Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
"n
),/262),$7,,1
(,
JHQHUR]LWDWH
FHUFHW
LQGLYLGXDO
WRUXOXL
LQGLIHUHQW
HD
GH
DUH
RULHQWDUHD
XQ
VFRS
FODU
RELHFWLYHORU
FHUFHW
ULL
WLLQ LILFH
vQ
OXPLQD
filosofiei".
(Mario Bu n ge )
*QRVHRORJLD
WHRULD
JHQHUDO
D
FXQRDWHULL
L
DSWLWXGLQLORU
FRQGL LLORU
SH
FDUH
WUHEXLH
V
OH
GH]YROWDWH2ELHFWXOFXQRDWHULLQXVHLGHQWLILF FXRELHFWXOUHDOFL
HVWH XQ GHFXSDM RSHUDW DVXSUD UHDOLW
LL GLQWU
PHWRGH VSHFLILFH WLLQ D GH RELFHL QX SRUQHWH QLFLRGDW GH OD
]HUR HD OXFUHD] DVXSUD XQXL VHW GH FXQRWLQ H L LPDJLQL
QHVSHFLDOL]DWH MXGHF
L SUHMXGHF
'HFLFXQRDWHUHDYL]HD] PRGXOvQ
producere de idei.
),/262),$7,,1
1. Disputa empirism-UD
(,
LRQDOLVP
XUP WRDUHD FXP LDX QDWHUH FXQRWLQ HOH YHULWDELOH" vQ FH FRQVW
RULJLQHD FXQRWLQ HORU" FXP WUHEXLH V SURFHG P SHQWUX D RE LQH
FXQRWLQ HYDORURDVHFDvQWLLQ HOHQDWXULLSHED] H[SHULPHQWDO
JHRPHWULHL
GHGXF LH
ORJLF "
FXQRDWHULL
vQ HOHDV
FD
VLPSO
FRSLH
UHIOHFWDUH
UHSURGXFHUHDUHDOXOXL6WUXFWXULOHUD LRQDOHQXIDFDOWFHYDGHFkWV
LQWURGXF RUGLQH vQ FXQRWLQ HOH SURFXUDWH GH VLP XUL Q DFHVWH
FRQGL LL ORJLFD L PDWHPDWLFD VXQW VLPSOH LQVWUXPHQWH DX[LOLDUH
FX YDORDUH PHWRGRORJLF (PSLULWLL VXV LQ F VXQW DGHY UDWH VDX
IDOVH GHFL DX YDORDUH GH DGHY U QXPDL DFHOH FXQRWLQ H FDUH VH
YHULILF GLUHFW VDX LQGLUHFW SULQ REVHUYD LH QHPLMORFLW LPHGLDW
$VHPHQHD FXQRWLQ H
VXQW
FRQVLGHUDWH
FD ILLQG
D
SRVWHULRUL
VDX IDOVLWDWHD ORU VH VWDELOHWH SULQ VLPSO DQDOL] ORJLF SULQ DSHO
OD OHJLOH JkQGLULL FRUHFWH FXQRWLQ HOH GH
),/262),$7,,1
(,
WDXWRORJLL VDX FRQWUDGLF LL ORJLFH $UH VHQV vQ YL]LXQHD HPSLULVW
ILH FXQRDWHUHD VLQWHWLF D SRVWHULRUL SHQWUX FDUH DGHY UXO VH
VWDELOHWH
H[SHULPHQWDO
SULQ
FRQIUXQWDUHD
FX
UHDOLWDWHD
ILH
consW
experimenWDO
QDWXULL L D WLLQ HORU GH WLS H[SHULPHQWDO vQWUXFkW DFHVWHD LQWU vQ
PRGHOXOGHWLLQ
FXQRDWHUH
LPSOLFLW
VLP XULORU
YLUWX L
FDSDFLW
L
-O DLE
RULFH WLLQ
nd
GHL
DGHY UDW
FULWHULXO
H[SHULHQ HL
HVWH
SUHD
vQ
gust.
GH
UHVSHFWLYD
RUGLQ
FRJQLWLY
REVHUYD LH
1X
FXOWXUDO
H[LVW
L DIHFWLY
GHFL
R
FDUH
SUH
FXQRDWHUH
L
ced
SXU
FRQVWDWDWLY
5D LRQDOLVPXODUHFDPRGHOGHWLLQ
H[HPSODU PDWHPDWLFD
),/262),$7,,1
(,
FXQRWLQ HOH
REVHUYD LRQDOH
VXQW
QHVLJXUH
L
DHUXO VH vQF O]HWH FRQVLGHU P F L vQ YLLWRU VH YD vQWkPSOD DVWIHO
LeiEQL]
L
HVHQ LDOH
3ULQFLSDOLL
UHSUH]HQWDQ L
VXQW
'HVFDUWHV
vQFHSXWDEVROXWvQFXQRDWHUHvQWUXFkWvQDLQWHGHDFXQRDWHLSHQWUX
D SXWHD FXQRDWH WUHEXLH FD V H[LVWH VWUXFWXULOH UD LRQDOH $FHVWHD
VXQWRFRQGL LHDDFWXOXLGHFXQRDWHUHLQXGHULY GLQH[SHULHQ
Q
SRDWH V VXUSULQG vQ YLUWXWHD ]HVWUHL VDOH QDWXUDOH DGHY UXULOH FODUH
L GLVWLQFWH DVXSUD UHDOLW
HYLGHQW DGHY UDWH HOH QX PDL WUHEXLH YHULILFDWH L VXQW OXDWH FD
D[LRPH GH OD FDUH SRUQLQG VH FRQVWUXLHWH WLLQ D WHRUHWLF SH FDOH
GHGXFWLY OD IHO FD vQ JHRPHWULD HXFOLGLDQ 6XELHFWXO DUH URO DFWLY
FXQRWLQ HOH
LODHPSLULWLLODUD LRQDOLWLSHUNDQWLHQLVHSRDWHREVHUYD
F HVWHVXV LQXW LGHHDXQHLFXQRDWHULQHPLMORFLWHFXQRWLQ HOHVH
RE LQ LPHGLDW SULQ FRQWDFW GLUHFW FX RELHFWX
l, contact mediat de
VLP XUL OD HPSLULWL VDX GH UD LXQH OD UD LRQDOLWL .DQW VFKLPE
),/262),$7,,1
(,
GDWHOH SUREOHPHL LQL LLQG RULHQWDUHD FULWLFLVW (O QX vQWUHDE FXP
VH RE LQ FXQRWLQ HOH FL FXP HVWH SRVLELO FXQRDWHUHD Q DFHVW
VLVWHP GH UHIHULQ
LL
&XQRDWHUHD
SUHVXSXQH
DDGDU
R
LL
-perceptive, sunt
FRQOXFUDUH
vQWUH
GH
F WUH
VWUXFWXULOH
D
SULRUL
DOH
VHQVLELOLW
LL
L
LQWHOHFWXOXL 2ULFH FXQRDWHUH vQFHSH FX H[SHULHQ D GDU FRQ LQXWXO
FRJQLWLY
QX
construcWLYLW
GHULY
WRWDO
GLQ
H[SHULHQ
HO
HVWH
UH]XOWDWXO
UHDOXOXL 0HULWXO OXL .DQW HVWH GH D IL DU WDW F WRDWH FXQRWLQ HOH
GRX
PDUL
RULHQW UL
JQRVHRORJLFH
-epistemologice
refHULQ
sidera
),/262),$7,,1
SRVLELOLWDWHD
(,
XQHL FXQRDWHUL
QHPLMORFLWH
$FHVWH
RULHQW UL DX IRVW HSLVWHPRORJLL FDUH RIHUHDX XQ PRGHO LGHDO GH
WLLQ
mplare:
F
HD
SURYLQH
vQWUHDJ
GLQ
H[SHULHQ
>@
$VWIHO
LL L LQWHOHFWXOXL
VSHFLILFH
WLLQ HORU
DFWXDOH
Q
DFHDVW
GLUHF LH
epistemologiilor
contemporane
lD
FODULILFDUHD
WHRUHWLF
D
VWUXFWXULORU FRJQLWLYH GH WLS WLLQ LILF YRP O PXUL PDL vQWkL
FkWHYDDVSHFWHJHQHUDOHSULYLWRDUHODSURFHVXOGHFXQRDWHUH
1LYHOXULGHFXQRDWHUHLWLSXULGHDEVWUDFWL]DUH
2ULFH SURFHV GH FXQRDWHUH SUHVXSXQH SUH]HQ D XQLWDWHD L
LQWHUDF LXQHD D GRX ODWXUL VDX PRPHQWH FRPSRQHQWH VHQ]RULDOH
),/262),$7,,1
(,
eluri de abstractizare.
'DF vQ FXQRDWHUHD SHUFHSWLY XQ URO SUHSRQGHUHQW DX VHQ]D LLOH
L SHUFHS LLOH QLYHOXO WHRUHWLF SUHVXSXQH GRDU FRQVWUXFWLYLWDWH
ORJLF
LQGHSHQGHQW
GH
LQIRUPD LLOH
SURFXUDWH
GH
VLP XUL
SULQ FDUH
i anumit obiect n
SUH]HQ D
HIHFWLY
D
RELHFWXOXL
UHSUH]HQWDUHD
FX
DMXWRUXO
5D LRQDPHQWHOH
VXQW
vQO Q XLUL
L(OHSRWILLQGXFWLYHGHGXFWLYHDQ
2ELHFWXO
FXQRDWHULL
SHUFHSWLYH
ORJLFH
FRHUHQWH
GH
alogice.
vO
FRQVWLWXLH
ERJ
LD
lasei
VDOH 3HUFHS LD HVWH GRDU R VWDUH SVKLORJLF R FDOH GH RE LQHUH SH
FDOHDVLP XULORUDLQIRUPD LLORUSULPDUH3HFHS LLOHOHWU LPDLGRPD
VHQWLPHQWHORU3HQWUXDGHYHQLFXQRWLQ HSHUFHSWLYHHVWHQHFHVDU
LQWHUYHQ LD UD LRQDOXOXL FDUH SHUPLWH VXUSULQ
derea, traducerea,
LOH PRPHQWDQH
),/262),$7,,1
(,
GHWHUPLQD LL
L
LQFRPXQLFDELOHFXQRDWHUHDSHUFHSWLY SUHVXSXQHLQWUDUHDDFHVWRU
FRQ LQXWXUL vQWU R FRQYHQ LH FROHFWLY OLPEDMXO PHQLW V UH LQ
QXPDL FHHD FH HVWH LQWHOLJLELO L SHQWUX FHLODO L GHFL FRPXQLFDELO
RELHFWXOXL
LQGLYLGXDO
FH
DF LRQHD]
DVXSUD
RUJDQHORUGHVLP
&XQRDWHUHD HPSLULF FXSULQGH QR LXQL L OHJLW
L FDUH DX
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH JHQHWLF DFHVW QLYHO VH IRUPHD] SULQ
LGHQWLILFDUHD SH FDOHD XQRU H[SHULHQ H UHSHWDWH L FRQFRUGDQWH D
DVHP Q ULORU D QRWHORU FRPXQH 'H RELFHL VH IRORVHWH LQGXF LD
amplificatoarHFDUHSUHVXSXQHFDSRUQLQGGHODXQLLV
VHWUDJ
FRQFOX]LL FX SULYLUH OD WR L $FHVW VDOW ORJLF SRDWH IL LQILUPDW
RULFkQG GH H[SHULHQ H YLLWRDUH 'H DFHHD FXQRDWHUHD HPSLULF
HVWH GRDU IRDUWH SUREDELO GDU QX QHFHVDU 1H G R FHUWLWXGLQH
practLF
anumite
rarea
),/262),$7,,1
(,
WLLQ HOHH[SHULPHWDOHQLYHOXOHPSLULFHVWHFDUDFWHUL]DWGRDUSULQWU
FD]
DEVWUDFWL]DUH
1LYHOXO
GH
WLS
HPSLULF
DQDOLWLF
DO
FXQRDWHULL
vQWUXFkW
SUHVXSX
UD LRQDOXO
ne o
H[WUDJH
GLQ
L
L FDUH WRWGHDXQD
frecarH HVWH PDL PLF FX DWkW GLVWDQ D SDUFXUV HVWH PDL PDUH 'H
aceea, se trece n experimentul mintal, concepndu-VH VLWXD LD
OLPLW vQ FDUH IRU D GH IUHFDUH HVWH HJDO FX ]HUR /HJHD LQHU LHL
HVWH IRUPXODW SHQWUX DFHDVW VLWXD LH QXPDL ORJLF SRVLELO XQ
FRUSU PkQHvQUHSDXVDEVROXWVDXVHPLF UHFWLOLQLXLXQLIRUPOD
LQILQLW FkW WLPS DVXSUD VD QX DF LRQHD] R IRU
WLS
GH
DEVWUDFWL]DUH
SUHVXSXQH
H[WHULRDU $FHVW
FRQVWUXFWLYLWDWHD
ORJLF
D
turi
L UHJXODULW
SXU
$ELD
SH
FDOH
HVWH
SRVLELO
H[SOLFDUHD
),/262),$7,,1
DWDH]HFRQGL LLOHFRQFUHWHGHPDQ
(,
ifestare.
onstituie
introducerea unei
FRQYHQ LL OLQJYLVWLFH F UHLD vL YRU IL DWDDWH SULQ JHQHUDOL] UL
XOWHULRDUH FRQ LQXWXUL QR LRQDOH GH QLYHO HPSLULF &XQRDWHUHD
FRPXQ HVWH QHVSHFLDOL]DW FRPSXV GLQ FXQRWLQ H IUDJPHQWDUH
L QHVLVWHPDWLFH (VWH SUHSRQGHUHQW FRQVWDWDWLY L GHVFULSWLY DUH
FRQ LQXWXULUHIOHFWRULLvPELQDWHSULQHOHPHQWHGHVXELHFWLYLWDWHGH
DFHHDHVWHOLSVLW GHULJRDUH*HQHUDOL] ULOHVXQWI FXWHvQIXQF LH
GH LQWHUHVHOH LPHGLDWH GH DF LXQLORU LQGLYLGXDOH L FROHFWLYH
/HJ WXUD QHPLMORFLW GLQWUH WHRULH L SUDFWLF IDFH FD PHGLXO
LPHGLDW V QX ILH FXQRVFXW vQ PRG GH]LQWHUHVDW SHQWUX D
-i
problematice.
3. ConceptXOGHOHJHWLLQ
LILF
XUP WRDUHORU vQWUHE UL &H UHOD LH H[LVW vQWUH OHJLOH WHRUHWLFH L
FHOH UHDOH"QFH FRQGL LL XQ HQXQ FRQVLGHUDWOHJH DUHFDUDFWHU
WLLQ LILF" (VWH GH RELFHL DFFHSWDW IDSWXO F vQWUH OHJHD WHRUHWLF
L SH GH DOW SDUWH VW UL L IHQRPHQH YL]DWH GH DFHDVWD QX H[LVW
simetrie, sau identitate VXE DVSHFWXO FRQ LQXWXOXL GH JHQXO FHOHL
postulate de realismul naiv. Dar dificultatea abia ncepe din acest
),/262),$7,,1
(,
SXQFW VROX LLOH SURSXVH GH SH SR]L LLOH GLIHULWHORU RULHQW UL
dispersndu-VH
epistemologice,
vQWUH
FRQYHQ LRQDOLVPXO
QHRSR]LWLYLVWLFRQVWUXFWLYLVPXOQHRUD LRQDOLVW
- vQWUXFkW LPSOLF R
- efect,
necesitate - ntmplare, posibilitate probabilitate - realitate,
finalitate- SXWHP DFFHSWD F VXQW HQXQ XUL OHJLFH DFHOH SURSR]L LL
care desemneaz UHOD LL - vQWUH ODWXULOH L SURFHVHOH XQXL GRPHQLX
VLQWH] D WXWXURU FHORUODOWH FXSOXUL FDWHJRULDOH FDX]
UHDO vQ DQVDPEOXO V X vQWUH FRPSRQHQWH VDX VW UL VXFFHVLYH DOH
DFHOXLDL VXEVLVWHP
ILLQG vQ FRQVHFLQ
FRQGL LL
3UHFL] P
-
vQWU R
DVHPHQHD
SHUVSHFWLY
OHJLOH
aspectelor
VHFXQGDUH
VDX
UHOD LL
QHFHVDUH
GDU
QH
-generale
SRUQLQG GH OD +HJHO VH SRDWH YRUEL L GH XQ QHFHVDU DO IDSWHORU
LQGLYLGXDOH Q UHDOLWDWHD FRQFUHW DF LXQHD DFHVWRU OHJL HVWH
PDVFDW GH IDFWRUL SHUWXUEDWRUL vQWkPSO WRUL GH vQWUHDJD ERJ
fenomeniF
D
OXFUXULORU
L
VW ULORU
LQGLYLGXDOH
LH
5DSRUWXULOH
HVHQ LDOH QX VXQW GDWH OD VXSUDID D IHQRPHQHORU ILLQG SXVH vQ
XPEU GH R FRQFUHWH H ERJDW vQ GHWHUPLQ ULIOXFWXDQWH 'HDFHHD
QX VXQW DFFHVLELOH REVHUYD LHL GLUHFWH QLFL FKLDU FHOHL PHGLDWH GH
aparatXU
-
- n fond,
),/262),$7,,1
(,
D UHOD LLORU UHDOH SRUQLQG HYHQWXDO GH OD VXSR]L LL LGHDOL]DQWH
/HJLOH VXQW IRUPXODWH GH UHJXO FD UDSRUWXUL LSRWHWLFH GH WLSXO
GDF DWXQFL SUHFL]kQGX L DVWIHO DULD GH FRPSHWHQ
L
FRQGL LLOHFRQWH[WHOHGHYDOLGDUH
$OEHUW %ULPR FRQVLGHU F vQ WLLQ D DFWXDO OHJLOH VXQW
GLQFHvQFHPDLPXOWvQ HOHVHFDLQVWUXPHQWHGHFHUFHWDUH>@/D
UkQGXO V X *+HPSHO GHILQHWH OHJHD FD ILLQG XQ HQXQ FDUH
DILUP H[LVWHQ D XQHL UHOD LL XQLIRUPH vQWUH GLIHULWH IHQRPHQH
dintr-XQ
GRPHQLX
LQWHUSUHWDUHD
WLLQ LILFH
XQRU
VXQW
SHUPL kQG
QRL
HQXQ XUL
GDWH
YHULILFDUHD
REVHUYD LRQDOH
DGHY UDWH
FDUH
LOH HPSLULFH
XQRU
DPG
VSUH
LSRWH]H
/HJLOH
GHRVHELUH
GH
QX VXQW DWDDWH XQHL WHRULL DX VWDWXWXO GH OHJH GRDU GDF VXQW
LPSOLFDWHGHXQDGLQWHRULLOHGHMDDGPLVHWRWXLvQDFHVWFD]FKLDU
GDF XQ HQXQ HVWH FRQILUPDW IDFWXDO L DYHP DUJXPHQWH SHQWUX D
JkQGL F HVWH HIHFWLY DGHY U
GDF H[FOXGH HYHQWXDOHOH LSRWH]H SH FDUH WHRULD UHVSHFWLY OH IDFH
SRVLELO 'H SLOG WHRULD QHRYLWDOLVW SRUQHWH GH OD DQDOL]D
FDSDFLW
LL
GH
UHJHQHUDUH
L
ILQDOLWDWHD
SURSULH
GH]YROW ULL
),/262),$7,,1
(,
IDSWH QX DUDW FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH HQWHOHKLLOH LQWU vQ DF LXQH FL
SHUPLWH GRDU DSUHFLHUL SRVW IDFWXP $FHVW IDSW VH GDWRUHD]
DF LXQLL IRU HORU YLWDOH
-LvQJULMHDVF
SHDFWXDOLLEROQDYLI U ULVFXULD
F S WDWVWDWXWXOGHOHJHDELDRGDW FXHODERUDUHDWHRULHLLPXQLW
LL
L
teoriile
- P
LLHPSLULFH
- confirmarea
GH F WUH IDSWH ([SOLFD LD WHRUHWLF D IDSWHORU UHDOH FRQVW vQ
ei deductiv-nomologice, ntruct
VH SRUQHWH GH OD SUHPLVH DGHY UDWH FRQFOX]LD HVWH vQ PRG
LQHYLWDELO DGHY UDW $WXQFL FkQG R OHJH WHRUHWLF QX SRDWH V
H[SOLFH DQXPLWH GDWH GH REVHUYD LH VH VLPWH QHYRLD XQHL DGDSW UL
PRGLILF UL VXEWLOL] UL D HQXQ XULORU OHJLFH VDX VH FRQVWUXLHWH R
QRX OHJH Q H[SOLFD LD GH WLS SUREDELOLVW SH ED]D LQIRUPD LHL
FRQ LQXWH vQ H[SODQDQV FDUH FXSULQGH GH GDWD DFHDVWD R OHJH
SUREDELOLVW H[SODQDQGXP XO SRDWH IL SUHY ]XW FX R IRDUWH PDUH
SUREDELOLWDWHLSRDWHDYHDRFHUWLWXGLQHSUDFWLF
),/262),$7,,1
6HPQLILFDWLY
SULQ
GHVFKLGHULOH
VSUH
(,
HSLVWHPRORJLLOH
FRQWHPSRUDQH HVWH FRQFHS LD OXL -DFTXHV 5XHII >@ 2ULFH WLLQ
XUP UHWH
7HRULD
WUDQVIRUPDUHD
FRQVWDQWHORU
GLQ
VXFFHVLXQHD UHDO vQ UDSRUWXUL GH FDX]DUH ([SOLFD LD HVWH vQV
UHGXV GHF WUH5XHIIODXQFRQYHQ LRQDOLVPHSLVWHPRORJLFDFHVWH
FDX]H SULQ FDUH FRQVWDW ULOH HPSLULFH GHYLQ LQWHOLJLELOH WHRUHWLF
VXQW FUHDWH GH WHRUHWLFLDQ QHILLQG GDWH vQ UHDOLWDWHD VWXGLDW
&DX]HOH LPDJLQDWH D IL G W WRDUH GH VHDP SHQWUX DQXPLWH
YDOLG
REVHUYDELOH
2
VLQWDFWLF
WHRULH
L
VHPDQWLF
QHLQILUPDW
GH
FX
UHJXOLOH
IDSWH
HPSLULFe empiric
U PkQ
VHPQLILFDWLY (D DUH GRDU XQ JUDG GH FRQILUPDUH H[LVWkQG ULVFXO
-
DUDW
FRQVWDW UL REVHUYD LRQDOH I U R VWUXFWXUDUH GH DFHVW WLS VH UHGXFH
ODRVLPSO GHVFULS LH>@
Q FRQFOX]LH FkWHYD GLQ FHOH PDL VHPQLILFDWLYH FHUFHW UL
FRQWHPSRUDQH QH SHUPLW V SUHFL] P F OHJLOH WHRUHWLFH VH
RE LQ SULQ UHFRQVWUXF LD ORJLF D UHDOXOXL L QX SULQWU R VLPSO
),/262),$7,,1
(,
OHJL QX SRDWH IL vQ HOHDV FD VLPSO FRQIUXQWDUH D DFHVWHLD FX
SUHVXSXVHREVHUYD LLQHXWUHILGHOHUHDOLW
LLSXUFRQVWDWDWL
ve; 3) nu
FRULMHD]
VLP XO
FRPXQ
vL
vQO WXU
GHIRUP ULOH
QHFHVDU DUHFDUDFWHUGHOHJHFLQXPDL
DFHHD FDUH GRYHGHWH XQ WHPHL vQ FKLDU DUWLFXOD LD LQWHULRDU D
sistemului cercetat.
-
filosofice
WLLQ D
SRUQLQG GH OD DQXPLWH UDPXUL WLLQ LILFH FDUH DYHDX RDUHFDUH
H[HPSODULWDWH
GH
SLOG
PDWHPDWLFD
L
IL]LFD
WHRUHWLF
Q
FRQGL LLOH DFWXDOH SHQWUX D LHL GLQ FRQVWUXF LD DSULRUL L D VH
DSURSLD
PDL
SURLHFWHD]
HILFLHQW
PRGHOH
LQWHOLJLELOLWDWH
FX
GH
GH
IXQF LL
SUDFWLFD
HIHFWLY
UD LRQDOLWDWH
SUHSRQGHUHQW
D
VDYDQWXOXL
WLLQ LILF
VWLOXUL
HD
GH
GHVFULSWLY
-explicative,
o normativitate
D
FXQRDWHULL
vQVSUH
LQYHVWLJDUHD
VSHFLDOL]DW
D
FXQRDWHULL WLLQ LILFH GDU PDL DOHV DSDUL LD XQRU QRL SUREOHPH L
DULL SUREOHPDWLFH SH FDUH vQVXL SURJUHVXO WLLQ LILF OH JHQHUHD]
VROLFLWkQG VROX LRQ UL H RUGLQ PHWDWHRUHWLF Q VSHFLDO vQ DFHDVW
XOWLP GLUHF LH VH FRQWXUHD] FHO SX LQ GRX DVSHFWH Q SULPXO
),/262),$7,,1
(,
clDU
WLLQ LILFH 'H DFHHD SUREDELO LPSXOVXO VSUH ILORVRILD WLLQ HL D
SRUQLW GH PXOWH RUL GLQ QHYRLD GH D LHL GLQ DQXPLWH VLWXD LL
SUREOHPDWLFH vQ FDUH SULQ FKLDU HYROX LD VD WLLQ D D DMXQV GH
SLOG FUL]HOHGHFUHWHUHFDUHDXSURGXVPXWD LLvQIL]LFDPRGHUQ
RS LXQHD SHQWUX XQ PRGHO H[SOLFDWLY vQ FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH H[LVW
PDL PXOWH WHRULL FRQFXUHQWH FX SULYLUH OD DFHODL GRPHQLX GH
UHDOLWDWH YDORDUHD FRJQLWLY L YHULILFDUHD XQRU WHRULL WLLQ LILFH vQ
FDUH HOHPHQWHOH GH FRQVWUXFWLYLWDWH GHS HVF FHHD FH DFFHSW
PRGXO ILORVRILF FODVLF GH D vQ HOHJH SURFHVXO GH FXQRDWHUH D
UHDOLW
LLDPGQDOGRLOHDUkQGWUHEXLH LQXWVHDPDGHLPSDFWXO
i cultural pe care
WLLQ D DFWXDO OH DUH 2U L DFHVWH DVSHFWH SULQ FRQVHFLQ HOH
XPDQH SH FDUH OH JHQHUHD] VROLFLW R FRQWLHQWL]DUH L LQWHJUDUH
ILORVRILF Q HJDO P VXU DQXPLWH DFKL]L LL FRJQLWLYH FX VWDWXW
WHRUHWLF
ORJLFD
PDWHPDWLF
WHRULD
JHQHUDO
D
VLVWHPHORU
-explicativ
FDSDELO V vQGUXPH VDX V FRRUGRQH]H vQV L HYROX LD WLLQ HL vQ
DSDU LQH QXFOHXOXL YDORULF SH FDUH L SULQ FDUH VDYDQWXO VH
DQJDMHD]
DGLF
VHWXO
QHRPRJHQ
DO
LGHLORU
GLUHFWRDUH
),/262),$7,,1
SHUVSHFWLYHORU
(,
PRWLYD LHL
DPG
$FHVWHD
SRW
IL
SUHDODELOH
VXUSULQGH
VWUXFWXUD
LQWHULRDU
DGHFYHD] GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH WHRUHWLF GHVFULSWLY OD WLLQ D GHMD
exLVWHQW
PHWRGRORJLF
L
FODULILFDWRU
VSUH
DVSHFWHOH
SURFHVXDOH
XQ
LGHDO GH WLLQ LILFLWDWH LDU DFHVWD vQ IXQF LH GH FHOH GRX DFFHQWH
FDUH vO GLUHF LRQHD] SRDWH IL SUH]HQWDW vQ IRUPHOH LPSHUDWLY
FKLDU
SUHFL] ULOH
ILORVRILD
WLLQ HL
DQWHULRDUH
GHVHPQHD]
SXWHP
R
FRQVWDWD
JDP
ODUJ
F
GH
WLLQ D vQV L vQ DFHVW FD] VLPWH QHYRLD V ILH vQFRUSRUDW vQ
FRQWH[WHH[SOLFDWLYHGHQDWXU ILORVRILF 'LPHQVLXQLOHVWUXFWXULOH
IXQF LLOH L VHPQLILFD LLOH VDOH SHQWUX D IL UHOHYDQWH WUHEXLH DGXVH
L
HOH
DSDU LQ
XQRU
ILORVRILHL
ILORVRILFILLQGGHRSRWULY GHvQGUHSW
FXQRDWHUL
WLLQ HL
GHFL
JHQHUDOH
L
GLVFXUVXOXL
LWHSULQFHHDFHvLSURSXQV
),/262),$7,,1
(,
ILORVRILHL WLLQ HL HVWH FRQVWLWXLW GLQ DFHOH SUREOHPH FDUH VH UHIHU
GLUHFW OD VWUXFWXUD H[SOLFD LHL WLLQ LILFH FRQIUXQWDUHD OHJLORU FX
H[SHULHQ D FDGUXO FRQFHSWXDO vQ FDUH VH PLF DUJXPHQWDUHD L
H[SOLFD LDDUWLFXOD LDORJLF D LGHLORU GH ED] GHILQL LL SURSR]L LL
UHJXOLGHLQIHUHQ
HWF$QXPLWHDVSHFWHGLQDFHVWHDVHSUHWHD] OD
GHOLPLW UL IRUPDOH L WUDW UL GH VLQH VW W WRDUH 'H SLOG ORJLFD
WLLQ HLXUP UHWHVWXGLXOIRUPHORULPLMORDFHORUORJLFH
utilizate n
DO
FXQRWLQ HORU
WHKQLFD
VWUXFWXUDUH&KLDUGDF VHIRUPDOL]HD]
ORU
ORJLF IRUPDO
GH
vQFD]Xl n care analiza de
OD
FRRUGRQDWH
VLVWHPH
GH
UHIHULQ
L
FULWHULL
GH
WHUPHQLLSHUVSHFWLYHLILORVRILFHFDUHSXQvQMRFXQVHWGHRS LXQLL
OLQLL GLUHFWRDUH GHMD H[LVWHQWH $QDOL]D WLLQ HL I FXW GLQ XQJKLXO
XQRUSUHFRQFHS LLILORVRILFHYDUHXLFRQILUPDUHDVDXUHPRGHODUHD
FRQFHS LH GHVSUH OXPH FH DUH LPSOLFD LL vQ SODQXO vQ HOHJHULL
VWDWXWXOXL H[LVWHQ LDO DO RPXOXL 7RFPDL GH DFHHD ILORVRILD WLLQ HL
DSDU LQH
ILORVRILHL
DWkW
DWXQFL
FkQG
WHRUHWLFLDQXO
DGDSWHD]
FRQ LQXWXULOH XQHL WLLQ H DQXPH OD XQ PRGHO FRQFHS XDO GHMD
FRQVWLWXLW L LQWHOLJLELO FX U VSXQVXUL SULYLQG FH HVWH FXQRDWHUHD
DGHY UXO LSRWH]D WHRULD DPG FkW L DWXQFL FkQG vQWU
-un
WHRUHWLF
DO
XQHL
UDPXUL
WLLQ LILFH
DQXPH
GHWHF
tndu-se
),/262),$7,,1
(,
YHULILFDUH
P VXU
PRGHO
HWF
DSDU LQ
GLVFXUVXO
WLQ]kQG
VSUH
R
FXQRDWHUH
YDODELO
VWUXFWXUDW
D
FXQRDWHULL
WLLQ LILFH Q IXQF LH GH VIHUD GH H[WLQGHUH SRDWH IL JHQHUDO
DSOLFDW L DSOLFDELO WLLQ HL vQ JHQHUH vQ P VXUD vQ FDUH SURSXQH
PRGHOHOH LGHDOH L H[HPSODUH GH WLLQ LILFLWDWH
DWXQFL FkQG VH DSOHDF DVXSUD PR
VWUXFWXULORU
H[SOLFDWLYH
GH
IXQF LRQDUH
D
H[SHULPHQWXOXL
L
GH
RUGLQ
WLLQ LILF
-a
ORJLFD
WLLQ LILFH GH FODULILFDUH L UHFRQVWUXF LH D WLLQ HL GH SLOG ORJLFD
UHFRQVWUXF LLOH
PHWRGRORJLLVXQWvQFRUSRUDWHLGHFLVXERUGRQDWHXQHLLQWHUSUHW UL
FXULJRULLFRQVHFLQ HGHRUGLQILORVRILF$DFXPUHPDUF 5REHUW
%ODQFKp VH YHGH F HSLVWHPRORJLD FDUH HVWH R UHIOHF LH DVXSUD
WLLQ HL LQWU HD vQV L FX DFHVW WLWOX vQ PHWDWLLQ
GLVWLQV GH DFHDVWD GHFkW SULQ QXDQ H
- PHWDWLLQ D DU
WkQG GH
practLFDW
GHFkW
GH
F WUH
VDYDQ LL
VSHFLDOLWL
vQ
WLPS
FH
HSLVWHPRORJLD LD DGHVHD vQ UDSRUW FX WLLQ D FHYD PDL PXOW
GLVWDQ
-l atenua, un
),/262),$7,,1
(,
FDUDFWHUILORVRILFPDLPXOWVDXPDLSX LQPDUFDW>@
Epistemologia actuaO
VXPDU FD GLYHUVLILFDW DWkW vQ SULYLQ D DULHL WHPDWLFH FkW L PDL
VWDUH
VH
GDWRUHD]
XQRU
IDFWRUL
SUHFLL
FOLPDWXO
DQXPLWH
GHOLPLW UL
LVDX
LQVLVWHQ H
SUREOHPDWLFH
LQVWDQ HOHVRFLDO-FXOWXUDOHLLGHRORJLFHGHFRQWUROLVDXDFFHSWDUH
disponibilLW LOH GH UHFHSWDUH - ILGHO VDX HURQDW ULJXURDV VDX
manipulatorie - D XQRU VROX LL HSLVWHPRORJLFH GH F WUH VRFLHWDWH
DPG VXQW GRDU Fk LYD GLQ SDUDPHWULL FDUH JHQHUHD] PDQLHUH
IHOXULWH
GH
vQ HOHJHUH
L
VROX LRQDUH
D
SUREOHPDWLFLL
care QXSDUHDILGLUHFWLQWHUHVDW
FH VH WUHFH GH OD VWLOXO WLLQ LILF VSUH FHO ILORVRILF GH DERUGDUH D
IHQRPHQXOXL
WLLQ
Q
WLPS
FH
SULPXO
DSDU LQH
HWDMXOXL
DXWRUHIOH[LY DO XQHL WLLQ H ILLQG OHJDW QHPLMORFLW GH FHULQ HOH
FHUFHW ULLHIHFWLYHVWLOXOILORVRILFHVWHPDLGHWDDWGHRELHFWLYHOHL
QHFHVLW
SUHGLVSXV
OD
LQWHJUDUHD
WLLQ HL
vQ
FRQWH[WH
ILLQG GLVSXV L
H[SOLFDWLYH
PDL
mologie are
vQ
RUL]RQWXUL
JHQHUDOLWDWH
FUHVFXW
FRJQLWLYH
&KLDU
YDORULFH
L
vQ
L
FD]XO
YDORUL]DWRDUH
GH
HSLVWHPRORJLLORU
),/262),$7,,1
(,
LGHRORJLF
'H
SLOG
FKLDU
SOHGRDULD
SHQWUX
UHDOLWDWH DUH SUHVXSR]L LL ILORVRILFH SH FDUH OH DX GH]Y OXLW XQHOH
WHRUHWLFR ILORVRILFH
LVDX
LGHRORJLFH
DOH
obiectivitate.
$VHPHQHD
UHOD LL
DOH
HSLVWHPRORJLHL
FX
FOLPDWXO
ideologico-VRFLDOLFXILORVRILDVXQWXQHRULSHUFHSXWHvQPDQLHUH
HURQDWH(VWHRRSLQLHFRPXQ -DUDW 0DULR%XQJH-F GHRDUHFH
WLLQ D L WHKQRORJLD VXQW RELHFWLYH HOH QX LPSOLF QLFL HYDOX UL
QLFL SULQFLSLL PRUDOH $FHDVW FRQYLQJHUH HVWH IRORVLW FD VFX]
pentru a-L
DEVROYL
UHVSRQVDELOLW
SH
RDPHQL
GH
WLLQ
L
WHKQRORJL
GH
VXQW
RELHFWLYH
L
OLEHUH
GH
YDORUL] UL
WLLQ D
VSHFLILFH
GRPHQLXOXL
FH
XUP UHVF
DWLQJHUHD
L
FRPXQLFDUH
),/262),$7,,1
(,
-socLDO
GHQHW J GXLW
)LORVRILHDQDOLWLF
)LORVRILDDQDOLWLF PLFDUHILORVRILF FRPSOH[ DS UXW OD
- DQDOL]D ORJLF D
acestuia. Toate problemele filosofice sunt, prin urmare, reduse la
probleme de limbaj, filosofia devenind o activitate de clarificare a
JkQGLULLSULQDQDOL]DORJLF DOLPEDMXOXL([SUHVLDDFHVWXLSURJUDP
HVWH VLQWHWL]DW GH FHOHEUXO 7UDFWDWXV /RJLFR
/:LWWJHQVWHLQ
6FRSXO
gndurilor. FiloVRILD
ILORVRILHL
HVWH
-psilosophicus" a lui
FODULILFDUHD
ORJLF
D
5H]XOWDWXOILORVRILHLQXVXQWSURSR]L LLOHILORVRILFHFLFODULILFDUHD
SURSR]L LLORU )LORVRILD WUHEXLH V FODULILFH L V GHOLPLWH]H ULJXURV
JkQGXULOHFDUHDOWIHOVXQWFDV ]LFHPWXOEXULLFRQIX]H>
$WRPLVPXOORJLFGH]YROWDWGH%5XVVHOOL/:LWWJHQVWHLQ
vQ
FDGUXO
FROLL
DQDOLWLFH
GH
OD
&DPEULGJH
UHSUH]LQW
R
VDOH
GLQ
GRPHQLXO
fundamentelor matePDWLFLL
ORJLFLL
PDWHPDWLFH
L
DO
limbajului XUP
ORU VLPSOL L SURSR]L LLOH OD IRUPHOH ORU FDQRQLFH )LORVRILD GHYLQH
),/262),$7,,1
(,
FHUFHWDUHDIRUPHORUFDQRQLFHDOHGLIHULWHORUWLSXULGHSURSR]L LLLR
vQFHUFDUH GH D GHVFRSHUL UHOD LLOH VLVWHPDWLFH GH GHSHQGHQ
GLQWUH
DFHVWHD 3ULQ DQDOL] VH DMXQJH OD VWDELOLUHD XQXL QLYHO XOWLP DO
SURSR]L LLORU DEVROXW VLPSOH GH ED] VDX DWRPDUH FDUH QX
PDL SRW IL GHVFRPSXVH vQ DOWH SURSR]L LL GDU GLQ FDUH FX DMXWRUXO
FRQHFWRULORU SURSR]L LRQDOL VH SRW IRUPD SURSR]L LL FRPSOH[H
3URSR]L LLOH
DWRPDUH
VXQW
IRUPDWH
GLQ
HOHPHQWH
D
F URU
GHRDUHFH GHVHPQHD]
RELHFWHvQVXLULVDXUHOD LLGLUHFWSHUFHSWLELOHFXDMXWRUXORUJDQHORU
GH VLP VH VXV LQH F SURSR]L LLORU DWRPDUH OH F
orespund, n
LLUHOD LLDOHORU8QIDSWDWRPDU
LVDXvQWU
-o
UHOD LH GLQWUH GRX VDX PDL PXOWH RELHFWH QWUH SURSR]L LL L IDSWH
H[LVW R FRUHVSRQGHQ
SURSR]L LL LDU UHOD LD GLQWUH R SURSR]L LH L IDSWXO H[SULPDW HVWH R
UHOD LH GH LGHQWLWDWH IRUPDO VWUXFWXUDO VDX ORJLF &RPSRQHQWHOH
XQHL SURSR]L LL VXQW QXPH DOH F URU VHPQLILFD LL VXQW WRFPDL
FRPSRQHQWHOHFRUHVSXQ] WRDUHDOHIDSWXOXL
Q GRFWULQD DWRPLVPXOXL ORJLF HVHQ LDO HVWH LGHHD GH
OLPEDM ORJLF SHUIHFW LGHH ED]DW SH FRUHVSRQGHQ D VWULFW vQWUH
FRPSRQHQWHOH
SURSR]L LHL
L
FHOH
DOH
IDSWXOXL
DW
omar. Din
SURSR]L LLOH DWRPDUH VH SRW IRUPD VDX GHULYD FRQIRUP UHJXOLORU
ORJLFLL
SURSR]L LRQDOH
SURSR]L LL
PDL
FRPSOH[H
QXPLWH
PROHFXODUH L VLPLODU GLQ IDSWH DWRPDUH VH SRW FRQVWLWXL IDSWH
PROHFXODUH
FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH
DFHVWRU
GLQ
XUP
SURSR]L LL
FDUH
OX P
FXQRWLQ
I U
PLMORFLUHD
YUHXQXL
SURFHGHX
ilor
),/262),$7,,1
(,
SURSR]L LLORU FH FRQ LQ R GHVFULHUH HVWH XUP WRUXO SHQWUX D IL
LQWHOLJLELO RULFH SURSR]L LH WUHEXLH V ILH FRPSXV QXPDL GLQ
HOHPHQWHFRQVWLWXWLYHGHFDUHDYHPFXQRWLQ
>@
gii
FL
SUHVXSXQHUHD
vQ
VHQVXO
H[LVWHQ HL
VXUSULQGHULL
XQRU
VWUXFWXULL
L]RPRUILVPH
HL
JHQHUDOH
vQWUH
VWUXFWXUD
LQWHUHVD L GH
inge ntre
VHPQLILFD LD FRJQLWLY VLQJXUD FDUH LQWHUHVHD] vQ DQDOL]D WLLQ HL L
VHPQLILFD LD QRQFRJQLWLY FDUH HVWH FHD HPR LRQDO SURSULH DUWHL
),/262),$7,,1
(,
- majoritatea
-, sePQLILFD LDORUSRDWHILLQGLFDW SULQWU-
OD DOWHOH )LHFDUH FXYkQW DO OLPEDMXOXL HVWH UDSRUWDW OD
QXPHWH HQXQ XUL REVHUYD LRQDOH VDX HQXQ XUL SURWRFRODUH DGLF
HQXQ XUL SODVDWH OD vQFHSXW DVXSUD GDWXOXL LPHGLDW DVXSUD D FHHD FH
HVWHWU LWQHPLMORFLW3HQWUXUHSUH]HQWDQ LLDFHVWHLRULHQW ULHQXQ XULOH
cu sens - deFL FHOH FDUH SRW DYHD R YDORDUH GH DGHY U - sunt fie
analitice -FkQGDGHY UXOVDXIDOVLWDWHDVHVWDELOHVFSHFDOHORJLF SULQ
apel la legile gndirii corecte, cum este cazul tautologiilor -, fie
sintetice - FkQG VXQW YHULILFDELOH H[SHULPHQWDO (QXQ XULOH filosofice,
vQWUXFkW QX VH SUHWHD] QLFL XQHL YHULILF UL ORJLFH QLFL XQHLD
DYkQG
FRQ LQXWXUL
WDXWRORJLFH
SXWHP
VSXQH
F
HVHQ D
HPSLULVPXOXL ORJLF FRQVW vQ VXV LQHUHD LGHLL F IXQGDPHQWXO WLLQ HL
DXWHQWLFHHVWHUHSUH]HQWDW GHFXQRDWHUHDREVHUYD LRQDO 3URSR]L LLOH
protocolare sau de obVHUYD LH VXQW DFHOH SURSR]L LL FDUH H[SULP
LQIRUPD LL GHVSUH UHDOLWDWH SH FDUH OH GREkQGLP SULQ SHUFHS LH 7RDWH
FHOHODOWH SURSR]L LL DOH VLVWHPXOXL XQHL WLLQ H WUHEXLH V SRDW IL
UHGXVHODVDXGHGXVHGLQSURSR]L LLOHSURWRFRODUH
&kWHYD FLW UL PDL H[WLQVH GLQ DILUPD LLOH OXL &DUQDS VXQW
HORFYHQWH vQ SULYLQ D FHORU DILUPDWH SkQ DFXP Q GRPHQLXO
PHWDIL]LFLL VSXQH &DUQDS DQDOL]D ORJLF D GXV OD XQ UH]XOWDW
QHJDWLY SUHWLQVHOH VDOH SURSR]L LL VXQW FX GHV YkULUH OLSVLWH GH
VHQVQRL VXV LQHP F FHHD FH VH QXPHVF SURSR]L LL HQXQ XUL vQ
PHWDIL]LF QX FRQVWLWXLH SXU L VLPSOX GHFkW SVHXGRSURSR]L LL vQ
ID D FULWLFLL DQDOL]HL QRDVWUH ORJLFH 5&DUQDS GLVWLQJH GRX
IHOXULGHSVHXGRSURSR]L LLFHOHXQGHILJXUHD] FXYLQWHGHVSUHFDUH
FXYLQWH
LQGLYLGXDO
SUHY ]XWH
FX
VHQV
GDU
DQVDPEODWH
vPSRWULYD UHJXOLORU VLQWD[HL FDUH QX FUHD] R IUD] SUHY ]XW FX
VHQV3ULQXUPDUHOXFUXULOHVXQWGHDDQDWXU vQFkWQXSRWH[LVWD
),/262),$7,,1
(,
FKLDU
GHRDUHFH VHQVXO XQHL IUD]H FRQVW vQ RSHUD LLOH YHULILF ULL VDOH R
propR]L LHQXVSXQHGHFkWFHHDFHHVWHYHULILFDELOvQHDLQXSRDWH
DDGDU V DILUPH GHFkW XQ IDSW H[SHULPHQWDO 'DF DU H[LVWD FHYD
GLQFROR GH H[SHULHQ
-ar
, o serie de
SXWHD IL QLFL HQXQ DW QLFL JkQGLW QLFL FHUXW ,DW GHFL
ORJLFH
U VSXQGH
5&DUQDS
$SOLFDUHD
HL
QHJDWLY
LQWHOLJHQ D vQ DGHY UDWXO V X GRPHQLX WLLQ D VDX GH D DEDWH VSUH
DUW R QHYRLH GH D WUDQVSXQH PHWDIL]LFLDQXO FRQIXQG FHOH GRX
WHQGLQ H vQ DD IHO vQFkW RSHUD VD QX FRQWULEXLH FX QLPLF OD
FXQRDWHUH L QX G QLFL VHQWLPHQWXOXL YLH LL GHFkW R H[SUHVLH
LQVXILFLHQW PHGLRFU >@/LPLWkQGGUDPDWLFUROXOILORVRILHLOD
DQDOL]DORJLF DOLPEDMXOXLWLLQ HL5&DUQDSVXV LQHF DQXPL L
ILORVRIL DX VXJHUDW F QX WUHEXLH V VH H[DJHUH]H KLDWXVXO GLQWUH
VDUFLQD RDPHQLORU GH WLLQ
semnifLFDWLY
),/262),$7,,1
(,
WHRULH
L
OLPEDMXO
IRUPDOLVP I U VXEVWDQ
LQGXFWLYH
GH
IXQGDUH
WHRUHWLF
UHGXFHUHD
PDWHPDWLFLL
OD
WLLQ HL
FRQFHS LD
KXPHLVW
XQ
LL
GHVSUH
HQXQ XULORU FX H[SHULHQ D :Y24XLQH VXV LQH F DGHY UDWD
6XJHVWLD PHD RSXV VSXQH 4XLQH FDUH vL DUH RULJLQHD
HVHQ LDO vQ GRFWULQD OXL &DUQDS DVXSUD OXPLL IL]LFH HVWH F
HQXQ XULOH
QRDVWUH
DVXSUD
OXPLL
H[WHUQH
vQIUXQW
WULEXQDOXO
FRUSRUDWLY 7RWDOLWDWHD FXQRWLQ HORU GH OD FHOH IDFWXDOH SkQ OD
),/262),$7,,1
(,
FDUH
VH
FLRFQHWH
FX
H[SHULHQ D
QXPDL
GH
-a lungul
PDUJLQLORU WLLQ D WRWDO HVWH DVHPHQHD XQXL FkPS GH IRU H DOH
F UHL FRQGL LL OLPLW OH FRQVWLWXLH H[SHULHQ D 8Q FRQIOLFW FX
H[SHULHQ D
OD
SHULIHULH
RFD]LRQHD]
UHDMXVW UL
vQ
LQWHULRUXO
altora din cauza interconexiuniORU ORU ORJLFH 6H VXV LQH DVWIHO F
WLLQ D DUH R GXEO GHSHQGHQ
ID
GH H[SHULHQ
GHYLQHOLSVLWGHVHQVV F XW PRJUDQL
L OLPEDM L F
vQWUHHQXQ XULOHVLQWHWLFH
FDUH VXQW YDODELOH FRQWLQJHQW SH ED]D H[SHULHQ HL L HQXQ XULOH
analitice, carHVXQWYDODELOHvQJHQHUDO6HUHVSLQJHDVWIHORGRJP
DHPSLULVPXOXLFDUHFRQVDFU GLKRWRPLDDQDOLWLFXOXLLVLQWHWLFXOXL
5HVSLQJkQGJUDQL DLPDJLQDU GLQWUHDQDOLWLFLVLQWHWLF4XLQHVH
GHFODU DGHSWXO XQXL SUDJPDWLVP PDL FRPSOHW VXV LQkQG F
VHQ]RULDOL
LDU
FRQVLGHUD LLOH
FDUH
vO
JKLGHD]
vQ
de empirismul
SH
WR L
RDPHQLL
FDUH
JkQGHVF
-
(VWH
SUREOHPD
LQFOXVLY D QRDVWU
vQLQHLDFXQRDWHULLQRDVWUHFDS U LDOHOXPLL>@)LORVRILDL
WLLQ D VH UDSRUWHD] OD DFHDVW SUREOHP FX LQWHQ LL L PLMORDFH
SURSULL SH F L VSHFLILFH LPSRUWDQWH ILLQG UH]XOWDWHOH L QX IL[ ULOH
PHWRGRORJLFH 'DF QX DGHSW L SUDFWLFDQW DO XQXL SOXUDOLVP
),/262),$7,,1
(,
LOH SUHFLV
ORFDOL]DWH DOH FHUFHW ULORU DQDOLWLFH V SRDW IL GHS LWH FX DOW
DSDUDW FRQFHSWXDO L FX DOWH SULQFLSLL WHRUHWLFH (O FRQVLGHU F
SUREOHPD
vQWHPHLHULL
PXO XPLWRDUH
FXQRDWHULL
(QXQ XULOH
QX
WLLQ LILFH
SRDWH
SULPL
VROX LL
- ncepnd de la cele
ale, culminnd cu legile
teoretice -
FHUFHWDUH GDU QX SRW IL YDOLGDWH L WHVWDWH ULJXURV SHQWUX D OH
vQWHPHLD L GRYHGL DGHY UXO $DGDU vQ RSLQLD VD FXQRWLQ HOH
WLLQ LILFH QX SRW IL FRQILUPDWH SULQ HQXQ XULOH GHED]
- care sunt,
GH IDSW SURSR]L LL VLPSOH FH WUDGXF IL[HD] vQ OLPEDM GDWH
REVHUYD LRQDOH LDU DFHVWH REVHUYD LL QX VXQW QLFLRGDW SXUH GRDU
FRQVWDWDWLYH FL VXQW SUHGHWHUPLQDWH GH FXQRWLQ H DQWHULRDUH
3RSSHU DILUP F PHWRGD LQGXFWLY HVWH XQ PLW vQ P VXUD vQ FDUH
vQWUH LQH LOX]LD vQWHPHLHULL FXQRDWHULL GH OD VLPSOX OD FRPSOH[ D
YDOLG ULL
WHRUHWLFXOXL
SULQ
HPSLULF
L
REVHUYD LRQDO
LQGXF LD
WLLQ LILF WUHEXLH vQWRWGHDXQD VXVSHFWDW GH XQ UHJUHV OD LQILQLW
vQWUXFkW ILLQG LQFRPSOHW QX
$FHHDL
GLILFXOWDWH
SULQFLSLXOXL
HVWH
LQGXF LHL
vQWkOQLW
VH
L
YHULILF
DWXQFL
FkQG
YDODELOLWDWHD
SH
ED]D
HQXQ XULORU
mea - QRWHD]
lor.
- n schimb -
LQIRUPD LL VLJXUH SH ED]D F URUD R WHRULH VH GRYHGHWH IDOV 'HFL
FRQILUP ULOH REVHUYD LRQDOH DOH XQRU OHJL WHRUHWLFH QX SUREHD]
),/262),$7,,1
nimLF LQGLF
(,
etice. n
WLLQ LILF
DO
XQHL
OHJL
VDX
WHRULL
vO
FRQVWLWXLH
VD
GHVSUH
PHWRGD
GHGXFWLY
D
WHVW ULL
HVWH
H[SUHV
DQWLHPSLULVW PDL DOHV vQ FHHD FH SULYHWH UHIX]XO FRQVWDW ULORU
REVHUYD LRQDOH
SXUH
0HWRGD
WHVW ULL
FULWLFH
D
WHRULLORU
D
VHOHF LLORU SH ED]D UH]XOWDWHORU WHVWHORU HVWH GXS S UHUHD PHD
FRQVHFLQ H VXQW FRPSDUDWH XQHOH FX FHOHODOWH L FX DOWH HQXQ XUL
stabilindu-VH
este cercetat din punctul de veGHUH DO FRQVLVWHQ HL VDOH LQWHUQH
H[DPLQDUHD IRUPHL ORJLFH D WHRULHL FX VFRSXO GH D VWDELOL GDF HD
DUH FDUDFWHUXO XQHL WHRULL D WLLQ HL HPSLULFH GHFL GDF QX HVWH GH
H[HPSOX WDXWRORJLF FRPSDUDUHD FX DOWH WHRULL SHQWUX D VWDELOL
vQWUHDOWHOHGDF WHRULDFHXUPHD] DILWHVWDW vQFD]XOF DUWUHFH
FX VXFFHV WHVWHOH DU SXWHD IL HYDOXDW FD XQ SURJUHV WLLQ LILF vQ
VIkULW WHVWDUHD WHRULHL SULQ DSOLFDUHD HPSLULF D FRQVHFLQ HORU
GHULYDWH GLQ HD >@ $FHVW XOWLP WHVW HVWH FRPXQ L YDULDQWHORU
HPSLULVWH LQFOXVLY FRQWHPSRUDQH vQ P VXUD vQ FDUH VH DX vQ
YHGHUH DFHOH FRQVHFLQ H SUDFWLFH GHULYDWH VDX GHULYDELOH FH VH
DWDHD] HQXQ XULORUWHRUHWLFH'DUvQWLPSFHODHPSLULWLDFFHQWXO
WHRUHWLFH DO WLLQ HL ILLQG UHGXV OD QLYHOXO LQGXF LHL
FDX] HVWH OD .3RSSHU WRW GHGXFWLY GLQ VLVWHPXO WHRUHWLF YRU IL
GHVSULQVHSULQXWLOL]DUHDXQRUHQXQ XULGHMDDGPLVHSUHGLF LLXRU
),/262),$7,,1
(,
SRDWH LQIHUD SH FDOH LQGXFWLY GH OD HQXQ XULOH VLQJXODUH OD
DGHY UXOWHRULHL
6LVWHPXOWHRUHWLFFDUHUH]LVW WHVWHORUGHGXFWLYHVHYHUHHVWH
FRURERUDWHVWHLWUHEXLHDFFHSWDWSHQWUXF vQF QXDIRVWGHS LW
GH GH]YROWDUHD SURJUHVLY D FXQRDWHULL GDU SR]LWLYLWDWHD WHVW ULL
SRDWHILPDLGHYUHPHVDXPDLWkU]LXU VWXUQDW 1XPLPRWHRULH
FRURERUDW DWkWWLPSFkWHDDWUHFXWFXVXFFHVDFHVWHWHVWH5HOD LLOH
MRFXO
WLLQ LILF
LSRWH]HOH
FRQILUPDWH
QX
SRW
IL
GHVLJXU
nY
DWGLQJUHHOLOHQRDVWUHLDPVSRULWDVWIHOFXQRDWHUHDQRDVWU
),/262),$7,,1
(,
GRJPDWLF
VSHFLILF
YDULDQWHORU
YHULILFD LRQLVWH
dDWH SR]LWLYH GH REVHUYD LH QX VXQW FHUWLWXGLQL PDL PXOW FHHD FH
H FRQVLGHUDW FD GDW DO H[SHULHQ HL ILLQG VXUSULQV vQ OLPEDMXO
REVHUYD LRQDO VXQW DMXVW UL DIHFWDWH GH FDUDFWHUXO LSRWHWLF DO
WHRULLORU SH FDUH YRU V OH FRQILUPH 7HRULLOH L HQXQ XULOH
WLLQ LILFHQXSRWILGHFODUDWHFDDGHY UDWHFLGRDUSUHVXSXVHD
IL DGHY UDWH VFRSXO ORU HVWH F XWDUHD DGHY UXOXL DFHVWD ILLQG GRDU
XQ LGHDO FDUH GLUHF LRQHD] FHUFHWDUHD GHVFRSHULUHD VD DYkQG
QXPDLRYDORDUHQRUPDWLY
1RLF XW P DGHY UXO GDU
s-DU SXWHD V
QX WLPFkQG O
-am
GHVFRSHULW QX DYHP QLFL XQ FULWHULX DO DGHY UXOXL GDU VXQWHP
WRWXL F O X]L L GH LGHHD GH DGHY U FD SULQFLSLX QRUPDWLY L GHL
QX H[LVW FULWHULL JHQHUDOH SH ED]D F URUD DP SXWHD UHFXQRDWH
DGHY UXO SRDWHFXH[FHS LDDGHY UXOXLWDXWRORJLF H[LVW FHYDvQ
JHQXO XQRU FULWHULL DOH SURJUHVXOXL VSUH DGHY U >@ &D DWDUH
WRDWHOHJLOHWRDWHWHRULLOHU PkQHVHQ LDOPHQWHH[SHULPHQWDOHVDX
SUHVXSXQHUL VDX LSRWH]H FKLDU DWXQFL FkQG QX QH PDL VLP LP vQ
VWDUH V QH vQGRLP vQ SULYLQ D ORU >@ 3UHRFXSDUHD HVWH GH D OH
J VLSXQFWHOHYXOQHUDELOHLDUDFHVWHDQXSRWILGHSLVWDWHGHUHJXO
GHFkW vQ FHOH PDL vQGHS UWDWH FRQVHFLQ H ORJLFH UHVSHFWLY OD
QLYHOXOHQXQ XULORU WHVWHVDXDOHQXQ XULORUGHREVHUYD LH7UHEXLH
),/262),$7,,1
obserYDW
(,
WLLQ HL PDUFDW GH VHULL L VXFFHVLXQL GH LQILUP UL DOH XQRU
FXQRWLQ H WLLQ LILFH DO F URU DGHY U HUD vQ DIDUD RULF URU vQGRLHOL
1XDH[LVWDWYUHRGDW RWHRULHDWkWGHELQHvQWHPHLDW FDWHRULD
lui
Newton - scrie K.Popper - L QLFL QX HVWH SUREDELO F YD PDL
exista; dar teoria lui Einstein ne-D I FXW V FRQVLGHU P WHRULD OXL
1HZWRQ
FD
R
VLPSO
SUHVXSXQHUH
VDX
LSRWH]
$QDOL]kQG
SUREOHPD LQGXFWLHL VH VLWXHD] vQ SUHOXQJLUHD SR]L LHL OXL +XPH
SXWHD MXVWLILFD SUHWHQ LD XQHL WHRULL XQLYHUVDOH GH D IL DGHY UDW
>@ 3URSR]L LLOH REVHUYD LRQDOH SRW MXVWLILFD GRDU IDOVLWDWHD XQHL
OHJL VDX WHRULL (VWH DLFL R UHDF LH vPSRWULYD LQGXFWLY
3RSSHU DHD] OD ED]D IDOVLILFD LRQDOLVPXOXL V
ismului.
X - fertil, de altfel,
GHGXF LH $FHDVW UXSWXU VLWXHD] SR]L LD OXL 3RSSHU vQ XQWUXO
XQXL
FRQYHQ LRQDOLVP
GHGXFWLYLVW
(QXQ XULOH
GH
ED]
VXQW
DFFHSWDWH FD UH]XOWDW DO XQHL GHFL]LL VDX vQ HOHJHUL vQ DFHVW VHQV
HOH VXQW FRQYHQ LL >@ SUHFL]HD] 3RSSHU 3ULQ XUPDUH WLLQ D
a-L
GHILQL
FRQFHS LD
HSLVWHPRORJLF
ILLQG
HOXGDWH
DVWIHO
HVHQ LDO
vQWUHOLPEDMXOLDEVWUDFWL]DUHDVSHFLILFHQLYHOXOXLHPSLULFLSHGH
DOW
SDUWH
WLLQ LILFH
FRQVWUXFWLYLWDWHD
'DU
VHSDUD LD
ORJLF
QHW
D
LGHDOL]DQW
DFHVWRUD
D
WHRULLORU
HXHD]
vQWU
-o
(SLVWHPRORJLDGHVFKLGHULLODH[SHULHQ
&RQFHSWXO GH GHVFKLGHUH UHSUH]LQW QXFOHXO vQ MXUXO
F UXLD JUDYLWHD] vQWUHDJD SUREOHPDWLF D HSLVWHPRORJLHL OXL
*RQVHWK 9DOLGLWDWHD XQHL RS LXQL
- DILUP
DFHVW JkQGLWRU
- se
),/262),$7,,1
(,
FRQILUP SULQ IDSWXO GH D IL FRQIRUP FX FHHD FH VH DWHDSW GH OD
HD 2S LXQHD SHQWUX GHVFKLGHUHD OD H[SHULHQ
vQV L R FKHVWLXQH GH H[SHULHQ
cunoaWHUHD
ILORQ
HPLSULVW
FX
XQ
IRQG
UD LRQDOLVW
UHODERUDW
GXS
ID D
GLVSRQLELOLW
WLLQ HL
L
ILORVRILHL
HVWH
SXV
H[LJHQ D
HQXQ XULOH FDUH vQWUXFkW QX SRW IL GHILQLWLYH L FRPSOHWH DSDU LQ
XQXL RUL]RQW GH FXQRDWHUH DSOLFDW QX XQHL UHDOLW
FD
SHUPDQHQW
LPSOLFD LL
DFRPRGDUH
ILORVRILFH
'H
IDSW
VXELHFW
-obiect, are
VXELHFWXO
FUHD]
GLIHULWH QLYHOH GH OD LQWXL LL OD UD LXQH $FHDVW VFKHPDWL]DUH H
VHPQLILFDWLY ILORVRILF YRUELQG vQ GRX SODQXUL FXQRWLQ HOH
YRUSXUWDPHUHXPDUFDVWUXFWXULLQRDVWUHPLQWDOHDDFXPRRSHU
H S WUXQV GH SHUVRQDOLWDWHD DUWLVWXOXL UHDOLWDWHD QX HVWH UHGXV
OD XQ QLYHO SUHH[LVWHQW FL HVWH GHFXSDW GH F WUH VWUXFWXULOH
),/262),$7,,1
(,
-l
LQIRUPD LL SXUH FL GH OD R VLWXD LH GH FXQRDWHUH GHMD FRQVWLWXLW
,QWU GHFL vQ DF LXQH XQ VHW GH FXQRWLQ H SUHDODELOH XQ OLPEDM
SURFHGHH
L
WHKQLFL
GHMD
SUREDWH
,QWHJUDUHD
LQIRUPD LLORU
nd
LPSUHYL]LELOXOXL L D DYHD
SODVWLFLWDWHD VSRULW vQ UDSRUW FX RELHFWXO 1RL RUL]RQWXUL GH UHDOLWDWH
VXQW GHVFKLVH L LQYHVWLJDWH SULQ DSURIXQGDUHD FHORU GHMD DVLPLODWH L
GRPLQDWH
WHRUHWLF
GH
SLOG
QLYHOXO
FXDQWLF
VH
GH]Y OXLH
vQ
-
SUHFL]HD]
)*RQVHWK
-
HVWH
abstract-FRQFUHW
PHWDIL]LF
-IL]LF
SUREOHPD
DGHFY ULL
LOH VXELHFWLY
UD LRQDO
-real,
-obiectiv,
teoretic-
GLQWUH
WRDWH
HVWH
PDWHPDWLFD
L
UHDOLWDWHD
$LFL
WHQVLXQHD GLQWUH FHL GRL WHUPHQL DQWDJRQLWL HVWH FHD PDL PDUH L
WRWXL DGHFYDUHD ORU FHD PDL SURIXQG >@ 7HQVLXQHD HVWH PD[LP
SHQWUX VLPSOXO PRWLY F PDWHPDWLFD HVWH PRGHOXO FHO PDL SXU DO
FXQRDWHULL UD LRQDOH RSXV GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH JHQHWLF RULF URU
FXQRWLQ H H[SHULPHQWDOH L FX WRDWH DFHVWHD DSOLFDELO H[SHULHQ HL
),/262),$7,,1
(,
vQ HSLVWHPRORJLD JHQHWLF D OXL -HDQ 3LDJHW *RQVHWK GH SH SR]L LLOH
GHVFKLGHULLODH[SHULHQ
vQUHJLVWUDWH
vQ
PDQLHU
VSHFLILF
VFKHPDWL]DW
1R LXQLOH
JHRPHWULFHVXQWLPDJLQLLGHDOHFDUHVHVSULMLQ SHUHDOLWDWHDRELHFWLY
UHSUH]HQW UL VFKHPDWLFH DOH F URU VHQVXUL QX VXQW LQWHOLJLELOH GHFkW
LQkQG FRQW GH UHDOLWDWHD SH FDUH R YL]HD] 1X H[LVW QR LXQHD GH
GUHDSW I U FXQRDWHUHD SUHOLPLQDU D XQRU UHDOL] UL PDL PXOW VDX
PDLSX LQ JURVRODQHDOHHLFDPXFKLDXQHLULJOHVDXXUPDSHFDUHHD
SHUPLWH V R WUDV P QX H[LVW QR LXQHD GH SXQFW I U LQWHQ LD GH D
GHVHQD XQ ORF SUHFLV QX H[LVW QR LXQHD VSD LXOXL I U LPDJLQHD
vQVFULV vQ IRUPHOH QRDVWUH LQWXLWLYH 3H GH DOW SDUWH DFHVWH QR LXQL
QX FDS W DVSHFWXO ORU UD LRQDO GHFkW SULQ IDSWXO D[LRPDWL] ULL DGLF
SULQDFWXOPLQWDOFDUHDMXQJHODFUHDUHDVFKHPHLDEVWUDFWH'HFLGHL
HPSLULF vQ VHPQLILFD LH JHRPHWULD HVWH ORJLF vQ P
odalitatea
HODERU ULL QR LXQLORU VDOH 1X vQWkPSO WRU VH SRDWH DFFHSWD LGHHD
IRUP ULL JHRPHWULHLSULQH[SHULPHQWDUHID] vQFDUHHUDDSURSLDW GH
IL]LF 'HL LQWXLWLY SULQ RULJLQH JHRPHWULD SULQ D[LRPDWL]DUH
FDS W RIL]LRQRPLHGHWDDW GHLQWXLWLYLWDWHHVHQ DJHRPHWULHLQXVH
DILUP GHFkWvQPRPHQWXOvQFDUHDSULPLWVFHSWUXOD[LRPDWLFXOXLLDO
UD LRQDOXOXL>@0HFDQLVPXOIRUP ULLPDWHPDWLFLLYDILH[SOLFDWGH
*RQVHWKSULQVFKHPDWL] ULVXFFHVLYHDQDORJHUHDOXOXLVLPLODUHFXFHO
DOHGLILF ULLJHRPHWULHL3ULQDFFHQWXOSXVSHFDUDFWHUXOFRQVWUXFWLYL
DFWLY DO VXELHFWXOXL vQ FXQRDWHUH SUHFXP L SULQ WRDWH FHOHODOWH
LPSOLFD LL DOH GHVFKLGHULL OD H[SHULHQ
DGHFYHD]
FDUDFWHUXOXL
RSHUDWRULX
WLLQ HL
FRQWHPSRUDQH
LRQDOLVWHLSUDJPDWLVWHvQQXPHOHXQXLUHDOLVPILORVRILF
),/262),$7,,1
(,
(SLVWHPRORJLDJHQHWLF
-HDQ 3LDJHW SUHFL]HD] F DQXPLWH ]RQH SUREOHPDWLFH V
-au
separat "treptat, de filosofie din preocuparea pentru rigoare. n
lumea de azi, a venit rndul epistemologiei, iar, n cadrul acesteia,
FHO SX LQ GRX SUREOHPH VXQW FDSLWDOH DFRUGXO PDWHPDWLFLL FX
-a exprimat
LL$F LXQLOHUHDOHVSXQH3LDJHWVXQW
instrumente de schimb
XPDQH LQWHUYLQH R DQXPLW ORJLF GH SLOG DQDOL]kQG GHSODV ULOH
UHDOH DOH VXELHFWXOXL VHPQDOHD] H[LVWHQ D DQXPLWRU VFKHPH GH
RUJDQL]DUHVLPLODUHVWUXFWXULORUFHLQWHUYLQvQDFWLYLW
LOHPDWHPDWLFH
>@ 'HSODV ULOH VXELHFWXOXL VH FRPSXQ GXS OHJLOH XQHL VWUXFWXUL
DOJHEULFH VWUXFWXUD GH JUXS >@ &RQVLGHUkQG R PXO LPH QHYLG
JUXSXO SRDWH IL GHILQLW FD RSHUD LH ELQDU DVXSUD HOHPHQWHORU DFHVWHL
PXO LPL FDUH OH WUDQVIRUP vQ DOWH HOHPHQWH DOH PXO LPLL L R UHOD LH
),/262),$7,,1
de echivDOHQ
(,
PXO LPLL F UXLD L V D DSOLFDW R RSHUD LH vL FRQVHUY FDOLWDWHD GH
-O RE LQHP pe x
RSHUkQG DVXSUD OXL \ L ] SUHFXP L SH \ RSHUkQG DVXSUD OXL [ L ]
2SHUD LLOHPDWHPDWLFHIRUPHD] XQJUXSGDF WUDQVIRUP ULOHRE LQXWH
SULQ XQD VDX PDL PXOWH RSHUD LL SRW IL DQXODWH SULQWU R DOW RSHUD LH
RSHUD LD
LGHQWLF
JHQHUDO
DVRFLDWLYLWDWHD
RFROXO
LLQRDVWUH
DFHVWHL
RUJDQL] UL
PRWRULL
WRFPDL
FRRUGRQ ULOH
VXFFHVLYH
),/262),$7,,1
(,
rma ei
Q PHGLH OD - DQL LDX QDWHUH RSHUD LLOH ORJLFR-matematice
gndirea prin imaginL UHSUH]HQW UL JHQHUDOH L DSRL OD RSHUD LLOH
logico-PDWHPDWLFH HOHPHQWDUH 6WUXFWXULOH PHQWDOH VH IRUPHD]
DDGDUSULQLQWHULRUL]DUHDVFKHPHORUGHDF LXQHFXRELHFWHOHUHDOH
'HVLJXU vQ DFHVW SURFHV 3LDJHW IDFH GHOLEHUDW DEVWUDF LH GH
LQWHUYHQ LD
IDFWRUXOXL
VRFLDO
FHUFHWkQG
GRDU
H[SHULHQ H
LQGLYLGXDOH&XWRDWHDFHVWHDFHUFHW ULOHSVLKRJHQHWLFHDOHRULJLQLL
RSHUD LLORUORJLFR-PDWHPDWLFHDXRvQVHPQ WDWHGHRVHELW vQFULWLFD
apriorismului. Apriorismul, impus mai ales prin opera lui Kant, a
ncercat s MXVWLILFH FRQGL LLOH ORJLFH FDUH IDF SRVLELO FXQRDWHUHD
LH[SHULHQ DLPRGXOvQFDUHJkQGLUHDORJLFR-PDWHPDWLF DQWLFLS
UH]XOWDWHOH
FXQRDWHULL
H[SHULPHQWDO-empirice.
Epistemologia
JHQHWLF VXV LQH F DFHVWHD VXQW SURGXVXO RUJDQL] ULL DF LXQLORU L
RSHUD LLORU VXELHFWXOXL vQWU R VWUXFWXU GH JUXS &HUFHW ULOH GH
vQ
VHQVXO
XQHL
ULJRUL
WLLQ LILFH
FRQWURODWH
H[SHULPHQWDO 3H OkQJ FHUFHW ULOH GH SVLKRORJLH SH FDUH VH
IXQGHD] HSLVWHPRORJLD JHQHWLF RIHU GLUHF LL GH VWXGLHUH D
PHFDQLVPXOXL
FUHWHULL
FXQRDWHULL
vQ
GLVFLSOLQH
SDUWLFXODUH
),/262),$7,,1
din
concluziiOH
QHRUD LRQDOLVP
VDOH
VXQW
S WUXQVH
FRQVRQDQWH
GH
FX
UHDOLVP
YL]LXQLOH
ILORVRILF
(,
L
FRQVWUXFWLYLVWH
DFWXDOHDVXSUDFXQRDWHULL
IL]LFDDIRVW R WLLQ
FUHGHD vQF vQ FDUDFWHUXO XQLILFDW GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH HPSLULF DO
FXQRWLQ HORU QRDVWUH SULYLWRDUH OD UHDO DFHDVW FRQFO
uzie fiind
-un asemenea
SXQFW GH YHGHUH WLLQ D QL VH SUH]HQWD FD R FXQRDWHUH RPRJHQ D
OXPLL
QHPLMORFLWH
GHRVHELW
GH
H[SHULHQ HOH
QRDVWUH
RUJDQL]DUH WHPHLQLF
GHPHUVXO WLLQ LILF SDUH D VH GHVI XUD vQ SDUDOHO FX VLP XO FRPXQ
L vQ SUHOXQJLUHD DFHVWXLD I U D LQL LD FRQIOLFWH UXSWXUL UDGLFDOH
vQ IRQG WLLQ D L H[SHULHQ D FXUHQW vQ VWLOXUL VSHFLILFH L FX
PLMORDFHDGHFYDWHPHQLULLORUYL]HD] DFHHDLUHDOLWDWHSURSXQkQG
vQWU
-un dezacord
-
REVHUY %D
chelard -
-o lume
L GH LQWHUSUHWDUH
6XE UDSRUW HSLVWHPRORJLF vQWUHEDUHD HVHQ LDO VH UHIHU OD QRLOH
),/262),$7,,1
VWUXFWXUL
(,
FRQFHSWXDOH
QR LXQLOH
L
OHJLOH
PDL
DX
L LSRWHWLF SULQ OHJ WXULOH VWDELOLWH vQWUH DFHVWHD GH DFHHD QX
H[LVW vQGRLHOL vQ SULYLQ D OXPLL OD FDUH VH UHIHU FX LQWHQ LL
H[SUHVH GH FXQRDWHUH R DQXPH WLLQ
SUHF GHUH OD VWDWXO LSRWH]HORU IRUPXODWH DVWIHO vQFkW OD OLPLW
HQXQ XULOH WLLQ LILFH VXQW LQWHUSUHWDWH FD ILLQG VLPSOH FRQYHQ LL
UD LRQDOH PHQLWH V vQWHPHLH]H H[SOLFD LL FKLDU GDF DFHVWHD VXQW
QHGHILQLWH
SURYL]RULL
'HVFRSHULULOH FRQWHPSRUDQH
GLQ
IL]LF
REOLJ OD VFKLPE UL GH SHUVSHFWLY RELHFWHOH DELD WUDQVSDU SULQ
PHWDIRUHRUJDQL]DUHDORUODV LPSUHVLDGHVLPERODOUHDOLW
LLGHFL
fenomenul investLJDW HVWH UHVLP LW FD LSRWHWLF vQ WLPS FH UHIOHF LD
vL FRQIHU XQ VHQV LQVWLWXLQG DVWIHO R FDWHJRULH UD LRQDO GH
H[SHULHQ H
'DWXO
VHQ]RULDO
FRQYHQ LRQDO SUL]D GLUHFW FX UHDOLWDWHD SXQH vQ GLILFXOWDWH YHFKLOH
RELQXLQ H SURGXFH PRGLILF UL vQ VHQVLELOLWDWHD UHFHSWRDUH L vQ
PRGXO GH vQVXLUH LQWHOHFWXDO D FRQ LQXWXULORU H[SHULPHQWDOH
%DFKHODUG VXEOLQLD] F vQ DFHVWH FRQGL LL D SULRUL QX SRDWH IL
DFFHSWDW QLFL R vQFUHGHUH vQ LQVWUXLUHD SH FDUH GDWXO LPHGLDW
pretiQGH F
UHIRUPD XQHL LOX]LL GHVFULS LD PLQX LRDV D GDWXOXL LPHGLDW HVWH
GRDURIHQRPHQRORJLHDPXQFLLWLLQ LILFHFRUHVSRQGHQWXODFHHDFH
vQDLQWH HUD QXPLW LSRWH] GH OXFUX DGLF GRDU XQ SULP VWDGL
u al
WUDYDOLXOXLWLLQ LILFSURSULX
XQDOW
WLS GH DXWRQRPLH GHFkW vQ VWDGLLOH DQWHULRDUH WLLQ HOH IL]LFH L
FKLPLFH vQ GH]YROWDUHD ORU FRQWHPSRUDQ SRW IL FDUDFWHUL]DWH GLQ
LPSXQH
GHILQLWLY
SULQ
UHODWLYLWDWHD
HLQVWHLQLDQ
FDUH
VH
Epistemologia lui
),/262),$7,,1
SURJUHVXOXL
WLLQ HL
%DFKHODUG
DMXQJH
OD
FRQYLQJHUHD
(,
F
GH
LQHU LH
epistemologice".
SH
FDUH
Descoperirea
OH
YRP
realului
GHQXPL
este
REVWDFROH
ntotdeauna
vQVHDPQ D
GH D FXQRDWH 'H DFHHD WLLQ D VH RSXQH GLQ SULQFLSLX S UHULORU
FXUHQWH'HIDSWRSLQLDJkQGHWHSURVWHDQXUD LRQHD] WUDGXFH
WUHEXLQ HOH vQ FXQRWLQ H ,QGLFkQG RELHFWHOH SULQ XWLOLWDWHD ORU HD
vL LQWHU]LFH V OH FXQRDVF QWUXFkW SH RSLQLL QX VH SRDWH FO GL
QLPLF FRQVLVWHQW L DFHVWHD VXQW XQ REVWDFRO VHULRV WLLQ D vQFHSH
SULQ D OH GLVWUXJH IRUPXOkQG SUREOHPH vQWUHE UL UXSWH WRWDO GH
RUL]RQWXULOHLQWHURJDWLYHLGHS UHULOHFXQRDWHULLFRPXQH
3HQWUX XQ DGHY UDW VSLULW WLLQ LILF QX H[LVW FXQRDWHUH
GHFkWFDU VSXQVODvQWUHE ULSUHFLVHLULJXURVIRUPXODWHQLPLFQX
YLQH GH OD VLQH QLPLF QX HVWH GDW WRWXO HVWH FRQVWUXLW UD LRQDO
&KLDU R FXQRDWHUH GREkQGLW SULQ HIRUW WLLQ LILF SRDWH V GHFDG
vQP VXUDvQFDUHvQWUHEDUHDDEVWUDFW LI
-un anume
PRPHQWFRQWH[WLVWRULF$OWIHODFWLYLWDWHDVSLULWXDO VHvQFKLUFHWH
VH vQWRDUFH vQ VWDUHD LQL LDO GH UHSDRV EO
),/262),$7,,1
(,
bstacol epistemologic cu
- pune omul n
ID D XQXL GDW - perceput ca fiind clar, stabil, sigur - n prelungirea
F UXLDVHFRQVWLWXLHRFXQRDWHUHIUDJLO vPELEDW GHLOX]LLSDVLXQL
FX
UHDOLWDWHD
QHPLMORFLW
$FHVW
REVWDFRO
WXUDWSULQFULWLF
SULPDUH
L
LQVWUXF LXQLL
1DWXULL
VH LQWHJUHD]
2EVWDFROXO
"realist" - FRQVWLWXLW SULQ SXWHUHD GH VHGXF LH D LGHLL GH VXEVWDQ
FDUHSDUHOLPSHGHLVLPSO -FUHD] VXEWHUIXJLLQDLYHLFHUWLtudini
SRVHVLYH vQ OHJ WXU FX ERJ
-un impuls
),/262),$7,,1
(,
modul
care
Bachelard
descompune
analitic diferitele
ntinuu n istoria
SUHVXSR]L LLFDUHVWDXODWHPHOLDLGHLLGHSURJUHVFR
WLLQ HL 3RVWXODUHD FRQWLQXLW
SRVLELO
QXPDL
SULQ
UXSWXULOHGLVFRQWLQXLW
HVWRPSDUHD
GLVFRQWLQXLW
LORU
HYLGHQWH
HYROX LD FXPXODWLY D FHUFHW ULL GHSXVH GH R PDV GH DQRQLPL
SkQ OD SXQFWXO vQ FDUH RPXO GH JHQLX LPSXQH DGHY UXO ILQDO
FUHGLQ D vQ WUHFHUHD OHQW GH OD FHUWLWXGLQLOH VLP XOXL FRPXQ
ODF WUH
QLYHOXULOH
LHUDUKL]DWH
DOH
FXQRDWHULL
WLLQ LILFH
&HD
PDL
tr-R
HQHUJLF
vQV
SUHMXGHFDWD
XQHL
GHVI XUkQGX VH GXS VFKHPHOH XQHL SRYHVWLUL VH FRQIHU LVWRULHL
filosofia
),/262),$7,,1
(,
D
PX]LFLL
LVWRULD
SROLWLFLL
L
LG
eologiilor etc.
ILHFDUH
GH
R
WUDGL LH
L
SXQFWDWH
GH
vQWUHUXSHUL
QHFXPXODWLYH VH SUHWHD] OD DMXVW UL UHOHYDQWH SHQWUX VIHUH GH
DFWLYLWDWH FXOWXUDO IRDUWH GLIHULWH Q DFHODL VHQV DF LRQHD] L
QXFOHXO VHPDQWLF DO FRQFHSWXOXL GH SDUDGLJP FDUH DUH XQHOH
]RQH GH LQGHWHUPLQDUH vQ VHPQLILFD LL $VWIHO vQWUXFkW DFHVW
GH
DSOLFD LL
HSLVWHPRORJLFH
L
VWDQGDUG
DO
PHWRGRORJLF
XQHL
WHRULL
GH
-instrumentale;
RS LXQL
sociologice:
e[HPSODU
DQDOL]D
PXOWRU
DOWRU
GRPHQLL
H[WUDWLLQ LILFH
XQGH
ture.
vQWUH ILORVRIXO
WLLQ HL FDUH RIHU PRGHOH HYHQWXDO QRUPDWLYH SULYLWRDUH OD FH
WUHEXLH V ILH WLLQ D L PRGXO vQ FDUH FHUFHWDUHD WLLQ LILF D IRVW
SUDFWLFDW vQGLIHULWHOHHSRFLFXOWXULVDXFXPHVWHSUDFWLFDW DVW ]L
7HRULD VD YD F XWD V XPSOH H[DFW DFHDVW ILVXU GkQG PDL PXOW
FUHGLW DILUPD LLORU I FXWH GH RDPHQLL GH WLLQ
),/262),$7,,1
(,
-un sistem
GH HQXQ XUL HVWH VXSXV WHVW ULL DGLF VH GHWHUPLQ UDSRUWXO ORJLF
GLQWUH SURSR]L LLOH WHRULHL L FHOH REVHUYD LRQDOH 'DF WHVWHOH
HPSLULFH QX YDOLGHD] HQXQ XULOH GHULYDWH GLQ WHRULH FHHD FH OD
3RSSHU VH QXPHWH IDOVLILFDUH DUH ORF DEDQGRQDUHD DFHVWHLD Q
ILH
FRQVLGHUDW FDXQFD]SDUWLFXODUDOFHOHLPDLQRL>@
&HL FDUH SUDFWLF R DQXPLW VSHFLDOLWDWH WLLQ LILF JUXSXO
WLLQ LILF
VDX
FRPXQLWDWHD
VH
GLVWLQJ
L
SULQ
XUP WRDUHOH
LQL LHUH
SURIHVLRQDO
PHWRGRORJLFHLGHSVLKRORJLDFHUFHW ULL3DUDGLJPHOHVXQWPRGHOH
GH SUDFWLF WLLQ LILF DFFHSWDWH L FRQVLGHUDWH FD H[HPSODUH GH
JUXSXO GLVFLSOLQDU HOH SUHILJXUHD] VROX LLFRQFUHWH vQWkOQLQGX
-se,
GH DFHHD vQ OXFU ULOH FODVLFH L vQ PDQXDOH $FHVWH SUREOHPH L
rezolY
UL H[HPSODUH DX IXQF LH QRUPDWLY vQ P VXUD vQ FDUH
FXQRDWHUHD WDFLW SH FDUH R LQFOXG RULHQWHD] VROX LRQDUHD GH QRL
SUREOHPH L vQ JHQHUDO DGDSWDUHD QHSUREOHPDWLF OD GLIHULWH
VLWXD LLH[SHULPHQWDOH'HFLvQWU RP VXU QRXOVHODV DVLPLODWGH
paUDGLJP
I U GLILFXOW
QRUPDO
vQV L
$QXPLWH
SUREOHPH
VXQW
GLQ
SULQFLSLX
aliile
),/262),$7,,1
(,
VHSURGXFH QXPDL
SULQLQYHQWDUHDXQHLQRLWHRULL'HIDSWvQFRQFHS LDOXL.XKQHVWH
R UHDF LH YLROHQW vPSRWULYD YL]LXQLORU FXPXOD LRQLVWH DVXSUD
FXQRDWHULL WLLQ LILFH 3URJUHVXO H[LVW GXS HO QXPDL vQ XQWUXO
XQHL SDUDGLJPH UXSWXULOH YLROHQWH L WUHFHULOH OD QRL VWUXFWXUL
DDGDU
SUHVXSR]L LL
LQGHSHQGHQWH
GLIHULWH
L
VLVWHPH
LQFRPHQVXUDELOH
H[SOLFDWLYH
GLIHULWH
vQWUXFkW
L
DX
YL]HD]
GRPHQLL GH UHDOLWDWH I U OHJ WXU SURIXQG XQHOH FX DOWHOH (VWH
SULQ DFHDVWD UHVSLQV FRQFHS LD OXL 3RSSHU GHVSUH SURJUHVXO
WLLQ LILF vQ HOHV FD DSURSLHUH GH DGHY U $FHDVW WH] D OXL .XKQ
RPLWH IDSWXO F vQWUH WHRULL VXFFHVLYH H[LVW R ]RQ GH FRPXQLFDUH
vQ FDUH DUJXPHQWHOH GHFLG SHQWUX FHD FDUH DUH IXQF LL H[SOLFDWLYH
PDL SXWHUQLFH ILLQG GHFL XQ SURJUHV LQFRQWHVWDELO 3H GH DOW
SDUWHHVWHJUHXGHVSXVF WLLQ DQRUPDO FDUHIkUHWHvQUXWLQ
SURIHVLRQDO
activitate
UD LRQDO
WUHEXLH
LQYHVWLJDW
HSLVWHPRORJLF
L
GLQ
HVWH
FKLDU
UHYHQLUHD
OXL
.XKQ
DVXSUD
UHYROX LLORU WLLQ LILFH !! SHQWUX F HX vQ FDOLWDWHD GH LVWRULF L DXWRU
DO F U LL H[DPLQkQG DSDUWHQHQ D FHUFHW WRULORU OD R FRPXQLWDWH
WLLQ LILF QX DP SXWXW GHVRSHUL VXILFLHQWH UHJXOL vPS UW LWH vQ
FRPXQ FDUH V H[SOLFH FDUDFWHUXO QHSUREOHPDWLF DO DFWLYLW
LL GH
FHUFHWDUH GHVI XUDWH GH F WUH JUXS $P WUDV FRQFOX]LD F H[HPSOHOH
vPS UW LWH vQ FRPXQ GH SUDFWLFD WLLQ LILF IUXFWXRDV DU SXWHD
),/262),$7,,1
(,
JUXSXOXL WLLQ LILF L FD DWDUH HUDX HVHQ LDOH SHQWUX R FHUFHWDUH
FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQ FRQWLQXLWDWH 'LQ QHIHULFLUH DMXQV SkQ DLFL DP
SHUPLV
H[WLQGHUHD
DSOLF ULL
WHUPHQXOXL
OD
WRDWH
DQJDMDPHQWHOH
vPS UW LWH vQ FRPXQ DOH JUXSXOXL OD WRDWH FRPSRQHQWHOH D FHHD FH
vreau acXP V
LQWHUSUHWDUHD
SURJUHVXOXL
WLLQ LILF
&XU
DW
vQV
GH
VHQVXUL
care
QX SRDWH IL FRQWHVWDW DWkW HODERU ULOH WHRUHWLFH FkW L WHVWDUHD
DGHY UXOXL ORU VH GHVI RDU vQ FRQWH[WH VRFLDO LVWRULFH L SVLKR