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Procedee de Esantionare PDF
Procedee de Esantionare PDF
unde,
t: valoarea teoretică corespunzătoare probabilităţii cu care se
lucrează (de regulă, P = 95%, iar t = 1,96);
σ: abaterea medie pătratică a distribuţiei caracteristicii care stă la
baza elaborării eşantionului (σ2 = dispersia sau varianţa V);
P: procentul în care populaţia cercetată posedă caracteristica de
eşantionare;
e: eroarea limită de reprezentativitate admisă.
Statistică pentru studii de marketing şi administrarea afacerilor
N = N / (1+N.e2) (3.3)
σ 2total = σ 2 + σ 2y / x , (3.5)
unde,
σ 2total = dispersia totală, determinată de toţi factorii de influenţă ai
variaţiei unei variabile;
σ2 = media dispersiilor înregistrată în interiorul straturilor,
determinată de factorii neînregistraţi;
Statistică pentru studii de marketing şi administrarea afacerilor
σ 2 σ y/ x
2
1= 2 + 2 , (3.6)
σ total σ total
unde,
σ2
= raport de nondeterminaţie ce exprimă procentual partea din
σtotal
2
∆σ 2total = ∆σ 2 + ∆σ 2y / x (3.7)
∆σ 2 ∆σ 2y / x
1= + , (3.8)
∆σ total
2
∆σ 2total
∆σ 2
a. σ 2 mg = = dispersie medie marginală, ce arată cu cât se
∆σ 2total
va modifica media dispersiilor din interiorul straturilor dacă dispersia
totală suferă o modificare cu o unitate sau cu cât trebuie să se modifice
media dispersiilor din interiorul straturilor pentru a obţine o modificare cu
o unitate a dispersiei totale; poate lua valori între – 1 şi 1.
∆σ 2y / x
b. σ 2
= = dispersie marginală dintre straturi, ce arată cu
∆σ 2total
y / xmg
Random Sampling
Determining the size of the sample is the essential step that must be
taken before gathering the data. The size of the sample is designated by the
number of simple and complex number of units, which will be obtained
from the reference population, from which the entering data will be recorded
for the analysis.
So, the analysts must decide, according to many factors, which is the
optimal number of statistical units that must be included in the survey so
that the sample will be representative and its results will extend over the
reference population, respecting the principles of statistical inference.
The optimal size of the sample depends on obtaining the minimum
size which will ensure the representativity of the sample, size which is given
by the influencing factors situated outside the total collectivity's size, which
refer to the structure of the collectivity.
The expressions to define the sample size are:
and
where:
t: theoretical value corresponding to the probability with which it is
working (generally P=95%, and t=1.96);
square average deviation of the characteristic's distribution, which is
the base for the sample's elaboration (σ2 the dispersion or variance V);
P: the percentage in which the studied population posses the
sampling characteristics;
e: the allowed representativity error.
Statistics for Marketing and Business Administration
N = N / (1+N.e2)
Also this time, some simple computation indicates, that the size of
the obtained sample does not reflect the variations of the total collectivity
size. Certain levels are constituted, over which n (the sample size) will not
rise, no matter the rise of N. For example, for e=5%, the level is 399.
The computation given as example confirms, on one hand, the
affirmation according to which the sample size does not depend entirely on
the total collectivity size given the condition in which the representatvity
error remains constant, the variations of the total collectivity size cannot be
reflected in the sample size), and on the other hand, imposes a certain
wariness in using the "simplified" method for determining the sample size.
The simulated measures of the sample computed with the Taro
Jamane expression for certain values of N and e.
The sample size depends on various controllable and uncontrollable
factors for the researcher: the accuracy level with which it is wished to
estimate the characteristics of the reference population, the size of the
sampling errors, the law of large numbers, and last but not least, the
available budget, the available period of time and the available personnel
resources.
Statistics for Marketing an Business Administration
The total The sample size for various allowed limit errors
collectivity size e = 5% e = 3% e = 1%
(N)
( xmin − x ) 2 + ( xmax − x ) 2
σ 2
max =
2
and
σ 2m ax = f ( 1 − f ) = 0 .5 ( 1 − 0 .5 ) = 0 .25
to the law of large numbers, the more the sample size is increasing (not the
selection fraction), the more the accuracy of the results is higher. The
sample size is decided also according to the results, which will be finalized,
keeping in mind the necessity of the accuracy not only over the entire
sample, but also over subgroups.