Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Organizator:
Centrul de Cercetri Socio-Umane, Asociaia Lumen, Editura Lumen, Iai
Parteneri:
Asociatia de Drept Civil Quebec-Romania
Higher Education Research and Consulting Company, USA
Facultatea de tiine Juridice, Sociale i Politice, Universitatea Dunrea de Jos Galai
Facultatea de Drept i tiine Social-Politice, Universitatea Valahia Trgovite
Facultatea de Drept, Centrul de Cercetri Juridice, Universitatea Petre Andrei din Iai
Facultatea de Drept, Universitatea de Stat din Republica Moldova, Chiinu
International Conference
Editorial Board
EXECUTIVE EDITORIAL BOARD
Conference Coordinator and Editor of Law Sections: Nadia Cerasela ANIEI, Ph.
D, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law, Petre Andrei University of Iai Iai
and Dunareas de Jos University of Galati
Editor on Law Sections: Calina JUGASTRU, Professor Ph. D & Scientific
Chancellor, Faculty of Law Simion Brnuiu, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu,
Romania
Editor on Law Sections: Mihaela Laura PAMFIL, Prosecuting Attorney of the
Prosecuting Departament by Deta Court of Justice; Associate Professor, Faculty of
Law, Petre Andrei University of Iai, Romania
Editor on Law and Related Sciences Section: Associate Prof. Ph.D. Antonio
SANDU, Mihail Kogalniceanu University, Iasi, and Researcher ar Lumen
Association,
Editor-in-Chief: Nadia Cerasela ANIEI, Ph. D, Associate Professor at the Faculty
of Law, Petre Andrei University of Iai Iai and Dunareas de Jos University of
Galati
Managing Editors: Associate Prof. Ph.D. Antonio SANDU, Mihail Kogalniceanu
University, Iasi, and Researcher ar Lumen Association,
ADVISORY EDITORIAL BOARD
George ANTONIU, Professor Ph. D, Andrei Rdulescu Institute of Law,
Romanian Academy, Romania
Gudmundur ALFREDSSON, Professor Ph. D, S.J.D., University of Akureyri ,
Island; University of Strasbourg, France
Florence BENOIT-ROHMER, Professor Ph. D, University of Strasbourg, France ;
European Inter University Centre, Venice, Italy
Sergiu BRNZ, Professor Ph. D, Faculty of Law, Moldova State University,
Republic of Moldova
Alexandru BURIAN, Professor Ph. D, Faculty of Law, Moldova State University,
Republic of Moldova
Emanuele CAL, Dirigente at Notaries National and International Board, Rome,
Italy
Javier CARRASCOSA GONZLEZ, Professor Ph. D, University of Murcia, Spain
Alfonso- Luis CALVO CARAVACA, Professor Ph. D, University Carlos III,
Madrid, Spain
Selda CEYLAN, Professor Ph.D, Faculty of Law, University Ghazi Ankara,
Turkey
Valeriu M. CIUC, Judge at the High Court of EU, Luxembourg; Professor Ph. D,
Faculty of Law, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Romania
Olga DYUZHEVA, Professor Ph. D, Faculty of Law, Moscow State University,
Russia
Eckart KLEIN, Professor Ph. D, (em.), University of Potsdam, Germany
Dieter GRIMM, Professor Ph. D, Institute for Advanced Study, Berlin, Germany
CONTENTS:
Top highlights of the Journal of Legal Studies:
I. Comunity Law. Comparative Law. European Law. International Law
II. Romanian Law
III. Law and Related Sciences
IV. Legal Practice
V. Book reviews and Editorial Signals
SELECTION AND PUBLICATION:
Advisory Editorial Board is represented by a select committee of editors (law experts
and professionals from various countries) that will examine and review the submitted
articles.
The scientific committee of the journal shall pass all received manuscripts through a
provisory selection. The papers shall be selected and blindly reviewed at least by two
referees.
The Journal of Legal Studies aligns itself to a strictly blind reviewing peer process,
implying that the authors and the reviewers names shall be mutually held back
during evaluation process. Each paper goes through at least two peer reviews. The
final editorial decision shall be made in 4 to 6 weeks from the submission date. The
peer review verdict may be phrased either as accepted/ accepted with minor
amendments/ accepted with substantial amendments or rejected.
OUR TARGET PUBLIC:
The Journal of Legal Studies is meant for scholars and other members of the
international academic community (students, BAs, MAs, PhDs), practitioners and
law experts who are interested in various fields of law and in cognate sciences.
literatura de specialitate; s conin, atunci cnd este cazul, propuneri de lege ferenda;
s conin concluzii i s nu depeasc 15 pagini.
Notele bibliografice. Notele bibliografice se vor trece, n ordinea utilizrii, n subsolul
paginii. Notele de subsol se scriu cu diacritice, Garamond, caractere de 10. Acestea
vor conine toate trimiterile explicative, comentariile i definiiile unor termeni din
textul articolului, acolo unde autorul le-a considerat necesare. n situaia n care citm
din tratate, cursuri i monografii autorii vor fi trecui potrivit urmtorului exemplu:
N.C. Anitei. Dreptul familiei, Editura Hamangiu, Bucuresti, 2012, p. 11/pp. 17-28.
n situaia n care citm din reviste sau volume ale conferinelor autorul va fi trecut
potrivit urmtorului exemplu: N.C. Anitei. Thoughts concerning the formal
conditions needed for the contracting of marriage from the point of view of the
stipulations in the new Civil Code in Journal of Legal Studies, no. 3-4/2011,
Editura Lumen, Iasi, Romania.
Bibliografie. Bibliografia trebuie grupat, dac este cazul, pe urmtoarele seciuni:
Tratate, cursuri, monografii; articole tiinifice; legislaie; pagini web.
Kindest regards,
Executive Editor-in-Chief,
Nadia Cerasela Aniei
10
Organizing Committee
1. Dr. Nadia Cerasela ANITEI
2. Drd. Ramona ACSINTE
3. Drd. Lucian ARNUTU
4. Drd. Emilian BULEA
5. Dr. Maria DUMITRU
6. Dr. Ilioara GENOIU
7. Dr. Mihai GRIGORE
8. Dr. Stelua IONESCU
9. Drd. Roxana Elena LAZAR
10. Dr. Olivian MASTACAN
11. Dr. Livia MOCANU
12. Drd. Clina MUNTEANU
13. Dr. Constana MTUESCU
14. Dr. Raducan OPREA
15. Dr. Mihaela Laura PAMFIL
16. Drd. Roxana Alina PETRARU
17. Drd. Ioana POPA
18. Dr. Antonio SANDU
19. Dr. Ana STEFANESCU
20. Dr. Florin TUDOR
21. Drd. Ana Maria VULPOI
11
12
Plenary lectures
Keynotes speakers
.
Prof. univ. dr. Rducan OPREA - REGARDING THE IMPORTANCE OF
INTERNAL REGULATIONS AS SPECIFIC SOURCE OF THE LABOR LAW
Prof. Univ. dr. Clina Felicia JUGASTRU - THE CONDITIONS OF CIVIL
LIABILITY WITHIN THE NEW CIVIL CODE
Conf. univ. dr. Livia MOCANU - THE IRREVERSIBILITY OF DONATIONS
ACCORDING TO THE NEW CIVIL CODE
Lect. univ. dr. Ilioara GENOIU - REPORT OF DEBTS ACCORDING TO LAW
NO. 287/2009 ON THE CIVIL CODE
Conf. univ. dr. Nadia- Cerasela ANIEI - THE PRECIPUT CLAUSE IN THE
MATRIMONIAL AGREEMENT
Conf. univ. dr. Laura Mihaela PAMFIL - THEORY AND LEGAL PRACTICE
CONCERNING THE EXECUTING OF A EUROPEAN ARREST WARRANT
IN ROMANIA
Lect. univ. dr. Olivian MASTACAN - OFFENSES OF CORRUPTION IN THE
NEW CRIMINAL CODE
C.S.III dr. Ionu IFRIM- REFLECTIONS ON A PARTICULAR TYPE OF
OFFENCE
Lect. univ. dr. Florin TUDOR - CROSS BORDER COOPERATION, FORMS OF
PARTNERSHIP TO ATTRACT FINANCIAL RESOURCES IN EUROREGION
"SIRET-PRUT-NISTRU"
Lect. univ. dr. Cristian DUMITRESCU - THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND
ECONOMICAL ROLE OF THE ROMANIAN STATE FROM THE
PERSPECTIVE OF THE INTEGRATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION.
THE ECONOMIC CONVERGENCE AND THE INTRODUCTION OF
EURO CURRENCY
Lect. univ. dr. Mihai GRIGORE - THE LEGAL TECHNIQUE CONCEPT
13
Contents
Keynotes speakers
I.Comunity Law. Comparative Law. European Law. International Law
Panel 1. Claudia GILIA - THE REFORM OF LOCAL DEMOCRACY IN
FRANCE BETWEEN 2008-2014
Panel 2. Lect. univ. dr. Manuela NI - THE RESULTS OF THE
INVOLVEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE IN
PARIS IN CODING INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW
II.Privat Law
Panel 1. Lect. univ. dr. Adi CIRCA - THE GROUP CONTRACTS AND
CONVENTIONAL RELATIVITY: PRESENT AND PERSPECTIVES
Panel 2. Conf. univ. dr. Maria DUMITRU - THE LEGAL REGIM OF SHARES
IN THE SHARES IN THE MATRIMONIAL REGIME OF LEGAL
COMMUNITY
III.Public Law
Panel 1 . Lect. univ. dr. Oana Roxana IONESCU - REFLECTIONS ON THE
PUNISHMENT OF THE CRIME OF ATTEMPTED ROBBERY TO THE
OFFENCE OF CAUSING INJURY OR FLICKS OF DEATH
Panel 2. Lect. univ. dr. Lavinia Mihaela VLDIL - EUROPEAN AND
INTERNATIONAL MARKS ON THE FAMILY VIOLENCE
Panel 3. Lect. univ. dr. Rada POSTOLACHE - SAVING AND HOUSING
CREDIT BANKS
IV. Social and Humanistic Sciences
Panel 1. Lect. univ. drd. Roxana Elena LAZR - EUROPEAN
REFORMULATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES IN
ROMANIAN RESEARCH-DEVELOPMENT-INNOVATION SECTOR
Lect.
Univ.
Dr.
Antonio
SANDU
A
CONSTRUCTIONIST
UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY
14
Conference Moderators
Plenary lectures
Conf. univ. dr. Mihaela Laura PAMFIL
Asist. univ. Ana Maria VULPOI
II.Private Law
Panel 1
Conf. univ. dr. Maria DUMITRU
Lect. univ. dr. Ilioara GENOIU
Panel 2
Lect. univ. dr. Ana TEFNESCU
Asist. univ. dr. Laura GEORGESCU
III.Public Law
Panel 1
Lect. univ. dr. Lavinia VLDIL
C.S. II Ion IFRIM
Panel 2
Lect. univ. dr. Oana Roxana IONESCU
Lect. univ. dr. Olivian MASTACAN
Panel 3
Lect. univ. dr. Rada POSTOLACHE
Lect. univ. dr. Mihai GRIGORE
15
Summary:
I. COMUNITY LAW. COMPARATIVE LAW.
EUROPEAN LAW. INTERNATIONAL LAW
The Incidence of Article 8 of European Convention on
Human Rights Concerning the Protection of the Right to
Private and Family Life .........................................................23
[Incidena Articolului 8 din Convenia European a
Drepturilor Omului cu privire la protecia dreptului la via
privat i de familie]
Carmina ALECA
Amelia SINGH
Some Considerations Regarding the Heads of State
Immunity in the European Union Member Countries .........35
Mihaela SIMION
Current News and Perspectives of Administrative
Responsibility Contravention .............................................49
[Noi perspective cu privire la responsabilitatea administrativ
contravenional]
Marta Claudia CLIZA
Elena Emilia TEFAN
Legal Regime of the International Associations of Public
Authorities and Public Institutions in Scientific Research
Field .......................................................................................61
[Regimul juridic al asociaiilor internaionale ale autoritilor
publice i instituiile publice n domeniul cercetrii tiinifice]
Raluca Iuliana EPUREANU (STOICEA)
Human Trafficking in International Regulations.................85
[Traficul de persoane n reglementrile internaionale]
Alexandra MANEA
Gabriel Liviu ISPAS
17
18
19
20
23
1.Introducere
Protecia vieii private i protecia vieii de familie se suprapun n
textele internaionale: dreptul la respectarea vieii private i de familie este
protejat mpotriva imixtiunilor arbitrare sau ilegale ale autoritilor publice,
iar familia element natural i fundamental al societii are drept la
ocrotire din partea societii i a statului .
O problem deosebit de important poart cu privire la
respectarea vieii de familie i n dreptul intern. n acest sens, s-a vrut s se
tie n ce msur acioneaz autoritile atunci cnd apar situaii de natur
s aduc atingere dreptului protejat de articolul 8.
Convenia European a Drepturilor Omului protejeaz prin art. 8,
denumit generic Dreptul la respectarea vieii private i de familie, o sfer
larg de interese de natur personal. Prin urmare, n acest sens, primul
alineat arat c orice persoan are dreptul la respectarea vieii sale private
i de familie, a domiciliului su/i corespondenei sale, iar alin. 2 prevede
c nu este admis amestecul unei autoriti publice n exercitarea acestui
drept dect n msura n care acest amestec este prevzut de lege i dac
constituie o msur care, intr-o societate democratic, este necesar,
pentru securitatea naional, sigurana public, bunstarea economic a
rii, aprarea ordinii i prevederii faptelor penale, protejarea sntii sau a
moralei, ori protejarea drepturilor i libertilor altora.
Interpretarea dinamic a dreptului la respectarea vieii private i de
familie presupune n primul rnd explicarea conceptelor de via privat,
via de familie, via privat i de familie, iar n al doilea rnd s-a
afirmat c articolul 8 a fost interpretat dinamic n sensul extinderii
coninutului dreptului la respectarea vieii private i de familie, ca urmare a
extinderii obligaiilor statelor.
2. Sfera de aciune a dreptului la via privat n interpretarea
Curii
24
25
30
References
Brsan, C., (2010) Convenia European a Drepturilor Omului. Comentariu pe
articole, ediia 2, Editura C.H. Beck, Bucureti,
Berger, V., (1998) Jurisprudena Curii Europene a Drepturilor Omului, ediia a
doua revzut i adugit, Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile
Omului, Bucureti,
Bogdan, D., Selegean, M., (2005) Jurisprudena C.E.D.O. Studii i comentarii,
Institutul National al Magistraturii, Bucureti,
Van Bueren, G., (2008) Les droits des enfants en Europe, Editions du Conseil
de l`Europe, Belgique,
Libreton, G., (2005) Libertes publiques et droits de lHomme, 7-e edition,
Dalloz, Paris,
Lindan, R., (1974) Le droit de la personalite, Dalloz, Paris,
Sudre, Fr., (2006) Drept european i internaional al drepturilor omului
(traducere), Editura Polirom, Iasi,
Convenia European a Drepturilor Omului
Jurisprudena Curii Europene a Drepturilor Omului
33
35
I.Introduction
The institution of the presidential immunity is both the result of a
tradition and of a necessity. Since the ancient times, when talking about
the absolute monarchies, the head of state was absolved of any form of
liability, due to the fact that he was both legislator and supreme judge, the
structure of the state placing him above the law.
Thus, from antiquity to modern times, the adage the king can not
hurt proclaimed the irresponsibility of the monarch, who held the power
from the divinity and answered only before it, being unassailable.
Gradually, the theorists of the Catholic Church, such as Thomas
of Aquino, affirm the peoples right, in cases of originating tyrannies, to
question the monarch, without, however, accepting the possibility of the
people to kill the sovereign. Yet, once the reformer current appeared
within the church, the monarchs responsibility is seen in a broader sense.
It is considered that the sovereignty is given to the king only by delegation
from the people and that it could be withdrawn when the king rated on it,
admitting even the killing of the sovereign who lost his legitimacy.
In time, the huge force of the monarch will turn into a great
weakness: the former weapon of despotism, the lack of liability, became
the base of disability of the present head of state. Centuries of struggle for
democratization of powers have permitted to the political power to
belong only to the responsible bodies, which could be revoked during the
office. Thus, the decisional power, which in the past belonged only to the
king, transformed into a formal competence, precisely because he was
irresponsible. The decisional power over the kings acts that had to be
countersigned has been transferred to ministers, because only they are
politically liable.
In the case of the governmental republic, the place of the
monarch is taken by a president who inherited the status that the king
enjoyed. By personifying the state, occupying the most important position
within, it was considered that the countrys citizens, the public authorities
and the legal persons could not institute proceedings against the person
who occupies the supreme magisterial office of the country, without
blocking, in one form or another, the neutral exercise of the function that
was indispensable to the existence of the state.
In the parliamentary political regime, the monarch or the president
exercise a referee role, all the documents being countersigned by a
member of the Government. Thus the lack of responsibility can be
recognized.
36
and is not subject to responsibility. The chosen formula is not new. Even
in the first Spanish Constitution from the nineteenth century, for example
the Constitution of 1812, it is proclaimed that the King's person is sacred
and not subject to liability. It is true that, at that time, the monarchy was
absolute by divine right, and to admit a responsibility of the King seemed
incompatible with the very principle of monarchy.
Of course that, later, the monarchy has evolved into a
parliamentary form. The reference to the sanctity of the person of King
disappeared once with the Constitution of 1869, but the old provision
regarding his irresponsibility was kept. This provision does not seem at all
to have been fallen into abeyance for the following reasons, which have
already become classic: all the Kings acts shall be countersigned by the
president of the Government and, when appropriate, by the competent
ministers; the countersigning correspond to the exercise of a real power of
decision, the signature of the monarch being a formality; the ministers
who countersign the acts of the monarch are those who assume the
responsibility.
Moreover, the same Article 56 (3), already quoted, after stipulating
the irresponsibility of the King and providing that his acts must be
countersigned, it demonstrates that this status of the monarch is tolerable
only because, in reality, the monarch is only the fictional holder of the
powers attributed to him.
If these explanations have sense in the case of acts fulfilled by the
monarch during the exercise of his function, they are less pertinent for
those related to his private life, such as, for example, some imprudent
statements that would meet the constituent elements of a criminal offense.
The rule of countersignature no longer applies and it is totally
inappropriate. However, the constitutional immunity that the King enjoys
is absolute. The investigations, hearings, detention or preventive custody,
trial and eventually the conviction generally, all the measures that could
affect the continuous exercise of the function - are highly undesirable.
2.Italy
Italy, European Union member state, is organized by the
parliamentary model, under the Constitution of 1947.
We can not approach the problem of immunity of the Italian
Republic President without making right from the start a distinction,
sometimes difficult to achieve, as we are going to show, between two
types of documents: documents related to the exercise of the presidential
function and documents foreign from the exercise of the function.
38
say, nor deny, in fact, the responsibility of Cossiga. It only indicated the
principles that the judges of the cause should take into consideration
when qualifying the statements of the President.
In 2004, the Appeal Court of Rome, by applying the principles set
out by the Court of Cassation in the combined causes 8733 and 8734
from 2000, found full responsibility of the President for the spontaneous
statements that were not functionally related to the presidential
prerogatives, forcing their author to compensation amounting to 90
million Italian lire. The appeal against the decision of the court made by
the former President in front of the Constitutional Court was rejected as
inadmissible by decision 290/2007, on the grounds that the errors of
judgment, regarding the substantive and procedural law, could be
removed by using the natural ways of attack and not by using the
procedure of the competence conflicts between the state powers .
3.Germany
The German basic law, Grundgesetz, adopted in 1949 contains
quite clear provisions to protect the Federal President, without,
nevertheless, conferring him an absolute immunity during the office.
Thus, according to Article 61, the Federal President is responsible for the
wilful violation of the Basic Law or any other federal law. This phrase
wilful violation of the basic law or any other federal law also includes
any criminal offence that, being committed by the President, may justify
his dismissal and, subsequently, the application of a criminal sanction by
the common law judge.
We particularly note that the German legislation opposes the
provisions of other constitutional systems that postpone the proceedings
concerning the head of state until the end of his office. These proceedings
related to the acts performed by the President outside his office shall take
place before common law courts.
As for these acts, the Basic Law of 1949 makes explicit reference
to the rules of parliamentary inviolability, referred to in Article 46, which
apply by analogy to the Federal President. In other words, only the
Bundestag, in a discretionary way, may waive the immunity of the
President for acts committed outside his office and authorize the
prosecution before an ordinary jurisdiction.
Recently, given the charges brought against Christian Wulff, the
President of Germany, for acts committed before his election , namely the
time when he was chancellor of Lower Saxony, the Hanover prosecutor
opened an investigation and asked, in the same time, the Bundestag to
42
45
Also, he shall not be liable for the opinions he would express during his
office, regardless of when they are expressed and where they are made.
The public statements of the President of Romania can be
materialized, mainly, in speeches or messages addressed to the Romanian
state authorities or international bodies, in political statements or
participation in press conferences, interviews, TV or radio broadcasts,
which have as subject not only his powers but also general or specific
questions of the political life. Regarding this, the doctrine has emphasized
that, although free to express his views, the President must not however
give at any time the impression that he takes the part of one or other actor
of the political life, situation in which it would be affected the normal
exercise of the presidential function .
Asked to pronounce, the Romanian Constitutional Court decided
that the attitude and the expressions of the President regarding some
public figures fall within the immunity provided for the political opinions
expressed during the office by Article 84 paragraph 2 of the Constitution
in relation to article 72 paragraph 1. Although the political opinions
expressed in forms that show disrespect for the political partners do not
represent a serious violation of the Constitution, the Court reaffirmed its
belief that the institutional relationships between the participants in the
public life should take place in civilized forms, so as to ensure, in this way
too, the promotion of the supreme values guaranteed and enshrined by
Article 1of the Basic Law.
In doctrine, it is considered that the constitutional text provides a
complete freedom of action to the president in the exercise of his powers,
since the irresponsibility operates not only for the expressed opinions and
votes, but also for the legal documents or the technical-material
operations performed during his office. Yet, the Romanian President
irresponsibility is not a total and absolute one, since, at least a part of his
acts may be appealed according to the administrative litigation procedure,
regulated by Article 52 paragraph 1 of the Constitution, and he,
personally, may be obliged to reparation for the damage .
For acts committed during the office, but outside the duties
incumbent upon it, the President enjoys only inviolability, which means
that he can not be detained, arrested, searched or prosecuted in criminal
or civil cases. But nothing encumbers, after the end of the office, for the
period during which any prescription is suspended, the initiation of a
criminal or civil process, because, while committing such actions, the
President acts outside his constitutional duties, as a private citizen, which
does not warrant the constitutional protection given by immunity.
46
References
Treaties, courses and monographies
Branchet, B., (2008) La fonction prsidentielle sous la V-e Rpublique, L.G.D.J.,
Paris,
Channet, A., (2004) La responsabilit du Prsident de la Rpublique, la
contribution de la commision Avril, LHarmattan, Paris,
47
48
Lecturer, Ph.D., The Faculty of Law Nicolae Titulescu University, Bucharest, 185
Vcreti Blvd., Email Address: cliza_claudia@yahoo.com, Phone no: 0040723 336 038
2 Assistant, Ph.D. Candidate, The Faculty of Law Nicolae Titulescu University,
Bucharest, 185 Vcreti Blvd., Email Address: stefanelena@gmail.com, Phone no.
0040722 832 014
1
49
Introducere
Ne propunem, n cele ce urmeaz, s prezentm tendinele
practicii judiciare cu privire la regimul juridic al contraveniei. O abordare
riguroas din punct de vedere tiinific ne determin ca, nainte de a
proceda la analiza temei propriu-zise a studiului nostru, s realizm o
prezentare a rspunderii administrativ contravenionale.
Axul central al lucrrii este reprezentat de analiza diverselor
aspecte ale regimului juridic al contraveniei, privite din punctul de vedere
al practicii judiciare, respectiv prezentarea problematicii naturii juridice a
contraveniei, aa cum este ea receptat att la nivelul instanelor
judectoreti din Romnia dar i n jurisprudena Curii Europene a
Drepturilor Omului.
Apreciem c utilitatea studiului pe care l propunem este relevat
de intenia de a evidenia noutile aduse n aceast materie de
jurisprudena european n domeniu, precum i de a analiza aplicabilitatea
acesteia n dreptul romnesc.
n final, ne propunem s realizm o sintez a concluziilor care se
impun n urma analizei efectuate i s ncercm s identificm rspunsul la
ntrebarea: n prezent mai poate fi considerat contravenia ca aparinnd
dreptului penal sau administrativ?
Literature review
Problematica regimului juridc al contraveniilor a fcut obiectul
multor studii ale autorilor de specialitate juridic. n doctrina romn i-au
adus valoroasa contribuie autori precum: Dongoroz, V., Kahane, S.,
Oancea, I., Fodor, I., Iliescu, N., nlocuirea rspunderii penale pentru
unele infraciuni cu rspunderea administrativ sau disciplinar, Ed.
Academiei, Bucureti, 1957, Iorgovan, A., Rspunderea contravenional,
Tez de doctorat, Bucureti, 1979, Iovna, I., Drept administrativ i
elemente ale tiinei administraiei, Ed. Didactic i Pedagogic, Bucureti
1997, Priscaru, V., Tratat de drept administrativ, Partea General, Editura
Lumina Lex, Bucureti, 1993, Preda, M., Curs de drept administrativ,
Partea General, cu sinteze tematice, Casa Editorial Calistrat Hoga,
Bucureti, 1995, Dobrinoiu, V., Nistoreanu, Ghe., Nistoreanu, I., Pascu,
Boroi, A., Molnar, I., Lazr, V., Drept penal.Parte general, Ed. Europa
Nova, Bucureti, 1999, iclea, A., Trcil, I., D., Ni, S., I., Constantin,
R., Marin, C., Rspunderea contravenional, Ed. Atlas Lex, Bucureti,
1996 etc. Aceast prezentare este una exemplificativ, lista autorilor care sau aplecat asupra cercetrii n acest domeniu este mult mai lung.
50
56
References
Cliza, M.C., (2012) Drept administrativ, Partea a II-a, Ed.Universul Juridic,
Bucureti.
Clin, D., et all, (2011) Hotrrile CEDO n cauzele mpotriva Romniei vol VI,
2010, Analiz.Consecine.Autoriti potenial responsabile, Editura
Universitar, Bucuresti.
Iorgovan, A., (2005) Tratat de drept administrativ, vol II, Editura All Beck,
Bucureti.
Iorgovan, A., (1979) Rspunderea contravenional, Tez de doctorat,
Universitatea din Bucuresti, Bucureti.
Poenaru, I., (2002) Regimul juridic al contraveniilor, Editura Lumina Lex,
Bucureti.
Poenaru, I., (2001) Noul regim al contraveniilor, Ordonana nr.2/2001,
revista Dreptul nr.12, decembrie.
Priscaru, V. I., (1993) Tratat de drept administrativ, Partea General, Editura
Lumina Lex, Bucureti.
tefan, E .E., (2012) Liability and responsibility, Challenges of the
Knowledge Society - Universitatea Nicolae Titulescu, Bucureti,
accesat pe 7 mai 2012 de pe http://cks.univnt.ro/cks_2012.html.
Ursua, M., (2009) Procedura contravenional, Editura Universul Juridic,
Bucuresti.
Curtea Constituional a Romniei, Decizii relevante ale Curii Constituionale,
2007-2010, Ed. Universul Juridic, Bucureti, 2011, p.446 i urm.
O.G. nr.2/2001 privind regimul juridic al contraveniilor, publicat n
M.Of. nr. 410/25.07.2001, aprobat i modificat prin Legea
nr.180/2002 publicat n M.Of. nr.268/2002 i ulterior modificat
prin Legea nr. 202/2010 privind unele msuri pentru accelerarea
soluionrii proceselor publicat n Monitorul Oficial, Partea I nr.
714/2010.
Legea nr. 32/1968 privind stabilirea i sancionarea contraveniilor,
publicat n B.Of. nr. 148/14.11.1968.
Decizia nr. 7 din 20 septembrie 2010 a naltei Curi de Casaie i Justiie,
publicat n M.Of. nr.126/18.02.2011.
Decizia nr. 183 din 8 mai 2003 a Curii Constituionale, accesat pe 6 mai
2012 de pe http://www.ccr.ro/cedo/183_2003.html
Decizia nr. 228 din 13 martie 2007 a Curtii Constitutionale, accesat pe 7 mai
2012
de
pe
http://www.legex.ro/Decizie-228-13.03.200778645.aspx
58
59
of
61
Bucharest,
Address:
raluca-
62
69
75
References
I. Tratate, cursuri:
Albu, A. D., (1995) Cooperarea economic internaional (tehnici, virtui,
oportuniti), Editura Expert, Bucureti,
Albu, E., (2008) Dreptul contenciosului administrativ, Ed. Universul Juridic,
Bucureti,
Alexandru, I., Cruan, M., Bucur, S., (2009) Drept administrativ, Ediia a
III-a revizuit i adugit, Editura Universul Juridic, Bucureti,
Apostol Tofan, D., (2008) Drept administrativ, Volumul I, Ediia 2, Editura
C.H. Beck, Bucureti,
Apostol Tofan, D., (2009) Drept administrativ, Volumul II, Ediia 2, Editura
C.H. Beck, Bucureti,
Blan, E., (2008) Instituii administrative, Editura C.H. Beck, Bucureti,
Guilhaudis, J. F., (2005) Relations internationales contemporaines, 2e dition,
Ed. LexisNexis Litec, Paris,
Iorgovan, A., (2005) Tratat de drept administrativ, Volumul I, Ediia 4,
Editura All Beck, Bucureti,
Iorgovan, A., (2005) Tratat de drept administrativ, Volumul II, Ediia 4,
Editura All Beck, Bucureti,
Manda, C., Manda, C., (2008) Dreptul colectivitilor locale, Ediia a IV-a
revzut i adugit, Editura Universul Juridic, Bucureti,
Muraru, I., Tnsescu, E. S., (2008) Drept constituional i instituii politice,
Ediia 13, Volumul I, Editura C.H. Beck, Bucureti,
Onica-Jarka, B., (2009) Structuri de cooperare interguvernamental
instituionalizat, Ed. C.H. Beck, Bucureti,
Santai, I., (2009) Drept administrativ i tiina administraiei, Volumul I, Ediie
revizuit, Editura Alma Mater,Sibiu,
81
82
83
1
2
85
86
88
91
92
Concluzii
Europa se confrunt de mult timp cu fenomenul traficului de
persoane care se manifest ns cu o virulen sporit n aceast zon,
datorit diferenelor politice, economice i sociale care a opus pn nu
demult Vestul i Estul continentului, divizndu-l n ri dezvoltate i ri
mai puin dezvoltate, opoziie care mai dureaz nc i care a fost i este
nc speculat de ctre traficanii de fiine umane. Legislaia Romniei cu
privire la traficul de persoane a cunoscut o continu ajustare, n
concordan cu prefacerile economice i sociale intervenite i cu cerinele
de aderare la Uniunea European.
Din analiza desfurat, apreciem c progresele legislative n
domeniul traficului sunt reale, fiind recunoscute ca atare de rapoartele de
specialitate ale ONU, OSCE, SUA. Noul Cod penal marcheaz o evoluie
i un grad de eficien sporit n ceea ce privete combaterea traficului de
persoane i a infraciunilor conexe. S-a reuit o sistematizare a
infraciunilor din domeniul de referin, precum i o ndeplinire a
obligaiilor asumate prin diferite convenii europene i internaionale
ratificate de Romnia.
Indiferent ns de rigoarea cu care infraciunea de trafic de
persoane va fi reglementat i sancionat la nivel internaional i naional,
dac statele lumii nu vor avea n vedere, n primul rnd, luarea msurilor
necesare n vederea combaterii cauzelor sociale i economice care ntrein
fenomenul n sine, lupta va fi pierdut ab initio. Dac examinm piesele
cuprinse n dosarele cauzelor constatrile organelor judiciare, declaraiile
victimelor, martorilor i ale fptuitorilor, actele de cercetare judectoreasc
etc. - vom avea imaginea unei alte lumi, o lume subteran, n care
instinctele primare i violena nc domin.
References
Cri, articole:
Aronowitz, A., (2009) Human Trafficking, Human Misery. The Global Trade
in Human Beings, Ed. Praeger, Westport,
Boroi, A., Rusu, I., (2008) Cooperarea judiciar internaional n materie penal,
Ed. C.H.Beck, Bucureti,
McClean, D., (2007) Transnational Organized Crime. A Commentary on the UN
Convention and its Protocols, Ed. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford,
Murschetz, V., (2007) The Future of Criminal Law within European
Union Union Law or Community Law Competence?, Victoria
University of Wellington Law Review, nr. 38,
93
94
95
96
subsidies to the king- the clergy considered that the analysing of the
contributions that should be allowed to the king should take place in the
ecclesiastic convocation. In Magnum Concilium there continued still on
one hand arhibishoprics, bishoprics, and peers an don the other hand
chevaliers representing shires and the towns representatives.
Certain monarchs tryed to reduce or to minimize the parliaments
powers, neglecting the unwritten law which was affirmed concerning the
petition to obtain in all the cases the Parliaments approval for taxes and
charges. Passing the time the relations between the Parliament and the
royal power had normalised, the parliaments power couldnt be denied by
different monarchs which alternated at the countrys governing.
At the same time there was institutionalised the opposition which
had to assume a set of traditional functions of the parliament, there were
cleared the relations between the House of Commons and the House of
Lords, ameniding in the same time the parliamentary procedure to assure
an effective gouverning and to save time for solving state problems.
4.The organisation and functioning of the British Parliament
The British parliament is formed by the Queen, The House of
Lords and The House of Commons. At the beginning it was formed as a
political organism around the King being convoked by him especially with
the aim of obtaining subsidies for the Crown but also for advising the
Monarch in certain problems concerning the kingdom. The king Edward
the Ist (1272 -1307) convoked together with the great barons of the
Crown and the High Clergy the chevaliers, the towns and counties
representatives as well as the simple clerks. With a full political sense,
these three social classes decided to vote the subsidies asked by the king in
their own meetings going to the bat with the Magna Concilium
concentrated peerage. The last ones were established in the base of the
peers class base in The House of Lords and the chevaliers and the middle
class representatives formed the House of Commons.
The splitting of Magnujm Concilium in the two housestook place
during the kings Edward the IIIrd (1327). In one house had their home
the Temporal and Spiritual lords and in the other one there were the
Commons. Concerning the role and functions of the House of Lords
there are to be made a lot of parentheses with a historical nature.
The aristocracy or the English peer were different from a lot of
points of view of the feudal aristocracy on the continent festered by inner
strife and fetched by a great number of clashes for power between royal
families or prince houses , or between them and the papacy. This constant
100
101
bills. The political downfall of the House of Lords corresponded with the
power rising of the House of Commons. Such a rise was widely the result
of the poll backing allowed to it.So, if before 1831 the House of lords had
backed itself on a 4% of the population , the percentage grew very much
after the end of the first world war. The downfall of the House of Lords
exacerbated very much in the second half of the XIXth century. In this
period the House of Lords couldnt stand out neither political nor
economic to the House of Commons. The Parliament Act (1911) carried
off the lords even the last important prerogatives with a judicial nature,
confirming officialy the long political decadence of this House. The
Prliament Act in 1911 set up the following changes in the relations
between the two legislative Houses:
- a bill in the financial field becomes a law even without the
agreement of the House of Lords, in a month time from its
enactby the House of Commons;
- the public bils can become law without the agreement of the
House of Lords if these are debated and endorsed by the House
of Commons during three successive parliamentary sessions and
if there are more than two years from its second reading in the
first session and the third reading of the project in the first
session within the third session
- the Parliamentary ship was reduced from 7 to 5 years. This
means that any bill introduced by the House of Commons after
two years from the beginning of the trusteeship practically cant
be rejected by the House of Lords. Actually The House of Lords
is considered as a consultative and summoning organism from a
legislative technique bills that are submitted. Its political function
is extremely reduced.
From a point of view regarding the power organisation and the
reports inbetween them the place of the old constitutional common laws
(refering for instance to the first ministers recruitment from the House of
Lords or for the responsibility of Gouvernment members in front of it,
were replaced by others which had rendered on the political level the
rising of the middle class. So, the political liability of the ministers is
employed today exclusively in front of the House of Commons; the prime
ministers are recruted from the deputies, concerning the recruitment of
the House of Lords, this is made on hereditary base . House of Lords Act
in 1999 transformed the House of Lords structure because the hereditary
103
House rearly gets on its inning to the end because generally it is dissolved
in the last year of the legislation.
In England the universal suffrage was introduced in 1918, the
women still being washed out from its practicing. In two succesive phases
this right was bestowed to women (1928). The elective system is based on
the majority uninominl vote with a single turn.
The Great Britains teritory is divided into 251 electoral divisions.
This means that the political organisation which follows up a
parliamentary mandate in an electoral division presents a only one electee.
The action of voting takes place only once being stated elected the electee
which received the majoity of the votes expressed by the electors.This
manner of ballot compels the political parties to have an inner
organisation well leveled and to set up a severe discipline among its
members.
By law it is warranted a specific representativenessfor Wales,
Scotland, and North Ireland.
Every member of the House of Commons represents an electoral
division that do not by all means chimes with the administrative teritorial
organisations as in Great Britain the electoral divisions are the best of
ones ability equal from a population point of view despite the
geographical or hystorical differences that sets of fone region from
another. By law it is appointed a severe procedure for limitting the lengh
of a division. Limitting these ones runs at the reccomandation of the
permanent comittee of the electoral divisions for England, Wales,
Scotland and North Ireland from aproximatively 10 to 10 years.In
accordance with Representation of the People Act, in every electoral
division there is an elective book in which are annualy operated any
change of the poll, only those to be in it bein able to vote. In the book are
registered all the citizens from that division that are almost 18, excepting
the foreigners, the peers, the helpless and the convicted persons. The
majority system dates from the XVIIth century and the uninominal one
from 1884 when it had been introduced by the elective law.
The rules of the elective capacities were assigned almost 300 years
ago.
Excepting the obvious disqualifications (infancy, mental inability,
the membership of House of Lords), The elective Law in 1975 pre-scients
that cant be elected in the House of Commons the tenured of a public,
judicial or executive appointment. Thus there are washed out those who
come into a Crown service, including the clerks, militaries, policemen and
106
triers. The aim of this measures is to assure the breaking-up of the judicial
and executive functions from the legislative one.
The House of Commons is chaired by the Speaker, himself a
parliamentary elected in this position by the Houses members.The
Speaker is elected at the beginning of every legislation for a 5 years inning
but not by voting. The two big parties - The Labour Party and the
Conservative one agree on a person that is to be elected the Speaker.
The Speaker is candid and doesnt play into any party hands. Since 1885
there is elected an active Speaker whose goal is to replace the Speaker in
certain cases in the presidence of the parliamentary debates. The Speaker
has the goal to manage the debates in the House and to keep a good lookout for respecting the Houses parliamentary procedure rules. He rejoice
at the fair dignity which comes from his disinterest and candor. His
dignity also exists in the authorities he has: he is the one who designates
the comittees presidents, he assures the debates police and he can
execute the deputies. The majority is sat on his right. No person enteres
or leaves the House of Commons without greeting him, hei s the one who
invites the deputies to take the floor, he watches that the interferences
steak to the covered point.
The British parliament sit together at least once a year, in the main
to adopt the taxes and to give creditsto the Gouverment, According to a
low from1911 Parliament Act, the parliamnet cant function more than
5 years. In the House are formed two two parliamentary groups everyone
including the deputies from one of the two main parties. The British
parties being established on discipline severe principle, the deputies back
in an active way the political programme of the party thet proposed then
as electees, voting according to its interests. Every parliamentary group is
leaded by a head. Among every party, certain whips are charged to send
the instructions and to assure the discipline within the House of
Commons, to the parliamentary opposition i tis assured all the conditions
to condemn the gouverning programme, the Prime Minister as well as the
other components of the Cabinet. The parliamentary majority is a backer
of the Gouvern petitions addressed to the House. The right of House
dissolution is held by the Monarch but in fact the Prime Minister is the
one who invokes its dissolution and the King conforms to it. In contrast
with the permanent comittee from the French Parliament or the American
congress, those from the House of Commons arent specialised. So, they
have a low function.
One can say that the main charge of the House of Commons is to
vote the laws (the legislative function). Beside this charge, the Houe has
107
109
References
Treaties. Monographies. Proffessional courses
Alexandru, l., (2007) Dreptul administrativ n Uniunea Europen, Ed. Lumina
Lex, Bucureti,
Chagnollaud, D., (2005) Droit constitutionnel contemporain, Tome 1, Theorie
generale. Les regimes etrangers, 4e edition, Armnd Colin, Paris,
Chantebout, B., (2005) Droit constitutionnel et Science politique, 22e edition,
Armnd Colin, Paris,
Deleanu, I., (2006) Instituii i proceduri constituionale n dreptul romnesc i n
dreptul comparat, Ed. C.H.Beck, Bucureti,
112
Duculescu, V., Clinoiu C., Duculescu G., (2007) Drept consti- tuional
comparat, Tratat, Voi. I, Ed. Lumina Lex, Bucureti,
Ionescu, C., (2008) Drept constituional comparat, Ed. C.H. Beck, Bucureti,
Lauvaux, Ph., (2004) Les grandes democraties contemporaines, P.U.F., Paris,
Pactet, P., Melin-Soucramanien, F., (2006) Droit constitutionnel, 25e edition,
Armnd Colin, Paris,
Langrod, G., (1976) La science administrative, Dalloz, Paris.
113
115
oversight by a judge most often go together in the intricate process of having the contract
terminated.
Keywords:
contract, agreement, termination, notice, avoidance, rescission.
I. Introducere
Declanarea rezoluiunii i rezilierii prin simpl notificaie scris
ctre cealalt parte contractant, fr necesitatea solicitrii ei de la instana
de judecat, este cu siguran un punct de reform important al Codului
civil al Republicii Moldova ("C. civ. mold.") n vigoare din 12 iunie 2003 .
Astfel, spunem c, de principiu, rezoluiunea este extrajudiciar sau
unilateral, spre deosebire de alte sisteme de drept n care rezoluiunea
este judiciar, adic se pronun de judector la cererea prii contractante
ndreptite.
Noul Codul civil romn ("N. C. civ. rom.") n vigoare din 1
octombrie 2011
are o poziie original combinnd rezoluiunea
extrajudiciar cu cea judiciar n funcie de prevederile contractului ori de
punerea n ntrziere a debitorului. La art. 1.552. alin. (1) codul dispune:
rezoluiunea sau rezilierea contractului poate avea loc prin notificarea
scris a debitorului atunci:
- cnd prile au convenit astfel,
- cnd debitorul se afl de drept n ntrziere ori
- cnd acesta nu a executat obligaia n termenul fixat prin punerea
n ntrziere.
Per a contrario, pentru celelalte cazuri, se va aplica art. 1.550 al N.
C. civ. rom., n temeiul cruia rezoluiunea se va fi dispune de instan, la
cerere.
Rezoluiunea extrajudiciar este mai eficace, mai economic, mai
rapid, mai n pas cu realitile timpului nostru i cu principalele sisteme
de drept i codificri internaionale. ntr-un cuvnt, rezoluiunea este mai
modern .
Comentatorii Conveniei ONU asupra contractelor de vnzare
internaional a mrfurilor din 11 aprilie 1980 ("Convenia ONU") care
de asemenea consacr principiu rezoluiunii extrajudiciare consider c
aceasta este o soluie energic i pragmatic, care se explic prin
necesitile comerului cu mrfuri, atunci cnd uneia dintre pri i se
permite, n largul voinei sale, posibilitatea de a-i soluiona problemele,
aa fiind duce la dezvoltarea principiului consacrat n Convenia ONU,
potrivit cruia atunci cnd nu poate fi meninut continuitatea
116
119
125
127
129
Dreptul italian este diferit. Potrivit art. 1453 alin.2 al Codului civil
italian dac s-a cerut executarea silit, se poate modifica aciunea n sensul
rezoluiunii. ns inversul nu este admis.
- debitorul obligaiei neexecutate nu poate s-i execute prestaiile
ncercnd astfel s evite pronunarea rezoluiunii. Soluia se
bazeaz pe aplicarea a fortiori a art. 587 alin. (2) C. civ. mold.
conform cruia dac exist vreun litigiu privind o parte din
obligaie, creditorul nu poate refuza partea care nu se afl n litigiu
propus de debitor, cu excepia cazului n care, din cauza
neexecutrii sau executrii necorespunztoare a prii n litigiu a
obligaiei, creditorul pierde interesul pentru ntreaga prestaie. O
soluie similar se d n sistemul italian.
Soluia difer de sistemul francez i romnesc de drept, unde
debitorul poate executa oricnd i chiar i n cursul cilor de atac ale
hotrrii prin care s-a pronunat rezoluiunea, cu condiia s nu fi intrat n
sfera autoritii de lucru judecat, cu condiia ca executarea s mai prezinte
interes, chiar i cu ntrzierea inerent, pentru creditor .
n sistemul de drept al Republicii Moldova, considerm c
supravegherea judectoreasc poate avea dou faete:
a) ante factum, dac reclamantul include printre preteniile sale s
pronune contractul ca fiind rezolvit. Aici, hotrrea judectoreasc va fi
actul care va transforma raportul juridic contractual;
b) post factum, dac reclamantul se adreseaz instanei,
prezentnd declaraia de rezoluiune deja recepionat de ctre cealalt
parte contractant, i solicitnd instanei s constate c a avut loc o
rezoluiune, c cealalt parte este n ntrziere n raportul juridic de
lichidare a legturii contractuale, i s o oblige la executarea obligaiilor cei revin. O supraveghere invers, dar tot post factum, o poate provoca
partea contractant care a recepionat o declaraie de rezoluiune de la
cealalt parte contractant i o consider nentemeiat. Pretenia
reclamantului n acest caz va fi de a constata nulitatea declaraiei de
rezoluiune pe temeiul nentrunirii temeiurilor invocate n ea. O asemenea
declaraie, constatat abuziv de ctre instan, va constitui proba
reclamantului a neexecutrii obligaiilor de ctre prt. Aadar, celui ce
primete o declaraie de rezoluiune abuziv i se va deschide calea de a
recurge la remediile creditorului, inclusiv de a purcede la rezoluiunea "sa"
a contractului (o contrarezoluiune a contractului) i de a solicita
despgubiri de la prt. Totodat, reclamantul se va proteja contra
eventualelor pretenii de despgubiri ale prtului, care iniial rezolvise
130
133
134
Concluzii
Noile coduri civile ale Republicii Moldova i Romniei au fcut un
pas grandios n a stabili principiul rezoluiunii extrajudiciare prin simpl
notificare scris. Pe cnd primul a fcut-o la nivel de principiu, pentru al
doilea, aplicarea sa este mai limitat. Acest pas este consistent cu
tendinele celor mai recente legislaii civile i proiecte de codificare
european. Participanii circuitului civil au fost dotai cu un mecanism
flexibil i comod (cel puin pentru partea care declar rezoluiunea).
Totodat o asemenea abordare micoreaz numrul de procese judiciare i
astfel relaxeaz presiunea de pe sistemul judectoresc. Relativa celeritate a
rezoluiunii i rezilieri ar trebui, la fel, s motiveze prile contractante s
fie mai disciplinate pentru a nu pierde beneficiile economice ale
contractului care urmeaz s-l execute.
Codurile nu au reuit s dezrdcineze absolut rezoluiunea
judiciar, iar raionamente practice dicteaz c rezoluiunea trebuie s aib
dreptul la via.
n privina C. civ. mold. considerm c rezoluiunea judiciar ar
trebui instituit de lege pentru acele cazuri care sunt att de sensibile nct
ar trebui examinate de ctre judector nainte de a produce efecte juridice.
n particular, considerm c temeiul de reziliere a contractului de la art.
748 al Codului civil al Republicii Moldova este unul foarte vag, i excede
simpla ipotez de neexecutare a obligaiilor contractuale (alin.(2) dispune:
"Exist motiv ntemeiat atunci cnd, lundu-se n considerare toate
mprejurrile cazului i interesele ambelor pri, nu se poate pretinde nici
uneia dintre ele continuarea raporturilor contractuale pn la expirarea
termenului de graie sau de somaie."). Astfel, existena acestor alte
motive ntemeiate ar trebui probat n cadrul procedurii judiciare n faa
judectorului ca i arbitru imparial.
Pornind de la abordarea DCFR (art. III-1.110) i pentru
rezoluiunea pentru schimbarea circumstanelor n C. civ. mold. ar putea fi
instituit forma judiciar. Din formularea art. 1.271 N.C. civ. rom. rezult
c n sistemul de drept romn rezoluiunea ori rezilierea pentru aceast
situaie au caracter judiciar.
ntr-adevr, tendina sistemelor reformate de drept este de a stabili
rezoluiunea judiciar sau extrajudiciar n funcie de natura nclcrii.
Bunoar se d exemplul, Codului civil al Lituaniei, care a stabilit
rezoluiunea extrajudiciar doar n caz de nclcare "evident de grav", n
rest aplicndu-se rezoluiunea extrajudiciar .
Un raionament similar pare s fi stat la baza noului Cod civil al
Romniei.
135
References
Tratate, cursuri, monografii
Baies, S., et. all. (2005) Drept civil. Drepturile reale. Teoria generala a obligatiilor.
Vol. II, editia a II-a, I.S.F.E.P. "Tipografia Centrala", Chisinau,
Enderlein, F., Maskow, D., (1992) International Sales Law. United Nations
Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. Convention on the
Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods. A Commentary,
Editura Oceana Publications, New York,
Galgano, F., (2010) Trattato di diritto civile: Le obbligazioni in generale. Il
contratto in generale. I singoli contratti. II, Wolters Kluwer Italia, Padova,
Genicon, T., (2007) La rsolution du contrat pour inexcution. Thses. Tome
484, Ed. L.G.D.J., Paris,
Ispas, M. C., (2010) Rezilierea si rezolutiunea in contractele comerciale. Practica
judiciara comentata, Universul Juridic, Bucuresti,
Statescu, C., Birsan, C., (2000) Drept civil. Teoria generala a obligatiilor, ediia a
III-a, Editura All BECK, Bucuresti,
Stoica, V., (1997) Rezoluiunea i rezilierea contractelor, Editura All, Bucureti.
136
Comentarii
Comentariul Codului civil al Republicii Moldova. Vol. I, Editura Arc, Chisinau,
2005.
Comentariul Codului civil al Republicii Moldova. Vol. II, Editura Arc, Chisinau,
2006.
Munchener Kommentar zum Burgerliches Gesetzbuch: BGB. Band 2: Schuldrecht.
Allgemeiner Teil: 241-432. 5. Auflag, C. H. Beck, Munchen,
2007.
Articole tiinifice
Fabien, C., (2006) La rupture du contrat par volonte unilaterale en droit
quebecois, in Revue generale de droit, nr. 36/2006, pp. 85-110.
Fabre-Magnan, M., (2009) Termination of Contract: A Missed
Opportunity for Reform, in Reforming the French Law of Obligations:
Comparative Reflections on the Avant-projet de rforme du droit des obligations
et de la prescription (the Avant-projet Catala), Hart Publishing, Oxford,
Mamaliga, S., (2004) Rezolutiunea, rezilierea si revocarea contractului, in
Ghidul judecatorului in materie civila si comerciala a Republicii Moldova.
Institutii selectate, Editura Rolsi Media SRL, Chisinau,
Orjuela, M., Barrera, D., (1999) Comentarios a la Ley 518 del 4 de agosto
de 1999, aprobatoria de la Convencion de las Naciones Unidas
sobre los contratos de compraventa internacional de mercaderias,
http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/cabrera-galan.html.
Popa, I. Fl., (2010) Rezolutiunea si rezilierea contractelor in Noul Cod
civil (I), in Revista Romana de Drept Privat, nr. 5/2010, pp. 105-136.
Popa, I. Fl., (2010) Rezolutiunea si rezilierea contractelor in Noul Cod
civil (II), in Revista Romana de Drept Privat, nr. 6/2010, pp. 82-117.
Practic judiciar
Decizia Colegiului economic largit al CSJ RM din 5 noiembrie 2009 (dosar
nr.2rae-294/09), www.csj.md
Decizia Colegiului civil si de contencios administrativ largit al CSJ RM din 14 iulie
2010 (dosar nr.2ra-984/10), www.csj.md
Decizia Colegiului civil si de contencios administrativ largit al CSJ RM din 11 mai
2011 (dosar nr. 3r-440/11), www.csj.md
Legislaie
Codul civil al Republicii Moldova. Nr.1107-XV din 06.06.2002. n: M.O. R.M.
nr. 82-86 din 22.06.2002.
Codul civil al Romaniei. Legea nr.287/2009 din 17 iulie 2009. In: Monitorul
Oficial al Romaniei, Partea I, nr.511 din 24 iulie 2009.
Codul civil olandez (Burgerlijk Wetboek sau BW) din 1992,
http://www.dutchcivillaw.com/civilcodegeneral.htm.
137
Codul
civil
italian
din
16
martie
1942,
http://www.jus.unitn.it/cardozo/obiter_dictum/codciv/Codciv.ht
m.
(
),
http://base.garant.ru/10164072/ .
UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts 2010 Edition,
http://www.unidroit.org/english/principles/contracts/principles20
10/blackletter2010-english.pdf
Principles of European Contract Law, http://www.cbs.dk/departments/
law/staff/ol/commission_on_ecl
Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law Draft Common
Frame of Reference (DCFR). Outline Edition, Editura Dieter Fuchs
Stiftung, Dissen, 2009.
138
139
141
142
144
References
Legislatie
Tratatul de la Lisabona forma consolidat
Cursuri
Vlcu, E. N., (2010) Introducere in dreptul comunitar, Curs pentru studeni,
Editura Sitech, Craiova.
Articole tiinifice
erban Morreanu, C., (2011) The Incrimination of the Trafficking in
Migrants in the National and International Legislation, Agora
International Journal Of Juridical Sciences Nr. 2/2011
erban Morreanu, C., (2010) International Legal Instruments on
Combating Trafficking in Children, Conferina Internaional Fighting
Against Human Trafficking, organizat La Universitatea Petru Maior
Din Trgu Mure, 25-27 Noiembrie 2010.
erban Morreanu, C., (2010) Transferul de proceduri n materie penal form a cooperrii judiciare internaionale, Revista Valahia University
Law Study, nr. 2/2010
147
Code.
Abstract
By provisions of art. 333 the preciput clause was introduced in the new civil
In the Romanian law, the preciput operates in favor of the surviving spouse,
whether of the husband or of the wife, all the more so as the spouses cannot have any
certainty in this regard at the time of marriage.
As a clause of the matrimonial agreement, the preciput can only exist as far as
the future spouses conclude such an agreement, the preciput clause being an accessory to
the matrimonial agreement. On the other hand, the existence of a matrimonial
agreement does not necessarily imply such a clause, however, once they have opted for it,
the legal rules on the preciput will be fully applicable, having a binding character.
In this context, the article aims to study: a historical journey on the preciput
clause; the preciput clause: concept, parts, object, legal and judicial character;
compatibility of the preciput clause with the separation of property matrimonial regime
and with the legal community matrimonial regime; the enforcement of the preciput
clause; consequences of the special nature of conventional freedom of the preciput clause
and the impact of the preciput clause on the division of inheritance.
Keywords:
the preciput clause; marriage; matrimonial agreement; devolution; testamentary
devolution.
Ph.D. Associate professor, Faculty of Legal, Social and Political Science, Dunrea de
Jos, University of Galati, Email Address: ncerasela@yahoo.com
1
151
157
158
160
it may be stated for the benefit of each spouse or only for one
of them;
it is not subject to donations (the obligation that the
descendants and the surviving spouse have to bring at the chart if
heirs the assets received as donation from the deceased) but only
to reduction of liberalities (restriction by court decision of the
decision of a deceased person to donate their property if this has
affected the hereditary reserve of certain heirs);
the preciput clause is without prejudice to common creditors
right to suit, even before the termination of marriage, the assets
subject to the clause;
it becomes meaningless when the community ceases during the
lifetime of spouse, when the beneficiary spouse dies before the
other spouse or when they die at the same time or when the
property has been sold at the request of the common creditors;
the execution of the preciput clause is performed in kind or, and
if this is not possible, by equivalent.
References
Albu, I., (1975) Dreptul familiei (Family Law), Didactic and Pedagogic
Publishing House, Bucharest,
Anitei, N. C., (2012) Dreptul familiei (Family Law), Hamangiu Publishing
House, Bucharest,
Avram, M., Nicolescu, C., (2010) Regimuri matrimoniale (Matrimonial
Regimes), Hamangiu Publishing House, Bucharest,
Bacaci, A., Dumitrache, V. C., Hageanu, C. C., (2009) Dreptul familiei
(Family Law), 6th edition, C. H. Beck Publishing House, Bucharest,
Bacaci, A., Dumitrache, V. C., Hageanu, C. C., (2005) Dreptul familiei
(Family Law), 4th edition, All. Beck Publishing House, Bucharest,
Banciu, A. A., (2011) Raporturile patrimoniale dintre soi (Patrimonial Relations
between Spouses), Hamangiu Publishing House, Buharest,
Bodoac, T., (2005) Dreptul familiei (Family Law), All Beck Publishing
House, Bucharest,
Boroi, G., (2001) Drept civil. Partea general. Persoanele (Civil Law. General
Part. Persons), All Beck Publishing House, Bucharest,
Crciunescu, M. C., (2000) Regimuri matrimoniale (Matrimonial Property
Regimes), All Beck Publishing House, Bucharest,
Deak, F., (1996) Motenirea legal (Legal Heritage), Academica Motenirea
legal, Bucharest,
161
Emese, F., (2008) Dreptul familiei (Family Law), 2nd edition, C. H. Beck
Publishing House, Bucharest,
Genoiu, I., (2011) Drepturile succesorale ale soului supravieuitor n noul Cod civil
(Inheritance of the surviving spouse in the new civil Code), in
Dreptul no. 1,
Genoiu, I., (2012) Dreptul la motenire n noul Cod civil (The inheritance right
in the new civil Code), Publishing House, Bucharest,
Rizeanu, D., Protopopescu, D., (1963) Raporturile patrimoniale dintre soi n
lumina Codului familiei (Patrimonial relations between spouses in the
light of Family Code), the Scientific Publishing House), Bucharest.
Legi
Legea nr. 287 din 17 iulie 2009 privind Codul civil, Monitorul Oficial al
Romniei, Partea I, nr. 511 din 24 iulie 2009, a fost modificat prin
Legea nr. 71/2011 i rectificat n Monitorul Oficial al Romniei,
Partea I, nr. 427 din 17 iunie 2011 i n Monitorul Oficial al
Romniei, Partea I, nr. 489 din 8 iulie 2011.
162
PhD.
Lecturer,
Hyperion
cristiandumitrescu1981@gmail.com
University,
163
Bucharest,
Emai
Address:
164
puin comentat, dar crucial pentru ceea ce numim criz de ncredere. Criza
a devoalat dubiul asupra moralitii, antiteza dintre lcomie i integritate,
cci la ce refer principial propensiunea de risc dac nu la apetitul de
ctig. Dac unii l au de ce alii s se abin, dar forarea norocului, fie in
economia real, fie in economia financiar, este alunecarea de la integritate
n lcomie, ultima aprnd, din pcate, dominant. Oare aceast alunecare,
marcat de criza financiar din 2007, nu poate ridica o problem de
cultur n sensul cel larg, cu afectarea unor valori morale? Pornind de la
aceast ntrebare retoric, putem afirma c, n prezent se constat faptul c
lipsa de ncredere se extinde din domeniul economico-financiar spre sfera
politic, ca urmare a incapacitii, deja demonstrate de actuala clas
politic, de a restabiliza ncrederea distrus de cea mai sever criz
financiar, care amenin mediul de afaceri i viitorul corporaiilor, adic
economia real.
Corobornd cele afirmate, putem concluziona urmtoarele: crizele
se suprapun, uneori se anun una pe alta, se pregtesc, e o complicaie.
Au o relaie complicat i totui seamn. Conform opiniei domnului
academician Mircea Malia, n prezent exist dou crize paralele, dou
crize surori. Au nceput, una n sistemul economic i financiar i a doua, n
domeniul politicii internaionale, care privete sistemul statelor, ceea ce
numim sistemul internaional .
Au continuat apoi cu o masiv scdere a ncrederii, n plin
derulare, att la nivelul sectorului de afaceri, ct i la nivelul
consumatorilor, ambele rspunznd prin restrngerea cheltuielilor.
Guvernul Statelor Unite i unele guverne din Europa, ncercnd s refac
stabilitatea, au naionalizat pri ale sectoarelor lor financiare ntr-o msur
care contrazice nsei bazele capitalismului modern. ntreaga lume pare
astzi c i schimb cursul, sublinia domnul Mugur Isrescu,
ndreptndu-se ctre o perioad n care rolul statului va fi mai mare, iar
cel al sectorului privat va fi mai mic . Aceasta va fi probabil cea mai
dramatic consecin a crizei actuale.
Din perspectiva presupuselor efecte multiple, de diferit natur,
ale crizei actuale privite ca argument al resetrii ordinii mondiale,
rspunsul trebuie s fac apel la un efort de abordare multidisciplinar.
Desigur, nu putem face abstracie de cauza (creditul ipotecar cu risc
ridicat) i de locul iniial al deflagraiei - economia american aducnd n
actualitate devierea de la morala economic liberal i credulitatea adus la
nivel de tiin c o economie real ar putea s susin o economie
financiar de mii de ori mai mare. Dar, dincolo de aceste aprecieri
oarecum filosofice, dereglementarea, ca fenomen general american,
166
References
Constituia Romniei n forma revizuit n anul 2003, republicat n
Monitorul Oficial al Romniei Partea I, nr. 767 din 31 octombrie
2003
Alexandru, I., (2001) Criza administraiei, Bucureti, Editura All Beck,
Alexandru, I., (2007) Administraia public. Teorii. Realiti. Perspective, ediia a
IV-a revzut i adugit, Ed. Lumina Lex, Bucureti,
Alexandru, I., (2005) Drept administrativ european, Ed. Lumina Lex,
Bucureti,
Iorgovan, A., (2005) Tratat de drept administrativ romn, Bucureti, Editura
All Beck,
Iorgovan, A., (2000) Drept administrativ, Editura Nemira, Bucureti,
Giddens, A., (2001) A treia cale si criticii ei, Editura Polirom, Bucuresti,
Ionescu, C., (1997) Drept constituional i instituii politice, Editura Lumina
Lex, Bucureti,
168
169
171
1.Consideraii introductive
Profundele transformri suportate de societatea romneasc n
ultimii ani, integrarea n Uniunea European, asumarea obligaiei de
armonizare legislativ, existena la nivel european a dorinei de realizare a
unui Cod civil european, precum i imposibilitatea codului n vigoare de a
mai reglementa noile valori sociale, culturale, tehnico tiinifice i
economice aprute ca urmare a evoluiei fireti a realitilor sociale din ara
noastr sunt doar cteva considerente ce au impus necesitatea elaborrii
unui nou Cod civil.
Prin urmare, n anul 2009, dup ndelungatele strduine ale
juritilor romni de modernizare a dreptului civil, Parlamentul Romniei a
adoptat prin Legea nr. 287/2009 Noul Cod civil (NCC), n vigoare de la 1
octombrie 2011. S-a urmrit ca acest nou cod s fie un instrument
modern de reglementare a aspectelor fundamentale ale existenei
individuale i sociale, cuprinznd totalitatea dispoziiilor privitoare la
persoane, relaii de familie, relaii comerciale i chiar relaiile de drept
internaional privat, promovndu-se astfel o concepie monist n
reglementarea raporturilor de drept privat, dup cum se poate deduce din
consultarea expunerii de motive, din modul de sistematizare a materiei i
din soluiile lansate, concepie care este promovat i de alte state
europene cum ar fi, de pild, Frana, Elveia, Olanda sau Italia.
Dup cum se precizeaz chiar n cadrul expunerii de motive, una
din principalele surse de inspiraie sau unul dintre modelele folosite pentru
elaborarea noului Cod civil romn este Codul civil al provinciei Quebec
din Canada.
Dei, Codul civil al provinciei Quebec este ntr-adevr cel mai
recent dintre codurile celorlalte state de drept civil i extrem de bine
elaborat, fiind rezultatul a peste 50 de ani de munc intens, totui,
apreciem ca fiind neinspirat aceast opiune a legiuitorului romn, bazat
cu prioritate pe argumentul noutii ntruct, aa cum deja au semnalat i
ali teoreticieni , este evident c acest model nu cuprinde reglementrile
care trebuie s se regseasc n cazul unui stat unitar, aa cum este cazul
Romniei cci n timp ce legislaia unei provincii se completeaz, desigur,
cu legislaia existent la nivel federal, nu aceeai este situaia n cazul
statelor unitare.
Dincolo de aceste aspecte, simpla copiere a unor dispoziii, aa
cum uneori ne apar ilustrate anumite instituii n Noul Cod civil, nu
echivaleaz cu o real activitate de codificare care ar trebui s porneasc
de la o cercetare solid, tiinific a realitilor sociale existente la nivelul
unei societi pentru c exist riscul ca modul n care sunt reglementate
172
173
177
180
182
Astfel, potrivit art. 776 alin 2 i 3 din NCC pot avea calitatea de
fiduciar numai instituiile de credit, societile de investiii i de
administrare a investiiilor, societile de servicii de investiii financiare,
societile de asigurare i reasigurare legal nfiinate, avocaii i notarii
publici, indiferent de forma de exercitare a profesiei.
Limitarea expres de ctre legiuitor a posibilitii dobndirii
calitii de fiduciar doar la anumite persoane supuse controlului financiar
constituie o opiune demn de laud ntruct, de-a lungul timpului, s-a
constat n practica internaional n materie c fiducia ascundea de multe
ori operaiuni de splare de bani sau de evaziune fiscal. ns, exist i
opinii care critic aceast reglementare restrictiv a calitii de fiduciar.
n cadrul aceluiai contract putem regsi o pluralitate de fiduciari.
ntr-o astfel de situaie, cnd contractul are natur comercial,
angajamentul mai multor fiduciari se prezum a fi solidar, n schimb, dac
suntem n prezena unui contract cu caracter civil (de exemplu, contractul
ncheiat ntre o persoan fizic - constituitor i un avocat fiduciar),
solidaritatea nu se prezum.
Ct privete capacitatea de exerciiu a fiduciarului, indiferent c
acesta este persoan juridic sau persoan fizic autorizat (avocat, notar),
trebuie s fie deplin, chiar i n ipoteza n care fiduciarul este n acelai
timp i beneficiar. n doctrina recent , cu privire la acest aspect s-a artat
c n situaia n care fiduciarul este i beneficiar este suficient existena
capacitii restrnse de exerciiu, ntruct administrarea masei patrimoniale
se face pe propriul risc. n ce ne privete, nu putem fi de acord cu aceast
prere ntruct trebuie s se in cont de faptul c administrarea masei
fiduciare poate implica i ncheierea de acte de dispoziie pentru a cror
ntocmire este necesar capacitatea deplin de exerciiu, ba mai mult nu
trebuie scpat din vedere faptul c persoana care poate avea calitatea de
fiduciar este ntotdeauna una calificat, ceea ce face dificil punerea n
discuie a capacitii de exerciiu restrnse a unei asemenea persoane.
n timp ce n cazul cazul contractului de administrare a bunurilor
altei persoane, beneficiarul este parte n contract, n cazul fiduciei,
beneficiarul nu este parte n contract, ceea ce indic o asemnare a fiduciei
cu stipulaia pentru altul.
Aadar, nefiind parte n contract, nu este necesar consimmntul
acestuia la ncheierea lui, totui el nu poate fi considerat ter (penitus
extranei) fa de contract ntruct efectele acestuia se produc asupra lui,
beneficiarul, putnd s-l oblige pe fiduciar la executarea obligaiilor
rezultate din contractul de fiducie, ceea ce ne determin s afirmm c
suntem n prezena unei veritabile excepii de la principiul relativitii
183
184
References
Tratate, cursuri, monografii:
Beleiu, Gh., (2007) Drept civil romn. Introducere n dreptul civil. Subiectele
dreptului civil, ediia a X-a, revizuit i adugit de M. Nicolae i P.
Truc, Editura Universul Juridic, Bucureti,
Boroi, G., (2008) Drept civil. Parte general. Persoanele, ediia a-III-a, Editura
Hamangiu, Bucureti,
Cantin Cumyn, M., (2000) L'administration du bien d'autrui, Editura Yvon
Blais Inc., Cowansville,
Dnior, D. C., Dogaru, I., Dnior, Gh., (2008) Teoria general a dreptului,
Editura C. H. Beck, Bucureti,
Dogaru, I., Popa, N., Dnior, D.C., Cercel, S., (2008) Bazele dreptului civil,
vol. 1, Teoria general, Editura C. H. Beck, Bucureti,
Malaurie, Ph., Ayns, L., (1993) Cours de droit civil. Les successions. Les
liberalites, Editura Cujas, Paris,
Nicolae, A. G., Uliescu M., (2010) Institutii de drept civil in Noul Cod civil,
Bucuresti,
Nicolae, M., (2000) Actul juridic civil n Drept civil romn. Curs selectiv pentru
licen (2000-2001), Editura Press Mihaela, Bucureti,
187
Ungureanu, O., (2007) Drept civil. Introducere, ediia a 8-a, Editura C.H.
Beck, Bucureti.
Articole n reviste de specialitate:
Boi, I., Boi, V., (2010) Administrarea bunurilor altei persoane n Noul
Cod civil romn, Revista Dreptul, nr. 11/2010.
Burian, H., (2011) Fiducia n lumina Noului Cod civil, Scientia Iuris,
Revista Romno-Maghiar de tiine Juridice, nr. 1/2011.
Dnior, D.C., (2011) Juridicizarea conceptelor, Revista Dreptul, nr.
3/2011.
Deleanu, I., (2002) Prile n raporturile contractuale, Revista Dreptul, nr.
4/2002.
Popa, I., (2011) Contractul de fiducie reglementat de Noul Cod civil,
Revista Romn de Drept Privat, nr. 2/2011.
Tripon, C. R., (2010) Fiducia, rezultat al interferenei celor dou mari
sisteme de drept:dreptul civil continental i dreptul anglo-saxon.
Conceptul, clasificarea, evoluia i condiiile de validitate ale fiduciei,
Revista Romn de Drept Privat, nr. 2/2010.
188
places.
Keywords:
individual transfer, collective transfer, employer transferee, funding of working
Ph.D. Lecturer at Dunrea de Jos University Galai, Faculty of Legal, Social and
Political Science, Email Address: ana@anacioriciu.ro
189
190
191
art. 173 din Codul muncii, detaliate, de altfel, de prevederile Legii nr.
67/2006 privind protecia drepturilor salariailor n cazul transferului
ntreprinderii, al unitii sau al unor pri ale acestora 19 .
i n cazul acestui tip de transfer se ntlnete o relaie
triunghiular n care sunt implicai cedentul, cesionarul i salariatul.
Cedentul este angajatorul care i pierde aceast calitate fa de salariaii si
n urma transferului, iar cesionarul este cel care dobndete calitatea de
angajator fa de salariaii ntreprinderii, unitii sau a unor pri ale
acestora (art. 4 din Legea nr. 67/2006) 20 .
Dar, cele dou noiuni transfer individual i transfer colectiv - nu
trebuie confundate. De aceea, ntr-o viitoare i util 21 reglementare, ar
trebui de lege ferenda s se utilizeze termeni diferii 22 - transferul colectiv, deja
consacrat n literatura juridic 23 i transferul individual - n interesul
angajatorului sau al salariatului.
Literatura de specialitate a definit transferul ca fiind trecerea cu
caracter definitiv a persoanei ncadrate n munc dintr-o unitate n alta, de
192
24A
se vedea: Sanda Ghimpu, Gheorghe Mohanu, Garanii ale stabilitii n munc, Editura
Politic, Bucureti, 1977, pp. 67-68; Gheorghe Brehoi, Modificarea contractului de munc prin
transfer, Editura Politic, Bucureti, 1983, p. 34.
25 C. Jornescu, T. Zega, Delegarea, detaarea i transferul, Editura tiinific i enciclopedic,
Bucureti, 1979, p. 84. n acelai sens, Alexandru iclea, Contractul individual de munc,
Editura Lumina Lex, Bucureti, 2003, p. 388; Idem, Dreptul muncii. Curs universitar, Editura
Rosetti, Bucureti, 2004, p. 282.
26 erban Beligrdeanu, Ion Traian tefnescu, Dicionar de drept al muncii, Editura Lumina
Lex, Bucureti, 1997, p. 179.
27 Sanda Ghimpu, Gheorghe Mohanu, Garanii ale stabilitii n munc, op. cit., pp. 82-83.
193
194
i ori de cte ori acesta se va transfera. Or, dac nu mai exist n contractul
respectiv angajatorul (cedent), nu mai exist nici contract.
Nu negm c este vorba de o situaie atipic, dar pn la o
reglementare expres, teoria actului adiional ca act unic, ce ar marca
transferul, admis, de altfel, uneori, n practica inspectoratelor de munc,
nu i gsete suport nici n cuprinsul Hotrrii Guvernului nr. 500/2011
privind registrul general de eviden a salariailor 33 , ceea ce credem c nu
se poate spune n privina teoriei celor patru acte juridice pe care am avansat-o.
Practic nu exist temei legal pentru modificarea contractului prin
act adiional (nici mcar art. 17 alin. 3 lit. a din Codul muncii coroborat cu
alin. 5 al aceluiai articol), pentru c dispare un element esenial al
contractului individual de munc - angajatorul.
Astfel c, pn la o eventual reglementare expres n acest sens,
achiesm 34 la soluia 35 potrivit creia fa de prevederile legislaiei muncii,
transferul, ca modalitate de modificare a locului muncii salariatului, nu
poate opera, singura posibilitate fiind ncetarea contractului individual de
munc prin acordul prilor, n temeiul art. 55 lit. b din Codul muncii,
urmat de ncheierea unui nou contract individual de munc la alt
angajator. Dar, n acest caz nu ar exista posibilitatea dreptului la
indemnizaie de omaj ori a unor alte faciliti grefate pe aceasta 36 .
Chiar i n sistemul funciei publice, dei transferul este
reglementat expres ca un caz de modificare a raportului de serviciu (art. 87
alin. 2 lit. c din Legea nr. 188/1999 privind Statutul funcionarilor
Publicat n Monitorul Oficial al Romniei, Partea I, nr. 372 din 27 mai 2011,
modificat i completat ulterior.
34 n sens contrar am afirmat, anterior, c posibilitatea nlocuirii angajatorului ar putea fi
gsit n reglementarea art. 41 alin. 1 din Codul muncii referitoare la modificarea
consensual pe baza unui act secundar (Ana Cioriciu, Consideraii privind transferul
personalului, op. cit., pp. 57-59).
35 A se vedea Dan op, Posibilitatea transferului n cazul persoanelor ncadrate prin Contract
individual de munc (I), n Dreptul nr. 1/2007, p. 92.
A se vedea n acelai sens: Alexandru Athanasiu, Luminia Dima, Regimul juridic al
raporturilor de munc n
reglementarea noului Cod al muncii, Partea a III-a, n Pandectele romne nr. 5/2003, p. 231;
Idem, Dreptul muncii, Editura All Beck, Bucureti, 2005, pp. 231-232.
36 A se vedea art. 17 alin. 1 lit. a din Legea nr. 76/2002 privind sistemul asigurrilor
pentru omaj i stimularea ocuprii forei de munc (publicat n Monitorul Oficial al
Romniei, Partea I, nr. 103 din 6 februarie 2002, modificat i completat ulterior)
coroborat cu art. 5 lit. a din Normele metodologice de aplicare a acesteia, aprobate prin
Hotrrea Guvernului nr. 174/2002 (publicat n Monitorul Oficial al Romniei, Partea I,
nr. 181 din 18.03.2002), modificat i completat ulterior).
33
195
196
197
198
A se vedea Rducan Oprea, Subvenionarea locurilor de munc pentru omerii indemnizai sau
neindemnizai i stimulentele oferite acestora unele observaii, n Revista romn de dreptul
muncii, nr. 1/2012, pp. 34-35.
Calitile de omer indemnizat i neindemnizat nu sunt consacrate ca atare de Legea nr.
76/2002 privind sistemul asigurrilor pentru omaj i stimularea ocuprii forei de
munc, ns justificarea utilizrii lor am considerat c are n vedere aspecte de ordin
practic. Actul normativ menionat face referire doar la calitile de omer i omer
nregistrat. (Ana tefnescu, omer indemnizat versus omer neindemnizat la angajarea cu
subvenie, pe www.Avocatnet.ro).
Subsecvent subvenionrii locurilor de munc, se pot acorda angajatorilor i alte faciliti
(A se vedea pentru detalii, Rducan Oprea, Subvenionarea locurilor de munc pentru omerii
indemnizai sau neindemnizai i stimulentele oferite acestora unele observaii, op. cit., pp. 39-40).
53 A se vedea i Ana tefnescu, omer indemnizat versus omer neindemnizat la angajarea cu
subvenie, pe www.Avocatnet.ro
54 n legtur cu durata i valoarea subveniilor, precum i n legtur cu obligaiile
angajatorilor corelative acordrii lor a se vedea Rducan Oprea, Subvenionarea locurilor de
munc pentru omerii indemnizai sau neindemnizai i stimulentele oferite acestora unele observaii,
op. cit., pp. 35-37.
52
199
Ibidem, p. 35.
Republicat n Monitorul Oficial al Romniei, Partea I, nr. 72 din 05 februarie 2003,
modificat i completat ulterior.
57 Art. 77 alin. 2 din Legea nr. 448/2006 stipuleaz c n sensul prezentei legi i numai n
contextul ncadrrii n munc, prin persoan cu handicap se nelege i persoana invalid
gradul III. Potrivit art. 84 lit. d) din Legea nr. 448/2006, pentru aceste dou categorii de
persoane angajatorii pot primi o subvenie de la stat, n condiiile prevzute de Legea nr.
76/2002 privind sistemul asigurrilor pentru omaj i stimularea ocuprii forei de
munc, cu modificrile i completrile ulterioare.
A se vedea n acest sens Ana tefnescu, Munca la domiciliu i telemunca, Editura Universul
Juridic, Bucureti, 2011, pp. 40-41.
58 A se vedea art. 511 alin. 2 din Norma metodologic de aplicare a Legii nr. 76/2002.
55
56
200
201
References
Tratate, cursuri, monografii:
Athanasiu, A., Dima, L., (2005) Dreptul muncii, Editura All Beck, Bucureti,
Athanasiu, A., Moarc, C. A., (1999) Muncitorul i legea. Dreptul muncii,
Editura Oscar Print, Bucureti,
Beligrdeanu, ., (2003) Legislaia muncii, comentat, vol. XLVII (vol
1/2003), Editura Lumina Lex, Bucureti,
Beligrdeanu, ., tefnescu, I. T., (1997) Dicionar de drept al muncii, Editura
Lumina Lex, Bucureti,
Brehoi, G., (1983) Modificarea contractului de munc prin transfer, Editura
Politic, Bucureti,
Cantacuzino, M. B., (1998) Elementele dreptului civil, Editura ALL
Educaional, Timioara,
Georgescu, L., (2011) Dreptul securiti sociale, Editura Universul Juridic,
Bucureti,
Ghimpu, S., iclea, A., (2001) Dreptul muncii, Ediia a II-a, Editura All
Beck, Bucureti,
Ghimpu, S., Mohanu, Gh., (1977) Garanii ale stabilitii n munc, Editura
Politic, Bucureti,
Glc, C., (2005) Reorganizarea ntreprinderilor - analiza dispoziiilor noului Cod
al muncii n raport cu legislaia i jurisprudena european, Editura Rosetti,
Bucureti,
Jornescu, C., Zega, T., (1979) Delegarea, detaarea i transferul, Editura
tiinific i enciclopedic, Bucureti,
Pelissier, J., Supiot, A., Jeammaud, A., (2006) Droit du travail, 23-edition.
Editura Dalloz, Paris,
Popescu, A., Voiculescu, N., (2003) Dreptul social european, Editura
Fundaiei Romnia de mine, Bucureti,
tefnescu, A., (2011) Munca la domiciliu i telemunca, Editura Universul
Juridic, Bucureti,
tefnescu, I. T., (2010) Tratat teoretic i practic de drept al muncii, Editura
Universul Juridic, Bucureti,
tefnescu, I., T., Beligrdeanu, ., (2003) Codul muncii, Editura Lumina
Lex, Bucureti,
Tudor, F., (2009) Fiscalitate. Metode i tehnici fiscale, Editura Galai University
Press, Galai,
iclea, A., (2011) Tratat de dreptul muncii, Ediia a V-a, Editura Universul
Juridic, Bucureti,
iclea, A., (coordonator), Georgescu, L., Cioriciu tefnescu, A., Barbu,
V., (2010) Dreptul public al muncii, Editura Wolters Kluwer Romnia,
Bucureti,
202
204
Ph.D. Professor, Faculty of Legal, Social and Political Science, Dunrea de Jos
University Galai, Email Address: raducan.oprea@ugal.ro
205
Legea nr. 53/2003 - Codul muncii, republicat n Monitorul Oficial al Romniei, Partea
I, nr. 345 din 18 mai 2011.
3 Republicat n Monitorul Oficial al Romniei, Partea I, nr. 740 din 10 octombrie 2002.
4 A se vedea n acest sens, Ionel Petrea, Ana Cioriciu tefnescu, Regulamentul intern reglementare i sanciune, pe www.Avocatnet.ro
5 Ovidiu inca, Observaii de ansamblu i critice cu privire la regulamentul intern, n Dreptul nr.
11/2009, p. 75
2
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
Ibidem.
Ion Traian tefnescu, Tratat teoretic i practic de drept al muncii, op. cit., p. 54.
213
214
salariat, prin care acesta a nclcat normele legale, regulamentul intern, contractul
individual de munc sau contractul colectiv de munc aplicabil, ordinele i dispoziiile
legale ale conductorilor ierarhici.
35 Potrivit art. 24 din Legea nr. 24/2000, Soluiile legislative preconizate prin proiectul
de act normativ trebuie s acopere ntreaga problematic a relaiilor sociale ce reprezint
obiectul de reglementare pentru a se evita lacunele legislative (alin. 1). Pentru ca
soluiile s fie pe deplin acoperitoare se vor lua n considerare diferitele ipoteze ce se pot
ivi n activitatea de aplicare a actului normativ, folosindu-se fie enumerarea situaiilor
avute n vedere, fie formulri sintetice sau formulri-cadru de principiu, aplicabile
oricror situaii posibile (alin. 2).
36 Republicat n Monitorul Oficial al Romniei, Partea I, nr. 260 din 21 aprilie 2010,
modificat i completat ulterior.
37 Alexandru iclea, Tratat de dreptul muncii, op. cit., p. 449.
215
216
217
References
Tratate, cursuri, monografii:
Beligrdeanu, ., (2003) Legislaia muncii comentat, vol. XLVII (vol.
1/2003), Editura Lumina Lex, Bucureti,
Brndua, V., (2009) Dreptul muncii pentru nvmntul economic, Editura
Economic, Bucureti,
Dimitriu, R., (2007) Legea privind soluionarea conflictelor de munc. Comentarii
explicaii, Editura C. H. Beck, Bucureti,
tefnescu, A., (2011) Munca la domiciliu i telemunca, Editura Universul
Juridic, Bucureti,
tefnescu, I. T., (2010) Tratat teoretic i practic de drept al muncii, Editura
Universul Juridic, Bucureti,
tefnescu, I. T., Beligrdeanu, ., (2003) Codul muncii prezentare de ansamblu.
Analiza textelor eseniale. Textul integral, Editura Lumina Lex,
Bucureti,
iclea, A., (2011) Tratat de dreptul muncii, Ediia a V-a, Editura Universul
Juridic, Bucureti,
U, L., Rotaru, F., Cristescu, S., (2009) Contractul individual de munc.
ncheiere. Executare. Modificare. Suspendare. Practic judiciar, Editura
Hamangiu, Bucureti.
Articole tiinifice:
Beligrdeanu, ., (2007) Inadmisibilitatea obstaculrii dreptului instanelor
judectoreti de nlocuire a sanciunii disciplinare, aplicat de
angajator salariatului, cu o alta mai uoar prin dispoziii nscrise n
regulamentul intern, n Dreptul, nr. 4/2007.
Beligrdeanu, ., (2005) Efectele refuzului nejustificat al salariatului de a se
prezenta la cercetarea disciplinar prealabil (II), n Dreptul, nr.
8/2005.
Glc, C., (2005) Hruirea moral la locul de munc, n Revista romana de
dreptul muncii, nr. 2/2005
Georgescu, L., Cioriciu tefnescu, A., (2010) Consideraii privind
principiul la munc egal, salariu egal, n Revista romn de dreptul
muncii nr. 3/2010.
Ada Postolache, Regulamentul intern i limita judectorului n calificarea abaterii disciplinare, op.
cit., p. 105.
47
218
219
223
224
225
226
227
References
Dongoroz, V., (1975) Explicaii teoretice ale codului penal romn, vol. III
Ed.academiei,
Antoniu, G., Bulai, C., (1976) Dicionar juridic penal, Ed. tiinific i
enciclopedic, Bucureti,
Guiu, K., Voicu, A., (2010) Drept penal. Partea special, Ed.Universul Juridic,
Bucureti,
Ivan, Gh., (2009) Drept penal, Partea special, Ed. C.H. Beck, Cucureti,
Pascu, I., Gorunescu, M., (2008) Partea special, Ed.Hamangiu,
Toader, T., (2012) Drept penal romn, Partea special, ediia a 6-a, revizuit
i actualizat, Ed.Hamangiu,
Antoniu, G., (2002) Nota redaciei, RDP nr.3,
Brisc, I.V., (2002) Infraciunile privind viaa sexual.Modificrile i
completrile aduse acestor infraciuni prin Legea nr.197/200 i
Ordonana de urgen a Guvernului nr.89/2001, D., nr.11,
19 A se vedea Ketty Guiu, Adriana Voicu, Drept penal. Partea special, Ed.Universul Juridic,
Bucureti, 2010, p. 156.
20 A se vedea, Gheorghe Ivan, Drept penal, Partea special, Ed. C.H. Beck, Cucureti, 2009,
pp. 197-198.
228
229
231
I. Consideraii introductive
Explozia tehnologic din ultimii ani a avut un impact deosebit
asupra domeniului identificrii umane. Din punct de vedere al metodelor
de lucru s-au nregistrat progrese remarcabile, mergnd de la apariia
sistemelor tot mai performante de recunoatere facial, a identificrii pe
baza irisului sau retinei i pn la analiza chimic a amprentelor degetelor
pentru a stabili anumite caracteristici ale persoanelor identificate (dac este
fumtor, consumator de droguri i altele). Toate aceste aspecte au dus la
mbuntiri serioase n domeniul sistemelor automate de acces, de vnzri
cu amnuntul, de monitorizare uman, securitate i aprare, etc.
Dezvoltarea i perfecionarea sistemelor de colectare i prelucrare
a informaiei au dus la modernizarea sistemelor de acces. Astfel, n ultimul
timp, sistemele de securitate bazate pe tehnologii biometrice se prezint ca
o alternativ viabil, cu un cost redus, la sistemele bazate pe cartele
magnetice, coduri de bare sau parole.
Utilizarea biometriei pentru identificarea i autentificarea
subiecilor umani a nceput s ofere cteva avantaje unice fa de metodele
tradiionale.
Spre exemplu, pentru a avea acces ntr-o incint protejat la
informaii sensibile, o persoan se poate identifica prin trei metode:
a) printr-un obiect pe care-l deine (cheie, cartel);
b) prin cunotine secrete (parole, PIN-uri);
c) prin trsturi anatomice (ADN, amprente digitale, fa, iris,
voce, etc.)
n timp ce, sistemele bazate pe cartele magnetice, coduri de bare
sau chei fizice pot fi pierdute, furate sau multiplicate, tehnologiile i
soluiile biometrice rezolv problemele de securitate, pentru c
informaiile biometrice ale unei persoane sunt unice i nu pot fi
transferate. 2
n acest sens, numai autentificarea biometric se bazeaz pe
identificarea unei anumite pri intrinseci a fiinei umane.
Raportat la aceste aspecte, se poate aprecia c noile sisteme au dus
la definirea unei alte clase de securitate, superioar fa de cea asigurat de
sistemele tradiionale. 3
Samir Nanavati, Michael Thieme, Raj Nanavati. Biometrics Identity Verification in a
Networked World A Wiley Tech Brief, 1st edition, Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
New York, 2002, p. 4.
3 Maria Boldea, Costin Radu Boldea. Identificarea biometric, n Revista Informatica
Economic, nr.1(25)/2003, p. 78.
2
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
Ibidem, p. 30-31.
Richard P. Wildes. Iris Recognition: An Emerging Biometric Technology, in Proceedings of
The IEEE, vol. 85, no. 9, September 1997, pp. 1347-1349.
31
32
242
243
244
39
40
245
References
Tratate, cursuri, monografii,
Bondarciuc, A., (2002) Irisul-amprenta individualitii, Editura Spectrum,
Bucuresti,
Jain, A. K., Flynn, P., Ross, A. A., (2008) Handbook of Biometrics, Springer
Science+Business media, LLC, USA.
Stancu, E., (2008) Tratat de criminalistic, Ediia a IV-a, Editura Universul
Juridic, Bucureti,
Popa, Gh., (2011) Tehnici moderne de identificare criminalistic, note de curs Master Criminalistic, Academia de Poliie, Bucureti, 2011.
Nanavati, S., Thieme, M., Nanavati, R., (2002) Biometrics Identity Verification
in a Networked World A Wiley Tech Brief, 1st edition, Published by
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
Studii, articole
Aron, I., (2010) Biometria metod de identificare criminalistic a persoanelor, tez
de doctorat rezumat, Academia de Poliie, Bucureti,
Mihlcic, M., (2011) Contribuii la identificarea persoanelor prin analiza micrii,
tez de doctorat - rezumat, Universitatea Transilvania din Braov,
Braov,
246
247
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
References
Tratate, cursuri i monografii:
Basarab, M., Paca, V., Mateu, Gh., Butiuc, C., (2007) Codul penal comentat,
Editura Hamangiu, Bucureti,
Bulai, C., Bulai, B., (2007) Manual de drept penal partea general, Editura
Universul Juridic, Bucureti,
Dobrinoiu, V., Pascu, I., Nistoreanu, Gh.; Boroi, Al.; Lazr, V.; Molnar, I.,
(1999) Drept penal partea general, Editura Europa Nova, Bucureti,
Dongoroz, V., Curs de drept penal i procedur penal, Bucureti,
257
Mitrache, C., Mitrache, C., (2007)Drept penal romn partea general, ediie
revzut i adugit, Editura Universul Juridic, Bucureti,
Pamfil, M. L., (2012) Msurile de siguran cu caracter medical n Noul
cod penal i Noul Cod de procedur penal publicat n volumul
Noua legislatie penal n discuia membrilor Asociaiei Romne de tiine
Penale, Editura Universul Juridic, Bucureti, 2012
Paca, V., (1998) Msurile de siguran sanciuni penale, Editura Lumina Lex,
Bucureti,
Ungureanu, A., (1997) Jurispruden penal a Curii de Apel Bacu pe anul
1997, decizia nr. 20/1997
Acte normative:
Codul penal
Codul de procedur penal
258
259
265
2. Titularii plngerii
Potrivit art. 340 alin. (1) din Noul Cod procedur penal,
coroborat cu art. 336 alin. (1) din acelai cod, are calitatea de a formula
plngere orice persoan ale crei interese legitime sunt vtmate.
Sub acest aspect, reglementarea este, aadar, similar celei actuale,
cuprinse n art. 2781 alin. (1) din Codul de procedur penal, care include,
alturi de persoana vtmat, i orice alte persoane ale cror interese
legitime sunt vtmate.
Este evident c sfera acestor persoane este foarte larg, urmnd a
fi delimitat prin exercitarea atribuiilor jurisdicionale de ctre judectorul
nvestit cu soluionarea plngerii, printr-o just interpretare a sintagmei
ale cror interese legitime sunt vtmate.
Aadar, pot formula plngere: prile (inculpatul, partea civil,
partea responsabil civilmente), subiecii procesuali principali (persoana
vtmat, creia noua reglementare procesual penal nu-i mai recunoate
calitatea de parte n procesul penal i suspectul), dar i ali subieci
procesuali (martorul, expertul, interpretul) sau alte persoane care
demonstreaz existena unei vtmri.
3. Termenul de introducere a plngerii
n literatura de specialitate s-a conturat un punct de vedere
majoritar, conform cruia termenul de 20 de zile este unul peremptoriu,
a crui nerespectare se sancioneaz cu decderea .
Potrivit art. 340 alin. (1) din Noul Cod de procedur penal,
plngerea trebuie introdus la instan n interval de 20 de zile de la data
comunicrii de ctre procurorul ierarhic superior a respingerii plngerii
adresate acestuia, termenul fiind de decdere. Aceast soluie corespunde
celei care se regsete actualmente n dispoziiile art. 2781 alin. (1) din
Codul de procedur penal.
Spre deosebire ns de reglementarea actual, potrivit art. 340 alin.
(2) din Legea nr. 135/2010, n situaia n care procurorul ierarhic superior
nu i-a ndeplinit obligaia legal de a soluiona plngerea n termenul de
20 de zile calculate de la depunerea acesteia, plngerea se poate formula la
instan oricnd dup mplinirea termenului de 20 zile n care trebuia
soluionat plngerea, dar nu mai trziu de 20 de zile de la comunicarea
acesteia. Cu alte cuvinte, pentru situaia n care procurorul desemnat a
soluiona plngerea nu i ndeplinete obligaia de comunicare de ndat a
soluiei ctre cei interesai, alin. (2) al art. 340 cuprinde o dispoziie cu
caracter particular, ce statueaz c nerezolvarea plngerii i nendeplinirea
obligaiei de comunicare a modului de soluionare de ctre procuror d
266
267
268
References
Chiri, R., (2007) Convenia european a drepturilor omului. Comentarii i
explicaii, vol. I, Ed. C.H. Beck, Bucureti,
Delmas-Marty, M., Spencer, J. R., (2005) European Criminal Procedures,
Cambridge University Press, New York,
272
Mateu, Gh., (2007) Tratat de procedur penal. Partea general, vol.I, Ed. CH
Beck,
Neagu, I., (2009) Tratat de procedur penal. Partea special, Ed. Universul
juridic, Bucureti,
Renucci, J.-F., (2007) Treaty of European human rights law, Librairie Gnrale
de Droit et de Jurisprudence, Paris,
Udroiu, M., Predescu, O., (2008) Protecia european a drepturilor omului i
procesul penal romn. Tratat, Editura C.H. Beck, Bucureti,
Starmer, K., Strange, M., Whitaker, Q., (2001) Criminal Justice, Police Powers
and Human Rights, Ed. Blackstone Press.
273
275
1. Preliminarii
Tehnica este definit, n Dicionarul explicativ al limbii romne, ca
fiind un ansamblu de procedee i deprinderi folosite ntr-un anumit
domeniu de activitate . Iar, n Vocabulaire technique et critique de la
philosophie al lui Lalande, prin tehnic se nelege un ansamblu de
procedee bine definite i transmisibile, destinate s produc anumite
rezultate considerate utile .
Noiunea de tehnic n drept este relativ recent.
Dac ns expresia tehnic este relativ recent n materie juridic,
tehnica a existat ntotdeauna, dreptul neputnd exista fr ea. Ca ansamblu
de procedee, de reguli n vederea stabilirii formulrii i aplicrii dreptului,
tehnica juridic a aprut odat cu dreptul i, n special, odat cu dreptul
scris.
Nicieri nu vom gsi o tehnic mai bogat dect n dreptul roman,
o subtilitate mai ingenioas i o varietate mai mare de artificii pentru
adaptarea dreptului necesitilor schimbtoare ale vieii. i aceasta se
explic prin faptul c, pretorul i prudenii, voind s pstreze intangibil
legea, au adaptat-o noilor cerine ale vieii numai prin artificii, ficiuni i
prezumii. Romanii, bunoar, au folosit o serie de formule solemne n
elaborarea i aplicarea dreptului, fr observarea crora nu se nteau
raporturi juridice sau nu putea fi sancionat nclcarea normei juridice.
Tehnica juridic a fost folosit nainte de a se fi tiut ce reprezint.
Studiile despre tehnica juridic au aprut mult mai trziu. n secolul al
XVIII-lea l n secolul al XIX-lea, au nceput s apar o serie de lucrri
despre tehnica juridic (Fr. Savigny, Ihering, Gny etc.), iar n zilele
noastre o serie de procedee folosite de tehnica juridic n procesul de
elaborare i aplicare a dreptului, au devenit, la rndul lor, obiect de
reglementare juridic, fiind nscrise n Constituie, n legi i alte acte
normative.
2. Tehnica juridic - stiina juridic
Putem afirma c o prim sarcin n determinarea conceptului
tehnicii juridice const n stabilirea corelaiei ei cu tiina juridic.
Dei la jurisconsulii romani nu gsim deosebirea propriu-zis
ntre tehnic i tiin, ideea unei opere omeneti artificiale i ndreptat
spre un scop practic, alturi de opera de investigaie a principiilor
superioare i a necesitilor sociale, a fost ntrezrit de ei .
n literatura juridic s-au depus multe eforturi, mai mult sau mai
puin fructuoase, pentru stabilirea distinciei ntre tiina i tehnica juridic.
276
279
284
References
Tratate, cursuri, monografii
Bonnecase, J., (1926) Introduction a l'tude du Droit, Recueil Sirey, Paris,
Frana.
Corona Ferrero, J., Pau Vall, F., Tudela Aranda, J., (coordinadores) (1994)
La tcnica legislativa a debate, Editorial Tecnos, Madrid, Spania.
Craiovan, I., (1997) Teoria general a dreptului, Editura Militar, Bucureti,
Romnia.
Craiovan, I., (2005) Metodologie juridic, Editura Universul Juridic,
Bucureti, Romnia.
Cuq, E., (1928) Les Institutions juridiques des Romains, Tome I, 2-me dition,
Paris, Frana.
Dabin, J., (1963) La Philosophie de lordre juridique positif, spcialement dans les
rapports de Droit priv, Sirey, Paris, Frana.
Dabin, J., (1969) Thorie gnrale du droit, Dalloz, Paris, Frana.
Duguit, L., (2005) Manuel de droit constitutionnel, Editeur Pantheon-Assas,
Paris, Frana.
Gny, F., (1921) Science et technique en droit priv positif, Tome IV, Recueil
Sire, Paris, Frana.
Gny, F., (1922) Science et technique en droit priv positif, Tome III, Recueil
Sire, Paris, Frana.
Hanga, V., (2000) Dreptul i tehnica juridic. ncercare de sintez, Editura
Lumina Lex, Bucureti, Romnia.
Ihering, R. von, (1998) El espritu del derecho romano en las diversas fases de su
desarrollo (trad: Jos Luis Monereo Prez), Editorial Comares,
Granada, Spania (Titlul original al lucrrii traduse: IHERING,
Rudolf von, Der Geist des rmischen Rechts auf den verschiedenen
Stufen seiner Entwicklung, 4 Vol., Breitkopf und Hartel, Leipzig,
1852-1865).
Jze, G., (2005) Les principes gnraux du droit administratif : La technique
juridique du droit public franais, Tome I, Dalloz, Paris, Frana.
Kelsen, H., (2000) Doctrina pur a dreptului, Editura Humanitas,
Bucureti, Romnia.
Luburici, M., (1998) Teoria general a dreptului, Universitatea Cretin
Dimitrie Cantemir, Bucureti, Romnia.
Naschitz, A., (1969) Teorie i tehnic n procesul de creare a dreptului, Editura
Academiei, Bucureti, Romnia.
Popa, N., (1998) Teoria general a dreptului, Editura Actami, Bucureti,
Romnia.
285
Roubier, P., (1951) Thorie gnrale du droit: histoire des doctrines juridiques et
philosophie des valeurs sociales, 2-me dition, Sire, Paris, Frana.
Savigny, F. C. von, (2006) De la vocation de notre temps pour la lgislation et la
science du droit (trad: Alfred Dufour), Presses Universitaires de
France, Paris, Frana (Titlul original al lucrrii traduse: Savigny,
Friedrich Carl von, Vom Beruf unserer Zeit fr Gesetzgebung und
Rechtswissenschaft, Mohr und Zimmer, Heidelberg, 1814).
Titulescu, N., (1907) Essai sur une thorie gnrale des droits ventuels, BonvalotJouve, Paris, Frana.
Vllimrescu, A., (1999) Tratat de Enciclopedia Dreptului, Editura Lumina
Lex, Bucureti, Romnia.
Dicionare
Academia Romn - Institutul de Lingvistic Iorgu Iordan, (1998),
Dicionarul explicativ al limbii romne, ediia a II-a, Editura Univers
Enciclopedic, Bucureti, Romnia.
Lalande, Andr, (1991), Vocabulaire technique et critique de la philosophie, 17me dition, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, Frana.
Articole i studii de specialitate
Sainz Moreno, F ., (1994) Tcnica normativa: visin unitaria de una
materia plural, pp. 19-47, n Corona Ferrero, Jess; Pau Vall,
Francesc; Tudela Aranda, Jos (coordinadores), (1994) La tcnica
legislativa a debate, Editorial Tecnos, Madrid, Spania.
Ionacu, T., Barasch, E., (1964) Despre relativa independen a unor
aspecte ale formei n drept. Problema constantelor dreptului, n
Studii i cercetri juridice, nr. 2, pp. 177-195, Bucureti, R
286
287
291
292
293
References
Tratate, cursuri, monografii:
Comte-Sponville, A., (1998) Mic tratat al marilor virtui, Editura Univers,
Bucureti,
Iorgovan, A., (2005) Tratat de drept administrativ vol.I. Introducere. Organizare
administrativ. Funcie public, ediia 4, Ed. ALL BECK, Bucureti,
Iogovan, A., Gilescu, V., (1986) Drept administrativ i tiina administraiei.
Partea introductiv. Funcia public din administraia de stat, T.U.B.,
Conseil de lEurope, (1997) Ladministration et les personnes prives, Principes de
droit administratif concernant les relations entre les autorits administratives et
les personnes prives, Editions du Conseil de lEurope, Strasbourg,
Apostol Tofan, D., (2008) Drept administrativ, vol.I, Ediia II-a, Ed. C. H.
BECK, Bucureti,
Alexandru, I., (2008) Tratat de administraie public, Ed. Universul Juridic,
Bucureti,
antai, I., (1999) Drept administrativ i tiina administraiei, vol II, Ed.
Risoprint, Cluj-Napoca,
Chevallier, J., (2007) Science administrative, P.U.F.,Paris,
299
301
303
304
307
308
310
References
Legislaie
Legea nr.92/1992 privind organizarea judectoreasc publicat n
Monitorul Oficial al Romniei nr. 197 din 13 august 1992 i
republicat n Monitorul Oficial , Partea I, nr. 170 din 25 iulie 1997
Legea nr. 303/2004 privind statutul judectorilor si procurorilor publicat
n Monitorul Oficial al Romniei, Partea I, nr. 576 din 29 iunie 2004
modificat din urmatoarele acte: O.U.G. nr.100/2007 publicat n
Monitorul Oficial nr. 684 din 08/10/2007, Legea nr. 97/2008
publicat n Monitorul Oficial nr. 294 din 15/04/2008, O.U.G. nr.
46/2008 publicat n Monitorul Oficial nr. 323 din 24/04/2008,
O.U.G. nr.195/2008 publicat n Monitorul Oficial nr. 825 din
08/12/2008, O.U.G. nr. 230/2008 publicat n Monitorul Oficial
nr. 4 din 05/01/2009, Legea 24 din 17 ianuarie 2012 publicat n
Monitorul Oficial nr. 51/2012
Legea nr. 304/2004 privind organizarea judiciar a fost publicat n
Monitorul Oficial al Romniei, Partea I, nr. 576 din 29 iunie 2004 i
a mai fost modificat prin Ordonana de Urgen a Guvernului nr.
124/2004, publicat n Monitorul Oficial al Romniei, Partea I, nr.
1.168 din 9 decembrie 2004, aprobat cu modificri i completri
prin Legea nr. 71/2005, publicat n Monitorul Oficial al Romniei,
Partea I, nr. 300 din 11 aprilie 2005, Legea 24 din 17 ianuarie 2012
publicat n Monitorul Oficial nr. 51/2012,
Legea nr.317/2004 privind Consiliul Superior al Magistraturii a fost
publicat n Monitorul Oficial al Romniei Partea I, nr. 599 din 2
iulie 2004, iar ulterior a fost modificat i completat prin Legea nr.
247/2005 privind reforma n domeniile proprietii i justiiei,
precum i unele msuri adiacente, publicat n Monitorul Oficial al
Romniei, Partea I, nr. 653 din 22 iulie 2005, dndu-se textelor o
nou numerotare i prin Legea nr. 24/17.01.2012 publicat n
Monitorul Oficial nr. 51/23.01.2012
Strategia de reform a sistemului judiciar romnesc 2003- 2007 a fost
aprobat prin Hotrrea Guvernului nr.1052/2003 publicat n
Monitorul Oficial Partea I, nr. 649 din data de 12 septembrie 2003,
Hotrrea Guvernului nr. 232 din 30 martie 2005 privind aprobarea Strategiei
de reform a sistemului judiciar pe perioada 2005 - 2007 i a
Planului de aciune pentru implementarea Strategiei de reform a
sistemului judiciar pe perioada 2005 2007 publicat n Monitorul
Oficial Partea I, nr. 273 din 1 aprilie 2005,
Decizia nr. 2006/928/ CE a Comisiei Europene publicat n Jurnalul Oficial
al Uniunii Europene L 354/56 din data de 14.12.2006 i disponibil
la data de 10.10.2011 la adresa:
311
312
Ph.D., Postdoctoral fellow financed by The Management Authority for the Sectorial
Operational Program Development of Human Resources within the project
Postdoctoral studies in the domain of ethics in health policies at Gr. T. Popa
University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Iasi. Project funded from the Social
European Fund through the Sectorial Operational Program Development of Human
Resources 2007-2013. Priority axis 1: Education and professional training in support
of economical growth and development of knowledge-based society. Main domain of
intervention: 1.5 Doctoral and postdoctoral programs in support of research. Title of the
project: Postdoctoral studies in the domain of ethics in health policies. Contract Code:
POSDRU/89/1.5/S/61879; Associate Prof. Ph.D. at Mihail Kogalniceanu University
from Iasi; Chairman of Lumen Publishing House, Address: Tepes Voda, OP 3, CP 780,
Iasi, Romania, Email Address: antonio1907@yahoo.com
1
315
Introducere
Teoriile contractualiste propun un model al realitii sociale
rezultat n urma unei renunri voluntare la propria libertate n scopul
obinerii sociabilitii. Articolul are n vedere nelegerea contractului social
ca practic interpretativ, ntr-o manier construcionist. Contractul
social l nelegem ca un pact interpretativ rezultat n urma unui proces
generator de sensuri. Constructele sociale rezultate n urma procesului
interpretativ sunt: ordinea social, legea, sau n general normativitatea i
statutul puterii.
n articol s-a urmrit interpretarea construcionist a filosofiilor
contractualiste ncepnd cu cea platonician continund cu cele iluministe
i moderne i sfrind cu modelele actuale de contractualism.
Presupoziii metodologice
Articolul va privilegia abordarea analitic-istoric, aplicnd
construcionismul social ca gril semiotic pentru recuperarea diverselor
teorii contractualiste. Constructivismul i Construcionismul social se
refer, ambele, la modalitatea n care individul opereaz cu constructe,
nelese ca definiii operaionale asupra unor decupaje din realitate.
Constructivismul plaseaz formarea constructelor la nivelul individului
care le proiecteaz asupra mediului social. Este o abordare preponderent
psihologic (Alexa, Sandu, 2010). Construcionismul plaseaz formarea
constructelor la nivelul interaciunilor din mediul social indivizii
nsuindui-le i reproiectndu-le asupra mediului social. Este o abordare
preponderent sociologic. Construcionismul abandoneaz ideea conform
creia mintea individului reprezint oglinda realitii. Construcionismul se
bazeaz pe relaii i susine rolul individului n construcia realitilor
semnificative (Cojocaru, 2005). Concepte precum cel de verosimilitate
devin mai adecvate pentru a descrie caracterul noilor legi formulate n
interiorul unor tiine care se ndeprteaz din ce n ce mai mult de ceea ce
poate fi efectiv experimentat sau chiar observat n mod direct.
Construcionismul este o paradigm semiotic care pornete de la axioma
interpretativ, conform creia harta prin care este citit realitatea nu
reprezint altceva dect o continu negociere a interpretrii. Orice tip de
discurs este interpretat n sensul unei reconstrucii sociale a realitii
pornind de la un consens cultural. Derivarea cultural a sensului
conceptelor st la baza convergenei semantice a oricrei paradigme socioculturale. n planul mentalitilor se produce cea mai profund
restructurare, prin trecerea de la nelegerea unei lumi obiective,
cognoscibile i unice, la modelul unei pluraliti de lumi, a crei
316
317
322
323
335
337
References
Alexa, E., Sandu, A., (2010) New Directions in Epistemology of Social
Science, International Conference Knowledge and Action 9-12 dec. 2010,
Baia-Mare.
Aniei, N. C., ( 2011) The Regulation of the Institution of Matrimonial Engagement
in the New Romanian Civil Code, Jurnalul de Studii Juridice, Anul VI,
nr. 1-2/2011, ISSN 1841-6195, Editura Lumen, Iasi, pp. 109-119
Aniei, N. C., (2012 ) Matrimonial regims under the provisions of the Romanian
Civil Code, Editura Lambert, Germania, ISBN 978-3-8484-9566-5
Aniei, N. C., (2012) Considerations on the legal nature of labor (or
occupation) income of spouses under the provisions of the Civil
Code, Revista Acta Universitatis Lucian Blaga, nr. 1-2/2011, Sibiu
Bagdasar, B., (1972) Prefa, n Kant, Immanuel (1972) Critica raiunii
practice trad. Nicolae Bagdasar, Editura tiinific, Bucureti.
Balahur, D., (2001) Fundamente socio-juridice ale probaiunii, Editura Bit, Iai.
Blb, C., (2011) Foucault i Critica teoriei liberale a suveranitii, Hermenea,
vol. 2, pp: 108-118.
Bucurenciu, M., (2006) Dreptatea rectificativ n context intergeneraional,
Editura Lumen, Iai.
Christman, J., (2009) Autonomy in Moral and Political Philosophy, The
Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, available online at:
http://plato.Stanford.edu/archives/fall2009/entries/autonomy-morall/.
Ciuc, V., (1998) Sociologi juridic general, Editura Sanvialy, Iai.
Ciulei, T., (2009) Mic tratat de gnoseologie, Editura Lumen, Iai.
Cojocaru, S., (2005) Metode apreciative n Asistena Social. Ancheta,
Supervizarea i Managementul de Caz, Editura Polirom, Iai, pp: 48-50.
Creu, G., (2005) Discursul lui Foucault, Editura Cronica, Iai.
Croitoru, E., (2006) Intervenia social apreciativ n supravegherea
specializat a minorului, Revista de Cercetare i Intervenie Social, vol.
13, pp: 142-161.
Cudd, A., (2008) Contractarianism, The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition) Edward N. Zalta (ed.), available
online
at:
http://plato.Stanford.edu/archives/hall
2008/entries/contractarianism/.
343
344
346
347
urban categories. The peasants are more open and generous about religion, they rarely
offer large donations, but always give something of what they have. They tend to
modernize, but they dont embrace any modernization, in any case not one that
"overthrows traditions, which would uproot him", because he understand the
development of his environment in a unique way and "has a proper concept of quality of
life", other than of a city dweller.
Keywords:
Rural community, community development, rural religiosity, modernization.
Introducere
n decursul istoriei s-au cristalizat mai multe teorii cu privire la
schimbrile sociale care au loc n societate printre care amintim: teoria
evoluionist, teoria ciclic, teoria funcionalist, teoria conflictualist. n
concepia funcionalist, schimbarea social este un proces de
difereniere i adaptare care afecteaz instituiile, normele i valorile. Altfel
spus n societate schimbarea are loc ntr-o parte, ntr-un subsistem, iar
celelalte pri, subsistemele, se adapteaz difereniat la respectiva
schimbare; acest proces tinde mereu s realizeze un echilibru. n termenii
relaiei rural urban, schimbrile din urban au dus i duc ntotdeauna la o
adaptare a ruralului la urban, a societilor tradiionale, rneti, la
societile industriale i informaionale (Traian Vedina, 2001, p. 121).
n societatea actual, oamenii din mediul rural nu au capacitatea de
a se mobiliza i a produce schimbri politice sau sociale majore. Ei nu
manifest interes fa de problemele cotidiene urbane, fa de schimbarea
zilnic a minitrilor i a partidelor care guverneaz ara. ns, chiar dac
populaia din mediul rural nu este n centrul ateniei mass-mediei, asta nu
nseamn c reprezentanii comunitilor rurale (primar, preot, cadre
didactice, cadre medicale) nu desfoar activiti politice, sociale,
didactice i religioase. Aceti oameni ntmpin zilnic dificulti n
rezolvarea problemelor, ns ateapt s se ntmple ceva pozitiv i pentru
comunitatea lor.
Dezvoltare comunitar. n ultima perioad de timp pentru a
coaliza energiile pozitive ale comunitilor rurale i pentru a determina o
accelerare n planul modernizrii s-a creat conceptul de dezvoltare
comunitar. Conceptul de dezvoltare comunitar are dou componente
fundamentale care se refer la:
- obiectivele procesului de dezvoltare, adic asigurarea bunstrii
comunitii;
348
principiile dup care familia este celula de baz a societii, n fapt, ranii
au aplicat cu sfinenie acest principiu. Din educaie, din credin,
comunitile rneti au fost profund legate de moralitatea cretin a
familiei. Apariia personalului sezonier al C.A.P.-ului, care de cele mai
multe ori locuia n condiii mizere, n dormitoare comune, au generat n
mare parte starea de promiscuitate din mediul rural.
Al treilea exemplu se refer la consecinele desproprietririi asupra
mentalitilor din spaiul rural. Din multiplele efecte ale dezmotenirii, cel
mai dramatic, cu consecinele cele mai grave asupra ideii de patriotism, de
dragoste fa de vatra strmoeasc este pierderea reprezentrii fizice i
afective, sentimentale a ideii de glie strbun (Otiman Pun-Ion, 1997, p.
114).
Concluzii:
Dezvoltarea comunitar rural pleac de la importana localului, a
teritoriului n care specialitii, populaia i puterea construiesc i aplic
mpreun o strategie de organizare comunitar. Este vorba de aflarea unui
teritoriu n care oamenii au sentimentul apartenenei, au voina de a
aciona mpreun i se simt ameninai n fiina lor dac nu-i satisfac
nevoile i nu-i rezolv problemele.
Religiozitatea steasc este concret i practic, fr speculaii
teoretice. ranul ascult de preot, l respect, mai ales pentru viaa lui
moral i nvtura de carte pe care o are. Frecventeaz biserica moderat
i din motive foarte variate. Imaginea bisericii i a comunitii religioase
este proprie. Steanul este mai stabil ca fervoare emoional i emulaie
mistic, chiar dac uneori nu att de intens ca la unele categorii oreneti.
rani sunt mai deschii i mai darnici n legtur cu religia, ei fac rar
donaii mari, dar dau permanent cte ceva din ce au.
Cercetrile din ara noastr au artat c locuitorii satelor, n primul
rnd ranii, tind spre modernizare, dar nu orice modernizare, n nici un
caz una care s rstoarne tradiiile, care s-l dezrdcineze, ntruct
ranul nelege ntr-un mod propriu dezvoltarea mediului su i are un
concept al lui de calitate a vieii, altul dect cel al citadinului, al
oreanului. Ruralii nu doresc, de regul, s-i abandoneze locurile natale,
ci doresc s aduc noul acas i s-l selecteze, doresc s-l cldeasc fr
grab i cu certitudinea unei trinicii foarte ndelungate... Ei concep
modernizarea ca o asigurare a unei posibiliti de afirmare social
superioar pentru ei i pentru copiii lor (Vasile Miftode, 1984, p. 71).
Satele de azi vor fi mine cele mai importante zone turistice,
modernizate, cu un nivel ridicat de via, cu o individualitate pe care le-o
356
References
Bdescu, I., Cristea, D., (2003) Elemente pentru un Dicionar de Sociologie
Rural, Lucrare editat n Seria Enciclopedia Rural, coordonat de
Institutul de Sociologie Dimitrie Gusti i Editura Mica Valahie,
Bucureti.
Bdescu, I., Cucu-Oancea, O., (2005) Dicionar de sociologie rural, Editura
Mica Valahie, Bucureti.
Cernescu, T., (1998) Locuina i gospodria rural din Romnia: o perspectiv
socio-economic i juridic, Universitatea Bucureti, Facultatea de
Sociologie, Psihologie i Psiho-Pedagogie, Bucureti.
Fulea, M., Florian, V., Srbu, A., (1996) Satul Romnesc Contemporan,
Editura Academiei Romne, Bucureti.
Furtun, C., (1993) Comunitatea Rural n Tranziie. Diagnoza Satului Romnesc
actual, Editura Academiei Romne, Institutul de Sociologie,
Bucureti.
Miftode, V., (1978) Migraiile i dezvoltarea urban, Editura Junimea, Iai.
Miftode, V., (1984) Elemente de sociologie rural, Editura tiinific i
Enciclopedic, Bucureti.
Mihilescu, I., (2005) Factori de risc n evoluia mediului rural din Romnia, n
Revista Sociologie Romneasc, vol. III, Nr. 4, Editura Polirom,
Iai.
Otiman, P. I., (1997) Dezvoltarea Rural n Romnia, Editura Agroprint
Timioara.
Stahl, H., (1981) Amintiri i gnduri din vechea coal a monografiilor sociologice,
Editura Minerva, Bucureti.
andru, C., (2005) Reele sociale i forme asociative comunitare ca baz a
dezvoltrii durabile. Cazul Drguului contemporan, n Revista
Sociologie Romneasc, Vol. III, Nr. 4, Editura Polirom, Iai.
357
358
359
Introduction
In the evolution of the report between the targeting of human,
material and financial potential of the company and the target toward
which that effort is directed, were crossed several stages (such as
production orientation, orientation toward a product, sales orientation),
pre-emergence to marketing vision.
In order to ensure companys market competitiveness by applying
marketing in enterprise resource management was achieved a real
revolution in the whole efforts orientation of an economic agent.
In literature and professional practice are used three concepts:
marketing orientation, market orientation and customer orientation. Some
authors make a clear distinction between these terms, others use them
interchangeably. The emergence of these concepts is closely related to the
development of marketing thought.
Customer orientation is placed in the 90s of last century, and the
marketing concept is specifically for the relationship with clients. After
2000, the basic attitude is customer oriented network established, in order
to increase loyalty and attachment on the long-term of the profitable
customers, corresponding to an integrated view of marketing.
Direct and complex contributions dealing with customer
orientation can be attributed mainly to the following areas of marketing
research: research of the success factors, innovative research,
organizational research and business culture, services quality research and
customer satisfaction.
A customer oriented company sees a different approach, called
intuitive reactive marketing type: customers, distribution channels,
production offers, market entries and economic assets. Judiciously
customers knowledge provides to an enterprise more efficient ways to
use distribution channels, market opportunities, production factors and
assets.
Customer orientation is directly related to a company goods
and/or services and also to the interaction between the bidder and
customer. An enterprise is oriented towards customers in terms of
meeting the following characteristic features of the activity: high quality
products and/or services, active management of claims and complaints,
rapid and uncomplicated reaction to special customer requests, strong
motivation of employees.
Therefore, customer orientation is a strategy which, with the help
of improving the quality of customers contacts, carries out their
360
hundred customers each week and earns an equal number, her work was
considered satisfactory. This fact reflects not only a good movement of
consumers mass, costs being much higher than if that company would
have kept all the hundred customers without winning any.
Performing organizations attaches great importance to improve
the relations with partners in the supply and sales chain, but rather to
establish closer links and more sustainable with end users.
Principles of customer orientation will dominate the business
mission of any organization. Impeccable customer service must be the
reason why firms exist, leading to customer loyalty, which generates high
profitability.
The real capital of the firms performance is the sum of
knowledge and experience gained in the customer relationship, which will
determine future market value.
The most important principles underpinning a profitable business,
customer oriented are shown in Figure 1 :
Knowing the customer behaviour
Using multiple channels to interact with customers
Personalize the customer experience
Principles that are at
the base of a
customer orientated
business
adaptation
to
Aggressive
competition
between companies that track the
Increase the offers quality
Figure no. 2. The effects of increasing consumer demands
364
resell people your product, customers will disappear and you will soon
disappear too.
Nike company understood this message very clearly when it began
to lose customers. This brand dominated the sport from the beginning,
until the mid-90s and then, suddenly, lost its importance. Almost
simultaneously, Adidas, the brand once dead, revive. How? Adidas was
rather puzzled, no doubt, when it lost contact with consumers, but unlike
other companies in the same phase, Adidas has learned the lesson that we
need to constantly go to the target market segment. It learned that it was
necessary not only to remind sport shoes buyers that Adidas existed, but
also why existed.
To win the consumers vote, had to settle again what had made
them special or different (in style, price, quality, experience) than other
sports shoe brands. This is exactly what it did. Adidas returned
triumphant on the market. Why it has lost the top position held on the
market? Because it become too pleased of its image. Success is perishable;
we can not believe that business will go by itself, no matter how good you
are at a time.
Marketing is the whole business seen from the viewpoint of the
final result, i.e. through the client. Business success is not determined by
the manufacturer, but by the client.
Customers are the most important heritage item of a company.
Their decision to purchase has as result the product entrance in consume
and generating sales. No matter how good it would be organized supply
and the financial system, manufacturing lines, human resource
management, without client firm assets have no value. The customer is
the most important asset of the company. Company's main task is to win
and keep customers. Winning customers is made by making promises.
Their preservation is achieved by satisfying their needs. Customer
satisfaction depends on the quality of the activities of other departments.
Marketing must determine other departments to cooperate in order to
satisfy customers.
Since business relationships are, first, human relationships,
orientation towards solving customer problems is the solution of carrying
a profitable activity. In this respect, it is important that not only the
company's marketing department, but the entire staff of the company to
have a mentality, a marketing culture whose purpose is to satisfy
consumers. Everything that happens to consumers and what they do
should affect marketing decisions. If you ignore even single potentially
valuable information for consumers, you waste your money.
366
368
References
Adscliei, V., (2007) Introducere n marketing relaional, Editura
ProUniversitaria, Bucureti,
Allard ,C., (2003) Management de la Valeur Client, Ed. Dunod, Paris,
Bergeron, B., (2002) Essentials of CRM A Guide to Customer Relationship
Management, John Wiley & Sons, New York,
Berry, M., Linoff, C., (2004) Data Mining Techniques for Marketing, Sales and
Customer Relationship Management, Willey Publishing Inc.,
Indianapolis, USA,
Bruhn, M., (2001) Orientarea spre client Temelia afacerii de succes, Editura
Economic, Bucureti,
Cooper, K., (2002) The Relational Enterprise: Moving Beyond CRM to Maximize
all your Business Relationships, Ed. Amacom, 1st edition,
Dych, J., (2002) The CRM Handbook A Business Guide to Customer
Relationship Management, Addison Wesley, U.S.,
Faulkner, M., (2002) Customer Management Excellence, Jon Wiley & Sons,
Frederick, R., (2002)LEffet Loyaut, Ed. Dunod, Paris,
369
370