Metode fizice

Metode chimice
ETUVA
Sterilizarea ansei
la bec Bunsen
Sterilizator pentru anse
STERILIZAREA PRIN FILTRARE
STERILIZAREA PRIN FILTRARE
1) s aib o puternic aciune antimicrobian n concentraii relativ reduse;
2) s prezinte un grad nalt de solubilitate n ap;
3) s aib stabilitate n timp, sub form activ (remanen);
4) s nu fie toxic pentru organismul uman, chiar n aplicaii externe;
5) s nu se combine cu materii organice de pe tegumente care s-l inactiveze;
6) s-i exercite efectele bactericide cu intensitate apropiat att la temperatura camerei
ct i la temperatura corpului uman;
7) s aib capacitate mare de penetrare;
8) s nu degajeze un miros neplcut, pe ct posibil;
9) s aib un cost relativ sczut.

CONDIIILE GENERALE PE CARE TREBUIE S LE NDEPLINEASC
UN AGENT CHIMIC DEZINFECTANT

Chemical Action Uses
Ethanol (50-70%)
Denatures proteins and solubilizes
lipids
Antiseptic used on skin
Isopropanol (50-70%)
Denatures proteins and solubilizes
lipids
Antiseptic used on skin
Phenolic compounds (e.g. carbolic
acid, lysol, hexylresorcinol,
hexachlorophene)
Denature proteins and disrupt cell
membranes
Antiseptics at low concentrations;
disinfectants at high concentrations
Silver nitrate (AgNO
3
) Precipitates proteins
General antiseptic and used in the
eyes of newborns
Mercuric chloride
Inactivates proteins by reacting with
sulfide groups
Disinfectant, although occasionally
used as an antiseptic on skin
Chlorine (Cl
2
) gas
Forms hypochlorous acid (HClO), a
strong oxidizing agent
Disinfect drinking water; general
disinfectant
Tincture of Iodine (2% I in 70%
alcohol)
Inactivates proteins
Antiseptic used on skin
Disinfection of drinking water

Colorants (crystal violet, metil-violet,
briliant green, metilen blue)
Bacteriostatic, weak bactericide Antiseptic used on skin
Ethylene oxide gas Alkylating agent
Disinfectant used to sterilize heat-
sensitive objects such as rubber and
plastics
Ozone

Generates lethal oxygen radicals

Purification of water, sewage
Detergents (e.g. quaternary
ammonium compounds)
Disrupts cell membranes Skin antiseptics and disinfectants
Metabolic antagonists (CO, cianures,
para-fluorofenil-alanin)
Interfere with normal metabolism
Bases and acids Precipitation of proteins
Aldehides (formaldehide,
glutaraldehide)
SUBSTANCE
EFFECTIVE
CONCENTRATION
USES
Propionic acid and
propionates
0.32% Antifungal agent in breads, cake, Swiss cheeses
Sorbic acid and sorbates 0.2% Antifungal agent in cheeses, jellies, syrups, cakes
Benzoic acid and
benzoates
0.1% Antifungal agent in margarine, cider, relishes, soft drinks
Sodium diacetate 0.32% Antifungal agent in breads
Lactic acid unknown
Antimicrobial agent in cheeses, buttermilk, yogurt and
pickled foods
Sulfur dioxide, sulfites 200-300 ppm Antimicrobial agent in dried fruits, grapes, molasses
Sodium nitrite 200 ppm Antibacterial agent in cured meats, fish
Sodium chloride unknown Prevents microbial spoilage of meats, fish, etc.
Sugar unknown
Prevents microbial spoilage of preserves, jams, syrups,
jellies, etc.
Wood smoke unknown Prevents microbial spoilage of meats, fish, etc.
TYPE BRAND
NAMES
ACTION SPECTRUM ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Chlorine Clorox.
Purex (5.25'o
sodium hypo
chlorite)
Effective against bacteria and
viruses. Generally used at a
1:30 dilution of ordinary
household bleach (one
ounce per quart of water).
Needs 5 min contact time.
Rapidly inactivated by organic
materials.
Good disinfectant
and deodorizer.
Inexpensive
and available.
Caustic, rapidly inactivated by
organic material, loses
effectiveness quickly, produces
carcinogenic by-products,
ruins clothing.
Stabilized chlorin
e dioxide
Oxy fresh
Dent-
Effective against bacteria and
viruses. Rapidly inactivated by
organic materials.
Good disinfectant
and deodorizer.
Diluted solution is
safe.
Not readily available.
Expensive. Rapidly inactivated by
organic material. Concentrated
chlorine dioxide fumes may
be toxic to lhins tissue-
Phenol. Lysol
(phenol*, not
benzyl ainino
cium
CI). Stericol.
O-
Syl Staphene
, 1- Stroke
Environ.
Effective against many
bacteria, fungi and some
viruses. Requires 10
min. contact tune. May not
work well x the presence of
organic material
Good bacterial and
viral disinfectant.
Moderate cost.
High cone en nation, can irritate six
eye. and lungs. Does not kill all
bactena and viruses. May not work
well in the presence of
organic material
Chlorhexidine glu
conates
Nolvasac, Phi
sohex. Viiosa
n, Hititane.
Effective against most bacteria
and some yeast. Requires 10
mm. contact tune. Does not kill
bacterial spores or \lntses.
Effective against
bactena: non-toxic.
Moderate-high cost.
Not effective against P;eudomonaz.
Does not kill spores or viruses.
TYPE BRAND
NAMES
ACTION SPECTRUM ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Quaternary ammo
nium compound.
Roccal-
D. Quintacide
. Paivoso!,
Ki.or, Meiquat
, Cervlcide
Cleaner and
disinfectant. Effective against
many types of bacteria, some
viruses, but not against spores
or fungi. Requites contact
time o: 10 min.
Effective against
most bacteria.
Detergent helps
to remove organic
material Low toxicity.
Expensive to purchase Initially,
although it is used in dilute solution
(0.1* final}. Does not kill spores,
fungi. Pzeudomona;, or
some viruses.
Glutaraldehydes Wavecide, Ci
dex, Sporecid
e. Banacide.
Sterol
Effective against bacteria,
including spores, and viruses.
Wori. swell in presence of
organic material and is
very stable compared to other
disinfectants
Very stable and
effective.
Expensive. Difficult to obtain. C an
irritate skin, eyes and lungs.
Alcohols Ethanol is effective against a
wide variety of pathogens if
soaked for sufficient time (20-
30 min). 70% ethanol is
considered most effective di-
iniectant.
Bro3d range, low
cost, readily available,
non-toxic
Requires long contact time and
evaporates quickly so Items must
be soaked in alcohol. Flammable.
Iodine. Vanodine, Be
tadyne. Povid
one, Scrubod
yne
EffecQve against most
bacteria. Including spores, and
some viruses. Requires 30
min. contact time.
Rapidly Inactivated by organic
materials.
Good disinfectant.
Readily available.
Long shelf
life. Moderate cost.
Rapidly Inactivated by organic
materials. Must be used in
concentrated form, which stains
surfaces.
Pxe oil Pine-Sol
Hexol
Pine oils have some
disinfectant properties, but
they are not very effective.
Good for cleaning, low
cost, non-toxic, readily
available.
Not effective in killing pathogens.