A Concise English Grammar

1
HENRI COANDA. 2011-2012. Gramatica limbii engleze. Prof. Larisa Silas
A CONCISE ENGLISH GRAMMAR
Introducere:
In lume sunt 400 milioane de locuitori care au limba engleza ca limba materna. Se estimeaza ca numarul persoanelor care vorbesc limba engleza in lume se ridica la 1.8 miliarde. 89% dintre elevii din UE invata limba engleza in scoala. 95% din publicatiile stiintifice anuale sunt in limba engleza, chiar daca aproximativ jumatate dintre autorii lucrarilor au alta limba materna. Engleza este limba de baza in communicatii, stiinta, afaceri, aviatie, divertisment, radio, diplomatie. Totusi pentru a invata orice limba pentru a o vorbi fluent trebuie depasit stadiul studierii regulilor de gramatica si cuvintelor din dictionar, etape peste care insa nici nu se poate sari. Pentru a deveni cunoscatori ai unei limbi trebuie inteleasa cultura pe care a creat-o din care la randul ei s-a zamislit.
Alfabetul Fonetic
Sunetele din limba engleza sunt reunite in ceea ce se numeste alfabetul fonetic. Spre deosebire de limba romana, in limba engleza cuvintele nu se scriu asa cum se pronunta. Exista in engleza cuvinte care se scriu diferit si se pronunta la fel (de exemplu right=drept siwrite=scrie se citesc la fel) Exista si cuvinte care se scriu la fel si se pronunta diferit (de exemplu record=inregistra darrecord=record sportiv) In schimb, folosind alfabetul fonetic, cuvintele se citesc asa cum se scriu. Alfabetul fonetic englez contine sunetele specifice acestei limbi. Cum dictionarele contin totdeauna si fonetic transcrierea cuvintelor pe linga scrierea din alfabetul clasic, cunoscand alfabetul fonetic putem intelege cum trebuie pronuntat orice cuvant Alfabetul acesta este redat mai jos.
Simbol
Sunet A intre consoane a lung cu r slab final e spre a e lung cu r slab la final i i lung o deschis o deschis lung u u lung ai au ou e lung cu r slab la final ei i cu lung oi U cu lung la final
Exemplu duck car cat hen away girl pig sheep hot ball good goose eye cow coat chair cake deer boy tour
Simbol
Sunet b d
Exemplu la fel la fel

2
f g h i c l m n ng/nc p
la fel la fel la fel la fel la fel la fel la fel la fel banca (r) la fel red
s s t S cu limba intre dinti D cu limba intre dinti v u z j dj
la fel sotron(r) la fel think mother la fel la fel la fel measure badge
Intrebari Frecvente de Gramatica Engleza

1.Cum se formeza adjectivele din substantive?
Nu exista o regula absoluta de formare a adjectivelor din substantive.
3
Nici macar nu se poate spune ca toate adjectivele se formeaza din substantive. De multe ori substantivul se formeaza din adjectiv. De exemplu in romana spui: urat - uratenie. un om urat - > urat e adjectiv fiindca sta pe langa un substantiv, dar uratenia lui era legendara -> uratenie e substantiv. E clar ca in acest caz substantivul uratenie provine de la adjectivul urat. In engleza ugly = urat si ugliness = uratenie, deci si in engleza substantivul provine din adjectiv. Insa intradevar exista multe adjective care provin din substantive. -ous, -y, -ful, less sunt patru sufixe mult utilizate in acest caz. Cum insa nu exista o regula care adjectiv ce sufix va avea, trebuie invatat, din pacate, pe rand fiecare adjectiv. Cu ous: faima - faimos -> fame -> famous (a famous man = un barbat faimos) pericol - periculos -> danger-> dangerous (a dangerous situation = o situatie periculoasa) Cu y: haz - cu haz (hazos) -> fun-funny (a funny story = o poveste cu haz) soare - insorit -> sun - sunny ( a sunny day = a zi insorita) Cu ful: (ful reflecta o trasatura care exista poti folosi "cu" la traducere ) frumusete - frumos -> beauty - beautiful (dupa cum se vede in acest caz desi in romana substantivul se formeaza din adjectiv in engleza e invers.) (a beautiful woman = o femeie frumoasa) pace - cu pace (linistit) ->peace - peaceful (a peaceful town = un oras linistit) Cu less: ( reflecta o trasatura care nu exista poti folosi "fara") sfarsit- fara sfarsit ->end - endless (an endless story = o poveste fara sfarsit) casa -> fara casa ->home - homeless (a homeless man = un barbat fara casa - vagabond)
2.Cum as putea sa invat verbele neregulate?

Orice verb neregulat are 3 forme care trebuie invatate pe dinafara. Unele seamana ca forme chiar daca sunt neregulate (cateodata pot rima) to drink - drank - drunk to drink = a bea to sink-sank-sunk to sink = a (se) scufunda to ring-rang-rung to ring = a suna to sing-sang-sung to sing = a canta to think-thought-thought to think = a (se) gandi to buy - bought-bought to buy = a cumpara to fight-fought-fought to fight = a lupta to bite-bit-bitten to bite = a musca to write-wrote-written to write = a scrie
4
si lista ar putea continua mult... vezi pagina 44 al acestui curs
PROPOZITII Ordinea cuvintelor in propozitie si fraza

Mary had a little lamb Little lamb, little lamb Mary had a little lamb Whose fleece was white as snow Cantec pentru copii 1. I had a lamb - Aveam un miel.
Deosebirea fata de limba romana este ca o propozitie trebuie sa aiba subiect. Daca ne gandim ce putin variaza verbele in fuctie de persoana (I have, You have, I had, You had) acest lucru devine logic. Altfel nu s-ar intelege despre ce persoana este vorba. Alte exemple cu aceasta regula:
Mary avea un mielusel Mielusel, mielusel Mary avea un mielusel A carui lana era alba ca zapada
I eat an apple - Mananc un mar. You are reading a book - Citesti o carte. They will go home - Ei vor merge acasa Vocabular nou: I - Eu You - Tu had - aveam a - un, o apple - mar lamb -miel Eat - Mananc an - un, o
are reading - citesti book - carte
They - Ei, Ele will go - vor merge home - acasa
2. Mary had a little lamb - Mary avea un miel mic.

Deosebirea fata de limba romana este ca adjectivele (mic in acest caz) se pun totdeauna inaintea substantivului. Alte exemple cu aceasta regula:
A little girl saw a big dog - O fata mica a vazut un caine mare.
5
Stefan was a great Romanian ruler - Stefan a fost un mare conducator roman (si mare->great si roman->Romanian sunt adjective si in engleza stau in fata substantivului conducator->leader. Mountain people are strong and sturdy. - Oamenii muntilor sunt puternici si rezistenti. (desi "munti" e substantiv aici are rol de adjectiv pentru ca descrie pe "oameni". Ce fel de oameni? Ai muntilor). The French flag has red, white and blue stripes - Steagul francez are dungi rosii, albe si albastre Cousin Mary had a little lamb - Verisoara Mary avea un miel mic. Vocabular nou: little - mic, mica saw - a vazut was - a fost flag - steag mountain - munte people - oameni cousin - verisor, verisoara big - mare dog -caine great - mare, maret leader - conducator strong - puternic(a) sturdy - rezistent(a) stripes - dungi red, white, blue - rosu, alb, albastru
3. My cousin Mary had a little lamb - Verisoara mea Mary avea un miel mic.
Alta deosebire fata de limba romana este ca adjectivele posesive (meu, mea, mei, mele etc) se pun si ele inaintea substantivului, si inaintea oricarui alt adjectiv. Alte exemple cu aceasta regula:
My little house is very comfortable - Casa mea mica e foarte confortabila His little brown dog runs like the wind - Cainele lui mic maron fuge ca vantul She lost her lamb - Si-a pierdut mielul. Vocabular nou: My - meu, mea,mei, mele house - casa His - lui She - Ea is - este very - foarte comfortable - confortabil(a) the wind - vantul brown - maron runs - fuge like - ca lost - a pierdut her - ei
4. My cousin Mary lost her little lamb - Verisoara mea Mary si-a pierdut mielul mic
Alta deosebire fata de limba romana este ca nu se poate spune 'si-a pierdut portofelul', 'i-au cazut ochelarii', 'ne-am gasit cartea' ci se spune 'a pierdut portofelul lui', 'au cazut ochelarii lui', 'am gasit cartea noastra', folosirea adjectivului posesiv fiind absolut obligatorie in acest caz. Datorita limbii romane multi vorbitori de engleza sunt tentati sa spuna de exemplu: 'He lost wallet' cand de fapt vor sa zica: 'He lost his wallet'. Se poate spune 'A pierdut portofelul' = 'He lost the wallet' sau 'A pierdut un portofel = He lost awallet' dar nu uitati sa puneti un articol 'a', 'an', 'the', 'some'. Alte exemple cu aceasta regula:
She lost her lamb - Si-a pierdut mielul.

6
I lost your phone number - Am pierdut numarul tau de telefon I saw your little boy in the store - Ti-am vazut baietelul in magazin I saw my life flash before me - Mi-am vazut viata trecand instantaneu prin fata mea Vocabular nou: your - tau, ta, vostru, voastre in - in life - viata the store - magazinul flash - blitz, a trece instantaneu before - inainte, inaintea me - meu, mea
5. My cousin Mary gave me her little lamb - Verisoara mea Mary mi-a dat mie mielul ei mic
me din engleza se traduce in romana prin: mie, mi, pe mine, ma.
Sa vedem mai jos unde se pune in propozitie me in fiecare caz in parte, bineinteles si tie, lui etc respecta aceleasi regululi. Mie, mi : She gave me her lamb - A dat mie mielul ei. (Se observa ca nu se spune mi-a dat mie ci a dat mie dar in afara de asta me se pune dupa verb ca si in romaneste. Pe mine, ma : She asks me where her lamb is. - Ea intreaba pe mine unde mielul ei e - (Se observa din nou ca nu se spune ma intreaba pe mine ci intreaba pe mine iar unde ii e mielul se lasa ca unde mielul ei e. Se mai observa ca daca e vorbire indirecta se pune verbul (aici: este) la urma.
Propozitii negative
So come sit by my side if you're going Do not hasten to bid me adieu Just remember the Red River Valley And the cowboy who loved you so true Won't you think of the valley you're leaving? Oh, how lonely and sad it will be! Won't you think of the fond heart you're breaking, And the grief you are causing to me? Fragment cantec western Vino si stai langa mine de vrei sa pleci Nu te grabi sa-mi spui adio Doar tine minte Valea Raului Rosu Si cowboy-ul ce te-a iubit atat de sincer Nu te vei gandi la valea pe care o lasi? Vai ce singuratic si trist va fi Nu te vei gandi la inima draga pe care o frangi, Si la amaraciunea ce mi-o pricinuiesti?
In engleza forma negativa a unei propozitii se formeaza folosind una din urmatoarele forme: do not - deobicei se contracteaza in don't: se foloseste cu verbe care nu sunt compuse. Acesta este negativul simplu, fara alte intelesuri. 2. not - daca timpul verbului este compus (i am not, i will not = i won't, i have not = i haven't etc) 3. must not - se poate contracta in mustn't: are intelesul de 'nu e voie' sau 'nu trebuie'. 4. can not - deobicei se contracteaza in can't: inseamna 'nu se poate' 1.
7
Una din aceste forme se pune inaintea verbului

Acest auxiliar este cel care se conjuga in timp ce verbul care primeste negatia ramane cu forma de infinitiv.
To Work = A Munci
Present Tense I do not work You do not work He does not work She do not work We do not work You do not work They do not work
Present Continuous I am not working You are not working He is not working She is not working We are not working You are not working They are not working Present Perfect I have not worked You have not worked He has not worked She has not worked We have not worked You have not worked They have not worked Present Perfect Continuous I have not been working You have not been working He has not been working She has not been working We have not been working You have not been working They have not been working
Past Tense I did not work You did not work He did not work She did not work We did not work You did not work They did not work
Past Continuous I was not working You were not working He was not working She was not working We were not working You were not working They were not working
Past Perfect I had not worked You had not worked He had not worked She had not worked We had not worked You had not worked They had not worked
Past Perfect Continuous I had not been working You had not been working He had not been working She had not been working We had not been working You had not been working They had not been working
10
Future Tense I will not work You will not work He will not work She will not work We will not work You will not work
Future Continuous I will not be working You will not be working He will not be working She will not be working We will not be working You will not be working
Future Perfect I will not have worked You will not have worked He will not have worked She will not have worked We will not have worked You will not have worked
Future Perfect Continuous I will not have been working You will not have been working He will not have been working She will not have been working We will not have been working You will not have been working
They will not work They will not be working They will not have worked They will not have been working
Exemple: 1. Not:
Vezi mai sus conjugarea verbului to work = a munci (verb regulat folosit si in lectia 'timpurile verbelor'). Conjugarea este la toate timpurile, inclusiv cele simple care cer verbul to do - cazul 2 2. 1. 2. 3. face) 4. 5. 3. 1. 2. She did not leave - Nu a plecat. (to leave = a pleca) She will not attend - Nu va participa. (to attend = a partcipa) Must Not: You must not believe him - Sa nu il crezi! He must not talk after surgery - Nu are voie sa vorbeasca dupa operatie (after = dupa, surgery = operatie)
10
Do Not: You do not believe him - Nu il crezi. (to believe = a crede) He does not talk - Nu vorbeste. (to talk = a vorbi) I did not do my homework - Nu mi-am facut tema. (folosire dubla a verbului to do = a
11
3. in graba) 4. 5. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
I mustn't do my homework in a hurry - Nu e voie sa-mi fac temele in graba (in a hurry = She mustn't leave - Nu trebuie sa plece She mustn't attend - Trebuie sa nu participe Can not: I can't believe you - Nu pot sa te cred He can't talk - Nu poate sa vorbeasca I can't do my homework - Nu pot sa imi fac temele I couldn't do my homework - Nu puteam sa-mi fac lectiile She can't leave - Nu (se) poate sa plece She couldn't leave - Nu putea sa plece She can't attend - Nu poate participa She will not be able to attend - Nu va putea sa participe
Pentru formele prezent, trecut si viitor ale verbului 'can', consultati lectia 'verbele modale'.
Propozitii interogative
Did you ever see a lassie? A lassie, a lassie Did you ever see a lassie, Go this way and that? Cantec pentru copii Ati vazut vreodata o fata? O fata, o fata. Ati vazut vreodata o fata, Care sa se miste in toate directiile?
Propozitii interogative foarte folosite

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. What is your name? My name is... - Cum te cheama? Ma cheama... Where do you live? I live in.../ I live at number... - Unde locuiesti? Locuiesc in.../ Locuiesc la numarul... How old are you? I am... - Cati ani ai? Am... Are you busy? Yes/No - Esti/Sunteti ocupat(a)? Da/Nu How are you? I am fine, thank you/ Not too good - Ce mai faci? Bine, multumesc/ Nu prea bine. How much is it? - Cat costa? Are you ok? Yes/No - Esti bine? Da/Nu. Where is...? I do not know. - Unde este...? Nu stiu Excuse me? - Poftim?
11
12
ADJECTIVE
Adjectivul - idei de baza

Adjectivele sunt cuvinte care descriu substantive (de exemplu: papagal galagios - galagios e adjectiv).
Daca adjectivul nu sta langa substantivul la care se refera el se numeste predicativ. Daca de exemplu spunem: Mie imi plac papagalii dar sunt galagiosi, galagiosi se refera la papagali si se numeste adjectiv predicativ. Adjectivul in engleza poate deasemeni sa stea pe langa un pronume (little old me, happy you) In romaneste adjectivul sta dupa substantiv. Zici: Au o casa mare In englezeste adjectivul se afla inaintea substantivului. Zici: They have a big house Pentru adjectivele predicative nu exista diferente de constructie a propozitiei: Mie imi plac papagalii dar (ei) sunt galagiosi = I like parrots but they are noisy Un exemplu pentru a tine minte ca adjectivul in engleza se pune in fata, este cantecul "Stille Nacht" sau "Silent Night". Asa cum se vede din titlu in nemteste adjectivul se pune tot in fata substantivului.
Mai jos cititi prima strofa din "Silent Night".

Silent night, holy night All is calm, all is bright Round yon' virgin mother and child Holy infant so tender and mild Sleep in heavenly peace Sleep in heavenly peace Cantec de Joseph Mohr - pastor austriac Noapte linistita, noapte sfanta Totu-i calm, totu-i luminos In jurul mamei neprihanite si a copilului Prunc sfant atat de fraged si bland Dormiti in pace cereasca Dormiti in pace cereasca
He is a calm man El este un barbat calm They are calm men Ei sunt barbati calmi She is a calm woman Ea este o femeie calma They are calm women Ele sunt femei calme
Observatii la adjectivul englezesc

nu ia forma de plural (vezi cantecul de jos) nu se schimba dupa genul substantivului In engleza, adjectivul se pune inaintea substantivului 12
13
un substantiv de multe ori in engleza are mai multe adjective (vezi cantecul de jos)
Alte exemple de adjective

Two little speckled frogs Sat on a speckled log Eating the most delicious bugs Yum! Yum! One jumped into the pool Where it was nice and cool And there was just one speckled frog Just one! Doua broaste mici patate Stateau pe un bustean patat Si mancau cele mai delicioase ganganii, Mmm! Mmm! Una a sarit in balta Unde era placut si racoare Si a mai ramas o singura broasca patata Una singura!
Despre cantecul "Silent Night" si craciunul in tarile anglo-saxone

Acest cantec austriac compus in 1818 pentru chitara este unul din cele mai cantate cantece de Craciun in tarile anglosaxone in plus este tradus in peste 300 de limbi/dialecte din intreaga lume. In 1914 in timpul primului razboi mondial in noaptea de Craciun s-a stabilit o pace temporara. Acesta este cantecul cantat in engleza si germana impreuna de trupele combatante. In tarile anglo-saxone Craciunul este cea mai mare sarbatoare din an. Decorarea casei, impodobirea bradului incep de multe ori chiar din prima zi de Decembrie. Felicitari cu 25 de usite pot fi trimise sau primite. Usitele trebuiesc deschise cate una pe zi, in spatele lor poti sa gasesti o scena de Craciun sau chiar o bomboana. In ajunul Craciunului foarte multi oameni merg la biserica unde canta dupa carti de imnuri si asculta slujba. Apoi cand se intorc copiii lasa ciorapi foarte lungi (special facuti) ca sa vina Mos Craciun sa le umple, iar ei se culca. De multe ori copiii lasa pe masa lapte cu biscuiti lui Mos Craciun iar pentru reni lasa morcovi. Veselia primirii cadourilor incepe abia in ziua de Craciun. In Anglia regina vorbeste la televizor in ziua de Craciun acest mesaj fiind urmarit de foarte multa lume. Dupa Craciun vine Boxing Day care nu este sarbatorita la fel in tarile anglo-saxone. Initial ziua cand dadeai "boxes" cutii la oamenii saraci astazi in unele locuri (de exemplu in Statele Unite) nu prea se sarbatoreste pe cand in Australia e ziua cand incep mai multe intreceri sportive. Apoi vin cele 12 zile de dupa Craciun care reprezinta o perioada de veselie (vezi comedia lui Shakespeare "A 12-a noapte"). In ziua de Craciun dupa traditie se mananca curcan, pudding deobicei cu prune, apoi mince pies care sunt aluaturi pline cu fructe confiate.
Exemple de adjective englezesti binecunoscute romanilor

CD (Compact Disk)- Disc Compact Lucky Goldstar - Steaua de aur norocoasa (marca) General electric (marca) New York - Noul York (oras) Hi-Fi (High Fidelity) - Fidelitate inalta (calitatea sunetului pe o inregistrare) UFO (Unidentified Flying Object) - OZN (Obiect Zburator Neidentificat) Pretty Woman - Femeia Frumusica (Frumusica) (film) Cold Mountain - Muntele Friguros (film)
13
14
Adjectivul "old" - "batran" (cum/cand se foloseste)

Old in engleza, este mult folosit ca sa-ti arati simpatia fata de o fiinta sau un lucru In acest caz insa trebuie sau sa se refere la un substantiv care contrazice ideea varstei inaintate(old boy, old girl) sau sa aiba in fata un alt adjectiv care sa ne reflecte simpatia asa cum se vede din traducerea mot-a-mot a poezioarei de mai jos. Old King Cole Was a merry old soul And a merry old soul was he He called for his pipes And he called for his bowl And he called for his fiddlers three Batranul Rege Cole Era un suflet batran si vesel Si un suflet batran si vesel era el A strigat sa i se aduca pipele Si a strigat sa i se aduca strachina Si a strigat sa vina cei trei lautari
Adjectivul se poate folosi in mod exceptional dupa substantiv in engleza

Rareori, NUMAI in literatura sau in nume, se poate folosi adjectivul dupa substantiv: Snow White = Alba ca Zapada, Big Johnny Stout = Marele Johnny Robustul
Adjective cu ing
Adjectivele cu ing sunt de fapt verbe la gerunziu (mergand, cantand etc) care au devenit in textul dat adjective.
Exista si in limba romana aceasta folosire a gerunziului dar e mult mai rara. De exemplu: gene tremurande, frunza frematanda, lebada murinda (Eminescu) In englezeste acest gen de adjective se foloseste tot timpul, din practic orice verb.
Mai jos cititi o binecunoscuta poezie pentru copii:

Here am I, little jumping Joan When nobody's with me I'm always alone Mother Goose Nursery Rhymes
Aici sunt eu, mica Joan care sare Cand nimeni nu-i cu mine Sunt totdeauna singura
Observatii la adjectivele cu ing

14
15
Pe langa caracteristicile tuturor adjectivelor retineti urmatoarele

in romaneste se traduc folosind "care" sau "pentru" pot fi inlocuite in englezeste cu traducerea mot-a-mot adica: little jumping Joan = little Joan that jumps (traducere mot-a-mot al lui mica Joan care sare). sleeping pills = pills for sleeping (pastile pentru dormit = somnifere) Vorbitorii de engleza insa prefera varianta adjectivului fiindca e mai expeditiva.
Alte exemple
Cine n-a auzit de formatia de muzica "Rolling Stones" al lui Mick Jagger? Rolling Stones = bolovani care se rostogolesc (bolovani rostogolinzi?, bolovani rostogolitori) Sitting Bull a fost o mare capetenie de indieni americani. Sitting Bull = taur care sade (taur sezand)
My Sal she is a maiden fair Singing Polly Wolly Doodle all day With curly eyes and laughinghair Singing Polly Wolly Doodle all day Cantecul soldatilor sudisti
Sal a mea e o fata frumoasa Cantand Polly Wolly Doodle toata ziua Cu ochi buclati si par care rade Cantand Polly Wolly Doodle toata ziua
Observatie: cantand nu e adjectiv pentru ca nu sta pe langa un substantiv.
Despre poeziile pentru copii anglo-saxone

Mother Goose - Mama Gasca e "mascota" poeziilor pentru copii. Charles Perrault in Franta in secolul 17 a introdus-o pentru prima oara copiilor. Cine nu cunoaste poeziile pentru copii englezesti poate avea deseori probleme cu intelegerea unor referiri din carti sau chiar din ziare, din politica etc. Foarte multe poezii pentru copii (si nu numai) englezesti se bazeaza mult pe absurd asa cum reiese din cele doua poezii de sus. Exemple provenind din poezii pentru copii: Probabil stiti ca Printesa Diana a Anglei era supranumita "The queen of hearts" - Regina inimilor. Dar The queen of hearts inseamna si Regina de inima ca la jocurile de carti. Cartea Agathei Christie The crooked house inseamna Casa stramba
Alte exemple de adjective cu ing

feeding time - timp pentru hranit (deobicei timpul cand se hranesc animalele) carving knife - cutit pentru crestat/crestare rolling hills - dealuri care se rostogolesc (poetic) howling wind - vant care urla rolling pin - bat care se rostogoleste (facalet) dancing shoes - pantofi pentru dans rising star - stea care se ridica (in ascensiune) (zis si de oameni) Sleeping Beauty - Frumoasa care doarme (Frumoasa Adormita - basm)
15
16
Observatii legate de aceste adjective.

In romaneste daca zicem pantofi pentru dans se intelege ca cineva foloseste pantofii pentru a dansa. Daca zicem pantofi care danseaza intelegem ca pantofii danseaza singuri. In limba engleza aceasta distinctie nu se face cand folosesti aceste adjective. Dancing shoes poate sa insemne oricare din variante. Deobicei ca si in acest caz e clar care varianta e cea corecta. In romaneste daca traducerea contine cuvantul care si nu pentru, deobicei se poate traduce mai simplu: falling star = stea care cade = stea cazatoare a knight in shining armour = un cavaler in armura care straluceste = un cavaler in armura stralucitoare (expresie consacrata) inseamna cavaler. He is a regular knight in shining armour = E un adevarat cavaler.
Adjectivul Posesiv
Urmatorul cantec ilustreaza folosirea adjectivului posesiv: my (adica meu, mea, mei, mele):
This land is your land, this land is myland From California to the New York Island From the Redwood forest to the Golfstream waters, This land was made for you and me. Cantec de Woody Guthrie (1912 - 1967) Acest pamant este pamantul tau, acesta este pamantul meu Din California pana la insula New York De la padurile de sequoia pana la apele Golfstreamului, Acest pamant a fost facut pentru mine si pentru tine
This is myland This is yourland This is hisland This is herland This is ourland This is yourland This is theirland
Acesta e pamantulmeu Acesta e pamantultau Acesta e pamantullui Acesta e pamantulei Acesta e pamantulnostru Acesta e pamantulvostru Acesta e pamantullor
These are mylands These are yourlands These are hislands These are herlands These are ourlands These are yourlands These are theirlands
Acestea sunt pamanturilemele Acestea sunt pamanturiletale Acestea sunt pamanturilelui Acestea sunt pamanturileei Acestea sunt pamanturilenoastre Acestea sunt pamanturilevoastre Acestea sunt pamanturilelor
Observatii la my, your, his, her, our, your, their

16
17
in engleza adjectivul acesta nu ia forma de plural adjectivul posesiv in engleza nu se schimba dupa genul substantivului (adevarat pentru adjectivul din engleza indiferent de tip) ca toate adjectivele din engleza, adjectivul acesta se pune inaintea substantivului prezenta unui adjectiv posesiv face sa cada articolul (vezi cantecul de sus sau cantecul 1 de jos) orice alt adjectiv se pune intre adjectivul posesiv si substantiv: my little house = casuta mea mica (vezi cantecul 2 de jos) la singular in engleza daca nu exista un articol trebuie pus un adjectiv posesiv chiar daca in romaneste nu e nevoie: give me my pencil! (da-mi creionul meu!) , the cup is on your table (paharul este pe masa ta), I'll wait in my car/the car (Am sa astept in masina mea). sunt unele exceptii: I go to school (ma duc la scoala), I go to work (ma duc la munca), Substantivele abstracte: music heals the soul. (muzica vindeca sufletul). Exceptiile pentru adjectivul din limba engleza vor fi tratate in alte lectii. la plural aceasta regula nu este obligatorie: Cars are parked outside (masini sunt parcate afara) sau some cars are parked outside (niste masini sunt parcate afara) sau my cars are parked outside (masinile mele sunt parcate afara) sau flowers were everywhere (erau flori peste tot).
Alte exemple pentru adjectivul posesiv

My hat it has three corners Three corners has my hat. And had it not three corners It would not be my hat. Palaria mea are trei colturi Trei colturi are palaria mea Si daca n-avea trei colturi Nu era palaria mea
In primul vers "it" e pus numai pentru ritm. MY HAT HAS THREE CORNERS se zice in mod normal. Evitati sa folositi IT unde nu e nevoie! Oh where oh where did my little doggo? Oh where oh where did he go? With his tail so short and his ears so long, Oh where oh where did he go? Unde oare, unde oare s-a dus micul meu catelus? Unde oare, unde oare s-a dus? Cu coada asa scurta si urechile asa mari Unde oare, unde oare s-a dus?
Despre cantecul "This land is your land, this land is my land"

Woody Guthrie a fost un cantaret hoinar american care, fara sa fie un hippie (miscarea hippie a aparut in anii '60) a trait o viata neingradita cantand din loc in loc. N-a terminat liceul desi era un elev apreciat, dar a citit foarte mult de-a lungul vietii iar cantecele lui au temele cele mai diverse (politice, traditionale, pentru copii etc). Ideea de libertate da farmec vietii lui nu chiar usoare intr-o perioada nu tocmai buna din istoria americana. Marea criza si secete insotite de mari furtuni de praf ii obligau pe multi sa se mute din stat in stat cautandu-si de lucru iar el insotea de multe ori astfel de grupuri.
17
18
Woody a primit multe lectii de viata de timpuriu. De la 14 ani el impreuna cu fratii sai au trebuit sa se descurce singuri pentru ca mama lor era internata intr-un sanatoriu de psihiatrie (suferea de o boala ereditara pe care doctorii in acea vreme o echivalau cu o forma de nebunie) iar tatal lor un fost prosper om de afaceri care pierduse multi bani plecase sa-si plateasca datoriile. Cantaretul declara ca nu suporta un cantec care te deprima si cantecele lui sant puternice emanand ideea unui pamant intins cu un cer mare deasupra la care toti avem dreptul.
This land is your land este de departe cel mai cunoscut cantec al sau.
Padurile de sequoia sant paduri vechi de mii de ani aflate pe coasta de vest a Americii. Copacii foarte mari, cu lemn rosu inchis sunt cei mai vechi de pe pamant. Cea mai cunoscuta padure de sequoia este "Muir Woods" aflata in California
Exemple de expresii in limba engleza cu adjectivul posesiv

Be still my heart - Potoleste-te inima mea. My god!- Dumnezeul meu! (exprima mirarea) With my little eye I spy - Cu ochisorul meu vad... apoi incepi sa descrii ceva (joc pentru copii)
Folosirea lui "me" in loc de "my"

Popeye, si alti oameni inculti mai ales prin filme vechi sau carti zic "me" in loc de "my" I'm going out to find me pappy Me pappy that was lost when I was born One look at me made him unhappy Forty years have passed since he is gone Am plecat sa-l gasesc pe tata Tatal meu care a plecat cand m-am nascut Cand ma vedea se intrista Patruzeci de ani au trecut de cand a plecat
O ultima observatie (care va fi prezentata pe larg in alte lectii): a nu se confunda in romaneste adjectivul posesiv cu pronumele posesiv in propozitia: acesta este pamantul tau, tau e adjectiv pentru ca sta pe langa un substantiv (al cui pamant? - al tau) insa in propozitia: Acest pamant este al tau, al tau e pronume posesiv. In engleza your=tau, iar yours=al tau.
Gradele de comparatie - adjective
In limba engleza ca si in romana gradele de comparatie sunt:

Pozitiv Comparativ Superlativ
18
19
de superioritate
de egalitate
de inferioritate
absolut
relativ
frumos
mai frumos
la fel de frumos
mai putin frumos
foarte frumos
cel mai frumos
beautiful
more beautiful
as beautiful
less beautiful
very beautiful
the most beautiful
pretty
prettier
as pretty
less pretty
very pretty
the prettiest
Exemple
Pentru adjectivul dulce - sweet 1.Sweet - dulce
Love is a song that never ends Life can be sweet and easy
Iubirea e un cantec fara sfarsit Viata poate fi dulce si usoara
Cantecul care incepe filmul pentru copii "Bambi"
2. Sweeter - mai dulce Every day with You Lord Sweeter than the day before Every day with You Lord Sweeter than the day before Every morning I will worship Every evening Ill adore Because every day with You is sweeter Sweeter than the day before 3. As sweet - la fel de dulce What's in a name? That which we call a rose, by any other name would smell as sweet Ce e intr-un nume? Ceea ce noi numim trandafir, cu orice alt nume ar mirosi la fel de Fiecare zi cu tine Doamne Mai dulce decat ziua precedenta Fiecare zi cu tine Doamne Mai dulce decat ziua precedenta In fiece dimineata voi venera In fiece seara te voi adora Caci fiecare zi cu tine e mai dulce Mai dulce decat ziua precedenta
19
20
dulce.
William Shakespeare - Romeo si Julieta 4. Sweetest - cel mai dulce It's a long way to Tiperarry It's a long way to go It's a long way to Tiperarry To the sweetest girl I know E un drum lung pana la Tiperarry E un drum lung de mers E un drum lung pana la Tiperarry Pana la cea mai dulce fata pe care o cunosc
Cantecul soldatilor englezi in primul razboi mondial Observatie: Poate ca pe cutii de zaharina ati vazut cuvantul "sweetener" - acest cuvant inseamna indulcitor
1. Formarea gradului comparativ de superioritate:

La formarea comparativului de superioritate conteaza daca adjectivul considerat e lung sau scurt 1.1 Adjectivele lungi: ex beautiful, interesting, formeaza comparativul de superioritate prin adaugarea cuvantului more
Adjectivele polisilabice (lungi) sunt adjective formate din cel putin 2 silabe. beautiful - more beautiful interesting - more interesting boring - more boring frumos - mai frumos interesant - mai interesant plicticos - mai plicticos
Exceptie fac adjectivele terminate in y. De exemplu: pretty, happy, lively, silly, funny care formeaza comparativul de superioritate ca adjectivele monosilabice. 1.2 Adjectivele scurte si cele terminate cu y formeaza comparativul de superioritate prin adaugarea terminatiei "er". sad - sadder dumb - dumber happy - happier trist - mai trist prost - mai prost fericit - mai fericit
20
21
funny - funnier
nostim - mai nostim
Adjectivele terminate in y precedat de o consoana, transforma pe y in i inaintea lui "er". Daca insa y e precedat de o vocala y se pastreaza: gay - gayer (vesel - mai vesel)
Alte exemple pentru gradul comparativ de superioritate:

See you later, aligator In a while crocodile Ne vedem mai tarziu aligatorule Raspuns:Pe curand crocodilule
later rimeaza cu aligator si e un schimb de replici care inseama "la revedere" spus mai glumet.
Some people are taller, taller than me Some people are shorter, shorter than me I'm the only me as far as I can see I'm the only me as far as I can see
Unii oameni sunt mai inalti, mai inalti decat mine Unii oameni sunt mai scunzi, mai scunzi decat mine Eu sunt unic pe lume Eu sunt unic pe lume
Cantec care ii invata pe copii sa fie mandri de cine sunt, fiindca fiecare e unic in felul lui. Se pot folosi orice alte adjective.
Dumb and dumber
Prost si mai prost. A fost un film tradus prin: Tantalaul si gogomanul
Faster than he speeding bullet
Mai rapid decat glontul in zbor
2. Formarea gradului comparativ de egalitate:

Indiferent de forma, toate adjectivele din limba engleza formeaza in acelasi mod gradul comparativ de egalitate: Asa cum am vazut se poate spune:
These two roses smell as sweet
Acesti doi trandafiri miros la fel de dulce
Insa este mult mai uzual sa se spuna: These two roses smell just as sweet
Daca vrem sa spunem:
21
22
Tarandafirul din stanga miroase la fel de dulce ca cel din dreapta
The rose on the left smells (just) as sweet as the one on the right.
Deci: la fel de dulce ca = as sweet as
Alte exemple pentru gradul comparativ de egalitate:

As good as gold As clean as a pack of new pins As funny as a barrel of monkeys As pretty as a button (La fel de) cuminte ca aurul - adica foarte cuminte (La fel de) curat ca un pachet de ace (La fel de) nostim ca un butoi cu maimute (La fel de) frumusica sau frumusel ca un nasture
Acestea sunt toate expresii care se folosesc in mod frecvent.
3. Formarea gradului comparativ de inferioritate:

Indiferent de forma, toate adjectivele din limba engleza formeaza in acelasi mod gradul comparativ de inferioritate: Se formeaza cu ajutorul constructiilor:
not so ... as... less...than ...
nu atat de...ca mai putin...decat
John is not so fat as George John is less fat than George
John nu este atat de gras ca George John este mai putin gras decat George
4. Formarea gradului superlativ absolut:

Indiferent de forma, toate adjectivele din limba engleza formeaza in acelasi mod gradul superlativ absolut: Se foloseste cuvantul very echivalentul lui foarte care ca si in romana se pune in fata adjectivului
Exemple pentru gradul superlativ absolut:

Thank you very much Multumesc foarte mult
Rudolph the red nosed reindeer
Rudolph renul cu nasul rosu 22
23
Had a very shiny nose
Avea un nas foarte lucios
Aceste doua versuri sunt dintr-un cantec de craciun: Rudolph the red nosed reindeer
5. Formarea gradului superlativ relativ:

Gradul superlativ relativ imparte adjectivele in aceleasi categorii ca si comparativul de superioritate Adjectivele care au terminatia er pentru comparativul de superioritate in acest caz au terminatia est Adjectivele care primesc in fata more pentru comparativul de superioritate in acest caz primescmost Adica:
tall-taller-the tallest friendly-friendlier-the friendliest tired-more tired-the most tired
inalt-mai inalt-cel mai inalt prietenos-mai prietenos-cel mai prietenos obosit-mai obosit-cel mai obosit
Exemple pentru gradul superlativ relativ:

Mirror, mirror on the wall Who is the fairest of us all? Oglinda, oglinjoara Cine-i cea mai frumoasa-n tara?
With a little bit of sugar Make the medicine go down In the most delightful way!
Cu putin zahar Faci sa se duca medicamentul In cel mai incantator mod!
VERBUL Verbul in Engleza

In limba engleza ca si in limba romana un verb are mai multe timpuri. Mai mult ca perfectul muncisem - I had worked Prezent muncesc-> I work, I am working Imperfect munceam -> I was working, I had worked Perfectul Compus am muncit -> I worked, I have worked, I have been working Perfectul Simplu muncii -> I worked
23
24
Viitor voi munci-> I will work, I will be working Viitorul perfect voi fi muncit -> I will have worked, I will have been working Asa cum se vede corespondenta nu e "bijectiva". Nu exista o corespondenta exacta intre timpurile limbii engleze si timpurile limbilor romanice. Verbele limbii engleza se impart in regulate si neregulate Pentru a folosi un verb regulat la orice timp nu trebuie memorat decat verbul in sine, pe cand pentru verbele neregulate trebuie memorate trei forme ale verbului. Verbul to work = a munci, a lucra este verb regulat, pentru a vedea timpurile lui mergeti la lectia timpurile verbelor in stanga. Uitandu-va la tabel veti vedea ca verbul in sine la orice timp si la orice persoana difera numai prin trei elemente:
are sau nu un s ca terminatie are sau nu ed ca terminatie are sau nu ing ca terminatie
Explicatii

s se pune cand actiunea e facuta in present de persoana a treia singular (ea, el) ed se pune ca sa formeze timpuri care nu sunt continui, nu se leaga de alta actiune ing se pune ca sa formeze timpuri continui. Ca si gerunziul ind din limba romana, ing din limba engleza arata o actiune de durata simultana cu o alta.
Exemplu

Eu lucrez la o banca dar ea lucreaza ca profesoara - I work at a bank but she works as a teacher Am muncit mult ieri la banca - I worked a lot yesterday at the bank. Muncind inveti valoarea banilor (actiunile sunt simultane muncesti si mai inveti putin iar mai muncesti iar mai inveti etc) - By working one learns the value of money. Aceasta idee de continuitate si simultaneitate este ceea ce sta la baza folosirii gerunziului in formarea timpurilor continue.
Daca v-ati uitat la timpurile verbelor ceea ce ati remarcat cu siguranta sunt cuvintele care apar la diverse timpuri intre pronume si forma verbului to work. Acestea sunt toate forme sau de la verbul to be = a fi sau to have = a avea. Si in limba romana se folosesc verbele auxiliare a fi si a avea. Dar nu in aceleasi cazuri. Eu am muncit foloseste forma am de la verbul a avea. Tu sa fii muncit foloseste sa fii de la verbul a fi.
Atentie!
Simplitatea formarii timpurilor in limba engleza atrage dupa sine un dezavantaj: spre deosebire de limba romana in engleza trebuie precizat intotdeauna cine desfasoara actiunea. De exemplu propozitia: Ai muncit in fabrica. Se intelege ca tu ai muncit si pronumele tu nu se mai zice, iar daca era vorba despre mine ziceam am muncit in fabrica. In engleza acest lucru nu ar fi clar daca nu s-ar preciza intotdeauna cine realizeaza actiunea Incorect: worked in a factory Corect: I worked in a factory sau You worked in a factory sau He worked in a factory etc. Cu alte cuvinte In limba engleza nu se folosesc in mod normal propozitii eliptice de subiect.
Un caz cand folosirea propozitii eliptice de subiect devine chiar obligatorie este la imperativ. 24
25
Timpurile Verbelor in Engleza

Pentru verbul in engleza timpurile difera fundamental fata de cele ale limbii romane. De aceea nu trebuie cautate in permanenta echivalente exacte intre cele doua limbi. Asa cum ne asteptam exista 3 timpuri de desfasurare a unei actiuni: prezent(present), trecut(past) si viitor(future). Verbul la aceste timpuri il voi numi deocamdata simplu. Mai jos se observa ca la randul lor aceste timpuri ale verbului in engleza (tenses) pot fi: propriu-zise sau propriu-zis perfecte. Dar si timpurile propriu-zise si propriu-zis perfecte pot fi propriu-zise sau continui. Explicatii generale pentru timpurile verbului in engleza anume: simplu, simplu continuu, simplu perfect, simplu perfect continuu
Simplu - verbul reprezinta o actiune prezenta, trecuta sau viitoare nelimitata in timp. Continuu - verbul reprezinta o actiune in derulare la un moment dat prezent, trecut sau viitor care in momentul acela se petrece simultan cu o alta actiune. Simplu Perfect - verbul reprezinta o actiune inceputa anterioara unui moment dat prezent, trecut sau viitor Continuu Perfect - verbul reprezinta o actiune in curs pana la un moment dat prezent, trecut sau viitor si continuind sau nu in acel moment
In limba engleza nu exista conjugari ca in limbile latine (romana, franceza etc) Verbul in engleza este fie regulat fie neregulat. Pentru ilustrarea timpurilor in engleza vom folosi un verb regulat Ca si in romana, verbul in engleza are 2 diateze: activa si pasiva
Verbul in engleza la diateza activa

Actiunea e facuta de subiect De exemplu luam verbul to work (a munci). In engleza verbul to work e regulat: work - worked - worked Iar verbul to fall(a cadea) e neregulat: fall - fell - fallen Desi doar Alice in tara minunilor poate cadea cu verbul la un timp continuu (pentru ca dureaza in timp), chiar si acest verb are timpuri continui pentru ca apare in diferite expresii: I am falling in love = Ma indragostesc My life is falling apart = Mi se duce viata de rapa Diferente intre timpurile verbelor regulate si neregulate nu exista. Ceea ce se poate observa la verbul neregulat este modul cum se folosesc cele trei cuvinte care definesc verbul adica: fall, fell si fallen. Pentru orice alt verb neregulat cele trei parti se inlocuiesc fiecare in parte cu cele trei parti ale verbului considerat.
To work = A munci (verb regulat)
25
26
Present Tense I work You work He works She works We work You work They work
Present Continuous I am working You are working He is working She is working We are working You are working They are working
Present Perfect I have worked You have worked He has worked She has worked We have worked You have worked They have worked
Present Perfect Continuous I have been working You have been working He has been working She has been working We have been working You have been working They have been working
Past Tense I worked You worked He worked She worked We worked You worked
Past Continuous I was working You were working He was working She was working We were working You were working
Past Perfect I had worked You had worked He had worked She had worked We had worked You had worked
Past Perfect Continuous I had been working You had been working He had been working She had been working We had been working You had been working
26
27
They worked
They were working
They had worked
They had been working
Future Tense I will work You will work He will work She will work We will work You will work They will work
Future Continuous I will be working You will be working He will be working She will be working We will be working You will be working
Future Perfect I will have worked You will have worked He will have worked She will have worked We will have worked You will have worked
Future Perfect Continuous I will have been working You will have been working He will have been working She will have been working We will have been working You will have been working
They will be working They will have worked They will have been working
Conjugarea pentru verbul neregulat to fall - a cadea e la lectia 'verbe neregulate'. Oricum timpurile verbelor si cand se folosesc este aceeasi si la verbe regulate si la cele neregulate. Numai modul in care se conjuga difera.
1.1. I work - Present Tense - Timpul Present

Verbul exprima o actiune prezenta nelimitata in timp. Situatii in care prezentul limbii romane este echivalent cu present tense din engleza
O actiune prezenta in derulare (mereu, cateodata sau niciodata) What do you do? I work at a bank. Cu ce te ocupi? Lucrez la o banca
27
28
She never works so late
Ea niciodata nu lucreaza atat de tarziu
Un adevar absolut, chiar daca se desfasoara si in clipa asta (vezi prezentul continuu, timpul urmator)
The earth spins around the sun. Pamantul se invarteste in jurul soarelui.
Se poate folosi pe post de viitor

The store closes at 9:00pm Magazinul se inchide la 9:00pm.
Viitorul limbii romana se traduce cu Prezent Tense in limba engleza dupa: after, before, when, as soon as, while etc daca exprima o actiune viitoare
Someday when I am big and strong.
Candva, cand voi fi mare si puternic
Situatii in care prezentul limbii romane NU este echivalent cu present tense din limba engleza
Atunci cand verbul descrie o actiunea care se desfasoara acum (in clipa dialogului) - atunci se foloseste prezentul continuu.
I am working in the garden Lucrez in gradina
Folosind verbul in engleza la prezentul continuu indica faptul ca te referi la clipa asta. I work in the garden - inseamna ca asta e ocupatia ta. De exemplu ca esti gradinar.
1.2. I am working - Present Continuous - Prezent Continuu

Verbul arata o actiune in derulare in prezent care se petrece simultan cu o alta actiune. Este legat de actiuni concrete. Situatii in care timpul prezent al limbii romane este echivalent cu present continuous din engleza
Verbul reprezinta o actiune ce se petrece in clipa asta (simultana cu momentul in care vorbesc) I am working on my new book. Lucrez la noua mea carte.
Verbul descrie o actiune generala dar simultana cu o alta actiune

28
29
By the time the alarm goes off I am already working.
Cand suna ceasul eu deja lucrez (am inceput lucrul)
Situatii in care prezentul limbii romane NU este echivalent cu Present Continuous din engleza
Vezi cazurile timpului prezent 1.1. I work
1.3. I have worked - Present Perfect - Prezent Perfect

Verbul reprezinta o actiune inceputa anterioara unui moment dat prezent Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana este echivalent cu Present Perfect al limbii engleze Daca actiunea a inceput inaintea momentului prezent si e inca in desfasurare sau daca efectul ei se vede in prezent
I have worked all my adult life.
Am muncit toata viata mea adulta (si inca mai lucrez).
Sau daca e insotit de un adverb (mereu, cateodata, niciodata etc) adica: I have never worked so late before. Niciodata nu am mai lucrat atat de tarziu (pana acum).
Atentie: Fata de 1.1. exista urmatoarea diferenta: I never work so late. inseamna: Nu lucrez atat de tarziu (ca si in romana) adica refuzi ideea pentru ca nu lucrezi niciodata atat de tarziu, pe cand I never have worked so late before inseamna ca desi nu ai mai lucrat atat de tarziu, acum lucrezi (atat de tarziu). Situatii in care Perfectul Compus al limbii romana NU este echivalent cu Present Perfect din limba engleza 1. Cand se foloseste Present Perfect Continuous 1.4 I have been working 2. Cand se foloseste Past Tense 1.5 I worked
1.4. I have been working - Present Perfect Continuous - Prezent Perfect Continuu
O actiune care s-a desfasurat pana acum, si va continua probabil si in viitor. Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana este echivalent cu Present Perfect Continuous din limba engleza
Verbul reprezinta o actiune inceputa in trecut, continuata in prezent, si care poate continua si in viitor I have been working on the railroad All live long day I've been working on the railroad Just to while my time away. Am muncit la calea ferata Cat e ziua de lunga Am muncit la calea ferata Ca sa mai treaca timpul
29
30
E un binecunoscut cantec englezesc. Am muncit la calea ferata toata ziua si o voi face probabil si in viitor. Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana NU este echivalent cu Present Perfect Continuous din engleza Vezi cazurile timpului Present Perfect 1.3. I have worked Vezi cazurile timpului Past Tense 1.5. I worked
1.5. I worked - Past Tense - Timpul Trecut

Past Tense reprezinta actiunea care s-a desfasurat in trecut si s-a terminat. Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana este echivalent cu Past Tense din engleza verbul reprezinta actiune trecuta ce nu a fost intrerupta, nu e concomitenta cu alta actiune, nu se continua in prezent folositi Past Tense.
I worked till my hands hurt

Asta e usor de inteles, Am muncit dar acum m-am oprit.
Am muncit pana ma dureau palmele.
De asemeni acest timp se foloseste foarte mult in povestiri Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana NU este echivalent cu Past Tense din engleza Vezi cazurile timpului Present Perfect 1.3. I have worked Vezi cazurile timpului Present Perfect Continuous 1.5. I have been working Exista situatii in care Past Tense din limba engleza nu se traduce prin Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana. Ca exemplu vedeti binecunoscutul cantec pentru copii de mai jos. All around the cobbler's bench The monkey chased the weasel The monkey thought it was all in fun Pop! goes the weasel In jurul mesei cizmarului Maimuta fugarea nevastuica Maimuta credea ca se joaca Bum! face nevastuica
Dupa cum vedeti verbul to chase cu past tense chased (e verb regulat la fel ca to work) se traduce prin fugarea (Imperfect) sau fugari (considerat timpul folosit in povestiri in romaneste) iar thought(Past Tense de la to think) se traduce tot prin Imperfect. Atentie: Daca aveti indoieli ce timp trecut al verbului sa folositi in propozitii alegeti acest timp - Past Tense. Va fi mai putin deranjanta greseala.
1.6. I was working - Past Continuous - Trecut Continuu

Past Continuous se refera la un eveniment in derulare la un moment in trecut care se petrece simultan cu un alt eveniment. Situatii in care Imperfectul (munceam) limbii romane este echivalent cu Past Continuous din limba engleza Verbul exprima o actiune in trecut care a fost intrerupta de altceva (ca si "munceam" pe romaneste)
30
31
I was working when the meteorite fell/the phone rang/you showed up.
I was walking in the park one day In the merry, merry month of May I was taken by surprise By a pair of pearly eyes In the merry, merry month of May
Munceam cand meteoritul a cazut/a sunat telefonul/ai aparut tu.

Ma plimbam in parc intr-o zi In vesela, vesela luna Mai Am fost luat prin surprindere De niste ochi perlati In vesela, vesela luna Mai
Atentie:in cantecul de mai sus "was walking" este past continuous dar "was taken" nu este past continuous. I was taken inseamna "am fost luat". Daca vrei sa exprimi verbul la past continuous zici 'I was taking'. Situatii in care Imperfectul (munceam) din limba romana NU este echivalent cu Past Continuous din engleza Verbul exprima o actiune inceputa anterioara unui moment dat sau anterioara unei alte actiuni tot in trecut atunci se foloseste Past Perfect
I had worked as a goldminer for a long time when I finally struck it rich.
Lucram de mult timp ca miner de aur cand in sfarsit am dat de bogatii.
1.7. I had worked - Past Perfect - Trecut Perfect

Verbul reprezinta o actiune inceputa anterioara unui moment trecut sau anterioara unei actiuni trecute. Situatii in care mai mult ca perfectul (muncisem, lucrasem) din limba romana este echivalent cu Past Perfect din engleza Verbul este o actiune ce s-a terminat in trecut fata de momentul/actiunea tot trecuta la care se raporteaza
Emily a spus (trecut) ca lucrase in gradina (si mai vechi) in dimineata aceea Emily said she had worked in her garden that morning.
Atentie:La fel ca in romaneste aceste timpuri nu sunt batute in cuie. Emily a spus ca a lucrat in gradina in dimineata aceea Emily a spus ca lucra in gradina in dimineata aceea Emily a spus ca lucrase in gradina in dimineata aceea Toate aceste forme sunt des folosite iar folosirea lor depinde (oarecum) de context. Traducerea acestor propozitii: Emily said she worked in the garden that morning Emily said she was working in the garden that morning, respectiv Emily said she had worked in the garden that morning, plus Emily said she had been working in the garden that morning se folosesc in limbajul curent depinzand si ele (oarecum) de context
1.8. I had been working - Past Perfect Continuous - Trecut Perfect Continuu
31
32
Verbul reprezinta o actiune in curs pana la un moment dat trecut cand a fost oprit de o alta actiune a carui urmari continua si azi. Situatii in care imperfectul (munceam, lucram) limbii romane este echivalent cu Past Perfect Continuous din engleza Verbul exprima o actiune trecuta, ce se afla inca in desfasurare, in momentul cand s-a produs o alta actiune tot din trecut.
They had been working on the new house before the fire destroyed it He had been working slowly before hearing of the new deadline.
(Ei)lucrau la casa cea noua inainte sa fie distrusa de foc (El)muncea incet inainte sa afle de noul termen limita.
Situatii in care mai mult ca perfectul (muncisem, lucrasem) limbii romane este echivalent cu Past Perfect Continuous din engleza
They had been working on the new house for many months before the fire destroyed it
(Ei)lucrasera luni de zile la casa cea noua inainte sa fie distrusa de foc
Situatii in care mai mult ca perfectul/imperfectul din limba romana NU este echivalent cu Past Perfect Continuous din engleza Vezi cazurile timpului Present Perfect 1.6. I was working Vezi cazurile timpului Past Continuous 1.7. I had worked
Sus 1.9. I will work - Future Tense (I am going to work) - Timpul Viitor
Verbul reprezinta o actiune viitoare nelimitata in timp. Situatii in care verbul la viitor (voi munci) din limba romana este echivalent cu Future Tense din engleza Daca verbul reprezinta o actiune in viitor si nu va fi intrerupta, nu e concomitenta cu alta actiune folositi Future Tense.
I will work OK?

Someday when I am big and strong I will walk that road and sing a song I will sing of roads so green and wide That turn and bend from side to side I will sing of roads that turn and bend That go from town to rainbow's end
Am sa muncesc, BINE?
Intr-o zi cand voi fi mare si puternic Voi merge pe acel drum si voi canta un cantec Voi canta despre drumuri verzi si late Care se indoaie si serpuiesc dintr-o parte in alta Voi canta despre drumuri serpuitoare Care merg din oras pana la capatul curcubeului
Atentie: vezi (1.1 I work) pentru primul vers din poezia de mai sus Situatii in care verbul la viitor (voi munci) din limba romana NU este echivalent cu Future Tense din engleza Cand verbul reprezinta o actiune in derulare la un moment dat in viitor - atunci se foloseste Future Continuous 1.10. I will be working
32
33
I will be working in Paris next year
Voi lucra la Paris la anul
1.10. I will be working - Future Conntinuous - Viitor Continuu

Verbul reprezinta o actiune in derulare la un moment dat in viitor
She will be coming round the mountain when she comes
Cand vine, (ea) va veni in jurul muntelui
1.11. I will have worked - Future Perfect - Viitor Perfect
I will have worked for 20 years next month. Luna viitoare eu o sa fi lucrat de 20 de ani. (alt timp clar) Echivalentul lui "voi fi lucrat"
1.12. I will have been working - Future Perfect Continuous - Viitor Perfect Continuu
Acest timp nu prea se foloseste, pune mai mult accentul pe perioada lunga de timp decat 1.11 Future Continuous Se traduce tot prin "voi fi lucrat", si ca toate formele de timpuri continue implica o actiune in derulare
By 2010 he will have been working for 40 years
In 2010 el va fi lucrat de 40 de ani
Verbul in engleza la diateza pasiva

Actiunea e suportata de subiect De exemplu verbul to wash - a spala (alt verb regulat: wash - washed - washed) 2.1 The laundry is washed weekly - Rufele sunt spalate saptamanal. Dar: I wash the laundry weekly - Eu spal rufele saptamanal 2.2 I am washing laundry now - The laundry is being washed now. 2.3 I have washed the laundry - The laundry has been washed. 2.4 I have been washing the laundry - The laundry has been washed. 2.5 I washed the laundry yesterday - The laundry was washed yesterday. 2.6 I was washing the laundry - The laundry was being washed 2.7 I had washed the laundry- The laundry had been washed 2.8 I had been washing the laundry - The laundry had been washed 2.9 I will wash the laundry- The laundry will be washed. 2.10 I will be washing the laundry - The laundry will be washed.
33
34
2.11 I will have washed the laundry - The laundry will have been washed 2.12 I will have been washing the laundry - The laundry will have been washed
Verbe neregulate
Engleza este o limba foarte bine structurata care are niste reguli clare in multe aspecte. Structura conjugarii in engleza respecta urmatoarea regula: Orice verb are 3 forme. Forma 1 este totdeauna infinitivul, si la verbele regulate si la cele neregulate. Pentru verbele regulate formele 2 si 3 se obtin usor din forma 1 prin adaugarea unui -ed. Pentru verbele neregulate formele 2 si 3 pot fi foarte diferite de forma 1 si trebuiesc invatate. Mai jos ca exemplu este verbul to fall - a cadea. Este verb neregulat. Forma 1: fall Forma 2: fell Forma 3: fallen Cele trei forme ale verbului neregulat le veti gasi scrise in carti asa: forma1 - forma2 - forma3. Mai jos vedeti conjugarea acestui verb la toate timpurile:
To Fall = A Cadea
Present Tense I fall You fall He falls She falls We fall You fall They fall Present Continuous I am falling You are falling He is falling She is falling We are falling You are falling They are falling Present Perfect I have fallen You have fallen He has fallen She has fallen We have fallen You have fallen They have fallen Present Perfect Continuous I have been falling You have been falling He has been falling She has been falling We have been falling You have been falling They have been falling
Past Tense I fell You fell He fell She fell We fell You fell They fell
Past Continuous I was falling You were falling He was falling She was falling We were falling You were falling They were falling
Past Perfect I had fallen You had fallen He had fallen She had fallen We had fallen You had fallen They had fallen
Past Perfect Continuous I had been falling You had been falling He had been falling She had been falling We had been falling You had been falling They had been falling
34
35
35
36
Future Tense I will fall You will fall He will fall She will fall We will fall You will fall They will fall
Future Continuous I will be falling You will be falling He will be falling She will be falling We will be falling You will be falling They will be falling
Future Perfect I will have fallen You will have fallen He will have fallen She will have fallen We will have fallen You will have fallen They will have fallen
Future Perfect Continuous I will have been falling You will have been falling He will have been falling She will have been falling We will have been falling You will have been falling They will have been falling
Daca se urmareste atent se va vedea ca aceasta structura ramane adevarata si pentru 'to work' deci pentru verbe regulate in general. Verbul to work, ca orice verb regulat, avand - ed adaugat la formele 2 si 3 -> work - worked - worked poate parea mai greu identificabil cu modelul de mai sus, dar nu va lasati pacaliti de aparente! Modelul e valabil pentru orice verb.
Imperativul in Engleza (si in limba romana)

Melc, melc codobelc Scoate coane bouresti Si te du la balta Si bea apa calda Acestea sunt exemple in romaneste de verbe la imperativ. Ii spui melcului ce sa faca: scoate coarne, du-te la balta, bea apa. Urmatoarele doua versuri ilustreaza folosirea imperativului in limba engleza
Jack be nimble, Jack be quick Jack jump over the candlestick
Jack fii sprinten, Jack fii iute Jack, sari peste sfesnic!
Timpul verbului Prezent persoana a 3-a
Romaneste Jack sare peste sfesnic
Englezeste Jack jumps over the candlestick

36
37
Prezent persoana a 2-a Imperativ Imperativ
Tu sari peste sfesnic Jack, sari peste sfesnic! Sari peste sfesnic!
You jump over the candlestick Jack, jump over the candlestick! Jump over the candlestick!
Deci concluzia este ca in ambele limbi imperativul se formeaza folosind verbul la persoana a 2-a (tu, you) in locul persoanei a 3-a (el, ea - he, she)
Alte exemple pentru imperativul in engleza Oh, beat the drums slowly and play the pipes lowly Play the death march as you take me along Take me to the valley there lay the sun only I'm a young cowboy and I know I've done wrong 1, 2 Buckle my shoe! 3, 4 Lock the door! 5, 6 Pick up sticks 7, 8 Lay them straight 9, 10 A big fat hen O, bateti tobele incet si cantati in surdina din fluier Cantati marsul mortii in timp ce ma duceti Duceti-ma in valea unde numai soarele apune Sunt un tanar cowboy si stiu ca am gresit
1, 2 Incheie-mi catarama la pantof! 3, 4 Incuie usa! 5, 6 Aduna bete! 7, 8 Pune-le drept! 9, 10 O gaina mare si grasa
Exemple cunoscute de propozitii/fraze in limba engleza care folosesc imperativul

Don't worry be happy! (cantec) - Nu fii ingrijorat, fii fericit! Have a break have a KitKAT (reclama ciocolatelelor KitKAT) - Ia-ti o pauza, ia-ti un KitKat Yankee go home! - Yankeule (americanule), du-te acasa! Don't cry for me Argentina! (cantec) - Nu plange dupa mine Argentina! Let it be! (cantec) - Ia viata usor!
Proverbe in limba engleza care folosesc imperativul

Don't cry over spilt milk - Nu plange dupa laptele varsat (adica nu plange dupa ceva ireparabil). Don't look a gift horse in the mouth - Calul de dar nu se cauta la dinti (nu e imperativ decat in engleza). Let sleeping dogs lie! - Lasa cainii care dorm in pace!(nu-ti crea probleme daca nu e nevoie).
Expresii in limba engleza care folosesc imperativul

Go for it! - Incearca! Mind your own business - Vezi-ti de treaba Keep your fingers crossed! - Tine-ti degetele incrucisate! (pentru noroc) Forgive me! - Iarta-ma! Help me! - Ajuta-ma! Leave me alone! - Lasa-ma in pace! Don't push me! - Nu ma forta! (ca ai sa regreti)
37
38
Take it easy! - Ia-o usor! Watch out! - Fereste!
38
39
To be = A Fi (verb neregulat si auxiliar)

Present Tense I am You are He is She is We are You are They are Present Perfect I have been You have been He has been She has been We have been You have been They have been Past Tense I was You were He was She was We were You were They were Past Perfect I had been You had been He had been She had been We had been You had been They had been Future Tense I will be You will be He will be She will be We will be You will be They will be Future Perfect I will have been You will have been He will have been She will have been We will have been You will have been They will have been
To Have = A Avea (verb neregulat si auxiliar)

Present Tense I have You have He has She has We have You have They have Present Continuous I am having You are having He is having She is having We are having You are having They are having Present Perfect I have had You have had He has had She has had We have had You have had They have had Present Perfect Continuous I have been having You have been having He has been having She has been having We have been having You have been having They have been having
Past Tense I had You had He had She had We had You had
Past Continuous I was having You were having He was having She was having We were having You were having
Past Perfect I had had You had had He had had She had had We had had You had had
Past Perfect Continuous I had been having You had been having He had been having She had been having We had been having You had been having
39
40
They had
They were having
They had had
They had been having
40
41
Future Tense I will have You will have He will have She will have We will have You will have They will have
Future Continuous I will be having You will be having He will be having She will be having We will be having You will be having They will be having
Future Perfect I will have had You will have had He will have had She will have had We will have had You will have had They will have had
Future Perfect Continuous I will have been having You will have been having He will have been having She will have been having We will have been having You will have been having They will have been having
To Do = A Face (verb neregulat si auxiliar)

Present Tense I do You do He does She does We do You do They do Present Continuous Present Perfect I am doing You are doing He is doing She is doing We are doing You are doing They are doing I have done You have done He has done She has done We have done You have done They have done Present Perfect Continuous I have been doing You have been doing He has been doing She has been doing We have been doing You have been doing They have been doing
41
42
Past Tense I did You did He did She did We did You did They did
Past Continuous I was doing You were doing He was doing She was doing We were doing You were doing They were doing
Past Perfect I had done You had done He had done She had done We had done You had done They had done
Past Perfect Continuous I had been doing You had been doing He had been doing She had been doing We had been doing You had been doing They had been doing
Future Tense I will do You will do He will do She will do We will do You will do They will do
Future Continuous I will be doing You will be doing He will be doing She will be doing We will be doing You will be doing They will be doing
Future Perfect I will have done You will have done He will have done She will have done We will have done You will have done They will have done
Future Perfect Continuous I will have been doing You will have been doing He will have been doing She will have been doing We will have been doing You will have been doing They will have been doing
Verbe Modale in Engleza

Verbele: can, may, must, ought, shall, will si partial need si dare formeaza grupul de verbe modale. Aceste verbe nu formeaza infinitivul cu particula 'to'.
can - a putea, cu intelesul de a fi in stare. In vorbirea curenta mai ales in intrebari se foloseste in locul lui 'may' (vezi mai jos) (inseamna si conserva si 'to can' = a face conserva) may - a putea, cu intelesul de a avea voie. (inseamna si luna mai). In plus se foloseste in urari, de exemplu poate fi tradus prin 'fie' . must - a trebui, a fi necesar (inseamna si must- suc de struguri), poate fi tradus uneori si prin probabil (sau 'trebuie ca') ought to- ar trebui, ar fi cazul
42
43

shall - este o intarire a unui ordin daca este spus apasat. Altfel formeaza viitorul persoanei intai. In acest ultim caz deobicei se inlocuieste cu 'will' (vezi mai jos). will - formeaza viitorul, particula 'voi' din romaneste. I will come = Voi veni. Se foloseste si la formarea viitorului.(deasemeni inseamna testament. Inseamna si vointa). need - a trebui, cu intelesul de a avea nevoie dare - a indrazni, a provoca pe cineva
Mai jos cititi exemple in care se folosesc aceste verbe
Este binecunoscuta propozitia: I know I can - Stiu ca pot dintr-o poveste pentru copii in care o locomotiva isi tot repeta aceasta cat se straduieste sa urce un deal. They eat what they can and they can what they eat - Mananca ce pot si pun in conserva ceea ce mananca. May I have this dance? (Pot sa am acest dans) - Imi acordati acest dans? May the force be with you! - Fie ca forta sa te insoteasca! din filmul StarWars, adica sa ai noroc.
If you must, you must - Daca trebuie, trebuie. I must be dreaming - Trebuie ca visez (probabil ca visez) Pentru exemple cu ought to vedeti poezia de mai jos: I got your wedding invitation I'm surprised you thought of me But I don't believe your wedding Is just where I ought to be For you put your arms around her Kiss her lips so tenderly As she's standing there beside you That's just where I ought to be Like a fool I introduced you I said baby meet my friend Never thought that I could lose you But I lost you there and then I took the diamond ring you gave me Threw it way out to sea And I had an awful feeling That's just where I ought to be Am primit invitatia la nunta Ma mir ca te-ai gandit la mine Dar nu cred ca nunta ta E un loc unde ar trebui sa fiu Pentru ca iti vei pune bratele in jurul ei O vei saruta pe buze cu tandrete Cat ea va sta langa tine Acolo ar trebui sa fiu eu. Ca o proasta v-am introdus Am zis: Draga, intalneste-o pe prietena mea Niciodata n-am crezut ca o sa te pierd Dar te-am pierdut atunci si acolo Am luat inelul de diamant pe care mi l-ai dat L-am aruncat departe in mare Si am avut un sentiment groaznic Ca acolo ar trebui eu sa fiu
Cele zece porunci date de Dumnezeu lui Moise in Biblie se spun in engleza cu shall pentru intarire. De exemplu: You shall not kill = Nu vei omori (sa nu omori)
43
44
We shall overcome = Vom invinge este un cantec muncitoresc american, to overcomeinseamna a depasi un moment greu. I will survive = Voi supravietui este binecunoscutul cantec al Gloriei Gaynor Intr-un cunoscut cantec Que sera, sera o fetita isi intreaba mama ce va fi cand va fi mare: I asked my mother what will I be? Will I be happy? Will I be rich? My mother said to me: Que sera, sera Whatever will be, will be The future is for us to see Que sera, sera Am intrebat-o pe mama, ce voi fi Voi fi fericita? Voi fi vesela? Mama mi-a raspuns: Que sera, sera Ce va fi, va fi Viitorul este pentru noi de descoperit Que sera, sera
Verbele modale need si dare in cele mai multe cazuri se comporta ca verbe obisnuite. Sunt insa si situatii cand ele capata proprietati de verbe modale

Need I go on? - E nevoie sa continui? In engleza moderna e mai probabil sa se zica: Do I need to go on? caz in care need nu mai este verb modal. How dare you talk like this! - Cum indraznesti sa vorbesti asa!
Caracteristicile generale ale verbelor modale

1. 2. Nu accepta particula to pentru infinitiv, nu au participiu si nici forma cu ing. Din aceasta cauza multe timpuri lipsesc acestor verbe. Foarte important: Verbul care urmeaza unui verb modal nu are to in fata. Adica, pe romaneste spui: Trebuie sa mananc sau mai arhaic Trebuie a manca In englezeste se spune I must eat. (Daca spui: I need to eat - need aici nu e verb modal). Din exemplele de mai sus vedem ca aceasta regula a verbelor modale e respectata: I know I can (fara 'to'), May I have this dance? (fara 'to') etc Forma negativa nu cere do. Adica in cazul celorlalte verbe se pune un do not sau does notpentru negatie. I eat meat - Mananc carne. I do not eat meat - Nu mananc carne. Daca insa spui I can not eat meat - Nu pot sa mananc carne, particula do cade. Forma interogativa nu cere do. Do you eat meat? - Mananci carne? folosind verbul modalcan devine Can you eat meat? - Poti sa mananci carne?. Folosind must spunem: Must you eat meat? - Trebuie sa mananci carne? . Aceste verbe nu se schimba dupa persoana: I can, you can, he/she can etc. Adica persoana a treia singular nu primeste 's'. Aceste verbe se pot contracta cu particula not din propozitii negative. can't = can not, mustn't = must not, won't = will not sunt verbele modale care folosesc cel mai mult aceasta regula. Pentru formarea celebrului 'nu-i asa' din engleza e necesar folosirea acestor verbe. Forma 'nui asa' depinde de verbul modal folosit in prima parte a intrebarii. I can go, can't I? - Pot sa ma duc, nu-i asa? sau He will go, won't he? - Va merge, nu-i asa?
3.
4.
5. 6. 7.
44
45
8.
Pronumele in limba engleza

Un pronume este o parte de vorbire care inlocuieste un substativ comun sau propriu.
De exemplu: acesta (this), acela(that), she(ea), who(cine). Pronumele in limba engleza este prea diferit de pronumele romanesc pentru a incerca sa il explicam prin regulile limbii romane. Mai jos dam clasificarea pronumelor dupa gramatica engleza.
personal demonstrativ interogativ relativ indefinit reflexiv

La randul lor pronumele personale se impart in
obiectiv subiectiv posesiv
Pronumele personal
Pronumele personal subiectiv.
Este cel mai simplu caz. Acest pronume se numeste subiectiv pentru ca este cel care in propozitie realizeaza actiunea. Este subiectul propozitiei Exemple: Eu merg la scoala = I go to school; Ne-am dus la mare = We went to the seaside.
Eu I
Tu You
El He
Ea She
Impersonal It
Noi We
Voi You
Ei, Ele They
Pronumele personal obiectiv.

Acest pronume sta sau dupa un verb sau dupa o prepozitie. Daca insa prepozitia este of se foloseste pronumele posesiv Exemple: Da-mi cartea! = Give me the book! Da-mi-l! = Give it to me! Prea multa mancare pentru mine! = Too much food for me! You are standing in front of me = (Tu) stai in fata mea.
Me
You
Him
Her
Us
You
Them
45
46
Pronumele personal posesiv.

Acest pronume arata posesia si totdeauna sta dupa obiectul posedat(daca acesta este definit)- caz in care primeste in fata prepozitia of. Totdeauna se tradce prin al meu, al tau etc. Exemple: The book is mine = Cartea e a mea. A friend of yours = Un prieten de-al tau.
Mine
Yours
His
Hers
Ours
Yours
Theirs
Pronumele demonstrativ
Acest pronume se traduce dupa caz prin acesta, aceasta, acestia, acestea, acela, aceea, aceia, acelea Exemple: This one is mine, that one is yours. = Acesta-i al meu acela-i al tau. Those students are in my class. = Acei elevi sunt cu mine in clasa.
Acesta, Aceasta This
Acela, Aceea That
Acestia, Acestea These
Aceia, Acelea Those
Pronumele interogativ
Acest pronume se foloseste la intrebari. Deobicei se traduce prin cine(who) sau ce(what). Exemple: Who is this? = Cine-i asta? What happened? = Ce s-a intamplat?.
Pronumele posesive
La lectia adjectivul posesiv am vazut ca in propozitia: Acesta este pamantul meu meu este adjectiv posesiv. Daca insa spunem: Acest pamant este al meu am introdus pronumele posesiv al meu.
Mai jos cititi o strofa din cantecul Any man of mine = Orice barbat de-al meu de cantareata de country music Shania Twain: Any man of mine better disagree When I say another woman's looking better than me And when I'm cooking dinner and I burn it black He better say mmmm I like it like that Orice barbat de-al meu ar face bine sa ma contrazica Cand zic ca alta femeie arata mai bine ca mine. Si cand gatesc cina si o ard pana e scrum El ar face bine sa zica mmm asa imi place
46
47
He is a friend of mine He is a friend of yours He is a friend of his He is a friend of hers He is a friend of ours He is a friend of yours He is a friend of theirs
El un prieten de-al meu El e un prieten de-al tau El e un prieten de-al lui El e un prieten de-al ei El e un prieten de-al nostru El e un prieten de-al vostru El e un prieten de-al lor
They are friends of mine They are friends of yours They are friends of his They are friends of hers They are friends of ours They are friends of yours They are friends of theirs
Ei sunt prieteni de-ai mei Ei sunt prieteni de-ai tai Ei sunt prieteni de-ai sai Ei sunt prieteni de-ai ei Ei sunt prieteni de-ai nostri Ei sunt prieteni de-ai vostri Ei sunt prieteni de-ai lor
Observatii la pronumele posesive

In romaneste se poate spune: prietenii mei, ai mei prieteni sau prieteni de-ai mei. In englezeste se spune numai: my friends sau friends of mine. Cand sta pe langa un substantiv mine, yours... e totdeauna insotit de of : heart of mine (inima a mea), dream of mine (vis de-al meu) Prepozitia de din romana: de-al meu, de-al tau ... nu se traduce in engleza asa cum se vede din exemplele din lectie Ca si in romana pronumele posesive se folosesc mult in propozitii scurte. Whose book is this? It's mine. = A cui este cartea asta? E a mea mine din romaneste NU inseamna mine in englezeste Ca toate partile de vorbire din engleza, pronumele posesiv nu se schimba dupa gen (nu are forma de masculin/feminin). Pronumele posesiv nu are forma de plural.
Cu alte cuvinte:
mine yours his hers ours yours
al meu, a mea, ai mei, ale mele al tau, a ta, ai tai, ale tale al lui, a lui, ai lui, ale lui al ei, a ei, ai ei, ale ei al nostru, a noastra, ai nostri, ale noastre al vostru, a voastra, ai vostri, ale voastre
47
48
theirs
al lor, a lor, ai lor, ale lor
Alte exemple
Write me a letter Containing four lines Answer my question Will you be mine? Scrie-mi o scrisoare Continand 4 randuri Raspunde-mi la intrebare Vrei sa fii a mea?
Alt exemplu imprumutat din poezia "The Charge of the Light Brigade" de marele poet englez Lord Tennyson si care astazi se foloseste frecvent este dat mai jos: Yours is not to wonder why, yours is but to do and die = Al tau nu e sa intrebi de ce, al tau e sa faci si sa mori.
I keep a close watch on this heart of mine I keep my eyes wide open all the time I keep the ends out for the ties that bind Because you're mine I walk the line. Johnny Cash
Tin sub observatie aceasta inima a mea Imi tin ochii larg deschisi tot timpul Tin deschise firele ca nu faca un nod Fiindca esti a mea, calc totdeauna drept.
Observati ce am spus la inceput: heart of mine (cu of), dar: you are mine / will you be mine? (fara of).
Despre muzica country americana

Majoritatea exemplelor din aceasta lectie sunt din muzica country Country music - sau muzica de tara (populara) americana are multe subdiviziuni, ceea ce pentru un necunoscator o face cateodata greu de recunoscut ca fiind country. Cantecul lui Elvis Presley "Heartbreak Hotel" este incadrat sub aceasta denumire. Garth Brooks, cantaret de country este cel mai bine vandut artist solo din istoria Statelor Unite. In aceasta lectie de engleza am dat trei exemple de cantece country:
1. Any man of mine - scris si interpretat de Shania Twain cantareata de origine canadiana foarte la moda astazi si care se incadreaza in subdiviziunea de rock country. 2. Will you be mine? - country clasic cunoscut si ca "Western Music". 3. I walk the line - cantat de Johnny Cash mare cantaret care a atins culmea gloriei in anii '50 si care este incadrat ca "rockabilly music."
48
49
Verbe neregulate n limba englez

Urmtorul tabel prezint verbele neregulate din limba englez. Unele dintre acestea au dou variante de conjugare, regulat si neregulat. n acest caz, varianta mai uzitat este trecut prima.
Infinitiv arise awake backslide be bear beat become begin bend bet bid bind bite bleed blow break breed bring Past Tense arose awoke awaked backslid was / were bore beat became began bent bet betted bid bade bound bit bled blew broke bred brought Participiu trecut arisen awoken awaked backslidden backslid been borne born beaten beat become begun bent bet betted bid bidden bound bitten bled blown broken bred brought Traducerea infinitivului (sensul principal) a se ridica a se trezi a decdea a fi a purta a bate a deveni a ncepe a se ndoi a paria a licita, a porunci a lega a musca a sngera a sufla, a bate a sparge a creste, a educa a aduce
49
50
broadcast browbeat build burn burst bust buy cast catch choose cling clothe come cost creep cut daydream deal dig disprove dive do draw
broadcast broadcasted browbeat built burned burnt burst busted bust bought cast caught chose clung clothed clad came cost crept cut daydreamed daydreamt dealt dug disproved dived dove did drew
broadcast broadcasted browbeaten browbeat built burned burnt burst busted bust bought cast caught chosen clung clothed clad come cost crept cut daydreamed daydreamt dealt dug disproved disproven dived done drawn
a difuza a intimida a construi a arde a izbucni, a nvli, a crpa a rupe, a strica a cumpra a arunca a prinde a alege a se agta a (se) mbrca a veni a costa a se tr, a se furisa a tia a visa cu ochii deschisi a trata, a se ocupa de a spa a infirma a plonja a face a trage, a desena
50
51
dream drink drive dwell eat fall feed feel fight find fit flee fling fly forbid forecast forego foresee foretell forget forgive forsake freeze frostbite get
dreamed dreamt drank drove dwelt dwelled ate fell fed felt fought found fitted fit fled flung flew forbade forbad forecast forecasted forewent foresaw foretold forgot forgave forsook froze frostbit got
dreamed dreamt drunk driven dwelt dwelled eaten fallen fed felt fought found fitted fit fled flung flown forbidden forecast forecasted foregone foreseen foretold forgotten forgiven forsaken frozen frostbitten gotten
a visa a bea a sofa, a mna a locui a mnca a cdea a hrni a (se) simti a (se) lupta a gsi a se potrivi a fugi, a se refugia a arunca a zbura a interzice a prevedea a preceda a prevedea a prezice a uita a ierta a prsi a ngheta a degera a primi, a obtine
51
52
give go grind grow hand-feed handwrite hang have hear hew hide hit hold hurt inbreed inlay input interbreed interweave interwind jerry-build keep kneel knit know
gave went ground grew hand-fed handwrote hung had heard hewed hid hit held hurt inbred inlaid input inputted interbred interwove interweaved interwound jerry-built kept knelt kneeled knitted knit knew
given gone ground grown hand-fed handwritten hung had heard hewn hewed hidden hit held hurt inbred inlaid input inputted interbred interwoven interweaved interwound jerry-built kept knelt kneeled knitted knit known
a da a merge a mcina a creste a hrni cu mna a scrie de mn a atrna a avea a auzi a despica a (se) ascunde a lovi a tine a lovi, a rni, a durea a procrea a ncrusta a introduce a ncrucisa a (se) ntreese a se rsuci a construi prost a tine, a pstra a ngenunchia a tricota a sti, a cunoate
52
53
lay lead lean leap learn leave lend let lie light lip-read lose make mean meet miscast misdeal misdo mishear mislay mislead mislearn misread misset misspeak
laid led leaned leant leaped leapt learned learnt left lent let lay lit lighted lip-read lost made meant met miscast misdealt misdid misheard mislaid misled mislearned mislearnt misread misset misspoke
laid led leaned leant leaped leapt learned learnt left lent let lain lit lighted lip-read lost made meant met miscast misdealt misdone misheard mislaid misled mislearned mislearnt misread misset misspoken
a pune, a aseza a conduce a se apleca, a se sprijini a sri a nvta a pleca, a lsa a da cu mprumut a lsa, a permite a zcea, a se afla a aprinde a citi pe buze a pierde a face a nsemna a (se) ntlni a distribui ntr-un rol nepotrivit a mprti crtile gresit a face gresit a auzi gresit a pierde a ndruma gresit a nvta gresit a citi gresit a aseza gresit a se exprima gresit
53
54
misspell misspend mistake misteach misunderstand miswrite mow offset outbid outbreed outdo outdraw outdrink outfight outfly outgrow outleap outride outrun outsell outshine outshoot outsing outsit outsleep
misspelled misspelt misspent mistook mistaught misunderstood miswrote mowed offset outbid outbred outdid outdrew outdrank outfought outflew outgrew outleaped outleapt outrode outran outsold outshone outshined outshot outsang outsat outslept
misspelled misspelt misspent mistaken mistaught misunderstood miswritten mowed mown offset outbid outbred outdone outdrawn outdrunk outfought outflown outgrown outleaped outleapt outridden outrun outsold outshone outshined outshot outsung outsat outslept
a ortografia gresit a risipi a gresi a instrui gresit a ntelege gresit a scrie gresit a cosi a compensa a licita mai mult ca a ncrucisa cu alt varietate a ntrece a scoate mai repede ca a bea prea mult a lupta mai bine ca a depsi n zbor a (se) face prea mare a depsi n sritur a ntrece a ntrece a (se) vinde mai bine ca a eclipsa a trage mai bine ca a cnta mai bine ca a sta mai mult dect a dormi prea mult
54
55
outspeak outspend outthink outthrow outwrite overbid overbreed overbuild overbuy overcome overdo overdraw overdrink overeat overfeed overhang overhear overlay overpay override overrun oversee oversell oversew overshoot oversleep overspeak
outspoke outspent outthought outthrew outwrote overbid overbred overbuilt overbought overcame overdid overdrew overdrank overate overfed overhung overheard overlaid overpaid overrode overran oversaw oversold oversewed overshot overslept overspoke
outspoken outspent outthought outthrown outwritten overbid overbred overbuilt overbought overcome overdone overdrawn overdrunk overeaten overfed overhung overheard overlaid overpaid overridden overrun overseen oversold oversewn oversewed overshot overslept overspoken
a vorbi tare a cheltui mai mult dect a fi mai destept ca a arunca mai bine ca a scrie mai bine ca a supralicita a (se) supranmulti a (se) construi n exces a cumpra n exces a covrsi a exagera a depsi a bea n exces a mnca n exces a (se) supraalimenta a atrna peste a auzi din ntmplare a pune peste a plti prea mult a nclca a depsi a supraveghea a supraevalua a coase marginile mpreun a trece peste a dormi prea mult a vorbi prea mult
55
56
overspend overtake overthrow overwind overwrite partake pay plead prepay presell preset proofread prove put quick-freeze quit read reawake rebroadcast rebuild recast recut redo redraw refit
overspent overtook overthrew overwound overwrote partook paid pleaded pled prepaid presold preset proofread proved put quick-froze quit quitted read reawoke rebroadcast rebroadcasted rebuilt recast recut redid redraw refitted refit
overspent overtaken overthrown overwound overwritten partaken paid pleaded pled prepaid presold preset proofread proven proved put quick-frozen quit quitted read reawaken rebroadcast rebroadcasted rebuilt recast recut redone redrawn refitted refit
a cheltui prea mult a depsi a rsturna a rsuci prea mult a suprascrie a mprtsi a plti a pleda a plti n avans a vinde n avans a preconfigura a corecta a (se) dovedi a pune a nghea rapid a abandona a citi a se retrezi a redifuza a reconstrui a remodela a tia din nou a reface a retrasa a reutila
56
57
regrow rehear relearn relight remake repay reread rerun resell resend reset resew retake reteach retell rethink retread rewake rewed rewin rewind rewrite rid ride ring
regrow reheard relearned relearnt relit relighted remade repaid reread reran resold resent reset resewed retook retaught retold rethought retread rewoke rewaked rewed rewedded rewon rewound rewrote rid rode rang
regrown reheard relearned relearnt relit relighted remade repaid reread rerun resold resent reset resewn resewed retaken retaught retold rethought retread rewaken rewaked rewed rewedded rewon rewound rewritten rid ridden rung
a recreste a reaudia a renvta a (se) reaprinde a reface a recompensa a reciti a relua a revinde a retrimite a reaeza a recoase a relua a reinstrui a repovesti a regndi a parcurge din nou a (se) retrezi a se recstori a recstiga a derula napoi a rescrie a scpa de, a se descotorosi a clri a suna
57
58
rise run saw say see seek sell send set sew shake shave shear shed shine shoe shoot show shrink shut sight-read sing sink sit
rose ran sawed said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook shaved sheared shed shone shined shod shot showed shrank shut sight-read sang sank sunk sat
risen run sawn sawed said seen sought sold sent set sewn sewed shaken shaved shaven sheared shorn shed shone shined shod shot shown shrunk shut sight-read sung sunk sat
a rsri, a se ridica a fugi a tia cu fierstrul a spune a vedea a cuta a vinde a trimite a pune a coase a scutura, a tremura a (se) rade a tunde oi a vrsa (lacrimi, snge) a strluci a potcovi a mpusca a arta a se strnge, a se scoroji a nchide a citi la prima vedere a cnta a (se) scufunda a sedea
58
59
slay sleep slide sling slink slit smell sneak sow speak speed spell spellbind spend spill spin spit split spoil spoon-feed spread spring
slew slayed slept slid slung slunk slit smelled smelt sneaked snuck sowed spoke sped speeded spelled spelt spellbound spent spilled spilt spun spat spit split spoiled spolit spoon-fed spread sprang sprung
slain slayed slept slid slung slunk slit smelled smelt sneaked snuck sown sowed spoken sped speeded spelled spelt spellbound spent spilled spilt spun spat spit split spoiled spoilt spoon-fed spread sprung
a ucide a dormi a aluneca a arunca a se furisa a (se) crpa a mirosi a se furisa a semna a vorbi a grbi, a accelera a ortografia a fermeca a cheltui, a petrece a vrsa a toarce a scuipa a despica a rsfta a hrni cu lingurita a (se) ntinde a izvor, a sri
59
60
stand steal stick sting stink strew stride strike string strive sublet sunburn swear sweat sweep swell swim swing take teach tear telecast tell
stood stole stuck stung stunk stank strewed strode struck strung strove strived sublet sunburned sunburnt swore sweat sweated swept swelled swam swung took taught tore telecast told
stood stolen stuck stung stunk strewn strewed stridden struck stricken strung striven strived sublet sunburned sunburnt sworn sweat sweated swept swollen swelled swum swung taken taught torn telecast told
a sta (n picioare) a fura, a se furisa a lipi a nepa a mirosi urt a presra a merge cu pasi mari a lovi a nira (pe o at) a nzui a subnchiria a se arde de soare a jura, a njura a transpira a mtura a se umfla a nota a legna a lua a nvta, a preda a rupe, a sfsia a teledifuza a spune, a povesti
60
61
test-drive test-fly think thrive throw thrust tread typecast typeset typewrite unbend unbind unclothe underbid undercut underfeed undergo underlie undersell underspend understand undertake underwrite undo unfreeze unhide
test-drove test-flew thought throve threw thrust trod typecast typeset typewrote unbent unbound unclothed clad underbid undercut underfed underwent underlay undersold underspent understood undertook underwrote undid unfroze unhid
test-driven test-flown thought thriven thrown thrust trodden trod typecast typeset typewritten unbent unbound unclothed clad underbid undercut underfed undergone underlain undersold underspent understood undertaken underwritten undone unfrozen unhidden
a testa o masin a testa un avion a (se) gndi a prospera a arunca a nfige a clca a distribui ntr-un rol tipic a culege pentru tipar a dactilografia a (se) dezdoi a dezlega a (se) dezbrca a oferi un pret prea mic a submina a subalimenta a trece prin a sta la baza a vinde mai ieftin dect (concurenta) a cheltui prea putin a ntelege a lua asupra sa a subscrie a anula a dezgheta a iesi din ascunztoare
61
62
unlearn unsew unwind uphold upset wake waylay wear weave wed weep wet win wind withdraw withhold withstand wring write
unlearned unlearnt unsewed unwound upheld upset woke waked waylaid wore wove weaved wed wedded wept wet wetted won wound withdrew withheld withstood wrung wrote
unlearned unlearnt unsewn unsewed unwound upheld upset woken waked waylaid worn woven weaved wed wedded wept wet wetted won wound withdrawn withheld withstood wrung written
a dezvta a descoase a desfsura a sustine a tulbura a se trezi a acosta a purta a tese a (se) cununa a plnge a uda a cstiga a rsuci a (se) retrage a retine a rezista la a stoarce a scrie
62

A Concise English Grammar

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

A Concise English Grammar

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

1

HENRI COANDA. 2011-2012. Gramatica limbii engleze. Prof. Larisa Silas