Statistica

Statistica
Prof.univ.dr.Eugenia LILEA; Lect.univ.dr.Mihaela VATUI; Lect.univ.dr.Doina BOLDEANU; Conf.univ.dr.Zizi GOSCHIN

Cuprinsul crii: Partea I Capitolul 1 Culegerea, prelucrarea i prezentarea datelor statistice Capitolul 2 Mrimi relative Capitolul 3 Serii de distribuie a frecvenelor Capitolul 4 Cercetarea selectiv Capitolul 5 Analiza legturilor dintre fenomenele i procesele economice Capitolul 6 Analiza seriilor cronologice Capitolul 7 Indici statistici Capitolul 8 Indicatori macroeconomici de rezultate Partea a II-a Probleme complexe ntrebri recapitulative Proiect de statistic Breviar de formule Anexe Bibliografie Cuprinsul testelor: Teste
Partea I
Culegerea, prelucrarea
L SUH]HQWDUHD
datelor statistice
*UXSDUHD L FODVLILFDUHD GDWHORU VWDWLVWLFH
'XS
FRQ LQXWXO FDUDFWHULVWLFLL GH JUXSDUH
putem avea:
R YDULDELO GH
JUXS
UL FURQRORJLFH vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH VLVWHPDWL]DUHD GDWHORU VH IDFH GXS
timp;
JUXS JUXS UL WHULWRULDOH
cnd sistematizaUHD GDWHORU VH IDFH GXS
R YDULDELO
GH VSD LX
UL DWULEXWLYH SHQWUX WRDWH FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH vQ DIDUD FDUDFWHULVWLFLORU GH WLPS L VSD LX DWULEXWLYH SRW IL FDUDFWHULVWLFL FDQWLWDWLYH QXPHULFH L FDOLWDWLYH
&DUDFWHULVWLFLOH
(nenumerice).
*UXS ULOH VLPSOH GXS R VLQJXU YDULDELO
pot fi:
QLYHOXO XQLW LORU
a) gruparea pe variante GDF DPSOLWXGLQHD YDULD LHL HVWH PLF L OD individuale s-DX vQUHJLVWUDW XQ QXP U PLF GH YDORUL GLVWLQFWH YDULDQWH b)
JUXSDUHD SH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH HJDOH GDF DFHVW FD] YDULD LH H QHFHVDU V VH VWDELOHDVF QXP UXO GH JUXSH L
DPSOLWXGLQHD YDULD LHL HVWH PRGHUDW Q P ULPHD LQWHUYDOXOXL GH
1XP
UXOXL GH JUXSH
(k vQ FD]XO XQHL FROHFWLYLW
L IRUPDW
GLQ
n XQLW
L
propunerea lui H.A. Sturges: k = 1 + 3,322 lg n

UHOD LH PDL SUDFWLF
2k n
ULPHD LQWHUYDOXOXL
de grupare (h):
h=
x max x min , k
vQUHJLVWUDW vQUHJLVWUDW
unde: xmax - YDORDUHD PD[LP

xmin - YDORDUHD PLQLP
'H UH LQXW
GDF
UDSRUWXO GLQWUH DPSOLWXGLQHD YDULD LHL L QXP UXO GH JUXSH QX HVWH XQ FkW H[DFW
DWXQFL VH URWXQMHWH vQ SOXV FHO SX LQ OD QXP U vQWUHJ vQ IXQF LH GH RUGLQXO GH P ULPH
al valorilor caracteristicii;
GDF UH]XOWDWXO HVWH XQ QXP U vQWUHJ VH GHVFKLGH LQWHUYDOXO H[WUHP FRUHVSXQ] WRU D LQFOXGH L YDORDUHD FDUH FRLQFLGH FX R OLPLW D LQWHUYDOXOXL FX OLPLWD D XOWLPXOXL LQWHUYDO GDF LQWHUYDOHOH VXQW vQFKLVH OD VWkQJD UHVSHFWLY FX LQWHUYDOHOH VXQW vQFKLVH OD GUHD SHQWUX
VXSHULRDU
OLPLWD LQIHULRDU
D SULPXOXL LQWHUYDO GDF
pta).
V VH
c)
JUXSDUHD SH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH QHHJDOH GDF PDUH Q FD]XO vQ FDUH SULQ JUXSDUHD SH VWUXFWXUH]H FROHFWLYLWDWHD SH WLSXUL FDOLWDWLYH GDF
DPSOLWXGLQHD YDULD LHL HVWH IRDUWH QHHJDOH VH XUP UHWH QX VH FXQRVF YDORULOH SUDJXULOH
LQWHUYDOH
caUH
VHSDU
WLSXULOH FDOLWDWLYH VH SURFHGHD]
PDL vQWkL OD JUXSDUHD SH LQWHUYDOH HJDOH
L DSRL VH SRDWH IRORVL FULWHULXO PHGLHL SHQWUX IRUPDUHD WLSXULORU FDOLWDWLYH PLF
mediu, mare. d) n cazul unei variabile calitative care presupune includerea n WXWXURU XQLW LORU OD FDUH V-D vQUHJLVWUDW DFHHDL IRUP GH manifestare a caracteristicii.
DFHHDL JUXS FODV D SUHVXSXQH VLVWHPDWL]DUHD GDWHORU GXS GRX VDX PDL PXOWH FDUDFWHULVWLFL LPSXQH VWDELOLUHD QXPHULFH LVDX FDOLWDWLYH *UXSDUHD FRPELQDW GLQWUH YDULDELOH DFHDVWD WUHEXLH V vQGHSOLQHDVF FHO SX LQ JUXSDUHD SH PRGDOLW L
*UXSDUHD FRPELQDW
de grupare care pot fi variDELOH

,QGLIHUHQW GH VFRSXO L
RUGLQLL GH JUXSDUH SH ED]D UHOD LHL GH LQWHUGHSHQGHQ RELHFWXO JUXS ULL
XUP WRDUHOH FRQGL LL
completitudinea datelor;
RPRJHQLWDWHD JUXSHORU L VXEJUXSHORU XQLFLWDWHD LQFOXGHULL XQLW LORU
;
JUXS FODV GDF JUXSDUHD HVWH VLPSO
ntr-R VLQJXU
FRQWLQXLWDWHD YDULD LHL JUXSHORU vQ FD]XO YDULDELOHORU QXPHULFH FHHD FH SUDFWLF vQVHDPQ V QX H[LVWH JUXSH FX IUHFYHQ H QXOH FDUH DU GXFH OD vQWUHUXSHUHD JUXS ULL YDULDELOH QHQXPHULFH FDOLWDWLYH L DUH GH UHJXO XQ
Clasificarea VH HIHFWXHD] GXS caracter oficial (de exemplu CAEN).
352%/(0
3HQWUX
5(=2/9$7
GLQ VDODULD LL SH VH[H DL XQHL ILUPH VH FXQRVF GDWHOH SULYLQG YHFKLPHD vQ PXQF
vQ DQL L YHQLWXULOH VDODULDOH V SW PkQDOH vQ PLL OHL UHDOL]DWH vQ OXQD PDUWLH
9HFKLPHD YHQLWXULOH VDODULDOH V
SW
PkQDOH L VH[XO vQUHJLVWUDWH vQ HDQWLRQ SHQWUX FHL GH VDODULD L
Tabelul 1.1. Cod salariat A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Total Vechimea (ani) 1 2 23 10 28 3 9 14 25 21 24 24 2 6 9 17 6 24 23 24 19 12 15 18 19 32 34 20 22 30 16 2 24 22 22 16 38 13 24 27 29 748 Venituri salariale
V SW PkQDOH PLL OHL
Sexul 3 F M F F F F M F F M M F F F F M M M F M F F M F F F M M F M F M F F F M F F M M 16 E UED L 24 femei
2 740 910 850 920 790 770 770 810 870 900 930 790 730 780 830 730 910 810 810 790 810 820 830 810 870 960 810 860 870 790 720 860 860 860 830 980 840 820 810 990 33440
Se cere: 1. 2. 3.
V V V VH SUHFL]H]H QR LXQLOH GH ED] VH HIHFWXH]H WRWDOXULOH L V IRORVLW L FH FX FDUH VH RSHUHD] vQ WDEHOXO V vQ SDUWH DU W 6 VH VH SUHFL]H]H FH RSHUD LH VWDWLVWLF ILHFDUH YDULDELO D IHO GH UHSDUWL LH UH]XOWDW
VH JUXSH]H FHL GH PXQFLWRUL GXS
-a efectuat; ndu-se ce fel

UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF
de grupare s-D 4. 5.
V V GRX L V
UH]XOWDWHOH RE LQXWH VH JUXSH]H FRPELQDW FHL GH PXQFLWRUL vQ IXQF LH GH FHOH WUHL YDULDELOH OXDWH FkWH VH SUHFL]H]H FH IHO GH VHULL GH UHSDUWL LH V DX RE LQXW
VH FHQWUDOL]H]H SH JUXSH GH YHFKLPH YHQLWXULOH VDODULDOH V SW PkQDOH L V
VH
reprezinte grafic fondul de salarii pe grupe. Rezolvare 1. n tabelul 1.1. s-D RSHUDW FX XQHOH QR LXQL VWDWLVWLFH GH ED]
&ROHFWLYLWDWHD VWDWLVWLF VHOHF LH R FROHFWLYLWDWH GH
este fRUPDW
VDODULDWXO
GLQ FHL GH VDODULD L L UHSUH]LQW
Unitatea de observare HVWH

L UHSUH]LQW
R XQLWDWH VLPSO
&DUDFWHULVWLFDYDULDELOD VWDWLVWLF
. n tabel sunt nregistrate trei variabile:

L QHDOWHPDWLY L IRUPD GH
sexul este o variabila atriEXWLY FDOLWDWLY DOWHUQDWLY vechimea HVWH R YDULDELO DWULEXWLY FDQWLWDWLY L QHDOWHUQDWLY
YHQLWXULOH VDODULDOH V VXQW YDORULOH SW PkQDOH HVWH R YDULDELO DOH FHORU LQGLYLGXDOH GRX
DWULEXWLY FDQWLWDWLY YDULDELOH
Variantele
QXPHULFH
PDQLIHVWDUH SHQWUX YDULDELOD QHQXPHULF
FDOLWDWLY YDORULOH FHORU GRX YDULDELOH FDQWLWDWLYH PHQ LRQDWH
Datele statistice SRW IL LQGLYLGXDOH DGLF
PDL VXV SUHFXP L WRDWH UH]XOWDWHOH FH VH YRU RE LQH GLQ SUHOXFUDUHD DFHVWRUD
2. n uUPD HIHFWX ULL RSHUD LHL GH FHQWUDOL]DUH VLPSO s-DX RE LQXW XUP SHQWUX YHFKLPH QRWDW FX X:
WRDUHOH YDORUL
x = x
i =1 i i =1
40
= 2 + 23 + ... + 27 + 29 = 748 ani vechime
SHQWUX YHQLWXULOH VDODULDOH V SW PkQDOH QRWDWH FX
Y:
y =y
i =1 i i =1
E UED L L IHPHL
40
= 740 + 910 + ... + 810 + 990 = 33440 mii lei

QX VH SRDWH IDFH R FHQWUDOL]DUH VLPSO FL GRDU SH FHOH GRX YDULDQWH
Pentru variabila "sex"
3.
Q
*UXSDUHD HIHFWXDW XUPD XQHL JUXS UL
GXS
R VLQJXU UH]XOW
YDULDELO R
JUXSDUHD VLPSO
L RE LQHUHD VHULLORU GH YH]L GH H[HPSOX
GLVWULEX LH GH IUHFYHQ H
.
GLVWULEX LH XQLGLPHQVLRQDO
VLPSOH
tabelul 1.2.).
3.1. *UXSDUHD PXQFLWRULORU GXS

IUHFYHQ H
YHFKLPH L UHSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF
D VHULLORU GH GLVWULEX LH GH
3.1.1. *UXSDUHD SH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH HJDOH Etapele de lucru sunt: a. calculul amplitudinii absolutH D YDULD LHL (Ax) Ax = x max x min Ax = 38 2 = 36 ani b.
VWDELOLUHD QXP UXOXL GH JUXSH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH Q IXQF LH GH
amplitudinea
HVWH JUXSH FX
YDULD LHL GH YROXPXO FROHFWLYLW
LL vQUHJLVWUDWH L GH VFRSXO SURSXV V D DSUHFLDW F
convenabil uQ
IUHFYHQ H QXOH
QXP U GH JUXSH
'H UH LQXW F
QX WUHEXLH V
VH RE LQ
c.
GHWHUPLQDUHD P
A 36 hx = x = = 6 ani kx 6
ULPLL LQWHUYDOXOXL GH YDULD LH
(h)
1RW
5RWXQMLUHD GDF
HVWH FD]XO VH IDFH vQ SOXV LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH HVWH SUHFHGDW L OLPLWD VXSHULRDU GH
Repartizarea muncitorilor pe cele 6 control logic.

1RWkQG OLPLWD LQIHULRDU
efectuarea unui
D SULPXOXL LQWHUYDO FX
cu xL DSUHFLHP F LQWHUYDOHOH DX IRVW VWDELOLWH FRUHFW GDF xl x min x L x max

6H FRQVWDW F SHQWUX H[HPSOXO OXDW VH UHVSHFW
xl
D XOWLPXOXL LQWHUYDO
VXQW UHVSHFWDWH FRQGL LLOH
DFHVWH FRQGL LL
d.
SUHFL]DUHD FHORU N LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH
2 8 14 20 26 32 n continuare, s-D RE LQXW XUP
: 8 *UXSDUHD ILLQG FX LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH FRQWLQX WUHEXLH 14 VWDELOLW FDUH OLPLW HVWH LQFOXV vQ LQWHUYDO 6H DOHJH GH RELFHL 20 YDULDQWD GH JUXSDUH FDUH DVLJXU FHO PDL ELQH WHQGLQ D GH 26 UHSDUWL LH QRUPDO DGLF XQ JUDG GH FRQFHQWUDUH D IUHFYHQ HORU 32 F WUH centrul seriei. 38 s-DX UHSDUWL]DW VDODULD LL SH JUXSH FX OLPLWD LQIHULRDU LQFOXV vQ LQWHUYDO L
YHFKLPH DQL
WRDUHD GLVWULEX LH GH IUHFYHQ H YH]L WDEHOXO
'LVWULEX LD VDODULD LORU GLQ HDQWLRQXO vQUHJLVWUDW OD ILUPD $ GXS
Tabelul 1.2. Grupe de muncitori

GXS YHFKLPH DQL 1XP UXO VDODULD LORU
2-8 8-14 14-20 20-26 26-32 32-38 Total

1RW /LPLWD LQIHULRDU LQFOXV
6 5 8 14 4 3 40
vQ LQWHUYDO
3.1.2.
YDULD LH VH FXPXODWLY
5HSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF SULQ
D VHULHL
GH GLVWULEX LH GXS SROLJRQXO
YHFKLPH
cu intervale egale de
ILJXUD FXUED
UHDOL]HD]
KLVWRJUDP
ILJXUD
IUHFYHQ HORU
ILJXUD L JUDILFXO GH FRQFHQWUDUH ILJXUD L SROLJRQXO IUHFYHQ HORU VFDUD GH UHSUH]HQWDUH HVWH SHUVRDQH IUHFYHQ D DQL P ULPHD LQWHUYDOXOXL LDU SH 2\ FP
)LLQG LQWHUYDOH HJDOH SHQWUX KLVWRJUDP XUP WRDUHD SH D[D 2[ OFP PD[LP ILLQG GH
16 14
U VDODULD L
14
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 6 5 8
1XP
14
20
26
32
38
Vechime (ani)
)LJXUD 'LVWULEX LD VDODULD LORU vQ IXQF LH GH YHFKLPH
16 14
U VDODULD L 1XP
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 8 14 20 26 32 38 44
Vechime (ani)
Pentru curba
FXPXODWLY
JUDILFXO
GH
FRQFHQWUDUH
WUHEXLH
I FXWH
XQHOH
FDOFXOH
YH]L
WDEHOXO SHQWUX IUHFYHQ H FXPXODWH L JUHXW
L VSHFLILFH SDUWH ID HVWH F WUH R
GH vQWUHJ UHSDUWL LH QRUPDO
3H ED]D UHSDUWL LHL GH IUHFYHQ H FXPXODWH FUHVF WRU L GHVFUHVF WRU VH SRDWH FRQVWUXL FXUED
cumuODWLY D IUHFYHQ HORU RJLY FkQG Gauss-/DSODFH 3H D[D 2[ VFDUD HVWH HJDO
VFDUD YD IL FP
WHQGLQ D
legea
WRW FX P ULPHD LQWHUYDOXOXL GH JUXSDUH GDU SH D[D 2\
VDODULD L GHRDUHFH QXP UXO PD[LP DO DFHVWRUD HVWH GH VXPD IUHFYHQ HORU
seriei) (vezi figura 1.3.).
5HSDUWL LD VDODULD LORU GXS
YHFKLPH
Tabelul 1.3.
1U VDODULD L )UHFYHQ H FXPXODWH
Total vechime
WR
*UHXWDWH VSHFLILF FXPXODW
Intervale
GH YDULD LH
persoane 1 6 5 8 14 4 3 40
ID
&UHVF
WRU
de total A 2-8 8-14 14-20 20-26 26-32 32-38 Total 2 15.0 12.5 20.0 35.0 10.0 7.5 100 3 6 11 19 33 37 40
Descresc r 4
ani 5
ID
IUHFYHQ H
vechime 8 2.8 9.9 27.8 70.9 86.1 100.0 LUXUL GH
de total 6 2.8 7.1 17.9 43.1 15.2 13.9 100 40 34 29 21 21 53 134 322 114 104 748 7 15.0 27.5 47.5 82.5 92.5 100.0 -
Graficul lui Lorenz

IUHFYHQ H L JUHXW
JUDILFXO GH FRQFHQWUDUH VH HODERUHD] FX L FXUED VH WUDVHD]
SH ED]D FHORU GRX
L VSHFLILFH FXPXODWH FRORDQHOH L GLQ WDEHOXO 3H DPEHOH D[H VFDUD XQLQG SXQFWHOH GH FRRUGRQDWH GLQWUH FHOH
tUHEXLH
GRX
ILH SURSRU LRQDO
JUHXW
L VSHFLILFH SHUHFKL YH]L ILJXUD
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2 8 14 20 26 32 38
1U VDODULD L
Vechime (ani)
)LJXUD 5HSDUWL LD IUHFYHQ HORU FXPXODWH vQ IXQF LH GH YHFKLPH
100
% vechime cumulate
80
60
40
20
0 0 20
IUHFYHQ H FXPXODWH
40
60
80
100
)LJXUD &XUED GH FRQFHQWUDUH D IUHFYHQ HORU FXUED OXL /RUHQ] vQ IXQF LH GH YHFKLPH
3.1.3. *UXSDUHD SH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH QHHJDOH.

L vQ FD]XO JUXS ULL SH LQWHUYDOH QHHJDOH WUHEXLH V GH VFRSXO SHQWUX FDUH VH HIHFWXHD] DFHDVW VH LQ VHDPD GH DPSOLWXGLQHD YDULD LHL L vQ FDGUXO FROHFWLYLW LL RSHUD LH &HO PDL IUHFYHQW JUXSDUHD SH LQWHUYDOH QHHJDOH UHSDUWL LD VDODULD LORU vQ VH IDFH FX VFRSXO GH D HYLGHQ LD WLSXULOH FDOLWDWLYH FH VH FRQWXUHD]
n cazul nostru, pentru variabila vechime interesea] V VH FXQRDVF cele trei grupe tipice: VDODULD L FX YHFKLPH PLF VDODULD L FX YHFKLPH PHGLH VDODULD L FX YHFKLPH PDUH Folosim n acest scop criteriul mediei. Vechimea medie este: x=
FDUH VH SODVHD] *UXSD DO WXUDWH LDU
x
i =1
748 = 18,7 ani vechime/salariat, 40

YD RE LQH VH GLQ LQWHUYDOXO SkQ FDUH OD FRQ LQH YDORDUHD PHGLD PLQLP SOXV FHOH GRX LQWHUYDOH JUXS FXPXOHD] RE LQkQG SULPD
vQ LQWHUYDOXO DO WUHLOHD ,QWHUYDOHOH QHHJDOH VH RE LQ SULQ UHJUXSDUHD FHORU HJDOH VH FHOHODOWH JUXSH
PLMORFLH
vQWkPSO WRU DLFL HVWH R VLQJXU UHSDUWL LH YH]L WDEHOXO
JUXS L SkQ
OD YDORDUHD PD[LP
UH]XOWkQG FHD GH D WUHLD JUXS
&HOH DVH LQWHUYDOH HJDOH OH
-am regrupat astfel: 2-8; 8-26; 26-
L D UH]XOWDW XUP WRDUHD
P ULPHD YHFKLPLL
Tabelul 1.4. Grupe tipice A

YHFKLPH PLF ,QWHUYDOXO GH YDULD LH 1XP UXO
vechime mijlocie vechime mare Total
al vechimii (ani) B 2-8 8-26 26-38 -
VDODULD LORU
1 6 27 7 40
3.1.4. 5HSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF D VHULLORU GH UHSDUWL LH FX LQWHUYDOH QHHJDOH VH IDFH FX DFHOHDL tipuri de grafice ca n cazul intervalelor egale. Deosebirea apare prin necesitatea de a alege un
LQWHUYDO GH ED] FDUH GHYLQH XQLWDWH D VF ULL GD UHSUH]HQWDUH L SULQ UHGXFHUHD SURSRU LRQDO D
freFYHQ HORU
$FHVWH FDOFXOH VXQW QHFHVDUH QXPDL SHQWUX KLVWRJUDP
LVDX SROLJRQXO IUHFYHQ HORU
YH]L WDEHOXO L ILJXUD
YHFKLPH SH JUXSH WLSLFH
Tabelul 1.5. Grupe tipice A

YHFKLPH PLF ,QWHUYDOXO GH YDULD LH
NuP 1
UXO
ULPHD
5DSRUWXO ID
GH
)UHFYHQ H
al vechimii (ani) B 2-8 8-26 26-38
VDODULD LORU
intervalului 2 6 18 12
primul interval 3 1 3 2
reduse 4 6,0 9,0 3,5
vechime mijlocie vechime mare
6 27 7
Pe axa Ox: 1 diviziune = 6 ani, iar pe axa Oy: 1 diviziuQH

10
VDODULD L
27
8
U VDODULD L
6 7
1XP
26 Vechime (ani)
38
)LJXUD 5HSDUWL LD VDODULD LORU SH JUXSH WLSLFH GH YHFKLPH
3.2. *UXSDUHD VDODULD LORU GXS
YHQLWXULOH VDODULDOH
3.2.1. *UXSDUHD SH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH HJDOH

)RORVLQG DFHODL PRGHO VH RE LQH
A y = 990 720 = 270 mii lei

k y = 6; h y = Ay ky = 270 = 45 mii lei 6
&HOH DVH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH VXQW
(IHFWXkQG XQ UD LRQDPHQW DQDORJ FX FHO GH OD SXQFWXO DP RE LQXW UHSDUWL LD GLQ WDEHOXO
-765; 765-810; 810-855; 855-900; 900-945; 945-990. .
YHQLWXULOH VDODULDOH V
SW PkQDOH PLL OHL
Tabelul 1.6.
*UXSH GH VDODULD L GXS YHQLWXULOH VDODULDOH 1XP UXO V SWDPkQDOH PLL OHL VDODULD LORU
720 - 765 765 - 810 810 - 855 855-900 900 - 945 945 - 990 Total
1 4 7 14 7 5 3 40
5HSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF
VH IDFH GXS
DFHOHDL SULQFLSLL GDU
LQkQG FRQW GH YDORULOH QXPHULFH
DOH YDULDELOHL GH JUXSDUH L DOH IUHFYHQ HORU YH]L ILJXULOH
-1.4.).
3.2.2. *UXSDUHD SH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH QHHJDOH

5HSHWkQG UD LRQDPHQWXO GH OD SXQFWXO L V SW PkQDOH LQkQG VHDPD GH YHQLWXULOH PHGLL VDODULDOH
y=
y
i =1
33440 = 836 mii lei/salariat 40 - 765; 765 - 900; 900 -

L D UH]XOWDW UHSDUWL LD
DP RE LQXW WUHL LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH QHHJDOH
din tabelul 1.7.

5HSDUWL LD VDODULD LORU GXS P ULPHD YHQLWXULORU VDODULDOH V SW PkQDOH
Tabelul.1.7. Grupe tipice A

YHFKLPH PLF *UXSH GXS VDODULDOH V P SW ULPHD YHQLWXULORU PkQDOH PLL OHL 1XP UXO VDODULD LORU
B 720 - 765 765 - 900 900 -990
1 4 28 8 40
L SHQWUX YHQLWXULOH VDODULDOH V SW PkQDOH JUDILF VH IDFH GXS
pentru seria cu intervale neegale, reprezentarea
PRGHOXO SUH]HQWDW OD ILJXUD
3.3. Gruparea muncitorilor pe sexe

Q DFHVW FD] ILLQG R YDULDELO DOWHUQDWLY QX SRW IL IRORVLWH GHFkW GRX JUXSH YH]L WDEHOXO
5HSDUWL LD VDODULD LORU SH VH[H
Tabelul 1.8. Sexul A Feminin Masculin Total

1XP UXO VDODULD LORU
1 24 16 40
28 24 20 16 12 8 4 0 24 16
Feminin
Masculin
)LJ 5HSDUWL LD VDODULD LORU SH VH[H
4. Gruparea combiQDW
6H SRW IRORVL FHO SX LQ GRX YDULDELOH &RPELQkQG FkWH GRX YDULDELOH DP RE LQXW VHULL ELGLPHQVLRQDOH GH IUHFYHQ H WDEHOHOH
-1.11.).
SW PkQDOH
4.1. *UXSDUHD VDODULD LORU GXS (vezi tabelul 1.9.)
YHFKLPH L YHQLWXULOH VDODULDOH V
5HSDUWL LD PXQFLWRULORU GXS
YHFKLPH L YHQLWXULOH VDODULDOH V
SW PkQDOH
Tabelul 1.9. Vechime (ani) A 2-8 8-14 14-20 20-26 26-32 32-38 Total
9HQLWXUL VDODULDOH V SW PkQDOH PLL OHL
Total
720765 1 4 4
765810 2 2 2 3 7
810855 3 3 5 5 1 14
855900 4 5 1 1 7
900945 5 4 1 5
945990 6 1 2 3
7 6 5 8 14 4 3 40
4.2. *UXSDUHD VDODULD LORU GXS
VH[ L YHFKLPH
(vezi tabelul 1.10.)
5HSDUWL LD VDODULD LORU SH VH[H L YHFKLPH
Tabelul 1.10. Sexul 2-8 A Feminin Masculin Total 1 5 1 6 8-14 2 5 5 Vechime 14-20 20-26 3 4 4 8 4 6 8 14 Total 26-32 5 2 2 4 32-38 6 2 1 3 8 24 16 40
4.3. *UXSDUHD VDODULD LORU GXS (vezi tabelul 1.11.)
VH[ L GXS
SW
PkQDOH
5HSDUWL LD VDODULD LORU SH VH[H L GXS
SW
PkQDOH
Tabelul 1.11.
9HQLWXUL VDODULDOH V SW PkQDOH PLL OHL
Sexul A Feminin Masculin Total
720765 1 3 1 4
765810 2 4 3 7
810855855 900 3 4 10 5 4 2 14 7
900945 5 1 4 5
945- Total 990 6 7 1 24 2 16 3 40
4.4. Repre]HQWDUHD
JUDILF
D VHULLORU ELGLPHQVLRQDOH GH IUHFYHQ
se face prin graficul de
FRUHOD LH FXQRVFXW L VXE GHQXPLUHD GH FRUHORJUDP
VDX JUDILFXO QRUXOXL GH SXQFWH YH]L ILJXUD
pe exemplul datelor din tabelul 1.9.).

1035 990 945 900 mii lei 855 810 765 720 675 2 8 14 20ani 26 32 38
FiJXUD &RUHOD LD GLQWUH YHFKLPH L YHQLWXULOH VDODULDOH V
SW PkQDOH
5.
&HQWUDOL]DUHD SH JUXSH D IUHFYHQ HORU L D YDORULORU YDULDELOHORU vQUHJLVWUDWH FDUH DX IRVW vQUHJLVWUDWH )RORVLQG GUHSW FDUDFWHULVWLF GH ED] YHFKLPHD YRP
)RORVLQG JUXSDUHD VH SRW FHQWUDOL]D QX QXPDL IUHFYHQ HOH FD OD SXQFWHOH L FL L YDORULOH
unor caractHULVWLFL
FHQWUDOL]D GDWHOH L SHQWUX FHOHODOWH YDULDELOH YH]L WDEHOXO 6FRSXO ILLQG DFHOD GH D FXQRDWH UHOD LLOH GLQWUH FHOH WUHL YDULDELOH YRP IDFH FHQWUDOL]DUHD GDWHORU PDL vQWkL SH LQWHUYDOH HJDOH L DSRL
pe grupele tipice de vechime (vezi tabelul 1.13.).

5HSDUWL LD VDODULD LORU GXS YHFKLPH
Tabelul 1.13. Intervalul Grupe tipice de vechime A

YHFKLPH PLF GH YDULD LH 1XP UXO
al vechimii (ani) B 2-8 8-26 26-38
VDODULD LORU
1 6 27 7 40
Date centralizate pentru: Sexul Vechime Venituri salariale Masculin Feminin (ani) V SW PkQDOH PLL OHL (pers.) (pers.) 2 3 4 5 1 5 21 4500 12 15 509 22540 3 4 218 6400 16 24 748 33440
3HQWUX D HYLGHQ LD FX PDL PXOW
FODULWDWH UHOD LD GLQWUH YHFKLPH L IRQGXO GH VDODULL YRP
UHSUH]HQWD JUDILF SULQ S WUDWH L FHUFXUL GDWHOH GLQ WDEHOXO 3HQWUX D VWDELOL VFDUD GH UHSUH]HQWDUH
sunt necesare unele calcule (vezi tabelul 1.14.).

CalcXOXO VF
ULL GH UHSUH]HQWDUH SHQWUX S WUDWH L FHUFXUL
Tabelul 1.14. Grupele A

YHFKLPH PLF
Fondul de salarii pe grupe (lei) 1 4.500.000 22.540.000 6.400.000 1) 1 cm = l000 lei
WUDW
vechime mijlocie vechime mare Scara:
Latura de Latura1) reprezentare graficului 2 3 2121 2.1 4748 4.7 2530 2.5 2) 1 cm = 1000 lei
Cerc Raza de Raza2) reprezentare graficului 4 5 1197 1.2 2679 2.7 1428 1.4
CENTRALIZAREA PE GRUPE
Tabelul 1.12.
Pe intervale egale
2-8 1 F F F F 2 2 3 2 6 3 740 790 790 730 1 F F F F 8 - 14 2 1 0 9 9 1 2 1 3 3 85 0 77 0 78 0 81 0 84 0 1 M F M F 14 - 20 2 1 4 1 7 1 9 1 5 1 8 1 9 1 0 1 6 1 3 4 3 77 0 83 0 79 0 82 0 83 0 81 0 79 0 83 0 64 70 1 M F F M 20 - 26 2 2 3 2 5 2 1 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 3 2 4 2 0 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 3 2 2 3 910 810 870 900 26 - 32 1 2 F 2 8 F 3 0 M 2 7 M 2 9 M =2 F =2 n5 =4 1 1 4 3 92 0 87 0 81 0 99 0 35 90 1 F F M M =1 F= 2 n 6= 3 32 - 38 2 3 2 3 4 3 8 1 0 4 3 87 0 96 0 98 0 28 10
730
930
F M=1 F=5 n1=6
2 21
720 4500 M=0 F=5 n2=5 5 3 40 50
F M F M= 4 F=4 n 3= 8
M M F M
910 810 810 810
M M F F F M=8
860 860 860 860 820 120 20
F=6 n4=1 4
Scara: 1 cm = 1000 lei
22540000 4500000 6400000
vechime mic
vechime mijlocie
vechime mare
Figura 1.8. Fondul de salarii pe grupe de vechime
Scara: 1cm = 1000 lei
4500000
22540000
6400000
vechime mic
vechime mijlocie
Figura 1.9. Fondul de salarii pe grupe
vechime mare
Q FRQFOX]LH PHQ LRQ P FkWHYD UHJXOL FH WUHEXLH DYXWH vQ YHGHUH OD HIHFWXDUHD JUXS ULORU
HYLWDUHD DSDUL LHL IUHFYHQ HL PD[LPH OD XQXO GLQ LQWHUYDOHOH VLWXDWH OD H[WUHPH SHQWUX D QX RE LQH UHSDUWL LL DFFHQWXDW DVLPHWULFH Q DFHVW FD] VH UHLD JUXSDUHD FX DOW QXP U GH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH L RSHUD LD VH UHSHW QRUPDOLWDWH UHSDUWL LH VLPHWULF SkQ OD RE LQHUHD XQHL UHSDUWL LL FH WLQGH VSUH
GDF
LQWHUYDOHOH H[WUHPH DX IUHFYHQ H IRDUWH PLFL vQ UDSRUW FX FHOH DQDOL] R SUHDODELO
lalte se poate deschide -zisele

VWDELOLUHD P ULPLL
JUXSDUHD ILH OD XQ FDS W ILH OD DPEHOH FDSHWH Q VLWXD LD vQ FDUH FD]XULOH H[WUHPH VXQW
evenimente rare, printr-R

FD]XUL DEHUDQWH L
D GDWHORU SULPDUH VH SRW HOLPLQD DD D YDULD LHL SHQWUX
FDOFXOD
QRX
DPSOLWXGLQH
intervalelor;

UHOXDUHD JUXS ULL GDF UHSDUWL LD SUH]LQW IUHFYHQ H PD[LPH DO WXUDWH
vQ FD]XO JUXS ULORU SH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH QHHJDOH UHJUXSDUHD LQWHUYDOHORU HJDOH VH YD IDFH vQ DD IHO vQFkW JUXSHOH VDX JUXSD GH OD PLMORFXO VHULHL V FRPSDUDWLY FX JUXSHOH GH OD H[WUHPH FDUH WUHEXLH V GH LQ R SRQGHUH PDL PDUH ILH PDL SX LQ UHSUH]HQWDWH Q DFHVW
scop se va aplica criteriul mediei;
SH FkW SRVLELO OD ED]D XQHL JUXS UL FRPELQDWH YRU VWD YDULDELOH vQWUH FDUH H[LVW GH FRUHVSRQGHQ IDFWRU GH LQIOXHQW ORJLF VDX R UHOD LH GH LQWHUGHSHQGHQ FDUDFWHULVWLFD SULPDU SHQWUX FHD GH D GRXD YDULDELO R OHJ WXU SXWkQG IL
352%/(0
352386
D XQXL RUD V
3HQWUX GH DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL GLQ UH HDXD FRPHUFLDO
-au nregistrat datele
SULYLQG SURILWXO vQ OXQD ; L JUDGXO GH LQVWUXLUH D PDQDJHUXOXL YH]L WDEHOXO
Tabelul 1.15. Cod agent economic A 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

&HULQ H HIHFWXD L FHQWUDOL]DUHD VLPSO JUXSD L FHL D GDWHORU GLQ WDEHO JUDGXO GH LQVWUXLUH D PDQDJHUXOXL L GXS
Studii 1 medii medii superioare medii superioare medii medii medii medii superioare superioare superioare medii medii medii medii medii superioare medii medii medii superioare medii medii medii superioare medii medii medii superioare
Profitul (mil.lei) 2 210 220 420 240 350 270 310 290 260 350 390 290 270 350 250 280 260 360 270 310 340 380 320 320 290 330 280 230 200 280
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
GH DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL GXS
P ULPHD SURILWXOXL SH DVH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH HJDOH HYLGHQ LD L WLSXULOH FDOLWDWLYH FH VH SRW FRQWXUD vQ FDGUXO FROHFWLYLW LL IRORVLQG FULWHULXO
mediei;
JUXSD L FRPELQDW FHL GH DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL GXS GXS P ULPHD SURILWXOXL JUDGXO GH LQVWUXLUH D PDQDJHUXOXL L FRQVWUXL L JUDILFHOH DGHFYDWH ILHF UXL SXQFW L SUHFL]D L WLSXO GH UHSDUWL LH RE LQXW
ULPL UHODWLYH
ULPLOH UHODWLYH GH VWUXFWXU
056
IUHFYHQ H UHODWLYH
( ni* ):
n i* =
ni
ni
i =1
sau
n * (%) = i
ni
ni
i =1
100
i =1
* ni
= 1 , respectiv
n i*( % ) = 100 %
i =1
ponderea sau greutatea ( x i ):

i =1 n
VSHFLILF
( g i ) a unui element ( xi
vQ WRWDOXO FROHFWLYLW
LL
gi =
x
n
sau
g i (%) =
x
n
100
i = 1
xi
i =1
xi
ponderea sau JUHXWDWHD VSHFLILF ( g i ) a volumului totalizat al caracteristici la nivelul grupei i n volumul totalizat al caracteristicii la nivelul ansamblului: cnd dispunem de date individuale
ni
ni
gi =
j =1
x ij
sau
g i (%) =
j =1
x ij 100 ,
i =1 j =1
x ij
k ni
i =1 j =1
x ij
k ni
unde: xij valorile individuale; ni volumul grupei; k QXP UXO GH JUXSH vQ FD]XO GLVWULEX LLORU XQLGLPHQVLRQDOH FkQG VH FXQRVF QXPDL SURGXVHOH GH IUHFYHQ H
gi =
xi ni
i =1
xi ni
sau
g i (%) =
xi ni
i =1
xi ni
100 ,
unde xi este varianta sau mijlocul intervalului de grupare.
ULPLOH UHODWLYH GH FRRUGRQD
re (MRC)
vQ GRX JUXSH SHQWUX FDUH QLYHOXO SH JUXSH DO YDULDELOHL
3HQWUX R FROHFWLYLWDWH vPS U LW
studiate este xA L xB :
K A/ B = xA xB
sau
KB/ A =
xB xA
0 ULPL UHODWLYH GH FRRUGRQDUH VH SRW FDOFXOD L SRUQLQG GH OD IUHFYHQ H
K A/ B =
nA nB
sau K B / A =
nB nA
ULPLOH UHODWLYH DOH GLQDPLFLL 05' SXWHP FDOFXOD IL[
Q IXQF LH GH ED]D GH FRPSDUD LH DOHDV P ULPL UHODWLYH DOH GLQDPLFLL FX ED]
a)
: k t/ 0 =
xt x0
E P ULPL UHODWLYH DOH GLQDP
icii FX ED]
PRELO
(YDULDELO sau vQ ODQ : k t / t 1 =
xt xt 1
5HOD LL GH WUHFHUH
kt / 0 : kt 1/ 0 = kt / t 1
k
t =1
t / t 1
= km / 0 ,
unde este semnul produsului
3XWHP FDOFXOD P ULPL UHODWLYH DOH GLQDPLFLL OD QLYHOXO DQVDPEOXOXL
kt / 0 =
x x
respectiv
k t / t 1 =
x x
t 1
ULPLOH UHODWLYH DOH SURJUDP P ULPLORU UHODWLYH
ULL SODQLILF SODQXOXL
ULL 053O SUHVXSXQH SUHOXDUHD GLQ HYLGHQ HOH XQLW LL
&DOFXOXO
DOH
HFRQRPLFH DQDOL]DWH D LQIRUPD LLORU UHIHULWRDUH OD
nivelul fHQRPHQXOXL DQDOL]DW vQ SHULRDGD GH ED]

QLYHOXO UHDOL]DW vQ SHULRDGD FXUHQW
x0);

QLYHOXO SODQLILFDW SURJUDPDW SHQWUX SHULRDGD FXUHQW
xpl)
x1).
'LQ FRPSDUDUHD VXE IRUP
GH UDSRUW D FHORU WUHL LQGLFDWRUL UH]XOW
coeficientul sarcinii de plan: k pl / 0 =
x pl x0
x1 x pl
coeficientul ndeplinirii planului: k 1 / pl =

FRHILFLHQWXO GH GLQDPLF
: k1 / 0 =
x1 x0
QWUH FHL WUHL FRHILFLHQ L H[LVW
k 1 / 0 = k pl / 0 . k1 / pl
UHOD LD
3XWHP FDOFXOD P ULPL UHODWLYH DOH SODQXOXL OD QLYHO GH DQ
k pl / 0 =
H[SULP SURFHQWXDO
x pl x0
respectiv
k 1 / pl =
x x
samblu:
1
pl
'H FHOH PDL PXOWH RUL P ULPLOH UHODWLYH GH GLQDPLF
L P ULPLOH UHODWLYH DOH SODQXOXL VH
ULPLOH UHODWLYH GH LQWHQVLWDWH 05,
OD QLYHO SDU LDO
xi =
yi zi
la nivelul ansamblului: x =
y z
sau
x=
x z z
i i
PROBLEME REZOLVATE
1.
Se cunosc datele:
Tabelul 2.1. Magazine Valoarea
vQFDV ULORU vQ SHULRDGD FXUHQW
% sarcinii de plan
% ndeplinirii planului 3 94 102 107
0 A B C
(PC) (mil. lei) 1 100 240 140
2 105 120 110
Se cere: 1. procentul ndeplinirii planului, pe total; 2. procentul sarcinii de plan, pe total; 3. GLQDPLFD vQFDV ULORU SH ILHFDUH PDJD]LQ L SH WRWDO 4. V VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF VWUXFWXUD vQFDV ULORU vQ SHULRDGD
FXUHQW 3& L V VH DQDOL]H]H PXWD LLOH VWUXFWXUDOH
GH ED]
3% L vQ SHULRDGD
Rezolvare 1.
3HQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD VDUFLQLL GH SODQ WUHEXLH RE LQXWH YDORULOH SODQLILFDWH DOH SURGXF LHL
pornind de la procentul ndeplinirii planului pe fiecare magazin: x1 x 1 100 K 1 pl ( % ) = 100 , de unde x pl = x pl K 1 pl

x pl = 100 100 = 106 , 3 mil. lei (pentru magazinul A) 94 240 100 = = 235 , 2 mil. lei (pentru magazinul B) 102 140 100 = = 130 , 8 mil. lei (pentru magazinul C) 107
x pl
x pl
Pe total (pe ansamblu): x 1 = 480 = 1 , 0163 sau 101,63% K 1ans = pl x pl 472 , 3 2. Pentru determinarea sarcinii de plan, pe total, trebuie determinate valorile
UHDOL]DWH vQ SHULRDGD GH ED] vQFDV ULORU
pl 0
x pl x0
100 , de unde
x0 =
x pl 100 K
pl 0
x0 = x0 = x0 =
106 , 3 100 105 235 , 2 100 120 130 , 8 100 110
= 101 , 2 mil. lei (pentru magazinul A) = 196 mil. lei (pentru magazinul B) = 118 , 9 mil. lei (pentru magazinul C)
Pe total:
ans
K pl
x pl x0
472,3 = 1,1351 sau 113,51% 416,1
3.
'LQDPLFD vQFDV ULORU SH ILHFDUH PDJD]LQ
K1
K1
K1
K1
Pe total:
x1 x0 100 = = 0,9881 sau 98,81% (pentru magazinul A) 101,2 240 = = 1,2245 sau 122,45% (pentru magazinul B) 196 140 = = 1,1775 sau 117,75% (pentru magazinul C) 118,9
ans
K1
Verificare:
x1 x0
ans
480 = 1,1536 sau 115,36% 416,1
ans
K1
= K1
pl K pl
ans 0
= 1,0163 1,1351 = 1,1536
$'(9
5$7
6LWXD LD FHD PDL IDYRUDELO V-a nregistrat la magazinul C R FUHWHUH GH ID 10% ct s-D SUHY ]XW LDU FHD PDL QHIDYRUDELO OD PDJD]LQXO A, unde s-D SUHY ]XW R FUHWHUH L V-D UHDOL]DW R VF GHUH GH 6WUXFWXUD vQFDV ULORU YH]L WDEHOXO FRORDQHOH L VH UHSUH]LQW JUDILF
GH GH
4.
SULQ
GUHSWXQJKLXO GH VWUXFWXU
vezi figura 2.1.).

Tabelul 2.2.
Magazine A A B C Total
Valoarea desfacerilor (mil. lei) PB PC 1 2 101,20 100 196 240 118,90 140 416,10 480
Structura desfacerilor (%) PB PC 3 4 24,32 20,83 47,10 50,00 28,58 29,17 100,00 100,00
Structura desfacerLORU vQ SHULRDGD FXUHQW

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
24,32
20,83 Magazinul "A"
47,1
50
Magazinul "B" Magazinul "C"
28,58
29,17
PB
PC
Figura 2.1.
Ponderea desfacerilor realizate de magazinul A

FUHWHUHD SRQGHULL GHVIDFHULORU vQ SULPXO UkQG OD PDJD]LQXO vQ PDL PLF GH ED] P VXU OD vQ SHULRDGD FXUHQW
D VF ]XW DFHDVWD ILLQG FRPSHQVDW
GH
GH FUHWHUHD SRQGHULL GHVIDFHULORU OD PDJD]LQXO
B (de la 47,1% n PB la 50% n P& L C (de la 28,58% n perioada
2.
3HQWUX GRL DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL FH GHVI RDU
DFHHDL DFWLYLWDWH VH FXQRVF GDWHOH
Tabelul 2.3.
$JHQ L 3URGXF LD vQ SHULRDGD FXUHQW
Dinamica
SURGXF LHL
1U GH VDODULD L
economici 0 A B Total
n perioada
GH ED]
(mil. lei) 1 900 600 1500
2 80 125 ...
3 100 50 150
Se cere: 1. 2. 3.
GLQDPLFD SURGXF LHL SH WRWDO FDOFXODUHD P ULPLORU UHODWLYH SHUPLVH GH GDWHOH GLQ HQXQ FDOFXODUHD P ULPLORU GH LQWHQVLWDWH SH ILHFDUH DJHQW HFRQRPLF L SH WRWDO
Rezolvare: 1.
3HQWUX FDOFXODUHD GLQDPLFLL SURGXF LHL SH WRWDO WUHEXLH FDOFXODW ED] SH FHL GRL DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL SURGXF LD vQ SHULRDGD GH
K1
x1 x0
100
x0 =
respectiv
x 1 100 K 1/ 0
900 100 = 1125 mil. lei 80 600 100 x0 = = 480 mil. lei 125 x 1 = 1500 = 0 , 9346 = 93 , 46% ans K1 0 = x 0 1605 x0 =
vQ SHULRDGD FXUHQW ID GH SHULRDGD GH ED]
3URGXF LD D VF ]XW SH WRWDO FX
2. 3H ED]D GDWHORU GLQ HQXQ MRS penWUX SURGXF LH
PDL SXWHP FDOFXOD L SHQWUX QXP UXO GH VDODULD L
(rezultatele calculelor sunt

Tabelul 2.4.
SUH]HQWDWH vQ WDEHOXO FRORDQHOH L
$JHQ L
3URGXF LD vQ SHULRDGD FXUHQW
Structura
SURGXF LHL
1U VDODULD L
Structura
VDODULD LORU
economici 0 A B Total
n perioada
GH ED]
(mil. lei) 1 900 600 1500
2 60 40 100
3 100 50 150
4 66,67 33,33 100,00
MRC SHQWUX SURGXF LH L SHQWUX QXP SHQWUX SURGXF LH
UXO GH VDODULD L
KA KB
-
900 = 1,5 600 600 = = 0,6667 sau 66,67% 900 = 100 =2 50 50 = = 0,3333 sau 33,33% 100 =
GH LQWHQVLWDWH VH SRDWH FDOFXOD SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PHGLH vQ SHULRDGD GH
SHQWUX QXP UXO GH VDODULD L
KA
KB
3.
&D P ULPH UHODWLY ED]
YH]L WDEHOXO FRORDQHOH
Tabelul 2.5.
$JHQ L 3URGXF LD vQ 1U VDODULD L
economici
perioada de ED] (mil. lei) (Qi) 1 1125 480 Q i = 1500
n perioada de
ED] SHUV
Productivitatea n perioada de
ED]
(Ti) 2 100 50 T i = 150
0 A B Total
(mil. lei/pers.) (wi) 3 11,25 9,6
w = 10,0
pe fiecare agent economic Q wi = i Ti unde: Qi SURGXF LD Ti QXP U VDODULD L pe total
w=
Qi Ti
Rezultatele calculelor sunt prezentate n tabelul 2.5. (coloana 3).
3.
3HQWUX WUHL DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL FH GHVI RDU
DFHOD
i tip de activitate se cunosc datele:

Tabelul 2.6.
$JHQ L
Structura
SURGXF LHL vQ SHULRDGD GH ED]
economici
% sarcinii de plan pentru perioada

FXUHQW
% ndeplinirii planului n perioada

FXUHQW
0 A B C
(%) 1 25 40 35
2 104,7 115 100
3 102 106 98
Se cere: 1. procentul sarcinii de plan, pe total; 2. procentul ndeplinirii planului, pe total; 3. GLQDPLFD SURGXF LHL SH ILHFDUH DJHQW HFRQRPLF L SH WRWDO 4. V VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF P ULPLOH UHODWLYH GH GLQDPLF L DOH SODQXOXL SHQWUX FHL WUHL DJHQ L economici. Rezolvare:
1.
ans pl 0
x pl = x0
= =
x pl
0
x0 =
x0
0
K pl 0 x 0 = K pl x0
g x0 =
K pl
g x0 ( % )
100
104 , 7 25 + 115 40 + 100 35 = 100
2617 , 5 + 4600 + 3500 10717 , 5 = = 1 , 07175 sau 107 , 175% 100 100
2.
'LQDPLFD SURGXF LHL SHQWUX ILHFDUH DJHQW HFRQRPLF VH SRDWH GHWHUPLQD XWLOL]kQG UHOD LD
K1
= K1
pl
K pl
pentru agentul economic A
K1
102 104,7 = 1,06794 sau 106,97% 100 100
pentru agentul economic B

K1 = 106 115 = 1,219 sau 121,9% 100 100
pentru agentul economic C

K1 = 98 100 = 0,98 sau 98% 100 100
FD PHGLH D LQGLFLORU GH GLQDPLF SDU LDOL IRORVLQG FD
'LQDPLFD SH WRWDO VH FDOFXOHD]
SRQGHUH VWUXFWXUD SURGXF LHL vQ SHULRDGD GH ED]
K 1ans0 = = =
x1 = K 1 x0
100
g x0 (% ) = 100
0
106 , 79 25 + 121 , 9 40 + 98 35 10975 , 75 100
2669 , 75 + 4876 + 3430 100
= 1 , 09757 sau 109 , 757%
3.
3URFHQWXO vQGHSOLQLULL SODQXOXL VH GHWHUPLQ
IRORVLQG XUP WRDUHD UHOD LH
ans K1anspl = K1ans : K pl 0 = 0
1,09757 = 1,02409 sau 102,409% 1,07175

R VLWXD LH QHJDWLY
3HQWUX WR L FHL WUHL DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL SURFHQWXO vQGHSOLQLULL SODQXOXL D IRVW PDL PLF GHFkW
procentul sarcinii de SODQ FHHD FH UHSUH]LQW
4.
3HQWUX UHSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF
D P ULPLORU UHODWLYH GH GLQDPLF
L DOH SODQXOXL VH IRORVHWH
diagrama prin coloane.

Scara Oy: 20%
140
121,9%
% sarcinii de plan % ndeplinirii planului dinamica
120
104,7% 102% 106,79%
115% 106%
100%
100
98%
98%
80
60
40
20
0 agentul economic "A" agentul economic "B"

Figura 2.2.
agentul economic "C"
4.
3HQWUX WUHL DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL FX DFHODL
profil de activitate se cunosc datele:

Tabelul 2.7.
$JHQ L
economici
Structura cifrei de afaceri n

SHULRDGD FXUHQW
% ndeplinirii planului
Dinamica cifrei de afaceri
0 A B C
(%) 1 20 48 32
2 102 105 98
3 107,1 120,75 107,8
Se cere: 1. procentul ndeplinirii planului pe total; 2. dinamica cifrei de afaceri pe total; 3. SURFHQWXO VDUFLQLL GH SODQ SH ILHFDUH DJHQW HFRQRPLF L SH WRWDO 4. V VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF P ULPLOH UHODWLYH DOH SODQXOXL L GH GLQDPLF economic.
SHQWUX ILHFDUH DJHQW
Rezolvare: 1. Procentul
vQGHSOLQLULL SODQXOXL SH WRWDO VH FDOFXOHD] FD PHGLH DUPRQLF GH P ULPL UHODWLYH SDU LDOH /D QLYHO SDU LDO
K1
pl
x1 x1 , de unde x pl = x pl K1 pl
La nivel de ansamblu: x1 = x1 = K 1ans pl = x pl x 1 K 1 pl

=
1
1 pl
= gx1
100
1
1 pl
gx1
(% )
100 100 = = 1 1 1 19 , 6078 + 45 , 7143 + 32 , 6531 20 + 48 + 32 1 , 02 1 , 05 0 , 98 100 = 1 , 0207 sau 102,07 % 97 , 9752
VH FDOFXOHD] WRW FD PHGLH DUPRQLF GH P ULPL
2. Dinamica cifrei de afaceri, pe toWDO

UHODWLYH SDU LDOH
K 1ans0 =
x1 = x1 x0 1 K
1
100
x1
1
1 0
gx1
(% )
100 100 = = 1 1 1 18 , 6741 + 39 , 7515 + 29 , 6848 20 + 48 + 32 1 , 071 1 , 2075 1 , 078 100 = 1 , 1349 sau 113 , 49 % 88 , 1102
3. Procentul sarcinii de plan:
pe fiecare agent economic:
K pl
K1 K1
0 pl
1,071 = 1,05 sau 105% pentru agentul economic A 1,02
K pl
1,2075 = 1,15 sau 115% pentru agentul economic B 1,05
K pl
1,078 = 1,1 sau 110% pentru agentul economic C 0,98
pe total: K ans 0 = pl K1ans 0 K1anspl

=
1,1349 = 1,1119 sau 111,19% 1,0207

C R VLWXD LH QHIDYRUDELO

5H]XOW
OD DJHQWXO HFRQRPLF
Scara Oy:
20%
140 % sarcinii de plan

120,75%
% ndeplinirii planului
110%
120
105% 107,1% 102%
115% 105%
100
80
60
40
20
0 agentul economic "A" agentul economic "B" agentul economic "C"
Figura 2.3.

107,8% 98%
PROBLEME PROPUSE
1.
3HQWUX WUHL DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL FX DFHODL SURILO GH DFWLYLWDWH VH FXQRVF GDWHOH
Tabelul 2.8. Structura cifrei de afaceri n

SHULRDGD GH ED]
$JHQ L
economici 0 A B C
% sarcinii de plan 2 105 120 108
(%) 1 25 45 30
Dinamica cifrei de afaceri (%) 3 94,5 123 108
Se cere: 1. procentul sarcinii de plan pe total; 2. dinamica cifrei de afaceri pe total; 3. SURFHQWXO vQGHSOLQLULL SODQXOXL SH ILHFDUH DJHQW HFRQRPLF L SH WRWDO 4. V VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF P ULPLOH UHODWLYH DOH SODQXOXL
2.
Pentru o ntreprindere se cunosc datele:
Tabelul 2.9.
6HF LD 3URGXF LD vQ SHULRDGD FXUHQW 1U VDODULD L vQ
Dinamica
SURGXF LHL
perioada
FXUHQW
0 A B
(buc) 1 120 80
2 30 16
(%) 3 110 96
Se cere: 1. GLQDPLFD SURGXF LHL SH WRWDO 2. productivitatea muncLL OD QLYHO GH VHF LH L SH WRWDO L vQ SHULRDGD FXUHQW 3& 3. V VH VWDELOHDVF FH DOWH WLSXUL GH P ULPL UHODWLYH VH SRW FDOFXOD SH ED]D GDWHORU GLQ HQXQ
H[HPSOLILFD L
4.
VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF SURGXF LD SH WRWDO vQ SHULRDGD FXUHQW vQ IXQF LH GH SURGXF
tivitatea
PHGLH D PXQFLL L GH QXP UXO GH VDODULD L
3.
3HQWUX WUHL DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL FDUH GHVI RDU
Tabelul 2.10. Agent economic 0 A B C Structura

SURGXF LHL vQ 3%
% sarcinii de plan 2 104,7 115 100
Dinamica
SURGXF LHL
(%) 1 25 40 35
(%) 3 107 121 98
Se cere: 1. procentul sarcinii de plan pe total; 2. GLQDPLFD SURGXF LHL SH WRWDO 3. SURFHQWXO vQGHSOLQLULL SODQXOXL SH ILHFDUH DJHQW HFRQRPLF L SH WRWDO 4. V VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF JUDGXO GH vQGHSOLQLUH D SODQXOXL SHQWUX FHL WUHL DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL
4.
Pentru un agent economic se cunosc datele:
Tabelul 2.11. Activitate 0 A B Salariu mediu n PB (mii lei/pers.) 1 2250 1800
1U VDODULD L vQ
Dinamica nr.
GH VDODULD L
PC (pers.) 2 42 18
3 105 90
Se cere: 1. dinDPLFD QXP UXOXL GH VDODULD L SH WRWDO 2. VDODULXO PHGLX vQ SHULRDGD GH ED] DO QLYHOXO DJHQWXOXL HFRQRPLF 3. V VH VWDELOHDVF FH DOWH WLSXUL GH P ULPL UHODWLYH VH SRW FDOFXOD SH ED]D GDWHORU GLQ HQXQ
H[HPSOLILFD L
4.
VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF IRQGXO GH VDODULL vQ SHULRDGD GH ED] SH WRWDO vQ IXQF LH GH
VDODULXO PHGLX L GH QXP UXO GH VDODULD L
5.
Un agent economic dispune de trei magazine pentru care se cunosc datele din tabelul 2.12.:
Tabelul 2.12. Valoarea desfacerilor (mil. lei) Realizat Plan Realizat octombrie noiembrie noiembrie 1 2 3 168 175 180 180 188 192 1105 1120 1125
1XP U SHUsonal Plan Realizat noiembrie noiembrie 5 6 32 33 35 35 45 43
Magazinul A I II III
Realizat octombrie 4 30 32 40
Se cere: 1. 2.
V V VH FDOFXOH]H WRDWH P ULPLOH UHODW
ive permise de date, prin toate procedeele cunoscute;
VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF UH]XOWDWHOH RE LQXWH OD SXQFWXO SUHFHGHQW
6.
3HQWUX GRL DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL FH GHVI RDU
Tabelul 2.13. Agent economic Salariu mediu n

SHULRDGD FXUHQW 1U VDODULD L vQ
perioada
FXUHQW SHUV
(mii lei/pers.) 0 A B 1 2250 1800
2 42 18
Dinamica fondului de salarii PC/PB (%) 3 105 90
Se cere: 1. 2. 3.
VDODULXO PHGLX SH WRWDO vQ SHULRDGD FXUHQW V V FXUHQW VH VWDELOHDVF FH DOWH WLSXUL GH P ULPL UHODWLYH VH SRW FDOFXOD SH ED]D GDWHORU GLQ HQXQ 3& VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF VWUXFWXUD IRQGXOXL GH VDODULL L IRQGXO GH VDODULL GLQ SHULRDGD
6HULL GH GLVWULEX LH D IUHFYHQ HORU
SERII SIMPLE (date negrupate)

0 ULPL PHGLL
0HGLD DULWPHWLF 0HGLD QLYHOXULORU DULWPHWLF LORU HVWH UH]XOWDWXO VLQWHWL] ULL SULQ vQWU R VLQJXU YDORULL H[SUHVLH WRWDOL]DWH QXPHULF D FDUDF D WXWXURU
LQGLYLGXDOH
REVHUYDWH
RE LQXW
UDSRUWDUHD
teristicii la
QXP UXO WRWDO DO XQLW
x=
xi
i =1
n
QLYHOXULOH LQGLYLGXDOH DOH YDULDELOHL
unde: xi
UHSUH]LQW
x
i =1
UHSUH]LQW UHSUH]LQW
YROXPXO FHQWUDOL]DW DO YDULDELOHL QXP UXO XQLW LORU
observate.
3URSULHW
a) b) c) d)
GDF
x1=x2=...=xi=...=xn=xc , x min < x < x max

n i =1 i
atunci
x = xc
(x
GDF
x) = 0
x= xi # a , atunci x = x # a , de unde x = x a
e)
xi x , atunci x = , de unde x = x h , h h respectiv :

GDF
x" =
GDF
x" = xi h , atunci x = x h
, de unde x =
x h
Formule de calcul simplificat al mediei aritmetice:

a n n x hi x = i =1 h sau n n x a i h h+ a x = i =1 n
i =1
0HGLD DUPRQLF
x=
(x
# a)
x=
(x h)
i =1 i
:h
xh VH GHILQHWH inverse ale termenilor aceleLDL VHULL n xh = n 1 x i =1 i

0HGLD S WUDWLF
0HGLD DUPRQLF
FD ILLQG LQYHUVD PHGLHL DULWPHWLFH FDOFXODW
GLQ YDORULOH
0HGLD S WUDWLF PRGLILF
(x p )
HVWH DFHD YDORDUH FDUH vQORFXLQG WHUPHQLL VHULHL ULGLFD L OD S WUDW QX
VXPD S WUDWHORU ORU
xp =
x
i =1
2 i
0HGLD JHRPHWULF 0HGLD JHRPHWULF
x g UHSUH]LQW
DFHD YDORDUH FX FDUH GDF
VH vQORFXLHVF WR L WHUPHQLL VHULHL
L VH IDFH SURGXVXO ORU YDORDUHD OD FDUH VH DMXQJH HVWH HJDO
FX SURGXVXO WHUPHQLORU UHDOL
xg = n
x
i =1
n i =1
3ULQ ORJDULWPDUH VH RE LQH
lg x g =
lg x
n
QWUH PHGLLOH SUH]HQWDWH H[LVW
XUP WRDUHD UHOD LH GH RUGLQH
xh < xg < xa < x p
9DORUL PHGLL GH SR]L LH VDX GH VWUXFWXU UHSUH]LQW YDORDUHD FHQWUDO D XQHL VHULL VWDWLVWLFH RUGRQDWH FUHVF WRU VDX
Mediana (Me) Locul Me =
GHVFUHVF WRU FDUH vPSDUWH WHUPHQLL VHULHL vQ GRX
n +1 unde n UHSUH]LQW 2
S U L HJDOH
QXP UXO WHUPHQLORU VHULHL
Valoarea medianei: GDF QXP UXO WHUPHQLORU VHULHL HVWH LPSDU n=2p+1):
GDF QXP UXO WHUPHQLORU HVWH SDU
Me = x p + 1
x p + x p +1 2
n=2p):
Me =
Modul (Mo)
HVWH YDORDUHD FDUH VH UHSHW
GH FHOH PDL PXOWH RUL PRWLY SHQWUX FDUH PDL HVWH
FXQRVFXW vQ OLWHUDWXUD GH VSHFLDOLWDWH L VXE GHQXPLUHD GH
dominanta seriei.
,QGLFDWRULL YDULD LHL
a)
,QGLFDWRULL VLPSOL DL YDULD LHL VH FDOFXOHD] FD GLIHUHQ vQWUH QLYHOXO PD[LP
Amplitudinea abVROXW (Aa minim (xmin) al caracteristicii: Aa = xmax - xmin

$PSOLWXGLQHD UHODWLY YDULD LHL L QLYHOXO PHGLX DO FDUDF
xmax
L QLYHOXO
D YDULD LHL
A% teristicii:
VH FDOFXOHD]
FD UDSRUW vQWUH DPSOLWXGLQHD DEVROXW
A% =
Aa 100 x
VH FDOFXOHD] FD GLIHUHQ vQWUH ILHFDUH YDULDQW D DFHVWRUD
vQUHJLVWUDW
Abaterile individuale absolute (di)

L PHGLD DULWPHWLF
d i = xi x
i = 1, n
VH FDOFXOHD] UDSRUWkQG DE
Abaterile individuale relative (di%) mediu al caracteristicii: d x x d i % = i 100 = i 100 x x altul. b)

,QGLFDWRULL VLQWHWLFL DL YDULD LHL
aterile absolute la nivelul
i = 1, n
Q DQDOL]D YDULD LHL GH PXOWH RUL QH OLPLW P OD D FDOFXOD DEDWHULOH PD[LPH vQWU
-un sens sau
$EDWHUHD
PHGLH
OLQLDU
(d )
VH
FDOFXOHD]
FD
PHGLH
DULWPHWLF
VLPSO
GLQ
DEDWHULOH
WHUPHQLORU VHULHL GH OD PHGLD ORU OXDWH vQ YDORDUH DEVROXW
d=
x
i =1
$EDWHUHD PHGLH S
WUDWLF
sau abaterea standard ( )
VH FDOFXOHD]
FD R PHGLH S WUDWLF
din
DEDWHULOH WXWXURU YDULDQWHORU VHULHL GH OD PHGLD ORU DULWPHWLF
(x
i =1
x)2
n
UHOD LD
&DOFXOD L SHQWUX DFHHDL VHULH FHL GRL LQGLFDWRUL YHULILF
Q OLWHUDWXUD GH VSHFLDOLWDWH VH DSUHFLD] QRUPDOLWDWH DEDWHUHD PHGLH OLQLDU HVWH HJDO
>d
SHQWUX R VHULH GH GLVWULEX LH FX WHQGLQ
FODU
GH
FX GLQ YDORDUHD DEDWHULL PHGLL S WUDWLFH
Dispersia
YDULDQ D
XQHL
FDUDFWHULVWLFL
( 2 )
VH
FDOFXOHD]
FD
PHGLH
DULWPHWLF
VLPSO
S WUDWHORU DEDWHULORU WHUPHQLORU ID
GH PHGLD ORU
Formulele de calcul sunt:
2 =
(x
i =1
x)
sau
n x xi 2 = i =1 i =1 n n
n 2 i
&RHILFLHQWXO GH YDULD LH
(v
VH FDOFXOHD]
FD UDSRUW vQWUH DEDWHUHD PHGLH S WUDWLF
L QLYHOXO
mediu al seriei:
100 x Coeficientul GH YDULD LH VH PDL SRDWH FDOFXOD L GXS d v = 100 x

v=
UHOD LD
6(5,, '( ',675,%8
,( 81,',0(16,21$/( GDWH JUXSDWH
,QGLFDWRUL GH IUHFYHQ H
)UHFYHQ HOH IUHFYHQ HORU
UHODWLYH
( ni*
VH
RE LQ
UDSRUWkQG
IUHFYHQ D
ILHF UHL
JUXSH
ni) la totalul
( ni ) :
i =1
ni* =
ni
n
i =1
sau
i
ni*(%) =
ni
n
i =1
100
i
)UHFYHQ HOH FXPXODWH VH QRWHD]
FX
Fi sau Fi*
vQ IXQF LH GH IHOXO IUHFYHQ HORU LQFOXVH vQ
calcul (absolute sau relative):

F i = n j ; i = 1 , 2 , 3 ,..., k ;
j =1
0 ULPL PHGLL
respectiv
F i* = n * ; i = 1 , 2 , 3 ,... k ; j
j =1
0HGLD DULWPHWLF &DOFXOXO FX IUHFYHQ H DEVROXWH
x=
xi ni
i =1
ni
i =1
3URSULHW PHGLD L VH vQFDGUHD] vQ LQWHUYDOXO FX IUHFYHQ D PD[LP VDX vQ XQXO GLQ FHOH GRX
a) b)
intervale nvecinate.
(x
i =1
GDF
x ) ni = 0
c)
x = xi # a , atunci x =
( xi
i =1 k i =1
# a )ni = x#a
ni
k
d)
GDF
x =
xi , atunci x = h
x hi ni i =1
n
i =1
x h
UHVSHFWLY GDF
x = xi h , atunci x =
SXQFWHOH
(x
i =1
OD
h) ni
i
n
i =1
= hx
3URSULHW 6H XWLOL]HD]
LOH
GH OD
F L G VHUYHVF
calculul simplificat al mediei aritmetice.
vQ DFHVW VFRS IRUPXOHOH
x=
(xi
i =1 k i =1
# a )n i a
ni
x= xi h ni i =1
k
ni
i =1
, respectiv
x=
( x i h )n i
i =1
ni
i =1
x=
xi a ni h i =1
k
ni
i =1
h + a ,
unde: a - mijlocul unui intHUYDO GH RELFHL FHQWUXO LQWHUYDOXOXL FX IUHFYHQ D FHD PDL PDUH h - P ULPHD LQWHUYDOXOXL GDF VHULD DUH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH HJDOH e)
GDF vQWU R VHULH VH UHGXF SURSRU LRQDO WRDWH IUHFYHQ HOH PHGLD FDOFXODW
SH ED]D QRLORU
IUHFYHQ H U PkQH QHVFKLPEDW
x
$FHDVW
ni c =x ni c
i
n acest caz c = ni :
SURSULHWDWH
VHUYHWH
OD
FDOFXOXO
PHGLHL
FX
DMXWRUXO
IUHFYHQ HORU
UHODWLYH
x = xi ni* sau x =
0HGLD DUPRQLF
x n
i
* i (%)
100
&DOFXOXO FX IUHFYHQ H DEVROXWH
xh =
n
i =1
x
i =1
k
1
i
ni
100 1 x ni*(%) i =1 i
k
&DOFXOXO FX IUHFYHQ H UHODWLYH
xh =
1 1 x ni* i =1 i
sau
xh =
)RUP
WUDQVIRUPDW
D PHGLHL DULWPHWLFH
xh =
x n
i =1 i k
1 x xi ni i =1 i
1 1 x xi ni* i =1 i
k
=x
xh =
sau
xh =
100 1 x xi ni*(%) i =1 i
k
0HGLD S
WUDWLF
xp =
x
i =1 k i =1
2 i
ni
i
xp =
x
i =1
2 i
ni*
sau
xp =
x
i =1
2 i
ni*(%)
100
0HGLD JHRPHWULF
xg =
ni
i =1
i =1
i
x in i
Prin lRJDULWPDUH VH YD RE LQH

lg x g =
n
i =1
lg x i
i
XUP WRDUH UHOD LH GH RUGLQH
n
i =1
QWUH PHGLLOH SUH]HQWDWH H[LVW
xh < x g < xa < x p
9DORUL PHGLL GH SR]L LH VDX GH VWUXFWXU
Modul (modulul, dominanta)

Q FD]XO XQHL VHULL GH GLVWULEX LH SH YDULDQWH PRGXO HVWH YDULDQWD FX IUHFYHQ D PD[LP Q FD]XO JUXS ULL SH LQWHUYDOH ORFXO PRGXOXL HVWH LQWHUYDOXO FX IUHFYHQ D PD[LP VH FDOFXOHD] DVWIHO LDU YDORDUHD
Mo = x0 + h
n care: x0 h 1 2 UHSUH]LQW P U
1 1 + 2
OLPLWD LQIHULRDU D LQWHUYDOXOXL PRGDO
imea intervalului modal;
GLIHUHQ D GLQWUH IUHFYHQ D LQWHUYDOXOXL PRGDO L D FHOXL SUHFHGHQW GLIHUHQ D GLQWUH IUHFYHQ D LQWHUYDOXOXL PRGDO L D FHOXL XUP WRU
Mediana (Me) a) n cazul datelor grupate pH

FXPXODW YDULDQWH
HVWH SULPD PDL PDUH GHFkW
n +1 iar valoarea medianei este chiar varianta 2
ORFXO
PHGLDQHL
HVWH
YDULDQWD
F UHL
IUHFYHQ
UHVSHFWLY
b)
Q FD]XO GDWHORU JUXSDWH SH LQWHUYDOH ORFXO PHGLDQHL HVWH LQWHUYDOXO D F UXL IUHFYHQ
FXPXODW
HVWH SULPD PDL PDUH GHFkW
n
i =1
+1
LDU YDORDUHD PHGLDQHL VH FDOFXOHD] GXS
formula:
n
i =1
+1
Me = x0 + h
2 nm
ni
i =1
m 1
unde: h m
n
i =1
m 1
- P ULPHD LQWHUYDOXOXL PHGLDQ - indexul intervalului median; - VXPD IUHFYHQ HORU SUHFHGHQWH LQWHUYDOXOXL a intervalului precedent celui median); IUHFYHQ D DEVROXW D LQWHUYDOXOXL PHGLDQ
PHGLDQ
IUHFYHQ D
FXPXODW
nm
Cuartilele VXQW DFHOH YDORUL DOH FDUDFWHULVWLFLL FDUH VHSDU

1
VHULD vQ SDWUX S U L HJDOH
Q1 = x0 + h
( ni + 1) ni
i =1 i =1
u 1
nu
unde u HVWH LQGH[XO LQWHUYDOXOXL FDUH FRQ LQH Q1
Q2 = Me
Q3 = x 0 + h
( ni + 1) ni
i =1 i =1
v 1
nv
unde v HVWH LQGH[XO LQWHUYDOXOXL FDUH FRQ LQH Q3 Decilele GLYLG VHULD vQ ]HFH S
1
k
U L HJDOH IRORVLQG vQ DFHVW VFRS QRX GHFLOH
D1 = x0 + h
10
( ni + 1) ni
i =1 i =1
d 11
nd 1
unde d1 HVWH LQGH[XO LQWHUYDOXOXL FDUH FRQ LQH D1 D5 = M e

9
D9 = x 0 + h
10
( n i + 1)
i =1
d 9 1 i =1
nd 9
unde d9 HVWH LQGH[XO LQWHUYDOXOXL FDUH FRQ LQH D9.
a)
,QGLFDWRULL VLPSOL DL YDULD LHL
$PSOLWXGLQHD DEVROXW
(Aa)
Aa=xL-xl , unde: xL liPLWD VXSHULRDU xl OLPLWD LQIHULRDU

D XOWLPXOXL LQWHUYDO D SULPXOXL LQWHUYDO D YDULD LHL
$PSOLWXGLQHD UHODWLY
A%)
A% =
Aa 100 x
b)
$EDWHUHD PHGLH OLQLDU
(d ) lute:
&DOFXOXO FX IUHFYHQ H DEVR
d =
x
i =1
x ni
i
n
i =1 k
d = xi x n sau d =
i =1 * i
$EDWHUHD PHGLH S WUDWLF
x
i =1
x n * i (%) 100
sau abaterea standard () :
(x
i =1
i k
x ) 2 ni
i
n
i =1
Calculul cu fUHFYHQ H UHODWLYH
(x
i =1
x ) 2 n *i
sau
(x
i =1
x ) 2 ni (%) 100
&HL GRL LQGLFDWRUL YHULILF
UHOD LD
>d
(v):
v = d 100 x
v=
100 , respectiv x
Dispersia (variaQ D ( 2 ) : IRUPXOH GHULYDWH GLQ GHILQL LH
FDOFXOXO FX IUHFYHQ H DEVROXWH
2 =
(x
i =1
i k
x ) 2 ni
i
n
i =1
k
FDOFXOXO FX IUHFYHQ H UHODWLYH
2 = ( xi x ) 2 n * i
i =1
sau
2 =
(x
i =1
x ) 2 ni* (%) 100
ca moment centrat de ordinul doi calculul cu freFYHQ H DEVROXWH
FDOFXOXO FX IUHFYHQ H UHODWLYH
k x ni xi ni = i =1k i =1k ni ni i =1 i =1
k 2 i
k k 2 = x 2 i ni* xi ni* i =1 i =1
sau
2 =
xi2 ni*(%)
i =1
100
k xi ni*(%) i =1 100
prin formula de calcul simplificat

SHQWUX R VHULH GH IUHFYHQ H DEVROXWH
x a i h ni 2 = i =1 k h 2 ( x a) 2 ni
k 2 i =1
pentru o serie cu frecven H UHODWLYH 2 k xi a * 2 2 = ni h ( x a ) 2 sau h i =1

k 2
1RW
x a i h ni*(%) 2 2 = i =1 h ( x a) 2 100 a L h DX DFHOHDL VHPQLILFD LL FD OD FDOFXOXO PHGLHL DULWPHWLFH
&RUHF LD OXL 6KHSSDUG
( 2 ) = 2
unde h
$FHDVW
HVWH P ULPHD LQWHUYDOXOXL GH JUXSDUH FRUHF LH VH DSOLF QXPDL SHQWUX VHULLOH FDUH SUH]LQW VDX XRU DVLPHWULF XUP WRDUHOH SURSULHW L
h2 , 12
UHSDUWL LD HVWH QRUPDO
UHSDUWL LD DUH LQWHUYDOH GH JUXSDUH HJDOH
9DULD LD LQWHUFXDUWLOLF
L LQWHUGHFLOLF
$EDWHUHD LQWHUFXDWLOLF
Qd): ( Me Q1 ) + (Q3 Me) Q3 Q1 Qd = = 2 2
CoeILFLHQWXO GH YDULD LH LQWHUFXDUWLOLF Q3 Q1 Qd Q Q1 2 Vq = = = 3 Me Me 2 Me

$EDWHUHD LQWHUGHFLOLF
9T
: ( Me D1 ) + ( D9 Me) D9 D1 Dd = = 2 2
&RHILFLHQWXO GH YDULD LH LQWHUGHFLOLF
: D9 D1 D D D1 2 Vd = d = = 9 Me Me 2 Me
0HGLD L GLVSHUVLD FDUDFWHULVWLFLL DOWHUQDWLYH 'LVWULEX LD GH IUHFYHQ H D FDUDFWHULVWLFLL DOWHUQDWLYH VH SUH]LQW vQWU
-un tabel de forma:

Tabel 3.1.
Valoarea caracteristicii 0 x1 = 1
VSXQVXO
nregistrat 1 DA
)UHFYHQ H DEVROXWH
)UHFYHQ H UHODWLYH
2 M
QXP UXO XQLW FDUH SRVHG LORU
p=
caracteristica) (N-M) x2 = 0 Total NU

QXP UXO GH XQLW FDUH QX SRVHG L
M N
q=
caracteristica) N = M + (N - M)
NM = 1 p N
p+q=1
Media:
p= M N
Dispersia:
2 2 p = p q sau p = p (1 p)
$EDWHUHD PHGLH S
WUDWLF
p = pq
Asimetria
$VLPHWULD DEVROXW
&RHILFLHQ LL GH DVLPHWULH SURSXL GH .DUO 3HDUVRQ SHQWUX VHULL GH GLVWULEX LH XRU DVLPHWULFH
( As ) As = x Mo
C as
C as = 0 x Mo = C as > 0 C as < 0
VHULH VLPHWULF DVLPHWULH SR]LWLY DVLPHWULH QHJDWLY
Acest coeficient poate lua valori cuprinse ntre -

DEVROXW FX DWkW DVLPHWULD HVWH PDL PLF
+1; cu ct este mai mic n valoare

(C as ) se poate calcula
Q FD]XO FkQG VH FXQRDWH PHGLDQD VHULHL FRHILFLHQWXO GH DVLPHWULH XWLOL]kQG UHOD LD
C as =
IRUPDW
3HDUVRQ PDL SURSXQH L XQ D
3( x Me)
lt coeficient pentru calculul gradului de asimetrie al unei serii
GLQWU XQ QXP U IRDUWH PDUH GH REVHUYD LL
C as =
2 3 3 2
3 = , unde 2 =
( xi x ) 3 ni ni ( xi x ) 2 ni ni
=
2
Coeficientul propus de Yule: (Q Me) ( Me Q1 ) C asY = 3 , (Q3 Me) + ( Me Q1 ) unde C asY [ 1 , 1 ] Coeficientul propus de Bowley: ( D Me) ( Me D1 ) C asB = 9 , ( D9 Me) + ( Me D1 ) unde C asB [ 1,1]
,QGLFDWRULL FRQFHQWU
ULL
Coeficientul de concentrare propus de statisticianul italian Corado Gini: CG = unde :
g
xi ni
k
2 i
i = 1, k ,
gi =
xi ni
i = 1
Acest coeficient ia valori n intervalul
,1 . n
Coeficientul de concentrare propus de R. Struck:
n 1 Acest coeficient ia valori n intervalul [0,1].
CS =
n g i2 1
6(5,, '( ',675,%8
,( %,',0(16,1$/(
$ &DOFXOXO FX IUHFYHQ H DEVROXWH
O serie de distrLEX LH ELGLPHQVLRQDO
VH SUH]LQW
vQWU
-un tabel de forma:

Tabel 3.2.
Valorile caracteristicii de grupare X x1 x2 ... xi ... xr Total
Variantele sau valorile caracteristicii dependente Y y1 n11 n21 ... ni1 ... nr1 n.1 y2 n12 n22 ... ni2 ... nr2 n.2 ... yj n1j n2j ... nij ... nrj n.j ym n1m n2m ... nim ... nrm n.m
Volumul grupei (ni.) n1. n2. ... ni. ... nr.

i =1
Medii pe grupe
(y i )
(y1 ) (y 2 )
...
(y i )
...
(yr )
m
ni. = n. j
j =1
9ROXPXO IUHFYHQ D JUXSHL
i:
n
j =1
0
ij
= ni .
ULPL PHGLL
0HGLLOH GH JUXS
( y i ):
yi =
y
j =1 m j =1
nij
ij
Media pe total:
y j n. j
y=
j =1
n. j
j =1
sau
y=
yi ni .
i =1
ni .
i =1
'LVSHUVLD GH JUXS
sau GLVSHUVLD SDU LDO ( i2 ) :
=
2 i
(y
i =1
y i ) 2 nij
,
ij
n
j =1
unde: yj UHSUH]LQW YDULDQWD VDX PLMORFXO LQWHUYDOXOXL j al caracteristicii dependente; y i media grupei i; nij IUHFYHQ HOH FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH ILHF UHL YDULDQWH LQWHUYDO GH YDORUL GLQ FDGUXO JUXSei.
0HGLD GLVSHUVLLORU GH JUXS
( 2 = 2 / r ) y
i2 n i .
i =1
ni .
i =1
unde: i2 - dispersia grupei i; n i . - volumul grupei i.
Dispersia dintre grupe ( 2 = 2 / x ) : y
2 y/ x
( y i
i =1 r
y ) 2 ni .
ni .
i =1
m
2 DisSHUVLD WRWDO ( 2 = y ) :
2 2 = y =
(y
j =1
j m
y ) 2 n. j
.j
n
j =1
5HJXOD DGXQ
ULL GLVSHUVLLORU
=
2
2 y/x
2 y/r
Pe baza regulii de adunare a dispersiilor se pot calcula indicatori statistici cu caracter de

P ULPL UHODWLYH GH VWUXFWXU
2 Gradul de dHWHUPLQD LH ( R y / x ) :
2 Ry / x =
'DF
(R y / x ) !
2 y/x 100 2
DGPLWHP F
IDFWRUXO GH JUXSDUH HVWH KRW UkWRU VHPQLILFDWLY GHWHUPLQDQW
SHQWUX YDULD LD IDFWRUXOXL GHWHUPLQDW
Y).
*UDGXO GH QHGHWHUPLQD LH
2 Ky/x =
2 y/r
100
WUDWLF OD QLYHOXO JUXSHL
$EDWHUHD PHGLH S
i = i2
$EDWHUHD PHGLH S WUDWLF SH WRWDO
= 2
&RHILFLHQWXO GH YDULD LH OD QLYHOXO JUXSHL
vi =
i 100 , yi
unde: i - DEDWHUHD PHGLH S y i - media grupei.
WUDWLF
D JUXSHL
&RHILFLHQWXO GH YDULD LH SH WRWDO
v=
100 , y
unde: - DEDWHUHD PHGLH S y - media pe total.
WUDWLF
SH WRWDO
% &DOFXOXO FX IUHFYHQ H UHODWL
ve
VH SUH]LQW vQWU
2 VHULH GH GLVWULEX LH ELGLPHQVLRQDO
-un tabel de forma:

Tabel 3.3.
Valorile caracteristicii de grupare X x1 x2 ... xi ... xr Total y1 n*11 n*21 ... n*i1 ... n*r1
)UHFYHQ H UHODWLYH
Total (%) ym n*1m n*2m ... n*im ... n*rm 100 100 ... 100 ... 100
Ponderea grupei (ni(%)) n1(%) n2(%) ... ni(%) ... nr(%) 100
y2 n*12 n*22 ... n*i2 ... n*r2
... ... ... ...
yj n*1j n*2j ... n*ij ... n*rj
0HGLLOH GH JUXS
( y i ):
yi =
y
j =1
n * ij
100
Media pe total:
y i n i (%)
y=
i =1
100
VDX GLVSHUVLD SDU LDO
'LVSHUVLD GH JUXS
( i2 ) :
i2 =
( y j
i =1
y i ) 2 n * ij 100
(
2
0HGLD GLVSHUVLLORU GH JUXS
2 y/r
i2 n i (%)
i =1
100
2
Dispersia dintre grupe (
2 y/x
):
( y i
2 y/x
y ) 2 n i (%) 100
=
2
i =1
'LVSHUVLD WRWDO
(
2 y
=
2
2 y
):
2
,QGLFDWRULL PHGLL L DL YDULD LHL SHQWUX FDUDFWHULVWLFL DOWHUQDWLYH
'LVSHUVLD GH JUXS
( 2i ): p
i
2 = pi qi sau 2 = pi (1 pi ) , p p
i
n care: pi - UHSUH]LQW PHGLL GH JUXS qi - IUHFYHQ HOH UHODWLYH DOH XQLW

0HGLD GLVSHUVLLORU SDU LDOH
LORU FDUH QX SRVHG
FDUDFWHULVWLFD vQ ILHFDUH JUXS
2 ( p ) :
=
2 p
i =1 r i =1
2 pi
Ni
,
i
QXP UXO WRWDO DO XQLW LORU REVHUYDWH vQ ILHFDUH JUXS
n care Ni UHSUH]LQW
2 Dispersia dintre grupe ( p ) :
p2 =
(p
i =1
i r
p) 2 N i
N
i =1
,
i
n care p este media caracteristicii alternative pe ntreaga colectivitate.

'LVSHUVLD WRWDO
( 2 ) : p
2 = pq p
5HJXOD DGXQ
dispersiilor: = + p2
2 p 2 p
ULL
9HULILFDUHD VHPQLILFD LHL IDFWRUXOXL GH JUXSDUH IRORVLQG WHVWXO )
Fcalculat =
unde:
2 Sy/x = r
2 Sy/x 2 Sy/r
(y
i =1
r m
y ) ni .
2
2 Sy/r =
(y
i =1 j =1
r 1
j
(r - QXP
2
UXO GH JUXSH
y i ) nij
nr
> Ftabelar factorul de grupare este semnificativ < Ftabelar factorul de grupare nu este semnificativ Ftabelar VH GHWHUPLQ vQ IXQF ie de un anumit nivel de semnifica gradele de libertate f1=r-1 L f2=n-r.
'DF )calculat
'DF
)calculat
LH GH H[HPSOX L GH
PROBLEME REZOLVATE
ntr-un magazLQ OXFUHD] YkQ] WRUL FDUH vQ OXQD RFWRPEULH DX UHDOL]DW XQ YROXP desfacerilor (mil. lei) astfel: 138,8; 146,0; 150,0; 152,3; 158,2; 163,1; 165,0; 170,4; 176,2; 180,0. Se cere: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
V V V V V V VH IRUPH]H VHULD SULYLQG YROXPXO GHVIDFHULORU SULQ FHQWUDOL]DU VH FDOFXOH]H L V YROXPXO PHGLX DO GHVIDFHULORU GLQ DFHVW VH YHULILFH SULQFLSDOHOH SURSULHW HOH ID GH PHGLD DULWPHWLF L DOH DFHVWHLD VH DUDWH vQ FH U
1.
DO
ea datelor individuale;
IRORVLQG PHGLD
PDJD]LQ
DULWPHWLF
VH IRORVHDVF
SHQWUX DFHHDL VHULH L DOWH WLSXUL GH PHGLL L V
aport de
P ULPH VH DIO
VH FDOFXOH]H LQGLFDWRULL PHGLL GH SR]L LH PHGLL GH VWUXFWXU VH FDUDFWHUL]H]H JUDGXO GH YDULD LH DO GLVWULEX LHL FDOFXOkQG vQ DFHVW VFRS LQGLFDWRULL
VLPSOL L VLQWHWLFL DL YDULD LHL SUHFXP L VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF VHULD
gradul de asimetrie;
Rezolvare 1.
6HULD VH IRUPHD] SULQ RUGRQDUHD YDORULORU YH]L WDEHOXO FRORDQHOH L
Notnd cu xi termenii individuali, volumul centralizat este
x
i =1
x
i =1
10
= 138,8 +146,0 +150,0 +....+180,0 = 1600 mil. lei

L DOH DFHVWHLD
2.
&DOFXOXO PHGLHL DULWPHWLFH L YHULILFDUHD SULQFLSDOHORU SURSULHW
se poate
face cu ajutorul unui tabel de calcul (Vezi tabelul 3.4.).

&DOFXOXO PHGLHL DULWPHWLFH VLPSOH L YHULILFDUHD SULQFLSDOHORU SURSULHW L
Tabelul 3.4. Volumul desfacerilor (mil. lei) 1 138,8 146,0 150,0 152,3 158,2 163,1 165,0 170,4 176,2 180,0 1600,0
Nr.crt. A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total
xi x
2 -21,2 -14,0 -10,0 -7,7 -1,8 +3,1 +5,0 +10,4 +16,2 +20,0 0
xi a
a = 138,8 3 0 7,2 11,2 13,5 19,4 24,3 26,2 31,6 37,4 41,2 212
xi ; h = 20 h
4 6,94 7,3 7,5 7,615 7,91 8,155 8,25 8,52 8,01 9,0 80
x
i =1
10
(x
i =1
10
x)
(x
i =1
10
a)
h
i =1
10
xi
2.1. Calculul mediei aritmetice simple (vezi coloana 1 din tabelul 3.4.): xi = 1600 = 160 PLO OHLYkQ] WRU x= n 10 2.2. 9HULILFDUHD SULQFLSDOHORU SURSULHW a) x min < x < x max 138,8 < x < 180 b)
L DOH PHGLHL DULWPHWLFH
x ) = 0 (vezi tabelul 3.4., coloana 2) Media fiind un ct exact, suma abaterilor pozitive s-a compensat cu suma abaterilor negative:(-54,7) + (54,7) = 0
i
(x
x
i =1 n
c)
= n x
10 160,0 = 1600 mil. lei
d) x =
= x a n Alegnd arbitrar a = 138,8 - primul termen - L FDOFXOkQG

i =1
VH RE LQH
(x
a)
YDORULOH
xi - a (vezi tabelul
x =
(x
i =1
a) =
212 = 21,2 mil. OHLYkQ] 10
WRU
deci: x x = a 160-21,2=138,8 de unde: x = x + a x =
PLO OHLYkQ] WRU
e)
h
n
xi = x h
/XkQG DUELWUDU XQ K
YH]L WDEHOXO FRORDQD VH RE LQH
x =
xi = 80 =8 10
PLO OHLYkQ] WRU
n x = x h x = 8 20 = 160
3. &DOFXOXO PHGLHL S 3.1. &DOFXOXO PHGLHL S
WUDWLFH DO PHGLHL DUPRQLFH L DO PHGLHL JHRPHWULFH WUDWLFH
(x ) (vezi tabelul 3.5., coloana 3):

p
PLO OHLYkQ] WRU
xp = n
257613,18 160,5 n 10 x p > x; 160,5 > 160 = 10
2 i
&DOFXOXO PHGLHL DUPRQLFH S
WUDWLFH L JHRPHWULFH
Tabelul 3.5. Volumul desfacerilor (mil. lei) 1 138,8 146,0 150,0 152,3 158,2 163,1 165,0 170,4 176,2 180,0 1600,0
Nr. crt. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total
1 xi
2 0,0072046 0,0068000 0,0066670 0,0065659 0,0063211 0,0061312 0,0060606 0,0058685 0,0056753 0,0055550 0,0628986
xi2
3 19265,44 21316,00 22500,00 23195,29 25027,24 26601,61 27225,00 29036,16 31046,44 32400,0 257613,18
lg xi
4 2,14239 2,16425 2,17605 2,18270 2,19921 2,21245 2,21748 2,23045 2,24601 2,25527 22,02640
3.2. Calculul mediei armonice ( x h ) (vezi tabelul 3.5., coloana 2) n 10 xh = = = 158,98 PLOOHLYkQ] WRU 1 0,0628986 x i xh < x ; 158,98 < 160,0 Deci: x h < x < x p 3.3. Calculul mediei geometrice ( x g ) (vezi tabelul 3.5., coloana 4):
xg = n
lg x g =
xi ;
i =1
lg x g =
lg x
i =1
22,02640 2,20264 10 antilog 2,20264 = 159,5 => x g = PLOOHL YkQ]

Deci: x g < x a ; x a = x = 160,0 159,5 < 160
WRU
5HFDSLWXOkQG YDORULOH PHGLLORU RE LQXWH DYHP PLOOHLYkQ] WRU WRU
x p =160,5 PLOOHLYkQ]
WRU WRU
x h = 158,98 PLOOHLYkQ]
5HOD LD GLQWUH PHGLL HVWH
x g = 159,50 PLOOHLYkQ]
xh < xg < xa < x p 158,98 < 159,5 < 160 < 160.5
$EDWHULOH vQWUH FHOH SDWUX P ULPL PHGLL ILLQG IRDUWH PLFL VH SRDWH WUDJH FRQFOX]LD F DFHDVW VHULH RULFH PHGLH V DU IRORVL HD P VRDU SHQWUX VXILFLHQW GH FRUHFW WHQGLQ D FHQWUDO L GHFL PHGLD
vQ DFHVW FD] SRDWH IL R YDORDUH WLSLF
4.
&DOFXOXO LQGLFDWRULORU PHGLL GH SR]L LH
4.1. Calculul medianei (Me)

locul medianei: U ( Me) =
n + 1 10 + 1 = = 5,5 2 2
valoarea medianei: x + x 6 158,2 + 163,1 Me = 5 = = 160,65 mil. lei 2 2

L QHDYkQG WHUPHQL FDUH V VH UHSHWH QX HVWH FD]XO
4.2. Calculul modului

)LLQG VHULH VLPSO
4.3. Calculul cuartilelor Calculul cuartilelor presupune stabilirea locului cuartilelor U(Q2 L DSRL FDOFXODUHD YDORULORU lor:
U (Q1 ) =
Q1 =
n + 1 11 = = 2,75 4 4
x 2 + x3 146 + 150 = = 148 mil. lei 2 2
Q 2 = M e = 160 , 65 mil. lei
U (Q3 ) =
Q3 =
3(n + 1) = 8,25 4
x8 + x9 170,4 + 176,2 = = 173,3 mil. lei 2 2
Potrivit celor trei cuartile, seria se poate structura astfel:

6WUXFWXUD VHULHL vQ IXQF LH GH YDORULOH FHORU WUHL FXDUWLOH
Tabelul 3.6.
,QWHUYDO GH YDULD LH
138,80-148,00 148,00-160,65 160,65-173,30 173,30-180,00
Structura seriei (%) 25 25 25 25
5.
&DOFXOXO LQGLFDWRULORU GH YDULD LH L DVLPHWULH
PenWUX FDOFXOXO LQGLFDWRULORU GH YDULD LH VH IRORVHWH WDEHOXO

&DOFXOXO LQGLFDWRULORU GH YDULD LH
Tabelul 3.7. Nr. crt. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
xi
1 138,8 146,0 150,0 152,3 158,2 163,1 165,0 170,4 176,2 180,0 1600,0
n i =1 i
xi x
2 21,2 14,0 10,0 7,7 1,8 3,1 5,0 10,4 16,2 20,0 109,4
(xi x )2
3 449,44 196,00 100,00 59,29 3,24 9,61 25,0 108,16 262,44 400,00 1613,18
xi2
4 19265,44 21316,00 22500,00 23195,24 25027,24 26601,61 27225,00 29036,16 31046,44 32400,00 257613,18
2
xi x x
100
5 - 13,25 - 8,75 - 6,25 - 4,81 - 1,13 1,94 3,13 6,50 10,13 12,50
xi x
(xi x )
i =1
5.1. ,QGLFDWRULL VLPSOL DL YDULD LHL
$PSOLWXGLQHD YDULD LHL
Aa = xmax - xmin =180-138,8 = 41,2 mil. lei x x min 41,2 A% = max = 100 = 25,75% x 160
Abaterile absolute DOH ILHF UHL YDULDELOH ID GH PHGLH di): d i = xi x (vezi tabelul 3.7., coloana 2) Abaterile relative (di(%)) x x d i (%) = i 100 (vezi tabelul 3.7., coloana 5) x
5.2. ,QGLFDWRULL VLQWHWLFL DL YDULD LHL
(d )
x
L VH IRORVHVF GDWHOH GLQ WDEHOXO FRORDQD
dx =
x
i =1
x =
109,4 = 10,94 10
PLO OHLYkQ] WRU
2 Dispersia ( x ) VH FDOFXOHD]
2 x =
FX GDWHOH GLQ WDEHOXO FRORDQD
3:
(x
i =1
x)
1613,18 = 161,318 10
'LVSHUVLD VH PDL SRDWH FDOFXOD L FX IRUPXOD
x2 n Datele necesare VH J VHVF vQ WDEHOXO FRORDQHOH L 257613,18 2 x = 160 2 = 161,318 10 Deci s-D DMXQV OD DFHODL UH]XOWDW
i =1
2 x =
2 i
$EDWHUHD PHGLH S
WUDWLF
x =
(xi x )2
n
sH FDOFXOHD]
H[WU JkQG U G FLQD S WUDW
din dispersie:
2 x = x = 161,318 = 12,70
PLO OHLYkQ] WRU
&RHILFLHQ LL GH YDULD LH
(v, v) dx 10 , 94 v = 100 = 100 = 6 , 84% x 160 x 12 , 70 100 = 100 = 7 , 84% v= x 160 v' v GHFL VH SRDWH DILUPD F VHULD DUH XQ JUDG PDUH GH RPRJHQLWDWH L PHGLD L
HVWH UHSUH]HQWDWLY SHQWUX vQWUHDJD VHULH
6.
UDGLDO
Q DFHVW FD] YDULD LD QHILLQG FRQWLQX VH SRDWH IRORVL XQ JUDILF SULQ FRORDQH L R GLDJUDP FX ]HFH UD]H YH]L ILJXULOH L
200
mil. lei
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1 2 3 138,8 146 150
152,3
158,2 163,1
165
173,4 176,2
180
10
)LJXUD 5HSDUWL LD VDODULD LORU vQ IXQF LH GH YROXPXO GHVIDFHULORU PLO OHL
1 10 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2
7 6
)LJXUD 5HSDUWL LD VDODULD LORU vQ IXQF LH
de volumul desfacerilor (mil. lei)
2.
3HQWUX R VRFLHWDWH FRPHUFLDO VH FXQRVF XUP WRDUHOH GDWH SULYLWRU OD YHFKLPHD vQ SURGXF LH vQVFULVH vQ WDEHOXO GDWH FRQYHQ LRQDOH
5HSDUWL LD VDODULD LORU GLQWU R VHF LH GXS
YHFKLPH
Tabelul 3.8. Grupe dH VDODULD L

GXS YHFKLPH DQL 1XP UXO VDODULD LORU
Sub 5 10
5-10 40
10-15 60
15-20 80
20-25 50
25-30 30
30-35 20
L
peste 10
Se cere: 1. UHSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF D VHULHL IRORVLQG IUHFYHQ HOH UHDOH L FHOH FXPXODWH 2. vechimea medie a muncitorilor prin caOFXOXO PHGLHL DULWPHWLFH FX IUHFYHQ H
UHODWLYH L SULQ FDOFXOXO VLPSOLILFDW VSHFLILFkQG FH SURSULHW DEVROXWH
L DOH PHGLHL DULWPHWLFH VWDX
OD ED]D FDOFXOXOXL PHGLHL DULWPHWLFH FX IUHFYHQ H UHODWLYH L SULQ FDOFXOXO VLPSOLILFDW
3. LQGLFDWRULL PHGLL GH SR]L ie; 4. LQGLFDWRULL VLPSOL L VLQWHWLFL DL YDULD LHL 5. indicatorii de asimetrie; 6. PHGLD L GLVSHUVLD SHQWUX PXQFLWRULL cu o vechime mai mare dect vechimea medie.
Rezolvare 1.
5HSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF D VHULHL
+LVWRJUDPD L SROLJRQXO IUHFYHQ HORU YH]L ILJXUD &XUED FXPXODWLY
3.3.);
D IUHFYHQ HORU YH]L ILJXUD
90 80 70
U VDODULD L
QXP
2. Calculul vechimii medii n acest scop se vor folosi datele din tabelul 3.9.
Tabelul 3.9. Grupe de
VDODULD L GXS 1XP UXO VDODULD LORU
vechime (ani) 0 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 Total
abs. (ni) 1 10 40 60 80 50 30 20 10 300
n i*( % )
2 3,33 13,33 20,00 26,67 16,67 10,00 6,67 3,33 100
ni
i =1
n i*( % )
i =1
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 vechime (ani)
350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
vechime (ani)
Centrul de interval (xi) 3 2,5 7,5 12,5 17,5 22,5 27,5 32,5 37,5 -
xi ni
4 25 300 750 1400 1125 825 650 375 5450
x i n i*( % )
5 8,325 99,975 250,000 466,725 375,075 275,000 216,775 124,875 1816,75
xi a h
a=17,5 h=5 6 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -
xi a ni h
7 -30 -80 -60 0 50 60 60 40 40
)UHFYHQ H
absolute cumulate cres- descresF WRU F WRU
8 10 50 110 190 240 270 290 300 -
9 300 290 250 190 110 60 30 10 -
xi ni
i =1
xi ni* (%)
i =1
i =1
xi a ni h
2.1. Calculul mediei aritmetice pe baza:
frecven HORU DEVROXWH

x=
xi ni
i =1
ni
i =1
5450 = 18.167 18 , 2 ani/salariat 300
IUHFYHQ HORU UHODWLYH
x=
x i n i*( % )
i =1
100
18 , 2 ani/salariat
SH SURSULHWDWHD
&DOFXOXO PHGLHL IRORVLQG IUHFYHQWHOH UHODWLYH VH ED]HD]
n xi ci k i =1 = x ; n acest caz c = ni k n i =1 ci i =1 2.2. Calculul simplificat al mediei aritmetice: k xi a h n i 40 i =1 x= h + a = 5 + 17 , 5 = 18 , 1667 18 , 2 ani/salariat k 300 ni
i =1
Calculul mediei prin acest procedeu s-D ED]DW SH GRX anume: x =
SURSULHW
L DOH PHGLHL DULWPHWLFH L
(x
i =1 k
i k
a ) ni
i
n
i =1
= x a ,
de unde:
x= xi
(x
i =1
i k
a ) ni
i
n
i =1
+ a;
x =
x hi ni i =1
n
i =1
x , de unde: h
x=
hn
i =1 k
n
i =1
&kQG VXQW LQWHUYDOH HJDOH HVWH FRQYHQDELO V IUHFYHQ D PD[LP DGLF DGLF
se ia a egal cu centrul intervalului cu

R YDORDUH HJDO FX P ULPHD LQWHUYDOHORU
a h = 5 (vezi tabelul 3.9.).
L SHQWUX
3.
&DOFXOXO LQGLFDWRULORU PHGLL GH SR]L LH
3.1. &DOFXOXO PHGLDQHL 0H L D FHORUODOWH PHGLL GH SR]L LH:
FX IUHFYHQ H DEVROXWH
U ( Me) =
n
i =1
+1 =
300 + 1 = 150,5 , 2
deci
15 < Me < 20
n
i =1
+1
Me = x 0 + h
2 nm
ni
i =1
m 1
= 15 + 5
150,5 110 = 17,5 ani 80
U (Q1 ) =
n
i =1
+1 =
301 = 75,25 , deci 2
10< Q1 <15
1 k u 1 n i + 1 n i 4 i =1 i =1 = 10 + 5 75,25 50 = 12,125 ani Q1 = x0 + h nu 60
Q 2 = M e = 17 , 5 ani U (Q3 ) = 3 k 3 ni + 1 = 301 = 225,75 4 i =1 4 deci 20 < Q3 < 25
3 k v 1 n i + 1 n i 4 i =1 i =1 = 20 + 5 225,75 190 = 23,525 ani Q3 = x 0 + h nv 50
FX IUHFYHQ H UHODWLYH
U ( Me ) =
n *(
i =1
i
+1 =
2
k
100 + 1 = 50 , 5 , 2
deci
15 < Me < 20
n i*( % ) + 1
i =1
Me = x 0 + h
n *i ( % )
i =1
m 1
* nm (%
= 15 + 5
50 , 5 36 , 66 = 17 , 59 ani 26 , 67
U ( Q1 ) =
n *(
i =1
i %
+1 =
101 = 25 , 25 , 2
deci
10 < Q1 < 15
Q1 = x 0 + h
u 1 1 k * n + 1 n *i ( % ) 4 i =1 i ( % ) i =1
* nu(%
= 10 + 5
25 , 25 16 , 66 = 12 , 148 ani 20
Q 2 = M e = 17 , 59 ani
U ( Q3 ) =
3 3 k * n + 1 = 101 = 75 , 75 , 4 i =1 i ( % ) 4
v 1 3 k * n i ( % ) + 1 n i*( % ) 4 i =1 i =1
* nv (%
deci
20 < Q3 < 25
Q3 = x0 + h
= 20 + 5
75 , 75 63 , 33 = 23 , 725 ani 16 , 67
'LIHUHQ HOH GLQWUH LQGLFDWRULL FDOFXOD L FX IUHFYHQ H DEVROXWH L FHL FX IUHFYHQ H UHODWLYH VXQW QHVHPQLILFDWLYH L SURYLQ GLQ URWXQMLUHD IUHFYHQ HORU UHODWLYH
3.2. Calculul modului (Mo):
Locul Mo vO FRQVWLWXLH LQWHUYDOXO FX IUHFYHQ D PD[LP 1 20 Mo = x 0 + h = 15 + 5 = 17 ani 1 + 2 20 + 30

Mo < 20.
cu frecven H UHODWLYH 1 26,67 20 Mo = x 0 + h = 15 + 5 = 17,27 ani 1 + 2 (26,67 20) + (26,67 16,67)

9DORULOH WHQGLQ HL FHQWUDOH FRQVLGHUDWH FD P ULPL WLSLFH FH GHILQHVF DFHDVW VHULH SHQWUX
FDOFXOXO FX IUHFYHQ H DEVROXWH VXQW
x =18,2 ani; Me=17,5 ani; Mo=17 ani.
4. Calculul indicatorilor GH YDULD LH (vezi tabelul 3.10.). 4.1. Calculul indicatorilor simpli
Q DFHVW FD] QX VXQW FRQFOXGHQ L
4.2. Calculul indicatorilor sintetici $EDWHUHD PHGLH OLQLDU d i ) VH RE LQH GLQ vQVXPDUHD YDORULORU GLQ FRORDQD YH]L WDEHOXO 3 I U V VH LQ VHDPD GH VHPQ dx =
x
i =1
i k
x ni
i
n
i =1
1956 = 6,5 ani/salariat 300
2 Dispersia ( x ): - FDOFXOXO RELQXLW
2 x =
(x
i =1
x ) ni
2 k i
n
i =1
20367 = 67,89 300
calculul simplificat:
x a i h ni 2 820 2 x = i =1 k h ( x a) 2 = 25 (18,2 17,5) 2 = 67,84 300 ni
k 2 i =1
$EDWHUHD PHGLH S WUDWLF
x)
2 x = x = 67,84 = 8,2 ani/salariat
v L v)
GDF
VH SRUQHWH GH OD DEDWHUHD PHGLH OLQLDU
d 6,5 v = x 100 = 100 = 35,7% x 18,2

GDF
v=
x 8,2 100 = 100 = 45% x 18,2
VH SRUQHWH GH OD DEDWHUHD PHGLH S WUDWLF
Interpretnd valoarea coeficientului de YDULD LH VH SRDWH DILUPD F

UHSUH]HQWDWLY FD XUPDUH D IDSWXOXL F V DSDU LQ WR L VDODULD LL HUD GH DWHSWDW FD YHFKLPHD PHGLH V DLE OD vQWUHJXO LQWHUYDO GH YDULD LH D YHFKLPLL
PHGLD QX HVWH VXILFLHQW GH
VHULD QX HVWH VXILFLHQW GH RPRJHQ 'H DOWIHO ILLQG YRUED GH R GLVSHUVLH PDUH VDODULD LL vQ DQVDPEOX
l lor
&DOFXOXO LQGLFDWRULORU VLQWHWLFL DL YDULD LHL
Tabelul 3.10. Grupe de

VDODULD L GXS 1XP UXO
muncitorilor abs. (ni) 1 10 40 60 80 50 30 20 10 300
vechime (ani) 0 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 Total
n i* ( %
Centrul de interval (xi) 3 2,5 7,5 12,5 17,5 22,5 27,5 32,5 37,5 -
xi x
(xi x ) ni
(xi x )2 .ni
a = 17,5 h=5
xi a ni h
2
2 3,33 13,33 20,00 26,67 16,67 10,00 6,67 3,33 100
4 -15,7 -10,7 -5,7 -0,7 4,3 9,3 14,3 19,3 -
ni
i =1
'HRDUHFH
n i*( % )
i =1
QX HVWH XQ FkW
5 -157 -428 -342 -56 215 279 286 193 -10 1) (xi x ) ni
(x
6 2464,9 4579,6 1949,4 39,2 924,5 2594,7 4089,8 3724,9 20367,0

i
x ) .ni
2
QX
7 90 160 60 0 60 120 180 160 820
x a i h ni i =1
k 2
SURSULHWDWHD
1)
(xi x ) ni = 0 . 'LIHUHQ D ILLQG IRDUWH PLF -10), rotunjirea medie ntr-R P VXU IRDUWH PLF P ULPHD FHORUODO L LQGLFDWRUL
5. Calculul indicatorilor de asimetrie
PHGLD
H[DFW
IRVW
URWXQMLW
YHULILF
QX YD LQIOXHQ D GHFkW
Q DFHVW VFRS YRP FDOFXOD FRHILFLHQ LL GH DVLPHWULH SURSXL GH 3HDUVRQ
(Cas
L &as L
Yule:
C as =
( x Mo) 18,2 17 = = 0,146 x 8,2
C as =
3( x Me) 3(18,2 17,5) = = 0,256 x 8,2
AS =
q 2 q1 , q 2 + q1
unde
q1=Me - Q1; q2 =Q3 Me
q1 = 17,5 12,125 = 5,375 q2 = 33,575 17,5 = 6,075

AS = 6,075 5,375 = 0,061 6,075 + 5,375
R DVLPHWULH PRGHUDW SR]LWLY
&HL WUHL LQGLFDWRUL GH DVLPHWULH FDOFXOD L LQGLF
6. 0HGLD L GLVSHUVLD FDUDFWHULVWicii alternative Media (p) M p= , N unde: M QXP UXO PXQFLWRULORU FX R YHFKLPH ! x = 18,2 ani; M =110; N QXP UXO WRWDO DO PXQFLWRULORU 1 M 110 p= = = 0,3667 N 300 Dispersia ( 2 ) p
2 = p(1 p) = 0,3667(1 0,3667) = 0,2322 p
3.
ntr-R VRFLHWDWH FRPHUFLDO s-DX RE LQXW XUP WRDUHOH GDWH
FDUH DUH GH PXQFLWRUL V D RUJDQL]DW R REVHUYDUH VWDWLVWLF
5HSDUWL LD PXQFLWRULORU vQ IXQF LH GH SURGXF LD RE LQXW
EXF

GXS SURGXF LD RE LQXW EXF 1XP U PXQFLWRUL
Sub 120 120-140 140-160 160-180 180-200 200-220 220-240

L SHVWH
Total
10 18 23 38 51 40 15 5 200
5HSDUWL LD PXQFLWRULORU vQ IXQF LH GH YHFKLPH DQL
Tabelul 3.12. Grupe de muncitori GXS YHFKLPH (ani) Sub 2 2-4 4-8 8-12 12-18 18-24
L SHVWH
Structura muncitorilor
vQ IXQF LH GH YHFKLPH
Total
4,2 8,5 12,9 30,2 26,2 10,2 7,8 100,0
Se cere: 1. 2.
V V VH FDUDFWHUL]H]H VWDWLVWLF FHOH GRX VH SUHFL]H]H GXS VHULL IRORVLQG PHWRGD JUDILF LQGLFDWRULL WHQGLQ HL FHQWUDOH PHGLLOH GH VWUXFWXU LQGLFDWRULL GH YDULD LH L VRFLHW LL FRPHUFLDOH UHVSHFWLYH
asimetrie;
FROHFWLYLWDWHD GH PXQFLWRUL DL
FDUH GLQ YDULDELOH HVWH PDL RPRJHQ
Rezolvare 1.
6HULD SULYLQG UHSDUWL LD PXQFLWRULORU vQ IXQF LH GH SURGXF LD LQGLYLGXDO FX IUHFYHQ H DEVROXWH L HVWH JUXSDW 3HQWUX FDUDFWHUL]DUHD VWDWLVWLF SH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH HJDOH HVWH SUH]HQWDW
D DFHVWHL VHULL GH IUHFYHQ H VH YD IDFH UHSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF D IUHFYHQ HORU YH]L ILJ L IRORVLQG FRO L
SULQ KLVWRJUDP SROLJRQXO L FXUED FXPXODWLY
7 din tabelul 3.13. Graficul de concentrare se face analog cu cel din figura 1.4. (vezi capitolul 1).
60
51
50
38
&' 2( 1 0 &% '( %) 0
40 30
40
23 18 15 5
20
10
10 0 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280
)LJXUD 'LVWULEX LD PXQFLWRULORU vQ IXQF LH GH SURGXF LD ]LOQLF
$ " ! #
EXF L
225 200 175 nr. muncitori 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
SURGXF LD EXF
)LJXUD 'LVWULEX LD PXQFLWRULORU vQ IXQF LH GH SURGXF LD ]LOQLF
EXF
)LLQG LQWHUYDOH HJDOH SHQWUX PHGLH L GLVSHUVLH VH YRU XWLOL]D IRUPXOHOH GH FDOFXO VLPSOLILFDW
x=
xi a h i =1
k
ni
ni
i =1
h + a ,
respectiv
x a i h ni 2 2 x = i =1 k h ( x a) 2 ni
k 2 i =1
Pentru calculul indicatorilor se va folosi tabelul 3.13.

&DOFXOXO LQGLFDWRULORU FDUH FDUDFWHUL]HD] vQ IXQF LH GH P UHSDUWL LD FHORU GH PXQFLWRUL ULPHD SURGXF LHL ]LOQLFH RE LQXWH

GXS SURGXF LD RE LQXW 1XP U
muncitori (ni)
Centre de interval (xi)
xi a h
a=190 h=20 3 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
2 xi x x a ni i ni h h
)UHFYHQ H FXPXODWH
&UHVF
WRU
DescresF WRU
(buc.) 0 sub 120 120-140 140-160 160-180 180-200 200-220 220-240

L SHVWH
Total
1 10 18 23 38 51 40 15 5 200
2 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250
4 -40 -54 -46 -38 0 40 30 15 -93
5 160 162 92 38 0 40 60 45 597
6 10 28 51 89 140 180 195 200 -
7 200 190 172 149 111 60 20 5 -
x=
93 20 + 190 = 180 , 7 buc./muncitor 200 = 597 20 2 ( 180 , 7 190 ) 2 = 1107 , 51 200
2 x
x = 1107,51 = 33,28 buc./muncitor

v=
x 33,28 100 = 100 = 18,42% x 180,7

PHGLD HVWH UHSUH]HQWDWLY
3H ED]D FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH YDULD LH VH SRDWH WUDJH FRQFOX]LD F FHHD FH vQVHDPQ vQ DFHODL WLPS F
pentru cele mai multe valori individuale ale serieL GHRDUHFH DP RE LQXW XQ FRHILFLHQW PLF GH YDULD LH
GDWHOH VXQW GHVWXO GH RPRJHQH vQWUH HOH 'LQ DFHODL WDEHO VH SRW FDOFXOD L FHLODO L GRL LQGLFDWRUL DL WHQGLQ HL FHQWUDOH YDORDUH PRGDO L YDORDUH PHGLDQ ,QWHUYDOXO FX IUHFYHQ PD[LP FXSULQGH L PRGXO
180 < Mo < 200, de unde:
Mo = x 0 + h
1 (51 38) = 180 + 20 = 190,83 1 + 2 (51 38) + (51 40)
EXF
Locul medianei n serie:
U ( Me) =
n
i =1
+1 =
200 + 1 = 100,5 2
Q LQWHUYDOXO DO FLQFLOHD VXPD IUHFYHQ HORU FXPXODWH HVWH PDL PDUH GHFkW ORFXO PHGLDQHL vQ
seULH DGLF
180 < Me < 200
n
i =1
+1
Me = x 0 + h
Deci, x , Me
UHOD LD L
2 nm
ni
i =1
m 1
= 180 + 20
100,5 89 = 184,5 51
EXF
Mo
VH J VHVF vQ DFHODL LQWHUYDO VHULD HVWH XRU DVLPHWULF
L SXWHP YHULILFD
3( x -Me) = x -Mo 3(180,700-184,5) =-11,4
x -Mo = 180,7-190,83 =-10,13

QVHDPQ F SHQWUX VHULD QRDVWU FX R GLIHUHQ QHVHPQLILFDWLY VH YHULILF UHOD LD GLQWUH FHL WUHL LQGLFDWRUL DL WHQGLQ HL FHQWUDOH H[LVWHQW vQ FD]XO UHSDUWL LLORU PRGHUDW DVLPHWULFH
Pentru stabilirea gradului de asimetrie vom avea: C as = ( x Mo )

=
180 , 7 190 , 83 10 , 13 = = 0 , 30 33 , 28 33 , 28
C as =
3( x Me) 3(180,7 184,5) 11,4 = = = 0,34 x 33,28 33,28
AS =
q 2 q1 , q 2 + q1
unde
q1=Me - Q1;
q2 =Q3 Me
U (Q1 ) =
n
i =1
+1 =
201 = 50,25 4
140 < Q1 < 160

1 k u 1 n i + 1 n i 4 i =1 i =1 = 140 + 20 50,25 28 = 159,34 Q1 = x0 + h nu 23
EXF
U (Q3 ) =
3 k 3 ni + 1 = 201 = 150,75 4 i =1 4
200 < Q3 < 220

3 k v 1 n i + 1 n i 4 i =1 i =1 = 200 + 20 150,75 140 = 205,375 Q3 = x 0 + h nv 40
EXF
q1 = 184,5-159,34 = 25,16 q2 = 205,375-184,5 = 20,875

AS = 20,875 25,16 = 0,093 20,875 + 25,16
RE LQXW YDORUL QHJDWLYH UHODWLY PLFL SHQWUX FRHILFLHQ LL GH DVLPHWULH YDORULOH PDL PDUL L FD DWDUH LQGLFDWRULL WHQGLQ HL FHQWUDOH VXQW PDL DEDWHUL QHJDWLYH vQ FRPSDUD LH FX FHL FDUH SUH]LQW SUHGRPLQ
n toate cazurile s-DX

FHHD FH vQVHDPQ F
UHSUH]HQWDWLYL SHQWUX WHUPHQLL FDUH SUH]LQW
abateri pozitive ( x < Me < Mo). 2.

6HULD SULYLQG UHSDUWL LD PXQFLWRULORU GXS YHFKLPH HVWH SH LQWHUYDOH QHHJDOH L FX IUHFYHQ H UHODWLYH 3HQWUX UHSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF HVWH QHFHVDU V VH IDF R VHULH GH FDOFXOH SUHJ WLWRDUH
&DOFXOXO IUHFYHQ HORU UHGXVH L D IUHFYHQ HORU FXPXODWH
pentru seria referitoare la vechime Tabelul 3.14.
*UXSH GXS
vechime (ani)
Structura muncitorilor (n*i(%))
ULPHD
5DSRUWXO ID
GH
)UHFYHQ H
)UHFYHQ H
intervalulu i (hi)
primul interval
reduse
h Ki = i h1
3 1,0 1,0 2,0 2,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 15
n i* (%) Ki
4 4,2 8,5 6,5 15,1 8,7 3,4 2,6 -
relative cumulate
FUHVF
- descresF WRU
A 0-2 2-4 4-8 8-12 12-18 18-24 24-30 Total
1 4,2 8,5 12,9 30,2 26,2 10,2 7,8 100
2 2 2 4 4 6 6 6 -
tor 5 4,2 12,7 25,6 55,8 82,0 92,2 100 -
6 100,0 95,8 87,3 74,4 44,2 18,0 7,8 -
Folosind datele din tabelul 3.14. se constituie: histograma, polLJRQXO

FXPXODWLY YH]L ILJ L
IUHFYHQ HORU L FXUED
16 structura muncitorilor (%) 14 12 10 8 6 4,2 4 2 0 0 4 8

8,5 12,9
30,2
26,2
10,2 7,8
12
16
20
24
28
32
vechime (ani)
)LJXUD 5HSDUWL LD PXQFLWRULORU vQ IXQF LH GH YHFKLPH
structura muncitorilor (%)
100 80 60 40 20 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
vechime (ani)
)vJXUD 5HSDUWL LD PXQFLWRULORU vQ IXQF LH GH YHFKLPH
L vQ DFHVW FD] WUHEXLH FDOFXOD L LQGLFDWRULL FDUH FDUDFWHUL]HD] VLPSOLILFDW 'H UHJXO VH RSWHD] QXPDL SHQWUX IRORVLUHD XQHL
VWDWLVWLF DFHDVW SURSULHW
VHULH )LLQG GH FDOFXO L
LQWHUYDOH QHHJDOH WUHEXLH FDOFXODWH FHQWUHOH GH LQWHUYDO L DSRL VH YD DSOLFD R IRUPXO VLQJXUH PLFRUDUHD WHUPHQLORU FX R FRQVWDQW
bazate pe
a" (vezi tabelul 3.15.).

ntr-o serie cu intervale neegale Tabelul 3.15.
&DOFXOXO LQGLFDWRULORU WHQGLQ HL FHQWUDOH D PHGLLORU GH SR]L LH L D LQGLFDWRULORU GH YDULD LH
)UHFYHQ
Intervale
GH YDULD LH
reODWLY (n
* i (%) )
Centrul intervalului ( xi ) 2 1 3 6 10 15 21 27 -
(xi - a) a = 10 3 -9 -7 -4 0 5 11 17 -
( xi a ) ni*(%) ( xi a ) 2 ni*(%)
4 -37,8 -59,5 -51,6 0 31 112,2 132,6 226,9 5 340,2 416,5 206,4 0 655 1234,3 2554,2 5113,5
)UHFYHQ H UHODWLYH
cumulative 6 4,2 12,7 25,6 5,5,8 82,0 92,2 100,0 -
A 0-2 2-4 4-8 8 - 12 12 - 18 18 - 24 24 - 30 Total
1 4,2 8,5 12,9 30,2 26,2 10,2 7,8 100
(x x=
2 x
a ) ni*(%) 100
226,9 + 10 12,3 ani/muncitor 100

( x a )2 = 5113 , 5 ( 12 , 3 10 ) 2 = 45 , 84 100
(xi =
a ) 2 n i*(%) 100
x = 45,84 = 6,77 ani/muncitor

v=
x 6,77 100 = 100 = 55% x 12,3
8 < Mo < 12
Mo = x 0 + h 1 (30,2 12,9) =8+4 = 11,25 ani 1 + 2 (30,2 12,9) + (30,2 26,2)
Locul medianei n serie:
U ( Me) =
n
i =1
+1 =
100 + 1 = 50,5 2
8 <Me < 12
n*
i =1
i (%)
+1
Me = x 0 + h
2 n
*
m
n *i (%)
i =1
m 1
=8+4
50 , 5 26 , 6 30 , 2
= 11 , 298 ani
(% )
U (Q1 ) =
101 = 25,25 4
4 < Q1 <8
Q1 = 4 + 4
25,25 12,7 = 7,89 ani 12,9
Q 2 = M e = 11 , 298 ani
U (Q3 ) = 3 101 = 75,75 4
12 < Q3 < 18
Q3 = 12 + 6 75,75 55,8 = 16,568 ani 26,2
C as =
( x Mo) 12,3 11,25 = = 0,155 6,77 x 3( x Me) 3(12,3 11,298) = = 0,44 x 6,77
C as =
q1 = Me-Q1=11,298 7,89 = 3,488 q2 = Q3 Me = 16,568 11,298 = 5,27

AS = q 2 q1 5,2 3,488 = = 0,203 q 2 + q1 25,2 + 3,488
F VHULD DUH FDUDFWHU QHRPRJHQ GHRDUHFH FRHILFLHQWXO GH VLWXD LH HUD GH DWHSWDW VHULD DYkQG 5HIHULQGX QH OD YHFKLPH DFHDVW
$QDOL]kQG UH]XOWDWHOH VH FRQVWDW YDULD LH WRWDO HVWH GH
LQWHUYDOH QHHJDOH GH YDULD LH L IUHFYHQ HOH GLVWULEXLQGX &DOFXOkQG FRHILFLHQ LL GH DVLPHWULH VH FRQVWDW Q ILQDO VH SRDWH VSXQH F RPRJHQ FDUDFWHUL]DW vQWUHSULQGHUHD UHVSHFWLY
-se neuniform. R DVLPHWULH spre valorile mici (Mo < Me < x ).

L HVWH PXOW PDL vQ PRG FRUHFW vQ WUDJHP FRQFOX]LD F
VHULD SULYLQG GLVWULEX LD SURGXF LHL vQ EXF
GH LQGLFDWRUL FX YDORUL PLFL SHQWUX YDULD LH L DVLPHWULH L HVWH QHRPRJHQ SURGXF LLOH LQGLYLGXDOH RE LQXWH QX GHSLQG vQ SULQFLSDO GH YHFKLPH FL GH
SHQWUX VHULD SULYLQG YHFKLPHD PHGLH FHHD FH QH SHUPLWH V DO L IDFWRUL HVHQ LDOL VSHFLILFL
4.
SULQ XQLW
ntr-R
VRFLHWDWH FRPHUFLDO V DX vQUHJLVWUDW FX SULYLUH OD XQ SURGXV GH ED]
GHVWLQDW YkQ] ULL LL PXQFLL
LOH SURSULL GDWHOH QHFHVDUH GHWHUPLQ ULL QLYHOXOXL PHGLX DO SURGXFWLYLW GH WLPS GH PXQF
consumului specific
FKHOWXLHOLOH WRWDOH GH WLPS GH PXQF
zi UHSUH]LQW
yi
'DWHOH VH SUH]LQW
vQWU R VHULH ELGLPHQVLRQDO
(xi) L DO
vQ FDUH
IUHFYHQ HOH FRPXQH SHQWUX FHOH GRX
YDULDELOH
Tabelul 3.16. Produs Nivelul

SURGXFWLYLW LL
Consumul specific de timp Cheltuielile GH PXQF RUH-om la 1000 lei totale de timp
SURGXF LH GH PXQF
muncii orare
PLL OHLRU
(yi)
(xi) A A B C Total 1 10,0 6,25 7,47 8,65 2 0,100 0,160 0,134 0,116
(mii ore-om) (zi) 3 11624 6444 100 18168
Se cere: 1. calculul nivelului mediu al SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL ( w = x ); 2. FDOFXOXO FRQVXPXOXL PHGLX GH WLPS GH PXQF ( t = y ). 1RW V VH VSHFLILFH FH IHO GH PHGLL V-DX XWLOL]DW L GH FH "
Rezolvare
'DF FHOH GRX FDUDFWHULVWLFL VXQW FRQVLGHUDWH LQWHUGHSHQGHQWH vQWUH HOH VH SXQH SUREOHPD SURSRU LRQDOLWDWH L DOHJHULL FHOXL PDL SRWULYLW WLS GH PHGLH SHQWUX D S VWUD DFHHDL UHOD LH GH LQYHUV vQWUH P ULPLOH PHGLL FDOFXODWH QWUH FHOH GRX YDULDELOH DSDU UHOD LLOH
xi =
ELGLPHQVLRQDO 3ULPD HVWH IRUPDW
FX IUHFYHQ H FRPXQH VHULH GH GLVWULEX LH D
(n ).
xi yi
QLYHOXULORU
1 yi
SHQWUX
FDUH
VH
YD
RE LQH
UHSDUWL LH
SURGXFWLYLW
LL
PXQFLL
HVWH
IRUPDW
GLQ
GDWHOH
FRORDQHORU L LDU FHD GH
-a doua sHULH GH GLVWULEX LH - D FRQVXPXULORU VSHFLILFH GH WLPS GH PXQF

VHULL DX DFHOHDL SRQGHUL YDULDELOH L vQWUH P ULPLOH IRORVL PHGLD DULWPHWLF QXP UXO WRWDO GH RP PHGLX DO
GLQ GDWHOH FRORDQHORU L $VWIHO SUH]HQWDWH FHOH GRX
SHQWUX DPEHOH FDUDFWHULVWLFL DGLF PHGLL SHQWUX FDOFXOXO QLYHOXOXL
-ore lucrate.
LL PXQFLL YRP VH YD DSOLFD PHGLD DUPRQLF
3HQWUX D S VWUD UHOD LD GH LQYHUV SRQGHUDW SRQGHUDW
SURSRU LRQDOLWDWH GLQWUH FHOH GRX SURGXFWLYLW
LDU SHQWUX FDOFXOXO FRQVXPXOXL PHGLX GH WLPS GH PXQF
1.
&DOFXOXO QLYHOXOXL PHGLX DO SURGXFWLYLW
LL PXQFLL
w=x=
x n
i =1 k i
xi yi
n
i =1
10 11624 + 6,25 6444 + 7,47 100 = 8,65 mii lei/ore-om 18168
xi yi
2.
&DOFXOXO FRQVXPXOXL PHGLX GH WLPS GH PXQF
t =y=
n
i =1
xi y i
y
i =1
1
i
n xi yi
18168 = 0,116 ore-om/1000 lei 1 1 1 11624 + 6444 + 100 0,10 0,16 0,134
PHGLL vQ PLL OHL
9HULILFDUHD UHOD LHL GLQWUH FHOH GRX
1 x= ; y
'LIHUHQ D PHGLD DULWPHWLF SRDWH FkQG VH
1 = 8,62; 0,116
SURYHQL GLQ URWXQMLUHD FDOFXOXOXL IUHFYHQ 'HFL L QX PHGLD DUPRQLF SRDWH 8Q VXEVWLWXL DVWIHO GH FXQRVF SURGXVHOH GH IUHFYHQ HOH ,QGLFL UHDOH
exemplu poate fi cel al indiceluL DUPRQLF DO SUH XULORU YH]L FDSLWROXO
5.
6H FXQRVF XUP WRDUHOH GDWH FX SULYLUH OD GLVWULEX LD YkQ] WRULORU GLQWU
-un complex comercial

Tabelul 3.17.
vQ IXQF LH GH YHFKLPHD vQ PXQF
L YDORDUHD YkQ] ULORU UHDOL]DWH vQWU R V SW PkQ
6XEJUXSH GH YkQ]
WRUL GXS
YROXPXO YkQ]
ULORU PLO OHL
Grupe GH YkQ]
GXS
WRUL
YHFKLPH DQL
sub 190 1 5 5
190-200 2 15 12 27
200-210 3 5 35 7 47
210-220 4 8 15 23
220
L SHVWH
Total 6 25 55 30 110
A sub 10 10-20
L SHVWH
5 8 8
Total
Se cere: 1. 2.
SROLJRQXO IUHFYHQ HORU SULYLQG UHSDUWL LD YkQ] WRULORU GXS YROXPXO YkQ] ULORU SH WRWDO L
pe grupe de vechime;
UHSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF JUDILFXO SULQ S WUDW D QXP UXOXL YkQ] WRULORU GXS YHFKLPH SH FHOH
trei grupe, folosind
3. calculul mediiloU SH JUXSH GH YHFKLPH L SH WRWDO 4. LQGLFDWRULL VLQWHWLFL DL YDULD LHL SH ILHFDUH JUXS L SH WRWDO 5. LQWHUSUHWDUHD JUDGXOXL GH RPRJHQLWDWH SH JUXSH L SH WRWDO 6. verificarea regulii de adunare a dispersiilor; 7. ce indicatori statistici se pot calcula pe baza UHJXOLL GH DGXQDUH
LQWHUSUHWHD] VWDWLVWLF DFHWL LQGLFDWRUL YkQ]
D GLVSHUVLLORU L FXP VH
8.
FDOFXOXO L LQWHUSUHWDUHD GLVSHUVLLORU SHQWUX FDUDFWHULVWLFD PHGLD YkQ] ULORU SH WRWDO
WRUL FDUH VH DIO
SHVWH
Rezolvare 1.
5HSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF D GLVWULEX LHL YkQ] WRULORU ILJXULOH L
50 45
WRUL 1XP U YkQ]
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 170 180
9ROXPXO YkQ] ULORU PLO OHL
190
200
210
220
230
240
)LJXUD 5HSDUWL LD YkQ]
WRULORU vQWU XQ FRPSOH[ FRPHUFLDO GXS
YROXPXO GHVIDFHULORU
50 45
WRUL
Total gr. I gr. II gr. III
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
1XP
U YkQ]
170
180
9ROXPXO YkQ]
190
200
ULORU PLO OHL
210
220
230
240
)LJXUD 5HSDUWL LD YkQ]
WRULORU GXS
YROXPXO GHVIDFHULL SH WRWDO L SH JUXSH GH YHFKLPH
2.
D QXP
UXOXL YkQ]
WRULORU GXS
YHFKLPH
(vezi figura 3.11.).
Scara: 1 cm = 2 persoane
55 25 30
sub 10 ani
)LJXUD 1XP
10-20 ani
UXO GH YkQ]
DQL L SHVWH
WRUL SH JUXSH GH YHFKLPH
3. Calculul mediilor PHGLLOH GH JUXS :

yi =
y n
j =1 j
ij
n
j =1
ij
y1 =
185 5 + 195 15 + 205 5 = 195 25
PLO OHLYkQ] WRU
y2 =
y3 =
195 12 + 205 35 + 215 8 = 204,27 55

205 7 + 215 15 + 225 8 = 215,33 30
PLO OHLYkQ] WRU
PLO OHLYkQ] WRU
PHGLD JHQHUDO
(y ):
j
independent:
y=
y n
j =1 j
n
j =1
y=
-
185 5 + 195 27 + 205 47 + 215 23 + 225 8 = 205,18 110

PLO OHLYkQ] WRU
pe baza mediilor de JUXS y=
y n
i =1 r i
n
i =1
y=
195 25 + 204,27 55 + 215,33 30 = 205,18 110
PLO OHLYkQ] WRU
4.
&DOFXOXO LQGLFDWRULORU VLQWHWLFL DL YDULD LHL GLVSHUVLLOH GH JUXS
( ): m ( y j y i )2 n ij
2 i
i2 =
j =1
n ij
j =1
12 =
(185 - 195) 2 5 + (195 - 195 ) 2 15 + (205 - 195 ) 2 5 = 40 25
2 2 =
(195 - 204,27 ) 2 12 + (205 - 204,27 ) 2 35 + (215 - 204,27 ) 2 8 = 35,83 55
2 3 =
(205 - 215,33
)2
7 + (215 - 215,33 ) 2 15 + (225 - 215,33 ) 2 8 30
= 49 , 89
PHGLD GLVSHUVLLORU SDU LDOH
( ):
2
2 =
i =1 r i =1
2 i
ni
i
n
r
40 25 + 35,83 55 + 49,89 30 = 40,63 110
2 dispersia dintre grupe 2 = y / x :
( y i
i =1 r
y ) n i
2
n i
i =1
( 195 205 , 18 ) 2 25 + ( 204 , 27 205 , 18 ) 2 55 + ( 215 , 33 205 , 18 ) 2 30 110
= 52 , 06
GLVSHUVLD WRWDO
( ): m ( y j y )2 n j
2
=
2
j =1
n j
j =1
(185 205,18) 2 5 + (195 205,18) 2 27 + ( 205 205,18) 2 47

110
( 215 205,18) 2 23+ ( 225 205,18) 2 8

110
= 92, 69
5. Aprecierea gradului de omRJHQLWDWH SH JUXSH L SH WRWDO

&DOFXOXO FRHILFLHQ LORU GH YDULD LH
pe grupe
1 = 12 = 40 = 6,32
v1 =
PLO OHLYkQ] WRU
1 6,32 100 = 100 = 3,24% y1 195

PLO OHLYkQ] WRU
2 2 = 2 = 35,83 = 5,98
v2 =
2 5,98 100 = 100 = 2,93% y2 204,27

PLO OHLYkQ] WRU
3 = 32 = 49,89 = 7,06
v3 =
3 7,06 100 = 100 = 3,18% y3 215,33
pe total
= 2 = 92,69 = 9,62
v=
PLO OHLYkQ] WRU
9,62 100 = 100 = 4,69% y 205,18

F GHFkW FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO GLQ FDUH D IRVW
&RPSDUkQG UH]XOWDWHOH RE LQXWH VH FRQVWDW
ILHFDUH JUXS H[WUDV
OXDW
VHSDUDW HVWH PDL RPRJHQ
grupD D GRXD HVWH PDL RPRJHQ

JUDG GH RPRJHQLWDWH ULGLFDW
GHFkW FHOHODOWH GRX L SH WRWDO DWHVW L GHFL XQ JUDG XQ GH
YDORULOH PLFL DOH FRHILFLHQ LORU GH YDULD LH FDOFXOD L SH ILHFDUH JUXS DO JUXSHORU L FROHFWLYLW LL WRWDOH
UHSUH]HQWDWLYLWDWH FRUHVSXQ] WRU SHQWUX PHGLLOH FDUH OH FDUDFWHUL]HD]
6. Verificarea regulii de adunare a dispersiilor 2 = 2 + 2 92,69 = 52,06 + 40,63 7.

3H ED]D UHJXOLL GH DGXQDUH D GLVSHUVLLORU VH SRW FDOFXOD DO L GRL LQGLFDWRUL VWDWLVWLFL
*UDGXO GH GHWHUPLQD LH
2 ( Ry / x )
2 Ry / x =
2 52,06 100 = 100 = 56,16% 2 92,69

2 ( Ky/x )
*UDGXO GH QHGHWHUPLQD LH
2 Ky/x =
6H
40,63 2 100 = 100 = 43,84% 2 92,69

F GLQ YDULD LD WRWDO D YROXPXOXL YkQ] ULORU HVWH H[SOLFDW GH
SRDWH DILUPD
YDULD LD SURGXV GH
GH IDFWRUXO GH JUXSDUH YHFKLPHD
factor dominant deoarece
2 Ry x>
50%), restul
ILLQG LQIOXHQ D UHODWLY
D FHORUODO L IDFWRUL QHvQUHJLVWUD L
8.
*
&DOFXOXO
LQWHUSUHWDUHD
GLVSHUVLLORU
SHQWUX
YkQ]
WRULL
FDUH
VH
DIO
SHVWH
YROXPXO
PHGLX DO YkQ]
ULORU SH WRWDO
"
Calculul mediilor
PHGLLOH SH JUXS
: wi =
mi , ni
de unde: 0 w1 = =0 25 8 w2 = = 0,1455 55
w3 = 23 = 0,7667 30
media pe total: w =
m 31 = = 0,2818 n 110
Calculul dispersiilor
GLVSHUVLLOH GH JUXS
2 w = wi ( w ), 1
i i
de unde:
2 w = w 1 (1 w 1 ) = 0 (1 0 ) = 0
1
2 w
= w 2 (1 w 2 ) = 0 , 1455 (1 0 , 1455 ) = 0 , 1243
2 w = w 3 (1 w 3 ) = 0 , 7667 (1 0 , 7667 ) = 0 , 1789

3
PHGLD GLVSHUVLLORU SDU LDOH
2 ( w ):
=
2 w
i =1 r i =1
2 wi
ni
i
n (w
i =1 r
0 25 + 0,1243 55 + 0,1789 30 = 0,1109 110
2 dispersia dintre grupe ( w ):
=
2 w
w ) ni
2 r i
n
i =1
(0 0,2818)2 25 + (0,1455 0,2818)2 55 + =

110
(0,7667 0,2818)2 30 = 0,0914

110
2 w = w( w) = 0,2818 ( 0,2818 ) = 0,2023 1 1

L vQ FD]XO FDUDFWHULVWLFLL DOWHUQDWLYH
2 dispersia total ( w ):
5HJXOD DGXQ ULL GLVSHUVLLORU VH S VWUHD]
= + 0,2023 = 0,1109 + 0,0914

2 w 2 w 2 w
3HQWUX XQ DJHQW HFRQRPLF FH GHVI RDU WUHL DFWLYLW L V-au nregistrat datele privind veniturile salariale ale personalului pentru luna mai 2001 (vezi tabelul 3.18.).
6.
5HSDUWL LD VDODULD LORU SH DFWLYLW
L vQ IXQF LH GH P
ULPHD YHQLWXULORU VDODULDOH vQ OXQD PDL
Tabelul 3.18.
vQ ID GH WRWDOXO JUXSHL
Grupe duS VDODULL (zeci mii lei) A sub 250 250 - 270 270 - 290 290 - 310 310 - 330 330 - 350 350 - 370 L Seste Total
Activitatea I 1 10 12 25 28 15 10 100
Activitatea II 2 20 35 20 15 10 100
Activitatea III 3 20 47 23 10 100
1XP UXO GH VDODULD L D vQUHJLVWUDW XUP WRDUHD VWUXFWXU DFWLYLWDWHD O
- 20%; activitatea II -
-
L DFWLYLWDWHD ,,,
- 30%.
Se cere: 1. 2. 3.
V V V VH DSOLFH UHJXOD GH DGXQDUH D GLVSHUVLLORU L V VH VSHFLILFH GDF IDFWRUXO G
e grupare
este semnificativ sau nu;

VH DUDWH JUDGXO GH RPRJHQLWDWH SH FHOH WUHL DFWLYLW L L SH WRWDO L V VH LQWHUSUHWH]H UH]XOWDWHOH RE LQXWH SHQWUX FDUDFWHUL]DUHD YDULD LHL VH FDOFXOH]H QXP UXO GH VDODULD L IUHFYHQ HOH DEVROXWH WLLQG F SH WRWDO QXP UXO ORU D IRVW GH L V VH YHULILFH SH ED]D IUHFYHQ HORU DEVROXWH GLVSHUVLD WRWDO
Rezolvare 1.
)LLQG LQWHUYDOH HJDOH PHGLLOH L GLVSHUVLLOH VH SRW GHWHUPLQD FX IRUPXOHOH GH FDOFXO VLPSOLILFDW FX IUHFYHQ H UHODWLYH
yj a * nij (%) h j =1 yi = h + a 100
yj a * h nij (%) j =1 2 i = h 2 (y a )2 100
1.1. Pentru activitatea I VH YD PHGLH S WUDWLF (vezi tabelul 3.19.).
H[WUDJH VHULD L VH YRU FDOFXOD PHGLD GLVSHUVLD
abaterea
&DOFXOXO PHGLHL L GLVSHUVLHL VDODULLORU SHQWUX DFWLYLWDWHD ,
Tabelul 3.19. Grupe GXS salarii (zeci mii lei) Structura

VDODULD LORU
(n
* 1 j (%)
Centrul de interval
(y )
j
yj a h
a = 300 h = 20 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 -
yj a * h n1 j (%)
4 -30 -24 -25 0 15 20 -44
yj a * h n1 j (%)
2
A 230-250 250-270 270-290 290-310 310-330 330-350 Total
1 10 12 25 28 15 10 100
2 240 260 280 300 320 340 -
5 90 48 25 0 15 40 218
y1 =
44 20 + 300 = 291,200 zeci mii lei/salariat 100

218 2 20 2 (291,2 300 ) = 794,56 100
12 =
1 = 794,56 = 28,187 zeci mii lei/salariat

v1 = 28,187 100 = 9,68% 291,2
1.2. Pentru activitatea II (vezi calculele n tabelul 3.20.)

&DOFXOXO PHGLHL L GLVSHUVLHL VDODULLORU SHQWUX DFWLYLWDWHD D ,,,
-a
Tabelul 3.20.
*UXSH GXS
Structura
VDODULD LORU
salarii (zeci mii lei)
(n
* 2 j (%)
Centrul de interval
(y )
j
yj a h
a = 300 h = 20 3 -1 0 1 2 3 -
y j a h
* n2
j (%)
y j a h
* n2
j (%)
A 270-290 290-310 310-330 330-350 350-370 Total
1 20 35 20 15 10 100
2 280 300 320 340 360 -
4 -20 0 20 30 30 60
5 20 0 20 60 90 190
y2 =
60 20 + 300 = 312 ]HFL PLL OHLVDODULDW DGLF 100
OH
i/salariat
2 2 =
190 2 20 2 (312 300 ) = 616 100
2 = 616 = 24,82 zeci mii lei/salariat

v2 = 24,82 100 = 7,95% 312
1.3. Pentru activitatea a III-a vezi calculele n tabelul 3.21.

&DOFXOXO PHGLHL L GLVSHUVLHL VDODULLORU SHQWUX DFWLYLWDWHD D
-a Tabelul 3.21.
*UXSH GXS
Structura
VDODULD LORU
salarii (zeci mii lei)
(n
* 3 j (%)
Centrul de interval
(y )
j
yj a h
a = 300 h = 20 3 -1 0 1 2 -
y a * j h n 2 j (%)
4 -20 0 23 20 23
y j a h
* n 3 j (%)
5 20 0 23 40 83
A 310-330 330-350 350-370 3 L SHVWH Total
1 20 47 23 10 100
2 320 340 360 380 -
y3 =
23 20 + 340 = 344,6 zeci mii lei/salariat sau 3446000 lei/salariat 100
83 2 20 2 (310,84 340 ) = 310,84 100 3 = 310,84 = 17,6 zeci mii lei/salariat
32 =
v3 =
17,06 100 = 5,11% 344,84

PHGLLOH SDU LDOH L SRQGHULOH VDODULD LORU DFWLYLW LORU UHVSHFWLYH VH SRDWH
1.4. &XQRVFkQG calcula media pe total:

r
y i n i*( % ) ( 291, 2 20 )+ (312 50 ) (344, 6 30 ) i =1 y= = = 317 , 62

100 100
1.5.
GRX $SOLFkQG UHJXOD DGXQ ULL GLVSHUVLLORU V GLQWUH HOH XUPkQG FD GLVSHUVLD WRWDO ILH FDOFXODW
zeci mii lei/salariat

SXW
2 = 2 + 2
VH FRQVWDW
em calcula doar
SH ED]D UHOD LHL GH PDL VXV
i2 n i*(%)
i =1
100
(794,56 20) + (616 50) + (310,84 30) 100
= 560 , 164
( y i y )2 n i*(%)
i =1
100
= = 378 , 24
( 291, 2 317 , 62 ) 2 20 + ( 312 317 , 62 ) 2 50 + ( 344 , 6 317 , 62 ) 2 30 100
2 = 2 + 2 = 560,164 + 378,24 = 938,404

1.6. &DOFXOXO JUDGXOXL GH GHWHUPLQD LH L QHGHWHUPLQD LH:
2 Ry / x
378,276 2 = 2 100 = 100 = 40,31% 938,404
2 K y/x =
2 560,164 100 = 100 = 59,69% 2 938,404

IDFWRU GH JUXSDUH QHUHSUH]HQWDWLY FHHD FH vQVHDPQ SURSRU LH GH GLIHUHQ H VSHFLILFH vQWUH F vQ OXQD QRLHPEULH QX L vQ
2 2 K y / x > Ry / x a existat dect ntr-R
FHOH WUHL DFWLYLW
cazul
YHQLWXULORU VDODULDOH FHHD FH HUD GH DWHSWDW
2.
3HQWUX DQDOL]D RPRJHQLW
LL VH YRU IRORVL LQGLFDWRULL SUH]HQWD L vQ
tabelul 3.22. (coloana 5).
5HSDUWL LD SH FHOH WUHL DFWLYLW
L D VDODULLORU PHGLL L D LQGLFDWRULORU GH YDULD LH
Tabelul 3.22. AFWLYLW

L
Structura Salariile medii personalului (zeci mii lei) 1 20% 50% 30% 100% 2 291,2 312,0 344,6 317,62
Dispersiile
Abaterile medii
S WUDWLFH
A I II III Total
3 794,56 616,00 310,84 938,404
(zeci mii lei) 4 28,187 24,820 17,600 30,63
5 9,68% 7,95% 5,11% 9,64%
Q H[HPSOXO DQDOL]DW VH SRW WUDJH XUP WRDUHOH FRQFOX]LL
DWkW SH vQWUHDJD VRFLHWDWH FRPHUFLDO
FkW L SH ILHFDUH DFWLYLWDWH VHULLOH VXQW RPRJHQH VH LHUDUKL]HD] LORU HVWH DFWLYLWDWHD D ,,,
deoarece s-DX
VHULLOH GXS
RE LQXW YDORUL PLFL SHQWUX FRHILFLHQ LL GH YDULD LH 'DF L PDL SX LQ RPRJHQ
FULWHULXO YHQLWXULORU VDODULDOH RUGLQHD RPRJHQLW
-a
(5,11%); activitatea a II-D
UHSUH]HQWDWLYLWDWH ID
SULPD DFWLYLWDWHD
FDUH
GHS HWH FX IRDUWH SX LQ JUDGXO GH RPRJHQLWDWH SH
total (9,64%);
DYkQG FRHILFLHQ L PLFL GH YDULD LH PHGLLOH VXQW vQ WRDWH FD]XULOH FX XQ JUDG PDUH GH GH YDORULOH LQGLYLGXDOH GLQ FDUH DX IRVW FDOFXODWH GHRDUHFH WR L FRHILFLHQ LL GH YDULD LH VXQW VXE
3. Seriile din tabelul 3.1 VH SRW SUH]HQWD L FX IUHFYHQ H DEVROXWH

WLLQG F VH RE LQH QXP UXO WRWDO DO VDODULD LORU D IRVW GH L DYkQG UHSDUWL LD ORU UHODWLY SH DFWLYLW L

IUHFYHQ HOH
20 = 80 VDODULD L 100 50 activitatea a II-a 400 = 200 salaria L 100 30 activitatea a III-a 400 = 120 VDODULD L 100
activitatea I
400
$SOLFkQG JUHXW DEVROXWH
LOH VSHFLILFH GLQ ILHFDUH DFWLYLWDWHD OD QXP UXO GH VDODULD L VH FDOFXOHD] FDUH VH GHWHUPLQ QXPDL vQ QXPHUH vQWUHJL UHIHULQGX
-se la persoane
(vezi tabelul 3.23).
5HSDUWL LD VDODULD LORU SH FHOH WUHL DFWLYLW
L vQ IXQF LH GH YHQLWXULOH VDODULDOH
Tabelul 3.23.
*UXSH GXS VDODULL
Activitatea I 8 10 20 22 12 8 80
Activitatea II 40 70 40 30 20 200
Activitatea III 24 56 28 12 120
Total 8 10 60 92 76 94 48 12 400
(zeci mii lei) sub 250 250-270 270-290 290-310 310-330 330-350 350-370
L SHVWH
Total
&DOFXOXO PHGLHL L GLVSHUVLHL SH WRWDO SH ED]D IUHFYHQ HORU DEVROXWH
Tabelul 3.24.
*UXSH GXS VDODULL 1XP UXO LORU
(zeci mii lei)
salDULD
j
(n )
1 8 10 60 92 76 94 48 12
Centrul de interval
(y )
j
yj a h
a = 340 h = 20 3 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
yj a h nj
4 -40 -40 -180 -184 -76 0 48 24 -448
yj a h nj
2
A sub 250 250-270 270-290 290-310 310-330 330-350 350-370

L SHVWH
2 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 -
5 200 160 540 368 76 0 48 48 1440
Total
400
y=
i =1
xj a h
nj
n
i =1
k
h+ a =
448 20 + 340 = 317,6 zeci mii lei/salariat 400
yj a h n j 1440 i =1 2 y = k h 2 ( y a) 2 = 400 (340 317,6) 2 = 938,24 400 nj

2 i =1
Deci s-a ajuns la aceleDL

IUHFYHQ HORU UHODWLYH
YDORUL L SHQWUX PHGLH L SHQWUX GLVSHUVLH FD vQ FD]XO IRORVLULL
PROBLEME PROPUSE
Pentru 40 de agen L HFRQRPLFL FH DFWLYHD] vQ DFHODL GRPHQLX GH DFWLYLWDWH s-au nregistrat datele privind profitul realizat (mil. lei) n luna august: 40, 63, 59, 52, 62, 50, 45. 51, 54, 50, 48, 55, 59, 47, 57, 53, 46, 55, 64, 53, 42, 51, 53, 56, 52, 58, 49, 54, 60, 46, 41, 47, 42, 44, 63, 58, 49, 55, 50, 53. Se cere:
1.
V VH JUXSH]H FHL GH DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL SH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH HJDOH GXS SURILWXO UHDOL]DW
1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
V V V V V
VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF UHSDUWL LD RE LQXW VH YHULILFH UHSUH]HQWDWLYLWDWHD PHGLHL VH GHWHUPLQH LQGLFDWRULL FDUH VHSDU VH P VRDUH JUDGXO GH DVLPHWULH
OD SXQFWXO SUHFHGHQW VH LQWHUSUHWH]H UHOD LD GLQWUH HL
VH FDOFXOH]H LQGLFDWRULL WHQGLQ HL FHQWUDOH L V
GLQ DJHQ LL HFRQRPLFL VLWXD L OD FHQWUXO
UHSDUWL LHL
2.
3HQWUX R XQLWDWH HFRQRPLF
VH FXQRVF GDWHOH

GXS P ULPHD SURGXF LHL PLL EXF
Nr. muncitori 2 6 10 20 18 6 60
Sub 10 10-12 12-14 14-16 16 -18

L SHVWH
Total
Se cere:
1.
V VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF GLVWULEX LD PXQFLWRULORU GXS P ULPHD SURGXF LHL
2. 3. 4.
V V V
VH YHULILFH GDF
GLVWULEX LD PXQFLWRULORU GXS
P ULPHD SURGXF LHL HVWH RPRJHQ
VH FDOFXOH]H QLYHOXO FHQWUDOL]DW DO SURGXF LHL SHQWUX PXQFLWRULL FX SURGXF LD GH FHO VH FDOFXOH]H LQGLFDWRUXO FDUH VHSDU GLQ PXQFLWRUL GH UHVWXO PXQFLWRULORU
SX LQ PLL EXF
3.
3HQWUX GH VDODULD L DL XQHL VRFLHW
L FRPHUFLDOH VH FXQRVF GDWHOH
Tabelul 3.26. Grupe GH VDODULD

GXS L 1XP U
YHFKLPH DQL
VDODULD L
Timpul mediu nelucrat (min.)
Abaterea medie
S WUDWLF SULYLQG
A sub 10 10-20
L SHVWH
1 20 90 40
2 30 45 55
timpul nelucrat (min.) 3 4,8 9,0 6,6
Se cere: 1. 2. 3.
V V V VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF VWUXFWXUD VDODULD LORU GXS VH YHULILFH RPRJHQLWDWHD SH JUXSH L SH WRWDO VH GHWHUPLQH vQ FH P VXU YDULD LD WLPSXOXL QHOXFUDW VH GDWRUHD] GHRVHELULORU SULYLQG YHFKLPH
YHFKLPHD vQ PXQF
4.
Dintr-XQ VRQGDM VWDWLVWLF GH
SURSRU LRQDO VWUDWLILFDW V DX RE LQXW GD
tele:
Tabelul 3.27.
*UXSH GH DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL GXS P ULPHD FDSLWDOXOXL
*UXSH GH DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL GXS
ULPHD SURILWXOXL
sub 10 1 5 5
10-14 2 10 10 20
(mil. lei) 14-18 18-22 3 5 15 10 30 4 25 20 45
22-26 5 15 15 30
L
Total 7 20 70 50 140
(mil. lei) A I II III Total
peste 6 5 5 10
Se cere: 1. 2. 3.
V V V VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF GLVWULEX LD DJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL GXS VH YHULILFH UHJXOD GH DGXQDUH D GLVSHUVLLORU L V VH FDUDFWHUL]H]H RPRJHQLWDWHD SH ILHFDUH JUXS P ULPHD SURILWXOXL SH WRWDO IDFWRUXO GH JUXSDUH HVWH VH DUDWH GDF L SH WRWDO
semnificativ sau nu;
4. 5.
V V
VH P VRDUH JUDGXO GH DVLPHWULH SHQWUX JUXSD D ,,
-a;
VH YHULILFH UHJXOD DGXQ ULL GLVSHUVLLORU SHQWUX FDUDFWHULVWLFD DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL FX
profitul mai mic dect 18 mil.lei.
5.
3HQWUX XQ HDQWLRQ GH GH DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL VH FXQRVF GDWHOH
Tabelul 3.28. Grupe tipice de

DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL GXS FLIUD
Structura
DJHQ LORU
Profitul mediu (mil.lei/ag.ec.)
Dispersia privind
P ULPHD
de afaceri A sub 20 20-30

L SHVWH
economici (%) 1 50 30 20
profitului 2 14,4 19,68 30,8 3 11,52 11,28 5,76
Se cere: 1. 2. 3.
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VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF SURILWXO WRWDO vQ IXQF LH GH IDFWRULL GH LQIOXHQ
&HUFHWDUHD VHOHFWLY
3ULQFLSDOHOH QR LXQL SHUHFKH GLQ FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO
L GLQ FROHFWLYLWDWHD GH VHOHF LH
Tabelul 4.1. Denumirea indicatorului A Media

&DUDFWHULVWLFD QHDOWHUQDWLY &ROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO &DUDFWHULVWLFD DOWHUQDWLY
Colectivitatea GH VHOHF ie 2
Colectivitatea
JHQHUDO
Colectivitatea
GH VHOHF LH
x0 =
N
xi
i =1
x=
n
xi
i =1
P=
M N
w=
m n
n
2 2 = p(1 p) w = w(1 w) p
Dispersia
2 0 =
( x i x 0 ) 2
i =1
2 =
( xi x ) 2
i =1
Abaterea medie
S WUDWLF
0 = 02
= 2
p = 2 p
2 w = w
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&RQGL LD FD PHGLD HDQWLRQXOXL V ILH UHSUH]HQWDWLY
x x0 100 5% x0
Eroarea medie de reprezentativitate:
x = x
( x s
=
s =1
x0 ) 2 ns
ns
s =1
n care: k - UHSUH]LQW QXP UXO HDQWLRDQHORU SRVLELOH ns - IUHFYHQ HOH PHGLLORU GH VHOHF LH SRVLELOH
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6(/(& ,$ $/($72$5( 6,03/ VH DSOLF
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SHQWUX VHOHF LH UHSHWDW
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2 02 n n
SHQWUX VHOHF LH QHUHSHWDW
x nerep
N n n N 1
2 0
N n n N 1
n 1 n N
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HURDUHD PHGLH GH UHSUH]HQWDWLYLWDWH VH YD QRWD FX
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:
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, respectiv
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x = z x nerep
, respectiv
x = z w nerep
LL JHQHUDOH
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pentru caracterisWLFD QHDOWHUQDWLY x x < x0 < x + x
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al caracteristicii:
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pentru sondajul simplu repetat:
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pentru sondajul simplu nerepetat:
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ni = n
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eroarea medie de reprezentativitate:
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2
n
y =
2 n 1 n N
PD[LP DGPLV
HURDUHD OLPLW
y = z
2
n
2 n y = z 1 n N
HVWLPDUHD PHGLHL OD QLYHOXO FROHFWLYLW
LL JHQHUDOH
y y < y0 < y + y ) ,
unde:
y=
yn n
i i
estimarea nivelului totalizat al caracteristicii
N * N ( y y ) < yi < N ( y + y ) i =1
GLPHQVLRQDUHD HDQWLRQXOXL
n=
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RE LQH
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JUDG
GH
SUHFL]LH
UH]XOWDWHORU
HDQWLRQXO
FRQVWLWXLW
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*
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stratificat dect n cazul sondajului aleator simplu.

*
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(ni > 35).
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Cu ct mediile din serii sunt mai apropiate ntre ele, vor estima mai corect valoarea medie a L UHOL]kQGX-VH FRQGL LD GH UHSUH]HQWDWLYLWDWH D HDQWLRQXOXL (DQWLRQDUHD I FkQGX-VH SH ED] GH VHULL HDQWLRQXO HVWH IRUPDW GLQWU-XQ QXP U GH VHULL QRWDW cu r, iar vQ FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO QXP UXO VHULLORU VH YD QRWD FX R.
vQWUHJLL FROHFWLYLW
pentru caracteristici nealternative
x rep
2 x
x nerep
2 x
Rr R 1
pentru caracteristici alternative
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2 p
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PD[LP
x = z
2
r
x = z
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n=
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n=
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t=
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DOWHUQDWLY
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GLIHUHQ D GLQWUH FHOH GRX SURSRU LLOH vQ FHOH GRX
SRSXOD LL GLQ FDUH V DX IRUPDW HDQWLRDQHOH
SURSRU LL HVWH VHPQLILFDWLY SRSXOD LL GLQ FDUH V DX IRUPDW HDQWLRDQHOH QX VXQW HJDOH
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w1 w 2 w 1 (1 w 1 ) n1 + w 2 (1 w 2 ) n2
>3 ,
GLIHUHQ D GLQWUH FHOH GRX
SURSRU LL HVWH VHPQLILFDWLY
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P SURSRU LLOH HDQ
tioanelor cu p =
n1 w1 + n 2 w 2 n1 + n 2
&DOFXO P GH H[HPSOX
t1 =
'DF W1 !
p w1 p q n2 n1 + n2 n1
GLIHUHQ D HVWH VHPQLILFDWLY
3HQWUX HDQWLRDQHOH GH YROXP UHGXV VH IRORVHWH
testul lui Student. -o rHSDUWL LH 6WXGHQW
&RPSDUDUHD PHGLHL GH VRQGDM FX PHGLD SRSXOD LHL vQWU
t calc =
x x0
/ n 1
SHQWUX XQ DQXPLW QLYHO GH VHPQLILFD LH L Q
ttabelar
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VH GHWHUPLQ Wcalculat
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<ttabelar VH DGPLWH LSRWH]D GLIHUHQ HL QXOH

HDQWL
&RPSDUDUHD GLVSHUVLLORU QHFXQRVXWH D GRX
oane de volum redus
t calc = S
n1
x1 x 2 1 n1 + 1 n2
unde S =
'DF Wcalculat
( x i x 1 ) 2 + ( x i x 2 ) 2
i =1 i =1
n2
n1 + n 2 2
VH VWDELOHWH SHQWUX
QXP
< ttabelar VH DGPLWH LSRWH]D GLIHUHQ HL QXOH YDORDUHD WDEHODU UXO JUDGHORU GH OLEHUWDWH V = n 1 + n 2 2 ). Testul F (Fisher) pHQWUX YHULILFDUHD HJDOLW de volum redus
Fcalc =
Ftabelar
LL GLVSHUVLLORU D GRX
HDQWLRDQH
S12 2 S2
SHQWUX XQ DQXPLW QLYHO GH VHPQLILFD LH L SHQWUX JUDGHOH GH OLEHUWDWH
VH GHWHUPLQ L
f 1 = n1 1
'DF
f 2 = n 2 1. Fcalc > Ftabelar , rezultatul sondajului trebuie interpretat ca fiind semnificativ, deci
HDQWLRDQH WUHEXLH H[SOLFDW GH LQIOXHQ D DOWRU IDFWRUL GHFkW FHL HURULOH GH VRQGDM
GLIHUHQ D GLQWUH GLVSHUVLLOH FHORU GRX FDUH GHWHUPLQ
PROBLEME REZOLVATE
1.

3HQWUX XQ HDQWLRQ GH GH DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL V DX RE LQXW XUP WRDUHOH UH]XOWDWH
profitul mediu: 505 mil. lei / agent economic;

DEDWHUHD PHGLH S WUDWLF SULYLQG SURILWXO PLO OHL GLQ WRWDOXO DJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL V D IRUPDW SULQ VHOHF LH HDQWLRQXO UHSUH]LQW
WLLQG F QHUHSHUDW
L UH]XOWDWHOH VH JDUDQWHD]
FX R SUREDELOLWDWH GH ]
VH FHUH LL JHQHUDOH HVWH GH PLO OHL
1. 2.
HVWLPDUHD SURILWXOXL PHGLX L D SURILWXOXL WRWDO OD QLYHOXO FROHFWLYLW GLPHQVLRQDUHD XQXL QRX HDQWLRQ GDF HURDUHD OLPLW PD[LP
DGPLV
Rezolvare 1.
3HQWUX HVWLPDUHD SDUDPHWULORU vQ SRSXOD LD WRWDO OLPLW PD[LP DGPLV HVWH QHFHVDU V VH FDOFXOH]H HURDUHD
x =z
2 n
n 1 = 3 N
4096 0 , 9 = 12 , 88 mil. lei 200
Estimarea profitului mediu: x de unde: 505 12,88 < x0 < 505 + 12,88 492,12 < x0 < 517,88 mil. lei / agent economic Estimarea profitului total:
x
< x0 < x +
N ( x x ) < xi < N ( x + x )
i =1
2000 i =1
2000 492 , 12 <

2000 i =1
xi
< 2000 517 , 88
984240 <
xi
< 1035760 mil. lei
2. Pentru GLPHQVLRQDUHD QRXOXL HDQWLRQ VH IRORVHWH UHOD LD

n= z 2
2 2
DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL
( x )
n=
z 2 + N
2
z 2
( x )
z 2 + N
9 4096 = 88 9 4096 400 + 2000
DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL
2.
3HQWUX XQ HDQWLRQ GH GH DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL VH FXQRVF GDWHOH
'LVWULEX LD DJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL GXS
QXP
UXO GH DQJDMD L L GXS
ULPHD SURILWXOXL
Tabelul 4.2.
*UXSH GH DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL GXS QXP UXO GH DQJDMD L *UXSH GH DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL GXS P ULPHD SURILWXOXL
Total 600
L SHVWH
sub 400
400440
440480
(mil. lei) 480520
520560
560600
A Sub 20
L SHVWH
Total
1 5 5
2 25 5 30
3 20 20 40
4 10 40 50
5 30 30
6 25 25
7 20 20
8 60 140 200
Se cere: 1.
V VH HVWLPH]H OLPLWHOH vQWUH WLLQG FDUH F VH YD vQFDGUD SURILWXO L PHGLX L SURILWXO WRWDOXO JDUDQWHD] GH FHO WRWDO FX vQ R FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO HDQWLRQXO UHSUH]LQW GLQ VH DJHQ LORU
economici, s-D IRUPDW SULQ VHOHF LH probabilitate de 0,9973 (z = 3); 2.

V VH HVWLPH]H SURFHQWXO PD[LP DO
QHUHSHWDW DJHQ LORU
UH]XOWDWHOH FX XQ
HFRQRPLFL
SURILW
SX LQ
500 mil. lei. Rezolvare 1. Pentru estimarea paramHWULORU prealabile:
SRSXOD LHL WRWDOH VXQW QHFHVDUH R VHULH GH FDOFXOH
calculul mediei generale:
y j nj
y=
j =1
nj
j =1
y=
380 5 + 420 30 + 460 40 + 500 50 + 540 30 + 580 25 + 620 20 = 200
= 505 mil.lei/ag.ec .
FDOFXOXO PHGLLORU GH JUXS
y j n ij
yi =
j =1
n ij
j =1
y1 =
380 5 + 420 25 + 460.20 + 500 10 = 443,333 mil. lei / agent economic 60
y2 =
420 5 + 460 20 + 500.40 + 540 30 + 580 25 + 620 20 = 140 = 531 , 429 mil. lei / agent economic
FDOFXOXO GLVSHUVLLORU GH JUXS
(y j
m
2 i
j =1
yi
)2
n ij
n ij
j =1
2 1
(380 - 443,333) 2 5 + (420 - 443,333 ) 2 25 + (460 - 443,333 ) 2 20 60

= 1188 , 889
(500 - 443,33) 2 10 60
2 2 = 3012,245
FDOFXOXO PHGLHL GLVSHUVLLORU GH JUXS
i2 n i
i =1
n i
i =1
1188 , 889 60 + 3012 , 245 140 200
= 2465 , 238
calculul erorii limite maxime admise:
=z
n 1 = 3 n N
2
2465 , 238 200
0 , 9 10 mil. lei
Estimarea profitului mediu:
y y < y0 < y + y ,
de unde: 505 10< y 0 <505+10 495 < y 0 < 515 mil. lei / agent economic Estimarea profitului total: N ( y y ) < yi < N ( y + y )
i =1 N
2000 495 <
2000 i =1
yi
< 2000 515
990000 <
2000 i =1
yi
< 1030000 mil. lei
2.
3RUQLQG GH OD GLVWULEX LD ELGLPHQVLRQDO
GLQ WDEHOXO VH RE LQH XUP WRUXO WDEHO
'LVWULEX LD DJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL GXS
QXP
UXO GH DQJDMD L L P
ULPHD SURILWXOXL
Tabelul 4.3.
*UXSH GH DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL GXS QXP UXO GH $JHQ L $JHQ L
DQJDMD L
economici cu profit < 500 mil. lei 1 55 45 100
economici cu profit 500 mil. lei ( mi ) 2 5 95 m = 100
Total
( ni )
3 60 140 n = 200
wi =
mi 2 wi = wi (1 wi ) ni
5 0,0764 0,2181 0,25
A Sub 20
L SHVWH
Total
4 0,0833 0,6786 w = 0,5
Q YHGHUHD HVWLP ULL SURFHQWXOXL PD[LP VXQW QHFHVDUH R VHULH GH FDOFXOH
FDOFXODUHD PHGLLORU GH JUXS
wi L D PHGLHL SH WRWDO w) (vezi tabelul 4.3. coloana 4);

calcularea dispersiilRU GH JUXS
2 w ) (vezi tabelul 4.3., coloana 5);

i
FDOFXODUHD PHGLHL GLVSHUVLLORU GH JUXS
2 w
2 w ni = ni
i
0,0764 60 + 0,2181 140 = 0,1756 200
FDOFXODUHD HURULL OLPLWH PD[LPH DGPLV
w = z
2 w n 0,1756 200 1 = 3 1 = 0,084 n N 200 2000

i
Procentul maxim admis: p = w + w = 0,5 + 0,084 = 0,584 sau 58,4%

5H]XOW F FHO PXOW GLQ WRWDOXO DJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL GLQ FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO DX XQ SURILW GH FHO SX LQ PLO OHL
3.
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'LVWULEX LD DJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL GXS QXP
GDWHOH
FLIUD GH DIDFHUL
UXO GH DQJDMD L L GXS
Tabelul 4.4.
*UXSH GH DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL GXS QXP UXO GH DQJDMD L 1XP U GH DJHQ L
A Sub 20 20-40
L SHVWH
economici 1 40 100 60
Cifra medie de afaceri (mil. lei / agent economic) 2 1440 2140 2300
Total
200
VH FHUH
WLLQG F SH WRWDO FRHILFLHQWXO GH YDULD LH D IRVW GH V
1.
VH HVWLPH]H OLPLWHOH vQWUH FDUH VH YD vQFDGUD FLIUD PHGLH GH DIDFHUL L FLIUD WRWDO GDF HDQWLRQXO UHSUH]LQW GLQ WRWDO V L UH]XOWDWHOH VH JDUDQWHD] FX R SUREDELOLWDWH GH ] HURDUHD OLPLW
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2.
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DU FUHWH FX
VH GLVWULEXLH QRXO HDQWLRQ SH VXEHDQWLRDQH
Rezolvare 1. Pentru estimarea paramHWULORU prealabile:
SRSXOD LHL WRWDOH VXQW QHFHVDUH R VHULH GH FDOFXOH
calculul mediei generale:
y=
y n
j =1 j
n
j =1
y=
1440 40 + 2140 100 + 2300 60 = 2048 mil. lei /agent economic 200
calculul dispersiei pe total:
v=
100 y
=
v y 24,37 2048 = = 505,856 2 = 255890,292736 100 100
de unde
calculul dispersiei dintre grupe:
(y i
i =1 r
y ) ni
2
ni
i =1
( 1440 2048 ) 2 40 + ( 2140 2048 ) 2 100 + ( 2300 2048 ) 2 60 200

VH GHWHUPLQ
= 97216
PHGLD GLVSHUVLLORU GH JUXS
SH ED]D UHJXOLL GH DGXQDUH D GLVSHUVLLORU
2 = 2 2 = 255890,292736 97216 = 158674,292736
HURDUHD OLPLW
DGPLV
( )
y
y =
n 158674,292736 200 2 1 = 1 80 n N 200 2000
Estimarea cifrei medii de afaceri:

y y < y0 < y + y ,
de unde: 2048 80< y 0 < 2048 + 80 1968 < y 0 < 2128 mil. lei / agent economic Estimarea cifrei totale de afaceri:
N ( y y ) < yi < N ( y + y )
i =1 N
2000 1968 <
2000 i =1
y
i
< 2000 2128
3936000 <
2000 i =1
< 4256000 mil. lei
2.
&DOFXOXO YROXPXOXL HDQWLRQXOXL
n =
z 2 2 , z 2 2 2 ( y ) + N
unde
y = 1,2 y = 96 mil. lei
n =
9 158674,292736 = 153 9 158674,292736 2 96 + 2000
DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL
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WXULWL
QHSURSRU LRQDO
ni =
n 153 = 51 r 3
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SURSRU LRQDO SULPXO HDQWLRQ UHVSHFW VWUXFWXUD SRSXOD LHL JUXSD ,
&RQVLGHUkQG F
grupa a II-a: 50%, grupa a III-D

n1 = 20 153 = 31 100
RE LQHP
DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL
n = 2
n3 =
50 153 = 76 100
30 153 = 46 100
DJHQ L HFRQRPL
ci
DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL
4.
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s-a efectuat un sondaj stratificat, datele nregistrate s-DX tabelul 4.5.
-au trecut n
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Tabelul 4.5.
*UXSH GH WXULWL GXS YkUVW 1XP UXO
(ani) 0 Sub 30 30-50 50 si peste Total
WXULWLORU
1 130 180 90 400
Cheltuieli suplimentare medii zilnice (mii lei) 2 200 300 400
&RHILFLHQWXO GH YDULD LH DO
cheltuielilor suplimentare (%) 3 20 25 33 ...
Se cere: 1.
FRQVLGHUkQG F FHOH GH SHUVRDQH UHSUH]LQW XQ HDQWLRQ VWUDWLILFDW GH VHOHFWDW vQ PRG DOHDWRU L QHUHSHWDW GLQ QXP UXO WRWDO DO WXULWLORU GLQWU ]LOH GH VIkULW GH V SW PkQ V VWD LXQH vQWU
-o
-un sejur de
VH GHWHUPLQH vQWUH FH OLPLWH VH YRU vQFDGUD FKHOWXLHOLOH
VXSOLPHQWDUH PHGLL L WRWDOH ]LOQLFH DOH WXULWLORU GLQ vQWUHDJD FROHFWLYLWDWH UH]XOWDWHOH VH
vor garanta cu P = 0,9545 (z = 2); 2. 3.

V V VH VWDELOHDVF VH VWDELOHDVF FH YROXP DO HDQWLRQXOXL DU IL IRVW QHFHVDU GDF FH YROXP GH VHOHF LH YD IL QHFHVDU GDF DGPLV FDOFXODW V
-ar fi utilizat sondajul

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aleatoriu simplu;
VH RUJDQL]HD] VHOHFWLY L HURDUHD OLPLW OD SULPXO SXQFW VH YD P UL FX FRQGL LL U PkQkQG QHVFKLPEDWH
Rezolvare 1.
&DOFXOXO LQGLFDWRULORU GH VHOHF LH L HVWLPDUHD SDUDPHWULORU FROHFWLYLW LL JHQHUDOH
PHGLD PHGLLORU GH JUXS
y=
y n
i =1 r i
n
i =1
200 130 + 300 180 + 400 90 = 290 mii lei / turist 400
GLVSHUVLLOH GH JUXS
( )
2 i
vi =
i 100 , yi
de unde:
i =

vi y i 100
1 =
2 =
20 200 = 40 mii lei / turist 100

25 300 = 75 mii lei / turist 100
12 = 1600
2 2 = 5625
3 =
33 400 = 132 mii lei / turist 100
32 = 17424
( )
2
=
2
i =1 r i =1
2 i
ni
1600 130 + 5625 180 + 17424 90 = 6971,65 400
eroarea medie de reprezentativitate ( y )
y =
2 n
n 1 = N
DGPLV
6971,65 400 1 = 4,069 mii lei 400 800
HURDUHD OLPLW
( )
y
y = z y = 2 4,069 = 8,138 mii lei
estimarea cheltuielilor medii zilnice suplimentare pe total colectivitate:

y y < y0 < y + y ,
de unde: 290 8,138< y 0 <290 + 8,138 281,862 < y 0 < 298,138 mii lei / turist
estimarea cheltuielilor zilnice suplimentare totale

N ( y y ) < yi < N ( y + y )
i =1 N
8000 281,862 <

8000 i =1
8000 i =1
< 8000 298,138
2154896 <
< 2385104 mii lei
2.
'HWHUPLQDUHD YROXPXOXL HDQWLRQXOXL SHQWUX VRQGDMXO DOHDWRULX VLPSOX QHUHSHWDW
n=
2 z 2 0 2 z 2 0 2y + N
QX FXQRDWHP IRUPDW GLVSHUVLD WRWDO GLQ FROHFWLYLWDWHD XQHL JHQHUDO FL QXPDL GDWHOH
'HRDUHFH GHVSUH
HDQWLRQXO
SULQ
UHVSHFWDUHD
SULQFLSLLORU
VFKHPH
probabilistice, putem
UHJXOD GH DGXQDUH D
vQORFXL DFHVW LQGLFDWRU SULQ GLVSHUVLD WRWDO 'LVSHUVLD WRWDO D HDQWLRQXOXL VH
D GDWHORU GLQ HDQWLRQ GHWHUPLQ vQ DFHVW FD] GLQ
dispersiilor:
2 = 2 + 2
2 ( y i y ) n i i=1 r
2 =
n i
i=1
( 200 290) 2 130+ ( 300 290) 2 180+ ( 400 290) 2 90 400
= 5400
2 = 5400 + 6971,65 = 12371,65

n= 2 2 12371,65 = 684 2 2 12371,65 2 8,138 + 8000
vQ FD]XO XWLOL] ULL XQXL WXULWL
'HFL
VRQGDM
DOHDWRU
VLPSOX
SHQWUX
DFHODL
JUDG
GH
UHSUH]HQWDWLYLWDWH WUHEXLH OXD L vQ VWXGLX WXULWL ID SRSXOD LD VH VWUDWLILF SH FHOH WUHL JUXSH GH YkUVW
GH QXPDL FkW VXQW QHFHVDUL GDF
3.
&DOFXOXO YROXPXOXL QRXOXL HDQWLRQ
n =
z 2 2 , z 2 2 2 ( y ) + N
unde:
y = 1,05 y = 8,545 mii lei / turist

n = 4 6971,65 = 364 4 6971,65 2 8,545 + 8000
WXULWL
5HSDUWL]DUHD SH VXEHDQWLRDQH OXkQG vQ FDOFXO VRQGDMXO WLSLF QHUHSHWDW Q
WXULWL
neproSRU LRQDO
ni =
n 364 = 121 r 3
WXULWL
SURSRU LRQDO
ni = n
Ni
N
i =1
Rezultatele calculelor sunt prezentate n tabelul 4.6.

5HGLPHQVLRQDUHD HDQWLRQXOXL
Tabelul 4.6. %
WXULWLORU
*UXSH GH WXULWL GXS YkUVW
1XP
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WXULWLORU
(ani) 0 Sub 30 30-50 50 si peste Total
( Ni ) 1 2600 3600 1800 8000
Ni 100 Ni
2 32,5 45,0 22,5 100,0
ni
4 118 164 82 364
5.
/D R VRFLHWDWH FRPHUFLDO
FX ED]
GH WUDWDPHQW L RGLKQ
vQ OXQD LXOLH V
-au nregistrat
3200 GH WXULWL UHSDUWL]D L DVWIHO SH VH[H 1376 masculin; 1824 feminin. Se cere: 1.
V VH VWDELOHDVF YROXPXO QHFHVDU DO HDQWLRQXOXL ] IRORVLQG GUHSW FDUDFWHULVWLF DGPLV GH HVWH UHSUH]HQWDWLYLWDWH UHSDUWL LD SH VH[H 3 LDU HURDUHD PD[LP
de 5%; 2.
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PHGLH D
VHMXUXOXL GH ]LOH WXULVW FX R DEDWHUH VWDQGDUG GH ]LOH V HDQWLRQ JDUDQWkQG UH]XOWDWHOH FX R SUREDELOLWDWH 3 ]
VH GLPHQVLRQH]H XQ QRX
Rezolvare 1. )RORVLQG
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FDUDFWHULVWLF
GH
DVLJXUDUH
UHSUH]HQWDWLYLW
LL
YDULDELO
DOWHUQDWLY
VH[XO YRP RE LQH
n=
z 2 p (1 p ) x2 + z 2 p (1 p ) N
1 , 96 2 0 , 43 ( 1 0 , 43 ) 0 , 05 2 + 1 , 96 2 0 , 43 ( 1 0 , 43 ) 3200
337
WXULWL
n formula de mai sus:

p= M 1376 = = 0,43 N 3200
HURDUHD OLPLW GH L vQ DFHVW
Q SUDFWLF VH FRQVLGHU Q WXULWL
caz:
2.
'HRDUHFH GXUDWD VHMXUXOXL HVWH YDULDELO
QXPHULF HURDUHD OLPLW
VH SRDWH GHWHUPLQD
astfel:
x =
5 10 = 0,5 100
9ROXPXO QRXOXL HDQWLRQ
n=
2x
z 2
+
1 , 96 16 0 , 25 + 1 , 96 16 3200
= 121
WXULWL
6.
Pentru verificarea duratei medii de ardere a unui bec s-a organizat un sondaj de 5% dintr-un
ORW GH GH EHFXUL DPEDODWH vQ FXWLL GH FkWH EXF L Q XUPD FURQRPHWU ULL GXUDWHL GH DUGHUH D
becurilor din fiecare cutie (serie) s-a calculat durata medie de ardere (vezi tabelul 4.7. coloana 1).
Mediile seriilor Tabelul 4.7. Nr.crt. al seriei A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total
WLLQG F JDUDQWHD]
Durata medie de ardere (n ore)
( xi )
1 2100 2250 2080 1950 2325 2230 2170 2050 2175 2200 21530
( xi x s ) 2
2 2809 9409 5329 41209 29584 5929 289 10609 484 2209 107860
LDU SUREDELOLWDWHD FX FDUH VH
OD VHOHFWDUHD FXWLLORU V D IRORVLW H[WUDJHUHD QHUHSHWDW
UH]XOWDWHOH HVWH ] V
VH FHUH
1. 2.
VH HVWLPH]H OLPLWHOH vQWUH FDUH VH YD vQFDGUD GXUDWD PHGLH GH DUGHUH SH vQWUHJXO ORW GH VH UHSHW VRQGDMXO FDUH YD IL YROXPXO QHFHVDU DO HDQWLRQXOXL GDF VH IRORVHWH R
becuri;
GDF
probabilitate p = 0,9973 pentru care z = 3.
Rezolvare 1.
'HRDUHFH FXWLLOH VHULLOH VXQW GH DFHHDL GLPHQVLXQH SHQWUX FDOFXOXO PHGLHL SH WRWDO VH IRORVHWH UHOD LD
xs =
x
r
21530 = 2153 ore / bec 10

FDOFXODUHD GLVSHUVLHL GLQWUH VHULL YH]L WDEHOXO
3HQWUX FDOFXODUHD HURULL PHGLL HVWH QHFHVDU
4.7., coloana 2):
s2 =
(x
i =1
xs )
107860 = 10786 10
HURDUHD OLPLW VH FDOFXOHD] DVWIHO
Fiind un sondaj de serii unde R = 200, r

x = z
s2 R r 10786 200 10 = 1,96 = 62,9 ore r R 1 10 200 1
Limitele ntre care se va ncadra media pe total: x s x < x0 < x s + x , de unde: 2153 - 62,9 < x0 < 2153 + 62,9 2090,1 < x0 < 2215,9 ore / bec
2. Noul volum de sondaj va fi:
r =
R (z ) s2 200 3 2 10786 = = 21,95 22 cutii (R 1) 2x + (z )2 s2 199 62,9 2 + 32 10786

2
PROBLEME PROPUSE
1.
3HQWUX R XQLWDWH HFRQRPLF VH FXQRVF GDWHOH
Tabelul 4.8.
*UXSH GH PXQFLWRUL GXS P ULPHD
SURGXF LHL PLL EXF
Sub 10 10-12 12-14 14-16 16 -18

L SHVWH
Total
Nr. muncitori 2 6 12 22 18 6 66
Se cere: 1. 2.
V V VH YHULILFH GDF GLVWULEX LD PXQFLWRULORU GXS GDF P ULPHD SURGXF LHL HVWH RPRJHQ vQ GLQ FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO L V VH HVWLPH]H OLPLWHOH vQWUH FDUH VH YD vQFDGUD SURGXF LD PHGLH L SURGXF LD WRWDO HDQWLRQXO UHSUH]LQW
FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO
-a
IRUPDW SULQ VHOHF LH QHUHSHWDW SUREDELOLWDWHD FX FDUH VH JDUDQWHD]
UH]XOWDWHOH HVWH GH FDUH VH JDUDQWHD]
0,9545 (z=2); 3. 4.
V V VH GHWHUPLQH YROXPXO HDQWLRQXOXL GDF SUREDELOLWDWHD FX
rezultatele este de 0,9973 (z=3);

VH GHWHUPLQH QXP UXO PD[LP DO PXQFLWRULORU FDUH DX UHDOL]DW vQ PHGLH FHO SX LQ L PLL EXF
2.
VHOHFWDW vQWkPSO WRU L QHUHSHWDW V DX RE LQXW GDWHOH
Tabelul 4.9.
*UXSH WLSLFH GH DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL GXS P ULPHD 1U DJHQ L
capitalului (mil. lei) A I II
economici 1 20 75
Profit pe agent economic (mil.lei/ag.ec.) 2 14 21
III
WLLQG F YDORDUHD PRGDO D SURILWXOXL SH
55
WRWDO HDQWLRQ
23
D IRVW GH PLO OHL FX XQ
coeficient de asimetrie de - 0,21, se cere: 1. 2.

V V VH VWDELOHDVF VH VWDELOHDVF GDF IDFWRUXO GH JUXSDUH P ULPHD FDSLWDOXOXL HVWH VHP
nificativ pentru

YDULD LD SURILWXOXL OLPLWHOH vQWUH FDUH VH YRU vQFDGUD SURILWXO PHGLX L SURILWXO WRWDO vQ GDF SUREDELOLWDWHD FX FDUH VH JDUDQWHD] UH]XOWDWHOH HVWH 3 FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO
(z=1,96).
3.
ntr-o unitate economLF
VH FXQRVF GDWHOH

GXS P ULPHD SURGXF LHL EXF
Nr. muncitori 4 12 24 44 36 10 130
37 38 39 40 41 42 Total
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V VH FDOFXOH]H HURDUHD PHGLH GH UHSUH]HQWDWLYLWDWH L HURDUHD OLPLW DGPLV GDF HDQWLRQXO UHSUH]LQW V V GLQ QXP UXO WRWDO DO PXQFLWRULORU LDU UH]XOWDWHOH VH JDUDQWHD] LL JHQHUDOH HURDUHD OLPLW VH P UHWH GH GRX RU
cu o probabilitate de 0,95 (z = 1,96); 2. 3.

VH HVWLPH]H SDUDPHWULL FROHFWLYLW VH GHWHUPLQH QRXO YROXP DO HDQWLRQXOXL GDF
i.
4.
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Tabelul 4. 11.
*UXSH GH DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL GXS QXP UXO GH VDODULD L *UXSH GH DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL GXS P ULPHD SURILWXOXL PLO
lei) sub 12 1 8 8 12-16 2 20 15 35 16-20 3 12 25 37 20-24 4 30 30 24-28 5 20 20 2 L peste 6 10 10
Total 7 40 100 140
A I II Total
Se cere: 1.
V VH HVWLPH]H OLPLWHOH vQWUH FDUH VH YD vQFDGUD SURILWXO PHGLX L SURILWXO WRWDO vQ DO GRLOHD GLQ FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO GDF UH]XOWDWHOH VH JDUDQWHD] LL JHQHUDOH GDF FX R SUREDELOLWDWH GH FX R VWUDW V V
0,9973 (z = 3); 2. 3.
VH HVWLPH]H SDUDPHWULL FROHFWLYLW UH]XOWDWHOH VH JDUDQWHD]
probabilitate de 0,9973 (z = 3);

VH GHWHUPLQH YROXPXO XQXL QRX HDQWLRQ GDF L V SUREDELOLWDWH FX FDUH VH JDUDQWHD] UH]XOWDWHOH HVWH ] VH GLVWULEXLH HDQWLRQXO SH VXEHDQWLRDQH
5.
Pentru verificarea duratei medii de ardere a unui bec s-a organizat un sondaj de 5% dintr-un
ORW GH GH EHFXUL DPEDODWH vQ FXWLL GH FkWH EXF L Q XUPD FURQRPHWU ULL GXUDWHL GH DUGHUH D
becurilor din fiecare cutie (serie) s-a calculat durata medie de ardere (vezi tabelul 4.12., coloana 1).
Mediile seriilor Tabelul 4.12. Nr. crt. al seriei A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
WLLQG F JDUDQWHD]
Durata medie de ardere (sute ore)
( xi )
1 8 10 7,2 7 10,2 8,5 9 9,6 7,5 8
LDU SUREDELOLWDWHD FX FDUH VH
OD VHOHFWDUHD FXWLLORU V D IRORVLW H[WUDJHUHD QHUHSHWDW
UH]XOWDWHOH HVWH ] V V
VH FHUH
1. 2.
VH HVWLPH]H OLPLWHOH vQWUH FDUH VH YD vQFDGU
a durata medie de ardere pe ntregul lot de

HURDUHD OLPLW VH P UHWH FX
becuri;
VH GHWHUPLQH YROXPXO XQXL QRX HDQWLRQ GDF
$QDOL]D OHJ
WXULORU
dintre fenomenele
L SURFHVHOH HFRQRPLFH
5(*5(6,$ 6,03/
81,)$&725,$/
Modelul liniar
)XQF LD GH UHJUHVLH
Yxi = a + bxi
Parametrul a UHSUH]LQW ordonata la origine L DUDW caracteristicii Y GDF WR L IDFWRULL - PDL SX LQ FHO vnregistrat - DU
IRUP ULL HL
OD
FH
QLYHO
DU
IL
DMXQV
YDORDUHD DVXSUD
IL DYXW R DF LXQH FRQVWDQW
Parametrul b VH PDL QXPHWH L coeficient de regresie L UHSUH]LQW vQ VHQV JHRPHWULF panta liniei drepte. Coeficientul de regresie b DUDW FX FkW VH VFKLPE vQ PHGLH YDULDELOD Y n cazul n care variabila X VH PRGLILF FX R XQLWDWH $FHVW SDUDPHWUX HVWH SR]LWLY vQ FD]XO OHJ WXULL GLUHFWH L
QHJDWLY vQ FD]XO OHJ WXULL LQYHUVH
Parametrii a L b VH GHWHUPLQ GLQ VLVWHPXO GH HFXD LL QRUPDOH RE LQXW SULQ PHWRGD FHORU 2 = minim ). PDL PLFL S WUDWH ( y Y ) i xi
Q FD]XO vQ FDUH GLVSXQHP GH XQ QXP U PLF GH SHUHFKL GH YDORUL
xi, yi):
na + b xi = y i 2 a x i + b x i = x i y i
'DF
VH IRORVHWH PHWRGD GHWHUPLQDQ LORU VH RE LQH
a=
y x x y x n x x x
i i i i i 2 i
i 2 i
y x x y x n x ( x )
i 2 i i i 2 i 2 i
b=
n xi n
y x y x x
i i i 2 i
n xi y i xi y i n xi2 ( xi ) 2
n cazul n care perechile de valori (xi, yi VH UHSHW
GH Qi
ori:
na + b xi ni = y i ni , 2 a x i n i + b x i n i = x i y i n i
'DF
unde
n = ni
y i n i x i2 n i x i y i n i x i n i a= n x i2 n i ( x i n i ) 2
b= n xi yi ni xi ni n x i2 n i ( x i n i ) 2
-
yi ni
LQ
Q FD]XO VLVWHPDWL]
ULL GDWHORU vQWU XQ WDEHO FX GXEO
trare n care perechile de valori
(xi, yj VH UHSHW
GH Qij
ori:
k m na + b xi ni. = y j n. j i =1 j =1 , k k k m a x n + b x 2 n = i i. x i y j nij i i. i =1 i =1 j =1 i =1
unde:
n = ni. = n. j = nij
i =1 j =1 i =1 j =1
xi y j nij = xi y j nij = y j xi nij

i =1 j =1 i =1 j =1 j =1 i =1
'DF
y a=
b=
n. j x i2 ni. xi y j nij xi ni. n xi2 ni. ( xi ni. ) 2
n xi y i nij xi ni. y j n. j n xi2 ni. ( xi ni. ) 2
Modelul parabolei de gradul doi

Y x i = a + bx i + cx i2
3XQkQG WHRUHWLFH V DFHHDL FRQGL LH FD VXPD S WUDWHORU DEDWHULORU WHUPHQLORU VHULHL GH OD YDORULOH ILH PLQLP VH RE LQH
(y
(a + bxi + cxi2 )) 2 = minim
LDU VLVWHPXO GH HFXD LL QRUPDOH
na + b xi + c xi2 = y i 2 3 a x i + b x i + c x i = x i y i 2 3 4 2 a x i + b x i + c x i = x i y i
5H]ROYkQG VLVWHPXO GH HFXD LL QRUPDOH SULQ PHWRGD GHWHUPLQDQ LORU VH FDOFXOHD] FHORU WUHL SDUDPHWUL L vQ IXQF LH GH YDORULOH LQGLYLGXDOH DOH YDULDELOHL YDORDUHD YDORULOH
X
VH DMXVWHD]
caracteristicii rezultative. Modelul hiperbolic
Yxi = a +
1 b xi
6LVWHPXO GH HFXD LL QHFHVDU DIO ULL SDUDPHWULORU IXQF LHL HVWH
1 na + b x = y i i a 1 + b 1 = 1 y i xi xi xi2
0RGHOXO H[SRQHQ LDO
Yxi = a b xi
3ULQ ORJDULWPDUH PRGHOXO VH WUDQVIRUP
vQWU
-un model liniar de forma:
lg Y xi = lg a + xi lg b
SisWHPXO GH HFXD LL QRUPDOH YD IL

n lg a + lg b xi = lg y i 2 lg a xi + lg b xi = ( xi lg y i )
2SHUD LD GH DMXVWDUH vQ DFHVW FD] VH YD IDFH GXS LQGLYLGXDOH GH UHJUHVLH $MXVWDUHD GXS R IXQF LH HFXD LLORU GH UHJUHVLH FDOFXODWH vQ IXQF LH GH FH VH YRU FDOFXOD ORJDULWPLL HFXD LLORU VH IDFH SULQ DQWLORJDULWPDUHD
H[SRQHQ LDO
xi.
5(*5(6,$ 08/7,3/
Modelul liniar
Yx1 , x2 ,..., xn = a 0 + a1 x1 + a 2 x 2 + ... + a n x n ,
n care:
FRQVWDQW vQ DIDUD FHORU FRQVLGHUD L GUHSW FDUDFWHULVWLFL
a0 -
UHSUH]LQW
SDUDPHWUXO
FDUH
H[SULP
IDFWRULL
QHvQUHJLVWUD L
FRQVLGHUD L
FX
DF LXQH
factoriale;
FDUDFWHULVWLFD UH]XOWDWLY GDF
FDUDFWHULVWLFD IDFWRULDO
a1, a2, ... ,an - FRHILFLHQ LL GH UHJUHVLH FDUH DUDW

UHVSHFWLY VH PRGLILF
FkW VH PRGLILF FX R XQLWDWH
x1, x2, ... , xn - caracteristicile factoriale incluse n raportul de interdHSHQGHQ Parametrii a1,a2, ... ,an VH GHWHUPLQ
GLQ VLVWHPXO GH HFXD LL QRUPDOH
na 0 + a1 x1i + ... + a n x ni = y i .......................................................... 2 a 0 x1i + a1 x1i + ... + a n x1i x ni = x1i y i ............................................................ 2 a 0 x ni + a1 x1i x ni + ... + a n x ni = x ni y i
Cunoscnd cei n SDUDPHWUL DL IXQF LHL GH DMXVWDUH VH FDOFXOHD] de regresie pe baza valorilor x1, x2,, xn. ModelXO H[SRQHQ LDO
SHQWUX ILHFDUH XQLWDWH HFXD LD
Y x1
, x 2 ,..., x n
= a 0 x1 1
x 2 2 ... x n n
vQ PRGHO OLQLDU
3ULQ ORJDULWPDUH PRGHOXO H[SRQHQ LDO VH WUDQVIRUP
0(72'$ &25(/$
,(,
&RUHOD LD VLPSO
&RYDULDQ D
(cov(x,y))
cov( x, y ) =
(x
x )( yi y ) n
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xi, yi):
ry / x =
(x
x )( yi y ) n x y
VLPSO SRDWH V LD YDORUL vQWUH
&RHILFLHQWXO GH FRUHOD LH OLQLDU
- L
ntre - L OHJ cu ct se apropie de 1. se apropie de 1.

)RUPXO
WXUD GLQWUH FHOH GRX
YDULDELOH HVWH GH VHQV LQYHUV L HVWH FX DWkW PDL LQWHQV YDULDELOH HVWH GLUHFW L HVWH FX DWkW PDL LQWHQV FX FkW
QWUH L OHJ WXUD GLQWUH FHOH GRX
GH FDOFXO VLPSOLILFDW
r y/x =
n x i y i ( x i )( y i )
[n x
(x i
2 i
( x i ) 2 n y i2 ( y i ) 2
GH Qi
][
ori:
ry/ x =
x )( y i y ) n i n x
y
Formula de calcul simplificat:
n x i y i n i ( x i n i )( y i n i ) ry/x =
i i i
2 2 nxi ni ( xi ni ) i i
unde n = ni
2 2 n y i ni ( y i ni ) i i
Q FD]XO VLVWHPDWL]
ULL GDWHORU vQWU
-un tabel cu
GXEO
LQWUDUH vQ FDUH SHUHFKLOH GH YDORUL
(xi, yj VH UHSHW
ry/x =
GH Qij
ori:
x )( y j y ) n ij n x
y
( x i
iar pentru calculul simplificat:
n x i y j n ij ( x i n i . )( y j n . j ) r y/x =
i j i j
2 2 n x i n i . ( x i n i . ) i i
'DF
2 2 ny j n. j (y j n. j ) j j
R y / x = ry / x
VH FRQILUP
LSRWH]D OHJ WXULL OLQLDUH
5DSRUWXO GH FRUHOD LH
Q FD]XO vQ FDUH GLVSXQHP GH XQ QXP
U PLF GH SHUHFKL GH YDORUL [i
, yi):
y/x
(Yx ( yi
y) y)
2 2
sau
R y/x =
( yi Yx )2 1 ( yi y)2
i
unde Y
UHSUH]LQW
YDORULOH DMXVWDWH LQGLIHUHQW GH PRGHOXO GH UHJUHVLH VHOHFWDW
5DSRUWXO GH FRUHOD LH SRDW
e lua valori de la zero la +1.

GH Qi
ori:
y/x
( y j Yx )2 ni ( y j y )2 ni
i
sau R
y/x
( y i Y x ) 2 ni 1 ( y i y ) 2 ni
i
Q FD]XO VLVWHPDWL]
ULL GDWHORU vQWU XQ WDEHO FX GXEO
LQWUDUH vQ FDUH SHUHFKLOH GH YDORUL
(xi, yj VH UHSHW
GH Qij
ori:
R y/x =
(Yx
i
y ) 2 n i. y)
2
( y j
sau R y / x =
Yxi ) 2 ni j y ) 2 n.
j
( y j
j
n.
( y j
Pentru
FRUHOD LD QHOLQLDU
P VXUDUHD JUDGXOXL GH LQWHQVLWDWH D OHJ WXULL VH IDFH QXPDL SULQ
UDSRUWXO GH FRUHOD LH
5DSRUWXO HPSLULF GH FRUHOD LH
y / x
(y
i =1 m
y y
n
2
i .
( y j
r m
yi y
sau
n
. j
(y
j =1
R y/ x =
i =1 j =1 m
)2 n ij
(y j
j =1
)2 n . j
&RUHOD LD PXOWLSO
&RHILFLHQWXO GH FRUHOD LH PXOWLSO
r y / x1
L
,x 2
r y2/ x + r y2/ x 2 r y / x r y / x r x 1 x 2
1 2 1 2
r x2 x 1 2
GDF
r x1
,x 2
ry/x
,x 2
r y2/ x
+ r y2/ x
GDF
r x1
,x 2
=0
5DSRUWXO GH FRUHOD LH PXOWLSO
Ry
x 1 , x 2 ,...., x i ,...., x n
(y i 1
Y x1
, x 2 ,...., x i ,...., x n
( y i
y)
3HQWUX YHULILFDUHD RELHFWLYLW
LL IXQF LHL DOHDV
SHQWUX DMXVWDUH VH IRORVHVF vQ DFHVW FD] vQ
special SURFHGHHOH GH DQDOL]
GLVSHUVLRQDO
6H SRUQHWH GH OD UHOD LD
(y
y)=(y
y / x i ) + ( y / x i Y xi ) + (Y x i y )
6H RE LQ GHYLDQ HOH
( y j y )
m j =1
n. j = y j y / x i
i =1 j =1
)2 ni j + ( y / xi Yx )2 ni . + (Yx
r r i =1
i
i =1
y 2 ni .
SH ED]D F URUD VH FDOFXOHD]
GLVSHUVLLOH FRUHFWDWH
( y j y / xi )2 ni j
r m 2 S1 = i =1 j =1
nr
i=1
( y / x i Y x )2 n i
r
i
2 S2
r f 1
i=1
(Yx
r
y 2 ni f
,
2 S3 =
n care: n - QXP UXO WRWDO DO XQLW LORU REVHUYDWH r - QXP UXO GH JUXSH vQ IXQF LH GH IDFWRUXO vQUHJLVWUDW f - parameWULL YDULDELOL DL IXQF LH GH UHJUHVLH
3H ED]D GLVSHUVLLORU FRUHFWDWH VH GHWHUPLQ
F 1 calc =
2 S3
S 12
2 S2
F 2 calc =
VH FRPSDU
S 12
FX OHJ WXUD GLQWUH
'DF
F1 calc F2 calc
F1 tab cu f
n-r grade de libertate.

; L L < HVWH VHPQLILFDWLY
F1 calc > F1 tab

VH FRPSDU
FX
'DF 'DF
F2 calc > F2 tab -
OHJ WXUD GLQWUH
F2 tab cu r-f-1
n-r grade de libertate. Y HVWH OLQLDU

VLPSO DWXQFL VH DSOLF FHO PDL IUHFYHQW
V D XWLOL]DW L FRHILFLHQWXO GH FRUHOD LH OLQLDU
testul t:
t=
ry/ x 1 r y2/ x
n2,
unde n UHSUH]LQW
9DORDUHD VHPQLILFD LH
YROXPXO HDQWLRQXOXL VH FRPSDU FX FHD WDEHODU VWDELOLW SUREDELOLVWLF SHQWUX XQ QLYHO GH
P = 1 / 2
FDOFXODW
L FX
n-2 grade de libertate.
'DF
calculat
> t
VWXGLH]H FRUHOD LD
calculat
<t
tabelar
OHJ WXUD HVWH QHVHPQLILFDWLY
tabelar
VH
YHULILF
LSRWH]D
VHPQLILFD LHL
UHOD LHL
GH
FRUHOD LH
GDF VH
L WUHEXLH F XWDW XQ DOW IDFWRU HVHQ LDO FX FDUH V
&RUHOD LH QHSDUDPHWULF
Coeficientul de asociere AceaVW PHWRG VH XWLOL]HD] SHQWUX P VXUDUHD alternative prezentate ntr-un tabel de asociere de forma:
LQWHQVLW LL OHJ WXULL D GRX FDUDFWHULVWLFL
Tabelul 5.1.
y x x1 x2 Total
DUDW
y1 a c a+c
y2 b d b+d
Total a+b c+d a+b+c+d

L
Produsul ad
GH OHJ WXU LQYHUV
JUDGXO GH UHDOL]DUH D OHJ WXULL GLUHFWH GLQWUH FDUDFWHULVWLFL FHUFHWDWH
Y, iar produsul bc gradul

LQGLFH H[LVWHQ D L
vQWUH FHOH GRX
3HQWUX VWDELOLUHD YDORULL QXPHULFH D FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH DVRFLHUH FDUH V LQWHQVLWDWHD XQHL OHJ WXUL IRUPXOD FHD PDL XWLOL]DW HVWH FHD SURSXV GH <XOH
Q=
ad bc ad + bc
LD YDORUL vQWUH
$FHVW LQGLFDWRU SRDWH V DVRFLHULL FHORU GRX
-
L DU WkQG QX QXPDL JUDGXO GH LQWHQVLWDWH DO
FDUDFWHULVWLFL GDU L VHQVXO HL
&RHILFLHQWXO GH FRUHOD LH D UDQJX
rs =1
6d
rilor propus de Spearman
2 i
n3 n
n care: di - UHSUH]LQW GLIHUHQ D vQWUH UDQJXULOH SHUHFKLL GH YDORUL xi , yi); n - QXP UXO GH SHUHFKL GH YDORUL
&RHILFLHQWXO GH FRUHOD LH D UDQJXULORU
propus de Kendall:
rk =
2S , n (n 1)
n care S = ( Pi Qi ) , unde: Pi - QXP UXO UDQJXULORU PDL PDUL FDUH XUPHD] Qi - QXP UXO UDQJXULORU PDL PLFL FDUH XUPHD]
UDQJXOXL FXUHQW SHQWUX YDULDELOD GHSHQGHQW UDQJXOXL FXUHQW SHQWUX YDULDELOD GHSHQGHQW
PROBLEME REZOLVATE
1.
Pentru 1 XQLW
L HFRQRPLFH GLQ DFHODL VHFWRU GH DFWLYLWDWH VH FXQRVF GDWHOH XUP WRDUH
Tabelul 5.2. Nr. crt. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Capital fix (mld. lei) 1,4 0,9 1,1 2,2 0,8 0,6 1,3 1,0 1,5 2,0 12,8
3URGXF LD POG OHL
0,8 0,5 0,6 1,2 0,4 0,3 0,7 0,6 0,9 1,1 7,1
Se cere: 1. 2. 3. 4.
V V V V VH DUJXPHQWH]H FX DMXWRUXO PHWRGHORU VLPSOH H[LVWHQ D GLUHF LD L IRUPD OHJ WXULL VH GHWHUPLQH SDUDPHWULL IXQF LHL GH UHJUHVLH VH FDOFXOH]H YDORULOH IXQF LHL GH UHJUHVLH VH DIOH YDORDUHD FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH FRUHOD LH
Rezolvare: 1. Metoda seriilor paralele interdependente presupune ordonarea valorilor caracteristicii factoriale xi FDSLWDOXO IL[ L vQUHJLVWUDUHD vQ SDUDOHO D YDORULORU FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH DOH caracteristicii dependente yi SURGXF LH GXS FXP VH SRDWH YHGHD vQ WDEHOXO
Tabelul 5.3. Nr. crt. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
xi (mld. lei)
0,6 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,3 1,4 1,5 2,0 2,2
y i (mld. lei)
0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,1 1,2
&HOH GRX
LUXUL GH GDWH GLQ WDEHOXO LQGLF R OHJ WXU
H[LVWHQ D XQHL OHJ WXUL GLUHFWH vQWUH FDSLWDOXO VH WUDVH]H JUDILFXO
IL[ L P ULPHD SURGXF LHL 3HQWUX D SXWHD DSUHFLD L IRUPD OHJ WXUL HVWH QHFHVDU V GH FRUHOD LH ILJXUD FDUH VXJHUHD] GH WLS OLQLDU
SURGXF LH
(mld. lei)
1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 capital fix (mld. lei)
)LJXUD /HJ
WXUD GLQWUH FDSLWDOXO IL[ L SURGXF LH
2.
$IODUHD SDUDPHWULORU IXQF LHL OLQLDUH GH UHJUHVLH QHFHVLW GH HFXD LL QRUPDOH
UH]ROYDUHD XUP WRUXOXL VLVWHP
n a + b x i = y i a xi + b xi2 = xi y i
&DOFXOHOH QHFHVDUH UH]ROY ULL VLVWHPXOXL DX IRVW VLVWHPDWL]DWH vQ WDEHOXO
Tabelul 5.4. Nr. crt. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total
xi
1 0,6 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,3 1,4 1,5 2,0 2,2 12,8
yi
2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,1 1,2 7,1
xi2
3 0,36 0,64 0,81 1,00 1,21 1,69 1,96 2,25 4,00 4,84 18,76
xi y i
4 0,18 0,32 0,45 0,60 0,66 0,91 1,12 1,35 2,20 2,64 10,43
yi2
5 0,09 0,16 0,25 0,36 0,36 0,49 0,64 0,81 1,21 1,44 5,81
Yxi
6 0,326 0,439 0,496 0,552 0,609 0,721 0,778 0,835 1,117 1,230 7,103
6LVWHPXO GH HFXD LL QRUPDOH HVWH
10 a + 12 , 8 b = 7 , 1 , 12 , 8 a + 18 , 76 b = 10 , 43
FX VROX LLOH
a = 0,013 b = 0,565
(FXD LD PHGLH GH HVWLPDUH D OHJ WXULL OLQLDUH GLQWUH FDSLWDOXO IL[ L SURGXF LH HVWH
Yxi = 0,013 + 0,565 xi

/D R FUHWHUH FX XQ PLOLDUG GH OHL D FDSLWDOXOXL IL[ SURGXF LD VH P UHWH vQ PHGLH FX
0,565 mld. lei. 3.

9DORULOH DMXVWDWH DOH SURGXF LHL VH FDOFXOHD] vQORFXLQG ILHFDUH YDULDQW D FDUDFWHULVWLFLL vQ IXQF LD GH UHJUHVLH YH]L WDEHOXO
factoriale xi
.).
Yx1 = 0,013 + 0,565 0,6 = 0,326 Yx10 = 0,013 + 0,565 2,2 = 1,230
4.
&RHILFLHQWXO GH FRUHOD LH OLQLDU VLPSO HVWH
ry / x =
[n x
n xi yi x i
2 i
( x )
i
][n y
yi
2 i
( y i
10 10 , 43 12 , 8 7 , 1
(10 18 , 76 163 , 84 )(10 5 , 81 50 , 41 )

R OHJ WXU GLUHFW
13 , 420 13 , 517
= 0 , 9928
$FHVW UH]XOWDW DUDW
IRDUWH SXWHUQLF DSURDSH IXQF LRQDO vQWUH YDULDELOHOH
nregistrate.
2.
Num
LQGXVWULDO UXO PHGLX GH DQJDMD L L SURILWXO DQXDO vQUHJLVWUDW GH ILUPH GLQWU R
VXEUDPXU
VH SUH]LQW
DVWIHO

1XP U PHGLX GH DQJDMD L SHUVRDQH
Profit anual (mil. lei) 2 115 45 100 50 55 85 40 50 45 70 655
1 13 4 12 5 6 8 3 4 5 7 67
Se cere: 1. 2. 3. 4.
V V V V VH DQDOL]H]H H[LVWHQ D GLUHF LD L IRUPD OHJ WXULL VH GHWHUPLQH SDUDPHWULL IXQF LHL GH UHJUHVLH VH FDOFXOH]H YDORULOH IXQF LHL GH UHJUHVLH VH P VRDUH LQWHQVLWDWHD FRUHOD LHL GLQWUH FHOH GRX YDULDELOH IRORVLQG FRHILFLHQWXO L
Rezolvare: 1.
Q UHOD LD GLQWUH FHOH GRX
(xi )
YDULDELOH IDFWRUXO GH LQIOXHQ D HVWH QXP UXO PHGLX GH DQJDMD L HVWH P ULPHD SURILWXOXL
LDU YDULDELOD UH]XOWDWLY
(y i ) .
'LQWUH PHWRGHOH VLPSOH GH HYLGHQ LHUH D FRUHOD LHL GLQWUH GRX JUDILF DFHDVWD RIHULQG FHOH PDL PXOWH LQIRUPD LL 'LQ ILJXUD UHLHVH F GLUHFW
YDULDELOH DP DOHV PHWRGD R OHJ WXU
vQWUH QXP UXO GH DQJDMD L L P ULPHD SURILWXOXL H[LVW
de tip liniar.
yi (mil. lei) 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 xi (pers.)
)LJXUD /HJ
WXUD GLQWUH QXP
UXO PHGLX GH DQJDMD L
xi L YDORDUHD SURILWXOXL yi )
L
2.
6LVWHPXO GH HFXD LL QRUPDOH QHFHVDU SHQWUX DIODUHD SDUDPHWULORU
b ai func LHL
OLQLDUH
este:
n a + b x i = y i a xi + b xi2 = xi yi
Folosind rezultatele calculelor intermediare prezentate n tabelul 5.5. (coloanele 1 - 4),

VH RE LQH VLVWHPXO
10 a + 67b = 655 , 67 a + 553b = 5170
FX VROX LLOH
a = 15,2017 b = 7,5072
3. Valorile teoretice ale profitului ( Yxi ) se vor calcula nlocuind fiecare valoare a variabilei factoriale xi
vQ IXQF LD GH UHJUHVLH
Yxi = 15,2017 + 7,5072 xi

Rezultatele calculelor efectuate sunt prezentate n tabelul nr. 5.6., coloana 5.
xi
1 13 4 12 5 6 8 3 4 5 7 67
yi
2 115 45 100 50 55 85 40 50 45 70 655
xi y i
4 1.495 180 1.200 250 330 680 120 200 225 490 5.170
xi2
3 169 16 144 25 36 64 9 16 25 49 553
yi2
5 13.225 2.025 10.000 2.500 3.025 7.225 1.600 2.500 2.025 4.900 49.025
Yxi
6 112,80 45,23 105,29 52,74 60,24 75,26 37,72 45,23 52,74 67,75 655,00
(y
Yxi
7 4,86 0,05 27,96 7,50 27,51 94,88 5,18 22,75 59,87 5,05 225,62
4. Rezultatele calculelor efectuate pentru determinarea parametrilor a L b DL IXQF LHL OLQLDUH GH UHJUHVLH WDEHOXO SRW IL XWLOL]DWH L SHQWUX DSOLFDUHD IRUPXOHL GH FDOFXO VLPSOificat
D FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH FRUHOD LH
ry
[n x
n xi yi xi
2 i
( x i
][n y
R
yi
2 i
( y i
10 5170 67 655
[10 553 67 ][10 49025 655 ]

2 2
DSURSLDW GH LQGLF FX IRUPXOD
= 0 , 9789
$FHDVW
YDORDUH
OHJ WXU
IRDUWH
SXWHUQLF
vQWUH
FHOH
GRX
variabile.
5DSRUWXO GH FRUHOD LH VH GHWHUPLQ
Ry
( y i Y x )2 1 2 (y i y )
i
unde
y=
yi
n
655 = 65 , 5 10
Utiliznd datele din tabeluO FDOFXO

= 1
L
P
Ry
255 , 62 6122 , 50
= 0 , 9789
FRUHOD LH DX YDORUL HJDOH FHHD FH FRQILUP OLQLDULWDWHD
&RHILFLHQWXO OHJ WXULL
UDSRUWXO
GH
3.
ntr-R VXEUDPXU LQGXVWULDO V-au nregistrat ntr-R cheltuielile de prRGXF LH L SURGXF LD RE LQXW
OXQ XUP WRDUHOH LQIRUPD LL SULYLQG
Tabelul 5.7.
3URGXF LH &KHOWXLHOL GH SURGXF LH PLO OHL
(mii buc.) 0 31-36 26-31 21-26 16-21 11-16 Total:
sub 30 1 1 1 1 5 2 10
30-60 2 6 3 2 2 13
60-90 3 3 4 4 11
90-120 4 3 1 4
L
peste 5 2 2
Total 6 7 14 8 7 4 40
3H ED]D DFHVWRU GDWH VH FHUH V FHOH GRX YDULDELOH L V
VH GHWHUPLQH IXQF LD GH UHJUHVLH FDUH H[SULP
OHJ WXUD GLQWUH
VH P VRDUH LQWHQVLWDWHD OHJ WXULL
Rezolvare:
'LVWULEX LD IUHFYHQ HORU vQ WDEHO LQGLF R WHQGLQ GH FRUHOD LH OLQLDU Q FD]XO GLVWULEX LHL ELGLPHQVLRQDOH GH IUHFYHQ H VLVWHPXO GH HFXD LL QRUPDOH DUH IRUPD
n a + b x i ni . = y i n. j i j a x i n i . +b x i2 n i . = x i y j n i j i i i j
&DOFXOXO GRX YDULDELOH HOHPHQWHORU QHFHVDUH SHQWUX DIODUHD SDUDPHWULORU VLVWHPXOXL GH HFXD LL HVWH
sistematizat n tabelul nr. 5.8.. PHQWUX XXULQ
vQ WDEHO VH WUHF GLUHFW FHQWUHOH GH LQWHUYDO SHQWUX FHOH
Tabelul 5.8.
yj
15 1 1 1 1 5 2 10
45 2 6 3 2 2 13 585 26325
75 3 3 4 4 11 825 61875
105 4 3 1 4 420 44100
135 5 2 2 270 36450 81,9855
ni .
6 7 14 8 7 4 40 2250 171000 -
xi ni .
7 234,5 399,0 188,0 129,5 54,0 1005,0
x i2 n i .
8 7855,75 11371,50 4418,00 2395,75 729,00 26770,00
xi
y j ni j
xi
0 33,5 28,5 23,5 18,5 13,5 9 18592,5 27360,0 10575,0 3052,5 1620,0 61200,0
nj
y j n.
j
150 2250
y 2 n. j
xi
20,5255 35,8905
51,255 66,6205
Cu elementele calculate n tabelul RE LQHP VLVWHPXO GH GRX

40 a + 1005 b = 2250 2250 a + 26770 b = 61200
5H]ROYkQG VLVWHPXO RE LQHP
HFXD LL
a = 20 , 96
b = 3 , 073 .
5H]XOW
GUHDSWD GH UHJUHVLH YD DYHD HFXD LD
Y x i = 20 , 96 + 3 , 073 x i
QORFXLQG vQ DFHDVW UHOD LH
pe fiecare xi
FX FHQWUXO GH LQWHUYDO FRUHVSXQ] WRU DP RE LQXW
YDORULOH QXPHULFH DOH HFXD LLORU GH UHJUHVLH YH]L WDEHOXO )LLQG R UHSDUWL LH GH IUHFYHQ H SHQWUX P VXUDUHD JUDGXOXL GH FRUHOD LH FDOFXO P UDSRUWXO GH FRUHOD LH XWLOL]kQG IRUPXOD GH FDOFXO SUH]HQWDW vQ FRQWLQXDUH
( y j
Ry
x
Yxi y
)
2
ni j
y j n. j
, unde y =
j
( y j
j
n.
n. j
j
FDOFXO P vQ
Pentru aplicarea acestei formule vom folosi datele conform calculelor efectuate
vQ WDEHOXO 6H REVHUY F SHQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD UDSRUWXOXL GH FRUHOD LH HVWH QHFHVDU V SUHDODELO PHGLD L GLVSHUVLD SH WRWDO PLL EXF L
Tabelul 5.9.
Yxi
20,5255 35,8905 51,255
yj
15 45 15 45 15 45 75 15 45 75 105 135 15 75 105
ni j
2 2 5 2 1 3 4 1 6 4 1 2 1 3 3
(y
Y xi
ni j
66,6205
81,9855 Total
61,062 1198,002 21,82,065 165,966 1314,425 117,375 2255,300 2664,676 2804,676 280,864 1472,986 9351,512 4487,057 146,392 1589,002 30091,36
30091 , 360 = 0 , 568 44437 , 499
Valoarea raportulXL
GRX YDULDELOH VH FDOFXOHD]
GH
FRUHOD LH
LQGLF
OHJ WXU
GH
LQWHQVLWDWH
PHGLH
vQWUH
FHOH
GRX
YDULDELOH OXDWH vQ VWXGLX 3HQWUX YHULILFDUHD OLQLDULW
LL IXQF LHL FDUH HVWLPHD]
OHJ WXUD GLQWUH FHOH
FRHILFLHQWXO GH FRUHOD LH XWLOL]kQG vQ DFHVW VFRS GD
tele din tabelul 5.8.
n xi y j n ry
x
ij
xi ni . i
2
y j n. j
=
j
n x i2 n i . x i n i . i i =
n y 2 n. j y j n. j j j = 0 , 57
40 61200 2250 1005
(40 26770 1005 )(40 171000 2250 )

2 2
Q H[HPSOXO OXDW HJDOLWDWHD DILUP P F F
GLQWUH FHL GRL LQGLFDWRUL VLQWHWLFL
GH FRUHOD LH
QH SHUPLWH V
OHJ WXUD HVWH OLQLDU (IHFWXkQG GHFL FDOFXOXO L FRPSDUkQG UH]XOWDWHOH VH SRDWH DFFHSWD GDF
OHJ WXUD HVWH OLQLDU
y x=
y x
LDU vQ FD] FRQWUDU VH UHVSLQJH LSRWH]D L vQ DFHDVW YHULILFH IRUPD GH OHJ WXU GLQWUH FHOH GRX
VLWXD LH VH UHFXUJH OD R DOW
IXQF LH GH DMXVWDUH FDUH V
YDULDELOH 3HQWUX YHULILFDUHD RELHFWLYLW
LL IXQF LHL GH UHJUHVLH VH SRW IRORVL L UH]XOWDWHOH DQDOL]HL
dispersionale.
4.
3HQWUX
FLQFLVSUH]HFH
ILUPH
GLQ
DFHHDL
UDPXU
V DX
vQUHJLVWUDW
XUP WRDUHOH
LQIRUPD LL
UHIHULWRDUH OD R OXQ
GH DFWLYLWDWH
Tabelul 5.10. Nr. crt. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Profit (mil. lei) 1 15 17 13 23 16 21 14 20 24 17 16 18 23 15 16

1U VDODULD L
(pers.) 2 10 12 8 17 10 15 10 14 19 10 11 13 16 10 12
Capital fix (mld. lei) 3 2,40 2,72 2,08 3,68 2,56 3,36 2,24 3,20 3,84 2,72 2,07 2,33 2,98 1,94 2,17
Se cere: 1. 2. 3. 4.
V VH VWXGLH]H OHJ WXUD GLQWUH FHOH WUHL YDULDELOH vQUHJLVWUDWH L V FDUH H[SULP DFHDVW OHJ WXU VH J VHDVF IXQF LD GH UHJUHVLH PXOWLSO V V V
VH P VRDUH LQWHQVLWDWHD OHJ WXULORU VLPSOH vQWUH VH FDOFXOH]H FRHILFLHQWXO GH FRUHOD LH OLQLDU
x1
y , x2
y , x1
x2 ;
PXOWLSO
VH GHWHUPLQH YDORDUHD UDSRUWXOXL GH FRUHOD LH PXOWLSO
Rezolvare: 1.
Q YHGHUHD GHWHUPLQ UL H[LVWHQ HL L IRUPHL OHJ WXULL YRP IRORVL PHWRGD VHULLORU SDUDOHOH LQWHUGHSHQGHQWH WDEHOXO L PHWRGD JUDILF ILJXULOH
5.5.)
Tabelul 5.11.
Nr. crt. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1U VDODULD L
( x1 ) 1 8 10 10 10 10 10 11 12 12 13 14 15 16 17 19
Capital fix ( x2 ) 2 2,08 1,94 2,24 2,40 2,56 2,72 2,07 2,17 2,72 2,33 3,20 3,36 2,98 3,68 3,84
Profit (y) 3 13 15 14 15 16 17 16 16 17 18 20 21 23 23 24
Seriile paralele trei variabile.
LQWHUGHSHQGHQWH DUDW
H[LVW
vQ JHQHUDO R WHQGLQ
GH FUHWHUH SHQWUX FHOH
Profit 30 (mil. lei) 25 20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20
)LJXUD /HJ
WXUD GLQWUH SURILW
y1
L QXP
30 Profit (mil. lei) 25 20 15 10 5 0 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 Capital fix (mld. lei)
)LJXUD /HJ
WXUD GLQWUH SURILW
y L FDSLWDOXO IL[ x2 )

UXO GH VDODULD L
x1 )
1U VDODULD L
20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 Capital fix (mld. lei))
(pers.)
)LJXUD /HJ
WXUD GLQWUH QXP
UXO SHUVRQDOXOXL
x1 L FDSLWDOXO IL[ x2 )
*UDILFHOH DUDW
OHJ WXULOH VLPSOH VXQW GH IRUP
OLQLDU GHFL IXQF LD GH UHJUHVLH PXOWLSO
este: Y = a 0 + a1 x1 + a 2 x 2
(VWLPDUHD SDUDPHWULORU DFHVWHL IXQF LL SUHVXSXQH UH]ROYDUHD VLVWHPXOXL GH HFXD LL QRUPDOH
n a 0 + a1 x1 + a 2 x 2 = y 2 a 0 x1 + a1 x1 + a 2 x1 x 2 = x1 y a x + a x x + a x 2 = x y 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 0
Efectund calculele din tabelul 5.12., sistemul anterior devine:

15 a 0 + 187 a1 + 40,29 a 2 = 268 , 187 a 0 + 2.469 a1 + 525,38 a 2 = 3.490 40,29 a 0 + 525,38 a1 + 113,34 a 2 = 746,62
FX VROX LLOH
a 0 = 3,53 a1 = 0,84 a 2 = 1,44
Tabelul 5.12. Nr. crt. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Total
yi
15 17 13 23 16 21 14 20 24 17 16 18 23 15 16 268
x1
10 12 8 17 10 15 10 14 19 10 11 13 16 10 12 187
x2
2,40 2,72 2,08 3,68 2,56 3,36 2,24 3,20 3,84 2,72 2,07 2,33 2,98 1,94 2,17 40,29
y i2
225 289 169 529 256 441 196 400 576 289 256 324 529 225 256 4.960
x1 y
150 204 104 391 160 315 140 280 456 170 176 234 368 150 192 3.490
HVWH
x2 y
36,00 46,24 27,04 84,64 40,96 70,56 31,36 64,00 92,16 46,24 33,12 41,94 68,54 29,10 34,72 746,62
x1 x 2
24,00 32,64 16,64 62,56 25,60 50,40 22,40 44,80 72,96 27,20 22,77 30,29 47,68 19,40 26,04 525,38
x 12
100 144 64 289 100 225 100 196 361 100 121 169 256 100 144 2.469
2 x2
5,7600 7,3984 4,3264 13,5424 6,5536 11,2896 5,0176 10,2400 14,7456 7,3984 4,2849 5,4289 8,8804 3,7636 4,7089 113,3400
)XQF LD OLQLDU
GH UHJUHVLH PXOWLSO
Yx 1x 2 = 3,53 + 0,84 x1 + 1,44 x 2
2.
,QWHQVLWDWHD
FRUHOD LHL
GLQWUH
QXP UXO
GH
VDODULD L
x1
SURILW
VH
P VRDU
FX
DMXWRUXO FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH FRUHOD LH
ry
[n x
n x1 y x1
2 1
( x 1
] [n y
y
2
( y ) =
[15 2.469 (187 ) ] [15 4.960 ( 268 ) ]

2 2
15 3.490 187 268
2.234 2.066 2.576
= 0 , 9684
,QWHQVLWDWHD FRUHOD LHL GLQWUH FDSLWDOXO IL[ L SURILW HVWH
ry
[n x
nx2 y x2
2 2
( x 2
] [n y
y
2
( y )
15 746 , 62 40 , 29 268
[15 113 , 34 ( 40 , 29 ) ] [15 4.960 ( 268 ) ]

2 2
401 , 58 76 , 82 2.576
401 , 58 444 , 85
= 0 , 9027
,QWHQVLWDWHD FRUHOD LHL GLQWUH QXP UXO GH VDODULD L L FDSLWDOXO IL[
rx 1
[n
n x1 x 2 x1 x 12 ( x 1
] [n
x2
2 x2
( x 2 =
15 525 , 38 187 40 , 29
346 , 47 2.066 76 , 82
[15 2.469 (187 ) ] [15 113 , 34 ( 40 , 29 ) ]

2 2
346 , 47 398 , 37
= 0 , 8697
3.
&RHILFLHQWXO GH FRUHOD LH OLQLDU
PXOWLSO
HVWH
ry
,x
r y2/ x
+ r y2/ x
2 ry/x 1 r x2
1
ry/x
2
rx
/x
/x
0 , 9684 2 + 0 , 9027 2 2 0 , 9684 0 , 9027 0 , 8697 1 ( 0 , 8697 ) 2
0 , 4818 0 , 4936
= 0 , 976
4.
5DSRUWXO GH FRUHOD LH PXOWLSO
VH FDOFXOHD]
FX IRUPXOD
Ry
,x
= 1
(y i
Y x 1
(y i
9DORULOH WHRUHWLFH VH RE LQ vQORFXLQG
x1
x2
vQ IXQF LH GH UHJUHVLH
Y1 = 3,53 + 0,84 10 + 1,44 2,40 = 15,386

Y2 = 3,53 + 0,84 12 + 1,44 2,72 = 17,527
DPG
Profitul mediu este:
y=
yi
n
268 = 17,867 15
9DORDUHD UDSRUWXOXL GH FRUHOD LH PXOWLSO
HVWH
Ry
x1,x2
= 1
8,101 = 0,976 171,733
Deoarece R y
x1,x2
= ry
x1, x 2
OHJ WXUD GLQWUH FHOH WUHL YDULDELOH HVWH OLQLDU
L QX VXQW
necesare alte teste de verificare.
5.
&HOH PDJD]LQH GH DFHODL SURILO GLQWU R ORFDOLWDWH VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]
SULQ XUP WRDUHOH GDWH
Tabelul 5.13. Desfaceri (mil.lei)

6XSUDID PS
52 41
60 38
74 72
20 16
25 21
34 22
49 23
38 21,5
45 32
12 15
6H FHUH V
VH P VRDUH OHJ WXUD GLQWUH FHOH GRX
YDULDELOH IRORVLQG PHWRGH QHSDUDPHWULFH
Rezolvare
Q YHGHUHD DSOLF ULL PHWRGHL FRUHOD LHL YRP RUGRQD FUHVF WRU YDORULOH FDUDFWHULVWLFLL IDFWRULDOH ; VXSUDID XQ WUHFkQG ILHF UXLD vQWU R FRORDQ DO WXUDW vQ YDORULOH IXQF LH FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH GH P ULPHD DOH FDUDF
teristicii
UDQJXUL
GHSHQGHQWH < GHVIDFHUL GXS FkWH UDQJ GLQ
FXP VH SRDWH YHGHD vQ WDEHOXO XUP WRU FRORDQHOH L 9RP DFRUGD FHOH PDJD]LQH VXSUDIH HL FRPHUFLDOH
FRORDQD L QLYHOXO GHVIDFHULORU FRORDQD L YRP P VXUD GLIHUHQ HOH GLQWUH FHOH GRX $FHVWH GLIHUHQ H YRU IL ULGLFDWH OD S WUDW FRORDQD VXPD ORU XUPkQG D IL IRORVLW FRHILFLHQWXOXL 6SHDUPDQ GH FRUHOD LH D UDQJXULORU
SHQWUX FDOFXODUHD
rS = 1
6 d i2 n n 2 1
unde: d i - GLIHUHQ D GH UDQJ n - QXP UXO REVHUYD LLORU r S = 0 , 9636 xi

1 15 16 21 21,5 22 23 32 38 41 72 Total
OHJ WXU SXWHUQLF
Tabelul 5.14.
yi
2 12 20 25 38 34 49 45 60 52 74 -
R xi
3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -
R yi
4 1 2 3 5 4 7 6 9 8 10 -
d i2
5 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 6
Pi
6 9 8 7 5 5 3 3 1 1 0 42
Qi
7 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 3
Pentru a calcula
FDUH DSDU GXS
FRHILFLHQWXO .HQGDOO GH FRUHOD LH D UDQJXULORU
vom stabili pentru fiecare ectiv inferioare)

WDEHOXOXL OD VIkULWXO
PDJD]LQ vQ SDUWH QXP UXO WRWDO GH PDJD]LQH FDUH DX XQ QLYHO VXSHULRU DO GHVIDFHULORU FRORDQD UHVSHFWLY LQIHULRU FRORDQD 3HQWUX DFHDVWD YRP QXP UD UDQJXULOH VXSHULRDUH UHVS
Ry
UkQGXO
FRUHVSXQ] WRU
PDJD]LQXOXL
UHVSHFWLY
SkQ
'H H[HPSOX PDJD]LQXO FX GHVIDFHUL GH PLO OHL DUH UDQJXO GXS
GHVIDFHUL 'LQWUH FHOH SDWUX
magazine nscrise pe rnduriOH XUP obligatoriu ca rangurile R x V calcula coeficientul Kendall:
WRDUH DX UDQJXUL
R y VXSHULRDUH L DUH UDQJ R y inferior. Este
ILH RUGRQDWH FUHVF WRU )RORVLQG WRWDOXULOH GLQ FRORDQHOH L SXWHP
rk =
Pi Q i
n (n 1 )
r k = 0 , 87
'DWHOH GLQ WDEHOXO LQL LDO SRW IL IRORVLWH SHQWUX D FRQVWUXL XQ DP WUDQVIRUPDW FHOH GRX vQUHJLVWU UL vQ GRX
tabel de asociere. Pentru aceasta
DP FDOFXODW YDORDUHD PHGLH D GHVIDFHULORU PLO OHL L VXSUDID D PHGLH D XQXL PDJD]LQ PS L YDULDELOH DQDOL]DWH vQ FDUDFWHULVWLFL DOWHUQDWLYH SULQ UHVWUkQJHUHD FHORU JUXSH YDORUL VXE PHGLH UHVSHFWLY SHVWH PHGLH
Tabelul 5.15.
6XSUDID
(mp) sub 30 peste 30
Desfaceri (mil. lei) sub 41 5 0 peste 41 1 4
3HQWUX D DSUHFLD LQWHQVLWDWHD OHJ WXULL VH IRORVHWH FRHILFLHQWXO GH DVRFLHUH FDOFXODW FX UHOD LD
Q=
ad bc a d + bc
5 4 1 0 5 4 + 1 0
Q =1
6.
'LQ GRULQ D GH D L FXQRDWH PDL ELQH FLWLWRULL XQ FRWLGLDQ D LQL LDW R DQFKHW
vQ
rndul acestora.
3ULQWUH vQWUHE ULOH LQFOXVH vQ FKHVWLRQDU HUDX L FHOH UHIHULWRDUH OD VH[XO FLWLWRULORU L IUHFYHQ D DFKL]L LRQ ULL ]LDUXOXL 3H ED]D U VSXQVXULORU FRQVHPQDWH OD DFHVWH GRX OHJ WXULL GLQWUH FHOH GRX YDULDELOH vQWUHE UL YH]L WDEHOXO DSUHFLD L LQWHQVLWDWHD
Tabelul 5.16. Sexul cititorului

&XPS U ]LDUXO )UHFYHQ D U VSXQVXOXL
masculin
feminin
foarte rar uneori deseori zilnic foarte rar uneori deseori zilnic
10 10 25 5 20 15 10 5
Rezolvare:
3HQWUX D HYLGHQ LD L P VXUD OHJ WXUD GLQWUH VH[XO FLWLWRUXOXL L IUHFYHQ D FX FDUH FXPS U FRWLGLDQXO DP UHRUJDQL]DW LQIRUPD LLOH vQWU XQ WDEHO GH DVRFLHUH YH]L WDEHOXO $ IRVW QHFHVDU
UHJUXSDUHD YDULDQWHORU GH U VSXQV UHIHULWRDUH OD IUHFYHQ D DFKL]L LRQ ULL FRWLGLDQXOXL SHQWUX D RE LQH R YDULDELO DOWHUQDWLY FXPS FXPS U U WRULL RFD]LRQDOL VXQW FHL FDUH DFKL]L LRQHD] WRULL ILGHOL ]LDUXO IRDUWH UDU VDX XQHRUL
sunt cei care-O DFKL]L LRQHD]
GHVHRUL VDX ]LOQLF
Tabelul 5.17. Sexul cititorului feminin masculin Total Cititori ocazionali 35 20 55 fideli 15 30 45 Total 50 50 100
Pe baza datelor din tabelul 5.17. poate fi calculat coeficientul de asociere:

Q= 35 30 20 15 750 = = 0 , 556 35 30 + 20 15 1350
YDULDELOH DQDOL]DWH HVWH GH LQWHQVLWDWH PRGHUDW
$DGDU FRUHOD LD GLQWUH FHOH GRX
PROBLEME PROPUSE
1.
date:
Pentru cei 8 muncitori dintr-R
VHF LH D XQHL XQLW
L HFRQRPLFH V DX vQUHJLVWUDW XUP WRDUHOH
Tabelul 5.18. Vechime (ani)

3URGXF LH EXF
3 22
6 30
4 20
5 25
2 18
5 26
4 22
1 19
Se cere: 1. 2. 3.
V V V VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF GDWHOH L V VH DOHDJ IXQF LD GH UHJUHVLH SRWULYLW VH GHWHUPLQH SDUDPHWULL IXQF LHL GH UHJUHVLH VH LQWHUSUHWH]H GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH HFRQRPLF FRHILFLHQWXO GH UHJUHVLH
VSXQVXUL
1. IXQF LH OLQLDU 2. Y i = 14 , 77 + 2 , 13 x i ; 3. pentru fiecare an suplimentar dH YHFKLPH SURGXF LD XQXL PXQFLWRU FUHWH vQ PHGLH cu 2,13 buc..
2.
ntr-R VRFLHWDWH FRPHUFLDO
V DX vQUHJLVWUDW XUP WRDUHOH GDWH
Tabelul 5.19. Vechime (ani) Salariu lunar (mil. lei)

WLLQG OHJ WXUD GLQWUH FHOH GRX
12 2,7
34 4,0
2 2,0
36 4,2
14 2,8
22 3,5
5 2,1
10 2,6
YDULDELOH HVWH H[SULPDW
SULQ IXQF LD
Y i = 1 , 895 + 0 , 0648 x i se cere: 1. 2. 3.

FDOFXOD L UDSRUWXO GH FRUHOD LH GHWHUPLQD L vQ FH P VXU LQIOXHQ HD] YHFKLPHD VDODULXOXL OXQDU HVWLPD L VDODULXO OXQDU DO XQHL SHUVRDQH FX DQL YHFKLPH
VSXQVXUL
1. 0,9935; 2. 98,7%; 3. 3,19 mil. lei.
3.
6H FXQRVF XUP WRDUHOH GDWH UHIHULWRDUH OD R XQLWDWH HFRQRPLF
Tabelul 5.20.
'RWDUH WHKQLF
14-16 16-18 18-20 Total
Productivitate (mil. lei / munc.) 10-12 12-14 14-16 100 40 20 80 20 40 100 120 160 120
Total 140 120 140 400
Se cere: 1. 2. 3. 4.
0 VXUD L LQWHQVLWDWHD FRUHOD LHL GLQWUH GRWDUHD WHKQLF OHJ WXUL OLQLDUH Q FH SURSRU LH LQIOXHQ HD] GRWDUHD WHKQLF SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PXQFLL" GH PLO OHL SHQWUX (VWLPD L FH SURGXFWLYLWDWH DUH XQ PXQFLWRU FX GRWDUH WHKQLF L SURGXFWLYLWDWH vQ LSRWH]D XQHL
&RHILFLHQWXO GH FRUHOD LH HVWH VHPQLILFDWLY VWDWLVWLF SHQWUX R SUREDELOLWDWH GH
care t tabelat este de 1,965?
VSXQVXUL
1. r y x = R y x = 0 , 77 ; 2. 59%; 3. 13,1 mil. lei; 4. da.
4.
ntr-o localitate datele:
vL GHVI RDU
DFWLYLWDWHD DJHQ LL LPRELOLDUH SHQWUX FDUH V
-au nregistrat
Tabelul 5.21.
Profit (mil. lei) Y 32 47 18 25 49 41 52 38 36 29 43 28 24 36 41
&KHOWXLHOL UHFODP
1U DJHQ L
(mii lei) 249 292 183 201 310 248 246 241 288 191 248 210 256 275 241
X1
X2
15 18 14 16 21 20 18 14 13 15 21 18 20 16 19
WLLQG F
IXQF LD GH UHJUHVLH HVWH
Y i = 19 , 5 + 0 , 158 X 1 + 0 , 962 X 2 ,
V VH GHWHUPLQH P ULPHD UDSRUWXOXL GH FRUHOD LH FH SURILW YD DYHD R DJHQ LH LPRELOLDU FX GH DJHQ L L FKHOWXLHOL GH UHFODP
1. 2.
de 300 mii lei.
VSXQVXUL
1. 0,724; 2. 49 mil. lei.
5.
2SW DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL GLQ DFHODL GRPHQLX GH DFWLYLWDWH DX vQUHJLVWUDW XUP WRDUHOH UHDOL] UL
Tabelul 5.22. Cifra de afaceri (mil. lei) Profit (mil. lei)

WLLQG F
540 47
580 59
600 52
640 56
700 64
620 58
610 50
470 40
OHJ WXUD GLQWUH FHOH GRX
YDULDELOH DUH FDUDFWHU OLQLDU P VXUD L LQWHQVLWDWHD DFHVWHLD
prin intermediul: 1. UDSRUWXOXL GH FRUHOD LH 2. coeficientXOXL GH FRUHOD LH 3. FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH FRUHOD LH D UDQJXULORU 6SHDUPDQ 4. FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH FRUHOD LH D UDQJXULORU .HQGDOO
VSXQVXUL
1. 2. 3. 4.
0,8857; 0,8857; 0,714; 0,571.
6.
/D R ILUP
V DX vQUHJLVWUDW XUP WRDUHOH GDWH SULYLQG FRVWXULOH GH SURGXF LH L SURILWXO RE LQXW
Tabelul 5.23. Costuri (mil. lei) Profit (mil. lei) 90 10 30 15 100 8 50 12 45 14 110 9 70 11 55 13 20 16 15 17
0 VXUD L LQWHQVLWDWHD OHJ WXULL GLQWUH FHOH GRX
YDULDELOH FX DMXWRUXO IXQF LD
1.
FRHILFLHQWXOXL L UDSRUWXOXL GH FRUHOD LH GDF
de regresie este
Y i = 17 , 687 0 , 089 x i ; 2. 3.
FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH FRUHOD LH D UDQJXULORU 6SHDUPDQ FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH FRUHOD LH D UDQJXULORU .HQGDOO
VSXQVXUL
1. L 2. 0,9758; 3. 0,9111.
Analiza seriilor cronologice
INDICATORII SERIILOR CRONOLOGICE

*
,QGLFDWRULL DEVROX L VXQW FKLDU WHUPHQLL XQHL VHULL IRUPDWH GLQ LQGLFDWRUL DEVROX L
Indicatorii de nivel (y1, ...yt, ..., yn.).
Nivelul totalizat al termenilor

0RGLILF ULOH
n yt . t =1
absolute

FX ED]
IL[
t/1):
t/1=yt - y1 ,
FX ED] vQ ODQ
unde
t/t-1):
t = 2, n
t/t-1=yt - yt-1 ,
5HOD LL XWLOH
unde
t = 2, n
:
t / t 1
t =2
= m /1 ,
unde unde
mn
t/1 - t-1/1 = t/t-1 ,
t = 3,n
Indicatorii relativi
,QGLFH GH GLQDPLF
FX ED]
IL[
It/1): sau (It/t-1): sau

I t / t 1(%) = yt 100 , unde y t 1
t = 2, n
I t /1 =
FX ED]
yt y1
I t / 1(%) =
yt 100 , unde y1
t = 2, n
vQ ODQ
I t / t 1 =
5HOD LL XWLOH
yt y t 1
:
= I m / 1 , unde
mn
I
t =2
t / t 1
I t /1 = I t / t 1 , unde t = 3 , n I t 1 / 1
5LWPXO GH GLQDPLF
FX ED]
IL[
(Rt/1):
y t y1 y1 100
Rt
sau
Rt
= I t 1( % ) 100 % ,
t = 2,n
FX ED]
vQ ODQ
(Rt/t-1): sau
Rt / t 1 =
yt yt 1 100 yt 1
R t / t 1 = I t / t 1 (%) 100% ,
t = 2, n
9DORDUHD DEVROXW
D XQXL SURFHQW GH GLQDPLF
FX ED]
IL[
(At/1): sau (At/t-1): sau

At / t 1 = y t 1 100
At / 1 =
t /1 Rt / 1
At / 1 =
y1 100
FX ED]
vQ ODQ
At / t 1 =
t / t 1 Rt / t 1
Indicatorii medii
GH LQWHUYDOH GH WLPS IRUPDWH GLQ LQGLFDWRUL DEVROX L
Nivelului mediu SHQWUX R VHULH FURQRORJLF
y=
y
t =1
n
VLPSO
pentru o serie de momente cu intervale egale ntre momente (PHGLD FURQRORJLF

y y1 + y 2 + y 3 + ... + y i +... + y n1 + n 2 y cr = 2 n 1
):
SRQGHUDW
pentru o serie de momente cu intervale neegale ntre momente (mHGLD :

d1 y1 2 + y2 d1 + d 2 2 + ... y i
n1 i =1
FURQRORJLF
y cr =
d i 1 + d i 2
+ ... + y n
d n1 2
d i
FURQRORJLF 'H UH LQXW F SHQWUX VH SRQGHUDW HVWH VLQJXUXO LQGLFDWRU PHGLX FH FDUDFWHUL]HD]
ria de momente cu intervale neegale ntre datele nregistrate, media

VHULD
0RGLILFDUHD PHGLH DEVROXW
t / t 1
n 1
sau
yn y1 n 1
Indicele mediu de GLQDPLF (I ) : I = n 1 I t / t 1

'DF GLVSXQHP GH PDL
sau
PXO L
I = n 1
LQGLFL
yn y1
PHGLL GH GLQDPLF vQWUHDJD SHULRDG FH FDUDFWHUL]HD] VH FDOFXOHD] PDL PXOWH
VXESHULRDGH VXFFHVLYH GH WLPS LQGLFHOH PHGLX FH FDUDFWHUL]HD]
astfel:
I = i =1
n care:
ni
I1
n1
I2
n2
... I i
ni
... I k

nk
I Ii ni k
- LQGLFHOH PHGLX JHQHUDO GH GLQDPLF - LQGLFLL PHGLL SDU LDOL GH GLQDPLF - QXP - QXP
UXO LQGLFLORU FX ED] vQ ODQ UXO VXESHULRDGHORU DGLF
FH LQWU
vQ FRPSRQHQ D ILHF UXL LQGLFH PHGLX SDU LDO
DO LQGLFLORU PHGLL SDU LDOL
5LWPXO PHGLX GH GLQDPLF
R = (I (%) ) 100%
AJUSTAREA SERIILOR CRONOLOGICE

(YROX LD RULF UXL IHQRPHQ vQ WLPS HVWH UH]XOWDQWD XQRU LQIOXHQ H GH QDWXU VLVWHPDWLF L D
altora de tip aleator. Componentele sistematice sunt: trendul WHQGLQ D JHQHUDO sezonalitatea FDUH VH PDQLIHVW
VXE IRUP
GH DEDWHUL GH OD WHQGLQ D JHQHUDO
OD LQWHUYDOH
UHJXODWH GH WLPS PDL PLFL GH XQ DQ VHPHVWUX WULPHVWUX OXQ GHFDG
ciclicitatea FDUH VH SUH]LQW perioade mai mari de un an.
VXE IRUP
GH IOXFWXD LL vQ MXUXO WHQGLQ HL vQUHJLVWUDWH OD
Componentele aleatoare VH PDQLIHVW

VLVWHPDWLF HYROX LD YDULDELOHL DQDOL]DWH
VXE IRUPD XQRU DEDWHUL vQWkPSO WRDUH GH OD FHHD FH DUH
Prin
WHUPHQLORU
DMXVWDUHD WHUPHQLORU XQHL VHULL GH GDWH VWDWLVWLFH VH vQ HOHJH RSHUD LD GH vQORFXLUH D UHDOL FX WHUPHQL WHRUHWLFL GDWHOH FH H[SULP OHJLWDWHD VSHFLILF GH GH]YROWDUH RELHFWLY D
IHQRPHQHORU OD FDUH VH UHIHU
'LVSHUVLD WRWDO
( )
2 y
i
VH FDOFXOHD]
GXS
IRUPXOD
2 y
(y =
y)
Dispersia termenilor seriei de la valorile ajustate y / r VLQWHWL]HD] reziduali - IDFWRUL QHvQUHJLVWUD L - vQ FD]XO VHULLORU FURQRORJLFH WR L IDFWRULL FX
2
WLPS L VH FDOFXOHD] FX IRUPXOD
LQIOXHQ D IDFWRULORU H[FHS LD IDFWRUXOXL
2 y/r
(y =
Yti n
,
WHRUHWLF D YDULDELOHL
n care Y t i
UHSUH]LQW
YDORDUHD
y vQ IXQF LH GH WLPS sLQWHWL]HD]

YDULD LD SURGXV QXPDL
Dispersia valorilor ajustate de la valoarea medie de modificarea factorului timp:
2 y/t
2 y/t
(Y =
ti
Metode simple de ajustare a seriilor cronologice Metoda mediilor mobile

6H IRORVHWH SHQWUX VHULLOH FDUH SUH]LQW RVFLOD LL VH]RQLHUH L FLFOLFH U SUHVWDELOLW GH WHUPHQL vQ FDUH VH ILH DMXVWDW vQ VHULD FDUH WUHEXLH V
Mediile mobile VXQW PHGLL SDU LDOH FDOFXODWH GLQWU-XQ QXP

vQORFXLHWH SH UkQG SULPXO WHUPHQ FX WHUPHQXO FH XUPHD]
Q SUDFWLF
SXWHP FDOFXOD PHGLL PRELOH GLQWU XQ QXP U LPSDU GH WHUPHQL VDX GL
ntr-XQ QXP
SDU GH WHUPHQL vQ IXQF LH GH SHULRGLFLWDWHD LQIOXHQ HL IDFWRULORU VH]RQLHUL
Cnd ajustarea se face pe baza mediilor mobile calculate dintr-XQ

PHGLLOH PRELOH VH RE LQ vQ GRX WUHSWH
QXP U SDU GH WHUPHQL
1) medii mobile provizorii Y

L UHSUH]LQW
( )
t
FDUH VH SODVHD]
2) medii mobile definitive sau centrate Y
YDORULOH DMXVWDWH DOH WHUPHQLORU UHVSHFWLYL GLQ VHULD LQL LDO
( )
t
vQWUH WHUPHQLL VHULHL vQ GUHSWXO WHUPHQLORU VHULHL
FDUH VH SODVHD]
0HWRGD JUDILF
AceVW
ID
SURFHGHX SUHVXSXQH UHSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF GH WUDVDUHD YL]XDO
D VHULHL GH GDWH HPSLULFH SULQ FURQRJUDP DLE DEDWHUL PLQLPH
KLVWRULRJUDP XUPDW
D GUHSWHL VDX FXUEHL DVWIHO vQFkW V
GH SR]L LD YDORULORU UHDOH vQ JUDILF
0HWRGD PRGLILF
ULL PHGLL
absolute
DSURSLDWH FD YDORDUH XQHOH GH DOWHOH
$MXVWDUHD SULQ DFHVW SURFHGHX VH IRORVHWH DWXQFL FkQG SUHOXFUkQG VHULD GH GDWH VH RE LQ PRGLILF UL DEVROXWH FX ED] )XQF LD GH DMXVWDUH vQ ODQ
Y t = y 1 + ( t 1) ,
sau
unde
t = 1, n
Yti = y 0 + t i ,
unde: y0 UHSUH]LQW ti
UHSUH]LQW WHUPHQXO OXDW FD ED] GH DMXVWDUH DFHD YDORDUH FDUH VH DSURSLH FHO PDL PXOW GH SR]L LD SH FDUH WHUPHQXO
GUHDSWD VDX FXUED WUDVDW
YL]XDO vQ JUDILF
YDULDELOD GH WLPS vQ UDSRUW FX ED]D GH DMXVWDUH IRORVLW GH WHUPHQXO DOHV FD ED]
UHVSHFWLY R DUH ID
0HWRGD LQGLFHOXL PHGLX GH GLQDPLF $FHVW SURFHGHX VH IRORVHWH DWXQFL FkQG WHUPHQLL VHULHL DX WHQGLQ D GH FUHWHUH GH IRUPD XQHL SURJUHVLL JHRPHWULFH vQ FDUH UD LD SRDWH IL FRQVLGHUDW )XQF LD GH DMXVWDUH FD HJDO FX LQGLFHOH PHGLX GH GLQDPLF
( I ).
Yt = y1 I t 1
sau
Yti = y0 I ti ,
unde: y0 UHSUH]LQW ti UHSUH]LQW
WHUPHQXO OXDW FD ED] GH DMXVWDUH SR]L LD SH FDUH WHUPHQXO
YDULDELOD GH WLPS vQ UDSRUW FX ED]D GH DMXVWDUH IRORVLW GH WHUPHQXO DOHV FD ED]
UHVSHFWLY R DUH ID
Metode analitice de ajustare

0HWRGHOH DQDOLWLFH DX OD ED] H[SULP FD R IXQF LH GH WLPS IXQF LH GH DMXVWDUH XQ PRGHO PDWHPDWLF vQ FDUH WHQGLQ D FHQWUDO D HYROX LHL VH
y = f(t) QXPLW n care: t - UHSUH]LQW y - UHSUH]LQW
YDORULOH YDULDELOHL LQGHSHQGHQWH WLPSXO YDORULOH YDULDELOHL GHSHQGHQWH IHQRPHQHOH FDUH VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ VHULD
FURQRORJLF
$OHJHUHD WLSXOXL GH IXQF LH FDUH VH SRWULYHWH FH IDFH SH ED]D XUP WRDUHORU FULWHULL DSOLFDELOH RS LRQDO
l mai bine pentru exprimarea trendului se
FULWHULXO ED]DW SH UHSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF IRUPD WHQGLQ HL GH HYROX LH FULWHULXO GLIHUHQ HORU 6H SURFHGHD] RUGLQXO XQX GRL HWF SkQ DMXVWDUHD I FkQGX VH GXS
6H FRQVWUXLHWH FURQRJUDPD L VH DSUHFLD]
OD FDOFXOXO GLIHUHQ HORU DEVROXWH FX ED]
vQ ODQ
GH
FkQG RE LQHP GLIHUHQ HOH GH RUGLQ SROLQRPXO GH JUDGXO
i aproximativ constante
LQGLFLL FX ED] SUH]LQW VH LPSXQH R vQ ODQ WHQGLQ
i.
UHVSHFWLY
'DF VXQW
IHQRPHQXO FHUFHWDW V D GH]YROWDW vQ SURJUHVLH JHRPHWULF DGLF
FRQVWDQ L Q XUPD
H[SRQHQ LDO
It/t-1
FRQVWDQW IXQF LHL
DGPLWHP GH
VHULD GXS
FURQRORJLF FULWHULLOH
DOHJHULL
DMXVWDUH
SUH]HQWDWH
HVWLPDUHD
SDUDPHWULORU DFHVWRU IXQF LL XWLOL]kQG PHWRGD FHORU PDL PLFL S WUDWH $FHDVW
PHWRG
DUH FD IXQF LH
RELHFWLY PLQLPL]DUHD VXPHL S WUDWHORU DEDWHULORU YDORULORU UHDOH GH OD FHOH DMXVWDWH GHFL
min y i Yti
, unde ti= 1, 2, ... , n
Trend liniar
Y t i = a + bt i ,
n care:
Yt i a -
UHSUH]LQW UHSUH]LQW
YDORULOH DMXVWDWH FDOFXODWH vQ IXQF LH GH YDORULOH FDUDFWHULVWLFLL IDFWRULDOH SDUDPHWUXO FDUH DUH VHQV GH P ULPH PHGLH L DUDW FH QLYHO DU IL DWLQV
ti);
y GDF
LQIOXHQ D WXWXURU IDFWRULORU FX H[FHS LD FHOXL vQUHJLVWUDW DU IL IRVW FRQVWDQW
SH WRDW
perioada; b ti UHSUH]LQW UHSUH]LQW SDUDPHWUXO FDUH VLQWHWL]HD] QXPDL LQIOXHQ D FDUDFWHULVWLFLL IDFWRULDOH
t);
YDORULOH FDUDFWHULVWLFLL IDFWRULDOH FDUH vQ FD]XO VHULLORU FURQRORJLFH HVWH
timpul. Parametrii a
L
VH GHWHUPLQ
PHWRGD FHORU PDL PLFL S WUDWH
[y i
( a + bt i ) ] = min ):
2
SULQ UH]ROYDUHD VLVWHPXOXL GH HFXD LL QRUPDOH RE LQXW SULQ
na + b t i = y i 2 a t i + b t i = t i y i
Pentru
VLVWHPXO GH HFXD LL QRUPDOH GHYLQH
na = y i 2 b t i = t i y i
, de unde
yi a = n b = t i y i t i2
QORFXLQG YDORULOH FDOFXODWH DOH FHORU GRL SDUDPHWUL vQ HFXD LD GH UHJUHVLH L DSRL vQORFXLQG VXFFHVLY YDORULOH YDULDELOHL WLPS VH RE LQ YDORULOH DMXVWDWH DOH FDUDFWHULVWLFLL UH]XOWDWLYH
Verificarea coUHFWLWXGLQLL FDOFXO
ULL HFXD LLORU GH UHJUHVLH VH IDFH SH ED]D UHOD LHL
ti
yi .
Trend parabolic
Y t i = a + bt i + ct i2
3XQkQG WHRUHWLFH V DFHHDL FRQGL LH FD VXPD S WUDWHORU DEDWHULORU WHUPHQLORU VHULHL GH OD YDORULOH ILH PLQLP VH RE LQH
(y
(a + bt i + ct i2 )) 2 = minim
LDU VLVWHPXO GH HFXD LL QRUPDOH
na + b t i + c t i2 = y i 2 3 a t i + b t i + c t i = t i y i 2 3 4 2 a t i + b t i + c t i = t i y i
Pentru
FD] vQ FDUH L
3 i
VLVWHPXO GH HFXD LL QRUPDOH GHYLQH
na + c t i2 = y i 2 b t i = t i y i 2 4 2 a t i + c t i = t i y i
Rezolvnd sistemul de
HFXD LL QRUPDOH VH FDOFXOHD]
YDORDUHD FHORU WUHL SDUDPHWUL L vQ
IXQF LH GH YDORULOH LQGLYLGXDOH DOH YDULDELOHL
t VH DMXVWHD]
YDORULOH FDUDFWHULVWLFLL UH]XOWDWLYH
Trend hiperbolic
Yti = a + 1 b ti
6LVWHPXO GH HFXD LL HVWH
1 na + b t = y i i a 1 + b 1 = 1 y i ti ti t i2
7UHQG H[SRQHQ LDO
Yti = a b ti
3ULQ ORJDULWPDUH PRGHOXO VH WUDQVIRUP vQWU
-un model liniar de forma:
lg Yti = lg a + t i lg b
6LVWHPXO GH HFXD LL QRUPDOH YD IL
n lg a + lg b t i = lg y i lg a t i + lg b t i2 = ( t i lg y i )
2SHUD LD GH DMXVWDUH vQ DFHVW FD] VH YD IDFH GXS LQGLYLGXDOH GH DMXVWDUH $MXVWDUHD GXS R IXQF LH FH VH YRU FDOFXOD ORJDULWPLL HFXD LLORU VH IDFH SULQ DQWLORJDULWPDUHD H[SRQHQ LDO
HFXD LLORU GH DMXVWDUH FDOFXODWH vQ IXQF LH GH
ti.
Criterii de alegere a procedeelor de ajustare a)

6H FDOFXOHD] VXPD DEDWHULORU OXDWH vQ YDORDUH DEVROXW GLQWUH GDWHOH HPSLULFH L FHOH 6H FRQVLGHU FHO PDL SRWULYLW SURFHGHXO OD FDUH VH RE LQH
ajustate
yt Yt
y
b)
Yt = min .
FRHILFLHQWXO GH YDULD LH
6H FDOFXOHD]
V y/ t =
d y/t y
100
DEDWHUHD PHGLH OLQLDU D YDORULORU UHDOH GH OD YDORULOH DMXVWDWH
n care d y / t
FDOFXODW GXS
UHSUH]LQW IRUPXOD
d y/t =
Yti
EXTRAPOLAREA SERIILOR CRONOLOGICE Extrapolarea datelor unei serii statistiFH ajustare.

DUH OD ED] PHWRGHOH L SURFHGHHOH IRORVLWH OD
3HQWUX D IDFH GLVWLQF LH vQWUH WHUPHQLL DMXVWD L
Yt i
L FHL H[WUDSROD L
FDUH VXQW FRQVLGHUD L
tot termenii teoretici - VH YRU QRWD WHUPHQLL H[WUDSROD L FX Yt , iar variabila de timp cu ti. i Deci, formulele de calcul vor fi:
pentru extrapolarea pe baza sporului mediu:
Yt = y 0 + t i i
SHQWUX H[WUDSRODUHD SH ED]D LQGLFHOXL PHGLX GH FUHWHUH
Y ti = y 0 I
t i
$FHVWH IRUPXOH VH DSOLF
DWXQ
H[SLUDW Q FD]XO FkQG DFHWLD VH PRGLILF SDUDPHWULL VH PRGLILF
ci cnd se folosesc valorile parametrilor ( , I ) din perioada FX XQ FRHILFLHQW k, astfel: n care:

= k
Yt = y 0 + t i , i
t i Y ti = y 0 I ,
n care:
I = kI
Coeficientul k SRDWH V ILH PDL PDUH VDX PDL PLF GHFkW 'DF k<1, DWXQFL vQVHDPQ F VH UHGXFH YDULD LD PHGLH DEVROXW
DSOLF OD SULPXO VDX OD DO GRLOHD SURFHGHX F 'DF k>1, atunci nseaPQ dect n perioada de analizat. GDWHOH V
VDX UHODWLY GXS
FXP VH
YDORDUHD SDUDPHWULORU IRORVL L vQ H[WUDSRODUH HVWH PDL PDUH
3HQWUX H[WUDSRODUHD SH ED]D PHWRGHORU DQDOLWLFH GH FDOFXO VH SXQH vQ SULPXO UkQG FRQGL LD FD VH GHWHUPLQH DVWIHO vQFkW V
VHULHL FURQRORJLFH L SHQWUX FDUH LQWHUHVHD]
ti = 0.
QX PRGLILFH RULJLQHD YDULD LHL GH WLPS FDUH HVWH vQ PLMORFXO 'HFL YDULD LD GH WLPS VH H[WLQGH vQ DPEHOH VHQVXUL GHL
QXPDL WHQGLQ D RE LQXW
SULQ H[WLQGHUHD VHULHL SHQWUX SHULRDGD XUP WRDUH WHUPHQLL H[WUDSROD L VH YRU QRWD FX
L vQ DFHVW FD] VH YRU IRORVL DFHOHDL QRWD LL DGLF
Yti ,
astfel:
Yt = a + bt i i Yt = ab ti i
Yt = a + bt i + ct i i
'DF
IHQRPHQHOH VH DQDOL]HD]
vQ LQWHUGHSHQGHQ
FX YDULD LD IDFWRULORU FDUH OH GHWHUPLQ
GLQDPLF DWXQFL VH DOHJ FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH IDFWRULDOH FDUH VXQW SUHYL]LELOH QXPDL vQ IXQF LH GH WLPS L DSRL DSUHFLLQG F SHUVSHFWLY V DU S VWUD DFHHDL WHQGLQ
GH UHDOL]DUH D OHJ WXULL VH FDOFXOHD]
YDORULOH GH UH]XOWDWLY
L SHQWUX FDUDFWHULVWLFD GHSHQGHQW 'H H[HPSOX SHQWUX R FDUDFWHULVWLF
DQDOL]DW WHQGLQ
vQ IXQF LH GH GRL IDFWRUL FX FDUH HVWH OHJDW SH SHULRDGD H[SLUDW DGLF
OLQLDU VH FDOFXOHD] PDL vQWkL HFXD LD PHGLH GH
Yt = a0 + a1x1 + a2x2 n care x1, x2 sunt variabile factoriale luate n timp.

6HSDUDW H[WUDSROHD] VH DQDOL]HD] VHULL WHQGLQ D GH GH]YROWDUH D ILHF UHL YDULDELOH LQGHSHQGHQWH L VH FHOH GRX
X 1 = a x1 + bx1 t
X 2 = a x2 + b x 2 t
$FHVWH YDORUL VH LQWURGXF vQ HFXD LD IXQF LHL GH UHJUHVLH PXOWLSO H[WUDSRODWH DOH YDULDELOHL < GXS YDORULOH PRGLILFDWH DOH FHORU GRL IDFWRUL
calculndu-se valorile
Yx1 x2 = a 0 + a1 x1 + a 2 x 2
PROBLEME REZOLVATE
1.
$QDOL]D VWDWLVWLF 3URGXF LD LQWHUQ D XQHL VHULL FURQRORJLFH GH LQWHUYDOH GH DOXPLQLX D vQUHJLVW
rat n perioada 1992- XUP
WRDUHOH YDORUL
Tabelul 6.1. Anul

3URGXF LD GH
1992
1993
1994
1995 144
1996 145
1997 164
1998 175
1999 176
2000 178
120 116 122 aluminiu (mii tone) Sursa: Revista Capital nr. 23 din 7 iunie 2001.
Se cere: 1.
V VH FDUDFWHUL]H]H HYROX LD SURGXF LHL GH DOXPLQLX IRORVLQG LQGLFDWRULL DEVROX L

V V V
relativi; medii;
VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF VHULD YDORULORU DEVROXWH VH GHWHUPLQH WUHQGXO GH HYROX LH SH ED]D PHWRGHORU PHFDQLFH L DQDOLWLFH VH DOHDJ FHD PDL DGHFYDW PHWRG FDUH DMXVWHD] IHQRPHQXO L V VH H[WUDSROH]H VHULD
2. 3. 4.
SHQWUX DQLL L
Rezolvare: 1.
&DOFXOXO LQGLFDWRULORU DEVROX L
Nivelul absolut ( y t
n
) este reprezentat de termenii seriei (vezi tabelul 6.1.).
Nivelul totalizat:
yt
t =1
0RGLILFDUHD DEVROXW
( ):
FX ED]
IL[
( t 1 ):
t
2
1
1
= y t y 1 (tabelul 6.2., coloana 2)

= y 2 y 1 = 116 120 = 4 (mii tone) = y 9 y 1 = 178 120 = 58 (mii tone)
vQ ODQ
9
FX ED]
( t
t 1
):
t 1
= y t y t 1 (tabelul 6.2., coloana 3)
2
9
= y 2 y 1 = 116 120 = 4 (mii tone) = y 9 y 8 = 178 176 = 2 (mii tone)

t
t 1
L
5HOD LLOH vQWUH
t 1:
t
1
t 1
=t
2
1
8
+3
++ 9
= 9
4 + 6 + 22 + 1 + 19 + 11 + 1 + 2 = 58
t 1
= t
8
t 1
= 9
58 56 = 2
Tabelul 6.2.
0RGLILFDUHD DEVROXW PLL WRQH
Anul A 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Total
3URGXF LD
(mii tone) 1 120 116 122 144 145 164 175 176 178 1340
FX ED]
= y t y1
2 -4 2 24 25 44 55 56 58 -
IL[
FX ED]
t 1
= y t y t 1
3 -4 6 22 1 19 11 1 2 58
vQ ODQ
Calculul indicatorilor relativi:

,QGLFHOH GH GLQDPLF FX ED] IL[ FUHWHUHGHVFUHWHUH
( I ):
( I t 1 ) (vezi tabelul 6.3., coloana 2)

yt
I t 1( % ) =
100 y1 116 I 2 1( % ) = 100 = 96 , 66% 120
I 9 1( % ) =
FX ED]
178 100 = 148 , 33% 120
vQ ODQ
(I t
t 1
) (vezi tabelul 6.3., coloana 3)
It
t 1( %
) =
yt y t 1
100
I 2 1( % ) =

116 100 = 96 , 66% 120
I 9 8( % ) =
5HOD LLOH vQWUH
178 100 = 101 , 14% 176

It
1
L
It
t 1 :
= It 1 0 , 9666 1 , 0517 1 , 0114 1 , 4833

t 1
It
It
1
1
: I t 1 : I8
1
= It
8
t 1
I9
= I9
1,4833 : 1,4666 1 , 0114

Tabelul 6.3.
9DORDUHD DEVROXW D
Indicele de dinDPLF Anul

3URGXF LD
Ritmul
FX ED]
1% din ritm
FX ED] FX ED] ODQ vQ
(mii tone)
FX ED]
IL[
FX ED]
vQ ODQ
It 1 =
yt y1
I t t 1 =
yt y t 1
R t 1 = I t 1 1 100 R t t 1 = I t t 1 1 100
IL[
FX ED]
vQ ODQ
IL[
At 1 =
y1 100
A t t 1 =
y t 1 100
A 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Total
1 120 116 122 144 145 164 175 176 178 1340
2 0,9666 1,0166 1,2000 1,2083 1,3666 1,4583 1,4666 1,4833 -
3 1,0000 0,9666 1,0517 1,1803 1,0069 1,1310 1,0670 1,0057 1,0114 -
4 -3,34 1,66 20,00 20,83 36,66 45,83 46,66 48,33 -
5 -3.34 5,17 18,03 0,69 13,1 6,70 0,57 1,14 -
6 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 -
7 1,20 1,16 1,22 1,44 1,45 1,64 1,75 1,76 -
Ritmul de modificare (FUHWHUHGHVFUHWHUH 5:

FX ED] IL[
Rt
(vezi tabelul 6.3., coloana 4)
Rt R2

y1
100 = I t
1 100
= ( 0 , 9666 1 ) 100 = 3 , 34% = (1 , 4833 1 ) 100 = 48 , 33%

vQ ODQ YH]L WDEHOXO FRORDQD
R9
FX ED]
Rt R2

t 1
t 1
y t 1
100 = I t
t 1
1 100
= ( 0 , 9666 1 ) 100 = 3 , 34% = (1 , 0114 1 ) 100 = 1 , 14%

D XQXL SURFHQW GLQ ULWPXO PRGLILF ULL $
R9
9DORDUHD DEVROXW
FX ED]
IL[
At
At
t Rt
1 1
y1 100
A2

120 = 1 , 2 mii tone 100 120 = 1 , 2 mii tone 100

vQ ODQ
A9
FX ED]
At
=
t 1
At
t 1
t Rt
t 1 t 1
y t 1 100
A2

120 = 1 , 2 mii tone 100 176 = 1 , 76 mii tone 100
A9
Calculul indicatorilor medii Nivelul mediu y :

6HULD FURQRORJLF FDOFXOHD] SUH]HQWDW HVWH R VHULH GH LQWHUYDOH SHQWUX FDUH QLYH
( )
lul mediu se
DSOLFkQG IRUPXOD PHGLHL DULWPHWLFH
y=
yt
t =1
1340 148 , 89 mii tone 9

GH DOXPLQLX D IRVW GH PLL WRQH
3URGXF LD PHGLH DQXO
( ):
=
t 1
n 1
n 1
58 = 7 , 25 mii tone 8 -2000 a fost de 7,25 mii tone.
n medie creWHUHD DQXDO Indicele mediu

I = n1
vQ SHULRDGD
It
t 1
= n 1 I n
= 8 1 , 4833 = 1 , 0505 sau 105,05%
Ritmul mediu
R = I 1 100 = (1 , 0505 1 ) 100 = 5 , 05%
3URGXF LD V
-a modificat n medie cu 5,05% anual.

D VHULHL VH FRQVWUXLHWH FURQRJUDPD KLVWRULRJUDPD
2.
190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100
)LJXUD 'LQDPLFD SURGXF LHL GH DOXPLQLX D 5RPkQLHL vQ DQLL
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 anii
-2000
3.
'HWHUPLQDUHD WUHQGXOXL WHQGLQ HL JHQHUDOH
Metode mecanice
0HWRGD PRGLILF ULL PHGLL DEVROXWH UHOD LD
Pentru ajustarea termHQLORU VH XWLOL]HD]

Y t = y 1 + (t 1 )
Metoda indicelui mediu:

Yt = y1 I
( )
t 1
5H]XOWDWHOH RE LQXWH SULYLQG DMXVWDUHD WHUPHQLORU SULQ DFHVWH GRX vQ WDEHOXO FRORDQHOH L
PHWRGH VXQW SUH]HQWDWH
Tabelul 6.4. Valori ajustate prin: Anul A 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Total
yt
1 120 116 122 144 145 164 175 176 178 1340
PRGLILFDUHD PHGLHL DEVROXW
Y t = y 1 + (t 1 )
indicele mediu
Yt = y1 I
3
( )(
t 1 )
2 Y 1 = 120 + 7 , 25 0 = 120 Y 2 = 120 + 7 , 25 1 = 127 , 25
Y 1 = 120
Y 2 = 120 1 , 0505 = 126 , 06
Y 3 = 120 + 7 , 25 2 = 134 , 5
Y 4 = 120 + 7 , 25 3 = 141 , 75
Y 3 = 120 1 , 0505
Y 4 = 120 1 , 0505
= 132 , 43
= 139 , 1
Y 5 = 120 + 7 , 25 4 = 149 , 0 Y 6 = 120 + 7 , 25 5 = 156 , 25 Y 7 = 120 + 7 , 25 6 = 163 , 5 Y 8 = 120 + 7 , 25 7 = 170 , 25 Y 9 = 120 + 7 , 25 8 = 178
1340,5
Y 5 = 120 1 , 0505
= 146 , 14
Y 6 = 120 1 , 0505 Y 7 = 120 1 , 0505

Y 8 = 120 1 , 0505 Y 9 = 120 1 , 0505
5 6
7 8
= 153 , 52 = 161 , 27
= 169 , 42 = 178
1325,95
Metode analitice
'LQ FURQRJUDPD SUH]HQWDW OLQLDU 3HQWUX DMXVWDUHD OLQLDU ILJ VH REVHUY UHOD LD F DMXVWDUHD VH SRDWH IDFH SULQ PHWRGD L SH ED]D SDUDEROHL GH JUDGXO GRL VH XWLOL]HD]
Yt = a + b t i
Pentru calculul parametrilor a L b VH DSOLF meWRGD FHORU PDL PLFL S

2 [Y t ( a + b t i )]
WUDWH
= min
n a + b t i = y i a t i + b t i2 = t i y i
'DF VH SXQH FRQGL LD FD
t i
= 0 sistemul devine:
na = yi b t i2 = t i y i a=
yi
n
; b=
t i y i t i2
e n tabelul 6.5.
&DOFXOHOH QHFHVDUH UH]ROY ULL VLVWHPXOXL VXQW SUH]HQWDW
9 a = 1340 60 b = 538 a= 1340 = 148 , 89 ; b = 8 , 96 9
Deci: Y i = 148 , 89 + 8 , 96 t i Valorile ajustate sunt prezentate n tabelul 6.5., coloana 7.

Tabelul 6.5. Valori ajustate prin
IXQF LD OLQLDU SDUDEROLF
Anul A 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Total
yi
1 120 116 122 144 145 164 175 176 178 1340
ti
2 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
t i2
3 16 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16 = 60
t i4
4 256 81 16 1 0 1 16 81 256 t i4 = 708
ti yi
5 -480 -348 -244 -144 0 164 350 528 712
t i2 y i
t i
=0
t i2
6 1920 1044 488 144 0 164 700 1584 2848 2 t i y i = 538 t i y i = 8892
7 113,05 122,00 131,69 139,93 148,89 157,85 166,09 175,77 188,73
8 111,83 121,77 132,03 140,66 149,75 158,58 166,43 175,53 183,51
Y i
= 1340
Y i
= 1340
Pentru trendul parabolic rela LD HVWH
Y i = a + b t i + c t i2
6LVWHPXO GH HFXD LL QRUPDOH SHQWUX FDOFXODUHD SDUDPHWULORU
n a + b t i + c t i2 = y i 2 3 a t i + b t i + c t i = t i y i a t i2 + b t i3 + c t i4 = t i2 y i
'DF
t i
= 0 , sistemul devine:
n a + c t i2 = y i 2 b t i = t i y i a t i2 + c t i4 = t i2 y i
Calculele sunt prezentate n tabelul 6.5. Deci:
9 a + 60 c = 1340 a = 149 , 75 60 b = 538 b = 8 , 96 60 a + 708 c = 8892 c = 0 , 13
(FXD LD SHQWUX DMXVWDUHD SULQ WUHQGXO SDUDEROLF HVWH
Y t i = 149 , 75 + 8 , 96 t i 0 , 13 t i2
Valorile ajustate sunt prezentate n tabelul 6.5., coloana 8.
4.
&ULWHULLOH IRORVLWH SHQWUX DOHJHUHD PHWRGHL FDUH DMXVWHD]
FHO PDL ELQH VHULD SUH]HQWDW
sunt:

n compararea volumului total empiric y i i =1
cu cel teoretic
Yt
i =1
FRPSDUDUHD DEDWHULORU DEVROXWH DOH YDORULORU WHRUHWLFH DMXVWDWH ID
GH FHOH HPSLULFH
i =1
y i Yti
FRPSDUDUHD S WUDWHORU DEDWHULORU GLQWUH YDORULOH HPSLULFH L FHOH WHRUHWLFH
(y i
n i =1
Yt i
FRPSDUDUHD FRHILFLHQ LORU GH YDULD LH FDOFXOD L GXS
UHOD LLOH
(y i
n
v=
i =1
Yt i n y
yi
100 =
100
sau
i =1
y i Yt i n y 100 ,
v =
yi
100 =
unde y =
yi
i =1
Calculele necesare sunt prezentate n tabelul 6.6..

6H UH LQH PHWRGD PRGHOXO GH DMXVWDUH SHQWUX FDUH FRHILFLHQWXO GH YDULD LH HVWH FHO PDL PLF
(tabelul 6.7.).
&DOFXOXO FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH YDULD LH
Tabelul 6.7.
Nr. crt. 1 2 3 4
Metoda de ajustare prin:

PRGLILFDUHD PHGLH DEVROXW
(y i
Yt
yt
V yt =
yi
100
y
5,12 5,37 4,71 4,30
indicele mediu trend liniar trend parabolic
523,80 576,83 442,40 367,76
7,62 8,01 7,01 6,39
([WUDSRODUHD SUHYL]LRQDUHD SURGXF LHL GH DOXPLQLX SHQWUX XUP WRULL DQL VH IDFH FRQW F
LQkQG
VXQW DFHOHDL FRQGL LL 9DORULOH H[WUDSRODWH SULQ PHWRGHOH IRORVLWH OD DMXVWDUH VXQW SUH]HQWDWH
n tabelul 6.8..
Tabelul 6.8. Nr. Metoda de crt. ajustare prin: 2001 A 1 2 1 modificarea medie Y 2001 = 120 + 7 , 25 9 = 185 , 25
DEVROXW
Anii 2002 3 = 120 + 7 , 25 10 = 192 , 5
Y 2002
2 3 4
indicele mediu
IXQF LD OLQLDU
Y 2001 = 120 (1 , 0505 )9 = 186 , 99

Y 2001 = 148 , 89 + 8 , 96 5 = 193 , 69
Y 2001 = 149 , 75 + 8 , 96 5 0 , 13 25 = 189 , 5
Y 2002 = 120 (1 , 0505 )10 = 196 , 43
Y 2002 = 148 , 89 + 8 , 96 6 = 202 , 65

Y 2002 = 149 , 75 + 8 , 96 6 0 , 13 36 = 198 , 83
IXQF LD SDUDEROLF
Se cunRVF 1991-1998:
2.
XUP WRDUHOH GDWH SULYLQG YDORDUHD H[SRUWXULORU OD SURGXVHOH GLQ OHPQ vQ SHULRDGD
Tabelul 6.9. Anul

0RGLILF ID UL GH DQXO
1992 40
1993 22
1994 45
1995 36
1996 38
1997 42
1998 47
precendent (mil. $)
Se cere: 1. 2. 3. 4.
V V V V VH UHFRQVWLWXLH VHULD GH YDORUL DEVROXWH WLLQG F VH FDOFXOH]H LQGLFDWRULL PHGLL L V VH DMXVWH]H VHULD SULQWU VH LQWHUSUHWH]H YDORDUHD H[SRUWXOXL D FUHVFXW vQ
perioada 1991-1998, n medie, cu 18,84%; -un procedeu analitic;

VH FDOFXOH]H FRHILFLHQWXO GH YDULD LH
Rezolvare: 1.
'LQ GDWHOH SUH]HQWDWH UH]XOW F
t
t =2
t 1
= y t y 1 = y 1998 y 1991
40 + 22 + 45 + 36 + 38 + 42 + 47 = 270
'H DVHPHQHD VH WLH F
R = 18 , 84 % I ( % ) = R + 100 = 18 , 84 + 100 = 118 , 84%
I = n1
Deci:
y 98 y 91
=7
y 98 y 91
= 1 , 1884
y 1998 y 1991 = 270 y 1991 = 115 mil.$ y 1998 7 y 1998 = 385 mil. $ = (1 , 1884 ) = 3 , 3478 y 1991
7HUPHQLL VHULHL VH FDOFXOHD]
DVWIHO
y 1991 = 115 y 1992 = 115 + 40 = 155

y 1997 = 296 + 42 = 338 y 1998 = 338 + 47 = 385

6HULD UHFRQVWLWXLW HVWH SUH]HQWDW vQ WDEHOXO
Tabelul 6.10. Anul Export produse din lemn (mil. $) 1991 115 1992 155 1993 177 1994 222 1995 258 1996 296 1997 338 1998 385
2. Indicatorii medii
t =2
t 1
n 1
y n y1 n 1
y 1998 y 1991 8 1
385 115 = 38 , 57 mil. $ 7
Exportul a crescut n medie cu 47,5 mil. lei.
nivelul mediu:
yt
y=
t =1
1946 = 243 , 25 mil. $ 8
Q DFHDVW
SHULRDG
-au exportat n medie, anual, produse n valoare de 243,25 mil. $. -a calculat indicele mediu.
5LWPXO PHGLX D IRVW GDW L SH ED]D OXL V
3.
3HQWUX DMXVWDUHD SULQ PHWRGD DQDOLWLF
VH FRQVWUXLHWH FURQRJUDPD KLVWRULRJUDPD
450 400 350

exportul (mil. $)
300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1991 1992 1993 1994

anii
1995
1996
1997
1998
Figura 6.2.
*UDILFXO VXJHUHD] (FXD LD GUHSWHL XQ WUHQG OLQLDU
Yt i = a + bt i
6LVWHPXO GH HFXD LL QRUPDOH
n a + b t i = y i a t i + b t i2 = t i y i
&X FRQGL LD FD
t i
=0
VLVWHPXO GH HFXD LL GHYLQH
na = yi b t i2 = t i y i
n yi i =1 1946 a = n = 8 = 243 , 25 b = y i t i = 3198 = 19 , 04 t i2 168
&DOFXOHOH QHFHVDUH GHWHUPLQ ULL SDUDPHWULORU L YDORULOH DMXVWDWH WHRUHWLFH VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ
tabelul 6.11.
Tabelul 6.11. Anii 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Total
yi
1 115 155 177 222 258 296 338 385
ti
2 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7
t i2
3 49 25 9 1 1 9 25 49
yi ti
4 805 775 531 222 258 888 1690 2695
Y t i = 243 , 25 + 19 , 04 t i
(y
Yt i
6 25,3 48,3 83,36 4,88 18,4 19,1 0,2 71,74
yi
4.
= 1946
t i
=0
t i2
= 168
yi ti
= 3198
Yt
5 109,97 148,05 186,13 224,21 262,29 300,37 338,45 376,53

i
= 1946
(y i
Yt i
)= 271 , 28
&DOFXOXO FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH FRUHOD LH VH IDFH FX DMXWRUXO UHOD LHL
v yt =
Yt
Y
100 , unde
yt
(yi
Yt i n
= 5 , 82
3HQWUX DEDWHUHD HURDUHD PHGLH S WUDWLF FDOFXOHOH VX
nt prezentate n tabelul 6.11, coloana 6.
v yt =
5 , 82 243 , 25
100 = 2 , 39 %
3.
6H vQGHOXQJDW
FXQRVF
XUP WRDUHOH
GDWH
FX
SULYLUH
OD
vQ]HVWUDUHD
SRSXOD LHL
FX
EXQXUL
GH
IRORVLQ
DXWRPRELOH ORFXLWRUL vQ SHULRDGD
1998.
Tabelul 6.12.
Anul
0RGLILF UL GH DEVROXWH ID
1992 6,5
1993 8,3
1994 9,3
1995 7,3
1996 8,2
1997 8,9
1998 8,9
1999 6,7
anul precedent (buc.)

0RGLILF UL GH UHODWLYH ID
anul precedent (%)
10,58
12,22
12,20
8,54
8,84
8,81
8,10
5,64
Se cere: 1. 2.
V V VH UHFRQVWLWXLH VHULD GH YDORU
i absolute;
VH FDOFXOH]H WR L LQGLFDWRULL DEVROX L L UHODWLYL
Rezolvare: 1.
3HQWUX UHFRQVWLWXLUHD VHULHL FURQRORJLFH VH XWLOL]HD] PRGLILFDUHD UHODWLY L YDORDUHD DEVROXW UHOD LD vQWUH PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW D XQXL SURFHQW GLQ ULWPXO PRGLILF ULL
At
t 1
t Rt
t 1
t 1
100
y t 1 100
De exemplu,
A 92 = 92 R 92
91 91
91
y 91 100
A 92
91
y 91 6,5 = 0 , 614 = 10 , 58 100
y 91 = 0 , 614 100 = 61 , 4 buc Pentru anul 1999 valoarea indicatorului se poate calcula astfel:
y 99 = y 98 + 99
98
= 118 , 8 + 6 , 7 = 125 , 5
sau
y 99 = y 98 I 99
98
= 118 , 8 1 , 0564 = 125 , 5
2.
6HULD UHFRQVWLWXLW
L LQGLFDWRULL DEVROX L L UHODWLYL VXQW SUH]HQWD L vQ WDEHOXO
Tabelul 6.13.
Anul A 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
yt (auto / 1000 locuitori)

1 61,4 67,9 76,2 85,5 92,8 101,0 109,9 118,8 125,5
,QGLFDWRUL DEVROX L
Indicatori relativi
t 1
I t 1(% )
4 100 110,52 124,10 139,25 151,14 164,49 178,99 193,48 204,39
It
t 1 ( %
Rt
Rt
t 1
At
At
t 1
2 6,5 14,8 24,1 31,4 39,6 48,5 57,4 64,1
3 6,5 8,3 9,3 7,3 8,2 8,9 8,9 6,7
5 110,52 112,22 112,20 108,53 108,83 108,81 108,10 105,64
6 10,52 24,10 39,25 51,14 64,49 78,99 93,48 104,39
7 10,58 12,22 12,20 8,54 8,84 8,81 8,10 5,64
8 0,614 0,614 0,614 0,614 0,614 0,614 0,614 0,614
9 0,614 0,679 0,762 0,855 0,928 1,010 1,099 1,188
4.
Q DQLL L V DX vQUHJLVWUDW XUP WRDUHOH GDWH SULYLQG VWRFXULOH H[LVWHQWH vQ GHSR]LWHOH
XQHL VRFLHW
L FRPHUFLDOH WDEHOXO
6.14.).
Tabelul 6.14.
1999
'DWD vQUHJLVWU ULL
2000 Cantitatea (kg) 180 200 250 270 240

'DWD vQUHJLVWU ULL
1 ianuarie 1 aprilie 1 iulie 1 octombrie 31 decembrie
1 ianuarie 25 martie 1 august 20 octombrie 31 decembrie
Cantitatea (kg) 240 270 240 260 280
Se cere: 1. 2.
V V VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF VHULLOH FURQRORJLFH VH FDOFXOH]H VWRFXO PHGLX vQ FHL GRL DQL
Rezolvare: 1. Seria se timp pentru anul 1999 este o serie de momente cu intervale egale ntre PRPHQWH 5HSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF VH IDFH SULQWU-o cronograP ILJ Seria din anul 2000 este tot o serie de momente cu intervale neegale ntre momente.
3HQWUX UHSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF VH IRORVHWH XQ JUDILF SULQ FRORDQH ILJ
300 cantitatea (kg) 250 200 150 100 50 0

1.01.99 1.04.99 1.07.99 1.10.99
ULL
31.12.99
GDWD vQUHJLVWU
)LJXUD 9DULD LD VWRFXULORU GH P
UIXUL vQ DQXO
300 cantitatea (kg) 250 200 150 100 50 0

1.01.2000 240
270 240
260
280
25.03.2000
1.08.2000
GDWD vQUHJLVWU ULL
20.10.2000
31.12.2000
)LJXUD 9DULD LD VWRFXULORU GH P
UIXUL vQ DQXO
2. Stocul mediu
3HQWUX SULPD VHULH VH FDOFXOHD] PHGLH FURQRORJLF SRQGHUDW R PHGLH FURQRORJLF VLPSO LDU SHQWUX VHULD D GRXD R
y1 y cr 1999 = 2
+ y2 + y3 + y4 + n 1
y5
180 240 + 200 + 250 + 200 + 2 2 2 = = 232 , 5 kg 5 1

d2 +d3 2
n 1 i =1
y cr 2000 =
y1
d1 2
+ y2
d1 + d 2 2
+ y3
+ y4
d3 +d4 2
+ y5
d4 2
d i
unde d i
VXQW LQWHUYDOHOH GH WLPS GLVWDQ HOH GLQWUH PRPHQWH
d 1 = 84 ; d 2 = 126 ; d 3 = 79 ; d 4 = 71 .
240 y cr 2000 = =
84 84 + 126 126 + 79 79 + 71 71 + 280 + 270 + 240 + 260 2 2 2 2 2 360
92605 = 256 , 86 kg 360
5.
Ponderea sectorului privat n PIB a evoluat astfel n perioada 1991 - 1992.
Tabelul 6.15. Anul
0RGLILF ID GH UL
1992 2,8
1993 11,2
1994 15,3
1995 21,7
1996 31,3
1997 37
1998 38,4
1999 39,7
anul 1991(%)
Se cere: 1. 2. 3.
V V V VH UHFRQVWLWXLH VHULD GDF SRQGHUHD VHFWRUXOXL SULYDW vQ 3,% D FUHVFXW vQ DQXO ID
de anul 1991 de 2,326 ori;

VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF VHULD UHFRQVWLWXLW VH H[WUDSROH]H YDORULOH SHQWUX DQLL L
Rezolvare: 1.
'LQ GDWHOH SUH]HQWDWH UH]XOW F
y 96 y 91 = 31 , 3 y 91 = 23 , 6 y 96 y 96 = 54 , 9 = 2 , 326 y 91
6HULD GH GDWH UHFRQVWLWXLW HVWH SUH]HQWDW vQ WDEHOXO L V D RE LQXW DVWIHO
y 91 = 23 , 6 y 92 = 23 , 6 + 2 , 8 = 63 , 3

y 98 = 23 , 6 + 39 , 7 = 63 , 3
Tabelul 6.16. Anii Ponderea sectorului privat n PIB (%) 1991 23,6 1992 26,4 1993 34,8 1994 38,9 1995 45,3 1996 54,9 1997 60,6 1998 62,0 1999 63,3
2.
VH IDFH SULQ FURQRJUDP
KLVWRJUDP
70
ponderea sectorului privat n PIB (%)
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
anii
Figura 6.4.
3. Pentru extrapolarea valoriORU SHQWUX DQLL L IRORVLP R PHWRG

DQDOLWLF GH DMXVWDUH FRQVLGHUkQG F FHOH GRX PHWRGH DMXVWHD]
PHFDQLF
L XQD
FHO PDL ELQH IHQRPHQXO
0HWRGD PHFDQLF
0HWRGD PRGLILF
ULL PHGLL DEVROXWH
5HOD LD GH DMXVWDUH HVWH
y t i = y 1 + (t 1 )
=
'DF
t 1
n 1
y n y1 n 1
y 99 y 91 8
63 , 3 23 , 6 8
= 4 , 9625 %
IHQRPHQXO VH GHVI RDU
vQ DFHOHDL FRQGL LL YDORULOH SHQWUX DQLL L
vor fi:
y 2001 = y 1 + (11 1 ) = 23 , 6 + 4 , 9625 10 = 73 , 225 % y 2002 = y 1 + (12 1 ) = 23 , 6 + 4 , 9625 11 = 78 , 1875 %

0HWRGD DQDOLWLF *UDILFXO VXJHUHD] XQ WUHQG OLQLDU
y ti = a + bt i
ApOLFkQG PHWRGD normale devine:
FHORU PDL PLFL S WUDWH L DSRL FRQGL LD
t i
= 0
VLVWHPXO GH HFXD LL
na = yi b t i2 = t i y i
y i = 409 , 8 = 45 , 53 a = 9 n y i t i = 332 = 5 , 55 b = t 2 60
Calculele pentru determinarea parametrilor a L b sunt prezentate n tabelul 6.17..
Tabelul 6.17. Anii 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Total
yi
ti
2 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
t i2
yiti
4 -94,9 -79,2 -69,6 -38,9 0 54,9 121,2 186,0 253,2
Y t i = 45 , 53 + 5 , 55 t i
5 23,32 28,88 34,43 39,98 45,53 51,08 56,63 62,19 67,74
i
yi
1 23,6 26,4 34,8 38,9 45,3 54,9 60,6 62,0 63,3
3 16 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16
= 409 , 8
t i
=0
t i2
= 60
yi ti
= 333 , 2
Y t
= 409 , 8
Pentru anLL L YDORULOH YRU IL Y 2001 = 45 , 53 + 5 , 55 6 = 78 , 83 % Y 2002 = 45 , 53 + 5 , 55 7 = 84 , 38 %

(VWH GLILFLO GH SUHVXSXV F IHQRPHQXO XUPHD] DX IRVW DFHHDL HYROX LH UHGXVH
VH REVHUY
DX IRVW
vQ XOWLPLL PLFL
3 ani (1997

PRGLILF ULOH
FUHWHULOH
IRDUWH
FRPSDUD LH FX DQLL SUHFHGHQ L
PROBLEME PROPUSE
1.
&RQVXPXO PHGLX DQXDO GH ODSWH L SURGXVH GLQ ODSWH O ORFXLWRU GLQ 5RPkQLD D FXQRVFXW vQ
perioada 1989 XUP
WRDUHD HYROX LH
Tabelul 6.18. Anul Consum (l) 1989 135,9 1990 140,1 1991 163,3 1992 163,7 1993 176,9 1994 179,5 1995 188,6 1996 192,7 1997 192,4 1998 194,4
Se cere: 1. 2. 3. 4.
V V V V VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF VHULD FURQRORJLF VH FDOFXOH]H LQGLFDWRULL DEVROX L UHODWLYL L PHGLL FH FDUDFWHUL]HD] VH DMXVWH]H VHULD SULQ PHWRGH PHFDQLFH L DQDOLWLFH VH SUHFL]H]H PHWRGD FDUH DMXVWHD] FHO PDL ELQH WHQGLQ D GH HYROX LH D IHQRPHQXOXL VHULD FURQRORJLF
2.
Dinamica exporturilor produsului Y n perioada 1989 D IRVW XUP
WRDUHD
Tabelul 6.19. Anul Dinamica

ID GH
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
anul precedent (%)
122,11
107,08
77,94
148,11
205,73
85,34
127,77
97,62
103,23
136,86
92,83
WLLQG F V V V
YDORDUHD H[SRUWXOXL vQ DQXO D IRVW GH PLO
VH FHUH
1. 2. 3.
VH UHFRQVWLWXLH VHULD GH GDWH VH FDOFXOH]H WR L LQGLFDWRULL DEVROX L UHODWLYL L PHGLL VH DMXVWH]H VHULD SULQ PHWRGH PHFDQLFH
3RSXOD LD RFXSDW
3.
WRWDO D 5RPkQLHL vQWUH
OD VIkULWXO DQXOXL HVWH SUH]HQWDW
vQ
tabelul 6.20..
Tabelul 6.20. Anul
3RSXOD LD RFXSDW
1990 10,840
1991 10,786
1992 10,458
1993 10,062
1994 10,011
1995 9,493
1996 9,379
1997 9,023
1998 8,813
1999 8,420
(mii persoane)
Se cere: 1. 2. 3.
V V V VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF VHULD VH FDOFXOH]H LQGLFDWRULL PHGLL VH DMXVWH]H VHULD SULQWU R PHWRG DQDOLWLF L V VH FDOFXOH]H HURDUHD PHGLH S WUDWLF D
DMXVW ULL L FRHILFLHQWXO GH YDULD LH
4.
&UHWHULOH
vQUHJLVWUDWH
SULYLQG
YDORDUHD
H[SRUWXULORU
5RPkQLHL
OD
SURGXVHOH
GH
OHPQ
vQ
perioada 1991 DX IRVW XUP

Anul
&UHWHUL ID GH
WRDUHOH
1992 40
1993 22
1994 45
1995 36
1996 38
1997 42
Tabelul 6.21. 1998 47
anul precedent (mil. $)
Se cere: 1. 2. 3. 4.
V V V VH UHFRQVWLWXLH VHULD GH YDORUL DEVROXWH WLLQG F GH DQXO FX VH L VH FDOFXOH]H LQGLFDWRULL PHGLL L V YDORDUHD H[SRUWXOXL D FUHVFXW vQ DQXO ID
nterpreteze;
DUJXPHQWD L SURFHGHXO FHO PDL ELQH HYROX LD H[SRUWXULORU vQ
VH DMXVWH]H VHULD SULQWU XQ SURFHGHX PHFDQLF L XQXO DQDOLWLF
ales;
SUHFL]D L FDUH GLQ FHOH GRX DFHDVW SHULRDG SURFHGHH DMXVWHD]
5.
6H FXQRVF XUP WRDUHOH GDWH SULYLQG G
inamica PIB (1991 = 100).

Tabelul 6.22.
Anii Dinamica PIB (%)
1992 88,17
1993 82,24
1994 88,56
1995 97,02
1996 92,91
1997 85,16
1998 87,62
1999 85,39
Se cere: 1. 2. 3.
V V V VH UHFRQVWLWXLH VHULD GH GDWH WLLQG F vQ DQXO YDORDUHD 3,% D IRVW GH
2138,2 mld. OHL vQ SUH XULOH DQXOXL

VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF VHULD GH GDWH VH FDOFXOH]H LQGLFDWRULL DEVROX L UHODWLYL L PHGLL L V VH LQWHUSUHWH]H
6.
6H FXQRVF XUP WRDUHOH GDWH SULYLQG HYROX LD XQXL IHQRPHQ vQ SHULRDGD
1998:
Tabelul 6.22.
Anul Modificarea
DEVROXW ID GH
1992 25
1993 32
1994 28
1995 22
1996 31
1997 24
1998 30
anul precedent
Se cere: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
V ID V V VH UHFRQVWLWXLH VHULD GH YDORUL DEVROXWH FXQRVFkQG F GH FX VH FDOFXOH]H LQGLFDWRULL DEVROX L UHODWLYL L PHGLL VH DMXVWH]H VHULD SULQWU XQ SURFHGHX PHFDQLF L XQXO DQDOLWLF DUJXPHQWD L SURFHGHHOH IHQRPHQXO D FUHVFXW vQ DQXO
alese;
SUHFL]D L SHULRDG H[WUDSROD L VHULD SHQWUX XUP WRUL FDUH GLQ PHWRGHOH XWLOL]DWH DMXVWHD] FHO PDL ELQH IHQRPHQXO vQ DFHDVW
i doi ani.
Indici statistici
INDICI INDIVIDUALI Indicii individuali

YDULDELO OD QLYHOXO XQLW VH FDOFXOHD] FD LQGLFL VLPSOL IRORVLQG GDWHOH vQUHJLVWUDWH SHQWUX ILHFDUH LL GH REVHUYDUH IRORVLW
Pentru fenomenul complex y:
i 1/ 0 =
y
y1 y0
x1 f 1 x0 f0
unde: y x f
fenomenul complex, de tipul y = x f factorul de tip calitativ factorul de tip cantitativ
Pentru factorul calitativ x:
i 1x/ 0 =
x1 x0
Pentru factorul cantitativ f:
i 1/ 0 =
f
f1 f0
vQWRWGHDXQD UHOD LD GH VLVWHP
&HL WUHL LQGLFL YHULILF
i 1 / 0 = i 1x/ 0 i 1 / 0
y f
5HOD LL XWLOH
i 1 / 0 ( % ) = r1 / 0 + 100
y y
i 1x/ 0 ( % ) = r1x 0 + 100 /

i 1 / 0 ( % ) = r1 / 0 + 100 ,
f f
unde:
r1y 0 - ULWPXO GH GLQDPLF / r1x/ 0 - ritmuO GH GLQDPLF r1 /f 0 - ULWPXO GH GLQDPLF
SHQWUX IHQRPHQXO FRPSOH[
SHQWUX IDFWRUXO FDOLWDWLY
x f
SHQWUX IDFWRUXO FDOLWDWLY
INDICI DE GRUP Indicii de grup VH FDOFXOHD]

OD QLYHOXO JUXSHL VDX SH vQWUHJXO DQVDPEOX
Sisteme de ponderare folosite la construirea indicilor de grup factoriali a) Sistemul de ponderare propus de E. Laspeyres, la care ponderile folosite sunt cele din
SHULRDGD GH ED]
pentru factorul cantitativ:
I 1y/ (0f ) =
x x
0 0
f1 f0
pentru factorul calitativ:
I 1y/(0x ) =
x x
1 0
f0 f0
b) Sistemul de ponderare propus de H. Paasche, la care ponderile utilizate sunt cele din
SHULRDGD FXUHQW
I 1y/ (0f ) =
x x
f1 f0
I 1y/ (0x ) =
x x
1 0
f1 f1
SH FXPXODUHD FDQWLW LORU GLQ SHULRDGD GH ED] LQGLFHOH HVWH FX L IRORVLUHD DFHVWRUD FD SRQGHUH OD P VXUDUHD YDULD LHL UHODWLYH D FDOLWDWLY UHOD LD JHQHUDO GLQ FDUH UH]XOW
c) Sistemul propus de Edgeworth VH ED]HD]

FHOH GLQ SHULRDGD FXUHQW SUH XULORU 3UH XO ILLQG R YDULDELO
) I 1(/x0 =
x (f x (f
1 0
1 1
+ f0 ) + f0 )
d) Sistemul de ponderare propus de I. Fisher presupune calcularea indicelui de grup al

SUH XULORU FD R PHGLH JHRPHWULF D FHORU GRL LQGLFL DJUHJD L GH WLS /DVSH\UHV L GH WLS
Paasche. Generaliznd, pentru factorul calitativ:
I1
y ( x ) 0
x1 x0
f f
0 0
x1 x0
f1 f1
I1
y( f ) 0
x 0 f 1 x1 f1 x 0 f 0 x1 f 0
0RGDOLW
L GH FDOFXO DO LQGLFLORU GH JUXS
I 1/ 0
y ( x,f )
x1 f 1 x0 f 0
pentru fenomenul complex
I 1/ 0
y( f )
x0 f1 x0 f0
pentru factorul cantitativ
I 1/ 0
y(x)
x1 f 1 x0 f1
pentru factorul calitativ
Indicii de gruS
L DQXPH
IDFWRULDOL FDOFXOD L FX VLVWHPH GLIHULWH GH SRQGHUDUH YHULILF
UHOD LD GH VLVWHP
I 1/ 0
y ( x ,f )
= I
y( f )
( L )1 / 0
VH
y(x)
( P )1 / 0
vQ JHQHUDO FD GLIHUHQ vQWUH QXP U WRUXO L QXPLWRUXO
0RGLILFDUHD
DEVROXW
FDOFXOHD]
indicelui:
y ( x , f ) = x1 f 1 x 0 f 0 y ( f ) = x0 f1 x0 f 0 y ( x ) = x1 f 1 x 0 f 1
pentru fenomenul complex pentru factorul cantitativ pentru factorul calitativ

UHOD LD GH VLVWHP
L vQ FD]XO PRGLILF ULORU DEVROXWH VH YHULILF
y ( x ,f
pe total:
= y (
f )
+ y ( x )
FRQWULEX LD UHODWLY D ILHF UXL IDFWRU OD PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW
3H ED]D DFHVWHL UHOD LL VH FDOFXOHD]
y( f )
y(
f )
y ( x,f )
100 ,
respectiv
y(x)
y(x)
y ( x ,f )
100

Exemplificare pentru fond de salarii (FS) salariul mediu ( S

L QXP UXO GH VDODULD L 7
FD IHQRPHQ FRPSOH[ FX GRL IDFWRUL GH LQIOXHQ
I 1/ 0
FS ( S ,T )
S 1 T1 S 0T0
I 1/ 0
FS ( T )
S 0 T1 S 0T0 S 1 T1 S 0 T1
= I 1/ 0
FS ( T )
I 1/ 0
FS ( S )
I 1/ 0
FS ( S ,T )
I 1/ 0
FS ( S )
FS ( S ,T )
= S 1 T1 S 0 T 0
FS ( T )
= S 0 T1 S 0 T 0 = S 1 T1 S 0 T1
FS ( S )
FS ( S ,T ) = FS ( T ) + FS ( S )
K
FS ( T )
FS ( T ) FS ( S ,T ) FS ( S ) FS ( S ,T )
100
FS ( S )
100
,QGLFL GH JUXS FDOFXOD L FD PHGLH GH LQGLFL LQGLYLGXDOL
pentru fenomenul complex:

y ( x ,f ) 1/ 0
i 1/ 0 x 0 f 0 = x0 f0
y
sau
I 1/ 0
y ( x,f )
x1 f 1
1
y i 1/ 0
x1 f1

y( f ) 1/ 0
i 1/ 0 x 0 f 0 = x0 f0
f
I 1/ 0
y(x)
x1 f 1
1 i 1x/ 0 x1 f 1
([HPSOLILFDUH SHQWUX LQGLFLL YDORULL YROXPXOXL IL]LF L DO SUH XULORU
v ( p ,q ) 1/ 0
i 1v/ 0 p 0 q 0 = p0q0
q
sau
I 1/ 0
v ( p ,q )
p1 q1
1 i 1v/ 0 p1 q1
v(q) 1/ 0
i 1/ 0 p 0 q 0 = p0q0
=
I 1/ 0
v( p)
p1 q1
1 i 1/ 0
p
p1 q1
,QGLFLL GH JUXS FDOFXOD L FD UDSRUW D GRX
PHGLL
SHQWUX IHQRPHQXO FRPSOH[ LQGLFH FX VWUXFWXU
YDULDELO
x ( x ,f SV
x1 x0
x 1 f 1 : x 0 f 0 = x 1 f 1*( % ) : x 0 f 0*( % ) = 100 100 f1 f 0
x ( x ,f SV
x1 x0
x 1 f 1* = x 0 f 0*
unde
fi
fi
fi
SHQWUX IDFWRUXO FDQWLWDWLY LQGLFHOH YDULD LHL VWUXFWXULL
I VS
x( f
x* x0
x0 f1 : x0 f 0 = f1 f 0
sau
x( f SV
* x * x0 f1 = = x 0 x 0 f 0*
SHQWUX IDFWRUXO FDOLWDWLY LQGLFH FX VWUXFWXU
IL[
x(x) SF
x1 x
*
x1 f 1 : x 0 f 1 = f1 f1
IL[
sau
x(x) SF
x1 x*
x 1 f 1* = x 0 f 1*
vPSUHXQ XQ
,QGLFHOH FX VWUXFWXU
YDULDELO FX VWUXFWXU
L DO YDULD LHL VWUXFWXULL IRUPHD]
sistem de indici:
I
GLIHUHQ
x ( x ,f SV
= I
D
x ( x ) SF
I VS
x ( f
MoGLILFDUHD
DEVROXW
PHGLHL
VXE
LQIOXHQ D
XQXLD
VDX
DOWXLD
GLQ
IDFWRUL
VH
FDOFXOHD]
FD
GLQWUH QXP U WRUXO L QXPLWRUXO LQGLFHOXL IDFWRULDO FRUHVSXQ] WRU 5HOD LLOH GH FDOFXO YRU IL
x ( x ) =
x1 f 1 x 0 f 1 = x f * x f * 1 1 0 1 f1 f1
=
= x1 x*
x (
x0 f1 x0 f 0 = x f * x f * 0 1 0 0 f1 f0
= x* x 0
L vQ DFHVW FD] PRGLILFDUHD PHGLHL HVWH HJDO LQIOXHQ UHVSHFWLY
FX VXPD PRGLILF ULORU GDWRUDWH IDFWRULORU GH
x (x, f
= x(x) + x( f
([HPSOLILFDUH SHQWUX LQGLFLL SURGXFWLYLW
LL PXQFLL
I SV
w ( w ,T
w1 w0
w1 T1 : w 0 T 0 = p 0 q 1 : p 0 q 0 T1 T 0 T1 T 0
, unde T i
Ti
Ti
I VS
w (T
w* = w0
=
w 0 T1 : w 0 T 0 T1 T 0
I SF
w(w)
w1 w*
*
w1 T1 : w 0 T1 T1 T1
=I
w ( w ) SF
w ( w ,T SV
I VS
w (T
w ( w ,T *) =
w1 T1 w 0 T 0 T1 T 0
= w1 w 0
w ( w ) =
w1 T1 w 0 T1 T1 T1
w 0 T1 w 0 T 0 T1 T 0
*
= w1 w *
w ( T *) =
= w * w0
w ( w ,T
w (T
w ( w )
'(6&20381(5($ 3( )$&725, $ 9$5,$
,(, 818, )(120(1 &203/(;
Metoda indicilor
Q WHRULD L SUDFWLFD VWDWLVWLF QXPHWH GHVFRPSXQHUH JHRPHWULF GHVFRPSXQHUHD LQGLFHOXL JHQHUDO vQ SURGXVXO LQGLFLORU IDFWRULDOL VH LDU VHSDUDUHD PRGLILF ULL DEVROXWH WRWDOH vQ VXPD PRGLILF ULORU GHVFRPSXQHUH DQDOLWLF
DEVROXWH GDWRUDWH IDFWRULORU HVWH GHQXPLW
MetRGD VXEVWLWX LHL vQ ODQ

3UHVXSXQH DSOLFDUHD XUP WRDUHORU UHJXOL
LQGLFHOH LQIOXHQ HL SULPXOXL IDFWRU GH UHJXO SRQGHUH FHDODOW
FHO FDQWLWDWLY VH FRQVWUXLHWH IRORVLQG GUHSW
VDX FHOHODOWH YDULDELOH OD QLYHOXO SHULRDGHL GH ED]
XQ IDFWRU RGDW
VXEVWLWXLW U PkQH GUHSW SRQGHUH OD QLYHOXO SHULRDGHL FXUHQWH SH WRW SDUFXUVXO
GHVFRPSXQHULL SHQWUX FHLODO L LQGLFL IDFWRULDOL SH ED]D UHOD LLORU
,QGLFLL IDFWRULDOL L PRGLILF ULOH DEVROXWH VH FDOFXOHD]
Varianta I (se substituie mai nti factorul cantitativ)

y( f ) 0
I1
x0 f1 x0 f 0
y(
f )
= x0 f1 x0 f 0 = x0 f
I1
y(x) 0
x1 f 1 ; x0 f1
y ( x ) = x1 f 1 x 0 f 1 = f 1 x
Varianta II (se substituie mai nti factorul calitativ)
y(x) 0
I1
x1 f 0 x0 f 0
y ( x ) = x1 f 0 x 0 f 0 = f 0 x
I1
y( f ) 0
x1 f 1 ; x1 f 0
y(
f )
= x1 f 1 x1 f 0 = x1 f
0HWRGD LQIOXHQ HORU L]RODWH D IDFWRULORU PHWRGD UHVWXOXL QHGHVFRPSXV
Pentru cazul a doi facWRUL

/DVSH\UHV L DQXPH
LQGLFLL IDFWRULDOL VH RE LQ DSOLFkQG VLVWHPXO GH SRQGHUDUH SURSXV GH
(L )
y( f )
x0 f1 x0 f0
respectiv
SH ED]D UHOD LLORU
(L )
y(x)
x1 f 0 x0 f0
LDU PRGLILF ULOH DEVROXWH VH FDOFXOHD]
y(
f )
= x0 f1 x0 f 0 = x0 f
)RORVLQG DFHODL VLVWHP GH SRQGHUDUH SHQWUX DPELL IDFWRUL QX VH PDL YHULILF GHRDUHFH U PkQH XQ UHVW QHGHVFRPSXV FDUH DUDW LQIOXHQ D VLPXOWDQ
y ( x ) = x1 f 0 x 0 f 0 = f 0 x
UHOD LD GH VLVWHP
D DPELORU IDFWRUL
y ( x f )
x1 f 1 : x1 f 0 x0 f1 x0 f 0
y ( x f ) = ( x 1 f 1 x 0 f 1 ) ( x 1 f 0 x 0 f 0 ) = x f
ModificarHD DEVROXW
SH WRWDO
y ( x ,f
= x0 f + f 0 x +x f
VH SRDWH IDFH vQ XUP WRDUHOH YDULDQWH
5HSDUWL]DUHD UHVWXOXL QHGHVFRPSXV SH IDFWRUL GH LQIOXHQ
a) VH DWULEXLH LQWHJUDO XQXLD GLQ IDFWRUL VLWXD LH FDUH FRQGXFH OD SURFHGHXO VXEVWLWX LHL vQ ODQ b) se repartizHD] vQ PRG HJDO SH IDFWRUL c) VH UHSDUWL]HD] SURSRU LRQDO FX LQIOXHQ HOH L]RODWH DOH IDFWRULORU (kx, kf) FDUH VH GHWHUPLQ astfel:
k =
x
x + f
f 0
x
0
respectiv
x = x + f
f 0 f 0
Sporul total al variabilei y care revine factorului f:
y(
f )
=x0 f + k
x f
Sporul total al variabilei y care revine factorului x:
y ( x ) = f 0 x + k
&RQWULEX LD UHODWLY
x f
y ( x ) 100
D IDFWRULORU OD IRUPDUHD VSRUXOXL WRWDO
y (
f ) )
y ( x ,f
100 , respectiv
y ( x ,f
PROBLEME REZOLVATE
1.
vQ GRX
-au nregistUDW XUP
WRDUHOH GDWH FX SULYLUH OD WUHL P UIXUL $ % L &
OXQL FRQVHFXWLYH YH]L WDEHOXO
6LWXD LD FDQWLW
LORU L SUH XULORU GH YkQ]DUH SHQWUX WUHL SURGXVH SULQFLSDOH
Tabelul 7.1.
&DQWLW L YkQGXWH 3UH XO XQLWDU
UIXULOH
U/M
perioada
GH ED]
perioada
FXUHQW
(mii lei/U.M.) perioada perioada

GH ED] FXUHQW
A I II III Total
B buc. buc. Kg -
1 500 800 300 -
2 600 1000 200 -
3 20 12 30 -
4 30 20 60 -
Se cere: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
V V V V V VH FDOFXOH]H LQGLFLL LQGLYLGXDOL DL YDORULL YROXPXOXL IL]LF L DL SUH XULORU SHQWUX FHOH WUHL VH FDOFXOH]H LQGLFLL GH JUXS DL YDORULL YROXPXOXL IL]LF L DO SUH XULORU L V VH FDOFXOH]H SH WRWDO PRGLILF ULOH DEVROXWH SHQWUX YDORDUH SUH XUL L VH YHULILFH IL]LF P UIXUL UHOD LD GLQWUH HL YROXP
specificndu-VH FDUH HVWH SRQGHUHD IDFWRULORU GHWHUPLQDQ L

VH YHULILFH HJDOLWDWHD GLQWUH LQGLFLL DJUHJD L L LQGLFLL GH JUXS FDOFXOD L FD PHGLH DULWPHWLF D LQGLFLORU LQGLYLGXDOL VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF VWUXFWXUD YDORULL vQ IXQF LH GH YDORDUHD FHORU WUHL P UIXUL vQ FHOH GRX VDX DUPRQLF
perioade.
Rezolvare 1.
&DOFXOXO LQGLFLORU LQGLYLGXDOL DL YDORULL YROXPXOXL IL]LF L DL SUH XULORU
i 1v/ 0 =
3HQWUX
v1 v0
p1 q1 p0q0
i 1/ 0 =
q
QHFHVDU V
q1 q0
VH
;
FDOFXOH]H
i 1/ 0 =
p
p1 p0
GLQ FHOH GRX SHULRDGH
LQGLFHOH
YDORULL
HVWH
YDORULOH
(vezi tabelul 7.2.).
&DOFXOXO LQGLFLORU LQGLYLGXDOL L GH JUXS DL YDORULL YROXPXOXL IL]LF L DL SUH XULORU
Tabelul 7.2.
&DQWLW LOH YkQGXWH 3UH XO XQLWDU 9DORDUHD P UIXULORU
(U.M.)
0 UIXUL
(mii lei/ U.M.) per.de

ED]
(mii. lei) per. de

ED]
U.M.
SHU GH ED]
(qo) A I II III Total B buc. buc. Kg 1 500 800 300 -
per. crt. (q1) 2 600 1000 200 -
(po) 3 20 12 30 -
per. crt. (p1) 4 30 20 60 -
perioada
FXUHQW
n per. crt. n
SUH XULOH SHU GH ED]
(q0p0) 5 10000 9600 9000 28600
(q1p1) 6 18000 20000 12000 50000
(q1p0) 7 12000 12000 6000 30000
i 1/ 0 =
q
q1 q0
600 ( pentru marfa I ) 500 100 = 120% 1000 = 100 = 125% ( pentru marfa II ) 800 200 100 = 66 , 67% ( pentru marfa III ) 300 30 ( pentru marfa I ) 20 100 = 150% 20 = 100 = 166 , 67% ( pentru marfa II ) 12 60 100 = 200% ( pentru marfa III ) 30 18000 ( pentru marfa I ) 10000 100 = 180% 20000 = 100 = 208 , 3% ( pentru marfa II ) 9600 12000 100 = 133 , 33% ( pentru marfa III ) 9000
i 1/ 0 =
p
p1 p0
i 1v/ 0 =
p1 q1 p0q0
2. Indicii de grup VH SRW FDOFXOD vQ DFHVW FD] VXE IRUP I 1/ 0

v ( p ,q )
GH LQGLFL DJUHJD L
p1 q1 p0q0
=
50000 = 1 , 748 sau 174 , 8% 28600
I 1/ 0
v(q)
p 0 q1 p0q0 p1 q1 p 0 q1
= I 1/ 0
v(q)
30000 = 1 , 0489 sau 104 , 89% 28600 50000 = 1 , 6667 sau 166 , 67% 30000
I 1/ 0
v( p)
5HOD LD GLQWUH FHL WUHL LQGLFL
I 1/ 0
v ( p ,q )
I 1/ 0
v( p)
1 , 0489 1 , 6667 = 1 , 74816 1 , 748
3.
0RGLILF
ULOH DEVROXWH DOH YDORULL YROXPXOXL IL]LF L DOH SUH XULORU
1/ 0
v ( p ,q )
= p 1 q 1 p 0 q 0 = 50000 28600 = 21400 mii lei
1/ 0 1/ 0
v(q)
= p 0 q 1 p 0 q 0 = 30000 28600 = 1400 mii lei = p 1 q 1 p 0 q 1 = 50000 30000 = 20000 mii lei = 1/ 0
v(q)
v( p)
1/ 0
v ( p ,q )
+ 1/ 0
v( p)
= 1400 + 20000 = 21400 mii lei
Ponderea celor doi factori:

v(q)
1/ 0 1/ 0
v(q)
v ( p ,q )
100 =
1400 100 = 6 , 54% 21400
v( p)
1/ 0 1/ 0
v( p)
v ( p ,q )
100 =
2000 100 = 93 , 46% 21400
4. Orice indice agregat se poate substitui printr-un indice mediu aritmetic sau armonic al indicilor individuali FRUHVSXQ] WRUL
v(q) I 1/ 0
i q p 0 q 0 = p0 q0
1 , 2 10000 + 1 , 25 9600 + 0 , 6667 9000 28600
30000 , 3 28600
= 1 , 0489
sau 104,89%
I 1v/(0p ) =
pq 1 i p q
1 1 p
1 1
50000 50000 = = 1,6667 18000 20000 12000 29997,6 + + 1,5 1,6667 2

OXQL FRQVHFXWLYH
sau 166,67%
5.
D VWUXFWXULL YDORULL GLQ FHOH GRX
Tabelul 7.3.
0 UIXUL 6WUXFWXUD YDORULL YkQ] SHULRDGD GH ED] 3% ULORU 3&
A I II III Total
1 35,0 33,6 31,4 100%
perioada cXUHQW 2 36 40 24 100%
100 31,40 24,00
80
60 33,60 40
40,00
III II I
20
35,00
36,00
0 PB PC
)LJXUD 6WUXFWXUD YDORULL GHVIDFHULORU GH P
UIXUL
2.
VH FXQRVF XUP WRDUHOH GDWH FX SULYLUH OD GHVIDFHULOH GH P UIXU
i:
9DORDUHD P
UIXULORU YkQGXWH vQ SHULRDGD GH ED]
L FXUHQW
Tabelul 7.4.
0 UIXUL 9DORDUHD P UIXULORU
(mil. lei) perioada perioada

GH ED] FXUHQW
Modificarea volumului fizic (%) 4 +7 + 10 - 20
A A B C Total
1 500 600 800 1900
2 1500 900 1400 3800
Se cere: 1. 2. 3. 4.
V VH FDOFXOH]H LQGLFLL LQGLYLGXDOL DL YDORULL YROXPXOXL IL]LF L DL SUH XULORU LQGLFLL GH JUXS DL YDORULL YROXPXOXL IL]LF L DO SUHWXULORU PRGLILF ULOH DEVROXWH DOH YDORULL YROXPXOXL IL]LF L DOH SUH XULORU FRQWULEX LD FHORU GRL IDFWRUL DVXSUD GLQDPLFLL YDORULL P UIXULORU YkQGXWH
Rezolvare 1. Indicii individuali ai valorii se pot calcula pe baza datelor din tabel, iar indicii individuali ai
SUH XULORU SH ED]D UHOD LHL GLQWUH FHL WUHL LQGLFL
indicii valorii GHVIDFHULORU GH P
UIX
ri:
i 1v/ 0 =
p1 q1 p0q0
1500 (pentru marfa A) 500 = 3 sau 300% 900 = = 1 , 5 sau 150% (pentru marfa B) 600 1400 = 1 , 75 sau 175% (pentru marfa C) 800
indicii volumului fizic

7 + 100 = 107% + 100 = 10 + 100 = 110% 20 + 100 = 80% ( pentru marfa A ) ( pentru marfa B ) ( pentru marfa C )
i 1/ 0 ( % ) = r q
q
LQGLFLL SUH XULORU VH FDOFXOHD]
SH ED]D UHOD LHL
i 1v/ 0 = i 1 / 0
q
i 1/ 0 ,
p
de unde:
3 1 , 07 = 2 , 804 sau 280 , 4% 1, 5 = = 1 , 3636 sau 136 , 36% 1,1 1 , 75 = 2 , 1875 sau 218 , 75% 0,8 ( pentru marfa A )
p i 1/ 0
i 1v/ 0 i 1/ 0
q
( pentru marfa B )
( pentru marfa C )
2.
&DOFXOXO LQGLFLORU GH JUXS DL YDORULL YROXPXOXL IL]LF L DO SUH XULORU
indicele de grup al valorii VH RE LQH GLUHFW GLQ GDWHOH GLQ WDEHO I 1/ 0

v ( p ,q )
p1 q1 p0q0
3800 = 2 sau 200% 1900
indicele de grup al volumului fizic nu se poate calcula aici dect ca un indice mediu DULWPHWLF SRQGHUDW FX YDORDUHD P UIXULORU GLQ SHULRDGD GH ED] 3Hntru aceasta se
SRUQHWH GH OD UHOD LD
v(q) I 1/ 0
i q p 0 q 0 = p0 q0
q
1 , 07 500 + 1 , 1 600 + 0 , 8 800 1900
1835 = 0 , 9659 1900
LQGLFHOH GH JUXS DO SUH XULORU SRUQHWH FD L vQ FD]XO LQGLFLORU LQGLYLGXDOL GH OD UHOD LD
I 1v/ 0 = I 1 / 0
I 1/ 0 ,
p
de unde:
p I 1/ 0
I 1v/ 0 I 1/ 0
q
2 = 2 , 0706 0 , 9659
sau
207,06%
3.
0RGLILF
ULOH DEVROXWH DOH YDORULL YROXPXOXL IL]LF L DOH SUH XULORU VH FDOFXOHD]
SH ED]D
indicilor de grup respectivi:
v1(/ p ,q ) = p1 q1 p 0 q0 = 3800 1900 = 1900 mil. lei 0
v1(/q0) = i q p0 q 0 p 0 q0 = 1835 1900 = 65 mil. lei

1/ 0
v ( p ,q )
= 1/ 0
v(q)
+ 1/ 0
v( p)
de unde:
1/ 0
v( p)
= 1/ 0
v ( p ,q )
1/ 0
v(q)
= 1900 ( 65 ) = 1965 mil. lei
4.
&RQWULEX LD FHO
or doi factori
1/ 0
v(q)
v(q)
1/ 0
v ( p ,q )
100 =
65 100 = 3 , 42% 1900
v( p)
1/ 0 1/ 0
v( p)
v ( p ,q )
100 =
1965 100 = 103 , 42% 1900
3.
Se cunosc datele:
Tabelul 7.5. Categorii de confort A 1 2 3 4 Total
9DORDUHD vQFDVDW PLOOHL
Modificarea
SUH XULORU
perioada de
ED]
perioada
FXUHQW
1 1500 2000 400 300 4200
2 2500 5500 520 380 8900
(%) 4 +75 +125 -25
Se cere:
1. 2.
FDOFXOXO LQGLFLORU LQGLYLGXDOL DL YDORULL YROXPXOXL IL]LF L DL SUH XULORU FDOFXOXO LQGLFHOXL GH JUXS DO SUH XULORU SUHFL]kQGX VH FH IHO GH IRUPXO
VH SRDWH DSOLFD L GH
ce; 3. indicele de grup DO YDORULL L DO YROXPXOXL IL]LF 4. PRGLILF ULOH DEVROXWH DOH YDORULL YROXPXOXL IL]LF L SUH XULORU JUDGXO GH LQIOXHQ
IDFWRUL DVXSUD GLQDPLFLL vQFDV ULORU
D FHORU GRL
Rezolvare 1.
&DOFXOXO LQGLFLORU LQGLYLGXDOL DL YDORULL YROXPXOXL IL]LF L DL SUH XU
ilor
indicii individuali ai valorii:

2500 1500 = 1 , 6667 sau 166 , 67% ( pentru categoria 1 de confort ) 5500 = 2 , 75 sau 275% ( pentru categoria 2 de confort ) 2000 = 520 ( pentru categoria 3 de confort ) 400 = 1 , 3 sau 130% 380 = 1 , 2667 sau 126 , 67% ( pentru categoria 4 de confort ) 300
VH YD FDOFXOD SH ED]D UHOD LHL GLQWUH LQGLFH L ULWP GHRDUHFH vQ
i 1v/ 0 =
p1 q1 p0q0
LQGLFHOH
SUH XULORU
WDEHOXO vQ FRORDQD VH G
SURFHQWXO GH PRGLILFDUH D SUH XULORU DGLF
ULWPXO GH
modificare
75 + 100 100 = 1 , 75 sau 175 % 125 + 100 = 2 , 25 sau 225 % r q + 100 100 = = 100 0 + 100 100 = 1 sau 100% 25 + 100 = 0 , 75 sau 75% 100
i 1/ 0
indicele volumului fizic VH RE LQH GLQ UHOD LD

i 1v/ 0 = i 1 / 0
q
i 1/ 0 ,
p
de unde:
1 , 6667 1 , 75 = 0 , 952 sau 95 , 2 % 2 , 75 = 1 , 222 sau 122 , 2 % 2 , 25 = 1, 3 1 , 0 = 1 , 3 sau 130 % 1 , 2667 = 1 , 6889 sau 168 , 89 % 0 , 75
q i 1/ 0
i 1v/ 0 i 1/ 0
p
2.
&DOFXOXO LQGLFHOXL GH JUXS DO SUH XULORU VH YD IDFH vQ DFHVW H[HPSOX FD PHGLH DUPRQLF SH ED]D UHOD LHL
I 1/ 0
v( p)
p1 q1
1 i
p
p1 q1
XQ
8900 8900 = = 1 , 816 sau 181,6% 2500 5500 520 380 4899 , 7 + + + 1 , 75 2 , 25 1 0 , 75
LQGLFH DJUHJDW DO SUH XULORU GHRDUHFH QX VH FXQRVF VHSDUDW
1RW
Nu s-D
FDQWLW
SXWXW
FDOFXOD
LOH L SUH XULOH
3.
,QGLFHOH GH JUXS DO YDORULL L DO YROXPXOXL IL]LF
I 1/ 0
v ( p ,q )
p1 q1 p0q0
=
8900 = 2 , 119 4200
sau
211,9%
q I 1/ 0
I 1v/ 0 I 1/ 0
p
2 , 119 = 1 , 1667 1 , 816
sau
116,67%
4.
0RGLILF
ULOH DEVROXWH DOH YDORULL YROXPXOXL IL]LF L DOH SUH XULORU
1/ 0
v ( p ,q )
= p 1 q 1 p 0 q 0 = 8900 4200 = 4700 mil. lei
1/ 0
v( p)
= p1 q1
= 1/ 0
v ( p ,q )
1 i
p
p 1 q 1 = 8900 4899 , 7 = 4000 , 3 mil. lei

= 4700 4000 , 3 = 699 , 7 mil. lei
1/ 0
v(q)
1/ 0
v( p)
&RQWULEX LD FHORU GRL IDFWRUL
v(q)
1/ 0
v(q)
v ( p ,q ) 1/ 0
100 =
699 , 7 4700
100 = 14 , 9%
v( p)
1/ 0 1/ 0
v( p)
v ( p ,q )
100 =
4000 , 3 100 = 85 , 1% 4700

vQ SULQFLSDO FUHWHUHD VXPHL vQFDV ULORU vQ SHULRDGD FXUHQW L QXPDL ID
Deoarece K v ( p ) > K v (q )
GH SHULRDGD GH ED] VHDPD FDQWLW LORU
UH]XOW
FX PLO OHL VH GDWRUHD]
vQ SULQFLSDO FUHWHULL SUHWXULORU
% pe
4.
3HQWUX R VRFLHWDWH FRPHUFLDO
VH FXQRVF GDWHOH
Tabelul 7.8. Valoarea

0 UIXUL vQFDV ULORU vQ
0 A B C Total
PB (mil. lei) 1 100 400 600 1100
Dinamica volumului fizic (%) 2 120 107 130 ...
Modificarea
SUH XULORU
(%) 3 150 230 50 ...
Se cere: 1. 2. 3.
LQGLFLL LQGLYLGXDOL DL YDORULL L DL SUH XULORU LQGLFLL GH JUXS DL YDORULL YROXPXOXL IL]LF L DO SUH XULORU V VH GHVFRPSXQ YDORDUHD DEVROXW SH WRWDO
IRORVLQG PHWRGD VXEVWLWX LHL vQ ODQ
folosind metoda restului nedescompus.
Rezolvare: 1.
,QGLFLL LQGLYLGXDOL DL SUH XULORU VH GHWHUPLQ XWLOL]kQG UHOD LLOH
i 1 0 ( % ) = r1
p
p 0
+ 100
De exemplu, pentru marfa A: i 1 0 ( % ) = 150 + 100 = 250%

p
,QGLFLL LQGLYLGXDOL DL YDORULL VH GHGXF GLQ UHOD LD GH VLVWHP
i 1v
= i1
q 0
i1
p 0
i 1v
= 1 , 2 2 , 5 = 3 pentru marfa A.
5H]XOWDWHOH FDOFXOHORU VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ WDEHOXO FRORDQHOH L
Tabelul 7.9. Valoarea

vQFDV 0 UIXUL ULORU
n PB
p0 q0
0 A B C Total (mil. lei) 1 100 400 600 1100
iq
2
iv
4 3 3,53 1,95 2,62
p1 q1 = p 0 q 0 i v
5 300 1412 1170 2882
p 0 q1 = i q p 0 q 0
6 120 428 780 1328
p1 q 0 =
p1 q1 iq
3 1,2 2.5 1,07 3,3 1,3 1,5 1,2073 2,1702
7 250 1320 900 2470
2. PeQWUX FDOFXOXO LQGLFLORU GH JUXS VH FDOFXOHD] YDORDUHD vQFDV ULORU vQ SHULRDGD FXUHQW ( p 1 q 1 L YDORDUHD vQFDV ULORU vQ SUH XUL FRPSDUDELOH p 0 q 1 YH]L FRORDQHOH L
v( p, q 0
I1
p1 q1 p0 q0
=
2882 = 2 , 62 sau 262% 1100
I1
v( q 0
p 0 q1 p0q0 p1 q1 p 0 q1
1328 = 1 , 2073 sau 120,73% 1100 2882 = 2 , 1702 sau 217,02% 1378
LOH SHQWUX GHVFRPSXQHUHD SH IDFWRUL vQ ODQ
I1
v( p 0
3. a) 'HRDUHFH SUH XULOH DX FUHVFXW PDL UDSLG GHFkW FDQWLW

D PRGLILF ULL DEVROXWH IRORVLQG PHWRGD VXEVWLWX LHL
, vom utiliza varianta I
(se substituie mai nti factorul cantitativ): v ( q ) = p 0 q 1 p 0 q 0 = 228 mil. lei
v ( p ) = p 1 q 1 p 0 q 1 = 1782 mil. lei

0RGLILFDUHD DEVROXW SH WRWDO
v ( p , q ) = p 1 q 1 p 0 q 0 = 1782 mil. lei

3H ED]D DFHVWHL UHOD LL VH SRDWH GHWHUPLQD FRQWULEX LD IDFWRULORU OD PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW SH
total: v ( q ) K v( q ) = 100 = 12 , 79% v ( p ,q ) v ( p ) K v( p ) = 100 = 87 , 21% v ( p ,q ) b) Metoda restului nedescompus

6H GHWHUPLQ PDL vQWkL LQIOXHQ D L]RODW D IDFWRULORU YDORULOH
p 0 q 1 sunt prezentate n
tabelul 7.9., coloana 6).
ii
v( q
) )
= p 0 q 1 p 0 q 0 = 228 mil. lei = p 1 q 0 p 0 q 0 = 1370 mil. lei

UHVWXO QHGHVFRPSXV
ii
v( p
$SRL GH GHWHUPLQ
RN = v ( p , q ) vi i = 1782 ( 228 + 1370 ) = 1782 1598 = 184 mil lei , unde vi i = 1598
VH SRDWH XWLOL]D XQD GLQ
3HQWUX UHSDUWL]DUHD UHVWXOXL QHGHVFRPSXV SH IDFWRUL GH LQIOXHQ
variantele: Varianta I: Se atribuie, n cazul nostru, tot restul nedescompus factorului calitativ:
v ( q ) = 228 mil. lei

v( p ) = ii
v( p
+ RN = 1370 + 184 = 1554 mil. lei

.
&RQWULEX LD IDFWRULORU HVWH FHD GH OD PHWRGD VXEVWLWX LHL vQ ODQ
Varianta a II-a: Se distribXLH vQ PRG HJDO UHVWXO QHGHVFRPSXV SH FHL GRL IDFWRUL GH LQIOXHQ
v( q ) = ii 1 RN = 228 + 92 = 320 mil. lei 2 1 v( p ) v ( p ) = i i + RN = 1370 + 92 = 1462 mil. lei 2 +
D IDFWRULORU vQ DFHVW FD]
v( q
&RQWULEX LD UHODWLY
K v ( q ) = 17 , 96% K v ( p ) = 82 , 04%
Varianta a III-a:
6H UHSDUWL]HD] UHVWXO QHGHVFRPSXV SH IDFWRULL GH LQIOXHQ LQkQG FRQW GH SRQGHUHD IDFWRULORU vQ PRGLILFDUHD GDWRUDW LQIOXHQ HL L]RODWH D DFHVWRUD
v( q
v( q ii
ii ii
v( q
) ) ) )
v( p,q
RN = 228 + 14 , 27% 184 = 254 , 2568 mil. lei
v( p
v( p ii
ii ii
v( p
v( p,q
RN = 1370 + 85 , 73% 184 = 1527 , 7432 mil. lei
&RQWULEX LD UHODWLY
D IDFWRULORU vQ
acest caz este:
K v ( q ) = 14 , 25% K v ( p ) = 85 , 75%
2EVHUYD LH
Valorile cele mai realiste sunt cele de la varianta a III-a a metodei restului nedescompus deoarece PHWRGD VXEVWLWX LHL vQ ODQ DFFHQWXHD] LQIOXHQ D XOWLPXOXL IDFWRU VXEVWLWXLt, n
FD]XO QRVWUX LQIOXHQ D SUH XULORU
5.
3HQWUX GRL DJHQ L FDUH GHVI RDU
Tabelul 7.10. Agent economic 0 A B Total

3URGXF LD vQ SUH XUL FXUHQWHPLO OHL 1U VDODULD L
Modificarea PC 4 17 25 42
SUH XULORU
PB 1 260 200 460
PC 2 300 240 540
PB 3 23 22 45
5 +15 +20
Se cere: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PXQFLL SH ILHFDUH DJHQW HFRQRPLF L SH WRWDO vQ FHOH GRX LQGLFLL LQGLYLGXDOL DL SURGXFWLYLW LQGLFLL SURGXFWLYLW PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW LL PXQFLL YDULDELO FX VWUXFWXU IL[ L DO YDULD LHL VWUXFWXULL LL PHGLL D PXQFLL FX HYLGHQ LHUHD LQIOXHQ HL IDFWRULORU LL PXQFLL FX VWUXFWXU D SURGXFWLYLW SHULRDGH
PRGLILFDUHD SURGXF LHL SH WRWDO SH VHDPD PRGLILF ULL QXP UXOXL VDODULD LORU
Rezolvare 1. Pentru calculul

SURGXF LHL vQ SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL GLQ SHULRDGD DGLF FXUHQW vQ WUHEXLH FDOFXODW SHULRDGHL YDORDUHD GH ED] SUH XUL FRPSDUDELOH FRQVWDQWH SUH XULOH
( p 0 q1 =
p1 q1 i1
p 0
). Rezultatele calculului sunt prezentate n tabelul 7.11., coloana 2.
w0 =
p0q0 T0 p 0 q1 T1
260 = 11 , 304 23 200 = 9 , 0909 22
PLO OHLSHUVRDQ
w1 =
PLO OHLSHUVRDQ
Tabelul 7.11. Agent economic 0 A B Total

9DORDUHD SURGXF LHL vQ SUH XUL
constante (mil. lei) PB PC 1 2 260 260,86956 200 200 460 460,86956
w0 =
p0 q0 T0
w1 =
p 0 q1 T1
w 0 T1
(mil. lei) 5 192,168 227,2725 419,4405
i 1w 0
6 1,3574 0,88 1,0734
3 11,304 9,0909 10,222
4 15,345 8 10,973
3H WRWDO DJUHJDUHD YDORULORU LQGLYLGXDOH SRDWH IL UHDOL]DW
QXPDL SULQ LQWHUPH
diul mediei w :
( )
w0 =
p 0 q 0 = w0 T0 T 0 T 0 p 0 q1 T1
=
460 = 10 , 222 45
PLO OHL SHUVRDQ
w1 =
460 , 869 = 10 , 973 42
PLO OHL SHUVRDQ
2.
,QGLFLL LQGLYLGXDOL DL SURGXFWLYLW
LL PXQFLL VH FDOFXOHD]
GXS
UHOD LD
i 1w 0 =
L DQXPH
w1 w0
i 1w 0 =
15 , 345 11 , 304
= 1 , 3574 sau 135,74%
pentru agentul economic A
i 1w 0 = 3.
8 = 0 , 88 sau 88% 9 , 0909

LL PHGLL D PXQFLL
pentru agentul economic B
,QGLFLL SURGXFWLYLW FX VWUXFWXU
a)
YDULDELO
I sv
w w, g T
(
(
)
)
w1 w0
q1 p 0 T1
p 0 q 0 = w1 T1 T 0 T1
sau 107,34%
w0 T0 T 0
I sv
w w, g T
10 , 973 10 , 222
= 1 , 0734
3HQWUX FDOFXOXO LQGLFLORU GH JUXS IDFWRULDOL WUHEXLH FDOFXODW IRORVLQG XUP WRDUHD UHOD LH
SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PXQFLL
w*
w* =
w 0 T1 T1
Valorile w 0 T 1 sunt prezentate n tabelul 7.11., coloana 5.
w* =
419 , 4405 42
= 9 , 9867
b)
DO YDULD LHL VWUXFWXULL GH WLS /DVSH\HUV
I sv
(g ) =
T
F
w* w0
9 , 9877 = 0 , 977 10 , 222
sau
97,70%
GDF V
5H]XOW
SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PHGLH D PXQFLL DU IL VF ]XW FX
-ar fi modificat
QXPDL VWUXFWXUD VDODULD LORU
c)
FX VWUXFWXU
IL[
GH WLS 3DDVFKH
I SF
w(w
w1 w*
10 , 973 = 1 , 0987 9 , 9867
sau 109,87%
'DF V-DU IL PRGLILFDW QXPDL SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PXQFLL OD QLYHOXO ILHF UXL DJHQW HFRQRPLF productivitatea medie a muncii ar fi crescut cu 9,87%. Pe ansamblu, productivitatea medie a muncii a crescut doar cu 7,34%, deoarece o parte GLQ FUHWHUHD GDWRUDW VF GHUHD SURGXFWLYLW 0RGLILFDUHD DEVROXW PRGLILF ULL SURGXFWLYLW LL PHGLL D PXQFLL GDWRUDW LL PXQFLL SDU LDOH D IRVW FRPSHQVDW PXWD LLORU vQ VWUXFWXUD VDODULD LORU GH
4.
D SURGXFWLYLW
LL PHGLL D PXQFLL SH WRWDO
w ( w, g
= w 1 w 0 = 10 , 973 10 , 222 = 0 , 751 mil. lei / pers. = 751 mii lei / pers.
D SURGXFWLYLW LL PHGLL SH VHDPD PXWD LLORU vQ VWUXFWXUD VDODULD LORU
0RGLILFDUHD DEVROXW
w (g
= w * w 0 = 9 , 987 10 , 222 = 0 , 235 mil. lei / pers. = - 235 mii lei / pers.
D SURGXFWLYLW LL PHGLL SH VHDPD PRGLILF ULL SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL
0RGLILFDUHD DEVROXW
SDU LDOH SH ILHFDUH DJHQW HFRQRPLF
w ( w ) = w 1 w * = 10 , 973 9 , 987 = 0 , 986 mil. lei = 986 mii lei Verificare:

w ( w, g
T
) = w ( gT ) + w ( w )
= 235 + 986 = 751 mii lei
5.
I Q (T ) =
W 0 T1 W 0 T 0
419 , 4405 = 0 , 9118 sau 91,18% 460
Q ( T ) = W 0 T 1 W 0 T 0 = 40 , 5595 mil. lei

9DORDUHD SURGXF LHL SH WRWDO D VF ]XW FX VF GHUH FX FHHD FH vQ YDORDUHD DEVROXW UHSUH]LQW R
40,5595 mil. lei.
PROBLEME PROPUSE
1.
3HQWUX GRX
SURGXVH VH FXQRVF GDWHOH
Tabelul 7.12.
9DORDUHD YkQ] ULORU PLO OHL
Modificarea
SURFHQWXDO SUH XULORU D
Produs 0 A B
PB 1 300 600
PC 2 375 900
3 +20 +60
Se cere: 1. 2. 3.
LQGLFLL LQGLYLGXDOL DL YDORULL YROXPXOXL IL]LF L DL SUH XULORU PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW WLLQG F ED] FX V L UHODWLY D YDORULL GHVIDFHULORU SH WRWDO L LQIOXHQ D IDFWRULORU ID GH SHULRDGD GH D SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL QXP UXO SHUVRQDOXOXL SH WRWDO D FUHVFXW vQ SHULRDGD FXUHQW VH GHWHUPLQH PRGLILFDUHD UHODWLY
2.
/D R VRFLHWDWH FRPHUFLDO
-au nregistrat datele:

Tabelul 7.13.
Structura valorii vQ] Marfa 0 A B C PB 1 35,0 33,6 31,4
ULORU
PC 2 35,0 40,0 25,0
Dinamica volumului fizic (%) 3 120 125 66,7
Modificarea
UHODWLY D SUH XULORU
4 50 66,7 100
Se cere: 1. 2. 3.
LQGLFLL LQGLYLGXDOL DL SUH XULORU L DL YDORULL YkQ] ULORU PRGLILFDUHD UHODWLY V D YDORULL YROXPXOXL IL]LF L D SUH XULORU SH WRWDO SHULRDGH VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF VWUXFWXUD YDORULL YkQ] ULORU vQ FHOH GRX
3.
3HQWUX GRL DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL VH FXQRVF GDWHOH
Tabelul 7.14. Agent economic 0 A B Salariul mediu (mii. lei/pers.) PB PC 1 2 2400 2880 2700 3200 Structura DQJDMD PB 3 50 50
LORU
PC 4 45 55
Se cere: 1. dinamica salariului mediu pe fiecare agent economic; 2. VDODULXO PHGLX SH WRWDO vQ FHOH GRX SHULRDGH 3. LQGLFLL GH JUXS DL VDODULXOXL PHGLX FX VWUXFWXU YDULDELO structurii; 4. PRGLILF ULOH DEVROXWH FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH SH WRWDO
FX VWUXFWXU
IL[
L DO YDULD LHL
4.
Se cunosc datele:
Tabelul 7.15. Structura valorii Produs 0 A B C
YkQ] ULORU vQ SHULRDGD FXUHQW
1 35 40 25
Dinamica volumului fizic (%) 2 120 125 66,7
Modificarea
SUH XULORU
(%) 3 50 66,7 100
Se cere: 1. 2. 3.
LQGLFLL LQGLYLGXDOL DL YDORULL L DL SUH XULORU LQGLFLL GH JUXS SULYLQG YDORDUHD YROXPXO IL]LF L SUH XULOH WLLQG F ED] FX QXP UXO SHUVRQDOXOXL SH WRWDO V D UHGXV vQ SHULRDGD FXUHQW ID GH SHULRDGD
de
V
VH GHWHUPLQH PRGLILFDUHD UHODWLY
D SURGXFWLYLW
LL PXQFLL
Indicatori macroeconomici de rezultate
PRODUSUL INTERN BRUT (PIB) PIB H[SULP

YDORDUHD EUXW GH SLD D SURGXF LHL ILQDOH GH EXQXUL L VHUYLFLL RE LQXW DFWLYLWDWHD vQ LQWHULRUXO ULL vQWU
-un
DQ GH DJHQ LL HFRQRPLFL DXWRKWRQL L VWU LQL FDUH vL GHVI RDU
a) Metoda de produF LH PHWRGD YDORULL DG VAB i = PB i CI i , unde: VAB i PB i CI i

YDORDUHD DG XJDW
XJDWH
- YDORDUHD DG XJDW EUXW FUHDW vQ VHFWRUXO i OD SUH XULOH GH ED] - SURGXF LD JOREDO EUXW vQ VHFWRUXO i; - consumul intermediar din sectorul i.
3ULQ vQVXPDUHD YDORULORU DG XJDWH EUXWH FUHDWH vQ VHFWRDUHOH VDX UDPXULOH HFRQRPLHL VH RE LQH EUXW OD QLYHOXO HFRQRPLHL
VAB = VAB i
9DORDUHD DG XJDW EUXW VH H[SULP OD SUH XULOH GH ED] SUH XULOH IDFWRULORU FDUH LQFOXG VXEYHQ LLOH SH SURGXV GDU H[FOXG LPSR]LWHOH SH SURGXV L WD[D SH YDORDUHD DG XJDW
3HQWUX D RE LQH
PIB, FDUH VH H[SULP
OD SUH XULOH SLH HL VH IRORVHWH UHOD LD
PIB = VAB + IP + TV SP ,
unde: VAB IP TV SP
- YDORDUHD DG XJDW EUXW OD SUH XULOH GH ED] - LPSR]LWH SH SURGXV LQFOXVLY WD[D SH YDORDUH DG - taxe vamale; - VXEYHQ LL SH SURGXV L SHQWUX LPSRUW
PHWRGD XWLOL] ULL ILQDOH
XJDW
b) Metoda cheltuielilor
SUHVXSXQH
HYLGHQ LHUHD
FKHOWXLHOLORU
SHQWUX EXQXULOH L VHUYLFLLOH ILQDOH vQ IXQF LH GH GHVWLQD LD DFHVWRUD FRQVXPXO SRSXOD LHL
(CP FRQVXPXO DGPLQLVWUD LHL CA IRUPDUHD EUXW (EXN). Valoarea PIB OD SUH XULOH SLH HL VH RE LQH
FRQIRUP UHOD LHL XUP WRDUH
GH FDSLWDO SULQ
FBC
L H[SRUWXO QHW FKHOWXLHOL
vQVXPDUHD
DFHVWRU
PIB = CP + CA + FBC + EXN CF = CP + CA FBC = FBCF + S EXN = EX IM ,
unde: CF FBCF S EX IM
consumul final;
IRUPDUHD EUXW GH FDSLWDO IL[ VDX LQYHVWL LL FDSLW
ale brute;
modificarea stocurilor; export; import.
c) Metoda veniturilor PHWRGD UHSDUWL LHL

PIB = RS + EBE + IPRI SE ,
unde: RS EBE IPRI SE
- compensarea factorului PXQF UHPXQHUDUHD VDODULD LORU - excedentul brut de exploatare; - LPSR]LWH OHJDWH GH SURGXF LH L GH LPSRUW - VXEYHQ LL GH H[SORDWDUH L GH LPSRUW
PRODUSUL INTERN NET (PIN)

3,1 H[SULP GH ED] YDORDUHD DG XJDW QHW D EXQXULORU L VHUYLFLLORU ILQDOH SURGXVH vQWU
-un an de
WR L DJHQ LL HFRQRPLFL LQWHUQL
PIN VH FDOFXOHD]
DWkW OD SUH XO SLH HL FkW L OD SUH XO IDFWRULORU SUH XUL
PIN = PIB A
352'868/ 1$ UHSUH]LQW
,21$
L BRUT (PNB)
D EXQXULORU L VHUYLFLLORU ILQDOH RE LQXWH vQWU ULL FkW L vQ H[WHULRUXO
PNB
LQWHULRUXO
YDORDUHD EUXW GH SLD
-un an
GH DJHQ LL HFRQRPLFL UH]LGHQ L DWkW vQ LQWHULRUXO ULL 6H RE LQH FRUHFWkQG
ULL FDUH DX IRVW XWLOL]DWH vQ
PIB
FX VROGXO YHQLWXULORU IDFWRULORU vQ UDSRUW FX VWU LQ WDWHD
(SVFS):
PNB = PIB + SVFS
352'868/ 1$ P VRDU ,21$/ 1(7
PNN)
D EXQXULORU L VHUYLFLLORU ILQDOH RE LQXWH vQWU vQ H[WHULRUXO ULL GDU FDUH DX UHYHQLW
PNN
DJHQ LL
YDORDUHD DG XJDW vQ
QHW
-un an de
HFRQRPLFL
UH]LGHQ L
LQWHULRUXO
VDX
VXELHFWHORU
economice interne:
PNN = PNB A
9(1,78/ 1$ 91 H[SULP ,21$/
sau
PNN = PIN + SVFS
VN)
YHQLWXUL
YHQLWXULOH IDFWRULORU GH SURGXF LH LPSOLFD L vQ DFWLYLWDWHD HFRQRPLF
din
PXQF
L GLQ SURSULHWDWH 9HQLWXO QD LRQDO HVWH SURGXVXO QD LRQDO QHW OD SUH XULOH IDFWRULORU
SUH XULOH GH ED]
VN = PNN
pb
9(1,78/ 1$
,21$/ %587
VNB)
VNB = VN + A
9(1,78/ 1$ ,21$/ ',6321,%,/
(VND) este VN corectat cu transferuri cu
VWU LQ WDWHD FDUH QX DX OHJ WXU
FX SURFHVXO GH SURGXF LH FRWL]D LL DMXWRDUH WD[H HWF
VND = VN + STCS ,
unde: STCS - VROGXO vQFDV
UL PLQXV SO
L WUDQVIHUXULORU FXUHQWH FX VWU LQ WDWHD
VENITUL PERSONAL AL MENAJELOR (VPM) repre]LQW care revine menajelor:

VP = VN VAS + TM ,
SDUWHD GLQ YHQLWXO QD LRQDO
unde: VAS
YHQLWXUL FDUH UHYLQ DOWRU VHFWRDUH FRQWULEX LD SHQWUX DVLJXU ULOH VRFLDOH
profituri nedistribuite ale firmelor, impozitul pe profit;
TM
WUDQVIHUXUL F WUH PHQDMH SHQVLL DMXWRU GH RPDM DOWH DMXWRDUH EXUVH DORFD LL
VENITUL DISPONIBIL AL MENAJELOR (VDM)

LPSR]LWHORU L WD[HORU SO WLWH GH SRSXOD LH
HVWH
YDORDUHD U PDV
GXS
SODWD
VDM = VPM Imp.pop.
Venitul SHUVRQDO GLVSRQLELO HVWH IRORVLW SHQWUX FXPS

L SHQWUX HFRQRPLVLUH
UDUHD EXQXULORU L VHUYLFLLORU GH FRQVXP
,1',&$725, '(5,9$
,
rata consumului H[SULP

UDWD LQYHVWL LLORU P VRDU UDWD YHQLWXULORU GLQ PXQF
SRQGHUHD FRQVXPXOXL ILQDO VDX D XQHLD GLQ FHOH GRX
FRPSRQHQWH
FRQVXP SULYDW L FRQVXP SXEOLF vQ
PIB; PIB, respectiv PIN;

FRPSRQHQW
SRQGHUHD LQYHVWL LLORU EUXWH VDX QHWH vQ DUDW FH SURFHQW GLQ VXE IRUP
VN GH LQH DFHDVW
UDWD FRPHU XOXL H[WHULRU FRPSDU
GH UDSRUW LPSRUWXO VDX H[SRUWXO FX
PIB;
PIB/locuitor P

VRDU
UH]XOWDWHOH FH UHYLQ vQ PHGLH SH R SHUVRDQ
HILFLHQ D IDFWRULORU GH SURGXF LH
productivitatea muncii = PIBSRSXOD LH RFXSDW productivitatea capitalului fix = PIBYDORDUHD PHGLH DQXDO D FDSLWDOXOXL IL[ HILFLHQ D FRQVXPXOXL HQHUJHWLc= PIB/consum de energie etc.
LL QD LRQDOH L YHQLWXO GLVSRQLELO EUXW DO UDWD GH HFRQRPLH D PHQDMHORU HVWH UDSRUWXO GLQWUH HFRQRPLD EUXW
UDWH VSHFLILFH FRQWDELOLW
menajelor;
UDWD GH HFRQRPLH ILQDQFLDU VH FDOFXOHD] FD UDSRUW vQWUH FDSDFLWDWHD QHFHVDUXO GH ILQDQ DUH L YHQLWXO GLVSRQLELO EUXW SH WRWDO HFRQRPLH UDWD H[FHGHQWXOXL EUXW HVWH UH]XOWDWXO vPS U LULL H[FHGHQWXOXL EUXW GH H[SORDWDUH OD YDORDUHD DG XJDW EUXW UHSUH]LQW SRQGHUHD LPSR]LWHORU vQFDVDWH GH DGPLQLVWUD LD SXEOLF vQ
UDWD GH SUHVLXQH ILVFDO
PIB;
UDWD GH SUHVLXQH VRFLDO H[SULP SRQGHUHD FRWL]D LLORU VRFLDOH HIHFWLYH vQFDVDWH GH VWDW vQ
PIB.
&203$5$
,, 1 7,03
3,% 5($/ , ',1$0,&$ $&(678,$
PIB real (PIB*) VH RE LQH SULQ GHIOD LRQDUHD PIB nominal. 1. utilizarea unui indice de pre XUL de tip Paasche. Acest LQGLFH VH RE LQH LQGLUHFW GLQ UHOD LD GH VLVWHP GLQWUH LQGLFHOH YDORULL I v (indicele PIB nominal), indicele volumului fizic I q GH WLS /DVSH\UHV L LQGLFHOH SUH XULORU I p .
'HIOD LRQDUHD 3,% QRPLQDO SULQ
=I
I q,
unde:
v
p1 q1 p0q0
PIB I
p
p 0 q1 p0q0
OD LQGLFHOH SUH XULORU
PIB UHDO VH RE LQH UDSRUWkQG PIB QRPLQDO GLQ SHULRDGD FXUHQW

PIB * =
2. Calculul PIB real FD VXP

PIB * = C * , j
j
D FRPSRQHQWHORU VDOH GHIOD LRQDWH
unde
C* = j
C IC
p
'H H[HPSOX SRUQLQG GH OD HOHPHQWHOH GH XWLOL]DUH ILQDO UHOD LD
PIB real se poate determina cu
PIB * = CP * + CA* + FBC * + EXN *
Atunci cnd se cunosc indicii

UHOD LD
GH SUH XUL SH UDPXUL HFRQRPLFH
PIB
UHDO VH FDOFXOHD]
FX
PIB * = VAB i* ,
unde: VAB i* -
YDORDUHD DG XJDW
EUXW
GLQ UDPXUD
i
GHIOD LRQDW
FX LQGLFHOH GH SUH XUL
FRUHVSXQ] WRU UDPXULL
Deflatorul PIB VH FDOFXOHD]
FD
raport ntre PIB QRPLQDO L PIB real:
D=
PIB1
* PIB1
5DWD LQIOD LHL
RI = D% -100% Dinamica PIB real

I 1PIB /0
*
* PIB 1
PIB 0
6$/$5,8/ 5($/ , ',1$0,&$ $&(678,$ VH FDOFXOHD] FD UDSRUW vQWUH VDODULXO QRPLQDO QHW L LQGLFHOH SUH XULORU GH
Salariul real (SR) consum.
Salariul nominal net (SN activitate. Etape de calcul:
OD QLYHOXO HFRQRPLHL VH FDOFXOHD]
SH ED]D XQXL HDQWLRQ GH VXEUDPXU GH
DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL DOF WXLW GLQ VXEHDQWLRDQH UHSUH]HQWDWLYH SHQWUX ILHFDUH UDPXU
1. Salariul mediu net la nivelul subramurii s: SN s =
( FBS i R i ) , T i
unde: FBS i - fondul brut de salarii la nivelul agentului economic i; - WRWDOXO UH LQHULORU GLQ VDODULL OD QLYHOXO DJHQWXOXL HFRQRPLF i; Ri - QXP UXO PHGLX GH VDODULD L OD QLYHOXO DJHQWXOXL HFRQRPLF i; Ti
6DODULXO PHGLX QHW OD QLYHOXO ILHF UHL UDPXUL
2.
r:
SN r =
SN s Ts , Ts
UXO PHGLX GH VDODULD L OD QLYHOXO VXEUDPXULL
unde: Ts - QXP
s.
3.
6DODULXO PHGLX QHW OD QLYHOXO HFRQRPLHL QD LRQDO
e:
SN =
SN r Tr Tr
, r.
unde: Tr QXP
UXO PHGLX GH VDODULD L OD QLYHOXO UDPXULL
,QGLFHOH SUH XULORU GH FRQVXP
(tip Laspeyres):
IPC =
I p p0 q0 = I p g 0c(%) , 100 p 0 q0
unde: Ip c g 0(%) -
LQGLFL GH SUH XUL SHQWUX SURGXVH DOLPHQWDUH SURGXVH QHDOLPHQWDUH L VHUYLFLL SRQGHUHD FKHOWXLHOLORU GH FRQVXP SHQWUX P UIXUL DOLPHQWDUH P UIXUL QHDOLPHQWDUH L VHUYLFLL vQ WRWDOXO FKHOWXLHOLORU GH FRQVXP vQ SHULRDGD GH ED]
Salariul real (SR): SR0 = SN0

SR1 = SN 1 IPC
Dinamica salariului real: I SR = SR1 I SN = SR0 IPC :
5DWD LQIOD LHL vQ GRPHQLXO FRQVXPXOXL
RI = IPC% - 100
,QGLFHOH SXWHULL GH FXPS UDUH D EDQLORU
IPCB):
IPCB =
1 IPC
'LQDPLFD VDODULXOXL UHDO vQ IXQF LH GH VDODULXO QRPLQDO L GH SXWHUHD GH FXPS UDUH D EDQLORU
I SR = I SN IPCB
PROBLEME REZOLVATE
1.
6H FXQRVF XUP WRDUHOH GDWH SHQWUX HFRQRPLD 5RPkQLHL vQ SHULRDGD
1998:
Tabelul 8.1.
curente (mld. lei) de 1990 (%) 0 1 2 1990 857,9 100 1991 2203,9 87,1 1992 6029,2 79,4 1993 20035,7 80,6 1994 49773,2 83,8 1995 72135,5 89,8 1996 108919,6 93,4 1997 252925,7 87,7 1998 371193,8 83,5 1999 539356,9 81,6 Sursa: Anuarul Statistic al Romniei, anul 1997, pag. 354, 357; anul 2000, pag. 280-281.
Anii
3,% vQ SUH XUL
,QGLFLL 3,% ID
Se cere: 1. deflatorul PIB vQ ILHFDUH DQ ID GH L ID GH DQXO SUHFHGHQW 2. UDWD LQIOD LHL vQ ILHFDUH DQ ID GH L ID GH DQXO SUHFHGHQW 3. 3,% UHDO ID GH L ID GH DQXO SUHFHGHQW 4. dinamica PIB UHDO vQ ILHFDUH DQ ID GH DQXO SUHFHGHQW 5. dinamica PIB UHDO L UDWD LQIOD LHL ID GH
Rezolvare 1. Pentru a calcula deflatorul PIB HVWH QHFHVDU V

FX ED] IL[ VH FDOFXOH]H PDL vQWkL LQGLFLL
PIB nominal
I tPIB = 0
PIBt PIB0
unde
t = 0, 9
De exemplu:
I1PIB = /0 PIB1 2203,9 = = 2,5689 PIB0 857,9
sau
256,89%
Rezultatele calculelor sunt prezentate n tabelul 8.2., coloana 3. Deflatorul PIB ILLQG XQ LQGLFH DO SUH XULORU vQ VLVWHP 3DDVFKH VH SRDWH FDOFXOD FD UDSRUW ntre dinamica PIB QRPLQDO LQGLFHOH YDORULL L GLQDPLFD PIB real (indicele volumului fizic):
Dt 0 = I tv 0 I tq0 = I tPIB /0 I tPIB /0
*
De exemplu:
D1 = 2 , 5689 0 , 871 = 2 , 9494
sau
294,94%
Rezultatele calculelor sunt prezentate n tabelul 8.2., coloana 4. Pentru a calcula deflatorul PIB vQ ILHFDUH DQ ID
GH DQXO SUHFHGHQW VH FDOFXOHD]
indicii PIB QRPLQDO vQ ILHFDUH DQ ID
GH DQXO SUHFHGHQW
I tPIB1 = t
PIBt , PIBt 1
rezultatele calculelor fiind prezentate n tabelul 8.2., coloana 5.
indicii PIB
IL[ OD ED]
UHDO vQ ILHFDUH DQ ID vQ ODQ
GH DQXO SUHFHGHQW SULQ UHOD LD GH WUHFHUH GH OD ED]
I tPIB1 = t
I tPIB 0
I tPIB0 1
Rezultatele calculelor sunt prezentate n tabelul 8.2., coloana 6. Deflatorul PIB vQ ILHFDUH DQ ID
GH DQXO SUHFHGHQW
Dt t 1 =
I tPIB1 t I tPIB1 t
*
Rezultatele calculelor sunt prezentate n tabelul 8.2., coloana 7. 2.

5DWD LQIOD LHL
ID
GH
RIt
ID
= D t 0 ( % ) 100% (vezi tabelul 8.2., coloana 8)
GH DQXO SUHFHGHQW
RIt
t 1
= Dt
t 1 ( %
) 100% (vezi tabelul 8.2., coloana 9)
3. PIB UHDO VH FDOFXOHD]
vQ ILHFDUH DQ ID
FD UDSRUW vQWUH
PIB QRPLQDO L GHIODWRUXO PIB astfel:
GH
PIB * =
PIBt Dt 0

GH DQXO SUHFHGHQW
vQ ILHFDUH DQ ID
PIB * =
PIBt Dt t 1
4. Dinamica PIB UHDO vQ ILHFDUH DQ ID

I PIB =
*
GH DQXO SUHFHGHQW VH FDOFXOHD]
DVWIHO
PIBt* PIBt 1
5H]XOWDWHOH FDOFXOHORU VXQW LGHQWLFH FX UH]XOWDWHOH GLQ WDEHOXO FRORDQD GDU VH RIHU
un alt mod de calcul.
5. Dinamica PIB UHDO ID I tPIB 0 I

*
GH
t = 4 ):
I tPIB 4
PIB * t 1 0
, unde t = 5 , 9
Prin urmare: I
PIB *
5 4
PIB I5 0 PIB I4 0
89 , 8 83 , 8
= 1 , 0716
sau 107,16%
PIB
6 4
PIB I6 0 PIB I4 0
93 , 4 83 , 8
= 1 , 1145
sau 111,45%
PIB
7 4
PIB I7 0 PIB I4 0
87 , 7 83 , 8
= 1 , 0465
sau 104,65%
PIB
8 4
I 8PIB 0 I
PIB * 4 0
*
83 , 5 83 , 8
= 0 , 9964 sau 99,64%
PIB
8 4
PIB I9 0
PIB * 4 0
81 , 6 83 , 8
= 0 , 9737 sau 97,37%
5DWD LQIOD LHL FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH ILHF UXL LQGLFH VH FDOFXOHD] DFHVWXLD H[SULPDW SURFHQWXDO
VF ]kQG
GLQ YDORDUHD
RI t / 4 = I tPIB (%) 100% , unde t = 5 , 9 , 4
astfel:
RI5
= +7 , 16%
R I 6 4 = +11,45%
R I 7 4 = +4,65%
R I 8 4 = 0,36%
R I 9 4 = 2,63%
2.
6H
FXQRVF
XUP WRULL
LQGLFDWRUL
SHQWUX
HFRQRPLD
5RPkQLHL
SHQWUX
DQLL

PLOLDUGH OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH
Tabelul 8.3. Indicator 0 1. Consumul final

&RQVXPXO ILQDO DO SRSXOD LHL &RQVXPXO ILQDO DO DGPLQLVWUD LHL SXEOLFH &RQVXPXO ILQDO DO DGPLQLVWUD LHL SULYDWH )RUPDUHD EUXW GH FDSLWDO IL[
6. Modificarea stocurilor 7. Export net 6. Export 7. Import

0RGLILFDUHD SUH XULORU ID GH OD
1994 1 38452,4 31442,0 6851,8 158,6 10095,7 2252,6 -1027,5 12394,2 13421,7
1996 2 89939,4 75288,8 14273,9 376,7 24998,5 3161,4 -9179,7 30651,1 39830,8
Consumul final )RUPDUHD EUXW GH FDSLWDO IL[ Modificarea stocurilor Export Import Sursa: Anuarul Statistic al Romniei, anul 1998, pag. 343, 347, 536
+97,36 +119,12 -16,6 +88,13 +84,41
Se cere: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PIB QRPLQDO vQ FHOH GRX SHULRDGH PIB UHDO vQ ID GH Dinamica PIB real; Deflatorul PIB L UDWD LQIOD LHL vQ ID GH Structura PIB GXS PHWRGD FKHOWXLHOLORU vQ FHOH GRX structurale.
SHULRDGH L DQDOL]D PXWD LLORU
Rezolvare 1. PIB nominal vQ FHOH GRX

SHULRDGH VH DIO IRORVLQG PHWRGD FKHOWXLHOLORU
PIB = CF + FBCF + S + EXN PIB0 = 38452,4 + 10095,7 + 2252,6 - 1027,5 = 49773,2 mld. lei PIB1 = 89939,4 + 24998,5 + 3161,4 - 9179,7 = 108919,6 mld. lei 2.
3,% UHDO vQ ID GH VH FDOFXOHD] FRQIRUP UHOD LHL
PIB* = CF* + FBCF* + S* + EXP* - IMP* , unde:

CF * = CF1
p I CF
89939 , 4 1 , 973
= 45585 , 09 mld.lei
FBCF * =
FBCF 1 I
p FBCF
24998 , 5 2 , 191
= 11409 , 63 mld.lei
S * =
S 1 I
p S
3161 , 4 0 , 834 =
= 3790 , 64 mld.lei
EXP * =
EXP1 I EXP
p
30651 , 1 1 , 8813 39830 , 8 1 , 8441
= 16292 , 51 mld.lei
IMP * =
IMP1 I
p IMP
= 21599 , 04 mld.lei
* PIB 1 = 45585 , 09 + 11409 , 63 + 3790 , 64 + 16292 , 51 21599 , 04 =
= 55478 , 83 mld.lei
3. Dinamica PIB real
PIB *
* PIB 1
PIB 0
55478 , 83 = 1 , 1146 49773 , 2

ID
sau 111,46%
GH
PIB UHDO D FUHVFXW vQ FX 4. Deflatorul PIB VH FDOFXOHD] D= PIB1

* PIB1
FD UDSRUW vQWUH
PIB QRPLQDO L PIB real din 1996:
108919,6 = 1,9633 sau 196,33% 55478,83
5DWD LQIOD LHL
RI = D(%) 100% = 196,33% 100% = +96,33%
3.
6H FXQRVF GDWHOH PLOLDUGH OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH
Tabelul 8.4. Indicator 0

5HPXQHUDUHD VDODULD LORU
2. Amortizarea capitalului fix )RUPDUHD EUXW GH FDSital fix 4. Excedentul brut de exploatare
,PSR]LWH OHJDWH GH SURGXF LH L LPSRUW 6XEYHQ LL GH H[SORDWDUH 5DWD LQIOD LHL
1994 1 22250 4870 12200 19750 10300 2600 -
1997 2 82000 20400 53000 122500 55500 10000 385
Se cere: 1. PIB QRPLQDO vQ FHOH GRX SHULRDGH 2. PIB real; 3. Dinamica PIB UHDO vQ SHULRDGD FXUHQW
ID
GH
Rezolvare 1. Pentru calculul PIB nominal VH IRORVHWH PHWRGD YHQLWXULORU PIB = RS + EBE + IPRI SE PIB0 = 22250 + 19750 + 10300 2600 = 49700 mld. lei PIB1 = 82000 + 122500 + 55500 10000 = 250000 mld. lei 2. Produsul intern brut real (PIB*)
* PIB 0 = PIB 0 = 49000 mld. lei
* PIB 1 =
PIB 1 D
PIB 1 RI + 100 100
250000 250000 = = 51546 , 39 mld.lei 385 + 100 4 , 85 100
3. Dinamica PIB real

PIB *
* PIB 1 * PIB 0
51546 , 39 49700
= 1 , 0371 sau 103,71%

GH
PIB UHDO D FUHVFXW FX
vQ ID
4.
Se cunosc datele (miliaUGH OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH

9HQLWXO QD LRQDO
Perioada
GH ED]
Perioada
FXUHQW
2. Amortizarea capitalului fix 3. Impozite indirecte nete 4. Excedentul net de exploatare 5. Soldul veniturilor factorilor n raport cu
VWU LQ WDWHD
1 38000 5800 5000 22500 -900 -1000 +1400
2 182000 20400 12000 82000 -35600 -17000 +2000
6. Exportul net 7. Soldul transferurilor curente n raport cu

VWU LQ WDWHD
Se cere: 1. PIB QRPLQDO vQ FHOH GRX SHULRDGH 2. PIN OD SUH XULOH SLH HL L PIN OD SUH XO IDFWRULORU SUH XULOH GH ED] 3. UHPXQHUDUHD VDODULD LORU 4. YHQLWXO QD LRQDO GLVSRQLELO

Rezolvare 1. PIB = VN + IIN +A SVFS, unde IIN LPSR]LWH OHJDWH GH SURGXF LH L LPSRUW PLQXV
VXEYHQ LL GH H[SORDWDUH
PIB0 = 38000 + 5000 + 5800 - (-900) = 49700 mld. lei PIB1 = 182000 + 12000 + 20400 (-35600) = 250000 mld. lei 2. PINpp = PIB A PIN0,pp= 49700 5800 = 43900 mld. lei PIN1,pp = 250000 20400 = 229600 mld. lei PINpf = PINpp IIN PIN0,pf = 43900 5000 = 38900 mld. lei PIN1,pf = 229600 12000 = 217600 mld. lei 3.
5HPXQHUDUHD VDODULD LORU 56
PIB = RS + ENE + A + IIN, unde ENE excedentul net de exploatare, de unde: RS = PIB ENE A IIN RS0 = 49700 22500 5800 - 5000 = 16400 mld. lei RS1 = 250000 82000 20400 12000 = 135600 mld.lei 4. Venitul na LRQDO GLVSRQLELO 91' VND = VN + STCS VND0 = 38000 + 1400 = 39400 mld. lei VND1 = 182000 + 2000 = 184000 mld. lei
5.
6H FXQRVF XUP WRDUHOH GDWH
Tabelul 8.6. Ramura 0

,QGXVWULH FRQVWUXF LL $JULFXOWXU VLOYLFXOWXU
Productivitatea muncii
PLL OHLSHUVRDQ
6WUXFWXUD SRSXOD LHL
Alte ramuri Total
1994 1 6042,5 2726,6 5134,5
1996 2 7447,25 3020,36 5861,87
ocupate (%) 1994 1996 3 4 35,09 33,93 36,19 34,89 28,72 31,18 100,0 100,0
Se cere: 1. 2. 3. 4.
GLQDPLFD SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL SH ILHFDUH UDPXU SHULRDGH IL[ L LL PHGLL D PXQFLL FX VWUXFWXU YDULDELO FX VWUXFWXU D SURGXFWLYLW LL SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PHGLH D PXQFLL OD QLYHOXO vQWUHJLL HFRQRPLL vQ FHOH GRX LQGLFLL GH JUXS DL SURGXFWLYLW DO YDULD LHL VWUXFWXULL V VH GHWHUPLQH FRQWULEX LD ILHF UXL IDFWRU OD PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW PHGLL
a muncii pe ntreaga economie. Rezolvare 1.

'LQDPLFD SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL SHQWUX UDPXUD
i: I
Wi
Wi1 Wi0

Tabelul 8.7. Ramura 0
,QGXVWULH FRQVWUXF LL $JULFXOWXU VLOYLFXOWXU 'LQDPLFD SURGXFWLYLW LL
Alte ramuri Total
muncii 1 1,2325 1,1077 1,1417
2.
3URGXFWLYLWDWHD PHGLH OD QLYHOXO vQWUHJLL HFRQRPLL VH FDOFXOHD] SRQGHUDW D SURGXFWLYLW LORU SH UDPXUL IRORVLQG GUHSW SRQGHUH
FD PHGLH DULWPHWLF VWUXFWXUD SRSXOD LHL
ocupare pe ramuri:
W0 =
Wi 0 g iPO 0 (%)
i =1
100
6042,5 35,09 + 2726,6 36,19 + 5134,5 28,72 = 100
= 4581,69
3
PLL OHLSHUVRDQ
W1 =
Wi1 g iPO 1(%)

i =1
100 = 5408,38
7447,25.33,93 + 3020,36.34,89 + 5861.31,18 = mii lei 100
PLL OHLSHUVRDQ
3.
3HQWUX
FDOFXODUHD
LQGLFLORU
GH
JUXS
HVWH
QHFHVDU
GHWHUPLQDUHD
vQ
SUHDODELO
SURGXFWLYLW
LL PHGLL XWLOL]kQG SURGXFWLYLW
LOH SDU LDOH GLQ SHULRDGD GH ED]
SRQGHUDWH FX
VWUXFWXUD SRSXOD LHL RFXSDWH GLQ SHULRDGD FXUHQW
W* =
Wi 0 g iPO 1(%)
i =1
100 = 4602,46
6042,5 33,93 + 2726,6 34,89 + 5134,5 31,18 = 100
PLL OHLSHUVRDQ
Calculul indicilor de grup: I SV = I W (W , g

PO
W1 5408,38 = = 1,1804 sau 118,04% W0 4581,69 sau 100,45%
I VS = I W ( g
PO
W* 4602,46 = = 1,0045 W0 4581,69
I SF = I W (W ) = 4.
W1 5408,38 = = 1,1751 sau 117,51% W* 4602,46
0RGLILF ULOH DEVROXWH VH RE LQ VF ]kQG QXPLWRUXO GLQ QXP U WRU SHQWUX ILHFDUH LQGLFH
astfel:
W (W , g W (
PO PO
= W1 W0 = 5408,38 4581,69 = 826,69 mii lei
= W* W0 = 4602,46 4581,69 = 20,77 mii lei
W (W ) = W1 W* = 5408,38 4602,46 = 805,92 mii lei

0RGLILF ULOH DEVROXWH YHULILF UHOD LD GH VLVWHP
W (W , g
PO
= W ( g
PO
+ W (W ) = 20,77 805,92 = 826,69 mii lei

D ILHF UXL IDFWRU OD LL PHGLL D PXQFLL SH W
3H ED]D DFHVWHL UHOD LL VH SRDWH GHWHUPLQD FRQWULEX LD UHODWLY PRGLILFDUHD SURGXFWLYLW
otal:
W ( g
PO )
W ( g
PO
) )
W (W , g
PO
20,77 = 0,0258 sau 2,58% 826,69
K
5H]XOW
W (W )
W (W )
W (W , g PO )
805,92 = 0,9742 sau 97,42% 826,69

D SURGXFWLYLW OD QLYHOXO UDPXUL SH LL PXQFLL VH GDWRUHD] UDPXULORU ILLQG SURGXFWLYLW SRSXOD LHL LL PXQFLL
F SH WRWDO HFRQRPLH PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW vQ WRWDOLWDWH FUHWHULL VWUXFWXULL PRGLILF ULL
DSURDSH LQIOXHQ D
),
RFXSDWH
QHVHPQLILFDWLY
(2,58%).
6.
Tabelul 8.8. Indicator 0 1. Salariul mediu net (lei) 2. Structura cheltuielilor de consum (%): 0 UIXUL DOLPHQWDUH 0 UIXUL QHDOLPHQWDUH Servicii
1996 1 321169 56,4 28,5 15,1
1997 2 632086 58,10 25,50 16,40 +151,36 +152,52 +176,47
0 UIXUL DOLPHQWDUH 0 UIXUL QHDOLPHQWDUH Servicii Sursa: Anuarul Statistic al Romniei, anul 1998, pag. 168, 184
Se cere: 1. LQGLFHOH SUH XULORU GH FRQVXP 2. salariul real; 3. dinamica salariului real; 4. UDWD LQIOD LHL vQ GRPHQLXO FRQVXPXOXL
Rezolvare 1.
,QGLFHOH SUH XULORU GH FRQVXP
IPC =
I p g 0C (%)
100
vQ SHULRDGD GH ED]
Se cunosc datele privind structura cheltXLHOLORU

PRGLILFDUHD SUH XULORU L WDULIHORU
C g 0 (%)
(Rp = IP(%) - 100). Deci, I
+ 100 , de unde: 100
I p g 0C(%) IPC =
100 2. Salariul real (SR)
2,5136 56,4 + 2,5252 28,5 + 2,7647 15,1 = 2,5548 100
SR =
SN IPC
SR0 = SN 0 = 321169 lei/salariat

SR1 = SN1 632086 = = 247411,14 lei/salariat IPC 2,5548
3. Dinamica salariului real

I SR = SR1 247411,14 = = 0,7703 sau 77,03% SR0 321169
GH FX FHHD FH vQVHDPQ DX FUHVFXW F FX VDODULLOH DX FUHVFXW PDL SX LQ GHFkW SUH XULOH GH FRQVXP VDODULXO QRPLQDO QHW D FUHVFXW
'HFL SXWHUHD GH FXPS UDUH D VDODULXOXL PHGLX QRPLQDO QHW D VF ]XW vQ ID FX 'DF SUH XULOH
632086 .100 100 . 321169
7.
6H FXQRVF XUP WRDUHOH GDWHOH
Tabelul 8.9. Indicatori 0

3,% POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH
Rata consumului final (%)

5DWD LQYHVWL LLORU EUXWH 9DULD LD VWRFXULORU PDWHULDOH POGOHL
1996 1 108391 83,69 23,13
1997 2 249750 85,50 19,20
1695 5744 Indicii volumului fizic (%) pentru : 100 93,69 - consumul final 100 85,60 - IRUPDUHD EUXW GH FDSLWDO - export net 100 72,91 Sursa: calcule pe baza Anuarului Statistic al Romniei, anul 1997; date CNS pentru anul 1997
SUH XUL FXUHQWH
Se cere: 1. exportul net n cei doi ani; 2. PIB real; 3. GLQDPLFD QRPLQDO L UHDO D PIB; 4. deflatorul PIB L UDWD LQIOD LHL
Rezolvare:
1. PURGXVXO
HOHPHQWH FRQVXP ILQDO DO SRSXOD LHL L DGPLQLVWUD LHL
LQWHUQ EUXW GXS
PHWRGD XWLOL]
ULL ILQDOH VH GHWHUPLQ
(FBCF YDULD LD VWRFXULORU S L H[SRUW QHW EXN).
CF IRUPDUHD EUXW
FD VXP
D XUP WRDUHORU
GH FDSLWDO IL[
Rata consumului final este:

RCF = CF RCF PIB 100 CF = PIB 100
POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH
CF96= 0,8369 CF97= 0,855
5DWD LQYHVWL LLORU EUXWH
RIB) este:
RIB =
FBCF RIB PIB 100 FBCF = PIB 100
FBCF96= 0,2313108391 = 25076 mld. lei pUH XUL FXUHQWH FBCF97= 0,192
([SRUWXO QHW POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH
PIB = CF + FBCF + S + EXN
EXN = PIB-CF-FBCF- S
EXN96= 108391 90711- 25076-1695 = -9091 EXN97=249750 213536 47952 5744 = -17482 2. PIB real VH GHWHUPLQ
LQGLFLORU GH SUH XUL FDOFXOHD] vQ DFHVW FD] FD VXP FRUHVSXQ] WRUL D FRPSRQHQWHORU VDOH GHIOD LRQDWH FX DMXWRUXO SUH XULORU FRPSRQHQWHORU
,QGLFLL
Cj ale PIB se
SRUQLQG GH OD UHOD LD
q p p v IC j = ICj IC j ICj =
v IC j q IC j
unde:
v IC j
q IC j p IC j
- indicele valorii nominale a componentei j; - indicele volumului fizic a componentei j; LQGLFHOH SUH XULORU FRPSRQHQWHL
j. CF
IRUPDUHD EUXW
&RQIRUP UHOD LHL DQWHULRDUH LQGLFLL GH SUH XUL SHQWUX FRQVXPXO ILQDO
de capital FBC FD VXP exportul net EXN sunt:
vQWUH IRUPDUHD EUXW
GH FDSLWDO IL[ L YDULD LD VWRFXULORU L
I CF
213536 90711 = = 2 , 513 0 , 9369 47952 + 5744 25076 + 1695 = = 2 , 343 0 , 856 17482 9091 = = 2 , 637 0 , 7291
I FBC
I EXN
PIB real (PIB *) sH GHWHUPLQ
FX UHOD LD
PIB * = C * = j
j j
Cj I cpj
unde:
C * - componenta j GHIOD LRQDW j

POG OHL SUH XUL
* PIB96 = PIB96 = 108391
* PIB97 =
CF
p I CF
FBC
p I FBC
EXN
p I EXN
213536 53696 17482 + = 2,513 2,343 2,637
POG OHL SUH XUL
3.
'LQDPLFD QRPLQDO
D 3,%
: sau 230,42%
I PIB =
PIB97 249750 = = 2,3042 PIB96 108391

D 3,%
'LQDPLFD UHDO
I PIB =
&X WRDWH F
* PIB97 * PIB96
101261 = 0,9342 sau 93,42% 108391
FRQVWDQWH DUDW FHOH GRX
PIB nominal a crescut cu 130,42%, dinamica PIB H[SULPDW vQ SUH XUL F vQ UHDOLWDWH V-a nregistrat o reducere cu 6,58% a PIB 'LIHUHQ D GLQWUH
SULQ FUHWHUHD SUH XULORU FRPSRQHQWHORU L VH RE LQH FD
GLQDPLFL HVWH H[SOLFDW
4. Deflatorul PIB HVWH XQ LQGLFH VLQWHWLF DO SUH XULORU raport ntre PIB real (PIB* L QRPLQDO PIB):
D= PIB PIB *
PIB
Pentru anul 1997, deflatorul PIB este:

D= 249750 = 2,467 101261
5DWD LQIOD LHL
(RI):
RI = D% 100% = 246,7% 100% = +146,7%
8.
Tabelul 8.10. Indicatori 0 Venitul disponibil brut* POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH
(FRQRPLD EUXW )RUPDUHD EUXW
GH FDSLWDO IL[ POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH
9DULD LD VWRFXULORU POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH ([SRUW QHW POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH ,PSR]LWH SH SURGXV POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH 6XEYHQ LL POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH 7D[H YDPDOH POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH 6WUXFWXUD YDORULL DG XJDWH EUXWH DJULFXOWXU L VLOYLFXOWXU
1996 1 110890 20179 25076 1695 - 9091 7900 1849 1853 .
industrie
FRQVWUXF LL
alte ramuri
,QGLFLL GH SUH XUL DL 9$% DJULFXOWXU L VLOYLFXOWXU
1997 2 253746 40210 47952 5744 - 17482 18981 2498 3497 100 20,43 38,70 5,87 35,00 224,1 252,5 231,0 256,1
(%) n:
100 100 FRQVWUXF LL 100 alte ramuri 100 Sursa: Anuarul Statistic al Romniei, anul 1997; date CNS pentru anul 1997. industrie
Se cere: 1. PIB OD SUH XULOH SLH HL 2. YDORDUHD DG XJDW EUXW 3. PIB UHDO OD SUH XULOH IDFWRULORU 4. UDWD LQIOD LHL Rezolvare 1.
3,% OD SUH XULOH SLH HL VH SRDWH GHWHUPLQD SULQ PHWRGD FKHOWXLHOLORU FRQIRUP UHOD LHL
PIB pp = CF + FBCF + S + TV + EXN ,

unde: CF FBCF S TV EXN - FRQVXPXO ILQDO DO SRSXOD LHL L DGPLQLVWUD iei); - IRUPDUHD EUXW GH FDSLWDO IL[ - YDULD LD VWRFXULORU - taxe vamale; - export net (export minus import).
vQWUH YHQLWXO GLVSRQLELO EUXW
Consumul final poate fi calculat ca diferHQ HFRQRPLD EUXW EB): CF = VDB EB CF96 = 110890 CF97 = 253746
VDB
POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH
PIB OD SUH XULOH SLH HL POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH PIB96 = 90711 + 25076 + 1695 9091 = 108391 mld. lei PIB97 = 213536 + 47952 + 5744 17482 = 249750 mld. lei 2.
9DORDUHD DG XJDW EUXW SH DQVDPEOXO HFRQRPLHL VH GHWHUPLQ
impozitele indirecte nete (impozite pe produs IP TV):

VABi = PIB (IP - S + TV) VAB96 = 108391 (7900 - VAB97 = 249750 (18981 -
PLQXV VXEYHQ LL
VF ]kQG GLQ PIB, S plus taxe vamale
3.
3,% UHDO OD SUH XULOH IDFWRULORU VH GHWHUPLQ DOH HFRQRPLHL GHIOD LRQDW
vQVXPkQG YDORDUHD DG XJDW
EUXW
SH UDPXUL
FX LQGLFLL FRUHVSXQ] WRUL GH SUH XUL
PIB * = VABi* = pf
VABi I ip
VABi 1 = PIB pf p , VAB I i i
unde: VABi VABi - ponderea VAB din ramura i n total; LQGLFHOH GH SUH XUL DO
I ip
VAB din ramura i;
* PIB96 = PIB96
POG OHL SUH XUL
35 20,43 38,70 5,87 * PIB97 = 229770 + + + = 93403,4 224,1 252,5 231 256,1 4.
5DWD LQIOD LHL
POG OHL SUH XUL
(RI) se poate calcula pe baza deflatorului PIB (D FRQIRUP UHOD LHL
RI = D% - 100% Deflatorul PIB: D97 = PIB97

* PIB97
229770 = 2,45997 sau 245,997% 93403,4
5DWD LQIOD LHL vQ DQXO HVWH
RI97 = 245,997% 100% = +145,997%.
9.
6H FXQRVF XUP WRDUHOH GDWH SULYLQG YHQLWXULOH L FRQVXPXO IDPLOLLORU GH VDODULD L
Tabelul 8.11. Indicatori 0

&RQVXPXO OXQDU DO IDPLOLLORU GH VDODULD L SUH XUL
UM 1
OHLJRVSRG ULH
1995 2 518790
1996 3 759958
curente) Structura cheltuielilor de consum ale familiilor de

VDODULD L
% 56,1 11,8 15,0 1,2 7,1 4,5 4,3 % 138,7 132,0 138,5 136,4 151 141,1 135,5 1907,423 5939 56,4 11,3 15,7 1,5 6,3 4,1 4,7
P UIXUL DOLPHQWDUH L E XWXUL vPEU F PLQWH L vQF O ORFXLQ L PLQWH
vQ]HVWUDUHD FX EXQXUL
PHGLFDPHQWH L VHUYLFLL PHGLFDOH WUDQVSRUW L FRPXQLFD LL vQY PkQW FXOWXU
alte cheltuieli
,QGLFLL SUH XULORU GH FRQVXP SH JUXSH GH P UIXUL
(1995=100) P UIXUL DOLPHQWDUH L E XWXUL vPEU F PLQWH L vQF O PLQWH ORFXLQ L vQ]HVWUDUHD FX bunuri PHGLFDPHQWH L VHUYLFLL PHGLFDOH WUDQVSRUW L FRPXQLFD LL vQY PkQW FXOWXU alte cheltuieli Fond lunar de salarii
mld. lei
SUH XUL FXUHQWH
1302,058 6160
1XP U PHGLX GH VDODULD L mii persoane Sursa: Anuarul Statistic al Romniei, anul 1997, p.190-191, 196, 412.
Se cere: 1. LQGLFHOH SUH XULORU GH FRQVXP 2. VDODULXO QRPLQDO L UHDO GLQDPLFD DFHVWRUD 3. FRQWULEX LD IDFWRULORU OD PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW D IRQGXOXL UHDO GH VDODULL 4. indicele puterii dH FXPS UDUH D EDQLORU 5. GLQDPLFD QRPLQDO L UHDO D FRQVXPXOXL IDPLOLLORU GH VDODULD L Rezolvare 1.
,QGLFHOH LQGLFLORU SUH XULORU GH FRQVXP SUH XUL
(IPC
SH
VH
FDOFXOHD] GH
FD
PHGLH
DULWPHWLF FD
SRQGHUDW
LQGLYLGXDOL
GH
JUXSH
P UIXUL
IRORVLQG
SRQGHUH
structura
FKHOWXLHOLORU GH FRQVXP GLQ SHULRDGD GH ED]
IPC =
I jp g 0Cj (%)
j
100
unde: I jp - LQGLFHOH SUH XULORU SHQWUX JUXSD j;

C g 0 j (%) - Structura cheltuielilor de consum pentru grupei j (anul 1995).
Q FHOH FH XUPHD] FXUHQW
YRP QRWD FX SHULRDGD GH ED]
DQXO L FX SHULRDGD GH
DQXO
IPC0= 100% IPC1= (138,7 56,1 + 132 11,8 + 138,5 15 + 136,4 1,2 + 151 7,1 + + 141,1 4,5 + 135,5 4,3) = 139% 2. Salariul mediu nominal se poate calcula ca raporW vQWUH IRQGXO PHGLX OXQDU GH VDODULL L
QXP UXO GH VDODULD L 6H H[SULP vQ SUH XULOH FXUHQWH DOH ILHF UXL DQ
SN =
FS , T
unde: SN - salariul nominal; FS - fondul de salarii; T - QXP U GH VDODULD L Salariul nominal mediu pe economie n L D IRVW
SN 0 =
1302 , 058 10 9 6160 10 3

1907 , 423 10 9 5939 10 3
= 211373 lei / salariat
SN 1 =
= 321169 lei / salariat
Dinamica salariului nominal n perioada 1995 - 1996 a fost: I SN = SN 1 SN 0

100 =
321169 100 = 151 , 94% 211373

SXWHUHD GH FXPS UDUH D VDODULXOXL QRPLQDO L VH RE LQH FD
Salariul real (SR) SN IPC
H[SULP
UDSRUW vQWUH VDODULXO QRPLQDO L
IPC:
SR =
SR0 = SN0 SR 1 = SN 1 IPC 1

=
321169 = 231057 lei / salariat 1 , 39

GH
Dinamica salariului real vQ ID

I SR =
SR1 231057 100 = 100 = 109,3% SR0 213373

QLYHOXO ULGLFDW DO LQIOD LHL D SHUPLV XQ VSRU GH
'HL VDODULXO QRPLQDO D FUHVFXW FX
numai 9,3% al salariului real.
3. Fondul real de salarii
vQ SUH XUL FRQVWDQWH
VH RE LQH vPS U LQG IRQGXO QRPLQDO
GH VDODULL OD LQGLFHOH SUH XULORU GH FRQVXP
* FS1 =
FS1 1907,423 = = 1372,247 mild. lei IPC 1,39
Pentru anul 1996, fondul nominal de salarii este egal cu fondul real de salarii: FS0 = FS0 = 1302,058 mild. lei
0RGLILFDUHD DEVROXW D IRQGXOXL UHDO GH VDODULL
* * FS * = FS1 FS 0 = 1372,247 1302,058 = 70,189 mld. lei

)RQGXO UHDO GH VDODULL GHSLQGH GH VDODULXO UHDO L GH QXP UXO GH VDODULD L
FS * =
SN T = SR T IPC
,QIOXHQ D FUHWHULL VDODULXOXL UHDO DVXSUD PRGLILF ULL IRQGXOXL UHDO GH VDODULL
FS ( SR) = ( SR1 SR0 ) T1 = (231057 211373) 5939 = = 116909270 mii lei 116,903 mld lei
,QIOXHQ D UHGXFHULL QXP UXOXL VDODULD LORU
FS * (T ) = (T1 T0 ) SR0 = (5939 6160) 211373 = 46713,433 mii lei 46,713 mld. lei
Verificare: 70,189 116,903 46,713 4.
,QGLFHOH SXWHULL GH FXPS UDUH D EDQLORU
(IPCB):
IPCB = IPCB =
5H]XOW F
1 IPC 1 = 0 , 719 sau 71 , 9% 1 , 39

vQ DQXO SXWHUHD GH FXPS UDUH D EDQLORU UHSUH]LQW QXPDL GLQ
QLYHOXO DQXOXL 5HGXFHUHD SXWHULL GH FXPS UDUH D IRVW GH
5.
'LQDPLFD QRPLQDO
D FRQVXPXOXL OXQDU DO IDPLOLLORU GH VDODULD L D IRVW
I CN =
CN 1 CN 0
100 ,
unde: CN1 L CN0
FRQVXPXO QRPLQDO OXQDU H[SULPDW vQ SUH XUL FXUHQWH DO IDPLOLLORU GH VDODULD L
I CN =
DFHDVW
759958 100 = 146 , 49% 518790

2 SDUWH GLQ D FRQVXPXOXL LQIOD LHL 3HQWUX D GHWHUPLQD GLQDPLFD UHDO
&RQVXPXO QRPLQDO OXQDU DO IDPLOLLORU GH VDODULD L D FUHVFXW FX FUHWHUH HVWH GDWRUDW
vom calcula n prealabil consumul lunar real (CR consum:

CR = CN IPC
OHL JRVSRG ULH
FX DMXWRUXO LQGLFHOXL SUH XULORU GH
CR 0 = CN 0 = 518790
CR 1 =
759958 = 546732 1 , 39
OHL JRVSRG ULH
'LQDPLFD UHDO
a consumului OXQDU DO IDPLOLLORU GH VDODULD L D IRVW

100 =
I CR =
CR 1 CR 0
546732 100 = 105 , 39% 518790

DFHDVW GLQDPLF VH GDWRUHD] vQ FHD PDL vQ FRQVXPXO IDPLOLLORU
'HL YDORDUHD FRQVXPXOXL D FUHVFXW FX VDODULD L &UHWHUHD UHDO PRGHVW D FDQWLW
PDUH SDUWH FUHWHULL SUH XULORU OD EXQXULOH L VHUYLFLLOH FDUH LQWU
de
LL GH EXQXUL L VHUYLFLL FRQVXPDWH D IRVW PXOW PDL
PROBLEME PROPUSE
1.
6H
FXQRVF
XUP WRULL
LQGLFDWRUL
SHQWUX
HFRQRPLD
5RPkQLHL
SHQWUX
DQLL

Tabelul 8.12. 1994 1 3URGXF LD EUXW 100339,4 2. Consumul intermediar 54384,7 9DORDUHD DG XJDW EUXW )RUPDUHD EUXW GH FDSLWDO IL[ 10095,7 5. Consumul final 38452,4 6. Consumul final al SRSXOD LHL 31442,0 7. Impozite pe produs (inclusiv TVA) 3848,2 8. Taxe vamale 648,9 6XEYHQ LL SH SURGXV 678,6 9. Modificarea stocurilor 2252,6 10. Export net -1027,5 Sursa: Anuarul Statistic al Romniei, anul 1998, pag. 340-343 Indicator 0 1997 2 229445,3 55074,2 213772,8 188416,2 19306,7 3808,2 2080,0 -501,3 -17865,5
Se cere: 1. PIB QRPLQDO IRORVLQG PHWRGHOH FH SRW IL DSOLFDWH vQ IXQF LH GH GDWHOH GLVSRQLELOH 2. PIB UHDO GDF SUH XULOH SURGXVHORU L VHUYLFLLORU ILQDOH DX FUHVFXW vQ ID GH FX 385,3%; dinamica PIB UHDO ID GH
2.
6H FXQRVF XUP WRDUHOH GDWH SULYLQG FRQVXPXO GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF SH UDPXUL SHQWUX L
L YDORDUHD DG XJDW
EUXW
Tabelul 8.13. VAB* (miliarde lei Ramura

SUH XUL FRQVWDQWH (QHUJLH HOHFWULF FRQVXPDW PLO. kWh) 1994 1996 1994 1996 0 1 2 3 4 ,QGXVWULH FRQVWUXF LL 21269,6 23831,2 34583 39759 $JULFXOWXU VLOYLFXOWXU 9897,6 9937,0 1834 1332 Alte ramuri 14787,5 17233,9 20509 22501 Total 45954,7 51002,1 56926 63592 Sursa: Anuarul Statistic al Romniei, anul 1997, pag. 543; anul 1998, pag. 118, 340-342
Se cere: 1. 2. 3.
FRQVXPXO GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF V V FRQVXPDW FH UHYLQH OD OHL
VAB*
OD QLYHOXO ILHF UHL
UDPXUL L SH DQVDPEOXO HFRQRPLHL VH GHWHUPLQH LQIOXHQ D IDFWRULORU DVXSUD PRGLILF ULL FRQVXPXOXL PHGLX GH HQHUJLH SH vQWUHDJD HFRQRPLH SH DQVDPEOXO HFRQRPLHL VH FRPSDUH GLQDPLFD FRQVXPXOXL PHGLX GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF HOHFWULF
cu dinamica PIB WLLQG F PIB nominal a fost de 49773,2 mld. lei n 1994, de 108919,6 mld. lei n 1996 iar UDWD LQIOD LHL vQ ID GH D IRVW GH 4.
V VH GHWHUPLQH FRQWULEX LD ILHF UXL IDFWRU OD PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW SH vQWUHDJD HFRQRPLH D FRQVXPXOXL PHGLX GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF
3.
6H FXQRVF XUP WRULL LQGLFDWRUL SHQWUX HFRQRPLD 5RPkQLHL SHQWUX DQLL L PLOLDUGH OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH

3URGXF LD EUXW
2. Consumul intermediar 3. Impozite pe produs (inclusiv TVA) 4. Taxe vamale 5. SuEYHQ LL SH SURGXV
1994 1 100339,4 54384,7 3848,2 648,9 678,6
1996 2 240598,8 138744,6 7458,7 1852,3 2245,6 +132,84 +141,59 +73,38 +205,52 +171,49
3URGXF LD EUXW
Consumul intermediar Impozite pe produs Taxe vamale

6XEYHQ LL SH SURGXV
Sursa: Anuarul Statistic al Romniei, anul 1998, pag. 354, 360
Se cere: 1. PIB QRPLQDO vQ FHOH GRX SHULRDGH 2. PIB UHDO vQ ID GH
4.
Tabelul 8.15.
(ILFLHQ D IRORVLULL PLMORDFHORU
Ramura 0
Alte ramuri Total
fixe (lei VAB*/1000 lei F) 1994 1996 1 2 1088 980 3533 2474 1563 1455
Structura mijloacelor fixe (%) 1994 1996 3 4 60,5 59,0 9,0 12,4 30,5 28,6 100,0 100,0
Se cere: 1. GLQDPLFD HILFLHQ HL IRORVLULL PLMORDFHORU IL[H SH ILHFDUH UDPXU 2. efiFLHQ D PHGLH D IRORVLULL PLMORDFHORU IL[H OD QLYHOXO vQWUHJLL HFRQRPLL perioade; 3. LQGLFLL GH JUXS DL HILFLHQ HL PHGLL D IRORVLULL PLMORDFHORU IL[H FX VWUXFWXU
VWUXFWXU IL[ L DO YDULD LHL VWUXFWXULL D HILFLHQ HL PHGLL D vQ FHOH GRX YDULDELO FX
4.
VH GHWHUPLQH FRQWULEX LD ILHF UXL IDFWRU OD PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW
folosirii mijloacelor fixe pe ntreaga economie.
5.
6H
FXQRVF
XUP WRULL
LQGLFDWRUL
SHQWUX
HFRQRPLD
5RPkQLHL
SHQWUX
DQLL

Tabelul 8.16. Indicator 0 1. Consumul final

)RUPDUHD EUXW GH FDSLWDO IL[
3. Modificarea stocurilor 4. Export net 5. Amortizarea capitalului fix
1998 1 335000 68000 -1600 -30000 8400
1999 2 470000 97000 -4500 -23000 12000
Se cere: 1. PIB QRPLQDO vQ FHOH GRX SHULRDGH 2. PIN QRPLQDO vQ FHOH GRX SHULRDGH 3. PIB UHDO GDF SUH XULOH SURGXVHORU L VHUYLFLLORU ILQDOH DX FUHVFXW vQ ID cu 50%; 4. Dinamica PIB real.
GH
Partea a II-a
Probleme complexe
1.
3HQWUX GH PXQFLWRUL DL XQHL VRFLHW OXFUDW vQWUH R V SW PkQ L FRPHUFLDOH V
-au nregistrat datele privind timpul
RUH
39, 40, 38, 43, 40, 40, 40, 38, 39, 39, 40, 40, 41, 43, 42, 40, 42, 38, 40, 39, 40, 37, 38, 38, 37, 39, 40, 39, 39, 40, 40, 41. Se cere: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
V V V V DIO V V V VH JUXSH]H PXQFLWRULL GLQ HDQWLRQ GXS VH FDOFXOH]H SURGXF LD VH VWDELOHDVF HOH ID VH VH PHGLH SH WLPSXO OXFUDW WLPSXO OXFUDW L V VH VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF UHSDUWL LD PXQFLWRULORU GXS LOH DFHVWHLD FH DOWH WLSXUL GH PHGLL VH PDL SRW FDOFXOD L vQ FH UDSRUW GH P ULPH VH
XQ PXQFLWRU XWLOL]kQG PHGLD DULWPHWLF
YHULILFH SURSULHW
GH PHGLD DULWPHWLF LQGLFDWRULL SDUDPHWULL VLQWHWLFL FROHFWLYLW DL LL YDULD LHL JHQHUDOH L V VH SUHFL]H]H VH GDF PHGLD HVWH FX R
VH FDOFXOH]H LQGLFDWRULL PHGLL GH SR]L LH FDOFXOH]H HVWLPH]H
UHSUH]HQWDWLY GDF UH]XOWDWHOH JDUDQWHD]
probabilitate P = 0,9973 (z = 3), iar ceL GH PXQFLWRUL UHSUH]LQW al acestora; 8.

V VH GHWHUPLQH QRXO YROXP DO HDQWLRQXOXL GDF GH RUL L VH XWLOL]HD] VHOHF LD HURDUHD OLPLW P UHWH QHUHSHWDW

GLQ QXP UXO WRWDO DQWHULRU VH U PkQkQG
FDOFXODW FRQGL LL
FHOHODOWH
neschimbate. Rezolvare 1.
$PSOLWXGLQHD YDULD LHL ILLQG PLF vQUHJLVWUDWH ILLQG GH DVHPHQHD PLF VH SRDWH HIHFWXD JUXSDUHD SH YDULDQWH L RE LQHP
A0 = xmax xmin = 43
RUH L QXP UXO YDORULORU
datele prezentate n tabelul 1.
WLPSXO OXFUD
t (ore) Tabelul 1.
Grupe de
PXQFLWRUL GXS
1XP
UXO
muncitorilor (ni)
timpul lucrat (ore) (xi) 0 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Total
1 5 6 8 13 7 5 6 50
JUDILF SULQ GLDJUDPD SULQ
2.
'LVWULEX LLOH RE LQXWH SULQ JUXSDUH SH YDULDQWH VH UHSUH]LQW
bastoane.
14 12 nr. muncitori 10 8 6 4 2 0 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
timpul lucrat (ore)
)LJ 'LVWULEX LD PXQFLWRULORU GXS
WLPSXO OXFUDW RUH
3.
&DOFXOXO PHGLHL DULWPHWLFH L YHULILFDUHD SULQFLSDOHORU SURSULHW
L DOH DFHVWHLD
Calculul mediei aritmetice ponderate: x=

x i n i =
n i 2000 = = 40 ore / muncitor 50
37 5 + 38 6 + 39 8 + 40 13 + 41 7 + 42 5 + 43 6 = 50
9HULILFDUHD SULQFLSDOHORU SURSULHW
L DOH PHGLHL DULWPHWLFH
a) xmin < x < xmax 37 < 40 < 43
b)
(xi x ) ni = (37 40)5 + (38 40)6 + (39 40) 8 + (40 40) 13 + xi ni = x xi

( xi a ) ni ni
= x a
+ (41 40) 7 + (42 40) 5 + (43 40) 6 = - 35 + 35 = 0
c)
2000 = 40 50 d)
Pentru a
RE LQHP
(xi a)ni = (37 2)5 + (38 2)6 + (39 2)8 + (40 2)13 + (41 2)7 + (42 2)5 + (43 2)6 = 50 ni
= 1900 = 38 = 40 2 = x a 50
e)
hi ni = h
RE LQHP
Pentru h
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 5 + 6 + 8 + 13 + 7 + 5+ 6 x 200 40 x hi ni = 10 10 10 1050 10 10 10 = 50 = 4 = 10 = h
4.
&DOFXOXO PHGLHL DUPRQLFH L DO PHGLHL S WUDWLFH
Calculul mediei armonice ( xh ):

xh = 50 = 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 + 6 + 8 + 13 + 7 + 5 + 6 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 i = 39,92 ore/muncitor =
WUDWLFH
ni 1 x ni
&DOFXOXO PHGLHL S
( x p ):
xp =
xi2 ni 37 2 5 + 38 2 6 + 39 2 8 + 40 2 13 + 412 7 + 42 2 5 + 43 2 6 = = n i 50 = 40,04 ore/muncitor
xh < x < x p
39,92 < 40 < 40,04
5. Calculul indicatorilRU PHGLL GH SR]L LH
Calculul medianei (Me) Locul M e =
ni
+1
2 5+6+8+13 = 32 > 25,5
50 + 1 = 25 , 5 2
FXPXODW HVWH SULPD PDL PDUH
9DORDUHD PHGLDQHL HVWH YDULDQWD D F UHL IUHFYHQ
dect 25,5, deci Me = 40 ore.
Calculul modului Valoarea modului este varianta FRUHVSXQ] Mo = 40 ore.

WRDUH IUHFYHQ HL PD[LPH
6.
&DOFXOXO LQGLFDWRULORU GH YDULD LH
,QGLFDWRULL VLPSOL DL YDULD LHL
$PSOLWXGLQHD YDULD LHL
Aa = xmax xmin = 43 37 = 6 ore A% =
x max x min 6 100 = 100 = 15% 40 x

UHL YDULDQWH ID GH PHGLH
$EDWHULOH ILHF
Abaterile absolute: d i = xi x De exemplu: di max(+) = 43 40 = 3 ore di max(-) = 37 40 = -3 ore
Abaterile relative: di (%) = De exemplu:
xi x 100 x
3 100 = 7,5% 40 3 di(%) max(-) = 100 = 7,5% 40
di(%) max(+) =
( d ):
37 40 5 + 38 40 6 + ... + 43 40 6 50
d =
xi x ni
ni
70 = 1 , 4 ore / muncitor 50
Dispersia:
( xi x ) 2 ni = ni
(37 40) 2 5 + (38 40) 2 6 + ... + (43 40) 2 6 158 = = 3,16 50 50

:
$EDWHUHD PHGLH S
WUDWLF
= 2 = 3,16 =1,8 ore / muncitor

5DSRUWXO GLQWUH FHOH GRX DEDWHUL PHGLL
d 1,4 = = 0,79 1,8

6H SRDWH WUDJH FRQFOX]LD F UHSDUWL LD YDORULORU WLQGH F WUH QRUPDOLWDWH GHRDUHFH DFHVW
raport
/D DFHHDL FRQFOX]LH VH SRDWH DMXQJH L GLQ DQDOL]D LQGLFDWRULORU WHQGLQ HL FHQWUDOH FDUH
4 . 5
sunt egali ca valoare ( x = Me = Mo).
1,8 100 = 100 = 4,5% x 40 d 1,4 v= 100 = 100 = 3,5% x 40

v=
v< v < 35%
VHULD HVWH RPRJHQ L PHGLD HVWH UHSUH]HQWDWLY SHQWUX VHULH
7. Extinderea rezultatelor asupra coOHFWLYLW

&DOFXOXO HURULL OLPLW DGPLV
LL JHQHUDOH GLQ FDUH D IRVW H[WUDV HDQWLRQXO
6HOHF LD UHSHWDW
x = z
2 3,16 = 3 = 0,754 buc. n 50
6HOHF LD QHUHSHWDW
x = z
2 n
n 3,16 50 1 = 3 1 = 0,715 buc. 50 500 N

/LPLWHOH SHQWUX SURGXF LD PHGLH
pe un muncitor din colectivLWDWHD JHQHUDO
x - x < x 0 < x + x
6HOHF LD UHSHWDW
40 0,754 < x0 < 40 + 0,754 39,246 buc. / muncitor < x0 < 40,754 buc. / muncitor
Selec LD QHUHSHWDW
40 0,715 < x0 < 40 + 0,715 39,285 buc. / muncitor < x0 < 40,715 buc. / muncitor
/LPLWHOH SHQWUX SURGXF LD WRWDO D PXQFLWRULORU GLQ FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO
N( x - x) <
xi < N( x + x)
i =1
6HOHF LD UHSHWDW
500 (40 0,754) < 19623 buc. <
xi
i =1
500
< 500 (40 + 0,754)
xi
i =1
500
< 20377 buc.
6HOHF LD QHUHSHWDW
500 (40 0,715) < 19642,5 buc. < 8.

500 i =1
xi
i =1
500
<500 (40 + 0,715)
xi
< 20357 buc. x = x 1,03 = 0,715 1,03 = 0,736
'HWHUPLQDUHD YROXPXOXL HDQWLRQXOXL SHQWUX
n=
z 2 2 3 2 3,16 = = 47 muncitori z 2 2 3 2 3,16 2 2 ( x ) + (0,736) + N 500
2.
Dintr-un sondaj statistic de 10% din colectivitate s-au RE LQXW GDWHOH

Tabelul 2.
*UXSH GH DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL GXS FLIUD GH 6XEJUXSH GH DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL GXS SURILW PLOOHL
Total
L
Sub 12 1 8 8
12-16 2 20 15 35
16-20 3 12 25 8 45
20-24 4 30 35 65
24-28 5 20 12 32
afaceri (mil.lei) A I II III Total
peste 6 10 5 15
7 40 100 60 200
Se cere: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
V V V VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF GLVWULEX LD DJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL GXS FLIUD GH DIDFHUL JUDGXO GH RPRJHQLWDWH DO GLVWULEX LHL DJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL GXS P ULP VH VWDELOHDVF SURILW SHQWUX JUXSD D ,,
-a
GXS
ea
profitului pentru grupa a doua;

VH FDUDFWHUL]H]H JUDGXO GH DVLPHWULH DO GLVWULEX LHL DJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL GXS P ULPHD
profitului pentru grupa a doua;

FH LQGLFDWRUL VWDWLVWLFL VH SRW FDOFXOD SH ED]D UHJXOLL GH DGXQDUH D GLVSHUVLLORU L FXP VH
interpreWHD]
V
VWDWLVWLF DFHWL LQGLFDWRUL
VH FDOFXOH]H PHGLD L GLVSHUVLD SHQWUX FDUDFWHULVWLFD DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL FDUH VH J VHVF
peste media profitului pe total. Rezolvare Pentru punctele 1. L 2. YRP SUH]HQWD vQ WDEHOXO XUP profit (mil. lei) pentru grupa a II-D GXS FLIUD GH DIDFHUL
WRU GLVWULEX LD DJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL GXS
Tabelul 3. Grupe de
DJHQ L 1U DJHQ L
xi a
economici
GXS SURILW
economici (ni) 1 15 25 30 20 10 100
Centul de interval xi 2 14 18 22 26 30
r
xini
xi a h
(mil. lei) A 12-16 16-20 20-24 24-28 28-32 Total
h=4 a = 22 4 -2 -1 0 1 2
=
ni
( xi x ) 6 -111 -85 +18 92 86
(xi - x )2ni
xi a ni h
2
3 210 450 660 520 300
5 -30 -25 0 20 20
7 821,4 289,0 10,8 423,6 739,6
8 60 25 0 20 40
xi a h
2
xi ni
i =1
xi a ni h
(xi - x )
=2140
=15
(xi - x )2ni= =2284,4
ni
= 145
1.
VH IRORVHVF KLVWRJUDPD L SROLJRQXO IUHFYHQ HORU YH]L ILJ
35 30

30 25 20 15 10
Scara: pe Ox: 1 cm = 4 mil.

SH 2\ FP DJHQ L
25 20
15

10 5 0 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 profit (mil. lei)
2.
)LJ 'LVWULEX LD DJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL GXS
P ULPHD SURILWXOXL PLO OHL
*UDGXO
GH
RPRJHQLWDWH
VH
GHWHUPLQ
FX
DMXWRUXO
FRHILFLHQWXOXL
GH
YDULD LH
SHQWUX
GHWHUPLQDUHD F UXLD VXQW QHFHVDUH R VHULH GH FDOFXOH SUHDODELOH
Media ( x ):
&DOFXOXO RELQXLW
x=
xi ni
i =1 r
ni
i =1
2140 = 21,4 mil. lei / agent economic 100
Calcul simplificat:
x=
xi a h i =1
r
ni
i =1
h + a =
15 4 + 22 = 21,4 mil. lei/agent economic 100
d ):
d=
i =1
xi x ni
ni
i =1
392 = 3,92 mil. lei 100
Dispersia (2)
&DOFXO RELQXLW
( xi x ) 2 ni = ni
2284 = 22,84 100
Calculul simplificat:
i h 2 = ni
$EDWHUHD PHGLH S
x a h 2 ( x a ) 2 = 145 16 (21,4 22)2 = 22,84 100

WUDWLF
=
2
22,84 = 4,789 mil.lei

)
&RHILFLHQWXO GH YDULD LH Y VDX Y
d 3,92 100 = 100 = 18,32% x 21,4 4,78 v = 100 = 100 = 22,33% x 21,4 v=
5H]XOW F VHULD UHSUH]HQWkQG JUXSD D ,, D HVWH RPRJHQ
LDU PHGLD HVWH UHSUH]HQWDWLY
3. Pentru a determina gradul de asimetrie al grupei a II-a vom calcula coeficientul de asimetrie propus de Pearson (Cas):
C as = x Mo
M 0 = x0 + h
1 1 + 2
= 20 + 4
( 30 25 ) ( 30 25 ) + ( 30 20 )
= 21,33 mil. lei
C as =
5H]XOW F
21 , 4 21 , 33 4 , 78
= 0,0146
VHULD HVWH DSURDSH VLPHWULF
4. Pe baza regulii de adunare a dispersiilor se pot calcula doi indicatori statistici: - JUDGXO GH GHWHUPLQD LH R 2 / x ); y JUDGXO GH QHGHWHUPLQD LH
K y / x ).
3HQWUX D GHWHUPLQD DFHWL LQGLFDWRUL HVWH QHFHVDU V
VH FDOFXOH]H
PHGLL GH JUXS
( yi )
y j n ij
yi =
j =1
n ij
j =1
y1 =
10 8 + 14 20 + 18 12 = 14,4 mil.lei/agent economic 8 + 20 + 12

PLOOHL DJHQW HFRQRPLF D IRVW FDOFXODW OD SFW
y2 =
2.).
y3 =
18 8 + 22 35 + 26 12 + 30 5 = 22,93 mil.lei/ agent economic 8 + 35 + 12 + 5

(y)
PHGLD JHQHUDO
y=
y j n. j
j =1 m
n. j
j =1
10 8 + 14 35 + 18 45 + 22 65 + 26 32 + 30 15 = 200
= 20 , 46 mil. lei/agent economic
GLVSHUVLLOH GH JUXS
i2 =
( y j yi ) 2 nij
j =1
nij
j =1
2
(10 14,4) 2 8 + (14 14,4) 2 20 + (18 14,4) 2 12 = 7,84 8 + 20 + 12

2.)
2 2 2
= FDOFXODW
2 2
OD SXQFWXO
3 =
2
(18 22,93) 8 + (22 2,93) 35 + (26 22,93) 12 + (30 22,93) 5 = 9,79 8 + 35 + 12 + 5
( 2 )
2 =
i2 ni .
i =1 r
ni .
i =1
7,84 10 + 22,84 100 + 9,79 60 = 15,925 200
dispersia dintre grupe (2)
=
2
(yi y0 )2 ni .
i=1
ni .
i=1
(144 2046)2 40+ (214 2046)2 100+ (2293 2046 2 60 , , , , , , ) = = 200
= 9,62
GLVSHUVLD WRWDO
( 2 )
2 = 2 + 2 = 9,62 + 15,92 = 25,54

Se pot calcula doi indicatori statistici:
JUDGXO GH GHWHUPLQD LH
2 Ry / x =
9,62 2 100 = 100 = 37,67% 2 25,54
gradul de nHGHWHUPLQD LH
2 y/r
2 2
100 =
15 , 92 100 = 62 , 33% 25 , 54
F YDULD LD SURILWXOXL SH WRWDO HVWH LQIOXHQ DW GH YDULD LD
'LQ DQDOL]D FHORU GRL LQGLFDWRUL VH REVHUY vQ SURSRU LH PDL PLF IDFWRULORU QHvQUHJLVWUD
GH YDULD LD FLIUHL GH DIDFHUL L vQ SURSRU LH GH
i.
5.
0HGLD L GLVSHUVLD DJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL FX XQ SURILW GH SHVWH PLOLRDQH OHL
p=
m 32 + 15 47 = = = 0,235 n 200 200
2 = p(1-p) = 0,235(1-0,235) = 0,1797. p
3.

*UXSH GH DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL GXS GH VDODULD L QXP UXO
GLQ FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO
V DX RE LQXW GDWH
le:
Tabelul 4. Total
6XEJUXSH GH DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL GXS
ULPHD SURILWXOXL
A Sub 20 20-40 4 L SHVWH Total
Sub 12 1 8 8
12-16 2 20 15 35
(mil. lei) 16-20 20-24 3 4 12 25 30 8 35 45 65
24-28 5 20 12 32
L SHVWH
6 10 5 15
7 40 100 60 200
Se cere: 1. 2.
V V VH FDOFXOH]H PHGLD L GLVSHUVLD SHQWUX GLVWULEX LD DJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL GXS VH HVWLPH]H OLPLWHOH vQWUH GDF FDUH VH YRU VH vQFDGUD SURILWXO FX PHGLX R L SURILWXO GH P ULPHD WRWDO vQ
profitului; coOHFWLYLWDWHD (z = 3); 3. 4.

V VXW JHQHUDO UH]XOWDWHOH JDUDQWHD] SUREDELOLWDWH VH GHWHUPLQH FkW OD
FDUH YD IL YROXPXO HDQWLRQXOXL GDF
HURDUHD OLPLW
FUHWH FX
VH FDOFXOH]H GLVSHUVLD GLQWUH JUXSH SULQ SURFHGHHOH FXQRVFXWH L V GLQ YDULD LD SURILWXOXL VH GDWRUHD]
GHRVHELULORU SULYLQG QXP UXO GH VDODULD L
Rezolvare 1.
&DOFXOXO PHGLHL L GLVSHUVLHL SH WRWDO
y=
y j nij nij
10 8 + 14 35 + 18 45 + 22 65 + 26 32 + 30 15 = 8 + 35 + 45 + 65 + 32 + 15
=20,46 mil.lei/agent economic
2 y
( y j y ) = n . j
n. j
( 10 20 , 46 ) 2 8 + ( 14 20 , 46 ) 2 35 + ( 18 20 , 46 ) 2 65 200 = 25 , 54
( 26 20 , 46 ) 2 32 + 30 20 , 46 ) 2 15 200
2. La sondajul stratificat, indicatorii de selHF LH VH FDOFXOHD]

JUXS
XWLOL]kQG PHGLD GLVSHUVLLORU GH
SHQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD F UHLD VXQW QHFHVDUH XUP WRDUHOH FDOFXOH
PHGLL GH JUXS
yi =
y j nij nij
10 8 + 14 20 + 18 12 = 14,4 mil.lei / agent economic 40 14 15 + 18 25 + 22 30 + 26 20 + 30 10 = 21,4 mil.lei / agent economic 100
18 8 + 22 35 + 26 12 + 30 5 = 22,93 mil.lei / agent economic 60
y1 =
y2 =
y3 =
GLVSHUVLL GH JUXS
i2 =
12 =
(y j yi )2 nij nij
(10 14,4) 2 8 + (14 14,4) 2 20 + (18 14,4) 2 12 = 7,84 40 (14 21,4) 2 15 + (18 21,4) 2 15 + (22 21,4) 2 30 + (26 21,4) 2 20 2 2 = + 100 (30 21,4) 2 10 + = 22,84 100 (18 22,93) 2 8 + (22 22,93) 2 35 + (26 22,93) 2 12 + (30 22,93) 2 5 2 3 = = 9,79 60
7,84 40 + 22,84 100 + 9,79 60 = 15,925 200
y =
2 n 15,925 200 1 = 1 = 0,07166 = 0,2676 mil. lei n N 200 2000

PD[LP DGPLV
(URDUHD OLPLW
y = z y = z
n 2 1 =30,2676 = 0,803 n N

Intervalul n care va fi cuprins profitul mediu vQ WRWDO FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO
y y < y0 < y + y
20,46 0,803 < y 0 < 20,46 + 0,803 19,657 mil. lei/agent economic < y 0 < 21,263 mil. lei/agent economic Intervalul n care va fi cuprins profitul total: N( y - y ) < 200019,657<
y
i =1
< N( y - y )
2000
yi < 2000 21,263

i =1 2000 i =1
39314 mil.lei <
yi
< 42526 mil.lei
3. Volumul noXOXL HDQWLRQ vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH HURDUHD OLPLW n = z2

2
VH P UHWH FX
( )
y
y2 N
, unde: - HVWH PHGLD GLVSHUVLLORU GH JUXS
(URDUHD OLPLW
P ULW
FX
y = 0,803 + 0,2 0,803 = 0,9636

n = 3 2 15 , 925 ( 0 , 9636 ) 2 + 3 2 15 , 925 2000 = 143 , 325 1 , 00016 = DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL
4.
Dintr-un sondaj organizat n cadrul unei S.C. se cunosc datele:
Tabelul 5.
*UXSH GH PXQFLWRUL GXS QXP U GH RUH
Nr. muncitori 1 30 60 10 100

3URGXF LD PHGLH
&RHILFLHQW GH YDULD LH
lucrate lunar A 150 160 170 Total

WLLQG F QHUHSHWDW HDQWLRQXO UHSUH]LQW
(buc./muncitor) 2 25 30 32 -
(%) 3 10 25 8 -
GLQ FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO
L D IRVW H[WUDV SULQ VHOHF LH
VH FHUH V V V V VH YHULILFH JUDGXO GH RPRJHQLWDWH DO HDQWLRQXOXL VH FDOFXOH]H vQWUH FH OLPLWH VH YD vQFDGUD SURGXF LD WRWDO VH GHWHUPLQH P ULPHD HDQWLRQXOXL SHQWUX R QRX vQ FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO VH YRU IRORVL DFHOHDL
1. 2. 3. 4.
probabilitatea fiind de 0,9545 (z = 2);

VHOHF LH GDF FX FRQGL LL GH OD SXQFWXO LDU HURDUHD OLPLW VH PLFRUHD] VH UHSDUWL]H]H YROXPXO QRXOXL HDQWLRQ SH JUXSH GXS QXP UXO GH RUH OXFUDWH FRQIRUP
SURFHGHXOXL VHOHF LHL WLSLFH SURSRU LRQDOH L RSWLPH
Rezolvare 1.
6H FDOFXOHD] FRHILFLHQWXO GH YDULD LH SH WRWDO HDQWLRQ
v=
100 , y
unde: y - HVWH PHGLD HDQWLRQXOXL - HVWH DEDWHUHD PHGLH S WUDWLF
3HQWUX D U VSXQGH FHULQ HL HVWH QHFHVDU
FDOFXODUHD vQ SUHDODELO D XUP WRULORU LQGLFDWRUL
media pe total
y=
y i ni
i =1 r
ni
i =1
25 30 + 30 60 + 32 10 = 28,7 buc./muncitor 30 + 60 + 10
dispersia dintre grupe ( )
( y i
i =1
y0
)2
ni
=
( 25 28 , 7 ) 2 30 + ( 30 28 , 7 ) 2 60 + ( 32 28 , 7 ) 2 10 30 + 60 + 10
n i
i =1
621 = 6 , 21 100 ( i2 )
2
GLVSHUVLLOH GH JUXS
vi =
i v y 100 i2 = i i yi 100
2 1 = 6,25
2 = 56,25 2
2 3 = 6,5536
( 2 )
2 =
i2 ni
i =1 r
ni
i =1
2 =
6,25 30 + 56,25 60 + 6,5536 10 3628,04 = = 36,28 30 + 60 + 10 100

VH FDOFXOHD] XWLOL]kQG UHJXOD GH DGXQDUH D GLVSHUVLLORU
GLVSHUVLD WRWDO
2 = 2 + 2 = 6,21 + 36,28 = 42,49
DEDWHUHD PHGLH S
WUDWLF
= 2 = 42,49 = 6,518 buc.

:
HDQWLRQXO HVWH RPRJHQ
v=
6,518 100 = 22,71% < 35% 28,7
2.
6H FDOFXOHD]
eroarea medie de reprezentativitate ( y )

n 36,28 100 2 y = 1 = 1 = 0,3265 = 0,57 buc. n N 100 1000
HURDUHD OLPLW
(y)
y = z y = 2 0,57 = 1,14 buc.

,QWHUYDOXO GH vQFUHGHUH SHQWUX SURGXF LD WRWDO
N ( y0 y ) < yi < N ( y0 + y )
i =1
1000 (28,7 1,14) < 28560 buc. <

3.
1000 i =1
1000 i =1
yi < 1000) 28,7 1,14)
yi < 29840 buc.

n):
9ROXPXO QRXOXL HDQWLRQ
n =
2 2
+ z
2 2
( )
y
, unde :
y = y 0,25 y = 1,14 0,285 = 0,855 buc.
n=
2 2 36,28 129,12 129,12 = = 150 muncitori 2 0,86 2 36,28 0,731 + 0,12913 2 (0,855) + 1000
Q FRQGL LLOH XQHL HURUL PD[LPH GH
EXF YROXPXO HDQWLRQXOXL WUHEXLH V
ILH
format din 150 de muncitori.
4.
3HQWUX
UHSDUWL]DUHD
SH
JUXSH
YROXPXOXL
QRXOXL
HDQWLRQ
FRQIRUP
VHOHF LHL
WLSLFH
SURSRU LRQDOH L RSWLPH VH vQWRFPHWH XUP WRUXO WDEHO
Tabelul 6. Grupe de muncitori

GXS QXP UXO GH
Nr. muncitori n colectivitatea

JHQHUDO
Ni N i
ore lucrate lunar A 150 160 170 Total
= N i*
iNi
3 750 4500 256
i Ni
i N i
4 0,1362 0,8173 0,0465 1,00
1 300 600 100
2 0,3 0,6 0,1
Ni= 1000
VHOHF LD WLSLF SURSRU LRQDO
N*i= 1,00
i N i
i =1
= 5506
n1 = 45 Ni ni = n = n2 = 90 N i n3 = 15
VHOHF LD WLSLF
RSWLP
n i = n
i Ni
i N i
i =1
n 1 = 20 , 43 20 = n 2 = 122 , 59 123 n 3 = 6 , 975 7
5.
6H FXQRVF XUP WRDUHOH GDWH SULYLQG HYROX LD H[SRUWXOXL WRWDO GH P UIXUL GLQ 5RPkQLD vQ
perioada 1991 2000.

Tabelul 7. Anii
0RGLILFDUH UHODWLY ID
1992 2,27
1993 12,13
1994 25,74
1995 28,6
1996 2,21
1997 4,28
1998 -1,53
1999 2,42
2000 21,92
de anul precedent (%)
Se cere: 1.
V VH UHFRQVWLWXLH VHULD GH YDORUL DEVROXWH WLLQG F H[SRUWXO D FUHVFXW vQ DQXO ID GH
anul 1995 cu 2457 mil.$; 2. V VH FDOFXOH]H LQGLFDWRULL PHGLL 3. V VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF VHULD 4. s VH DMXVWH]H HYROX LD H[SRUWXOXL vQWUH DQLL 2000 printr-XQ SURFHGHX PHFDQLF L unul analitic; 5. V VH VWDELOHDVF FDUH GLQ FHOH GRX SURFHGHH H[SULP FHO PDL ELQH WHQGLQ D vQ SHULRDGD
UHVSHFWLY
6.
VH DMXVWH]H HYROX LD H[SRUWXOXL vQWUH DQLL
-1995 printr-XQ
SURFHGHX PHFDQLF L
unul analitic.
Rezolvare 1.
3HQWUX D UHFRQVWLWXL VHULD GH YDORUL DEVROXWH VH FDOFXOHD] PDL vQWkL LQGLFLL FX ED]D vQ ODQ SRUQLQG GH OD XQD GLQ IRUPXOHOH GH FDOFXO DOH ULWPXULORU GH FUHWHUH FX ED]D vQ ODQ
Rt / t 1 = I t / t 1(%) 100 ,
de unde: It/t-1(%) = Rt/t-1 + 100 I1992/1991 = 2,27 + 100 = 102,27% I1993/1992 = 12,13 + 100 = 112,13% I2000/1999 = 21,92 + 100 = 121,92%
,QGLFLL GH GLQDPLF VXQW WUHFX L vQ WDEHOXO
Tabelul 8. Anii
,QGLFLL GH GLQDPLF vQ ODQ FX ED]D
1992 102,27
1993 112,13
1994 125,74
1995 128,6
1996 102,21
1997 104,28
1998 98,47
1999 102,42
2000 121,92
3OHFkQG GH OD UHOD LD vQWUH LQGLFL
It/t-1 = It/1 I1996/1995 I1997/1996 I1998/1997 I1999/1998 I2000/1999 = I2000/1995
VH RE LQH
I2000/1995 = 1,0221 1,0428 0,9847 1,0242 1,2192 = 1,3106
Deci:
y 2000 = 1 , 3106 y 1995 y 2000 y 1995 = 2457

(vezi tabelul 9).
y 1995 7910 mil. $ y 2000 10367 mil. $

FXQRVFXW
6H UHFRQVWLWXLH vQWUHDJD VHULH GH YDORUL DEVROXWH SH ED]D LQGLFLORU FX ED]D vQ ODQ
Tabelul 9. Anii
([SRUW WRWDO GH P UIXUL
1991 4266
1992 4363
1993 4892
1994 6151
1995 7910
1996 8085
1997 8431
1998 8302
1999 8503
2000 10367
(mil. $)
2. Indicatorii medii:
nivelul mediu
y=
yt
n
71270 = 7127 mil. $ 10
y n y1 n 1
10367 4266 677 , 89 mil. $ 9
indicele PHGLX GH GLQDPLF
I = n 1
yn y1
=9
10367 = 1 , 10369 sau 110,369% 4266
ritmul mediu
R = ( I 1 ) 100 = (1,10369 1) 100 = 10,369%.

3.
5HSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF VH IDFH SULQ FURQRJUDP KLVWRULRJUDP
10400 9600 8800 8000

Export (mil.$)
7200 6400 5600 4800 4000 3200
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Anii
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
)LJXUD
(YROX LD H[SRUWXOXL GH P
UIXUL vQ SHULRDGD
-2000
4. Ajustarea termenilor seriei pe perioada 1991 2000:
0HWRGD PHFDQLF SHQWUX PHWRGD PRGLILF ULL PHGLL DEVROXWH FDUH VH DMXVWHD] WHUPHQLL VHULHL
6H RSWHD]
5HOD LD GXS
Yti = y1 + (t 1)
5H]XOWDWHOH RE LQXWH
sunt trecute n tabelul 10., coloana 2.

Tabelul 10.
Anii 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Total
yt
1 4266 4363 4892 6151 7910 8085 8431 8302 8503 10367
0HWRGD PRGLILF ULL PHGLHL DEVROXWH
Y t i = 4266 + 677 , 89 ( t 1 )
( yt Yti )
3
yt = 71270
2 Y1 = 4266 + 677,89(1-1) = 4266 Y2 = 4266 + 677,89(2-1) = 4943,89 Y3 = 5621,78 Y4 = 6299,67 Y5 = 6977,56 Y6 = 7655,45 Y7 = 8333,34 Y8 = 9011,23 Y9 = 9689,12 Y10 = 10367 Y t i = 73165
0,0 337433,19 532578,85 22102,77 869444,35 184513,20 9537,47 503007,19 1406880,65 0,0 2 ( y t Y t i ) = 3865497,67
Metoda anaOLWLF
3HQWUX DMXVWDUH YRP DSOLFD R UHOD LH GH WLS OLQLDU
Y t i = a + bti Pentru calculul parametrilor a L b IRORVLP PHWRGD FHORU PDL PLFL S

WUDWH
[yi (a + b ti )]
= min
n n na + b t i = y i i =1 i =1 n n n a t +b t 2 = i i y i t i i =1 i =1 i =1
Cu conGL LD ti = 0 sistemul devine:

n na = y i i =1 n n b t 2 = i yi t i i =1 i =1
a=
yi
i =1
; b=
yiti
i =1
t i2
i =1
&DOFXOHOH QHFHVDUH UH]ROY ULL VLVWHPXOXL VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ WDEHOXO
Tabelul 11. Anii 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Total
yt
1 4266 4363 4892 6151 7910 8085 8431 8302 8503 10367
0HWRGD DQDOLWLF
ti
2 -9 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9
2 i
yiti
4 -38394 -30541 -24460 -18453 -7910 8085 25293 41510 59521 93303
Y t i = a + bti
5 Y1 = 7127+1327,13(-9)=4182,83 Y2 = 7127+327,13(-7)=4837,09 Y3 = 5491,35 Y4 = 6145,61 Y5 = 6799,87 Y6 = 7454,13 Y7 = 8108,39 Y8 = 8762,65 Y9 = 9416,91 Y10 = 10071,17
( yt Yti ) 2
6 6912,25 224761,32 359220,42 29,05 1232388,62 397996,96 104077,21 212198,42 835231,49 87515,39
3 81 49 25 9 1 1 9 25 49 81
yi = 71270 ti =0 t i2 =330 yiti =107954 Y t i =71270
( y t Yt )
i
=3460336,13
10 a = 71270 330 b = 107954
a=
71270 = 7127 10 107954 = 327,13 330
b=
5. Pentru alegerea FHOHL PDL DGHFYDWH PHWRGH VH FRPSDU n n volumul total empiric y i cu cel teoretic Y t i ; i =1 i =1 2 (yi - Y t i ) VH UH LQH PHWRGD FDUH vQGHSOLQHWH FRQGL LD GH PLQLP
FRHILFLHQ LL GH YDULD LH FDOFXOD L GXS I
ormula:
vy =
t
yt
y
100 , unde: yt =
( y i Yti ) 2 n
6H DOHJH PHWRGD FX FHO PDL PLF FRHILFLHQW GH YDULD LH &DOFXOHOH LQWHUPHGLDUH QHFHVDUH VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ WDEHOHOH FRORDQD L WDEHOXO
coloana 6, iar rezultatele n tabelul 12.

Tabelul 12. Nr. crt. 0 1 2 Metoda de ajustare 1
Y t
(yi - Y t )2
i
yt
4 621,73 588,25
Vyt(%)
5 8,72 8,25
Trend liniar
QWUH FHOH GRX PHWRGH H[LVW
2 73165 71270
R GLIHUHQ
3 3865497,67 3460336,13
IRDUWH PLF
vQ IDYRDUHD WUHQGXOXL OLQLDU
6. ajustarea termenilor seriei pe perioada 1991 1995
0HWRGD PHFDQLF SHQWUX PHWRGD LQGLFHOXL PHGLX GXS UHOD LD
6H RSWHD]
7HUPHQLL VHULHL VH DMXVWHD]
Y t i = y1 I
( t 1 )
Indicele mediu este:

y 1995 y 1991 7910 = 1 , 1669 sau 116,69% 4266
I = n 1
=4
6HULD GH GDWH L WHUPHQLL DMXVWD L SULQ DFHDVW
PHWRG
VXQW WUHFXWH vQ WDEHOXO
Tabelul 13. Valori ajustate prin metoda indicelui mediu Anii 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Total
( t 1 )
yi
1 4266 4363 4892 6151 7910
Y t i = y1 I
(yi -Y t i )2
3 0 378274,2 840742,3 393743,7 0 1.612.760,0
2 Y1 = 4266 1,1669(1-1) = 4266 Y2 = 4266 1,1669(2-1) = 4978,04 Y3 = 5808,92 Y4 = 6778,40 Y5 = 7910
yi = 27582
Y t i = 29741,45
Metoda analitLF
*UDILFXO GLQ ILJXUD DUDW SHQWUX DFHDVW SHULRDG R WHQGLQ GH HYROX LH GH WLS
parabolic.
$MXVWDUHD VH IDFH GXS UHOD LD
Y ti = a + bti + cti2
6H DSOLF PHWRGD FHORU PDL PLFL S WUDWH SHQWUX FDOFXOXO SDUDPHWULORU
a, b, c.
SLVWHPXO GH HFXD LL HVWH

na + bt i + ct i2 = y i 2 3 at i + bt i + ct i = y i t i at 2 + bt 3 + ct 4 = y t 2 i i i i i
'DF
ti = 0 sistemul devine:
na + ct i2 = y i 2 bt i = y i t i at 2 + ct 4 = y t 2 i i i i
&DOFXOHOH QHFHVDUH UH]ROY ULL VLVWHPXOXL GH HFXD LL VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ WDEHOXO
Tabelul 14. Anii 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Total
yi
1 4266 4363 4892 6151 7910 -2 -1 0 1 2
9DORUL DMXVWDWH SULQ PHWRGD DQDOLWLF
ti
2 4 1 0 1 4
2 i
t
16 1 0 1 16
4 i
yiti
5 -8532 -4363 0 6151 15820
yit i2
6 17064 4363 0 6151 31640
Y t i =a+bti+ cti2
7 4280,34 4319,23 7939,26 6134,43 7910,74
(yi-Y t i )2
8 196 1915,81 2048,47 274,56 0,55
yi=27582
ti=0
t i =10
t i =34
yiti=9076
yit i =59218
Y t i =27582
(yi-Y t i )2=
=4435,39
5 a + 10 c = 27582 10 b = 9076 10 a + 34 c = 59218
a = 4937,26 b = 907,6 c = 289,57

3HQWUX DOHJHUHD FHOHL PDL DGHFYDWH PHWRGH VH FRPSDU
n n volumul total empiric y i cu cel teoretic Yt i ; i =1 i =1

VXPD S WUDWHORU GLIHUHQ HORU GLQWUH YDORULOH HPSLULFH L FHOH WHRUHWLFH VH UH LQH PHWRGD FDUH vQGHSOLQHWH FRQGL LD GH PLQLP FRHILFLHQ LL GH YDULD LH FDOFXOD L GXS IRUPXOD
v yt =
yt
100 , unde:
y t
( y i Yt i ) 2 n
CaOFXOHOH LQWHUPHGLDUH QHFHVDUH coloana 7, iar rezultatele n tabelul 15..
VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ WDEHOHOH FRORDQD L WDEHOXO
Tabelul 15. Nr. crt. 0 1. 2. Metoda de ajustare 1 Metoda indicelui mediu Trend parabolic
Y t
(yi-Y t )2
i
yt
v y t (%)
5 10,29 0,54
2 29741,45 27582
3 1.612.760,2 4435,39
LQGLF
4 567,94 29,78
&RHILFLHQWXO GH YDULD LH FX YDORDUHD FHD PDL PLF SRWULYLW Q FD]XO QRVWUX IXQF LD SDUDEROLF
PHWRGD GH DMXVWDUH FHD PDL
GH JUDGXO ,, DMXVWHD]
FHO PDL ELQH VHULD GH GDWH
6.
3HQWUX WUHL VRFLHW L FRPHUFLDOH VH FXQRVF GDWHOH
Tabelul 16. Societate

FRPHUFLDO 9DORDUHD SURGXF LHL vQ SUH XUL FXUHQWH
Modificarea
SUH XULORU
Dinamica volumului fizic

DO SURGXF LHL
1U GH VDODULD L
Perioada de
ED]
3HULRDGD FXUHQW
(mil. lei) 0 A B C 1 500 1200 300 2 +50 +80 +100
(PC) 5 45 150 58
(%) 3 80 100 90
(PB) 4 50 150 60
Se cere: 1. LQGLFLL LQGLYLGXDOL DL SUH XULORU L DL YDORULL 2. indicii de grup ai YDORULL YROXPXOXL IL]LF L DO SUH XULORU 3. PRGLILFDUHD UHODWLY L DEVROXW D YDORULL SURGXF LHL FX HYLGHQ LHUHD LQIOXHQ HL IDFWRULORU 4. LQGLFLL LQGLYLGXDOL L GH JUXS DL QXP UXOXL GH VDODULD L 5. SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PXQFLL SH ILHFDUH VRFLHWDWH FRPHUFLDO L SH WRWDO vQ FHOH GRX SHULRDGH 6. LQGLFLL LQGLYLGXDOL L GH JUXS DL SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL 7. PRGLILFDUHD UHODWLY L DEVROXW D SURGXFWLYLW LL PHGLL D PXQFLL FX HYLGHQ LHUHD
IDFWRULORU GH LQIOXHQ SH VHDPD SURGXFWLYLW LL L D SHQWUX QXP UXOXL GH VDODULD L FX
8. 9.
PRGLILFDUHD V
SURGXF LHL
GHVFRPSXQHUHD SH GRL IDFWRUL L SH WUHL IDFWRUL GH LQIOXHQ VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF SURGXF LD SH WRWDO FD]XO D GRL IDFWRUL GH LQIOXHQ
LQkQG VHDPD GH IDFWRULL GH LQIOXHQ
Rezolvare 1.
)RUPXOHOH GH FDOFXO L UH]XOWDWHOH FDOFXOHORU SH ED]D GDWHORU GLQ HQXQ VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ WDEHOXO FRORDQHOH L
Tabelul 17. Societatea

FRPHUFLDO 9DORDUHD SURGXF LHL vQ SHULRDGD FXUHQW
p1q1)
r 1/ 0
2 +50 +80 +100
GH
0 A B C Total
(mil.lei) 1 500 1200 300 2000
p p i 1 / 0 =r 1 / 0 +100 q i% (%)
p q pq v iv=ipiq i (%) p0q0= 1 v 1 p0q1= 1p 1 i
3 150 180 200

JUXS WUHEXLH
4 80 100 90
RE LQXWH
5 1,2 1,8 1,8
6 120 180 180
7 416,667 666,667 166,667 1250

LQIRUPD LL
8 333,333 666,667 150 1150

YDORDUHD
2. Pentru calculul indiciORU
XUP WRDUHOH
SURGXF LHL vQ SHULRDGD GH ED]
p0q0 YDORDUHD SURGXF LHL vQ SUH XUL FRQVWDQWH p0q1).
I 1/ 0
v ( p ,q )
p1 q1 p0q0
2000 = 1 , 6 sau 160% 1250
v(q) I 1/ 0
i q p 0 q 0 = p0 q0
= i p 1 q 1 1
p
1150 = 0 , 92 sau 92% 1250
I 1/ 0
v( p)
p1 q1
2000 2000 = = 1 , 7391 sau 173,91% 500 1200 300 1150 + + 1, 5 1, 8 2
3.
PRGLILF
: v(q) pentru factorul cantitativ: Rv(q) = I (%) - 100 = - 8% pentru factorul calitativ: Rv(p) = I (%) - 100 = + 73,91%
v(p)
v( p pe total: Rv(p,q) = I (%) , q ) - 100 = + 60%
ULOH UHODWLYH
PRGLILF
: pe seama factorului cantitativ: v ( q ) = i q p 0 q 0 p 0 q 0 = - 100 mil. lei 1 pe seama factorului calitativ: v ( p ) = p1q1 p p1q1 = 850 mil. lei i v( p,q ) = p1q1 p 0q 0 = 750 mil. lei pe total:
DVWIHO
ULOH DEVROXWH
4.
,QGLFLL LQGLYLGXDOL L GH JUXS DL QXP UXOXL GH VDODULD L VH FDOFXOHD]
T i 1/ 0
45 50 = 0 , 9 sau 90% pentru SC " A" T1 150 = = 1 sau 100% pentru SC " B" T0 150 58 60 = 0 , 9667 sau 96,67% pentru SC " C"
T I 1/ 0 =
T 1 T 0
253 = 0 , 9731 sau 97,31% 260
5.
VRFLHWDWH FRPHUFLDO
)RUPXOHOH GH FDOFXO L UH]XOWDWHOH FDOFXOHORU SHQWUX SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PXQFLL SH ILHFDUH VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ WDEHOXO FRORDQHOH L
Tabelul 18. SC A A B C Total
p0q0
1 416,667 666,667 166,667 1250
p0q1
2 333,333 666,667 150 1150
T0
3 50 150 60 260
T1
4 45 150 58 253
w0 =
p0 q0 T0
w1 =
p 0 q1 T1
iw=
w1 w0
w0T1
8 373,985 666,600 161,067 1202,652
iT
9 0,9 1 0,9667 0,9731
5 8,333 4,444 2,777 4,808 p 0 q 0
6 7,407 4,444 2,586 4,545
7 0,8889 1 0,9312 0,9453
p 0 q 1 T1
LL PHGLL D PXQFLL WUHEXLH FDOFXODWH
T 0
6.
SURGXFWLYLW
,QGLFLL LQGLYLGXDOL DL SURGXFWLYLW LOH PHGLL SH WRWDO DVWIHO
3HQWUX FDOFXOXO LQGLFLORU GH JUXS DL SURGXFWLYLW
LL PXQFLL VXQW SUH]HQWD L vQ WDEHOXO FRORDQD
w0 =
w 0 T 0 T 0
w 1 T 1 T 1
w 0 T 1 T 1
p 0 q 0 T 0
= 4 , 808 mil.lei/salariat
w1 =
w* =
p 0 q 1 T 1
= 4 , 545 mil.lei/salariat
1202 , 652 = 4 , 753 mil.lei/salariat 253
3H ED]D DFHVWRUD VH FDOFXOHD]
XUP WRULL LQGLFDWRUL
I SV
w ( w ,g T )
w1 w0 =
4 , 545 4 , 808
= 0 , 9453
VDX
LQGLFHOH FX VWUXFWXU
YDULDELO
I VS
w( g
w* w0 =
4 , 753 4 , 808
= 0 , 9896
VDX
LQGLFHOH YDULD LHL VWUXFWXULL
I SF
w(w)
w1 w*
4 , 545 = 0 , 9562 4 , 753
VDX
IL[
7. Pe baza indicilor de grup se pot calcula:
PRGLILF ULOH DEVROXWH
w ( w ,g w ( g
T
= w 1 w 0 = 4 , 545 4 , 808 = 0 , 263 mil. lei
= w * w 0 = 4 , 753 4 , 808 = 0 , 055 mil. lei
w ( w ) = w 1 w * = 4 , 545 4 , 753 = 0 , 208 mil. lei
PRGLILF
ULOH UHODWLYH
R w ( w ,g Rw(g
T
= 5 , 47%
= 1 , 14%
R w ( w ) = 4 , 38%
8.
D 'HVFRPSXQHUHD SURGXF LHL SH GRL IDFWRUL GH LQIOXHQ
VH SRDWH UHDOL]D
n mai multe
moduri: * Varianta I
I Q ( w ,T ) =
L
w1 T1 = p 0 q 1 w0 T0 p 0 q 0
= 1202 , 652 1250
= 0 , 92 sau 92% R Q ( w ,T ) = 8%
Q ( w ,T ) = 100 mil. lei
I Q(T ) =
L
w 0 T1 w0 T0 w1 T 1 w0T 1
= 0 , 9621 sau 96 , 21% R Q ( T ) = 3 , 79%
Q ( T ) = 47 , 348 mil. lei = 1150 = 0 , 9562 sau 95 , 62% R Q ( w ) = 4 , 38% 1202 , 652
I Q(w) =
L
Q ( w ) = 52 , 652 mil. lei
Varianta II
I Q ( w ,T ) =
L
T 1 w 0 T 0
w1
= 0 , 92 sau 92% , R Q ( w ,T ) = 8%
Q ( w ,T ) = 100 mil.lei
I Q ( T ) =
w0
T 1 w 0 T 0
= 0 , 9731 sau 97 , 31%, R Q ( T ) = 2 , 69%
Q ( T ) = ( T 1 T 0 ) w 0 = ( 253 260 ) 4 , 808 = 33 , 656 mil. lei I Q(w) =
T1 w 0 T 1
w1
= 0 , 94531 sau 94 , 53%, R Q ( w ) = 5 , 47%
Q ( w ) = ( w 1 w 0 ) T 1 = ( 4 , 545 4 , 808 ) 253 = 66 , 539 mil. lei
Verificare:
I
Q ( w ,T )
=I
= 0,9453 0,9731=0,9199 0,92

E 'HVFRPSXQHUHD SURGXF LHL WRWDOH SH WUHL IDFWRUL GH LQIOXHQ
Q ( w , g T ,T )
w 1 g 1T T 1 = T w 0 g 0 T 1
= w0
= 0 , 92 sau 92%, Q ( w , g
, T )
100 mil. lei
Q ( T )
T w 0 g 0 T 1 = T w 0 g 0 T 0
T1 w 0 T 0
= 0 , 9731 sau 97 , 31%,
Q ( T ) = ( T 1 T 0 ) w 0 = 33 , 656 mil. lei
Q( gT )
w 0 g 1T T1 = T w 0 g 0 T1
T1 w 0 T1
w*
= 0 , 9886 sau 98 , 86%,
Q ( g
= ( w * w 0 ) T 1 = 0 , 055 253 = 13 , 915 mil.lei
I Q(w) =
w 1 g 1T T1 w 0 g 1T T1
T1 w * T1
w1
= 0 , 9562 sau 95 , 62%
Q ( w ) = ( w 1 w * ) T 1 = 0 , 208 253 = 52 , 624 mil. lei
9.
9DORDUHD
SURGXF LHL
vQ FHOH GRX
SHULRDGH vQ IXQF LH FH SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PHGLH L
GH
QXP UXO GH VDODULD L
p0q0 = w 0 T 0 = 4,808 260 1250 mil. lei p0q1 = w1 T1 = 4,545 253 1150 mil. lei
PentrX UHSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF

VH IRORVHWH GUHSWXQJKLXO
D SURGXF LHL SH WRWDO vQ IXQF LH GH FHL GRL IDFWRUL GH LQIOXHQ
L: (1 cm = 1 milion lei)
O FP VDODULD L
1250 mil. lei
VDODULD L
VDODULD
1150 mil. lei
4,808 mil. lei

3HULRDGD GH ED]
4,545 mil. lei

3HULRDGD FXUHQW
7.
Se cunosc datele:
Tabelul 19. Firma 0 A B C Total Fond de salarii (mil. lei) )60) Perioada cuUHQW 1 2 750 567 900 828 310 335 1960 1730
1XP )61 U VDODULD L
3HULRDGD GH ED]
3HULRDGD GH ED]
70
3HULRDGD FXUHQW
71
3 300 250 100 650
4 210 230 100 540
Se cere: 1. 2. 3. 4.
V V V V IL[ VH FDOFXOH]H LQGLFLL LQGLYLGXDOL DL IRQGXOXL GH VDODULL L DL QXP UXOXL GH VDODULD L VH FDOFXOH]H VDODULLOH PHGLL SH ILHFDUH ILUP vQ FHOH GRX SHULRDGH L LQGLFLL LQGLYLGXDOL D DFHVWXLD L
ai salariului mediu;
VH FDOFXOH]H GLQDPLFD IRQGXOXL GH VDODULL SH WRWDO PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW VH FDOFXOH]H VDOD FRQWULEX LD IDFWRULORU GHWHUPLQDQ L
riul mediu pe total (la nivel de ansamblu al celor 3 firme), pe cele

YDULDELO FX VWUXFWXU
GRX V V
SHULRDGH L LQGLFLL GH JUXS DL VDODULXOXL PHGLX FX VWUXFWXU L DL YDULD LHL VWUXFWXULL
5. 6.
VH FDOFXOH]H PRGLILF ULOH DEVROXWH DOH VDODULXOXL PHGLX SH WRWDO L FRQWULEX LD IDFWRULORU VH FDOFXOH]H VDODULXO PHGLX SH WRWDO vQ FHOH GRX SHULRDGH L LQGLFLL VDODULXOXL PHGLX
GH LQIOXHQ
IRORVLQG SHQWUX FDOFXOH VWUXFWXUD VDODULD LORU SH FHOH WUHL ILUPH
Rezolvare 1. Indicii individuali ai fondului de salDULL L DL QXP UXOXL GH VDODULD L VH SRW FDOFXOD SH ED]D datelor din tabel: indicii fondului de salarii: 567 750 = 0,756 sau 75,6% (pentru firma " A" ) FS1 828 i1FS = = = 0,92 sau 92% (pentru firma " B" ) /0 FS 0 900 335 = 1,0806 sau 108,06% (pentru firma " C" ) 310 LQGLFLL QXP UXOXL GH VDODULD L
210 300 = 0,70 sau 70% (pentru firma " A" ) 230 T = 1 = = 0,92 sau 92% (pentru firma " B" ) T0 250 100 = 1,00 sau 100% (pentru firma " C" ) 100
T i1 / 0
2.
VDODULXO PHGLX SH ILHFDUH ILUP
750 300 = 2500 FS 0 900 S0 = = = 3600 T0 250 310 = 3100 100 567 210 = 2700 828 FS S1 = 1 = = 3600 T1 230 335 = 3350 100
mii lei /salariat (pentru firma "A") mii lei /salariat (pentru firma "B") mii lei /salariat (pentru firma "C")
mii lei /salariat (pentru firma "A") mii lei /salariat (pentru firma "B") mii lei /salariat (pentru firma "C")
indicii individuali ai salariului mediu:

2700 2500 = 1,08 = 108% (pentru firma " A" ) 3600 S = 1 = = 1,00 = 100% (pentru firma " B" ) S 0 3600 3350 = 1,0806 = 108,06% (pentru firma " C" ) 3100
i1S/ 0
Tabelul 20. Firma 0 A B C Total Salariu mediu (mii lei/salariat) 60) 3HULRDGD FXUHQW 1 2 2500 2700 3600 3600 3100 3350 S0T1 (mii lei)
61
3HULRDGD GH ED]
) 3 525 828 310 1663
S 0 = 3015,38
S 1 = 3203,7
3.
dinamica fondului de salarii pe total LQIOXHQ D IDFWRULORU GHWHUPLQDQ L

I 1/ 0
FS ( S ,T )
I 1/ 0
FS ( T )
I 1/ 0
FS ( S )
FS 1 = S 1 T 1 = 1730 = 0 , 8826 sau 88 , 26% FS 0 S 0 T 0 1960 S 0 T 1 = 1663 = 0 , 8485 sau 84 , 85% = S 0 T 0 1960 S 1 T 1 = 1730 = 1 , 0403 sau 104 , 03% = S 0 T 1 1663
=
= I 1/ 0
FS ( T )
5HOD LD GH VLVWHP GLQWUH FHL WUHL LQGLFL
I 1/ 0
FS ( S ,T )
I 1/ 0
FS ( S )
0 , 8826 = 0 , 8485 1 , 0403
PRGLILF ULOH DEVROXWH L FRQWULEX LD IDFWRULORU
FS 1 / 0( S ,T ) = S1T1 - S0T0 = 1730 1960 = - 230 mil.lei
1 / 0 = S0T1 - S0T0 = 1663 1960 = - 297 mil.lei

FS( T )
1 / 0 = S1T1 - S0T1 = 1730 1663 = 67 mil.lei

FS( S)
5HOD LD GH VLVWHP GLQWUH PRGLILF ULOH DEVROXWH
FS 1 / 0( S ,T ) = 1 / 0
FS( T )
FS + 1 / 0(S)
- 230 = - 297 + 67
4.
salariul mediu pe total:
S0 =
FS 0 T0
1960 10 3 = 3015,3 mii lei/salariat 650
S1 =
FS1 = 1730 10 3 = 3203,7 650 T1

YDULDELO
mii lei/salariat
indicii de grup ai salariului mediu:

I1S/ (0S , g
S1 = S0
FS1 : FS 0 = S1T1 : S 0T0 T1 T0 T1 T0
I1S/ 0 =
3203,7 = 1,0624 sau 106,24% 3015,3

IL[
I1S/(0S ) =
S1T1 : S0T1 = 3203,7 : 1663 103 = S1 = 3203,7 = 1,0403 sau 104,03% 540 S* 3079,6 T1 T1 S 0T1 : S 0T0 T1 T0
= I1S/ (0S ) I1S/(0g
T
I1S/ (0g
S * 3079,6 = = 1,021 sau 102,1%. S 0 3015,3
5HOD LD GH VLVWHP
I1S/ (0S , g
1,0624 = 1,0213 1,0403
5.
0RGLILF ULOH DEVROXWH DOH VDODULXOXL PHGLX
S S /(0 , g 1
= S 1 S 0 = 3203,7 3015,3 = 188,4 mii lei
S /( S ) = S1 S * = 3203,7 3079,6 = 124,1 mii lei 1 0

g S /( 0 1
T
= S * S 0 = 3079,6 3015,3 = 64,3 mii lei
6H YHULILF
UHOD LD
S S /(0 , g 1
S g = S /(0 ) + S /(0 1 1
188,4 = 124,1 + 64,3 6.

6WUXFWXUD VDODULD LORU vQ FHOH GRX SHULRDGH HVWH SUH]HQWDW vQ WDEHOXO FRORDQHOH L
4.
Tabelul 21. Salariu mediu (mii lei/salariat) Perioada Perioada de FXUHQW ED] 60) (S1) 1 2 2500 2700 3600 3600 3100 3350
6WUXFWXUD VDODULD LORU 3HULRDGD GH ED]
%)
Firma
Perioada
FXUHQW
S0g T (%) 0
5 115400 138456 47678 301534
T S1g 1 (%)
T S0g 1 (%)
(g 0 ) 3 46,16 38,46 15,38
g1 )
6 105003 153324 62042 320369 7 97225 153324 57412 307961
0 A B C Total
4 38,89 42,59 18,52

T g 1 =100,0
s 0 =3015,38
s 1 =3203,7
g T =100,0 0
salariul mediu pe total (pe ansamblul celor 3 firme): S0 =

T S 0 g 0(%)
100
301534 = 3015,34 mii lei/salariat 100
S1 =
S1 g1T(%)
100
320369 = 3203,69 mii lei/salariat 100 307961 = 3079,61 mii lei/salariat 100
S*
s0 g1T(%) =
100
indicii salariului mediu:

LQGLFHOH FX VWUXFWXU YDULDELO
I1s/ 0 =
s1 3203,69 = = 1,0624 sau 106,24% s0 3015,34

IL[
s I 1s/(0 ) =
s1 3203,69 = = 1,0403 sau 104,03% s* 3079,61
g I 1s/(0
s* 3079,61 = = 1,0213 sau 102,13% s 0 3015,34
8.
6H FXQRVF GDWHOH PLOLDUGH OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH
Tabelul 22. VAB (miliarde lei Ramura

SUH XUL FXUHQWH 3RSXOD LD RFXSDW
Modificarea
SUH XULORU vQ
VABi 1994 0
,QGXVWULH FRQVWUXF LL
(mii persoane) POi 1994 1996 4 3200 3290 2940 9430
1996/1994
p RVABi (%)
1996
1 2 3 21269,6 43248,9 3520 $JULFXOWXU VLOYLFXOWXU 9897,6 20949,2 3630 Alte ramuri 14787,5 37656,1 2880 Total 45954,7 101854,2 10030 Sursa: Anuarul Statistic al Romniei, anul 1998, pag. 118, 340-342
5 +81,48 +110,82 +118,5
Se cere: 1. 2. 3.
SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PXQFLL SH UDPXUL L SH vQWUHDJD HFRQ V V
omie;
LL PXQFLL SH vQWUHDJD D SURGXFWLYLW LL PHGLL
VH GHWHUPLQH LQIOXHQ D IDFWRULORU DVXSUD PRGLILF ULL SURGXFWLYLW VH GHWHUPLQH FRQWULEX LD ILHF UXL IDFWRU OD PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW
economie; a muncii pe ntreaga economie. Rezolvare: 1. Productivitatea muncii (W)

3HQWUX FDOFXOXO SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL OD QLYHOXO UDPXULL
Wi),
SHQWUX VH IRORVHWH
VAB vQ SUH XUL FXUHQWH
Wi 0 =
VABi 0 , unde i = 1,3 POi 0 SHQWUX VH IRORVHWH VAB vQ SUH XUL FRQVWDQWH
VAB i*1 PO i 1
Wi1 =
, unde VAB i*1 =
VAB i 1
p I VAB i
n care I VAB
(%)
= R VAB + 100
p
i
Tabelul 22.
Ramura 0
I VAB
1 1,8148 2,1082 2,185
VAB i 1
i
VAB i*1
(mld.lei) 3 23831,22 9937,01 17233,91 51002,13
(mld. lei) 2 43248,9 20949,2 37656,1 101854,2
Alte ramuri Total
Productivitatea muncii (mii lei/pers.) Wi0 Wi1 4 5 6042,5 7447,2 2726,6 3020,3 5134,5 5861,8 4581,7 5408,4
Wi0POi1 6 19336 8970,514 15095,43 43401,944
Productivitatea muncii la nivelul economiei ( W
VH FDOFXOHD]
DVWIHO
W0 =
VAB i 0
i =1 3
45954 , 7.10 9 10030.10 3
= 4581 , 7 mii lei/pers.
PO i 0
i =1
W1 =
VAB i 1
i =1 3
51002 , 13.10 9 9430.10 3
= 5408 , 4 mii lei/pers.
PO i 1
i =1
2.
'LQDPLFD SURGXFWLYLW
LL PXQFLL
pe ntreaga economie:
VDX FHHD FH UHSUH]LQW R FUHWHUH
I W (W , g
PO
W1 5408,4 = = 1,1804 W0 4581,7
cu 18,04%
0RGLILFDUHD SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL SH HFRQRPLH
SRDWH IL DQDOL]DW
vQ IXQF LH GH
productivitatea muncii la nivelul ramurilor (Wi ramuri g iPO .
( )
VL GH VWUXFWXUD SRSXOD LHL RFXSDWH SH
Modificarea W pe seama Wi:
IW
unde:
(g
PO
W* W0
W* =
W i 0 PO i 1
i =1
PO i 1
i =1
PO
43401 , 944.10 9 9430.10 3
= 4602 , 5 mii lei
IW
(g
W* W0
4602 , 53 4581 , 7
= 1 , 0045 sau 100,45%
Modificarea W pe seama (g iPO ):

IW
(W )
W1 W*
5408 , 4 4602 , 5
= 1 , 1751 sau 117,51%
5H]XOW
F SH WRWDO HFRQRPLH FUHWHUHD SURGXFWLYLW FUHWHULL SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL OD QLYHOXO
LL PXQFLL VH GDWRUHD] UDPXULORU LQIOXHQ D
DSURDSH vQ PRGLILF ULL
WRWDOLWDWH
VWUXFWXULL SRSXOD LHL SH UDPXUL ILLQG QHJOLMDELO &RQWULEX LD ILHF UXL IDFWRU OD PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW HFRQRPLHL VH GHWHUPLQ DVWIHO D SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL OD QLYHOXO
3.
(g
PO
= W * W 0 = 4602 , 5 4581 , 7 = 20 , 8 mii lei
(W )
= W 1 W * = 5408 , 4 4602 , 5 = 805 , 9 mii lei

SH WRWDO
0RGLILFDUHD DEVROXW
(g
PO
,W )
= W 1 W 0 = 5408 , 4 4581 , 7 = 826 , 7 mii lei

UHOD LD GH VLVWHP
0RGLILF ULOH DEVROXWH YHULILF
(g
PO
,W )
= W
(g
PO
+ W
(W )
= 20 , 8 + 805 , 9 = 826 , 7 mii lei

D ILHF UXL IDFWRU OD
3H ED]D UHOD LHL GH PDL VXV VH SRDWH GHWHUPLQD FRQWULEX LD UHODWLY PRGLILFDUHD SURGXFWLYLW LL PHGLL D PXQFLL
( g PO )
W W
W
(g
PO
(g
PO
20 , 8 826.7
= 2 , 58%
,W )
(W )
(W )
PO
805 , 9 826.7
= 97 , 42%
W (g
,W )
9.
6H FXQRVF XUP WRDUHOH GDWH UHIHULWRDUH OD HFRQRPLD 5RPkQLHL
Tabelul 23. Indicatori 0

3URGXF LH EUXW DJULFXOWXU POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH GF L VLOYLFXOWXU
industrie
FRQVWUXF LL
alte ramuri
&RQVXP LQWHUPHGLDU POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH GF DJULFXOWXU L VLOYLFXOWXU
industrie
FRQVWUXF LL
alte ramuri
9DORDUH DG XJDW DJULFXOWXU EUXW POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH GF
1995 1 150115 25160 72093 11042 41820 83516 10894 48381 6287 17954
1996 2
1997 3
L VLOYLFXOWXU
industrie
FRQVWUXF LL
alte ramuri
100487 20662 37054 7469 35302
229770 46953 88911 13487 80419
Indicatori 0
,PSR]LWH SH SURGXV LQFOXVLY 79$ POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH 6XEYHQ LL POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH 7D[H YDPDOH POGOHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH &RQVXP ILQDO POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH GF SRSXOD LH DGPLQLVWUD LH )RUPDUHD EUXW GH FDSLWDO IL[ POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH
9DULD LD VWRFXULORU PDWHULDOH POGOHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH ([SRUW QHW POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH 5HPXQHUDUHD PXQFLL POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH ([FHGHQWXO EUXW GH H[SORDWDUH POG OHL SUH XUL FXUH 0RGLILFDUHD SUH XULORU ID GH DQXO OD
nte)
1995 1 5579 1231 1189 58662 48545 10117 15425 2085 -4036 28035 38564 0 0 0 0 0
1996 2 7900 1849 1853 90711 77733 12978 25076 1695 - 9091 44,4 38,7 56,5 94,0 74,2
1997 3 18981 2498 3497 213536 187562 25974 47952 5744 - 17482 268,9 211,9 255,8 503,1 359,4
FRQVXPXO ILQDO DO SRSXOD LHL FRQVXPXO ILQDO DO DGPLQLVWUD LHL IRUPDUHD EUXW GH FDSLWDO IL[ YDULD LD VWRFXULORU
export net
,QGLFLL GH SUH XUL DL 9$% DJULFXOWXU L VLOYLFXOWXU ID GH vQ
100 149,6 335,2 100 146,2 369,2 100 151,3 349,5 FRQVWUXF LL alte ramuri 100 141,5 362,4 ,QGLFHOH SUH XULORU GH FRQVXP 100 138,8 353,6 Deflatorul PIB (%) 100 144,78 357,83 )RQGXUL IL[H PLOG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH PHGLH DQXDO 159390,3 Dinamica fondurilor fixe (%) 100 109,06 104 3RSXOD LD RFXSDW PLL SHUVRDQH PHGLH DQXDO 9752 9436 Sursa: calcule pe baza Anuarului Statistic al Romniei, anul 1997, p. 125, 355-356, 359-362, 367-369, 391-392; date CNS pentru anul 1997. industrie
Se cere: 1. VAB SH UDPXUL L SH WRWDO HFRQRPLH vQ DQXO VWUXFWXUD VAB pe ramuri n anii 1995, 1996, 1997; 2. PIB GXS PHWRGD SURGXF LHL VWUXFWXUD PIB; 3. PIB GXS PHWRda veniturilor; structura PIB; 4. PIB GXS PHWRGD FKHOWXLHOLORU VWUXFWXUD PIB; 5. GHIOD LRQDUHD PIB utiliznd mai multe metode; 6. dinamica PIB UHDO L QRPLQDO 7. FRQVXPXO ILQDO UHDO DO SRSXOD LHL GLQDPLFD DFHVWXLD 8. UDWD LQIOD LHL 9. GHWHUPLQD L L LQWHUSUHWD L SULQFLSDOHOH FRUHOD LL PDFURHFRQRPLFH 10. LQGLFDWRULL PDFURHFRQRPLFL GHULYD L Rezolvare
9DORDUHD DG SHULRDGD GH FDOFXO VH XJDW RE LQH EUXW FD
VAB)
H[SULP vQWUH
YDORDUHD FUHDW WRWDO
GH IDFWRULL GH SURGXF LH vQ GLQWU R
GLIHUHQ
SURGXF LD
EUXW
UDPXU
(PB
consumul intermediar (CI): VABi = PBi - Cii

&RQVXPXO LQWHUPHGLDU UHSUH]LQW YDORDUHD EXQXULORU GH PDWHULDOH VH L VHUYLFLLORU FD VXP D SURGXVH EUXW vQ SH SHULRDGD GH FDOFXO L XWLOL]DWH SHQWUX IDEULFDUHD GH QRL EXQXUL L VHUYLFLL 9DORDUHD DG XJDW
total econoPLH H[SULPDW vQ SUH XULOH IDFWRULORU indicatorului pe ramuri (vezi tabelul 24.).
SURGXF LH
RE LQH
QLYHOXULORU
Tabelul 24. VAB 1995 (mld. lei

SUH XUL FXUHQWH
Structura VAB (%) n anul 1995 2 21,42 35,60 7,14 35,84 100 1996 3 20,56 36,87 7,44 35,13 100
LQGXVWULD
Ramura 0
$JULFXOWXU L VLOYLFXOWXU
1997 4 20,43 38,70 5,87 35,00 100

D FRQWLQXDW V
Industrie
&RQVWUXF LL
Alte ramuri Total

'DWHOH vQW UHDVF GLQ WDEHOXO DQWHULRU DUDW
1 14266 23712 4755 23866 66599

F vQ SHULRDGD

-L
SR]L LD GRPLQDQW
vQ HFRQRPLH vQ WLPS FH DJULFXOWXUD D vQUHJLVWUDW XQ XRU GHFOLQ H[SULP YDORDUHD EUXW D EXQXULORU L VHUYLFLLORU ILQDOH
2. Produsul intern brut (PIB

ULL GXS
SURGXVH vQ SHULRDGD GH FDOFXO GH WR L DJHQ LL HFRQRPLFL FDUH L GHVI RDU
DFWLYLWDWHD vQ LQWHULRUXO
Determinarea PIB
PHWRGD YDORULL DG
XJDWH PHWRGD SURGXF LHL SUHVXSXQH DJUHJDUHD
YDORULL DG XJDWH EUXWH FUHDWH vQ UDPXULOH HFRQRPLHL
PIB pf = ( PB i CI i ) = VAB i
i i
ind PIB pp = VAB i + I n i
ind I n = IP S + TV ,
unde: PIBpf PIBpp ind In IP S TV - SURGXVXO LQWHUQ EUXW OD SUH XULOH IDFWRULORU - SURGXVXO LQWHUQ EUXW OD SUH XULOH SLH HL - impozite indirecte nete; - impozite pe produs (inclusiv TVA); - VXEYHQ LL - taxe vamale.
Q FHOH FH XUPHD] Y
om nota cei trei ani ai perioadei analizate astfel:
0 1995 1 1996 2 1997 PIB

OD SUH XULOH IDFWRULORU POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH FRUHVSXQGH YDORULL DG XJDWH EUXWH SH DQVDPEOXO HFRQRPLHL YH]L WDEHOHOH L
PIB0 = 66599 PIB1 = 100487 PIB2 = 229770
PIB OD SUH XULOH SLH HL POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH VH RE LQH DG PIB0 = 66599 + 5537 = 72136 ind I n = 5579 1231 + 1189 = 5537
0
XJkQG LPSR]LWHOH LQGLUHFWH QHWH
PIB1 = 100487 + 7904 = 108391 ind I n = 7900 1849 + 1853 = 7904

1
PIB2 = 229770 + 19980 = 249750 ind I n = 18981 2498 + 3497 = 19980

2
9DORULOH RE LQXWH SHQWUX FHL WUHL DQL QX VXQW FRPSDUDELOH GHRDUHFH VXQW H[SULPDWH vQ SUH XUL GLIHULWH SUH XULOH FXUHQWH DOH ILHF UXL DQ
Tabelul 25. Ponderea n PIBpp (%) 1996 92,71 7,29 100,0
Componente VAB Impozite indirecte nete Total
1995 92,32 7,68 100,0

GXS
1997 92,00 8,00 100,0
Structura pe componente a PIB

GXS
PHWRGD YDORULL DG XJDWH WDEHOXO QX D vQUHJLVWUDW
VFKLPE UL VHPQLILFDWLYH vQ SHULRDGD DQDOL]DW PHWRGD UHSDUWL LHL VH RE LQH vQVXPkQG YHQLWXULOH RE LQXWH
3. PIB
metoda veniturilor
GH IDFWRULL GH SURGXF LH
ind ind PIB pp = RS + ENE + A + I n = R + EBE + I n ,
unde: - UHPXQHUDUHD VDODULD LORU VDODULL LPSR]LWH SH VDODULL &$6 - excedentul net de exploatare (dividende, impozit pe profit, profit nedistribuit, rente, dobnzi nete); - amortizarea; A EBE - excedentul brut de exploatare; EBE = ENE + A
RS ENE
PIB0 = 28035 + 38564 + 5537 = 72136 mild lei. Structura PIB n anul 1995: remunerarea muncii: 38,86% excedentul brut de exploatare: 53,46% impozite indirecte nete: 7,68% 4. PIB
GXS
metoda cheltuielilor
PHWRGD XWLOL] ULL ILQDOH VH RE LQH vQVXPkQG FKHOWXLHOLOH
SHQWUX EXQXULOH L VHUYLFLLOH ILQDOH vQ IXQF LH GH GHVWLQD LD DFHVWRUD
PIBpp = CP + CA + FBC + EXN FBC = FBCF + VS ,
unde:
CP CA FBC FBCF VS EXN
- consumul final aO SRSXOD LHL - FRQVXPXO ILQDO DO DGPLQLVWUD LHL - IRUPDUHD EUXW GH FDSLWDO - IRUPDUHD EUXW GH FDSLWDO IL[
YDULD LD VWRFXULORU PDWHULDOH
export net. PIB0 = 48545 + 10117 + (15425 + 2085) 4036 = 72136 mld lei PIB1 = 77733 + 12978 + (25076 + 1695) 9091 = 108391 mld lei PIB2 = 187562 + 25974 + (47952 + 5744) 17482 = 249750 mld lei
Tabelul 26. Componente Ponderea n PIBpp 1995 1996 67,30 71,72 14,02 11,97 21,38 23,13 2,89 1,56 -5,59 -8,39 100,0 100,0
(%)
1997 75,10 10,40 19,2 2,30 -6,70 100,0
R
Consum privat Consumul admLQLVWUD LHL

)RUPDUHD EUXW GH FDSLWDO IL[ 9DULD LD VWRFXULORU
Export net Total
Structura PIB
FUHWHUH
FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH XWLOL] ULL ILQDOH D EXQXULORU L VHUYLFLLORU WDEHOXO DUDW D SRQGHULL FRQVXPXOXL SULYDW vQ SHULRDGD GH]HFKLOLEUDW
VHPQLILFDWLY
-1997 n detrimentul
LPSRUWXO D GHS LW
FRQVXPXOXL DGPLQLVWUD LHL L DO LQYHVWL LLORU %DODQ D FRPHUFLDO H[SRUWXO D LQIOXHQ DW QHJDWLY P ULPHD
PIB n cei treL DQL FRQVLGHUD L
'HIOD LRQDUHD $WXQFL FkQG VH SURGXVXOXL LQWHUQ
PIB se poate realiza global sau pe componente. deflatorul PIB LQGLFHOH VLQWHWLF GH SUH XUL DO FRPSRQHQWHORU EUXW P ULPHD PIB real se poate calcula raportnd PIB nominal la deflatorul
FXQRDWH
FRUHVSXQ] WRU DQXOXL UHVSHFWLY FRQIRUP UHOD LHL
PIB t* = unde:
PIB t Dt
PIB t* PIBt Dt
DateOH
- P ULPHD PIB UHDO vQ SUH XUL FRQVWDQWH vQ DQXO t; - PIB QRPLQDO vQ SUH XUL FXUHQWH vQ DQXO t; - deflatorul PIB pentru anul t.
DSOLFD LHL QH SHUPLW V H[SULP P
PIB
GLQ DQLL L vQ SUH XULOH DQXOXL
SUH XUL FRQVWDQWH
* PIB 96 =
PIB 96 D 96 / 95 PIB 97 D 97 / 95
108391 = 74866 mld. lei 1 , 4478 249750 = 69795 , 7 mld. lei 3 , 5783
* PIB 97 =
0 ULPHD GHIOD L
PIB
UHDO
VH
PDL
SRDWH
GHWHUPLQD
SULQ
nsumarea componentelor sale
onate FRQIRUP UHOD LHL PIB * = C i* = Ci

P IC
i
unde:
C i* Ci P IC
- componenta i H[SULPDW - componenta i H[SULPDW

i
vQ SUH XUL FRPSDUDELOH FRQVWDQWH vQ SUH XUL FXUHQWH
LQGLFHOH SUH XULORU EXQXULORU L VHUYLFLLORU FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH FRPSRQHQWHL
i.
'H H[HPSOX SRUQLQG GH OD HOHPHQWHOH GH XWLOL]DUH ILQDO GHWHUPLQ DVWIHO
PIB
UHDO OD SUH XULOH SLH HL VH
PIB * =
CP
P I CP
CA
P I CA
FBCF
P I FBCF
VS
P I VS
EXN
P I EXN
* PIB 96 =
77733 12978 25076 1695 9091 + + + = 74866 , 6 mld. lei 1 , 444 1 , 387 1 , 565 1 , 940 1 , 742 187562 25974 47952 5744 17482 + + + = 69795 , 5 mld. lei. 3 , 689 3 , 119 3 , 558 6 , 031 4 , 594
GH GHIOD LRQDUH DSOLFDWH DQWHULRU FRQGXF OD DFHODL UH]XOWDW FX PLFL
* PIB 97 =
&HOH 'DF
GRX
PHWRGH
GLIHUHQ H GDWRUDWH URWXQMLULORU GH FDOFXO LQWHUPHGLDUH VH XWLOL]HD] LQGLFLL GH SUH XUL DL
VAB pe ramuri ale economiei, PIB
UHDO OD SUH XULOH
IDFWRULORU VH GHWHUPLQ
FX UHOD LD
PIB = VAB i =
unde:
VAB i I iP
VAB i VABi I iP
- VAB FUHDW vQ UDPXUD i H[SULPDW vQ SUH XUL FRPSDUDELOH - VAB FUHDW vQ UDPXUD i H[SULPDW vQ SUH XUL FXUHQWH - LQGLFHOH GH SUH XUL FRUHVSXQ] WRU UDPXULL i.
PIB 96 =
20662 37054 7469 35302 + + + = 69048 , 2 mld. lei. 1 , 496 1 , 462 1 , 513 1 , 415
46953 88911 13487 80419 + + + = 64139 , 4 mld. lei. 3 , 352 3 , 692 3 , 495 3 , 624
PIB 97 =
7. Dinamica PIB nominal VH FDOFXOHD]

I tPIB = /0 PIBt 100, PIB0
SH ED]D YDORULORU H[SULPDWH vQ SUH XUL FXUHQWH
unde: PIBt PIB0 - valoarea PIB QRPLQDO H[SULPDW vQ SUH XUL FXUHQWH GLQ DQXO t; - valoarea PIB nominal n DQXO GH ED]
Dinamica PIB QRPLQDO OD SUH XULOH SLH HL

I1PIB = /0 I 2PIB = /0
$FHDVW
PIB96 108391 100 = 100 = 150,26% PIB95 72136 249750 PIB97 100 = 100 = 346,22% PIB95 72136
LQFOXGH DWkW YDULD LD FDQWLW LL IL]LFH D EXQXULORU L VHUYLFLLORU FXSULQVH vQ
GLQDPLF D
PIB
FkW L HIHFWXO PRGLILF ULL SUH XULORU OD DFHVWH EXQXUL L VHUYLFLL
YDULD LD HIHFWLY
. Dinamica PIB real surprinde PIB LQGHSHQGHQW GH VFKLPEDUHD SUH XULORU SH SDUFXUVXO SHULRDGHL FRQVLGHUDWH 6H FDOFXOHD] SH ED]D YDORULORU GHIOD LRQDWH DOH PIB:
I tPIB = /0
PIBt*
* PIB0
100,
unde: PIB t* valoarea PIB real n anul t. ntruct pentru exprimarea PIB * F PIB 0 = PIB 0 .
UHDO DP XWLOL]DW SUH XULOH DQXOXL SUH XUL FRQVWDQWH
UH]XOW
Dinamica PIB UHDO OD SUH XULOH SLH HL
I 1PIB /0
* PIB 96
PIB 95
* PIB 97
100 =
74866 100 = 103 , 78% 72136 69795 , 7 100 = 96 , 76% 72136

69795 , 7 74866 100 = 93 , 23%
PIB I 2/0
PIB 95
* PIB 97 * PIB 96
100 =
PIB * 2 /1
100 =
Comparativ cu dinamica PIB QRPLQDO FDUH LQGLF R FUHWHUH IRDUWH PDUH GH OD XQ DQ OD DOWXO dinamica PIB UHDO DUDW R FUHWHUH PRGHVW GH vQ ID GH XUPDW GH R UHGXFHUH
FX vQ ID GH 'LIHUHQ D GLQWUH FHOH GRX GLQDPLFL HVWH H[SOLFDW SULQ FUHWHUHD FRQVLGHUDELO D SUH XULORU vQGHRVHEL vQ DQXO
Dinamica PIB UHDO OD SUH XULOH IDFWRULORU
I 1PIB /0
PIB I 2/0
= =
69041 , 2 66599 64139 , 1 66599
100 = 103 , 67% 100 = 96 , 31%

FRQFOX]LLOH DQWHULRDUH SULQ vPS U LUHD FRQVXPXOXL QRPLQDO OD YDULD LD SUH XULORU
Dinamica PIB UHDO OD SUH XULOH IDFWRULORU FRQILUP

&RQVXPXO ILQDO UHDO DO SRSXOD LHL LQGLFHOH SUH XULORU GH FRQVXP
VH GHWHUPLQ
IPC
,QGLFHOH SUH XULORU GH FRQVXP HYLGHQ LD] vQ FRQVXPXO SRSXOD LHL
P UIXULORU L WDULIHORU VHUYLFLLORU FDUH LQWU
CPt* = unde:
CPt IPC t
CPt* CPt IPCt

'DF
FRQVXPXO ILQDO UHDO DO SRSXOD LHL vQ SUH XUL FRQVWDQWH vQ DQXO
t; t;
FRQVXPXO ILQDO QRPLQDO DO SRSXOD LHL vQ SUH XUL FXUHQWH vQ DQXO LQGLFHOH SUH XULORU GH FRQVXP vQ DQXO
t.
F
DOHJHP FD SUH XUL FRQVWDQWH SUH XULOH DQXOXL UH]XOW
* CP95 = CP95 = 48545 mld. lei * CP96 =
CP96 IPC 96 / 95 CP97 IPC 97 / 95
= =
77733 = 49543 mld. lei 1 , 569 187562 = 53043 , 6 mld. lei 3 , 536
* CP97 =
Dinamica indicatorului a fost:

CP I 96 / 95 =
*
49543 100 = 102 , 06% 48545 53043 , 6 100 = 107 , 07% 49543
vQ ID GH L FX vQ
CP I 97 / 96 =
&RQVXPXO ILQDO UHDO DO SRSXOD LHL D FUHVFXW FX
1997 comparativ cu 1996. 8. 5DWD LQIOD

LHL
R) se poate calcula vQ IXQF LH GH VFRSXO DQDOL]HL SH ED]D GHIODWRUXOXL PIB:
R=D%-100
VDX SH ED]D LQGLFHOXL SUH XULORU GH FRQVXP
R=IPC%-100 Deflatorul PIB

UHIOHFW HVWH XQ LQGLFH GH SUH XUL PDL FXSULQ] WRU GDU LQGLFHOH SUH XULORU GH FRQVXP PDL ELQH LPSDFWXO SUH XULORU DVXSUD SRSXOD LHL 'LQ DFHVW PRWLY
IPC este folosit pentru
FDOFXODUHD VDODULXOXL UHDO D YHQLWXULORU L FRQVXPXULORU UHDOH DOH SRSXOD LHL L SHQWUX QHJRFLHUHD LQGH[ ULORU VDODULLORU SHQVLLORU HWF 5DWD LQIOD LHL FDOFXODW vQ FHOH GRX YDULDQWH HVWH SUH]HQWDW vQ WDEHOXO QU
Rezultatele sunt relativ apropiate.

Tabelul 27.
5DWD LQIOD LHL ID FDOFXODW SH ED]D GH
Anul 1996 44,78 38,8 1997 257,83 253,6
deflatorul PIB IPC
9. &RPSDUD LD GLQWUH dinamica PIB* L GLQDPLFD IRQGXULORU fixe: 1996/1995: I PIB = 103 , 78% I F = 109 , 06% 1997/1995: I PIB = 96 , 76% I F = 104% Dinamica fondurilor fixe a devansat dinamica PIB GHWHUPLQkQG UHGXFHUHD HILFLHQ HL PHGLL D
XWLOL] ULL FDSLWDOXOXL IL[ &RUHOD LD GLQWUH
dinamica PIB L GLQDPLFD SRSXOD
LHL RFXSDW
e:
1996/1995: I PIB = 103 , 78% I T = 96 , 76%

D IRVW UHVSHFWDW GHWHUPLQkQG FUHWHUHD SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL
10. ,QGLFDWRULL PDFURHFRQRPLFL GHULYD
L FDUH SRW IL FDOFXOD L FX GDWHOH SUREOHPHL VXQW
rata consumului final =
CP + CA 100 PIB
- n 1995 58662: 72136 = 71,32%; - n 1996 90711: 108391 = 83,69%; - n 1997 213536: 249750 = 85,50%.
UDWD LQYHVWL LLORU EUXWH
FBCF 100 PIB
- n 1995 15425: 72136 = 21,38%; - n 1996 25076: 108391 = 23,13%; - n 1997 47952: 249750 = 19,20%.
PIB / perVRDQ
RFXSDW
SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PXQFLL
- n 1995 - n 1996
PLO OHL SUH XUL SHUVRDQ PLO OHL SUH XUL SHUVRDQ
3,% IRQGXUL IL[H HILFLHQ D FDSLWDOXOXL IL[
- n 1995 72136: 159390,3 = 0,453 lei/ 1 leu sau 453 lei/ 1000 lei; - n 1996 74866: (159390,3 OHL OHX SUH XUL - n 1997 69795,7: (159390,3 OHL OHX SUH XUL
coeficientul capitalului (necesarul de capital fix la 1 leu PIB): - n 1995 1: 0,453 = 2,21 lei/ 1 leu ; - n 1996 OHL OHX SUH XUL - n 1997 OHL OHX SUH XUL
SURGXFWLYLWDWHD HILFLHQ D FDSLWDOXOXL FLUFXODQW
3,%&,
- n 1995 72136: 83516 = 0,864 sau 864 lei/ 1000 lei.
intensitatea capitalului vQ]HVWUDUHD WHKQLF
D PXQFLL
IRQGXUL IL[H SRSXOD LH RFXSDW
- n 1995 PLO OHL SUH XUL SHUVRDQ - n 1996 (159390,3 PLO OHL SUH XUL SHUVRDQ
rata excedentului brut = excedentul brut de exploatare/ VAB - n 1995 38564: 66599 = 57,9%.
VH SRDWH FDOFXOD GLUHFW FD P ULPH LQYHUV
D HILFLHQ HL FDSLWDOXOXL IL[
QWUHE
UL UHFDSLWXODWLYH
Obiectul de studiu al statisticii social-economice

1. Ce sunt fenomenele social-economice de mas " 2. 3ULQ FH VH FDUDFWHUL]HD] IHQRPHQHOH VRFLDO-HFRQRPLFH GH PDV 3. Care este obiectul de studiu al statisticii? 4. Prin ce se caracterizea] OHJLOH VWDWLVWLFH"
"
Concepte utilizate
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.
&H vQ HOHJH L SULQ FROHFWLYLWDWH VWDWLVWLF 3ULQ FH VH FDUDFWHUL]HD] " ([HPSOLILFD L R FROHFWLYLWDWH VWDWLVWLF "
Colectivitate VWDWLF : definire, exemple. Colectivitate GLQDPLF : definire, exemple. Unitate statiVWLF : definire, exemple. 8QLWDWH VWDWLVWLF VLPSO : definire, exemple. 8QLWDWH VWDWLVWLF FRPSOH[ : definire, exemple. 9DULDELO FDUDFWHULVWLF VWDWLVWLF : definire, exemple. 9DULDELO de timp: definire, exemple. 9DULDELO GH VSD LX: definire, exemple. 9DULDELO DWULEXWLY : definire, exemple. 9DULDELO FDOLWDWLY definire, exemple. Variabila FDQWLWDWLY : definire, exemple. 9DULDELO DOWHUQDWLY : definire, exemple. 9DULDELO QHDOWHUQDWLY : definire, exemple. 9DULDELO FX YDULD LH GLVFUHW : definire, exemple. 9DULDELO FX YDULD LH FRQWLQX : definire, exemple.
&XP SRDWH IL WUDQVIRUPDW &XP SRDWH IL WUDQVIRUPDW R YDULDELOD FDQWLWDWLY R YDULDELO vQ YDULDELO FDOLWDWLY " DOWHUQDWLY " QHDOWHUQDWLY vQ YDULDELO
Ce tipuri de scale se pot folosi pentru variabilele calitative? Ce tipuri de scale se pot folosi pentru variabilele cantitative?
3ULQ FH VH FDUDFWHUL]HD] 3ULQ FH VH FDUDFWHUL]HD] 3ULQ FH VH FDUDFWHUL]HD] 3ULQ FH VH FDUDFWHUL]HD] VFDOD QRPLQDO " ([HPSOLILFD L VFDOD RUGLQDO " ([HPSOLILFD L
scala de interval" ([HPSOLILFD L scala de raport PHWULF " ([HPSOLILFD L

GH VFDOD QRPLQDO " GH VFDOD GH UDSRUW"
3ULQ FH VH GHRVHEHWH VFDOD RUGLQDO &H vQ HOHJH L SULQ YDULDQW 3ULQ FH VH GHRVHEHWH
3ULQ FH VH GHRVHEHWH VFDOD GH LQWHUYDO
? varianta de variabilD VWDWLVWLF ? Ce este LQIRUPD LD VWDWLVWLF ? Ce sunt datele statistice? &H vQ HOHJH L SULQ indicator statistic?
2EVHUYDUHD VWDWLVWLF
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.
Q FH FRQVW
REVHUYDUHD VWDWLVWLF
Ce surse GH GDWH VWDWLVWLFH FXQRDWH L" Ce probleme metodologice trebuie rezolvate vQ FDGUXO HWDSHL GH REVHUYDUH VWDWLVWLF " &H vQ HOHJH L SULQ probleme organizatorice vQ FDGUXO HWDSHL GH REVHUYDUH VWDWLVWLF " &H vQ HOHJH L SULQ REVHUYDUH WRWDO ? &H vQ HOHJH L SULQ REVHUYDUH SDU LDO ? &H vQ HOHJH L SULQ REVHUYDUH XQLF ? &H vQ HOHJH L SULn REVHUYDUH SHUPDQHQW ? &H vQ HOHJH L SULQ REVHUYDUH SHULRGLF ? &H DFFHS LXQL DUH WLPSXO REVHUY ULL? Ce tipuri de formulare statistice FXQRDWH L" Care sunt principalele metode de observare special organizate? &DUH VXQW WU V WXULOH FDUDFWHULVWLFH DOH recenV PkQWXOXL? &DUH VXQW WU V WXULOH FDUDFWHULVWLFH DOH sondajului statistic? &DUH VXQW WU V WXULOH FDUDFWHULVWLFH DOH anchetei statistice? &DUH VXQW WU V WXULOH FDUDFWHULVWLFH DOH XQHL monografii? &DUH HVWH GHRVHELUHD GH IRQG vQWUH DQFKHWD VWDWLVWLF L VRQGajul statistic? Ce sunt erorile de observare L GH FkWH IHOXUL VXQW" 3ULQ FH VH FDUDFWHUL]HD] HURULOH GH REVHUYDUH vQWkPSO WRDUH? 3ULQ FH VH FDUDFWHUL]HD] HURULOH GH REVHUYDUH sistematice?
&DUH HVWH GHRVHELUHD GH IRQG vQWUH HURULOH GH REVHUYDUH vQWkPSO WRDUH L FHOH VLVWHPDWLFH" &XP VH vQO WXU HURULOH GH REVHUYDUH" &H vQ HOHJH L SULQ &H vQ HOHJH L SULQ
control al completitudinii datelor de observare? control aritmetic al datelor de observare? &H vQ HOHJH L SULQ control logic al datelor de observare?
Sistematizarea datelor statistice

1. Care sunt principalele metode de sistematizare a datelor statistice? 2. &H vQ HOHJH L SULQ gruparea datelor statistice? 3. &kQG VH SURFHGHD] OD gruparea pe variante? 4. &H vQ HOHJH L SULQ JUXSDUH VLPSO ? 5. &H vQ HOHJH L SULQ grupare FRPELQDW ? 6. &kQG VH SURFHGHD] OD JUXSDUHD SH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH HJDOH" 7. &kQG VH SURFHGHD] OD JUXSDUHD SH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH QHHJDOH" 8. &kQG VH SURFHGHD] OD JUXSDUHD FRPELQDW " 9. &H UHJXOL WUHEXLH UHVSHFWDWH OD JUXSDUHD FRPELQDW vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH
OHJ WXULL GLQWUH GRX YDULDELOH VWDWLVWLFH" UHVSHFWDWH vQ FDUH OD JUXSDUHD FRPELQDW vQ FD]XO VH vQ FDUH VH GRUHWH YDULD LHL YDULD LD YDULDELOHL UH]XOWDWLYH GDWRUHD]
VH GRUHWH DQDOL]D
10.
&H
UHJXOL
WUHEXLH
GHWHUPLQDUHD
P VXULL
variabilei factoriale? 11. Cum se pot sisWHPDWL]D GDWHOH GXS R YDULDELO GLVFUHW " 12. &XP VH SRW VLVWHPDWL]D GDWHOH GXS R YDULDELO FRQWLQX " 13. &XP VH VWDELOHVF OLPLWHOH LQWHUYDOHORU vQ FD]XO JUXS ULL SH
YDULD LH FRQWLQX "
LQWHUYDOH GXS
R YDULDELO R YDULDELO
FX FX
14. Cum se stabilesc limitele intervalelor n cazul

YDULD LH GLVFUHW "
JUXS ULL SH LQWHUYDOH GXS
15. 16.
&XP VH GHWHUPLQ &XP VH GHWHUPLQ
PLMORFXO XQXL LQWHUYDO" OXQJLPHD P ULPHD XQXL LQWHUYDO"
17. 18. 19.
&XP VH SRDWH GHWHUPLQD P ULPHD LQWHUYDOXOXL GH JUXSDUH" &XP VH GHWHUPLQ QXP UXO GH JUXSH OD JUXSDUHD
pe intervale egale?
&H FULWHULX VH SRDWH IRORVL SHQWUX JUXSDUHD SH LQWHUYDOH QHHJDOH FX HYLGHQ LHUHD WLSXULORU
calitative? 20. Cum se poate aplica criteriul mediei? 21. &H SULQFLSLL WUHEXLH UHVSHFWDWH SHQWUX FD R JUXSDUH V ILH FRUHFW " 22. &H vQ HOHJH L SULQ clasificare? 23. 3HQWUX FH WLS GH YDULDELO VWDWLVWLF VH IRORVHWH GH UHJXO FODVLILFDUHD" 24. &H FODVLILF UL RILFLDOH FXQRDWH L" 25. &H FRQGL LL WUHEXLH VD vQGHSOLQHDVF GDWHOH VWDWLVWLFH SHQWUX D SXWHD IL FHQWUDOL]DWH" 26. &XP VH FHQWUDOL]HD] YDULDELOHOH FDOLWDWLYH" 27. Cum se pot centraliza datele statistice nensumabile direct? 28. &XP VH UHSUH]LQW JUDILF YDORDUHD FHQWUDOL]DW D XQHL YDULDELOH VWDWLVWLFH"
Serii statistice
1. Ce este o VHULH VWDWLVWLF ? 2. Ce este o GLVWULEX LH GH IUHFYHQ H" ([HPSOLILFD L 3. &H vQ HOHJH L SULQ serii cronologice GH WLPS" ([HPSOLILFD L 4. &H vQ HOHJH L SULQ serii teritoriale GH VSD LX" ([HPSOLILFD L 5. &H vQ HOHJH L SULQ VHULL GH GLVWULEX LH D IUHFYHQ HORU XQLGLPHQVLRQDOH" 6. &H vQ HOHJH L SULQ VHULL GH GLVWULEX LH D IUHFYHQ HORU ELGLPHQVLRQDOH" 7. &H UH]XOW SULQ VLVWHPDWL]DUHD GDWHORU GXS R YDULDELO DWULEXWLY " 8. &H UH]XOW SULQ VLVWHPDWL]DUHD GDWHORU GXS R YDULDELO GH WLPS" 9. &H UH]XOW SULQ VLVWHPDWL]DUHD GDWHORU GXS R YDULDELO GH VSD LX" 10. 3ULQ FH VH UHSUH]LQW JUDILF R GLVWULEX LH GH IUHFYHQ H UH]XOWDW SULQ
YDULDELO FDOLWDWLY " JUDILF R GLVWULEX LH GH IUHFYHQ H UH]XOWDW JUDILF R GLVWULEX LH GH IUHFYHQ H UH]XOWDW JUDILF R GLVWULEX LH GH IUHFYHQ H UH]XOWDW JUDILF R GLVWULEX LH GH IUHFYHQ H UH]XOWDW JUDILF R GLVWULEX LH GH IUHFYHQ H UH]XOWDW JUDILF R GLVWULEX LH GH IUHFYHQ H UH]XOWDW JUDILF R GLVWULEX LH GH IUHFYHQ H UH]XOWDW SULQ JUXSDUHD GXS SULQ JUXSDUHD GXS SULQ JUXSDUHD GXS R R R FDQWLWDWLY " GLVFUHW " FRQWLQX " SULQ JUXSDUHD SH YDULDQWH" SULQ JUXSDUHD SH LQWHUYDOH SULQ JUXSDUHD SH LQWHUYDOH SULQ JUXSDUHD SH
JUXSDUHD GXS
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
3ULQ FH VH UHSUH]LQW YDULDELO YDULDELO YDULDELO 3ULQ FH VH UHSUH]LQW 3ULQ FH VH UHSUH]LQW 3ULQ FH VH UHSUH]LQW 3ULQ FH VH UHSUH]LQW GH YDULD LH HJDOH" 3ULQ FH VH UHSUH]LQW GH YDULD LH QHHJDOH" 3ULQ FH VH UHSUH]LQW
intervale
"
GH YDULD LH QHHJDOH FX HYLGHQ LHUHD WLSXULORU FDOLWDWLYH"
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9HFKLPH vQ PXQF DQL 3URGXF LH EXF L
1 6 24 23 24 19 12 15 18 19 32 34 20 22 30 16 2 24 22 22 16 37 13 24 27 29 14 18 28 10 16 19 18 20 29 19 26 22 8 4 2
2 48 72 62 57 68 52 53 55 58 67 76 61 57 67 59 51 65 59 57 48 78 45 67 66 79 57 58 66 41 56 63 56 51 70 62 65 55 53 54 41
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at: k = 6
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///// ///// /
// /
Pentru centralizarea
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YDORULORU
FDUDFWHULVWLFLORU
DGLWLYH
VH
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Grupa I (2 8) Tabelul 2. Nr. crt. 1 2 3 4 Total Vechime (ani) 6 2 4 2 14

3URGXF LH
Grupa a II-a (8 14) Tabelul 3. Nr. crt. 1 2 3 4 Total Vechime (ani) 12 13 10 8 43

3URGXF LH
(buc) 48 51 54 41 194
(buc) 52 45 41 53 191
Grupa a III-a (14 20) Tabelul 4. Nr. Vechime 3URGXF LH crt. (ani) (buc) 1 19 68 2 15 53 3 18 55 4 19 58 5 16 59 6 16 48 7 14 57 8 18 58 9 16 56 10 19 63 11 18 56 12 19 62 Total 207 693 Grupa a V-a (26 32) Tabelul 6. Vechime 3URGXF LH (buc) (ani) 30 67 27 66 29 79 28 66 29 70 16 65 169 413
YDULDELOD SURGXF LHL < L
Nr. crt. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Total
Grupa a IV-a (20 26) Tabelul 5. Vechime 3URGXF LH (ani) (buc) 24 72 23 62 24 57 20 61 22 57 24 65 22 59 22 57 24 67 20 51 22 55 247 663
Grupa a VI-a (32 38) Tabelul 7. Nr. crt. 1 2 3 Total Vechime (ani) 32 34 37 103
3URGXF LH
Nr. crt. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total
(buc) 67 76 78 221
*UXSDUHD PXQFLWRULORU GXS
Aa = ymax ymin = 79 4 EXF k=6 A 38 h= a = = 6,33 EXF L k 6

,QWHUYDOHOH GH YDULD LH VXQW
41 48 48 55 55 62 62 69 69 76 76 83
/// ///// ///// ///// // ///
/// ///// /////
/// /
1.2. 5HSDUWL LLOH PXQFLWRULORU GXS YHFKLPH grupe VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ WDEHOH L
L GXS
SURGXF LH
i valorile centralizate pe
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Grupe de muncitori
GXS YHFKLPH DQL
1XP
U PXQFLWRUL
0 2-8 8 14 14 20 20 26 26 32 32 38 Total
1RW
1 4 4 12 11 6 3 40
ILLQG LQFOXV
Tabelul 8. Valori centralizate pentru: Vechime (ani) 3URGXF LH EXF 2 3 14 194 43 191 207 693 247 663 169 413 103 221 783 2375
vQ LQWHUYDO
*UXSDUH FX YDULD LH FRQWLQX OLPLWD LQIHULRDU
SURGXF LD UHDOL]DW
L FHQWUDOL]DUHD SH JUXSH D YDORULORU YDULDELOHORU
Grupe de muncitori
GXS SURGXF LH EXF
1XP
U PXQFLWRUL
0 41 - 48 48 55 55 62 62 69 69 76 76 83 Total
1RW
1 3 8 13 11 2 3 40
ILLQG LQFOXV
Tabelul 9. Valori centralizate pentru: Vechime 3URGXF LH EXF 2 3 25 127 83 410 251 745 271 718 53 142 100 233 783 2375
vQ LQWHUYDO
*UXSDUH FX YDULD LH FRQWLQX OLPLWD LQIHULRDU
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FDOFXODUHD IUHFYHQ HORU FXPXODWH WDEHOXO
JUDILF
SUHVXSXQH LQWHUYDOHORU
Histograma fL[DWH SH 2[ L vQ (vezi figura 1):
VH
RE LQH
FRQVWUXLQG
GUHSWXQJKLXUL
FX
ED]HOH HJDOH FX
P ULPHD
O LPHD SURSRU LRQDO
FX IUHFYHQ HOH VDX QXP UXO GH XQLW
L FH FRUHVSXQG JUXSHORU
14 12 10 12 11
)LJXUD 5HSDUWL LD PXQFLWRULORU GXS
8 6 4 2 0 2 8 14 20 26 32 38 vechime (ani) 4 4 3 6
YHFKLPH
14 12

10

8 6 4 2 0 2 8 14 20 26 32 38 vechime (ani)
Grupe de muncitori
GXS YHFKLPH DQL
0 2-8 8 14 14 20 20 26 26 32 32 38 Total
QXP
U PXQFLWRUL
)LJ 5HSDUWL LD PXQFLWRULORU GXS
YHFKLPH
Curba cumulDWLY
1XP U PXQFLWRUL
D IUHFYHQ HORU
Tabelul 10.
)UHFYHQ H FXPXODWH &UHVF WRU 'HVFUHVF WRU
1 4 4 12 11 6 3 40
2 4 8 20 31 37 40 -
3 40 36 32 20 9 3 -
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2 8 14 20 vechime (ani) 26 32 38
YHFKLPH
3HQWUX YDULDELOD SURGXF LH UHSUH]HQW ULOH JUDILFH DOH VHULHL GH UHSDUWL LH VXQW
14 12 10
13 11
14 12
gc f e e
10
ab `d
8 6 4 2 0 34 41 48 55 62 69 76 83 90
Y "PDWUS R DPHFDB X Q I VT Q I G E C
Grupe de muncitori
GXS SURGXF LH EXF
1XP
U PXQFLWRUL
0 41 - 48 48 55 55 62 62 69 69 76 76 83 Total
1 3 8 13 11 2 3 40
3 2$$0 )' & $$" 1% # ( % # !
56
6 4 2 0 41 48 55 62 69 76 83
3 2 3
54 76
A7 @ 9 48 a` cb
SURGXF LH
SURGXF LH
Tabelul 11.
)UHFYHQ H FXPXODWH &UHVF WRU 'HVFUHVF WRU
2 3 11 24 35 37 40 -
3 40 37 29 16 5 3 -
45 40 35 30
1.4. Gruparea muncitorilor pe intervale neegale Un criteriu de repartizare pe grupe neegale l constituie nivelul mediu al variabilei: - vechimea medie pe muncitori; - produc LD PHGLH SH PXQFLWRU
9RU IL WUHL JUXSH FDOLWDWLYH GH WLSXO PLF PLMORFLX L PDUH Q JUXSD D GRXD VXQW FXSULQVH JUXSD LQWHUYDOXO FDUH FRQ LQH QLYHOXO PHGLX DO YDULDELOHL L LQWHUYDOHOH vQYHFLQDWH FX DFHDVWD Q SULPD L XOWLPD JUXS VXQW FXSULQVH LQW
intervale care compun grupa a doua.

5HSDUWL LD PXQFLWRULORU GXS 6H FDOFXOHD] YHFKLPH VLPSO YHFKLPHD PHGLH SH XQ PXQFLWRU FD PHGLH DULWPHWLF
x=
xi
i =1
783 = 19,575 ani/muncitor 40

YHFKLPH SH FHOH LQWHUYDOH QHHJDOH L YDORULOH FHQWUDOL]DWH VXQW
nscrise n tabelul 11..

Grupe de muncitori
GXS YHFKLPH DQL 1XP U PXQFLWRUL
0 2-8 8 14 26 38 Total
(ni) 1 4 27 9 40
D UHSDUWL LLORU SH LQWHUYDOH QHHJDOH VH SRDWH IDFH SULQ KLVWRJUDP D IUHFYHQ HORU SUHDODELO DO IUHFYHQ HORU UHGXVH YH]L
SROLJRQXO IUHFYHQ HORU L FXUED FXPXODWLY WDEHOXO L ILJXUD
Pentru construirea histogramei este necesar calculul
2y xv u "q$h t s w t s r p i
25 20 15 10 5 0 34 41 48 55 62 69 76 83 90
SURGXF LH
ervalele care preced sau succed cele trei
Tabelul 11. Valori centralizate pentru: 3URGXF LH EXF Vechime (ani) 2 3 14 194 497 1547 272 634 783 2375
Tabelul 12. Grupe de

PXQFLWRUL GXS 1XP U PXQFLWRUL 0 ULPHD
Coeficient de reducere
D IUHFYHQ HORU
)UHFYHQ H UHGXVH
(ni)
vechime (ani) 0 2-8 8 26 26 38 Total 1 4 27 9 40
intervalului (hi) 2 6 18 12 -
ki =
hi h1 )
nri =
ni ki
3 1 3 2 -
4 4:1=4 29:3=9 9:2=4,5
U PXQFLWRUL
QXP
n RepartL LD SH LQWHUYDOH QHHJDOH L YDORULOH FHQWUDOL]DWH VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ WDEHOXO

Grupe de muncitori
GXS YHFKLPH DQL 1XP U PXQFLWRUL
y=
yi
i =1
0 41 - 48 48 69 69 83 Total
&DOFXOXO IUHFYHQ HORU
IUHFYHQ HORU vQ ILJXUD
Grupe de
PXQFLWRUL GXS
1XP
vechime (ani) 0 41 - 48 48 69 69 63 Total 1 3 32 5 40
H
U PXQFLWRUL
27

8 vechime (ani)
26
38
)LJ 'LVWULEX LD PXQFLWRULORU GXS
YHFKLPH DQL
SURGXF LH
2375 = 59,375 buc./muncitor 40
(ni) 1 3 32 5 40
UHGXVH HVWH SUH]HQWDW
Tabelul 13. Valori centralizate pentru: 3URGXF LH EXF Vechime (ani) 2 3 25 127 605 1873 153 375 783 2375
vQ WDEHOXO LDU KLVWRJUDPD L SROLJRQXO
Tabelul 14.
0 ULPHD
Coeficient de reducere
D IUHFYHQ HORU
)UHFYHQ H UHGXVH
(ni)
intervalului (hi) 2 7 21 14 -
ki =
hi h1
nri =
ni ki
3 1 3 2 -
4 3 10,66 2,5 -
12 10
U PXQFLWRUL
32
8 6 4 2 0 34 41
)LJ
QXP
48
55
62
69
76
83
90
97
SURGXF LH EXF 5HSDUWL LD PXQFLWRULORU GXS SURGXF LH
1.5. *UXSDUHD FRPELQDW D PXQFLWRULORU GXS n tabelul 15. WDEHO FX GXEO LQWUDUH
YHFKLPH L GXS
SURGXF LH HVWH SUH]HQWDW
YHFKLPH DQL L GXS
SURGXF LH EXF
Grupe de muncitori
GXS YHFKLPH
0 2-8 8-14 14-20 20-26 36-32 32-38 Total ( n.j)

1RW /LPLWD LQIHULRDU
41 - 48 1 1 2 3
LQFOXV
Subgrupe de mXQFLWRUL GXS SURGXF LH \j) 48 - 55 55 - 62 62 - 69 69 - 76 2 3 4 5 3 2 2 7 3 1 6 3 1 4 1 1 8 13 11 2

vQ LQWHUYDO
76 - 83 6 1 2 3
Tabelul 15. Total (ni.) 7 4 4 12 11 6 3 40
D UHSDUWL LLORU ELGLPHQVLRQDOH VH UHDOL]HD]
SULQ GLDJUDPD QRUXOXL GH
puncte (corelograma) (vezi figura 9).

83 76 69
SURGXF LD EXF
** * ** * *** ** ** ** * * ** ** ** * ** ** ** * * ** ** *
62
55 48 41 2
8 14 20 26 vechimea (ani)
32
38
SURGXF LH
YHFKLPH L GXS
2.
&DOFXOXO P
ULPLORU GH VWUXFWXU
GH FRRUGRQDUH L GH LQWHQVLWDWH
&DOFXOXO P
ULPLORU UHODWLYH GH VWUXFWXU ULPLOH UHODWLYH GH VWUXFWXU DWkW SH ED]D IUHFYHQ HORU DEVROXWH
SH SRW FDOFXOD P
VDX JUHXW
FD] DX VHQVXO GH IUHFYHQ H UHODWLYH
LOH VSHFLILFH gi FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH Se vor utLOL]D UHSDUWL LLOH SH LQWHUYDOH QHHJDOH GLQ WDEOHOH L n ni*(%) = n i 100 - IUHFYHQ H UHODWLYH ni
ni*
FkW L SH ED]D YDORULORU FHQWUDOL]DWH RE LQkQGX
ni L vQ DFHVW -se ponderile
i =1
g i (%) =
5H]XOWDWHOH
xi
xi
i =1
100 - SRQGHUL VDX JUHXW

SH ED]D UHSDUWL LHL
L VSHFLILFH
FDOFXOHORU
PXQFLWRULORU
GXS
YDORDUHD
SURGXF LHL
VXQW
prezentate n tabelul 16.

Tabelul 16. Grupe de muncitori
GXS SURGXF LH EXF 1XP U
muncitori (ni) 1 3 32 5 40
Valori centralizate pentru: 3URGXF LH Vechime (ani) (buc.) 2 25 605 153 783 3 127 1873 375 2375
ULPL UHODWLYH GH VWUXFWXUL *UHXW L VSHFLILFH
)UHFYHQ H
gi(%))
0 40-48 48-69 69-83 Total
relative (ni*(%)) 4 7,5 80,0 12,5 100,0
Vechime 5 3,2 77,3 19,5 100,0
3URGXF LH
6 5,3 78,9 15,8 100,0
5HSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF GUHSWXQJKL FHUF S WUDW 3H DFHODL JUDILF VH
D P ULPLORU UHODWLYH GH VWUXFWXU SRW UHSUH]HQWD YDULDELOH GLIHULWH
VH IDFH SULQ GLDJUDPH GH VWUXFWXU DSDU LQkQG DFHOHLDL FROHFWLYLW L
(vezi fig.10.).
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 7,5% 3,2% vechime 80% 77,3% 18,5% 19,5%
5,3%
grupa a III-a grupa a II-a grupa I
78,9%
15,8%
Figura 10. Structura mXQFLWRULORU GXS
YHFKLPH L SURGXF LH SH JUXSH
l g H"$i d j f k
gd g f W"i h q$ePd
&DOFXOXO P 'DF
ULPLORU UHODWLYH GH FRRUGRQDUH FD UDSRUW vQWUH QLYHOXULOH FHORU WUHL JUXSH L FX
0 ULPLOH UHODWLYH GH FRRUGRQDUH VH FDOFXOHD] QRW P IUHFYHQ HOH FHORU WUHL JUXSH FX FHQWUDOL]DWH DOH FHORU GRX
YDULDELOH DWXQFL P ULPLOH UHODWLYH GH FRRUGRQDUH VH FDOFXOHD]
n1, n2, n3
X1, X2, X3 respectiv Y1, Y2, Y3 valorile

DVWIHO
K 2 /1 =
%D]
n X Y n2 X Y Y ; K 3 / 1 = 3 ; K 2X/ 1 = 2 ; K 3x/ 1 = 3 ; K 2 / 1 = 2 ; K 3y/ 1 = 3 n1 n1 X1 X1 Y1 Y1

FRPSDUD LH D IRVW OXDW SULPD JUXS 5H]XOWDWHOH RE LQXWH SHQWUX GLVWULEX LD SURGXF LH VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ WDEHOXO
GH
muncitorilor dup
Tabelul 17.
*UXSH GH PXQFLWRUL GXS SURGXF LH EXF 1XP U
0 41-48 48-69 69-83
muncitori (ni) 1 3 32 5
Valori centralizate pentru: Vechime 3URGXF LH (buc.) Yi (ani) Xi 2 3 25 127 605 1873 153 375
ULPL UHODWLYH GH FRRUGRQDUH SHQWUX U
1XP
Vechime 5 1 24,2 6,12
3URGXF
ie
muncitori 4 1 10,66 1,66
6 1 14,74 2,95
D P ULPLORU UHODWLYH GH FRRUGRQDUH VH IDFH SULQ GLDJUDP
e prin coloane
(figura 11.).
)LJ 5DSRUWXO GLQWUH QXP UXO GH PXQFLWRUL GLQ FHOH WUHL JUXSH
&DOFXOXO P
ULPLORU UHODWLYH GH LQWHQVLWDWH QLYHOXO PHGLX SHQWUX ILHFDUH YDULDELO FDQWLWDWLY OD QLYHOXO ILHF UHL
0 ULPLOH UHODWLYH GH LQWHQVLWDWH VH RE LQ SULQ UDSRUWDUHD D GRL LQGLFDWRUL LQWHUGHSHQGHQ L 5H]XOWDWXO RE LQXW VLQWHWL]HD] JUXSH L SH WRWDO 5H]XOWDWHOH RE LQXWH VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ WDEHOXO
Grupe de muncitori
GXS SURGXF LH EXF
1XP
muncitori (ni) 1 3 32 5 40
Valori centralizate pentru Vechime (ani) 3URGXF LH (Xi) (buc.) (Yi) 2 25 605 153 783 3 127 1873 375 2375
ULPL UHODWLYH GH LQWHQVLWDWH SHQWUX 3URGXF LH
0 41-48 48-69 69-83 Total
Vechime (ani/muncitor) (Xi/ni) 4 8,33 18,91 30,60 19,575
3HQWUX YDULDELOD YHFKLPH VH YRU FDOFXOD DFHOHDL P ULPL UHODWLYH
tr n
m sr
yPWDDp qu x xPWDwo pu q q u vo srxo
Tabelul 18. (buc./muncitor) (Yi/ni) 5 42,33 58,53 75,00 59,375
3.
,QGLFDWRULL WHQGLQ HL FHQWUDOH LQGLFDWRULL YDULD LHL L DL DVLPHWULHL
,QGLFDWRULL WHQGLQ HL FHQWUDOH
Calculul mediei aritmetice

3HQWUX YDULDELOD YHFKLPH VH vQWRFPHWH WDEHOXO
Grupe de
PXQFLWRUL GXS
1XP
U GH
vechime (ani) 0 2-8 8-14 14-20 20-26 26-32 32-38 Total
muncitori (ni) 1 4 4 12 11 6 3 40
Centrul intervalului (xi) 2 5 11 17 23 29 35 -
xi ni
3 20 44 204 253 174 105 800
ni*(%)
n = i 100 ni
4 10,0 10,0 30,0 27,5 15,0 7,5 100
xi ni*(%)
5 50 110 510 632,5 435 262,5 2000
xi a h a=17;h=6 6 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -
Tabelul 19. xi a ni h 7 -8 -4 0 11 12 9 20
Calculul RELQXLW DO PHGLHL DULWPHWLFH - FX IUHFYHQ H DEVROXWH x=
xi ni
i =1 k
ni
i =1
800 = 20 ani/muncitor 40
VLPSO D
unde xi -
VXQW FHQWUHOH LQWHUYDOHORU GH JUXSDUH FDOFXODWH FD PHGLH DULWPHWLF
OLPLWHL LQIHULRDUH L VXSHULRDUH D ILHF UHL JUXSH
2000 = 20 ani / muncitor 100 100 Calculul simplificat al mediei aritmetice: k x a i h ni 20 x = i =1 k h + a = 6 + 17 = 20 ani / muncitor. 40 ni x=
i =1
xi ni*
i =1
Calculul modului (M0): Locul M0 HVWH LQWHUYDOXO FX IUHFYHQ D PD[LP -20). Valoarea modului: 1 (12 4) M 0 = x0 + h = 14 + 6 = 14 + 5,33 = 19,33 ani/muncitor 1 + 2 (12 4) + (12 11) Calculul medianei (Me) Locul medianei: LM e =
0HGLDQD HVWH FXSULQV
ni + 1 = 41 = 20,5
2 2
vQ SULPXO LQWHUYDO D F UXL IUHFYHQ FXPXODW HVWH PDL PDUH GHFkW
locul medianei (vezi tab.11). Deci intervalul este (20-26).
ni
M e = x0 + h 2
+1
ni
i =1
m 1
nm unde m este indexul intervalului median.

$QDOL]D VHULLORU GH UHSDUWL LH GH IUHFYHQ H
= 20 + 6
20 , 5 20 = 20 , 27 ani / muncitor, 11
L PRGXO YH]L FDSLWROXO
3HQWUX FDOFXOXO JUDILF DO LQGLFDWRULORU PHGLL GH SR]L LH PHGLDQ
Se vor folosi datele din tabelul 20.

Grupe de muncitori
GXS 1XP U
vechime (ani) 0 2-8 8-14 14-20 20-26 20-32 32-38 Total
de muncitori (ni) 1 4 4 12 11 6 3 40
Centrul de interval (xi) 2 5 11 17 23 29 35
xi x
xi x ni
4 60 36 36 33 54 45 264
(xi x )
ni
xi a h
a = 17; h=6 6 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -
Tabelul 20.
xi a ni h
7 16 4 0 11 24 27 82
3 -15 -9 -3 3 9 15 -
5 900 324 108 99 486 675 2592
d ):
d =
xi x .ni
i =1
ni
i =1 2
k
264 = 6,6 ani / muncitor 40
Dispersia ( ): - FDOFXO RELQXLW
( xi x ) 2 ni 2 = i =1 ni
calcul simplificat:
2592 = 64,8 40
2 =

x a i h ni i =1
k
ni
i =1
WUDWLF
h 2 ( x a) 2 =
82 36 (20 17) 2 = 64,8 40
$EDWHUHD PHGLH S
= = 64,8 = 8,498 ani / muncitor.

2
&RHILFLHQWXO GH YDULD LH Y L Y
d 6,6 100 = 100 = 33% x 20 8,0498 v = 100 = 100 = 40,249% x 20 v= SHULD GH UHSDUWL LH QX HVWH RPRJHQ
L PHGLD QX HVWH UHSUH]HQWDWLY SHQWUX VHULH
Calculul coeficientului de asimetrie x Mo 20 19,33 Cas = = = 0,083 VHULD HVWH XRU DVLPHWULF DVLPHWULH SR]LWLY 8,0498 Pentru variabila SURGXF LH LQGLFDWRULL WHQGLQ HL FHQWUDOH L YDULD LHL VXQW FDOFXOD L FX DMXWRUXO
GDWHORU GLQ WDEHOHOH L
Grupe de
PXQFLWRUL GXS SURGXF LH EXF
1XP
U GH
muncitori (ni) 1 3 8 13 11 2 3 40
Centrul intervalului (yi) 2 44,5 51,5 58,5 65,5 72,5 79,5 -
y i ni
ni*(%) =
ni 100 ni
y i ni*(%)
5 333,75 1030 1901,25 1801,25 362,5 596,25 6025
0 41-48 48-55 55-62 62-69 69-76 76-83 Total

0HGLD DULWPHWLF
3 133,5 412,0 760,5 720,5 145,0 238,5 2410
4 7,5 20,0 32,5 27,5 5,0 7,5 100
yi a h a = 58,5; h=7 6 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -
Tabelul 21. yi a ni h
7 -6 -8 0 11 4 9 10
&DOFXOXO RELQXLW DO PHGLHL DULWPHWLFH
y i ni y = i =1 ni
k
2410 = 60,25 buc. / muncitor 40
y=
yi ni*
i =1
100
6025 = 60,25 buc. / muncitor. 100
Calculul simplificat al mediei aritmetice: k y a i h ni 10 y = i =1 h + a = 7 + 58,5 = 60,25 buc. / muncitor 40 ni Calculul modului (M0):
0RGXO VH DIO
-62). 1 (13 8) Mo = y 0 + h = 55 + 7 = 60 buc. / muncitor 1 + 2 (13 8) + (1 11)
vQ LQWHUYDOXO
Calculul medianei (Me): L Me = 20 , 5
ni
i =1
+1
Me = y 0 + h
ni
i =1
m 1
nm
= 55 + 7
20 , 5 11 = 60 , 12 buc. / muncitor 13
Tabelul 22. Grupare de

PXQFLWRUL GXS SURGXF LH EXF 1XP U GH
muncitori (ni) 1 3 8 13 11 2 3 40
Centrul de interval (yi) 2 44,5 51,5 58,5 65,5 72,5 79,5
yi y
3 -15,75 -8,75 -1,75 5,25 12,25 19,25 -
y i y ni
4 47,25 70,00 22,75 57,75 24,50 57,75 280
(y i y )
ni
yi a h
0 41-48 48-55 55-62 62-69 69-73 76-83 Total
5 744,1875 612,5 39,812 303,1875 300,125 1111,6875 3111,4995
a = 58,5; h=7 6 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -
yi a ni h
7 12 8 0 11 8 27 66
AbatHUHD PHGLH OLQLDU

k
d)
d =
y i y ni
i =1
ni
i =1 k
280 = 7 buc. / muncitor 40
Dispersia (2) - FDOFXOXO RELQXLW
2 =
( y i y ) 2 ni
i =1
ni
i =1
3111,495 = 77,787 40
calculul simplificat
2 =
y a i h ni i =1
k
ni
i =1
WUDWLF
h 2 ( y a) 2 =
66 49 (60,25 58,5) 2 = 77,787 40
$EDWHUHD PHGLH S
= = 77,787 = 8,82 buc. / muncitor.

2
&RHILFLHQWXO GH YDULD LH Y L Y
d 7 100 = 100 = 11,62% 60,25 y 8,82 v = 100 = 100 = 14,64% 60,25 y v=

6HULD HVWH RPRJHQ L PHGLD HVWH UHSUH]HQWDWLY
Calculul coeficientului de asimetrie y M 0 60,25 60 Cas = = = 0,0283 8,82
DVLPHWULH SR]LWLY
QHVHPQLILFDWLY
4. Verificarea regulii de adunare a dispersiilor

6H YD IRORVL WDEHOXO RE LQXW SULQ JUXSDUHD FRPELQDW D PXQFLWRULORU GXS YHFKLPH SH LQWHUYDOH QHHJDOH L GXS SURGXF LH SH LQWHUYDOH HJDOH
*UXSH GH PXQFLWRUL GXS
*UXSH GH PXQFLWRUL GXS
SURGXF LH EXF
vechime (ani) 0 2-8 8-26 26-38 Total
41-48 1 1 2 3
48-55 2 3 5 8
55-62 3 13 13
62-69 4 6 5 11
69-76 5 1 1 2
76-83 6 3 3
Tabelul 23. Total (ni..) 7 4 27 9 40
6H FDOFXOHD] 0HGLLOH GH JUXS
( y i ):
yi =
y j nij
j =1 m
nij
j =1
44,5 1 + 51,5 3 = 49,75 buc./muncitor 4 44,5 2 + 51,55 5 + 58,5 13 + 65,5 6 + 72,5 1 y2 = = 58,2407 buc./muncitor 27 65,5 5 + 72,5 1 + 79,5 3 y3 = = 70,944 buc./muncitor 9 y1 =
0HGLD JHQHUDO
y ):
SURGXF LH
SH ED]D GLVWULEX LHL PDUJLQDOH D PXQFLWRULORU GXS
y=
y j n. j
j =1 m
n. j
j =1
y=
-
44,5 3 + 51,5 8 + 58,5 13 + 65,5 11 + 72,5 2 + 79,5 2 = 60,25 buc./muncitor 40
SH ED]D PHGLLORU GH JUXS
y=
y i ni .
i =1 r
ni.
i =1
49,75 4 + 58,2407 27 + 70,94 9 2410 y= = = 60,25 buc./muncitor 40 40
GLVSHUVLLOH GH JUXS
i2 ):
i2 =
( y j yi ) 2 nij
j =1
nij
j =1
(44,5 49,75) 2 1 + (51,5 49,75) 2 3 = 9,1875 4 (44,5 58,24) 2 # 2 + (51,5 58,24) 2 5 + (58,5 58,24) 2 13 + (65,5 58,24) 2 6 2 2 = + 27 (72,5 58,24) 2 1 + = 41,6736 2
12 =
2 3 =
(65,5 70,94) 2 5 + (72,5 70,94) 2 1 + (79,5 70,94) 2 3 = 41,1358 9
2 = y/r =
2 =
9,1875 4 + 41,6736 27 + 41,1358 9 38,31 40 dispersia dintre grupe ( 2 ):
i2 ni. ni .
):
2 = 2/ x = y
( yi y ) 2 ni.
i =1
ni .
i =1
(49,75 60,25) 2 4 + (58,24 60,25) 2 27 + (70,94 60,25) 2 9 39,47 40 2 GLVSHUVLD WRWDO ):
2 =
2 =2 = y
( y j y ) 2 n. j
j =1
n. j
j =1
2 =
(44,5 60,25) 2 3 + (51,5 60,25) 2 8 + (58,5 60,25) 2 13 + 40 (65,5 60,25) 2 11 + (72,5 60,25) 2 2 + (79,5 60,25) 2 3 + = 77,78 40
ULL GLVSHUVLLORU
5HJXOD DGXQ
= 2 = 2 + 2 sau y 77,78 = 38,31 + 39,47

2
2 y = 2/ r + 2/ x y y
3H ED]D UHJXOLL GH DGXQDUH D GLVSHUVLLORU VH SRW FDOFXOD DO L GRL LQGLFDWRUL VWDWL
stici:
2 JUDGXO GH GHWHUPLQD LH 5 y/x
):
2 39,47 100 = 100 = 50,75% 2 77,78 2 JUDGXO GH QHGHWHUPLQD LH . y / x ):

2 Ry / x = 2 K y/x =
'LQ UH]XOWDWHOH RE LQXWH UHLHVH F
38,31 2 100 = 100 = 49,25% 2 77,78

YDULD LD WRWDO
D SURGXF LHL VH GDWRUHD]
vQ DSURDSH DFHHDL
pURSRU LH
DWkW IDFWRUXOXL GH JUXSDUH YHFKLPHD vQ PXQF FkW L FHORUODO L IDFWRUL FDUH QX DX IRVW PDL PDUH GHFkW LQIOXHQ D
vQUHJLVWUD L ,QIOXHQ D IDFWRUXOXL GH JUXSDUH YHFKLPH HVWH GRDU FX IDFWRULORU QHvQUHJLVWUD L
5. Estimarea limitelor pentru prodXF

WRWDOL]DW DO SURGXF LHL (DQWLRQXO ILLQG DOF WXLW GXS
LD PHGLH D FROHFWLYLW
LL WRWDOH L SHQWUX QLYHOXO
XQ SURFHGHX DOHDWRULX VH SRDWH XWLOL]D GLVSHUVLD GLQ HDQWLRQ
pentru calculul erorii de reprezentativitate. 5.1. Sondaj aleatoriu simplu repetat
Eroarea medie de reprezentativitate ( y )
y = y =
(URDUHD OLPLW
2 77,78 = = 1,3944 buc. n 40

y ):
y = z y = 3 1,3944 = 4,1834 buc.
,QWHUYDOXO vQ FDUH YD IL FXSULQV
SURGXF LD PHGLH SH vQWUHDJD FROHFWLYLWDWH
y y < y0 < y + y
60,25 4,1834 < y 0 < 60,25 + 4,1834 56,0666 < y 0 <64,4334 buc./muncitor
,QWHUYDOXO vQ FDUH YD IL FXSULQV SURGXF LD WRWDO SH vQWUHDJD FROHFWLYLWDWH
N y y < yi < N y + y
i =1 400 i =1
400
22426,64 < yi < 25773,36 buc. 5.2. Sondajul aleatoriu simplu nerepetat
Eroarea medie de reprezentativitate
y =
2 n
n 1 = N
77,78 40 1 = 1,3228 buc. 40 400
(URDUHD OLPLW
y = z y = 3 1,3228 = 3,9686 buc.
SURGXF LD PHGLH SH vQWUHDJD FROHFWLYLWDWH
y y < y0 < y + y 60,25 3,9686 < y 0 < 60,25 + 3,9686 56,2814 < y 0 < 64,2186 buc./muncitor
SURGXF LD WRWDO
SH vQWUHDJD FROHFWLYLWDWH
N y y < yi < N y + y
i =1 400 i =1
400
22512,66 < yi < 25687,44 buc. 6.

$QDOL]D FRUHOD LHL GLQWUH YHFKLPHD vQ PXQF L SURGXF LD RE LQXW
6.1. &RUHOD LD VLPSO (date negrupate)

6H DSOLF SHQWUX SULPHOH XQLW L GLQ HDQWLRQ
Metode simple Metoda seriilor paralele interdependente

6H RUGRQHD] FUHVF WRU FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH DOH SURGXF LHL GXS YHFKLPH xi YDULDELOD LQGHSHQGHQW yi (variabila depeQGHQW (vezi tabelul 24.). L VH WUHF YDORULOH
Tabelul 24. Nr. crt. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Vechime (xi) 1 6 12 15 18 19 19 23 24 24 32

3URGXF LH
yi)
2 48 52 53 55 58 68 62 57 72 67
R OHJ WXU GLUHFW
Concluzie: Cresc valorile xi L YDORULOH yi FHHD FH VXJHUHD]

0HWRGD JUDILF 3HQWUX UHSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF
VH FRQVWUXLHWH FRUHORJUDPD YH]L ILJ
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 vechime (ani)
'LQ JUDILF UH]XOW
~
z{| ~}
Figura 12.
H[LVWHQ D XQHL OHJ WXUL GLUHFWH GH IRUP OLQLDU
Metode analitice
5HJUHVLD OLQLDU
Yxi = a + bxi
6H DSOLF PHWRGD FHORU PDL PLFL S WUDWH L VH RE LQH VLVWHPXO GH HFXD LL QRUPDOH
n n na + b xi = yi i =1 i =1 , n n n 2 a x i + b x i = x i y i i =1 i =1 i =1
yi xi2 xi xi yi
unde: a =
i =1 i =1
n
i =1
xi2
n xi i =1
n n
n xi y i xi y i
b=
i =1
i =1
n xi2 xi i =1 i =1
n n
i =1 2
'DWHOH QHFHVDUH FDOFXO ULL FHORU GRL SDUDPHWULL VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ WDEHOXO
24..
Nr. crt. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total
xi
1 6 12 15 18 19 19 23 24 24 32 192
yi
2 48 52 53 55 58 68 62 57 72 67 592
xi y i
3 288 624 795 990 1102 1292 1426 1368 1728 2144 11757
x i2
4 36 144 225 324 361 361 529 576 576 1024 4156
yi2
5 2304 2704 2809 3025 3364 4624 3844 3249 5184 4489 35596
Yxi = a + bxi
6 48.2202 53.2104 55.7055 58.2006 59.0323 59.0323 62.3591 63.1908 63.1908 69.8444 591.9864
(y
Yx x
Tabelul 24.
(yi y )2
7 0.048488 1.465068 7.319730 10.243840 1.065643 80.419643 0.128953 38.326004 77.602004 8.090611 224.70997
8 125.44 51.84 38.44 17.64 1.44 77.44 7.84 4.84 163.84 60.24 549
10a + 192b = 592 192a + 4156b = 11757
a= b=
592 4156 192 11757 = 43,23 104156 36864 10 11757 192 592 = 0,8317 b > 0 OHJ 10 4156 36864
WXUD GLUHFW
)XQF LD GH UHJUHVLH HVWH
Yxi = 43,23 + 0,8317 xi

9DORULOH IXQF LHL GH UHJUHVLH YDORUL DMXVWDWH VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ WDEHOXO FRORDQD
,QWHQVLWDWHD OHJ
WXULL GLQWUH FHOH GRX
YDULDELOH VH P VRDU
FX LQGLFDWRU
ii:
FRHILFLHQW GH FRUHOD LH
ry/x):
n n i =1 i =1
ry / x
= 2 n n n n n xi2 xi n yi2 yi i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1 10 11757 192 592 = 0,768 10 4156 (192) 2 10 3596 (592) 2
2
n xi y i xi y i
i =1
][
ry/x = 0,768
Ry/x):
i
Ry / x =
( yi Yx ) 2 1 ( yi y ) 2
Datele necesare sunt prezentate n tabelul 24.

592 = 59,2 buc./muncitor. n 10 224,70997 = 0,59069 = 0,768 Ry/x = 1 549 Concluzie: ([LVW R OHJ WXU LQWHQV GLUHFW L OLQLDU y=
i =1
yi
vQWUXFkW
3HQWUX YHULILFDUHD VHPQLILFD LHL YDORULL FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH FRUHOD LH OLQLDU
ry/x = Ry/x = 0,768.

VLPSO
VH XWLOL]HD]
testul t: t= pentru
L Q
ry / x 1 ry2/ x
n2 =
0,59069 1 0,59069
10 2 = 2,6116
'DF
tcalc
2 = 8 grade de libertate ttab = 2,306. > ttab UH]XOW F ry/x HVWH VHPQLILFDWLY
L P VRDU
OHJ WXUD OLQLDU GLUHFW
vQWUH
YHFKLPH L SURGXF LH &DOFXOXO FRHILFLHQ LORU GH FRUHOD LH D UDQJXULORU
(tabelul 25):
Tabelul 25.
Nr. crt 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total
Vechimea
vQ PXQF
3URGXF LD
Ranguri
(yi) 2 48 52 53 55 58 68 62 57 72 67 -
(xi) 1 6 12 15 18 19 19 23 24 24 32 -
rxi
3 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 -
r yi
4 1 2 3 4 6 9 7 5 10 8 -
d i = rxi ryi
5 0 0 0 0 -1 -4 1 2 -3 0 -
d i2
6 0 0 0 0 1 16 1 4 9 0 d i =31
2
Pi 7 9 8 7 6 4 1 2 2 0 0 Pi=39
Qi 8 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 0 1 0 Qi=6
Si=Pi-Qi 9 9 8 7 6 3 -2 1 2 -1 0 Si =33
coeficient Spearman (rS): 6 d i2 6 31 rS = 1 3 = 1 3 = 0,812 n n 10 10 coeficient Kendall (rK): 2S 2 33 66 rK = 2 = 2 = = 0,73 n n 10 10 90

F H[LVW UHOD LD
9DORDUHD FRHILFLHQ LORU DUDW YDULDELOH L vQ DFHVW FD] VH YHULILF
rK < rS.
R OHJ WXU
GLUHFW
GHVWXO GH SXWHUQLF
vQWUH FHOH GRX
6.2. &RUHOD
LD SH ED]D GDWHORU JUXSDWH FRPELQDW
din tabelul 26.

SURGXF LH \i
Grupe de muncitori GXS YHFKLPH [i) 0 2-8 8-14 14-20 20-26 26-32 32-38 Total (n.j)
6XEJUXSH GH PXQFLWRUL GXS
41-48 1 1 2 3
48-55 2 3 2 2 1 8
55-62 3 7 6 13
62-69 4 3 3 4 1 11
) 69-76 5 1 1 2
76-83 6 1 2 3
Tabelul 26. Total (ni.) 7 4 4 12 11 6 3 40
Metode simple
0HWRGD WDEHOXOXL GH FRUHOD LH 'DF YDORULOH FHORU GRX VH RUGRQH]H vQ WLQG V
vezi tabelul 26.).

GUHDSWD MRV UH]XOW F H[LVW R OHJ WXU
YDULDELOH ; L < VXQW RUGRQDWH FUHVF WRU LDU IUHFYHQ HOH FRQGL LRQDWH
nij
jurul diagonalei (stnga sus

FRQGL LRQDWH
GLUHFW 0HWRGD JUXS 6H FDOFXOHD] ULL PHGLLOH GH JUXS
yi ):
y1 = 49,75 buc/muncitor y 2 = 48 buc/muncitor y3 = 59,083 buc/muncitor y 4 = 61,045 buc/muncitor y5 = 69 buc/muncitor y 6 = 74,83 buc/muncitor
6H REVHUY FUHWHUH 5H]XOW F F SH P VXU H[LVW FH FUHWH YHFKLPHD vQ PXQF GLUHFW *UDILFXO VXJHUHD] H[LVWHQ D XQHL L SURGXF LD PHGLH DUH R WHQGLQ GH R OHJ WXU
0HWRGD JUDILF
(vezi diagrama norului de puncte - ILJ
OHJ WXUL GLUHFWH L OLQLDUH
Metode analitice Metoda regresiei liniare: Y x i = a + bxi

6LVWHPXO GH HFXD LL QRUPDOH HVWH
na + b xi ni. = y j n. j i i =1 a xi ni. + b xi2 ni. = xi y j nij i i i j
'DWHOH QHFHVDUH FDOFXO ULL FHORU GRL SDUDPHWUL VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ WDEHOXO
Tabelul 27. Nr. crt. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total
xi
1 5 11 17 23 29 35 i
ni.
2 4 4 12 11 6 3
xi ni.
3 20 44 204 253 174 105 xini.=800
2
x i n i.
4 100 484 3468 5819 5046 3675 x i ni.=18592
yj
5 44,5 51,5 58,5 65,5 72,5 79,5 -
n. j
6 3 8 13 11 2 3 40
y j n. j
7 133,5 412,0 760,5 720,5 145,0 238,5 yjn.j=410
y j n. j
8 5940,75 21218,0 44489,25 47192,75 10512,5 18960,75 y j n.j=148314
2
i
xi y j nij
j
9 995 2112 12056 15444,5 12006 7857,5
ni. = 40
xi y j nij = 50463
j
6LVWHPXO GH HFXD LL
b > 0 OHJ
xi2 ni. y j n. j xi ni. xi y j nij = 2410 18592 800 50468 = 42,75 a= 2 40 18952 800 2 n xi2 ni. ( xi ni. ) n xi y j nij y j n. j xi ni. 40 50468 2410 800 = = 0,875 b= 2 40 18952 800 2 n xi2 ni. ( xi ni. )
WXUD GLUHFW
40a + 800b = 2410 800a + 18592b = 50468
)XQF LD GH UHJUHVLH HVWH
Y x i = 42,75 + 0,875xi Valorile teoretice ale pURGXF LHL GHWHUPLQDWH GH YHFKLPH VXQW Y X1 = 47,125 Y X 2 = 52,375 Y X 3 = 57,625 Y X 4 = 62,875 Y X 5 = 68,125 Y X 6 = 73,375
0HWRGHOH GH P VXUDUH D LQWHQVLW LL OHJ WXULL
0HWRGD FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH FRUHOD LH
ry / x = =
-
[n x n
F
n xi y j nij xi ni. y j n. j ( xi ni. ) n y 2 n. j j

2
2 i i.
][
( y j n. j )2 ]
40 50468 2410 800 103680 124460
= 0,7986
L GLUHFW
5H]XOW
OHJ WXUD HVWH SXWHUQLF
ry/x > 0). 28..
0HWRGD UDSRUWXOXL GH FRUHOD LH OLQLDU
'DWHOH QHFHVDUH FDOFXO ULL DFHVWXL LQGLFDWRU VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ WDEHOXO
Y xi
0 47,125 52,375 57,625 62,875 68,125 73,375 (yj-Y X i )
2
yj
44,5 1 6,8906 124,0312 130,9218 744,186 51,5 2 57,4218 1,5312 75,0312 129,3906 263,3748 612,496 58,5 3 5,3593 114,8437 120,203 39,806 65,5 4 186,0468 20,6718 27,5625 62,0156 296,2967 303,182 72,5 5 92,6406 19,1406 111,7812 300,124 79,5 6 129,3906 75,0312 204,4218 1111,686
(y j Yx ) nij
2
i
Tabelul 28.
nij
(yj - y )2n.j
7 64,3124 125,5624 266,4377 357,5467 176,0937 137,0468 (yj Yxi)2nij= =1126,9997 (yj - y )2n. j= =3111,48
Ry / x = 1
(y j Yx )2 nij (y j y )2 n. j
i
Ry / x = 1 Deci ry/x = Ry/x

GHWHUPLQD LH
1126,997 = 0,63779 = 0,7986 3111,48

L LQWHQV FX FRHILFLHQWXO GH
FRUHOD LH OLQLDU GLUHFW
3URSRU LD vQ FDUH SURGXF LD HVWH LQIOXHQ DW
GH YHFKLPH VH FDOFXOHD]
2 y/x
2 R y / x = (0,7986)2 = 0,6377 sau 63,78%

Q FHOH GRX YDULDQWH GDWH QHJUXSDWH L GDWH JUXSDWH OHJ WXUD HVWH SXWHUQLF L GH WL
p liniar.
Breviar de formule
xh =
ni
i =1
x
i =1
1
i
xp =
x i2 n i
i =1
ni
ni
i =1
i =1
i=1
n i
ni + 1
i =1
Mo = x 0 + h
1 1 + 2
Me = x0 + h
m
ni
i =1
m 1
nm
=
yi =
y j nij
j =1 m
nij
j =1
r 2 y/x
y=
yi ni .
i =1
ni .
i =1
2
i2 =
( y j y i ) 2 nij
i =1
nij
j =1
i =1 r
2 i n i.
n i.
i =1
(y i y) 2 n i.
i =1
n i.
i =1
2 p =
2 Ni p
i =1
i
Ni
i =1
2 0
2 p
(p i p) 2 N i
i =1
Ni
i =1
x = z
2 0 n
n=
2 2 z 0
2x
=z
(1
n ) N
n=
2 2 z 0
2x +
2 2 z 0 N
Yxi = a + bxi
na + b xi = y i 2 a x i + b x i = x i y i
k m na + b xi ni. = y j n. j i =1 j =1 k k k m a x n + b x 2 n = i i. x i y j nij i i. i =1 i =1 i =1 j =1
ry / x =
[n x
i
n xi yi ( xi )( yi )
2 i
( xi ) 2 n yi2 ( yi ) 2
][
i
ry / x =
n xi y j nij ( xi ni. )( y j n. j )
j j
2 2 2 2 n xi ni. ( xi ni. ) n y j n. j ( y j n. j ) i j i j
Ry/x =
(Y x ( yi
y)2 y)2
R y/x =
(y i Yx ) 2 1 (y i y) 2
i
R y/x = 1
(y j Yx ) 2 n ij
i
(y j y) 2 n .j
rs = 1
y1 y cr = 2
R y/x =
6 d i2 n n
3
(Yx y) 2 n i. (y j y) 2 n .j
i
ad bc Q= ad + bc
rk =
yn 2
2S n (n 1)
+ y 2 + ... + y i +... + y n 1 + n 1
d d + d2 d + di d + d n 1 d y1 1 + y 2 1 + ...y i i1 + ...y n -1 n -2 + y n n 1 2 2 2 2 2 y cr = n 1 di
i =1
yn y1 n 1
I = n 1
yn y1
I =
ni
i =1
n I 1n1 I 2 2 ... I ini ... I knk
Yt = y1 + (t 1)
Yt = y1 I t 1
na + b t i = y i 2 a t i + b t i = t i yi
Yti = a + b ti
i1y/ 0 =
I 1y/(0x , f ) =
x1 f1 x0 f 0 i1y/ 0 x0 f 0 y ( x, f ) I1/ 0 = x0 f 0
I 1y/(0f ) =
y1 x f = 1 1 y 0 x0 f 0
I 1y/(0f ) =
sau
i1f/ 0 =
x0 f1 x0 f 0
f1 f0
i1x/ 0 =
x1 x0
I 1y/(0x ) =
I 1y/(0x , f ) =
x1 f1 1 i y x1 f1
1/ 0
x1 f1 x0 f1
x0 f 0 x0 f 0
i1f/ 0
I 1y/(0x ) =
x1 f1 1 i x x1 f1
)
x( I SVx , f
x1 = x0
x1 f1 : x0 f 0 f1 f 0
x( I SF x ) =
x I VS( f
1/ 0 *
x1 x
*
x1 f1 : x0 f1 f1 f 1
x = x0
x 0 f1 : x 0 f 0 f1 f 0
Anexa 1
7DEHO FX YDORULOH IXQF LHL *DXVV
-Laplace
( z ) = 1 2
z e
(z)
+z
z2 2 dz
z 0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,08 0,09 0,10 0,11 0,12 0,13 0,14 0,15 0,16 0,17 0,18 0,19 0,20 0,21 0,22 0,23 0,24 0,25 0,26 0,27 0,28 0,29 1,50 1,51 1,52 1,53
(z) 0,0000 0,0080 0,0160 0,0239 0,0319 0,0399 0,0478 0,0558 0,0638 0,0717 0,0797 0,0876 0,0955 0,1034 0,1113 0,1192 0,1271 0,1350 0,1428 0,1507 0,1585 0,1663 0,1741 0,1819 0,1897 0,1974 0,2051 0,2128 0,2205 0,2282 0,8664 0,8690 0,8715 0,8740
z 0,30 0,31 0,32 0,33 0,34 0,35 0,36 0,37 0,38 0,39 0,40 0,41 0,42 0,43 0,44 0,45 0,46 0,47 0,48 0,49 0,50 0,51 0,52 0,53 0,54 0,55 0,56 0,57 0,58 0,59 1,72 1,73 1,74 1,75
(z) 0,2358 0,2434 0,2510 0,2586 0,2661 0,2737 0,2812 0,2886 0,2961 0,3035 0,3108 0,3182 0,3255 0,3328 0,3401 0,3473 0,3545 0,3626 0,3688 0,3759 0,3829 0,3899 0,3969 0,4039 0,4108 0,4177 0,4245 0,4313 0,4331 0,4448 0,9146 0,9164 0,9181 0,9199
z 0,60 0,61 0,62 0,63 0,64 0,65 0,66 0,67 0,68 0,69 0,70 0,71 0,72 0,73 0,74 0,75 0,76 0,77 0,78 0,79 0,80 0,81 0,82 0,83 0,84 0,85 0,86 0,87 0,88 0,89 1,94 1,95 1,96 1,97
z 0,90 0,91 0,92 0,93 0,94 0,95 0,96 0,97 0,98 0,99 1,00 1,01 1,02 1,03 1,04 1,05 1,06 1,07 1,08 1,09 1,10 1,11 1,12 1,13 1,14 1,15 1,16 1,17 1,18 1,19 2,32 2,34 2,36 2,38
(z) 0,6319 0,6372 0,6424 0,6476 0,6528 0,6579 0,6629 0,6680 0,6729 0,6778 0,6827 0,6875 0,6923 0,6970 0,7017 0,7063 0,7109 0,7154 0,7199 0,7243 0,7287 0,7330 0,7375 0,7415 0,7457 0,7499 0,7540 0,7560 0,7620 0,7660 0,9797 0,9807 0,9817 0,9827
z 1,20 1,21 1,22 1,23 1,24 1,25 1,26 1,27 1,28 1,29 1,30 1,31 1,32 1,33 1,34 1,35 1,36 1,37 1,38 1,39 1,40 1,41 1,42 1,43 1,44 1,45 1,46 1,47 1,48 1,49 2,76 2,78 2,80 2,82
(z) 0,7699 0,7737 0,7775 0,7813 0,7850 0,7887 0,7923 0,7959 0,7995 0,8030 0,8064 0,8098 0,8132 0,8165 0,8198 0,8230 0,8262 0,8293 0,8324 0,8355 0,8385 0,8415 0,8444 0,8473 0,8501 0,8529 0,8557 0,8584 0,8611 0,8638 0,9942 0,9946 0,9949 0,9952
0,4515 0,4581 0,4647 0,4713 0,4778 0,4843 0,4907 0,4971 0,5035 0,5098 0,5161 0,5223 0,5285 0,5346 0,5407 0,5467 0,5527 0,5587 0,5646 0,5705 0,5763 0,5821 0,5878 0,5935 0,5991 0,6047 0,6102 0,6157 0,6211 0,6265 0,9476 0,9488 0,9500 0,9512
z 1,54 1,55 1,56 1,57 1,58 1,59 1,60 1,61 1,62 1,63 1,64 1,65 1,66 1,67 1,68 1,69 1,70
(z) 0,8764 0,8789 0,8812 0,8836 0,8859 0,8882 0,8904 0,8926 0,8948 0,8969 0,8990 0,9011 0,9031 0,9051 0,9070 0,9090 0,9109
z 1,76 1,77 1,78 1,79 1,80 1,81 1,82 1,83 1,84 1,85 1,86 1,87 1,88 1,89 1,90 1,91 1,92
(z) 0,9216 0,9233 0,9249 0,9265 0,9281 0,9297 0,9312 0,9328 0,9342 0,9357 0,9371 0,9385 0,9399 0,9412 0,9426 0,9439 0,9451
z 1,98 1,99 2,00 2,02 2,04 2,06 2,08 2,10 2,12 2,14 2,16 2,18 2,20 2,22 2,24 2,26 2,28
(z) 0,9523 0,9534 0,9545 0,9566 0,9587 0,9606 0,9625 0,9643 0,9660 0,9676 0,9692 0,9707 0,9722 0,9736 0,9749 0,9762 0,9774
z 2,40 2,42 2,44 2,46 2,48 2,50 2,52 2,54 2,56 2,58 2,60 2,62 2,64 2,66 2,68 2,70 2,72
(z) 0,9836 0,9845 0,9853 0,9861 0,9869 0,9876 0,9883 0,9889 0,9895 0,9901 0,9907 0,9912 0,9917 0,9922 0,9926 0,9931 0,9935
z 2,84 2,86 2,88 2,90 2,92 2,94 2,96 2,98 3,00 3,20 3,40 3,60 3,80 4,00 4,50 5,00
(z) 0,9955 0,9958 0,9960 0,9962 0,9965 0,9967 0,9969 0,9971 0,9973 0,9986 0,9993 0,99968 0,99986 0,9999 0,99999 0,99999
Anexa 2
7DEHO FX YDORULOH UHSDUWL LHL 678'(17 vQ IXQF LH GH SUREDELOLWDWHD L QXP UXO I DO JUDGHORU GH OLEHUWDWH
P(t t )
1LYHO GH VHPQLILFD LH SHQWUX WHVWXO ELODWHUDO
a f 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 200 500 1000 8 a f
0,50 1,000 0,816 0,765 0,741 0,727 0,718 0,711 0,706 0,703 0,700 0,697 0,695 0,694 0,692 0,691 0,690 0,689 0,688 0,688 0,687 0,686 0,686 0,685 0,685 0,684 0,684 0,684 0,683 0,683 0,683 0,682 0,681 0,680 0,679 0,679 0,678 0,678 0,677 0,677 0,677 0,676 0,675 0,675 0,675 0,25
0,20 3,078 1,886 1,638 1,533 1,476 1,440 1,415 1,397 1,383 1,372 1,363 1,356 1,350 1,345 1,341 1,337 1,333 1,330 1,328 1,325 1,323 1,321 1,319 1,318 1,316 1,315 1,314 1,313 1,312 1,310 1,306 1,303 1,301 1,299 1,296 1,294 1,292 1,291 1,290 1,289 1,286 1,283 1,282 1,282 0,10
0,10 6,314 2,920 2,353 2,132 2,015 1,943 1,895 1,860 1,833 1,812 1,796 1,782 1,771 1,761 1,753 1,746 1,740 1,734 1,729 1,725 1,721 1,717 1,714 1,711 1,708 1,706 1,703 1,701 1,699 1,697 1,690 1,684 1,679 1,676 1,671 1,667 1,664 1,662 1,660 1,658 1,653 1,648 1,646 1,645 0,05
0,05 12,706 4,303 3,482 2,776 2,571 2,447 2,365 2,306 2,262 2,228 2,201 2,179 2,160 2,145 2,131 2,120 2,110 2,101 2,093 2,086 2,080 2,074 2,069 2,064 2,060 2,056 2,052 2,048 2,045 2,042 2,030 2,021 2,014 2,009 2,000 1,994 1,990 1,987 1,984 1,980 1,972 1,965 1,962 1,960 0,025
0,02 31,821 6,965 4,541 3,747 3,365 3,143 2,998 2,896 2,821 2,764 2,718 2,681 2,650 2,624 2,602 2,583 2,567 2,552 2,539 2,528 2,518 2,508 2,500 2,492 2,485 2,479 2,473 2,467 2,462 2,457 2,438 2,423 2,412 2,403 2,390 2,381 2,374 2,368 2,364 2,358 2,345 2,334 2,330 2,326 0,01
0,01 63,657 9,925 5,841 4,604 4,032 3,707 3,499 3.355 3,250 3,169 3,106 3,055 3,102 2,977 2,947 2,921 2,898 2,878 2,861 2,845 2,831 2,819 2,807 2,797 2,787 2,779 2,771 2,763 2,756 2,750 2,724 2,704 2,690 2,678 2,660 2,648 2,639 2,632 2,626 2,617 2,601 2,586 2,581 2,576 0,005
0,002 318,309 22,327 10,214 7,173 5,893 5,208 4,785 4,501 4,297 4,144 4,025 3,930 3,852 3,787 3,733 3,686 3,646 3,610 3,579 3,552 3,527 3,505 3,485 3,467 3,450 3,435 3,421 3,408 3,396 3,385 3,340 3,307 3,281 3,261 3,232 3,211 3,195 3,183 3,174 3,160 3,131 3,107 3,098 3,090 0,001
0,001 636,618 31,598 12,924 8,610 6,869 5,959 5,408 5,041 4,781 4,587 4,437 4,318 4,221 4,140 4,073 4,015 3,965 3,922 3,883 3,850 3,819 3,792 3,767 3,745 3,725 3,707 3,690 3,674 3,659 3,646 3,591 3,551 3,520 3,496 3,460 3,435 3,416 3,402 3,390 3,373 3,340 3,310 3,300 3,290 0,0005
0,0001 6366,198 99,992 28,000 15,544 11,178 9,082 7,885 7,120 6,594 6,211 5,921 5,694 5,513 5,363 5,239 5,134 5,014

4,897 4,837 4,784 4,736 4,693 4,654 4,619 4,587 4,558 4,530 4,506 4,482 4,389 4,321 4,269 4,288 4,169 4,127 4,096 4,072 4,053 4,025 3,970 3,922 3,906 3,891 0,00005
Nivel de semnifica LH SHQWUX WHVWXO XQLODWHUDO
Anexa 3
5HSDUWL LD ) )LVKHU 6QHGHFRU 9DORULOH IXQF LHL
2 2 F ( F = s1 s 2 ) pentru l1, l2 grade de libertate L = 0,05, = 0,01 QLYHO GH VHPQLILFD LH
l2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120
l1 = 1 l1 = 2 l1 = 3 l1 = 4 l1 = 5 = 0,05 = 0,01 = 0,05 = 0,01 = 0,05 = 0,01 = 0,05 = 0,01 = 0,05 = 0,01 161,40 4052,00 199,50 4999,00 215,70 5403,00 224,60 5625,00 230,20 5764,00 18,51 98,49 19,00 99,00 19,16 99,17 19,25 99,25 19,30 99,30 10,13 34,12 9,55 30,81 9,28 29,46 9,12 28,71 9,01 28,24 7,71 21,20 6,94 18,00 6,59 16,69 6,39 15,98 6,26 15,52 6,61 16,26 5,79 13,27 5,41 12,06 5,19 11,39 5,05 10,97 5,99 13,74 5,14 10,91 4,76 9,78 4,53 9,15 4,39 8,75 5,59 12,25 4,74 9,55 4,35 8,45 4,12 7,85 3,97 7,45 5,32 11,26 4,46 8,65 4,07 7,59 3,84 7,01 3,69 6,63 5,12 10,56 4,26 8,02 3,86 6,99 3,63 6,42 3,48 6,06 4,96 10,04 4,10 7,56 3,71 6,55 3,48 5,99 3,33 5,64 4,84 9,65 3,98 7,20 3,59 6,22 3,36 5,67 3,20 5,32 4,75 9,33 3,88 6,93 3,49 5,95 3,26 5,41 3,11 5,06 4,67 9,07 3,80 6,70 3,41 5,74 3,18 5,20 3,02 4,86 4,60 8,86 3,74 6,51 3,34 5,56 3,11 5,03 2,96 4,69 4,54 8,68 3,68 6,36 3,29 5,42 3,06 4,89 2,90 4,56 4,49 8,53 3,63 6,23 3,24 5,29 3,01 4,77 2,85 4,44 4,45 8,40 3,59 6,11 3,20 5,18 2,96 4,67 2,81 4,34 4,41 8,28 3,55 6,01 3,16 5,09 2,93 4,58 2,77 4,25 4,38 8,18 3,52 5,93 3,13 5,01 2,90 4,50 2,74 4,17 4,35 8,10 3,49 5,85 3,10 4,94 2,87 4,43 2,71 4,10 4,32 8,02 3,47 5,78 3,07 4,87 2,84 4,37 2,68 4,04 4,30 7,94 3,44 5,72 3,05 4,82 2,82 4,31 2,66 3,99 4,28 7,88 3,42 5,66 3,03 4,76 2,80 4,26 2,64 3,94 4,26 7,82 3,40 5,61 3,01 4,72 2,78 4,22 2,62 3,90 4,24 7,77 3,38 5,57 2,99 4,68 2,76 4,18 2,60 3,86 4,22 7,72 3,37 5,53 2,98 4,64 2,74 4,14 2,59 3,82 4,21 7,68 3,35 5,49 2,96 4,60 2,73 4,11 2,57 3,78 4,20 7,64 3,34 5,45 2,95 4,57 2,71 4,07 2,56 3,75 4,18 7,60 3,33 5,42 2,93 4,54 2,70 4,04 2,54 3,73 4,17 7,56 3,32 5,39 2,92 4,51 2,69 4,02 2,53 3,70 4,08 7,31 3,23 5,18 2,84 4,31 2,61 3,83 2,45 3,51 4,00 7,08 3,15 4,98 2,76 4,13 2,52 3,65 2,37 3,34 3,92 6,85 3,07 4,79 2,68 3,95 2,45 3,48 2,29 3,17 3,84 6,64 2,99 4,60 2,60 3,78 2,37 3,32 2,21 3,02
Anexa 4
2 Valorile variabilei n func
LH GH SUREDELOLWDWHD
2 = P( 2 > )
a l 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
0,990
0,975
0,950
0,900
0,100
0,050
0,025
0,010
0,001
0,0002 0,02 0,12 0,30 0,55 0,87 1,24 1,65 2,09 2,56 3,05 3,57 4,11 4,66 5,23 5,81 6,41 7,01 7,63 8,26 8,90 9,54 10,20 10,86 11,52 12,20 12,88 13,57 14,26 14,95
0,0010 0,05 0,22 0,48 0,83 1,24 1,69 2,18 2,70 3,25 3,82 4,40 5,01 5,63 6,26 6,91 7,56 8,23 8,91 9,59 10,28 10,98 11,69 12,40 13,12 13,84 14,57 15,31 16,05 16,79
0,0039 0,10 0,35 0,71 1,15 1,64 2,17 2,73 3,33 3,94 4,57 5,23 5,89 6,57 7,26 7,96 8,67 9,39 10,12 10,85 11,59 12,34 13,09 13,85 14,61 15,38 16,15 16,93 17,71 18,49
0,0158 0,21 0,58 1,06 1,61 2,20 2,83 3,49 4,17 4,87 5,58 6,30 7,04 7,79 8,55 9,31 10,08 10,86 11,65 12,44 13,24 14,04 14,85 15,66 16,47 17,29 18,11 18,94 19,77 20,60
2,71 4,61 6,25 7,78 9,24 190,64 12,02 13,36 14,68 15,99 17,27 18,55 19,81 21,06 22,31 23,54 24,77 25,99 27,20 28,41 29,61 30,81 32,01 33,20 34,38 35,56 36,74 37,92 39,09 40,26
3,84 5,99 7,81 9,49 11,07 12,59 14,07 15,51 16,92 18,31 19,67 21,03 22,36 23,68 25,00 26,30 27,59 28,87 30,14 31,41 32,67 33,92 35,17 36,41 37,65 38,88 40,11 41,34 42,56 43,77
5,02 7,38 9,35 11,14 12,83 14,45 16,01 17,53 19,02 20,48 21,92 23,34 24,74 26,12 27,49 28,84 30,19 31,53 32,85 34,17 35,48 36,78 38,08 39,37 40,65 41,92 43,19 44,46 45,72 46,98
6,63 9,21 11,34 13,28 15,09 16,81 18,47 20,09 21,67 23,21 24,72 26,22 27,69 29,14 30,58 32,00 33,41 34,80 36,19 37,57 38,93 40,29 41,64 42,98 44,31 45,64 46,96 48,28 49,59 50,89
10,83 13,82 16,27 18,47 20,52 22,46 24,32 26,13 27,88 29,59 31,26 32,91 34,53 36,12 37,70 39,25 40,79 42,31 43,82 45,32 46,80 48,27 49,73 51,18 52,62 54,05 55,48 56,89 58,30 59,70
Tabelul cu nuPHUH vQWkPSO

Seria 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 1 78.994 04.909 46.582 29.242 68.104 17.156 50.711 39.449 75.629 01.020 08.337 76.829 39.708 89.836 25.903 71.345 61.454 80.376 45.144 12.191 62.936 31.588 20.787 45.603 31.606 10.452 37.016 66.725 07.380 71.621 03.466 12.692 52.192 56.691 74.952 2 36.244 58.485 73.570 89.792 81.339 02.182 94.789 52.409 82.729 55.151 89.989 47.229 30.641 55.817 61.370 03.422 92.263 08.909 54.373 88.527 59.120 96.798 96.048 00.745 64.782 33.074 64.633 97.865 74.438 57.688 13.263 32.931 30.941 72.529 43.041
WRDUH
Anexa 5
3 02.673 70.786 33.004 88.634 97.090 82.504 07.171 75.095 76.916 36.132 24.290 19.706 21.267 56.747 66.081 01.015 14.647 30.470 05.505 58.852 73.957 43.668 84.726 84.635 34.027 76.718 67.301 25.409 82.120 58.256 23.917 97.387 44.998 66.063 58.869
4 25.475 93.930 51.795 60.285 20.601 19.880 02.103 77.720 72.657 51.971 08.618 30.094 56.501 75.195 54.076 68.025 08.473 40.200 90.074 51.175 35.969 12.611 17.512 43.079 56.734 99.556 50.949 37.498 17.890 47.702 20.417 34.822 17.833 73.570 15.677
5 84.953 34.880 86.477 07.190 78.940 93.747 99.057 39.729 58.992 32.155 66.798 69.430 95.182 06.818 67.442 19.703 34.124 46.558 24.783 11.534 21.598 01.714 39.450 52.724 09.365 16.026 91.298 00.816 40.963 74.724 11.315 53.775 94.563 86.860 78.598
6 61.793 73.059 46.736 07.795 20.228 80.910 98.775 03.205 32.576 60.735 25.889 92.399 72.442 83.043 52.964 77.313 10.740 61.742 86.299 87.218 47.287 77.266 43.618 14.262 20.008 00.013 74.968 99.262 55757 89.419 52.805 91.674 23.062 68.125 43.520
7 50.243 06.823 60.460 27.011 22.803 78.260 37.997 09.313 01.154 64.867 52.860 98.749 21.445 47.403 23.823 04.555 40.839 11.643 20.900 04.876 39.394 55.079 30.629 05.750 93.559 78.411 73.631 14.471 13.492 08.025 33.072 76.549 95.725 40.436 97.521
8 63.423 80.257 70.345 85.941 96.070 25.136 18.325 43.545 84.890 35.424 57.375 22.081 17.276 58.266 02.718 83.425 05.620 92.121 15.144 85.584 08.778 24.690 24.356 89.373 78.384 95.107 57.397 10.232 68.294 68.519 07.723 37.635 38.463 31.303 83.248
Seria 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
9 18.752 61.691 49.197 19.436 39.143 82.244 55.847 94.095 11.751 69.902 21.850 75.850 29.648 82.740 36.842
10 43.693 04.944 63.948 87.291 64.893 67.549 56.155 95.970 69.469 08.995 25.352 46.992 22.086 28.443 42.092
)
11 32.867 43.111 38.947 71.684 14.606 76.491 42.878 07.826 25.521 27.821 25.556 25.165 42.581 42.734 52.075
12 53.017 28.325 60.207 74.859 13.543 09.761 23.708 25.991 44.097 11.758 92.161 55.906 85.677 25.518 83.926
13 22.661 82.319 70.667 76.501 09.621 74.494 97.999 37.584 07.511 64.989 23.592 62.339 20.251 82.827 42.875
14 39.610 65.589 39.843 93.456 68.301 91.307 40.131 56.966 88.976 61.902 43.294 88.958 39.641 35.825 71.500
15 03.796 66.048 60.607 95.714 69.817 64.222 52.360 68.623 30.122 32.121 10.479 91.717 65.786 90.288 69.216
16 02.622 98.498 15.328 92.518 52.140 66.592 90.398 83.454 67.542 28.165 37.879 15.756 80.689 32.911 01.350
5HSURGXV GXS
Mills, Statistical Methode, Columbia University, Third edition,
New York, 1955
Bibliografie
1.
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0
6WDWLVWLFD DSOLFDW
vQ HFRQRPLH %XFXUHWL
GOSCHIN, Z. CRISTACHE, S. E. 2. BIJI, E. LILEA, E. WAGNER, P. BIJI, E. LILEA, E. WAGNER, P. BIJI, E. WAGNER, P. LILEA, E. PETCU, N.
9 78, 0
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4.
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1995
5. 6.
GOSCHIN, Z. ISAIC MANIU, AL.

0,758 &
6WDWLVWLF
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Expert, 1999
6WDWLVWLF
SHQWUX PDQDJHPHQWXO DIDFHULORU %XFXUHWL
(GLWXUD (FRQRPLF
VOINEAGU, V. 7. LILEA, E. GOSCHIN, Z.

9 78, 0 6WDWLVWLF %XFXUHWL (GLWXUD ([SHUW
BOLDEANU, D. 8. VOINEAGU, V.
0,758 & 6WDWLVWLF WHRUHWLF L PDFURHFRQRPLF 7HVWH OXFU UL
ISAIC-MANIU, AL.
, $1 (
practice, studii de caz %XFXUHWL (GLWXUD (FRQRPLF 1998
BARON, T. MATACHE, S. ISAIC-MANIU, I.

(5%$1 '
7HVWH JULO
&XOHJHUHD SUHOXFUDUHD SULPDU
L SUH]HQWDUHD GDWHORU VWDWLVWLFH
1.
(WDSHOH SULQFLSDOH DOH FHUFHW ULL VWDWLVWLFH VXQW D REVHUYDUHD E SUHOXFUDUHD F DQDOL]D L LQWHUSUHWDUHD G GHFL]LD
$OHJH L FRPELQD LD FRUHFW $DEF %DEF
,d); C(c,d).
2.
(OHPHQWXO FRQVWLWXWLY DO FROHFWLYLW D SRSXOD LD VWDWLVWLF H LQIRUPD LD
LL VXSXVH LQYHVWLJD LHL VWDWLVWLFH HVWH F FDUDFWHULVWLFD VWDWLVWLF G PRGHOXO
E XQLWDWHD VWDWLVWLF
3.
$QVDPEOXO HOHPHQWHORU GH DFHHDL QDWXU D SRSXOD LD VWDWLVWLF G PRGHOXO
VXSXVH LQYHVWLJD LHL VWDWLVWLFH UHSUH]LQW F FDUDFWHULVWLFD VWDWLVWLF
H LQIRUPD LD
4.
&ULWHULXO SH ED]D F UXLD VH FDUDFWHUL]HD] D SRSXOD LD VWDWLVWLF H LQIRUPD LD
XQLWDWHD VWDWLVWLF
HVWH G PRGHOXO
F FDUDFWHULVWLFD VWDWLVWLF
5. Caracteristicile statistice pot fi:

D GH WLPS GH VSD LX VDX DWULEXWLYH E DOWHUQDWLYH VDX QHDOWHUQDWLYH
c) primare sau derivate; d) calitative sau cantitative; e) empirice sau teoretice.

$OHJH L FRPELQD LD FRUHFW $DEFGH %DEFG &GH 'DFH
6. Vrsta HVWH R FDUDFWHULVWLF

D DWULEXWLY QXPHULF
VWDWLVWLF F FDOLWDWLY QHDOWHUQDWLY GGH WLPS
E GHULYDW
7. Variabila QXP
D FDOLWDWLY
UXO VDODULD LORU E FRQWLQX
este o caracWHULVWLF
VWDWLVWLF
F GLVFUHW
G DOWHUQDWLY
8.
&DUDFWHULVWLFD VWDWLVWLF D FDOLWDWLY
profesie este:
F GLVFUHW G DOWHUQDWLY
E FRQWLQX
9. Productivitatea muncii HVWH R FDUDFWHULVWLF VWDWLVWLF a) calitDWLY E GHULYDW F GLVFUHW G DOWHUQDWLY 10. Caracteristicile statistice pot fi:
D GH WLPS E GH VSD LX F DWULEXWLYH G UHSUH]HQWDWLYH $OHJH L FRPELQD LD FRUHFW $DEF %DEFG &DG
11.
&ROHFWLYLW
LOH VWDWLVWLFH SRW IL
a) dH WLPS GH VSD LX VDX DWULEXWLYH E DOWHUQDWLYH VDX QHDOWHUQDWLYH c) primare sau derivate; d) calitative sau cantitative; e) statice sau dinamice. 12.
(VWH R REVHUYDUH WRWDO D DQFKHWD VWDWLVWLF E UHFHQV PkQWXO F VRQGDMXO VWDWLVWLF
d) obsHUYDUHD S
U LL SULQFLSDOH
13.
(VWH R REVHUYDUH SHUPDQHQW D DQFKHWD VWDWLVWLF E UHFHQV PkQWXO F VRQGDMXO VWDWLVWLF
G REVHUYDUHD S U LL SULQFLSDOH
H UDSRUWXO VWDWLVWLF
14.
6RQGDMXO VWDWLVWLF VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]
SULQ F HVWH R REVHUYDUH SDU LDO
a) rapiditate; b) economiciWDWH d) erori de nregistrare mai mici.
$OHJH L FRPELQD LD FRUHFW $DEFG %FG &DG
15.
'DWHOH RE LQXWH SULQ REVHUYDUH VXQW VXSXVH XQXL FRQWURO
a) de volum; b) aritmetic; c) logic; d) economic.

$OHJH L FRPELQD LD FRUHFW $DEF %FG &DG
16.
$WXQFL FkQG YDULDELOD vQUHJLVWUDW D JUXSDUHD SH YDULDQWH
SUH]LQW
XQ QXP U UHGXV GH YDULDQWH VH UHFRPDQG F JUXSDUHD FRPELQDW
E JUXSDUHD SH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH
d) gruparea pe tipuri calitative. 17. AtXQFL FkQG YDULDELOD vQUHJLVWUDW

VH UHFRPDQG D JUXSDUHD SH YDULDQWH E JUXSDUHD SH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH F JUXSDUHD FRPELQDW SUH]LQW XQ QXP U PDUH GH YDORUL LQGLYLGXDOH GLVWLQFWH
d) gruparea pe tipuri calitative. 18.

Q FD]XO vQ FDUH VH XUP UHWH VWUXFWXUD FROHFWLYLW QXPHULFH VH UHFRPDQG D JUXSDUHD SH YDULDQWH E JUXSDUHD VLPSO F JUXSDUHD FRPELQDW LL VLPXOWDQ GXS GRX FDUDFWHULVWLFL
d) gruparea pe tipuri calitative. 19. Elementele obligatorii ale unui tabel statistic sunt: a) subiectuO E SUHGLFDWXO F UH HDXD GH UkQGXUL L FRORDQH
G WLWOXO JHQHUDO L WLWOXULOH LQWHULRDUH H VXUVD GDWHORU $OHJH L FRPELQD LD FRUHFW $DEFGH %FG &DE
20. Seriile statistice pot fi:

D GH WLPS E GH VSD LX F GH GLVWULEX LH D IUHFYHQ HORU G GH HYROX LH $OHJH L FRPELQD LD FRUHFW $DEF %FG &DG
21.
Q YHGHUHD SUH]HQW ULL FDUDFWHULVWLFLORU DWULEXWLYH QXPHULFH VH IRORVHVF VHULL VWDWLVWLFH D GH WLPS E GH VSD LX F GH GLVWULEX LH D IUHFYHQ HORU G RULFH WLS
22.
Q YHGHUHD SUH]HQW ULL HYROX LHL vQ WLPS D XQXL IHQRPHQ VH IRORVHVF VHULL VWDWLVWLFH D FURQRORJLFH E WHULWRULDOH F GH UHSDUWL LH G RULFH WLS
23.
Q YHGHUHD SUH]HQW ULL HYROX LHL vQ VSD LX D XQXL IHQRPHQ VH IRORVHVF VHULL VWDWLVWLFH
a) cronolRJLFH
E WHULWRULDOH
F GH UHSDUWL LH
G RULFH WLS
24. Elementele unui grafic sunt:

D WLWOXO E D[HOH GH FRRUGRQDWH F UH HDXD G VFDUD GH UHSUH]HQWDUH H OHJHQGD L VXUVD GDWHORU $OHJH L FRPELQD LD FRUHFW $DEFGH %FG &DE
25.
7LSXO GH JUDILF IRORVLW SHQWUX VHULLOH GH GLVWULEX LH GH IUHFYHQ H HVWH
a) histograma; b) corelograma; c) cronograma; d) diagrama de volum. 26. Tipul de grafic folosit pentru seriile interdependente este: a) histograma; b) corelograma; c) cronograma; d) diagrama de volum. 27. Tipul de grafic folosit pentru seriile cronologice este: a) histograma; b) corelograma; c) cronograma; d) diagrama de volum.
Indicatori statistici
1.
3ULQWUH IXQF LLOH LQGLFDWRULORU VWDWLVWLFL QX VH LQFOXG D IXQF LLOH GH P VXUDUH L FRPSDUDUH F IXQF LLOH GH SODQLILFDUH L FRQWURO E IXQF LLOH GH DQDOL] L VLQWH]
G IXQF LD GH HVWLPDUH
H IXQF LLOH GH YHULILFDUH D LSRWH]HORU L GH WHVWDUH D VHPQLILFD LHL
2.
* VL L FODVLILFDUHD LQFRUHFW
a) indicatori statLVWLFL SULPDUL L GHULYD L

F LQGLFDWRUL VWDWLVWLFL VLQWHWLFL L DQDOLWLFL
E LQGLFDWRUL VWDWLVWLFL SULPDUL L DEVROX L
G P ULPL DEVROXWH UHODWLYH L PHGLL LQGLFL HFXD LL GH HVWLPDUH
3.
Q FD]XO FROHFWLYLW
LORU FDUH QX VXQW vPS U LWH vQ JUXSH QX V
e pot calcula:
D P ULPL UHODWLYH GH VWUXFWXU F P ULPL UHODWLYH DOH SODQXOXL
E P ULPL UHODWLYH DOH GLQDPLFLL G P ULPL UHODWLYH GH GLQDPLF
4.
0 ULPLOH UHODWLYH VH P VRDU D QXPDL vQ SURFHQWH F vQ XQLWDWHD GH P VXU E vQ FRHILFLHQ L SURFHQWH SURPLOH SURGHFLP D FDUDFWHULVWLFLL VWDWLVWLFH UHVSHFWLYH
ile sau procentimile;
G VXQW P ULPL DGLPHVLRQDOH /D FDOFXODUHD XQHL P ULPL UHODWLYH QX HVWH REOLJDWRULX FD
5.
a) b) c) d) 6.
WHUPHQLL UDSRUWXOXL V V H[LVWH R OHJ WXU
ILH FRPSDUDELOL
GH FRQGL LRQDUH vQWUH WHUPHQLL FRPSDUD L ILH VHPQLILFDWLY V ILH RPRJHQ VH UHSUH]LQW JUDILF SULQ F GLDJUDPH GH VWUXFWXU SHQWUX IHQRPHQXO DQDOL]DW
ED]D GH FRPSDUD LH V FROHFWLYLWDWHD VWDWLVWLF
0 ULPLOH UHODWLYH GH VWUXFWXU D KLVWRJUDP
E SROLJRQXO IUHFYHQ HORU
d) diagrame de volum; e) diagrame prin benzi. 7.

0 ULPLOH UHODWLYH GH FRRUGRQDUH VH UHSUH]LQW D KLVWRJUDP E SROLJRQXO IUHFYHQ HORU JUDILF SULQ G FURQRJUDP F GLDJUDPH GH VWUXFWXU
e) diagrame prin benzi sau coloane. 8.

0 ULPLOH UHODWLYH DOH SODQXOXL VH UHSUH]LQW D GLDJUDPD SULQ FRORDQH G GLDJUDPH GH YROXP JUDILF SULQ F GLDJUDPH GH VWUXFWXU E SROLJRQXO IUHFYHQ HORU
H FURQRJUDP JUDILF SULQ F GLDJUDPH GH VWUXFWXU
9.
0 ULPLOH UHODWLYH DOH GLQDPLFLL VH UHSUH]LQW D FURQRJUDP E SROLJRQXO IUHFYHQ HORU
d) diagrame de volum; e) diagrame radiale.
10.
3HQWUX D FRPSDUD GRX D GH VWUXFWXU
JUXSH DOH DFHOHLDL FROHFWLYLW F GH FRRUGRQDUH
L IRORVLP P ULPL UHODWLYH G GH LQWHQVLWDWH H GH GLQDPLF
E DOH SODQXOXL
11.
3HQWUX D P VXUD HYROX LD vQ WLPS D IHQRPHQXOXL DQDOL]DW IRORVLP P ULPL UHODWLYH D GH VWUXFWXU E DOH SODQXOXL F GH FRRUGRQDUH G GH LQWHQVLWDWH H GH GLQDPLF
12.
3HQWUX D FRPSDUD GRL LQGLFDWRUL GLIHUL L GDU LQWHUGHSHQGHQ L IRORVLP P ULPL UHODWLYH D GH VWUXFWXU E DOH SODQXOXL F GH FRRUGRQDUH G GH LQWHQVLWDWH H GH GLQDPLF
13.
3HQWUX D FRPSDUD QLYHOXO UHDOL]DW DO XQXL IHQRPHQ FX FHO SURJUDPDW IRORVLP P ULPL
relative:
D GH VWUXFWXU E DOH SODQXOXL F GH FRRUGRQDUH G GH LQWHQVLWDWH H GH GLQDPLF
14.
3HQWUX
FRPSDUD
QLYHOXO
DEVROXW
DO
XQHL
JUXSH
FX
DQVDPEOXO
FROHFWLYLW
LL
IRORVLP
P ULPL UHODWLYH D GH VWUXFWXU E DOH SODQXOXL F GH FRRUGRQDUH G GH LQWHQVLWDWH H GH GLQDPLF
15. ProductivLWDWHD PXQFLL HVWH R P

D GH VWUXFWXU E DOH SODQXOXL
ULPH UHODWLY F GH FRRUGRQDUH G GH LQWHQVLWDWH H GH GLQDPLF
16.
1XP UXO PXQFLWRULORU GLQ SULPD VHF LH D XQHL XQLW
L HFRQRPLFH UHSUH]LQW

ID
GH
QXP UXO PXQFLWRULORU GLQ FHD GH D GRXD VHF LH D DFHOHLDL XQLW HVWH R P ULPH UHODWLY D GH VWUXFWXU E D SODQXOXL F GH FRRUGRQDUH
L ,QGLFDWRUXO UHVSHFWLY
G GH LQWHQVLWDWH
H GH GLQDPLF
17.
0 ULPLOH UHODWLYH GH VWUXFWXU
QX VH UHSUH]LQW
JUDILF FX WUDW
a) diagrama prin cerc; b GLDJUDPD SULQ GUHSWXQJKLF GLDJUDPD SULQ S d) diagrama prin benzi.
1.
0HGLD DULWPHWLF
UHSUH]LQW E XQ LQGLFDWRU GH FRUHOD LH H R P VXU D RPRJHQLW LL
D XQ LQGLFDWRU DO WHQGLQ HL FHQWUDOH F R P VXU D DVLPHWULHL
G XQ LQGLFDWRU HFRQRPLF
2.
,QGLFDWRUXO FDUH UHG D PRGXO
FHHD FH HVWH HVHQ LDO L WLSLF vQWU F GLVSHUVLD
-o colectivitate este:
G PHGLDQD H PHGLD
E FRHILFLHQWXO GH YDULD LH
3. Valorile aberante (anormal de mari sau mici) nu infOXHQ HD]

D PHGLD E PHGLDQD F GLVSHUVLD
G FRHILFLHQWXO GH YDULD LH
4.
Q FD]XO vQ FDUH WHUPHQLL VHULHL VWDWLVWLFH DX YDORUL SR]LWLYH L QHJDWLYH VH XWLOL]HD]
media:
D DULWPHWLF E DUPRQLF F S WUDWLF G JHRPHWULF
5. n cazul n FDUH SUHGRPLQ

D DULWPHWLF
YDORULOH PLFL DOH FDUDFWHULVWLFLL VH XWLOL]HD] F S WUDWLF G JHRPHWULF
PHGLD
E DUPRQLF
6.
FD]XO
vQ
FDUH
QX
HVWH
SRVLELO
vQVXPDUHD
WHUPHQLORU
VHULHL
VWDWLVWLFH
VH
XWLOL]HD]
media:
7.
Q FD]XO vQ FDUH WHUPHQLL VHULHL VWDWLVWLFH DX YDORUL QHJDWLYH VDX QXOH QX VH XWLOL]HD]
media:
8.
QWUH
PHGLD
DUPRQLF UHOD LD
xh
PHGLD
S WUDWLF
x p
FDOFXODWH
SHQWUX
DFHHDL
VHULH
VWDWLVWLF H[LVW
a) xh > x p ; b) xh = x p ; c) xh < x p ; 9.
QWUH PHGLD DULWPHWLF VWDWLVWLF H[LVW UHOD LD
d) nu se pot compara.

L PHGLD JHRPHWULF
x p
FDOFXODWH SHQWUX DFHHDL VHULH
a) x > x p ; b) x = x p ; c) x < x p ; 10.

9DORDUHD FDUDFWHULVWLFLL VWDWLVWLFH FDUH
d) nu se pot compara.
VH vQWkOQHWH FHO PDL IUHFYHQW vQ FDGUXO VHULHL
statistice nu este: a) modulul; b) moda; c) mediana; d) dominanta seriei; e) modul. 11.

/D R ILUP VDODULXO PHGLX DO SHUVRQDOXOXL GH DGPLQLVWUD LH HVWH GH PLO OHL LDU FHO DO PXQFLWRULORU GH PLOOHL &DUH HVWH SRQGHUHD SHUVRQDOXOXL GH DGPLQLVWUD LH GDF
salariul mediu lunar al firmei este de 3 mil. lei? a) 50%; b) 30%; c) 25%; d) 20%. 12. Studentele dintr-R
JUXS DX vQ O LPHD PHGLH GH FP LDU VWXGHQ LL FP &DUH HVWH GDF SRQGHUHD VWXGHQWHORU HVWH "
vQ O LPHD PHGLH vQ JUXSD UHVSHFWLY
a) 170cm; b) 169cm; c) 165cm; d) 175cm. 13.

3UH XO XQXL SURGXV D FUHVFXW vQ PHGLH FX OXQDU vQ SULPXO VHPHVWUX DO DQXOXL L FX SH vQWUHJXO DQ D IRVW
OXQDU vQ VHPHVWUXO DO GRLOHD &UHWHUHD PHGLH OXQDU
a) 1,5%; b) 1%; c) 2%; d) 3%; e) nu se poate calcula. 14.

'LQDPLFD SURGXF LHL UHDOL]DWH GH R ILUP vQ SULPHOH DVH OXQL DOH DQXOXL D IRVW
112%, 108%, 106%,111%,120%. Tipul de medie cel mai indicat a se calcula n acest caz este:
15. ntr-XQ
LQGLFDW
PDJD]LQ GH vQF O
PLQW
e au fost vndute ntr-o zi 10 perechi de pantofi avnd
XUP WRDUHOH P ULPL 'HQXPL L P ULPHD PHGLH FHD PDL D VH FDOFXOD vQ DFHVW FD] E PHGLD DUPRQLF F PRGXO G PHGLD JHRPHWULF H
D HGLD DULWPHWLF
mediana.
16.
1RWHOH RE LQXWH GH XQ VWXGHQW vQWU R VHVLXQH GH H[DPHQH DX IRVW 'HQXPL L
WLSXO GH PHGLH SH FDUH YD SUHIHUD VWXGHQWXO V D DULWPHWLF E DUPRQLF F S WUDWLF
R FDOFXOH]H vQ DFHVW FD]
G JHRPHWULF
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a) 30; b) 330; c) 270; d) 300. 19. Cele 10 hoteluri dintr-XQ RUD DX IRVW HYDOXDWH Dstfel: 2 hoteluri- 3stele, 5 hoteluri-2stele, 3 hoteluri-1stea. Care este valoarea medie pe total? a) 2 stele; b) 3 stele; c) 1,9 stele; d) nu se poate calcula. 20.
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a) 17,5%; b) 18%; c) 18,5%; d) 17%. 22. O maLQ

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locuri: 11,4,5,9,8,2,12. Ce loc au ocupat gimnastele n medie? a) 9; b) 8; c) 7; d)7,3. 24.

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l: zona A: 15%, respectiv 100 mii persoane zona B: 20%, respectiv 150 mii persoane.
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a) 18; b) 17; c) 17,65; d) 18,5. 25.

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a) 5; b) 6; c) 7; d) 8; e) 9. 26.
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ei serii statistice sunt mai mari dect:

F PHGLDQD G FXDUWLOD VXSHULRDU
27. 25% din valorile individuale ale unei serii statistice sunt mai mari dect:
D FXDUWLOD LQIHULRDU E PRGXO F PHGLDQD G FXDUWLOD VXSHULRDU
28.
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c) egale cu mediana; d) cuprinse ntre FXDUWLOD LQIHULRDU e) mai mari dect mediana.
29.
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Analiza seriilor interdependente

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GDF
YDORDUHD
FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH FRUHOD LH VH VLWXHD]
vQ LQWH
a) [0-0,2);
b) [0,2-0,5);
c) (-0,2-0);
rvalul: d) (0,75-1).
$OHJH L FRPELQD LD FRUHFW $D %DE &G 'DF
27.
$WXQFL FkQG FRHILFLHQWXO GH FRUHOD LH LD YDORDUHD D OHJ WXUD HVWH GH WLS IXQF LRQDO E
variabilele sunt independente;
c) FRUHOD LD HVWH SXWHUQLF
G OHJ WXUD HVWH OLQLDU
28.
&RHILFLHQWXO GH FRUHOD LH FDOFXODW SHQWUX R OHJ WXU PXO LPHD
OLQLDU
LQYHUV
SRDWH OXD YDORUL vQ
a) (- 29.
E
F PXO LPHD QXPHUHORU vQWUHJL SR]LWLYH
G PXO LPHD QXPHUHOR
r reale pozitive.
E OHJ WXUD GLQWUH YDULDELOH HVWH GLUHFW G FROHFWLYLWDWHD HVWH RPRJHQ
&RHILFLHQWXO L UDSRUWXO GH FRUHOD LH DX YDORUL HJDOH DWXQFL FkQG D OHJ WXUD GLQWUH YDULDELOH HVWH OLQLDU F OHJ WXUD GLQWUH YDULDELOH HVWH LQYHUV
30. IQWHUYDOXO GH YDULD LH D UDSRUWXOXL GH FRUHOD LH HVWH a) (0; 1); b) (0; 1]; c) [0; 1]; d) [-1; 1]; e) (-1; 1). 31.
5DSRUWXO GH FRUHOD LH
a) HVWH XQ LQGLFDWRU VLQWHWLF DO LQWHQVLW LL OHJ Wurilor dintre variabilele statistice; b) VH FDOFXOHD] FD U G FLQ S WUDW GLQ FRHILFLHQWXO GH GHWHUPLQD LH c) DUH YDORUL vQWUH L d) are valori ntre - L e) P VRDU LQWHQVLWDWHD OHJ WXULL LQGLIHUHQW GH IRUPD DFHVWHLD
$OHJH L FRPELQD LD FRUHFW $DE %DEFH &DEG 'DFH
32.
'HWHUPLQD L HFXD LD GUHSW
ei de regresie avnd coeficientul unghiular
L RUGRQDWD OD
origine 16. a) Y= -9 +16x; 33.

HFXD LD GH UHJU
b) Y= 16 - 9x; c) Y= 9 +16x;
d) nu se poate determina.
SULQ
/HJ WXUD GLQWUH YHFKLPH L SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PXQFLL EXFPXQFLWRU HVWH H[SULPDW
esie: Y= 20+0,2x . Productivitatea unui muncitor cu vechime de 10 ani va fi: a) 22; b) 20,2; c) 24; d) nu se poate calcula. 34. ntr-R XQLWDWH HFRQRPLF D IRVW DQDOL]DW OHJ WXUD GLQWUH FKHOWXLHOLOH GH SURGXF LH L SURILW RE LQkQGX-se un coeficienW GH FRUHOD LH GH 0,9. Profitul depinde de cheltuielile de
SURGXF LH vQ SURSRU LH GH
a) 81%; 35.
6H FXQRVF
b) 9%;
c) 90%;
GDWH
d) 0,81%.
SULYLQG SURGXF LD L FRVWXULOH XQLWDUH vQUHJLVWUDWH vQWU
XUP WRDUHOH
-o
XQLWDWH HFRQRPLF
3URGXF LH EXF
Cost unitar (mii lei/buc.)
1 36
2 32
3 30
4 27
SULQWU
5 23
6 22
7 25
8 29
9 30
10 31
/HJ WXUD GLQWUH YDULDELOH HVWH H[SULPDW D IXQF LH OLQLDU E H[SRQHQ LDO
-o:
G KLSHUERO H QX VH SRDWH SUHFL]D
F SDUDERO
36. 37.
Q FD]XO OHJ WXULORU OLQLDUH LQYHUVH PXO LPHD YDORULORU UDSRUWXOXL GH FRUHOD LH HVWH
a) (-1,1); b) (0,1]; c) (-

,QWHQVLWDWHD OHJ WXULL GLQWUH GRX
G PXO LPHD QXPHUHORU UHDOH YDULDELOH D IRVW P VXUDW SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO FRHILFLHQWXOXL WXUD QX HVWH
L UDSRUWXOXL GH FRUHOD LH RE LQkQGX D GLUHFW E IRDUWH SXWHUQLF GLQWUH GRX YDULDELOH VH
-se n ambele cazuri valoarea 0,9. /HJ

G FXUELOLQLH SULQWU R H[SULP
F OLQLDU
38.
/HJ WXUD
IXQF LH
H[SRQHQ LDO
,QWHQVLWDWHD
OHJ WXULL GLQWUH FHOH GRX
YDULDELOH VH YD P VXUD FX E UDSRUWXO GH FRUHOD LH G FRHILFLHQWXO GH YDULD LH
D FRHILFLHQWXO GH FRUHOD LH F FRHILFLHQWXO GH UHJUHVLH
Serii cronologice
1.
'RX LUXUL GH GDWH SDUDOHOH vQ FDUH SULPXO DUDW YDULD LD FDUDFWHULVWLFLL GH WLPS L DO GRLOHD YDULD LD IHQRPHQXOXL DQDOL]DW UHSUH]LQW D FURQRORJLF E WHULWRULDO R VHULH VWDWLVWLF G GH UHSDUWL LH H GH VSD LX
F GH GLVWULEX LH
2. EvolX LD vQ WLPS D XQXL IHQRPHQ QX HVWH LOXVWUDW

D FURQRORJLF E GH WLPS F GLQDPLF
GH R VHULH VWDWLVWLF G GH GLVWULEX LH
3. Nu este o proprietate a termenilor seriei cronologice: a) variabilitatea; b) omogenitatea; c) periodicitatea;

G LQGHSHQGHQ D H LQWHUGHSHQGHQ D
4.
$VLJXUDUHD FRPSDUDELOLW D V F V
LL WHUPHQLORU VHULHL FURQRORJLFH QX SUHVXSXQH FD GDWHOH E V G V IRORVHDVF DFHHDL XQLWDWH GH P VXU
VH UHIHUH OD DFHODL IHQRPHQ SURYLQ GLQ DFHHDL VXUV
SUH]LQWH R HYROX LH VH]RQLHU
5. Problemele care trebuie rezolvate la analiza seriilor cronologice sunt:

D FDOFXODUHD LQGLFDWRULORU DEVROX L UHODWLYL L PHGLL F DQDOL]D VH]RQDOLW LL G H[WUDSRODUHD E GHWHUPLQDUHD WUHQGXOXL
$OHJH L FRPELQD LD FRUHFW $DEFG %DEF &DE
6. Valorile individuale ale termenilor seriei cronologice depind de:

D IDFWRULL HVHQ LDOL FX DF LXQH VLVWHPDWLF F YDULD LLOH VH]RQLHUH G RVFLOD LLOH FLFOLFH E IDFWRULL DOHDWRUL H SROLWLFD HFRQRPLF
$OHJH L FRPELQD LD FRUHFW $DEFGH %DEFG &DFG
7.
7HUPHQLL VHULHL FURQRORJLFH VXQW LQWHUGHSHQGHQ L GHRDUHFH
a) GDWHOH SURYLQ GLQ DFHHDL VXUV b) XQLWDWHD GH P VXU HVWH DFHHDL c) VH RE LQ SULQ DFHHDL PHWRGRORJLH GH FDOFXO d) sunt valori sucFHVLYH DOH DFHOXLDL IHQRPHQ 8.
5HFHVLXQHD HFRQRPLF D VH]RQLHU HVWH R IOXFWXD LH F vQWkPSO WRDUH G FLFOLF
E SH WHUPHQ OXQJ
9.
&UHWHUHD QLYHOXOXL GH RFXSDUH YDUD UHSUH]LQW D VH]RQLHU E SH WHUPHQ OXQJ
R HYROX LH G FLFOLF
F vQWkPSO WRDUH
10.
1X HVWH SRVLELO D GH PRPHQWH
vQVXPDUHD WHUPHQLORU VHULHL FURQRORJLFH E GH LQWHUYDOH F H[SULPDWH vQ XQLW L IL]LFH G GH IOX[XUL
11.
7UHQGXO VHULHL FURQRORJLFH VH GHWHUPLQ
SULQ PHWRGD LQGLFHOXL PHGLX GH GLQDPLF
atunci cnd: a) LQGLFLL FX ED] vQ ODQ VXQW DSURSLD L b) PRGLILF ULOH DEVROXWH FX ED] vQ ODQ VXQW DSURSLDWH c) graficul are un punct de maxim; d) graficul are un punct de minim.
12.
7UHQGXO VHULHL FURQRORJLFH VH GHWHUPLQ
SULQ PHWRGD VSRUXOXL PHGLX DWXQFL FkQG
a) indiciL FX ED] vQ ODQ VXQW DSURSLD L b) PRGLILF ULOH DEVROXWH FX ED] vQ ODQ VXQW DSURSLDWH c) DPSOLWXGLQHD RVFLOD LLORU SHULRGLFH HVWH FRQVWDQW d) graficul are un punct de minim. 13.
&LIUD GH DIDFHUL D XQHL ILUPH D VF ]XW vQ SHULRDGD FX
L D FUHVFXW vQ
perioada 1993-
DQXO ID D D VF ]XW FX
FX
&DUH D IRVW PRGLILFDUHD SURFHQWXDO
D FLIUHL GH DIDFHUL vQ
GH " E D FUHVFXW FX F D VF ]XW FX G D FUHVFXW FX
e) nu s-a modificat. 14.

3URGXF LD XQHL ILUPH D FUHVFXW ID GH DQXO FX vQ DQXO L FX vQ DQXO
&DUH D IRVW FUHWHUHD SURGXF LHL vQ ID
GH "
a) 30%; 15.
b) 16,67%;
c) 20%;
d) 25%.
vQ DQXO L FX vQ DQXO
&LIUD GH DIDFHUL D XQHL ILUPH D FUHVFXW FX &DOFXOD L FUHWHUHD WRWDO SH FHL GRL DQL
a) 38%;
b) 35%;
c) 17,5%;
d) 30%.
16. Desfacerile unui magazin au crescut cu 10% n primul trimestru al anului, s-au redus cu
vQ FHO GH DO GRLOHD WULPHVWUX L DX FUHVFXW FX UHVSHFWLY vQ XUP WRDUHOH GRX WULPHVWUH &DOFXOD L FUHWHUHD PHGLH WULPHVWULDO
a) 11,75%; 17.
b) 9,25%;
c) 8,86%;
d) 16%.
GH FX L vQ ID GH
1HFHVDUXO GH SHWURO DO XQHL FX
UL D FUHVFXW vQ ID
&X FH SURFHQW D FUHVFXW vQ PHGLH GLQ SkQ
n 1999?
a) 29,37%;
b) 30%;
c) 29%;
d) 29,03%.
18. Se cunosc datele:

Anul
'LQDPLFD SURGXF LHL
1997 110
1998 120
1999 105
1990=100
&DOFXOD L PRGLILFDUHD SURFHQWXDO D SURGXF LHL vQ ID GH
a) 10%;
b) 15%;
c) -12,5%;
d) -25%.
19. Se cunosc datele:

Anul
&UHWHUHD SURGXF LHL EXF ID GH DQXO DQWHULRU
1997 20
1998 15
1999 10
&DOFXOD L FUHWHUHD SURGXF LHL vQ ID
GH
a) 40buc.;
b) 45 buc.;
c) 50buc.
Indicii statistici
1.
,QGLFLL VXQW LQFOXL vQ FDWHJRULD D P ULPLORU PHGLL E P ULPLORU UHODWLYH F LQGLFDWRULORU WHQGLQ HL FHQWUDOH
G LQGLFDWRULORU YDULD LHL
H LQGLFDWRULORU DVLPHWULHL
2.
1X RE LQHP XQ LQGLFH DWXQFL FkQG UDSRUW P
a) nivelurile nregistrate de un fenomen n momente diferite de timp; b) QLYHOXULOH vQUHJLVWUDWH GH XQ IHQRPHQ vQ XQLW L GLIHULWH GH VSD LX c) nivelul realizat al fenomenului la cel planificat; d) R SDUWH D FROHFWLYLW LL OD WRWDO 3. Atunci cnd elementele colectivit LL DQDOL]DWH DX indicilor este necesar: a) XQ FRP VXU WRU VXE IRUPD XQRU SRQGHUL b) VHSDUDUHD FROHFWLYLW LL vQ JUXSH PDL RPRJHQH c) vQVXPDUHD GLUHFW VXE IRUP GH DJUHJDW d) PHGLD DULWPHWLF D LQGLFLORU LQGLYLGXDOL e) media armRQLF D LQGLFLORU LQGLYLGXDOL 4.
FDUDFWHU HWHURJHQ SHQWUX FDOFXODUHD
)RORVLUHD SRQGHULORU SHQWUX FRQVWUXLUHD LQGLFLORU GH JUXS HVWH QHFHVDU
FkQG
a) b) c) d) e) 5.
valorile individuale sunt nsumabile direct; valorile individuale nu sunt nsumabile direct; variabila are caracter cantitativ; variabila are caracter discret;
IRORVLUHD SRQGHULORU HVWH REOLJDWRULH vQ RULFH VLWXD LH
1X UHSUH]LQ
R FRQGL LH REOLJDWRULH SHQWUX LQGLFLL GH JUXS
a) reversibilitatea n timp; b) reversibilitatea factorilor; c) transferabilitatea; d) interreversibilitatea; e) circularitatea. 6. Indicii de grup nu se pot calcula ca:
D PHGLH D LQGLFLLORU LQGLYLGXDOL F UDSRUW D GRX PHGLL E VXP D LQGLFLORU LQGLYLGXDOL G VXE IRUP GH DJUHJDW
7.
,GHQWLILFD L IDFWRUXO vQVXPDELO GLUHFW
a) b) c) d) e) 8.
SURGXVH GLIHULWH DOH DFHOHLDL XQLW SURGXVH GH DFHODL IHO DOH XQRU XQLW
economice;
L HFRQRPLFH GLIHULWH
SURGXVH DOLPHQWDUH FXPS UDWH GH R IDPLOLH vQWU R OXQ
SURGXFWLYLW
LOH PXQFLWRULORU GLQWU R VHF LH
VDODULLOH PHGLL GLQ VHF LLOH XQHL vQWUHSULQGHUL
* VL L IDFWRUXO FDOLWDWLY
a) proGXF LD IL]LF
E QXP UXO PXQFLWRULORU
F SUH XULOH EXQXULORU
G QXP UXO XWLODMHORU GH SURGXF LH
H QXP UXO VHF LLORU
9.
* VL L IDFWRUXO FDQWLWDWLY D FRVWXUL PHGLL GH SURGXF LH E SUH XUL XQLWDUH GH YkQ]DUH H SURGXF LH IL]LF
c) rentabilitate;
d) productLYLWDWH
10.
* VL L FODVLILFDUHD LQFRUHFW
a) b) c) d) e) 11.
LQGLFL FX SRQGHUL IL[H L YDULDELOH LQGLFL LQGLYLGXDOL L GH JUXS LQGLFL FX ED] IL[ L PRELO
LQGLFL DL GLQDPLFLL WHULWRULDOL L DL SODQXOXL LQGLFL GH JUXS L LQGLFL VXE IRUP GH PHG
ie.
&DUH HVWH FODVLILFDUHD FRUHFW "
a) b) c) d) e) 12.
LQGLFL VXE IRUP LQGLFL FX ED]
GH PHGLH L VXE IRUP L FX ED] PRELO
GH UDSRUW D GRX
PHGLL
vQ ODQ
LQGLFL FX SRQGHUL IL[H L FX SRQGHUL FRQVWDQWH LQGLFL GH JUXS L LQGLFL FX SRQGHUL IL[H LQGLFL LQGLYLGXDOL L GH
grup.
$WXQFL FkQG VH FXQRVF LQGLFLL LQGLYLGXDOL L YDORULOH GLQ SHULRDGD FXUHQW LQGLFLL GH JUXS VH FDOFXOHD] VXE IRUP PHGLL GH E DJUHJDW F PHGLH DULWPHWLF G PHGLH DUPRQLF
D UDSRUW D GRX
H PHGLH JHRPHWULF
13. Atunci cnd se cunosF LQGLFLL LQGLYLGXDOL L YDORULOH GLQ SHULRDGD GH ED]
VH FDOFXOHD] VXE IRUP PHGLL GH E DJUHJDW F PHGLH DULWPHWLF D UDSRUW D GRX
LQGLFLL GH JUXS
G PHGLH DUPRQLF
H PHGLH JHRPHWULF
14. Atunci cnd valorile individuale sunt nsumabile

FDOFXOHD] VXE IRUP GH E DJUHJDW D UDSRUW D GRX PHGLL
FXQRVFXWH
LQGLFLL
GH
JUXS
VH
F PHGLH DULWPHWLF
G PHGLH DUPRQLF
H PHGLH JHRPHWULF
15.
FD]XO
YDULDELOHORU
FDOLWDWLYH
FDUH
VH
IRUPHD] FD
FD
P ULPL
PHGLL
OD
QLYHOXO
XQHL
colectLYLW
L LQGLFLL GH JUXS VH FDOFXOHD] PHGLL E DJUHJDW
D UDSRUW D GRX
F PHGLH DULWPHWLF
G PHGLH DUPRQLF
H PHGLH JHRPHWULF
16.
6LVWHPXO GH SRQGHUDUH ED]DW SH IRORVLUHD SRQGHULORU GLQ SHULRDGD GH ED]
SHQWUX LQGLFLL
de grup ai factorilor este cel propus de: a) Laspeyres; b) Paasche; c) Edgeworth; d) Fischer; e) Dobrisch. 17.
6LVWHPXO GH SRQGHUDUH ED]DW SH IRORVLUHD SRQGHULORU GLQ SHULRDGD FXUHQW SHQWUX LQGLFLL
de grup ai factorilor este: a) Laspeyres; b) Paasche; 18.
c) Edgeworth; d) Fischer; e) Dobrisch.

D SRQGHULORU GLQ DPEHOH SHULRDGH GH
6LVWHPXO GH SRQGHUDUH ED]DW SH IRORVLUHD VLPXOWDQ ED]
L FXUHQW OD FRQVWUXLUHD LQGLFLORU GH JUXS IDFWRULDOL HVWH FHO SURSXV GH
a) Edgeworth; b) Dobrisch; c) Fischer; d) toate trei; e) nici unul. 19.

/D FDOFXOXO LQGLFLORU WHULWRULDOL SH SODQ LQWHUQD LRQDO VH IRORVHVF LQGLFLL GH JUXS GH WLS
a) Laspeyres; 20.
b) Paasche;
c) Fischer; d) WR L
H QLFL XQXO
,QGLFLL GH JUXS IRUPHD]
XQ VLVWHP DWXQFL FkQG VH XWLOL]HD]
PHWRGD GH SRQGHUDUH
a) Fischer;
b) Laspeyres; c) Paasche;
d) Edgeworth;
e) oricare.
21.
0HWRGD VXEVWLWX LHL vQ ODQ
XWLOL]HD]
XQ QXP U GH LQGLFL GH JUXS IDFWRULDOL E PDL PDUH
D HJDO FX QXP UXO IDFWRULORU GH LQIOXHQ
c) mai mic; d) mai mare sau egal. 22.

5HVWXO QHGHVFRPSXV H[SULP
a) b) c) d) e) 23.
LQIOXHQ D WRWDO LQIOXHQ D WRWDO LQIOXHQ D L]RODW LQIOXHQ D L]RODW
D IDFWRUXOXL FDOLWDWLY D IDFWRUXOXL FDQWLWDWLY D IDFWRUXOXL FDOLWDWLY D IDFWRUXOXL FDQWLWDWLY D FHORU GRL IDF
LQIOXHQ D FRPELQDW
tori.
5HSDUWL]DUHD SH IDFWRUL GH LQIOXHQ
D UHVWXOXL QHGHVFRPSXV VH SRDWH IDFH
a) SURSRU LRQDO FX LQIOXHQ HOH GLUHFWH DOH IDFWRULORU b) atribuind ntregul rest nedescompus unuia din factori; c) vPS U LQG UHVWXO QHGHVFRPSXV vQ PRG HJDO SH IDFWRUL d) GXS RULFDUH Gin variantele anterioare; e) QLFL R YDULDQW QX HVWH FRUHFW 24.
)DFWRUXO FDUH QX LQIOXHQ HD] DOHJHUHD WLSXOXL GH LQGLFL GH JUXS IRORVL L HVWH
a) VHSDUDUHD IDFWRULORU GH LQIOXHQ vQ FDQWLWDWLYL L FDOLWDWLYL b) SRVLELOLWDWHD vQVXP ULL YDORULORU LQGLYLGXDOH DOH IDctorilor; c) alegerea bazei de raportare; d) natura datelor disponibile; e) IRUPD IXQF LHL GH UHSDUWL LH D FDUDFWHULVWLFLL 25. Indicele general este: a) PDL PDUH GHFkW WR L LQGLFLL IDFWRULDOL b) PDL PLF GHFkW WR L LQGLFLL IDFWRULDOL c) mai mare dect indicele factorului caOLWDWLY cantitativ; d) egal cu produsul indicilor factoriali. 26.
,QGLFHOH FX VWUXFWXU IL[ HVWH
L PDL PLF GHFkW LQGLFHOH IDFWRUXOXL
a) PDL PDUH GHFkW LQGLFHOH FX VWUXFWXU YDULDELO b) PDL PLF GHFkW LQGLFHOH FX VWUXFWXU YDULDELO c) mai mare dect indicele de variD LH D VWUXFWXULL d) PDL PLF GHFkW LQGLFHOH GH YDULD LH D VWUXFWXULL e) HJDO FX UDSRUWXO GLQWUH LQGLFHOH FX VWUXFWXU structurii.
YDULDELO
LQGLFHOH
GH
YDULD LH
27. Restul nedescompus este: a) PDL PLF GHFkW PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW WRWDO D IHQRPHQXOXL b) mai mare deFkW PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW WRWDO c) PDL PLF GHFkW PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW D IDFWRUXOXL FDOLWDWLY d) PDL PLF GHFkW PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW D IDFWRUXOXL FDQWLWDWLY 28.
2 XQLWDWH FRPHUFLDO D UHDOL]DW vQ OXQD LXOLH GHVIDFHUL vQ YDORDUH GH PLO OHL Q OXQD GDWRULW UHGXFHULL YROXPXOXL IL]LF L D
august, valoaUHD
FUHVFXW FX
GHVIDFHULORU D VF ]XW FX P ULULL SUH XULORU
GDWRULW
a) 33 mil. lei; b) 33,75 mil. lei;
Valoarea desfacerilor n luna august a fost: c) 27 mil. lei; d) 37,5 mil. lei; e) 34,5 mil. lei.
29. ntr-R
SHULRDG
GH WLPS vQ]HVWUDUHD WHKQLF
D PXQFLL D FUHVFXW FX
GDU HILFLHQ D
XWLOL] ULL FDSLWDOXOXL IL[ V D D FUHVFXW FX
-a redus cu 10%. Productivitatea muncii:

F D VF ]XW FX
E D FUHVFXW FX
d) a crescut cu 20%; e) nu s-a modificat.
Indicatorii de rezultate la nivel macroeconomic

1.
'LIHUHQ D GLQWUH SUH XULOH SLH HL L SUH XULOH IDFWRULORU R UHSUH]LQW D LPSR]LWHOH LQGLUHFWH QHWH E DPRUWL]DUHD F LPSR]LWHOH SH SURGXV G VXEYHQ LLOH
2. Soldul contului 3URGXF LH este: a) PIB; b) PNB; c) VN; d) nul. 3. Soldul contului Venituri este: a) PIN pp; b) PINpf; c) PIBpp; d) PIBpf. 4. Soldul contului Utilizarea veniturilor este: a) PNNpf; b) PINpf; c) PIBpp; d) PIBpf. 5. n ce indicatori macroeconomici este inclus consumul intemediar? a) PGB; b) PIB; c) PIN; d) VN. 6. Ce indicatori macroeconomici includ amortizarea?
D 3,1 E 91 F 31% G WR L H QLFL XQXO
7.
,PSR]LWHOH LQGLUHFWH QHWH QX SRW IL QLFLRGDW
LQFOXVH vQ
a) VN; 8.
b) PIB; c) PIN;
d) PNN;
e) PNB.
vQWUH G 3,%SS L 3,%SI
&RQVXPXO GH FDSLWDO IL[ VH SRDWH FDOFXOD FD GLIHUHQ D 3,% L 3,1 H IRUPDUHD EUXW E LQYHVWL LLOH EUXWH L FHOH QHWH GH FDSLWDO IL[ L LQYHVWL LD EUXW
F 31% L 311
$OHJH L FRPELQD LD FRUHFW $DEF %H &EG
9.
)RUPDUHD EUXW
GH FDSLWDO UHSUH]LQW SOXV DPRUWL]DUHD SOXV YDULD LD VWRFXULORU SOXV DPRUWL]DUHD L YDULD LD VWRFXULORU SOXV YDULD LD VWRFXULORU
a) b) c) d) e)
LQYHVWL LD QHW LQYHVWL LD QHW LQYHVWL LD QHW LQYHVWL LD EUXW
LQYHVWL LD EUXW
$OHJH L FRPELQD LD FRUHFW $DEF %FG &DH
10.
)RUPDUHD EUXW
GH FDSLWDO IL[ UHSUH]LQW SOXV DPRUWL]DUHD SOXV YDULD LD VWRFXULORU SOXV DPRUWL]DUHD L YDULD LD VW SOXV YDULD LD VWRFXULORU
a) b) c) d) e)
LQYHVWL LD QHW LQYHVWL LD QHW LQYHVWL LD QHW LQYHVWL LD EUXW
ocurilor;
LQYHVWL LD EUXW
$OHJH L FRPELQD LD FRUHFW $DEF %FG &DH
11. Consumul final cuprinde:

D FRQVXPXO SULYDW E FRQVXPXO SULYDW L FRQVXPXO SXEOLF
c) consumul statului; d) consumul poSXOD LHL L YDULD LD VWRFXULORU 12. Excedentul net de exploatare cuprinde: a) GREkQGD L UHQWD b) GREkQGD UHQWD L SURILWXO EUXW c) GLYLGHQGH LPSR]LW SH SURILW L SURILW QHGLVWULEXLW d) GREkQGD UHQWD L LPSR]LWXO SH SURILW 13.
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15. PIB este n prezent de 1500 mii PLOLDUGH OHL

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ei a fost:
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d) 50%.
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d) 110,3%.
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a) 1120 mii miliarde lei; b) 1000 mii miliarde lei; c) 1320 mii miliarde lei; d) 1500 mii miliarde lei. 24. Salariul mediu nominal a crescut de la 2,5 milioane lei la 3,5 milioane lei, iar rata
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1.A; 2.b; 3.a; 4.c; 5.B, 6.a; 7.c; 8.a; 9.b; 10.A; 11.e; 12.b; 13.e; 14.A; 15.A; 16.a; 17.b; 18.c; 19.A; 20.A, 21.c; 22.a; 23.b; 24.A; 25.a; 26.b; 27.c.
Indicatori statistici
1.c; 2.b; 3.a; 4.b; 5.d; 6.c; 7.e; 8.a; 9.a; 10.c; 11.e; 12.d; 13.b; 14 a; 15.d; 16.c; 17.d.
1.a; 2.e; 3.b; 4.c; 5.b; 6.d; 7.d; 8.c; 9.a; 10.c; 11.c; 12.b; 13.a; 14.d; 15.c; 16.c; 17.c; 18.a; 19.a; 20.c; 21.b; 22.a; 23.b; 24.c; 25.c; 26.a; 27.d; 28.d; 29.a; 30.e; 31.a; 32.b.
,QGLFDWRULL YDULD LHL L DVLPHWULHL
1.a; 2.c; 3.a; 4.c; 5.b; 6.B; 7.b; 8.b; 9.a; 10.d; 11.a; 12.b, 13.c.
Cercetarea prin sondaj

1.a; 2.b; 3.b; 4.c; 5.a; 6a; 7.b; 8.b; 9.A; 10.a; 11.c; 12.d; 13.a; 14.b.
Analiza seriilor interdependente

1.c; 2.b; 3.a; 4.d; 5.e; 6.e; 7.C; 8.D; 9.c; 10.d; 11.a; 12.b; 13.a; 14.e; 15.c; 16.e; 17.a; 18.B; 19.d; 20.e; 21.a; 22.a; 23.D; 24.e; 25.e; 26.D; 27.a; 28.a; 29.a; 30.c; 31.B; 32.b; 33.a; 34.a; 35.c; 36.b; 37.d; 38.b.
Serii cronologice
1.a; 2.d; 3.d; 4.d; 5.A; 6.B; 7.d; 8.d; 9.a; 10.a; 11.a; 12.b; 13.d; 14.b; 15.a; 16.c; 17.d; 18.c; 19.b.
Indicii statistici
1.b; 2.d; 3.a; 4.b; 5.d; 6.b; 7.b; 8.c; 9.e; 10.e; 11.e; 12.d; 13.c; 14.b: 15.a; 16.a; 17.b; 18.d: 19.c; 20.a; 21.a; 22.e; 23d; 24.e; 25.d; 26.e; 27.a; 28.b; 29.a.
Indicatorii de rezultate la nivel macroeconomic

1.a; 2.a; 3.b; 4.a; 5.a; 6.c; 7.a; 8.a; 9.b; 10.c; 11.b; 12.b; 13.b; 14.c; 15.a; 16.c; 17.a; 18.c; 19.b; 20.b; 21.c; 22.c; 23.a; 24.d; 25.a.

Statistica - Eugenia Lilea

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Statistica - Eugenia Lilea

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Prof.univ.dr.Eugenia LILEA; Lect.univ.dr.Mihaela VATUI; Lect.univ.dr.Doina BOLDEANU; Conf.univ.dr.Zizi GOSCHIN

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