SUBSTANTIVUL

Pluralul substantivelor:

1. in general se adauga “s”

Ex: boy – boys

2. subst. terminate in: s, ss, sh, ch, tch, x si z adauga “es”

Ex: bus – buses
dress – dresses
bush – bushes
church – churches
match – matches
box – boxes
buzz – buzzes

3. subst. terminate in “o” precedate de consoana adauda “es” cu exceptia subst.

provenite din limbi straine si a celor din prescurtari
Ex: tomato – tomatoes
studio – studios
fresco – frescos (din italiana)
piano – pianos
disco – discos (prescurtare)

! forme duble: “os” si “oes”: cargo, buffalo, banjo, motto, volcano, zero

4. subst terminate in “y” precedat de consoana transforma y in “i+es”

Ex: family – families / key - keys
Exceptii: - subst proprii nume de familie la plural (the Kennedys)
- subst compuse (passer-by – passers-by)

5. subst terminate in “f” si “fe” transforma f in “v” si adauga “s”

Ex: life – lives
leaf - leaves

Exceptii: cliff – cliffs (stanca de mare)

roof
chief
safe
belief
proof
grief (durere psihica)
cuff (manseta)
gulf (golf)

! forme duble: “fs” si “ves”: scarf, handkerchief, dwarf, hoof (copita), wharf (debarcader)
6. cateva subst modifica vocala interioara:
man – men
woman – women
goose – geese
tooth – teeth
foot – feet
mouse – mice
louse – lice (paduche)
die –dice (zaruri)

7. trei subst adauga “en”:

ox – oxen
child – children
brother – brothers
brethren (frati de credinta, comuniune, etc.)

8. subst nationalitati terminate in s, ss, sh, ch, tch si ese au aceeasi forma la sg si la pl:
Dutch
Chinese
French (la plural sunt la fel)
Irish
Swiss

9. cateva subst au aceeasi forma la sg si la pl:

a) se termina in “s”: species, series, means, headquarters, barracks (baraca/baraci)

b) animale salbatice/pasari/pesti:
deer
sheep
game (doar cand inseamna vanat/vanaturi)
duck (doar cand este rata salbatica)
carp (crap)
trout (pastrav/pastravi)
pike (stiuca/stiuci)

10. subst compuse care au in alcatuire man sau woman ca ultim element il modifica pe
acesta la plural:
Ex: policeman – policemen

11. subst compuse care au in alcatuire man, gentleman, lady sau woman ca prim
element modifica ambele elemente la plural:
Ex: lady-doctor – ladies-doctors
man-singer – men-singers

12. subst compuse care au prepozitie in alcatuire adauga “s” primului element
Ex: lily of the valley – lilies of the valley

13. subst compuse care nu au in alcatuire prepozitie adauga “s” ultimului element
Ex: forget-me-not – forget-me-nots
14. Plurale straine:
I. din limba latina:
a) subst terminate in “us” fac plural in “i”
cactus – cacti

b) subst terminate in “a” fac plural in “ae”

alga – algae

c) subst terminate in “um” fac plural in “a”

datum – data

d) subst terminate in “ix” sau “ex” fac plural in “ices”

index – indices

II. din limba greaca:

a) subst terminate in “on” fac plural in “a”
phenomenon – phenomena

b) subst terminate in “is” fac plural in “es”

basis – bases

III. din limba franceza:

plateau – plateaux

Substantive care au doua forme de plural cu doua intelesuri diferite:

die - dice (zaruri)

- dies (matrite)

genius - geniuses (f. destepti)

- genii (spirite ale raului)

formula - formulas (forme de cuvinte)

- formulae (formule matem.)

index - indexes (cuprinsuri)

- indices (indici matem.)

medium - mediums (mediu paranormal)

- media (mass-media)

penny - pennies (mai multe monede de 1 penny)

- pence (o moneda de mai multi penny)

cloth - cloths (carpe, metraje)

- clothes (imbracaminte)

staff - staffs (personalul firmei)

- staves (portative muzicale)
Substantive care au o forma de plural cu mai multe intelesuri:

ash = scrum (fara pl)

ashes = cenusa

air = aer (fara pl)

airs = fite, talente

age = varsta (fara pl)

ages = secole; mult timp

advice = sfat
advices = dispozitie de plata

color = culoare
colors = culori; steag

content = continut
contents = continuturi; tabla de materii

compass = busola
compasses = busole; compas

cost = cost
costs = costuri, cheltuieli

custom = obicei
customs = obiceiuri; vama

drawer = sertar
drawers = sertare; izmene

drought = curent de aer

droughts = curente de aer; joc de dame

damage = stricaciune
damages = stricaciuni; despagubiri

effect = efect
effects = efecte; imbracaminte

ground = pamant (fara pl); motiv

grounds = motive; zat de cafea; loc de joaca pt copii

glass = sticla (fara pl); pahar

glasses = pahare; ochelari

letter = litera; scrisoare

letters = litere; scrisori; literatura
minute = minut
minutes = minute; proces verbal

manner = mod
manners = moduri; comportament

megrim = migrena
megrims = migrene; melancolie

number = numar
numbers = numere; versuri; strofa

quarter = sfert
quarters = sferturi; cazarma; cantonament

point = punct
points = puncte, macaz

part = parte
parts = parti, meleaguri

pain = durere
pains = dureri; efort

paper = hartie (fara pl)

papers = documente, acte, lucrari

premise = premiza
premises = locuinta (sg)

preserve = dulceata
preserves = dulceturi; ochelari de protectie

sand = nisip
sands = plaja

spectacle = spectacol
spectacles = spectacole; ochelari

scale = taler; solz de peste; gama muzicala; scara sociala

scales = talere; solzi de peste; game muzicale; scari sociale; balanta

spirit = duh; D-zeu (abstract)

spirits = spirite; bauturi spirtoase; stare de spirit; spirt medicinal

term = trimestru; termen

terms = trimestre; termene; relatii

water = apa (fara pl)

waters = apa minerala
wood = lemn (fara pl)
woods = padure

work = munca
works = opere (realizari deosebite); fabrica, mecanism

Substantive defective

1. aspect de sg, inteles de pl, acord in sg:

homework
luck
income
nonsense
merchandise
progress
produce (produs natural (rasina de brad) / spre deosebire de product = produs industrial)
equipment
business
money
news (are forma de pl !!)
advice
information
intelligence
knowledge
furniture
luggage
baggage
rubbish
+
toate abstractiunile (power, love, hate, thunder, literature)
+
alimente (butter, milk, meat)
+
substante, materiale (silk, cotton, tobacco)
etc.

 nu au plural si fac acord la singular

 la substituirea cu pronume primesc “it”

Ex: Where is the money? Give it to me.

nu pot fi determinate de: a, few, a few, many, every, each, either, neither, other,
another, the other, etc. (pentru ca nu pot fi numarate !)

cand vreau sa sugerez singularul folosesc: a bit of, a piece of, an item of, etc.
Ex: a flash of lightning
a crash of thunder
2. aspect de pl, inteles de sg, acord in sg:

- 2 boli: measles = pojar

mumps = oreion

- jocurile terminate in “s”:

billiards
darts (aruncarea la tinta)
nine pins (popice)
cards

- stiinte si obiecte de studiu (se scriu cu majuscula):

Economics
Mathematics
Physics
Statistics

! daca nu se refera la obiecte de studiu (materii), fac acordul la plural si nu se scriu cu

majuscula
Ex: What are your politics about it?
The statistics for Romania are bad.

3. aspect de pl, inteles de pl (in romaneste de sg !!!), acord de pl:

Aceste substantive nu au forma de sg.

a) substantive imbracaminte formate din doua parti identice:

trousers
jeans
pants (pantaloni)
panties (chiloti)
overalls (salopeta)
shorts (pant scurti)

b) instrumente si unelte formate din doua structuri identice:

compasses (compas)
scissors (foarfeca)
tweezers (penseta)
tongs (cleste)
pliers (patent)

c) o boala si o stare de spirit:

hysterics (isterie)
blues (melancolie)

d) denumiri geografice, tari formate din mai multe state:

the United States of America
the Carpatians
e) subst provenite din verbe + “ings”:
surroundings
earnings
savings

nu au forma de sg, ele fac acordul in pl

la substituirea cu pronume primesc “they”

Ex: Where are the tongs? Give them to me.

 nu pot fi determinate de: a, few, a few, many, every, each, either, neither, other,
another, the other, etc. (pentru ca nu pot fi numarate !)

daca vreau sa sugerez sg, folosesc “a pair of “

4. aspect de sg, inteles de pl, acord la pl:

people
public
poultry
police
cattle (vite)
youth (tineret)
clergy (cler = mai multi membri ai bisericii)
horse (cand are sensul de cavalerie)

acordul este la plural

Ex: The police are searching for the thief.

Substantivele colective

Sunt subst care au 2 forme de acord cu verbul:

- in sg cand se refera la subst ca la un intreg
- in pl cand se refera la elementele componente luate una cate una

Ex: 1) My family is at home (if you go there you find someone)

2) My family are at home (each member of the family is present)

Subst colective Animale

class crew herd (cireada)

group audience flock (turma)
team party (partid) swarm (roi)
family press flight (stol)
committee government shoal (banc)
council board
jury cabinet
army mob (multime)
navy band
! 2 sau mai multe subst legate prin inteles care formeaza o entitate fac acordul cu verbul
in singular
Ex: 1) My neighbor and friend is here (este vorba despre aceeasi persoana)
2) Ten days is enough for a holiday (este vorba de perioada)

! substantivul number si alte subst care definesc o multime (cantitate) fac acord in sg
daca sunt precedate de “the” si in pl daca sunt precedate de “a”
Ex: 1) A number of cars are in the street.
2) The number of cars is sufficient.

! dupa each, every, either, neither, urmeaza subst numarabil la sg, iar in constructiile
either…..or (atat… cat si…)
neither…..nor (nici…..nici….), acordul cu verbul se face dupa ultimul element
Ex: 1) Either the boy or the girl is here.
2) Neither you nor I am right.

! substantivele life, soul, mind, heart vor apare in forma de plural cand determina un
subst ca “people”
Ex: in romaneste: Soldatii si-au dat viata (la sg) pentru tara.
in engleza: The soldiers have given their lives (la pl) for the country.

Genitivul substantivelor

Este de 2 feluri: 1) sintetic (saxon)

2) analitic (prepozitional)

1) Genitivul sintetic: posesor + ‘s + obiect posedat

Utilizare:
1) posesorul este subst propriu:
Carmen’s car

2) posesorul este subst comun fiinta:

the girl’s car

3) denumiri geografice:
Romania’s economy

4) animale (animale mari):

the dog’s house

5) substantiv colectiv:
the company’s success

6) abstractiuni:
liberty’s defense

7) corpuri celeste:
the sun’s rays
8) personificari:
the wind’s voice

9) pronume nehotarat:
somebody’s wish

10) diviziuni (de timp de ex.):

yesterday’s newspaper

11) expresii consacrate:

the God’s sake

! daca subst proprii se termina in “s”, punem doar apostroful:

Ex: Dickens’ novels - dar se citeste ca si cum ar fi adaugat “es”: (dichensiz)

! daca avem 2 sau mai multi posesori ai aceluiasi obiect intre care exista o relatie de
rudenie, punem ‘s doar ultimului:
Ex: 1) the girl and the boy’s father (sunt frati, au acelasi tata)

2) the girl’s and the boy’s fathers (nu sunt frati)

! nu se mai pune obiectul posedat

- daca a mai fost mentionat anterior
Ex: My mother’s car is blue and my father’s is white.

- sau daca e unul din substantivele:

shop
store
church
cathedral
house (lista nu este limitativa)
Ex: Let’s go to the butcher’s (in loc de butcher’s shop)

! daca posesorul este la plural, punem doar apostrof fara s:

boys’ toys
Exceptie fac subst care nu fac plural in “s”:
people’s respect
children’s toys

2) Genitivul analitic: obiect posedat + of + posesor

Utilizare:
1) pt lucruri
the door of the room

2) anumite denumiri geografice:

the city of London

3) susbt provenite din adjective:

the needs of the poor
4) apozitie:
Tom, a friend of my manager

5) insecte, pasari mici:

the wings of the fly

6) cand vrem sa subliniem un subst propriu:

Let’s talk about the wars of Napoleon

7) cand subst e precedat de un determinant:

this book of my friend

! nu poate sa lipseasca nici un element, iar la plural are aceeasi forma

Combinatii sintetic – analitic (“dubla posesie”)

a) combinatie din 3: analitic + sintetic

Ex: masina prietenului fratelui meu – the car of my brother’s friend

b) combinatie din 4: sintetic + analitic + sintetic

Ex: masina prietenului fratelui varului tau – the friend’s car of your cousin’s brother

Genul substantivelor
In general, substantivele in limba engleza nu au gen.

Totusi, avem:
1) man – woman
Ex: policeman – policewoman

2) male – female
Ex: male student – female student

3) girl – boy
Ex: girlfriend – boyfriend

4) forme distincte
Ex: mother – father
wife – husband (generic = spouse)
grandmother – grandfather
son – daughter
sister – brother
uncle – aunt
nephew – niece
bachelor – spinster (celibatara)
munk – nun (calugar/calugarita)
lad – lass (fecior/fetiscana)
wizard – witch (vrajitor/vrajitoare)
tutor – governess
tailor – seamstress (cusator/cusatoreasa)
earl – countess (conte/contesa)
king – queen
gentleman - lady

5) se formeaza niste feminine si prin adaugarea sufixului “ess”:

Ex: actor – actress
master – mistress
waiter – waitress (chelner/chelnerita)
Exceptie: hero – heroine

6) doua substantive fac masculinul din feminin:

Ex: widow – widower (vaduva/vaduv)
bride – bridegroom (mireasa/mire)

7) subst provenite din limbi straine isi fac genul cf limbii din care provin:
signor – signora
don – donna
protégé – protegee
fiancé – fiancée

8) pt animale:
a) he – she:
he-elephant – she-elephant

b) male – female:
male-frog – female-frog

c) prin adaugare de sufix “ess”:

lion – lioness; tiger – tigress

d) cu forme distincte pt animale:

fox (vulpoi) – vixen (vulpe)
mare (iapa) – stallion (armasar) generic = horse
Jack-ass (magar) – Jenny-ass (magarita)
cow (vaca) – ox (bou) sau bull (bou de prasila)
she-goat (capra) – he-goat (tap)
ram (berbec) – ewe (oaie) generic = sheep
rabbit (iepure de casa) – doe-rabbit (iepuroaica)
bee (albina) – drone (albin)
saw (scroafa) – swine (porc) sau boar (vier; porc mistret)
tom cat (pisoi) – tib cat (pisica)
dog (caine) – bitch (catea)
hen (gaina) – cock (cocos)
Turkey-hen (curca) – Turkey-cock (curcan)
goose (gasca) – gander (gascan)
duck (rata) – drake (ratoi)
deer (caprioara) – stag (cerb)
hart (ciuta) – roe (ciutan)
! daca subst are categorie de gen, primeste pronumele corespunzator genului
Ex: My brother has a mare. She is black.