0UIXULOH WH[WLOH

Denumirea de P

UIXUL WH[WLOH

provine de la cuvntul latin texere (a

-a aplicat numai SURGXVHORU ILQLWH HVXWH L
tricotate. n prezent, n cadrul acestei grupe mari GH P UIXUL VXQW LQFOXVH
fibrele QDWXUDOH FKLPLFH L VLQWHWLFH ILUHOH HV WXULOH PDWHULDOHOH QH HVXWH
tricoturile, LPLWD LLOH GH EO QXUL covoare, produsele de galanterie, broderiile
etc., LQFOXVLY WRDW JDPD GH SURGXVH finite GH vPEU F PLQWH L DOWH WLSXUL GH
produse care sunt realL]DWH GLQ ILEUH L ILUH WH[WLOH
HVH VDX D vPSOHWL L LQL LDO V

4.1 Fibrele textile

)LEUHOH

WH[WLOH

VXQW

FRUSXUL

VROLGH

QDWXUDOH

GH

RULJLQH

DQLPDO 

YHJHWDO

, mLQHUDO VDX RE LQXWH SULQ SURFHGHH FKLPLFH GLQ SROLPHUL QDWXUDOL

sau sintetici.
Ele constituie materia priP GH ED] vQ RE LQHUHD ILUHORU, care, la
rndul lor, VH SUHOXFUHD] vQ HV WXUL L WULFRWXUL pot fi mpOHWLWH VXE IRUP GH
frnghii, parme L VIRUL SRW IL vPSkVOLWH FXQRVFXWH sub numele de
materiale QH HVXWH: psle, postavuri etc.) sau, cele foarte rezistente, se
utiOL]HD] FD vQW ULWRU vQ FDGUXO PDWHULDOHORU FRPSR]LWH.
)LEUHOH SRW IL FODVLILFDWH GXS

PDL PXOWH FULWHULL

Astfel, un prim criteriu este cel al originii lor, vQ IXQF LH GH FDUH

fibrele se mpart n:
fibre naturale de RULJLQH DQLPDO : P WDVHD OkQD L S UXrile;
fibre naturale de origine YHJHWDO : bumbacul, kapocul, fibrele
OLEHULHQH

GLFRWLOHGRQDWH

LQXO

FkQHSD

UDPLD

FKHQDIXO

WHLRUXO

HWF L ILEUHOH OLEHULHQH PRQRFRWLOHGRQDWH PDQLOD VLVDO HWF

fibre naturale de RULJLQH PLQHUDO :azbestul;

fibre
din SROLPHUL QDWXUDOL RE LQXWH
chimice:viscoza, cupro, acetat etc.;

ILEUH

GLQ

SROLPHUL

VLQWHWLFL

RE LQXWH

SULQ

prin

procedee

SURFHGHH

FKLPLFH

poliamidice, poliesterice, polietilenice, polipropilenice, fibre de

VWLFO  GH ]JXU

HWF

Un alt criteriu de clasificare este cel al lungimii fibrelor, din acest

punct de vedere sortimentul comercial cuprinznd fibre:
scurte FXQRVFXWH VXE QXPHOH GH WDSHO VDX ILEUH UHWH]DWH
I UkPL DWH

Merceologie

fibre continue sau infinite (monofilamentare);

fascicule de filamente continue ner VXFLWH (fuior);
IDVFLFXOH GH ILODPHQWH FRQWLQXH U VXFLWH (tort).
Un al treilea criteriu de clasificare este cel al FRPSR]L LHL FKLPLFH D
fibrelor, vQ IXQF LH GH FDUH ele pot fi:
ILEUH SH ED]
GH KLGUD L GH FDUERQ bumbac, kapoc, fibrele
liberiene;
fibre SH ED]
GH VXEVWDQ H SURWHLFH OkQD L S UXULOH DQLPDOH

P WDVHD
ILEUH SH ED]

GH VLOLFDW GH FDOFLX L GH PDJQH]LX ILEUD QDWXUDO

GH

azbest;
fibre din polimeri naturali hidratcelulozice: YLVFR]  SROLQR]H
cupro;
fibre din polimeri naturali estercelulozice: acetat;
fibre din polimeri naturali proteice: GH FD]HLQ  ]HLQ  JOLFLQ  GLQ
VRLD L GLQ V PkQ
ILEUH

GLQ

GH EXPEDF

SROLPHUL

VLQWHWLFL

RE LQXWH

SULQ

SROLFRQGHQVDUH

poliamidice, poliesterice, policarbonice;

ILEUH

GLQ

SROLPHUL

VLQWHWLFL

RE LQXWH

SULQ

polimerizare:

SROLHWLOHQLFH SROLSURSLOHQLFH L GHULYDWH YLQLOLFH GLQ FRSROLPHUL

sintetici;
fiEUH GLQ VWLFO  ]JXUH L URFL HUXSWLYH
Din punct de vedere al structurii celulare, fibrele pot fi:
fibre unicelulare: bumbac, kapoc;
fibre pluricelulare: fibreOH OLEHULHQH LQ FkQHS  LXW
manila, sisal etc.;

ILEUH FX VWUXFWXU
ILEUH I

FKHQDI

FHOXODU  OkQD L S UXULOH DQLPDOH

VWUXFWXU

FHOXODU

 P WDVHD

4.1.1 Fibrele naturale

Cel mai uzitat criteriu de clasificare a fibrelor naturale este cel al
origLQLL ORU vQ IXQF LH GH FDUH ILEUHOH YRU IL SUH]HQWDWH vQ FHOH FH XUPHD] 
)LEUH QDWXUDOH GH RULJLQH DQLPDO
)LEUHOH QDWXUDOH GH RULJLQH DQLPDO

sunt complexe de proteine. Ele

VXQW UH]LVWHQWH OD PDMRULWDWHD DFL]LORU RUJDQLFL L OD DQXPL L DFL]L PLQHUDOL

puternici, cum ar fi acidul sulfuric, QV sunt atacate de bazele slabe, de

n OELWRULL SH ED] GH FORU L SRW IL GL]ROYDWH GH DOFDOLLOH SXWHUQLFH FXP DU IL
hidroxidul de natriu sau de hipoclorit.

0 UIXULOH WH[WLOH

este una dintre cele mai vechi fibre textile, fiinG IRORVLW vQ
GLQ VHFROXO al XXVII-lea .Chr. 0 WDVHD se
SUH]LQW
VXE IRUPD XQRU filamente continue (este singurul filament natural
care atinge o lungime de peste 1000 m) provenite de la diferite LQVHFWH L
S LDQMHQL L are drept component principal ILEURLQD SURWHLF .
Fluturele vLHUPHOXL GH P WDVH HVWH RULJLQDU GLQ &KLQD L WLPS GH ]HFL
GH VHFROH RE LQHUHD L SUHOXFUDUHD P W VLL D fost un secret biQH S VWUDW SkQ
n anul 300 d.Chr., FkQG P WDVHD D vQFHSXW V ILH RE LQXW vQ -DSRQLD L DSRL
n India.
n antichitate, romanii o apreciau n mod deosebit, Caius Iulius
Cezar interzicnd IRORVLUHD P W VLL OD FRQIHF LRQDUHD RELHFWHORU GH
0

WDVHD

PRG WUDGL LRQDO vQ &KLQD vQF

vPEU F PLQWH RELQXLWH L OLPLWkQG IRORVLUHD HL QXPDL OD IDEULFDUHD WRJLORU

destinate persoanelor favorite.

3 WUXQGHUHD P W VLL vQ (XURSD
F OXJ UL WULPLL GH

PS

YLH LL DX OXDW VHPLQ H GH GXG L RX

vQ

%L]DQ 

$FHVW

DQ

(n anul 550 d.Chr.) s-a datorat unor

UDWXO URPDQ -XVWLQLDQ , vQ &KLQD L FDUH FX SUH XO

UHSUH]LQW

GH YLHUPL GH P WDVH SH FDUH OH

SUDFWLF

VIkULWXO

PRQRSROXOXL

-au adus

GH LQXW

GH

FKLQH]L L SHUVDQL vQ GRPHQLXO P W VLL

n secolele al XII-lea-al XIII-lea, Italia a devenit centrul european al

-lea, centrul V VH PXWH vQ

P W VLL SHQWUX FD PDL DSRL vQ VHFROXO DO ;9,,

)UDQ D OD /\RQ

PrRGXF LD GH P WDVH GDWRULW FRQGL LLORU FOLPDWHULFH LPSXVH, nu s-a

putut dezvolta dect n anumite zone ale globului, n principal n China,
India, Japonia, ulterior n ,WDOLD L SDU LDO vQ )UDQ D
0 WDVHD IRORVLW
vQ LQGXVWULD WH[WLO
este fibra RE LQXW GLQ JRJRDD
FDUH vQFRQMRDU
YLHUPHOH GH P WDVH. &X WRDWH F
VXQW FXQRVFX L VXE QXPHOH
GH YLHUPL GH P WDVH HL VXQW PDL FXUkQG QLWH RPL]L, dect viermi
propriu-]LL ILLQG ODUYHOH XQRU VSHFLL GH IOXWXUL.
Viermii GH P WDVH SUH]LQW JODQGH VDOLYDUH PRGLILFate, numite
JODQGH GH P WDVH sau sericterii FDUH DX UROXO GH D SURGXFH JRJRDD
*ODQGHOH VHFUHW

XQ OLFKLG YkVFRV FODU FDUH HVWH IRU DW V

LDV

GLQ JXUD ODUYHL

SULQ DQXPLWH RULILFLL DOH F URU GLDPHWUH YRU GHWHUPLQD JURVLPHD ILEUHL GH
P WDVH Q FRQWDFW GH DHUXO OLFKLGXO VH vQW UHWH L VH WUDQVIRUP

vQ ILEU

)OXWXULL GH P WDVH GRPHVWLFL L KU QL L FX IUXQ]H GH GXG DOF WXLHVF

familia Bombiceelor (genul Bombix mori), iar cultivarea lor

RX ORU L FUHWHUHD ODUYHORU SRDUW
&X WRDWH F

3000 m, cDQWLWDWHD

ILEUD GH SH JRJRD
GH P WDVH XWLOL]DELO

Silkworm" - Encyclopedia Encarta 2000

LQFXED LD

QXPHOH GH VHULFXOWXU 
DUH R OXQJLPH FXSULQV

vQWUH 

GH OD ILHFDUH JRJRD

HVWH PLF

Merceologie

(fiind necesare cirFD  GH JRJRL SHQWUX RE LQHUHD XQXL NJ GH P WDVH

), SDUWHD GH vQFHSXW L GH VIkULW dH ILEU ILLQG GH R FDOLWDWH PDL VODE .

EUXW

7UDJHUHD
VFXOXUL

ILLQG

P W VLL

VXSXV

FRQVW

apoi

SUDFWLF

XQHL

vQ

GHS QDUHD

UHGHS Q UL

HL

SHQWUX

GH

FXU

SH

JRJRL

DUH

vQ

vQ

FD]XO

FRPHUFLDOL] ULL HL FD P WDVH FUXG 

3HQWUX D IL XWLOL]DW
GH

FXVXW

VDX

EURGDW

vQ

HV WRULL L vQ SRGXF LD GH WULFRWDMH VDX FD D

P WDVHD

FUXG

WUHEXLH

FXU

DW 

GXEODW

U VXFLW

RSHUD LL QXPLWH PXOLQDUH

3DUWHD SULQFLSDO

GLQ ILEURLQ , care

-un strat de VHULFLQ . Separarea acestora se
UHDOL]HD] SULQ ILHUEHUHD P W VLL vQtr-o VROX LH DSRDV , VODE DOFDOLQ  FX DGDRV
GH V SXQ RSHUD LH QXPLW degomare.
)LEUD GH P WDVH este una dintre cele mai lucioase fibre naturale,
FDUDFWHULVWLF
HYLGHQ LDW
GXS
GHJRPDUH L SRDWH SUH]HQWD un luciu plin
P WDVHD EUXW  VDX SXWHUQLF P WDVHD GHJRPDW  Culoarea YDULD] GH OD DOE
HVWH

vQYHOLW

D ILEUHL GH P WDVH HVWH FRPSXV

SURWHFWRU

vQWU

VWU OXFLWRU OD JDOEHQ YLX GDWRULW

(DOE , iar

XQHRUL URFDW

VHULFLQHL FRORUDWH FDUH DFRSHU

VDX YHU]XLH

).

(VWH R ILEU

HODVWLF

ILEURLQD

L XQVXURDV

OD

SLS LW

La mLFURVFRS

P WDVHD

VH

SUH]LQW

VXE

IRUPD

GRX

ILODPHQWH

FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH RULILFLLORU VHFUHWRDUH DOH YLHUPLORU GH P WDVH

REVHUY

XQ

VHF LXQH
XXULQ

VSD LX

JRO vQWUHUXSW

WUDQVYHUVDO 

FHOH

GRX

ntre care se
vQ XQHOH ]RQH GH VWUDWXO GH VHULFLQ  n
ILODPHQWH SRt fi observate cu mai mare


0 WDVHD

DUH

PDUH

FDSDFLWDWH

GH

DEVRUE LH

DSHL

UH]LVWHQ D P

(este mai
GHFkW EXPEDFXO L SUH]LQW
R UHSUL]
GH 
. Prin umezire,
W VLL VFDGH FX FirFD 
 HODVWLFLWDWHD VSRUHWH FX Firca 25%,

vQV

vL UHGXFH OXFLXO L PROLFLXQHD

KLJURVFRSLF

DSD GXU
Q

DSURSLHUHD

IO

ULL

ILEUD

GH

P WDVH

QX

VXIHU

PRGLILF UL

, n

DUGH OHQW FX XPIO WXUL HPDQkQG XQ PLURV GH FRUQ DUV L IRUPkQG R

FHQX

VXE IRUPD XQXL EXOJ UH VIHULF GH FXORDUH QHDJU  /D & P WDVHD

IODF

se distruge rapid.
n contact cu VROX LL FRQFHQWUDWH GH KLGUR[LG GH VRGLX VDX GH SRWDVLX
P WDVHD HVWH GL]ROYDW
FRPSOHW FX GHJDMDUH GH DPRQLDF L acizii (acidul
VXOIXULF L FORUKLGULF FRQFHQWUD L FRQGXF OD GL]ROYDUHD P W VLL 6XE DF LXQHD

razelor solare (dXS  GH RUH GH H[SXQHUH P WDVHD vL SLHUGH 

durabilitatea sa.
Este una dintre fibrele naturale FX FHD PDL PDUH DILQLWDWH ID
FRORUDQ L SXWkQG IL YRSVLW

GH

L OD UHFH

%  B %
 @    !202A@ 1( 1

 "


7
98 !2$6 # 5 4  3'2 10 (   )   !( %  ' & % $# " ! 

3
  
  %  
  % 
   

 


GLQ

procent de co

0 UIXULOH WH[WLOH

0 WDVHD IDFH SDUWH GLQWUH fibrele naturale cele mai rezistente

(46 kgf/mm2) iar alungirea la rupere este n medie de 13%.
Este UHD FRQGXF WRDUH GH HOHFWULFLWDWH L de F OGXU L, de aceea, este
IRORVLW OD IDEULFDUHD HDUIHORU, a fularelor etc.
3H

OkQJ

P WDVHD

SURYHQLW

GH

OD

YLHUPLL

KU QL L FX IUXQ]H
P

de dud, H[LVW L DD QXPLWD

WDVHD 7XVah (Tusor) L P WDVHD 'uppioni.
0 WDVHD 7XVDK HVWH SURGXV

GH

P WDVH

GH VSHFLL GH IOXWXUL GH QRDSWH V OEDWLFL

VDX VHPLV OEDWLFL GLQ ([WUHPXO 2ULHQW -DSRQLD L &KLQD

frunze de stejaU
GDWRULW

VDOH

JDOEHQ YHU]XL

FKLQH]HDVF  VDX QHJULFLRDV

P WDVHD

KU QH

sc cu

MDSRQH] 

SURGXV

simultan GH
FDUH IRUPHD]
vPSUHXQ
JRJRDD, producndu-VH
IRORVLW OD SURGXFHUHD DQWXQJXOXL.
WDVHD '

uppioni este

0 WDVHD SURYHQLW

FDIHQLX J OEXL

P WDVHD LQGLDQ  (VWH VXSHULRDU

P W VLL SURYHQLWH GH OD YLHUPLL GRPHVWLFL SULQ UH]LVWHQ

0

care se

FDVWDQ VDX IDJ $FHVW WLS GH P WDVH HVWH IRDUWH DSUHFLDW

FRORUD LHL

P WDVH

GRPHVWLFL L

P WDVH V OEDWLF  UHVSHFWLY

L UDQGDPHQW

GRL YLHUPL GH P WDVH

DVWIHO

ILEU

GXEO 

GH OD S LDQMHQL DUH XQ GRPHQLX GH XWLOL]DUH OL

mitat

L VH IRORVHVWH PDL DOHV OD IDEULFDUHD WHOHVFRDSHORU L D DOWRU LQVWUXPHQWH

optice.
N\ORQXO L SROLHVWHUXO fibre mai rezistente L PDL LHIWLQH dect
P WDVHD au UHSUH]HQWDW OD vQFHSXWXO LQYHQW ULL ORU XQ FRQFXUHQW puternic
pentru SURGXF LD GH P WDVe, care a cunoscut de-a lungul timpului o serie de
IOXFWXD LL

. Principalul component al fibrelor naturale

. &X WRDWH F
p UXULOe animale pot ajunge la lungimi de pQ OD  FP OXQJLPHD QRUPDO
este de maximum 41 cm.
'DWRULW
lungimii lor reduse (fibrele de OkQ L S UXULOH DQLPDOH
nefiind fibre continue), pentru a putea IL WULFRWDWH VDX HVXWH, OkQD L S UXULOH
animale trebuie toarse (filate) n fire.
7RDWH S UXULle animale pot fi comercializate sub denumirea JHQHULF
GH OkQ
VDX sub numele animalului de la care provin H[HPSOX S U GH
F PLO  n afara oilor, aOWH DQLPDOH IRORVLWH FD VXUVH GH S UXUL WH[WLOH VXQW
F PLOHOH ODPHOH DOSDFDXD LHSXULL FDSUHOH $ngora L FDSUHOH .DVKPLU
vicuna etc.
Lna SURYHQLW GH OD RL HVWH SULQFLSDOD ILEU QDWXUDO SURWHLF
IRORVLW OD IDEULFDUHD PDWHULDOHORU WH[WLOH (D HVWH R ILEU PRDOH RQGXODW sau
/kQD L S

GH RULJLQH DQLPDO

UXULOH DQLPDOH
S UXUL OkQ

L EODQ  HVWH FKHUDWLQD SURWHLF

GUHDSW  FDUH VH RE LQH SULQ WXQGHUHD DQLPDOXOXL GRPHVWLF vQ YLD

GDW

SH DQ SULP YDUD vQ XQHOH

RE LQXWH GLQ UDVH vQFUXFLDWH

3URGXVXO

SULPHL

WXQGHUL

UL FX FOLP

VH WXQG GH GRX

SRDUW

QXPHOH

GH

FDOG  RLOH FX OkQ

 R VLQJXU
DVSU

VDX

VDX GH PDL PXOWH RUL SH DQ

cojoc sau tunsoare. Acesta

Merceologie
FRQ LQH R VHULH GH LPSXULW

L QDWXUDOH JU VLPL GREkQGLWH SDLH VFDLH L SUDI

QRURL L DSOLFDWH GH OD FRPEDWHUHD G XQ WRULORU D EROLORU GH OD PDUFDUHD

lor etc.).
3URGXF LD

GH

OkQ

RLORU

HVWH

LQIOXHQ DW

vQJULMLUHD DQLPDOXOXL RLOH QHJOLMDWH SURGXFkQG OkQ

DSUHFLDW

GH

FOLP 

QXWUL LH

GH IRDUWH VODE

FDOLWDWH

GUHSW S U GH RDLH L QX OkQ 

&HO PDL PDUH SURGXF WRU GH OkQ

PRQGLDO  XUPDW

HVWH $XVWUDOLD 

GLQ SURGXF LD

GH IRVWHOH UHSXEOLFL VRYLHWLFH 1RXD =HHOHQDG  &KLQD

$UJHQWLQD $IULFD GH 6XG L 8UXJXDL

Cojocul se taie ckW

PDL DSURDSH GH SLHOH L HVWH VFRV VXE IRUPD XQHL

VLQJXUH SLHVH DYkQG R PDV

IRDUWH PXOW GH OD R ]RQ

PHGLH GH F

irca 4,5 kg.

/kQD GLQ FRMRF YDULD]

OD DOWD FD OXQJLPH ILQH H L VWUXFWXU

OkQD GH SH

ale animalului este superLRDU calitativ celei din

).
&DOLWDWHD ILEUHORU GH OkQ
YDULD]
L GH OD R UDV
OD DOWD n Romnia,
principalele rase de oi sunt: PHULQRV VSDQF  LJDLH VWRJR L XUFDQ . Cea
umerii

L S U LOH ODWHUDOH

]RQD DOWRU S U L DQDWRPLFH

PDL EXQ

OkQ

VH RE LQH GH OD UDVD SXU

GH PHULQRV L WRFPDL GH DFHHD HD D

suferit o serie de vQFUXL UL cu alte rase de oi, FX ILEUH PDL OXQJL L PDL
aspre. DLQ SURGXF LD PRQGLDO GH OkQ , circa 40% HVWH OkQ PHULQRV LDU 43%
este OkQD RE LQXW GLQ vQFUXFLDUHD DFHVWHLD FX DOWH UDVH. Restul de 17% este
fRUPDW GLQ OkQ SHQWUX FRYRDUH WDSLVHULL L S WXUL
&ODVLILFDUHD OkQLL L stabilirea valorii ei GH SLD
VH IDF vQ IXQF LH GH
OXQJLPHD L GH ILQH HD ILEUHL 'H DVHPHQHD SHQWUX FODVLILFDUH VH
GH

SURSULHW

LOH

OkQLL

UHVSHFWLY

GH

UH]LVWHQ H

HODVWLFLWDWH

LQH FRQW L

RQGXOD LH

uniformitatea fibrelor.
Q

FRPHU XO

bradfordian

LQWHUQD LRQDO

OkQD

VH

FODVLILF

SH

UHVSHFWLY D QXP UXOXL GH VFXOXUL D  P

ED]D sistemului
de fir care se pot

RE LQH GLQ  J OkQ  SULQ ILODUH vQ FRQGL LL RSWLPH GLQ DFHHDL PDV

GH

ILEUH VH RE LQH XQ ILU FX DWkW PDL OXQJ FX FkW ILEUHOH VXQW PDL VXE LUL

.
Q 5RPkQLD OkQD VH FODVLILF
vQ OkQ  ILQ
(fibre ondulate, cu un
GLDPHWUX GH SkQ OD 
m) VHPLILQ PDL SX LQ RQGXODW  cu un diametru de
SkQ
OD 
m)  VHPLJURDV (ILEUH PDL DVSUH GUHSWH HODVWLFH L FX XQ
GLDPHWUX GH SkQ
OD 
m) L JURDV (fibre aspre, groase, drepte, cu canal
PHGXODU ODUJ HODVWLFH L FX XQ GLDPHWUX GH SHVWH 
m).
FHQWUHOH

GH

QHVS ODW

SHQWUX

RE LQHUHD

SXUWkQG QXPHOH GH

XQRU

ILEUH

RPRJHQH

original.

Ionescu- Muscel I.; Cucu V. D. Merceologia produselor de export-import

c9U$1FU6   1SFF $Q  F %12P  )P1%12  I

b a T ` Y B  6 X W V T
7 2  2 R 6 

# 7 
2  


UH]XOWDW

VRUWDUH

L vQ IXQF LH GH ]RQHOH FX ILEUH GLIHULWH FDOLWDWLY OkQD

6 7 G
 (A0HF  11 412  " $ D@6
" 2  E %
C

cojoacele se rup Q EXF

0 UIXULOH WH[WLOH

'XS

UHFROWDUH

vQGHS UWDUHD

LPSXULW

OkQD

LORU

HVWH

VXSXV

YHJHWDOH

RSHUD LHL

PLQHUDOH

GH

VS

RandamentXO OkQLL HVWH GDW GH UDSRUWXO GLQWUH PDVD OkQLL VS

originale.
&D XUPDUH D FDQWLW
VHPLILQ

HVWH VXSXV

LL DSUHFLDELOH GH LPSXULW

L RSHUD LHL GH

cu acid sulfuric, pentrX

I UkPLFLRDV 
FDUERQL]DW

FH

SRDWH

GHRDUHFH

IL

WUDQVIRUPDUHD

UHVWXULOH

ODWH L

FX

YHJHWDOH

FHOXOR]HL

XXULQ

VH

SRW

, pentru
DQLPDOH

masa lnii

L YHJHWDOH OkQD ILQ

carbonizare, FDUH FRQVW

vQO WXUDW

ODUH

VHFUH LLORU

vQ

/kQD

vQO WXUD

vQ WUDWDUHD OkQLL
KLGURFHOXOR]
DVSU

FX

QX

XXULQ

HVWH
SULQ

DF LXQLOH PHFDQLFH GLQ WLPSXO VS O ULL

)LEUD GH OkQ HVWH R ILEU SOXULFHOXODU  DYkQG vQ VWUuFWXU trei straturi
distincte:
strat cuticular (exterior), cu un aspect solzos, caracteristic;
strat cortical LQWHUPHGLDU QXPLW L FRDM , reprezentnd partea
SULQFLSDO D ILEUHL L FDUH FRQIHU OkQLL UH]LVWHQ
L HODVWLFLWDWH;
strat medular (interior) SOLQ FX DHU L SLJPHQ L L care, la lna
VXSHULRDU , HVWH DWkW GH VXE LUH vQFkW QX HVWH YL]LELO
/D PLFURVFRS P ULPHD IRUPD L GLVSXQHUHD VRO]LORU FRQVWLWXLH R

modalitate de identificare att D ILEUHORU GH OkQ  FkW L D FDOLW LL HL 1XP UXO
solzilor varia] vQ IXQF LH GH ILQH HD ILEUHL GH OkQ L GH QXP UXO GH
RQGXOD LL. 6RO]LL DX DWkW XQ URO GH SURWHF LH FkW L XQ URO WHKQRORJLF
favoriznd procesul de mpslire. Prin tratare cu clor diluat, solzii se distrug,
LDU OkQD vL Sierde capacitatea de mpslire.
)LEUHOH

GH

OkQ

GH

FDOLWDWH

SUH]LQW

VXSHULRDU

OD

PLFURVFRS

VLQJXU VWUDW GH VRO]L PDL PDUL GLVSXL vQ MXUXO GLDPHWUXOXL ILEUHL

OkQ

GH FDOLWDWH PHGLH SUH]LQW

solzi mai mici, FDUH VH vQWUHS

GLDPHWUX

FLUFXPIHULQ

PDL

PDUH

ILLQG

PDL

JURDVH

Fibrele inferioare au un
cu PDL PXO L VRO]L SH

Culoarea
FXORUL

VWUDWXUL GH

WUXQG XQXO SH FHO ODOW

OkQLL HVWH GDW

SRDWH YDULD GH OD DOE SXU OD DOE J

GH

XQ GLDPHWUX PDL PDUH L GRX

XQ

Fibrele de

GLIHULWH

QHDJU

GH SLJPHQ LL FXSULQL vQ VWUDWXO PHGXODU L

lbui, cafeniu-vQFKLV FHQXLX L QHJUX Lna

SRDUW
QXPHOH GH OkQ
VHLQ
(OkQ

URFDW 

E O DW 

Luciul

OkQLL GHSLQGH GH XQLIRUPLWDWHD L GH JUDGXO GH QHWH]LPH DO

ILEUHL SUHFXP L GH IRUPD L SR]L LD VRO]LORU /kQD ILQ

XQ OXFLX P W VRV

LDU OkQD JURDV

VS ODWH GHSLQGH GH FRQ LQXWXO GH DS

GHYLQ OXFLRDVH GDWRULW
LQXW
JDOEHQ

vQ

L V

emifin SUH]LQW
Luciul lnii

DUH XQ OXFLX DSURDSH PDW

DO ILEUHL /D SXUWDUH VWRIHOH GH OkQ

WRFLULL VRO]LORU

ORFXUL

XPHGH

QHDHULVLWH

L DSRL QHDJU  FX PLURV VSHFLILF

OkQD

PXFHJ LHWH

GHYHQLQG

Merceologie

Lungimea ILEUHORU GH OkQ

UHSUH]LQW

OXQJLPHD PHGLH GH OD XQ FDS W

OD FHO ODOW DO ILEUHL L SRDWH IL OXQJLPH QDWXUDO

vQ VWDUH RQGXODW

VDX OXQJLPH UHDO

 DWXQFL FkQG ILEUD VH P VRDU

cnd onduOD LLOH

VXQW vQGUHSWDWH SULQ

ntindere.
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO OXQJLPLL ILEUHOH GH OkQ

VH FODVLILF

lungi (cu o lungime mai mare de 10 cm- LJDLH VWRJR

mijlocii FX R OXQJLPH FXSULQV vQWUH -10 cm-PHULQRV
scurte (ntre 3-6 cm).
2QGXOD LD UHSUH]LQW

vQ

XUFDQ 

L VSDQF  L

GHYLHUHD ILEUHL GH OD OLQLD GUHDSW

fibre
fibre
fibre

constituie

XQ FULWHULX GH FODVLILFDUH D OkQLL QXP UXO RQGXOD LLORU SH XQLWDWHD GH OXQJLPH

L vQ O LPHD ORU 2QGXOD LLOH LQIOXHQ HD]
SUHIHUDW

OkQD

FX

RQGXOD LL

GHVH

SURFHVXO GH vPSkVOLUH D OkQLL ILLQ

/kQD

GH

FHD

PDL

EXQ

FDOLWDWH

DUH

12- RQGXOD LLFP OkQD PHGLH - RQGXOD LLFP LDU OkQD LQIHULRDU 
1- RQGXOD LLFP 0HULQRVXO DUH RQGXOD LL GHVH, LDU XUFDQD SUH]LQW R ILEU
DSURDSH GUHDSW 
'DWRULW
SURSULHWDWH

RQGXOD LLORU

DO WXUL

GH

OkQD

DUH

UH]LVWHQ D

SURGXVHORU WH[WLOH GLQ OkQ

OD

UH]LOLHQ

FRQVLGHUDELO 

WUDF LXQH

capacitatea de a-L

HODVWLFLWDWH

PHQ LQH IRUPD

$FHDVW

, confeU

VXSHULRDU

celorlalte fibre textile.

Higroscopicitatea lnii, comparativ cu cea a altor fibre naturale, este
cea mai mare, lna absorbind din aer circa 15- GLQWUH YDSRULL GH DS  LDU
ntr-R DWPRVIHU VDWXUDW XPLGLWDWHD OkQLL poate DMXQJH SkQ OD   2 GDW
FX FUHWHUHD XPLGLW LL FUHWH L HODVWLFLWDWHD GDU VH UHGXFe re]LVWHQ D.
ReSUL]D OkQLL VS ODWH HVWH GH   LDU OkQD UHJHQHUDW DUH R UHSUL] GH  
Q DSURSLHUHD IO

ULL ILEUD GH OkQ

QX VXIHU

PRGLILF UL vQ IODF

DUGH OHQW FX XPIO WXUL HPDQkQG XQ PLURV GH FRUQ DUV L IRUPkQG R FHQX
DVSU  VXE IRUPD XQXL EXOJ UH VIHULF GH FXORDUH QHDJU  3ULQ vQF O]LU
OXFLRDV

GHYLQH PDW

SODVWLF 
SUHDODELO

S VWUkQG

, iar vQF

IRUPD

SURSULHWDWHD

6ROX LLOH

O]LW

FDUH

OD R WHPSHUDWXU

L D

IRVW

HV WXULORU GH OkQ

DOFDOLQH

GLOXDWH

VDX

GDW 

PDL

GH D IRUPD
FRQFHQWUDWH

GHSLQ]kQG GH FRQFHQWUD LH L GH WHPSHUDWXU

LQHODU  LDU SULQ ILHUEHUH FX 1D2+ 
SRVLELO

FDUERQL]DUHD

YRSVLUHD

FRQWDFW FX DFL]L FRQFHQWUD L ILEUHOH GH OkQ

SUH]HQWkQG

XQ

DVSHFW

]GUHQ

URV

galben fLEUHOH

GH OkQ  OH XPIO

SLJPHQ LL I U

D GHJUDGD ILEUHOH

DOHV

e, lna
0C devine

OD 
GXS

XPH]LUH

cute durabile).
distrug lna, efectul

OkQD WUDWDW

FX 1D2+ LD IRUP

OkQD VH GL]ROY 

5H]LVWHQ D OD DFL]L D OkQLL HVWH PDL EXQ

I FkQG

de SkQ

$FLGXO

ect a fibrelor vegetale,

HL vQ PHGLL DFLGH n

ILQLVDUHD

VXQW GHWHULRUDWH OD PLFURVFRS

D]RWLF

L OH GLVWUXJH

FRQFHQWUDW

FRORUHD]

vQ

, iar acidul sulfuric distruge

0 UIXULOH WH[WLOH

/kQD HVWH UHODWLY VWDELO ID

GH R[LGDQ L, VXE DF LXQHD R[LJHQXOXL L D
luminii solare lna QFHSH V VH vQJ OEHQHDVF , iar UH]LVWHQ D L FDSDFLWDWHD
de mpslire se reduc.
Clorul LPSULP OkQLL R DILQLWDWH PDL PDUH ID GH FRORUDQ L L XQ OXFLX
GLVWUXJHULL VRO]LORU FHHD FH IDFH L FD OkQD V

PDL SXWHUQLF GDWRULW

PDL vQFkOFHDVF  GDU FRQGXFH OD SLHUGHUHD vQ PDV

UH]LVWHQ HL OD UXSHUH L D HODVWLFLW

este maL

PDUH OD OkQD ILQ

QX VH

la reducerea

LL

D OkQLL VH GDWRUHD]

5H]LVWHQ D VSHFLILF

D OkQLL

L VHPLILQ

VWUDWXOXL FRUWLFDO DO ILEUHL L

OD FDUH VWUDWXO PHGXODU OLSVHWH

, iar
i UHGXV OD OkQD VHPLJURDV L
2.
JURDV  5H]LVWHQ D YDULD] vQWUH -33 Kgf/mm
/kQD DUH FHD PDL PLF PDV
VSHFLILF
1,3 g/cm3 dintre toate fibrele
naturale.
(ODVWLFLWDWHD ILEUHORU GH OkQ
depinde de HODVWLFLWDWHD RQGXOD LLORU,
de elasticitatea volumului (capacitatea de a reveni la voOXPXO LQL LDO GXS
vQFHWDUHD IRU HL GH FRPSUHVLXQH L GH elasticitatea la ntindere (capacitatea
fiEUHL GH D UHYHQL OD OXQJLPHD LQL LDO FkQG IRU D GH WUDF LXQH vQFHWHD] .
/kQD SURYHQLW GH OD RL EROQDYH L OkQD GHWHULRUDW DX o elaVWLFLWDWH UHGXV 
ElasWLFLWDWHD FRQIHU SURGXVHORU GLQ OkQ PROLFLXQH L UH]LVWHQ OD
X]XU  0ROLFLXQHD VH VLPWH OD SLS LW, fibrele fiind moi FKLDU GDF VXQW JURDVH
Lna este UHD FRQGXF WRDUH GH HOHFWULFLWDWH L un bun izolator termic.
Pe etichetele de produs, trebuie specificat tipul lnii utilizate. Din
acest punct de vedere, lna poate fi: QRX , UHSUHOXFUDW L UHIRORVLW .
/kQD QRX
sau OkQD YLUJLQ este lna care nu a mai fost QLFLRGDW
SUHOXFUDW
VSUH GHosebire
de lna UHSUHOXFUDW , la care fibrele sunt
UHFXSHUDWH GLQ GHHXULOH GH OD W LHUH GH OD GLYHUVHOH PRVWUH L GLQ U P L ele
de la filaturi, FDUH VXQW DGXVH GLQ QRX vQ VWDUH GH ILEU  Lna UHJHQHUDW este
VWUDWXO

FRUWLFDO

OkQD UHFXSHUDW
UH HVXW

HVWH

PDL

GH]YROWDW

PD

GLQ SURGXVH GHMD IRORVLWH GLQ ]GUHQ H L FDUH HVWH UHILODW

VDX UHWULFRWDW  $FHDVW

ln

, de

aceea, VH ILOHD]

vQ DPHVWHF FX OkQD GH WXQVRDUH $FHVW WLS GH OkQ

FX

PLFURVFRS

XXULQ

OD

GHRDUHFH

DUH ILEUH VFXUWH L GHWHULRUDWH L

DSDUH

GLYHUV

FRORUDW 

VH GLVWLQJH

FX

GLDPHWUH

GLIHULWH L

, GH PXOWH RUL FX FDSHWHOH GHVWU PDWH VXE IRUP de pensul  /na

UHJHQHUDW
QX IRUPHD]
RELHFW DO tUDQ]DF LLORU LQWHUQD LRQDOH vQV
VH YkQG
]GUHQ H GLQ FDUH VH YD RE LQH DFHVW WLS GH OkQ  SUHFXP L SURGXVH ILQLWH
RE LQXWH GLQ DFHVW WLS GH ILEUH
$O WXUL GH SURGXF LD GH OkQ  PDL H[LVW
RE LQXW

L R FDQWLWDWH UHGXV

GH OkQ

GH OD DOWH DQLPDOH SULQWUH FDUH ODPD F PLOD DOSDFDXD FDSUHOH

$QJRUD L .DVKPLU YLFXQD FDOXO HWF

AceaVWD VH XWLOL]HD]

ILH vQ DPHVWHF FX OkQD ILH VHSDUDW

FDWHJRULL GH ILEUH ILEUH DVSUH L ILEUe

moi (puf). (O HVWH PDL JURV L PDL UH]LVWHQW GHFkW OkQD GH OD RL OXFLRV QHWHG
3

UXO GH FDSU

FXSULQGH GRX

Merceologie
FX VDX I U

RQGXOD LL L GH FXORDUH DOE J OEXL VDX FDIHQLX

Caprele de rase

VXSHULRDUH $QJRUD VDX 0RKDLU GDX ILEUH PRL GH R FDOLWDWH FRPSDUDELO

FX

FHD D OkQLL SLHSW QDWH

Mohairul SURYLQH GLQ S UXO FDSrHL GH $QJRUD FDUH FUHWH vQ VSHFLDO vQ

ILQ  neomoJHQ  OXFLRDV  GH FXORDUH DOE-J OEXL
$VLD 0LF . El are R ILEU
VDX FHQXLH OXQJ
- FP RQGXODW  FX XQ DVSHFW puternic P W VRV
IRDUWH UH]LVWHQW

L FX R FDSDFLWDWH GH vPSkVOLUH UHGXV 

Kashmirul HVWH SURGXV GH FDSUD FX DFHODL QXPH FDUH FUHWH vQ 7LEHW

n regiunea Himalaia.
3
SUH]LQW

UXO GH F

DUH R FXORDUH VSHFLILF

PLO

R UH]LVWHQ

WDEDF XQ OXFLX SURQXQ DW

OD WUDF LXQH PDL PDUH GHFkW D OkQLL L R FDSDFLWDWH

de

PXUG ULUH L GH vPSkVOLUH PDL UHGXVH )LEUHOH VXQW QHRPRJHQH FRQ LQkQG
SXI S U PHGLX L S U DVSUX GDU SUH]LQW

lnii.

XQ OXFLX PDL SURQXQ DW GHFkW DO

'LQ IDPLOLD F PLOHL PDL IDF SDUWH ODPD DOSDFDXD YLFXQD L JXDQDFR

DO F URU S U
3

este utilizat n SURGXF LD GH WH[WLOH

UXO GH FDO HVWH UHFROWDW GH SH FRDP

VXE LUH L PDL VXSOX QXPLW L S

S U GH FDOLWDWH LQIHULRDU  PDL

U GH &KLQD L GLQ FRDG

PDL DVSUX JURV L

UH]LVWHQW (VWH IRDUWH DSUHFLDW SHQWUX HODVWLFLWDWHD L UH]LVWHQ D VD

Fibre natuUDOH GH RULJLQH YHJHWDO

([LVW
SDWUX WLSXUL SULQFLSDOH GH ILEUH YHJHWDOH ILEUH GH VHPLQ H, care
sunt fibUHOH FH vQFRQMRDU VHPLQ HOH unor plante (bumbacul, kapocul); fibre
liberiene, fibre rezistente, care la majoritatea dicotiledonatelor sunt dispuse
Q WXOSLQ LQ FkQHS  UDPLH VLVDO FKHQDI HWF; fibre vasculare, fibrele
rezistente dispuse n corpul frunzelor monocotiledonatelor (manila, sisal) L
fibre de fructe, VXE IRUPD XQRU SHUL SUHVD L, FDUH vPEUDF IUXFWXO DLGRPD XQHL
palisade (cocosul).
Fibrele vegetaOH VXQW SUHGRPLQDQW FHOXOR]LFH L spre deosebire de
ILEUHOH DQLPDOH SURWHLFH UH]LVW

organici,

GDU

VXQW

GLVWUXVH

OD DF LXQHD ED]HORU D PDMRULW

GH

DFL]LL

PLQHUDOL

QHFRUHVSXQ] WRDUH SRDWH GHWHULRUD VDX GLVWUXJH

'LQWUH
LPSRUWDQ

ILEUHOH

VHPLQ H

QXPDL

vQ OELUH

aceste fibre.

EXPEDFXO

NDSRFXO

SUH]LQW

FRPHUFLDO 

Bumbacul
HSLGHUPLF

GH

LL DFL]LORU

SXWHUQLFL

HVWH

ILEU

PRQRFHOXODU

UHSUH]LQW

prelungirea

D FRMLL VHPLQ HORU SODQWHL GLQ JHQXO *RVV\SLXP

/D IHO FD L P WDVHD EXPEDFXO HVWH FXOWLYDW GH R OXQJ

SHULRDG

GH

WLPS vQ 0H[LF DX IRVW GHVFRSHULWH ILEUH GH EXPEDF L IUDJPHQWH GH VHPLQ H

q u
@5i s u Ai g9F1h9SFi Ur 901P1f 9(d
g
i y x r e w v u t s r i q e i p i h g g f e

Ionescu- Muscel I.; Stoian E.; Atanasie I.

-166;

i 1 0p
g u

T Y$BF$a(Vc6  7 2SR(6

 6 W T

 $Q


, Editura

0 UIXULOH WH[WLOH

cu o vechime de peste 7000 de ani, iar n India bumbacul este cultivat de cel
SX LQ  GH DQL De asemenea, n antichitate, bumbacul era folosit n
China (JLSW L SH continentul american.
n prezent, sH FXOWLY SHVWH 0 de specii de bumbac, dintre care o
serie de specii sunt modificate genetic, GLIHUHQ LDWH SULQ FDOLWDWHD FDQWLWDWHD
L OXQJLPHD ILEUHORU SULQ IRUPD L P ULPHD SODQWHL L SULQ SHULRDda de
YHJHWD LH
'LQWUH DFHVWH VSHFLL QXPDL FkWHYD SUH]LQW

fiind cultivate n cirFD

 GH

LPSRUWDQ

UL (JLSW L 6XGDQ SHQWUX EXPEDF FX ILEU

L OXQJ  DOE L FX XQ SURQXQ DW JUDG GH OXFLX

H[WUDOXQJ

FRPHUFLDO 

n Asia (China,

India), n Brazilia, Mexic L vn Statele Unite ale Americii.

6 PkQ D

SURGXV

GH EXPEDF HVWH vQYHOLW

vQ ILEUH

GH EXPEDF

cu

lungimi de 5- PP GXS VHSDUDUHD F URUD la unele specii, VHPLQ HOH U PkQ
JRODH LDU la altele, acoperite cu un puf cu lungimi de 6 mm, numit linters.
'XS
VXSXV

PDL

FXOHJHUHD PDQXDO
PXOWRU

RSHUD LL

vQ

VDX PHFDQL]DW
VWD LL

VSHFLDOH

D EXPEDFXOXL DFHVWD HVWH

QXPLWH

VWD LL

GH

HJUHQDUH

respectiv:
FXU

DUHD

ILEUHORU

GH

LPSXULW

LOH

YHJHWDOH

PLQHUDOH

(coji,

IUXQ]H SUDI S PkQW HWF SULQ GHVWU PDUH

i ventilare;

egrenarea (VHSDUDUHD ILEUHORU GH VHPLQ H

lintersarea VHSDUDUHD GH SH VHPLQ HOH HJUHQDWH D OLQWHUVXOXL

SUHVDUHD EXPEDFXOXL HJUHQDW

vQ

EDOR L vQ YHGHUHD OLYU ULL

OXL

F WUH ILODWXUL
SUHVDUHD OLQWHUVXOXL vQ EDOR L vQ YHGHUHD OLYU ULL F WU

e o serie de

ramuri ale industriei chimice (explozivi, lacuri etc.);

DPEDODUHD L PDUFDUHD
&X RFD]LD RSHUD LLORU GH HJUHQDUH VXQW vQGHS UWDWH ILEUHOH GH EXPEDF

cu defecte: noduri fibroase, fibre neajunse la maturitate, fibre atacate de

EDFWHULL L FLXSHUFi, fibre de bumbac mort etc.
QDLQWH GH FXOHV vQ DSURSLHUHD ID]HL GH PDWXULWDWH GHSOLQ  ILEUHOH
SLHUG R SDUWH GLQ XPLGLWDWH VH WXUWHVF L FDS W
HVWH L PDL YL]LELO

pangliFL

IRUPD XQHL EHQ]L $FHDVWD

OD PLFURVFRS XQGH EXPEDFXO VH SUH]LQW

U VXFLWH FX XQ FDQDO LQWHULRU QXPLW

VXE IRUPD XQHL

lumen, mult mai gros dect

SHUH LL ILEUHL

)LEUD GH EXPEDF HVWH DOF WXLW

FXWLFXO

GLQ XUP WRDUHOH S U L FRPSRQHQWH

sau peretele primar;

peretele secundar;
canalul interior sau lumenul.
Spre deosebire de bumbacul ajuns la maturitate, bumbacul mort sau
QHDMXQV OD PDWXULWDWH VH SUH]LQW VXE IRUPD XQRU EHQ]L ODWH QHWRUVLRQDWH, dar
cu ndoituri caracteristice sub un unghi de 90, transparente L OXFLRDVH

Merceologie
%XPEDFXO PRUW QX VH YRSVHWH

, iar n produsul finit apare sub forma unor

purici4.
Bumbacul mercerizat
WUDWDW

FX

VROX LH

GH

vQ YHGHUHD FUHWHULL OXFLXOXL EXPEDFXO HVWH

1D2+

VXSXV

OD

WHQVLXQH

microscop un aspect cilindric, iar fibra este XPIODW

U VXFLWXUL L FX XQ Oumen foDUWH VXE LUH FD R OLQLH
%XPEDFXO HVWH
GH

YDULDW

SURGXVH

R LPSRUWDQW

WH[WLOH

/DUJD

XVFDUH

LDU

SULP

XWLOL]DUH

KLJURVFRSLFLW

transformare a fibrelor n fire,

VS ODUH

PDWHULH
OXL

FRQ LQXWXO

PDUH

GH

JDP

GDWRUHD]
L

FHOXOR]

are la

L WUDQVSDUHQW  I U
SHQWUX

VH
LL

PHFDQLF 

EXQHL
vL

IRDUWH

XXULQ HL

GH

FRPSRUW UL

FRQIHU

OD

UH]LVWHQ

VXSOH H HODVWLFLWDWH L EXQH DSWLWXGLQL GH ILQLVDUH

&DOLWDWHD ILEUHORU GH EXPEDF VH DSUHFLD]

vQ IXQF LH GH OXQJLPHD

UH]LVWHQ D HODVWLFLWDWHD ILQH HD FXORDUHD L OXFLXO ILEUHL

Fibrele de bumbac fac parte din categoria fibrelor scurte. Lungimea

L

ILQH HD

ILEUHORU

UHSUH]LQW

SULQFLSDOHOH

FDUDFWHULVWLFL

WHKQRORJLFH

DOH

EXPEDFXOXL vQ IXQF LH GH FDUH ILEUHOH YRU IL WUDQVIRUPDWH vQ ILUH JURDVH

PLMORFLL L VXE LUL

Determinarea lungimii fibrelor de

ILEUHORU

vQ

FODVH

GH

OXQJLPH

VWDELOLUHD

EXPEDF VH ED]HD]
OXQJLPLL

PRGXO

SH VRUWDUHD
D

OXQJLPLL

filatorului (lungimea stapel). 3HQWUX DFHDVW GHWHUPLQDUH ILEUHOH VXQW

SDUDOHOL]DWH
L
DSRL
sunt extrase treptat fibrele de diferite lungimi,
formndu-se astfel R FXUE  5DPXUD XUF WRDUH D FXUEHL UHSUH]LQW ILEUHOH cu
R OXQJLPH PDL UHGXV
GHFkW lungimea modul; cu ct vrful curbei este mai
ULGLFDW

FX

DWkW

EXPEDFXO

HVWH

PDL

UHJXODW

SDUWHD

PDMRULWDU

ILEUHORU

situndu-se n jurul lungimii modul). 'XS sortare, se VWDELOHWH clasa modul

(clasa de lungime FX IUHFYHQ D FHD PDL PDUH, bumbacul fiind cu att mai
apreciat cu ct vrful curbei este situat mai la dreapta. Lungimea medie a
ILEUHORU FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH UDPXULL GLQ GUHDSWD UHSUH]LQW lungimea comerciaO
a fibrelor de bumbac, care mai SRDUW numele de lungimea filatorului sau
lungimea stapel.
Fibrele cu lungimea stapel mare sunt transformate n fire fine,
rezistente, care sunt apoi folosite la fabricarea produselor textile fine, iar
fibrele cu lungimea VWDSHO PLF VXQW IRORVLWH SHQWUX WHV WXUL GXUDELOH
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO OXQJLPLL EXPEDFXO VH FODVLILF
vQ bumbac
extralung, cu o lungime a filatorului de peste 45 mm, bumbac lung:
34-45 mm, bumbac mijlociu: 28-34 mm L bumbac scurt, sub 28 mm.
)LQH ea bumbacului VH H[SULP
SULQ QXP UXO PHWULF (1P L vQ
vQWUH 1P -12.000. n general, cu ct lungimea
PLOLWH[ L YDULD]
i e i c1Pi s u i Pi 9F1h88xe g$(r 9(f Phgi u$f1i sf u
u s u i h u
g g s i y x r e
i e g f e r s i

V Y B  6 f V T 7 2  2 R Y Y Y
$1FV(1e   1S(6 d U )4  8F6
e s i y x h r e
Fr (1(89u u g u $119e P99Fct @Fq $i 1P1(r i5
s f q s f s r g r q u i e f e x u y f i h u u g u i h g
Y E Q  E
A)2 % $1cb Y @ " Hb A)21( (b A)9F1( E

Y E
 2
Y E 2  7 

industr

-31;

0 UIXULOH WH[WLOH

bumbacului

FUHWH FX DWkW HO HVWH PDL ILQ vQV

R ILQH H H[DJHUDW

D ILEUHORU

FRQGXFH OD vQFkOFLUHD L vQQRGDUHD DFHVWRUD

Din puQFW GH YHGHUH DO ILQH LL EXPEDFXO HVWH FODVLILFDW vQ bumbac
fin, fibre cu diametrul de SkQ OD  m; EXPEDF RELQXLW, cu diamterul
cuprins ntre 20- m L bumbac gros, FX GLDPHWUXO ILEUHL GH SHVWH  m.
n general, fibra de bumbac se poate caracterizD FD R ILEU ILQ 
HODVWLF  XQLIRUP

L VXSO 

Fibrele de bumbac SUH]LQW  vQ JHneral, o culoare DOE VDX DOE

J OEXLH L XQ luciu redus, mat, spre deosebire de bumbacul mercerizat care
are un luciu accentuat.
Higroscopicitatea HVWH EXQ  ILEUHOH DEVRUELQG FX XXULQ
WUDQVSLUD LD FHHD FH OH IDFH V
ILH SO FXWe la purtare. Repriza este 8,5%, iar
SHQWUX GHHXULOH GH EXPEDF 
Q
IODF

DSURSLHUHD

IO

DUGH UDSLG L FRQWLQX

PLURV GH KkUWLH DUV


ILEUD

ULL
V

DUG

GH

L IRUPkQG R FHQX

Bumbacul are o

EXPEDF
ILQ

PDUH DILQLWDWH ID

YRSVLWH L LPSULPDWH FX XXULQ

QX

VXIHU

PRGLILF UL

n
, emannd un
 IULDELO  GH FXORDUH DOE -gri.
GH FRORUDQ L, firele putnd fi

L OD VFRDWHUHD GLQ IODF U

 DVWIHO vQFkW VH SRW RE LQH

HV WXUL FX R

PXOWLWXGLQH GH FXORUL

i imprimeuri.

$FL]LL PLQHUDOL FRQFHQWUD L GHJUDGHD]

EXPEDFXO WUDQVIRUPkQGX

-l n
sulfuric concentrat bumbacul este

hidrocelulo]H LDU SULQ vQF O]LUH FX DFLG

distrus rapid. &X VROX LH GH LRG-LRGXU GH SRWDVLX L DFLG VXOIXULF 9HWLOODUG
fibra de bumbac apaUH OD PLFURVFRS FRORUDW vQ DOEDVWUX UHDF LH VSHFLILF
fibrelor celulozice.
6ROX LLOH DOFDOLQH vQ IXQF LH GH FRQFHQWUD LH WHPSHUDWXU
DF LXQH WUDQVIRUP

L GXUDW

GH

FHOXOR]D GLQ EXPEDF vQ DOFDOLFHOXOR]  FDUH

, prin simpla

VS ODUH FX DS  VH WUDQVIRUP

vQ FHOXOR]

UHJHQHUDW 

6ROX LD
FXSURDPRQLDFDO
este solventul cel mai curent al
bumbacului, fibra umflndu-se att de mult nct diametUXO HL SRDWH V
FUHDVF FX SkQ OD 
.
2
5H]LVWHQ D VSHFLILF
D EXPEDFXOXL este de 36 kgf/mm iar lungimea
de rupere eVWH FXSULQV vQWUH - NP vQ IXQF LH GH ILQH HD ILEUHORU
0DVD VSHFLILF
a fibrelor de bumbac este de 1,48-1,52 g/cm3.
Kapocul HVWH R DOW ILEU QDWXUDO GH RULJLQH YHJHWDO  DVHP Q WRDUH
EXPEDFXOXL SURGXV

GH FRSDFXO FX DFHODL QXPH

Kapocul (ceiba sau arborele de bumbac satinat) este numele unui gen
GH FRSDFL FDUH SRW DWLQJH R vQ O LPH GH SHVWH  P L FDUH VXQW FXOWLYD L SH
VFDU

ODUJ

vQ UHJLXQLOH WURSLFDOH

, mai ales n Insula Java, pentru fibrele lor.

(L SUH]LQW

SemiQ HOH

IUXQ]H PDUL SDOPDWH LDU IORULOH VXQW vQ IRUP

GH FORSRW

ORU FDSVXODWH FRQ LQ ILEUH VHP Q WRDUH EXPEDFXOXL )LEUHOH GH

NDSRF VXQW ILEUH XRDUH FRQ LQ PXOW DHU vQ OXPHQ VFXUWH HODVWLFH IUDJLOH L

Merceologie
LPSHUPHDELOH L

, tocmai de aceea,

EXPEDF vQV

HOH QX SRW IL WRDUVH L

HVXWH FD ILEUHOH GH

VXQW ODUJ IRORVLWH FD PDWHULDOH GH XPSOXWXU

vQ FRODFL L YHVWH

de salvare sau ca material izolator.5

3UH]LQW

FXORDUH

J OEXLH

bumbac.
Fibrele liberiene VH J

VHVF vQ

VXEVWDQ HOH SHFWLFH OH FLPHQWHD]

VXQW

PDL

OXFLRDVH

GHFkW

ILEUHOH

GH

HVXWXO SODQWHORU FX DFHODL QXPH

, unde
au

vQ DJORPHU UL GH IDVFLFXOH $FHVWH ILEUH

UROXO GH D FRQIHUL IOH[LELOLWDWH SODQWHL SHQWUX D UH]LVWD OD DF LXQHD IRU HORU

H[WHULRDUH L GH D SURWHMD WUDQVSRUWXO KUDQHL GH OD U G FLQ

Fibrele sunt folosite pentru producerea unei JDPH

fine, JURDVH VDX WHKQLFH L, DO WXUL GH EXPEDF UHSUH]LQW

VSUH YkUI
YDULDWH GH

HV WXUL

PDWHULD SULP

vQ

RE LQHUHD KkUWLHL ILQH VDX GH DPEDODM

La plantele textile dicotiledonate celulele sunt dispuse n coaja

tulpinii, iar la monocotiledonate sunt situate n corpul frunzelor.
Fibrele liberiene sunt clasificate n trei categorii:
fibre liberiene moi: iQ L UDPLH FRWRQL]DW  FDUH VXQW fibre suple,
GHVWLQDWH XQHL JDPH ODUJL GH

HV WXUL ILQH L JURDVH

fibre liberiene aspre: cnepa, iuta, chHQDIXO WHLRUXO HWF, care sunt

PDL OLJQLILFDWH GHFkW LQXO L VH IRORVHVF SHQWUX

HV WXUL GH VDFL VIRUL IUkQJKLL

etc.;

fibre liberiene foarte aspre: manila, sisal, cocos etc., care sunt
, sforilor,
cablurilor etc.
n general, toDWH DFHVWH ILEUH VH VHSDU GH WXlpinile lemnoase printr-o
RSHUD LH FKLPLFR-ELRORJLF  QXPLW
topire, XUPDW GH R RSHUD LH PHFDQLF 
OLJQLILFDWH L SXWUHVFLELOH L VH IRORVHVF OD IDEULFDUHD FRYRDUHORU

SHQWUX vQGHS UWDUHD S U LL OHPQRDVH $VWIHO VH RE LQ GRX

fuiorul, DOF

WXLW GLQ ILEUH OXQJL L FkO LL

JKHPRWRDFH L LPSXULW

WLSXUL GH ILEUH

compus din fibre scurte, nclcite, cu

L

Inul face parte din familia Linacee, iar fibrele sale sunt pe locul I ca
impoUWDQ

GLQ FDWHJRULD ILEUHORU OLEHULHQH ILLQG DSUHFLDWH SHQWUX UH]LVWHQ D

OXFLXO GXUDELOLWDWHD L KLJURVFRSLFLWDWHD ORU

3ODQWD HVWH FXOWLYDW

DWkW SHQWUX ILEUHle sale, FDUH VH ILOHD] vQ YHGHUHD

ct L SHQWUX VHPLQ H GLQ FDUH VH H[WUDJH XOHLXO GH LQ
&XOWLYDUHD LQXOXL HVWH FXQRVFXW
vQF
GLQ FHOH PDL vechi timpuri, n
]RQD ODFXULORU HOYH LHQH fiind dHVFRSHULWH SODVH GH SHVFXLW L vPEU F PLQWH
GLQ LQ GDWDW FX SHVWH  GH DQL vQ XUP . 'H DVHPHQHD L n mormintele
egiptene s-au descoperit R VHULH GH RELHFWH GH vPEU F PLQWH GLQ LQ n
Britania, se paUH F LQXO D IRVW DGXV GLQ ]RQD 0 ULL 0HGLWHUDQH GH F WUH
IDEULF ULL GH

HV WXUL

Ceiba - Encyclopedia Encarta 2000;

0 UIXULOH WH[WLOH

FRPHUFLDQ LL

IHQLFLHQL

PDQXIDFWXULOH

GH

LQ

ILLQG

DSRL

LQWURGXVH

GH

F WUH

romani n ntregul imperiu.

3ODQWHOH GH LQ FXOWLYDWH SHQWUX ILEUH DWLQJ vQ O LPi cuprinse ntre
0,3 L  P LDU WXOSLQile VXQW VXE LUL, cu diametre variind ntre 2,5-4 mm.
Ramurile sunt concentrate n zona vrfului, frunzele VXQW PLFL vQ IRUP
ODQFLDW , LDU IORULOH GH RELFHL EOHX FkWHRGDW
DOEH, roz sau violet FRQ LQ
5 petale simetrice.
)LEUHOH VXQW RE LQXWH GLQ WXOSLQLle plantelor nalte, n urma unei serii
de RSHUD LL FXP DU IL: topirea, uscarea, zdrobirea L baterea.
3HQWUX

VFXUWDUHD

SURFHVXOXL

GH

WRSLUH

SHQWUX

FUHWHUHD

FDOLW

LL

fibrelor, s-D UHQXQ DW OD WRSLUHD QDWXUDO L s-D WUHFXW OD FHD FX DS FDOG (la o
tHPSHUDWXU GH -30& FDUH GXUHD] QXPDL -5 zile), prin care DSD L
microorganismele conduc la descompunerea plantei. $SRL WXOSLQLOH VH XVXF
n aer liber FkQG GHYLQ I UkPLFLRDVH VH ]GUREHVF SH FDOH PHFDQLF  SDUWHD
LHLQG GLQ PDLQ
VXE IRUPD XQRU P QXQFKLXUL QXPLWH fuioare, cu
ILEURDV
lungimea de cirFD  FP vQF UFDWH GH DGHUHQ H OHPQRDVH QXPLWH puzderii.
Q ILQDO DUH ORF R VHSDUDUH D ILEUHORU GH SX]GHULL L R VRUWDUH D ILEUHORU
V Q WRDVH
6SUH

GHRVHELUH

GH

EXPEDF

ILEUHOH

GH

LQ

FRQ LQ

OLJQLQ 

eruri,

JU VLPL L VXEVWDQ H SHFWLFH vQ FDQWLWDWH PDL PDUH L LQVROXELOH vQ DS

UHFH

Acestea au R IXQF LH GH LPSHUPHDELOLWDWH L QX VH HOLPLQ vQ SURFHVHOH GH

finisare. &HUXULOH L JU VLPLOH FRQGXF L OD FUHWHUHD PROLFLXQLL D HODVWLFLW LL
L D FDSDFLW ii de filare a inului, conferind fibrei un aspect unsuros.
Fibrele GH LQ VXQW ILEUH SOXULFHOXODUH D F URU lungime YDULD] vQWUH
10-90 FP L VXQW DOF WXLWH GLQ FHOXOH GH IRUP FLOLQGULF  FX VXSUDIH H
aproape netede. Inul superior SUH]LQW ILEUH OXQJL ntre 50-60 cm, rezistente,
VXSOH HODVWLFH DOEH L OXFLRDVH
/D PLFURVFRS FHOXOD SUH]LQW
OLQLH DVFX LW

L WUDQVSDUHQW

SHUH L JURL FX OXPHQXO VXE IRUP

, FkWHRGDW  QRGXUL L GHSODV UL GDWRULW

peretelui n timpul albirii. n lungimea celuOHORU GH LQ VH REVHUY
VWULD LL ORQJLWXGLQDOH L WUDQVYHUVDOH vQ IRUP
WUDQVYHUVDO  ILEUD GH LQ VH SUH]LQW

FDUDFWHULVWLF

VXE IRUP

GH

UXSHULL
GHVHRUL

GH ; Q VHF LXQH

XQRU JUXSXUL GH SROLJRDQH FX

cte un punct n ceQWUX HYLGHQ LLQGX-se astfel caracterul ei pluricelular.

&RQ LQXWXO GH FHOXOR]
OD DOWD L
DFLGXO

VXOIXULF

FRORUHD]

DO LQXOXL YDULD]

, tocmai de aceea, iGHQWLILFDUHD

9HWLOODUG

FX

LRG

GH OD R UHJLXQH GH SURGXFHUH

ILEUHORU GH LQ VH IDFH vQ UHDF LH FX

LRGXU

GH

SRWDVLX

FkQG

ILEUHOH

VH

vQ DOEDVWUX SX

r, dnd UHDF LD FHOXOR]HL DSURDSH SXUH

Inul poate fi supus unui proces de DOELUH L de cotonizare, prin care

DUH ORF GL]ROYDUHD SDU LDO

D KHPLFHOXOR]HORU L D VXEVWDQ HORU SHFWLFH FX

DMXWRUXO XQXL SURFHGHX PL[W GH WUDWDUH FX DOFDOLL L GH DOELUH FX R[LGDQ L

Merceologie

Fibrele bine cotonizate sunt albe, rezistente, OXFLRDVH L UHODWLY DVSUH ILLQG
FXQRVFXWH L VXE GHQXPLUHD GH fibre de cotonin.
Culoarea fibrelor variD] GH OD FXORDUHD SLHOLL, OD FHQXLX, argintiu,
J OEXL L FDVWDQLX ILEUD GH FHD PDL EXQ
FDOLWDWH Iiind de un alb-J OEXL
&XORDUHD HYLGHQ LD]

DWkW JUDGXO GH PDWXULWDWH DO ILEUHL FkW L HYHQWXDOHOH

R FXORDUH GH XQ DOE SXU n general,

luciu mat.
Inul este mai rezistent la atacul microorganismelor dect bumbacul,

boli ale plantei.

LQXO SUH]LQW
VH XVXF

3ULQ DOELUH LQXO FDS W

XQ

PXOW PDL UHSHGH L HVWH PXOW PDL SX LQ DIHFWDW GH DF LXQHD UD]HORU

solare.
Q DSURSLHUHD IO
DUGH UDSLG L FRQWLQX

de hrtLH DUV
EXQ

ULL ILEUD GH LQ QX VXIHU

DUG

ILQ  IULDELO  GH FXORDUH DOE

DEVRDUEH L FHGHD]

FRQGXF

WRU

GH

PRGLILF UL vQ IODF

L OD VFRDWHUHD GLQ IODF U  HPDQkQG XQ PLURV

L IRUPkQG R FHQX

3HQWUX F

este

OGXU 

XPLGLWDWHD FX XXULQ
LQXO

HVWH

IRORVLW

OD

-gri.
L SHQWUX F

FRQIHF LRQDUHD

vPEU F PLQWHL GH YDU  FRQIHULQG XQ HIHFW GH U FRULUH

Repriza fibrelor de in este de 12%, iar alungirea la rupere este

EXPEDFXOXL, fiind de 2-
 FHHD FH IDFH FD SUHOXFUDUHD V ILH PDL

LQIHULRDU

grea.
Fibra de in este PDL UH]LVWHQW dect bumbacul la DF LXQHD DJHQ LORU
chimici LQFOXVLY OD DF LXQHD DFLGXOXL sulfuric.
&KLDU GDF
UH]LVWHQ D LQXOXL FUHWH vQ VWDUH XG , o umiditate peste

L IRORVLUHD H[FHVLY
D SURGXVHORU DOFDOLQH SHQWUX VS ODUH SRW afecta
fibra, reducndu-se sarcina de rupere.
Elasticitatea PDL UHGXV GHFkW D EXPEDFXOXL L WH[WXUD PRDOH fac ca
LQXO V
VH vQFUH HDVF  WHQGLQ
FDUH VH SRDWH UHGXFH SULQtr-o serie de
tratamente chimice.
'DWRULW
WDSLVHULLORU
vQF O

UH]LVWHQ HL ULGLFDWH ILEUHOH GH LQ VXQW IRORVLWH L OD IDEULFDUHD

KDLQHORU

GH

SURWHF LH

VDFLORU

FRUWXULORU

D HORU

SHQWUX

PLQWH L SHQWUX OHJDUHD F U LORU SUHFXP L vQ GLIHULWH VFRSXUL WHKQLFH

5H]LVWHQ D VSHFLILF

lungimea de rupere
bumbacului.

D LQXOXL HVWH FXSULQV

D LQXOXL VXE IRUP

-60kgf/mm2, iar
 NP VuSHULRDU

vQWUH 

GH IXLRU HVWH GH

a inului este 1,5 g/cm3.

Cnepa DSDU LQH IDPLOLHL Moracee L este numele comun al plantei
asiatice numite Cannabis sativa L DO ILEUHORU DFHVWHL SODQWH
Deseori, apare sub denumirea de FkQHS LQGLDQ L HVWH FXOWLYDW vQ
0DVD VSHFLILF

(XUDVLD vQ 6WDWHOH 8QLWH DOH $PHULFLL L vQ &KLOH DWkW SHQWUX ILEUH FkW L
SHQWUX VHPLQ H

0 UIXULOH WH[WLOH

3ODQWD DUH R vQ O LPH FDUH YDULD]

GH OD  FP OD  P vQ IXQF LH

de

FOLP

L GH WLSXO GH VRO ILEUHOH ILLQG GLVSXVH vQ FRDMD WXOSLQLL FDUH SUH]LQW

IRUP

FRQFDY

/D IHO FD L LQXO FkQHSD HVWH R ILEU

mai puternic consolidate, mai

celulele fibrelor de in.

SOXULFHOXODU  vQV

FHOXOHOH VXQW

SX LQ WUDQVSDUHQWH L PDL QHUHJXODWH GHFkW

/D PLFURVFRS ILEUHOH GH FkQHS

VH SUH]LQW
VXE forma unui cilindru
mai neregulat dect la fibrele de in, iar vrful este rotunjit sau ramificat.
Vrful ramificat DO ILEUHL GH FkQHS FRWRQL]DW UHSUH]LQW XQ DYDQWDM VSRULQG
capacitatea de filare. 8QHRUL ILEUHOH SUH]LQW VWULD LL VDX DGkQFLWXUL L
7
GHSODV UL GDWRULW ORYLWXULORU GH OD PHOL DUH .
)LQH HD ILEUHORU GHSLQGH GH JUDGXO GH maturitate al plantei: fibrele
PRL SHQWUX vPEU F PLQWH VXQW RE LQXWH GH OD SODQWH FXOHVH vQ SHULRDGD GH

polenizare, iar fibrele rezistente, aspre, folosite la fabricarea chingilor, a

plaselor de pescuit, frnghiilor, odgoanelor etc., sunt recoltate n perioada de
maturitate a plantei.
2SHUD LLOH GH RE LQHUH D ILEUHORU L GH SUHOXFUDUH a lor sunt similare
celor de la in: tulpiniOH SDU LDO GHVFRPSXVH VXQW XVFDWH ]GURELWH L P FLQDWH
SHQWUX VHSDUDUHD S U LORU OHPQRDVH GH ILEUH
&D ILEU

re o lungime FXSULQV vQWUH -15 mm,

LDU ILEUD WHKQLF DUH R OXQJLPH GH SHVWH  PP.
Culoarea ILEUHORU YDULD] vQWUH FHQXLX-YHU]XL L DOE 'XS DOELUH
cnepa devine galben-aurie sau, XQHRUL FHQXLX-argintLH L, cu ct culoarea
WLQGH F WUH alb, cu att FkQHSD HVWH GH PDL EXQ
FDOLWDWH 'XS
VS ODUL
UHSHWDUH

FX

DS

HOHPHQWDU  FkQHSD D

V SXQ DUWLFROHOH

GLQ FkQHS

FRQWLQX

VH DOEHDVF 

GHYHQLQG PDL PRL L FX XQ WXHX PDL SO FXW

Luciul HVWH PDL VF ]XW GHFkW OD LQ L GLIHU GH OD R VSHFLH OD DOWD

n aproSLHUH GH IODF U L vQ IODF U , fibra de FkQHS VH FRPSRUW OD
fel ca EXPEDFXO L LQXO, iar DVSHFWXO FHQXLL L mirosul degajat este specific
fibrelor celulozice.
Spre deosebire de in, ILEUHOH GH FkQHS QX UH]LVW OD F OFDUH,
SOHVQLQG GLQ FDX]D WHPSHUDWXULL L D SUHVLXQLL L, de aceea, pentru realizarea
FRQIHF LLORU GH RELFHL ILUHOH GH FkQHS

Cu iod-LRGXUD

VH DPHVWHF

FX FHOH GH LQ

GH SRWDVLX L DFLGXO VXOIXULF 9HWLOODUG FkQHSD G

FRORUD LH DOEDVWU  VSHFLILF

ILEUHORU FHOXOR]LFH vQV

VWUDWXO H[WHULRU DO FHOXOHL

apaUH FRORUDW vQ JDOEHQ IDSW FH GHRVHEHWH FkQHSD GH LQ

3
0DVD VSHFLILF
D FkQHSLL este 1,5 mg/cm , iar repriza HVWH OD IHO FD L
a inului, 12%.
6

"Hemp," - Encyclopedia Encarta 2000;

g g s i y x r e
i e g f e r s i

g y x
i e i c1Pi s u i Pi 9F1h88xe g$(r 9(f Phgi u$f1i sf ue 9F$h u
u s u i h u
$(F$1FV(1e   1S(6 d U )4  8F6
b ` Y B  6 f V T 7 2  2 R Y Y Y
e s i y x h r e
Fr F$(89u u g u $119e P9Fct @Fq $i 1P1(r i5
s f q s f s r g r q u i e f e x u y f i h u u g u i h g
Y E Q  E
A)2 % $1cb Y @ " Hb A)21( (b A)9F1( E

Y E
 2
Y E 2  7 

Merceologie

Lungimea la rupere

HVWH FXSULQV

vQWUH   NP FkQHSD GH YDU

, iar UH]LVWHQ D VSHFLILF este

45 kgf/mm2, fibrele mai rezistente fiind cele provenite din zona tulpinii mai
ILLQG PDL SX LQ UH]LVWHQW
DSURSLDW

GHFkW FHD GH WRDPQ

GH U G FLQ 

)LEUHOH VXQW XWLOL]DWH OD IDEULFDUHD XQHL YDULHW

L GH SURGXVH WH[WLOH

LQFOX]kQG SURGXVH GH vPEU F PLQWH SHQWUX X] FRPXQ L SHQWUX PDULQ  VIRUL

ambalaje etc.
$OWH SODQWH QHvQUXGLWH FDUH DSDU VXE GHQXPLUHD FRPXQ

GH FkQHS 

sunt: sisalul, manila etc.

Sisalul HVWH ILEUD QDWXUDO SURYHQLW GH OD XQ JHQ GH SODQWH QXPLWH
Agave, care FUHVF vQ GHHUWXULOH HPLVIHUHL YHVWLFH
Sisalul sau cnepa de sisal, originar din Indiile de Vest, mai este
vQWkOQLW vQ 0H[LF L vQ DOWH

frunzele acestei plante,

rezistente.8

UL WURSLFDOH GLQ (XUDVLD )LEUHOH RE LQXWH GLQ

SUH]LQW

lungime

GH SkQ

OD  P VXQW DVSUH L

)LEUHOH VXQW PDL XRDUH GHFkW FkQHSD GDU PDL JUHOH L PDL UH]LVWHQWH
GHFkW PDQLOD vQV

rin frecare VH GHVWUDP

'LQ VLVDO VH FRQIHF LRQHD]

Manila, FXQRVFXW

VIRUL FDEOXUL FRXUL SODVH

L VXE GHQXPLUHD GH

etc.
cnepa de Manila sau abaca,

HVWH QXPHOH ILEUHORU RE LQXWH GLQ FR]LOH IUXQ]HORU SODQWHL FX DFHODL QXPH

Planta este originar GLQ FilipLQH L SH DULL PDL UHGXVH VH FXOWLY L vQ $VLD GH
Sud-HVW L vQ $PHULFD &HQWUDO 
3UHOXFUDUHD SODQWHORU VH UHDOL]HD]
vQWU-XQ PRG VLPLODU LQXOXL L
cnepii.
&HOXOHOH VXQW URWXQMLWH L SUH]LQW

sunt de
celulei.

VWULD LL DX XQ OXPHQ ODUJ LDU SHUH LL

JURVLPH FRQVWDQW  &DUDFWHULVWLF PDQLOHL HVWH YkUIXO IRDUWH DVFX LW DO

Fibrele DX R FXORDUH J OEXL-FDIHQLH L VXQW OXFLRDVH, iar cele fine,

deseori cu o lungime de 5 m, sunt utilizate n fabricarea firelor destinate
FRQIHF LLORU
HVXWH VDX WULFRWDWH )LEUHOH PDL DVSUH VXQW IRORVLte pentru
realizarea sforilor, a frnghiilor rezistente L D RGJRDQHORU PDL DOHV SHQWUX
9
IDSWXO F UH]LVWHQ D ILEUHORU QX VFDGH R GDW FX FUHWHUHD XPLGLW LL .
FibrHOH GH PDQLOD VXQW IRDUWH XRDUH L UH]LVWHQWH OD DF LXQHD DSHL
PDULQH vQV , vQ FRQWDFW FX XPLGLWDWHD HOH VH ULJLGL]HD]  Repriza fibrelor de
manila FD L D FHORU GH VLVDO, este de 12,5%.
Iuta UHSUH]LQW QXPHOH FRPXQ DO GRX VSHFLL GH SODQWH &RUFKRUXV
ROLWHUXLV L &RUFKRUXV FDSVXODULV L DO ILEUHORU DFHVWRUD ,XWD HVWH R SODQW
HUEDFHH DQXDO

8
9

FDUH VH FXOWLY

DWkW vQ ]RQHOH VHFHWRDVH FkW L vQ FHOH XPHGH

"Agave," Encyclopedia Encarta 2000;

"Manila Hemp,", Encyclopedia Encarta 2000.

0 UIXULOH WH[WLOH

DDWRULW

FRVWXOXL UHGXV DO ILEUHORU FkW L FRPSRUW ULL EXQH OD ILODUH

U VSkQGLW
SUH]LQW

, mai aOHV

, este larg
. Iuta

vQ

ULOH WURSLFDOH Q O LPHD SODQWHL HVWH GH  P

IORUL PLFL JDOEHQH VLQJXODUH VDX vQ SHUHFKH

FLEUHOH
FDUDFWHUL]HD]

H[WUDVH

sunt puternic lignificate L VH

SULQWU-un luciu accentuat L R mare tenacitate, dar sunt fragile

L GLVWUXVH FX XXULQ

GLQ

WXOSLQ

GH XPLGLWDWH

La microscop, LXWD VH SUH]LQW

WRW R ILEU
IDVFLFXOH

SOXULFHOXODU  vQV
I U

VWULXUL

DVHP Q WRU FX ILEUHOH GH FkQHS  ILLQG

FHOXOHOH FLOLQGULFH VXQW PDL ODUJL L UHXQLWH vQ

&HOXOHOH DX XQ DVSHFW QHUHJXODW DOWHUQkQG SRU LXQL

VXE LUL FX DOWHOH vQJURDWH DX SHUH LL WUDQVSDUHQ L

VXQW URWXQMLWH /XPHQXO VH vQJURD

LDU H[WUHPLW

LOH ILEUHORU

vQ XQHOH ]RQH L

, de aceea, grosimea

SHUH LORU DSDUH QHUHJXODW 

n DSURSLHUHD IO F ULL FD L vQ IODF U  PLURVXO, culoarea L aspectul

sunt caracteristice fibrelor vegetale.
Culoarea ILEUHORU GH LXW YDULD] de la alb-J OEXL OD JDOEHQbrun, iar
VXE LQIOXHQ D DHUXOXL VH PRGLILF
vQ EUXQ-nchis. Cu ct culoarea iutei este
PDL DUJLQWLH FX DWkW HD HVWH GH PDL EXQ FDOLWDWH $lbirea cu hipoclorit nu d
UH]XOWDWH VDWLVI F WRDUH L, GH DFHHD LXWD QX VH DOEHWH GHFkW vQ FD]XUL
FHQXLL

H[FHS LRQDOH

Luciul HVWH PDL ULGLFDW GHFkW OD LQ L FkQHS

)LEUHOH

GH

LXW

DX

PDUH

DILQLWDWH

ID


GH

WRDWH

FDWHJRULLOH

GH

FRORUDQ L vQV

cu timpul tonurile se nchid la culoare.

Iuta este higroVFRSLF , absorbind apa ntr-R SURSRU LH GH  , iar
repriza este 13,75%.
Iuta QX UH]LVW OD DF LXQHD DEXUXOXL VXE SUHVLXQH (n abur sub
SUHVLXQH OD & VH GLVWUXJH vQ SURSRU LH GH 
. De asemenea, iuta este
maL SX LQ UH]LVWHQW GHFkW LQXO L FkQHSD LDU OXPLQD DHUXO L XPH]HDOD R IDF
I UkPLFLRDV  UHGXFkQGX-L L PDL PXOW UH]LVWHQ D 'DWRULW
FRQ LQXWXOXL
ULGLFDW GH OLJQLQ  ILEUHOH DX R UH]LVWHQ
PLF
OD IOH[LXQL EUXWH L, de aceea,
VIRULOH GLQ LXW VH UXS Uepede n dreptul nodului.
0DVD VSHFLILF
este de 1,5 g/cm3.
Principalele domenii de utilizare a LXWHL VXQW HV WXUL GH DPEDODMH
VDFL FRYRDUH KkUWLH GH VODE FDOLWDWH SUHFXP L n scopuri tehnice etc.
Ramia HVWH QXPHOH XQHL SODQWH L Dl fibrelor naturale ale acesteia.
Sunt cele mai lucioase, durabLOH L PRL ILEUH QDWXUDOH mai rezistente dect
EXPEDFXO L, GH DVHPHQHD SUH]LQW
R EXQ
UH]LVWHQ
OD DF LXQHD IDFWRULORU
FKLPLFL L PLFURELRORJLFL
3UREOHPHOH FDUH DSDU vQ OHJ WXU
GHFRUWLFDUHD WXOSLQLORU I FkQGX

FX UDPLD VXQW GH QDWXU

WHKQRORJLF 

-se anevoios.

Q YHGHUHD ILO ULL ILQH UDPLD HVWH VXSXV

SURFHVXOXL GH FRWRQL]DUH

SULQ WUDWDUH FX VROX LL DOFDOLQH VXE SUHVLXQH VH GHJRPHD]  SURFHV SULQ FDUH

Merceologie
VH

GLVWUXJ

FOHLXULOH

YHJHWDOH

FDUH

VROLGDUL]HD]

ILEUHOH

vQWUH

HOH

FDUH

conduce la albirea ramiei.

0DVD VSHFLILF
a fibrelor de ramie este 1,51-1,59 g/cm3, iar repriza
este de 6,52%.
Fibrele de cocos provin din fructele uQHL YDULHW L GH SDOPLHU QXPLW
cocotier. Fibrele sunt smulse de pe nucile de cocos vQF QHFRDSWH L DSRL
VXQW VXSXVH XQHL RSHUD LL GH WRSLUH vQ DS GH PDUH WLPS GH - OXQL XUPDW
GH VWULYLUH VS ODUH XVFDUH L SLHSW QDUH
$FHVWH ILEUH VXQW UH]LVWHQWH OD DSD L OD V UXULOH GH PDUH vQ PHGLX
UH]LVWHQ D LDU FDEOXULOH FRQIHF LRQDWH GLQ ILEUH GH FRFRV

XPHG vL FRQVHUY
SOXWHVF SH DS 

Sunt folosite la fabricarea cablurilor, frnghiilor, a colacilor de

salvare etc.
)LEUH QDWXUDOH GH RULJLQH PLQHUDO

Fibrele de azbest sunt extrase din GLIHULWH YDULHW L GH roci (crisotil,

crocidolit, amosit etc.), FDUH FRQ LQ ]RQH FX VWUXFWXU ILEURDV  LQWHUFDODWH FX
zone de steril.
)LEUHOH GH D]EHVW SUH]LQW
R VHULH GH SURSULHW L FDUH Oe-DX I FXW GHV
utilizate n trecut: sunt UH]LVWHQWH OD WUDF LXQH, nu se aprind, au bune
SURSULHW
L GH L]RODUH WHUPLF , HOHFWULF
L DFXVWLF , UH]LVWHQ
VDWLVI F WRDUH
la coroziune L R PDV VSHFLILF de 2,10-2,82 g/cm3.
ncepnd cu anul 1931 (n Anglia) a fost descoperit caracterul toxic
DO

D]EHVWXOXL

IDYRUL]HD]

DSDUL LD

FDQFHUXOXL

SXOPRQDU

WXPRULORU

maligne ale peritoneului), efectele manifestndu-VH GXS Firca 20-50 de ani

de la prima aspirare a prafului de azbest10. Ca urmare, n prezent el nu mai
este folosit n nici un domeniu.

4.1.2 Fibrele chimice din polimeri naturali

Polimerii

VXQW VXEVWDQ H FH FRQ LQ PROHFXOH PDUL DOF WXLWH OD UkQGXO

ORU GLQ PXOWH XQLW

L UHSHWLWLYH GH PLFL GLPHQVLXQL QXPLWH

monomeri sau
structurale repetitive dintr-R PROHFXO PDUH
UHSUH]LQW
gradul de polimerizare. Materialele cu un grad ridicat de
polimerizare sunt cunoscute sub numele de SROLPHUL vQDO L $FHWLD SRW IL
homopolimeri: SROLPHUL OD FDUH H[LVW R VLQJXU XQLWDWH VWUXFWXUDO UHSHWLWLY
XQLW

Ionescu- Muscel I.; Stoian E.; Atanasie I.

q u
@'i s u (9i gF18Si cFr 4p'1Pf 9(d
g
i y x h r e w u t s r i q e i
i h g g f e

GH

b$W$Y$BF$a(Vc6  7 2SR(6
V T
 6 W T

 $Q


10

1XP UXO

i 1 0p
g u

meri.

, Editura

0 UIXULOH WH[WLOH

GH

DFHODL IHO L copolimeri, FDUH VXQW IRUPD L GLQ PDL PXOWH XQLW L
structurale repetitive diferite.
Cele mai PXOWH GLQWUH VXEVWDQ HOH PDWHULHL YLL FXP DU IL SURWHLQHOe,
OHPQXO FDXFLXFXO U LQLOH HWF VXQW SROLPHUL OD IHO FD L PDWHULDOHOH VLQWHWLFH

(materialele plastice ILEUHOH VLQWHWLFH DGH]LYLL VWLFOD L SRU HODQXO FDUH, prin
extensie, pot fi considerate VXEVWDQ H SROLPHULFH11.
Primele fibre RE LQXWH GLQ SROLPHUL vQDO L QDWXUDOL GH QDWXU
KLGUDWFHOXOR]LF , DX IRVW UHDOL]DWH OD VIkULWXO VHFROXOXL DO ;,;-lHD L DX IRVW
cunoscute sub denumirea de rayon. Rayonul a mai fost denumit L P WDVH
DUWLILFLDO , FX WRDWH F , GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO FRPSR]L LHL FKLPLFH el
GLIHU

FRPSOHW GH P WDVH 'H OD RE LQHUHD OXL vQ DQXO  UD\RQXO D IRVW

folosit n multe domenii ale industriei textile.

Q SURFHVXO GH IDEULFDUH D UD\RQXOXL FHOXOR]D QDWXUDO

lemn sau din lintersul de bumbac s-a tratat

H[WUDV

GLQ

FX R VHULH GH VXEVWDQ H FKLPLFH

SHQWUX D VH RE LQH R VROX LH YkVFRDV  $SRL DFH VW

VROX L

,
e a fost H[WUXGDW ,

iar fibrele trecute printr-R EDLH GH DFLG VODE DVWIHO FD ILODPHQWHOH V UHYLQ OD
IRUPD GH FHOXOR]
SXU  Rayonul D vQFHSXW V
ILH RE LQXW DWkW SULQ SURFHGHXO
YLVFR]HL FkW L SULQ SURFHVXO FXSURDPRQLDFDO
/D VFXUW WLPS GXS
SURGXFereD UD\RQXOXL DX IRVW RE LQXWH L primele
fibre estercelulozice, dintr-un acetat de celuloz L printr-un proces similar
rayonului. De atunci, gama fibrelor chimice s-D vPERJ LW vQ PRG FRQWLQXX
HOH DYkQG R SRQGHUH PDL PDUH GHFkW FHOH RE LQXWH GLQ SROLPHULL VLQWHWLFL
$FHVWH ILEUH RE LQXWH GLQ SROLPHUL QDWXUDOL DX R SRQGHUH PXOW PDL
PDUH GHFkW FHOH RE LQXWH GLQ SROLPHULL VLQWHWLF

i.
Principalele tipuri de fibre continue RE LQXWH GLQ SROLPHUL QDWXUDOL
prin procedee chimice, sunt:
YLVFR]D L FXSUR (hidratcelulozice);
acetat (estercelulozice);
azlon (proteice);
fibre din cauciuc.
Toate aceste fibre au o molicLXQH DFFHQWXDW L VXQW SO FXWH OD SLS LW
SUH]LQW
ILLQG

R FXORDUH DOE

vQV

GLIHULW

VDX VXQW GLIHULW FRORUDWH SULQ YRSVLUH vQ PDV  OXFLXO

SXWHUQLF

VHPLPDW

VDX

PDW

vQ

IXQF LH

GH

SURFHVXO

WHKQRORJLF GH RE LQHUH
3URFHVXO GH IDEULFD LH D DFHVWRU ILEUH FRQVW

vQ WUHL ID]H

prepDUDUHD XQRU VROX LL YkVFRDVH din produsul macromolecular;

filarea;
finisarea fibrelor.

11

"Polymer," Encyclopedia Encarta 2000;

Merceologie
Q IXQF LH GH SROLPHUXO GH ED]

L GH SURFHGHXO GH IDEULFD LH

, fibrele

din polimeri naturali se mpart n:

9

ILEUH SH ED]

GH FHOXOR]

RE LQXWH SULQ SURFHGHXO YLVFR]D

fibUH SH ED]

GH FHOXOR]

RE LQXWH SULQ SURFHGHXO FXSUR

ILEUH SH ED]

GH HVWHU FHOXOR]LF RE LQXWH SULQ SURFHGHXO DFHWDW

Procedeul viscoza

VH

ED]HD]

SH

WUDQVIRUPDUHD

FHOXOR]HL

albite
us

SXULILFDW  GLQ OHPQ SDLH VDX VWXI vQ [DQWRJHQDWXO GH FHOXOR]  FD SURG

celulozic intermediar. $FHVWD HVWH GL]ROYDW FX R VROX LH GH KLGUR[LG GH VRGLX


 RE LQkQGX-VH R VROX LH portocalie, RPRJHQ
L IRDUWH FODU , cu o
vscozitate de 2-3 ori mai mare dect a glicerinei VROX LH QXPLW viscoza.
8UP WRDUHD HWDS
HVWH DFHHD GH fabricare propriu-]LV
D ILEUHORU L
FRQVW
vQWU-un proces de H[WUXGHUH SURFHV QXPLW L ILODUH SULQ FDUH VROX LD
YkVFRDV

HVWH IRU DW

WUHDF

SULQ QLWH PLFL RULILFLL DOH XQHL GX]H QXPLW

filator), ntr-R EDLH FH FRQ LQH R VHULH GH VXEVWDQ H FKLPLFe de coagulare, care
12
SHUPLW RE LQHUHD XQRU ILODPHQWH FRQVLVWHQWH . 6HF LXQHD WUDQVYHUVDO
D
ILEUHORU YDULD]
GH la forma FUHQHODW FX ]RQH GLVWLQFWH GH FRDM L PLH] OD
IRUPH DSURDSH FLUFXODUH L FX un FRQ LQXW RPRJHQ
8OWLPHOH RSHUD LL VXQW FHOH DOH XQor tratamente speciale, care se
UHIHU

OD QHXWUDOL]DUH GHVXOIXUDUH DOELUH VS ODUH XVFDUH L W LHUH

Ca structXU  ILEUHOH FKLPLFH QX DX SHUfeF LXQHD VWUXFWXULL ILEULODUH D

fibrelor naturale. Fibrele au un diametru regulat, deseori cu striuri
longitudiQDOH FRQWLQXH L ELQH PDUFDWH L GH DVHPHQHD SUH]LQW JUDQXOD LH
FDUDFWHULVWLF

vQ ILEUHOH PDWH VDX FRORUDWH FX SLJPHQ L

9LVFR]D RE LQXW

DUH XQ FRQ LQXW GH FHOXOR]

ILQH HD

de polimerizare de 300-350,
4,4-1,7 dtex (Nm 2250-6000).
3URSULHW
WRDW

vQWLQGHUHD

LOH FKLPLFH L IL]LFR

ORU

PDL

DOHV

de 87-

ILODPHQWHORU

ILLQG

L XQ

FXSULQV

grad
ntre

-chimice ale fibrelor sunt uniforme pe

QHWH]LPHD

DILQLWDWHD

ID

GH

FRORUDQ L

UH]LVWHQ D L DOXQJLUHD

Din punct de vedere al luciului, ILEUHOH GH YLVFR] VH IDEULF vQ WUHL

tipuri: lucioase, semimate i mate, n general viscoza avnd un luciu
argintiu. Luciul prea puternic VSHFLILF ILEUHORU FX R VHF LXQH RYDO L PDL
SX LQ GLQ DW , este un inconvenient pentru procesele tehnologice ulterioare
L, tocmai de DFHHD ILEUHOH VH PDWLVHD] 
9LVFR]D VH YRSVHWH FX DFHiDL FRORUDQ L FD L EXPEDFXO DYkQG
DFHHDL DILQLWDWH ID

GH DFHWLD FD L EXPEDFXO PHUFHUL]DW

Higroscopicitatea
cauzat

12

GH DS

HVWH

ILLQG UHYHUVLELO 

"Rayon" Encyclopedia Encarta 2000;

VXSHULRDU

FHOHL

EXPEDFXOXL

iar repriza este de 11%.

, umflarea

0 UIXULOH WH[WLOH

&RQGXFWLELOLWDWHD WHUPLF
FRQGXFWLELOLW

VXSHULRDU

se apropie de cea a bumbacXOXL

LL OkQLL L P W VLL 3URSULHW

vPEU F PLQWHL UHDOL]DWH GLQ YLVFR]

L HVWH

LOH WHUPRL]RODQWH DOH

GHSLQG GH VWUDWXO GH DHU GLQWUH ILEUH L QX

de conductibiOLWDWHD WHUPLF D ILEUHORU L]RODWH

Comportarea viscozei n DSURSLHUHD IO F ULL L vQ IODF U este
DVHP Q WRDUH EXPEDFXOXL mirosul emanat L DVSHFWXO FHQXLX fiind similare
cu cele ale fibrelor naturale vegetale.
Fibrele de viscoza sunt distruse de acizii PLQHUDOL FRQFHQWUD L, chiar
OD R WHPSHUDWXU

QRUPDO  vQ WLPS FH DFL]LL GLOXD L OH GHJUDGHD]

FX XXULQ

la temperaturi ridicate sau printr-R DF LXQH SUHOXQJLW  De asemenea, ele sunt

GHJUDGDWH FX XXULQ
L GH DOFDOLL GLOXD L, la temperaturi ridicate. Fibrele
VXQW VWDELOH ID
QX VH XPIO

GH DF LXQHD VROYHQ LORU RUJDQLFL EHQ]LQ  EHQ]HQ vQ FDUH

GHFkW IRDUWH SX LQ

Masa VSHFLILF este 1,51-1,52 g/cm3, iar

18-22 kgf/mm2.

UH]LVWHQ D VSHFLILF

3ULQ vQF O]LUH XQ WLPS PDL vQGHOXQJDW OD & PDFU

este de

omoleculele se

GHSROLPHUL]HD]

, iar propriHW LOH IL]LFR-PHFDQLFH VH GHJUDGHD]  UH]LVWHQ D

OD &
Prin procedeul cupro (procedeul cuproamoniacal), celuloza
SXULILFDW din linters sau din pin HVWH WUDWDW FX VXOIDW Ge cupUX L FX KLGUR[LG
de sodiu, pentru a forma FHOXOR]D FXSURDPRQLDFDO  $FHDVWD HVWH GL]ROYDW
OD WUDF LXQH PHQ LQkQGX VH SkQ

vQ VROX LL GH 
YLVFR]D

DPRQLDF L KLGUR[LG GH QDWULX L H[WUXGDW  OD IHO FD L

FRDJXODUHD

I FkQGX-VH vQV
vQ DS
VDX vQ KLGUR[LG GH VRGLX
Ultimele tratamente sunt cele de decuprLILFDUH VS ODUH XVFDUH L W LHUH
Fibrele RE LQXWH SUH]LQW XQ GLDPHWUX UHJXODW I U VWULXUL YL]LELOH LDU

ILEUHOH PDWH VDX FRORUDWH FX SLJPHQ L SUH]LQW

R JUDQXOD LH FDUDFWHULVWLF 

Fiind tot fibre hidratcelulozice, caracteristicile acestor fibre sunt

DVHP Q WRDUH cu cele ale viscozei vQV
DOXQJLUHD OD UXSHUH HVWH PDL PLF
(10-16%) dect a acesteia. 'H DVHPHQHD DX R VWUXFWXU PDL XQLIRUP L VH
YRSVHVF PDL ELQH L PDL RPRJHQ 5HSUL]D ILEUHORU FXSUR HVWH HJDO
YLVFR]HL L HVWH
)LEUHOH

FX D

de 11%.
FXSUR

UHSUH]LQW

PDWHULD

SULP

SHQWUX

SURGXVH

ILQH

GH

tricotaje, n special pentru ciorapi.

Procedeul acetat GLDFHWDW L WULDFHWDW IRORVHWH FHOXOR]D GLQ OLQWHUV
sau de pin, FDUH HVWH WUDWDW FKLPLF FX DFLG DFHWLF JODFLDO L FX DQKLGULG
aFHWLF  vQ YHGHUHD RE LQHULL FHOXOR]HL DFHWDW 6ROX LD GH ILODUH HVWH RE LQXW
SULQ GL]ROYDUHD FHOXOR]HL DFHWDW vQ DFHWRQ
L DOFRRO HWLOLF, extruderea prin
RULILFLLOH ILOLHUHORU I FkQGX-VH FD OD YLVFR]D vQV
FX HYDSRUDUHD VROYHQ LORU
IRORVL L 8OWLPD RSHUD LH HVWH FHD GH W LHUH D ILODPHQWHORU FRQWLQXH

Merceologie
Q IXQF LH GH JUDGXO GH HVWHULILFDUH ILEUHOH DFHWDW VH SUH]LQW
GRX

IRUPH

diacetilcelulozice

DSUR[LPDWLY DFHOHDL SURSULHW

VXE

triacetilcelulozice, ambele avnd

L PHFDQLFH

Fibrele au un diametru regulat, cu striuri longitudinale continue, dar

UHODWLY SX LQH )LQH HD ILEUHORU DFHWDW HVWH FXSULQV
vQWUH -1,3 dtex
(Nm 4500-7500).
Fibrele acetat sunt SO FXWH OD SLS LW foarte moi, cu luciu DVHP Q WRU
.
P W VLL, dar se mototolesc FX XXULQ
Nu prezint DILQLWDWH ID GH FRORUDQ LL RELQXL L L GH DFHHD VXQW
YRSVLWH FX FRORUDQ L specifici, de dispersie, cu care se SRW RE LQH L GLIHULWH
efecte de culoare.
Sunt fibre termoplastice L OD & vQFHS V VH GHIRUPH]H 7RFPDL
GH DFHHD F OFDUHD VH IDFH QXPDL SULQ LQWHPHGLXO XQRU

Fibrele acetat sunt UHOH FRQGXF

WRDUH GH F

HV WXUL XPHGH

OGXU

 SX LQ KLJURVFRSLFH

L XRU LQIODPDELOH )LLQG SX LQ KLJURVFRSLFH ILEUHOH DFHWDW DX SURSULHW

electroizolante bune. Repriza fibrelor acetat este de 6%.

n apropiere dH IODF U vQFHS V VH WRSHDVF  vQ IODF U ard
topindu-se, iar OD LHLUHD GLQ IODF U FRQWLQX V DUG  Wopindu-se cu formare
GH J P OLL QHJUH, tari, mirosul emanat ILLQG DFLG vQ HS WRU
Dintre fibrele celulozice, fibrele acetat sunt cele mai sensibile la
DF LXQHD ED]HORU VROX LLOH VODE DOFDOLQH GH V SXQ L VRG
GHVFRPSXQkQGu-le
la fierbere. Au R VWDELOLWDWH PDL PDUH ID
GH
DFL]L
dect fibrele
KLGUDWFHOXOR]LFH vQV
DFL]LL FRQFHQWUD L le GHVFRPSXQ Q VROYHQ L RUJDQLFL
DFHWRQ  HVWHUL ILEUHOH VH XPIO
)LEUD DFHWDW RELQXLW
LDU FHD

VXSUDHWLUDW

PXOW L VH GL]ROY 

DUH R UH]LVWHQ

R UH]LVWHQ

VSHFLILF

de 12-16 kgf/mm2,
2

H[FHS LRQDO  GH  NJIPP  GHS LQG

UH]LVWHQ D WXWXURU ILEUHORU WH[WLOH FKLDU L SH FHD D R HOXOXL

0DVD VSHFLILF

este de 30 g/cm3.
$FHVWH ILEUH VXQW IRORVLWH OD IDEULFDUHD

fiind utilizate

WRWRGDW

HV WXULORU

i a tricotajelor,

L OD UHDOL]DUHD GLIHULWHORU DPHVWHFXUL GH ILEUH SHQWUX

RE LQHUHD HIHFWHORU GH FXORDUH L UHGXFHU

Celofibra viscoza HVWH DOF

WXLW

ea LIRQDELOLW LL
din ILEUH VFXUWH RE LQXWH GLQ FHOXOR]

SULQ SURFHGHH FKLPLFH Q IXQF LH GH SURFHGHXO GH RE LQHUH FHORILEUD SRDWH

fi: celofibra viscoza, celofibra cupro L celofibra acetat.

Avnd din punct de vedere chimic DFHHDL FRPSR]L LH FX FHD D
fibrelor continue, proprLHW LOH FHORILEUHL VXQW DSURDSH LGHQWLce cu cele ale
acestor fibre.
&HORILEUD

fibre, ca

VH

SUHOXFUHD]

DSURDSH

vQWRWGHDXQD

EXPEDF OkQ  SROLPHUL VLQWHWLFL HWF L

vQ

DPHVWHF

FX

DOWH

, GH DFHHD HD VH IDEULF vQ
VRUWLPHQWH GLIHUHQ LDWH GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH al lungimii, gradului de ondulare

0 UIXULOH WH[WLOH

HWF SHQWUX D IL FRPSDWLELO

FX ILEUHOH FX FDUH XUPHD]

D VH DPHVWHFD L FX

metoda de filare.
3ULQFLSDOHOH

WLSXUL

GH

ILEUH

GH

FHOXOR] 

GLQ

SXQFW

GH

YHGHUH

DO

lungimii lor, sunt:

celofibra B, de tip bumbac: 20-40 mm;
celRILEUD / GH WLS OkQ FDUGDW  60-80 mm;
celofLEUD / GH WLS OkQ SLHSW QDW  80-150 mm;
celofibra I, de tip in: 125-300 mm.
Celofibra tip bumbDF SUH]LQW XQ DVSHFW OXFLRV un grad de alb de
minim 80%, densitatea de lungime n denieri este de 1,5 iar repriza este de
13%.
'H DVHPHQHD VH PDL IDEULF
FHORILEU

JURDV

GH WLS LXW  SHQWUX YLJRQLH

SHQWUX FRYRDUH HWF

&HORILEUD

celofiEU

FHORILEU

SROLQR]LF

YLVFR]D VXSHULRDU

QLYHOXO GH UH]LVWHQ

vQFHSXW

ILH

IDEULFDW

PDL

UH]LVWHQ



'H DVHPHQHD

vQ

o
OD

L DX XQ JUDG GH VWUXFWXUDUH

VWDUH XPHG 

SUH]LQW

VSRULW VXQW PDL UH]LVWHQWH OD DF LXQHD DOFDOLLORU DX R

'DWRULW

HVWH

l bumbacului.

ULGLFDW

JRQIODUH PDL UHGXV

D VH ULGLFD vQV

6HF LXQHD DFHVWRU ILEUH HVWH FLUFXODU

ILEULODU

vQ

FDOLWDWLY FHOHL RELQXLWH I U

L R PDUH DILQLWDWH ID

SURSULHW

XQ

FHORILEU

GH

GH FRORUDQ L

LORU VDOH VXSHULRDUH FHOXOR]D SROLQR]LF

EXPEDFXO XQ DPHVWHF GH 

JUDG

capacitate de

FX 

VXEVWLWXLH

EXPEDF SRVHGkQG DSURDSH

vQ WRWDOLWDWH vQVXLULOH FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH E

'H DVHPHQHD VH IRORVHWH vQ

umbacului.
amestecuri cu fibre sintetice, respectiv
FDUDFWHUL]kQGX-se SULQ UH]LVWHQ
P ULW

cu cele poliesterice, ILEUHOH RE LQXWH

la freFDUH QHLIRQDELOLWDWH S VWUDUHD GXQJLL L vQWUH LQHUH XRDU 
Fibrele proteice (protidice) mai sunt cunoscute sub numele de fibre
azlon.
)LEUHOH D]ORQ SRW IL IDEULFDWH SH ED]
GH FD]HLQ
GLQ ODSWH fibre
lanital), ]HLQ GLQ SRUXPE fibre Vicara), JOLFLQ GLQ DUDKLGH fibre Ardil),
GLQ VRLD GLQ V PkQ
GH EXPEDF etc.. Fiind fibre proteice, SUH]LQW
FDUDFWHULVWLFL DVHP Q WRDUH ILEUHORU GH OkQ 
3URGXF LD ORU D vQFHSXW vQ  GDU QX V D GH]YROWDW L QX H[LVW

de dezvoltare nici n viitor,

UHSUH]LQW
SHQWUX F

GDWRULW

IDSWXOXL F

DQVH

ED]D GH PDWHULL SULPH R

GRPHQLXO DOLPHQWDU FDUH L DD HVWH GHILFLWDU OD QLYHO PRQGLDO L

SRVHG

R VODE

UH]LVWHQ

DWkW vQ VWDUH XVFDW  FkW L XPHG 

Merceologie

4.1.3 Fibrele chimice din polimeri sintetici (fibrele sintetice)

Fibrele sintetice sunt ILEUH RE LQXWH GLQ SROLPHUL VLQtetici prin
procedee chimice. Cele mai PXOWH GLQWUH HOH VXQW WHUPRSODVWLFH L GH DFHHD
PROLFLXQHD L VXSOH HD VXQW RE LQXWH SULQ WUDWDPHQWH WHUPLFH
3ULPD ILEU
VLQWHWLF
D IRVW R SROLDPLG  GHQXPLW
nylon, RE LQXW vQ
anul  GH F WUH FKLPLWLL FRQGXL GH Wallace Hume Carothers, din cadrul
companiei americane Du Pont de Nemours. $FHDVWD HUD R ILEU IRDUWH
UH]LVWHQW  IRDUWH HODVWLF
Q

DFHDVW

L H[WUHP GH VXSO 

SHULRDG 

VH SDUH

H[LVWD

DGHY UDW

rivalitate ntre
pt pentru

FKLPLWLL DPHULFDQL L FHL MDSRQH]L vQ RE LQHUHD ILEUHORU VLQWHWLFH ID

FDUH GXS

XQHOH RSLQLL vQ GHQXPLUHD GH Q\ORQ DFRUGDW

ILEUHORU SROLDPLGLFH

s-DU DVFXQGH R LURQLH D FKLPLWLORU DPHULFDQL OD DGUHVD FHORU MDSRQH]L Now

you lose old Nipponese- DFXP WX SLHU]L E WUkQ MDSRQH]
De atunci, DX IRVW RE LQXWH multe alte fibre sintetice, printre care:
DFULOXO SROLDFULORQLWULO DUDPLGXO SROLDPLG DURPDW  ROHILQD SROLHWLOHQ i
SROLSURSLOHQ  SROLHVWHULL i spandexul (poliuretanul), toate caracterizate
prin: WXHX SO FXW DVHP Q WRU P W VLL L OkQLL, FXORDUH DOE sau diferite
culori, UHDOL]DWH SULQ YRSVLUHD vQ PDV  luciu variabil, n func LH GH SURFHVXO
WHKQRORJLF L SURSULHW
L IL]LFR-FKLPLFH WHKQRORJLFH L PLFURELRORJLFH
superioare.
Fibrele VLQWHWLFH VH FRPHUFLDOL]HD] VXE XQ QXP U IRDUWH PDUH GH
GHQXPLUL vQV WRDWH DX OD ED] Firca 30 de polimeri sintetici.
ntr-un proces tipic dH RE LQHUH D DFHVWRU ILEUH XQ polimer sintetic,
aflaW VXE IRUP GH VROX LH topitXU VDX SDVW XRU PXODELO , este extrus prin
orificiile unui filator L WUHFXW vQWU-un mediu care conduce la solidificarea lui.
Q
GLILFXOW

JHQHUDO

VHF LXQHD

WUDQVYHUVDO

URWXQMLW

FRQGXFH

OD

VHULH

GH

L vQ SURFHVXO GH SUHOXFUDUH DOXQHFDUHD VWUDWXULORU QRGXUL UH]LVWHQWH

IDYRUL]DUHD SLOOLQJXOXL HWF L

, tocmai de aceea, se folosesc orificii de filare

n forme geometrice diferite (stea cu cinci opt FRO XUL VHPLFHUF FX UD]H
trapez deschis etc.), vQ IXQF LH GH SROLPHUXO H[WUXV
De asemenea, n vederea reducerii masei specifice a fibrelor,
H[WUXGHUHD VH SRDWH UHDOL]D SULQ RULILFLL SUHY ]XWH FX PLH]XUi, care permit
RE LQHUHD XQRU FDQDOH FX DHU vQ PDVD ILEUHORU
3HQWUX FRQIHULUHD XQXL WXHX SO FXW HOH SUH]HQWkQG XQ WXHX DSURSLDW

de cel al sticlei), fibrele sintetice sunt volumizate prin diferite metode.

Fibrele din polimeri sintetici VXQW PDL XRDUH dect celelalte fibre
textile, au R FDSDFLWDWH EXQ GH L]RODUH WHUPLF , R KLJURVFRSLFLWDWH UHGXV
(fapt pentru care VXQW FXU DWH L XVFDWH FX PDUH XXULQ  L sunt rezistente
OD DF LXQHD PLFRRUJDQVLPHORU.

0 UIXULOH WH[WLOH

3URSULHW

LOH ILEUHORU GHSLQG GH SROLPHUXO GH ED]

, de procesul de
ele ulterioare aplicate, care includ: etirarea (ntindere n
VWDUH SODVWLF
SHQWrX RE LQHUHD XQRU UH]LVWHQ H VXSHULRDUH), volumizarea,
VS ODUHa, vopsirea, matisarea, uscarea W LHUHD ILODPHQWHORU HWF prin care o
serie GH SURSULHW L FXP DU IL PDVD UH]LVWHQ D FKLPLF L WHUPLF 
elasticitatea VXSOH Ha, afinitatea ID GH FRORUDQ L HWF SRW IL RSWLPL]DWH
Q IXQF LH GH PRQRPHUXO XWLOL]DW L GH SURFHGHXO GH RE LQHUH, fibrele
sintetice VH FODVLILF vQ ILEUH RE LQXWH
prin
policondensare: poliamidice GLQ DFLG VHEDLF L KH[DPHWLOHQGLDPLQ  GLQ FDSURODFWDP
L GLQ DPLQRDFLG undecanoic);
poliesterice (ester dimetilic al acidului teUHIWDOLF L policarbonice;
prin polimerizare: SROLHWLOHQLFH SROLSURSLOHQLFH L GHULYDWH vinilice
ILODUH L GH WUDWDPHQW

SROLHWLOHQ 

SROLSURSLOHQ 

SROLDFULOQLWULOLFH
FORUXU

SROLYLQLOFORULGLFH

copolimeri vinilici

GH YLQLOLGHQ GLQ FORUXU

GLQ

SROLDOFRROYLQLOLFH

FORUXU

GH

YLQLO

FX

GH YLQLO FX QLWULO DFULOLF

GLQ VWLFOH ]JXUH L URFL HUXSWLYH

fibre de stLFO

 GH

]JXU

 GH URFL

13

eruptive etc.

)LHFDUH GLQWUH DFHVWH ILEUH DUH DQXPLWH SDUWLFXODULW

L FDUH GHWHUPLQ

domeniul ei utilizare:
fibrele poliamidice FDUH DX FD PDWHULH SULP
L HLXO-fenolul) sunt
folosite pentru produse solicitate puternic la frecare LQkQGX-VH vQV FRQW F
IDYRUL]HD] DSaUL LD QRSHXULORU
fibrele poliesterice (FDUH DX FD PDWHULH SULP
JD]HOH GH FUDcare,
metanul, etilena etc. VXQW UH]LVWHQWH OD DF LXQHD DFL]LLORU L DOFDOLLORU GLOXDWH
au o mare capacitate de a nu se deforma, conserY GXQJLOH OD SDQWDORQL L
SOLXULOH L VXQW IRORVLWH FD vQORFXLWRUL DL VWRIHORU WLS OkQ
SLHSW QDW
L la
fabricarea perdelelor;
fibrele poliacrilice FDUH DX FD PDWHULH SULP
JD]XO PHWDQ VH
FRPSRUW
ELQH OD LIRQDUH SXWUH]LUH OD DF LXQHD LQWHPSHULLORU L, GDWRULW
HODVWLFLW LL PDUL GH YROXP, VXQW IRORVLWH OD IDEULFDUHD WULFRWDMHORU S WXULORU
VWRIHORU SHQWUX SDOWRDQH L WLS OkQ

FDUGDW 

fibrele policlorvinilice (au ca matHULL SULPH JD]HOH QDWXUDOH L GH

VRQG
L
DFHWLOHQD
VXQW
QHDSULQ]LELOH,
imputrescibile, DX SURSULHW L
antireumatismale UH]LVW ELQH OD DF LXQHD DSHL GH PDUH D DFL]LORU L ED]HORU
IDSW SHQWUX FDUH SH OkQJ
IDEULFDUHD GLYHUVHORU VRUWLPHQWH FXUHQWH, sunt

Ionescu- Muscel I.; Cucu V.D. Merceologia produselor de export-import

w
| { u o m n
p v s s
k
$$1FUg i m n 1SFFy $}n mi i Fy i q1piPn w k)zyPn1q1p o mn
w { g 
u o p y p ~ g n i k

13

HV WXUL FX DSOLFD LL PHGLFDOH

g o v u t i
Fn wA44Fn i o m 11k 41p n m l $k j@g
l p s r q o
i i h

IRORVLWH L vQ

Merceologie

GHVWLQDWH

FD

fibrele polialcoolvinilice (au

PDWHULH

HV WXULORU GH WLS EXPEDF vPSUHXQ

IRORVLWH OD IDEULFDUHD OHQMHULHL KDLQHORU GH YDU

SULP

L HLXO

VXQW

FX YLVFR]D L FXSUR ILLQG

14

HWF

Fibrele poliamidice (nylon, rilsan, relon, capron, perlon etc.) au o

culoare alb-crem dar poW IL YRSVLWH FX XXULQ  sunt lucioase GDU VH SRW L
matisa. Sunt ILEUH XRDUH, avnd PDVD VSHFLILF de 1,14 g/cm3.
+LJURVFRSLFLWDWHD HVWH UHGXV  vQ FRQGL LL GH WHPSHUDWXU L XPLGLWDWe
UHODWLY QRUPDOH DEVRUELQG DSD vQ SURSRU LH GH -4%.
n apropierH GH IODF U  vQFHS V VH FRQWUDFWH L V VH WRSHDVF  n
IODF U
ard ncet, cu topire iar OD VFRDWHUHD GLQ IODF U se sting destul de
repede, emannd un fum alb L XQ PLURV GLIHULW vQ IXQF LH GH QDWXUD
SROLPHUXOXL GH ED]  PLURV GH HOLQ
VDX GH OXPkQDUH Produsul arderii are
DVSHFWXO XQHL J P OLL WDUL PDL PXOW VDX PDL SX LQ QHaJU . /D R WHPSHUDWXU
de peste 230C se distrug.
/D
WHPSHUDWXU
QRUPDO 
Vunt
IRDUWH
VWDELOH
OD
DF LXQHD
microorganismelor L D PDMRULW LL DJHQ LORU FKLPLFL vQV nu sunt stabile la
DFL]LL PLQHUDOL FRQFHQWUD L L VH GL]ROY
5H]LVWHQ D
GLQWUH

vPE

UH]LVWHQ HOH
WUkQLUH

vQ IHQRO L DFLG IRUPLF

este de 57-83 kgf/mm2, fiind cea mai mare

ILEUHORU WH[WLOH, vQV
SUH]LQW
IHQRPHQXO GH

VSHFLILF
WXWXURU

(UH]LVWHQ HOH

PHFDQLFH

VFDG

VXE

DF LXQHD

vQGHOXQJDW

OXPLQLL L D DJHQ LORU DWPRVIHULFL

). De asemenea, UH]LVW ELQH OD IUHFDUH, sunt

foarte elastice, au o lungime de rupere de 45-52 km iar fibrele etirate
suplimentar, de 54-63 km.
Dezavantajele acestor fibre VXQW XUP WRDUHOH QHWH]LPH SUHD PDUH L
OLSV

GH VWUXFWXU  WHQGLQ

vQF O]LUH

VH

vQJ OEHQHVF

GH D IRUPD QRSHXUL KLJURVFRSLFLWDWH UHGXV  SULQ

VH

vQFDUF

FX

VDUFLQL

DSDUL LD IHQRPHQXOXL GH SLOOLQJ DX UH]LVWHQ

SUH]LQW

XQ WXH

HOHFWURVWDWLFH

PLF

OD OXPLQ

HV WXULORU

OD

u rece.

)LEUHOH SROLDPLGLFH VXQW IRORVLWH OD IDEULFDUHD

D

FRQGXF

L OD DFL]L L

LPSHUPHDELOH

a ciorapilor, a

HV WXULORU WLS P WDVH

FRYRDUHORU

SUHFXP

SHQWUX

SURGXVH GH X] VSRUWLY PHGLFLQDO L LQGXVWULDO SDUDXWH DUWLFROH GH SHVFXLW

corzi la rachetele de teQLV ILUH SHQWUX VXWXU PHGLFDO  LQVHU LL HWF.

Fibrele poliamidice neaprinzibile sunt fibrele poliamidice n care
PDFURPROHFXOHOH QX PDL VXQW OLQLDUH L FRQ LQ LQHOH DURPDWLFH $FHVWH ILEUH
VXQW IRDUWH UH]LVWHQWH OD DF LXQHD WHPSHUDWXULORU ULGLFDWH GXS

irca 60- GLQ UH]LVWHQ HOH

H[SXQHUH WLPS GH patru OXQL OD &
-

IUHFDUH L VIkLHUH

LDU GXS

ape QHVFKLPEDW

Ionescu- Muscel I.; Stoian E.; Atanasie I.

-210;

LQL LDOH OD
UH]LVWHQ D

q u
@'i s u (9i gF18i cFr 4p'1Pf 9(d
g
i y x h r e w v u t s r i q e i
i h g g f e

OD WUDF LXQH U PkQH DSUR

${F$(cg i m un pyS~(g
w g 
o
p

y i$}n
k

14

H[SXQHUH WLPS

OXQL OD & S VWUkQGX L F

GRX

i 1 0p
g u

de

, Editura

0 UIXULOH WH[WLOH

3ULQ vQF O]LUH OD & QX VH WRSHVF QX SURSDJ

IODF UD QX GHJDM

PLURV QHSO FXW L QLFL JD]H WR[LFH

HV WXULOH DX XQ WXHX SO FXW L XQ DVSHFW DVHP Q WRU

HV WXULORU GH

uz comun, fiind folosite la fabricarea tapiseriilor din aeronave, nave

maritime, mijloace de transport auto etc.
Fibrele poliesterice GH LQ primul loc vQ SURGXF LD ILEUHORU VLQWHWLFH
Ele apar sub diverse denumiri: Terital, Terom, Dacron, Lavsan, Tesil,
Terylene etc., sortimentul fiind n prezent ntr-R FRQWLQX diversificare, prin
aplicarea unor QRL WUDWDPHQWH GH QHLIRQDELOL]DUH DOELUH RSWLF  F OFDUH
SHUPDQHQW , antipilling, vQWUH LQHUH XRDU HWF
6H SURGXF vQ GRX VRUWLPHQWH GH OXQJLPH fibre continue L VFXUWH, tip
EXPEDF WLS OkQ  WLS LQ HWF ale F URU OXQJLPL VXQW HJDOH FX OXQJLPHD
DPHVWHFXl, SRQGHUHD SULQFLSDO
D SURGXF LHL
ILEUHORU FX FDUH VH UHDOL]HD]
GH LQkQG-o vQV fibrele scurte.
)LEUHOH SROLHVWHULFH SUH]LQW
RULHQWDUH

XQ JUDG vQDLQWDW GH FULVWDOLQLWDWH L GH

PROHFXODU 

La microscop, fibrele apar cilindrice, vQ VHF Lune

WUDQVYHUVDO VXQW URWXQGH LDU la unele tipurL VH REVHUY PLFL SXQFWH
)LEUHOH SROLHVWHULFH SUH]LQW
un WXHX DSURSLDW de cel al lnii, SO cut
L, fiind F OGXURase, DVLJXU XQ FRQfort bun la purtare.
Au R DILQLWDWH VF ]XW ID GH FRORUDQ L, fapt pentru care ele se
vopsesc la temperaturi ridicate (peVWH & L VXE SUHVLXQH).
Masa VSHFLILF a fibrelor de poliester este de 1,38 g/cm3, iar
FRQWUDF LD HVWH UHGXV .
+LJURVFRSLFLWDWHD HVWH IRDUWH UHGXV , ntre 0,2-0,4% L de aceea se
XVXF FX XXULQ . Repriza este de 0,5%.
Q DSURSLHUH GH IODF U  fibrelH SROLHVWHULFH VH WRSHVF L VH FRQWUDFW 
vQ IODF U
ard ncet, cu topire, iar OD VFRDWHUHD GLQ IODF U se sting. Produsul
arderii DUH DVSHFWXO XQHL J P OLL WDUL PDURQLL VDX QHJUH /D R WHPSHUDWXU
de peste 260C se distrug. Fibrele poliesterice nu propag IODF UD GDU vQ
HV WXU GHDV VH DSULQG PDL XRU Dintre fibrele sintetice, fibrele de poliester
SUH]LQW FHD PDL PDUH VWDELOLWDWH WHUPLF
(EXQ FDSDFLWDWH GH D S VWUD IRUPD
IL[DW SULQ SURFHGHH WHUPLFH).
)LEUHOH SROLHVWHULFH DX UH]LVWHQ
IRDUWH EXQ
OD WUDF LXQH L la
2
frecare, UH]LVWHQ D OD UXSHUH este de 56-68 kgf/mm SHQWUX ILEUHOH QRUPDOH L
pentru cele rezistente: 74-78 kgf/mm2.
3UH]LQW

PDUH VWDELOLWDWH ID

GH UHDFWLYLL FKLPLFL PDL DOHV ID

DFL]L R[LGDQ L VROYHQ L RUJDQLFL VXEVWDQ H UHGXF WRDUH

VHQVLELOH
UH]LVWHQ

OD

DF LXQHD

VDWLVI

ED]HORU

WRDUH vQV

. LD

DF LXQHD

UDGLD LLOH

OXPLQLL

GH

dar sunt mult mai

VRODUH

SUH]LQW

gama o distrug. Toate aceste

Merceologie
SURSULHW

DX

GHWHUPLQDW

IRORVLUHD

ILEUHORU

SROLHVWHULFH

vQ

GRPH

niul

vPEU F PLQWHL GH SURWHF LH

Aburul OD R WHPSHUDWXU
acestor fibre LDU OD

UH]LVWHQ D
VFLQGHD]

GH 
R

-155C,

WHPSHUDWXU

UHGXFH PDVD PROHFXODU

GH

&

YDSRULL

GH

L
DS

FRPSOHW ILEUHOH SROLHVWHULFH

De asemenea, fibrele poliesterice sunt foartH

microorganismelor.
3ULQFLSDOHOH

GHILFLHQ H

DOH

ILEUHORU

VWDELOH

SROLHVWHULFH

DSDUL LH D HIHFWXOXL GH SLOOLQJ DILQLWDWHD UHGXV

ID

VXQW

DF LXQHD

WHQGLQ D

GH

GH FRORUDQ L GLILFXOWDWH

GH IDEULFDUH D SURGXVHORU VF PRDWH FD XUPDUH D SLOOLQJXOXL

IRDUWH UHGXV

OD

, higroscopicitate

L VHQVLELOLWDWH OD DOFDOLL

Fibrele poliesterice se utiOL]HD] vQ VWDUH SXU pentru firele de ciorapi,

vQV
SHQWUX firele destinate HV WXULlor VH ILOHD]
vn amestec cu alte fibre:
67% fibre SROLHVWHULFH L  EXPEDF pentru c P L EOX]H L URFKLL 
fibre polieVWHULFH L  FHORILEU SHQWUX vPEU F PLQWH XRDU  GH YDU 
55% fibre SROLHVWHULFH L  OkQ SHQWUX VWRIH VXE LUL L VHPLJURDVH HWF
'H DVHPHQHD VXQW IRORVLWH OD IDEULFDUHD FRYRDUHORU L a mochetelor
(mai alHV GDWRULW SURSULHW LL XQRU QRL ILEUH SROLHVWHULFH GH a prezenta o
DGHUHQ
VF ]XW
fa GH LPSXULW L), a EO QXULORU GDU L SHQWUX R VHULH GH
VFRSXUL LQGXVWULDOH SUHODWH L]ROD LL HOHFWURQLFH FRUGXUL SHQWUX DQYHORSH HWF

Fibrele polietilenice se remaUF SULQWU-o PDUH VWDELOLWDWH ID GH

: PHQ LQXWH WLPS GH R OXQ la temperatura camerei, n acid
sulfuric concentrat, acid azotic concentrat, acid acetic, fosforic etc.,

DJHQ LL FKLPLFL

UH]LVWHQ D DFHVWRU ILEUH QX HVWH GHORF DIHFWDW 

Au o mare UH]LVWHQ ID GH DWDFXO PLFURRUJDQVLPHORU L, de

asemenea, o mare flexibilitate, FDUH VH S VWUHD] SkQ OD -70C.
0DVD VSHFLILF
este de 0,9 g/cm3.
6XQW IRORVLWH vQ VSHFLDO SHQWUX IDEULFDUHD F SWXHOLORU, a produselor
filtrante, a KDLQHORU GH SURWHF LH etc., iar unele fibre polietilenice sunt folosite
OD UHDOL]DUHD YHVWHORU DQWLJORQ  D XLORU GH DXWRPRELOH EOLQGDWH L D VFDXQHORU
SHQWUX HFKLSDMHOH DHURQDYHORU L HOLFRSWHUHORU

Fibrele polipropilenice sunt fibrele cu FHD PDL vQDLQWDW VWUXFWXU

L cele maL XRDUH GLQWUH toate fibrele textile, avnd masa
3
VSHFLILF
FXSULQV
vQWUH -0,92 g/cm  'H DVHPHQHD SRVHG
R mare
UH]LVWHQ
OD WUDF LXQH FDUH SULQ HWLUDUH VH P UHWH GH DSWH ori.
Alte caracteristici ale acestor fibre sunt: rH]LVWHQ PDUH OD IUHFDUH L
FULVWDOLQ

ID

GH DFL]L ED]H L R[LGDQ L KLJURVFRSLFLWDWH DSURDSH ]HUR L SURSULHW

dielectrice superioare.
'H

DVHPHQHD

RUJDQLVPHORU

SUH]LQW

LQVHFWHORU

FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHD WHUPLF

EXQ

sunt

PDL UHGXV

UH]LVWHQ

bune

OD

izolatoare

DF LXQHD

termic,

PLFUR

avnd

GHFkW D OkQLL L GH WUHL RUL PDL UHGXV

0 UIXULOH WH[WLOH

dect a bumbacului, se aprind cu greu L numai n contact cu focul15.

5H]LVWHQ D OD OXPLQ
GLIX]
HVWH EXQ , vQV
DF LXQHD SUHOXQJLW
a razelor
VRODUH GLUHFWH FRQGXFH OD R UHGXFHUH SURJUHVLY D FDUDFWHULVWLFLlor mecanice.
&X WRDWH F
VXQW XWLOL]DWH vQ LQGXVWULD HOHFWURWHKQLF
L FKLPLF ,
pentru uz igienico-sanitar L SHQWUX EXQXULOH GH FRQVXP aceste fibre sunt
IRORVLWH FX SUHGLOHF LH OD IDEULFDUHD FRYRDUHORU a geotextilelor (covoare de
JU GLQL
 D WDSHWHORr, ambalajelor, IUkQJKLLORU L D PDWHULDOHORU QH HVXWH
Noile compozite polimerice, cum ar fi Gore-tex, sunt folosite la
IDEULFDUHD

VFXUWHORU

GH

YkQW

F OGXURDVH vQ LQGXVWULD vQF O

KDQRUDFHORU

VXQW

XRDUH

PLQWHL OD IDEULFDUHD IH HORU GH

fibrele Kevlar, la fabricarea vestelor anti-JORQ 

Fibrele policlorvinilice au fost realizate pentUX SULPD GDW
Germania, fiind cunoscute sub numele de fibre Pe Ce.
(OH

SUH]LQW

FXORDUH DOE
ID

GH

PDMRULWDWHD

FRPSRUWDUH VDWLVI
OLPLWDW

SURSULHW

 OXFLX P
F

LOH

VSHFLILFH

VRV UHJODELO

DJHQ LORU

ILEUHORU

FKLPLFL

FDOLW

WRDUH OD DOELUH YRSVLUH L

EXQH

finisare

IRDUWH

vQ 

VLQWHWLFH

KLJURVFRSLFLWDWH QXO

cizme) iar
n

UHVSHFWLY

 UH]LVWHQ

PDUH

PHFDQR
L

-elastice,
termostabilitate


3H

OkQJ

DFHVWHD

FD

racteristice fibrelor policlorvinilice sunt:

(fapt ce conduce la efecte de
DPHOLRUDUH L FRPEDWHUH D GXUHULORU UHXPDWLVPDOH L contractibilitatea
GLULMDW
(care SHUPLWH RE LQHUHD GH SURGXVH WH[WLOH FX HIHFWH vn relief sau

neaprinzibilitatea
FUHWHUHD

GHVLPLL

vQF

UFDUHD WULERHOHFWULF

HV WXULORU

vQ

FDUH

VH

DIO

vQ

DPHVWHF

FX

ILEUH

necontractabile)16.
Q DSURSLHUHD IO
GHVFRPSXQ

I U

DUGHUH

GLUHFW

FX

descompunerea sH
J P OLH gri sau neDJU . Se topesc la 170-180C
WHUPLF OD WHPSHUDWXUL VF ]XWH GH SkQ OD -195C.
GH FHOHODOWH ILEUH VLQWHWLFH DX R PDV

(1,38 g/cm3),
imputrescibile

VWDUH

XPHG

'RPHQLLOH

VWUHD]

SUH]LQW

VSHFLILF

UH]LVWHQ D

VWDELOLWDWH

UHODWLY

PDUH

VSHFLILF
GH

, sunt
PHGLX L a

GH

IRORVLQ

VXQW
HV WXUL

OHJDWH

GH

SHQWUX

XQLW

SUH]LQW

SURSULHWDWHD
L

KRWHOLHUH

w {
$F1Fgei m un op1S(g k i cUwAl
y p ~ m o o y

Ap on q 1}y djkw i o  Ap iy1w m

r
i
p
r
k

Merceologie.
-61;
Muscel I.I.; Cmpian I. (coordonatori) - Fibre neaprinzibile n prevenirea incendiilor
, 1980, pag. 248-254;

ORU

GH

V OL

GH

 4 1!( F(

d( 4 (j 

i m un pd~
o y p

16

PLURV

WRUL

neaprinzibilitate, realizndu-VH
15

vL

XQXL

a, n

RSUHWH L IRUPHD]

L au o PDUH UH]LVWHQ
OD DF LXQHD DJHQ LORU
lor.
De asemenea, FRQGXFWLELOLWDWHD WHUPLF HVWH UHGXV
FDSDFLWDWH GH L]RODUH WHUPLF , elecWULF
L DFXVWLF 

ELRGLVWUXJ
EXQ

vQ

GHJDMDUHD

w p m 1g
o i s

)D

IODF U

, Editura

VH

vQ HS WRU OD LHLUHD GLQ IODF

L HYLW

y 1kn
i }

ULL DFHVWH ILEUH VH FRQWUDFW

IODF

Merceologie
WHDWUX FLQHPDWRJUDIH DXWRPRELOH HWF SUHFXP L GH FDSDFLWDWHD GH GLULMDUH D
FRQWUDFWDELOLW LL ORU fiind folosite la fabricarea tricoturilor volumizate,
antireumatismale etc.
Fibrele poliacrilice SUH]LQW XQ DVSHFW L WXHX DVHP Q WRDUH lnii,
ILLQG ILEUH FDOGH L DX FD UHSUH]HQWDQW SH SODQ QD LRQDO PHODQD
0DVD VSHFLILF

textile,

SUH]LQW

WHPSHUDWXU

HVWH UHGXV  GH 

cea mai

PDUH UH]LVWHQ

L XPLGLWDWH

, UH]LVW

-1,18 g/cm3, dintre toate fibrele

OD DF LXQHD DJHQ LORU DWPRVIHULFL

OD DF LXQHD

bacteriilor, a moliilor etc., au

o EXQ UH]LVWHQ ID GH DJHQ LL FKLPLFL L ID GH F OGXU , sunt mai
hidrofobe GHFkW Q\ORQXO L DX SURSULHW L termice tot att de bune ca lna.
Fibrele poliacrilice sunt atacate GH DFL]LL PLQHUDOL FRQFHQWUD L iar
rezistHQ D ID GH DOFDOLL HVWH VXILFLHQW , astfel nct HOH SRW IL VS ODWH DOELWH
L YRSVLWH.
Q DSURSLHUHD IO

ULL DFHVWH ILEUH vQFHS V

DUG FX WRSLUH L FX GHJDMDUHD XQXL PLURV

IODF

FRQWLQX

& vQFHS V

Printre

DUG

L IRUPHD]

VH vQJ OEHQHDVF
GH]DYDQWDMH

VH

hiJURVFRSLFLWDWH IRDUWH UHGXV

DILQLWDWH

VF ]XW

ID

GH

VH WRSHDVF  vQ IODF

de migdale amare,

R FHQX

OD LHLUHD GLQ

QHUHJXODW  QHDJU

L WDUH /D

L VH WRSHVF
SRW

PHQ LRQD

 

UH]LVWHQ

 VH vQFDUF

FRORUDQ L

VXQW

OD

IUHFDUH

UHGXV 

FX VDUFLQL HOHFWURVWDWLFH DX

IULDELOH

SURGXF

SLOOLQJ

VH

17

PXUG UHVF XRU

.
Multe dintre aceste dezavDQWDMH DX IRVW vQGHS
unor noi sortimente GH ILEUH SROLDFULOLFH FDUH SUH]LQW
DX

YROXPL]DUH

P ULW 

VXQW

EDFWHULFLGH

UWDWH vQV
XQ

LJQLIXJH

nlocuitor al azbestului), absorbante de umiditate etc.

DLQ PHODQ  VDX vQ DPHVWHF cu alte fibre

SULQ DSDUL LD

efect pilling redus,

ILLQG

IRORVLWH

VH IDEULF

FD

WULFRWDMH

F SWXHOL SHQWUX KDLQH FRYRDUH VWRIH GH PRELO  VWRIH SHQWUX FRVWXPH L

SDOWRDQH LPLWD LL GH EODQ  XPSOXWXU

SHQWUX VDFL GH GRUPLW SO SXPL HWF

Fibrele poliuretanice (Perlon, Lastex, Lycra, Spandex, Estana,

9\UHQH HWF DX UHYROX LRQDW LQGXVWULD FRQIHF LLORU, I FkQG SRVLELO UHDOL]DUHD
XQRU KDLQH H[WUHP GH IOH[LELOH L PXODELOH )D

GH ILEUHOH GH FDXFLXF SH FDUH

le nlocuiesc, aceste fibre sunt ILQH L XQLIRUPH, UH]LVWHQ D OD WUDF LXQH este
de trei ori mai mare dect a fibrelor de cauciuc, au o PDUH UH]LVWHQ OD
DF LXQHD
XOHLXULORU
o FDSDFLWDWH WLQFWRULDO P ULW L R UH]LVWHQ
VXSHULRDU

OD DF LXQHD OXPLQLL UH]LVWHQWH OD SURFHVXO GH vPE WUkQLUH 'H

DVHPHQHD

VH

UHPDUF

SULQ

tr-o rezLVWHQ

H[FHS LRQDO

OD

IUHFDUH

OD

DF LXQHD UDGLD LLORU QXFOHDUH

Ionescu- Muscel I.; Cucu V.D. Merceologia produselor de export-import

g o v u t i
Fn wA44Fn i o m 11k 41p n m l $k j@g
l p s r q o
i i h

w
| { u o m n
p v s s
k
$($1FUg i m n 1SFFy $}n mi i Fy i q1piPn w k)zyPn1q1p o mn
w { g 
u o p y p ~ g n i k

17

0 UIXULOH WH[WLOH

3H OkQJ

DUWLFROHOH GH vPEU F PLQWH FLRUDSL L FRVWXPH GH EDLH VH

IRORVHVF L vQ FRQVWUXF LD YHKLFXOHORU L D HFKLSDPHQWHORU VSD LDOH

Fibre minerale.
PLQHUDOH FX R ODUJ

)LEUHOH

GH

VWLFO

sunt singurele fibre anorganice

XWLOL]DUH FRPHUFLDO  ([LVW

GRX

WLSXUL GH ILEUH GH

VWLFO  FRQWLQXH L VFXUWH )LEUHOH FRQWLQXH VH RE LQ

prin tragerea sticlei topite

sub IRUP GH ILUH LDU FHOH VFXUWH VH RE LQ SULQ vQWUHUXSHUHD IOX[XOXL FRQWLQXX
al ILEUHORU GH VWLFO , cu ajutorul aerului, aburului sau gazelor. Fibrele de
VWLFO

VXQW HODVWLFH L SRW IL IRORVLWH OD IDEULFDUHD GH

HV WXUL FX GHVWLQD LL

VSHFLDOH vQ DPHVWHF FX U LQL OD IDEULFDUHD XQRU PDWUL H HWF

, iar fibrele de
utilizate n domenii de temperaturi ridicate, ele rezistnd
pe termen lung la temperaturi de 1400C.
3ULQFLSDOHOH SURSULHW L DOH ILEUHORU GH VWLFO
VXQW neaprinzibilitate,
DX R EXQ
UH]LVWHQ
OD DJHQ LL FKLPLFL L OD LQWemperii, sunt imputrescibile,
pre]LQW VWDELOLWDWH GLPHQVLRQDO  EXn UH]LVWHQ GLHOHFWULF L VH FXU
FXDU

PLQHUDO SRW IL

SULQ VLPSOD VS

ODUH FX DS

QFHSkQG FX DQXO  DX IRVW UHDOL]DWH L R VHULH GH

fibre ceramice
SH ED]
de: oxid de aluminiu, FDUEXU GH VLOLFLX FDUEXU GH ERU HWF, acestea
fiind folosite mai ales vQ RE LQHUHD XQRU materiale compozite rezistente la
temperaturi ridicate. Materialele FRPSR]LWH SH ED] Ge fibre ceramice mai
SUH]LQW L EXQH SURSULHW L GH UH]LVWHQ
L, ILLQG XRDUH, sunt larg utilizate n
LQGXVWULD DHURQDXWLF

FLYLO

L PLOLWDU  OD IDEULFDUHD PXOWRU FRPSRQHQWH DOH

HOLFRSWHUHORU VDWHOL LORU L YHKLFXOHORU VSD LDOH

Fibrele metalice sunt folosite la fabricarea voalurilor iar fibrele de

alumiQLX DFRSHULWH FX PDWHULDOH SODVWLFH GDWRULW OXFLXOXL GHRVHELW SH FDUH-l
prezLQW  VXQW IRORVLWH OD IDEULFDUHD ILUHORU GH HIHFW. De asemenea, sunt
IDEULFDWH ILUH GLQ R HO LQR[ DOLDW FX QLFKHO VDX FX DOWH PHWDOH FDUH FRQIHU

materialelor textile
UH]LVWHQ

SURSULHW

DQWLVWDWL]DQWH

GH

VWDELOLWDWH

WHUPLF

OD WUDF LXQH

Fibrele

GH FDUERQ L JUDILW

sunt fibre foarte rezistente, fapt pentru

care VXQW XWLOL]DWH FD DJHQW GH UH]LVWHQ

vQ PDWHULDOHOH FRPSR]LWH

)LEUHOH GH FDUERQ VXQW UHDOL]DWH SULQ WUDWDUHD WHUPLF

UD\RQ L D FHORU DFULOLFH

, vQ YHGHUHD PRGLILF

D ILEUHORU GH

ULL ORU F

himice. Carbonizarea se
OD R WHPSHUDWXU
FXSULQV
vQWUH 1000 L
SHVWH C, fibrele de carbon sunt

produce ntr-R DWPRVIHU LQHUW 

2500C /D R WHPSHUDWXU GH
transformate n fibre de grafit. $FHVWH ILEUH
gudronul rezidual al produselor petroliere.

PDL

SRW

IL

UHDOL]DWH

GLQ

$VHPHQHD ILEUH VXQW IRORVLWH OD IXVHODMXO L DULSLOH DHURQDYHORU

realizarea VWUXFWXULORU VSD LDOH L a echipamentelor sportive.

Merceologie

4.2 Firele textile

7RDWH ILEUHOH WH[WLOH QDWXUDOH DX OXQJLPL ILQLWH FX R VLQJXU
P WDVHD OXQJLPL FDUH YDULD]

H[FHS LH

GH OD  FP vQ FD]XO EXPEDFXOXL DPHULFDQ

sau asiatic, la aproximativ 1 m, n cazul unora dintre fibrele liberiene. Cele

mai multe dintre fibrele sintetice, fibre care sunt continue, sunt produse la
DQXPLWH OXQJLPL SULQ W LHUH 3HQWUX D SXWHD IL XWLOL]DWH vQ LQGXVWULD WH[WLO 

aceste fibre trebuie transformate n fire rezistente,

FRQWLQXH L DSWH GH D IL

VXSXVH XQRU SUHOXFU UL XOWHULRDUH SULQ

HVHUH WULFRWDUH HWF.

Firele sunt produse textile VLPSOH VDX FRPSOH[H RE LQXWH SULQ
torsionarea mai multor fibre scurte sau SULQ U VXFLUHD D GRX VDX a mai
multor fire, n vederea UHDOL] ULL UH]LVWHQ HL QHFHVDUH
Firul simplu se poate RE LQH SULQ omogenizarea, SDUDOHOL]DUHD L
unirea VXE IRUP GH EDQG FRQWLQX a mai multor fibre scurte, de OXQJLPL L
ILQH H GLIHULWH, care apoi sunt torsionate, procedeu numit ILODUH WH[WLO .
)LUHOH VLPSOH SRW IL vQV

RE LQXWH L GLQ XQLUHD L WRUVLRQDUHD PDL

multor fibre continue, printr-un procedeu numit ILODUH FKLPLF .

Sensul de torsiune al firelor simple poate fi spre dreapta, notat cu
litera z sau spre stnga, notat cu litera s L HVWH LPSULPDW ILUHORU SULQ
intermediul unor PDLQL GH ILODW (n cazul fibrelor scurte) sau a unor PDLQL
GH ILODW L U VXFLW vQ FD]XO ILO ULL FKLPLFH).
Firele duble sunt firele RE LQXWH SULQ U VXFLUHD D GRX fire simple,
VHQVXO GH U VXFLUH imprimat ILLQG LQYHUV VHQVXOXL GH WRUVLRQDUH DO FHORU GRX
fire simple $FHDVW UHJXO GH DOWHUQDUH D VHQVXOXL GH WRUVLXQH FX FHO GH
U VXFLUH HVWH LPSXV GH QHFHVLWDWHD GH D VH DVLJXUD VWDELOLWate firului dublu.
6HQVXO GH U VXFLUH DO ILUHORU GXEOH VH QRWHD]
la fel ca n cazul firelor
WRUVLRQDWH

FX PHQ LXQHD F

OLWHUHOH FH VLPEROL]HD]

U VXFLUHD

VXQW

OLWHUH

mari, respectiv Z L S. 6LQJXUD H[FHS LH HVWH vQWOQLW vQ FD]XO firelor crep, n

care tRUVLXQHD L U VXFLUHD VH UHDOL]HD] vQ DFHODL VHQV
Firele multiple presupun U VXFLUHD PDL PXOWRU ILUH simple n sensul
invers al torsiunii DFHVWRUD $WkW ILUHOH GXEOH FkW L FHOH PXOWLSOH SRDUW
numele de ILUH U VXFLWH GH JUDGXO vQWkL
Firele cablate sau firele de gradul al doilea VXQW ILUHOH RE LQXWH SULQ
U VXFLUHD XQRU ILUH GXEOH VDX PXOWLSOH, ntr-un sens invers sensului de
U VXFLUH Dl firelor componente L vQ FD]XO ILUHORU FDEODWH VH UHVSHFW
DFHHDi
UHJXO GH DOWHUQDUH D VHQVXULORU GH U VXFLUH).
Dac OD vQFHSXW ILODUHD WRDUFHUHD VH H[HFXWD PDQXDO XUP WRDUHD
GH HYROX LH D IRVW URDWD GH WRUV LQWURGXV
vQ (XURSD ntre secolele al
WUHDSW
XIII-OHD L DO ;,9-lea, din India. Inventarea, n secolul al XVIII-lea, a
SULPHL PDLQL GH ILODW EXPEDF, a revolu LRQDW ntreaga industrie WH[WLO .

0 UIXULOH WH[WLOH

FilarHD GLIHU att vQ IXQF LH

GH SURSULHW

GH WLSXO GH ILEU

IRORVLW

FkW L vQ IXQF LH

LOH XUP ULWH D IL LPSULPDWH YLLWRDUHORU ILUH

Filarea bumbacului.
bumbacului sunt:
FXU

3ULQFLSDOHOH RSHUD LL DOH SURFHVXOXL GH ILODUH D

DUHD EXPEDFXOXL EUXW GH FRML VHPLQ H IUXQ]H S PkQW HWF L

IRUPDUHD XQHL S WXUL FRQWLQXH QXPLW

GHVWU

cojoc;

PDUHD L IRUPDUHD XQHL EHQ]L FRQWLQXH GH ILEUH DSUR[LPDWLY

paralele (cojocul este prelucrat la FDUG  dndu-se fibrelor o oarecare

orientarH DVWIHO F vQ EDQGD ILQDO  FDUH SUH]LQW vQV grosimi diferite, fibrele
sunt oarecum paralele);
XQLIRUPL]DUHD RPRJHQL]DUHD L VXE LHUHD EHQ]LORU presupune
asocierea mai multor EHQ]L GH ILEUH vQ YHGHUHD RE LQHULL XQHLD VLQJXUH FX R
(VH UHDOL]HD] pe laminor) EDQG FDUH DSRL HVWH
JURVLPH XQLIRUPL]DW
VXE LDW
SH R DOW
PDLQ , QXPLW
flaier FkQG VH LPSULP L R XRDU
torsiune, avnd ca UH]XOWDW RE LQHUHD SUHWRUWXOXL;
WRUVLRQDUHD L RE LQHUHD ILUXOXL au ORF GXS
WUHFHUHD de mai multe
ori a fibrelor priQ IODLHU vQ IXQF LH GH ILQH HD GRULW D ILUXOXL. Torsionarea
este UHDOL]DW OD PDLQD FX LQHOH, iar firele re]XOWDWH VXQW vQI XUDWH SH HYL.
FirHOH GH EXPEDF VXQW RE LQXWH vQ WUHL FODVH GH ILQH H fire de ILQH H
VXSHULRDU , din fibre lungi, de peste 27 mm; fire de ILQH H PLMORFLH L fire de
ILQH H LQIHULRDU  groase, numite vigonie, RE LQXWH GLQ EXPEDF PDL VFXUW,
GHVHRUL vQ DPHVWHF FX EXPEDF UHJHQHUDW VDX ]GUHQ H (fibrele au un grad de
paralelizare mai redus, LDU ILUHOH SUH]LQW un aspect S URV
Firele liberiene pot fi fire fine VXE LUL L PLMORFLL RE LQXWH GLQ IXLRU
L fire groase RE LQXWH GLQ FkO L )LUHOH IRDUWH VXE LUL VH RE LQ SULQ RSHUD LL
GH SLHSW QDUH DWHQW

L ILODUH vQ VWDUH XPHG

IRORVHVF OD IDEULFDUHD

mijlocie

VH UHDOL]HD]

D IXLRUXOXL DVHPHQHD ILUH VH

HV WXULORU VXE LUL L IRDUWH VXE LUL ILUHOH GH ILQH H

SULQ SLHSW QDUHD L ILODUHD SUHWRUWXOXL XPHG DOF WXLW

GLQ DPHVWHF GH FkO L L IXLRU

, iar firele groase (Nm 15), cu aspect mai pufos,

VH RE LQ SULQ SLHSW QDUHa L ILODUHa n stare uscaW D FkO LORU.
)LUHOH GH OkQ
VH SUH]LQW VXE IRUP GH:
9 fire de OkQ
FDUGDW : sunt ILUH JURDVH FX XQ DVSHFW PDL S URV
RE LQXWH GLQ OkQ

GH WXQVRDUH OkQ

GLQ DPHVWHF FX FHORILEU

VDX

W E F UHDVF  UHJHQHUDW  GLQ GHHXUL VDX

cu alte fibre scurte, printr-XQ SURFHV DVHP

Q WRU

ILO ULL YLJRQLHL

9 ILUH GH OkQ
GH OkQ

SLHSW

QDW

: VXQW

ILUH QHWHGH L ILQH RE LQXWH GLQ ILEUH

PHULQRV VDX GLQ UDVH vQFUXFLDWH PDL OXQJL GH  FP SULQWU

-un proces
GH ILODUH DVHP Q WRU ILO ULL EXPEDFXOXL SLHSW QDW )LEUHORU Oe sunt suprimate
RQGXOD LLOH QDWXUDOH SULQWU-o VHULH GH SURFHVH GH SLHSW QDUH (prin care sunt
vQGHS UWDWH L ILEUHOH PDL VFXUWH), de XPH]LUH vQWLQGHUH L SUHVDUH

Merceologie
9 ILUH GH OkQ

VHPLSLHSW

L VXQW RE LQXWH SULQ SURFHVH

QDW : sunt fire cu caracteristici intermediare

intermediare de filare. Benzile de fibre nu mai

VXQW VXSXVH RSHUD LHL GH SLHSW QDUH L GH vQGHS UWDUH D ILEUHORU VFXUWH DVWIHO
F

ILUHOH UH]XOWDWH QX YRU IL QLFL QHWHGH FD FHOH SLHSW QDWH GDU QLFL S URDVH

ca cele cardate.
Fibrele chimice scurte (celofibra, fibrele proteice etc.), separate sau
n amestec cu bumbac, sunW ILODWH SULQ SURFHGHH L cu utilaje de filare
aVHP Q WRDUH FHORU IRORVLWH vQ FD]XO ILUHORU GH EXPEDF, iar fibrele chimice
mai lungi, FX OXQJLPL VLPLODUH ILEUHORU GH OkQ  VXQW ILODWH SULQ PHWRGH L
utilaje specifice lnii.
)LUHOH GH P WDVH. nainte de a se extrage firele GLQ JRJRL acestea
sunt supuse XQHL RSHUD LL GH GHJRPDUH, ntr-R VROX LH VODE DOFDOLQ  SHQWUX
dizolvarea sericinei, astfel ca firele V fie H[WUDVH FX XXULQ L GHS QDWe.
0 WDVHD HVWH GHS QDW
prin trageUHD VLPXOWDQ D ILEUHORU GH SH - JRJRL
iar pentru firele mai groase, num UXO JRJRLORU FUHWH SkQ OD 
RE LQkQGX-se astfel ILUXO GH P WDVH FUXG
sau de borangic. Ca urmare, acest
ILU HVWH IRUPDW GLQ  SkQ

ntre ele,
VXSXQH

FX R DGHUHQ
XQHL

WULFRWDMHORU

OD  GH ILEUH QDWXUDOH FDUH SULQ GHS QDUH VH OLSHVF

SHUIHFW

UHGHS Q UL

0 WDVHD FRPHUFLDOL]DW

SHQWUX

HV WXULORU

FXU

WUHEXLH

LUH

FXU

LDU

DW 

FHD

GXEODW

FD P WDVH FUXG
GHVWLQDW
L

VH

LQGXVWULHL

U VXFLW 

RSHUD LL

cunoscute sub denumirea de mulinare. 'XEODUHD ILUHORU GH P WDVH FRQVW vQ

reunirea mai PXOWRU ILUH L WRUVLRQDUHD DQVamblului n sens invers.
Firele voluminoase DX DS UXW FD XUPDUH D QHFHVLW LL de produse
WH[WLOH XRDUH L FRQIRUWDELOH, ce nu se puteau realiza din fire sintetice din
filamente continue, care DX XQ YROXP PXOW PDL UHGXV GHFkW DO FHORU RE LQXWH
prin filarea fibrelor scurte.
3URFHGHXO GH YROXPL]DUH D ILUHORU SRDUW QXPHOH GH texturare L, GDF
OD
vQFHSXW
SULQ
WH[WXUDUH
VH
XUP UHa
modificarea structurii fibrelor
ILODPHQWDUH DVW ]L PHWRGHOH GH WH[WXUDUH FXSULQG
WH[WXUDUHD SULQ U

VXFLUH

WH[WXUDUHD SULQ U

VXFLUH IDOV

;
ILUXO HVWH U VXFLW IL[DW L GHVU VXFLW

DS UkQG DVWIHO DQXPLWH RQGXOHXUL

texturare prin comprimare;

texturare prin spiralare ILUXO
DVFX LW

HVWH

WUHFXW

SH

PXFKLH

PHWDOLF

L vQF O]LW 

texturare prin buclare;

WH[WXUDUH SULQ H[WUXGHUH VLPXOWDQ

SULQ DFHODL RULILFLX DO ILOLHUHL

Firele de efect

VH GLIHUHQ LD]

D GRL VDX PDL PXO L SROLPHUL

etc.
GH UHVWXO ILUHORU

prin modalitatea de

YRSVLUH SULQ DPHVWHFXO GH PDWHULDO L SULQ SURFHVXO GH IDEULFD LH 7RW ILUH GH

0 UIXULOH WH[WLOH

HIHFW VXQW L ILUHOH GH FRQWUDVW FXP DU IL ILUHOH GH P WDVH

OkQ

HVXWH v

n stofele de

HWF

Firele de efect de culoare pot fi:

9 fire vopsite IO F UDW, cu por LXQL YRSVLWH QHUHJXODW vQ FXORUL
diferite, pe un fond deschis;
9 fire vopsite IO F UDW n degrade, vopsite vQ QXDQ H WUHSWDWH SH
GLUHF LD ILUXOXL

fire melanj, RE LQXWe prin dublarea n flaier a unor benzi de culori

diferite etc.
Firele de efect prin procedee de filare pot fi:
9

9 ILUH GH ]

SDG

9 ILUH GH WRF

 RE LQXWH SULQ ILODUHD XQXL DPHVWHF GH OkQ

WXU

 FDUH VH RE LQ GLQ OkQ

FX EXUHW

SLHSW QDW  FX EXF

L GH ILU

GH EXPEDF VDX GH P WDVH GH FXORUL GLIHULWH

9

fire nmugurite,

FX QRGXUL GH FXORDUH GLIHULW

e cea a corpului

firului;
9 ILUH

VHP

QDWH

FX

SHUOH

RE LQXWH

SULQ

LQWURGXFHUHD

XQXL

OLFKLG

vscos n corpul firului OLFKLG FDUH SULQ VROLGLILFDUH FDS W XQ DVSHFW VWLFORV
9 fire cu nopeuri, RE LQXWH SULQ vQI XUDUHD XQXL ILU GH HIHFW SH XQ ILU
de fond, prin LQWHUPHGLXO XQXL ILU GH OHJ WXU 
9 fire cu flameuri, UHDOL]DWH SULQ LQWURGXFHUHD XQRU P QXQFKLXUL GH
ILEUH vQWUH GRX

ILUH vQ PRPHQWXO U VXFLULL DFHVWRUD

fire cu efect dantelat, cu efect de umbre, de spirale etc.18.

Fireturile sunt produse trefilate din meWDOH SUH LRDVH DXU VDX DUJLQW
L FDUH SRW IL fir metalic unic ILU PHWDOLF U VXFLW (dintr-un fir metalic cu
RULFH DOW ILU VLPSOX L fir cu efect de acoperire vQI XUDW vQ VSLUDO
vQ MXUXO
9

XQXL ILU GH EXPEDF P WDVH YLVFR]D VDX ILU VLQWHWLF

Firele textile sunt caracterizate printr-o serie de indicatori de

calitate, printre care: densitatea de lungime, torsiunea, sarcina de rupere,
alungirea la rupere L uniformitatea.
Densitatea de lungime sau fLQH HD ILUHORU VH H[SULP SULQ UDSRUWXO
GLQWUH PDVD L OXngimea firului (sistemul direct, n Tex) sau invers, prin
UDSRUWXO GLQWUH OXQJLPHD ILUXOXL L PDVD OXL VLVWHPXO LQGLUHFW vQ 1P

Densitatea de lungime n sistemul direct VH GHWHUPLQ SULQ UDSRUWDUHD

masei ILUXOXL GHWHUPLQDW SULQ FkQW ULUHD firului condL LRQDW vQ DWPRVIHU
standard) OD R DQXPLW OXQJLPH GH ILU vQWUH -200 m vQ IXQF LH GH ILQH HD
firelor, n cazul metodei dH GHWHUPLQDUH SH SRU LXQL OXQJL VDX  P pentru
PHWRGD GH GHWHUPLQDUH SH SRU LXQL VFXUWH.

@' (9 F18 cF 4'1P 9(

Ionescu- Muscel I.; Stoian E.; Atanasie I.

-341;

1 0

F${F$(cg i m un pyS~(g
w g 
o
p

y i$}n
k

18

, Editura

Merceologie
)RUPXOHOH GH GHWHUPLQDUH D GHQVLW
GRX

LL

de lungime a firelor prin cele

VLVWHPH VXQW XUP WRDUHOH

M
x 1000, n care:
L
Ttex = titlul n tex, respectiv masa n grame a 1000 m de fir analizat;
M = masa firului, n grame;
L = lungimea firuluin m.
L
Nm =
, n care:
M
Ttex =

1P

QXP UXO PHWULF

L = lungimea firuluin m;
M = masa firului, n grame.
2 DOW

PRGDOLWDWH GH H[SULPDUH D GHQVLW

LL GH OXQJLPH HVWH SULQ WLWOXO

n denieri, care repre]LQW PDVD vQ JUDPH D  P ILU analizat, fomula fiind
XUP WRDUHa:
M
Tden =
x 9000, n care:
L
Tden = titlul n denieri, respectiv masa n grame a 9000 m de fir
analizat;
M=
masa firului, n grame;
L=
lungimea firuluin m.
5HOD LLOH GH WUDQVIRUPDUH GLQWU-un sistem al GHQVLW
LL GH OXngime n
altul VXQW XUP WRDUHOH
Tden = Ttex x 9;
9000
Tden =
;
Nm
1000
Ttex =
;
Nm

Ttex = 0,111Tden;
9000
Nm =
Tden
1000
Nm =
;
Ttex

Nm x Ttex= 1000
Gradul de torsionare sau GH U VXFLUH UHSUH]LQW
WRUVLXQH

U VXFLUH

DOH

OXQJLPH

vQDLQWH

ILUXOXL

ILUXOXL

vQ

GH

MXUXO

D[HL

GHWRUVLRQDUH

VDOH
L

VH

QXP UXO GH URWD LL GH

UDSRUWDW

OD

H[SULP

vQ

XQLWDWH

a de

QXP U

GH

GHWHUPLQ

torsiuni/m.
Q

JHQHUDO

LQIOXHQ HD]

QXP UXO

SURSULHW

Astfel,

GH

WRUVLXQL

LPSULPDWH

XQXL

ILU

LOH DFHVWXLD

ILUHOH GH XU]HDO  FDUH WUHEXLH V

ILH PDL UH]LVWHQWH YRU DY

ea

XQ JUDG GH WRUVLXQH PDL ULGLFDW GHFkW FHOH GH E W WXU  ILUHOH SHQWUX

HV WXULOH

VF PRDWH YRU DYHD XQ JUDG GH WRUVLXQH IRDUWH VF ]XW ILUHOH SHQWUX

HV WXUL

le

0 UIXULOH WH[WLOH

mai aspre vor avea un grad de torsiune mai ridicat, n timp ce firele pentru
HV WXULle cu un WXHX PRDOH vor fi caracterizate printr-un QXP U PDL UHGXV
GH WRUVLXQLP

HV WXULOH DOF WXLWH GLQ ILUH PDL WRUVLRQDWH YRU UH LQH PDL JUHX

PXUG ULD YRU DYHD R FRQWUDF LH PDL PDUH GDU QX SRW PHQ LQH FXWHOH HWF
7RWRGDW  SULQ U VXFLUH VH FRQIHU

QX QXPDL UH]LVWHQ

ILUXOXL

, dar are

ORF L R UHGXFHUH D OXQJLPLL OXL 'H H[HPSOX XQ ILU U VXFLW HVWH FX 

PDL

VFXUW GHFkW ILUHOH VLPSOH GLQ FDUH SURYLQH SURFHQW FDUH FUHWH vQ FD]XO ILUHORU
JURDVH L IRDUWH U VXFLWH
3ULQFLSLXO GHWHUPLQ ULL JUDGXOXL GH WRUVLXQH FRQVW

vQ GHWRUVLRQDUHD

ILUXOXL U VXFLUHD

acestuia n sensul invers al sensului de torsiune sau de

U VXFLUH SkQ
OD RE LQHUHD ILEUHORU SDUDOHOL]DWH n cazul firelor simple) sau
SkQ
OD QLYHO GH ILUH FRPSRQHQWH SDUDOHOL]DWH n cazul firelor duble,
multiple sau cablate) L UDSRUWDUHD QXP UXOXL GH WRUVLXQL OD PHWUXO GH ILU
6DUFLQD

GH

UXSHUH

DOXQJLUHD

OD

UXSHUH

UHSUH]LQW

ILUHORU

caracteristici de calitate foarte importante pentru domeniul lor de utilizare.

Ambele caracteristici sunt determinate cu ajutorul dinamometrului
astfel: firul, FRQGL LRQDW vQ DWPRVIHU VWDQGDUG L SUHWHQVLRQDW, este prins la
DPEHOH FDSHWH vQ FkWH R FOHP

DIODWH OD R GLVWDQ

  PP FOHPD VXSHULRDU

ILLQG IL[  LDU FHD LQIHULRDU

LQWHUPHGLXO

DF LRQHD]

FOHPHL

PRELOH

VH

WUDF LXQH vQ FUHWHUH L FX R YLWH]

XQD ID

DVXSUD

FRQVWDQW 

astfHO

ILUXOXL

GH FHDODOW
PRELO

FX

FD UXSHUHD V

IRU

DLE

GH

. Prin
GH

ORF vQ

circa 20 de secunde.
5H]XOWDWXO
SHQWUX D VH RE LQH

ILQDO

VH

H[SULP

$OXQJLUHD OD UXSHUH HVWH GDW

momentul ruperii L OXQJLPHD LQL LDO

ULJOD GLQDPRPHWUXOXL UDSRUWDW

AlXQJLUHD VH H[SULP

Lf

FD

PHGLH

o SUREDELOLWDWH D H[DFWLW

vQ

PDL

PXOWRU

GHWHUPLQ UL

LL GHWHUPLQ ULORU GH 

GH GLIHUHQ D GLQWUH OXQJLPHD

D DFHVWXLD

firului n

dimensiune ce se FLWHWH SH

OD OXQJLPHD LQL LDO 

L HVWH GDW

GH UHOD LD

Li

x 100, n care:
Li
= alungirea la rupere, %;
Lf = lungimea firului nainte de rupere, n mm;
/L

OXQJLPHD LQL LDO

L DOXQJLUHD

D ILUXOXL vQ PP

la rupere se va determina tot ca

PHGLH DULWPHWLF

D PDL

PXOWRU GHWHUPLQ UL

Determinarea ambilor indicatori de calitate se poate efectua att

L FRQGL LRQDWH FkW L asupra firelor n stare

DVXSUD ILUHORU vQ VWDUH XVFDW

XPHG 

Merceologie

Uniformitatea firelor se poate determina prin metode subiectLYH L

obiective. Firele pot prezenta o serie de defecte, printre care: nopeuri,
vQJUR UL VF PR UL HWF FDUH DIHFWHD]
QX QXPDL DVSHcWXO DFHVWRUD GDU L R
serie de caracteristici fizico-mecanice.
Metodele obiective GH DSUHFLHUH D XQLIRUPLW LL ILUHORU presupun
P VXUDUHD GLDPHWUXOXL D VHF LXQLL D UH]LVWHQ HL L D DOXQJLULL OD UXSHUH D
DFHVWRUD

VWDELOLUHD

YDULD LLORU

Neuniformitatea se expULP ILH

GXS
DQDOL]D
L
LQWHUSretaUHD
neregularitate.
0HWRGD

VXELHFWLY

OXQJLPH SH R SODF
QHDJU  GH IRUP

GLQWUH

GLUHFW

vQ

UH]XOWDWHORU

SUHVXSXQH

YDORULOH

DFHVWRU

LQGLFDWRUL

GH QHUHJXODULWDWH ILH JUDILF L

VH

FDOFXOHD]

vQI XUDUHD

XQXL

ILU

SURFHQWXO
GH

de

DQXPLW

GH FRQWUDVW vQ FD]XO XQXL ILU DOE SODFD HVWH GH FXORDUH

GUHSWXQJKLXODU  DVWIHO FD VSLUHOH ILUXOXL V

ILH GLVSXVH vQ

mod regulat, la anumite intervale. n acest mod, firele pot fi observate cu

ochiul liber, identificate defectele i comparate cu anumite etaloane
IRWRJUDILFH vQ FDUH vQ IXQF LH GH QXP UXO L GH GLPHQVLXQHD GHIHFWHORU

firele sunt clasificate n 4 clase de calitate.

Unul dintre indicii de calitate ai firelor este neregularitatea Sommer,
FDOFXODW

GXS

XUP WRDUHD UHOD LH

Xs )ns
x 100, n care:
nX
N = neregularitatea Sommer;

N=

2( X

PHGLD WXWXURU GHWHUPLQ ULORU DVXSUD GHQVLW

;V

sarcinii de rupere a firului;

PHGLD GHWHUPLQ ULORU Dle F

LL GH OXQJLPH VDX D

URU YDORUL LQGLYLGXDOH VXQW PDL PLFL

GHFkW PHGLD WXWXURU GHWHUPLQ ULORU

Q

QXP UXO GH GHWHUPLQ UL

QV

QXP UXO GH GHWHUPLQ UL

ale

F URU YDORUL LQGLYLGXDOH VXQW P

ai

PLFL GHFkW PHGLD WXWXURU GHWHUPLQ ULORU

&X FkW ;V VH vQGHS UWHD] GH ; QHUHJXODULWDWHD ILUXOXL HVWH PDL PDUH,
iar cu ct N se apropie de 1%, cu att firul este mai bun (un fir foarte bun
are o neregularitate Sommer ntre 1-2%, iar un fir bun ntre 4-5%).


HV

HV

WXUL

le

WXULOH VXQW P UIXUL WH[WLOH ILQLWH VXE IRUPD XQRU IRL SODQH VDX

tubulare, reali]DWH
fire: ILUH GH XU]HDO

SULQ vPELQDUHD GXS

L ILUH GH E

WXU

VLVWHPH GH

sunt firele care sunt dispuse Q GLUHF LD OXQJLPLL

WXULL VXQW SDUDOHOH FX PDUJLQLOH HV WXULL, iar ILUHOH GH E W WXU
sunt cele
)LUHOH GH XU]HDO

HV

DQXPLWH PRGHOH D GRX

0 UIXULOH WH[WLOH

FDUH GXS

DQXPLWH PRGHOH QXPLWH

prin diferite vQFUXFL

 )DEULFDUHD

Fabricarea
opeUD LL SUHPHUJ
ILQLVDUHD

OHJ

WXUL

OHDJ

WUDQVYHUVDO

HV

WXULORU

HV WXULORU
WRDUH

SUHVXSXQH

VHULH

GH

efectuate asupra firelor

RSHUD LL

HVHUHD

espectiv:
L

SURSULX ]LV

HV WXULORU

$QWHULRU

HVHULL

urzelii, care cuprind:

RSHUD LL GH SUHJ
U

armuri sau

UL ILUHOH GH XU]HDO 

oSHUD LL GH SUHJ WLUH D

; urzirea L Q Y GLUHD L
D E W WXULL, care constau n: canetarea, dublarea L
W WXU .
HVHUH SURSULX-]LV
FRPSRUW
WUHL ID]H SULQ UHOXDUHD

WLUH

VXFLUHD ILUHORU GH E
3ULQFLSLXO GH

F URUD LD QDWHUH

DVXSUD ILUHORU VH H[HFXW

GHS

QDUHD ILUHORU GH XU]HDO

HV WXUD

ridiFDUHD L FRERUkUHD
formarea rostului;

LQWURGXFHUHD vQ URVW D E W WXULL SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO XQHL VXYHLFL

vQGHVDUHD E W WXULL vQ URVW

QFUXFLDUHD

ILUHORU

GH

XQHL

S U L

XU]HDO

FX

ILUHOH

FHOH

PRGDOLW

SURSULHW

GH

GH

XU]HDO 

E W WXU

SHQWUX

, n diferite

L IL]LFR PHFDQLFH L WHKQRORJLFH GLIHULWH

, conduce
-

/HJ WXULOH

OD DSDUDUL LD XQRU

GLQ

VH

UHSH]LQW

SH

HV WXUL FX GHVHQH YDULDWH GDU L FX

KvUWLH

PLOLPHWULF

, cu respectarea

XUP WRDUHORU UHJXOL

9 VSD LLOH GLQWUH GRX

OLQLL YHUWLFDOH UHSUH]LQW

9 VSD LLOH GLQWUH GRX

OLQLL RUL]RQWDOH UHSUH]LQW

9 S WU
XU]HDO

HOHOH GLQ GHVHQ UHSUH]LQW

VH KDXUHD]
XU]HDO

LFD

LFD QHKDXUDW

UHSUH]LQW

ILUXO GH E W WXU

GHDVXSUD FHOXL GH

ILU O VDW

;
9 partea din desen FDUH VH UHSHW
vQ FDGUXO vQWUHJXOXL, DWkW vQ GLUHF LD
FkW L n cea a E W WXULL SRDUW
QXPHOH GH UDSRUW GH OHJ WXU . El se

XU]HOLL
H[SULP

VXE

,
desenul.

LDU

IRUPD

OD

XQXL

QXPLWRU

UDSRUW

QXP UXO

/HJ WXULOH VH FODVLILF

OHJ

WUHFH OHDJ  SHVWH FHO GH E W WXU  S WU

(fir luat);

9 S WU

OD

QXP U WRU

ILUHORU

vQ OHJ

GH

OHJ

WXUL

ILLQG

E W WXU

QXP UXO
GXS

FDUH

ILUHORU
VH

GH

UHSHW

WXUL IXQGDPHQWDOH SkQ]  GLDJRQDO L

derivate din cele fundamentDOH

WXUL FRPELQDWH: fagure, carouri etc.

atlaz,

ILUHOH GH E W WXU 

SXQFWHOH GH vQFUXFLDUH D ILUHORU GH

FX FHOH GH E W WXU 
9 FkQG ILUXO GH XU]HDO

XU]HDO

ILUHOH GH XU]HDO 

ULSV SDQDPD FUHS HWF L

Merceologie
/HJ
GH XU]HDO

HVWH WLSXO FHO PDL VLPSOX GH OHJ WXU

WXUD SkQ]

WUHFH OHDJ  SHVWH XQ ILU GH E W WXU

WLSXO GH OHJ WXU

DYkQG WRWRGDW
VXSUDID D

FDUH FRQIHU

DFHODL GHVHQ SH ID D L SH GRVXO

FHOH PDL PXOWH SXQFWH GH OHJDUH

HV WXULL HVWH QHWHG

, n care un fir

L DSRL SH VXE DFHVWD (VWH

HV WXULL

La acest tip de leJ

WXU 

L XQLIRUP  GHVLPHD ILUHORU HVWH PHGLH

, iar

UH]LVWHQ D HVWH PDUH QXP U PDUH GH SXQFWH GH OHJDUH

Ca urmare,

HV WXULOH SkQ] YRU IL FHO PDL GHV vQWkOQLWH OD

GLQ EXPEDF LQ FkQHS  LXW  OkQ

(OHJ

WXU

WDIW

OHJ

WXU

HV WXULOH

SRVWDY L P WDVH VDX WLS P WDVH

a).

Q UHSUH]HQWDUH JUDILF

figura nr.5  OHJ WXUD SkQ] VH SUH]LQW VXE

iar raportul este cel mai mic posibil: R 2/2 GRX
ILUH GH E W WXU .

IRUPD XQHL WDEOH GH DK

fire de XU]HDO

L GRX

Figura nr.5 - /HJ

WXUD SkQ]

R 2/2

/HJ WXUD GLDJRQDO VHUM figura nr. 6 - FRQIHU

HV WXULL XQ DVSHFW
caracteristic, cu linii oblice, paralele, dispuse de la o margine la alta. n
IXQF LH GH VHQVXO GLDJRQDOXOXL OHJ WXUD SRDWH IL OHJ WXU
diagonal spre
dreapta L OHJ WXU diagonal spre stnga LDU vQ IXQF LH GH XQJKLXO
diagonalului, acesta poate fi: diagonal normal (cu un unghi de nclinare al
liniLORU GH  L diagonal culcat (cnd unghiul de nclinare este mai mic de
45).
'H DVHPHQHD OHJ WXULOH GLDJRQDO SRW IL GLDJRQDO GH E W WXU
(cnd
QXP UXO ILUHORU GH E W WXU
vizibile pe ID D HV WXULL vQWUHFH QXP UXO ILUHORU
de urzeal ), diagonal de urzHDO FkQG SH ID D HV WXULL VXQW SUHGRPLQDQWH
ILUHOH YL]LELOH GH XU]HDO  L diagonal echilibrat.
3XQFWHOH GH vQFUXFLDUH VXQW PDL SX LQH GHFkW OD OHJ WXUD SkQ]
L,
GHFL HV WXULOH YRU IL netede, mai dese, PDL PRL L PDL SX LQ UH]LVWHQWH dect
HV WXULOH SH ED]

GH OHJ WXU

SkQ]  LDU GHVHQXO GH SH ID D

HV WXULL VH YD

UHJ VL vQ QHJDWLY SH GRVXO DFHVWHLD

3H OkQJ
H[SULPD L

urzHDO

UDSRUWXO FODVLF

raportul diagonal,

FH VH HYLGHQ LD]

R 3/3 sau R 4/4, OD

HV WXULOH GLDJRQDO VH YD

vQ FDUH OD QXP U WRU DSDUH QXP UXO ILUHORU GH

SH ID D

HV WXULL

LDU OD QXPLWRU QXP UXO ILUHORU GH

0 UIXULOH WH[WLOH

E W WXU

GH

SH

ID D

HV WXULL

diagonalului, printr-R V

JHDW

Figura nr. 6 - /HJ

'H

DVHPHQHD

RULHQWDW

WXU

VH

YD

VSUH VWkQJD VDX

GLDJRQDO GH E

WXU

UHSUH]HQWD

VHQVXO

dreapta.

spre stnga

R 4/4; D 1/3 M

(figura nr. 7) PDL HVWH vQWkOQLW L VXE QXPHOH GH

cel mai mic raport este de 5/5. /D IHO FD L GLDJRQDOXO
atlazul poate fi de XU]HDO L GH E W WXU (DWOD]XO GH E W WXU HVWH QXPLW L
satin), GDU SXQFWHOH GH OHJ WXU VXQW GLVSXVH GXS DQXPLWH UHJXOL Q IXQF LH
/HJ

OHJ

WXUD DWOD]

WXUD VDWLQ L

GH PRGXO GH UHDOL]DUH D SXQFWXOXL GH OHJ WXU  DWOD]XO SRDWH IL FX XUFDUH GH

GRX

ILUH VDX GH WUHL ILUH QXP UXO GH ILUH GH XUFDUH ILLQG WUHFXW vQ SDUDQWH]H
HV WXULOH

VXSUDID D

HVWH

DOWD]VDWLQ

PDL

DX

H[LVWkQG DVWIHO R GLVWLQF LH FODU

OHJ WXU
PRELO

ILUHOH

VWU OXFLWRDUH

HVWH vQWvOQLW OD

PDL

IH HL
QHWHG

PDL
L

GHVH

PDL

GHFkW

UH]LVWHQW

vQWUH ID D L GRVXO PDWHULDOXOXL

DOH

GRVXOXL

la frecare,
Acest tip de

HV WXULOH SHQWUX IH HOH GH SODSXP  F SWXHOL VWRIH GH

HWF

Figura nr. 7 - Atlaz GH XU]HDO

 5 

A 4/1; (3)

Merceologie
'LQ

OHJ WXUD

SkQ] 

panama.
/HJ

WXUD ULSV

ILUH GH E W WXU

OHDJ

FD

OHJ

WXUL

(figura nr. 8) HVWH

vQWkOQLP

GHULYDWH

OHJ WXUD

OHJ WXUD vQ FDUH GRX

VDX PDL P

transversal. 5LSVXO GH E
OHDJ

invers ID

ulte

SHVWH L VXE XQ ILU GH XU]HDO  LDU XUP WRUXO JUXS OHDJ

LQYHUV FX FHO GLQDLQWH FD] vQ FDUH VH RE LQH XQ ULSV GH XU]HDO

GH XU]HDO

ULSV

HVWH OHJ WXUD vQ FDUH GRX

WXU

sau rips

VDX PDL PXOWH ILUH

SHVWH L VXE XQ ILU GH E W WXU  LDU XUP WRUXO JUXS OHDJ

GH FHO GLQDLQWH QXPLW L

rips longitudinal.

5LSVXO SRDWH IL FX DVSHFW UHJXODW QHUHJXODW DPHVWHFDW L IDOV OD FDUH

OHJ WXUD GH ED]

HVWH OHJ WXUD SkQ]  vQV

IRORVLUHD XQRU ILUH PDL JURDVH vQ E W WXU

HIHFWXO GH ULSV

sH

RE LQH S

rin

VDX vQ XU]HDO  vQ IXQF LH GH HIHFWXO

XUP ULW

Figura nr. 8 - Rips longitudinal R 4/2; Rips 2/1

/HJ

WXUD

OHJ WXUD SkQ]

XU]HDO

FDUH OHDJ

XUP WRUXO

OHJ WXUD

SDQDPD

JUXS

ULSV

(figura nr. 9) HVWH WRW R

GLQWU-un JUXS GH GRX

L VH IRUPHD]
GH

SHVWH L VXE GRX

ILUH

OHJ WXUD

OHDJ

LQYHUV

SDQDPD

GHULYDW

GLQ

VDX PDL PXOWH ILUH GH E W WXU 

ID

SRDWH IL

neregulat, caz n care trei fire de urzeal

E W WXU  LDU XUP WRUXO JUXS OHDJ

OHJ WXU

VDX PDL PXOWH ILUH GH

GH

FHO

SUHFHGHQW

/D

IHO

FD

iar
L

cu aspect regulat sau cu aspect

LQYHUV ID

OHDJ

SHVWH L VXE GRX

GH FHO DQWHULRU

Figura nr. 9 - Panama cu aspect neregulat, R 6/4; Panama 3/2

ILUH GH

0 UIXULOH WH[WLOH

rin combinarea D GRX VDX

ntale L derivate RE LQkQGX-se diferite efecte:
carouri, dungi transversale, oblice, longitudinale, figuri complexe (n cazul
/HJ

WXULOH FRPELQDWH VXQW FHOH RE LQXWH S

D PDL PXOWRU OHJ WXUL IXQGDPH

OHJ WXULL MDFTXDUG HWF

&HOH PDL PXOWH GLQWUH
R VLQJXU
HV

E W WXU

HV WXUL VXQW DOF WXLWH GLQ

L SRDUW

HV

numele de

WXULOH FRPSXVH FDUH VXQW DOF WXLWH GLQ GRX

VLQJXU
XU]HDO

E W WXU

VDX LQYHUV GLQ GRX

GLQ U ]ERLXO GH

crude. n marea lor majoritate,

VDX PDL PXOWH XU]HOL L R

VDX PDL PXOWH E W WXUL L R VLQJXU

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vQ IXQF LH GH

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FHD

PRELO  ILLQG FOHPD GH DF LRQDUH FDUH

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L SUHWHQVLRQDW

5eF1P$ 1 P

FRQGL LRQDW

0 UIXULOH WH[WLOH

VH PLF

vQ GLUHF LD VDUFLQLL DSOLFDWH

UXSHUHD V

Dinamometrul este astfel reglat nct

irca 30 de secunde, LDU VDUFLQD GH UXSHUH H[SULPDW

DLE

ORF vQ F

vQ NJI VH FLWHWH SH VFDOD DSDUDWXOXL

DXS
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GHWHUPLQDUHD VDUFLQLL GH UXSHUH VH SRDWH FDOFXOD L UH]LVWHQ D

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P
, n care:
A

UH]LVWHQ D VSHFLILF  vQ NJIFP

P = sarcina de rupere, n kgf;

$

VXSUDID D HSUXYHWHL vQ FP

AlXQJLUHD DEVROXW OD UXSHUH LQIOXHQ HD] PROLFLXQHD vQGRLUHD L

LOH SODsWLFH DOH HV WXULORU L UHSUH]LQW
GLIHUHQ D GLQWUH OXQJLPHD

SURSULHW

HSUXYHWHL

vQ

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UXSHULL

OXQJLPHD

LQL LDO

HSUXYHWHL

VXSXV

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/max

= Lmax L0, n care:

Lmax DOXQJLUHD DEVROXW OD UXSHUH vQ PP

Lmax = lungimea epruvetei n momentul ruperii, n mm;
L0 OXQJLPHD LQL LDO D HSUXYHWHL vQ PP
$OXQJLUHD UHODWLY

max
max

OD UXSHUH HVWH GDW

GH UHOD LD

L max
x 100, n care:
Lo
= alungirea UHODWLY OD UXSHUH vQ

'

Lmax DOXQJLUHD DEVROXW OD UXSHUH vQ PP

L0 OXQJLPHD LQL LDO D HSUXYHWHL vQ PP
$WkW DOXQJLUHD DEVROXW

FkW L FHD UHODWLY

VH SRW FDOFXOD QX QXPDL vQ

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HSUXYHWHL SkQ

DVXSUD

vQ PRPHQWXO UXSHULL

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VH HIHFWXHD]

SH HSUXYHWH GHFXSDWH DWkW SH GLUHF LD XU]HOLL FkW L SH FHD D

E W WXULL UH]XOWDWXO ILQDO ILLQG H[SULPDW F

Q FD]XO vQ FDUH

a medie a mai mXOWRU GHWHUPLQ

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GH ILUH VH SRW vQUHJLVWUD GRX

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GLQ GRX

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FD VDUFLQ

GH UXSHUH SULPD YDORDUH PD[LP

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OD

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ILUHORU

vQ

HV

WXU

ca

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'HSODVDUHD

ILUHORU

LQIOXHQ HD]

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LOH

FRDVHUH

GH

HV WXULL DUH GH VXIHULW

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$OXQHFDUHD ILUHORU SH GLUHF LD XU]HOLL UHSUH]LQW

E W WXU

GH

vPEU F PLQWH vQ OLSVD UH]LVWHQ HL OD

durabilitate la purtare a obiectului de

GHSODVDUHD ILUHORU GH

SULQWUH FHOH GH XU]HDO  LDU DOXQHFDUHD SH GLUHF LD E W WXULL UHSUH]LQW

GHSODVDUHD ILUHORU GH XU]HDO

SULQWUH FHOH GH E W WXU 

'HWHUPLQDUHD VH HIHFWXHD]

WRW FX DMXWRUXO GLQDPRPHWUXOXL FDUH DUH

IL[DW vQ FOHPD VXSHULRDU  IL[  XQ GLVSR]LWLY FX DFH L FDUH S WUXQGH SULQ

HV WXU

OD R GLVWDQ

WUDF LXQH

GH  PP GH FDS WXO DFHVWHLD &D XUPDUH D VROLFLW ULL OD

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VH

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F WUH

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dispozitivului, XUP ULQGX-se momentul DSDUL LHL GHVWU P ULL HSUXYHWHL

VDORDUHD IRU HL FDUH SURYRDF GHSODVDUHD ILUHORU UH]LVWHQ D RSXV GH ILUH OD
deplasare) VH FLWHWH pe cadranul dinamometrului, n kgf.
'HWHUPLQDUHD UH]LVWHQ HL OD VIkLHUH VH UHDOL]HD]
tot cu ajutorul
dinamometrului. Ea depinde de natura firelor (natura fibrelor componente,
grad de torsiune etc. GH GHVLPHD HV WXULL L GH WUDWDPHQWHle de finisare,
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XQ

LPSRUWDQW

vPEU F PLQWHL (

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pruveta

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GH

FRQIHF LRQDUH

vQFHUF ULL SUH]LQW

R DQXPLW

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GRX
DULSLoare
care se vor introduce n clamele
dinamometrului sub un anumit unghi, XUP ULQGX-VH IRU D QHFHVDU SHQWUX
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HSUXYHWHL

SH

SRU LXQH

GH

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OXQJLPH

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'HWHUPLQDUHD UH]LVWHQ HL OD IOH[LRQDUH D

a valorilor

vQ NJI GD1
LQIRUPD LL

FX SULYLUH OD VXSOH HD XQXL PDWHULDO OD FDSDFLWDWHD GH PXODUH L GH GUDSDUH D

HV WXULL UHVSHFWLYH

DrapDUHD
aOH

SURSULHWDWHD

HV WXULORU GH D IRUPD FXWHOH GRULWH

F URU IRUPH L VWDELOLWDWH GHSLQG GH SURSULHW

HV WXULL
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GH

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LPH

LOH

HL

PHFDQLFH

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HWF

n general, materialele fine

FXWH PLFL, LDU FHOH JURDVH i aspre, cute mari.

$FHDVW
O

UHSUH]LQW

FDUDFWHULVWLF

GH  PP

XUP ULQGX

DFHVWHLD FDUH IOH[HD]

vQFOLQDW OD  ID
5LJLGLWDWHD
D E W WXULL O

VH GHWHUPLQ

VXE

FX DMXWRUXO XQHL HSUXYHWH FX R

-se determinarea

OXQJLPLL

SURSULD JUHXWDWH SkQ

FDS WXOXL OLEHU DO

OD DWLQJHUHD XQXL

SODQ

GH RUL]RQWDO 
HV WXULL VH FDOFXOHD]

VHSDUDW SH GLUHF LD XU]HOLL L SH FHD

a ambele capete ale epruvetei, iar, DWXQFL FkQG HV WXUD SUH]LQW

finisaje diferite pe FHOH GRX IH H ULJLGLWDWHD VH GHWHUPLQ SHQWUX DPEHOH IH H
DOH

HV WXULL

0 UIXULOH WH[WLOH

&DOFXOXO ULJLGLW

LL VH HIHFWXHD]

Lu 3
) , n care:
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2
Ru ULJLGLWDWHD vQ XU]HDO

IRORVLQG XUP WRDUHD IRUPXO 

 vQ PJ

cm;

PDVD HV WXULL vQ PJFP ;

Lu = lungimea por LXQLL IOH[DWH GLQ HSUXYHWD
medie a GRX GHWHUPLQ UL OD DPEHOH

SH GLUHF LD XU]HOLL
FDSHWH

GHWHUPLQ UL OD DPEHOH FDSHWH L SH FHOH GRX

Rb = M (

VDX

, ca
patru

IH H vQ FP

Lb 3
) , n care:
2

Rb = ULJLGLWDWHD vQ E

W WXU  vQ PJ

cm;

HV WXULL vQ PJFP

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Lb

OXQJLPHD SRU LXQLL IOH[DWH GLQ HSUXYHWD SH GLUHF LD E W WXULL FD

medie a

GRX

GHWHUPLQ UL

OD

DPEHOH

FDSHWH

GHWHUPLQ UL OD DPEHOH FDSHWH L SH FHOH GRX

VDX

patru

IH H vQ FP

RT = Ru x Rb , n care:
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FX SULYLUH OD FRPSRUWDUHD OD SXUWDUH D

LIRQDUH RIHU

LQIRUPD LL

HV WXULORU OD FDSDFLWDWHD GH PHQ LQHUH

D IRUPHL FXWHORU SOLXULORU HWF L OD SURSULHW

LOH GH GHIRUPDUH SODVWLF

HV WXULORU
'HWHUPLQDUHD VH IDFH SH HSUXYHWH vQ IRUP

VSHFLDO

GH 7 GHFXSDWH

SH GLUHF LD XU]HOLL L D E W WXULL

. Acestea se SOLD] FX SDUWHD VXSHULRDU SHVWH

FHD LQIHULRDU
L DVXSUD ORU VH DSOLF  timp de 15 minute, o foU
GH SUHVDUH
de 0,5 kgf/cm2 'XS PD[LP  PLQXWH GH OD vQGHS UWDUHD IRU HL GH SUHVLXQH,
VH P VRDU unghiul GH LIRQDUH
1 L GLQ QRX VH UHSHW P VXUDUHD XQJKLXOXL
GXS  GH PLQXWH GH OD SULPD GHWHUPLQDUH RE LQkndu-se un
2.
8QJKLXO GH UHYHQLUH GLQ Lfonare YD IL GDW GH GLIHUHQ D GLQWUH FHOH
GRX XQJKLXUL
2 L 1 L VH YD GHWHUPLQD FD PHGLH D cinci GHWHUPLQ UL
&DSDFLWDWHD GH vPELEDUH D
HV WXULORU UHIOHFW
proprietatea de
cDUH

GH KLJURVFRSLFLWDWHD ILEUHORU GLQ

HV WXULL L GH WUDWDPHQWHOH GH ILQLVDUH

 1 d U )4 8FF  c1P  P 9F188 $( 9( P $1  9F$

11 1(1d9Fc d1 1 S1( ' A $1 AP 91 H( A( F A9F1(

21

HV WXULORU L HVWH LQIOXHQ DW

VXQW DOF WXLWH ILUHOH GH GHVLPHD

( F$(98A

DEVRUE LH D

, 1989, pag.91-92;

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ale DFHVWHLD (VWH R SURSULHWDWH IRDUWH LPSRUWDQW PDL DOHV vQ FD]XO XQRU
anumite produse finite, cum ar IL SURVRDSH FHDUDIXUL OHQMHULH GH FRUS L GH
PDV  EDWLVWH F P L etc.
'HWHUPLQDUHD

0,2-0,3 g

GLQ

VH

HIHFWXHD]

HV WXUD GH YHULILFDW

LQWURGXFkQG

HSUXYHWH

FX

PDV

GH

, timp de un minut, ntr-un anumit volum

GH OLFKLG DIODW OD WHPSHUDWXUD PHGLXOXL 3URED VH FkQW UHWH LPHGLDW GXS

HVWH VFRDV

GLQ OLFKLG VH VWRDUFH SULQ SUHVDUH vQWUH GRX

ILOWUX L GLQ QRX VH FkQW UHWH &DSDFLWDWHD GH vPELEDUH FX OLFKLG D

HVWH GDW

FH

VWUDWXUL GH KkUWLH GH
HV WXULORU

GH UHOD LD

C =

M 1  Mo
x 100, n care:
Mu

C FDSDFLWDWHD GH vPELEDUH FX OLFKLG D HV WXULL vQ 

M1 = PDVD HV WXULL GHWHUPLQDW GXS VFRDWHUHD GLQ OLFKLG vQ J
M0 PDVD HV WXULL GXS SUHVDUHD vQWUH IRLOH GH KkUWLH GH ILOWUX vQ J
Mu PDVD LQL LDO D HV WXULL DIODW vQ VWDUH XVFDW  vQ J
'HWHUPLQDUHD UH]LVWHQ HL YRSVLULORU L LPSULP ULORU presupune n
IDSW

VHULH

GH

YHULILF UL

SULQ

imprimate sunt supuse la:

WUDQVSLUD LH

IUHFDUH

XPHG

presare, intemperii etc.

Determin ULOH VH
FKLPLFL

DVXSUD

FDUH

HSUXYHWHOH

GH

DF LXQHD DSHL FDOGH VS

L

XVFDW

ED]HD]

YRSVLULORU

SH

OFDUH

DF LXQHD

LPSULP ULORU

HV WXUL

YRSVLWH

LVDX

ODUH FXU

LUH FKLPLF

WUDWDPHQW

WHUPLF

GLYHULORU
HV WXULORU

DJHQ L
L

SH

IL]LFL

U
L

HYDOXDUHD

UH]XOWDWHORU FX DMXWRUXO VF ULL GH JUL

'HWHUPLQDUHD UH]LVWHQ HL OD DS
GLQ OkQ

VDX vQ DPHVWHF FX OkQ

'HWHUPLQDUHD

GLPHQVLXQL R SURE

dintr-R

HV WXU

GH

FRPSR]L LH ILEURDV

SUHVXSXQH
GLQ

OkQ

FDOG

VH YHULILF

SUHOHYDUHD

HV WXUD GH OkQ
QHYRSVLW

WUHL

FH XUPHD]
D

WUHLD

SUREH

R HSUXYHW

GH DQDOL]DW VH XVXF

DFHOHDL

GLQWU XQ

VH DIOH OD PLMORF

FRPSXV 

FRPSXV

DFLGXODW  OD R WHPSHUDWXU

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GH

PDWHULDO GH DOW
 din bumbac nevopsit. Cele trei probe se vor coase ntre

Ulterior, epruveta
GLVWLODW

HV WXULOH

D IL DQDOL]DW  R DOWD

HOH SH XQD GLQWUH ODWXUL DVWIHO FD SURED GH DQDOL]DW V

IRUPkQG vPSUHXQ

SHQWUX

HVWH

LQWURGXV

vQWU XQ

de 702C, unde este

SDKDU

FX

DS

PHQ LQXW

Firca
, iar proba

vQGHS UWDUHD DSHL HSUXYHWHOH VXQW GHVFXVXWH

OD R WHPSHUDWXU

GH &

Aprecierea rezultatelor se face pe de o parte stabilind gradul de

rezisWHQ DO YRSsirii sau al LPSULP ULL HV WXULL OD DS FDOG , prin
FRPSDUDUHD PRGLILF ULL FXORULL HSUXYHWHL WHVWDWH ID
GDU QHVXSXV

WUDWDPHQWXOXL FX DS

FDOG

GH R HSUXYHW

, iar ulterior se

DSUHFLD]

LGHQWLF 
UH]XOWDWXO

0 UIXULOH WH[WLOH

FX

DMXWRUXO

VF ULL

GH

JUL

FRQWUDVWXO GLQWUH FHOH GRX

3H GH DOW

XUP ULQGX

-se contrastul care este identic cu

HSUXYHWH GH

HV WXU 

SDUWH VH DSUHFL ]

gradul de cedare a colorantului pe

LQWHUPHGLXO VF ULL GH JUL comparndu-se

materialele nevopsite WRW SULQ

contrastul identic DO FHG ULL GH
existent pe scara de gri.
5H]XOWDWXO

VH

H[SULP

FRORUDQW SH SURED QHYRSVLW

SULQ

WUHL

FLIUH

SULPD

VHPQLILF

LQGLF
DOW

JUDGXO

GH

JUDGXO GH FHGDUH D

PRGLILFDUH D FXORULL SUREHL DQDOL]DWH D GRXD VHPQLILF

FXORULL SH PDWHULDOXO QHYRSVLW GH DFHHDL QDWXU

FX FRQWUDVWXO

ILEURDV

, iar a treia

FLIU

JUDGXO GH FHGDUH D YRSVLULL VDX LPSULP ULL SH PDWHULDOXO QHYRSVLW GH R

FRPSR]L LH ILEURDV
'HWHUPLQDUHD

XUPHD]

SH HSUXYHWD GH EXPEDF
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DFHHDL PHWRG

YRSVLULORU

D HSUXYHWHL

LPSULP

ULORU

FRPSXVH FDUH HVWH

OD

VS

LQWURGXV

ODW

vQWU

-o
e

VROX LH DOFDOLQ  WHPSHUDWXUD VROX LHL L WLPSXO GH DF LRQDUH ILLQG GHSHQGHQW

GH QDWXUD PDWHULDOXOXL 'XS
GRX

RUL DSRL HVWH O VDW

F OFDW

OD

UHDOL]HD]

WHPSHUDWXU

FD L

VS ODUH HSUXYHWD VH FO WHWH FX DS

vQWU XQ FXUHQW GH DS
GH

&

n cazul determin

SH

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ULL UH]LVWHQ HL OD DS

$SUHFLHUHD

FDOG

'HWHUPLQDUHD UH]LVWHQ HL YRSVLULORU L LPSULP

XUPHD]

DFHODL

SULQFLSLX

GH

GLIHUHQ D FRQVWkQG vQ IDSWXO F

ILLQG LQWURGXV

GHWHUPLQDUH
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UHFH GH

UHFH WLPS GH  PLQXWH L

GH

VF ULL

JUL

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ULORU OD WUDQVSLUD LH

DSUHFLHUH

GRX

GH

.
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r,

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vQWU R VROX LH DOFDOLQ  OD R WHPSHUDWXU

GH & LDU FHD

de-a doua, ntr-R VROX LH DFLG  OD DFHHDL WHPSHUDWXU  XQGH VH PHQ LQ Firca
30 de minute. Apoi, epruvHWHOH VWRDUVH VXQW PHQ LQXWH WLPS GH patru ore la o
WHPSHUDWXU

GH & L XVFDWH OD &

'HWHUPLQDUHD
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YRSVLULORU

&URNPHWUXOXL

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se

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vQ

de gri,

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-se

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e gri.

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umezire.
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EXPEDF L VH FDOF

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HV WXU

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GLQ SkQ]

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L DSRL VH VWRUF (SUXYHWD GH

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HL

VH

DD]

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-se circa 15 minute, prin

-te, vino.

OFDW FX XPH]LUH SHVWH HSUXYHWD GH DQDOL]DW XVFDW  VH SXQH R

GH EXPEDF XPH]LW

FX DS

GLVWLODW  F OFDUHD I FkQGX

-se ca la celelalte

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GH ED]
L pe cea de acoperire L
cu cel existent pe scara de gri, lundu-VH vQ
contrastul este cel mai puternic.
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PDL

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GXS

OkQ

L D

HV WXULL FDUH vQ VWDUH

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ulte metode ce pot fi aplicate pentru fiecare tip de

vQ SDUWH

- PHWRGD

SULQ

DXWRPDW

DXWRPDW

VS ODUH

VDX

(circa 95C);
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FX

DJLWDUH

VLPSO 

VS ODUH

VDX VLPSO

- metoda prin VS ODUH

respectiv 40C.
Prin aceste metode

OD

FX

'LQ
O

HV WXU

LPHD

PHFDQLF

WHPSHUDWXU
PHFDQLF

VH

XUP UHWH

GLVWDQ H

GH

HV WXUL GXS

R SURE

W LHUHD

epruvetei.

vQ

GH

VS ODW

e fierbere

PDLQD

GH

VS O

at

R VLQJXU

HSUXYHWHL

SH

PRGLILF ULORU

VS ODUH

FX R OXQJLPH GH PLQLP  FP SH

I FkQGX VH

perechi de repere,

PDUJLQLOH

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GHWHUPLQDUHD

SH

GLUHF LL

ILUHOH GH XU]HDO  FkW L FX FHOH GH E W WXU  3H SURE

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vQ

) la temperatura de 60C, respectiv 40C;

FX DJLWDUH PDQXDO  OD temperatura de 60C,

VH SUHOHYHD]

PDWHULDOXOXL

DJLWDUH

GLPHQVLRQDOH DOH GLIHULWHORU WLSXUL GH

WRDW

SkQ]D SH FDUH

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([LVW

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HV WXULORU FUHS L H[SULP

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Schema nr. 9 Clasificarea fibrelor textile

1. Fibre naturale:
- vegetale:
unicelulare: EXPEDF L NDSRF
pluricelulare: LQ LXW  FkQHS  FKHQDI WHLRU UDPLH PDQLO
- animale:
FX VWUXFWXU
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HWF

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(Tusah, Douppioni), ILEUD GH S LDQMHQ
- minerale:
azbest.
I

VWUXFWXU

P WDVHD

V OEDWLF

 )LEUH GLQ SROLPHUL QDWXUDOL RE LQXWH SULQ SURFHGHH FKLPLFH

- hidratcelulozice: viscoza, polinozice, cupro;

- estercelulozice: acetat;
- proteice: GH FD]HLQ ODSWH ]HLQ SRUXPE JOLFLQLQ
GLQ VRLD GLQ V PkQ

DUDKLGH

GH EXPEDF

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- prin policondensare: poliamidice, poliesterice, policarbonice;

- prin polimerizare: SROLHWLOHQLFH SROLSURSLOHQLFH L GHULYDW
YLQLOLFH L GLQ Fopolimeri vinilici.
- GH VWLFO  ]JXU  URFL HUXSWLYH.

Merceologie

Bibliografie
1)

DECULESCU C.; FLEISCHER H.; HEDWIG R. QGUXP WRU SHQWUX

HV WXULORU GH OkQ  (GLWXUD 7HKQLF  %XFXUHWL, 1963

ILQLVDUHD

2)

,21$&8 , 5

'8&$18 , $7$1$6,( , 6&+,/(58 ,

L WHKQLFL GH DVLJXUDUH L FRQWURO DO FDOLW

&DLHW GH ODERUDWRU SHQWUX SURGXVHOH WH[WLOH L GH SLHO

%XFXUHWL

Metode

LL SURGXVHORU LQGXVWULDOH
ULH

, Lito A.S.E.,

, 1989

3)

IONESCU-MUSCEL I.; CUCU V.D. Merceologia produselor de

export-import, 0LQLVWHUXO ,QGXVWULHL 8RDUH &HQWUXO GH GRFXPHQWDUH L
publLFD LL WHKQLFH %XFXUHWL 

4)

IONESCU-MUSCEL I.; STOIAN E.; ATANASIE I. Tratat de

merceologie. 3URGXVH WH[WLOH L vQF O PLQWH EGLWXUD 7HKQLF 
%XFXUHWL 

5)

IONESCU-MUSCEL I.; CMPIAN I. (coordonatori) - Fibre

neaprinzibile n prevenirea incendiilor, (GLWXUD 7HKQLF  %XFXUHWL,
1980

6)

MOSEMAN A. H. - SILKWORM - Encyclopedia Encarta, Microsoft

2000
7)

NGUYEN X.H. Textiles, Encyclopeaedia Britannica, Microsoft

1994-2001

8)

POPOVICI M. (OHPHQWH GH WHFKQRORJLH L VWXGLXO P

&XOWXUD 5RPkQHDVF  %XFXUHWL, 1930

9)

PRODEA V. 0DWHULDOH QH HVXWH (GLWXUD 7HKQLF

10)

67$1&,8 , 3

L VRUWLPHQWXO P

UIXULORU QHDOLPHQWDUH

1997

,$18 ( 6&+,/(58 ,

UIXULORU

Editura

 %XFXUHWL

, 1989

Merceologie, calitatea
Editura Oscar Print, BucureWL,

0 UIXULOH WH[WLOH

11) X X X - Agave, Encyclopedia Encarta, Microsoft 2000

12) X X X Ceiba, Encarta, Encyclopedia 2000
13) X X X - Hemp, Encyclopedia Encarta, Microsoft 2000
14) X X X - Manila Hemp, Encyclopedia Encarta, Microsoft 2000
15) X X X - Rayon, Encyclopedia Encarta, Microsoft 2000
16) X X X - standarde din grupele: M 02; M 13; M 14; M 15; M 20; M 21;
M 22; M 23; M 24