Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Limba Engleza
Limba Engleza
RODICA TEFAN
SANDA MARCOCI
RUXANDRA VASILESCU
ELENA BELDEA
COME ALONG
Curs practic de limba englez
nivel mediu
CUVNT NAINTE
Autoarele
3
Universitatea SPIRU HARET
4
Universitatea SPIRU HARET
CONTENTS
UNIT 1
ENGLISH, MY LOVE (Rodica tefan) .
Grammar:
(a) General revision
(b) Tag questions, Yes/No questions, Wh-questions
UNIT 2
SAYING HELLO! (Ruxandra Vasilescu) ..
Grammar:
(a) Possessives; Personal and reflexive pronouns
(b) The Article; Some/Any
UNIT 3
COMPANIES (Sanda Marcoci) .
Grammar: (a) Present tenses
(b) Conjunction structures
UNIT 4
GOING TO COLLEGE (Rodica tefan)
Grammar:
(a) Past simple and present perfect
(b) Comparison of adjectives; Irregular adjectives and adverbs
22
39
55
UNIT 5
GETTING IN TOUCH (Ruxandra Vasilescu) ...
Grammar: (a) Modal verbs
73
88
UNIT 6
LOOKING AHEAD (Rodica tefan) .
Grammar: (a) Future; Prefixes and suffixes
98
5
UNIT 7
INTERESTS AND HOBBIES (Sanda Marcoci) 116
Grammar:
(a) Past perfect; Gerunds
(b) Subjunctive
UNIT 8
GOING PLACES (Ruxandra Vasilescu) 139
Grammar:
(a) Sequence of tenses
(b) Direct and indirect speech
UNIT 9
LETS GO SHOPPING! (Elena Beldea) 156
Grammar:
(a) Expressing quantity
(b) Passive voice
UNIT 10
MEDIA/COMMUNICATIONS (Sanda Marcoci) .
Grammar:
(a) Conditional
(b) Phrasal verbs; Adjectival phrase
STOP AND CHECK
171
192
6
Universitatea SPIRU HARET
214
UNIT 1
Comment [L1]:
ENGLISH, MY LOVE
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
Here are some words from English which are used in Romanian. Put them in
columns under these headings: business, politics, technology, sports,
entertainment and various. There are five words in each column.
dealer
mouse
pullover
fan
leader
rating
poster
VIP
second-hand
lobby
hit
software
jogging
western
broker
CD player
weekend
offside summit manager single skateboard meeting
penalty rugby job fast-food laser show chip
READING
1. Complete the sentences with a word from the box below:
1. Although she was speaking English, her. was so strong we
could hardly understand what she was saying.
2. I went to a lawyer but when he started using all the legal .. I got
completely lost.
3. Young people use a lot of... . For instance, they could say copper
instead of policeman.
7
4. studies in English.
5. speaks English as a mother tongue.
6. obviously doesnt like English.
*
Im Gerhard Richter from Frankfurt am Main in Germany. Im a consultant in a
large software company. I need English because lots of materials are written in it
and I travel a lot. Next month Im going to visit Egypt. I hope Ill be able to make
myself understood. Ive found it is often easier to speak English to other foreigners
than to the native speakers! One American colleague doesnt speak slowly enough
for me to understand him. It is useful to know English but one thing I dont like is
the way English expressions have been incorporated into other languages.
*
Im Abedayo Omere from Nigeria and Im a railway engineer. English is the
official language because there are so many different languages and dialects
spoken in Nigeria. I have to travel all round the country and often English is the
only way to communicate. It is a pity because it used to be the colonial language.
However, if we had chosen a tribal language, it would have caused political
problems. So we will just have to put up with it!
*
Good day! My names Nick Andreotti. Im sixteen years old and I come from
Sydney in Australia. Im second generation Italian. My parents came over about 20
years ago. Im bilingual because we still speak Italian at home. Dad speaks much
better English than Mum. Sometimes her mistakes are really embarrassing and her
accent is so strong that some people cant understand her. Im still studying but I
always spend my spare time out in the tennis court. Ive won a few local
tournaments and Id really like to turn professional.
*
Hi! My name is Yvonne Binoche and I come from Montral, which is the Frenchspeaking part of Canada. Im a sales manager in a big department store. I deal with
foreign customers, so most of the time I have to use English. In Canada everything
is supposed to be bilingual but I dont like the way English seems to be taking
over. We had a real fight here, you know, to keep hold of our French past and
identity.
(adapted from 3rd Dimension, Longman)
9
native language?
official language?
international language?
Which language in the world is spoken by most people?
How many people are English native speakers?
Which language might become the language of the future?
4. Decide whether the following statements are true ( ) or false ().
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
LANGUAGE WORK
V Work in pairs and talk about your answers to the following questions:
In pairs ask each other questions to find out the missing information in the
following:
1. My partner has been learning English for .years.
2. In English he/ she is the best at
10
1
2
3
GRAMMAR FOCUS
1. Match sentences A-O taken from the text above with the constructions 1-15.
A Ive been studying business administration in Nottingham for the past two
years.
B He managed to pick it up while he was working in the States.
C if we had chosen a tribal language, it would have caused political
problems.
D Im still studying but I
E My parents came over about 20 years ago.
F he uses English all the time.
G I love listening to English pop music
H He managed to pick it up
I Ive won a few local tournaments.
J My biggest problem is pronunciation.
K I hope Ill be able to make myself understood.
L Dad speaks English much better than Mum.
M Id never been away from home before.
N I was sent to an English-speaking school.
O Next month Im going to visit Egypt.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
present perfect
past perfect
past
verb + gerund
future
present
third conditional
passive
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
superlative
past continuous
verb + infinitive
comparative
going to future
present perfect continuous
present continuous
11
When do we use the auxiliary verbs be, have, will? Complete the tense charts. Use
the verb wait for the active and mend for the passive.
ACTIVE
Simple
Continuous
Present
Past
Future
He was waiting
We will wait
Present perfect
Past perfect
Future perfect
PASSIVE
Simple
Present
It is mended
Past
Continuous
It was being mended
Future
Present perfect
Past perfect
Future perfect
Remember!
Use be with verb + ing to
make continuous verb forms
12
SECTION B
LEAD-IN
Look at these statements about English and decide if you agree with them. Work in
pairs and compare your answers.
You can learn a language outside the classroom.
You should always use the dictionary if you dont understand a word.
Dont worry about making mistakes; its more important to make yourself
understood.
Learning about grammar is very useful.
Listening, especially to native speakers, is the most difficult skill to develop.
READING
Q:
A:
Q:
A:
Q:
A:
Q:
A:
Q:
A:
Q:
A:
Alice, how many languages do you speak and which ones are they?
Well, I can speak two languages besides English: French and Spanish.
Quite interesting! How did you learn them?
You see, I had to learn French when I was in school. And Spanish I chose to
learn later, I thought it would be, you know, useful to learn it.
What was the most difficult aspect of learning it?
Well, I was very embarrassed when we had to speak French in front of the rest
of the class, you know - the terrible pronunciations and things. Also, I think
listening comprehension was very difficult because it was always so fast
Oh, yes. A common complaint. Now, what is the most useful thing to do?
I think the grammatical system is the most useful.
Have you had the opportunity to use it since then?
Actually, I work in a software company. As a sales manager, I have to deal
with our Canadian suppliers.
Thats wonderful! Do you find it difficult to understand them?
Certainly! Their accent is quite strong but in the end I manage it.
(adapted from Reward, Heinemann)
13
VOCABULARY
1. Look at the dictionary entry of the word company. Match the sentences a-h
with a definition.
14
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Ask questions to the words underlined. Remember that the particle goes to the
end of the sentence.
Example: I work for a computer company.
1
2
3
4
5
6
3. Make questions about the subject, and the object in each, as shown in the
example.
Example: Ann likes her new colleagues.
Who likes her new colleagues? (Ann)
Who does Ann like? (her new colleagues)
15
1
2
3
4
5
16
It doesnt boil at 75 C!
Example: Water boils at 75 C.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
It boils at 100 C.
B
a. To get promoted.
b. Shes fine, thanks.
c. It means good-looking.
d. Its mine.
e. Its a quarter past ten.
f. Poetry.
g. Go down and take the first right.
h. Ill have some coffee.
i. How do you do?
j. Its the third of October.
k. A sports one.
l. Shes generous and caring.
m. M-O-R-R-I-S-O-N
n. Near Central Park.
o. Shes tall, slim, with dark hair.
17
GRAMMAR FOCUS
TAG QUESTIONS
1. Underline the tag questions in the text:
Peter:
Dan:
Peter:
Dan:
Peter:
Dan:
Peter:
Dan:
Peter:
Dan:
Peter:
Dan:
Peter:
2. Fill in the blanks with the right positive or negative question tag:
Example:
Its an interesting film, isnt it?
You dont live with your parents, do you?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
18
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
Remember!
You form questions in the following ways:
Yes/No questions
With the auxiliary verb be, have, will
Are you coming with us to the library?
Have you even been to Italy?
Will you come back later?
With the modal verb can, may, must
Can you understand this rule?
May I sit down?
Must I do this exercise?
With the auxiliary do followed by short infinitive when the verb has no
auxiliary
Do you look up every new word you come across?
The answer is generally short, containing just the personal pronoun and the
auxiliary verb.
Have you got some paper?
Do you like going out?
Yes, I have./ No, I havent.
Yes, I do./ No, I dont.
Wh questions
With the question words what, who, which, how, when, where, why, how
many, how much, how long, to ask about the object of the sentence. They are
followed by the auxiliary or the modal verb.
What did you study last year?
I studied Economics. ( Economics = object)
With the question words who, what to ask about the subject of the sentence.
They are not followed by the auxiliary do.
19
Subject
Verb
the seat
Robert
it
we
his father
you
they
you
Who
taken?
written
be
leave
run
arrive
behaving
decided
wrote
Object, adjective,
adverbial, etc.
the report yet?
fine tomorrow?
now?
a company?
in Berlin?
like that?
to do now?
this fax?
Short answers
No, it isnt
No, he hasnt.
No, it wont.
Sure you can.
Yes, he does.
Yesterday.
I dont know.
Ill see.
She did.
Tag questions
They turn a statement into a question, containing just the auxiliary verb and the
personal pronoun, accordingly.
If the statement is affirmative, you use a negative tag.
Marion lives in Birmingham, doesnt she? Yes, she does. / No, she doesnt.
If the statement is negative, you use an affirmative tag.
They dont accept credit cards, do they?
Yes. (They dont accept)/ No. (They accept)
To ask for real information, you use a rising intonation on the tag.
To show you expect agreement, you use a falling intonation on the tag.
Lets have some fun!
Questions and riddles
1
2
3
4
5
20
Answers: 1) In the dictionary. 2) Robinson Crusoe he had all his work done by
Friday! 3) You are too young to be engaged. 4) Because its mother and father
were in a jam. 5) Meet you at the corner.
CHECKLIST
1.Name: i) 3 countries in which English is spoken as a mother tongue.
ii) 3 countries in which English is spoken as a second official language.
iii) 3 countries in which English is spoken as a foreign language.
2. Give two synonyms for the noun COMPANY (~ business entreprise).
3. DO, BE, HAVE, WILL are auxiliaries placed first in an interrogative sentence.
Give examples of such interrogative sentences.
4. What intonation do you use in a TAG QUESTION i) to ask for information ?
ii) to show you expect agreement?
5. What is the WORD ORDER in an English i) affirmative sentence?
ii) interrogative sentence?
21
UNIT 2
SAYING HELLO!
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
Meeting someone, when do we say: Its nice to meet you?
while we shake hands?
before we shake hands?
after we have shaken hands?
What would you discuss the first thing after introductions:
the weather
business
Mr. Xs trip?
READING
INTRODUCTIONS
Robert Black comes to the office of Sigma Computers. Mrs. Albu comes down
to the reception area and introduces herself.
Albu:
Black:
Albu:
Black:
Mr. Black?
Yes, thats right.
Let me introduce myself. Im Sanda Albu. I work for Mr. Pop.
Mrs. Albu. How do you do? Ive been looking forward to meeting
you. (They shake hands.)
22
Its nice to meet you, Mr. Black. Youve come a very long way on
this trip, so I hope things are going well. Welcome to Bucharest!
Albu:
NOTE: We use different expressions to greet people. Study the table below:
INTRODUCING
SOMEONE
Id like to introduce you
to Dr. Johnson (formal)
May I introduce you to
Mrs. Samson (formal)
Mr. Brown, this is Ms.
RESPONDING TO AN
INTRODUCTION
How do you do? (formal)
Pleased to meet you.
informal)
(formal)
Allow me to introduce
(formal)
Nice to meet you. (formal/
Attkinson (formal)
INTRODUCING
YOURSELF
Let me introduce myself.
myself. (formal)
How do you do?
(formal)
GREETING SOMEONE
RESPONDING TO GREETING
Ms. Rotaru, who is organizing Mr. Tanakas stay at central office, is greeting
him and explaining his programme. Read the dialogue and put the verbs in
brackets in the correct form:
Hello, Mr. Tanaka. Welcome back to Spiro Chemicals. Its nice to
see you again.
Mr. Tanaka: Hello, Ms Rotaru. Im delighted to be back.
Ms. Rotaru: (have) you a good trip?
Ms. Rotaru:
23
LANGUAGE WORK
ROLE-PLAY
Work in groups of three. Take turns role-playing parts A, B and C below.
Part A
You are Mr. Blake. You
had a good time with B
yesterday, and you are
looking forward to
meeting C.
Part B
You are Mr. Rosu.
Introduce C to A, and
act as the host. You
have made reservations for lunch.
Part C
You are Mr. Voicu.
Welcome
A
to
Bucharest and ask
questions about As
trip.
NAME
POSITION
COMPANY
Dr. Malkovitch
Human Resources Manager
Delta Enterprises
Mr. Simu
Training Manager
Caf de Colombia
b.
NAME
POSITION
COMPANY
Ms. Shields
Purchasing Officer
TEXACO
Mrs. Coman
Sales Manager
PECO
24
Unfortunately
How do you do
Id like to keep in touch
I really have to go
How do you do
I certainly will
May I introduce you to
Im afraid Im not
Fine, thanks
Brown:
Goldberg:
________________________________Charles. ______________
our Vice-President, Elisabeth Powers. Elisabeth, ______________
Charles Brown from Sumitomo Company Ltd.
Powers:
Brown:
Powers:
Brown:
Powers:
Powers:
_________________.
Brown:
It was _________________________.
Powers:
_________________________, too.
Brown:
Powers:
Brown:
Powers:
Good bye.
25
GRAMMAR FOCUS
POSSESSIVES
PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
You use a possessive pronoun (mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs) or a
possessive adjective (my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their) to show that something
belongs to someone:
e.g.
I like your suit. It fits better than mine. (mine = my suit)
Yours is a nicer colour, though. (yours = your suit)
Where did Jane buy hers? (hers = her suit)
We usually get ours in Marks & Spencer (ours = our suits)
Theirs are very good quality, arent they? (theirs = their suits)
You use an object pronoun (me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them) as the direct
object of a verb:
e.g.
or after a preposition:
e.g.
You use a reflexive pronoun (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,
yourselves, themselves) to talk about the same person or thing as the subject:
e.g.
26
and when you want to emphasize that one person, and no other, does something:
And did you build the whole house by yourself?
Yes, we had to do it by ourselves because we didnt have enough money to
pay a builder.
e.g.
e.g.
Remember!
Personal
pronoun
Object
pronoun
Possessive
pronoun
Possessive
adjective
Reflexive pronoun
me
mine
my
myself
you
you
yours
your
yourself
he
him
his
his
himself
she
her
hers
her
herself
it
it
its
itself
we
us
ours
our
ourselves
you
you
yours
your
yourselves
they
them
theirs
their
themselves
"
a. Mie i mamei mele nu ne plac foarte tare dulciurile. b. Mai e mult de ateptat
pn la cin. c. Spune c e tot att de nalt ca el. d. Ei ne-au convins s trecem
de la GSM la DIALOG. e. Dac a fi n locul ei, a face cerere s obin acest
post. f. I-am explicat cum stau lucrurile cum m-am priceput mai bine. g. Cu ei
eti nedrept, nu cu mine. h. Odihnete-te puin; te ateapt o cltorie lung.
i. Maina se ndrepta direct spre ei. j. Ia prea multe asupra lui. k. Sper ca tot ce
am vorbit s rmn ntre noi. l. Au ceva bani asupra lor? m. Cineva ca tine ar
trebui s dicteze moda (to set the fashion). n. Uite-te i tu n jur, toate locurile
sunt ocupate!
28
SECTION B
LEAD-IN
What country would you like to live in? Why?
Where would you like to live: an apartment in the city center, a house in the
suburbs, a house in the country?
Do you like to socialize a lot or prefer your intimacy?
READING
HOUSES & FLATS
Estate Agents
LOCATION
PRICE
BEDROOMS
RECEPTION ROOMS
NURSERY
BATHROOM
KITCHEN
PANTRY
GARDEN
GARAGE
SHOPS
TIME TO GET TO
THE CENTER
DESCRIPTION
Suburbs
$ 55,000
1 large
2 small
A living room with space for a table and a dining
room
Regular
With bathtub
Large
Adequate
Small
For two cars
5 minutes away
30 minutes
Semi-detached house in a leafy suburb. Quiet
residential street close to schools and park. Best of
both worlds.
29
Estate Agent:
Mr. Windfield:
Estate Agent:
Mr. Windfield:
Estate Agent:
30
Compare the British family with the average family from Romania. Think
of the following: house/jobs/hours of work/school/transport/entertainment.
LANGUAGE WORK
ROLE-PLAY:
Work in pairs. Prepare a dialogue together, then act it out. Student A is letting
his apartment in a central position. He asks for a high rent and yet he has solid
arguments and is optimistic about letting. Student B would like to rent an
apartment in a central position, but the supply is rather generous, so he is difficult
to persuade.
What does knowing a new word mean?
It is not enough just to know the meaning of a word. You also need to know:
a) what words it is usually associated with;
b) whether it has any particular grammatical characteristics;
c) how it is pronounced.
Try to learn new words not in isolation but in phrases.
Write down adjectives together with nouns they are often associated with and
vice versa (e.g. royal family; rich vocabulary).
Write down verbs with the structure and nouns associated with them (e.g. to
add to our knowledge of the subject; to express an opinion).
Write down nouns in phrases (e.g. in contact with; a train set; shades of
opinion).
Write down words with their prepositions (e.g. at a high level; thanks to your
help).
Note any grammatical characteristics of the words you are studying. For
example, note when a verb is irregular and when a noun is uncountable or is
only used in the plural.
Make a note of any special pronunciation problem with the words youre
learning.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
1. Work in pairs or groups. Put in missing articles and make any other changes
necessary to make complete sentences.
A note from Helen to Maggie, January 16.
31
Mr. Briggs from restaurant supplies shop phoned. Said he cant deliver fridge
and cooker until this afternoon. Ive got to go to the butchers. Can you stay in
restaurant, let restaurant supplies man in and wait by phone? Have taken
booking for Saturday. Its in reservation book.
Remember!
THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE
Usage
Examples
a dozen a hundred
a thousand
1 kilo = one and a half kilos or a kilo and a half
(but half a kilo)
32
ZERO ARTICLE
Usage
Examples
33
bus 19
gate 5
B
3 A
B
4 A
B
5 A
B
6 A
B
Regular nouns
Irregular nouns
8.
As she was still hungry, she asked for ....... more ham and eggs.
Last year I spent the New Years Eve at the seaside; there were ..........
people on the beach.
Are there .......... lions at the Zoo?
Have ..... salmon!
Did you have ........ difficulties in translating the text?
The tea is too sour, you have put too .......... lemon in it.
37
g.
8.
h.
i.
j.
k.
Words of Wisdom
Comment on the following:
Home is where the heart is.
There is no place like home.
East, west, home is best.
Lets learn a new word!
bungalow a bungalow was originally the house of a European in India, which
usually had only one storey. It would have a veranda all around it and a thatched
roof to protect the people who lived there from the hot sun. Today, many houses in
Britain also have only one storey, and these are known as bungalows.
My grandmother has moved to a bungalow, because she finds it difficult to get up
and down the stairs.
CHECKLIST
1. Introduce: i) your cousin to a friend of yours.
ii) your boss to a foreign business partner.
iii) yourself to a new teacher.
2. Use in contexts the following: i) How do you do?
ii) What do you do?
iii) How are you?
3. What do you use in front of a noun: a possessive adjective or a possessive
pronoun?
4. Which of thes nouns can be accompanied by an indefinite article and why?
butter, news, pity, John.
5. Name ten nouns having an irregular plural form.
38
UNIT 3
COMPANIES
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
What is a company?
What do companies deal with?
What companies do you know?
Are they success companies or bankrupt companies?
What does the success of a company consist in?
READING
A SUCCESS LIFE STORY IN BUSINESS
A wartime bomb is exploding in front of Guido Borghis electric-appliance shop in
Milan. That means that his 40 years of hard work are wiped out. Borghi is telling
his three sons, We have to go back to being hired workmen. I am too old to start
all over again.
Today at Comerio, some 30 miles north of Milan, stand the headquarters of the
multi-million-pound Borghi complex, Italys largest refrigerator manufacturer.
Giovanni Borghi keeps everything going with his own boundless energy. He
works together with his sons. They are making now hot plates, water heaters
and electric irons as well as cookers. From now on there is nowhere for the
Borghis to go but up. By day Giovanni and his sons run the business and make
deliveries, at night they take products apart to find ways of improving them.
They now have more than 4,000 employees. They cooperate with their
customers. With the Italian standard of living constantly rising, a mass market
is developing for their refrigerators and all their other household and industrial
39
LANGUAGE WORK
1.
2.
3.
4.
40
2. Italian is the adjective from the proper noun of country Italy. Give the
adjectives from these nouns:
Portugal
Romania
Hungary
Thailand
Belgium
Holland
Switzerland
Vietnam
Iceland
Mexico
France
Chile
Wales
Pakistan
3. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences:
Example: Juan comes from Spain. He is a Spaniard and he speaks Spanish.
a. Birgit comes from Denmark. She is a . and she speaks
b. Zafer comes from Turkey. He is a .. and he speaks .
c. Michael comes from Athens. He is a .. and he speaks .
d. Anita comes from Sweden. She is a ... and she speaks .
e. Eleanor comes from Scotland. She is a .. and she speaks
f. Shuhei comes from Japan. He is a .. and he speaks .
g. Iris comes from Finland. She is a ... and she speaks
4. Mr. Scott, a companys manager, is offering a 15,000 interest-free loan. An
interest-free loan is a loan that is free of interest. Use similar compound adjectives
to express the following ideas:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
41
5. Look at the words in the box, which have certain similarities in meaning. Put
each word into its appropriate sentence:
trade
job
practice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
business
profession
vocation
living
craft
industry
commerce
6. Read the following text about BICC and make the company profile:
BICC is a large multinational with about forty thousand employees world-wide and
a turnover of approximately three billion pound. The groups main activities are
construction and manufacture of cables. The group has five different divisions.
Balfour Beatty is Britains leading construction company with a turnover of
around $ 1,700 m. The company is famous for its work constructing motorways,
buildings and of course, the channel tunnel.
Another division is BICC Cables. They are the largest manufacturer of fibre
optic cables in Europe and they now own the Italian company Ceat Cavil,
CelCat in Portugal; part of CGC in Spain and KVC in the former East Germany.
BICC Cables is expanding fast in Asia too and it has a turnover of $ 1,103 m.
Make also a profile of each division of the multinational company BICC.
42
retail
subsidiary
division
manufactures
employs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. Ask questions about the building and the facilities of a company, using the
words below and beginning with:
Is the building ? There is a/an There are .
Is there a/an .? Are there ..? Are they any .?
There isnt a/an. There arent any. There are no
modern
separate rooms for smokers
staff restaurant
large car park
facilities for disabled staff
near a railway station
lifts
bus stop nearby
noisy
crche
air conditioning system
sport or recreational facilities
cold in winter
nice to work in
43
Practice: Make comments in your own words about each of the qualities of a
company building and about its facilities.
9. Study the organization of a company:
Human
resources
Training
Production
Marketing
Finance
Production
Marketing
Personnel
Packaging
After-Sales
Wages
and
Salaries
Distribution
or
Dispatch
Research
and
Development
Buying
or
Purchasing
Customer
Account
Financial
Services
Quality
Advertising
Maintenance
Now read attentively the definitions below and specify which department:
1. puts the products in boxes and crates?
2. places ads in magazines?
3. pays the staff?
4. purchases supplies?
5. sells the products to customers?
6. plans how to sell new products?
7. services the machines and equipment?
8. arranges courses for the staff?
9. recruits new employees?
10. manufactures the products?
11. invoices customers?
12. looks after customers problems and complaints?
13. dispatches the products and sends them to customers?
14. organises control systems to prevent mistakes?
15. deals with taxation, investment and cash management?
44
GRAMMAR FOCUS
PRESENT TENSES
Read the following paragraph about the company Marks & Spencer:
Marks & Spencer, the British food and clothes company, is the most famous
British shop in the world. At the moment, there are M & S shops in Britain, and
other shops in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain and Portugal. Currently,
they are building a large new store in Paris on the Rue de Rivoli. In North America,
the company owns Brooke Brothers and there are about fifty stores in Canada.
More and more people, from Hong Kong to Lisbon, are buying their clothes and
food from M & S. The clothes vary from country to country. Food departments sell
typically British food: tea, cakes, biscuits etc., and shops in Paris are very popular
at lunchtime as they sell sandwiches.
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
1. Use simple present tense in the following sentences, to show permanent
activities:
Example:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2. Simple present tense is also used with time adverbials to express frequent,
actions, habitual.
Example:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
4. Simple present is also used in Time Clauses to express the future after when,
before, till, until, as soon as, immediately, by the moment
Model: When you come, Ill be ready.
3. It is said that one Englishman will not speak to another till they ..
(be introduced).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2. Use present continuous tense to describe personal fixed plans and appointments
in the near future:
1.
2.
3.
4.
"
47
duc automat la o productivitate crescut. Primul lor efect este s ncurajeze oamenii
s rmn n slujb, nu s produc mai mult sau s fie fericii.
Managerii se gndesc s dea oamenilor slujbe potrivite talentelor
individuale. n cazul banilor ca stimulent, oamenii muncesc pentru ei pn la un
punct - s-i satisfac concepiile personale de via bun. Exist teoreticieni care
pretind c banii i beneficiile sunt stimulente negative, absena lor i face pe
oameni nefericii, dar prezena lor nu-i face mai productivi. Aceiai teoreticieni
spun c banii conteaz doar mpreun cu performana individual. Pentru a stimula
angajaii, multe companii i atrag n procesul de luare a deciziilor, aa nct ei s-i
poat raporta elurile personale la cele ale companiei. n multe cazuri sugestiile
salariailor sunt aplicate de ctre patroni cu succes.
Remember!
The following verbs cannot be used in the continuous aspect. Some of these verbs
can be used in the continuous aspect with different meanings:
VERBS
EXAMPLE
Im seeing my family on
Sunday.
Im thinking about
summer holidays.
Verbs of feeling: to
like, to dislike, to love,
to hate, to loathe, to
mind;
Im loving/enjoying this
party.
Im liking school better
now.
48
my
49
SECTION B
LEAD-IN
READING
NOTHING TO SELL AND NOTHING TO BUY
Patricia: They say that everyone lives by selling something. Im sure this is true.
Jeffrey: So am I. In the light of this statement, teachers live by selling knowledge
and priests by selling spiritual comfort.
Patricia: I think the value of material goods may be measured in terms of money,
but its extremely difficult to estimate the true value of the services which
people perform for us.
Jeffrey: So do I. There are times when we willingly give everything we own to
save our lives, but we bear a grudge against doctors as we have to pay
them. I dont agree with grudge-bearing persons.
Patricia: Neither do I. I neither like that kind of persons, nor want to meet them. The
conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same
way that goods are paid for at a shop. Everyone has something to sell.
Jeffrey: Yes, youre right! But what about tramps? They seem to be the only
exception to this general rule. I dont mean beggars, who almost sell
themselves as human beings to arouse the pity of passers-by.
Patricia: I dont like them either. But real tramps are not beggars.
Jeffrey: Yes, they only seek independence. They deliberately choose to lead the
life they lead and are fully aware of the consequences.
Patricia: Then why do we often speak with contempt of? I think there are a lot of
people who cant honestly admit they feel a little envious of their simple
way of life.
Jeffrey: So do I, youre right!
(based on Alexander, Developing Skills, Longman)
50
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Speak about ways of earning ones living through hard work and ways of
earning ones living through other ways. Explain the difference among these
verbs, all of them including the idea to make money: to earn, to gain, to get,
to win, to cash, to economize, to invest, to save, to speculate, to transact.
2. Make two columns: employed and unemployed. Which of the following words
and phrases have to belong to each column: dismiss, fire, hire, promote,
resign, retire, suspend, sack, kick out, strike, employment, industrious, fail,
profit, inactive, on the dole, out of work, scrupulous, idle, serious, thorough,
indolent, make someone redundant?
GRAMMAR FOCUS
1. Read these ads about used cars sale. Then use so is and neither:
Audi Quattro
2000, blue,
5-door, radio,
excellent
condition, taxed
until December.
4,725
Renault Megane
2001, automatic,
red, 4-door,
sunroof, radio,
taxed until
September.
8,525
Porsche GT3
1996, red,
4-door,
sunroof, excellent
condition.
4,875
Hyunday Accent
2000, dark blue,
4-door, radio,
excellent
condition.
6,125
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2. Read these ads about Job vacancies. Then write sentences using so do/does
or neither do/does
A
Secretary/PA
with good
shorthand/typing
skills and fluent
French required
for Sales Manager
on international
company. The job
involves travel
and a lot of
organization
work. Excellent
salary, modern
offices in
Victoria, five
weeks holiday.
Ring Susan Gill
01-636-0239.
B
Legal Personal
Assistant, 8800
pound. Busy
solicitors office in
West End. Good
shorthand/typing
and legal
experience
essential. Excellent
working conditions,
5 weeks holiday.
Please contact
Mr. J. Banks.
Tel. 01-629-9923.
C
Audio Secretary for
overseas Dept. of City
Bank. Previous
banking experience,
spoken and written
French essential.
Some travel involved.
Salary negotiable.
Excellent working
conditions.
5 weeks holiday.
Telephone
Michael Hill
01-453-9785.
D
Secretary (Audio),
8,000 pound,
required for Fashion
Company with
offices in Mayfair.
No previous
experience in
fashion necessary.
The job involves
travel in UK.
Current driving
licence essential. If
you have good
typing and audio
skills and an ability
to organize, contact
Jane Weathers
01-34-7111. We
offer 4 weeks
holiday and
luncheon vouchers.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
52
Remember!
Conjunctions Structures
The conjunctions either, neither, nor and so express emphatic alternatives in
addition to remarks.
REMEMBER
EXAMPLE
One day he went to stay at a hotel in New York and asked for the
cheapest room they had. Rockefeller said What is the price of the room?.
The manager told him. And which floor is it on?. Again the manager told
him. Is that the lowest priced room you have? I am staying here by myself
and only need a small room. The manager said, That room is the smallest
and cheapest we have, and added, But why do you choose a poor room
like that? When your son stays here he always has our most expensive
room; yours is our cheapest. Yes, said Rockefeller, but his father is a
wealthy man; mine isnt.
CHECKLIST
1. Comment an the following statement: Never treat success like a confortable chair.
2. State the difference between wages and salaries.
3. Choose the correct verb form: i) The Prime Minister meets/is meeting the
foreign delegation at 10 a.m.
ii) I meet/am meeting my friends at 10 p.m.
4. What important information should a job vacancy ad contain?
5. What is a holding company?
54
UNIT 4
GOING TO COLLEGE
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
V In groups discuss the following questions:
5
6
7
grant college
full-time
tuition fees undergraduates
higher education
qualification
READING
Work in pairs. Student A should use the information below and Student B should
look at the information in File 1 on page 190.
HIGHER EDUCATION IN UK
There are forty-seven universities in Britain and thirty polytechnics, plus 350
colleges and institutes of higher education. Undergraduate courses normally
take three years of full-time study, although a number of subjects take longer,
including medicine, architecture and foreign languages (where courses include
a year abroad). They lead in most cases to a Bachelors degree in Arts or
Science (BA or BSc). Students of law, architecture and some other professions
can take qualifications that are awarded by their own professional bodies
instead of degrees. There are also various postgraduate degrees, including
Master of Arts or Philosophy (MA or MPhil) and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD).
Universities accept students mainly on the basis of their A levels, although
they may interview them as well. At present, students who have been
accepted by universities or other institutions of higher education receive a
grant from their local authority, which covers the cost of the course, and may
cover living expenses, books and travel, although parents with higher incomes
are expected to make a contribution. Before1990 the grant was paid back, but
since then a system of loans has been introduced.
(adapted from Britain Explored, Longman)
56
LANGUAGE WORK
Complete the chart. Then compare the educational system in UK or the USA with
the educational system in our country.
UK
USA
Romania
Courses
Degrees
Admission
Tuition fees
Concerns
Medicine, architecture and foreign languages are studied for three years.
Students are only accepted based on entrance examinations.
The grant received by students is being paid back at present.
High schools and colleges are not attended by many Americans.
Education is considered vital to the American ideal.
Not so many people think that the quality of education is a problem that
must be addressed.
2. Do you know what the following abbreviations stand for?
BSc, PhD, VIP, CD, DJ, MA, Washington, D.C., SOS, IT, p.m., e.g., i.e.
Can you add some more?
VOCABULARY
Clippings are some words normally used in an abbreviated form in informal
situations.
exam (examination)
TV or telly (television)
lab (laboratory)
board (blackboard)
fridge (refrigerator)
rep (representative)
57
phone (telephone)
ad/advert (advertisement)
fax (facsimile)
memo (memorandum)
You take / do / sit an exam. If you are well prepared, youll pass / do well in your
exam. If you skip lectures, youll probably fail / do badly in the exam. Therefore,
before an exam its a good idea to revise for it. When you pass all your exams, you
graduate from university youre a graduate.
1. Look up the following terms specific to the US education system:
sophomore freshman junior senior
2. Here are some words related to education and training. Put them in columns
under these headings: degrees, subjects, education institutions, teachers
statistics
professor college economics
bachelor
master university accounting
tutor postgraduate lecturer geography
high school international business
doctor
polytechnics reader
GRAMMAR FOCUS
1. Put in the prepositions in, at or on.
1
Nick was so bored, he had nothing to do ____ the weekend.
2
Derek went swimming ____ Sunday morning and _____ the evening he
played bridge.
3
I took my annual holiday in August, but I had a few days off ____
Christmas as well.
4
I was born ____ 1954.
58
5
6
7
.
I went to two schools.
.
The first was a junior school, the second was a high school.
Sociology
.
I studied there for four years.
..
I graduated in 1977.
SIMPLE PAST
3. Put the verbs in the correct tense and fill in the spaces. All the verbs are
irregular.
write
Infinitive
letters
a mistake
care
a report
wrote
an ice-cream
Simple past
a memo
a decision
a photograph
a magazine
a new CD
Past participle
written your resignation
noise
a chance
through the
handbook
tickets
59
a lecture
a present
your opinion
attention
the rent
taxes
on holiday
on a trip
a car
carefully
someone crazy
three languages
up
loudly
the class
to rain
work early
someone off
the point
someone later
your best
business with
homework
the bell
someone up
back later
fast
a company
a campaign
your job
a bet
your temper
. a long time
. six days
. my last birthday
. the end of the holidays
. ages
. I came to England
. the last few days
. the day I met you
1990
Present Perfect
60
now
Last year.
Two hours ago.
Since last year.
At 6.00 p.m.
All evening.
Ten minutes ago.
Last summer.
A: Yes. Your tickets 1) have arrived (arrive) and theyre with my secretary. And I
2) ...(just/have) a fax from the hotel confirming your reservation.
B: Thank you. What about money?
A: I 3) ... (already/order) some zloty for you. I 4)
... (ring) the bank yesterday, and theyll have them tomorrow.
But theres a problem with your Eurocheque book. I 5) . (ask)
them to send one a week ago, but it 6) (not/arrive) yet.
B: Thats all right. I 7) . (never/need) a Eurocheque before. I
normally use a credit card.
A: Really? Are you sure you can do that?
B: I think so. Certainly when I 8) . (go) to Austria last September
I 9) . (take) my Visa card and my MasterCard, and I 10)
(not/have) any problems. But Ill check about Poland. 11)
. (you/ever/be) there?
A: No, but have a word with Jennifer Cooper in Marketing. She 12)
(be) there a couple of times, so I expect she would know.
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE OR PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS?
7. Underline the correct form of the verb. Remember that some verbs cannot be
used in the continuous aspect.
Example:
I didnt realize that you and David were friends. How long
have you known/been knowing him?
8. Complete the questions and answer about George Thomsons life using Past
Simple and Present Perfect. p. 56
1949
1960
1965
1967
1971
1972
1975
1976
1980
1987
1989
1992
1994
1995
2002
(now)
born in Manchester
starts Garibaldi Grammar School, meets his best friend Harry
moves to London
sales representative for Fancy Clothes Manufacturer
marries Sophie, a French librarian
moves to France, teaches English
his son Thomas born, returns to England
gets a job as sales representative for WH Smith bookshops
his daughter Clementine born, moves to detached house in Cambridge
UK Manager for Cambridge Publishers
made redundant
meets Harry again, offered a job as Marketing Director with Harrys
company St Jeromes Publishers
St Jeromes Publishers goes bankrupt
starts market stall selling clothes
still selling clothes at Portobello market
5. When . to England?
After .. born.
6. How many times ....
Twice
as sales representative?
Remember!
Past tense vs. present perfect
Present perfect indefinite time
How long have you prepared it?
for a long time.
Ive prepared it lately.
since yesterday.
recently.
She has just left.
Ive already seen it.
I havent seen it yet.
64
SECTION B
LEAD-IN
Work in pairs. Student A should use the information below and Student B should
look at the information in File 2 on page 191. Then answer the following
questions:
READING
Cambridge must be one of the best-known universities in the world. The renowned
English institution started during the 13th century and grew steadily, until today
there are more than twenty colleges. Most of them allow visitors to enter the
grounds and courtyards. The oldest college, Peterhouse, was founded in 1284, and
the most recent, Robinson College, was opened in 1977. The most famous is
probably Kings, because of its magnificent chapel. Its choir of undergraduates is
also very well known. Every year thousands of students from overseas come to
Cambridge to study English in the first place.
Each year in May there are the Eight Weeks of various sporting events, among
which the most celebrated is the boat-race Oxford v. Cambridge. It was first rowed
in 1829 and has became a regular event since 1856.
To the North of this ancient city is the modern face of the University the
Cambridge Science Park, which has developed in response to the need for
universities to increase their contact with high technology industry. It was
established in 1970 by Trinity College, which has a long scientific tradition going
back to Sir Isaac Newton. Cambridge Science Park is now a centre of more than
sixty companies and research institutes.
65
LANGUAGE WORK
American English
Cambridge Science Park is now a centre of more than sixty companies and
research institutes. (British English)
Cambridge remains a center of intellectual life, especially since its become home
to MIT. (American English)
Here are some of the main difference both in spelling and vocabulary between the two:
Spelling
Vocabulary
British English
American English
British English
American English
metre, theatre
meter, center
petrol
gas(oline)
colour, humour
color, humor
lorry
truck
programme, dialogue
program, dialog
luggage
baggage
analyse, organise
analyze, organize
holiday
vacation
defence, licence
defense, license
pavement
sidewalk
traveller, jewellry
traveler, jewelry
lift
elevator
through, plough
thru, plow
term
semester
cheque
check
motorway
freeway
encyclopaedia
encyclopedia
(bank)note
bill
skilful, fulfil
skillful, fulfill
underground
subway
grey
gray
ground floor
first floor
pyjamas
pajamas
autumn
fall
1. If you read words spelt in the following way, would the writer be British or
American?
1) labor 2) fibre 3) centralized 4) movie theater 5) endeavour 6) thru
2. Translate the following into British English:
1. Weve run out of gas in the freeway.
2. Were leaving by subway.
3. Im looking forward to my vacation.
4. He put his baggage into the truck.
5. When does the fall semester start?
6. She bought a nice apartment on the first floor.
7. Can you change this bill for me?
66
quick
68
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. Study the information contained in the following chart and then complete the
passage below, using the comparative or superlative forms of the adjectives:
much, little, high, low, near (some of them appear twice).
564
70
149
EC
Luxembourg
58
Spain
164
Portugal
105
Italy
152
Ireland
Denmark
Britain
Belgium
119
Holland
202
148
France
283
Greece
369
The chart above illustrates the different levels of per capita expenditure on leisure
activities for some EU member countries in 1997. As you can see, the
(1).. amount spent was by the Portuguese with the Spaniards in
(2).. position at 70 EUs. Amongst those nations who spent the (3)
.... on this type of product were the Irish who were almost two hundred
EUs ahead of their rivals, the Danish. In comparison, the expenditure of the
Belgians was only half that of the (4) amount. Both the British and the
Dutch were by five ecus (5) ... or (6) ... than the EU
national average of 149.
SOCIAL ENGLISH
1. Match a line in A with a line in B.
1.
2.
3.
A
Shall we meet this afternoon at 3 oclock?
Sorry Im late. I got held up in the traffic. Did I miss anything?
Could I have the bill, please?
69
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Have you heard that they are opening a new mall downtown?
How long did it take you to do the homework?
Could you fill it up?
What a nice coat! Is it expensive?
Can you tell me the area code for Stockholm?
Would you mind opening the window?
Hi, Michael! I havent seen you for ages! How are things going?
Who was that came to give us a lecture yesterday?
Lets take a break now, shall we?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
B
Certainly, sir. Ill bring it straight away.
Ages. What about you?
Not at all. Its very hot in here.
It cost an absolute fortune!
Sorry. I cant make it then. What about a bit later?
Really? Ill go there to see it with my own eyes.
Nice to see you too. Well, I cant complain. What about you?
One moment. Ill just look it up.
I have no idea, but she seemed fine to me.
Sure. Shall I check the oil as well?
Absolutely! Ive grown quite tired with all these exercises.
Its all right. Youre here now. Come and sit down.
All remaining
adjectives
Positive
generous
Comparative
more generous
Superlative
most generous
Structures of
comparison
bad, ill
much,
many
little, few
old
far
near
late
GROUP B
a) He cant justify.
b) Its very difficult to keep going.
c) Hes very unpleasant to be with.
d) Hes misunderstood it.
e) Hes really happy and excited.
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
CHECKLIST
1.a.Does one still feel ill if he/she says: I have caught a cold?
b. What tense do we use to talk about: i) the present results of a past action?
ii) the time when something happened?
2. Name the educational levels in the UK and Romania comparatively.
3. What are the comparative and superlative degrees of these adjectives: far, big,
reliable, bad, funny?.
4. What expressions can you use to ask for information?
6. Give examples of words that differ in American English and British English.
72
UNIT 5
GETTING IN TOUCH
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
1.
2.
3.
4.
A number of closing salutations are possible at the end of a letter, but they are used
in different situations:
Yours faithfully is used when the name of the person you are addressing is
unknown. Your letter probably began Dear Sir/Sirs/Madam, (or
Gentlemen: in US usage).
Yours sincerely (or Sincerely yours in US usage) is used when you do
know the name of the person to whom you are writing, but wish to remain on
fairly formal terms. Your letter probably began Dear Mr. Talbot/Ms Tomlin.
Yours truly or Truly yours is used, principally, in the US as an alternative
to Yours sincerely. Your letter probably began Gentlemen:.
Best/Kind regards is frequent in friendly business letters (faxes).
Cordially or Best wishes are used when you know the name of the person
to whom you are writing. It is less formal, so your letter probably began Dear
John/Laura.
Correct any inappropriate elements in the following letter:
Hartley-Mason Inc.
618 West and Vine Street, Chicago, Illinois
ATTN: Mr. M. Tirnoveanu
Motor Systems SRL
Str. Toamnei nr. 12
Bucharest
ROMANIA
29/5/00
Dear Sir,
We are in receipt of your letter of 27 May and are pleased to see that the samples
we sent you are to your satisfaction and the workmanship is to your standards.
The United States, like Romania, has also experienced an increase in motorbike
sales, and like you we think that there is a vast market to be tapped for the touring
bike.
With regard to your offer, I should tell you straight away that we never use sole
agencies anywhere in the world, but rely on merchants buying our products on their
74
own account, then retailing them at market prices in their country. We, of course,
offer a 30% trade discount off net list prices and a further discount for sales above
US$100,000.
As far as advertising is concerned, you will be pleased to hear that we have arranged for
an extensive campaign which begins next month and features our machines. We are
sending dealers throughout Europe with brochures, leaflets and posters to hand to their
customers and this will be followed up by television advertising in May.
Our terms of payment are L/C open at a Bank of your preference, order shipped
CFR a port of your designation. Should any slight flaw be found, we undertake to
remedy it as soon as possible.
In the hope of signing a long-term contract with you, thank you for writing to us,
and we are looking forward to hearing from you.
Best wishes,
President
J. R. Mason
Enc. Please find our catalogue.
LANGUAGE WORK
Remember!
Some abbreviations you might see on a letter/fax/envelope:
c/o
enc.
PS
asap
PTO
pc.
NB
RSVP
a/c
care of (e.g. T. Smith, c/o J. Brown; the letter goes to J. Browns address)
enclosed (e.g. enc. application form)
postscript (extra message after the letter has been ended)
as soon as possible (e.g. ring me asap)
please turn over
piece
please note (Latin: nota bene)
please reply (French: rpondez sil vous plat)
account current
75
1. Translate this note from the boss to a group of workers in an office, into full
words.
Memo from:
Date:
TO:
Ref:
All staff
04056/DC
May I remind you that all new lab equipment should be registered
with Stores & Supplies, Room 354 (ext 2683). NB: new items must
be notified before 17:00 hrs on the last day of the month of
purchase, i.e. the current budgeting month. All a/c nos must be
recorded.
Braneless
"
Sometimes the samples you receive do not comply with your standards and
you must give up cooperation with that company. Write a letter of cancellation of
the order.
2. Match the Romanian expressions to their corresponding English terms:
1. v rugm s confirmai n scris
2. dac nu ne vei informa contrariul
3. atept cu nerbdare rspunsul dvs.
4. confirmm primirea
5. am luat not de
6. v-a rmne recunosctor
7. n termen de 14 zile
8. n viitorul apropiat
9. n plic separat
10. problema rmne n atenia noastr
11. vom lua msurile necesare
3. Match the abbreviations on the left to the full form on the right:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PLS
RQD
YR
CFR
ATTN
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
with reference to
cost and freight
payment
your
bill of lading
76
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
REF/RE
PYT
RQST
L/C
B/L
CNTR
RCVD
DISCNT
DSPTCH
APOLS
F.O.B
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
required
request
free on board
letter of credit
please
received
container
apologies
discount
dispatch
for the attention of
This is a part of a letter you receive from a friend. Write to your friend, giving
practical advice, referring to the points in the letter.
As you know, Ill graduate this summer. Im looking forward to starting work
and earning some money of my own. I want to open my own shop, so Im
going to get a job in the local department store straightaway to gain as much
practical experience as possible. Of course my parents want me to go to college
and do a business course but I feel Ill learn more on the job. My brother
thinks I could spend a year travelling before I make up my mind to Australia
or somewhere and improve my English. Please let me know what you think
GRAMMAR FOCUS
EXPRESSING ABILITY, PERMISSION, OBLIGATION, ADVICE
MODAL VERBS
The modals have the following main characteristics:
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
a.
b.
c.
d.
............ I take the exam this semester? No, but next semester you must.
Where .......... I put this file?
.............. I attend the meeting too?
........... I pay the telephone bill today? Im so busy.
5. Fill in the blanks with OUGHT TO, MUST, HAVE TO, SHOULD to express
advice:
a.
As the others insist on it, you ......... do as they say.
b.
You ...... go to the mountains. You look very tired.
c.
You ...... finish your work before going on holiday. I know I ............
d.
You ........... take these pills three times a day as the doctor has told you to.
e.
You .......... (not) smoke cigars, they will ruin your health.
f.
Robert looks quite ill. He ...... have a rest.
g.
I want to get as thin as a movie star. What .......... I do? You .......... see a
doctor about it.
h.
You ........ stop drinking, or else you will get drunk.
6. Change the sentences below, using I would rather or I had better followed by a
short infinitive to express preference:
Note: Would rather + infinitive shows preference (e.g. I would rather drink
mineral water than Coca Cola)
Had better + infinitive shows desirability or advisability. (e.g. You had
better come in now. = You should come in now / You ought to come in now).
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
79
Remember!
MODAL VERB
CAN(COULD)
EXPRESSING
EXAMPLE
ability, capability
(equivalent: to be able to)
permission (informal
alternative of may; could
is more polite)
possibility (could
indicates greater doubt)
COULD +
perfect infinitive
negative deduction,
impossibility
assumptions
reproach
MAY(MIGHT)
permission (equivalent: to
be allowed/permitted to)
(might is more polite)
possibility
assumption, guess
(might indicates greater
doubt)
MIGHT +
perfect infinitive
reproach
MUST
necessity, obligation
(equivalent: have to/have
got to) (negative: a)
mustnt = duty not to do
something, prohibition;
80
= no duty, absence of
obligation)
deductions
MUST + perfect
infinitive
conclusions
NEED
necessity, requirement
a) as an auxiliary:
b) as main verb:
SHALL
SHOULD
necessity, compulsion,
obligation (formal style)
request for advice,
suggestion (NB: first
person only!)
advice, suggestion
duty, moral obligation
possibility, probability
wonder, surprise
SHOULD
+ reproach
perfect infinitive
OUGHT TO
advice, suggestion
(alternative of should, but
more emphatic)
duty, obligation
WILL
WOULD
DARE
USED TO
BE TO
82
SECTION B
LEAD-IN
Can you learn just by reading or listening to English?
You will certainly help yourself to learn English vocabulary not only by studying
with this book but also by reading and listening to English. Give each of the items
on the lists below a mark from 0 to 4 describing how important this way of learning
vocabulary could be for you personally.
Example: newspapers : 3.
newspapers
TV (cable/subtitled)
cinema magazines
video
radio (e.g. BBC World Service) academic or professional literature fiction
simplified readers (with or without cassettes) music or other cassettes
talking to native speakers
To what extent is the phone conversation important in the business world?
Are you careful about your attitude on the phone, or any attitude or tone of
voice would do?
How can we take the stress out of the telephone?
TELEPHONING
Mr. Abbott:
Secretary:
Mr. Abbott:
Secretary:
Mr. Abbott:
Mr. Clark:
Mr. Abbott:
Mr. Clark:
Mr. Abbott:
Mr. Clark:
Mr. Abbott:
Mr. Clark:
Mr. Abbott:
Mr. Clark:
LANGUAGE WORK
ROLE-PLAY
How do you usually start a phone conversation to sound polite and get the
information you need? In pairs, prepare a conversation between a travel agent and
a customer, then act it out.
1. Define the following terms in English:
a. We are going to extend our range of products;
b. We are looking forward to new shades and designs;
c. unshrinkable;
84
d.
e.
f.
g.
colour-fast;
crease-resistance;
water-proof;
before purchasing extensively.
2. Read the telephone dialogue below. Choose the best answer for each blank.
Marcu:
Anca:
Marcu:
Anca:
Marcu:
Anca:
Marcu:
Anca:
Marcu:
Anca:
Marcu:
Anca:
Marcu:
Anca:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
flaw
long-term
contract
trade discount
workmanship
authorities
packing services
free on board
stoppages
86
7.
8.
9.
10.
in front of
near next to
of
on
opposite to until
five. On his way back (19) work he does some shopping and
has supper (20) .. home. He likes living (21) Germany; he
doesnt go home to England (22) holiday, but visits the sights (23) .
Germany.
It is Saturday morning now, and Gerry is (24) home (25) .
bed. (26) .. Saturday he gets up at ten oclock and then sits (27) the
living room to have breakfast. (28) .. Saturday afternoons he plays tennis
or goes swimming. (29) . Saturday evenings he usually goes out. He enjoys
the sort (30) life he lives.
4. Fill in the blanks with a, an or (no article):
1. I like to go abroad about three times _____ year.
2. Have you met my brother? Hes _____ engineer too.
3. Im thinking about buying _____ new car. What would you recommend?
4. _____ computer software is not as expensive as you think.
5. The government has urged businesses not to give _____ pay rises above
inflation.
6. How long have you been in _____ engineering?
7. I think I should do _____ course in Business Administration.
8. I have _____ idea: what about doing _____ evening course in _____
accounting? It only takes up _____ hour a week.
5. Complete the blanks in the following passages with the or (no article):
Hi, my names Todd Sawyer. Im a financial analyst, and I work for a company
called (1) _____ Pacific Investment which is based in (2) _____ Channel Islands.
Our offices are in (3) _____ St. Helier, (4) ____ capital of the main island, (5)
_____ Jersey. Jersey is very popular with financial institutions from (6) _____
England because it is not part of (7) _____ UK for tax purposes, and it is also
popular with investors from (8) _____ Europe.
I work for a tour operator called (9) _____ Lakeland Travel, and we specialize in
bringing people to (10) _____ Lake District which is in (11) _____ north of (12)
_____ England. We run a hotel, (13) _____ Capitol, which is in (14) _____
Ambleside, a small town on shores of (15) _____ Lake Windermere. Many of our
visitors come from Scotland, which is very close, but others come from as far away
as (16) _____ New York or (17) _____ Far East.
90
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Marketing
Personnel
Accounts
Research and Development
Sales
Dispatch
Purchasing
Production
After-Sales
7. In each of the following sentences, put one of the verbs into the present simple
and the other into the present continuous:
Example:
We are interviewing (interview) people from outside the company for the new
post in the export department, but I think (think) we ought to give the job to Mr
Jackson.
1. At the moment, we ____________ (carry) out an experiment to find out what
sort of after-sales service our customers ___________ (want).
2. Weve got a competition on at work about our new range of cosmetics. The
marketing people ___________ (try) to find a brand name that __________
(sound) natural and sophisticated.
3. ___________ (you/ know) what Mrs. Ericson ___________ (do) ? Shes not in
her office and she hasnt left for lunch either.
4. Could you help me? I ___________ (try) to translate this letter from a Spanish
client and I dont know what this word ____________ (mean).
5. I ___________ (apply) for a transfer to our London office, but I dont know if
Ill be successful. It all ____________ (depend) on whether or not they have any
vacancies.
6. Their new instant coffee ___________ (taste) very good, so its not surprising
that it ______________ (become) more and more popular.
91
8. Look at the time line and complete the article about Liber, an Italian shoe
company.
Date
1928
Event
Giovanni Liberti born in Milan
1944-48
1963
1968
1977
1980
1991
1992
1994
1997
1998
92
Dear Brigitte,
I (1) (be) in Cambridge for almost a year now, and I (2) .. (have)
a wonderful time.
Perhaps the most exciting thing that (3) (happened) to me was
going to a May Ball. Let me explain every year in June (although they re called
May Balls!) the colleges organize big dances with lovely food and champagne
served from marquees in the college ground. The dance goes on all night, and then,
at dawn, people take a boat and have breakfast on the river. For a May Ball the
students wear dinner jackets and bow ties, and long dresses, although they usually
wear jeans and T - shirts!
Before the ball, I (4) (meet) my friends in a typical Cambridge
student pub called The Bath. Apparently theres an old student joke: If my
mother calls, tell her I m in The Bath .
One Saturday I (5) .(go) down to the river to watch the bumps -a
rowing competition between colleges where each boat tries to overtake or bump
another boat. Lots of people (6).(get) very wet!
I (7) (find) out that you can learn a lot just by being in England! Yesterday,
I (8) . (learn) a new expression Hobsons choice. Apparently a man
called Thomas Hobson (9) .. (live) in Cambridge about 200 years
ago. He (10) ... (have) about forty horses, and whenever a customer
(11) .. (want) to hire one, he always (12) .. (give) them the
one that had rested longest. The only choice was Hobson s choice, that is no
choice at all, and that s what it means today!
Please write soon and tell me what you (13) (do) lately. 14)
(see) you Grete recently? When you meet her, send her my best wishes.
Lots of love,
Frieda.
93
10. Fill in the blank with the correct tense of the verb or auxiliary -- past simple
or present perfect.
Lisa: Hi, Philip, how are things?
Philip: Hi, Lisa. Im fine, thanks. Im on my way to the Training Centre for the
Spanish class.
Lisa: The Spanish class?!
Philip: (1) .. (not / hear) about it?
Lisa: Not a bit. Who organised them?
Philip: The HR manager. He (2) (set up) the in-service programme
a few months ago, but the word (3) (not go round) yet.
Lisa: When (4) .. you (start) it?
Philip: In October. We (5) . already (finish) the first module.
Lisa: (6) ..... (take) any tests for that ?
Philip: Certainly. We (7) . (take) a placement test at the end of
September for the teacher to decide which class is best for us.
Lisa: I see you (8) . (buy) a lot of course books!
Philip: I (9) . ( not have to). We (10) . (receive)
all teaching material right at the beginning.
Lisa: This course sounds interesting. Such classes will do me good, either. I (11)
.... (not practise) Spanish for ages.
Philip: Thats right. I (12) .. (have) some Spanish lessons two years
ago, but since then I (13) ....(use) it quite seldom.
Lisa: So (14) . I.
Philip: Then it might be a good idea to join the class.
Lisa: Yes, Ill think about that.
11. Here are two scrambled letters. Identify the opening and the closing paragraphs. Write the two letters separately.
(1) Via de Santiago, 131-6B
36002 Pontevedra
Spain
(2) You can collect them from 9 a.m. 5.30 p.m., Monday to Saturday, at our shop
in Wimbledon, or we can post them to you.
(3) 12 June 1999
(4) Naveed Chandra
94
(5) I am writing to thank you for the lovely gift that you sent me for my
birthday. How did you know that my favourite colour was red? It was very
kind of you to think of me.
(6) Velvet Vibes
117 High Street
Wimbledon
London SW12
Tel: (0181) 967 2456
(7) Dear Monique,
(8) My exams finish next week. We've got Maths on Wednesday and English on
Friday. After that, it's the holidays!
(9) I am writing to inform you that the CDs you ordered on 24 February arrived
this morning
(10) Write soon and tell me all you news. I am enclosing a photo that Celia took of
me wearing my new red T-shirt.
(11) Yours sincerely,
(12) Take care. Hope to hear from you soon.
(13) 1 March 1999
(14) Aurora
(15) Let me know your plans for the holidays maybe we could arrange something.
(16) Ms Annette Jacks
53 Old Coach Rd
Tooting
London SW13 6YT
(17) Now you can see how it looks on me!
(18) Love,
(19) Dear Ms Jacks,
(20) I would love to see you. Maybe I could visit you in France, or would you like
to come to Spain?
(21) I would be grateful if you would contact me as soon as possible with your
instructions.
A ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
B ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
12. Fill in the blanks with WONT (present) or WOULDNT (past) to express
refusal or failure:
a) I expected him to be reasonable, but he .... listen to me.
b) I want to give him a chance, but he ....... take it.
95
c)
d)
e)
f)
I expected her to come too. She wanted to, but I ...... let her.
I wanted to leave, but she .......... hear of it.
No matter how hard I try, this engine ....... start.
Can you lend me your car? Mine ..... start.
14. Match the sentences (1-20) with their appropriate translations (A-T):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
96
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
O.
P.
Q.
R.
S.
T.
97
UNIT 6
LOOKING AHEAD
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
Answer these questions about the future. Imagine you put the answers in a
safe place and you dont look at them again until the year 2010!
Which of these things will you
PERSONAL
2010?
(b) satellite
will be?
(a)every
day
(b)
often
famous?
(c)
sometimes
fashion in 2010?
TECHNOLOGY
WORK
YES
NO
Will pollution be
a more serious problem than now?
a less serious problem than now?
What will be the most important
source of energy?
Will there be a cure for
(a) AIDS?
YES NO
(b) cancer?
YES NO
How many nuclear weapons will
there be?
(a) more than today (b) the same
number as now (c) fewer than
today (d) none
environmentally-friendly
teleworker
on-line
greenhouse
flexitime
life expectancy illiterate job security fuel
man-made elderly
household appliances
1
2
3
4
READING
Between 1981 and 1989 the number of children in Britain between the ages
of 10 and 15 dropped from over four million to just over three million. The picture
is similar all over Europe.
By the year 2000, there will have been a 37% drop in the youth population
of Germany, a 22% drop in the United Kingdom and a 12% drop in France.
There will be fewer adolescents in the late 1990s in Britain, but the number
of people between 30 and 44 will grow by 8%. Economists say that because of this,
High Street will change. Fewer shops will sell clothes, food and drink for young
people. There will be less loud music in restaurants and pubs and the whole
atmosphere will be quieter.
What kind of people will todays adolescents be by the year 2000?
Certainly more people will be vegetarian. The number of vegetarians may grow
from 2% of the population to almost 4% in the next ten years. 10% of all students
are vegetarians. They will also be more conscious of healthy foods and the
environmentally-friendly things in shops.
Young people will have more international life-styles, and many will go
abroad to work in the next decade. Over 50% of 1821-year olds in Britain think of
themselves as European citizens.
Read the text and decide whether the following statements are true () or false
()
1.
2.
3.
4.
2. Work in pairs. Youre going to read an article called Growing trends which is
about life in the future. Here are the topic sentences taken from four of the
paragraphs. Discuss what you think each paragraph will say.
1
2
3
4
The environment
In the 21st century we will almost certainly be living in a warmer world. The
world will continue to use fossil fuels which release carbon dioxide, the main cause
of global warming, the greenhouse effect as it is also called.
Damage done to the ozone layer by man-made chemicals will mean that our
children will have an increased risk of developing skin cancer.
We will be living in a world with less energy available and we will be forced
to reduce our energy consumption.
Technology
In the 21st century most families will be using computers in the home to do a
wide variety of tasks. A great part of the technology we will be using a generation
from now already exists in some form. Over 3 million British households have
personal computers today and a further 650,000 will probably purchase them in the
next year.
In 25 years time computers will be a million times faster than they are today.
They will have become easier to use, but anyone who has not learnt how to use
them will be seriously disadvantaged, particularly in the field of employment. They
will be considered computer illiterate.
Population
By the 21st century a population explosion will have taken place in the
developing world. In developed countries, the size of the population will have
stabilised but the proportion of older people will have increased dramatically and
there will be problems associated with care of the elderly and medical services. It
may no longer be possible for the government to provide pensions for everybody.
101
Society
Statistics show that society is becoming more violent. 95% of Britons think
that it is unsafe to walk the streets at night; 85% believe that it used to be safer 30
years ago. The average persons risk of becoming a victim of violent crime has
increased three times since 1979.
This trend will almost certainly continue. Rising criminality will be one of the
most serious problems that people in the 21st century will be facing.
(adapted from Reward, Heinemann)
Match the following suggestions with one of the predictions in the text.
1 Dont fear technology or become a slave to it. Its more important to
learn what technology can do for you than to understand how it is
done.
2 Do your best to conserve energy.
3 Buy sun-hats and sun-cream and teach your children to keep out of the
sun.
4 Start talks with your neighbours about hiring private security guards.
5 Take out a private pension plan so that you are not dependent on the
government when you are older.
6 Travel as much as you can now. With decreasing fuel supplies it may
not be possible when you are older.
Work in pairs. Do you agree with these suggestions? Can you imagine other
solutions?
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Fill in the gaps with the suitable prepositions: by, of, over, to, under 1.
Example: Productivity will rise from 4% to 10%.
1. The profits of telecommunications companies will grow ____ approximately
25% in the next decade.
2. The sales of our beauty soap have dropped ____ the lowest level in the last
years.
3. ____ 2 million people left their homes running away from the huge hurricane.
4. The promotion campaign had a poor echo. ____ 15% of the target consumers
bought the new brand of oil.
102
5. The price of gold has fallen ____ almost a quarter since the beginning of the
year.
6. A decrease ____ 40% in white-collar criminality was considered a success.
2. Arrange the expressions in the box in the appropriate columns:
Im quite confident that Im positive that The chances are that
I expect that Im quite sure + (wont)
I doubt if
Perhaps
CERTAIN
PROBABLE
(LIKELY)
POSSIBLE
IMPROBABLE
IMPOSSIBLE
(UNLIKELY)
Im positive
that
3. Match the sentences in column A with sentences in column B that have a similar
meaning as given in the italicised example.
A
1 Im quite confident they will sign
the deal.
2 I doubt very much if they will sign
the deal.
3 I shouldnt think they will sign the
deal.
4 Perhaps well win the contract.
5 Im quite sure we wont win the
contract.
6 I doubt if well win the contract.
7 I expect well win the contract.
B
a They are not certain to sign the
deal.
b We definitely wont win the
contract.
c We probably wont win the
contract.
d Were likely to win the contract.
e We may win the contract.
f
g
or I dont think people will spend more money in the next decade than
they do now.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
1. Future continuous and future perfect
Answer these questions and try and guess the meaning of the words and phrases in
italic.
a) will be living -- Does this mean will be alive at that time or after it?
104
b) will have stabilised -- Does this mean will have continued to change or
will have stopped changing?
2. Future continuous or future perfect?
Write complete sentences about what Georgia thinks she will have done by the
time shes forty or will be doing at that time.
Example
work in a multinational company
Ill be working in a multinational.
get a MBA
Ill have got a MBA.
a. become a multi-millionaire
2. Use the suffixes er /-or and ee to give the names of the following:
Example: An employer is the persons who hires staff.
An addressee is the person to whom a letter is addressed.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
3. Contradict the following statements using negative prefixes: dis-, il-, im-, in-,
ir, un-.
Example: He is a very efficient man.
I dont agree. I think hes inefficient.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Remember!
Prefixes and suffixes
unbearable
unprefix
to form
the opposite
bear
root
word
-able
suffix
to form
the adjective
106
Prefixes
dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-,
unmultiover-, super-, hyperunder-
Meaning
opposite
Example
dissatisfaction, illogical, improbable,
incorrect, irrational, unimportant
multinational
overtime, superman
underestimated
Suffixes
-ful
-less
-able, -al, -ible, -ic,
-ing, -ive, -ous
Meaning
with
without
forms adjectives
forms nouns
many
too much
too little
forms adverbs
Example
careful
careless
readable, national, flexible,
economic interesting, productive,
humorous,
patience, achievement, politician,
explanation, ecologist, activity,
fitness, actor, dealership
slowly
107
SECTION B
LEAD-IN
What are you doing at the weekend?
Where are you going to spend your summer holiday?
Are you going to get a job next year?
Are you going to learn Spanish?
READING
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
108
(a) Read the dialogue. Find out which of the will phrases in italics is used to:
make an instant decision
make an invitation .
(b) Match the sentences on the left with the replies on the right:
1. Ill buy you another drink.
2. Ill arrive as soon as I can.
3. Will you get me something to eat?
GRAMMAR FOCUS
A. Read the following sentences:
a. Wait a minute, will you? Im speaking on the phone.
b. Im speaking with my partner on Friday. We have to sort out things.
a. Im sorry I cant join you, but Im very busy at the moment. Im
preparing my exams.
b. Im presenting the annual report next week.
What tense was used in each of them? Which sentences refer to actions happening
at the moment of speaking? Which sentences refer to actions that will happen in the
future? What future time phrases are used?
Present simple or present continuous?
1. Complete the conversation using the present continuous for arrangements (e.g.
hes coming) or the present simple for official schedules (e.g. he comes). The first
one has been done for you.
109
Sue:
Dan:
Sue:
Dan:
Sue:
Dan:
Sue:
Dan:
Sue:
Dan:
Sue:
Dan:
MAKING ARRANGEMENTS
Suggesting a
time
Accepting
Refusing
In pairs work out one dialogue to arrange a business lunch (formal) and one
dialogue to arrange a meeting with your friend (informal).
110
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
3. Add comments to the sentences. Use present continuous, going to, or will.
Example: Im afraid I cant meet you for the lunch on the 30th.
Im seeing Mr. Mullin in Lisbon.
1. The management have announced how they intend to reduce costs.
112
Here are some words and phrases formed with colours: red, blue, black, white,
grey, yellow. Read the definitions and complete the sentences below.
workers that work in offices rather than doing manual work in
industry
black economy the trading or producing of goods or services that people are
engaged in to avoid paying taxes
Yellow Pages telephone directory in which companies and people are listed and
grouped according to the kind of business they are involved in
red tape
complicated rules and regulations, when considered unnecessary,
bureaucratic
grey area
an area of a subject or situation that does not fit into a particular
category
blueprint
a plan or set of proposals that shows how it is expected to work
white-collar
250 words.
114
Remember!
WAYS TO EXPRESS FUTURE
FORM
will + short
infinitive
be going +
infinitive
USAGE
- predictions (simple future)
instant decisions
- future events based on present
evidence
(near future)
- intentions or decisions already made
(future of intention)
simple present - future events in when and if clauses
fixed times (official timetable
or calendar)
present
continuous
will + perfect
infinitive
will +
present
participle
be about +
infinitive,
be on the point
of + ing
EXAMPLES
Im sure our economy will recover soon.
The phone is ringing. ~Ill answer it.
The sky is cloudy, it is going to rain.
Im going to start my own business
next month.
When / if you see the results, youll be
very happy.
The plane for Vienna takes off at 7.30
am.
I m taking the plane for Vienna
tomorrow morning
In ones year time I will have
finished studying this course book.
When you arrive at the airport, he
will be waiting for you.
I think the meeting is about to start now.
Mary is on the point of resigning.
CHECKLIST
1. What future verb forms can you use to make arrangements?
2. Think of two pairs of prefixes and/or suffixes having a positive and a negative
meaning.
3. Think of two contexts for the adjectives older and elder.
4. What expressions can you use to inform a customer that it is probable/
improbable to find your boss that day?
5. Is the following sentence correct: If you will kindly wait a moment, Ill ask him
to speak to you.
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UNIT 7
INTERESTS
AND
INTERESTS
ANDHOBBIES
HOBBIES
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
READING
AUTOGRAPHS THAT SPELL MONEY
While leafing through an old handwritten book of poetry, Peter Croft of Sothebys,
the London auctioneers, noticed that certain pages were in a different hand from
the rest. The moment he saw the handwriting on those dozen pages he realized that
he had uncovered a rare seventeenth century literary treasure.
116
Crofts expert eye had recognized the handwriting of Robert Herrick, one of
Englands finest lyric poets. He knew the book had been bought in 1848 for 58
shillings. At auction, the book fetched 34,000 pound.
Today, collectors are prepared to pay ever-increasing prices for coveted
autographs-hand-written and signed letters or manuscripts, not just scrawled
signatures on photographs or slips of paper. A letter written by Charles Dickens
could be bought for 1 pound in 1903; today it is worth 600 pound.
So great is the demand by collectors and scholars for autographs that Sothebys
now hold a special monthly sale in their New Bond Street auction rooms. Last
May, a United States buyer gave 17,000 pound for Samuel Taylor Coleridges
manuscript of the poems he wrote in 1796, which he had copied out for his
publisher.
What gives an autograph such appeal? One letter now available in the British
Museum for all to read, helps to explain the fascination that collectors find in
autographs. The letter is by Lord Nelson who, on board H.M.S. Victory on
October 19, 1805, wrote to Lady Hamilton. Two days later Nelson fell mortally
wounded at Trafalgar. After the battle Captain Hardy delivered the letter to Lady
Hamilton. To read it now, in the bold, left-handed writing, which Nelson adopted
after he had lost his right hand, is to become personally involved in history.
When signatures are so rare that they never come on the market, even forgeries can
be of interest. Only six authenticated examples of Shakespeares signature, all on
official documents, have ever been found. No one has discovered a letter written by
him, nor a single page of any original manuscript of his plays. But a forged
Shakespeares signature sells for 20 pounds today.
British collectors have always valued the autographs of creative minds.
(Ann Huxley, Letters Written by Famous People, Ed. Laurel, 1984)
117
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with suitable words you find in the text:
1. Peter Croft of Sothebys recognized Robert Herricks hand-writing while .
through an old handwritten book of poetry.
2. Coveted autographs hand-written and signed letters or manuscripts .
much money at . from passionate collectors.
3. Collectors pay .prices for . and . letters or manuscripts not only
. signatures on photographs . of paper.
4. Two days after Nelson had written his last letter addressed to Lady Hamilton,
the great admiral fell mortally .at Trafalgar.
5. As only six authenticated examples of Shakespeares signature were found,
even . can be of interest for the .
2. Match the words with their explanation:
1. auction
2. handwriting
3. autograph
4. manuscript
5. collector
6. researcher
7. forgery
3.
a. a persons signature
b. something written by hand, not typed or printed
c. a persons style of something written by hand or
with a pen or pencil
d. a person who makes careful study and investigation, in order to discover new facts or information
e. a person who collects things
f. a fraudulent imitation or copy in order to pass it
off as real
g. a public sale in which articles are sold to the
highest bidder.
z Except autographs and letters, we have just spoken about, what are the
most common things people collect?
z What do children, students collect and what do some grown-ups collect?
What is the reason? Is money important in gathering things in order to
form collections?
In the following list of objects establish which ones are collected especially by
children and students and which ones grown-ups afford collecting, investment
being involved?
118
posters
coins
furniture
stickers
cars
postcards
stamps
furniture
key-holders
paintings
portrait sketches
watches
napkins
mahogany objects
rare books
old cameras
perfumes
porcelain objects
sculptures
jewelry
Do you collect anything? What? Speak about the way you started collecting and if
it was difficult to start a collection of your own!
4. Read the following text about a fine art collector of antiques:
A Chinese jade figure of a rhinoceros, claimed to be worth about 1 million pound, has
been stolen with other valuable antiques, from the Mayfair home of Mr. David Edge,
65, a fine art collector, was revealed yesterday. (Daily Telegraph, June 16, 1993)
The news announcing the theft is a compound sentence that contains nine pieces of
information:
1. a figure has been stolen
6. Mr. Edge lives in Mayfair
2. the figure was made of jade
7. Mr. Edge is 65 years old
3. the figure was Chinese
8. Mr. Edge is a fine art collector
4. it was a figure of a rhinoceros
9. This news was revealed yesterday
5. it was in the home of Mr. Edge
Write similar compound sentences to combine the following sets of information:
a. Mrs. Martha Edwars is the mother of Paula Edwars. Paula Edwars is a famous
actress. She acts in films. She won an award at the Cannes Film Festival. The
Cannes Film Festival took place last month. Paula Edwars has given her
mother a necklace from her own jewelry collection. The necklace is made of
diamonds. The necklace was a birthday present.
b. Patricia Austin is a famous soprano. She has been singing with the Cosmopolitan
Opera for the last sixteen years. She announced yesterday that she is going to
retire. She is going to retire next October. She wants to spend more time in
painting expositions and at auctions. She is a passionate paintings collector.
119
What do you know about soccer? Do you know that it is known as Association
football and every year, the football teams of most cities and towns in Britain
play in the Cup Final at Wembley Stadium in London?
10. In the following sentences fill the gaps with play when they refer to sports
played with a ball and where teams are involved, go when they refer to individual
and leisure activities and do when they refer to sports or activities where body
movements are implied:
Model: My brother likes doing judo, going skiing in winter and playing bowls
with his friends.
-
121
who makes time starts and stops plays at being God. This is musics comfort and
its triumph: that somewhere there exists an antidote for decay.
The technologies of the ear (the radio, the record player and the compact
disc) both give and take away. Fishing in my collection of records the other day, I
did find a recording of Brahms' Fourth. I put it back on the shelf, Im not quite sure
where. I am not worried. I know how it goes. This is how I relive (and therefore
live) this music - in my imagination. The imagination is our great healer.
(Bernard Holland, A New and Awful Silence)
What does Bernard Holland mean when he says that the musician who makes
time start and stop plays at being God?
Do you agree with Holland who asserts that the sheer availability of music has
somehow cheapened it, taken away its special pleasures, music being all around
us today on the radio, in the office, in the market and the shopping mall?
Has musics accessibility ruined your enjoying it? Why? Why not?
What is electronic music? How do synthesizers replace traditional instruments?
What kind of music might be synthesized?
What do you like more: listening to real music (bands on stage or recorded) or
digital sounds music (someone capable of playing a keyboard instrument can
be a one-man band)?
12. In the following sentences, use either play + instrument and instrument +
player or person + sing and type of music + singer:
1. Elvis Presley was a rocknroll .. He came from Memphis,
Tennessee, USA and was called the king of rocknroll.
2. Which of these instruments do amateurs usually. : the piano,
oboe, violin, harp, banjo, drum, saxophone, guitar, trumpet, organ, accordeon,
flute?
3. Can you any of them? Which?
4. That great guitar.. couldnt read the score, he only could
by ear.
5. If somebody ... a song, can you accompany him or her
andthe piano or guitar?
6. The great opera ....was so much clamored that she gave an encore.
7. The Beatles from Liverpool, were the most famous pop . in the 1960s.
8. Arthur Rubinstein, the great piano ... , died at 90 years old.
122
GRAMMAR FOCUS
PAST PERFECT
1. Look at this sentence: A writer friend, who visits my apartment when I am
away, phoned me in Tangier and told me there had been a robbery.
Use past perfect tense of the verbs in brackets in the following sentences:
1. As soon as I ... (finish) my breakfast, I went to the stadium
2. By the time the coach ... (give) us all the training instructions, the
last member of the team arrived.
3. The referee didnt whistled the beginning of the game until all football players
.. (gather).
4. When we reached the stadium, the goal-keeper (already, arrive).
5. After a player .. (kick) the ball, it was taken by the forward player.
6. After we ... (play) hard, we won.
2. Decide the order in which these things happened. Then write two sentences
using after and the past perfect:
Example:
The symphony orchestra came on the stage.
The conductor arrived on the stage.
The symphony orchestra members stood up.
After the symphony orchestra had come on the stage, the
conductor arrived on the stage too.
After the conductor had arrived on the stage, the symphony
orchestra members stood up.
1. The tourists got out of the coach.
They took photos.
They got back in the coach.
2. The reporter wrote a report on the accident.
She interviewed the people there.
She went to the scene of the accident.
3. The mechanic put a new tyre on.
He put the wheel back on.
He took the wheel off the car.
Activity: Write sentences of your own using the same patterns.
123
GERUND
1. Have you noticed this structure: he saw the handwriting on , Finding
such as Crofts Herrick discovery . They are gerunds.
In the following sentences use verb + ing as a subject:
Example: . (to swim) is something I dont do very often.
Swimming is something I dont do very often.
1. (to fish) is a profession and (to angle) is a hobby.
2. (to box) is a rather dangerous sport.
3. (to take exercise) is only one part of keeping fit.
Practice: Use the verbs: to read, to ski, to work, to write, to drive, to travel, to run
in sentences of your own.
2. Either verb + ing as a subject or long infinitive as a subject may be used in the
following sentences:
e.g. . (to read) French is easier that . (to speak) it.
Reading French is easier than speaking it.
To read French is easier than to speak it.
1. . (to shake hands) is not a habit Englishpeople use.
2. . (to study) the local customs is necessary for a traveller.
3. . (to have) good manners is appreciated everywhere.
Make five similar sentences of your own.
3. Use gerund after propositions:
e.g. After (to swim) I felt cold.
After swimming I felt cold.
1. Can you touch your toes without (bend) your knees?
2. His wife raised the money by (to sell) her jewelry.
3. He insisted on (to see) her.
4. I have no objection to (to hear) your story again.
5. He is good at (to tell) lies.
6. We had a lot of difficulty in (to find) the club.
124
3. . give me a deposit
4. . cook your own breakfast
Model: Youll have to move your car. Im afraid.
Would you mind moving your car?
Would you mind my moving you car?
Do you mind if I move your car?
1. to carry her luggage, I
2. to see him home .
3. .to take her by the hand .
7. Use the expression to be worth + gerund, according to the model:
Model: Why dont you listen to the radio?
Theres nothing worth listening to.
1. watch TV?
2. read the paper?
3. look at a magazine?
4. . see a film?
5. . buy something?
8. Use either gerund or infinitive. Make sentences with love, hate, like, dislike
drawing the distinction between general and particular situations:
Example: I like swimming. (as a general case)
I would like to swim in this river. (as particular case)
Dislikes
Likes
ride
drive
cook
knit
ski
skate
dive
paint
Make sentences with the verb to stop drawing the distinction between ceasing a
previous action and purpose:
Example: He stopped listening to him. (ceased the action)
He stopped to listen to him. (in order to listen to him)
126
Make sentences with the verbs regret, remember and forget drawing the distinction
between a past action and a future action:
e.g. I forgot giving him the money. (in the past)
I wont forget to give him the money. (in the future)
Make sentences with to be afraid of + gerund used for involuntary actions and to be
afraid + infinitive to show a strong awareness of the feeling:
e.g. He was afraid of falling. (involuntary action)
He was afraid to jump so he stayed where he was.
(to be aware to perform the action)
2.
USAGE
The Past Perfect Tense is used to show
that the action took place before another
action in the past. It is usually used
after: when, as soon as, after, by, by
the time, not until.
The Past Perfect often stands together
with already and just.
3.
4.
EXAMPLE
As soon as I had finished the letters, I
made coffee. By the time I had made the
calls, the coffee was cold. I didnt drink
my coffee until I had made four phone
calls.
At noon I phoned you, but you had
already left.
When I came to your place, you had just
left.
If you had come, I should/would have
given you the book.
Had you come, I should/would have
given you the book.
He said, Im a student and I have
learned English for three years.
He said that he was a student and he had
learned English for three years.
THE GERUND
USAGE
1.
EXAMPLE
As subject of a sentence
2.
3.
128
4.
5.
Either gerund or infinitive can be used after the following verbs: stop, begin, start,
advise, recommend, allow, permit, need, require, want, propose, try, means,
go on, used to, be afraid (of).
They show:
a. distinction general/particular
b. distinction ceased activity/
purpose
c.
d.
e.
Example:
I like writing letters (general)
I like to write letters to my best friend (particular)
He stopped looking at her (he didnt look at her any
more)
He stopped to look at her (in order to look at her)
I remember having given him the book
Ill remember to give him the book.
The grass needs cutting/needs to be cut
The engine wants fixing/wants to be fixed.
flavour of the month a phrase which refers to the current fashion. Similar
phrases are flavour of the week and flavour of the year. Such terms were first
used when advertising ice-cream parlours in the US in the 1940s, when a special
flavour of ice-cream would be promoted. Today, they are used to ironically
describe a passing trend that will soon be replaced by another.
The Spice Girls are the flavour of the month right now, but where will
they be in a years time?
to keep ones year to the ground to keep oneself informed. It has been said that
the phrase was first used when talking about Indian scouts in the Wild West of
America. A scout would press one ear to the earth before announcing how many
horsemen were approaching, and from how far away.
I dont know of any jobs in my company at the moment, but Ill keep my ear
to the ground and let you know.
old hat very old-fashioned. By the mid-1500s, the Italian city of Milan had
established itself as the fashion centre of Europe, especially for hats. The styles
changed almost every week, so that people who wanted to stay in fashion had to
buy new hats all the time. To be old hat means behind the times.
Hes very old hat he uses a typewriter instead of a computer.
130
SECTION B
LEAD-IN
READING
GOING TO THE OLYMPICS
Heres to the new Olympics!
OK! Cheers!
Did you know Marks actually thinking of going to see the Olympics?
Wow! Is he really?
Apparently its a life-long ambition. Hes been saving up for ages and
hes going to do it in style. You know, four-star hotels, front-row seats,
the whole works. Hes even bought a camcorder to take with him, so he
can keep a record of the whole trip.
Jeffrey: Sounds great! God help him meet his dream!
Trevor: Oh, I dont know, it will cost him a bomb and I think you get a much
better idea from the telly. But he wishes hed seen them live.
Jeffrey: Yes, as from the telly you dont get the atmosphere. Oh, no, I think it
would be great. Id go myself if I had half a chance.
Patricia: But if I were him, I wouldnt go alone. I dont think it would be much
fun going on your own, which is what hes planning to do. Its the sort
of thing you need to do with someone else to get the most out of it, so
you can talk about it and compare notes.
Patricia:
Jeffrey:
Patricia:
Jeffrey:
Patricia:
131
Oh, no, if hes on his own he can do exactly what he wants to do,
without having to fit in with anybody else, hang about waiting for
people and all that sort of hassle.
Patricia: The only thing thats putting him off is the thought of the journey itself.
He d have to go by plane and hes not too keen on flying. If only he
could go by train or by coach.
Trevor: Well, I think hes crazy to even consider it - I bet you anything that Ill
be able to tell you more about it from the telly and it wont have cost me
a penny! Id rather he stayed at home and watched them on the telly
with us.
Jeffrey:
Comprehension
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Study these nouns/verbs/phrase: journey/to journey; travel/to travel; voyage/to
voyage; trip/to take a trip to a place; excursion/to make a short journey/a pleasuretrip:
to travel
to journey
to voyage
trip
excursion
132
2. Fill the gaps with the adequate forms of the verbs to travel, to journey, to
voyage or of the nouns travel, journey, voyage, trip, excursion:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.. broadens mind.
Our . to London was very interesting.
Most people like .
He for three days, it was a long
They took a two-days to Sinaia.
6. The board of directors decided an . for the whole staff.
7. His over the Pacific in a small boat must have been very difficult.
3. Speak about a journey you made during your last holidays.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
SUBJUNCTIVE
1. What can you say about the way of saying God help him meet his dream!
Where is the s at the end of help? It doesnt exist, does it? It is the Subjunctive
Mood, used to express a wish, or a prayer that something may be. Very often the
Subjunctive is expressed by using one of the modals may, might.
Long live he!
Though the heart be still
(Byron)
May I live to see it!
If need be
Be that as it may!
Far be it from me to
Come what may!
Suffice it to say
Be it so!/So be it!
2. Use the following verbs into subjunctive (the same form as the infinitive), to
complete the following exclamations expressing a wish or hope: damn, curse, bless,
forgive, help, be praised, be:
God you!
Heaven . us!
. ..you!
. this fog!
. this fog!
God .with you!
133
1. If it were not for you, Id never go to see play for second time.
2. If it were not for the cast, the play would have been a success.
3. If it were not for the acting, the play wouldnt be worth seeing.
4. After verbs: suggest, propose, insist, recommend, advise, order, the construction
that.. should + subjunctive is used. Change the sentences according to the model:
Model: Roger recommended that we should distribute the tickets.
1. Many people in Britain are worried because the conflict in Northern Ireland
doesnt stop. They think:
2. Holidays are coming and Helen hasnt bought yet a new bathing-suit. Her
husband says to her:
3. Ill leave to the festival in a fortnight and I havent got the plane ticket yet. My
mother tells me:..
din Olympia a fost distrus. 1500 de ani mai trziu, n 1894, un francez, Baronul
Pierre de Coubertin, a convins lumea din cincisprezece ri s reia Jocurile
Olimpice. Primul din seria modern a jocurilor a avut loc la Atena doi ani mai
trziu, n 1896. La a patra ediie a Jocurilor Olimpice, n 1908, au fost peste dou
mii de concureni din douzeci i dou de ri. De atunci, numrul de atlei care
concureaz a crescut de fiecare dat. Comitetul Olimpic Internaional din
Lausanne, Elveia, decide unde se va desfura fiecare ediie a Jocurilor Olimpice.
Se cere ca un ora (nu o ar) s fie gazd - un ora pentru Jocurile Olimpice de
Iarn i unul pentru Jocurile Olimpice de var.
Remember!
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
FORM
a.
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
3. an exclamation
136
4. an unreality or doubt:
5. an unconditioned preference
EXAMPLE
It is right that Mary be accepted.
(American)
It is right that Mary should be accepted.
Limerick
English humour
137
CHECKLIST
1. Think of two contexts for: auction, bid.
2. State the difference between: i) I stopped talking to her.
ii) I stopped to talk to her.
3. Which of the two sentences is correct: i) I went out after I finished my
homework.
ii) I went out after I had finished my
homework.
4. Use two subjunctive sentences to make recommendations to your employees.
5. Use the word means in two different contexts with different morphological
values.
138
UNIT 8
GOING PLACES
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
READING
HIGH-SPEED TRAVEL
A transport revolution is taking place in Europe that could give the common
market as big a boost as two dozen EEC directives. High-speed trains could soon
halve ground-travel times, putting London two, not five hours from Brussels; Paris
five, not nine hours from Barcelona.
That is the idea of railway bosses from the 12 EEC countries plus Switzerland and
Austria (...). They want to knit Europe together with 19,000 miles of special track, twothirds of it new, for trains running at more than 150 miles per hour. The cost is
estimated at around $100 billion. It could all be built during the next 25 years, if other
Europeans show as much zeal as France, which has a lead of 5-10 years. The hope is
that trains will do for post-1992 Europe what deregulated airlines have done for
America: help tie a vast market together. That may seem odd: trains share of the
passenger market has been falling. In 1975 rail accounted for as much passenger travel
139
between European countries as did air; in 1986 for about half as much. Nevertheless,
enthusiasts think that high-speed trains are different: they hope people who would now
rather fly than take an ordinary train would choose a high-speed train above either.
(from Business English - Michael Brookes, David Horner)
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Read the text and say if it is probably from (a) an instruction booklet (b) a
newspaper article (c) a leisure magazine.
Swipe-cards and the air-traveller
Queues will be shorter and they will move quicker.
Business passengers with hand luggage will walk onto
planes, only stopping for security clearance. Staff will
deal with passengers with baggage for they hold more
quickly. It may sound like a dream. But the introduction
of the swipe-card with its magnetic strip which allows
all this may be with us in a few months, or it may
already be operating at an airport near you.
How does it work? All the travel information is put on
an ATB (Advanced Ticket and Boarding Pass) which
has a magnetic strip. The passenger simply swipes the
ticket at the departure gate, confirming the reservation,
seat allocation and onward connection, if there is one.
The technology for swipe-cards is simple - it is the
same as credit cards. Airlines first discussed the
possibility of using them ten years ago. If this is so, you
may ask why we are still using the old-fashioned
carbon-copy tickets. The answer is the anti-fraud
measures imposed by the International Air Transport
Association. Computer fraud is, in general, a new area
of crime. But soon, when the safety measures are
satisfactory, we may be moving in a world of ticketless
travel, where telephones and computer reservations
replace paper completely.
(from Going Places, Heinemann)
140
2.
Read the text again. Are the following statements true or false?
Airline personnels jobs will be easier with swipe-cards.
With a swipe-card a passenger will walk straight onto the aeroplane.
The technology of the swipe-card is not yet perfect.
A swipe-card is nothing like a credit card.
The International Air Transport Association is worried about dishonest use of
swipe-cards.
AT THE HOTEL
Desk Clerk: Good morning, sir! What can I do for you?
James Grant: Good morning. Im James Grant. My secretary must have sent
you a fax the other day for reservation, but Ive had no
confirmation.
Desk Clerk: Oh, yes, weve received it. But she mentioned only the length of
your stay so I didnt know what kind of room you would like to
have.
James Grant: Id like a single with a bathtub, if possible.
Desk Clerk: Sorry, sir, Im afraid our singles only have showers. Would that
be O.K.?
James Grant: Oh, well, I guess so. Does the room happen to be in the back? Its
much quieter there, you know.
Desk Clerk: Oh, youll find the room perfectly quiet. It looks on a quiet little
square. Now, would you fill in this registration card, please? How
do you prefer to pay? Cash or credit card.
James Grant: Ill pay cash. Oh, what about breakfast?
Desk Clerk: Breakfast is included, of course. Here is your key. Your room
number is 114. It is on the first floor. Front. On the first floor you
also have a bar and a restaurant. The porter will take your luggage
for you. Have a nice stay in our hotel.
141
1. ROLE-PLAY
Work in pairs. Take turns role-playing parts A and B below.
Part A
You are checking into the Ritz
Hotel. It is July 16th. Use your own
name. Your reservation number is
14689, and you want to stay an extra
night until Saturday, July 28th.
Part B
You are the hotel clerk at the Ritz
Hotel. Please help A, who has reserved
a room through Thursday night. The
hotel is fully booked on Friday.
"
2.
3.
You have a house in the mountains and you want to turn it into a chalet or
what is sometimes called a Bed and Breakfast. What tourist services will
you provide? Work with two other students to make a list.
4.
"
Guests staying in hotels must fill out a registration card with all their
personal information. Fill in this registration card for your stay in a New
York hotel.
142
name Room
Number
Reservation Number
First name
_____________________________
Q number
Post
______________________________
Arrival date
Code
A
a. agreeing
b. disagreeing
c. refusing
d. making a request
e. making a very polite request
f. offering
B
1. Unfortunately, we dont share the
some opinion.
2. Yes, thats fine.
3. If you could do that, Id really
appreciate it.
4. Can I use my American
Express card?
5. Can I help you?
6. Im afraid were all booked up
143
6. You are travelling alone on a business trip to the United States. You want to
check in a hotel. How do you usually solve each of the following problems? (Rank
the choices from 1-4 to indicate the order of your preferences.)
1.
You book your hotel room
a.
with a confirmed reservation by a travel agency
b.
by personal letter
c.
by calling from the airport.
d.
when you arrive at the hotel
2.
The kind of room you usually stay in is a
a.
single
b.
twin
c.
double
d.
suite
3.
When you check in, the first thing you want to confirm is
a.
the check-out time
b.
the room rate
c.
how you will pay
d.
if you have any messages.
4.
You usually pay by
a.
cash
b.
personal check
c.
travelers check
d.
major credit card
5.
What is the most popular international credit cards in our country?
a.
VISA
b.
American Express
c.
Master Card
d.
another kind of credit card.
LANGUAGE WORK
1. What kind of train would you choose among the hereby listed: train with sitting
facilities; train with sleeping accommodation; express train; fast train; through
train; slow train; night train; morning train; goods/freight train; incoming train;
outgoing train; north-bound train, commuting train.
2. What are the services in a railway station you need to resort to: information
bureau; inquiry office; booking office for first, business and economy class
144
GRAMMAR FOCUS
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
Set of rules expressing the relation between the tense of the predicate of a
subordinate clause and the tense of the predicate of the main clause. Here are the
main rules:
145
Main Clause
1. Present, Present Perfect, Future
e.g.
He thinks (that)
Subordinate Clause
Any tense
a. she is applying for a job.
b. she applies for a job.
c. she applied for a job.
d. she has already applied for a job.
e. she will apply for a job.
f. she will have applied for a job by
March 5.
Past Perfect
she had applied for a job, but she
didnt.
Future-in-the-Past
she would apply for a job.
Future Perfect in the Past
she would have applied for a job by
March 5.
EXCEPTION
when the subordinate clause contains an assertion of general character:
e.g.: We all knew that mathematics is a science, you neednt repeat that.
in attributive clause, the verb in the subordinate can be at any tense required
by the sense:
e.g.: He told me things which I shall never forget.
146
when the tense of the action in the subordinate is independent from the tense of
the action in the main clause, the verb in the subordinate is as required by the
context:
e.g.
I liked those textile samples so much that I shall certainly place an order.
in comparative clauses introduced by: as, more than, as well as, as much as,
the tense of the verb is as required by the context:
e.g.
They asked for the apartment more than I ask or will ever ask for it.
1. Use the right tense-form of the verbs in the following sentences:
a. At their astronomy class they were told that the Moon (to be) 24,000 miles away
from Earth. b. Last year he worked more than he (to do) this year. c. Last night I
had the opportunity of meeting the person who (to live) next door to you. d. Last
night I completed the report which my boss (to read) now. e. The former secretary
spoke English more fluently than the secretary we (hire) this year (to speak) at
present. f. I suddenly remembered the saying that boys (to be) boys. g. The
traveller asked the station-master when his train for Paris (to leave).
2. Use the verbs in brackets in appropriate tenses:
a. The businessman faxed that he (to arrive) on the following day. b. Harris said
he (to know) what kind of job I (to mean). c. The question was what he (to do)
next. d. He did not know what he (to talk) about. e. We were afraid that she (not
to able to) complete her work in time and so we (to offer) to help her. f. The
customer wanted to know if that equipment (to be used) in electrical outfits.
g. I knew that if it (to rain), they (not to go) to the fair.
SECTION B
LEAD-IN
Think of two advantages and two disadvantages for each of the four forms of
travel: road, rail, sea, air.
READING
ON THE BOAT
This way for the Dover Boat! Have your passport ready! Pass up the gangway!
First class on the right, second class on the left! Here we are! Would you like to
stay up on deck or go down below?
Im sorry, I couldnt quite catch what the officer said. Have you?
Yes. He asked whether we would like to stay up on deck or below.
Oh, I see. Well, I dont know ... Im not much of a sailor.
You wont be sea-sick today, the sea is perfectly calm, we are sure to have a good
crossing. Ill get a couple of deck-chairs up here in the sun.
Oh, well, Ill risk it, but if the worse comes to the worst, dont blame me!
Do you travel much?
Not more than I can help by sea. Ive crossed the Channel once before, but frankly
I did not enjoy it.
Can you see the English coasts already?
What did the lady say? I can hardly hear because of the waves.
She asked: Can you see the English coasts already?
Yes, just.
Well, I suppose wed better get ready for landing.
The gangway was lowered and we went down to the pier.
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Read the text quickly. Is it from (a) a professional tourist industry magazine (b) a
business magazine (c) the travel section of a general-interest magazine?
148
2. Read the text again. Are the following statements true or false?
You can travel first class for less than the price of a standard economy ticket.
If you buy an APEX ticket, you must pay when you book, but you can change
your booking any time before the flight.
You can have a scheduled consolidated fare to any destination.
A round-the-world ticket is very good value for money.
You book a standby ticket two weeks ahead.
A two-destination ticket is cheaper than a single-destination ticket.
Airlines never give away complimentary tickets.
different kinds of
vehicle
parts of vehicle
people
working with
it
associated
facilities
road
boot, engine,
gears, steeringwheel, brakes,
tyres
driver,
mechanic,
chauffeur,
bus-conductor
petrol station,
garage, service
station
rail
passenger train,
freight train, local
train, express
sleeping car,
buffet,
restaurant-car,
compartment
engine-driver,
ticket
collector,
guard, porter
waiting-room,
ticket office,
signal-box
sea
engine-room,
deck, bridge,
gangplank,
companion-way
captain,
skipper,
purser, docker,
steward(ess)
air
aeroplane, jet,
helicopter,
supersonic aircraft
cockpit, nose,
tail, wings,
fuselage,
joystick
pilot, ground
staff, steward,
air traffic,
controller
duty-free ship,
departure lounge,
hangar, runway
150
4. Here are some more words which could have been included in the above table.
Where would they fit into the table?
bonnet
balloon
deck-chair
guards van
mast
petrol pump
bus driver
anchor
glider
oar
rudder
left luggage lockers
check-in desk
control tower
canoe
dual carriageway
5. Fill in the blanks. Most of the words you need can be found above:
Yesterday John was supposed to take a ................................ (1) from London to
Paris. He got up very early, put his luggage in the .................................. (2) of his
car and tried to start the engine. It wouldnt start. John lifted the
.............................(3) but he couldnt see what the matter could be. He immediately
called his local ............................................ (4) to ask them to send a
..................................... (5) at once. Fortunately, the garage had a man free and he
was with John within ten minutes. He quickly saw what the matter was. Youve
................................. (6) of petrol, he said. John felt very foolish. Why didnt I
........................................... (7) everything last night? he wondered. Despite all
this, he got to the airport, checked in quite early and then went straight through to
the ............................ (8) to read a newspaper while he waited. Soon he heard an
announcement. Passengers on flight BA 282 to Paris are informed that all flights
to and from Paris are ..................................... (9) because of a heavy snowfall last
night. If only I had decided to go by ..................................................... (10), John
thought. It would probably have been quicker in the end and even if I sometimes
feel sick on the ................................. (11) across the Channel, it can be quite
pleasant sitting in a .................................... (12) on the deck, watching the seagulls
and the other ....................................... (13). The ......................... (14) on a ship
seem to produce much better food than those on an aircraft too.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
In Direct Speech we quote the actual words a speaker said. The words are marked
off at either end with quotation marks. (Note that in English, quotation marks are
like this: _________ or this: _________ )
In Indirect Speech one speakers words are reported by someone else. This is
happening by using in the main clause a verb such as reply, say, tell, ask, answer
etc. The indirect speech is contained in a subordinate (dependent) clause. In
151
Indirect Speech the main clause may precede the subordinate clause or follow it.
The conjunction that is used in Indirect Speech, but can be left out in Direct Speech
(e.g.: He says, I dont travel much. He says (that) he doesnt travel so much.)
REPORTED STATEMENTS
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
today
becomes
that day
yesterday
becomes
last night
becomes
tomorrow
becomes
now
becomes
then
here
becomes
there
this, these
becomes
that, those
thus
becomes
so
ago
becomes
before
next
becomes
the next
REPORTED COMMANDS
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
Reporting verbs:
Also:
152
Reported Questions
NOTE: The tense rule and word order is the same as with reported statements
(e.g. When are you leaving? he asked. He asked me when I was leaving.)
Reported Exclamations
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
1. Put the following sentences into Indirect Speech with the introducing verb in
the Past Tense.
a)
He said, told us, stated, declared:
1. He has never been on board ship before. 2. She is sorry he didnt come by coat.
3. He will answer our fax when he gets the information. 4. He expects to see some
new ships dropping anchor today.
b)
He told me, ordered me, asked me, advised me:
1. Hurry up if you want to see the eclipse. 2. Switch off the lights in the
compartment, please. 3. Cheer up! 4. Dont let your broker cheat you.
c)
She told, said, asked, wondered
1. Give me another cup of coffee, please. 2. Who will see you home? 3. Are you
travelling by this plane? 4. Dont forget to shut the window. 5. You must follow
his example.
d)
You asked, wanted to know, wondered:
1. Do you know when he will arrive in Haifa? 2. Must we be on board ship by six
or can we come later? 3. Shall we have our meal now? 4. Who must follow these
instructions?
2. Change the following from Direct to Indirect Speech.
a. The US economy is set to maintain its strong rates of growth and job creation
and there is no risk of a resurgence of inflation in the foreseeable future, President
Clinton said yesterday in his annual economic report to Congress. Our economy is
stronger than it has been in decades, Mr. Clinton said in the report prepared by his
council of economic advisers. b. The billionaire said to us, When I came to New
York I had only one dollar in my pocket. With that small amount I made my start.
c. The expert said, In a typical year, The Small Business Administration (SBA),
an independent federal agency, guarantees about $ 3.5 thousand-million of bank
loans made to all businesses. d. At the job interview, the employer said, Do you
153
have solid training to match the requirements of this position? e. Our President
said yesterday, In all societies people want more than they are capable of
producing.
3.
Replace the verb said in the sentences by one of the words in the box.
Use each word only once. Then, rewrite the sentences in Indirect (Reported)
Speech:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
suggested
agreed
muttered
exclaimed
insisted
whispered
boasted
admitted
shouted
claimed
objected
protested
"
155
UNIT 9
LETSGO
GOSHOPPING
SHOPPING!!
LETS
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
Have you ever heard the story of Frankenstein? What happened in the story?
Can you explain what genetic engineering is?
What do you think that genetically engineered food is? Do you think its
healthy or not? Read the text to find out.
READING
You are going to read a text about genetically engineered food. Five sentences
have been removed from it. Choose from the sentences A-E the one which fits each
gap. There is an example at the beginning (0).
These days much of our food is quick and easy to prepare but is often not
as fresh and natural as it used to be. Cheese, for example is no longer made in the
old-fashioned way because it takes too long. The process is speeded up with
chemicals and then flavour and colour are added.
In the case of genetically engineered food not only colour or flavour are
added.
Perfectly round tomatoes all exactly the same size, long straight cucumbers
and big fat chickens are now a normal part of our diets. They are made that way by
genetic engineering not by nature. Their genes have been changed.
156
Every living thing has genes. 0 -- B. They are passed on from generation
to generation. They make sure that humans give birth to humans and cows give
birth to cows. They also make sure that a dog cannot give birth to a frog, or an
elephant to a horse. Genetic engineers take genes from one species for example, a
scorpion, and transfer them to another for example, corn. In this way a new life
form is created. 1 --
Genetic engineers put duck genes into chickens to make the chickens
bigger. They put hormones into cows to make them produce more milk. They put
genes from flowers into soya beans and from scorpions into corn. This does not
make them cheaper, tastier or healthier. It makes them easier and faster for the
farmer to grow.
The effects of genetic engineering on our health are not known. Many of
the genes which are used such as those of scorpions, rats, mice and moths are
not part of our diet so we do not know how dangerous they may be.
The effects of genetic engineering on the natural world may be disastrous.
The engineers may create life forms monsters that we cannot control. The new
life forms have no natural habitat or home. They will have to find one, fight for
one or kill for one. 2 -- Moreover, the effects of these experiments can often
be cruel. In America, pigs were given human genes to make them bigger and less
fatty. 3 -- The pigs became very ill and began to lose their eyesight.
Greenpeace is trying to prevent all such food experiments. Some - but not
all food companies are refusing to use genetically engineered foods. 4 -- We
must all be aware of what is happening.
Some people believe, though, that genetic engineering could be the
solution to the problem of famine. Plants which grow faster, or cows which
produce more milk, can save the lives of starving people.
We would all like a better, healthier and longer life, and genetic
engineering might give us this. On the other hand, it may be a dangerous
experiment with nature. In the story, Frankenstein created such a terrible monster,
that he had to destroy it. We must make sure that it remains a story and no more
than that.
A. The experiment failed.
B. Genes carry information.
157
C. Some but not all supermarkets are telling their customers which foods are
genetically engineered.
D. It may be your land they fight for or that they kill.
E. These new life forms have been described as a real-life Frankenstein.
LANGUAGE WORK
Look at the words and expressions in bold in the text and try to explain them,
then choose any three and make sentences.
What are the arguments for and against genetically engineered food? What do
you think about it?
1. Look at the words below and list them under these headings:
FRUIT SEAFOOD DAIRY PRODUCTS MEAT VEGETABLES
SWEETS DRINKS
cabbage, champagne, pepper, lettuce, strawberries, aubergine, lobster, carrots,
prawns, mushrooms, cake, pumpkin, chicken, turkey, sausages, steak, cheese,
grapes, onion, milk, beans, ham, yoghurt, plaice, pineapple, garlic, mussels, pear,
cauliflower, doughnut, quince, cherry-brandy, leek.
2. Below are some notes about vitamins. Try to put things in order:
VITAMIN A
VITAMIN B
VITAMIN C
VITAMIN D
VITAMIN E
158
DARTFORD LODGE
HOTEL & RESTAURANT
*
Soup of the Day
Galia Melon
Chilled and served on crushed ice with a blackcurrant sorbet
Savoury Pancakes
With spinach and stilton
Avocado Pear
On a nest of lettuce leaves, garnished with prawns
*
Fillet of Sole
Dusted with oatmeal and served with a parsley sauce
Lamb Cutlets
Grilled and served with mustard and tomatoes
Beef Wellington
Scottish beef with mushroom pure in a crisp pastry case
Breast of Chicken
Stir-fried and served with beanshoots and ginger
*
A choice of Desserts from the Sweet Menu
British and Continental Cheeses
*
Coffee with Hand-Made Chocolates
159
4. You are going to read a dialogue between two people discussing what to eat at
a business lunch at Dartford Lodge Restaurant. Complete the dialogue with
information from the menu in exercise 3.
A: Are we having a starter as well or just a main course?
B: Its up to you. I think I can manage a starter though.
A: I might have the ______ then. ______ are a type of shellfish, arent they?
B: Thats right.
A: What about _______ ?
B: Theyre like crpes. And ________ is a dark green leafy vegetable. Have you
ever tried ________ ?
A: I dont think so. What is it?
B: Its a traditional English blue cheese.
A: Sounds nice. I think Ill have that instead? What are you having?
B: Ill find out what the ________ of the day is, then Ill have _______ . I like
sorbet If you want something thats very English, you could try the ________.
A: Wheres that?
B: Down in the main courses.
A: Ah, yes. Scottish beef. Could you explain the word __________?
B: Yes, its a kind of flat fish. And its covered with __________, thats flour made
from oats.
A: OK. I think Ill have the _________, anyway.
B: Well, Im going to have the ________.
A: Stir-fried with _________ and __________ . It sounds Chinese.
B: Yes, I like Chinese food.
5. Study the different prepositions in these sentences:
The sauce is made of butter and parsley.
Oatmeal is made from oats.
Porridge is made in Scotland.
The chocolates are made by hand.
The menu is made up of starters, main courses, and desserts.
Take an object from your pockets, or choose an object in the room and make up
sentences about it, using the expressions in bold print.
160
GRAMMAR FOCUS
1. Read the following conversation. Find and correct eight grammatical mistakes;
A: Hi. Im home. Can you help me unpack the shopping?
B: Yeah. Oh good, you got some chips for lunch. But why did you get so few
bread? And youve bought so little biscuits.
A: Theyre fattening and there werent some chocolates ones, which are the only
ones I really like. Ive bought much milk you said we needed some.
B: Good. But why have you bought so much razors?
A: We didnt have some left and we havent got many washing powder either, so I
decided to get some more.
B: I hate when you go shopping. You never get some chocolate.
A: Listen, you go next time.
WAYS OF EXPRESSING QUANTITY
You can use the following expressions of quantity:
- with countable nouns: a(n), few, a few, many, both (of), several, neither
(of)
(e.g. a few dollars, several pounds)
- with uncountable nouns: very little, not much, a little, less, much, a great
deal of
(e.g. very little money, less tax)
- with both countable and uncountable nouns: some, any, no, none, hardly
any, half, all, a lot of, lots of, (not) enough, more, most
(e.g. some money, hardly any cash)
2. Complete the sentences with suitable expressions of quantity from the list below.
A few
some
some more
a couple
hardly any
a lot
any
at least three
A: Can you lend me ______ money? I forgot to go to the bank.
B: Well, Ive only got _______ pound left.
A: Oh, dear. I need quite _______ . Dont worry, Ill go to the bank when I go
shopping.
161
B: If youre going shopping, can you get me ______ of bottles of water? You can
get bottled water at _______ shop on the high street.
A: Yes, and we need _____ tins of tomatoes. Im making spaghetti bolognese
tonight. Weve got ______ beans. Shall I get _____ beans as well?
B: All right.
3.
Work in pairs. Imagine that you are planning to invite some friends to a
barbecue. Make a list of the things that you will need. Then, prepare a
conversation about the thing you already have and the things that you need to
buy, using dialogue in 1 to help you. Act out your dialogue for the class.
4. Play a memory game, saying why you went to the supermarket. Each person
rembers what went before and adds to the list alphabetically, like this:
A: I went to the supermarket to get an apple.
B: I went to the supermarket to get an apple and some beef.
C: I went to the supermarket to get an apple, some beef and a few
"
Close your eyes and imagine a house just before a party. Write a list of things
you can hear, see and smell.
"
Write a poem called Before the party. Use your list and patterns like these:
A lot of people running
Some baked potatoes
A few packets of crisps
Not much time
162
SECTION B
LEAD-IN
1. Match the parts of these sentences to form sayings connected with money.
1) A fool and his money
2) Money is like
3) I wouldnt do it
4) Money doesnt
5) If you look after the pennies
a) grow on trees.
b) for love nor money.
c) the pounds will look after themselves.
d) are soon parted.
e) root of all evil.
2. Which of the expressions from Exercise 1 would you use to comment on these
situations?
1) Youre watching a TV programme about a man who fights crocodiles for fun.
2) You hear that someone you think is stupid paid 200 for some jeans.
3) Youre reading a newspaper article about two brothers who killed each other
over 50.
4) A child you know is saving up for a bicycle, but complains that it is a slow
process.
5) Paul wants his parents to buy him a very expensive pair of trainers. They want
him to realise that you have to work to earn money.
READING
SHOPPING
Customer: Excuse me, I bought this colour TV here last week and Im not satisfied
with the picture. Id like to have my money back, please.
Shop assistant: Im sorry, sir, but Im afraid we dont give refunds. May I see your
receipt?
Customer: Here you are.
Shop assistant: We can give you a credit note for this amount, sir, or you can
exchange it for something of equal value.
163
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Decide if the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the
story.
1. ___ The man returned the television because it was broken.
2. ___ The man wanted a refund.
3. ___ The Zandy 3000 was being sold at half price.
4. ___ If the Zandy 3000 breaks in the next year, the man will get his money
back.
5. ___ The Zandy 3000 cost more than the television that the man had returned.
6. ___ The man paid by cheque.
7. ___The man bought the last Zandy 3000 in the shop.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Decide if the following sentences are similar (S) or different (D) in meaning.
Its fifty per cent off. ___ Its half price.
Its a bargain. ___ Its a good deal.
Its reduced. ___ Its at the normal price.
Its at the retail price. ___ Its at the wholesale price.
Its a big discount. ___ Its a great reduction.
Its in a sale. ___Its at the normal retail price.
164
3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
1 _______ a piece of paper that says that you bought something in a store
2 _______ money that you get back after you return goods in a store
3 _______ a piece of paper promising you money, a replacement or repair if
something goes wrong with what you have bought
4 _______ a piece of plastic that you can use like money to pay for goods
5 _______ a piece of paper that says you can spend money in that store
6 _______ goods in return for goods that you bought in a store
7 _______ a piece of paper that says that you will pay with money in your bank.
4. All the following words have to do with making payments
salary
wages
charge
fees
fare
commission
tip
GRAMMAR FOCUS
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
PASSIVE VOICE
USAGE
To describe actions without saying who
does them
To describe processes
EXAMPLES
In this way a new life form is created.
The sauce is made of butter and parsley.
Their genes have been changed.
The process is speeded up with chemicals
and then flavour and colour are added.
They are made that way by genetic
engineering not by nature.
166
FORM
Use the verb BE as a help verb + the third
form (past participle) of the main verb
To change the tense, change the form of
the verb BE:
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Future
Going to structures
Modal structures
EXAMPLES
The sauce is
The sauces are
made of garlic.
discover
elect
found
invent
open
______
______
Imagine that you have just spilled some milk on the floor you were going
to have a nice glass of milk when an accident happened. Should you cry? Of course
not, that would be silly! There are more serious problems in the world than spilt
milk. Moreover, you cant get the milk back into your glass.
Therefore, to cry over spilt milk is to be upset about something that is not
worth your tears, when there is nothing you can do about it.
CHECKLIST
1. Whats is the difference between i) I have few friends.
ii) I have a few friends?
2. Turn into the Passive: i) Nobody has drunk from that glass.
ii) Nobody has slept in this bed.
3. Think of two contexts for: cow/beef and pig/pork.
4. What are the features of genetically engineered food?
5. What is the difference between change and exchange?
170
UNIT 10
MEDIA/COMMUNICATIONS
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
READING
UNDERSTANDING MEDIA
Slightly more than 550 years ago, a German craftsman invented a machine which
introduced to the then civilized world what is now known as mass media. Johannes
Gutenberg and his colleagues little realized that moveable type and the printing
press would initiate what ultimately became the communications revolution - a
revolution which has affected virtually everyone throughout the world.
Revolution it has been. It is impossible to tell how many millions of words and
pictures have been disseminated in just the past 100 years, let alone since the
171
invention of the printing press. But in that 100 years, we have shifted from the
primitive, hand-operated printing presses, which changed little from those of the
fifteenth century, to sophisticated, technologically superior systems and devices
which permit almost instantaneous transmission of media messages to any locale in
the world. Only the most nave among us would say we are not affected by those
messages. From the moment people tumble out of bed in the morning until they
crawl under covers at night, they are in some way subjected to the influences of
mass media. We would like to examine here the extent and the effects of that media
influence.
Consider this: just today some millions of copies of daily newspapers are being
circulated. Just this week, millions of copies of weekly newspapers will be
distributed. Just this month thousands of magazine titles will reach the media
marketplace. And just this year, some thousands of new book titles will compete
for readers.
The extent of influence of the electronic media is even more difficult to assess.
Thousands of television stations send signals to an estimated of 98 percent of
world-wide households. Additionally, cable television signals reach millions of
homes. Radio - who honestly knows the extent of its listenership? Thousands of
stations are picked up by millions of radio receivers. No one really knows how
many radio sets are operative, given the millions of inexpensive transistorized
personal receivers that the public uses while jogging, working or relaxing.
It is also true that no one really knows the extent of the distribution of films. An
estimated 4,000 to 5,000 feature films are released annually. They are viewed on
the big screen in some thousands of movie theatres across the countries by millions
of movie-goers (mostly teenagers and young adults). How many millions more
watch the same films in the privacy of their residences? How many students watch
films in their classrooms? How many organizations and corporations use films of
various types for training?
Media influence is pervasive and persuasive. It surrounds us, engulfs us. Mass
media are such an integral part of our educational, social, political, and economic
system today that if they disappeared, our society would suffer serious
consequences.
172
Comprehension
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Fill in the blanks with suitable words from the text:
1. Johannes Gutenberg invented about 550 years ago the .....
2. The invention of the printing press brought about a ...
in the world of communications.
3. Superior systems and devices permit today an almost...
transmission of media .anywhere in the world.
4. From the moment they wake up until they go to bed people are ... to
the ..of mass media.
5. Every day .... newspapers, every week ..
newspapers and every month ... reach the media ......
6. While jogging, working or relaxing, the public uses .
personal ..
7. Millions of ...., mainly teenagers and young grown-ups, watch
. films on the big screen in thousands of movie theatres
all over the country.
8. Lots of organizations and corporations use .. of various
.. for ... their staff.
2. Do you think the following statements are true or false? Write T or F:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
3. Match the words in the left column with the suitable definition you find in the
right column:
1. media
2. message
3. craftsman
4. locale
5. news gatherer
6. anchorman
7. feature film
4. Combine the word media with the words in the box below and complete the
newspaper extracts:
attention
circus
magnate
empire
analyst
campaign
guru
correspondent
1. The trial of Bruno Hauptmann for the 1932 kidnapping of aviators Charles
Lindberghs baby attracted media ... unlike any seen before.
2. The government has been particularly annoyed at the involvement of the French
state in what they are calling a hostile media--.....
174
3. Black had set his heart on the News , which he saw as a key part of his plan to
build a world-wide media..
4. The thought of a quiet ceremony and a small dinner party to follow is becoming
more attractive to stars as they watch publicised marriages like Elizabeth
Taylors being transformed into a media..
5. Estimates by Browen Maddox, media.. at Kleinwort Benson
Securities are that the company will lose more than 330 million pound this
year.
6. Another satellite network came into being, Sky Television, owned by media
.... Mr. Rupert Murdoch.
7. The Palace had claimed that Fergie had hired top media ..
Sir Tim Bell to handle publicity on her behalf.
5. Use the words documentary and entertainment and the new-made words
docudrama (documentary and drama) and infotainment (information and
entertainment) with their proper meaning, in sentences about TV shows:
1. What we need is , variety shows with comedians, singers, pianists,
jugglers and acrobats.
2. That thin line between fact and fantasy has never looked thinner than in this
ABC movie, provisionally titled Charles and Diana.
3. An interview with Ron Brown, the Democratic Party Chairman, was edited to
40
seconds. Slotted between special video-effects and soundtrack, it is part of an
revolution.
4. We have a ..on the social issues, like the housing problem and the public
policies on education, health, and the social policies of the government.
6. Look at these newspaper extracts and match the types of TV programmes to
their definitions:
-
His fiction was derived from Dallas and other glossy SOAP OPERAS which
are consumed abroad.
By combining the PHONE-IN with the TALK-SHOW, he was able to convey
his reaction to the concerns of the average American more immediately than
by any other form.
175
Match the words in the first column with the suitable definition you find in the
second column:
1. chat-show or talk-show
2. God slot
3. game show
4. phone-in
5. quiz-show
6. sitcom
7. soap opera or soap
a. contest of skill, intelligence or knowledge.
b. series about the lives of a group of people
c. short for situation comedy. Comedy series based around a character or group of
characters, often an ordinary family
d. a well-known host invites guests to talk, often about something they are trying to
sell or to promote, like their latest book.
e. a host invites people to phone in and put questions to a studio guest or just give
their opinions about something
f. religious programme
g. contest involving answering questions.
Give examples of these kinds of TV programmes from your own experience and
comment them.
7. Here are some useful words you may need in discussing newspapers. Decide
which definition belongs to each of them:
1. human interest story
2. edition
176
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
column
classified ads
lead story
editorial
headline
story or article
GRAMMAR FOCUS
CONDITIONAL
Notice this sentence from the main text Understanding Media: if they were to
disappear, our society would suffer serious consequences.
1. Charlotte works for an advertising company. She has made some notes about
different products. Write sentences with if + the simple present + will to advertise
the products:
Example: Wash your hair with Head and Shoulders it looks super.
If you wash your hair with Head and Shoulders, it will look super.
Feel better take Panadol
Youll feel better if you take Panadol.
177
a.
b.
c.
d.
" Write a few sentences advertising some other products. Use if-clauses of type 1.
1. You can choose real products.
2. Read the following interview:
Hi! My names Jeffrey. Our subject is going abroad. (Patricias family
has arranged for her to spend two months with a family in France).
Patricia, when are you going to France?
Patricia: Next week.
Jeffrey: What will you do if you dont understand the language?
Patricia: Ive learnt a little French in school and Ill have a phrase book, so Ill
try to speak French if people cant speak English!
Jeffrey: And what will you do if youre lonely?
Patricia: Well, Im sure to be homesick, but Ill try to make new friends and Ill
write to my boy-friend every week. I wont be sad and miserable!
Jeffrey:
Imagine you are Jeffrey. Prepare for the interview by writing some questions using
if + simple present + will. Use these expressions: feel lonely, get lost, dont like the
food, meet an English person, feel homesick, cant speak to people.
Example: Dont understand the language.
What will you do if you dont understand the language?
3. Use tentative possible conditions: if + should + infinitive:
Example: If you happen to see her, ask her to dinner sometime.
If you should see her, ask her to dinner sometime.
Should you see her, ask her to dinner sometime.
a. If by any chance Alice comes to see us, well have a party.
b. If you happen to get two tickets for that show, will you spare one for me?
178
a. If you dont apply to the chief editor, you wont get a rise.
b. The correspondents wont enter the palace, if they dont have the presidents
permission.
c. She wont say anything, if you dont speak about the article.
d. If you dont take out a permit, you wont be allowed there.
5. Patricia is a secretary. Shes grumbling about her new job and her boss. Match
each sentence in the first column with one in the second. Rewrite the sentences
using if-clauses type 2 (if + simple past):
Example: If my boss didnt play golf, he wouldnt be out of the office so much.
If he told me where he was, I could contact him.
1. The pay isnt good.
2. He gives me so much work.
3. His writing is so awful.
4. He doesnt listen to me.
Patricia:
Jeffrey:
Patricia:
Cars:
ZXK
Fast
Economical
Motorbikes:
Safe
Powerful
Vroom
Coats:
Chic
Hard-wearing
Smart
Zap
Beau
JGY
Typewriters: Tip-tap
Long-lasting
Quiet
Tap-tip
7. Below is the story of what happened when four people went on a long walk last
week. Read the story and rewrite the underlined parts using if-clauses of type 3 (if
+ past perfect):
Example: If it hadnt rained most of the morning, it would have been a
pleasant walk. They wouldnt have decided to go if the forecast had been
bad.
Last Saturday Jeffrey, Patricia, Trevor and Emma went on a twenty-mile walk
over the Norland Hills. Jeffrey likes walking, and it was his idea. They walked
from Oscroft at the eastern end of the hills to Raveley in the west. The day didnt
go at all as planned. It rained most of the morning, so it wasnt a very pleasant
walk. The weather is often wet in the Norland Hills, in fact. But they decided to go
because the forecast wasnt bad. Jeffrey and Patricia wore their anoraks, but Trevor
and Emma got wet because they didnt have their anoraks. The four friends had
other problems too. They forgot to bring a map, and they lost the way. They
wanted to stop for lunch in the village of Rydale. They finally got there at two
oclock. They were late because they didnt go the right way. They had planned to
eat at the caf in Rydale, but they werent able to eat there because the caf was
closed for the day. It was very annoying. They didnt have any food with them, so
they were hungry. But the weather was better by this time, and they decided to go
180
on to Raveley. Five miles further on Patricia had an accident. She fell and hurt her
leg. So they had to go more slowly after that. They lost even more time. They
missed their bus home because they got to Raveley so late. There wasnt any other
transport, so they rang their friend Adam. Luckily he was at home, so he was able
to come and fetch them in his car. They were glad to get home.
IF CLAUSE
Present Tense
Should
MAIN CLAUSE
Future Tense
EXAMPLE
If it rains, we wont go to buy
the newspaper.
2. Improbable
condition referring
to something which
the speaker can
imagine happening
in theory
Simple Past
Tense
Present
Conditional
Tense
3. Impossible
condition referring
to something in the
past which, because
it is in the past,
cannot by definition
happen.
Past Perfect
Tense
Perfect
Conditional
182
SECTION B
LEAD-IN
READING
T. V. ADVERTS
Patricia:
Jeffrey:
Patricia:
Jeffrey:
Patricia:
Jeffrey:
Patricia:
Jeffrey:
Patricia:
Jeffrey:
Patricia:
Jeffrey:
The adverts will be on in a minute. You want a cup of tea, dont you?
Yes, please. Do you want a hand? It was kind of you to have invited me.
No, thanks, Ive just got time.
I dont know what the advertisers would do if everyone was like mum.
She always makes a cuppa during the adverts.
Yes, loads of people do, thats why they put the sound up, so you can
still hear the ad, even if you cant see it.
Is that true? Youre kidding, arent you? Its stupid of them not to watch
the images too.
No, Im not. You havent noticed, have you?
Well, no, I cant say that I have. Isnt that awful!
Why is it awful? Adverts arent that bad. In fact, some of them are
pretty good. The ones they did for shampoo, a while back, were really
great, and the ones with the monkeys were hilarious. It was very clever
of the advertiser to have chosen such a subject for an advert.
Well, I think theyre a pain in the neck. Three stupid adverts for
washing powder in the middle of a film, it just ruins it, doesnt it? Its
wrong of the broadcasters to slot the film in this way.
Mmm! youre right about that. Washing powder ads are worse than
everything. I cant believe they help to sell the product. I mean, theyre
all the same, arent they?
What, the adverts you mean, or the products?
183
LANGUAGE WORK
1. What do you know about advertisements in newspapers? Do you know what
classified ads are? All people want to know about business, job changes, personal
information and others, is dealt with through the classified columns of local,
regional and national papers. Indeed, many people in British and American
communities buy newspapers for the sole purpose of checking the small ads.
The classifieds contain important expressions and abbreviations which you, as a
language learner, need to know.
2. Read the following text about Internet and try to understand it with a dictionary:
What is the Internet and why do I need it?
Now you should have a film grasp of the World Wide Web and what it has to offer.
The Web can link together information from anywhere in the world and make it
available to anyone. Any student can jump from Dun & Bradstreet financial
information to a tour of Croatias capital, Zagreb, to Southern Africa - without ever
leaving his desk.
184
Although the Web has existed for only a short time, it is already being used in
numerous areas by both public and private institutions. Business have discovered
how beneficial advertising and performing transactions on the Web can be.
Educational institutions also are making more information available on the Web,
and students are discovering that they can get increasingly more research done by
searching Web pages rather than library books. You can make travel plans, buy
houses, read about your favourite hobby, and make new friends via the Web.
ROLE - PLAY
"
Plan your holidays through the Internet by e-mailing a travel agency. Speak
about it. You are the customer and another student is the agencys
employee.
You are a refreshments company employer. Your company is not very
successful and you have to put down your prices. Use World Wide Web.
Write a summary about it.
You are being bored. To get out of it you need somebody. You have the
brilliant idea of accessing the Internet to make friends. Write about your
bad mood and speak about how you have succeeded in making a friend and
how your relations have evolved. Have you ever met?
GRAMMAR FOCUS
PHRASAL VERBS
1. Here are six examples with get. Read the examples carefully.
The new manager is easy to get on with.
Fred is healthy again. He got over his illness pretty well.
The files are locked up and I cant get at them.
Dont let this rainy weather get you down.
Hows Jack getting on at school?
Susan got through her exams successfully.
185
1
2
3
4
5
6
Remember!
PHRASAL VERBS
Phrasal verbs are verbs with particle, the meaning of which may be different from
those of the individual parts. There are four types of phrasal verbs:
EXAMPLES
His fellows turned up later.
He put it up.
I cant get at the files.
I cant get at them.
I get on with my manager.
I cant put up with his manners.
ADJECTIVAL PHRASE
Have you noticed in the dialogue between Patricia and Jeffrey about TV adverts,
the phrases of this kind: It was kind of you to , Its stupid of them not to ,
It was clever of the advertiser to , Its wrong of the broadcasters to ?
1. Patricia and Jeffrey were school mates long ago. All the pupils who left Parkside
School twenty years ago, are having a reunion. Theyre meeting to talk about the
old days when they were younger. Fill in the gaps with phrases above mentioned,
namely adjectival phrases: it + to be + adjective + of + noun + long infinitive.
Jeffrey: Hello. Youre Wendy, arent you? It was nice of you to accept the
invitation.
Wendy: Yes, I remember you, too. Youre Jeffrey Cowley, arent you? .
(splendid) (have organized) this reunion.
Jeffrey: Thats right, it was Patricias idea. We were in the same class, werent
we? But its easy to forget people.
Wendy: I think I remember most of the people here. Patricia Squires is over there,
isnt she? Ive heard she reads the news on Television Northwest. .
(gorgeous) . (have) this job.
Jeffrey: Yes, shes on television quite often. Shes done well.
Wendy: We had a lot of fun at school, hadnt we?
Jeffrey: Er, yes. Dont turn round, but Melones looking awfully.
Wendy: Mike Melone?
Jeffrey: Yes, can you remember him?
Wendy: Oh, yes.
Jeffrey: I hated him. Oh, no! hes coming over here.
Wendy: Well, it is a reunion. We ought to be friendly!
Mike: Hello, Jeffrey! Nice to see you again.
188
Jeffrey:
Mike:
Jeffrey:
Mike:
Jeffrey:
Activity: Imagine that in twenty years time you are at a reunion with the other
members of your class. Think of four or five sentences with adjectival phrases that
you might say to your partner. Use these adjectives with to be + of + object + long
infinitive: pleasant, expensive, reasonable, good, kind.
"
189
190
191
pro'ducer
Noun
Activity
Result
Adjective
pro'duction
produc'tivity
pro'duce
'product
pro'ductive
photo'graphic
create
'marketer
management
con'sumption
super'visory
ad'vertisment
em'ployer
195
9. Put the verb in the right form: -ing or infinitive (with or without to):
1. She doesn't allow smoking in the house. (smoke)
2. I've never been to Barbados but I'd like __________ there. (go)
3. I'm in a difficult position. What do you advise me _________ ? (do)
4. She said the letter was personal and wouldn't let me _________ it. (read)
5. They were kept at the police station for two hours and then they were allowed
_________ . (go)
6. Where would you recommend me _________ for my holiday? (go)
7. I wouldn't recommend _________ in that restaurant. The food is awful. (eat)
8. The film was very sad. It made me _________ . (cry)
9. Carol's parents always encouraged her _________ hard at college. (study)
10. Fill in the blanks with the verbs in brackets, using the -ing form or to +
infinitive:
1. There's nothing wrong with the photocopier. It just needs servicing. (service)
2. We need _________ (look) at this proposal very carefully before we make a
decision.
3. I'll make a note in my diary so that I will remember ___________ (send) you the
information you need.
4. I'm not sure if I have met Mr Gonzalez, but I remember ________ (hear) his
name.
5. I will never forget __________ (walk) into the class on my first day at school.
6. Could you take this file to Ms Armstrong? I meant to let her have it this
morning, but I forgot __________ (give) it to her.
7. He found it very difficult to get work because he was unemployed, and soon
regretted _________ (resign) from his previous job.
8. We have appointed another candidate to the post, so I regret _________ (say)
that we will not be able to offer you the job.
9. If their Accounts Department is slow at paying bills, try _________ (send) a fax
to the chairman. That usually works well.
10. As a company, we always try ________ provide our customers with the best
service possible.
196
198
15. High Street shops. Why do you go to these places? What do they sell or do?
Example: a laundry
You go to a laundry to have your clothes cleaned.
a florist
A florist sells flowers.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
a chemist
..
a building society
..
a garden centre
..
an insurance company
.
an estate agent
..
a travel agent
.
a hardware shop
.
a software shop
.
a greengrocers shop
.
a DIY shop
..
16. A person who works in the Personnel Department is explaining how they select
candidates in her company:
If there's a vacancy, I usually advertise it in-house first of all, and if I don't find
any suitable candidates, then we advertise the job in the papers. We ask applicants
to send in their CVs, and we invite some of the candidates to an interview. After
that, we draw up a shortlist and ask some of the applicants back for a second
interview. We choose the best candidate, and then I check his or her references,
and if everything's OK, we offer the applicant the job.
199
" Write the letter of application for one of these jobs. Include any information
you think relevant. Think particularly about
your education and qualifications
any experience relevant to the job
why you are interested in the job.
when you are available for interview
...
Dear
I would like to apply for the position of ..,
which I saw advertised in
..
..
..
..
.
202
22. Look at the following deconstructed article adapted from the newspaper The
Guardian. Rearrange the paragraphs in their logical order to get to the original
text: Towns New Swimming Pool :
A. Mrs. Mae Rose Owens was the first person to see it, last Friday. As she looked
out of her window she saw a tree getting shorter and shorter.
B. They recently built a new swimming Pool in the small town of Winter Park,
Florida. It is one metre deep at one end and 55 metres deep at the other. That
was not the original plan: half the pool has been eaten by an enormous hole.
C. Suddenly the earth just opened up and down this tree went. I couldnt believe
it.
D. By Sunday, the hole had eaten one side of Denning Avenue, and was
approaching three more houses. Yesterday it measured 400 metres across and
55 metres deep. According to Mr. Jim Smoot, of the US Hydrological Survey,
it will probably go on growing for several weeks. There is about 15 metres of
water in the bottom.
E. The hole has also eaten two businesses, a house, five cars, several trees, and a
largepiece of road. It was still growing yesterday.
F. The hole seems to be a result of the drought. Underground streams have dried
out, making the subsoil contract.
G. By 4 a.m. on Sunday, Mrs. Owens had seen her home disappear, together with
the buildings of a Porsche agent and a printing firm.
23. Jeffrey, Trevor and Bob are football fans. Theyre talking about the World
Cup. Complete their conversation by using adjectival phrases. Use the adjectives
and the verbs between brackets:
Jeffrey: Did you see Holland and Mexico on television last night?
Trevor: Yes, . (great, to play). Holland were marvellous.
203
Bob:
Trevor:
Jeffrey:
Trevor:
Bob:
Trevor:
Jeffrey:
Bob:
Trevor:
Jeffrey:
Trevor:
24. Fill the gaps with the following words: business, affair(s), matter:
1. The meeting was a long .
2. Dont interfere in your relatives .
3. This is your own .
4. He never discusses his . with anybody.
5. The spy interferes in the home . of other countries.
6. The picnic was a very pleasant .
7. Mr. Parker is having a . talk with a visitor.
8. He has just returned from a . trip.
9. It is a . of time.
10. Whats the .? Why is everybody shouting?
11. He hates it when people interfere in his .
12. I cant help him with this, its his own .
13. I dont want to argue. Its a . of opinion.
14. The Minister of Foreign . attended an international conference.
FILE 1
Advanced schooling in the U.S.
Many students, upon finishing high school, choose to continue their
education. Community colleges, also known as junior colleges, offer two-year
programs leading to a bachelors degree (as well as, in many cases, further
204
205
2. Read the text below. Use the appropriate word made of the word given in
brackets to complete the text. Make sure you read the whole text first, to get some
ideas of what it is about.
Welcome to Socorro, New Mexico
Located in Central Mexico, Socorro is a unique 1) (to mix) of
the 2) (tradition) ways and advanced technology. Socorro, also
the name of the County, means help or aid in 3) (Spain) .. . One 4)
(history) source tells us that in 1598 members of the Juan de Onate
Expedition gave this name to the 5) (to exist) .. Pueblo village. There,
they received very 6) (to help) .. assistance from the Piro people who
had been the areas first 7) (to inhabit) .. .
206
3. Read the passage. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb given in
brackets and use the appropriate word made of the word given in brackets. Mind
the word order. Make sure you read the whole text first, to get some ideas of what
it is about.
A Love Story
I love your verse with all my heart, dear Miss Barrett. The letter 1) (to
send) in January 1845. It 2) (to begin) . like other
letters Elizabeth Barrett 3) (to receive) . from many 4) (to admire)
.. of her poems. Poetry and the letters 5) (to be) the only 6)
(bright) . in her quiet life. But she 7) (to surprise) ... at the
letter of this particular man, himself a 8) (to know well) poet in his
own right. Forced by strong 9) (to feel) . he impulsively added to his
letter And I love you, too. Elizabeth 10) (not to expect) .. romance
by that time she 11) (to be ill) .. for many years. Her 12) (ill)
made her isolated in her London home, which 13) (to rule tightly) .. by
her father for 40 years of her life.
Now Robert Browning, her 14) (late) admirer, 15) (to declare)
his love, written 16) (bold) across the page. It was clear
he 17) (to fall) .. in love with this 18) (sense) ., gentle woman.
Their 19) (to correspond) continued. Browning s enthusiasm gave
Elizabeth a new desire to enjoy 20) (to live) . as he did. She returned his love
in many letters even before they 21) (to meet) . Her fathers 22) (to
oppose) . was very strong but Elizabeth left her home in September
1846 and settled in Italy.
207
They flourished as poets together. Elizabeth regained her health in the 23)
(warm) . of the 24) (Italy) .. sun and in Roberts love. Their
relationship became a 25) (fame) love story of the 26) (nineteen)
.. century. Elizabeth died in Brownings arms in 1861, perhaps 27) (to
remember) . the words of her poem:
and, if God choose,
I shall but love thee better after death.
4. Read the passage. Fill in the blanks with the correct word given in
brackets. Make sure you read the whole text first, to get some ideas of what
it is about.
The Riddle of the Sphinx
The city of Thebes in ancient Greece was once afflicted with a monster called the
Sphinx, which had the body of a lion and the head of a woman, and made the 1)
(neighbour) . 2) (safe) for all who came near it. It lay
on the top of a rock and stopped every 3) (to travel) who came its
way. Those who could not answer its riddle 4) (correct) . were
immediately devoured by the monster. No one had yet 5) (success) .
solved the riddle, and many travellers had been 6) (cruel) . murdered.
Then Oedipus came and, in spite of all 7) (to warn) , boldly
approached the 8) (fear) . rock. This was the question put to him by the
Sphinx: What animal is it that in the morning goes on four legs, at noon on two,
and in the evening goes on three? Oedipus replied: Man, who in 9) (child)
crawls on all fours (on his hands and knees), in manhood walks 10)
(right) .., and in old age with the aid of a stick. The Sphinx was so 11)
(stressed) . that its riddle had been guessed that it threw 12) (it)
.. down from the rock and perished.
Answers
(Women in Adventure) 1) have seen; 2) seem; 3) has disappeared; 4) be; 5) were
driven; 6) were; 7) had; 8) were determined; 9) was; 10) made; 11) was known;
12) astonished; 13) arriving; 14) experienced; 15) woke up; 16) would terrify;
17) was; 18) would have ended; 19) were; 20) to be considered.
(New Mexico) 1) mixture; 2) traditional; 3) Spanish; 4) historical; 5) existing; 6)
helpful; 7) inhabitants; 8) settlement; 9) arrival; 10) daily; 11) mining; 12) agricultural; 13) proud; 14) training; 15) beautiful; 16) western; 17) housed; 18) collection; 19) internationally; 20) electricity; 21) located; 22) visitors; 23) further
15) was declaring; 16) boldly; 17) had fallen; 18) sensitive; 19) correspondence;
20) life; 21) met; 22) opposition; 23) warmth; 24) Italian; 25) famous;
26) nineteenth; 27) remembering.
(The Riddle of the Sphinx) 1) neighbourhood; 2) unsafe; 3) traveller; 4) correctly;
5) successfully; 6) cruelly; 7) warnings; 8) fearful; 9) childhood; 10) upright;
11) distressed; 12) itself
KEY
CHECKLIST FOR UNIT 1
1. i) the UK, the USA, Australia
ii) India, Canada, Pakistan
iii) Romania, France, Spain.
2. firm, corporation (in American English)
3. Do your friends like vanilla ice cream?
Are you joking ?
Have you already met your new teachers?
Will the students have to translate this text?
4. i) A rising intonation.
ii) A falling intonation.
5. i) (Time adverbial) + Subject + Verb + Direct Object + Indirect Object + Manner
Adverbial + Place Adverbial + (Time adverbial).
ii) Question word + auxiliary/modal + Subject + verb + objects + adverbials.
212
LISTA ABREVIERILOR
abrv.
adj.
adv.
amer.
auto
dat.
d.
expr.
fam.
fr.
interj.
jur.
mar.
mil.
pl.
prep.
s.
sl.
vb.
zool.
= abreviere
= adjectiv
= adverb
= termen american
= automobilism
= dativ
= despre
= expresie
= familiar
= termen francez
= interjecie
= juridic
= marin
= termen militar
= plural
= prepoziie
= substantiv
= slang
= verb
= zoologie
213
GLOSSARY
A
accommodation s. cazare, cas i mas
account-book s. registru contabil
account s. cont
accountant s. contabil
addendum (pl. addenda) s. adenda, adaos
addressee s. destinatar
advertisement (advert, ad) s. reclam, anun, afi
affordable adj. care se poate acorda, acordabil
agreement s. acord, nelegere (mutual); consimire
allocation (vb. to allocate) s. alocare, repartizare
alongside adv. alturi; prep. lng
amid fears (expr.) de team
analyst (media analyst) s. analist / expert mass-media
angle vb. a pescui cu undia
anthem s. imn
appeal s. (aici) atracie
appointment s. ntlnire; numire (ntr-o funcie)
apprentice s. novice, ucenic
arouse vb. a strni, a detepta
assert vb. a afirma
assess vb. a evalua (o sum)
at once adv. imediat
attend vb. a frecventa
B
B & B abrv. bed and breakfast cazare i mic dejun (la hotel, pensiune)
bachelor s. 1.burlac; 2. liceniat
ball bat s. baston
bankrupt adj. falimentar
bargain s. afacere, trg
bathtub s. cad de baie
batsman s. juctor la btaie (la cricket, baseball)
batterbat s. baston de cricket, baseball
be a pain in the neck vb. a fi foarte enervant i plictisitor
214
C
camcorder s. (camera + recorder) camer de luat vederi
campaign (media campaign) s. campanie mass media
cancellation s. anulare, revocare
catapult vb. a catapulta
cater vb. a furniza
CEO abvr. chief executive officer director executiv, manager, administrator
215
challenge s. provocare
chap s. (fam.) biat, tip
cheat vb. a tria
check-in desk s. biroul in spatele cruia st casierul sau recepionerul, ghieu
cheers! interj. vivat! noroc!
chilled adj. conservat la o temperatur joas fr a nghea
circulate vb. a rspndi, a difuza
clue s. indiciu, cheie
cockpit s. 1. aren pentru lupte de cocoi; 2. teatru de rzboi; 3. carling
collocation s. alturare; (lingv.) colocaie, mbinare de cuvinte
colonial language s. limb vorbit n colonie
come over vb. a fi copleit
commission s. comision
commuting-train s. tren pentru navetiti
companionship s. societate, tovrie, companie
complaint s. plngere
comply with vb. a se conforma
comprehend vb. a nelege, a pricepe
computer-fraud s. furt cu ajutorul calculatorului
consultant s. consultant
cooker s. aragaz
cost a bomb vb. a costa foarte mult
cost and freight s. cost i navlu
coterie s. coterie, salon (literar, artistic, etc.)
courtyard s. curte
covet vb. a rvni, a dori cu nfocare
crash s. 1.cdere sau coliziune violent; 2. faliment; 3.(fam.) a intra ntr-un loc fr
permisiune (bilet, invitaie)
crate s. lad
crease-resistant adj. neifonabil
creased adj. ifonat, ncreit
crew s. echip, echipaj
crisis (pl. crises) s. criz
cross smth. out vb. a tia, a bara (pe un formular)
cuppa s. (colocvial) o ceac de ceai
currently adv. curent
customer s. client; n prezent
cut costs vb. a reduce cheltuielile
216
D
darts s. joc de interior n care sunt trase sgei nspre o int
data s. pl. date, informaii (sg. datum)
deal with vb. a se ocupa de (ca afacere)
dealer s. negustor; retail dealer s. negustor cu amnuntul, whole-sale dealer s.
angrosist
deck-chair s. ezlong
decrease vb. a scdea, a reduce
deny vb. a nega
department store s. magazin universal
descendant s. descendent, urma
devise vb. a inventa, a imagina, a plnui
die out vb. a se stinge, a pieri, a muri
disabled staff s. persoane invalide
discount s. reducere
dispatch vb. a expedia
displayed adj. expus
diving s. scufundare
docker s. docher; hamal n port
double-decker s. tramvai, autobuz sau troleibuz cu etaj
doughnut s. gogoa
drum s. tob
dual carriage way s. drum n dublu sens
duly adv. 1. just, binemeritat; 2. n timp util, la timp
dwarfed adj. micorat, aparent mai mic
E
earn vb. a ctiga, a agonisi
editor s. editor
embarrass vb. a stnjeni, a umili, a jena
endow vb. a nzestra, a dota (material i spiritual)
engulf vb. a scufunda; a nghii
enterprise s. 1. ntreprindere, iniiativ; 2. antrepriz, companie
entertainment s. distracie, amuzament
entrepreneur s. ntreprinztor, antreprenor, conductor al unei activiti de afaceri
ever-increasing adj. n continu dezvoltare
exhausted adj. epuizat, terminat
expectancy s. 1.expectativ; 2. speran; 3. anticipare, probabilitate
expenditure s. cheltuieli
217
extension s. prelungire
eye-opening adj. Senzaional
F
facsimile s. facsimil, copie exact
faded adj. ofilit, decolorat, fr vigoare
fail to vb. a eua
failure; s. eec
faint vb. 1. a leina 2. adj. slab, vag: (a faint hope)
fare s. costul unui bilet de cltorie, tarif
fee s. tax
feel homesick vb. a simi dor de cas
ferry vb. a transporta oameni sau lucruri cu vaporul ; ferry-boat: bac
fetch vb. a aduce
file s. dosar
fill out vb. a ntregi, a completa
fit adj. potrivit
fit vb. a se potrivi
fitness s. exerciii pentru forme corporale atletice i ntreinerea sntii
flashy adj. iptor, superficial
flaw s. cusur, defect, pat, viciu de form
flexitime s. program de lucru flexibil
flip-chart s. map cu foi detaabile aezat vertical pe un suport, de obicei
forecast vb. a prevedea; s. previziune
forefront s. frunte
foreman s. maistru
foreseeable adj. previzibil
forgery s. falsificare, imitaie frauduloas
forward- player s. nainta (fotbal)
fossil fuel s. combustibil fosil
fraud s. fraud
free on board adv. scutit de taxe (pentru livrarea mrfurilor pe vapor)
freebie s. bilet de cltorie gratuit (pentru persoane n interesul serviciului)
freight-train s. tren de marf
freshman s.novice, boboc (n primul an de liceu sau facultate)
front page s. (ziare) pagin de titlu (unde gsim pe scurt articolele detailate n ziar)
218
G
gain vb. a ctiga
gangplank s. pasarel (pentru urcare sau coborre n sau din vapor, barc, etc.)
gangway s. pasarel (pe vapor)
garments s. haine
gather vb. a aduna
gem s. o piatr preioas
genuine adj. real, autentic
get a raise (expr.) a primi salariul mrit
get down to vb. a ncepe s lucreze la, a se apuca de
get hold up vb. a face rost de, a pune mna pe
get on with vb. a se mpca, a se nelege cu
ginger s. ghimber
give an encore vb. a da un bis
give away vb. 1.a da cadou, a da gratis; 2. a da de gol, a trda
glassed-in adj. montat n sticl
glider s. planor
glimpse s. privire fugar, trectoare
glossy (glossy soap opera) adj. siropos
gnarled adj. rsucit, nodoros
go down vb. a scdea (preuri), a se scufunda (o nav, etc.)
go in for vb. 1. a lua parte la (o competiie, etc.); 2. a se ocupa cu
go round to vb. a face o vizit
go up vb. a crete (preul, etc.)
go without vb. bineneles, se nelege de la sine
goal-keeper s. portar
grant vb. 1.a acorda; 2.a aproba (o cerere, etc.); 3. (d. sume de bani) a aloca
greatness s. for, putere
greenhouse s. ser
grimly adj. cumplit
grounds s. teren
grove s. crng, pdurice
grudge-bearing person s. persoan ranchiunoas
219
H
habitat s. loc de batin
hairstylist s. coafor de lux
halve ground travel vb. a njumti timpul de cltorie terestr
handling s. manevrare, mnuire
handmade adj. manual, de mn
hang about vb. a hoinri
hassle s. ceart, har, agitaie
heading s. titlu
helmet s. casc
hold on vb. (fam.) a atepta
hostel s. cmin (studenesc, etc.)
household appliance s. aparatur casnic
housing policy s. plan general adoptat de guvern sau un partid pentru acordare de
locuine
hundred fold increase s. majorare nsutit
hurricane s. uragan; hurricane-lamp s. felinar de vnt
I
idle adj. lene
impudence s.obrznicie, arogan
in-house adj. n cadrul instituiei; intern
in-service adj. n slujb, n funcie; cu norm ntreag
incoming-train s. tren care vine
inconvenience s. inconvenien, neplcere
industrious adj. silitor
initiate vb. a iniia
interest s. dobnd; interes
interfere vb. a se amesteca
intrude vb. a veni nepoftit
invoice s. factur
involved adj. implicat
J
jam s. 1. gem; 2. ambuteiaj
jargon s. jargon
jest s. glum, fest
joystick s. man
juggler s. scamator, jongler
juniper s. ienupr
K
keen (on) adj. (fam.) pasionat
keep hold vb. a apuca
keep out vb. a mpiedica, a feri
keyboard s. claviatur
kick out vb. (fam.) a da afar
kid vb. a tachina
L
labour s. munc fizic sau intelectual; for de munc
lack s. lips
lawn tennis s. tenis de cmp
layer s. strat
leaf vb. a frunzri (o carte); s. frunz; pagin a unei cri
leafy adj. acoperit de frunze
leaflet s. foaie volant; brour
leave off vb. a lsa haina
leek s. praz
left luggage locker s. depozit de bagaje
leisure s. timp liber
letter of credit s. scrisoare de credit, acreditiv
listenership s. public
litigation s. (jur.) litigiu; discuie, ceart
livelihood s. mijloace de trai
lobby s. marele vestibul din camera comunelor; sal de ateptare; grup de influen
lobster s. (zool.) homar
long-lasting adj. rezistent
look forward to vb. a atepta cu nerbdare
look up vb. 1. a cuta informaii, a controla, a verifica; 2. (fam.) a se mbunti
lounge s. hol
M
magazine s. revist
magnate (media magnate) s. magnat (syn. mogul, tycoon)
mahogany s. mahon
maintenance s. ntreinere
make up vb. a inventa, a nscoci, a fabula
make up ones mind vb. a se hotr
mall s. alee; complex comercial
maple s. arar
march vb. (mil.) a mrlui, a defila
marquee s. cort mare, umbrar (folosit pentru expoziii)
mast s. (mar.) catarg
maze s. labirint, complicaie, confuzie
mean adj. meschin
memorandum (-a) s. memorandum, raport
moth s. molie
mother tongue s. limba matern
motorway s. autostrad
mussel s. (zool.) midie (un tip de molusc bivalv)
mutter vb. a bombni, mormi
N
native speaker s. vorbitor de limb matern
necklace s. colier
network s. reea
newscaster s. vezi newsreader
newsreader s. prezentator de tiri
nod assent vb. a consimi
north-bound train s. tren n direcia nord
nursery s. camer pentru copii; (fig.) pepinier
O
oarsman s. vsla
oatmeal s. fin de ovz, terci de ovz
obviously adv. evident
offside adj. / adv. n afara terenului
on the dole (expr.) alocaie de omaj
222
outfit s. echipament
outgoing adj. sociabil i prietenos
outgoing train s. tren care pleac (antonim: incoming train)
output s. producie
outskirts s. periferie
overreact vb. a reaciona exagerat
overseas adv. extern, n strintate
overtake vb. a depi
overturn vb. a rsturna
own vb. a deine, a poseda
P
palm tree s. palmier
pantry s. cmar
parsley s. ptrunjel
pay off vb. a achita
pen-friend s. prieten prin coresponden
pencil-sharpener s. ascuitoare
pending adj. care ateapt o rezolvare, neterminat
persuasive adj. convingtor
pervasive adj. ptrunztor, care se rspndete pretutindeni
pet adj. favorit, iubit (d. animale)
phrase book s. dicionar de expresii
pick up vb. a ridica, a culege
pin s. ac de gmlie
pine s. pin
pine-needled adj. cu frunze ascuite de pin
pitcher s. juctor care arunc mingea
plaice s. (iht.) pltic
plenty s. belug, bogie; ~ of o mulime de
plumber s. instalator
postgraduate degree s. diplom de studii postuniversitare
praise s. a luda
prawn s. crevete
precis s. (fr.) expunere scurt, rezumat
premises s. locuin cu anexe i dependine
print media s. mijloace media tiprite (ziare, reviste, etc.)
printing press s. main de imprimat, tiprit
prompt vb. a ndemna la aciune; s. replic
223
prospects s. perspective
pub s. (short for public house) local, bar, braserie
purchasing officer s.funcionar al departamentului achiziii
pursue s. a urmri
put off vb. a amna
put up with vb. a suporta, a tolera
Q
quay s. (mar.) chei, dig portuar
R
rank s. rnd, ir
rate s. ritm, vitez
rating s. evaluare
razor s. brici
referee s. arbitru
regatta s. ntrecere nautic
refund s. restituire
rely on vb. a se bizui
remains s. resturi
resurgence s. renatere, renviere
retail s. (vnzare n) detaliu
reveal vb. a dezvlui
reward s. recompens
riddle n. ghicitoare
rowing s. canotaj
rudder s. crm
ruin vb. ruin, distrugere
run a business vb. a conduce o afacere
runway s. albie de ru; potec; pist de decolare; parcurs
S
sack vb. a concedia
sales manager s. director de vnzri
salmon s.(iht.) somon
sample s. mostr
savings s. economii
scheme s. proiect, plan, stratagem
224
225
T
tag vb. a aduga, a anexa
take a fancy vb. a se simi atras de; a ndrgi
226
U
undertaking s. 1. ntreprindere, aciune; 2. garanie, promisiune
unemployed s. omer
unshrinkable adj. care nu intr la splat
227
V
vacuum cleaner s. aspirator
veined adj. cu nervuri
venture s. aciune riscant, speculaie comercial
voucher s. 1. dovad, act justificativ; 2. chitan; 3. act de garanie
vow s. jurmnt
W
wallpaper s. tapet
weave vb. a ese
welfare s. bunstare, prosperitate; asisten social
whisper vb. a opti
whistle vb. a fluiera, a uiera
winding s. cotitur, sinuozitate
wipe out vb. a ndeprta, a terge, a suprima
workmanship s. ndemnare, miestrie, oper de art
workshop s. atelier, secie
wounded adj. rnit
wrist s. ncheietura minii
Y
yeast s. drojdie de bere
Z
zeal s. zel
228