kou, Moidany,
arisk Sokolovce, Tera, Vek ari (Slovacia)269, Telkibnya, Fony,
Boldogkvralja,Tolcsva,Tllyavr,TllyaMekecsvr(Ungaria)270.
SituaiaculturiiGva,datatnintervalulsec.XIIIX/VIIIa.Chr.nspaiulcarpato
dunrean,prinprezenanumeroaseloraezrintriteiprinritulfunerar,incineraia
n urne, poate fi comparat cu modul de manifestare din cadrul culturii Lausitz din
perioadaculturilorcmpurilordeurnedincentrulEuropei.Spredeosebiredecultura
Lausitz,nariaculturiiGvalipsescmarilenecropole,mormintelecunoscutefiinddin
descoperiri izolate sau din necropole de mici dimensiuni. Acest fapt poate s se
datoreze i unui stadiu incipient al cercetrii. Prin toate celelalte aspecte, tipuri de
aezri, cultur material, credine religioase, structuri sociale, cultura Gva poate fi
comparat cu societatea culturii cmpurilor de urne, considerat a fi o perioad de
stabilitateinflorirepetoateplanurile271.
Soroceanu1982.
Ursulescu,Popovici1997,56;Cotoi1999,62.
269 Furmneketalii1982,165173.
270 Matuz,Novki2002,60.
271 Vulpe2001b,225.
267
268
302
GabrielBLAN
Illustration
Pl.1.MapofspreadingoffortifiedsettlementsinGvaculturearea.
Pl.2.1.DwellingsandpitsidentifiedonthemagnetometricsurveyatCua(afterKienlinet
alii 2012); 2. Topographic plan of the settlement at Cua (after Kienlin et alii 2012); 3.
MagnetometricsurveyonthetopographicplanfromCua(afterKienlinetalii2012);4.
Dwellingsarrangementinfortifiedsettlement,interpretationofthemagnetometricsurvey
(afterKienlinetalii2012);5.MagnetometricsurveyofthefortifiedsettlementatAndrid
(afterMartaetalii2010).
Pl. 3. 1. Plan of the settlement from Bozna (after Vasiliev 1995a); 2. Plan of the settlement
from Blnaca (after Emdi, Hadhagy 1982); 3.Plan of the settlement from Braov (after
Alexandrescu, Pop 1970); 4. Magnetometric survey in the northeastern part of the
settlement from Cua (after Marta et alii 2010); 5. Plan of the settlement from Ciceu
Corabia (after Vasiliev 1995a); 6.Plan of the settlement from Cernat (after Z. Szkely
1966);7.PlanofthecitadelfromCovasna(afterSzkely1972).
Pl.4.1.SectionthroughthefortificationfromCiceuCorabia(processedafterVasiliev1995a);
2.SectionthroughthefortificationfromBozna(processedafterVasiliev1995a);3.Section
(trench III) through the outside fortification from Braov (processed after Alexandrescu,
Pop1970);4.Section(trenchIII)throughtheinnerfortificationfromBraov(processedafter
Alexandrescu,Pop1970).
Pl. 5. 1. Satellite image (source ANCPI) of the settlement from Clineti Oa; 2. Satellite
image(sourceGoogleEarth)ofthesettlementfromBraov;3.Satelliteimage(sourceGoogle
Earth) of the settlement from Cua; 4.Satellite image (source Google Earth) of the
settlement from Blnaca; 5.Satellite image (source Google Earth) of the settlement from
CiceuCorabia;6.Satelliteimage(sourceGoogleEarth)ofthesettlementfromBoblna.
Pl. 6. 1. Section through fortification from Dej (processed after Vasiliev 1995a); 2. Section
throughfortificationfromSrel(processedafterVlassa,Dnil1962);3.Sectionthrough
fortificationfromSomeuRece(processedafterFerencziI.1964).
Pl.7.1.Satelliteimage(sourceGoogleEarth)ofthesettlementfromRoade;2.Satelliteimage
(source Google Earth) of the settlement from Huedin; 3.Satellite image (source Google
Earth) of the settlement from Lipova; 4.Satellite image (source Google Earth) of the
settlement from Bile Tunad; 5.Satellite image (source Google Earth) of the settlement
fromSatuMare;6.Satelliteimage(sourceGoogleEarth)ofthesettlementfromSrel.
Pl. 8. 1. Section through the fortification from Media (processed after Zaharia 1965); 2.
Section through the fortification from Huedin (processed after Alexa et alii 1965); 3.
Section through the fortification from ona (processed after Vasiliev 1995a); 4.Section
throughthefortificationfromSatuMare(processedafterFerencziG.,FerencziI.1967).
AezrilefortificatedinariaculturiiGvadinRomnia
303
Pl.9.1.Satelliteimage(sourceGoogleEarth)ofthesettlementfromTeleac;2.Satelliteimage
(source Google Earth) of the settlement from Tilica; 3.Satellite image (source Google
Earth)ofthesettlementfromMedia;4.Stratigraphicsectionthroughthefortificationfrom
Preuteti (processed after Popovici, Ursulescu 1982); 5.Satellite image (source Google
Earth) of the settlement from Racou de Sus Dealul Vrriei; 6.Satellite image (source
GoogleEarth)ofthesettlementfromRacoudeSusPiatraDetunat.
Pl.10.1.PlanofthesettlementfromDej(afterVasiliev1995a);2.Planofthesettlementfrom
Media (after Horedt 1974); 3.Plan of the settlement from Satu Mare (after Ferenczi G.,
FerencziI.1967);4.PlanofthesettlementfromSrel(afterVlassa,Dnil1962);5.Plan
of the settlement from Subcetate (after Vasiliev 1995a); 6.Plan of the settlement from
SighetuMarmaiei(afterHoredt1966).
Pl.11.1.Satelliteimage(sourceGoogleEarth)ofthesettlementfromSiret;2.Satelliteimage
(sourceGoogleEarth)ofthesettlementfromSighetuMarmaiei;3.Satelliteimage(source
GoogleEarth)ofthesettlementfromSomeuRece;4.Satelliteimage(sourceGoogleEarth)
ofthesettlementfromSubcetate;5.Satelliteimage(sourceGoogleEarth)ofthesettlement
fromDej;6.Satelliteimage(sourceGoogleEarth)ofthesettlementfromCovasna.
Pl. 12. 1. Stratigraphic section (trench 1) through the fortification from Sighetu Marmaiei
(processed after Horedt 1966); 2.Stratigraphic section (trench 5) through the fortification
fromSighetuMarmaiei(processedafterHoredt1966);3.Stratigraphicsectionthroughthe
fortification from Subcetate (processed after Vasiliev 1995a); 4. Stratigraphic section and
plan of the trench no. 29 of the fortification from Teleac (processed after Vasiliev et alii
1991); 5. Stratigraphic section (trench3) throughthe fortification from Teleac (processed
afterVasilievetalii1991).
Pl.13.1.PlanofthesettlementfromimleuSilvaniei(afterPopetalii1996);2.Planofthe
settlement from ona (after Vasiliev 1995a); 3.Plan of the settlement from Teleac (after
Ciugudean2012);4.PlanofthesettlementfromBileTunad(afterHoredt1976);5.Plan
of the settlement from Preuteti (after Ursulescu, Popovici 1997); 6.The plateau of the
settlementfromPreuteti,insection(afterUrsulescu,Popovici1997).
Pl.14.1.PlanofthesettlementfromTilica(afterLupu1989)andtheFirstIronAgerampart,
markedinred;2.ThefortificationfromHuedinonasatelliteimage(sourceGoogleEarth);
3.Satelliteimage(sourceGoogleEarth)ofthesettlementfromAndrid;4.Statisticaltableof
thefortifiedsettlementsinGvacultureareainRomania;5.Stratigraphicsectionthrough
thefortificationfromBileTunad(processedafterHoredt1976).
304
GabrielBLAN
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Fortificaiiledinarealulculturilor
Babadag1iCoziaSaharna
AurelZanoci*
Abstract:IntheareaoftheBabadagiCoziaSaharnaculturesthereareknownnewfortificationsofthe
10th9thcenturiesBC.Archaeologicalinvestigationscarriedoutatthesesiteshaveprovidedanumberof
materialsthatallowustoassessthefortificationsintermsoftopography,thetypesandstructureofthe
defensive system, as well as their functional status. Also there are highlighted some similarities and
differences in the fortifications of the Babadag and CoziaSaharna cultures as well as in relation to the
fortressesoftheneighbouringculturesGvaHolihradyandChernoles.
Rezumat: n arealul culturilor Babadag i CoziaSaharna sunt cunoscute nou fortificaii care au
funcionat n sec. XIX a.Chr. Investigaiile arheologice efectuate la aceste situri au pus la dispoziie o
seriedemateriale,carepermitoevaluareafortificaiilordinpunctuldevederetopografic,altipurilori
structurii sistemului defensiv, precum i al statutului lor funcional. De asemenea, au fost scoase n
eviden o serie de similitudini i diferene att ntre fortificaiile culturilor Babadag i CoziaSaharna,
ctinraportcucetiledinculturilelimitrofeGvaHolihradyiernyjLes.
Keywords:EarlyIronAge,Babadagculture,CoziaSaharnaculture,fortification,palisade,moat,bastion.
Cuvintecheie:primaepocafierului,culturaBabadag,culturaCoziaSaharna,fortificaii,an,val.
nsec.XIXa.Chr.fortificaiilecaptolargrspndireattnEuropaCentral,cti
n cea de est. Acest fenomen nu prezint o excepie nici pentru arealul culturilor
Babadag(fazaII)iCoziaSaharna.
CulturaBabadag2ocupteritoriulDobrogei,estulMuntenieiisudulMoldovei,iar
CoziaSaharna3 regiunea de silvostep a interfluviului NistruSiret, ambele fcnd
partedinbloculculturalestbalcaniccuceramicincizatiimprimat4.
Stadiulcercetrii
DinpreistoriaDunriideJos.50deanidelanceputulcercetrilorarheologicelaBabadag,Tulcea,2013,p.311348
312
AurelZANOCI
SpredeosebiredeculturilenvecinateGvaHolihrady,undesuntsemnalatevestigiile
apeste100defortificaii5,iernyjLes,undesuntcunoscutepeste20siturintrite6,
numrulfortificaiiloratribuiteculturilorhallstattienetimpuriicuceramicincizati
imprimatBabadagiCoziaSaharnaestedestulderedus7.
Actualmente pentru cultura Babadag (Fig. 1) sunt cunoscute patru situri fortificate
(Babadag, JijilaCetuie, Beidaud i Grlia). Fortificaia de la Babadag a fost
semnalat nc din 1953. Spturile arheologice, conduse de S. Morintz, au nceput,
Horedt1974,205228;Maleev1988,95116;Vasiliev1995;Ardeu19951996,189226;Costea
2000,221226;Tuulescu2009,4762;Zanoci,Banaru2010,403441;erbej2010,315;Zavitij
2011,351.
6 Terenokin1961,1325.
7 narealulculturiicuceramicincizatitanatInsulaBanuluiestecunoscutosingur
fortificaie,ceadelaValeaRea(Nica1990,129;Gum1993,204205).
5
FortificaiiledinarealulculturilorBabadagiCoziaSaharna
313
ns,nanul1962iaucontinuat,cumicintreruperi,pnn1995.n19968acesteaau
fostreluateiaucontinuatpnn2010.Primeleinformaiidespresistemuldefensiv
de la Babadag au fost publicate n 1964 de ctre S. Morintz9, ns o descriere mai
completasituluidateazdin198710.Deiaufostefectuateinvestigaiideamploare,
pn n prezent rmn neclare elementele defensive utilizate, precum i perioada
edificriilor.AttnpublicaiileluiS.Morintz11,ctincelesemnatedeG.Jugnaru
iS.Ailinci12situldelaBabadagesteconsideratafifortificatprinintermediulunui
an cu un val amplasat n fa13, iar momentul edificrii lor era ncadrat n faza
Babadag III. Recent, S. Ailinci14 considera caezarea afost fortificat numai cu un
an,careafostspatntroperioadanterioarfazeiBabadagIII.
Fortificaia de laJijilaCetuie afost descoperit de G. Simionn 1990, cercetrile
desfurnduse abia n 2001200515. Pe parcursul acestor ani a fost investigat o
suprafa de 508 mp, dintre care 144 mp au fost rezervai studierii elementelor
defensive16, rezultatele cercetrilor efectuate constituind subiectul unui studiu
monograficpublicatn200817.
Aezarea de la Beidaud a fost cercetat n anii 19761977, 19791980 de ctre
G.SimioniE.Lzurc18.Caurmareainvestigaiilorarheologicesastabilitexistena
maimultorniveluridelocuire:culturaCoslogeni,culturaBabadag,nivelultracogetic
etc. Conform opiniei cercettorilor, o prim fortificaie la Beidaud a fost edificat de
ctrepurttoriiculturiiBabadag,careaunconjuratplatoulcuunvaldinlutplacatcu
pietre, dublat de un an de aprare19. n sec. VIV a.Chr. valul a fost refcut i
Campaniadin1995afostcondusdeS.Morintz,dupacruidecesantierulafostpreluat
deG.Jugnaru.
9 Morintz1964,101118.
10 Morintz1987,4144,fig.5.
11 Morintz1987,4144.
12 Jugnaru,Ailinci2003,5163;Jugnaru2005,2122.
13 Ordineadedispunereaacestorelementedefensivepareafidestuldestranie,practicnefiind
cunoscutlaaltefortificaiihallstattiene.
14 InformaiiS.Ailinci.
15 InvestigaiileaufostrealizatedectreG.Simion,S.AilinciiV.Srbu(ncepndcu2003).
16 Srbu,Ailinci,Simion2008,10.
17 Srbu,Ailinci,Simion2008.
18 Simion,Lzurc1980,3754;Simion2003,7998.
19 Publicaiilededicateacestuisitnuoferodatconcretnlegturcumomentulamenajrii
anuluideaprare.
8
314
AurelZANOCI
Simion,Lzurc1980,39;Simion2003,81.
Srbu,Ailinci,Simion2008,5051.
22 Morintz 1964, 109; Diaconu, Anghelescu 1968, 349; Morintz, Anghelescu 1970, 400;
Hnsel1976,123;Jugnaru2005,20.
23 Nuesteexcluscanumrulcetilorsfifostmultmaimare.Estebinecunoscutfaptulcmai
multe aezri ale culturii CoziaSaharna sunt suprapuse de situri din sec. VIIII a.Chr.,
sistemuldefensivfiindatribuittradiionaltracogeilor.
24 Florescu1971,107.
25 Iconomu1996,2156,fig.121;Iconomu1997,127128,fig.46.
26 PentruteritoriuldintreNistruiPrut,pnnanul2000afostutilizattermenuldecultur
SaharnaSolonceni(Kauba2000).
27 Meljukova1989,21.
28 Haheu1990,26;Kauba2000,259260.
29 FortificaiaafostidentificatdectrecolectivuldecercettoridelaUniversitateadeStatdin
Moldova(I.Niculi,A.Zanoci,M.B,A.Nicic).
30 Niculi,Zanoci,Arnut2008,71100.
20
21
FortificaiiledinarealulculturilorBabadagiCoziaSaharna
315
Niculietalii2012a,8792.
Niculi,Zanoci,B2009,4143;Niculietalii2010,360362,fig.26;Niculi,Zanoci,B
2011,226236;Niculietalii2012,111167.
31
32
316
AurelZANOCI
O alt cetate, care ipotetic poate fi atribuit culturii CoziaSaharna, este cea de la
Butuceni.AceastaafostdescoperiticercetatdeG.D.Smirnovnanii1949195333.
Peste trei decenii, n 1983, investigaiile au fost reluate de cercettorii de la
UniversitateadeStatdinMoldova,subconducereaprof.I.Niculiiaucontinuat,cu
mici ntreruperi, pn n 200034. Ca urmare a spturilor arheologice la Butuceni au
fost descoperite dou niveluri de locuire: hallstattian timpuriu (cultura Cozia
Saharna) i tracogetic, elementele defensive atestate pe promontoriu fiind atribuite
celui din urm. Astfel, se considera c aezarea tracogetic a avut trei faze de
fortificare.Dintreacesteaseevideniazfortificaiadinprimafaz,carereprezentao
incint de form quasipoligonal, cu dimensiunile de 7050/60 m, aprat pe dou
laturidepanteleabruptealepromontoriului,iarperestuldeanuri35care,probabil,
aufostdublatedeziduri36.Cercetrileefectuatenaceastincint,peosuprafade
cca1460mp,audemonstratprezenanacestspaiuavestigiilordetipCoziaSaharna:
olocuiniunbogativariatmaterialceramic.Plecnddelaceleexpusemaisus,dar
i de la asemnrile ca form i dimensiuni cu incinta hallstattian de la Saharna
Mare,putematribui,cuunanumitgraddeprobabilitate,fortificaiadinprimafazde
laButuceniculturiiCoziaSaharna.
Fortificaiilede la BradiRctu conin mai multeniveluride locuire, ncepnd
cu epoca bronzului (cultura Monteoru) i pn n primele secole ale erei cretine.
Primele elemente de fortificare au fost amenajate de comunitile culturii Monteoru.
DupprerealuiV.UrsachiacesteaaupututfirefolositenperioadaculturiiCozia
Saharna37.
Dei volumul informaional despre fortificaiile culturilor Babadag i Cozia
Saharna este redus, pot fi fcute, totui, unele constatri cu privire la topografia,
sistemuldefensivistatutulfuncionalalacestorsituri.
Topografiasiturilor
Laamenajareacetilorsainutcont,nprimulrnd,deprezenaunorsurseacvatice.
AceastobservaieestevalabilattpentrufortificaiiledinarealulculturiiBabadag,
ctipentruceledetipCoziaSaharna.Astfel,nbazinulunorruriaufostamplasate
fortificaiile Saharna Mare38 (Nistru), Butuceni39 (Rut), Brad40 i Rctu41 (Siret). n
35
36
37
38
39
33
34
Smirnov1954,2429;Smirnov1964,32.
Niculi,Teodor,Zanoci2002.
anuldevestafostinvestigatpeolimetotalde6m,iarceldeestde42m.
Niculi,Teodor,Zanoci2002,6263,fig.49.
Ursachi1987,4144;Ursachi1995,99;Ursachi2013.
Niculi,Zanoci,B2011,226.
Niculi,Teodor,Zanoci2002,12.
FortificaiiledinarealulculturilorBabadagiCoziaSaharna
317
apropierea unor ruri mai mici sau praie au fost edificate cetile de la Pocreaca42
(Pocrecua iNemoaica) i JijilaCetate43(Jijila),iar cea de la Babadag44 a fost situat
pemalullaculuicuacelainume.
Fig.3.Babadag.anuldeaprare/Babadag.Defensiveditch(a,b.Jugnaru;c.Jugnaru,
Ailinci2003).
42
43
44
40
41
Ursachi1995,17.
Cpitanu,Ursachi1972,101.
Iconomu1997,127.
Srbu,Ailinci,Simion2008,7.
Morintz1987,39.
318
AurelZANOCI
Fig.4.JijilaCetuie:a.fotografie
aerian;
b.
ridicare
topografic / JijilaCetuie: a.
aerialphoto;b.survey
(Srbu,Ailinci,Simion2008).
47
48
45
46
Horedt1974,205228;Maleev1988,95116;Vasiliev1995;erbej2010,315;Zavitij2011,351.
Matuz,Novki2002,721.
tefan,Duescu2008,1117.
Niculi,Teodor,Zanoci2002,12.
FortificaiiledinarealulculturilorBabadagiCoziaSaharna
319
320
AurelZANOCI
(1.
valurile
anurile de pe latura de S
SE;2.valuriledepelaturile
de VSV, NNV i ENE); b.
profilul sistemului defensiv
de pe latura de SSE /
Pocreaca: a. fortress plan (1.
ramparts and ditches on the
south southeast side; 2.
ramparts on the west south
west, north northwest and
east northeast sides); b.
profile of the defensive system
on the south southeast side
(Iconomu1996).
Niculietalii2012,111.
49
FortificaiiledinarealulculturilorBabadagiCoziaSaharna
321
curbura rului Rut50, iar cea de la Pocreaca (Fig. 6/a) pe un promontoriu format de
confluena a dou praie51. Pentru amplasarea unor ceti au fost alese platourile
nalte,cupanterelativnclinate:Beidaud52iJijilaCetuie(Fig.4)53.Alteleerausituate
pe terasele nalte ale rului Siret (Brad i Rctu)54 sau pe bot de teras, cum ar fi
fortificaiadelaBabadag(Fig.2)55.
52
53
54
55
50
51
Niculi,Teodor,Zanoci2002,12.
Iconomu1996,21.
Simion2003,79.
Srbu,Ailinci,Simion2008,7.
Cpitanu,Ursachi1972,97114.
Morintz1987,39.
322
AurelZANOCI
Formesimilaredereliefaufostpreferatenaceastperioadidepurttoriiculturii
GvaHolihrady. De exemplu, pe promontorii au fost amplasate siturile de la
Lisiniki56, Preueti57, CiceuCorabia58, eica Mic59 etc., iar pe platouri proeminente
celedelaCernatu60,BraovPticel61,Bozna62etc.
Configuraiaisuprafaasiturilor
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
56
57
Maleev1988,95.
Ursulescu,Popovici1997,54.
Vasiliev1995,89.
Horedt1974,225,Abb.6/4.
Szekely1966,17.
Alexandrescu,Pop1970,161.
Vasiliev1995,61.
Morintz1987,38,fig.4.
Simion2003,fig.2.
Iconomu1996,22.
Srbu,Ailinci,Simion2008,7.
Simion2003,80.
FortificaiiledinarealulculturilorBabadagiCoziaSaharna
323
Fig.8.Butuceni:a.ortofotoplan;b.loculamplasriicitadelei(vederedinsprenord);
c.planulcitadelei(1.andefensivnecercetat;2.andefensivcercetat;3.gropi
delapari)/Butuceni:a.orthophotoplan;b.locationofthecitadel(viewfromthenorth);
c.planofthecitadel(1.unexploreddefensiveditch;2.investigateddefensiveditch;3.pits
ofthepales)(Niculi,Teodor,Zanoci2002).
PentrufortificaiadelaBabadag,carearenprezentcca2,5ha,esteestimatosuprafaacel
puindubl(Jugnaru2005,21,nota120).
68
324
AurelZANOCI
Fortificaiile din arealul culturii CoziaSaharna au o suprafa mai redus, cea mai
marefiindceadelaPocreaca(cca1,4ha)69,iarcelemaimiciSaharnaMare(0,32ha)
iButuceni(0,4ha).
Analogiipentrufortificaiilecusuprafaareduspotfigsiteinarealulculturii
GvaHolihrady,nsaicielesentlnescrelativrar70.Acestea,ns,suntcaracteristice
pentruculturaernyjLes71dinregiuneadesilvostepdindreaptaNiprului.
Sistemuldefensiv
Iconomu1996,21.
ona 0,3 ha (Vasiliev 1995, 125145), Preueti 0,12 ha (Ursulescu, Popovici 1997, 53),
Drencova0,1ha(Horedt1974,222),BraovPticel0,06ha(Alexandrescu,Pop1970,161).
71 n arealul culturii ernyj Les majoritatea fortificaiilor au forma quasirotund sau quasi
ovalisuntdeproporiireduse(fig.11):Golovjatin(40mndiametru),Kalantaev(40mn
diametru),Lubency(100mndiametru),Poludnev(7090m)etc.(Terenokin1961,1325;
Daragan2011,5254).
72 Jugnaru,Ailinci2003,51.
73 Srbu,Ailinci,Simion2008,4349.
74 Niculi,Teodor,Zanoci2002,6263.
75 Iconomu1996,2122.
76 Ursachi1995,99.
77 Ursachi2013.
78 Niculietalii2012,112,120.
79 Simion2003,8081,fig.2.
69
70
FortificaiiledinarealulculturilorBabadagiCoziaSaharna
325
La Saharna Mare (Fig. 7/a), dei citadela este situat pe marginea abrupt a
interfluviului80,sarecurslaofortificaredejurmprejurasitului.
n majoritatea cazurilor (Babadag, Beidaud, Saharna Mare, Butuceni), indiferent de
locul amplasrii construciilor defensive pe cteva laturi sau nconjoar aezarea
cetile sunt aprate cu o singur linie defensiv81. La unele fortificaii, ns, liniile
defensivesuntdublate,sauchiartriplate.AstfelafostapratfortificaiadelaBrad,unde,
nepocabronzului,pelaturavulnerabilafostridicatunvalispatunanadiacent,iar
la distana de 500 m a mai fost construit un alt val paralel. Ambele amenajri au fost
utilizateidecomunitilehallstattienetimpurii82.Osituaiesimilarafostatestatila
Pocreaca(Fig.6),undepelaturadeSSEaufostedificatetreiliniidefensive(valian)
dispuse paralel83. O modalitate de fortificare asemntoare a fost sesizat i n arealul
culturiiBabadag,laJijilaCetuie(Fig.5/a,b),peacreilaturdesudaufostamenajate
douvaluriidouanuri,iarpeceadeesttreivaluriidouanuri84.
Fortificarea aezrilor cu cteva linii defensive dispuse pe latura/laturile mai
vulnerabile este atestat i la alte comuniti hallstattiene timpurii, cum ar fi, de
exemplu, la purttorii culturii GvaHolihrady (Gorodnica85, Preueti86, Braov
Pticel87,RacoPiatraDetunat88etc.).
Indiferentdeconfiguraiasistemuluidefensivideloculdeamplasareaacestuia,
purttoriiculturilorBabadagiCoziaSaharnaauutilizatpentrufortificareaaezrilor
lor mai multe tipuri de elemente defensive artificiale, cum ar fi: anul, valul, zidul
etc.,combinatereuitntreele.Lastudierealorsearenvedere,nprimulrnd,natura
acestora, indiferent de numrul lor, deoarece dublarea sau chiar triplarea unor
elementenumodificconcepiadefortificare,cidoarsporescrezistenafortificaiei.n
funciedeelementeledefortificare,folositelantrireaaezrilor,potfidistinsemai
multetipurideceti.
326
AurelZANOCI
Ceamaisimplmetoddefortificareestespareaunuianpelaturilemaiaccesibile
alecetii89.AstfelafostntritsituldelaBabadag,undepelaturilevulnerabile afost
spatunan(Fig.3)culimeade1217miadncimeade3,54,5m90.
OaltmetoddefortificareacetilorBabadagiCoziaSaharnaesteceacuval/zid
i an adiacent. Cu asemenea elemente defensive au fost fortificate aezri cu
topografie i configuraie divers. Ordinea de dispunere a celor dou elemente
defensive este cu anul spre exterior. Cel mai important dintre acestea este, fr
ndoial,valul/zidul,care,prinmasivitateasa,avearoluldeablocaaccesulnincint.
anul,rmnndpeplanulaldoilea,constituieunauxiliarpreios.Acesta,deregul,
oferea pmntul necesar pentru construcia valului/zidului i contribuia la mrirea
eficieneidefensiveaacestuia.anul,deobicei,eraspatlaodistandecca2mdela
margineaexterioaravalului/zidului,spaiucareconstituieaanumitaberm.
n arealul culturii Babadag ceti fortificate cu val/zid i an au fost studiate la
Beidaud91 i JijilaCetuie92, iar n spaiul cultural CoziaSaharna la Pocreaca93,
SaharnaMare94,Butuceni95etc.
Fortificareacetilorcuanival/zidnuestecaracteristicnumaipentruculturile
analizate. Asemenea elemente defensive au fost utilizate din neolitic pn n Evul
Mediu,celmaifrecventfiindntlnitenepocafierului96.
Eficiena defensiv a unei ceti nu depinde numai de dispunerea i felul
elementelordefensive,daridestructuraidimensiunileacestora.Cuctelesuntmai
mari i au o structur mai complex, cu att mai puternice i mai rezistente sunt
fortificaiile. Astfel, fiecare element din structura sistemului defensiv i are rolul i
destinaiasafuncional.
anul ca element defensiv, dup cum deja sa relatat, apare n majoritatea
cazurilormpreuncualteconstruciiartificiale,cumarfivalul/zidul.
AcesttipestevalabilnumaincazulcndseconfirminformaiadluiS.Ailincicuprivirela
fortificarea aezrii de la Babadag numai cu an de aprare. Din punctul nostru de vedere,
utilizarea pentru aprare numai a anului, chiar dac acesta este de proporii, nu este att de
eficient.nspateleanuluiputeaexista,celpuin,opalisadsimpldinlemn,constituitdintr
unsingurirdepari,carelaardere/putrezirenuaulsaturmeevidente.
90 Morintz1987,41;Jugnaru,Ailinci2003,54.
91 Simion2003,8081.
92 Srbu,Ailinci,Simion2008,4349.
93 Iconomu1996,22.
94 Niculietalii2012,112122.
95 Niculi,Teodor,Zanoci2002,6263.
96 Horedt1974,205228;Vasiliev1995;Zanoci1998,3739;Glodariu1983,6162,113.
89
FortificaiiledinarealulculturilorBabadagiCoziaSaharna
327
Fig.9.Butuceni.Planuliprofilulsistemuluidefensiv:a.depelaturadeest;b.depe
laturadevest/Butuceni.Planandprofileofthedefensivesystem:a.ontheeastside;b.on
thewestside(Niculi,Teodor,Zanoci2002).
328
AurelZANOCI
anurile,lamomentulactual,seprezintcanitedepresiunicuadncimeacevariaz
n intervalul de la 0,20 m pn la 1,50 m. Este clar c acestea nu sunt dimensiunile
iniialealeanurilor,deoarecendecursultimpuluielesaucolmatat.Sepoatevorbi
despre mrimea i configuraia acestora numai la cetile unde anurile au fost
cercetateprinspturiarheologice.
Majoritatea anurilor cercetate n arealul culturilor Babadag i CoziaSaharna au
form quasitrapezoidal n seciune Babadag (Fig. 3), JijilaCetuie (Fig. 5),
Pocreaca97,SaharnaMare98,Butuceni(Fig.9)etc.
Dimensiunileanurilorvariazdela
un sit la altul. ns, pot fi evideniate
unele de proporii, cum ar fi cele de la
Babadag, Beidaud i Pocreaca. De
exemplu, cel de la Babadag are o
deschidere de 1217 m i o adncime de
3,504,50m99,iaranurilenr.2inr.3de
la Pocreaca au limea de 1617 m i
adncimea de 2,302,70 m100. anurile
celorlalteaezrisuntdedimensiunimai
modeste. Cele de la JijilaCetuie au
limea cuprins ntre 3 i 4 m, iar
adncimea de 1,202,50 m101. Cele de la
Butuceni au o deschidere n partea
Iconomu1996,fig.4.
Niculietalii2012,120,fig.15,16.
99 Morintz1987,41;Jugnaru,Ailinci2003,54.
100 Iconomu1996,22.
101 Srbu,Ailinci,Simion2008,4448.
97
98
FortificaiiledinarealulculturilorBabadagiCoziaSaharna
329
superioarde4,306,90m,adncimeavariazdela1,70la3,60m102.
n arealul altor culturi contemporane, cum ar fi, de exemplu, GvaHolihrady,
dimensiunileanurilor,deregul,nudepesc10mnlimei3madncime.Totui,cel
maifrecventntlnitesuntanurileculimeade36miadncimeade1,502,50m103.
Cel deal doilea element al unei fortificaii hallstattiene timpurii l constituie aa
numitul val. Exceptnd cazurile accidentale, fie c este vorba de fenomenele
geomorfologicedealunecaredestraturi,fiedeinterveniadirectaomului,valulne
apareactualmentenformdeparabol.
Dimensiunilevalurilor,nprezent,suntdiferiteivariazcalimelabazdela2m
(Pocreaca,valuldeENE104)pnla19m(Pocreaca,valulnr.1105),iarcanlime,dela
0,20m(SaharnaMare)la2,50m(JijilaCetuie106).Aproximativaceleaidimensiunipotfi
regsiteilavalurilecetilorhallstattienedinarealulculturiiGvaHolihrady107.
Esteevidentcdimensiunileactualealevalurilornureprezintnicipedepartepe
celedinperioadacndeleaufuncionat.Deasemenea,estedificilderestabilitforma
istructurainiialavalurilor.
O reconstituire a formei i a dimensiunilor iniiale a aanumitor valuri poate fi
fcut numai pentru fortificaiile unde aceste elemente defensive au fost cercetate
arheologic.ActualmentesuntcunoscuterezultatelesecionrilordelaJijilaCetuie108,
Beidaud109,Pocreaca110,SaharnaMare111,Butuceni112,Brad113iRctu114.
Ca urmare a studierii vestigiilor acestor elemente defensive, se poate constata c
purttorii culturilor Babadag i CoziaSaharna au utilizat dou tipuri de construcii
defensive.
Primuluitipisuntatribuiteziduriledinlemncuemplecton(Fig.10/a).Acestease
prezint ca fiind construcii edificate direct pe nivelul antic de clcare, alctuite din
dou iruri de pari din lemn (brne) verticali, ngropai n pmnt la o distan
variabil unul fa de altul, spaiul dintre ei fiind mpletit cu nuiele sau crengi.
Niculi,Teodor,Zanoci2002,3335.
Horedt1974,205228;Vasiliev1995;erbej2010,315;Zavitij2011,551.
104 Iconomu1996,22.
105 Iconomu1996,22.
106 Srbu,Ailinci,Simion2008,45.
107 Horedt1974,205228;Vasiliev1995.
108 Srbu,Ailinci,Simion2008,4349,fig.6,8,15,18.
109 Simion2003,8081,fig.3,5/1.
110 Iconomu1996,2223,fig.5,6.
111 Niculietalii2012,112120,fig.5,9.
112 Niculi,Teodor,Zanoci2002,3335,fig.8,9,22,28,29.
113 Ursachi1995,99.
114 Ursachi2013,fig.3.
102
103
330
AurelZANOCI
Paramentele,plasatelaoanumitdeprtare,erauprinsentreelepentruconsolidare
cubrne(chingi),astfelfiindformatenitecasete.Acestea,larndullor,erauumplute
cudiferitematerialedeconstrucie,nfunciedeposibilitilepedologicealezonei115.
Din sursele de care dispunem putem constata c la unele ziduri cel puin partea
exterioareraunsculut,pentrualeprotejadeincendiere.
Fig. 11. Fortificaii din arealul culturii ernyj Les: 1. Lubency; 2. Poludnev;
3.Kalantaev;4.Tjasmin;5.Sekirnoe/FortificationsintheareaoftheChernolesculture:
1.Lubentsy;2.Poludnevskoe;3.Kolontaevo;4.Tyasmin;5.Sekirnoe(Terenokin1961;
Daragan,Kauba,Razumov2010).
n regiunile unde se ntlnete piatra sau derivatele ei pietriul i molozul, acestea erau
utilizate n emplecton n asociere cu pmntul. Iar acolo unde ele lipsesc cu desvrire,
eraufolositedoartipuriledesoldinzon.
115
FortificaiiledinarealulculturilorBabadagiCoziaSaharna
331
AstfeldezidurisuntcunoscutenspaiulculturalCoziaSaharnaiaufostcercetatela
SaharnaMare,Butucenietc.116
La Saharna Mare117 vestigiile zidului (Fig. 7/bd) se prezint sub forma unei
drmturi compuse dinsol argilonisipos n amestec cu pietre, cenu i fragmente
delemncarbonizat.Subruineaufostdescoperitemaimultegropiianuriaranjate
ndouiruriaproximativparalele.nele,probabil,aufostfixatebrneverticale,care
constituiauparamentelezidului,aflatelaodistande0,600,80munulfadealtul.
Pentru stabilitate ele au fost prinse transversal cu brne orizontale, de la care sau
pstrat buci carbonizate, depistate printre ruinele construciei. Partea inferioar a
brnelor verticale a fost consolidat prin ridicarea unei platforme din sol brun cu
grosimeadecirca0,30m.ntreceledouparamenteafostdepussolargilonisiposi
pietre de diferite dimensiuni. Astfel, a fost construit un veritabil zid, care atingea
limeadecirca1,001,20m118.
O situaie similar a fost atestat i la citadela de la Butuceni. Aici, n spatele
anurilor de aprare, att de pe latura de vest, ct i de pe cea de est au fost
descoperite mai multe gropi spate n stnca promontoriului (Fig. 9). Acestea aveau
form rotund (0,250,45 m) sau oval (0,200,350,400,60 m) n plan i adncimea
cuprinsntre0,16i0,30m.Acesteaerauaranjatendouiruriparalele,amplasate
laodistandecca.2munulfadealtul119.Avndnvedereforma,dimensiunilei
amplasareasepoatepresupunecnacesteaaufostfixateparamenteledinlemnale
zidului, pentru emplecton fiind utilizate pmntul i piatra care se gsete n
abundenpepromontoriu.
Cu ziduri similare au fost fortificate mai multe ceti, atribuite culturii Gva
Holihrady,cumarfi:Preuteti(fazaI)120,Bozna121,CiceuCorabia122etc.
NuesteexcluscaastfeldeconstruciisfifostamenajateipelaturiledeENEiVSVale
fortificaieidelaPocreaca,undeaufostatestatedouvalurimici,culimeadecca2mi
nlimea de 0,304 m (Iconomu 1996, 22). Judecnd dup proporiile lor modeste, dar i
dup unele analogii de la Saharna Mare, se poate presupune c pe aceste laturi au fost
ridicate ziduri din lemn cu emplecton de pmnt, iar valurile mici nu reprezint altceva
dectdrmturaacestoradupputrezireastructuriidinlemn.
117 Niculi et alii 2012, 112120, fig. 5, 9, 10. Pentru detalii a se vedea i studiul semnat de I.
Niculi,A.ZanociiM.Bdinvolumuldefa.
118 La distana dintre paramente de 0,60,8 m se mai adug i grosimea medie a brnelor de
0,150,20m.
119 Niculi,Teodor,Zanoci2002,33.
120 Ursulescu,Popovici1986,3739,fig.1.
121 Vasiliev1995,63.
122 Vasiliev1995,9293.
116
332
AurelZANOCI
Cel deal doilea tip este reprezentat aanumitele valuri cu palisad pe creast,
numite de noi i ziduri combinate123 (Fig. 10/b). Acestea constau din dou pri
componente.Labaz,dinsol,deregul,cuocoezivitatesporit(argil)eraridicatun
nucleu
(platform)
de
form
trapezoidal sau elipsoidal. Limea
acesteiala baz este cuprinsntre6 i
12 m, iar nlimea de 12 m. Pe
platform erau edificate fie o palisad
simpl, fie un zid din lemn cu dou
paramente i emplecton, similar celor
descrise mai sus. Dac baza acestor
construcii defensive se pstreaz i
este vizibil sub forma unui val, mai
problematic rmne a fi sesizarea
construciei din lemn de pe creast,
carelaputrezirenulasurmeevidente.
n unele cazuri prezena unei palisade
poate fi demonstrat prin descoperirea
unor gropi sau anuri pe creasta
valului (JijilaCetuie, Rctu), n
alteledoarpresupus(Pocreaca124).
Fig.12.Rspndireasiturilor
hallstattienetimpuriinregiunea
Saharna/SpreadingoftheEarlyIronAge
sitesintheSaharnaarea.
Zanoci2011,135137,fig.2/5.
Iconomu1996,23.
123
124
FortificaiiledinarealulculturilorBabadagiCoziaSaharna
333
i adnc de 0,40 m, n care se afla roc sfrmat, situaie care ar putea indica baza
uneipalisade125.
LaRctu126,pecoamavaluluinparteadinspreansaconstruitopalisaddin
lemncupmnt,lacareaufostfolosite,pelngparinfipiverticalnpmnt,oserie
de brne mari din lemn, aezate orizontal, pentru a forma paramentul exterior i
interior,ntrecaresebteapmntul.Distanadelaunperetelaaltulerade1,502,00m,
ceeaceconstituiaunadevratzid.
Construciile defensive de acest tip sunt pe larg cunoscute att n perioada
hallstattian,ctinepocileanterioareiulterioare.nscelemaiapropiateanalogii
potfigsitelafortificaiiledetipGvaHolihrady:Preuteti127,Krive128,Teleac(latura
deestnordest)129,ona130etc.
Principalelevestigiiarheologicedescoperitenceti
334
AurelZANOCI
Iconomu1996,2728,fig.14/1,3.
Ursachi1995,22,pl.219/3.
143 Niculietalii2012,47,fig.17/1,36/8,9.
144 Maleev1988,9599.
145 Vasiliev1995,93101.
146 Vasiliev,Aldea,Ciugudean1991,38.
147 Vasiliev1995,6467.
148 Ailincietalii2007,4677.
149 Sirbu,Jugnaru1999,92104;Jugnaru2003,7590;Jugnaru2005,4244,fig.10.
150 Srbu,Ailinci,Simion2008,45,5152,fig.17.Unsacrificiusimilarafostatestatila
baza valului cetii Subbotov din arealul culturii ernyj Les (Klochko et alii 1998, 667;
Daragan2011,724).
151 Niculietalii2012,141144,fig.33.
152 Vasiliev,Aldea,Ciugudean1991,4243.
153 Maleev1992;Lszl1996;Mareetalii2008.
141
142
FortificaiiledinarealulculturilorBabadagiCoziaSaharna
335
Corelareacuaezriledeschise
336
AurelZANOCI
Funcionalitateafortificaiilor
Orice fortificaie, indiferent de perioada cnd a fost edificat, are, n primul rnd, o
destinaiemilitar,fiindmenitsopunrezistenunuieventualinamic.naceast
ordine de idei nu fac excepie nici cetile din arealul culturilor Babadag i Cozia
Saharna. Mai discutabil rmne a fi, ns, potenialul inamic mpotriva cruia au
fostconstruiteacestefortificaii.
Referiri cu privire la cei care puteau pune n pericol comunitile culturilor
Babadag i CoziaSaharna sunt cunoscute mai puin. n schimb este pe larg discutat
subiectulpotenialilorinamiciaicomunitilorvecinedinest(culturaernyjLes)i
dinnordvest(culturaGvaHolihrady).Astfel,majoritateaspecialitilorconsiderc
cei care puteau pune n pericol populaia culturii ernyj Les au fost comunitile
cimeriene167. De asemenea, pericolul cimerian sau al altei populaii de origine
rsriteanesteinvocatdreptcauzaedificriifortificaiilordetipGvaHolihrady168.
Dac se admite aceast ipotez i se ia n consideraie vecintatea comunitilor din
arealulculturilorBabadagiCoziaSaharnacuceleernyjLesiGvaHolihrady,se
poatepresupuneceleaufostexpuseunuiaiaceluiaipericolcimerian.
ns unii cercettori169, analiznd fortificaiile din arealul culturii ernyj Les,
precumiaanumitelevestigiicimerienedinsilvostepadindreaptaNiprului,ajung
la concluzia c pentru edificarea siturilor ntrite au existat alte cauze i nicidecum
pericolul cimerian. Una din aceste cauze ar fi schimbarea climei la sfritul mil. II
nceputul mil. I a.Chr., ceea ce a condus la micorarea cantitii produselor de
subzisten i, respectiv, la necesitatea punerii lor n adpost protejarea de unele
eventuale atacuri ale vecinilor flmnzi170. Existena unor conflicte intertribale n
aceastperioadesteadmisideN.UrsulescuiD.Popovici,careleconsiderdrept
ocauzprincipalaedificriifortificaiilornspaiulestcarpatic171.
O alt cauz invocat de ctre cercettori ar fi tendinele de centralizare i
protourbanizare,atestatelasfritulepociibronzuluinceputulepociifieruluiattn
EuropaCentral,ctinceadesudest172.
Terenokin1961,1234.
Terenokin1961,40;Terenokin1976,202214;Skoryj1999,6971;Mahortyh2005,299300.
168 Chochorowski1989,8597;Chochorowski1996,211219;Maleev1999,163166.
169 Daragan,Kauba,Razumov2010,91128;Daragan2011,707732.
170 Daragan2011,726730.
171 Ursulescu,Popovici1997,5556.
172 Jerem,Urban2000,157164;Jockenhvel1990,209228;Jockenhvel1996,209222;Daragan,
Kauba,Razumov2010,122.
166
167
FortificaiiledinarealulculturilorBabadagiCoziaSaharna
337
deaprare(refugiu)
Acestea puteau servi, n perioada unor conflicte militare173, drept adpost pentru
unnumrrestrnsdepersoanencazulfortificaiilorcusuprafeemici(SaharnaMare,
Butuceni), sau pentru un numr mai mare de indivizi n cazul cetilor mari (Jijila
Cetuie, Babadag, Pocreaca etc.). Judecnd dup numrul mare de gropi menajere,
careiniialaufuncionatcagropideprovizii(Babadag174,JijilaCetuie(62)175,Saharna
Mare(37)176etc.),sepoatepresupunecnincintaacestorsituriputeaufiadpostitei
rezervelestrategicealecomunitiitribale.
desupraveghere
Plecnddelaloculdeamplasareafortificaiilor,npreajmacilorcomercialei
deacces,leputemconsideradreptpunctecaresupravegheautraficulmrfurilori
deplasriledepopulaienaceaperioad.
deaezare(locpermanentdetrai)
Fortificaiile puteau servi i ca loc permanent de trai, fapt confirmat prin
descoperirea vestigiilor unor locuine, construcii auxiliare i a unui bogat i variat
materialarheologic(Babadag,SaharnaMareiButuceni).
economice
Aceast funcie este mai puin documentat la fortificaiile din arealul culturilor
BabadagiCoziaSaharna,fiindcpentrumomentnuaufostatestatevestigiicarear
permiteodiscuiedespreexistenaunoratelieredeproduciencadrulacestorsituri.
Porninddelaexistenaunoruneltesauaunormrfurideprestigiu(fibule,brri
etc.)poatefipresupusooarecareactivitatedeproducie,precumiunacomercial.
religioase
Descoperirea unor complexe i piese cu semnificaie cultic (Babadag, Saharna
Mareetc.)oferuneleargumentenfavoareaexisteneipracticilorreligioasenincinta
acestorfortificaii.
Nupoatefiexclusntotalitatepericolulunorpopulaiivenitedinregiunimaindeprtate,
fie din est, fie din sudvest (Basarabioldneti). n acelai timp, inamici puteau fi i
comunitiledinregiunilelimitrofe.
174 Jugnaru2005,29,nota219.
175 Srbu,Ailinci,Simion2008,37.
176 Niculietalii2012,126.
173
338
AurelZANOCI
politicoadministrative
Amplasarea fortificaiilor n mediul unor aezri deschise ne conduce spre
supoziia c ele aveau rolul de capital a unor formaiuni tribale hallstattiene
timpurii.
RepertoriulfortificaiilordinarealulculturilorCoziaSaharnaiBabadag177
1.Brad,jud.Bacu,Romnia.
A. Situat pe un platou ce se nal cu 30 m fa de rul Siret; B. 1 ha; C. cercetri
arheologice (A. Vulpe, 19631964; V. Ursachi, 19651966, 19691984); D. fortificat n
epoca bronzului cu un an i val de aprare reutilizat i supranlat pe alocuri cu
lespezidepiatrdectrecomunitateahallstattian.Laodistande500mdeacestea
a fost identificat nc un val, refolosit, probabil, n perioada hallstattian; E. au fost
atestate mai multe niveluri de locuire: eneolitic (cultura Cucuteni), din epoca
bronzului (cultura Monteoru), hallstattian, dacic i medieval. n cel hallstattian
(cultura Cozia) au fost descoperite urme de locuine, dou fibule de tip egeean,
ceramicetc.;G.HaB.
H.Ursachi1968,171184;Ursachi1980,179;Ursachi1995,22,99;Ursachi2007,4849.
2.Butuceni,raionulOrhei,RepublicaMoldova.
A. Amplasat pe un promontoriu cu altitudinea de cca 60 m fa de rul Rut;
B. 0,40 ha; C. cercetri arheologice (G.D. Smirnov, 19491953; I. Niculi, 19831991;
I. Niculi, S. Teodor, A. Zanoci 19932000); D. fortificat pe laturile de V i E cu
ziduridinlemncuemplectondepmntipiatr,dublatedeanuriadiacentecu
limea de 4,306,90 m i adncimea de 1,703,60 m; E. au fost descoperite dou
niveluri de locuire: hallstattian timpuriu (cultura CoziaSaharna) i tracogetic. Din
nivelul hallstattian provin ruinele unei locuine i un bogat lot ceramic; F. dou
aezrideschiseamplasatenapropiere;G.HaB.
H.Smirnov1954,2429;Smirnov1964,32;Zlatkovskaja,Polevoj1969,49;Lapunjan,
Niculi,Romanovskaja1974,46;Niculi1987,7278,88103;Niculi,Teodor,Zanoci
1995,472490;Niculi1996,139167;Niculi,Teodor,Zanoci1997,292339;Niculi,
Zanoci1999,135142;Niculi,Teodor,Zanoci2002,2730,61,62.
3.PocreacaCetuia,jud.Iai,Romnia.
A.Amplasatpeunpromontoriu,orientatSSEiNNV,formatdeconfluenaadou
praie;B.1,40ha;C.sondaje(A.C.Florescu,M.Florescu1966)icercetriarheologice
Atopografia;Bsuprafaa;Cgraduldecercetare;Ddescriereasistemuluidefensiv;E
construciiiinventar;Faezrilimitrofe;Gcronologia;Hbibliografia.
177
FortificaiiledinarealulculturilorBabadagiCoziaSaharna
339
4.Rctu,jud.Bacu,Romnia.
A. Amplasat pe o teras de pe malul stng al Siretului; C. cercetri arheologice
(V. Ursachi, V. Cpitanu); D. fortificat n epoca bronzului cu val cu an adiacent.
Valuleraplacatcupietrederuidecalcar,iarpecreastafostamplasatopalisad
(zid) cu limea de 1,52 m. Posibil, acest sistem defensiv a fost refolosit n perioada
hallstattian;E.aufostatestatemaimulteniveluridelocuire:epocabronzului(cultura
Monteoru),hallstattian(culturaCozia),dacic.
H.Cpitanu,Ursachi1972,97114;Ursachi1987,4144;Ursachi1995,103104;Ursachi
2007,4647;Ursachi2013.
5.SaharnaMare,raionulRezina,RepublicaMoldova.
A. Amplasat pe un interfluviu cu altitudinea de cca 140 m fa de rul Nistru;
B.0,32ha;C.cercetriarheologice(I.Niculi,A.Zanoci,M.B,S.Matveev,20092011);
D.fortificatdejurmprejurcuunandefensiv,dublatpelaturiledeE,NiVdeun
ziddinlemncuemplectondepmntipiatr.Zidulavealimeade1,01,2m,iar
anuladiacent4,206,00m,adncimealuifiindde1,201,60m;E.aufostdescoperite
douniveluridelocuire:hallstattiantimpuriu(culturaCoziaSaharna)itracogetic.Din
nivelulhallstattianprovinruineleuneilocuine,uncomplexdecult,precumiunbogat
materialarheologic;F.14aezrideschisesituatnapropiere;G.HaB.
H. Niculi, Zanoci, B 2009, 4143; Niculi et alii 2010, 360362, fig. 26; Niculi,
Zanoci,B2011,226236;Niculietalii2012,111167.
6.Babadag,jud.Tulcea,Romnia.
A. Situat pe un bot de teras ce se nal asupra lacului Babadag; B. 2,5 ha (n
prezent); C. cercetri arheologice (S. Morintz, 19621968, 19701971, 1973, 19761986;
340
AurelZANOCI
7.Beidaud,jud.Tulcea,Romnia.
A.Amplasatpeunplatoucualtitudineadecca25mfademprejurimi,careavea
pe laturile de S i E pantele abrupte; B. 2,5 ha; C. cercetri arheologice (G. Simion,
E.Lzurc,19761977;G.Simion,19791980);D.fortificatdejurmprejurcuunval,
dublatpelaturiledeNiVdeunanadiacent.Emplectonulvaluluieraformatdin
lutipiatr.Petraseullinieidefensiveaufostsesizatetreintreruperi,carereprezint,
probabil, porile de acces; E. au fost descoperite materiale caracteristice culturilor
Coslogeni,Babadagigetice.
H.Simion,Lzurc1980,3754;Simion2003,7998;Jugnaru2005,21.
8.Grlia,jud.Constana,Romnia.
A. Amplasat pe un bot de deal; C. sondaje (S. Morintz, P. Diaconu, N. Angelescu);
D.suntsemnalateurmeleuneifortificaiidepmnt;E.aufostrecoltatematerialedin
epocabronzului(culturaCoslogeni),hallstatt(culturaBabadag)igetice.
H.Morintz1964,109;Diaconu,Anghelescu1968,349;Morintz,Anghelescu1970,400;
Hnsel1976,123;Jugnaru2005,20.
9.JijilaCetuie,jud.Tulcea,Romnia.
A.Situatpeunplatouevideniat;B.3,6ha;C.cercetridesuprafa(G.Simion,1990)
iinvestigaiiarheologice(G.Simion,S.Ailinci,2001,2003;V.Srbu,S.Ailinci,2004,
2005);D.fortificatpelaturiledeSiEcuunsistemdefensivcompusdinvalurii
anuri defensive. Pe latura de S au fost atestate178 dou valuri (valul 1 limea
12m,nlimea1,40m;valul2limea12,50m,nlimea2,50m)idouanuri179
(anul 1 limea 3,50 m, adncimea 1,40 m; anul 2 limea 3,00 m, adncimea
Autorii spturii semnaleaz trei valuri i patru anuri, ns consider c valul 3 i
anurile 3 i 4 nu au constituit fortificaii reale i reprezint rezultatul excavrii solului
pentruamenajareavalului2(Srbu,Ailinci,Simion2008,46).
179 Ambeleanurisuntplasatentrevalurile1i2.
178
FortificaiiledinarealulculturilorBabadagiCoziaSaharna
341
1,20 m), iar pe cea de E trei valuri i dou anuri (anul 1 limea 5,50 m,
adncimea0,50m;anul2limea3m,adncimea1m);E.aufostdescoperite62
complexe (unele, probabil, locuine adncite), ceramic i ustensile, atribuite culturii
Babadag;F.patruaezrideschisenapropiere;G.HaB.
H. Simion 2002, 177; Simion, Ailinci, Srbu 2004, 165; Srbu, Ailinci 2005, 202203;
Jugnaru2005,23;Srbu,Ailinci2006,204;Srbu,Ailinci,Simion2008.
342
AurelZANOCI
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348
AurelZANOCI
SituriledepeinterfluviulSaharnaMare
(sfritulsec.XIIsec.IIIa.Chr.)
IonNiculi*,AurelZanoci*,MihailB*
Abstract:TheinterfluveofSaharnaMare,thankstoitsstrategicposition,presentedahabitableplacefor
prehistoriccommunitiesoftheMiddleDniesterregion.Asaresultofarchaeologicalresearchundertaken
in 20012012 there were identified several levels of dwelling and several periods of fortification of the
settlement,whichfallwithintheperiodfromthelate12thcenturyBCuntilthelate3rdcenturyBC.
Theearliesttracesofhabitationareconcentratedinthesoutheastoftheinterfluveanddatedfromthelate
12th11thcenturiesBC.Inthe10th9th/8thcenturiesBCtherewasacivilsettlement,ontheoutskirtsof
whichtherewasbuiltafortifiedcitadel,bothattributedtheCoziaSaharnaculture.Inthenextperiod
ofthe8th/7th6th/5thcenturiesBCtheentiresurfaceoftheinterfluvewasoccupiedbyasettlementfortified
onthesouthwestwithasimplepalisade.Andinthe5th/4th3rdcenturiesBCinthesameareaanother
fortification was built. Its defensive system, consisting of walls, moats and bastions, surrounded the
settlementallaround,thusturningitintoanimpregnablefortress.
Rezumat: Interfluviul Saharna Mare, graie poziiei sale strategice, a prezentat un loc favorabil de trai
pentru comunitile preistorice din regiunea Nistrului Mijlociu. Ca urmare a cercetrilor arheologice
ntreprinse n anii 20012012 aici au fost identificate mai multe niveluri de locuire i cteva etape de
fortificare a aezrii, ce se ncadreaz n intervalul cronologic cuprins ntre sfritul sec. XII a. Chr. i
sfritulsec.IIIa.Chr.
Celemaitimpuriiurmedelocuiresuntconcentratenparteadesudestazoneistudiateidateazdela
sfritul sec. XII i sec. XI a.Chr. n sec. XIX/VIII a.Chr., aici a existat o aezare civil, la a crei
periferieafostridicatocitadelfortificat,ambelefiindatribuiteculturiiCoziaSaharna.nperioada
urmtoare, sec. VIII/VIIVI/V a.Chr., ntreaga suprafa a interfluviului este ocupat de o aezare,
fortificat,pelaturadesudvest,cuopalisadsimpl.nsec.V/IVIIIa.Chr.,nacelaiperimetru,afost
ridicat o alt fortificaie. Sistemul defensiv al acesteia, constituit din ziduri, anuri i bastioane,
nconjuraaezarea,transformndontrocetateinexpugnabil.
Keywords:IronAge,ThracoGetae,fortification,wall,palisade,moat,bastion.
Cuvintecheie:perioadahallstattian,tracogei,fortificaie,zid,palisad,an,bastion.
Introducere
UniversitateadeStatdinMoldova,Str.A.Mateevici,nr.60,Chiinu,MD2009,Moldova.
DinpreistoriaDunriideJos.50deanidelanceputulcercetrilorarheologicelaBabadag,Tulcea,2013,p.351372
352
IonNICULI,AurelZANOCI,MihailB
trapezoidal, care face parte din terasa nalt a malului drept al Nistrului, avnd o
altitudinedecca.140mfadealbiafluviului.Laturiledenord,nordest,estisudest
aleacestuiasuntmarcatedemalurilenalteiabrupteadoudefileuriceseunescn
partea de vest a satului Saharna (Fig. 1/c; 2). Astfel, interfluviul, cu o suprafa de
aprox. 11 ha, dispunea de o bun poziie strategic, fapt ce a determinat o intens
locuireasitului,ncepndcusfritulmil.IIa.Chr.
Fig. 1. Amplasarea sitului Saharna Mare: a. harta fizic; b. harta topografic (dup
http://geoportal.md); c. vedere dinspre est asupra interfluviului / Location of the
Saharna Mare site: a. physical map; b. topographic map (by http://geoportal.md); c. east
viewoftheinterfluve.
Aezareaafostdescoperitiparialcercetatncdelafineleanilor40aisec.XX1.
Cercetriledeamploare,ns,audemaratncepndcuanul2001isuntefectuatede
ctre o echip de specialiti de la Universitatea de Stat din Moldova2. Astfel, n
intervalul de timp 20012012 investigaiile au fost realizate pe o suprafa total de
Smirnov1949,9396;Smirnov1949a,189202;Arnut2000,93104.
n anul 2010 la cercetrile obiectivelor arheologice din zona Saharna sau alturat i
colaboratorii platformei Arheoinvest de la Universitatea Al. I. Cuza, Iai, care au
ntreprins prospeciuni geofizice la situl Saharna Mare (Niculi et alii 2012a). Fapt pentru
careleaducemsinceremulumiriipeaceastcale.
1
2
SituriledepeinterfluviulSaharnaMare(sfritulsec.XIIsec.IIIa.Chr.)
353
1954 mp, fiind cercetat att sistemul defensiv al sitului, ct i interiorul aezrii.
Rezultatele au fost publicate n mai multe culegeri i reviste3, precum i sub forma
uneimonografiiarheologice4.
Fig.2.SaharnaMare.Ridicaretopografic/SaharnaMare.Topographicsurvey.
Niculi, Nicic 2002, 6684; Niculi et alii 2003, 241252; Niculi, Zanoci 2004, 104129;
Niculi, Zanoci, Arnut 2007, 2762; Niculi, Zanoci, Arnut 2008, 6471; Niculi et alii
2008,60105;Niculietalii2010,359371;Niculi,Zanoci,B2011,226236;Niculietalii
2011,193204;Niculietalii2012,111167;Niculietalii2012a,8792.
4 Niculi,Zanoci,Arnut2008a,69150.
3
354
IonNICULI,AurelZANOCI,MihailB
Aezareadelasfritulsec.XIIsec.XIa.Chr.
Cele mai timpurii urme de locuire sunt concentrate n partea de sudest a
interfluviului, fiind reprezentate de fragmente de ceramic ornamentat exclusiv cu
decor incizat, descoperite att n nivelul de cultur, ct i ntrun complex nchis
(Groapanr.119).
Groapa (Fig. 3/1, 2) a fost identificat la adncimea de 1,20 m de la nivelul actual de
clcare.Aceastaaveaformdeclopotcudiametrulguriide1,00m,celalfunduluide1,60
miadncimeade1,24m.numpluturaumaifostdescoperite49fragmenteceramice
modelatecumnadincare:patrudelastrchini,36delaoaleinoudelaceti.
Strchinileaufostmodelatedintropastfincudegresanideamot.Arderea
incomplet i neuniform. Culoarea variaz de la cenuiu la negru. Suprafaa este
lustruit.Acesteaaveaubuzangroatiarcuitspreinterior(Fig.3/13,14,16),unele
fiindornamentatepemarginecudecorincizat(Fig.3/18).
Oalele(Fig.3/9,10,15,17)aufostmodelatedinpastgrosolancudegresanide
amotsaucalcarmrunit.Ardereaincompletineuniform.Culoareavariazde
lacrmiziulanegru.Unelefragmenteausuprafaalustruitisuntdecoratecubru
nrelief(Fig.3/17).
Cupele/cetile(Fig.3/38,11,12)aufostconfecionatedinpastfincudegresani
de cioburi pisate. Arderea incomplet i neuniform. Culoarea variaz de la
crmiziu la negru. Acestea sunt ornamentate cu incizii oblice i orizontale sau
triunghiurihaurate(fig.3/46,8).
Deasupra gropii urmeaz un strat de sol cenuos cu grosimea de cca. 0,50 m,
suprapusdeoaglomeraiedeoaseumane,depuse,nceamaimareparte,npoziie
anatomic. n asociere cu oasele au fost descoperite mai multe fragmente ceramice
ornamentatecudecorincizat,imprimatinrelief5.
Faptulclipsescurmedebulversareaumpluturiigropiinr.119dectreceicareau
amenajataglomeraiadeoaseumane,daridiferenadenivel(0,50m)dintreambele
complexedemonstreazcacesteaaufostamenajatenperioadecronologicediferite.
Prezenanumpluturagropiinr.119afragmentelordeceramiccudecorrealizat
numai prin incizare i n relief permite atribuirea acestui complex orizontului
SihleanuRmniceluSaharna Mic, care se ncadreaz cronologic n perioada de la
finelesec.XIIa.Chr.sec.XIa.Chr.6.PrezenaacestuiorizontculturalnzonaSaharna
este confirmat i de descoperirile de la Saharnaiglu i Saharna Mic. Astfel, la
SaharnaigluafostatestatosituaiesimilarceleidelaSaharnaMaregroapanr.8,
nacreiumpluturafostdescoperitceramiccudecorincizat,afostsuprapusde
Niculietalii2012,141144,fig.3335.
Niculi,Zanoci,Arnut2008a,4748.
5
6
SituriledepeinterfluviulSaharnaMare(sfritulsec.XIIsec.IIIa.Chr.)
355
groapanr.9,careconineaceramicdetipCoziaSaharna7.IarlaSaharnaMicaufost
descoperite mai multe complexe (locuine i gropi menajere), precum i un variat
inventarceramic,ornamentatexclusivcudecorincizatinrelief8.
7
8
356
IonNICULI,AurelZANOCI,MihailB
ntruct,nafardegroapanr.119,ceramiccudecorincizatafostsesizatinalte
sectoare, cercetate arheologic, ale interfluviului Saharna Mare, se poate presupune
existenaaiciauneiaezridelasfritulsec.XIIsec.XIa.Chr.
Aceastaafosturmatdeunsitalcruilocuitori,nsec.XIX/VIIIa.Chr.,auutilizatpentru
ornamentarea ceramicii att decorul incizat i n relief, ct i cel imprimat. n aceast
perioadsuprafaaaezriidepeinterfluviuldelaSaharnaMarecretesimitor,ocupnd
SituriledepeinterfluviulSaharnaMare(sfritulsec.XIIsec.IIIa.Chr.)
357
partealuicentralidesud9.Pestectvatimpdelantemeiereaacesteia,nparteadesud
estainterfluviuluiafostridicatocitadelfortificatcuoincintadiacent.
Fortificaiiledinsec.XIX/VIIIa.Chr.
Siturile fortificate au fost identificate n urma coroborrii ortofotoplanurilor i
rezultatelorprospeciunilorgeomagneticecudateleobinuteprincercetriledeteren.
Astfel,citadela(Fig.4)aveaformasemiovalnplan,cudimensiunilede6064m
(cca. 0,32 ha) i era delimitat de jurmprejur de un sistem defensiv artificial, ce
consta dintrun zid cu an adiacent. Vestigiile zidului au fost identificate pe
laturiledeest,nordivestpeolungimetotaldecca.185m.Acestaafostinvestigat
peoporiunede2mpelaturadesudvest;8mpelaturadenordvesti2mpecea
denordest.Rmieleacestuiaauaprutlaadncimeade0,200,30mdelanivelul
actual de clcare i se prezint sub forma unei drmturi compuse din sol argilo
nisipos n amestec cu pietre, cenu i fragmente de lemn carbonizat. Pietrele cu
dimensiunile cuprinse ntre 0,050,080,10 m i 0,100,150,30 m apar dispersat sau
formeaz unele aglomerri compacte. Dup degajarea acestui strat, la adncimea de
cca.0,500,60mdelanivelulactualdeclcare,afostsesizatolentilcompusdinsol
deculoarebrun,deformconcav,culimeade2,402,90migrosimeanpartea
centralde0,30m(Fig.5/a).Lanivelullentileiaufostobservateconturulunorgropii
anuri, aranjate n dou iruri, dea lungul construciei defensive. Cel mai elocvent
tablouafostatestatpelaturadenordvest,unde,peoporiunede8m,sauconturat
13 gropi de par i un an (Fig. 5/a, b), aranjate n dou iruri aproximativ paralele,
orientate NS, la o distan de 0,60,8 m unul fa de cellalt. Primul ir (limita
exterioaraconstruciei)eraconstituitdintreigropiiunanculungimeade4,60m,
iarceldealdoileadin10gropi.Gropileseaflauladistanade0,200,80munafa
dealtaiaveauformcilindriccudiametrulde0,300,40miadncimeade0,400,60
m.anulaveaformtrapezoidalnseciunecudeschiderealagurde0,300,40mi
adncimeade0,400,50m.Probabil,attnan,ctingropilaodistande0,60
0,80 m unul fa de altul au fost fixate brne verticale, care constituiau paramentele
zidului.Pentrustabilitateeleerauprinsetransversalcubrneorizontale,delacare
saupstratbucicarbonizate,depistateprintreruineleconstruciei.Parteainferioar
a brnelor verticale a fost consolidat prin ridicarea unei platforme din sol brun cu
grosimeadecca.0,30m.Iarntreceledouparamenteafostdepussolargilonisipos
ParteadeSVaacesteiaezriaintratnliteraturadespecialitatesubdenumireadeSaharna
Dealul Mnstirii (Smirnov 1949, 94; Niculi, Nicic 2007, 225248; Niculi, Zanoci, Arnut
2008a,5168;Niculi,Nicic,Corobcean2009,193225;Niculi,Nicic2011,225235;Niculi,
Nicic2012,169184).
358
IonNICULI,AurelZANOCI,MihailB
ipietredediferitedimensiuni,formndastfelunveritabilzid,careatingealimeade
cca1,001,20m10.
Fig. 5. Saharna Mare. Fortificaia din sec. XIX/VIII a.Chr.: a. planul i profilul
zidului i al anului citadelei; b. an i gropi de la parii din structura
zidului;c.profilulanului/SaharnaMare.Fortificationofthe10th9th/8thcenturies
BC:a.planandprofileofthewallandmoatofthecitadel;b.moatandpitsofpolesof
thewall;c.profileofthemoat.
La distana dintre paramente de 0,60,8 m se mai adug i grosimea medie a brnelor de
0,150,20m.
10
SituriledepeinterfluviulSaharnaMare(sfritulsec.XIIsec.IIIa.Chr.)
359
anul (Fig. 5/a, c) a fost spat n faa zidului i urma traseul acestuia.
Amenajareaafostatestat,deasemenea,ipelaturadesudest11ainterfluviului,unde
actualmentenusuntsesizateurmealeziduluidefensiv.Pelaturiledevestinord
anul se afla la distana de cca. 10 m de la zid i a fost amenajat prin adncirea
fundului unei doline naturale12, iar pe sectoarele de est i sudest acesta a fost spat
directdelanivelulanticdeclcareiseaflalaodeprtaredecca.2,70mfadezid.
anul avea pereii oblici, i fundul plat. Deschiderea acestuia n partea superioar
variaz de la 4,20 m la 6,00 m, spre fund ngustnduse pn la 1,602,00 m.
Adncimeadelanivelulanticdeclcareestede1,201,60m.
Fig.6.SaharnaMare.Fortificaiadinsec.XIX/VIIIa.Chr.anulincinteiadiacente:
aplanuliprofilulseciunii;bvederedinsprevest/SaharnaMare.Fortificationof
the10th9th/8thcenturiesBC.Moatoftheadjacentcourtyard:a.planandprofileofthe
section;b.westview.
360
IonNICULI,AurelZANOCI,MihailB
LacitadeladelaSaharnaMare,pelaturadenordvestafostadugat(Fig.4/c)o
altincint,lafel,deformsemiovalcudimensiunilede5578m,alcreicontura
fost identificat n urma prospeciunilor geomagnetice (Fig. 4/b). Pentru elucidarea
caracteruluianomalieinzonasadecurburaufostntreprinsecercetriarheologice.
n urma investigaiilor sa stabilit c anomalia reprezint urmele unui an cu o
lungimedecca.185m,alecruicapeteseuneaucuanuldefensivalcitadelei.n
seciuneacestaaveaformtrapezoidalculimeade2mnparteasuperioaride
cca.1mnceainferioar,adncimeafiinddecca.1,10m(Fig.6).Fragmenteleceramice
identificatenparteainferioaraacestuianpotficonsideratespecificeculturiiCozia
Saharna, ceea ce ne permite s datm aceast construcie defensiv, la fel, ca i
citadela,nperioadahallstattiantimpurie14.
Fig.7.SaharnaMare.Fortificaiadinsec.VIII/VIIVI/Va.Chr.:a.conturulfortificaiei;
b.planuliprofilulanului(bazapalisadei);c.vestigiileanului/SaharnaMare.
Fortificationofthe8th/7th6th/5thcenturiesBC:a.contourofthefortification;b.planand
profileofthemoat(thepalisadebase);c.remainsofthemoat.
Niculietalii2012,124126,Fig.1820.
14
SituriledepeinterfluviulSaharnaMare(sfritulsec.XIIsec.IIIa.Chr.)
361
Fortificaiadinsec.VIII/VIIVI/Va.Chr.
nadouajumtateasec.VIIInceputulsec.VIIspaiulntritdelaSaharnaMarese
modific considerabil (Fig. 7/a), ocupnd practic ntreaga suprafa a interfluviului
(cca.6,4ha).Sistemuldefensivafostidentificatprininvestigaiilentreprinsenpartea
de nordest a aezrii SaharnaDealul Mnstirii17 i pe sectorul de sud al sitului
SaharnaMare18.Caurmareacercetrilorarheologicentreprinsenaceastregiune,la
adncimea de 0,830,95 m de la nivelul actual de clcare a fost identificat un an
orientat de la sudest spre nordvest, paralel cu zidul i anului defensiv dintro
fazamaitrzie.Prezenaunuianpeaceastporiuneainterfluviuluiafostsesizat
ncdelafineleanilor40aisec.XXdectreG.D.Smirnov,carelconsideradreptun
an suplimentar, menit s protejeze ntreaga linie de aprare a cetii Saharna
Mare19.ns,princercetrileefectuatenfaabastionuluicentral,urmeleacestuian
suplimentarnuaufostidentificate,ceeacedemonstreazcbastionulafostridicat
deasupraanului,careeradejaabandonat.
anul(Fig.7/b,c)afostevideniatpeolungimetotalde24miarenseciuneo
form trapezoidal. Limea lui la gur variaz ntre 1,20 i 1,80 m, spre fund
ngustndusepnla0,200,36m;adncimeasaestedecca.1m.
n umplutura anului a fost descoperit, cu preponderen, material caracteristic
culturiiCoziaSaharna.Pnnprezentnuafostsesizatniciopiescarearputeafi
Faptul c materialul specific culturii CoziaSaharna este redus n perimetrul incintei ne
poateconducespreipotezaexisteneiaiciaunuispaiupentruadpostireaanimalelor.
16 n favoarea acestei supoziii menionm descoperirea n citadel a unui complex de cult
(Niculietalii2012,141144,Fig.33).
17 Niculi,Nicic2007,233237,fig.7/1,8/1;Niculi,Nicic,Corobcean2009,202203,Fig.10/1.
18 Niculi,Zanoci,Arnut2008a,Pl.7.
19 Arnut2000,94,Fig.1.
15
362
IonNICULI,AurelZANOCI,MihailB
atribuitperioadeitracogetice.Excepiefacdoardouvrfuridesgeidinbronzcu
treiaripioareicuduliiexterioare,descoperitenpreajmaanului20.Aceastsituaie
poatedovedicanulafostspatnstratulculturalalaezriihallstattienetimpurii
detipCoziaSaharna,mprindondoujumti.Amplasareaanuluipemijlocul
aezrii, precum i dimensiunile lui modeste nu constituie un argument n privina
utilizrii lui ca element defensiv al sitului. Mai degrab, acesta reprezint
fundamentul unei palisade din lemn, menite, ntro faz iniial, s protejeze
dinspre sudvest aezarea tracogetic. Cu vremea, din cauza deteriorrii, palisada a
fostabandonat,fiindnlocuitcuunsistemdefensivmultmaidurabilimaieficient.
Pealocuri,caincazulbastionuluicentral,acesteconstruciidefensiveausuprapus
vecheapalisad.
Fortificaiadinsec.V/IVIIIa.Chr.
naceastfaz(Fig.8/c)cetateaafostapratprinintermediulunuisistemdefensiv
complex, care actualmente este reprezentat de un val de pmnt (Fig. 8/e), care
ntretaie partea de sudvest a interfluviului, aceasta din urm ncadrat ntre dou
defileuri cu maluri nalte i abrupte21. Valul poate fi sesizat pe o lungime de 385 m,
avnd nlimea cuprins ntre 2,503,50 m. Limea la baz, din cauza aplatizrii,
ajungepnla2023m.Spresudvest,nparteaexterioar,paralelvalului,afostspat
unan,acruilimenparteadesuseradecca.15m,iarnceainferioarde6m.
Adncimeaanuluidelanivelulanticdeclcarenudepea3,20m.Valulianul
aveau n plan forma arcuit spre exterior, spre sudvest. Aprarea cetii a fost
amplificat prin intermediul a trei bastioane amplasate n faa liniei defensive, n
partea central i pe flancuri (Fig. 8/c,d). Bastioanele au fost amplasate i construite
astfelnctfiecaredinelesasigureaprareaunuianumitsector.Bastioaneledeesti
de vest supravegheau flancurile, iar cel central ntregul sector al cetii. n valul de
incint,ndreptulcelortreibastioane,afostsesizatcteontrerupere,care,probabil,
corespund porilor cetii, protejate de bastioanele menionate mai bine
corespunzndprobabilporilornlocdecare,probabil.Primantreruperese
aflaladistanade35mdelacaptuldesudestalsistemuluidefensiviavealimea
Niculi,Zanoci,Arnut2008a,fig.53/2,3.
n literatura de specialitate sa ncetenit ideea c fortificaiile amplasate pe
promontorii/interfluviierauapratepeosingurlatur,ceaprincaresefcealegturacuzonele
nvecinate.nrest,lundusenconsideraiecaceastformdeterendispunedepanteabrupte,
seadmitealipsa elementelor defensive artificiale (Niculi1977, 26,27; Zanoci 1998, 17,33,34;
Teodor1999,16;Arnut2003,18;etc.).Acelaiconceptdefortificareeravalabilipentrucetatea
tracogeticdelaSaharnaMare(Niculi,Zanoci,Arnut2008,88).Astfel,pnnudemult,se
consideracsitulafostfortificatnumaipelaturadesudvest.
20
21
SituriledepeinterfluviulSaharnaMare(sfritulsec.XIIsec.IIIa.Chr.)
363
decca.9,20m.Urmtoarea,ceaaflatdevizavidebastionulcentral,eraamplasatla
circa121mnordvestdeprecedentaiaveaolimedeaproximativ11m.Ceadea
treia poart se afla la distana de cca. 150 m vest fa de cea central i avea,
probabil,olimesimilarcelorprecedente22.
Pe laturile de nord, est i sudest, care n prezent sunt destul de abrupte23, sistemul
defensivapututfiurmritpeolungimedecca.650m.Acestaseprezint,actualmente,
subformaunuival,abiavizibillasuprafaasolului,culimeadecca.3mlabazi
nlimea de cca. 0,300,40 m. Pe traseul de est acest val este ondulat, formnd opt
bastioane, grupate cte patru la flancurile de nordest (Fig. 8/ac) i de sudest.
Bastioanele au o form semirotund, cu diametrulde 911 m isunt amplasate la o
distande56munulfadealtul,deprtareadintregrupuriledebastioanefiindde
34m.Bastioaneleaufostamplasateastfelnctspermitaprareaattaflancurilor,
ctiapriifrontaleafortificaiei.
Toateelementeledefensivemenionatemaisusaufostinvestigateprinintermediul
mai multor seciuni arheologice, ceea ce ne permite unele constatri cu privire la
tehnicadeamenajare.
Astfel,caurmareacercetrilorarheologice(Fig.9)realizatelavaluldeincintde
pelaturadesudvest,saobservatcduponivelareprealabilaorizontuluianticde
clcare,reprezentatdesolcastaniu,peontinderede385mdelamargineadesudest
a interfluviului pn la cea de nord a fost ridicat o carcas din lemn cu limea de
cca.5,60m.Aceastaeraalctuitdinpatrurnduridebrneverticale,ngropatensol
pn la 0,300,40 m, ce formau de fapt dou paramente. Paramentul exterior, care
trebuiasfiemaidurabil,aveampreuncubrnelelimeade1,85m,celinteriorde
1,30m.ntreparamentermneaunspaiude2,402,50m.Pentrucaaceastcarcas
srezistepresiuniiemplectonuluitasat,amenajareaamintitafostntritladiferite
nivele cu brne, dispuse transversal i longitudinal, care, n ansamblu, pe ntreg
perimetrulconstrucieilemnoaseformauunfeldecaseterectangularencaresetasa
emplectonul ntro compoziie i o rnduial bine chibzuit. Acesta era compus din
soluricudiferiteproprieticoeziveiocantitateconsiderabildepiatr24.
Loculamplasrii,precumidimensiunileaproximativealeceleideatreiaporiaupututfi
stabiliteconformschieitopograficeiafotografiilorrealizatedeG.D.Smirnovnanii40ai
sec.XX.
23 nperioadafuncionriifortificaiei,darimaitrziu,chiarpnnsec.XIX,panteleaufost
multmaidomoale.DreptargumentpoateserviocartepotalcuMnstireaSaharna,emis
nsec.XIX,pecareseobservundrum(probabilpentrucrue)careurcapepantadeestde
lamnstirespreplatformasuperioarainterfluviului,undeseaflagospodriaauxiliara
locaului(Grico2006,237,nr.35).
24 Numaidepeporiuneainvestigat(2mlime)aufostrecuperaipeste6m3depiatr.
22
364
IonNICULI,AurelZANOCI,MihailB
Fig. 8. Saharna Mare. Sistemul defensiv din V/IVIII a.Chr.: ab. bastioanele de pe
flancul de nordest; c. conturul fortificaiei; d. bastionul central; e. valul cetii /
SaharnaMare.Thedefensiveofthe5th/4th3rdcenturiesBC:ab.Bastionsonthenortheast
flank;c.contourofthefortification;d.centralbastion;e.rampartofthefortress.
SituriledepeinterfluviulSaharnaMare(sfritulsec.XIIsec.IIIa.Chr.)
365
Fig. 9. Saharna Mare. Valul cetii din sec. V/IVIII a.Chr.: a. planul i profilul
seciunii; bc. brne carbonizate; d. pietre din drmtura valului / Saharna Mare.
Rampart of the 5th/4th 3rd centuries BC: a. plan and profile of the section; bc. charred
beams;d.stonesofdebrisoftherampart.
366
IonNICULI,AurelZANOCI,MihailB
Fig.10.SaharnaMare.ValulbastionuluicentralalcetiidinV/IVIIIa.Chr.:a.planuli
profilulseciunii;b.arsur;c.brnearseinearsedinstructurazidului;d.brnenerase
dindrmtur/SaharnaMare.Rampartofthecentralbastionofthefortressofthe5th/4th3rd
centuriesBC:a.planandprofileofthesection;b.theashes;c.burnedandunburnedbeamsof
thewall;d.unburnedbeamsfromthedebris.
SituriledepeinterfluviulSaharnaMare(sfritulsec.XIIsec.IIIa.Chr.)
367
Fig.11.SaharnaMare.Bastionuldepeflanculdenordestalinterfluviului:a.planuli
profilul seciunii; b. ruinele zidului / Saharna Mare. Bastion on the northeastern
flankoftheinterfluve:a.planandprofileofthesection;b.ruinsofthewall.
368
IonNICULI,AurelZANOCI,MihailB
Caurmareacercetrilorrealizatelabastionuldelaflanculdenordest(Fig.11),ruinele
construcieicareprezentaudoustraturiaufostidentificatelaadncimeade0,30mde
lanivelulactualdeclcare.Primuldintreacesteaaveagrosimeadecca.0,20m ieste
compus din sol cenuiu, cenu i o cantitate considerabil de pietre, cu dimensiunile
cuprinse ntre 0,050,080,10 m i 0,200,300,60 m, ocupnd compact suprafaa
Niculi,Zanoci,Arnut2008a,8991,pl.7,foto14,15.
Niculi,Zanoci,Arnut2008a,8889,foto1326.
25
26
SituriledepeinterfluviulSaharnaMare(sfritulsec.XIIsec.IIIa.Chr.)
369
seciuniipeolungimedecca.7m27.Celdealdoilea,cugrosimeadecca.0,300,50m,era
constituitdinsolarspnlarou,cenu,fragmentedebrnecarbonizateipietrecu
dimensiunile medii de 0,200,300,50 m i se rspndete compact pe suprafaa
seciunii,peolungimedecca.4m.Labazaacestuistrataufostdescoperitetreibucide
brnecarbonizate,npoziievertical,idougropidelapari,careformaudouiruri,
amplasateladistanadecca1m.Brnelesaupstratcuundiametrude0,200,30mise
aflau la o distan de 0,200,40 m una fa de alta. Gropile aveau forma cilindric, cu
diametrul de cca 0,200,25 m i adncimea de 0,15 m. Pe conturul gropilor au fost
descoperitelespezidepiatrcareaveaumenireasconsolidezepariingropainele.
Vestigiileziduluidepelaturadeest(Fig.12)auaprutlaadncimeade0,30m
delanivelulactualdeclcareiseprezintsubformauneidrmturi,cugrosimea
de 0,300,40 m, compus din sol cenuos n amestec cu pietri, piatr, cenu i
fragmentedelemncarbonizat.Pietrele,cudimensiunicuprinsentre0,050,080,10m
i 0,200,300,80 m au aprut la adncimea de 0,340,40 m i formau o aglomeraie
compact28.Dupdegajareastratuluidedrmtur,laadncimeadecirca0,600,65m
de la nivelul actual de clcare, au fost conturate ase gropi de la pari. Gropile erau
aranjate n dou iruri a cte trei gropi, orientate nordsud cu o deviere de 16 spre
vest. Distana dintreirurierade1,101,35 m,iar ntre gropi de0,300,60 m. Gropile
aveauformacilindric,cudiametrulcuprinsntre0,20i0,50m,iaradncimeade
0,200,40 m. Pe conturul unor gropi sau pstrat in situ lespezi de pietre utilizate
pentruntrireaparilor.
Plecnddelasituaiaarheologicurmritnseciunilecareauntretiatbastionul
de la flancul de nordest i valul de pe latura de est, se poate constata c acesta
reprezentaunzid,culimeadecca.1,401,60m29,careafostedificatdintrocarcas
din lemn, ce consta din dou paramente, umplut cu pmnt i o cantitate
considerabildepiatr.
Astfel, investigaiile arheologice ntreprinse pe laturile de nord, est i sudest au
scosnevidenutilizareaaceleiaimodalitideedificareaelementelordefensiveca
ipeceadesudvest,diferenaconstnd,ns,nnumruldeparamenteutilizat,dou
vizavidepatrudelazidulmareindimensiuni(1,401,60mfade5,60m).
Cantitateamaredematerialearheologicedescoperite,printrecareifragmente
deamforegreceti,attnemplectonulziduluiialbastioanelordepelaturade
sudvest, ct i al zidului de pe marginile de nord, est i sudest plaseaz
funcionareaacesteiliniidefensivenacelaiintervaldetimpsec.V/IVIIIa.Chr.
Depeporiuneainvestigat(4mlime)afostacumulatunvolumde7,2m3depiatr.
Caurmareaexcavriiacesteiaglomeraiiafostrecuperatcuunvolumde1,3m3depiatr.
29 Ladistanadintreparamentede1,001,30msemaiadugigrosimeamedieabrnelorde
0,150,20m.
27
28
370
IonNICULI,AurelZANOCI,MihailB
Astfel,ncazulsituluidelaSaharnaMaresepoatevorbidespreocetatefortificat
de jurmprejur (pe o lungime total de cca. 1035 m), cu un complicat sistem
defensiv,carenchideaosuprafade6ha.
Fortificatnacestfel,cetateadepeinterfluviulSaharnaMarereprezenta,probabil,
un important centru militar i administrativ de pe cursul mijlociu al Nistrului, care,
mpreun cu siturile fortificate de la Saharna Mic30 i SaharnaLa an31, inea sub
controlciledecomunicareicomercialedinaceastzon.
Niculi,Zanoci,Arnut2008a,2446.
Niculi,Zanoci,Arnut2008a,151162.
30
31
SituriledepeinterfluviulSaharnaMare(sfritulsec.XIIsec.IIIa.Chr.)
371
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deSaharna,SAA9,241252.
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n Niculi, I., Zanoci, A., B, M. (eds.) Tracians and circumpontics world.
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SaharnaMare,Tyragetia,S.N.1,2762.
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Tyragetia,S.N.2,1,5178.
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Niculi, I., Zanoci, A., Arnut, T., Nicic, A. 2008, Complexe hallstattiene timpurii din
aezrile din zona Saharna, n Ailinci, S.C., Micu, C., Mihail, F. (eds.)
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Rajon Rezina, Republik Moldova, n Sava, E., Govedarica, B., Hnsel, B.
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FlorianMihail*,AdrianAdamescu**
Abstract: This article presents a group of objects, composed mainly of items worked in stone,
discoveredintheEarlyIronAgesettlementfromVntori,GalaiCounty.Inelaboratingthestudy
there were followed aspects like: the morphology of the objects, working/using traces and the
typology.Althoughthegroupisnotverynumerous,itoffersinterestinginformationconcerningthe
manners of transforming the raw material in finished objects and the ways of using the different
documentedtypesofpieces.
Rezumat: Articolul de fa i propune s prezinte un lot de piese, compus n cea mai mare parte din
exemplare prelucrate din piatr, descoperit n aezarea hallstattian de la Vntori, jud. Galai. n
elaborareastudiuluiaufosturmriteaspecteprecum:morfologiapieselor,urmeledeprelucrare/utilizare
i ncadrarea tipologic. Dei nu foarte numeros, acest lot ofer informaii interesante cu privire la
modalitiledetransformareamateriilorprimenpiesefiniteiasupramaniereidefolosireadiferitelor
tipuridepieseatestate.
Keywords:EarlyIronAge,Babadagculture,polishedstone,flint,antler.
Cuvintecheie:Primaepocafierului,culturaBabadag,piatrlefuit,silex,corn.
Introducere
Obiectivul arheologic de la VntoriLa Jolic este situat n partea de sud a Cmpiei
Covurluiului,peoterassituatnimediataapropierealaculuiBrate.Acestaaintrat
n literatura de specialitate nc din anii 60, cnd a fost descoperit n urma unor
cercetridesuprafa1.Primelecercetriarheologicemaiampleaufostefectuateaici
de ctre Marilena Florescu i Mircea Nicu n anii 19721974, acestea fiind urmate n
1979 de o serie de sondaje efectuate de M. Brudiu. Din nefericire, doar o mic parte
din rezultatele ultimelor cercetri menionate au fost publicate, cu aceast ocazie
Institutul de Cercetri EcoMuzeale, Str. Progresului, nr. 32, 820009, Tulcea; email:
florianhamangia@yahoo.com
** MuzeuldeIstorieGalai,Str.MaiorIancuFotea,nr.1,Galai;email:nutuadamescu@yahoo.com
1 Brudiu 1970, 513, fig. 36. n depozitul Muzeului de Istorie Galai am putut identifica din
cercetrile perieghetice ale lui M. Brudiu att fragmente ceramice ce pot fi atribuite epocii
fierului,ctiuneleceaparinperioadeitimpuriiaepociibronzului,culturaFolteti.
*
DinpreistoriaDunriideJos.50deanidelanceputulcercetrilorarheologicelaBabadag,Tulcea,2013,p.373386
374
FlorianMIHAIL,AdrianADAMESCU
amintindusedescoperiridelanceputulepociibronzului(culturaFolteti),nceputul
epociifierului(culturaBabadag/saugrupulTmoani)dariolocuiredetipSntana
deMureCerneahov2.
Lotul de piese analizat de ctre noi n acest articol provine din cercetrile
arheologicedinanii19721974.Acestaestecompusdinpiesedepiatrlefuit,opies
dincornioaltadinsilex.Atragemnsateniacpieseleanalizatenusuntmarcate
dect cu denumirea sitului din care provin. Dei cea mai mare parte a materialului
arheologicpoatefiatribuitculturiiBabadag,existtotuiposibilitateacaopartedin
piesesaparinilocuiriimaivechi,detipFolteti.
Piesedepiatrlefuit
Lotul de piese de la Vntori este compus din 20 de exemplare. n cadrul studiului
nostruvomdeterminatipurileprezenteivomanalizadiferiteaspecteceindestarea
deconservareprecumideurmeledeprelucrareiutilizare.
Principalulcriteriunstabilireatipurilorestecelalformeipriiactive.nacestfel
au rezultat trei grupuri, compuse din mai multe tipuri pe care le vom preciza i
descrienmomentulanalizriifiecruia.
I.Piesecuparteaactivliniar
I.A.Tesl
n acest tip am ncadrat trei exemplare (1. L 5,2 cm; l 3,4 cm; gros. 1,2 cm;
2.L6,7cm;l3,1cm;gros.1,3cm;3.L6,7cm;l3,1cm;gros.1,3cm)(Fig.
1/1,3;Pl.1/13).Acesteaauoformtrapezoidal,relativregulat.ntruncazzona
median prezint un aspect uor rotunjit. ntreaga suprafa a fost puternic
lefuit, prin acest proces fiind obinute margini foarte ascuite ce creeaz
unghiuridrepte.Unadintrefeeareunconturbombatpronunat,iarcealaltplat.
Talonuleste dreptn doucazuriiconvexlaceadea treiapies.Lanivelulsu
sunt vizibile urme de uzur sub forma desprinderii unor achii sau tocirii. Toate
cele trei tesle prezint urme intense de utilizare. Tiul, atunci cnd nu sa spart,
esteputernictocitiprezintstriuridispuselongitudinal.
I.B.Topor
Patruexemplarealctuiescacestaldoileatip(1.L5,8cm;l4,2cm;gros.2,2cm;
2. l 3,5 cm; gros. 2 cm; 3. l 3,4 cm; gros. 1,9 cm; 4. l 5,7 cm; gros. 5,3 cm)
(Fig. 1/2, 46; Pl. 1/ 45; 7). Trei topoare au avut o form rectangular, parial
Brudiu 1980, 398406; Brudiu 1981, 531535, fig. 34; Florescu, Florescu 1983, nota 19; Brudiu
1991,232.
UnlotdepiesedinaezareadeprimepocafieruluidelaVntori,jud.Galai
375
Fig.1.Tesleitopoare/Adzesandaxes.
376
FlorianMIHAIL,AdrianADAMESCU
AsemeneatopoareaufostidentificateinaezareahallstattiandelaLuncavia
ValeaJoiei,jud.Tulcea3.
II.Piesecuparteaactivconvex
II.A.Topor
nacesttipaminclusdoupiese(1.L6,8cm;l4,3cm;gros.3,4cm;2.L8,8cm;
l 8 cm; gros. 4,8 cm) (Pl. 1/6, 8). Un exemplar are o form rectangular, uor
rotunjit, iar cel de la doilea, trapezoidal rotunjit pe margini. Suprafaa ambelor a
fost lefuit ngrijit. Acest proces a fost intensificat la nivelul extremitii distale
pentru amenajarea prii active. Talonul prezint o suprafa uor neregulat i o
dispunere relativ oblic. Urmele de folosire sunt reprezentate n mare parte prin
tocire.
II.B.Ciocan
II.B.1.Rectangular
Dou exemplare corespund acestui tip (1. L 15,2 cm; l 10,9 cm; gros. 6 cm;
2.L13,4cm;l11,9cm;gros.7,2cm)(Fig.2/1,4;Pl.2/2,5).lefuireasuprafeeisa
realizat cu intensitate sczut,scopul fiind de regularizareasuprafeei i conturarea
formeigenerale.Unadintrefeeesteplat,iarcealaltconvex.Unexemplarprezint
dea lungul ntregii suprafee dou nuiri dispuse n cruce, cu limea situat n
jurul a 2 cm, formate ca urmare a prinderii la coad printro sfoar sau poate un
material vegetal ale crui caracteristici au permis aceast ntrebuinare. Cel de al
doilea este strbtut longitudinal pe ntreaga suprafa de o nuire cu o lime de
cca. 3 cm, datorat materialului prin care sa realizat ataarea la coad. Att forma
general,cticeaacelordoufeestaumrturiepentruoutilizareiniialaacestui
suport ca frector. La capetele celor dou piese pot fi observate o tocire foarte
pronunatinumeroasedesprinderialeunorachii,unelededimensiuniapreciabile.
II.B.2.Trapezoidal
Piesa se prezint n stare relativ bun de conservare (L 11,5 cm; l 11,9 cm;
gros. 6,8 cm) (Fig. 2/2; Pl. 2/4). Faa superioar este plat, pe cnd cea inferioar
prezint un aspect convex pronunat. Faa superioar pstreaz urme intense ale
folosiriicarni.Fragmentulderniprezintlaceledoumarginionuirecuo
lime de cca. 2 cm ce a lsat urme fine pe cele dou fee, fiind mai adnc doar n
punctele menionate. Pe unul dintre capete este vizibil tocirea precum i
desprindereaunorfragmentedemaridimensiuni,ceeaceindicfaptulcaceazona
Ailinci2008,135.
377
UnlotdepiesedinaezareadeprimepocafieruluidelaVntori,jud.Galai
servitcaparteactivpentruciocan.Cusiguran,primulrolfuncionalafostacelade
rni,pentrucaapoifragmentuldernisfietransformatnciocan.
Fig.2.Ciocane/Hammers.
Fig.3.Manierdeprinderencoadaciocanelor/Amannerofattachingthehammersto
ahandle(dup/afterLarocca,Breglia2012).
II.B.3.Circular
Piesaseprezintnbunstaredeconservare(diam.14,2cm;gros.7cm)(Fig.2/3;
Pl. 2/2). A fost confecionat din gresie i are form circular neregulat. Suportul
folositnuafostputernictransformat.Ampututobservaoregularizareprinlefuirea
marginilor. Una dintre fee este aplatizat, posibil datorit unei scurte utilizri ca
rni, iar cealalt are un aspect convex neregulat. Prezint la cele dou margini o
nuire cu o lime de cca. 3,5 cm ce a lsat urme fine pe cele dou fee, fiind mai
378
FlorianMIHAIL,AdrianADAMESCU
adncdoarnpunctelemenionate.Peunuldintrecapeteestevizibiltocirea,ceeace
poateservicaindicatornprivinaidentificriipriiactiveaciocanului.
III.Piesecuparteaactivreprezentatparialsauntotalitatedesuprafa
III.A.Frector
III.A.1.Oval
Douexemplarefacpartedinacesttip(1.diam.6,3cm;2.diam.7,3cm)(Fig.4/23;
Pl.3/23).Unuldintresuporturiafostutilizatnformanatural,iarceldealdoileaa
fostamenajatprinlefuire.Pesuprafaaambelorpieseaufostidentificatectetreifee
de utilizare. Piese asemntoare au fost descoperite i n aezrile de prim epoc a
fierului de la EnisalaPalanca4, GarvnMljitul Florilor, Babadag5 i LuncaviaValea
Joia6,jud.TulceaiSiliteaPopin,jud.Brila7.
III.A.2.Prismatic
Piesa se prezint n bun stare de conservare (L 9,5 cm; l 6 cm; gros. 5 cm)
(Fig.4/1;Pl.3/4).Areoformprismatic,rotunjitlamargini.Suprafaaafostlefuit
destuldeintens.Zoneledeutilizaresuntsituatelaceledoucapete.Gradulridicatde
uzurindicofolosirendelungat.Celedoufeedeutilizareaucptatpeparcursul
folosiriiunaspectconvex.
III.A.3.Rectangular
Piesa se prezint n bun stare de conservare (L 14 cm; l 8,5 cm; gros. 3,5 cm)
(Fig.4/4;Pl.3/1).Aceastaareoformrectangularcumarginilerotunjite,ntreagasa
suprafa a fost intens lefuit. Faa destinat utilizrii este plat, pe cnd cealalt
prezintunaspectconvex.Parteaactivpstreazurmedeuzurfoartepronunate.
Fig.4Frectoare/Grinders.
6
7
4
5
Ailincietalii2011,169.
Jugnaru2005,68.
Ailinci2008,135.
Stoian2007,253.
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379
Fig. 5. 1. Pies n curs de prelucrare; 2. Rni / Object abandoned before finishing its
manufacture;2.Quern.
III.B.Percutor
Piesa se prezint n stare precar de conservare, mai mult de jumtate lipsind ca
urmareaspargerii(Pl.3/5).Suprafaapstratesteacoperitdeconcreiunicalcaroase
depuse pe parcursulederiin pmnt. Din ce sa putut observa, suportul pare sfi
fostfolositnformanatural,neopernduseaciunidetransformareasuprasa.Starea
deconservarenuapermisefectuareaunorobservaiicuprivirelaeventualeurmede
folosire,nsspargereantromanierviolentpoatefilegatdefuncionareaacestei
piese. Analogii pentru acest tip n aezri contemporane se regsesc n inventarul
situluiEnisalaPalanca,jud.Tulcea8.
III.C.Rni
Piesaseprezintnstarerelativprecardeconservare(diam.21,8cm;gros.2,8cm)
(Fig.5/2;Pl.3/6).Afostconfecionatdingresie.Dincesapstratampututremarca
faptulc,celmaiprobabil,aavutoformcircular.Faasuperioaresteconcav,pe
cndceainferioarprezintunaspectuorconvex.Margineaifaainferioaraufost
Ailincietalii2011,169.
380
FlorianMIHAIL,AdrianADAMESCU
regularizate prin lefuire. Aspectul concav al prii active a fost creat dea lungul
timpuluiprinfolosire.
Descoperirea unor rnie de form circular a fost amintit n prezentarea
inventaruluiarheologicprovenitdinaezareadelaSiliteaPopin9.
***
Ocategorieaparte,reprezentatncadrulacesteiseriiprintrunsingurobiect,estecea
a pieselor n curs de prelucrare (Fig. 5/1; Pl. 2/1). Din punct de vedere tipologic se
ncadreaz n rndul topoarelor cu partea activ convex. Forma natural a acestui
suportafavorizatncercareadetransformarenobiectfinit.Peunadintrelaturisunt
vizibileurmelecreateprincioplirententativadeconturareaformeigeneraleapiesei.
Dinmotiveceindeduritateasczutatipuluidematerieprim(bolovanderuuor
casabil),procesuldeprelucrareafostabandonatntrofazincipient.
Piesedinmateriidureanimale
n cadrul seriei de la Vntori se afl o singur pies din materii dure animale,
reprezentat de o raz de corn de cerb (L 11 cm; diam. 2,2 cm) (Fig. 6). Piesa se
prezintnstarerelativbundeconservare.Exemplarulafostdetaatprinfracturare
din coroana cerbului. Urme de prelucrare pe suprafaa acestei raze nu au fost
observate. Aceast pies fie a fost stocat pentru a fi ulterior transformat n pies
finit, fie a fost abandonat imediat dup detaarea de coroan, nefiind considerat
utilpentruprelucrare.
Fig.6.Razdecorndecerb/Antlertine.
Haruche,Silvestru1992,19.
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Piesedesilex
Singurapiesdesilexidentificatreprezintolam(L4,7
cm; l 2,1 cm; gros. 0,4 cm) (Fig. 7). Materia prim
utilizat este un silex cenuiu, pigmentat cu puncte de
culoarealb.Suportulpieseiafostdebitat,aceastaavndun
profil transversal trapezoidal uor asimetric. Prezint un
talon neted i bulb uor proeminent. naintea debitrii,
talonul a fost amenajat n vederea executrii aciunii
menionate. Pe faa superioar sunt vizibile dou nervuri
dispuseparalelntromanierneregulat.Pelaturastng,
napropiereaextremitiiproximale,aufostexecutatepeo
scurt poriune, o serie de retue scurte ce ocup o poziie
direct, au o dispunere convex, nclinare semiabrupt i
morfologie decorticat. Pe latura dreapt au fost observate
retuedeutilizare.
Fig.7.Lamdesilex/Flintblade.
Concluzii
n final putem face o serie de observaii, mai ales asupra pieselor confecionate din
piatr. Dei lotul analizat de noi este redus numeric (20 obiecte), acesta ofer o
diversitatetipologicinteresant(aptetipuri),nsdeterminuncaracterpreliminar
alconcluziilor,ceurmeazaficonfirmate,infirmatesaucompletateprinstudiulaltor
exemplaredepeacelaisitsaudepesituricontemporane.
n cadrul tipurilor de materie prim predomin isturile, calcarul i gresia.
Principalasurspentrurocileprelucrateseregseanufoartedepartedepoziiasitului
delaVntori,nzonadenordaDobrogei10.
Din punctul de vedere al alegerii suporturilor, sa optat n mic msur pentru
exemplare n forma natural, de cele mai multe ori realiznduse transformarea din
blocdematerieprimnobiectfinit.Pentrunceput,formageneralaviitoareipiese
eraconturatprincioplire,probabilcuunpercutordepiatr.Etapafinal,ceconstan
lefuirea mai mult sau mai puin intens a suprafeei, se realiza prin abraziune.
Aceastaaveauncaractermaipronunatiorganizatpentruamenajareapriiactive.
n ceea ce privete restul corpului, se executa fie o abraziune relativ superficial,
destinatstrictuniformizriisuprafeei(topoarecuparteaactivconvex,frectoare,
Micuetalii2000,17;Hait2011,86.
10
382
FlorianMIHAIL,AdrianADAMESCU
rnie),fieunaintens,princareseobineaosuprafaidenticceleidinzonaprii
active,precumiunghiuridreptelambinarealaturilor(tesle,topoarecuparteaactiv
liniar).nprivinadirecieideexecutareaacesteiaciuni,amidentificatinacestcaz
dou maniere diferite. Prima corespunde prii active. Pentru a o amenaja ntrun
mod prin care s poat fi acionat ct mai eficient, abraziunea se executa ntro
manier foarte organizat, cu o orientare transversal, ntrun sens paralel cu partea
activ. Cea de a doua corespunde abraziunii executate pentru restul suprafeei.
Aceasta avea un caracter dezorganizat, nregistrnduse o dispunere haotic a
striurilorcreateprinaceastaciune.
Pelngutilizareacasuporturiaunorblocuridematerieprimspecialdebitaten
acestsensiaaltoracuoformnaturalasemntoareunuianumittipdepies,am
nregistratirefolosireaunorpieseceavuseserntroprimfazunscopfuncional
diferit. Acest lucru a fost posibil ntruct forma i dimensiunile piesei abandonate
puteaucorespundereintrriincircuitulfuncionalcuoaltdestinaie.ncadrulseriei
delaVntoriamidentificatreutilizareaunuifragmentderniiaunuifrectorca
ciocane.
Ampututremarcalipsapieselorperforate,ceeaceconstituieunaspectinteresant,
avnd n vedere c n inventarul siturilor preistorice piesele perforate ocup un loc
important.Considerm,totui,caceastlipssedatoreazcaracteruluiincompletal
seriei i nu abordrii unei strategii tehnologice aparte de ctre comunitile ce au
locuitpesitulndiscuie.
Urmele de utilizare sunt prezente sub forma tocirii tiului i desprinderilor de
achii. Gradul de tocire i dimensiunile desprinderilor variaz n funcie de tipul de
activitatelacareaparticipatiduritateamaterieiasupracreiasaacionat.ncazul
pieselorfolositenaciunidefriciune(frector,rni)urmeledeuzursemanifest
preponderentprintocire.Exemplareleceauparticipatnaciuniceimplicaupercuia
(tesle, topoare, ciocane), executat cel mai adesea ntro manier violent, prezint
numeroasedesprinderideachii,obunpartededimensiuniapreciabile.Decelemai
multe ori, acestea sau produs nu doar la nivelul tiului ci i la cel al talonului,
dovadaunorocuriputernicecesaupropagatpetoatlungimeapiesei.Faptulc
asemenea piese sunt descoperite deseori n stare fragmentar constituie o alt
mrturieasupratipuluideactivitincareerauimplicate.
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Bibliografie
Ailinci, S.C. 2008, Noi descoperiri din prima epoc a fierului pe teritoriul localitii
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date referitoare la aezarea culturii Babadag de la EnisalaPalanca, com.
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SCIVA32,4,529536.
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Carpailor,SAA1,7293.
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lithique,inCarozza,L.,Bem,C.,Micu,C.(eds.),Socitetenvironmentdansla
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SiliteaNazru,judeulBrila,Istros6,1724.
Jugnaru,G.2005,CulturaBabadagI,BiblIPA7,Constana.
Larocca,F.,Breglia,F.2012,Groovedstonetoolsasindicatorsofancientminingactivities.
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de la Isaccea, punctul Suhat, jud. Tulcea n Iacob, M., Oberlnder
Trnoveanu,E.,Topoleanu,F.(eds.),IstroPontica.Muzeultulceanlaa50a
aniversare(19502000),Tulcea,552.
Stoian,V.2007PiesedeinventardetipBabadagdelaSilitea,jud.Brila,Tyragetia,S.N.1,
1,249256.
384
FlorianMIHAIL,AdrianADAMESCU
UnlotdepiesedinaezareadeprimepocafieruluidelaVntori,jud.Galai
385
386
FlorianMIHAIL,AdrianADAMESCU
Pl. 3. Piese de piatr lefuit descoperite la Vntori, jud. Galai: 14. frectoare;
5.percutor;6.rni/PolishedstoneobjectsdiscoveredinthesettlementfromVntori,
Galai county: 14. Grinders; 5. Hammerstone; 6. Quern (desene / drawings
C.Geanbai).
Aezareadinprimaepocafieruluidela
EnisalaPalanca.
Cercetrilearheologicedinanul2010
SorinCristianAilinci*,FlorianMihail*,MihaiConstantinescu**
Abstract:Thisarticlefocusesonthearchaeologicalinvestigationscarriedoutin2010intheEarlyIron
AgesettlementfromEnisalaPalanca,presentingthearchaeologicalcomplexes,aswellasananalysisof
thefinds.Chronologically,inhabitationcanbeassignedtothelastphaseofBabadagculture(8thc.early
7thc.BC),beforethefoundingoftheGreekcoloniesonthewesternBlackSeashore.
Rezumat:Articoluldefaprezintcercetrilearheologiceefectuatenanul2010naezareadinprima
epocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca.Cuaceastocaziesuntprezentatecomplexelearheologiceiseface
o analiz a ceramicii dar i a obiectelor din piatr, os i corn. Din punct de vedere cronologic locuirea
poate fi atribuit perioadei finale de evoluie a culturii Babadag (sec. VIII nceputul sec. VII a.Chr.),
anterioarntemeieriicoloniilorgrecetipecoastavesticaMriiNegre.
Keywords:EarlyIronAge,Babadagculture,settlement,funeraryarchaeology,Dobrudja.
CuvinteCheie:perioadatimpurieaepociifierului,culturaBabadag,arheologiefunerar,Dobrogea.
1.Introducere
Localitatea Enisala (com. Sarichioi, jud. Tulcea) este situat n nordestul Dobrogei,
ntrozoncolinar,lasuddezonadecontactalacurilorBabadagiRazim(Fig.1).
Datorit generoaselor resurse naturale, oferite cel puin pn n antichitate i de o
deschidere direct la Marea Neagr1, aceast regiune a fost intens locuit de
comunitileumanedealungultuturorperioadeloristorice2.
1
2
*
**
InstitutuldeCercetriEcoMuzeale,Str.Progresului,32,820009,Tulcea,Romnia.
InstitutulAntropologieFr.I.Rainer,Bucureti,Romnia;email:mihaic2005@yahoo.com.
Paninetalii1983,249255;Romanescu2006,67.
Paleolitic:Punescu1999,67,69;neoeneolitic:Coma1972,18;Lzurc,MnucuAdameteanu
1980,146;Mihailetalii2012;epocabronzului:Morintz,Anghelescu1970,403;Vasiliu20032004,
123136;primaepocafierului:Ailincietalii2011;Dragomir1974,131136;Aricescu1975,17
24;Simion1971,63134;adouaepocafierului:Simion1974,291304;Simion2003,258320;
Babe 1971, 1945; epoc roman: MnucuAdameteanu M. 1984, 3140; Mnucu
Adameteanu, OberlnderTrnoveanu 1984, 350; MnucuAdameteanu 1984, 349354;
OberlnderTrnoveanu1980,505;epocmedieval:Baraschi,Cantacuzino19771978,459471;
Ciobanu1971,2130;Custurea2000,139,nr.38;Dragomir19721973,2947;Iosipescu,Iosipescu
DinpreistoriaDunriideJos.50deanidelanceputulcercetrilorarheologicelaBabadag,Tulcea,2013,p.387460
388
SorinCristianAILINCI,FlorianMIHAIL,MihaiCONSTANTINESCU
Fig.1.PoziiageograficalocalitiiEnisala/ThegeographicallocaltionofEnisala.
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
389
numeroaseiimportantevestigiiarheologicecepotatribuiteattculturilorGumelnia
iBabadag,ctiperioadeimedievale(maialessec.XIIIXIV).
Fig.2.VederegeneralasuprasituluidelaEnisalaPalanca/GeneralviewonEnisala
Palancasite.
2.Descriereacercetrilor.Complexelearheologicedinprimaepocafierului
Mihailetalii2012.
390
SorinCristianAILINCI,FlorianMIHAIL,MihaiCONSTANTINESCU
Fig. 3. Planul cercetrilor arheologice din 2010 / The plan of 2010 archaeological
excavation.
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
391
Tot de aici se pstreaz i un temporal drept uman, cu rupturi din vechime ale
poriunii sale anterioare, aproximativ de la jumtatea meatului auditiv extern.
Acestaprovinedelaunindividdesexindeterminabil,cuovrstade510ani7.
Seciunea2(S2)afostspatlanorddeS1,fiindseparatdeaceastadeunmartor
cuogrosimede0,50m.DimensiunileS2aufostde45m(20mp),pesuprafaasa
fiind identificate ase noi complexe arheologice (Pl. 1/2) spate parial sau integral,
dintrecaretreipotfiatribuiteculturiiBabadag:
Gr. 1 cercetat parial n profilul de est, avea pereii spai relativ vertical pn la
adncimeade1,10miconineafragmenteceramicehallstattiene(Pl.12/16);
Gr.7aveaoformcircular,cudiametrulde1,50m,fiindparialsuprapusde
gr.5.Pereiiaufostspaioblicspreexteriorpnlaadncimeadeaproximativ
1 m, iar cele cteva fragmente ceramice permit datarea sa n prima epoc a
fierului(Pl.12/711;13/18).
Alturi de acestea au fost identificate mai multe oseminte umane fragmentare, care
proveneaudeladoiindivizi:individul1erareprezentatdeprimaiaapteavertebr
cervical, humerusul drept, metacarpianul I stg, coxalul stng, sacrumul. Acestea au
aparinut unui brbat cu o vrst de 3234 ani i o statur de 161,013.3 cm8. Din
punctdevederepatologicsaupututobservaurmeleuneiosteoartrozelahumerus
proximal i distal, acetabulumuri i uor pe vertebre i de enthesophite pe
margineasuperiormedialailiumurilor;individul2estereprezentatdecelpuin
un cap femural drept, parial rupt din vechime, parial modern. Este posibil
(innd cont de culoarea oaselor i uoarele depuneri de calcar), ca i cele dou
vertebredescriselaindividul1sprovindelaindividul2,deiprinmasivitatealor
par a aparine mai degrab celui dinti. Sexul este dificil de determinat, dei
dimeniunilefoartemicialecapuluifemuralparaindicasexulfeminin.Vrstaeste
adult,2040deani.Patologie:uoareurmedeosteoatrozpecapulfemuraldrept.
Gr.8afostidentificatnparteadevestaseciunii.Aceastaaveaoformcircularn
plan, cu un diametru de 1,62 m. Pereii au fost spai oblic spre exterior pn la
adncimeade0,90m.numpluturagropiiaufostidentificatemaimultefragmente
ceramicespecificeculturiiBabadag(Pl.13/912;14/17);
392
SorinCristianAILINCI,FlorianMIHAIL,MihaiCONSTANTINESCU
Seciunea3(S3)urmeazsprenorddeS2,fiinddespritdeaceastadeunmartor
stratigraficde0,50m.DimensiunileS3suntde46m(24mp),pesuprafaasafiind
cercetatealtetreinoicomplexearheologicehallstattiene(Pl.1/3):
Gr. 2 a fost cercetat integral n c. 23 S, avea o form circular cu diametrul de
1,40m.nprofilseprezentasubformauneialveolriadncide0,70miconinea
mai multe fragmente ceramice hallstattiene, dintre care unul era decorat prin
imprimare(Pl.14/912);
Gr. 3 cercetat integral, aceast groap era circular n plan, cu diametrul de 1,50 m,
pereiisifiindspaiverticalpnla0,40m.Pelngmaimultepietrededimensiuni
mari, n acest complex au fost descoperite numeroase fragmente ceramice i un
frectordepiatrcepotfiatribuiteculturiiBabadag(Pl.15/13;16/14);
Gr.5afostcercetatparialnc.2S,pereiisifiindspaioblicspreexteriorpnla
oadncimede0,70m.Complexulconineamaimultefragmenteceramicespecifice
culturiiBabadag(Pl.16/515).
Seciunea4(S4)urmeazsprenorddeS3,fiinddespritdeaceastadeunmartor
stratigraficde0,50m.DimensiunileS4suntde48m(32mp),pesuprafaasafiind
cercetateaptenoicomplexearheologice(Pl.2/1),dintrecaredoartreipotfiatribuite
culturiiBabadag:
Gr.1seprezintsubformauneialveolricuadncimeade0,25m,cercetatparial
nc.1SN,dincareprovinctevafragmenteceramicehallstattieneatipice;
Gr.6afostcercetatparialnc.3S,aveapereiispaioblicspreinteriorpnla
adncimea de 0,50 m. Din acest complex provine un fragment de percutor din
piatrictevafragmenteceramicehallstattieneatipice;
Gr. 7 surprins parial n c. 2 S, avea pereii spai uor oblic spre interior pn la
adncimeade0,70m.Complexulconineaceramicdinprimaepocafierului.
Seciunea5(S5)afostspatlanorddeS4,fiinddespritdeaceastaprintrun
martorstratigraficgrosde0,50m;aveadimensiunilede410m(40mp),pesuprafaa
safiindidentificatedounoicomplexearheologicehallstattiene(Pl.2/2):
Gr.2afostcercetatparialnc.3S,pereiisifiindspaioblicspreexteriorpnla
adncimeade1m.Complexulconineamaimultefragmenteceramicehallstattiene
(Pl.17/58;18/14),opiesncursdeprelucraredincorndecerb(Pl.17/10)idou
fragmentedelaopsaliedinacelaimaterial(Pl.17/9);
Gr. 6 cercetat aproape integral n c. 6 S, groapa avea o form oval n plan, cu
dimensiunile de 2 1,40 m. Pereii au fost spai oblic spre exterior pn la o
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
393
Gr.3afostcercetatintegralnc.4S,avndoformcircularnplancudiametrul
de1,35m.Pereiiaufostspaiaproximativverticalpnlaoadncimede1m.n
pmntul de umplutur au fost descoperite cteva fragmente ceramice
hallstattiene de la vase bitronconice (Pl. 19/23), vase de buctrie (Pl. 19/45) i
strchini(Pl.19/67);
Gr.5cercetatintegralnc.4N,afostparialdistrusdegr.4.Complexulavean
planoformoval,cudimensiunilede1,201,40m,pereiisifiindspaialbiat
pnlaadncimeade0,80m.Materialularheologicdescoperitaicipoatefiatribuit
culturiiBabadag(Pl.19/8);
Gr. 7 cercetat integral n c. 23 N, avea o form circular n plan (diam. 1,30 m),
pereii fiind spai vertical pn laadncimea de 0,90 m.Acest complex coninea
osemintele n conexiune anatomic a doi indivizi depui ntro poziie nefireasc
(Fig.4),precumioseriedematerialearheologicecedateazcomplexulnprima
epocafierului(Pl.20/17);
Primul individ (n ordinea depunerii), destul de bine conservat, a aparinut unui
individ aruncat n groap cu faa n jos (orientat pe direcia NESV). Acesta a
aparinutunuibrbatcuovrstcuprinsntre4045aniiostaturde161,013,3
cm. Din punct de vedere al patologiei osoase, sau putut observa depuneri
semnificativedetartru.Hipoplasiaemailuluidentarlacaniniiiincisiviimaxilari
i mandibulari. Cribra cranii pe parietale i occipital. Artroz la toate articulaiile
pstrate, vertebrele toracale 39 prezint exostoze medii, mai ales pe partea
anterioar i pe cea dreapt, la fel articulaia sacrumului cu ultima vertebr
lombar,deformatndreapta.Exostozeiosreactivvindecatpeparteamediala
tibiei drepte, pe zona de inserie a lui tibialis anterior, probabil urmare a unei
afeciuni musculare. Se observ o dezvoltare deosebit a zonei de inserie a
bicepsuluipetuberozitileradialeiadeltoizilorpehumerusuri.Defectecorticale
pefaaanterioaramarginiicapetelorhumerale.
394
SorinCristianAILINCI,FlorianMIHAIL,MihaiCONSTANTINESCU
Fig.4.Seciunea6,groapa7/Section6,pitno.7.
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
395
Seciunea8(S8)aveadimensiunilede420m(80mp),fiindseparatdeS7iS9
de cte un martor stratigrafic gros de 0,50 m. Pe suprafaa sa sau nregistrat
urmtoarele complexe arheologice care au fost atribuite locuirii din prima epoc a
fierului:
Gr. 1 cercetat parial n c. 12 SN, pereii acesteia au fost spai uor oblic spre
exteriorpnlaoadncimede1,55m.Dinacestcomplexamnregistratmaimulte
fragmenteceramicecepotfiatribuiteculturiiBabadag(Pl.21/45);
Gr.2cercetatparialnc.1N,seprezentasubformauneialveolricuoadncimede
0,30mncareamdescoperitfragmenteceramicehallstattiene(Pl.21/610);
Gr.5seprezentasubformauneialveolrisuprapuseparialdegr.4.numplutura
saamdescoperitctevafragmenteceramicehallstattieneatipice;
Gr.6afostcercetatparialnc.810S,pereiisifiindspaiuordiferitpnla
adncimea maxim de 1,50 m. Astfel, n profil se poate observa c dac peretele
dinsprevestestespatuoroblicspreinterior,celdinspreestformeazotreapt.
n umplutura gropii, la adncimea de 0,30 m am putut identifica mai multe oase
umane lipsite de conexiune anatomic (craniul, omoplaii, clavicula, membrele
superioare i inferioare, bazin, vertebre, coaste) alturi de care se afla o ceac
specificculturiiBabadag(Pl.21/11).
Osemintele au aparinut unui individ de sex masculin, cu o vrst estimat ntre
3540 de ani i o statura de 164,03 3,3 cm. Din punct de vedere patologic sau
putut observa urme de osteoartroz la toate articulaiile pstrate, mai accentuat
fiind la coate i la olduri. Sa mai putut observa o fractur vindecat la una din
coastele de pe partea stng (ntre 4 i 7), iar aproximativ la jumtatea ramului
mandibular drept, se observ urmele unei lovituri (adncit 14 mm n os), cu un
obiectcontondent(probabilunobiectascuitdupformaloviturii),venitdinspre
lateral dreapta, care a provocat o ciobire a osului i desprinderea unei poriuni
semnificativepeparteainterioaramandibulei.
Lacondilullateraldepefemuruldrepticorespunztorpeceltibialseobservcteva
linii de fractur i adnciri ale epifizelor, nevindecate, ce sunt datorate unei traume
perimortem;celmaiprobabilcaurmareauneiczturi.Lipsaunorurmedevindecare
indic faptul c cele dou lovituri descrise mai sus au fost simultane, fiind una din
cauzele decesului individului. De asemenea treimea distal a cubitusului drept este
rupt din vechime i pierdut; zona de ruptur prezint depuneri de piatr, dar e
396
SorinCristianAILINCI,FlorianMIHAIL,MihaiCONSTANTINESCU
dificil de stabilit dac e realizat perimortem sau nu. Tot din vechime sunt rupte o
coast de pepartea dreaptiuna de pestnga, prile rupte nefiindrecuperate.La
coxaluldreptexistoperforaiecircular,cumarginileneregulate,totdinvechime.
Fig.5.Seciunea8,groapa6/Section8,pitno.6.
Gr.11groapdeformoval,cercetatparial.Aceastaaveapereiispaiuorspre
interior pn la adncimea de 0,80 m, cu partea inferioar rotunjit. Complexul
conineamaimultefragmenteceramicehallstattienedintrecareampututidentifica
ostrachincumargineacanelat(Pl.22/1);
Gr.12alveolarecercetatparialnprofilulvestic,dincareprovinctevafragmente
ceramicehallstattieneatipice;
Gr.13groapdemaridimensiuni,cercetatparialnc.910N.Aceastaaveapereii
spaispreinteriorpnlaaproximativ0,40madncimeiafostparialdistrus
degr.14(medieval).Complexulconineactevafragmenteceramicehallstattiene
delaunvasbitronconic(Pl.22/2)iostrachin(Pl.22/3);
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
397
fostcercetatpesuprafaac.24,NS,pereiifiindoblicispreinterioriarbazarotunjit.
Adncimeamaxim,nregistratpeprofiluldesud,fiindde2,50m.nacestsectoral
anului a fost descoperit i partea proximal a unui femur drept uman, care a
aparinutunuibrbatde1920ani.anul2estefrndoialmaingustimaipuin
adnc ( 1,50 m), n ambele fiind descoperite fragmente ceramice hallstattiene, iar n
anul2iunelespecificeculturiiGumelnia.
Seciunea9(S9)afosttrasatcudimensiunilede426m(108mp),pesuprafaasa
fiindcercetateurmtoarelecomplexearheologicececonineaumaterialarheologicdin
primaepocafierului(Pl.5):
Gr.1afostcercetatparialnc.12N,avndpereiispaiuoroblicspreinteriori
zona inferioar rotunjit, adncimea sa fiind de 1,25 m. n interiorul acestui
complex au fost descoperite mai multe fragmente ceramice specifice culturii
Babadag(Pl.23/710);
Gr.4seprezintsubformauneialveolricirculare(diam.1,50m)cuadncimeade
0,30 m. Din umplutura sa provin mai multe fragmente ceramice hallstattiene
(Pl.23/1113);
Gr. 9 cercetat parial n c. 89 N, groapa avea pereii spai vertical pn la
adncimea de 0,50 m, materialul ceramic descoperit aici fiind specific culturii
Babadag(Pl.25/69);
Gr. 14 a fost tiat de gr. 12 i 17, pereii si fiind spai pn la stnc, avnd
adncimea de 0,50 m. Cele cteva fragmente ceramice descoperite aici dateaz
complexulnperioadahallstattian(Pl.25/1013);
Gr.15cercetatparialnc.11S,afostparialdistrusdeamenajareagr.19.Pereii
si au fost spai pn la adncimea de 0,50 m, complexul coninnd cteva
fragmenteceramicehallstattieneatipice;
Gr.16esteuncomplexdedimensiunimaimari,fiindparialcercetatnc.1213N.
Acestaaveapereiispaiverticalpnlastnc(0,40m),numpluturasafiind
descoperitemaimultefragmenteceramicehallstattiene(Pl.24/117);
Ceramic hallstattian mai provine i din stratul vegetal (Pl. 23/16), din anul 1 care
traverseazsuprafeelec.25NSiprezintoadncimemaximde2m(Pl.25/15)dar
idinanul2careafostidentificatnc.48NS,pereiisifiindaproapeverticali,iarn
parteasamediansepoateobservaoadncire.
Seciunea10(S10)afosttrasatla3mnorddeS9iaavutdimensiunile424m
(96 mp). n cadrul su au fost identificate urmtoarele complexe arheologice (Pl. 6)
careconineaumaterialceramicspecificculturiiBabadag:
398
SorinCristianAILINCI,FlorianMIHAIL,MihaiCONSTANTINESCU
Gr.3afostcercetatparial,fiindidentificatpesuprafaac.9i10S.Pereiiaufost
spai vertical pn la adncimea de 0,40 m. n cadrul acestui complex a fost
identificatmaterialceramichallstattianatipic;
Gr.4afostcercetatintegral,fiindsurprinspesuprafaac.8i9S.Aceastaaavuto
form circular cu un diametru de 1,50 m i o adncime de 0,40 m. n cadrul
acestuicomplexafostidentificatmaterialceramichallstattian(Pl.26/49),dariun
fragmentderni(Pl.26/3),olamdinsilexiunobiectdinos(Pl.26/1);
Gr.6afostcercetatparial,fiindsurprinspesuprafaac.78N.Complexulafost
afectat de amenajarea gr. 7 i 8 (medievale) i a avut o form oval alungit. n
cadrulacesteiamenajriafostidentificatmaterialceramichallstattianatipic;
Gr.10afostcercetatparial,fiindcercetatpesuprafaac.910NS.Aavutoform
circular cu un diametru de 1,50 m i o adncime de 0,30 m. n cadrul acestui
complexafostidentificatmaterialceramichallstattian(Pl.27/13);
Gr.11afostcercetatparial,fiindsurprinspesuprafaacareurilor1011Ni1011S.
A avut o form circular cu un diametru de 1,50 m i o adncime de 0,30 m. n
cadrulacestuicomplexafostidentificatmaterialceramichallstattian(Pl.27/45);
Gr. 12 a fost cercetat integral, fiind identificat pe suprafaa c. 11 NS. Aceasta a
avut o form circular cu un diametru de 0,75 m i o adncime de 0,20 cm.
Amenajarea acestui complex sa oprit la nivelul stncii. n cadrul su a fost
identificatmaterialceramichallstattianatipic;
Gr.14afostcercetatparial,fiindsurprinspesuprafaac.1112N.Pereiisiau
fostspaiverticalpnlaadncimeade1,20m.ncadrulacestuicomplexafost
identificatmaterialceramichallstattian(Pl.27/7);
Gr. 15 a fost cercetat integral, fiind identificat pe suprafaa c. 11 NS. A avut o
form circular cu un diametru de 0,70 m i o adncime de 0,20 cm. Amenajarea
acestuicomplexsaopritlanivelulstncii.ncadrulsuafostidentificatmaterial
ceramichallstattianatipic;
Gr. 16 a fost cercetat integral, fiind identificat pe suprafaa careurilor 11 NS. A
avut o form circular cu un diametru de 0,60 m i o adncime de 0,20 cm.
Amenajarea acestui complex sa oprit la nivelul stncii. n cadrul su a fost
identificatmaterialceramichallstattianatipic;
Materialceramichallsttatianprovineidinceledouanuri(Pl.28/13).anul1a
fostsurprinspesuprafaac.1i2NSiseprezintasubformauneialbiericeaatins
adncimea1miolimede1,70m.anul2afostcercetatpesuprafaac.46Ni
35Siaveaoadncimede1miolimede2,50m.
Seciunea11(S11)afosttrasatla3mnorddeS10iaavutdimensiunile432m
(128 mp). n cadrul su au fost identificate 20 complexe arheologice, n marea lor
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
399
majoritateamenajatenepocamedieval(Pl.7).nciudaacestuifaptexistoseriede
elementecepotfiatribuiteaezriiculturiiBabadag:
Ceramic din prima epoc a fierului a mai fost descoperit att n stratul vegetal
(Pl.28/45),ctinceledouanuri.anul1afostidentificatpesuprafaac.12NS.
Acestaacptatmaimultformauneialbiericeaatinsadncimeamaximde1,20mi
o lime de 2,60 m. Suprafaa sa a fost afectat de amenajarea gr. 2, 3, 4 i 5
(medievale).npmntulcelumpleaamidentificatdoarmaterialceramicdinprima
epociafierului(Pl.28/68);
anul2afostnregistratpesuprafaac.68NS.Acestaseprezentasubformaunei
albiericeaatinsadncimea0,80miolimede2m.Suprafaasaafostafectatde
amenajarea gr. 11 (medieval). n cadrul su a fost identificat material ceramic
aparinndprimeiepociafierului(Pl.28/911;29/13).
Seciunea12(S12)afosttrasatla3mnorddeS11iaavutdimensiunile626m
(156 mp). n acest perimetru au fost identificate 13 complexe arheologice (Pl. 8)
atribuiteperioadeimedievale.Materialarheologichallsttianafostdescoperitdoarn
continuareaanului2(Pl.30/68)careafostsurprinspesuprafaac.34NS.Acesta
aveaformauneialbiericuadncimea0,70m.
Seciunea13(S13)afosttrasatla3mnorddeS12iaavutdimensiunile426m
(104mp).ncadrulsuaufostidentificate13complexearheologice(Pl.9),dintrecare
cincipotfiatribuitelocuiriihallstattiene:
400
SorinCristianAILINCI,FlorianMIHAIL,MihaiCONSTANTINESCU
Fig.6.Seciunea13,groapa7/Section13,pitno.7.
Gr.7afostcercetatnc.5N.Pereiisiaufostspaioblicispreexteriorpnla
adncimea de 1 m. Pe fundul gropii, direct pe stnc, n partea de sud au fost
descoperitescheleteleadoiindivizi(Fig.6).
Primul dintre acetia era depus n poziie chircit pe partea stng, orientat NS,
picioarele puternic flexate din genunchi i braele ndoite din cot i palmele sub
brbie. Oasele, pstrate aproape n ntregime, se afl ntro stare bun de
conservare. Acesta a aparinut unui copil cu o vrst de 1213 ani i o statur de
128,2412,4cm9,acruisexnuapututfideterminat.
Celdealdoileaindivid,depusparialpestecelanterior,totnpoziiechircit,pe
parteastng,eraorientatSVNE.Oaselescheletuluisaupstratnbunstareia
aparinutuneipersoanedesexfeminin,cuovrstcuprinsntre3545deaniio
staturde152,733,3cm.
n umplutura gropii provin fragmente ceramice i un percutor ce pot fi atribuite
culturiiBabadag(Pl.31/14).
Gr.10afostcercetatparial,fiindamplasatnc.56S.Pereiiaufostspaivertical
pn laadncimea de 0,60 m. n acest complexafost identificatmaterial ceramic
hallstattian(Pl.31/512).
Gr. 13 a fost identificat pe suprafaa c. 78 N. Aceasta avea o form circular cu un
diametru de 1,60 m. Amenajarea complexului sa oprit la nivelul stncii avnd o
adncimede0,40m.Materialulceramicdescoperitalturidedefunctindicncadrarea
cronologicacomplexuluifunerarnprimaepocafierului(Pl.32/17).
StaturalasubaduliafostcalculatpebazametodeiluiVisser(1998).
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
401
Fig.7.Seciunea13,groapa13/Section13,pitno.13.
402
SorinCristianAILINCI,FlorianMIHAIL,MihaiCONSTANTINESCU
siguranacacesteanurisuntrezultatulunoractivitiumane,putemconsiderac
au fost deschise ntro perioad dinaintea locuirii medievale i foarte posibil i
nainteaceleihallstattiene.
*
O categorie aparte de complexe arheologice o constituie i gropile care conin
oseminte umane. Ca modalitate de amenajare acestea nu se deosebesc de gropile
considerate de provizii sau menajere. n cursul cercetrilor din campania 2010 au
fost cercetate 6 astfel de situaii, care se adaug celei identificate n campania din
anul200310.
Prezena unor complexe cu oseminte umane n aezrile de la nceputul epocii
fieruluinzonaDunriideJosafostanalizatndiversernduri11.Astfel,saputut
observacacesttipdedescoperireestecomunntoateaezrileculturiiBabadag,
un numr mare de astfel de amenajri macabre fiind cunoscute n siturile
cercetatemaiintens(ex.Babadag,NiculielichiarEnisala).
Nr.
individ
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Complex
Sex
Vrst
Statur
Gr.8/SII/2003
Gr.8/SII/2003
Gr.8/SII/2003
Gr.8/SII/2003
Gr.4/S1/2010
Gr.7/S2/2010
Gr.7/S2/2010
Gr.7/S6/2010
Gr.7/S6/2010
Gr.6/S8/2010
Gr.7/S13/2010
Gr.7/S13/2010
Gr.13/S13/2010
masc.
?
?
?
?
masc.
fem.
masc.
masc.
masc.
?
fem.
fem.
1822ani
adult
InfansI(56ani)
InfansI(0,51,5ani)
510ani
3234ani
2040ani
4045ani
1920ani
3540ani
1213ani
3545ani
3540ani
?
?
?
?
?
161,013.3cm
?
161,013.3cm
168,173.3cm
164,033.3cm
128,2412,4cm
152,733.3cm
149,403,3cm
Conexiune
anatomic
parial
nu
nu
nu
nu
nu
nu
da
da
parial
da
da
da
Tabel1.DateprivindoseminteleumanedinsituldelaEnisalaPalanca/Dataonthe
humanbonesfoundatEnisalaPalancasite.
nacestecondiii,putemdoarpresupuneoatitudinecomplexapopulaiilorBabadag
fadedefunci,bazatpepracticispecificededepunere,descompunereimanipularea
cadavrelor,nvremecemanifestrileculturalenvecinateicontemporaneerauadeptele
altorcutumefunerareceincludeauiorganizareaunorcimitirenafaraspaiuluilocuit.
Ailinci,Constantinescu2008.
Srbu 1997; Jugnaru, Topoleanu 1994; Irimia 2003; Ailinci, Mirioiu, Soficaru 2003;
Ailinci,Mirioiu,Soficaru2005;Ailinci2008a;Ailinci2008b;Ailincietalii2006;Ailinci,
Constantinescu2008.
10
11
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
403
3.Ceramica
Ceramicareprezintfrndoialmaterialularheologicpreponderentnaezareadin
primaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca,iarlotulprovenitnurmacercetrilordin
anul2010vinescompletezedatelecunoscutedinspturileprecedente13.
3.1.Consideraiitipologice
Din punct de vedere tipologic am putut identifica prezena aici a cinci categorii
ceramicespecificeculturiiBabadag14.Deioanalizfoarteamnunitestengreunat
destareafoartefragmentatamaterialuluivomncercanceledemaijosssubliniem
principalelecaracteristicialedescoperirilordincampania2010.
Cercetarea din anul 2013 a avut un caracter preventiv, ocazie cu care a fost cercetat o
suprafadepeste5000mpdinsituldelaPalanca.
13 VezideexempluAilincietalii2011.
14 Ailinci2011.
15 Ailinci2011,9597.
12
404
SorinCristianAILINCI,FlorianMIHAIL,MihaiCONSTANTINESCU
aguriicuprinsntre1525cm,faptcompatibilcuobservaiilefcutepetotcuprinsul
culturiiBabadag16.
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
CategoriaA
10cm
15cm
20cm
25cm
30cm
35cm
11
16
17
405
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
ncadratipuluiC2IV.1118(Pl.21/11),nvremecealtulpoatefiatribuitcuprobabilitate
destul de mare tipului C2IV.1219 (Pl. 32/2), proporii asemntoare sugernd i alte
dou exemplare pstrate fragmentar (Pl. 25/5; 31/8). Profilul i proporiile
caracteristice tipului C2IV.27 sunt reprezentate de un alt fragment de ceac (Pl.
11/4),nvremecealtrecipientpoatefincadratntipulC2IV.22(Pl.27/1;31/5).
Un singur fragment sugereaz existena subcategoriei C3 (Pl. 24/1), n vreme ce
altularputeacorespundesubcategorieiC4(Pl.32/6).
Doaroptexemplareprezinturmededecorare.Cincidintreacesteaaubenzide
tip II.A.1 executate prin canelare (Pl. 11/5; 23/11; 24/4; 27/11) i linii incizate (Pl.
24/1); osingur ceac prezint undecor de tip I(Pl.31/9) i o alta o bandde tip
IV.A.1(Pl.30/2).
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
10cm
15cm
20cm
25cm
30cm
35cm
40cm
11
15
25
13
14
CategoriaE
Ailinci2011,116.
Ailinci2011,116117.
18
19
406
SorinCristianAILINCI,FlorianMIHAIL,MihaiCONSTANTINESCU
Avnd ca reper diametrul maxim al acestor recipiente, cele mai multe se ncadreaz
ntre2135cm(Grafic2),medientlnitipeansamblulculturiiBabadag20.
Dinpunctuldevederealdecorului,doarstrchiniledintipulE1aufostdecoratecu
benzi canelate de tip II.A.12a (35 exemplare Pl. 11/6; 12/34, 9, 11; 16/11, 15; 19/7;
20/23; 21/1, 89; 22/12; 23/2, 8; 24/89, 1112, 1415; 25/4, 10; 28/24; 29/3; 30/1, 11;
31/11;32/4)ialtedoucubenziimprimatedetipII.A.44(Pl.18/6)iIV.A.1(Pl.21/2).
CategoriaFvaseledebuctriesuntrepezentateprin60deexemplare,nmarealor
majoritate fragmentare. Cele mai multe fragmente (35) indic apartenena la
subcategoriaF1(deschidererestricionat,formdependentFig.10/6,89,12;11/7;
12/1;13/34,9;14/7,12;16/1,12;17/8;18/23;19/45;20/1,8;21/10;22/1;23/1;24/6,16
17; 26/9; 27/4; 28/7, 9; 30/34, 9; 32/7; 31/10). Dintre acestea doar dou pstreaz un
profil complet. Unul poate fi ncadrat n tipul F1II1 (Fig. 27/4), n vreme ce cellalt
tipuluiF1III3(Fig.13/9).AltezecefragmentepotfiatribuitesubcategorieiF2(vasede
formindependentFig.12/7;14/4,6;17/7;22/9;28/11;29/67), iaralte16fragmente
nu pot fi ncadrate tipologic (Fig. 13/6, 8; 14/5, 8; 17/3; 20/4; 21/3; 24/7; 25/23, 9, 13;
29/4;30/6,10;31/7).
15
10
5
0
CategoriaF
15cm
20cm
25cm
30cm
35cm
40cm
11
12
20
407
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
29/4,6;30/4,6,10;31/7,10)intrunsingurcazdetipII(benzirsuciteFig.11/7).n
12cazuriamnregistratexistenaunorapuctorisubformaunorproemineneconice
(tip I Fig. 10/12; 13/9; 14/5; 16/1; 21/3; 22/11; 30/4; 31/7, 10) care erau amplasate de
obiceinzonasuperioaravaselor.
Deingeneralfoarterardecorate,pevaseledebuctriedelaEnisalaPalancase
potobservaoseriedebenzidetipII.A.1executateprininciziepemargine(Fig.22/11;
23/1), iruri de alveole (tip II.A.2 Fig. 24/17; 30/5) i ntrun singur caz o band de
delimitare(tipI)executatprinimprimare(Fig.19/4).
CategoriaGstrecurtorilesuntreprezentateprintrunsingurexemplarfragmentar,ce
poatefincadratntipulG1,deformsimplcudeschidereanerestricionat(Fig.27/5).
3.2.Frecvenacategoriilorceramice
49
26
80
60
Grafic4.Frecvenacategoriilorceramice/Frequencyofpotteryclasses.
Dei nu am luat n calcul ceramica din cercetrile mai vechi, ca i n cazul lotului de
recipiente rezultat n urma campaniilor 2003200622 se poate observa numrul mare de
strchiniivasedebuctrienraportcucelelaltecategoriinregistrate(Grafic4).Aceast
obsevaie, ce indic probabil o anumit caracteristic a acestui sit, poate fi verificat i
consolidatprinanalizantreguluilotceramicprovenitdincercetriledeaici.
veziAilinci2011.
Ailincietalii2011,168169.
21
22
408
SorinCristianAILINCI,FlorianMIHAIL,MihaiCONSTANTINESCU
3.3.Stiluldecorativ
Dintruntotalde216recipientenregistrate,doar62dintreacesteaprezinturmede
decorare (28,70%). Se poate observa predominarea benzilor simple, de tip II.A.1
executatemaialesprincanelur,dariabenzilordedelimitare(tipI)executateprin
liniiincizate,imprimatesauiruridepuncte.
Deisuntmajoritare,ornamentelerealizateprincanelur,aparmaialespeaceleai
categorii de recipiente ca i n alte situri ale culturii Babadag (considerate mai
timpurii):peceti(categoriaC)istrchini(categoriaE)23.
CategorieTipdecor
II.A.1
II.A.2
II.A.4
IV
incizie
imprimare
puncte
caneluri
1
5
incizie
imprimare
Puncte
caneluri
incizie
imprimare
puncte
caneluri
35
incizie
imprimare
puncte
caneluri
11
46
TOTAL
Tabel.2.TipuridedecoraplicatepeceramicadescoperitlaEnisalaPalanca/
TypesofdecorationpatternsonpotteryfromEnisalaPalanca.
Motivele executate prin incizie, puncte sau imprimare sunt mult mai reduse numeric i
aparncombinaiisimple.Astfel,ndournduriampututidentificadecorulspecifical
culturiiBabadag(II.A.4)iosingurdatosuprapuneredebenziidentice(tipIV).
nacelaitimpputemremarcalipsabenzilordedecormaicomplicate,detipIII,V
sau VI, des ntlnite n nivelurile inferioare de la Babadag24, sau n aezri mai
timpurii precum cele de la JijilaCetuie25, ibrinu26, NiculielCornet27, Revrsarea
DealulTichileti28,GarvnMljitulFlorilor29.
Ailincietalii2011.
Morintz1987.
25 Srbu,Ailinci,Simion2008.
23
24
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
409
4.Obiectedinsilex,piatrlefuitimateriidureanimale
4.1.Pieseledesilex
Lotuldepiesedesilexestecompusdintreiexemplare,ceurmeazafiprezentaten
rndurile urmtoare. Materia prim din care au fost confecionate corespunde unui
silexmaroniudeschis,mat,cugranulaiefin.ncazuladoudintreacestepiesepotfi
observateincluziunideculoarealb.Ceadeatreiaprezintomarginecorticalalturi
decareestevizibilodungsubire(cca.34mmgrosime)deculoareroiatic.Acest
tip de materie prim a fost identificat i descris amnunit cu ocazia studierii altor
seriipreistorice,fiindcunoscutsubdenumireadesilexbalcanic30.
Fig.8.Piesedesilex/Finttools.
Prima pies (l 25 mm; gros. 6 mm) (Fig. 8/1) constituie o lam cu profil transversal
trapezoidal, conservat sub formaunui fragment proximal. Acesta prezint un talon
de tip en aile doiseau, bulb foarte pronunat i o dispunere a nervurilor relativ
dezordonat.Urmelepstrateindicaplicareapercuieidirectedurepentruobinerea
28
29
30
26
27
Ailinci,Dobrinescu2006.
Topoleanu,Jugnaru1995;Ailinci2008b.
Ailinci2010;Ailinci2013.
Jugnaru1997;Jugnaru2005.
Gurova2011,98;Furestier,Mihail2011,366;Ni,tefan2011,196.
410
SorinCristianAILINCI,FlorianMIHAIL,MihaiCONSTANTINESCU
suportului. Una dintre margini a fost retuat, iar pe cealalt sunt vizibile retue de
utilizare. Retuele executate ocup o poziie direct, prezint o dispunere uor
convex,suntscurte,semiabrupteiauomorfologiedecorticat.Dinpunctdevedere
tipologicpiesasencadreazntipulpieselorcuretumarginal.
Fig.9.1.PiesdescoperitnsitulEnisalaPalanca;2.Manierdeataarelamnerce
corespunde urmelor observate pe piesa de la Enisala / 1. Flint object discovered at
EnisalaPalanca settlement; 2. A manner of attaching to the handle, based on the traces
observedonthebladefromEnisala(Stordeur1987).
Ceadeadouapies(L58mm;l30mm;gros.9mm)(Fig.8/2)seprezintnbunstare
deconservare,fiindntreag.Suportulpecareafostamenajatunealtaesteolamcuprofil
transversaltrapezoidal,talonneted,bulbdifuzinervurisubparalele.Profilullongitudinal
esteuorarcuit.Stigmateleobservateparsindiceexecutareapercuieiindirectenvederea
producerii suportului31. Marginea stng prezint pe faa superioar n zona extremitii
distale,unretudetipcoche,ceafostfoarteprobabilrealizatpentruafacilitasegmentarea
suportului.Attfrontulcticeledoumarginiaufostretuate.Pemarginiretueleocupo
poziiedirect,cuexcepiaceleistngiunde,ctreextremitateadistalsuntinverse,prezint
odispunererectilinie,suntscurte,semiabrupteiauomorfologiedecorticat.Frontulafost
amenajat prin retue directe, convexe, lungi, abrupte i decorticate. Din punct de vedere
tipologicpiesasencadreazntipulgratoarelorpelam.
Inizanetalii1995,77.
31
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
411
4.2.Piesedemateriidureanimale
Lotuldepiesedemateriidureanimaleestelarndulsuredusnumeric,fiindcompus
dinpatruexemplare.Primuldintreacesteaconstituieunfragmentdetrunchidecorn
de cerb, conservat nstare precar (Fig. 10/12). Baza acestuia, reprezentnd zona cu
ceamaibunconservare,pstreazurmeledetariiderestulcoroanei,cesaprodus
prinpercuiedirect(cioplire)(Fig.10/34).Urmedeprelucrarenuaufostobservate
pe suprafaa piesei, aceasta fiind cel mai probabil abandonat nainte de a fi
transformatnobiectfinit.
Cea de a doua pies de materii dure animale este un astragal de ovicaprin aflat
ntrofoartebunstaredeconservare(L32mm;l20mm;gros.17mm)(Fig.11).
Unadintrefeeseprezintsubformanatural.Ceadeadouaestecompletaplatizat,
avndunaspectfoarteneted.Pesuprafaaaufostobservatestriuri,dispuseorganizat,
orientateoblicrelativperpendicularpeaxultransversalalobiectului.
Al treilea exemplar este o dlti ce a fost amenajat pe un suport reprezentat
de un fragment de metapod (Fig. 12). n realizarea debitajului nu a fost investit
foartemultefort,formasageneralindicndmaidegrabconfecionareapieseipe
un suport obinut accidental. Interveniile legate de prelucrare au vizat
regularizareasuprafeei,peambelefee,realizatprinabraziunetransversal,cea
determinat creare unor striuri fine dispuse ntro manier ordonat. Amenajarea
prii active a fost executat prin aceeai tehnic, aplicat ntro manier mai
intens. Considerm c n cazul acestei unelte ne aflm n faa unei maniere
expeditive de prelucrare, ce a necesitat aplicarea unui minimum de mijloace
412
SorinCristianAILINCI,FlorianMIHAIL,MihaiCONSTANTINESCU
tehnice.Parteaactivprezinturmedeuzursubformaunormicidesprinderide
achii i a unor striuri lungi, cu o dispunere rar i uor dezorganizat, orientate
perpendicularpestriuriletransversalecorespunzndetapeideprelucrare.
Fig. 10. 12. Pies corn cerb; 34.Detaliu asupra urmelor de detaare prin cioplire /
12.Objectmadeofantler;34.Detailonthedetachmenttraces.
413
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
Fig.11.Astragal/Astragal.
Fig. 12. 1. Dlti; 23. Detaliu abraziune executat pe cele dou fee ale piesei /
1.Chisel;23.Detailoftheabrasionexecutedonthetwofacesoftheobject.
Oaltpiesdinaceastmicserieafostrealizatpemetapod(Fig.13).Deistarea
de conservare este destul de bun, piesa sa pstrat fragmentar, extremitatea distal
lipsind. Metoda de debitaj aplicat pentru obinerea suportului a fost bipartiia.
Aceasta a fost pregtit prin nuirea metapodului pe axul longitudinal pn la
nivelul epifizei. Ulterior prin percuie indirect sa realizat detaarea suportului.
414
SorinCristianAILINCI,FlorianMIHAIL,MihaiCONSTANTINESCU
Fig.13.Unealtpemetapod/Objectonmetapode.
Ailinci,Mihail2010,193.
32
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
415
4.3.Pieseledepiatrlefuit
Lotul de piese de piatr lefuit este ceva mai numeros fa de cele anterioare, n
cadrul su figurnd 12 exemplare. Acestea au fost mprite n tipuri folosind ca
principalecriteriiformapriiactiveimodalitateadeutilizareaacesteia.
I.Piesecuparteaactivliniar
I.a.Dlti
ncadrulacestuitipintrunsingurexemplarpstratfragmentar(lipseteextremitatea
proximal),confecionatdingresie(l26mm;gros.10mm)(Fig.14/1).Piesaareo
formtrapezoidal,culaturascurtlanivelulpriiactive.Attceledoufeecti
marginilesuntdrepte,fiindamenajateprinlefuire.Relativnzonacentralacorpului
piesei sa ncercat realizarea unei perforaii. Acest proces a fost ns executat ntro
manier defectuoas. Pornit iniial, aa cum am precizat, din centrul piesei, a deviat
treptat ctre una din margini. Urmele pstrate stau mrturie pentru ncercarea de
reluareaacesteiaciuninvedereacorectriieroriloriniiale,inclusivprinrenceperea
perforriiidepefaaopus,frcaacestetentativesfiesoldatecusucces.innd
cont c spargerea piesei sa realizat chiar la nivelul perforaiei, nu este exclus ca
tocmaiaceastperforareslabgestionatsfiprovocatdeteriorarea.Petiestevizibil
negativul desprinderii unei achii de dimensiuni apreciabile raportat la volumul
pieseindiscuie.Pentrustabilireamomentuluicndsaprodusacestfaptexistdou
scenarii:fiepiesaafostnuznaintedetentativadeperforare,fiedeteriorareatiului
saprodusaccidental,frlegturcuutilizarea.
II.Piesecuparteaactivconvex
II.aTopoare
Dou piese confecionate din ist reprezint acest tip n seria noastr (1. l 48 mm;
gros. 20 mm (Fig. 14/2); 2. l 47 mm; gros. 17 mm). Ambele prezint un grad
ridicatdedeteriorare.Formaloresterectangular,alungit,cumarginilerotunjite.Ca
suportaufostutilizateblocurinformnaturalcecorespundeaunliniimariformei
dorite pentru obiectele finite. Singura intervenie legat de prelucrare este
reprezentatdeabraziuneaexecutatpentrufasonareasuprafeeinpunctelencare
forma natural era uor diferit de cea specific piesei. Urmele de utilizare sunt
vizibileprindesprindereaunorfragmentedemaridimensiunidincorpulpieselor(n
cazulambelornusapstratextremitateaproximal),semnalparticipriinactiviti
ceaupresupusocuricuintensitateridicat.
416
SorinCristianAILINCI,FlorianMIHAIL,MihaiCONSTANTINESCU
Fig.14.1.Dlti;2.Topor./1.Chisel;2.Axe.
III.Piesecuparteaactivreprezentatdentreagasauceamaimareparteasuprafeei
III.aFrector
nacesttipamintroduspatruexemplare,confecionatedincuar(diam.variazntre
5868mm).Treidintreacesteaauoformcircular,maimultsaumaipuinafectat
prin folosire (Fig. 15/12). Starea de conservare a celui de al patrulea frector nu
permiteconsideraiicuprivirelaformasa.Prelucrareaaconstatnlefuireaintensa
ntregiisuprafeepentruafiobinutformadorit.Ulterior,peparcursulutilizriisa
produsaplatizarea,exemplarelecudoufeeopusedefolosireprezentndunaspect
turtit. Rareori sa ncercat crearea altor zone de exploatare cu excepia celor dou
opuse.Osituaieaparteestereprezentatdeunexemplarceprezintnzonacentral
afiecreiadintreceledoufeedeutilizarecteogruparebineorganizatdepuncte.
Acestea se datoreaz foarte probabil utilizrii frectorului cu un rol secundar, n
cadrul unoractiviti de percuie indirect. Asemenea urme punctiforme grupate au
fostinterpretatecastigmatetipiceocurilorexercitateasuprapietrei33.
Donnart2012,466.
33
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
417
III.b.Percutor
Doupercutoareconfecionatedinisticuaraufostidentificatepeparcursulspturii
arheologicedinpunctulEnisalaPalanca.Acesteaauoformcircularputernicafectat
peparcursulfolosirii(1.diam.74mm;2.diam.73mm)(Fig.15/34).Ambelepiese
auavutntreagasuprafaatentlefuit.Naturaactivitilorncareaufostimplicate
acesteobiecteadeterminatodeteriorareavansat,manifestatprindesprindereaunor
achiidedimensiuniapreciabileichiaraunorpriimportantedincorpullor.
Fig.15.12.Frectoare;34.Percutoare/12.Grinders;34.Hammerstones.
III.c.Rni
Din seria noastr fac parte i trei rnie confecionate din ist, toate conservate n
starefragmentar.Doudintreeleauoformovalalungit,iarceaatreiaesteptrat,
cu marginile i colurile uor rotunjite. Prelucrarea a constat n fasonarea prin
abraziuneablocurilorceauservitcasuport.Toateceletreiprezintfaasuperioar,ce
constituieparteaactiv,maimultsaumaipuinconcavnfunciedegraduldeuzur
ifaainferioarconvex.
4.4.Observaii
Oprimobservaiecuprivirelalotuldepiesedescoperitncadrullocuiriideprim
epoc a fierului de la EnisalaPalanca vizeaz dimensiunile reduse ale acestuia (20
418
SorinCristianAILINCI,FlorianMIHAIL,MihaiCONSTANTINESCU
5.Altedescoperiri
n afar de categoriile de artefacte prezentate pn acum, din situl de la Enisala
Palancamaiprovinunnumrdepatrufusaioledinlut.Doudintreacesteaauoform
bitronconic (Pl. 10/10; 16/4), una dintre piese fiind decorat prin imprimare. Un alt
exemplar,fragmentar,aveaoformrotunjitaplatizat(Pl.16/13),nvremecealtul,
dedimensiunifoartemici,aveaoformtronconic(Pl.20/5).
6.Consideraiifinale
Articolul de fa se dorete a fi doar un raport preliminar al rezultatelor cercetrilor
dinsituldelaEnisalaPalanca(spturiledin2010),caresaduccompletriladatele
cunoscutepnacumnurmacampaniilordinanii197935i2003200636.Acestoralise
Morintz1987;Jugnaru2005;Rena2008;Ailincietalii2011,169.
MnucuAdameteanu,Lzurc1980.
34
35
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
419
Fig.16.CeramicdetipBabadagdescoperitlaVisterna/Babadagculturepotteryfound
atVisterna.
Cercetriledin2010ausurprinsprobabilozondemargineaaezriihallstattiene,
dacavemnvederelipsalocuinelor;problematicrmnndiinterpretareacelor
dou anuri identificate n suprafaa cercetat. Foarte importante pentru
cunoaterea obiceiurilor funerare sunt i complexele cu oseminte umane care aduc
noi informaii referitoare la acest aspect, de un interes deosebit fiind i cele cteva
cazuricuurmedeviolencauzatoaredemoarte.
TotaicitrebuiessubliniemcaezareadelaEnisalaPalancafceapartedintro
concentraie de situri care gravitau probabil n jurul aezrii fortificate de la
Babadag37. Alturi de acestea mai sunt cunoscute locuirile hallstattiene timpurii de
Ailincietalii2011.
Morintz1964;Morintz1971;Morintz1986;Morintz1987;Morintz,Jugnaru1995;Morintz,
Jugnaru, Munteanu 1995 ; Hnsel 1976; Jugnaru 2005; Jugnaru 2008; Jugnaru, Ailinci
2003; Jugnaru, Ailinci, rlea 2004; Ailinci 2008; Ailinci 2011; Ailinci et alii 2006;
Ailincietalii2007;Ailinci,Mihail2010.
36
37
420
SorinCristianAILINCI,FlorianMIHAIL,MihaiCONSTANTINESCU
Baraschi, Cantacuzino 1980; Ciobanu 1971, 22; Dragomir 19721973; Dragomir 1974;
Iosipescu,Iosipescu2004.
39 OberlnderTrnoveanu, OberlnderTrnoveanu 1979; OberlnderTrnoveanu, Oberlnder
Trnoveanu1980;Lungu,MnucuAdameteanu1995;Ailinci,Micu2006.
40 FragmenteceramicespecificeculturiiBabadagaufostdescoperitenzonadeNEalocalitii
(Fig.16).
41 Materialul arheologic atribuit culturii Babadag nea fost artat de autorul cercetrii
arheologice de la EnisalaClugra, dr. Vasilica Lungu, creia i mulumim i cu aceast
ocazie.
42 Coja1972;Ailinci,Mirioiu,Soficaru2003;Ailinci,Mirioiu,Soficaru2006.
43 FragmenteceramicespecificeculturiiBabadag,descoperitelaHistria,neaufostartatede
dr.C.Domneanu.
44 VezinacestsensAilincietalii2011,170171.
45 Lzurc,MnucuAdameteanu1980.
46 Morintz1964,Morintz1987.
47 SapounaSekellarakis1978,51,fig.7/216.
48 Popa,Schuster2007,161,fig.14/3.
49 veziAilinci2010.
38
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
421
incizate sunt prezente i n aceast etap50, ns sunt mai puin frecvente i apar n
combinaii mai simple. Pe de alt parte, dei sunt majoritare, ornamentele realizate
prin canelur, apar mai ales pe aceleai categorii de recipiente ca i n alte situri ale
culturiiBabadagconsideratemaivechi:peceti(categoriaC)istrchini(categoriaE).
Fig.17.SiturialeculturiiBabadagnzonalaculuiRazim/Babadagculturesitesinthe
zoneofBabadagLake.
Unfragmentceramicdecoratprinimprimareafostdescoperitchiarasociatcufibuladin
gr.1/1979(Fig.18/10).
50
422
SorinCristianAILINCI,FlorianMIHAIL,MihaiCONSTANTINESCU
Fig.18.Inventarulgropii11979/Artefactsfoundinpitno.11979.
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
423
Poziionareasituluintrozonuoraccesibildepemaredaridatareasatrzie,
la finalul culturii Babadag, aduce n dicuie problema controversat a populaiei
autohtonenmomentulcolonizriigreceticaresaprodusundevapelamijloculsec.
VIIa.Chr.51.Departedearezolvaaceastsituaie,trebuietotuismenionmcpn
n prezent, din situl de la EnisalaPalanca nu avem nici un element care s indice o
datarensec.VIIa.Chr.Acestfaptpoatefiunargumentnsensulstabiliriisfritului
locuiriihallstattienedelaEnisala,ctiaculturiiBabadagntroperioadanterioar
veniriigrecilor.
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Pl.1.EnisalaPalanca,planuliprofilele/
Theplanandthestratigraphicalprophilesofthe:1.S1;2.S.2;3.S3.
430
SorinCristianAILINCI,FlorianMIHAIL,MihaiCONSTANTINESCU
Pl.2.EnisalaPalanca,planuliprofilele/
Theplanandthestratigraphicalprophilesofthe:1.S4;2.S.5.
431
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
Pl.3.EnisalaPalanca,planuliprofilele/
Theplanandthestratigraphicalprophilesofthe:1.S6;2.S.7.
432
SorinCristianAILINCI,FlorianMIHAIL,MihaiCONSTANTINESCU
Pl.4.EnisalaPalanca,planuliprofilele/
TheplanandthestratigraphicalprophilesoftheS8.
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TheplanandthestratigraphicalprophilesoftheS9.
434
SorinCristianAILINCI,FlorianMIHAIL,MihaiCONSTANTINESCU
Pl.6.EnisalaPalanca,planuliprofileleS10/
TheplanandthestratigraphicalprophilesoftheS10.
435
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Pl.7.EnisalaPalanca,planuliprofileleS11/
TheplanandthestratigraphicalprophilesoftheS11.
436
SorinCristianAILINCI,FlorianMIHAIL,MihaiCONSTANTINESCU
Pl.8.EnisalaPalanca,planuliprofileleS12/
TheplanandthestratigraphicalprophilesoftheS12.
437
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
Pl.9.EnisalaPalanca,planuliprofileleS13/
TheplanandthestratigraphicalprophilesoftheS13.
438
SorinCristianAILINCI,FlorianMIHAIL,MihaiCONSTANTINESCU
Pl.10.AezareadelaEnisalaPalanca(2010):13.S1,gr.2;412.S1,gr.3/
ThesettlementatEnisalaPalanca(2010):13.S1,pitno:2;412.pitno:3.
439
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Pl.11.AezareadelaEnisalaPalanca(2010):110.S1,gr.4/
ThesettlementatEnisalaPalanca(2010):110.S1,pitno:4.
440
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Pl.12.AezareadelaEnisalaPalanca(2010):16.S2,gr.1;712.gr.7/
ThesettlementatEnisalaPalanca(2010):16.S2,pitno:1;712.pitno:7.
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
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Pl.13.AezareadelaEnisalaPalanca(2010):S2.18.gr.7;912.gr.8/
ThesettlementatEnisalaPalanca(2010):S2.18.pitno:7;;912.pitno:8.
442
SorinCristianAILINCI,FlorianMIHAIL,MihaiCONSTANTINESCU
Pl.14.AezareadelaEnisalaPalanca(2010):S2.17.gr.8;S3,8.gr.1;912.gr.2/
ThesettlementatEnisalaPalanca(2010):S2.17.pitno:8;S3,8.pitno:1;912.pitno:2.
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
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Pl.15.AezareadelaEnisalaPalanca(2010):13.S3,gr.3/
ThesettlementatEnisalaPalanca(2010):13.S3,pitno:3.
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Pl.16.AezareadelaEnisalaPalanca(2010):S3.17.gr.3;514.gr.5/
ThesettlementatEnisalaPalanca(2010):S3.17.pitno:3;514.pitno:5.
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
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Pl.17.AezareadelaEnisalaPalanca(2010):S4.14.stratvegetal;S5.510.gr.2/
ThesettlementatEnisalaPalanca(2010):S4.14.Vegetalsoil;S5,510,pitno:2.
446
SorinCristianAILINCI,FlorianMIHAIL,MihaiCONSTANTINESCU
Pl.18.AezareadelaEnisalaPalanca(2010):S5.14.gr.2;56.gr.6/
ThesettlementatEnisalaPalanca(2010):S5.14.pitno:2;56.pitno:6.
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
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ThesettlementatEnisalaPalanca(2010):S6.1.ditch;27.pitno:3;8.pitno:5.
448
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Pl.20.AezareadelaEnisalaPalanca(2010):S6.17.gr.7;S7.812.stratvegetal/
ThesettlementatEnisalaPalanca(2010):S6.17.pitno:7;S7.812.vegetalsoil.
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
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Pl.21.AezareadelaEnisalaPalanca(2010):S7.13.an;S8.45.gr.1;610.gr.2;11.
gr.6/ThesettlementatEnisalaPalanca(2010):S7.13.ditch;S8.45.pitno:1;610.
pitno:2;11.pitno:6.
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Pl.22.AezareadelaEnisalaPalanca(2010):S8.1.gr.11;23.gr.13;411.an1/
ThesettlementatEnisalaPalanca(2010):S8.1.pitno:11;23.pitno:13;411.ditch1.
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
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Pl. 23. Aezarea de la EnisalaPalanca: S 9. 16. vegetal; 710. gr. 1; 1113. gr. 4 / The
settlementatEnisalaPalanca(2010):S9.16.vegetalsoil;710.pitno:1;pitno:pitno:4.
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ThesettlementatEnisalaPalanca(2010):S9.117.pitno:16.
AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
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Pl. 25. Aezarea de la EnisalaPalanca: S 9. 15. an 1; 69. gr. 9; 1013. gr. 14. / The
settlementatEnisalaPalanca(2010):S9.15.ditch1;69.pitno:9;1013.pitno:14.
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13;7.pitno:14.
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AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
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Pl.29.AezareadelaEnisalaPalanca(2010):S11.13.an2;45.gr.13;67.gr.16/The
settlementatEnisalaPalanca(2010):S11.13.ditchno:2;45.pitno:13;67.pitno:16.
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Pl.30.AezareadelaEnisalaPalanca(2010):S11.15.gr.16;S12.68.an2;911.S
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AezareadinprimaepocafieruluidelaEnisalaPalanca
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Pl.31.AezareadelaEnisalaPalanca(2010):S13.14.gr.7;512.gr.10/Thesettlement
atEnisalaPalanca(2010):S13.14.pitno.7;512.pitno.10.
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SorinCristianAILINCI,FlorianMIHAIL,MihaiCONSTANTINESCU
Pl.32.AezareadelaEnisalaPalanca(2010):S13.17.gr.13/ThesettlementatEnisala
Palanca(2010):S13.17.pitno.13.
PrimavrstafieruluinbazinulArgeuluiipn
laValeaMostitei(Munteniacentral,Romnia)
CristianSchuster*
Abstract:TheareaunderdiscussionisborderedtothewestbythebasinoftheLowerArge,themost
important expression of the hydrographical network in Central Muntenia, and to the east by the
Mostitea Valley. Both these rivers, as well as the southern part of the mentioned space, namely the
DanubeValley,haveofferedappropriatelivingconditionsforvariouscommunitiesintheEarlyIronAge.
Thearchaeologicalinvestigations,carriedoutinthepast,butalsojustfewyearsagoonthebanksofthe
ArgeRiveranditssecondaryrunningwaters(Dmbovia,Colentina),haveprovedthat,inthisregion,
the Final Bronze Age has ended with a cultural mixture, having strong roots in the Tei, Zimnicea
Plovdiv and Coslogeni cultures. The fortified settlements from RadovanuGorgana a doua and Popeti
Nucet,bothofthemsituateduponthehigherterracerightoftheriver,arethemostsignificantevidences
inthissense.Onthatspothavebeendetectedcommunitieswiththesamebehaviourandmaterialculture,
being assigned to what has been more recently accepted in the specialized literature by the most of the
archaeologistsastheRadovanuCulture.
The new studies have shown that we could discuss about two moments, defined as Ha I1 (pottery of
Novacitype)andHaI2(potteryofPopetitype),ofthefirstsequenceoftheEarlyIronAgeontheArge
andhistributaries.TotheEarlyHallstatthavetobeassignedalsothevestigesfromBucuretiMilitari
CmpulBojaandCeluNou,wheresomereceptacleswithupraisedhandleswithansacornutahave
beendiscovered,butalsotheceramicsofSusanitype,discoveredatChitila.
TheentireArgebasinhasbeenenclosedintheMiddleHallstattinthedistributionrangeoftheBasarabi
complex.Mostofthediscoveredsettlementsareverysmall.But,ontheArgeriverbanks,inthealready
mentioned site from Popeti, as well as in MironetiMalul Rou, the remains of some fortified
settlementscouldbeinvestigated.Bothsettlementshadfortificationwaves,atPopetiNucetexistingalso
animpressivedefendingditch.
OntheMostiteaRiver,theculturalimageoftheEarlyIronAgeisslightlydifferentfromtheonefrom
theArgebasin.HereitwasobservedthemassivepresenceofsomeEarlyHallstatttracesthatoriginated
in Transylvania, of Media type. Settlements were discovered on both river banks: Coconi, Sultana,
Preasna, Preasna Veche, Ulmu, Mataraua, Gostilele, Vldiceasca. The Middle Hallstatt period is
representedontheMostiteaValleybyasmallnumberofBasarabisites(GrditeaMic,Odaia,Surlari).
Rezumat:ArealulsupusanalizeiaredrepthotarelavestpartearsriteanabazinuluiruluiArge,
celmainsemnatreperhidrograficalMuntenieiCentrale,iarlaestValeaMostitei.Celedoucursuride
Institutul de Arheologie Vasile Prvan al Academiei Romne, str. Henri Coand, nr. 11,
sector1,Bucureti.
DinpreistoriaDunriideJos.50deanidelanceputulcercetrilorarheologicelaBabadag,Tulcea,2013,p.461486
462
CristianSCHUSTER
ap, precum i grania de sud, anume Dunrea, ale spaiului enunat, au constituit i n perioada
HallstattuluiTimpuriuiMijlociuzoneatrgtoarepentrudiferitelecomunitiumane.
Investigaiile arheologice, mai vechi, dar i cele recente, efectuate pe malurile Argeului, precum i ale
apelorsalesecundaredinstngasa,audoveditcBronzulFinalsaexprimatprintromixturcultural,
cu rdcini n culturile Tei, ZimniceaPlovdiv i Coslogeni. Notabile n acest sens sunt aezrile
fortificatealeculturiiRadovanudinsituleponimidelaPopetiNucet.
HallstattulTimpuriudepeArge,DmboviaiColentinaafostdocumentatnsituriledelaPopetiNucet,
Mogoeti,Mironeti,Pantelimon,BucuretiCiureliMilitariCmpulBoja.Celemairecentereevaluriau
demonstratcsepoatevorbidedousecvene,definitedreptHaI1(ceramicdetipNovaci)iHaI2(ceramic
detipPopeti).TrebuienotatnscnutoatedescopeririledinHallstattulTimpuriusecircumscriucelordou
faze. Amintim aici, de exemplu, BucuretiMilitariCmpul Boja i Celu Nou, unde au fost descoperite
recipiente cu toarte supranlate prevzute cu ansa cornuta, dar i ceramica de tip Susani, gsit la
Chitila. Argeul Inferior, mpreun cu apele sale secundare din stnga sa, intr ncepnd cu Hallstattul
Mijlociu n aria de rspndire a complexului Basarabi. Semnificativ este c, alturi de multe situri de mici
dimensiuni,identificatepemalurilerurilorDmbovia,Colentina,Pasrea,Ciorogrla,peArgeaupututfi
investigatedouaezrifortificate:MironetiMalulRouiPopetiNucet.Ambelesituriaufostprevzutecu
valuridepmnt,Popetibeneficiindideandeaprare.
SituaiaculturalaViiMostiteidifernHallstattulTimpuriufadeArge.Cercetrilearheologice
au permis descoperirea unui ir de puncte cu materiale hallstattiene de sorginte transilvnean, de tip
Media.Acesteaaufostdepistateattpemaluldreptalrului,ctipecelrsritean:Coconi,Sultana,
Ulmu, Preasna, Preasna Veche, Gostilele, Mataraua, Vldiceasca. Hallstattului Mijlociu, n spe
complexuluiBasarabi,iaupututfiatribuitenumaictevaaezri(GrditeaMic,Surlari,Odaia),ceea
ce, n actualul stadiu de cunoatere al perioadei respective, ne arat c Mostitea, se pare c, nu a
reprezentatozonatractivpentrucomunitileBasarabi.
Keywords:EarlyIronAge,Arge,Mostitea,Muntenia,Romania.
Cuvintecheie:primavrstafierului,Arge,Mostitea,Muntenia,Romnia.
Din bogata literatur, amintim selectiv: Iscescu, Burlacu 1978; erbnescu, Trohani 1978;
Trohani1986;Schuster,Popa2000;Schuster,Popa2008;Schuster,Popa2012;Schuster,Popa,
Barbu2012.
PrimavrstafieruluinbazinulArgeuluiipnlaValeaMostitei
463
irsriteanajudeuluiGiurgiuicoluldesudvestaljud.Clrai2.Perieghezelei,
ulterior, n unele cazuri, cercetrile de salvare i sistematice, prilejuite, n special, de
derulareapnn1989aproiectuluideconstrucieacanaluluiBucuretiDunre,au
nlesnitnmodsubstanialsporireadateloriinformaiilorcuprivirelamanifestrile
Bronzului Final i ale Hallstattului Timpuriu i Mijlociu din Muntenia Central3.
Astfel, Bronzul Final a fost prezent n bazinul Argeului Inferior prin cultura
Radovanu, manifestare cu puternice rdcini n culturile Tei, ZimniceaPlovdiv i
Coslogeni. Remarcabile n acest sens sunt descoperirile de la RadovanuGorgana a
doua4 (com. Radovanu), jud. Clrai, i PopetiNucet5 (oraul Mihileti), jud.
Giurgiu, unde au putut fi investigate aezri fortificate. Aceast manifestare6 a fost,
aa cum ncep s demonstreze din ce n ce mai multe situri (Clugreni, BilaLa
Fntn, MironetiMalul Rou, ChitilaFerm, Chirnogi, Cscioarele, Chitila,
Bucureti)7,prezentipemalurileapelorsecundarealeArgeului.
Ulterior, n perioada hallstattian timpurie, bazinul inferior al Argeului (Pl. I) a
fost ocupat, aa cum indic recentele luri de poziie ale lui Alexandru Vulpe i ale
NoneiPalinca,demanifestriPreBasarabi.Astfel,laPopetiNucetaufostdecelate
doustraturihallstattienetimpurii,carearcorespundesecolelorXII/XIIX/VIIIa.Chr.8.
Ceramica primului strat (de tip Novaci) are, de exemplu, analogii la Pantelimon (pe
Colentina)9,pecndcea(detipPopeti)(Pl.IV/1)dinaldoileaaresimilitudinincea
de la Mogoeti (com. AdunaiiCopceni) (Pl. IV/2) i Mironeti (com. Gostinari),
situri situate tot pe Arge, aflate n jud. Giurgiu10, Mgurele11 (oraul Mgurele), pe
Ghinea 1996a, 65; Schuster, Popa 2000, 1113; Schuster, Crciunescu, Fntneanu 2005, 10
sq.;Schuster2005;Panait,Schuster2008,13sq.;Schuster,Popa,Barbu2012,11sq.
3 Schuster2012.
4 Schuster,erbnescu2007,culiteratur.
5 AlexandruVulpeiNonaPalincavorbescncazulBronzuluiTrziuiFinaldevestigiide
tip GovoraFundeni i ZimniceaPlovdiv (Vulpe 1997, 165; Vulpe 2005, 23; Palinca 1996;
Palinca1997,175;Palinca2005).ValeriuLeahu(2003,141)credecavemdeafacecuurme
alegrupuluiFundeniiDoamnei.nopinianoastr,laPopetiaulocuitcomunitidinfazaa
IVa(Fundeni)aculturiiTeiiaiculturiiRadovanu(Schuster,Popa2008,67;Schuster,Popa
2010,69;Schuster,Popa,Barbu2012,32).
6 Schuster2011a;Schuster2011b.
7 Boronean1984;Lszl2001,318;Schuster,Popa2008,44,fig.63,pl.LXXII/4;Schuster,Popa
2009,37,pl.LXXI/23;Schuster,Popa2010,70,pl.XLII/1,XLV/34;Schuster,Popa2012,64;
Schuster2009;Schuster,Popa,Barbu2012,90
8 Vulpe1997,165;Palinca1997,182;Palinca2005;Trohani1997,198sq.
9 MnucuAdameteanuetalii2005,96.
10 Popa1998,fig.9;Schuster,Popa2000,78sq.,fig.47/2;Schuster,Popa2008,33sq.,pl.XCIV/2,
fig.67;Schuster,Popa,Barbu2012,75,pl.XVII/2.
2
464
CristianSCHUSTER
malulstngalruluiCiorogrla,i,foarteprobabil,laPasrea12(com.Brneti),aflat
pemaluldreptalruluicuacelainume,ambelestaiunigsindusenjud.Ilfov.
Pl.I.DescoperirihallstattienepecursulinferioralArgeului/EarlyIronAgediscoveries
ontheLowerArge.
MnucuAdameteanu,Palinca2007b,89100.
SanduCuculea2005,37sq.;SanduCuculea2007,320sq.;SanduCuculea2012,378sq.,fig.2,57,
911;MnucuAdameteanuetalii2006,92sq.;MnucuAdameteanu,Palinca2007a,7388.
13 Morintz,Ionescu1968,fig.119;Vulpe1986,56;Schuster1996,149.
14 Schuster,Popa1995a,40;Schuster1996,149;Schuster,Popa,Barbu2012,63sq.
15 Popa1998;Schuster,Popa2000,78sq.,fig.41/12,47/2,59/13,64/3,69/5.
11
12
PrimavrstafieruluinbazinulArgeuluiipnlaValeaMostitei
465
Punctul I16, a fost recuperat numai un lot restrns de ceramic, foarte probabil
aparinndcomplexuluiBasarabi17.Arealulncareafostdepistatsitul,esteamplasat
pemaluldreptalrului,peoterasmaijoas,ntrunlocncarenperioadaEvului
MediuTrziuexistaunvadcarepermiteatraversareaArgeului18.
Pl. II. Descoperiri hallstattiene n teritoriul dintre Arge i Mostitea / Early Iron Age
discoveriesintheterritorybetweentheArgeandMostiteaRivers.
Tot pe malul drept al rului, dar de data aceasta pe terasa nalt, investigaiile
arheologice au permis descoperirea n Punctul II a unui mormnt de incineraie19,
aparinndunuiadult,careaavutcainventarostrachinidoufragmentedelaun
vas, care au reprezentat capacul recipientului ce era umplut cu resturile osteologice
umanearse,crbuneipmnt.AutoareacercetriiMioaraTurcuancadratacest
18
19
16
17
Schuster,Popa,Barbu2012,22.
Znescu1992,368.
Schuster,Popa,Barbu2012,26sq.,culiteratura.
Schuster,Popa,Barbu2012,27,culiteratura,pl.XLVIII/1.
466
CristianSCHUSTER
Pl. III. Descoperiri hallstattiene pe Valea Mosttea / Early Iron Age discoveries on the
MostiteaValley.
LucrrilelabarajulcareafostridicatpentrurealizarealaculuideacumulareCornetu
Mihileti,deasemeneapeterasanaltdindreaptaArgeului,nteritoriulcartierului
TufaallocalitiiMihileti,apututficercetatparteainferioarauneigropimenajere
Basarabi(Gr.nr.6)20.Ceramicadinacestcomplexafost,dinpcate,cantitativlimitat.
Alteamenajrihallstattienesauunstratarheologicnuaufostsurprinse.
La PopetiNucet (Sectorul A) intensele investigaii arheologice au dus la
descoperirea unei aezri Basarabi fortificate (Pl. V/1), care a adpostit o serie de
complexe, construcii i anexe, i, bineneles, un lot semnificativ de materiale
Schuster,Popa,Barbu2012,54.
20
PrimavrstafieruluinbazinulArgeuluiipnlaValeaMostitei
467
ceramice (Pl. VI/1)21. Aici, dar mai cu seam n Sectorul B (Pl. VI/2), au putut fi
cercetateimorminte.
Trecereaprinzonaunuigrupalmanifestrii,afostdocumentatprinsporadice
fragmente ceramice i la AdunaiiCopceniLivad22. n satul Mogoeti al aceleai
comune, n Punctul nr. 1, pe lng mai sus pomenitele urme din Hallstattul
Timpuriu, au putut fi investigate i trei gropi menajere Basarabi. Prima dintre
acestea,Gr.nr.1,afostnformaunuisac(guraoval=diam.maxim0.76m;fundul
tot oval = 0,84 m; nlimea = 1,25 m)23. De aceeai form a fost i Gr. nr. 2 (gur
rotund =1.11 m,fundoval= diam. maxim1.18 m, nlime=1,25 m)24, n schimb
Gr.nr.7afostcilindric(diam.guraifund=0,94m,nlimea0,35m)25.Inventarul
complexeloreracompusdinceramic,chirpici(demicidimensiuni),oasedeanimal
sparte i cenu. Cte o ceac fragmentar a fost descoperit n Gr. nr. 1 i
Gr.nr.226,iarunvasdedimensiunimaimari,spartinsitunmultefragmente,lucrat
dintropastdecalitateinferioar,nGr.nr.727.
CercetrilepreventiveefectuatenextraiintravilanulsatuluiMironeti,situatde
asemeneapeterasanaltiabruptdindreaptaruluiArge,apermisidentificarea
maimultorpunctecuvestigiiBasarabi.CelmaivesticestearealulactualuluiCimitir28,
undenurmaspriigropilormormintelorauieitlaivealifragmenteceramiceale
manifestriincauz.
Investigaiiledincampaniile20102011aupermisdescoperireanpunctulConacul
Mironescu, n stratul vegetal i n cel arheologic, a unui lot destul de restrns de
ceramic din Hallstattul Mijlociu29. Majoritatea fragmentelor Basarabi provin de la
recipiente cucorpulglobular,de la castroane, cni i ceti. Decorulse caracterizeaz
prinbrurinreliefalveolateicrestateidiferiteleformegeometriceadncite.
Nu departe de punctul amintit, pe un promontoriu cu o altitudine apreciabil
(82m),npunctulConaculluiPalade(Pl.VII/2)30,apututficercetatnanul2002o
Din bogata literatur amintim: Vulpe R. 1955; Vulpe R. 1957; Vulpe R. 1959a; Vulpe R.
1959b; Vulpe R. 1961; Vulpe R. 1962; Vulpe, VeselovschiBuil 1967; Vulpe, Gheorghi
1979; Vulpe, Gheorghi 1981; Vulpe 1965; Vulpe 1986; Vulpe 1997; Vulpe 2005; Palinca
1996;Palinca1997.
22 Schuster1996,149,fig.9/12.
23 Schuster,Popa1995b,148;Schuster,Popa2000,39,fig.5.
24 Schuster,Popa1995b,148;Schuster,Popa2000,39,fig.5.
25 Popa1998,130;Schuster,Popa2000,39,fig.5,13,15.
26 Schuster,Popa2000,fig.41/1=69/5,41/2;Schuster,Popa,Barbu2012,pl.LXV/12.
27 Schuster,Popa2000,78.
28 Schuster,Popa2008,24;Schuster,Popa,Barbu2012,50.
29 Schuster,Popa2012,14.
30 Schuster,Popa2008,33sq.,pl.XXX/4,XCIV/2.
21
468
CristianSCHUSTER
groapmenajer(Gr.nr.1),acreipartesuperioarafuseseafectatdeointervenie
ulterioar. Inventarul complexului a cuprins ceramic fragmentar, printre care i
unvasntregibil(ocan;Pl.VIII/2),bucidechirpici,oasedeanimale,crbunei
cenu.Oaltgroapmenajer(Gr.nr.5),nformdeclopot,afostdescoperitn
201031. n acelai an a fost identificat un alt complex (Gr. nr. 6)32, aproape cilindric,
posibil de cult (?), n umplutura cruia, printre cenu i crbune, sau gsit dou
recipiente,ournioceac33.
Cele mai spectaculoase urme Basarabi de la Mironeti au fost identificate n
punctul Malul Rou34. Este vorba de o aezare fortificat (pinten barat), cu val de
aprare (Pl. V/2, VII/2). Din cauza lucrrilor antropice ulterioare, inclusiv o posibil
intervenie, curire, getic, traseul valului la suprafaa solului de astzi se poate
distinge numai cu mare greutate. Valul se compunea dintrun strat gros de pn la
0,800,90mnunelelocuridinlutarslarouintens,negruicenuiu.Apoiurmaalt
stratcenuiucuinseriiportocaliiigalbene,cugrosimeapnla0,901,10m.Aceste
doustraturisesprijineaupeunpatsubire(grosde0,080,13m),darnupetoat
lungimea cercetat prin spturi, din pietre de ru. Sub acesta se gsea un strat
arheologic aparinnd culturii Cernavod II (0,200,27 m) i pmntul viu, steril.
Populaia Basarabi a aezat la temelia viitorului val de aprare un strat de pietre de
ru, dndui astfel o rezisten mai mare. Apoi a fost nlat valul propriuzis, din
pmnt adus de pe platou. n structura valului au fost gsite fragmente ceramice ce
pot fi atribuite culturilor Cernavod III i Cernavod II. Probabil peste val a fost
ridicat o construcie din lemn (palisad?), care, n urma unui incendiu, a ars, dnd
priisuperioareapmntuluiculoarearoie.Precizmnsc,nuamgsiturmeale
unorparisaualtepridelemn.Dinpcate,valulapututfitiatarheologicnumai
n dou locuri, astfel c informaiile cu privire la construcia sa sunt destul de
lacunare. Limea valului a fost, acolo unde lam secionat, ntre 2,823,57 m, iar
nlimeapstratafostntre1,231,76m.
Aezarea de la Malul Rou este una lipsit de amenajri interioare consistente. n
afara unei vetre de foc exterioare, de un complex de vase i de groapa ritualic
(Pl.VII/1,VIII/1,34),pentruculturaBasarabinuaufostdescoperiteconstrucii,fieele
de suprafa sau de adncime. Posibil ca acestea s fi fost distruse de interveniile
antropiceulterioaresauconstruciileaufostridicatenarealulpintenuluiprbuitn
33
34
31
32
Schuster,Popa2012,17.
Schuster,Popa2012,17.
Schuster,Popa2012,20,fig.19/12.
Schuster, Popa 2008, 3843, fig. 2425, 4761; Schuster, Popa 2012, 2225, 2729, pl. XVII
XXXVIII,fig.2128,29/2,30,31/1,32,34,48/2.
PrimavrstafieruluinbazinulArgeuluiipnlaValeaMostitei
469
valea Argeului. Foarte probabil ns, situl fortificat a avut un rol de cetate de
refugiu.
Pl. IV. Ceramic din Hallstattul Timpuriu / Early Hallstatt pottery. 1. Mogoeti
(Schuster, Popa, Barbu 2012); 2. PopetiNucet (Palinca 2005). Diferite scri /
Differentscales.
Laestdesitulanterior,peacelaibotdeteras,pemargineasadersrit,spresatul
Teiuu(com.Hotarele),npunctulMalulRou235,cercetriledesuprafaefectuaten
anii20102011auduslaidentificareaaltorurmealecomplexuluiBasarabi.
OarecummaindeprtatdeArge,laestdemalulsustng,nlocalitateaCurcani,
jud. Clrai, n punctul Deculescu36 i ntro zon situat la nord de sat, au fost
identificatecteoaezareBasarabi.Peteritoriulcom.Mitreni,situattotlarsritde
Arge, la km 54 al oselei BucuretiOltenia, pe un promontoriu al terasei, au fost
identificatemaimultebordeie,atribuiteaceluiaicomplexuluicultural37.Totaiciafost
descoperit i un mormnt de incineraie, dar a crui atribuire la manifestarea
HallstattuluiMijlociunuestecert.PeacelaimalstngalruluiArge,laintrareade
nordnoraulOltenia,npunctulRenieafostdescoperitoaezarentinsiaufost
cercetate o serie de construcii38. n punctul Coada Lupului, situat tot la nord de
Oltenia, la cca. 3 km de ora, au fost sesizate urmele altui sit hallstattian39, foarte
probabilBasarabi.
37
38
39
35
36
Schuster,Popa,Barbu2012,51.
Vulpe1965,112,fig.4/8;Vulpe1986,56;Schuster1996,149.
Vulpe1986,60;Schuster1996,149.
Morintz,Ionescu1968,99,15;Vulpe1986,61;Schuster1996,149.
erbnescu2010,Situlnr.19.
470
CristianSCHUSTER
nArgesescurg,directsauindirect,oseriedeapeaflatelaestderu,unelecu
debitmaimare,altelerelativsrace:Dmbovia,Colentina,Sabar,Pasrea,Clnuetc.
ipemalurileacestoraaufostdepistateoseriedelocuirihallstattiene(Pl.II).Trebuie
inut ns seama c n cazul acestor ape cursul a fost afectat destul de puternic de
interveniileantropicedinsec.XX40.AmvzutcolriaetapeitimpuriidetipNovaci
prezintanalogii cu cea descoperitlaPantelimon pe Colentina.LaBucuretiCelu
NouafostoceramicsimilarceleidelaMeri(com.Vedea,jud.Teleorman),faptcare
a fcut pe unii specialiti s vorbeasc de un grup aparte a Hallstattului Timpuriu,
grupulMeri41.SebastianMorintz42atrgeaateniaasupraunorelementededecorale
acestei ceramici, care permit stabilirea unor legturi cu ceramica Babadag I i cea
hallstattian timpurie din Banat i Oltenia. Posibil ca acestui orizont si aparin i
descopeririledelaVaduAnei(com.Brneti)iSurlari(com.Petrchioaia)43.
TotHallstattuluiTimpuriuiaparinnopinianoastrialtesituridepeteritoriul
oraului Bucureti, situate pe Dmbovia i Colentina (MilitariCmpul Boja, Ciurel,
Celu Nou, Dmroaia i Tei)44, dar i de la FundeniFundenii Doamnei45
(com.Dobroieti),jud.Ilfov.Uneledintrepuncteauadpostitvasecutoartedecorate
nansacornuta,care,nactualulstadiualcunoateriiproblematicii,nusencadreazn
etapeledefinitedeNonaPalinca,darnicinupotfiatribuitegrupuluiMeri.Faptulc
tabloul etapei timpurii a Hallstattului n zona Bucuretiului i a mprejurimilor sale
este destul de complicat este demonstrat i de opinia lui Vasile Boronean, care
consider c situl de la ChitilaFerm, jud. Ilfov, a adpostit ceramic de apropiat
celeidinHallstattulTimpuriudinBanatizonaPorilordeFier,fiindprimaexpresiea
hallstattului n respectivul areal, dndui denumirea de aspect cultural Chitila
Ferm46.Pemaluldrept,laaproximativ100150mvestnordvestdeactualulcimitiral
localitii Creuleasca (com. tefnetii de Jos), jud. Ilfov, investigaiile arheologice
preventive au permis descoperirea unor urme de asemenea din prima etap a
Hallstattului47.
42
43
44
Caranfil1936;Ghi2005;Ghi2007;Stnescu,Gavriloaie2011.
Gum1995,pl.XVII.
Morintz1990,134sq.
Leahu,Trohani1976,82,fig.5;Schuster1996,148.
Morintz, Rosetti 1959, 27 sq., pl. XXI/14; Leahu 1963, 26 sq.; Leahu 1965, 51 sq., fig. 34/1;
Vulpe1986,65:atribuiemormntuldeCiurelculturiiBasarabi;Schuster,Negru2008;Negru
etalii2009,276sq.;Damianetalii2009,273.
45 Zirra1959.
46 Boronean1984;Boronean1985;Boronean1992.
47 Damianetalii2010;Damianetalii2011,174.
40
41
PrimavrstafieruluinbazinulArgeuluiipnlaValeaMostitei
471
2
Pl. V. 1. PopetiNucet (Sectoarele A i B),2. MironetiMalul Rou / 1. PopetiNucet
(SectorsAandB),2.MironetiMalulRou.
472
CristianSCHUSTER
PrimavrstafieruluinbazinulArgeuluiipnlaValeaMostitei
473
Vulpe1965.
Vulpe1986,55,fig.15/814.
50 Cercetri mai recente nu au dus la descoperirea unor noi materiale ale complexului
Basarabi:Damianetalii2009;Schusteretalii2009b.
51 SanduCuculea1999,381.
52 Schusteretalii2009a,280;Schusteretalii2012,438,pl.V/A:5.
53 Popescu1959,154;MnucuAdameteanuetalii2005,86.
54 Turcu1971,91sq.;MnucuAdameteanuetalii2005,86.
55 MnucuAdameteanuetalii2005,87.
48
49
474
CristianSCHUSTER
oseauaBucuretiConstana,ntrozonaflatlanorddepdureaPantelimoniest
de lacul cu acelai nume. Pe lng ceramica PreBasarabi de tip Novaci de care am
amintitdeja,afostgsitialtafoarteprobabilBasarabi56.
NicimalurileruluiDmboviadincolodehotarelemunicipiuluiBucuretinuau
fost ocolite de comunitile Basarabi. Urme aleacestoraaufost gsite de exemplula
Blceanca57(com.Cernica),jud.Ilfov,iBudeti58(oraulBudeti),jud.Clrai.
MalurileruluiSabaraufostielecutatedecomunitilehallstattiene.Astfel,pe
malul stng al rului, la Domneticoala Veche59, comuna eponim, jud. Ilfov, n
derularea unor cercetri preventive au fost recuperate i sporadice fragmente din
Hallstattul Mijlociu. Ceramic Basarabi a fost recuperat i din incinta curilor
feudaledinlocalitate60.Lafel,olrieaaceluiaicomplexafostdepistatilanordvest
desatulDrvari(com.Ciorogrla),jud.Ilfov,irespectivBolintinDeal(com.Bolintin
Deal),jud.Giurgiu,deasemeneapemaluldinstngaSabarului61.
Teritoriul actualului ora Mgurele a fost i el de interes pentru comunitile
hallstattiene. Astfel, pe malul stng al rului Ciorogrla, ntro zon aflat la est de
ComplexulIFA,narealulcimitiruluidelngbisericactitoritdeGrigoreAslan,afost
identificat nc din anii 50 ai secolului trecut un sit Basarabi62. n punctul Movila
Filipescu63, depistat pe acelai mal stng,areal cunoscut n special datorit vestigiilor
eneolitice,sagsitdeasemeneaceramicBasarabi.TotolriedinHallstattulMijlociu
afostdescoperitnurmaunorperieghezeipeteritoriulfostuluisatGherman64,n
livada Gospodriei Agricole de Stat, localitate astzi ncorporat n oraul
Mgurele.
Grania de rsrit a teritoriului luat n discuie este, aa cum am precizat de la
nceput, Valea Mostitei65. Fiind ultima zon propice traiului din punct de vedere al
potenialului hidrologic naintea inutului Brganului stepic, a fost i ea intens
populatdealunguldiferitelorsecvenealePreistorieiinunumai.Astzi,dincauza
unor intervenii antropice, care au avut n vedere inclusiv integrarea vii ntrun
58
59
60
61
62
63
MnucuAdameteanuetalii2005,83,96,pl.3/6.
Znescu1992,370.
Situri1996,23;Schuster1996,149.
Boronean2005,25.
Roman2012,64,fig.40/6.
Roman2012,70,78.
Roman2000,35;tefnescu1989,55,nr.13;SanduCuculea2007,310sq.,fig.11/12.
Vulpe1986,55,fig.13/5;tefnescu1989,55,nr.14;Schuster1996,149,fig.7/1;Roman2000,
35; Roman 2012, 26, fig. 17/69; MnucuAdameteanu, Palinca 2007b, 89; SanduCuculea
2007,316.
64 Roman2012,26.
65 Gtescu,Iordan1970,40;Gtescu1971,242sq.;Ujvari1972,464;Ianoetalii2005,406sq.
56
57
PrimavrstafieruluinbazinulArgeuluiipnlaValeaMostitei
475
proiect de irigaii66, peisajul a fost parial alterat n raport de cum arta n epoca
hallstattian. Cu toate acestea, investigaii de suprafa, dar i unele cercetri
arheologicepreventiveisistematice,auoferitinformaiiidateinteresante(Pl.III).
Dac despre situaia Argeului n segmentul timpuriu al Hallstattului lucrurile
ncep a fi lmurite abia n ultimii ani, existnd nc unele incertitudini, Mostitea se
parecaintratnaceaperioadnsferadeinteresacomunitilorMedia.Dovezin
acestsenssuntvestigiilereperatenmaimultepuncte.Astfel,porninddelasudspre
nord,anumenamontedelavrsareaMostiteinDunre,nlocalitateaMnstirea,
comuna eponim, jud. Clrai, n punctul coala Vecheau fost identificate urme din
etapatimpurieaHallstattului67.LaCoconi,parteadministrativaaceleiaicomune,
npunctulPisculCoconi,situatparteadesudestauneipeninsuleamaluluidreptal
vii, ce nainteazn Lacul Mostitea,au fost depistate materiale ce aparin i culturii
Media68. n punctul Gherie/Valea lui Malciu69, n arealul localitii Sultana, i ea
component a com. Mnstirea, au fost identificate fragmente ceramice aparinnd
aceleaimanifestri.
Ceramic de tip Media a fost recoltat cu prilejul unei perigheze i de pe raza
localitii Ulmu70, comuna eponim, dintrun loc situat pe malul stng al Vii
Mostitei71,la300msuddesat.PeostrovulGrditeaFurei/GrditeaChirnogidinlacul
Mostitea, la 200 m sud de satul Furei (com. Ulmu), au fost gsite materiale
hallstattiene72 aparinnd probabil etapei sale timpurii. La Vldiceasca (com. Valea
Argovei)73, pe acelai mal stng, a putut fi nregistrat un alt lot de ceramic Media.
Resturiledeolrieaufostsurprinsenparteadenordestaunuiostrov,aflatlapesteo
jumtatedekilometrudeGherghlulMare.nopinialuiDoneerbnescuiGeorge
Trohani,materialulatestunaspectmaievoluatdectcelcercetatlaSultana74.
erbnescu,Trohani1978,17;Ghi2007;Ghi2008;Ghi,Crciumaru2007.
Proiectpilot:ValeaMostitei/LocalizareexactasiturilorarheologicedinRomnia/Cimec.ro.
68 erbnescu, Trohani 1978, 18, Harta cercetrilor arheologice efectuate pe valea Mostitei, nr. 5;
Schuster1996,148;erbnescu2010,Siteno.52.
69 erbnescu, Trohani 1978, 22, Harta cercetrilor arheologice efectuate pe valea Mostitei, nr. 12;
Schuster1996,148;erbnescu2010,Situlnr.56.
70 Ghinea1998a,333.
71 erbnescu,Trohani1978,28,HartacercetrilorarheologiceefectuatepevaleaMostitei,nr.63;
Schuster1996,148.
72 erbnescu2010,Situlnr.77.
73 Ghinea1998b,342.
74 erbnescu, Trohani 1978, 32, Harta cercetrilor arheologice efectuate pe valea Mostitei, nr. 54;
Schuster1996,148.
66
67
476
CristianSCHUSTER
Pl.VII.Mironeti.1.ceramicBasarabidinaezareadelaMalulRou/Basarabipottery
from the Malul Rou site (Schuster, Popa 2012); 2. imagine cu siturile Conacul lui
Palade(planapropiat)iMalulRou(planndeprtat)/viewwiththesitesConacul
luiPalade(frontside)andMalulRou(backside).
PrimavrstafieruluinbazinulArgeuluiipnlaValeaMostitei
477
erbnescu, Trohani 1978, 34, Harta cercetrilor arheologice efectuate pe valea Mostitei, nr. 63;
Schuster1996,148.
76 Ghinea1996b,641.
77 Trohani1986,19,fig.2/6;Schuster1996,148.
78 erbnescu, Trohani 1978, 37, Harta cercetrilor arheologice efectuate pe valea Mostitei, nr. 95;
Schuster1996,148.
79 Ghinea1996c,129.
80 erbnescu,Trohani1978,38,HartacercetrilorarheologiceefectuatepevaleaMostitei,nr.102.
81 Constantinescu1972,29;Vulpe1986,56;Schuster1996,149.
82 erbnescu, Trohani 1978, 23, fig. 5/13, 56, Harta cercetrilor arheologice efectuate pe valea
Mostitei,nr.15;Vulpe1986,61;Schuster1996,149,fig.7/711.
83 erbnescu, Trohani 1978, 26, Harta cercetrilor arheologice efectuate pe valea Mostitei, nr. 17;
Schuster1996,149.
84 erbnescu2010,Situlnr.72.
75
478
CristianSCHUSTER
Basarabi. La Vrti (com. Dorobanu), jud. Clrai, a fost identificat un nou sit
Basarabi85.
Alt aezare a fost gsit pe teritoriul localitii Surlari (com. Petrchioaia,
jud.Ilfov),situlfiindsituatlanorddesat,pemaluldreptalMostitei86.Pecellaltmal,
lanordestdepunctulmenionat,aufostreperateurmelealteiaezrihallstattiene87,
care ns nu a putut fi atribuit cu certitudine unei etape anume, posibil ns s
aparinHallstattuluiMijlociu.
nparteadesudalteritoriuluiluatndiscuiedenoi,anumespaiuldintreArgei
Mostitea, curge, aa cum am precizat la nceputul demersului nostru, fluviul
Dunrea. Urme ale complexului Basarabi au putut fi identificate cu certitudinepn
nprezentnumaincom.Spanov,jud.Clrai88.
*
Arealul dintre Arge i Mostitea a fost, aa cum au demonstrat cercetrile
arheologice,fieelesistematice,preventivesaudesuprafa,parteaarieiderspndire
a complexului Basarabi89. Dac n bazinul Argeului, socotind aici i apele sale
secundaredinstngasa,numrulsituriloridentificateestemainumeros,pentruValea
Mostitei trebuie admis n actualul stadiu al investigaiilor o locuire mai firav n
etapa mijlocie a Hallstattului90. Este posibil ca, la diferena n ceea ce privete
densitateaaezrilordepeArgeiMostitea,unrolsfijucatimediulambiantdin
aceavreme91.Poatecpeisajulviisnumaififostaaprimitorcantimpulprimei
etapeaHallstattului;saupoateMostiteanuamaifostfolositattdeintenscaax
dintrenordulisudulMuntenieiCentrale.DealtfelsaconstatatcurmeleBasarabi
lipsesciperulIalomia,dincolodeUrziceniipnlavrsareaacestuianDunre92.
InteresantestecpeArgeaufostidentificatedouaezrifortificatedinHallstattul
Mijlociu (PopetiNucet i MironetiMalul Rou) (Pl. V/12). Acest fapt este
surprinztor, avnd n vedere c ele sunt destul de apropiate (cca. 30 km n linie
dreapt). Este dificil a aprecia dac au fost simultan n uz. Cert este ns c ele
controlaucirculaiaperuipemalurileacestuia.Posibilcanperioadarespectiv,la
fel ca i n Bronzul Trziu, n timpul culturii Radovanu, i apoi n vremea geilor,
Vulpe1986,67;Schuster1996,149.
erbnescu,Trohani1978,39,fig.5/4,HartacercetrilorarheologiceefectuatepevaleaMostitei,
nr.124;Schuster1996,149.
87 erbnescu,Trohani1978,39.
88 Vulpe1986,66;Schuster1996,149.
89 Vulpe1986;Schuster1996,150.
90 VeziVulpe1986.
91 Schuster1996,150.
92 Vulpe1986;Renea2008,99.
85
86
PrimavrstafieruluinbazinulArgeuluiipnlaValeaMostitei
479
Argeulsfijucatunrolimportantcarutdecomunicaientransportuldematerii
prime(deexemplusarea)idiferiteproduse.
Pl. VIII. Mironeti. Ceramic Basarabi. 1, 34. Malul Rou; 2. Conacul lui Palade
(Schuster, Popa 2012) /Mironeti. Basarabi pottery. 1, 34. Malul Rou; 2. Conacul lui
Palade(Schuster,Popa2012).
MalurileArgeuluiInferioricelealeapelorsecundaredinparteasastngaufostn
perioadadenceputaHallstattului,aacumsapututobservancelenotatemaisus,
spaiulunormanifestridiverse,dartoatePreBasarabi.Estevorbadecomuniticare
au folosit ceramic de tip Popeti sau Novaci, dar i altele cu vase cu toarte
supranlate(deexempluBucuretiMilitariCmpulBoja)cuansacornuta,precum
480
CristianSCHUSTER
ialtelecarenupotfiatribuiteexpresiilorculturaleanterioare(deexempluBucureti
CiureliChitila).
n schimb Mostitea a fost populat n aceeai vreme de comuniti Media. Din
pcate, n lipsa unor spturi arheologice lmuritoare, informaiile cu privire la
urmele acestei culturii sunt nc prea puin cunoscute93. Este foarte probabil ca
grupuriMedia94sficobortdinsudestulTransilvaniei,trecndmunii,spresud,la
Dunre, folosind drept rut a deplasrii lor Valea Mostitei. Curios este ns c au
evitat a merge i dea lungul Ialomiei. i tot att de surprinztor este c, din
Transilvania i pn la Mostitea, nu au fost descoperite pn n prezent vestigii
Media. n bazinul Ialomiei Mijlocii i pe rul Prahova, cursuri de ap cu care
trebuiau s se intersecteze cei care veneau din ara Brsei i doreau s ajung la
Mostitea,aufostidentificatenumaisituriBabadagsauCorlteniChiinu95.
MotzoiChicideanu2000,43.
Pankau2004,culiteratur.
95 Renea2008.
93
94
PrimavrstafieruluinbazinulArgeuluiipnlaValeaMostitei
481
Bibliografie
482
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Giurgiu).Campaniile19881993,CAMNI10,173190.
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vonPopeti,Dacia,N.S.4849(20042005),5564.
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Mironeti. I. Locuri, cercetri arheologice, monumente i personaje istorice,
BibliothecaMuseiGiurgiuvensis3,Giurgiu,1321.
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Transilvania,Romnia,ActaTerraeSeptemcastrensis3,Sibiu,119140.
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campania din 1998, Buletinul Muzeului Judeean Teohari Antonescu 24
(19961998),Giurgiu,129139.
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(jud.Ilfov)iunelesatedelasudvestdeBucureti,Bucureti.
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iMuzeologie13,Bucureti,379381.
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SanduCuculea,V.2012,CercetriarheologicepreventivensitulPasreaLasuddesat,
comunaBrneti,judeulIlfov(descoperirihallstattieneidinsecolulXd.Hr.),
CAB8,(2009),375392.
Schuster,C.1996,ZudenhallstattzeitlichenFundenimsdlichenTeilMittelmunteniens,n
Garaanin, M., Roman, P. (ed.), Der BasarabiKomplex in Mittel und
Sdosteuropa. Kolloquium in DrobetaTurnu Severin, 7.9. November 1996,
RumnischJugoslawische Kommission fr die Erforschung der Region des
EisernenTores,ArchologischeAbteilung,I,Bucureti,147163.
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Drobeta14,516.
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Giurgiu,BuletinulMuzeuluiTeohariAntonescu14,149162.
Schuster, C. 2011a, Probleme der Bronzezeit in Sdrumnien im Lichte der neusten
Forschungen, n Sava, E., Govedarica, B. und Hnsel, B. (ed.), Der
Schwarzmeerraum vom neolithikum bis in die Frheisenzeit (5000500
v.Chr.), Band 2. Globale Entwicklung versus Lokalgeschehen. Internationale
Fachtagung von Humboldtianern fr Humboldtianer im HumboldtKolleg in
Chiinu,Moldavien(4.8.;Oktober2010),PAS27,Rahden/Westf.
Schuster,C.2011b,ZursptenBronzezeitundfrhenEisenzeitanderUnterenDonau,n
Nikolov, V., Bacvarov, K., Popov, H. (ed.), Interdisziplinre Forschungen
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Bulgarien,Sofia,163175.
Schuster,C.2012,TheEarlyIronAgeintheArgeBasinuptotheMostiteaValley(Central
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Schuster, C., Negru, M. 2008, Ansa cornuta in BucuretiMilitariCmpul Boja.
Betrachtungen zur Frhhallstattzeit im Bukarester Raum, n Ailinci, S.C.,
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Tulcea,4455.
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(investigaiile din anii 19861994), Buletinul Muzeului Judeean Teohari
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Giurgiuvensis1,Giurgiu.
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personajeistorice,BibliothecaMuseiGiurgiuvensis3,Giurgiu.
PrimavrstafieruluinbazinulArgeuluiipnlaValeaMostitei
485
486
CristianSCHUSTER
Analizaantropologicaosemintelor
dintumululdelaRahman(jud.Tulcea)
MihaiConstantinescu*,AndreiSoficaru*
Abstract:Thearticlepresentstheresultoftheanthropologicalstudyoftwoskeletonsfoundinatumulus
fromRahman(TulceaCounty),belongingtotheYamnayatypefunerarystructuresoftheBronzeAge.
Thetwoskeletonsbelongtomaleswithanageatdeathabout2025years.Bothofthemwereaffectedby
soilerosionandsomeochrewasscatteredaroundtheskulls(atM02thiswasovertheentireskeleton).
The skeletons have well developed muscular insertions despite their young age; their stature is similar
withotherskeletonsfromYamnayagraves.
Rezumat: Articolul prezint rezultatul studiului antropologic a dou schelete descoperite la Rahman
(jud.Tulcea)ntruntumulaparinnddescoperirilordetipJamnaja.Ceidoiindivizianalizaisuntde
sexmasculin,cuvrsteladecescuprinsentre2025deani.Ambeleschelete,afectatedeageniinaturali
dinsol,aveaudepusnparteasuperioaracaloteibucideocru(ncazulluiM02acestafiindpresrat
i pe restul scheletului). Ambii indivizi au un schelet cu inserii musculare bine dezvoltate, n ciuda
vrsteitinereiostaturnalt(calculatdoarpentruM02)asemntoarecuaaltorscheleteatribuite
descoperirilordetipJamnaja.
Keywords:EarlyBronzeAge,Yamnayagraves,anthropologicalanalysis.
Cuvintecheie:Bronztimpuriu,morminteJamnaja,analizantropologic.
Introducere
Scheleteleanalizateprovindintruntumuldeepocabronzului,cercetatncursulunei
spturi de salvare, n anul 2011, atribuit descoperirilor de tip Jamnaja. Ambele
nmormntriaufostdispusenparteacentralatumulului,avndoamenajaredin
brne de lemn deasupra gropilor; iar scheletele erau dispuse n decubit dorsal cu
membreleinferioareflexatedinbazinidingenunchi,peparteadreapt1.
DinpreistoriaDunriideJos.50deanidelanceputulcercetrilorarheologicelaBabadag,Tulcea,2013,p.487494
488
MihaiCONSTANTINESCU,AndreiSOFICARU
Metode
Stareadeconservare(careestimeazprocentulncareoaseleaufostafectatedeagenii
naturali din sol, gradul de erodare i exfoliere al suprafeei oaselor) a fost nregistrat
utilizndpatruscoruristandard(0=osulnuesteprezentpentruobservaie;1=conservare
precar,peste75%dinsuprafaaosuluiesteafectat;2=conservarebun,ntre5075%din
suprafaa osului este afectat; 3 = conservare foarte bun, sub 25% din suprafaa osului
esteafectat)2.
Starea de reprezentare (care nregistreaz procentul n care segmentele
componente ale oaselor sunt pstrate) a fost nregistrat utiliznd patru scoruri
standard (0 = osul nu este prezent pentru observaie; 1 = sub 50%; 2 = ntre 5075%;
3=peste75%)3.
Au fost descrise transformrile taphonomice suferite de schelet dup decesul
individului(distrugerea oaselor datorat aciuniianimalelor, plantelor iactivitilor
umaneintenionatesauneintenionatedintrecutsauprezent)4.
Pentrudeterminareasexuluiamutilizatcaracterelecraniene5ipostcraniene6.
Pentru estimarea vrstei sau utilizat erupia dentar7, gradul de sinostoz al
epifizelor8,evoluiacapetelorsternalealecoastelor9ievoluiasimfizelorpubice10.
Identificarea i descrierea patologiei osoase sau realizat pe baza volumului lui
Ortner11, fiind nregistrat patologia dentar, (carii, abcese, pierderea dinilor ante
mortem) i hypoplasia emailului12, resorbia osului alveolar, tartrul i localizarea
cariilor13. Au fost nregistrate porozitile craniene (cribra orbitalia i cribra cranii)14,
osteoperiostitapentruoaselelungi15iurmeledeosteoartroz16.
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
2
3
Connell,Rauxloh2003,2;Connell2008,9.
Steckeletalii2006,19.
Stodder2008,71114.
Buikstra,Uberlaker1994,1921.
Steckeletalii2006,1924.
Steckeletalii2006,17,fig.1113.
Buikstra,Uberlaker1994,4144,fig.20;Powers2008,1314,table3.
Loth,can1989,106118.
White,Folkens2005,374379,fig.19/8.
Ortner2003.
Steckeletalii2006,1516,fig.10.
Brothwell1981,155,fig.6/12,14.
Steckeletalii2006,1214,fig.89.
Steckeletalii2006,3031,fig.26.
Steckeletalii2006,3133,fig.2729.
AnalizaantropologicaosemintelordintumululdelaRahman(jud.Tulcea)
489
DatelemetriceaufostprelevatedupmetodeleluiMartin17iBuikstra&Uberlaker18iar
staturaafostcalculatprinmetodaluiBreitinger19.
Mormintele
Mormntul01/2011(Tabel13)
Scheletcustaredeconservareireprezentareslab;toateoaseleprezenteausuprafaa
exfoliaticrpat,fiindfoartefriabiledincauzaagenilornaturalidinsol;dinaceste
motiveaupututfirestauratedoarctevafragmentedecraniuidediafize,acesteadin
urmprezentndnumeroaselipsuricareaufcutimposibilrestaurareaintegral.
Sexulestemasculin,vrstafiindde2025deani.
Pe frontal i parietale se observ o pigmentaie medie de culoare roiatic de la
ocru. Pe poriunea anterioar a frontalului pigmentul rou apare sub forma unor
dungiparalelecumarginileorbitale.Dupntindereacoloraieisepoatedeterminac
aceastaafostpusnumaipeporiuneanterioaracalotei,nuipeprilelateralei
ceaposterioar,foarteposibillascurttimpdupdeces,deoarecetavanulorbitelornu
estecolorat.
Peunfragmentdediafizdehumerus,peunuldediafizdefemur,pecoluldrept
i pe condilul medial femural stng se identific mai multe incizii paralele (lime
medie 3 mm) i de forma literei U n seciune, care au fost provocate probabil de
roztoare.
Mormntul02/2011(Tabel13)
Scheletcustaredeconservareireprezentarebun,nspecialnparteasuperioara
scheletului,oaselemembrelorinferioareavndsuprafaacrpatiexfoliatdincauza
agenilornaturalidinsol.
Sexul este masculin, iar vrsta de 2023 de ani, scheletul avnd o statur de
173,084,9cm.
Patologie:osteoartrozpearticulaiilepstrateipeoaseleminiloripicioarelor.
Pefrontaliparietaleseobservopigmentaieintensdeculoareroubrundela
ocru,localizatpeporiuneasuperioaracalotei(frontaliparietale).Pigmentaiaare
o form aproximativ dreptunghiular, mai intens n poriunea superioar a calotei
(fiind mai puin ntins i pe parietalul drept), ocrul fiind probabil depus ntrun
scule, n poriunea superioar a calotei. De asemenea, se remarc faptul c toate
oasele scheletului post cranian au n partea anterioar, o pigmentaie uoar de
Bruer1988,160232.
Buikstra,Uberlaker1994,7484.
19 Breitinger1937.
17
18
490
MihaiCONSTANTINESCU,AndreiSOFICARU
culoare roiatic, probabil avnd un strat mic de ocru rou presrat deasupra
scheletului.
Poriunea lateral a parietalului este rupt din vechime i lipsete, n zona
parietaluluimarginilefiinduorrotunjite.Nusepoatespunecucertitudinedaceste
ourmdeviolenperimortemsauunderanjamentpostmortem.
nzonaemineneiparietaledrepte,peepifizadistalatibieidrepteipeodiafiz
dehumerusseidentificmaimulteinciziiparalele(limemedie2mm)ideforma
litereiUnseciune,ceaufostprovocateprobabilderoztoare.
Concluzii
Mormintele de epoca bronzului din Dobrogea, de altfel relativ puine ca numr, au
beneficiat rareori de analize antropologice. n ciuda numrului mic de schelete
analizatepotfievideniatectevaelementeinteresante.Pedeoparte,faptulcdoar
partea superioar a calotelor este intens pigmentat cu rou, n ambele cazuri fiind
depusebucideocruroudeasupracapului.ncazulmormntului02,pigmentulde
ocru este mai vizibil i pe restul scheletului. De asemenea, este interesant prezena
unor incizii pe oase, realizate de roztoare, accesul acestora la oase fiind facilitat de
construciafunerarspecific(acoperireacubrneagropilordemorminte).Stareade
conservarengeneralprecarascheletelorpoatefilegattotdeconstruciafunerar
specific, spaiul deschis din groapa mormintelor favoriznd prezena
microorganismeloriinfiltrareaapei.
Ambelescheleteaparinunorindivizidesexmasculin,cuovrstladecesrelativ
tnr, dar cu schelete masive (estimate vizual), cu inserii musculare bine reliefate.
Statura scheletului din mormntul 02 este mare comparativ cu datele cunoscute
pentrualtepopulaiideepocabronzuluidinDobrogea20,darapropiat21deceaaaltor
populaiinmormntatesubtumuli22.
491
AnalizaantropologicaosemintelordintumululdelaRahman(jud.Tulcea)
Mormnt
M01
M02
PDPE
0
19
DEP
3
32
Dini
DPC DPPAM
0
0
0
0
NA
0
0
Tabel 1. Dentiie (PDPE = poziii de dini erupi permaneni; DEP = dini erupi
permaneni; DPC = dini permaneni cariai; DPPAM = dini permaneni pierdui
antemortem;NA=numrabcese)/Dentition(PDPE=positionsoferuptedpermenent
teeth;DEP=numberoferuptedpermanentteeth;DPC=numberofpermanentteethwith
caries;DPPAM=permanentteethlostantemortem;NA=numberofabscesses.
Nr.mormnt
Sex
3.Lung.calotei(gl)
8.L.max(eueu)
69(1).nl.corpf.m.dr.
69(1).nl.corpf.m.stg.
70.nlimerammandibular
Tabel2.Msurtorischeletcranian/Metricsforskulls.
M02
109.71
145
13.14
13.87
36.1
492
MihaiCONSTANTINESCU,AndreiSOFICARU
M01/02
Dimensiuniiindici
M01/02
dr.
stg.
/
/10,29
/12,48
/82,45
/155
10,15/9,78
13,51/12,31
75,13/79,45
/331
/64
/22,32
Dimensiuniiindici
M01/02
M01/02
*2a.Lung.fiz.
dr.
/
stg.
/241
3.Perim.minim
11.Diam.dorsovolar
12.Diam.transv.
11:12I.seciune
/
/36
/
/
/36
/13,16
/16,58
/80,67
6.Diam.sagit.mijl.
34,07/
/
/
Patella
1.nl.max.
/17,57
/44,93
/
/
2.L.maxim
3.Gros.max.
/
/
/47,11
21,01/20,6
/42,92
/78,72
/104,63
/
/
/
Tibie
6.L.epifizeidist.
Peroneu
1.Lung.max.
/53
/51
/373
2.Diam.max.lamij.
/15
/13,01
3.Diam.min.lamijl.
3:2.I.diafiz
Calcaneu
/12,92
/86,13
/10,57
/81,24
1.Lung.max.
/82
2.L.lamijloc.
2:1.I.lung.l.
/
/
/41
/55,26
Clavicul
1.Lung.max.
4.Diam.vert.
5.Diam.sag.
4:5.I.sec.
Humerus
Femur
1.Lung.max.
4.L.epif.inf.
5.Diam.max.lamij.
6.D.min.lamij.
9.D.transv.max.
cap.
10.D.sag.max.cap.
6:5.I.sec.diaf.
9:10.I.sec.cap
Radius
1.Lung.max.
/
4.Diam.transv.
5.Diam.sag.
/252
/
/
37/
18,28/
15,43/12,3
37/32
5(6).L.epif.dist.
5:4.I.sec.diaf.
Ulna
84,41/
/277
1.Lung.max.
Tabel3.Msurtorischeletpostcranian/Metricsforthepostcranialbones.
AnalizaantropologicaosemintelordintumululdelaRahman(jud.Tulcea)
493
Bibliografie
Acsdi,.G.,Nemeskri,J.1970,HistoryofHumanLifeSpanandMortality,Budapest.
Ailinci, S.C., Mihail, F., Carozza, L., Micu, C. 2013, O descoperire funerar de la
nceputulepociibronzuluinDobrogea.TumululdelaRahman(com.Casimcea,
Jud.Tulcea),manuscris
Bruer, G. 1988, Osteometrie, in Knussman, R., Schwidetzky, I., Jurgens, H. W.,
Ziegelmayer, G. (Hrsg.), Anthropologie. Handbuch der vergleichen den
BiologiedesMenschen,StuttgartNewYork,BandI,160232.
Breitinger, E. 1937, Zur Berechnung der Krperhhe aus den langen Gliedmaenknochen,
AnthropologischerAnzeiger14,249274.
Brothwell, D.R. 1981, Digging up bones. The excavation, treatment and study of human
skeletalremains,OxfordUniversityPress,thirdedition.
Buikstra, J.E., Uberlaker, D.H. 1994, Standards for data collection from human skeletal
remains,ArkansasArchaeologicalSurveyResearchSeries44,Fayetteville.
Connell, B. 2008, Preservation and archaeological data, in N. Powers (ed.), Human
osteology method statement, Museum of London, Published online March
2008,910.
Connell, B., Rauxloh, P. 2003, A rapid method for recording human skeletal data.
Unpublished manuscript. Available at: http://www.museumoflondon.
org.uk/NR/rdonlyres/61CC101EB351451B857B7A4479E78CC7/0/Rapid
MethodRecordingManual.pdf
Hass, N., Maximilian, C. 1958, Antropologicskie issledovanie okroennych kostjakov iz
komplexa moghila ocroi v Glvnetii Vechi, Corlteni i StoicaniCetuia,
SovetskajaAntropologia4,133158.
Loth, S.R., can, M.Y.1989,Morphologicalassessment of age in the adult: the thoracic
region,inM.Y.can(ed.),AgeMarkersintheHumanSkeleton,Springfield,
105135.
Necrasov, O., Cristescu, M. 1957, Contribuie la studiul antropologic al scheletelor din
complexulmormintelorcuocrudelaHolbocaIai,Problemedeantropologie
3,73147.
Necrasov,O.,Kluger,R.,Roca,M.1965,Studiulantropologicalscheleteloreneoliticedela
DealulSofia(Cernavoda),Studiiicercetrideantropologie2,2,163173.
Ortner,D.J.2003,Identificationofpathologicalconditionsinhumanskeletalremains,second
edition,SanDiego.
Perianu,M.1988,Ctevaobservaiiasupraaparatuluidentomaxilarntroserieosteologic
dinepocabronzului,Studiiicercetrideantropologie25,1114.
Powers, N. 2008, Age at death estimation, in Powers, N. (ed.), Human osteology method
statement,MuseumofLondon,PublishedonlineMarch2008.
494
MihaiCONSTANTINESCU,AndreiSOFICARU
Steckel,R.H.,Larsen,C.S.,Sciulli,P.W.,Walker,P.L.2006,TheGlobalHistoryofHealth
Project data collection codebook. Unpublished manuscript. Available at:
http://global.sbs.ohiostate.edu/new_docs/Codebook012411em.pdf
Stloukal,M.,Hanakova,H.1978,DieLngederLngsknochenaltslavischenBevlkerungen
unterbesondererBercksichtigungvonWachstumsfragen,Homo26,5369.
Stodder, A.L. 2008, Taphonomy and the nature of archaeological assemblages, in
Katzenberg, M.A., Saunders, S.R. (eds.), Biological anthropology of the
humanskeleton,secondedition,71114.
Uberlaker,D.H.1980,HumanSkeletalRemains,Washington.
White,T.D.1991,Humanosteology,SanDiego.
White, T.D., Black, M.T., Folkens, P.A. 2012, Human osteology. Third edition,
AcademicPress.
Exploatarearesurseloranimaledectrelocuitorii
aezriidelaNiculiel(culturaBabadag):
datearheozoologice
SiminaStanc*,ValentinRadu**
Abstract: The analyzed fauna remains resulted from the archaeological researches carried out in 1988
and2000atNiculielCornet.Theanalyzedsamplecontains902remains,fromfish,reptiles,birdsand
mammals.Thehighestratiowithinthesampleisoccupiedbythemammalbones,with615remains,outof
which 397 were also identified by species. The identified domestic mammal species are: cattle (Bos
taurus),sheep(Ovisaries),goat(Caprahircus),horse(Equuscaballus),pig(Susdomesticus),withcattle
prevailing.Theidentifiedwildmammalspeciesare:reddeer(Cervuselaphus),wildboar(Susscrofa)and
roedeer(Capreoluscapreolus),withhighestnumberofremainsbelongingtoreddeer.Thereisasingle
fragmentfrombirdsand6fragmentsfromreptiles.Fishremainsarenumerous(276)andthefollowing
species wereidentified:pike(Esoxlucius),commoncarp(Cyprinuscarpio),tench(Tincatinca),catfish
(Silurusglanis)andzander(Sanderlucioperca).
Rezumat:Resturilefaunisticeanalizateprovindinceledoucampaniiarheologicepreventivederulaten
anii1988i2000nsituldelaNiculielCornet.Eantionulanalizatcuprinde902resturicareprovinde
lapeti,reptile,psriimamifere.Ceamaimareproporieodeinresturiledelamamifereledomestice
(615 fragmente), dintre care 397 au fost identificate pn la nivel de specie. Speciile de mamifere
domestice sunt urmtoarele: vac (Bos taurus), oaie (Ovis aries), capr (Capra hircus), cal (Equus
caballus),porc(Susdomesticus),ntreacesteavitaavndceamaimarefrecven.Pelngacesteaaumai
fostdocumentateurmtoarelespeciiledemamifereslbatice:cerb(Cervuselaphus),mistre(Susscrofa)i
cprior(Capreoluscapreolus),cerbulavndproporiaceamaimarecanumrderesturi,lngcareau
fost nregistrate un rest de la psri i ase fragmente de reptile. Resturile de pete sunt destul de
numeroase (276) i am putut evidenia existena urmtoarelor specii: tiuc (Esox lucius), crap
(Cyprinuscarpio),lin(Tincatinca),somn(Silurusglanis)ialu(Sanderlucioperca).
Keywords:archaeozoology,EarlyIronAge,Niculiel,Babadagculture,quantification.
Cuvintecheie:arheozoologie,primaepocafierului,Niculiel,culturaBabadag,cuantificare.
DinpreistoriaDunriideJos.50deanidelanceputulcercetrilorarheologicelaBabadag,Tulcea,2013,p.495502
496
SiminaSTANC,ValentinRADU
Introducere
Datereferitoarelaexploatarearesurseloranimale
Contribuia de fa vine s aduc noi date referitoare ntrun domeniu puin
cunoscut,ianumeacelaalexploatriiresurseloranimaleninteriorulcomunitilor
hallstattienetimpuriidinzonaistropontic6.
Resturile faunistice analizate provin din cele dou campanii arheologice
menionatemaisus.Eantionulcuprinde902resturi,dintrecarepatruprovindela
om(Homosapiens).Resturileidentificateaparinlapatrugrupetaxonomice:peti,
reptile, psri i mamifere. Proporia cea mai mare n cadrul eantionului o au
oasele de mamifere, de la care provin 615 resturi (Tabelul 1), dintre acestea fiind
identificate pn la nivel de specie 397. Speciile de mamifere domestice
identificatesunt:vitadomestic(Bostaurus),oaia(Ovisaries),capra(Caprahircus),
3
4
Micuetalii2009.
Ailinci2005.
Topoleanu,Jugnaru1995.
Jugnaru, Topoleanu 1994; Topoleanu, Jugnaru 1995; Ailinci, Topoleanu 2003; Ailinci 2008;
Constantinescu,Mirioiu2008.
5 Morintz1964;Morintz1987;Jugnaru2005;Ailinci2010.
6 VezideexempluVasilescuUreche,Haimovici1976;Haimovici,Bodi2003;Haimovici2008.
1
2
Exploatarearesurseloranimale...aezriidelaNiculiel(culturaBabadag)
497
calul (Equus caballus) (Fig. 1, 2, 3), porcul (Sus domesticus). n cadrul grupului de
mamifere domestice ponderea cea mai mare o are vita domestic, care reprezint
46,6% din totalul resturilor de mamifere identificate. Dup vita domestic
urmeaz ovicaprinele, a cror pondere este 19%, iar apoi calul care reprezint
10,5%dintotalulresturilordemamifereidentificate(Tabelul2).
Tabelul1.Grupefaunisticeidentifcateneantion/
Faunalgroupsidentifiedinthesample.
Grupfaunistic
NR
Peti
276
30,73
Reptile
0,67
Psri
0,11
Mamifere
615
68,49
Totaleantion
898
100
Homosapiens
498
SiminaSTANC,ValentinRADU
Tabelul2.Cuantificarearesturilordemamifereidentificate/
Mammal`sremainsquantification.
Specie
NR
NMI
Bostaurus
185
46,6
28,13
Canisfamiliaris
28
7,05
9,38
Equuscaballus
42
10,58
12,5
Ovisaries/Caprahircus
76
19,14
18,75
Susdomesticus
20
5,04
12,5
Totalmamiferedomestice
351
88,41
26
81,25
Cervuselaphus
33
8,31
9,38
Capreoluscapreolus
1,26
3,12
Susscrofa
2,02
6,25
Totalmamiferesalbatice
46
11,59
18,75
Totalmamifereidentificatespecific
397
100
32
100
Tabelul3.Cuantificarearesturilordepeteidentifcate/
Fishremainsquantification.
Taxon
NR
4,39
139
67,8
Tincatinca
0,49
Silurusglanis
49
23,9
Sanderlucioperca
3,42
Totalresturidetermimate
205
100
Resturinedeterminatespecific
71
Totalpeti
276
Esoxlucius
Cyprinuscarpio
Exploatarearesurseloranimale...aezriidelaNiculiel(culturaBabadag)
499
Concluzii
n eantionul provenit de la Niculiel ponderea resturilor aparinnd mamiferelor
domestice este 88,4%, indicnd faptul c principala surs de hran o reprezenta
creterea animalelor. Resturile de mamifere slbatice reprezint 11,59% din totalul
mamiferelor identificate, vntoarea avnd o importan relativ redus n economa
alimentaraacesteiaezri.
n cadrul grupului de mamifere domestice domin ca numr de resturi vita,
urmatdeovicaprineiapoical.
Au fost identificate trei specii de mamifere slbatice, ntre acestea dominnd
cerbul. Din punct de vedere ecologic, lista speciilor vnate indic exploatarea, n
principal,a biotopului depdure (Sus scrofa, Cervus elaphus),dari a celui de lizier
(Capreoluscapreolus).Astzicerbulnumaiestentlnitnzon,arealulderspndire
alacesteispeciifiindrestrnslazonacarpatic.
Pescuitul este o ocupaie relativ important pentru procurarea hranei pentru
locuitorii aezrii de la Niculiel; resturile de pete reprezint 30,7% din ntregul
eantion.
Mulumiri
Studiul a fost realizat n cadrul unui grant al ANCS, CNCS UEFISCDI, proiect
numrPNIIRUTE201130146.
500
SiminaSTANC,ValentinRADU
Bibliografie
Ailinci, S.C. 2005, Un topor din bronz descoperit la Niculiel, jud. Tulcea, SCIVA 5456,
20032005,271277.
Ailinci,S.C.2008,TheDeadamongtheLivingintheBabadagSettlementfromNiculiel
Cornet (Tulcea county, Romania), n Srbu, V., tefnescu, R. (eds.),
FuneraryPracticesinCentralandEasternEurope(10thc.BC3rdc.AD).
Proceedings of the 10th International Colloquium of Funerary Archaeology,
BrilaBraov,1130.
Ailinci,S.C.2010,nceputurileepociifieruluinDobrogea,tezdedoctoratsusinutn
cadrulUniversitiiA.I.CuzadinIai.
Ailinci, S., Topoleanu, F. 2003, Noi complexe cu oseminte umane n aezarea de tip
BabadagdelaNiculieCornet,Peuce,S.N.1,4550.
Constantinescu, M., Mirioiu, N. 2008, Anthropological analysis of the human ostological
remains from the NiculielCornet site, n Srbu, V., tefnescu, R. (eds.),
Funerary Practices in Central and eastern Europe (10th c. BC 3rd c. AD).
Proceedingsofthe10thInternationalColloquiumofFuneraryArchaeology,Brila
Braov,6983.
Haimovici, S. 2008, Studiul materialului arheozoologic din aezarea hallstattian de la
Babadag,Peuce,S.N.6,149164.
Haimovici,S.,Bodi,G.2003,Studiulpaleofauneidescoperitntreisiturihallstattienedin
nordulDobrogei,Peuce,S.N.1,477476.
Jugnaru,G.2005,CulturaBabadag,I,Constana.
Jugnaru,G.,Topoleanu,F.1994,GropifunerarenaezareahallstattiandelaNiculiel
Cornet(jud.Tulcea),Istros7,7182.
Micu, C., Mihail, F., Carozza, L., Florea, M. 2009, Cteva observaii asupra unor situri
eneoliticedinzonadenordaDobrogei,Peuce,S.N.7,948.
Morintz, S. 1964, Quelques problmes concernant la priode ancienne du Hallstatt au Bas
DanubealalumiredesfouillesdeBabadag,Dacia,N.S.8,101118.
Morintz,S.1987,Noidateiproblemeprivindperioadelehallstattiantimpurieimijlocien
zonaistropontic(CercetriledelaBabadag),ThracoDacica8,12,3971.
Topoleanu, F., Jugnaru, G. 1995, Aezarea de tip Babadag de la Niculiel Cornet (jud.
Tulcea).Spturiledesalvareefectuaten1988,Peuce11,1995,203229.
VasilescuUreche, R., Haimovici, S. 1976, Studiu preliminar al materialului faunistic din
aezareahallstattiandelaRasovaMalulRou,Pontica9,2936.
Exploatarearesurseloranimale...aezriidelaNiculiel(culturaBabadag)
501
Fig.2.MetatarsdeEquuscaballus/
MetatarsusofEquuscaballus.
Fig.1.MetatarsdeBostaurus/
MetatarsusofBostaurus.
502
SiminaSTANC,ValentinRADU
Fig.3.MandibuledeOvisaries/Caprahircus/
MandiblesofOvisaries/Caprahircus.
Fig.4.FragmentdemandibuladeCervuselaphus/
MandiblefragmentofCervuselaphus.
SiminaStanc*,SorinCristianAilinci**
Abstract:TheanalyzedfaunaremainscomefromtheBabadagsettlement(Babadagculture)andbelong
tofish,reptiles,birdsandmammals.Themostnumerousfragmentsbelongtomammals,bothdomestic
andwild.
Theidentifieddomesticmammalspeciesare:cattle(Bostaurus),sheep(Ovisaries),goat(Caprahircus),
horse(Equuscaballus),pig(Susdomesticus),dog(Canisfamiliaris).Theidentifiedwildmammalspecies
are: red deer (Cervus elaphus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), aurochs (Bos
primigenius),hare(Lepuseuropaeus),wolf(Canislupus)andfox(Vulpesvulpes).
Rezumat:ResturilefaunisticeanalizateprovindinsituldelaBabadag(nivelculturaBabadag)iaparin
maimultorgrupefaunistice:peti,reptile,psriimamifere.Celemainumeroasefragmentesuntdela
mamifere,attdomestice,ctislbatice.Speciiledemamiferedomesticeidentificatesunt:vitdomestic
(Bostaurus),oaie(Ovisaries),capr(Caprahircus),cal(Equuscaballus),porc(Susdomesticus),cine
(Canis familiaris). Speciile de mamifere slbatice identificate sunt: cerb (Cervus elaphus), mistre (Sus
scrofa), cprior (Capreolus capreolus), bour (Bos primigenius), iepure (Lepus europaeus), lup (Canis
lupus)ivulpe(Vulpesvulpes).
Keywords:archaeozoology,EarlyIronAge,LowerDanube,Babadagculture,quantification.
Cuvintecheie:arheozoologie,perioadatimpurieaepociifierului,DunreaInferioar,culturaBabadag,
cuantificare.
Introducere
ncepute n 1962, cercetrile arheologice de pe dealul Cetuia de la Babadag au
continuat pn n 2010, furniznd importante date despre evoluia comunitilor
umane ce populau teritoriul istropontic n primele secole a mil. I a.Chr. Aezarea
este situat la cca. 2,5 km nordest de oraul Babadag, pe malul lacului cu acelai
nume, la cca. 30 m spre est de vrsarea prului Tabana. Aceasta ocupa un
Universitatea Alexandru Ioan Cuza, Facultatea de Biologie, Platforma ARHEOINVEST,
Bd.CarolI,20A,700505,Iai,Romnia;email:simina_stanc@yahoo.com
** Institutul de Cercetri EcoMuzeale, Str. Progresului, nr. 32, 820009, Tulcea, Romnia;
email:sailincai@gmail.com
*
DinpreistoriaDunriideJos.50deanidelanceputulcercetrilorarheologicelaBabadag,Tulcea,2013,p.503510
504
SiminaSTANC,SorinCristianAILINCI
promontoriucuvizibilitateperfectasupralaculuiiazoneiocupatenprezentde
ora. Poziia strategic era ntrit i de prezena vii probabil inundabile i
mltinoasen trecut, care permiteaaccesul doar prin parteadenordvest.Accesul
devenea i mai greu datorit impresionantului an de aprare care o nconjura.
Cronologiasituluisedesfoarprobabilpentreagaperioaddeevoluieaculturii
Babadag. n linii mari, putem data locuirea de tip Babadag de aici n intervalul
cuprins ntre sfritul sec. XI/nceputul sec. X a.Chr. i sfritul sec. VIII/nceputul
sec.VIIa.Chr.1
Deinusabucuratdeoabordareinterdisciplinar,dinsituldelaBabadagafost
deja analizat un lot de resturi osteologice animale provenit din spturile mai vechi
efectuate de Sebastian Morintz. Pe baza materialului avut la dispoziie, Sergiu
Haimovici a putut determina 504 resturi osteologice a cror analiz a condus la
realizareaunuiprimstudiuarheozoologicreferitorlaaezareadelaBabadag2icare
completeazcumvacelealtectevadateprovenitenurmaanalizeifauneidinsiturile
delaRasova3,RevrsareaDealulTichiletisauTeliaAmza4.
Noidatearheozoologice
Publicarea monografic a cercetrilor de la Babadag impune, pe lng analiza
cantitiimarideartefacte,istudiulunuibogatmaterialfaunisticceprovineatt
dincercetrilemaivechi,ctidincelemainoi.Dinacestsit,ndecursultimpului,
afostadunatocantitatemarederesturifaunistice,reprezentatedeoase,diniizolai,
procesecornulare,plcuedermice.Acesteresturiprovindelapeti,reptile,psrii
mamifere(Tabelul1),ceamaimarepartedintreelereprezentndresturimenajerei
numai o mic parte (de exemplu resturile de la broatele estoase i om) ajungnd
accidentalnsedimentulaezrii.
Prezenta not se dorete a fi un studiu preliminar, bazat pe analiza
arheozoologic a 2848 resturi animale, la care se adaug i un os uman. Aceste
resturifaunisticeprovindincampaniileefectuatenanii2002,2003,2004i2008i
au fost adunate din Casetele 59, corespunznd ntregii perioade de evoluie a
sitului.
Despre cronologia absolut i relativ a sitului de la Babadag vezi: Morintz 1964; Morintz
1987; Hnsel 1976; Jugnaru 2005; precum i noi propuneri de cronologie Ailinci 2011;
Ailinci2013.
2 Haimovici2008.
3
VasilescuUreche,Haimovici1976.
4 Haimovici,Bodi2003.
1
505
StudiulpreliminaralunuieantionfaunisticprovenitdelaBabadag
Cele mai multe resturi aparin mamiferelor; din totalul de 2698 resturi de
mamifere, 1366 nu au fost identificate pn la nivel de specie datorit fragmentrii
puternice,elereprezentndfragmentedeoaselungi,late,craniu,vertebreicoaste.
Lista speciilor de mamifere este divers, incluznd att mamifere domestice,
ct i slbatice. Cea mai mare parte dintre resturi (92,5%) provin de la
mamifereledomestice,fiindidentificateurmtoarelespecii:vit,oaie,capr(Fig.
1), cal (Fig. 2), porc (Fig. 3), cine. Cea mai mare pondere o are vita domestic,
attcanumrderesturi(38,3%NR),cticanumrdeindiviziestimai(27,8%
NMI). Dup vit urmeaz ovicaprinele (27,1% NR i 21,5% NMI), calul (13,4%
NR i 12,6% NMI) i porcul (12,2% NR i 11,3% NMI) (Tabelul 2). Cinele nu
avea importan economic, pe resturile de cine identificate nu sau observat
urmelsatedecuit.
Tabelul1.Grupefaunisticeidentifcateneantion/
Faunalgroupsidentifiedinthesample.
Grupanimale
NISP
%
Peti
137
4,81
Reptile
0,14
Psri
0,32
Mamifere
2698
94,73
Total
2848
100
Homosapiens
506
SiminaSTANC,SorinCristianAILINCI
Tabelul2.Cuantificareresturilordemamifereidentificateneantion/
Mammal`sremainsquantification.
Specie
NR
NMI
Bostaurus
511
38,36
22
27,85
Equuscaballus
179
13,44
10
12,66
Canisfamiliaris
20
1,50
2,53
Ovisaries/Caprahircus
361
27,10
17
21,52
Susdomesticus
162
12,16
11,39
Totalmamiferedomestice
1233
92,56
60
75,95
Bosprimigenius
0,08
1,27
Canislupus
0,30
2,53
Cervuselaphus
46
3,45
7,59
Lepuseuropaeus
0,23
2,53
Susscrofa
41
3,08
6,33
Capreoluscapreolus
0,22
2,53
Vulpesvulpes
0,08
1,27
Totalmamiferesalbatice
99
7,44
19
24,05
Totalmamifere
identificate
1332
100
79
100
Concluzii
Resturile faunistice analizate aparin petilor, reptilelor, psrilor i mamiferelor, acest
ultimgrupreprezentnd94,7%dintotaluleantionului.ncadrulgrupuluimamiferelor
celmaibinereprezentatestecelalmamiferelordomestice(92,5%dintotalulresturilor
de mamifere identificate), acesta fiind un indicator al importanei pe care o avea
cretereaanimalelorpentrupopulaiahallstattiandelaBabadag.ncadrulmamiferelor
domesticedominantestevita,urmatdeovicaprine,caliapoiporc.ntremamiferele
slbatice frecvena cea mai ridicat o are cerbul, urmat de mistre. A fost identificat i
bourul(Bosprimigenius)specieactualmentedisprutdinfaunaRomniei.
ncomparaiecudatelecunoscutepnacumdinsituldelaBabadag5,nurmaanalizei
unuilotdematerialemultmaimaresepotobservaattunelepunctecomune,ctiunele
schimbri. Dac ne referim la grupele faunistice, putem observa preponderena clar a
Haimovici2008.
StudiulpreliminaralunuieantionfaunisticprovenitdelaBabadag
507
mamiferelor(peste92%),maialesacelordomestice;scdereaponderiipetilordela7,14%
la4,81%dariapariiactorvaresturidelareptileipsri.
n privina speciilor domestice identificate, putem sesiza o ierarhie oarecum
asemntoare, cu excepia porcului (Sus domesticus), care scade ca procentaj de la
18,42%la12,16%.
Speciile vnate au o pondere mai redus, dar nu neglijabil, n toate aezrile
atribuite culturii Babadag. Putem observa preferina vnrii unor animale de talie
mare i medie, precum cerbul (Cervus elaphus), cpriorul (Capreulus capreolus) i
mistreul (Sus scrofa); pentru prima oar a fost identificat la Babadag bourul (Bos
primigenus). Alte specii de mamifere slbatice identificate sunt: iepurele de cmp
(Lepuseuropaeus),bursucul(Melesmeles),vulpea(Vulpesvulpes),lupul(Canislupus).
Frndoial,dateleobinutenurmaprelucrriintreguluimaterialfaunisticdela
Babadag pot aduce noi i importante informaii privitoare la economia populaiei
hallstattiene timpurii din zona Dunriide Josi poate constituin acelai timp i un
adevratetalonndomeniularheozoologieipreistoriceromneti.
Mulumiri
Studiul a fost realizat n cadrul unui grant al ANCS, CNCS UEFISCDI, proiect
numrulPNIIRUTE201130146.
Bibliografie
Ailinci, S. C. 2011, Ceramica din siturile culturii Babadag. Cu privire special asupra
descoperirilordinDobrogea,Peuce,S.N.9,55178.
Ailinci,S.C.2013,nceputurileepociifieruluinDobrogea,SCIVA,subtipar.
Haimovici, S. 2008, Studiul materialului arheozoologic din aezarea hallstattian de la
Babadag,Peuce,S.N.6,149164.
Haimovici,S.,Bodi,G.2003,Studiulpaleofauneidescoperitntreisiturihallstattienedin
nordulDobrogei,Peuce,S.N.1,477476.
Hnsel, B. 1976, Beitrge zur regionalen und Chronologischen Gliederung der lteren
HallstattzeitanderUnterenDonau,vol.1,2,Bonn.
Jugnaru,G.2005,CulturaBabadag,I,Constana.
Morintz, S. 1964, Quelques problmes concernant la priode ancienne du Hallstatt au Bas
DanubealalumiredesfouillesdeBabadag,Dacia,N.S.8,101118.
Morintz,S.1987,Noidateiproblemeprivindperioadelehallstattiantimpurieimijlocien
zonaistropontic(CercetriledelaBabadag),ThracoDacica8,12,3971.
VasilescuUreche, R., Haimovici, S. 1976, Studiu preliminar al materialului faunistic din
aezareahallstattiandelaRasovaMalulRou,Pontica9,2936.
508
SiminaSTANC,SorinCristianAILINCI
Fig.1.ProcesecornularedeCaprahircus/HorncoresofCaprahircus.
Fig.2.CraniudeEquuscaballus/CraniumofEquuscaballus.
StudiulpreliminaralunuieantionfaunisticprovenitdelaBabadag
Fig.3.FragmentdecraniudeSusdomesticus/CraniumfragmentofSusdomesticus.
Fig.4.FalangdistaldeBosprimigenius/DistalphalanxofBosprimigenius.
509
510
SiminaSTANC,SorinCristianAILINCI
Fig.5.FragmentedecorndeCervuselaphuscuurmedetaiere/
HorncoreofCervuselaphuswithcutting traces.
Studiumetodologicviznddistribuiasiturilor
arheologicenfunciedeenergiasolaritipurile
majoredevegetaie
ValentinPanait*,AurelStnic*,MarcelaTone*,MarianMierl**
Abstract:Thearchaeologicalstudiesaregenerallybasedonpunctualobservationsmadeinfieldworkat
the archaeological sites. Within GIS/SGI environment, the use of data (on the ground and/or
bibliographical)obtainedatanarchaeologicalopennewperspectivesbyswitchingfromapunctualvision
strictly historical to global one that includes biotic and abiotic factors such as solar radiation, relief,
soils, water, vegetation (forest vegetation), animal organisms and, of course, the human factor. The
influence of environmental factors upon studied human communities provides a background for the
manifestationoftheinternalcommunityfactors.
Withinthispaperwerediscussedcertainaspectsofthespatialdistributionofarchaeologicalsitesinthe
frameoftheBabadagPlateau.Thedistributionofthearchaeologicalsiteswasbasedontheinformation
abouttheBabadagcultureexistingonthewebsiteoftheInstituteforCulturalMemory.Thesedatawere
enteredintotheGIS/SGIenvironmentwithinformationaboutenvironmentalfactorscontainedinthe
followings: The RAN archaeological sites distribution map, ASTER GDEM Ver2 ArcGRID map,
Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS) ArcGRID map, Corine Land Cover vectorial
map, The level curves (hypsometric) maps traced after DEM (Digital Elevation Model) and ETOPO2,
Reliefunitsmapetc.
Although itiswell known theinfluence of solar radiation on vegetation in general, however, to havea
clearerpictureofthespatialdistributionofdifferenttypesofvegetationweneedtheuseofremotesensing
techniques.
Rezumat:Studiilearheologicesunt,ngeneral,bazatepeobservaiipunctualerealizate,prinspturi,la
nivelul siturilor arheologice. Utilizarea n mediu GIS/SGI a datelor (din teren i/sau bibliografice)
obinutelanivelulunuisitarheologic,deschidenoiperspectiveprintrecereadelaoviziunepunctual,
strictistoric,launaglobal,ceincludeifactoriidemediubioticiiabiotici,cumarfi:radiaiasolar,
relieful, solurile, apa, vegetaia (vegetaia forestier), organismele animale i, bineneles, factorul
antropic. Aciunea factorilor de mediu influeneaz evoluia comunitii umane studiate i asigur
fundalulpecaresemanifestfactoriiinterniaicomunitii.
ncadrulacesteilucrriaufostluatendiscuieanumiteaspectelegatededistribuiaspaialasiturilor
arheologice, n cadrul Podiului Babadag. Distribuia acestora a fost stabilit pe baza informaiilor
*
InstitutuldeCercetriEcoMuzeale,Str.Progresului,32,820009,Tulcea,Romnia.
InstitutulNaionaldeCercetareiDezvoltarealDelteiDunrii,StradaBabadag,165,Tulcea,
Romnia.
**
DinpreistoriaDunriideJos.50deanidelanceputulcercetrilorarheologicelaBabadag,Tulcea,2013,p.511522
512
ValentinPANAIT,AurelSTNIC,MarcelaTONE,MarianMIERL
existente pe pagina de internet a Institutului de Memorie Cultural. Aceste date au fost introduse n
mediul GIS/SGI, mpreun cu informaii despre factorii de mediu cuprinse n: Harta distribuiei
punctuale a siturilor arheologice, ASTER GDEM Ver2, Sistemul fotovoltaic de informaii geografice
(PhotovoltaicGeographicalInformationSystemPVGIS),hartaArcGRID,CorineLandCover,Hriale
curbelor de nivel (hipsometrice) trasate dup DEM (digital elevation model) i ETOPO2, Harta
unitilordereliefetc.
Dei este bine cunoscut influena radiaiei solare asupra vegetaiei n general, totui, pentru a avea o
imagine mai clar asupra distribuiei spaiale a diferitelor tipuri de vegetaie, este nevoie de utilizarea
tehnicilordeteledetecie.
Key words: archaeological sites, broadleaved forest, solar radiation, solar energy, Corine Land Cover,
BabadagPlateau.
Cuvintecheie:situriarheologice,radiaiesolar,energiesolar,CorineLandCover,platoulBabadag.
Introducere
ChaseDunn2005.
Studiumetodologicviznddistribuiasiturilorarheologice
513
lucrareaufostluatenconsideraretoatecategoriiledesituriarheologice,careacoper
unntregpaliercronologiccuprinsntreneoliticievulmediu.
Materialeimetode
DupasamblareamozaiculuiASTERGDEMv.2ireproiectareaacestuia(nStereo70)n
aplicaia Virtual Terrain Builder, n Quantum GIS v.1.8.0 sa trecut la trasarea scrii
elevaieiterenuluifolositpentruechivalareadatelordeelevaiedingridcuuncodde
culori. Apoi, folosind sub Quantum GIS v.1.8.0 extensia SEXTANTE Toolbox, sa
trecutlarealizareaunuigridASCIIcuinformaiidesprepantaterenului,dupcaresa
realizat o scar de tonuride gri pentru grid. Toate acesteaaufost necesare pentru a
obineoimagineclarasupradistribuieiradiaiesolarenfunciederelief.Urmtorul
pas la reprezentat convertirea gridului cu date despre valorile radiaiei solare la
nivelul Europei (PVGIS) n shapefile i decuparea zonei de interes. Toate datele
digitale spaiale aufost corelate cu cele bibliografice, pentruarealiza o reprezentare
ct mai clar a distribuiei siturilor arheologice din Podiul Babadag n raport cu:
relieful,nivelulradiaieisolareitipuriledevegetaie.
Studiile de teren au fost efectuate de ctre Tone Marcela, n anul 2009. Siturile,
marcatecupunctedeculoarerounchisnFig.1,aufoststabilitenzonedepdure
dinapropierealocalitilor:Crjelari,FntnaMare,Ciucurova,SlavaRus,Visterna,
Enisala, Babadag, Slava Cerchez, Atmagea, Nicolae Blcescu, Horia, General
Praporgescu, precum i n urmtoarele zone protejate: Pdurea Babadag Codru,
Uspenia, Dealul Bujorilor, Vrful Secaru, Muchiile CerneiIaila i Valea Ostrovului.
Asociaiilevegetaleaufostidentificatepebazametodeiitinerariului.
Datele digitale spaiale au fost corelate cu cele bibliografice, pentru a realiza o
reprezentare ct mai clar a distribuiei siturilor arheologice din Podiul Babadag n
raport cu: relieful, nivelul radiaiei solare i vegetaia forestier. Aspectele legate de
514
ValentinPANAIT,AurelSTNIC,MarcelaTONE,MarianMIERL
elevaiaterenului,ncadrulPodiuluiBabadag,aufoststudiateprinsuprapunerea,n
Quantum GIS, a trei strate tematice: Harta Unitilor de Relief, ASTER GDEM Ver2
(cucodurideculori)iARC/INFOASCIIGRIDcuaspectulpanteintonuridegri.
Distribuiavegetaiei(Fig.1)afostanalizatprinsuprapunereaurmtoarelorstrate
tematice: CORINE Land Cover, Harta Unitilor de Relief, ASTER GDEM Ver2
(cucodurideculori)iARC/INFOASCIIGRIDcuaspectulpanteintonuridegri.
Fig.1.Claseledeacoperireaterenului(claseledevegetaiesuntmarcateprinhauri)
au fost suprapuse peste harta solurilor (cu tipuri de soluri WRBSR: Chernozem,
Kastanozem, Phaeozem, Leptosol), mpreun cu curbele de nivel din 10 n 10
metri, iar deasupra acestora siturile studiate au fost marcate cu puncte roii /
Overlapping of the land coverage classes over soils map (with soil WRBSR type:
Chernozem, Kastanozem, Phaeozem, Leptosol), as well as the contour lines of 10 to 10
metersandthestudiedsitesontop(thevegetationclassesappearhatched).
Rezultateidiscuii
Studiumetodologicviznddistribuiasiturilorarheologice
515
est a Dobrogei de nord i este plasat ntre Masivul Dobrogei Centrale (Podiul
Casimcei) n SSV, Unitatea Mcin (dea lungul rului Taia) i Unitatea Niculiel n
nord,precumiUnitateaTulceanestnordest.Zonaprezintunreliefdedealuri,cu
nlimireduse(pnla350m).
Cele mai rspndite asociaii vegetale ntlnite n cadrul siturilor studiate (Fig. 1)
au fost urmtoarele: Cotino Quercetum pubescentis, Galantho plicatae Tilietum
tomentosae, Nectaroscordo Tilietum tomentosae, Fraxino orni Quercetum dalechampii,
Fraxino orni Quercetum dalechampii, Paeonio peregrinae Carpinetum orientalis, Galio
dasypodi Quercetum pubescentis, Querco pedunculiflorae Tilietum tomentosae, Violo
suavis Quercetum pedunculiflorae, Caricii Quercetum frainetto, Tilio tomentosae
Carpinetum betuli. Distribuia spaial a asociaiilor vegetale a fost studiat conform
claselorCORINELandCover,iarclaseledesoluriaufostdeterminateconformWorld
ReferenceBaseforSoilResources1998(WRBSR1998).
Pentru a obine o imagine a distribuiei asociaiilor vegetale, n cadrul Podiului
Babadag, n funcie de elevaia terenului clasele CORINE Land Cover au fost
suprapusepesteASTERGDEMVer2(cucodurideculori)iARC/INFOASCIIGRID,
cu aspectul pantei reprezentat n tonuri de gri. La acestea au fost adugate straturi
tematice cu informaii despre radiaia solar (conform Photovoltaic Geographical
InformationSystem)ihartadistribuieisiturilorRAN(Fig.2,4).
SituriledinRANnusuntmarcatepehartaInstitutuluideMemorieCulturaln
mod explicit. Acestea se regsesc comasate n anumite zone marcate prin puncte
de culoare roie pe Harta distribuiei siturilor arheologice din RAN (Fig. 2).
Practic,fiecarepunctreprezintozon,cepoatefiteritoriuladministrativalunei
localiti (n cele mai multe cazuri) sau o subunitate geomorfologic (forme de
reliefdeordinulIVex.dealuriiviiVex.versani,terase.a.),ncaresunt
inclusemaimultesituridinRAN(Fig3).
Acestfaptneaajutatsneconcentrmateniaasuprapotenialuluinaturalpecare
lauunelezone,comparativcuperioadeleanterioaredespduririlormasivedinzona
PodiuluiBabadag,nspecial,deasusinedezvoltareaunoraezriumane.
516
ValentinPANAIT,AurelSTNIC,MarcelaTONE,MarianMIERL
Fig. 2. Harta distribuiei siturilor arheologice RAN (siturile sunt marcate cu puncte
roii)nzonaPodiuluiBabadag(conturulzoneiiasubunitilorcomponenteeste
marcat cu verde deschis). / The archaeological sites distribution map (the sites are
markedwithreddots)onBabadagPlateau(theshapeoftheareaandthereliefsubunitsare
markedwithlightgreencolor).
Fig. 3. Gruparea siturilor arheologice RAN n zona localitii Enisala (ex cod RAN
161197.06i161197.02)./TheconcentrationofarchaeologicalsitesinEnisalaarea.
Studiumetodologicviznddistribuiasiturilorarheologice
517
Fig. 4. Harta distribuiei siturilor arheologice RAN (siturile sunt marcate cu puncte
roii) n funcie de ASTER GDEM Ver2, aspectul pantei n format ARC / INFO
ASCII GRID, clasele CORINE Land Cover i harta Photovoltaic Geographical
InformationSystemARC/INFOASCIIGRID(nzonelecuonuanderoumai
pronunatsaunregistratcelemaimarivalori14571459W/m2)/Thearchaeological
sitesdistributionmapdependingontheASTERGDEMVer2,ARC/INFOASCIIGRID
slopeaspectandtheCORINELandCoverclasses.
Toate datele cu privire la factorii de mediu au fost concentrate ntrun tabel sintetic
(Tabel1),ceafostproiectatpentruacorelaacestedatecuceleprezentatenSistemul
RomndeTaxonomieaSolurilor2inlucrareaHabitateledinRomnia3.
2
3
Florea,Munteanu2003.
Donietalii2005.
518
ValentinPANAIT,AurelSTNIC,MarcelaTONE,MarianMIERL
Litologie
Relief
Sol
(WRBSR
1998)
Sol
(SRTS
2003)
Radiaie CORINELandCover
solar
(label3)
(W/m2)
Asociaii
vegetale
studiate
calcar
teren
abrupt
Leptosol
calcar
teren
abrupt
Leptosol
Galanthoplicatae
Tilietumtomentosae
calcar
calcar,
loess
teren
nclinat
teren
nclinat
Leptosol,
Phaeozem
Leptosol,
Phaeozem
Nectaroscordo
Tilietumtomentosae
Fraxinoorni
Quercetumdalechampii
calcar
platou
Fraxinoorni
Quercetumdalechampii
calcar,
loess
terencu
pant
redus
teren
nclinat
Leptosol,
Phaeozem
Paeonioperegrinae
Carpinetumorientalis
Leptosol,
Phaeozem
Galiodasypodi
Quercetumpubescentis
calcar
loess
terencu
pant
redus
Phaeozem
Quercopedunculiflorae
Tilietumtomentosae
loess
terencu
pant
redus
Phaeozem
Violosuavis
Quercetumpedunculiflorae
loess
terencu
pant
redus
Luvisol
Luvosol
Caricii
Quercetumfrainetto
loess
terencu
pant
redus
14571459 Pduridefoioase
Tiliotomentosae
Carpinetumbetuli
Studiumetodologicviznddistribuiasiturilorarheologice
519
n cadrul acestui studiu doar dou asociaii (Caricii Quercetum frainetto, Tilio
tomentosaeCarpinetumbetuli),dincauzascrii1:100.000utilizate,nusuntreprezentate
pehart.
1. pduridecereteigrniete(predominantenparteadevestsudvest,cuvaloriale
radiaieisolarede14571459W/m2);
Stanciu1973.
520
ValentinPANAIT,AurelSTNIC,MarcelaTONE,MarianMIERL
Studiumetodologicviznddistribuiasiturilorarheologice
521
Importanafoartemareaacestorinformaiiesteindicatattdedescoperirean
regiuneaLeipzig5apatrufntniconstruitedinlemndestejarvechide7000deani
(conform datelor obinute de o echipde cercettori condus de Willy Tegel i Dr.
DietrichHakelbergdelaInstitutulForestGrowthalUniversitiidinFreiburg),ct
i a celor din siturile arheologice din Dobrogea legate de folosirea lemnului n
realizarea de mnere, cozi de unelte, linguri, lopei, garduri, dar i n cadrul unor
structuriderezisten(nspeciallemnuldeplopFig.6,daridestejarFig.5,n
cazuri mult mai rare i doar la construcii mai importante: sarcofagele din
mormintele tumulare, temple, cldiri administrative, terme .a.). Cercetrile
arheologice desfurate n cadrul siturilor de la Nufru i Isaccea, au documentat
prezenaunorstructuridinlemn,carenurmastudiilordespecialitatesaudovedit
afirealizatedinlemndeplop.6,7
Astfel,dateleobinutepebazastudiilordeterenncadrulsiturilorarheologicedin
judeul Tulcea, legate de folosirea lemnului de plop n cadrul structurilor de
rezisten, dar i gradul ridicat de fragmentare a reliefului, cel puin din cadrul
PodiuluiBabadag,indicfaptulc,ntrecut,existaunumeroasecursurideapcuun
debitmultmaimaredectalcelordinprezent.Existena,ntrecut,aunorcursuride
ap mai numeroase dect n prezent i cu un debit mai mare, precum i gradul
avansat de degradare n care afost gsit materialullemnos folosit pentru structurile
de rezisten, indic o clim mai umed, mai blnd i mai stabil dect cea din
perioada actual. Nivelul de insolaie, valorile radiaiei solare i umiditatea
atmosferic ridicate au creat un cadru propice dezvoltrii vegetaiei i, implicit, au
generatcondiiifavorabilepentruapariiaidezvoltareaaezriloromeneti.
Aceste informaii sunt foarte importante i extrem de sensibile, deoarece leag
instalarea fenomenului de aridizare de reducerea suprafeelor ocupate de pduri.
Schimbrileclimaticedinultimiianiauduslaamplificareafenomenuluidearidizare
i implicit, au dus la reducerea fertilitii solurilor, prin creterea gradului de
mineralizare, la amplificarea salinizrii secundare i la acidifierea acestora, la
reducerea cantitii de humus i a calitii acestuia. Aceste modificri ale
caracteristicilorsolurilorauunrolimportantnreducereacapacitiideretenieaapei
nsolifavorizeazinstalareauneisecetepedologice.Toateacestea,cuimpactasupra
striivegetaiei,ngeneral,iasuprafonduluiforestier,nspecial,dincauzareducerii
fertilitiisolului.Ori,tocmaipdurile,ceauavutunrolimportantnmeninereaunui
5
EduNews.ro2012.
InformaieceneaparvenitprinamabilitateadoamneiOanaDamian,creiaimulumimpe
acestcale.
CercetriinediteAurelStnic,pentruNoviodunum.
522
ValentinPANAIT,AurelSTNIC,MarcelaTONE,MarianMIERL
climat mai blnd i mai umed (fapt ce a dus, n trecut, la meninerea unei reele
hidografice bogate), sunt puse, n prezent, n pericol. Urmarea fireasc, a reducerii
resurselor de mediu, a reprezentato apariia de aezri fantom, n urma
abandonriidectreoameniaunorlocaliti,nzonebogatenmaterialarheologic.
Bibliografie
Brus, D.J., Hengeveld, G.M., Walvoort, D.J.J., Goedhart, P.W., Heidema, A.H.,
Nabuurs, G.J., Gunia, K., 2011, Statistical mapping of tree species over
Europe,EuropeanJournalofForestResearch131,1,145157.
Doni,N.,Popescu,A.,PaucComnescu,M.,Mihilescu,S.,BiriA.,2005,Habitatele
dinRomnia,Ed.TehnicSilvic,Bucureti.
ChaseDunn, C. 2005, The role of ecosettlement systems in human social evolution, The
Institute for Research on WorldSystems (IROWS), University of California,
Riverside,http://irows.ucr.edu/papers/irows15/irows15.htm
Florea, N., Munteanu, I. 2003, Sistemul Romn de Taxonomie a Solurilor (SRTS),
Bucureti.
Ionesi,L.1994,Geologiaunitilordeplatformiaorogenuluinorddobrogean,Bucureti.
Stanciu,N.1973,Insolaiairezervadeapasolului,Ed.Ceres,Bucureti.
CLC2006technicalguidelines,EEATechnicalreportNo17/2007,EuropeanEnvironment
Agency,2007,Copenhagen,Denmark,70pp,http://www.eea.europa.eu/.
CORINE Land Cover maps, European Environment Agency, 2006,
http://www.eea.europa.eu/.
ASTERGDEMVer2(20102011),productofMETIandNASAincooperationwiththe
JapanUSASTERScienceTeam,http://www.gdem.aster.ersdac.or.jp/.
TreespeciesmapsforEuropeanforests(20112012),http://www.efi.int/.
Attribute maps derived from the European Soil Database v2 (ESDB v2), European Soil Data
Centre(ESDAC),EuropeanSoilPortal,2012,http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/.
ESDB v2 Raster Library 1kmx1km, European Soil Data Centre (ESDAC), European
SoilPortal,2012,http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/.
Hartaunitatilorderelief,geospatial.org,earth.unibuc.ro.
Abrevieri/Listofabbreviations
ActaArchCarp
ActaArchHung
ActaMN
ActaMP
AEMTH
AJA
Ann.Naturhistor.Mus.Wien
Antiquity
Apulum
ArchAnz
ArchKorr
ArheologijaKiev
ArheoStud
ArhMold
ArhVestnik
ASGP
AUO(IA)
BAI
BAR
BerRGK
BiblIPA
BiblIPP
BiblThr
BMI
ActaArchaeologicaCarpathica,Cracovia
Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum
Hungaricae,Budapesta
ActaMuseiNapocensis,ClujNapoca
ActaMuseiPorolisensis,Zalu
Archaeological Work in Macedonia and
Thrace,Thessalonik
AmericanJournalofArchaeology
Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in
Wien
Antiquity. A Quarterly Review of
Archaeology
Apulum.ActaMuseiApulensis,AlbaIulia
ArchologischerAnzeiger,Berlin
ArchologischesKorrespondenzblatt,Mainz
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ArheologiniStudij,KijvCernivi
ArheologiaMoldovei,Iai
Arheoloki Vestnik. Slovenska Akademija
ZnanostiinUmetnosti,Ljubljana
Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae,
Krakw
Analele Universitii din Oradea, Istorie
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BibliothecaArchaeologicaIassiensis,Iai.
BritishArchaeologicalReports
Bericht der RmischGermanischen Kommission
des Deutschen Arhalogischen Instituts,
FrankfurtamMain,Berlin.
Biblioteca IstroPontica. Seria Arheologie,
Tulcea
Biblioteca IstroPontica. Seria Patrimoniu,
Tulcea
BibliotecaThracologica,Bucureti
BuletinulMonumentelorIstorice,Bucureti
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BPS
BSA
BSGR
CAB
CAMNI
CCAR
CCDJ
CercIst,(S.N.)
CodrulCosminului,(S.N.)
ComArchHun
Dacia,(N.S.)
DieBukowina
EphemNap
Germania
Hauptbericht
IzvestijaSofia
JahrbRGZM
DinpreistoriaDunriideJos
BalticPonticStudies,Pozna
AnnualoftheBritishSchoolatAthens,Atena
Buletinul Societii Geografice Romne,
Bucureti
CercetriArheologicenBucureti,Bucureti
Cercetri arheologice, Muzeul Naional de
Istorie,Bucureti
Cronica Cercetrilor Arheologice din Romnia,
Bucureti
CulturicivilizaielaDunreadeJos,Clrai
CercetriIstorice,(SerieNou),Iai
CodrulCosminului,(SerieNou),Suceava
Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae,
Budapesta
Dacia.
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Regirrungsjubilums Seiner kaiserlichen und
kniglichen Apostolischen Majestt unseres
Allergndigsten
Kaisers
und
Obersten
Kriegsherrn durch die k.k.LandesGendarmarie
CommandosNo13,Czernowitz1899.
EphemerisNapocensis,ClujNapoca
Germania.
Anzeiger
der
Rmisch
Germanischen Kommission des Deutschen
ArchologischenInstituts
Hauptbericht
der
handels
und
gewerbekammer fr das Herzogtum Bucovina
nebstderTopograpischstatistichenDarstellung
des Kammerbezirkes mit Schluss des Jahres
1961,Czernowitz,1862
IzvestijanaArheologieskijaInstitut,Sofia
Jahrbuch
des
RmischGermanischen
Zentralmuseums,Mainz
Abrevieri
JBLM
KSIA
KSIIMK
Materiale,(S.N.)
MemAntiq
MIA
MIAEM
MittZentKomm
MFMStudArch
MuzNat
OJA
PAS
PBF
Peuce(S.N.)
PSSIAE
PZ
RevArh(S.N.)
RevMuz
RMM
RossArh
SAA
SCIV(A)
SCSI
SovArh
StComSatuMare
525
Jahrbuch des Bukowiner Landes Museums,
Czernowitz
Kratkie Soobenija Instituta Arheologii,
Moscova
KratkieSoobenijaInstitutaIstoriiMaterialnoj
KulturyANSSSR,Moscova/Leningrad
Materiale i Cercetri Arheologice, (Serie
Nou),Bucureti
MemoriaAntiquitatis,PiatraNeam
Materialy i Issledovanija po Arheologii SSSR,
Moscova
Materialy i issledovanija po arheologii i
etnografiiMoldavii,Chiinu
Mittheilungen der K. K. ZentralKommission
frErforschungundErhaltungderKunstund
HistorischenDenkmale(Wien)
A Mra Ferenc Mzeum vknyve, Studia
Archaeologica,Szeged
MuzeulNaional,Bucureti
OxfordJournalofArchaeology,Oxford
Prhistorische Archologie in Sdosteuropa,
Berlin
PrhistorischeBronzefunde,MnchenStuttgart
Peuce.Studiiicercetrideistorieiarheologie,
(SerieNou),Tulcea
Pitannia starodavnoj ta serednovinoj istorij,
arheologijjetnologij,ernivi
PrhistorischeZeitschrift,LeipzigBerlin
RevistaArheologic(SerieNou),Chiinu
RevistaMuzeelor,Bucureti
RevistaMuzeeloriMonumentelor,Bucureti
RossijskajaArheologija,Moscova
StudiaAntiquaetArchaeologica,Iai
Studii i Cercetri de Istorie Veche (i
Arheologie),Bucureti
StudiiiCercetritiinifice,Iai
SovetskajaArheologia,Moscova
SatuMare.Studiiicomunicri,SatuMare
526
StMat/Suceava
SympThrac
TWCC
Tyragetia,(S.N.)
UK
UPA
DinpreistoriaDunriideJos
Studiiimateriale/Suceava,AnuarulMuzeului
Judeean,Suceava
SymposiaThracologica,Bucureti
The Thracian World at the Crossroads of
Civilisations(Bucureti)
Tyragetia(SerieNou),Chiinu
UkrainskijKeramologinijurnal,Kiev
Universittforschungen zur Prhistorischen
Archologie,Bonn
527
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PEUCE
PeuceXI:Rapoarteicercetriarheologice,1995,418p.
PeuceXII:Studiiicercetrideistorieiarheologie,1996,407p.
Peuce XIII: Lucrrile Sesiunii tiinifice naionale de conservarerestaurare, Tulcea, 1 4
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PeuceS.N.I(XIV):Studiiicercetrideistorieiarheologie,2003,599p.
PeuceS.N.II(XV):Studiiicercetrideistorieiarheologie,2004,456p.
PeuceS.N.IIIIV:Studiiicercetrideistorieiarheologie,20052006,432p.
PeuceS.N.V:Studiiicercetrideistorieiarheologie,2007,380p.
PeuceS.N.VI:Studiiicercetrideistorieiarheologie,2008,395p.
PeuceS.N.VII:Studiiicercetrideistorieiarheologie,2009,465p.
PeuceS.N.VIII:Studiiicercetrideistorieiarheologie,2010,268p.
PeuceS.N.IX:Studiiicercetrideistorieiarheologie,2011,644p.
PeuceS.N.X:Studiiicercetrideistorieiarheologie,2012,338p.
DELTADUNRII
DeltaDunriiII:Studiiicercetridetiinelenaturiiimuzeologie.40deanideactivitate
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DeltaDunriiIII:Studiiicercetridetiinelenaturiiimuzeologie,2006,220p.
DeltaDunriiIV:Studiiicercetridetiinelenaturiiimuzeologie,2012,316p.
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FlorinTopoleanu,Ceramicaromaniromanobizantinde laHalmyris(sec.IVIId.Ch.),
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PaulLucianTocanie,ColeciadevasedearamaMuzeuluideEtnografieiArtPopular,
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VictorH.Baumann,Sngelemartirilor,Constana,2004,240p.
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