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derea, traducerea,

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LQWHUPHGLXO XQXL OLPEDM FX YDORDUH LQWHUVXELHFWLY  Q WLPS FH
SHUFHS LLOH GHSLQG GH DSWLWXGLQLOH L GLVSRQLELOLW

LOH PRPHQWDQH

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(,

GHWHUPLQD LL

L

LQFRPXQLFDELOHFXQRDWHUHDSHUFHSWLY SUHVXSXQHLQWUDUHDDFHVWRU
FRQ LQXWXUL vQWU R FRQYHQ LH FROHFWLY  OLPEDMXO  PHQLW  V  UH LQ 

QXPDL FHHD FH HVWH LQWHOLJLELO L SHQWUX FHLODO L GHFL FRPXQLFDELO

ntr-R SULP  ID]  FXQRDWHUHD SHUFHSWLY  HVWH R UHFXQRDWHUH


ntruct presupune identificarea obiectului, ncadrarea lui ntr-o
FODV  L UHVSHFWLY WUDQVIHUXO DVXSUD RELHFWXOXL LQGLYLGXDO D
WU V WXULORU FRPXQH WXWXURU RELHFWHORU GLQ UHVSHFWLYD FODV  GH
RELHFWH 'H DFHHD PRPHQWXO FXQRDWH

rii perceptive presupune

LQWHUYHQ LD HIHFWLY  D XQRU QLYHOXUL VXSHULRDUH GH FXQRDWHUH


HPSLULF LWHRUHWLF FDUHRIDFSRVLELO &XQRDWHUHDSHUFHSWLY 
HVWHGHFLFRQGL LRQDW GHFXQRDWHUHDDQWHULRDU GHMDFRQVWLWXLW 
'XS  DFHDVW  ID]  GH LGHQWLILFDUH XUPHD]  R FXQRDWHUH HIHFWLY 

respectiv traducerea n limbaj a acelor note distinctive care sunt


FDUDFWHULVWLFH

RELHFWXOXL

LQGLYLGXDO

FH

DF LRQHD] 

DVXSUD

RUJDQHORUGHVLP 
&XQRDWHUHD HPSLULF  FXSULQGH QR LXQL L OHJLW

corespondent Q UHDOLWDWH vQ VHQVXO F

L FDUH DX

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LGHQWLILFDUHD SH FDOHD XQRU H[SHULHQ H UHSHWDWH L FRQFRUGDQWH D
DVHP Q ULORU D QRWHORU FRPXQH 'H RELFHL VH IRORVHWH LQGXF LD

amplificatoarHFDUHSUHVXSXQHFDSRUQLQGGHODXQLLV

VHWUDJ 

FRQFOX]LL FX SULYLUH OD WR L $FHVW VDOW ORJLF SRDWH IL LQILUPDW
RULFkQG GH H[SHULHQ H YLLWRDUH 'H DFHHD FXQRDWHUHD HPSLULF 
HVWH GRDU IRDUWH SUREDELO  GDU QX QHFHVDU  1H G  R FHUWLWXGLQH

practLF

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-au repetat anumite

IHQRPHQHSUHVXSXQHPF LvQYLLWRUVHYDvQWkPSODODIHO GDUQX


DUH R FHUWLWXGLQH ORJLF  QWUXFkW JHQHUDOL] ULOH HPSLULFH VXQW
I FXWH SH ED]D XQHL H[SHULHQ H XPDQH OLPLWDWH L vQ IXQF LH GH

anumite

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U VWXUQDWH L QX vQWRWGHDXQD WU V WXULOH FRPXQH SH FDUH OH UH LQ


VXQWLHVHQ LDOH8QVSRUGHULJRDUHVHSRDWHRE LQHvQFXQRWLQ HOH
GH WLS WLLQ LILF vQWUXFkWJHQHUDOL] ULOH VXQWI FXWH SULQ SUHOXF

rarea

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LL WHUPHQLL GH FRUS DEVROXW VROLG JD] LGHDO HWF 

Q P VXUD vQ FDUH DWD P DQXPLWRU VLWXD LL UHDOH SURSULHW


VSHFLILFH HQXQ XULORU WHRUHWLFH DMXQJHP ODMXGHF

L

L FDUH WRWGHDXQD

sunt n mod necesar false din punct de vedere logic.


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frecarH HVWH PDL PLF  FX DWkW GLVWDQ D SDUFXUV HVWH PDL PDUH 'H
aceea, se trece n experimentul mintal, concepndu-VH VLWXD LD
OLPLW  vQ FDUH IRU D GH IUHFDUH HVWH HJDO  FX ]HUR /HJHD LQHU LHL
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turi

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Construirea de modele logico-WHRUHWLFH DOH UHDOXOXL IDFH DEVWUDF LH


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SXQFW GH YHGHUH JHQHWLF QLYHOH HPSLULFH L WHRUHWLFH VH F

onstituie

vQ SUHOXQJLUHD XQHL FXQRDWHUL SHUFHSWLYH VLQJXUD FDUH SHUPLWH

contactul nemijlocit cu realitatea. Acest fapt se vede cel mai bine


DWXQFL FkQG vQ H[SHULHQ D FX DQXPLWH RELHFWH QX HVWH SRVLELO 
LGHQWLILFDUHD(VWHQHFHVDU vQDVHPHQHDFD]XUL

introducerea unei

FRQYHQ LL OLQJYLVWLFH F UHLD vL YRU IL DWDDWH SULQ JHQHUDOL] UL
XOWHULRDUH FRQ LQXWXUL QR LRQDOH GH QLYHO HPSLULF  &XQRDWHUHD
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L QHVLVWHPDWLFH (VWH SUHSRQGHUHQW FRQVWDWDWLY  L GHVFULSWLY DUH
FRQ LQXWXULUHIOHFWRULLvPELQDWHSULQHOHPHQWHGHVXELHFWLYLWDWHGH
DFHHDHVWHOLSVLW GHULJRDUH*HQHUDOL] ULOHVXQWI FXWHvQIXQF LH
GH LQWHUHVHOH LPHGLDWH GH DF LXQLORU LQGLYLGXDOH L FROHFWLYH
/HJ WXUD QHPLMORFLW  GLQWUH WHRULH L SUDFWLF  IDFH FD PHGLXO
LPHGLDW V  QX ILH FXQRVFXW vQ PRG GH]LQWHUHVDW SHQWUX D

-i

VXUSULQGHVWUXFWXUDLIXQF LRQDOLWDWHDFLvQP VXUDvQFDUHDFHDVW 


FXQRDWHUH HVWH LQGLVSHQVDELO  SHQWUX GHS LUHD XQRU VLWXD LL

problematice.

3. ConceptXOGHOHJHWLLQ

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teoriei ntr-R WLLQ D DQXPH DQJDMHD]


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FHOH UHDOH"QFH FRQGL LL XQ HQXQ  FRQVLGHUDWOHJH DUHFDUDFWHU
WLLQ LILF" (VWH GH RELFHL DFFHSWDW IDSWXO F  vQWUH OHJHD WHRUHWLF 
L SH GH DOW  SDUWH VW UL L IHQRPHQH YL]DWH GH DFHDVWD QX H[LVW 

simetrie, sau identitate VXE DVSHFWXO FRQ LQXWXOXL GH JHQXO FHOHL
postulate de realismul naiv. Dar dificultatea abia ncepe din acest

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dispersndu-VH

epistemologice,

vQWUH

FRQYHQ LRQDOLVPXO

QHRSR]LWLYLVWLFRQVWUXFWLYLVPXOQHRUD LRQDOLVW

Conceptul generic "lege" - DUH R DPELJXLWDWH VLVWHPDWLF 


semnificnd: a) un raport specific ntre laturi, procese etc. ale unui
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G  SURSR]L LD-principiu (metodologLF VDX H[SOLFDWLY  H  vQ YLD D
FRWLGLDQ  -UHJXO JHQHUDO LLPSHUDWLY REOLJDWRULHFRQVWUkQJHUH
H[HUFLWDW  GH R DXWRULWDWH FHULQ H GH RUGLQ FROHFWLY VDX LQGLYLGXDO
FRQYHQ LH DPG QV GDF  YRP FRQVLGHUDOHJHD FDH[SUHVLDFHD
PDL FRPSOH[  D GHWHUPLQ ULL IHQRPHQHORU

- vQWUXFkW LPSOLF  R
- efect,
necesitate - ntmplare, posibilitate probabilitate - realitate,
finalitate- SXWHP DFFHSWD F  VXQW HQXQ XUL OHJLFH DFHOH SURSR]L LL
care desemneaz  UHOD LL - vQWUH ODWXULOH L SURFHVHOH XQXL GRPHQLX
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aspectelor

VHFXQGDUH 

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SRUQLQG GH OD +HJHO VH SRDWH YRUEL L GH XQ QHFHVDU DO IDSWHORU
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fenomeniF

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aparatXU

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QX SRDWH IL VXSULPDW  Q

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empirice sau ntre diferite aspecte ale unui anume fenomen


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OHJ WXU  PXOW SUHD VWUkQV  FX H[SHULHQ D LPHGLDW  UHGXFkQG-o
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repetabile; legitatea se reduce la o constatare a acestora, permite


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punerea lor n conexiune, organizarea ipotetico-GHGXFWLY 


vQFHUFDUHD GH D GHGXFH OHJLOH i a le sesiza temeiul obiectiv le
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DUDW  F  JHQHUDOL] ULOH HPSLULFH FD

re sunt confirmate empiric dar

QX VXQW DWDDWH XQHL WHRULL DX VWDWXWXO GH OHJH GRDU GDF  VXQW
LPSOLFDWHGHXQDGLQWHRULLOHGHMDDGPLVHWRWXLvQDFHVWFD]FKLDU
GDF  XQ HQXQ  HVWH FRQILUPDW IDFWXDO L DYHP DUJXPHQWH SHQWUX D
JkQGL F  HVWH HIHFWLY DGHY U

at, el nu poate fi calificat drept lege

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SRVLELO   'H SLOG  WHRULD QHRYLWDOLVW  SRUQHWH GH OD DQDOL]D
FDSDFLW

LL

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sistemelor vii, dar nu eVWH

L

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R WHRULH FRQVLVWHQW  FL R VLPSO 

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SHUPLWH GRDU DSUHFLHUL SRVW IDFWXP $FHVW IDSW VH GDWRUHD] 
DF LXQLL IRU HORU YLWDOH

. n acest caz, nu putem vorbi de lege

WHRUHWLF  SHQWUX F  OLSVHWH WRFPDL GLPHQVLXQHD H[SOLFDWLY  L


SUHGLF LD QHFHVDU  ORJLF 3HQWUX D OXD XQ DOW H[HPSOX FRQVWDWDUHD
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EROLLGHFLXP SRWV

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F S WDWVWDWXWXOGHOHJHDELDRGDW FXHODERUDUHDWHRULHLLPXQLW

LL

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studiul prealabil al unei clase de fenomene a relevat un sistem de


UHOD LL constante care pot fi formulate sub forma legilor empirice.
7HRULLOH FDXW  V  H[SOLFH DFHVWH UHJXODULW

L V  RIHUH R FXQRDWHUH

PDL DGkQF  L PDL DGHFYDW  D DFHVWRUD V  SUH]LF  QRL UHJXODULW


GH DFHODL IHO SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO OHJLORU WHRUHWLFH $VWIHO

L

teoriile

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+HPSHO RULFH H[SOLFD LH WLLQ LILF  WUHEXLH V  VDWLVIDF  GRX 
FRQGL LL   H[LVWHQ D SHUWLQHQ HL

- P

VXUD vQ FDUH H[SOLFD LD QH

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LLHPSLULFH

- confirmarea

GH F WUH IDSWH ([SOLFD LD WHRUHWLF  D IDSWHORU UHDOH FRQVW  vQ

deducerea a ceea ce trebuie explicat (expanandum, explicandum)


din anumite premise (explanans, explicans) care cuprind legile
WHRUHWLFHLFXQRWLQ HOHHPSLULFHDVXSUDFRQGL LLORUUHDOHvQFDUHVH
PDQLIHVW OHJHDQFD]XOH[SOLFD L

ei deductiv-nomologice, ntruct

VH SRUQHWH GH OD SUHPLVH DGHY UDWH FRQFOX]LD HVWH vQ PRG
LQHYLWDELO DGHY UDW  $WXQFL FkQG R OHJH WHRUHWLF  QX SRDWH V 
H[SOLFH DQXPLWH GDWH GH REVHUYD LH VH VLPWH QHYRLD XQHL DGDSW UL
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QRX  OHJH Q H[SOLFD LD GH WLS SUREDELOLVW SH ED]D LQIRUPD LHL
FRQ LQXWH vQ H[SODQDQV FDUH FXSULQGH GH GDWD DFHDVWD R OHJH
SUREDELOLVW  H[SODQDQGXP XO SRDWH IL SUHY ]XW FX R IRDUWH PDUH

SUREDELOLWDWHLSRDWHDYHDRFHUWLWXGLQHSUDFWLF 

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VSUH

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HSLVWHPRORJLLOH

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are un nivel empiric (raporturile de succesiune detectabile pe calea


contactului senzorial-perceptiv cu fenomenele reale; de obicei,
DFHVWHD VXQW DFFHSWDWH FD UHJXOL GH DF LXQH  L XQ QLYHO UD LRQDOteoretic (introducerea unor ipoteze explicative, mai ales de ordin
FDX]DO 

XUP UHWH

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WUDQVIRUPDUHD

FRQVWDQWHORU

GLQ

VXFFHVLXQHD UHDO  vQ UDSRUWXUL GH FDX]DUH ([SOLFD LD HVWH vQV 
UHGXV GHF WUH5XHIIODXQFRQYHQ LRQDOLVPHSLVWHPRORJLFDFHVWH
FDX]H SULQ FDUH FRQVWDW ULOH HPSLULFH GHYLQ LQWHOLJLELOH WHRUHWLF
VXQW FUHDWH GH WHRUHWLFLDQ QHILLQG GDWH vQ UHDOLWDWHD VWXGLDW 
&DX]HOH LPDJLQDWH D IL G W WRDUH GH VHDP  SHQWUX DQXPLWH

fenomene reale, sunt date a priori; justificarea lor se face prin


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ORJLF 

YDOLG 

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2

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L

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GH

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U PkQ

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unei respingeri ulterioare. Oscilnd ntre scepticismul humeist,


SR]LWLYLVPXO DFWXDO L FRQVWUXFWLYLVP vQWUH YHULILFD LRQLVP L
IDOVLILFD LRQLVPXOOXL.DUO3RSSHU-DFTXHV5XHIIH

ste adeptul unui

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cu sens - deFL FHOH FDUH SRW DYHD R YDORDUH GH DGHY U - sunt fie
analitice -FkQGDGHY UXOVDXIDOVLWDWHDVHVWDELOHVFSHFDOHORJLF SULQ
apel la legile gndirii corecte, cum este cazul tautologiilor -, fie
sintetice - FkQG VXQW YHULILFDELOH H[SHULPHQWDO (QXQ XULOH filosofice,
vQWUXFkW  QX VH SUHWHD]  QLFL XQHL YHULILF UL ORJLFH QLFL XQHLD

experimentale, sunt considerate ca lipsite de sens. De aici decurge


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analitice sunt considerate a nu aduce pOXVGHLQIRUPD LLGHVSUHVLWXD LL


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aprofundate n domeniul ei". [13]


Orientarea empirist-ORJLF
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artificial, construit, ntruct n diferitele limbaje - ca ipostaze reale
ale limbii - QX H[LVW  VLQRQLPH DEVROXWH D IRVW SXQFWXO FXOPLQDQW
care a ruinat fundamentele empirismului logic, provocndu-LRFUL] 
GLQ FDUH QX D LHLW Q DFHHDL GLUHF LH DF LRQHD]  L DUJXPHQWHOH OXL

Popper: "Atta vreme ct prin expresia "lipsit de sens" nu se


vQ HOHJHSULQGHILQL LHQLPLFDOWFHYDGHFkWFHHDFHHVWHGHGRPeniul
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se cu pseudo-probleme este, desigur, oricQG UHDOL]DELO  F FL QX


DYHP GHFkW V  FRQFHSHP VHQVXO vQWU-un mod destul de strmt,
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UHJ VLvQHOHQLFLXQVHQV>@

Empirismul pragmatic este reprezentat de Willard van


Orman Quine care D GH]YROWDW R WHRULH KROLVW  GHVSUH FXQRDWHUHD
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unitate a semnifiFD LHL

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nlocui lipsa regulilor. Aceste exemple constituiau paradigmele

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care

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