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MICROCALCULATOARE

Bibliografie:
1. Calculatoare personale Introducere n utilizare Ed. Fis 2. Limbaj C Ed. Fis

, 6WUXFWXUD JHQHUDO D XQXL FDOFXODWRU SHUVRQDO SF=

1.1. Schema bloc
ROM RWM
CACHE

UCC CPU UAL COP CLOCK Controler ntrerupere

Memorie
LQWHUQ

CTC

BI DB (8,16,32,64...) AB (8,16,32,64...) CB

Resurse memorie
H[WHUQ

Floppy Hard Cd

InteUID standard

LPT COM USB

,QWHUID

nestandard

Periferice

I/O LQWUDUHLHLUH

Periferice I/O LQWUDUHLHLUH

DB data EXV PDJLVWUDO GH GDWH FX O LPHD PDJLVWUDOHL GH  AB DGUHVV EXV VDX PDJLVWUDO GH DGUHVH CB FRPDQGV EXV VDX PDJLVWUDO GH FRPHQ]L ([LVW UHJOHPHQWDWH VWDQGDUGH GH PDJLVWUDOH FDUH SUHFL]HD] GLVSXQHUHD ILHF UHL OLQLL D celor 3 magistrale, n interior accesul la acestea efectumdu-se prin intermediul unor sloturi. 6LVWHPH GH LQWUDUH L LHLUH I/O CTC controler temporizator ceas CPU central procesor unity BI LQWHUID GH PDJLVWUDO UAL XQLWDWHD GH DULWPHWLF L ORJLF COP coprocesor matematic CLOCK ceas UCC XQLWDWH GH FRQWURO L FRPDQG 1.2.

Microprocesorul ( S) (VWH FUHLHUXO RULF UXL FDOFXODWRU ILLQG GRWDW GLQ FRQVWUXF LH FX XQ VHW PLQLPDO GH LQVWUXF LXQL vQ OLPEDM GH DVDPEODUH PQHPRQLFL LQVWUXF LXQL FDUH VH UHIHU OD RSHUD LL DULWPHWLFH L ORJLFH RSHUD LL FX LUXUL RSHUD LL GH LQWUDUH  LHLUH

3HQWUX D SHUFHSH LQVWUXF LXQLOH GH OLPEDM GH QLYHO vQDOW HVWH QHYRLH GH FRPSLODWRDUH WUDQVODWRDUH GH OLPEDM SHQWUX D WUDGXFH LQVWUXF LXQLOH GLQ OLPEDMHOH GH QLYHO vQDOt mnemonicile vQ DVDPEODUH VDX FRG PDLQ vQ HOHV GH S 8Q SXQFW GH YHGHUH FRPHUFLDO DVXSUD S
Micro procesor Intel
(AMD,DURON...)

Pc c IBM

Sistem de operare Microsoft (Windows)

80X86

Motorola
68X....

APLLE

Machintosh

675$7(*,( '( 0$5.(7,1* 128 2. 0LFURVRIW D PRQRSROL]DW VXFFHVLY SLD D GH VRIW PRQGLDO SULQ PHWRGH HFRQRPLFH OD OLPLWD OHJDOLW LL JHQHUkQG FRQIOLFWH L DF LXQL vQ MXVWL LH Caracteristici comparative ale microprocesoarelor 8086 80286 386 486
a

Obs: 1. ,%0 D SXV OD GLVSR]L LD FRPHUFLDQ LORU vQF GH OD vQFHSXW GRFXPHQWD LD L VWDQGDUGHOH GH ED] SHQWUX 3& DVWIHO vQFkW L FDOFXODWRDUHOH SURGXVH GH FHOHODOWH ILUPH VXQW compatiblile IBM.

IUHFYHQ D I = - Hz

Hz

O LPHD EXV FP 64, 128

SUH 100

nr. de tranzistori

cache

1500

)UHFYHQ D HVWH XQD GLQWUD SULQFLSDOHOH FDUDFWHULVWLFL DOH XQXL S GHWHUPLQnd n fapt viteza de lucru a pc-ului. Este un semnal periodic Semnal periodic T perioada semnalului este intervalul de timp n care VHPQDOXO VH SURSDJ vQWUH 2 puncte omoloage

)UHFYHQ D HVWH LQYHUVXO SHULRDGHL XQXL VHPQDO

f(Hz) =

1 T(s)

8Q VHPQDO FX IUHFYHQ D GH  +] corespunde unei perioade de 1s. f=50 Hz IUHFYHQ D FXUHQWXOXL LQGXVWULDO HFKLYDOHD] FX R SHULRDG GH V VDX VHPQDOXO vL VFKLPE SRODULWDWHD GH  RUL SH VHFXQG  f = 1,5G = 1500000000 1 miliard 500 milioane Hz  PLOLDUG  PLL RSHUD LL PDLQ SH VHFXQG S 10
b

-12

Q
-9

-6

P
-3

F
-2

G 10

-1

8%

GD 10

K
2

N
3

0
6

*
9

7 10

12

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

c d

O LPHD EXVXULORU VDX PDJLVWUDOHL HVWH GDW GH P ULPHD UHgistrilor care compun PLFURSURFHVRUXO &X FkW P ULPHD UHJLVWULORU L O LPHD PDJLVWUDOHL HVWH PDL PDUH FX DWkW HVWH mai mare viteza sistemului de calcul aferent. QU GH WUDQ]LVWRUL LQWHJUD L S IDFH SDUWH GLQ FDWHJRULD FLUFXLWHORU LQWHJUDWH SH VFDU IRDUWH ODUJ 9/6, vQ VHQVXO F LQWHJUHD] SH DFHODL FLS PLOLRDQH L chiar miliarde de tranzistori 1.3. SODFD GH ED] (mother board) - vezi bibliografie 1.4. UHVXUVH GH PHPRULH LQWHUQ - bitul 1.4.1. QR LXQHD L P ULPHD PHPRULL XQLWDWHD IXQGDPHQWDO GH PHPRULH HVWH ELWXO FDUH HVWH R YDULDELO ORJLF ERROH FDUDFWHUL]DW prin faptul c DUH QXPDL  YDORUL Istoric Bitul a fost implemenWDW SULQ GLIHULWH XQLW L GH PHPRULH LQHOH GH IHULW  FLUFXLWH ELVWDELOH FX tuburi electrice, circuite cu tranzistoare...
0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1

- Bayte (octet) LSB

MSB LSB last bit MSB mous significal bite (cel mai semnificativ bit) bite 1 - 1 4 bite la un loc = digit 8 bite la un loc = octet 16 bite la un loc = world (16) 32 bite la un loc = double world (32)
C.2

Ex. Memoria este organizDW PDWULFHDO vQ QRGXULOH PDWULFHL ILLQG EL LL FDUH FRQ LQ LQIRUPD LD ELQDU FDUH este 0 sau 1. Obs: Din punct de vedere matematic cu exactitate diIHUHQ D GLQWUH octet, kilooctet ... nu este 103 ci 210 = 1024 103

0HPRULH FX DFFHV DOHDWRU $FHDVW GHQXPLUH YD IL 5:0 PHPRULH GLQ FDUH VH SRDWH L FLWL GDU L VFULH read and rewrite memory). Ea are un caracter volatil n sensul pierderii FRQ LQXWXOXL XWLO RGDW FX GLVSDUL LD WHQVLXQLL GH DOLPHQWDUH PDL PXOW FKLDU 5DP-urile sunt de 2 categorii SRAM (static random access memory) DRAM (dinamyc random access memory) WUHEXLQG V ILH DFFHVDW Fu un ciclu de refresh PHPRU\ UHvPSURVS WDUH FLFOX JHQHUDW SHULRGLF GH S 'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH ORJLF HVWH RUJDQL]DW GHDVHPHQHD VXE IRUP PDWULFLDO vQ QRGXULOH PDWULFHL ILLQG SODVDW FkWH R FHOXO GH PHPRULH n coloane (n = 8, 16, 32, 64 ) m = linii (103, 106...) 5DPXO WUHEXLH V DLEH FDSDFLWDWHD GH PHPRUDUH VXILFLHQW GH PDUH SHQWUX D SHUPLWH vQF UFDUHD programelor dorite. n cazul n care RAM-ul nu este suficient de mare programul HVWH vQF UFDW SDU LDO SHQWUX UXODUHD VD H[HFXWkQGX-VH RSHUD LL GH VZDS cu memoria (HDD), OXFUX FDUH GXFH OD VF GHUHD YLWH]HL VDX LPSRVLELOLWDWHD UXO ULL Variante de RAM SIMM single inline memory module DIMM double inline memory module SDIMM 1.4.3. ROM (read only memory) Este memoria din care se poate n principiu numai citi avnd un caracter nevolatil FRQ LQXWXO VH S VWUHD] FKLDU L OD GLVSDL LD WHQVLXQLL GH DOLPHQWDUH $UH XQ URO YLWDO OD SRUQLUHD VLVWHPXOXL vQ HD VH S VWUHD] SURJUDPHOH VWULFW QHFHVDUH pentru derularea transferului ntre componente DYkQG DSOLFD LL PDMRUH OD SRUQLUHD RULF UXL SF Variante de ROM PROM SURJUDPDEOH UHDG RQO\ PHPRU\ FRQ LQXWXO HVWH VFULV GH XWLOL]DWRU GDU RGDW VFULV QX se mai poate modifica) EPROM HUHDVHEOH SURJUDPDEOH UHDG RQO\ PHPRU\ PHPRULH FDUH VH SRDWH WHUJH SUin flash-ultraviolete) EEPROM VH SRDWH WHUJH L UHvQVFULH I U XWLOL]DUHD VXUVHORU GH UDGLD LL XOWUDYLROHWH FL VH XWLOL]HD] R WHQVLXQH HOHFWULF ULGLFDW SHQWUX WHUJHUHD FRQ LQXWXOXL FLASH ROM actualele memoii ROM pentru ultimele pc. SHQWUX vQVFKULHUH L WHUJHUH QX mai sunt necesare tensiuni ridicate ci numai tensiuni normale.

Parametrii caracteristrici ai memoriei: - capacitate de memorare - WLPS GH DFFHV OD PHPRULH H[LVW PHPRULL GLQ FDWHJRULD FKDFH FX WLPS GH DFFHV IRDUWH PLF GDU L DOWH UHVXUVH GH PHPRULH QXmite resurse de memorie HDD, CD cu timp de acces mult mai mare) - mod de organizare - PHPRULH LQWHUQ SULQFLSDO  GH OXFUX S VWUHD] temporal datele L SURJUDPXO DUH YLWH] PDUH GH DFFHV GDU FDSDFLWDWH GH VWRFDUH PLF - PHPRULH H[WHUQ DX[LOLDU  S VWUHD] LQIRUPD LD SH VXSRUW H[WHUQ FDSDFLWDWH GH VWRFDUH PDUH GDU YLWH] GH DFFHV PLF - modul de adresare - acces direct sau aleDWRU vQ VLWXD LD n care se poate accesa orice nRG VDX FHOXO ORFD LH D PHPRULHL LQGHSHQGHQW GH SR]L LD VD - aFFHV SR]L LRQDO VDX VHFYHQ LDO ORFD LLOH VH SRW DFFHVD QXPDL vQWU-o DQXPLW RUGLQH 1.4.2. RAM (random access memory)

1.4.4. 9DULDQWH SHQWUX vPEXQ W LUHD OXFUXOXL FX PHPRULD a) CACHE ([LVW VLWXD LL vQ FDUH PHPRULD QX SRDWH U VSXQGH UDSLG VROLFLW ULORU S n aceste VLWXD LL VH LQWURGXF VW UL GH DWHSWDUH ZDLWLQJ VWDUH FDUH HYLGHQW P UHVF WLPSXO GH U VSXQV $VWIHO RGDW FX FUHWHUHD SHUIRUPDQ HORU S DX DS UXW L PHPRULL PDL UDSLGH FX WLPSLL GH U VSXQV GH RUGLQXO QDQRVHFXQGHORU GDU FDUH DX SUH XUL PDL PDUL S-DX J VLW L DOWH GRX VROX LL D PHPRULH FKDFKH FDUH FRQVW vQ LQWHUSXQHUHD XQXL EORF UDSLG 65$M ntre S L '5$0 ([LVW XQ FRQWUROHU FDFKH FDUH vQFHDUF V PHQ LQ vQ PHPRULD FDFKH GDWH VDX LQVWUXF LXQL SH FDUH S OH YD VROLFLWD vQ PRPHQWXO XUP WRU b) divizarea ram-uOXL vQ GRX VDX PDL PXOWH EDQFXUL SULQ LQWHUFDODUH 1.4.5. 2UJDQL]DUHD ORJLF L DGUHVDUHD PHPRULHL 2ULFH VLVWHP GH FDOFXO vL JHVWLRQHD] UHVXUVHOH SH ED]D DGUHVHORU GH PHPRULH 5HVXUVHOH DGUHVDELOH VXQW PHPRULOH L SRUWXULOH )LHFDUH GLQWUH DFHVWH UHVXUVH DX F WH R DGUHV ELQH SUHFL]DW vQV -L GH GRFXPHQWD LD RULJLQDO SXV OD GLVSR]L LH GH ,%0 Ex: LPT LQWHUID SDUDOHO OLQH SULQWHU DFFHVLELO GLQ H[WHULRU SULQ FRQHFWRUXO GH  GH pini, este format GLQ  UHJLWULL VDX SRUWXUL SH  ELWL 8 =  L DO -OHD HVWH SLQXO GH PDV (GND-ground)
Port1 - 0x378 Port3 0x37a

&HOH  SRUWXUL DX ILHFDUH FkWH R DGUHV ELQH SUHFL]DW

GND Port2 ox379 Adresa AB Out port (ox378 data bus , ox 11111111 )

,QVWUXF LXQHD RXW SRUW WULPLWH OD DGUHVD  KH[D FRQ LQXWXO XQXL RFWHW IRUPDW GLQ  GH  FDUH YD JHQHUD OD FHL  EL L DOEDVWULL GH OD SRUWXO  WHQVLXQL KLJK  ORJLF OXFUX YL]LELO ILH FX DMXWRUXO XQXL LQVWUXPHQW GH P VXU FDUH LQGLF DSUR[LPDWLY 9 ILH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO XQXL led care se aprinde . 2ULFH UHVXUV ILH F HVWH PRXVH PHPRULH LQWHUQ VDX H[WHUQ  FRQWUROHU YRU IL gestionate de p. numai prin adres  Q FD]XO PHPRULHL SURSULX ]LVH XWLOL]DUHD DGUHVHORU FRQGXFH OD QR LXQHD GH KDUW D memoriei (MM memory map)
0h 03 ffh Adress 8 TVI BIOS DOS
-- -- -- --.. ---.. - - . . . ----

shell #1 TPA shell #2 9 fffh ffffh

mem. video ROM BIOS

Orice circuit de memorie are ORFD LL GH PHPRULH, FRQ LQXWXO aFHVWRU ORFD LL ILLQG GDWHOH ORFD LL FDUH SRW IL DFFHVDWH SULQ intermediul adreselor. ComparD LH FX FRUHVSRQGHQ D SRWDO vQ FDUH LQIRPD LD GLQWU-o sFULVRDUH HVWH GDW  GDU FDUe SRDWH IL WUDQVPLV OD GHVWLQDWDU prin intemediul adresei.

date

p. JHVWLRQHD] WRDWH UHVXUVHOH XQXL VLVWHP GH FDOFXO JOREDO $FHVWHD VH vPSDUW vQ  mari categorii - porturi - memorie DPEHOH FDWHJRULL GH UHVXUVH VXQW JHVWLRQDWH FX DMXWRUXO FHORU  PDJLVWUDOH GDWH DGUHVH L comenzi. Q GRFXPHQWD LD ,%0 HVWH SUHFL]DW DORFDUHD DGUHVHORU SHQWUX WRDWH UHVXUVHOH sistemului.
C.3 0x378 0x37a TVI BIOS DOS GND ox379 shell #1 TPA shell #2
-- -- -- --.. ---.. - - . . . ----

oh 033fA

S- au exemplificat XUP WRDUHOH Video 9 fffh D SHQWUX SRUWXUL LQWHUID /37 ROM SDUDOHO  PDWHULDOL]DW SULQWU-un BIOS ffffh FRQHFWRU SH  SLQL vPS U LW vQ  UHJLVWULL SRUW SH  EL L ILHFDUH L XQ SLQ GH PDV JQG ILHFDUH GLQWUH FHOH  SRUWXUL DX FkWH R DGUHV ELQH SUHFL]DW IL[  FRPXQ SHQWUX WRDWH calculatoarele pc. compatibile. Ex: adresa primului port este 378 hexa n mod similar toate resursele hard au alocate adrese pentru porturile componente Ex: adrese pentru portul controlerului video Adrese pentru portul controlerului de ntrerupere 8259 b) memorie vQ PRG VLPLODU L DFHDVWD HVWH JHVWLRQDW FX DMXWRUXO DGUHVHORU $GUHVHOH VXQW DORFDWH IL[ GH F WUH VWDQGDUGHOH GLQ GRPHQLX ([ PHPRULD YLGHR DUH XQ vQFHSXW GH DGUHV L R P ULPH ELQH SUHFL]DW  )LHFDUH pixel FRPSRQHQW DO HFUDQXOXL DUH FkWH R ]RQ GH PHPRULH  VDX  RFWH L FRUHVSRQGHQW vQ PHPRULD YLGHR (YLGHQW FX FkW UH]ROX LD HFUDQHORU D FUHVFXW FX DWkW HVWH QHYRLH GH PDL PXOW PHPRULH YLGHR vQ FRUHVSRQGHQ 
Mem.

1.4.5. ,QWHUID DUHD KDUG VRIW VLVWHPXO GH RSHUDUH L RSHUD LL HIHFWXDWH OD vQF UFDUHD VDX OD S U VLUHD VLVWHPXOXL
Procesor comenzi Dos Bios (s.o.)

UTILIZATOR

Sistemul de operare Bios (ROM)

Leader

0HPRULD LQWHUQ
Leader Sector de boot

periferice

config. sys.

Auto exe c. bat

Ccp Dos

Bios

1.5. 5HVXUVH GH PHPRULH H[WHUQ 1.5.1. *HQHUDOLW L 5HVXUVHOH GH PHPRULH H[WHUQ VXQW QHFHVDUH vQ GRX VLWXD LL - strict n timpul rXO ULL XQXL SURJUDP DWXQFL FkQG UDPXO QX HVWH VXILFLHQW DS UkQG VLWXD LD QHGRULW F QG VH IDFH RSHUD LXQH GH VZDS FX +'' XO RSHUD LH FDUH JHQHUDO DUH FRQVHFLQ H QHJDWLYH GDWRULW IDSWXOXL F UHGXFH YLWH]D F - pentru arhivarea, depozitarea programelor de mari dimensiuni 1.5.2. Floppy

HD 1,44 M Sectoare clustere

Pist wenable

'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH ORJLF RULFH GLVF HVWH RUJDQL]DW vQ SLVWH VHFWRDUH L FOXVWHUH ([SORDWDUHD UHVXUVHORU GLVFXOXL HVWH DVLJXUDW GH VLVWHPXO GH RSHUDUH 8Q ILLHU QX HVWH FRPSXV QHDSDUDW GLQ VHFWRDUH L FOXVWHUH DGLDFHQWH FL DFHVWHD VXQW GLVSHUVDWH SH VXSUDID D GLVFXOui, OHJ WXUD vQWUH HOH ILLQG DVLJXUDW SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO XQRU SRLQWHUL DGUHVH - fig.a). Fiecare sector SRLQWHD] VSUH XUP WRUXO YH]L SURJUDPH VSHFLDOL]DWH vQ JHVWLRQDUHD GLVFXULORU 1.5.3. HDD Hard disk-ul Face parte din categoria memorilor externe de mare capacitate 200 500 G. Din punct de vedere constructiv i logic QX GLIHU PXOW GH IORSS\ GDU GH UHJXO HVWH IRUPDW din mai multe discuri cu un ax concentric. Totalitatea mai multor piste omoloage de pe discuri diferite DOF WXLHVF XQ FLOLQGUX 5 PkQ YDODELOH UHVWXO FRQVLGHUD LORU H[SXVH OD IORSS\ 1.5.4. CD 8QLW L GH GLVFXUL GH WLS FRPSDFW Din punct de vedere istoric: - disc optic 1970 - 1982 concernele Sony & Philips au pus la punct pentru prima data CD-uri audio realizndu-se stocarea GLJLWDO D LQIRUPD LHL VXFFHVXO ILLQG XULD GLQ SULPXO DQ vnzndu-VH ]HFL GH PLOLRDQH GH XQLW L 8OWHULRU GLQ DQLL 1985 cd-XULOH DX vQFHSXW V ILH L SHQWUX PHPRUDUHD LQIRUPD LLORU QXPHULFH Analogic = continu (liniar) Numeric = digital (binar, boole, logic)
A A

Fig.a

Cod numeric

Dt

'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH LQIRUPD LLOH VXQW GH QDWXU DQDORJLF VXQHWHOH HPLVH GH R YLRDU  tehniciile moderne numerice (digitale) din ultimile decenii au realizat un caracter numeric al infRUPD LHL vQ VHQVXO F GLQ LQIRUPD LD DQDORJLF VH [WUDJH FkWH XQ HDQWLRQ OD LQWHUYDOXO GH WLPS 'W LDU ILHFDUH GLQ DFHVW HDQWLRQ VH FRGLILF QXPHULF vQ DPSOLWXGLQH 6H YRUEHWH GHVSUH R LQIRUPD LH TXDQWL]DW vQ WLPS L FRGLILFDW vQ DPSOLWXGLQH Logic aU IL FD LQIRUPD LD DQDORJLF V ILH PDL ILGHO GDU RGDW FX vPEXQ W LUHD WHKQLFLL QXPHULFH RFKLXO L XUHFKHD XPDQ QX PDL SHUFHSH FDUDFWHUXO QXPHULF L DVWIHO SH SLD D PRQGLDO V-au impus din ce n ce mai mult tehnicile numerice.
C.4
n

Lac protector
5D] UHIOHFWDW

aluminiu LC plastic

spiral
5D] )RWR GLRG ODVHU LQFLGHQW

'LRGD HPL WRDUH HPLWH UD]D LQFLGHQW  DFHDVWD DMXQJH SH VXSUDID D &'-ului de unde se YD UHIOHFWD 'LRGD HPL WRDUH WRW GH WLS ODVHU HPLWH IaVFLFROXO vQ LQIODURX DYkQG SXWHUH PLF  nainte de a ajunge pe disc IDVFLFROXO HVWH FRQFHQWUDW GH R OHQWLO FRQYHUJHQW  3URFHQWXO GH UD] UHIOHFWDW GHSLQGH GH VXSUDID D vQW OQLW SH GLVF 5D]D UHIOHFWDW DMXQJH SH R IRWR GLRG ODVHU FDUH WUDQVIRUP VHPQDOXO OXPLQRV vQ VHPQDO HOHFWULF FDUH DSRL HVWH DPSOLILFDW L FRGLILFat numeric pentru a fi exploatat. Din punct de vedere fizic YDULDQWD FODVLF GH &' HVWH FRPSXV GLQ WUHL VWUDWXUL Plastic, aluminiu, lac protector 9DULDQWH vPEXQ W LWH DOH &'-urilor - CD-RW SXV OD SXQFW GH ILUPHOH 0LWVXELVKL 3KLOLSV L 6RQ\ Pentru QVFULHUH SH &' VH UHDOL]HD] VFKLPEDUH GH ID] D PDWHULDOXOXL GLVFXOXL folosindu-se 3 lasere: - SULPXO GH SXWHUH PDUH FDUH WRSHWH DOLDMXO UHDOL]kQG vQVFULHUHD - al doilea de putere medie pentru stergere - DO WUHLOHD GH SXWHUH PLF SHQWUX FLWLUH - DVD (digital versatile disc) 6H P UHWH FDSDFLWDWHD GH PHPRUDUH OD QLYHOXO D  *

Opr RJOLQG SDU LDO UHIOHFWDW

GLRG

HPL

WRDUH

II
2.1

*HQHUDOLW L QWUHJXO SURFHV GH IXQF LRQDUH D XQXL F VH UHGXFH n fapt la comunicarea dintre S L resursele pe care DFHVWD OH JHVWLRQHD] DVWIHO vQWUH S L UHVXUVH DUH ORF XQ WUDQVIHU ELGLUHF LRQDO GH GDWH UHDOL]DW GXS PDL PXOWH PHWRGH mem.i PHPRULH LQWHUQ mem.e PHPRULH H[WHUQ perif.1,2 periferic 1,2
Mem. i Perif.2

3RVLELOLW L GH WUDQVIHU D GDWHORU GH LQWUDUH  LHLUH ,2

p
Perif.1 Port 1

Mem. e

Exemple de date transmise ntre p L UHVWXO UHVXUVHORr: - S WUDQVPLWH OD LPSULPDQW FRGXO ASCI al unui character - LPSULPDQWD FRQILUP SULPLUHD vQ EXQH FRQGL LL D FDUDFWHUXOXL - S trimite un bit la portul paralel LPT 3UREOHPD FDUH VH SXQH vQ IDSW HVWH GHVHUYLUHD VLPXOWDQ D WXWXURU UHVXUVHORU GXS anumitH FULWHULL GH GHVHUYLUH L GH SULRULWDWH SHQWUX ILHFDUH GLQWUH UHVXUVHOH VLVWHPXOXL H[LVW FkWH XQ SURJUDP VXEUXWLQ  FRPSRQHQW D VLVWHPXOXL GH RSHUDUH VSHFLDOL]DW L DIODW OD R DQXPLW DGUHV  p WLH DGUHVD ILHF UHL subrutine de deVHUYLUH D ILHF UXi periferic. De fapt nu o WLH FL DFHDVWD HVWH PHPRUDW vQ 520 Ex: 78 h adresa adresei SRLQWHU OD SRLQWHU XQGH VH J VHWH SURJUDPXO GH WUDWDUH D vQWUHUXSHULL cerute de mouse 79 h adresa adresei programului pentru servirea primei ntreruperi de la WDVWDWXU
Program pentru servire mouse

78 h 79 h 7a h

a.9h a.9h b.7h f.3h

3URJUDP SHQWUX GHVHUYLUHD vQWUHUXSHULL  WDVWDWXU 3URJUDP SHQWUX GHVHUYLUHD vQWUHUXSHULL WDVWDWXU

Program efectiv de tratare a mouse-ului

b.7h TVI (table vector interupt)

D YDULDQWD GLUHFW 3XU L VLPSOX VH WUDQVPLW GDWH GH OD S vQVSUH H[WHULRU L VH FLWHVF GDWH GLQ H[WHULRU VSUH S I U QLFL R YHULILFDUH SUHDODELO  Ex: Outport (0x378, 0xff)i z = import (0x379)i 6H WULPLWH OD DGUHVD [K XQ RFWHW L DQXPH II LDU  HVWH DGUHVD SULPXOXL SRUW DO /37 6H FLWHWH FRQ LQXWXO GH OD FHO GH-DO GRLOHD SRUW [K FDUH VH WUDQIHU YDULDELOHL ] Dezavantajul metodei: p QX WLH L QX DUH GH XQGH V WLH FDUH UHVXUV GRUHWH V ILH VHUYLW GH DFHHD V-a introdus o YDULDQW SHUIHF LRQDW D DFHVWei metode L DQXPH b) varianta prin interogare (pooling) &RQIRUP DFHVWHL PHWRGH ILHFDUH UHVXUV SHULIHULF SRUW  are cte un fanion (flag) care GDF HVWH SXV SH YDORDUHD  VXJHUHD] OD S F SHULIHULFXO UHVSHFWLY GRUHWH V ILH GHVHUYLW mp
bus F1 Perif.1 F2 Perif.2

Din punct de vedere flagul este implementat printr-un circuit numit basculant bistabil (cbb) Metoda este mai HILFLHQW GHFkW YDULDQWD a GDU DUH GH]DYDQWDMXO F VH FRQVXP WLPS FX LQWHURJDUHD ILHF UXL SHULIHULF

C.5

2.1.

*HQHUDOLW L
Memi. in mp Perif. out

Mc

2.2.

Transfer de date - 2.2.1 direct - 2.2.2 pooling

f f f

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16

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sincro linii

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)XQF LRQDUHD /&' XOXL VH ED]HD] SH SULQFLSLXO SRODUL] ULL OXPLQLL DGLF VFKLPEDUHD SURSRU LHL XQHL UD]H GH OXPLQ DWXQFL FkQG WUHFH SULQ DQXPLWH PHGLL DUH SURSRU LL Yariabile dictate de starea mediului Avantajele LCD ului - consum mic de curent - JUHXWDWH IRUP  SRUWDELOLWDWH - FRQVLGHUHQ IL]LRORLF SURWHF LD RUJDQLVPXOXL - QX VXQW HPLVH UDGLD LLOH QRFLYH FDUDFWHULVWLFH &57 Dezavantajele LCD ului - UH]ROX LH PDL VODE - GLQDPLF PDL VF ]XW vQ VHQVXO F H[LVW R DQXPLW LQHU LH la schimbarea imaginii - SUH XO HVWH GH -3 ori mai mare dect CRT - VWU OXFLUH PDL VF ]XW 6.2 Scanere HFKLSDPHQW SHULIHULF FDUH SRDWH SUHOXD LPDJLQLLOH GXS IRWRJUDILL WH[WH WLS ULWH GHVHQH GH PkQ , gravuri
document

CCD

5D]D GH OXPLQ HPLV GH VXUV HVWH UHIOHFWDW GH GRFXPHQW DSRL GH RJOLQG DMXQJkQG SH &&' FDUH HVWH XQ GLVSR]LWLY FX FXSODM GH VDUFLQ ILLQG GH IDSW XQ FRQYHUWRU D LQWHQVLW LL OXPLQLL vQ VHPQDO HOHFWULF vQ SULPD ID] DQDORJLF FDUH XOWHULRr este convertit n semnal numeric. )RUPDWXO GH LHLUH XWLOL]HD] ILLHUH IRDUWH PDUL H[ SHQWUX R LPDJLQH FRPSOH[ $4 fiind necesar peste 10 M. S-DX LPSXV GRX WLSXUL GH IRUPDWH %03 tehnica bitmap

surs

Peste desenul de scanat se suprapune un rastru astIHO LPDJLQHD YD IL vPS U LW vQ SL[HOL GHSHQGHQW GH UH]ROX LD VFDQHUXOXL SHQWUX ILHFDUH SL[HO ILLQG DORFDW XQ QXP U GH EL L vQ IXQF LH de paleta de culori )RUPDWXO YHFWRULDO vQ FDUH ILLHUXO VH UHDOL]HD] SH ED]D XQHL GHVFULHUL PDWHPDWLFH stabilindu-se: lXQJLPHD GLUHF LD SR]L LD vQ FDUH VXQW GHVHQDWH OLQLL FHUFXUL

VII Semnale logice stanGDUG L FXSODUHD FDOFXODWRUXOXL conducerea proceselor

7.1 Familii logice standard

Q HOHFWRUQLFD GLJLWDO QXPHULF VDX GLVFUHW  V-au impus anumite familii de circuite logice n ideea de a exista o compatibilitate ntre circuitele numerice utilizate n sistemele de calcul L vQ SHULIHULFH 3H XQ SODQ PDL JHQHUDO HVWH DFHHDL SUREOHP FX QRUPDUHD SDUDPHWULORU WHQVLXQLL GH DOLPHQWDUH vQ LQGXVWULH L EXQXUL FDVQLFH WHQVLXQHD 8 QRPLQDO 9/50Hz). 19

)DPLOLLOH FHOH PDL UHSUH]HQWDWLYH L FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH ORU VXQW

Puterea consumata pe Timp propagarens poarta mw TTL TSL ECL MOS BULE S 3 1 20 200 10 22 50 0.5 10-6 Frecventa max.Mhz 100 1000 10000 100 ----

TTL tranzistor tranzistor logic TSL WKUHH VWDWH ORJLF VLVWHPH FX WUHL VW UL ECL IDPLOLH ORJLF FX FXSODUH SULQ HPLWRU MOS metal oxid semiconductor

Q IXQF LH GH WLSXO DSOLFD LHL VH YD DOHJH IDPLOLD GH FLUFXLWH DGHFYDWH 7.2 Caracteristicile familiei TTL a) valorile nivelelor logice
U[v]

Vo min WHQVLXQHD RXW PLQLP SHQWUX FD V VH realizeze nivelul high sau 1 logic Vo min 2,4 Vi min WHQVLXQHD GH LQWUDUH PLQLP SHQWUX D VH high V Vi min realiza nivelul 1 logic 2 Vi max WHQVLXQHD PD[LP GH LQWUDUH SHQWUX D 0,8 Vi max se realiza nivelul 0 logic low 0,4 V Vo max Vo max WHQVLXQHD PD[LP GH LHLUH SHQWUX D VH Realiza nivelul 0 logic =RQ LQWHU]LV FDUH JHQHUHD] LQFHUWLWXGLQH (0,8 FDUH WUHEXLH V ILH HYLWDW vQ DSOLFD LLOH FX FLUFXLWH ORJLFH b) fan I/O num rul maxim de circuite care se pot conecta la intrarea unui circuit logic sau OD LHLUHD acestuia uzual acestea sunt de peste 10 c) marginea de zgomot d) timpul de propagare timpul de nWkU]LHUH OD SURSDJDUHD LQIRUPD LH SULQ FLUFXLWXO respectiv ; e) SXWHUHD FRQVXPDW 'LQ S FDWH QLYHOHOH ORJLFH VSHFLILFH WUDQ]LVWRDUHORU 026 GLIHU GH FHO VSHFLILF tranzistoarelor TTL astfel nct pentru a cupla cele 2 tipuri de circuite este nevoie de circuite speciale de adaptare.
U[v]

7.3

Caracteristicile familie MOS

5 3,5 1,5 0

Vo min high 1 V Vi min Vi max low 0 V Vo max

7.4

Q YHGHUHD FRPHQ]LL HFKLSDPHQWHORU SHULIHULFH L D SURFHselor industriale ntre FDOFXODWRU L H[WHULRU WUHEXLH LQWHUSXVH DQXPLWH EORFXUL vQ IXQF LH GH FRPSOH[LWDWHD L SHULFROXO procesului comandat. Q ILJXU VH UHG FD]XO LQWU ULORU ORJLFH vQWU-XQ FDOFXODWRU GHFL FLWLULL VW ULL XQXL SURFHV
exterior Bloc atenuator Bloc filtrare Bloc separare galvanica Bloc formator mc

Cuplarea calculatorului cu exteriorul

bloc atenuator are rol de a adapta nivelul de tensiune exterior ex : 12v la nivelele cerute de familia de circuite logice utilizate 20

bloc filtrare OXFUHD] vQ VSHFLDO vQ GRPHQLXO IUHFYHQ L DUH UROXO GH D HOLPLQD (rejecta) DQXPLWH IUHFYHQ H QHGRULWH
A

FTS f0 F
A

FTS filtrul WUHFH VXV ODV V WUHDF QXPDL IUHFYHQ HOH PDL PDUL GDFkW R DQXPLW IUHFYHQ GH SUDJ QXPLW I0 FTJ ILOWUXO WUHFH MRV ODV V WUHDF QXPDL IUHFYHQ HOH PDL PLFL GHFkW R DQXPLW IUHFYHQ FTB ILOWUXO WUHFH EDQGD ODV V WUHDF QXPDL IUHFYHQ HOH cuprinse ntr-XQ DQXPLW GRPHQLX GH IUHFYHQ FXSULQV ntre f0 L I1

FTJ
A

f0
A

f1 FTB

FOB

%ORFXO GH VHSDUDUH JDOYDQLF are rolul de a izola din punct de vedere electric FDOFXODWRUXO GH H[WHULRU 8]XDO L]RODUHD VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ celule foto HOHFWULFH L HVWH DEVROXW QHFHVDU FkQG VH OXFUHD] OD WHQVLXQL SHULFXORDVH L RFXUL GH WHQVLXQL Blocul formator are rol de a prelua semnalele de intrare n calculator astfel nct DFHVWHD V ILH FRPSDWLELOH FX VWDQGDUGHOH SRU LORU UHVSHFWLYH.
da nu

FOB ILOWUX RSUHWH EDQGD

- VHPQDOH QHIDYRUDELOH OD R SRDUW ORJLF

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