Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
-JIU
FACULTATEA DE ŞTIINŢE JURIDICE ŞI LITERE
2
Ist YEAR OF STUDY
GRAMMAR
1. TYPES OF VERBS
1.1.Verbe auxiliare
1.1.1. DO
1.1.2. BE
1.1.3. HAVE
1.2. Verbe semi-auxiliare
1.3. Verbe modale
1.4. Verbe modale
1.5. Verbe semi-modale
1.6. Verbe regulate şi neregulate
1.7. Expresii verbale
3
1.1. THE AUXILIARY VERBS (VERBELE AUXILIARE)
A. EXPLICAŢII GRAMATICALE
B. EXERCIŢII
Categoria verbului este una dintre cele mai importante categorii din gramatica
limbii engleze. Verbele din limba engleză au mai multe sub-categorii printre acestea fiind
verbe auxiliare şi verbe semiauxiliare.
Aceste verbe auxiliare şi semiauxiliare pot avea valori diferite. De exemplu, to
have, to be şi to get sunt folosite atât ca verbe principale cu înţeles de sine stătător dar, în
acelaşi timp, pot să îşi piardă înţelesul de bază atunci când însoţesc alte verbe în
alcătuirea timpurilor verbale compuse. În acest caz ele adoptă înţelesul verbelor pe care le
însoţesc.
4
1. Atunci când fac parte din anumite structuri gramaticale ele îşi pierd înţelesul
de bază şi îl iau pe cel al structurilor din care fac parte.
4. Trebuie ştiut faptul că verbele auxiliare sunt folosite atât cu formele lungi cât şi cu
cele contrase. Formele lungi sunt folosite mai ales în engleza „oficială” în timp ce
formele scurte pot fi întâlnite mai mult în engleza de zi cu zi.
5
→ în răspunsuri scurte:
→ în propoziţii interogative:
A. TO BE
6
Ca verb auxiliar, TO BE este folosit:
La construirea, împreună cu participiul trecut al verbelor noţionale, formelor
aspectului continuu.
Ca verb copulativ, în afară de întrebuinţările obişnuite, el este folosit la prezent
sau la trecut, cu participiul trecut al câtorva verbe intranzitive ca: to come, to go, to
set etc.
2. o necesitate, o obligaţie:
7
B. TO HAVE
2. Verbul HAVE poate fi folosit cu sensul de ‘a mânca’, ‘a se simţi bine’, sau ‘a lua’:
3. Atunci când este folosit ca verb auxiliar, TO HAVE ajută, la fel ca şi TO BE, la
formarea timpurilor compuse cum ar fi: prezentul continuu, trecutul continuu, viitorul
continuu, prezentul perfect, mai-mult-ca perfectul etc.
8
Eg.: She has come often.
John has been reading this book since we’ve gone.
C. TO DO
9
2. în întrebări de confirmare sau infirmare
ATENŢIE!
Aşa cum am spus mai sus verbul to do poate fi folosit şi cu sensul de a face o
acţiune. În acest caz trebuie subliniată diferenţa de sens între acesta şi verbul make.
În general verbul do are sensul de a se implica într-o activitate:
Eg.: What are the children doing? They are making little cookies.
10
În timp ce verbul make are sensul de a face ceva:
DO
Do bussiness; do harm; do good; do one’s best; do the garden; do a good job; do
the shopping; do a favour; do the washing up; do repairs; do one’s duty; do someone a
good turn; do an exercise; do one’s hair; do homework; do an examination; do justice; do
research; do something for the living etc.
MAKE
Make a journey; make an experiment; make a speech; make the best of it; make an
attempt; make an attempt; make a mistake; make fun of someone; make a complaint;
make arrangements; make a bargain; make the beds; make a fuss over…; make a
nuisance of oneself; make an progress; make an impression; make a profit; make an
accusation, make an appointment; make a proposal etc.
Aşa cum am specificat mai sus verbele TO BE, TO HAVE sau TO DO pot fi
folosite ca verbe semi-auxiliare atunci când ajută la formarea diferitelor timpuri
verbale. În limba engleză mai putem întâlni şi o serie de construcţii verbale care pot fi
considerate ca semi-auxiliare. Acestea sunt: be about to, be bound to, be certain to, have
got to, fail to, tend to, happen to, turn aut to, be going to, be sure to, have to, come to, get
to, appear to, seem to, proved to etc.
11
EXERCISES (EXERCIŢII)
1. He………….(not) busy.
2. We…………(not) interested.
3. They………..(not) pretty.
4. You…………(not) new.
5. She …………(not) ill. 1
3. Read the passages and underline the forms of the verb TO BE. (Citiţi acest
pasaj şi subliniaţi formele verbului TO BE):
4. Talk or write about the Scott family using the words below. Supply the right
forms of the verb BE. (Vorbiţi sau scrieţi despre familia Scott folosind cuvintele de
mai jos. Completaţi cu formele verbului BE):
2
Olea Ciuciuc, Eugenia Tănase, Curs de Engleză Generală, Ed. Teora, Bucureşti, 1998, pag. 31
13
3. Alex’s favorite subject…………….computer sciences.
4. Computers…………important to Alex. Computers……….also fun.
5. There………..many computer games that Alex likes to play.
6. Betty ………..Alex’s sister. She ……….also 16.
7. Alex and Betty………….twins.
8. They…………students in the same high school.
9. The Scotts………..from northern California.
10.They………….in San Diego now.
11.San Diego………..in southern California.
12.The weather……………always warm in southern California.
5. Ask your partner questions using the words below. Have your partner answer
your questions. (Puneţi întrebări colegului folosind cuvintele de mai jos. Colegul
vostru va răspunde la întrebări):
1. How old/you?
2. What/your favorite subject?
3. Why/this your favorite subject?
4. Where/you from?
5. Where/your parents from?
6. What/the population of your town/village?
7. What/the weather like in your area in winter/summer?
14
6. Write down yours partner’s answers to the questions above. Use your notes to
describe your partner to the class. (Scrieţi răspunsul colegului vostru la întrebările
de mai sus. Folosiţi-vă de acestea pentru a vă descrie colegul celorlalţi colegi):
7. Read this passage, translate it and say which are the forms of the verb BE.
(Citiţi acest fragment, traduceţi-l şi spuneţi care sunt formele verbului BE):
1. The United States is the fourth largest country in the world, in area. It has an area
of over 9 millions square kilometers. There are fifty states in the United States. Alaska is
the largest. Rhode Island is the smallest.
2. The United States is the third largest country in the world, in population. Its
population is over 260 million. The largest state is California with a population of 35
million. Alaska, which is the largest state in area, is one of the smallest states in
population. Its population is about one half million.
3. In general, the climate of the United States is temperate. There are differences,
however, from east to the west and from south to the north. In the northern half of the
country, there is snow in winter. In the southern half, there is less snow or no snow at all.
The East Coast is better than the West Coast. In the southwest, there are some dry, semi-
arid areas.
8. Make true sentences about yourself. Use the words below and suitable
adverbs of frequency: always, often, usually, seldom, sometimes, occasionally, never.
15
(Alcătuiţi propoziţii despre voi. Folosiţi cuvintele de mai jos şi adverbele de
frecvenţă):
Model: late
I’m never late.
9. Fill in the blanks with the suitable forms of the verb “TO BE”. (Completaţi
spaţiile libere cu formele corespunzătoare verbului “TO BE”):
10. Change the long, verbal forms into short ones. (Scrieţi formele verbale
contrase corespunzătoare exemplelor de mai jos):
3
Georgiana Gălăţeanu-Fârnoagă, Debora Parks, Exerciţii de Gramatică Engleză, Timpurile Verbale, Ed. Paralela 45,
Bucureşti, 2000, p. 19-27
16
They are my colleagues.
They’re my colleagues.
1. She is my friend.
2. Are you not an assistant to the General Manager?
3. They are not interpreters, they are translators.
4. I am always early, I am never late for school.
5. It’s a new college, it is not an old one.
6. Are they not your teachers?
12. Give short answers to the following questions and translate them into
Romanian. (Daţi răspunsuri scurte întrebărilor de mai jos şi traduceţi-le în limba
română):
17
Model: Are all students present?
Yes, they are.
Is the teacher nervous?
No, she is not.
4
Olea Ciuciuc, Eugenia Tănăsescu, Curs de Engleză Generală, Ed. Teora, Bucureşti, p. 21-23.
18
UNIT II
FOCUS: PRONUMELE
2. CLASIFICARE
2.1. PRONUMELE PERSONAL
2.2. EXPLICAŢII GRAMATICALE
2.3. EXERCIŢII
2. CLASIFICARE
19
În limba engleză, pronumele şi verbul sunt singurele părţi de vorbire care au
categoria gramaticală a persoanei:
Eg.: I am a teacher.
He is a chemist.
Aşa cum bine ştim în limba română nu este întotdeauna nevoie să fie prezent
pronumele atunci când sunt folosite verbe. În limba engleză, din contră, nu este
propoziţie fără pronume, el fiind singurul indicator al celorlalte persoane.
ATENŢIE!
20
Eg.: It drinks milk every day.
The cat drinks milk every day.
Mai putem întâlni acest pronume în propoziţiile care nu au subiect clar definit
pentru a introduce vremea, distanţa sau timpul.
Pronumele personal pentru persoana a-III-a, numărul plural este they. Acesta
are aceeaşi formă pentru feminin şi masculin şi înţelesul lui poate fi dedus numai
din context.
ATENŢIE:
2. He/She sunt folosite pentru a înlocui unele substantive animate sau inanimate
care sunt de obicei neutre.
a. Formele de singular ale pronumelui personal sunt: I, You, He, She, It.
b. Formele de plural ale pronumelui personal sunt: We, You, They.
ATENŢIE:
22
Pronumele personal you aceeaşi formă pentru singular şi plural. În limba engleză
nu există forme anume pentru pronumele de politeţe aşa că aceasta formă este folosită în
acest scop. You se traduce prin dumneavoastră, dumneata, tu sau voi.
EXERCIŢII:
1. Translate the following sentences into Romanian and say which personal
pronouns are found in them. (Introduceţi următoarele propoziţii şi spuneţi ce
pronume personale se găsesc în ele):
1. I know you are highly interested in modern technique and you hope to become
an engineer.
2. Dora prefers design to anything else. She is found of inventing beautiful shapes
of all sorts of practical objects.
3. We are going to explain what a laser means. We have learnt of lot about that
wonderful discovery of modern times and we are really fascinated.
4. The laser is a device that generates an intense, highly concentrated beam of
light. Could you think that the laser is able to perform even medical operations?
5. Our friends Jack and Jill are often talking about the possibility of reaching some
planet belonging to another solar system of our galaxy. They have already
thought how to manage everything. You may guess that this is science fiction
for the time being.
6. The essence of life is just the same for both plants and animals. It is something
we cannot detect though we know about the existence of vital acids and their
activity.
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2. Translate the following sentences into English, observing how the pronouns
became necessary in this language. (Traduceţi următoarele propoziţii în limba
engleză, observând cum pronumele devin necesare în aceasta limbă):
Trăim pe o planetă minunată. Este cea mai prielnică vieţii dacă o comparăm cu
celelalte planete ale sistemului solar.
Ne putem bucura de condiţii excepţionale de lumină şi căldură.
Radiaţiile care vin de pretutindeni sunt moderate. De care factor suntem protejaţi
împotriva lor? În primul rând de existenţa învelişului gazos al Pământului.
De aceea trebuie să păstrăm acest înveliş cu foarte multă grijă. Nu se cuvine să-l
subţiem sau să-i stricăm echilibrata sa compoziţie cu nimic.
Natura este totuşi mai puternică decât noi şi a creat de-a lungul milioanelor de ani
condiţii de viaţă pe care nu le putem schimba fără a schimba viaţa însăşi, ceea ce este
imposibil.
3. Replace the subject nouns with feminine personal pronouns according them
a sentimental value. (Înlocuiţi pronumele subiecte prin pronume personale la
feminin, acordându-le un aspect sentimental):
4. Translate into Romanian the following sentences, in which the pronoun it was
used to indicate the time, the weather, the distance or is used as an impersonal
24
expression. (Traduceţi, în limba română, următoarele propoziţii în care pronumele
personal it este folosit pentru a indica timpul, vremea, distanţa ori este folosit ca şi
construcţie impersonală):
UNIT III
FOCUS: ARTICOLUL
1. TEXT CU ARTICOLUL
2: EXPLICAŢII GRAMATICALE
5
Mariana Ţăranu, Limba Engleză, Sinteză Gramaticală completă prin enunţuri şi exerciţii, Ed. Corint, Bucureşti, 2002, p.
88-91.
25
2.1 CLASIFICARE:
2.1.1 ARTICOLUL HOTĂRÂT
2.1.2 ARTICOLUL NEHOTĂRÂT
2.1.3 ARTICOLUL ZERO
3: EXERCIŢII
1. TEXT CU ARTICOLUL
Program s. = Program
Early adv. = Devreme
To get up v. = A se scula
To turn on v. = A porni
Teams s. = Echipe
Entertainment s. = Divertisment
To provide v. = A furniza
News s. = Ştiri
Piece of news s. = Ştire
Bathroom s. = Baie
Cold adv. = Rece
Shower s. = Duş
Morning s. = Dimineaţă
Opportunity s. = Şansă
To practice v. = A practica
Tunes s. = Acorduri muzicale
To rub v. = A freca
Face s. = Faţă
Neck s. = Gât
Towel s. = Prosop
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Blood s. = Sânge
To run v. = A alerga
To feel v. = A simţi
Anything pr. = Orice
Can v. = A putea
To occur v. = A se întâmpla
During prep. = În timp ce
To practice v. = A practica
Neighborhood s. = Vecinătate
Soon adv. = Curând
Breakfast s. = Mic dejun
Unfortunately adv. = Din nefericire
Heavy adv. = Greu; aglomerat
Ride s. = Plimbare
v. = A călări
Riser s. = Matinal
To wake up v. = A se trezi
Downtown s. = Centru
To miss v. = A rata
Newspaper s. = Ziar
Anyway adv. = Oricum
Drive s. = Impuls
v. = A conduce
→ PHRASES
27
Out of habit = din obişnuinţă
To take a ride = a face o plimbare
→ TEXT:
Read and translate this text in Romanian. (Citiţi şi traduceţi acest text în
Română):
MY DAILY PROGRAM:
My program starts very early every day. The first thing I do is get up and turn on
the radio. I like listening to the ‘Radio Total’ in the morning because they have young
teams for entertainment and provide the latest news in an optimistic way.
Next, I go into the bathroom and if it is not very cold, I have a shower to start my
energetic morning and to have the opportunity of practicing some of the modern tunes
from the radio. If it is a cold morning, I just rub my face and my neck with a special
towel to make my blood run faster and soon I feel ready for anything can occur during
that day.
My favorite activity in the morning is to practice jogging in my neighborhood.
I often meet my friends and talk about this and that while running. A cold shower comes
next and soon I have breakfast. Like all the people who want to keep fit, I usually, have a
heavy breakfast. It gives you the energy you need for a busy day.
If I do not have enough time for jogging, I go to the office by bike. Unfortunately,
the traffic is too busy for a morning ride.
I am an early riser so I usually wake up at 6 o’clock. I go to my office at 8 a.m. and
go back at home at 4.30 p.m. I work 8 hours a day, which mean 40 hours a week.
28
Sometimes in the afternoon, I go downtown to see a film or a play. I watch TV
every evening and I never miss talk shows. I buy a newspaper every day, out of habit, but
I do not have enough time to read it. Anyway, I read the daily horoscope, which gives me
the drive for the everyday activities, of course, if it is optimistic. If not, I simply do not
believe it!6
2. EXPLICAŢII GRAMATICALE
2.1 CLASIFICARE:
6
Olea Ciuciuc, Eugenia Tănăsescu, Curs de Engleză Generală, Ed. Teora, Bucureşti, p. 38.
29
- înaintea sunetelor semi consonantice reprezentate de obicei prin literele: u, y, w.
Eg.: the honor; the heir; the hour; the honest man.
Articolul hotărât identifică un membru anume al unei clase şi este folosit în mai
multe situaţii:
1. Articolul hotărât este folosit cu substantive al căror înţeles este dedus din
context.
Eg.: the door, the window, the table, the wind, the sky, the ground, the town hall, the
police station, the hospital, the radio, the press, the telephone, the sun, the moon, the
stars.
30
Tonight, the moon will be full.
2. Articolul hotărât apare înaintea unor substantive care sunt reprezentante ale
unei categorii de obiecte, fiinţe sau animale:
Eg.: I saw this house last month. The house was still in construction yesterday.
ATENŢIE:
În cazul denumirilor de instituţii alcătuite din doi termeni şi prepoziţia of, articolul
the apare chiar dacă unul din termeni este omis.
Eg.: the (river) Thames, the Tate (Gallery), the Pacific (Ocean) etc.
31
Eg.: the Alps, the Danube, the Thames, the Atlantic Ocean, the Sahara, the Lido, the
National Theatre, the British Museum etc.
Eg.:
I want to buy a magazine.
1. Este folosit pentru a introduce o noţiune, un obiect sau o persoană care este
necunoscută ascultătorului.
32
2. Articolul nehotărât mai este folosit atunci când cel sau cea despre care se
vorbeşte este reprezentantul unei clase şi nu este definit concret prin
comunicare:
33
1. Atunci când este folosit cu substantive nenumărabile, articolul zero indică o
cantitate nedefinită:
Există anumite categorii de nume proprii care sunt însoţite de articolul zero:
Nume de persoane
34
Diviziuni de timp: zilele săptămânii, lunile anului sau sărbători etc.
Denumiri geografice: nume de oraşe, ţări, continente, lacuri sau munţi etc:
Nume proprii însoţite de substantive comune denumind clădiri, străzi sau poduri
etc.
Eg.: Bran Castle, Westminster Abbey, Oxford Street, London Bridge etc.
3. EXERCIŢII
1. What is the right form of the indefinite article for the following nouns? (Care
este forma corectă de articol nehotărât?):
brother; economy; record; Eskimos; picture; dance; Australian; language; issue; problem;
bussiness; English; newspaper; youth; student; village; Italian; story; family; leaf, way
etc. 7
2. Read the following nouns and insert the corresponding indefinite and definite
articles. (Citiţi următoarele substantive utilizând articolul nehotărât şi hotărât
corespunzător):
7
Olea Ciuciuc, Eugenia Tănăsescu, Curs de Engleză Generală, Ed. Teora, Bucureşti, p. 21
35
programme; early-riser; breakfast; after-noon; friends; shower; talk-show; newspaper;
horoscope; energetic afternoon; day; blood; evening; activity; neighbourhood.
1. I am ……..politician.
2. ……capital of…….England is…….London.
3. They are ……..teachers.
4. …….University of Bucharest is in……….center of the city.
5. ……Times is one of ……..most interesting newspapers in…….United Kingdom
and ……..Northern Irland.
6. I always have………breakfast in………..morning.
7. To study in…….Athens is one of……. most desirable things
for……..archaeologists.
8. He hasn’t got ………punishment I think he deserves.
9. ……..car like that seems to be very cheap.
10. He is……right man for this job.
11. My husband is……..difficult man.
12. They want to become……….pilots.
4. Choose a job from the right column for each of the following people. (Alegeţi
din coloana din dreapta o slujba corespunzătoare fiecărei persoane de mai jos):
36
Mrs. Johnson Electric fitter
Mr. White Mnufacturer
Mr. Blackwell Businessman
Sir James Assistant
Mrs. Anderson Dean
Lady Ann Writer
Mr. Lloys Banker
Mrs. McCavin Porter
Ms. Danvers Inventor
E.g.: I am a teacher.
We are teachers.
1. She is an economist.
2. Are you an assistant or a journalist?
3. An option is something you agree or disagree with.
4. He is an Englishman.
5. The engineer is not in the office.
6. A banker is a man who deals with the money.
7. The bookkeeper isn’t in.
8. Is an accountant a good mathematician?
9. Mr. McCloud is a trainer, he is not a trainee.
37
1. We are students.
2. The men are businessmen and the women are businesswomen.
3. The Browns are doctors.
4. Are you mechanics or drivers?
5. The Steinbecks aren’t politicians.
6. All my friends are officeworkers.
7. Loan officers are people who lend money.
8. Are your parents university lecturers?
9. They aren’t foreigners, they are strangers.
8. Use the definite article the before the following geographical names. (Folosiţi
articolul hotărât the înaintea următoarelor denumiri geografice):
8
Olea Ciuciuc, Eugenia Tănăsescu, Curs de Engleză Generală, Ed. Teora, Bucureşti, p. 40-42
38
9. Say if the following sentences are true or false. (Spuneţi dacă următoarele
propoziţii sunt adevarate sau false):
1. The European Regional Airlines Association deals with Europe’s air transport
system.
2. Today we are going to see the Antipa Museum.
3. The British Museum displays many interesting objects from remote countries.
4. The Intercontinental Hotel is the highest building in Bucharest.
5. We will get more electricity from the Cernavoda Atomic Power Station in the near
future.
6. The Titanic was a huge liner; its sinking could not be forgotten by anybody.
7. An old Romanian ship was called the Transylvania.
8. Have you ever read the Times?
9. Or have you read the Wall Street Journal?
10.The Nelson Monument in Trafalgar Square is very tall.
11.The Victoria Memorial can be seen in front of the Buckingham Palace.
12.The European Council has settled a great number of international affairs.
13.A lot of people have received important supplies from the Red Cross.
10. Translate the English using the definite article the. (Traduceţi în limba
engleză folosind articolul hotărât the):
39
5. Punctele cardinale sunt: nord, sud, est şi vest.
11. Translate into Romanian using the definite article the. (Traduceţi în limba
română folosind articolul hotărât the):
12. Use the definite article the, to show a species or a category. (Folosiţi articolul
the pentru a desemna o specie sau o categorie):
40
13. Translate and then read the following dates using the article the. (Citiţi şi
traduceţi următoarele date, folosind articolul hotărât the).
14. Use the definite article the before the numerals to complete the sentences.
(Folosiţi articolul hotărât the înaintea numeralelor pentru a completa spaţiile
libere):
1. ………the first meridian of the world can be “seen” at Greenwich: it is just a steel
rail in the yard of the Observatory.
2. World War One (…….the first World War) and World War Two (……second
World War) meant awful periods in the history of the mankind.
3. Elisabeth I (…..first) was an important queen of England. She was the daughter of
Henry VIII. (….eight)
15. Complete the following sentences with your own ideas, observing that they
include groups of words in which was used the definite article. (Completaţi cu
propriile idei cele ce urmează, observând că includ grupuri de cuvinte în care s-a
folosit articolul hotărât):
………the day after tomorrow; ……..the day after yesterday; ……..all the year round;
……..the right time; ……..the time being; ……pass the time; ……..the street;…….the
bottom of the lake.
ARTICOLUL NEHOTĂRÂT
41
16. Fill in the following expressions. (Completaţi următoarele expresii):
18. Fill in the blanks with the indefinite article. (Completaţi spaţiile libere cu
articolul nehotărât):
42
19. Fill in the following sentences with names of professions using the indefinite
article before them. (Completaţi următoarele propoziţii cu nume de ocupaţii şi
profesii folosind articolul nehotărât înaintea lor):
20. Use the indefinite article instead of the numeral one in the following sentences.
(Folosiţi articolul nehotărât în locul numeralului one în următoarele propoziţii):
1. I have bought one doll and two teddy bears for my little nice.
2. My friend has bought one magazine for herself and three newspapers for her
family.
3. Fetch one knife and four carrots, please.
4. The painter has used several brushes for his oil color and one big palette.
21. Say which from the following sentences express truths and underline the
indefinite article. (Spuneţi care din următoarele propoziţii exprimă adevăruri şi
apoi subliniaţi articolele nehotărâte):
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3. You must take care not to break the dishes when washing up.
4. Many friends have gathered in that narrow room to dance.
5. Do you take a fancy to wear shorts in winter?
6. It is a pity not to attend a good concert.
7. They drove at a speed of 60 km. an hour.
8. You cannot kill many flies at a blow.
9. They were in a nice mood when they lost their way in the wood.
10. Yesterday a comet appeared all of a sudden.
11.We are in a hurry to eat all the chocolates we find in a box.
12.We cannot make a comparison between summer and winter.
22. Answer the following questions and explain the exceptions. (Răspundeţi al
următoarele întrebări şi explicaţi excepţiile):
44
2. Duminica uneori plecăm din oraş, în special primăvara şi toamna când vremea este
cât se poate de plăcută în ţara noastră.
3. Ne dorim să facem excursii lungi în zilele călduroase din iulie şi august.
4. Dar suntem gata să pornim către munţi în decembrie când este ger şi zăpada este
strălucitoare.9
UNIT IV
FOCUS: ADJECTIVUL
1. TEXT CU ADJECTIVUL
2. EXPLICAŢII GRAMATICALE
2.1. CLASIFICAREA ADJECTIVELOR
2.2. ORDINEA ADJECTIVELOR
2.3. ADJECTIVE ŞI ADVERBE
9
Mariana Ţăranu, Limba engleză………, Ed. Corint, Bucureşti, 2002, p. 23-26.
45
2.4. COMPARAŢIA ADJECTIVELOR
3. EXERCIŢII
46
v. = A deţine
Patient s. = 1. Pacient
adj. = 2. Răbdător
Philosopher s. = Filozof
Plant s. = Uzină
Power-station s. = Centrală electrică
Press-reporter s. = Reporter
Profession s. = Profesie
Research-work s. = Muncă de cercetare
Satisfaction s. = Satisfacţie
Science s. = Ştiinţă
Sculptor s. = Sculptor
To send sent sent v. = A trimite
Visit s. = Vizită
→ PHRASES:
→ TEXT:
Read and translate this text in Romanian. (Citiţi şi traduceţi acest text în
Română):
47
Maria: ‘Good-afternoon, everybody.’
Adrian: ‘Good-afternoon, Maria. You look very happy today.’
Maria: ‘Well, yes, I am. One of my patients paid me a visit today to thank me for the
care I gave him when he was in my hospital. He looked so healthy and strong again and
so joyful that it really made me happy.’
Liza: ‘You have a nice job, Maria. I think it is much nicer to be a doctor than everything
else.’
Maria: ‘Of course, I love my job very much, but I think it is also interesting to be an
engineer and build factories and bridges and power stations or big ships and airplanes.’
Alexandra: ‘When I was younger I thought that the most beautiful thing was to be a
cinema or theatre star. But, I can’t say that I don’t love my job, now. I write letters in
French, I type texts in Russian. Now, I am learning English. And I find it is very
satisfying to be able to read books in foreign languages.’
George: ‘I think the most interesting thing is to be a journalist, especially if you are sent
abroad as a press reporter.You can then learn everything about the whole world.’
Victor: ‘The nicest thing, I think, is to be a teacher. When you grow older you see
thousands of people around you who were taught by you and who owe something to
you.’
Eva: ‘As a teacher, I love my profession but I think there’s nothing which brings more
satisfaction in life than research work, which means your contribution to the development
of science.’10
2. EXPLICAŢII GRAMATICALE
10
Virgiliu Ştefănescu-Drăgăneşti, Adrian Nicolaescu, Victor Hanea, Limba Engleză Curs Practic, Ed. Ştiinţifică, Bucureşti,
pag. 270-271
48
Adjectivul din limba engleză se clasifică în:
ATENŢIE!
2. Adjectivele descriptive. Acest tip de adjective arată calităţile sau defectele unui
obiect sau ale unei persoane.
4. Adjectivele demonstrative: this, that, such, the same, the other, these, those, a,
an, any, a certain, such, some, another.
49
5. Adjective interogative: which, how, what, whose etc.
În cazul în care două sau mai multe adjective însoţesc un substantiv locul lor în
propoziţie este următorul:
Eg.: Many, interesting, new, all shaped, multicolored, silk cloths were sitted on chairs.
Eg.: In that room were five, beautiful, tall, young, international models.
Un alt lucru care trebuie reţinut este următorul: în limba engleză locul adjectivelor
în propoziţie poate depinde şi de forma adjectivelor. Mai precis, adjectivele scurte sunt
aşezate înaintea adjectivelor lungi.
50
Eg.: The book had an abrupt, unexpected ending.
ATENŢIE!
- adjectivele care intră în alcătuirea unor nume proprii pot să stea după
substantiv.
- când anumite cuvinte se temină în: - body, -one, thing adjectivul stă după.
51
Ele pot fi transformate în adverbe clasice dacă li se adaugă terminaţia –ly.
Eg.: John felt bad at the thought he abandoned his mates. (guilty)
After failing the examination she felt badly a whole week. (unhappy)
În cazul verbelor: be, become, taste, feel, look, smell, sound există anumite
diferenţe în folosirea lor ca adjective sau adverbe. Ele sunt folosite ca şi adjective atunci
când actiunea se referă la subiectul propoziţiei şi ca adverbe atunci când actiunea
propoziţei se referă la verb.
52
Ea este o fată frumoasă.
She is a beautiful girl.
1. GRADUL POZITIV
Arată forma obişnuită a unui adjectiv aşa cum se găseşte într-un dicţionar.
2. GRADUL COMPARATIV
Compară calităţile sau defectele a două sau mai multe adjective la diverse grade. În
limba engleză există două tipuri de comparaţie:
A. Comparaţia scurtă
B. Comparaţia lungă
53
big – bigger – the biggest = mare
short – shorter –the shortest = scurt, scund
happy – happier –the happiest = fericit
ATENŢIE!
3. Adjectivele terminate în –e sau –ee pierd e final înaintea lui –er sau –est.
4. Există unele adjective care au fie numai comparaţie scurtă sau numai comparaţie
lungă. Adjective ca: fit, huge, calm, just, keen, kind, plain rare, stiff, vague etc. se
compară în mod scurt în timp ce adjectivele de genul active, civil, common, hostile,
constant, prudent, pleasant or sudden preferă comparaţia lungă. Tot în această ultimă
categorie se încadrează şi adjective de tipul: carefull şi different.
54
► Comparativul de inferioritate
► Comparativul de egalitate
► Comparativul de superioritate
3. GRADUL SUPERLATIV
Gradul superlativ se formează în funcţie de numărul de silabe din care este alcătuit
adjectivul.
55
cheap – the cheapest
long – the longest
Adjectivele formate din două sau mai multe silabe sunt precedate de the most.
Când primul element este un adjectiv care îşi păstrează sensul acesta se schimbă la
comparativ şi superlativ:
Când cele două elemente formează un tot din punct de vedere al sensului,
comparaţia se realizează cu more şi the most.
Există în limba engleză o categorie specială de adjective care nu formează gradele de
comparaţie ca restul adjectivelor. Acest tip de comparaţie poartă numele de comparaţie
neregulată a adjectivelor. Acestea sunt:
56
►far – further – the furthest = departe (în spaţiu şi timp)
►old – older – the oldest = bătrân, în vârstă (folosit pentru fiinţe şi lucruri)
►old – elder – the eldest = bătrân (folosit pentru fiinţe, în contexte ce sugerează gradul
de rudenie)
3. EXERCIŢII (EXERCISES):
1. Put the adjectives in brackets in the correct order. (Puneţi adjectivele din
paranteză în ordinea corectă):
57
17.I’m looking for……….clock radio. (white, a, Taiwanese, cheap, for my bedside
table)
18.The car he drives is……..sports car. (well-maintained, second-hand, a, with a low
2mileage)
19.I have in my dining room …..dining-table (well-plished, beautiful, the, antique,
mahogany, English) I bought from John.
20.I lost…….trainers (canvas, American, a pair of, grey and red, which I use for
jogging)
21.We live in a…….cottage (stone build, small, old, country)
22.I’m going to buy a…..dress (cotton, summer, pink and white, for my holiday)11
11
Mihai M. Zdrenghea, Anca L. Greere, A Practical English Gramar with exercises, Ed. Clusium, 1999, Cluj-Napoca, pag.
91
58
14.Boxers are not allowed to hit…..(low, lowly)
15.His position is……..(low, lowly)
16.That was……..a good attempt. (pretty, prettily)
17. I’ll sell you the car ……(cheap, cheaply)
18.Send this letter…..(express, expressly)
19.You played me……..; you shall pay for it. (false, falsely)
20.I did not; you accused me …..(false, falsely)
21.I got off first in the race but managed to come…..(last, lastly)
22.And,…..I’d like to thank all those who helped me. (last, lastly)
23.We’ve been receiveing a lot of junk mail……(late, lately)
24.I don’t think you’ve been treated very….. (just, justly)
25.I……fell off the edge of the platform! (near, nearly)12
3. Using the expression as………..as to indicate the quality, translate into English
the following sentences. (Folosind expresia as……..as pentru a indica egalitatea
traduceţi în limba engleză următoarele propoziţii):
12
Mihai M. Zdrenghea, Anca L. Greere, A Practical English Gramar with exercises, Ed. Clusium, 1999, Cluj-Napoca, pag.
102
59
a. A poplar is (tall than an apple-tree).
b. Peonies are (big) than roses.
c. A garden with flower-beds is (nice) than a simple lawn.
d. Gardening is (easy) than agriculture.
e. Which is (tall) column in London?
f. Which is (merry) English song you know?
g. Are sunflowers the (big) flowers growing in Romania?
h. Diamonds are (expensive) than rubies.
60
Eg.: determined-more determined-the most determined
1. Lucrarea lui Tom a fost mai puţin interesantă decât cea a lui Victor.
2. Poate că a fost cea mai puţin interesantă dintre toate lucrările.
3. Luna este mai puţin interesantă decât pământul.
4. Muntele Omul este mai înalt decât muntele Ceahlău.
5. Oltul este unul dintre cele mai lungi râuri din România.
6. Arcul de Triumf din Bucureşti este mare, dar nu tot atât de mare ca cel din Paris.
7. Muntele Retezat este unul dintre cei mai înalţi munţi din ţara noastră.
8. Oltul este mai lung decât Prahova.
9. Dunărea este mai puţin adâncă decât Marea Neagră.
8. Put the following words in the necessary order. (Puneţi cuvinte următoare în
ordine):
1. More than beautiful Our and garden than is their larger garden.
2. That more interesting meci than was the shorter other one but.
3. And more lasting That pair of shoes than her sister’s she bought was cheaper.
4. The T-shirts thinner worn by than were their teams and our more expensive.
61
2. Pussy seems the milder of our cats.
3. Peter is the more skillful of the two sculptors.13
10. Read the following text and notice the use of the comparative of equality.
(Citiţi următorul text şi observaţi folosirea comparativului de egalitate):
13
Mariana Ţăranu, Limba Engleză, Sinteză Gramaticală completă prin enunţuri şi exerciţii, Ed. Corint, Bucureşti, 2002, p.
59-64.
62
As dull as the dishwater – as bright as a button.
As generous as the day is long – as greedy as a glutton.
11. Give the comparative of superiority to the following adjectives. (Spuneţi care
este comparativul de superioritate al următoarelor adjective):
Sweet; lazy; fond; unhappy; clumsy; good; bad; old; far; fresh.
12. Give the comparative of inferiority for the following adjectives. (Spuneţi
care este comparativul de inferioritate al următoarelor adjective):
Rapid; little; interesting; cold; tall; clever; intelligent; far; ill; quick.
13. Give the superlative to the following adjectives. (Spuneţi care este superlativul
următoarelor adjective):
Amazing; old; near; little; high; quick; captivating; obsolete; good; fast.
14. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms (comparative or superlative) of the
adjective in brackets:
63
15. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms (comparative or superlative) of the
adjective in brackets:
14
Olea Ciuciuc, Eugenia Tănăsescu, Curs de Engleză Generală, Ed. Teora, Bucureşti, p.131-132.
64
UNIT V
FOCUS: ADVERBUL
1: TEXT CU ADVERBUL
2: EXPLICAŢII GRAMATICALE
2.1. TIPURI DE ADVERBE
2.2. FORMA ADVERBELOR
2.3. COMPARATIA ADVERBELOR
3: EXERCIŢII
65
Tram s. = Tramvai Crossing s. = Intersectie
To stand v. = A sta in picioare To carry v. = A transporta
Noise s. = Zgomot To move on v. = A se deplasa
A merge mai departe
Suddenly adv. = Brusc Rails s. = Sine
To cross v. = A traversa Useful adv. = Folositor
Wheel s. = Roata To remember v. = A-şi aduce aminte
To go off v. = A deraia
→ PHRASES:
→ TEXT:
Read and translate this text in Romanian. Identify the adverbs in the
following text. (Citiţi şi traduceţi acest text în română. Identificaţi adverbele în
textul de mai jos):
Once a tram, a trolley-bus, a car and a bycicle met at crossing. As they were
waiting for the green light, they began to talk.
66
The car said to the bycicle, ´Why do people use you? You are so slow! When you
do not move you cannot stand – you fall on your side. I have four wheels and I move very
quickly and I can carry not one man, but five. I am more useful than you.´
´It depends on when and where´, said the little bycicle.
Then the tram began to speak.
´I am more useful than you´ it said to the car. ´You can carry five people and I can
carry more than one hundred. I am more useful than you.´
´It depends on when and where´, said the bycicle again.
Then the trolley-bus spoke.
´I think I am more useful´, said the trolley-bus to the tram. ´You make so much
noise! I am better than you.´
´It depends on when and where´, said the bycicle for the third time.
At that time they saw a green light. They began to move. They wanted to see which
of them was the quickest. Soon the bycicle fell behind. The other three moved on, but as
the tram and the trolley-bus had to stop, they fell behind the car too.
Then suddenly the tram went of the trails and had to stop.
And the trolley-bus said to the train, ´I hink you will stay here for a long time. I do
not need any rails. Good-bye!´ And it ran on. But soon it came to its last stop and had to
go back.
At that time the car was moving very quickly. It came to a place were there was a
bridge across a river. But some men were repairing the bridge and the car had to look for
a place to cross the river. When it came to a village on the other side of the river, it saw
the the bycicle there.
´How did you cross the river?´ asked the car.
The men who were repairing the bridge left a little place for me to cross the river.
And so here I am. Do you remember what I said? It depends upon when and where.´15
15
Monica Milcoveanu, Engleza Rapida, Ed. Steaua Nordului, Bucuresti, 2008, pag. 157-158
67
2. EXPLICAŢII GRAMATICALE
Ca şi în limba română, adverbul din limba engleză este partea de vorbire care
determină, în principal, un verb şi care arată caracteristicile unei acţiuni, mai precis locul,
timpul sau modul în care se desfăşoara acţiunea.
Există totuşi şi cazuri în care adverbele modifică sensul adjectivelor, altor adverbe,
substantivelor sau chiar a unor propoziţii:
Este unul dintre cele mai cunoscute şi mai des folosite adverbe datorită terminaţiei
–ly. Această terminaţie a devenit de altfel marca adverbului din limba engleză.
68
Adverbul de mod aşa cum îi arată şi denumirea arată modul în care se desfăşoară o
acţiune şi răspunde la întrebarea: how?
Adverbe de mod care arată sentimentele persoanei care face acţiunea: angrily,
bitterly, oldly, calmly, cherfully, furiously, gladly, gloomly, greatfully, hapilly,
impatiently, miserably.
69
Acest tip de adverbe oferă informaţii despre locul în care are loc acţiunea dar şi
despre direcţia sau destinaţia acesteia. Adverbele de loc răspund la întrebările: where?
where to? from where? which way? etc.
Adverbe de loc care arată locaţia: abroad, ahead, anywhere, around, ashore,
away, downstairs, upstairs, everywhere, here, there, inland, midway, nearly, nowhere etc.
Adverbe de loc care arată destinaţia: ashore, home, inside, near, next door,
outside etc.
Adverbe de loc care arată direcţia: ahead, along, back, backwards, forward, left,
clockwise, east, north, south, west etc.
70
ATENŢIE!
Atunci când ne referim la adverbe de timp exacte indicatorii de timp sunt zilele,
lunile sau anii: yesterday, today, tomorrow, Sunday, Wensday, in 1980, last week sau
anumite momente ale zilei, evenimente concrete din an ca: at noon, in the afternoon,
in the evening, at luch, at dawn, at night, on Christmas, on Easter, on New Year’s Eve
etc.
ATENŢIE!
71
TIMP + ZI + DATĂ + AN
Eg.: Our group will still meet at 12 o’clock sharp, on Sunday, August 22nd 2009.
You have an appointment with our project manager at 8 o’clock, Monday
morning, July 4th 2009.
Există în limba engleză un adverb de timp des folosit şi anume ago. Acest adverb
are formă de trecut dar el indică întotdeauna o acţiune prezentă şi mai mult trebuie însoţit
de repere temporare.
Dacă vrem subliniem faptul că acţiunea a avut loc în trecut, ago trebuie înlocuit
cu before.
Alte adverbe de timp des folosite în limba engleză sunt: all day long, any more,
no longer, briefly, forever, over night. Există şi expresii adverbiale de tipul: after, before,
during, for, from....to...., in, since, until etc.
În limba engleză adverbul for indică în general lungimea de timp a unei acţiuni.
Dar există şi situaţiile în care vrem să subliniem într-un mod oarecum exagerat că această
acţiune a durat prea mult.
72
Eg.: I waited you for ages!
Your studies lasted four years!
Dacă acţiunea nu este definită clar din punct de vedere temporar se folosesc
adverbe ca: about, almost, around, more than, nearly etc.
Acest tip de adverbe arată cât de des sau de rar are loc o acţiune: often, seldom,
rarely, never, ever etc.
73
A. Adverbe de frecvenţă bine definite sunt acel tip de adverbe care indică timpul
concret al unei acţiuni: daily, nightly, monthly etc. În general, acest tip de adverbe este
aşezat la sfârşitul propoziţiei.
Locul adverbelor de frecvenţă indefinite este după verbul to be ori după alte
timpuri verbale. Există totuşi anumite adverbe de frecvenţă care sunt aşezate la
începutul propoziţiei pentru a sublinia ceva. Acestea sunt: never, ever, in no
circumstances, only by, only when etc
Aceste adverbe arată opinia cuiva despre un anumit eveniment de care a auzit sau
la care a participat. Aceste adverbe pot avea grade diferite de intensitate.
74
a. Siguranţa sau incertitudinea în legătură cu un eveniment: certainly, clearly,
definitely, evidently, maybe, perhaps, probably, really etc.
75
Adverbele interogative sunt folosite în general în întrebări privind circumstanţele
unui eveniment. Aceste adverbe sunt: where? when? why? how?
Din punct de vedere al formei adverbele din limba engleză pot fi:
a. Cuvinte simple sau compuse: here, soon, then, when, how, abroad, anywhere,
somewhere, well etc.
76
Eg.: He moved the box slowly.
She felt badly about what happened.
He informed briefly his superior.
Her performance was beautifully.
Există şi excepţii de această regulă. De exemplu adjectivul true pierde e-ul final
atunci când terminaţia -ly este adăugată. Aceeaşi situaţie se aplică şi în cazul adjectivului
whole – wholly.
77
Eg.: It was a beautifully interpreted play.
You finally came!
ATENŢIE!
1. bright/brightly
2. dear/dearly
3. fair/fairly
78
Eg.: This story was fair/fairly true.
2. deep/deeply: deep = adânc din punct de vedere literar cât şi figurat; deeply =
folosit figurat cu sensul „din toată inima/sufletul”
4. easy/easily: easy = înseamnă uşor dar este foarte des întâlnit în expresii de
tipul: take it easy; go easy; easily = cu uşurinţă
79
5. hard/hardly: hard = cu mare efort; cu mare atenţie; hardly = de-abia; puţin
probabil
A. COMPARAŢIA SCURTĂ
80
ADVERBUL: LATE
B. COMPARAŢIA LUNGĂ
ADVERBUL: FLUENTLY
Gradul pozitiv: He speaks fluently severeal foreign languages.
Gradul compartiv de superioritate: This candidate speaks more fluently
than others.
de egalitate: English is spoken as fluently as French today.
de inferioritate: Her brother speaks less fluently than
his sister.
Gradul superlativ: For an outsider you speak German very well.
3. EXERCIŢII
81
4. My name is .....on the list.
5. He made a .....move and got up.
6. Do your......to try and help him.
7. They performed in a .......manner.
8. She is a .........teacher, all children take her.
16
Mihai M. Zdrenghea, Anca L. Greere, A Practical English Grammar with exercises, Ed. Clusium, Cluj, 1999, pag. 470-471
82
3. Formaţi adverbe de la următoarele adjective. (Form adverbs from the
following adjectives):
Abrupt, aimless; anxious; attentive; bitter; brave; cautious; confortable; coward; early;
efficient; equal; fast; fatal; frearless; friendly; glad; good; hard; hopeful; humble;
immediate; kind; late; lively; lovely; loyal; long; lucky, mental; merry, motherly; near;
noble; noisy; patient; poor; proud; right; scornful; sensible; silly; simple; skilful; steady;
straight; sudden; suitable; sweet; terrible; truthful; wrong.
83
5. Folosiţi un adverb în răspunsul vostru, ca în model. (Use an adverb in your
response, as shown):
6. Write these sentences again. Put the words in brackets in the right place.
(Citiţi propoziţiile din nou. Puneţi cuvintele din paranteză la locul potrivit.):
84
1. He rightly refers his success to the good training he has had.
2. I am afraid the new machine does not work right.
3. Did I guess wrong or right?
4. He directed me wrongly.
5. The aeroplane flew high over the ocean.
6. A computer is a highly complicated piece of machinery.
7. This book of English grammar and exercises is for students at a fairly advanced
students.
8. A sportsman should always play fair.
9. We were sitting close to the door.
10. She resembles her mother closely.
11. The delegation arrived late in this evening.
12. I have not been to the theatre lately.
13. This is just what I wanted.
14. Just listen to him.
15. He may be justly proud of his succes.
16. Do not go far away; stay somewere near.
17. We have nearly run out of potatoes.
18. The gate was wide opened.
19. The two parties differ widely in opinion.
20. The carstopped short only some inches from the pedestrian.
21. I met him shortly.
22. His lecture will begin at ten o’clock sharp.
23. The road turns sharp(ly) to the right.
24. He drove his car clear of the blazing petrol.
25.It is clearly impossible to talk him out of his plans.
26. She was sleeping sound(ly) on the couch.
85
27. Last week Dinamo were soundly beaten by Steaua.
28. He worked hard over the weekend.
29.They can hardly expect me to do all that work in one week.
30. Do not speak so fast.
31. Many people should eat and drink less.
8. Supply the correct forms of the adverbs in brackets. (Spuneţi care sunt
formele corecte ale adverbelor din paranteză):
17
Monica Visan, Metoda rapida de invatare a gramaticii limbii engleze, Ed. Viitorul Romanesc, Bucuresti, pag. 115-116
86
UNIT VI
PART I
FOCUS: 1.3. VERBELE MODALE
1.3.1: TEXTE CU VERBELE MODALE
1.3.2: EXPLICAŢII GRAMATICALE
1.3.2.1 INTRODUCERE
1.3.2.2 CAN, MUST, MAY
1.3.2.3 ALTE VERBE MODALE
1.3.3: EXERCIŢII
87
nehot (o) altă greutate
To ask for v. = A cere To feel v. = A simţi
Aunt s. = Mătuşă Gentleman s. = Domn
Auntie s. = Mătuşică Interesting adj. = Interesant
Behind prep. = În spatele, Joke s. = Glumă
îndărătul
Can v. = A putea, Lady s. = Doamnă
a fi în stare de
To change v. = A (se) schimba To leave s. = A lăsa
To come v. = A merge Madam s. = Doamnă
along împreună (numai la V.)
May v. = 1. a putea Phrase s. = Expresie
a avea voie
2. a fi posibil
To mean v. = 1. A avea Polite adj. = Politicos
înţeles de
2. A însemna
To mind v. = A da atenţie la; To strike v. = A bate
a-i păsa de
Mine pron. = Al meu, a mea, Time s. = Timp
pos. ai mei,
ale mele
Must v. = A trebui; Tomorrow adv. = Mâine
a fi necesar
Nephew s. = Nepot To want v. = A vrea
(de unchi /
mătuşă)
Next adj. = Următor; Without prep = Fără
88
următoare
Non- s. = Nefumător The other adj. Celălalt, cealaltă,
smoker nehot = Ceilalţi, celelalte
Permission s. = Permisiune
→ PHRASES:
→ TEXT:
Read and translate this text in Romanian. (Citiţi şi traduceţi acest text în
Română):
89
ADRIAN: Yes, you’re right. Well, then: May I smoke here?
EVA: What do the ladies say?
ALL THE OTHER LADIES: Yes, he may.
ADRIAN: Thank you, ladies, very much.
DAN: “Ladies and gentlemen” is the complete phrase.
ADRIAN: Must I also ask for permission from the gentlemen?
DAN: Of course you must, if you want to be polite. There may be non-smokers among
them, too. So you mustn’t smoke without their permission. But you have their
permission, so you may smoke.
ADRIAN: Thank you, ladies and gentlemen.
GEORGE: May I open the window behind you Alexandra? I don’t like cigarette smoke.
ALEXANDRA: Yes, you may. But in this case I think I want to change my place.
PAUL: You can change it with mine if you like. I don’t mind an open window behind
me.
MARIA: I say, Victor, tell your sister she can come and see me tomorrow evening. I have
an interesting English book to show her.
VICTOR: May I come along with her? You know I am very much interested in English
books.
MARIA: Certainly you may. It’s a pleasure.
EVA: Now, friends, I think we must have a dictation today. You cannot only speak here.
From time to time you must also write. All of you may not like it but we must do this too.
Our teacher wants us to do it.
ADRIAN: Can’t we leave it for the next time? I feel I can’t dictation today.
LIZA: You mustn’t say that Adrian. I am sure you can do a very good dictation, as usual.
You may be a little tired today because we know you work very hard, but we are sure you
can do it all right.
EVA: All right then. Let us begin. Dictation.
90
(Everybody begins to write.)18
1.3.2.1 INTRODUCERE
18
Virgiliu Ştefănescu-Drăgăneşti, Adrian Nicolaescu, Victor Hanea, Limba Engleză Curs Practic, Ed. Ştiinţifică, Bucureşti,
pag. 142-143
91
Spre deosebire de alte categorii de verbe din limba engleză, verbele modale nu apar
niciodată însoţite de aceasta.
ATENŢIE!
În limba română pot exista mai multe negaţii în aceeaşi propoziţie, în schimb, în
limba engleză, nu se poate folosi decât o singură negaţie în propoziţie: “I tell you
nothing”, „They can’t say anything.”
92
Ex.: You must not say a word.
You may not like it.
5. verbele modale sunt defective. Acest lucru presupune lipsa anumitor forme
pentru timpuri trecute sau viitoare.
În general, forma de bază a verbelor modale: can, must sau may este folosită
numai pentru timpul prezent. Atunci când aceste forme trebuie folosite la alte timpuri
verbale cum ar fi trecut sau viitor, ele sunt înlocuite de anumite construcţii verbale care
prin alcătuirea lor permit această trecere. Aceste construcţii verbale poartă numele de
echivalenţi modali şi ei sunt:
CAN – TO BE ABLE TO
MUST – HAVE TO
MAY – BE ALLOWED TO / BE PERMITTED TO
ATENŢIE!
Formele could, might, would, should sugerează o atitudine mai reţinută din partea
vorbitorului, o formă politicoasă de a exprima ceva, fiindcă sunt mai puţin directe în
propoziţiile interogative şi atunci când adresăm invitaţii.
93
A. CAN – COULD:
Acest verb modal este unul dintre cele mai des folosite în limba engleză şi se
traduce prin: a putea, a fi în stare de, a şti, a se pricepe la.
În limba engleză verbul modal can este asociat cu verbul modal may, amândouă
indicând acelaşi lucruri. Diferă numai exprimarea şi gradul de incertitudine. De exemplu:
94
- Forma CAN este cea a modului Indicativ.
- Forma de negativ a lui CAN variază în funcţie de engleza britanică sau cea
americană. În cea britanică este folosită forma CANNOT în timp ce în cea
americană este mai des întâlnită forma despărţită CAN NOT.
- Forma COULD este o formă de trecut şi are ca formă de negativ COULD NOT.
EXCEPŢIE!
CAN exprimă capacitatea fizică sau intelectuală de efectuare a unei acţiuni prin
urmare este însoţit mereu de verbe de percepţie fizică cum ar fi: feel, hear, notice,
perceive, see, smell, taste and touch sau mintală: believe, forget, imagine, recall,
remember, think etc.
Can mai poate fi folosit şi cu verbe de tipul guess, tell, see sau know
95
sau de verbele get, become sau seem folosite mai ales în avertismente.
Aşa cum am mai spus forma can este folosită numai la timpul Prezent. Atunci cand
acţiunea a avut loc în trecut sau va avea loc în viitor aceasta formă nu mai poate fi
folosită deoarece nu arată aceste transformări. În această situaţie, can trebuie înlocuit cu o
construcţie care să reflecte acest lucru.
Dacă acţiunea a avut loc în trecut există două moduri de a exprima acest lucru:
Acţiunea a avut loc într-un trecut foarte aproape de momentul vorbirii. În
acest caz, este folosită forma COULD.
Acţiunea a avut loc într-un trecut mai îndepărtat. Prin urmare, se foloseşte
echivalentul modal al lui can to be able to. Trebuie reţinut faptul că folosirea acestui
echivalent modal este determinată de existenţa unor intervale de timp concrete cum ar fi:
yesterday, for an hour, at 8 o’clock etc.
96
We were able to skate for an hour.
I could skate when I was a child.
Dacă acţiunea va avea loc în viitor can va fi înlocuit cu will able to.
- verbul CAN este adeseori folosit în locul verbului MAY, în vorbirea familiară, pentru a
exprima cerea, refuzul sau acordarea permisiunii sau pentru idea de a-i fi permis ceva
cuiva.
- exprimă o posibilitate, mai precis realizarea unei acţiuni care depinde de anumite
înprejurări concrete.
97
Eg.: She could have helped me.
(But she didn’t)
2. COULD este forma de trecut a lui can şi are aceeaşi formă pentru toate persoanele
la Indicativ şi Condiţional. Când este urmat de Infinitivul simplu se traduce prin: putea,
ştia, era în stare de.
- Formulele CAN şi COULD sunt mai uzuale în vorbire în timp ce BE ABLE TO sună
formal.
I can guess what you want to say.
I can tell from this moment that the plan will not work.
98
1.3.3 EXERCIŢII
99
1. ……………..you stand on your heady? Yes, I…………..when I was at school,
I…………now.
2. When I have passed my driving test, I …………………..hire a car from our local
garage.
3. At the end of the month the Post Office will send him an enormous bill which
he…….not pay.
4. I ………..remember the address. …………..you not even remember the street?
5. When the fog lifts, we…………. see where we are.
6. You’ve put too much in your rucksack; you never ………..carry all that.
7. When I was a child I ………(not) understand adults, and now that I am an adult
I……….(not) understand children.
8. Don’t try to look at all the pictures in the gallery. Otherwise when you get home you…
not….remember any of them.
9. When I first went to France, I …….read French, but I …….(not) speak it.
10. ……..you type? Yes, I……type but I ……do shorthand.
11. I’m locked in. I………get out.
12. I think I………come next week. I am very busy these days.
100
7. What……….you buy if you have no money? You….buy anything.
8. ………..you see her face? No, I ……..see her face.
9. ……. you see the clock? It’s over the door. What time is it?
10. Everybody……..fall ill.
11. John…….write because he has ink, paper and pen.
12. ………..we send a letter without a stamp on the envelope? No, we……..
13. This man………..see; he’s blind.
14. It was a long time ago; I…….remember it now.
15. Blind men…….see. They…..see anything.
16. Deaf men…..hear. They…..hear anything.
17. I……do all the exercises as they’re quite easy.
18. I……forget our walking along the river on that wonderful evening.
19. ……you taste anything particular in the soup? No, I……
20. I…..smell something burning.
4. În propoziţiile care urmează, folosiţi CAN sau CAN’T împreună cu unul dintre
aceste verbe: hear, look, read, see, understand, walk. (In the following sentences use
CAN or CAN’T with one of these verbs: hear, look, read, see, understand, walk):
101
10. My father has marvelous eyes; he…………….the tiniest details.
a. Must cu aceeaşi formă la toate persoanele, are valoare de Indicativ prezent şi viitor
în funcţie de adverbul de timp care îl însoţeşte.
- Must exprimă o obligaţie sau o concluzie logică şi se traduce prin a trebui să.
- Antonimul lui MUST este NEEDN’T des folosit în engleza britanică sau DON’T
NEED TO care este caracteristic englezei americane. Ambele exprimă absenţa
obligaţiei şi se traduc prin: nu trebuie să, nu este nevoie/necesar să. Cu ajutorul acestor
forme se formulează deducţii negative.
3. verbul must este des utilizat în articole de lege, regulamente etc. pentru a exprima
obligativitatea respectării lor. Forma negativă exprimă interdicţia.
Eg.: „All the citizens of Romania must comply with the laws as derived from the
ratified Constitution.”
„Pedestrians must not cross the street when the traffic light is red.”
103
5. Must mai exprimă reproşul faţă de o acţiune din prezent, exprimat prin forma
interogativă:
7. exprimă invitaţii cu caracter formal sau oferte în situaţia de gazdă sau musafir:
Must – puternic accentuat este folosit în engleza britanică pentru a exprima ceea ce
trebuie neapărat făcut şi se regăseşte sub forma unei recomandări sau a unui sfat ferm
adresat subiectului propoziţiei.
2. NEED
Need are un regim mai special în limba engleză deoarece este doar un verb semi-
modal. Această denumire se referă la faptul că există două aspecte ale acestui verb: unul
de verb obişnuit – to need (a avea nevoie de, a-i fi necesar, a-i trebui) – şi unul modal,
des întâlnit în engleza britanică, folosit numai în propoziţiile negative şi interogative.
104
Do you need anything before I leave?
ATENŢIE!
- Forma negativă, needn’t poate fi urmată doar de un verb la infinitiv: NEEDN’T DO. Ea
exprimă absenţa necesităţii şi reflectă doar opinia vorbitorului.
- NEED este folosit pentru a exprima absenţa necesităţii efectuării unei acţiuni mai ales
la forma negativă şi se traduce prin „nu e nevoie”, „nu e cazul”:
105
1.3.3 EXRCIŢII
106
6. I (run) to school because I was late.
7. I (go) to an important meeting yesterday.
8. You (show) your passport when reached the border?
9. I (pay) in cash next week, or can I give you a card?
10. I want to be an airline pilot. What qualifications you (have) to be a pilot?
11. You (not/decide) today. You can tell me tomorrow.
12. I arrived late yesterday because I (wait) a long time for the bus.
13. We (work) on Saturday mornings. That’s our job.
14. Tim (do) some washing-up today; it’s his turn to help the kitchen.
15. I’m not content with my present results. I (work) harder from now on.
107
5. Transformaţi propoziţiile de la exerciţiul numărul 3 în propoziţii negative
folosind forma needn’t. (Make negative sentences from exercise 3 using need not). 20
UNIT VI (CONTINUARE)
PART II
FOCUS: 1.3. VERBELE MODALE
1.3.1: TEXTE CU VERBELE MODALE
1.3.2: EXPLICAŢII GRAMATICALE
1.3.2.2 CONTINUARE: MAY
1.3.2.3 ALTE VERBE MODALE
1.3.3: EXERCIŢII
109
următoare
Non- s. = Nefumător The other adj. Celălalt,
smoker nehot = cealaltă,
Ceilalţi,
celelalte
Permission s. = Permisiune
→ PHRASES:
→ TEXT:
Read and translate this text in Romanian. (Citiţi şi traduceţi acest text în
Română):
110
EVA: You mean “may I smoke here”?
ADRIAN: Yes, you’re right. Well, then: May I smoke here?
EVA: What do the ladies say?
ALL THE OTHER LADIES: Yes, he may.
ADRIAN: Thank you, ladies, very much.
DAN: “Ladies and gentlemen” is the complete phrase.
ADRIAN: Must I also ask for permission from the gentlemen?
DAN: Of course you must, if you want to be polite. There may be non-smokers among
them, too. So you mustn’t smoke without their permission. But you have their
permission, so you may smoke.
ADRIAN: Thank you, ladies and gentlemen.
GEORGE: May I open the window behind you Alexandra? I don’t like cigarette smoke.
ALEXANDRA: Yes, you may. But in this case I think I want to change my place.
PAUL: You can change it with mine if you like. I don’t mind an open window behind
me.
MARIA: I say, Victor, tell your sister she can come and see me tomorrow evening. I have
an interesting English book to show her.
VICTOR: May I come along with her? You know I am very much interested in English
books.
MARIA: Certainly you may. It’s a pleasure.
EVA: Now, friends, I think we must have a dictation today. You cannot only speak here.
From time to time you must also write. All of you may not like it but we must do this,
too. Our teacher wants us to do it.
ADRIAN: Can’t we leave it for the next time? I feel I can’t dictation today.
LIZA: You mustn’t say that Adrian. I am sure you can do a very good dictation, as usual.
You may be a little tired today because we know you work very hard, but we are sure you
can do it all right.
EVA: All right then. Let us begin. Dictation.
111
(Everybody begins to write.) 21
MAY/MIGHT exprimă:
MAY
1. cererea sau acordarea permisiunii într-o formă mai oficială decât CAN:
112
- folosirea lui might cu acelaşi sens indică un grad mai mare de nesiguranţă:
3. exprimă posibilitatea:
MIGHT
2. exprimarea unei cereri insistente sau atunci când vorbitorul este iritat de
neîndeplinirea unei acţiuni trecute:
EXERCIŢII:
1. Completaţi spaţiile libere cu may sau can. (Fill in the blanks with may or can):
113
1. It………..rain in the afternoon; you’d better take an umbrella.
2. Bob…….be sleeping now; let’s not disturb him.
3. If we are waiving him, he……give us a lift.
4. Diana…..swim very well.
5. You…….catch a cold if you’re going out in the rain; it’s already autumn.
6. Her daughter …….be three or four, I don’t know for sure.
7. Do you know where I………..find a drugstore?
8. We …..find mum when we get there.
9. She…..pass the examination; she has worked hard all the summer.
10. She…..pass the examination, but we doubt about it.
11. Tom isn’t going to eat it; I………well give it to the dog.
12. Nobody knows how people first came to these islands. They…….have sailed from
South America on rafts.
13. ………..you tell me if there are any letters for me this morning?
14. If we ………give him a blood transfusion, we…….be able to save his life.
15. He………..have got to the station by now.
16. Everybody……..be taken ill.
17. Everybody………be ill, not only these two boys, if they ate the same cake.
18. Anyone………learn English if he/she tries hard enough.
19. John………be at the races this afternoon.
20. Jane……….not like the color. No, she……not.
2. Completaţi spaţiile goale folosind might sau might not şi verbele din paranteză.
(Complete these sentences, using might or might not and the verbs in brackets):
1. I …… (buy) her this doll for her birthday party. She likes dolls.
2. Take the jersey with you. It……….(be) cold tonight.
114
3. We……..(go) to Switzerland this winter, but we haven’t booked yet.
4. I……..(go) by car because there will be a lot of traffic.
5. They………(come) to the party this evening. They’re very busy. They have a lot of
things at home.
6. What are you going to do tonight? I’m not sure. I……..(stay) at home. I’m tired.
7. I know Helen is at school today. But I don’t know where she is at the moment. She…..
(be) at the gym, or she …..(be) in the chemistry lab.
8. Don’t worry to much about that mistake. It……(be) important.
9. I’ll try to change the time of my flight, but it …..(be) possible. The planes are often full
at this time of the year.
10. You …….(find) a good hotel if you go to the main street – there are lots of hotels
there.
115
4. Completaţi următoarele propoziţii cu may sau (not) be allowed to, folosind eu
sau noi, sau alte pronume personale. (Complete these sentences with may or (not) be
allowed to, using I or we, or other personal pronoun):
116
9. Nu intra încă s-ar putea să fie altcineva înăuntru.
10. De ce nu o asculţi? S-ar putea să spună adevărul.22
Atunci când este folosit ca verb modal, shall este caracteristic englezei britanice
mai ales la forma interogativă. Engleza americană preferă forma should I la toate
persoanele.
În general, atunci când se foloseşte forma shall I... se solicită sfaturi, dispoziţii
sau instrucţiuni etc.
Forma SHOULD este o formă de trecut şi este folosită de regulă cu verbe ca: like,
prefer, love, care, hate, prefer şi wish etc. Ea arată absenţa sau prezenţa necesităţii sau
obligaţiei. Ea este folosită în stilul formal al englezei britanice, în emisiunile postului
BBC, sau în sus-estul Angliei.
SHOULD poate apărea în construcţii de tipul: IF…..SHOULD (DO) arătând un
grad mai mare de improbabilitate.
O altă forma a lui SHOULD este aceea de verb modal şi arată necesitatea şi
obligaţia în formă de sfat sau recomandare.
Eg.: You should go there; you may actually have some fun.
If I should do this it might not came out as we planed.
118
WILL, WOULD
WILL este des folosit şi ca verb modal şi exprimă voinţă, refuz, hotărâre, comenzi,
promisiuni şi ameninţări, rugăminţi, invitaţii, obiceiuri etc.
WOULD este şi el folosit ca verb modal pentru a arăta dorinţa sau preferinţa cuiva
pentru ceva sau varinta pliticoasă de a solicita ceva.
119
Eg.: In the old days people would behave more politely then today.
2. The boy (…..not) reach the sweets because they were on a top shelf.
3. The singer (…..not) sing tomorrow because he had a cold.
4. I (………) stay in bed later as I didn’t go to work yesterday.
5. You (…….) easily recognize her; she has got blonde hair and blue eyes.
6. They (……) come right now; they have finished their work.
7. I (……..) smell something burning in the kitchen.
8. It was so cold outside I (…….not) walk the dog for more than 20 minutes.
9. Mozart (…….) play the piano when he was 5 years old.
120
2. Folosiţi „can” şi cereţi permisiunea. (Use “can” to ask for permission):
to go now.
to open the window.
to use Eurocard.
to get a traveler’s check.
to spend all the money on books.
to phone her.
121
To sell the week-end earlier last Monday
To look the old watch in the mountains
To use at the picture to get some money
5. Folosiţi forma „could” pentru a exprima o cerere politicoasă. (Use the form
could to ask something politely):
7. Folosiţi verbul modal „may” pentru a cere permisiunea. (Use the modal verb
„may” to ask for permission):
1. You enter a crowded cafeteria and see a vacant seat. Ask for permission to sit down.
2. You are late at a class and you want to come in. Ask for permission to come in.
3. You want to see a TV show and it is off. Ask for permission to see it again.
4. You want to take off your coat because it is too hot in that room. Ask for permission
to take off your coat.
122
5. You want too see a sweater that you intend to buy. Ask for permission to see a
sweater.
123
12. We’d better be early; there… (be) a crowd.
13. Don’t loose the dog – it….(bite) your guests.
14. His map….. (be) out of date.
15. I hope you…..(be) right.
16. She has refused, but she……..(change) her mind if you asked her again.
17. We…..(have) to stay here all night.
18. I saw them in the street but they didn’t stop to talk with me. They……(be) in a hurry.
19. Why did you swim in that river? It’s very dangerous ……(drown).
20. Don’t tease that dog. It…..(bite) you.
21. If you hurried, you …..(catch) the train.
22. If you had hurried indeed, you….(catch) the train.
124
10. Alcătuiţi propoziţii cu fiecare formă a verbului modal „may”. (Build up
sentences with each form of the modal verb “may”).
12. Cu următoarea listă de activităţi alcătuiţi propoziţii astfel încât ele să exprime
ceea ce trebuie să facem, ceea ce trebuie să nu facem sau pe care alţii nu sunt nevoiţi
să le facă. (Following is a list of activities. Some of them we MUST DO, some we
MUST NOT DO, and others we DON’T HAVE TO DO. Make appropriate
sentences for each of them):
125
2. enter the classroom after the lesson begins
We mustn’t enter the classroom after the lesson begins
3. leave the classroom during the breaks
We don’t have to leave the classroom during the breaks.
17. În fiecare din următoarele propoziţii cineva va face ceva. Întrebaţi dacă
persoana sau persoanele în cauză trebuie să facă acel lucru, aşteptând un răspuns
negativ şi dând un răspuns negativ. (În each of the following sentences somebody is
going to do something. Ask if the person or the persons concerned need do things,
expecting a negative reply and give a negative reply.)
126
3. Dan is going to eat pilaf. He doesn’t like rice.
4. Susan is going to invite Julia to a party although she doesn’t like her.
5. Barbara is going to wear an evening dress. All the other girls are wearing casual
dresses.
6. George is standing. There are enough chairs for everybody.
7. The boys are going to finish the exercise. They can finish it tomorrow, if they like.
8. Mother is going to wash the dishes. Alice can wash them later.
14. Alcătuiţi propoziţii folosind forma HAD TO. (Build up sentences using the
form HAD TO)
2. chop firewood.
3. fetch water
4. clean rooms
5. wash clothes
6. cook meals
7. make beds
127
5. Am putut ieşi în grădină după ce a stat ploaia.
6. Anul acesta am ore după amiază. În fiecare zi trebuie să fiu la şcoală la ora 12 fix.
7. Trebuie să merg la Braşov săptămâna viitoare.23
UNIT VII
FOCUS: TIMPURILE VERBALE
1. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE (PREZENTUL SIMPLU)
1.1: TEXT CU PREZENTUL SIMPLU
1.2: EXPLICAŢII GRAMATICALE
1.2.1 FOLOSIRE
1.2.2 FORMARE
1.3: EXERCIŢII
23
Ion Vlădoiu, Verbe modale englezeşti, Ed. AN-DA, Bucureşti pag 82 – 84; 127 – 129; 152 - 158
128
majoritate
Reader s. = Cititor Near adj. = Aproape
Like adv. = Ca To v. = A
be scattered fi împrăştiat
A fi răspândit
To set out v. = A porni Throughout prep = Printre
Search s. = Căutare To want v. = A vrea
To find v. = A găsi To look for v. = A căuta ceva
To v. = Ai displăcea To look for v. = A căuta ceva
be displeased
To know v. = A şti Certainly adv. = Cu siguranţă
To feel v. = A simţi Dream s. = Vis
Hope s. = Speranţă Somehow adv. = Cumva
Few adj. = Puţin
→ PHRASES:
→ TEXT:
129
Read and translate this text in Romanian. (Citiţi şi traduceţi acest text în
Română):
INDIANS OR AMERICANS
America is not just another country. It is a superpower but, in the same time, we
can speak about it in terms of its population centers, economic statistics, educational
systems, arts and crafts, politics and problems etc. Most readers, like most tourists, set
out in search of America wanting to find what they are looking for and are very
displeased with their guides if they don’t find it. We all know and feel that America – that
dream and that promise, those myths, legends and hopes – is somewhat different. The
very subject of America attracts opinions and judgments as no other country does.
The United States is one of the few countries that have no ‘official’ language or
languages. English is the common language by use but it is not the national language by
law. About 30 million Americans speak a language other than English at home. It is
estimated that some 20 million people in the United States may have some Indian blood.
However, only about 1,4 million people identify themselves as Indian (American
Indian, Eskimo, etc) in the 1980 census. Just over half of these live on or near federal
reservations. The rest is scattered throughout the population. No Indian has to stay in a
reservation. Less than 30 Indians were city residents in 1940 and today are over 700, 000.
Nineteen metropolitan areas have 5,000 or more Indians; the Los Angeles urban complex
has about 82,000.
Over 10 percent of the more than 200 Indian reservations have 5000 or more
Indians, the largest being the Navajo with some 166,000 Indians. Most of the 500 or so
tribes and groups recognized by US Government have few members. In only five states
(Alaska, Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma and South Dakota) Indians make more than
5% of the population.
All American Indians are citizens of the US.24
24
Olea Ciuciuc, Eugenia Tănăsescu, Curs de Engleză Generală, Ed. Teora, Bucureşti, p. 78
130
EXPLICAŢII GRAMATICALE
1.2.1 FOLOSIRE
Timpul Prezentul Simplu (The Simple Present Tense) este unul dintre cele mai
importante noţiuni de gramatică din limba engleză şi, prin urmare, va fi primul studiat în
acest suport de seminar.
În ceea ce priveşte timpurile verbale există o deosebire importantă între timpurile
verbale româneşti şi cele englezeşti: aspectul. Spre deosebire de timpurile verbale
româneşti, cele englezeşti au aspectul simplu şi continuu.
În limba engleză există următoarele timpuri verbale:
131
3. TIMPUL VIITOR (THE FUTURE TENSE)
Timpul Present Tense Simple exprimă o acţiune generală (mai precis obiceiuri,
evenimente sau fapte care se repetă urmând un anumit model) sau adevăruri general
valabile cum ar fi proverbe sau lucruri de necontestat. Adverbele care însoţesc de obicei
acest tip de prezent sunt: every day/month/year, always, usually, often, sometimes,
seldom, ever, never, once a day etc.
- comentarii sportive:
Eg.: The goal-keeper misses the ball and one more goal is scored.
- declaraţii:
132
Eg.: The army declares state of emergency in that state.
- titluri de ziare:
1.2.2 FORMARE
Din punct de vedere al formei, Prezentul Simplu este identic cu infinitivul scurt.
Ceea ce îl diferenţiază de alte timpuri verbale este terminaţia –s sau –es care se adaugă la
persoana a-III-a, nr. singular. Această terminaţie implică anumite schimbări în
structura verbului cum ar fi:
1. Verbele care se termină în –ss; -ch; -sh; -x adaugă terminaţia –es care se pronunţă
[iz]
Eg.: I go – he goes
I do – he does
133
3. Verbele care se termină în –y precedat de o consoană transformă y în i şi adaugă –
es care se pronunţă [z]:
În schimb, cele care se termină în y dar este precedat de o vocală adaugă numai un –s
şi se pronunţă [z]:
Acest timp verbal are trei forme: afirmativă, negativă şi interogativă. Formele
interogativă şi negativă au nevoie de verbul auxiliar to do pentru a se forma.
De exemplu, pentru a forma negativul se adaugă forma do sau does între subiect
şi forma de infinitiv scurt a verbului de conjugat şi negaţia not.
O altă subdiviziune a timpului Prezentul Simplu este Prezentul Istoric mai rar
folosit în limbajul de zi cu zi dar foarte des întâlnit în povestiri, prezentări istorice,
naraţiuni sau pentru a dramatiza o situaţie sau un eveniment:
134
Eg.: ‘To make England more prosperous, Elisabeth Tudor wants to find a peaceful
answer to the English Reformation. The Queen also encourages merchant expansion. She
recognizes Spain as her rival and enemy.’
Eg.: ‘The lord tells his butler to call him a taxi. The butler, who never contradicts his
master, says: Yes sir, you are a taxi.’
Activităţi programate oficial sau acţiuni care fac parte dintr-un program
stabilit pentru viitorul apropiat.
Eg.: The train for Liverpool leaves in five minutes. On July the 1st our school
organizes a trip to the Old Valley. The students who go on this trip have been told that
the coach leaves at 7 a.m. sharp.
ATENŢIE!
În limba engleză există anumite categorii de verbe care folosesc numai aspectul
simplu precum:
135
2. Verbe care se referă la capacităţi mintale: to think, to understand, to know, to
suppose, to realize, to remember, to
recollect, to recall, to forget,
to expect.
136
to consider – a crede, a considera:We consider your paper to be the best.
a se gândi: I’m considering to send you away as a
punishment for what you have done.
6. to taste – stare permanentă: I tasted his food and it is always too salty.
o acţiune temporară cu un anume scop: I’m tasting the baby’s
juice to see if it is sweet enough.
25
Ioana Maria Turai, Gramatica limbii engleze, Ed. Corint, Bucureşti, 2006
137
1.3 EXERCISES (EXERCISES):
1. Our children don’t play in the street. (usually – in the park not far from our house)
2. Mrs. Jones goes shopping on Tuesdays and Fridays. (seldom – at weekends)
3. As a rule, my parents leave for work at 7.30 a.m. (never – so early – on Saturday or
Sunday)
4. How often do you go on trips? (once a month)
5. Romanian families spend a lot of money on heating their homes in winter. (in
summer – any money)
6. People who live in the country keep their doors locked by night. (never – by day)
7. Do you ever go to work by taxi? (sometimes – when I’m late)
8. Children usually have a cup of milk for breakfast. (not – for lunch – as a rule)
9. Bill often rides his bike on his way to work in fine weather. (never – in rainy
weather)
10.Professor Johnson delivers a course on Public Health every Wednesday. (not – on
any other day)
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1. I am an engineer.
2. I am a graduate in Automatics.
3. I can speck two foreign languages, German and French.
4. This is the first job I am applying from.
5. I live in this town.
6. No, I am not married yet.
7. I have a driving license but I don’t have my own car.
8. I enjoy traveling so I am eager to represent the company’s interests wherever I
might be sent if I am offered the job.26
3. Put in the correct form of the Present Progressive. (Completaţi spaţiile libere
cu forma corectă a structurii Prezent Simplu):
4. Turn the following sentences into the question form and then into the negative
form. (Transformaţi următoarele propoziţii la interogativ şi negativ):
26
Ioana Maria Turai, Gramatica limbii engleze, Ed. Corint, Bucureşti, 2006
139
Model: The baby plays now.
Does the baby play now?
The baby does not play now.
5. Put in the correct form of the Present Tense Simple. (Completaţi spaţiile
libere cu forma corectă a timpului Prezentul Simplu):
27
Olea Ciuciuc, Eugenia Tanasescu, Curs de Engleza Generala, Ed. Teora, Bucuresti, 1998, pag. 75-76
140
6. Turn the following sentences into interrogative ones. (Transformaţi următoarele
propoziţii la interogativ):
7. Turn the following sentences into the negative form. (Treceţi următoarele
propoziţii la negative.)
141
7. Students work as hard as they should.
8. We generally eat more during the holiday.
8. Put the time expressions between the brackets in the right place. (Introduceţi
adverbele din paranteze la locul corespunzător):
142
9. Mie îmi plac traducerile pentru că mă ajută să-mi corectez greşelile.
10.Cum arată fiul lor?
11.Rochiile elegante se fac din mătase?
12.Cât este ora ? Este 4 şi un sfert. Ceasul dumneavoastră merge bine ? Nu ştiu. Cred
că este puţin înainte.
13.Ce se vede prin fereastra pe care vă uitaţi?
14.În spatele casei lor se află un bazin de înot.
15.Cum sunt zilele de vară din România?
16.Bărbatul care vorbeşte acum este vecinul meu.
17.Ea seamănă cu mama ei.
18.Când este aniversarea zilei dumneavoastră de naştere?
19.Plouă? Nu. Dar cred că o să plouă în curând.
20.Câţi ani sunt într-un secol?
21.Doamna din stânga mea citeşte ziarul în acest moment.
10. Read the following in the third person singular. Do not change the object if it
is plural. (Citiţi următoarele propoziţii la persoana a-III-a singular. Nu schimbaţi
subiectul propoziţiei dacă este la plural):
143
10.He finishes work at 6.00.
11.He lives beside the sea.
12.He bullies his sisters.
13. The stove heats the water.
14.She has cooked breakfast.
15.She carries a sleeping bad.
16.He usually believes you.
17.She dances in competitions.
18.You remember the address.
19.She plays chess very well.
20.He worries about her.
21.These thieves work at night.
22.He leaves home at 8.00 every day.
23.Ann arranges everything.
24.She agrees with you.
25.Their dog barks at night.
26.Their neighbors often complain.
27.Tom enjoys driving at night.
28.He engages new staff every spring.
29.Tom looks every well.
30.They sell fresh grape juice here.
31.He charges more than other photographers.
32.She cuts her husband’s hair.
33.They pick the apples in October.
34.The last train leaves at midnight.
35.He relaxes during weekends.
36.She refuses to discuss it.28
28
A.J. Thomson, A.V. Martinet, A Practical English Grammar, Exercises 1, Ed. Oxford University Press, Bucureşti, 2008,
pag. 49-51.
144
UNIT VIII
FOCUS: TIMPURILE VERBALE (CONTINUARE)
1. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE (PREZENTUL CONTINUU)
1.1: TEXT CU PREZENTUL CONTINUU
1.2: EXPLICAŢII GRAMATICALE
1.2.1 FORMARE
1.2.2 FOLOSIRE
1.3: EXERCIŢII
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Frost s. = Frig, ger Cold adj. = Rece
Unbearable adj. = Insuportabil Ponds s. = Eleşteu
→ PHRASES:
→ TEXT:
Read and translate the following text. (Citiţi şi traduceţi următorul text):
146
seaside in summer. Everybody does.
Betty: I do, of course, but…..
Ann: And you’re a vegetarian. Well, in summer there are so many fruits, ripe and
ready to be picked: cherries, strawberries, peaches, apricots. I really can’t see
what could like about winter. It is so bitterly cold; sometimes the frost and the
cold winds are unbearable. The rivers, lakes and ponds are frozen.
Betty: How can’t you see the lovely scenary?! The roofs of the houses and the trees
which are all covered by a layer of snow! The snow glistens in the sun, and so
do the icicles hanging from the eaves. Beside, this layer of now is not only
beautiful but also useful, as it protects the seed of plants from the frost. In my
opinion nothing in the world compares to the first snowfall. The image of the
large snowflackes falling from the sky is absolutely wonderful. But I am not the
only one who loves winter. Many people do, people who enjoy skating, skiing,
not to mention the children whose joy of making snowmen, sliding and throwing
snowballs to one another can’t be described. As you see, for me the winter is not
just cold and frost.
Ann: Well, I guess you’re right. Anyway, I’m sure I’ll always like the summer best.29
1.2.1 FORMARE
29
Olea Ciuciuc, Eugenia Tanasescu, Curs de Engleza Generala, Ed. Teora, Bucuresti, 1998, pag. 88
147
Afirmativă: subiect + am/are/is + participiul prezent + ing
Eg.: He is coming.
148
3. Verbele terminate într-o consoană precedată de o singură vocală accentuată
dublează consoana înainte de sufixul ing:
To begin – beginning
To forget – forgetting
To get – getting
To rub – rubbing
1.2.2 FOLOSIRE
1. Acţiuni care se desfăşoară fie în prezent, fie în momentul vorbirii, fie în general:
30
Ioana Maria Turai, Gramatica Limbii Engleze, ed. Corint, Bucureşti, 2006, pag.341
149
Eg.: What are you doing today?
What’s the baby doing?
He’s tearing up a £5 note.
2. Există şi situaţia în care timpul Prezentul Continuu este folosit pentru a arăta
calitatea sau starea sufletească a unei persoane:
Notă: Dacă într-o frază există două acţiuni care au loc în acelaşi timp, la timpul Prezentul
Continuu, numai o singură formă de participiu se adaugă aceasta făcând parte din cel de-
al doilea verb:
Eg.: John was planting and watering a flower in the same time.
3. Prezentul Continuu este folosit în acţiuni care au loc în prezent şi care includ
momentul vorbirii. Acest aspect este adesea însoţit de adverbe şi locuţiuni
adverbiale de timp ca: today/this morning/afternoon/evening/year/month etc.
Eg.: We are having an exam today. We have just handed the written papers
and now we are waiting for the results.
4. Acest timp mai poate indica o acţiune care se desfăşoară într-un viitor apropiat
fiind folosită în general cu verbe de mişcare ca: tomorrow, next Monday, next
week, these days, soon.
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Sue: I am going on a trip. And you, what are you doing?
Paula: I’m staying at home. I’m waiting for my son who is comming from
a long journey.
În schimb verbe ca: gaze, listen, look at, observe (watch), stare şi watch implică o
folosire deliberată a simţurilor şi pot fi folosite cu timpul continuu:
Eg.: Watch!
I’m watching but I don’t see anything unusual.
He is listening to a tape, but he is wearing earphones so nobody else hears
it.
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Timpul continuu poate fi folosit cu verbul admire cu sensul de „a privi cu
admiraţie”, cu verbul apreciate cu sensul de „a-i creşte valoarea”, cu verbul „care
for” cu sensul de ”a avea grijă de”, enjoy şi câteodată love/like cu sensul de „a se
simţi mai bine”.
Eg.: He’s enjoying his holiday in the Artic zone. He hates turistic places and
he doesn’t mind the cold.
E. VERBE AUXILIARE
1.3. EXERCIŢII:
152
1. Our children don’t play in the street. (usually – in the park not far from our home)
2. Mrs. Jones goes shopping on Tuesdays and Fridays. (seldom – at weekends )
3. As a rule, my parents leave for work at 7.30 a.m. (never – so early – on Saturday
and Sunday)
4. How often do you go on trips? (once a month)
5. Romanian families spend a lot of money on heating their houses in winter. (in
summer – any money).
6. People who live in the country keep their doors locked by night. (never by day)
7. Do you ever go to work by taxi? (sometimes – when I’m late)
8. Children usually have a cup of milk for breakfast. (not for lunch – as a rule)
9. Bill often rides his bike on his way to work in fine weather. (never – in rainy
weather)
10. Professor Johnson delivers a course on Public Health every Wednesday. (not – on
any other day)
2. Situation. (Situaţie):
Bob White has been accepted for an interview with the manager of a big
company. He has to answer the manager’s questions. Here are Bob’s answers. Tell
which were the questions he was asked and then give the answers. (Bob White a fost
acceptat la un interviu cu directorul unei companii mari. El trebuie să răspundă la
întrebările directorului. Spuneţi ce întrebări i s-au pus şi apoi relataţi răspunsurile):
1. I am an engineer.
2. I am a graduate in Automatics.
3. I cand speak two foreign languages, German and French.
4. This is the first job I am applying for.
153
5. I live in this town.
6. No, I am not married yet.
7. I have a driving licence, but I do not have my own car.
8. I enjoy travelling, so I am eager to represent the company’s interests whenever I
might be sent if I am offered the job.
1. Does the scientist know how much his invention would cost/how much costs his
inventions?
2. Do you know where Jane’s purse is/where is Jane’s purse?
3. The children are/are going to school now.
4. Neither Bill nor his brother speaks/is speaking French.
5. We happen to meet quite often when we come/are coming out from work.
6. Tim never sleeps/is never sleeping more than six hours a night.
7. Drivers must never speak on thir mobile phone while they drive/are driving.
8. Mind the traffic lights before you cross/are crossing the road.
9. I’ll find out the truth as soon as I get/am getting his letter.
10. I don’t know where works his father/his father works.
4. Fill up the following sentences according to the model, using the words in
brackets. (Completaţi propoziţiile de mai jos potrivit modelului folosind cuvintele
din paranteză):
Model: a. Children enjoy staying in the open when spring comes. (so – the
grown-ups)
Children enjoy staying in the open when spring comes, and so
154
do the grown-ups.
b. Taking too many pills doesn’t make you good. (neither thinking
about your illness all the time)
Taking too many pills doesn’t make you good and neither
thinking about your illness all the time)
1. Teachers hold on to the idea that young people should be adviced what to do
in life. (so – most parents)
2. I don’t understand what you are getting at. (neither – anybody present).
3. I loath walking in thee rain. (so – my dog)
4. Tom pretends he doesn’t know who has eaten the cookies. (so – his sister)
5. The Smiths don’t put out with loud music. (neither – their neighbours)
6. My fellow workers don’t take to our new boss. (neither - I)
7. The building of the new Townhall involves a huge sum of money. (so – the
renovation of an old one)
8. Harry can’t stand by his promise. (neither - I)
9. This document doesn’t set out any firm clausses. (neither – the previuos one)
10. I assure you the manager doesn’t intend to turn down your proposal.
(neither – any of us)
5. Build up questions derived from the sentences bellow, using the words in
brackets and the Present Continuous Tense. (Construiţi întrebări derivate din
propoziţiile de mai jos, folosind cuvintele din paranteză şi prezentul continuu.)
155
1. The Prestons are going on holidays. (your parents, join, them)
………………………………………………………………..
2. It’s pouring with rain. (why, not open, umbrella)
………………………………………………………………..
3. I see you are packing your laggage. (where, go)
………………………………………………………………..
4. The baby is crying. (why, not feed)
………………………………………………………………..
5. I’m leaving for work in a few minutes. (what time, the children, leave, school)
………………………………………………………………..
6. The children are playing in the street. (why, not call in)
………………………………………………………………..
7. Dinner is ready. (you, come, have it)
………………………………………………………………..
8. I want to read the today’s newspaper. (still, read, you)
………………………………………………………………..
9. Jim is beating his little brother. (why, behave, badly)
………………………………………………………………..
10.Mary is talking with a young boy in the corner of the street. (who, boy, with)
………………………………………………………………...
156
1. The Archers have deceided to plant some trees in their garden this week-end.
2. Sheila has planned to change her job for a better one this year.
3. The Government has in view to allot a considerable sum of money for the
modernization of schools this year.
4. The students have deceided to start a course on computers next week.
5. Jim’s parents have saved money to send him to a summer camp.
6. The greengrocer has just unloaded a hundred pounds of fruit to sell today.
7. As Dick hasn’t enough money to buy a new car, he intends to buy a second hand
one.
8. Mrs Wood, our history teacher, is ready to begin the first class of the day in a few
minutes.
9. I hope that the pop star is willing to give autographs at the end of the show.
10. As I have taken my car to be repaired, I have deceided to walk for a day or two.31
7. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Continuous Tense. (Puneţi verbele
din paranteză la timpul Prezentul Continuu)
31
Ioana Maria Turai, Gramatica Limbii Engleze, ed. Corint, Bucureşti, 2006, pag. 343 -346
157
8. Why you (mend) that old shirt?
9. You (not tell) the truth? How do you know that I (not tell) the truth.
10. Who (move) the furniture about upstairs? It’s Tom. He (paint) the front bedroom.
11. Mrs. Jones (sweep) the steps outside her house.
12.What you (read) now? I (read) Crime and Punishment.
13.It is a lovely day. The sun (shine) and the birds (sing).
14.Someone (knock) at the door. Shall I answer it? I (come) in a minute. I just (wash)
my hands.
15.She always (ring) up and (ask) questions.
16.Why you (make) a cake? Someone (come) to tea?
17.Where is Tom? He (lie) under the car.
18.Can I borrow your pen or you (use) it at the moment?
19.You (do) anything this evening? No, I’m not. Well, I (go) to the cinema. Would
you like to come with me?
20.We (have) breakfast at 8.00 tomorrow as Tom (catch) an early train.
21.Ann usually does shopping, but I (do) it today as she is not well.
22.Why do you (type) so fast? You (make) a lot of mistakes.
23.Mother (rest) now. She always rests after lunch.
24.They (dig) an enormous hole just outside my gate. What they (do) that for? I don’t
know. Perhaps they (look) for oil.
25.What (make) that terrible noise? It’s the pneumatic drill. They (repair) the road.
26.The children are very quiet. Go and see what they (do). They (cut) up some £5
notes.
27.What you (wait) for? I (wait) for my change; the boy just (get) it.
28.I can’t hear what you (say); the traffic (make) too much noise.
29.She always (lose) her glasses and (ask) me to look for them.
30. Mother: What are you (look) at? Something (happen) in the street?
31.Child: Yes. The house opposite is on fire! Come and look!
158
Mother: I can’t. I (bath) the babies. It is the Fire Brigade here?
32.Child: Yes. Fire engines (rush) up and the firemen (jump) up and (unroll) their
hoses.
33.Smoke (pour) from the windows! People (stop) to watch. A policeman (try) to
move them on.
34.An old man (climb) out of the first floor window. A fireman (help) him! Two boys
(slide) down a rope!
35.A woman (wave) from the attic and a fireman (go) up a ladder to help her!
36.Now he (come) down again! He (carry a baby). The crowd (cheer)!
159
UNIT IX
FOCUS: REVISION UNIT
THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE VS. THE PRESENT
CONTINUOUS TENSE (EXERCISES)
TIMPUL PREZENTUL SIMPLU VS. TIMPUL PREZENTUL
CONTINUU (EXERCIŢII)
1. Put the verbs in brackets into the Simple Present or the Present Continuous
Tense. (Puneţi verbele din paranteză la timpul prezentul simplu sau continuu):
1. Cuckoos (not build) nests. They (use) the nests of other birds.
2. You can not see Tom now: he (have) a bath.
3. He usually (drink) coffee but today he (drink) tea.
4. ´What she (do) in the evening?´ ´She usually (play) cards or (watch) TV.´
5. I will not go out now as it (rain) and I (not have) an umbrella.
6. The last train (leave) the station at 11.30.
7. He usually (speak) so quickly that I (not understand) him.
8. Ann (make) a dress for herself at the moment. She (make) all her own clothes.
9. Hardly anyone (wear) a hat nowadays.
10. ´I’m afraid I have broken one of your coffee cups.´
11. I (wear) my sun glasses today because the sun is very strong.
12.Tom cannot have the newspaper now because his aunt (read) it.
13.I am busy at the moment. I (redecorate) the room.
14.The kettle (boil) now. Shall I make the tea?
15.´You (enjoy) yourself or would you like to leave now?´ ´I (enjoy) myself very
much. I (want) to stay to the end.´
160
16.´How you (get) to work as a rule?´ ´I usually (go) by bus but tomorrow I (go) in
Tom’s car.´
17. ´Why you (put) on your coat?´ ´I (go) for a walk. You (come) with me? Yes, I’d
love to come. You (mind) if I bring my dog?´
18. ´How much you (owe) him? I (owe) him £5. You (intend) to pay him?´
19. ´You (belong) to your local library? Yes, I do. You (read) a lot? Yes, quite a lot.
How often you (change) the books? I (change) one every day.´
20. Mary usually (learn) languages very quickly but she (not seem) able to learn
modern Greek.
21. I always (buy) lottery tickets but I never (win) anything.
22. You (like) this necklace? I (give) it to my daughter for her birthday.
23. ´I will not tell you my secret unless you (promise) not to tell anyone.´ ´I (promise).
´
24. You always (write) with your left hand?
25. ´You (love) him?´ ´No, I (like) him very much but I (not love) him.´
26.´You (dream) at night?´ ´Yes, I always (dream) and because I (eat) too much
supper I (have) nightmares.´
27. The milk (smell) sour. You (keep) the milk a long time?
28. These workmen are never satisfied; they always (complain).
29. We (use) this room today because the window in the other room is broken.
30. He always (say) that he will mend the window but he never (do) it.
31. You (know) why an apple (fall) down and not up?
32. ´You (write) to him tonight?´ ´Yes, I always (write) to him on his birthday. You
(want) to send any messages?´
33. Tom and Mr. Pitt (have) a long conversation. I (wonder) what they (talk) about?
34. ´You (believe) all the newspapers say?´ ´No, I (not believe) any of it.´ ´Then why
you (read) newspapers?´
161
35.This car (make) a very strange noise. You (think) it is all right? Oh, that noise (not
matter). It always (make) a noise like that.
36.The fire (smoke) horribly. I cannot see across the room. I (expect) that the birds
(build) a nest in the chimney. Why you (not put) wire across the tops of your
chimney? Tom (do) that sometimes but it (not seem) to make any difference.
2. Put the verbs in the brackets into the Simple Prezent Tense or Prezent
Continuous Tense. (Puneţi verbele din paranteză la Timpul Prezentul Simplu sau la
cel Continuu):
1. ´What Tom (think) of the Budget?´ ´He (think) it is most unfair.´´I (agree) with
him.´
2. What this one (cost)? It (cost) forty pence.
3. You (hear) the wind? It (blow) very strongly tonight.
4. You (see) my car keys anywhere? No, I (look) for them but I (not see) them.
5. He never (listen) to what you say. He always (think) about something else.
6. This book is about a man who (desert) his family and (go) to live on a Pacific
Island.
7. You (understand) what the lecturer is saying? No, I (not understand) him at all.
8. What you (have) for breakfast usually? I usually (eat) a carrot and (drink) a glass
of cold water.
9. When the curtain (rise) we (see) a group of workers. They (picket) a gate factory.
10.Why you (walk) so fast today? You usually (walk) quite slowly. I (hurry) because I
(meet) my mother at 4 o’clock and she (not like) to be kept waiting.
11. I (wish) that dog would lie down. He (keep) jumping up in my lap. I (think) he
(want) to go for a walk.
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12. You (recognize) that man? I (think) that I have seen him before but I (not
remember) his name.
13. Look at that crowd. I (wonder) what they (wait) for.
14. This massage has just arrive and the man (wait) in case you (want) to send a reply.
15. Stop! You (not see) the notice? I (see) it but I cannot read it because I (not wear)
my glasses. What it (say)? It say „These premisses are patrolled by guard dogs.”
16. She always (borrow) from me and she never (remember) to pay me back.
17. You (need) another blanket or you (feel) warm enough?
18. It (save) time if you (take) the path through the woods? No, it (not matter) which
path you take.
19. I (save) up because I (go) abroad in July.
20. I (think) it is a pity you do not take more exercises. You (get) fat.
21. The plane that you (look) at now just (take) off from Paris.
22. Tom never (do) any work in the garden; he always (work) on his car.
23. What he (do) to his car now? I (think) he (polish) it.
24.That film (come) to the local cinema next week. You (want) to see it?
25. How Peter (get) on at school? Very well. He (seem) to like the life.
26.Why Mrs. Pitt (look) so angry? Mr. Pitt (smoke) a cigarette and (drop) the ash on
the carpet.
27. This is our itinerary. We (leave) home on the 8th, (arrive) in Paris on the 9th,
(spend) the day in Paris and (set) out that night for Venice. That (sound) most
interesting. You must tell all about it when you (get) back.
28. This story is about a boy. Who (make) friends with a snake which he (find) in his
garden. Then he (go) away but he (not forget) the snake and some years later he
(return) and (look) for it.
29. He (find) the snake who (recognize) his old friend and (coil) around him
affectionately. But unfortunately, the snake is now a full grown boa constrictor and
its embrase (kill) the poor boy.
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30. The snake (feel) sorry about this? I (not know). The story (end) there.
31. How you (end) a letter that (begin), „Dear Sir”? I always (put), „Yours truly”, but
Tom (prefer) „Yours faithfully”.
32. What the word ‚catastrophe’ (mean)? It (mean) ‚disaster’.
33. What you (wait) for? I (wait) for the shop to open. But it (not open) till 9.00. I
(know) but I (want) to be early, as their sale (start) today.
34. Why you (smoke) a cigar Mrs. Pitt? You (not smoke) cigars as a rule. I (smoke) it
because I (want) the ash. This book (say) the cigar ash mixed with oil (remove)
heat stains from wood.
35. Who (own) this umbrella. I (not know). Everybody (use) it but nobody (know)
who (own) it.
36. You (mind) if I (ask) you a question? That (depend) on the question. It (concern)
your brother. I (refuse) to answer any question about my brother.32
3. Make questions at Present Tense using the verbs below and the noun
„answer”. (Alcătuiţi întrebări folosind timpul Prezentul Simplu, verbele de mai jos
şi substantivul „răspuns”):
32
Ioana Maria Turai, Gramatica Limbii Engleze, ed. Corint, Bucureşti, 2006, pag. 52 - 54
164
4. Put the verbs in italics in the Simple or Continuous Present Tense to practice
the contrast between habitual actions and actions in progress now or planned for
the near future. (Puneţi verbele din paranteză la timpul prezentul simplu sau
continuu pentru a exersa contrastul dintre acţiunile obişnuite şi acţiunile în
desfăşurare în momentul vorbirii sau planificate pentru viitorul apropiat):
5. In pairs, ask and answer questions about television in your country. Use verbs
in the Simple and Continuous Present Tense. (În perechi, puneţi şi răspundeţi la
întrebări despre televiziunea din ţara ta. Folosiţi verbe la Prezentul Simplu sau
Continuu):
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4. How much does a good television set cost?
5. Do you have a color or black and white TV? Give reasons for your choice.
6. How old is your TV set? When are you buying a new one?
7. In what roomof the house do you keep your television?
8. Who watches television most in your family?
9. How often do you watch television?
10.What is your favorite program? Describe the program
11.Are you watching your favorite program this week? If yes, on what evening?
12.Do you buy the TV program? If yes, how often do you buy it?
13. What information does the Tv program contain?
14.Does the public ever participate as the audience at the tapings of the TV shows? If
yes, what kind of shows do they attend?
15.Are soap operas popular in your country?
16.Are they showing any this month? If yes, what are they about?
17. What do you think about television in general? Is it useful or harmful? Give
reasons for your answer.
6. Put the verbs in italics in the Simple or Continuous Present Tense. (Puneţi
verbele din paranteză la timpul prezentul simplu sau continuu):
Dear Parents,
27.We (now, prepare) for our much-expected San Diego trip. Our big day will be
Tuesday, May 25th.
33.The day (begin) at 7.00 a.m. by checking-in at the school front office. At 7.30 a.m.
we (board) the train for the trip south. We (arrive) in Oceanside around 9.30 a.m.
Next, we (board) a bus for the trip to the San Diego Wild Animal Park.
28.We (spend) all the day there. Our train back to Los Angeles (leave) Oceanside at
6.30 and (arrive) at Union Station at 8.30 p.m.
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29.We (know) you (read) our schedule carefully and (wonder) why we (not return) on
an earlier train.
30.Since the elementary students (study) plants and animals this term, we (think) it
best to spend as much time as we can in the Park.
31.The trip (cost) $35.00 for each elementary student and $50.000 for each parent
who (want) to join us.
32.We (look) forward to this exciting educational experience and (hope) you (share)
our enthusiasm.
Sincerely,
Elementary School Teacher
7. Put the verbs in italics in the Simple Present Tense to express sequences of
short (non-durative) actions. Note the use of the Continuous Present Tense for
actions of comparatively longer duration. (Puneţi verbele din paranteză la timpul
prezentul simplu pentru a exprima acţiuni scurte şi care nu durează. Remarcaţi
folosirea prezentului continuu pentru actiuni de lungă durata):
1. The musician are tuning up their violins. (conductor, come, bow the audience, start
conducting)
2. Two candles are burning on the mantlepiece. (The old lady come in, go to the
fireplace, put out the candles).
3. It is raining. (Alex put on his raincoat, catch a bus, go to work)
167
4. Someone is approaching the house. (Judy hurry down the steps, run to the gate,
open the gate)
5. A door is opening to the left. (A man come in, greed everybody, sit down)
34. Put the verbs in italics in the Simple or Continuous Present Tense. (Puneţi
verbele din paranteză la prezentul simplu sau continuu):
33
Georgiana Galateanu-Farnoaga, Deborah Parks, Execitii si Teste de Gramatica Engleza, Ed. Paralela 45, Bucuresti, 2000,
pag. 77-84
168
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Olea Ciuciuc, Eugenia Tănase, Curs de Engleză Generală, Ed. Teora, Bucureşti, 1998.
Georgiana Galateanu-Farnoaga, Deborah Parks, Execiţii si Teste de Gramatică Engleză,
Ed. Paralela 45, Bucureşti, 2000.
Mihai M. Zdrenghea, Anca L. Greere, A Practical English Gramar with exercises, Ed.
Clusium, 1999.
Mariana Ţăranu, Limba Engleză, Sinteză Gramaticală completă prin enunţuri şi exerciţii,
Ed. Corint, Bucureşti, 2002.
Virgiliu Ştefănescu-Drăgăneşti, Adrian Nicolaescu, Victor Hanea, Limba Engleză Curs
Practic, Ed. Ştiinţifică, Bucureşti.
Ioana Maria Turai, Gramatica Limbii Engleze, ed. Corint, Bucureşti.
Ion Vlădoiu, Verbele Modale Englezeşti, Ed. AN-DA, Bucureşti.
Jean Brossard, Sylvie Chevalier, Gramatica Alfabetică a Limbii Engleze, Ed. Teora,
Bucureşti, 1998.
Dumitru Chiţoran, Irina Panovf, Ioana Poenaru, Exerciţii de Gramatică Engleză, Ed.
Teora, Bucureşti,1955.
Constantin Paidos, English Grammar, Theory and Practice, Ed. Polirom, Bucureşti,
2001.
Leon Leviţchi, Gramatica Limbii Engleze, Ed. Teora, Bucureşti, 1994.
Leon Leviţchi, Ioan Preda, Gramatica Limbii Engleze, Ed. Mondero, Bucureşti, 1992.
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CONTENT
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